Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Towards Bounded Infeasible Code Detection

A first step towards more reliable software is to execute each statement and each control-flow path in a method once. In this paper, we present a formal method to automatically compute test cases for this purpose based on the idea of a bounded infeasible code detection. The method first unwinds all loops in a program finitely often and then encodes all feasible executions of the loop-free programs in a logical formula. Helper variables are introduced such that a theorem prover can reconstruct the control-flow path of a feasible execution from a satisfying valuation of this formula. Based on this formula, we present one algorithm that computes a feasible path cover and one algorithm that computes a feasible statement cover. We show that the algorithms are complete for loop-free programs and that they can be implemented efficiently. We further provide a sound algorithm to compute procedure summaries which makes the method scalable to larger programs.
Epidemiology of Injuries in Belgium: Contribution of Hospital Data for Surveillance

Objectives. Investigating injuries in terms of occurrences and patient and hospital stay characteristics. Methods. 17370 stays, with at least one E code, were investigated based on data from 13 Belgian hospitals. Pearson's chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to assess the variations between distributions of the investigated factors according to the injury's types. Results. Major injuries were accidental falls, transport injuries, and self-inflicted injuries. There were more men in the transport injuries group and the accidental falls group was older. For the transport injuries, there were more arrivals with the support of a mobile intensive care unit and/or a paramedic intervention team and a general practitioner was more implicated for the accidental falls. In three-quarters of cases, it was a primary diagnostic related to injury and poisoning which was made. The median length of stay was nearly equal to one week and for accidental falls, this value is three times higher. The median cost, from the social security point of view, for all injuries was equal to €1377 and there was a higher median cost within the falls group. Conclusion. This study based on hospitals data provides important information both on factors associated with and on hospital costs generated by injuries.
SOUTH AFRICA’S NATIONAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

" Critical in this regard (wealth creation in the context of globalisation) is the matter of human resource development. We have to exert maximum effort to train the necessary numbers of our people in all the fields required for the development, running and management of modern economies. This, again, must be a national effort in which we should consider the necessary expenditures not as a cost but as an investment in our future. Secondly, we have to ensure that as many of our people as possible master modern technologies and integrate them in their social activities, including education, delivery of services and economic activity. This relates in particular to communication and information technology. Thirdly, we have to devote the necessary resources to scientific and technological research and development, including biotechnology. We must further encourage innovation among our people and ensure that we introduce new developments into our productive activities. Fourthly, while ensuring that we continue to develop a balanced economy, we must also identify and develop the lead sectors that will help us further to expand the base for creation of wealth and give us the possibility to compete successfully within the dynamic world economy. " Science and technology is critical to the future of South Africa. Government recognises the key role it plays in providing an enabling environment for innovation and research and in building the human capital that we require for the future knowledge economy. Since the publication of the White Paper in 1996, there have been important changes in our system of innovation. Institutions and their programmes are better aligned to our National needs. The Innovation Fund has created stronger innovation networks, and programmes such as the GODISA Innovation and Incubator Programme and the Tsumisano Technology Stations Programme have begun to strengthen technology diffusion and harness the entrepreneurship of the Science and Technology community. However, these positive steps forward revealed that there are new sets of challenges facing us, to which we must respond. Innovation is not the same as research and development. Innovation is the key process by which products, processes and services are created, and by which businesses generate jobs and wealth. In addition, in the social sphere, effective innovation has a direct impact on the reduction of poverty and the improvement of the quality of life of our people. It is critical, therefore, to increase the rate and quality of innovation in South Africa. …
The Test for Creative Thinking–Drawing Production Test in Preschool Children with Predominantly Migration Background—Psychometrics of the German TCT-DP

The study examined the psychometric properties of the German version of the Creative Thinking – Drawing Production Test (TCT-DP). This test evaluates creative potential with 14 content-related criteria, constituting a total score. Age norms exist for children from 4–16 years. A total of 269 children with predominantly migrant background, aged 36–71 months, from German preschools participated. Total scores of 4- and 5-year-old children were significantly below the German age norms published in the test manual, but did not differ with the degree of the migrant background (both vs. one or none migrant parents). In contrast to boys, scores from girls were slightly higher. Discriminant validity could be confirmed: Total scores did correlate neither with intelligence, nor with gender, fine motor skill, educational, or socio-economic status of the parents. The German TCT-DP respectively revealed acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = .69–.73). For the first time, cumulative percentages for 3-year-olds are provided as a kind of preliminary age norm. The German TCT-DP proved to be applicable in 3-year-old children with migrant background, albeit not all content-related criteria can be interpreted. Its psychometric properties support its use for research rather than for clinical purposes.
Parallel Top-K Similarity Join Algorithms Using MapReduce

There is a wide range of applications that require finding the top-k most similar pairs of records in a given database. However, computing such top-k similarity joins is a challenging problem today, as there is an increasing trend of applications that expect to deal with vast amounts of data. For such data-intensive applications, parallel executions of programs on a large cluster of commodity machines using the MapReduce paradigm have recently received a lot of attention. In this paper, we investigate how the top-k similarity join algorithms can get benefits from the popular MapReduce framework. We first develop the divide-and-conquer and branch-and-bound algorithms. We next propose the all pair partitioning and essential pair partitioning methods to minimize the amount of data transfers between map and reduce functions. We finally perform the experiments with not only synthetic but also real-life data sets. Our performance study confirms the effectiveness and scalability of our MapReduce algorithms.
The Relationship between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Allostatic Load

Background: There is evidence that chronic stress/burnout have a negative impact on physical and mental health. Annually global burden of stress related disorders amounts to 300 billion dollars. Conversely, physical fitness seems to have a significant influence on the development of a large number of mental and physical disorders and on reduction of physical stress. The aim of this study was to examine stress related cumulative physiological burden in relation to cardiorespiratory fitness level. Methods: A sample of 86 healthy males aged between 28-60 years from an international company took part in the study. In addition to questionnaires, an indicator of cumulative physiological burden (allostatic load) was calculated including systolic and diastolic blood pressure, waist to hip ratio and 24–hour overnight urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine, cortisol and HRV variables (SDNN, rMSSD and LF/HF). All individuals underwent additionally a maximal incremental exercise test on an electronically braked cycle ergometer. Results: All participants showed high working stress, measured by effort/reward ration. High allostatic load was significantly associated with low cardiorespiratory fitness. Individuals with higher cardiovascular fitness showed significantly lower WHR, HR, DBP and significantly higher SDNN and rMSSD compared to participants with lower cardiorespiratory fitness. Conclusion: Signs of work-stress related physiological burden were significantly related to cardiorespiratory fitness. Significant reduction of physiological burden could be observed if people achieved more than 120% of age related cardiovascular fitness but not if participants felt below this threshold.
A Frequency Domain Model to Predict the Estimation Accuracy of Packet Sampling

In network measurement systems, packet sampling techniques are usually adopted to reduce the overall amount of data to collect and process. Being based on a subset of packets, they hence introduce estimation errors that have to be properly counteracted by a fine tuning of the sampling strategy and sophisticated inversion methods. This problem has been deeply investigated in the literature with particular attention to the statistical properties of packet sampling and the recovery of the original network measurements. Herein, we propose a novel approach to predict the energy of the sampling error on the real time traffic volume estimation, based on a spectral analysis in the frequency domain. We start by demonstrating that errors due to packet sampling can be modeled as an aliasing effect in the frequency domain. Then, we exploit this theoretical finding to derive closed-form expressions for the Signal-to- Noise Ratio (SNR), able to predict the distortion of traffic volume estimates over time. The accuracy of the proposed SNR metric is validated by means of real packet traces.
Impaired Anaphylactic Responses with Intact Sensitivity to Endotoxin in Mice Lacking a Platelet-activating Factor Receptor

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent phospholipid mediator with diverse biological activities in addition to its well-known ability to stimulate platelet aggregation. Pharmacologic studies had suggested a role for PAF in pregnancy, neuronal cell migration, anaphylaxis, and endotoxic shock. Here we show that disruption of the PAF receptor gene in mice caused a marked reduction in systemic anaphylactic symptoms. Unexpectedly, however, the PAF receptor–deficient mice developed normally, were fertile, and remained sensitive to bacterial endotoxin. These mutant mice clearly show that PAF plays a dominant role in eliciting anaphylaxis, but that it is not essential for reproduction, brain development, or endotoxic shock.
Two Poplar-Associated Bacterial Isolates Induce Additive Favorable Responses in a Constructed Plant-Microbiome System

The biological function of the plant-microbiome system is the result of contributions from the host plant and microbiome members. The Populus root microbiome is a diverse community that has high abundance of β- and γ-Proteobacteria, both classes which include multiple plant-growth promoting representatives. To understand the contribution of individual microbiome members in a community, we studied the function of a simplified community consisting of Pseudomonas and Burkholderia bacterial strains isolated from Populus hosts and inoculated on axenic Populus cutting in controlled laboratory conditions. Both strains increased lateral root formation and root hair production in Arabidopsis plate assays and are predicted to encode for different functions related to growth and plant growth promotion in Populus hosts. Inoculation individually, with either bacterial isolate, increased root growth relative to uninoculated controls, and while root area was increased in mixed inoculation, the interaction term was insignificant indicating additive effects of root phenotype. Complementary data including photosynthetic efficiency, whole-transcriptome gene expression and GC-MS metabolite expression data in individual and mixed inoculated treatments indicate that the effects of these bacterial strains are unique and additive. These results suggest that the function of a microbiome community may be predicted from the additive functions of the individual members.
Soft Information for LDPC Decoding in Flash: Mutual-Information Optimized Quantization

High-capacity NAND flash memory can achieve high density storage by using multi-level cells (MLC) to store more than one bit per cell. Although this larger storage capacity is certainly beneficial, the increased density also increases the raw bit error rate (BER), making powerful error correction coding necessary. Traditional flash memories employ simple algebraic codes, such as BCH codes, that can correct a fixed, specified number of errors. This paper investigates the application of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes which are well known for their ability to approach capacity in the AWGN channel. We obtain soft information for the LDPC decoder by performing multiple cell reads with distinct word-line voltages. The values of the word-line voltages (also called reference voltages) are optimized by maximizing the mutual information between the input and output of the multiple-read channel. Our results show that using this soft information in the LDPC decoder provides a significant benefit and enables us to outperform BCH codes over a range of block error rates.
Discovery and Interpretation of an X-Ray Period in the Galactic Center Source CXOGC J174536.1–285638

We present X-ray and infrared observations of the X-ray source CXOGC J174536.1–285638. Previous observations suggest that this source may be an accreting binary with a high-mass donor (HMXB) or a colliding wind binary (CWB). Based on the Chandra and XMM-Newton light curve, we have found an apparent 189 ± 6 day periodicity with better than 99.997% confidence. We discuss several possible causes of this periodicity, including both orbital and superorbital interpretations. We explore in detail the possibility that the X-ray modulation is related to an orbital period and discuss the implications for two scenarios; one in which the variability is caused by obscuration of the X-ray source by a stellar wind, and the other in which it is caused by an eclipse of the X-ray source. We find that in the first case, CXOGC J174536.1–285638 is consistent with both CWB and HMXB interpretations, but in the second, CXOGC J174536.1–285638 is more likely a HMXB.
Scale Effects in Capital Markets-Based Accounting Research

Based on data simulated using a modified Ohlson (1995) valuation model, we investigate effects on inferences of five potential scale-related effects: multiplicative and additive omitted scale factors, scale-varying coefficients, survivorship, and heteroscedasticity. We find that diagnostics identified in prior research are not successful in detecting or distinguishing these scale effects. Thus, we investigate the effectiveness at mitigating scale effects of six specifications of regressions of equity market value on equity book value and earnings: undeflated, share-deflated, equity book value-deflated, lagged price-deflated, returns, and equity market value-deflated. For each specification, we compare frequency of correct rejection that the coefficients equal zero, coefficient bias and absolute error, and regression explanatory power. We find that share-deflated and undeflated specifications generally perform the best, regardless of the type of scale effect. Copyright (c) 2009 The Authors Journal compilation (c) 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Working Memory and Executive Functions in Parkinson’s disease after intervention with non-immersive virtual reality

To analyze Working Memory (WM) and Executive Function (EF) scores after and before intervention with non-immersive virtual reality in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Longitudinal study, with 13 subjects, of both sexes. Fourteen sessions of interventions based on Nintendo games. Cognitive functions were assessed using the Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG). Statistical analysis of Wilcoxon was used to compare the performance of WM and EF scores before and after intervention. Results: Improvement in EF and VF scores after intervention was observed with statistically significant differences p= 0.004 and p=0.037, respectively. There were no differences between the interventions for WM scores (p= 0.609). Conclusion: Training with virtual games is suggested as a therapeutic approach that offers cognitive stimulation that improve EF.
Bionic Robot Control based on Advanced Updating

In view of the balance control problem of self-balance robot, the reinforcement learning mechanism based on the advanced updating is proposed as a self-balance bionic learning algorithm of the robot. This algorithm can choose optimal behavior above the baseline with the certain probability by using baseline in the advanced updating and unifying the probability curiosity mechanism in reinforcement learning, so that the robot can obtain the bionic self-learning skills like creature under the unknown environment, and realize the bionic self-balance controls of the robot. Finally, the simulation experiment is made. The result indicates that the robot can obtain the stronger self-learning skills about the balance control and the better dynamic performance from this learning algorithm of the reinforcement learning based on the advanced updating and it manifests the bionic characteristic about the advanced updating, and gains the higher research and the application value.
Genetic prion disease: no role for the immune system in disease pathogenesis?

Prion diseases, which can manifest by transmissible, sporadic or genetic etiologies, share several common features, such as a fatal neurodegenerative outcome and the aberrant accumulation of proteinase K (PK)-resistant PrP forms in the CNS. In infectious prion diseases, such as scrapie in mice, prions first replicate in immune organs, then invade the CNS via ascending peripheral tracts, finally causing death. Accelerated neuroinvasion and death occurs when activated prion-infected immune cells infiltrate into the CNS, as is the case for scrapie-infected mice induced for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a CNS inflammatory insult. To establish whether the immune system plays such a central role also in genetic prion diseases, we induced EAE in TgMHu2ME199K mice, a line mimicking for late onset genetic Creutzfeldt Jacob disease (gCJD), a human prion disease. We show here that EAE induction of TgMHu2ME199K mice neither accelerated nor aggravated prion disease manifestation. Concomitantly, we present evidence that PK-resistant PrP forms were absent from CNS immune infiltrates, and most surprisingly also from lymph nodes and spleens of TgMHu2ME199K mice at all ages and stages of disease. These results imply that the mechanism of genetic prion disease differs widely from that of the infectious presentation, and that the conversion of mutant PrPs into PK resistant forms occurs mostly/only in the CNS. If the absence of pathogenic PrP forms form immune organs is also true for gCJD patients, it may suggest their blood is devoid of prion infectivity.
Feel who's talking: using tactons for mobile phone alerts

While the sense of touch is capable of processing complex stimuli, the vibration feedback used in mobile phones is generally very simple. Using more complex vibrotactile messages would enable the communication of more information through phone alerts, however it has been suggested that phone vibration motors are not capable of presenting complex messages. This paper reports a study investigating the use of Tactons (tactile icons), presented using a standard mobile phone vibration motor, to represent mobile phone alerts. The recognition rate of 72% achieved for Tactons encoding two pieces of information is comparable to results achieved in a previous experiment with a high specification transducer, indicating that it is possible to communicate multi-dimensional information in mobile phone alerts. These results will help designers to understand the possibilities offered by standard phone vibration motors for communicating complex information.
Secrecy Energy Efficiency Analysis of UAV-Enabled Communication Networks

This paper proposes a tractable analysis framework to evaluate the reliability, security and secrecy energy efficiency (SEE) performance in a UAV-enabled communication network via a threshold-based access scheme and multi-antenna technique. Specifically, the UAV-enabled transmitters, legitimate receivers and eavesdroppers are deployed randomly. To achieve reliable results for general communication scenarios, this paper assumes both line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight paths with Rayleigh fading for air-to-ground channel model. In particular, we first exploit the association probability of a randomly located receiver and the activation probability of UAV-enabled transmitters. Then, we analyze the security, reliability, and SEE of the UAV-enabled networks. Simulation results are finally provided to show the effect of the predetermined access threshold, the transmitter's resource block, the height of UAVs, the density of legitimate receivers, and the density of eavesdroppers on the reliability as well as security performance, and determine the optimal design parameters for a given UAV-enabled network to maximize the SEE.
Computation of the Filtering Properties of Photonic Crystal Waveguide Discontinuities Using the Mode Matching Method

In this paper, the application of the Mode Matching (MM) method in the case of photonic crystal waveguide discontinuities is presented. The structure under consideration is divided into a number of cells, which supports a number of guided and evanescent modes. These modes can be calculated numerically by an alternative formulation of the plane wave expansion method for each frequency. A matrix equation is then formed relating the modal amplitudes at the beginning and at the end of the structure. The theory is highly efficient and accurate and can be applied to study the transmission sensitivity of photonic crystal devices due to fabrication tolerances. The accuracy of the MM method is compared to the Finite Difference Frequency Domain (FDFD) and the Adjoint Variable Method (AVM) and good agreement is observed. Keywords—Optical Communications, Integrated Optics, Photonic Crystals, Optical Waveguide Discontinuities.
Ordering Type Constraints: A Structured Approach

The separation between collecting, ordering, and solving constraints results in a flexible framework with fine-tuned control over the type inference process. We offer an abstraction which helps us deal with the process of the reordering of constraints in a generic way. As a result, our work generalizes various well-known algorithms such as M, W and G and also various real-life implementations. This opens the way for comparing the behaviors of these algorithms to each other and to other methods of type inferencing, such as those that consider more than one constraint at the time. The framework has been implemented, and used to build a real-life compiler called Helium. This compiler allows the programmer to choose between various strategies for solving his constraints, and in this way can control what is reported to him in the case of a type error.