Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The role of social and ecological processes in structuring animal populations: a case study from automated tracking of wild birds

Both social and ecological factors influence population process and structure, with resultant consequences for phenotypic selection on individuals. Understanding the scale and relative contribution of these two factors is thus a central aim in evolutionary ecology. In this study, we develop a framework using null models to identify the social and spatial patterns that contribute to phenotypic structure in a wild population of songbirds. We used automated technologies to track 1053 individuals that formed 73 737 groups from which we inferred a social network. Our framework identified that both social and spatial drivers contributed to assortment in the network. In particular, groups had a more even sex ratio than expected and exhibited a consistent age structure that suggested local association preferences, such as preferential attachment or avoidance. By contrast, recent immigrants were spatially partitioned from locally born individuals, suggesting differential dispersal strategies by phenotype. Our results highlight how different scales of social decision-making, ranging from post-natal dispersal settlement to fission–fusion dynamics, can interact to drive phenotypic structure in animal populations.
Combining motivational and volitional interventions to promote exercise participation: protection motivation theory and implementation intentions.

OBJECTIVE This study compared a motivational intervention based on protection motivation theory (PMT, Rogers, 1975, 1983) with the same motivational intervention augmented by a volitional intervention based on implementation intentions (Gollwitzer, 1993). DESIGN The study had a longitudinal design, involving three waves of data collection over a 2-week period, incorporating an experimental manipulation of PMT variables at Time 1 and a volitional, implementation intention intervention at Time 2. METHOD Participants (N=248) were randomly allocated to a control group or one of two intervention groups. Cognitions and exercise behaviour were measured at three time-points over a 2-week period. RESULTS The motivational intervention significantly increased threat and coping appraisal and intentions to engage in exercise but did not bring about a significant increase in subsequent exercise behaviour. In contrast, the combined protection motivation theory/implementation intention intervention had a dramatic effect on subsequent exercise behaviour. This volitional intervention did not influence behavioural intention or any other motivational variables. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that supplementing PMT with implementation intentions strengthens the ability of the model to explain behaviour. This has implications for health education programmes, which should aim to increase both participants' motivation and their volition.
A low complexity pixel Domain Video Coding based on Turbo code and Arithmetic code

In recent years, with emerging applications such as multimedia sensors networks, wireless low-power surveillance and mobile camera phones, the traditional video coding architecture in being challenged. In fact, these applications have different requirements than those of the broadcast video delivery systems: a low power consumption at the encoder side is essential. In this context, we propose a pixel-domain video coding scheme which fits well in these senarios. In this system, both the arithmetic and turbo codes are used to encode the video sequence's frames. Simulations results show significant gains over Pixel-domain Wyner-Ziv video coding.
Changing picture of acute kidney injury in pregnancy: Study of 259 cases over a period of 33 years

The incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in pregnancy is declining in developing countries but still remains a major cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study was to analyze the changing trends in pregnancy related AKI (PR-AKI) over a period of thirty-three years. Clinical characteristics of PR-AKI with respect to incidence, etiology and fetal and maternal outcomes were compared in three study periods, namely 1982-1991,1992-2002 and 2003-2014. The incidence of PR-AKI decreased to 10.4% in 1992-2002, from 15.2% in 1982-1991, with declining trend continuing in 2003-2014 (4.68%). Postabortal AKI decreased to 1.49% in 2003-2014 from 9.4% in 1982-1991of total AKI cases. The AKI related to puerperal sepsis increased to 1.56% of all AKI cases in 2003-2014 from 1.4% in 1982-1991. Preeclampsia/eclampsia associated AKI decreased from 3.5% of total AKI cases in 1982-1991 to 0.54% in 2003-2014. Pregnancy associated – thrombotic microangiopathy and acute fatty liver of pregnancy were uncommon causes of AKI. Hyperemesis gravidarum associated AKI was not observed in our study. Incidence of renal cortical necrosis (RCN) decreased to 1.4% in 2003-2014 from 17% in 1982-1991.Maternal mortality reduced to 5.79% from initial high value 20% in 1982-1991. The progression of PR-AKI to ESRD decreased to1.4% in 2003-2014 from 6.15% in 1982-1991. The incidence of PR-AKI has decreased over last three decades, mainly due to decrease in incidence of postabortal AKI. Puerperal sepsis and obstetric hemorrhage were the major causes of PR-AKI followed by preeclampsia in late pregnancy. Maternal mortality and incidence and severity of RCN have significantly decreased in PR-AKI. The progression to CKD and ESRD has decreased in women with AKI in pregnancy in recent decade. However, the perinatal mortality did not change throughout study period.
An automata-theoretic approach to modular model checking

In <italic>modular verification</italic> the specification of a module consists of two part. One part describes the guaranteed behavior of the module. The other part describes the assumed behavior of the system in which the module is interacting. This is called the <italic>assume-guarantee</italic> paradigm. In this paper we consider assume-guarantee specifications in which the guarantee is specified by branching temporal formulas. We distinguish between two approaches. In the first approach, the assumption is specified by branching temporal formulas too. In the second approach, the assumption is specified by linear temporal logic. We consider guarantees in <inline-equation> <f> ∀</f> </inline-equation>CTL, and <inline-equation> <f> ∀</f> </inline-equation>CTL*. We develop two fundamental techniques: building maximal models for <inline-equation> <f> ∀</f> </inline-equation>CTL and <inline-equation> <f> ∀</f> </inline equation>CTL* formulas and using alternating automata to obtain space-efficient algorithms for fair model checking. Using these techniques we classify the complexity of satisfiability, validity, implication, and modular verification for <inline-equation> <f> ∀</f> </inline-equation>CTL and <inline-equation> <f> ∀</f> </inline-equation>CTL*. We show that modular verification is PSPACE-complete for <inline-equation> <f> ∀</f> </inline-equation>CTL and is EXSPACE-complete for <inline-equation> <f> ∀</f> </inline-equation>CTL*. We prove that when the assumption is linear, these bounds hold also for guarantees in CTL and CTL*. On the other hand, the problem remains EXSPACE-hard even when we restrict the assumptions to LTL and take the guarantees as a fixed <inline-equation> <f> ∀</f> </inline-equation>CTL formula.
Genetically Modified Pigs for Medicine and Agriculture

Abstract The ability to genetically modify pigs has enabled scientists to create pigs that are beneficial to humans in ways that were previously unimaginable. Improvements in the methods to make genetic modifications have opened up the possibilities of introducing transgenes, knock-outs and knock-ins with precision. The benefits to medicine include the production of pharmaceuticals, the provision of organs for xenotransplantation into humans, and the development of models of human diseases. The benefits to agriculture include resistance to disease, altering the carcass composition such that it is healthier to consume, improving the pig’s resistance to heat stress, and protecting the environment. Additional types of genetic modifications will likely provide animals with characteristics that will benefit humans in currently unimagined ways.
The MIT Press Journals

The availability of inexpensive and powerful graphics cards as well as fast Internet connections make networked virtual environments viable for millions of users and many new applications. It is therefore necessary to cope with the growing heterogeneity that arises from differences in computing power, network speed, and users’ preferences. This paper describes an architecture that accommodates the heterogeneity while allowing a manager to define systemwide policies. One of the main objectives of our scheme is to allow slower nodes to participate in the session by preventing fast nodes from flooding slow nodes with too many messages. Policies and users’ preferences can be expressed as simple linear equations forming a model that describes the system as a whole as well as its individual components. When solutions to this model are mapped back to the problem domain, viable solutions that accommodate heterogeneity and system policies are obtained. For example, slower nodes may receive less frequent updates than faster ones for one or several information streams. The results of our experiments with a proof-of-concept sys-
A glycyl radical solution: oxygen‐dependent interconversion of pyruvate formate‐lyase

Pyruvate formate‐lyase (PFL) catalyses the non‐oxidative dissimilation of pyruvate to formate and acetyl‐CoA using a radical–chemical mechanism. The enzyme is enzymically interconverted between inactive and active forms, the active form contains an organic free radical located on a glycyl residue in the C‐terminal portion of the polypeptide chain. Introduction of the radical into PFL only occurs anaerobically, and the activating enzyme responsible is an iron–sulphur protein that uses S‐adenosyl methionine as cofactor and reduced flavodoxin as reductant. As the radical form of PFL is inactivated by molecular oxygen it is safeguarded during the transition to aerobiosis by conversion back to the radical‐free, oxygen‐stable form. This reaction is catalysed by the anaerobically induced multimeric enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. The genes encoding PFL and its activating enzyme are adjacent on the chromosome but form discrete transcriptional units. This genetic organization is highly conserved in many, but not all, organisms that have PFL. Recent studies have shown that proteins exhibiting significant similarity to PFL and its activating enzyme are relatively widespread in facultative and obligate anaerobic eubacteria, as well as archaea. The physiological function of many of these PFL‐like enzymes remains to be established. It is becoming increasingly apparent that glycyl radical enzymes are more prevalent than previously surmised. They represent a class of enzymes with unusual biochemistry and probably predate the appearance of molecular oxygen.
Empire's ecological tyreprints 1

Abstract This article explores contemporary car advertising in order to suggest that the practices which generate environmental degradation are intimately bound up both materially and symbolically with the reproduction of and transformations within the contemporary global political order. The article argues that this order can be understood as increasingly imperial in character, that such an imperial politics is connected closely to the politics of cars, and that the specific character(s) of an emerging ‘empire’ can thus be interpreted through the symbolisms in the ways in which cars are currently being marketed.
Multiscale Analysis of Data Sets with Diffusion Wavelets ∗ †

Analysis of functions of manifolds and graphs is essential in many tasks, such as learning, classification, clustering. The construction of efficient decompositions of functions has till now been quite problematic, and restricted to few choices, such as the eigenfunctions of the Laplacian on a manifold or graph, which has found interesting applications. In this paper we propose a novel paradigm for analysis on manifolds and graphs, based on the recently constructed diffusion wavelets. They allow a coherent and effective multiscale analysis of the space and of functions on the space, and are a promising new tool in classification and learning tasks. In this paper we overview the main motivations behind their introduction, their properties, and sketch an application to multiscale document corpora analysis.
SemEval-2016 Task 1 : Inferring sentence-level semantic similarity from an ensemble of complementary lexical and sentence-level features

We present a description of the system submitted to the Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) shared task at SemEval 2016. The task is to assess the degree to which two sentences carry the same meaning. We have designed two different methods to automatically compute a similarity score between sentences. The first method combines a variety of semantic similarity measures as features in a machine learning model. In our second approach, we employ training data from the Interpretable Similarity subtask to create a combined wordsimilarity measure and assess the importance of both aligned and unaligned words. Finally, we combine the two methods into a single hybrid model. Our best-performing run attains a score of 0.7732 on the 2015 STS evaluation data and 0.7488 on the 2016 STS evaluation data.
Perceptual evaluation of models for music segmentation

Background in music perception and cognition. Stemming from the seminal work of Lerdhal and Jackendoff (1983), a number of studies have examined the relevance of musicological rules and elements to the perceptual structure in music (Deliege, 1987; Clark and Krumhansl, 1990; Frankland and Cohen, 2004). While certain cues and rules have been shown to be related to perceptual segmentation, the focus of this previous work has primarily been on monophonic melodic lines in Western classical music. It is not clear how these findings translate to polyphonic Western popular music.
Voting in a Multi-dimensional Space: A Conjoint Analysis Employing Valence and Ideology Attributes of Candidates

Most formal models of valence competition add a single, separable and unweighted component to the standard one-dimensional utility function of voters. This article presents the results of a conjoint analysis experiment in which respondents were asked to choose between two candidates whose profiles vary along five attributes. Four of these traits behave like valence or policy issues as expected, but one, which has been employed in recent formal and empirical works, does not. Moreover, policy and valence are not separable. They interact at least in some cases, taking a competency form whereby the marginal impact of valence on voters’ choice is conditional on candidates’ policies. This result lends support to recent studies that have found more extensive valence voting under ideological convergence. Finally, policy trumps valence in awkward choices. Respondents even prefer corrupt candidates with similar policy views to honest ones with different opinions, despite integrity being declared the most important attribute.
Effects of inspiratory muscle training on exercise responses in Paralympic athletes with cervical spinal cord injury

We asked whether specific inspiratory muscle training (IMT) improves respiratory structure and function and peak exercise responses in highly trained athletes with cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). Ten Paralympic wheelchair rugby players with motor‐complete SCI (C5‐C7) were paired by functional classification then randomly assigned to an IMT or placebo group. Diaphragm thickness (B‐mode ultrasonography), respiratory function [spirometry and maximum static inspiratory (PI,max) and expiratory (PE,max) pressures], chronic activity‐related dyspnea (Baseline and Transition Dyspnea Indices), and physiological responses to incremental arm‐crank exercise were assessed before and after 6 weeks of pressure threshold IMT or sham bronchodilator treatment. Compared to placebo, the IMT group showed significant increases in diaphragm thickness (P = 0.001) and PI,max (P = 0.016). There was a significant increase in tidal volume at peak exercise in IMT vs placebo (P = 0.048) and a strong trend toward an increase in peak work rate (P = 0.081, partial eta‐squared = 0.33) and peak oxygen uptake (P = 0.077, partial eta‐squared = 0.34). No other indices changed post‐intervention. In conclusion, IMT resulted in significant diaphragmatic hypertrophy and increased inspiratory muscle strength in highly trained athletes with cervical SCI. The strong trend, with large observed effect, toward an increase in peak aerobic performance suggests IMT may provide a useful adjunct to training in this population.
Fundamental rights

Digital technology presents a problem for fundamental rights insofar as it increases the amount of data generated and results in a generally networked world; whilst it is not a negative phenomenon in itself, it raises issues around the content of fundamental rights and how they are implemented. It undoubtedly increases individuals’ capacity to enjoy certain rights, such as freedom of expression and freedom to do business, but at the same time it undermines others, such as the right to privacy or the right to security.
Gender in the Information Society: Strategies of Inclusion

Abstract This article reports from a European study on efforts to close a gendered digital divide through inclusion. The authors argue that inclusion is not just a mirror image of exclusion, and that to achieve inclusion, it is not sufficient to curb exclusion mechanisms but to enhance positive measures of inclusion. A variety of inclusion strategies have been studied, the authors concluding that ‘one size does not fit all’. Therefore, to reach a wide audience, a combination of many different strategies is needed. More women users are not sufficient to increase women’s influence on ICT development, however. Particular measures are needed to recruit more women into the ICT profession and to curb marginalization within the profession.
Do the police trust in citizens? European comparisons

Trust is expected to promote cooperation between the police and citizens. The trust of citizens in the police has been studied a great deal. This article, however, focuses on the other side of this relationship: the trust of the police in citizens. Literature dealing with the police culture indicates that the police have a rather cynical approach to citizens. However, empirical proof of this is scarce and mainly comes from major cities in the United States and the United Kingdom. On the other hand, literature focusing on social capital suggests that generalized trust varies greatly between societies and that it stems from social equality, good administration and high citizen activity. This article is based on the cumulative materials gathered for the European Social Survey 2002–8 from 22 countries. The study compares the level of generalized trust among police officers and other respondents. The analysis to some extent supports the assumption of cynicism among the police. However, the primary finding of the study is that the generalized trust of those working in the police forces closely reflects the level of generalized trust in the society as a whole. In countries where citizens generally trust each other, the police also trust the citizens; whereas in countries with a low level of trust in general, the police are also cynical towards citizens.
Does Cultural Capital Structure American Consumption

This study examines one of the most debated questions in the sociology of culture: Does Pierre Bourdieu's theory relating levels of cultural capital to consumption patterns apply to the contemporary United States? First, I summarize the innovative characteristics of Bourdieu's theory in relation to the Warnerian tradition of social class research. Next, I critique American appropriations of Bourdieu's theory of tastes and suggest that, in the contemporary United States, the theory should be reformulated to focus on consumption practices rather than consumption objects and on mass rather than high culture. Using this reformulation, I conduct an interpretive empirical study to investigate whether differences in cultural capital resources structure patterns of taste in a mideastern American county. Analyzing a series of ethnographic interviews, I describe six dimensions of taste that distinguish informants with high versus low cultural capital resources: material versus formal aesthetics, referential versus critical interpretations, materialism versus idealism, local versus cosmopolitan tastes, communal versus individualist forms of consumer subjectivity, and autotelic versus self-actualizing leisure. These findings suggest that consumption continues to serve as a potent site for the reproduction of social class.
Cascading Hand and Eye Movement for Augmented Reality Videoconferencing

We have implemented an augmented reality videoconferencing system that inserts virtual graphics overlays into the live video stream of remote conference participants. The virtual objects are manipulated using a novel interaction technique cascading bimanual tangible interaction and eye tracking. User studies prove that our user interface enriches remote collaboration by offering hitherto unexplored ways for collaborative object manipulation such as gaze controlled raypicking of remote physical and virtual objects
The Relation between Job Level and Job Satisfaction

Two studies examined the relation between job level and job satisfaction. Study 1 was a metaanalysis of the relation between job level and job satisfaction using data drawn from 35 independent samples (N= 18,534). It was found that as job level increased, so did job satisfaction. Several possible moderators of this relation were identified. Study 2 was a primary study of the relation between job level and job satisfaction using 4 measures of job level and 5 facets of job satisfaction (N = 530 in 4 hospitals). There was a high degree of convergence among the measures of job level and a consistently positive relation between the job level and job facet satisfaction measures. These studies suggest that the relation between job level and job satisfaction is positive across most operationalizations of the 2 constructs and that other moderators should be investigated to account for the large residual variance in effect sizes identified.
A comparison of sequenced individual and group psychotherapy for eating disorder not otherwise specified

Objective This study investigated the effectiveness of sequenced cognitive–behavioural therapy followed by interpersonal psychotherapy for patients with eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) type three by comparing individual (IND) and group therapy (GRP). Method Thirty-five EDNOS participants were matched and randomized to 23 sessions of IND or GRP. Intention-to-treat analysis was used and participants were measured pre-, post-treatment and at 1- and 2.5-year follow-up. Results Both treatment modalities were efficacious from pre- to post-treatment and to the 1- and 2.5-year follow-up. There was one significant difference between GRP and IND at the 2.5-year follow-up for SCL-90 (global severity index) (F = 5.01; p < 0.03) favouring GRP. Discussion The treatment appears to result in increased recovery and remission from post-treatment to follow-up in favour of GRP. More research is required before a specific treatment approach for EDNOS type three can be recommended. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.