Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Parsing in Dialogue Systems Using Typed Feature Structures

The analysis of natural language in the context of keyboard-driven dialogue systems is the central issue addressed in this paper. A module that corrects typing errors, performs domain-specific morphological analysis is developed. A parser for typed unification grammars is designed and implemented in C++; for description of the lexicon and the grammer a specialised specification language is developed. It is argued that typed unification grammars and especially the newly developed specification language are convenient formalisms for describing natural language use in dialogue systems. Research on these issues is carried out in the context of the SCHISMA project, a research project in linguistic engineering; participants in SCHISMA are KPN Research and the University of Twente.
The Role of Sterile Neutrinos in Cosmology and Astrophysics

We present a comprehensive overview of an extension of the Standard Model that contains three right-handed (sterile) neutrinos with masses below the electroweak scale [the Neutrino Minimal Standard Model (νMSM)]. We consider the history of the Universe from the inflationary era through today and demonstrate that most of the observed phenomena beyond the Standard Model can be explained within the framework of this model. We review the mechanism of baryon asymmetry of the Universe in the νMSM and discuss a dark matter candidate that can be warm or cold and that satisfies all existing constraints. From the viewpoint of particle physics, the model provides an explanation for neutrino flavor oscillations. Verification of the νMSM is possible with existing experimental techniques.
A Logical Approach to Generating Test Plans

During the execution of a test plan, a test manager may decide to drop a test case if its result can be inferred from already executed test cases. We show that it is possible to automatically generate a test plan to exploit the potential to justifiably drop a test case and thus reduce the number of test cases. Our approach uses Boolean formulas to model the mutual dependencies between test results. The algorithm to generate a test plan comes with the formal guarantee of optimality with regards to the inference of the result of a test case from already executed test cases.
Identifying Natural Sources of Resistance: A Case Study of Implementing Writing across the Curriculum.

To develop an insider's perspective as to what strategies teachers employ in their efforts to translate instructional theory into occasions for learning, this study represents teachers' perspectives in a way that ( 1 ) identifies some of the legitimate and unexpected resistance to implementing new curriculum, and (2) suggests an analytic model of theoretical and practical value to those interested in curriculum implementation. Two high school teachers collaborated with the researcher to develop writing tasks that would encourage careful thought and learning on the part of the students. Both teachers were observed before and during the time they developed and implemented these writing tasks. On the basis of the field notes and interview transcripts, an analytic model was developed and used to: 1. characterize a single meaning system here defined as a "curricular system of meaning"; and 2. identify several natural sources of resistance to innovation. The discussion focuses specifically on two components of this meaning system: (a) "locus of attention" here defined as a critical point of balance in the system which enables the teacher to negotiate a number of delicately balanced and sometimes conflicting concerns, and (b) "conditions of instruction," defined as the underlying conditions that influence instructional practice. These conditions include the teacher's conceptions about the source of knowledge, the development of knowledge, and the goals of instruction. Evidence cited suggests that these two concerns are crucial to the effective and efficient working of a system, and that both are thus natural sources of resistance. A number of factors have contributed to the recent interest in writing across the curriculum. Among them is our developing understanding of the relationship between writing and thinking. Work by Emig (1977, 1983), Martin (1976), Hays, Roth, Ramsey, and Foulke (1983) and others indicates that the process of writing affords the writer a special opportunity for thinking and thus for learning. Building on the work of Vygotsky (1962), Luria (1971), and Bruner (1971), Emig (1983) argues that both the act and the product of writing are marked by a number of features which, in her words, "correspond uniquely to certain powerful learning strategies" (p. 123). In the The research reported here was supported by grant number NIE-G-82-0027 from the National Institute of Education. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect the policy or position of the funding agency. Research in the Teaching of English, Vol. 20, No. 1, February 1986 69 This content downloaded from 207.46. 13.162 on Thu, 30 Jun 2016 05:40:25 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor. org/terms 70 Research in the Teaching of English process of using hand, eye, and brain, the writer may, among other things, sort through ideas, integrate old information with new, and reformulate thoughts. Fostering such processes is especially important since they have been identified as critical intellectual components of more complex forms of
An intelligent framework for e-government personalized services

Governments are providing citizens with portals so that they can access provided electronic services. To this end, governments aim at personalizing the services of each citizen with regard to its profile. This paper proposes a new conceptual framework for services personalization. The framework combines several recommendation techniques that use several data sources i.e. citizen profile, social media citizen's interactions, users profiles databases and services databases. The proposed framework has the novelty to combine three main components: citizen centred approach, recommendation systems, and the use of social media to better identify the profile of a citizen.
Application of Oocyte Cryopreservation Technology in TALEN-Mediated Mouse Genome Editing

Reproductive engineering techniques, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) and cryopreservation of embryos or spermatozoa, are essential for preservation, reproduction, and transportation of genetically engineered mice. However, it has not yet been elucidated whether these techniques can be applied for the generation of genome-edited mice using engineered nucleases such as transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs). Here, we demonstrate the usefulness of frozen oocytes fertilized in vitro using frozen sperm for TALEN-mediated genome editing in mice. We examined side-by-side comparisons concerning sperm (fresh vs. frozen), fertilization method (mating vs. IVF), and fertilized oocytes (fresh vs. frozen) for the source of oocytes used for TALEN injection; we found that fertilized oocytes created under all tested conditions were applicable for TALEN-mediated mutagenesis. In addition, we investigated whether the ages in weeks of parental female mice can affect the efficiency of gene modification, by comparing 5-week-old and 8–12-week-old mice as the source of oocytes used for TALEN injection. The genome editing efficiency of an endogenous gene was consistently 95–100% when either 5-week-old or 8–12-week-old mice were used with or without freezing the oocytes. Thus, our report describes the availability of freeze-thawed oocytes and oocytes from female mice at various weeks of age for TALEN-mediated genome editing, thus boosting the convenience of such innovative gene targeting strategies.
Who's Minding the Neighborhood? The Role of Adult Capacity in Keeping Young People on a Path to Graduation.

The nation’s high school graduation rate has been rising over the past decade and is now at a historic high. As of 2014, however, 4 percent of all 16to 19-year-olds in the United States—a total of 690,000 young people—had left high school without graduating. On a hopeful note, the current 4 percent rate represents a noticeable decline from 40 years ago, when approximately 14 percent of young people did not graduate high school with their peers.
SIMULATION OF SECURE AODV IN GRAY HOLE ATTACK FOR MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORK

A MANET is an autonomous system of mobile nodes. The system may operate in isolation, or may have gateways and interface with a fixed network. Its nodes are equipped with wireless transmitters/receivers using antennas which may be omni directional (broadcast), highly-directional (point-to-point), or some combination thereof. At a given time, the system can be viewed as a random graph due to the movement of the nodes, their transmitter/receiver coverage patterns, the transmission power levels, and the co-channel interference levels. In this, paper, we are focusing on the concept of gray hole attack in adhoc network & impact of gray hole attack on network. A gray hole is a node that selectively drops and forwards data packets after advertises itself as having the shortest path to the destination node in response to a route request message. Because of the gray hole attack on the network there is an impact on the different performance metrics of the network such as PDR, e2edelay, throughput etc. Our mechanism helps to protect the network by detecting and reacting to malicious activities of any node. Simulation will be carried out by using network simulator tool so as to address the problem of detection & prevention of gray hole attack in mobile ad-hoc network.
Detection of Partially Coherent Scatterers in Multidimensional SAR Tomography: A Theoretical Study

Multidimensional synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging is a technique based on coherent SAR data combination for space (full 3-D) and space/deformation-velocity (4-D) analysis. It extends SAR interferometry and differential interferometry concepts, offering new options for the analysis and monitoring of ground scenes. In this paper, we consider the problem of detecting scatterers showing partial correlation properties induced by simultaneous acquisitions from satellite formations or an uneven temporal distribution of satellite constellations. To this end, we first provide a general model for the pixel imaged by a multidimensional SAR system. Then, we design a constant false alarm rate (CFAR) decision rule accounting for the presence of partially coherent scatterers. At the analysis stage, we assess the performance of the new detector also in comparison with a previously proposed CFAR scheme, developed in the context of SAR tomography for fully coherent scatterers.
Localization of the CyanoP binding site on photosystem II by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy

Photosystem II (PSII), a large multi subunit membrane protein complex localized in the thylakoid membrane of cyanobacteria and chloroplasts, is the only known enzyme that catalyzes the light-driven oxidation of water. In addition to the membrane intrinsic part of PSII, efficient oxygen evolution requires soluble protein subunits at its luminal interface. In contrast to the detailed crystal structure of the active cyanobacterial complex the characterization of intermediate PSII species related to its assembly and repair is hampered by their instability or low abundance. As most structural variations of the corresponding PSII species are based on a different set of protein factors bound to the luminal interface of the complex we developed a system for interaction analysis between PSII and its soluble interaction partners based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy. The assay was validated by the correct localization of the extrinsic PSII proteins PsbO, PsbV, and PsbU on the luminal PSII surface and used to determine the unknown binding position of CyanoP, the cyanobacterial homolog of higher plant PsbP. The CyanoP binding site was clearly localized in the center of PSII at a position, which is occupied by the PsbO subunit in mature PSII complexes. Consistently, we demonstrate selective binding of CyanoP to an inactive PSII assembly intermediate that lacks the extrinsic subunits PsbO, PsbV, and PsbU. These findings suggest, that CyanoP functions in the dynamic lifecycle of PSII, possibly in the association of CP47 and CP43 or in photoactivation of the oxygen-evolving complex.
Robust Human Behavior Modeling from Multiple Cameras

In this work, we propose a framework for classifying structured human behavior in complex real environments, where problems such as frequent illumination changes and heavy occlusions are expected. Since target recognition and tracking can be very challenging, we bypass these problems by employing an approach similar to Motion History Images for feature extraction. Furthermore, to tackle outliers residing within the training data, which might affect severely the training algorithm of models with Gaussian observation likelihoods, we scrutinize the effectiveness of the multivariate Student-t distribution as the observation likelihood of the employed Hidden Markov Models. Additionally, the problem of visibility and occlusions is addressed by providing various extensions of the framework for multiple cameras, both at the feature and at the state level. Finally, we evaluate the performance of the examined approaches under real-life visual behavior understanding scenarios and we compare and discuss the obtained results.
Social incentives improve deliberative but not procedural learning in older adults

Age-related deficits are seen across tasks where learning depends on asocial feedback processing, however plasticity has been observed in some of the same tasks in social contexts suggesting a novel way to attenuate deficits. Socioemotional selectivity theory suggests this plasticity is due to a deliberative motivational shift toward achieving well-being with age (positivity effect) that reverses when executive processes are limited (negativity effect). The present study examined the interaction of feedback valence (positive, negative) and social salience (emotional face feedback – happy; angry, asocial point feedback – gain; loss) on learning in a deliberative task that challenges executive processes and a procedural task that does not. We predict that angry face feedback will improve learning in a deliberative task when executive function is challenged. We tested two competing hypotheses regarding the interactive effects of deliberative emotional biases on automatic feedback processing: (1) If deliberative emotion regulation and automatic feedback are interactive we expect happy face feedback to improve learning and angry face feedback to impair learning in older adults because cognitive control is available. (2) If deliberative emotion regulation and automatic feedback are not interactive we predict that emotional face feedback will not improve procedural learning regardless of valence. Results demonstrate that older adults show persistent deficits relative to younger adults during procedural category learning suggesting that deliberative emotional biases do not interact with automatic feedback processing. Interestingly, a subgroup of older adults identified as potentially using deliberative strategies tended to learn as well as younger adults with angry relative to happy feedback, matching the pattern observed in the deliberative task. Results suggest that deliberative emotional biases can improve deliberative learning, but have no effect on procedural learning.
From Nash and Brown to Maynard Smith: Equilibria, Dynamics and ESS

Nashis three proofs for the existence of equilibria in strategic games correspond to three dynamics: The best response dynamics (equivalent to Brownis fictitious play), the smoothed best response dynamics, and the Brownnvon NeumannnNash dynamics. We prove that an equilibrium which is evolutionarily stable as defined by Maynard Smith is (globally) asymptotically stable for each of these three dynamics.
A recursive estimate for the predictive likelihood in a topic model

We consider the problem of evaluating the predictive log likelihood of a previously unseen document under a topic model. This task arises when cross-validating for a model hyperparameter, when testing a model on a hold-out set, and when comparing the performance of dierent tting strategies. Yet it is known to be very challenging, as it is equivalent to estimating a marginal likelihood in Bayesian model selection. We propose a fast algorithm for approximating this likelihood, one whose computational cost is linear both in document length and in the number of topics. The method is a rst-order approximation to the algorithm of Carvalho et al. (2010a), and can also be interpreted as a one-particle, Rao-Blackwellized version of the \left-to-right" method of Wallach et al. (2009). On our test examples, the proposed method gives similar answers to these other methods, but at lower computational cost.
The effect of non-tightness on Bayesian estimation of PCFGs

Probabilistic context-free grammars have the unusual property of not always defining tight distributions (i.e., the sum of the “probabilities” of the trees the grammar generates can be less than one). This paper reviews how this non-tightness can arise and discusses its impact on Bayesian estimation of PCFGs. We begin by presenting the notion of “almost everywhere tight grammars” and show that linear CFGs follow it. We then propose three different ways of reinterpreting non-tight PCFGs to make them tight, show that the Bayesian estimators in Johnson et al. (2007) are correct under one of them, and provide MCMC samplers for the other two. We conclude with a discussion of the impact of tightness empirically.
Systematic Review of Psychosocial Factors at Work and Private Life as Risk Factors for Back Pain

Study Design. A systematic review of observational studies. Objectives. To assess whether psychosocial factors at work and in private life are risk factors for the occurrence of back pain. Summary of Background Data. Several reviews on risk factors for back pain have paid attention to psychosocial factors. However, in none of the published reviews was a strict systematic approach used to identify and summarize the available evidence. Methods. A computerized bibliographical search of several databases was performed, restricted to studies with a cohort or case–control design. A rating system was used to assess the strength of the evidence for various factors, based on the methodologic quality of the studies and the consistency of the findings. Results. Eleven cohort and two case–control studies were included in this review. Strong evidence was found for low social support in the workplace and low job satisfaction as risk factors for back pain. Insufficient evidence was found for an effect of a high work pace, high qualitative demands, low job content, low job control, and psychosocial factors in private life. Conclusions. Evidence was found for an effect of low workplace social support and low job satisfaction. However, the result for workplace social support was sensitive to slight changes in the rating system, and the effect found for low job satisfaction may be a result of insufficient adjustment for psychosocial work characteristics and physical load at work. In addition, the combined evaluation of job content and job control, both aspects of decision latitude, led to strong evidence of a role for low job decision latitude. Thus, based on this review, there is evidence for an effect of work-related psychosocial factors, but the evidence for the role of specific factors has not been established yet.
cis-acting elements in the lytic origin of DNA replication of Epstein-Barr virus

oriLyt, the cis-acting element of Epstein-Barr virus, mediates viral DNA replication in the lytic phase of the virus's life cycle. Oligonucleotide-directed in vitro mutagenesis of oriLyt plasmids allowed the identification of two noncontiguous components within the complex structure of oriLyt. Both components were indispensable for DNA replication of this origin. The upstream component colocalized with the promoter of the viral BHLF1-encoding gene, and mutants affecting DNA replication affected RNA transcription, too. The second component crucial for oriLyt function was determined to be 40 bp long and positioned approximately 530 bp downstream. It was dispensable for transcriptional transactivation but it was absolutely required for replication. Thus, the overall design of oriLyt has striking similarity to multipartite regulatory elements of transcription, consisting of proximal promoters and distal enhancers, but special elements are exclusively dedicated to DNA replication.
Coherent detection of optical quadrature phase-shift keying signals with carrier phase estimation

This paper describes a coherent optical receiver for demodulating optical quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) signals. At the receiver, a phase-diversity homodyne detection scheme is employed without locking the phase of the local oscillator (LO). To handle the carrier phase drift, the carrier phase is estimated with digital signal processing (DSP) on the homodyne-detected signal. Such a scheme presents the following major advantages over the conventional optical differential detection. First, its bit error rate (BER) performance is better than that of differential detection. This higher sensitivity can extend the reach of unrepeated transmission systems and reduce crosstalk between multiwavelength channels. Second, the optoelectronic conversion process is linear, so that the whole optical signal information can be postprocessed in the electrical domain. Third, this scheme is applicable to multilevel modulation formats such as M-array PSK and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The performance of the receiver is evaluated through various simulations and experiments. As a result, an unrepeated transmission over 210 km with a 20-Gb/s optical QPSK signal is achieved. Moreover, in wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) environment, coherent detection allows the filtering of a desired wavelength channel to reside entirely in the electrical domain, taking advantage of the sharp cutoff characteristics of electrical filters. The experiments show the feasibility to transmit polarization-multiplexed 40-Gb/s QPSK signals over 200 km with channel spacing of 16 GHz, leading to a spectral efficiency as high as 2.5 b/s/Hz.
Interpreting actions by attributing compositional desires

We cannot see others’ mental states, so we infer them by watching how people behave. Bayesian inference in a model of rational action – called inverse planning – captures how humans infer desires from observable actions. These models represent desires as simple associations between agents and world states. In this paper we show that by representing desires as probabilistic programs, an inverse planning model can infer complex desires underlying complex behaviors—desires with temporal and logical structure, which can be fulfilled in different ways. Our model, which combines basic desires via logical primitives, is inspired by recent probabilistic grammarbased models of concept learning. Through an experiment where we vary behaviors parametrically, we show that our model predicts with high accuracy how people infer complex desires. Our work sheds light on the representations underlying mental states, and paves the way towards algorithms that can reason about others’ minds as we do.
Task selection for bandit-based task assignment in heterogeneous crowdsourcing

Task selection (picking an appropriate labeling task) and worker selection (assigning the labeling task to a suitable worker) are two major challenges in task assignment for crowdsourcing. Recently, worker selection has been successfully addressed by the bandit-based task assignment (BBTA) method, while task selection has not been thoroughly investigated yet. In this paper, we experimentally compare several task selection strategies borrowed from active learning literature, and show that the least confidence strategy significantly improves the performance of task assignment in crowdsourcing.