Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantitative wafer mapping of residual stress in electroplated NiFe films using independent strain and Young's modulus measurements

The uncontrolled development of stress within MEMS deposited and processed films can be detrimental for both device performance and reliability. This work focuses on combining the data from previously reported strain measurements obtained from mechanical test structures with new nano-indentation measurements of Young's modulus on both micromachined films and cantilevers. Both strain and Young's modulus data are then used to produce arguably the first quantitative wafer-level stress mapping of residual stress in micromachined materials. Results show significant local variation and possible correlation between Young's modulus and percentage of iron in the film. The measured values for the two test wafers, namely Young's modulus and residual stress, fall within the range of ~30 to ~180 GPa and ~50 to ~220 MPa, respectively. Young's modulus measurements on cantilevers show a consistent ~20% difference with respect to traditional indentation measurements, suggesting that this setup may help reduce or remove the influence of the substrate.
Accelerated Heterologous Adenovirus Prime-Boost SIV Vaccine in Neonatal Rhesus Monkeys

ABSTRACT A pediatric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine would be desirable to protect infants against HIV-1 transmission from breast-feeding. Such a vaccine would need to induce protective immunity at mucosal surfaces in neonates as soon as possible after birth. Recombinant adenovirus (rAd) vectors have been shown to elicit potent systemic and mucosal virus-specific immune responses in adult nonhuman primates and humans, but these vectors have not previously been comprehensively studied in infants. In this study, we demonstrate that a single injection of rAd26 encoding simian immunodeficiency virus mac239 (SIVmac239) Gag on the day of birth elicited detectable Gag-specific cellular immune responses in rhesus monkeys, but these responses were transient and waned quickly. In contrast, an accelerated heterologous prime-boost regimen involving administration of rAd35 at birth and rAd26 at 4 weeks of life elicited potent and durable Gag-specific cellular and humoral immune responses in neonatal rhesus monkeys, including mucosal responses that remained detectable at 1 year of age. These results suggest the potential of an accelerated heterologous rAd prime-boost regimen as a candidate HIV-1 vaccine for newborns.
Genetic diversity, population structure, effective population size and demographic history of the Finnish wolf population

The Finnish wolf population (Canis lupus) was sampled during three different periods (1996–1998, 1999–2001 and 2002–2004), and 118 individuals were genotyped with 10 microsatellite markers. Large genetic variation was found in the population despite a recent demographic bottleneck. No spatial population subdivision was found even though a significant negative relationship between genetic relatedness and geographic distance suggested isolation by distance. Very few individuals did not belong to the local wolf population as determined by assignment analyses, suggesting a low level of immigration in the population. We used the temporal approach and several statistical methods to estimate the variance effective size of the population. All methods gave similar estimates of effective population size, approximately 40 wolves. These estimates were slightly larger than the estimated census size of breeding individuals. A Bayesian model based on Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations indicated strong evidence for a long‐term population decline. These results suggest that the contemporary wolf population size is roughly 8% of its historical size, and that the population decline dates back to late 19th century or early 20th century. Despite an increase of over 50% in the census size of the population during the whole study period, there was only weak evidence that the effective population size during the last period was higher than during the first. This may be caused by increased inbreeding, diminished dispersal within the population, and decreased immigration to the population during the last study period.
Sardars, Jobbers, Kanganies: The Labour Contractor and Indian Economic History*

Abstract A figure in part a foreman, in part a headman, and in part a recruiting contractor, formed an indispensable part of labour organization in mills, mines, ports and plantations in nineteenth-century India, and in the tropical colonies where Indian emigrants went for work. Historians have explained the presence of such a figure by the needs of capital for intermediaries, or needs of labour for familiar relationships in an unfamiliar environment. The significance of the labour agent for economic history, however, seems to go beyond these needs. The universal presence of a worker who embodied a variable blend of roles prompts several larger questions. Was the labour agent an institutional response to an economic problem? Were modern forms of agency rooted in older modes of labour organization? The scholarship discussed the gains for employers. Were there costs too? This paper is a preliminary attempt at framing these larger issues. I suggest here that the agent had roots in the traditional economy, and represented an incorporation of putting out and the authority of the headman inside modern work sites, and that this incorporation of traditional authority in a modern setting gave rise to contradictions.
Reurbanization in Toronto: Condominium boom and social housing revitalization

Abstract Over the past few years, a condominium boom has transformed the City of Toronto: developers have bought up land in industrial and residential areas and built high-rise condominium towers that left their imprint on the urban landscape. This new interest for the inner city was sparked by a combination of legal and political shifts that had the intent to redirect growth to already built-up areas, and to change preferences for housing and planning practices that allowed intensification (as well as gentrification) of neighborhoods. In our contribution we will discuss two examples: the condominium boom driven by developers, and the redevelopment of the largest inner city social housing complex in Canada. Both of them, as we argue, are fostered by a market-based approach to re-urbanization. We will pay particular attention to the role that the social construction of a particular urban lifestyle has in the appropriation of spaces for reurbanization.
Are Women's Wage Gains Men's Losses? A Distributional Test

* Department of Economics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z1, and Department of Economics, CRDE, CIRANO, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7; Lemieux is also affiliated with the NBER. We thank Paul Beaudry, Richard Blundell, Richard Freeman, and Robert Haveman for helpful comments and discussions. We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Social Sciences and Humanities Council of Canada and from FCAR, Quebec. 1 The gender wage ratio and the 90/50 wage ratio for men are calculated from the Current Population Survey (CPS) data provided by EPI ^http://www.epinet. org/&. The 1980’s trends in the gender gap emerged from average real increases of 0.5 percent per year in women’s median wages and average real declines of 1 percent per year in men’s median wages.
Managing strategic change in public sector organizations: a Swedish example

Major cuts in government spending and the ever increasing demands for enhanced efficiency, effectiveness and service quality have impacted upon public sector organizations throughout Europe. Such environmental hostility and turbulence have forced these organizations to embark upon programmes of strategic change. For many, the prevailing chaotic situations have adversely affected the well-being of employees, and it is argued that this is likely to have a number of costly consequences for the organization. This article outlines some of the challenges presented by strategic change within the Swedish social insurance organization, namely Forsakringskassan. The case study presented draws attention to the fact that organization change is a stressful experience for individuals. However, it is argued that much stress can be alleviated through successful change management which focuses upon continuous organizational improvement programmes.
Phagotrophic Protist Diversity in the Groundwater of a Karstified Aquifer – Morphological and Molecular Analysis

To clarify the structure of microbial food webs in groundwater, knowledge about the protist diversity and feeding strategies is essential. We applied cultivation‐dependent approaches and molecular methods for further understanding of protist diversity in groundwater. Groundwater was sampled from a karstified aquifer located in the Thuringian Basin (Thuringia, Germany). Cultivable protist abundance estimated up to 8,000 cells/L. Eleven flagellates, 10 naked amoebae, and one ciliate morpho‐species were detected in groundwater enrichment cultures. Most of the flagellates morpho‐species, typically < 10 μm, were sessile or free swimming suspension feeders, e.g., Spumella spp. , Monosiga spp. , and mobile, surface‐associated forms that grasp biofilms, e.g., Bodo spp. Naked amoebae, typically < 35 μm, that grasp biofilms were represented by, e.g., Vahlkampfia spp. , Vannella spp. , and Hartmanella spp. The largest fraction of the 18S rRNA gene sequences was affiliated with Spumella‐like Stramenopiles. Besides, also sequences affiliated with fungi and metazoan grazers were detected in clone libraries of the groundwater. We hypothesize that small sized protist species take refuge in the structured surface of the fractures and fissures of the karstified aquifer and mainly feed on biofilm‐associated or suspended bacteria.
Term Premia on Euro Rates

THERE ARE AT LEAST two statistically firm results regarding international money and capital markets. The first is the theory of interest rate parity is empirically valid for Euro interest rates [8]. The second is forward exchange rates are poor, very likely biased, predictors of future spot exchange rates [1, 3, 10, 12, 13]. The former is a comforting finding in that it assures there are no unexploited arbitrage profits. The latter is troubling (to some) because it might be a symptom of an inefficient market. That interest rate parity holds suggests international exchange and money market arbitrageurs are fully exploiting all profit opportunities. They are behaving rationally. That forward exchange rates fail to predict future spot rates at least unbiasedly suggests the existence of some unknown mechanism which robs predictive ability. In a naive rational expectations view of the world, the failure of forward rates to be unbiased predictors of future spot rates implies either that there is some difference between interest rate pairs other than inflationary expectations, or that forward rates do not capture expected inflation differences in any simple way. (See [9]). This paper addresses the first issue. If there are differences in interest rate pairs which do not solely reflect expected inflation divergences, this must show up as a difference in real interest rates. Such could be the result of actual instantaneous real rates of identical risk being unequal in magnitude, or what is more likely, differences in term premia between interest rate pairs when periods greater than, say, one day are used in interest rate parity and forward rate prediction tests. If there are differential term premia in interest rate pairs of, say, one month or longer then forward exchange rates will mispredict the future spot exchange rate by that margin. '
Dissociation between the behavioural and electrophysiological effects of the face and body composite illusions.

Several studies have reported similarities between perceptual processes underlying face and body perception, particularly emphasizing the importance of configural processes. Differences between the perception of faces and the perception of bodies were observed by means of a manipulation targeting a specific subtype of configural processing: the composite illusion. The composite face illusion describes the fact that two identical top halves of a face are perceived as being different if they are presented with different bottom parts. This effect disappears, if both halves are laterally shifted. Crucially, the effect of misalignment is not observed for bodies. This study aimed to further explore differences in the time course of face and body perception by using the composite effect. The present results replicated behavioural effects illustrating that misalignment affects the perception of faces but not bodies. Thus, face but not body perception relies on holistic processing. However, differences in the time course of the processing of both stimulus categories emerged at the N170 and P200. The pattern of the behavioural data seemed to be related to the P200. Thus, the present data indicate that holistic processes associated with the effect of misalignment might occur 200 ms after stimulus onset.
Sourcing Requirements and Designs for Software as a Service

Software as a Service SaaS has become an important pragmatic in the world of enterprise software and business services markets. SaaS supports the concept of outsourcing where business processes are offered under a service level agreement for a given price. However, sourcing SaaS may not always involve outsourcing with respect to the transfer of internal activities and resources to external service providers. Users of SaaS need to know what strategies to use when determining sourcing requirements. In this paper, the authors develop a classification for sourcing SaaS based on Kraljic's matrix and a mapping of SaaS services to the sourcing structures. Further, they evaluate the proposed sourcing models against two real world case studies.
Modeling and detecting change in user behavior through his social media posting using cluster analysis

According to World Health Organization, one of the greatest health hazards of 21st century is mental disorder. Unlike any physical illness, mental illness is not that apparent to be recognized at early stages. Also, especially in India, patients do not come forward to seek help because of the social taboo or inferiority that is associated with these diseases. As per World Health Organization, 11 percent of the world's population suffer from mental disorders but only 1 percent of the population form the community of experts who can treat them, leading to the lack of sufficient man power to treat mental illness, and thus the treatments being very expensive. This calls for a strong need for a technique to automatically identify non-normal behavior of a person, which would serve as an indicator for early detection of mental illness. According to the census report of India 2011, the citizens from the age group of 18 to 30 is the majority having mental health problems, which is incidentally the age group which is very active on social networking sites. Online social networks serve as a valuable source of information about people through their published interests, attributes and social interactions and also a true mirror of their behavior. People who don't share their issues with friends and families then find a place on social media and open up their feelings there. Majority of work in current relevant literature talks about classifying tweets based on the sentiments. Whereas, our approach is to analy se the tweets of a person over a period of time to track the change in his behaviour if any. We have developed a new unsupervised technique for detecting change in behaviour of a person using the difference in the structural and behavioural feature vector and defining a threshold using iterative clustering. With a synthesized data, our models lead us to 92% accuracy and a precision 92 % and recall of 90 %.
Exploring Uncharted Territories of the Hedge Fund Industry: Empirical Characteristics of Mega Hedge Fund Firms

This paper investigates mega hedge fund management companies that collectively manage over 50% of the industry's assets, incorporating previously unavailable data from those that do not report to commercial databases. We find similarities among mega firms that report performance to commercial databases compared with those that do not. We show that the largest divergences between the performance of reporting and nonreporting mega firms can be traced to differential exposure to credit markets. Thus, the performance of hard-to-observe mega firms can be inferred from observable data. This conclusion is robust to delisting bias and the presence of serially correlated returns.
Market concentration and pricing behavior in the fertilizer industry: a global approach

The global fertilizer industry is a market with high and increasing levels of concentration and trade. Low-income regions such as sub-Saharan Africa are highly dependent on imported fertilizer, and the landed price of imports at the port of entry usually represents a large fraction of the fertilizer supply costs in these regions. This article formally examines the relationship between market concentration and prices from a global perspective. We follow a dynamic panel approach using annual data on urea for a panel of countries and observe that prices are generally higher in more concentrated markets using different measures of concentration and model specifications. Based on additional simulations, we find that a 10% increase in competition could increase fertilizer use by 13–19% and rural incomes by 1–2% in regions like sub-Saharan Africa. Overall, the results highlight the need to further examine the pricing behavior and potential market power exertion of major global producers, which can help to better understand the industry supply chain in developing countries and provide additional insights into the design of policies, including input subsidy programs, intended to promote long-term fertilizer adoption.
Managing the Diverse Organization: The Imperative for a New Multicultural Paradigm

The effects of cultural diversity on organizational behavior are complex and powerful. What is diversity and what are the goals in achieving a more diverse society? Are there organizations that operate more efficiently with a homogeneous workforce while other organizations are more efficient with a heterogenous workforce? This essay examines the shift in emphasis from assimilating minorities to acknowledging raciocultural and gender differences. The essay suggests strategies for managing multicultural organizations and argues that a new multicultural paradigm is necessary.
Differential utilization of the SV40 enhancer and early promoter in various human lung carcinoma cell lines

Cell lines derived from the major morphological types of human lung cancer were tested for their ability to utilize the SV40 enhancer/early promoter. These cell lines were transfected with a recombinant plasmid containing a reporter gene, coding for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), under the control of the SV40 enhancer/early promoter. The transfected cells were then assayed for CAT activity. Non‐small‐cell carcinomas, especially squamous carcinomas, were found to be 2–3 orders of magnitude more efficient in utilizing the SV40 enhancer/early promoter than small‐cell carcinomas. The presence of different SV40 enhancer/early promoter specific DNA‐binding nuclear factors in squamous and small‐cell carcinomas was demonstrated in gel mobility shift experiments. These observations seem to suggest that the set of transcriptional regulatory factors associated with squamous carcinomas may be distinct from that associated with small‐cell carcinomas.
A Note on the Price Effects of Market Power in the Canadian Newspaper Industry

The region losing capital is doing so because initially its PK was lower than in the other region. Increasing its L/K ratio is supposed to raise its PK and the complementary fall in the L/K ratio in the other region is supposed to lower its PK so that the PKS are equilized. However if returns to scale are very strong this may never happen. For example, in the industry and region losing capital, as the L/K ratio rises, output is falling, raising the input-output coefficients in production. If the latter effect outweighs the effect of a changed L/K ratio, the PK will not rise and the outflow of capital will only cease when there is no more capital in that region. If both factors are required in production, labour will become unemployed in that region and output of that region's good will cease. This equilibrium regional unemployment can arise in several ways. We could start with both factors being immobile between regions. Then, for example, development of capital markets in the country could result in capital becoming mobile. The result of this is described in the above two paragraphs. We could also start from an initial equilibrium point with full employment in both regions and with capital mobility and hence equalization of capital rentals between regions. If the regions are specialized in the production of different goods, a substantial fall in the world price of one region's good, in particular the poorer (lower relative PL) region's good, could reduce the return to capital below the critical level for any of it remaining in that region. Labour would become unemployed there. Secondly, a technological improvement in one region's industry could so lower its input-output coefficients (raise the MPK for a given L/K) that the other region could no longer compete for capital. Once again equilibrium unemployment would result in one region.
In vivo measurement of water diffusion in the human heart

Existing magnetic resonance methods for diffusion imaging, including echo planar, are ineffective in the beating heart due to motion‐induced signal attenuation. To overcome this problem, we used a diffusion‐weighted stimulated echo‐echo planar magnetic resonance imaging sequence. The two lobes of the diffusion‐sensitizing gradient were synchronized to the same point in successive cardiac cycles in order to fix the cardiac position and avoid bulk motion effects. The apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) of the interventricular septum in 12 healthy subjects for diffusion gradients along the x‐, y‐, and z‐directions were 1.40 ± 0.27, 1.48 ± 0.35, and 1.78 ± 0.27 × 10−3 mm2/s. The ADCs of the interventricular septum in a second group of 15 healthy subjects for diffusion gradients along the short axis, horizontal and vertical long axes were 0.92 ± 0.15. 1.50 ± 0.15, and 1.10 ± 0.24 × mm2/s. Because the ADCs were less than the measured values for skeletal muscle and their standard deviations were low, it seems unlikely that bulk motion effects made the dominant contribution to the measured myocardial ADC for the interventricular septum, although motion and/or susceptibility artifacts frequently degraded measurements in the free wall of the left ventricle. Additional evidence that ADC was not predominantly determined by wall motion was obtained in a third group of patients with various cardiac abnormalities, in whom there was only a weak correlation between ADC and ejection fraction. Although further study is needed to better understand the factors contributing to the myocardial ADC, we hypothesize that the measured diffusional anisotropy in the septum might be explained largely on the basis of myofiber orientation.