Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Individual Anthropogenic Emissions Sectors on the Global Burden of Human Mortality due to Ambient Air Pollution

Background: Exposure to ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can cause adverse health effects, including premature mortality due to cardiopulmonary diseases and lung cancer. Recent studies quantify global air pollution mortality but not the contribution of different emissions sectors, or they focus on a specific sector. Objectives: We estimated the global mortality burden of anthropogenic ozone and PM2.5, and the impact of five emissions sectors, using a global chemical transport model at a finer horizontal resolution (0.67° × 0.5°) than previous studies. Methods: We performed simulations for 2005 using the Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4), zeroing out all anthropogenic emissions and emissions from specific sectors (All Transportation, Land Transportation, Energy, Industry, and Residential and Commercial). We estimated premature mortality using a log-linear concentration–response function for ozone and an integrated exposure–response model for PM2.5. Results: We estimated 2.23 (95% CI: 1.04, 3.33) million deaths/year related to anthropogenic PM2.5, with the highest mortality in East Asia (48%). The Residential and Commercial sector had the greatest impact globally—675 (95% CI: 428, 899) thousand deaths/year—and in most regions. Land Transportation dominated in North America (32% of total anthropogenic PM2.5 mortality), and it had nearly the same impact (24%) as Residential and Commercial (27%) in Europe. Anthropogenic ozone was associated with 493 (95% CI: 122, 989) thousand deaths/year, with the Land Transportation sector having the greatest impact globally (16%). Conclusions: The contributions of emissions sectors to ambient air pollution–related mortality differ among regions, suggesting region-specific air pollution control strategies. Global sector-specific actions targeting Land Transportation (ozone) and Residential and Commercial (PM2.5) sectors would particularly benefit human health. Citation: Silva RA, Adelman Z, Fry MM, West JJ. 2016. The impact of individual anthropogenic emissions sectors on the global burden of human mortality due to ambient air pollution. Environ Health Perspect 124:1776–1784; http://dx.doi. org/10.1289/EHP177
Robust clustering for connected vehicles using local network criticality

This paper proposes a robust Criticality-based Clustering Algorithm (CCA) for Vehicular Ad Hoc NETworks (VANETs) based on the concept of network criticality. Network criticality is a global metric on an undirected graph, that quantifies the robustness of the graph against environmental changes such as topology. In this paper, we localize the notion of network criticality and apply it to control cluster formation in the vehicular wireless network. We use the localized notion of node criticality together with a universal link measure, Link Expiration Time (LET), to derive a distributed multi-hop clustering algorithm for VANETs. Simulation results show that the proposed CCA forms robust cluster structures.
A real-time 32.768-kHz clock oscillator using a 0.0154-mm2 micromechanical resonator frequency-setting element

A capacitive-comb transduced micromechanical resonator using aggressive lithography to occupy only 0.0154-mm2 of die area has been combined via bond-wiring with a custom ASIC sustaining amplifier and a supply voltage of only 1.65V to realize a 32.768-kHz real-time clock oscillator more than 100× smaller by area than miniaturized quartz crystal implementations and at least 4× smaller than other MEMS-based approaches, including those using piezoelectric material. The key to achieving such large reductions in size is the enormous rate at which scaling improves the performance of capacitive-comb transduced folded-beam micromechanical resonators, for which scaling of lateral dimensions by a factor S provides an S2× reduction in both motional resistance and footprint for a given resonance frequency. This is a very strong dependency that raises eyebrows, since the size of the frequency-setting tank element may soon become the most important attribute governing cost in a potential MEMS-based or otherwise batch-fabricated 32.768-kHz timing oscillator market. In addition, unlike quartz counterparts, the size reduction demonstrated here actually reduces power consumption, allowing this oscillator to operate with only 2. 1μW of DC power.
Improving co‐development through process alignment

There has been a recent surge of enthusiasm within the automotive industry to build closer supplier relationships within the area of product development. One concept deemed central to these relationships is the alignment of development processes between the collaborating organizations, an area that is expanded upon within this paper. We suggest that synchronization can be achieved through the four key steps of process standardization, knowledge sharing, alignment of existing practices, and continuous elimination of waste within the joint development cycles. A methodology for implementing these stages is presented along with the underlying principles on which it is based – the importance of joint teamworking and multi‐company involvement within the alignment process is highlighted.
Chloroplast DNA variation in the Quercus affinis–Q. laurina complex in Mexico: geographical structure and associations with nuclear and morphological variation

The geographical distribution of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variation in 39 populations of two hybridizing Mexican red oaks, Quercus affinis and Q. laurina, was investigated using polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP). Six haplotypes were identified. Of these, two (H1 and H4), separated by four mutations, had high frequencies (58 and 23% of the individuals, respectively) and were present across the whole geographical range of both species, often co occurring in the same populations. The other four haplotypes were rare, geographically restricted, and are probably derived from the two frequent haplotypes. Latitudinal or other clinal patterns in diversity levels or haplotype composition of populations were not apparent. The pattern of haplotype distribution was characterized by some mosaicism, with contrasting populations often situated in proximity. Average within‐population diversity (hS = 0.299) and population differentiation (GST = 0.499) were, respectively, higher and lower than values reported in previous studies of oak species. There was evidence for phylogeographical structure, as indicated by NST (0.566) being significantly higher than GST. Haplotypic variation was largely species‐independent, although some very weak associations were detected between haplotypes H1 and H4 and morphological and nuclear molecular variation correspondingly characterizing Q. affinis and Q. laurina. These oaks probably did not experience a marked restriction to one or a few particular subregions of their present range during the last glacial cycle. It is more likely that substantial populations persisted throughout several episodes of climatic change, but experienced recurrent latitudinal and altitudinal migrations which may have caused the widespread distribution of haplotypes H1 and H4 and frequent intermixing of populations.
Risk factors for normal-tension glaucoma among subgroups of patients.

OBJECTIVE To identify risk factors for normal-tension glaucoma among subgroups of patients. METHODS In 93 patients with unilateral normal-tension glaucoma, intereye comparison of baseline spherical equivalent, central corneal thickness, untreated intraocular pressure, disc area, and zone beta variables was performed among the following 4 subgroups classified according to age and visual field pattern standard deviation of the eye with glaucoma: subgroup 1 (age < or = 50 years and visual field pattern standard deviation < or = 8 dB), subgroup 2 (< or = 50 years and >8 dB), subgroup 3 (>50 years and < or = 8 dB), and subgroup 4 (>50 years and >8 dB). RESULTS Fourteen, 27, 30, and 22 patients were included in subgroups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The untreated intraocular pressure in subgroup 1 (P = .005), the zone beta variables in subgroup 2 (P < .001), and both the untreated intraocular pressure (P = .010 and P = .034, respectively) and the zone beta variables (P < or = .008 and P < or = .006, respectively) in subgroups 3 and 4 were significantly greater in the eyes with glaucoma than in the normal contralateral eyes (by paired t test or Wilcoxon signed rank test). The other variables showed no significant difference between the eyes in any subgroup. CONCLUSION The zone beta variables (and not the untreated intraocular pressure) may represent significant risk factors in young patients having normal-tension glaucoma with moderate to severe visual field loss.
America's State Defense Forces: An Historical Component of National Defense

Abstract : Throughout American history, the bulk of U.S. military forces fighting during the nation's major wars at least through the end of the 19th Century were men who volunteered for state militia units, whether organized or unorganized. The currently existing state defense forces are the direct descendent organizations of such traditional American militias. For national or homeland defense, the U.S. military has always relied upon these militias, which are groups of part-timers assembled for contingencies. This article describes the structure and missions of state defense forces or state militias during and after the Civil War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the Cold War, and after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.
Farm-Level Performance of Genetically Modified Cotton

In this paper, the yield increases resulting from the cultivation of Bt cotton in Maharashtra, India, are analysed. The study relies on commercial farm, rather than trial, data and is among the first of its kind to be based on real farm and market conditions. Findings show that since its commercial release in 2002, Bt cotton has had a significant positive impact on yields and on the economic performance of cotton growers in Maharashtra. This difference remains even after controlling for different soil and insecticide inputs in the production of Bt cotton. There is also significant spatial and temporal variation in this‘benefit’, and much depends upon where production is taking place and on the season.
Neuroanatomic variation in monozygotic twin pairs discordant for the narrow phenotype for autism.

OBJECTIVE The broader autism phenotype includes relatives of individuals with autism who display social and language deficits that are qualitatively similar to those of autism but less severe. In previous studies of monozygotic twins discordant for autism, more than 75% of the twins without autism displayed the broader phenotype. Differences in neuroanatomy between discordant monozygotic twins might be associated with the narrow and broader behavioral phenotypes. The authors examined the relationship of twin pair differences in clinical phenotype to differences in neuroanatomic phenotype. METHOD The subjects were 16 monozygotic twin pairs between the ages of 5 and 14 years and 16 matched singleton comparison subjects. Seven twin pairs were clinically concordant and nine twin pairs were clinically discordant for strictly defined autism. After magnetic resonance imaging, a semiautomated procedure was applied to images in which the brain tissue was subdivided into neurofunctional regions and segmented into gray, white, and ventricular compartments. RESULTS Both the concordant and discordant twin pairs exhibited concordance in cerebral gray and white matter volumes. However, only the clinically concordant pairs exhibited concordance in cerebellar gray and white matter volumes. Within the discordant twin pairs, both the twins with autism and their co-twins exhibited frontal, temporal, and occipital white matter volumes that were lower than those of the comparison subjects. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the role and the limits of genetic liability in autism. Continuing to clarify the neuroanatomic pathways in autistic spectrum disorders could illuminate the etiology of autism and, ultimately, contribute to treatments.
Multisłownik: Linking plWordNet-based Lexical Data for Lexicography and Educational Purposes

Multisłownik is an automated integrator of Polish lexical data retrieved from multiple available online sources intended to be used in various scenarios requiring access to such data, most prominently dictionary creation, linguistic studies and education. In contrast to many available internet dictionaries Multisłownik is WordNet-centric, capturing the core definitions from Słowosiec ́, the Polish WordNet, and linking external resources to particular synsets. The paper provides details of construction of the resource, discussed the difficulties related to linking different logical structures of underlying data and investigates two sample scenarios for using the resulting platform.
Corporate Sell-Offs in the UK: Use of Proceeds, Financial Distress and Long-Run Impact on Shareholder Wealth

This study examines the long-run return performance following UK corporate sell-off announcements. We observe significant negative abnormal returns up to five years subsequent to sell-off announcements. Our finding is robust to various specifications, irrespective of the intended use of proceeds. We also find a significantly positive association between long-run abnormal returns and the magnitude of cash proceeds for sellers reducing corporate debt as well as for sellers with deeper financial distress or higher growth prospects. Overall, we find that UK corporate sell-offs are associated with declines in subsequent shareholder wealth.
Bid-Ask Bounce and the Measurement of Price Behaviour Around Block Trades on the Australian Stock Exchange

This paper analyses the price behaviour surrounding block transactions on the Australian Stock Exchange. Previous research documents a price reversal following block sales and a price continuation following block purchases - an 'asymmetry' in the price reaction to block sales and block purchases. In this paper we examine whether this asymmetry results from measurement error caused by bid-ask bounce. We first replicate the asymmetry documented in previous literature using returns calculated from trade prices. We then repeat these tests using returns calculated from bid-ask quotes which are free of bid-ask bounce. Our results indicate that when quote returns are used instead of trade returns, price continuations follow both purchases and sales. We conclude that the asymmetry in price behaviour following block trades is driven by bid-ask bounce.
Information Systems in the Post-Transition Period in Enterprises in Slovakia

The Slovak Republic belongs to the group of states that have transformed their economies from a socialist, central-planning to a free-market system. During the process of transition, information technology was considered an accelerator of necessary changes in what substantively affected the business sectors. For enterprises, it was typical to conduct changes in large information technology centers, to introduce personal computers, and implement business information systems. This study investigates various aspects of information technology use in Slovakian enterprises in the post-transition period (2004–2010). It deals with information technologies’ strategic importance, information technology investment, and examines information technology selection and supplier criteria. The methodology consists of a search of scientific and citation databases, analysis and comparison of relevant sources, formulation of research objectives, determination of measurable indicators, surveys of Slovakian enterprises, and formulation of results.
Frozen F1’s amidst a masterpiece of nature: new insights into the rare hybrid origin of gynogenesis in the Amazon molly (Poecilia formosa)

All‐female ‘species’ of fish have been shown to be great models in ecological and evolutionary studies because of the insights they can provide into the origin and evolution of asexuality, the ecology of hybrids, associations between genotype and environment, and the maintenance of sex. Gynogenetic organisms that evolved from sexual ancestors, and combine the disadvantageous traits from sexuality and asexuality, have long baffled evolutionary biologists trying to understand their origin and persistence with their sympatric sexual counterparts. In this issue, a new study using an integrated molecular phylogenetic and classical genetic approach has uncovered compelling evidence regarding the obscure asexual origin of the Amazon molly, Poecilia formosa. By performing an extensive phylogeographic analysis, Stöck et al. (2010) provide evidence that the Amazon molly arose only once within its history, with monophyly being strongly supported by mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite analyses. This result, combined with an elaborate failed attempt to resynthesize the lineage, suggests that vertebrate gynogens such as the Amazon molly are not rare because they are at a disadvantage to their sexual counterparts, but because the genomic conditions under which they arise are rare. Organisms that apparently combine the disadvantages of both sexuality and asexuality remain difficult to understand from both an ecological and an evolutionary perspective, and Stöck et al. (2010) highlight several outstanding important questions. Nonetheless, given that we now have a better knowledge of the origin and history of this unique ‘species’, this should allow researchers to better understand how these frozen F1’s can persist amidst the masterpiece of nature.
Lipocalin‐2 is induced by interleukin‐1β in murine adipocytes in vitro

Lipocalin‐2 (Lcn2) has recently been isolated as an adipocyte‐secreted acute phase reactant that plays a role in insulin resistance, obesity, and atherosclerotic disease. In the current study, we determined regulation of Lcn2 by the proinflammatory and insulin resistance‐inducing cytokine interleukin (IL)‐1β in 3T3‐L1 and brown adipocytes by relative real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. Interestingly, IL‐1β dramatically induced Lcn2 mRNA in both adipocyte models. Furthermore, Lcn2 protein secretion was dramatically upregulated in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes after 24 h of IL‐1β treatment. Experiments using pharmacological inhibitors indicated that IL‐1β‐induced Lcn2 expression is mediated via nuclear factor κB and janus kinase 2. Taken together, our results show an upregulation of Lcn2 by IL‐1β in fat cells implicating a potential role of this adipocyte‐secreted acute phase reactant in the development of insulin resistance, obesity, and associated disorders including cardiovascular disease. J. Cell. Biochem. 106: 103–108, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proteasome inhibition in oxidative stress neurotoxicity: implications for heat shock proteins

Recent studies have demonstrated that inhibition of the proteasome, an enzyme responsible for the majority of intracellular proteolysis, may contribute to the toxicity associated with oxidative stress. In the present study we demonstrate that exposure to oxidative injury (paraquat, H2O2, FeSO4) induces a rapid increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, inhibition of proteasome activity, and induction of cell death in neural SH‐SY5Y cells. Application of proteasome inhibitors (MG115, epoxomycin) mimicked the effects of oxidative stressors on mitochondrial membrane potential and cell viability, and increased vulnerability to oxidative injury. Neural SH‐SY5Y cells stably transfected with human HDJ‐1, a member of the heat shock protein family, were more resistant to the cytotoxicity associated with oxidative stressors. Cells expressing increased levels of HDJ‐1 displayed similar degrees of ROS formation following oxidative stressors, but demonstrated a greater preservation of mitochondrial function and proteasomal activity following oxidative injury. Cells transfected with HDJ‐1 were also more resistant to the toxicity associated with proteasome inhibitor application. These data support a possible role for proteasome inhibition in the toxicity of oxidative stress, and suggest heat shock proteins may confer resistance to oxidative stress, by preserving proteasome function and attenuating the toxicity of proteasome inhibition.
Centrality and PTSD in Veterans Returning From Iraq and Afghanistan

Research has demonstrated that the extent to which an individual integrates a traumatic event into their identity (“trauma centrality”) positively correlates with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity. No research to date has examined trauma centrality in individuals exposed to combat stress. This study investigated trauma centrality using the abridged Centrality of Event Scale (Berntsen & Rubin, 2006) among Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom combat veterans (n = 46). Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that trauma centrality predicted PTSD symptoms. Trauma centrality and PTSD symptoms remained significantly correlated when controlling for depression in subgroups of veterans with or without probable PTSD. This study replicates and extends findings that placing trauma at the center of one’s identity is associated with PTSD symptomatology.
Bayesian Nonparametric Methods for Partially-Observable Reinforcement Learning

Making intelligent decisions from incomplete information is critical in many applications: for example, robots must choose actions based on imperfect sensors, and speech-based interfaces must infer a user’s needs from noisy microphone inputs. What makes these tasks hard is that often we do not have a natural representation with which to model the domain and use for choosing actions; we must learn about the domain’s properties while simultaneously performing the task. Learning a representation also involves trade-offs between modeling the data that we have seen previously and being able to make predictions about new data. This article explores learning representations of stochastic systems using Bayesian nonparametric statistics. Bayesian nonparametric methods allow the sophistication of a representation to scale gracefully with the complexity in the data. Our main contribution is a careful empirical evaluation of how representations learned using Bayesian nonparametric methods compare to other standard learning approaches, especially in support of planning and control. We show that the Bayesian aspects of the methods result in achieving state-of-the-art performance in decision making with relatively few samples, while the nonparametric aspects often result in fewer computations. These results hold across a variety of different techniques for choosing actions given a representation.
A Study of the Effect of Macroeconomic Variables on Stock Market: Indian Perspective

Result of this study help in exploring whether the movement of Bombay Stock Exchanges indices is the outcome of some selected macroeconomic variables or it is one of the causes of movement in those variables of the Indian economy. The study consider macroeconomic variables as Index of Industrial production (IIP), Consumer Price Index (CPI), Call Money Rate (CMR), Dollar Price (DP), Foreign Institutional Investment (FII), Crude Oil Prices (CO), Gold Price (GP) and Bombay Stock Exchanges indices in the form of SENSEX, BSE- Metals, Auto, Capital Goods, Fast Moving Consumer Goods and Consumer Durables by using monthly data that span from April, 2005 to March, 2012. More specifically, in the study we use ADF test, Correlation and Regression analysis and Granger Casually test to see the effect of macroeconomic variables on Bombay Stock Exchange Indices and vice versa (by using Granger Causality test) and found some interesting results for our study analysis.