Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Three-Valued Formalization of Provability

1\vo forms of self-reference that affect complete formalizations of provability will be identified. They had been previously studied separately in works about truth and provability, and in works on non-monotonic reasoning, respectively. It will be shown that formalizing provability envolves non-monotonic reasoning as a subproblem, which implies that the two forms of self-reference need to be faced simultaneously. For this purpose, we will introduce a 3-valued provability predicate Demos, which is perfectly tolerant to both forms of self-reference. It will be shown that Demos formalizes surprisingly natural notions of provability and unprovability and that it preserves many of the intuitions underlying classical provability predicates. Furthermore, Demos can simulate autoepistemic logic as well as several forms of negation-as-failure; this is important because non-monotonic and epistemic reasoning are some of the intended applications of formalized provability. Demos will be given two complete axiomatizations: an extensional axiomatization Ax(D) (that can be obtained by iterating a monotonic operator) and a more structured axiomatization, consisting of a logic program where Demos ' s implemented as a meta-interpreter.
Amyloid β-Mediated Cell Death of Cultured Hippocampal Neurons Reveals Extensive Tau Fragmentation without Increased Full-length Tau Phosphorylation*

A variety of genetic and biochemical evidence suggests that amyloid β (Aβ) oligomers promote downstream errors in Tau action, in turn inducing neuronal dysfunction and cell death in Alzheimer and related dementias. To better understand molecular mechanisms involved in Aβ-mediated neuronal cell death, we have treated primary rat hippocampal cultures with Aβ oligomers and examined the resulting cellular changes occurring before and during the induction of cell death with a focus on altered Tau biochemistry. The most rapid neuronal responses upon Aβ administration are activation of caspase 3/7 and calpain proteases. Aβ also appears to reduce Akt and Erk1/2 kinase activities while increasing GSK3β and Cdk5 activities. Shortly thereafter, substantial Tau degradation begins, generating relatively stable Tau fragments. Only a very small fraction of full-length Tau remains intact after 4 h of Aβ treatment. In conflict with expectations based on suggested increases of GSK3β and Cdk5 activities, Aβ does not cause any major increases in phosphorylation of full-length Tau as assayed by immunoblotting one-dimensional gels with 11 independent site- and phospho-specific anti-Tau antibodies as well as by immunoblotting two-dimensional gels probed with a pan-Tau antibody. There are, however, subtle and transient increases in Tau phosphorylation at 3–4 specific sites before its degradation. Taken together, these data are consistent with the notion that Aβ-mediated neuronal cell death involves the loss of full-length Tau and/or the generation of toxic fragments but does not involve or require hyperphosphorylation of full-length Tau.
A post-processing algorithm for performance enhancement of remote video-based monitoring systems

This work presents a real-time post-processing algorithm developed for enhancing the performances of remote JPEG-based video surveillance applications, seriously degraded by transmission over noisy channels. The aim of the algorithm is to distinguish between blocks changes due to variations in the observed scene and noise-altered blocks, which contain errors due to channel noise and can be corrected exploiting the strong spatio-temporal redundancy of the encoded digital source without any side information. Experimental results, obtained through JPEG transmission simulations performed in the context of a remote video-surveillance system devoted to detection of abandoned objects, show a good improvement both in terms of perceptive quality and of the performance of the overall video-surveillance system.
Malaysian Car Number Plate Detection System Based on Template Matching and Colour Information

This paper presents a method for Malaysian car number plate detection system. This method utilizes template matching technique to approximate the location of the number plate region. Using the output from this template matching technique, colour information is used to eliminate the unwanted colour areas from the approximate number plate region without affecting the correct colour regions. Hence, the number plate region can be determined more accurately. This method has low complexity and reduced the processing time magnificently.
Conversation system based on Boltzmann selection and Bayesian networks for a partner robot

Human interaction based on conversation and gestures is very important to realize the natural communication. This paper proposes a conversation system composed of topic selection module, conversation control module and utterance selection module. First, we apply a Bayesian network for the topic selection, and Boltzmann selection for the control of conversation. We apply Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency for representing the features of a document by a weight vector of terms used in the document. The experimental results show that the proposed method can select topics according to the perceptual information and human interaction.
The Rover Environmental Monitoring Station Ground Temperature Sensor: A Pyrometer for Measuring Ground Temperature on Mars

We describe the parameters that drive the design and modeling of the Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) Ground Temperature Sensor (GTS), an instrument aboard NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory, and report preliminary test results. REMS GTS is a lightweight, low-power, and low cost pyrometer for measuring the Martian surface kinematic temperature. The sensor’s main feature is its innovative design, based on a simple mechanical structure with no moving parts. It includes an in-flight calibration system that permits sensor recalibration when sensor sensitivity has been degraded by deposition of dust over the optics. This paper provides the first results of a GTS engineering model working in a Martian-like, extreme environment.
c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase mediates mouse liver injury through a novel Sab (SH3BP5)‐dependent pathway leading to inactivation of intramitochondrial Src

Sustained c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) activation has been implicated in many models of cell death and tissue injury. Phosphorylated JNK (p‐JNK) interacts with the mitochondrial outer membrane SH3 homology associated BTK binding protein (Sab, or SH3BP5). Using knockdown or liver‐specific deletion of Sab, we aimed to elucidate the consequences of this interaction on mitochondrial function in isolated mitochondria and liver injury models in vivo. Respiration in isolated mitochondria was directly inhibited by p‐JNK + adenosine triphosphate. Knockdown or liver‐specific knockout of Sab abrogated this effect and markedly inhibited sustained JNK activation and liver injury from acetaminophen or tumor necrosis factor/galactosamine. We then elucidated an intramitochondrial pathway in which interaction of JNK and Sab on the outside of the mitochondria released protein tyrosine phosphatase, nonreceptor type 6 (SHP1, or PTPN6) from Sab in the inside of the mitochondrial outer membrane, leading to its activation and transfer to the inner membrane, where it dephosphorylates P‐Y419Src (active), which required a platform protein, docking protein 4 (DOK4), on the inner membrane. Knockdown of mitochondrial DOK4 or SHP1 inhibited the inactivation of mitochondrial p‐Src and the effect of p‐JNK on mitochondria. Conclusions: The binding to and phosphorylation of Sab by p‐JNK on the outer mitochondrial membrane leads to SHP1‐dependent and DOK4‐dependent inactivation of p‐Src on the inner membrane; inactivation of mitochondrial Src inhibits electron transport and increases reactive oxygen species release, which sustains JNK activation and promotes cell death and organ injury. (Hepatology 2016;63:1987‐2003)
Structuring Mined Knowledge for the Support of Hypothesis Generation in Molecular Biology

Hypothesis generation in the life sciences is an empirical process in which obtaining and structuring knowledge from literature plays a significant role. Text mining and Information Extraction techniques are seen as key for programmatically accessing the knowledge captured in the form of free text. We describe progress towards an application that supports the task of generating a hypothesis about biomolecular mechanisms using Semantic Web technologies and a workflow to carry out text mining in a service-oriented architecture. The output is a semantic model with putative biological relationships that have been extracted from literature, with each relationship linked to the corresponding evidence. We present preliminary data that extends a model for chromatin (de)condensation. The methodology can be used to bootstrap the process of human-guided construction of semantically rich biological models using the results of knowledge extraction processes.
Event history analysis with stata

Contents: Preface. Introduction. Event History Data Structures. Nonparametric Descriptive Methods. Exponential Transition Rate Models. Piecewise Constant Exponential Models. Exponential Models With Time-Dependent Covariates. Parametric Models of Time-Dependence. Methods to Check Parametric Assumptions. Semiparametric Transition Rate Models. Problems of Model Specification.
Predictive Factors for Successful Colonic Stenting in Acute Large-Bowel Obstruction: A 15-Year Cohort Analysis

BACKGROUND: Colonic stenting has failed to show an improvement in mortality rates in comparison with emergency surgery for acute large-bowel obstruction. However, it remains unclear which patients are more likely to benefit from this procedure. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to identify factors that may be predictive of successful outcome of colonic stenting in acute large-bowel obstruction. DESIGN: All patients undergoing colonic stenting for acute large-bowel obstruction between 1999 and 2013 were studied. The demographics and characteristics of the obstructing lesion were analyzed. SETTINGS: This investigation was conducted at a district general hospital. PATIENTS: A total of 126 (76 men; median age, 76 y; range, 42–94 y) with acute large-bowel obstruction were included in the analysis. INTERVENTION: The insertion of a self-expanding metal stent was attempted for each patient to relieve the obstruction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes measured were technical success in the deployment of the stent, clinical decompression, and perforation rates. RESULTS: Technical deployment of the stent was accomplished in 108 of 126 (86%) patients; however, only 89 (70%) achieved clinical decompression. Successful deployment and clinical decompression was associated with colorectal cancer (p = 0.03), shorter strictures (p = 0.01), and wider angulation distal to the obstruction (p = 0.049). Perforation was associated with longer strictures (p = 0.03) LIMITATIONS: This study was limited by its retrospective nature. CONCLUSION: Colonic stenting in acute large-bowel obstruction is more likely to be successful in shorter, malignant strictures with less angulation distal to the obstruction. Longer benign strictures are less likely to be successful and may be associated with an increased risk of perforation.
The electrorheological performance of polyaniline-based hybrid particles suspensions in silicone oil: influence of the dispersing medium viscosity

The potential of electrorheological (ER) suspensions based on polarizable particles in simple liquids relies on the particles arrangements which turn their quasi Newtonian behavior into gel-like. However, minor attention has been paid to the effect provoked by the liquid viscosity on the ease of orientation and assembly of the particles. With this aim, a study on the ER behavior, at 25 °C, of 1 wt% suspensions of polyaniline (PANI)-based hybrid particles (—graphene or —tungstene oxide) in silicone oil with varying viscosities (20, 50 and 100 cSt) was carried out. The electric field effect was higher for the PANI-graphene particles suspension in the less viscous silicone oil. However, two drawbacks were observed: (a) higher leakage current flows; and (b) reduced reversibility upon the electric field was turned off. The use of silicone oil with higher viscosity solved these issues.
Associations of birthweight and gestational age with reproductive and metabolic phenotypes in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome and their first-degree relatives.

CONTEXT Low birthweight has been associated with metabolic and reproductive abnormalities in adults. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between birthweight and gestational age and its association with reproductive and metabolic phenotypes in women with PCOS and their first-degree relatives. DESIGN AND SETTING We conducted a family-based study of PCOS at an academic health center. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 1038 individuals (845 females and 193 males) from the cohort and 168 controls participated in the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The association between birthweight and familial phenotype was measured. RESULTS Self-reported and actual birthweight were highly correlated [Spearman correlation coefficient (r) = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.66, 0.89; P = 0.001) and concordant (concordance correlation coefficient = 0.86; 95% lower limit = 0.78). We noted that birthweight for both genders in PCOS families and controls fell within the 10th and 90th percentiles for gestational age based on U.S. population norms. The 50th percentiles for a gestational age of 40 wk were very similar (3409 g in PCOS, 3455 g for controls, and 3495 g for the United States). There were no significant associations between phenotype and birthweight in PCOS probands. Furthermore, there were not any significant relationships between phenotype and birthweight in female or male family members of the PCOS probands. CONCLUSIONS Birthweight in PCOS families mirrors control and U.S. population data, even corrected for gestational age, and has no substantive association with reproductive and metabolic abnormalities in women with PCOS, their female relatives, or their male relatives.
An Intelligent Grinding Wheel Wear Monitoring System Based on Acoustic Emission

Acoustic emission (AE) signals can provide tool condition that is critical to effective process control. However, how to process the data and extract useful information are challenging tasks. This paper presented an intelligent grinding wheel wear monitoring system which was embedded in a surface grinding machine. An AE sensor was used to collect the grinding signals. The grinding wheel wear condition features were extracted by a proposed novel method based on statistics analysis of the average wavelet decomposition coefficient. The detailed signal characteristics during different wear condition are described. A BP neural network was used to classify the conditions of the grinding wheel wear. The inputs of the neural network were the three extracted features, and the outputs were three different states of grinding wheel condition, namely primary wear, intermediate wear and serious wear. The intelligent monitoring system was evaluated through grinding experiments. The results indicate that the effectiveness of the proposed method for extracting features of AE signals and developed intelligent grinding wheel wear monitoring system are satisfied.
IRGM3 Contributes to Immunopathology and Is Required for Differentiation of Antigen-Specific Effector CD8+ T Cells in Experimental Cerebral Malaria

ABSTRACT Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) drives antiparasite responses and immunopathology during infection with Plasmodium species. Immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) are a class of IFN-γ-dependent proteins that are essential for cell autonomous immunity to numerous intracellular pathogens. However, it is currently unknown whether IRGs modulate responses during malaria. We have used the Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) model in which mice develop experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) to study the roles of IRGM1 and IRGM3 in immunopathology. Induction of mRNA for Irgm1 and Irgm3 was found in the brains and spleens of infected mice at times of peak IFN-γ production. Irgm3 −/− but not Irgm1 −/− mice were completely protected from the development of ECM, and this protection was associated with the decreased induction of inflammatory cytokines, as well as decreased recruitment and activation of CD8+ T cells within the brain. Although antigen-specific proliferation of transferred CD8+ T cells was not diminished compared to that of wild-type recipients following PbA infection, T cells transferred into Irgm3 −/− recipients showed a striking impairment of effector differentiation. Decreased induction of several inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (interleukin-6, CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4), as well as enhanced mRNA expression of type-I IFNs, was found in the spleens of Irgm3 −/− mice at day 4 postinfection. Together, these data suggest that protection from ECM pathology in Irgm3 −/− mice occurs due to impaired generation of CD8+ effector function. This defect is nonintrinsic to CD8+ T cells. Instead, diminished T cell responses most likely result from defective initiation of inflammatory responses in myeloid cells.
Detecting brown adipose tissue activity with BOLD MRI in mice

The recent discovery of active brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans and the correlation found between the activity of this tissue and resting metabolic rate strongly suggest that this tissue may be implicated in the development of obesity in humans, as it is in rodents. Despite the possible physiological role of this tissue in the onset of human obesity, few noninvasive imaging techniques to detect BAT activity in humans exist. The scope of this work is to investigate the possibility of detecting BAT activity using blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent MRI. Our results show that the strong increase in oxygen consumption and consequent increase in blood deoxyhemoglobin levels following BAT activation lead to a well‐localized signal drop in BAT. This strongly suggests the possibility to use blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent MRI for the noninvasive detection of BAT activity. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions Interactive comment on “ The bias in GRACE estimates of continental water storage variations ”

Interactive comment on " The bias in GRACE estimates of continental water storage variations " by R. Klees et al. We are very pleased with the comments of the anonymous referee #4. They will help improve the clarity, completeness and quality of the paper. 1. The reviewer has identified some weakness in our approach: 1.1. we limit to a Gaussian filter; 1.2. we only use the LEW model to quantify the bias, which does not allow an independent assessment of GRACE or model uncertainties; 1.3. we need to use different hydrological models to assess model uncertainties and their influence on the bias; S1836 1.4. we assumed that the GRACE data quality is homogeneous throughout the 3 years but that the quality is quite inhomogeneous, which must reflect in the bias estimate. Answer: Ad 1: the bias depends on (i) the filter coefficients and (ii) the signal inside and outside the target area. Different filters and signals lead to different biases. We used the Gaussian filter, because this filter is the most often used filter in practical applications of GRACE so far. It is known that this filter is not optimal in whatever sense. However, to design an optimal (Wiener) filter, we need information about the signal and the noise; both are uncertain. When taking the uncertainty over signal and noise into account, it may happen that the Wiener filter does not perform better than any other filter. A study looking into the real performance of a Wiener filter compared to the more simple isotropic filters like the Gaussian is not known to the authors. There is a recent study by Sasgen et al. (2006), who claim that the Wiener optimal filter closely corresponds to a Gaussian filter provided that the correlation length of the Gaussian is properly chosen. Currently we investigate the design of optimal filters and how robust they are in terms of a priori information about signal and noise. But this is out of the scope of this paper. However, based on the results obtained so far, we do not expect that this changes the main conclusions of our study, namely (i) that the bias is significant and has to be taken into account, (ii) that in most practical circumstances, GRACE underestimates the amplitude of water storage variations, and (iii) that the a priori information available for most areas improves the quality of GRACE estimates significantly. Ad 2: …
Autophagic flux and oxidative capacity of skeletal muscles during acute starvation

Autophagy is an important proteolytic pathway in skeletal muscles. The roles of muscle fiber type composition and oxidative capacity remain unknown in relation to autophagy. The diaphragm (DIA) is a fast-twitch muscle fiber with high oxidative capacity, the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle is a fast-twitch muscle fiber with low oxidative capacity, and the soleus muscle (SOL) is a slow-twitch muscle with high oxidative capacity. We hypothesized that oxidative capacity is a major determinant of autophagy in skeletal muscles. Following acute (24 h) starvation of adult C57/Bl6 mice, each muscle was assessed for autophagy and compared with controls. Autophagy was measured by monitoring autophagic flux following leupeptin (20 mg/kg) or colchicine (0.4 mg/kg/day) injection. Oxidative capacity was measured by monitoring citrate synthase activity. In control mice, autophagic flux values were significantly greater in the TA than in the DIA and SOL. In acutely starved mice, autophagic flux increased, most markedly in the TA, and several key autophagy-related genes were significantly induced. In both control and starved mice, there was a negative linear correlation of autophagic flux with citrate synthase activity. Starvation significantly induced AMPK phosphorylation and inhibited AKT and RPS6KB1 phosphorylation, again most markedly in the TA. Starvation induced Foxo1, Foxo3, and Foxo4 expression and attenuated the phosphorylation of their gene products. We conclude that both basal and starvation-induced autophagic flux are greater in skeletal muscles with low oxidative capacity as compared with those with high oxidative capacity and that this difference is mediated through selective activation of the AMPK pathway and inhibition of the AKT-MTOR pathways.