Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Methods of temperature estimation on given area in system of data collection

In the system of temperature data collection, the measured data with their position are continuously stored in database. The placements of these sensors are in most cases non-regular. The placements depends on demands of customer and the placement of sensors are set by the need of how much will be the data detailed. The important indicator of temperature difference is visualization of temperature on given area and the difference in dependency on time. For the visualization of temperature on given area is to necessary to compute, or estimate the temperature in point, where are no sensors. The density of the mesh is done by customer requirements. For the estimation of temperature in all points of mesh are used various method differ in algorithm efficiency and precision of estimation. These methods belong in discrete approximation in space category. As an example of these method can by “Kriging” method or “Inverse Distance” method. In this paper, these methods will be implemented in system of automatic collection of temperature data. Obtained estimation will be compared reciprocally
Altitudinal and Climatic Adaptation Is Mediated by Flowering Traits and FRI, FLC, and PHYC Genes in Arabidopsis1[W]

Extensive natural variation has been described for the timing of flowering initiation in many annual plants, including the model wild species Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which is presumed to be involved in adaptation to different climates. However, the environmental factors that might shape this genetic variation, as well as the molecular bases of climatic adaptation by modifications of flowering time, remain mostly unknown. To approach both goals, we characterized the flowering behavior in relation to vernalization of 182 Arabidopsis wild genotypes collected in a native region spanning a broad climatic range. Phenotype-environment association analyses identified strong altitudinal clines (0–2600 m) in seven out of nine flowering-related traits. Altitudinal clines were dissected in terms of minimum winter temperature and precipitation, indicating that these are the main climatic factors that might act as selective pressures on flowering traits. In addition, we used an association analysis approach with four candidate genes, FRIGIDA (FRI), FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), PHYTOCHROME C (PHYC), and CRYPTOCHROME2, to decipher the genetic bases of this variation. Eleven different loss-of-function FRI alleles of low frequency accounted for up to 16% of the variation for most traits. Furthermore, an FLC allelic series of six novel putative loss- and change-of-function alleles, with low to moderate frequency, revealed that a broader FLC functional diversification might contribute to flowering variation. Finally, environment-genotype association analyses showed that the spatial patterns of FRI, FLC, and PHYC polymorphisms are significantly associated with winter temperatures and spring and winter precipitations, respectively. These results support that allelic variation in these genes is involved in climatic adaptation.
How to Weigh Unemployment Relative to Inflation in Monetary Policy

The monetary policy mandate for the Federal Reserve and of the Riksbank are essentially the same and boil down to stabilizing inflation around the inflation target and employment or unemployment around a long-run sustainable rate. The relative weight on stabilizing unemployment or employment versus stabilizing inflation may be close to one. A positive unemployment-gap forecast normally calls for a positive inflation-gap forecast.
The Effect of Caffeine Ingestion on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

Abstract Hurley, CF, Hatfield, DL, and Riebe, DA. The effect of caffeine ingestion on delayed onset muscle soreness. J Strength Cond Res 27(11): 3101–3109, 2013—The beneficial effects of caffeine on aerobic activity and resistance training performance are well documented. However, less is known concerning caffeine's potential role in reducing perception of pain and soreness during exercise. In addition, there is no information regarding the effects of caffeine on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effect of caffeine ingestion on muscle soreness, blood enzyme activity, and performance after a bout of elbow flexion/extension exercise. Nine low-caffeine–consuming males (body mass: 76.68 ± 8.13 kg; height: 179.18 ± 9.35 cm; age: 20 ± 1 year) were randomly assigned to ingest either caffeine or placebo 1 hour before completing 4 sets of 10 bicep curls on a preacher bench, followed by a fifth set in which subjects completed as many repetitions as possible. Soreness and soreness on palpation intensity were measured using three 0–10 visual analog scales before exercise, and 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after exercise. After a washout period, subjects crossed over to the other treatment group. Caffeine ingestion resulted in significantly (p ⩽ 0.05) lower levels of soreness on day 2 and day 3 compared with placebo. Total repetitions in the final set of exercise increased with caffeine ingestion compared with placebo. This study demonstrates that caffeine ingestion immediately before an upper-body resistance training out enhances performance. A further beneficial effect of sustained caffeine ingestion in the days after the exercise bout is an attenuation of DOMS. This decreased perception of soreness in the days after a strenuous resistance training workout may allow individuals to increase the number of training sessions in a given time period.
Implications for competitiveness of the Estonian carbon-intensive industry post-2013

Abstract From 2013 the total quantity of permitted CO2 emissions in the European Union will be decreasingly capped, putting pressure on their unit price. This in turn will influence carbon-intensive companies’ total costs and potentially affect profit margins. This article offers analysis of a small open country’s carbon-intensive firms’ variable cost sensitivity to CO2 prices at €15, €25 and €50 per tonne, using Estonia as a reference. The analysis reveals that firms using heavily carbon-intensive fuels (such as oil shale) could experience variable cost increase up to 100%. Although such fuel is primarily used in Estonia’s electricity generation, the biggest impact would hit the country’s mineral sector where carbon-intensive manufacturing faces on average a 20% variable cost change. Such companies could eventually move their activities outside the EU.
Comparison of 3 Preventive Methods to Reduce the Recurrence of Ankle Inversion Sprains in Male Soccer Players

Background Ankle sprains are frequent injuries in soccer. Several strategies can be used to prevent further ankle sprains in athletes: the most common are proprioceptive training, strength training, and orthoses. Objective To investigate which of these 3 interventions is the most effective in preventing ankle sprains in athletes with previous ankle inversion sprain. Study Design Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods and Measures Eighty male soccer players (age, 24.6 ± 2.63 years; height, 175.60 ± 4.36 cm; weight, 64.26 ± 8.37 kg) in the first division of a men's league who had experienced previous ankle inversion sprain were randomly selected from an original population of 120 players. The subjects were individually and randomly assigned to 4 study groups: group 1 (n = 20) followed the proprioceptive program, group 2 (n = 20) followed the strength program, group 3 (n = 20) used orthoses, and group 4 (n = 20) was the control group. Data on the frequency of ankle sprain reinjury were collected at the end of the session. Results There were no significant differences among the groups in the number of exposures. The incidence of ankle sprains in players in the proprioception training group was significantly lower than in the control group (relative risk of injury, 0.13; 95% confidence interval, 0.003-0.93; P = .02). The findings with respect to the strength and orthotic groups in comparison with the control group were not significant (relative risk of injury, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.11-1.87; P = .27 for strength; relative risk of injury, 0.25; 95% confidence interval, 0.03-1.25; P = .06 for orthotic group). Conclusion Proprioceptive training, compared with no intervention, was an effective strategy to reduce the rate of ankle sprains among male soccer players who suffered ankle sprain.
Defensin-mRNA Expression in the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Is Modulated in Children With Celiac Disease and Helicobacter pylori–positive Gastritis

Objectives: Defensins are expressed in epithelial cells as cationic peptides with antimicrobial properties. Because of their role as immunologically important effector molecules, their contribution in maintaining a stable microenvironment in the gastrointestinal tract has recently received much attention. The present study was designed to further characterize expression patterns of defensins in diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract in children, particularly in Helicobacter pylori (Hp)–associated gastritis or celiac disease (CD). Patients and Methods: Semiquantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out with gene-specific primers for human β-defensin 1 to 6 (hBD1 to 6) and human α-defensin 5 and 6 (hD5 and 6) in mucosal biopsies of children diagnosed as having CD (n = 11; 4.2–16.2 years) or Hp gastritis (n = 18; 3.2–16.7 years). Levels of expression were compared with those of healthy individuals (n = 21; 2.8–14.6 years). Expression levels in Hp-infected specimens were furthermore compared with those with histologic inflammation not associated with Hp infection (n = 30; 3.6–15.7 years). Results: Expression of hBD2 was upregulated in the antrum and corpus of patients with Hp gastritis, whereas inflammation without detection of Hp was not associated with any change in defensin gene expression. In patients with CD, expression of hBD2 was upregulated in the antrum, whereas hBD1 and 4 were downregulated in duodenal biopsies. Conclusions: Different pathological conditions of the upper gastrointestinal tract lead to specific modulations of defensin gene expression in children. Especially the pathophysiological role of hBD2 in Hp infection and hBD1 and 4 in CD warrant further attention.
Isolation of human antibodies against hepatitis E virus from phage display library by immobilized metal affinity chromatography.

OBJECTIVE To isolate human antibodies against hepatitis E virus from phage display library by a new method of panning phage antibody library based on immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). METHODS Phage antibody library was allowed to mix with hex-His tagged expressed HEV specific antigen, NE2, in solution for adequate binding before affinity resin for hex-His was added. The non-specific phage antibodies were removed by extensive washing and the specific bound phage antibodies could then be eluted to infect TG1 or repeat the binding process for subsequent rounds of purification. The specificity of the selected human antibodies were tested by antigen competitive ELISA, human sera blocking ELISA, scFv expression, and sequence analysis. RESULTS His-NE2 specific recombinant phages were successfully enriched after panning procedure. Two individual phage clones, 126 and 138, showed 50% inhibition in NE2 antigen competition ELISA and obvious blocking effect by HEV positive serum in blocking ELISA. Soluble scFv of 126, 138 bound to NE2 specifically. CONCLUSION Two specific human phage antibodies against hepatitis E virus (HEV) from phage display library were isolated by immobilized metal affinity chromatography. The immobilized metal affinity chromatography applied to phage antibody selection was a helpful supplement to the selection in solution.
Aquaporin Protein-Protein Interactions

Aquaporins are tetrameric membrane-bound channels that facilitate transport of water and other small solutes across cell membranes. In eukaryotes, they are frequently regulated by gating or trafficking, allowing for the cell to control membrane permeability in a specific manner. Protein–protein interactions play crucial roles in both regulatory processes and also mediate alternative functions such as cell adhesion. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge about aquaporin protein–protein interactions; dividing the interactions into three types: (1) interactions between aquaporin tetramers; (2) interactions between aquaporin monomers within a tetramer (hetero-tetramerization); and (3) transient interactions with regulatory proteins. We particularly focus on the structural aspects of the interactions, discussing the small differences within a conserved overall fold that allow for aquaporins to be differentially regulated in an organism-, tissue- and trigger-specific manner. A deep knowledge about these differences is needed to fully understand aquaporin function and regulation in many physiological processes, and may enable design of compounds targeting specific aquaporins for treatment of human disease.
Role of atmospheric circulation with respect to the interannual variability in the date of snow cover disappearance over northern latitudes between 1988 and 2003

[1] This paper analyzes the main spatial patterns in the dates of snow cover disappearance variability over northern latitudes between 1988 and 2003. The dates of snow cover disappearance were calculated using satellite passive microwave data from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager. Spatial and temporal patterns were obtained using principal components analysis in the S mode. We identified eight components, each representing a large region characterized by homogeneous interannual variability in the dates of snow cover disappearance. We found that atmospheric circulation, summarized by means of teleconnection indices, had an important impact on the date of snow cover disappearance for most of these regions. A role is played by the Arctic Oscillation in western Siberia, the spring east Atlantic/west Russian pattern in central Siberia, and the Pacific North
The effect of credit on growth and convergence of firm size in Kenyan manufacturing

Few studies test for the effect of credit and convergence on firm growth in the context of a developing economy. The use of bank credit can affect firm growth in two opposite ways. The effect may be positive if credit allows a firm to address its liquidity constraint and increase investment and profitability. However, if macroeconomic shocks such as unexpected increases in interest rates make firm debts unsustainable, as experienced in Kenya in the 1990s, indebted firms may shrink or even collapse. Using microeconomic data on the Kenyan manufacturing sector, this study finds that conditional on survival, the firms that use credit grow faster than those not using it. There is also evidence that small firms grow faster than large ones, confirming the convergence hypothesis. These results are robust to alternative estimation procedures controlling for both endogeneity and selection bias.
Evaluation of biodiversity policy instruments: what works and what doesn't?

We review and confirm the claim that credible evaluations of common conservation instruments continue to be rare. The limited set of rigorous studies suggests that protected areas cause modest reductions in deforestation; however, the evidence base for payments for ecosystem services, decentralization policies and other interventions is much weaker. Thus, we renew our urgent call for more evaluations from many more biodiversity-relevant locations. Specifically, we call for a programme of research— Conservation Evaluation 2.0 —that seeks to measure how programme impacts vary by socio-political and bio-physical context, to track economic and environmental impacts jointly, to identify spatial spillover effects to untargeted areas, and to use theories of change to characterize causal mechanisms that can guide the collection of data and the interpretation of results. Only then can we usefully contribute to the debate over how to protect biodiversity in developing countries. Copyright 2012, Oxford University Press.
Altered expression of surface alpha-1,3-glucan in genetically related strains of Blastomyces dermatitidis that differ in virulence

Recent studies of the dimorphic fungal pathogens Histoplasma capsulatum and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis have suggested a role in virulence for the cell surface carbohydrate alpha-(1,3)-glucan. To investigate a possible basis for alpha-(1,3)-glucan in the pathogenicity and virulence of the dimorphic fungus Blastomyces dermatitidis, we examined three genetically related strains of B. dermatitidis that differ in their virulence for mice: wild-type virulent strain ATCC 26199; mutant strain ATCC 60915, which is 10,000-fold reduced in virulence; and mutant strain ATCC 60916, which is avirulent. Immunologic quantitation of cell wall alpha-(1,3)-glucan revealed that the mutant yeasts were almost devoid of this sugar moiety, in contrast to the high concentration of alpha-(1,3)-glucan on the cell wall of the wild-type yeasts. These differences are discussed in relation to previous studies of yeast surface expression of the WI-1 antigen and recognition and binding of the related strains by human monocyte-derived macrophages.
From Citadels to Clusters: The Evolution of Regional Innovation Policies in Australia

In Australia, the federal (central) and State (regional) governments share constitutional responsibility for aspects of science and innovation policy. In practice, the federal government has tended to overshadow the States both in funding and policy for research and innovation. It can be argued that we are now seeing the strong rebirth of regionalism (at least at the State level) as far as government support for science, technology and knowledge-based industries is concerned. The paper traces the growth of regional innovation policies through examples of initiatives from South Australia and other regions and examines the respective contributions of the State and federal governments. The character of State government support has evolved over the last 15 years, from sponsoring grand ‘technology citadels’ to today’s strategies that take a more bottom-up approach to building intense innovation environments, local clusters and knowledge hubs. Some of these trends reflect the influence of the global knowledge economy on regional industries, while others (notably the relative decline of the federal government as an R&D performer) are peculiarities of the Australian innovation system. The outcome is a significant evolution in Australia’s innovation system, one which parallels responses to globalisation in other countries and suggests a different – but not diminished – role for public sector innovation policy.
Flow cytometric estimation of ‘labile iron pool’ in human white blood cells reveals a positive association with ageing

A small part of cellular iron, usually called ‘labile iron pool’ (LIP), is not securely stored and has the potential to catalyse the formation of highly reactive oxygen species. The present work estimated LIP levels in human white cells by using the analytical power of flow cytometry. The method relies essentially on already established principles but has the added value of monitoring LIP in different subpopulations of human blood cells concurrently in a single sample. Examination of 41 apparently healthy individuals revealed a positive correlation between LIP levels and the age of the donors (r=0.656, 0.572 and 0.702 for granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes, respectively, p<0.0001), indicating that cells of older individuals are prone to oxidations in conditions of oxidative stress. It is suggested that LIP estimation may represent a valuable tool in examinations searching for links between iron and a variety of oxidative stress-related pathological conditions.
Postpartum relapses increase the risk of disability progression in multiple sclerosis: the role of disease modifying drugs

Objective To assess relapses, disability progression and the role of disease modifying drugs (DMDs) in the year after delivery in women with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods We prospectively followed-up pregnancies occurring between 2002 and 2008 in women with MS, recruited from 21 Italian MS centres. The risk of relapses and disability progression in the year after delivery was assessed using time-dependent Cox regression analysis. Results 350 out of 423 pregnancies were assessed (pregnancies not resulting in live birth and with a postpartum follow-up period shorter than 1 year were excluded from the analysis). 148 patients (42.3%) had at least one relapse in the year after delivery. An Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score at conception ≥2.0 (HR=1.4; 95% CI 1.1 to 2.0; p=0.046) and a higher number of relapses before (HR=1.5; 95% CI 1.2 to 1.8; p<0.001) and during pregnancy (HR=2.3; 95% CI 1.6 to 3.4; p<0.001) were related to a higher risk of postpartum relapses. On the contrary, early DMD resumption after delivery marginally reduced the risk of postpartum relapses (HR=0.7, 95% CI 0.4 to 1.0; p=0.079). Moreover, 44/338 women progressed by at least one point on the EDSS. Disability progression was associated with a higher number of relapses before (HR=1.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.9; p=0.047) and after delivery (HR=2.7, 95% CI 1.4 to 5.2; p=0.002). Conclusions Our findings show an increased risk of postpartum relapses and disability accrual in women with higher disease activity before and during pregnancy. Since it may reduce the risk of postpartum relapses, early DMD resumption should be encouraged, particularly in patients with more active disease.
Electoral Law-bending cycles: Wildfires and tax evasion in Greece

We present empirical evidence that around elections, wildfires and tax evasion increase significantly in Greece with important economic implications. We interpret this as a particular type of misgovernance manifesting itself through selective and difficult to detect relaxation of the degree of law enforcement. Since this mechanism is likely to be relevant in many countries, misgovernance around elections and its economic consequences may be much broader than has been assumed in the political business cycle literature. We demonstrate that our empirical evidence can be understood using standard models of electoral effects on policy though we argue that law enforcement relaxation is best viewed either as a wealth transfer by a rational incumbent to voters acting on the basis of retrospective utility or as the consequence of a shift in incumbent attention from governing towards the reelection campaign.
Venture Capital Distributions and Stock Returns

This paper studies venture capital distributions and stock returns. We seek good predictors of the distribution event timing. We collect the data on 2,486 distributions of firms between 1999 and 2002 and find significant increase in the cumulative abnormal return before the distribution date (16% on average), followed by sharp decline in performance (around 6% on average). Hazard functions for distribution events are estimated with semi-parametric [Cox (1972)] and parametric models, using maximum likelihood estimation method. The Cox model fits the data quite well, but parametric models offer a better fit. Generalized gamma distribution has the highest Akaike Information Criterion. Stock return after the IPO, selected Fama-French factors (HML, SMB, market excess return) as well as the lockout period have highly significant influence on the occurrence of the distribution event. These findings are robust to different analysis periods, ranging from one to five years.