Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Long-wavelength fluctuations and the glass transition in two dimensions and three dimensions

Significance For phase transitions and fluid dynamics, there are significant qualitative differences between two dimensions and three dimensions. However, it has been long assumed that the glass transition is similar in two and three dimensions. Here, we present experimental data on 2D and 3D colloidal systems near their glass transitions. We demonstrate that the differences between two dimensions and three dimensions are due to long-wavelength fluctuations, precisely those that distinguish 2D and 3D phase transitions. We show that the influence of these fluctuations can be disentangled from the underlying dynamics, and that 2D and 3D glass transitions are otherwise similar. Phase transitions significantly differ between 2D and 3D systems, but the influence of dimensionality on the glass transition is unresolved. We use microscopy to study colloidal systems as they approach their glass transitions at high concentrations and find differences between two dimensions and three dimensions. We find that, in two dimensions, particles can undergo large displacements without changing their position relative to their neighbors, in contrast with three dimensions. This is related to Mermin–Wagner long-wavelength fluctuations that influence phase transitions in two dimensions. However, when measuring particle motion only relative to their neighbors, two dimensions and three dimensions have similar behavior as the glass transition is approached, showing that the long-wavelength fluctuations do not cause a fundamental distinction between 2D and 3D glass transitions.
Circular splicing and regularity

Circular splicing has been very recently introduced to model a specific recombinant behaviour of circular DNA, continuing the investigation initiated with linear splicing. In this paper we restrict our study to the relationship between regular circular languages and languages generated by finite circular splicing systems and provide some results towards a characterization of the intersection between these two classes. We consider the class of languages X* , called here star languages , which are closed under conjugacy relation and with X being a regular language. Using automata theory and combinatorial techniques on words, we show that for a subclass of star languages the corresponding circular languages are (Paun) circular splicing languages . For example, star languages belong to this subclass when X* is a free monoid or X is a finite set. We also prove that each (Paun) circular splicing language L over a one-letter alphabet has the form L = X + ∪ Y , with X,Y finite sets satisfying particular hypotheses. Cyclic and weak cyclic languages , which will be introduced in this paper, show that this result does not hold when we increase the size of alphabets, even if we restrict ourselves to regular languages.
A General Framework to Weight Heterogeneous Parallel Data for Model Adaptation in Statistical MT

The standard procedure to train the translation model of a phrase-based SMT system is to concatenate all available parallel data, to perform word alignment, to extract phrase pairs and to calculate translation probabilities by simple relative frequency. However, parallel data is quite inhomogeneous in many practical applications with respect to several factors like data source, alignment quality, appropriateness to the task, etc. We propose a general framework to take into account these factors during the calculation of the phrase-table, e.g. by better distributing the probability mass of the individual phrase pairs. No additional feature functions are needed. We report results on two well-known tasks: the IWSLT’11 and WMT’11 evaluations, in both conditions translating from English to French. We give detailed results for different functions to weight the bitexts. Our best systems improve a strong baseline by up to one BLEU point without any impact on the computational complexity during training or decoding.
A Simplified Design Model for Random Process Variability

A method for modeling the effects of random process variation through measured transistor current is introduced. The methodology culminates by modeling random current variation at a given operating point above threshold as a zero-mean Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) current source with a standard deviation dependent on nominal operating current and design variables, the transistor sizes, W and L, and the transistor operating points, Vgs and Vds. The model has a simple posynomial form and is accurate compared to measured data within an RMS error of 5.4% for narrow-, wide-, short-, and long-channel transistors. The model's simplified form bridges the gap between existing statistical methods and circuit design. The efficacy of the model in the circuit design space will also be presented. In the analog domain, we will show that the contributions of this model can be used as a replacement for Monte Carlo methods for calculating circuit voltage and current variances. In the digital space, we will investigate the calculation of timing delay distributions. Results calculated via an alpha-power (¿p) law model for average current show that scaling the supply voltage by ¿ results in an approximately 1/¿¿p+1.1 scaling in the path-delay standard deviation for a 65-nm process.
Estimation of the Average Gait Velocity based on Statistical Stride Parameters of Foot Sensor Data

The paper deals with the estimation of gait parameters based on data acquired by inertial measurement units (IMU) placed at the middle foot (metatarsus). The developed method described in (Loose and Orlowski, 2015) is robust against a wide spectrum of the gait speed. The gait parameters (stride duration, length, velocity, distance) are calculated stride by stride with excellent quality. This paper is focused on experimental data acquired during walking on treadmill with a speed profile. First the robustness of the method is shown and quantified using statistical characteristics of each speed level and the whole walking distance. Second the determined speed profiles are evaluated against the adjusted speed profile and an alternative camera based measurement. Third the influence of the walking speed on various physical and statistical stride parameters is discussed. Fourth a model to estimate the walking speed as a function of the root mean square of the magnitude of the angular velocity vector is proposed and evaluated. The rms is calculated for the acquired sensor data after stride detection for the whole stride. The proposed method is applicable to any IMU applied to the metatarsus.
Preordering using a Target-Language Parser via Cross-Language Syntactic Projection for Statistical Machine Translation

When translating between languages with widely different word orders, word reordering can present a major challenge. Although some word reordering methods do not employ source-language syntactic structures, such structures are inherently useful for word reordering. However, high-quality syntactic parsers are not available for many languages. We propose a preordering method using a target-language syntactic parser to process source-language syntactic structures without a source-language syntactic parser. To train our preordering model based on ITG, we produced syntactic constituent structures for source-language training sentences by (1) parsing target-language training sentences, (2) projecting constituent structures of the target-language sentences to the corresponding source-language sentences, (3) selecting parallel sentences with highly synchronized parallel structures, (4) producing probabilistic models for parsing using the projected partial structures and the Pitman-Yor process, and (5) parsing to produce full binary syntactic structures maximally synchronized with the corresponding target-language syntactic structures, using the constraints of the projected partial structures and the probabilistic models. Our ITG-based preordering model is trained using the produced binary syntactic structures and word alignments. The proposed method facilitates the learning of ITG by producing highly synchronized parallel syntactic structures based on cross-language syntactic projection and sentence selection. The preordering model jointly parses input sentences and identifies their reordered structures. Experiments with Japanese--English and Chinese--English patent translation indicate that our method outperforms existing methods, including string-to-tree syntax-based SMT, a preordering method that does not require a parser, and a preordering method that uses a source-language dependency parser.
A Novel Approach to Support Change Impact Analysis in the Maintenance of Software Systems

Gate has two carton restrainers. First restrainer holds the lead carton in magazine stack while the second is inoperative. For take-down of the lead carton, first restrainer is moved away while at the same time the second restrainer engages and holds the carton next to the lead carton to prevent the same (and the cartons behind it) from popping out of the gate.
Counting sheep: sample size and statistical inference in stable isotope analysis and palaeodietary reconstruction

Abstract The analysis of stable isotopes from biological remains has contributed greatly to archaeological knowledge in recent decades, with major contributions to areas such as prehistoric diet and mobility. The increasing importance of isotopic studies within archaeology has been paralleled by an increasing sophistication of laboratory techniques. At present, however, the relationship between sample size and the strength of the conclusions that can be drawn about the underlying population has received insufficient attention. In this paper we undertake to provide a series of statistical analyses that demonstrate the strength of inference in relation to sample size using a large corpus of carbon and nitrogen isotope measurements of bone collagen from a single species at one site (n = 174). We employ a sub-sampling approach to establish sample sizes at which estimated mean values asymptote, and derive confidence intervals accordingly. Our study quantifies the probability that means calculated from samples of various sizes would contain the estimated true value of the population mean with their 95 per cent confidence limits. Using these results, we suggest that large discrepancies should be expected where fewer than eight samples are used to estimate the population mean, but that sampling redundancy occurs with more than forty samples. We would encourage isotope specialists working with other types of material to undertake similar studies in order to better understand the strengths and limitations of stable isotope data.
Shiga Toxin and Shiga Toxin-Encoding Phage Do Not Facilitate Escherichia coli O157:H7 Colonization in Sheep

ABSTRACT Isogenic strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7, missing either stx2 or the entire Stx2-encoding phage, were compared with the parent strain for their abilities to colonize sheep. The absence of the phage or of the Shiga toxin did not significantly impact the magnitude or duration of shedding of E. coli O157:H7.
Isolation and characterization of human gingival microvascular endothelial cells.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Endothelial cells have a substantial role in maintaining vascular homeostasis, and their dysregulation can contribute to the development of pathology. The plasminogen activators and their inhibitors may, arguably, be the single most important proteolytic system of the endothelium for vascular maintenance by controlling plasminogen activation and other proteolytic cascades that impact on clotting, hemodynamics, angiogenesis and the character of the vascular wall. In chronic periodontal disease, significant changes to the microvasculature occur in association with the severity of the disease. Investigation of the role played by endothelial cells in periodontal health and disease has been limited to in situ immunolocalization or to the use of endothelial cells of nongingival origin, such as human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The objective of this research was to establish a replicable protocol for isolating microvascular endothelial cells from the gingiva. MATERIAL AND METHODS From inflamed gingiva, isolated cells were characterized by morphology, the expression of factor VIII-related antigen, the expression of UEA-1 ligand, the uptake of acetylated low-density lipoprotein, network formation on Matrigel, and by the expression levels of urokinase plasminogen activator, tissue plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and collagen IV. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Gingival endothelial cells were most readily obtained from inflamed gingival tissues, and these endothelial cells, when isolated by the protocol established herein, demonstrated endothelial characteristics and constitutively secreted plasminogen activators and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in culture.
Making recognisable faces

When delivering visual content on multiple devices and services, faces can often become unrecognisable. This paper draws together research from across the cognitive psychology literature to argue that faces should be treated as a special case when rendering content. Where available, we suggest methods by which recognition can be imp roved within the constraints of the device and service. Firstly, we review the psychology literature to discuss recognition performance when manipulating the face's scale, colour palette, orientation and motion. Secondly, we consider how characteristics of the individual faces can aide or hinder recognition and how caricature may be applied, especially within crowds, to improve it. Thirdly, we show how context can make even the most abstract faces recognisable. Fourthly, we highlight the challenges of making a good portrait, beyond the criteria of simply being recognisable. Finally, we begin to describe a framework for automatically rendering faces 'smartly', such that they will be most recognisable given the device and service of which they are a part
Regional distribution of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in respiratory airways of dogs.

There is a varied distribution of airway epithelia throughout the respiratory tract that may explain the apparent differential susceptibility of respiratory tract tissues to carcinogens. The objective of this research was to characterize the distribution of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the respiratory tract of the dog and to determine if regional variances in metabolic capability are associated with morphologic differences of surface epithelium among airways. Specific regions from one-half of the nasal, tracheal, bronchial, and pulmonary airways were excised and analyzed for the presence of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. Complementary halves of airways were fixed and processed for light microscopy. Substrates for different isozymes of cytochrome P-450, including benzo(a)pyrene, nitropyrene, ethoxycoumarin, and ethoxyresorufin and select Phase II enzymes were measured. The data for benzo(a)pyrene and nitropyrene were qualitatively similar in that there was high metabolic activity in certain regions of the nasal tissue (e.g. ethmoid turbinates) and in the intrapulmonary airway generations 3-18 compared with the major conducting airways (e.g. larynx, trachea, and bronchi). Most ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity was in the nasal region with much less activity observed in the major airways or the pulmonary airways. The specific activity of ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase in the ethmoid turbinates was, in general, 5-10 times that observed for the other portions of the nasal cavity sampled. Only the ethmoid turbinates showed evidence of ethoxyresorufin metabolism. Both epoxide hydrolase and glutathione transferase activity was higher in the various tissues of the nasal cavity and in the pulmonary airways compared with the major conducting airways. UDP-glucuronyltransferase was relatively evenly distributed throughout the respiratory tract. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Product drift from NBTI: Guardbanding, circuit and statistical effects

Circuits employing advanced performance and power management techniques (clock gating, half-cycle paths) are found to be much more sensitive to NBTI primarily due to differential and asymmetric aging, with a 1% transistor drift leading to as much as 3% circuit drift in some cases. For the first time, we report a monotonic reduction in variance of the log parameters (Ln(ΔF/F) and Ln(ΔID/ID)) as a function of stress time. A stochastic guard banding model accounting for time-dependent variance, re-ordering effects and granularity of data is demonstrated.
Improving the coverage of randomized scheduling in wireless sensor networks

Randomized scheduling is a well-known scheduling algorithm for wireless sensor networks to prolong network lifetime. In this algorithm, sensor nodes are randomly assigned to multiple working subsets. These subsets alternatively perform the sensing tasks for monitoring a sensor filed. In each subset, only a portion of sensor nodes are active. It is difficult to maintain the full sensing coverage and network connectivity in a sensor field. For the network connectivity problem of the randomized scheduling, it has been discussed. In this paper, we propose a distributed approach for assisting the randomized scheduling to provide the full coverage. To efficiently achieve this goal, the proposed approach is divided into two main stages: field partition and coverage improvement. The handling problems of these two stages can be transferred to two geometry problems: Voronoi polygon construction and circle covering. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can significantly improve the coverage quality of the randomized scheduling.
MRI monitoring of the thermal ablation of tissue: Effects of long exposure times

MRI‐derived thermometry based on the temperature‐dependence of the proton resonant frequency (PRF) is extremely sensitive to changes in tissue unrelated to temperature changes, including tissue swelling. This study investigated the maximum amount of time that this phase‐subtraction‐based method can be used to accurately monitor temperature changes in vivo. Long‐duration focused ultrasound sonications were delivered in rabbit thigh muscle with a phased‐array transducer, and the time that tissue swelling began was monitored. Tissue swelling began to occur at about one minute. The temperature correlated well with an implanted thermocouple up to this time. After this time, severe artifacts in the phase‐difference maps were observed. The thermal dose model predicted the extent of tissue damage well for subsequent one minute sonications. These results will have implications for MRI guidance of thermal therapies with long exposure times. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:421–427. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epipolar time-of-flight imaging

Consumer time-of-flight depth cameras like Kinect and PMD are cheap, compact and produce video-rate depth maps in short-range applications. In this paper we apply energy-efficient epipolar imaging to the ToF domain to significantly expand the versatility of these sensors: we demonstrate live 3D imaging at over 15 m range outdoors in bright sunlight; robustness to global transport effects such as specular and diffuse inter-reflections---the first live demonstration for this ToF technology; interference-free 3D imaging in the presence of many ToF sensors, even when they are all operating at the same optical wavelength and modulation frequency; and blur-free, distortion-free 3D video in the presence of severe camera shake. We believe these achievements can make such cheap ToF devices broadly applicable in consumer and robotics domains.
Integrated Planning of Electricity and Natural Gas Transportation Systems for Enhancing the Power Grid Resilience

Power systems are exceedingly faced with extreme events such as natural disasters and deliberate attacks. In comparison, the underground natural gas system is considered less vulnerable to such extreme events. We consider that the overhead power grid can be hardened by replacing segments of electric power grid with underground natural gas pipelines as an energy transportation system to countereffect extreme events which can damage interdependent infrastructures severely. In this paper, an integrated electricity and natural gas transportation system planning algorithm is proposed for enhancing the power grid resilience in extreme conditions. A variable uncertainty set is developed to describe the interactions among power grid expansion states and extreme events. The proposed planning problem is formulated as a two-stage robust optimization problem. First, the influence of extreme events representing natural disasters is described by the proposed variable uncertainty set and the proposed robust model for the integrated planning is solved with the grid resilience represented by a set of constraints. Second, the investment decisions are evaluated iteratively using the conditional events. The integrated electricity and natural gas planning options are analyzed using the modified IEEE-RTS 1979 for enhancing the power grid resilience. The numerical results point out that the proposed integrated planning is an effective approach to improving the power grid resilience.
FUZZY SYSTEM OF ACCESS DISTRIBUTION WITHIN A COMPUTER NETWORK

Continuous growth of volumes of information resources causes strict requirements to crypto protection on the processing speed of entrance data by the computer system. It is natural that for the solution of this task it is necessary to use hardware realization of known algorithms of cryptographic information protection. The method of the information protection transferred in computer networks by the choice of information encryption algorithm on the basis of fuzzy logic is offered in the article. The mechanism of fuzzy logic of Mamdani working on the min-max law is used for effective and fast reconfiguration of the server according to the current requirements of the system on the crypto strength, productivity and expenses of memory. The base of the fuzzy controller rules working on the classical mechanism of Mamdani consists of 63 rules. The offered method of fuzzy data processing is based on the division of fuzzy information processing in grade levels and operation that allowed to reduce quantity of output areas to 14 and accordingly to reduce number of operations to 4 times. The formed fuzzy system allows carrying out adequate data protection in real time, considering current state of the
Ruling out latent homophily in social networks

Despite recent high profile studies identifying counter-intuitive behaviors (e.g. obesity [3]) as being socially contagious, Shalizi and Thomas [12] have demonstrated that homophily on latent attributes is indistinguishable from influence. For sociologists to unequivocally identify influence effects in networks they must rule out the possibility of latent homophily as an explanation. This requires either undertaking the Sisyphean task of measuring every hidden attribute that might influence the formation of links in social networks or, our goal, determine the conditions for distinguishing influence from homophily even in the presence of unobserved attributes. Our test is inspired by the Bell inequalities: a simple inequality involving observed probability distributions which is obeyed by classical physics, but violated by quantum physics. We show any model producing correlations between actors through static latent homophily alone will obey certain constraints, and we develop and test a technique to detect violation of these constraints.