Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Formalising Type-Logical Grammars in Agda

In recent years, the interest in using proof assistants to formalise and reason about mathematics and programming languages has grown. Type-logical grammars, being closely related to type theories and systems used in functional programming, are a perfect candidate to next apply this curiosity to. The advantages of using proof assistants is that they allow one to write formally verified proofs about one's type-logical systems, and that any theory, once implemented, can immediately be computed with. The downside is that in many cases the formal proofs are written as an afterthought, are incomplete, or use obtuse syntax. This makes it that the verified proofs are often much more difficult to read than the pen-and-paper proofs, and almost never directly published. In this paper, we will try to remedy that by example. Concretely, we use Agda to model the Lambek-Grishin calculus, a grammar logic with a rich vocabulary of type-forming operations. We then present a verified procedure for cut elimination in this system. Then we briefly outline a CPS translation from proofs in the Lambek-Grishin calculus to programs in Agda. And finally, we will put our system to use in the analysis of a simple example sentence.
How fast do apprenticeships come to a premature end? Insights into the factors that determine the speed of the process

Abstract This study draws on data on dual apprenticeship training in Germany to investigate which factors determine how fast the decision to terminate an apprenticeship before its completion is taken and executed. Information on the speed of this process can help organizations improve their decision-making in taking measures aimed at preventing premature terminations. As the results of our probit regression show, the decision to terminate an apprenticeship early is likely to be implemented in less than two months if the sole initiator of the termination is the apprentice and the decision is made within the probationary period or during the first year of the apprenticeship. Our analysis also shows that dissatisfaction with the quality of training increases the probability of a swift termination. In contrast, when the reason is unsatisfactory performance on the part of the apprentice at the vocational school, the process of premature termination is likely to be significantly slower.
Distributed Power Control in Cellular Communication Systems Concerning Inaccurate SINR Reports

In wireless communication systems with multiple users, the near-far effect and the cochannel interferences decrease the spectral efficiency and system performance. An efficient known method to combat these destructive effects is to properly adjust the transmit powers. A practical and efficient way for power control (PC) in cellular communication systems is the autonomous distributed PC (DPC). In this method, the transmit power of each link is independently modified based on the received signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) reported from the other side of that link. It is known that in a perfect scenario where the reported SINRs are exact, this algorithm converges to the optimum transmit powers. However, in the case of erroneous SINR reports, the transmit powers deviate from their optimum values. This paper addresses the destructive effect of inaccurate SINR reports on the performance of a DPC algorithm. Then, independent variable step-sizes that update the transmit powers are proposed, and convergence of the proposed DPC algorithm to the optimum solution of the original problem is analytically shown. Additionally, a protocol to adaptively tune the step-sizes in our algorithm, which improves the performance of PC in the presence of inaccurate SINR reports, is proposed. Computer simulations are used to study the performance of the proposed method in terms of both the speed of converges and the steady-state accuracy of link qualities.
Almost Misdiagnosed: Utilization of Romhilt‐Estes Electrocardiographic Criteria for Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

&NA; The diagnosis of hypertension is based on explicit guidelines presented by the Joint National Committee on Hypertension, but the methodology one uses to obtain the necessary data is up to the individual practitioner. The following case study demonstrates the necessity for the use of the most accurate and precise equipment and criteria to ensure a correct diagnosis of hypertension.
Genetic evidence for in vivo cross-specificity of the CaaX-box protein prenyltransferases farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase-I in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Two protein prenyltransferase enzymes, farnesyltransferase (FTase) and geranylgeranyltransferase-I (GGTase-I), catalyze the covalent attachment of a farnesyl or geranylgeranyl lipid group to the cysteine of a CaaX sequence (cysteine [C], two aliphatic amino acids [aa], and any amino acid [X]. In vitro studies reported here confirm previous reports that CaaX proteins with a C-terminal serine are farnesylated by FTase and those with a C-terminal leucine are geranylgeranylated by GGTase-I. In addition, we found that FTase can farnesylate CaaX proteins with a C-terminal leucine and can transfer a geranylgeranyl group to some CaaX proteins. Genetic data indicate that FTase and GGTase-I have the same substrate preferences in vivo as in vitro and also show that each enzyme can prenylate some of the preferred substrates of the other enzyme in vivo. Specifically, the viability of yeast cells lacking FTase is due to prenylation of Ras proteins by GGTase-I. Although this GGTase-I dependent prenylation of Ras is sufficient for growth, it is not sufficient for mutationally activated Ras proteins to exert deleterious effects on growth. The dependence of the activated Ras phenotype on FTase can be bypassed by replacing the C-terminal serine with leucine. This altered form of Ras appears to be prenylated by both GGTase-I and FTase, since it produces an activated phenotype in a strain lacking either FTase or GGTase-I. Yeast cells can grow in the absence of GGTase-I as long as two essential substrates are overexpressed, but their growth is slow. Such strains are dependent on FTase for viability and are able to grow faster when FTase is overproduced, suggesting that FTase can prenylate the essential substrates of GGTase-I when they are overproduced.
Measurement of stock market liquidity supported by an algorithm inferring the initiator of a trade

The aim of this study is to assess and analyse selected liquidity/illiquidity measures derived from high-frequency intraday data from the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE). As the side initiating a trade cannot be directly identified from a raw data set, firstly the Lee and Ready [1991] algorithm for inferring the initiator of a trade is employed to distinguish between so-called buyer- and seller-initiated trades. Intraday data for fifty-three WSE-listed companies divided into three size groups cover the period from January 3, 2005 to June 30, 2015. Moreover, the paper provides an analysis of the robustness of the obtained results with respect to the whole sample and three consecutive sub-samples, each of equal size: covering the pre-crisis, crisis, and post-crisis periods. The empirical results turn out to be robust to the choice of the period. Furthermore, hypotheses concerning the statistical significance of coefficients of correlation between the daily values of three liquidity proxies used in the study are tested.
EM algorithm with improvement for color image segmentation in multiple color spaces

The goal of image segmentation in imaging science is to solve the problem of partitioning an image into smaller disjoint homogeneous regions that share similar attributes. The novel technique of the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm based on principal component analysis (PCA) with adaptively selecting dominant factors for color image segmentation in color spaces is studied here. And simultaneously, the final segmentation is completed by a simple labeling scheme. Then the comparative study of the refined EM algorithm is done in multiple color spaces. The experimental results from Berkeley segmentation dataset, illustrate that the improved EM algorithm with or without PCA has good segmentation results with fine adaptability in RGB, CIE XYZ, HSV, YCbCr, and YIQ(NTSC) color spaces where the results of test image changes little. Moreover, the optimized EM algorithm without PCA usually has better segmentation than the one with PCA. Nevertheless, these color spaces, i.e. CIE L∗a∗b∗, and h1h2h3, usually produce poor segmentation on the reliability and accuracy of a set of test images by performance analysis with subjective and objective evaluation indicators.
“EARTHQUAKE WILL PASS, AND THE LIFE WILL GO ON”: A CRITICAL READING OF PUBLIC SPOTS OF DASK

Neoliberal governmentality encourages individuals to value their life as a proper(ty). The neoliberal valuation of life embraces ‘self-responsible’ and ‘competitive’ individuals. Drawing on the contingency of life, neoliberal governmentality intervenes in affects to govern individuals. For instance, individuals are made anxious by the insecurity, vulnerability and ambiguity about the unintended consequences of what may happen to them. In this study, we address how Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool/‘Natural Disaster Insurance Institution’ (Doğal Afet Sigortaları Kurumu—hereafter, DASK) intervenes in affects for neoliberal valuation of life as proper(ty). With an interpretive, a post-structuralist and a critical management approach, we examine and analyze the content of the public spots of DASK through the lens of neoliberal governmentality. Accordingly, these public spots portray the victims of Van earthquake as ‘compulsory guests’ and problematise being a compulsory guest. We remark that the compulsory guests do not feel at home at their relatives’ homes. Within the neoliberal precarization process to foster responsible subjects, DASK portrays the uneasiness—or properness—of compulsory guests through hopes, anxieties and fears so that individuals are encouraged to get their compulsory earthquake insurance to avoid being a compulsory guest.
Referendum on Renzi: The 2016 Vote on the Italian Constitutional Revision

Abstract The 2016 constitutional referendum could have marked a new phase in Italian politics, producing a clear shift towards a majoritarian (and de facto presidential) democracy. But a substantial majority of voters rejected the reforms promoted by Matteo Renzi, leading to his resignation as Prime Minister. Once again, an attempt to redesign the Italian institutional framework failed due to party conflicts. This time, the referendum turned into a vote on Renzi himself. This article examines the background to the institutional reforms and the changing dynamics of the referendum campaign. Discussing the final outcome, it argues that this could produce a sort of U-turn in the long Italian transition.
Effects of an external nasal dilator on the work of breathing during exercise.

PURPOSE The effect of an external nasal dilator on the work of breathing (WOB) was measured during exercise in 14 untrained college students (age, 23 +/- 2.7 yr). METHODS Two maximal, incremental ergometer tests were performed to exhaustion. Subjects wore a placebo or an active nasal dilator strip, in random order, during each test. An esophageal balloon was placed through each of the subject's mouth into the esophagus for measurement of inspiratory elastic work (INEW), inspiratory resistive work (INRW), and expiratory resistive work (EXRW). Subjects breathed through a Hans Rudolph(R) face mask that covered both the mouth and nose during both tests. Measured variables included oxygen uptake (VO2), ventilation (VE), tidal volume (VT), frequency of breathing (f), INEW, INRW, and EXRW (work expressed in joules). An alpha level was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS No significant differences were found in INEW, INRW, and EXRW between conditions at 70% of VO2max (mean +/- SD; Placebo: INEW, 25.6 +/- 17.8 J.min-1; INRW, 22.4 +/- 15.8 J.min-1; EXRW, 16.7 +/- 12.3 J.min-1; Active: INEW, 24.7 +/- 12.9 J.min-1; INRW, 19.7 +/- 11.9 J.min-1; EXRW, 15.2 +/- 8.6 J.min-1; P > 0.05). No difference was found in INEW, INRW, and EXRW at maximal exercise between conditions (mean +/- SD; Placebo: INEW, 50.2 +/- 29.9 J.min-1; INRW, 67.3 +/- 42.3 J.min-1; EXRW, 102.3 +/- 78.4 J.min-1; Active: INEW, 45.7 +/- 19.6 J.min-1; INRW, 62.6 +/- 36.7 J.min-1; EXRW, 86.3 +/- 50.9 J.min-1; P > 0.05). There were no differences in VO2, VE, VT, or f between conditions. CONCLUSION Wearing an external nasal dilator does not significantly reduce the work of breathing during exercise.
A Verifiable Single Keyword Top-k Search Scheme against Insider Attacks over Cloud Data

With the development of cloud computing and its economic benefit, more and more companies and individuals outsource their data and computation to clouds. Meanwhile, the business way of resource outsourcing makes the data out of control from its owner and results in many security issues. The existing secure keyword search methods assume that cloud servers are curious-but-honest or partial honest, which makes them powerless to deal with the deliberately falsified or fabricated results of insider attacks. In this paper, we propose a verifiable single keyword top-k search scheme against insider attacks which can verify the integrity of search results. Data owners generate verification codes (VCs) for the corresponding files, which embed the ordered sequence information of the relevance scores between files and keywords. Then files and corresponding VCs are outsourced to cloud servers. When a data user performs a keyword search in cloud servers, the qualified result files are determined according to the relevance scores between the files and the interested keyword and then returned to the data user together with a VC. The integrity of the result files is verified by data users through reconstructing a new VC on the received files and comparing it with the received one. Performance evaluation have been conducted to demonstrate the efficiency and result redundancy of the proposed scheme.
The Use of the SMAS to Close Mohs Defects Invading the Parotid Gland

background. Plastic surgery literature reports the use of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) in reconstruction after parotidectomies to prevent the complications of Frey's Syndrome and fistula formation. However, there is scant information in the dermatologic literature regarding the use of the SMAS when closing Mohs defects overlying the parotid gland. objective. Our purpose is to introduce to the dermatologic surgery literature the need for plication of the SMAS prior to closure of the overlying tissues when repairing surgical defects which invade the integrity of the parotid gland. methods. We describe a patient with a large basal cell carcinoma located in the right preauricular region. Using text and photographs, we detail our closure of this large defect which invaded the parotid gland. results. Closure of the SMAS over the parotid gland before suturing the overlying tissues provided our patient with an excellent functional and cosmetic result, without the formation of a fistula, sialocele, or Frey's Syndrome. conclusion. We propose that the essential first step in the ideal closure of surgical wounds which penetrate the parotid gland involves the isolation and plication of the SMAS. This will create a barrier to the accumulation of parotid secretions which, in turn, may lead to the development of a sialocele and fistula formation. Such a barrier will also prevent the formation of Frey's Syndrome. Furthermore, plication of the SMAS serves to improve cosmesis by contributing soft tissue bulk to the wound and avoiding a concave deformity.
Human Rhinovirus Infection Induces Airway Epithelial Cell Production of Human β-Defensin 2 Both In Vitro and In Vivo1

We hypothesized that airway epithelial cells, the primary site of human rhinovirus (HRV) infection, provide a link between the innate and specific immune response to HRV via production of human β-defensin (HBD)-2, a potent in vitro attractant and activator of immature dendritic cells. Infection of primary cultures of human epithelial cells with several HRV serotypes induced expression of HBD-2 mRNA and protein, indicating that HBD-2 production was independent of viral receptor usage or mechanisms of viral RNA internalization. Induction of HBD-2 was dependent upon viral replication and could be mimicked by transfection of cells with synthetic dsRNA, but was not dependent upon epithelial production of IL-1. Studies with stable epithelial cell lines expressing HBD-2 promoter constructs, as well as inhibitor studies in primary cells, both demonstrated that induction of HBD-2 involves activation of the transcription factor, NF-κB. Other transcription factors must also be activated by HRV infection, however, as expression of HBD-3 mRNA was also induced and there is no putative NF-κB recognition sequence in the promoter of this gene. HBD-2 showed no direct antiviral activity against HRV. In vivo infection of normal human subjects with HRV-16 induced expression of mRNA for HBD-2 in nasal epithelial scrapings. Increases in mRNA correlated with viral titer and with increased levels of HBD-2 protein in nasal lavages. This represents the first demonstration that HRV infection induces epithelial expression of HBD-2 both in vitro and in vivo, and supports the concept that HBD-2 may play a role in host defense to HRV infection.
How Does A Seminal Article in Public Administration Diffuse and Influence the Field? Bibliometric Methods and the Case of Hood's “A Public Management For All Seasons?”

ABSTRACT: Bibliographic methods offer an advanced microscope-like tool to probe specific fields of inquiry. In this article, we use these methodological tools to demonstrate how a seminal article diffused and influenced the intellectual structure of the public administration (PA) field. We do this by conducting citation (breadth and depth), co-citation (relationships between citing authors and journals), and citation network analysis (network of the most-cited authors citing the focal article) of Hood’s 1991 article “A Public Management for All Seasons? ” The findings from the citation analysis of the 949 Hood-citing articles in the Web of Science suggest that Hood is typically studied within PA. Co-citation and citation network analysis points to continuity of themes and topics examined, but also identifies departures, divergences, alternate timeframes, and geographical associations that differ from Hood’s challenges and commentary on the evolution of the field. The extensive opportunities that bibliometric analysis presents for the discipline are discussed.
Evaluation of association of blood and bronchoalveolar eosinophil numbers and serum total immunoglobulin E concentration with the expression of nonspecific airway reactivity in dogs.

OBJECTIVE To characterize the relation between bronchoalveolar and blood eosinophil numbers, serum total IgE concentration, and nonspecific airway reactivity in healthy dogs. ANIMALS 26 healthy Beagles. PROCEDURE Prior to measurement of nonspecific airway responsiveness, dogs were anesthetized and bronchoscopy was performed to recover bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Repeated measurements were made in 6 dogs. RESULTS The percentage of blood eosinophils varied between 0 and 13 (mean +/- SD, 5.6 +/- 3.6) %, the percentage of eosinophils in BAL fluid ranged between 0 and 63.5 (8.8 +/- 12.9) %, and total serum IgE concentration was 0.1 to 107.5 (23.4 +/- 29.1) U/ml. A strong association was evident between numbers of blood eosinophils and total serum IgE concentration (R2 = 0.413, P < 0.001), and a trend toward an association between numbers of blood eosinophils and numbers of eosinophils in BAL fluid was apparent (R2 = 0.110, P < 0.053). Significant associations were not found between any other aspects of the blood and BAL fluid cell profiles and total serum IgE concentration or airway reactivity. Serum total IgE concentration was not associated with airway reactivity. Further, in dogs examined on repeated occasions, variation in BAL fluid eosinophil numbers was not associated with any change in serum total IgE concentration or airway reactivity. CONCLUSIONS Neither numbers of bronchoalveolar or blood eosinophils nor serum total IgE concentration have a significant role in determining airway reactivity in health dogs.
A Comparison of Workload Quantification Methods in Relation to Physiological Responses to Resistance Exercise

Abstract Genner, KM and Weston, M. A comparison of workload quantification methods in relation to physiological responses to resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res 28(9): 2621–2627, 2014—The purpose of this study was to (a) assess the usefulness of volume load (VL), session rate of perceived exertion (SRPE), RPE load (RPEL), and a modified RPEL (RPEL-2) to estimate internal load from resistance exercise (RE) and (b) further assess the interactions between SRPE, VL, and RE intensity. Twelve healthy men (25 ± 4 years) completed RE sessions at 55, 70, and 85 1 repetition maximum (1RM). Volume load, SRPE, RPEL, and RPEL-2 for each session were calculated, compared, and correlated with change values (&Dgr;) for blood lactate and salivary cortisol. There were substantial increases in all measures of training load with progressive decreases in %1RM. There were clear substantial increases in &Dgr; lactate and &Dgr; cortisol after RE at 55% 1RM when compared with 70 and 85%. Within-subject correlations with &Dgr; cortisol were small with SRPE (r = 0.25; 90% confidence limits; ±0.32), RPEL (r = 0.23; ±0.32), RPEL-2 (r = 0.19; ±0.32), and trivial for VL (r = 0.01; ±0.28). Correlations with &Dgr; lactate were moderate with VL (r = 0.42; ±0.29) and RPEL-2 (r = 0.38; ±0.29), and small with SRPE (r = 0.25; ±0.32) and RPEL (r = 0.25; ±0.32). Correlation between SRPE and VL was large (r = 0.55; ±0.25). Although &Dgr; lactate and &Dgr; cortisol did not follow the same trends as measures of workload, VL may be superior to estimate internal load from RE, particularly when measured through &Dgr; lactate. When viewing training load globally, RPEL-2 may offer the greatest advantage. Finally, our results suggest that SRPE seems to be more closely related to VL than %1RM.
“Want Chips?” Challenges and Lessons Learned With Recruiting Adolescent Boys and Securing Parent/Guardian Consent for a Study on Masculinity

Recruiting participants for research can be a daunting task, even more so when the participants are adolescents. Recruiting young people through schools poses a number of ethical and practical challenges and is subject to stringent overview and regulation. This case study will give readers an example of the challenges and successes in recruiting adolescent boys in high school and securing parental/guardian consent for a doctoral research project. The research uses a mixed-methods evaluative approach to compare boys who did, and boys who did not, participate in a local sexual health promotion/healthy relationship program, focusing particularly on differences in scoring and understandings of masculinity ideologies. The planned recruitment strategies as well as the multiple modifications made throughout the recruitment process will be described. The case study will conclude with several lessons learned in the process of trying to recruit adolescent boys and obtain parent/guardian consent.