Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The influence of the precautionary principle on science-based decision-making: questionable applications to risks of radiofrequency fields

The precautionary principle, recognized by the European Commission as a 'full-fledged and general principle of international law,' has been advanced as a paradigm for response to potential risks to the environment or health when scientific data are uncertain. But lacking the elements and operational qualities that characterize principles that have proven useful in law, politics, science, and ethics, the precautionary principle lends itself to regulation based on the perception of a threat or fear itself. In the absence of scientific evidence for risk, recent application of the precautionary principle to questions about radiofrequency electromagnetic fields of cellular telephones and cellular telephone base stations has produced wasteful and misguided regulations and questionable advice to the public. The formation of scientific 'fire brigades' is suggested for rapid acquisition of targeted scientific data needed so that precautionary policies on technologically driven issues can be based on quantitative risk assessment.
Worth the Weight

Although the negative ramifications of others objectifying the female body are well established, little research has examined whether certain portrayals of women are more susceptible to being objectified. The present study sought to examine the effect of two target characteristics—body size and clothing style—on objectification. One hundred and ninety-one Australian undergraduate participants (95 female; M age = 19.35 years) viewed either an image of an overweight woman or a thin woman, who was either dressed in plain clothes or lingerie. Participants then completed three tasks measuring their objectification of the woman to include attributions of mind, attributions of moral status, and a dot probe task assessing attention towards the target’s body relative to the face. Results indicate that overweight women, as well as those dressed in plain clothing, were attributed more agentic mental states and moral value, as well as elicited less of the objectifying gaze, than thin targets and those wearing lingerie. These findings suggest that contrary to popular opinion, there may be unforeseen benefits of being overweight.
Identifying sources of occupational stress in entrepreneurs for measurement

Although occupational stress has been identified as an important issue for entrepreneurs, systematic research on the sources of stress ('stressors') faced by this segment of the workforce is lacking, with the identification and measurement of occupational stressors among entrepreneurs receiving scant attention in both the entrepreneurship literature and the stress literature more generally. The current study combined deductive methods (literature searches) and inductive methods (focus groups and interviews with 45 entrepreneurs) to identify common and salient sources of occupational stress in entrepreneurs' daily working lives. A content analysis of the data produced nine stressor categories and approximately 30 subcategories within these broader dimensions. These findings were used to generate an initial item pool for a new measure of occupational stressors, specific to entrepreneurs: the Sources of Entrepreneurial Stress Scale (SESS). It is argued that the development of valid measures of entrepreneurial stressors will assist progress in the literature on occupational stress and entrepreneurship.
Bit error rate analysis for V-BLAST/STBC using interference cancellation techniques

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems have been extensively studied in context of wireless communication systems, which promising the both increased capacity and link level reliability. In this paper, we proposed the interference cancellation techniques for V-BLAST/STBC architecture, which integrates Alamouti space-time block code (STBC) layer together with vertical Bell-laboratories (V-BLAST) layer. In this work, we employ four transmit and three receive antennas over frequency flat Rayleigh fading channel. This paper presents signal detectors for V-BLAST/STBC with minimum mean square error (MMSE), zero forcing (ZF), parallel interference cancellation (PIC) and successive interference cancellation-zero forcing with binary phase shift keying (BPSK). Simulation results show the bit error rate performance degradation and the computational complexity of the joint optimal detection is better than the other detection technique.
An experimental study on structural-MAP approaches to implementing very large vocabulary speech recognition systems for real-world tasks

In this paper we present an experimental study exploiting structural Bayesian adaptation for handling potential mismatches between training and test conditions for real-world applications to be realized in our multilingual very large vocabulary speech recognition (VLVSR) system project sponsored by MOTIE (The Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy), Republic of Korea. The goal of the project is to construct a national-wide VLVSR cloud service platform for mobile applications. Besides system architecture design issues, at such a large scale, performance robustness problems, caused by mismatches in speakers, tasks, environments, and domains, etc., need to be taken into account very carefully as well. We decide to adopt adaptation, especially the structural MAP, techniques to reduce system accuracy degradation caused by these mismatches. Being part of an ongoing project, we describe how structural MAP approaches can be used for adaptation of both acoustic and language models for our VLVSR systems, and provide convincing experimental results to demonstrate how adaptation can be utilized to bridge the performance gap between the current state-of-the-art and deployable VLVSR systems.
Nonhuman primate parthenogenetic stem cells

Parthenogenesis is the biological phenomenon by which embryonic development is initiated without male contribution. Whereas parthenogenesis is a common mode of reproduction in lower organisms, the mammalian parthenote fails to produce a successful pregnancy. We herein describe in vitro parthenogenetic development of monkey (Macaca fascicularis) eggs to the blastocyst stage, and their use to create a pluripotent line of stem cells. These monkey stem cells (Cyno-1 cells) are positive for telomerase activity and are immunoreactive for alkaline phosphatase, octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct-4), stage-specific embryonic antigen 4 (SSEA-4), tumor rejection antigen 1-60 (TRA 1-60), and tumor rejection antigen 1-81 (TRA 1-81) (traditional markers of human embryonic stem cells). They have a normal chromosome karyotype (40 + 2) and can be maintained in vitro in an undifferentiated state for extended periods of time. Cyno-1 cells can be differentiated in vitro into dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons, contractile cardiomyocyte-like cells, smooth muscle, ciliated epithelia, and adipocytes. When Cyno-1 cells were injected into severe combined immunodeficient mice, teratomas with derivatives from all three embryonic germ layers were obtained. When grown on fibronectin/laminin-coated plates and in neural progenitor medium, Cyno-1 cells assume a neural precursor phenotype (immunoreactive for nestin). However, these cells remain proliferative and express no functional ion channels. When transferred to differentiation conditions, the nestin-positive precursors assume neuronal and epithelial morphologies. Over time, these cells acquire electrophysiological characteristics of functional neurons (appearance of tetrodotoxin-sensitive, voltage-dependent sodium channels). These results suggest that stem cells derived from the parthenogenetically activated nonhuman primate egg provide a potential source for autologous cell therapy in the female and bypass the need for creating a competent embryo.
Simon Stevin's equal division of the octave

Summary Many pioneers of the Scientific Revolution such as Galileo, Kepler, Stevin, Descartes, Mersenne, and others, wrote extensively about musical theory. This was not a chance interest of a few individual scientists. Rather, it reflects a continuing concern of scientists from Pythagorean times onwards to solve certain quantifiable problems in musical theory. One of the issues involved was technically known as ‘the division of the octave’, the problem, that is, of which notes to make music with. Simon Stevin's contribution to this issue, in his treatise Vande Spiegheling der Singconst (‘On the Theory of Music’), is usually conceived of as a remarkably early plea for equal temperament, which is the tuning system we nowadays all take for granted. In this paper I show that, even though it is true that Stevin calculated the figures for what is now known as equal temperament, in fact the subject of temperament has almost nothing to do with his accompanying considerations, and that, therefore, his calculation.
The accumulation of exercise and postprandial endothelial function in boys

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of accumulating 60 min of exercise on endothelial function and triacylglycerol concentrations following the ingestion of a high‐fat breakfast and lunch in 14 adolescent boys (aged 12 to 14 years). Two, 2‐day main trials (control and exercise) were completed in a counter‐balanced, cross‐over design. Participants were inactive on day 1 of the control trial but on day 1 of the exercise trial completed 6 × 10 min runs at 70% of peak oxygen uptake, spread over the day. On day 2, triacylglycerol concentrations and flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) were measured prior to, and following, ingestion of the high‐fat meals. In the control trial, FMD was reduced by 30% and 33% (P < 0.001) following the high‐fat breakfast and lunch; following exercise these reductions were negated (main effect trial, P = 0.002, interaction effect trial × time, P < 0.001). The total and incremental areas under the triacylglycerol concentration vs time curve were reduced by 11% and 16% in the exercise trial; however, these differences were not significant (P > 0.05). These results support the concept of accumulating physical activity for health in adolescents as the accumulated exercise attenuated the decline in FMD seen following the consumption of high‐fat meals.
Unintentional influences and opposition: A reply to graf

Abstract People's behaviour is often influenced by processes of which they are not aware or that they do not intend. However, behaviour is also, at least partially, under intentional control. Most task performance is co-determined by these two classes of processes. Placing intentional control in opposition to unintentional influences is useful for understanding the nature of the two forms of processing. However, opposition alone cannot provide a pure measure of automatic influences because, as in most tasks, intentional processes also affect the overall level of performance. The goal of the process dissociation procedure is to disentangle the effects of these two forms of processing on behaviour. It approaches this goal by taking advantage of a unique property of intentionally controlled processes their ability to either oppose or act in concert with automatic processes. The goal of separating the two forms of processing is imperative for both theoretical and applied purposes.
The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in human adaptive learning under strategic environments

This paper proposes an augmented learning model from a neuroscience perspective. This model contains brain activity data of the orbitofrontal cortex as a predictive variable of human strategic behavior. A Bayesian 3-layer perceptron, which shows the complex relationship between decision factors, was adopted to describe the learning behavior. However, the model's complexity creates the possibility of over tting. To avoid this problem, we adopt the Bayesian estimation and Akaike's Bayesian information criteria, which provide the statistical basis of the model selection, to select the model. Our experience shows that this model can better predict human strategic behavior than do existing behavioral learning models.
A Crisis-related Analysis of Perceived referees' behavior in competition

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to analyze perceived referees' behavior, using a theory of psychological performance crisis in competition. Perceived referees' behavior in competition was analyzed in terms of referee's response in favor of, against, no response in favor of, and no response against the athlete. during a home or away game and expected or unexpected by the athlete. The perceived contribution of these variables to extreme psychological arousal states (crisis, non-crisis) was investigated. Eighty elite ball-game players estimated the occurrence probability of all Bayesian combinations among these variables under crisis and non-crisis conditions. A repeated measures ANOVA procedure revealed that psychological performance crisis was highly associated with (a) referee's response against a player as well as no response in the player's favor, (b) an away game, and (c) unexpected events. The repeated measures ANOVA findings also revealed that under non-crisis conditions, (a) no respons.
Novel Single Stage Detectors for Object Detection

Most of the recent successful methods in accurate object detection utilized some variants of R-CNN style two stage Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) in which plausible regions were proposed in the first stage followed by a second stage for decision refinement. These methods are accurate but hard and slow to train. Single stage detection methods, on the other hand, enjoy the high speed of training and the efficiency in deployment. But they have not been as competitive as two stage methods in terms of accuracy such as mAP for high IoU threshold. Recently, Recurrent Rolling Convolution (RRC) architecture, a novel single stage end-to-end object detection network over multi-scale feature maps to construct object classifiers and bounding box regressors, was proposed. The RRC model has achieved state-of-theart performance in some tasks. In our project, we introduce Backward Recurrent Rolling Convolution (BRRC) based on RRC, and show that BRRC is able to produce better results and meanwhile faster than original RRC. We also investigate SSD with more bounding boxes and introduce an encoder-decoder structure, Detection SegNet, for object detection. We evaluate and compare all these models based on IoU scores.
Exercise in Adulthood after Irradiation of the Juvenile Brain Ameliorates Long-Term Depletion of Oligodendroglial Cells

Cranial radiation severely affects brain health and function, including glial cell production and myelination. Recent studies indicate that voluntary exercise has beneficial effects on oligodendrogenesis and myelination. Here, we hypothesized that voluntary running would increase oligodendrocyte numbers in the corpus callosum after irradiation of the juvenile mouse brain. The brains of C57Bl/6J male mice were 6 Gy irradiated on postnatal day 9 during the main gliogenic developmental phase, resulting in a loss of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Upon adulthood, the mice were injected with bromodeoxyuridine and allowed to exercise on a running wheel for four weeks. Cell proliferation and survival, Ascl1+ oligodendrocyte precursor and Olig2+ oligodendrocyte cell numbers as well as CC1+ mature oligodendrocytes were quantified using immunohistology. Radiation induced a reduction in the number of Olig2+ oligodendrocytes by nearly 50% without affecting production or survival of new Olig2+ cells. Ascl1+ cells earlier in the oligodendroglial cell lineage were also profoundly affected, with numbers reduced by half. By three weeks of age, Olig2+ cell numbers had not recovered, and this was paralleled by a volumetric loss in the corpus callosum. The deficiency of Olig2+ oligodendrocytes persisted into adulthood. Additionally, the depletion of Ascl1+ progenitor cells was irreversible, and was even more pronounced at 12 weeks postirradiation compared to day 2 postirradiation. Furthermore, the overall number of CC1+ mature oligodendrocytes decreased by 28%. The depletion of Olig2+ cells in irradiated animals was reversed by 4 weeks of voluntary exercise. Moreover, voluntary exercise also increased the number of Ascl1+ progenitor cells in irradiated animals. Taken together, these results demonstrate that exercise in adulthood significantly ameliorates the profound and long-lasting effects of moderate exposure to immature oligodendrocytes during postnatal development.
Fitness Function Analysis of Biological Genetic Codes using an Evolutionary Algorithm

An evolutionary algorithm model of early cells (protocells) has been studied to investigate the evolution of the universal and the several alternate genetic codes in biology. Up to one thousand protocells are initialized with randomly selected genetic codes, which are then mutated over many generations, with a continuous requirement to replicate a fixed genome consisting of one hundred genes. Representative real enzymes from biological protein databases were used for this gene set. Fidelity of replication was measured by reference to the real protein sequences using a standard table of amino acid similarities. An additional selection demands minimization of a cost function roughly proportional to the number of tRNA genes required to implement the protocell's genetic code. Various fitness functions can be evaluated in this evolutionary algorithm treatment of biological evolution of the genetic code. A function based on mRNA folding was evaluated to understand a biological bias observed in real gene sequences. Measured genetic drift was found to be dependent upon this mRNA folding fitness function for very small population sizes. The mRNA folding function is a symmetry operator acting upon the gene set by the genetic code. These results may have applicability to general problem solving in evolutionary computation.
Large Scale Genome Analysis Shows that the Epitopes for Broadly Cross-Reactive Antibodies Are Predominant in the Pandemic 2009 Influenza Virus A H1N1 Strain

The past pandemic strain H1N1 (A (H1N1)pdm09) has now become a common component of current seasonal influenza viruses. It has changed the pre-existing immunity of the human population to succeeding infections. In the present study, a total of 14,210 distinct sequences downloaded from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database were used for the analysis. The epitope compositions in A (H1N1)pdm09, classic seasonal strains, swine strains as well as highly virulent avian strain H5N1, identified with the aid of the Immune Epitope DataBase (IEDB), were compared at genomic level. The result showed that A (H1N1) pdm09 contains the 90% of B-cell epitopes for broadly cross-reactive antibodies (EBCA), which is in consonance with the recent reports on the experimental identification of new epitopes or antibodies for this virus and the binding tests with influenza virus protein HA of different subtypes. Our analysis supports that high proportional EBCA depends on the epitope pattern of A (H1N1)pdm09 virus. This study may be helpful for better understanding of A (H1N1)pdm09 and the production of new influenza vaccines.
A control theoretic approach to robot-assisted locomotor therapy

This paper proposes a control theoretic strategy for human walking gait assistance based on underactuated potential energy shaping. We design a simple control law that lessens the perceived weight of the patient's center of mass through a robotic ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) with one actuated degree-of-freedom. We then adopt a passive “compass-gait” bipedal walker as an implicit model of human locomotor behavior, which we simulate to draw beneficial implications for rehabilitation such as energy regulation, improved stability, and progressive training by Lyapunov funneling. Given current challenges in developing effective robot-assisted locomotor therapies, this paper offers a novel systematic approach to control strategy design for gait training and at-home assistance.
Temperament and Attachment Disorders

Reviewed in this article is research on children with reactive attachment disorder (RAD) who exhibit specific patterns of socially aberrant behavior resulting from being maltreated or having limited opportunities to form selective attachments. There are no data explaining why 2 different patterns of the disorder, an emotionally withdrawn-inhibited pattern and an indiscriminate-disinhibited pattern, arise from similarly aberrant environments. In this article, we consider whether temperamental differences might contribute to the different manifestations of reactive attachment disorder (RAD) in the context of adverse environments. Although the association between attachment and temperament has been studied extensively and has been the subject of spirited debate within the field of child development, there are no extant data on the influence of temperament on the development of attachment disorders. We consider possible directions for research efforts designed to explore the biological underpinnings of the complex phenomenon of attachment disorders.
Fairness Perceptions and Trust as Mediators on the Relationship Between Leadership Style, Unit Commitment, and Turnover Intentions of Canadian Forces Personnel

Whether fairness perceptions and leader trust mediate the relationship between leadership style and commitment and turnover was evaluated among Canadian Forces personnel (N = 1,443). Correlational analyses and structural equation modeling results provided support for the proposed meditational model. However, the influence of transactional leadership on commitment and turnover was due to its direct influence on fairness perceptions, whereas the influence of transformational leadership on these outcomes was based on its direct and indirect influence on both fairness perceptions and leader trust. It thus appears that both types of leadership style influence commitment and turnover, but the mechanism through which their effects occur may be distinct. The implications of these findings for theory, research, and practice are discussed.
Association Proceedings of the Third USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies San Francisco , CA , USA March 31 – April 2 , 2004

IP-networked storage protocols such as NFS and iSCSI have become increasingly common in today’s LAN environments. In this paper, we experimentally compare NFS and iSCSI performance for environments with no data sharing across machines. Our microand macro-benchmarking results on the Linux platform show that iSCSI and NFS are comparable for data-intensive workloads, while the former outperforms latter by a factor of two or more for meta-data intensive workloads. We identify aggressive meta-data caching and aggregation of meta-data updates in iSCSI to be the primary reasons for this performance difference and propose enhancements to NFS to overcome these limitations.