Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous Conversion to Quinolone and Fluoroquinolone Resistance among Wild-Type Escherichia coli Isolates in Relation to Phylogenetic Background and Virulence Genotype

ABSTRACT Human clinical isolates of Escherichia coli that are resistant to quinolone or fluoroquinolone agents typically exhibit fewer extraintestinal virulence factors (VFs) than susceptible isolates, along with a different phylogenetic background. To experimentally assess the basis for this as-yet-unexplained phenomenon, 40 E. coli strains (20 E. coli Reference collection members and 20 Israeli cystitis isolates) were subjected to serial selective passaging to obtain derivatives resistant to nalidixic acid (NA) and ciprofloxacin (C). PCR-based VF profiling and phylotyping were performed on the parents and their respective resistant derivatives. All 40 susceptible parent strains yielded NA- and C-resistant derivatives after a median of 6 (range, 4 to 12) serial selective passages on agar plates containing increasing concentrations of NA and C. The numbers of passages required for resistance did not differ by collection origin, phylogenetic group, basal VF profile, source (urine versus fecal), or host group (human versus animal). With the development of C resistance, only one VF was lost in a single strain. Resistant derivatives exhibited the same phylotype as their susceptible parents. These findings suggest that the sparse VF profiles and the low-virulence phylogenetic background of NA- and C-resistant E. coli clinical isolates probably are not attributable to the loss of VFs from intrinsically high-virulence strains during conversion to resistance or to enhanced emergence of drug resistance among intrinsically low-virulence strains. A more likely explanation is the importation of resistant strains from an as-yet-undefined low-virulence external selection reservoir.
The Evolution of the Design Management Field: A Journal Perspective

Based on a literature survey of the development of concepts supplemented by a selective literature review for the years 2000 to 2010, this article aims to trace the dynamic development of the field of design management – a cross‐disciplinary research field seeking to establish itself in its own right. The framework of this research is evolutionary theory, and our analysis are based on two prime design management journals followed by a comparative review two adjunct journals The Design Journal and Creativity and Innovation Management. The challenge is to avoid being overwhelmed by the established paradigms and logics dominating the field of management research. As far as this limited study of adjunct journals indicates, design management as a field of study has not yet been able to acquire attention outside the design research community.
Phox2b expression in the taste centers of fish

The homeodomain transcription factor Phox2b controls the formation of the sensory‐motor reflex circuits of the viscera in vertebrates. Among Phox2b‐dependent structures characterized in rodents is the nucleus of the solitary tract, the first relay for visceral sensory input, including taste. Here we show that Phox2b is expressed throughout the primary taste centers of two cyprinid fish, Danio rerio and Carassius auratus, i.e., in their vagal, glossopharyngeal, and facial lobes, providing the first molecular evidence for their homology with the nucleus of the solitary tract of mammals and suggesting that a single ancestral Phox2b‐positive neuronal type evolved to give rise to both fish and mammalian structures. In zebrafish larvae, the distribution of Phox2b+ neurons, combined with the expression pattern of Olig4 (a homologue of Olig3, determinant of the nucleus of the solitary tract in mice), reveals that the superficial position and sheet‐like architecture of the viscerosensory column in cyprinid fish, ideally suited for the somatotopic representation of oropharyngeal and bodily surfaces, arise by radial migration from a dorsal progenitor domain, in contrast to the tangential migration observed in amniotes. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:3633–3649, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Progress and Challenges towards Point-of-Care Diagnostic Development for Dengue

ABSTRACT Dengue detection strategies involve viral RNA, antigen, and/or antibody detection. Each strategy has its advantages and disadvantages. Optimal, user-friendly, rapid diagnostic tests based on immunochromatographic assays are pragmatic point-of-care tests (POCTs) in regions where dengue is endemic where there are limited laboratory capabilities and optimal storage conditions. Increasingly, there is a greater public health significance for a multiplexing assay that differentiates dengue from Zika or pathogens with similar clinical presentations. Although there have been many assay/platform developments toward POCTs, independent validation and implementation remain very limited. This review highlights the current key progress and challenges toward the development of a dengue POCT.
Sequential short-text classification with neural networks

Medical practice too often fails to incorporate recent medical advances. The two main reasons are that over 25 million scholarly medical articles have been published, and medical practitioners do not have the time to perform literature reviews. Systematic reviews aim at summarizing published medical evidence, but writing them requires tremendous human efforts. In this thesis, we propose several natural language processing methods based on artificial neural networks to facilitate the completion of systematic reviews. In particular, we focus on short-text classification, to help authors of systematic reviews locate the desired information. We introduce several algorithms to perform sequential short-text classification, which outperform state-of-the-art algorithms. To facilitate the choice of hyperparameters, we present a method based on Gaussian processes. Lastly, we release PubMed 20k RCT, a new dataset for sequential sentence classification in randomized control trial abstracts.
Nitric oxide‐mediated cGMP synthesis in oligodendrocytes in the developing rat brain

We investigated the nature of cGMP‐synthesizing cells in the developing rat forebrain using cGMP‐immunocytochemistry in combination with in vitro incubation of brain slices. When brain slices of immature rats, aged between 1 and 4 weeks, were incubated with sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor compound, in the presence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX), small round cells with a few processes in and around the corpus callosum were visualized with the cGMP‐antibody. The morphology and the distribution of the cGMP‐positive cells were consistent with the criteria for oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, the cGMP‐positive cells expressed 2′3′‐cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphodiesterase (CNPase) and gelsolin, which are marker proteins for oligodendrocytes. Therefore, we concluded that the cGMP‐positive cells were oligodendrocytes. A subpopulation of the oligodendrocyte was found to be cGMP‐immunoreactive also when slices were incubated in the absence of SNP. Furthermore, incubation of the slice in the presence of L‐NAME, an inhibitor of NO synthase, but in the absence of SNP abolished cGMP immunostaining. In addition, some populations of neurons and astrocytes in restricted brain areas produced cGMP in response to the incubation with SNP as previously reported, whereas both ameboid and ramified microglial cells did not respond to the treatment. Atrial natriuretic peptide, a stimulator of particulate guanylyl cyclase, enhanced cGMP synthesis in astrocytes in some brain regions but not in oligodendrocytes. These findings indicate that oligodendrocytes in the immature rat brain express soluble guanylyl cyclase. No cGMP‐positive oligodendrocytes were found in the mature rat brain, suggesting that cGMP may mediate signals related to myelinogenesis in the rat brain. GLIA 19:286–297, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social Media and Police Leadership: Lessons From Boston

Following are excerpts from an article made available to PERF by the Harvard Kennedy School, Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management, jointly published and funded by the National Institute of Justice. This is one in an ongoing series of papers called New Perspectives in Policing, produced by one or more members of the Executive Session on Policing and Public Safety. PERF is grateful to the authors and to Christine M. Cole, the program’s Executive Director, for her assistance. The full article and the entire series are available at http://www.hks. harvard.edu/programs/criminaljustice/ research-publications/executive-sessions.
Is Technical Analysis Profitable on U.S. Stocks With Certain Size, Liquidity or Industry Characteristics?

We consider whether popular moving average and trading range breakout technical trading rules are profitable on a subset of the US stocks with certain size, liquidity and industry characteristics. We find these rules are rarely profitable during the period 1990 to 2004, however there is some evidence that they are more profitable for smaller, less liquid stocks. There is no evidence to any industry bias in applying these rules and when a rule does produce statistically significant profits on a stock, these profits tend to be greater for longer decision period rules.
The Economics of Currency Crises and Contagion: An Introduction

Two theories of the causes of currency crises prevail in the economic literature. The first traces currency instability to countries' structural imbalances and weak policies; the second identifies arbitrary shifts in market expectations as the principal source of instability. The authors of this article contend that only a synthesis of these theories can capture the complexity of the 1997-98 Asian currency crisis. In their view, the crisis resulted from the interaction of structural weaknesses and volatile international capital markets. The authors also cite two other factors that contributed to the severity of the Asia crisis: inadequate supervision of the banking and financial sectors and the rapid transmission of the crisis across countries linked by trade and common credit sources.
The Baumol Diseases and the Korean Economy

ABSTRACT This article examines the Baumol effect and the consequences of unbalanced growth across Korean industries. The results demonstrate that the Baumol effect exists, but it is qualitatively different from existing literature. Although Baumol’s cost disease is significant, it is weak. Certain attributes of the Korean economy such as heavy reliance on exports and compressed growth seem to be responsible. Weak cost disease leads to a weak growth disease: the aggregate productivity growth does not monotonically decline over time. Productivity growth has led to the deindustrialization of employment. The value holds effective after controlling the growth of international trade.
Dissatisfied Union Workers: Sorting Revisited

A substantial literature argues that the reported job dissatisfaction of union members is spurious. It reflects either the sorting of dissatisfied workers into union membership or the sorting of union recognition into worse jobs. We contribute by presenting the first panel data estimates that hold constant first worker fixed effects and then worker in job fixed effects. The estimates demonstrate that covered union members typically report greater dissatisfaction even when accounting for sorting in both dimensions. At the same time, cross-sectional evidence of less satisfied covered non-members and uncovered members vanishes when accounting for sorting.
Results of railgun experiments powered by magnetic flux compression generators

Researchers from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and the Los Alamos National Laboratory initiated a joint railgun research and development program to explore the potential of electromagnetic railguns to accelerate projectiles to hypervelocities. The effort was intended to 1) determine experimentally the limits of railgun operation, 2) verify calculations of railgun performance, and 3) establish a data base at megampere currents. The program has led to the selection of a particular magnetic flux compression generator (MFCG) design for a set of initial experiments and the design of small- and large-square-bore railguns to match the expected MFCG power profile. The bore sizes are 12.7 and 50 mm, respectively. In this paper, we briefly describe the design of the railguns and the diagnostic and data reduction techniques, followed by the results of eight experiments with the two railgun types.
The J‐Curve: Evidence from Fiji*

This article provides new evidence on both long run and short‐run determinants of trade balance for Fiji and investigates evidence of J‐curve adjustment behaviour in the aftermath of a devaluation. We adopt a partial reduced form model that models the real trade balance directly as a function of the real exchange rate and real domestic and foreign incomes. Cointegration analysis is based on a recently developed autoregressive distributed lag approach—shown to provide robust results in finite samples. The long run elasticities are also estimated using a dynamic ordinary least squares approach and the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FM‐OLS) approach. Amongst our key results we find that there is a long‐run relationship between trade balance and its determinants. There is evidence of the J‐curve pattern; growth in domestic income affects Fiji’s trade balance adversely while foreign income improves it.
The Role of Training in Achieving TQM in Restaurants

Abstract TQM, and its application to the hospitality and tourism industries, has begun to receive more attention in the literature. However, few articles focus exclusively upon TQM in the restaurant industry and fewer still have examined the relationship between TQM and employee training. This article examines this relationship through interviews with managers with two prominent restaurant chains in Canada.
Synapse Density Regulates Independence at Unitary Inhibitory Synapses

Neurotransmitter transporters may promote synapse specificity by limiting spillover between release sites. At GABAergic synapses, transport block prolongs synaptic responses when many inputs are activated, yet it is unclear whether transporters alter signaling by single axons. We found that unitary IPSCs generated by paired recordings between hippocampal interneurons and granule cells could be either prolonged or totally unaffected by block of GABA transporters. This variability was explained by the density of active release sites rather than the number of active sites. Prolongation by transport block required release from multiple sites and was enhanced by repetitive activation. Furthermore, transport-sensitive unitary IPSCs were accelerated when the release probability was reduced, indicating that cross talk prolonged the time course of IPSCs even when transport was intact. Our results suggest that the release site density regulates the degree of cross talk as well as the contribution of transporters to GABA clearance. Thus, interplay between release site density and transporter action determines the independence of unitary inhibitory synapses.
Vertical Mergers and Product Differentiation

This paper presents an equilibrium theory of vertical mergers that incorporates strategic behaviors in the Hotelling-type location model. This enables one to consider the relationship between downstream firms' strategies for product differentiation and vertical integration. I show that vertical integration enhances the degree of product differentiation of the integrated firm. Under some conditions, partial integration arises in equilibrium, which may increase the profit of the nonintegrated downstream firm. The paper also discusses the welfare implications of vertical integration.
The Role and Place of Strategic Communication in Countering Terrorism

Ozellikle ekonomi ve ticaret alaninda rekabet eden kurumlar tarafindan hedef kitleleri analiz ederek itibar saglamak ve musteriye ulasabilmek icin uygulandigi bilinen Stratejik Iletisim kavrami; son yillarda oldukca yayginlasmis, ulusal/uluslararasi guvenlik, politika, terorizmle mucadele alanlarinda da uygulanabilirligi tartisilmaya baslamistir. Ancak, stratejik iletisimin bu yeni alanlarda farkli tanim ve kavramlar yerine kullanilmasiyla dogasi ve kapsaminin anlasilmasi zorlasmis, karisikliklara neden olmustur. Bu karisiklik, bu kavramin cogu zaman dogrudan yumusak guc, kamu diplomasisi, propaganda, bilgi harbi ve psikolojik harekât olarak algilanmasina neden olmustur. Bu calismanin amaci; stratejik iletisim kavramini, uluslararasi duzeyde yapilan calismalar ve uygulamalar isiginda tanimlamak, terorizmle mucadelede nasil uygulanabilecegine dair esaslari analiz etmektir. Bu kapsamda calismanin uygulamaya yonelik ana fikri; terorizmle mucadelede planlama ve icra safhalarinin odak noktasina stratejik iletisim disiplininin konulmasini, ayrica konvansiyonel kinetik yeteneklerin de (askeri guc ve polis gibi) planlamanin yardimci unsuru olarak kullanilmasini onermektir. Calisma, son yillarda sikca tartisilmasina karsin hâlâ pek fazla bilinmeyen stratejik iletisim kavraminin, terorizmle mucadele kapsaminda, gelecek uygulama ve calismalara isik tutacak sekilde analiz edilmesi ve kavram karmasasinin engellenmesine yonelik olmasi, ayrica nasil uygulanabilecegine dair onerme getirmesi bakimindan onem tasimaktadir
Large Sample Bounds on the Survivor Average Causal Effect in the Presence of a Binary Covariate with Conditionally Ignorable Treatment Assignment

Abstract A common problem when conducting an experiment or observational study for the purpose of causal inference is “censoring by death,” in which an event occurring during the experiment causes the desired outcome value – such as quality of life (QOL) – not to be defined for some subjects. One approach to this is to estimate the Survivor Average Causal Effect (SACE), which is the difference in the mean QOL between the treated and control arms, considering only those individuals who would have had well-defined QOL regardless of whether they received the treatment of interest, where the treatment is imposed by the researcher in an experiment or by the subject in the case of an observational study. Zhang and Rubin [5] (Estimation of causal effects via principal stratification when some outcomes are truncated by “death”. J Educ Behav Stat 2003;28:353–68) have proposed a methodology to calculate large sample bounds – bounds on the SACE that assume that the exact QOL distribution for each arm is known or that the finite sample size can be ignored – in the case of a randomized experiment. We examine a modification of these bounds in the case where a binary covariate describing each of the subjects is available and assignment to the treatment or control group is ignorable conditional on the covariate. Using a dataset involving an employment training program, we find that the use of the covariate does not substantially change the bounds in this case, although it does weaken the assumptions about the sample and thus make the bounds more widely applicable. However, simulations show that the use of a binary covariate can in some cases dramatically narrow the bounds. Extensions and generalizations to more complicated variants of this situation are discussed, although the amount of computation increases very quickly as the number of covariates and the number of possible values of each covariate increase.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Modify Pancreatic Cell Fate Determination and Amplify Endocrine Progenitors

ABSTRACT During pancreas development, transcription factors play critical roles in exocrine and endocrine differentiation. Transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes occurs within chromatin and is influenced by posttranslational histone modifications (e.g., acetylation) involving histone deacetylases (HDACs). Here, we show that HDAC expression and activity are developmentally regulated in the embryonic rat pancreas. We discovered that pancreatic treatment with different HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) modified the timing and determination of pancreatic cell fate. HDACi modified the exocrine lineage via abolition and enhancement of acinar and ductal differentiation, respectively. Importantly, HDACi treatment promoted the NGN3 proendocrine lineage, leading to an increased pool of endocrine progenitors and modified endocrine subtype lineage choices. Interestingly, treatments with trichostatin A and sodium butyrate, two inhibitors of both class I and class II HDACs, enhanced the pool of β cells. These results highlight the roles of HDACs at key points in exocrine and endocrine differentiation. They show the powerful use of HDACi to switch pancreatic cell determination and amplify specific cellular subtypes, with potential applications in cell replacement therapies in diabetes.
Regime switching stochastic volatility option pricing

Stochastic volatility option pricing has become popular in financial mathematics due to its theoretical and empirical consistencies. However, stochastic volatility models generally suffer from analytical and calibration intractability, except for regime switching stochastic volatility. However, regime switching models neither model volatility nor price options over short time periods accurately, hence they are of limited use. This paper proposes a general method of pricing regime switching options over short time periods. We achieve this by relating Fouque's perturbation based option pricing method to regime switching models. We conduct numerical experiments to validate our method using empirical S&P 500 index option prices and compare our results to Black-Scholes and Fouque's standard option pricing method. We demonstrate our pricing method which provides lower relative error compared to the Fouque's standard option pricing method and Black-Scholes pricing. In addition, this paper can be seen as an extension to Fouque's standard option pricing method.
The Financial Centres of Shanghai and Hong Kong: Competition or Complementarity?

The contemporary rise of China in the new geo-economy is increasingly pressurising the spatial distribution of financial activity in mainland China and Hong Kong. With the reemergence of Shanghai, many people foresee the future demise of Hong Kong as the most important financial centre for the Chinese mainland. This paper shows that this conviction seems rather premature. From an examination of the regional distribution pattern of the mainland-China-based companies listed on the stock exchanges of Shanghai and Hong Kong it appears that both financial centres have relatively distinct hinterlands. Furthermore, it is shown that the exchanges of Shanghai and Hong Kong differ strongly in terms of sectoral specialisation. These results indicate that both centres reveal a considerable amount of complementarity.
Do Private Equity Investors Create Value for Italian Initial Public Offerings?

This study analyses the role of private equity (PE) backing in initial public offerings (IPOs) using a dataset of 227 companies that went public on the Milan Stock Exchange between January 1995 and December 2007. The evidence rejects the certification and monitoring hypotheses and provides considerable support for the market power hypothesis. In accordance with Chemmanur and Loutskina (2006), we suggest that PE investors exploit their relationships with the key IPO market players to attract attention to the IPOs of firms backed by PE, thus obtaining a higher equity valuation (both in the IPO and in the secondary market).