In-vivo and In-situ mechanical characterisation of soft living tissues.

In-vivo characterization of biological soft tissues is a key step toward patient-specific biomechanical simulation and planning of intra-operative assisted surgery. These tissues’ structures are usually highly heterogeneous due to the variety of their constituents (skin, mucosa, muscle fibers, fat, fascia, vascularization, etc.). In particular, their local mechanical properties may change with depth.Among various characterization techniques, aspiration method is a standard due to its simplicity: tissue is aspirated through a hole while measuring the negative pressure and the associated apex height. An inverse problem is then solved to identify the material mechanical properties. In the literature, the apex height was usually measured using a camera, which induced design difficulties, in particular regarding the required sterilization process for in-vivo measurements.This thesis aims at developing new practical aspiration techniques and inverse analyze techniques to deal with these challenges.First, the aspiration method is revisited, replacing the apex height optical measurement by the measurement of the aspirated tissue volume. In the proposed method the system head was reduced to a simple tube: sterilization becomes easy and the aspiration aperture diameter can be changed according to experimental requirements. The proposed system is thus probably among the simplest, lightest and most inexpensive devices one could achieve.Then, many studies are developed: (i) a comparison of this volume-based method with classical techniques based on optical measurements, (ii) the validation of the volume-based aspiration device and inverse identification on soft homogeneous synthetic materials, (iii) the development of a method for in-vivo identification of multi-layered soft tissues and its validation on two-layer synthetic samples, and (iv) a method for real-time inverse mechanical identification of constitutive materials using the aspiration results.The experimental signal-to-noise ratio in raw volume measurements obtained either optically or by the volume-based method were compared. The effects on the accuracy of various experimental parameters were investigated and quantified: the volume measurement was proved to present the same order or even better accuracy compared to optical measurements.To validate the inverse identifications using the volume-based aspiration method, silicone samples were then made and characterized using (1) aspiration, and, as references, two standard tests such as (2) uniaxial and (3) equibiaxial extension tests. Performing a Finite Element (FE) inverse identification on the experimental results provided Young’s moduli similar to classical tests with about 7% maximum overestimation for the silicones. This underlines a significant improvement of the measurement method accuracy compared to the literature (about 30% relative overestimation). In the proposed device, the aspiration aperture diameter can be easily changed. This feature was used to develop a new method to characterize the mechanical properties as well as the superficial layers’ thicknesses in multi-layer soft tissues. A proof of concept was experimentally validated on two-layer artificial soft silicone specimens. As a conclusion, the superficial layer thicknesses and the materials Young’s moduli were identified with a maximum error of 4 and 8%, respectively. Such results thus provide encouraging perspectives for the in-vivo characterization of two-layer anatomical structures such as skin and sub-dermal tissues.Eventually, a Design Of Experiment (DOE) method was applied to drastically decrease the computation time involved during the inverse identification step, which is a prerequisite for any use in a clinical routine. The identifications using the DOE method were compared with the reference characteristics of the investigated silicones and maximum errors of 10 and 12% were obtained for the homogeneous and two-layer samples, respectively.