Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Oxygen-sensing pathways and the development of mammalian gas exchange

Abstract Oxygen-sensing pathways have been extensively explored in the context of homeostatic responses to hypoxic episodes; however, little is known of their involvement in the morphogenesis of respiratory structures (mitochondria, placenta, lung) during development in utero. This review identifies four essential loci where oxygen signalling pathways may cue the development of respiratory structures as: (i) mitochondrial biogenesis coupled with muted oxidative function dependent on the hypoxia-sustained production of NO; (ii) the generation of oxygen gradients which drive trophoblast differentiation and the formation of the chorionic gas exchange interface of the placenta; (iii) the proliferation and epithelial/endothelial differentiation of mesenchyme during the initiation of lung morphogenesis; and (iv) the regulation of epithelial fluid secretion/absorption in the lung. The identification of these oxygen-regulated developmental stages clarifies the close association between oxygen availability, reactive oxygen species and the morphogenesis of gas exchange structures and bears with it the implication that these pathways set the scope for aerobic metabolic performance throughout life.
Prediction with Misspecified Models

The assumption that one of a set of prediction models is a literal description of reality formally underlies many formal econometric methods, including Bayesian model averaging and most approaches to model selection. Prediction pooling does not invoke this assumption and leads to predictions that improve on those based on Bayesian model averaging, as assessed by the log predictive score. The paper shows that the improvement is substantial using a pool consisting of a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model, a vector autoregression, and a dynamic factor model, in conjunction with standard US postwar quarterly macroeconomic time series.
Financial Contracting and Managerial Flexibility

We examine warrant agreements and identify three provisions of these contracts that allow managers to time the raising of capital: the right to call the warrants, to extend the life of the warrants, and to lower the exercise price of the warrants. We argue that these provisions are costly yet frequently used. We find a robust positive association between the inclusion of the extension and reduction provisions, but no association between them and the call provision. We also find a positive association between the inclusion of the extension and reduction provisions and our proxies for investment opportunities.
A sub-ns response fully integrated battery-connected switched-capacitor voltage regulator delivering 0.19W/mm2 at 73% efficiency

Lithium-ion batteries are the dominant power source in mobile devices. However, while the supply voltage required for processors and SoCs has scaled down to ~1V, the voltage range of this popular battery remains ~2.9V-4.2V (nominally ~3.6V). To bridge this voltage difference, off-chip power management ICs are typically required. Despite their high efficiency, supporting many independent, high-current supplies to e.g. a multi-core SoC is extremely challenging due to cost, area, and supply impedance concerns associated with board and package level parasitics. There is hence strong motivation for efficient, fully integrated voltage regulators (IVRs) that interface directly with the battery while supporting multiple separate on-chip supply.
INDONESIA'S RESOURCES BOOM IN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE: POLICY DILEMMAS AND OPTIONS FOR CONTINUED STRONG GROWTH

In the decade to 2011, developments in the Chinese economy gave the world its biggest ever resources boom and set the scene for a resources deflation. The boom generated high incomes and investment in global resources, especially coal. It boosted Indonesian growth and diverted the policy focus from the productivity-raising reforms that are necessary for broad-based growth. Arbitrary interventions reduced the gains from the boom, especially in commodities other than coal, but also diminished the size of the boom and therefore the economic adjustment challenge that faces Indonesia now. Indonesia handled the Dutch disease and related challenges better than some countries and worse than others. Australia and Indonesia are now the world's largest coal exporters, so this comparison receives attention here. The end of the boom can create opportunities for a return to broad-based development, so long as policy settings are favourable to productivity growth and improved economy-wide competitiveness. The fuel-subsidy reforms are a good start.
Core-periphery structure requires something else in the network

A network with core-periphery structure consists of core nodes that are densely interconnected. In contrast to a community structure, which is a different meso-scale structure of networks, core nodes can be connected to peripheral nodes and peripheral nodes are not densely interconnected. Although core-periphery structure sounds reasonable, we argue that it is merely accounted for by heterogeneous degree distributions, if one partitions a network into a single core block and a single periphery block, which the famous Borgatti–Everett algorithm and many succeeding algorithms assume. In other words, there is a strong tendency that high-degree and low-degree nodes are judged to be core and peripheral nodes, respectively. To discuss core-periphery structure beyond the expectation of the node’s degree (as described by the configuration model), we propose that one needs to assume at least one block of nodes apart from the focal core-periphery structure, such as a different core-periphery pair, community or nodes not belonging to any meso-scale structure. We propose a scalable algorithm to detect pairs of core and periphery in networks, controlling for the effect of the node’s degree. We illustrate our algorithm using various empirical networks.
Comparabilité de corpus et fouille terminologique multilingue [Corpus comparability and multilingual terminology Mining]

Les principaux travaux en fouille textuelle privilegient communement la taille du corpus sur sa qualite. Ainsi dans le cadre de l'alignement lexical a partir de corpus comparables, les meilleurs resultats sont obtenus pour des corpus de grande taille (plusieurs millions de mots). Pour les domaines de specialite, et pour de nombreuses paires de langues, il n'est pas possible de disposer de corpus textuels aussi volumineux. Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous soutenons l'hypothese que la qualite des donnees textuelles peut non seulement suppleer a leur quantite mais garantit aussi celle des ressources lexicales extraites. En particulier, nous montrons l'interet de prendre en compte le type du discours lors de la constitution du corpus comparable pour obtenir des listes terminologiques de qualite.
Differential Protein Expression Analysis of Leishmania major Reveals Novel Roles for Methionine Adenosyltransferase and S-Adenosylmethionine in Methotrexate Resistance*

Leishmania is a trypanosomatid parasite causing serious disease and displaying resistance to various drugs. Here, we present comparative proteomic analyses of Leishmania major parasites that have been either shocked with or selected in vitro for high level resistance to the model antifolate drug methotrexate. Numerous differentially expressed proteins were identified by these experiments. Some were associated with the stress response, whereas others were found to be overexpressed due to genetic linkage to primary resistance mediators present on DNA amplicons. Several proteins not previously associated with resistance were also identified. The role of one of these, methionine adenosyltransferase, was confirmed by gene transfection and metabolite analysis. After a single exposure to low levels of methotrexate, L. major methionine adenosyltransferase transfectants could grow at high concentrations of the drug. Methotrexate resistance was also correlated to increased cellular S-adenosylmethionine levels. The folate and S-adenosylmethionine regeneration pathways are intimately connected, which may provide a basis for this novel resistance phenotype. This thorough comparative proteomic analysis highlights the variety of responses required for drug resistance to be achieved.
Redefining the digital divide: Attitudes do matter!

For the majority of current day internet researchers they key issue is not "who" is connected to the internet but "what" are people doing when they are connected. In particular there is a growing interest in social computing, and especially technology such as blogs, wikis, myspace, and the like. But have we abandoned the issue of "who" for "what" too soon? This paper will present a research project that explores the psychological barriers that prevent people within community from integrating information and communication technology into their lives. The research will use the Social Cognitive Theory by Bandura to examine the psychology of the digital divide. Participants in the study are members of the San Jose community. Self administered surveys are used for data collection. The research influences our understanding of the digital divide by providing evidence that the characteristics or make up of the digital divide is more complex than the current understanding of the phenomenon. Existing digital divide studies have taken primarily a socio-economic perspective, and portray the digital divide as a relatively simple premise: the digital divide is a dichotomous concept - you either have access to ICT or you don’t. And this access is determined by factors such as income, employment and education. This research illustrates that psychology does matter; and that the digital divide involves both more members of the population and different members of the population then current research has shown to date. As such the current research has brought to light elements of the digital divide which have not being considered in contemporary discourse about the phenomenon.
AAPM/RSNA Physics Tutorial for Residents: Topics in CT. Radiation dose in CT.

This article describes basic radiation dose concepts as well as those specifically developed to describe the radiation dose from computed tomography (CT). Basic concepts of radiation dose are reviewed, including exposure, absorbed dose, and effective dose. Radiation dose from CT demonstrates variations within the scan plane and along the z axis because of its unique geometry and usage. Several CT-specific dose descriptors have been developed: the Multiple Scan Average Dose descriptor, the Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDI) and its variations (CTDI(100), CTDI(w), CTDI(vol)), and the dose-length product. Factors that affect radiation dose from CT include the beam energy, tube current-time product, pitch, collimation, patient size, and dose reduction options. Methods of reducing the radiation dose to a patient from CT include reducing the milliampere-seconds value, increasing the pitch, varying the milliampere-seconds value according to patient size, and reducing the beam energy. The effective dose from CT can be estimated by using Monte Carlo methods to simulate CT of a mathematical patient model, by estimating the energy imparted to the body region being scanned, or by using conversion factors for general anatomic regions. Issues related to radiation dose from CT are being addressed by the Society for Pediatric Radiology, the American Association of Physicists in Medicine, the American College of Radiology, and the Center for Devices and Radiological Health of the Food and Drug Administration.
Availability and Price of High Quality Day Care and Female Employment

In this paper I analyse to what degree availability and price of high quality publicly subsidised child care affects female employment for women living in couples following maternity leave. The results show that unrestricted access to day care has a significantly positive effect on female employment. The price effect is significantly negative: An increase in the price of child care of C=1 will decrease the female employment with 0.08% corresponding to a price elasticity of -0.17. This effect prevails during the first 12 months after childbirth.
A New Construction of Ricardian Trade Theory—A Many-country, Many-commodity Case with Intermediate Goods and Choice of Production Techniques—

Ricardian trade theory is one of the most famous theories of economics but appears to have been little developed. Many attempts were made to extend the theory to multi-country, multi-commodity cases, but none succeeded to construct a general theory that included intermediate goods. A need to include intermediate goods within the theory was evident, but hurdles to introduce intermediate inputs were high. Intermediate goods change the entire structure of analysis; when they are traded, the price of a good is dependent of the prices of imported inputs. Consequently, prices should be determined simultaneously for prices of all countries. The present paper has succeeded in overcoming these difficulties and describes how wages, prices and productions are related. It analyzes the M-country, N-commodity case with choice of techniques and trade of intermediate goods in general terms, thus presenting a new basis for international trade theory. New light was shed on topics like gains and losses from trade, international wage rate discrepancies, and price and quantity adjustments. On a theoretical plane, the new construction eliminates a traditional weakness of the Ricardian theory. The traditional Ricardian theory acknowledged labor as the only input and excluded capital in any form. The new theory, presented here, analyzes capital goods as traded intermediate inputs.
Pharmacogenetic determinants of outcome in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

Present day paediatric co-operative group acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) protocols cure approximately 80% of patients, a result achieved largely through the use of risk-stratified therapies that employ multiple chemotherapy agents. These risk-based therapies utilize host and leukaemia traits to select the most appropriate therapy. However, these risk-stratified approaches predict therapy response imperfectly and an important fraction of patients experience relapse or therapy-related toxicity. Pharmacogenetics, the study of genetic variations in drug-processing genes and individual responses to drugs, may enable the improved identification of patients at higher risk for either disease relapse or chemotherapy-associated side effects. While the impact of genetic variation in the thiopurine-S-methyltransferase gene on ALL treatment outcome and toxicity has been extensively studied, the role of other polymorphisms remains less well known. This review summarizes current research on the impact of genetic variation in drug-processing genes in paediatric ALL and reviews important methodological and statistical issues presently challenging the field of pharmacogenetics.
Productivity Growth in Indian Cement Industry: A Panel Estimation of Stochastic Production Frontier

The economic policy reform in respect of Indian cement industry, during the early 80's, resulted in a phenomenal growth of this sector. Cement industry being highly energy intensive in nature, further development of this industry, without increasing pressure on energy demand, would require growth in productivity. Thus, aim of this paper is to estimate Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth in Indian cement industry as growth in TFP could ensure growth of this sector which is less dependent on energy and other inputs. Applying Stochastic Frontier Approach, the study first estimates TFP growth and then decomposes it into its components for the period 1989-90 to 2006-07. Empirical results show that the industry has experienced TFP growth during the study period and this growth is driven mainly by scale component and technical progress and not by technical efficiency change as technical efficiency has come out to be time invariant in this context. In the light of empirical results, the policy implication is that an industrial policy of exploiting the existing economies of scale is required to be implemented; and to boost the growth of this sector, priority should be given to enhance firms' capability of catching-up by adopting efficiency oriented action plans.
Human capital, social capital and collective intelligence

"Social capital," a new idea gaining worldwide recognition, is explored in this book through studies of education, health, political science, urban regeneration, and economic development. Providing a unique overview of the topic, together with critical discussion of its application in a wide variety of fields, the volume offers the first full critical analysis of social capital, written by academics, professionals and policy specialists who are all distinguished and prominent contributors in their own fields.
Knowledge Capital and Venture Capital Investments: New Evidence from European Panel Data

Abstract Countries with a high amount of knowledge capital are likely to have higher volumes of venture capital (VC) investments because more researchers come up with innovative business ideas that require venture capital finance. Using panel data techniques, the paper finds evidence that VC investments depend strongly on the countries’ knowledge capital measured by the number of patents, or the number of R&D researchers, or gross domestic expenditures on R&D. In addition, the paper analyzes whether government-financed knowledge capital fulfills a special role for VC investments. It finds only weak evidence that VC investments depend, with a delay of several years, on government-financed knowledge capital.
Robust model-following regulator for average current-mode control of boost DC-DC converters

A robust model-following regulator for boost dc-dc converters with average current mode control is proposed in this paper. The aim of the proposed circuit is to reduce the closed loop output impedance and audiosusceptibility of the converter without the need of a high bandwidth in any of the resulting regulation loops. The robust model following average current-mode control regulator (KMFACC) maintains proper stability in a wide range of operation points. A systematic design procedure is explained. In order to validate the concept, a 24V-100W, 100 kHz dc-dc converter has been designed and experimentally tested.
Opioid switching to improve pain relief and drug tolerability.

BACKGROUND Patients with cancer, and increasingly chronic non-cancer pain frequently require strong opioids for pain relief. Morphine is the first-line strong opioid of choice for these patients. While most achieve adequate analgesia with morphine, a significant minority either suffer intolerable side-effects, inadequate pain relief, or both. For these patients switching to an alternative opioid is becoming established clinical practice. However, the evidence for the effectiveness of opioid switching does not appear to be established. OBJECTIVES The aim of this review was to investigate the usefulness of opioid switching for patients with pain. SEARCH STRATEGY Randomised trials that assessed opioid rotation, switching, or substitution in adults or children with acute or chronic pain were sought through electronic databases and by handsearching relevant journals. Date of the most recent search: January 2003. SELECTION CRITERIA The search strategy retrieved no randomised controlled trials, and therefore no studies were available to enable a quantitative synthesis that would assess the effectiveness of the strategy of opioid switching. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Given the lack of RCTs, the review examined all case reports, uncontrolled, and retrospective studies in an attempt to determine the current level of evidence. MAIN RESULTS Fifty-two reports were identified, comprising 23 case reports, 15 retrospective studies/audits and 14 prospective uncontrolled studies. The majority of the reports used morphine as first-line opioid and the most frequently used second-line opioid was methadone. All reports, apart from one, concluded that opioid switching is a useful clinical manoeuvre for improving pain control and/or reducing opioid-related side-effects. REVIEWERS' CONCLUSIONS For patients with inadequate pain relief and intolerable opioid-related toxicity/adverse effects, a switch to an alternative opioid may be the only option for symptomatic relief. However, the evidence to support the practice of opioid switching is largely anecdotal or based on observational and uncontrolled studies. Randomised trials, including 'N of 1' studies, where a patient acts as their own control, are needed: firstly, to establish the true effectiveness of this clinical practice; secondly, to determine which opioid should be used first-line or second-line; and thirdly, to standardise conversion ratios when switching from one opioid to another.
Control of an Exoskeleton for Realization of Aquatic Therapy Effects

Exoskeletons are attracting great attention as a new means of rehabilitation devices. In such applications, control algorithms of exoskeletons are often inspired by nature for natural and effective assistance for patients. In this paper, a control algorithm inspired by aquatic therapy is introduced. Aquatic therapy provides various beneficial effects for rehabilitation based on useful properties of water, e.g., buoyancy and drag. The proposed controller calculates joint torques equivalent to the buoyant and drag forces. Then, an exoskeleton-type assistive device generates the calculated joint torques to provide the similar effects as aquatic therapy. In this paper, the Sogang University biomedical assist robot is utilized as a testbed. This paper also discusses the mechanical impedance of actuators, which obstructs implementation of controllers in practice. The resistive forces generated by actuators are precisely modeled and compensated to realize the control algorithm inspired by aquatic therapy correctly and effectively.
Modeling the Behavior of Marlin Anglers in the Western Pacific

Abstract This article reports on an application of choice experiment methods to anglers targeting blue marlin and other pelagic species in Hawaii. Data was collected through the Hawaii Marine Recreational Fisheries Statistical Survey in 2006. Based on 480 completed surveys, respondents were dominantly male (94.2%), Asian (51.6%), had relatively high incomes ($79,816), and 59.6% owned boats. Profit orientation included fishing for profit, expense fishing, Holoholo (purely recreational), Kaukau (subsistence fishing), and trophy fishing. Multinomial logit models were estimated and parameters on trip cost, marlin catch, ahi weight, the summer season, and a nonconsumptive attribute, seeing marlin, were all highly significant and of the expected sign. Part-worth willingness to pay (WTP) for catching a blue marlin was estimated at $521 for the charter group and $276 for those on private boat trips. Marginal value per pound for ahi is similar for both groups, $0.96/pound for charter and $0.92 for private boat. JEL Classification Codes: Q26, Q22, D12