Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Finding Failure-Inducing Changes using Change Classification

Testing and code editing are interleaved activities during program development. When tests fail unexpectedly, the changes that caused the failure are not always easy to find. Change classification focuses programmer attention on those changes most likely to be failure-inducing. We define several classifiers that automatically label changes as Red, Yellow, or Green, indicating the likelihood that they have contributed to a test failure. We implemented our change classification tool JUnit/CIA as an extension to the JUnit component within Eclipse, and evaluated its effectiveness in two case studies. Initial results indicate that change classification succeeds in focusing programmer attention on failure-inducing changes, thus improving on manual debugging techniques. Furthermore, change classification can determine those changes that can be committed safely to a version control repository without breaking any tests, even if a developer’s local workspace contains failing tests.
Constraint-based Task Specification and Estimation for Sensor-Based Robot Systems in the Presence of Geometric Uncertainty

This paper introduces a systematic constraint-based approach to specify complex tasks of general sensor-based robot systems consisting of rigid links and joints. The approach integrates both instantaneous task specification and estimation of geometric uncertainty in a unified framework. Major components are the use of feature coordinates, defined with respect to object and feature frames, which facilitate the task specification, and the introduction of uncertainty coordinates to model geometric uncertainty. While the focus of the paper is on task specification, an existing velocity- based control scheme is reformulated in terms of these feature and uncertainty coordinates. This control scheme compensates for the effect of time varying uncertainty coordinates. Constraint weighting results in an invariant robot behavior in case of conflicting constraints with heterogeneous units. The approach applies to a large variety of robot systems (mobile robots, multiple robot systems, dynamic human-robot interaction, etc.), various sensor systems, and different robot tasks. Ample simulation and experimental results are presented.
18F-FDG Labeling of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells for PET Imaging: Effects on Ultrastructure and Differentiation Capacity

Because of their extended differentiation capacity, stem cells have gained great interest in the field of regenerative medicine. For the development of therapeutic strategies, more knowledge on the in vivo fate of these cells has to be acquired. Therefore, stem cells can be labeled with radioactive tracer molecules such as 18F-FDG, a positron-emitting glucose analog that is taken up and metabolically trapped by the cells. The aim of this study was to optimize the radioactive labeling of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) in vitro with 18F-FDG and to investigate the potential radiotoxic effects of this labeling procedure with a range of techniques, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Methods: Mouse MSCs and rat MAPCs were used for 18F-FDG uptake kinetics and tracer retention studies. Cell metabolic activity, proliferation, differentiation and ultrastructural changes after labeling were evaluated using an Alamar Blue reagent, doubling time calculations and quantitative TEM, respectively. Additionally, mice were injected with MSCs and MAPCs prelabeled with 18F-FDG, and stem cell biodistribution was investigated using small-animal PET. Results: The optimal incubation period for 18F-FDG uptake was 60 min. Significant early tracer washout was observed, with approximately 30%–40% of the tracer being retained inside the cells 3 h after labeling. Cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation capacity were not severely affected by 18F-FDG labeling. No major changes at the ultrastructural level, considering mitochondrial length, lysosome size, the number of lysosomes, the number of vacuoles, and the average rough endoplasmic reticulum width, were observed with TEM. Small-animal PET experiments with radiolabeled MAPCs and MSCs injected intravenously in mice showed a predominant accumulation in the lungs and a substantial elution of 18F-FDG from the cells. Conclusion: MSCs and MAPCs can be successfully labeled with 18F-FDG for molecular imaging purposes. The main cellular properties are not rigorously affected. TEM confirmed that the cells’ ultrastructural properties are not influenced by 18F-FDG labeling. Small-animal PET studies confirmed the intracellular location of the tracer and the possibility of imaging injected prelabeled stem cell types in vivo. Therefore, direct labeling of MSCs and MAPCs with 18F-FDG is a suitable technique to noninvasively assess cell delivery and early retention with PET.
Histological and MS spectrometric analyses of the modified tissue of bulgy form tadpoles induced by salamander predation

Summary The rapid induction of a defensive morphology by a prey species in face of a predation risk is an intriguing in ecological context; however, the physiological mechanisms that underlie this phenotypic plasticity remain uncertain. Here we investigated the phenotypic changes shown by Rana pirica tadpoles in response to a predation threat by larvae of the salamander Hynobius retardatus. One such response is the bulgy morph phenotype, a relatively rapid swelling in size by the tadpoles that begins within 4 days and reaches a maximum at 8 to 10 days. We found that although the total volume of bodily fluid increased significantly (P<0.01) in bulgy morph tadpoles, osmotic pressure was maintained at the same level as control tadpoles by a significant increase (P<0.01) in Na and Cl ion concentrations. In our previous report, we identified a novel frog gene named pirica that affects the waterproofing of the skin membrane in tadpoles. Our results support the hypothesis that predator-induced expression of pirica on the skin membrane causes retention of absorbed water. Midline sections of bulgy morph tadpoles showed the presence of swollen connective tissue beneath the skin that was sparsely composed of cells containing hyaluronic acid. Mass spectrographic (LC-MS/MS) analysis identified histone H3 and 14-3-3 zeta as the most abundant constituents in the liquid aspirated from the connective tissue of bulgy tadpoles. Immunohistochemistry using antibodies against these proteins showed the presence of non-chromatin associated histone H3 in the swollen connective tissue. Histones and 14-3-3 proteins are also involved in antimicrobial activity and secretion of antibacterial proteins, respectively. Bulgy tadpoles have a larger surface area than controls, and their skin often has bite wounds inflicted by the larval salamanders. Thus, formation of the bulgy morph may also require and be supported by activation of innate immune systems.
Game Theoretic Analysis of Post Handoff Target Channel Sharing in Cognitive Radio Networks

Handoff in cognitive radio networks (CRNs) is a situation that arises whenever a secondary user (SU) has to switch from its current channel to a new target channel in case the primary user (PU) reclaims the current channel. Often when a SU switches to a target channel, it finds that it has to share the target channel with the coexistent users. These coexistent users can either be the interrupted or non-interrupted SUs who also wish to share the same channel. Long waiting in a queue or simultaneous access to the channel may decrease the SU's and network's throughput considerably. The SUs may even behave selfishly to maximize their own throughput. This paper analyzes the interactions and behavior of the SUs during the target channel sharing through non-cooperative, mixed strategic, and cooperative games. The benefits of the SUs and the overall network is analyzed by finding the Nash equilibrium and the Nash bargaining solution (NBS) for the non-cooperative, mixed strategy, and cooperative game respectively.
Isolation Enhancement of a Very Compact UWB-MIMO Slot Antenna With Two Defected Ground Structures

A very compact ultrawideband (UWB) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with high isolation is presented in this letter. The proposed antenna, consisting of two UWB slot antennas, has a very compact size of 22 ×26 mm2, which is smaller than most of UWB antennas only with single antenna element. A T-shaped slot is etched on the ground to improve the impedance matching characteristic in the low-frequency and reduce the mutual coupling for the frequencies ≥ 4 GHz. By etching a line slot to cancel out original coupling, isolation enhancement at the 3-4 GHz band is achieved. The antenna possesses a low mutual coupling of less than - 18 dB over the operating band from 3.1-10.6 GHz. The performance of this antenna both by simulation and by experiment indicates that the proposed antenna is a good candidate for UWB applications.
Bearing capacity of circular footing on geocell reinforced sand deposit under cyclic loading

Sand has the characteristics of low bending and tensile strength. One of the methods to improve the bearing capacity of sand is using geocell, in which the sand is improved through the interaction between the sand and geocell, and through the sand mattress effects as a result of sand filling the pockets of geocell. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of geocell reinforcement on the bearing capacity of circular footing on sand deposit under static and low frequency cyclic loading through the laboratory physical model tests and numerical simulations using ABAQUS 3-D finite element software. The laboratory physical model tests had been carried out using 75 mm diameter (D) circular footing on sand reinforced with geocell, placed at various depth ratio (u/D). The geocell had a 450 mm length, various width (b) and height (h). Homogeneous sand was formed in box models of 620 mm length, 620 mm width and 500 mm height. The relative densities of sand used were 30% and 70%. The ultimate bearing capacity (qu) obtained at the settlement (s) equals to 10%D was used as the basis for calculating the cyclic stress amplitude in the cyclic tests. The frequency of 0.067 Hz and three cyclic stress amplitudes of 0.15qu, 0.25qu and 0.4qu were used. Three patterns of geocell were tested; honeycomb, diamond and chevron. In the numerical simulation, the infill sand was modeled using the Mohr-Coulomb and the geocell was modeled using linear elastic. The optimum u/D was found as 0.1. The settlement ratio (s/D) increased with the number of cycles and reached a sensibly constant maximum value of less than 10% at high number of load cycles. The s/D correlates linearly with the cyclic stress amplitude and relative density. The correlation equations obtained can be used as preliminary design charts. There were good agreements between the results from numerical and experimental models indicating high reliability for prediction of low frequency of cyclically loaded behavior of footing. The static extra safety factor, Fe of between 1.1 to 1.17 was suggested to be used together with the global factor of safety when calculating the safe bearing capacity. Fe depends on relative density and pattern of geocell. The cyclic extra safety factor, Fc is recommended to be used if utilising the settlement obtained from numerical modelling to calculate the expected settlement to be achieved. The range of Fc for unreinforced sand deposits is between 0.8 and 0.9 while it is 0.9 to 0.93 for geocell reinforced sand deposits. The values depend on the pattern of geocell reinforcement, relative density and cyclic stress amplitude. The results revealed that all patterns of geocell increased the bearing capacity of sand under static load and reduced the settlement under cyclic loading, but with more significant improvement in dense sand. The chevron pattern gives the most beneficial effect compared to the honeycomb and diamond pattern of geocell.
Assessing the Skill of Yes/No Predictions

Summary Should healthy, middle‐aged women receive precautionary mammograms? Should trauma surgeons use the popular TRISS score to predict the likelihood of patient survival? These are examples of questions confronting us when we decide whether to use a yes/no prediction. In order to trust a prediction we must show that it is more valuable than would be our best guess of the future in the absence of the prediction. Calculating value means identifying our loss should the prediction err and examining the past performance of the prediction with respect to that loss. A statistical test to do this is developed. Predictions that pass this test are said to have skill. Only skillful predictions should be used. Graphical and numerical methods to identify skill will be demonstrated. The usefulness of mammograms is explored.
Association of IRF8 gene polymorphisms with autoimmune thyroid disease

The occurrence of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is known to have a major adverse effect on interferon (INF)‐α treatment. The genetic variant of the INF regulatory factor 8 (IRF8), a type 1 INF regulator, is associated with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. In this study, we investigated possible associations of the IRF8 polymorphisms, rs17445836 and rs2280381, with AITD in an ethnic Chinese population.
Addition of dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine in transversus abdominis plane block potentiates post-operative pain relief among abdominal hysterectomy patients: A prospective randomized controlled trial

Background: Dexmedetomidine is an alpha 2 adrenergic agonist, prolongs analgesia when used in neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks. We studied the effect of addition of dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine to perform transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 patients scheduled for abdominal hysterectomy were divided into two equal groups in a randomized double-blinded way. Group B patients (n = 25) received TAP block with 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine and 2 ml of normal saline while Group BD (n = 25) received 0.5 mcg/kg (2 ml) of dexmedetomidine and 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine bilaterally. Time for first analgesic administration, totally used doses of morphine, pain scores, hemodynamic data and side-effects were recorded. Results: Demographic and operative characteristics were comparable between the two groups. The time for the first analgesic dose was longer in Group BD than Group B (470 vs. 280 min, P < 0.001) and the total doses of used morphine were less among Group BD patients in comparison to those in Group B (19 vs. 29 mg/24 h, P < 0.001). Visual analog scores were significantly lower in Group BD in the first 8 h post-operatively when compared with Group B, both at rest and on coughing (P < 0.001). In Group BD, lower heart rate was noticed 60 min from the induction time and continued for the first 4 h post-operatively (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The addition of dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine in TAP block achieves better local anesthesia and provides better pain control post-operatively without any major side-effects.
Association of eHealth Literacy With Cancer Information Seeking and Prior Experience With Cancer Screening

Cancer is a critical disease with a high mortality rate in the US. Although useful information exists on the Internet, many people experience difficulty finding information about cancer prevention because they have limited eHealth literacy. This study aimed to identify relationships between the level of eHealth literacy and cancer information seeking experience or prior experience with cancer screeningtests. A total of 108 adults participated in this study through questionnaires. Data covering demographics, eHealth literacy, cancer information seeking experience, educational needs for cancer information searching, and previous cancer screening tests were obtained. Study findings show that the level of eHealth literacy influences cancer information seeking. Individuals with low eHealth literacy are likely to be less confident about finding cancer information. In addition, people who have a low level of eHealth literacy need more education about seeking information than do those with a higher level of eHealth literacy. However, there is no significant relationship between eHealth literacy and cancer screening tests. More people today are using the Internet for access to information to maintain good health. It is therefore critical to educate those with low eHealth literacy so they can better self-manage their health.
The 10+4 microfibril structure of thin cartilage fibrils

Determining the structure of cartilage collagen fibrils will provide insights into how mutations in collagen genes affect cartilage formation during skeletal morphogenesis and understanding the mechanism of fibril growth. The fibrils are indeterminate in size, heteropolymeric, and highly cross-linked, which make them refractory to analysis by conventional high-resolution structure determination techniques. Electron microscopy has been limited to making simple measurements of fibril diameter and immunolocalizing certain molecules at the fibril surface. Consequently, structural information on the fibrils is limited. In this study we have used scanning transmission electron microscopic mass mapping, analysis of axial stain exclusion pattern, and r-weighted back-projection techniques to determine the intermediate resolution (to ≈4 nm) structure of thin collagen fibrils from embryonic cartilage. The analyses show that the fibrils are constructed from a 10+4 microfibrillar arrangement in which a core of four microfibrils is surrounded by a ring of 10 microfibrils. Accurate mass measurements predict that each microfibril contains five collagen molecules in cross-section. Based on the proportion of collagen II, IX, and XI in the fibrils, the fibril core comprises two microfibrils each of collagen II and collagen XI. Single molecules of collagen IX presumably occur at the fibril surface between the extended N-terminal domains of collagen XI. The 10+4 microfibril structure explains the mechanism of diameter limitation in the narrow fibrils and the absence of narrow collagen fibrils in cartilage lacking collagen XI.
Statistical Dependency Parsing of Four Treebanks

Multilingual dependency parsing is gaining popularity in recent years for several reasons. Dependency structures are more adequate for languages with freer word order than the traditional constituency notion. There is a growing availability of dependency treebanks for new languages. Broad coverage statistical dependency parsers are available and easily portable to new languages. Dependency parsing can provide useful contributions in areas such as information extraction, machine translation and question answering, among others. In addition, syntactic head-dependent pairs are a good interface between the traditional phrase structures and semantic theta roles. In this paper we present the learning curves of a statistical dependency parser for four languages: Arabic, Bulgarian, Italian and Slovene. We discuss issues that mostly concern the employed annotation scheme for each treebank with an emphasis on coordinated structures.
Clinically relevant radiographic progression in joint destruction in RA patients with abnormal MMP-3 or high levels of CRP despite 1-year treatment with infliximab

Abstract Objective: Identify the independently related factors of joint destruction progression in RA patients despite of infliximab treatment. Methods: The subjects were cases who underwent infliximab treatment for one year or longer in our department (n = 244). Patients in which modified total sharp score (mTSS), joint erosion (JE), and joint space narrowing (JSN) had advanced to the standard value (3.0) or more for one year were defined as mTSS- Clinically-Relevant-Rapid Progression (CRRP) (n = 20), JE-CRRP (n = 20), and JSN-CRRP (n = 23), and the respective related factors at baseline and week 54 were defined by multiple logistic regression. Results: The median disease duration was 24 months and median mTSS 9.0 at baseline. The median DAS28, CRP, and yearly progression of mTSS improved from 5.8 to 2.6, 1.2 to 0.1 mg/dL, and 4.4 to 0.0 point/year, respectively. The related factor in each of mTSS-CRRP, JE-CRRP, and JSN-CRRP was high CRP levels at baseline. At week 54, the related factor of mTSS-CRRP and JSN-CRRP was high MMP-3 titer; however, the related factor of JE-CRRP was high CRP levels. Conclusion: High CRP levels at baseline were an independent predictive factor of joint destruction advancement during infliximab treatment. Moreover, it was believed that abnormal MMP-3 at week 54 was the index for mTSS and JSN advancement, while high CRP levels were the index for JE advancement.
NeuroVR 2 - A Free Virtual Reality Platform for the Assessment and Treatment in Behavioral Health Care

At MMVR 2007 we presented NeuroVR (http://www.neurovr.org) a free virtual reality platform based on open-source software. The software allows non-expert users to adapt the content of 14 pre-designed virtual environments to the specific needs of the clinical or experimental setting. Following the feedbacks of the 2000 users who downloaded the first versions (1 and 1.5), we developed a new version--NeuroVR 2 (http://www.neurovr2.org)--that improves the possibility for the therapist to enhance the patient's feeling of familiarity and intimacy with the virtual scene, by using external sounds, photos or videos. More, when running a simulation, the system offers a set of standard features that contribute to increase the realism of the simulated scene. These include collision detection to control movements in the environment, realistic walk-style motion, advanced lighting techniques for enhanced image quality, and streaming of video textures using alpha channel for transparency.
Work-Lifestyle Choices in the 21st Century: Preference Theory

1. Introduction 2. The failure to predict 3. Causes of the new scenario 4. The polarisation of preferences and behaviour 5. Things are different in the younger generation 6. Heterogeneous preferences 7. Marriage markets and educational equality 8. Policy applications 9. Preferences among men 10. Conclusion
FCMAC-AARS: A Novel FNN Architecture for Stock Market Prediction and Trading

A novel fuzzy neural network architecture, the approximate analogical reasoning based fuzzy CMAC (FCMAC-AARS), is proposed. AARS is incorporated into the fuzzy CMAC structure as it is conceptually clearer and more computationally efficient than the CRI and TVR fuzzy inference schemes. A prediction and trading framework has been proposed which exploits the price percentage oscillator (PPO) for input preprocessing and trading decision making. Numerical experiments conducted on real-life stock data confirm the validity of the design and the performance of the FCMAC-AARS system.
Porters versus rowers: a unified stochastic model of motor proteins

We present a general phenomenological theory for chemical to mechanical energy transduction by motor enzymes which is based on the classical "tight-coupling" mechanism. The associated minimal stochastic model takes explicitly into account both ATP hydrolysis and thermal noise effects. It provides expressions for the hydrolysis rate and the sliding velocity, as functions of the ATP concentration and the number of motor enzymes. It explains in a unified way many results of recent in vitro motility assays. More importantly, the theory provides a natural classification scheme for the motors: it correlates the biochemical and mechanical differences between "porters" such as cellular kinesins or dyneins, and "rowers" such as muscular myosins or flagellar dyneins.