Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Capital as an Origin of Unemployment and Wage Inequality

Does capital-embodied technological change play an important role in shaping labor market outcomes? This paper addresses this question by examining how vintage capital interacts with labor market imperfections —modeled as search/matching frictions— to determine wage inequality and unemployment. The theoretical framework di¤ers from the standard literature in an important dimension, as it allows for heterogeneous vacancies. The paper . rst demonstrates analytically how both technology growth and institutional variables a¤ect labor market outcomes. Next, it applies the model to study quantitatively the U.S./U.K.–Continental Europe comparison: an embodied technological acceleration interacted with di¤erent labor market institutions can explain most of the di¤erential rise in unemployment, and some (but less) of the di¤erential dynamics of wage inequality. ¤We thank Balthazar Manzano, Claudio Michelacci, Gilles Saint-Paul, and Chris Pissarides for their comments, and seminar participants at ESSIM 2000 (Tarragona), Exeter, Bristol, Bank of England, LSE, TMS 2001 (Toulouse) and Southampton. Any opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily re‡ect those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond or the Federal Reserve System. For correspondence, our e-mail addresses are: andreas.hornstein@rich.frb. org, pekr@troi.cc. rochester.edu, and g.violante@ucl.ac. uk. yFederal Reserve Bank of Richmond. zUniversity of Rochester, Institute for International Economic Studies, and CEPR. xUniversity College London, Institute of Fiscal Studies, and CEPR.
The Complexity of Flow Analysis in Higher-Order Languages

This dissertation proves lower bounds on the inherent difficulty of deciding flow analysis problems in higher-order programming languages. We give exact characterizations of the computational complexity of 0CFA, the kCFA hierarchy, and related analyses. In each case, we precisely capture both the expressiveness and feasibility of the analysis, identifying the elements responsible for the trade-off. 0CFA is complete for polynomial time. This result relies on the insight that when a program is linear (each bound variable occurs exactly once), the analysis makes no approximation; abstract and concrete interpretation coincide, and therefore program analysis becomes evaluation under another guise. Moreover, this is true not only for 0CFA, but for a number of further approximations to 0CFA. In each case, we derive polynomial time completeness results. For any k > 0, kCFA is complete for exponential time. Even when k = 1, the distinction in binding contexts results in a limited form of closures, which do not occur in 0CFA. This theorem validates empirical observations that kCFA is intractably slow for any k > 0. There is, in the worst case—and plausibly, in practice—no way to tame the cost of the analysis. Exponential time is required. The empirically observed intractability of this analysis can be understood as being inherent in the approximation problem being solved, rather than reflecting unfortunate gaps in our programming abilities.
The epipolar constraint in geometric algebra and the self-calibration problem

In this paper we propose a new approach to the camera self-calibration problem, based on geometric algebra. After a brief introduction on the adopted Clifford algebra framework, we provide new insight on the epipolar constraint as defined in terms of bivectors. On the basis of that, we propose a novel solution for the simultanous determination of the focal lengths of the cameras and the rigid motion between views.
Let there be light, but just enough: The end of cheap energy gave the lighting industry a corporate headache and the user more lumens per watt

On December 13, 1973, the Federal Energy Office (FEO) — now the Federal Energy Administration (FEA) — issued a fact sheet on national energy conservation that called for the reduction of lighting in all commercial and industrial buildings, including retail establishments, factories, and offices. The nonmandatory guidelines specified lighting levels of 50 footcandles at workstations, 30 footcandles for general work and sales areas, and 10 to 15 footcandles in hallways and corridors.
Structural and Functional Analysis of the Chick Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan (Aggrecan) Promoter and Enhancer Region*

Aggrecan is a large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, the expression of which is both tissue-specific and developmentally regulated. Here we report the cloning and sequencing of the 1.8-kilobase genomic 5′ flanking sequence of the chick aggrecan gene and provide a functional and structural characterization of its promoter and enhancer region. Sequence analysis reveals potential Sp1, AP2, and NF-I related sites, as well as several putative transcription factor binding sites, including the cartilage-associated silencers CIIS1 and CIIS2. A number of these transcription factor binding motifs are embedded in a sequence flanked by prominent inverted repeats. Although lacking a classic TATA box, there are two instances in the 1.8-kb genomic fragment of TATA-like TCTAA sequences, as have been defined previously in other promoter regions. Primer extension and S1 protection analyses reveal three major transcription start sites, also located between the inverted repeats. Transient transfections of chick sternal chondrocytes and fibroblasts with reporter plasmids bearing progressively reduced portions of the aggrecan promoter region allowed mapping of chondrocyte-specific transcription enhancer and silencer elements that are consistent with the sequence analysis. These findings suggest the importance of this regulatory region in the tissue-specific expression of the chick aggrecan gene.
Beyond Impunity: Can International Criminal Justice Prevent Future Atrocities?

Although still in the early stages of their institutional life, die International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and for Rwanda (ICTR) provide a unique empirical basis for evaluating the impact of international criminaljustice on postconflict peace building. The pursuit of justice may be dismissed as a well-intentioned, but futile, ritualistic attempt to restore equilibrium to a moral universe overwhelmed by evil. Moreover, measuring the capacity of punishment to prevent criminal conduct is an elusive undertaking, especially when a society is gripped by widespread habitual violence and an inverted morality has elevated otherwise “deviant” crimes to the highest expression of group loyalty. Yet an appreciation of die determinate causes of such large-scale violence demonstrates that stigmatization of criminal conduct may have far-reaching consequences, promoting postconflict reconciliation and changing die broader rules of international relations and legitimacy.
On Visual Clothing Search

Clothes products contain many characteristics which are difficult to describe in keywords, such as texture, shape, or the relationship between object and space. Based on this issue, we develop an image-based visual clothing retrieval system, which extracts and uses the features of clothing images to find objects that are difficult to describe by text, or without text annotations. We integrate techniques from image processing and information retrieval, and develop our retrieval system which provides region-of-interest visual search. Experiment on an image database with about 1891 clothing images shows that our approach is effective and efficient.
Pathological Internet Use and Risk-Behaviors among European Adolescents

Risk-behaviors are a major contributor to the leading causes of morbidity among adolescents and young people; however, their association with pathological Internet use (PIU) is relatively unexplored, particularly within the European context. The main objective of this study is to investigate the association between risk-behaviors and PIU in European adolescents. This cross-sectional study was conducted within the framework of the FP7 European Union project: Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE). Data on adolescents were collected from randomized schools within study sites across eleven European countries. PIU was measured using Young’s Diagnostic Questionnaire (YDQ). Risk-behaviors were assessed using questions procured from the Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS). A total of 11,931 adolescents were included in the analyses: 43.4% male and 56.6% female (M/F: 5179/6752), with a mean age of 14.89 ± 0.87 years. Adolescents reporting poor sleeping habits and risk-taking actions showed the strongest associations with PIU, followed by tobacco use, poor nutrition and physical inactivity. Among adolescents in the PIU group, 89.9% were characterized as having multiple risk-behaviors. The significant association observed between PIU and risk-behaviors, combined with a high rate of co-occurrence, underlines the importance of considering PIU when screening, treating or preventing high-risk behaviors among adolescents.
Progression of aging in Mexico: the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) 2012.

OBJECTIVE To describe the third wave of the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS), completed in 2012, and present preliminary results. MATERIALS AND METHODS Descriptive analyses by gender and age group of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, health conditions and health behaviors, as well as social support and life satisfaction measures are presented. In addition, external validations are presented by comparing MHAS 2012 indicators with other national data sources. RESULTS For the panel of older adults in the sample, the rate of health care insurance coverage increased greatly between 2001 and 2012, a significantly higher change in rural compared to urban areas. The results for 2012 are consistent with the previous two waves for the main indicators of health and physical disability prevalence, risk factors,and behaviors. CONCLUSIONS The MHAS offers a unique opportunity to study aging in Mexico, as well as to complete cross-national comparisons. The cumulative number of deaths in the cohort should support the study of mortality and its association with health outcomes and behaviors over the life cycle. In addition, the sub-samples of objective markers will enable methodological research on self-reports and associations of biomarkers in old age with similar health outcomes and behaviors.
Garner and Bemis (1982): ‘A cognitive-behavioral approach to anorexia nervosa’

It is interesting to ask ourselves the question – what makes for a ‘classic paper’? For me, it must offer something new. It might be a paper that helps us to further our theoretical understanding of clinical phenomena, or one that offers new directions in clinical practice. It should also withstand the test of time, continuing to hold relevance years down the line. When I recall the early papers that I read in my attempts to understand the enigma that is anorexia nervosa, my mind turns to the work of Kelly Vitousek (formally Bemis) and colleagues. In this article, I will summarise the theoretical model and the outline of treatment as laid out in their paper, before discussing subsequent developments in cognitive behaviour therapy that allow us to assess how well their original work has stood the test of time.
Towards an automated production of legal texts using recurrent neural networks

This paper constructs a legal text generation and assembly system in the domain of international investment law. We rely on a corpus of 1600+ bilateral investment treaties split into 22 600 articles to train a character-level recurrent neural network (char-RNN). Prior work [1] has shown that while char-RNNs can produce legally meaningful texts, its output tends to be repetitive. In this contribution, we remedy this shortcoming by proposing a new framework for RNN-based text production. First, we elicit priors at the training stage to give more weight to under-represented treaty practice. Second, we use q-gram distance and GloVe word embeddings [12] as filters imposed on the generated texts to draw them closer to a target document. Third, we develop a validation routine that compares the distribution of pre-defined legal concepts in actual and generated texts. Our results indicate that the RNN produces texts that are not repetitive and convey meaningful legal concepts. We conclude by showcasing a practical application of our framework by predicting provisions of the USA-China bilateral investment treaty currently under negotiation.
Gene toxicity studies on titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanomaterials used for UV-protection in cosmetic formulations

Abstract Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanomaterials, used as UV protecting agents in sunscreens, were investigated for their potential genotoxicity in in vitro and in vivo test systems. Since standard OECD test methods are designed for soluble materials and genotoxicity testing for nanomaterials is still under revision, a battery of standard tests was used, covering different endpoints. Additionally, a procedure to disperse the nanomaterials in the test media and careful characterization of the dispersed test item was added to the testing methods. No genotoxicity was observed in vitro (Ames' Salmonella gene mutation test and V79 micronucleus chromosome mutation test) or in vivo (mouse bone marrow micronucleus test and Comet DNA damage assay in lung cells from rats exposed by inhalation). These results add to the still limited data base on genotoxicity test results with nanomaterials and provide congruent results of a battery of standard OECD test methods applied to nanomaterials.
Functional and Photochemical Characterization of a Light‐Driven Proton Pump from the Gammaproteobacterium Pantoea vagans

Photoactive retinal proteins are widely distributed throughout the domains of the microbial world (i.e., bacteria, archaea, and eukarya). Here we describe three retinal proteins belonging to a phylogenetic clade with a unique DTG motif. Light‐induced decrease in the environmental pH and its inhibition by carbonyl cyanide m‐chlorophenylhydrazone revealed that these retinal proteins function as light‐driven outward electrogenic proton pumps. We further characterized one of these proteins, Pantoea vagans rhodopsin (PvR), spectroscopically. Visible spectroscopy and high‐performance liquid chromatography revealed that PvR has an absorption maximum at 538 nm with the retinal chromophore predominantly in the all‐trans form (>90%) under both dark and light conditions. We estimated the pKa values of the protonated Schiff base of the retinal chromophore and its counterion as approximately 13.5 and 2.1, respectively, by using pH titration experiments, and the photochemical reaction cycle of PvR was measured by time‐resolved flash‐photolysis in the millisecond timeframe. We observed a blue‐shifted and a red‐shifted intermediate, which we assigned as M‐like and O‐like intermediates, respectively. Decay of the M‐like intermediate was highly sensitive to environmental pH, suggesting that proton uptake is coupled to decay of the M‐like intermediate. From these results, we propose a putative model for the photoreaction of PvR.
Elucidating the Specificity Determinants of the AtxE2 Lasso Peptide Isopeptidase*

Lasso peptide isopeptidase is an enzyme that specifically hydrolyzes the isopeptide bond of lasso peptides, rendering these peptides linear. To carry out a detailed structure-activity analysis of the lasso peptide isopeptidase AtxE2 from Asticcacaulis excentricus, we solved NMR structures of its substrates astexin-2 and astexin-3. Using in vitro enzyme assays, we show that the C-terminal tail portion of these peptides is dispensable with regards to isopeptidase activity. A collection of astexin-2 and astexin-3 variants with alanine substitutions at each position within the ring and the loop was constructed, and we showed that all of these peptides except for one were cleaved by the isopeptidase. Thus, much like the lasso peptide biosynthetic enzymes, lasso peptide isopeptidase has broad substrate specificity. Quantitative analysis of the cleavage reactions indicated that alanine substitutions in loop positions of these peptides led to reduced cleavage, suggesting that the loop is serving as a recognition element for the isopeptidase.
A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial to Evaluate Blood Pressure Changes in Patients Undergoing Extraction under Local Anesthesia With Vasopressor Use

AbstractThe control of hypertensive patients’ blood pressure and heart rate using vasoconstrictors during surgical procedures under anesthesia is still a major concern in everyday surgical practice. This clinical trial aimed to evaluate the variation of blood pressure and heart rate in nonhypertensive and controlled hypertensive voluntary subjects undergoing oral surgery under local anesthesia with lidocaine hydrochloride and epinephrine at 1:100,000 (Alphacaine; DFL, Brazil), performed in the Oral Surgery Department, Dentistry School, Fluminense Federal University. In total, 25 voluntary subjects were divided into 2 groups: nonhypertensive (n = 15) and controlled hypertensives (n = 10). Blood pressure and heart rate were measured at 4 different times: T0, in the waiting room; T1, after placement of the surgical drapes; T2, 10 minutes after anesthesia injection; and T3, at the end of the surgical procedure. A statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) between the groups was found at times T0 and T2 for the systolic pressure but only at time T0 for the diastolic pressure. The assessment of the heart rate of both groups showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) at time T1. An analysis of the employed anesthetic volume indicated no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) between the amount administered to nonhypertensive and hypertensive subjects. It was concluded that the local anesthetics studied could safely be used in controlled hypertensive and nonhypertensive patients in compliance with the maximum recommended doses.
Post-Exercise Affect: The Effect of Mode Preference

It has been suggested that the performance of preferred modes of exercise will serve to maximize the affective response to exercise. Support has come from work that has shown the effect of exercise on affect to be mediated by enjoyment. However, there is a need to compare modes of exercise that differ in preference and enjoyment, yet are similar in intensity, duration and muscle group. This experiment was designed to achieve this aim. Thirty-four college-aged women completed 20 minutes of exercise on high and low preference modes of continuous exercise. Intensity was maintained at 65–75% of HRR. Affect was measured by the PANAS, collected prior to and at 5, 20, and 40 min post exercise. Results provided partial support for the hypothesis as mode preference moderated the improvement in positive affect, with no effect on the reduction in negative affect. Interestingly, regardless of mode preference, enjoyment ratings were found to mediate the change in both positive and negative affect.
What Occurs Once Consumers Complain? A Theoretical Model for Understanding Satisfaction/ Dissatisfaction Outcomes of Complaint Responses

Understanding the source and effects of consumer satisfaction offers significant implications for researchers and practitioners. Although research into satisfaction as an output of consumption experience is growing, studies exploring (dis)satisfaction as an outcome of dissatisfaction responses have been scant. TARP reports suggest that investigating the conditions under which complaints can be converted into satisfaction is critical for enhancing marketing effectiveness. To help guide such an investigation, a theoretical model of processes that underlie the link between consumer complaint responses (CCR) and their subsequent satisfaction/dissatisfaction is proposed. This model is based on extant theories of consumer behaviour, and in particular the confirmation/ disconfirmation of expectations paradigm. We then use the model to help explain empirical research in the area and propose testable hypotheses. Finally, several directions are outlined for programmatic research into this important but neglected area.
The Shikimate Pathway as an Entry to Aromatic Secondary Metabolism

The shikimate pathway is often referred to as the common aromatic biosynthetic pathway, even though nature does not synthesize all aromatic compounds by this route. This metabolic sequence converts the primary metabolites PEP and erythrose-4-P to chorismate, the last common precursor for the three aromatic amino acids Phe, Tyr, and Trp and for p-amino and p-hydroxy benzoate (Fig. 1). The shikimate pathway is found in bacteria, fungi, and plants. In monogastric animals, Phe and Trp are essential amino acids that have to come with the diet and Tyr is directly derived from Phe. Since bacteria use in excess of 90% of their metabolic energy for protein biosynthesis, for most prokaryotes, the three aromatic amino acids represent nearly the entire output of aromatic biosynthesis, and regulatory mechanisms for shikimate pathway activity are triggered by the intracellular concentrations of Phe, Tyr, and Trp. This is not so in higher plants, in which the aromatic amino acids are the precursors for a large variety of secondary metabolites with aromatic ring structures that often make up a substantial amount of the total dry weight of a plant. Among the many aromatic secondary metabolites are flavonoids, many phytoalexins, indole acetate, alkaloids such as morphine, UV light protectants, and,
Fast Poisson solvers for thermal analysis

Accurate and efficient thermal analysis for a VLSI chip is crucial, both for sign-off reliability verification and for design-time circuit optimization. To determine an accurate temperature profile, it is important to simulate a die together with its thermal mounts: this requires solving Poisson's equation on a non-rectangular 3D domain. This paper presents a class of eigendecomposition-based fast Poisson solvers (FPS) for chiplevel thermal analysis. We start with a solver that solves a rectangular 3D domain with mixed boundary conditions in O(NlogN) time, where N is the dimension of the finite-difference matrix. Then we reveal, for the first time in the literature, a strong relation between fast Poisson solvers and Green-function-based methods. Finally, we propose an FPS method that leverages the preconditioned conjugate gradient method to solve non-rectangular 3D domains efficiently. We demonstrate that this approach solves a system of dimension 5.33e6 in only 11 Conjugate Gradient iterations, with a runtime of 171 seconds, a 6X speedup over the popular ICCG solver.
REASONING AND A SENSE OF REALITY

An experiment was performed to determine whether the use of realistic materials would improve performance in a deceptive reasoning problem. The task involved selecting from a set of envelopes those which, if they were turned over, could violate a given rule. The rule concerned either a realistic relation (‘if a letter is sealed, then it has a 50 lire stamp on it’) or else an arbitrary relation between symbols (‘if a letter has an A on one side, then it has a 3 on the other side’). Twenty-two of the 24 subjects made at least one correct answer with the realistic material but only seven of them did so with the symbolic materials. The verbal formulation of the rule was also varied but yielded only a marginal interaction with the main variable. It is argued that the critical factor is the intrinsic connexion between items rather than their specific nature.
Factors associated with drop-out from a couples therapy clinic

Demographic information and pre-treatment self-rated measures of mood (depression and anxiety), marital state and sexual satisfaction for 22 couples receiving conjoint couples therapy were analysed to determine their association with drop-out from therapy. Couples from non-white (UK/Irish) origins showed a significantly higher rate of attrition from therapy. No other factor was found to be associated with higher rates of drop-out. This finding is discussed with respect to the relevant literature and actions are suggested to rectify the apparent failure of couples therapists to provide a satisfactory service to clients from ethnic minority groups.