Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Single unit and local field potential activity during reward processing in the human ventral striatum - Supplemental Material

We designed our experimental task based on previous experience with behavioral tasks in the intraoperative environment [1] raised the concern that patients would suffer a lack of motivation during a study if a complicated reward-learning paradigm was attempted. In previous DBS surgeries, we found that single unit activity recorded from the ventral striatum is minimal unless patients are prompted to contemplate pleasant thoughts, specifically pleasant images or sensations. We therefore designed a study in which the participant played a simple video game in order to receive reward stimuli. During her pre-operative consultation, the participant performed a task in which her preferences for different categories of visual stimuli were assessed. The goal was to identify the most and least preferred categories of stimuli to insure that the images used as reward stimuli during the intraoperative task were salient to the individual, and therefore more likely to elicit a response in reward-sensitive cells in the ventral striatum. Eleven categories were selected, and 120 different images from each category were compiled from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) database and supplemented from additional internet image archives [2]. The categories were selected in an attempt to appeal to a range of aesthetic tastes. The eleven categories were: pictures of attractive men, pictures of attractive women, pictures of celebrities of both sexes, pictures of beautiful nature scenery, pictures of beautiful urban/structure scenery, pictures of savory foods, pictures of sweet foods, pictures of smoking/cigarette paraphernalia, pictures of alcoholic beverages and alcohol paraphernalia, pictures of cute animals, and pictures of desirable cars. The pre-operative preference-ranking task consisted of repeated presentation of randomly selected images from each category with no repeated presentations. The participant saw representative images from two categories at one time, and was instructed to click either the left or right response button to indicate which image she preferred to view. Preferences were ranked using the Tideman method of ranked pairs [3]. Response time was held to a maximum of 2 seconds per image pair, although in practice the participant
Prophylactic Ondansetron for the Prevention of Intrathecal Fentanyl- or Sufentanil-Mediated Pruritus: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials

BACKGROUND:Pruritus is a common side effect of intrathecal fentanyl or sufentanil that decreases patient satisfaction and may delay hospital discharge. There are conflicting reports about the efficacy of prophylactic ondansetron in reducing the incidence of pruritus. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the effect of prophylactic ondansetron on the incidence of intrathecal fentanyl- or sufentanil-mediated pruritus and the need for rescue treatment. METHODS:A systematic search on PubMed, Medline, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from January 1, 1994, to January 1, 2014, was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of prophylactic ondansetron on pruritus associated with intrathecal fentanyl or sufentanil were included. The primary outcome was the incidence of pruritus, and the secondary outcome was patients’ need for rescue therapy. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the outcomes in obstetric and nonobstetric patients and in patients who received ondansetron before or after intrathecal opioid injection. Analyses used random-effect models. RESULTS:Six randomized controlled trials involving 555 patients were included. In the overall analysis, prophylactic ondansetron did not significantly decrease the incidence of pruritus, but there was a trend toward reduced rescue medication use (risk ratio [RR], 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.35–0.91; I2 = 0%; P = 0.02). Exploratory subgroups, including nonobstetric surgery patients and patients who received ondansetron before spinal opioid administration, also suggest a trend toward less rescue medication use (RR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.26–0.85; P = 0.01; and RR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.38–1.00; P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS:IV 8 mg prophylactic ondansetron does not decrease the incidence of fentanyl- or sufentanil-mediated pruritus but may decrease the need for pruritus rescue medication, particularly in specific subgroups. Randomized trials are needed to confirm these results.
Applications of space-time block codes and interference suppression for high capacity and high data rate wireless systems

This paper presents a combined interference suppression and ML decoding scheme for space-time block codes that can effectively suppress interference from other co-channel users while providing each user with a diversity benefit. We consider a multiuser environment with K synchronous co-channel users, each is equipped with N transmit antennas and uses the space-time block coding. By exploiting the temporal and spatial structure of these codes, we develop a minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) interference suppression technique. Assuming that the receiver uses M/spl ges/K receive antennas, these technique will perfectly suppress the interference from the K-1 co-channel space-time users and provide a diversity order of N/spl times/(M-K+1) to each of the K users. Moreover, this MMSE solution tends itself to an adaptive implementation and does not require any explicit knowledge about the interference. In conjunction with this interference suppression technique, we show how space-time block codes can be used to increasing the capacity and/or data rate of wireless communication systems.
A novel mutation within a transmembrane helix of the bile salt export pump (BSEP, ABCB11) with delayed development of cirrhosis

The bile salt export pump (BSEP, ABCB11) is essential for bile salt secretion at the canalicular membrane of liver cells. Clinical phenotypes associated with BSEP mutations are commonly categorized as benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC‐2) or progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC‐2).
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Human Resource is the most important asset for any organization and it is the source of achieving competitive advantage. Managing human resources is very challenging as compared to managing technology or capital and for its effective management, organization requires effective HRM system. HRM system should be backed up by sound HRM practices. HRM practices refer to organizational activities directed at managing the pool of human resources and ensuring that the resources are employed towards the fulfillment of organizational goals. This paper has been designed to review the existing literature available on HRM Practices. The purpose of this paper is to develop an understanding of HRM Practices and to examine the unique HRM practices implemented by different companies.
A practical theory for designing very deep convolutional neural networks

Going deep is essential for deep learning. However it is not easy, there are many ways of going deep but most of them are ineffective. In this work, we propose two novel constrains in the design of deep structure to guarantee the performance gain when going deep. Firstly, for each convolutional layer, its capacity of learning more complex patterns should be guaranteed; Secondly, the receptive ﬁeld of the topmost layer should be no larger than the image region. Given these two constrains, we cast the task of designing deep convolutional neural network into a constrained optimization problem. We present an analytic optimal solution under certain conditions.
Understanding Satisfied and Dissatisfied Hotel Customers: Text Mining of Online Hotel Reviews

This article aims to examine the underpinnings of satisfied and unsatisfied hotel customers. A text-mining approach was followed and online reviews by satisfied and dissatisfied customers were compared. Online reviews of 2,510 hotel guests were collected from TripAdvisor.com for Sarasota, Florida. The research findings revealed some common categories that are used in both positive and negative reviews, including place of business (e.g., hotel, restaurant, and club), room, furnishing, members, and sports. Study results further indicate that satisfied customers who are willing to recommend a hotel to others refer to intangible aspects of their hotel stay, such as staff members, more often than unsatisfied customers. On the other hand, dissatisfied customers mention more frequently the tangible aspects of the hotel stay, such as furnishing and finances. The study offers clear theoretical and managerial implications pertaining to understanding of satisfied and dissatisfied customers through the use of text mining and hotel ratings via review websites, social media, blogs, and other online platforms.
Sampling strategy in linkage studies of affective disorders

Synopsis Evidence of linkage in families of bipolar patients has so far been identified with genetic markers on chromosome X and 11. However, replications of these data have not consistently been reported in either case, which favours the hypothesis of genetic heterogeneity. Therefore, we have tried to outline a sampling strategy for linkage replication in affective disorders. We estimated the average number of nuclear families required to replicate X or 11 linkage as a function of the degree of heterogeneity as well as the number to prove heterogeneity given that linkage exists. The results are presented and discussed.
Comparative study of one‐step nucleic acid amplification assay, frozen section, and touch imprint cytology for intraoperative assessment of breast sentinel lymph node in Chinese patients

Conventional procedures for the intraoperative assessment of breast cancer sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) are frozen section (FS) and touch imprint cytology (TIC). The one‐step nucleic acid amplification (OSNA) assay is a novel molecular technique. The aim of this study was to evaluate the optimal approach by comparing OSNA assay, FS, and TIC. Five hundred and fifty‐two consecutive patients were enroled from five study centers in China. The SLNs were cut into alternating 2 mm blocks. The odd blocks were tested by the OSNA assay intraoperatively, and the even ones were assessed by postoperative histology (four 4‐ to 6‐μm‐thick sections were taken every 200 μm per block). In addition, intraoperative histological assessments were carried out on the even blocks of 211 patients by FS and all blocks of 552 patients by TIC. Overall performance of the assay compared to postoperative histology was: accuracy 91.4%; sensitivity 83.7%; and specificity 92.9%. The sensitivity of the assay was higher than FS (211 patients, 77.6% vs 69.7%; not significant, P = 0.286) and was significantly higher than TIC (552 patients, 83.6% vs 76.2%; P = 0.044). When assessing nodes with micrometastases, the sensitivity of the assay was higher than FS (17 nodes, 47.1% vs 23.5%; not significant, P = 0.289) and was significantly higher than TIC (48 nodes, 62.5% vs 35.4%; P = 0.007). The study indicated that the OSNA assay is an accurate and rapid intraoperative assay for assessing breast SLNs and it can replace FS and TIC for application in general medical practice. The trial was registered as: OSNA assay China Registration Study. Clinical trial registration number: China Breast Cancer Clinical Study Group 001c.
Carbohydrate Oxidation and Storage in Obese Non-insulin-dependent Diabetic Patients: Effects of Improving Glycemic Control

We have determined total body carbohydrate and lipid oxidation rates in response to a standard breakfast in nine obese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and in seven age-and weight-matched controls. The patients with NIDDM were studied twice, once while in poor glycemie control (fasting blood glucose concentration 267 ± 24 mg/dl, urinary glucose excretion 28.9 ± 6.3 g/24 h) and again after modest glycemie improvement following 2 mo of fiber treatment (fasting blood glucose 227 ±19 mg/dl, urinary glucose excretion 10.7 ±1.9 g/24 h). Basal carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation rates were normal in patients with NIDDM before and after fiber treatment. However, in patients before fiber treatment the rise in CHO oxidation rates, the reciprocal fall in lipid oxidation rates, and the rise in serum insulin and C-peptide concentrations after the breakfast were all severely blunted. In addition, storage of ingested CHO was significantly reduced (from 55% to 32%, P < 0.05). After fiber treatment, postbreakfast CHO oxidation rates had improved and were no longer significantly lower than control values. In contrast, CHO storage remained suppressed. We conclude that (1) basal CHO oxidation remained normal but that postbreakfast CHO oxidation was impaired in our obese patients with NIDDM. This impairment, however, appeared to be a relatively late event, occurring only during severely uncontrolled NIDDM. (2) Inability to dispose of CHO by storage appeared to be an earlier defect with a greater impact on glucose tolerance than the impairment of CHO oxidation.
The Impact of Audits on Financial Statement Error in the Presence of Incentive and Opportunity

This study seeks to enhance our understanding of the effectiveness of audits vis-a-vis reviews in mitigating error, particularly in the presence of incentives to misreport and opportunities for error to occur. Prior research examines the effectiveness of audits in mitigating error in the financial statements of private firms choosing to have an audit. We employ a unique within-firm research design that mitigates the potential risk of correlated omitted variables and extends the finding that audits are effective in mitigating error to include public firms for whom an annual audit is mandatory. We employ a fresh approach to estimating financial statement error, which allows for a greatly expanded sample and new insights into the statistical and economic significance of audits in mitigating error. We also introduce novel proxies for incentives to misreport and opportunity for error to occur, which are designed based on auditor guidance provided in AU §316.85 (PCAOB 2002). We find that the audit is associated with reduced financial statement error and that this benefit is magnified in the presence of opportunity for error to occur due to complexity or weak internal controls, but is mitigated in the presence of incentives to misreport. The extent of mitigation, although statistically significant, is not economically significant, however. Consequently, our results suggest that audits substantially reduce the extent of error in public firms’ financial statements; even in circumstances in which managers might actively seek to conceal errors from auditors.
Decrease of ‘Principal-Principal’ Conflicts

Most of analyses for corporate governance have a company with dispersed ownership as a research object. Relevant to this type of company classical conflict „principal-agent“ is decide by traditional mechanisms of corporate governance and mainly by internal mechanisms. A significant number of companies from developing countries have concentrated ownership. Their typical conflicts are between controlling shareholder and minority shareholders (principal-principal), which are reduce by external and internal mechanisms. For the countries of East Europe, incl. Bulgaria, adaptation of market principles is related to entering of foreign capitals and change of shareholders structure. Arise a necessity of researches for corporate governance of companies with concentrated ownership. Traditional issue of corporate governance about protection of rights of minority shareholders has a new dimension – decrease of deviation between right of ownership and right of control
[Molecular drive].

The review of the concept of molecular drive developed by Dover is presented. The ideas on the possible role of non-coding DNA are described and the duplication of genes as the fundamental factor preceding the appearance of the gene, which possesses a new function are characterized. The non-Mendelian processes--the non-equal crossing-over and the conversion of genes are considered. Molecular drive includes both these phenomena and the transposition of genes. The examples of drive are presented. Drive can be considered as the fundamental molecular mechanism of speciation and macroevolution. Evolution at molecular level is directly connected with the non-constancy of the genome and is non-Mendelian and non-Darwinian. Both the coding and non-coding DNA can serve as material for evolution.
Fault Injection for Dependability Validation: A Methodology and Some Applications

The authors address the problem of validating the dependability of fault-tolerant computing systems, in particular, the validation of the fault-tolerance mechanisms. The proposed approach is based on the use of fault injection at the physical level on a hardware/software prototype of the system considered. The place of this approach in a validation-directed design process and with respect to related work on fault injection is clearly identified. The major requirements and problems related to the development and application of a validation methodology based on fault injection are presented and discussed. Emphasis is put on the definition, analysis, and use of the experimental dependability measures that can be obtained. The proposed methodology has been implemented through the realization of a general pin-level fault injection tool (MESSALINE), and its usefulness is demonstrated by the application of MESSALINE to the experimental validation of two systems: a subsystem of a centralized computerized interlocking system for railway control applications and a distributed system corresponding to the current implementation of the dependable communication system of the ESPRIT Delta-4 Project. >
Respondent Selection in a Time of Changing Household Composition

Changing lifestyles bring shifts in household composition which affect male-female proportions in the Troldahl-Carter method of random selection of respondents within a household. Five field tests are reported using the 1964 Troldahl-Carter technique and 14 tests using modifications of it which produce better results in today's adult population.
14 Health Economics and Geriatrics : Challenges and Opportunities

The fundamental economic problem of limited resources coupled with unlimited claims upon those resources holds particular resonance for geriatrics given the projected huge future growth in demand for health and aged care services for older people as a consequence of demographic change. Population ageing is a world-wide phenomenon which poses major challenges and opportunities for health economics and geriatrics. Currently approximately 2 million Australians, almost 10% of the total population, are aged 70 years and over and this figure is set to double during the next two decades. It is estimated that by 2045, one in four Australians will be aged 65 years or more and nearly one in ten will be 80 years or over [Productivity Commission, 2005]. This situation is not unique to Australia, population ageing forecasts in many countries and regions throughout the world mirror these statistics. In addition, factors other than an ageing population are creating new pressures and challenges for geriatrics, particularly in relation to how health and aged care services are provided in the future. The so called post-war “baby boomer” generation is generally expected to have much higher expectations for choice and responsiveness in the provision of health and aged care services relative to previous generations. Therefore, techniques for systematically engaging older people to establish their preferences in relation to the provision and configuration of geriatric services are likely to become more important. This chapter discusses the challenges and opportunities for the application of health economics and geriatrics from two main perspectives. Firstly, in relation to economic evaluation and the methods for assessing the cost effectiveness of new health care technologies and models of aged care service delivery. Secondly, in relation to methods adopted by health economists for measuring and valuing patient or consumer preferences in health care.
Supporting clinical processes with semantic web technologies: a case in breast cancer treatment

Breast cancer surgery is carried out almost entirely manually and there is an obvious risk of human error due to temporary or occasional lack of staff experience (substitutions, sick leaves and other reasons). Another aspect is that the successful outcome of the process may depend on the personal attitude of administrative staff. In order to guarantee patient safety the whole process should be orchestrated and monitored automatically. Support for the solution will be a service-oriented architecture combined with semantic web techniques to infer knowledge from predefined rules in order to make the process safe.
Information Systems for Organizational Agility: Action Research on Resource Scheduling at the Universidad de Chile

Organizations need to exhibit characteristics of agility to stay ahead of their competitors and to survive in dynamic environments. One major concern for organizations is how to implement Information Systems (ISs) to enhance their agility. Organizations tend to spend too many resources to change their entire IS instead of only the components that cause problems without exactly knowing whether it enables or suppress organizational agility. To address these shortcomings and practical issues, we provide a framework to assess organizational agility and to diagnose a problem related to IS. By applying this prototype of the Agility Framework, we were able to diagnose a problem that the department of Management Control and Information Systems at the Universidad de Chile had and planned actions for them to improve its organizational agility with a course scheduling system, eClasSkeduler. This action research, which took more than 25-month for the first cycle, further develops the Agility Framework, which not only provides a way to link IS with organizational functions but also illustrates how to use it to diagnose a situation and plan actions for improving organizational agility through an information system.
Interpretation and choice of effect measures in epidemiologic analyses.

The concept of the odds ratio is now wellestablished in epidemiology, largely because it serves as a link between results obtainable from follow-up studies and those obtainable from case-control studies (1-7). Odds ratios also naturally arise when considering small sample analysis of 2 X 2 tables and in logistic and log-linear modeling (2-4, 8). This ubiquity, along with certain technical considerations, has led some authors to treat the odds ratio as perhaps a "universal" measure of epidemiologic effect, in that they would estimate odds ratios in follow-up studies as well as case-control studies (6, 9); others have expressed reservations about the utility of the odds ratio as something other than an estimate of an incidence ratio (10, 11).