Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Group Task Satisfaction: Applying the Construct of Job Satisfaction to Groups

This article reviews evidence for considering job satisfaction at the group level of analysis. Group-level job satisfaction is functionally independent of individual-level job satisfaction. This construct is labeled group task satisfaction and is defined as the group's shared attitude toward its task and the associated work environment. The authors propose that group task satisfaction develops out of within-group homogeneity in individual job satisfaction, which in turn is a product of the shared work conditions, social influence processes, attraction- selection-attrition effects, and emotional contagion effects associated with work groups. They predict that through group interaction, the within-group homogeneity in job satisfac- tion will come to be perceived as a characteristic of the group. Once identified as a group characteristic, group task satisfaction will be subject to processes such as polarization and prototyping, with the result that group task satisfaction should function independently of the mean level of job satisfaction within the group. The authors predict that group task satisfac- tion will be related to the mean level of individual job satisfaction within the group, the qual- ity of the group's processes, and the performance of the group, thus serving as an important indicator of team viability. This article represents a theoretical investigation of job satisfac- tion as a group-level construct. The job satisfaction construct has been thoroughly researched at the individual level. In contrast, only a small number of studies have investigated job satisfaction at the group level and organizational level, and in these studies, group- level and organizational-level job satisfaction have been
Luminal material in microtubules of frog olfactory axons: structure and distribution

The substructure and distribution of luminal material in microtubules of olfactory axons were studied in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. By using numerous fixation methods, with and without osmium tetroxide, the luminal component was shown not to be an artifact of fixation. The material consists of globular elements 4-5 nm in diameter loosely arranged within the lumen in a discontinuous column. Counts of microtubules showing luminal material were obtained for axons in the proximal and distal ends of the olfactory nerve, and it was found that 16-18% more of the microtubules in the distal regions showed the luminal component. This raises the possibility that the material might be translocated within the microtubule lumen and tends to accumulate as it moves distally toward the axon terminal. In contrast to those of the olfactory axons, microtubules assembled in vitro from frog brain tubulin did not show luminal material. When microtubules in olfactory axons were depolymerized in situ by cold and calcium treatment and then induced to reassemble, most of those that were formed de novo showed empty lumina. Such evidence suggests that the luminal material is not an integral component of the microtubule. The hypothesis is discussed that material may be translocated within the lumina of microtubules. Furthermore, in the case of neuronal microtubules, the possibility is raised that they may serve as conduits for their own wall subunits.
The Development of Selective Attention.

This paper is a review of recent research on the developmental course of atten tional processes. Developmental differences in the ability to ignore irrelevant information have been assessed in terms of same/different judgments, speeded classification, selective listening, and incidental learning. Recent research sug gests the presence of both quantitative and qualitative age differences in the operation of selective attention. Each of these paradigms has provided evi dence for a progressive improvement with age in the ability to attend selec tively to specific stimuli. Qualitative differences between older and younger children are manifested in the way each group perceives and organizes incom ing information. It is suggested that more emphasis be given to understanding the basis of interference from irrelevant stimuli when it occurs. This focus, it is hoped, would facilitate the understanding of developmental changes in the degree to which irrelevant stimuli interfere with performance.
Local Search Methods for Quantum Computers

Local search algorithms use the neighborhood relations among search states and often perform well for a variety of NP-hard combinatorial search problems. This paper shows how quantum computers can also use these neighborhood relations. An example of such a local quantum search is evaluated empirically for the satisfiability (SAT) problem and shown to be particularly effective for highly constrained instances. For problems with an intermediate number of constraints, it is somewhat less effective at exploiting problem structure than incremental quantum methods, in spite of the much smaller search space used by the local method.
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in evolving food webs

We use computer simulations in order to study the interplay between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) during both the formation and the ongoing evolution of large food webs. A species in our model is characterized by its own body mass, its preferred prey body mass and the width of its potential prey body mass spectrum. On an ecological time scale, population dynamics determines which species are viable and which ones go extinct. On an evolutionary time scale, new species emerge as modifications of existing ones. The network structure thus emerges and evolves in a self-organized manner. We analyse the relation between functional diversity and five community level measures of ecosystem functioning. These are the metabolic loss of the predator community, the total biomasses of the basal and the predator community, and the consumption rates on the basal community and within the predator community. Clear BEF relations are observed during the initial build-up of the networks, or when parameters are varied, causing bottom-up or top-down effects. However, ecosystem functioning measures fluctuate only very little during long-term evolution under constant environmental conditions, despite changes in functional diversity. This result supports the hypothesis that trophic cascades are weaker in more complex food webs.
Motion correction with PROPELLER MRI: Application to head motion and free‐breathing cardiac imaging

A method for motion correction, involving both data collection and reconstruction, is presented. The PROPELLER MRI method collects data in concentric rectangular strips rotated about the k‐space origin. The central region of k‐space is sampled for every strip, which (a) allows one to correct spatial inconsistencies in position, rotation, and phase between strips, (b) allows one to reject data based on a correlation measure indicating through‐plane motion, and (c) further decreases motion artifacts through an averaging effect for low spatial frequencies. Results are shown in which PROPELLER MRI is used to correct for bulk motion in head images and respiratory motion in nongated cardiac images. Magn Reson Med 42:963–969, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A 5.1mW 74dB DR CT ΔΣ modulator with quantizer intrinsic ELD compensation achieving 75fJ/conv.-step in a 20MHz BW

A third-order continuous-time Delta-Sigma modulator in a 130 nm CMOS technology is presented. It features a 3-bit quantizer with an intrinsic excess loop delay compensation for half a clock cycle. The compensation is performed by means of adapting the reference voltages of the comparators on a sampling-to-sampling base, thus overcoming a power consuming summation of signals in front of the quantizer. Occupying merely 0.086mm2, the modulator achieves 66.4 dB SNDR and 74.6 dB DR in a 20 MHz bandwidth using a 640 MHz clock frequency. The power consumption equals 5.1 mW drawn from a 1.2 V supply voltage, which yields a state-of-the-art Walden figure of merit FOMW of 74.7 fJ/conv-step.
Finding optimal probabilistic generators for XML collections

We study the problem of, given a corpus of XML documents and its schema, finding an optimal (generative) probabilistic model, where optimality here means maximizing the likelihood of the particular corpus to be generated. Focusing first on the structure of documents, we present an efficient algorithm for finding the best generative probabilistic model, in the absence of constraints. We further study the problem in the presence of integrity constraints, namely key, inclusion, and domain constraints. We study in this case two different kinds of generators. First, we consider a continuation-test generator that performs, while generating documents, tests of schema satisfiability; these tests prevent from generating a document violating the constraints but, as we will see, they are computationally expensive. We also study a restart generator that may generate an invalid document and, when this is the case, restarts and tries again. Finally, we consider the injection of data values into the structure, to obtain a full XML document. We study different approaches for generating these values.
Th1/17 Polarization of CD4 T Cells Supports HIV-1 Persistence during Antiretroviral Therapy

ABSTRACT The ability to persist long term in latently infected CD4 T cells represents a characteristic feature of HIV-1 infection and the predominant barrier to efforts aiming at viral eradication and cure. Yet, increasing evidence suggests that only small subsets of CD4 T cells with specific developmental and maturational profiles are able to effectively support HIV-1 long-term persistence. Here, we analyzed how the functional polarization of CD4 T cells shapes and structures the reservoirs of HIV-1-infected cells. We found that CD4 T cells enriched for a Th1/17 polarization had elevated susceptibilities to HIV-1 infection in ex vivo assays, harbored high levels of HIV-1 DNA in persons treated with antiretroviral therapy, and made a disproportionately increased contribution to the viral reservoir relative to their contribution to the CD4 T memory cell pool. Moreover, HIV-1 DNA levels in Th1/17 cells remained stable over many years of antiretroviral therapy, resulting in a progressively increasing contribution of these cells to the viral reservoir, and phylogenetic studies suggested preferential long-term persistence of identical viral sequences during prolonged antiretroviral treatment in this cell compartment. Together, these data suggest that Th1/17 CD4 T cells represent a preferred site for HIV-1 DNA long-term persistence in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. IMPORTANCE Current antiretroviral therapy is very effective in suppressing active HIV-1 replication but does not fully eliminate virally infected cells. The ability of HIV-1 to persist long term despite suppressive antiretroviral combination therapy represents a perplexing aspect of HIV-1 disease pathogenesis, since most HIV-1 target cells are activated, short-lived CD4 T cells. This study suggests that CD4 T helper cells with Th1/17 polarization have a preferential role as a long-term reservoir for HIV-1 infection during antiretroviral therapy, possibly because these cells may imitate some of the functional properties traditionally attributed to stem cells, such as the ability to persist for extremely long periods of time and to repopulate their own pool size through homeostatic self-renewal. These observations support the hypothesis that HIV-1 persistence is driven by small subsets of long-lasting stem cell-like CD4 T cells that may represent particularly promising targets for clinical strategies aiming at HIV-1 eradication and cure.
Pearson's Correlation Coefficient for Discarding Redundant Information: Velodyne Lidar Data Analysis

Energy limitation is one of the most important challenges. Many applications are being developed and one important aspect is the excess of information, frequently redundant, that imposes a great computational cost in data processing and consequently power consummation. Management of all power resources is therefore important for intelligent vehicles and mobile robots. In previous works, we have proposed a discarding method as a simple solution to improve the performance of a real-time navigation system. The objective in this paper is to analyze the performance of the discarding criteria with a Velodyne sensor, a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) system, which generates around 1.3 million points per second.
VisTiles: Coordinating and Combining Co-located Mobile Devices for Visual Data Exploration

We present VisTiles, a conceptual framework that uses a set of mobile devices to distribute and coordinate visualization views for the exploration of multivariate data. In contrast to desktop-based interfaces for information visualization, mobile devices offer the potential to provide a dynamic and user-defined interface supporting co-located collaborative data exploration with different individual workflows. As part of our framework, we contribute concepts that enable users to interact with coordinated & multiple views (CMV) that are distributed across several mobile devices. The major components of the framework are: (i) dynamic and flexible layouts for CMV focusing on the distribution of views and (ii) an interaction concept for smart adaptations and combinations of visualizations utilizing explicit side-by-side arrangements of devices. As a result, users can benefit from the possibility to combine devices and organize them in meaningful spatial layouts. Furthermore, we present a web-based prototype implementation as a specific instance of our concepts. This implementation provides a practical application case enabling users to explore a multivariate data collection. We also illustrate the design process including feedback from a preliminary user study, which informed the design of both the concepts and the final prototype.
The Relationship Between Perceived Organizational and Cultural Support and Soldiers' Post-Deployment Symptoms

Abstract : The first few months after returning home, soldiers are adjusting to being back with their family, in garrison, and in their home country. Are factors such as perceptions of a supportive organization or society able to make this transition a little easier? This research sought to address this issue by assessing the impact of perceived organizational support (i.e., unit, Canadian Forces, Canadian Government) and perceived cultural support (i.e., Canadian society) on post deployment symptomatology. Two main hypotheses were assessed in this research. The first was whether greater amounts of perceived support (both organizational and cultural) were related to lower levels of post-deployment symptoms, irrespective of the amount of stress experienced (i.e., the Main-Effect Hypothesis). The second, alternative hypothesis was that greater amounts of perceived organizational and cultural support would reduce reports of symptoms, but only at higher levels of stress (i.e., the Stress-Buffering Hypothesis). Soldiers completed a questionnaire package within two months after returning from a deployment in Bosnia. Neither the main effect, nor the stress-buffering effect was supported. However, greater amounts of perceived work stress and combat stress were associated with the experience of higher levels of post-deployment symptoms in this sample.
The Mycobacterial LysR-Type Regulator OxyS Responds to Oxidative Stress and Negatively Regulates Expression of the Catalase-Peroxidase Gene

Protection against oxidative stress is one of the primary defense mechanisms contributing to the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the host. In this study, we provide evidence that OxyS, a LysR-type transcriptional regulator functions as an oxidative stress response regulator in mycobacteria. Overexpression of OxyS lowers expression of the catalase-peroxidase (KatG) gene in M. smegmatis. OxyS binds directly with the katG promoter region and a conserved, GC-rich T-N11-A motif for OxyS binding was successfully characterized in the core binding site. Interestingly, the DNA-binding activity of OxyS was inhibited by H2O2, but not by dithiothreitol. Cys25, which is situated at the DNA-binding domain of OxyS, was found to have a regulatory role for the DNA-binding ability of OxyS in response to oxidative stress. In contrast, the other three cysteine residues in OxyS do not appear to have this function. Furthermore, the mycobacterial strain over-expressing OxyS had a higher sensitivity to H2O2.Thus, OxyS responds to oxidative stress through a unique cysteine residue situated in its DNA-binding domain and negatively regulates expression of the katG gene. These findings uncover a specific regulatory mechanism for mycobacterial adaptation to oxidative stress.
Object-Oriented Systems in Real Life

Object-oriented development is expected to provide many benefits, but observations of industrial practice show that there are many problems to overcome. This paper discusses two issues: (1) The architectural issue of how to connect database, application, and screen objects. (2) To what extent expected benefits such as seamless transition from analysis to design, improved usability, etc. can be obtained. The architectural issue appears to have a significant influence on the expected benefits. The paper is based on studies of about seven experienced, but very different, development teams, plus a lot of casual observations. I will present the three basic architectures that I found in practice and discuss their advantages and problems. Surprisingly, only one team had a solid architecture that solved most of the problems.
The Role of Multiple Social Categorisation in Promoting the Inclusion in the Human Group of Outgroup Members

6 General Introduction 9 I. THEORETICAL INTRODUCTION 10 SOCIAL CATEGORISATION 11 The origins of intergroup prejudice 11 Social Categorisation Process 11 Minimal Group Paradigm and the essential base of intergroup prejudice 12 Social Identity Theory and the need for positive distinctiveness 12 Self-Categorisation Theory 13 When can intergroup prejudice can be reduced? 14 Crossed-Categorisation Paradigm as first attempt to reduce intergroup prejudice 14 Common Ingroup Identity Model and the promotion of intergroup similarities 14 When can the perception of others along multiple criteria improves intergroup relations 15 Multiple Social Categorisation theory and de-categorisation process 15 Complexity of Multiple Categorisation 17 Counter-Stereotypical Category Combinations and inhibition of stereotypical attributions 18 Cognitive Adaptation to the Experience of Social and Cultural Diversity Model 20 Concluding remarks 22 DEHUMANISATION PHENOMENON 23 When does dehumanisation occur? 23 Dehumanising prejudice 23 A particular case of everyday dehumanisation: infrahumanisation paradigm 24 Different from animal group and from inanimate group: dehumanisation theory 25 Intergroup consequences of outgroups dehumanisation 26
Descriptive norms for physical activity and healthy eating

While it has been long known that the behaviour of others can influence individual behaviour, norms (the views and behaviours of others) are not generally reported as strong motivators of physical activity. Using the theory of normative social behaviour as a guiding framework, the purpose of this research was to examine if descriptive norms (the perceived prevalence of others’ behaviour) would be more important in predicting activity than previously suspected. A secondary purpose was to extend this examination to another health behaviour, healthy eating. Three independent studies were conducted. The first two studies examined what individuals thought motivated their physical activity (Study 1) and eating (Study 2) as well as the relationship between descriptive norms and participants’ own activity behaviour and healthy eating intentions. Results revealed that, despite being rated by participants as less motivating, descriptive norms were stronger predictors of activity behaviour and healthy eating intentions than other well-established non-normative reasons. It also was found that descriptive norm perceptions about a group proposed to be high in group identity (i.e., friends) was most related to physical activity behaviour and healthy eating intentions. To extend these results, a third study manipulated normative and non-normative messages to examine effects on physical activity. Participants were grouped into one of four conditions (descriptive norm, health, appearance, and control) and received motivationbased email messages specific to their condition encouraging them to be active. It was hypothesized that participants in the descriptive norm condition would experience the greatest increase in physical activity but results did not support this hypothesis, as participants’ across all conditions significantly increased total physical activity after receiving the messages. A secondary hypothesis examining the focal nature of the targeted behaviours was supported in that responses to normative messages were greatest with the most focal behaviour (using the stairs). Taken together, the results of the first two studies provide preliminary evidence to suggest that the relationships between both descriptive norms and physical activity and descriptive norms and healthy eating may be going undetected. In light of the results of the third study, however, future studies are needed.
Non-topography-guided PRK combined with CXL for the correction of refractive errors in patients with early stage keratoconus.

PURPOSE To evaluate the safety and clinical outcome of combined non-topography-guided photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) for the treatment of mild refractive errors in patients with early stage keratoconus. METHODS A retrospective, nonrandomized study of patients with early stage keratoconus (stage 1 or 2) who underwent simultaneous non-topography-guided PRK and CXL. All patients had at least 2 years of follow-up. Data were collected preoperatively and postoperatively at the 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year follow-up visit after combined non-topography-guided PRK and CXL. RESULTS Seventy-nine patients (140 eyes) were included in the study. Combined non-topography-guided PRK and CXL induced a significant improvement in both visual acuity and refraction. Uncorrected distance visual acuity significantly improved from 0.39 ± 0.22 logMAR before combined non-topography-guided PRK and CXL to 0.12 ± 0.14 logMAR at the last follow-up visit (P <.001) and corrected distance visual acuity remained stable (0.035 ± 0.062 logMAR preoperatively vs 0.036 ± 0.058 logMAR postoperatively, P =.79). The mean spherical equivalent decreased from -1.78 ± 1.43 to -0.42 ± 0.60 diopters (D) (P <.001), and the mean cylinder decreased from 1.47 ± 1.10 to 0.83 ± 0.55 D (P <.001). At the last follow-up visit mean keratometry flat was 43.30 ± 1.75 vs 45.62 ± 1.72 D preoperatively (P = .03) and mean keratometry steep was 44.39 ± 3.14 vs 46.53 ± 2.13 D preoperatively (P = .02). Mean central corneal thickness decreased from 501.74 ± 13.11 to 475.93 ± 12.25 µm following combined non-topography-guided PRK and CXL (P < .001). No intraoperative complications occurred. Four eyes developed mild haze that responded well to a short course of topical steroids. No eye developed infectious keratitis. CONCLUSIONS Combined non-topography-guided PRK and CXL is an effective and safe option for correcting mild refractive error and improving visual acuity in patients with early stable keratoconus.
Mining Space-Time Elements of Opinion

This paper introduces a new opinion model using space-time elements. It proposes the concept of an Opinion Importance Factor which is composed of a Time Importance Factor and a Source Importance Factor. Based on that, it analyzes the characteristics of the Time Importance Factor in different applications and divides the Source Importance Factor into two parts, the influence of source and the relatedness between source and domain. The experimental results show that space-time elements are important, and taking account of them can expand the scope of application of opinion mining and achieve more convincing results.