Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between Health and Labour Force Participation: Evidence from a Panel Data Simultaneous Equation Model

A concern when estimating the effect of health on labour supply is that health might be endogenous, and in particular that people might use poor health to justify non-participation. This would result in the effect of health being overestimated if health were treated as exogenous. The paper employs a simultaneous equation model to explore the relationship between health and labour force status, allowing for the endogeneity of health. In addition, the paper takes advantage of panel data to control for unobserved heterogeneity so that more efficient estimation results can be obtained than using cross-sectional data. The results confirm the finding in the literature that health has a positive and significant effect on labour force participation for both males and females. As for the reverse effect, it is found that labour force participation has a negative effect on male health but a positive effect on female health, implying that the justification hypothesis is rejected for males but not for females. The exogeneity hypothesis on the health variable is rejected for both samples based on a joint test.
Modeling Commodity Value–Weight Trends between the United States and Its Trading Partners

International freight transportation has grown rapidly in the past decade. Economic, technical, and market changes (such as increased Internet usage, rapid advances in information and communication technologies, and the globalization of supply chains) have been observed around the world. These changes are likely to affect the demand for freight transportation as well as the type of products shipped. International trade is conventionally expressed in terms of monetary value, but this measure cannot represent the physical nature of transportation. There is a need to relate the monetary nature of international trade to the physical nature of international freight transportation. This study considers the value–weight trends for commodity trade between the United States and her trading partners and compares the value–tonnage trends for commodities carried by different transport modes. Statistical models are developed for key commodity groups to determine value–tonnage ratio trends in different international trade routes. Value–tonnage ratios are important in identifying trends in freight generation and commodity flow. Implications of the obtained modeling results are also discussed.
WC3: Wikipedia Category Consistency Checker Based on DBPedia

Wikipedia is a free Internet encyclopedia that covers numerous topics and is maintained by voluntary editors. There have been several efforts to analyze the quality of Wikipedia's content, specifically assessing textual content and user editorial behavior. However, there has been no specific analysis of the quality of structured data (e.g., category structures, attributes contained in infoboxes) in Wikipedia. DBPedia is one of a core part of Linked Open Data database which extracts structured information from Wikipedia. Since the quality of DBPedia depends on Wikipedia, it is beneficial to have a mechanism to keep a consistent style of writing of the structured data (metadata) within Wikipedia. In this paper, we propose a system WC3 (WC-triple: Wikipedia Category Consistency Checker) that uses DBPedia RDF-triple information to evaluate the consistency of the metadata related to the Wikipedia category information. We also illustrate examples of typicalinconsistencies that the system can assist in detecting.
Flow Cytometric Analysis of Cell Division by Dye Dilution

The technique described in this unit uses the intracellular fluorescent label carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) to tag proliferating cells. Covalently bound CFSE is divided equally between daughter cells, allowing discrimination of successive rounds of cell division. The technique is applicable to in vitro cell division as well as to in vivo division of adoptively transferred cells and can resolve up to eight successive generations. CFSE is long lived, permitting analysis for several months after transfer, and has the same spectral characteristics as fluorescein, so monoclonal antibodies conjugated to phycoerythrin or other compatible fluorochromes may be used to immunophenotype the dividing cells.
Medical Care in Developing Countries edited by Maurice King London and Nairobi, Oxford University Press, 1966. 30 chapters. Shs. 26.The Emerging Physician by Willy De Craemer and René C. Fox Stanford, The Hoover Institution, 1967. Pp. 99. $3.

order, thieving, and cheating. Although Asians were already numerically superior to the settlers, they were not consulted on the Zionist proposal and did not make their views known in the press. Although their leaders may have taken a wider view than the settlers, they were just as anxious to protect their own interests. They urged ' that reservation of land was objectionable in principle as it would intensify racial feelings. However, if land was reserved it should be for Indians rather than Jews. ' Fascinating speculations arise from considering what would have happened if the Jewish settlement had occurred, even though they themselves thought of it as a stepping stone to Palestine. The fact that the British Government was prepared to allow them to develop exclusive rights and institutions would have made for cohesion among the group, rather than dispersal in the manner of die Indian commercial settlers. They would have dissociated themselves from African nationalism from the moment of independence, and occupied a corridor to the sea through which they would have received their new immigrants. From then on it is possible to surmise that they would have been able to survive without serious military problems, while South Africa and Rhodesia rejoiced in their existence. J RALPH E. S. TANNER
Alternative care giving in the context of Aids in southern Africa: complex strategies for care

This paper examines the various mechanisms by which alternative care giving occurs in the context of the AIDS pandemic in southern Africa. High infection rates and the clustering of illness and death among families and communities, has resulted in large numbers of orphans coupled with an extended family support system which is already over-burdened and in some cases disintegrating. Drawing on a series of case studies from qualitative research carried out with young people, aged between 10 and 17 years, and their guardians in urban and rural communities in Malawi and Lesotho, the changing nature and increasing complexity of family, household and community relationships around care giving are discussed. The concept of inter-generational contracts as a mechanism through which extended families operate is used to explore the diverse arrangements for the care of young people, and their increased involvement as carers for family and surrogate family members. The paper identifies three ways in which contracts are changing in relation to orphan care. For many there is a reduction in the time frame within which contracts take place, the contracts have become more explicit and there is an emerging inequality in the provision of resources related both to the stigmatisation of orphans and the greater impoverishment of care givers. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LLVM Framework and IR Extensions for Parallelization, SIMD Vectorization and Offloading

LLVM has become an integral part of the software-development ecosystem for developing advanced compilers, high-performance computing software and tools. This paper presents a small set of LLVM IR extensions for explicitly parallel, vector, and offloading program constructs. The proposed LLVM IR extensions enable the lowering and transformation in the LLVM middle-end for the OpenMP® C/C++ and Fortran API, and any other explicitly parallel/simd constructs in high-level source languages. This paper discusses the rationale of the LLVM IR extensions to support OpenMP constructs and clauses, and presents the LLVM intrinsic functions, the framework for parallelization, vectorization, and offloading, and the sandwich scheme to model the OpenMP parallel, simd, offloading and data-attribute semantics under the SSA form. Examples are given to show our implementation in the LLVM middle-end passes, which paves the way to achieve a better interaction with scalar optimizations, vectorization, and loop optimizations, and thus resulting in higher performance.
Unemployed job seekers' access to interactive service work

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to consider the impact of the shift to a service‐based economy on the employability of unemployed job seekers, specifically focussing on skill acquisition and utilisation. The article considers the provision of training opportunities for unemployed people who are seeking to re‐enter the workplace, and whether such training is taking into account the skills demanded in interactive service work. The article also considers the views of unemployed people towards interactive service work.Design/methodology/approach – The study employs a qualitative approach drawing on interview and focus group data gathered from policymakers, training providers and unemployed job seekers.Findings – The data suggests there is little existing training provision for interactive service work for unemployed job seekers and that where it does exist it is not geared towards the skills demands of employers. It is also apparent from the research that unemployed job seekers hold a negative view of .
A Note on the Foreign Exchange Market Efficiency Hypothesis: Does Small Sample Bias affect Inference?

This study examines whether small sample bias affects the standard inference about the foreign exchange market efficiency hypothesis. Our findings indicate that the bias is large enough to result in rejection of the efficient market hypothesis even when it is true. We use bootstrapping to adjust for the bias and find that the hypothesis cannot be rejected for the Swiss franc and French franc. We also find that the bias plays a significant role in the inference that expectation error causes inefficiency in the foreign exchange markets. After bias adjustment, the rational expectation hypothesis holds even at one month-horizon.
Social networks across the SME organizational lifecycle

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how social networks evolve as small business enterprises transition across the organizational lifecycle. It aims to give attention to how social identities of small business owners impact social networks and whether social networks improve organizational performance in small firms.Design/methodology/approach – A sample of small to medium‐sized enterprise (SME) owners employing less than 500 employees was drawn from the local directory of businesses in two Indian cities. A total of 297 SME owners participated in the study, for a response rate of 85.6 percent.Findings – The findings show that social networks for small businesses change as firms transition from startup to growth and beyond. Personal networks were most important during startup, with other social networks growing in contact frequency and importance over time. The findings also show that small business owners can be classified along network preferences and that social networks lead superior .
Management Development in Small Firms: Understanding the Learning Dilemma for Small Business Managers

In this study, we link discussions about management development in small firms to the work environment of small business managers. In particular, our aim is to examine management development as an experiential process carried out in daily managerial practice. Using structured observations of managerial work, we found that small business managers operate in work environments with rich opportunities for learning. However, we also found that various and unexpected interruptions and problems typically fragment their workdays. In addition, such managers lack peer support and guidance and have few external interactions and little internal communication. As a result, small business managers find themselves in a learning dilemma that, in the long run, may limit their creativity and innovation. Based on these empirical findings, we draw conclusions about support for work-based management development in small firms.
Keyspace: A Consistently Replicated, Highly-Available Key-Value Store

This paper describes the design and architecture of Keyspace, a distributed key-value store offering strong consistency, fault-tolerance and high availability. The source code is available under the open-source AGPL license for Linux, Windows and BSD-like platforms. As of 2012, Keyspace is no longer undergoing active development.
The Exact Finite Sample Properties of the Estimators of Coefficients in the Error Components Regression Models

Wallace and Hussain (1969) considered the use of an error components regression model in the analysis of time series of cross-sections and developed an Aitken estimator of the coefficient vector based on an estimated variance-covariance matrix of error terms. In this paper, we have shown that under the set of assumptions adopted by Wallace and Hussain there are an infinite number of estimators which have the same asymptotic variancecovariance matrix as the Wallace-Hussain estimator and also that it is not possible to choose an estimator on the basis of asymptotic efficiency. We have developed an alternative estimator of the variance-covariance matrix of error terms and have used this estimator in developing a feasible "Aitken" type estimator for the coefficient vector. We have derived some small sample properties of this estimator and have compared them with those of other estimators of the coefficient vector.
Valuation-driven profit transfer among corporate segments

This paper investigates whether the desire to achieve higher equity valuations induces conglomerates to manipulate their segment earnings. I extend the Stein (Q J Econ 104:655–669, 1989) model to a multi-segment setting and show that conglomerates have incentives to transfer profits from segments operating in industries with lower valuation multiples to those with higher multiples, even if the market is not fooled in equilibrium. If companies engage in such manipulation, segments with relatively high (low) valuations should report abnormally high (low) profits. The empirical tests confirm this prediction and further show that the relation is stronger for firms with more dispersed segment valuations. This paper also demonstrates that the simple sum-of-the-parts valuation with multiples tends to overestimate the enterprise values for conglomerates and that the measurement errors increase with segment valuation dispersion.
From a layers approach towards a network approach: a Dutch contribution to spatial planning methodology

On average, once every ten years there appears in the Netherlands a government White Paper on Spatial Planning in which the foundations for spatial policy are laid down. True to form, at the beginning of 2001 the Netherlands cabinet published the Fifth Memorandum on Spatial Planning (Ministerie van VROM, 2001), introducing among other things the concept of urban networks. In this memorandum, the so-called layers approach was set out. In the publication Spatial Reconnaissance 2000 (Rijksplanologische Dienst [RPD], 2001, p. 35) it was described as follows:
First day dynamic changes in antithrombin III activity after supplementation have a predictive value in critically ill patients

To evaluate the changes in the antithrombin III (antithrombin) values after initial supplementation to predict outcome in critically ill patients, we conducted a retrospective study. All consecutive patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and treated with antithrombin were enrolled in the study. Initial doses of 1,500 IU or 30 IU/kg antithrombin concentrates were administered over an hour. The clinical backgrounds of the patients were collected from computer‐based records. Serial data of antithrombin were collected from the first day of administration (Day 0) to days 1–4. The patients were subdivided into two groups based on whether they demonstrated an increased antithrombin activity of more than 60% on the first day after the initial supplementation (responders) or not (nonresponders). Four hundred thirty‐five patients were enrolled in the present study. Two hundred eighty‐eight patients could achieve an antithrombin activity of more than 60%. The outcome was significantly different between the two groups. A logistic regression analysis revealed the day 1 antithrombin level and an initial increase of less than 60% after supplementation to be independently associated with ICU mortality. We also found a significant increase in the platelet counts and fibrinogen levels, and a decrease in the disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) scores for the responders. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated the first‐day dynamic change in antithrombin activity, and not the basal level, to be able to predict critically ill patient death. This dynamic change was associated with an improvement in the platelet counts, fibrinogen levels, and the DIC score. Am. J. Hematol. , 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Online Recognition of Driver-Activity Based on Visual Scanpath Classification

The next step towards the fully automated vehicle is the level of conditional automation, where the automated driving system can take over the control and responsibility for a limited time interval. Nevertheless, take-over situations may occur, forcing the driver to resume the driving task. Despite such situations, the driver is able to perform secondary tasks during conditionally automated driving, hence a low take-over quality must be expected. Methods for Driver-Activity Recognition (DAR) usually extract features for the classification within a moving time window. In this paper, the first DAR architecture based on the driver's scanpath, which is extracted by means of dynamic clustering and symbolic aggregate approximation patterns, is introduced. To demonstrate the potential of this approach, it is compared to a state-of-the-art method based on the data of a driving simulator study with 82 subjects. The classification performance of both DAR approaches was examined for decreasing window sizes with regard to the recognition of different secondary tasks and the separability of drivers using a handheld or hands-free device. Compared to the state-of-the-art approach, the proposed method shows a classification accuracy increase of nearly 20%, a significant improvement of the overall classification performance, and is able to classify the secondary tasks of the driver even for short windows of a duration of 5 s, i.e. with little information.
Productivity Change in the Oil Blocks of Angola

This artical analyzes the efficiency and productivity growth of a representative sample of Angolan oil blocks from 2002 to 2008, using the directional distance function and the Luenberger productivity indicator. The primary advantage of this approach is that both input contractions and output expansions are considered. The model generates a productivity indicator that is decomposed into the two usual constituents of productivity growth: technological change and efficiency change. For comparative purpose a Malmquist productivity index is presented. The results show that, on average, Angolan oil blocks did experience some productivity growth during the period analyzed. In addition, the incidence of technological change was positive.
Multivariate conditional heteroscedasticity models with dynamic correlations for testing contagion

This paper models dynamic correlations between the Asian stock market returns and studies their behaviour over the period before, during and after the Asian financial crisis, which occurred in the 1990s. To establish the presence of contagion effect, this paper investigates whether or not there is a break-down in the correlation data generating process, particularly, during crises. The East Asian block–Thai, Malaysian, Indonesian and Korean–countries stock markets were considered in this study. Using multivariate generalised autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (MGARCH) models with dynamic correlations, this study finds strong evidence of contagion effects between (Thailand and Malaysia), (Thailand and Korea), (Malaysia and Korea) and (Korea and Indonesia).
Stock Market Volatility in an Emerging Market: Further Evidence from the Athens Stock Exchange

We investigate the time series properties of the daily and weekly returns from the Athens Stock Exchange (ASE) index for the years 1987 to 1997. We investigate whether important time-series characteristics have changed significantly over time. The Greek market has recently undergone major changes including complete capital flow liberalization, the implementation of computerized trading, as well as significant increases in market volume and capitalization; we thus contrast the 1987-90 and 1991-97 periods. Our findings suggest the dynamics of the ASE composite index returns have changed as the market has developed. Copyright Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2000.
Identifying Dynamic Games with Serially-Correlated Unobservables

In this paper we consider the nonparametric identification of Markov dynamic games models in which each firm has its own unobserved state variable, which is persistent over time. This class of models includes most models in the Ericson and Pakes (1995) and Pakes and McGuire (1994) framework. We provide conditions under which the joint Markov equilibrium process of the firms’ observed and unobserved variables can be nonparametrically identified from data. For stationary continuous action games, we show that only three observations of the observed component are required to identify the equilibrium Markov process of the dynamic game. When agents’ choice variables are discrete, but the unobserved state variables are continuous, four observations are required.
System parameter identification experiment based on hopfield neural network for self balancing vehicle

In recent years, the system parameter identification attracts attention of scholars and engineers, as the system control precision can be improved with it. In this paper, we take advantage of Hopfield neural network to identify the system parameters. Firstly, a kind of self balancing vehicle dynamic model is proposed. Secondly, the subsystem of the self balancing vehicle is analyzed in the form of Hopfield neural network. Finally, taking the actual parameter into the dynamic model, the simulation of the system parameter identification is presented. From the simulation result, there are errors between the actual value deviation and the system parameter identification result achieved in the paper, but it is within the acceptable range, so the identification results are acceptable.
Automatic portion estimation and visual refinement in mobile dietary assessment

As concern for obesity grows, the need for automated and accurate methods to monitor nutrient intake becomes essential as dietary intake provides a valuable basis for managing dietary imbalance. Moreover, as mobile devices with built-in cameras have become ubiquitous, one potential means of monitoring dietary intake is photographing meals using mobile devices and having an automatic estimate of the nutrient contents returned. One of the challenging problems of the image-based dietary assessment is the accurate estimation of food portion size from a photograph taken with a mobile digital camera. In this work, we describe a method to automatically calculate portion size of a variety of foods through volume estimation using an image. These "portion volumes" utilize camera parameter estimation and model reconstruction to determine the volume of food items, from which nutritional content is then extrapolated. In this paper, we describe our initial results of accuracy evaluation using real and simulated meal images and demonstrate the potential of our approach.