Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens in relation to gingivitis and gingival health.

AIM The occurrence of Prevotella intermedia (Pi) and Prevotella nigrescens (Pn) in relation to natural gingivitis, gingival health and 14-day experimental gingivitis was investigated in 25 non-dental students. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples were taken from the dorsum of the tongue, the tonsils (or tonsillar area), and the supra- and subgingival plaque. RESULTS The microbiological results show that 73% of the samples were positive for the bacterial species presumed to be Pi and/or Pn. In natural gingivitis, gingival health and in experimental gingivitis 25, 23 and 25 subjects were found to be positive for Pi and/or Pn, respectively. The results of the 889 isolates that were successfully purified and differentiated, show that almost all subjects were colonized with Pn whereas approximately half of the study population harboured Pi. These 2 species were isolated from both dental plaque and mucosal sites and were found to colonize the oral cavity simultaneously. CONCLUSION In natural gingivitis, at the start and after 14 days of experimental gingivitis, Pn was the predominant micro-organism.
Wealth Effects and Exogeneity: The Norwegian Consumption Function 1966(1)-1989(4)

The authors analyze the determinants of Norwegian households' consumption expenditure, using quarterly data for the period 1966(1)-1989(4). Expenditure, income and a broad measure of households wealth appear to form a cointegrating relationship. Likelihood ratio tests do not disprove that the cointegrating vector can be estimated efficiently from a single equation, i.e. a "consumption function. " On this basis, a dynamic model of private expenditure is developed. Despite structural breaks in both the income and wealth processes, the consumption function displays considerable parameter constancy. Thus, the model can be attributed at least some degree of autonomy and structural invariance. On the basis of the parameter invariance tests, the "Lucas-critique" is in fact refuted. Consequently, the rational expectations approach yields (surprisingly) little insight into the causes of "breakdown" in pre-existing models. Instead their results suggest a more prosaic "left out variables" explanation, namely long-run wealth effects. Copyright 1992 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Regional and Temporal Impacts of Technical Change in the U.S. Dairy Sector

The regional and temporal impacts of technical change in the U.S. dairy industry are assessed in terms of production and income distribution through a dynamic equilibrium model. Dynamic duality is used to obtain the production equations. The traditional milk-producing regions of the Northeast and Lake states will maintain their base of national output, while the Pacific region increases its base at the expense of the remaining regions. Regional dairy income varies temporally.
Metaphors in operations management theory building

Purpose – This paper aims to illustrate the extent to which metaphors help to understand operations management research topics.Design/methodology/approach – This paper is based upon a review of the role of metaphors in organisational theory building and the use of metaphors in operations management theory building.Findings – Metaphors can contribute to an understanding of the situations being addressed by operations management researchers, and can play a role in the preliminary steps of the development of a theory.Originality/value – This paper develops a metaphorical approach to ISO 9000 implementation.
Class, Attitudes and the Welfare State: Sweden in Comparative Perspective

One of the most important arenas for contemporary class politics is the welfare state. In this article, attitudes towards welfare policies among different classes in Sweden are compared with other Western countries and over time. In the first part of the article, attitudes towards state intervention among different classes are compared across four Western countries: Sweden, Germany, Britain and the USA. The data come from the 1996 survey on “The Role of Government” conducted within the International Social Survey Programme. In the second part of the article, more detailed national data sets are used in order to track developments within Sweden from the early 1980 s until 2002 . Attitudes towards welfare spending, financing of welfare policies and service delivery are used to track developments of class differences in attitudes over time. It is concluded (a) that class differences are particularly large in Sweden, and (b) that changes over time indicate stability in overall class differences, combined with changes in attitudes among the non-manual employees. The implications of the results for recent arguments about the restructuring of class relations and the impact of welfare policies on stratification are discussed.
Investigating the Stability of Fine-Grain Digit Somatotopy in Individual Human Participants

Studies of human primary somatosensory cortex (S1) have placed a strong emphasis on the cortical representation of the hand and the propensity for plasticity therein. Despite many reports of group differences and experience-dependent changes in cortical digit somatotopy, relatively little work has considered the variability of these maps across individuals and to what extent this detailed functional architecture is dynamic over time. With the advent of 7 T fMRI, it is increasingly feasible to map such detailed organization noninvasively in individual human participants. Here, we extend the ability of ultra-high-field imaging beyond a technological proof of principle to investigate the intersubject variability of digit somatotopy across participants and the stability of this organization across a range of intervals. Using a well validated phase-encoding paradigm and an active task, we demonstrate the presence of highly reproducible maps of individual digits in S1, sharply contrasted by a striking degree of intersubject variability in the shape, extent, and relative position of individual digit representations. Our results demonstrate the presence of very stable fine-grain somatotopy of the digits in human S1 and raise the issue of population variability in such detailed functional architecture of the human brain. These findings have implications for the study of detailed sensorimotor plasticity in the context of both learning and pathological dysfunction. The simple task and 10 min scan required to derive these maps also raises the potential for this paradigm as a tool in the clinical setting. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We applied ultra-high-resolution fMRI at 7 T to map sensory digit representations in the human primary somatosensory cortex (S1) at the level of individual participants across multiple time points. The resulting fine-grain maps of individual digits in S1 reveal the stability in this fine-grain functional organization over time, contrasted with the variability in these maps across individuals.
MORTALITY IN CAPTIVE ATLANTIC COD, Gadus morhua, ASSOCIATED WITH FIN ROT DISEASE

A total of 320 of 621 (52%) captive Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, died from fin rot over an 8-year period; mortality reached high proportions in 1979 when 110 of 168 (66%) succumbed. Lesions were confined to the fins, skin and dermal musculature and were observed 3-10 days after the fish were placed in laboratory aquaria. Erosion of the fins and caudal peduncle, accompanied by petechiae and ulceration also were apparent in the trunk region. Most deaths occurred within 2 months after capture. Infection was associated with depressed hematocrit, hemoglobin and total plasma protein and an increase of circulating immature erythrocytes and neutrophils. Mortality was probably due to physiological stress resulting from excessive blood loss. Three genera of bacteria, mostly Pseudomonas, but also Aeromonas and Vibrio, were isolated from fin rot tissues and possibly are the causative agents of the disease.
User-driven Innovation in Tourism—A Review of Methodologies

This literature study reviews user-driven innovation and establishes a typology of its forms in a tourism context. Sixteen methods are distinguishable. They comprise situations where users are actively involved and methods where information is collected without direct user involvement. The nature and intensity of the dialogue between companies and their customers are addressed. Drawing on this existing research, the article concludes that there is still little comprehensive follow-up on user-driven innovation in tourism and its impact on quality improvements and assurance. Key areas for future studies are identified.
Current-Account Imbalances and Economic Growth During the 2008-2009 Financial Crisis: An Empirical Analysis

This study examines the relationship between current-account imbalances and economic growth during the 2008-2009 financial and economic crisis for 179 countries (covered by IMF data) and within the EU-27 countries (covered by Eurostat data). The countries are divided into 4 groups by GDP per capita based on PPPs, namely, low income, lower middle-income, upper middle-income and high-income countries. Empirical analysis is applied, including descriptive statistics and regression estimates. Statistical data are used, including the average of the GDP growth rate in the years prior to the crisis (2003-2007), the average of the GDP growth rate for 2008 and 2009, current account as a percentage of GDP, and the level of average inflation. It is proved that, in general, the 2008-2009 crisis affected high- and upper middle-income countries more than poorer countries. Within the EU-27 countries, however, the crisis appears to have affected lower income countries more than higher income countries. A common tendency is observed for the two country samples: countries that experienced strong growth just prior to the crisis had an increased risk of suffering after the crisis. The boom prior to the crisis led to imbalances that rendered economies more vulnerable. Additionally, surpluses that existed prior to the crisis are an important risk factor for the two groups of countries.
Equilibrium Real Exchange Rates in Central Europe's Transition Economies: Knocking on Heaven's Door

The purpose of this paper is to study the equilibrium real exchange rate (ERER) in 5 CEE transition economies, namely the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. In so doing, we combine the fundamental equilibrium exchange rate (FEER) approach developed by Williamson (1994) with the behavioural equilibrium exchange rate (BEER) approach advocated by Clark and MacDonald (1998). Our analysis is based on the theoretical model proposed by Montiel (1999) which defines internal balance in terms of the relative price of nontradables and determines external balance in terms of net foreign assets. The empirical part of the paper consists in estimating a VAR-based 3-equation cointegration system. Long-term equilibrium values for relative prices are determined by using relative productivity and private consumption, while the current account, representing external balance, is linked to terms of trade and openness ([X+M]/GDP). In order to derive the ERER and then to compute total misalignment, we finally substitute the long-run values for external and internal balances in the simultaneously estimated cointegration relationship connecting the RER with relative prices and the current account. Results show that the gap between observed real exchange rate developments and the path of the equilibrium real exchange rate differs substantially among the 5 transition countries.
Social Mix Discourse and Local Resistance to Social Housing: The Case of the Nation Building Economic Stimulus Plan, Australia

In response to the Global Financial Crisis of 2007–2009, the Australian government introduced the Nation Building Economic Stimulus Plan. Central to the plan was the allocation of AU$5 billion to the construction of 19 000 new social housing dwellings. The construction was seen by the Australian government to be a way of stimulating the economy and adding to the social housing sector. While social housing construction was supported by the not-for-profit sector and academics, a number of localised disputes arose. This article traces the ways in which the discourse of social mix was mobilised by residents to resist social housing construction. Simultaneously, the discourse of social mix was used to position residents as supporters of social housing, while actively seeking to resist new construction in their neighbourhood, which was positioned as running counter to the ideals embedded within the discourse. In promoting the perceived benefits embedded within the discourse of social mix, residents mobilised a complex resistance strategy that worked to destabilise claims of self-interest and NIMBYism.
Earnings Volatility, Post-Earnings Announcement Drift and Trading Frictions

We find that lower ex ante earnings volatility leads to higher Post–Earnings Announcement Drift (PEAD). PEAD is a function of both the magnitude of an earnings surprise and its persistence. While prior research has largely investigated market reactions to the magnitude of the earnings surprise, in this study we show that the persistence of the earnings surprise is equally important. A unique feature of the anomalous PEAD returns documented here concerns the association between abnormal returns and trading frictions. Besides demonstrating that firms with lower earnings volatility have higher abnormal returns, we also find that lower earnings volatility firms have lower trading frictions. Taken together, these findings imply that higher abnormal returns are associated with lower trading frictions. We exploit this implication to empirically demonstrate that PEAD returns due to earnings volatility are not concentrated in the firms with the largest trading frictions, which is in contrast to the findings in prior anomaly studies.
Head circumference, atrophy, and cognition

Background: Clinical and epidemiologic studies suggest that patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) with larger head circumference have better cognitive performance at the same level of brain pathology than subjects with smaller head circumference. Methods: A total of 270 patients with AD participating in the Multi-Institutional Research in Alzheimer's Genetic Epidemiology (MIRAGE) study underwent cognitive testing, APOE genotyping, and MRI of the brain in a cross-sectional study. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the association between cerebral atrophy, as a proxy for AD pathology, and level of cognitive function, adjusting for age, duration of AD symptoms, gender, head circumference, APOE genotype, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, major depression, and ethnicity. An interaction term between atrophy and head circumference was introduced to explore if head circumference modified the association between cerebral atrophy and cognition. Results: There was a significant inverse association between atrophy and cognitive function, and a significant interaction between atrophy and head circumference. With greater levels of atrophy, cognition was higher for individuals with greater head circumference. Conclusion: This study suggests that larger head circumference is associated with less cognitive impairment in the face of cerebral atrophy. This finding supports the notion that head circumference (and presumably brain size) offers protection against AD symptoms through enhanced brain reserve.
Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia Impairs Insulin Sensitivity but Improves Whole-Body Glucose Tolerance by Activating Skeletal Muscle AMPK

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is a highly prevalent disease resulting in transient respiratory arrest and chronic intermittent hypoxia (cIH). cIH is associated with insulin resistance and impaired metabolic homeostasis in rodents and humans, but the exact underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the current study, we investigated the effects of 2 weeks of cIH (1-min cycle, fraction of inspired oxygen 21–5%, 8 h/day) on whole-body insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in lean mice. Although food intake and body weight were reduced compared with normoxia, cIH induced systemic insulin resistance in a hypoxia-inducible factor 1–independent manner and impaired insulin signaling in liver, white adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. Unexpectedly, cIH improved whole-body glucose tolerance independently of changes in body weight and glucose-induced insulin response. This effect was associated with elevated phosphorylation of Thr172-AMPK and Ser237-TBC1 domain family member 1 (TBC1D1) in skeletal muscle, suggesting a tissue-specific AMPK-dependent increase in TBC1D1-driven glucose uptake. Remarkably, although food intake, body weight, and systemic insulin sensitivity were still affected, the improvement in glucose tolerance by cIH was abolished in muscle-specific AMPKα1α2–deficient mice. We conclude that cIH impairs insulin sensitivity while improving whole-body glucose tolerance by promoting specific activation of the skeletal muscle AMPK pathway.
Adverse events associated with treatment of latent tuberculosis in the general population

Background Guidelines recommend treatment of latent tuberculosis in patients at increased risk for active tuberculosis. Studies investigating the association of therapy with serious adverse events have not included the entire treated population nor accounted for comorbidities or occurrence of similar events in the untreated general population. Our objective was to estimate the risk of adverse events requiring hospital admission that were associated with therapy for latent tuberculosis infection in the general population. Methods Using administrative health data from the province of Quebec, we created a historical cohort of all residents dispensed therapy for latent tuberculosis between 1998 and 2003. Each patient was matched on age, sex and postal region with two untreated residents. The observation period was 18 months (from 6 months before to 12 months after initiation of therapy). The primary outcome was hospital admission for therapy-associated adverse events. Results During the period of observation, therapy for latent tuberculosis was dispensed to 9145 residents, of whom 95% started isoniazid and 5% started rifampin. Pretreatment comorbid illness was significantly more common among patients receiving such therapy compared with the matched untreated cohort. Of all patients dispensed therapy, 45 (0.5%) were admitted to hospital for a hepatic event compared with 15 (0.1%) of the untreated patients. For people over age 65 years, the odds of hospital admission for a hepatic event among patients treated for latent tuberculosis infection was significantly greater than among matched untreated people after adjustment for comorbidities (odds ratio [OR] 6.4, 95% CI 2.2–18.3). Excluding patients with comorbid illness, there were two excess admissions to hospital for hepatic events per 100 patients initiating therapy compared with the rate among untreated people over 65 years (95% CI 0.1–3.87). Interpretation The risk of adverse events requiring hospital admission increased significantly among patients over 65 years receiving treatment for latent tuberculosis infection. The decision to treat latent tuberculosis infection in elderly patients should be made after careful consideration of risks and benefits.
Risk-adapted therapy with three or six cycles of doxorubicin/bleomycin/vinblastine/dacarbazine plus involved-field radiation therapy in Hodgkin lymphoma, based on prognosis at diagnosis and early response: results from the GATLA study.

BACKGROUND Doxorubicin/bleomycin/vinblastine/dacarbazine (ABVD) plus involved-field radiation therapy (IFRT) is the gold-standard treatment for early and advanced stages of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). We evaluated the outcomes of patients according to prognosis at diagnosis and over time to determine who achieved complete remission (CR). PATIENTS AND METHODS Treatment-naive patients under the age of 75 years at all stages of HL were eligible. The favorable group (FG) contained patients with stage IA-IIIA disease without bulky areas who achieved CR after the third cycle of ABVD. They received only IFRT at 25 Gy. Patients in the unfavorable group (UG) exhibited stages IIIB and IV HL. The UG also included all patients with bulky disease and the subset of the FG without CR after 3 cycles of ABVD, ie, slow responders (FGSR). The UG received 6 cycles of ABVD plus IFRT at 30 Gy to bulky areas at diagnosis or to those areas remaining positive after the third cycle of ABVD. RESULTS In total, 584 patients were evaluable: 285 of them belonged to the FG, and 299 to the UG. Rates of CR were 98% and 85% for the FG and the UG, respectively (P < .001). Sixty patients in the FG received 6 cycles of ABVD because they had not achieved CR after 3 cycles (ie, the FGSR subgroup). The 5-year event-free survival rate was 89% for the FG, 66% for the FGSR, and 72% for the UG (P < .001). The overall survival at 5 years was significantly better for the FG (98%) than for the FGSR (87%) and the UG (88%; P < .001). CONCLUSION Patients from the FG demonstrated excellent outcomes compared with those from the FGSR and UG, despite receiving less chemotherapy and fewer doses of IFRT.
Highly Integrated and Tunable RF Front Ends for Reconfigurable Multiband Transceivers: A Tutorial

Architectural and circuit techniques to integrate the RF front end passive components, namely the SAW filters and duplexers that are traditionally implemented off chip, are presented. Intended for software-defined and cognitive radio platforms, tunable high-Q filters realized by CMOS switches and linear or MOS capacitors allow the integration of highly reconfigurable transceiver front ends that are robust to in-band and out-of-band blockers. Furthermore, duplexer techniques based on electrical balance concepts are introduced to enable highly integrated and programmable radios for full-duplex applications such as 3/4G transceivers. Several case studies are presented that offer highly linear and low-noise transceiver front ends that satisfy the challenging requirements of cellular standards, yet offer considerably lower cost and size compared to the state-of-the-art transceivers available today.
Women's Underrepresentation and Electoral Systems

Women's parliamentary representation in the 27 long-established but “unfinished democracies” (Haavio-Mannila et al. 1985) of the world varies between 2.3% in Japan's lower house to 39.0% in unicameral Finland. Women state legislators in the United States range from 4% in Kentucky to 39% in Washington in the lower house. Women are 11% of the members of the U.S. House of Representatives. The causes of this variation are primarily the electoral arrangements by which legislators are chosen and, secondarily, the political, economic, and social context. Favorable societal conditions will not substitute for unfavorable electoral systems for women to reach their optimal representation in parliament and local legislatures. But unfavorable contextual conditions—including cultural biases and discriminatory practices—can be overcome to a great extent by alternate electoral systems. Electoral arrangements are not neutral; they are the means used to exclude or include groups. The arrangements are amenable to change faster than social biases and other barriers to women's election opportunity and fair representation. Democracy falls short when women of whatever color or ethnic group cannot cast an effective vote to elect representatives of their choice or to enact laws they believe are critically needed. When there are higher proportions of women in parliament, for example, more laws are enacted that benefit children (Lijphart 1991).