Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Geography vs . Institutions at the Village Level 1 ∗

There is a well-known debate about the roles of geography versus institutions in explaining the long-term development of countries. These debates have usually been based on cross-country regressions where questions about parameter heterogeneity, unobserved heterogeneity, and endogeneity cannot easily be controlled for. The innovation of Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson (2001) was to address this last point by using settler mortality as an instrument for geography-induced endogenous institutions and found that this supported their line of reasoning. We believe there is value-added to consider this debate at the micro level within a country as particularly questions of parameter heterogeneity and unobserved heterogeneity are likely to be smaller than between countries. Moreover, at the micro level it is possible to identify more precise transmission mechanisms from geography via institutions to economic development outcomes. In particular, we examine the determinants of economic development across villages on the Indonesian Island of Sulawesi and find that geographyinduced endogenous emergence of land rights is the critical institutional link between geographic conditions and technological change. We therefore highlight and empirically validate a new transmission channel from endogenously generated institutions on economic development.
Long-Term Stability of One-Inch Condenser Microphones Calibrated at the National Institute of Standards and Technology

The devices calibrated most frequently by the acoustical measurement services at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) over the 50-year period from 1963 to 20121 were one-inch condenser microphones of three specific standard types: LS1Pn, LS1Po, and WS1P. Due to its long history of providing calibrations of such microphones to customers, NIST is in a unique position to analyze data concerning the long-term stability of these devices. This long history has enabled NIST to acquire and aggregate a substantial amount of repeat calibration data for a large number of microphones that belong to various other standards and calibration laboratories. In addition to determining microphone sensitivities at the time of calibration, it is important to have confidence that the microphones do not typically undergo significant drift as compared to the calibration uncertainty during the periods between calibrations. For each of the three microphone types, an average drift rate and approximate 95 % confidence interval were computed by two different statistical methods, and the results from the two methods were found to differ insignificantly in each case. These results apply to typical microphones of these types that are used in a suitable environment and handled with care. The average drift rate for Type LS1Pn microphones was −0.004 dB/year to 0.003 dB/year. The average drift rate for Type LS1Po microphones was −0.016 dB/year to 0.008 dB/year. The average drift rate for Type WS1P microphones was −0.004 dB/year to 0.018 dB/year. For each of these microphone types, the average drift rate is not significantly different from zero. This result is consistent with the performance expected of condenser microphones designed for use as transfer standards. In addition, the values that bound the confidence intervals are well within the limits specified for long-term stability in international standards. Even though these results show very good long-term stability historically for these microphone types, it is expected that periodic calibrations will always be done to track the calibration history of individual microphones and check for anomalies indicative of shifts in sensitivity.
A mean-variance approach to fundamental valuations

’i H i! ere I consider a risk asset to be an equity title to the stream of earnings from a unit of physical capital. The “fundamental valuation” of such an asset is the valuation of those earnings. It excludes speculative capital gains and losses, arising from variations of market prices of the equities. The fundamental valuation takes account of earnings whether or not they are distributed as dividends. Reinvestment of retained earnings may be reflected in appreciation of actual equity issues, but we regard such retention as equivalent to the issue of new shares. That is, a share here is always title to one unit of capital at replacement cost. Then fundamental valuations will depend on the means, variances, and covariances of the joint probability distributions of the earnings per share of the various risk assets; on their supplies relative to one another and to the safe asset, and on the return available from the safe asset. On the other hand, 1 certainly would be the last person to assert that asset markets in fact generate fundamental valuations. The speculative content of market prices is all too apparent in their excessive volatility. ’ Keynes’s classic description of equity markets as casinos where assessments of long-term investment prospects are overwhelmed by frantic shortterm guesses about what average opinion will think average opinion will think and so on, to the nth degree rings as true today as when he wrote it. ’ Indeed, this is a decisive reason to be skeptical
Export Diversification and the Dilemma of African Development

Recent theoretical literature suggests that aid, geography, and resource endowments affect diversification of exports in Africa. The paper examines the validity of these popular views using a System-GMM methodology and panel data for African countries. The evidence suggests that aid, the quality of infrastructure, and resource endowments are robust determinants of diversification in Africa. It also suggests that there is no systematic relationship between geography and diversification. Furthermore, there is some evidence that institutional factors are important although it is not robust. Finally, the paper offers recommendations on how to promote export diversification in the region.
Weighted Neighbourhood Preserving Embedding in face recognition

Graph Embedding (GE) along with its linearization outperforms the traditional linear dimension reduction techniques in face recognition, but there is still room for improvement on GE. This paper proposes an eigenvector weighting technique for a realization of linear GE, namely Neighbourhood Preserving Embedding (NPE) in face verification. The proposed method is called Eigenvector Weighting Function - NPE (EWF-NPE). The eigenspace is decomposed into three subspaces: (1) a subspace that is attributed to facial intra-class variations, (2) a subspace comprises of intrinsic facial characteristics, and (3) a subspace that is attributed to sensor and other external noises. Eigenfeatures are weighted differently in these subspaces. The proposed EWF-NPE ensures that only stable face subspace which yields informative data is emphasized, while the other two noise subspaces are deemphasized. Experimental investigations on FRGC and FERET databases demonstrate promising results of the proposed method.
Exact Safety Verification of Interval Hybrid Systems Based on Symbolic-Numeric Computation

In this paper, we address the problem of safety verification of interval hybrid systems in which the coefficients are intervals instead of explicit numbers. A hybrid symbolic-numeric method, based on SOS relaxation and interval arithmetic certification, is proposed to generate exact inequality invariants for safety verification of interval hybrid systems. As an application, an approach is provided to verify safety properties of non-polynomial hybrid systems. Experiments on the benchmark hybrid systems are given to illustrate the efficiency of our method.
A new model for using data mining technology in higher educational systems

Quality in higher educational systems has been placed squarely on the contemporary agenda. Nowadays, it can be observed that higher educational systems have encountered many challenges which prevent them to achieve their quality objectives. Some of these problems stem from the knowledge gap in higher educational operational and business processes. Knowledge gap is the lack of enough and deep knowledge at educational processes such as planning, evaluation and counseling. The main idea in This work is that the hidden patterns, associations, and anomalies that are discovered by data mining techniques can help bridging this knowledge gap in higher educational systems. We present and justify the capabilities of data mining technology in the context of higher educational system by proposing a model for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the higher educational process. Higher educational institutes can use this model to identify which part of their processes can be improved by data mining technology and how they can achieve this goal.
Class Consciousness and Class Conflict in Capture Fishery in Indonesia

This paper discusses about class structure, and then followed by discussion on class consciousness and class conflict in capture fisheries in Indonesia, taking fishers in Balikpapan, East Kalimantan as the case. Data were collected from January to September 2006 intermittently, mainly through interviews with fishers, government officials, and NGO activists. This research is a qualitative research. In terms of class structure, there are four classes of fishers found in Balikpapan, East Kalimantan, namely: labour fishers, small scale fishers, intermediate or medium fishers, and large scale or capitalist fishers. It is argued that class consciousness of the labour fishers has not developed yet. Therefore, labour fisher is only a class in itself, not as a class for itself. There are six factors that contribute to the underdeveloped of the class consciousness of the labour fishers. In terms of class conflict, there is a significant deviation from the pattern of class conflict described by Marx. In capture fishery, intense and violent conflict more often take place not between the capitalist or owner of the means of production and labour. Instead, it often happens between the small and intermediate with the capitalist fishers. In such a conflict, there is a strong alliance between the owner of the means of production and the labour in both camps or small and intermediate, and capitalist classes. In other word, small and intermediate fishers and their labours unite, on the other hand, capitalists and their labours also unite in this conflict. Keyword: Balikpapan, class structure, class relation, common problem [ How to Cite : Kinseng, R. (2013). Class Consciousness and Class Conflict in Capture Fishery in Indonesia. Journal of Rural Indonesia, 1 (1), 57-66. Retrieved from http://ejournal.skpm. ipb.ac. id/index.php/ruralindonesia/article/view/37]
Toeplitz and Toeplitz-block-Toeplitz matrices and their correlation with syzygies of polynomials

In this paper, we re-investigate the resolution of Toeplitz systems $T u =g$, from a new point of view, by correlating the solution of such problems with syzygies of polynomials or moving lines. We show an explicit connection between the generators of a Toeplitz matrix and the generators of the corresponding module of syzygies. We show that this module is generated by two elements of degree $n$ and the solution of $T u=g$ can be reinterpreted as the remainder of an explicit vector depending on $g$, by these two generators.
Implementing the (De-)Composition of Concepts: Oscillatory Networks, Coherency Chains and Hierarchical Binding

The paper introduces oscillatory networks as a model of the realization of lexical and non-lexical complex concepts in the cortex. The network has both perceptual and semantic capabilities. Three adequacy conditions, the compositionality of meaning, the compositionality of content, and the co-variation with content, are satisfied. Coherency chains and hierarchical mechanisms of binding are discussed.
Sharing resources with artificial ants

As networks are growing up, more and more information becomes available every day. Despite the presence of software enabling communications and content sharing, they are not always shared among people inside networks. We present here an architecture aimed at helping people to share information and find collaborators inside an organization. It is part of our PIAF framework, an intelligent agent system we use to develop recommender and personalization software. The main contribution of this paper is the introduction of principles of stigmergy and artificial ants to model data flows in a social network.
Quadratic stability of reset control systems with delays

This paper investigates robust stability of reset control systems with both uncertainties and transmission delays. Firstly, a generalized Lyapunov-Krasovskii theorem is proven. Secondly, the technique of parameter-dependent full-rank right annihilator of matrices is used to deal with the uncertain reset time instants caused by output matrix uncertainties. Based on this, several necessary and sufficient conditions for dissipativeness of reset mappings are established. Finally, some delay-independent and a delay-dependent robust stability results are given in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) by using certain kind of Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals. An illustrative example is also given to explain the proposed results.
Learning Analytics Architecture to Scaffold Learning Experience through Technology-based Methods

The challenge of delivering personalized learning experiences is often increased by the size of classrooms and online learning communities. Serious Games (SGs) are increasingly recognized for their potential to improve education. However, the issues related to their development and their level of effectiveness can be seriously affected when brought too rapidly into growing online learning communities. Deeper insights into how the students are playing is needed to deliver a comprehensive and intelligent learning framework that facilitates better understanding of learners' knowledge, effective assessment of their progress and continuous evaluation and optimization of the environments in which they learn. This paper discusses current SOTA and aims to explore the potential in the use of games and learning analytics towards scaffolding and supporting teaching and learning experience. The conceptual model (ecosystem and architecture) discussed in this paper aims to highlight the key considerations that may advance the current state of learning analytics, adaptive learning and SGs, by leveraging SGs as an suitable medium for gathering data and performing adaptations.
Intergenerational Equity and Exhaustable Resources

The theory of optimal economic growth, in the form given it by Frank Ramsey and developed by many others, is thoroughly utilitarian in conception. It is utilitarian in the broad sense that social states are valued as a function of the utilities of individuals (individual moments of time, in this case, since individual persons are usually taken as identical and identically treated) with the possibility that a loss of utility to one individual (or generation) can be more than offset by an increment to another. It is also utilitarian in the narrow sense that social welfare is (usually 3) defined as the sum of the utilities of different individuals or generations. Recently the whole utilitarian approach to social choice has come under fundamental attack by John Rawls [9]. One particular view advanced by Rawls concerns me here. He argues, in effect, that inequality in the distribution of wealth or utility is justified only if it is a necessary condition for improvement in the position of the poorest individual or individuals. In other words, if social welfare, W, is to be written as a function of individual utilities U1, . , U,, then Rawls argues for the particular function W = min (U1, ., Un), so that maximizing social welfare amounts to maximizing the smallest Ui.4 This welfare function is sensitive only to gains and losses of utility by the poorest person. A Theory of Justice contains a section 5 explicitly devoted to equity between generations, i.e. the question that arises in the theory of optimal capital accumulation. Remarkably, the one thing this chapter does not do is to advocate unequivocally the max-min criterion espoused elsewhere in the book. In this context Rawls settles for such ambivalent statements as the following: " . the question of justice between generations. subjects any ethical theory to severe if not impossible tests. I believe that it is not possible, at present anyway, to define precise limits on what the rate of savings should be. How the burden of capital accumulation and of raising the standard of civilization is to be shared between generations seems to admit of no definite answer. It does not follow, however, that certain bounds which impose significant ethical constraints cannot be formulated. Thus it seems evident, for example, that the classical principle of utility leads in the wrong direction for questions of justice between generations. Thus the utilitarian doctrine may direct us to demand heavy sacrifices of the poorer generations for the sake of greater advantages for later ones that are far better off. But this calculus of advantages which balances the
A practical framework for minimum-delay routing in computer networks

Abstract : The conventional approach to routing in computer networks consists of using a heuristic to compute a single shortest path from a source to a destination. Single-path routing is very responsive to topological and link-cost changes; however, except under light traffic loads, the delays obtained with this type of routing are far from optimal. Furthermore, if link costs are associated with delays, single-path routing exhibits oscillatory behavior and becomes unstable as traffic loads increase. On the other hand, minimum-delay routing approaches can minimize delays only when traffic is stationary or very slowly changing. We present a near-optimal routing framework that offers delays comparable to those of optimal routing and that is as flexible and responsive as single-path routing protocols proposed to date. First, an approximation to the Gallagher's minimum-delay routing problem is derived, and then algorithms that implement the approximation scheme are presented and verified. We describe the first routing algorithm based on link-state information that provides multiple paths of unequal cost to each destination that are loop-free at every instant. We show through simulations that the delays obtained in our framework for minimum-delay routing are comparable to those obtained using Gallager's algorithm for minimum-delay routing. Also, we show that our framework renders far smaller delays and makes better use of resources than traditional single-path routing.
PETRUS : A rule-based grapheme-to-phone converter for Brazilian Portuguese

This paper describes a grapheme-to-phone system. One of the major challenges for these types of systems is to give the correct phonetic symbol from a sequence of characters. The justification for developing a new G2P for Brazilian Portuguese arises from factors such as the little sharing of systems already implemented algorithms, and the results of performed tests from the studies that points out conversion errors that persist in currently available systems. In this context, it was developed a grapheme-to-phone system named PETRUS, which provides automatic phonetic transcription through a web interface in order to support automatic phonetic transcription of lemmas for Brazilian dictionaries' entries.
Range expansion for pico cell in heterogeneous LTE — A cellular networks

In LTE-Advanced, a heterogeneous network (HetNet) where femtocells and picocells overlaid onto macrocells is extensively discussed in addition to traditional well-planned macrocell deployment to improve further the system throughput. recently, the Pico cell range expansion (CRE) in the Heterogeneous Cellular Networks has received a great attention. Thus, Pico cells are added to a macro-cell layout aiming for benefiting average system throughput from cell-splitting. Considering that the large coverage of macro cell can limit the cell-splitting gains, cell range expansion (CRE) is employed to increase the fraction of UEs camped on pico cells. However, some pico user equipments (UEs) suffer from macro cells due to cell range extension. In this paper, we proposed the path loss from macro eNodeB (MeNB) using large downlink reference signals received power (DL-RSRP), with various bias values to increase coverage and capacity for the Pico cell, to associate much user equipment for Pico base station. In our experiments, show that the proposed scheme can remarkably improve cell edge spectral efficiency as well as overall system capacity.
Living kidney donor estimated glomerular filtration rate and recipient graft survival.

BACKGROUND Kidney transplants from living donors with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 80 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) may be at risk for increased graft loss compared with a recipient who receives a kidney from a living donor with a higher eGFR. METHODS This retrospective cohort study considered 2057 living kidney donors and their recipients from July 1993 to March 2010 at five centres in Ontario, Canada, and linked them to population-based, universal healthcare databases. Recipients were divided into five groups based on their donor's baseline eGFR. The median (inter-quartile range) for the lowest eGFR group was 73 (68-77) mL/min per 1.73 m(2). Subjects were followed for a median of 6 years (IQR: 3-10 years). RESULTS There was no significant difference in the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for graft loss when comparing recipients in each eGFR category to the referent group (≥110 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)). The adjusted HRs (95% CI) from the lowest (<80 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)) to highest (100-109.9 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)) eGFR categories were 1.27 (0.84-1.92), 1.43 (0.96-2.14), 1.23 (0.86-1.77) and 1.23 (0.85-1.77), respectively. Similar results were observed when dichotomizing the baseline donor eGFR using a cut-point of 80 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)-adjusted HR 1.01 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) (0.76-1.44)]. CONCLUSIONS Further research in this setting should clarify whether additional tests (i.e. measured GFR) should be performed in potential donors whose eGFR is considered borderline, whether eGFR values should be standardized to body surface area, and the outcomes for donors after nephrectomy.