Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The availability of inferences in children and young adults

Much of the research on age-related differences in the ability to inhibit irrelevant information in a given task has been on the study of younger and older adults. Only a minimal amount of research has focused on the developmental differences in children and young adults. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to examine whether age-related differences exist between children and young adults in processes consistent with inhibition. Third-, sixth-grade children, and college undergraduates listened to twenty-four garden path passages containing either expected or unexpected, but acceptable, conclusions. The twenty-four passages were divided into four subsets, with each subset containing six passages. Each of the six passages within a given subset consisted of a judgment task that contained either ten or fourteen words, as appropriate for a mid-point or an end-point testing of a passage. Participants were instructed to decide (yes or no) whether each test word was consistent with his or her understanding of the passage. Finally, each subset of six passages ended with the testing of the inference questions that corresponded to passages contained in that subset. Analyses revealed both groups of children to be less efficient than college students in the use of those attentional processes consistent with the inhibitory processes of selective attention that restrict access to and limit the maintenance of task-irrelevant information in working memory. Although children and adults showed equally strong tendencies to accept a target inference at the middle-test and end-test position, both groups of children were more likely than young adults to accept a competing, alternate interpretation of unexpected passages. The data reviewed here suggests developmental differences between children and young adults exist in the use of those processes required of inhibition that control the contents of working memory. Table of
Development of Animal Models for Adeno-Associated Virus Site-Specific Integration

ABSTRACT The adeno-associated virus (AAV) is unique in its ability to target viral DNA integration to a defined region of human chromosome 19 (AAVS1). Since AAVS1 sequences are not conserved in a rodent’s genome, no animal model is currently available to study AAV-mediated site-specific integration. We describe here the generation of transgenic rats and mice that carry the AAVS1 3.5-kb DNA fragment. To test the response of the transgenic animals to Rep-mediated targeting, primary cultures of mouse fibroblasts, rat hepatocytes, and fibroblasts were infected with wild-type wt AAV. PCR amplification of the inverted terminal repeat (ITR)-AAVS1 junction revealed that the AAV genome integrated into the AAVS1 site in fibroblasts and hepatocytes. Integration in rat fibroblasts was also observed upon transfection of a plasmid containing the rep gene under the control of the p5 and p19 promoters and a dicistronic cassette carrying the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and neomycin (neo) resistance gene between the ITRs of AAV. The localization of the GFP-Neo sequence in the AAVS1 region was determined by Southern blot and FISH analysis. Lastly, AAV genomic DNA integration into the AAVS1 site in vivo was assessed by virus injection into the quadriceps muscle of transgenic rats and mice. Rep-mediated targeting to the AAVS1 site was detected in several injected animals. These results indicate that the transgenic lines are proficient for Rep-mediated targeting. These animals should allow further characterization of the molecular aspects of site-specific integration and testing of the efficacy of targeted integration of AAV recombinant vectors designed for human gene therapy.
Ghrelin has partial or no effect on appetite, growth hormone, prolactin, and cortisol release in patients with anorexia nervosa.

CONTEXT Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder characterized by self-induced starvation. Gastric hormone ghrelin, potent orexigen, and natural GH secretagogue are increased in AN. Although exogenous ghrelin stimulates appetite, GH, prolactin, and cortisol release in humans, its effects have not been studied, during infusions, in AN patients. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the effects of ghrelin on appetite, sleepiness, and neuroendocrine responses in AN patients. DESIGN This was an acute interventional study. SETTING The study was based at a hospital. Investigated SUBJECTS Twenty-five young women, including nine patients diagnosed with AN with very low body weight, six AN patients who partially recovered their body weight but were still amenorrheic, and 10 constitutionally thin female subjects, without history of eating disorder, weight loss, with regular menstrual cycles, were included in the study. INTERVENTION Each patient received 300-min iv infusion of ghrelin 5 pmol/kg.min and was asked to complete Visual Analog Scale questionnaires hourly. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Visual Analog Scale scores for appetite and sleepiness, GH, prolactin, and cortisol responses were measured. RESULTS At baseline, AN patients had significantly higher ghrelin, GH, and cortisol levels and significantly lower leptin than constitutionally thin subjects. GH responses to ghrelin infusion were blunted in patients with AN. Ghrelin administration did not significantly affect appetite but tended to increase sleepiness in AN patients. CONCLUSIONS Ghrelin is unlikely to be effective as a single appetite stimulatory treatment for patients with AN. Our results suggest that AN patients are less sensitive to ghrelin in terms of GH response and appetite than healthy controls. Ghrelin effects on sleep need further studies.
"Protease I" of Escherichia coli functions as a thioesterase in vivo

Escherichia coli protease I is assayed as an esterase active with certain synthetic model chymotrypsin substrates. However, the gene encoding protease I has the same DNA sequence and genomic location as tesA, a gene that encodes E. coli thioesterase I. We report that both hydrolase activities utilize the same active site and demonstrate that the protein functions as a thioesterase in vivo.
Impact of nucleation on global CCN

Abstract. Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) are derived from particles emitted directly into the atmosphere (primary emissions) or from the growth of nanometer-sized particles nucleated in the atmosphere. It is important to separate these two sources because they respond in different ways to gas and particle emission control strategies and environmental changes. Here, we use a global aerosol microphysics model to quantify the contribution of primary and nucleated particles to global CCN. The model considers primary emissions of sea spray, sulfate and carbonaceous particles, and nucleation processes appropriate for the free troposphere and boundary layer. We estimate that 45% of global low-level cloud CCN at 0.2% supersaturation are secondary aerosol derived from nucleation (ranging between 31–49% taking into account uncertainties in primary emissions and nucleation rates), with the remainder from primary emissions. The model suggests that 35% of CCN (0.2%) in global low-level clouds were created in the free and upper troposphere. In the marine boundary layer 55% of CCN (0.2%) are from nucleation, with 45% entrained from the free troposphere and 10% nucleated directly in the boundary layer. Combinations of model runs show that primary and nucleated CCN are non-linearly coupled. In particular, boundary layer nucleated CCN are strongly suppressed by both primary emissions and entrainment of particles nucleated in the free troposphere. Elimination of all primary emissions reduces global CCN (0.2%) by only 20% and elimination of upper tropospheric nucleation reduces CCN (0.2%) by only 12% because of the increased contribution from boundary layer nucleation.
Indicadores del estado de ánimo en deportistas adolescentes según el modelo multidimensional del POMS

Mood state indicators for adolescent athletes based on POMS multidimensional model. In this paper, we offer a short version of the POMS, with only 33 items, designed to apply to young Spanish athletes. One hundred and six male soccer players, aged 14 and 15 years, participated in the study. In order to select the proposed items, we tried to maximize three criteria: (1) items should be understood by subjects, (2) items should be perceived as conceptually similar as possible to the meaning of their respective factors, and (3) every factor should contain at least 4 items. To meet the second criterion, PROXSCAL scaling procedure was used, which allowed retaining the items closest to the meaning of each factor. All goodness-of-fit indexes were satisfactory in all the proximity analyses performed. In the proposed POMS version, the 33 items refer to seven mood factors, as follows: Tension (4 items), Depression (9 items), Anger (4 items), Vigour (4 items), Fatigue (4 items), Confusion (4 items), and Friendliness (4 items).
The Role of Attention in Ego-Depletion

The resource model of ego-depletion is unable to account for the results of several ego-depletion studies, whereas a recent mechanistic revision by Inzlicht and Schmeichel (2012) has focused on the role of attention and motivation in an effort to explain the phenomenon. Assessment of attention’s role in restrained and unrestrained eaters may provide evidence that motivation and attention work in tandem to affect one’s ability to exert self-control. In this experiment, collegeaged females participated in two studies to examine the role of attention in ego-depletion effects. Study 1 evaluated the effect of ego depletion on attention via a dot probe task, while Study 2 assessed the effect of attentional bias on self-regulatory ability during an eating task. No egodepletion effect was observed to affect attention toward reward cues or away from self-control cues in the first study, with ancillary evidence suggesting that the ego-depletion induction task was unable to induce a depletive effect which may have driven the observed results. The results of the second study indicate that orienting individuals toward reward cues impacted only the restrained eaters, thus implicating both attention and motivation in guiding eating behavior which is consistent with the components of the mechanistic revision of ego-depletion.
Decorin potentiates IFN-γ activity in a model of allergic inflammation

The proteoglycan decorin modulates leukocyte recruitment during delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses. Decorindeficient (Dcn) mice show reduced edema formation during the first 24 h with a concurrent attenuated recruitment of Cd8 leukocytes in the inflamed Dcn ears. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular pathways affected by the loss of decorin. In vivo, reduced numbers of Cd8 cells in Dcn ears correlated with a reduced interferon-γ (Ifn-γ) and CXCL-10 expression. In vitro, Dcn lymphocytes displayed an increased adhesion to brain microvascular (bEnd.3) endothelial cells. Decorin treatment of bEnd.3 increased Icam-I and downregulated Vcam-I expression after Tnf-α stimulation. However, Dcn and wild-type lymphocytes produced Ifn-γ after activation with Cd3ε. Upon incubation with decorin, endothelial cells and fibroblasts responded differently to Ifn-γ and Tnf-α: Ccl2 in bEnd.3 cells was more prominently up-regulated by Tnf-α compared to Ifn-γ. Notably, both factors were more potent in the presence of decorin. Compared to Tnf-α, Ifn-γ treatment induced significantly more CXCL-10, and both factors increased synthesis of CXCL-10 in the presence of decorin. The response to Ifn-γ was similar in Dcn and wild-type fibroblasts, an additional source of CXCL-10. However, addition of decorin yielded significantly more CXCL-10. Notably, decorin increased the stability of Ifn-γ in vitro, and potentiated Ifn-γ-induced activation of Stat-1. Furthermore, only dermatan sulfate influenced Ifn-γ signaling by significantly increasing CXCL-10 expression in contrast to decorin protein core alone. Our data demonstrate that decorin modulates DTH responses by augmenting the http://www.jbc. org/cgi/doi/10.1074/jbc.M112.419366 The latest version is at JBC Papers in Press. Published on March 4, 2013 as Manuscript M112.419366
Thinking About Other People

Three experiments examined whether people spontaneously generate evaluations of target individuals under circumstances in which they are also known to generate spontaneous trait inferences (STIs). The first experiment used a standard savings-in-relearning paradigm to explore whether exposure to trait-implicative behavior descriptions facilitates the learning of evaluatively-congruent, as well as behavior-implied, personality traits. Evidence for the facilitated learning of evaluatively-congruent traits was not obtained. This led to a second experiment in which the savings-in-relearning paradigm was altered to directly assess participants’ relearning of evaluative words (good/bad). The results demonstrated that the same trait-implicative behavioral stimuli can produce both spontaneous trait inferences and spontaneous evaluations when both are measured correctly. Both of these outcomes were replicated in a third study using a false recognition paradigm. The implications of these findings for impression form.
A Simple Test for Causality in Volatility

An early development in testing for causality (technically, Granger non-causality) in the conditional variance (or volatility) associated with financial returns was the portmanteau statistic for non-causality in the variance of Cheng and Ng (1996). A subsequent development was the Lagrange Multiplier (LM) test of non-causality in the conditional variance by Hafner and Herwartz (2006), who provided simulation results to show that their LM test was more powerful than the portmanteau statistic for sample sizes of 1000 and 4000 observations. While the LM test for causality proposed by Hafner and Herwartz (2006) is an interesting and useful development, it is nonetheless arbitrary. In particular, the specification on which the LM test is based does not rely on an underlying stochastic process, so the alternative hypothesis is also arbitrary, which can affect the power of the test. The purpose of the paper is to derive a simple test for causality in volatility that provides regularity conditions arising from the underlying stochastic process, namely a random coefficient autoregressive process, and a test for which the (quasi-) maximum likelihood estimates have valid asymptotic properties under the null hypothesis of non-causality. The simple test is intuitively appealing as it is based on an underlying stochastic process, is sympathetic to Granger’s (1969, 1988) notion of time series predictability, is easy to implement, and has a regularity condition that is not available in the LM test.
DEVELOPING METHODS FOR WORD SENSE DISAMBIGUATION

iii 1. Literature Survey . 1 1.
Anatomy of the pig heart: comparisons with normal human cardiac structure

Transgenic technology has potentially solved many of the immunological difficulties of using pig organs to support life in the human recipient. Nevertheless, other problems still remain. Knowledge of cardiac anatomy of the pig (Sus scrofa) is limited despite the general acceptance in the literature that it is similar to that of man. A qualitative analysis of porcine and human cardiac anatomy was achieved by gross examination and dissection of hearts with macrophotography. The porcine organ had a classic ‘Valentine heart’ shape, reflecting its location within the thorax and to the orientation of the pig's body (unguligrade stance). The human heart, in contrast, was trapezoidal in silhouette, reflecting man's orthograde posture. The morphologically right atrium of the pig was characterised by the tubular shape of its appendage (a feature observed on the left in the human heart). The porcine superior and inferior caval veins opened into the atrium at right angles to one another, whereas in man the orifices were directly in line. A prominent left azygous vein (comparable to the much reduced left superior caval or oblique vein in man) entered on the left side of the pig heart and drained via the coronary sinus. The porcine left atrium received only 2 pulmonary veins, whereas 4 orifices were generally observed in man. The sweep between the inlet and outlet components of the porcine right ventricle was less marked than in man, and a prominent muscular moderator band was situated in a much higher position within the porcine right ventricle compared with that of man. The apical components of both porcine ventricles possessed very coarse trabeculations, much broader than those observed in the human ventricles. In general, aortic‐mitral fibrous continuity was reduced in the outlet component of the porcine left ventricle, with approximately two‐thirds of the aortic valve being supported by left ventricular musculature. Several potentially significant differences exist between porcine and human hearts. It is important that these differences are considered as the arguments continue concerning the use of transgenic pig hearts for xenotransplantation.
Multidimensional Scaling in R : SMACOF

This article is an updated version of De Leeuw and Mair (2009b) published in the Journal of Statistical Software. It elaborates on the methodology of multidimensional scaling problems (MDS) solved by means of the majorization algorithm. The objective function to be minimized is known as stress and functions which majorize stress are elaborated. This strategy to solve MDS problems is called SMACOF and it is implemented in an R package of the same name which is presented in this article. We extend the basic SMACOF theory in terms of configuration constraints, three-way data, unfolding models, and projection of the resulting configurations onto spheres and other quadratic surfaces. Various examples are presented to show the possibilities of the SMACOF approach offered by the corresponding package.
Domain Adaptation and Attention-Based Unknown Word Replacement in Chinese-to-Japanese Neural Machine Translation

This paper describes our UT-KAY system that participated in the Workshop on Asian Translation 2016. Based on an Attention-based Neural Machine Translation (ANMT) model, we build our system by incorporating a domain adaptation method for multiple domains and an attention-based unknown word replacement method. In experiments, we verify that the attention-based unknown word replacement method is effective in improving translation scores in Chinese-to-Japanese machine translation. We further show results of manual analysis on the replaced unknown words.
An Architecture for Safe Evacuation Route Recommendation in Smart Spaces

In this paper, we treat pedestrian evacuation in emergency scenarios of networked smart spaces. Personal safety may be jeopardized due to natural catastrophes (e.g., hurricanes, earthquakes, etc.) and/or adversarial actions of intentional enemies. During evacuation, the severity of emergency may increase causing partial or complete blockage of some evacuation routes. Thus, it is of the highest importance to (re)route evacuees based on updated real-time structure safety conditions. In this paper, we propose a multi-agent based architecture for dynamic route safety optimization in large smart space evacuation. The objective of the model is to ensure that the smart space network gets evacuated securely while aptly responding to unpredictable contingencies in the network safety.
DNNF-based Belief State Estimation

As embedded systems grow increasingly complex, there is a pressing need for diagnosing and monitoring capabilities that estimate the system state robustly. This paper is based on approaches that address the problem of robustness by reasoning over declarative models of the physical plant, represented as a variant of factored Hidden Markov Models, called Probabilistic Concurrent Constraint Automata. Prior work on Mode Estimation of PCCAs is based on a Best-First Trajectory Enumeration (BFTE) algorithm. Two algorithms have since made improvements to the BFTE algorithm: 1) the Best-First Belief State Update (BFBSU) algorithm has improved the accuracy of BFTE and 2) the MEXEC algorithm has introduced a polynomial-time bounded algorithm using a smooth deterministic decomposable negation normal form (sd-DNNF) representation. This paper introduces a new DNNF-based Belief State Estimation (DBSE) algorithm that merges the polynomial time bound of the MEXEC algorithm with the accuracy of the BFBSU algorithm. This paper also presents an encoding of a PCCA as a CNF with probabilistic data, suitable for compilation into an sd-DNNF-based representation. The sd-DNNF representation supports computing k belief states from k previous belief states in the DBSE algorithm.
Solving Optimization Problems on Hybrid Systems by Graph Exploration

The aim of this research is to give a systematic way to solve optimization problems on hybrid systems. The target classes of hybrid systems are linear hybrid automata and piecewise linear systems. The behavior of a hybrid system is represented by a directed acyclic graph such that each node is associated with a convex polyhedron on continuous state variables, and each edge corresponds to a discrete transition. Then the problem is solved by finding a trajectory in the graph that fulfills given specifications and also optimizes a given objective function. The procedure is implemented on a constraint logic programming language
A Hierarchy of Relaxations Between the Continuous and Convex Hull Representations for Zero-One Programming Problems

In this paper a reformulation technique is presented that takes a given linear zero-one programming problem, converts it into a zero-one polynomial programming problem, and then relinearizes it into an extended linear program. It is shown that the strength of the resulting reformulation depends on the degree of the terms used to produce the polynomial program at the intermediate step of this method. In fact, as this degree varies from one up to the number of variables in the problem, a hierarchy of sharper representations is obtained with the final relaxation representing the convex hull of feasible solutions. The reformulation technique readily extends to produce a similar hierarchy of linear relaxations for zero-one polynomial programming problems. A characterization of the convex hull in the original variable space is also available through a projection process. The structure of this convex hull characterization (or its other relaxations) can be exploited to generate strong or facetial valid inequalities through appropriate surrogates in a computational framework. The surrogation process can also be used to study various classes of facets for different combinatorial optimization problems. Some examples are given to illustrate this point. 1. Introduction. This paper describes a technique for generating a hierarchy of polyhedral representations for linear and polynomial zero-one programming problems.
Diffusion and hydrodynamic dispersion with the lattice Boltzmann method.

A simple reinterpretation of the lattice Boltzmann equation is presented that allows it to track passive scalar dynamics in grossly irregular geometries without adding any new ingredient to the basic hydrodynamic algorithm. The scheme is numerically demonstrated for two representative test cases: diffusion in two-dimensional fractal media and Taylor hydrodynamic dispersion