Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Hoff circuit test is more specific than an incremental treadmill test to assess endurance with the ball in youth soccer players

The assessment of aerobic endurance is important for training prescription in soccer, and is usually measured by straight running without the ball on a track or treadmill. Due to the ball control and technical demands during a specific soccer test, the running speeds are likely to be lower compared to a continuous incremental test. The aim of the present study was to compare the heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and speeds corresponding to 2.0 mmol∙L-1, 3.5 mmol∙L-1, lactate threshold (Dmax method) and peak lactate determined in the laboratory and in the Hoff circuit soccer-specific test. Sixteen soccer players (16±1 years) underwent two incremental tests (laboratory and Hoff circuit tests). The speeds were significantly higher in the treadmill test than on the Hoff circuit (2.0 mmol∙L-1: 9.5±1.2 and 8.1±1.0 km∙h-1; 3.5 mmol∙L-1: 12.0±1.2 and 10.2±1.1 km∙h-1; Dmax: 11.4±1.4 and 9.3±0.4 km∙h-1; peak lactate: 14.9±1.6 and 10.9±0.8 km∙h-1). The HR corresponding to 3.5 mmol∙L-1 was significantly higher on the Hoff circuit compared to the laboratory test (187.5±18.0 and 178.2±17.6 bpm, respectively; P <0.001), while the RPE at the last incremental stage was lower on the Hoff circuit (P < 0.01). The speeds during the Hoff specific soccer test and the HR corresponding to 2.0 mmol∙L-1, 3.5 mmol∙L-1 and Dmax/threshold were different compared with the laboratory test. The present study shows that it is possible to assess submaximal endurance related variables specifically in soccer players.
Unravelling a Wharfedale Landscape: A Case Study in Field Enhanced Aerial Survey

Abstract The basic level air photo interpretation and mapping of the National Mapping Programme can provide a guide to the existence and form of complex archaeological landscapes such as those found in the Yorkshire Dales. Using the evidence from the NMP a small area (80 ha) of upper Wharfedale was chosen to be the focus of a continuing education air photo interpretation training course. Reinterpretation and mapping of the features at a larger scale, along with the use of limited field observations has revealed the major stages in the development of the landscape from the Iron Age to the post-medieval periods. The value and accuracy of the original mapping has been demonstrated, whilst also showing the benefits of getting out on the ground. The potential of using this methodology to assist the understanding and management of extensive earthwork landscapes is considered.
Initialization Techniques for Improved Convergence of LMS DFEs in Strong Interference Environments

The least-mean square (LMS) decision-feedback equalizer (DFE) was previously shown [1], [2] to possess an extended convergence time in an interference limited environment. In [1] it was shown that the convergence time can be significantly reduced by using the received samples and the training data to initialize (data-aided initialization) the LMS weights with an estimate for the Wiener weights. In this paper, two data- aided initialization techniques for equalization in the presence of severe narrowband interference are discussed and compared. The estimate of the Wiener filter is obtained from data-based averages of the autocorrelation matrix and the cross-correlation vector. The first technique is the Multistage Wiener Filter (MSWF) first proposed by Goldstein, et al. [3]. This algorithm provides a reduced complexity approach by approximating the Wiener filter in a lower dimensional subspace. The second technique is a parametric approximation to the Direct Matrix Inversion (DMI) solution based on the Gohberg-Semencul formula [4], [5] to obtain the inverse in a computationally efficient fashion. Both techniques were compared in terms of complexity (i.e. the number of multiplications required) and BER performance as compared to the theoretical Wiener filter for the DFE. The MSWF requires fewer training symbols than the approximation to the DMI solution in order to approach the BER performance of the theoretical Wiener filter. The parametric approximation to the DMI solution is computationally efficient but exhibits instability due to assumptions made on the structure of the correlation matrix and when the minimum eigenvalue is close to zero at high SNR.
River: an intermediate language for stream processing

This paper presents both a calculus for stream processing, named Brooklet, and its realization as an intermediate language, named River. Because River is based on Brooklet, it has a formal semantics that enables reasoning about the correctness of source translations and optimizations. River builds on Brooklet by addressing the real‐world details that the calculus elides. We evaluated our system by implementing front‐ends for three streaming languages, and three important optimizations, and a back‐end for the System S distributed streaming runtime. Overall, we significantly lower the barrier to entry for new stream‐processing languages and thus grow the ecosystem of this crucial style of programming. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Personality, Faking, and Convergent Validity: A Warning Concerning Warning Statements

Personality measures continue to be criticized for their susceptibility to faking and socially desirable responding. The present study examined the effects of warning applicants against faking on convergent validity of self-observer ratings. Four hundred sixty-four participants completed personality inventories in either a warned or unwarned condition. Results indicated that warning statements resulted in lower mean scores for some personality dimensions but did not improve convergent validity for any of these dimensions. Implications of these findings are discussed in relation to employment selection and future research.
Military veterans: Therapeutic journaling in a veterans treatment court

Therapeutic journaling can promote self-reflection and contemplation in ways that extend treatment beyond the in-person therapeutic encounter. Although the research literature on journaling is scant, evidence suggests that journaling improves physical and mental health functioning. Therapeutic journaling is now becoming more commonplace in the criminal justice system, where it has been integrated into preconviction and postconviction efforts to reduce recidivism. The purpose of this paper is to highlight one court-based program, a veterans treatment court, in which journaling is a core component of a program seeking to enhance the therapeutic impact of the criminal justice system on military veterans. Using primary data, we describe the program, how it became part of the court’s model, and stakeholders’ perceptions of the impact of journaling on participants’ experience in court. The authors also outline the implications of journaling for military veterans and practitioners and identify steps for future research.
Effects of positive interactions, size symmetry of competition and abiotic stress on self-thinning in simulated plant populations.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Competition drives self-thinning (density-dependent mortality) in crowded plant populations. Facilitative interactions have been shown to affect many processes in plant populations and communities, but their effects on self-thinning trajectories have not been investigated. METHODS Using an individual-based 'zone-of-influence' model, we studied the potential effects of the size symmetry of competition, abiotic stress and facilitation on self-thinning trajectories in plant monocultures. In the model, abiotic stress reduced the growth of all individuals and facilitation ameliorated the effects of stress on interacting individuals. KEY RESULTS Abiotic stress made the log biomass-log density relationship during self-thinning steeper, but this effect was reduced by positive interactions among individuals. Size-asymmetric competition also influenced the self-thinning slope. CONCLUSIONS Although competition drives self-thinning, its course can be affected by abiotic stress, facilitation and competitive symmetry.
Modeling Target-Side Inflection in Neural Machine Translation

NMT systems have problems with large vocabulary sizes. Byte-pair encoding (BPE) is a popular approach to solving this problem, but while BPE allows the system to generate any target-side word, it does not enable effective generalization over the rich vocabulary in morphologically rich languages with strong inflectional phenomena. We introduce a simple approach to overcome this problem by training a system to produce the lemma of a word and its morphologically rich POS tag, which is then followed by a deterministic generation step. We apply this strategy for English-Czech and English-German translation scenarios, obtaining improvements in both settings. We furthermore show that the improvement is not due to only adding explicit morphological information.
The Influence of Consumer Socialization Variables on Attitude toward Advertising: A Comparison of African-Americans and Caucasians

Abstract Using the theory of consumer socialization, the authors explore factors that might shape attitudes toward advertising for African-American and Caucasian young adults. Though the African-American market is growing in importance to advertisers, little if any research has explored African-American perceptions of advertising. The theory of consumer socialization provides a conceptual framework for investigating variables that might influence attitudes toward advertising. African-American and Caucasian young adults were surveyed on various consumer socialization variables. Parental communication, peer communication, mass media, gender, and race were found to be related significantly to attitudes toward advertising. African-Americans watched more TV and had more positive attitudes toward advertising than their Caucasian counterparts.
BCI Demographics: How Many (and What Kinds of) People Can Use an SSVEP BCI?

Brain-computer interface (BCI) systems enable communication without movement. It is unclear why some BCI approaches or parameters are less effective with some users. This study elucidates BCI demographics by exploring correlations among BCI performance, personal preferences, and different subject factors such as age or gender. Results showed that most people, despite having no prior BCI experience, could use the Bremen SSVEP BCI system in a very noisy field setting. Performance tended to be better in both young and female subjects. Most subjects stated that they did not consider the flickering stimuli annoying and would use or recommend this BCI system. These and other demographic analyses may help identify the best BCI for each user.
Predicting Intended Unethical Behavior of Business Students

What is the likelihood that students would intend to act unethically in the work environment? The author measured business students' intended behavior for 4 hypothetical unethical situations by investigating the following determinants: belief toward the behavior, subjective norms (i.e., pressure), perceived behavioral control, perceived personal outcome (i.e., benefit), and perceived social acceptance by others. In an expanded intention model, belief was consistently the most powerful predictor of intent in all 4 situations. Perceived behavioral control, perceived personal outcome, and perceived social acceptance by others were moderately good predictors of intent. Subjective norms was the weakest predictor of intent. Assessing students' intended unethical behavior has implications for educators.
The Relationship Between Psychopathology and Shame in Secondary School Students

This study investigated the relationship between psychopathology and shame. Three hundred and thirty-one Secondary 2 students from Singapore participated in the study. All students completed a self-report questionnaire consisting of the Anxiety and Depression scales of the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC), the short version of the Aggression Questionnaire (AQ), and the Internalized Shame Scale (ISS). As predicted, students in the comorbid group at-risk for anxiety, depression and aggression, had significantly higher shame scores compared with at-risk students in all the other three single-disordered groups (anxiety-only, depression-only, or aggression-only) as well as students in the control group. Also, as expected, the control group scored significantly lower compared to all other single-disorder groups and the comorbid group. Implications of these findings with regard to comorbidity of psychopathology and its relationship to shame, classroom interventions, as well as implications pertaining to teachers' and counsellors' work with at-risk students will be discussed.
Mission Impossible? Physical Activity Programming for Individuals Experiencing Homelessness

Purpose: A pilot study was conducted to describe the physical activity experiences and perceived benefits of and barriers to physical activity participation for patrons of a homeless shelter. The resulting pilot data may be used to inform the creation of and support for physical activity and sport programs for those experiencing homelessness. Method: Eighteen male patrons of a homeless shelter completed self-report questionnaires to assess psychosocial factors: global self-esteem, general self-efficacy, exercise intention and attitudes, and quality of life. Fitness tests were completed to determine participants' body mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness, flexibility, and general body strength. Interviews probed participants' social support, motivations, perceived benefits, and preferences related to physical activity. Results: Participants scored far below the acceptable range on the sit-and-reach test of flexibility. There were moderate correlations between several of the psychosocial variables and some of the fitness parameters. Conclusions: The participants could benefit from initiating a varied exercise program to increase their flexibility. Future research should explore intervention on psychosocial variables that may influence other psychosocial variables as well as fitness parameters. Despite limitations of a small sample size and limited access to fitness facilities, the preliminary evidence suggests that patrons of a homeless shelter are open to physical activity experiences and that the benefits may go beyond improving physical fitness levels.
The Revised Exchange-Orientation Scale

The literature regarding exchange-orientation in relationship to marital adjustment and cohabitation and friendship compatibility is briefly reviewed and a revised exchange-orientation scale is constructed. The items selected were judged relevant to exchange and passed internal consistency tests as well as differentiating between high and low scorers. Various versions for husbands and wives are presented. All versions show high reliability as measured by coefficient alpha.
Gender discrimination and job-related outcomes: a cross-cultural comparison of working women in the United States and China.

Abstract Gender discrimination continues to be an issue that is encountered by women in the workplace. In this study we test hypotheses about two forms of gender discrimination, sexual harassment and gender evaluation (the use of gender as a criteria for job-related decisions), and several job-related outcomes. Our sample of 583 working women is drawn from three geographic regions (the United States, Chinese mainland, and Hong Kong SAR). These regions each have distinct cultural and social characteristics as well as different levels of legislation and enforcement regarding gender discrimination. Results indicated that gender discrimination was negatively associated with job satisfaction and affective commitment and positively associated with turnover intentions and life stress. Across geographical regions, women reported significant differences in all constructs. Several relationships between gender discrimination and the job-related outcomes were moderated by geographic region.
Spectral loudness summation takes place in the primary auditory cortex

Auditory functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to assess neural activation in the human auditory brainstem (AB) and cortex (AC) as a function of bandwidth (BW). We recorded brain activation of 22 normal hearing listeners induced by band pass filtered pink noise stimuli with equal sound pressure level of 70 dB SPL. Tested bandwidths were 50, 500, 1,500, 3,000, 6,000, and 8,000 Hz. The center frequency was 4,000 Hz. Categorical loudness scaling had been performed in a silent booth with all of these stimuli. Loudness as a function of bandwidth followed a concave‐shaped curve which reflected the influence of spectral loudness summation (SLS) for higher BW and the influence of large amplitude fluctuations for very low BW, which itself could be explained by peak‐listening. While neural activation of the AB, as measured by the percent signal change from baseline (PSC), was tuned to the physical BW of the stimuli in a straight linear fashion, the trend of perceived loudness as a function of BW was reflected in several aspects by corresponding neural activation in the primary auditory cortex (PAC). Finally, from the absolute differences of the PSC between PAC and AB, gains in perceived loudness associated with SLS and the effect of large amplitude fluctuations could be predicted with an accuracy of 1–2 dB for the whole group of participants. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The performance of consistent checkpointing

Consistent checkpointing provides transparent fault tolerance for long-running distributed applications. Performance measurements of an implementation of consistent checkpointing are described. The measurements show that consistent checkpointing performs remarkably well. Eight computation-intensive distributed applications were executed on a network of 16 diskless Sun-3/60 workstations, and the performance without checkpointing was compared to the performance with consistent checkpoints taken at two-minute intervals. For six of the eight applications, the running time increased by less than 1% as a result of the checkpointing. The highest overhead measured was 5.8%. Incremental checkpointing and copy-on write checkpointing were the most effective techniques in lowering the running time overhead. It is argued that these measurements show that consistent checkpointing is an efficient way to provide fault tolerance for long-running distributed applications. <<ETX>>
Pedagogy in practice: school pedagogy from students’ perspectives

This paper introduces the concept of ‘pedagogy in practice’ (PiP), referring to the immediate interaction between students’ learning experiences and school’s pedagogy and distinct from the pedagogy advocated ‘from above’ by the school. We bring the concept of PiP into focus by analysing students’ open‐ended discourse about their learning experiences in 24 open group conversations, comparing two holistically different learning environments (conventional and an alternative arts and sciences (A&S) high school in Israel). The results show that A&S students described their learning experiences as ones wherein they actively steered and navigated their own learning process. Students’ experience of the conventional school’s pedagogy implies that the conventional school’s PiP considers its students as passengers joining a ride over which they have little control. Traditionally, research has looked into students’ perceived learning experiences for the purpose of better understanding their learning processes. We suggest that students’ talk about their experiences is also informative for understanding their interaction with the schools’ pedagogy.
Micropreemption synthesis: an enabling mechanism for multitask VLSI systems

Task preemption is a critical enabling mechanism in multitask very large scale integration (VLSI) systems. On preemption, data in the register files must be preserved for the task to be resumed. This entails extra memory to preserve the context and additional clock cycles to save and restore the context. In this paper, techniques and algorithms to incorporate micropreemption constraints during multitask VLSI system synthesis are presented. Specifically, algorithms to insert and refine preemption points in scheduled task graphs subject to preemption latency constraints, techniques to minimize the context switch overhead by considering the dedicated registers required to save the state of a task on preemption and the shared registers required to save the remaining values in the tasks, and a controller-based scheme to preclude the preemption-related performance degradation by: 1) partitioning the states of a task into critical sections; 2) executing the critical sections atomically; and 3) preserving atomicity by rolling forward to the end of the critical sections on preemption have been developed. The effectiveness of all approaches, algorithms, and software implementations is demonstrated on real examples. Validation of all the results is complete in the sense that functional simulation is conducted to complete layout implementation.
The Enduring Hypoxic Response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Background A significant body of evidence accumulated over the last century suggests a link between hypoxic microenvironments within the infected host and the latent phase of tuberculosis. Studies to test this correlation have identified the M. tuberculosis initial hypoxic response, controlled by the two-component response regulator DosR. The initial hypoxic response is completely blocked in a dosR deletion mutant. Methodology/Principal Findings We show here that a dosR deletion mutant enters bacteriostasis in response to in vitro hypoxia with only a relatively mild decrease in viability. In the murine infection model, the phenotype of the mutant was indistinguishable from that of the parent strain. These results suggested that additional genes may be essential for entry into and maintenance of bacteriostasis. Detailed microarray analysis of oxygen starved cultures revealed that DosR regulon induction is transient, with induction of nearly half the genes returning to baseline within 24 hours. In addition, a larger, sustained wave of gene expression follows the DosR-mediated initial hypoxic response. This Enduring Hypoxic Response (EHR) consists of 230 genes significantly induced at four and seven days of hypoxia but not at initial time points. These genes include a surprising number of transcriptional regulators that could control the program of bacteriostasis. We found that the EHR is independent of the DosR-mediated initial hypoxic response, as EHR expression is virtually unaltered in the dosR mutant. Conclusions/Significance Our results suggest a reassessment of the role of DosR and the initial hypoxic response in MTB physiology. Instead of a primary role in survival of hypoxia induced bacteriostasis, DosR may regulate a response that is largely optional in vitro and in mouse infections. Analysis of the EHR should help elucidate the key regulatory factors and enzymatic machinery exploited by M. tuberculosis for long-term bacteriostasis in the face of oxygen deprivation.