Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Six Reviews on the Quality of Instruments for the Evaluation of Interprofessional Education in German-Speaking Countries

Background: More and more institutions worldwide and in German-speaking countries are developing and establishing interprofessional seminars in undergraduate education of health professions. In order to evaluate the different didactic approaches and different outcomes regarding the anticipated interprofessional competencies, it is necessary to apply appropriate instruments. Cross-cultural instruments are particularly helpful for international comparability. The Interprofessional Education working group of the German Medical Association (GMA) aims at identifying existing instruments for the evaluation of interprofessional education in order to make recommendations for German-speaking countries. Methods: Systematic literature research was performed on the websites of international interprofessional organisations (CAIPE, EIPEN, AIPEN), as well as in the PubMed and Cinahl databases. Reviews focusing on quantitative instruments to evaluate competencies according to the modified Kirkpatrick competency levels were searched for. Psychometrics, language/country and setting, in which the instrument was applied, were recorded. Results: Six reviews out of 73 literature research hits were included. A large number of instruments were identified; however, their psychometrics and the applied setting were very heterogeneous. The instruments can mainly be assigned to Kirkpatrick levels 1, 2a & 2b. Most instruments have been developed in English but their psychometrics were not always reported rigorously. Only very few instruments are available in German. Conclusion: It is difficult to find appropriate instruments in German. Internationally, there are different approaches and objectives in the measurement and evaluation of interprofessional competencies. The question arises whether it makes sense to translate existing instruments or to go through the lengthy process of developing new ones. The evaluation of interprofessional seminars with quantitative instruments remains mainly on Kirkpatrick levels 1 and 2. Levels 3 and 4 can probably only be assessed with qualitative or mixed methods. German language instruments are necessary.
Stress fields in hollow core–shell spherical electrodes of lithium ion batteries

This paper presents a comprehensive model coupling the effects of hydrostatic stress, surface/interface stress, phase transformation and the structure of electrodes. First, the governing equation of moving phase interface with hydrostatic stress is established. Under the effect of hydrostatic stress, phase transformation process is much faster, which means phase transformation time is overestimated in previous publications. Then, a cross-scale analysis is presented to investigate the size effect owing to hydrostatic stress, surface stress and interface stress separately, which concludes that the effect of hydrostatic stress is significant for the stress field in microelectrode particles, whereas that of surface/interface stress is highlighted in nano-ones. Finally, an electrochemical variable ‘efficiency’ (ratio of effective capacity over total capacity) is defined. The advantages of hollow structure electrodes on stress and efficiency are analysed. The present model is helpful for the material and structure design of electrodes of lithium ion batteries.
Reasoning through emotion: An explication and test of a cognitive-functional model for the effects of discrete negative emotions on information processing, attitude change, and recall

Drawing from cognitive response models of persuasion, functional emotion theories, and theoretical and empirical work on the influence of message-relevant and message-irrelevant affect on attitudes, this paper presents a model of persuasion that suggests that discrete, message-induced negative emotions influence attitudes through a complex process that centers around the notions of motivated attention and motivated processing. Emotion type, expectation of the message containing reassuring information, argument strength, presence of peripheral cues, emotional intensity, and emotion placement within a message are expected to mediate information processing depth, message acceptance or rejection, and information recall. This model attempts to bridge the gap between the “emotional” and “rational” approaches to persuasion, and it extends current theorizing in the area of emotion and attitude change by (a) linking the concepts of motivated attention and motivated processing to that of expectation of message reassurance, and (b) considering the persuasive effects of negative emotions other than fear, like anger, disgust, sadness, and guilt.
The PURE family of object-oriented operating systems for deeply embedded systems

Deeply embedded systems are forced to operate under extreme resource constraints in terms of memory, CPU, time and power consumption. Automotive systems are a typical example: today's limousines can be considered as (large-scale) distributed systems on wheels. There are cars in daily operation consisting of over 60 networked processors (i.e. microcontrollers). Conservative estimations suggest that, in the near future, every car will be equipped with about 20 networked microcontrollers, on average. The complexity of these "decentralized computer architectures" can no longer be managed by the application alone. Dedicated embedded operating systems are required to ensure the manageability, adaptability, portability and efficiency of the software. Resource-sparing operations under (hard) real-time constraints must be the maxim. This paper discusses the design and implementation of PURE (Portable Universal Runtime Executive) for these classes of deeply embedded systems.
Unseen Visible Watermarking: A Novel Methodology for Auxiliary Information Delivery via Visual Contents

A novel data hiding scheme, denoted as unseen visible watermarking (UVW), is proposed. In UVW schemes, hidden information can be embedded covertly and then directly extracted using the human visual system as long as appropriate operations (e.g., gamma correction provided by almost all display devices or changes in viewing angles relative to LCD monitors) are performed. UVW eliminates the requirement of invisible watermarking that specific watermark extractors must be deployed to the receiving end in advance, and it can be integrated with 2-D barcodes to transmit machine-readable information that conventional visible watermarking schemes fail to deliver. We also adopt visual cryptographic techniques to guard the security of hidden information and, at the same time, increase the practical value of visual cryptography. Since UVW can be alternatively viewed as a mechanism for visualizing patterns hidden with least-significant-bit embedding, its security against statistical steganalysis is proved by empirical tests. Limitations and other potential extensions of UVW are also addressed.
Motion-compensated 4D cone-beam computed tomography

In image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) beside the linear particle accelerator an additional kV system provides information for an accurate patient positioning. The precise execution of the treatment plan is assured that way. An extra goal is the refinement of further planned treatment fractions based on the on-board imaging system information. Additional inter-fractional planning CTs become thus obsolete. However, the acquisition time of the system is much longer than the patient's breathing cycle due to technical limitations on the gantry rotation speed. Severe artifacts like blurring or streaks are the consequence. They affect image quality and thus also the refinement of the treatment plan.
Preferential Interaction of v-Conotoxins with Inactivated N-type Ca 2 1 Channels

The selective block of N-type Ca channels by v-conotoxins has been a hallmark of these channels, critical in delineating their biological roles and molecular characteristics. Here we report that the v-conotoxin-channel interaction depends strongly on channel gating. N-type channels (a1B, a2, and b1) expressed in Xenopus oocytes were blocked with a variety of v-conotoxins, including v-CTx-GVIA, v-CTx-MVIIA, and SNX331, a derivative of v-CTx-MVIIC. Changes in holding potential (HP) markedly altered the severity of toxin block and the kinetics of its onset and removal. Notably, strong hyperpolarization renders v-conotoxin block completely reversible. These effects could be accounted for by a modulated receptor model, in which toxin dissociation from the inactivated state is ;60-fold slower than from the resting state. Because v-conotoxins act exclusively outside cells, our results suggest that voltagedependent inactivation of Ca channels must be associated with an externally detectable conformational change.
The hemodynamic effect of STA‐MCA bypass.

rCBF was measured by 133Xenon inhalation at rest and during pCO2 manipulation in 19 patients prior to and at various times after STA-MCA bypass surgery. The resting flow increased gradually postoperatively, seemingly more due to progressive clinical recovery from the original neurologic disability than due to the surgical intervention. CO2 reactivity increased in some patients, more in those who preoperatively had the poorest reactivity. The negative relationship between preoperative reactivity and postoperative change in reactivity was highly significant. These observations are consistent with the interpretation that the surgery did not significantly affect the resting flow level but did augment the collateral reserve in those cases in which it had been most severely impaired by the arterial lesion.
The Use of Theory in Designing a Serious Game for the Reduction of Cognitive Biases

In the current study, a serious game was developed to address a training challenge: teaching players to recognize and mitigate their cognitive biases. Cognitive biases, which are human tendencies to commit systematic errors in thinking that lead to irrational judgments, are deeply ingrained and difficult to alter. This paper describes the theory-based approach we employed to create a game for the mitigation of cognitive biases – a challenging and abstract training topic. A cognitive bias framework that relates the target cognitive biases, their causes, and effective bias mitigation techniques was developed and incorporated into the game design. The resultant serious game, titled Missing: The Final Secret (hereinafter: Missing ), pairs the most promising mitigation strategies with the primary causes of the targeted cognitive biases and incorporates them into game-play. Further, we present preliminary results from a game efficacy evaluation suggesting that Missing is an effective tool for training cognitive bias recognition and mitigation.
Precise Cerebral Vascular Atlas in Stereotaxic Coordinates of Whole Mouse Brain

Understanding amazingly complex brain functions and pathologies requires a complete cerebral vascular atlas in stereotaxic coordinates. Making a precise atlas for cerebral arteries and veins has been a century-old objective in neuroscience and neuropathology. Using micro-optical sectioning tomography (MOST) with a modified Nissl staining method, we acquired five mouse brain data sets containing arteries, veins, and microvessels. Based on the brain-wide vascular spatial structures and brain regions indicated by cytoarchitecture in one and the same mouse brain, we reconstructed and annotated the vascular system atlas of both arteries and veins of the whole mouse brain for the first time. The distributing patterns of the vascular system within the brain regions were acquired and our results show that the patterns of individual vessels are different from each other. Reconstruction and statistical analysis of the microvascular network, including derivation of quantitative vascular densities, indicate significant differences mainly in vessels with diameters less than 8 μm and large than 20 μm across different brain regions. Our precise cerebral vascular atlas provides an important resource and approach for quantitative studies of brain functions and diseases.
Influence of Oligospermines Architecture on Their Suitability for siRNA Delivery

Spermines are naturally abundant polyamines that partially condense nucleic acids and exhibit the proton-sponge effect in an acidic environment. However, spermines show a limited efficiency for transfecting nucleic acids because of their low molecular weight. Therefore, spermines need to be modified to be used as nonviral vectors for nucleic acids. Here, we synthesized linear bisspermine as well as a linear and dendritic tetraspermine with different molecular architectures. These oligospermines were self-assembled into polyplexes with siRNA. The structure–activity relationship of the oligospermines was evaluated in terms of their efficiency for delivering siRNA into a nonsmall cell lung carcinoma cell line. Oligospermines displayed minimal cytotoxicity but efficient siRNA condensation and showed better stability against polyanions than polyethylenimine. The morphology of the polyplexes was strongly affected by the oligospermine architecture. Linear tetraspermine/siRNA polyplexes showed the best gene-silencing efficiency among the oligospermines tested at both the mRNA and protein expression levels, indicating the most favorable structure for siRNA delivery.
Assessing ECG signal quality on a coronary care unit

Poor electrocardiograph (ECG) signal quality is associated with an increase in the number of false alarms, may degrade diagnostic information, and can increase the workload for coronary care unit (CCU) or other intensive care staff. It is important therefore to establish simple quantitative measures that can be used to demonstrate signal quality problems. In this study, a fixed-gain diagnostic bandwidth ECG from patients in a single CCU bed was monitored continuously for 10 weeks and measures which could relate to quality were calculated. These measures were the number of times the ECG exceeded a preset limit (out-of-range events, ) and the frequency content of the ECG plus superimposed noise in six different bandwidths (0.05 - 0.25, 0.25 - 10, 10 - 20, 20 - 48, 48 - 52, and 52 - 100 Hz). A computer-based data collection system calculated a 10 s average for each of the measures and logged these to memory. Following the data collection phase, good-quality baseline levels for the seven measures were calculated for each of the days studied and compared with levels during the evening - night (6 pm - 6 am), which were in turn compared with levels during the day-time (6 am - 6 pm). All measures were significantly lower (p < 0.001) for the selected good-quality ECGs compared with those recorded during the night, with low frequency, lower ECG bandwidth, and out-of-range events producing the greatest differences. Night-time noise levels were lower than day-time levels, and the largest reductions were found in the rate of out-of-range events (19.8 to ) (p < 0.02), and low-frequency content less than 0.25 Hz (70 to ) (p < 0.01). Significant reductions during the night were also found in the lower ECG bandwidth 0.25 - 10 Hz (111 to ) (p < 0.01). No significant changes were found in the higher frequencies. We conclude that the low-frequency content and rate of out-of-range events are easy to obtain and could be used as measures for evaluating signal quality. Keywords: alarm systems, coronary care unit, electrocardiogram, monitoring, signal quality
Visualizing Dimension Coverage to Support Exploratory Analysis

Data analysis involves constantly formulating and testing new hypotheses and questions about data. When dealing with a new dataset, especially one with many dimensions, it can be cumbersome for the analyst to clearly remember which aspects of the data have been investigated (i.e., visually examined for patterns, trends, outliers etc.) and which combinations have not. Yet this information is critical to help the analyst formulate new questions that they have not already answered. We observe that for tabular data, questions are typically comprised of varying combinations of data dimensions (e.g., what are the trends of Sales and Profit for different Regions? ). We propose representing analysis history from the angle of dimension coverage (i.e., which data dimensions have been investigated and in which combinations). We use scented widgets to incorporate dimension coverage of the analysts' past work into interaction widgets of a visualization tool. We demonstrate how this approach can assist analysts with the question formation process. Our approach extends the concept of scented widgets to reveal aspects of one's own analysis history, and offers a different perspective on one's past work than typical visualization history tools. Results of our empirical study showed that participants with access to embedded dimension coverage information relied on this information when formulating questions, asked more questions about the data, generated more top-level findings, and showed greater breadth of their analysis without sacrificing depth.
A High-Performance and Energy-Efficient Virtually Tagged Stack Cache Architecture for Multi-core Environments

Virtually tagged caches possess a key attribute that renders them more attractive than Physically Indexed, Physically Tagged (PIPT) caches, they operate natively within the virtual address space, hence taking full advantage of the original intention of a virtual memory implementation: the illusion of a contiguous address space. Consequently, virtually tagged caches eliminate Translation Look-aside Buffer (TLB) references, yielding both energy and performance improvements. On the other hand, virtually tagged caches incur substantial overhead in resolving homonym/synonym issues, which is a fairly complicated process in contemporary multicore environments. In this paper, we aim to markedly alleviate this overhead through the use of a new virtually tagged stack cache design specifically targeting multi-core environments. It will be demonstrated that special level-one virtually tagged stack caches can significantly boost the performance of a system running a heavy, dominating, multi-threaded workload -- among other applications -- while actually reducing its energy consumption. This scheme is aimed at modern server environments that run a single, dedicated multi-threaded application workload per server. The proposed virtually tagged stack cache for multi-core processors minimizes the overhead incurred in resolving virtual-tag-related artifacts, by granting exclusive access to only one multi-threaded workload at a time. In other words, said virtually tagged cache filters the Virtual Address (VA) spaces and subsequently handles only the stack areas of the selected virtual address space. A cost effective way to implement the proposed stack cache for multi-core systems is also presented, yielding average performance improvements of around 20%.
Correcting systematic inflation in genetic association tests that consider interaction effects: application to a genome-wide association study of posttraumatic stress disorder.

IMPORTANCE Genetic association studies of psychiatric outcomes often consider interactions with environmental exposures and, in particular, apply tests that jointly consider gene and gene-environment interaction effects for analysis. Using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), we report that heteroscedasticity (defined as variability in outcome that differs by the value of the environmental exposure) can invalidate traditional joint tests of gene and gene-environment interaction. OBJECTIVES To identify the cause of bias in traditional joint tests of gene and gene-environment interaction in a PTSD GWAS and determine whether proposed robust joint tests are insensitive to this problem. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The PTSD GWAS data set consisted of 3359 individuals (978 men and 2381 women) from the Grady Trauma Project (GTP), a cohort study from Atlanta, Georgia. The GTP performed genome-wide genotyping of participants and collected environmental exposures using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and Trauma Experiences Inventory. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES We performed joint interaction testing of the Beck Depression Inventory and modified PTSD Symptom Scale in the GTP GWAS. We assessed systematic bias in our interaction analyses using quantile-quantile plots and genome-wide inflation factors. RESULTS Application of the traditional joint interaction test to the GTP GWAS yielded systematic inflation across different outcomes and environmental exposures (inflation-factor estimates ranging from 1.07 to 1.21), whereas application of the robust joint test to the same data set yielded no such inflation (inflation-factor estimates ranging from 1.01 to 1.02). Simulated data further revealed that the robust joint test is valid in different heteroscedasticity models, whereas the traditional joint test is invalid. The robust joint test also has power similar to the traditional joint test when heteroscedasticity is not an issue. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE We believe the robust joint test should be used in candidate-gene studies and GWASs of psychiatric outcomes that consider environmental interactions. To make the procedure useful for applied investigators, we created a software tool that can be called from the popular PLINK package for analysis.
Investigation on L-slot loaded dual-band compact patch antenna

An L-slot loaded rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMSA) for compact, dual band operation is investigated. By varying the dimensions of L-slot, resonant frequencies of both the bands can be altered. An approximate Transmission line based equivalent model is proposed, which agrees well with simulation results. It has been observed that depending on the dimensions of unperturbed, regular RMSA, the proposed antenna exhibits frequency ratios in the range 1.03 to 1.5. By suitable selection of L-slot dimensions, broadband characteristics can be achieved as well.
A Social Network Perspective on Teacher Collaboration in Schools: Theory, Methodology, and Applications

An emerging trend in educational research is the use of social network theory and methodology to understand how teacher collaboration can support or constrain teaching, learning, and educational change. This article provides a critical synthesis of educational literature on school social networks among educators to advance our understanding of the embeddedness of teachers in the social context of schools. It focuses on how researchers currently use a social network perspective as a theoretical lens and methodology to frame studies on teacher collaboration in schools. Building on exemplary findings of recent studies, it shows that the pattern of social relationships among teachers may significantly enhance our understanding of the ways in which teacher collaboration takes place and contributes to student learning, teachers’ instructional practice, and the implementation of reform. Finally, limitations and future directions in the conceptualization, measurement, and analysis of school social networks are indicated.