Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Arguments and Icons: Divergent Modes of Religiosity

Why do initiations in Papua New Guinea often subject novices to violence and terror? Why do some cargo cults lead to regional unity and others to regional divisions? How have features of cognitive processing in missionary Christianity contributed to new forms of identity among Melanesians? The theory of 'modes of religiosity' which Whitehouse here develops answers these and a range of other questions about Melanesia with reference to a set of interconnections between styles of religious transmission, systems of memory, and patterns of political association. Although building his argument on detailed Melanesian ethnography, Whitehouse goes on to suggest that the theory of modes of religiosity may have wider applicability. Thus, in the final two chapters of this book, he explores such diverse topics as the spread of Reformed Christianity in sixteenth-century Europe, the interpretation of Upper Palaeolithic cave art, the genesis of tribal warfare, and the impact of literacy on social transmission and organization.
Opiate Sensitization Induces FosB/ΔFosB Expression in Prefrontal Cortical, Striatal and Amygdala Brain Regions

Sensitization to the effects of drugs of abuse and associated stimuli contributes to drug craving, compulsive drug use, and relapse in addiction. Repeated opiate exposure produces behavioral sensitization that is hypothesized to result from neural plasticity in specific limbic, striatal and cortical systems. ΔFosB and FosB are members of the Fos family of transcription factors that are implicated in neural plasticity in addiction. This study examined the effects of intermittent morphine treatment, associated with motor sensitization, on FosB/ΔFosB levels using quantitative immunohistochemistry. Motor sensitization was tested in C57BL/6 mice that received six intermittent pre-treatments (on days 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12) with either subcutaneous morphine (10 mg/kg) or saline followed by a challenge injection of morphine or saline on day 16. Mice receiving repeated morphine injections demonstrated significant increases in locomotor activity on days 8, 10, and 12 of treatment (vs. day 1), consistent with development of locomotor sensitization. A morphine challenge on day 16 significantly increased locomotor activity of saline pre-treated mice and produced even larger increases in motor activity in the morphine pre-treated mice, consistent with the expression of opiate sensitization. Intermittent morphine pre-treatment on these six pre-treatment days produced a significant induction of FosB/ΔFosB, measured on day 16, in multiple brain regions including prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) cortex, nucleus accumbens (NAc) core, dorsomedial caudate-putamen (CPU), basolateral amygdala (BLA) and central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA) but not in a motor cortex control region. Opiate induced sensitization may develop via Fos/ΔFosB plasticity in motivational pathways (NAc), motor outputs (CPU), and associative learning (PL, IL, BLA) and stress pathways (CNA).
Kernel Methods and String Kernels for Authorship Analysis

This paper presents our approach to the PAN 2012 Traditional Author- ship Attribution tasks and the Sexual Predator Identification task. We approached these tasks with machine learning methods that work at the character level. More precisely, we treated texts as just sequences of symbols (strings) and used string kernels in conjunction with different kernel-based learning methods: supervised and unsupervised. The results were extremely good, we ranked first in most prob- lem and overall in the traditional authorship attribution task, according to the evaluation provided by the organizers.
Challenges in Coding Adverse Events in Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review

Background Misclassification of adverse events in clinical trials can sometimes have serious consequences. Therefore, each of the many steps involved, from a patient's adverse experience to presentation in tables in publications, should be as standardised as possible, minimising the scope for interpretation. Adverse events are categorised by a predefined dictionary, e.g. MedDRA, which is updated biannually with many new categories. The objective of this paper is to study interobserver variation and other challenges of coding. Methods Systematic review using PRISMA. We searched PubMed, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library. All studies were screened for eligibility by two authors. Results Our search returned 520 unique studies of which 12 were included. Only one study investigated interobserver variation. It reported that 12% of the codes were evaluated differently by two coders. Independent physicians found that 8% of all the codes deviated from the original description. Other studies found that product summaries could be greatly affected by the choice of dictionary. With the introduction of MedDRA, it seems to have become harder to identify adverse events statistically because each code is divided in subgroups. To account for this, lumping techniques have been developed but are rarely used, and guidance on when to use them is vague. An additional challenge is that adverse events are censored if they already occurred in the run-in period of a trial. As there are more than 26 ways of determining whether an event has already occurred, this can lead to bias, particularly because data analysis is rarely performed blindly. Conclusion There is a lack of evidence that coding of adverse events is a reliable, unbiased and reproducible process. The increase in categories has made detecting adverse events harder, potentially compromising safety. It is crucial that readers of medical publications are aware of these challenges. Comprehensive interobserver studies are needed.
Learning to Discover Subsumptions between Software Engineering Concepts in Wikipedia

Wikipedia contains large-scale concepts and rich semantic information. A number of knowledge base construction projects such as WikiTaxonomy, DBpedia, and YAGO have acquired data from Wikipedia. Despite the huge amount of relations in Wikipedia, the semantic relations (i.e. subsumptions) between domain concepts are rather sparse, especially in software engineering (SE) area. Hence, it is difficult to derive a software engineering knowledge base directly from Wikipedia. Meanwhile, domain knowledge base has become indispensable to a growing number of applications in software engineering. So the discov- ery of missing semantic relations between software engineering concepts in Wikipedia is essential. In this paper, we propose an approach to automatically discovering the missing subsumption relations between software engineering concepts. Specifically, we extract the SE domain concepts from Wikipedia firstly. And secondly, we design a machine learning based algorithm with some novel features to calculate the semantic relevancy between concepts. Thirdly, we offer and utilize a semi-supervised model to incorporate the features, which discovers the SE subsumptions. Experimental results show that our approach can effectively find the missing subsumption relations between software engineering concepts. Finally, we build a taxonomy which contains 193,593 concepts together with 357,662 subsumption relations. Compared with the taxonomies which are extracted from general-purpose knowledge bases such as WikiTaxonomy, YAGO and Schema.org, our dataset has a larger scale in software engineering domain. Index Terms—Subsumption Extraction, Software Engineering, Wikipedia
Conditioned Fear Extinction and Generalization in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Abstract : Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can affect an individual following exposure to a traumatic event. The exposure to trauma can evoke intense physical and emotional responses. Psychophysiological symptoms of PTSD can include an enhanced startle response; an effect that may result from an inability to inhibit fear. Conditioned fear can be measured using paradigms such as fear conditioning and fear extinction. Fear-potentiated startle is the process by which an individual s acoustic startle response is enhanced upon presentation of a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a colored shape) that was paired with an unpleasant unconditioned stimulus (e.g., an aversive airblast to the throat). We have analyzed fear-processing in PTSD patients from recent conflicts in the Middle East and healthy volunteers. One colored shape served as the reinforced conditioned stimulus (CS+, danger) and another colored shape served as the nonreinforced condition stimulus (CS-, safety). A 140 p.s. i airblast to the throat was used as the unconditioned stimulus. Subjects were fear-conditioned and, after a 10 minute interval, the subjects were trained to extinguish the fear. PTSD patients from the OIF theaters displayed greater fear-potentiated startle to the safety cue as well as delayed extinction of fear-potentiated startle in comparison to the healthy volunteers. In addition, we have observed a dissociation between physiological levels of fear and cognitive awareness of danger and safety in PTSD patients.
A subband hybrid beamforming for in-car speech enhancement

In this paper, a multichannel speech enhancement system is presented, dedicated to in-car communication. An experimental study of the acoustic field inside the car interior leads us to propose a hybrid beamforming algorithm, taking two frequency ranges into account, according to the multichannel noise signal coherence. While in the high frequency range, the noise signals for different microphones show little coherence, the same signals are strongly coherent in the low frequency range. This observation leads us to design a hybrid system where an adaptive Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR) beamforming is used in the high frequency range, while a Speech Distortion Weighted Multichannel Wiener Filter (SDW-MWF) is applied in the low frequency range. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated by objective performance measurements on real in-car audio data, and shows promising results.
Generalists and Specialists, Ability and Earnings

The comparative advantage model developed in this paper predicts generalists enjoy a higher rate of return to their overall abilities than specialists, but they must also bear a penalty due to any imbalance in abilities. The predictions are tested using test scores data from the NLSY. The results show that individuals with balanced test scores across subjects are more likely to choose jobs in managerial, sales, and clerical occupations. In these occupations, individuals with more balanced test scores receive substantially higher earnings than those with unbalanced test scores. In contrast, individuals with highly unbalanced test scores are more likely to choose jobs in professional, craft, and operator occupations, although the extent of imbalance does not significantly affect earnings in these occupations.
Stability analysis of switched positive linear systems with stable and unstable subsystems

This paper addresses the stability problem of switched positive linear systems with stable and unstable subsystems. Based on a multiple linear copositive Lyapunov function, and by using the average dwell time approach, some sufficient stability criteria of global uniform exponential stability are established in both the continuous-time and the discrete-time cases, respectively. Finally, some numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed results.
Osterix Couples Chondrogenesis and Osteogenesis in Post-natal Condylar Growth

Osterix (Osx) is a transcription factor essential for osteoblast differentiation and bone mineralization. Although there are indications that Osx also plays a regulatory role in cartilage, this has not been well-studied. The goal of this study was to define the function of Osx in the post-natal growth of the secondary cartilage at the mandibular condyle. Conditional Osx knockout (cKO) mice that were missing Osx only in cartilage were generated by crossing Osx-loxP mice to Aggrecan-Cre mice. Cre activity was induced by tamoxifen injection twice a week from day 12 to 1 mo of age, and specimens were collected at 1 and 5 mo of age. At 1 mo of age, the condylar hypertrophic chondrocyte zone in the cKO-mice was > three-fold thicker than that in the age-matched control, with little sign of endochondral bone formation. Immunohistochemistry and analysis of histological data revealed a defect in the coupling of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in the cKO mice. In five-month-old mice examined to address whether late-stage removal of the Cre-deletion event would alleviate the phenotype, the hypertrophic chondrocyte zone in the cKO condyles was considerably larger than in wild-type mice. There were large discrete areas of calcified cartilage in the hypertrophic zone, few signs of endochondral bone formation, and large regions of disorganized intramembranous bone. Analysis of these data further strengthens the notion that Osterix is essential for the coupling of terminal cartilage differentiation and endochondral ossification in mandibular condylar cartilage.
Continuous anti-interleukin 10 antibody administration depletes mice of Ly-1 B cells but not conventional B cells

Ly-1 B cells have the distinctive property of continuous self- replenishment and, as we have shown previously, can be further distinguished from conventional B cells on the basis of greatly elevated constitutive and inducible production of the recently described cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10). To test the possibility that IL-10 acts as either an autocrine or paracrine growth factor for Ly-1 B cells, we treated mice continuously from birth to 8 wk of age with a monoclonal rat IgM antibody that specifically neutralizes mouse IL-10. Mice treated in this way lacked peritoneal-resident Ly-1 B cells, contained greatly reduced serum immunoglobulin M levels, and were unable to generate significant in vivo antibody responses to intraperitoneal injections of alpha 1,3-dextran or phosphorylcholine, antigens for which specific B cells reside in the Ly-1 B cell subset. In contrast, conventional splenic B cells of anti-IL-10-treated mice were normal with respect to total numbers, phenotype, and in vitro responsiveness to B cell mitogens and the thymus-dependent antigen trinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (TNP-KLH). The mechanism of Ly- 1 B cell depletion appeared to be related to elevation of endogenous interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) levels in anti-IL-10-treated mice, since coadministration of neutralizing anti-IFN-gamma antibodies substantially restored the number of peritoneal-resident Ly-1 B cells in these mice. These results implicate IL-10 as a regulator of Ly-1 B cell development, and identify a procedure to specifically deplete Ly-1 B cells, thereby allowing further evaluation of the role of these cells in the immune system.
Reduction of aflatoxin level in aflatoxin‐induced rats by the activity of probiotic Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is considered as the most toxic food contaminant, and microorganisms, especially bacteria, have been studied for their potential to reduce the bioavailability of mycotoxins including aflatoxins. Therefore, this research investigated the efficacy of oral administration of Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS) in aflatoxin‐induced rats.
Learning Policy Improvements with Path Integrals

With the goal to generate more scalable algorithms with higher e! ciency and fewer open parameters, reinforcement learning (RL) has recently moved towards combining classical techniques from optimal control and dynamic programming with modern learning techniques from statistical estimation theory. In this vein, this paper suggests the framework of stochastic optimal control with path integrals to derive a novel approach to RL with parametrized policies. While solidly grounded in value function estimation and optimal control based on the stochastic Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equations, policy improvements can be transformed into an approximation problem of a path integral which has no open parameters other than the exploration noise. The resulting algorithm can be conceived of as modelbased, semi-model-based, or even model free, depending on how the learning problem is structured. Our new algorithm demonstrates interesting similarities with previous RL research in the framework of probability matching and provides intuition why the slightly heuristically motivated probability matching approach can actually perform well. Empirical evaluations demonstrate significant performance improvements over gradient-based policy learning and scalability to high-dimensional control problems. We believe that Policy Improvement with Path Integrals (PI 2 ) o"ers currently one of the most e! cient, numerically robust, and
Risk assessment for the harmful effects of UVB radiation on the immunological resistance to infectious diseases.

Risk assessment comprises four steps: hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. In this study, the effects of increased ultraviolet B(UVB, 280-315 nm) radiation on immune functions and the immunological resistance to infectious diseases in rats were analyzed according to this strategy. In a parallelogram approach, nonthreshold mathematical methods were used to estimate the risk for the human population after increased exposure to UVB radiation. These data demonstrate, using a worst-case strategy (sensitive individuals, no adaptation), that exposure for approximately 90 min (local noon) at 40 degrees N in July might lead to 50% suppression of specific T-cell mediated responses to Listeria monocytogenes in humans who were not preexposed to UVB (i.e., not adapted). Additionally, a 5% decrease in the thickness of the ozone layer might shorten this exposure time by approximately 2.5%. These data demonstrate that UVB radiation, at doses relevant to outdoor exposure, may affect the specific cellular immune response to Listeria bacteria in humans. Whether this will also lead to a lowered resistance (i.e.,increased pathogenic load) in humans is not known, although it was demonstrated that UVB-induced immunosuppression in rats was sufficient to increase the pathogenic load. Epidemiology studies are needed to validate and improve estimates for the potential effects of increased UVB exposure on infectious diseases in humans. ImagesFigure 1Figure 2
Real-time haptic incision simulation using FEM-based discontinuous free form deformation

Computer-aided surgical simulation is a topic of increasingly extensive research. Computer graphics, geometric modeling and finite-element analysis all play major roles in these simulations. Furthermore, real-time response, interactivity and accuracy are crucial components in any such simulation system. A major effort has been invested in recent years to find ways to improve the performance, accuracy and realism of existing systems.In this paper, we extend the work of [Sela et al. 2004], in which we used Discontinuous Free Form Deformations (DFFD) to artificially simulate real-time surgical operations. The presented scheme now uses accurate data from a Finite-Element Model (FEM), which simulates the motion response of the tissue around the scalpel, during incision. The data is then encoded once into the DFFD, representing the simulation over time. In real-time, The DFFD is applied to the vertices of the surface mesh at the actual incision location and time. The presented scheme encapsulates and takes advantage of both the speed of the DFFD application, and the accuracy of a FEM. In addition, the presented system uses a haptic force feedback device in order to improve realism and ease of use.
Hierarchical Tensor Decomposition of Latent Tree Graphical Models

We approach the problem of estimating the parameters of a latent tree graphical model from a hierarchical tensor decomposition point of view. In this new view, the marginal probability table of the observed variables is treated as a tensor, and we show that: (i) the latent variables induce low rank structures in various matricizations of the tensor; (ii) this collection of low rank matricizations induces a hierarchical low rank decomposition of the tensor. We further derive an optimization problem for estimating (alternative) parameters of a latent tree graphical model, allowing us to represent the marginal probability table of the observed variables in a compact and robust way. The optimization problem aims to find the best hierarchical low rank approximation of a tensor in Frobenius norm. For correctly specified latent tree graphical models, we show that a global optimum of the optimization problem can be obtained via a recursive decomposition algorithm. This algorithm recovers previous spectral algorithms for hidden Markov models (Hsu et al., 2009; Foster et al., 2012) and latent tree graphical models (Parikh et al., 2011; Song et al., 2011) as special cases, elucidating the global objective these algorithms are optimizing. For misspecified latent tree graphical models, we derive a novel decomposition based on our framework, and provide approximation guarantee and computational complexity analysis. In both synthetic and real world data, this new estimator significantly improves over the state-of-the-art.
A novel maximum power point tracking algorithm for ocean wave energy devices

Many forms of renewable energy exist in the world's oceans, with ocean wave energy showing great potential. However, the ocean environment presents many challenges for cost-effective renewable energy conversion, including optimal control of a Wave Energy Converter (WEC). This paper presents a novel maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for control of a point absorber WEC. The algorithm and control hardware are presented in detail, as well as ocean and laboratory test results. The results show that MPPT applied to ocean wave energy is an effective and promising control strategy.
Social Investment Funds : An Organizational Approach to Improved Development Assistance

This paper examines the design of social investment funds (SIFs) and explores the ways they affect agents incentives to propose, select, and implement good projects. Compared with other forms of decentralized service provision, SIFs possess features of administratively delegated authority and deep political devolution. Where existing political institutions fail to deliver assistance to vulnerable groups, a well-designed SIF may represent a useful administrative alternative. This article reviews several features that provide incentives for both SIF staff and project beneficiaries and concludes with practical guidelines for designing and appraising social investment funds.
Nonverbal communication in schizophrenia: A 3-D Analysis of patients’ social interactions

social cue recognition (SCRT-A) 19 . 132 (.62) . 154(.54) -. 014 (.96) . 137 (.59) Concrete social cue recognition (SCRT-C) 19 -. 309 (.25) -. 065 (.80) -. 096 (.70) . 092 (.93) Sensitivity to nonverbal cues (PONS) 19 . 005 (.99) . 112 (.66) . 046 (.85) . 087 (.74) Theory of Mind: Hinting Task 19 . 039 (.88) -. 089 (.72) . 260 (.29) . 022 (.93) Theory of Mind: 1 Order (Sally Anne Task) 19 . 311 (.29) . 237 (.26) . 049 (.85) . 197 (.46) Theory of Mind: 2 Order (ICV task) 19 -. 058 (.85) . 122 (.65) . 055 (.83) . 018 (.95) Quality of Life (MANSA) 19 -. 316 (.19) -. 055 (.82) -. 247 (.31) -. 300 (.21) Social Functioning (SIX) 19 -. 398 (.09)¤ -. 038 (.88) -. 224 (.36) -. 602 (.00)** Social Network: Size (SNS-Size) 19 -. 475 (.04)* . 231 (.35) -. 354 (.14) -. 680 (.00)** Social Network: Quality (SNSQuality) 19 -. 105 (.67) . 192 (.44) -. 067 (.79) -. 231 (.35) Significance level: **=p<. 01, *=p<. 05, ¤=p<. 10