Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Origination and extinction components of taxonomic diversity: Paleozoic and post-Paleozoic dynamics

Abstract Changes in genus diversity within higher taxa of marine animals on the temporal scale of a few million years are more strongly correlated with changes in extinction rate than with changes in origination rate during the Paleozoic. After the Paleozoic the relative roles of origination and extinction in diversity dynamics are reversed. Metazoa as well as individual higher taxa shift from one mode of diversity dynamics to the other. The magnitude of taxonomic rates, the relative variance of origination and extinction rates, and the presence or absence of a long-term secular increase in diversity all fail to account for the shift in importance of origination and extinction in diversity changes. Origination and extinction rates both tend to be diversity-dependent, but different modes of diversity-dependence may contribute to the change in diversity dynamics from the Paleozoic to the post-Paleozoic. During the Paleozoic, there is a weak tendency for extinction rates to be more diversity-dependent than origination rates, whereas after the Paleozoic the two rates are about equally diversity-dependent on average.
The Role of T regulatory Cells (Tregs) in the Development and Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes

In this article, we review the role of T regulatory cells (Tregs) in the development and prevention of type 1 diabetes. We first examine the definition of human Tregs, the generation of Tregs in the thymus and the periphery, their mode of action and their important role in the regulation of the immune response. We then examine the defects in Tregs observed thus far in type 1 diabetes and their role in the development of the disease. Finally, we point to possible clinical applications using Tregs as a therapeutic target for the prevention of type 1 diabetes.
Issues concerning association studies for fine mapping a susceptibility gene for a complex disease

The usefulness of association studies for fine mapping loci with common susceptibility alleles for complex genetic diseases in outbred populations is unclear. We investigate this issue for a battery of tightly linked anonymous genetic markers spanning a candidate region centered around a disease locus, and study the joint behavior of chi‐square statistics used to discover and to localize the disease locus. We used simulation methods based on a coalescent process with mutation, recombination, and genetic drift to examine the spatial distribution of markers with large noncentrality parameters in a case‐control study design. Simulations with a disease allele at intermediate frequency, presumably representing an old mutation, tend to exhibit the largest noncentrality parameter values at markers near the disease locus. In contrast, simulations with a disease allele at low frequency, presumably representing a young mutation, often exhibit the largest noncentrality parameter values at markers scattered over the candidate region. In the former cases, sample sizes or marker densities sufficient to detect association are likely to lead to useful localization, whereas, in the latter case, localization of the disease locus within the candidate region is much less likely, regardless of the sample size or density of the map. The effects of increasing sample size or marker density are also investigated. Based upon a single marker analysis, we find that a simple strategy of choosing the marker with the smallest associated P value to begin a laboratory search for the disease locus performs adequately for a common disease allele. We also investigated a strategy of pooling nearby sites to form multiple allele markers. Using multiple degree of freedom chi‐square tests for two or three nearby sites, we found no clear advantage of this form of pooling over a single marker analysis. Genet. Epidemiol. 20:432–457, 2001. Published by Wiley‐Liss, 2001.
The Asian Lower Eyelid: A Comparative Anatomic Study Using High‐Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Summary: Asian upper and lower eyelids are typically characterized by a fuller appearance than the lids of whites. Inferior extension of preaponeurotic fat and brow fat into the Asian upper lid explain the upper lid fullness and its difference from the upper lid of whites. Analogous structures in the Asian lower lid may exist to explain its full appearance. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of 24 normal Asian and white lower lids was performed to evaluate differences in Asian and white lower lid anatomy. Magnetic resonance images revealed two major differences. First, the orbital fat projected further anteriorly with respect to the orbital rim in all Asian lower lids studied. No analogy with the upper lid exists for this difference. Second, the orbital fat extended further superiorly, to the inferior border of tarsus, in those Asian lower lids that did not have well defined creases. This was analogous to the preaponeurotic fat location of the Asian upper lid and different from the white lower lid. The suborbicularis oculi fat in the lower lid, the analogous structure of the brow fat pad in the upper lid, was not different in location in Asian and white lower lids. Therefore, the Asian lower lid appearance is explained by the difference in orbital fat location, which is only partly analogous to the anatomical differences between the Asian and white upper lids.
The Elliptic Law

We show that, under some general assumptions on the entries of a random complex $n \times n$ matrix $X_n$, the empirical spectral distribution of $\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}} X_n$ converges to the uniform law of an ellipsoid as $n$ tends to infinity. This generalizes the well-known circular law in random matrix theory.
Reaction wheel control, testing and failure analysis for STUDSAT-2

This paper describes the attitude control approach of a nanosatellite in different scenarios of reaction wheel failure. The approach to allocate the control torques across the 4 wheels is explained considering the cases of one and two wheel failures. A Linear Quadratic Regulator is used to find the gains of the Proportional Derivative (PD) controller employed to determine the control torques to be generated by the reaction wheels in order to correct a specific attitude error and damp angular rates. The different analysis done in attempts to stabilize the satellite for all the aforesaid conditions has been presented. The paper also describes the electrical modeling of Brushless DC motor to get the transfer function and obtain P, I (Integral) and D parameters for optimum motor performance. ARM STM32F407 is used as the main microcontroller for the satellite. The operation flow of the implementation of control approach is explained. An account of different interfaces and peripheral used to realize control system design is described.
GEOMETRY OF THE WANKEL ROTARY ENGINE

This article describes the basic principles for determining the geometry of Wankel rotary engines. An attempt is made to clarify if the characteristics of the rotary engine are such that the engine may be brought into more general use as an internal combustion hydrogen engine. An analysis of the data indicates that reorganizing the basic mathematical issues would be useful. Also the clarification of the names used to describe the basic curve characterizing the Wankel engine may be useful too. Now in such names and basic mathematical issues there are many differences generating many difficulties in comparison information coming from different sources. In this article one most convenient name and form of mathematical equation were chosen and described. The chosen name is the best for communication in the English language, but the other described names can be useful when comparing information from other European languages. This is the first time that the chosen form of mathematical equation is proposed to be used in accordance to construction of Wankel engines. Many other applications of the chosen form of mathematical equation ascertain proper and convenient use. The main advantages of this form of mathematical equation are applications of two main parameters: curve size parameter and dimensionless curve parameter. These two parameters decided about convenience in changing volume of internal combustion engines and comparisons of performance characteristic of different Wankel engines.
Garbage collection optimization for non uniform memory access architectures

Cache-coherent non uniform memory access (ccNUMA) architecture is a standard design pattern for contemporary multicore processors, and future generations of architectures are likely to be NUMA. NUMA architectures create new challenges for managed runtime systems. Memory-intensive applications use the system’s distributed memory banks to allocate data, and the automatic memory manager collects garbage left in these memory banks. The garbage collector may need to access remote memory banks, which entails access latency overhead and potential bandwidth saturation for the interconnection between memory banks. This dissertation makes ﬁve signiﬁcant contributions to garbage collection on NUMA systems, with a case study implementation using the Hotspot Java Virtual Machine. It empirically studies data locality for a Stop-The-World garbage collector when tracing connected objects in NUMA heaps. First, it identiﬁes a locality richness which exists naturally in connected objects that contain a root object and its reachable set— ‘rooted sub-graphs’. Second, this dissertation leverages the locality characteristic of rooted sub-graphs to develop a new NUMA-aware garbage collection mechanism. A garbage collector thread processes a local root and its reachable set, which is likely to have a large number of objects in the same NUMA node. Third, a garbage collector thread steals references from sibling threads that run on the same NUMA node to improve data locality. This research evaluates the new NUMA-aware garbage collector using seven benchmarks of an established real-world DaCapo benchmark suite. In addition, evaluation involves a widely used SPECjbb benchmark and Neo4J graph database Java benchmark, as well as an artiﬁcial benchmark. The results of the NUMA-aware garbage collector on a multi-hop NUMA architecture show an average of 15% performance improvement. Furthermore, this performance gain is shown to be as a result of an improved NUMA memory access in a ccNUMA system. Fourth, the existing Hotspot JVM adaptive policy for conﬁguring the number of garbage collection threads is shown to be suboptimal for current NUMA machines. The policy uses outdated assumptions and it generates a constant thread count. In fact, the Hotspot JVM still uses this policy in the production version. This research shows that the optimal number of garbage collection threads is application-speciﬁc and conﬁguring the optimal number of garbage collection threads yields better collection throughput than the default policy. Fifth, this dissertation designs and implements a runtime technique, which involves heuristics from dynamic collection behavior to calculate an optimal number of garbage collector threads for each collection cycle. The results show an average of 21% improvements to the garbage collection performance for DaCapo benchmarks.
Identification and biocontrol efficacy of Streptomyces miharaensis producing filipin III against Fusarium wilt

A number of bacterial strains were isolated from the internal tissue of Trapa japonica. Of these, strain KPE62302H, which had a 16S rDNA sequence identical to that of Streptomyces miharaensis showed antifungal activity against several plant pathogens. Treatment of seeds with strain KPE62302H induced a significant reduction in the incidence of Fusarium wilt in tomato plants compared with untreated controls. An antifungal substance (FP‐1) was purified from the culture extract of strain KPE62302H using C18 flash and Sephadex LH‐20 column chromatography and reverse phase HPLC. Extensive spectrometric analysis using MS and NMR identified this as filipin III. FP‐1 inhibited the mycelial growth of plant pathogenic fungi such as Alternaria mali, Aspergillus niger, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, C. orbiculare, Cylindrocarpon destructans, Diaporthe citiri, Fusarium oxysporum at 1–10 μg ml–1 and also markedly inhibited the development of Fusarium wilt caused by F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in tomato plants by treatment with 10 μg ml–1 under greenhouse conditions. The efficacy of FP‐1 against Fusarium wilt was comparable to that of the synthetic fungicide benomyl. An egfp ‐tagged strain of KPE62302H confirmed its ability to colonize tomato plants. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Enhancing Light Output of GaN-Based LEDs With Graded-Thickness Quantum Wells and Barriers

GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with graded-thickness quantum wells and barriers (GMQW-LEDs) are fabricated and researched in this letter. The light power and carrier distribution of GMQW-LEDs are compared with those of LEDs with original uniform MQW (OR-LEDs), graded-thickness quantum wells (GQW-LEDs), and graded-thickness quantum barriers (GQB-LEDs) through numerical simulation, respectively. The experimental results show that light power of GMQW-LEDs is enhanced significantly compared with that of OR-LEDs. The simulation results reveal that GMQW-LEDs show light output power enhancements of 25.7%, 14.3%, and 9.2% compared with OR-LEDs, GQW-LEDs, and GQB-LEDs at current density of 100 A/cm2, respectively. This is due to the superior hole distribution in quantum wells, which inhibits the electron leakage and enhances the radiative recombination.
Self-tuning performance of database systems based on fuzzy rules

Self-tuning performance of the database management system is a challenging and time-consuming work since multiple performance parameters need to be automatically adjusted. In this paper, we present a new self-tuning method based on fuzzy rules. We first automatically extract Automatic Workload Repository (AWR) report from a database system, and then construct fuzzy rules by identifying the relationship among the performance parameters and performance indicators. Finally, we develop an adaption algorithm to reconfigure the performance parameters with the fuzzy rules. Experiments on TPC-C workload show that the proposed method is feasible and effective.
Safety testing and operational procedures for self‐developed radiofrequency coils

The development of novel radiofrequency (RF) coils for human ultrahigh‐field (≥7 T), non‐proton and body applications is an active field of research in many MR groups. Any RF coil must meet the strict requirements for safe application on humans with respect to mechanical and electrical safety, as well as the specific absorption rate (SAR) limits. For this purpose, regulations such as the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard for medical electrical equipment, vendor‐suggested test specifications for third party coils and custom‐developed test procedures exist. However, for higher frequencies and shorter wavelengths in ultrahigh‐field MR, the RF fields may become extremely inhomogeneous in biological tissue and the risk of localized areas with elevated power deposition increases, which is usually not considered by existing safety testing and operational procedures. In addition, important aspects, such as risk analysis and comprehensive electrical performance and safety tests, are often neglected. In this article, we describe the guidelines used in our institution for electrical and mechanical safety tests, SAR simulation and verification, risk analysis and operational procedures, including coil documentation, user training and regular quality assurance testing, which help to recognize and eliminate safety issues during coil design and operation. Although the procedure is generally applicable to all field strengths, specific requirements with regard to SAR‐related safety and electrical performance at ultrahigh‐field are considered. The protocol describes an internal procedure and does not reflect consensus among a large number of research groups, but rather aims to stimulate further discussion related to minimum coil safety standards. Furthermore, it may help other research groups to establish their own procedures. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Body Mass Index on Complications and Reoperations After Total Hip Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND High body mass index (BMI) is associated with increased rates of complications after total hip arthroplasty. Studies to date have evaluated risk mainly as a dichotomous variable according to BMI thresholds. The purpose of this paper was to characterize the risk of complications and implant survival according to BMI as a continuous variable. METHODS Using prospectively collected data from our institutional total joint registry, we analyzed 21,361 consecutive hips (17,774 patients) treated with primary total hip arthroplasty between 1985 and 2012 at a single institution. The average BMI at the time of surgery was 28.7 kg/m(2) (range, 15 to 69 kg/m(2)). Estimates of revision surgery and common complications associated with BMI were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method of assessing survivorship, with associations of outcomes assessed using a Cox model. RESULTS Utilizing smoothing spline parameterization, we found that reoperation (p < 0.001) and implant revision or removal rates (p = 0.002) increased with increasing BMI. Increasing BMI was associated with increased rates of early hip dislocation (p = 0.02), wound infection, and, most strikingly, deep periprosthetic infection (a hazard ratio of 1.09 per unit of BMI >25 kg/m(2); p < 0.001). However, we found no association between increasing BMI and any revision for mechanical failure of the implant or between increasing BMI and revision for aseptic implant loosening. There was an inverse correlation between increasing BMI and risk of revision for bearing wear. CONCLUSIONS The rates of reoperation, implant revision or removal, and common complications after total hip arthroplasty were strongly associated with BMI.
Surgical Site Infections in Ear Surgery

Objective (1) To compare the rate of surgical site infections in ear surgery between groups with and without hair removal and (2) to study factors associated with surgical site infections. Study Design A preliminary, randomized, controlled trial. Setting University hospital. Subjects and Methods The study was conducted in a group of 136 patients who underwent surgery for external or middle ear disease via the post-auricular approach at Chiang Mai University Hospital from May 2010 to May 2011. Demographic data, surgical site infection within 30 days postoperatively, and associated factors were recorded. Results Fifty-eight cases were men and 78 cases women. Demographic data between the 2 groups were compared. Age, gender, the side of operated ear, types of anesthesia, emergency or elective setting, body mass index, history of alcohol and/or tobacco use, underlying diseases, operative time, and the length of hospital stay revealed no significant differences. A postoperative surgical site infection developed in 5 patients: 3 in the group with hair removal (4.5%) and 2 in the group without hair removal (2.8%) (P value = 0.674, Fisher’s exact test). All infected cases had undergone mastoidectomy. Conclusions Surgical site infection rates between the 2 groups (with and without hair removal) demonstrated no difference. Hair removal prior to ear surgery via post-auricular incision had no effect on the rate of surgical site infection.
Title High-dose cyclophosphamide induces specific tumor immunity with concomitant recruitment of LAMP 1 / CD 107 a-expressing CD 4-positive T cells into tumor sites

Cancer chemotherapy, particularly one usingregimens employing high-dose cytotoxic drugs such as cyclophosphamide (CTX), has been considered to be immune suppressive[Ed1]. On the contraryHowever, we observed that a single administration of high-dose CTX administration abolished the tumors arising from subcutaneous injection of a mouse hepatoma cell line, and subsequently induced specific tumor immunity. The aAbsence of T cells or Ddepletion of T cells, specifically CD4 T cells, abrogated the CTX-mediated tumor regression[Ed2]. CTX treatment induced the rapid recruitment of CD4 T cells into the tumors, and these recruited cells started toinitiated expression of LAMP1/CD107a, a cytotoxic granule molecule, LAMP1/CD107a, and granzyme B without in the absence of antigen presentation at draining lymph nodes and proliferation in the tumor tissues. Moreover, CTX enhanced the expression of a CC chemokine, CCL3, in tumor tissues, and CTX-mediated tumor regression was attenuated in mice deficient in CCR5, the receptor for this chemokine. Consistently, less lessreduced CTX-induced accumulation of intratumoral LAMP1/CD107a-expressing CD4 T cells was less observed in mice receiving splenocytes derived from CCR5-deficient mouse-derived splenocytesmice than in those receiving splenocytes derived from WT mouse-derived splenocytesmice. Thus, CTX induces the expression of CCL3 to, which induces the intratumoral migration of CD4 T cells with expressing cytotoxic molecules to induce , leading to tumor eradication and subsequent specific tumor immunity.
Perioperative and Anesthesia Guidelines for Children with Autism: A Nationwide Survey from Sweden

Objective: The overall aim of this study was to describe the current set of guidelines for the preparation and care for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the perioperative setting across Sweden and explore the content of these guidelines in detail. Method: An online questionnaire was distributed to the chairpersons of all anesthesia departments (n = 68) and pediatric departments (n = 38) throughout Sweden. Follow-up phone calls were made to those departments that did not return the questionnaire. The presence of guidelines was analyzed through descriptive statistics. These guidelines and comments on routines used in these departments were analyzed inspired by conventional content analysis. Results: Seven of the 68 anesthesia departments and none of the 38 pediatric departments across Sweden have guidelines for preparing and/or administering care to children with ASD within the perioperative setting. From the guidelines and routines used, 3 categories emerge: “lacking the necessary conditions,” “no extra considerations needed,” and “care with specific consideration for children with ASD. ” These 3 categories span a continuum in the care. In the first category, the anesthesia induction could result in the child with ASD being physically restrained. In the last category, the entire encounter with the health care service would be adapted to the specific needs of the child. Conclusion: There is a lack of evidence-based guidelines specifically designed to meet the needs of children with ASD in the preoperative period in Sweden. Further research is needed to understand if children with ASD would benefit from evidence-based guidelines.
Stepping motor driving by controlled-energy discharge

Stepping motors are indexing devices widely used in microcomputer-controlled machines. They have been proven to give excellent results in terms of accuracy and repeatability in many industrial applications. Their main weakness, however, is their relatively low working speeds (when compared to the alternative of servo motors), but this has been changing lately, mainly due to better electrical controller and motor designs. Hence, today there is a wider interchangeability range with servomotors. This paper describes a new electrical driving method for stepping motors based on controlled energy discharge over the motor windings. This method makes use of the fact that the time response of an LR circuit can be improved by the addition of an adequate capacitance. Experimental tests were performed for evaluation purposes. Results obtained show speeds reaching up to 6000 r/min and as much as 90% of the low-speed torque still available at 1000 r/min for a commercial-type stepping motor.