Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Replicating impinging synthetic jets as a train of consecutive viscous Lamb-Ossen vortex pairs

In small scale applications, synthetic jets have proven to be an efficient cooling technique when impinged onto heating surfaces. These jets are produced by the quick injection-ejection of fluid from an orifice, which generates a train of counter-rotating vortex pairs that sustain a fluctuating jet flow with positive momentum. Previously, in an effort to understand the fundamental mechanisms that drive this phenomenon, an idealized numerical canonical geometry was created and studied using CFD, which liberated the jet from actuator artifacts. Due to its highly vortical nature, the fluid can penetrate the thermal boundary layer better than a conventional steady jet. In the wall jet region, the passing of the main vortices gives rise to secondary vortices with opposite rotation that cause the entrainment of cold fluid towards the vicinity of the heated surface, thus broadening the effective impinging area and further enhancing the heat transfer. This study intends to advance prior fundamental studies by focusing in the fluid dynamics associated with this type of flow. Counter-rotating viscous Lamb-Ossen vortex pairs were repeatedly placed inside a domain at a given time interval (frequency) with a given intensity. The method of images was used to replicate the presence of the perpendicular static surface that acts as an inviscid wall. A numerical code written in Matlab™ language was developed to calculate the unsteady interaction between the N vortices, and the consequently induced fluid flow. This was used to compare the approach proposed with the canonical CFD data. A method is proposed to predict the vortex intensity evolution, which presented excellent agreement with the numerical data. It was found that the Lamb-Ossen vortex pair translational velocity and trajectory were comparable to the synthetic jet in the free jet region. The canonical vortex slowed when entering the stagnation region due to wall effects and the presence of the secondary vortex that induced a velocity onto the primary vortex opposite to its translation. Four effects were identified, each having different or opposite relationships with the jet parameters and the heat transfer, providing multiple options when it comes to finding optimum operating conditions.
Education policy: explaining, framing and forming

This paper presents a new heuristic device for the analysis of educational policy. Through an examination of the Evaluative State and the work of Brian Fay, the paper considers the way in which educational policy is subject to rational and linear forms of policy action and implementation. To counter this, positioning theory is deployed to consider the way in which we are produced both by discourse and the language of the ‘moment’ in discursive acts. Using the work of Gee, the paper contends that policy texts and policy Discourse ‘themselves form policy, that is, they position policy-explanation and policy-framing within the bounds of the institution and so give policy form’. Problematically, such mechanisms may succumb to the ‘death of subject’ and accordingly I offer a third method by which we might conceive of education policy: the discursively produced position call. Subsequently, I propose a tri-partite theory for the examination and understanding of policy: policy-explaining, the production of policy texts; policy-framing, the ways in which all can be positioned by texts and Discourse to produce the meanings imbued upon policy; and, policy-forming, the impact of moment-by-moment conversational acts for their production of the policy text itself, that is, the ways in which policy is locally formed rather than locally mediated.
Altered striatal response to reward in bulimia nervosa after recovery.

OBJECTIVE It is possible that disturbances of systems modulating reward may contribute to a vulnerability to develop an eating disorder. METHOD This hypothesis was tested by assessing functional magnetic resonance brain imaging response to a monetary reward task known to activate the anterior ventral striatum (AVS), a region implicated in motivational aspects toward stimuli. To avoid the confounding effects of malnutrition, 10 women who had recovered from bulimia nervosa (BN) were compared with 10 healthy comparison women (CW). RESULTS For the AVS, CW distinguished positive and negative feedback, whereas recovered BN women had similar responses to both conditions. In addition, these groups had similar patterns of findings for the dorsal caudate. DISCUSSION We have previously shown that individuals recovered from anorexia nervosa (AN) also had altered striatal responses and difficulties in differentiating positive and negative feedback. Thus BN and AN individuals may share a difficulty in discriminating the emotional significance of a stimulus.
Recent advances in the study of the taxonomy, pathogenicity, and infectious syndromes associated with the genus Aeromonas

Over the past decade, the emergence of Aeromonas species as bona fide human pathogens and their probable role as etiologic agents of bacterial gastroenteritis have resulted in an explosion of scientific interest in the genus. Major accomplishments occurring in this field during that interval include a more refined taxonomy, identification of new cell-associated factors (surface layers, pili), and the molecular analysis of selected extracellular gene products that may play a critical role in pathogenesis (hemolysins, enterotoxins). This review provides an updated overview of recent systematic, clinical, and pathophysiologic advances and defines key areas of medical and scientific interest in which major questions remain unanswered.
The Contribution of Local Cuisine to Destination Attractiveness: An Analysis Involving Chinese Tourists' Heterogeneous Preferences

A model incorporating Chinese tourists' heterogeneous preferences of local cuisine, perceptions of local cuisine attractiveness, and destination attractiveness was investigated using the survey data collected from two cities in China and partial least-squares structural equation modeling. Local cuisine attractiveness significantly contributes to tourists' perceptions of destination attractiveness. Among the three dimensions that profile tourists' heterogeneous preferences of local cuisine, tourists' involvement and knowledge of local cuisine have significant correlations with their perceptions of local cuisine and the destination, while past experience of local cuisine does not have influence. The findings have implications for developing and promoting local cuisine-related tourism products to Chinese tourists.
Multivariate Conditional Outlier Detection: Identifying Unusual Input-Output Associations in Data

We study multivariate conditional outlier detection, a special type of the conditional outlier detection problem, where data instances consist of continuous input (context) and binary output (responses) vectors. We present a novel outlier detection framework that identifies abnormal input-output associations in data using a decomposable conditional probabilistic model. Since the components of this model can vary in their quality, we combine them with the help of weights reflecting their reliability in assessment of outliers. We propose two ways of calculating the component weights: global that relies on all data and local that relies only on the instances similar to the target instance. Experimental results on data from various domains demonstrate the ability of our framework to successfully identify multivariate conditional outliers.
Exploring basal sliding with a fluidity‐based, ice‐sheet model using FOSLS

This paper develops two first‐order system—in this context, first‐order refers to the order of the PDE not to the model—least‐squares, fluidity‐based formulations of a nonlinear Stokes flow model for ice sheets that attempt to overcome the difficulties introduced by unbounded viscosity. One commonly used way to define viscosity, Glen's law, allows viscosity to become unbounded as the strain rates approach zero. Often, numerical approaches overcome these singularities by modifying viscosity to limit its maximum. The formulations in this paper, however, reframe the problem to avoid viscosity altogether by defining the system in terms of the inverse of viscosity, which is known as fluidity. This results in a quantity that approaches zero as viscosity approaches infinity. Additionally, a set of equations that represent the curl of the velocity gradient is added to help approximate the solution in a space closer to H1, which improves algebraic multigrid convergence. Previous research revealed that the first‐order system least‐squares formulation has difficulties in maintaining optimal discretization convergence on more complex domains. This paper discovers that this problem is linked to how the curl equations are scaled and that stronger scalings result in better solver performance but worse discretization convergence. Determining if there is an optimal scaling that balances performance and convergence is still an open question. Additionally, the fluidity‐based formulations are tested with three 2D benchmark problems. Two of these benchmark problems involve basal sliding and one involves a time‐dependent free surface. The fluidity‐based solutions are consistent with the standard Galerkin method using Taylor–hood elements while better resolving viscosity.
Comparing Network Performance of Mobile VoIP Solutions

Maintaining consistent VoIP quality is a challenging task, especially where it is carried using a mobile internet connection. With greater than 50% of the world’s mobile user population using older GSM incarnations, this is very much a present technical research challenge. This paper presents an approach to improving mobile VoIP telephony by drastically lowering the bandwidth consumption while maintaining acceptable call quality when compared to competitor solutions. We verify this claim through a quantitative analysis of bandwidth consumption and MOS test of audio quality of 10 different VoIP solutions.
Is Irrigation Rehabilitation Good for Poor Farmers? An Impact Evaluation of a Non‐Experimental Irrigation Project in Peru

This paper analyses the effect of a set of irrigation rehabilitation projects conducted over the last 10 years in Peru. The projects were conducted without the aim or the tools for a full-fledged impact evaluation. Nevertheless, this paper attempts an evaluation through the use of alternative data sources such as household surveys and geographic information, a strategy of identification of beneficiaries and control households based on spatial proximity to the projects’ sites, and an econometric approach consisting of a double-differencing technique. The empirical analysis is guided and interpreted with the help of a theoretical model that considers the effects of an irrigation project on the distribution of production, employment and income for different types of landowners. The paper concludes that the irrigation projects implemented in Peru had a positive impact on intended beneficiary households, but not in the way it could have been simplistically expected. The project did benefit the poor but not by increasing production in their own small plots but by providing them with better employment opportunities in larger farms.
The Evaluation of SMAP Enhanced Soil Moisture Products Using High-Resolution Model Simulations and In-Situ Observations on the Tibetan Plateau

The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission was designed to provide a global mapping of soil moisture (SM) measured by L-band passive and active microwave sensors. In this study, we evaluate the newly released SMAP enhanced SM products over the Tibetan Plateau by performing comparisons among SMAP standard products, in-situ observations and Community Land Model (CLM) simulations driven by high-resolution meteorological forcing. At local scales, the enhanced SMAP products, the standard products and CLM simulations all generally compare well with the in-situ observations. The SMAP products show stronger correlations (0.64–0.88) but slightly larger unbiased root mean square errors (ubRMSE, ~0.06) relative to the CLM simulations (0.58–0.79 and 0.037–0.047, for correlation and ubRMSE, respectively). At the regional scale, both SMAP products show similar spatial distributions of SM on the TP (Tibetan Plateau), although, as expected, the enhanced product provides more fine details. The SMAP enhanced product is in good agreement with model simulations with respect to temporal and spatial variations in SM over most of the TP. Regions with low correlation between SMAP enhanced products and model simulations are mainly located in the northwestern TP and regions of complex topography, where meteorological stations are sparse and non-existent or elevation is highly variable. In such remote regions, CLM simulations may be problematic due to inaccurate land cover maps and/or uncertainties in meteorological forcing. The independent, high-resolution observations provided by SMAP could help to constrain the model simulation and, ultimately, improve the skill of models in these problematic regions.
LTLf/LDLf Non-Markovian Rewards

In Markov Decision Processes (MDPs), the reward obtained in a state is Markovian, i.e., depends on the last state and action. This dependency makes it difficult to reward more interesting long-term behaviors, such as always closing a door after it has been opened, or providing coffee only following a request. Extending MDPs to handle non-Markovian reward functions was the subject of two previous lines of work. Both use LTL variants to specify the reward function and then compile the new model back into a Markovian model. Building on recent progress in temporal logics over finite traces, we adopt LDLf for specifying non-Markovian rewards and provide an elegant automata construction for building a Markovian model, which extends that of previous work and offers strong minimality and compositionality guarantees.
NO contributes to neurohypophysial but not other regional cerebral fluorocarbon-induced hyperemia in cats

Wagner, B. P., R. Stingele, M. A. Williams, D. A. Wilson, R. J. Traystman, and D. F. Hanley. NO contributes to neurohypophysial but not other regional cerebral fluorocarboninduced hyperemia in cats. Am. J. Physiol. 273 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 42): H1994–H2000, 1997. —The large increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF) after fluorocarbon (FC)-exchange transfusion is thought to be caused by low oxygen content, decreased viscosity, or direct vasodilatory effect of the FC perfusate. The aim of this study was to determine whether nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vasorelaxation is increased in FC-perfused hemoglobin (Hb)-free cats because NO is not scavenged by Hb. We measured regional CBF with radiolabeled microspheres in three groups of anesthetized mechanically ventilated cats. The first group [FC 1 Nv-nitro-Larginine methyl ester (L-NAME); n 5 7] underwent a complete FC-exchange transfusion with FC-43 and subsequent nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition with L-NAME (10 mg/kg iv) followed by L-arginine (100 mg/kg iv). A second group (FC 1 saline; n 5 6) underwent an identical protocol, but NOS was not antagonized (saline iv). In a third group (blood 1 LNAME; n 5 7), cats were not FC exchanged but NOS was inhibited. In a separate cohort of four FC-perfused cats, NOS activity in brain tissue samples was reduced to 26% of control after NOS inhibition. FC-exchange transfusion nearly doubled hemispheric blood flow in both FC-exchanged groups, whereas it was constant in the blood 1 L-NAME group. These increases in regional CBF (hemispheres, brain stem, cerebellum, thalamus, and white matter) were not reversed by inhibition of NOS, except in the neurohypophysis, where L-NAME reduced blood flow to levels comparable to values in the blood 1 L-NAME group. In summary, increases in regional CBF after total FC-exchange transfusion are not caused by a lack of NO scavenging, with the exception of neurohypophysis. These findings suggest an increased vasorelaxation in neurohypophysis of FC-perfused and Hb-free cats caused by unscavenged NO, but this mechanism does not play a major role in FC-related CBF increases in the rest of the cerebral circulation.
Video-Mediated Approaches for Community-Level Climate Adaptation

There is a need to facilitate the dissemination of information and ideas that can accelerate community-based adaptation to climate change. Increasingly affordable communication technologies may allow for extending the benefits of available knowledge to those who most need it. Audiovisual media, when combined with participatory processes for adaptation, offers potentially effective ways to raise awareness, scale-up capacity building, support community-level planning and develop innovative approaches to advocacy and institutional partnerships. Importantly, video-mediated approaches can be designed to tackle the complex poverty-related aspects of adaptation in the work of humanitarian organisations, addressing the heterogeneity of vulnerable communities and giving a voice to the most marginalised members, This article outlines lessons learned from the use of audiovisual tools in health risk management, discusses recent and ongoing video projects by the Red Cross addressing climate change in Argentina, the Bahamas, Indonesia and Malawi, and recommends practical applications for organisations supporting pro-poor adaptation.
Forecasting Changes in House Prices Under Asymmetric Loss: Evidence from the WSJ Forecast Poll

Abstract/Zusammenfassung The U.S. subprime mortgage crisis has witnessed that house prices may have a profound effect on the economy. A key question for researchers and policymakers is what can be learnt from forecasts of changes in house prices. We use survey data from the WSJ forecast poll to analyze this question. Forecasts of changes in U.S. house prices are consistent with cross-sectional heterogeneity across forecasters with respect to the shape of their loss function. Forecasters' loss function often appears to be asymmetric with respect to the forecast error, especially in the case of medium-term forecasts. Assuming an asymmetric loss function often (but not always) makes forecasts look rational. The asymmetry of forecasters' loss function tended to increase during the recent recession, but this increase was not persistent. Prognose von Hauserpreisen bei asymmetrischer Verlustfunktion: Empirische Ergebnisse fur die WSJ Umfragen Die Krise am U.S. amerikanischen Hausermarkt hat gezeigt, dass die Ent.
CS 224 n PA 4 : Extending Match-LSTM

We propose two novel extensions to the Match-LSTM Boundary model for question answering on the SQuAD dataset. First we propose doing attention in the passage and question encoders. Second we propose adding a one-way conditional dependency between start-of-span and end-of-span prediction. In our evaluations, we show that these extensions result in a model that outperforms our implementation of vanilla Match-LSTM, suggesting a direction for future research.
Differences in global risk perceptions of biotechnology and the political economy of the media

The application of biotechnology to agriculture is highly controversial between consumers and lawmakers across the globe, especially in the case of Genetically Modified Foods (GMFs). Consumer attitudes toward GMFs are largely negative in the developed nations. However, studies conducted in Lesser Developed Countries (LDCs) find that consumer attitudes toward GMFs are positive in some cases. Using a theoretical model of the political economy of the media, we argue that the increased time cost of obtaining media information or 'stories' in LDCs leads to a lower consumption on average of biotechnology information, especially negative information than that of the developed countries. In addition, ideological influences on media firms in many LDCs leads to differing supplies of biotechnology stories between LDCs and developed nations. Hence, reduced consumption of biotechnology media stories and the potential for increased positive stories contributes to lower risk perceptions among consumers in LDCs.
Economic Analysis of Investment Operations: Analytical Tools and Practical Applications

This publication presents general principles and methodologies that are applicable across sectors, including quantitative risk analysis. It provides both theory and practice about how to evaluate transportation, health, and education projects; and explains how to assess the environmental impact of projects. It provides a fresh look at the tools of project analysis and explains how to apply quantitative analysis of costs and benefits from multiple perspectives-- including the private sector, the public sector, bankers, and the country as a whole. The examples used to illustrate the principles are drawn from actual projects of the World Bank and other institutions.
Can patient-reported outcome measures identify cancer patients' most bothersome issues?

PURPOSE Patient-reported outcome (PRO) questionnaires are being investigated for their ability to aid in individual patient management. We evaluated whether PROs can identify patients' most bothersome quality-of-life issues and compared approaches for interpreting PRO scores. METHODS This secondary data analysis included 130 patients with cancer (mean age, 57 years; 71% female) receiving outpatient palliative chemotherapy. Patients completed a PRO (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Quality of Life Questionnaire [QLQ-C30]) at up to three consecutive visits and reported one or two of their most bothersome function and symptom issues from categories based on QLQ-C30 domains. We compared two approaches for interpreting PRO scores and identified which way better identified patients' most bothersome issues: worst scores in absolute terms or worst change from the previous time point. RESULTS For patients reporting one bothersome issue, absolute scores identified it correctly 91% of the time for both function and symptoms versus change scores' accuracy of 40% for function and 26% for symptoms. For patients reporting two bothersome issues, absolute scores identified at least one correctly 98% of the time for both function and symptoms versus change scores' 63% for function and 62% for symptoms. Absolute scores identified both issues correctly 42% of the time for function and 66% of the time for symptoms versus change scores' performance of 23% for both function and symptoms. CONCLUSION Absolute scores identify patients' most bothersome quality-of-life issues better than change scores. These results support the use of PROs in clinical practice and suggest that clinicians may want to focus on the worst absolute scores when examining PRO score reports.
Evidence of shifts in intra-household allocation under exogenous changes in family policy and administrative procedures: The case of school enrollment in Chile

In recent times, economists have argued the unitary model of household utility, which assumes households maximize a single utility function over one household budget constraint, does not accurately describe the economic behavior of households (Chiappori et al. 1993, Alderman et al. 1995, Rosenzweig & Stark 1997, Gray 1998). Some have found empirical evidence rejecting this model (Fortin & Lacroix 1997, Browing & Chiappori 1998, Rangel 2006). Instead, they argue, models should acknowledge the bargaining power of individuals to determine a household’s utility or preferences. This study examines the effects of exogenous changes in family policy and administrative processes on one household consumption variable, children’s education. Specifically, the legalization of divorce and family court wait times for divorce are analyzed. Using panel data and a difference-in-difference approach, I show that implementing pro-female divorce legislation shifts the bargaining power within married couple households, as does the speed with which family courts process divorce cases. Both pro-female divorce legislation and quick turn-around times for processing a divorce lead to an increase in school enrollment for children of married couples.