Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dynamic programming based RNA pseudoknot alignment

Pseudoknots are certain structural motifs of RNA molecules. In this thesis we consider the problem of RNA pseudoknot alignment. Most current approaches either discard pseudoknots in order to be efficient or rely on heuristics generating only approximate solutions. This work focuses on dynamic programming based alignment methods and proposes two new approaches for an exact solution of the alignment problem in the presence of pseudoknot structures. The first approach is able to handle arbitrary pseudoknots, however, does not guarantee a polynomial runtime for all instances, due to the NP-hardness of the problem. Nevertheless, an analysis in terms of parameterized complexity shows that the algorithm is fixed parameter tractable for a parameter that is small in practice. The second approach is a general scheme for the alignment of restricted classes of pseudoknots in polynomial time. It is motivated by existing RNA pseudoknot prediction algorithms. We show how to embed seven of those algorithms in a common scheme and present an analogous scheme for the alignment problem, which yields for each of the structure prediction algorithms a corresponding alignment algorithm. The alignment algorithms handle the same class of pseudoknots as the corresponding prediction algorithms and the time and space complexity is only increased by a linear factor, compared to the respective prediction algorithm. Both approaches have been implemented to evaluate their applicability in practice.
Simple and accurate modeling of double-gate FinFET fin body variations

This paper presents a simple and accurate model for determining Ion and Ioff of a double-gate FinFET with varying gate fin shapes. Simulations show that gate fin shape variation results in significant changes in the leakage and driving capability of the device. We perform TCAD simulations of double-gate FinFET structures in order to analyze the effect of the gate fin body thickness (Tsi) variation on the electrical properties of the device. The thicknesses of the source and drain side are found to have different effects on the device. A simple model is proposed using the threshold voltage change due to the thickness variation along the gate fin. Simulation results show that the models match well with Ion and Ioff within 1.3% and 4.8% errors, respectively. In addition, we propose an optimal fin body shape to reduce the leakage current while providing a similar driving current to that in the nominal FinFET.
Ballistic-electron-emission microscopy of conduction-electron surface states

Cu/Au, Ag/Au, and Au/Cu/Au bilayer and trilayer ~111! films grown on Si~111! and Si~100! substrates exhibit a spiral grain topography that, as determined by scanning tunneling spectroscopy, yields a high density of conduction-electron surface states on the flat areas of these grains. This results in strong spatial variations in the ballistic-electron-emission microscopy ~BEEM! current due to differences in the proportion of electrons which tunnel into bulk as opposed to surface states. This enables BEEM imaging of variations in the density of unoccupied surface states and the examination of the effect of incomplete coverages of adatoms in coupling such surface states to the bulk. PHYSICAL REVIEW B
Insects have the capacity for subjective experience

To what degree are non-human animals conscious? We propose that the most meaningful way to approach this question is from the perspective of functional neurobiology. Here we focus on subjective experience, which is a basic awareness of the world without further reflection on that awareness. This is considered the most basic form of consciousness. Tellingly, this capacity is supported by the integrated midbrain and basal ganglia structures, which are among the oldest and most highly conserved brain systems in vertebrates. A reasonable inference is that the capacity for subjective experience is both widespread and evolutionarily old within the vertebrate lineage. We argue that the insect brain supports functions analogous to those of the vertebrate midbrain and hence that insects may also have a capacity for subjective experience. We discuss the features of neural systems which can and cannot be expected to support this capacity as well as the relationship between our arguments based on neurobiological mechanism and our approach to the "hard problem" of conscious experience.
A Method for Microblog Search by Adjusting the Language Model with Time

Time is a good scale for a microblog search. The traditional retrieval model only uses content to query microblog information. Many studies thought that the relevant microblogs most likely appear when it is close to the instant time of query. Through an analysis of microblog data, people find that the relevant information in microblogs possibly appears when it is far from the query time. These two opinions are conflict each other. Therefore, in this paper we report a modified language model which can be used to adjust time difference with appropriate weights. This way the order of the microblogs can be readjusted. The experimental results on microblog show the model works well.
Brief quiet ego contemplation reduces oxidative stress and mind-wandering

Excessive self-concern increases perceptions of threat and defensiveness. In contrast, fostering a more inclusive and expanded sense of self can reduce stress and improve well-being. We developed and tested a novel brief intervention designed to strengthen a student’s compassionate self-identity, an identity that values balance and growth by reminding them of four quiet ego characteristics: detached awareness, inclusive identity, perspective taking, and growth. Students (N = 32) in their first semester of college who reported greater self-protective (e.g., defensive) goals in the first 2 weeks of the semester were invited to participate in the study. Volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: quiet ego contemplation (QEC), QEC with virtual reality (VR) headset (QEC-VR), and control. Participants came to the lab three times to engage in a 15-min exercise in a 30-days period. The 15-min QEC briefly described each quiet ego characteristic followed by a few minutes time to reflect on what that characteristic meant to them. Those in the QEC condition reported improved quiet ego characteristics and pluralistic thinking, decreases in a urinary marker of oxidative stress, and reduced mind-wandering on a cognitive task. Contrary to expectation, participants who wore the VR headsets while listening to the QEC demonstrated the least improvement. Results suggest that a brief intervention that reduces self-focus and strengthens a more compassionate self-view may offer an additional resource that individuals can use in their everyday lives.
Generalized direct predistortion with adaptive crest factor reduction control

Efficient power amplification is inherently a non linear operation that introduces unwanted interference in the amplified signal. Strong inter-symbol interference is generated when the amplifier non linearity is combined with channel memory effects. Further, signals with very high peak to average power ratio, typical of multiple carrier systems, are even more sensitive to the non linearities resulting in severe distortion effects. Signal pre-clipping (crest factor reduction) and predistortion are conventional countermeasure techniques to reduce the generated non linear distortion and improve power and spectral efficiency. In this work, novel optimization methods for predistortion and pre-clipping are analytically derived for a general non-linear communication channel with memory. A combined architecture in which crest factor reduction is followed by signal predistortion is proposed and the parameters are estimated resorting to iterative algorithms based on least squares method. Performance evaluation of the estimation techniques shows the effectiveness of the derived algorithms and significant gain compared to previously known methods.
SAB2: A novel system of malicious webpages detection

Nowadays, with the development of web applications, more and more cases of cyber attacks is found through the web, malicious web pages also spread on the Internet. These pages can disguise themselves easily through obfuscation or variation to escape. Furthermore, they also combine with rootkit, which makes the detection even harder. This paper presents a novel system named SAB2, which is a Static Analysis of Browser Behavior (SAB2) detection method for detecting malicious web pages. We can define the normal behavior through static analysis of the browser behavior and compare with the browser behavior visiting a malicious web page, then determine whether a web page is malicious or not. Experimental results demonstrate that our method can identify the abnormal behavior of the Internet Explorer browser and it is able to accurately detect the existence of malicious web pages.
Artimetrics: Biometrics for Artificial Entities

Domestic and industrial robots, intelligent software agents, virtual-world avatars, and other artificial entities are being created and deployed in our society for various routine and hazardous tasks, as well as for entertainment and companionship. Over the past ten years or so, primarily in response to the growing security threats and financial fraud, it has become necessary to accurately authenticate the identities of human beings using biometrics. For similar reasons, it may become essential to determine the identities of nonbiological entities. Trust and security issues associated with the large-scale deployment of military soldier-robots [55], robot museum guides [22], software office assistants [24], human like biped robots [67], office robots [5], domestic and industrial androids [93], [76], bots [85], robots with humanlike faces [60], virtual-world avatars [109], and thousands of other man-made entities require the development of methods for a decentralized, affordable, automatic, fast, secure, reliable, and accurate means of authenticating these artificial agents. The approach has to be decentralized to allow authority-free authentication important for open-source and collaborative societies. To address these concerns, we proposed [117], [120], [119], [38] the concept of artimetricsa field of study that identifies, classifies, and authenticates robots, software, and virtual reality agents. In this article, unless otherwise qualified, the term robot refers to both embodied robots (industrial, mobile, tele, personal, military, and service) and virtual robots or avatars, focusing specifically on those that have a human morphology.
A 3D study of the photosphere of HD 99563 – I. Pulsation analysis

We have used high-speed spectroscopy of the rapidly oscillating Ap (roAp) star HD 99563 to study the pulsation amplitude and phase behaviour of elements in its stratified atmosphere over one 2.91-d rotation cycle. We identify spectral features related to patches in the surface distribution of chemical elements and study the pulsation amplitudes and phases as the patches move across the stellar disc. The variations are consistent with a distorted non-radial dipole pulsation mode. We measure a 1.6 km s ―1 rotational variation in the mean radial velocities of Hα and argue that this is the first observation of Hα abundance spots caused by He settling through suppression of convection by the magnetic field on an oblique rotator, in support of a prime theory for the excitation mechanism of roAp star pulsation. We demonstrate that HD 99563 is the second roAp star to show aspect dependence of blue-to-red running wave line profile variations in Nd m spots.
A Machine‐Independent Debugger

cdb is a simpe, source‐level debugger for ANSI/ISO C programs compiled by lcc, a retargetable C compiler. cdb is completely independent of its target architecture. This independence is achieved by embedding a small amount of itself — a nub — in the program to be debugged and by having the compiler emit machine‐independent symbol‐table data and related code. This paper describes the design of a nub interface for debugging, a target‐independent implementation of this interface for cdb, and the implementation of cdb itself. When compared to platform‐specific debuggers, cdb's implementation is minuscule: the nub, debugger, and associated communications routines take about 1500 lines of C, and fewer than 600 lines were added to lcc's front end to emit symbol tables and breakpoint hooks. All this code is machine independent.
The Modular Speci cation and Analysis of an ATM Switching System Using a Process Algebra

Verifying the correctness of real-time system models by traditional approaches that depend on the exploration of the entire system state space is impractical for large systems. In contrast, testing allows the search for violations of a property to be narrowed to a relatively small portion of the overall state space based on assumptions regarding the structure of an implementation. We present a hybrid approach that exploits formal methods to verify subcomponents of a system and testing to gain conndence in the correctness of the assembled system. The feasibility of the approach is demonstrated by application of the method to a process algebra model of the Sunshine ATM switching network.
Determining Relations of Power Product of Physical Quantities by Generalized Relation Y. Bao

We determine the relations of power product of physical quantities (PQs) by the generalized relation. Assuming the relations with two, three and four PQs to generalized relation separately, we find the corresponding general formulas. By ordering the exponent of physical constant in relations being zero or fit number, we gain many famous equations without factors such as mass-energy relation, formula of event horizon temperature of Schwarzschild black hole (SBH), equation of holographic dark energy (HDE) model, Casimir effect equation, Planck black body radiation formula, Stefan-Boltzmann law, Einstein field equation, Newtonian attraction law, Schrödinger equation, Coulomb law, Newtonian second law, Clapeyron equation, formula of superconducting thin film, centrifugal force formula, etc. Some new relations are given including square of total energy with energy density of HDE, square of energy with its density of SBH, energy density with sextic radii of SBH, pressure in SBH centre and entropy density of SBH center. We show that the generalized relation can determine the relations of power product of two, three and four PQs, it is useful and significant.
Topology-Driven Secure Initialization in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Tool-Assisted Approach

Secure initialization of sensor nodes with cryptographic keys is inherent to all security protocols and applicationsin the area of wireless sensor networks (WSN). We introduce a general framework, denoted TOPKEY, thatprovides tool assistance and performs secure initialization ofsensor nodes with cryptographic keys over the air by leveraging the transmission power to confine the area in which potential attackers can eavesdrop on communication. Our analysis shows that physical protection based on transmission power may, inpractice, lead to an acceptable level of key deployment security. Besides the fully automated key deployment, TOPKEY supports a five-step initialization process, suited to off-the-shelf sensor nodes that come without any pre-installed operating system. TOPKEY is currently tailored to static WSN topologies: it supports topology design and deploys topology-driven key generation for a range of WSN communication patterns. We implemented the framework and analyzed its performanceand scalability for commodity TelosB nodes and Contiki OS. Our analysis, performed with respect to different WSN topologies, shows that TOPKEY can be used to securely initialize a static network of about 100 nodes in less than one minute.
Columnar specificity of intrinsic horizontal and corticocortical connections in cat visual cortex

A prominent and stereotypical feature of cortical circuitry in the striate cortex is a plexus of long-range horizontal connections, running for 6–8 mm parallel to the cortical surface, which has a clustered distribution. This is seen for both intrinsic cortical connections within a particular cortical area and the convergent and divergent connections running between area 17 and other cortical areas. To determine if these connections are related to the columnar functional architecture of cortex, we combined labeling of the horizontal connections by retrograde transport of rhodamine-filled latex microspheres (beads) and labeling of the orientation columns by 2- deoxyglucose autoradiography. We first mapped the distribution of orientation columns in a small region of area 17 or 18, then made a small injection of beads into the center of an orientation column of defined specificity, and after allowing for retrograde transport, labeled vertical orientation columns with the 2-deoxyglucose technique. The retrogradely labeled cells were confined to regions of orientation specificity similar to that of the injection site, indicating that the horizontal connections run between columns of similar orientation specificity. This relationship was demonstrated for both the intrinsic horizontal and corticocortical connections. The extent of the horizontal connections, which allows single cells to integrate information over larger parts of the visual field than that covered by their receptive fields, and the functional specificity of the connections, suggests possible roles for these connections in visual processing.
The chaotic dynamics analysis of stock market

This paper proves the China stock market to be a chaotic system and establishes a nonlinear dynamical model for it based on the study on the nonlinear dynamical properties of Shanghai stock composite index sequence by using chaos and fractal theory. The phase space of the stock sequence is reconstructed and the correlation dimension is analyzed, which indicate that the dynamical system has finite degree of freedom. The nonlinear evolution mechanism is observed and the initial value sensitive characteristic of the system is demonstrated through Lyapunov exponent analysis. Finally, the stock sequence is reconstructed by using finite degree of freedom based fractal interpolation algorithm and gaining reasonably accurate replications. The experimental results indicate that the nonlinear dynamical model is more effective to describe the China stock market than the conventional “random walk” theory based stochastic models.
An Observationally Based Estimate of the Climate Sensitivity

Abstract A probability distribution for values of the effective climate sensitivity, with a lower bound of 1.6 K (5th percentile), is obtained on the basis of the increase in ocean heat content in recent decades from analyses of observed interior-ocean temperature changes, surface temperature changes measured since 1860, and estimates of anthropogenic and natural radiative forcing of the climate system. Radiative forcing is the greatest source of uncertainty in the calculation; the result also depends somewhat on the rate of ocean heat uptake in the late nineteenth century, for which an assumption is needed as there is no observational estimate. Because the method does not use the climate sensitivity simulated by a general circulation model, it provides an independent observationally based constraint on this important parameter of the climate system.
Predictive control strategy for image based visual servoing of robot manipulators

Predictive control strategies began to be used to solve the image based visual servoing problems. Thus, in literature, a GPC controller and a nonlinear predictive one were reported. In this paper, a predictive control strategy is developed based on a new approach for computing the feature trajectories prediction of a robot with eye-in-hand configuration. The cost function based on errors in image plane takes into consideration the visibility constrain due to sensor characteristics. Using a visual servoing simulator, the predictive strategy was successfully tested.
Fast-Track Negotiating Authority for Trade Agreements and Trade Promotion Authority: Chronology of Major Votes

This is a chronology, from 1974 to the present, of the significant legislation concerning fast-track trade negotiating authority, with emphasis on the bills and resolutions that had floor votes. Also included is a chronology of votes on implementing legislation on trade agreements, from 1979 to the present; these bills were passed under expedited procedures by Congress and signed by the President. For further discussions of past legislative activity on fast-track legislation and of current bills on trade promotion authority (TPA), CRS reports and Internet resources are listed at the end of this report. Members of Congress who want more on this topic may consult the CRS Electronic Briefing Book (EBB) on Trade at [http://www.congress. gov/brbk/html/ebtra1.shtml]. This report will be updated as legislation warrants.
From network design to dynamic provisioning and restoration in optical cross-connect mesh networks: an architectural and algorithmic overview

This article presents a broad overview of the architectural and algorithmic aspects involved in deploying an optical cross-connect mesh network, starting from the network design and capacity planning phase to the real-time network operation phase involving dynamic provisioning and restoration of lightpaths and online algorithms for route computation. Frameworks for offline design and capacity planning of optical networks based on projected future lightpath demands are discussed. The essential components of an IP-centric control architecture for dynamic provisioning and restoration of lightpaths in optical networks are outlined. These include neighbor discovery, topology discovery, route computation, lightpath establishment, and lightpath restoration. Online algorithms for route computation of unprotected, 1+1 protected and mesh-restored lightpaths are discussed in both the centralized and distributed scenarios.
Active Learning for Chinese Word Sense Disambiguation

Word sense disambiguation (WSD) suffers from the lack of large scale corpus which annotated with word senses. The reason is that creating this corpus with human annotation is time-consuming and expensive. Active learning could save the human effort to obtain the same quality corpus. We investigate eight Chinese polysemous words and show the effectiveness of active learning for Chinese WSD.