Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Long‐distance corticocortical GABAergic neurons in the adult monkey white and gray matter

A subgroup of GABAergic neurons has been reported to project over long distances in several species. Here we demonstrate that long‐distance cortically projecting nonpyramidal neurons occur in monkeys in both white and gray matter. Nonpyramidal neurons were first identified morphologically. Visualization of Golgi‐like details was achieved by retrograde infection from injections of an adenovirus vector, producing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under control of a neuron‐specific promoter. Injections in areas V1, V4, TEO, and posterior TE resulted in EGFP‐expressing nonpyramidal neurons up to 1.5 cm distant from the injections, mainly in the white matter. Some neurons occurred in the gray matter, mainly in layer 3, but also in layers 5 and 6, and, very occasionally, layer 1. As control, we injected cholera toxin subunit B, a standard retrograde tracer, in V4, and observed a similarly wide distribution of neurons in the white matter. Second, the GABAergic identity of EGFP‐expressing nonpyramidal neurons was established by colabeling for EGFP and GAD67 in selected tissue sections. Most neurons positive for EGFP and GAD67 were positive for somatostatin (SS; 90%). Of those neurons positive for EGFP and SS, almost all were also positive for neuronal nitric oxide synthase or m2 muscarinic receptor, but only 23% were also positive for calretinin. None were positive for parvalbumin. We conclude that long‐distance projecting GABAergic neurons 1) are phylogenetically conserved, although in monkeys most gray matter neurons are in the upper layers, and 2) are heterogeneous in terms of their neurochemistry, location, and potentially function. J. Comp. Neurol. 505:526–538, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primary Effusion Lymphoma Cells Undergoing Human Herpesvirus Type 8 Productive Infection Produce C-Type Retroviral Particles

Primary effusion lymphomas (PELs) are invariably infected by the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) that is present in most PEL cells as latent virus but replicates in a subset of permissive cells to produce infectious progeny. Here we show that productively infected PEL cells release C-type retrovirus-like particles encoding an Mn++-dependent RT activity, which is typical of endogenous retroviruses. Strikingly, C-type particles are produced only in cells showing advanced HHV8 morphogenesis. Phorbol esters, which induce productive HHV8 replication and morphogenesis in PEL cells, increase RLP production. Phosphonoacetic acid, a blocker of HHV8 late gene expression, inhibits the production of C-type particles, whereas neutralizing anti-αIFN antibodies, which are known to increase HHV8 assembly, increases C-type particle production. These data suggest that factors expressed in advanced stages of HHV8 reactivation support endogenous C-type particle morphogenesis in PEL cells.
Analysis of the Performance Enhancement of MIMO Systems Employing Circular Polarization

The advantages of adopting circular polarization in multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems are illustrated for both line-of-sight (LOS) and multipath propagation. More in detail, an analysis of the MIMO performance attainable by employing orthogonal circularly polarized (CP) radiators with respect to orthogonal linearly polarized (LP) ones, has been addressed. At first, an accurate analysis is presented aimed at the evaluation of the channel matrix by comprehensively including also the effects of the antenna in LOS condition. In particular, the channel matrix has been calculated as a function of the antenna parameters and orientation, demonstrating that CP radiators are capable of obtaining better average values of the matrix eigenvalues with respect to LP ones. The analysis is therefore completed by evaluating the characteristics of a CP MIMO system operating in indoor environment representing this latter a more challenging condition where multipath propagation occurs. In this latter case, some meaningful numerical experiments have been performed by using a reliable ray-tracing solver, followed by a measurements campaign conducted in a real environment for validation purposes. Measurements, which are in good agreement with simulations, confirm the benefits of adopting circular polarization in MIMO systems with respect to LP.
Identification of Distant Agouti-Like Sequences and Re-Evaluation of the Evolutionary History of the Agouti-Related Peptide (AgRP)

The Agouti-like peptides including AgRP, ASIP and the teleost-specific A2 (ASIP2 and AgRP2) peptides have potent and diverse functional roles in feeding, pigmentation and background adaptation mechanisms. There are contradictory theories about the evolution of the Agouti-like peptide family as well the nomenclature. Here we performed comprehensive mining and annotation of vertebrate Agouti-like sequences. We identified A2 sequences from salmon, trout, seabass, cod, cichlid, tilapia, gilt-headed sea bream, Antarctic toothfish, rainbow smelt, common carp, channel catfish and interestingly also in lobe-finned fish. Moreover, we surprisingly found eight novel homologues from the kingdom of arthropods and three from fungi, some sharing the characteristic C-x(6)-C-C motif which are present in the Agouti-like sequences, as well as approximate sequence length (130 amino acids), positioning of the motif sequence and sharing of exon-intron structures that are similar to the other Agouti-like peptides providing further support for the common origin of these sequences. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the AgRP sequences cluster basally in the tree, suggesting that these sequences split from a cluster containing both the ASIP and the A2 sequences. We also used a novel approach to determine the statistical evidence for synteny, a sinusoidal Hough transform pattern recognition technique. Our analysis shows that the teleost AgRP2 resides in a chromosomal region that has synteny with Hsa 8, but we found no convincing synteny between the regions that A2, AgRP and ASIP reside in, which would support that the Agouti-like peptides were formed by whole genome tetraplodization events. Here we suggest that the Agouti-like peptide genes were formed through classical subsequent gene duplications where the AgRP is the most distantly related to the three other members of that group, first splitting from a common ancestor to ASIP and A2, and then later the A2 split from ASIP followed by a split resulting in ASIP2 and AgRP2.
Robust ℋ∞ control for time-varying delay system with frequency dependent performance weights

This paper describes controller design scheme for time-varying delay system. Firstly, a robust ℋ∞ state feedback controller design (stabilizing controller) is proposed, which is given by LMI formulation. Secondary, a new controller design with frequency dependent ℋ∞ performance weights is proposed. The method enables shaping of the norm of sensitivity function in frequency domain with associated weighting functions. The controller has structure which includes state feedback of variables in weighting function, which corresponds to the augmentation of plant states. In the paper, a numerical example and simulation results are also shown, which evaluates the performance of the proposed method by comparing the conventional methods.
Linking Anthropology and History in Textiles and Clothing Research: The Ethnohistorical Method

Ethnohistory is an interdisciplinary method combining anthropological and historical approaches. The ethnohistorical method is introduced and its application to the study of textiles and clothing is demonstrated through examples of cross-cultural research. Two controversies regarding the interdisciplinary nature of ethnohistory are investigated and analyzed in relation to textiles and clothing research. An interdisciplinary method, such as ethnohistory, can foster linkages among textiles and clothing scholars and stimulate research that crosses disciplinary boundaries.
Continuing Positive Secular Growth Change in the Netherlands 1955–1997

Since 1858, an increase of mean stature has been observed in the Netherlands, reflecting the improving nutritional, hygienic, and health status of the population. In this study, stature, weight, and pubertal development of Dutch youth, derived from four consecutive nationwide cross-sectional growth studies during the past 42 y, are compared to assess the size and rate of the secular growth change. Data on length, height, weight, head circumference, sexual maturation, and demographics of 14 500 boys and girls of Dutch origin in the age range 0–20 y were collected in 1996 and 1997. Growth references for height and weight were constructed with a method that summarizes the distribution by three smooth curves representing skewness (L curve), the median (M curve), and coefficient of variation (S curve). The relationship between height and demographic variables was assessed by multivariate analysis. Reference curves for menarche and secondary sex characteristics were estimated by a generalized additive model using a logit transformation. A positive secular growth change has been present in the past 42 y for children, adolescents, and young adults of Dutch origin, although at a slower rate in the last 17 y. Height differences according to region, educational level of child and parents, and family size have remained. In girls, median age at menarche has decreased by 6 mo during the past four decades to 13.15 y. Environmental conditions have been favorable for many decades in the Netherlands, and the positive secular change in height has not yet come to a halt, in contrast to Scandinavian countries. Main contributors to the increase in height may be improved nutrition, child health, and hygiene, and a reduction of family size.
Rett Syndrome. A Review with Emphasis on Clinical Characteristics and Intervention

Rett syndrome (RS) is a genetic disorder affecting mainly females. In the majority of cases, it is caused by a mutation in MECP2, an X-linked gene, and considered the most common multidisabling genetic disorder in females after Down syndrome. This article is an introduction to RS. It presents the basic understanding of common characteristics typical of this disorder, and the variants from the classical expression of RS. The present article will review the current literature on RS, specially focusing on the clinical characteristics of the disorder. The intention of the article is to set a clear, up-to-date picture of the individual with RS to prepare the clinician for their future meetings with this population.
Exploiting Natural Products to Build Metalla-Assemblies: The Anticancer Activity of Embelin-Derived Rh(III) and Ir(III) Metalla-Rectangles

Six new pentamethylcyclopentadienyl Rh(III) and Ir(III) metalla-rectangles ([3](CF3SO3)4–[8](CF3SO3)4) have been prepared by a self-assembly strategy using the embelin-derived metalla-clips (η5-C5Me5)2M2(μ4-C6HRO4-κO)Cl2 (M = Rh, 1; M = Ir, 2; R = (CH2)10CH3) and the linear ditopic ligands, pyrazine, 4,4'-bipyridine and 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene. These new metalla-rectangles have been obtained in high yield and isolated as their triflate salts. The complexes have been fully characterized by standard spectroscopic techniques and the antiproliferative activity of these tetranuclear complexes was evaluated in vitro on cancerous (DU-145, A-549, HeLa) and noncancerous (HEK-293) cell lines. The biological study has showed a better activity for the rhodium derivatives over the iridium analogs and for all complexes a very good selectivity for cancerous over noncancerous cells. The presence of lipophilic side chains coupled with the positive charge of the tetranuclear complexes suggested a cytotoxic activity involving the mitochondrial machinery, as demonstrated by multiple biological experiments.
Communicative Politics and Public Journalism

This article offers a critique of a new model of journalism known as public or civic journalism. Public journalism asserts that public life is in crisis, and that journalism, as it has come to be practiced, is partially responsible. Public journalism is an attempt to revitalize public life. The model is analysed by identifying and examining public journalism's largely implicit theoretical underpinnings, namely the communicative theory of American pragmatist John Dewey and German philosopher Jürgen Habermas. The connections between public journalism and these two philosophers are made explicit before turning to an analysis of public journalism in light of critiques made against Dewey and Habermas's communicative theories. Public journalism is, to a significant extent, an attempt to put Habermas's vision of discursive politics (the theory of communicative action) into practice. Public journalism is then assessed in light of its theoretical and practical connections to the theory of communicative action. Given these connections, public journalism, as a democratic rethinking of journalism, carries with it the limitations of communicative democratic theory. Moreover, the problems of public journalism fail to provide a critique of public life that is informed by the political and economic context of the media industry.
Labeling and Cumulative Disadvantage

Research in labeling theory has been revived recently, particularly in relation to the effect of labeling on critical noncriminal outcomes that potentially exacerbate involvement in crime. This study partakes in that revitalization by examining direct and indirect effects of police intervention in the lives of adolescents who were followed into their 30s. The authors find that early police intervention is indirectly related to drug use at the ages of 29 to 31, as well as unemployment and welfare receipt. Given that such effects were found some 15 years after the labeling event, on criminal and noncriminal outcomes, and after controlling for intraindividual factors, the authors conclude that the labeling perspective is still relevant within a developmental framework.
Analysis of a Class of Symmetric Equilibrium Configurations for a Territorial Model

Motivated by an animal territoriality model, we consider a centroidal Voronoi tessellation algorithm from a dynamical systems perspective. In doing so, we discuss the stability of an aligned equilibrium configuration for a rectangular domain that exhibits interesting symmetry properties. We also demonstrate the procedure for performing a center manifold reduction on the system to extract a set of coordinates which capture the long term dynamics when the system is close to a bifurcation. Bifurcations of the system restricted to the center manifold are then classified and compared to numerical results. Although we analyze a specific set-up, these methods can in principle be applied to any bifurcation point of any equilibrium for any domain. AMS subject classifications: 37N25, 37G10
Delayed gastric emptying after pancreaticoduodenectomy in diabetes mellitus

Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) is one of the most troublesome complications of pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the risk factors for pancreatic cancer. Moreover, several studies have shown that diabetic patients tend to have a high incidence of upper gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and DGE. Here, we compared the influence of DM on the incidence of DGE after PD.
The Renewal of the Liberal Law Degree

I propose to examine the underlying philosophy of the recent First Report on Legal Education and Training by the Lord Chancellor's Advisory Committee on Legal Education and Conduct (ACLEC), and also some of the practical implications of the Report, particularly for university law schools. It was a stimulating experience to be able to work on this Report which reflects the collective wisdom and experience of all seventeen members of ACLEC and draws on the views expressed by its consultation panels and the large number of respondents to its consultation papers. It is important to stress that the Committee's expertise is not simply that of the two law teachers on the Committee or the two barristers, two solicitors and two judges, but also that of the lay majority of the Committee whose experience is that of consumers of legal services, social researchers, educators and in other professions. In reflecting this breadth of experience, it is a Report unique in the annals of British legal education.
Cloud Computing with Green Virtual Systems

— In cloud computing, systems require a hardware inventory that is often prohibitive in terms of cost and manpower involved in its installation and configuration. In addition, physical servers in general are highly underutilized and remain powered on 24 by 7 regardless of the extent of their utilization. This is highly inefficient given on average servers are underutilized and use only 10% of the overall resources of the server. This goal of this research is to create cloud systems that are “leaner” or more efficient in terms of their use of resources in terms of time and the quantity used. A “Green” cloud system responds to peak utilization periods and adjusts availability of resources based on them expanding or shrinking the cloud as needed. Furthermore, this system will detect the nature of the demand on it and provide customized resources specific to the needs of the services required by the users of the cloud. For example, more if more processor-intensive applications are in demand, the amount of processor resources will dynamically increase to support the demand.
Comparison of statistical methods for classification of ovarian cancer using mass spectrometry data

MOTIVATION Novel methods, both molecular and statistical, are urgently needed to take advantage of recent advances in biotechnology and the human genome project for disease diagnosis and prognosis. Mass spectrometry (MS) holds great promise for biomarker identification and genome-wide protein profiling. It has been demonstrated in the literature that biomarkers can be identified to distinguish normal individuals from cancer patients using MS data. Such progress is especially exciting for the detection of early-stage ovarian cancer patients. Although various statistical methods have been utilized to identify biomarkers from MS data, there has been no systematic comparison among these approaches in their relative ability to analyze MS data. RESULTS We compare the performance of several classes of statistical methods for the classification of cancer based on MS spectra. These methods include: linear discriminant analysis, quadratic discriminant analysis, k-nearest neighbor classifier, bagging and boosting classification trees, support vector machine, and random forest (RF). The methods are applied to ovarian cancer and control serum samples from the National Ovarian Cancer Early Detection Program clinic at Northwestern University Hospital. We found that RF outperforms other methods in the analysis of MS data.
Hybrid virtual-proxy based control framework for passive bilateral teleoperation over the internet

Let us consider the control problem of bilateral teleoperation over the Internet. One of its important, yet, often overlooked, aspects is its hybrid nature, that is, the (nonlinear) master and slave robots are continuous-time systems with sampled-data controls, while the Internet between them is a discrete-time packet-switching communication channel with the communication unreliability (e.g., varying-delay, packet-loss, data duplication/swapping, etc.). To tackle this problem, a hybrid proportional-derivative (PD) type control framework has recently been proposed in [1], which, by utilizing the hybrid nature, can enforce closed-loop passivity and asymptotic position/force coordination, by compensating for the Internet's communication unreliability solely via device viscous damping. This scheme of [1], yet, requires large device damping when the communication delay/loss is large, thus, would not be so suitable if the device's un-tunable damping is low, but, the communication unreliability is severe. In this paper, extending the results of [1], [2], [3], we propose a novel virtual-proxy based hybrid teleoperation control framework, which can passify the Internet's communication unreliability through the virtual proxy's tunable discrete damping, thus, removing the requirement of large device damping of [1] and rendering a more flexible framework than [1], while providing explicit position feedback via the PD-action. Simulation is also performed to verify the theory.
Characterization of an Isotype-Dependent Monoclonal Antibody against Linear Neutralizing Epitope Effective for Prophylaxis of Enterovirus 71 Infection

Background Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main causative agent of Hand, Foot and Mouth disease (HFMD) and is associated with severe neurologic complications and mortalities. At present, there is no vaccine or therapeutic available for treatment. Methodology/Principal Finding In this study, we generated two mAbs, denoted as mAb 51 and 53, both targeting the same linear epitope on VP1 capsid protein, spanning amino acids 215–219. In comparison, mAb 51 belonging to isotype IgM possesses neutralizing activity in vitro, whereas, mAb 53 belonging to isotype IgG1 does not have any neutralizing ability, even towards its homologous strain. When mAb 51 at 10 µg/g of body weight was administered to the 2-week-old AG129 mice one day prior to lethal challenge, 100% in vivo passive protection was observed. In contrast, the isotype control group mice, injected with an irrelevant IgM antibody before the challenge, developed limb paralysis as early as day 6 post-infection. Histological examination demonstrated that mAb 51 was able to protect against pathologic changes such as neuropil vacuolation and neuronal loss in the spinal cord, which were typical in unprotected EV-71 infected mice. BLAST analyses of that epitope revealed that it was highly conserved among all EV71 strains, but not coxsachievirus 16 (CA16). Conclusion We have defined a linear epitope within the VP1 protein and demonstrated its neutralizing ability to be isotype dependent. The neutralizing property and highly conserved sequence potentiated the application of mAb 51 and 53 for protection against EV71 infection and diagnosis respectively.
Destination Image and Behavior Intention of Travelers to Thailand: the Moderating Effect of Perceived Risk

ABSTRACT This study examined the influence of destination image and overall satisfaction toward behavioral intention of travelers to Thailand. The results found that destination image dimensions of quality of hotels and restaurants and cultural and natural attractions significantly influenced overall satisfaction. In addition, overall satisfaction had a positive effect on behavioral intention. This study further investigated the moderating effect of perceived risk on the relationship between overall satisfaction and behavioral intention. Travelers with low perceived risk of these natural disasters had a tendency for greater positive destination image, overall satisfaction, and behavioral intention than travelers with high perceived risk.
MONITORING SOFTWARE INSPECTIONS WITH PRESCRIPTIVE METRICS

It is largely accepted that inspection is the most effective means of finding defects, and thus plays an important role in the software development process. This paper therefore focuses on inspection, its evaluation and improvement, and presents a set of prescriptive software metrics for evaluating software inspections. The usability of the metrics is further illustrated with a case study involving a Finnish software company.