Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Organizational Structure of Banking Supervision

type="main" xml:lang="en"> Does it matter whether banking supervision is undertaken in-house in the Central Bank or in a separate specialised supervisory institution? After all, bank supervisors and the Central Bank must continue to work closely together wherever the supervisors are located. Nevertheless there has been a recent trend towards hiving off bank supervision to a separate agency, as in the UK. The main driving forces are the rise of the universal bank, increased conglomeration, and concerns with conflicts of interest. Such separation, however, raises questions whether systemic stability might suffer. The ethos and culture of the separate supervisor might come to focus more on conduct of business, consumer protection, issues. Potentially systemic financial crises would have to be handled by a committee. These are qualitative issues, and developed countries, with differing historical, legal and institutional backgrounds, will come to differing conclusions. But in less developed countries, more weight needs to be placed on ensuring the quality of the supervisory staff, i.e. their professional skills, independence from external pressures, and adequate funding. This tells strongly towards retaining banking supervision under the wing of the Central Bank in such emerging countries. (J.E.L.: E5, F3, G2).
A Time-Series Analysis of the Relationship Between Government Expenditure and Gdp in Canada

The objective of this article is to test statistically in the Granger-Sims sense for the existence of causality between government expenditure and gross domestic product (GDP) in Canada over the period 1947 to 1986. From a brief examination of the prevalent theories of government growth, Wagner's law emerges as the most comprehensive hypothesis and is subsequently subjected to causality tests. Unequivocally, Wagner's law is rejected, but the reverse causality, which runs from government spending to GDP, is rejected as well, thus contradicting the claims of effective fiscal activism that emanate from the Keynesian paradigm. These results are indicative of the complexity of forces that influence government behavior and should be viewed not negatively, but rather as a challenge for more imaginative future research in this highly important area.
Beyond the Visible—Imaging the Human Brain with Light

Optical approaches to investigate cerebral function and metabolism have long been applied in invasive studies. From the neuron cultured in vitro to the exposed cortex in the human during neurosurgical procedures, high spatial resolution can be reached and several processes such as membrane potential, cell swelling, metabolism of mitochondrial chromophores, and vascular response can be monitored, depending on the respective preparation. The authors focus on an extension of optical methods to the noninvasive application in the human. Starting with the pioneering work of Jöbsis 25 years ago, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used to investigate functional activation of the human cerebral cortex. Recently, several groups have started to use imaging systems that allow the generation of images of a larger area of the subject's head and, thereby, the production of maps of cortical oxygenation changes. Such images have a much lower spatial resolution compared with the invasively obtained optical images. The noninvasive NIRS images, however, can be obtained in undemanding set-ups that can be easily combined with other functional methods, in particular EEG. Moreover, NIRS is applicable to bedside use. The authors briefly review some of the abundant literature on intrinsic optical signals and the NIRS imaging studies of the past few years. The weaknesses and strengths of the approach are critically discussed. The authors conclude that NIRS imaging has two major advantages: it can address issues concerning neurovascular coupling in the human adult and can extend functional imaging approaches to the investigation of the diseased brain.
Monetary Policy and Exchange Rate Behavior in the Fiscal Theory of the Price Level

The fiscal theory of the price level has challenged the conventional view that monetary factors drive prices and exchange rates and has also provided a rationale for fiscal restrictions in a monetary union. This paper reviews the main results and compelling criticisms of this theory, analyzing the effects of monetary and fiscal shocks under a fiscal regime. We pay special attention to the determinants of the exchange rate and to the ways to eliminate the exchange rate indeterminacy that arise under interest rate peg.
Non-Scale Models of R&D-based Growth: The Market Solution

Abstract The market solution of a general R&D-based endogenous growth model is developed. The model is general in two respects: First, general formulations are used and restrictions are only introduced provided that these become necessary. Second, each factor of production (labour, capital and technological knowledge) is allowed to be productive in each sector (final output, capital goods and R&D). Since the resulting R&D-based growth model encompasses a large number of specific models, it can be viewed as a summary of this strand of the literature. The complete dynamic system as well as the balanced growth rates are derived. By employing numeric techniques, the gap between the decentralised and the centralised balanced growth path as well as the transitional dynamics implications are investigated.
Privatization, regulation and deregulation

1. Introduction 2. Privatization: Principles, Problems and Priorities, with Stephen Littlechild, Lloyds' Bank Review , July 1983 3. Privatization - Reflections on UK Experience ADEBA Conference: Buenos Aires, August 1987 4. Regulation of Privatized Monopolies in the United Kingdom, with Stephen Littlechild, Rand Journal of Economics , Autumn 1989 5. Mergers and Water Regulation, Sept 1988 6. The Required Rate of Return/Cost of Capital, February 1989 7. Competition and Supply in London Taxis, Journal of Transport and Economics, January 1979 8. Information for Regulating: The Case of Taxis, with Stephen Glaister, Economic Journal , September 1983 9. Contribution to Policy: Bus Deregulation: presented to Department of Transport, December 1982 10. Commitment Sunk Costs on Entry in the Airline Industry: Reflections on Experience, Journal of Transport Economic Policy , May 1986 11. UK Experience with Freight and Passenger Regulation, ECMT Round Table, August 1989 12. Extracts from Liberalization of the Use of British Telecommunications Network, HMSO , April 1981 13. The Liberalization of British Telecom, Economic Affairs , October 1981 14. Regulation, Legislation and the 1984 Telecommunications Act, Computer Law and Practice , December 1984 15. The British Telecom/Mercury Interconnect Determination: An Explanation and Commentary, with Bruce Laidlaw, 1986 16. Extracts from The Future of Telecommunications, with Bruce Laidlaw, IEA Research Monograph No 42 , 1989.
Cancer survivors' uptake and adherence in diet and exercise intervention trials: An integrative data analysis

The health benefits of diet and exercise interventions for cancer survivors are well documented. However, little is known regarding demographic and medical predictors of survivors' willingness to participate in diet and exercise intervention trials, study enrollment, intervention adherence, and study completion. To assist in interpreting the generalizability of trial findings and to improve the design of future trials, this study examined predictors of these process measures.
Accountability and Quasi-Government: The Role of Parliamentary Questions

While much concern has been expressed about the accountability of quasi‐government there has been little empirical research on the subject. Similarly, the literature lacks a thorough assessment of the contribution of parliamentary questions to holding governmental institutions accountable. In this paper part of this gap in the literature is closed by measuring the extent to which a wide range of executive non‐departmental public bodies (ENDPBs) are held accountable by the use of questions tabled in the House of Commons. Questions asked to ministers in the Foreign Office and the Department for Education and Employment about ENDPBs they sponsor are assessed. A similar exercise is conducted on the agencies in these two departments and the results compared. In general, the partisan political atmosphere of the Commons, the apathy of many MPs, the size of the ENDPB sector and the rules governing questions mean that their contribution to the accountability of these bodies is relatively small. In particular, many.
Stevioside Induced ROS-Mediated Apoptosis Through Mitochondrial Pathway in Human Breast Cancer Cell Line MCF-7

Stevioside is a diterpene glycoside found in the leaf of Stevia rebaudiana, a traditional oriental medicinal herb, which has been shown to have various biological and ethno-medicinal activities including antitumor activity. In this study, we investigated the effects of stevioside on the cytotoxicity, induction of apoptosis, and the putative pathways of its action in human breast cancer cells (MCF-7). For the analysis of apoptotic pathway, measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and assessment of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP) were achieved. We showed that stevioside was a potent inducer of apoptosis and it conveyed the apoptotic signal via intracellular ROS generation; thereby inducing change in MTP and induction of mitochondrial mediated apoptotic pathway. Taken together, our data indicated that stevioside induces the ROS-mediated mitochondrial permeability transition and results in the increased expression of apoptotic proteins such as Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase-9. Effect of stevioside on stress-related transcription factors like NF-E2-related factor-2 opens up a new vista for further studies. This is the first report on the mechanism of the antibreast cancer (in vitro) activity of stevioside.
Iodine 123‐metaiodobenzylguanidine imaging reflect generalized sympathetic activation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction

Background: Iodine 123‐metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) imaging has been used to assess cardiac sympathetic nerve abnormalities. To determine the role of MIBG imaging as a measure of generalized sympathetic nerve activity, MIBG imaging was evaluated with muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and plasma norepinephrine (noradrenaline) level in patients with old myocardial infarction.
Exponential stabilization of a non-uniform porous-elasticity system

A kind of one-dimensional porous-elasticity system with variable coefficients is considered in this paper. The velocity of the solids at one end is observed. A feedback controller is designed to stabilize this system. By a complete spectral analysis, it is proved that the corresponding closed-loop system satisfies the spectrum-determined-growth condition, that is, the decay rate of the system is determined by the spectral bound. Then the exponential stability is concluded based on the spectral distribution.
Incorporating Context into the Study of Judgment and Expertise in Public Accounting

This paper argues for context-sensitive research in the public accounting setting and examines numerous issues that need to be addressed in doing such research. The issues include research objectives, theory, design and method. Context is significant in shaping auditors' expertise, and a major reason for studying public accountants' (usually auditors') judgment is that their judgment therefore differs from general human judgment or the judgment of other experts. Contextual factors such as incentives, time pressure, professional standards, decision aids and interpersonal relationships make the public accounting setting distinctive and interesting. Research that examines contextual influences on judgment is valuable in understanding this setting. Context-sensitive research depends on theory about the context, as well as on careful pilot testing and other procedures to define and incorporate context. Field research using experiential questionnaires is one useful way to get at contextual variables and assess their effects on judgment. Using such questionnaires raises various questions about research design, participants and data analysis. This paper outlines answers to those questions as suggestions about creating high-quality research.
Dynamic Linear Gradient Array for Traveling Wave Magnetic Particle Imaging

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a young imaging modality using the nonlinear magnetization properties of superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles to acquire them. It is a highly sensitive and fast method allowing both a quantitative and a qualitative analysis of the measured signal. Since its first publication in 2005, several different scanner types have been presented. Most of them work with permanent magnets and therefore have a small field of view. In 2014, an alternative scanner concept, the traveling wave MPI (TWMPI), was presented, which allows scanning an entire mouse-sized volume at once. In this paper, a detailed description of the main field generator, the dynamic linear gradient array (dLGA), used for TWMPI is given. This paper guides the reader to the first dLGA prototype, deriving relations between the length of the dLGA and the diameter of the segment coils.
The Socio-Cultural Context of Organizational Behavior

Ever since the study of organizations became a distinct area of interest for scholars to theorize about and empirically examine, there has been an ongoing debate over the extent to which organizational members can decide about organizational actions without interference from the societal context in which they exist. This debate is usually cast in terms of “open versus closed systems” and “permeable versus impermeable boundaries” (Thompson, 1967; Astley & Van de Ven, 1983). Examples of closed, impermeable organizations are many large business organizations, the United States Marine Corps, and the Catholic Church. Examples of open, permeable organizations include local public schools, the United States Congress, and most community-based, nonprofit social service agencies. A number of articles in the current management literature address the question of an organization’s relationships with its environment, particularly in terms of how much influence is exerted over the organization by elements in its environment. Owing to increasing international competition, U.S. multinationals have adopted various practices to improve their competitiveness. One practice that has often been chosen, Kirkman and Shapiro (2001) point out, is the use of self-managing work teams. Self-managing work teams are defined as teams whose members assign jobs, plan and schedule work, make productionor service-related decisions, and take action on problems. In support of the use of such teams, research has shown positive associations with both job satisfaction and organizational commitment.
Saving Lives: A Review of the Record

I present evidence on the cost-effectiveness of 76 regulatory actions promulgated by the Federal government from 1967 to 2001 by updating similar work published by the author in 1986. The paper first responds to several critiques of the original article recently published in prominent law journals by showing that most of the specific criticism is based on misrepresentations and mistakes. Wide differences in cost-effectiveness indicate we could save lives more effectively. Regulations aimed at reducing safety and cardiovascular risks have been more cost-effective than regulations aimed at reducing cancer risks. I suggest several potential regulations that could save lives more cost-effectively than the vast majority of regulations issued to date.
American teachers’ autonomy in curriculum and its implications for Korean education

최근 한국 사회에서는 교사의 교육과정 자율성 보장에 따른 논의가 활발하게 이어지고 있다. 그러나 교사가 자율적으로 편성하는 교육과정이 실제 교육현장에서 가능할 것인가에 대해서는 많은 의문이 제기 되고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구는 교육과정 편성에 있어서 자율성을 보장받고 있는 교사들을 중심으로 이들의 수업의 특성을 살펴보고자 한다. 미국의 경우 교육과정 운영이 학교와 개별 교사를 중심으로 이루어지고 있다. 따라서 미국교사의 실제 수업에 대한 분석은 교사의 자율적 교육과정 운영의 실체에 대한 이해를 높일 수 있다고 본다. 본 연구를 통해 저자는 미국의 사례를 조사하고, 한국 교육을 위한 시사점을 발견하고자 한다. 이와 같은 연구목적을 위해 저자는 미국에서 학교운영의 자율화가 비교적 높은 지역인, 스프링 카운티 지역 (Spring County)의 8명의 고등학교 역사 교사들을 중심으로 교육과정 자율권에 대한 인식과 교육과정을 분석하였다. 연구방법으로 개별심층면접 조사가 사용되었으며 이론적 분석의 틀로써 교육과정 자율권에 대한 여러 개념을 분석하고 이에 따른 교사와 교육과정의 관계가 논의되었다.
Genetic Susceptibility, Change in Physical Activity, and Long-term Weight Gain

Whether change in physical activity over time modifies the genetic susceptibility to long-term weight gain is unknown. We calculated a BMI–genetic risk score (GRS) based on 77 BMI-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a body fat percentage (BF%)-GRS based on 12 BF%-associated SNPs in 9,390 women from the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and 5,291 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS). We analyzed the interactions between each GRS and change in physical activity on BMI/body weight change within five 4-year intervals from 1986 to 2006 using multivariable generalized linear models with repeated-measures analyses. Both the BMI-GRS and the BF%-GRS were associated with long-term increases in BMI/weight, and change in physical activity consistently interacted with the BF%-GRS on BMI change in the NHS (P for interaction = 0.025) and HPFS (P for interaction = 0.001). In the combined cohorts, 4-year BMI change per 10-risk allele increment was −0.02 kg/m2 among participants with greatest increase in physical activity and 0.24 kg/m2 among those with greatest decrease in physical activity (P for interaction < 0.001), corresponding to 0.01 kg versus 0.63 kg weight changes every 4 years (P for interaction = 0.001). Similar but marginal interactions were observed for the BMI-GRS (P for interaction = 0.045). Our data indicate that the genetic susceptibility to weight gain may be diminished by increasing physical activity.
How Can Bank Reforms Assuage Socioeconomic Ordeals in Emerging Economies?: Lessons for Egypt from the Turkish Experience

This research utilises a three-stage Stochastic Frontier Analysis/Data Envelope Analysis to investigate the relationship between post-crisis banking reforms, bank efficiency and macroeconomic performance from 2000 till 2010. The study draws lessons for Egypt from the Turkish bank reforms which successfully addressed the popular economic aspirations of growth, employment and stable prices. Whilst Turkey ensured that economic and banking reforms trickle down to all income groups, soaring food prices and high youth unemployment exasperated living conditions in Egypt, which helped trigger the Revolution of January 2011. The contribution of this study is to measure bank efficiency in accomplishing popular macroeconomic aims, instead of fulfilling the bank-centric goals of enhancing bank profitability and cost efficiency. The results reveal that the average-sized banks and domestic private banks display highest efficiency. Public debt, inflation and concentrated markets have unfavourable influences on bank efficiency.
Yield Management and Airline Strategic Groups

A new strategic group of companies has appeared in Europe. This group, low-cost airlines, differs markedly from the traditional flagship companies. Focusing on a dynamic approach, the study discussed in this paper was developed to determine whether companies in different strategic groups adopted different price setting methods depending on which group they belonged to. The study is based on price information recorded at 11 different time periods for 12 airlines.
Intra‐Industry Knowledge Spillovers from Foreign Direct Investment in Research and Development: Evidence from China's 'Silicon Valley'

This study examines a specific channel of technology diffusion from multinational enterprises to domestic firms in less developed regions: research and development (R&D) activities of multinational enterprises in the host country. Using firm‐level panel data from a Chinese science park, known as China's “Silicon Valley,” we find that the R&D stock of foreign‐owned firms has a positive effect on the productivity of domestic firms in the same industry, while the capital stock of foreign firms has no such effect. These results suggest that foreign firms' knowledge spills over within industries through their R&D activities, but not through their production activities. In addition, we find no evidence of spillovers from domestic firms or firms from Hong Kong, Macao, or Taiwan, suggesting that the size of knowledge spillovers is larger when the technology gap between source and recipient firms is larger.
3D printed drug delivery devices: perspectives and technical challenges

ABSTRACT Introduction: The technological advancements in the pharmaceutical field are constantly improving and provide various possibilities for meeting the needs of personalized drug therapy. The three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has endless potential in the fabrication of patient-specific drug delivery devices (DDD) and dosage forms as the technological development is progressing. Moreover, the rapidly evolving research on 3D printed DDD has enabled us to determine several challenges related to the manufacturing and marketing of personalized drug delivery systems. Areas covered: In this review, an overview is provided on the relevant accomplishments in the development of 3D printed drug delivery systems, as well as the technical challenges surrounding the 3D printing of personalized drug-loaded medical devices and dosage forms. Furthermore, observations are presented on the future perspectives of pharmaceutical 3D printing. Expert commentary: The 3D printing has enabled the fabrication of prototypes of DDD with varying complexity and shows that customization of drug products is possible. There is potential to improve patient-specific drug therapies of the future using printing technologies. The technological advancements, new scientific concepts, interdisciplinary work and defined regulatory guidelines will continue to support and strengthen the prospects of 3D printing as an option in the manufacture of medical products.
THE DETERMINANTS OF AGGREGATE IMPORT DEMAND IN BRUNEI DARUSSALAM: AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT USING A COINTEGRATION AND ERROR CORRECTION APPROACH

This article examines the determinants of aggregate import demand in Brunei Darussalam within a cointegration and error correction framework using the bounds test for cointegration. In addition to the real effective exchange rate and real GDP, in alternative specifications we examine the effect of population growth and world petroleum prices on import demand in Brunei Darussalam. We find that in both the long-run and short-run aggregate imports are inelastic with respect to income and world petroleum prices, but are price-elastic and elastic with respect to population.
Oil Revenues and Macroeconomic Volatility in Norway

It is conventional wisdom that Norway is the role model for oil-producing countries; its sensible policies and transparency in the management of its oil revenues have resulted in macroeconomic stability, which most oil producing countries from Africa and Latin America, hobbled by cycles of boom and bust or a Dutch disease, have always been denied. This paper does not take this conventional wisdom for granted given that the Norwegian government's fiscal policy has remained aligned with the cycles of the international oil market. To test whether the Norwegian economy is stable, this paper considers whether the famous 2001 stabilisation policy reform, meant to spread the spending of oil revenues over time, has ushered in a period of lower volatility in Norway. Its results are negative: (i) volatility in Norway's macroeconomic variables has increased after 2001; (ii) that the behaviour of either the Central Bank or the macroeconomy has changed after 2001 is not robust to modelling techniques; and (iii) had it been fully implemented, the 2001 stabilisation policy package would have had destabilising effects. In other words, Norway's volatility is not as insignificant as expected.