Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Commentary on Alan M. Turing: The Applications of Probability to Cryptography

Abstract In April 2012, two papers written by Alan Turing during the Second World War on the use of probability in cryptanalysis were released by GCHQ. The longer of these presented an overall framework for the use of Bayes's theorem and prior probabilities, including four examples worked out in detail: the Vigenère cipher, a letter subtractor cipher, the use of repeats to find depths, and simple columnar transposition. (The other paper was an alternative version of the section on repeats.) Turing stressed the importance in practical cryptanalysis of sometimes using only part of the evidence or making simplifying assumptions and presents in each case computational shortcuts to make burdensome calculations manageable. The four examples increase roughly in their difficulty and cryptanalytic demands. After the war, Turing's approach to statistical inference was championed by his assistant in Hut 8, Jack Good, which played a role in the later resurgence of Bayesian statistics.
Actuator Fault Tolerant Control: A Receding Horizon Set-Theoretic Approach

In this note, a novel actuator Fault Tolerant Control strategy for constrained discrete time linear systems subject to bounded disturbances is proposed. The scheme consists of three modules: a bank of estimators, each one associated with healthy and faulty model configurations, a logic mechanism for identifying healthy-to-faulty and faulty-to-healthy transitions and an estimate based control reconfiguration unit. The idea is to abstractly describe healthy and faulty plant configurations by means of a switching paradigm and sequences of pre-computed inner approximations of one-step controllable sets. Such regions are then on-line exploited together with a switching logic to determine the current plant configuration on the basis of the state estimate provided by the observers.
Performance evaluation of common radio resource management (CRRM)

The target of this paper is to quantify some of the benefits of common radio resource management (CRRM) for traffic management in an environment where several different radio access technologies co-exist with cells on several hierarchical layers. The benefits of the load balancing, i.e., the capacity (trunking) gains from CRRM concept are studied by dynamic simulations for both real-time and non-real-time traffic. The results show that CRRM improves the conversational and streaming capacity by 11% with 144 kbps and the interactive capacity up to 70-140% when 5 s delay is required with 90-95% probability. These results assume that 4 systems/layers are integrated, e.g. UTRAN + GERAN macro + micro layers. According to these results CRRM is most important for improving interactive packet data capacity. The gain for conversational and streaming services increases when the bit rate is higher than 144 kbps. The gain also increases if more systems or layers are integrated.
University of Dundee Self-oligomerization regulates stability of Survival Motor Neuron ( SMN ) protein isoforms by sequestering an SCFSlmb

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by homozygous mutations in human SMN1. Expression of a duplicate gene (SMN2) primarily results in skipping of exon 7 and production of an unstable protein isoform, SMNΔ7. Although SMN2 exon skipping is the principal contributor to SMA severity, mechanisms governing stability of survival motor neuron (SMN) isoforms are poorly understood. We used a Drosophila model system and label-free proteomics to identify the SCFSlmb ubiquitin E3 ligase complex as a novel SMN binding partner. SCFSlmb interacts with a phosphor degron embedded within the human and fruitfly SMN YG-box oligomerization domains. Substitution of a conserved serine (S270A) interferes with SCFSlmb binding and stabilizes SMNΔ7. SMA-causing missense mutations that block multimerization of full-length SMN are also stabilized in the degron mutant background. Overexpression of SMNΔ7S270A, but not wild-type (WT) SMNΔ7, provides a protective effect in SMA model mice and human motor neuron cell culture systems. Our findings support a model wherein the degron is exposed when SMN is monomeric and sequestered when SMN forms higher-order multimers.
TUBA8: A new tissue-specific isoform of alpha-tubulin that is highly conserved in human and mouse.

We have cloned and sequenced a cDNA from a human adult skeletal muscle cDNA library, encoding for a novel isoform of alpha-tubulin (tuba8) that is preferentially expressed in heart, skeletal muscle, and testis. A genomic DNA sequence from the chromosomal region 22q11 allowed us to determine the complete structure of the TUBA8 gene that mirrors the canonical exon/intron organization of the vertebrate alpha-tubulin genes. We also cloned and sequenced the cDNA of its murine homologue (MMU-TUBA8). The latter encodes for a protein that differs from its human counterpart in only three amino acids, revealing an extreme rate of conservation that is even extended to both the 3' and 5' UTRs of the mRNAs. Sequence comparison of these novel isoforms with other known alpha tubulins shows that tuba8 is the most divergent member of the mammalian alpha-tubulin family. The sequence peculiarity of the human and murine tuba8 strongly suggests that they might have functional significance and, according to the multi-tubulin hypothesis, that they might play specific functional roles in the cell cytoskeleton.
DNA Binding Provides a Molecular Strap Activating the Adenovirus Proteinase*S

Human adenovirus proteinase (AVP) requires two cofactors for maximal activity: pVIc, a peptide derived from the C terminus of adenovirus precursor protein pVI, and the viral DNA. Synchrotron protein footprinting was used to map the solvent accessible cofactor binding sites and to identify conformational changes associated with the binding of cofactors to AVP. The binding of pVIc alone or pVIc and DNA together to AVP triggered significant conformational changes adjacent to the active site cleft sandwiched between the two AVP subdomains. In addition, upon binding of DNA to AVP, it was observed that specific residues on each of the two major subdomains were significantly protected from hydroxyl radicals. Based on the locations of these protected side-chain residues and conserved aromatic and positively charged residues within AVP, a three-dimensional model of DNA binding was constructed. The model indicated that DNA binding can alter the relative orientation of the two AVP domains leading to the partial activation of AVP by DNA. In addition, both pVIc and DNA may independently alter the active site conformation as well as drive it cooperatively to fully activate AVP.
The Effect of Injection Speed on the Perception of Intramuscular Injection Pain

Injections are frequently administered by occupational health nurses in worksite health promotion programs. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of varying injection speed on the perception of pain. Fifty workers were given intramuscular (IM) hepatitis B vaccine at injection speeds of 10 and 30 seconds per cubic centimeter (s/cc). The perception of pain was measured on a visual analogue scale and reported post-injection at three different time intervals. The results showed that no difference in pain was perceived by participants between the two injection speeds. Results also revealed that women consistently had higher mean pain scores than men and significantly more pain at the 0 hour measurement of the 10 s/cc injection. While the results of this study indicate no need to administer an IM injection slower than 10 s/cc, occupational health nurses will need to consider gender differences in pain perception when administering injections.
Dynamic Routing Algorithm Based on the Channel Quality Control for Farmland Sensor Networks

This article reports a Dynamic Routing Algorithm for Farmland Sensor Networks (DRA-FSN) based on channel quality control to improve energy efficiency, which combines the distance and communication characteristics of farmland wireless sensor network. The functional architecture of the DRA-FSN algorithm, routing establish the mechanisms, the communication transmission mechanism, the global routing beacon return mechanism, abnormal node handling mechanism and sensor networks timing control mechanisms were designed in detail in this article. This article also evaluates and simulated the performance of DRA-FSN algorithm in different conditions from energy efficiency, packet energy consumption and packet distribution balance by comparing DRA-FSN algorithm with DSDV, EAP algorithm. Simulations showed that the DRA-FSN was more energy efficient than EAP and DSDV, the DRA-FSN algorithm overcame the shortcoming that capacity and bandwidth of the routing table correspondingly increase as more and more nodes joining the network. It has better performance in scalability and network loading balance.
Enhancement of coenzyme binding by a single point mutation at the coenzyme binding domain of E. coli lactaldehyde dehydrogenase

Phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase (PAD) and lactaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALD) share some structural and kinetic properties. One difference is that PAD can use NAD+ and NADP+, whereas ALD only uses NAD+. An acidic residue has been involved in the exclusion of NADP+ from the active site in pyridine nucleotide‐dependent dehydrogenases. However, other factors may participate in NADP+ exclusion. In the present work, analysis of the sequence of the region involved in coenzyme binding showed that residue F180 of ALD might participate in coenzyme specificity. Interestingly, F180T mutation rendered an enzyme (ALD‐F180T) with the ability to use NADP+. This enzyme showed an activity of 0.87 μmol/(min * mg) and Km for NADP+ of 78 μM. Furthermore, ALD‐F180T exhibited a 16‐fold increase in the Vm/Km ratio with NAD+ as the coenzyme, from 12.8 to 211. This increase in catalytic efficiency was due to a diminution in Km for NAD+ from 47 to 7 μM and a higher Vm from 0.51 to 1.48 μmol/(min * mg). In addition, an increased Kd for NADH from 175 (wild‐type) to 460 μM (mutant) indicates a faster product release and possibly a change in the rate‐limiting step. For wild‐type ALD it is described that the rate‐limiting step is shared between deacylation and coenzyme dissociation. In contrast, in the present report the rate‐limiting step in ALD‐F180T was determined to be exclusively deacylation. In conclusion, residue F180 participates in the exclusion of NADP+ from the coenzyme binding site and disturbs the binding of NAD+.
Analyzing the Large Number of Variables in Biomedical Imagery: A Brief Review

Very large arrays of data, that is, data sets for which the number of observations per subject may be an order of magnitude greater than the number of subjects that are observed, arise in genetics research (microarrays), neurophysiology (electroencephalographs [EEGs]), and image analysis (astronomy, ultrasound, magnetic resoance imaging [MRI], functional MRI [fMRI], magnetoencephalography [MEG] and positron emission tomography [PET] maps, telemetry). The analysis of such arrays encounters the following complications:
Differential Symptom Reporting by Mode of Administration of the Assessment: Automated Voice Response System Versus a Live Telephone Interview

Background:Automated voice response (AVR) systems have been used to collect patient-reported outcome data. Mode of administration of the assessment may affect patient reporting. Objective:To evaluate if there is a differential reporting of symptoms by the mode of assessment: AVR versus a live telephone interview among cancer patients with solid tumors undergoing chemotherapy. Research Design:Randomized clinical trial comparing a nurse-assisted symptom management with an automated telephone symptom management. After completing intake telephone interview administered by a person, patients were randomized to either nurse arm or AVR arm to receive a 6-contact 8-week symptom management intervention. Patients in the nurse arm were called by specially trained nurses, and patients in the AVR arm were contacted via automated system to assess their symptoms and deliver symptom management strategies. Subjects:Two hundred patients in nurse arm, and 186 patients in the AVR arm completed the first intervention contact. Measures:Severities of 14 cancer-related symptoms were rated by patients at intake interview and at first intervention contact before the receipt of any interventions. Results:When compared with patients contacted by a nurse, patients contacted by the AVR reported higher severity of nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, poor appetite, constipation, diarrhea, pain, and alopecia controlling for prior intake symptom assessment that was free of mode effect. Symptom reporting varied by age, with the oldest group of patients reporting higher severity to the nurse. Conclusion:Mode effect needs to be considered in designing trials for symptom management and in symptom monitoring in clinical practice.
Characterization of MOSFETs intrinsic performance using in-wafer advanced Kelvin-contact device structure for high performance CMOS LSIs

In this work, a new MOSFETs characterization method utilizing in-wafer Kelvin contact device structure is developed. The developed method can eliminate the parasitic series resistances in MOSFETs and allows us to characterize the short channel transistor intrinsic current- voltage characteristics as well as the quantitative effects of the parasitic series resistance to the device performance, very stably and accurately. The developed analysis is useful for the characterization and parameter extractions of fabricated MOSFETs for the device/process development and optimization of ultra-thin gate insulator short channel CMOS LSIs for higher performance.
R factors in coliform-fecal coliform sewage flora of the prairies and Northwest Territories of Canada

Coliform and fecal coliform populations found in the raw sewages and final sewage effluents of the prairie provinces and the Northwest Territories were examined for antibiotic resistance and the possession of R factors. It was determined that 8.91% of the total coliform and 10.80% of the fecal coliform populations carried R factors. The following numbers of combinations of R determinants were found: 39 in the Escherichia coli population, 6 in the Citrobacter population, 20 in the Enterobacter populations, 10 in the Klebsiella populations, and 11 in the Aeromonas populations. The maximum number of R determinants transferable simultaneously was seven; organisms with R factors containing determinants for chloramphenicol usually contained determinants for ampicillin. Of the coliform and fecal coliform populations, 2 to 4% were resistant to chloramphenicol in some provinces, and from 17 to 30% of the populations were resistant to three or more antibiotics. It was calculated that coliforms containing R factors in the raw sewage reached population levels of 1.5 X 10(7)/100 ml, and fecal coliforms containing R factors reached population levels of 8.6 X 10(5) ml. Final effluent discharges to the receiving environment contained R factor-containing coliform and fecal coliform populations of 3.1 X 10(4)/100 ml and 5.8 X 10(2)/100 ml, respectively. The incidence of bacteria containing R factors in sewage appears to be increasing with time, and their removal from sewage before discharge to the receiving environment is desirable. Consideration of data on bacteria with R factors should be made in future water quality deliberations and in discharge regulations.
Single image reconstruction of human faces using database of depth images

Despite increasing accessibility of the 3D scanning devices, acquisition of the 2D photographs is still more widely used method to capture human faces. However, many virtual scenarios require 3D representation of the human face. We present an automatic method of the human face reconstruction from a single frontal photograph. Our approach utilizes a database of the precomputed depth images, which we generated from the FIDENTIS Database. This allows us to the avoid lighting constraints, that are often posed on the input data for 2D reconstruction of the human faces. We assume the input image comes annotated with a set of landmarks and we then proceed to reconstruct a 3D representation of the input image by choosing the most appropriate depth image from the database. While the precision of the landmark localization influences the reconstruction, we show, that using the automatic landmark detection methods we can reconstruct a recognizable 3D human face. We further show, that despite a small number of the depth images, the generated meshes are morphologically diverse to a degree, which is suitable for virtual simulations and computer games.
SP1 regulates a human SNAP‐25 gene expression

The synaptosomal‐associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP‐25) is a pre‐synaptic plasma membrane protein. SNAP‐25 plays an important role in synaptic vesicle membrane docking and fusion, which is involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter release. SNAP‐25 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders including Schizophrenia, attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder and Alzheimer’s disease. We cloned a 1584 bp segment of the 5′ flanking region of the human SNAP‐25 gene. A series of nested deletions of the 5′ flanking region fragment were subcloned into the pGL3‐basic luciferase reporter plasmid. N2A cells were transfected with the SNAP‐25 promoter constructs and luciferase activity was measured as an indication of promoter activity. We identified a 188 bp fragment containing the transcription initiation site as the minimal region necessary for promoter activity. Several putative cis‐acting elements including SP1, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), cAMP‐response element binding protein, T‐cell factor/lymphocyte enhancer factor 1 (TCF/LEF1), AP1 and the signal transducer and activator of transcription‐6 (STAT6) are found in the 5′ flanking region of SNAP‐25 gene. Transcriptional activation and gel shift assays showed that the human SNAP‐25 gene promoter contains functional SP1 response elements. Over‐expression of SP1 increased SNAP‐25 gene expression and inhibition of SP1‐mediated transcriptional activation reduced SNAP‐25 gene expression. These results suggest that SP1 plays an important role in regulation of the human SNAP‐25 gene expression.
The Scholar's Courtesy: a Survey of acknowledgement behaviour

Scholars in major us research universities were surveyed to explore the normative bases of acknowledgement behaviour. Measures of agreement and divergence were established in respect of five issue sets pertaining to acknowledgement practice: expectations, etiquette, ethics, equity and evaluation. The results confirm the substantive role played by acknowledgements in the primary communication process. Although few formal rules exist, it is clear that many scholars subscribe to the idea of a governing etiquette. The findings also suggest that acknowledgement data could be mined to lay bare the rules of engagement that define the dynamics of collaboration and inter‐dependence among scholars.
An evaluation scheme for assessing the effectiveness of intersection movement assist (IMA) on improving traffic safety

ABSTRACT Objective: Intersection movement assist (IMA) has been recognized as one of the prominent countermeasures to reduce angle crashes at intersections, which constitute 22% of total crashes in the United States. Utilizing vehicle-based sensors, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications, IMA offers extended vision to provide early warning for an imminent crash. However, most of IMA-related research implements their methods and strategies only in simulations, test tracks, or driving simulator studies that have quite a few assumptions and limitations and hence the effectiveness evaluations reported may not be transferable or comparable. Methods: This study seeks to develop a generalized evaluation scheme that can be used not only to assess the effectiveness of IMA on improving traffic safety at intersections but to facilitate comparisons across similar studies. The proposed evaluation scheme utilizes the concepts of traffic conflict in terms of time-to-collision (TTC) as a crash surrogate. This approach avoids the issue of having insufficient crash frequency data for system evaluation. To measure the effectiveness of IMA on reducing traffic conflicts, a relative risk is calculated for comparing the risk of with/without using the IMA. As a proof-of-concept study, this study applied the proposed evaluation scheme and reported the effectiveness of IMA on improving traffic safety in a field operation test (FOT). Seven test scenarios were conducted at 4 intersections, and a total of 40 participants were recruited to use the IMA for 6 months. Results: It was estimated that IMA users have 26% fewer conflicts with TTC less than 5 s and have 15% fewer conflicts with TTC less than 4 s. However, the results vary across different sites and different definitions of conflicts in terms of TTC. Conclusions: Overall, IMA is promising to effectively reduce angle crashes related to sight obstruction and has potential to reduce not only crash frequency but crash severity.
Degree Project Level : Master of Science An Empirical Investigation of the Merits of a Class of Analytically Tractable Matern Covariance Structures in Spatial Data Analysis

I investigate, using the R package spaMM, the effect of misspecification of the smoothing parameter, , of the Matern covariance structure on the mean part of hierarchical generalised linear models (HGLMs) with spatially correlated Gaussian Matern random effects. In particular, by restricting to the set {0.5, 1.5, 2.5} I examine via a simulation study the amount of bias introduced on the fixed effects estimates in which the data used to fit the model was generated with different values to the aforementioned set. The effect of misspecification was found to be minimal. By restricting the smoothing parameter, , to the set {0.5, 1.5, 2.5} I utilise the R package hglm, to develop a procedure (MaternHGLM) for fitting spatial Matern HGLMs. In particular, I constructed a hierarchical likelihood (h-likelihood) function with given correlation parameters which thus enabled me to Choleski decompose the Matern covariance matrix and utilise hglm to estimate fixed and random effects along with dispersion parameters. Using the above estimated parameters I then formed an adjusted profile h-likelihood for the estimation of the Matern scaling parameter, , using the Newton-Raphson procedure. Simulation studies were carried out to assess the computational efficiency of MaternHGLM compared to spaMM. I found that, on average, MaternHGLM was 136% faster than spaMM. I also analysed two real world datasets using both spaMM and MaternHGLM. By fixing at the most appropriate value from the set {0.5, 1.5, 2.5} I examined to what extent, if any, did the conclusions drawn differ from those in the original study. I found that in general the conclusions were the same, however, on one of the datasets spaMM’s conclusion didn’t align at all with the original analysis even with estimated from the data. v