Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A review on architecture of the gag-pol ribosomal frameshifting RNA in human immunodeficiency virus: a variability survey of virus genotypes

Programmed ‘-1’ ribosomal frameshifting is necessary for expressing the pol gene overlapped from a gag of human immunodeficiency virus. A viral RNA structure that requires base pairing across the overlapping sequence region suggests a mechanism of regulating ribosome and helicase traffic during expression. To get precise roles of an element around the frameshift site, a review on architecture of the frameshifting RNA is performed in combination of reported information with augments of a representative set of 19 viral samples. In spite of a different length for the viral RNAs, a canonical comparison on the element sequence allocation is performed for viewing variability associations between virus genotypes. Additionally, recent and historical insights recognized in frameshifting regulation are looked back as for indel and single nucleotide polymorphism of RNA. As specially noted, structural changes at a frameshift site, the spacer sequence, and a three-helix junction element, as well as two Watson–Crick base pairs near a bulge and a C–G pair close a loop, are the most vital strategies for the virus frameshifting regulations. All of structural changes, which are dependent upon specific sequence variations, facilitate an elucidation about the RNA element conformation-dependent mechanism for frameshifting. These facts on disrupting base pair interactions also allow solving the problem of competition between ribosome and helicase on a same RNA template, common to single-stranded RNA viruses. In a broad perspective, each new insight of frameshifting regulation in the competition systems introduced by the RNA element construct changes will offer a compelling target for antiviral therapy.
Comparison of Radial Force at Modulating Pieces in Coaxial Magnetic Gear and Magnetic Geared Machine

Unlike the coaxial magnetic gear (CMG), the magnetic geared machine (MGM) has the ac armature winding on the inner part or the outer part. Besides, the PM excitation field of the CMG and the ac armature field of the MGM have different space harmonic components of magnetic field from one other. Hence, the flux modulation characteristics in the CMG and the MGM are different, and the resultant magnetic radial forces at the modulating pieces are also occurred differently from one another. Thus, in this paper, first, the flux modulation characteristics of the PM excitation field in the CMG and the ac armature field in the MGM are presented. Second, the characteristics of the magnetic radial forces at the modulating pieces are analyzed, and the causes of the radial force according to the space harmonic components of the magnetic field are compared in the CMG and the MGM.
Plasmodium Food Vacuole Plasmepsins Are Activated by Falcipains*

Intraerythrocytic malaria parasites use host hemoglobin as a major nutrient source. Aspartic proteases (plasmepsins) and cysteine proteases (falcipains) function in the early steps of the hemoglobin degradation pathway. There is extensive functional redundancy within and between these protease families. Plasmepsins are synthesized as integral membrane proenzymes that are activated by cleavage from the membrane. This cleavage is mediated by a maturase activity whose identity has been elusive. We have used a combination of cell biology, chemical biology, and enzymology approaches to analyze this processing event. These studies reveal that plasmepsin processing occurs primarily via the falcipains; however, if falcipain activity is blocked, autoprocessing can take place, serving as an alternate activation system. These results establish a further level of redundancy between the protease families involved in Plasmodium hemoglobin degradation.
Melt Extrusion Encapsulation of Flavors: A Review

Encapsulation of flavor and aroma compounds has been largely explored in order to meet appraisal demands from consumers by improving the impact of flavor during the consumption of food products. Even though several techniques have been used for encapsulating volatile compounds, i.e., spray drying, fluidized bed coating, coacervation, and melt extrusion, those most frequently used in the food industry are spray drying and melt extrusion. In this article, the different techniques of encapsulation of flavors and fragrances in polymer-based matrices by extrusion are reviewed and partly re-defined, emphasizing the differences between the various techniques reported so far and the role of matrix types, additives, and operative conditions. Also, the role of water as a key parameter for controlled release and shelf stability of the delivery system will be discussed.
Comprehensive Comparison of Various Techniques for the Analysis of Elemental Distributions in Thin Films: Additional Techniques

Abstract In a recent publication by Abou-Ras et al., various techniques for the analysis of elemental distribution in thin films were compared, using the example of a 2-µm thick Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film applied as an absorber material in a solar cell. The authors of this work found that similar relative Ga distributions perpendicular to the substrate across the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film were determined by 18 different techniques, applied on samples from the same identical deposition run. Their spatial and depth resolutions, their measuring speeds, their availabilities, as well as their detection limits were discussed. The present work adds two further techniques to this comparison: laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and grazing-incidence X-ray fluorescence analysis.
Initial analysis of brain EEG signal for mental state detection of human being

Mental state detection is the need of today's age due to increase in cases of mental disorders. Emotion describes the current mental state of the human being. The development of Emotion based Non Invasive Electroencephalogram brain-computer interface will be useful to analyze brain activity and to read hidden brains of people in need that most of us take for granted. The behavior of Electroencephalogram EEG signal is categorized in linear, nonlinear, stationary and non stationary. Behavioral analysis of the EEG signal is necessary to understand complex brain activity. The focus of this paper is the Initial analysis of brain EEG signal for mental state detection of human being. This paper presents initial analysis of EEG signal, databases and emotion classification system for the development of Intelligent Emotion Recognition System.
Is There a Clinical Difference between Salt Water and Fresh Water Drowning

Introduction: Salt water near-drowning events are not uncommon in coastal regions. The difference in tonicity between salt and fresh water in near-drowning events leads many to believe there should be differences in the approach to managing the patient. We present a case of near-drowning in salt water and a thorough review of the literature in managing these patients.
Roadesic distance: Flow-aware tracklet association cost for wide area surveillance

Long-term multi-target tracking via tracklet merging in wide area surveillance has crucial importance to improve tracker performances and operational requirements. Min-cost network flow formulation for multi-target tracking is adopted for the tracklet merging problem. In order to improve the continuity of the computed flows by the min-cost network flow framework, a novel tracklet association cost is proposed to be utilized in this network. The proposed cost is based on connecting two tracklets by considering the traffic flow which is estimated from the precomputed tracklets. Such an approach enforces spatial consistencies between tracks by imposing these relations into the association cost. Hence, without violating the min-cost network flow formulation, a constraint to enforce spatial consistency can be implicitly obtained. The proposed cost function can be further exploited to interpolate gaps between the merged tracklets for postprocessing. The experimental results show that proposed association cost improves baseline framework that uses costs considering only two tracklets at a time, as well as some other tracklet merge algorithms from the literature.
Fullerenes May Cause eIF Mediated Perturbation in Translational Machinery: Evidence from in-silico Analysis.

GOALS Fullerenes have tremendous potential for human biological studies which may further lead to their therapeutic applications. Hence, it has become necessary to explore the possibility of their interference with various important cellular processes. The current study was designed to explore how the presence of fullerenes can affect the binding of DNA with different enzymes and factors involved in transcription and translation process. METHODS Various bioinformatics approaches and software programs were used to study the effect of fullerenes on the binding pattern of DNA with different enzymes and factors involved in transcription and translation process. RESULTS Fullerenes of different molecular weights were interacted with various transcription enzymes and factors and no significant effects were observed on transcription machinery. On the contrary, the factors involved in translation process when docked with their functional partners in the presence/absence of fullerenes display reduced activity of eIF2, eIF4A, eIF4H, eIF4G, eIF4B, eIF5B, and eEF1 with fullerenes of different molecular weights. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that these molecules mostly control the translation of a number of genes. The reduced expression of these factors may cause a number of clinical pathological conditions including neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases.
Social support coping style predicts women’s cortisol in the laboratory and daily life: the moderating role of social attentional biases

ABSTRACT Background and Objectives: Social stress and associated coping responses can profoundly influence women’s stress physiology and health. Implicit social attentional biases can also influence psychological and physiological stress responses. The purpose of this study was to explore whether a coping style characterized by greater use of social support predicts indices of cortisol activity in laboratory and daily life contexts among female university students. We hypothesized that the relation of this coping style to cortisol activity would be moderated by women’s attentional biases. Methods: Seventy-four women (Mage = 19.44, range: 17.8–27.8, 64% White) completed an interpersonal stress task and an attentional bias task in the lab, along with a self-report coping inventory. Participants provided five saliva samples during the lab protocol, followed by three saliva samples per day for three consecutive weekdays. Outcome measures included cortisol response to lab tasks (AUCg), diurnal cortisol slope, diurnal AUCg, and cortisol awakening response (CARi). Results: A coping style characterized by greater use of social support predicted lower lab AUCg and lower, flatter average diurnal cortisol slope for women with attentional avoidance compared to women with attentional vigilance (ps < .05). Conclusions: Responding to stress by using social support is linked to lower cortisol responses to social stress and diurnal cortisol activity for women with implicit avoidance of social threat cues.
A Continuous Identity Authentication Scheme Based on Physiological and Behavioral Characteristics

Wearable devices have flourished over the past ten years providing great advantages to people and, recently, they have also been used for identity authentication. Most of the authentication methods adopt a one-time authentication manner which cannot provide continuous certification. To address this issue, we present a two-step authentication method based on an own-built fingertip sensor device which can capture motion data (e.g., acceleration and angular velocity) and physiological data (e.g., a photoplethysmography (PPG) signal) simultaneously. When the device is worn on the user’s fingertip, it will automatically recognize whether the wearer is a legitimate user or not. More specifically, multisensor data is collected and analyzed to extract representative and intensive features. Then, human activity recognition is applied as the first step to enhance the practicability of the authentication system. After correctly discriminating the motion state, a one-class machine learning algorithm is applied for identity authentication as the second step. When a user wears the device, the authentication process is carried on automatically at set intervals. Analyses were conducted using data from 40 individuals across various operational scenarios. Extensive experiments were executed to examine the effectiveness of the proposed approach, which achieved an average accuracy rate of 98.5% and an F1-score of 86.67%. Our results suggest that the proposed scheme provides a feasible and practical solution for authentication.
An energy-efficient MAC protocol for virtual MIMO communications in WSNs

Last few years have witnessed a marked increase in probable use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in various applications such as target tracking, disaster management etc. and hence, senor networks are demanded to be energy efficient as well as robust. An energy efficient communication protocol also helps in minimizing the network lifetime in WSN. Quality of Service (QoS) is also one of the chief concerns in communication. To achieve these necessary conditions, Virtual Multiple Input Multiple Output (VMIMO) is taken into account, the reason being as compared to true MIMO system, VMIMO system is examined as more reasonable for WSN applications. Furthermore, in VMIMO, sensor nodes combine together to form an antenna array which boost the performance of the system when configured properly. Enhancing the performance of the system in terms of bit rate, data rate, latency, throughput, network lifetime and other parameters through Spatial Multiplexing (SM) and Spatial Diversity (SD). Since, many aspects of an energy efficient MAC protocols has been suggested by different researcher. This paper presents a literature review on Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol, which is energy efficient for supporting Virtual MIMO communications in Wireless Sensor Networks. A significant improvement can be made in future designs in order to enhance the performance of dissimilar group of protocols by considering recent improvements in requirements and technologies.
Deformation and degradation aspects of ballast and constitutive modelling under cyclic loading

This thesis contains laboratory experimental results of strength, deformation and particle breakage of fresh and recycled ballast under monotonic and cyclic loadings, experimental evaluation of effectiveness of various geosynthetics in stabilising recycled ballast, and a new stress-strain constitutive model for ballast incorporating particle breakage. Ballast degrades progressively under heavy cyclic rail loadings, leading to deterioration of track substructure, rail alignment and train safety. Severely fouled ballast is often removed from the track and replaced by freshly quarried ballast, causing track maintenance very costly. Discarded ballast can be cleaned, sieved and recycled to track foundation. In this study, the shear strength and stiffness of both fresh and recycled ballast were investigated in a series of consolidated drained shearing tests using a large-scale triaxial apparatus. The degree of particle breakage was quantified by sieving the ballast specimens before and after each test and recording the changes in ballast gradation. The stress-strain, shear strength, stiffness and particle breakage results of recycled ballast were compared with fresh ballast. The crushing strength characteristics of fresh and recycled ballast grains were investigated in a series of single grain crushing tests on various particle sizes. A track capping and was simulated settlement, lateral behaviour field-simulated a series examined experimental results. Finite element analyses using analytical This study shows that the new constitutive model stress-strain, volume change and particle breakage of accuracy for both monotonic and cyclic
Covering a Robot Fingertip With uSkin: A Soft Electronic Skin With Distributed 3-Axis Force Sensitive Elements for Robot Hands

Distributed tactile sensing is crucial to perform stable, subtle, and precise manipulation so that a robot can recognize and handle objects properly. However, currently existing skin sensors still have common problems such as complex and expensive production or are difficult to integrate into robot hands. In particular, a practical distributed soft skin sensor system that can cover various parts of the robot hand, measure force in 3-axis, with a subcentimeter spatial density, and digital output at the same time does not exist yet. This letter discusses uSkin, a soft, distributed, 3-axis force sensor for robot hands and presents its implementation for multicurved fingertips. The sensor is low-cost, easy to manufacture, and can measure normal and shear forces. The experimental results revealed that this sensor has 10% hysteresis for perpendicular force with a maximum range of 6 N. The Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) value of 54 dB for 0.4 N load was achieved, which constitutes the state of the art for this kind of sensors. Evaluation experiments also showed that the distributed 3-axis load cells could produce vectors that represent the shape of objects. This opens the possibility that the sensor can be used for classifying different shapes. Furthermore, the fingertip sensor was installed on the Allegro hand and the changing force measurements when the robot is grasping an object are presented.
Multi-dropout regression for wide-angle landmark localization

We propose the Multi-Dropout Regression Network (MDRN) for real-time facial landmark localization across extreme poses. Different from most landmark localization methods only work for −45° to 45° in yaw, the proposed MDRN works for the full coverage of −90° to 90°. It employs the Single Shot Multibox Detector (SSD) [1] as a preprocessor for fast and accurate face detection. Given an SSD detected face, the MDRN locates the landmarks. The MDRN is composed of 2 double-layer convolution blocks, 1 triple-layer convolution block and 3 fully-connected layers. Unlike most networks with only one dropout layer connected to the last convolution layer, in the MDRN each convolution block is followed by a max-pooling layer and a dropout layer ahead of connecting to the next processing layer. Experiments reveal that multiple dropouts better stabilize the regression and improve the accuracy of landmark localization. To locate the landmarks on profile faces and other extreme poses, the MDRN is trained on an augmented database composed of imagery of synthesized poses. A comparison study shows that the proposed solution delivers a comparable performance to the state of the art for wide-angle landmark localization.
Comparative Study of Neural Network Frameworks for the Next Generation of Adaptive Optics Systems

Many of the next generation of adaptive optics systems on large and extremely large telescopes require tomographic techniques in order to correct for atmospheric turbulence over a large field of view. Multi-object adaptive optics is one such technique. In this paper, different implementations of a tomographic reconstructor based on a machine learning architecture named “CARMEN” are presented. Basic concepts of adaptive optics are introduced first, with a short explanation of three different control systems used on real telescopes and the sensors utilised. The operation of the reconstructor, along with the three neural network frameworks used, and the developed CUDA code are detailed. Changes to the size of the reconstructor influence the training and execution time of the neural network. The native CUDA code turns out to be the best choice for all the systems, although some of the other frameworks offer good performance under certain circumstances.
On the Performance of RF-FSO System Over Rayleigh and Kappa-Mu/Inverse Gaussian Fading Environment

In this paper, we investigate a decode-and-forward cooperative communication based radio frequency (RF)-free space optical (FSO) system. An asymmetric environment is considered where source to relay channel is subjected to Rayleigh fading and relay to destination path is assumed to follow <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\kappa $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>/Inverse Gaussian (IG) distribution. The analytical framework proposed is based on a versatile <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\kappa $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>/IG model which includes one-sided Gaussian/IG, Rice (Nakagami-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n$ </tex-math></inline-formula>)/IG, Nakagami-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$m$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/IG and Rayleigh/IG distributions as special cases. The expressions for moment generating function (MGF) and its special case are derived for this mixed RF and FSO network. The MGF is further utilized to derive the expression of end-to-end ergodic channel capacity for the RF-FSO communication system. Thereafter, end-to-end bit error rate is determined for BPSK, QPSK, DPSK and NCFSK modulation schemes. In addition, we have also derived analytical and asymptotic expressions of MGF and outage probability of the proposed RF-FSO system. Furthermore, we have also investigated the diversity gain and coding gain of the considered RF-FSO system.
Variation in riparian consumer diet composition and differential bioaccumulation by prey influence the risk of exposure to elements from a recently remediated fly ash spill

Emerging aquatic insects play a key role in transporting aquatic nutrients and contaminants to riparian consumers. However, little is known about how within‐ and between‐year variation in the diet or patterns of element bioaccumulation in emerging insect taxa may influence the risk of exposure to wildlife. During 2 breeding seasons, the composition of the diet of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) was examined at several colonies that were exposed to element contamination from a remediated coal fly ash spill to determine how variation in the diet influenced the risk of exposure to elements. The proportion of the diet that consisted of insects with an aquatic larval stage was positively related to concentrations of As, Fe, Se, and Tl in the samples. The proportion of the diet that consisted of Chironomidae (midges) was positively related to exposure to these elements at most colonies within and between years. Ephemeroptera (mayflies) contained higher concentrations of Se than midges, including 17 samples with concentrations of Se above 5 µg/g dry mass, the threshold of toxicological concern for birds. This was even the case at colonies several kilometers downstream from the spill. The results indicate that greater consideration should be given to the pattern of element bioaccumulation among different prey taxa and their relative importance in the diet to better assess the risk of contaminant exposure. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2595–2608. © 2014 SETAC