Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Safety Recommendations in Shotokan Karate

ObjectiveTo study risk factors for injury in karate and to establish safety recommendations. DesignCross-sectional survey of karate injuries. SettingShotokan karate clubs in Boston, Massachusetts, Dallas, Texas, and Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. ParticipantsAll athletes training at each club received surveys. A total of 114 surveys were analyzed (74% response rate). Main outcome measuresPresence of injuries (requiring any time off from practice), major injuries (requiring at least 7 days off), and multiple injuries (3 or more injuries). ResultsNo statistically significant differences were found with respect to sex. For all outcomes, karateka younger than 18 years of age had fewer injuries. The number of karateka with injuries and with multiple injuries increased with belt rank until brown belt, then reached a plateau. Brown and black belts had a greater frequency of major injuries than the lower ranks. Training more than 3 hours per week correlated with an increase in injuries, major injuries, and multiple injuries. ConclusionShotokan karate appears to be a safe sport, especially for those younger than 18 years of age. Risk of injury increases significantly when younger karateka of any rank or older karateka of lower ranks train more than 3 hours per week; therefore, to reduce the risk of injury to less than 50%, weekly training should be limited to a maximum of 3 hours in these groups.
Particle Swarm Optimization for collision-free 4D trajectory planning in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

This paper presents a new system which automatically identifies conflicts between multiple UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and proposes the most effective solution considering the available computation time. The system detects conflicts using an algorithm based on axis-aligned minimum bounding box and resolves them cooperatively using a collision-free trajectory planning algorithm based on a simple one-at-a-time strategy to quickly compute a feasible but non-optimal initial solution and a stochastic optimization technique named Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to improve the initial solution. PSO modifies the 4D trajectories of the UAVs with an overall minimum cost. Determining optimal trajectories with short time intervals during the execution of the mission is not feasible, hence an anytime approach using PSO is applied. This approach yields trajectories whose quality improves when available computation time increases. Thus, the method could be applied in realtime depending on the available computation time. The method has been validated with simulations in scenarios with multiple UAVs in a common workspace.
Accounting conservatism in Portugal: similarities and differences facing Germany and the United Kingdom

This paper examines the existence of conservative practices in the Portuguese accounting system, and whether these conservative practices affect the comparability of financial information provided by companies. We particularly examine whether the book value figure can be understated due to conservative practices to protect creditors' interests (balance sheet conservatism) and whether accountants delay the recognition in earnings of good news, while they recognize immediately bad news (earnings conservatism). Using a Basu (1997) type reverse regression and a simple adaptation of the Ohlson (1995) valuation model, the paper gives evidence concerning the existence of both definitions of conservatism in Portuguese accounting practices. A sample of non-financial Portuguese, German and British companies was used. Our results also show the larger earnings conservatism of British firms relative to Portugal and Germany, and surprisingly, that Portugal is more BS (larger understatement of shareholders' equity) conservative than the United Kingdom. The results have implications for accounting standard setting and they can be useful for both the European Commission and the IASB since they provide some insight into the properties of accounting figures in Portugal.
What compound words mean to children with specific language impairment

ABSTRACT Sixteen children (17 age mates, 17 vocabulary mates) with specific language impairment (SLI) participated in two studies. In the first, they named fantasy objects. All groups coined novel noun–noun compounds on a majority of trials but only the SLI group had difficulty ordering the nouns as dictated by semantic context. In the second study, the children described the meaning of conventional noun–noun compounds. The SLI and AM groups did not differ in parsing the nouns, but the SLI group was poorer at explaining the semantic relationships between them. Compared to vocabulary mates, a larger proportion of the SLI group successfully parsed the compounds but a smaller proportion could explain them. These difficulties may reflect problems in the development of links within the semantic lexicon.
Prosocial agency: The contribution of values and self-efficacy beliefs to prosocial behavior across ages

Abstract A number of findings attest to the positive influence that prosocial behavior, namely people's tendency to act voluntarily to benefit others, exerts on individual functioning and interpersonal transactions. A large sample from the Italian population belonging to six age groups participated in the study and filled out self–report questionnaires aimed at evaluating personal efficacy beliefs, values, and prosocial behavior. The present study examined a conceptual model in which self–efficacy beliefs and self–transcendence values—benevolence and universalism—operate in concert to promote prosocial behavior. The posited model accounted for a notable portion of the variance of prosocial behavior, ranging from 41% to 70% in both genders. Findings attest to the effects that self–transcendence values exert on prosocial behavior either directly, or indirectly through self–efficacy beliefs, in regulating affect and in managing interpersonal relationships.
Simple Strategies to Encode Tree Automata in Sigmoid Recursive Neural Networks

Recently, a number of authors have explored the use of recursive neural nets (RNN) for the adaptive processing of trees or tree-like structures. One of the most important language-theoretical formalizations of the processing of tree-structured data is that of deterministic finite-state tree automata (DFSTA). DFSTA may easily be realized as RNN using discrete-state units, such as the threshold linear unit. A recent result by J. Sima (1997) shows that any threshold linear unit operating on binary inputs can be implemented in an analog unit using a continuous activation function and bounded real inputs. The constructive proof finds a scaling factor for the weights and reestimates the bias accordingly. We explore the application of this result to simulate DFSTA in sigmoid RNN (that is, analog RNN using monotonically growing activation functions) and also present an alternative scheme for one-hot encoding of the input that yields smaller weight values, and therefore works at a lower saturation level.
Direct and indirect relationships between physical activity and happiness levels among older adults: a cross-sectional study

Objectives: The purposes of this study were to examine if physical activity (PA) is associated to happiness and to investigate if social functioning and health status mediate this association. Method: Participants of this cross-sectional study were 323 men and women, age 60 or over, who were covered by the medical insurance of the French National Education System, France. They received by mail a self-report questionnaire that asked for information about general health, PA, and happiness. Results: In multinomial logistic regressions, the total volume of PA was associated to higher levels of happiness, but this association disappeared in the presence of social functioning. A structural equation modelling (SEM) showed an indirect association between PA and happiness, which was mediated by participants’ health status and social functioning; in this SEM model, social functioning was the only variable directly associated to happiness. Conclusion: Complex associations among PA, health status, and social functioning appear to determine happiness levels in older adults.
Representation of Information about Family Relatives as Structured Data in Electronic Health Records

Summary Background: The ability to manage and leverage family history information in the electronic health record (EHR) is crucial to delivering high-quality clinical care. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate existing standards in representing relative information, examine this information documented in EHRs, and develop a natural language processing (NLP) application to extract relative information from free-text clinical documents. Methods: We reviewed a random sample of 100 admission notes and 100 discharge summaries of 198 patients, and also reviewed the structured entries for these patients in an EHR system’s family history module. We investigated the two standards used by Stage 2 of Meaningful Use (SNOMED CT and HL7 Family History Standard) and identified coverage gaps of each standard in coding relative information. Finally, we evaluated the performance of the MTERMS NLP system in identifying relative information from free-text documents. Results: The structure and content of SNOMED CT and HL7 for representing relative information are different in several ways. Both terminologies have high coverage to represent local relative concepts built in an ambulatory EHR system, but gaps in key concept coverage were detected; coverage rates for relative information in free-text clinical documents were 95.2% and 98.6%, respectively. Compared to structured entries, richer family history information was only available in free-text documents. Using a comprehensive lexicon that included concepts and terms of relative information from different sources, we expanded the MTERMS NLP system to extract and encode relative information in clinical documents and achieved a corresponding precision of 100% and recall of 97.4%. Conclusions: Comprehensive assessment and user guidance are critical to adopting standards into EHR systems in a meaningful way. A significant portion of patients’ family history information is only documented in free-text clinical documents and NLP can be used to extract this information. Citation: Zhou L, Lu Y, Vitale CJ, Mar PL, Chang F, Dhopeshwarkar N, Rocha RA. Representation of information about family relatives as structured data in electronic health records. Appl Clin Inf 2014; 5: 349–367 http://dx.doi. org/10.4338/ACI-2013-10-RA-0080
Secular trends of blood pressure, body mass index, lipids and fasting glucose among children and adolescents in Turkey

• Turkey is in a state of rapid transition and urbanization. There is ample evidence for an increased cardiovascular risk over the past two decades in Turkey. • Obesity, dyslipidemia and high blood pressure in children are markers of the future burden of cardiovascular disease and clustering of cardiovascular risk factors starts early in life. • The patterns of cardiovascular risk factors in populations are not static over time and the secular trends in obesity and cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents of developing countries have not been completely defined.
Verifying a Binary Micro-Hypervisor Intercept Handler

Hypervisors provide a security foundation of cloud computing, yet have suffered exploits. Efforts at formal verification have included codevelopment (XMHF) and interactive theorem proving (seL4). A technique that can be quickly applied to existing hypervisors is desirable. We examine binaries by extending the Binary Analysis Platform (BAP) to include the required system mode instructions used by hypervisors. We translate the BAP output to Boogie, a language which is then converted to an SMT formula, and define a security property that the hypervisor response to guest execution does not modify the hypervisor code pages. We use BAP and Boogie to automatically detect one ported and two injected bugs and verify that 1000 random traces through the intercept handler do not violate our property. We identify constructs that are difficult to verify automatically. Our tool should be usable in analyzing other hypervisors.
Comparison of etomidate–remifentanil and propofol–remifentanil sedation in patients scheduled for colonoscopy

Objective The aim of the study was to compare haemodynamic responses, recovery and discharge times, and physician satisfaction of etomidate–remifentanil and propofol–remifentanil combinations in patients undergoing elective colonoscopy. Methods Sixty patients, aged 18–65 years, scheduled for elective colonoscopy under sedation were prospectively randomized, double blind for the study. Two minutes after the beginning of a continuous remifentanil infusion (0.1 μg kg−1 min−1), etomidate or propofol were administered. Patients in the etomidate group received a 0.05 mg kg−1 maintenance dose of etomidate after an initial dose of 0.1 mg kg−1, and patients in the propofol group received a 0.25 mg kg−1 maintenance dose of propofol after an initial dose of 0.5 mg kg−1 in order to have a Ramsay sedation score of 3–4. Basal values of heart rate, mean arterial pressure, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate and Ramsay sedation score were recorded. Values were recorded every 2 min for the first 10 min and every 5 min thereafter, until the completion of the procedure. Results Mean arterial pressure was lower at 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20 and 25 min in the propofol group (P = 0.001). Mean respiratory rate in the propofol group at 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25 min was also lower (P < 0.05). The incidence of apnoea and hypotension was significantly lower in the etomidate group (P < 0.001). Arrival time into the postoperative care unit and recovery time were shorter in the etomidate group (P = 0.001, P = 0.01, respectively). Physician satisfaction in both groups was similar. Conclusion Etomidate–remifentanil administration for sedation and analgesia during colonoscopy resulted in more stable haemodynamic responses and shorter recovery and discharge times.
Writing in A Bilingual Program: The Relation of L1 and L2 Texts*

This is a report on the relationship between first language and second language writing. Nine first, nine second, and eight third graders in a unique bilingual program (emphasizing writing, a whole-language approach to literacy, and literacy in the first language before second language literacy instruction is begun) provided the writing data. The L1/L2 writing relationship might be viewed as either interference of L1 with L2 writing or as application of L1 to L2 writing. Taking the second view, but given that texts written by the same child in Spanish and in English demonstrate both similarities and differences, the question remains: what is it that is applied? The answer: everything—from particular local hypotheses regarding spelling, to more global hypotheses regarding differential constraints on oral vs. written texts, to abstract processes for producing texts. Some factors that might influence the level of knowledge and hypotheses that are used in L2 writing are: the nature of the written systems of the two languages, the writer's proficiency in the L2, the nature of the literacy experience, sociolinguistic constraints, and the nature of the writing process itself.
Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines from Tibetan Miniature Pig*

Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS) technology appears to be a general strategy to generate pluripotent stem cells from any given mammalian species. So far, iPS cells have been reported for mouse, human, rat, and monkey. These four species have also established embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines that serve as the gold standard for pluripotency comparisons. Attempts have been made to generate porcine ESC by various means without success. Here we report the successful generation of pluripotent stem cells from fibroblasts isolated from the Tibetan miniature pig using a modified iPS protocol. The resulting iPS cell lines more closely resemble human ESC than cells from other species, have normal karyotype, stain positive for alkaline phosphatase, express high levels of ESC-like markers (Nanog, Rex1, Lin28, and SSEA4), and can differentiate into teratomas composed of the three germ layers. Because porcine physiology closely resembles human, the iPS cells reported here provide an attractive model to study certain human diseases or assess therapeutic applications of iPS in a large animal model.
Evaluation of networks of randomized trials

Randomized trials may be designed and interpreted as single experiments or they may be seen in the context of other similar or relevant evidence. The amount and complexity of available randomized evidence vary for different topics. Systematic reviews may be useful in identifying gaps in the existing randomized evidence, pointing to discrepancies between trials, and planning future trials. A new, promising, but also very much debated extension of systematic reviews, mixed treatment comparison (MTC) meta-analysis, has become increasingly popular recently. MTC meta-analysis may have value in interpreting the available randomized evidence from networks of trials and can rank many different treatments, going beyond focusing on simple pairwise-comparisons. Nevertheless, the evaluation of networks also presents special challenges and caveats. In this article, we review the statistical methodology for MTC meta-analysis. We discuss the concept of inconsistency and methods that have been proposed to evaluate it as well as the methodological gaps that remain. We introduce the concepts of network geometry and asymmetry, and propose metrics for the evaluation of the asymmetry. Finally, we discuss the implications of inconsistency, network geometry and asymmetry in informing the planning of future trials.
Consensus Style Centralizing Auto-Encoder for Weak Style Classification

Style classification (e.g., architectural, music, fashion) attracts an increasing attention in both research and industrial fields. Most existing works focused on low-level visual features composition for style representation. However, little effort has been devoted to automatic mid-level or high-level style features learning by reorganizing low-level descriptors. Moreover, styles are usually spread out and not easy to differentiate from one to another. In this paper, we call these less representative images as weak style images. To address these issues, we propose a consensus style centralizing auto-encoder (CSCAE) to extract robust style features to facilitate weak style classification. CSCAE is the ensemble of several style centralizing auto-encoders (SCAEs) with consensus constraint. Each SCAE centralizes each feature of certain category in a progressive way. We apply our method in fashion style classification and manga style classification as two example applications. In addition, we collect a new dataset, Online Shopping, for fashion style classification evaluation, which will be publicly available for vision based fashion style research. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of SCAE and CSCAE on both public and newly collected datasets when compared with the most recent state-of-the-art works.
The Enhancement Function of Staff Development: Organizational and Psychological Antecedents to Individual Teacher Change

The purpose of this study was to examine previously unexplored relationships among the organizational contexts of schools and classrooms, teachers’ psychological states, and change in individual teacher practice through staff development unassociated with school or district innovation. A path model, based on theories of individual behavior and change within organizations, is presented and tested using a sample of teachers who voluntarily participated in a staff development program aimed solely at improving individual teacher practice. The findings from the path analysis suggest that, in the absence of organizational foci and pressures for change associated with school or district innovation, individual change is a direct function of personal teaching efficacy. The findings suggest indirect influences on individual change of teachers’ certainty about practice, the concentration of low-achieving students in teachers’ classrooms, and the interactions teachers have with their colleagues about instruction. The implications of these findings for efforts to enhance individual teachers’ practice are discussed.
Infant Understanding of the Referential Nature of Looking

To determine whether infants follow the gaze of adults because they understand the referential nature of looking or because they use the adult turn as a predictive cue for the location of interesting events, the gaze-following behavior of 14- and 18-month-olds was examined in the joint visual attention paradigm under varying visual obstruction conditions: (a) when the experimenter's line of sight was obstructed by opaque screens (screen condition), (b) when the experimenter's view was not obstructed (no-screen condition), and (c) when the opaque screens contained a large transparent window (window condition). It was assumed that infants who simply use adult turns as predictive cues would turn equally in all 3 conditions but infants who comprehend the referential nature of looking would turn maximally when the experimenter's vision was not blocked and minimally when her vision was blocked. Eighteen-month-olds responded in accord with the referential position (turning much more in the no-screen and window conditions than in the screen condition). However, 14-month-olds yielded a mixed response pattern (turning less in the screen than the no-screen condition but turning still less in the window condition). The results suggest that, unlike 18-month-olds, 14-month-olds do not understand the intentional nature of looking and are unclear about the requirements for successful looking.
Enhancing children’s drawing in design technology planning and making

This research project involved viewing elementary children’s (ages 8–10) design technology drawing through a theoretical perspective developed by analyzing professional drawing practice. The perspective places more emphasis on the generative aspect of drawing as well as on the use of different types of drawings at different stages of design. The analysis centred on the role drawing played as a pedagogical tool in the design planning process while the children designed, made, and modified simple wheeled vehicles. Two main types of teacher interventions were found to have assisted the planning and making to different degrees: teaching drawing separately through an art unit and explicitly integrating drawing into the design technology task. Questions are raised concerning children’s perceptions of the roles their plans played in the execution of their task.
Future Training Requirements for Counseling Psychologists

Rationale are provided for increasing opportunities for counseling psychology students to receive training in child counseling. Two models are proposed: (a) an exposure model, which would expand existing curricula to enhance students 'introduction to child counseling; and (b) a subspecialty model, which would provide more intense training through specialized course work and supervised practica with child clients. Both the exposure and the subspecialty models could have applications with other special populations.