Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
New 3,4‐Secocycloartane and 3,4‐Secodammarane Triterpenes from the Ecuadorian Plant Coussarea macrophylla

Coussarea macrophylla (Mart.) Müll. Arg. (Rubiaceae) was collected in Ecuador, and the bark was extracted with AcOEt. Chromatographic separation afforded six novel 3,4‐secocycloartane and 3,4‐secodammarane triterpenes, named macrocoussaric acids A–F, together with the known metabolites secaubryenol and 3,4‐secodammara‐4(28),20,24‐triene‐3,26‐dioic acid. The structures of the new compounds were determined on the basis of their spectroscopic data. This is the first report of 3,4‐secocycloartane and 3,4‐secodammarane triterpenes occurring in a Coussarea species. Macrocoussaric acids A and B (2 and 3, resp.) were found to be moderately cytotoxic against five different tumor cell lines.
Optimal denoising of color images

Denoising of color images is a trade-off between sharpness of an image and perceived noise. We formulate a novel optimization problem that can maximize sharpness of an image while limiting the perceived noise under a model of visibility of additive random noise. We derive a closed-form expression for an optimal two-dimensional finite impulse response filter, show its uniqueness and existence, and present simulation results for black and white as well as color images. Simulation results show remarkable reduction in perceptibility of noise, while preserving sharpness. The computational burden required for the optimal filter is reduced by a new ad-hoc filter which is simple but has near optimal performance.
Neurokinin-1 receptors are decreased in major depressive disorder

Treatment with an antagonist at the neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor may alleviate depression, however the brain region(s) in which the NK-1 receptor antagonist exerts its therapeutic effect is unknown. [125I]BH-Substance P was used to measure NK-1 receptors postmortem in cytoarchitectonically defined areas of rostral orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmann's area 47) of subjects with major depressive disorder (n = 12, six females) and psychiatrically normal subjects (n = 11, five females). Six subjects with depression died by suicide. Subjects with depression showed decreased binding to NK-1 receptors across all cortical layers (p = 0.024). The pathophysiology of depression, and the reported therapeutic benefit of NK-1 receptor antagonists, may thus involve NK-1 receptors in prefrontal cortex.
Early prediction of the development of microcephaly after hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in the full-term newborn.

We read with interest the article by Cordes et al.1 This article raises an important issue concerning assumptions made with respect to the significance of intrapartum and neonatal observations. The population of infants studied was 54 full-term newborns born after uneventful pregnancies and diagnosed as having acute hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) that was intrapartum in origin. The underlying assumption of this diagnosis was that if there is no obvious antenatal cause of abnormal neonatal neurological signs, then any suboptimal intrapartum observation identifies the pathology as being intrapartum in origin.
Siblings, day-care attendance, and the risk of asthma and wheezing during childhood.

BACKGROUND Young children with older siblings and those who attend day care are at increased risk for infections, which in turn may protect against the development of allergic diseases, including asthma. However, the results of studies examining the relation between exposure to other children and the subsequent development of asthma have been conflicting. METHODS In a study involving 1035 children followed since birth as part of the Tucson Children's Respiratory Study, we determined the incidence of asthma (defined as at least one episode of asthma diagnosed by a physician when the child was 6 to 13 years old) and the prevalence of frequent wheezing (more than three wheezing episodes during the preceding year) in relation to the number of siblings at home and in relation to attendance at day care during infancy. RESULTS The presence of one or more older siblings at home protected against the development of asthma (adjusted relative risk for each additional older sibling, 0.8; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.7 to 1.0; P=0.04), as did attendance at day care during the first six months of life (adjusted relative risk, 0.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.2 to 1.0; P=0.04). Children with more exposure to other children at home or at day care were more likely to have frequent wheezing at the age of 2 years than children with little or no exposure (adjusted relative risk, 1.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 1.8; P=0.01) but were less likely to have frequent wheezing from the age of 6 (adjusted relative risk, 0.8; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.6 to 1.0; P=0.03) through the age of 13 (adjusted relative risk, 0.3; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.2 to 0.5; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Exposure of young children to older children at home or to other children at day care protects against the development of asthma and frequent wheezing later in childhood.
Population structure of beaked redfish, Sebastes mentella: evidence of divergence associated with different habitats

Cadrin, S. X. , Bernreuther, M. , Danielsdottir, A. K. , Hjorleifsson, E. , Johansen, T. , Kerr, L. , Kristinsson, K. , Mariani, S. , Nedreaas, K. , Pampoulie, C. , Planque, B. , Reinert, J., Saborido-Rey, F. , Sigurðsson, T. , and Stransky, C. 2010. Population structure of beaked redfish, Sebastes mentella: evidence of divergence associated with different habitats. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1617-1630.Throughout their range, Sebastes spp. are adapted to a diversity of ecological niches, with overlapping spatial distributions of different species that have little or no morphological differences. Divergence of behavioural groups into depth-defined adult habitats has led to reproductive isolation, adaptive radiation, and speciation in the genus Sebastes. Recent genetic research, supported by life-history information, indicates four biological stocks of Sebastes mentella in the Irminger Sea and adjacent waters: a western stock, a deep-pelagic stock, a shallow-pelagic stock, and an Iceland slope stock. Congruent differences in fatty acids and parasites suggest that these genetically distinct populations are adapted to disparate trophic habitats in pelagic waters (shallower and deeper than the deep-scattering layer) and in demersal habitats on the continental slope. Morphology of pelagic forms is also more streamlined than demersal forms. Although genetic differences and evidence for reproductive isolation are clear, these populations appear to share common nursery habitats on the Greenland shelf. We propose a redefinition of practical management units near the Irminger Sea based on geographic proxies for biological stocks and minimizing mixed-stock catches according to the spatial patterns of the recent fishery.
Distributed Estimation and False Data Detection with Application to Power Networks

This work presents a distributed method for control centers in a power network to estimate the operating condition of the power plant, and to ultimately determine the occurrence of threatening situations. State estimation has been recognized to be a fundamental task for network control centers to ensure correct and safe functionalities of power grids. We consider (static) state estimation problems, in which the state vector consists of the voltage magnitude and angle at all network buses. We consider the state to be linearly related to network measurements, which include power ows, current injections, and voltages phasors at some buses. We admit the presence of several cooperating control centers, and we design two distributed methods for them to compute the minimum variance estimate of the state given the network measurements. The two distributed methods rely on dierent modes of cooperation among control centers: in the rst method an incremental mode of cooperation is used, whereas, in the second method, a diusive interaction is implemented. Our procedures, which require each control center to know only the measurements and structure of a subpart of the whole network, are computationally ecient and scalable with respect to the network dimension, provided that the number of control centers also increases with the network cardinality. Additionally, a nite-memory approximation of our diusive algorithm is proposed, and its accuracy is characterized. Finally, our estimation methods are exploited to develop a distributed algorithm to detect corrupted data among the network measurements.
Multivariate time series forecasting using independent component analysis

The paper presents a method for multivariate time series forecasting using independent component analysis, as a preprocessing tool. The idea of this approach is to do the forecasting in the space of independent components (sources), and then transforming back to the original time series. The forecasting can be done separately and with a different method for each component, depending on its time structure. The method has been applied in simulation to an artificial multivariate time series with five components, generated from three sources and a mixing matrix, randomly generated, and to a multivariate financial time series having as a components US, UK, West Germany and Japan bond yield daily.
Beneficios no anticonceptivos de 0,02 mg de etinilestradiol/2 mg de acetato de clormadinona administrados en un régimen de 24+4 días

RESUMEN Objetivo: Demostrar la influencia sobre las molestias emocionales y fisicas (beneficios no anticonceptivos) experimentadas durante el primer ano de uso de un anticonceptivo oral combinado (AOC) que contiene 0,02 mg de etinilestradiol (EE) y 2 mg de acetato de clormadinona (ACM) administrado en un regimen de 24 + 4 dias de placebo. Diseno del estudio: Analisis adicional de las sensaciones subjetivas registradas en los diarios de 1665 participantes de un estudio de Fase III multicentrico, no controlado, de administracion multiple, despues de 13 ciclos de EE/ACM en un regimen de administracion de 24 + 4 dias, publicado previamente. Resultados: Se informo de menor frecuencia de molestias emocionales y fisicas en el ciclo de medicacion 13 en comparacion con los datos en la admision y en el ciclo 1. La incidencia de animo de-presivo se redujo en 84,5% y 72,2% respectivamente, y la irritabilidad en 87,3% y 66,0%. Las cefaleas se redujeron en 75,5% y 74,7%, las molestias mamarias en 77,1% y 66,1%, y la dismenorrea preexistente en 77,9% y 67,6% respectivamente. El abandono prematuro del estudio a causa de las molestias fue marginal, y el perfil del sangrado fue aceptable.
Regulation of polymerase exchange between Polη and Polδ by monoubiquitination of PCNA and the movement of DNA polymerase holoenzyme

To ensure efficient and timely replication of genomic DNA, organisms in all three kingdoms of life possess specialized translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) polymerases (Pols) that tolerate various types of DNA lesions. It has been proposed that an exchange between the replicative DNA Pol and the TLS Pol at the site of DNA damage enables lesion bypass to occur. However, to date the molecular mechanism underlying this process is not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrated in a reconstituted system that the exchange of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Polδ with Polη requires both the stalling of the holoenzyme and the monoubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). A moving Polδ holoenzyme is refractory to the incoming Polη. Furthermore, we showed that the Polη C-terminal PCNA-interacting protein motif is required for the exchange process. We also demonstrated that the second exchange step to bring back Polδ is prohibited when Lys-164 of PCNA is monoubiquitinated. Thus the removal of the ubiquitin moiety from PCNA is likely required for the reverse exchange step after the lesion bypass synthesis by Polη.
Earliest “Domestic” Cats in China Identified as Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis)

The ancestor of all modern domestic cats is the wildcat, Felis silvestris lybica, with archaeological evidence indicating it was domesticated as early as 10,000 years ago in South-West Asia. A recent study, however, claims that cat domestication also occurred in China some 5,000 years ago and involved the same wildcat ancestor (F. silvestris). The application of geometric morphometric analyses to ancient small felid bones from China dating between 5,500 to 4,900 BP, instead reveal these and other remains to be that of the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis). These data clearly indicate that the origins of a human-cat ‘domestic’ relationship in Neolithic China began independently from South-West Asia and involved a different wild felid species altogether. The leopard cat’s ‘domestic’ status, however, appears to have been short-lived—its apparent subsequent replacement shown by the fact that today all domestic cats in China are genetically related to F. silvestris.
Antibodies against Yarivʼs Reagent for Immunolocalization of Arabinogalactan-Proteins in Aerial Parts of Echinacea purpurea

Abstract Arabinogalactan-proteins are glycoproteins that occur in higher plants and are involved in important processes like cell differentiation and plant growth. In the medicinal plant Echinacea purpurea L. , they belong to the putative immunomodulating compounds and are structurally well characterized. For microscopic localization of arabinogalactan-proteins, synthetic (β-D-Glc)3 Yariv phenylglycoside that specifically binds to most plant arabinogalactan-proteins was used to label arabinogalactan-proteins in fresh cut sections of stems and petioles of Echinacea purpurea. Polyclonal antibodies against (β-D-Glc)3 Yariv phenylglycoside were used to detect the arabinogalactan-protein-(β-D-Glc)3 Yariv phenylglycoside complex. After addition of fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated secondary antibodies, the sections were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Arabinogalactan-proteins are localized mainly in the central cylinder in the collateral vascular bundles, especially in the area of the xylem. In cell walls of fully differentiated vessels and tracheids, arabinogalactan-proteins have been detected mainly at the inner area of the wall close to the cell lumina. Intense labeling occurs around pit canals connecting adjacent vessels. Furthermore, arabinogalactan-proteins are present in the lumina of cells of the sclerenchyma caps and in companion cells of the phloem.
The auriculo‐ventricular bundle of the human heart

In a letter contributed to THE LANCET1 one of us described the initial difficulty in finding and displaying the muscular bundle which unites the auricles and ventricles and which is now regarded as the sole pathway for the passage of the auricular wave of contraction to the ventricles. Since that letter was written we have examined over 130 human hearts and although we failed to find the bundle in some of the earlier specimens we are now confident that our failure was due to our ignorance of certain variations which may occur in its position and relationships. We are now convinced that it is an absolutely constant structure and in the properly prepared heart is big enough to be found and dissected out by knife and forceps alone; its finer structure and exact connexions require the preparation of serial microscopic sections. Through the kindness of Mr. Frank Beddard, F.R. S. , prosector to the Zoological Society, and of Principal J. Y. Mackay of University College, Dundee, we have had opportunities of examining the hearts of nearly every mammalian order; in all the auriculo-ventricular bundle is present, in all it has the same position, the same connexions and distribution. We have found it in the heart of the young human foetus in the position and form described by W. His, jun., so long ago as 1893. In seven out of nine malformed human hearts we were able to dissect out the bundle by means of knife and forceps. In a case of heartblock, described by Dr. John Hay,2 we found that the bundle was partially obliterated at the point at which it perforates the central fibrous body of the heart. In another case of heart-block (Dr. Otto F. F. GrüUnbaum’s) we found the bundle involved within a gumms of the septum.
An optical neural interface : in vivo control of rodent motor cortex with integrated fiberoptic and optogenetic technology

Mechanistic understanding of how the brain gives rise to complex behavioral and cognitive functions is one of science’s grand challenges. The technical challenges that we face as we attempt to gain a systems-level understanding of the brain are manifold. The brain’s structural complexity requires us to push the limit of imaging resolution and depth, while being able to cover large areas, resulting in enormous data acquisition and processing needs. Furthermore, it is necessary to detect functional activities and ‘map’ them onto the structural features. The functional activity occurs at multiple levels, using electrical and chemical signals. Certain electrical signals are only decipherable with sub-millisecond timescale resolution, while other modes of signals occur in minutes to hours. For these reasons, there is a wide consensus that new Journal of Optics J. Opt. 18 (2016) 093007 (26pp) doi:10.1088/2040-8978/18/9/093007 17 Guest editors of the roadmap. 2040-8978/16/093007+26$33.00 © 2016 IOP Publishing Ltd Printed in the UK 1 tools are necessary to undertake this daunting task. Optical techniques, due to their versatile and scalable nature, have great potentials to answer these challenges. Optical microscopy can now image beyond the diffraction limit, record multiple types of brain activity, and trace structural features across large areas of tissue. Genetically encoded molecular tools opened doors to controlling and detecting neural activity using light in specific cell types within the intact brain. Novel sample preparation methods that reduce light scattering have been developed, allowing whole brain imaging in rodent models. Adaptive optical methods have the potential to resolve images from deep brain regions. In this roadmap article, we showcase a few major advances in this area, survey the current challenges, and identify potential future needs that may be used as a guideline for the next steps to be taken.
The Effects of Rest Interval Length on Acute Bench Press Performance: The Influence of Gender and Muscle Strength

Abstract Ratamess, NA, Chiarello, CM, Sacco, AJ, Hoffman, JR, Faigenbaum, AD, Ross, RE, and Kang, J. The effects of rest interval length on acute bench press performance: the influence of gender and muscle strength. J Strength Cond Res 26(7): 1817–1826, 2012. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of rest interval (RI) length on bench press performance in subjects with disparity in maximum strength. Two cohorts of subjects performed 3 bench press protocols in random order consisting of 3 sets of up to 10 repetitions with 75% of 1-repetition maximum (1RM) using either 1-, 2-, or 3-minute RIs between sets. In the first cohort, 22 men and women were studied to investigate gender influence. In the second cohort, 23 men were tested for 1RM bench press strength and placed into a low 1RM (mean = 80.7 ± 7.5 kg) or high 1RM (mean = 140.6 ± 11.9 kg) experimental group. The number of successful repetitions completed, average power, and velocity for each set were recorded. Women performed significantly more repetitions than men with 1-minute (26.9 ± 4.4 vs. 21.1 ± 3.5), 2-minute (29.0 ± 2.0 vs. 24.0 ± 4.5), and 3-minute (29.7 ± 1.8 vs. 25.8 ± 5.1) RIs. The magnitude of decline in average velocity and power was significantly higher in men than in women. Total number of repetitions performed was significantly greater in the low 1RM group than in the high 1RM group at 1-minute (21.6 ± 5.0 vs. 18.1 ± 2.0) and 2-minute RIs (24.2 ± 5.4 vs. 21.3 ± 2.8). Significant negative correlations were observed between 1RM bench press and total number of repetitions completed for 1- and 2-minute RIs (r = −0.558 and −0.490, respectively). These data indicate that maximal strength plays a role in bench press performance with varying RIs and suggest that shorter RIs may suffice in women to attain a specific volume.
Clinical characteristics of combined cases of spinocerebellar ataxia types 6 and 31

This study reports the first family in which spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) and spinocerebellar ataxia type 31 (SCA31) mutations were seen. An index patient first presented to our hospital due to gait and speech disturbances. Subsequent clinical investigation of this patient and her family members revealed consistent pure cerebellar ataxia transmitted in an autosomal-dominant manner. Genetic examination unexpectedly demonstrated that two of the five affected individuals had expansions of SCA6 and SCA31, while two others had SCA31 alone and the remaining had SCA6. Clinical manifestations were more severe in individuals with combined mutations relative to those with single mutation, suggesting that the SCA6 and SCA31 mutations have a cumulative pathogenic effect.
Recovering Non-overlapping Network Topology Using Far-field Vehicle Tracking Data

This paper presents a weighted statistical method to learn the environment's topology using a large amount of far field vehicle tracking data collected by multiple, stationary non-overlapping cameras. First, an appearance model is constructed by the combination of normalized color and overall model size to measure the moving object's appearance similarity across the non-overlapping views. Then based on the similarity in appearance, weighted votes are used to learn the temporally correlating information and hence to estimate the mutual information. By exploiting the statistical spatio-temporal information, our method can automatically learn the possible links between disjoint views and recover the topology of the network. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by experimental results both on simulated and real video surveillance data
Performance and on-sky optical characterization of the SPTpol instrument

In January 2012, the 10m South Pole Telescope (SPT) was equipped with a polarization-sensitive camera, SPTpol, in order to measure the polarization anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Measurements of the polarization of the CMB at small angular scales (~several arcminutes) can detect the gravitational lensing of the CMB by large scale structure and constrain the sum of the neutrino masses. At large angular scales (~few degrees) CMB measurements can constrain the energy scale of Inflation. SPTpol is a two-color mm-wave camera that consists of 180 polarimeters at 90 GHz and 588 polarimeters at 150 GHz, with each polarimeter consisting of a dual transition edge sensor (TES) bolometers. The full complement of 150 GHz detectors consists of 7 arrays of 84 ortho-mode transducers (OMTs) that are stripline coupled to two TES detectors per OMT, developed by the TRUCE collaboration and fabricated at NIST. Each 90 GHz pixel consists of two antenna-coupled absorbers coupled to two TES detectors, developed with Argonne National Labs. The 1536 total detectors are read out with digital frequency-domain multiplexing (DfMUX). The SPTpol deployment represents the first on-sky tests of both of these detector technologies, and is one of the first deployed instruments using DfMUX readout technology. We present the details of the design, commissioning, deployment, on-sky optical characterization and detector performance of the complete SPTpol focal plane.
A Preliminary Information Theory of Difference

We propose a difference theory of information. The difference theory of information defines information as adaptation, as any difference that makes a difference (Bateson 1973). The theory posits that information workers such as symbolic analysts, end users and systems analysts perceive differences and conceive information. This theory of information is applied to several IS scenarios to demonstrate its utility. One primary use from this theory is to enforce a difference between data and information.