Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dark and baryonic matter in the MareNostrum Universe

We report some results from one of the largest hydrodynamical cosmological simulations of large scale structures that has been done up to date. The MareNostrum Universe SPH simulation consists of 2 billion particles (2 × 10243) in a cubic box of 500 h−1 Mpc on a side. This simulation has been done in the MareNostrum parallel supercomputer at the Barcelona SuperComputer Center. Due to the large simulated volume and good mass resolution, our simulated catalog of dark matter halos comprises more than half a million objects with masses larger than a typical Milky Way galaxy halo. From this dataset we have studied several statistical properties such as the halo mass function, the distribution of shapes of dark and gas components within halos, the baryon fraction, cumulative void volume etc. This simulation is particularly useful to study the large scale distribution of baryons in the universe as a function of temperature and density. In this paper we also show the time evolution of the gas fractions at large s.
A review of the effects of anisotropic layering on the propagation of seismic waves

Summary. This paper reviews recent work, much of it unpub~shed, on the effects of anisotropy on seismic waves, and lays the theoretical background for some of the other papers in this number of the Geophysical Journal. The propagation of both body and surface waves in anisotropic media is fundamentally different from their propagation in isotropic media, although the differences in behaviour may be comparatively subtle and difficult to observe. One of the most diagnostic of these anomalies, which has been observed on. some surface-wave trains, and should be evident in body-wave arrivals, is generalized, three-dimensional polarization, where the Rayleigh motion is coupled to the Love, and the P and SV motion is coupled to the SH. This coupling introduces polarization anomalies which may be used to investigate anisotropy within the Earth. 1 Introduction A material displaying velocity anisotropy must have its effective elastic constants arranged in some form of crystalline symmetry. The behaviour of both body and surface waves in such anisotropic structures differs from that in isotropic structures, and the variation of velocity with direction is only one of the anomalies which may occur, where we use anomaly to mean differences in behaviour from that expected in isotropic material. Within an anisotropic material three body waves propagate in any direction, having different and varying velocity, and different and varying polarization. Away from directions of crystal symmetry there may be anomalous phases, body and surface waves will have anomalous polarizations, and energy propagation of body and surface waves will not be parallel to the propagation vector. It appears intuitively that many of the anomalies can be attributed to the subtle interplay of the three varying body waves, making the variations of these anomalies difficult to predict. Similarly, smd differences in the structure, such as the thickness of the layer, can make radical changes in the anomalous behaviour. In this paper, we shall describe the type of phenomena to be expected in seismic waves from the presence of a layer of anisotropy within the Earth. A more complete treatment of the mathematics for the general problem of a plane layered structure containing a layer of anisotropy can be found in Keith (1975) for body waves, and Crampin (1970) and Taylor & Crampin (1977) for surface waves.
OPTIMAL CONTROL OF FERMENTATION PROCESSES

13 List of Abbreviations. 14 Chapter I: Introductory Terms and Basic Concepts. 15 1.1 Aims and Objectives of the Thesis. 15 1.2 Introduction to Beer Fermentation. 17 1.3 Optimal Control and Optimisation Algorithms. 23 1.4 Summary. 29 Chapter II: Modelling and Simulation of Beer Fermentation Processes. 30 2.1 Modelling of Fermentation Processes. 30 2.2 :\ Beer Fernlentation ModeL. -+2 2.3 Computer Simulation of the Selected Fermentation Process. f9 2.4 Summary. 56 Chapter III: Approach to Optimal Control. 57 3.
There’s no such thing as a good Arab: Cultural essentialism and its functions concerning the integration of Arabs in Europe

Concerns about immigration are salient in the European Union and in Malta in particular. Previous research has demonstrated deep antipathy towards the Arab community in Malta, and social representations of Arabs are mired in a conflation of ethnic and religious categories with negative connotations. This paper presents evidence of the potency, within the public sphere, of negative arguments from cultural essentialism, concerning the integration of Arabs in Europe. The data were obtained abductively from a data corpus containing positive, mixed and negative arguments about Arabs and their integration. Results pointed towards the almost total exclusivity of arguments from cultural essentialism. These posited Arabic culture as an underlying essence that makes integration difficult or impossible. Different forms of culturally essentialist views varied in their emphasis of different aspects of cultural essentialism. Reductionist, determinist, delineatory and temporal aspects of cultural essentialism were all emphasised by respondents. The essentialist exceptions to negative arguments from cultural essentialism were rare and were posed tentatively by participants. Their paucity and manner of delivery substantiate the claim that it is strictly an Arabic cultural essence that is deemed to make integration impossible. Findings are discussed in light of the communicative functions that these dominant argumentative strategies fulfil.
Calculating transcription factor binding maps for chromatin

Current high-throughput experiments already generate enough data for retrieving the DNA sequence-dependent binding affinities of transcription factors (TF) and other chromosomal proteins throughout the complete genome. However, the reverse task of calculating binding maps in a chromatin context for a given set of concentrations and TF affinities appears to be even more challenging and computationally demanding. The problem can be addressed by considering the DNA sequence as a one-dimensional lattice with units of one or more base pairs. To calculate protein occupancies in chromatin, one needs to consider the competition of TF and histone octamers for binding sites as well as the partial unwrapping of nucleosomal DNA. Here, we consider five different classes of algorithms to compute binding maps that include the binary variable, combinatorial, sequence generating function, transfer matrix and dynamic programming approaches. The calculation time of the binary variable algorithm scales exponentially with DNA length, which limits its use to the analysis of very small genomic regions. For regulatory regions with many overlapping binding sites, potentially applicable algorithms reduce either to the transfer matrix or dynamic programming approach. In addition to the recently proposed transfer matrix formalism for TF access to the nucleosomal organized DNA, we develop here a dynamic programming algorithm that accounts for this feature. In the absence of nucleosomes, dynamic programming outperforms the transfer matrix approach, but the latter is faster when nucleosome unwrapping has to be considered. Strategies are discussed that could further facilitate calculations to allow computing genome-wide TF binding maps.
Pushing the Boundaries of Boundary Detection using Deep Learning

In this work we show that adapting Deep Convolutional Neural Network training to the task of boundary detection can result in substantial improvements over the current state-of-the-art in boundary detection. Our contributions consist firstly in combining a careful design of the loss for boundary detection training, a multi-resolution architecture and training with external data to improve the detection accuracy of the current state of the art. When measured on the standard Berkeley Segmentation Dataset, we improve theoptimal dataset scale F-measure from 0.780 to 0.808 - while human performance is at 0.803. We further improve performance to 0.813 by combining deep learning with grouping, integrating the Normalized Cuts technique within a deep network. We also examine the potential of our boundary detector in conjunction with the task of semantic segmentation and demonstrate clear improvements over state-of-the-art systems. Our detector is fully integrated in the popular Caffe framework and processes a 320x420 image in less than a second.
ANISOTROPIC THERMAL CONDUCTION AND THE COOLING FLOW PROBLEM IN GALAXY CLUSTERS

We examine the long-standing cooling flow problem in galaxy clusters with three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics simulations of isolated clusters including radiative cooling and anisotropic thermal conduction along magnetic field lines. The central regions of the intracluster medium (ICM) can have cooling timescales of ∼200 Myr or shorter—in order to prevent a cooling catastrophe the ICM must be heated by some mechanism such as active galactic nucleus feedback or thermal conduction from the thermal reservoir at large radii. The cores of galaxy clusters are linearly unstable to the heat-flux-driven buoyancy instability (HBI), which significantly changes the thermodynamics of the cluster core. The HBI is a convective, buoyancy-driven instability that rearranges the magnetic field to be preferentially perpendicular to the temperature gradient. For a wide range of parameters, our simulations demonstrate that in the presence of the HBI, the effective radial thermal conductivity is reduced to ≲10% of the full Spitzer conductivity. With this suppression of conductive heating, the cooling catastrophe occurs on a timescale comparable to the central cooling time of the cluster. Thermal conduction alone is thus unlikely to stabilize clusters with low central entropies and short central cooling timescales. High central entropy clusters have sufficiently long cooling times that conduction can help stave off the cooling catastrophe for cosmologically interesting timescales.
Continuity perception using a multi-agent system an application to growth ring detection on fish otoliths

One of the major problems encountered during an automatic contour detection is the lack of structure continuity perception. Active contour's are currently used to represent this continuity, but they point out some problems for contour detection in textured, noisy and low contrast images. We present an approach to perceive continuity based on a 2D reconstruction of closed contours using a multi-agent system. Each agent is provided with sensors on the image which allow it to follow local extrema. The purpose is to detect alternative light and dark concentric structures in an image. In the first version of the method, the closed contour was validated when the agent had found again its initial position after having described a circular path. This condition was not easily satisfied in badly contrasted images. We have added high level information about the shape of the contour to improve the detection. Application to fish otolith growth ring detection is presented in the paper.
Remora: Sensing resource sharing among smartphone-based body sensor networks

In many body sensor network (BSN) applications, such as activity recognition for assisted living residents or physical fitness assessment of a sports team, users spend a significant amount of time with one another while performing many of the same activities. We exploit this physical proximity with Remora, a smartphone-based Body Sensor Network activity recognition system which shares sensing resources among neighboring BSNs. Compared to other resource sharing approaches, Remora provides both increased accuracy and significant energy savings. To increase classification accuracy, Remora BSNs share sensors by overhearing neighbors' sensor data transmissions. When sharing, fewer on-body sensors are needed to achieve high accuracy, resulting in energy savings by turning off unneeded sensors. To save phone energy, neighboring BSNs share classifiers: only one classifier is active at a time classifying activities for all neighbors. Remora addresses three major challenges of sharing with physical neighbors: 1) Sharing only when the energy benefit outweighs the cost, 2) Finding and utilizing the shared sensors and classifiers which produce the best combination of accuracy improvement and energy savings, and 3) Providing a lightweight and collaborative classification approach, without the use of a backend server, which adapts to the dynamics of available neighbors. In a two week evaluation with 6 subjects, we show that Remora provides up to a 30% accuracy increase while extending phone battery lifetime by over 65%.
NEW TYPE OF OPTIMAL EXTENSION FIELDS AND ITS APPLICATIONS

In this paper, we introduce a new type of Optimal Extension Fields (OEFs) which extends the notion of previous OEF. An OEF is the class of fields Fpn , for p a Mersenne prime and n a positive integer with an irreducible binomial p(x) = x − ω over Fp. Instead of the condition of the existence of an irreducible binomial, we append the other condition of the existence of an irreducible All One Polynomial, which implies the existence of an optimal normal basis over Fp. In this case, we may choose either ONB or PB for each operation of the finite fields since the basis conversion between ONB and PB is performed only by a permutation of basis elements. We use PB for multiplications and ONB for inversion and modular reduction. Based on it, base-φ expansion method for elliptic curve scalar multiplication shows enhanced performance over all previous reported software implementations results.
The Radial Structure of Supernova Remnant N103B

We report on the results from a Chandra ACIS observation of the young, compact, supernova remnant N103B. The unprecedented spatial resolution of Chandra reveals subarcsecond structure, in both the brightness and spectral variations. Underlying these small-scale variations is a surprisingly simple radial structure in the equivalent widths of the strong Si and S emission lines. We investigate these radial variations through spatially resolved spectroscopy, using a plane-parallel, nonequilibrium ionization model with multiple components. The majority of the emission arises from components with a temperature of 1 keV: a fully ionized hydrogen component; a high ionization timescale (net > 1012 s cm-3) component containing Si, S, Ar, Ca, and Fe; and a low ionization timescale (net ~ 1011 s cm-3) O, Ne, and Mg component. To reproduce the strong Fe Kα line, it is necessary to include additional Fe in a hot (> 2 keV), low ionization timescale (net ~ 1010.8 s cm-3) component. This hot Fe might be in the form of hot Fe bubbles, formed in the radioactive decay of clumps of 56Ni. We find no radial variation in the ionization timescales or temperatures of the various components. Rather, the Si and S equivalent widths increase at large radii because these lines, as well as those of Ar and Ca, are formed in a shell occupying the outer half of the remnant. A shell of hot Fe is located interior to this, but there is a large region of overlap between these two shells. In the inner 30% of the remnant, there is a core of cooler, 1 keV Fe. We find that the distribution of the ejecta and the yields of the intermediate-mass species are consistent with model prediction for Type Ia events.
Adaptive energy-aware encoding for DWT-based wireless EEG tele-monitoring system

Recent technological advances in wireless body sensor networks (WBSN) have made it possible for the development of innovative medical applications to improve health care and the quality of life. Electroencephalography (EEG)-based applications lie at the heart of these promising technologies. However, excess power consumptions may render some of these applications inapplicable. Wireless (EEG) tele-monitoring systems performing encoding and streaming over energy-hungry wireless channels are limited in energy supply. Hence, energy efficient methods are needed to improve such applications. In this work, an embedded EEG encoding system that is able to adjust its computational complexity is proposed; which lead to energy consumption according to channel variations. We analyze the computational complexity for a typical Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)-based encoding system. We also propose a power-distortion-compression ratio (P-D-CR) framework. Using the developed P-D-CR framework, the encoder effectively reconfigures the complexity of the control parameters to match the energy constraints while retaining maximum reconstruction quality. Results show that by using the proposed framework, higher reconstruction accuracy can be obtained regardless of the power budget of the utilized hardware.
Detecting a rotation in the ! Eridani debris disc

Theevidenceforarotationofthe" Eridanidebrisdiscisexamined.Dataat850-µmwavelength were previously obtained using the Submillimetre Common User Bolometer Array (SCUBA) over periods of 1997‐1998 and 2000‐2002. By # 2 fitting after shift and rotation operations, images from these two epochs were compared to recover proper motion and orbital motion of the disc. The same procedures were then performed on simulated images to estimate the accuracy of the results. Minima in the # 2 plots indicate a motion of the disc of approximately 0.6 arcsec per year in thedirectionofthestar’spropermotion.Thisunderestimatesthetruevalueof1arcsecperyear, implyingthatsomeofthestructureinthediscregionisnotassociatedwith" Eridani,originating instead from background galaxies. From the # 2 fitting for orbital motion, a counterclockwise rotation rate of ! 2. " 75 per year is deduced. Comparisons with simulated data in which the
iSampling: framework for developing sampling methods considering user's interest

Sampling is one of fundamental techniques for data preprocessing and mining. It helps to reduce computational costs and improve the mining quality. A sampling method is typically developed independently for a specific problem and for a specific user's interest, because it is hard to develop a method that is generalized across various user's interests. An absence of general framework for sampling makes it inefficient to develop or revise a sampling method as user's interest changes. This paper proposes a general framework, isampling, which facilitates a user developing sampling methods and easily modifying the user's sampling interest in the method. In the framework, a user explicitly describes her sampling interest into a graph model called interest model. Then, isampling automatically selects a sample set according to the model, which satisfies the user's interest. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework, we develop new trajectory sampling methods using our framework; trajectory sampling has been a challenging problem due to its high complexity of data and various user's interests. We demonstrate the flexibility of our framework by showing how easily trajectory samples of different interests can be generated within our framework.
Receptors for T cell-replacing factor/interleukin 5. Specificity, quantitation, and its implication

T cell-replacing factor (TRF)/IL-5 is a glycosylated polypeptide that acts as a key factor for B cell growth and differentiation. Since IL-5 action is probably mediated by specific cell surface receptor(s), we have characterized the binding of IL-5 to cells using biosynthetically [35S]methionine-labeled IL-5 and 125I-IL-5 that had been prepared using Bolton-Hunter reagent. The radiolabeled IL-5 binds specifically to BCL1- B20 (in vitro line) (a murine chronic B cell leukemic cell line previously shown to differentiate into IgM-secreting cells in response to IL-5) within 10 min at 37 degrees C. There are two classes of binding sites with high affinity (Kd = 66 pM) and low affinity (Kd = 12 nM) for IL-5 and an average number of binding sites for high affinity and for low affinity were 400 and 7,500 per cell, respectively. The specificity of binding of radiolabeled IL-5 has been confirmed by demonstrating that only unlabeled IL-5 and anti-IL-5 mAb but not by IL- 1, IL-2, IL-3, IFN-gamma, and GM-CSF inhibit radiolabeled IL-5 binding to BCL1-B20 cells. Treatment of surface-bound radiolabeled IL-5 with bivalent crosslinkers identified a membrane polypeptide of Mr 46,500 to which IL-5 is crosslinked. A variety of cell types have been surveyed for the capacity to bind specifically radiolabeled IL-5 with high affinity. BCL1 cells MOPC104E (murine myeloma cell line) expressed IL-5- R, whereas BAL. 17 and L10 A (B cell lymphoma) did not. T cell line, mastocytoma cell line, or macrophage tumor cell line did not display detectable levels of IL-5-R. were hardly detectable on normal resting B cells but were expressed on LPS-activated B cells, fitting the function of IL-5 that acts on activated B cells for their differentiation into Ig-secreting cells. Intriguingly, early B cell lines (J-87 and T-88) that grow in the presence of IL-5 expressed significant but low numbers of high-affinity binding sites for IL-5. The biological effects of IL-5 were mediated by high-affinity binding sites. The identification and characterization of IL-5-R should provide new insight into the apparent diverse biological activities of IL-5.
Lex talionis in the twenty-first century: revenge ideation and terrorism

ABSTRACT Hamza bin Laden’s declaration of revenge against the U.S. and his subsequent designation as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist indicate a new stage in counterterrorism operations against Al Qaeda [United States Department of State. (2017). State department terrorist designation of Hamza bin Laden. Retrieved from https://www.state. gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/266536.htm]. Revenge in the context of terrorism has not been studied sufficiently in behavioral sciences. This mixed-methods study investigates the role of revenge ideation in radicalization and terrorism. Using an explanatory sequential research design, the quantitative analysis identifies the relationship between radical beliefs and behavior and group grievance, which is then explained through the qualitative analysis of revenge ideation. The quantitative study sample includes 152 members of terrorist groups obtained from the Profiles of Individual Radicalization in the United States database [National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START). (2017). Profiles of individual radicalization in the United States (PIRUS) [Data file]. Retrieved from www.start. umd.edu/keshif-pirus/]. The qualitative study is based on 52 documents obtained from Bin Laden’s Bookshelf [Office of the Director of National Intelligence. (2015). Bin Ladin’s Bookshelf. Retrieved from https://www.dni. gov/index.php/features/bin-laden-s-bookshelf] and the Harmony Program [The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point (CTC). (2012). Harmony program. Retrieved from https://ctc.usma. edu/programs-resources/harmony-program]. The results indicate that generalized group grievance predicts radical beliefs and behavior. The documents denounce revenge against internal enemies but encourage revenge toward external enemies; this demonstrates the flexibility of terrorist strategies in response to the changing political situation.
Brain Computer Interface to operate domotic environment

The brain computer interface (BCI) technology allows a direct connection between brain and computer without any muscular activity required, and thus it offers a unique opportunity to enhance and/or to restore communication and actions into external word in people with severe motor disability. Here we present a set of findings that confirm the feasibility of a real domotic environmental control operated via P300-based BCI. Furthermore, the relevant issue of a low bit rate of command execution is addressed by the implementation of a dynamical BCI interface whose upgrade is based on a continuous real- time collection of information from the environment.