Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Controlling Access to Suicide Means

Background: Restricting access to common means of suicide, such as firearms, toxic gas, pesticides and other, has been shown to be effective in reducing rates of death in suicide. In the present review we aimed to summarize the empirical and clinical literature on controlling the access to means of suicide. Methods: This review made use of both MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science and the Cochrane library databases, identifying all English articles with the keywords “suicide means”, “suicide method”, “suicide prediction” or “suicide prevention” and other relevant keywords. Results: A number of factors may influence an individual’s decision regarding method in a suicide act, but there is substantial support that easy access influences the choice of method. In many countries, restrictions of access to common means of suicide has lead to lower overall suicide rates, particularly regarding suicide by firearms in USA, detoxification of domestic and motor vehicle gas in England and other countries, toxic pesticides in rural areas, barriers at jumping sites and hanging, by introducing “safe rooms” in prisons and hospitals. Moreover, decline in prescription of barbiturates and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), as well as limitation of drugs pack size for paracetamol and salicylate has reduced suicides by overdose, while increased prescription of SSRIs seems to have lowered suicidal rates. Conclusions: Restriction to means of suicide may be particularly effective in contexts where the method is popular, highly lethal, widely available, and/or not easily substituted by other similar methods. However, since there is some risk of means substitution, restriction of access should be implemented in conjunction with other suicide prevention strategies.
ARY roectodermal fate of epiblast cells in the dis der : implication for body plan organization

The de chicke been m (Kimm Vakaet, 1984; Schoenwolf and Sheard, 1990; Tam, 1989; Lawson et al., 1991; Lawson and Pedersen, 1992). From these studies, fate maps that broadly describe the morphogenetic movements and the multitude of differentiation pathways normally taken by the cells have been constructed. The most significant finding of these fate-mapping studies is that the mouse embryo is strikingly similar to other vertebrate embryos at gastrulation regarding the organisation of the basic body plan (Lawson et al., 1991). Despite this, it is not known whether the mouse embryo also shares similar morphogenetic and molecular mechanisms for germ layer specification, such as those of the Xenopus embryo (Slack, 1994; Green, 1994; Albano et al., 1994). This is primarily due to an incomplete knowledge of the origin and the morphogenetic movements of some cell populations in the early gastrulating mouse embryos. One such population is the precursor cells of the neuroectoderm. The purpose of this study is to better delineate the domain occupied by the precursors for specific parts of the neural tube in the epiblast of the early-primitive-streak-stage ryo. paris s ga of g ly-st recu anterolateral to the Hensen’s node (Nicolet, 1971; Vakaet, 1984). The entire neural tube seems to be derived from a small epiblast population of about 1500 cells in the early embryo. There is no morphological definition of the prospective population destined for different axial levels of the neural tube. However, the mapping results do suggest that cells in different locations within this epiblast domain display bias of cellular distribution to specific craniocaudal regions of the neural tube (Schoenwolf and Sheard, 1990). This suggests that a preliminary craniocaudal tissue pattern might already exist. Further development of the avian embryo is characterised by an expansion of the area occupied by the neural plate precursor in the epiblast. In the chick (at stage 4-5), the neural primordium is mapped as a series of wedges stretching laterally and caudally from the prenodal to the postnodal areas in the epiblast next to the cranial half of the primitive streak (Nicolet, 1971, Rosenquist 1981; Packard, 1986). In the Xenopus, the neural precursors of the early gastrula stage have been mapped to a small group of superficial ectodermal cells adjacent to the Developm Printed in
Measuring Writing as a Representation of Disciplinary Knowledge

Most students are exposed to different writing genres as well as to grammar and other writing-specific skills during their required composition course(s). Discipline-specific writing skills are often not taught, rather they are assumed to be prerequisite knowledge by disciplinary instructors. Rubrics are often used by instructors to measure these skills; however, few rubrics integrate measurement of both general and discipline-specific skills. One such rubric has been designed by the Academy of Process Educators. The present research examines the empirical reliability and validity of this rubric. It was hypothesized that consistency of ratings would be achieved for three different types of writing by four raters from different disciplines when read in a counterbalanced pattern. The Written Communication Value Rubric from the Association of American Colleges and Universities (AAC&U, 2012) was also utilized to make possible the evaluation of concurrent validity of the two rubrics. Different statistical methods were utilized to analyze the ratings. The research methodology utilized provides a model for empirically exploring the reliability and validity of other rubrics. Overall, our findings indicate that individually raters were consistent on both rubrics, but the inter-rater reliability was not strong. The ratings were less dispersed on the Academy rubric than on the AAC&U rubric but “concurrent” validity, that is significant positive correlations between the rubrics, were clearly present. Some of the implications of the study include the importance of encouraging careful rater and inter-rater training, using counter-balanced sequences to avoid bias from repetition, ensuring that writing assignments reflect clear performance criteria in regards to rubric performance areas, and assuring that writing pre-requisites are carefully integrated throughout the program’s curriculum and assessment strategy.
Co-design of an in-line holographic microscope with enhanced axial resolution: selective filtering digital holography.

Common-path digital in-line holography is considered as a valuable 3D diagnostic technique for a wide range of applications. This configuration is cost effective and relatively immune to variation in the experimental environment. Nevertheless, due to its common-path geometry, the signal-to-noise ratio of the acquired hologram is weak as most of the detector (i.e., CCD/CMOS sensor) dynamics are occupied by the reference field signal, whose energy is orders of magnitude higher than the field scattered by the imaged object. As it is intrinsically impossible to modify the ratio of energy of reference to the object field, we propose a co-design approach (optics/data processing) to tackle this issue. The reference to the object field ratio is adjusted by adding a 4-f device to a conventional in-line holographic setup, making it possible to reduce the weight of the reference field while keeping the object field almost constant. Theoretical analysis of the Crámer-Rao lower bounds of the corresponding imaging model illustrates the advantages of this approach. These lower bounds can be asymptotically reached using a parametric inverse problem reconstruction. This implementation results in a 60% gain in axial localization accuracy (for 100 μm diameter spherical objects) compared to a classical in-line holography setup.
From alienation to relation : Modes of production in crowd work

While crowdsourcing has proved to be a useful method in several contexts, the power relations in crowdsourced processes remain largely unexamined. For designing better crowdsourcing technologies and processes, it is important to understand those power structures and relations within the crowd itself as well as between the participants: who has the power, what is being produced through crowdsourcing and how. Therefore in this paper we develop a typology of participation in crowdsourcing by examining crowdsourcing tools framed by Marx theory of alienation. We show how these types of crowd work can be described as levels of alienation where the worker, the consumer, their relations, and products are connected in modes of production representing different ontologies. Karin Hansson, Tanja Aitamurto, Thomas Ludwig, Michael Muller (2016): From alienation to relation: Modes of production in crowd work. In Karin Hansson, Tanja Aitamurto, Thomas Ludwig, Michael Muller (Eds.), International Reports on Socio-Informatics (IRSI), Proceedings of the CSCW 2016 – Workshop: Toward a Typology of Participation in Crowdwork (Vol. 13, Iss. 1, pp. 13-22)
Changes in Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Risk During Adolescence: Establishment of Differential Risk in Males and Females

Background— Developmental changes in insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk were studied in youths 11 to 19 years of age. Methods and Results— A cohort was randomly selected after blood pressure screening of Minneapolis, Minn, school children. Studies were done 3 times on this cohort and once on their siblings (996 observations on 507 individuals from 363 families). Insulin sensitivity was determined by euglycemic clamp. Body mass index and waist circumference increased similarly in both sexes from ages 11 to 19 years. Body fat decreased in males and increased in females (P<0.001). Lean body mass increased at a steeper rate in males (P<0.0001). Insulin resistance was lower in males at 11 years but increased steadily to 19 years (P=0.003); in contrast, it did not increase in females. Thus, despite being less insulin resistant at 11 years and decreasing in fatness during puberty, males became more insulin resistant than females by 19 years of age. Triglycerides increased in males and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased, whereas the opposite pattern was seen in females, which resulted in higher triglycerides and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in males at 19 years. No gender difference in low-density lipoprotein or total cholesterol was seen. Systolic blood pressure increased in both sexes but at a greater rate in boys (P=0.03). Conclusions— During the transition from late childhood through adolescence, insulin resistance in males increased in association with increased triglycerides and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, despite a concurrent reduction in body fatness, whereas the opposite occurred in females. These gender-related developmental changes in insulin resistance, which were independent from changes in fatness, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, are consistent with an early role for insulin resistance in the increased cardiovascular risk found in males.
Predominant integrin ligands expressed by osteoblasts show preferential regulation in response to both cell adhesion and mechanical perturbation

Previous studies have demonstrated that both mechanical perturbation and cell adhesion induced the expression of osteopontin (opn) by osteoblasts (Carvalho et al. [ 1998 ] J. Cell. Biochem. 70:376–390). The present study examined if these same stimuli on osteoblasts would induce the expression of other integrin binding proteins, specifically fibronectin (fn) and bone sialoprotein (bsp). All three genes showed three‐ to four‐fold maximal induction in response to both cell adhesion and a single 2‐h period of an applied spatially uniform, dynamic biaxial strain of 1.3% at 0.25 Hz. Each gene, however, responded with a different time course of induction to mechanical strain, with bsp, fn, and opn showing their maximal response at 1, 3, and 9 h, respectively, after the perturbation period. In contrast, peak induction to cell adhesion was observed at 24 h for bsp and opn, while fn levels peaked at 8 h. Interestingly, while both opn and fn mRNA expression returned to base line after cell adhesion, bsp mRNA levels remained elevated. Examination of collagen type I and osteocalcin mRNAs showed unaltered levels of expression in response to either type of perturbation. A common feature of the signal transduction pathways, which mediate the gene expression in response to both cell adhesion and mechanical perturbation, was the activation of specific tyrosine kinases based on the ablation of the induction of these genes by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. While cycloheximide blocked the induction of all three mRNAs in response cell adhesion, it failed to block the induction of any of these genes in response to mechanical perturbation. Such results suggest that the induction of these genes after mechanical perturbation was mediated by an immediate response to signal transduction, while cell adhesion mediated effects secondary to signal transduction. Depolymerization of microfilaments with cytochalasin D had no effect on the overall expression of any of these genes in response to cell adhesion and only blocked the induction of opn expression in response to mechanical perturbation. These results suggest that cytoskeletal integrity is only selectively important in the signal transduction of certain types of stimuli and for the regulation of certain genes. In summary, both mechanical perturbation and cell adhesion stimulated the expression of integrin binding proteins. Furthermore, while there are common features in the signal transduction processes that mediate the induction of these genes in response to both stimuli, specific genes are separately regulated by precise mechanisms that are unique to both forms of stimuli. J. Cell. Biochem. 84: 497–508, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correspondence of electroencephalography and near-infrared spectroscopy sensitivities to the cerebral cortex using a high-density layout

Abstract. This study investigates the correspondence of the cortical sensitivity of electroencephalography (EEG) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). EEG forward model sensitivity to the cerebral cortex was calculated for 329 EEG electrodes following the 10-5 EEG positioning system using a segmented structural magnetic resonance imaging scan of a human subject. NIRS forward model sensitivity was calculated for the same subject using 156 NIRS source-detector pairs selected from 32 source and 32 detector optodes positioned on the scalp using a subset of the 10-5 EEG positioning system. Sensitivity correlations between colocalized NIRS source-detector pair groups and EEG channels yielded R=0.46±0.08. Groups of NIRS source-detector pairs with maximum correlations to EEG electrode sensitivities are tabulated. The mean correlation between the point spread functions for EEG and NIRS regions of interest (ROI) was R=0.43±0.07. Spherical ROIs with radii of 26 mm yielded the maximum correlation between EEG and NIRS averaged across all cortical mesh nodes. These sensitivity correlations between EEG and NIRS should be taken into account when designing multimodal studies of neurovascular coupling and when using NIRS as a statistical prior for EEG source localization.
A new emotion database: considerations, sources and scope

Research on the expression of emotion is underpinned by databases. Reviewing available resources persuaded us of the need to develop one that prioritised ecological validity. The basic unit of the database is a clip, which is an audiovisual recording of an episode that appears to be reasonably selfcontained. Clips range from 10 – 60 secs, and are captured as MPEG files. They were drawn from two main sources. People were recorded discussing emotive subjects either with each other, or with one of the research team. We also recorded extracts from television programs where members of the public interact in a way that at least appears essentially spontaneous. Associated with each clip are two additional types of file. An audio file (.wav format) contains speech alone, edited to remove sounds other than the main speaker. An interpretation file describes the emotional state that observers attribute to the main speaker, using the FEELTRACE system to provide a continuous record of the perceived ebb and flow of emotion. Clips have been extracted for 100 speakers, with at least two for each speaker (one relatively neutral and others showing marked emotions of different kinds).
Genetic Variation in Biomass Traits among 20 Diverse Rice Varieties1[W][OA]

Biofuels provide a promising route of producing energy while reducing reliance on petroleum. Developing sustainable liquid fuel production from cellulosic feedstock is a major challenge and will require significant breeding efforts to maximize plant biomass production. Our approach to elucidating genes and genetic pathways that can be targeted for improving biomass production is to exploit the combination of genomic tools and genetic diversity in rice (Oryza sativa). In this study, we analyzed a diverse set of 20 recently resequenced rice varieties for variation in biomass traits at several different developmental stages. The traits included plant size and architecture, aboveground biomass, and underlying physiological processes. We found significant genetic variation among the 20 lines in all morphological and physiological traits. Although heritability estimates were significant for all traits, heritabilities were higher in traits relating to plant size and architecture than for physiological traits. Trait variation was largely explained by variety and breeding history (advanced versus landrace) but not by varietal groupings (indica, japonica, and aus). In the context of cellulosic biofuels development, cell wall composition varied significantly among varieties. Surprisingly, photosynthetic rates among the varieties were inversely correlated with biomass accumulation. Examining these data in an evolutionary context reveals that rice varieties have achieved high biomass production via independent developmental and physiological pathways, suggesting that there are multiple targets for biomass improvement. Future efforts to identify loci and networks underlying this functional variation will facilitate the improvement of biomass traits in other grasses being developed as energy crops.
Glycolytic Metabolites Are Critical Modulators of Oocyte Maturation and Viability

The maturation of an oocyte into an egg is a key step in preparation for fertilization. In Xenopus, oocyte maturation is independent of transcription, being regulated at the level of translation and post-translational modifications of proteins. To identify factors involved in the maturation process we used two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis to compare the proteome of oocytes and eggs. Protein abundance changes were observed in multiple cellular pathways during oocyte maturation. Most prominent was a general reduction in abundance of enzymes in the glycolytic pathway. Injection into oocytes of the glycolytic intermediates glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate and glucose-6-phosphate prevented oocyte maturation. Instead, these metabolites stimulated ROS production and subsequent apoptosis of the oocyte. In contrast, all other metabolites tested had no effect on oocyte maturation and did not induce apoptosis. These data suggest that a subset of glycolytic metabolites have the capacity to regulate oocyte viability.
Serum Amyloid A in the Placenta and Its Role in Trophoblast Invasion

The serum amyloid A (SAA) protein is known to function in the acute phase response and immunoregulation. Recently, SAA has been shown to be involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and migratory behavior in different cell types. Here, we evaluated whether exogenous SAA could influence trophoblast invasion and differentiation using both the trophoblast-like BeWo cell line and fully differentiated human extravillous trophoblast cells (EVT) isolated from term placentae. SAA stimulated BeWo cell invasion, as measured in Matrigel invasion assays, and induced metalloprotease mRNA expression and activity. Given that BeWo cells express Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a known receptor for SAA, we examined the role of TLR4 in SAA-induced invasion using a TLR4 neutralizing antibody. We also tested whether SAA could affect markers of trophoblast syncytialization in BeWo cells. We observed that SAA decreased βhCG secretion and did not influence trophoblast syncytialization. Using EVT cells isolated from human term basal plates, we confirmed that SAA at 1 and 10 µg/mL doubled EVT invasion in a TLR4-dependent manner, but at 20 µg/mL inhibited EVT cells invasiveness. In addition, we observed that SAA was expressed in both BeWo cells and human term placentae, specifically in the syncytiotrophoblast, decidual cells and EVT. In conclusion, SAA was identified as a molecule that functions in the placental microenvironment to regulate metalloprotease activity and trophoblast invasion, which are key processes in placentation and placental homeostasis.
DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELING IN A GIS ENVIRONMENT

Digital terrain models (DTMs) in recent times have become an integral part of National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) of many countries world-wide due to their invaluable importance. DTMs play a major role in hydrologic modeling, sediment transport, soil erosion estimation, drainage basin morphology, vegetation, and ecology. DTM generation however has a setback of high cost of primary data input acquisition (i.e. elevation) and complexities in processing. Most DTM data are derived from photogrammetric data, satellite image data, laser scanning data, cartographic data sources, and ground surveys though accurate is expensive, timeconsuming and require skilled personnel. This paper describes a low cost means to generate DTMs where elevation data is not readily available in digital form and when the accuracy of the output is not a dominant factor. The existence of large volumes of hardcopy topographic maps provides a source of primary input in the form of contours which can be digitised and used for DTM generation purposes. This research therefore aims at generating DTMs within a GIS environment using elevations digitized from topographical maps. That is, a geographic information system (GIS) based approach is presented for the development of a terrain model. After digitizing contours and points along contours from a topographic map, various interpolation algorithms were used to generate DTMs and their accuracies in terms of root mean square errors were assessed. The resulting surface model provides a good representation of the general landscape and contains additional detail information (such as slope, aspect, cross-sections, volumes, hillslope) to describe, evaluate and quantify terrain properties. Also, if the digital contours are geo-referenced, they can be readily integrated into existing GIS for 3D surface visualization and spatial analysis. Results of surface analysis (intervisibility analysis) are presented and among other applications, the DTMs proved useful in surface analysis.