Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Development of the magnetic tunnel junction MRAM at IBM: From first junctions to a 16-Mb MRAM demonstrator chip

This paper reviews the remarkable developments of the magnetic tunnel junction over the last decade and in particular, work aimed at demonstrating its potential for a dense, fast, and nonvolatile random access memory. The initial focus is on the technological roots of the magnetic tunnel junction, and then on the recent progress made with engineered materials for this device. Following that, we discuss the development of the magnetic random access memory (MRAM) technology, in which the magnetic tunnel junction serves as both the storage device and the storage sensing device. The emphasis is on work at IBM, including demonstrations of basic capabilities of the technology and work on a 16-Mb "product demonstrator" design in 180-nm node technology, which was targeted to be a realistic test bed for the MRAM technology. Performance and cost are compared with those of competing technologies. The paper also serves as an introduction to more specialized papers in this issue on MRAM device physics, magnetic tunnel junction materials and device characterization, MRAM processing, and MRAM design.
Consistency , accuracy and entropic behaviour of remeshed particle methods

In this paper we analyse the consistency, the accuracy and some entropy properties of particle methods with remeshing in the case of a scalar one-dimensional conservation law. As in [7] we re-write particle methods with remeshing in the finite-difference formalism. This allow us to prove the consistency of these methods, and accuracy properties related to the accuracy of interpolation kernels. Cottet and Magni devised recently in [5] and [19] TVD remeshing schemes for particle methods. We extend these results to the non linear case with arbitrary velocity sign. We present numerical results obtained with these new TVD particle methods for the Euler equations in the case of the Sod shock tube. Then we prove that with these new TVD remeshing schemes the particle methods converge toward the entropy solution of the scalar conservation law. Key-words: particle methods with remeshing, interpolation kernels, consistency, truncation error, entropic inequalities, total variation, limiters, convergence. ∗ Univ. Bordeaux, IMB, UMR 5251, F-33400 Talence, France. CNRS, IMB, UMR 5251, F-33400 Talence, France. INRIA, F-33400 Talence, France. † Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann, Universit Joseph Fourier, 51 rue des Mathmatiques, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France in ria -0 06 31 07 6, v er si on 1 11 O ct 2 01 1 Consistency, accuracy and entropic behaviour of remeshed particle methods Résumé : Nous analysons la consistance, la précision et certaines propriétés entropiques des méthodes particulaires avec remaillage dans le cas d’une loi de conservation scalaire monodimensionnelle. Comme dans [7] nous ré-écrivons les méthodes de ce type dans le formalisme des différences finies. Cela nous permet de montrer leur consistance ainsi que des propriétés de précision liées à la précision des noyaux d’interpolation utilisés. Cottet et Magni ont introduit récemment dans [5] et [19] des techniques de remaillage TVD pour les méthodes particulaires. Nous étendons ces résultats au cas non linéaire avec signe de la vitesse quelconque. Nous présentons ensuite des résultats numériques obtenus avec ces nouveaux schémas pour les équations d’Euler dans le cas du tube à choc de Sod. Puis nous montrons que les schémas particulaires obtenus avec ces techniques de remaillage TVD convergent vers l’unique solution entropique de la loi de conservation scalaire considérée. Mots-clés : méthodes particulaires avec remaillage, noyaux d’interpolation, consistance, erreur de troncature, inégalités entropiques, variation totale, limiteurs, convergence. in ria -0 06 31 07 6, v er si on 1 11 O ct 2 01 1 Consistency, accuracy and entropic behaviour of remeshed particle methods 3
Comparison between Linear Chromosomes in Terms of Duplicate Genes: Implication of Whole Genome Duplication in Yeast

Satoshi Fukuchi1 sfukuchi@lab.nig. ac.jp Ken Nishikawa1 knishika@genes.nig. ac.jp Katsuhisa Horimoto2 horimoto@post.saga-med.ac.jp 1 Laboratory for Gene -Product Informatics , The Center for Information Biology and DNA Data Bank of Japan, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima 4118540, Shizuoka, Japan 2 Laboratory of Mathematics , Saga Medical School, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan
The shaping of pre-service teachers’ professional knowledge base through assessments

ABSTRACT Today teachers and their professional knowledge base have become important, since knowledge has become a pivotal aspect of modern society. This study investigates the shaping of pre-service teachers’ knowledge base by studying the assessment practice in teacher education programmes for primary level teachers. The analytical focus lies on pedagogic discourses and what skills and competencies are legitimized in and through the assessment tasks. The results show that Swedish primary school pre-service teachers are primarily trained to work with subject didactics, and focus is placed on being able to plan, carry out, and evaluate teaching in light of descriptive and normative learning theories, as well as the current curricula. One possible effect of this strong subject didactic focus is that teachers are not sufficiently trained to critically analyse the conditions determining their work, especially in view of current global and local policy trends.
Prognostic Analysis of Histopathological Images Using Pre-Trained Convolutional Neural Networks

Background Histopathological images contain rich phenotypic descriptions of the molecular processes underlying disease progression. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs), a state-of-the-art image analysis technique in computer vision, automatically learns representative features from such images which can be useful for disease diagnosis, prognosis, and subtyping. Despite hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) being the sixth most common type of primary liver malignancy with a high mortality rate, little previous work has made use of CNN models to delineate the importance of histopathological images in diagnosis and clinical survival of HCC. Results We applied three pre-trained CNN models – VGG 16, Inception V3, and ResNet 50 – to extract features from HCC histopathological images. The visualization and classification showed clear separation between cancer and normal samples using image features. In a univariate Cox regression analysis, 21.4% and 16% of image features on average were significantly associated with overall survival and disease-free survival, respectively. We also observed significant correlations between these features and integrated biological pathways derived from gene expression and copy number variation. Using an elastic net regularized CoxPH model of overall survival, we obtained a concordance index (C-index) of 0.789 and a significant log-rank test (p = 7.6E-18) after applying Inception image features. We also performed unsupervised classification to identify HCC subgroups from image features. The optimal two subgroups discovered using Inception image features were significantly associated with both overall (C-index = 0.628 and p = 7.39E-07) and disease-free survival (C-index =0.558 and p = 0.012). Our results suggest the feasibility of feature extraction using pre-trained models, as well as the utility of the resulting features to build an accurate prognosis model of HCC and highlight significant correlations with clinical survival and biological pathways. Conclusions The image features extracted from HCC histopathological images using the pre-trained CNN models VGG 16, Inception V3 and ResNet 50 can accurately distinguish normal and cancer samples. Furthermore, these image features are significantly correlated with relevant biological outcomes.
Adaptive Multicell 3D Beamforming in Multi-Antenna Cellular Networks

We consider a cellular network with multi-antenna base stations (BSs) and single-antenna users, multicell cooperation, imperfect channel state information, and directional antennas each with a vertically adjustable beam. We investigate the impact of the elevation angle of the BS antenna pattern, denoted as tilt, on the performance of the considered network when employing either a conventional single-cell transmission or a fully cooperative multicell transmission. Using the results of this investigation, we propose a novel hybrid multicell cooperation technique in which the intercell interference is controlled via either cooperative beamforming in the horizontal plane or coordinated beamfroming in the vertical plane of the wireless channel, denoted as adaptive multicell 3D beamforming. The main idea is to divide the coverage area into two disjoint vertical regions and adapt the multicell cooperation strategy at the BSs when serving each region. A fair scheduler is used to share the time-slots between the vertical regions. It is shown that the proposed technique can achieve performance comparable to that of a fully cooperative transmission but with a significantly lower complexity and signaling requirements. To make the performance analysis computationally efficient, analytical expressions for the user ergodic rates under different beamforming strategies are also derived.
The Balance between Plasmacytoid DC versus Conventional DC Determines Pulmonary Immunity to Virus Infections

Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infects nearly all infants by age 2 and is a leading cause of bronchiolitis. RSV may employ several mechanisms to induce immune dysregulation, including dendritic cell (DC) modulation during the immune response to RSV. Methods and Findings Expansion of cDC and pDC by Flt3L treatment promoted an anti-viral response with reduced pathophysiology characterized by decreased airway hyperreactivity, reduced Th2 cytokines, increased Th1 cytokines, and a reduction in airway inflammation and mucus overexpression. These protective aspects of DC expansion could be completely reversed by depleting pDCs during the RSV infection. Expansion of DCs by Flt3L treatment enhanced in CD8+ T cell responses, which was reversed by depletion of pDC. Conclusions These results indicate that a balance between cDC and pDC in the lung and its lymph nodes is crucial for the outcome of a pulmonary infection. Increased pDC numbers induced by Flt3L treatment have a protective impact on the nature of the overall immune environment.
An improved GAC model for lip contour detection

An improved model for lip contour detection is proposed in this paper, which incorporates prior shape information into geometric active contours (GAC). A new shape energy function dependent on the prior shape information is used in GAC with prior shape. And the external energy function used in this model, is depending on the information of the image gradient. Therefore, the boundary of object can be captured either by higher magnitude of the image gradient or by the minimum dissimilar between the evolutive shape and the average prior shape. Experiments on mouth images show that the accuracy improvement of the shape contour detection using GAC with prior shape is nearly 11% over GAC.
A geometrical approach to literary text analysis

It has been often noticed that computer based literary critics is still relying on studies of concordances as traditionally intended since the 13th century. All the intermediate digital representations (storage, indexes, data structures or records) are not capitalized although they can play the role of a new literary "monster" (like the Cheiron centaur) as a new meaningful, artistic and hermeneutic macro unit. It is indeed true that the digital representation, its metadata and its digital derivatives (e.g. indexes, parse trees, semantic references to external dictionaries) are new and more complex forms of "concordances" and should be used by the literary scholar in cooperation with the original content. New processes of narrative analysis should thus take all of this into account by exploiting the fruitful interactions among the parts of the monster within suitable software architectures (that are thus more complex than digital archives/catalogs). In the Natural Language Processing research community, a wide range of computational methods have been successfully applied to information and document management, spanning from text categorization and information extraction, to ontology leaning, text mining and automatic semantic markup. Although these techniques are mostly applied to technical texts in application-driven contexts, their application range could be expanded to encompass a larger typology of texts, thereby gaining new powerful insights for the analysis of literary text content and paving the way for new experiments and forms of text hermeneutics. The development of language resources in this area is also rather limited and more interdisciplinary research is needed to open the field to realistic and effective applications. The long term research enterprise in this field should aim to design novel paradigms for literary studies that are: • more information-centered, as they work at a higher level of abstraction • interactive with the scholar, as the software is proactive with respect to the literary work • multifunctional and integrated as they support incremental refinement of internal knowledge of the opera along with more interaction with the expert takes place. This workshop aims to gather studies, achievements and experiences from scholars belonging to different schools (literary studies, linguistics, computing technologies, artificial intelligence, human-computer interaction) in order to survey, compare and assess currently independent research enterprises whose focus is narrative and literary text analysis. The aim is to discuss at which extent the textual evidences currently observable through digital technologies can support the computational treatment of narrative and literary phenomena. Results in these …
Event identification based on the information map-INFOMAP

We present a knowledge representation scheme, INFOMAP, together with a mechanism that matches the event of a natural language sentence with part of the domain ontology in the INFOMAP The design of this scheme is to facilitate both human browsing and computer processing of the domain ontology. INFOMAP is also a knowledge framework designed to facilitate knowledge sharing by different application systems. We constructed a question answering, system to demonstrate the power of INFOMAP. When the QA-system receives a user's query, it will extract the corresponding events or scripts based on the ontology in INFOMAP The understanding of a question involves extracting such information as the question type, the question subject, the question condition and the question context A dialogue on the question is triggered at the same time to guide the user to retrieve more relevant information.
The role of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in ram pressure stripped disk galaxies

Ram pressure stripping, i.e. the removal of a galaxy’s gas disk due to its motion through the intracluster medium of a galaxy cluster, appears to be a common phenomenon. Not every galaxy, however, is completely stripped of its gas disk. If the ram pressure is insufficiently strong, only the outer parts of the gas disk are removed, and the inner gas disk is retained by the galaxy. One example of such a case is the Virgo spiral NGC 4402. Observations of NGC 4402 (Crowl et al. 2005, AJ, 130, 65) reveal structures at the leading edge of the gas disk, which resemble the characteristic finger-like structures produced by the Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability. We argue, however, that the RT instability is unlikely to be responsible for these structures. We demonstrate that the conditions under which a galaxy’s disk gas experiences ram pressure stripping are identical to those that lead to RT instability. If the galaxy’s gravity prevents ram pressure stripping of the inner disk, it also prevents the RT instability. In contrast, the stripped gas could still be subject to RT instability, and we discuss consequences for the stripped gas.
Courses for engineers considering the age of virtual engineering

Engineering for products has been changed dramatically. In the leading industries, the conventional way of engineering will be over soon. Engineers define products in large teams including high number of fully integrated subsidiaries in virtual product information environments at leading industries. Virtual engineering systems accumulate knowledge and engineering results for decades of experience. During product definition engineers can not decide results those break previously verified results or a minimum level of knowledge. Engineers are faced with computing intelligence and high level verified knowledge in product representations. Result of engineering work is based on proven verified solutions and it is accumulated in product model. While this new situation urges change for an absolutely new way of higher education in engineering, the knowledge intensive environment provided by virtual engineering systems is a fantastic new possibility for the establishment courses to fulfill the new demands in engineering. In this paper, first the new scenario of virtual engineering is characterized. Following this, a possible way for course management in the new environment is conceptualized. Finally, implementation of virtual engineering in higher education courses is discussed and connection with existing product lifecycle management (PLM) systems is outlined.
A workflow for mathematical modeling of subcellular metabolic pathways in leaf metabolism of Arabidopsis thaliana

During the last decade genome sequencing has experienced a rapid technological development resulting in numerous sequencing projects and applications in life science. In plant molecular biology, the availability of sequence data on whole genomes has enabled the reconstruction of metabolic networks. Enzymatic reactions are predicted by the sequence information. Pathways arise due to the participation of chemical compounds as substrates and products in these reactions. Although several of these comprehensive networks have been reconstructed for the genetic model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the integration of experimental data is still challenging. Particularly the analysis of subcellular organization of plant cells limits the understanding of regulatory instances in these metabolic networks in vivo. In this study, we develop an approach for the functional integration of experimental high-throughput data into such large-scale networks. We present a subcellular metabolic network model comprising 524 metabolic intermediates and 548 metabolic interactions derived from a total of 2769 reactions. We demonstrate how to link the metabolite covariance matrix of different Arabidopsis thaliana accessions with the subcellular metabolic network model for the inverse calculation of the biochemical Jacobian, finally resulting in the calculation of a matrix which satisfies a Lyaponov equation. In this way, different strategies of metabolite compartmentation and involved reactions were identified in the accessions when exposed to low temperature.
The Meandering Current Mobility Model and its Impact on Underwater Mobile Sensor Networks

Underwater mobile acoustic sensor networks are promising tools for the exploration of the oceans. These networks require new robust solutions for fundamental issues such as: localization service for data tagging and networking protocols for communication. All these tasks are closely related with connectivity, coverage and deployment of the network. A realistic mobility model that can capture the physical movement of the sensor nodes with ocean currents gives better understanding on the above problems. In this paper, we propose a novel physically-inspired mobility model which is representative of underwater environments. We study how the model affects a range-based localization protocol, and its impact on the coverage and connectivity of the network under different deployment scenarios.
PASSAGEIROS DA NOITE - DO TRABALHO PARA A EJA: ITINERÁRIOS PELO DIREITO A UMA VIDA JUSTA

P ublicado no fim de 2017 pela editora Vozes, Passageiros da Noite – do Trabalho para a EJA: Itinerários pelo Direito a uma Vida Justa narra o percurso de milhões de trabalhadores jovens e adultos que lutam pelo direito à educação, na especificidade de seu tempo humano de vida e de formação (ARROYO, 2017). Usando a analogia da viagem de ônibus realizada por trabalhadores, depois de horas e horas de trabalho ou da busca por ele, a obra examina aqueles que, antes de chegarem a suas casas para o merecido descanso, apostam na parada na escola em busca de algo que lhes permita uma vida justa. Durante todo o percurso da leitura, depara-se com concepções caras à educação libertadora como direito, que contribui para o conhecimento de outros direitos garantidores da vida justa, talhada em processos de humanização. A linguagem é simples, objetiva e familiar aos que estudam o problema da humanização-desumanização, reconhecendo esse binômio como realidade histórica, reafirmando a necessidade de formação inicial e continuada para acompanhar tal problema em sua radicalidade e, ao mesmo tempo, reconhecendo os sujeitos.
Semantic Completely Preprocessing for Deep Web Queries Translation

Local schemas embedded in query interfaces of Deep Web are partial of database schemas. However, local schemas are extracted incompletely form query interfaces coded by semi-structure programming language. Some key attributes missed lead to form incompletely semantic queries. To tackle the problem, a semantic completely preprocessing for queries is presented based on Ontology instrument and instance information in the query interface. Instance information are extracted and attached to right attributes and can be used to instantiate some semantic meaningless attributes playing an important roles in schemas. By generating semantic completely queries, the information in Deep Web can be accessed. The precision and recall of query translation is improved by instance information in a certain extent.
Antimicrobial Use, Human Gut Microbiota and Clostridium difficile Colonization and Infection

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the most important cause of nosocomial diarrhea. Broad-spectrum antimicrobials have profound detrimental effects on the structure and diversity of the indigenous intestinal microbiota. These alterations often impair colonization resistance, allowing the establishment and proliferation of C. difficile in the gut. Studies involving animal models have begun to decipher the precise mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiota mediates colonization resistance against C. difficile and numerous investigations have described gut microbiota alterations associated with C. difficile colonization or infection in human subjects. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a highly effective approach for the treatment of recurrent CDI that allows the restoration of a healthy intestinal ecosystem via infusion of fecal material from a healthy donor. The recovery of the intestinal microbiota after FMT has been examined in a few reports and work is being done to develop custom bacterial community preparations that could be used as a replacement for fecal material.