Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identifying semantically equivalent object fragments

We describe a novel technique for identifying semantically equivalent parts in images belonging to the same object class, (e.g. eyes, license plates, aircraft wings etc.). The visual appearance of such object parts can differ substantially, and therefore, traditional image similarity-based methods are inappropriate for this task. The technique we propose is based on the use of common context. We first retrieve context fragments, which consistently appear together with a given input fragment in a stable geometric relation. We then use the context fragments in new images to infer the most likely position of equivalent parts. Given a set of image examples of objects in a class, the method can automatically learn the part structure of the domain - identify the main parts, and how their appearance changes across objects in the class. Two applications of the proposed algorithm are shown: the detection and identification of object parts and object recognition.
Explaining Residential Investment over the Business Cycle : The Importance of Information and Collateral Constraints

In U.S. business cycles, residential investment differs from consumption and business investment in two respects. First, residential investment leads GDP while business investment lags and consumption coincides with GDP. Second, residential investment is more volatile than consumption and business investment. The literature attempts to account for these two features, but does so with limited success. This paper is an attempt to account for these two features of residential investment dynamics. To do this, I develop a DSGE model. In the model, I make two distinctive assumptions. First, agents face collateral constraints. Second, agents receive a signal about TFP one period in advance. In a partial equilibrium analysis where interest rates are fixed, when agents receive positive signals, they want to increase current consumption, including housing consumption, to inter-temporally smooth consumption. Because the income of agents does not increase, they must dissave in order to make most of their purchases. If they extend their houses, they can borrow against their house through mortgages based on the value of their house. As a result, agents purchase housing more than other consumption goods because they are bound by collateral constraints. This is the income effect of a positive signal. Through this mechanism, the model can generate the result that residential investment leads consumption and GDP. In a general equilibrium analysis where interest rates are endogenous, in the event of good news, the income effect dominates and residential investment still leads consumption and GDP, despite the expectation of a higher rate of return on business capital. Furthermore, residential investment increases more than business investment in response to a positive signal. This occurs because poorer agents borrow more and purchase more housing. Savings from wealthy agents are used to finance this increased borrowing. This process leads to a reallocation from business investment to residential investment. Through these mechanisms, the model can generate the lead-lag relationship observed in data and the relatively high volatility of residential investment.
Dynamic voting for consistent primary components

Distributed applications often use quorums in order to guarantee consistency. With emerging world-wide communication technology, many new applications (e.g., conferencing applications and interactive games) wish to allow users to freely join and leave, without restarting the entire system. The dynamic voting paradigm allows such systems to define quorums adaptively, accounting for the changes in the set of participants. Rrrthermore, dynamic voting was proven to be the most available parad@rn for maintaining quorums in unreliable networks. However, the subtleties of implementing dynamic voting were not well understood; in fact, many of the suggested protocols may lead to inconsistencies in case of failur~. Other protocols severely limit the availability in case failures occur during the protocol. In this paper we present a robust and efficient dynamic voting protocol for unreliable asynchronous networks. The proto;ol consistently maintains the primary component in a distributed system. Our protocol allows the system to make progress in cases of repetitive failures in which previously suggested protocols block. The protocol is simple to implement, and-its communication requirements are small.
Data dissemination in the wild: A testbed for high-mobility MANETs

This paper investigates the problem of efficient data dissemination in Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) with high mobility. A testbed is presented; which provides a high degree of mobility in experiments. The testbed consists of 10 autonomous robots with mobile phones mounted on them. The mobile phones form an IEEE 802.11g ad hoc network to communicate with each other. A dynamic network topology is assumed, where the mobile devices form a cooperative cluster in order to exchange data packets among each other. In our multimedia exchange scenario, the initial state is that one device carries all information, and the goal is to convey that information to all devices. A strategy is proposed that uses UDP broadcast transmissions and random linear network coding to facilitate the efficient exchange of information in the network. An application is introduced that implements this strategy on Nokia phones. The measurement results collected from the testbed are presented, and the performance of the proposed strategy is compared to a reference strategy that is based on TCP unicast connections.
Solving inverse problems with overcomplete transforms and convex optimization techniques

Many algorithms have been proposed during the last decade in order to deal with inverse problems. Of particular interest are convex optimization approaches that consist of minimizing a criteria generally composed of two terms: a data fidelity (linked to noise) term and a prior (regularization) term. As image properties are often easier to extract in a transform domain, frame representations may be fruitful. Potential functions are then chosen as priors to fit as well as possible empirical coefficient distributions. As a consequence, the minimization problem can be considered from two viewpoints: a minimization along the coefficients or along the image pixels directly. Some recently proposed iterative optimization algorithms can be easily implemented when the frame representation reduces to an orthonormal basis. Furthermore, it can be noticed that in this particular case, it is equivalent to minimize the criterion in the transform domain or in the image domain. However, much attention should be paid when an overcomplete representation is considered. In that case, there is no longer equivalence between coefficient and image domain minimization. This point will be developed throughout this paper. Moreover, we will discuss how the choice of the transform may influence parameters and operators necessary to implement algorithms.
PASSIVE TRANSFER OF TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNITY

Passive transfer of homograft immunity was successfully achieved by injection of the supernatant obtained from tissue-sensitized lymphoid cells disrupted by sonic vibration. The effective substance destroyed specific skin homografts within 6 days but did not reject non-specific skin grafts in this time. No evidence of transferred antigen or of transfer factor was found when the effective material was passed to irradiated recipients carrying test grafts. By a variety of physiochemical procedures the "soluble substance" behaved like a gamma globulin and was considered to be a transplantation antibody.
Epigenetics, ethics, law and society: A multidisciplinary review of descriptive, instrumental, dialectical and reflexive analyses

Epigenetics, defined as ‘the study of mitotically and/or meiotically heritable changes in gene function that cannot be explained by changes in DNA sequence’, has emerged as a promissory yet controversial field of scientific inquiry over the past decade. Scholars from many disciplines have formulated both optimistic and cautionary claims regarding its potential normative implications. This article provides a comprehensive review of the nascent literature at the crossroads of epigenetics, ethics, law and society. It describes nine emerging areas of discussion, relating to (1) the impact of epigenetics on the nature versus nurture dualism, (2) the potential resulting biologization of the social, (3) the meaning of epigenetics for public health, its potential influence on (4) reproduction and parenting, (5) political theory and (6) legal proceedings, and concerns regarding (7) stigmatization and discrimination, (8) privacy protection and (9) knowledge translation. While there is some degree of similarity between the nature and content of these areas and the abundant literature on ethical, legal and social issues in genetics, the potential implications of epigenetics ought not be conflated with the latter. Critical studies on epigenetics are emerging within a separate space of bioethical and biopolitical investigations and claims, with scholars from various epistemological standpoints utilizing distinct yet complementary analytical approaches.
Modelling the Effect of Depression on Working Memory

Individuals with depression are prone to engaging in rumination, a process in which attention turns inwards to narrowlyfocused, negative patterns of thought, at the cost of attending to a task. Other core deficits associated with depression are weaker inhibition of information that is no longer relevant, and a negative perceptual bias. Here, we present a computational cognitive model that uses these mechanisms to explain performance on an n-back task in which the stimuli are faces with different emotional expressions, and in which depressed participants exhibit specific impairments. These impairments are explained by assuming that depressed participants selectively elaborate on sad items as they are removed from working memory, and that they have a perceptual bias towards sad faces. In this way, by specifying a mechanism by which performance impairments come about, the model helps to provide a deeper understanding of the cognitive processes underlying behaviour.
Combining Brains: A Survey of Methods for Statistical Pooling of Information

More than one subject is scanned in a typical functional brain imaging experiment. How can the scientist make best use of the acquired data to map the specific areas of the brain that become active during the performance of different tasks? It is clear that we can gain both scientific and statistical power by pooling the images from multiple subjects; furthermore, for the comparison of groups of subjects (clinical patients vs healthy controls, children of different ages, left-handed people vs right-handed people, as just some examples), it is essential to have a "group map" to represent each population and to form the basis of a statistical test. While the importance of combining images for these purposes has been recognized, there has not been an organized attempt on the part of neuroscientists to understand the different statistical approaches to this problem, which have various strengths and weaknesses. In this paper we review some popular methods for combining information, and demonstrate the surveyed techniques on a sample data set. Given a combination of brain images, the researcher needs to interpret the result and decide on areas of activation; the question of thresholding is critical here and is also explored.
Parent-Of-Origin Effects in Autism Identified through Genome-Wide Linkage Analysis of 16,000 SNPs

Background Autism is a common heritable neurodevelopmental disorder with complex etiology. Several genome-wide linkage and association scans have been carried out to identify regions harboring genes related to autism or autism spectrum disorders, with mixed results. Given the overlap in autism features with genetic abnormalities known to be associated with imprinting, one possible reason for lack of consistency would be the influence of parent-of-origin effects that may mask the ability to detect linkage and association. Methods and Findings We have performed a genome-wide linkage scan that accounts for potential parent-of-origin effects using 16,311 SNPs among families from the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE) and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) autism repository. We report parametric (GH, Genehunter) and allele-sharing linkage (Aspex) results using a broad spectrum disorder case definition. Paternal-origin genome-wide statistically significant linkage was observed on chromosomes 4 (LODGH = 3.79, empirical p<0.005 and LODAspex = 2.96, p = 0.008), 15 (LODGH = 3.09, empirical p<0.005 and LODAspex = 3.62, empirical p = 0.003) and 20 (LODGH = 3.36, empirical p<0.005 and LODAspex = 3.38, empirical p = 0.006). Conclusions These regions may harbor imprinted sites associated with the development of autism and offer fruitful domains for molecular investigation into the role of epigenetic mechanisms in autism.
Exploiting Emotive Features for the Sentiment Polarity Classification of tweets

English. This paper describes the CoLing Lab system for the participation in the constrained run of the EVALITA 2016 SENTIment POLarity Classification Task (Barbieri et al., 2016). The system extends the approach in (Passaro et al., 2014) with emotive features extracted from ItEM (Passaro et al., 2015; Passaro and Lenci, 2016) and FB-NEWS15 (Passaro et al., 2016). Italiano. Questo articolo descrive il sistema sviluppato all’interno del CoLing Lab per la partecipazione al task di EVALITA 2016 SENTIment POLarity Classification Task (Barbieri et al., 2016). Il sistema estende l’approccio descritto in (Passaro et al., 2014) con una serie di features emotive estratte da ItEM (Passaro et al., 2015; Passaro and Lenci, 2016) and FB-NEWS15 (Passaro et al., 2016).
Locality and Applications to Subsumption Testing in EL and Some of its Extensions

In this paper we show that subsumption problems in the description logics EL and EL can be expressed as uniform word problems in classes of semilattices with monotone operators. We use possibilities of efficient local reasoning in such classes of algebras, to obtain uniform PTIME decision procedures for TBox and CBox subsumption in EL and EL. These locality considerations allow us to present a new family of (possibly many-sorted) logics which extend EL and EL with n-ary roles and/or numerical domains.
Productive Consumption and Growth in Developing Countries * November 1997

Productive consumption enables the satisfaction of current needs and, at the same time, increases the productive potential of labour. Theoretical as well as empirical evidence suggests that productive consumption is primarily relevant to low-income countries. From the perspective of growth theory, the productive consumption hypothesis is of fundamental interest because it modifies the "harsh" intertemporal consumption trade-off traditionally assumed. The analysis of the productive consumption hypothesis within a simple endogenous growth model reveals the following implications: (a) the possibility of a poverty-trap, (b) the rule of optimal consumption turns into a modified Keynes-Ramsey rule, (c) the (effective) IES is not only based on preferences but in addition on the technological possibilities to enhance human capital due to productive consumption, (d) a rising saving rate, and (e) transitional dynamics to an asymptotic balanced growth equilibrium.
Formal Verification for SpaceWire Communication Protocol Based on Environment State Machine

SpaceWire is a high-speed, full-duplex serial bus standard which is mainly used in the aerospace and other harsh environment, requiring high reliability. The traditional verification methods ,such as simulation and test, are not complete. In this paper, we present our experience on the model checking of data flow control of SpaceWire using the SMV tool. Formal verification is hard to regulate the input variables and some complex properties cannot be directly described with temporal logic, we applied environment state machine and intermediate variables to solve this problem and verify the related properties of the data flow control module, overcoming the incompleteness of the traditional methods.
vanA Gene Cluster in a Vancomycin-Resistant Clinical Isolate of Bacillus circulans

ABSTRACT We report on the cloning and sequencing of the vanAgene cluster present in the glycopeptide-resistant clinical isolateBacillus circulans VR0709 (R. Fontana, M. Ligozzi, C. Pedrotti, E. M. Padovani, and G. Cornaglia, Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 16:473–474, 1997). The presence of avanA-related gene in VR0709 was demonstrated in a PCR assay which permitted the specific amplification of an internal segment ofvanA. Southern blotting suggested that the vanAgene was located in the chromosome in a 7.6-kb EcoRI fragment. DNA sequence analysis revealed the presence of all seven genes of the vanA cluster (vanR,vanS, vanH, vanA, vanX,vanY, and vanZ). The degree of identity between homologous proteins encoded by Tn1546 and the chromosome ofB. circulans VR0709 ranged from 87 to 95%. Neither PCR nor Southern blotting with specific primers and probes, respectively, showed the presence of open reading frames (ORFs) 1 and 2 which encode the transposase and the resolvase of Tn1546, respectively, the transposon found to carry the vanA gene cluster in enterococci. Determination of the sequences of the flanking regions of the van gene cluster of B. circulans revealed perfect inverted repeats of 10 bp which delineated a 9.2-kb region containing the van gene cluster and an ORF which encoded a putative protein (178 residues) which displayed a low level of identity (28%) to the resolvase of Tn1546. These results suggest that glycopeptide resistance in B. circulans VR0709 is associated with the acquisition of a vanA gene cluster which shows a high degree of homology with that of enterococci. InB. circulans, however, the cluster is not carried by Tn1546 and is borne by the chromosome.
On the Early History of the Singular Value Decomposition

This paper surveys the contributions of five mathematicians—Eugenio Beltrami (1835–1899), Camille Jordan (1838–1921), James Joseph Sylvester (1814–1897), Erhard Schmidt (1876–1959), and Hermann Weyl (1885–1955)—who were responsible for establishing the existence of the singular value decomposition and developing its theory.
Inverse dynamics for 3D upper limb movements : a critical evaluation from electromagnetic 6D data obtained in quadriplegic patients.

C6 quadriplegic patients lose the ability to use their triceps, but the arm flexors remain intact. However, they are still able to extend the elbow. A previous kinematics study showed that their pointing movements were very similar to those of healthy subjects. We make the hypothesis that the triceps is more likely to be used to ensure elbow stiffness than to provide an active elbow extensor torque. Thus, this study aims at revealing the dynamics of arm pointing movements in quadriplegic patients. We modelled the upper limb from kinematics data acquired from an electromagnetic motion capture device. Inverse dynamics was used to calculate joint torques. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess model reliability. We tested the influence of systematic errors in acquisition data and reconstruction errors. Analysis showed mild sensitivity of the joint torque to errors of position or orientation of the sensors and to orientation of the reconstructed segments. However, we could not reliably decompose the total moment at the elbow into the joint coordination system in order to calculate the flexor-extensor moment. Sensitivity analysis proved that inverse dynamics models could be useful in assessing unconstrained 3D upper limb movements. This study emphasises the limits of electromagnetic devices, but suggest ways to improve the recording method, which will have to be validated by further studies evaluating the degree and shape of systematic errors.
Association Between Institutional Factors and Long‐Term Survival Following Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is a procedure designed to treat portal hypertension. Hospital teaching status is an institutional factor found to be predictive of outcomes following several complex procedures; however, its impact on outcomes following TIPS is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the association between hospital teaching status and long‐term survival in patients with cirrhosis receiving TIPS. We performed a retrospective population‐based cohort study using linked administrative health data from Ontario, Canada. Adult patients with cirrhosis who received TIPS between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 2016, with follow‐up until December 31, 2017, were included. Hospital teaching status was defined based on hospital participation in the instruction of medical students and/or resident physicians. Liver transplant‐free (LTF) survival was evaluated using Kaplan‐Meier analysis, and overall survival was assessed using competing risks regression analysis, which accounted for hospital clustering. A total of 857 unique patients were included (mean age 57.1 years; 69.1% male). The TIPS procedures were performed in teaching hospitals (84.3%) as well as nonteaching hospitals (15.7%). Median LTF survival was more than twice as long for procedures performed in teaching hospitals compared to nonteaching hospitals (2.2 years versus 0.9 year, respectively; P < 0.001). After adjusting for confounders and clustering, hospital teaching status was not independently associated with mortality (nonteaching subdistribution hazard ratio [sHR], 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97‐1.81; P = 0.08); however, annual hospital procedure volume was (per unit increase sHR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93‐0.99; P = 0.003). Conclusion: Hospital procedure volume is associated with long‐term survival following TIPS. These results further support the centralization of TIPS to high‐volume hospitals to improve long‐term outcomes in this population.
The Relationship between Perceived Parental Control and Internet Addiction: A Cross-sectional study among Adolescents

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between parental psychological and behavioral control which the adolescents perceived from their parents and internet addiction. It employed relational survey model and was carried out with the participation of a total of 356 students (female=205, male=151) aged 14-18. Correlation and regression analyses were utilized to determine the level and direction of the relationship between their perceived parental psychological and behavioral control, and internet addiction. The results yielded a positive, medium-level and meaningful relation between them. It was found that parental psychological control explained nearly 18% of the total variance in internet addiction and mothers are perceived as significantly more psychologically controlling in internet addiction than fathers. Also, the relationship between parental behavioral control and the level of adolescents’ internet addiction was found negative and non-significant. Consequently, it was noted that perceived parental psychological control was effective in adolescents’ internet addiction tendencies, whereas behavioral control did not produce such effect.