Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Malware detection using augmented naive Bayes with domain knowledge and under presence of class noise

Malicious software (malware) attacks on the internet are on the rise in frequency and sophistication. Malware detection based on its content can detect malware more accurate because it relies on screening the payload for known malware signatures. New malware variants still exhibit prevalent contents that can be detected by looking at fixed substrings especially when using n-grams and machine learning technique. This paper focuses on detecting malware based on content classification technique that is augmented with domain knowledge (Snort signatures) to abridge features set and improve detection accuracy. Using 15 days dataset, the generated naive Bayes model with domain knowledge using the most descriptive 91,127 features shows the lowest false negative (around 2%). However, the presence of class noise has a significant impact on the results, even for machine learning technique augmented with domain knowledge.
State and Regional Differences in the Male-to-Female Ratio at Birth in the United States of America, 1995-2012.

Introduction In humans, live male births slightly exceed females and this ratio is conventionally expressed as male live births divided by total live births (M/F). A wide variety of factors have been shown to influence M/F including latitude, stress, socio-economic status and race. This study was carried out in order to ascertain whether there are differences in M/F in different states and in different geographical regions in the United States of America (USA). Methods Annual live births by gender for the period 1995-2012 were obtained from the website of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. These were grouped according to the four regions devised by the United States Census Bureau, Geography Division. Results This study encompassed 52 601 559 live births for the period 1995-2012 (M/F: 0.5117; 95% CL: 0.5116, 0.5118). Southern states tended to have a lower male-to-female ratio. Hawaii had a high M/F (p < 0.0001). The male-to-female ratio for the South region was significantly less (p = 0.004). This region had the highest proportion of Black mothers. Conclusion The high Hawaiian M/F is in keeping with Micronesian island findings. The M/F latitude gradient accords with that previously noted in the USA. Historically, Blacks have been shown to have a lower M/F than other races. Long-term stress related to maternal socio-economic status has also been shown to influence M/F, and Blacks are known to be disadvantaged to this day. It is possible that the low M/F historically noted in this race may be due to chronically poor socio-economic circumstances.
Agent based Tools for Modeling and Simulation of Self-Organization in Peer-to-Peer, Ad-Hoc and other Complex Networks

Agent-based modeling and simulation tools provide a mature platform for development of complex simulations. They however, have not been applied much in the domain of mainstream modeling and simulation of computer networks. In this article, we evaluate how and if these tools can offer any value-addition in the modeling & simulation of complex networks such as pervasive computing, large-scale peer-to-peer systems, and networks involving considerable environment and human/animal/habitat interaction. Specifically, we demonstrate the effectiveness of NetLogo - a tool that has been widely used in the area of agent-based social simulation.
Foodborne outbreaks caused by salmonella in Italy, 1991–4

SUMMARY This report summarizes studies on 1699 foodborne outbreaks, in Italy, reported to the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS) (the National Institute of Health of Italy, Rome) during the period 1991–4. The most frequently reported foodborne outbreaks were caused by salmonellae (81%), in particular by Salmonella enteritidis and non-serotyped group D salmonella (34% and 33% of the total salmonella outbreaks, respectively). A vehicle was implicated in 69% of the salmonella outbreaks; eggs were implicated in 77% of the outbreaks for which a vehicle was identified or suspected. Salmonella strains isolated in 54 outbreaks were studied for phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. The isolates belonged to S. enteritidis (50 outbreaks), S. typhimurium (three outbreaks) and S. hadar (one outbreak). In the S. enteritidis outbreaks, phage type 4 was most frequently isolated (64·8%), followed by phage type 1 (14·8%). The virulence plasmid of 38 megadaltons was found in many different phage types of S. enteritidis.
Analysis Of Causal Relationship Among GDP, Agricultural, Industrial And Services Sector Growth in Turkey

This paper investigates the causal relationship among GDP, agricultural, industrial and services sectors in Turkey for the period of 1968-2015. For this purpose, we employed Engle-Granger causality/block exogeneity Wald test, Impulse Response and Variance Decomposition analysis. The results showed unidirectional granger causality from agriculture to GDP and the other three sectors, while the agricultural sector is not influenced by the others. This is an expected result for any developing country where the agriculture accounts for a large proportion of national GDP, but an unexpected result for developed countries like European Union members to which Turkey has long been wishing to join. To our knowledge, although this method has been applied in various areas, sectoral causality has not been studied for Turkey before
Understanding ‘integration’: Chinese ‘foreign talent’ students in Singapore talking about rongru

Studying abroad is an increasingly prevalent form of transient migration. How do international students understand their relationship with the host society and host nationals? Based on in-depth interview data, this article investigates the ways in which international students from China at a Singaporean university understand the idea of ‘integration’ (or rongru in Chinese). It is found that these Chinese students tend to define ‘integration’ in terms of friendly and everyday social interactions, but their understanding has a more or less assimilationist underlying assumption. This explains their generally modest self-evaluations of their success at ‘integration’. This article argues that this social and somewhat assimilationist understanding of integration might be explained in terms of the Chinese students’ cultural-linguistic ideologies about rongru, and the characteristics of their social space, position and circumstances in Singapore as academically capable ‘foreign talent’ students on Singaporean government scholarships.
Self-Assembled Micelles Based on PEG-Polypeptide Hybrid Copolymers for Drug Delivery.

A series of amphiphilic poly(L-leucine)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(L-leucine) (PLL-PEG-PLL) hybrid triblock copolymers have been synthesized. All the blocks in this system have good biocompatibility and low toxicity. The PLL-PEG-PLL copolymers could self-assemble into micelles with PLL blocks as the hydrophobic core and PEG blocks as the hydrophilic shell, which were characterized by FT-IR, (1) H NMR, and transmission electron microscopy analysis. The critical micellar concentration of the copolymer was 95.0 mg · L(-1) . The circular dichroism spectrum shows that the PLL segments adopt a unique α-helical conformation, which is found to play an important role in controlling the drug release rate. The drug release could be effectively sustained by encapsulation in the micelles. The copolymers may have potential applications in drug delivery.
The Effects of Features Selection Methods on Spam Review Detection Performance

Online reviews become a valuable source of information that indicates the overall opinion about products and services, which may affect decision-making processes such as purchase a product or service. Fake reviews are considered as spam reviews, which may have a great impact in the online marketplace behavior. Extracting useful features from review's text using Natural Language Processing (NLP) is not a straightforward step, in addition, it affects the overall performance and results. Many types of features could be used for conducting this task such as Bag-of-Words, linguistic features, words counts and n-gram feature. In this paper, we will investigate the effects of using two different feature selection methods on the spam reviews detection: Bag-of-Words and words counts. Different machine learning algorithms were applied such as Support Victor Machine, Decision Tree, Naïve Bayes and Random Forest. Experiments were conducted on a labeled balanced dataset of Hotels reviews. The efficiency will be evaluated according to many evaluation measures such as: precision, recall and accuracy.
Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose in Type I Diabetic Patients: Comparison With Continuous Microdialysis Measurements of Glucose in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue During Ordinary Life Conditions

OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) sufficiently reflects the true diurnal glucose control during ordinary daily life in type I diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS By using a microdialysis technique, continuous monitoring of adipose tissue glucose was performed in 24 type I diabetic patients during ambulatory conditions. A microdialysis probe was implanted subcutaneously and perfused by a portable microinfusion pump. Dialysate fractions were collected in 1- to 2-h samples during 3 consecutive days. The diurnal microdialysis glucose profiles were compared with those obtained by SMBG recordings performed seven times a day. RESULTS In seven patients, the SMBG profiles showed marked aberrations as compared to the continuous microdialysis glucose recordings; during the 3-day study period, 5–6 inconsistencies were registered. In only 4 patients (17%) did SMBG provide a valid reflection (0–2 inconsistencies) of the diurnal glucose profile, whereas in 13 patients the SMBG recordings paralleled the diurnal adipose tissue glucose profiles in an intermediate way (3–4 major inconsistencies). The inaccuracy of the SMBG data was due more often to the fact that wide glucose swings remained unrecognized, rather than to erroneous testing techniques (P < 0.05), and it was more evident during the night (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In many type I diabetic patients, the true diurnal variability in glycemia is too great to be accurately reflected even by frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose.
Interfacial Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy in Sub-20 nm Tunnel Junctions for Large-Capacity Spin-Transfer Torque Magnetic Random-Access Memory

Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with interfacial perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) attract much attention due to their utilization in spin-transfer torque magnetic random-access memory (STT-MRAM). Large interfacial PMA provides high thermal stability, which is critical for large-capacity MTJ arrays. We investigate the thermal stability and interfacial PMA needed for STT-MRAM applications. A thermal stability factor of 75 is required for data retention time of 10 years, which implies an interfacial PMA value of 4.7 mJ/m2 as device sizes scale down to 10 nm. Even though a small retention time (e.g., 1 ms) is sufficient in some applications, such as cache memory, an interfacial PMA greater than 3.1 mJ/m2 would be necessary for 10 nm MTJ pillars. When read disturbance is taken into consideration, the PMA should be larger. These findings provide guidelines for the design of sub-20 nm MTJ devices for large-capacity STT-MRAM.
Boundary spanning regimes and public policy change: the convergence of welfare and immigration policies

ABSTRACT The concept of boundary spanning regimes has emerged to describe activity across policy subsystems that seek to manage ‘wicked’ public policy problems. This paper examines two existing public policy theories, namely those of exogenous shocks and the Advocacy Coalition Framework theories and assesses their capacity to explain why boundary spanning regimes emerge. It argues that broad structural conditions play an important role in shaping boundary spanning activity in the case studies discussed in this paper, indicating limitations in these theories which tend to overlook such conditions. The paper tests the explanations for policy change through original qualitative analysis of incremental convergence across the welfare and immigration policy fields in Australia from 1947 to 1996.
Optimization of chitosan nanoparticles for colon tumors using experimental design methodology

Abstract Purpose Colon-specific drug delivery systems (CDDS) can improve the bio-availability of drugs through the oral route. A novel formulation for oral administration using ligand coupled chitosan nanoparticles bearing 5-Flurouracil (5FU) encapsulated in enteric coated pellets has been investigated for CDDS. Method The effect of polymer concentration, drug concentration, stirring time and stirring speed on the encapsulation efficiency, and size of nanoparticles were evaluated. The best (or optimum) formulation was obtained by response surface methodology. Using the experimental data, analysis of variance has been carried out to evolve linear empirical models. Using a new methodology, polynomial models have been evolved and the parametric analysis has been carried out. In order to target nanoparticles to the hyaluronic acid (HA) receptors present on colon tumors, HA coupled nanoparticles were tested for their efficacy in vivo. The HA coupled nanoparticles were encapsulated in pellets and were enteric coated to release the drug in the colon. Results Drug release studies under conditions of mimicking stomach to colon transit have shown that the drug was protected from being released in the physiological environment of the stomach and small intestine. The relatively high local drug concentration with prolonged exposure time provides a potential to enhance anti-tumor efficacy with low systemic toxicity for the treatment of colon cancer. Conclusions Conclusively, HA coupled nanoparticles can be considered as the potential candidate for targeted drug delivery and are anticipated to be promising in the treatment of colorectal cancer.
Optimal mapping from a continuous 3D curve to the position and shape of a snake robot

In this paper, motion planning of snake robots is considered. In particular, we develop a mapping from a continuous 3D curve to the position and shape of a snake robot. The snake robot's position is the x, y, z coordinates of its center of mass; its shape is defined by a series of angles representing the rotation of each joint relative the the inertial reference frame. Smooth curves are often easier to use in path planning and design of gait patterns, but snake robots are non-smooth. A mapping is therefore necessary. The mapping is optimal in the least squares sense. The optimal configuration is found by explicitly differentiating the cost function, and finding the equilibria. The method is compared to two other methods in literature, and has lower mean square error than both these other methods.
Protein interaction networks of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster: Large‐scale organization and robustness

High‐throughput screens have begun to reveal protein interaction networks in several organisms. To understand the general properties of these protein interaction networks, a systematic analysis of topological structure and robustness was performed on the protein interaction networks of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. It shows that the three protein interaction networks have a scale‐free and high‐degree clustering nature as the consequence of their hierarchical organization. It also shows that they have the small‐world property with similar diameter at 4–5. Evaluation of the consequences of random removal of both proteins and interactions from the protein interaction networks suggests their high degree of robustness. Simulation of a protein's removal shows that the protein interaction network's error tolerance is accompanied by attack vulnerability. These fundamental analyses of the networks might serve as a starting point for further exploring complex biological networks and the coming research of “systems biology”.
How Price Signals in Pulses are Transmitted across Regions and Value Chain? Examining Horizontal and Vertical Market Price Integration for Major Pulses in India

The paper has applied time series model to investigate the wholesale and retail price market integration of major pulses (tur, gram, moong, urad, masoor) in five major regions namely north zone (NZ), south zone (SZ), east zone (EZ), west zone (WZ) and north east zone (NEZ) in the country based on their volume of production. The study has shown that there exists a strong cointegration among the wholesale as well as retail prices of these major pulses, although the cointegration varies. In addition to the horizontal cointegration, the vertical cointegration between the wholesale and retail prices of different pulses has also been investigated. Different causal relationships have been found between wholesale and retail prices in these five zones. The application of vector error correction model (VECM) has indicated that all the error correction terms (ECTs) are negative and most of these terms are statistically significant, implying that the system once in dis-equilibrium tries to come back to the equilibrium situation. The study has also used Impulse response analysis which shows that change in wholesale prices of these five pulses in one zone will cause change in wholesale prices in other zones. The paper has concluded that price signals are transmitted across regions indicating that price changes in one zone are consistently related to price changes in other zones and are able to influence the prices in other zones. However, the direction and intensity of price changes may be affected by the dynamic linkages between the demand and supply of pulses. The study has provided an interesting insight for policy makers, and for contributing to improve the information precision to predict the price movements used by marketing operators for their strategies and by policy makers for designing the suitable marketing strategies to bring more efficiency across the markets.
The impact of the crisis on social rights

This article analyses, without any attempt to be exhaustive, the legal impact that different measures taken to deal with the economic and financial crisis through legislation meant for urgent circumstances has had on some social rights. In this sense, we specifically focus on the effect of such measures in relation to labour rights, the right to housing and some social benefits.
Monitoring of donor chimerism in sorted CD34+ peripheral blood cells allows the sensitive detection of imminent relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplantation

Detection of impending relapse following allogeneic stem cell transplantation in cases of acute leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome is desirable for planning treatment intervention. Genetic changes harbored by tumor cells are ideal for monitoring, but are not always available. Interestingly, analysis of serial donor chimerism in CD34+ cells sorted from blood may provide an alternative. Analysis of donor chimerism is an important diagnostic tool to assess the risk of relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, especially in patients lacking a specific marker suitable for monitoring of minimal residual disease. We prospectively investigated the predictive value of donor chimerism analyses in sorted CD34+ peripheral blood cells in 90 patients with acute leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. The cumulative incidence of relapse after four years was significantly increased in cases with decreasing or incomplete CD34+ donor chimerism (57% vs. 18%, p=0.0001). Multivariate analysis confirmed decreasing CD34+ donor chimerism as an independent predictor of relapse and inferior survival. The interval between a decrease of CD34+ chimerism of less than 80% and hematologic relapse was 61 days (range 0–567). Monitoring of CD34+ donor chimerism in the peripheral blood allows prediction of imminent relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplantation even when a disease-specific marker is lacking.
Human dermal fibroblasts derived from oculodentodigital dysplasia patients suggest that patients may have wound‐healing defects

Oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD) is primarily an autosomal dominant human disease caused by any one of over 60 mutations in the GJA1 gene encoding the gap junction protein Cx43. In the present study, wound healing was investigated in a G60S ODDD mutant mouse model and by using dermal fibroblasts isolated from two ODDD patients harboring the p.D3N and p.V216L mutants along with dermal fibroblasts isolated from their respective unaffected relatives. Punch biopsies revealed a delay in wound closure in the G60S mutant mice in comparison to wild‐type littermates, and this delay appeared to be due to defects in the dermal fibroblasts. Although both the p.D3N and p.V216L mutants reduced gap junctional intercellular communication in human dermal fibroblasts, immunolocalization studies revealed that Cx43 gap junctions were prevalent at the cell surface of p.D3N expressing fibroblasts but greatly reduced in p.V216L expressing fibroblasts. Mutant expressing fibroblasts were further found to have reduced proliferation and migration capabilities. Finally, in response to TGFβ1, mutant expressing fibroblasts expressed significantly less alpha smooth muscle actin suggesting they were inefficient in their ability to differentiate into myofibroblasts. Collectively, our results suggest that ODDD patients may have subclinical defects in wound healing due to impaired function of dermal fibroblasts. Hum Mutat 32:1–11, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modulation of food consumption and sleep–wake cycle in mice by the neutral CB1 antagonist ABD459

The brain endocannabinoid system is a potential target for the treatment of psychiatric and metabolic conditions. Here, a novel CB1 receptor antagonist (ABD459) was synthesized and assayed for pharmacological efficacy in vitro and for modulation of food consumption, vigilance staging and cortical electroencephalography in the mouse. ABD459 completely displaced the CB1 agonist CP99540 at a Ki of 8.6 nmol/l, and did not affect basal, but antagonized CP55940-induced GTP&ggr;S binding with a KB of 7.7 nmol/l. Acute ABD459 (3–20 mg/kg) reliably inhibited food consumption in nonfasted mice, without affecting motor activity. Active food seeking was reduced for 5–6 h postdrug, with no rebound after washout. Epidural recording of electroencephalogram confirmed that ABD459 (3 mg/kg) robustly reduced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, with no alterations of wakefulness or non-REM sleep. Effects were strongest during 3 h postdrug, followed by a progressive washout period. The CB1 antagonist AM251 (3 mg/kg) and agonist WIN-55,212-2 (WIN-2: 3 mg/kg) also reduced REM, but variously affected other vigilance stages. WIN-2 caused a global suppression of normalized spectral power. AM251 and ABD459 lowered delta power and increased power in the theta band in the hippocampus, but not the prefrontal cortex. The neutral antagonist ABD459 thus showed a specific role of endocannabinoid release in attention and arousal, possibly through modulation of cholinergic activity.