Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Performance of the biased square-law sequential detector in the absence of signal

G. E. Albert's general sequential test for making one of r distinct decisions about a distribution function F(x_{i}|x_{i-1}) by observing a sequence of x_{i} 's is presented, and his results, which give the performance of this test as the solutions of integral equations, are stated. This test is more general than the usual sequential probability ratio test of Wald, and includes nonoptimum, as well as Wald's optimum, sequential tests. Albert's equations are used to treat the incoherent detection of a sine wave in Gaussian noise by a biased square-law detector. This is the detector which uses samples y_{i} of the envelope of the received waveform to calculate the sums x_{i} = k \sum_{j=1}^{i} (yj^{2} - bias ), i = 1, 2, \cdots , and sequentially compares the x_{i} to two thresholds until an x_{i} is found which is less than the lower threshold B , or greater than the upper threshold A . Then if x_{i} \leq B , it is decided that the signal is not present (dismissal), and if A \leq x_{i} it is decided that the signal is present (alarm). Though this is not the optimum detector for a sine wave in Gaussian noise (unless the SNR is very small), it is a convenient test to implement and is of considerable interest in its own right. For y_{i} having the Rayleigh probability distribution f(y) = y \exp\{-y^{2}/2\} , i.e., for the received waveform consisting of Gaussian noise alone, {\em exact} solutions are obtained for the probability of (false) alarm and for the average test duration. These results are unique in that they are valid without restrictions on either the design input SNR or on the thresholds A and B. Curves of the probability of false alarm vs. the upper threshold A, and of the average test duration vs. the expected input SNR are presented, and are compared to similar results of Wald.
Realization of Square Root Domain Tow-Thomas biquadratic Filter

In this paper, a Tow–Thomas biquadratic filter designed in square root domain is proposed. The presented filter is constructed with a lossy integrator, a lossless integrator, and a summer block. To the best knowledge of the authors, the filter is the first square root domain Tow–Thomas filter in the literature. The state space synthesis method is used to design the biquadratic filter. The filter operated at 2.5 V supply voltage is simulated by using SPICE simulation program with 0.25 μm TSMC CMOS model parameters. Simulation results are in good agreement with theoretical results that the cut-off frequency and quality factor of the filter are tunable electronically.
Oligodendroglial and pan‐neural crest expression of Cre recombinase directed by Sox10 enhancer

Utilizing a recently identified Sox10 distal enhancer directing Cre expression, we report S4F:Cre, a transgenic mouse line capable of inducing recombination in oligodendroglia and all examined neural crest derived tissues. Assayed using R26R:LacZ reporter mice expression was detected in neural crest derived tissues including the forming facial skeleton, dorsal root ganglia, sympathetic ganglia, enteric nervous system, aortae, and melanoblasts, consistent with Sox10 expression. LacZ reporter expression was also detected in non‐neural crest derived tissues including the oligodendrocytes and the ventral neural tube. This line provides appreciable differences in Cre expression pattern from other transgenic mouse lines that mark neural crest populations, including additional populations defined by the expression of other SoxE proteins. The S4F:Cre transgenic line will thus serve as a powerful tool for lineage tracing, gene function characterization, and genome manipulation in these populations. genesis 47:765–770, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bayesian Graphical Models for Discrete Data

Pendant plus d'un demi-siecle, les graphes ont ete utilises pour representer des modeles statistiques en analyse de donnees. En particulier, les graphes decrivant l'independance conditionnelle sont apparus comme une classe importante de ces modeles. Des applications en analyse d'image, analyse de pedigree, ou encore en systeme expert sont a l'origine de leur developpement, et plusieurs livres de synthese ont deja ete publies a ce sujet. Le developpement d'un cadre Bayesien de ces modeles est en revanche moins connu, et les applications en systemes experts ont motive la recherche dans ce domaine. La possibilite de construire des modeles capables de se remettre a jour au fur et a mesure que de nouvelles donnees sont disponibles est a l'origine d'un interet intense de la part de la communaute travaillant en intelligence artificielle. Cependent, leur application a une classe plus vaste d'analyse de donnees a ete largement negligee. L'objet de cet article est de montrer comment les modeles Bayesiens de graphes permettent d'unifier et de simplifier des problemes standards, tels que les modeles log-lineaires Bayesiens (avec des donnees completes ou non), l'estimation d'une population fermee ou le double echantillonnage. Dans la mesure ou le choix d'un modele conventionel unique echoue dans ce type de situation, nous construisons des distributions a posteriori des quantites d'interet en moyennant sur les modeles possibles. Plus particulierement, nous introduisons la composition de chaines de Markov-Monte Carlo, une methode de Monte-Carlo permettant de moyenner sur les modeles retenus.
Chemokine Gene Expression in Astrocytes of Borna Disease Virus-Infected Rats and Mice in the Absence of Inflammation

ABSTRACT Borna disease virus (BDV) causes CD8+ T-cell-mediated meningoencephalitis in immunocompetent mice and rats, thus providing a valuable animal model for studying the mechanisms of virus-induced central nervous system (CNS) immunopathology. Chemokine-mediated leukocyte recruitment to the CNS is a crucial step in the development of neurological disease. We found increased mRNA levels of IP-10 and other chemokines in brains of adult rats following infection with BDV. The marked increase in chemokine gene expression at about day 8 postinfection seemed to immediately precede the inflammatory process. In brains of rats infected as newborns, in which inflammation was only mild and transient, sustained expression of IP-10 and RANTES genes was observed. In situ hybridization studies revealed that astrocytes were the major source of IP-10 mRNAs in brains of rats infected as newborns and as adults. In brains of infected mice lacking CD8+ T cells (β2m0/0), transcripts encoding IP-10 and RANTES were also observed. IP-10 transcripts were also present in a small number of scattered astrocytes of infected knockout mice lacking mature B and T cells as well as functional alpha/beta and gamma interferon receptors, indicating that BDV can induce chemokine synthesis in the absence of interferons and other B- or T-cell-derived cytokines. These data provide strong evidence that CNS-resident cells are involved in the early localized host immune response to infection with BDV and support the concept that chemokines are pivotal for the initiation of virus-induced CNS inflammation.
Additive Manufacturing of Titanium Alloys for Orthopedic Applications: A Materials Science Viewpoint

Titanium‐based orthopedic implants are increasingly being fabricated using additive manufacturing (AM) processes such as selective laser melting (SLM), direct laser deposition (DLD), and electron beam melting (EBM). These techniques have the potential to not only produce implants with properties comparable to conventionally manufactured implants, but also improve on standard implant models. These models can be customized for individual patients using medical data, and design features, such as latticing, hierarchical scaffolds, or features to complement patient anatomy, can be added using AM to produce highly functional patient‐anatomy‐specific implants. Alloying prospects made possible through AM allow for the production of Ti‐based parts with compositions designed to reduce modulus and stress shielding while improving bone fixation and formation. The design‐to‐process lead time can be drastically shortened using AM and associated post‐processing, making possible the production of tailored implants for individual patients. This review examines the process and product characteristics of the three major metallic AM techniques and assesses the potential for these in the increased global uptake of AM in orthopedic implant fabrication.
Energy transfer including solid-liquid phase transformation aspects in modelling of additive layer manufacturing using Lattice Boltzmann-Cellular automata methods

A new holistic numerical model based on Lattice Boltzmann and cellular automata methods (LBM-CA) is currently under development within a frame of an integrated modelling approach applied for studying the complex relationship between different physical mechanisms taking place during laser assisted additive layer manufacturing (ALM). The entire ALM process has been analysed and divided on several stages considering a powder bed deposition, laser energy absorption and heating of the powder bed by the moving highly concentrated energy source leading to powder melting, fluid flow in the melted pool and through partly or not melted material and solidification. The presented earlier results included the entire structure of the model consisting of different modules connected together demonstrating the homogeneity of the proposed holistic model. The modules, considering the mentioned above physical phenomena, were developed to different extent leaving many aspects of this integrated numerical approach for further consideration and analysis. The aim of this work is more detailed analysis of energy transfer including solid-liquid phase transformation during the ALM process. The presented results are mainly related to consideration of melting and solidification of the powder bed including of the free surface flow, wettability, surface tension and other relevant phenomena. Initially, the absorbed thermal energy spreads by heat diffusion. The solid-liquid phase transformation starts when the temperature in the affected zone exceeds the solidus temperature. After consuming latent heat, when the volume of liquid phase exceeds a threshold, the solid particulate material exhibit signs of liquid behaviour, where heat transport is described by diffusion or convection including radiation and convection heat transfer from the liquid surface. The excess heat in the area of the liquid phase is dissipated by heat conduction into the deeper layers of the powder bed leading to re-solidification of the melt pool. The different stages and fragments of LBM-CA model development are presented and discussed. The validation of the general aspects of the obtained modelling data showed that the developed numerical algorithm is in good agreement with available experimental results and theoretical predictions. For example, Fig. 1 illustrates predictive abilities of the algorithm in terms of melting, free surface flow, wettability and solidification of the droplets on the solid basement.
An Inherently Stabilizing Algorithm for Node-To-Node Routing over All Shortest Node-Disjoint Paths in Hypercube Networks

The node-disjoint paths problem deals with finding node-disjoint paths from a source node s to target node t, where t ¿ s. Two paths from s to t are said to be node-disjoint iff they do not have any common vertices except for their endpoints. Distributed solutions to the node-disjoint paths problem have numerous applications such as secure message transmission, reliable routing, and network survivability. In this paper, we present a simple distributed algorithm that is both stabilizing and inherently stabilizing under a realistic model that describes system interfaces and implementation issues in detail to route messages over all shortest node-disjoint paths from one process to another in an n-dimensional hypercube network.
IN ELECTRONIC EDUCATION, DOES TOTAL QUALITY EXIST IN THE EXPERIENCES OF THE CUSTOMER RATHER THAN THE ASPIRATIONS OF THE SUPPLIER?

Total Quality Management (TQM) is a systems approach to management t hat aims to continuously increase value to customers by designing and constantly improving organizational processes and systems. However, TQM has been so slow to migrate from industry to the campus mainly because many academics still see TQM as a fad or buzzword. This paper looks at whether total quality exists in the experiences of the customer rather than the aspirations of the supplier and how far this is true in electronic education. E-education is a generic concept embracing e-learning, e-management and e-administration. It i s in this holistic c ontext t hat i nstitutions s hould address the issues if there is to be a coherent transition from traditional practice to one that exploits the potential of e-business. It i s therefore imperative that the culture of most universities and technological universities will have to be transformed if quality improvement efforts are to be successful. Following will be a discussion of the role of TQM in education, the identification o f customers and suppliers in e-education, and whether culture might pose a problem to TQM in e-learning.
Image-compression-related contrast-masking measurements

Models of human vision can be efficiently exploited to improve the visual quality of image compression schemes. Most of the psycho-visual experiments documented in literature use very basic test patterns to analyze specific low-level vision effects. More complex patterns of real world images and strong constrains of an image compression scheme result in a very rough mapping of this psycho-visual data to the real system. So it is no longer guaranteed that the predicted visibility of the distortions is correct. In this paper we present an experiment strongly linked to wavelet-based image compression. It evaluates the effect of contrast and entropy masking based on complex images of natural scenery. The test images were reconstructed from a wavelet-decomposition where the wavelet coefficients were quantized at specific locations. The visibility of these distortions is influenced in a first order by the contrast masking effect and in a second order by the complexity of the affected image sub-region. With the collected test data some models are compared in terms of prediction performance.
Comparison of Materials Fracture Resistance Based on J-criterion

The fracture behavior of compact type (CT) specimens made of two different materials, steel AISI 304 and AISI 316L was numerically analyzed in this paper. The comparison of the two materials was based on the obtained values of J-integral, an important fracture mechanics parameter. The single specimen test method, commonly used in experimental determination of J-integral, was numerically modeled using finite element (FE) software. Consequently, a new numerical algorithm was developed for J-integral calculation on the basis of finite element (FE) analysis results. The paper sets out numerically obtained J-integral values presented as measure of crack driving force versus crack growth size (Δa) for three initial measures of a specimen crack size, being a/W = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75.
Effectiveness of first-aid training on school students in Singur Block of Hooghly District, West Bengal

Objective: First aid is the helping behavior and initial care provided for an acute illness or injury. Students have the potential for changing the health scenario of the society if properly groomed and educated. The objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of educational intervention on the first aid among middle school students of a rural school in West Bengal. Materials and Methods: A total of 230, 6th and 7th standard students were given a self-administered questionnaire for assessing their baseline knowledge about management of common injuries followed by educational intervention with a systematically devised teaching module during February to March 2016. Post intervention evaluation of their knowledge acquisition was done after 2 weeks with same questionnaire. Results: The baseline knowledge on the management of selected injuries was found to be insufficient among the study subjects. Paired t-test was performed to compare the pre- and post-test scores of knowledge and attitude of the students about first aid, and there was a significant change in knowledge from pretest score (mean = 1.50, standard deviation [SD] =0.47) to posttest score (mean = 6.53, SD = 1.30). To quantify the effectiveness of health education, effect size (Cohen's d) was derived. For knowledge score, Cohen's d was 5.14 with large effect size indicating highly effective impact of the training program. Significant change was also noticed regarding attitude regarding first aid as evident from increase in pretest score (mean = 1.19, SD = 0.96) to posttest score (mean = 3.17, SD = 1.03); Cohen's d was 1.88 with medium effect size. Conclusion: Inculcating first-aid training in the school curriculum can be a fruitful investment in ensuring proper and timely management of illnesses and injuries not only for the school children but also for the community at large.
Computer-based malnutrition risk calculation may enhance the ability to identify pediatric patients at malnutrition-related risk for unfavorable outcome.

BACKGROUND The study aimed to test the hypothesis that computer-based calculation of malnutrition risk may enhance the ability to identify pediatric patients at malnutrition-related risk for an unfavorable outcome. The Pediatric Digital Scaled MAlnutrition Risk screening Tool (PeDiSMART), incorporating the World Health Organization (WHO) growth reference data and malnutrition-related parameters, was used. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a prospective cohort study of 500 pediatric patients aged 1 month to 17 years. Upon admission, the PeDiSMART score was calculated and anthropometry was performed. Pediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score (PYMS), Screening Tool Risk on Nutritional Status and Growth (STRONGkids), and Screening Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition in Pediatrics (STAMP) malnutrition screening tools were also applied. PeDiSMART's association with the clinical outcome measures (weight loss/nutrition support and hospitalization duration) was assessed and compared with the other screening tools. RESULTS The PeDiSMART score was inversely correlated with anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance phase angle (BIA PhA). The score's grading scale was based on BIA Pha quartiles. Weight loss/nutrition support during hospitalization was significantly independently associated with the malnutrition risk group allocation on admission, after controlling for anthropometric parameters and age. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed a sensitivity of 87% and a specificity of 75% and a significant area under the curve, which differed significantly from that of STRONGkids and STAMP. In the subgroups of patients with PeDiSMART-based risk allocation different from that based on the other tools, PeDiSMART allocation was more closely related to outcome measures. CONCLUSION PeDiSMART, applicable to the full age range of patients hospitalized in pediatric departments, graded according to BIA PhA, and embeddable in medical electronic records, enhances efficacy and reproducibility in identifying pediatric patients at malnutrition-related risk for an unfavorable outcome. Patient allocation according to the PeDiSMART score on admission is associated with clinical outcome measures.
Automatic video object segmentation for MPEG-4

This paper presents a novel method to automatically extract moving objects using motion and color information. Based on pattern recognition and object tracking principles, the proposed method can handle sequences both with moving and stationary backgrounds. It derives for each physical object a two-dimensional binary model, with the model points corresponding to the edges that were detected by the Canny Operator. The resulting binary models combined with the temporal and spatial information will then guide the extraction of the actual VOPs from the video sequence. The performance of the segmentation technique is illustrated by simulations carried out on standard video sequences.
Early Statistical Timing Analysis with Unknown Within-Die Correlations ∗

The ever increasing variability in process parameters, giving rise to circuit delay variations, presents an important challenge to the prediction and verification of circuit timing. On one hand, corner case analysis is rapidly becoming a daunting task, as exploring an exponentially increasing number of corners is practically infeasible. On the other hand, recently proposed approaches to statistical static timing analysis (SSTA) do not fit well in the timing verification methodology as they rely on the existence of correlation models that are not readily and realistically available from the process, at least not at an early stage of the design. In this paper, we present an early statistical timing analysis technique that can operate during pre-placement, when within-die correlations are still unknown. Starting from a simple delay model that requires minimal input from the user, we will predict bounds on the distribution of the maximum circuit delay. Such bounds are valid for any circuit placement, and consequently any arbitrary within-die correlation. We will use these bounds to introduce the concept of margin uncertainty and predict a margin range that can help designers at an early stage of the design flow.
A Joint Information Model for N-Best Ranking

In this paper, we present a method for modeling joint information when generating n-best lists. We apply the method to a novel task of characterizing the similarity of a group of terms where only a small set of many possible semantic properties may be displayed to a user. We demonstrate that considering the results jointly, by accounting for the information overlap between results, generates better n-best lists than considering them independently. We propose an information theoretic objective function for modeling the joint information in an n-best list and show empirical evidence that humans prefer the result sets produced by our joint model. Our results show with 95% confidence that the n-best lists generated by our joint ranking model are significantly different from a baseline independent model 50.0% ± 3.1% of the time, out of which they are preferred 76.6% ± 5.2% of the time.
Desorption ElectroSpray Ionization - Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry of synthetic polymers and copolymers.

Desorption ElectroSpray Ionization (DESI) - Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry (MS) was evaluated as a new tool for the characterization of various industrial synthetic polymers (poly(ethylene glycol), poly(propylene glycol), poly(methylmethacrylate), poly(dimethylsiloxane)) and copolymers, with masses ranging from 500 g.mol(-1) up to more than 20 000 g.mol(-1) . Satisfying results in terms of signal stability and sensitivity were obtained from hydrophobic surfaces (HTC Prosolia) with a mixture water/methanol (10/90) as spray solvent in the presence of sodium salt. Taking into account the formation of multiplied charged species by DESI-MS, a strategy based on the use of a deconvolution software followed by the automatic assignment of the ions was described allowing the rapid determination of M(n) , M(w) and PDI values. DESI-Orbitrap MS results were compared to those obtained from matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization- time-of-flight MS and gel permeation chromatography. An application of DESI-Orbitrap MS for the detection and identification of polymers directly from cosmetics was described.