Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Improvements to Syntax-based Machine Translation using Ensemble Dependency Parsers

Dependency parsers are almost ubiquitously evaluated on their accuracy scores, these scores say nothing of the complexity and usefulness of the resulting structures. The structures may have more complexity due to their coordination structure or attachment rules. As dependency parses are basic structures in which other systems are built upon, it would seem more reasonable to judge these parsers down the NLP pipeline. We show results from 7 individual parsers, including dependency and constituent parsers, and 3 ensemble parsing techniques with their overall effect on a Machine Translation system, Treex, for English to Czech translation. We show that parsers’ UAS scores are more correlated to the NIST evaluation metric than to the BLEU Metric, however we see increases in both metrics.
A new compact model for monolithic transformers in silicon-based RFICs

A new compact model for monolithic transformers on silicon substrates is presented. The new lumped-element equivalent circuit model employs transformer loops to represent skin and proximity effects including eddy current loss in the windings of the transformer. In addition to the self-resistances and self-inductances of the windings, the effects of the frequency-dependent mutual resistance and mutual inductance are included in the model. The new compact model has been applied to a stacked transformer on a 10-/spl Omega//spl middot/cm CMOS substrate. The extracted circuit model shows very good agreement with data obtained by full-wave electromagnetic simulation and measurement over the frequency range of 0.1-10GHz.
FHA AND VA MORTGAGE DISCOUNT POINTS AND HOUSING PRICES

ONE OF THE MOST DEBATED ISSUES in mortage lending is whether buyers or sellers pay discount points charged by lenders when FHA insured or VA guaranteed mortgage are used to finance housing purchases. Discount points are charged by lenders making FHA and VA mortgage loans for two reasons: first, contract interest rates on these loans are regulated' and tend to lag behind conventional interest rates, and second, loan origination fees on these mortgages are limited to a fixed proportion of the amount loaned, which may or may not be adequate to cover actual loan origination costs.2 As a result, at any point in time, discount points charged by mortgage lenders tend to make effective yields on FHA and VA mortgages equal to yields on conventional mortgages with the same loan terms, risk and servicing costs. There is no question that lenders charge discount points, when required, to earn a competitive yield on amounts loaned. However, the controversy over their use stems from FHA regulations prohibiting lenders from collecting discount points from borrowers who are purchasing property. In effect, these regulations result in sellers, not buyers of property, paying discount points to lenders. The rationale for such a regulation can be best summed up by the stated purpose of the FHA insurance program, ". to encourage improvements in housing standards and conditions, to facilitate sound home financing on reasonable terms and to exert a stabilizing influence in the mortgage market. "3 Such a purpose seems implicitly to assume that buyers seeking financing with an FHA or VA mortgage will be charged the regulated contract interest rate and that sellers will absorb part of the financing costs incurred by buyers, since sellers must pay discount points. Ostensibly, this would allow the homebuyer to obtain "reasonable terms" while keeping the regulated contract rate stable.4
Accounting, Intangible Assets, Stock Market Activity, and Measurement and Disclosure Policy: Views from the U.K.

This paper considers the impact of U.K. practices with respect to the measurement and disclosure of intangible assets, focusing on R&D activities. We first update prior U.K. work relating R&D activities to market prices. Second, given the clearly identified role of disclosure outside of the financial statements in helping market participants value R&D expenditures, we consider whether market forces are generally sufficient to ensure adequate disclosures with respect to intangibles by considering the cases of two biotechnology firms involved in the issuance of misleading disclosures. Within this context, we consider how disclosure regulation and enforcement mechanisms have evolved in recent years, and how this evolution has likely been affected by our ‘scandal’ cases. Our conclusions are that the case of the U.K. does not give rise to any wide-scale concerns about the economic ill-effects caused by the current state of recognition and disclosure with respect to expenditures on intangibles. Further, market forces are unlikely to be sufficient in ensuring honest and timely disclosures with respect to intangibles, but the combination of official regulation and voluntary self-regulation appears to have stemmed the tide of any such disclosure scandals in the U.K.
Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Cultured with Dexamethasone, Vitamin D3, Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor, and Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2

Purpose: Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are pursued for cell-based therapies of bone defects. Successful use of hMSCs will require them to be osteogenically differentiated before transplantation. This study was intended to determine the optimal combination(s) of supplements needed for inducing osteogenesis in hMSCs. Methods: The hMSCs were cultured with combinations of β-glycerophosphate, dexamethasone (Dex), vitamin D3 (Vit-D3), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) to assess cell growth and osteogenesis. Osteogenic responses of the supplements were evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mineralization, and gene expression of ALP, Runx2, bone sialoprotein, and osteonectin. Adipogenesis was characterized based on Oil Red O staining, gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2, and adipocyte protein-2. Results: Dex was found to be essential for mineralization of hMSCs. Cultures treated with Dex (100 nM), Vit-D3 (10/50 nM), and BMP-2 (500 ng/mL) demonstrated maximal calcification and up-regulation of ALP and bone sialoprotein expression. However, adipogenesis was up-regulated in parallel with osteogenesis in these cultures, as evident by the presence of lipid droplets and significant up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 and adipocyte protein-2 expression. An optimal condition was obtained at Dex (10 nM) and BMP-2 (500 ng/mL) for mineralization without increasing adipogenesis-related markers. The bFGF mitigated osteogenesis and enhanced adipogenesis. Vit-D3 appears essential for calcification only in the presence of bFGF. Conclusion: Treatment of hMSCs with appropriate supplements at optimal doses results in robust osteogenic differentiation with minimal adipogenesis. These findings could be used in the cultivation of hMSCs for cell-based strategies for bone regeneration.
What drives the Russian stock market: world market and political shocks

In this paper, we empirically test the dependence of the Russian stock market on the world stock market, world oil prices and Russian political and economic news during the period 2001-2010. We find that oil prices are not significant after 2006, and the Japan stock index is significant over the whole period, since it is the nearest market index in terms of closing time to the Russian stock index. We find that political news like the Yukos arrests or news on the Georgian war have a short-term impact, since there are many other shocks. These factors confirm the structural instability of the Russian financial market.
HR‐line work relations:a review, pilot case and research agenda

States that in respect of organizations’ attempts to devolve operational HR management to line managers, and the reconfiguration of HR work in general, one area of HR work that has received relatively little attention is the state of work relations between HR and line managers involved in the operation and execution of HR policy. Any research that has been done has often been a‐theoretical. Reviews the literature in the field and examines the themes raised by means of an exploratory pilot case study. The case findings are that conflictual relations are seen to exist, but are seen to be negated by moves towards more consensual relations by both parties. Concludes that it is useful to seek to derive a wider research agenda than that which presently exists for HR‐line work relations (especially the need for further case work), and to stress the need for further theory development in the field, so as to examine consensual theories’ explanations of why such developments are occurring.
Contagion, Monsoons, and Domestic Turmoil in Indonesia's Currency Crisis

The paper investigates whether Indonesia's recent currency crisis was due to domestic fundamentals, common external shocks ("monsoons"), or contagion from neighboring countries. Markov switching models attribute speculative pressure on Indonesia's currency to domestic political and financial factors and contagion from speculative pressures in Thailand and Korea. In particular, the results from a time-varying transition probability Markov switching model (which overcomes some drawbacks of previous methods) show that inclusion of exchange rate pressures from Thailand and Korea in the transition probabilities improves the conditional probabilities of crisis in Indonesia. The paper also finds evidence of contagion in the stock market. Copyright 2002 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Glider Collisions in Hybrid Cellular Automaton with Memory Rule (43, 74)

In the case of one-dimensional cellular automaton (CA), a hybrid CA (HCA) is the member whose evolution of the cells is dependent on nonunique global functions. The HCAs exhibit a wide range of traveling and stationary localizations in their evolution. We focus on HCA with memory (HCAM) because they produce a host of gliders and complicated glider collisions by introducing the hybrid mechanism. In particular, we undertake an exhaustive search of gliders and describe their collisions using quantitative approach in HCAM(43, 74). By introducing the symbol vector space and exploiting the mathematical definition of HCAM, we present an analytical method of complex asymptotic dynamics of the gliders.
Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats.

Consensus Statements of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) provide veterinarians with guidelines regarding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, or treatment of animal diseases. The foundation of the Consensus Statement is evidence-based medicine, but if such evidence is conflicting or lacking, the panel provides interpretive recommendations on the basis of their collective expertise. The Consensus Statement is intended to be a guide for veterinarians, but it is not a statement of standard of care or a substitute for clinical judgment. Topics of statements and panel members to draft the statements are selected by the Board of Regents with input from the general membership. A draft prepared and input from Diplomates is solicited at the ACVIM Forum and via the ACVIM Web site and incorporated in a final version. This Consensus Statement was approved by the Board of Regents of the ACVIM before publication.
CEO Turnover and Audit Pricing

SYNOPSIS: This study examines the relationship between CEO turnover in client companies and the fees charged by their audit firms. We propose that forced CEO turnover (such as dismissals) pose higher business and audit risks for the audit firm than voluntary turnover (such as retirements); further, greater risk leads to higher audit prices. We develop a regression model of audit fees that includes, as predictor variables, type of CEO turnover and control variables identified in prior studies (e.g., ROA, total assets, and corporate governance). Results reveal that companies with forced CEO turnover have significantly higher audit fees than companies with either voluntary turnover or no turnover. Further, we find no difference in audit fees between firms with voluntary turnover and firms without turnover. Data Availability: The data used in this study are publicly available.
Single‐Cell DNA and FISH Analysis for Application to Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis

Preimplantation genetic testing, which includes preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), is a form of a very early prenatal testing. The goal of this method is to avoid transfer of embryos affected with a specific genetic disease or condition. This unit describes the steps involved in amplifying DNA from a single blastomere and specific assays for detecting a variety of DNA mutations. For some assays, whole‐genome amplification by primer‐extension preamplification (PEP) is performed prior to analysis. Support protocols describe the biopsy of one or two blastomeres from the developing preimplantation embryo, isolation for further investigation of all blastomeres from embryos shown to have the mutant allele, and isolation of single lymphocytes or lymphoblastoid cells as models for single‐cell DNA analysis. A procedure for FISH analysis on single interphase blastomeres is provided along with support protocols for probe preparation and probe validation, which is recommended as a preliminary step before performing any PGD or PGS FISH analysis. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 64:9.10. 1‐9.10. 39. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Central Bank Independence in Korea

The Bank of Korea Act was revised December 27, 1997 enhancing the legal independence of the Bank of Korea, imposing an inflation-target framework, confining the responsibilities of the Bank of Korea to price stability, and transferring the supervisory function to a separate and newly established Financial Services Commission. The objective of the paper is to place the redesign of the Bank of Korea in the context of financial change in Korea, in the context of international developments in central bank institutional design, and in the context of similar changes in central bank institutional redesign in Japan. As part of this review, the paper evaluates the degree to which the Bank of Korea's independence was enhanced by the 1997 revision and evaluates the practical impact of the revision on central bank policy.
Participation of factor B in residual immune complex red cell binding activity observed in serum from a C2-deficient systemic lupus erythematosus patient may delay the appearance of clinical symptoms.

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether participation of factor B (FB) in immune complex transport might explain long periods of clinical remissions in a homozygous C2-deficient patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) treated regularly with plasma infusions. METHODS Immune complex red cell binding (ICRB) was assayed as enzyme activity, C3d by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and FB by immunoelectrophoresis. RESULTS C2-deficient sera showed low-grade ICRB, which correlated with levels of FB. This activity could be blocked with antibodies to C1q, C4, or FB, but not by antibodies to C2. C3d levels in the patient's plasma changed during infusion, followed by a gradient increase during remission. Comparison of ICRB, C3d, and FB suggested an inverse relationship between FB levels and clinical symptoms. CONCLUSION In C2 deficiency, FB may interact with C4 to provide a low-grade ICRB. This activity could be clinically significant in patients with C2 deficiency and explain why they are less prone to SLE than patients with C1q or C4 deficiency.
A Tractable Parametric Approach to Value-at-Risk Optimization

Value-at-Risk (VaR) is the most widely accepted risk measure in the financial and insurance industries, yet efficient optimization of VaR remains a very difficult problem. We propose a computationally tractable parametric approximation method for optimizing the VaR of a portfolio based on robust optimization techniques. The method results in the optimization of a modified VaR measure, Robust Parametric VaR (RPVaR), that is coherent, and is thus also desirable from a financial theory perspective. We show that RPVaR approximates the Conditional VaR of the portfolio as well. Numerical experiments with simulated and real market data indicate that our parametric approach results in lower realized portfolio VaR, better efficient frontier, and lower maximum realized portfolio loss than alternative approaches for quantilebased portfolio risk minimization.
Temozolomide Pharmacodynamics in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma: DNA Damage and Activity of Repair Enzymes O6-Alkylguanine Alkyltransferase and Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1

Purpose: Temozolomide, a DNA methylating agent used to treat melanoma, induces DNA damage, which is repaired by O6-alkylguanine alkyltransferase (ATase) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1)–dependent base excision repair. The current study was done to define the effect of temozolomide on DNA integrity and relevant repair enzymes as a prelude to a phase I trial of the combination of temozolomide with a PARP inhibitor. Experimental Design: Temozolomide (200 mg/m2 oral administration) was given to 12 patients with metastatic malignant melanoma. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were analyzed for PARP activity, DNA single-strand breakage, ATase levels, and DNA methylation. PARP activity was also measured in tumor biopsies from 9 of 12 patients and in PBLs from healthy volunteers. Results: Temozolomide pharmacokinetics were consistent with previous reports. Temozolomide therapy caused a substantial and sustained elevation of N7-methylguanine levels, a modest and sustained reduction in ATase activity, and a modest and transient increase in DNA strand breaks and PARP activity in PBLs. PARP-1 activity in tumor homogenates was variable (828 ± 599 pmol PAR monomer/mg protein) and was not consistently affected by temozolomide treatment. Conclusions: The effect of temozolomide reported here are consistent with those documented in previous studies with temozolomide and similar drug, dacarbazine, demonstrating that a representative patient population was investigated. Furthermore, PARP activity was not inhibited by temozolomide treatment and this newly validated pharmacodynamic assay is therefore suitable for use in a proof-of-principle phase I trial a PARP-1 inhibitor in combination with temozolomide.
Towards a global assessment of pyrogenic carbon from vegetation fires

The production of pyrogenic carbon (PyC; a continuum of organic carbon (C) ranging from partially charred biomass and charcoal to soot) is a widely acknowledged C sink, with the latest estimates indicating that ~50% of the PyC produced by vegetation fires potentially sequesters C over centuries. Nevertheless, the quantitative importance of PyC in the global C balance remains contentious, and therefore, PyC is rarely considered in global C cycle and climate studies. Here we examine the robustness of existing evidence and identify the main research gaps in the production, fluxes and fate of PyC from vegetation fires. Much of the previous work on PyC production has focused on selected components of total PyC generated in vegetation fires, likely leading to underestimates. We suggest that global PyC production could be in the range of 116–385 Tg C yr−1, that is ~0.2–0.6% of the annual terrestrial net primary production. According to our estimations, atmospheric emissions of soot/black C might be a smaller fraction of total PyC (<2%) than previously reported. Research on the fate of PyC in the environment has mainly focused on its degradation pathways, and its accumulation and resilience either in situ (surface soils) or in ultimate sinks (marine sediments). Off‐site transport, transformation and PyC storage in intermediate pools are often overlooked, which could explain the fate of a substantial fraction of the PyC mobilized annually. We propose new research directions addressing gaps in the global PyC cycle to fully understand the importance of the products of burning in global C cycle dynamics.
Pricing: Making Profitable Decisions

Section I Introduction Chapter 1 Effective Pricing Management Section II Economic Foundations of Pricing Theory Chapter 2 The Economics of Price Determination Chapter 3 The Economics of Information Chapter 4 Signaling and Managing Competition Section III Understanding Customer and Buyer Behavior Chapter 5 Behavioral Foundations for Pricing Management Chapter 6 Pricing Practices that Endanger Profits Chapter 7 Price and Customers' Perceptions of Value Chapter 8 Customer Value Analysis Chapter 9 Research Methods for Pricing Decisions Section IV Profitability Analysis for Pricing Decisions Chapter 10 The Role of Costs in Pricing Decisions Chapter 11 Using Leverage for Developing Pricing Strategies Chapter 12 Marketing Profitability Analysis Section V Developing Pricing Strategies Chapter 13 Experience Curve Pricing Chapter 14 Pricing Over the Product Life Cycle Chapter 15 Product-Line Pricing Section VI Managing the Pricing Function Chapter 16 Developing a Price Structure Chapter 17 Pricing To and Through the Channel Chapter 18 Legal Aspects of Pricing Strategy Section VII Special Topics on Pricing Chapter 19 Auctions and Competitive Bidding Chapter 20 Extending the Concepts of Strategic Planning Chapter 21 Pricing on the Internet Section VIII Recommendations Chapter 22 Guidelines for Better Pricing Decisions
The pricing of Japanese equity warrants

Discrepancies between the Black-Scholes value of Japanese equity warrants and their observed prices are explained in part by the stochastic volatility of changes in prices of the underlying stocks. We fit GARCH and EGARCH models to the stochastic volatility and briefly compare their performance to the CEV model. A hopscotch algorithm is used to value the warrants in the presence of the stochastic stock price volatility. The stochastic volatility-hopscotch warrant values still differ substantially from corresponding prices; in contrast, away-from-the-money short-term Nikkei 225 options valued with the same stochastic volatility models are close to observed prices. A regression model is used to fit the differences between warrant values and prices as a function of proxies for market impediments.
A fractional spur reduction technique for RF TDC-based all digital PLLs

In this paper, a technique is proposed to suppress the fractional spur induced by non-linearity of the loop in all digital PLLs (ADPLLs). The measurement results show that the fractional spurs are reduced by at least 9 dB, to below -75 dBc, when the technique is applied to a conventional all digital PLL (ADPLL) at 3.6 GHz. The extra silicon area needed for technique is only 0.02 mm2.
Empirical Evidence for the Nature of Holistic Comfort

The nursing outcome of holistic comfort encompasses physical, psychospiritual, social, and environmental aspects of human nature. The primary purpose of this study was to test four propositions about the nature of comfort: (a) Comfort has equal proportions of state and trait characteristics; (b) comfort is sensitive to changes over time; (c) when subjects are exposed to an effective intervention, they demonstrate differences in comfort that increase in a linear way compared to a control group; and (d) the whole (total comfort) is greater than the sum of its parts (relief plus ease plus transcendence). A secondary purpose of this study was to present preliminary concurrent validity between two types of comfort instruments, a traditional questionnaire with a Likert-type format and visual analog scales. Findings were positive for all theoretical propositions and moderate concurrent validity between the Radiation Therapy Comfort Questionnaire and the visual analog scale for total comfort was demonstrated.