Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Predicting Defects in Laser Powder Bed Fusion using in-situ Thermal Imaging Data and Machine Learning

Variation in the local thermal history during the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process in additive manufacturing (AM) can cause microporosity defects, which add to the uncertainty of the properties of the built materials. in-situ sensing has been proposed to monitor the AM process to minimize defects, but the success requires establishing a quantitative relationship between the sensing data and the porosity, which is especially challenging for a large number of variables. Physics-based modeling can simulate such a relationship, but they are computationally costly. In this work, we develop machine learning (ML) models that can use in-situ thermographic data to predict the microporosity of LPBF stainless steel materials. This work considers two identified key features from the thermal histories: the time above the apparent melting threshold (τ) and the
Mass Action and Conservation of Current

Abstract The law of mass action does not force a series of chemical reactions to have the same current flow everywhere. Interruption of far-away current does not stop current everywhere in a series of chemical reactions (analyzed according to the law of mass action), and so does not obey Maxwell’s equations. An additional constraint and equation is needed to enforce global continuity of current. The additional constraint is introduced in this paper in the special case that the chemical reaction describes spatial movement through narrow channels. In that case, a fully consistent treatment is possible using different models of charge movement. The general case must be dealt with by variational methods that enforce consistency of all the physical laws involved. Violations of current continuity arise away from equilibrium, when current flows, and the law of mass action is applied to a non-equilibrium situation, different from the systems considered when the law was originally derived. Device design in the chemical world is difficult because simple laws are not obeyed in that way. Rate constants of the law of mass action are found experimentally to change from one set of conditions to another. The law of mass action is not robust in most cases and cannot serve the same role that circuit models do in our electrical technology. Robust models and device designs in the chemical world will not be possible until continuity of current is embedded in a generalization of the law of mass action using a consistent variational model of energy and dissipation.
C reactive protein: impact on peripheral tissue oxygenation and perfusion in neonates

Objective C reactive protein (CRP) is a sensitive marker of acute inflammation of infectious and non-infectious origin. Aim was to use near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to analyse peripheral oxygenation and perfusion in term and preterm neonates with elevated CRP levels, at a time when routine haemodynamic variables are still normal. Design Prospective observational study. Settings Peripheral-muscle NIRS was performed in the first week of life. Tissue-oxygenation index (TOI), mixed venous oxygenation (SvO2), fractional oxygen extraction (FOE), haemoglobin flow (Hbflow), oxygen delivery (DO2) and oxygen consumption (VO2) were assessed. Blood samples were taken within 3 h of the NIRS measurements. Patients Cardiocirculatory stable term and preterm neonates with infection-related and infection-unrelated CRP elevations >10 mg/l were compared with neonates without CRP elevation. The two groups were matched for gestational and postnatal age. Results 33 neonates with CRP elevation (gestational age 37.7±2.9 weeks) were compared with 33 controls (gestational age 37.3±2.9 weeks). In neonates with CRP elevation, TOI (68.9±6.6%), SvO2 (66.9±7.3%) DO2 (39.2±16.1 µmol/100ml/min) and VO2 (10.9±3.4 µmol/100ml/min) were significantly lower compared with controls (TOI 72.9±3.8%, SvO2 70.2±4.7%, DO2 48.8±18.4 µmol/100ml/min, VO2 12.3±3.8 µmol/100ml/min). There was no significant difference in any other NIRS or routine haemodynamic parameter between the two groups. Conclusion Inflammatory processes with CRP elevation cause impaired peripheral oxygenation and perfusion in neonates even when routine haemodynamic variables are still normal. NIRS might offer a new non-invasive tool for the early recognition and diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious inflammatory processes.
Manganese‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI): methodological and practical considerations

Manganese‐enhanced MRI (MEMRI) is being increasingly used for MRI in animals due to the unique T1 contrast that is sensitive to a number of biological processes. Three specific uses of MEMRI have been demonstrated: to visualize activity in the brain and the heart; to trace neuronal specific connections in the brain; and to enhance the brain cytoarchitecture after a systemic dose. Based on an ever‐growing number of applications, MEMRI is proving useful as a new molecular imaging method to visualize functional neural circuits and anatomy as well as function in the brain in vivo. Paramount to the successful application of MEMRI is the ability to deliver Mn2+ to the site of interest at an appropriate dose and in a time‐efficient manner. A major drawback to the use of Mn2+ as a contrast agent is its cellular toxicity. Therefore, it is critical to use as low a dose as possible. In the present work the different approaches to MEMRI are reviewed from a practical standpoint. Emphasis is given to the experimental methodology of how to achieve significant, yet safe, amounts of Mn2+ to the target areas of interest. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iron Binding Modulates Candidacidal Properties of Salivary Histatin 5

Salivary protein histatin 5 (Hst 5) is fungicidal toward Candida albicans, the causative agent of oropharyngeal candidiasis. However, its activity in saliva is compromised by salivary protease-mediated degradation and interaction with salivary salts. Hst 5 has also been shown to bind various metals in saliva—namely, Zn, Cu, and Ni. Surprisingly, interactions of Hst 5 with Fe have not been studied, although iron is one of the most abundant metals present in saliva. Using circular dichroism, we show that Hst 5 can bind up to 10 equivalents of iron as measured by loss of its alpha-helical secondary structure that is normally observed for it in trifluoroethylene. A significant decrease in the candidacidal ability of Hst 5 was observed upon iron binding, with increasing iron concentrations being inversely proportional to Hst 5 killing activity. Binding assays showed that the decrease in killing was likely a result of reduced binding (10-fold reduction) of Fe–Hst 5 to C. albicans cells. Protease stability analysis showed that Fe–Hst 5 was completely resistant to trypsin digestion. In contrast, zinc binding had limited effects on Hst 5 fungicidal activity or protease susceptibility. RNA sequencing results identified changes in iron uptake genes in Hst 5–treated C. albicans cells. Our findings thus suggest that consequences of Hst 5 binding iron not only affect candidacidal ability and proteolyic stability of Hst 5, but may also contribute to a novel killing mechanism involving interference with cellular iron metabolism.
A Two-Stage Approach to Note-Level Transcription of a Specific Piano

This paper presents a two-stage transcription framework for a specific piano, which combines deep learning and spectrogram factorization techniques. In the first stage, two convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are adopted to recognize the notes of the piano preliminarily, and note verification for the specific individual is conducted in the second stage. The note recognition stage is independent of piano individual, in which one CNN is used to detect onsets and another is used to estimate the probabilities of pitches at each detected onset. Hence, candidate pitches at candidate onsets are obtained in the first stage. During the note verification, templates for the specific piano are generated to model the attack of note per pitch. Then, the spectrogram of the segment around candidate onset is factorized using attack templates of candidate pitches. In this way, not only the pitches are picked up by note activations, but the onsets are revised. Experiments show that CNN outperforms other types of neural networks in both onset detection and pitch estimation, and the combination of two CNNs yields better performance than a single CNN in note recognition. We also observe that note verification further improves the performance of transcription. In the transcription of a specific piano, the proposed system achieves 82% on note-wise F-measure, which outperforms the state-of-the-art.
Analyse des spectres VLT pour l'expérience SNLS Qualification de transients cosmologiques

Premier volet du CFHT Legacy Survey, le projet SuperNovae Legacy Survey (SNLS) propose de contraindre l'equation d'etat de l'energie noire en reduisant l'incertitude sur l'histoire de l'expansion de l'univers par l'observation de supernovae de type Ia (SN-Ia), jusqu'a un decalage vers le rouge de 1. La standardisation necessaire a l'utilisation des SN-Ia comme indicateurs de distance repose sur la mesure precise des courbes de lumiere dans 4 filtres (g', r', i' et z' pour MegaCam au CFHT). La mesure de la vitesse de recession, via le decalage vers le rouge, ainsi que la validation du transient comme etant bien une SN-Ia procedent du suivi spectroscopique. L'instrument FORS1 du Very Large Telescope de l'ESO assure l'essentiel de ce suivi. L'imposant lot de donnees, la frequente faiblesse du signal et la volonte de tester des algorithmes alternatifs de calibration des images et d'extraction des spectres m'ont amene a developper une chaine de reduction independante et automatisee. Cet ouvrage presente une methode comprehensive, d'approche statistique, pour une extraction systematisee du spectre du transient et de celui de sa galaxie hote lorsque ces sources sont effectivement resolues. Ceci par le developpement logiciel en C++ et en Python, en interaction avec les produits du suivi photometrique : les images profondes des champs et les courbes de lumiere des transients. La classification des transients reste subjective, mais est eclairee par l'ajustement simultane des courbes de lumieres et du spectre par SALT2, un modele empirique de SN-Ia (J.Guy 2007). 117 SN-Ia certaines ou probables (55% puis 73% des observations des deux premieres annees) sont ainsi identifiees.
2.5 and 10 Gb/s transmission experiments using a 137 photon/bit erbium-fiber preamplifier receiver

An optical-preamplifier receiver with sensitivity of 137 photons/bit at 2.5 Gb/s and 1.530- mu m wavelength is presented. The sensitivity is 193 photons/bit at 10 Gb/s. The authors discuss the degradations from the quantum-limited value of 38 photons/bit. By employing an optical power amplifier at the transmitter, the authors demonstrate 2.5 Gb/s-250 km and 10 Gb/s-220 km transmission through dispersion-shifted fiber. <<ETX>>
Mapping the Golgi Targeting and Retention Signal of Bunyamwera Virus Glycoproteins

ABSTRACT The membrane glycoproteins (Gn and Gc) of Bunyamwera virus (BUN; family Bunyaviridae) accumulate in the Golgi complex, where virion maturation occurs. The Golgi targeting and retention signal has previously been shown to reside within the Gn protein. A series of truncated Gn and glycoprotein precursor cDNAs were constructed by progressively deleting the coding region of the transmembrane domain (TMD) and the cytoplasmic tail. We also constructed chimeric proteins of BUN Gc, enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), and human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) fusion (F) protein that contain the Gn TMD with various lengths of its adjacent cytoplasmic tails. The subcellular localization of mutated BUN glycoproteins and chimeric proteins was investigated by double-staining immunofluorescence with antibodies against BUN glycoproteins or the HRSV F protein and with antibodies specific for the Golgi complex. The results revealed that Gn and all truncated Gn proteins that contained the intact TMD (residues 206 to 224) were able to translocate to the Golgi complex and also rescued the Gc protein, which is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum when expressed alone, to this organelle. The rescued Gc proteins acquired endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H resistance. The Gn TMD could also target chimeric EGFP to the Golgi and retain the F protein, which is characteristically expressed on the surface of HRSV-infected cells, in the Golgi. However, chimeric BUN Gc did not translocate to the Golgi, suggesting that an interaction with Gn is involved in Golgi retention of the Gc protein. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the Golgi targeting and retention signal of BUN glycoproteins resides in the TMD of the Gn protein.
Correlation between functional capacity and health-related quality of life in COPD: a case series

Objective To correlate functional capacity test scores from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) subjects with their functional state as assessed by health-related quality of life questionnaires (one respiratory disease-specific [SGRQ] and one generic [SF-36] questionnaire). Materials and methods Study of a case series of 8 COPD patients. The following tests were performed: 1) Six-minute walk test (6-MWT); 2) Shuttle walking test (SWT); 3) Six-minute step test (6-MST); 4) Two-minute sit-to-stand test (STST); and 5) Pegboard and ring test (PBRT). Besides these tests, two health-related quality of life questionnaires were administered: The St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and the Short Form 36 (SF-36) health survey questionnaire. The statistical analysis was carried out by using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, while correlations were assessed using Pearson's (parametric data) or Spearman's (non-parametric data) rank tests, with p < 0.05. Results The 6-MWT showed strong correlation with the SF-36 scales of physical functioning, general health, vitality, social functioning and mental health. Conversely, the other functional capacity tests showed no correlation with this questionnaire. The SGRQ showed no correlation with any of the tests. Conclusions The 6-MWT may be a good test to reflect the health-related quality of life of COPD subjects.
Molecular cloning, expression analysis, and functional characterization of connexin44.1: A zebrafish lens gap junction protein

The connexin family of genes codes for proteins that oligomerize into a connexon of six subunits to form one half of the gap junction channel. Gap junctions are plasma membrane structures that mediate intercellular communication by joining the cytoplasm of two cells, allowing the passage of small molecules and metabolites, and contributing significantly to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. The signaling mediated by these junctions appears to be necessary for the correct timing of key developmental events. This communication is especially important in the avascular lens where the intercellular passage of metabolites, second messengers, and ions is necessary to maintain the correct ionic balance in the lens fibre cells, and prevent cataract formation. To characterize the role that the connexin genes play in development, a novel connexin was cloned from zebrafish. A genomic clone was isolated that contained a 1,173 base open reading frame. The nucleotide sequence in this open reading frame shows extensive sequence similarity to mouse connexin50 (Cx50), chicken Cx45.6, sheep Cx49, and human Cx50. The protein encoded by this open reading frame contains 391 amino acids, with a predicted molecular weight of 44.1 kDa and a typical connexin transmembrane topology. By using the LN54 radiation hybrid panel, the Cx44.1 gene was mapped to linkage group 1. Whole‐mount in situ hybridization and Northern blot analyses were performed on zebrafish embryos at various developmental stages to characterize the developmental expression of the Cx44.1 message. The ocular lens was the only tissue in which Cx44.1 transcripts were detected. The transcripts were first detected in the lens around 24 hr post fertilization and remained detectable until 120 hr post fertilization. Electrophysiological analysis of Cx44.1 channels revealed gating properties that were virtually identical to the mouse and chicken orthologues of Cx44.1. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vulnerability Analysis of HD Photo Image Viewer Applications

We investigated whether some of the image viewer applications that render HD photo image files are susceptible to compromise by opening a malformed HD photo image file. We customized and used an automated toolset to conduct both mutation- and generation-based fuzzing to conduct the assessment. The results of exercising the test cases indicate that the image viewer applications are highly resistant to easy-to-find security bugs often discovered by fuzzers.
On the revival of the Rasch model-based LLTM: From constructing tests using item generating rules to measuring item administration effects

The “linear logistic test model” (LLTM) breaks down the item parameter of the Rasch model into a linear combination of certain hypothesized elementary parameters. Apart from the originally intended primary application of generating an indefinite number of items composed of whichever item difficulties the examiner chooses, there are many other potential applications. They all deal with measuring certain item administration effects. This paper illustrates several of these approaches as well as how to design data sampling using the respective LLTM’s structure matrix. These approaches deal with: a) Rasch model item calibration using data sampled consecutively in time but partly from the same examinees; b) measuring position effects of item presentation, in particular, learning and fatigue effects – specific for each position, as well as linear or non-linear; c) measuring content-specific learning effects; d) measuring warming-up effects; e) measuring effects of speeded item presentation; f) measuring effects of different item response formats. It is pointed out that the given LLTM approaches have the advantage of “elegance,” as a hierarchical system of concurrent (alternative) hypotheses can be tested.
L'helminthosporiose de l'orge causée par Dreschlera teres

Apres avoir presente l'orge et le pathogene, nous avons conduit une etude analytique et evolutive des symptomes causes par les deux formes du pathogene (maculata et teres) et montre que leur morphologie differente est en relation avec la localisation du mycelium du parasite. La forme maculata determine des symptomes tres polymorphes susceptibles d'etre confondus avec d'autres pathogenes dont certains ont ete decrits pour la premiere fois en france. Par ailleurs, l'etude biologique fait ressortir que ces deux formes ont les memes exigences a l'egard d'un certain nombre de facteurs abiotiques (t#o, ph, lumiere, humidite) et qu'il n'y a a pas d'antagonisme entre celles-ci. Ces resultats ne sauraient donc expliquer leur importance et leur repartition geographique differentes. Apres avoir precise les facteurs qui concourent a l'optimisation de la biosynthese du complexe toxique, nous avons montre que les phytotoxines sont largement impliquees dans l'expression des composantes du symptome mais qu'elles ne semblent pas responsables du pouvoir pathogene. Ensuite l'etude de la sensibilite des differents cultivars d'orge a la maladie a revele que la plupart de ceux cultives en france sont sensibles a tres sensibles. Les principaux geniteurs de resistance proviennent des centre d'origine de l'orge cultivee. Enfin une etude qualitative et quantitative des differents facteurs agissant sur les diverses formes du pathogene (impliquees dans les sequences de l'epidemie) a ete realisee. Elle permet de mettre en exergue l'importance des pailles d'orge dans l'exteriorisation des formes de conservation et de dissemination, de mieux comprendre le developpement de la maladie a l'echelon de la parcelle, et d'entrevoir une modelisation de celui-ci dans le cadre d'une lutte rationnelle
Clone history shapes Populus drought responses

Just as animal monozygotic twins can experience different environmental conditions by being reared apart, individual genetically identical trees of the genus Populus can also be exposed to contrasting environmental conditions by being grown in different locations. As such, clonally propagated Populus trees provide an opportunity to interrogate the impact of individual environmental history on current response to environmental stimuli. To test the hypothesis that current responses to an environmental stimulus, drought, are contingent on environmental history, the transcriptome- level drought responses of three economically important hybrid genotypes—DN34 (Populus deltoides × Populus nigra), Walker [P. deltoides var. occidentalis × (Populus laurifolia × P. nigra)], and Okanese [Walker × (P. laurifolia × P. nigra)]—derived from two different locations were compared. Strikingly, differences in transcript abundance patterns in response to drought were based on differences in geographic origin of clones for two of the three genotypes. This observation was most pronounced for the genotypes with the longest time since establishment and last common propagation. Differences in genome-wide DNA methylation paralleled the transcriptome level trends, whereby the clones with the most divergent transcriptomes and clone history had the most marked differences in the extent of total DNA methylation, suggesting an epigenomic basis for the clone history-dependent transcriptome divergence. The data provide insights into the interplay between genotype and environment in the ecologically and economically important Populus genus, with implications for the industrial application of Populus trees and the evolution and persistence of these important tree species and their associated hybrids.
The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System Regulates the Accumulation of Turnip yellow mosaic virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase during Viral Infection[W]

Replication of positive-strand RNA viruses, the largest group of plant viruses, is initiated by viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). This work shows that Turnip yellow mosaic virus RdRp is a target of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in plant cells during viral infection and supports the idea that proteasomal degradation may constitute another level of regulation of viral replication. Replication of positive-strand RNA viruses, the largest group of plant viruses, is initiated by viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Given its essential function in viral replication, understanding the regulation of RdRp is of great importance. Here, we show that Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) RdRp (termed 66K) is degraded by the proteasome at late time points during viral infection and that the accumulation level of 66K affects viral RNA replication in infected Arabidopsis thaliana cells. We mapped the cis-determinants responsible for 66K degradation within its N-terminal noncatalytic domain, but we conclude that 66K is not a natural N-end rule substrate. Instead, we show that a proposed PEST sequence within 66K functions as a transferable degradation motif. In addition, several Lys residues that constitute target sites for ubiquitylation were mapped; mutation of these Lys residues leads to stabilization of 66K. Altogether, these results demonstrate that TYMV RdRp is a target of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in plant cells and support the idea that proteasomal degradation may constitute yet another fundamental level of regulation of viral replication.