Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sensible reasoning: A hypothesis about hypotheses.

TsCHmcI, JUDrTH E. Sensible Reasoning: A Hypothesis about Hypotheses. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1980, 51, 1-10. This study investigated the asserted differences in reasoning between adults and second, fourth, and sixth graders in a manipulation-of-variables task using common everyday situations. It is proposed that hypothesis-testing skills used in this task do not necessarily develop from an understanding of the logic of classes. These skills may develop through experience in manipulating elements in those naturally occurring situations where it is desirable to eliminate negative outcomes or reproduce positive outcomes. Subjects were given 8 multivariate stories with different outcomes, either good or bad, and asked to choose a test to determine which element caused the outcome. Subjects were expected to choose a test systematically on the basis of sensible considerations of the outcome value of any situation, not on purely logical grounds. For all age groups the general pattern of responses was the same. A logical disconfirming test (vary only the hypothesized variable) was preferred in bad-outcome situations, and a logically inappropriate confirming test (repeat the hypothesized variable in a different context) was preferred in good-outcome stories. The main developmental trend was a shift in choice of strategy to eliminate the hypothesized variable in bad-outcome stories. There was no relation between children's performance on class-inclusion problems and their story-problem solutions. These results are discussed in terms of "sensible" reasoning and problem-solving skills.
Association of Mycoplasma genitalium Persistence in the Urethra With Recurrence of Nongonococcal Urethritis

Background Most patients with recurrent symptomatic nongonococcal urethritis receive negative test results for Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum, and the cause of such recurrence usually is unknown. Goal To assess the association of Mycoplasma genitalium with recurrent nongonococcal urethritis. Study Design In this study, 72 men with nongonococcal urethritis were treated with levofloxacin. Before and after treatment, symptoms and signs were assessed and first-pass urine was examined for C trachomatis, M genitalium, U urealyticum, and Mycoplasma hominis by polymerase chain reaction–based assays. Results In 6 of 45 men who had no symptoms and no evidence of inflammation after treatment, nongonococcal urethritis recurred. Of these 6 men, 5 had positive test results for M genitalium before levofloxacin treatment, which remained positive afterward. After the second treatment for recurrent nongonococcal urethritis, one man was still had a positive test result for the mycoplasma and experienced a subsequent recurrence. Conclusions This study suggests that the persistence of M genitalium in the urethra may be associated with recurrence of nongonococcal urethritis.
Reducing energy consumption of LTE devices for machine-to-machine communication

We present a method to reduce the device battery consumption to efficiently support machine-to-machine (M2M) communication in LTE. We first introduce a model for calculating energy consumption of a LTE device. We assume that the M2M device transmits small amounts of data with deterministic intervals. Our model takes into account the energy consumption in active and nonactive periods which alternate depending on the configuration of discontinuous reception (DRX). We use the model with different parameter settings referring to potential future M2M devices. The results indicate that making the current maximum DRX cycle length longer would lead to significant gains in the energy consumption of M2M devices. Thus, our key contribution is to show the potential of trading the responsiveness of a device for energy consumption gain with very long DRX cycles.
Body Pose as an Indicator of Human-Object Interaction Undergraduate

Human-object interaction recognition is important for detection of particular actions, small or partially occluded objects and video analysis. Our approach analyzes body poses and determines which ones are indicative of human-object interaction. We tested the method using videos containing different household actions. On average we obtained between 70 and 90 percent precision for the videos we tested on.
Dating Advertisements: Discourses of the Commodified Self

Dating advertisements are the textual products of a discourse of commodification and marketization. They are certainly a prime site for witnessing the textual construction of self- and other-identities in the service of developing new relationships. Furthermore, close examination of a corpus of written and spoken dating advertisements reveals advertisers' resources for resisting full-blown self-commodification. Individuals can, to some extent, extricate themselves from the constraints of the media in which they operate. The analyses suggest that the moral case against `pernicious commodification', as a recurrent contemporary discursive formation and as a threat to late-modern self-identities and relationships, is overstated.
Computed Tomography Evaluation of Superior-Segment Facet-Joint Violation After Pedicle Instrumentation of the Lumbar Spine With a Midline Surgical Approach

Study Design. Retrospective study. Objectives. To determine the frequency of pedicle screw violation of superior nonfused facet joints adjacent to the most cephalad pedicle screws after a midline approach for lumbar fusion. Summary of Background Data. Facet-joint violations have been evaluated in patients undergoing lumbar pedicle screw instrumentation and fusion with a Wiltse muscle-splitting approach, but not via the more common midline approach. Methods. Between 1995 and 2003, 204 patients underwent this procedure. Computed tomography scans (within 1 year postsurgery) were evaluated independently for superior facet-joint violation. &khgr;2 tests were used to examine bivariate associations of superior level facet-joint violation, patient age, construct level, diagnosis, and revision status for significance (P ≤ 0.05). Results. Superior-level facet-joint violation occurred in 24% of patients and 15% of screws, twice as often on the left side (P = 0.0396) than on the right, more frequently in single than in multiple-level procedures (P < 0.0001), and most frequently with the most cephalad screws at L5 (48%). We found no significant associations between violation rates and other designated parameters. Conclusion. The left side, single-level fusion, and most cephalad pedicle screws at L5 are targets for interventions to reduce pedicle violations in this procedure.
Use of Images as Reflective Discrepant Events: Pathways for Elementary Teachers to Reconsider Practice in relation to their Views of Science Teaching and Learning

Embedded in the minds of science teacher educators and in the mission statements of many science teacher education programs is the idea of reflective practice. Even though extensive and intensive efforts such as curricula and programmatic approaches to developing reflection over an extended period of time are preferred, they are not always feasible. In the cases where interactions with teachers are delimited to specific time frames of a few hours or a few days, tools to encourage reflection are invaluable. This article discusses the use of images as plausible tools in encouraging reflection on the part of practicing teachers when time constraints are operative. More specifically, this article addresses the following: What images do practicing elementary school teachers have of teaching science and of children learning science? What views of teaching science are associated with these images? What is the usefulness of images as reflective discrepant events?
Generating Conformer Ensembles Using a Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm

The task of generating a nonredundant set of low-energy conformations for small molecules is of fundamental importance for many molecular modeling and drug-design methodologies. Several approaches to conformer generation have been published. Exhaustive searches suffer from the exponential growth of the search space with increasing degrees of conformational freedom (number of rotatable bonds). Stochastic algorithms do not suffer as much from the exponential increase of search space and provide a good coverage of the energy minima. Here, the use of a multiobjective genetic algorithm in the generation of conformer ensembles is investigated. Distance geometry is used to generate an initial conformer, which is then subject to geometric modifications encoded by the individuals of the genetic algorithm. The geometric modifications apply to torsion angles about rotatable bonds, stereochemistry of double bonds and tetrahedral chiral centers, and ring conformations. The geometric diversity of the evolving conformer ensemble is preserved by a fitness-sharing mechanism based on the root-mean-square distance of the atomic coordinates. Molecular symmetry is taken into account in the distance calculation. The geometric modifications introduce strain into the structures. The strain is relaxed using an MMFF94-like force field in a postprocessing step that also removes conformational duplicates and structures whose strain energy remains above a predefined window from the minimum energy value found in the set. The implementation, called Balloon, is available free of charge on the Internet ( http://www.abo.fi/~mivainio/balloon/).
Inverted terminal repeats in rabbit poxvirus and vaccinia virus DNA

In both rabbit poxvirus and vaccinia virus DNA have demonstrated an identical distribution of eight HinfI. The length of the terminal repeats was found to be 3.4 to 3.6 megadaltons (Mdaltons) for rabbit poxvirus DNA and 7.4 to 8.0 Mdaltons for vaccinia virus DNA. Maps of the HinfI restriction sites within isolated EcoRI end fragments of rabbit poxvirus and vaccinia virus DNA PHAVE DEMONSTRATED AN IDENTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF EIGHT HinfI sites in an internal part (approximately 2 Mdaltons) of the EcoRI end fragments of the two genomes.
Modeling IrDA performance: the effect of IrLAP negotiation parameters on throughput

The Infrared Data Association's (IrDA) infrared data transmission protocol is a widely used mechanism for short-range wireless data communications. In order to provide flexibility for connections between devices of potentially disparate capabilities, IrDA devices negotiate the values of several transmission parameters based on the capabilities of the devices establishing the connection. This paper describes the design and implementation of a software tool, Irdaperf, to model IrDA performance based on negotiated transmission parameters. Using Irdaperf, we demonstrate that for fast data rates, maximizing the window size and data size are key factors for overcoming the negative effects of a relatively long link turnaround time. At slower speeds (especially 115.2 Mbps and below), these factors have a less pronounced effect.
Neighbourhood stigma and social exclusion : the case of two Scottish peripheral estates

As a consequence of economic change and urban decline, stigma has become a feature of many neighbourhoods in western industrialised cities. Based upon the experiences of two housing estates located on the periphery of the Scottish city of Dundee, this thesis investigates the processes involved in the creation of poor neighbourhood reputation and examines the ways in which stigma influences residents. The study uses qualitative data from a large number of in-depth interviews and focus groups with residents, non-residents and professional stakeholders to illuminate how stigma was understood and experienced from different perspectives. The thesis argues that although the activity of labelling represents a pervasive social enterprise that is generally carried out with no intention to cause harm, it can have inadvertent consequences of negative discrimination and disadvantage. This assertion is demonstrated in the context of neighbourhood stigma and its ability to exert a powerful influence on the material and psychological well being of residents, which contributes towards their experience of disadvantage and exclusion from important aspects of economic, social and cultural life. The thesis also proposes that neighbourhood stigma is more harmful where disadvantage already exists, thereby perpetuating stigma and intensifying social exclusion. The thesis concludes by offering suggestions for tackling the problem of poor neighbourhood reputation and stigma in regeneration initiatives.
Narrating Human Actions

In this article, the authors offer a model for the exploration of the ways social actors narrate the forces that have driven their lives. They position this exploration in light of the notions of agency, structure, communion, and serendipity, as formulated in various social-science theories of human action, viewed as part of the cultural repertoire of discourses available to narrators. The authors suggest a model for understanding the interrelationships between agency, structure, communion, and serendipity—as worked out in the subjective experience of life-story narrators—and exemplify the model through the analysis of one woman's life story.
Ly6C+Ly6G− Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells play a critical role in the resolution of acute inflammation and the subsequent tissue repair process after spinal cord injury

Acute inflammation is a prominent feature of central nervous system (CNS) insult and is detrimental to the CNS tissue. Although this reaction spontaneously diminishes within a short period of time, the mechanism underlying this inflammatory resolution remains largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that an initial infiltration of Ly6C+Ly6G− immature monocyte fraction exhibited the same characteristics as myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and played a critical role in the resolution of acute inflammation and in the subsequent tissue repair by using mice spinal cord injury (SCI) model. Complete depletion of Ly6C+Ly6G− fraction prior to injury by anti‐Gr‐1 antibody (clone: RB6‐8C5) treatment significantly exacerbated tissue edema, vessel permeability, and hemorrhage, causing impaired neurological outcomes. Functional recovery was barely impaired when infiltration was allowed for the initial 24 h after injury, suggesting that MDSC infiltration at an early phase is critical to improve the neurological outcome. Moreover, intraspinal transplantation of ex vivo‐generated MDSCs at sites of SCI significantly reduced inflammation and promoted tissue regeneration, resulting in better functional recovery. Our findings reveal the crucial role of an Ly6C+Ly6G− fraction as MDSCs in regulating inflammation and tissue repair after SCI, and also suggests an MDSC‐based strategy that can be applied to acute inflammatory diseases.
Second Language Students’ Discourse Socialization in Academic Online Communities

This article reports an investigation of second language (L2) students’ class participation in English-language university courses in two different modes: face-to-face off-line and asynchronous online. The study addressed (1) what characteristics of academic online discourse were created in graduate courses; (2) how students reported their construction of online discourse and what problems they faced; and (3) what participant roles L2 students exhibited in their academic online discourse. The findings reveal larger differences between the two courses than those between L1 and L2 status. The two courses appeared to be equally successful in generating a high level of academic discourse, but they differed substantially in terms of language registration, attitudes, exercise of agency, and the range of participant roles. Cet article rend compte d’une enquête menée au niveau universitaire sur la participation en classe d’apprenants en anglais langue seconde en fonction de deux modes d’acquisition complémentaires : présentiel (synchrone) et en ligne (asynchrone). L’objet de cette étude consistait à déterminer : (a) les caractéristiques du discours universitaire en ligne favorisées par les cours aux cycles supérieurs ; (b) les processus de construction du discours en ligne tels que rapportés par les étudiants et les obstacles qu’ils ont dû surmonter ; (c) les stratégies de participation manifestées par les étudiants dans leur discours universitaire en ligne. Les résultats révèlent des disparités plus grandes entre les cours en classe et les cours en ligne qu’entre le statut des langues (langue première ou langue seconde). À première vue, les deux types d’apprentissage semblent produire le même niveau élevé de discours universitaire chez les étudiants. Toutefois, une étude approfondie révèle des différences notables quant au registre de langage, aux attitudes, à l’autonomie et à la diversité des formes de participation.
Domestic Violence as a Human Rights Issue: The Case of Immigrant Latinos

Using the writings of the late social psychologist Ignacio Martín-Baró and other Latin American and Latino social scientists as a framework, this article examines the issue of domestic violence from a human rights perspective. As suggested by these writers, the antecedents, dynamics, and effects of domestic abuse are explored, bringing to bear the historical, philosophical, cultural, social, spiritual, and political realities of Latino immigrants in the United States. From this ecological perspective, universal and culture-specific elements of this phenomenon are considered. Finally, Freire’s idea of concientización (consciousness) is used to delineate levels of awareness and responsibility necessary to break the intergenerational transmission of domestic violence in this population.
Video stabilization based on adaptive local subspace of feature point classification

Video stabilization removes jitters from shaking videos, which enhances videos quality to achieve stable and comfortable ones. In this paper, we propose a novel method for video stabilization. First, we classify feature points into inliers and outliers based on the global motion estimation to exclude the feature points on moving objects to stabilize camera movements without the interference of outliers. Second, we assemble the trajectory matrix with inlier trajectories across adaptive frames to guarantee sufficient complete trajectories for factorization. Then every frame is smoothed in separate local subspace. This model is more flexible than a global subspace. In addition, to make the inter-frame transition consistent, we exploit homography consistency to alleviate the abrupt transition of inter-frame segments. Experiments demonstrate that our results are comparable with the state-of-the-art methods.
The Effectiveness of a Color–Coded, Onset–Rime Decoding Intervention with First–Grade Students at Serious Risk for Reading Disabilities

This study was an investigation into the effectiveness of a color–coded, onset–rime–based decoding intervention with first–graders at serious risk for reading disabilities using a single–subject multiple probe design. Students increased their ability to decode instructional words on average 73% over baseline. For novel words from instructed rime patterns, scores increased by an average of 56%. Transfer at the vowel level to uninstructed rime patterns was limited, with scores improving by an average of 29%. Students maintained decoding gains at 1–week and 1–month maintenance. While acknowledging the difficulty in predicting reading disabilities based on first–grade performance, the effectiveness of the early intervention is a promising step in finding an instructional approach that is successful with the most at risk or disabled students who often do not respond to effective remedial programs.
The 10/90 divide in mental health research: Trends over a 10-year period

Summary A search (precision value 94%, recall value 93%) of the ISI Web of Science database (1992–2001) revealed that mental health publications accounted for 3–4% of the health literature. A 10/90 divide in internationally accessible mental health literature was evident and remained undiminished through 10 years as low- and middle-income countries (n= 152) contributed only 6%, high-income countries (n=54) 94%, and 14 leading high-income countries (with more than 1% contribution for majority of years under consideration) contributed 90% of internationally accessible mental health research. Steps should be taken to improve the research infrastructure and capacity to conduct and disseminate mental health research in general, and on a priority basis in low- and middle-income countries.
Developing Local Emergency Management by Co-Ordination between Municipalities in Policy Networks: Experiences from Sweden

This study aims to increase our understanding of how co-operation in inter-municipality policy networks in a Swedish region is established and maintained regarding emergency management. We discuss how a network of five municipalities emerged and took shape. Overall, we conclude that co-ordination and co-operation in municipal emergency management are probably relatively easy to develop, because it is easy for the involved actors to see the benefits. Sharing resources is seen as crucial when establishing and, not least, financing efficient, high-quality emergency management. The municipalities' lack of resources to provide effective emergency services, as required by law, makes them dependent on each other. Limits for co-ordination were connected to distance and other geographical factors. Other limits of equal importance were linked to factors such as culture/tradition, mutual understanding, size of partners, and unwillingness to give up authority as well as a prior barrier for co-operation between small and bigger municipalities.
Measurement of pressure and flow rates during irrigation of a root canal ex vivo with three endodontic needles.

AIM To monitor ex vivo intra-canal irrigation with three endodontic needles (25, 27 and 30 gauge) and compare them in terms of irrigant flow rate, intra-barrel pressure, duration of irrigation and volume of irrigant delivered. METHODOLOGY A testing system was constructed to allow measurement of selected variables with pressure and displacement transducers during ex vivo intra-canal irrigation with a syringe and three different needles (groups A, B, C) into a prepared root canal. Ten specialist endodontists performed the irrigation procedure. Each operator performed ten procedures with each needle. Data recorded by the transducers were analysed using Friedman's test, Wilcoxon Signed Rank test, Mann-Whitney U-test and Kendall's T(b) test. The level of significance was set to 95%. RESULTS Significant differences were detected among the three needles for most variables. Duration of delivery and flow rates significantly decreased as the needle diameter increased, whilst pressure increased up to 400-550 kPa. Gender of the operator had a significant impact on the results. Experience of the operators (years) were negatively correlated to volume of irrigant (all groups), to the duration of delivery (groups A, B) and to the average flow rate (group A). CONCLUSIONS Finer diameter needles require increased effort to deliver the irrigant and result in higher intra-barrel pressure. The syringe and needles used tolerated the pressure developed. Irrigant flow rate should be considered as a factor directly influencing flow beyond the needle. Wide variations of flow rate were observed among operators. Syringe irrigation appears difficult to standardize and control.