Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Brain energy metabolism is increased by chronic administration of bupropion

Objectives: Based on the hypothesis that energy impairment may be involved in the pathophysiology of depression, we evaluated the activities of citrate synthase, malate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, II, II-III, IV and creatine kinase (CK) in the brain of rats submitted to chronic administration of bupropion. Methods: Animals received daily administration of bupropion dissolved in saline (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) at 1.0 ml/kg body weight. The rats received injections once a day for 14 days; control rats received an equivalent volume of saline. Twelve hours after the last administration, the rats were killed by decapitation and brain was rapidly removed and kept on an ice plate. The activities of the enzymes were measured in different brain areas. Results: We observed that the activities of citrate synthase and malate dehydrogenase, mithocondrial respiratory chain complexes I, II-III and IV and CK were not altered after chronic administration of bupropion. However, SDH activity was increased in the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum. In the hippocampus, cerebellum and striatum the activity of complex II was increased after chronic administration of bupropion. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that bupropion increased some enzymes of brain energy metabolism. These findings are in accordance with other studies which showed that some antidepressants may improve energy metabolism. The present results reinforce the hypothesis that antidepressants modulate brain energy metabolism.
Positive feedback loop of interleukin-1beta upregulating production of inflammatory mediators in human intervertebral disc cells in vitro.

OBJECT Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) induces neurological symptoms in intervertebral disc herniation (IDH). Recently, the existence of a positive feedback loop of IL-1beta, which encourages an inflammatory reaction or degeneration in the cells of tendon, has been reported. The authors hypothesized that there is a positive feedback loop of IL-1beta in the cells of IDH. METHODS Eight human intervertebral disc specimens were harvested during spinal surgery for lumbar disc herniation. The cells were stimulated in serum-free medium with or without exogenous IL-1beta. The messenger RNA (mRNA) was extracted for reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR to quantify the mRNA of endogenous IL-1beta, IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The cells were then stimulated in serum-free medium with or without exogenous IL-1beta, and then exogenous IL-1beta was removed. After 2, 4, and 6 days, the medium was collected, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the protein concentration of endogenous IL-1beta. The mRNA expressions of endogenous IL-1beta, IL-6, COX-2, and MMPs were increased significantly depending on the concentration of exogenous IL-1beta. The protein concentration of endogenous IL-1beta was increased over time. CONCLUSIONS There was a positive feedback loop of IL-1beta in the cells of IDH. Furthermore, the productions of IL-6, COX-2, MMP-1, and MMP-3 were upregulated as a result of the increasing concentration of IL-1beta in a positive feedback loop of IL-1beta. The authors concluded that this positive feedback loop of IL-1beta upregulated the production of mediators and thus can cause cessation of symptoms in IDH.
Adenovirus infection enhances in vitro adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae

Viruses are thought to facilitate bacterial infections of the respiratory tract, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. The present study analyzed the effect of adenovirus on bacterial adherence to human respiratory tract epithelial cells. The human lung carcinoma cell line A549 was infected with adenovirus of types 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 9. At a multiplicity of infection of 75 particles per cell, cytopathic effects occurred in 75 to 100% of the cells within 48 h. The virus-infected cells were harvested at various times after infection and analyzed for the ability to bind strains of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Adenovirus (types 1, 2, 3, and 5) commonly causing respiratory tract infections increased the binding of adherent S. pneumoniae strains to the cells. This effect was not seen for other adenovirus types. Adenovirus infection did not change the adherence of cells of poorly adhering strains of S. pneumoniae or H. influenzae. The increase in adherence of S. pneumoniae could be inhibited by the DNA synthesis inhibitor cytosine arabinofuranoside, which is known to block the late phase of the adenovirus infection. When electron microscopy was used, there was no evidence that virus particles bound directly to bacteria. Adherence was not affected by pretreatment of the cells with virus particles or viral proteins. This suggested that adenovirus infection upregulated receptors for S. pneumoniae. The increased attachment may be one mechanism by which viruses precondition the respiratory mucosa for bacterial infection.
Youths Operating All-Terrain Vehicles—Implications for Safety Education

ABSTRACT All-terrain vehicle (ATV) use has increased in recent years. ATV injuries and deaths have also increased, particularly among youth. The authors administered a survey at a National FFA convention to identify safety-related behaviors, injuries, and effects of ATV safety training. There were 624 participants aged 12 to 20 with a median age of 16; 56% were male and 69% lived on a farm. The median age for first riding an ATV was 9. ATV size recommendations were rarely observed; nearly all ATVs operated by youth less than 16 years of age were over 90 cc. Safety-related behaviors were reported as follows: always wearing a helmet (24%), never taking passengers (12%), never riding as a passenger (16%), and never riding on paved road (19%). A small percentage (22%) had participated in ATV safety training; 41% were willing, but 46% said such training was not available. ATV training was positively associated with always wearing a helmet (odds ratio [OR]: 1.72, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12–2.63), never taking passengers (OR: 2.31, 95% CI: 1.36–3.91), never riding as a passenger (OR: 3.02, 95% CI: 1.90–4.79), and never riding on paved road (OR: 1.57, 95% CI: 0.99–2.50). However, training was also associated with an increase in injuries (OR: 1.96, 95% CI: 1.31–2.94), although this effect was not found in multivariable models. It was not known if the injuries occurred before or after the training and no exposure time data were available. Gender differences were found in behaviors and injury rates (males 37%, females 20%). The results suggest ATV safety training improved behaviors. Gender differences in operation, behaviors, and injuries should be considered in training.
The implementation of high-speed data transmission for 8B/10B protocol on FPGAs

The paper is to implement high-speed serial communication between FPGAs with 8B/10B protocol. High-speed data transmission or data bus often use 8B/10B protocol, such as Serial ATA, PCI Express, Fiber Channel, Internet. In general the development platform of FPGA has built-in 8B/10B IP core, such as the Quartus II and ISE, i.e. the 8B/10B IP core will be limited by different platforms. In this paper, an 8B/10B open source will be employed to solve this problem and applied to the merger board and universal trigger board of KEK [1] Belle II [2] experimental trigger system for connection testing where the transmission data rate is successfully achieved up to 3.125 Gbps. The testing results and comparisons among Aurora 8B/10B, Belle II 8B/10B and 8B/10B open source protocols will be included.
Local sweating on the forehead, but not forearm, is influenced by aerobic fitness independently of heat balance requirements during exercise

The present study investigated the influence of maximal oxygen uptake ( ) on local steady‐state sudomotor responses to exercise, independently of evaporative requirements for heat balance (Ereq). Eleven fit (F; 61.9 ± 6.0 ml kg−1 min−1) and 10 unfit men (UF; 40.4 ± 3.8 ml kg−1 min−1) cycled for 60 min at an air temperature of 24.5 ± 0.8°C and ambient humidity of 0.9 ± 0.3 kPa at a set metabolic heat production per unit surface area, producing the same Ereq in all participants (BAL trial) and, in a second trial, at 60% of . During the BAL trial, absolute power (F 107 ± 2 and UF 102 ± 2 W; P= 0.126), Ereq (F 175 ± 5 and UF 176 ± 9 W m−2; P= 0.855), steady‐state whole‐body sweat rate (F 0.44 ± 0.02 and UF 0.47 ± 0.02 mg cm−2 min−1; P= 0.385) and local sweat rate on the arm (F 0.29 ± 0.03 and UF 0.35 ± 0.03 mg cm−2 min−1; P= 0.129) were not different between groups; however, local sweat rate on the forehead in UF (1.67 ± 0.20 mg cm−2 min−1) was almost double (P= 0.002) that of F (0.87 ± 0.11 mg cm−2 min−1). Heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion and relative exercise intensity were also significantly greater in UF (P < 0.05). There was a trend towards an elevated minute ventilation in UF (P= 0.052), while end‐tidal was significantly lower in UF (P= 0.028). At 60% , absolute power (F 174 ± 6 and UF 110 ± 5 W; P < 0.001), Ereq (F 291 ± 14 and UF 190 ± 17 W m−2; P < 0.001), steady‐state whole‐body sweat rate (F 0.84 ± 0.05 and UF 0.53 ± 0.03 mg cm−2 min−1; P < 0.001) and local sweat rate on the arm (F 0.75 ± 0.04 and UF 0.35 ± 0.03 mg cm−2 min−1; P < 0.001) and on the forehead (F 2.92 ± 0.42 and UF 1.68 ± 0.23 mg cm−2 min−1; P= 0.022) were all significantly greater in F compared with UF. Heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion were similar at all time points (P > 0.05). Significantly greater minute ventilation (P < 0.001) and end‐tidal responses (P= 0.017) were found in F. In conclusion, aerobic fitness alters local sweating on the forehead, but not the forearm, independently of evaporative requirements for heat balance, and may be the result of differential control of sweating in these skin areas associated with the relative intensity of exercise.
Biochemical properties of p15-associated protease in an avian RNA tumor virus

It was observed that the viral structural protein p15 from avian myeloblastosis virus emerges from ion-exchange column chromatography along with a proteolytic activity. p15 is apparently pure, as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacryl-amide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. Increase and decrease in proteolytic activity coincided exactly with increasing and decreasing amounts of p15 during ion-exchange chromatography and during size fractionation by gell filtration. The proteolytic activity cleaved various substrates such as bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin, concanavalin A, and casein after denaturation by sodium dodecyl sulfate and heat. Highest enzyme activity was observed around pH 5.7. As judged from its cleavage pattern and its response to proteolytic inhibitors, the proteolytic activity appears papain-like, and the protease responsible for it may be classified as a thiol protease. If added to immunoprecipitated viral polyprotein precursor Pr76, p15 resulted in cleavage of Pr76,which could be inhibited by antibodies against p15.
The Nonconcept of Species Diversity: A Critique and Alternative Parameters.

The recent literature on species diversity contains many semantic, conceptual, and technical problems. It is suggested that, as a result of these problems, species diversity has become a meaningless concept, that the term be abandoned, and that ecologists take a more critical approach to species-number relations and rely less on information theoretic and other analogies. As multispecific collections of organisms possess numerous statistical properties which conform to the conventional criteria for diversity indices, such collections are not intrinsically arrangeable in linear order along some diversity scale. Several such properties or "species composition parameters" having straightforward biological interpretations are presented as alternatives to the diversity approach. The two most basic of these are simply ▵1 =[n/n-1][1-Σi (N _i/_N)2 ] =the proportion of potential interindividual encounters which is interspecific (as opposed to intraspecific), assuming every individual in the collection can encounter all other individuals, E(Sn ) = Σi [1-(N-Nin )/(Nn )] =the expected number of species in a sample of n individuals selected at random from a collection containing N individuals, S species, and Ni individuals in the ith species.
Characteristics of falls in mild and moderate Alzheimer’s disease

The occurrence of falls in AD patients is frequent, and their consequences are cognitive decline, fractures and loss of independence. Many studies have addressed fall risk factors in order to establish effective prevention strategies. Objectives We describe the frequency and characteristics of falls in a sample of AD patients and their main risk factors. Methods We evaluated 40 subjects without cognitive impairment, and 45 AD patients, graded as CDR 1 and CDR 2. Results Environmental hazard risks were the most frequent cause associated with falls in CDR 1 (41.4%) and CDR 2 (46.7%). Instability (31%) and dizziness (17.2%) were frequent causes of falls in the CDR 1 group, and this group showed the highest rate of recurrence (28%). In both groups of AD patients, indoors falls predominated (70.3 and 80% respectively for CDR 1 and 2). In our sample, the remaining factors studied were not associated with increasing risk for falls. Conclusions These results reinforce the hypothesis that falls in AD are mutifactorial and that their risk factors are highly interconnected. Preventative strategies considering all aspects should be implemented most crucially eliminating environmental risks, maintaining constant presence of caregivers, and providing physical and functional stimulation, both in mild and moderate AD.
Relation recognition among named entities from a crime corpus using a web-based semantic similarity measurement

The present work proposes an unsupervised approach for recognising relations between named entities from a large corpora based on crime in Indian states and union territories. Initially, named entities have been identified from the extracted crime corpus and certain pair of entities have been chosen that facilitates the crime analysis. Then the entity pairs with their intermediate context words have been represented as a shallow parse tree for relation instance. From the parse trees, only the head words (in each entity pair) reflecting the main meaning of the phrases has been considered for measuring a semantic similarity using a web search engine that retrieves the page count of those particular words and their conjunctives. The derived page count is used for measuring the Simpson Coefficient between the pairs and based on this similarity score, an agglomerative hierarchical clustering technique has been applied that makes several clusters of entity pairs of same relationship. The resultant clusters also have been characterised with the most frequent head word present in the group. This proposed method shows a simple similarity measure technique for relation extraction from crime data providing better accuracy than other existing methods.
pH and Magnesium Alter 45Calcium Binding to Platelets at Sites Other than Glycoproteins I or IIb/IIIa 1

Abstract Calcium is a cofactor of human platelet aggregation. Moreover a direct correlation between the ability of platelets to bind this divalent cation and to aggregate has been demonstrated. Since magnesium can substitute for calcium in supporting aggregation, especially in the presence of low calcium concentrations, and platelet aggregation is inhibited at low pH, the present study was designed to examine the effects of magnesium and low pH on 45calcium binding to human platelets, and to determine whether such effects might be associated with calcium binding to glycoproteins I (GPI) or IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa), the putative fibrinogen receptor. 45Calcium binding to aspirin-treated platelets that had been depleted of surface-associated calcium by brief exposure to EDTA was evaluated. Magnesium (5-10 mM) or a change in hydrogen ion concentration to decrease the pH from 7.5 to 6.0 was found to inhibit the binding of 45calcium to platelets from healthy donors by 34 ± 6 and 32 ± 8% (mean ± SD, n = 13), respectively. Similar results were obtained with platelets incubated with chymotrypsin to selectively remove GPI or platelets from a patient with the Bernard Soulier Syndrome, congenitally deficient in GPI. In contrast, calcium binding to platelets from two patients with thrombasthenia, lacking GPIIb/IIIa, was reduced 49 ± 6% and 42 ± 8% (n = 4) by magnesium and hydrogen ions, respectively. This apparently increased inhibition was attributed to the combined effects of an overall decrease (∼ 50%) in calcium binding to thrombasthenic platelets compared with that in control platelets, and a similar absolute reduction in calcium binding in the presence of magnesium and/or hydrogen ions. No additional inhibition of 45calcium binding was noted in the presence of magnesium and at low pH, indicating that magnesium and hydrogen ions may affect the same platelet membrane binding sites.
A white-light interferometric surface plasmon resonance sensor with wide dynamic range and phase-sensitive response

The numerical simulation of a novel white-light interferometric surface plasmon resonance (WLISPR) sensor with high sensitivity and wide dynamic range is presented. It is perceived that the use of a broadband polychromatic source might effectively enable wide dynamic surface plasmon detection scheme and at the same time achieving comparable phase detection sensitivity to conventional laser-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) configuration. As different from a single-point spectrally resolved approach using spectrometer, the purposed 2D imaging white-light interferometer can be integrated into typical Kretschmann SPR setup for ultra-fast throughput, making it possible for exceedingly sensitive bio-sensing application.
The Śūdrācāraśiromaṇi of Kṛṣṇa Śeṣa : a 16th century manual of dharma for śūdras

THE ŚŪDRĀCĀRAŚIROMANI OF KṚṢṆA ŚESA: A SIXTEENTH-CENTURY MANUAL OF DHARMA FOR ŚŪDRAS Theodore Benke Ludo Rocher From the fourteenth to the seventeenth century C.E. , a śāstra of a new type on the topic of Śūdras was composed and circulated among Dharmaśāstrins. These śūdradharma texts were primarily concerned with the ritual life of Śūdras—the rites, sacraments, and forms of religious knowledge to which they were entitled in śruti and smrti. But they also included expositions on the generation of Śūdra jātis according to the theory of varṇasaṅkara and descriptions of the ways of life and occupations of Śūdras. This is a study and translation of one of these texts, the Śūdrācāraśiromani of Krsna Śesa, among the most brilliant and eminent paṇḍits of late medieval Sanskrit, celebrated as both grammarian and poet. In the series of essays that accompany the translation, I analyze the text and piece together the fragmentary evidence for its date and authorship. Śūdradharma texts were one response of the Brahmin intellectual elite to the challenges to traditional dharma and dominance arising from the changing socio-economic conditions of Sultanate and Mughal India. They represent a shift in Dharmashastric discourse from the ritual exclusion of Śūdras as the sign of their social subjection to fuller integration into the Brahmanical fold. As an effort to deepen the ritual regulation of low castes in a time of and caste instability and anxiety (the improved but precarious class position of many Śūdras) and social ferment (the Bhakti movements) they were adjunct to a more general reassessment of varṇa and the identity and place of Brahmins and Kṣatriyas. Śūdradharma texts like the Śūdrācāraśiromani preserve the Vedic privilege and ritual primacy of Brahmins while adjusting to the new realities of caste by the qualified inclusion of sat, i.e., “good” Śūdras as a new client base for ritual services. The Śūdrācāraśiromani was composed in typical nibandha style, but in the form of a concise and comprehensive handbook for Brahmins to instruct and guide Śūdras in their daily ritual life.
Reaction of Sn-3.5Ag-0.7Cu-xSb solder with Cu metallization during reflow soldering

The influence of Sb on the growth kinetics of intermetallic compound (IMC) and chemical reaction between Sn-3.5Ag-0.7Cu-xSb (x=0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0) lead-free solder and Cu during reflow soldering is investigated in this study. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to measure the thickness and grain size of the intermetallic layer and observe the microstructural evolution of solder joints. Results show that both thickness and grain size of IMC decrease once Sb is added into the Sn-Ag-Cu solder system, and have a significant drop at the composition of about 1.0 wt%. Beyond this composition, the thickness and grain size of IMC increase slightly. The growth exponents for both IMC layers and grains are determined by curve-fitting to study the growth kinetics of IMC in wetting reaction. The results reveal that the growth exponents of IMC range from 0.32 to 0.35, and those of IMC grains range from 0.28 to 0.32, which suggests that the growth of IMC is controlled through combined kinetic processes of atomic interdiffusion, interfacial reaction, and grain ripening. These data also show that Sn-3.5Ag-0.7Cu with about 1.0 wt% Sb solder system exhibits the smallest growth rate and gives the most prominent effect in retarding IMC growth and refining IMC grain size. Based on the phase diagram analysis and the observation of the microstructural evolution of the solder joints, a heterogeneous nucleation mechanism for retarding the IMC growth due to Sb addition is proposed.
The effects of elastic band resistance training combined with blood flow restriction on strength, total bone‐free lean body mass and muscle thickness in postmenopausal women

Elastic band (EB) training is a common form of resistance training used by the elderly, individuals with joint problems or those recovering from injury. EB training performed at low intensities by these populations may have little effect on muscle hypertrophy. However, when combined with blood flow restriction (BFR), low‐intensity EB resistance training may result in muscle hypertrophy.
One-step acquisition of functional biomolecules from tissues

Direct determination of functional biomolecular chemistry of clinically relevant tissues in vivo is a challenging task. Current approaches, based on tissue retrieval by biopsy and subsequent solubilization, are limited in terms of accurate representation of tissue constituents, reproducibility, and retention of functionality of solubilized tissue biomolecules. Using a pool of known surfactants, we designed and screened a large combinatorial library of surfactant formulations, which led to the discovery of rare synergistic formulations that greatly enhance tissue solubilization as well as preserve bioactivity of solubilized molecules, in particular proteins. By combining these formulations with a short ultrasound application, we developed a tissue sampling method—STAMP (Surfactant-based Tissue Acquisition for Molecular Profiling)—for rapid one-step determination of functional tissue chemistry in vivo. We specifically demonstrate STAMP-assisted profiling of a multitude of proteins, lipids, and genomic DNA in skin and mucosal tissues. Applications of this sampling methodology to rapid molecular diagnostics of cutaneous allergies and infectious diseases are also presented.