Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Analysis of Morphological Features of Code-switching in Chinese Netspeak

This paper aims to study the morphological features of code-switching in Chinese Netspeak. Myers-Scotton’s Matrix Language Frame Model is employed to explore the morphological feature of the embedded words, nouns, verbs and adjectives in Chinese Netspeak. The study shows that in matrix Chinese frame model, English nouns, verbs and adjectives all lose their original morphological inflection change and syntax feature and follow the matrix Chinese grammar rules.
Resistance training combined with bench-step aerobics enhances women's health profile.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the comprehensive physiological alterations that take place during the combination of bench-step aerobics (BSA) and resistance exercise training. METHODS Thirty-five healthy, active women were randomly assigned to one of four groups that either a) performed 25 min of BSA only (SA25); b) performed a combination of 25 min of BSA and a multiple-set upper and lower body resistance exercise program (SAR); c) performed 40 min of BSA only (SA40); or d) served as a control group (C), only performing activities of daily living. Direct assessments for body composition, aerobic fitness, muscular strength, endurance, power, and cross-sectional area were performed 1 wk before and after 12 wk of training. RESULTS All training groups significantly improved peak VO(2) (3.7 to 5.3 mL O(2). kg(-1). min(-1)), with the greatest improvement observed in the SAR group (P = 0.05). Significant reductions in preexercise heart rates (8-9 bpm) and body fat percent (5--6%) were observed in all training groups after training. Significant reductions in resting diastolic blood pressure were observed for the SAR and SA40 groups (6.7 and 5.8 mm Hg, respectively). Muscular strength and endurance only improved significantly in the SAR group (21 and 11% respectively). All groups demonstrated increased lower body power (11--14%), but only the SAR group significantly improved upper body power (32%). Thigh muscle cross-sectional areas measured via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) increased primarily for the SAR group. CONCLUSION BSA is an exercise modality effective for improving physical fitness and body composition in healthy women. The addition of resistance exercise appears to enhance the total fitness profile by improving muscular performances, muscle morphology, and cardiovascular fitness greater than from performing BSA alone. Therefore, the inclusion of both modalities to an exercise program is most effective for improving total body fitness and a woman's health profile.
Testing a communication network model of employee turnover based on centrality

Abstract This study tested Feeley and Barnett's (1997) Erosion Model (EM) of employee turnover which predicts that individuals who are more central in their communication network will be more likely to remain at their position (or less likely to turnover). Seventy employees from three different organizations were surveyed about their attitudes toward their jobs and were also asked to indicate (by checklist) which employees they spoke to regularly at work. Turnover data were obtained at 3 and 6 months time after the surveys were completed. Results generally supported the Erosion Model of employee turnover. Those employees with high Degree or number of links in the network were less likely to turnover. Employees who required fewer links to communicate to all others in the network (i.e., Closeness) were also less likely to turnover but this relationship only approached statistical significance (p = .06). Betweenness, defined as the frequency with which a person falls between pairs of other positions in a network, was also significantly related to employee turnover. It was also predicted, based on Feeley and Bamett's EM, that the relationship between network position and turnover would be mediated by an employee's level of commitment to the organization and his or her intentions to leave work. Closeness significantly predicted commitment while Betweenness and Degree were unrelated to commitment levels. Organizational commitment was negatively related to intentions to leave work and, unexpectedly, commitment levels were positively related to employee turnover. The results were discussed and the applications of this research for management practitioners were considered.
Explaining Campaign News Coverage: How Medium, Time, and Context Explain Variation in the Media Framing of the 2009 European Parliamentary Elections

It is an open question why news media cover political campaigns the way they do. Framing elections in terms of conflict or strategy or focusing on horse-race framing and the role media and journalists themselves play in elections is commonplace, but this study investigates the factors that explain the variation in campaign news coverage. The context of our study is the 2009 European Parliamentary elections, and we use a cross-national media content analysis (N = 52,009) conducted in all 27 European Union member states. Findings show that time, country, and media characteristics all matter in explaining the way news media frame elections, however, to different extents and with different emphasis. Especially the variation in conflict framing is contingent upon the medium, the electoral system, and public aversion against the EU. We conclude with a discussion of our findings in the light of the ongoing debate on the role and impact of media framing during election campaigns.
Comparing Microspheres with Different Internal Phase of Polyelectrolyte as Local Drug Delivery System for Bone Tuberculosis Therapy

We use hydrophobic poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) to encapsulate hydrophilic ofloxacin to form drug loading microspheres. Hyaluronic acid (HA) and polylysine (Pls) were used as internal phase additives to see their influences on the drug loading and releasing. Double emulsion (water-in-oil-in-water) solvent extraction/evaporation method was used for the purpose. Particle size analysis display that the polyelectrolytes have low impact on the microsphere average size and distribution. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures show the wrinkled surface resulted by the internal microcavity of the microspheres. Microspheres with HA inside have higher drug loading amounts than microspheres with Pls inside. The loading drug amounts of the microspheres increase with the HA amounts inside, while decreasing with the Pls amounts inside. All the polyelectrolytes adding groups have burst release observed in experiments. The microspheres with Pls internal phase have faster release rate than the HA groups. Among the same polyelectrolyte internal phase groups, the release rate increases with the amounts increasing when Pls is inside, while it decreases with the amounts increasing when HA is inside.
A Derived Queueing Network Model for Structured P2P Architectures

Peer to peer (P2P) networks have using commonly used for tasks such as file sharing or file distribution, and for building distributed applications in large scale network. Their performance measures are generally based on simulation methods software such as NS-2, P2PSim, OpenNet, etc. Hence, the absence of a validation of the simulation model is a critical issue. In this paper, we propose a new analytical model derived from (8), to evaluate the performance of HPM protocol (hierarchical Peer-to-Peer model). Performance is done principally in terms of total download time of requested resources in the P2P network, and then we analyze the impact of various parameters associated with the heterogeneity of nodes.
Reconstructing Surfaces by Volumetric Regularization Using Radial Basis Functions

We present a new method of surface reconstruction that generates smooth and seamless models from sparse, noisy, nonuniform, and low resolution range data. Data acquisition techniques from computer vision, such as stereo range images and space carving, produce 3D point sets that are imprecise and nonuniform when compared to laser or optical range scanners. Traditional reconstruction algorithms designed for dense and precise data do not produce smooth reconstructions when applied to vision-based data sets. Our method constructs a 3D implicit surface, formulated as a sum of weighted radial basis functions. We achieve three primary advantages over existing algorithms: (1) the implicit functions we construct estimate the surface well in regions where there is little data, (2) the reconstructed surface is insensitive to noise in data acquisition because we can allow the surface to approximate, rather than exactly interpolate, the data, and (3) the reconstructed surface is locally detailed, yet globally smooth, because we use radial basis functions that achieve multiple orders of smoothness.
Categorial Morphology: a Semantic Perspective on the Morphological Level

This work points out a semantic approach to the morphological level, strongly based on Bayer (1997) and Hoeksema (1985). Based on Categorial Grammar, a syntacticsemantic tool commonly used by semanticists and computational linguists, I look at the morphological level through the same syntactic rules adopted by the model. In this way, it is possible to gain a theoretical improvement since I look at morphological, semantic and syntactic levels through the same formal structure. I will briefly introduce Categorial Grammar showing its application in Brazilian Portuguese. I have chosen a nominalizer suffix, -ura, present in such words as abertura ‘opening’ and assadura ‘baking/rash’.
THE ACQUISITION OF SPANISH COPULA CHOICE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO LANGUAGE CHANGE

This paper argues that crossing the boundaries between sociolinguistics and second language acquisition (SLA) is essential to both fields of study (Giacalone Ramat, 1995; Preston, 1993). Specifically, data collected in an investigation of the SLA of copula choice by 77 English-speaking learners of Spanish are examined in terms of similarities to data collected in studies of language change (Gutiérrez, 1992; Silva-Corvalán, 1994). The variables used to analyze these data, Frame of Reference and Susceptibility to Change, have been shown to be useful for examining the process of the extension of estar to new [copula + adjective] contexts from a sociolinguistic perspective. The application of these variables to SLA data allows an investigation of the mirror-image relationship predicted to exist between the process of language loss and the process of language acquisition.
Guard zone based D2D underlaid cellular networks with two-tier dependence

Device-to-device (D2D) communication is under active investigation and may be a key feature in 5G networks for its great potential in improving network spectral and energy efficiency. Underlaying proximity-based D2D communication links in current cellular networks allows D2D users to opportunistically access the cellular spectrum, thus causing interference not only in the D2D tier but also between D2D and macrocell tiers. In this paper, we consider a D2D underlaid cellular network, in which D2D users reuse macrocell downlink spectrum, imposing guard zones around each active D2D transmitter to avoid nearby interference from both macro base stations (MBSs) and other D2D transmitters. Using spatial models and analytical results from stochastic geometry, we provide bounds and approximations for the D2D and cellular coverage probability, as a means to characterize the performance of D2D underlaid cellular networks with intra-tier and cross-tier dependence. The D2D area spectral efficiency (ASE) is also characterized and an approximate optimal guard zone radius that maximizes a lower bound of D2D network throughput is derived in closed-form. Simulation results validate our theoretical analysis and evince the accuracy of the proposed analytical expressions.
A Multicore Operating System with QoS Guarantees for Network Audio Applications

This paper is about the role of the operating system (OS) within computer nodes of network audio systems. While many efforts in the network-audio community focus on low-latency network protocols, here we highlight the importance of the OS for network audio applications. We present Tessellation, an experimental OS tailored to multicore processors. We show how specific OS features, such as guaranteed resource allocation and customizable user-level run- times, can help ensure quality-of-service (QoS) guarantees for data transmission and audio signal processing, especially in scenarios where network bandwidth and processing resources aresharedbetweenapplications.Todemonstrateperformanceisolationandserviceguarantees, we benchmark Tessellation under different conditions using a resource-demanding network audio application. Our results show that Tessellation can be used to create low-latency network audio systems.
Syndrome of nonverbal learning disabilities: Age differences in neuropsychological, academic, and socioemotional functioning

Abstract Previous research has suggested that changes in the manifestations of the nonverbal learning disabilities syndrome (NLD) occur over the lifespan and that they do so in a manner that is consistent with the tenets of the NLD model (Rourke, 1989). Although the model would predict that age-related changes would also be evident within the childhood years, no study has yet examined this possibility. Based on the tenets of the model, specific predictions were formulated regarding developmental changes in the features of the NLD syndrome that would be expected to occur across the middle childhood and early adolescent years. The pattern of neurocognitive and socioemotional changes observed within the context of the cross-sectional data provided strong support for the predictions. Due to methodological limitations, no firm conclusions regarding the developmental manifestations of the NLD syndrome could be derived from the results of the longitudinal study. At most, these results suggested that some improvements in areas of neurocognitive deficiency may occur with the implementation of an appropriate remedial intervention program.
A Population Based Study of the Genetic Association between Catecholamine Gene Variants and Spontaneous Low-Frequency Fluctuations in Reaction Time

The catecholamines dopamine and noradrenaline have been implicated in spontaneous low-frequency fluctuations in reaction time, which are associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and subclinical attentional problems. The molecular genetic substrates of these behavioral phenotypes, which reflect frequency ranges of intrinsic neuronal oscillations (Slow-4: 0.027-0.073 Hz; Slow-5: 0.010-0.027 Hz), have not yet been investigated. In this study, we performed regression analyses with an additive model to examine associations between low-frequency fluctuations in reaction time during a sustained attention task and genetic markers across 23 autosomal catecholamine genes in a large young adult population cohort (n = 964), which yielded greater than 80% power to detect a small effect size (f2 = 0.02) and 100% power to detect a small/medium effect size (f2 = 0.15). At significance levels corrected for multiple comparisons, none of the gene variants were associated with the magnitude of low-frequency fluctuations. Given the study’s strong statistical power and dense coverage of the catecholamine genes, this either indicates that associations between low-frequency fluctuation measures and catecholamine gene variants are absent or that they are of very small effect size. Nominally significant associations were observed between variations in the alpha-2A adrenergic receptor gene (ADRA2A) and the Slow-5 band. This is in line with previous reports of an association between ADRA2A gene variants and general reaction time variability during response selection tasks, but the specific association of these gene variants and low-frequency fluctuations requires further confirmation. Pharmacological challenge studies could in the future provide convergent evidence for the noradrenergic modulation of both general and time sensitive measures of intra-individual variability in reaction time.
Risk and worry in everyday life: Comparing diaries and interviews as tools in risk perception research

A recent structured review of the qualitative risk perception literature (Hawkes and Rowe 2008) found that research has tended to focus on a narrow range of samples, using a limited range of techniques, looking at immediate perceptions (rather than changes over time), and focusing upon a limited range of hazards. As such, it may be argued that the risk perception ‘universe’ remains relatively unexplored. One method little utilised in the risk perception domain is the diary. Diaries are more commonly associated with historical, personal documents, and rarely have been used in wider social research. Nevertheless, contemporary, solicited diaries can provide a different perspective on risk than that acquired through the more traditional route of interviews and focus groups. Diaries may allow the elicitation of narratives of risk contextualised within people's everyday lives, as well as allowing consideration of how people's perceptions of risk develop and change over time. In this paper, we discuss the benefits of diary research, reporting results from a pilot qualitative study about people's everyday concerns. We focus on the comparative nature of the study and contrast the findings from diaries with data attained from interviews, highlighting qualitative and quantitative differences in the results obtained by the two methods. The findings emphasise the importance of taking a multi-method approach to understanding risk perception.
Subcellular localization and functional characterization of Nc-p43, a major Neospora caninum tachyzoite surface protein

Neospora caninum is a recently identified coccidian parasite which shares many features with, but is clearly distinct from, Toxoplasma gondii. N. caninum tachyzoites infect a wide range of mammalian cells both in vivo and in vitro. The mechanisms by which infection is achieved are largely unknown. Recent evidence has suggested that a receptor-ligand system in which one or several host cell receptors bind to one or several parasite ligands is involved. Parasite cell surface-associated molecules such as the recently identified Nc-p43 antigen are prime suspects for being implicated in this physical interaction. In this study it is shown that invasion of Vero cell monolayers by N. caninum tachyzoites in vitro is impaired on incubation of parasites with subagglutinating amounts of affinity-purified antibodies directed against Nc-p43. Postembedding immunogold labeling with anti-Nc-p43 antibodies demonstrated that Nc-p43 is localized not only on the parasite cell surface but also within dense granules and rhoptries. The fate of Nc-p43 during intracellular proliferation of N. caninum tachyzoites and subsequent maturation of the parasitophorous vacuole was also studied.
Nonlinear Polarization Scattering Impairments and Mitigation in 10-Gbaud Polarization-Division-Multiplexed WDM Systems

Experiments on 10-Gbaud polarization-division-multiplexed DQPSK, DBPSK and OOK show that time interleaving return-to-zero signals in two polarizations can significantly reduce nonlinear polarization scattering in polarization-division-multiplexed WDM systems and increase the system tolerance to inter-channel nonlinearities.
Cyclooxygenase-2 Overexpression in Chronic Inflammation Associated with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Is It Related to Apoptosis and Angiogenesis of Prostate Cancer?

Purpose This study was performed to investigate the relationship between cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and apoptosis/angiogenesis in inflammatory and noninflammatory benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PC). Materials and Methods This study involved 64 BPH and 57 PC patients. The BPH histopathologies were classified by the presence of chronic inflammation as follows: noninflammatory BPH (NI-BPH; n=23) and inflammatory BPH (I-BPH; n=41). The association between the expression of COX-2, expression of Bcl-2, the apoptotic index (AI), expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and microvascular density (MVD) in the prostate was investigated. Results An overexpression of COX-2, Bcl-2, and VEGF was observed in cases of PC compared with cases of BPH. In PC, the AI was lower and MVD was higher than in BPH. In NI-BPH, I-BPH, and PC, the overexpression of COX-2, Bcl-2, and VEGF gradually increased. The AI was high in I-BPH, but did not differ significantly between the NI-BPH and I-BPH groups or between the NI-BPH and PC groups. MVD was significantly high in PC, but no significant difference was found between NI-BPH and I-BPH. A significant correlation was shown between the overexpression of COX-2 and Bcl-2, and COX-2 and VEGF. However, the AI was not correlated with the overexpression of COX-2 or Bcl-2. MVD was correlated with the overexpression of COX-2 and VEGF. Conclusions COX-2 overexpression in PC is correlated with a decrease in apoptosis and an increase in angiogenesis. Chronic inflammation in BPH causes an overexpression of COX-2, which induces the increased expression of Bcl-2 and VEGF. It is likely that chronic inflammation plays a role in the intermediate step of carcinogenesis in the prostate.
Baseline measurement of bone mass predicts fracture in white women.

STUDY OBJECTIVE To determine if a single bone mass measurement of the radius is predictive of future fractures at any site. DESIGN Observational study of a cohort of free-living subjects and a cohort of retirement-home residents with an average follow-up of 6.7 years and 5.5 years, respectively (range, 1 to 15 years for both cohorts). SETTING General community and a retirement home. SUBJECTS Volunteer sample of white women (386 free-living and 135 living in a retirement home) who were free of disease and were not receiving medication known to affect bone metabolism. In terms of physical condition subjects ranged from the totally independent to the wheelchair-bound. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A radial bone mass measurement was done at the initial visit. Subsequent non-spine fractures were reported by the subjects at follow-up visits, which were less than a year apart in most cases, and verified with medical records. Cox regression was used to model time to first fracture as a function of age and bone mass. These analyses showed that for every 0.1 g/cm decrement in bone mass, the relative risk of fracture was 2.2 (CI, 1.7 to 2.8) for the free-living and 1.5 (CI, 1.2 to 1.9) for the retirement-home residents. Baseline age did not predict the risk of fracture in either cohort, and controlling for baseline age did not reduce the relative-risk estimates of bone mass. Similar analyses also showed that bone mass was a statistically significant predictor for first hip fractures (n = 30) among the nursing-home residents (relative risk, 1.9; CI, 1.4 to 2.7) and first forearm fractures (n = 10) among the free living (relative risk, 3.6; CI, 1.9 to 6.8). For both cohorts, the 8-year probability of any nonspine fracture was about 80% for subjects with initial bone mass less than 0.6 g/cm and was less than 10% for subjects with initial bone mass greater than 0.8 g/cm. Similarly, those in the retirement home with bone mass below 0.6 g/cm had a 6-year probability of hip fracture of 43%, compared with a 17% risk for those with greater bone mass. CONCLUSION A single bone mass measurement of the radius is predictive of future nonspine fractures at all sites, and at both the forearm and the hip. Baseline age was not a significant predictor of fracture within either cohort. Relative-risk estimates were not dissimilar across fracture sites.