Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Call combination in African forest elephants Loxodonta cyclotis

Syntax, the combination of meaning-devoid phonemes into meaningful words, which in turn are combined in structurally and semantically complex sentences, is fundamental to the unlimited expressiveness of human languages. Studying the functions of call combinations in non-human species provides insights into the evolution of such syntactic capabilities. Here, we investigated the combination of high amplitude broadband calls with low frequency rumble vocalizations in a highly social species, the African forest elephant Loxodonta cyclotis. Rumbles play an integral role in coordinating social interactions by transmitting socially relevant information, including individual identity. By contrast, broadband calls, such as roars, are thought to function as signals of distress and urgency as they are typically produced in situations of high emotional intensity. Functional changes associated with the combination of these calls remain little understood. We found that call combinations were produced by all age-sex classes but were most prevalent in immature individuals. We found that rumbles used singularly occurred in all five investigated social contexts, whereas single broadband calls were restricted to two resource-related contexts. Call combinations also occurred in all five contexts, suggesting an increase in the functional use of broadband calls when combined with rumbles, analogous to the generativity brought about through syntax in human speech. Moreover, combining calls appeared to lead to functional shifts towards high-stake contexts. Call combinations were more likely in competition contexts compared to single rumbles, and more likely in separation contexts compared to single broadband calls. We suggest that call combination in forest elephants may aide to reduce message ambiguity in high-stake situation by simultaneously communicating distress and individual identity, which may be critical to secure access to resources, reduce the risk of injury and to reunite with or recruit the support of the family group.
Netlist-level IP protection by watermarking for LUT-based FPGAs

This paper presents a novel approach to watermark FPGA designs on the netlist level. We restrict the dynamically addressable part of the logic table, thus freeing space for insertion of signature bits into lookup tables (LUTs). In this way, we tightly integrate the watermark with the design so that simply removing mark carrying components would damage the intellectual property core. Converting functional LUTs to LUT-based RAMs or shift registers prevents deletion due to optimization. With this technique, we take watermark carrying components out of the scope of optimization algorithms to achieve complete transparency towards development environments. We can extract the marks from the bitfile of an FPGA. The method was tested on a Xilinx Virtex-II Pro FPGA and showed low overhead in terms of timing and resources at a reasonable number of water-marked cells.
New Descriptions of the Lovász Number, and the Weak Sandwich Theorem

In 1979, L. Lovasz introduced the concept of an orthonormalrepresentation of a graph, and also a related value, now popularly knownas the Lovasz number of the graph. One of the remarkable properties ofthe Lovasz number is that it lies sandwiched between the stability numberof the graph and the chromatic number of the complementary graph.This fact is called the sandwich theorem.In this paper, using new descriptions of the Lovasz number and linearalgebraic lemmas we give three proofs for a weaker version of the sandwichtheorem.
Risk Factors for Severe Cases of 2009 Influenza A (H1N1): A Case Control Study in Zhejiang Province, China

Few case control studies were conducted to explore risk factors for severe cases of 2009 influenza A (H1N1) with the mild cases as controls. Mild and severe cases of 2009 influenza A (H1N1), 230 cases each, were randomly selected from nine cities in Zhejiang Province, China, and unmatched case control study was conducted. This study found that it averagely took 5 days for the severe cases of 2009 influenza A (H1N1) to start antiviral therapy away from onset, 2 days later than mild cases. Having chronic underlying diseases and bad psychological health combined with chronic underlying diseases were two important risk factors for severe cases, and their OR values were 2.39 and 5.85 respectively. Timely anti-viral therapy was a protective factor for severe cases (OR = 0.35, 95% CI: [0.18–0.67]). In conclusion, psychological health education and intervention, as well as timely anti-viral therapy, could not be ignored in the prevention, control and treatment of 2009 influenza A (H1N1).
McC and Mc#: Unified C++ and C# Design Facts Extractors Tools

In the last years, as object-oriented software systems have become more and more complex, the need of performing automatically reverse engineering upon such systems has significantly increased. It is well known that one step toward a research infrastructure accelerating the progress of reverse engineering is the creation of an intermediate representation of software systems. In the current demonstration we present an unified structure for representing object- oriented systems written in C++ and C#, together with the corresponding model capturing tools. As a result, we can uniformly analyze C++ and C# systems. Moreover, we have integrated the tools in the iPlasma reengineering infrastructure which permits us to obtain easily valuable information for a reverse engineering process.
Spatial Imaginaries of the Dutch–German–Belgian Borderlands: A Multidimensional Analysis of Cross‐Border Regional Governance

Parallel to the proliferation of cross-border regional cooperation initiatives in the European Union, increasing scholarly attention has been given to conceptualizing cross-border governance in recent decades. In line with the recognition that cross-border regions have not undermined the significance of nation-state spaces but have added to their complexity, conceptual frameworks of analysis have become more and more refined. However, studies still tend to be framed in one spatial grammar, that of territory, scale or network, and fail to consider the ways in which these different dimensions become interlocked. The aim of this article is to address this lack by developing a multidimensional perspective, in order to finally circumvent state-centric thinking on cross-border regions and to offer a more nuanced account of whether and how new imaginaries of spatial governance institutionalize. These arguments are demonstrated by means of a case study of cross-border regional governance in the Dutch–German–Belgian borderlands.
Retrieval of Soil Surface Parameters via a Polarimetric Two-Scale Model

We propose a polarimetric two-scale surface scattering model employed to retrieve the surface parameters of bare soils from polarimetric synthetic aperture radar or scatterometer data. The scattering surface considered here is composed of slightly rough randomly tilted facets, for which the small perturbation scattering method holds. The facet random tilt causes both a random variation of the local incidence angle and a random rotation of the local incidence plane around the line of sight. Unlike other similar already existing approaches, our method considers both these stochastic effects in the analytical evaluation of the facet scattering matrix, and their statistical modeling is derived from a proper statistical description of the scattering surface. In particular, we assume that the facet slope (i.e., the slope of the large-scale surface roughness) is a Gaussian random variable, in agreement with both classical and fractal surface models. The proposed scattering model is then used to retrieve bare soil moisture and (large-scale) roughness from the co- and cross-polarized ratios. The performance of the resulting retrieval algorithm and its validity limits are finally assessed by comparing obtained results to “ in situ” measurements. To this aim, data from different measurement campaigns available in literature are employed.
Green Tea Polyphenol Stimulates a Ras, MEKK1, MEK3, and p38 Cascade to Increase Activator Protein 1 Factor-dependent Involucrin Gene Expression in Normal Human Keratinocytes*

(−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is an important bioactive constituent of green tea that efficiently reduces epidermal cancer cell proliferation. This inhibition is associated with a reduction in activator protein 1 (AP1) transcription factor level and activity. However, its effects on AP1 function in normal epidermal cells have not been extensively explored. Our present studies show that EGCG regulates normal keratinocyte function. To understand the mechanism of action, we examined the effects of EGCG on AP1 factor activity, MAPK signal transduction, and expression of the AP1 factor-regulated human involucrin (hINV) gene. EGCG increases hINV promoter activity in a concentration-dependent manner that requires the presence of an intact hINV promoter AP1 factor binding site. This response appears to be physiologic, as endogenous hINV gene expression is also increased. Fra-1, Fra-2, FosB, JunB, JunD, c-Jun, and c-Fos levels are increased by EGCG treatment, as is AP1 factor binding to hINV promoter AP1 site. Gel mobility shift studies show that this complex contains Fra-1 and JunD. Signal transduction analysis indicates that the EGCG response requires Ras, MEKK1, MEK3, and p38 kinases. Kinase assays and inhibitor studies suggest that p38δ is the p38 isoform responsible for the regulation. These changes are also associated with a cessation of cell proliferation and enhanced cornified envelope formation. These studies show that in normal human keratinocytes EGCG markedly increases, via a MAPK signaling mechanism, AP1 factor-associated responses.
Advancing Eucalyptus Genomics: Cytogenomics Reveals Conservation of Eucalyptus Genomes

The genus Eucalyptus encloses several species with high ecological and economic value, being the subgenus Symphyomyrtus one of the most important. Species such as E. grandis and E. globulus are well characterized at the molecular level but knowledge regarding genome and chromosome organization is very scarce. Here we characterized and compared the karyotypes of three economically important species, E. grandis, E. globulus, and E. calmadulensis, and three with ecological relevance, E. pulverulenta, E. cornuta, and E. occidentalis, through an integrative approach including genome size estimation, fluorochrome banding, rDNA FISH, and BAC landing comprising genes involved in lignin biosynthesis. All karyotypes show a high degree of conservation with pericentromeric 35S and 5S rDNA loci in the first and third pairs, respectively. GC-rich heterochromatin was restricted to the 35S rDNA locus while the AT-rich heterochromatin pattern was species-specific. The slight differences in karyotype formulas and distribution of AT-rich heterochromatin, along with genome sizes estimations, support the idea of Eucalyptus genome evolution by local expansions of heterochromatin clusters. The unusual co-localization of both rDNA with AT-rich heterochromatin was attributed mainly to the presence of silent transposable elements in those loci. The cinnamoyl CoA reductase gene (CCR1) previously assessed to linkage group 10 (LG10) was clearly localized distally at the long arm of chromosome 9 establishing an unexpected correlation between the cytogenetic chromosome 9 and the LG10. Our work is novel and contributes to the understanding of Eucalyptus genome organization which is essential to develop successful advanced breeding strategies for this genus.
Market feedback and group learning within organisations

This paper proposes a model to represent the organisational learning process at group level. The paper first sets up the analytical framework from the variety of research purposes and epistemological premises characterising the multidiscipline context in which scholars study cognitive activities of collective agents. In this theoretical ground, it is shown how to deduce from relevant literature and empirical contexts an architectural proposal for the representation of the group learning process. According to this architecture, a group within an organisation uses heuristics while performing cognitive activities activated from a market feedback different from that expected. The structure of the learning process consequent to a perceived gap between desired and measured outcome suggests a strong analogy with greedy structures of some heuristics in artificial intelligence, and starts off some methodological discussion over the simulation of the whole process.
How do Objects become Objects of Reference

Keith Park, a teacher of children with visual impairments and learning disabilities, provides an analytical review of the literature on objects of reference in order to formulate a model of object use in communication. Peirce's (1932) three categories of sign (index, icon and symbol) are suggested as a method of providing a developmental framework for the use of objects of reference.
The Dependent Personality

1. Dependency in Context: Conceptual and Theoretical Frameworks Theoretical Models of Dependency The Psychoanalytic and Social Learning Models of Dependency: A Comparison Domains of Dependency Research Defining Dependency 2. Assessing Dependency Objective and Projective Dependency Measures Interview and Rating Measures Psychometric Issues 3. The Development of Dependency The Epigenesis of Dependency Evaluating the Psychoanalytic and Social Learning Models with Respect to the Etiology of Dependency Dependency, Gender, and Sex Role 4. Interpersonal Correlates of Dependency Dependency, Suggestibility, Yielding, and Compliance Dependency, Help Seeking, Interpersonal Sensitivity, and Affiliation Dependency, Evaluation, and Performance Anxiety 5. Dependency as a Social Cue Dependency and Sociometric Status Dependency and Helping Dependency and Abusive Behavior 6. Dependency and Psychopathology Dependency and Depression Dependency and Phobias Dependency and Alcoholism Dependency and Smoking Dependency and Substance Use Disorders Dependency, Obesity, and Eating Disorders Disentangling the Dependency Psychopathology Relationship 7. Dependent Personality Disorder The Construct Validity of the DPD Symptom Criteria The Prevalence of DPD Sex Differences in DPD 8. Dependency and Physical Disorders The Dependency Disease Link: Historical Roots The Dependency Disease Link: Empirical Evidence Some Possible Mechanisms Underlying the Dependency Disease Relationship 9. Dependency and Parenthood Dependency and Help Seeking in Clinical Settings Dependency and Treatment Compliance Dependency, Perceptions of the Psychotherapist, and Psychotherapy Preference 10. The Dependent Personality: Toward an Integrated Theoretical Model Toward an Integrated Theoretical Model of Dependency The Future of Dependency Research A Final Comment References Author Index Subject Index
Wire-tap channel concept in nature and society

The notion of abstract wire-tap channel concept (WTCC) has been proposed by A. Wyner in 1975 and it was later developed by many researchers. This concept executes special randomized encoding in order to prevent information leaking over the wire-tap channel while maintaining a reliable information transmission over the main channel. The difference between the wire-tap and the main channel is in a different level of noises in these channels or an existing of feedback channel as a part of the main channel. We present a short review regarding the main results of WTCC and its applications in communication engineering. But the goal of this paper is to “go back to nature and society” and to try to find some examples of this concept presence in nature and society. We show that among such examples it is possible to count the camouflage in the animal kingdom, the genetic code, and natural languages. We are unable to present rigorous total proofs of the WTCC presence in the mentioned phenomena, but we hope to motivate the IT community to find some new examples of such presence in both nature and society.
Measurement of pulmonary arterial distensibility in the dog.

Pulmonary arterial pressure and flow, and pulmonary capillary flow have been measured in 13 dogs, breathing air. These parameters were also measured during ventilation with 10% oxygen in nitrogen, and during an intravenous infusion of serotonin. Pulmonary arterial distensibility and compliance were calculated from the recorded pressure-flow data. While the animals breathed air, distensibility and compliance averaged 3·32%/cm H2O and 1·42 ml. /cm H2O respectively. These values were greatly reduced during hypoxia and serotonin infusion – both of which conditions led to an increase in pulmonary arterial resistance. Under physiological conditions, the time constant (CR) of the pulmonary arterial system remained constant over a wide range of pulmonary arterial resistance.
The Utilization of Cranial Models Created Using Rapid Prototyping Techniques in the Development of Models for Navigation Training

Abstract Introduction Navigation in neurosurgery has expanded rapidly; however, suitable models to train end users to use the myriad software and hardware that come with these systems are lacking. Utilizing three-dimensional (3D) industrial rapid prototyping processes, we have been able to create models using actual computed tomography (CT) data from patients with pathology and use these models to simulate a variety of commonly performed neurosurgical procedures with navigation systems. Aim To assess the possibility of utilizing models created from CT scan dataset obtained from patients with cranial pathology to simulate common neurosurgical procedures using navigation systems. Methodology Three patients with pathology were selected (hydrocephalus, right frontal cortical lesion, and midline clival meningioma). CT scan data following an image-guidance surgery protocol in DIACOM format and a Rapid Prototyping Machine were taken to create the necessary printed model with the corresponding pathology embedded. The ability in registration, planning, and navigation of two navigation systems using a variety of software and hardware provided by these platforms was assessed. Results We were able to register all models accurately using both navigation systems and perform the necessary simulations as planned. Conclusion Models with pathology utilizing 3D rapid prototyping techniques accurately reflect data of actual patients and can be used in the simulation of neurosurgical operations using navigation systems.
The trouble with cover crops: Farmers’ experiences with overcoming barriers to adoption

Abstract Cover crops are known to promote many aspects of soil and water quality, yet estimates find that in 2012 only 2.3% of the total agricultural lands in the Midwestern USA were using cover crops. Focus groups were conducted across the Corn Belt state of Iowa to better understand how farmers confront barriers to cover crop adoption in highly intensive agricultural production systems. Although much prior research has focused on analyzing factors that help predict cover crop use on farms, there is limited research on how farmers navigate and overcome field-level (e.g. proper planting of a cover crop) and structural barriers (e.g. market forces) associated with the use of cover crops. The results from the analysis of these conversations suggest that there is a complex dialectical relationship between farmers' individual management decisions and the broader agricultural context in the region that constrains their decisions. Farmers in these focus groups shared how they navigate complex management decisions within a generally homogenized agricultural and economic landscape that makes cover crop integration challenging. Many who joined the focus groups have found ways to overcome barriers and successfully integrate cover crops into their cropping systems. This is illustrated through farmers' descriptions of their ‘whole system’ approach to cover crops management, where they described how they prioritize the success of their cover crops by focusing on multiple aspects of management, including changes they have made to nutrient application and modifications to equipment. These producers also engage with farmer networks to gain strategies for overcoming management challenges associated with cover crops. Although many participants had successfully planted cover crops, they tended to believe that greater economic incentives and/or more diverse crop and livestock markets would be needed to spur more widespread adoption of the practice. Our results further illustrate how structural and field-level barriers constrain individual actions, as it is not simply the basic agronomic considerations (such as seeding and terminating cover crops) that pose a challenge to their use, but also the broader economic and market drivers that exist in agriculturally intensive systems. Our study provides evidence that reducing structural barriers to adoption may be necessary to increase the use of this conservation practice to reduce environmental impacts associated with intensive agricultural production.
Web-Based Speech Data Collection and Annotation

The WWW is a ubiquitous, mature communication infrastructure for business and scientific information interchange. Since 1997, the Bavarian Archive for SpeechSignals (BAS) has been developing and using web-based annotation tools for large-scale speech databases. Recently it has developed an application for recording speech via the WWW. Both the annotation and the recording tools are now integrated into a web application for the Ph@ttSessionz speech database collection project. The goals of Ph@ttSessionz are a) to demonstrate the feasibility of WWW-based speech recording and annotation, and b) to collect a database of 1000 adolescent German speakers for the development of speech-driven applications and devices. The recordings are performed in more than 35 public schools all over Germany. This paper will describe the recording and annotation software and discuss the technical problems that had to be overcome in the speech database collection.
An Assistive System for Android Malware Analysis to Increase Malware Analysis Efficiency

After the comprehensive survey of existing malware analysis products in the market, the survey result has shown that an assistive tool is needed to help researchers to automatically predict an Android malware in a given large number of applications. Due to a large volume of Android applications being developed and distributed every day through third party application stores, it is difficult to detect a set of Android applications which might potentially indicate malicious behaviors. This situation results in high inefficiency in performing the manual analysis of applications that are uploaded to Android application stores. This research focuses on creating an Android malware analysis lab environment with assistive services that helps the prediction of malicious applications from a given large set of both benign and malicious Android applications. This lab environment is ideal for third party Android application stores and malware researchers in performing Android malware analysis on such an application set.
Computational Methods for the Analysis of Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization

Array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) is a technique for assaying the copy number status of cancer genomes. The widespread use of this technology has lead to a rapid accumulation of high throughput data, which in turn has prompted the development of computational strategies for the analysis of array CGH data. Here we explain the principles behind array image processing, data visualization and genomic profile analysis, review currently available software packages, and raise considerations for future software development.