Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The lazy logic of partial terms

Abstract The Logic of Partial Terms LPT is a strict negative free logic that provides an economical framework for developing many traditional mathematical theories having partial functions. In these traditional theories, all functions and predicates are strict. For example, if a unary function (predicate) is applied to an undefined argument, the result is undefined (respectively, false). On the other hand, every practical programming language incorporates at least one nonstrict or lazy construct, such as the if-then-else, but nonstrict functions cannot be either primitive or introduced in definitional extensions in LPT. Consequently, lazy programming language constructs do not fit the traditional mathematical mold inherent in LPT. A nonstrict (positive free) logic is required to handle nonstrict functions and predicates. Previously developed nonstrict logics are not fully satisfactory because they are verbose in describing strict functions (which predominate in many programming languages), and some logicians find their semantics philosophically unpalatable. The newly developed Lazy Logic of Partial Terms LL is as concise as LPT in describing strict functions and predicates, and strict and nonstrict functions and predicates can be introduced in definitional extensions of traditional mathematical theories. LL is “built on top of” LPT. and, like LPT, admits only one domain in the semantics. In the semantics, for the case of a nonstrict unary function h in an LL theory T, we have ⊨Th(⊥) = y ↔ ∀x(h(x) = y), where ⊥ is a canonical undefined term. Correspondingly, in the axiomatization, the “indifference” (to the value of the argument) axiom h(⊥) = y ↔ ∀x(h(x) = y) guarantees a proper fit with the semantics. The price paid for LL's naturalness is that it is tailored for describing a specific area of computer science, program specification and verification, possibly limiting its role in explicating classical mathematical and philosophical subjects.
Health communication: a media and cultural studies approach.

In Challenging Myths of Masculinity, sociologists Lee F. Monaghan and Michael Atkinson seek to test a number of popular and academic myths about men and their bodies. These include the ideas that some men are simply errant in the lack of attention they pay to their health, and that those men invested in body modification practices, such as weightlifting or cosmetic surgery, are ‘over-concerned’ or feminine. The authors offer up a fascinating and diverse set of empirical studies that challenge such myths: men engaged in weight training and bodybuilding; middle-aged, middle-class men who have used cosmetic surgery; nightclub bouncers in Britain’s night-time economy; athletes who starve themselves for competitive success; men who attend weight loss groups; and adolescent boys marginalised in the context of high school physical education.
Visual saliency in MPEG-4 AVC video stream

Visual saliency maps already proved their efficiency in a large variety of image/video communication application fields, covering from selective compression and channel coding to watermarking. Such saliency maps are generally based on different visual characteristics (like color, intensity, orientation, motion,…) computed from the pixel representation of the visual content. This paper resumes and extends our previous work devoted to the definition of a saliency map solely extracted from the MPEG-4 AVC stream syntax elements. The MPEG-4 AVC saliency map thus defined is a fusion of static and dynamic map. The static saliency map is in its turn a combination of intensity, color and orientation features maps. Despite the particular way in which all these elementary maps are computed, the fusion techniques allowing their combination plays a critical role in the final result and makes the object of the proposed study. A total of 48 fusion formulas (6 for combining static features and, for each of them, 8 to combine static to dynamic features) are investigated. The performances of the obtained maps are evaluated on a public database organized at IRCCyN, by computing two objective metrics: the Kullback-Leibler divergence and the area under curve.
Measured Elemental Carbon by Thermo-Optical Transmittance Analysis in Water-Soluble Extracts from Diesel Exhaust, Woodsmoke, and Ambient Particulate Samples

Elemental carbon has been proposed as a marker of diesel particulate matter. The objective of this study was to investigate if water-soluble carbonaceous compounds could be responsible for positive bias of elemental carbon using NIOSH Method 5040 with a thermo-optical carbon transmittance analyzer. Filter samples from eight different aerosol environments were used: pure diesel exhaust fume with a high content of elemental carbon, pure diesel exhaust fume with a low content of elemental carbon, pure biodiesel exhaust fume, pure woodsmoke, an urban road tunnel, an urban street canyon, an urban background site, and residential woodburning in an urban area. Part of each filter sample was analyzed directly with a thermo-optical carbon analyzer, and another part was extracted with water. This water-soluble extract was filtered to remove particles, spiked onto filter punches, and analyzed with a thermo-optical transmittance carbon analyzer. The ratio of elemental carbon in the water-soluble extract to the particulate sample measurement was 18, 12, and 7%, respectively, for the samples of pure woodsmoke, residential woodburning, and urban background. Samples with diesel particulate matter and ambient samples with motor exhaust detected no elemental carbon in the water-soluble extract. Since no particles were present in the filtered water-soluble extract, part of the water-soluble organic carbon species, existing or created during analysis, are misclassified as elemental carbon with this analysis. The conclusion is that in measuring elemental carbon in particulate aerosol samples with thermo-optical transmittance analysis, woodsmoke, and biomass combustion samples show a positive bias of elemental carbon. The water-soluble EC could be used as a simple method to indicate other sources, such as wood or other biomass combustion aerosol particles.
Construct Validity of Auditory Verbal Learning Test 2

Objective: Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) is frequently used in the neuropsychology literature to comprehensively assess the memory. The test measures verbal learning as immediate and delayed free recall, recognition, and proactive and retroactive interference. Adaptation of AVLT to the Turkish society has been completed, whereas research and development studies are still underway. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the construct validity of the test in order to contribute to the research and development process.
Traversing Textual Terrains: The Translation of Metaphor in “Rashōmon”

The concepts of “translation” and “metaphor” are so intertwined that the words themselves (deriving from the Latin word translatio and Greek-to-Latin word metaphora, respectively) were used synonymously from the Classical to Renaissance periods.1 Both translation and metaphorical expression involve movement (transfer) and enable us to understand one thing in terms of another. A translation facilitates understanding of a text that would otherwise be inaccessible due to linguistic barriers. A metaphor, such as “the world is a stage,” helps us make sense of one domain by reference to another. An additional similarity is that there is never “equivalence” between source and target, neither in translation nor in metaphor. We know that in fact the “world” is not equivalent to a “stage,” and it is this non-identity that gives the metaphor its effect and enables us to use our interpretation and imagination in the process of cognitive mapping. Similarly, a target text is not equivalent to its source; it is never a “transparent representation of the original. ”2 The translation process involves interpretation and amapping of linguistic, semantic, and cultural elements to a completely new environment. Hence, we can see that a translation is indeed nothing more than a metaphor of the original’s role in its former context.3 Yet despite their close relationship, and the separate bodies of writing aboutmetaphor and translation that have built up over centuries, the links between the two topics have only recently begun to be explored. Over the past three decades, the translation of metaphor and how the characteristics of bothmetaphor and translation are relevant to the strategies used by translators to reproducemetaphorical expressions in the target language is an area of research that has been gaining popularity. This article investigates how translators deal with issues of metaphor in the context of Japanese-English literary translation, using the case study of Akutagawa Ryūnosuke’s 1915 short story “Rashōmon,” which has been translated into English six times between 1920 and 2006.
10 years of EPOC: A scoping review of Emotiv’s portable EEG device

BACKGROUND Commercially-made low-cost electroencephalography (EEG) devices have become increasingly available over the last decade. One of these devices, Emotiv EPOC, is currently used in a wide variety of settings, including brain-computer interface (BCI) and cognitive neuroscience research. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to chart peer-reviewed reports of Emotiv EPOC projects to provide an informed summary on the use of this device for scientific purposes. METHODS We followed a five-stage methodological framework for a scoping review that included a systematic search using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. We searched the following electronic databases: PsychINFO, MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and IEEE Xplore. We charted study data according to application (BCI, clinical, signal processing, experimental research, and validation) and location of use (as indexed by the first author’s address). RESULTS We identified 382 relevant studies. The top five publishing countries were the United States (n = 35), India (n = 25), China (n = 20), Poland (n = 17), and Pakistan (n = 17). The top five publishing cities were Islamabad (n = 11), Singapore (n = 10), Cairo, Sydney, and Bandung (n = 7 each). Most of these studies used Emotiv EPOC for BCI purposes (n = 277), followed by experimental research (n = 51). Thirty-one studies were aimed at validating EPOC as an EEG device and a handful of studies used EPOC for improving EEG signal processing (n = 12) or for clinical purposes (n = 11). CONCLUSIONS In its first 10 years, Emotiv EPOC has been used around the world in diverse applications, from control of robotic limbs and wheelchairs to user authentication in security systems to identification of emotional states. Given the widespread use and breadth of applications, it is clear that researchers are embracing this technology.
Cancer Exosomes Express CD39 and CD73, Which Suppress T Cells through Adenosine Production

Extracellular adenosine is elevated in cancer tissue, and it negatively regulates local immune responses. Adenosine production from extracellular ATP has attracted attention as a mechanism of regulatory T cell-mediated immune regulation. In this study, we examined whether small vesicles secreted by cancer cells, called exosomes, contribute to extracellular adenosine production and hence modulate immune effector cells indirectly. We found exosomes from diverse cancer cell types exhibit potent ATP- and 5′AMP-phosphohydrolytic activity, partly attributed to exosomally expressed CD39 and CD73, respectively. Comparable levels of activity were seen with exosomes from pleural effusions of mesothelioma patients. In such fluids, exosomes accounted for 20% of the total ATP-hydrolytic activity. Exosomes can perform both hydrolytic steps sequentially to form adenosine from ATP. This exosome-generated adenosine can trigger a cAMP response in adenosine A2A receptor-positive but not A2A receptor-negative cells. Similarly, significantly elevated cAMP was also triggered in Jurkat cells by adding exosomes with ATP but not by adding exosomes or ATP alone. A proportion of healthy donor T cells constitutively express CD39 and/or CD73. Activation of T cells by CD3/CD28 cross-linking could be inhibited by exogenously added 5′AMP in a CD73-dependent manner. However, 5′AMP converted to adenosine by exosomes inhibits T cell activation independently of T cell CD73 expression. This T cell inhibition was mediated through the adenosine A2A receptor. In summary, the data highlight exosome enzymic activity in the production of extracellular adenosine, and this may play a contributory role in negative modulation of T cells in the tumor environment.
Feature Template based 3D Model Retrieval

3D model retrieval has attracted more and more research interests. Lots of shape descriptors have been proposed till now. But during the process of constructing these shape descriptors, feature correlation among models is not considered. In this paper, we propose a simple but very effective method in improving retrieving accuracy by employing correlative information, namely feature template. Feature template is designed to remove such small variation while remaining discriminative features by performing meaning operation of feature vectors. As a result, it makes the feature vector be more robust for better retrieving accuracy. In addition, the feature template can be regarded as a post-processing of existing shape descriptors. Therefore, the proposed method can be used to improve retrieving accuracy for any shape descriptors in the form of feature vector. In experiments, we test the proposed method for several shape descriptors by using a public 3D model database. Comparing with original shape descriptors, our method can greatly improve the retrieval accuracy.
Syntax, More or Less

Much of the best contemporary work in the philosophy of language and content makes appeal to the theories developed in generative syntax. In particular, there is a presumption that—at some level and in some way—the structures provided by syntactic theory mesh with or support our conception of content/linguistic meaning as grounded in our first-person understanding of our communicative speech acts. This paper will suggest that there is no such tight fit. Its claim will be that, if recent generative theories are on the right lines, syntactic structure provides both too much and too little to serve as the structural partner for content, at least as that notion is generally understood in philosophy. The paper will substantiate these claims by an assessment of the recent work of King, Stanley, and others.
Simulated physiological oocyte maturation (SPOM): a novel in vitro maturation system that substantially improves embryo yield and pregnancy outcomes.

BACKGROUND Oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) reduces the need for gonadotrophin-induced ovarian hyperstimulation and its associated health risks but the unacceptably low conception/pregnancy rates have limited its clinical uptake. We report the development of a novel in vitro simulated physiological oocyte maturation (SPOM) system. METHODS AND RESULTS Bovine or mouse cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were treated with cAMP modulators for the first 1-2 h in vitro (pre-IVM), increasing COC cAMP levels ∼100-fold. To maintain oocyte cAMP levels and prevent precocious oocyte maturation, COCs were treated during IVM with an oocyte-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor and simultaneously induced to mature with FSH. Using SPOM, the pre-IVM and IVM treatments synergized to increase bovine COC gap-junctional communication and slow meiotic progression (both P < 0.05 versus control), extending the normal IVM interval by 6 h in bovine and 4 h in mouse. FSH was required to complete maturation and this required epidermal growth factor signalling. These effects on COC had profound consequences for oocyte developmental potential. In serum-free conditions, SPOM increased bovine blastocyst yield (69 versus 27%) and improved blastocyst quality (184 versus 132 blastomeres; both P < 0.05 versus standard IVM). In mice, SPOM increased (all P < 0.05) blastocyst rate (86 versus 55%; SPOM versus control), implantation rate (53 versus 28%), fetal yield (26 versus 8%) and fetal weight (0.9 versus 0.5 g) to levels matching those of in vivo matured oocytes (conventional IVF). CONCLUSIONS SPOM is a new approach to IVM, mimicing some characteristics of oocyte maturation in vivo and substantially improving oocyte developmental outcomes. Adaption of SPOM for clinical application should have significant implications for infertility management and bring important benefits to patients.
Protective Role of L-ascorbic Acid in Oxidative Stress Induced by Repeated Oral Administration of Bifenthrin in Wistar Rats

The present study was aimed to evaluate the modulatory role of L-ascorbic acid against oxidative stress in bifenthrin intoxicated rats. Rats were divided into four groups with six rats in each group. Group I animals received corn oil and served as control while as group II animals were orally treated with bifenthrin @ 5.8mg/Kg/day. In group III, vitamin C was orally administered @ 60mg/Kg/day where as group IV received both vitamin C and bifenthrin @ 60mg/Kg/day and 5.8mg/Kg/day respectively. After 30th day of treatment, blood samples were taken and analysed for oxidative stress parameters. Significant (P<0.05) increase in MDA levels was observed in bifenthrin treated animals as compared to control and vitamin C treated animals. Blood glutathione level decreased significantly (P<0.05) in bifenthrin intoxicated animals as compared to control. Similarly, the activities of antioxidant enzymes viz., SOD, GSH-Px, GST and CAT decreased significantly (P<0.05) in bifenthrin treated rats as compared control. Ameliorative group receiving both bifenthrin and L-ascorbic acid significantly restored the normal values of various oxidative stress parameters except GST.
Concentrator photovoltaic reliability testing at extreme concentrations up to 2000 suns

Practical concentrator photovoltaic systems operating at high solar concentration levels up to 2000 suns experience large thermal and electrical loads in addition to large power density transients under routine operation. These systems require efficient cooling systems to manage the associated incident power densities up to 200 W/cm2. Photovoltaic cells and thermal interface materials experience considerable stress under these load conditions. Reliability data is sparse for operation above 500 suns. We present high power test results for a commercial triple junction cell cooled through a high performance metal thermal interface using active liquid cooling methods for power densities up to 200 W/cm2.
GESTÃO ESTRATÉGICA DE CUSTOS EM CADEIAS DE VALOR

O custo e um forte componente da busca pela competitividade das empresas, por isso a sua forma de analise e compreensao vem se modificando e adaptando as exigencias de utiliza-lo cada fez mais como uma ferramenta de gestao estrategica. O presente artigo se propos a discutir a gestao estrategica de custos em setores altamente competitivos, exemplificado pela industria automobilistica, aplicado em cadeias de valor. Fez-se uma breve revisao dos conceitos tradicionais de custos, inclusive do metodo ABC, salientando o seu foco na empresa como limitacao da analise em ambientes competitivos. Contudo, com a gestao estrategica de custos, fundamentada na analise e compreensao da cadeia de valor, no posicionamento estrategico e nos direcionadores de custos, preocupou-se com cadeia produtiva como um todo. Mas tal analise se limitou a estimar valores para cada etapa da cadeia, nao se preocupando em fazer projecoes mais solidas, que garantissem a confiabilidade dos resultados esperados. Essa preocupacao sugere a interacao de todos os agentes de uma cadeia de valor, participando ativamente do projeto ou desenvolvimento do produto, repartindo os riscos e incertezas, bem como colaborando para construir um custo tao proximo quanto possivel do real. Esta fase de projeto estimula a inovacao e a busca pelo atendimento do custo meta, estabelecido nao para a empresa na ponta da cadeia mas para todos. Assim, a gestao estrategica de custo, como elemento de competitividade, deve estar fundamentada na interdependencia de todos os agentes da cadeia de valor atraves da transparencia e do comprometimento dos mesmos com o resultado final.
Objective assessment of cough suppressants under normal and pathological experimental conditions.

The influences of the antitussive activity of glaucine were studied in 56 non-anaesthetized cats under normal and pathological conditions. Cough was induced by mechanical stimulation of the airways with a nylon fibre. The authors found that if glaucine was administered at a dose of 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 mg/kg b.w. , i.p., it evoked statistically significant suppression on single cough components. After inflammation of the airways was induced with unsoluted croton oil, no decrease in antitussive activity of glaucine could be observed, according to the number of cough efforts, frequency, intensity of maximal cough effort, and intensity of cough attack during expiration. Glaucine used under such conditions was not found to be powerful enough to suppress either the intensity of maximal cough effort or the intensity of cough attack during inspiration. The antitussive effect of glaucine was stronger under pathological conditions (Staphylococcus-induced inflammation). The antitussive effect of glaucine was approximately the same as with codeine if administered in equal doses.
Modélisation numérique tridimensionnelle du comportement hydrodynamique et thermique en cuve agitée

L'agitation mecanique, d'un milieu reactionnel ou non, est souvent accompagnee d'un apport ou d'un prelevement de chaleur. Neanmoins, les travaux qui se sont attaches au transfert thermique en cuve agitee, relevent souvent du domaine de l'empirisme et presentent des disparites assez importantes. Disposant de cet etat de connaissance, ce travail consiste a mettre au point un simulateur numerique tridimensionnel permettant la modelisation des comportements hydrodynamique et thermique en cuve. La resolution de ce double phenomene de transfert est fondee sur une methode de discretisation aux volumes finis. L'etude concerne des fluides de forte consistance, a comportement newtonien, pseudoplastique ou dilatant, et s'applique a de nombreux types d'agitateurs: bipale, multipale, ancre, barriere et racleur. L'etude se situe dans un contexte general de developpement des connaissances locales portant sur la distribution de la temperature au sein d'une cuve agitee. Le code de calcul dont nous disposons permet de fournir une information tres fine, precise et abondante tant sur le champ de vitesse que sur celui des temperatures. Aussi, il permet d'acceder au calcul des performances des differents mobiles etudies sur le transfert global d'echange
Telomere dysfunction and chromothripsis

Chromothripsis is a recently discovered form of genomic instability, characterized by tens to hundreds of clustered DNA rearrangements resulting from a single dramatic event. Telomere dysfunction has been suggested to play a role in the initiation of this phenomenon, which occurs in a large number of tumor entities. Here, we show that telomere attrition can indeed lead to catastrophic genomic events, and that telomere patterns differ between cells analyzed before and after such genomic catastrophes. Telomere length and telomere stabilization mechanisms diverge between samples with and without chromothripsis in a given tumor subtype. Longitudinal analyses of the evolution of chromothriptic patterns identify either stable patterns between matched primary and relapsed tumors, or loss of the chromothriptic clone in the relapsed specimen. The absence of additional chromothriptic events occurring between the initial tumor and the relapsed tumor sample points to telomere stabilization after the initial chromothriptic event which prevents further shattering of the genome.