Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Processing of Human Reduction Mammoplasty and Mastectomy Tissues for Cell Culture

Experimental examination of normal human mammary epithelial cell (HMEC) behavior, and how normal cells acquire abnormal properties, can be facilitated by in vitro culture systems that more accurately model in vivo biology. The use of human derived material for studying cellular differentiation, aging, senescence, and immortalization is particularly advantageous given the many significant molecular differences in these properties between human and commonly utilized rodent cells1-2. Mammary cells present a convenient model system because large quantities of normal and abnormal tissues are available due to the frequency of reduction mammoplasty and mastectomy surgeries. The mammary gland consists of a complex admixture of many distinct cell types, e.g., epithelial, adipose, mesenchymal, endothelial. The epithelial cells are responsible for the differentiated mammary function of lactation, and are also the origin of the vast majority of human breast cancers. We have developed methods to process mammary gland surgical discard tissues into pure epithelial components as well as mesenchymal cells3. The processed material can be stored frozen indefinitely, or initiated into primary culture. Surgical discard material is transported to the laboratory and manually dissected to enrich for epithelial containing tissue. Subsequent digestion of the dissected tissue using collagenase and hyaluronidase strips stromal material from the epithelia at the basement membrane. The resulting small pieces of the epithelial tree (organoids) can be separated from the digested stroma by sequential filtration on membranes of fixed pore size. Depending upon pore size, fractions can be obtained consisting of larger ductal/alveolar pieces, smaller alveolar clusters, or stromal cells. We have observed superior growth when cultures are initiated as organoids rather than as dissociated single cells. Placement of organoids in culture using low-stress inducing media supports long-term growth of normal HMEC with markers of multiple lineage types (myoepithelial, luminal, progenitor)4-5. Sufficient numbers of cells can be obtained from one individual's tissue to allow extensive experimental examination using standardized cell batches, as well as interrogation using high throughput modalities. Cultured HMEC have been employed in a wide variety of studies examining the normal processes governing growth, differentiation, aging, and senescence, and how these normal processes are altered during immortal and malignant transformation4-15,16. The effects of growth in the presence of extracellular matrix material, other cell types, and/or 3D culture can be compared with growth on plastic5,15. Cultured HMEC, starting with normal cells, provide an experimentally tractable system to examine factors that may propel or prevent human aging and carcinogenesis.
Training to Enhance the Physiological Determinants of Long-Distance Running Performance

Current training methods have largely developed from the trial-and-error approach of runners and several prominent running coaches. The optimal training methods is help to enhance the maximal oxygen uptake, lactate threshold and running economy of long distance running. Research suggests that high-intensity running and resistance training may be effective training methods. However, those researches are still too limited. And this lack of long-term training studies as a major limitation. In the future, molecular biology may make an increasing contribution in identifying effective training methods, by identifying the genes that contribute to the variation in maximal oxygen uptake, the lactate threshold and running economy, as well as the biochemical and mechanical signals that induce these genes.
Effect of low‐dose ultraviolet‐B radiation on the function of human T lymphocytes in vitro

Purified peripheral blood human T lymphocytes, derived from normal individuals, were assayed for their susceptibility to low doses of ultraviolet B (UVB) In vitro. Exposure of T cells to graded single doses (range0‐8mJ/cm2) of UVB resulted in a dose‐dependent reduction of viability. This phototoxic effect was not immediately apparent, however, but became manifest 48–72 h subsequent to irradiation. A dose as little as 0.5 l mJ/cm2 was sufficient to cause 50% mortality. Irradiated T cells showed a reduced ability to proliferate, irrespective of the stimulus used, and a reduced ability to produce cytokines IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐5, interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α). This decreased ability was UVB‐dose related and, remarkably, was exactly correlated to phototoxicity. UVB had no effect on CD4 and CD8 expression or their ratio, whereas the expression of IL‐2R (CD25) was only slightly reduced. Our data suggest that UVB radiation neither selectively affects Th 1 or Th2 nor CD4 or CD8 T cell subsets. The high susceptibility of T cells to UVB might explain, al least in part, the beneficial effect of phototherapy during treatment of certain immunodermatological diseases.
Experimental Study Of Anodizing Process For Stainless Steel Type 304

Stainless steels type 304 has widespread applications with excellent corrosion resistance to atmospheric environments. Therefore, a number of surface treatment technologies have been developed to further improve the localized corrosion resistance such as anodizing treatments. Anodizing process requires preparation of the surface, one of the most important finishing processes is electropolishing. This paper introduces a new experimental study of anodizing process for steel type 304. The effect of different variables (positive current density of 0.1-0.2 A/cm, negative current density 0.011-0.066 A/cm, nitric acid concentration 6 35 Vol. %., Sulfuric acid concentration 4-20 Vol. %., and time of exposure 5-15 mins. and temperature of electrolyte 5 50 C.) were investigated. Finally, the experimental result found that the best conditions of anodizing are (positive cycle (0.1 A/cm), negative cycle (0.03 A/cm), 17% by vol. nitric acid and 8% by vol. sulfuric acid, temperature of (10C), and time of (10 mins.).
A suggested framework and guidelines for learning GIS in interdisciplinary research

Interdisciplinary research with geographic information systems (GIS) can be rewarding as researchers from different disciplines have the opportunity to create something novel. GIS, though, is known to be difficult to use and learn. It is imperative for its successful use in projects that those who need to use GIS are able to learn it quickly and easily. To better support interdisciplinary research with GIS, it is necessary to understand what researchers with interdisciplinary experience wanted to use it for and how they learned it. The aim would be to advise geography educators on creating learning resources that could compliment or supplement existing learning approaches used by interdisciplinary researchers to improve the learning experience and uptake of GIS. This article explores the results from an online survey and interviews conducted between July 2014 and August 2015 with participants from the UK, the US and Europe on how interdisciplinary researchers learned GIS and which resources and platforms were utilised. Guidelines and a framework are presented, modifying the Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge framework, incorporating informal and context-based learning and GIS concepts from the Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge. Findings show that interdisciplinary researchers want to use GIS to capture, analyse and visualise information; they largely use informal learning approaches (e.g. internet searches, watching a video, ask a more experienced person); and they predominantly use ArcGIS, QGIS and web GIS platforms. Future work suggests resources use contextually relevant learning activities and bear in mind nuances of disciplinary language.
Intelligent demand side management in smart-microgrids

In this paper, an agent based intelligent application for executing DSM in distribution systems with large share of renewable sources and responsible end-users is presented. The application maintains two double auction compliant trading process to make the power trading possible among the microgrids. The application allows active end-users with curtailable loads in microgrids to enroll in demand management for which it encourages the customers with priority based incentive mechanism. The customers' priority is monitored by the dedicated agents based on the number of DR enrollments and benefit gained by the overall system. The concept is actualized using the Java Agent DEvelopment framework. The feasibility and validness of the proposed concept are verified by applying it on a distribution network with two microgrids.
Understanding the volunteer market: the what, where, who and why of volunteering

Although the work of the voluntary sector is growing, the number of people volunteering is not increasing at a comparable rate. This paper argues that the key to an organisation's success in recruiting and retaining its volunteers is to have an understanding of its target group. As a means to developing this understanding the paper reviews the prior research on volunteering and outlines the current situation in the voluntary sector with regard to the donation of time. The review shows that those who volunteer are an extremely diverse group, active in a wide variety of contexts. This makes the definition of a volunteer a more complex task than one would expect. It also demonstrates that individuals and organisations may volunteer for reasons other than purely altruistic motives. Finally, the paper identifies gaps in this area of research and presents topics for further research. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications
Corporate social responsibility of multinational Corporations listed in the Nairobi stock exchange, Kenya

Corporate social responsibility is one of the vital objectives in an organization and has grown exponentially in the last decade. Many companies are engaging in a serious effort to define and integrate CSR into all aspects of the business. However, the nature of the relationship between the socially beneficial behaviors of a corporation and its financial performance has long been debated as to whether CSR is in any way beneficial to the organization or not. Corporate Social responsibility is serious considering the impact of the company’s action on society. It is the responsibility to improve the overall welfare of the society by refraining from harmful practices or by making a positive effort to help society. Business organizations have wakened up to the need for being committed towards corporate social responsibility In order to achieve this objective, the researcher reviewed literature in the corporate social responsibility field with a bias to the firm benefits to the organization A semistructured questionnaire was used to collect the primary data. The questionnaire was divided into three parts, where the first part was used to determine general information multinational companies and the second part was used to establish the CSR practice in MNC’s while part three addressed benefits of the CSR in the organization. The data collected, analyzed and thereafter data was presented using frequency tables and graphs. Correlation analysis was computed using means score and standard deviation.The findings revealed that most of the companies have CSR policies and objectives of the CSR activities. The findings also reveal that most of the companies concentrate on the activities that benefit the employees. Results also showed that most of the organizations have achieved their CSR objectives though some feel that there is still room for improvement.majority of the organizations are of the opinion that CSR has benefits and it a good practice.
Evidence from Spanish Manufacturing

Firm decisions affect performance and survival. Unfortunately, due to severe selection problems it is hard to study this causality. Export decisions, however, have been related to better performing firms, where causality seems to run from good performance to entering export markets. Using the fact that we observe both exporting and non-exporting firms we analyze the effect of innovation on the decision of firms to export. We find for a panel of Spanish manufacturing firms for the period 1990-1999 that product innovation is a very important driver of exports for small non-exporting firms. Our results suggest that product innovation rather than process innovation affects firm productivity, which in turn induces firms to select into the export market.
Extensibility in component-based open hypermedia systems

Extensibility has long been recognized as a highly desirable trait of hypermedia systems. Furthermore, many hypermedia systems claim to provide some form of extensibility. However, consensus on what functionality of a hypermedia should be extensible, how this extensibility should be presented to extension implementers, and even a rigorous definition of the term itself have evaded the hypermedia field. In this paper, we start by offering one possible definition of extensibility. Then, we describe the extensibility mechanisms provided in the HOSS hypermedia system, and analyse these mechanisms in light of our proposed definition. We point out some of the aspects of the design and implementation of the HOSS extensibility mechanism that caused problems for extension developers. We then consider the extensibility mechanisms of Construct, the codebase successor to HOSS and a number of other hypermedia systems, focusing on how the analysis of the HOSS mechanisms affected analogous mechanisms in Construct. We conclude with a reflection upon our proposed definition of extensibility in hypermedia systems.
Managing Diversification 1

We propose a unified, fully general methodology to analyze and act on diversification in any environment, including long-short trades in highly correlated markets with complex derivatives. First, we build the diversification distribution, i.e. the distribution of the uncorrelated bets in the portfolio that are consistent with the portfolio constraints. Next, we summarize the wealth of information provided by the diversification distribution into one single diversification index, the effective number of bets, based on the entropy of the diversification distribution. Then, we introduce the mean-diversification efficient frontier, a diversification approach to portfolio optimization. Finally, we describe how to perform mean-diversification optimization in practice in the presence of transaction and market impact costs, by only trading a few optimally chosen securities. Fully documented code illustrating our approach can be downloaded from http://www.mathworks. com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/23271.
Magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments of the 229Th nucleus

We calculate the A and B hyperfine constants for the low-lying states of 229Th3+ using a high-precision relativistic all-order approach. By combining these calculations with measurements of the 6d and 5f hyperfine constants [C. J. Campbell et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 223001 (2011)], we determine the magnetic dipole \mu=0.360(7)\mu_B and the electric-quadrupole Q=3.11(6) eb moments of the 229Th nucleus. Our value for \mu is five times more accurate and is 22% smaller than the best previous value \mu=0.46(4) \mu_B [S. Gerstenkorn et al., J. Phys. (Paris) 35, 483 (1974)], while our value for Q is the same, but 2.5 times more accurate than the 2011 result. A systematic study of hyperfine structure in eight other monovalent atoms supports our claim of 2% level uncertainty for $\mu$ and Q in 229Th+3.
Literacy , and the Female-to-Male Ratio in India

This paper proposes a new explanation for religious differences in fertili ty in India by incorporating the issue of gender bias into the debate. It reports the results from an econometric investigation of the factors influencing the sex ratio at birth and among currently living children, by religion and by caste, for a sample of over 10,000 women in India. The investigation paid particular attention to religion and caste by subdividing the sample into Hindu, Muslim and Dalit women who had all terminated their fertili ty. It enquired whether the effect of different variables on the sex ratio varied according to the religion and caste of the women. The econometric analysis found that a husband being literate served to raise the sex ratio both at birth and of currently living children but that the effect of husbands' literacy was stronger for Muslims and Dalits than it was for Hindus. In other words, while the illit eracy of husbands exacerbated 'son preference' (and its obverse, 'daughter aversion') the preference for sons (and the aversion to daughters) exercised a stronger hold on Hindu families than it did on Muslim and Dalit famili es. * The authors are aff ili ated to, respectively: School of Economics and Politi cs, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland (vk.borooah@ulst.ac.uk); Faculty of Economics and St. Catharine’s College, University of Cambridge, England (Sriya.Iyer@econ.cam.ac.uk). This paper was revised while Iyer was visiting the Department of Economics at Harvard University and the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), and she would li ke to thank both these institutions for their support. We are grateful to the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), New Delhi for providing us with data from the 1993-94 Human Development Survey and to Siddiq Osmani for helpful discussions on the subject.
Transmission of Stock Return and Volatility Across G-7 Countries

This paper investigates transmission of shocks in return and volatility across the G-7 countries using daily closing stock returns from 19th July 1994 to 30th January 2004. To capture observed asymmetry in volatility generated by the innovations within and across markets, a Vector Autoregressive-Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (VAR-EGARCH) model has been used. Significant spillover in return and volatility are observed from US markets to other developed markets. There are evidences of strong regional dependency in volatility but not in return across the major European markets. Returns in Japanese market are significantly influenced by the US, UK and French markets, while all other markets (except Canada) exhibit significant return spillovers from Japanese market. Unlike returns, Japanese volatility is not at all influenced by any other G-7 markets. Volatilities in the European markets also contribute to the volatility in US and Canadian market. Own-volatility spillovers are generally higher than cross-volatility spillovers for all markets.
An interactomic approach for identification of putative drug targets in Listeria monocytogenes

A wide variety of human population is infected with Listeria monocytogenes, which causes listeriosis, a deadly disease with mortality rate of about 30%. The major hindrance to cure listeriosis is the unavailability of specific or selectable drug targets. At present, antibiotics used to cure the disease are not specific and insufficient to manage the disease efficiently. Therefore, in order to search specific drugs, here, we used interactome analysis to search specific drug targets which may provide novel templates for drug designing having better efficacy without any potential adverse effects. The complete genome of L. monocytogenes having 2846 proteins has been analysed. We found 11 proteins as putative drug targets. The sequence and interactome analyses revealed that 11 proteins are non-homologous to human, but essential for pathogen and hence may be considered as potential therapeutic targets.
Short DNA sequences inserted for gene targeting can accidentally interfere with off‐target gene expression

Targeting of genes in mice, a key approach to study development and disease, often leaves a neo cassette, loxP, or FRT sites inserted in the mouse genome. Insertion of neo can influence the expression of neighboring genes, but similar effects have not been reported for loxP sites. We therefore performed microarray analyses of mice in which the Ncam or the Tnr gene were targeted either by insertion of neo or loxP/FRT sites. In the case of Ncam, neo, but not loxP/FRT insertion, led to a 2‐fold reduction in mRNA levels of 3 genes located at distances between 0.2 and 3.1 Mb from the target. In contrast, after introduction of loxP/FRT sites into introns of Tnr, we observed a 2.5‐ to 4‐fold reduction in the transcript level of the Gas5 gene, 1.1 Mb away from Tnr, most probably due to disruption of a conserved regulatory element in Tnr. Insertion of short DNA sequences such as loxP/FRT can thus influence off‐target mRNA levels if these sites are accidentally placed into regulatory elements. Our results imply that conditional knockout mice should be analyzed for genomic positional side effects that may influence the animals’ phenotypes. —Meier, I. D. , Bernreuther, C. , Tilling, T. , Neidhardt, J., Wong, Y. W. , Schulze, C. , Streichert, T. , Schachner, M. Short DNA sequences inserted for gene targeting can accidentally interfere with off‐target gene expression. FASEB J. 24, 1714–1724 (2010). www.fasebj. org
Exploring suitable applications for doubly-fed asynchronous machines

This paper explores the global performances of doubly-fed asynchronous machines for different specifications: motor and/or generator operation, different torque-speed characteristics of the mechanical load or the prime mover. Simplified models of the active and reactive power balance are used to illustrate the capabilities of such a drive system. The DFAM synchronous speed selection is included in the analytical formulation. A steady-state torque-speed characteristic of such a drive system is presented as well. Results show that the DFAM drive system can be interesting for many applications with a torque rapidly increasing with the mechanical speed.
Hirschsprung disease: a developmental disorder of the enteric nervous system

Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), which is also called congenital megacolon or intestinal aganglionosis, is characterized by an absence of enteric (intrinsic) neurons from variable lengths of the most distal bowel. Because enteric neurons are essential for propulsive intestinal motility, infants with HSCR suffer from severe constipation and have a distended abdomen. Currently the only treatment is surgical removal of the affected bowel. HSCR has an incidence of around 1:5,000 live births, with a 4:1 male:female gender bias. Most enteric neurons arise from neural crest cells that emigrate from the caudal hindbrain and then migrate caudally along the entire gut. The absence of enteric neurons from variable lengths of the bowel in HSCR results from a failure of neural crest‐derived cells to colonize the affected gut regions. HSCR is therefore regarded as a neurocristopathy. HSCR is a multigenic disorder and has become a paradigm for understanding complex factorial disorders. The major HSCR susceptibility gene is RET. The penetrance of several mutations in HSCR susceptibility genes is sex‐dependent. HSCR can occur as an isolated disorder or as part of syndromes; for example, Type IV Waardenburg syndrome is characterized by deafness and pigmentation defects as well as intestinal aganglionosis. Studies using animal models have shown that HSCR genes regulate multiple processes including survival, proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Research into HSCR and the development of enteric neurons is an excellent example of the cross fertilization of ideas that can occur between human molecular geneticists and researchers using animal models. WIREs Dev Biol 2013, 2:113–129. doi: 10.1002/wdev.57