Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electromigration Test on Void Formation and Failure Mechanism of FCBGA Lead-Free Solder Joints

The effect of electromigration (EM) on void formation and the failure mechanism of flip chip ball grid array (FCBGA) packages under a current density of 1 -10 A/cm2 and an environmental temperature of 150degC was investigated. Eight solder/substrate combinations of four lead-free solder systems with two substrates were examined to verify the failure modes. A conservative failure criterion was adopted to define and predict the failure of the package, scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to observe in situ microstructural changes, intermetallic compound (IMC) growth, and failure modes. All samples exhibited a similar failure, attributed mainly to void occupation along under bump metallization (UBM)/solder interfaces at the cathode chip side of the bumps with downward electron flow. Voids were initiated at the corner due to current crowding. Two specific void locations were identified at the IMC/solder and UBM/IMC interfaces, and they coexisted in the same specimen but in different bumps. No void coupling mode was found. Since the atom diffusion rate in the solder differs from that in the IMC layer, the voids can be formed between them. A current density of 1-104 A/cm2 was sufficiently high to form a void pattern at the IMC/solder interface. However, the formation of voids at the UBM/IMC interface is generally induced by the consumption of UBM, since the high temperature of 150degC crucially dominates the void morphology at the UBM/IMC interface. The difference among solder systems did not affect the failure modes nor dominate mechanisms. With respect to the differences of substrate surface finishes, more voids appeared at the cathode substrate side of the solders combined with Cu/Ni/Au pad than those combined with copper-organic solderable preservative (Cu-OSP) after long-term upward electron stressing. It suggested another possible failure at the substrate side when failure did not occur at the chip side in an EM test.
Mutant Analyses Define Multiple Roles for Phytochrome C in Arabidopsis Photomorphogenesis Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.015164.

The analysis of Arabidopsis mutants deficient in the A, B, D, and E phytochromes has revealed that each of these phytochrome isoforms has both distinct and overlapping roles throughout plant photomorphogenesis. Although overexpression studies of phytochrome C (phyC) have suggested photomorphogenic roles for this receptor, conclusive evidence of function has been lacking as a result of the absence of mutants in the PHYC locus. Here, we describe the isolation of a T-DNA insertion mutant of phyC (phyC-1), the subsequent creation of mutant lines deficient in multiple phytochrome combinations, and the physiological characterization of these lines. In addition to operating as a weak red light sensor, phyC may perform a significant role in the modulation of other photoreceptors. phyA and phyC appear to act redundantly to modulate the phyB-mediated inhibition of hypocotyl elongation in red light and to function together to regulate rosette leaf morphology. In addition, phyC performs a significant role in the modulation of blue light sensing. Several of these phenotypes are supported by the parallel analysis of a quadruple mutant deficient in phytochromes A, B, D, and E, which thus contains only active phyC. Together, these data suggest that phyC has multiple functions throughout plant development that may include working as a coactivator with other phytochromes and the cryptochrome blue light receptors.
Asymmetric distribution of Echinoid defines the epidermal leading edge during Drosophila dorsal closure

Upon loss of a binding partner in apposed tissue, the homophilic cell adhesion protein Echinoid adopts a planar polarized localization, which promotes the planar polarized localization of the planar cell polarity protein Bazooka/Par-3 and targets actomyosin cable assembly to the epidermal leading edge, thus establishing the migration direction of the developing epidermis.
Three-Dimensional Surface Relief Completion Via Nonparametric Techniques

Common 3D acquisition techniques, such as laser scanning and stereo capture, are realistically only 2.5D in nature. Here we consider the automated completion of hidden or missing portions in 3D scenes originally acquired from 2.5D (or 3D) capture. We propose an approach based on the non-parametric propagation of available scene knowledge from the known (visible) scene areas to these unknown (invisible) 3D regions in conjunction with an initial underlying geometric surface completion.
Latent Space Embedding for Retrieval in Question-Answer Archives

Community-driven Question Answering (CQA) systems such as Yahoo! Answers have become valuable sources of reusable information. CQA retrieval enables usage of historical CQA archives to solve new questions posed by users. This task has received much recent attention, with methods building upon literature from translation models, topic models, and deep learning. In this paper, we devise a CQA retrieval technique, LASER-QA, that embeds question-answer pairs within a unified latent space preserving the local neighborhood structure of question and answer spaces. The idea is that such a space mirrors semantic similarity among questions as well as answers, thereby enabling high quality retrieval. Through an empirical analysis on various real-world QA datasets, we illustrate the improved effectiveness of LASER-QA over state-of-the-art methods.
The demographics of web search

How does the web search behavior of "rich" and "poor" people differ? Do men and women tend to click on difffferent results for the same query? What are some queries almost exclusively issued by African Americans? These are some of the questions we address in this study. Our research combines three data sources: the query log of a major US-based web search engine, profile information provided by 28 million of its users (birth year, gender and ZIP code), and US-census information including detailed demographic information aggregated at the level of ZIP code. Through this combination we can annotate each query with, e.g. the average per-capita income in the ZIP code it originated from. Though conceptually simple, this combination immediately creates a powerful user modeling tool. The main contributions of this work are the following. First, we provide a demographic description of a large sample of search engine users in the US and show that it agrees well with the distribution of the US population. Second, we describe how different segments of the population differ in their search behavior, e.g. with respect to the queries they formulate or the URLs they click. Third, we explore applications of our methodology to improve web search relevance and to provide better query suggestions. These results enable a wide range of applications including improving web search and advertising where, for instance, targeted advertisements for "family vacations" could be adapted to the (expected) income.
PSHA an option for earthquake early warning ?

Recent efforts of real-time seismology on rapid assessment of earthquake magnitude and location enable to provide an estimate of the event’s features from a few seconds to a few tens of seconds before the ground motion arrives at a specific site. Then, when an event is occurring, probabilistic distributions of magnitude and source-to-site distance are available. Consequently the prediction of the peak ground motion at the site, conditional on the seismic network measures, may be performed in analogy with the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA). This results in time-dependent hazard curves which may be used as a support tool for automated decision making in order to reduce the expected loss of specific structures/infrastructures in the framework of performance-based earthquake engineering, even in those cases where limited lead-time renders evacuation unfeasible. However, such prediction is performed in very uncertain conditions which both refer to the real-time estimation of source parameters and traditional uncertainties involved in PSHA. The objective of this paper is to review the issues related to the real-time adaption of PSHA with the aim to assess whether it may be an adequate tool for earthquake early warning. The investigations include sensitivity analysis of the prediction with respect to the uncertainties involved, with consideration of their time dependency, and the trade-off between the available lead-time and the level of information. Results, in terms of missed and false alarm rates and expected loss reduction, are also discussed with respect to different possible applications of EEW. tigation, although efficiency evaluation and feasibility analysis for earthquake engineering applications is still debated. In fact, it will be shown that in the framework of the performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE) these systems can provide realtime predictions of ground motion intensity measures (IMs) at a site or, for a structure of interest, even the expected loss associated to the strike of the detected earthquake. Nevertheless, such prediction involves significant uncertainty and therefore effectiveness of EEW for engineering applications requires proper assessment.
Linggle Knows: A Search Engine Tells How People Write

This paper shows the great potential of incorporating different approaches to help writing. Not only did they solve different kinds of writing problems, but also they complement and reinforce each other to be a complete and effective solution. Despite the extensive and multifaceted feedback and suggestion, writing is not all about syntactically or lexically well-written. It involves contents, structure, the certain understanding of the background, and many other factors to compose a rich, organized and sophisticated text. (e.g., conventional structure and idioms in academic writing). There is still a long way to go to accomplish the ultimate goal. We envision the future of writing to be a joyful experience with the help of instantaneous suggestion and constructive feedback.
Agility of crisis response: Gathering and analyzing data through an event-driven platform

The goal of this article is to introduce a platform (called Agility Service) that gathers and analyses data coming from both crisis response and crisis field by using the principles of Complex Event Processing. As a crisis situation is an unstable phenomenon (by nature or by effect of the applied response), the crisis response may be irrelevant after a while: lack of resources, arrival of a new stakeholder, unreached objectives, over-crisis, etc. Gathering data, analyze and aggregate it to deduce relevant information concerning the current crisis situation, and making this information available to the crisis cell to support decision making: these are the purposes of the described platform. A use case based on the Fukushima’s nuclear accident is developed to illustrate the use of the developed prototype.
A locus for primary ciliary dyskinesia maps to chromosome 19q

Primary ciliary dyskinesia is an autosomal recessive condition characterised by chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, and subfertility. Situs inversus occurs in 50% of cases (Kartagener syndrome). It has an estimated incidence of 1 in 20 000 live births. The clinical phenotype is caused by defective ciliary function associated with a range of ultrastructural abnormalities including absent dynein arms, absent radial spokes, and disturbed ciliary orientation. The molecular genetic basis is unknown. A genome scan was performed in five Arabic families. Using GENEHUNTER, a maximal multipoint lod score (HLOD) of 4.4 was obtained on chromosome 19q13.3-qter at α (proportion of linked families) = 0.7. A 15 cM critical region is defined by recombinations at D19S572 and D19S218. These data provide significant evidence for a PCD locus on chromosome 19q and confirm locus heterogeneity.
Aileron Effectiveness in the Presence of Aeroelastic Deformations

This study pursues medium-range, transonic transport aircraft configuration which had a cruise Mach of 0.82 and flight mission that is similar to that of Airbus A340-300. In this article, focus on more than one field of interest in aeronautics is combined with each other. The aircraft flying at Mach about 0.82 and the corresponding deformations are taken into account. This deformation produces disturbance in the flow field behind the surface where it occurs. The disturbed flow field affects the performance of control surface and its effectiveness. The cantilever wing with an aileron control surface is designed, and its effects on aerodynamic and structural characteristics are computed by using partially coupled Fluid Structure Interaction solver. From the aeroelastic fluid-structure interaction analysis results, flight dynamics characteristic of control surface effectiveness are computed. The effectiveness of a single aileron control surface in the absence of other control surfaces is used for validating the experimental results.
Pulmonary dysfunction in cystic fibrosis is associated with oxidative stress.

The aim of this study was to determine whether a relationship exists between the circulating concentration of antioxidants, or markers of oxidative stress, and pulmonary function in cystic fibrosis patients. Plasma was obtained from 34 patients attending a cystic fibrosis clinic. Oxidative stress was investigated by measuring the concentrations of circulating lipid hydroperoxides and malondialdehyde (lipid peroxidation) and protein carbonyls (protein oxidation). Antioxidant status was determined from the plasma concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, uric acid and total sulphydryls. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced mid-expiratory flow (FEF25-75) were measured in 25 of the subjects by spirometry, and expressed as percentage predicted for normal height, weight and age. Lung function decreased significantly with age and was associated with decreased plasma alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid and sulphydryl concentrations. The reduction in pulmonary function correlated with elevated plasma malondialdehyde, but not with lipid hydroperoxide or protein carbonyl concentrations. Patients with severe lung dysfunction (FEV1 < 50% predicted) had higher plasma concentrations of lipid hydroperoxides than those with mild-to-moderate lung dysfunction (FEV1 > 50% pred). This study provides evidence that cystic fibrosis patients have inadequate antioxidant defences to cope with the elevated oxidative stress that they regularly experience. We believe that recurring oxidative lung injury contributes to the decline in pulmonary function in these patients.
Rotavirus is released from the apical surface of cultured human intestinal cells through nonconventional vesicular transport that bypasses the Golgi apparatus

Rotaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that infect enterocytes of the small intestine and cause severe infantile gastroenteritis. It was previously thought that rotavirus exits cells by lysis, but this behavior does not match the local pathogenesis of the virus. In this study, we have investigated the release of the simian rotavirus strain (RRV) from the polarized intestinal Caco-2 cells. We found that RRV is released almost exclusively from the apical pole of Caco-2 cells before any cells lyse. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy and drugs that inhibit vesicular transport, we studied the RRV transport route from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the apical side of intestinal cells. We demonstrated that RRV exits from the ER through a carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone-sensitive vesicular transport. RRV staining was never found within the Golgi apparatus or lysosomes, suggesting that the RRV intracellular pathway does not involve these organelles. This finding was confirmed by treatment with monensin or NH4Cl, which do not affect release of RRV. Electron microscopic analysis revealed RRV containing small smooth vesicles in the apical area and free virions outside the cell in the brush border, consistent with a vesicular vectorial transport of virus. These results may provide, for the first time, a cellular explanation of the pathogenesis of rotavirus.
Sleep continuity and total sleep time are associated with task‐switching and preparation in young and older adults

Ageing is associated with changes in sleep and decline executive functions, such as task‐switching and task preparation. Given that sleep affects executive function, age‐related changes in executive function may be attributable to changes in sleep. The present study used a sleep detection device to examine whether or not wake time after sleep onset and total sleep time moderated age differences in task‐switching performance and participants' ability to reduce switch costs when given time to prepare. Participants were cognitively healthy [Mini Mental State Examination > 26] younger (n = 54; mean age = 22.9; 67.8% female) and older (n = 45; mean age 62.8; 71.1% female) adults. Using a task‐switching paradigm, which manipulated preparation time, we found that smaller global switch costs were associated with lower wake time after sleep onset and longer total sleep time. Greater preparation effects on local switch costs and adoption of a task‐set were associated with lower wake time after sleep onset, although this effect was significant only in older adults when stratified by age group. This association was independent of inhibition and working memory abilities. The lack of interactions between sleep and age group indicated that age differences in switch costs were not moderated by better sleep. Our results suggest that young and older adults may benefit similarly from lower wake time after sleep onset and longer total sleep time in overall performance, and individuals with less wake time after sleep onset are more likely to engage preparatory strategies to reduce switch costs and boost task‐switching performance.
THE EFFECT OF FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT ON LABOR PRODUCTIVITY : EVIDENCE FROM THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA

Labor productivity issue in economy has an increasing importance in effective stability that is affected by various financial and non-financial factors. In this study, the direct effect of financial development on labor productivity has been analyzed by using Dynamic Panel Data (DPD) techniques based on Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries from 1990 to 2012. The empirical results of this study confirmed that, domestic credit to private sector as a share of GDP positively affects on labor productivity in the first place. Secondly, the higher levels of education and health have a higher level of labor productivity. In addition, increasing trade openness through knowledge and technology transfer enhances labor productivity. Finally, the additional worth findings confirmed the transmission of GDP per person employed performance to the next period and labor productivity dynamics.
Playing Favorites: Conflicts of Interest in Mutual Fund Management

We examine the performance of mutual funds whose managers simultaneously manage portfolios with performance-based incentive fees for three account types: mutual funds, hedge funds, and separate accounts. Importantly, our data set is free of selection bias because it is hand-collected from mandatory SEC filings. We find that only funds whose managers also manage hedge funds significantly underperform peer mutual funds. Moreover, underperformance begins only after fund managers begin to manage a hedge fund. We find that managerial incentives and opportunities for cross-subsidization explain variation in underperformance across funds, supporting the conflicts of interest hypothesis in the debate on “side-by-side management. ”
Exploring user-centered intelligent road lighting design: a road map and future research directions

Traditional road lighting systems are outdated and should be replaced with systems which can sense their environment, i.e., users and their consumer electronics (CE) devices, and react intelligently. Realizing such a system requires an interdisciplinary approach which analyzes the efficient system architecture and communication technology while taking into account the user needs. To understand these necessities, subjective experiments should be conducted in a practical testbed, similar to ours. In this paper, we first present the state-of-the-art solutions in the literature. Then, we describe the system architecture of our testbed deployed on a real street along with the preliminary experiments. Finally, we discuss the open challenges and research directions on designing a future intelligent road lighting system.
Identification of Group Changes in Blogosphere

The paper addresses a problem of change identification in social group evolution. A new SGCI method for discovering of stable groups was proposed and compared with existing GED method. The experimental studies on a Polish blogosphere service revealed that both methods are able to identify similar evolution events even though both use different concepts. Some differences were demonstrated as well.
Photoplethysmographic Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Estimation in Dynamic Condition

This paper describes a novel, unobtrusive photoplethysmographic device and experiments conducted in a dynamic condition. The device complements a photoplethysmograph with a dynamometer, an accelerometer, and a thermometer. We built it in the door handle of a refrigerator and made tests during the door opening and closing. Short-term PPG signals were obtained across all fingers pulling the handle. In parallel, we measured the standard ECG lead II as a reference for the detected heartbeat verification. The blood pressure of each participant was registered before each experimental trial by a standard sphygmomanometer. Based on the PPG signals, we ran our computer algorithms for detecting the heartbeats and estimating the mean blood pressure. Satisfactory results were achieved for heartbeats, with 97.62% sensitivity and 90.31% precision. However, blood pressure estimation appeared to be not very efficient – neither linear nor exponential modeling could lower the estimated mean absolute error in comparison to referential mean blood pressures below 6 mmHg.
Are Fictional Voices Distinguishable? Classifying Character Voices in Modern Drama

According to the literary theory of Mikhail Bakhtin, a dialogic novel is one in which characters speak in their own distinct voices, rather than serving as mouthpieces for their authors. We use text classification to determine which authors best achieve dialogism, looking at a corpus of plays from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. We find that the SAGE model of text generation, which highlights deviations from a background lexical distribution, is an effective method of weighting the words of characters’ utterances. Our results show that it is indeed possible to distinguish characters by their speech in the plays of canonical writers such as George Bernard Shaw, whereas characters are clustered more closely in the works of lesser-known playwrights.