Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Metrics for analyzing module interactions in large software systems

We present a new set of metrics for analyzing the interaction between the modules of a large software system. We believe that these metrics would be important to any automatic or semi-automatic code modularization algorithm. The metrics are based on the rationale that code partitioning should be based on the principle of similarity of service provided by the different functions encapsulated in a module. Although module interaction metrics are necessary for code modularization, in practice they must be accompanied by metrics that measure other important attributes of how the code is partitioned into modules. These other metrics, dealing with code properties such as the approximate uniformity of module sizes, conformance to any size constraints on the modules, etc., are also included in the work presented here. To give the reader some insight into the workings of our metrics, this paper also includes some results obtained by applying the metrics to the body of code that constitutes the open-source Apache HTTP server. We apply our metrics to this code as packaged by the developers of the software and to the other partially and fully randomized versions of the code.
New Tracing and Performance Analysis Techniques for Embedded Applications

Performance evaluation is key to many computer applications. Many techniques and profiling tools are available for measuring performance, but most of them depend on the hardware and the software on which they run. For a new platform, or a platform which is not popular, programmers usually suffer from few analysis tools, which has been a serious problem for application development on many embedded systems. Thus, a performance analysis tool with the software mechanism is quite important for developing embedded applications. This paper describes a software mechanism for analyzing program performance on a wide range of platforms via code instrumentation at the source level. We implement this mechanism in a pure software profiling toolkit, called Module tracer, which works with a public-domain tool, CIL, to carry out code instrumentation for C programs. The toolkit aids programmers in understanding the behavior of applications by generating and analyzing traces and identify potential performance problems.
Social Networks in Ghana 1

In this chapter we examine social networks among farmers in a developing country. We use detailed data on economic activities and social interactions between people living in four study villages in Ghana. It is clear that economic development in this region is being shaped by the networks of information, capital and influence that permeate these communities. This chapter explores the determinants of these important economic networks. We first describe the patterns of information, capital, labor and land transaction connections that are apparent in these villages. We then discuss the interconnections between the various economic networks. We relate the functional economic networks to more fundamental social relationships between people in a reduced form analysis. Finally, we propose an equilibrium model of multi-dimensional network formation that can provide a foundation for further data collection and empirical research.
Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata at TREC 2010: Legal Interactive

Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata participated in TREC for the rst time this year. We participated in TREC Legal Interactive task in two topics namely, Topic 301 and Topic 302. We reduced the size of the corpus by Boolean retrieval using Lemur 4.11 1 and followed it by a clustering technique. We chose members from each cluster (which we called seeds) for relevance judgement by the TA and assumed all other members of the cluster whose seeds are assessed as relevant to be relevant.
Acquired haemophilia A in women postpartum: management of bleeding episodes and natural history of the factor VIII inhibitor

Abstract: The present study reports on the treatment of bleeding episodes and the natural history of factor VIII inhibitors in 4 patients with acquired haemophilia A postpartum. Low titre type II factor VIII inhibitors in 3 patients and high titre type I inhibitor in 1 patient became apparent immediately to 7 months after delivery. High dose human factor VIII concentrate substitution was effective in controlling bleeding episodes in two cases of factor VIII inhibitor type II, but ineffective in 1 patient with high titre type I factor VIII inhibitor. High dose gammaglobulin intravenously in 1 patient with type II factor VIII inhibitor induced a partial correction of factor VIIIc levels for 2 wk. Immunosuppressive treatment in all 4 patients with acquired haemophilia A postpartum did not reduce the potency of the factor VIII inhibitors. The low titre type II inhibitors spontaneously disappeared in all 3 patients within a few months to 1 yr after discontinuation of the immunosuppressive treatment. The high titre type I factor VIII inhibitor persisted for more than 24 yr. We conclude that immunosuppression in 4 women with acquired haemophilia A postpartum did not significantly affect the factor VIII inhibitor titre.
Long-Term Protective Immunity from an Influenza Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Administered with a Microneedle Patch

ABSTRACT Skin vaccination with influenza virus-like particles (VLPs) using microneedles has been shown to induce protection similar to or better than that induced by intramuscular immunization. In this study, we examined the long-term protective efficacy of influenza (H1N1 A/PR/8/34) VLPs after skin vaccination using microneedle patches coated with the vaccine. Microneedle vaccination of mice in the skin induced 100% protection against lethal challenge infection with influenza A/PR/8/34 virus 14 months after a single vaccine dose. Influenza virus-specific total IgG response and hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers were maintained at high levels for over 1 year after microneedle vaccination. Microneedle vaccination also induced substantial levels of lung IgG and IgA antibody responses, and antibody-secreting plasma cells from spleen and bone marrow, as well as conferring effective control of lung viral loads, resulting in complete protection 14 months after vaccination. These strong and long-lasting immune responses were enabled in part by stabilization of the vaccine by formulation with trehalose during microneedle patch fabrication. Administration of the stabilized vaccine using microneedles was especially effective at enabling strong recall responses measured 4 days after lethal virus challenge, including increased HAI and antibody-secreting cells in the spleen and reduced viral titer and inflammatory response in the lung. The results in this study indicate that skin vaccination with VLP vaccine using a microneedle patch provides long-term protection against influenza in mice.
HCRF-based model compensation for noisy speech recognition

Hidden conditional random fields (HCRFs) belong to a type of discriminative models for pattern classification. It is modified from conditional random fields framework and have been shown its advantages for acoustic modeling in speech recognition. This paper extends HCRF methodology to develop a robust technique for noisy speech recognition. We rearrange the linear chain structure of HCRF to its associated HMM and then take approximation of the Gaussian mixture models of the HMM with Taylor expansion. This makes it possible to obtain the proper relation in statistics between HCRF and HMM and then we propose a operative transformation for adapting the seed HCRFs to a set of noise matched HCRFs. This study addresses the following related issues: (1) how to implement the HCRFs-based compensation for noisy environment; (2) the integration of noise and channel bias compensation in HCRF frameworks; and (3) comparison of performance between HMM-based and HCRF-based noisy mixed-lingual (Mandarin and English) speech recognition. The experimental results indicate that proposed HCRF-based model compensation framework enjoys potential for development in robust speech recognition.
Adaptive Self-Organizing Fuzzy Sliding-Mode Radial Basis-Function Neural-Network Controller for Robotic Systems

A self-organizing fuzzy radial basis-function neural-network controller (SFRBNC) has been proposed to control robotic systems. The SFRBNC uses a radial basis-function neural-network (RBFN) to regulate the parameters of a self-organizing fuzzy controller (SOFC) to appropriate values in real time. This method solves the problem caused by the inappropriate selection of parameters in an SOFC. It also eliminates the dynamic coupling effects between degrees of freedom (DOFs) for robotic system control because the RBFN has coupling weighting regulation capabilities. However, its stability is difficult to demonstrate. To overcome the stability issue, this study developed an adaptive self-organizing fuzzy sliding-mode radial basis-function neural-network controller (ASFSRBNC) for robotic systems. The ASFSRBNC solves the problem of an SFRBNC implementation in determining the stability of the system control. It also applies an adaptive law to modify the fuzzy consequent parameter of a fuzzy logic controller to manipulate a robotic system to improve its control performance. The stability of the ASFSRBNC was proven using the Lyapunov stability theorem. From the experimental results of 6-DOF robotic control tests, the ASFSRBNC achieved better control performance than the SFRBNC as well as the SOFC.
Unmasking Class

This study examined class identity negotiation among upwardly mobile poor and working-class emerging adults. Twenty-one ethnically diverse emerging adults narrated class-related experiences during interviews about their transition to college. Narratives were coded for (1) the strategies emerging adults used to make sense of their class experiences and (2) the events that prompted their class identity negotiation. Participants used class identity management strategies that reflected dissociation or resistance. Cross-class interactions that involved recognition of financial and behavioral disparities between themselves and their professional class peers were more likely to trigger both dissociation and resistance strategies. In contrast, noncomparative class-related experiences (e.g., parent loss of job) and same-class interactions were more likely to elicit dissociation strategies. These findings highlight the struggle and feelings of ambivalence that upwardly mobile emerging adults face as they manage the stigma and discrimination associated with their class background and protect their self-esteem.
Evaluation of non cyanide methods for hemoglobin estimation.

BACKGROUND The hemoglobincyanide method (HiCN) method for measuring hemoglobin is used extensively worldwide; its advantages are the ready availability of a stable and internationally accepted reference standard calibrator. However, its use may create a problem, as the waste disposal of large volumes of reagent containing cyanide constitutes a potential toxic hazard. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE As an alternative to drabkin`s method of Hb estimation, we attempted to estimate hemoglobin by other non-cyanide methods: alkaline hematin detergent (AHD-575) using Triton X-100 as lyser and alkaline- borax method using quarternary ammonium detergents as lyser. MATERIALS AND METHODS The hemoglobin (Hb) results on 200 samples of varying Hb concentrations obtained by these two cyanide free methods were compared with a cyanmethemoglobin method on a colorimeter which is light emitting diode (LED) based. Hemoglobin was also estimated in one hundred blood donors and 25 blood samples of infants and compared by these methods. Statistical analysis used was Pearson`s correlation coefficient. RESULTS The response of the non cyanide method is linear for serially diluted blood samples over the Hb concentration range from 3 gm/dl -20 gm/dl. The non cyanide methods has a precision of + 0.25 g/dl (coefficient of variation= (2.34%) and is suitable for use with fixed wavelength or with colorimeters at wavelength- 530 nm and 580 nm. Correlation of these two methods was excellent (r=0.98). The evaluation has shown it to be as reliable and reproducible as HiCN for measuring hemoglobin at all concentrations. The reagents used in non cyanide methods are non-biohazardous and did not affect the reliability of data determination and also the cost was less than HiCN method. CONCLUSIONS Thus, non cyanide methods of Hb estimation offer possibility of safe and quality Hb estimation and should prove useful for routine laboratory use. Non cyanide methods is easily incorporated in hemoglobinometers by using very minute quantities of reagents and test sample; hence, these methods can be used to provide point of care testing in blood banks for hemoglobin (Hb) estimation in blood donors.
Vehicular Communications: Ubiquitous Networks for Sustainable Mobility [Point of View]

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) or vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications are enabling technologies for a host of applications, ranging from infotainment and web browsing to cooperative driving for enhanced traffic safety and efficiency. The latter two application areas, traffic safety and efficiency, address the issue of sustainable mobility and are high on the political agendas around the world.
“Speaking of Annihilation”: Mobilizing for War against Human and Insect Enemies, 1914–1945

In 1944 and 1945, two periodicals with very different audiences published similar images. Both showed half-human, half-insect creatures, talked of the "annihilation" of these vermin, and touted modern technology as the means to accomplish that end. One piece, a cartoon in the United States Marines' magazine Leatherneck, showed a creature labeled "Louseous Japanicas" and said its "breeding grounds around the Tokyo area . must be completely annihilated. " (See figure 1.) A month after the cartoon appeared, the United States began mass incendiary bombings of Japanese cities, followed by the atomic blasts that leveled Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Although the Leatherneck cartoon was surely intended to be humorous and hyperbolic, calls for annihilation of human enemies had, by the end of the war, become realistic. So too with insect enemies. The second cartoon, an advertisement in a chemical industry journal, promoted perfumes to eliminate insecticide odors. (See figure 2.) Tapping the rhetoric that pervaded World War II, the text began, "Speaking of annihilation. " The accompanying image showed three creatures with insect bodies, each with a stereotypical head representing a national enemy. The Italian creature lay on its back, an allusion to Allied victory over the Italian army. The German and Japanese creatures remained standing, as guns blasted all three with chemical clouds. Like human enemies, the advertisement implied, insect enemies could and should be annihilated. That possibility, too, had come within reach by the end of World War II. The Allies killed disease-bearing lice and mosquitoes over wide areas using a powerful new insecticide called DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), and entomologists called for the extermination of entire species.
Functors are Type Refinement Systems

The standard reading of type theory through the lens of category theory is based on the idea of viewing a type system as a category of well-typed terms. We propose a basic revision of this reading: rather than interpreting type systems as categories, we describe them as functors from a category of typing derivations to a category of underlying terms. Then, turning this around, we explain how in fact any functor gives rise to a generalized type system, with an abstract notion of typing judgment, typing derivations and typing rules. This leads to a purely categorical reformulation of various natural classes of type systems as natural classes of functors. The main purpose of this paper is to describe the general framework (which can also be seen as providing a categorical analysis of refinement types), and to present a few applications. As a larger case study, we revisit Reynolds' paper on ``The Meaning of Types'' (2000), showing how the paper's main results may be reconstructed along these lines.
Hyperglycemia and Diabetic Kidney Disease: The Case for Transforming Growth Factor–β as a Key Mediator

Renal cells are a rich source of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and they serve as targets for its actions. Our hypothesis that activation of the TGF-β system in the kidney is implicated in the development of diabetic renal disease stems from the close similarity of actions of TGF-β and high ambient glucose on renal cell growth and extracellular matrix metabolism. Proximal tubule cells and glomerular mesangial cells cultured in high glucose concentration express increased TGF-β1 mRNA and protein levels, and treatment with anti-TGF-β antibodies results in prevention of the effects of high glucose to induce cellular hypertrophy and stimulate collagen biosynthesis. Several in vivo studies by different groups of investigators have reported overexpression of TGF-β in the glomeruli in human and experimental diabetes. We have also observed that the development of renal hypertrophy in the insulin-dependent diabetic BB rat and NOD mouse is associated with increased expression of TGF-β1 in the kidney and that short-term administration of antibodies capable of neutralizing the activity of TGF-β in the streptozotocin mouse model of diabetes results in attenuation of whole kidney and glomerular hypertrophy and overexpression of mRNAs encoding matrix components. Together, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the diabetic state stimulates TGF-β expression in the kidney and that in turn this growth factor may mediate, in an autocrine/paracrine manner, some of the principal early manifestations of diabetic renal disease. Demonstrating a causal link between upregulation of glomerular TGF-β and the subsequent development of diabetic glomerulosclerosis will require long-term interventional studies designed to intercept the TGF-β system in the kidney.
(Blue) Taxi Destination and Trip Time Prediction from Partial Trajectories

Real-time estimation of destination and travel time for taxis is of great importance for existing electronic dispatch systems. We present an approach based on trip matching and ensemble learning, in which we leverage the patterns observed in a dataset of roughly 1.7 million taxi journeys to predict the corresponding final destination and travel time for ongoing taxi trips, as a solution for the ECML/PKDD Discovery Challenge 2015 competition. The results of our empirical evaluation show that our approach is effective and very robust, which led our team -- BlueTaxi -- to the 3rd and 7th position of the final rankings for the trip time and destination prediction tasks, respectively. Given the fact that the final rankings were computed using a very small test set (with only 320 trips) we believe that our approach is one of the most robust solutions for the challenge based on the consistency of our good results across the test sets.
The Legitimacy of Protest: Explaining White Southerners’ Attitudes Toward the Civil Rights Movement

Activists seek attention for their causes and want to win sympathy from the broader public. Why do some citizens but not others approve when activists use protest tactics? This is a crucial but poorly understood aspect of social movements. While most prior research has focused on the personal determinants of attitudes toward movements, we argue that proximity to protest may cultivate positive views about a movement. Individuals living near centers of movement activity may become more favorable to protest because they become more sympathetic to the demands of activists. We investigate public support about protest tactics among white Southerners during the early stages of the civil rights movement. To do so, we employ a representative survey conducted in 1961 with nearly 700 white adults living in the South. These survey data are combined with contextual data measuring local protest, political behavior, and civic organizations. Most scholars have focused on the ways that civil rights activity propelled white counter-mobilization, but protest also won sympathy from a small subset of white Southerners, thereby fracturing the dominant consensus in support of Jim Crow segregation. We also find that local racial political context matters: individuals living in counties with weaker support for segregationist politics, where white moderates were active, and outside the Deep South were generally more favorable. At the individual level, our strongest findings indicate that sit-in support was more likely from those with greater educational attainment, less frequent church attendance, and exposure to discussions about race relations from the pulpit.
Improving WalkSAT for Random k-Satisfiability Problem with k > 3

Stochastic local search (SLS) algorithms are well known for their ability to efficiently find models of random instances of the Boolean satisfiablity (SAT) problem. One of the most famous SLS algorithms for SAT is WalkSAT, which is an initial algorithm that has wide influence among modern SLS algorithms. Recently, there has been increasing interest in WalkSAT, due to the discovery of its great power on large random 3-SAT instances. However, the performance of WalkSAT on random $k$-SAT instances with $k>3$ lags far behind. Indeed, there have been few works in improving SLS algorithms for such instances. This work takes a large step towards this direction. We propose a novel concept namely $multilevel$ $make$. Based on this concept, we design a scoring function called $linear$ $make$, which is utilized to break ties in WalkSAT, leading to a new algorithm called WalkSAT$lm$. Our experimental results on random 5-SAT and 7-SAT instances show that WalkSAT$lm$ improves WalkSAT by orders of magnitudes. Moreover, WalkSAT$lm$ significantly outperforms state-of-the-art SLS solvers on random 5-SAT instances, while competes well on random 7-SAT ones. Additionally, WalkSAT$lm$ performs very well on random instances from SAT Challenge 2012, indicating its robustness.
Self learning of gravity compensation by LOCH humanoid robot

A humanoid robot is a complex machine with many degrees of freedom. And, the control at the joint level is a crucial step for a humanoid robot to achieve fast and accurate movements. In this paper, we address the issue of gravity compensation, and propose a learning approach which is inspired by a human-like scheme of compensating gravity through learning. First of all, we will describe the importance of gravity compensation. Then, for the purpose of comparison, we outline the theoretical way of computing the torques which compensate the gravity acting on a limbpsilas links and payload. Subsequently, we present a human-like learning scheme, which accurately determines the necessary torques for the compensation of gravity acting at the various joints when a humanoid robot is in any posture of interest. Finally, real experiments with a humanoid robot are presented and discussed.