Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Laser-Induced Plasma Exposure on Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography Masks: Damage Analysis

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is considered as a possible next-generation lithography technology for sub-22-nm feature fabrication. Fabrication of zero printing defect mask blanks is one of the key challenges identified for EUVL under 16 nm. One proposed cleaning mechanism is based on laser-induced plasma (LIP) shock waves in which selective nanoparticle removal is possible. However, due to both shockwave thermomechanical loading and radiation intensity heating from the LIP core during cleaning, there have been concerns over substrate damage. In this paper, computational and experimental damage studies are conducted for assessing damage risk of LIP exposure to EUVL blank samples. Based on a finite element analysis, it is found that the level of radial stress on the surface of nanofilm and nanofilm layers is the critical parameter identified in both excitation mechanisms leading to mechanical material failure. Experimentally, it is determined that above a critical LIP clearance distance, no substrate damage is observed for the EUVL blank during cleaning regardless of the number of laser shots. It is concluded that pressure amplification methods and creation of residual radial tension in nanofilms could be employed to extend EUVL mask damage threshold for LIP exposure during cleaning.
4,4′-Bipyridine–4-(p-toluenesulfonamido)benzoic acid (1/2)

In the title compound, C14H13NO4S·0.5C10H8N2, the two benzene rings are nearly perpendicular to each other [dihedral angle = 83.21 (10)°]. The bipyridine molecule is centrosymmetric, the mid-point of the C—C bond linking the pyridine rings being located on an inversion center. Intermolecular N—H⋯O and O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds and weak intermolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds are present in the crystal structure.
Dampening of population cycles in voles affects small mammal community structure, decreases diversity, and increases prevalence of a zoonotic disease

Abstract Long‐term decline and depression of density in cyclic small rodents is a recent widespread phenomenon. These observed changes at the population level might have cascading effects at the ecosystem level. Here, we assessed relationships between changing boreal landscapes and biodiversity changes of small mammal communities. We also inferred potential effects of observed community changes for increased transmission risk of Puumala virus (PUUV) spread, causing the zoonotic disease nephropatica epidemica in humans. Analyses were based on long‐term (1971–2013) monitoring data of shrews and voles representing 58 time series in northern Sweden. We calculated richness, diversity, and evenness at alpha, beta, and gamma level, partitioned beta diversity into turnover (species replacement) and nestedness (species addition/removal), used similarity percentages (SIMPER) analysis to assess community structure, and calculated the cumulated number of PUUV‐infected bank voles and average PUUV prevalence (percentage of infected bank voles) per vole cycle. Alpha, beta, and gamma richness and diversity of voles, but not shrews, showed long‐term trends that varied spatially. The observed patterns were associated with an increase in community contribution of bank vole (Myodes glareolus), a decrease of gray‐sided vole (M. rufocanus) and field vole (Microtus agrestis) and a hump‐shaped variation in contribution of common shrew (Sorex araneus). Long‐term biodiversity changes were largely related to changes in forest landscape structure. Number of PUUV‐infected bank voles in spring was negatively related to beta and gamma diversity, and positively related to turnover of shrews (replaced by voles) and to community contribution of bank voles. The latter was also positively related to average PUUV prevalence in spring. We showed that long‐term changes in the boreal landscape contributed to explain the decrease in biodiversity and the change in structure of small mammal communities. In addition, our results suggest decrease in small mammal diversity to have knock‐on effects on dynamics of infectious diseases among small mammals with potential implications for disease transmission to humans.
Concept of a 150 krpm bearingless slotless disc drive with combined windings

In this paper, a concept is developed for a slotless bearingless disc drive with toroidal windings for a rotational speed of 150'000 rpm. The topology and its working principles are explained and an already running prototype for lower speeds is introduced. To reach the high rotational speeds, the mechanical strength and the maximal diameter of the rotor is evaluated. Outgoing form the prototype, scaling laws are examined to identify the challenges for down-scaling of the bearingless motor. 3D FEM Simulations and optimizations are conducted to determine the influence of the magnetic gap length and to find the optimal stator and rotor height. At the end, the geometry of the high speed concept is presented and the performance results are compared to the prototype.
Activation of ipsilateral primary sensorimotor cortex by median nerve stimulation

WE report evidence for activation of ipsilateral primary sensorimotor cortex (SMI) after median nerve stimulation recorded with magnetoencephalography (MEG). We measured somatosensory evoked magnetic fields (SEFs) to median nerve stimulation with a 122-channel helmet-shaped magnetometer in 10 healthy subjects. In five, the magnetic field patterns suggested long-latency activation of the ipsilateral SMI. Source locations found by current dipole fitting corresponded to the SMI hand area, as determined by contralateral stimulation. Further evidence for the origin of the ipsilateral responses in SMI was provided by the suppression of these responses during movement of the contralateral fingers. Sensory input to ipsilateral SMI could play a role in sensorimotor integration of bilateral movements.
The Insula and Evaluative Processes

The insula has been implicated as a component of central networks subserving evaluative and affective processes. This study examined evaluative valence and arousal ratings in response to picture stimuli in patients with lesions of the insula and two contrast groups: a control-lesion group (the primary contrast group) and an amygdala-lesion group. Patients rated the positivity and negativity of picture stimuli (from very unpleasant to very pleasant) and how emotionally arousing they found the pictures to be. Compared with patients in the control-lesion group, patients with insular lesions reported reduced arousal in response to both unpleasant and pleasant stimuli, as well as marked attenuation of valence ratings. In contrast, the arousal ratings of patients with amygdala lesions were selectively attenuated for unpleasant stimuli, and these patients’ positive and negative valence ratings did not differ from those of the control-lesion group. Results support the view that the insular cortex may play a broad role in integrating affective and cognitive processes, whereas the amygdala may have a more selective role in affective arousal, especially for negative stimuli.
The Curse of Competitiveness: How Advice from Experienced Colleagues and Training Can Hurt Marketing Profitability

The literature suggests that mangers are overly competitive and overemphasize competitors’ payoffs in making decisions. The authors demonstrate how two seemingly innocuous but common decision inputs that mid- and entry-level managers use—(1) advice from colleagues and (2) training—could propagate this bias. The authors conduct an experiment in which one generation of participants plays a noncooperative game and then passes on advice on how to play the same game to the second generation. The authors find that the second generation is more likely to accept decisions that negatively impact the competitor's profits, even when those decisions result in lower payoffs. The results suggest that the advice of the first generation causes the second generation to be more sensitive to relative performance. In a second experiment, the authors show that training films that create negative feelings toward competitors can have adverse effects on managers’ decisions. The training increases the willingness of managers to sacrifice own profits to reduce competitor profitability. These findings have important implications for managers in competitive markets. This research suggests that standard training materials that emphasize beating competitors should be carefully assessed for their unintentional but potentially damaging effects. In particular, training designed to evoke affective responses toward competitors must be used judiciously. Firms that give junior managers more autonomy and responsibility should also be cognizant that the advice these managers get and the information they share may propagate a competitive bias. To mitigate this problem, an option is to devote resources to better understand the content and nature of advice that managers share with one another.
Characteristics of Skeletal Stress Fractures in Female Military Recruits of the Israel Defense Forces on Bone Scintigraphy

Aim: Clinical surveys on stress fractures (SF) in female military recruits are scarce. The aim of this study was to characterize the scintigraphic findings and classify the distribution and pattern of SF in a group of female recruits of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). Materials and Methods: The bone scans of 146 female recruits (age range, 19–20.6 years) with suspected SF were assessed retrospectively. The SF lesions were classified qualitatively into 4 grades of bone response according to the classification criteria introduced by Zwas et al. SF location and distribution were analyzed, and in several cases, the abnormalities were correlated radiographically. Results: One hundred forty-six female recruits were examined, of which 93 (64%) had bone scan findings of SF with a total of 247 SF. Forty-eight patients (with or without SF) had shin splints, 32 had thigh splints, and 34 had normal scans. Several SF were detected in sites that were not clinically suspected. Thirty-nine percent of the SF were located in the feet (tarsal bones 22.7%, metatarsal 16.2%), 36.8% in tibiae (predominantly in the midthird), 15.7% in femurs, 6.5% in the pubic and sacroiliac regions, and 2% in the fibula. SF in the tibiae and femurs were mainly located in the posterior aspect of the medial cortical region. Forty-nine percent of the patients had bilateral SF. The SF were classified on a 4-grade scale: 41.3% were grade I, 37.2% grade II, 15.8% grade III, and 5.7% grade IV. Thirty-three percent of the patients had one site of SF, 31% had 2 sites, 7.5% had 3 sites, 12% had 4 sites, 7.5% had 5 sites, and 9% had more than 5 sites of SF. Different grades of lesions were often found in the same patient. Sixty-five percent of the patients had SF in the feet, 59% in the tibiae, 26% in the femurs, 14% in the pubic or sacroiliac regions, and 5% in the fibula. Radiography was performed in 15% of the patients. Only one patient had a positive finding on radiography. Conclusions: This study shows that lower leg SF are not uncommon in female military recruits. We clearly distinguished between SF and shin splints, which have important clinical consequences on treatment. Most of the SF were mild (grade I and II) located in the feet and tibiae. This study supports the experience gained in other studies, and emphasizes the significant number of pubic and sacroiliac SF in female soldiers, which is significantly higher in comparison with previous reports on male soldiers.
Identification of Four Cell Types in the Human Endocrine Pancreas By Immunoelectron Microscopy

In order to correlate the different cell types of the human endocrine pancreas to a specific secretion product, an immunoelectron microscopic localization of the hormones whose production had been attributed to pancreatic islets was conducted. Glucagon and insulin were respectively localized in the typical A- and B-cells, whereas no subclasses of A-cells could be identified. With antibodies that reacted with the gastrin cells in the human gastric mucosa, it was not possible to detect gastrin in any of the islet cell types. In confirmation of recent results obtained by light microscopy, somatostatin was found in all the typical D-cells containing large, weakly electron-dense secretory granules. The human pancreatic polypeptide (HPP), a newly postulated hormone, was clearly associated with a fourth cell type, which is characterized by the presence of small secretory granules (100–150 nm.). These results suggest that each of the four cell types that are easily identifiable by ultrastructural observations is responsible for the production of a specific secretory product.
Positional Faithfulness and Voicing Assimilation in Optimality Theory

This paper proposes a set of constraints within the framework of Optimality Theory that accounts for syllable-final laryngeal neutralization and voicing assimilation in obstruent clusters. The interaction of positional faithfulness and markedness is shown to result in laryngeal neutralization. Regressive assimilation is shown to be a result of the interaction of positional faithfulness with a constraint preferring adjacent obstruents to agree in voicing. Rerankings of the proposed constraints account for attested patterns of voicing assimilation and neutralization: unlike previous neutralization and spread analyses, this approach makes the correct prediction that it is equally natural for voicing assimilation in clusters to combine with either devoicing of or retention of voicing distinctions in word-final consonants. It is argued that the interactions of these constraints account for why voicing assimilation is always regressive unless special circumstances hold.
Experimental demonstration of an excited-state Faraday filter operating at 532 nm.

We outline what is to our knowledge the first experimental demonstration of an excited-state Faraday filter. The filter consists of potassium vapor between crossed polarizers in a dc magnetic field and operates on the 4P((1/2)) ? 8S((1/2)) transition in potassium. The 4P((1/2)) state is populated by a linearly polarized, 10-ns light pulse from a dye laser operating at 769.9 nm. Another linearly polarized, 10-nsec pulse at 532.33 nm traverses the pumped volume of the K cell and is absorbed from the 4P((1/2)) state to the 8S((1/2)) state. The transmission of the filter is approximately 3.5% at 532.33 nm with a bandwidth of less than 10 GHz.
Soluble adhesion molecules in Finnish schoolchildren with signs of preclinical type 1 diabetes

We measured the circulating concentrations of the soluble forms of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, ICAM‐1 (sCD54) and L‐selectin (sCD62L) in 104 non‐diabetic Finnish schoolchildren testing positive for one or more diabetes‐associated autoantibodies and in 104 autoantibody‐negative children to elucidate the relationship between soluble adhesion molecules and humoral, genetic and metabolic markers of preclinical type 1 diabetes.
Spectral structure and decompositions of optical states, and their applications

We discuss the spectral structure and decomposition of multi-photon states. Ordinarily ‘multi-photon states’ and ‘Fock states’ are regarded as synonymous. However, when the spectral degrees of freedom are included this is not the case, and the class of ‘multi-photon’ states is much broader than the class of ‘Fock’ states. We discuss the criteria for a state to be considered a Fock state. We then address the decomposition of general multi-photon states into bases of orthogonal eigenmodes, building on existing multi-mode theory, and introduce an occupation number representation that provides an elegant description of such states. This representation allows us to work in bases imposed by experimental constraints, simplifying calculations in many situations. Finally we apply this technique to several example situations, which are highly relevant for state of the art experiments. These include Hong–Ou–Mandel interference, spectral filtering, finite bandwidth photo-detection, homodyne detection and the conditional preparation of Schrödinger kitten and Fock states. Our techniques allow for very simple descriptions of each of these examples.
Estudio y realización de un neuroprocesador biológico: métodos de aprendizaje

La presente tesis se enmarca dentro de dos campos diferentes pero intrinsecamente unidos entre si en este caso: neurociencia y computacion. El objetivo global de esta tesis es la realizacion de un neuroprocesador biologico empleando como plataforma redes neuronales biologicas cultivadas sobre matrices de microelectrodos. Este objetivo global resulta en una serie de sub-objetivos: (1) Definicion y construccion de una plataforma para el soporte en tiempo real de los sistemas de adquisicion de registros neuronales, y estimulacion electrica de los mismos, que se comunique remotamente con un dispositivo robotico. (2) Estudio y propuesta de un metodo de guiado robotico basado en una plataforma de lazo cerrado que integre la informacion de los sensores del robot en el neuroprocesador y, en funcion de la respuesta de este, direccione el sistema robotico. (3) Normalizacion y calibracion estadistica de los registros del neuroprocesador para su adecuacion a los distintos algoritmos de guiado robotico y aprendizaje en los cultivos neuronales. (4) Estudio y definicion de tecnicas de aprendizaje en cultivos neuronales para la realizacion de conectividad funcional dirigida con objeto de proporcionar nuevos paradigmas de programacion en neuroprocesadores biologicos. Con respecto al sub-objetivo (1), se ha propuesto un sistema de experimentacion con cultivos neuronales en lazo cerrado y tiempo real que proporciona las herramientas de filtrado, visualizacion, procesamiento y estimulacion de la respuesta electrofisiologica de poblaciones neuronales y su comunicacion con un sistema robotico remoto. Para alcanzar el objetivo (2), se ha adaptado el algoritmo de centro de area para guiado robotico a las respuestas funcionales de las poblaciones de neuronas, identificando aquellos electrodos de la matriz cuyas neuronas incrementan en mayor medida sus disparos, como objetivo para el direccionamiento del robot. El cumplimiento del sub-objetivo (3) se ha conseguido al proporcionar tecnicas de calibracion y normalizacion estadistica de los registros de poblaciones de neuronas que conforman el neuroprocesador, con objeto de suprimir la variabilidad intrinseca de las mismas y a las distintas caracteristicas de no-homogeneidad tanto en la densidad del cultivo como en las propiedades electricas de los distintos electrodos. Finalmente, atendiendo al sub-objetivo (4), se ha propuesto un paradigma de aprendizaje natural, como es el aprendizaje hebbiano, para la conformacion de conexiones funcionales entre electrodos que no se encontraban enlazados previamente y conseguir de esta forma el modelado del cultivo para la implementacion en su estructura de las funciones a implementar, en este caso las estructuras de Braitenberg. http://repositorio.bib. upct.es/dspace/
Title Angiotensin II type 1 receptor-dependent oxidative stressmediates endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic mice

The mechanisms underlying the effect of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibition on endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes are incompletely understood. This study explored a causal relationship between RAAS activation and oxidative stress involved in diabetes-associated endothelial dysfunction. Daily oral administration of valsartan or enalapril at 10 mg=kg=day to db=db mice for 6 weeks reversed the blunted acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent dilatations, suppressed the upregulated expression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and NAD(P)H oxidase subunits (p22 phox and p47), and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Acute exposure to AT1R blocker losartan restored the impaired endotheliumdependent dilatations in aortas of db=db mice and also in renal arteries of diabetic patients (fasting plasma glucose level 7.0 mmol=l). Similar observations were also made with apocynin, diphenyliodonium, or tempol treatment in db=db mouse aortas. DHE fluorescence revealed an overproduction of ROS in db=db aortas which was sensitive to inhibition by losartan or ROS scavengers. Losartan also prevented the impairment of endothelium-dependent dilatations under hyperglycemic conditions that were accompanied by high ROS production. The present study has identified an initiative role of AT1R activation in mediating endothelial dysfunction of arteries from db=db mice and diabetic patients. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 13, 757–768.
Prevalence and Correlates of Physical Inactivity among Older Adults in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Background Current information on the epidemiology of physical inactivity among older adults is lacking, making it difficult to target the inactive and to plan for interventions to ameliorate adverse effects. Objectives To present statewide representative findings on the prevalence of physical inactivity among older community residents, its correlates and associated health service use. Methods A representative non-institutionalized random sample of 6963 individuals in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, aged ≥60 years, was interviewed face-to-face. Information was obtained on demographic characteristics, social resources, health conditions and behaviors, health service use, and physical inactivity. Controlled logistic regression was used to determine the association of physical inactivity with these characteristics. Results Overall, 62% reported no regular physical activity. Physical inactivity was significantly more prevalent among women, older persons, those with lower education and income, Afro-Brazilians (73%; White: 61%; “other”: 64%), those no longer married, and was associated with multiple individual health conditions and impaired activities of daily living (ADL). In adjusted analyses, associations remained for sociodemographic characteristics, social participation, impaired self-rated health, ADL, vision, and depression (odds ratios (OR) 1.2–1.7). Physically inactive respondents were less likely to report outpatient visits (OR 0.81), but more likely to be hospitalized (OR 1.41). Conclusions Physical inactivity is highly prevalent, particularly among Afro -Brazilians. It is associated with adverse sociodemographic characteristics; lack of social interaction; and poor self-rated health, ADL, vision, and depression; although not with other health conditions. Self-care may be neglected, resulting in hospitalization.
A novel robust method for camera auto-calibration in transportation surveillance

Auto-calibration is to estimate camera intrinsic parameters and extrinsic parameters from image observation. In the last decade, auto-calibration has been studied and applied in transportation surveillance. Image features from architectures, roads, vehicles and pedestrians provide the orthogonal constraints for calibration. In transportation surveillance, previous auto-calibration methods are mainly based on single-view geometry, while this paper proposes a method based on multiple-view geometry. The experiment results prove that our method is more robust to image noise than previous methods.