Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Static Security Analysis Based on Input-Related Software Faults

It is important to focus on security aspects during the development cycle to deliver reliable software. However, locating security faults in complex systems is difficult and there are only a few effective automatic tools available to help developers. In this paper we present an approach to help developers locate vulnerabilities by marking parts of the source code that involve user input. We focus on input-related code, since an attacker can usually take advantage of vulnerabilities by passing malformed input to the application. The main contributions of this work are two metrics to help locate faults during a code review, and algorithms to locate buffer overflow and format string vulnerabilities in C source code. We implemented our approach as a plugin to the Grammatech CodeSurfer tool. We tested and validated our technique on open source projects and we found faults in software that includes Pidgin and cyrus-imapd.
Composition and decomposition learning of reaching movements under altered environments: An examination of the multiplicity of internal models

We have studied the learning processes of reaching movements under novel environments whose kinematic and dynamic properties are altered. In the experiments, we have used, as the kinematic transformation, a rotational transformation which is displayed by rotating a cursor indicating hand position in the orthogonal coordinate system on a CRT; a viscous transformation using viscous field as the dynamic transformation; and a combined transformation of these two transformations. It is observed that the hand trajectory approaches a straight line along with learning and accurately reaches the target. When the combined transformation is learned after the rotational transformation and viscous transformation are learned first, respectively, the final error becomes smaller and the path length also becomes shorter than the case when the combined transformation is learned first. Moreover, the final error and path length of the movement under rotational transformation and viscous transformation when the combined transformation is learned first also become smaller than the case when the rotational and viscous transformations are learned first. These results suggest that the central nervous system has learned separately the multiple internal models which compensate the respective transformations, and has composed or decomposed the respective internal models in accordance with the environmental changes. It may be considered that such multiplicity of internal models makes it possible for the living body to flexibly cope with the environments or tools having various dynamic and kinematic properties. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(11): 80–94, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1166
Risk management and the medical profession

Explores the need for risk management in a health care setting in both financial and personal terms. Sets out the stages of a risk management programme. Stresses the need to incorporate such a programme in every hospital setting in order to reduce negligence claims so that scarce resources can be directed more towards patient care. The identification, analysis and control of risks support the assets, good name and earning capacity of a hospital.
IL-6 Mediated Degeneration of Forebrain GABAergic Interneurons and Cognitive Impairment in Aged Mice through Activation of Neuronal NADPH Oxidase

Background Multiple studies have shown that plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) are elevated in patients with important and prevalent adverse health conditions, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, hypertension, and frailty. Higher plasma levels of IL-6, in turn, increase the risk of many conditions associated with aging including age-related cognitive decline. However, the mechanisms underlying this association between IL-6 and cognitive vulnerability remain unclear. Methods and Findings We investigated the role of IL-6 in brain aging in young (4 mo) and aged (24 mo) wild-type C57BL6 and genetically-matched IL-6−/− mice, and determined that IL-6 was necessary and sufficient for increased neuronal expression of the superoxide-producing immune enzyme, NADPH-oxidase, and this was mediated by non-canonical NFκB signaling. Furthermore, superoxide production by NADPH-oxidase was directly responsible for age-related loss of parvalbumin (PV)-expressing GABAergic interneurons, neurons essential for normal information processing, encoding, and retrieval in hippocampus and cortex. Targeted deletion of IL-6 or elimination of superoxide by chronic treatment with a superoxide-dismutase mimetic prevented age-related loss of PV-interneurons and reversed age-related cognitive deficits on three standard tests of spatial learning and recall. Conclusions Present results indicate that IL-6 mediates age-related loss of critical PV-expressing GABAergic interneurons through increased neuronal NADPH-oxidase-derived superoxide production, and that rescue of these interneurons preserves cognitive performance in aging mice, suggesting that elevated peripheral IL-6 levels may be directly and mechanistically linked to long-lasting cognitive deficits in even normal older individuals. Further, because PV-interneurons are also selectively affected by commonly used anesthetic agents and drugs, our findings imply that IL-6 levels may predict adverse CNS effects in older patients exposed to these compounds through specific derangements in inhibitory interneurons, and that therapies directed at lowering IL-6 may have cognitive benefits clinically.
Variation in the DCP1 gene, encoding the angiotensin converting enzyme ACE, is not associated with increased susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease

Objectives To attempt to replicate previous reports that polymorphic variation in the DCP1 gene causes increased susceptibility to the development of Alzheimer's disease, either on its own or in interaction with the effects of the gene for apolipoprotein E (APOE). Method Subjects older than 65 years of age consisting of 81 dementia patients diagnosed as having possible or probable Alzheimer's disease and 68 controls were obtained from Camden, Islington and Harlow psychiatric services. Subjects were genotyped for APOE alleles e2, e3 and e4, and the common insertion/deletion polymorphisms for DCP1* I/D were genotyped. Results There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of the DCP1* insertion/deletion alleles between the cases and controls (X2=0.04, 1 degree of freedom, not significant). When subjects were subdivided according to whether they possessed at least one copy of the APOE e4 allele, there were still no differences in DCP1 allele frequencies between cases and controls. Conclusions Further research is needed to elucidate any role that the DCP1 polymorphism may play in relation to Alzheimer's disease. Previous studies may be false positive, or inconsistency in replication may be due to heterogeneity.
The Lads: Masculinity and the New Consumption of Football

The 1990s have seen the rapid transformation in the consumption of football with the development, in particular, of all-seater stadiums. This article analyses the responses of a particular type of masculine fan to these transformations, thereby contributing to an emergent theoretical framework in the literature on consumption and fans, which supersedes the theories of resistance and hegemony that have typically informed cultural studies since the 1970s.
Experience of Racism as a Correlate of Developmental and Health Outcomes Among Urban Adolescent Mental Health Clients

Summary Correlates of race/ethnicity and perceived racism among 760 urban, predominantly Hispanic/Latino and African-American, adolescent mental health clients were investigated using an exploratory, clinical data-mining approach. All racial/ethnic groups reported substantial rates of racism, ranging from 80.0% for Asian/Pacific Islanders to 32.4% for Hispanic/Latinos. Racism was associated with significantly elevated environmental risk (e.g., violence, sexual abuse or assault, exposure to drug use), behavioral risk (e.g., drug use) and worry (e.g., worry about hurting self or others, worry about doing dangerous things). Overall, racism was significantly associated with more negative health and well-being outcomes than ability to get a gun, sexual orientation, and being enrolled in school. The authors conclude that experience of racism should be routinely assessed at intake to mental health services along with traumatic experiences such as physical or sexual abuse.
On the Optimal Communication Complexity of Multiphase Protocols for Perfect Communication

In the perfectly secure message transmission (PSMT) problem, two synchronized non-faulty players (or processors), the Sender S and the Receiver R are connected by n wires (each of which facilitates 2-way communication); S has a message, represented by a sequence oft elements from a finite field, that he wishes to send to R; after exchanging messages in phases R should correctly obtain S 's message, while an adversary listening on and actively controlling any set of t (or less) wires should have no information about S 's message. Similarly, in the problem of perfect reliable message transmission (PRMT), the receiver R should correctly obtain S's message, in spite of the adversary actively controlling any set oft (or less) wires.
Interview and Interrogation: A Scientific Approach

Originally published in Contemporary Psychology: APA Review of Books, 1990, Vol 35(10), 1003-1004. Reviews the book, Interview and Interrogation: A Scientific Approach by Frank J. MacHovec (see record 1989-98221-000). Interview and Interrogation seeks to develop a scientific approach to what both the interviewer and the interviewee bring to their shared task. The book offers a heavy scaffolding of facts-psychological, sociological, and cultural-that are well embedded, and sometimes hidden, in the drapery of its narrative. In some depth, the book also provides a study of several communication styles-task oriented, goal oriented, and people oriented-suggesting when each may be appropriate and useful. The helpful definitions, the useful bibliography, and a good index will appeal to readers intent on sharpening their skills in the areas this book addresses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)
Screening and prostate-cancer mortality in a randomized European study.

BACKGROUND The European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer was initiated in the early 1990s to evaluate the effect of screening with prostate-specific-antigen (PSA) testing on death rates from prostate cancer. METHODS We identified 182,000 men between the ages of 50 and 74 years through registries in seven European countries for inclusion in our study. The men were randomly assigned to a group that was offered PSA screening at an average of once every 4 years or to a control group that did not receive such screening. The predefined core age group for this study included 162,243 men between the ages of 55 and 69 years. The primary outcome was the rate of death from prostate cancer. Mortality follow-up was identical for the two study groups and ended on December 31, 2006. RESULTS In the screening group, 82% of men accepted at least one offer of screening. During a median follow-up of 9 years, the cumulative incidence of prostate cancer was 8.2% in the screening group and 4.8% in the control group. The rate ratio for death from prostate cancer in the screening group, as compared with the control group, was 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.65 to 0.98; adjusted P=0.04). The absolute risk difference was 0.71 death per 1000 men. This means that 1410 men would need to be screened and 48 additional cases of prostate cancer would need to be treated to prevent one death from prostate cancer. The analysis of men who were actually screened during the first round (excluding subjects with noncompliance) provided a rate ratio for death from prostate cancer of 0.73 (95% CI, 0.56 to 0.90). CONCLUSIONS PSA-based screening reduced the rate of death from prostate cancer by 20% but was associated with a high risk of overdiagnosis. (Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN49127736.)
Perceiving flirtatious communication: An exploration of the perceptual dimensions underlying judgments of flirtatiousness

Perceptual dimensions underlying flirtatiousness judgments were examined in a three‐phased study. This study was conducted to answer the following research questions: (a) What perceptual dimensions underlie flirtatiousness judgments? (b) Do men and women use similar perceptual dimensions in assessing flirtatiousness? and (c) Do men and women vary in the degree to which they employ these perceptual dimensions in making their judgments? Based on an INDSCAL procedure and regression analyses completed on the sorting data of 94 participants (47 men and 47 women), six perceptual dimensions underlying flirtatiousness judgments were found: sexual assertiveness, overtness, invitation, playfulness, nonverbalness, and unconventionality. Additionally, men and women used identical dimensions in assessing the flirtatiousness of the episodes employed as stimuli. With a slight exception for perceptions of invitation, men and women judged the flirtation episodes similarly on the uncovered dimensions. The practical and the.
Assessment of the Need to Perform Life-Saving Interventions Using Comprehensive Analysis of the Electrocardiogram and Artificial Neural Networks

Abstract : This work addresses the need for advanced medical technologies with a high fielding potential, specifically, development of vital sign monitoring technology. The US Army Combat Critical Care Engineering Task Area aims to improve care in the Battlefield Critical Care Environment (BCCE) by developing new decision support systems that take better advantage of the large data stream available from casualties. In this short review we present new descriptors of physiologic status suitable for decision support in the BCCE. These variables can be extracted from biosignals such as the electrocardiogram (EKG) (featured in this manuscript). They can also be extracted from other waveforms, processed using similar analysis tools. This manuscript reviews our work to date on the development of such decision support systems. We focus on the use of new vital signs derived from heart rate complexity (HRC) and traditional heart rate variability (HRV) analysis in machine learning technology such as artificial neural networks (ANN). We present data from 262 prehospital and emergency department trauma patients, in whom noninvasive vital signs derived from EKG analysis were fed to a commercially available feed-forward back-propagation ANN (NeuralWare, Carnegie, PA). The endpoint was prediction of the performance of life-saving interventions (LSIs) such as intubation, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), chest-tube placement, needle pneumothorax decompression and blood transfusion. Sensitivity and specificity were explored via construction of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.
Neutralization kinetics of sensitive and resistant subtype B primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates

The aim of the study was to determine if sensitive and resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) subtype B primary isolates have different neutralization kinetics. Neutralization assays were undertaken where either the time allowed for virus to react with antibodies or the subsequent period of this mixture's exposure to target cells were varied. The relative neutralization sensitivity/resistance is a reproducible property of the isolates. In a minority of combinations, the titre falls exponentially for as long as the free virions are exposed to antibody. In the remainder, neutralization kinetics shows deviations which may be attributed to events occurring after the virus–antibody mixture is added to the target cells: significant neutralization with minimal exposure of the free virions to antibody; a plot where reduction in virus titre is parallel to the duration of the incubation phase of the assay. Neutralization rate constants are similar for primary HIV‐1 SF33, HIV‐1 SF162, and HIV‐1 89.6, reaching 5 × 105–1 × 106/M sec for the monoclonal antibody IgG1 b12. However, although increased antibody levels produced greater reductions in virus titre the rate of neutralization was not proportional to the antibody concentration. Neutralization of either the free virion or cell‐associated virus does not correlate with the resistance/sensitivity of primary subtype B isolates. The target cells play an active role, so that in designing neutralization assays with primary isolates of HIV‐1, events following the virus–antibody complex binding to the cell surface have to be taken into consideration. J. Med. Virol. 78:864–876, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vibration Control Comparison Of A Single Link Flexible Manipulator Between Fuzzy Logic Control And Pole Placement Control

: Vibration is an unwanted phenomena and difficult to handle in the control of flexible manipulators and it becomes more difficult with increased in the payload values to the system. In this work two control schemes-fuzzy logic control and pole placement control are designed and compared for the control of both vibration and tip deflection which occurs during its operation as a result of both rigid-body motion and elastic (flexible) motion of a single link flexible manipulator. The fuzzy logic control scheme was designed with the joint angle error and its derivative as the input of the controller. By computing the control signal using the error and its derivative, the fuzzy controller add damping to the joint thereby controlling the vibration and tip deflection of the system. On the other hand, a model based pole placement control scheme was designed to place the system poles at a desired location based on design specification to overcome the vibration and achieve precise tip deflection of the flexible link. In both control scheme a MATLAB Simulink environment is used to investigate the effects of the controls and a comparison of the simulation results was conducted.
Efficacy of daily intake of Lactobacillus casei Shirota on respiratory symptoms and influenza vaccination immune response: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in healthy elderly nursing home residents.

BACKGROUND Age is associated with immune dysregulation, which results in an increased infection rate and reduced effectiveness of vaccination. OBJECTIVE We assessed whether an intervention with Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS) in elderly nursing home residents reduced their susceptibility to respiratory symptoms and improved their immune response to influenza vaccination. DESIGN Between October 2007 and April 2008, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in 737 healthy people aged ≥ 65 y in 53 nursing homes in Antwerp, Belgium. Volunteers were randomly assigned to receive a probiotic (n = 375; 2 bottles of fermented milk that contained ≥ 6.5 × 10(9) live LcS/bottle) or a placebo (n = 362; similar drink with no bacteria) for 176 d. After 21 d, all subjects received an influenza vaccination. Primary outcome parameters were the number of days with respiratory symptoms, the probability of respiratory symptoms, and antiinfluenza antibody titer by hemagglutination inhibition after vaccination. RESULTS Univariate and multivariate modeling showed no effect of the probiotic on clinical outcome parameters. Generalized linear mixed modeling showed no effect of the probiotic itself on the probability of respiratory symptoms [OR of probiotic: 0.8715; 95% CI: 0.6168, 1.2887). No significant difference regarding the influenza-vaccination immune response was shown. CONCLUSION The results of this study show that daily consumption of a fermented milk drink that contains LcS has no statistically or clinically significant effect on the protection against respiratory symptoms. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00849277.
Dissociable Influences of Auditory Object vs. Spatial Attention on Visual System Oscillatory Activity

Given that both auditory and visual systems have anatomically separate object identification (“what”) and spatial (“where”) pathways, it is of interest whether attention-driven cross-sensory modulations occur separately within these feature domains. Here, we investigated how auditory “what” vs. “where” attention tasks modulate activity in visual pathways using cortically constrained source estimates of magnetoencephalograpic (MEG) oscillatory activity. In the absence of visual stimuli or tasks, subjects were presented with a sequence of auditory-stimulus pairs and instructed to selectively attend to phonetic (“what”) vs. spatial (“where”) aspects of these sounds, or to listen passively. To investigate sustained modulatory effects, oscillatory power was estimated from time periods between sound-pair presentations. In comparison to attention to sound locations, phonetic auditory attention was associated with stronger alpha (7–13 Hz) power in several visual areas (primary visual cortex; lingual, fusiform, and inferior temporal gyri, lateral occipital cortex), as well as in higher-order visual/multisensory areas including lateral/medial parietal and retrosplenial cortices. Region-of-interest (ROI) analyses of dynamic changes, from which the sustained effects had been removed, suggested further power increases during Attend Phoneme vs. Location centered at the alpha range 400–600 ms after the onset of second sound of each stimulus pair. These results suggest distinct modulations of visual system oscillatory activity during auditory attention to sound object identity (“what”) vs. sound location (“where”). The alpha modulations could be interpreted to reflect enhanced crossmodal inhibition of feature-specific visual pathways and adjacent audiovisual association areas during “what” vs. “where” auditory attention.
Securing Data Transfers: An Integrity Algorithm for Error Recovery Triangulation

Transferring data is one of the key operations performed by millions of users every day. Users do this by issuing direct commands, such as file transfer commands, or indirectly as a feature invoked by numerous end-user applications. The most important security characteristic of a successful data exchange is the integrity of that data. The receiver user desires to acquire data that has not been modified through malicious acts, or simple human or machine error. Applications that rely on the Transfer Control Protocol (TCP) as the main mechanism to provide end-to-end reliability, including error and sequence control, do not check the integrity of the file being transmitted prior to the transfer. In this paper, we present an overview of current data transfer mechanisms and their security provisions and propose an internal integrity mechanism that provides a triangulation means of error control through the use of one-way hash functions based on the original file being transferred; and a discussion of the implications and limitations that such a mechanism imparts on data transfer
Single molecule microscopy of biomembranes (Review)

Recent advances in the development of new microscopy techniques with a sensitivity of a single molecule have gained access to essentially new types of information obtainable from imaging biomolecular samples. These methodologies are analysed here in terms of their applicability to the in vivo visualization of cellular processes on the molecular scale, in particular of processes in cell membranes. First examples of single molecule microscopy on cell membranes revealed new basic insight into the lateral organization of the plasma membrane, providing the captivating perspective of an ultrasensitive methodology as a general tool to study local processes and heterogeneities in living cells.