Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemical distribution of delta opioid receptors in the rat central nervous system: Evidence for somatodendritic labeling and antigen‐specific cellular compartmentalization

Many studies have reported on the distribution of delta opioid receptors (δOR) in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) by using a variety of techniques. However, no general consensus has emerged with regards to the localization of this receptor due to inconsistencies in the immunohistochemical literature. In the present study, we analyzed the cellular and subcellular distribution of immunoreactive δOR in the rat CNS using two different antibodies (directed against a sequence in the C‐terminus or N‐terminus of the rat δOR). By using Western blotting, these two antibodies recognized similar forms of the δOR in COS‐7 cells transfected with this receptor, but distinct forms in membranes from the rat spinal cord. By using light microscopic immunohistochemistry, both antibodies recognized identical populations of nerve cell bodies throughout the CNS; the distribution of these cell bodies conformed to that of δOR mRNA‐expressing cells detected by in situ hybridization. However, whereas the C‐terminus‐directed antibody recognized predominantly perikarya and proximal dendrites, the N‐terminus–directed antibody also labeled extensively dendritic and terminal arbors. Furthermore, by using electron microscopy, the two antibodies were found not only to label differentially somatodendritic versus axonal compartments, but also plasma membrane versus cytoplasmic ones, suggesting that distinct immunological forms of the receptor are being targeted preferentially to different cellular and subcellular domains. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:65–84, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The biosynthesis of palladium nanoparticles by antioxidants in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis: long lifetime nanocatalysts for p-nitrotoluene hydrogenation

Gardenia jasminoides Ellis’ water crude extract was used for the bioreduction of palladium chloride in this paper. The UV–vis spectrum, x-ray diffraction spectrum measurement, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and TEM technique confirmed the formation of palladium nanoparticles and identified antioxidants including geniposide, chlorogenic acid, crocins and crocetin were reducing and stabilizing agents for synthesizing palladium nanoparticles in water crude extract. The particle size and dispersity were temperature-dependent. The particle sizes ranged from 3 to 5 nm and revealed the best dispersity at 70 °C. Catalytic performance of the biosynthetic Pd nanoparticles with good dispersity was investigated by hydrogenation of p-nitrotoluene. The catalysts showed a conversion of 100% under conditions of 5 MPa, 150 °C for 2 h. The selectivity of p-methyl-cyclohexylamine achieved 26.3%. The catalyst was recycled five times with no agglomeration and maintained activity, which was attributed to the appropriate protection of the antioxidants. On the basis of the study, it appears to be a new promising biosynthetic nanocatalyst for the development of an industrial process.
High prevalence of HIV-1 subtype G and natural polymorphisms at the protease gene among HIV-infected immigrants in Madrid

Objectives Genetic characterization of HIV-1 subtypes among immigrants and natives infected overseas. Methods Phylogenetic analysis of HIV-1 protease sequences obtained from 109 foreigners (mainly Africans) and 32 native individuals infected overseas attending a reference HIV/AIDS centre located in Madrid, Spain. Results The overall rate of infection with HIV-1 non-B subtypes was 50.3% (71/141). Whereas 94.3% (67/71) belonged to immigrants (mostly Africans, 60/67), only 5.6% (4/71) were from native individuals (P < 0.05). The distribution of non-B subtypes was: 49 G, eight C, six A, four D, two F and two H. The high prevalence of subtype G was mainly related to individuals from west-central Africa. Interestingly, substitutions at three or more positions associated with protease inhibitor (PI) resistance were recognized in 52.6% of naive subjects carrying non-B subtypes, but only in 8% of those infected with B viruses (P < 0.05). The genotypes most frequently recognized among non-B and B subtypes occurred, respectively, at positions 36 (100 versus 12%), 20 (77.2 versus 0%), 63 (40.3 versus 64%), 82 (17.5 versus 0%), 10 (14 versus 12%), 77 (3.5 versus 34%), and 71 (0 versus 2%). Accordingly, changes I-36 and I-20 may be considered specific genetic markers for non-B, group M variants and subtype G infections, respectively. Conclusion Nearly two-thirds of foreigners with HIV-1 infection in Madrid carry non-B subtypes, subtype G (protease) being the most common among west-central African immigrants. The high rate of natural polymorphisms at the protease gene in non-B viruses may compromise the response to PI. Therefore, HIV subtyping should be considered in treatment guidelines.
Predictors of Physical Activity at 1 Year in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Family Members of Patients With Cardiovascular Disease

Background and Objective:Recommendations for physical activity to lower risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are widely known but not often followed. The purpose of this study was to determine the demographic, lifestyle, and psychosocial variables that predict improved physical activity among participants in a CVD prevention lifestyle intervention trial. Subjects and Methods:Adult family members (N = 501; 66% female; 36% nonwhite; mean age, 48 years) of cardiac patients were randomized to a 1-year special intervention that received education on physical activity or to a control intervention. Demographics, physical activity, stage of change, and CVD risk factors were measured systematically at baseline and 1 year (94% follow-up). Lipids were analyzed in a core laboratory. Linear regression models were adjusted for confounders. Results:At baseline, 21% of participants reported exercising more than 3 d/wk, which did not differ by group assignment. The special intervention and control intervention experienced significant increases in physical activity at 1 year with mean physical activity days per week in the special intervention significantly greater than the control intervention (2.5 vs 2.0 d/wk, P = .03). Significant predictors of increased physical activity at 1 year were group assignment (P = .03), female sex (P = .04), nonminority status (P <.01), greater readiness to change (P <.01), and baseline measurements of lower body mass index (P <.01) and waist size (P <.01), greater diet adherence (P <.01), higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P <.01), lower high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (P = .02), less depression (P <.01), and higher social support (P = .03). In multiple regression models, group assignment, female, and nonminority status remained independent predictors of higher physical activity levels at 1 year. Conclusion:Several predictors of improved physical activity levels at 1 year were documented among clinical trial participants. Racial/ethnic minorities and men were significantly less likely to make positive changes and may need more targeted efforts to improve physical activity levels.
Linking employee boundary spanning behavior to task performance: the influence of informal leader emergence and group power distance

Abstract Driven by fierce global competition, flatter organizational structures and the growing complexity of tasks, boundary spanning behavior (BSB) in externally dependent work teams has increasingly been emphasized in both theory and practice. The current study aims to answer the questions of whether, when and how an individual’s BSB impacts his or her task performance within a team. Based on a sample of 272 employees from 57 new product development teams in China, we found that informal leader emergence mediated the relationship between an individual’s BSB and his or her performance within a team. Moreover, group-level power distance positively moderated the association between BSB and informal leader emergence. An overall mediated moderation model of the effect of the interaction between BSB and group power distance (PD) on task performance via informal leadership emergence was also confirmed. In particular, the relationship between BSB and task performance via informal leadership emergence was stronger for teams with less PD than for those with more PD. The implications of the research are discussed.
After 60 years: A new formula for computing quality factor is warranted

A new formulation for computing the unloaded quality factor (Q) of a resonator or of any terminated electromagnetic or piezoelectric cavity from its measured S parameters is proposed. This formulation, based on the work of Dicke, and Bode, computes Q at a continuum of frequencies from below the resonant frequency (fs) to above the anti-resonant frequency (fp). Sixty years ago Dicke and Beringer derived a pair of formulations for Q in terms of the measured impedance (Z) and admittance (Y). The new formulation has two important advantages over Dicke's formulations: (1) Even for resonators that are free of spurious resonances - whose S-parameters are near ideal -- Dicke's Z and Y based formulations yield erroneous Q values over a range of frequencies (called ldquodead zonesrdquo) in the vicinity of the frequencies at which the functions Z and Y are singular (at fp and fs respectively). Since the S parameters of such an ideal resonator do not have any singularities, the new Q formulation provides reliable Q values over the full range of frequencies. (2) For non-ideal resonators exhibiting spurious lateral-mode resonances in certain frequency ranges, both the new and Dicke formulations report Q values that are clearly erroneous since they oscillate from positive to negative. Dicke does not explain why his formulation breaks down in such regions nor have we found such an explanation in the literature. In contrast to this, this work explains why the S parameter based Q formula is invalidated over regions of frequency space in which ln(mag(S)) fluctuates wildly. We show that in such regions that pre-conditioning of the S-parameter data with a Gaussian window average is useful in yielding a meaningful value for Q. We propose that the S parameter based Q formulation, being devoid of ldquodead zonesrdquo should be used as a standard by which piezoelectric resonators fabricated in different technologies e.g. FBAR, SAW, BAW be compared.
Linkage disequilibrium sharing and haplotype-tagged SNP portability between populations

The discovery of the block-like structure of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in human populations holds the promise of delineating the etiology of common diseases. However, understanding the magnitude, mechanism, and utility of between-population LD sharing is critical for future genome-wide association studies. In this study, substantial LD sharing between six non-African populations was observed, although much less between African-American and non-African, based on 20,000 SNPs of chromosome 21. We also demonstrated the respective roles of recombination and demographic events in shaping LD sharing. Furthermore, we showed that the haplotype-tagged SNPs chosen from one population are portable to the others in East Asia. Therefore, we concluded that the magnitude of LD sharing between human populations justifies the use of representative populations for selecting haplotype-tagged SNPs in genome-wide association studies of complex diseases.
Graph-based active contours using shape priors for prostate segmentation with MRI

Prostate segmentation based on magnetic resonance images is a challenging and important task in medical imaging with applications of guiding biopsy, surgery and therapy. While a fully automated method is highly desired for this application, it can be a very difficult task due to the structure and surrounding tissues of the prostate gland. Recently, graph based interactive (semi-automatic) segmentation methods have emerged as a useful substitute to fully automated segmentation for many medical imaging tasks. A small amount of user input often resolves ambiguous decisions on the part of these algorithms. In this study, we propose to use graph-based active contours to segment prostate from a given magnetic resonance image (MRI). Traditional graph-based active contours are typically quite successful for piecewise constant images, but they may fail in cases where magnetic resonance image has diffuse edges, or multiple similar objects (e.g., bladder close to prostate) within close proximity. In order to mitigate these problems, we incorporate a shape prior in our graph-based prostate extraction scheme. Using real world prostate MR images from a well-known database, we show the effectiveness of the proposed method and compare it to results without the shape prior.
Support Vector Machine with Weighted Summation Kernel Obtained by Adaboost

This paper presents Support Vector Machine (SVM) with weighted summation kernel obtained by Adaboost. In recent years, SVM with local summation kernel is proposed to use local features in SVM effectively. However, the computational cost of original method is high because all local kernels are used. In general, the effective position and size are different for recognition task. However, original method applied local kernel with same size to all scalar features and all local kernels are integrated with equal weight. To improve the performance and reduce the computational cost, local kernels with various size are prepared at all positions of a recognition target and effective local kernels are selected by Adaboost. Since 1-Nearest Neighbor (1-NN) of the output of local Gaussian kernel at certain size and position is used as weak learner, a strong classifier obtained by Adaboost becomes a new weighted summation kernel specialized for given recognition task. The proposed method is applied to face detection task. We confirmed that the proposed weighted summation kernel gives better performance than original local summation kernel though the proposed method uses the smaller number of local kernels than local summation kernel.
Usefulness of MR imaging of the parotid glands in patients with secondary Sjögren's syndrome associated with rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract Objective. To assess the correlation between MR imaging (MRI) of parotid glands with X-ray sialography, histopathology of the labial salivary glands, and salivary secretion, in patients with secondary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods. Non-contrast MRI of the parotid glands was performed in 13 secondary SS patients associated with RA who satisfied the revised Japanese diagnostic criteria for SS (1999), and the ACR/EULAR classification criteria for RA (2010). The MRI findings were classified according to the degree of high-intensity signal on T1-weighted images (T1WI) and short inversion time inversion recovery (STIR) images into five grades (0–4), using the modified Nagasaki University grading method. The results of MRI grading were compared with the Rubin and Holt staging of X-ray sialography (0–4), the Greenspan grading of labial salivary gland histopathology (0–4), and salivary secretion by the gum test (ml/10 min). Results. All 13 patients were females, with a mean age of 50.2 ± 11.3 years. According to the MRI grading, 3 patients were Grade 1, 5 were Grade 2, 5 were Grade 3, and none was Grade 0 or Grade 4. The mean stage by X-ray sialography was 1.7 ± 1.0, the mean grade by histopathology was 2.4 ± 1.2, and the mean volume of salivary secretion was 9.7 ± 3.9 ml. The MRI grading correlated significantly with the Rubin and Holt staging and Greenspan grading (P < 0.01 each, Spearman's rank correlation), and significantly and inversely with the results of the gum test (P < 0.05). Conclusion. The results suggest that MRI of the parotid glands is a useful noninvasive tool for evaluating destruction and inflammation in the salivary glands.
Taking back control? Investigating the role of immigration in the 2016 vote for Brexit

The 2016 referendum marked a watershed moment in the history of the United Kingdom. The public vote to leave the European Union (EU)—for a ‘Brexit’—brought an end to the country’s membership of the EU and set it on a fundamentally different course. Recent academic research on the vote for Brexit points to the importance of immigration as a key driver, although how immigration influenced the vote remains unclear. In this article, we draw on aggregate-level data and individual-level survey data from the British Election Study (BES) to explore how immigration shaped public support for Brexit. Our findings suggest that, specifically, increases in the rate of immigration at the local level and sentiments regarding control over immigration were key predictors of the vote for Brexit, even after accounting for factors stressed by established theories of Eurosceptic voting. Our findings suggest that a large reservoir of support for leaving the EU, and perhaps anti-immigration populism more widely, will remain in Britain, so long as immigration remains a salient issue.
FQR1, a Novel Primary Auxin-Response Gene, Encodes a Flavin Mononucleotide-Binding Quinone Reductase1

FQR1 is a novel primary auxin-response gene that codes for a flavin mononucleotide-binding flavodoxin-like quinone reductase. Accumulation of FQR1 mRNA begins within 10 min of indole-3-acetic acid application and reaches a maximum of approximately 10-fold induction 30 min after treatment. This increase in FQR1 mRNA abundance is not diminished by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, demonstrating thatFQR1 is a primary auxin-response gene. Sequence analysis reveals that FQR1 belongs to a family of flavin mononucleotide-binding quinone reductases. Partially purified His-tagged FQR1 isolated fromEscherichia coli catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH and NADPH to several substrates and exhibits in vitro quinone reductase activity. Overexpression of FQR1 in plants leads to increased levels of FQR1 protein and quinone reductase activity, indicating that FQR1 functions as a quinone reductase in vivo. In mammalian systems, glutathione S-transferases and quinone reductases are classified as phase II detoxification enzymes. We hypothesize that the auxin-inducible glutathioneS-transferases and quinone reductases found in plants also act as detoxification enzymes, possibly to protect against auxin-induced oxidative stress.
The National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: The Child and Adolescent Component

Objective: This paper describes the Child and Adolescent Component of the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Method: The aims of the study, critical decisions in planning for the study, progress to date and key issues which influenced the course of the study are described. Results: The Child and Adolescent Component of the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing is the largest study of child and adolescent mental health conducted in Australia and one of the few national studies to be conducted in the world. Results from the study will provide the first national picture of child and adolescent mental health in Australia. Conclusions: Large-scale epidemiological studies have the potential to provide considerable information about the mental health of children and adolescents. However, having a clear set of aims, ensuring that the scope of the study remains within manageable proportions and paying careful attention to the details of fieldwork are essential to ensure that high-quality data is obtained in such studies.
A Game Theoretic Approach to Advertising Strategy

Developing an effective advertising strategy is a key component for a firm to be successfully competitive. This paper uses game theory to examine a duopolistic setting in which two firms have the same product. One firm has the higher price and larger market share and both want to compete through advertising. Assuming subgame perfection, we use backward induction to solve the game. We consider how changes in pricing, advertising expenditures and advertising effectiveness affect profit and market shares. We also investigate how changes in the size of the market affect the behavior of all factors. We find that as either firm becomes more effective, the other must respond through pricing and/or advertising. When both firms are highly effective in their advertising, it becomes more beneficial for neither firm to advertise. We also find that while the size of the market will affect the overall advertising expenditures, it will only minimally affect the price per unit and profit per unit to either firm.
Scientists' preferences for bioinformatics tools: the selection of information retrieval systems

In this paper, we present the findings of a survey of scientists regarding the characteristics they rate as important in their selection of bioinformatics tools. A total of 223 biologists completed a web-based questionnaire in which they assessed 39 individual characteristics of bioinformatics tools, independently rating the importance of each one in their selection of bioinformatics tools. The most highly rated characteristic was whether a tool actually accomplished what a participant needed it to do. Other highly rated characteristics included the ease of use of a tool, online availability, little or no cost, the ability to handle large data sets, and compatibility with other tools. Rated as non-important were characteristics relating to an imposed choice, such as a tool already having been purchased. Differences in ratings were found between those whose work was primarily focused on laboratory biology, and those whose work was primarily computer focused. The findings provide a set of characteristics by which bioinformatics tools can be annotated to facilitate the selection of tools. The findings also highlight the need to consider the requirements of different user groups in the design and development of information systems, rather than assuming that one size fits all.
Normative Data for the Boston Naming Test in Native Dutch-Speaking Belgian Elderly

A normative study of the 60-item version of the Boston Naming Test (BNT) was performed in a group of 200 native Dutch-speaking Flemish elderly. Analysis of test results revealed that BNT performance in Dutch is significantly affected by age, years of education, and gender. Error analysis disclosed verbal semantic paraphasias to occur as the most frequent error type (1/3 errors). "Don't know responses," verbal semantic paraphasias, and adequate circumlocutions were found on at least 30 different BNT items and constituted the most diffusely distributed error types. Following a careful review of other normative BNT studies, group characteristics rather than cultural differences were found to account for the difference in the overall mean scores. Our study surprisingly revealed that, as far as American-English, Australian-English and Dutch-speaking elderly are concerned, linguistics do not have an impact on the overall mean BNT score. A linguistic impact, however, clearly holds on the qualitative levels of performance, reflected by fundamental differences in the error distribution in different languages. Language-related BNT characteristics therefore stress the need for specific adaptations of norms.
Modeling the Acquisition of Covert Contrast

This paper explores the learnability of covert contrasts (impressionistically homophonous categories that can be reliably distinguished at the phonetic level) through a series of model-based clustering simulations using human production data. Allowing the models to learn both the number and parameters of those categories provides a way to explore the potential stability of category structures. The results indicate that while a statistical learner can be quite effective at inducing covert contrasts, success depends crucially on the number and distributional characteristics of the relevant cue dimensions.