Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Molecular dosimetry of DNA adduct formation and cell toxicity in rat nasal mucosa following exposure to the tobacco specific nitrosamine 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and their relationship to induction of neoplasia.

The molecular dosimetry of O6-methylguanine (O6MG) formation in DNA and cytotoxicity in respiratory and olfactory mucosa was determined during administration of 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) to male Fischer 344 rats. The dose response for O6MG formation differed considerably between respiratory and olfactory mucosa. The dose response was nonlinear in respiratory mucosa where the slope of the curve was very large for doses of NNK ranging from 0.3 to 3.0 mg/kg but much smaller in the dose range of 10 to 100 mg/kg. In contract, the dose response in the olfactory mucosa did not demonstrate such a large change in slope over the same dose range. The concentration of O6MG formed to dose of NNK ratio, an index of efficiency of alkylation, increased dramatically only in the respiratory mucosa as the dose of NNK was decreased from 100 to 0.3 mg/kg. The concentration of O6MG was four times greater in respiratory than olfactory mucosa after treatment of rats with 1 mg/kg NNK. Alkylation in the two regions of the nose became similar as the dose of NNK was increased. In rats treated for up to 12 days with NNK (10 mg/kg/day), the concentration of O6MG was 60 to 90% greater in respiratory than olfactory mucosa throughout treatment. Regional differences in the amount of O6MG formed may stem from the presence of a low Km pathway for biotransformation of NNK in the cells of the respiratory mucosa. This conclusion is supported by autoradiographic studies. Four h after treatment with 1 mg/kg [3H]NNK, silver grains were more heavily concentrated in respiratory than olfactory epithelium. Histopathological examination of the nasal passages revealed dose related, cell specific differences in toxicity following treatment of rats with 10, 30, or 100 mg/kg NNK for 12 days. No toxicity was observed in the nose when 1 mg/kg NNK was administered. Bowman's glands underlying the olfactory mucosa and Steno's glands were the most sensitive sites for toxicity, exhibiting necrosis after as little as 2 days of treatment with 10 mg/kg NNK. Damage to these glands progressed in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Respiratory epithelium exhibited only mild toxicity while basal cell metaplasia was evident in olfactory epithelium. Rats treated with NNK for 20 weeks (50 mg/kg, three times a week) had a 45% incidence of carcinomas in the olfactory region. These neoplasms appeared to arise from Bowman's glands. In contrast, there was only a 5% incidence of malignant neoplasia and a 29% incidence of benign neoplasia in the respiratory region. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
3D Building Model Fitting Using A New Kinetic Framework

We describe a new approach to fit the polyhedron describing a 3D building model to the point cloud of a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). We introduce a new kinetic framework that hides to its user the combinatorial complexity of determining or maintaining the polyhedron topology, allowing the design of a simple variational optimization. This new kinetic framework allows the manipulation of a bounded polyhedron with simple faces by specifying the target plane equations of each of its faces. It proceeds by evolving continuously from the polyhedron defined by its initial topology and its initial plane equations to a polyhedron that is as topologically close as possible to the initial polyhedron but with the new plane equations. This kinetic framework handles internally the necessary topological changes that may be required to keep the faces simple and the polyhedron bounded. For each intermediate configurations where the polyhedron looses the simplicity of its faces or its boundedness, the simplest topological modification that is able to reestablish the simplicity and the boundedness is performed.
An empirical study of spam traffic and the use of DNS black lists

This paper presents quantitative data about SMTP traffic to MIT's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) based on packet traces taken in December 2000 and February 2004. These traces show that the volume of email has increased by 866% between 2000 and 2004. Local mail hosts utilizing black lists generated over 470,000 DNS lookups, which accounts for 14% of all DNS lookups that were observed on the border gateway of CSAIL on a given day in 2004. In comparison, DNS black list lookups accounted for merely 0.4% of lookups in December 2000. The distribution of the number of connections per remote spam source is Zipf-like in 2004, but not so in 2000. This suggests that black lists may be ineffective at fully stemming the tide of spam. We examined seven popular black lists and found that 80% of spam sources we identified are listed in some DNS black list. Some DNS black lists appear to be well-correlated with others, which should be considered when estimating the likelihood that a host is a spam source.
0.4-V logic-library-friendly SRAM array using rectangular-diffusion cell and delta-boosted-array voltage scheme

We designed a logic-library-friendly SRAM array. The array uses rectangular-diffusion cell (RD cell) and delta-boosted-array-voltage scheme (DBA scheme). In the RD cell, the cell ratio is 1.0, and it reduces the imbalance of the cell ratio. A low supply voltage deteriorates the static noise margin, however, the DBA scheme compensates it. Using the combination of RD cell and DBA scheme, a 32-kB test chip achieves 0.4-V operation at 4.5-MHz frequency, 140-/spl mu/W power dissipation, and 0.9-/spl mu/A standby current.
Language without words: A pointillist model for natural language processing

This paper explores two separate questions: Can we perform natural language processing tasks without a lexicon? ; and, Should we? Existing natural language processing techniques are either based on words as units or use units such as grams only for basic classification tasks. How close can a machine come to reasoning about the meanings of words and phrases in a corpus without using any lexicon, based only on grams? Our own motivation for posing this question is based on our efforts to find popular trends in words and phrases from online Chinese social media. This form of written Chinese uses so many neologisms, creative character placements, and combinations of writing systems that it has been dubbed the “Martian Language. ” Readers must often use visual queues, audible queues from reading out loud, and their knowledge and understanding of current events to understand a post. For analysis of popular trends, the specific problem is that it is difficult to build a lexicon when the invention of new ways to refer to a word or concept is easy and common. For natural language processing in general, we argue in this paper that new uses of language in social media will challenge machines' abilities to operate with words as the basic unit of understanding, not only in Chinese but potentially in other languages.
A pragmatic approach to IS development and socio-technical evaluation

This paper provides an action research account of why and how UML use cases and socio-technical analysis were combined and used to support the development of an information system, using Multiview/WISDM as the framework of ideas. Significant learning points from, and the motivation for, the research is that a focus on task satisfaction and socio-technical evaluation, rather than on the broader concept of job satisfaction and a full, traditional socio-technical analysis, was more acceptable in practice as it related more clearly to the IS domain. The paper presents a socio-technical evaluation (STE) process, reflects on its application to a particular web-based project, and makes recommendations for its use in future ISD projects. The STE process consists of a task satisfaction survey (TSS), which draws on use cases as a template for investigating users' perceptions of task efficiency, effectiveness, and enjoyment, supported by qualitative interviews in order to systematically identify, verify, and discuss the users' problems and improvement proposals before and after IT implementation. The use cases constitute the context-specific, development-oriented link between the work system, systems development, and the STE process, which in turn helps ensure that the main goal of supporting and improving the work system through continuous development and deployment of an IT system is kept in mind.
Cost-efficacy of Knee Cartilage Defect Treatments in the United States

Background: Multiple knee cartilage defect treatments are available in the United States, although the cost-efficacy of these therapies in various clinical scenarios is not well understood. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to determine cost-efficacy of cartilage therapies in the United States with available mid- or long-term outcomes data. The authors hypothesized that cartilage treatment strategies currently approved for commercial use in the United States will be cost-effective, as defined by a cost <$50,000 per quality-adjusted life-year over 10 years. Study Design: Systematic review. Methods: A systematic search was performed for prospective cartilage treatment outcome studies of therapies commercially available in the United States with minimum 5-year follow-up and report of pre- and posttreatment International Knee Documentation Committee subjective scores. Cost-efficacy over 10 years was determined with Markov modeling and consideration of early reoperation or revision surgery for treatment failure. Results: Twenty-two studies were included, with available outcomes data on microfracture, osteochondral autograft, osteochondral allograft (OCA), autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), and matrix-induced ACI. Mean improvement in International Knee Documentation Committee subjective scores at final follow-up ranged from 17.7 for microfracture of defects >3 cm2 to 36.0 for OCA of bipolar lesions. Failure rates ranged from <5% for osteochondral autograft for defects requiring 1 or 2 plugs to 46% for OCA of bipolar defects. All treatments were cost-effective over 10 years in the baseline model if costs were increased 50% or if failure rates were increased an additional 15%. However, if efficacy was decreased by a minimum clinically important amount, then ACI (periosteal cover) of femoral condylar lesions ($51,379 per quality-adjusted life-year), OCA of bipolar lesions ($66,255) or the patella ($66,975), and microfracture of defects >3 cm2 ($127,782) became cost-ineffective over 10 years. Conclusion: Currently employed treatments for knee cartilage defects in the United States are cost-effective in most clinically acceptable applications. Microfracture is not a cost-effective initial treatment of defects >3 cm2. OCA transplantation of the patella or bipolar lesions is potentially cost-ineffective and should be used judiciously.
ANALYSIS OF IMAGE STEGANALYSIS TECHNIQUES TO DEFEND AGAINST STATISTICAL ATTACKS V A SURVEY

Steganography is the art concealing information to transmit it in such a way that nobody but the intended receiver knows the existence of the message. Steganalysis techniques work on eliminating suspicion about the existence of a message. If suspicion is raised, then the message cannot be passed covertly. One of the ways to detect the hidden message is to view the statistical properties of the image or medium in which the message is hidden. This is called a statistical attack. In this paper, we explain the nature of such attacks and present our conclusions based on reviews of existing methods of defense against statistical attacks.
TugGraph: Path-preserving hierarchies for browsing proximity and paths in graphs

Many graph visualization systems use graph hierarchies to organize a large input graph into logical components. These approaches detect features globally in the data and place these features inside levels of a hierarchy. However, this feature detection is a global process and does not consider nodes of the graph near a feature of interest. TugGraph is a system for exploring paths and proximity around nodes and subgraphs in a graph. The approach modifies a pre-existing hierarchy in order to see how a node or subgraph of interest extends out into the larger graph. It is guaranteed to create path-preserving hierarchies, so that the abstraction shown is meaningful with respect to the structure of the graph. The system works well on graphs of hundreds of thousands of nodes and millions of edges. TugGraph is able to present views of this proximal information in the context of the entire graph in seconds, and does not require a layout of the full graph as input.
Impaired fast-spiking interneuron function in a genetic mouse model of depression

Rhythmic neuronal activity provides a frame for information coding by co-active cell assemblies. Abnormal brain rhythms are considered as potential pathophysiological mechanisms causing mental disease, but the underlying network defects are largely unknown. We find that mice expressing truncated Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia 1 (Disc1), which mirror a high-prevalence genotype for human psychiatric illness, show depression-related behavior. Theta and low-gamma synchrony in the prelimbic cortex (PrlC) is impaired in Disc1 mice and inversely correlated with the extent of behavioural despair. While weak theta activity is driven by the hippocampus, disturbance of low-gamma oscillations is caused by local defects of parvalbumin (PV)-expressing fast-spiking interneurons (FS-INs). The number of FS-INs is reduced, they receive fewer excitatory inputs, and form fewer release sites on targets. Computational analysis indicates that weak excitatory input and inhibitory output of FS-INs may lead to impaired gamma oscillations. Our data link network defects with a gene mutation underlying depression in humans. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.04979. 001
Marine Biological Laboratory Molecular Genetic Evidence that Dinoflagellates Belonging to the Genus Symbiodinium Freudenthal Are Haploid

Microscopic and cytological evidence suggest that many dinoflagellates possess a haploid nuclear phase. However, the ploidy of a number of dinoflagellates remains unknown, and molecular genetic support for haploidy in this group has been lacking. To elucidate the ploidy of symbiotic dinoflagellates belonging to the genus Symbioiliniinii, we used five polymorphic microsatellites to examine populations harbored by the Caribbean gorgonians Plexauni kuiui and Pseudopterogorgia elisubetluie; we also studied a series of S\mbioiUnium cultures. In 690 out of 728 Symbiodinium samples in hospite (95% of the cases) and in all 45 Symbiodinium cultures, only a single allele was recovered per locus. Statistical testing of the Symbiodinium populations harbored by P. elisabethae revealed that the observed genotype frequencies deviate significantly from those expected under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Taken together, our results confirm that, in the vegetative life stage, members of Symbhidinium, both cultured and in hospite. are haploid. Furthermore, based on the phylogenetics of the dinoflagellates, haploidy in vegetative cells appears to be an ancestral trait that extends to all 2000 extant species of these important unicellular protists.
The momentum effect of Chinese Stock market based on market expansion

In the view of the fact that the stock market in China continues to expand, the study on momentum effect requires the addition of volume to adjust the relevant indicators. This paper selects the weekly returns of all stocks in the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange as the sample, and uses the overlapping sampling method to test the momentum effect of Chinese stock market from January 2000 to December 2011. The empirical results show that there is no momentum effect in Chinese stock market. Compared with the results that without the volume adjustment, the results show that the momentum returns with volume adjustment of each portfolio is significantly lower, and indicate that under the background of market expansion, short-term trading behavior is reasonable.
Recommendation with Capacity Constraints

In many recommendation settings, the candidate items for recommendation are associated with a maximum capacity, i.e., number of seats in a Point-of-Interest (POI) or number of item copies in the inventory. However, despite the prevalence of the capacity constraint in the recommendation process, the existing recommendation methods are not designed to optimize for respecting such a constraint. Towards closing this gap, we propose Recommendation with Capacity Constraints -- a framework that optimizes for both recommendation accuracy and expected item usage that respects the capacity constraints. We show how to apply our method to three state-of-the-art latent factor recommendation models: probabilistic matrix factorization (PMF), bayesian personalized ranking (BPR) for item recommendation, and geographical matrix factorization (GeoMF) for POI recommendation. Our experiments indicate that our framework is effective for providing good recommendations while taking the limited resources into consideration. Interestingly, our methods are shown in some cases to further improve the top-N recommendation quality of the respective unconstrained models.
Discriminative adaptation for log-linear acoustic models

Log-linear models have recently been used in acoustic modeling for speech recognition systems. This has been motivated by competitive results compared to systems based on Gaussian models, and a more direct parametrisation of the posterior model. To competitively use log-linear models for speech recognition, important methods, such as speaker adaptation, have to be reformulated in a log-linear framework. In this work, an approach to log-linear affine feature transforms for speaker adaptation is described. Experiments for both supervised and unsupervised adaptation are presented, showing improvements over a maximum likelihood baseline in the form of feature space maximum likelihood linear regression for the case of supervised adaptation.
How much of the hippocampus can be explained by functional constraints?

In the spirit of Marr, we discuss an information‐theoretic approach that derives, from the role of the hippocampus in memory, constraints on its anatomical and physiological structure. The observed structure is consistent with such constraints, and, further, we relate the quantitative arguments developed in earlier analytical studies to experimental measures extracted from neuronal recordings in the behaving rat. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A cost-effective, non-invasive system for pressure monitoring during epidural needle insertion: Design, development and bench tests

Epidural blockade procedures have gained large acceptance during last decades. However, the insertion of the needle during epidural blockade procedures is challenging, and there is an increasing alarming risk in accidental dural puncture. One of the most popular approaches to minimize the mentioned risk is to detect the epidural space on the base of the loss of resistance (LOR) during the epidural needle insertion. The aim of this paper is to illustrate an innovative and non-invasive system able to monitor the pressure exerted during the epidural blockade procedure in order to detect the LOR. The system is based on a Force Sensing Resistor (FSR) sensor arranged on the top of the syringe's plunger. Such a sensor is able to register the resistance opposed to the needle by the different tissues transducing the pressure exerted on the plunger into a change of an electrical resistance. Hence, on the base of a peculiar algorithm, the system automatically detects LOR providing visual and acoustic feedbacks to the operator improving the safety of the procedure. Experiments have been performed to characterize the measurement device and to validate the whole system. Notice that the proposed solution is able to perform an effective detection of the LOR.
Biochemical and Molecular Analysis of Some Commercial Samples of Chilli Peppers from Mexico

The genus Capsicum provides antioxidant compounds, such as phenolics and carotenoids, into the diet. In Mexico, there is a wide diversity of species and varieties of chilli peppers, a fruit which has local cultural and gastronomic importance. In the present study, the relationship of the carotenoid and phenolic profiles with the RAPD fingerprint of three different commercial cultivars of chilli peppers of seven regions of Mexico was investigated. Through RAPD, the species of chilli were differentiated by means of different primers (OPE-18, MFG-17, MFG-18, C51, and C52). The genetic distance found with OPE 18 was in the order of 2.6. The observed differences were maintained when the chromatographic profile of carotenoids, and the molecular markers were analyzed, which suggest a close relationship between carotenoids and the genetic profile. While the chromatographic profile of phenols and the molecular markers were unable to differentiate between genotypes of chilli peppers. In addition, by using infrared spectroscopy and statistical PCA, differences explained by geographic origin were found. Thus, this method could be an alternative for identification of chilli species with respect to their geographic origin.
Design Considerations of Phoswich Detectors for High Resolution Positron Emission Tomography

A way to improve the spatial resolution in positron emission tomography (PET) is to determine the depth-of-interaction (DOI) in the detector. A way to achieve this is to use the phoswich approach, a detector with two or more layers of different scintillators. The layer identification is done by using differences in scintillation decay time and pulse shape discrimination techniques. The advantages of the concept have been demonstrated in the HRRT high resolution PET system using a LSO/LYSO combination giving a high spatial resolution uniformity of around 2.5 mm within a larger part of the imaged volume. A phoswich combination that lately has received attention is LuAP/LSO or LuYAP/LSO. The suggestions come from the crystal clear collaboration and there is a patent application for its use in PET. This particular combination of phoswich may, however, have a complication since both LuAP and LuYAP emit in the excitation band of LSO, thus making the functionality more complex. In the present paper we have looked into this and suggested different ways to overcome potential drawbacks.
An Examination of a Process Model of Physical Child Abuse: Considering Direct, Indirect, and Interactive Effects of Cumulative Socio-Contextual Risk on Markers of Physical Child Abuse in Mothers of Young Children

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