Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Which it is it? The acquisition of referential and expletive it

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine the natural order of acquisition of the proform it, comparing deictic pronoun it, anaphoric pronoun it and expletive it. Files from four children (Adam, Eve, Nina and Peter) aged 1 ; 6–3 ; 0 in the CHILDES database were coded for occurrences of NP it (here it is) and expletive it (it's raining). Occurrences of NP it were coded for whether they followed an overt discourse anaphor (anaphoric it) or not (deictic it). All children examined produce deictic and anaphoric pronoun it from the very first files, but do not produce expletive it until 2–7 months later. Following Inoue's (1991) lexical-semantic reanalysis account of the acquisition of expletive there after locative there, we propose that children acquire expletive it by reanalyzing referential pronoun it to include an expletive subtype. This reanalysis takes place when children realize that expletive it never co-occurs with any deictic/anaphoric referent.
Novel pogostone analogous XW-12-loading nanoparticles display enhanced systematic activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract Pogostone analogous XW-12 displays an inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus. However, the insolubility of the compound has restricted its further applications. This work aims to improve the water-solubility of XW-12, we used previously synthesised pogostone derivatives XW-12, forming nanoparticles with PLGA-PEG by a single-emulsion solvent-evaporation technique. Characterisations of XW-12 nanoparticles were performed. The in vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed its antimicrobial efficacy and toxicity. The results revealed that the XW-12 NPs had a particle size of approximately 200.0 nm, a slower and sustained release. An antibacterial experiment showed that XW-12 NPs had a lower minimal inhibitory concentration value of 1 μg/mL. In the mouse systemic infection model of MRSA, XW-12 NPs indicated high antibacterial activity. In addition, in vivo, toxicity studies declared that XW-12 NPs had a low cytotoxicity. Therefore, this study suggested that XW-12 NPs may be a great potential antibacterial agent in the treatment of clinical MRSA infection.
The tib Adherence Locus of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Is Regulated by Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein

ABSTRACT Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a Gram-negative enteric pathogen that causes profuse watery diarrhea through the elaboration of heat-labile and/or heat-stable toxins. Virulence is also dependent upon the expression of adhesive pili and afimbrial adhesins that allow the pathogen to adhere to the intestinal epithelium or mucosa. Both types of enterotoxins are regulated at the level of transcription by cyclic AMP (cAMP) receptor protein (CRP). To further our understanding of virulence gene regulation, an in silico approach was used to identify putative CRP binding sites in the genome of H10407 (O78:H11), an ETEC strain that was originally isolated from the stool of a Bangledeshi patient with cholera-like symptoms circa 1971. One of the predicted binding sites was located within an intergenic region upstream of tibDBCA. TibA is an autotransporter and afimbrial adhesin that is glycosylated by TibC. Expression of the TibA glycoprotein was abolished in an H10407 crp mutant and restored when crp was provided in trans. TibA-dependent aggregation was also abolished in a cyaA::kan strain and restored by addition of exogenous cAMP to the growth medium. DNase I footprinting confirmed that the predicted site upstream of tibDBCA is bound by CRP. Point mutations within the CRP binding site were found to abolish or significantly impair CRP-dependent activation of the tibDB promoter. Thus, these studies demonstrate that CRP positively regulates the expression of the glycosylated afimbrial adhesin TibA through occupancy of a binding site within tibDBp.
Harnessing wilderness in the rehabilitation of male adolescent offenders in a diversion programme

This research study focused on wilderness-based interventions utilised within two, pilot (four-month) diversion rehabilitation programmes in 2006. Participants were at-risk youth, aged fourteen to seventeen years who had been referred by the local magistrate’s court for minor criminal offences. The diversion programme is run under the auspices of the Usiko Stellenbosch Youth Development Project, an NGO specialising in the psycho-social development of male and female youth at-risk from disadvantaged communities. Central to Usiko’s diversion programme is an emphasis on utilising wilderness as an integral part of the rehabilitation process. The diversion programme includes two different types of fourday wilderness-based interventions. The first wilderness intervention is a camp-based, programme in the Franschhoek mountains, while the second is a hiking expedition-based in the Cederberg mountains. The study assesses the significance of how wilderness was construed, implemented and experienced by the team of five facilitators, who conducted the diversion programme. A description is given of the meta-theoretical model underpinning the diversion programme. Using a qualitative methodology as a participantobserver to the diversion programme, the researcher analysed the facilitators’ evaluations of the wilderness interventions as part of a restorative justice approach. Recommendations were proposed to enhance the programmatic implementation of wilderness interventions as a platform for rehabilitation and psycho-social development.
THE EFFECT OF A VERY LOW NICOTINE CONTENT EXPECTANCY ON CIGARETTE HEALTH RISK PERCEPTIONS, SUBJECTIVE EFFECTS, AND SMOKING BEHAVIOR

Introduction: The U.S. FDA can regulate tobacco products under the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, creating the potential for new cigarette standards aiming to reduce harm. Nicotine content could be a target of regulation, since nicotine drives cigarette addiction (Stolerman & Jarvis, 2005), though the FDA cannot mandate zero nicotine (Congress, 2009). The FDA may consider enacting a reduced nicotine product standard for all cigarettes, as the use of very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes (i.e. 0.05 mg nicotine yield) has been shown to decrease smoking rate and dependence over time (Hatsukami, et al., 2010). However, most studies of VLNC cigarettes to date have blinded subjects to the nicotine content, so little is known about how smokers perceive cigarettes with known very low nicotine levels and how this knowledge impacts cigarette use. Methods: The present study was a within-subjects experiment with 68 adult daily smokers who tried two identical Quest 3 (0.05 mg nicotine yield) cigarettes in a single session (counterbalanced order). Before smoking they were told that one cigarette contained “average” nicotine, and the other contained “very low” nicotine. Smokers rated each cigarette on several measures after sampling them. Results: Smokers rated the “very low” nicotine cigarette as less risky overall than the “average” nicotine cigarette (p=0.001); this effect held true for specific diseases including lung cancer, heart disease, emphysema, stroke, chronic bronchitis, and other cancers (p’s <0.001). Additionally, smokers rated the “very low” nicotine cigarette as having less desirable subjective effects than the “average” nicotine cigarette, including reduced satisfaction, psychological reward, and enjoyment of respiratory sensations (p’s<0.05). Moreover, smokers predicted having greater interest in quitting smoking in 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year (p’s <0.02) when considering exclusive availability of the “very low” nicotine cigarette. Similarly, more smokers predicted being abstinent in 5 years when considering exclusive availability of the “very low” nicotine cigarette (p=0.04). Conclusions: Explicit knowledge of very low nicotine content changes smokers’ perceptions of VLNC cigarettes, resulting in reduced predicted harm, subjective effects and predicted use.
Sentimental Analysis of Web Financial Reviews - Opportunities and Challenges

Web financial reviews are real-time, comprehensive and authentic. The construction and quantification of Web financial indexes based on Web financial reviews is of great significance for the financial early warning for enterprises. Comparing with product reviews and news commentaries, in Web financial reviews, the opinion targets have more diverse compositions, the frequencies of opinion targetsâ occurrence vary greatly, and the sentiment wordsâ have more diverse parts of speech. These characteristics make the extraction of opinion targets, the construction of Web financial indexes, and opinion targets-based sentimental analysis all more complicated, posing new challenges to natural language processing.
2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-3-tetradecyloxypropan-1-aminium bromide

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C20H44NO2 +·Br−, the cation and anion are connected via an O—H⋯Br hydrogen bond, forming an ionic pair. The cation is disordered over two conformations related by a mirror plane, and the anion is situated on a mirror plane so that the asymmetric unit contains half of the ionic pair. The long alkyl chain in the cation adopts an all-trans conformation. The crystal packing exhibits weak intermolecular C—H⋯O interactions.
Nasal ventilation alters mesenchymal cell turnover and improves alveolarization in preterm lambs.

RATIONALE Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a frequent cause of morbidity in preterm infants that is characterized by prolonged need for ventilatory support in an intensive care environment. BPD is characterized histopathologically by persistently thick, cellular distal airspace walls. In normally developing lungs, by comparison, remodeling of the immature parenchymal architecture is characterized by thinning of the future alveolar walls, a process predicated on cell loss through apoptosis. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that minimizing lung injury, using high-frequency nasal ventilation to provide positive distending pressure with minimal assisted tidal volume displacement, would increase apoptosis and decrease proliferation among mesenchymal cells in the distal airspace walls compared with a conventional mode of support (intermittent mandatory ventilation). METHODS Accordingly, we compared two groups of preterm lambs: one group managed by high-frequency nasal ventilation and a second group managed by intermittent mandatory ventilation. Each group was maintained for 3 days. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Oxygenation and ventilation targets were sustained with lower airway pressures and less supplemental oxygen in the high-frequency nasal ventilation group, in which alveolarization progressed. Thinning of the distal airspace walls was accompanied by more apoptosis, and less proliferation, among mesenchymal cells of the high-frequency nasal ventilation group, based on morphometric, protein abundance, and mRNA expression indices of apoptosis and proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that high-frequency nasal ventilation preserves the balance between mesenchymal cell apoptosis and proliferation in the distal airspace walls, such that alveolarization progresses.
Do Natural Disasters Enhance Societal Trust?

type="main"> In this article we investigate the relationship between disasters and societal trust. A growing body research suggests that factors such as income inequality, ethnic fractionalization and religious heritage are important determinants of social capital in general and trust in particular. We present new panel data evidence of another important determinant of trust – the frequency of natural disasters. Frequent naturally occurring events such as storms require (and provide opportunity for) societies to work closely together to meet their challenges. While natural disasters can have devastating human and economic impacts, a potential spillover benefit of greater disaster exposure may be a more tightly knit society.
Relative Right Temporal-Lobe Theta Activity Correlates with Vingiano's Hemispheric Quotient and the “Sensed Presence”

Measures of monopolar alpha and theta rhythm activity over the left and right temporal lobes were correlated with the subjects' hemisphericity (Vingiano) scores, temporal lobe signs, and concurrent subjective experiences during partial sensory deprivation. There was a positive association (rho = .49) between the scores for right hemisphericity and the relative amount of right/left theta rhythm but not right/ left alpha rhythm activity. Significant intercorrelations between right hemisphericity, an history of ego-alien intrusions and experiences of a sensed presence, “detachment from the body,” and fear during the recordings were noted. These results support the hypothesis that this class of mystical experiences is encouraged by hemispheric mismatch in temporal-lobe theta activity.
How market orientation and outsourcing create capability and impact business performance

For most firms, developing the capability to compete and perform is crucial. The literature suggests that market orientation and outsourcing are two such sources for building capabilities in the marketplace. However, the relative contribution of market orientation and outsourcing to capability and superior business performance is unclear. To bring clarity, two pathways through which market orientation and outsourcing build capability and enhance business performance are proposed. Using data from foreign and Indian firms, the results indicate that both market orientation and outsourcing contribute to building capability, and that outsourcing further contributes to business performance. Also, it was discovered that low-risk market-oriented and high-risk outsourcing firms experienced a positive impact on business performance. The implication of these results for managers is that market orientation and outsourcing can be complementary tools in their efforts to build capability, enhance business performance, and manage risky environmental conditions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Resource Pricing with Primary Service Guarantees in Cognitive Radio Networks: A Stackelberg Game Approach

Cognitive Radio (CR) is envisioned as one of the most promising technologies to solve the problem of spectrum scarcity. A critical problem that limits the development of CR technology is the absence of a mechanism efficient enough to allocate under-utilized spectrum resource from primary users (PUs) to multiple secondary users (SUs) [1], [2]. Toward this end, we adopt "Game Theory" [3], [4] as our modeling tool. Spectrum users can be modeled as selfish, rational players in this spectrum selling game with PUs as spectrum sellers and SUs as buyers. Considering that PUs always know more about the "market" than SUs and marking prices should always be ahead of purchasing, we use a Stackelberg Game to analyze the pricing and allocation process of PUs and SUs under the circumstance of information asymmetry. A parameter I is later introduced to measure the negative impact from SUs to PUs. If given a predefined value of I, a feasible pricing region can be found to guarantee the primary service. Finally, a contract between PUs and SUs is proposed as a counterpart of the information asymmetry and a utility increase of SUs is observed when the contract is valid.
Commodity Rates of Interest and Intertemporal Substitution in Commodity Demand and Consumption

This paper examines the role of commodity own rates of interest in intertemporal analysis of consumer behaviour and presents a disaggregate analysis of intertemporal substitution in commodity demand and consumption. Commodity rates of interest are defined from the Euler equations implied by the intertemporal consumer choice problem. The relationship between commodity own rates and the real interest rate is derived, and the conditions for equality of commodity own rates are discussed. The intertemporal commodity substitution elasticities are characterised using commodity rates of interest, and the intertemporal substitution elasticity of consumption is derived from its constituent commodity demands. Evidence from estimation of the demand system and the consumption function reveals high intertemporal substitution for consumer goods as well as consumption.
An Analysis of the Variance and Distribution of Commodity Price Changes

A method of jointly estimating the time-dependent variance of daily commodity price changes and their distribution is presented. The data are copper spot prices (1966-74) and sugar futures prices (1961-73), for London contracts. Much of the leptokurtosis observed in the price change distributions is shown to result from the mixinq of non-normal distributions whose variances differ substantially. There are important consequences for conventional autocorrelation tests, which falsely assume a constant variance. The usefulness of the logarithmic transformation of prices is assessed statistically and it is found that the transformation does help to equalise the variance of price changes.
The Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 Pathway Is Involved in formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine-Induced p47phox Phosphorylation in Human Neutrophils1

Phosphorylation of p47 phagocyte oxidase, (p47phox), one of the NADPH oxidase components, is essential for the activation of this enzyme and for superoxide production. p47phox is phosphorylated on multiple serine residues, but the kinases involved in this process in vivo remain to be characterized. We examined the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in p47phox phosphorylation. Inhibition of ERK1/2 activation by PD98059, a specific inhibitor of ERK kinase 1/2, inhibited the fMLP-induced phosphorylation of p47phox. However, PD98059 weakly affected PMA-induced p47phox phosphorylation, even though ERK1/2 activation was abrogated. This effect was confirmed using U0126, a second ERK kinase inhibitor. Unlike PD98059 and U0126, the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor SB203580 did not inhibit the phosphorylation of p47phox induced either by fMLP or by PMA. Two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping analysis showed that, in fMLP-induced p47phox phosphorylation, PD98059 affected the phosphorylation of all the major phosphopeptides, suggesting that ERK1/2 may regulate p47phox phosphorylation either directly or indirectly via other kinases. In PMA-induced p47phox phosphorylation, GF109203X, a protein kinase C inhibitor, strongly inhibits p47phox phosphorylation. However, in fMLP-induced p47phox phosphorylation, PD98059 and GF109203X partially inhibited the phosphorylation of p47phox when tested alone, and exerted additive inhibitory effects on p47phox phosphorylation when tested together. These results show for the first time that the ERK1/2 pathway participates in the phosphorylation of p47phox. Furthermore, they strongly suggest that p47phox is targeted by several kinase cascades in intact neutrophils activated by fMLP and is therefore a converging point for ERK1/2 and protein kinase C.
Design principles of DES-like ciphers: A historical overview

ABSTRACT This article gives a historical overview of the various design criteria of the Data Encryption Standard (DES) and some of its variants, starting from the legendary conditions given by Coppersmith in 1994. The authors follow their development until now, as simplified DES-like ciphers exist with improved properties. While doing so, they analyze the properties imposed on the S-boxes and the permutation used in the round function, and explain implications on the resistance of these ciphers against differential and linear cryptanalysis.
Empirical regularities in South African consumption patterns

This article investigates a number of empirical regularities in the South African consumption patterns. The data support the following empirical regularities: (1) variability in consumption systematically exceeds the variability in prices; (2) law of demand; (3) income flexibility is about −0.5; (4) Engel's law; and (5) the demand hypotheses, demand homogeneity and Slutsky symmetry are acceptable. In contrast to the findings for a number of other countries, another important empirical regularity that consumer's utility function is additive is rejected for the South African consumers. Based on the implied demand elasticity estimates from the preferred model, it is found that food, housing and medical care are necessities, and clothing, furniture, transport and recreation are luxuries and demand for all the commodities are price inelastic.
Johann Strauss and Vienna: Operetta and the Politics of Popular Culture

List of illustrations Preface List of abbreviations 1. The birth of a genre 2. Creators and performers of Viennese operetta 3. 'Austria personified': Strauss and the search for Viennese identity 4. From ballroom to theater: musical style and Indigo und die vierzig Rauber 5. Die Fledermaus and the illusion of Carnival in Vienna 6. Austro-Hungarian relations and Der Zigeunerbaron 7. Waltzing Brunnhilde: Zukunftsmusik and Viennese operetta Epilogue Appendix: Synopses Notes Bibliography Index.
Chemical and morphological analysis of kidney stones: a double-blind comparative study.

PURPOSE To compare chemical to morphological kidney stone composition analysis based on a sample of 50 stones retrieved from patients at a nephrology service. METHODS The chemical analysis was performed with a Bioclin® kit, while a 10-mm magnifying glass (10x; Prolabo, Paris, France) was employed in the morphological analysis. Findings obtained with the two methods were compared and classified as concordant (100% agreement), partly concordant (concordant for major components, discordant for minor components) or discordant (discordant for major components). RESULTS In the chemical analysis, the most commonly observed major component was calcium (70%), followed by oxalate (66%), ammonium (56%), urate (28%) and carbonate (24%). In the morphological analysis, the most commonly observed major components were calcium phosphate and magnesium (32% each), followed by calcium oxalate monohydrate (24%), uric acid and urates (20% each), calcium oxalate dihydrate (18%) and cystine (6%). Infectious kidney stones were identified in 34% and 24% of cases by morphological and chemical analysis, respectively. Thirty-eight percent of the samples were classified as concordant, 52% were partly concordant and 10% were discordant. CONCLUSION We suggest kidney stones be routinely submitted to both types of analysis for a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in lithogenesis.