Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Survey on Visual Cryptography using Image Encryption and Decryption

Cryptography is the study of mathematical techniques which is related to the aspects of Information Security, such as confidentiality, data security, entity authentication and data origin authentication. But Visual cryptography (VC) is a new technique pertaining to information security that uses simple algorithm unlike traditional cryptography which incorporates complex, computationally intensive algorithms. Visual information of pictures, text etc. are dealt with in order to encrypt in progressive and unexpanded VC algorithm. We have only a few pieces of shares and get an outline of the secret image. This is done by increasing the number of the shares being stacked. So that the details of the hidden information can be revealed progressively. In this paper, we proposed a brand new sharing scheme of progressive VC to produce pixel unexpanded shares. Therefore, no one can obtain any hidden information from a single share that leads to ensure security. During superimposing k (sheets of share) the white pixels being stacked into black pixels, the possibility of white pixels remains 1/n, whereas the possibility of black pixels rises to k/n. This sharpens the contrast of the stacked image and the hidden information. Therefore, after superimposing all of the shares, the contrast rises to (n − 1)/n which is apparently better than the traditional ways that can only obtain 50% of contrast. Consequently, to contrast the number of pixel position and to find more clarified image in filtration. Hence, a clearer recovered image can be achieved. But now we have taken image formats as Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) . The new method averts the lossy Discrete Cosine Transform and quantization and can encrypt and decrypt JPEG images lossless. The security test results indicate the proposed methods have high security. Since JPEG image formats are popular contemporarily, this paper shows that the prospect of image encryption & decryption is promising.
The Role of Rice HEI10 in the Formation of Meiotic Crossovers

HEI10 was first described in human as a RING domain-containing protein that regulates cell cycle and cell invasion. Mice HEI10mei4 mutant displays no obvious defect other than meiotic failure from an absence of chiasmata. In this study, we characterize rice HEI10 by map-based cloning and explore its function during meiotic recombination. In the rice hei10 mutant, chiasma frequency is markedly reduced, and those remaining chiasmata exhibit a random distribution among cells, suggesting possible involvement of HEI10 in the formation of interference-sensitive crossovers (COs). However, mutation of HEI10 does not affect early recombination events and synaptonemal complex (SC) formation. HEI10 protein displays a highly dynamic localization on the meiotic chromosomes. It initially appears as distinct foci and co-localizes with MER3. Thereafter, HEI10 signals elongate along the chromosomes and finally restrict to prominent foci that specially localize to chiasma sites. The linear HEI10 signals always localize on ZEP1 signals, indicating that HEI10 extends along the chromosome in the wake of synapsis. Together our results suggest that HEI10 is the homolog of budding yeast Zip3 and Caenorhabditis elegans ZHP-3, and may specifically promote class I CO formation through modification of various meiotic components.
Heating Hot Atmospheres with Active Galactic Nuclei

High resolution X-ray spectroscopy of the hot gas in galaxy clusters has shown that the gas is not cooling to low temperatures at the predicted rates of hundreds to thousands of solar masses per year. X-ray images have revealed giant cavities and shock fronts in the hot gas that provide a direct and relatively reliable means of measuring the energy injected into hot atmospheres by active galactic nuclei (AGN). Average radio jet powers are near those required to offset radiative losses and to suppress cooling in isolated giant elliptical galaxies, and in larger systems up to the richest galaxy clusters. This coincidence suggests that heating and cooling are coupled by feedback, which suppresses star formation and the growth of luminous galaxies. How jet energy is converted to heat and the degree to which other heating mechanisms are contributing, e.g., thermal conduction, are not well understood. Outburst energies require substantial late growth of supermassive black holes. Unless all of the ∼10 62 erg required to suppress star formation is deposited in the cooling regions of clusters, AGN outbursts must alter large-scale properties of the intracluster medium.
The role of praying for the spouse and sanctification of marriage in reducing infidelity

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to determine the role of sanctification of marriage and prayer for the spouse in reducing marital infidelity. The present study was a causal-comparative study design. Two hundred and twenty-three individuals were selected as the sample through the available sampling method among those referred to three counselling centres in the city of Tehran, Iran. To evaluate the variables, the Prayer for the Spouse Questionnaire, the Manifestation of God in Marriage Scale and the Infidelity Scale were used. For data analysis, descriptive and regression analyses were used. The results indicated that sanctification of marriage and prayer for the spouse are negatively correlated with marital infidelity. The study findings also indicated that sanctification of marriage and prayer for the spouse can be considered as suitable predictive factors for reducing the probability of individuals’ engagement in marital infidelity.
Retronasal Odor Representations in the Dorsal Olfactory Bulb of Rats

Animals perceive their olfactory environment not only from odors originating in the external world (orthonasal route) but also from odors released in the oral cavity while eating food (retronasal route). Retronasal olfaction is crucial for the perception of food flavor in humans. However, little is known about the retronasal stimulus coding in the brain. The most basic questions are if and how route affects the odor representations at the level of the olfactory bulb (OB), where odor quality codes originate. We used optical calcium imaging of presynaptic dorsal OB responses to odorants in anesthetized rats to ask whether the rat OB could be activated retronasally, and how these responses compare to orthonasal responses under similar conditions. We further investigated the effects of specific odorant properties on orthonasal versus retronasal response patterns. We found that at a physiologically relevant flow rate, retronasal odorants can effectively reach the olfactory receptor neurons, eliciting glomerular response patterns that grossly overlap with those of orthonasal responses, but differ from the orthonasal patterns in the response amplitude and temporal dynamics. Interestingly, such differences correlated well with specific odorant properties. Less volatile odorants yielded relatively smaller responses retronasally, but volatility did not affect relative temporal profiles. More polar odorants responded with relatively longer onset latency and time to peak retronasally, but polarity did not affect relative response magnitudes. These data provide insight into the early stages of retronasal stimulus coding and establish relationships between orthonasal and retronasal odor representations in the rat OB.
Waves of actin and microtubule polymerization drive microtubule-based transport and neurite growth before single axon formation

Many developing neurons transition through a multi-polar state with many competing neurites before assuming a unipolar state with one axon and multiple dendrites. Hallmarks of the multi-polar state are large fluctuations in microtubule-based transport into and outgrowth of different neurites, although what drives these fluctuations remains elusive. We show that actin waves, which stochastically migrate from the cell body towards neurite tips, direct microtubule-based transport during the multi-polar state. Our data argue for a mechanical control system whereby actin waves transiently widen the neurite shaft to allow increased microtubule polymerization to direct Kinesin-based transport and create bursts of neurite extension. Actin waves also require microtubule polymerization, arguing that positive feedback links these two components. We propose that actin waves create large stochastic fluctuations in microtubule-based transport and neurite outgrowth, promoting competition between neurites as they explore the environment until sufficient external cues can direct one to become the axon. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.12387. 001
Diversity in the Professional Psychology Training-to-Workforce Pipeline: Results From Doctoral Psychology Student Population Data

Diversity within the field of professional psychology rests heavily on the diversity of the training-to-workforce pipeline. Two major waypoints play a pivotal role in this process, namely admission to (and hence representation within) and retention in doctoral training programs. The present study reports student population data regarding three types of diversity (i.e., race/ethnicity, disability, and gender identification) within doctoral psychology education. Diversity data from the full population of enrolled doctoral students in accredited psychology programs throughout the United States from 2005–2015 were obtained from the American Psychological Association’s Office of Program Consultation and Accreditation. Analyses focused on (a) establishing the representation of diverse peoples, according to race/ethnicity, disability, and gender identification; and (b) identifying the rate of attrition among these groups. Despite no evidence of significant differences in quantitative academic qualifications (i.e., grade point average or graduate record examination scores), Black or African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, individuals with disabilities, and men were found to be underrepresented relative to the U.S. population at large. These same groups, in addition to Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders, also evidenced higher attrition from doctoral programs. Professional psychology’s training-to-workforce pipeline lacks the diversity of the U.S. population at large, at least with respect to race/ethnicity, disability, and gender identification. Findings suggest processes at the point of admission, more than those involving retention, are most at fault.
Evaluation of brain perfusion in Alzheimer disease with perfusion computed tomography and comparison to elderly patient without dementia.

BACKGROUND/AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate perfusion computed tomography (PCT) findings in patients with Alzheimer disease and to compare them with those of patients without dementia. MATERIALS AND METHODS PCT was performed in 35 patients: 20 with Alzheimer disease (mean age, 69.7 ± 5.5 years) and 15 control subjects (mean age, 67.5 ± 3.5 years). Control subjects were elderly individuals with no cognitive problems who were admitted with headaches. All PCT examinations were performed on a 4-slice CT unit. The PCT analysis software program was used to calculate regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV), regional time-to-peak (rTTP) values in the bilateral frontal, temporal, and occipital cortices, and bilateral lentiform nucleus. RESULTS rCBF values in the bilateral frontal and temporal cortices and bilateral lentiform nucleus were significantly lower in the patients with Alzheimer disease than in the control subjects. There were no significant differences in rCBV values between Alzheimer disease and the control group. rTTP values in all cortical areas and bilateral lentiform nucleus were significantly higher in the patients with Alzheimer disease than in the control subjects. CONCLUSION PCT is a rapid and reliable imaging modality for evaluating brain perfusion in Alzheimer disease.
A MAC protocol for Delay-Bounded applications in Wireless Sensor Networks

The problem of scheduling packet transmissions for data gathering in wireless sensor networks is studied in this paper. A scenario is considered where different sources contemporarily sense an event and signal the acquired information to a sink. Energy-latency tradeoffs for data gathering in sensor networks are explored by means of Integer Linear Programming Formulations. The objective of the optimization problems defined is to find minimum latency and minimum energy optimal data delivery trees, which are defined as aggregates of flows from multiple sources to a single receiver. A new distributed MAC protocol explicitly designed for Delay-Bounded Applications in Wireless Sensor Networks (DB-MAC) is also introduced. The primary objective of DB-MAC is to minimize the latency for delay bounded applications. Energy consumption is also reduced by means of a path aggregation mechanism that improves path sharing. Simulation results show that DB-MAC reduces the latency up to 70% with respect to a CSMA/CA MAC protocol, with up to 60% less transmissions. The performance of DBMAC is shown to be closer than CSMA/CA to the optimal values of latency and energy consumption.
Evaluation of Optineurin as a candidate gene in Indian patients with primary open angle glaucoma.

PURPOSE To evaluate the role of the optineurin gene (OPTN) in Indian primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients from different parts of the country. METHODS Two hundred patients with POAG and 200 ethnically matched normal controls were recruited from various parts of India for the study. The entire coding region of OPTN along with the intron-exon boundaries were screened by PCR and single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) followed by direct sequencing. A rapid screening method was developed for some of the observed variants by denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (dHPLC). Four variants were also confirmed by digesting the amplicon with appropriate restriction enzymes. RESULTS Seven nucleotide changes were observed in OPTN of which one was a putative mutation in exon 16 (Arg545Gln) that was observed in six POAG patients and not in the controls (p<0.05). The remaining variants comprised four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding region (Thr34Thr, Met98Lys, Arg149Arg, and Asn303Lys) and two in intron 6 (879-10G>A and 879-5C>T). But frequencies of the minor allele were not significantly different among the patients and controls. The Met98Lys variant that was identified to be a potential risk factor for NTG and POAG in some Asian populations and also for modulating IOP in Caucasian populations, did not exhibit any significant association to the disease phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Despite a putative mutation (Arg545Gln) in some patients, the present study does not suggest a significant involvement of OPTN in POAG patients of Indian origin.
A pricing kernel approach to valuing interest rate options

This paper investigates parametric pricing kernels for interest rate options within the intertemporal CAPM framework. The usual GMM estimation produces problematic pricing kernels that either fail statistical robustness tests or are inconsistent with economic theory in terms of being hump-shaped and having negative segments. Adopting the second Hansen-Jagannathan (HJ) distance, the four-term polynomial pricing kernels clearly dominate the nonlinear iso-elastic pricing kernels. The preferred pricing kernel has two significant state variables,the real interest rate and maximum Sharpe ratio. It is always strictly positive and everywhere monotonically decreasing in market returns in conformity with economic theory.
From the Foucault pendulum to the galactical gyroscope and LHC

We consider the Foucault pendulum, isosceles triangle pendulum and the general triangle pendulum rotating on the Earth. As an analogue, planet orbiting in the rotating galaxy is considered as the giant galactical gyroscope. The Lorentz and the Bargman-Michel-Telegdi equations are generalized for the rotating system. These equations are inevitable for LHC where orbital photons "feels" the Coriolis force caused by the rotation ofthe Earth.
American Journal of Epidemiology Original Contribution Childhood and Adult Socioeconomic Position, Cumulative Lead Levels, and Pessimism in Later Life the Va Normative Aging Study

Pessimism, a general tendency toward negative expectancies, is a risk factor for depression and also heart disease, stroke, and reduced cancer survival. There is evidence that individuals with higher lead exposure have poorer health. However, low socioeconomic status (SES) is linked with higher lead levels and greater pessimism, and it is unclear whether lead influences psychological functioning independently of other social factors. The authors considered interrelations among childhood and adult SES, lead levels, and psychological functioning in data collected on 412 Boston area men between 1991 and 2002 in a subgroup of the VA Normative Aging Study. Pessimism was measured by using the Life Orientation Test. Cumulative (tibia) lead was measured by x-ray fluorescence. Structural equation modeling was used to quantify the relations as mediated by childhood and adult SES, controlling for age, health behaviors, and health status. An interquartile range increase in lead quartile was associated with a 0.37 increase in pessimism score (P < 0.05). Low childhood and adult SES were related to higher tibia lead levels, and both were also independently associated with higher pessimism. Lead maintained an independent association with pessimism even after childhood and adult SES were considered. Results demonstrate an interrelated role of lead burden and SES over the life course in relation to psychological functioning in older age. Exposures to environmental toxicants, poor physical health, and psychosocial functioning often cluster in lower socioeconomic status (SES) groups (1–5). Numerous investigators have posited that SES-related risks leading to health disparities may aggregate and accumulate throughout life to influence well-being and disease risk (1, 6, 7). Specifically considering psychosocial functioning, it has been postulated that growing up in lower SES environments may lead to impaired development of stress regulatory systems and also negatively bias the processing of psychosocial information both early and later in life (1). This does not rule out an independent effect of adult SES. These experiences are then hypothesized to link social disadvantage with impaired psychosocial functioning across the life course (6). However, whether exposure to environmental toxicants, which may be more prevalent in socially disadvantaged environments, leads to poor psychosocial functioning independently of other effects of social disadvantage has not been fully determined (8, 9). Bone lead is a marker of cumulative lead exposure, because most lead absorbed by individuals is stored in bone rather than eliminated (10). The risk of lead exposure varies with SES, so that older adults who grew …
Eco-Strategy: Towards a New Generation Managerial Model Based on Green IT and CSR

The sustainable development strategy in the management of information and communication technology (ICT) is an advanced research sector which provides a theoretical framework for integrating social and environmental responsibilities of business in the development and implementation of the management strategy. This article offers an original management model that integrates the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) approach and Green IT, which enables decision makers, governance and strategic alignment of ICT, business and sustainability. The model offers a new vision of decision making through economic opportunities and increasing pressure from stakeholders. This paper reveals the strategic relevance of the model, on the basis of a literature review, and provides guidelines for sustainable business development of effective management systems, and improvement of the economic, social and environmental performance of companies. The proposed framework provides a new generation managerial approach to ICT management strategy that we call "Eco-Strategy".
Tracking application network performance in home gateways

Home gateways offer Internet connectivity for all devices in the home, allowing services such as telephony or gaming. However, typical home gateways do not include any mechanism to guarantee optimal performance when applications are competing for the same resources. In this paper we outline an application performance optimization approach for home networks. In particular we study the feasibility of application performance tracking on home gateways, which involves both identification of active applications and monitoring their performance. Our results show that although the home gateway has limited resources, it still has the capacity to do more than just forwarding packets. It can collect and export all the information needed to perform our application performance optimization.
Learning control for bilinear parametric systems with time-varying delays and time-varying control gains

A learning control scheme is designed for first-order bilinear parametric systems with unknown periodically time-varying delays. It is assumed that the common periodicity of unknown time-varying parameter, time-varying delay, and reference signal are known. By reconstructing the system equation, the time-varying delay is combined into a periodically time-varying vector which is estimated by a periodic adaptation mechanism. By constructing a Lyapunov-Krasovskii energy function, we prove the boundedness of all signals and the convergence of tracking error. A simulation example is provided to illustrate the electiveness of the control algorithms proposed in this paper.
Are Religious People Really More Helpful? Public and Private Religiosity and Volunteering Participation

Little research has investigated different religious dimensions, for example, public and private religiosity, in contribution to participation in different voluntary services and specific secular volunteering domains, and whether these dimensions have different effects on voluntary services and volunteering domains. Furthermore, this research has tested whether public religiosity is a mediator and/or a suppressor of the effects of private religiosity on volunteering. Of a representative sample of general adults, the current study found that public and private dimensions of religiosity significantly predicted more participation in different voluntary services and specific secular volunteering domains and public religiosity had stronger effects than did private religiosity. Irrespective of the dimension, religiosity was more strongly related to some voluntary services and volunteering domains than to others. Importantly, the effects of private religiosity on secular volunteering are significantly mediated and suppressed by public religiosity, but the reverse is not true. Implications for volunteerism for nonprofit organizations are briefly discussed.
Face Recognition System based on Subspace Linear Discriminant Analysis

This paper is based on subspace linear discriminant analysis in which facial features are extracted by using Principal Component Analysis followed by Linear Discriminant Analysis based dimension reduction techniques. On the basis of literature review methodology is designed which includes sequence as preprocessing, dimension reduction by PCA, feature extraction for class separability by LDA and finally classification. ORL face database is used whose experimental results is extracted as recognition rate of 96.35% and hence giving efficiency of the proposed method over traditional methods of automatic face recognition systems. KeywordsBiometrics, PCA, LDA, Recognition Rate