Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Copulas are not just inflection: Evidence from Tłı̨chǫ Yatıì1

In Tłıc̨hǫ Yatıì (Dene/Athapaskan; aka Dogrib), patterns of copula use appear to undermineMoro’s (1997: 248–261) claim that copulas’only function is to provide a site for the morphological realization of inflection. The aimof this note is to show that copulas in this language are obligatory with all nominal predicates, but occur with adjectival predicates only when either the subject has Φ-features requiring agreement or a marked tense/ aspect/mode (TAM) interpretation is intended. This asymmetry suggests that their obligatory occurrence with all nominal predicates must be motivated by other factors. Moro’s contention that copulas are only markers of inflection is a very old claim, going back to Aristotle (Moro 1997: 249). Though the view that copulas are enablers of predication continues to be supported by many syntacticians today (e.g., among others, Bowers 1993, den Dikken 2006, Baker and Vinokurova 2012), Moro’s book demonstrates that there is strong evidence for his claim in the Indo-European languages. The existence of languages like Mandarin, in which verbs do not show inflection, but copulas are required with nominal predicates (Zhan and Sun 2013: 762), suggests that this view may not be universally correct, but rather, the content of copulas may be parametrized. The present note shows that there exists at least one language where both views of copulas are supported, but by different lexical categories. This result implies that parametrization of the role of copulas must apply to individual non-verbal categories.
Isolate secure executing environment for a safe cloud

The use of virtualization in cloud computing is becoming more and more popular. Cloud service providers leverage virtualization technology to multiplex hardware resource, consolidate servers, and provide a rounded executing environment to remote cloud users. However, the current executing environment the cloud provides is not trustable. For a user's computing environment faces threats from other malicious cloud users who aim at attacking the whole underlying virtualization software (virtual machine monitor, VMM, or hypervisor). In this paper, we make an analysis of the potential threat to a commodity hyper-visor, and propose architecture for safe executing environment on hardware-sharing platform. The main ideas of our architecture are: removal of interaction between hypervisor and executing environment; attestation of the initial environment state to remote user. To prove the effectiveness of our architecture, we build a prototype system which can create multiple secure isolated executing environment on current multi-core x86 hardware. The final evaluation shows that with current commodity virtualization techniques, we can provide a safe executing environment for remote cloud users with no performance overhead.
Feature extraction in classification

Feature extraction, or dimensionality reduction, is an essential part of many machine learning applications. The necessity for feature extraction stems from the curse of dimensionality and the high computational cost of manipulating high-dimensional data. In this thesis we focus on feature extraction for classification. There are several approaches, and we will focus on two such: the increasingly popular information-theoretic approach, and the classical distance-based, or variance-based approach. Current algorithms for information-theoretic feature extraction are usually iterative. In contrast, PCA and LDA are popular examples of feature extraction techniques that can be solved by eigendecomposition, and do not require an iterative procedure. We study the behaviour of an example of iterative algorithm that maximises Kapur’s quadratic mutual information by gradient ascent, and propose a new estimate of mutual information that can be maximised by closed-form eigendecomposition. This new technique is more computationally efficient than iterative algorithms, and its behaviour is more reliable and predictable than gradient ascent. Using a general framework of eigendecomposition-based feature extraction, we show a connection between information-theoretic and distance-based feature extraction. Using the distance-based approach, we study the effects of high input dimensionality and over-fitting on feature extraction, and propose a family of eigendecomposition-based algorithms that can solve this problem. We investigate the relationship between class-discrimination and over-fitting, and show why the advantages of information-theoretic feature extraction become less relevant in high-dimensional spaces.
STEADY AND TRANSIENT RADIO EMISSION FROM ULTRACOOL DWARFS

We present the results of multi-frequency radio observing campaigns designed to elucidate the nature of radio emission from very low mass stars. We detect radio emission in an additional two epochs of the ultracool dwarf binary LP 349−25, finding that the observed emission is broad band and steady on timescales between 10 s and 10.7 hr, as well as on timescales of 0.6 and 1.6 years. This system is unusual for ultracool dwarfs with detectable radio emission, in exhibiting a lack of any large-scale variability, particularly the bursting (periodic or aperiodic) behavior exhibited by the other objects with detectable levels of radio emission. We explore the constraints that the lack of variability on long- and short-timescales, and flat spectral index, imply about the radio-emitting structures and mechanism. The temporal constraints argue for a high latitude emitting region with a large inclination so that it is always in view, and survives for at least 0.6 years. Temporal constraints also limit the plasma conditions, implying that the electron density be ne < 4 × 105 cm−3 and B< 130 G in order not to see time variations due to collisional or radiative losses from high-energy particles. The observations and constraints provided by them are most compatible with a nonthermal radio emission mechanism, likely gyrosynchrotron emission from a spatially homogeneous or inhomogeneous source. This indicates that, similar to behaviors noted for chromospheric, transition region, and coronal plasmas in ultracool dwarfs, the magnetic activity patterns observed in active higher mass stars can survive to the substellar boundary. We also present new epochs of multi-frequency radio observations for the ultracool dwarfs 2MASS 05233822−140322 and 2MASS14563831−2809473(=LHS 3003); each has been detected in at least one previous epoch but are not detected in the epochs reported here. The results here suggest that magnetic configurations in ultracool dwarfs can be long-lasting, and support the need for further radio monitoring using a simultaneous, multi-frequency observing approach.
SSDUP: a traffic-aware ssd burst buffer for HPC systems

Many high performance computing (HPC) applications are highly data intensive. Current HPC storage systems still use hard disk drives (HDDs) as their dominant storage devices, which suffer from disk head thrashing when accessing random data. New storage devices such as solid state drives (SSDs), which can handle random data access much more efficiently, have been widely deployed as the buffer to HDDs in many production HPC systems. Burst buffer has also been proposed to manage the SSD buffering of bursty write requests. Although burst buffer can improve I/O performance in many cases, we find that it has some limitations such as requiring large SSD capacity and harmonious overlapping between computation phase and data flushing stage. In this paper, we propose a scheme, called SSDUP (a traffic-aware SSD burst buffer), to improve the burst buffer by addressing the above limitations. In order to reduce the SSD capacity demand, we develop a novel traffic-detection method to detect the randomness in the write traffic. Based on this method, only the random writes are buffered to SSD and other writes are deemed sequential and propagated to HDDs directly. In order to overcome the difficulty of perfectly overlapping the computation phase and the flushing stage, we propose a pipeline mechanism for the SSD buffer, in which the data buffering and data flushing are performed in pipeline. Finally, in order to further improve the performance of buffering random writes in SSD, we covert the random writes to sequential writes in SSD by storing the data with a log structure. Further, we propose to use the AVL tree structure to store the sequence information of the data. We have implemented a prototype of SSDUP based on the OrangeFS and performed extensive experimental evaluation. The experimental results show that the proposed SSDUP scheme can improve the write performance by more than 50% on average.
Bayesian Inference And/or Optimization Strategies for Some Detection, Tracking and Deconvolution Problems in Medical Images Final Report Automatique) Postdoctoral Grant, France and Supervised by Professor Table of Contents Shape-based Segmentation and Tracking of Anatomical Structures Using Deformab

for nancial support of this work (postdoctoral grant). I am also grateful to Jean-Paul Soucy and Christian Janicki (CHUM, University of Montrral) for having provided the SPECT and echographic images. I would like also to acknowledge my supervisor Professor Jean Meunier for his help and his numerous suggestions. 2.2 Estimated parameters for the picture reported in Figure 2.12. stands for the proportion of the two classes within the synthetic image. min and are the Rayleigh law parameters. From top to bottom (a) Initialization of the ICE procedure. (b) Estimated parameters by the ICE procedure. 3.1 Estimated parameters for the ultrasound image reported in Fig.3. 5 stands for the proportion of the two classes within the image. min and are the shifted Rayleigh 4.1 Estimated parameters for the picture reported in Figure 4.4b. stands for the proportion of the three classes within the SPECT image. are the exponential law parameter. and 2 are the Gaussian law parameters. 4.2 Iteration number for each supervised deconvolution method as chosen by the proposed stopping rule.
Human Metapneumovirus Associated With Central Nervous System Infection in Children

Background: Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is an established pathogen of the respiratory tract of children and adults. hMPV is related to other paramyxoviruses known to cause encephalitis. Reports suggest that hMPV may cause disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Methods: Two groups of patients were studied. The first group consisted of children between birth and 18 years from whom nasal scrapings were obtained between January 2004 and October 2005. hMPV RNA amplification by PCR was done and records were reviewed for clinical and demographic data. The second group consisted of patients with encephalitis referred to the California Encephalitis Project (CEP) for comprehensive diagnostic testing between November 2004 and June 2006. Results: In group 1, 1474 specimens were examined for hMPV RNA. Sixty-three evaluable patients were infected with hMPV of whom 4 (6.3%) had seizures, compared with 145 patients infected with RSV of whom 1 had seizures (0.7%, P = 0.031). Comparing respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and hMPV infections, there was no significant difference in the occurrence of fever. All children with hMPV infections and seizures were hospitalized and 3 were intubated because of status epilepticus. Group 2 consisted of 205 pediatric cases referred to CEP between November 2004 and June 2006 who had hMPV testing done. hMPV was detected in nasopharyngeal swabs of 5 patients. Neither hMPV RNA nor antihMPV specific IgM were detectable in the CSF from the 5 patients for whom CSF was available. Conclusion: Nine cases of CNS illness temporally associated with the presence of hMPV nucleic acid in the upper airway are described. Compared with children infected with RSV, children with hMPV were significantly more likely to have had a seizure. Our data, in conjunction with previously reported cases suggest that hMPV may be associated with a spectrum of CNS disease ranging from febrile seizures to severe, fatal encephalitis.
Prevalence of zoonotic and other gastrointestinal parasites in police and house dogs in Alexandria, Egypt.

Materials and Methods The dog was the first domesticated animal. Dogs perform many roles for people such as hunting, pulling loads protection, assisting police, military work, companionship and more recently aiding handicapped individuals. This impact on human society has given them the nickname "Man's Best Friend" in the western world. The use of dogs in the Egyptian police began early last century, when their ability to distinguish smells that cannot be detected by humans was realized. In many parts of the world, the intestinal parasites of dogs receive considerable attention because dogs serve as reservoirs, carriers and transmitters of several pathogens, including parasites, which are considered zoonotic and a number of them are of significant public health concern [1, 2]. Nowadays, dogs are living with humans in houses all over the world. Children are at special risk of infection because of their closer direct and indirect contact to dogs as compared to adults. The most common enteric parasites of dogs are
Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase from the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei belongs to the human and Schizosaccharomyces pombe class of the enzyme.

Dolichol phosphate mannose (DPM) synthase activity, which is required in N:-glycosylation, O-mannosylation, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchoring of protein, has been postulated to regulate the Trichoderma reesei secretory pathway. We have cloned a T.reesei cDNA that encodes a 243 amino acid protein whose amino acid sequence shows 67% and 65% identity, respectively, to the Schizosaccharomyces pombe and human DPM synthases, and which lacks the COOH-terminal hydrophobic domain characteristic of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae class of synthase. The Trichoderma dpm1 (Trdpm1) gene complements a lethal null mutation in the S.pombe dpm1(+) gene, but neither restores viability of a S.cerevisiae dpm1-disruptant nor complements the temperature-sensitivity of the S. cerevisiae dpm1-6 mutant. The T.reesei DPM synthase is therefore a member of the "human" class of enzyme. Overexpression of Trdpm1 in a dpm1(+)::his7/dpm1(+) S.pombe diploid resulted in a 4-fold increase in specific DPM synthase activity. However, neither the wild type T. reesei DPM synthase, nor a chimera consisting of this protein and the hydrophobic COOH terminus of the S.cerevisiae DPM synthase, complemented an S.cerevisiae dpm1 null mutant or gave active enzyme when expressed in E.coli. The level of the Trdpm1 mRNA in T.reesei QM9414 strain was dependent on the composition of the culture medium. Expression levels of Trdpm1 were directly correlated with the protein secretory capacity of the fungus.
High-resolution neutron structure of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.

The structure of the free-acid form of the coenzyme NAD(+) was determined at 100 K from a single-crystal neutron experiment. NAD(+) is the oxidized form of the coenzyme redox pair NAD(+)/NADH and plays an important role in the catalysis of biological processes. The molecule crystallizes in space group P1 with one NAD(+) and four water molecules per unit cell. The structure is compared with the previous X-ray models of NAD(+) [Reddy et al. (1981), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103, 907-914; Parthasarathy & Fridey (1984b), Science, 226, 969-971; Guillot et al. (2000), Acta Cryst. C56, 726-728]. The crystal packing and the hydrogen-bond pattern are discussed as well as four short C-H.O contacts involving the pyridine and adenine rings. The structure displays stereochemical distortions owing to the hydrogen bonding and crystal-packing constraints, reflecting the adaptability of the NAD(+) molecule in various chemical environments.
A new fuzzy cover approach to clustering

This paper presents a new fuzzy cover-based clustering algorithm. In the proposed algorithm, the concept of fuzzy cover and objective function are employed to identify holding points in the dataset, and we associate these holding points together to build up the backbones of the final clusters. Three specific objectives underlie the presentation of the proposed approach in this paper. The first is to describe mathematical formulation of the fuzzy covers, and the second is to summarize the detailed procedure of constructing fuzzy covers and splicing them into clusters. The third goal is to demonstrate that this approach is able to find out reasonable representative patterns in the final clusters. We illustrate this approach with four examples in order to verify the clustering effectiveness.
Using a single tablet daily to treat latent tuberculosis infection in Brazil: bioequivalence of two different isoniazid formulations (300 mg and 100 mg) demonstrated by a sensitive and rapid high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method in a randomised, crossover study

The recommended treatment for latent tuberculosis (TB) infection in adults is a daily dose of isoniazid (INH) 300 mg for six months. In Brazil, INH was formulated as 100 mg tablets. The treatment duration and the high pill burden compromised patient adherence to the treatment. The Brazilian National Programme for Tuberculosis requested a new 300 mg INH formulation. The aim of our study was to compare the bioavailability of the new INH 300 mg formulation and three 100 mg tablets of the reference formulation. We conducted a randomised, single dose, open label, two-phase crossover bioequivalence study in 28 healthy human volunteers. The 90% confidence interval for the INH maximum concentration of drug observed in plasma and area under the plasma concentration vs. time curve from time zero to the last measurable concentration “time t” was 89.61-115.92 and 94.82-119.44, respectively. The main limitation of our study was that neither adherence nor the safety profile of multiple doses was evaluated. To determine the level of INH in human plasma, we developed and validated a sensitive, simple and rapid high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Our results showed that the new formulation was bioequivalent to the 100 mg reference product. This finding supports the use of a single 300 mg tablet daily strategy to treat latent TB. This new formulation may increase patients’ adherence to the treatment and quality of life.
The Predictive Validity of Savry Ratings for Assessing Youth Offenders in Singapore

Empirical support for the usage of the SAVRY has been reported in studies conducted in many Western contexts, but not in a Singaporean context. This study compared the predictive validity of the SAVRY ratings for violent and general recidivism against the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI) ratings within the Singaporean context. Using a sample of 165 male young offenders (Mfollow-up = 4.54 years), results showed that the SAVRY Total Score and Summary Risk Rating, as well as YLS/CMI Total Score and Overall Risk Rating, predicted violent and general recidivism. SAVRY Protective Total Score was only significantly predictive of desistance from general recidivism, and did not show incremental predictive validity for violent and general recidivism over the SAVRY Total Score. Overall, the results suggest that the SAVRY is suited (to varying degrees) for assessing the risk of violent and general recidivism in young offenders within the Singaporean context, but might not be better than the YLS/CMI.
Breast-conserving surgery after chemotherapy: value of MDCT for determining tumor distribution and shrinkage pattern.

OBJECTIVE For this study, we investigated the usefulness of MDCT in assessing the extent of residual breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. To ensure the success of breast-conserving surgery, we evaluated the usefulness of determining the tumor distribution before neoadjuvant chemotherapy and the shrinkage pattern after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS MDCT before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy was performed in 46 consecutive patients with 47 locally advanced breast cancers. The distribution pattern of contrast enhancement on MDCT before neoadjuvant chemotherapy was classified into five categories: solitary lesion, grouped lesion (localized lesion with linear, spotty, or linear and spotty enhancement), separated lesion (multiple foci of contrast enhancement), mixed lesion (grouped lesion with multiple foci), and replaced lesion (diffuse contrast enhancement in whole quadrants). RESULTS There was agreement between the MDCT assessment and pathologic findings in 44 (94%) of the 47 tumors. In the partial response group with nonreplaced lesions, MDCT revealed three shrinkage patterns: pattern 1a, concentric shrinkage without surrounding lesions; pattern 1b, concentric shrinkage with surrounding lesions; and pattern 2, shrinkage with residual multinodular lesions. Breast-conserving surgery was performed successfully in 14 patients including complete response cases that were detected on the basis of MDCT findings and partial response cases that were detected on the basis of observation of pattern 1 shrinkage. In all five patients with pattern 2 shrinkage, CT underestimated the residual tumor extent by more than 2 cm. CONCLUSION MDCT classification of tumor distribution before neoadjuvant chemotherapy and of shrinkage patterns after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is important in the preoperative evaluation of patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery.
The potential energy of knowledge flow

A knowledge flow is invisible but it plays an important role in ordering knowledge exchange when working in a team. It can help achieve effective team knowledge management by modeling, optimizing, monitoring, and controlling the operation of knowledge flow processes. This paper proposes the notion of knowledge energy as the driving force behind the formation of an autonomous knowledge flow network, and explores the underlying principles. Knowing these principles helps teams and the support systems improve cooperation by monitoring the knowledge energy of nodes, by evaluating and adjusting knowledge flows, and by adopting appropriate strategies. A knowledge flow network management mechanism can help improve the efficiency of knowledge‐intensive distributed teamwork. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamically reconfigurable architecture for image processor applications

This work presents an overview of the principles that underlie the speed-up achievable by dynamic hardware reconfiguration, proposes a more precise taxonomy for the execution models for reconfigurable platforms, and demonstrates the advantage of dynamic reconfiguration in the new implementation of a neighborhood image processor, called DRIP. It achieves a real-time performance, which is 3 times faster than its pipelined non-reconfigurable version.
Synthesis of 2-amino-6-chloropyridine

Synthesis of 2-amino-6-chloropyridine by the reduction of 2-hydrazino-6-chloropyridine under various conditions is described. The way through 2-azido-6-chloropyridine and its reduction afforded the pure product, but it is laborious. The best results were achieved by the reduction with hydrazine and Ra/Ni catalysis. The method usually used – reduction with hydrogen – afforded the product containing large amount of dehalogenated by-product.
A Survey on Statistical-based Parallel Corpus Alignment

The text alignment is an important process of different Machine Translation systems. This task consists in identifying correspondences between words, sentences or paragraphs of a source text and their translation (parallel corpus). There are two main approaches to perform parallel corpus alignment: the statistical-based methods and lexical-based methods. In this paper, the main statistical-based methods for align parallel corpus are presented.