Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What is addiction, what is alcoholism?

The title of this article, contributed by my friend and colleague, Michael Lucey, MD, of the University of Wisconsin, entails 2 general concepts that are my focus. The first states that there is such a thing as addiction, or addictive disorder, and that what we commonly refer to as alcoholism is a form of this phenomenon. Because alcoholism is second in prevalence only to nicotine addiction in the general population and is the most frequent addictive disorder for which persons seek liver transplantation, I will use it as the principal example of what addictive disorders, more generally considered, entail. The second general concept locates us in the realm of clinical diagnosis. My goal, therefore, is to present a discussion of current theoretical understanding that is at the same time clinically useful when seeing patients. In this regard, I will not simply reiterate constructs from easily available sources such as the 4th revised edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV-TR). It simply outlines the phenomena common to all addictive disorders and expects the practitioner to fill in the blanks for specific agents of use. Instead, I will work from the general ideas that compose the Platonic nature of addiction and use specific alcohol-related phenomena to illustrate them. In the interest of brevity, I will not spend much time discussing other substances of abuse. In addition, I will use the medical model of addictive disorders as disease states. Other models, such as moral choice, habit and reinforcement, or learned behavior, make up useful discussions in other arenas. Let me begin by defining alcoholism. The term, which is often used in popular speech, may call to mind alcoholic liver disease, alcoholic cardiomyopathy, alcohol dementia, alcohol amnestic disorder or Wernicke-Korsakoff disease, alcohol intoxication, or alcoholic amnesia (blackouts). Although diagnosis may involve considering some or all of these things, it is not the thing itself. In clinical diagnosis, alcoholism refers to alcohol dependence (AD). By the same token, diagnosing any clinical addiction means establishing that a patient is dependent on a specific substance. Our first task, then, is to define dependence. It is, first, a series of specific behavioral manifestations. Second, the diagnosis of AD does not depend directly on the quantity and frequency of alcohol drunk, either acutely or over time.
Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography Imaging Evidence of Regeneration of the Semitendinosus Tendon Harvested for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Comparison With Hamstring Muscle Strength

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the regeneration of semitendinosus tendons harvested for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using 3-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) imaging and to compare the degree of regeneration with hamstring strength. Methods: Twenty-nine patients who underwent ACL reconstruction using ipsilateral autogenous semitendinosus tendons were examined before surgery and 6 and 12 months after surgery by 3D CT imaging. The types of regenerated tendons and the proximal shift of the muscle-tendon junction were evaluated. Results: The types of regenerated semitendinosus tendons varied from case to case. There was a positive correlation between the peak torque ratio of the hamstring muscle strength and the proximal shift of the muscle-tendon junction 6 months after surgery. The proximal shift did not affect the peak torque ratio 12 months after surgery, however. Conclusions: A proximal shift of the muscle-tendon junction may help to explain the individual differences in early postoperative hamstring muscle strength recovery.
Modelling and Analysis of Nonlinear Multibody Dynamic Systems pdfauthor

Modular self-reconfigurable robots are characterised by a high versatility. While most robots are designed for a special purpose these robots are designed to be multitalented and adaptive. This thesis uses a modern framework for the automatic model generation of these modular self-reconfigurable robots. Based on a two-step Newton-Euler approach in combination with elements of screw-theory, this framework provides an elegant way to automatically calculate the equations of motion in a closed form. To simulate the kinematics and dynamics the framework has been implemented in MATLAB R © . To verify both the implementation and modelling, the equations of motion of two robot structures have been calculated using the framework and compared to the equations obtained by a Lagrangian approach. Finally it is shown that the linearisation and decoupling of the systems concerned in this thesis can be done easily using feedback linearisation. For completion two ways to control these linearised systems are demonstrated. Abstract deutsch Modulare selbstrekonfigurierende Robotersysteme zeichnen sich durch ihre hohe Vielseitigkeit aus. Während die meisten Robotersystem für einen bestimmten Zweck entwickelt werden, sind diese Roboter multitalentiert und anpassungsfähig. In dieser Arbeit wird ein modernes Framework zur automatische Modellerstellung von modularen selbstrekonfigurierende Robotersysteme genutzt. Basierend auf einem Zwei-Schritt Newton-Euler Ansatz in Kombination mit Elementen der Schraubentheorie, bietet dieses Framework einen eleganten Weg die Bewegungsgleichungen in einer geschlossenen Form zu bestimmen. Um die Kinematik und Dynamik der berechneten System zu bestimmen wurde das Framework in MATLAB R © implementiert. Diese Implementierung wird in dieser Arbeit überprüft. Schlussendlich wird Feedback Linearisierung und lineare Regler zur Regelung des Systems eingesetzt. deutsch Modulare selbstrekonfigurierende Robotersysteme zeichnen sich durch ihre hohe Vielseitigkeit aus. Während die meisten Robotersystem für einen bestimmten Zweck entwickelt werden, sind diese Roboter multitalentiert und anpassungsfähig. In dieser Arbeit wird ein modernes Framework zur automatische Modellerstellung von modularen selbstrekonfigurierende Robotersysteme genutzt. Basierend auf einem Zwei-Schritt Newton-Euler Ansatz in Kombination mit Elementen der Schraubentheorie, bietet dieses Framework einen eleganten Weg die Bewegungsgleichungen in einer geschlossenen Form zu bestimmen. Um die Kinematik und Dynamik der berechneten System zu bestimmen wurde das Framework in MATLAB R © implementiert. Diese Implementierung wird in dieser Arbeit überprüft. Schlussendlich wird Feedback Linearisierung und lineare Regler zur Regelung des Systems eingesetzt.
Interaction Tasks and Controls for Public Display Applications

Public displays are becoming increasingly interactive and a broad range of interaction mechanisms can now be used to create multiple forms of interaction. However, the lack of interaction abstractions forces each developer to create specific approaches for dealing with interaction, preventing users from building consistent expectations on how to interact across different display systems. There is a clear analogy with the early days of the graphical user interface, when a similar problem was addressed with the emergence of high-level interaction abstractions that provided consistent interaction experiences to users and shielded developers from low-level details. This work takes a first step in that same direction by uncovering interaction abstractions that may lead to the emergence of interaction controls for applications in public displays. We identify a new set of interaction tasks focused on the specificities of public displays; we characterise interaction controls that may enable those interaction tasks to be integrated into applications; we create a mapping between the high-level abstractions provided by the interaction tasks and the concrete interaction mechanisms that can be implemented by those displays. Together, these contributions constitute a step towards the emergence of programming toolkits with widgets that developers could incorporate into their public display applications.
Agile multi-band delta-sigma frequency synthesizer architecture

The emerging cellular and wireless standards necessitate the development of multi-mode transceiver systems. The main challenge in such systems is to have a common frequency synthesizer architecture acting as the local oscillator. In this paper, we propose a multi-band delta-sigma modulator based synthesizer architecture. This novel synthesizer architecture has been successfully implemented in an RF-CMOS process. The synthesized frequencies include the GSM, PCS and DCS bands.
Estimating the Influence of Obesity on Cancer Risk: Stratification by Smoking Is Critical.

Tobacco use is well known to be the most common cause of cancer in populations in which its use is widespread. More recently, excess bodyweight has been identified as an important cause of cancer incidence and mortality (Table 1). The population-attributable fraction (PAF) of cancer incidence, including all cancers in Table 1 except those in the prostate and liver, as a result of high body mass index (BMI) has been estimated to range from 4% to 6% in highincome countries and remain lower than 1% to 2% in moderateor low-income countries by using BMI estimates from 2002 and cancer incidence data in 2012. In a recent summary, Flegal et al presented results for the proportion of all cancer incidence attributable to excess body weight, and estimates ranged from20.2% to 8%. To achieve maximal generalizability, these estimates were based on the entire population, with smokers and nonsmokers combined. In contrast, when stratified by smoking, PAF estimates tend to be much higher for nonsmokers. For example, in the Cancer Prevention Study II, a prospective study led by the American Cancer Society in 1982, the PAF of total cancer mortality as a result of high BMI was 4.2% in men and 14.3% in women in the entire population, but these estimates increased to 14.2% and 19.8%, respectively, in the population that was limited to nonsmokers. This difference is not trivial, especially for men, where a 3.5-fold difference in the magnitude of PAF is observed when including or excluding smokers. Clearly, tobacco use has a profound influence in considering the association between body mass and cancer risk. Is it more appropriate to consider the PAF in the entire population or to stratify by smoking status? Some have argued that estimation on the basis of the entire population is more legitimate because it preserves generalizability. For example, Flegal et al argue that not all cancers are associated with obesity and, therefore, estimates on the basis of the entire population are most appropriate. In this commentary, however, we argue that from biologic, epidemiologic, clinical, and public health perspectives, effect estimates for excess body weight on cancer risk should be given separately for smokers and nonsmokers, and results given for the entire population are generalizable only in the sense that they are wrong for everyone.
Adiponectin, AFABP, and Leptin in Human Breast Milk During 12 Months of Lactation

Objectives: Adiponectin, adipocyte fatty acid–binding protein (AFABP), and leptin have been shown to be present in human breast milk (BM). We determined intraindividual changes of BM levels of these proteins during 12 months of lactation. Subjects and Methods: Proteins were measured using a high-sensitivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method in 72 healthy mothers after delivery (day 0, D0) and after 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of lactation. Results: Adiponectin levels in BM on D0 were 22.8 ± 0.8 (mean ± standard error of the mean), in 1 month (M1) 22.0 ± 0.6, in 3 months (M3) 20.5 ± 0.6, in 6 months (M6) 21.4 ± 0.8, and in 12 months (M12) 25.7 ± 1.4 ng/mL. AFABP levels were 12.3 ± 2.0, 6.2 ± 1.3, 1.3 ± 0.2, 2.5 ± 1.0, and 4.6 ± 1.9 ng/mL, respectively. Leptin levels were 0.3 ± 0.04, 0.2 ± 0.03, 0.1 ± 0.01, 0.1 ± 0.02, and 0.2 ± 0.04 ng/mL, respectively. We found significantly higher levels of adiponectin in M12 in comparison to M3 and M6 (P = 0.0026), higher levels of AFABP in D0 and M1 when compared with M3, M6, and M12 (P < 0.0001), and higher levels of leptin on D0 than in M1, M3, M6, and M12 (P < 0.0001). AFABP levels correlated negatively with infants' body weight in M1, but there was no correlation throughout the lactation period between body weight and other proteins. We found positive correlation between adiponectin, AFABP, and leptin throughout the lactation. Conclusions: All of the hormones were detectable in BM up to 12 months of lactation, with decreasing trend until M3 and subsequent increase till M12. We speculate that higher levels in M6 and M12 may be caused by longer intervals between breast-feeding due to the introduction of complementary food.
Mixed Integer Program Heuristic for Linear Ordering Problem

: The Linear Ordering Problem is a classic optimization problem which can be used to model problems in graph theory, machine scheduling, and voting theory, many of which have practical applications. Relatively recently, there has been some success in using Mixed Integer Program (MIP) heuristic for NP-hard optimization problems. We report our experience with using a MIP heuristic for the problem. Our heuristic generates a starting feasible solution based on the Linear Programming solution to the IP formulation for the Linear Ordering Problem. For each starting solution, a neighborhood is deﬁned, again based on the LP solution to the problem. A MIP solver is then used to obtain the optimal solution among all the solutions in the neighborhood. The MIP heuristic shows promise for large problems of hard instances.
Effects of cell membrane phospholipid level and protein kinase C isoenzyme expression on hepatic metastasis of colorectal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND The molecular mechanism of hepatic metastasis of colorectal cancer is not well understood. The aim of this study was to assess the relations between phospholipid contents of cellular membrane and isoenzyme expression of protein kinase C (PKC) and their effects on hepatic metastasis of colorectal cancer. METHODS High performance liquid chromatography was used to detect contents of cell membrane phospholipids: phosphatidylinosital (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) in primary foci, paratumor mucosa and hepatic metastatic foci in patients with colorectal carcinoma. The mRNA expression levels of PKC-alpha, -betaII, -delta, -epsilon, -lambda, -zeta isoenzymes were detected with the QRT-PCR technique. RESULTS The levels of PI, PC and PE in primary foci and hepatic metastatic foci were higher than those in paratumor mucosa. The level of PE in hepatic metastatic foci was much higher than that in primary foci (t=98.88, P<0.01); but the levels of PI and PC were not significantly different between primary foci and hepatic metastatic foci (t=1.73, 1.36, P>0.05). The expression levels of PKC-betaII, -delta, -epsilon, -lambda, -zeta were enhanced in primary foci and hepatic metastatic foci, but the level of PKC-alpha in primary foci was decreased as compared with that in paratumor mucosa. The levels of PKC-delta, -epsilon, -lambda, -zeta in hepatic metastatic foci were higher than those in primary foci. A positive correlation was observed between the expression levels of PI, PC and PKC-betaII and also between those of PE and PKC-delta, -epsilon, -lambda, -zeta. However, there was a close negative correlation between PE and PKC-alpha. CONCLUSION Increased levels of PI and PC and decreased ratio of PKC-alpha to PKC-betaII are related to colorectal cancer genesis. Increased levels of PE, increased expression of PKC-delta, -epsilon, -lambda, -zeta isoenzymes and decreased level of PKC-alpha are related to hepatic metastasis in colorectal carcinoma.
Cloning and sequencing of a 2,5-dichloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-diol dehydrogenase gene involved in the degradation of gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane in Pseudomonas paucimobilis

In Pseudomonas paucimobilis UT26, gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH) is converted to 2,5-dichloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-diol (2,5-DDOL), which is then metabolized to 2,5-dichlorohydroquinone. Here, we isolated from the genomic library of UT26 two genes which expressed 2,5-DDOL dehydrogenase activity when they were transformed into P. putida and Escherichia coli. Both gene products had an apparent molecular size of 28 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The first gene, named linC, located separately from the two genes (linA and linB) which we had already cloned as genes involved in the gamma-HCH degradation. The other, named linX, located about 1 kb upstream of the linA gene encoding gamma-HCH dehydrochlorinase. A gamma-HCH degradation-negative mutant, named UT72, which lacked the whole linC gene but had the intact linX gene was isolated. The linC gene given in a plasmid could complement UT72. These results strongly suggest that the linC gene but not the linX gene is essential for the assimilation of gamma-HCH in UT26. Deduced amino acid sequences of LinC and LinX show homology to those of members of the short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase family.
Stakeholders pressure, SMEs characteristics and environmental management in Ghana

Abstract We investigate the role of stakeholders and SMEs characteristics on the extent of environmental management (EM) (natural environment) and their effect on different dimensions of environmental management practices (EMPs) (energy, water, waste, materials, pollution, and biodiversity) in Ghana. Studies examining the simultaneous effect of firm-specific characteristics and external motivators on EM and across different dimensions of EMPs are limited particularly among SMEs. We analyzed a sample of 238 manufacturing and services sector SMEs. The results suggest that primary stakeholder pressure, industry and size are significantly associated with the extent of EM. However, secondary stakeholders' pressure, firm age, and ownership type are not significant. When we dis-entangled EM into different EMPs, the results suggest that stakeholders and SMEs characteristics have different impact depending on the EMPs. The study contributes by providing evidence that the two main theoretical frameworks we relied upon in this study (stakeholder and legitimacy) can only explain why some stakeholders and SMEs characteristics are associated with EM and certain EMPs. The findings also have policy implications for equipping secondary stakeholders to have the desired influence on SMEs environmental management.
On The Use of Decision Trees for Arabic Pronunciation Assessment

In the context of Computer Assisted Pronunciation Teaching (CAPT) and especially for the pronunciation evaluation, an Arabic speech recognizer is built and used to provide us with machine scores which will be used to assess the pronunciation of Arabic young learners. Most of the times, empirical thresholds are set to accept or reject the pronunciation. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of using decision trees as a tool to set automatically these thresholds. The aim of this study is to be able to separate between Algerian young pupils who may have disabilities in pronunciation from those who have normal pronunciation. Because having serious pronunciation difficulties can affect the whole educational career of pupils, our aim is to provide them with a tool based on speech recognition technology that can diagnosis different pronunciation problems.
Increased Aortic Wall Stiffness Associated with Low Circulating Fetuin A and High C-Reactive Protein in Predialysis Patients

Background/Aims: Vascular calcification and arterial stiffening are cardiovascular risk factors among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. The aim of the study was to analyze relationships between inflammatory markers, fetuin A and arterial wall stiffness in CKD patients in the predialysis period and on maintenance dialysis. Methods: Serum C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), fetuin A, interleukin 6 (IL-6) and other classical markers of atherosclerosis were measured in a group of 155 CKD patients (77 on hemodialysis, HD, 29 on peritoneal dialysis, 49 in CKD stage 5 in the predialysis period) and in 30 healthy volunteers. The aortic pulse wave velocity (aoPWV) was recorded using a tonometric method. Results: The aoPWV, serum hs-CRP and IL-6 were higher and fetuin A levels were lower in all CKD groups than in controls. In multiple regression analysis, the age appeared as the strongest, independent factor increasing arterial wall stiffness in all investigated groups, including controls, whereas the association of aoPWV with IL-6 and fetuin A remained significant only in HD patients. Conclusions: Aortic wall stiffness is higher in CKD patients than in controls, and it already develops in the predialysis period. Age is the principal determinant of arterial wall stiffness also in CKD patients. The acceleration of arterial wall stiffness in CKD is associated with additional factors, i.e. fetuin A deficiency and higher CRP and IL-6.
A Fibrational Framework for Substructural and Modal Logics

We define a general framework that abstracts the common features of many intuitionistic substructural and modal logics / type theories. The framework is a sequent calculus / normal-form type theory parametrized by a mode theory, which is used to describe the structure of contexts and the structural properties they obey. In this sequent calculus, the context itself obeys standard structural properties, while a term, drawn from the mode theory, constrains how the context can be used. Product types, implications, and modalities are defined as instances of two general connectives, one positive and one negative, that manipulate these terms. Specific mode theories can express a range of substructural and modal connectives, including non-associative, ordered, linear, affine, relevant, and cartesian products and implications; monoidal and non-monoidal functors, (co)monads and adjunctions; n-linear variables; and bunched implications. We prove cut (and identity) admissibility independently of the mode theory, obtaining it for many different logics at once. Further, we give a general equational theory on derivations / terms that, in addition to the usual beta/eta-rules, characterizes when two derivations differ only by the placement of structural rules. Additionally, we give an equivalent semantic presentation of these ideas, in which a mode theory corresponds to a 2-dimensional cartesian multicategory, the framework corresponds to another such multicategory with a functor to the mode theory, and the logical connectives make this into a bifibration. Finally, we show how the framework can be used both to encode existing existing logics / type theories and to design new ones.
A very wideband low noise amplifier for cognitive radios

In this paper, a new full on-chip CMOS low-noise amplifier (LNA) topology for the range of 50 MHz to 10 GHz is introduced that has very low power consumption. It exploits the combination of a common-gate (CG) stage for wideband input matching and a common-source (CS) stage for canceling the noise and distortion of CG stage. Moreover the CS stage used both nMOS and pMOS transistors to improve the IIP2. Simulated in a 90 nm RF CMOS technology, the proposed LNA achieves a noise figure of 2.3 dB to 2.8 dB and input return loss (S11) less than −10 dB over whole the bandwidth while consumes only 6 mW from a 1 V power supply. The average of the power gain (S21) is 12 dB. The achieved IIP3 and IIP2 are about −5 dBm and 20 dBm, respectively.