Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
(1H-Benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid-κN 3)(1H-benzimidazole-6-carboxylic acid-κN 3)silver(I) perchlorate

The reaction of 1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with silver nitrate in the presence of perchloric acid under hydrothermal conditions yielded the title complex, [Ag(C8H6N2O2)2]ClO4, which comprises of an [Ag(C8H6N2O2)2] mononuclear cation and a perchlorate anion. The AgI ion is coordinated by two N atoms from two different neutral 1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid ligands with an N—Ag—N bond angle of 163.21 (14)°, forming an [Ag(C8H6N2O2)2] mononuclear cation. Although both ligands in the mononuclear cation are monodentate with one N atom coordinated to the metal ion, they are different: one is N3 coordinated to the Ag I ion and the N1 atom protonated, the other with the N1 coordinated to the Ag I ion and the N3 atom protonated (and thus formally a 1H-benzimidazole-6-carboxylic acid rather than a 1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid ligand). The planes of the two planar ligands are roughly perpendicular, making a dihedral angle of 84.97 (2)°. The packing of the ions is stablized by extensive O—H⋯O, N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, and by remote Ag⋯O interactions [3.002 (3), 3.581 (5) and 3.674 (5) Å].
Early signals for fracture healing

Fracture healing requires the cooperation of multiple molecular signaling pathways. To better understand this cascade of transcriptional events, we compared the gene expression profiles between intact bone and fractured bone at days 1, 2, and 4 using a rat femur model of bone healing. Cluster analysis identified several groups of genes with dynamic temporal expression patterns and stage‐specific functions. The immediate‐response genes are highlighted by binding activity, transporter activity, and energy derivation. We consider these activities as critical signals for initiation of fracture healing. The continuously increased genes are characterized by those directly involved in bone repair, thus, representing bone specific forefront workers. The constantly upregulated genes tend to regulate general cell growth and are enriched with genes that are involved in tumorigenesis, suggesting common pathways between two processes. The constantly downregulated genes predominantly involve immune response, the significance of which remains for further investigation. Knowledge acquired through this analysis of transcriptional activities at the early stage of bone healing will contribute to our understanding of fracture repair and bone‐related pathological conditions. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Shifts in the unemployment rate: the role of productivity growth

We investigate the controversial issue whether productivity growth influences unemployment in the long run. Our theoretical framework predicts an inverse relationship (if reservation wages partially depend on past wages), and we test this prediction with U.S. data in a framework of endogenously estimated discrete mean shifts assuming regime-wise balanced growth. Recent system techniques indicate that the two shifts are common features, and also confirm the theoretical prediction. The break dates are 1973/74 and 1994/95; remarkably, the first and third regimes are almost identical. The unemployment decline in the 1990s indeed stemmed from higher average productivity growth.
Multiple polynomial regression method for determination of biomedical optical properties from integrating sphere measurements.

We present a new, to our knowledge, method for extracting optical properties from integrating sphere measurements on thin biological samples. The method is based on multivariate calibration techniques involving Monte Carlo simulations, multiple polynomial regression, and a Newton-Raphson algorithm for solving nonlinear equation systems. Prediction tests with simulated data showed that the mean relative prediction error of the absorption and the reduced scattering coefficients within typical biological ranges were less than 0.3%. Similar tests with data from integrating sphere measurements on 20 dye-polystyrene microsphere phantoms led to mean errors less than 1.7% between predicted and theoretically calculated values. Comparisons showed that our method was more robust and typically 5-10 times as fast and accurate as two other established methods, i.e., the inverse adding-doubling method and the Monte Carlo spline interpolation method.
The Escherichia coli K‐12 sheA gene encodes a 34‐kDa secreted haemolysin

Haemolytic toxins belong to one of several classes of virulence factors that contribute to bacterial pathogenicity. The non‐pathogenic Escherichia coli K‐12 laboratory strain was considered for years to be non‐haemolytic. However, overproduction of several transcriptional regulators induced the appearance of a haemolytic activity that is absent under usual laboratory growth conditions. In this work, we have cloned and characterized an E. coli K‐12 gene, sheA, whose overexpression results in a haemolytic phenotype. It maps to min 27 on the genetic map, and codes for a 34‐kDa polypeptide with at least one putative transmembrane segment. This polypeptide, which has neither signal peptide nor other known secretory motifs, is secreted to the medium during the exponential growth phase. In vitro coupled transcription/translation assays, using a plasmid carrying only the sheA gene as template, resulted in the production of a polypeptide with haemolytic activity per se. Our results demonstrate that the sheA gene actually encodes the E. coli K‐12 chromosomal haemolysin. The SheA haemolysin does not resemble other known cytolytic toxins, and it may represent the prototype of a novel family, as suggested by the presence of homologues in several E. coli pathogenic strains and in Shigella flexneri.
Hollow and solid silica nanoparticles for environmental applications: characterization and transport in porous media

In recent years, SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) have been extensively investigated for their potential in a wide range of environmental applications, including contaminant adsorption, environmental catalysis or as carriers for encapsulated pesticides. In this study, a combination of experimental methods, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and disc centrifuge was used to characterize two sets of hollow and solid silica NPs. NPs transport in sand-packed columns was then studied at various electrolyte concentrations to assess their mobility in typical geochemical conditions. Due to the similarities in their physical properties, solid SiO2 NPs were used as templates for mesoporous silica particles, that represent the real competitor to hollow spheres for applications as carriers or adsorbents. Classical theoretical foundations of colloids science, namely Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory, single collector contact efficiency and macro-scale transport equations were used for the interpretation of experimental data. Analysis of breakthrough curves (BTC) revealed high mobility features for both sets of particles, that were consistently able to reach C/C0 values higher than 0.6. NPs retention within the porous medium increased with increasing ionic strength: in the same chemistry conditions, solid particles showed higher mobility. These results are in good accordance with single collector efficiency calculations and DLVO interaction energies. Modelling based on classical filtration theory’s (CFT) clean bed hypothesis was not able to approximate experimental BTCs for both hollow and solid particles. Reversible particle-solid phase interactions were found to be better suited to model experimental BTCs and estimated kinetic rates were consistent with data found in literature. Further confirmation regarding SiO2 particles’ high mobility was given by a percentage of mass recovery always exceeding 80%, even in the most favourable attachment conditions. In conclusion, the density difference was proven to be of minimal influence on macro-scale transport, and higher retention levels showed by hollow particles were imputable to surface properties. There is strong evidence that both sets of SiO2 NPs could behave as vectors for adsorbed contaminants but conclusive evaluations in this regard should be based on transport tests performed on loaded particles.
SIW-Based Array Antennas With Sequential Feeding for X-Band Satellite Communication

Novel phased array antennas suitable for X-band satellite communication are introduced and investigated for right-handed circular polarization (RHCP) in a multi-layered fabrication. The primary function of the proposed antennas is to transmit high quality data obtained from satellites and the ground station systems with the lowest amount of loss. For accurate data transmission, the important parameters regarding antenna specifications and electrical performance are the antenna gain and the high-purity polarization. Hence, this paper describes novel procedures for gain enhancements of the array antennas working at X-band (from 8.0 to 8.5 GHz) with an RHCP characteristic, including a single element, 2×2 array, and 2×4 array with four-way and eight-way power dividers, respectively. Taking into consideration the long-distance communication between a satellite and ground station, a substrate-integrated waveguide structure has been proposed, in particular because it is known to have low radiation loss and a low weight comparable to that of a microstrip, as well as low material loss similar to that of a metal-surrounded waveguide.
GREEN TEA MITIGATES STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC MICE THROUGH ANTI-FIBROTIC ACTIVITY AND MODULATION OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES

This research was planned to assess the protective effect of green tea extract (GTE) in STZ-induced diabetes in mice. Seventy-five female albino mice were used. Mice randomly allocated into five groups of 15 mice in each as follows: group 1 (control), group 2 (STZ, diabetic), group 3 (green tea + STZ), group 4 (protective group with green tea), and group 5 (green tea only). Oral administration of the green tea extract for three weeks to diabetic mice resulted in significant regaining in body weight, decreased blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, free fatty acid and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and lowered malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and increased total protein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) as compared to untreated diabetic group. Histopathological changes were compatible with these biochemical findings. Diabetic mice pre- or co-treated with green tea also exhibited a significant downregulation in TGFβ1 and TNFα genes expression. Green tea extracts had protective and antidiabetic effect in controlling blood glucose level in addition to improving lipid metabolism and body weight in diabetic mice. Key words: diabetes; green tea; liver; TNFα; TGF-Β1; mice
Use of an axenic medium for differentiation between pathogenic and nonpathogenic Naegleria fowleri isolates

Growth in an axenic medium composed by Chang (3rd Int. Congr. Parasitol. Munich Abstr. ICPIII 1:187-188, 1974) allowed separation of pathogenic from nonpathogenic Naegleria fowleri strains, since only the former show luxuriant growth in this medium. On the basis of these results, this medium was used in early screening for virulent Naegleria isolates. During an extensive ecological study, data were obtained on 102 Naegleria strains. Twenty of these strains grew luxuriantly in this liquid medium. Seventeen of them were tested by intranasal instillation in mice, and all proved to be highly pathogenic. Strains showing only moderate growth or no growth at all in this axenic medium were found to be nonpathogenic for mice. Moreover, it was found that using this medium in the early stage of Naegleria sampling favors isolation of pathogenic strains in mixtures of Naegleria. During these experiments, further evidence was obtained that thermal polluted waters are the main origin of N. fowleri in the environment.
Automatic Coding of Death Certificates to ICD-10 Terminology

In this study, we present methods to automatically assign ICD-10 codes to short plain text description extracted from death certificates in English. We deployed an approach to tackle the task by solely using dictionary lookup, also known as dictionary matching or dictionary projection. The first step is to index manually coded ICD-10 lexicon followed by dictionary matching. Priority rules are applied to retrieve the relevant entity/entities and their corresponding ICD-10 code(s) given free text cause of death description. Because of the dictionary based method that we applied, we were able to evaluate our method even on the training set. The advantages of a dictionary look up method include speed and no need for training data. We present our results of 3 different experimental settings each of which has 2 individual runs. The performance is evaluated by precision, recall and F-measure. We identified several major issues in the corpus contributing to the low performance of our methods. This reiterates the fact that the quality of lexicon plays a significant role on the performance of dictionary lookup based methods.
Occult ovarian tumors in women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations undergoing prophylactic oophorectomy.

PURPOSE To review the findings at prophylactic oophorectomy of a series of women who presented to a familial breast and ovarian cancer clinic. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from medical charts, operative notes, and pathology reports were collected on women who had undergone prophylactic oophorectomies because of the elevated risk of ovarian cancer. Because only a subset of patients underwent BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing, each patient's risk of hereditary predisposition was calculated using the Berry-Parmigiani model and family history data. RESULTS From June 1989 to December 1998, 50 women seen at our clinic underwent prophylactic oophorectomy, 33 of whom had a calculated risk of carrying a germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation greater than 25%. Among this group, four incidental tumors were found (four of 33, or 12%); one tumor was noted at the time of surgery and three were noted only in the final pathology. Two patients had microscopic, poorly differentiated serous adenocarcinomas in multiple sites on both ovaries. A third patient had a bilateral serous borderline tumor with micropapillary features. The fourth patient had a microscopic serous borderline ovarian tumor. All four patients had germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, and three had unremarkable transvaginal ultrasonography examinations within 6 months before prophylactic surgery. CONCLUSION Foci of malignant tumor are not uncommon in prophylactic oophorectomies performed in women at very high risk for ovarian cancer and may not be detected on ultrasonograms. Surgeons should have a high suspicion of finding cancer in these women at the time of prophylactic surgery, and careful pathologic assessment of the specimens should be conducted.
Effects of a Novel School-Based Cross-Curricular Physical Activity Intervention on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in 11- to 14-Year-Olds: The Activity Knowledge Circuit

Purpose. This study investigates cardiovascular disease risk factor response in adolescents following introduction of brisk walking into curriculum lessons. Design. Quasi-experimental. Setting. School-based. Subjects. An intervention group consisted of 115 (aged 12.4 ± 0.5 y) year eight participants, and 77 (aged 12.1 ± 1.1 y) year seven and year nine participants formed a control. Intervention. An 18-week cross-curricular physical activity intervention was implemented in one secondary school. Measures. Adiposity variables, blood pressure, lipids, lipoproteins, glucose, insulin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, high-molecular-weight adiponectin, aerobic fitness, physical activity behavior, and diet were assessed preintervention and postintervention. Analysis. Dependent and independent t-tests. Results. Prevalence of elevated waist circumference (9.8% vs. 6.9%), systolic blood pressure (3.3% vs. 0%), triglycerides (2.5% vs. 1.2%), and reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol (3.7% vs. 2.7%) decreased in the intervention group. Significant improvements in high density lipoprotein cholesterol to total cholesterol ratio (mean ± SD: 2% ± 4% [confidence interval (CI)0.05 = 1% to 2%], t80 = −3.5, p = . 001) and glucose (−.1 ± .4 mmol/L [CI0.05 = −.2% to 0%], t79 = 3.2, p = .002) were evident for the intervention group. Conclusion. The Activity Knowledge Circuit may prove to be a sustainable, effective, and cost-effective strategy to engage schoolchildren in physical activity on a daily basis. A longer-duration intervention is required to fully understand risk factor response in adolescents.
Long Tails and Localized Increasing Returns

In this paper, I develop a simple model of consumer choice that demonstrates why a market with increasing returns may not converge to a winner-take-all outcome and can even support a "Long Tail" of small share products. Consumers choose products by first limiting their choice to a subset of options in order to satisfy product characteristic requirements or to reduce the information costs of their decision, and then selecting from this feasible set based on a combination of individual preferences and increasing returns to sales. The critical factor in determining the shape of the market share distribution is the distribution of feasible set sizes. In most cases, the resulting distribution of shares follows a power law. The implications of the model for market efficiency and predictability are also examined.
Vestibular function assessment using the NIH Toolbox

Objective: Development of an easy to administer, low-cost test of vestibular function. Methods: Members of the NIH Toolbox Sensory Domain Vestibular, Vision, and Motor subdomain teams collaborated to identify 2 tests: 1) Dynamic Visual Acuity (DVA), and 2) the Balance Accelerometry Measure (BAM). Extensive work was completed to identify and develop appropriate software and hardware. More than 300 subjects between the ages of 3 and 85 years, with and without vestibular dysfunction, were recruited and tested. Currently accepted gold standard measures of static visual acuity, vestibular function, dynamic visual acuity, and balance were performed to determine validity. Repeat testing was performed to examine reliability. Results: The DVA and BAM tests are affordable and appropriate for use for individuals 3 through 85 years of age. The DVA had fair to good reliability (0.41–0.94) and sensitivity and specificity (50%–73%), depending on age and optotype chosen. The BAM test was moderately correlated with center of pressure (r = 0.42–0.48) and dynamic posturography (r = −0.48), depending on age and test condition. Both tests differentiated those with and without vestibular impairment and the young from the old. Each test was reliable. Conclusion: The newly created DVA test provides a valid measure of visual acuity with the head still and moving quickly. The novel BAM is a valid measure of balance. Both tests are sensitive to age-related changes and are able to screen for impairment of the vestibular system.
A DyadicCluster method used for nonlinear placement

The executing analytical global placers on a flat cell design might give the best placement results, but nevertheless can incur extremely long runtime, especially when the scale of netlists is increasing dramatically nowadays. And in the flatten mode experiments, the results reveal some unexpected situations like several cells with same logical connections are inseparable. Clustering offers an aviliable solution to above questions and give an attractive choice to reduce the scale and complexity of the design, at the same time improve the placement quality. In this paper, we present a new cluster technique called DyadicCluster to consider the internal and external connections between two cells and add the area constraints, so as to combine the most closely two cells, which is more quick and accurate than previous methods. DyadicCluster has been embedded into the global placement process of a nonlinear placer DCNP for large-scale designs. The DCNP runtime explicitly decreases compared to the flatten mode [1] by 40% and the quality improves by 12%. And the half-perimeter wirelength of our placer after detail placement outperforms current state-of-the-art placers Capo, FastPlace, Fengshui and mPL5-fast by 7%, 9%, 1%, and 5% respectively.
Comparison of flow cytometry and virus isolation in cell culture for identification of cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus

Detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus in 143 blood samples by virus isolation in cell culture and flow cytometry was performed. The material included 37 samples later shown to originate from persistently infected cattle. Thirty-three samples were positive by virus isolation, and all 37 samples were positive by the flow cytometric assay.
Chlorpyrifos exposure reduces reproductive capacity owing to a damaging effect on gametogenesis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Previous studies have revealed that chlorpyrifos exposure adversely affects the reproductive capacity of male rodents. The present study investigated the reproductive toxicity of chlorpyrifos exposure and possible related mechanisms using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. L4 nematode larvae were exposed to chlorpyrifos at concentrations of 0.003, 0.03, 0.3 and 3.0 mg l−1 for different durations. In addition to decreased brood size, reduced spermatid size, increased percentage of abnormal spermatids, suppressed spermatid activation and motility of sperm, damaged oocyte morphology, increased numbers of apoptotic cells and unfertilized oocytes were observed in nematodes exposed to various concentrations of chlorpyrifos. Moreover, expression patterns of the genes spe‐10, spe‐15, fer‐1, prg‐1, glp‐1, mlh‐1, cyb‐3, ced‐3, ced‐4 and ced‐9 (which are associated with spermatid size, spermatid activation and morphology, oocyte morphology, oocyte function, and apoptosis) were altered after chlorpyrifos exposure. Therefore, chlorpyrifos exposure may adversely affect fertility in nematodes by influencing both spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Alterations in the expression patterns of genes involved in gametogenesis may explain the corresponding changes in gametogenesis in nematodes exposed to chlorpyrifos. Hence, the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is recommended for assessment of reproductive toxicity relating to gametogenesis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel dynamic framework to detect DDoS in SDN using metaheuristic clustering

© 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Security is a crucial factor in the continuously evolving programmable networks. With the emergence of programmable networking terminals, the need to protect the networks has become mandatory. Software-defined networks (SDNs) provide programmable switches, thereby isolating the data plane from the control plane. Many security algorithms have been proposed to protect the network; however, they have failed to protect SDNs from attacks such as distributed denial of service (DDoS), jamming, and man-in-the-middle attacks. In this article, we only address the DDoS attack that prevails in SDNs. Isolation of the control plane from the data plane increases the probability of an attack on the data plane. Therefore, a framework that can handle the dynamic traffic and can protect the network from DDoS attacks is required. Our proposed whale optimization algorithm–based clustering for DDoS detection (WOA-DD) avoids the DDoS attacks using a metaheuristic approach by clustering the attack requests. We evaluated this algorithm for robustness in comparison with several existing solutions and found it to be safe under several conditions. The proposed attack request clustering is explored to check its feasibility with various machine learning approaches and found to be stable with the prevailing mechanisms. Analysis of the algorithm under varied conditions reveals that WOA-DD is robust, stable, and efficient against DDoS attacks.