Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Excess Risk Bounds for Exponentially Concave Losses

The overarching goal of this paper is to derive excess risk bounds for learning from exp-concave loss functions in passive and sequential learning settings. Exp-concave loss functions encompass several fundamental problems in machine learning such as squared loss in linear regression, logistic loss in classification, and negative logarithm loss in portfolio management. In batch setting, we obtain sharp bounds on the performance of empirical risk minimization performed in a linear hypothesis space and with respect to the exp-concave loss functions. We also extend the results to the online setting where the learner receives the training examples in a sequential manner. We propose an online learning algorithm that is a properly modified version of online Newton method to obtain sharp risk bounds. Under an additional mild assumption on the loss function, we show that in both settings we are able to achieve an excess risk bound of $O(d\log n/n)$ that holds with a high probability.
Soluble Dietary Fiber Ameliorates Radiation-Induced Intestinal Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Fibrosis

Background: Intestinal fibrosis is a late complication of pelvic radiotherapy. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in tissue fibrosis. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of soluble dietary fiber on radiation-induced intestinal EMT and fibrosis in a mouse model. Materials and Methods: Apple pectin (4% wt/wt in drinking water) was administered to wild-type and pVillin-Cre-EGFP transgenic mice with intestinal fibrosis induced by a single dose of abdominal irradiation of 10 Gy. The effects of pectin on intestinal EMT and fibrosis, gut microbiota, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration were evaluated. Results: Intestinal fibrosis in late radiation enteropathy showed increased submucosal thickness and subepithelial collagen deposition. Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)+/vimentin+ and EGFP+/&agr;–smooth muscle actin (SMA)+ coexpressing cells were most clearly observed at 2 weeks after irradiation and gradually decreased at 4 and 12 weeks. Pectin significantly attenuated the thickness of submucosa and collagen deposition at 12 weeks (24.3 vs 27.6 µm in the pectin + radiation-treated group compared with radiation-alone group, respectively, P < .05; 69.0% vs 57.1%, P < .001) and ameliorated EMT at 2 and 4 weeks. Pectin also modulated the intestinal microbiota composition and increased the luminal SCFA concentration. Conclusion: The soluble dietary fiber pectin protected the terminal ileum against radiation-induced fibrosis. This effect might be mediated by altered SCFA concentration in the intestinal lumen and reduced EMT in the ileal epithelium.
Pre-processing planning domains containing Language Axioms

We present an automatic procedure for pre-processing planning problems containing language axioms, a specific type of domain axioms. The axioms considered are assumed to be in the form p1 ∧ p2 ∧ . ∧ pn → c. The pre-processing approach described consists of encoding the language axioms directly inside the given operators, contrary to other (not always correct) existing approaches in which axioms are converted into additional operators. A distinction is made between two different types of axiom sets, namely, recursive and non-recursive sets, which are treated differently. While a simple replacement algorithm is appropriate for the nonrecursive case, a more sophisticated procedure is proposed for pre-processing sets of recursive language axioms. Subject to some assumptions, the method presented can be generalised and used with any set of axioms of the type considered. Preliminary experimental results seem to suggest that the approach identified is sound and may lead to improvements in planning performance.
Investigating Users' Reaction to Fine-Grained Data Requests: A Market Experiment

The market for smartphone applications is steadily growing. Unfortunately, along with this growth, the number of malicious applications is increasing as well. To identify this malware, various automatic code-analysis tools have been developed. These tools are able to assess the risk associated with a specific app. However, informing users about these findings is often difficult. Currently, on Android, users decide about applications based on coarse-grained permission dialogs during installation. As these dialogs are quite abstract, many users do not read or understand them. Thus, to make the more detailed findings from security research accessible, new mechanisms for privacy communication need to be assessed. In our market experiment, we investigate how fine-grained data requests during runtime affect users' information disclosure. We find that many users reverse their decision when prompted with a fine-grained request. Additionally, an effect of security awareness and level of detail on disclosure was found.
Web-application attacks: A survey

Attackers have an over-growing list of vulnerabilities to exploit in order to maliciously gain access to particular web applications. New vulnerabilities are being discovered all the time by computer security researchers, by attackers and even by users. Each time changes are made at any level of the web-application infrastructure; there is the potential for new vulnerabilities to be created. In this paper, we discuss about the vulnerabilities that today's web applications face and what work has been done to tackle these vulnerabilities. Firstly, different types of these vulnerabilities are presented by dividing them into relevant groups. Then a survey is presented in tabular form to present the research done in static and dynamic approaches to tackle web application vulnerabilities. After that, a survey dealing primarily with the research done in the field of cross-site scripting attacks is presented. Finally, future scope and pathway for research is suggested for preventing cross-site scripting attacks.
Climate Change and Its Impact on the Eco-Environment of the Three-Rivers Headwater Region on the Tibetan Plateau, China

This study analyzes the impact of climate change on the eco-environment of the Three-Rivers Headwater Region (TRHR), Tibetan Plateau, China. Temperature and precipitation experienced sharp increases in this region during the past 57 years. A dramatic increase in winter temperatures contributed to a rise in average annual temperatures. Moreover, annual runoff in the Lancang (LRB) and Yangtze (YARB) river basins showed an increasing trend, compared to a slight decrease in the Yellow River Basin (YRB). Runoff is predominantly influenced by rainfall, which is controlled by several monsoon systems. The water temperature in the YRB and YARB increased significantly from 1958 to 2007 (p < 0.001), driven by air temperature changes. Additionally, owing to warming and wetting trends in the TRHR, the net primary productivity (NPP) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) showed significant increasing trends during the past half-century. Furthermore, although an increase in water erosion due to rainfall erosivity was observed, wind speeds declined significantly, causing a decline in wind erosion, as well as the frequency and duration of sandstorms. A clear regional warming trend caused an obvious increasing trend in glacier runoff, with a maximum value observed in the 2000s.
Dependency-Based Bilingual Language Models for Reordering in Statistical Machine Translation

This paper presents a novel approach to improve reordering in phrase-based machine translation by using richer, syntactic representations of units of bilingual language models (BiLMs). Our method to include syntactic information is simple in implementation and requires minimal changes in the decoding algorithm. The approach is evaluated in a series of ArabicEnglish and Chinese-English translation experiments. The best models demonstrate significant improvements in BLEU and TER over the phrase-based baseline, as well as over the lexicalized BiLM by Niehues et al. (2011). Further improvements of up to 0.45 BLEU for ArabicEnglish and up to 0.59 BLEU for ChineseEnglish are obtained by combining our dependency BiLM with a lexicalized BiLM. An improvement of 0.98 BLEU is obtained for Chinese-English in the setting of an increased distortion limit.
Mugshot: Deterministic Capture and Replay for JavaScript Applications

Mugshot is a system that captures every event in an executing JavaScript program, allowing developers to deterministically replay past executions of web applications. Replay is useful for a variety of reasons: failure analysis using debugging tools, performance evaluation, and even usability analysis of a GUI. Because Mugshot can replay every execution step that led to a failure, it is far more useful for performing root-cause analysis than today's commonly deployed client-based error reporting systems--core dumps and stack traces can only give developers a snapshot of the system after a failure has occurred. Many logging systems require a specially instrumented execution environment like a virtual machine or a custom program interpreter. In contrast, Mugshot's client-side component is implemented entirely in standard JavaScript, providing event capture on unmodified client browsers. Mugshot imposes low overhead in terms of storage (20-80KB/minute) and computation (slowdowns of about 7% for games with high event rates). This combination of features--a low-overhead library that runs in unmodified browers--makes Mugshot one of the first capture systems that is practical to deploy to every client and run in the common case. With Mugshot, developers can collect widespread traces from programs in the field, gaining a visibility into application execution that is typically only available in a controlled development environment.
Non-volatile memory and manufacturing method thereof

The present invention discloses a non-volatile memory and manufacturing method thereof. This non-volatile memory comprises a substrate, a plurality of word lines, select lines, and a plurality of doped regions. A substrate having a memory cell region and two select line regions. Select line regions are located on opposite sides of the memory cell region. Word lines arranged in the memory cell region. Line selection line is provided to the selection area. The same line width of each character width to each select line. The same as the spacing between the spacing between adjacent word lines, the spacing between adjacent lines and adjacent to the selected line and selected word line. Doped regions located on both sides of a substrate on both sides of each of the word lines and select line for each zone.
A Si bipolar laser diode driver/receiver chip set for 4-channel 5 Gb/s parallel optical interconnection

A chip set of a 4-channel 5 Gb/s laser driver and a receiver uses an electro-optical mixed design with an array of laser diodes. It realizes a parallel optical transceiver module with 20 Gb/s throughput. Optical waveform is not required. Power consumption is 1.3 W.
Detection and preliminary screening of the human gene expression profile for Hirschsprung's disease

The present study investigated a genome microarray of colorectal lesions (spasm segments) in children with Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR), and analyzed the results. In addition, the present study screened for differentially expressed genes in children with HSCR. Microarray technology was used to examine the human gene expression profiles of the colorectal lesions (spasm segments) of six children with HSCR, and three normal colon tissue samples. The data were analyzed be determining P-values of significance and absolute fold changes. Preliminary screening was performed to identify genes exhibiting significant differential expression in children with HSCR, and these target genes were analyzed in subsequent verification and analytical investigations. Of >20,000 detected human genes, the preliminary screenings demonstrated that 3,850 genes were differentially expressed and upregulated, with P<0.05 and >2-fold absolute changes in expression. In addition, 645 differentially expressed genes with P<0.05 and >2-fold absolute changes were downregulated. Of the upregulated genes, 118 were involved in classic signaling pathways, compared with 11 of the downregulated genes (P<0.001; absolute fold change >2-fold). HSCR etiology is complex and often involves multiple gene changes. Microarray technology can produce large quantities of gene expression data simultaneously, and analyzing this data using various techniques may provide a fast and efficient method for identifying novel gene targets and for investigating the mechanisms underlying HSCR pathogenesis.
Dependency categorial grammar and coordination

This paper proposes a linguistic theory based on dependency relations between words and applies it to the analysis coordinate constructions. First, the As present arguments for flexible constituency, where constituents may overlap on a single reading of a sentence. In the context of dependency grammar, they define the theory of dependency constituency, where words that are all linked by dependencies form a constituent, and formalize this approach within categorial grammar. Next they apply this theory to the analysis of coordinate constructions, with the goal to determining what strings of words can be coordinated
Variations in mouthguard thickness according to fabrication method.

AIM The purpose of this study was to examine differences in mouthguard thickness according to the method used to form the mouthguard sheet in a combination vacuum-pressure former. MATERIALS AND METHODS The material used in this study was a mouthguard sheet of 3.8-mm ethylene vinyl acetate. Three forming methods were used: vacuum-forming, vacuum-pressure-forming, and pressure-forming. The sheets were formed when heating causing them to displace 15 mm from baseline. We measured mouthguard thickness at the labial surface of the central incisor, the buccal surface of the first molar, and the occlusal surface of the first molar. Differences in thickness in different regions of mouthguards formed under different conditions were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance and the Bonferroni method. RESULTS We found that mouthguard thickness differed in different regions of the central incisors and the first molars (P < 0.01). The incisal (cusp) region was thinner than the cervical region. There were significant differences in the thicknesses of vacuum-formed mouthguards and vacuum-pressure-formed mouthguards (P < 0.05), with the vacuum-forming method resulting in thinner guards than the vacuum-pressure-forming method. Mouthguard thickness at the first molar did not differ according to the forming method. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that mouthguard thickness at the anterior teeth varies with different forming methods. This information is important when selecting a mouthguard-forming method.
Current Perspectives on Viable but Non-culturable State in Foodborne Pathogens

The viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state, a unique state in which a number of bacteria respond to adverse circumstances, was first discovered in 1982. Unfortunately, it has been reported that many foodborne pathogens can be induced to enter the VBNC state by the limiting environmental conditions during food processing and preservation, such as extreme temperatures, drying, irradiation, pulsed electric field, and high pressure stress, as well as the addition of preservatives and disinfectants. After entering the VBNC state, foodborne pathogens will introduce a serious crisis to food safety and public health because they cannot be detected using conventional plate counting techniques. This review provides an overview of the various features of the VBNC state, including the biological characteristics, induction and resuscitation factors, formation and resuscitation mechanisms, detection methods, and relationship to food safety.
Assignment of Stock Market Coverage

Price efficiency plays an important role in financial markets. Firms influence it, particularly when they issue public equity. They can hire a reputable underwriter with a star analyst to generate public signals about profits to reduce uncertainty and increase valuations. We develop an assignment model of this labor market. The value of a match between firms, that differ in multiple dimensions, and agents, that differ in precision, is endogenously generated from a stock-market equilibrium. We characterize the multidimensional-to-one assignment and obtain testable predictions. Extensions allow firms to value efficiency for other reasons and apply to other labor markets like media-or-investor relations professionals.
Stance-shift analysis: locating presence and positions in online focus-group text

E-commerce, e-government, and e-justice all wrestle with finding the personal human presence in text-based online communication. Social features are present, if subtle. Retailers and investigators alike must work to identify when and how unseen writers are or are not strongly committed to what they have just written, and must work even harder to keep from reading themselves and their own biases into the text being analyzed. Stance-shift analysis is a type of quantitative content analysis that we have designed in order to minimize investigator bias and to maximize understanding of online language behaviors. Background E-commerce, e-government, and e-justice all wrestle with finding the personal human presence in text-based online communication. Social features are present, if subtle (Davis and Brewer 1997). Retailers and investigators alike must work to identify when and how unseen writers are or are not strongly committed to what they have just written, and must work even harder to keep from reading themselves and their own biases into the text being analyzed. Stance-shift analysis is a type of quantitative content analysis that we have designed in order to minimize investigator bias and to maximize understanding of online language behaviors. Objectives Stance-shift analysis is a technique that detects speakers’ alternations of emphasis, positioning, or personae by tracking their shifts in stance. Speakers constantly shift verbal footing (Goffman 1981) and positioning (Davies and Harrė 1990) vis-a-vis each other as they talk. We identify, track, and measure the language patterns an individual uses, relative to the way that person talks throughout a particular interaction. Stance-shift analysis shows where speakers use words to wince, blink, stall or wiggle. It identifies where questioners not only could ask more questions, they probably should. It has been used to identify shifts of stance in depositions and pre-trial interviews in civil and criminal cases, in focus groups and journals, in online real-time chats and focus groups and in email, open-ended surveys, and asynchronous conferences. This discussion will look at the language of the online synchronous focus group. It will not focus on interactional patterns per se, although those are of crucial importance to how the discussion is collaboratively constructed and discoursal identities are presented and positioned (Myers 1998), but will instead, examine at how participants use language to signal shifts in position toward the topic introduced by the questioner, the focus group moderator. Overview: Style, stance and stance-shifting We seldom notice the details when people shift their style of talking: we are more likely to be focused on the interaction itself, and its impact on us. We do, however, pay attention to its happening: a politician suddenly “sounds like” the group of people being addressed; the parent moves in and out of baby talk to the infant; the doctor shifts style between the patient and the
CytoCom: a Cytoscape app to visualize, query and analyse disease comorbidity networks

Summary: CytoCom is an interactive plugin for Cytoscape that can be used to search, explore, analyse and visualize human disease comorbidity network. It represents disease–disease associations in terms of bipartite graphs and provides International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD9)-centric and disease name centric views of disease information. It allows users to find associations between diseases based on the two measures: Relative Risk (RR) and ϕ-correlation values. In the disease network, the size of each node is based on the prevalence of that disease. CytoCom is capable of clustering disease network based on the ICD9 disease category. It provides user-friendly access that facilitates exploration of human diseases, and finds additional associated diseases by double-clicking a node in the existing network. Additional comorbid diseases are then connected to the existing network. It is able to assist users for interpretation and exploration of the human diseases by a variety of built-in functions. Moreover, CytoCom permits multi-colouring of disease nodes according to standard disease classification for expedient visualization. Availability and implementation: CytoCom is compatible with CytoScape 3.1. 0 or later version. Please visit http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/∼mam211/ for user tutorial and download. Contact: Mohammad.Moni@cl.cam.ac.uk
An Electronic Publication Dedicated to Early Stellar Evolution and Molecular Clouds Sequential Star Formation in Rcw 34: a Spectroscopic Census of the Stellar Content of High-mass Star-forming Regions

s of recently accepted papers Collision between dissimilar clouds : Stability of the bow shock, and the formation of prestellar cores We use smoothed particle hydrodynamics to simulate a head-on collision between two physically dissimilar clouds, and investigate the dynamical stability of the post-collision bow-shock. The shock-front appears susceptible to a number of hydrodynamical instabilities such as the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, the Rayleigh-Taylor instability, and the Thin shell instability (TSI). We initially perform three realisations of the simulation by progressively increasing the number of SPH particles, and therefore the resolution. It is observed that lack of sufficient resolution tends to damp the growth of perturbations on the shock-front which in turn suppresses fragmentation. Thus poorer resolution favours formation of contiguous structure while the fingers, characteristic of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability, hardly appear. However, the gross physical features seem independent of resolution, the bow-shock in each of the three cases becomes unstable to the TSI which once triggered, grows rapidly and eventually becomes non-linear. Albeit, the TSI appears to grow at a rate much slower than that predicted analytically. The TSI contributes to dissipation of gas kinetic energy within the curved shock-front via internal shocking, eventually the bow-shock collapses to form a filament oriented along the collision axis; prestellar cores form in this filament. The wings of the bow-shock are also unstable to the TSI and consequently appear filamentary with a few clumps, which rapidly disrupt over a period of a few times 10 5 years. Formation of such transitional clumps may explain the occurrence of starless cores often found in filamentary regions. Having commenced with perfectly stable initial conditions, the reported instabilities in the bow-shock originate purely through numerical noise. Turbulence within the shock-front, however, appears to locally suppress the gravitational instability. We demonstrate that a global gravitational contraction can produce turbulence, large enough to contain prestellar cores. Finally, we also discuss a case in which the initial density contrast between the precollision clouds was further increased by an order of magnitude, while colliding them at a much lower velocity.