Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Crucible Within: Ethnic Identity, Self-Esteem, and Segmented Assimilation among Children of Immigrants 1

Focusing on the formation of ethnic self-identities during adolescence, this article examines the psychosocial adaptation of children of immigrants from Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. The data are drawn from a survey carried out in the San Diego and Miami metropolitan areas of over 5,000 children of immigrants attending the eighth and ninth grades in local schools. The sample is evenly split by gender and nativity (half are U.S. born, half foreign born). The results show major differences in their patterns of ethnic self-identification, both between and within groups from diverse national origins. Instead of a uniform assimilative path, we found segmented paths to identity formation. Detailed social portraits are sketched for each ethnic identity type. Multivariate analyses then explore the determinants of assimilative and dissimilative ethnic self-identities and of other aspects of psychosocial adaptation such as self-esteem, depressive affect, and parent-child conflict, controlling for gender, socioeconomic status, and national origin. The theoretical and practical implications of these results –especially the effects of acculturation, discrimination, location and ethnic density of schools, parental socialization and family context, upon the psychosocial adaptation of children of recent immigrants to the United States – are discussed.
Co-ordinated regulation of flowering time, plant architecture and growth by FASCICULATE: the pepper orthologue of SELF PRUNING

Wild peppers (Capsicum spp.) are either annual or perennial in their native habitat and their shoot architecture is dictated by their sympodial growth habit. To study shoot architecture in pepper, sympodial development is described in wild type and in the classical recessive fasciculate (fa) mutation. The basic sympodial unit in wild-type pepper comprises two leaves and a single terminal flower. fasciculate plants are characterized by the formation of floral clusters separated by short internodes and miniature leaves and by early flowering. Developmental analysis of these clusters revealed shorter sympodial units and, often, precocious termination prior to sympodial leaf formation. fa was mapped to pepper chromosome 6, in a region corresponding to the tomato SELF-PRUNING (SP) locus, the homologue of TFL1 of Arabidopsis. Sequence comparison between wild-type and fa plants revealed a duplication of the second exon in the mutants' orthologue of SP, leading to the formation of a premature stop codon. Ectopic expression of FASCICULATE complemented the Arabidopsis tfl1 mutant plants and as expected, stimulated late flowering. In agreement with the major effect of FASCICULATE imposed on sympodial development, the gene transcripts were localized to the centre of sympodial shoots but could not be detected in the primary shoot. The wide range of pleiotropic effects on plant architecture mediated by a single ‘flowering’ gene, suggests that it is used to co-ordinate many developmental events, and thus may underlie some of the widespread variation in the Solanaceae shoot architecture.
A Novel Murine Gene, Sickle tail, Linked to the Danforth's short tail Locus, Is Required for Normal Development of the Intervertebral Disc

We established the mutant mouse line, B6;CB-SktGtAyu8021IMEG (SktGt), through gene-trap mutagenesis in embryonic stem cells. The novel gene identified, called Sickle tail (Skt), is composed of 19 exons and encodes a protein of 1352 amino acids. Expression of a reporter gene was detected in the notochord during embryogenesis and in the nucleus pulposus of mice. Compression of some of the nuclei pulposi in the intervertebral discs (IVDs) appeared at embryonic day (E) 17.5, resulting in a kinky-tail phenotype showing defects in the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus of IVDs in SktGt/Gt mice. These phenotypes were different from those in Danforth's short tail (Sd) mice in which the nucleus pulposus was totally absent and replaced by peripheral fibers similar to those seen in the annulus fibrosus in all IVDs. The Skt gene maps to the proximal part of mouse chromosome 2, near the Sd locus. The genetic distance between them was 0.95 cM. The number of vertebrae in both [Sd +/+ SktGt] and [Sd SktGt/+ +] compound heterozygotes was less than that of Sd heterozygotes. Furthermore, the enhancer trap locus Etl4lacZ, which was previously reported to be an allele of Sd, was located in the third intron of the Skt gene.
Distinct Roles for PECAM-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 in Recruitment of Neutrophils and Eosinophils to the Cornea in Ocular Onchocerciasis (River Blindness)1

Infiltration of granulocytes into the transparent mammalian cornea can result in loss of corneal clarity and severe visual impairment. Since the cornea is an avascular tissue, recruitment of granulocytes such as neutrophils and eosinophils into the corneal stroma is initiated from peripheral (limbal) vessels. To determine the role of vascular adhesion molecules in this process, expression of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1), ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 on limbal vessels was determined in a murine model of ocular onchocerciasis in which Ags from the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus are injected into the corneal stroma. Expression of each of these molecules was elevated after injection of parasite Ags; however, PECAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression remained elevated from 12 h after injection until 7 days, whereas VCAM-1 expression was more transient, with peak expression at 72 h. Subconjunctival injection of Ab to PECAM-1 significantly inhibited neutrophil recruitment to the cornea compared with eyes injected with control Ab (p = 0.012). Consistent with this finding, corneal opacification was significantly diminished (p < 0.0001). There was no significant reduction in eosinophils. Conversely, subconjunctival injection of Ab to ICAM-1 did not impair neutrophil recruitment, but significantly inhibited eosinophil recruitment (p = 0.0032). Injection of Ab to VCAM-1 did not significantly inhibit infiltration of either cell type to the cornea. Taken together, these results demonstrate important regulatory roles for PECAM-1 and ICAM-1 in recruitment of neutrophils and eosinophils, respectively, to the cornea, and may indicate a selective approach to immune intervention.
Neurobiology of violence

Introduction. Human aggression and criminal violence: definitions and classifications. Aggression among animals. Neurotransmitters, hormones, and genes. Neurological, neuropsychological, and brain imaging correlates of violent behavior. Congenital and demographic factors. Developmental antecedents of violent behavior. Personality disorders and impulse control. Violence and psychoactive substance abuse. Violent behavior of persons with mental disorders outside of hospitals. Violent behavior of psychiatric inpatients. Biological treatments of violence. Summary and conclusions. Appendix: Statistical explanation of the actuarial method: Bayes decision. Index.
Confronting Objections to Performance Pay: A Study of the Impact of Individual and Gain-sharing Incentives on the Job Satisfaction of British Employees

The increasing use of incentive pay schemes in recent years has raised concerns about their potential detrimental effect on intrinsic job satisfaction (JS), job security and employee morale. This study explores the impact of pay incentives on the overall job satisfaction of workers in the UK and their satisfaction with various facets of jobs. Using data from eight waves (1998-2005) of the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) and a uniquely-designed well-being dataset (EPICURUS), a significant positive impact on job satisfaction is only found for those receiving fixed-period bonuses. These conclusions are robust to unobserved heterogeneity, and are shown to depend on a number of job-quality characteristics that have not been controlled for in previous studies.
Up-regulation of Tumor Susceptibility Gene 101 Protein in Ovarian Carcinomas Revealed by Proteomics Analyses*

Small GTPase RAS plays a critical role in cellular signaling and oncogenic transformation. Proteomics analysis of genetically defined human ovarian cancer models identified the tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101) as a downstream target of RAS oncogene. Mechanistic studies revealed a novel post-translational regulation of TSG101 through the RAS/RAF/MEK/MAPK signaling pathway and downstream molecules p14ARF/HDM2. Immunoanalysis using ovarian cancer samples and microtissue array revealed elevated TSG101 levels in human ovarian carcinomas. Silencing of TSG101 by short interfering RNA in ovarian cancer cells led to growth inhibition and cell death. Concurrent with the apparent growth-inhibitory effect, the levels of the CBP/p300-interacting transactivator with ED-rich tail 2 (CITED2) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), as well as its cellular activity, were markedly reduced after TSG101 knockdown. These results demonstrate that TSG101 is important for CITED2- and HIF-1α-mediated cellular regulation in ovarian carcinomas.
Shame in the Cybernetic Fold: Reading Silvan Tomkins

Here are a few things theory knows today. Or, to phrase it more fairly, here are a few broad assumptions that shape the heuristic habits and positing procedures of theory today (theory not in the primary theoretical texts, but in the routinizing critical projects of "applied theory"; theory as a broad project that now spans the humanities and extends into history and anthropology; theory after Foucault and Greenblatt, after Freud and Lacan, after L vi-Strauss, after Derrida, after feminism) when it offers any account of human beings or cultures.
Improving police decision making: general principles and practical applications of receiver operating characteristic analysis

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis is a widely used and accepted method for improving decision making performance across a range of diagnostic settings. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate how ROC analysis can be used to improve the quality of decisions made routinely in a policing context. To begin, I discuss the general principles underlying the ROC approach and demonstrate how one can conduct the analysis. Several practical applications of ROC analysis are then presented by drawing on a number of policing tasks where the procedure has been used already (bite mark identification and linking serial crimes) or where it could be used in the future (statement validity assessment and determining the veracity of suicide notes). I conclude by considering briefly some of the potential difficulties that may be encountered when using ROC analysis in the policing context and offer some possible solutions to these problems. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
FOUL-UP: A Program that Figures Out Meanings of Words from Context

The inferencing task of figuring out words from context is implemented in the presence of a large database of world knowledge. The program does not require interaction with the user, but rather uses internal parser expectations and knowledge embodied in scripts to figure out likely definitions for unknown words, and to create context-specific definitions for such words.
Pentagons: a weakly relational abstract domain for the efficient validation of array accesses

We introduce Pentagons (Pntg), a weakly relational numerical abstract domain useful for the validation of array accesses in byte-code and intermediate languages (IL). This abstract domain captures properties of the form of x ε [a, b]∧x < y. It is more precise than the well known Interval domain, but it is less precise than the Octagon domain. The goal of Pntg is to be a lightweight numerical domain useful for adaptive static analysis, where Pntg is used to quickly prove the safety of most array accesses, restricting the use of more precise (but also more expensive) domains to only a small fraction of the code. We implemented the Pntg abstract domain in Clousot, a generic abstract interpreter for . NET assemblies. Using it, we were able to validate 83% of array accesses in the core runtime library mscorlib.dll in less than 8 minutes.
On the difficulty of feature-based attentional modulations in visual object recognition: A modeling study.

Abstract : Numerous psychophysical experiments have shown an important role for attentional modulations in vision. Behaviorally, allocation of attention can improve performance in object detection and recognition tasks. At the neural level, attention increases firing rates of neurons in visual cortex whose preferred stimulus is currently attended to. However, it is not yet known how these two phenomena are linked, i.e., how the visual system could be tuned in a task-dependent fashion to improve task performance. To answer this question, we performed simulations with the HMAX model of object recognition in cortex [45]. We modulated firing rates of model neurons in accordance with experimental results about effects of featurebased attention on single neurons and measured changes in the model's performance in a variety of object recognition tasks. It turned out that recognition performance could only be improved under very limited circumstances and that attentional influences on the process of object recognition per se tend to display a lack of specificity or raise false alarm rates. These observations lead us to postulate a new role for the observed attention-related neural response modulations.
Using Artificial Selection to Understand Plastic Plant Phenotypes1

Abstract The plasticity of any given trait, which has a genetic basis and which may or may not be adaptive, can intensify or attenuate evolved responses, and can itself evolve in response to selection depending on the scale of spatial or temporal heterogeneity. To investigate the complex function and evolution of plastic traits, an appealing yet challenging approach is assessing responses to artificial selection. Here, I review how artificial selection has been employed to explore four botanical research themes: (1) relationships between plastic and evolved responses to multiple stresses, (2) integration of cellular, leaf-level, and whole-plant responses to altered CO2 concentrations, (3) photomorphogenic and photoperiodic development, both mediated by phytochrome photoreceptors, and (4) the evolution of the pest-induced myrosinase-glucosinolate system in cruciferous plants. These diverse topics are unified not only because they have been studied using artificial selection experiments, but also because they have considered variability in multiple traits affected by multiple factors in the external environment. Limitations of such research include a dearth of long-term studies; a surprising but often logistically necessary omission of control or replicate lines; and numerous issues relating to assessing impacts of inbreeding and drift. In addition to discussing options for circumventing such limitations, I draw attention to strategies for integrating the results of artificial selection studies with progress in functional and evolutionary genomics.
Classroom code-switching in post-colonial contexts: Functions, attitudes and policies

Code-Switching in the classroom across a range of curricular subjects is a widespread phenomenon in multilingual, language contact settings in Africa and, indeed, world-wide; yet it is not infrequently regarded unfavourably by educational policy-makers. This paper reviews the literature on classroom functions of code-switching in post-colonial contexts, commenting on the merits and limitations of recent research. It also examines some of the conceptions of language underlying official and lay attitudes. Finally, as befits a paper examining classroom codeþswitching from the somewhat unusual perspective of language planning in education, it evaluates a number of policy proposals addressing the issue of how code-switching might more effectively be exploited as a communicative and pedagogic resource in instruction. The paper overall is constructed so as to inform the attitudes, practices and policies of policy-makers, teacher educators and teachers.
The Association of XRCC1 Haplotypes and Chromosomal Damage Levels in Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte among Coke-Oven Workers

Theoretically, a haplotype has a higher level of heterozygosity than individual single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and the association study based on the haplotype may have an increased power for detecting disease associations compared with SNP-based analysis. In this study, we investigated the effects of four haplotype-tagging SNPs (htSNP) and the inferred haplotype pairs of the X-ray cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) gene on chromosome damage detected by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. The study included 141 coke-oven workers with exposure to a high level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 66 nonexposed controls. The frequencies of total MN and MNed cells were borderline associated with the Arg194Trp polymorphism (P = 0.053 and P = 0.050, respectively) but not associated with the Arg280His, Arg399Gln and Gln632Gln polymorphisms among coke-oven workers. Five haplotypes, including CGGG, TGGG, CAGG, CGAG, and CGGA, were inferred based on the four htSNPs of XRCC1 gene. The haplotype CGGG was associated with the decreased frequencies of total MN and MNed cells, and the haplotypes TGGG and CGAG were associated with the increased frequencies of total MN and MNed cells with adjustment for covariates among coke-oven workers. This study showed that the haplotypes derived from htSNPs in the XRCC1 gene were more likely than single SNPs to correlate with the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon–induced chromosome damage among coke-oven workers.
Modeling constructivist teaching functionality and structure in the KBS Hyperbook System

The KBS Hyperbook System is a system which uses explicit conceptual models and meta data to structure and connect external data. When these external data are pages on the WWW, the corresponding conceptual model takes the role of an information index and determines the navigational structure between these pages (corresponding to one or more views on the external data). The conceptual model also serves as a schema for the integration of new pages (similar to the role of a database schema). In this paper we show how such a model can be used to support three main aspects of constructivist learning in a computer supported teaching environment, namely structural support for goal-oriented learning and projects, the integration of student projects into hyperbook based lecture material and the implementation of student annotations.
Analysis and Simulation on Recognition Algorithm for Dynamic Facial Images

In order to realize the recognition for dynamic facial images, the paper builds a dynamic matching model. First, this paper introduces a dynamic feature extraction algorithm of feature constraint optimization which can effectively extract the 2D dynamic facial features. Then, the paper analyzes the neurons mathematical model comprehensive expressing neurons operational mechanism and applies the model to dynamic facial feature expression. Finally, we study the learning rules how BP algorithm directs neural network, establish a corresponding mathematical model, and then use facial feature dynamic rules making dynamic features to be learned quickly and complete the recognition by the error compensation. The experiment results show that the model has a higher precision of geometric feature extraction for dynamic two-dimensional face images and better recognizes characteristic with error within 0.035mm which meets the requirements of stable, reliable, high precision and anti-interference ability etc.
Statistical phylogeography: methods of evaluating and minimizing inference errors

Nested clade phylogeographical analysis (NCPA) has become a common tool in intraspecific phylogeography. To evaluate the validity of its inferences, NCPA was applied to actual data sets with 150 strong a priori expectations, the majority of which had not been analysed previously by NCPA. NCPA did well overall, but it sometimes failed to detect an expected event and less commonly resulted in a false positive. An examination of these errors suggested some alterations in the NCPA inference key, and these modifications reduce the incidence of false positives at the cost of a slight reduction in power. Moreover, NCPA does equally well in inferring events regardless of the presence or absence of other, unrelated events. A reanalysis of some recent computer simulations that are seemingly discordant with these results revealed that NCPA performed appropriately in these simulated samples and was not prone to a high rate of false positives under sampling assumptions that typify real data sets. NCPA makes a posteriori use of an explicit inference key for biological interpretation after statistical hypothesis testing. Alternatives to NCPA that claim that biological inference emerges directly from statistical testing are shown in fact to use an a priori inference key, albeit implicitly. It is argued that the a priori and a posteriori approaches to intraspecific phylogeography are complementary, not contradictory. Finally, cross‐validation using multiple DNA regions is shown to be a powerful method of minimizing inference errors. A likelihood ratio hypothesis testing framework has been developed that allows testing of phylogeographical hypotheses, extends NCPA to testing specific hypotheses not within the formal inference key (such as the out‐of‐Africa replacement hypothesis of recent human evolution) and integrates intra‐ and interspecific phylogeographical inference.
Porting HTM Models to the Heidelberg Neuromorphic Computing Platform

Hierarchical Temporal Memory (HTM) is a computational theory of machine intelligence based on a detailed study of the neocortex. The Heidelberg Neuromorphic Computing Platform, developed as part of the Human Brain Project (HBP), is a mixed-signal (analog and digital) large-scale platform for modeling networks of spiking neurons. In this paper we present the first effort in porting HTM networks to this platform. We describe a framework for simulating key HTM operations using spiking network models. We then describe specific spatial pooling and temporal memory implementations, as well as simulations demonstrating that the fundamental properties are maintained. We discuss issues in implementing the full set of plasticity rules using Spike-Timing Dependent Plasticity (STDP), and rough place and route calculations. Although further work is required, our initial studies indicate that it should be possible to run large-scale HTM networks (including plasticity rules) efficiently on the Heidelberg platform. More generally the exercise of porting high level HTM algorithms to biophysical neuron models promises to be a fruitful area of investigation for future studies.