Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
One-way functions are essential for complexity based cryptography

It is shown that many of the standard cryptographic tasks are equivalent to the usual definition of a one-way function. In particular, it is shown that for some of the standard cryptographic tasks any secure protocol for the task can be converted into a one-way function in the usual sense, and thus the security of any proposed protocol for these tasks is implicitly based on a function being 'one-way. ' Thus, the usual definition of a one-way function is robust; any one-way function with respect to another definition on which a secure cryptographic protocol can be based can be used to construct a one-way function in the usual sense. The authors focus on private-key encryption, identification/authentication, bit commitment, and coin flipping by telephone. However, the proof techniques presented here can be easily adopted to prove analogous results for other cryptographic tasks. <<ETX>>
Updates in the management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Abstract Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable disease state characterized by persistent airflow limitation that is usually progressive and associated with an enhanced chronic inflammatory process. It is increasingly recognized as a major public health problem, affecting more than 20 million adults in the US. It is also recognized as a leading cause of hospitalizations and is the fourth leading cause of death in the US. The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) operates to promote evidence-based management of COPD, increase awareness and encourage research. In 2011, GOLD published a consensus report detailing evidence-based management strategies for COPD, which were last updated in 2015. In recent years, newer strategies and a growing number of new pharmacologic agents to treat symptoms of COPD have also been introduced and show promise in improving the management of COPD. We aim to provide an evidence-based review of the available and upcoming pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment options for stable COPD, with continued emphasis on evidence-based management.
Socio-economic inequalities in profiles of social integration across adulthood: evidence from a British birth cohort study

Social integration in older age is a key quality of life component and is associated with reduced mortality and morbidity risk. There are socio-economic differences in social integration, but the influence of different indicators of socio-economic position on long-term change in social integration at older ages is not known. This study aimed to identify profiles of social integration across adulthood and explore the impact of various socio-economic indicators at different ages. Data were drawn from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development. A latent class analysis used measures of contact with friends and family, participation in group activities and marital status at ages 36, 43 and 60-64 to identify profiles of change in social integration for men and women. One-step analyses related profiles to father’s occupation-based socio-economic position, own educational attainment and head of household occupation-based socio-economic position. Four profiles of social integration were identified for men: high and maintained, married; medium and maintained, married; declining, married; and declining, unmarried. Higher head of household occupation and educational attainment were associated with greater likelihood of maintained integration. Four profiles of social integration were also identified for women: high and maintained, married; high and maintained, unmarried; declining group participation, unmarried; and declining group participation, married. Higher socio-economic position on all indicators was associated with greater likelihood of maintained integration. Lower socio-economic groups are more likely to experience declining social integration by early old age. Support to promote social integration may be particularly important for those with lower occupational grade or education.
Compensation for the effects of mutual coupling on direct data domain adaptive algorithms

This paper investigates the effects of mutual coupling between the elements of an array on direct data domain algorithms. Mutual coupling severely undermines the interference suppression capabilities of direct data domain algorithms. The method of moments (MoM) is used to evaluate the mutual coupling between the elements of a given array. The MoM admittance matrix is then used to eliminate the effects of mutual coupling.
The Unsaturation of Membrane Lipids Stabilizes Photosynthesis against Heat Stress

The effect of the unsaturation of glycerolipids of thylakoid membranes on the heat tolerance of the photosynthetic evolution of oxygen was studied in vivo by mutation and transformation of fatty-acid desaturases in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803. The experimental results indicate that elimination of dienoic lipid molecules decreases, to a small but distinct extent, the heat tolerance of photosynthetic oxygen evolution, but that elimination of trienoic lipid molecules has no effect on the heat tolerance. This conclusion contrasts with the previous hypothesis that the heat tolerance of photosynthesis is enhanced upon an increase in the level of saturation of membrane lipids. It is also shown that light does not affect the nature of the effect of lipid unsaturation on the heat tolerance of photosynthesis.
Immunotoxicity of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) in Free-Ranging Gray Seal Pups with Special Emphasis on Dioxin-Like Congeners

Increased pinniped and dolphin mortality rates have led to speculations that persistent pollutants, in particular polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), are immunomodulatory, making individuals susceptible to infections. The aim of the present study was to investigate effects that PCB may exert on peripheral blood mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation responses in free-ranging gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) pups from the polluted Baltic Sea and from the cleaner open waters of the Atlantic Ocean. T-cell mitogen (phytohemagglutinin [PHA] and concanavalin A [Con A]) and T-/B-cell mitogen (pokeweed mitogen [PWM]) responses were significantly lower in the more PCB-contaminated Baltic gray seal pups than in reference pups from the Atlantic. Best regression analysis revealed that dioxin-like mono-ortho PCB accounted for the immunosuppressive responses. In the Baltic seals, the immunosuppressive effects were limited to the more persistent dioxin-like mono-ortho PCB. In the Atlantic seals a positive correlation existed between PCB concentrations and mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation responses. Although direct cause–effect relationships are difficult to demonstrate in free-ranging animals, our results are consistent with the weight of evidence available that PCB, and dioxin-like PCB in particular, modulate lymphocyte function in free-ranging marine mammals. Thus, exposure to PCB most likely result in increased susceptibility to infections or reduced host resistance in pinnipeds.
Urinary incontinence and urinary tract infection and their resolution with treatment of chronic constipation of childhood.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the frequency of urinary incontinence and urinary tract infection in children with chronic constipation and report on the resolution of these with treatment of the underlying constipation. METHODS We evaluated the frequency of urinary incontinence and urinary tract infection in 234 chronic constipated and encopretic children before, and at least 12 months after, the start of treatment for constipation. RESULTS Twenty-nine percent complained of daytime urinary incontinence and 34% of nighttime urinary incontinence. Urinary tract infection was present in 11% and was more commonly present in girls than in boys (33% vs 3%). Vesicoureteral reflux was present in four and megacystis in four of the 25 children who had a voiding cystourethrogram because of urinary tract infection. One girl who came in had constipation and acute urinary retention. The treatment for constipation consisted of disimpaction and maintenance treatment, which included the prevention of reaccumulation of stools and reconditioning to normal bowel habits through timed toilet sitting. Follow-up, at least 12 months after start of treatment for constipation, revealed that the constipation was relieved successfully in 52%. Relief of constipation resulted in disappearance of daytime urinary incontinence in 89% and nighttime urinary incontinence in 63% of patients, and disappearance of recurrent urinary tract infections in all patients who had no anatomic abnormality of the urinary tract. CONCLUSION Urinary symptoms were found in a significant number of children who had functional constipation and encopresis. With treatment of the constipation, most patients became clean and dry and further recurrence of urinary tract infections was prevented.
Attentional Set‐Shifting Paradigm in the Rat

The attentional set‐shifting task (ASST) is the rat version of the intra‐dimensional/extra‐dimensional (ID/ED) test and was developed fifteen years ago. Damage to the medial frontal cortex results in a failure to “unlearn” old contingencies, i.e., impairs ED set shifting. As such, the task measures cognitive flexibility that can be compromised both in schizophrenia and depression as well as in animal models of these diseases. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ṣūfī tafsīr Reconsidered: Exploring the Development of a Genre

Ṣūfī tafsīr on the Qur'an is widely accepted as a distinct scholarly or literary genre within the wider field of Islamic scholarship. Ṣūfī writers frequently describe themselves as participating within an identifiable tradition when they write commentaries on the Qur'an, and over the last century a number of scholars – writing from within the Muslim tradition and without – not only have accepted the notion of a millennium-long genre of Ṣūfī tafsīr, but also have sought to define and catalogue it. This paper explores and challenges such assumptions through a direct examination of examples of premodern Ṣūfī tafsīr literature, looking beyond the assumption that the Ṣūfī belief in multiple levels of meaning and existence necessarily impart an esoteric meaning to all writing on the Qur'an by Ṣūfīs. My purpose is to question the efficacy of thinking of Ṣūfī tafsīr as a genre, sui generis, by analysing the modern academic tradition of categorising Ṣūfī commentaries on the Qur'an in the light of writings by promi.
Scientific Evaluation of Edible Fruits and Spices Used for the Treatment of Peptic Ulcer in Traditional Iranian Medicine

In traditional Iranian medicine (TIM), several edible fruits and spices are thought to have protective and healing effects on peptic ulcer (PU). The present study was conducted to verify anti-PU activity of these remedies. For this purpose, edible fruits and spices proposed for the management of PU in TIM were collected from TIM sources, and they were searched in modern medical databases to find studies that confirmed their efficacy. Findings from modern investigations support the claims of TIM about the efficacy of many fruits and spices in PU. The fruit of Phyllanthus emblica as a beneficial remedy for PU in TIM has been demonstrated to have antioxidant, wound healing, angiogenic, anti-H. pylori, cytoprotective, antisecretory, and anti-inflammatory properties. The fruit of Vitis vinifera has been found to be anti-H. pylori, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, angiogenic, cytoprotective, and antioxidant. The fruit and aril of seed from Myristica fragrans exert their beneficial effects in PU by increasing prostaglandin, modulation of nitric oxide and inflammatory mediators, wound healing, antisecretory, antacid, antioxidant, and anti-H. pylori activities, and improving angiogenesis. Pharmacological and clinical studies for evaluation of efficacy of all TIM fruits and spices in PU and their possible mechanisms of action are recommended.
Health perceptions of school-age children.

Little research has been done on how school-age children perceive health. In this article, the author describes a study focused on how school-age children perceived healthy and unhealthy children. Findings showed that school-age children perceived health from a multidimensional perspective. Some of the study findings were congruent with findings from four other studies. Implications for nursing are addressed.
A Model of the Effective Dimensions of Interactive Learning on the World Wide Web

Introduction The purpose of this paper is to describe a model that illustrates several classes of variables that may account for learning when the World Wide Web (WWW) is used as a vehicle for the design and delivery of a learning environment, specifically in the context of higher education. The model is based upon a model of school learning developed by Carroll (1963) nearly 35 years ago. Pending research results, the new model may be used to guide research, planning, development, and evaluation of the WWW as an interactive learning environment.
Leprosy among Patient Contacts: A Multilevel Study of Risk Factors

Background This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors associated with developing leprosy among the contacts of newly-diagnosed leprosy patients. Methodology/Principal Findings A total of 6,158 contacts and 1,201 leprosy patients of the cohort who were diagnosed and treated at the Leprosy Laboratory of Fiocruz from 1987 to 2007 were included. The contact variables analyzed were sex; age; educational and income levels; blood relationship, if any, to the index case; household or non-household relationship; length of time of close association with the index case; receipt of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BGG) vaccine and presence of BCG scar. Index cases variables included sex, age, educational level, family size, bacillary load, and disability grade. Multilevel logistic regression with random intercept was applied. Among the co-prevalent cases, the leprosy-related variables that remained associated with leprosy included type of household contact, [odds ratio (OR) = 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02, 1.73] and consanguinity with the index case, (OR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.42–2.51). With respect to the index case variables, the factors associated with leprosy among contacts included up to 4 years of schooling and 4 to 10 years of schooling (OR = 2.72, 95% CI: 1.54–4.79 and 2.40, 95% CI: 1.30–4.42, respectively) and bacillary load, which increased the chance of leprosy among multibacillary contacts for those with a bacillary index of one to three and greater than three (OR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.19–2.17 and OR: 4.07–95% CI: 2.73, 6.09), respectively. Among incident cases, household exposure was associated with leprosy (OR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.29–2.98), compared with non-household exposure. Among the index case risk factors, an elevated bacillary load was the only variable associated with leprosy in the contacts. Conclusions/Significance Biological and social factors appear to be associated with leprosy among co-prevalent cases, whereas the factors related to the infectious load and proximity with the index case were associated with leprosy that appeared in the incident cases during follow-up.
Looking at movies and cartoons: eye-tracking evidence from Williams syndrome and autism.

BACKGROUND Autism and Williams syndrome (WS) are neuro-developmental disorders associated with distinct social phenotypes. While individuals with autism show a lack of interest in socially important cues, individuals with WS often show increased interest in socially relevant information. METHODS The current eye-tracking study explores how individuals with WS and autism preferentially attend to social scenes and movie extracts containing human actors and cartoon characters. The proportion of gaze time spent fixating on faces, bodies and the scene background was investigated. RESULTS While individuals with autism preferentially attended to characters' faces for less time than was typical, individuals with WS attended to the same regions for longer than typical. For individuals with autism atypical gaze behaviours extended across human actor and cartoon images or movies but for WS atypicalities were restricted to human actors. CONCLUSIONS The reported gaze behaviours provide experimental evidence of the divergent social interests associated with autism and WS.
Cytolytic Activity of the Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E711-20 Epitope-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Is Enhanced by Heat Shock Protein 110 in HLA-A*0201 Transgenic Mice

ABSTRACT Heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been successfully applied to a broad range of vaccines as biological adjuvants to enhance the immune response. The recently defined HSP110, in particular, exhibits strong protein binding affinity and is capable of enhancing the immunogenicity of protein antigens remarkably more than other HSP family members. In our previous study, we verified that murine HSP110 (mHSP110) significantly enhanced the immune response of a C57BL/6 mouse model to the H-2d-restricted human papillomavirus (HPV) E749-57 epitope (short peptide spanning the 49th to 57th amino acid residues in the E7 protein). To determine whether HSP110 similarly enhances the immunogenicity of human epitope peptides, we used the HLA-A2 transgenic mouse model to investigate the efficacy of the mHSP110 chaperone molecule as an immunoadjuvant of the human HLA-A2-restricted HPV16 E711-20 epitope vaccine. Results showed that mHSP110 efficiently formed a noncovalently bound complex with the E711-20 epitope. The mHSP110-E711-20 complex induced epitope-specific splenocyte proliferation and E711-20-specific gamma interferon (IFN-γ) secretion. Importantly, cytotoxic T lymphocytes primed by the mHSP110-E711-20 complex exerted strong cytolytic effects on target T2 cells pulsed with the E711-20 peptide or TC-1 cells transfected with the HLA-A2 gene. In addition, the mHSP110-E711-20 complex elicited stronger ex vivo and in vivo antitumor responses than either emulsified complete Freund's adjuvant or HSP70-chaperoned E711-20 peptide. These collective data suggest that HSP110 is a promising immunomodulator candidate for peptide-based human cancer vaccines, such as for the HLA-A2-restricted E711-20 epitope.
Wie prädiktiv sind retrospektive Selbstberichte über den Gebrauch von Lernstrategien für strategisches Lernen

Zusammenfassung: Vor dem Hintergrund einiger kritischer Uberlegungen zum Charakter von retrospektiven Selbstberichten wird die Notwendigkeit betont, die pradiktive Validitat von Lernstrategieinventaren anhand von handlungsnahen Studien zu uberprufen. Gegenstand der hier vorgestellten Studie ist ein derartiger Vergleich zwischen dem retrospektiven Selbstbericht uber das strategische Lernen von Schulern und ihrem tatsachlichem Lernverhalten in einer konkreten Anforderungssituation. Hierzu wurde in individuellen Untersuchungen mit 270 Schulern 4. , 6. und 8. Klassen ihr tatsachlicher Strategiegebrauch bei der Arbeit mit Texten erhoben und mit ihren Bewertungen von Strategieitems in einem domanenspezifischen Fragebogen verglichen. Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass - zumindest in diesem Alter - weder auf Item- noch auf Skalenebene lineare Beziehungen zwischen den Berichten uber und der tatsachlichen Anwendung von Strategien bestehen. Insgesamt neigen die untersuchten Schuler dazu, sich im Fragebogen relativ zur hand.
Impact of Sleep Quality on Amygdala Reactivity, Negative Affect, and Perceived Stress

Objective Research demonstrates a negative impact of sleep disturbance on mood and affect; however, the biological mechanisms mediating these links are poorly understood. Amygdala reactivity to negative stimuli has emerged as one potential pathway. Here, we investigate the influence of self-reported sleep quality on associations between threat-related amygdala reactivity and measures of negative affect and perceived stress. Methods Analyses on data from 299 participants (125 men, 50.5% white, mean [standard deviation] age = 19.6 [1.3] years) who completed the Duke Neurogenetics Study were conducted. Participants completed several self-report measures of negative affect and perceived stress. Threat-related (i.e., angry and fearful facial expressions) amygdala reactivity was assayed using blood oxygen level–dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging. Global sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Results Amygdala reactivity to fearful facial expressions predicted greater depressive symptoms and higher perceived stress in poor (&bgr; values = 0.18–1.86, p values < .05) but not good sleepers (&bgr; values = −0.13 to −0.01, p values > .05). In sex-specific analyses, men reporting poorer global sleep quality showed a significant association between amygdala reactivity and levels of depression and perceived stress (&bgr; values = 0.29–0.44, p values < .05). In contrast, no significant associations were observed in men reporting good global sleep quality or in women, irrespective of sleep quality. Conclusions This study provides novel evidence that self-reported sleep quality moderates the relationships between amygdala reactivity, negative affect, and perceived stress, particularly among men.
Estimation of the correlation between a continuous and a discrete variable.

SUMMARY The maximum likelihood (ML) procedure is used to estimate the correlation between a discrete and a continuous variable. The discrete variable is assumed to be a classification of an unobservable continuous variable whose joint distribution with the observed continuous variable is bivariate normal. As an illustration, the correlation between the bodyweight at the time of mating, and the number of lambs born in a flock of ewes is estimated.
Current status of radiant whole-body hyperthermia at temperatures >41.5°C and practical guidelines for the treatment of adults. The German ‘Interdisciplinary Working Group on Hyperthermia’

The term ‘extreme’ whole-body hyperthermia (WBH) describes the procedure of raising a patients’ body-core temperature to 41.5–42.0°C for 60 min. WBH represents the only hyperthermia technique that enables systemic heat treatment in patients with disseminated malignancies and is, therefore, usually combined with systemic chemotherapy. Up to now, several WBH-approaches have proved to be safe and associated with acceptable toxicity rates when radiant heat devices are employed. Until the late 1990s, the use of radiant WBH was restricted to a few specialized treatment centres worldwide. During the last 5 years, a larger number of WBH-devices were put into operation particularly in Germany. As a result, a novel generation on phase II trials on chemotherapy and adjunctive WBH in patients with various malignancies has been completed. Based on the promising results observed herein, first multi-centric phase III-trials on chemotherapy ± WBH have been initiated, with a considerable number of patients treated at German institutions. The authors are members of the ‘Interdisciplinary Working Group for Hyperthermia’ (‘Interdisziplinäre Arbeitsgruppe Hyperthermie’), a sub-group of the German Cancer Society. They formulated these guidelines in order to standardize the WBH treatment procedure and supportive measures, to provide some uniformity in the selection of patients to be treated and to define criteria of a successful WBH-treatment. These recommendations may be helpful to ensure the quality of WBH performed at different institutions.