Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tag completion based on belief theory and neighbor voting

We address the problem of tag completion for automatic image annotation. Our method consists in two main steps: creating a list of "candidate tags" from the visual neighbors of the untagged image then using them as pieces of evidence to be combined to provide the final list of predicted tags. Both steps introduce a scheme to tackle with imprecision and uncertainty. First, a bag-of-words (BOW) signature is generated for each neighbor using local soft coding. Second, a sum-pooling operation across the BOW of the k nearest neighbors provides the list of "candidate tags". Finally, we use neighbors as pieces of evidence to be combined according to the Dempster's rule to predict the more relevant tags. The method is evaluated in the context of image classification and that of tag suggestion. The database used for visual neighbors search contains 1.2 million images extracted from Flickr. Classification is evaluated on the well known Pascal VOC 2007 and MIR Flickr datasets, on which we obtain similar or better results than the state-of-the-art. For tag suggestion, we manually annotated 241 queries. As well, we obtain competitive results on this task.
The Stress-Response Factor SigH Modulates the Interaction between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Host Phagocytes

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis stress response factor SigH plays a crucial role in modulating the pathogen's response to heat, oxidative-stress, envelope damage and hypoxia. We hypothesized that the lack of this key stress response factor would alter the interaction between the pathogen and its host cells. We compared the interaction of Mtb, Mtb:Δ-sigH and a strain where the mutation had been genetically complemented (Mtb: Δ-sigH:CO) with primary rhesus macaque bone marrow derived macrophages (Rh-BMDMs). The expression of numerous inducible and homeostatic (CCL) β-chemokines and several apoptotic markers was induced to higher levels in the cells infected with Mtb:Δ-sigH, relative to Mtb or the complemented strain. The differential expression of these genes manifested into functional differences in chemotaxis and apoptosis in cells infected with these two strains. The mutant strain also exhibited reduced late-stage survival in Rh-BMDMs. We hypothesize that the product of one or more SigH-dependent genes may modulate the innate interaction of Mtb with host cells, effectively reducing the chemokine-mediated recruitment of immune effector cells, apoptosis of infected monocytes and enhancing the long-term survival and replication of the pathogen in this milieu The significantly higher induction of Prostaglandin Synthetase 2 (PTGS2 or COX2) in Rh-BMDMs infected with Mtb relative to Mtb: Δ-sigH may explain reduced apoptosis in Mtb-infected cells, as PTGS2 is known to inhibit p53-dependent apoptosis.The SigH-regulon modulates the innate interaction of Mtb with host phagocytes, perhaps as part of a strategy to limit its clearance and prolong its survival. The SigH regulon appears to be required to modulate innate immune responses directed against Mtb.
Expanding a dictionary of marker words for uncertainty and negation using distributional semantics

Approaches to determining the factuality of diagnoses and findings in clinical text tend to rely on dictionaries of marker words for uncertainty and negation. Here, a method for semi-automatically expanding a dictionary of marker words using distributional semantics is presented and evaluated. It is shown that ranking candidates for inclusion according to their proximity to cluster centroids of semantically similar seed words is more successful than ranking them according to proximity to each individual seed word.
Compressed Relaying for Two-Way Relay Networks With Correlated Sources

In this letter, a compressed relaying scheme via Huffman and physical-layer network coding (HPNC) is proposed for two-way relay networks with correlated sources (TWRN-CS). In the HPNC scheme, both sources first transmit the correlated raw source messages to the relay simultaneously. The relay performs physical-layer network coding (PNC) on the received symbols, compresses the PNC-coded symbols using Huffman coding, and broadcasts the compressed symbols to both source nodes. Then, each source decodes the other source's messages by using its own messages as side information. Compression rate and block error rate (BLER) of the proposed scheme are analyzed. Simulation results demonstrate that the HPNC scheme can effectively improve the network throughput, and meanwhile, achieve the superior BLER performance compared with the conventional non-compressed relaying scheme in TWRN-CS.
Assessment of Dysmyelination with RAFFn MRI: Application to Murine MPS I

Type I mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS I) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder with neurological features. Humans and laboratory animals with MPS I exhibit various white matter abnormalities involving the corpus callosum and other regions. In this study, we first validated a novel MRI technique, entitled Relaxation Along a Fictitious Field in the rotating frame of rank n (RAFFn), as a measure of myelination and dysmyelination in mice. We then examined differences between MPS I mice and heterozygotes using RAFF5 and histology. RAFF5 (i.e., RAFFn with n = 5) relaxation time constants were highly correlated with histological myelin density (R2 = 0.68, P<0.001), and RAFF5 clearly distinguished between the hypomyelinated and dysmyelinated shiverer mouse and the wild-type mouse. Bloch-McConnell theoretical analysis revealed slower exchange correlation times and smaller exchange-induced relaxation rate constants for RAFF4 and RAFF5 compared to RAFF1-3, T 1ρ, and T 2ρ. These data suggest that RAFF5 may assess methylene protons in myelin lipids and proteins, though other mechanisms (e.g. detection of myelin-bound water) may also explain the sensitivity of RAFF5 to myelin. In MPS I mice, mean RAFF5 relaxation time constants were significantly larger for the striatum (P = 0.004) and internal capsule (P = 0.039), and marginally larger for the fornix (P = 0.15). Histological assessment revealed no differences between MPS I mice and heterozygotes in myelin density or corpus callosum thickness. Taken together, these findings support subtle dysmyelination in the brains of mice with MPS I. Dysmyelination may result from myelin lipid abnormalities caused by the absence of α-L-iduronidase. Our findings may help to explain locomotor and cognitive deficits seen in mice with MPS I.
Just Count the Satisfied Groundings: Scalable Local-Search and Sampling Based Inference in MLNs

The main computational bottleneck in various sampling based and local-search based inference algorithms for Markov logic networks (e.g., Gibbs sampling, MC-SAT, MaxWalksat, etc.) is computing the number of groundings of a first-order formula that are true given a truth assignment to all of its ground atoms. We reduce this problem to the problem of counting the number of solutions of a constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) and show that during their execution, both sampling based and local-search based algorithms repeatedly solve dynamic versions of this counting problem. Deriving from the vast amount of literature on CSPs and graphical models, we propose an exact junction-tree based algorithm for computing the number of solutions of the dynamic CSP, analyze its properties, and show how it can be used to improve the computational complexity of Gibbs sampling and MaxWalksat. Empirical tests on a variety of benchmarks clearly show that our new approach is several orders of magnitude more scalable than existing approaches.
Stretchable Self‐Powered Fiber‐Based Strain Sensor

The rapid development of electrical skin and wearable electronics raises the requirement of stretchable strain sensors. In this study, an active fiber‐based strain sensor (AFSS) is fabricated by coiling a fiber‐based generator around a stretchable silicone fiber. The AFSS shows the sensitive and stable performance and has the ability to detect the strain up to 25%, which is also demonstrated to detect finger motion states. It may play an essential role in future self‐powered sensor system.
Design of a Cyclic Sliding, Dynamically Loaded Wear Testing Device for the Evaluation of Total Knee Replacement Materials

During normal walking, the relative motion of the human knee involves flexion/extension, anterior/posterior sliding, and medial/lateral rotation. As well, the knee experiences a complex, dynamic loading curve with a peak of up to seven times body weight. However, most wear testing machines that have been used to evaluate total knee replacement materials are unidirectional and/or apply only static force. This thesis presents an alternate wear testing device capable of simulating the most prevalent motions of the knee, and applying physiologically-correct loading to the material interface. By incorporating a CoCr disc, an UHMWPE block, stepping motors, pneumatic components, computer control, and linear tables in an x-y configuration, the device is capable of quickly screening new and alternative materials to UHMWPE before evaluating them on a much more expensive knee simulator. In addition, flexibility of the device allows programming of many different motion and loading configurations permitting materials testing under only certain circumstances, or evaluating the effects on wear of specific motions. Design rationale, development, validation, and future recommendations are presented.
End of multifield inflation and the perturbation spectrum

We investigate the dynamics of inflation models driven by multiple, decoupled scalar fields and calculate the Hubble parameter and the amplitude of the lightest field at the end of inflation which may be responsible for interesting, or possibly dangerous cosmological consequences after inflation. The results are very simple and similar to those of the single field inflation, mainly depending on the underlying spectrum of the masses. The mass distribution is heavily constrained by the power spectrum of density perturbations P and the spectral index n{sub s}. The overall mass scale gives the amplitude of P, and n{sub s} is affected by the number of fields and the spacing between masses in the distribution. The dropout effect of the massive fields makes the perturbation spectrum typically redder than the single field inflation spectrum. We illustrate this using two different mass distributions.
Effects of Cannabis sativa extract on haloperidol-induced catalepsy and oxidative stress in the mice

Haloperidol is a classic antipsychotic drug known for its propensity to cause extrapyramidal symptoms due to blockade of dopamine D2 receptors in the striatum. Interest in medicinal uses of cannabis is growing. Cannabis sativa has been suggested as a possible adjunctive in treatment of Parkinson's disease. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of repeated administration of an extract of Cannabis sativa on catalepsy and brain oxidative stress induced by haloperidol administration in mice. Cannabis extract was given by subcutaneous route at 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg (expressed as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol) once daily for 18 days and the effect on haloperidol (1 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced catalepsy was examined at selected time intervals using the bar test. Mice were euthanized 18 days after starting cannabis injection when biochemical assays were carried out. Malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (the concentrations of nitrite/nitrate) were determined in brain and liver. In saline-treated mice, no catalepsy was observed at doses of cannabis up to 20 mg/kg. Mice treated with haloperidol at the dose of 1 mg/kg, exhibited significant cataleptic response. Mice treated with cannabis and haloperidol showed significant decrease in catalepsy duration, compared with the haloperidol only treated group. This decrease in catalepsy duration was evident on days 1-12 after starting cannabis injection. Later the effect of cannabis was not apparent. The administration of only cannabis (10 or 20 mg/kg) decreased brain MDA by 17.5 and 21.8 %, respectively. The level of nitric oxide decreased by 18 % after cannabis at 20 mg/kg. Glucose in brain decreased by 20.1 % after 20 mg/kg of cannabis extract. The administration of only haloperidol increased MDA (22.2 %), decreased GSH (25.7 %) and increased brain nitric oxide by 44.1 %. The administration of cannabis (10 or 20 mg/kg) to haloperidol-treated mice resulted in a significant decrease in brain MDA and nitric oxide as well as a significant increase in GSH and glucose compared with the haloperidol-control group. Cannabis had no significant effects on liver MDA, GSH, nitric oxide in saline or haloperidol-treated mice. It is concluded that cannabis improves catalepsy induced by haloperidol though the effect is not maintained on repeated cannabis administration. Cannabis alters the oxidative status of the brain in favor of reducing lipid peroxidation, but reduces brain glucose, which would impair brain energetics.
Enabling energy efficient Hybrid Memory Cube systems with erasure codes

The Hybrid Memory Cube (HMC) is a promising alternative to DDRx memory due to its potential to achieve significantly higher bandwidth. However, the high static power of an HMC device compromises power efficiency when the device is lightly utilized. Activating a sleeping HMC takes over 2μs, which makes it challenging to manage HMC power without a substantial degradation in system performance. We introduce a new technique that alleviates the long wakeup penalty of an HMC by employing erasure codes. Inaccessible data stored in a sleeping HMC module can be reconstructed by decoding related data retrieved from other active HMCs, rather than waiting for the sleeping HMC module to become active. This approach makes it possible to tolerate the latency penalty incurred when switching an HMC between active and sleep modes, thereby enabling a power-capped HMC system. Simulations show that the proposed architecture outperforms a current HMC-based multicore system by 6.2×, and reduces the system energy by 5.3× under the same power budget as the multicore baseline.
Foeniculum vulgare Essential Oils: Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities

The essential oils from Foeniculum vulgare commercial aerial parts and fruits were isolated by hydrodistillation, with different distillation times (30 min, 1 h, 2 h and 3 h), and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The antioxidant ability was estimated using four distinct methods. Antibacterial activity was determined by the agar diffusion method. Remarkable differences, and worrying from the quality and safety point of view, were detected in the essential oils. trans-Anethole (31-36%), α-pinene (14-20%) and limonene (11-13%) were the main components of the essentials oil isolated from F. vulgare dried aerial parts, whereas methyl chavicol (= estragole) (79-88%) was dominant in the fruit oils. With the DPPH method the plant oils showed better antioxidant activity than the fruits oils. With the TBARS method and at higher concentrations, fennel essential oils showed a pro-oxidant activity. None of the oils showed a hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity >50%, but they showed an ability to inhibit 5-lipoxygenase. The essential oils showed a very low antimicrobial activity. In general, the essential oils isolated during 2 h were as effective, from the biological activity point of view, as those isolated during 3 h.
Unambiguous recognizable two-dimensional languages

We consider the family UREC of unambiguous recognizable two-dimensional languages. We prove that there are recognizable languages that are inherently ambiguous, that is UREC family is a proper subclass of REC family. The result is obtained by showing a necessary condition for unambiguous recognizable languages. Further UREC family coincides with the class of picture languages defined by unambiguous 2OTA and it strictly contains its deterministic counterpart. Some closure and non-closure properties of UREC are presented. Finally we show that it is undecidable whether a given tiling system is unambiguous.
The hospital anxiety and depression scale.

Sir, As one of the authors of the hospital anxiety and depression scale I wish to comment on the study presented by Dowell and Biran (January Journal, p.27). Their study misinterpreted the purpose of the hospital anxiety and depression scale. It was devised as a clinical guide as to whether depression and/or anxiety may be contributing to the distress of patients attending non-psychiatric departments of general hospital clinics. Its purpose was not to rival the general health questionnaire' as a screening instrument for otherwise undefined 'cases' of psychiatric disorder. The two sub-scales of the hospital anxiety and depression scale must therefore be considered separately and it is unfortunate that their study has reproduced the error of an earlier study2 which presented data in terms of the summation of the scores on the two subscales, using an arbitrary score for definition of the supposed 'cases'. The statement by Dowell and Biran concerning the detection of 50%o of cases in their sample is therefore invalid. As regards the data in their Table 1, the finding that 10% of the 394 consulting sample (11+29) may be suffering from an associated, or primary, depressive state and 26% (25 + 76) from an anxiety state are not unrealistic estimates. It is important to bring to attention some further characteristics of the hospital anxiety and depression scale. Previous self-assessment instruments were either too long for convenient clinical use, presented concepts of 'depression' and 'anxiety' partly in terms of somatic symptoms thus rendering them less useful in physically ill patients, failed to differentiate the concepts of anxiety and depression or lacked instructions for interpretation of scores. The hospital anxiety and depression scale has attempted to overcome these defects. The general concept of 'depression' is overinclusive since the term is used to cover a wide variety of states of misery or unhappiness and, in devising the hospital anxiety and depression subscale we concentrated on the construct of anhedonia since this provides the clinician with the nearest clinical marker for the biogenic (antidepressant responsive) depressive state.3 Finally, may I take the opportunity to advise readers on the availability of the scale? To date it has been made available to users in the UK and Eire by the Medical Liaison Service of Upjohn. This good service must now unfortunately end but users may obtain a copy for subsequent photocopy by stamped addressed envelope from myself.
Reduction of Cav1.3 channels in dorsal hippocampus impairs the development of dentate gyrus newborn neurons and hippocampal-dependent memory tasks

Cav1.3 has been suggested to mediate hippocampal neurogenesis of adult mice and contribute to hippocampal-dependent learning and memory processes. However, the mechanism of Cav1.3 contribution in these processes is unclear. Here, roles of Cav1.3 of mouse dorsal hippocampus during newborn cell development were examined. We find that knock-out (KO) of Cav1.3 resulted in the reduction of survival of newborn neurons at 28 days old after mitosis. The retroviral eGFP expression showed that both dendritic complexity and the number and length of mossy fiber bouton (MFB) filopodia of newborn neurons at ≥ 14 days old were significantly reduced in KO mice. Both contextual fear conditioning (CFC) and object-location recognition tasks were impaired in recent (1 day) memory test while passive avoidance task was impaired only in remote (≥ 20 days) memory in KO mice. Results using adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated Cav1.3 knock-down (KD) or retrovirus-mediated KD in dorsal hippocampal DG area showed that the recent memory of CFC was impaired in both KD mice but the remote memory was impaired only in AAV KD mice, suggesting that Cav1.3 of mature neurons play important roles in both recent and remote CFC memory while Cav1.3 in newborn neurons is selectively involved in the recent CFC memory process. Meanwhile, AAV KD of Cav1.3 in ventral hippocampal area has no effect on the recent CFC memory. In conclusion, the results suggest that Cav1.3 in newborn neurons of dorsal hippocampus is involved in the survival of newborn neurons while mediating developments of dendritic and axonal processes of newborn cells and plays a role in the memory process differentially depending on the stage of maturation and the type of learning task.
LAGRANGIAN RELAXATION BASED SECURITY CONSTRAINED UNIT COMMITMENT CONSIDERING VOLTAGE CONSTRAINT

Security is one of the important issues in power system. In this paper voltage constraint is incorporated with Security Constrained Unit Commitment formulation to maintain the voltage security. The objective is to minimize the total production cost considering the voltage security. Lagrangian Relaxation based approach is proposed to determine the Voltage Security Constrained Unit Commitment (SCUC) considering the thermal unit. Lagrangian formulations are applied to relax the constraints with objective function using multipliers. Lagrangian multiplier is adopted to deal with coupling constraints. Using Lagrangian Relaxation, the problem is decomposed into two problems. The master problem solves unit commitment with prevailing constraints. The sub problem minimizes the violations of voltage constraints. In order to maintain the voltage security when the voltage is high generation of reactive power is done and when the voltage is low absorption of reactive power is done. The simulation provides some analysis of the proposed method with IEEE 39 bus system with 10 generating units.
Mobile code offloading: from concept to practice and beyond

The emerging mobile cloud has expanded the horizon of application development and deployment with techniques such as code offloading. While offloading has been widely considered for saving energy and increasing responsiveness of mobile devices, the technique still faces many challenges pertaining to practical usage. In this article, we adopt a systemic approach for analyzing the components of a generic code offloading architecture. Based on theoretical and experimental analysis, we identify the key limitations for code offloading in practice and then propose solutions to mitigate these limitations. We develop a generic architecture to evaluate the proposed solutions. The results provide insights regarding the evolution and deployment of code offloading.
STRONG SELECTION GENOME‐WIDE ENHANCES FITNESS TRADE‐OFFS ACROSS ENVIRONMENTS AND EPISODES OF SELECTION

Fitness trade‐offs across episodes of selection and environments influence life‐history evolution and adaptive population divergence. Documenting these trade‐offs remains challenging as selection can vary in magnitude and direction through time and space. Here, we evaluate fitness trade‐offs at the levels of the whole organism and the quantitative trait locus (QTL) in a multiyear field study of Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae), a genetically tractable mustard native to the Rocky Mountains. Reciprocal local adaptation was pronounced for viability, but not for reproductive components of fitness. Instead, local genomes had a fecundity advantage only in the high latitude garden. By estimating realized selection coefficients from individual‐level data on viability and reproductive success and permuting the data to infer significance, we examined the genetic basis of fitness trade‐offs. This analytical approach (Conditional Neutrality‐Antagonistic Pleiotropy, CNAP) identified genetic trade‐offs at a flowering phenology QTL (costs of adaptation) and revealed genetic trade‐offs across fitness components (costs of reproduction). These patterns would not have emerged from traditional ANOVA‐based QTL mapping. Our analytical framework can be applied to other systems to investigate fitness trade‐offs. This task is becoming increasingly important as climate change may alter fitness landscapes, potentially disrupting fitness trade‐offs that took many generations to evolve.