Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Low-power gated clock tree optimization for three-dimensional integrated circuits

Applying clock gating in three dimensional integrated circuits (3D ICs) is essential for reducing power consumption and improving circuit reliability. However, the previous works only present algorithms for 3D clock tree synthesis. None of them address gated clock tree in 3D ICs for dynamic power reduction. In this paper, we propose the first problem formulation in the literature for 3D gated clock network optimization. We consider both flip-flop switching activities and the timing constraint of enable signal paths at clock gating cells when constructing topological gated clock trees. Based on the topological gated clock trees, a zero-skew 3D clock routing tree is then generated. Experimental results show that, compared with conventional 3D clock tree synthesis, the proposed 3D gated clock tree synthesis can achieve much less power consumption with similar number of TSVs and clock tree wirelength.
Perceptual Illusion of Rotation of Three-Dimensional Objects

threshold of the MEM reflex are 25 to 40 khz and 20 db SPL, respectively (3). For comparison, the threshold curve of the acoustic LM reflex was measured with a 40-msec tone burst as the responses of the cricothyroid muscle and the inferior laryn-geal nerve (Fig. 1, E and F). The threshold curve was of triangular shape and was narrower than that of the acoustic MEM reflex. The best frequency was between 30 and 40 khz, similar to that of the acoustic MEM reflex, and the lowest threshold was 50 db SPL, about 30 db higher than that of the acoustic MEM reflex. The Q-10 db values of threshold curves of 68 single cricothyroid muscle fibers ranged from 1.3 to 10 (average, 3.1). For FM sounds similar to orientation sounds of M. luci-fugus, the threshold of the acoustic LM reflex was about 20 db lower than that for pure tones. The vocal self-stimulation in terms of N, (the summated auditory nerve response to an acoustic stimulus) is 80 to 90 db SPL when the bat emits orientation sounds (6), so that the acoustic LM reflex could be evoked by vocal self-stimulation and also intense echoes. What is the function of the acoustic LM reflex? M. lucifugus emits FM orientation sounds 3 to 4 msec in duration at a rate of 10 to 15 sec-' during searching or cruising flight. When the bat finds a target and approaches it, the duration of orientation sounds decreases and the rate of sound emission increases. In the terminal phase of echolocation, the duration is often as short as 0.5 msec and the rate as high as 200 sec-' (7). If emitted sounds and echoes are both considered, the rate of stimulation of the auditory system goes up to 400 sec-'. The acoustic LM reflex may play some role in rapid sound emission. In order to find the possible roles of the reflex, the FM sound comparable to the natural orientation sound was elicited from the bat by electrically stimulating a certain part of the midbrain reticular formation (8), and the effect of an acoustic stimulus on the emission of the FM sound was examined. When a 4-msec tone burst was delivered before the vocalization and the acoustic LM reflex was evoked, the following vocal-ization was slightly reduced for 150 msec. When the tone burst was delivered after the vocalization, the acoustic LM reflex evoked …
Cellular fatty acids and metabolic products of Pseudomonas species obtained from clinical specimens

The cellular fatty acid composition of 112 reference strains and clinical isolates of Pseudomonas species was determined by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The presence and relative amounts of cyclopropane, hydroxy, and branched-chain fatty acids were distinguishing features of these strains. Determination of short-chain fatty acids extracted from spent growth media provided an additional means for identifying some strains. Our results show that clinical isolates of pseudomonads can be divided into eight distinct GLC groups. The procedures were especially useful for distinguishing glucose-nonoxidizing pseudomonads, which are difficult to identify by conventional criteria. Since the GLC procedures are simple, rapid, and highly reproducible, they are useful in diagnostic laboratories that process large numbers of cultures. Coupled with selected conventional tests, the analysis of short-chain and cellular fatty acids can be very useful for rapid screening of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas species.
Introduction to the Psychology of Hearing

The author's stated general approach is to relate the psychological and perceptual aspects of sound to the underlying physiological mechanisms of hearing in a way that the material can be used as a text to accompany an advanced undergraduate- or graduate-level course in auditory perception. The attempt is to provide an account of current trends in auditory research on a level not too technical for the novice. Psychoacoustic studies on humans and physiological studies on animals serve as the primary bases for subject matter presentation, and many practical applications are offered. Among the chapters are the following: the nature of sound and the structure of the auditory system; loudness, adaptation, and fatigue; frequency analysis, masking, and critical bands; pitch perception and auditory pattern perception; space perception; and speech perception. Within these chapter headings special attention is given to a number of topics, including signal detection theory, monaural and binaural hearing,
Microblogging in Global Software Development

Despite the current trend towards global software development, many software enterprises lack effective media for communication and collaboration. Moreover, social media are gaining attraction especially in private settings but are largely neglected in the context of distributed software development. Therefore, the goal of this design-oriented research endeavor is to develop a methodology and a corresponding tool to support communication, collaboration, and traceability in global software development. In order to address this goal, a microblogging tool is being adapted to the specific needs of developers working in distributed settings.
Emotional Responses during Reading: Physiological Responses Predict Real-Time Reading Comprehension.

This study investigated the relationship between emotional responses and reading performance in middle-school students. Although a large number of prior studies have investigated the relationship between emotion and reading, those studies have concentrated primarily on relatively static and distal measures of emotion. In this research, we measured 7th- and 8th-grade students’ (n = 44) emotional responses more proximally: during the reading tasks themselves. To do this, we used a cardiovascular indicator, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), that has been used frequently in psychophysiological studies of emotion but not, to our knowledge, in studies of reading. Results showed that the pattern of physiological response during reading predicted reading comprehension performance. Students with the most successful reading comprehension performance showed an initial orienting physiological response, followed by a lower threat physiological state when actually starting to read. Verbal retelling performance related strongly to emotional responses during reading, but multiple-choice performance was not related.
New techniques for the suppression of the four-wave mixing-induced distortion in nonzero dispersion fiber WDM systems

The performance of a wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) optical network can be severely degraded due to fiber nonlinear effects. In the case where nonzero dispersion (NZD) fibers are employed, the four-wave mixing (FWM) effect sets an upper limit on the input power, especially in the case of narrow channel spacing. In order to reduce FWM-induced distortion two new techniques, the hybrid amplitude-/frequency-shift keying (ASK/FSK) modulation and the use of prechirped pulses are investigated. It is shown that both techniques can greatly improve the Q-factor in a 10 Gb/s WDM system. This happens even for very high input powers (/spl sim/10 dBm), where the degradation of the conventional WDM system is prohibitively high. The proposed methods are also applied and tested in higher bit rates (40 Gb/s). It is deduced that although the hybrid ASK/FSK modulation technique marginally improves the system performance, the optical prechirp technique can still be used to greatly increase the maximum allowable input power of the system.
Supporting the recovery of black individuals who use adult community mental health services

Background/Objectives: Despite an increased emphasis on personal recovery within both mental health services and the literature, there is little empirical research regarding the perspectives on recovery of individuals from black communities. Furthermore, the recovery literature has been described as ‘monocultural', with authors noting a lack of emphasis on race, culture and ethnicity. If services are to be more recovery-orientated, then understanding the perspectives of people from minority ethnic communities will be fundamental in helping them to match the needs of the diverse communities they serve. By developing a framework of recovery for black individuals, this study aims to address this gap within the research. Methods: A framework of recovery from the perspective of black individuals was developed from findings of a qualitative study, which included a systematic review and narrative synthesis of the literature, 5 focus groups and 15 semi-structured interviews with individuals from black communities. The framework was used to design a module of the REFOCUS intervention manual which is currently being tested within a multi-site randomised controlled trial (RCT). A pre-planned sub-group analysis of individuals from black communities has been included as a secondary study within the REFOCUS RCT. Results: The preliminary framework of recovery included the following themes: the importance of spirituality and religion, additional stigma and discrimination, culturally specific facilitating factors, individualistic vs. collectivist values and system level barriers. Additionally, „being treated as an individual“, „holding different explanatory models of illness“ and „access to talking therapies“ were all discussed by participants, particularly when asked about the ways in which services could support recovery. The „individuality“ strand of the preliminary framework was used to develop the „understanding individual's values and treatment preferences“ chapter of the REFOCUS intervention manual. Discussion/Conclusions: The preliminary framework of recovery from the perspectives of black participants will be discussed alongside practice recommendations and implications of this model for mental health services. Further empirical research is required to validate the framework presented. Funding: The practice framework was developed within the REFOCUS study; a five-year Programme Grant for Applied Research, funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR: reference RP-PG-0707–10040). Keywords: Recovery-oriented interventions, ethnicity, qualitative research.
Evaluation system for camera shake and image stabilizers

Various optical image stabilizers for reducing camera shake have been developed in many camera manufacturers, however, it has not been known exactly how effective they work for cancellation of the camera shake. We developed a novel system for analyzing behavior of camera shake and evaluating effectiveness of image stabilizers quantitatively. It consists of the custom-made LED display for generating a high-speed VIDEO test pattern, PC software for detecting camera shake from the camera image of video test pattern, and the vibration table for simulating various camera shake. As well as introduction of this system, some evaluation results of image stabilizers are presented.
In silico serotyping of E. coli from short read data identifies limited novel O-loci but extensive diversity of O:H serotype combinations within and between pathogenic lineages

The lipopolysaccharide (O) and flagellar (H) surface antigens of Escherichia coli are targets for serotyping that have traditionally been used to identify pathogenic lineages. These surface antigens are important for the survival of E. coli within mammalian hosts. However, traditional serotyping has several limitations, and public health reference laboratories are increasingly moving towards whole genome sequencing (WGS) to characterize bacterial isolates. Here we present a method to rapidly and accurately serotype E. coli isolates from raw, short read WGS data. Our approach bypasses the need for de novo genome assembly by directly screening WGS reads against a curated database of alleles linked to known and novel E. coli O-groups and H-types (the EcOH database) using the software package srst2. We validated the approach by comparing in silico results for 197 enteropathogenic E. coli isolates with those obtained by serological phenotyping in an independent laboratory. We then demonstrated the utility of our method to characterize isolates in public health and clinical settings, and to explore the genetic diversity of >1500 E. coli genomes from multiple sources. Importantly, we showed that transfer of O- and H-antigen loci between E. coli chromosomal backbones is common, with little evidence of constraints by host or pathotype, suggesting that E. coli ‘strain space’ may be virtually unlimited, even within specific pathotypes. Our findings show that serotyping is most useful when used in combination with strain genotyping to characterize microevolution events within an inferred population structure.
Haplotype reconstruction from genotype data using Imperfect Phylogeny

UNLABELLED Critical to the understanding of the genetic basis for complex diseases is the modeling of human variation. Most of this variation can be characterized by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) which are mutations at a single nucleotide position. To characterize the genetic variation between different people, we must determine an individual's haplotype or which nucleotide base occurs at each position of these common SNPs for each chromosome. In this paper, we present results for a highly accurate method for haplotype resolution from genotype data. Our method leverages a new insight into the underlying structure of haplotypes that shows that SNPs are organized in highly correlated 'blocks'. In a few recent studies, considerable parts of the human genome were partitioned into blocks, such that the majority of the sequenced genotypes have one of about four common haplotypes in each block. Our method partitions the SNPs into blocks, and for each block, we predict the common haplotypes and each individual's haplotype. We evaluate our method over biological data. Our method predicts the common haplotypes perfectly and has a very low error rate (<2% over the data) when taking into account the predictions for the uncommon haplotypes. Our method is extremely efficient compared with previous methods such as PHASE and HAPLOTYPER. Its efficiency allows us to find the block partition of the haplotypes, to cope with missing data and to work with large datasets. AVAILABILITY The algorithm is available via a Web server at http://www.calit2. net/compbio/hap/
CLAVATA1 Dominant-Negative Alleles Reveal Functional Overlap between Multiple Receptor Kinases That Regulate Meristem and Organ Development Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.010504.

The CLAVATA1 (CLV1) receptor kinase controls stem cell number and differentiation at the Arabidopsis shoot and flower meristems. Other components of the CLV1 signaling pathway include the secreted putative ligand CLV3 and the receptor-like protein CLV2. We report evidence indicating that all intermediate and strong clv1 alleles are dominant negative and likely interfere with the activity of unknown receptor kinase(s) that have functional overlap with CLV1. clv1 dominant-negative alleles show major differences from dominant-negative alleles characterized to date in animal receptor kinase signaling systems, including the lack of a dominant-negative effect of kinase domain truncation and the ability of missense mutations in the extracellular domain to act in a dominant-negative manner. We analyzed chimeric receptor kinases by fusing CLV1 and BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) coding sequences and expressing these in clv1 null backgrounds. Constructs containing the CLV1 extracellular domain and the BRI1 kinase domain were strongly dominant negative in the regulation of meristem development. Furthermore, we show that CLV1 expressed within the pedicel can partially replace the function of the ERECTA receptor kinase. We propose the presence of multiple receptors that regulate meristem development in a functionally related manner whose interactions are driven by the extracellular domains and whose activation requires the kinase domain.
Automatic real-time monitoring and assessment of tremor parameters in the upper limb from orientation data

Upper limb tremor is the most prevalent movement disorder and, unfortunately, it is not effectively managed in a large proportion of the patients. Neuroprostheses that stimulate the sensorimotor pathways are one of the most promising alternatives although they are still under development. To enrich the interpretation of data recorded during long-term tremor monitoring and to increase the intelligence of tremor suppression neuroprostheses we need to be aware of the context. Context awareness is a major challenge for neuroprostheses and would allow these devices to react more quickly and appropriately to the changing demands of the user and/or task. Traditionally kinematic features are used to extract context information, with most recently the use of joint angles as highly potential features. In this paper we present two algorithms that enable the robust extraction of joint angle and related features to enable long-term continuous monitoring of tremor with context awareness. First, we describe a novel relative sensor placement identification technique based on orientation data. We focus on relative rather than absolute sensor location, because in many medical applications magnetic and inertial measurement units (MIMU) are used in a chain stretching over adjacent segments, or are always placed on a fixed set of locations. Subsequently we demonstrate how tremor parameters can be extracted from orientation data using an adaptive estimation algorithm. Relative sensor location was detected with an accuracy of 94.12% for the 4 MIMU configuration, and 100% for the 3 MIMU configurations. Kinematic tracking error values with an average deviation of 8% demonstrate our ability to estimate tremor from orientation data. The methods presented in this study constitute an important step toward more user-friendly and context-aware neuroprostheses for tremor suppression and monitoring.
Several variants of the primal-dual hybrid gradient algo-rithm with applications

By reviewing the primal-dual hybrid gradient algorithm (PDHG) proposed by He, You and Yuan (SIAM J. Imaging Sci. 2014, 7(4): 2526-2537), in this paper we introduce four improved schemes for solving a class of saddle-point problems. Convergence properties of the proposed algorithms are ensured based on weak assumptions, where none of the objective functions are assumed to be strongly convex but the step-sizes in the primal-dual updates are more ﬂexible than the previous. By making use of variational analysis, the global convergence and sublinear convergence rate in the ergodic / nonergodic sense are established, and the numerical efﬁciency of our algorithms is veriﬁed by testing an image deblurring problem compared with several existing algorithms.
Still ‘breadwinners’ and ‘providers’: Singaporean husbands, money and masculinity in transnational marriages

As international marriages continue to be on the rise around the world, and in East and Southeast Asia in particular, there is an increasing need for more focused studies on the phenomenon. While the extant literature has paid attention to the complex dynamics of marital intimacies through a ‘gender-sensitive’ lens, the experiences of men are still largely under-examined. This article considers the gendered and classed subjectivities of Singaporean husbands who have married Vietnamese wives and focuses on ‘money’ as a key vehicle through which the men are able to construct masculinities in the spaces of transnational marriage and family. We argue that these non-migrant men engage with transnational processes and practices strategically in order to reclaim respectable and honourable masculine status. In doing so, they dislodge themselves from the idiom of ‘failed masculinity’ commonly ascribed to men who seek foreign spouses, but at the same time reproduce dominant models of masculinity predicated on ‘breadwinning’ and ‘providing’. This article draws on the narratives of 20 Singaporean Chinese men from a range of social backgrounds to demonstrate the endurance of money and economic potency in the performance of masculinities.
Dopamine D1 Receptor-Dependent Trafficking of Striatal NMDA Glutamate Receptors to the Postsynaptic Membrane

Recent work has shown substantial alterations in NMDA receptor subunit expression, assembly, and phosphorylation in the dopamine-depleted striatum of a rodent 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease. These modifications are hypothesized to result from the trafficking of NMDA receptors between subcellular compartments. Here we show that in rat striatal tissues the NR2A and NR2B subunits in the synaptosomal membrane, and not those in the light membrane and synaptic vesicle-enriched compartments, are tyrosine phosphorylated. The dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF-82958 produces (1) an increase in NR1, NR2A, and NR2B proteins in the synaptosomal membrane fraction; (2) a decrease in NR1, NR2A, and NR2B proteins in the light membrane and synaptic vesicle-enriched fractions; and (3) an increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation of NR2A and NR2B in the synaptosomal membrane compartment. The protein phosphatase inhibitor pervanadate reproduces the alterations in subcellular distribution and phosphorylation, whereas the effects of the dopamine D1 receptor agonist are blocked by genistein, a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Dopamine D1 receptor agonist treatment does not change the subcellular distribution of the AMPA receptor subunits GluR1 or GluR2/3 in the striatum and has no effect on cortical or cerebellar NMDA receptor subunits. These data reveal a rapid dopamine D1 receptor- and tyrosine kinase-dependent trafficking of striatal NMDA receptors between intracellular and postsynaptic sites. The subcellular trafficking of striatal NMDA receptors may play a significant role both in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and in the development of adverse effects of chronic dopaminergic therapy in parkinsonian patients.