Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Measurement of the Angular Power Spectrum of the Anisotropy in the Cosmic Microwave Background

We report on a measurement of the angular power spectrum of the anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The anisotropy is measured in 23 different multipole bands from l = 54 (≈ 3°) to l = 404 (≈ 0.°45) and in six frequency bands from 26 to 46 GHz over three observing seasons. The measurements are consistent from year to year. The frequency spectral index of the fluctuations (measured at low l) is consistent with that of the CMB and inconsistent with either dust or Galactic free-free emission. Furthermore, the observations of the MSAM1-92 experiment (Cheng et al. 1994) are repeated and confirmed. The angular spectrum shows a distinct rise from δTl ≡ [l(2l+1)⟨| aml |2⟩/4π]1/2=49+ 8−5 μK at l = 87 to δTl=85+ 10−8 μK at l = 237. These values do not include an overall ±14% (1 σ) calibration uncertainty. The analysis and possible systematic errors are discussed.
ASSESSMENT FOR THE SEMANTIC INTERPRETATION OF 3 D POINT CLOUD DATA

The automatic analysis of large 3D point clouds represents a crucial task in photogrammetry, remote sensing and computer vision. In this paper, we propose a new methodology for the semantic interpretation of such point clouds which involves feature relevance assessment in order to reduce both processing time and memory consumption. Given a standard benchmark dataset with 1.3 million 3D points, we first extract a set of 21 geometric 3D and 2D features. Subsequently, we apply a classifier-independent ranking procedure which involves a general relevance metric in order to derive compact and robust subsets of versatile features which are generally applicable for a large variety of subsequent tasks. This metric is based on 7 different feature selection strategies and thus addresses different intrinsic properties of the given data. For the example of semantically interpreting 3D point cloud data, we demonstrate the great potential of smaller subsets consisting of only the most relevant features with 4 different state-of-the-art classifiers. The results reveal that, instead of including as many features as possible in order to compensate for lack of knowledge, a crucial task such as scene interpretation can be carried out with only few versatile features and even improved accuracy.
Learning Named Entity Hyponyms for Question Answering

Lexical mismatch is a problem that confounds automatic question answering systems. While existing lexical ontologies such as WordNet have been successfully used to match verbal synonyms (e.g., beat and defeat) and common nouns (tennis is-a sport), their coverage of proper nouns is less extensive. Question answering depends substantially on processing named entities, and thus it would be of significant benefit if lexical ontologies could be enhanced with additional hypernymic (i.e., is-a) relations that include proper nouns, such as Edward Teach is-a pirate. We demonstrate how a recently developed statistical approach to mining such relations can be tailored to identify named entity hyponyms, and how as a result, superior question answering performance can be obtained. We ranked candidate hyponyms on 75 categories of named entities and attained 53% mean average precision. On TREC QA data our method produces a 9% improvement in performance.
Complete Genome Sequence of Citrobacter Phage CVT22 Isolated from the Gut of the Formosan Subterranean Termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki

ABSTRACT The complete genome of bacteriophage CVT22 infecting Citrobacter sp. strain TM1552 is reported here. Both the bacteriophage and Citrobacter sp. TM1552 were isolated from the gut of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus. This is the first report of a genome sequence of a bacteriophage isolated from the termite gut.
Sentence and word alignment using Support Vector Machines

Sentence and word alignment are prerequisite tasks for any system concerning statistical machine translation. Although they seem very different, both sentence and word alignments require approximately the same features to discriminate between positive and negative examples of alignments. We present a solution that can align the sentences and the words of a parallel corpus using support vector machines classifier.
Comparing and Calibrating Black Hole Mass Estimators for Distant Active Galactic Nuclei

Black hole mass (MBH) is a fundamental property of active galactic nuclei (AGNs). In the distant universe, MBH is commonly estimated using the Mg II, Hβ, or Hα emission line widths and the optical/UV continuum or line luminosities as proxies for the characteristic velocity and size of the broad-line region. Although they all have a common calibration in the local universe, a number of different recipes are currently used in the literature. It is important to verify the relative accuracy and consistency of the recipes, as systematic changes could mimic evolutionary trends when comparing various samples. At z = 0.36, all three lines can be observed at optical wavelengths, providing a unique opportunity to compare different empirical recipes. We use spectra from the Keck Telescope and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to compare MBH estimators for a sample of 19 AGNs at this redshift. We compare popular recipes available from the literature, finding that MBH estimates can differ up to 0.38 ± 0.05 dex in the mean (or 0.13 ± 0.05 dex, if the same virial coefficient is adopted). Finally, we provide a set of 30 internally self-consistent recipes for determining MBH from a variety of observables. The intrinsic scatter between cross-calibrated recipes is in the range 0.1-0.3 dex. This should be considered as a lower limit to the uncertainty of the MBH estimators.
Treebank-based acquisition of wide-coverage, probabilistic LFGresources: project overview, results and evaluation

This paper presents an overview of a project to acquire wide-coverage, probabilistic Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) resources from treebanks. Our approach is based on an automatic annotation algorithm that annotates “raw” treebank trees with LFG f-structure information approximating to basic predicate-argument/dependency structure. From the f-structure-annotated treebank we extract probabilistic unification grammar resources. We present the annotation algorithm, the extraction of lexical information and the acquisition of wide-coverage and robust PCFG-based LFG approximations including long-distance dependency resolution. We show how the methodology can be applied to multilingual, treebank-based unification grammar acquisition. Finally we show how simple (quasi-)logical forms can be derived automatically from the f-structures generated for the treebank trees.
Waveform inversion by one-way wavefield extrapolation

One-way Riemannian wavefield extrapolation (RWE) on computational meshes conforming to the direction of turning-wave propagation is an alternative forward-modeling procedure for waveform inversion. Forward-modeling tests demonstrate that the RWE approach may be a sufficiently accurate approximation for calculating the wavefield phases important for early-arrival waveform inversion. Initial results indicate that RWE waveforms are well matched at wide offsets to finite-difference data, and can be used in a waveform inversion scheme to invert synthetic data for moderate 1D velocity perturbations.
EXPLORING THE MEDIATING ROLE OF AFFECTIVE COMMITMENT ON ORGANIZATIONAL JUSTICE AND TURNOVER INTENTION

This study encompasses the association of the three domains of organizational justice and its influence on employee turnover intention. In this cross-sectional study, proportionate stratified random sampling technique was applied. Results showed that distributive justice and interactional justice have an inverse relationship with turnover intention and affective commitment partially mediated the pathway between the dimensions of justice and employee turnover behavior. Conversely, procedural justice has an insignificant linkage with the turnover intention. This study contributes by developing an understanding of linkage between turnover intention and organizational justice and provides insight about mediation of affective commitment.
GEDOMIS: a broadband wireless MIMO-OFDM testbed, design and implementation

We present an experimental broadband wireless 4times4 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) OFDM system operating at two well-known WLAN frequency bands: 2.4 GHz and 5.2 GHz. The demonstrator is described placing special emphasis, both at the RF and DSP levels, on the design of a reconfigurable hardware architecture. In the RF section, a new scheme for the design of custom, area-efficient multi-antenna multiband radios is presented. At the DSP level, we describe the synchronization and channel estimation algorithms that may be used in scenarios with multiple transmit antennas. These algorithms take advantage of the cyclic delay diversity (CDD) mechanisms that are currently being proposed for the new IEEE 802.11n standard
A 65 nm Sub-$V_{t}$  Microcontroller With Integrated SRAM and Switched Capacitor DC-DC Converter

Aggressive supply voltage scaling to below the device threshold voltage provides significant energy and leakage power reduction in logic and SRAM circuits. Consequently, it is a compelling strategy for energy-constrained systems with relaxed performance requirements. However, effects of process variation become more prominent at low voltages, particularly in deeply scaled technologies. This paper presents a 65 nm system-on-a-chip which demonstrates techniques to mitigate variation, enabling sub-threshold operation down to 300 mV. A 16-bit microcontroller core is designed with a custom sub-threshold cell library and timing methodology to address output voltage failures and propagation delays in logic gates. A 128 kb SRAM employs an 8 T bit-cell to ensure read stability, and peripheral assist circuitry to allow sub-Vt reading and writing. The logic and SRAM function in the range of 300 mV to 600 mV, consume 27.2 pJ/cycle at the optimal V DD of 500 mV, and 1 muW standby power at 300 mV. To supply variable voltages at these low power levels, a switched capacitor DC-DC converter is integrated on-chip and achieves above 75% efficiency while delivering between 10 muW to 250 muW of load power.
Pathfinding by neuronal growth cones in grasshopper embryos. III. Selective affinity of the G growth cone for the P cells within the A/P fascicle

The growth cone of the G neuron selectively fasciculates upon specific axon bundles in a stereotypic sequence as it navigates through the developing central nervous system of the grasshopper embryo. It turns and extends anteriorly in the contralateral neuropil of the second thoracic ganglion at a specific choice point where it fasciculates with the A/P axon bundle which contains the axons of the A1, A2, P1, and P2 neurons. We previously hypothesized (Raper, J. A., M. J. Bastiani, and C. S. Goodman (1983) J. Neurosci. 3: 20–41) that this fascicle, or subsets of axons within it, were specifically labeled and that the G neuron was determined to follow this labeled pathway. Here we report on an ultrastructural analysis of the interactions between the G growth cone and its filopodia with the cells of the A/P fascicle at the choice point. As G reaches its choice point, its filopodia are in more frequent contact with the A/P fascicle in comparison to the other longitudinal axon fascicles. Within the A/P fascicle, the tip of G's growth cone is found to be closely associated with the P and not the A axons. Furthermore, before the G growth cone climbs onto the A/P fascicle, its filopodia show a selective affinity for the P axons as compared to the A axons. Another specific interaction involves selective filopodial insertions; only filopodia from the P cells were found to insert into the G growth cone and induce coated pits and vesicles. These findings suggest that G is able to distinguish the A/P fascicle from other axon bundles and, moreover, is able to distinguish the P axons from the A axons. The companion paper (Raper, J. A., M. J. Bastiani, and C. S. Goodman (1984) J. Neurosci. 4: 2329–2345) presents experimental results based on specific axon ablations that further support this hypothesis.
Evolution strategies with Ledoit-Wolf covariance matrix estimation

Evolution strategies are successful blackbox optimization algorithms for continuous solution spaces. The covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) and variants have shown great success on various problems in the past. In this paper, we present an evolution strategy (ES) based on a (1+1)-ES with Rechenberg's 1/5th step size control and Ledoit-Wolf covariance estimation. We compare this algorithm with a variant based on empirical maximum likelihood estimation. In the experimental part, the methods are compared to each other on a short benchmark function set. The ES with Ledoit-Wolf estimation turns out to outperform empirical covariance estimation. The analysis of the covariance estimation population size and the influence of the problem dimensionality allows insights into the choice of parameters.
Associative Digital Network Theory: An Associative Algebra Approach to Logic, Arithmetic and State Machines

PART 1 -- Sequential Logic: Finite Associative Closure. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Sequential and combinational Logic. 1.2 Five basic state machines, as network components. 1.3 Subset/partition, local/global, additive/mult've. 1.4 Integer arithmetic: residues with carry. 2 Simple Semigroups and the Five Basic Machines. 2.1 State Machine: Sequential Closure and Rank. 2.2 Basic Machines and Simple Semigroups. 2.3 Equivalent idempotents: memory components L,R. 2.4 Maximal Subgroups: periodic G. 2.5 Constant Rank Machines, and simple semigroups. 3 Coupling State Machines. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 No coupling: semigroup Z(.) mod m, composite m. 3.3 Machine decomposition: right congruence suffices. 3.4 Cascade composition: full groups FG3 and FG4. 3.5 Decomposing the full- and alternating group over four states. 3.6 Decomposing simple groups AGn _ FGn for n > 4. 3.7 Loop composition superfluous. 4 General Network Decomposition of State Machines. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Implementing M = (Q,A) by its alphabet A. 4.3 Bottom-up rank driven decomposition of S = A*/Q. 4.4 Partial direct products, unused codes, efficiency. 4.5 Example. 4.6 Invariants: ordered commuting idempotents. PART 2 -- Combinational Logic: Associative, Commuting Idempotents. 5 Symmetric and Planar Boolean Logic Synthesis. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Logic Synthesis independent of input ordering. 5.3 Symmetric and Threshold BF's. 5.4 Planar cut and factoring. 5.5 Fast symmetric synthesis: quadratic in nr. inputs. 5.6 Experiments and conclusion. 5.7 Planar Boolean logic synthesis. 6 Fault Tolerant Logic with Error Correcting Codes. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Fault tolerant IC design environment. 6.3 Three error correction methods for logic circuits. 6.4 Demonstration of experimental circuit. 6.5 Results for typical designs. 6.6 Conclusions. PART 3 -- Finite Arithmetic: Associative, commutative. 7 Fermat's Small Theorem extended to rp-1 mod p3. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Lattice structure of semigroup Z(.) mod q. 7.3 Distinct rp-1 mod p3 for divisors r|p A 1. 8 Additive structure of units group mod pk, with carry extension for a proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Structure of the group Gk of units. 8.3 Cubic root solution in core, and core symmetries. 8.4 Symmetries as functions yield 'triplets'. 8.5 Relation to Fermat's Small and Last Theorem. 8.6 Conclusions and Remarks. 9 Additive structure of Z(.) mod mk (squarefree) and Goldbach's conjecture. 9.1 Lattice of groups. 9.2 Primes, composites and neighbours. 9.3 Euclidean prime sieve. 9.4 Proving GC via GR(k) by induction on k. 9.5 Conclusions. 10 Powersums Sxp represent residues mod pk, from Fermat to Waring. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Core increments as coset generators. 10.3 Core extensions: Ak to Fk, and pairsums mod pk. 10.4 Conclusions. 11 Log-arithmetic, with single and dual base. 11.1 Log-arithmetic with dual base 2 and 3. 11.2 European Logarithmic Microprocessor ELM. Bibliography. Index.
Adaptive multimedia streaming over IP based on customer oriented metrics

Delivering multimedia services over IP is expected to represent a significant contribution to final revenues of most telcos and content producers. This new paradigm of customer-made, on-demand services calls for new approaches to the whole life cycle service management. In this article an analytical method to determine the delivered quality of experience is presented. It does so from an end-user point of view for it helps network operators to better fulfil their customer's expectations. Being an analytical approach, it explicitly states the existing relationship of delivered quality and observable network metrics thus enabling solid service management procedures
Evaluation of Software Change Propagation Using Simulation

Software changes are inevitable in the process of software evolution. And software change propagation intensely increases the difficulty of software maintenance. The approach of simulated analysis is introduced to the research on software change propagation. The software change propagation model construction and related software metric indicators are presented. And the software change propagation evaluation approach based on simulation is proposed, which can be used to evaluate the design quality of software system in an arbitrary level of abstraction. The proposed software change propagation model has been implemented in the NetLogo simulation platform that can automatically analyze the software quality of a given system. The proposed systematic approach has been evaluated by some samples, which indicate the simplicity and rationality of our approach.
Genetic consequences of selection cutting on sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall)

Selection cutting is a treatment that emulates tree‐by‐tree replacement for forests with uneven‐age structures. It creates small openings in large areas and often generates a more homogenous forest structure (fewer large leaving trees and defective trees) that differs from old‐growth forest. In this study, we evaluated whether this type of harvesting has an impact on genetic diversity of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall). Genetic diversity among seedlings, saplings, and mature trees was compared between selection cut and old‐growth forest stands in Québec, Canada. We found higher observed heterozygosity and a lower inbreeding coefficient in mature trees than in younger regeneration cohorts of both forest types. We detected a recent bottleneck in all stands undergoing selection cutting. Other genetic indices of diversity (allelic richness, observed and expected heterozygosity, and rare alleles) were similar between forest types. We concluded that the effect of selection cutting on the genetic diversity of sugar maple was recent and no evidence of genetic erosion was detectable in Québec stands after one harvest. However, the cumulative effect of recurring applications of selection cutting in bottlenecked stands could lead to fixation of deleterious alleles, and this highlights the need for adopting better forest management practices.
Thermal Instability-induced Interstellar Turbulence

We study the dynamics of phase transitions in the interstellar medium by means of three-dimensional hydrodynamic numerical simulations. We use a realistic cooling function and generic nonequilibrium initial conditions to follow the formation history of a multiphase medium in detail in the absence of gravity. We outline a number of qualitatively distinct stages of this process, including a linear isobaric evolution, transition to an isochoric regime, formation of filaments and voids (also known as "thermal" pancakes), the development and decay of supersonic turbulence, an approach to pressure equilibrium, and final relaxation of the multiphase medium. We find that 1%-2% of the initial thermal energy is converted into gas motions in one cooling time. The velocity field then randomizes into turbulence that decays on a dynamical timescale Ek ∝ t-α, 1 ≲ α ≲ 2. While not all initial conditions yield a stable two-phase medium, we examine such a case in detail. We find that the two phases are well mixed with the cold clouds possessing a fine-grained structure near our numerical resolution limit. The amount of gas in the intermediate unstable phase roughly tracks the rms turbulent Mach number, peaking at 25% when ℳrms ~ 8 and decreasing to 11% when ℳrms ~ 0.4.
Is ☺ Smiling? Cross-Cultural Study on Recognition of Emoticon’s Emotion

Emoticons are getting more popular as the new communication channel to express feelings in online communication. Although familiarity to emoticons depends on cultures, how exposure matters in emotion recognition from emoticon is still open. To address this issue, we conducted a cross-cultural experimental study among Cameroon and Tanzania (hunter-gatherers, swidden farmers, pastoralists, and city dwellers) wherein people rarely experience emoticons and Japan wherein emoticons are popular. Emotional emoticons (e.g., ☺) as well as pictures of real faces were presented on a tablet device. The stimuli expressed a sad, neutral, or happy feeling. The participants rated the emotion of stimulus on a Sad–Happy Scale. We found that the emotion rating for the real faces was slightly different but similar among three cultural groups, which supported the “dialect” view of emotion recognition. Contrarily, while Japanese people were also sensitive to the emotion of emoticons, Cameroonian and Tanzanian people hardly read emotion from emoticons. These results suggested that the exposure to emoticons would shape the sensitivity to emotion recognition of emoticons, that is, ☺ does not necessarily look smiling to everyone.
Assimilation of GBVTD‐retrieved winds from single‐Doppler radar for short‐term forecasting of super typhoon Saomai (0608) at landfall

A single‐Doppler wind retrieval method called the Ground‐Based Velocity‐Track Display technique (GBVTD) has been developed in recent years to retrieve horizontal circulations of tropical cyclones. The technique is able to retrieve axisymmetric tangential and radial winds, asymmetric tangential winds for wave numbers 1–3, and along‐beam mean winds in tropical cyclones. It has been successfully applied to tropical cyclone monitoring and warning. This study explores, for the first time, the assimilation of GBVTD‐retrieved winds into a tropical cyclone prediction model, and examines its impact relative to that of directly assimilated radial velocity data. super typhoon Saomai (2006), the most intense landfalling typhoon ever recorded in China, is chosen as the test case, and data from the coastal operational radar at Wenzhou, China, are used. The ARPS 3DVAR system is used to assimilate either the radial velocity data directly or the GBVTD‐retrieved winds, at 30 min intervals for 2 hours.
Valence Band Structure of InAs1−xBix and InSb1−xBix Alloy Semiconductors Calculated Using Valence Band Anticrossing Model

The valence band anticrossing model has been used to calculate the heavy/light hole and spin-orbit split-off energies in InAs1−xBix and InSb1−xBix alloy systems. It is found that both the heavy/light hole, and spin-orbit split E + levels move upwards in energy with an increase in Bi content in the alloy, whereas the split E − energy for the holes shows a reverse trend. The model is also used to calculate the reduction of band gap energy with an increase in Bi mole fraction. The calculated values of band gap variation agree well with the available experimental data.