Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Monetizing the mommy: mommy blogs and the audience commodity

ABSTRACT When mommy blogging began over a decade ago, bloggers were operating outside of any commercial imperative. To write a mommy blog was even described as a ‘radical act’ [Lopez, L. K. (2009). The radical act of ‘mommy blogging’: Redefining motherhood through the blogosphere. New Media & Society, 11(5), 729–747], one where women were creating narratives that were dramatically different from the images of motherhood portrayed in mainstream media. A sense of community began to develop through these blogs where women were seen as talking openly and honestly about their lives as mothers. As these blogs became increasingly popular, advertisers began to take notice and accepting some form of advertisement on mommy blogs has become the norm. While the move to commercialism was framed as empowering by many bloggers, it has sparked a backlash where mommy bloggers are accused of blogging for profit, rather than for community. This paper argues that while in its early days mommy blogging offered a transcendent, unifying experience, one that elevated everyday experience into a larger sense of community built through authentic storytelling, mommy blogging has evolved into a largely commercial endeavor that commodifies the audience [Smythe, D. (1981). Dependency road. New York, NY: Ablex]. Using the site Get Off My Internets as a case study, this paper argues that the backlash against these bloggers is largely in reaction to this commodification and that the sense of community on these blogs is threatened as they become monetized.
How New Zealanders distribute their daily time between home indoors, home outdoors and out of home

ABSTRACT Unlike most developed countries, until now no time-use microenvironment studies have been undertaken in New Zealand. International studies show that on average 60%–70% of each day is spent at home indoors in all countries. Time-use differences usually relate to day type, season, gender, age and job type. Although house indoor environments have fewer pollutants than other microenvironments, spending much time in this one microenvironment can easily lead to greater exposure while some indoor spaces like kitchens are proven to produce higher levels of pollutants compared to other rooms. Consequently, this study undertaken in summer has focused on time-use in three microenvironments: house indoors; house outdoors; and out of home, with a more detailed look at the time different members of selected household types spend in the various rooms of their house. Results show that New Zealanders spend on average 69.7% of each day at home indoors. Like other countries, time-use at home indoors in New Zealand is affected by gender, age, job type and day type (weekday or weekend). The average summer time-use at home outdoors is only 0.55 hours/day which is very little for a country with a temperate climate and a large proportion of houses with private gardens. In fact, New Zealand time-use microenvironment patterns seem to follow similar patterns to those of most developed countries.
AUGUR: providing context-aware interaction support

As user interfaces become more and more complex and feature laden, usability tends to decrease. One possibility to counter this effect are intelligent support mechanisms. In this paper, we present AUGUR, a system that provides context-aware interaction support for navigating and entering data in arbitrary form-based web applications. We further report the results of an initial user study we performed to evaluate the usability of such context-aware interaction support. AUGUR combines several novel approaches: (i) it considers various context sources for providing interaction support, and (ii) it contains a context store that mimics the user's short-term memory to keep track of the context information that currently influences the user's interactions. AUGUR thereby combines the advantages of the three main approaches for supporting the user's interactions, i.e. knowledge-based systems, learning agents, and end-user programming.
Translation Quality Estimation using Recurrent Neural Network

This paper describes our submission to the shared task on word/phrase level Quality Estimation (QE) in the First Conference on Statistical Machine Translation (WMT16). The objective of the shared task was to predict if the given word/phrase is a correct/incorrect (OK/BAD) translation in the given sentence. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for word level Quality Estimation using Recurrent Neural Network Language Model (RNN-LM) architecture. RNN-LMs have been found very effective in different Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. RNN-LM is mainly used for vector space language modeling for different NLP problems. For this task, we modify the architecture of RNNLM. The modified system predicts a label (OK/BAD) in the slot rather than predicting the word. The input to the system is a word sequence, similar to the standard RNN-LM. The approach is language independent and requires only the translated text for QE. To estimate the phrase level quality, we use the output of the word level QE system.
Supervised translation-invariant sparse coding

In this paper, we propose a novel supervised hierarchical sparse coding model based on local image descriptors for classification tasks. The supervised dictionary training is performed via back-projection, by minimizing the training error of classifying the image level features, which are extracted by max pooling over the sparse codes within a spatial pyramid. Such a max pooling procedure across multiple spatial scales offer the model translation invariant properties, similar to the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Experiments show that our supervised dictionary improves the performance of the proposed model significantly over the unsupervised dictionary, leading to state-of-the-art performance on diverse image databases. Further more, our supervised model targets learning linear features, implying its great potential in handling large scale datasets in real applications.
Adaptive controller based on flexi-structure neural network for dissolved oxygen control

This paper reports on the design of an adaptive controller based on flexi-structure neural network (FSNN) for dissolved oxygen (DO) in an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The proposed FSNN incorporates a structure variable feedforward neural network (FNN), where the FNN can determine its structure on-line automatically. The structure of the FNN is adapted to cope with operating character change, while the weight parameters are updated to make the control accuracy. The special feature is that the control accuracy is maintained during adaptation and, therefore, the control performance will not be degraded when the model character changes. The performance of the proposed FSNN is illustrated with simulation. As a result of the performance evaluation of the proposed control structure, which is compared with the fuzzy and fixed structure FNN approaches; it is particularly satisfactory for the DO concentration in the WWTPs.
An efficient approach to multivariate Nakagami-m distribution using Green's matrix approximation

An efficient approach for the evaluation of the Nakagami-m (1960) multivariate probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) with arbitrary correlation is presented. Approximating the correlation matrix with a Green's matrix, useful closed formulas for the joint Nakagami-m PDF and CDF, are derived. The proposed approach is a significant theoretical tool that can be efficiently used in the performance analysis of wireless communications systems operating over correlative Nakagami-m fading channels.
Synthesis of hidden Markov models based on finite sample paths and applications to computational biology

In this paper, we study the problem of modelling a given stationary stochastic process using a hidden Markov model (HMM). In particular, we show how to construct a HMM for an arbitrary stochastic process so as to match perfectly its statistics up to a prespecified order, and to match optimally its statistics of higher order. This approach is applied to two problems in computational biology, namely: distinguishing between the coding and non-coding regions of a Prokaryote genome, and classifying a protein into a small family of proteins.
Category-specific attention for animals reflects ancestral priorities, not expertise

Visual attention mechanisms are known to select information to process based on current goals, personal relevance, and lower-level features. Here we present evidence that human visual attention also includes a high-level category-specialized system that monitors animals in an ongoing manner. Exposed to alternations between complex natural scenes and duplicates with a single change (a change-detection paradigm), subjects are substantially faster and more accurate at detecting changes in animals relative to changes in all tested categories of inanimate objects, even vehicles, which they have been trained for years to monitor for sudden life-or-death changes in trajectory. This animate monitoring bias could not be accounted for by differences in lower-level visual characteristics, how interesting the target objects were, experience, or expertise, implicating mechanisms that evolved to direct attention differentially to objects by virtue of their membership in ancestrally important categories, regardless of their current utility.
Quantitative Versus Qualitative Research , or Both ? NursiNg researCh WorldvieWs

NursiNg researCh WorldvieWs Nursing research falls within the two broad worldviews, the positivist and the naturalistic paradigms. These two worldviews have opposing assumptions about reality and view of the world. For example, in regards to reality, the posi-tivist believes that a single reality exists that can be measured, whereas in the naturalistic paradigm, there are multiple realities that are continually changing , which make it very difficult if not impossible to measure. Other important opposing assumptions are listed in Table 3-1. The two main types of research methods are quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative research aligns with the positivist paradigm, whereas qualitative research most closely aligns itself with the naturalistic paradigm. Quantitative research is a formal, objective, deductive approach to problem solving. In contrast, qualitative research is a more informal, subjective, inductive approach to problem solving. More characteristics of each are compared in Table 3-2. Even though quantitative research has been considered the more rigorous of the two in the past, qualitative research has gained more credibility in the science world recently. In fact, both are appropriate methods for conducting research, and each method can contribute greatly to the scientific body of knowledge. Selection of which method to use depends primarily on the research question(s) being asked. These questions flow from the research problem and purpose statement. For example, testing a new fall prevention program within your hospital would require you to obtain a baseline fall rate before the program and then again after full implementation of the program. Statistically, you could compare rate of falls before the new program with the rate of falls after the new program. Your unit of analysis would be numbers and would lend itself to a
In-place techniques for parallel convex hull algorithms (preliminary version)

We present a number of efficient parallel algorithms for constructing 2and 3-dimensional convex hulls on a randomized CRCW PRAM. Specifically, we show how to build the convex hull of n pre-sorted points in the plane almost surely in O(1) time using O(n log n) processors, or, alternately, almost surely in O(log” n) time using an optimal number of processors. We also show how to find the convex hull of n unsorted points in R2 (resp., 3? s) in O(log n) time using O(n log h) work (resp., 0(log2 n) time using O(min{n logz h, n log n}) work), with very high probability, where h is the number of edges in the convex hull (h is O(n), but can be as small as O(l)). Our algorithms for unsorted input depend on the use of new in-place procedures, that is, procedures that are defined on a subset of elements in the input and that work without re-ordering the input. For the pre-sorted case we also exploit a technique that allows one to modify an algorithm that assumes it is given points so that it can be used on hulls; we call such algorithms point-loll invariant. * This research supported in part by NSF and DARPA under Grant CCR-8908092. Email: ghouse@cs.jhu. edu. t ‘lhis rese~ch supported in part by the National Science FOUIIdation under Grant CCR-9003299, and by NSF and DARPA under Grant CCR-8908092. Email: goodrich@cs.jhu. edu. Permission to copy without fee all or part of this matertial is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Association for Computing Machinery. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or specific permission.
On the Validity of Morpheme Structure Constraints

Morpheme structure constraints (MSCs or, equivalently, morphemic constraints), i.e., constraints on underived items, pose a logical problem to any theory claiming that the first input list to the lexicon, i.e., the dictionary (DICT), may contain material which is considered ill-formed by the MSCs of the language. This problem is related to Scobbie’s (1991:1) “interaction problem”, i.e., the need to make explicit the way in which constraints, rules and representations interact. In the case of MSCs, the interaction problem can be stated as follows: how can ill-formed material be present in the DICT if the DICT contains constraints, i.e., MSCs, against ill-formed material? The Theory of Constraints and Repair Strategies (TCRS) proposed by Paradis (1988a, 1988b, 1990, 1993, this volume), along with Optimality Theory (e.g., Itô and Mester, this volume, and McCarthy, this volume) but in contrast with Declarative Phonology (e.g., Scobbie, this volume), claims explicitly that the DICT can contain material which is identified as ill-formed by post-morphemic constraints (see Paradis and Prunet 1989a:331; Bagemihl 1991:641; Paradis and El Fenne 1991, 1992, 1993; and Ulrich 1991 for other instances of underlying ill-formedness). To solve this interaction problem, Paradis (1993, this volume) suggests that phonological constraints are active in the lexicon (the component where words are morphologically derived) and the post-lexical level alone, not in the DICT. Structures of the DICT may be identified as ill-formed only when going through the lexicon. The theory of phonology which emerges from this position clearly contradicts the commonly-held view that DICT entries are constrained by MSCs.
Self-selection : The Roy model

In their 2000 Handbook of Income Distribution review, Neal and Rosen (2000) discuss empirical regularities that have motivated theories of the distribution of labor earnings: for example, earnings distributions tend to be skewed to the right, and mean earnings tend to differ greatly across groups defined by occupation, education, experience and other observed traits (such as gender and race). A variety of models have been proposed as frameworks to explain these types of facts. For example, several theories of earnings distributions were covered in 14.661 and Part I of 14.662, such as human capital models and Rosen-style superstar models. We are going to start off Part II of 14.662 by covering four additional classes of theoretical models with implications for earnings distributions: the Roy model, the compensating differen­ tials model, discrimination models, and models of rent-sharing. For each class of models, we will discuss recent empirical papers applying these models to questions in labor economics as well as applied microeconomics more generally. From there we will cover three closely related topics management practices, intergenerational mobility and early life determinants of long-run outcomes which speak to other empirically important determinants of the distribution of labor earnings.1
Formations with a Mission: Stable Coordination of Vehicle Group Maneuvers

In this paper we present a stable coordination strategy for vehicle formation missions that involve group translation, rotation, expansion and contraction. The underlying coordination framework uses artificial potentials and virtual leaders. Symmetry in the framework is exploited to partially decouple the mission control problem into a formation management subproblem and a maneuver management subproblem. The designed dynamics of the virtual leaders play a key role in both subproblems: the direction of motion of the virtual leaders is designed to satisfy the mission while the speed of the virtual leaders is designed to ensure stability and convergence properties of the formation. The latter is guaranteed by regulating the virtual leader speed according to a feedback measurement of an appropriate formation error function. The coordination strategy is illustrated in the context of adaptive gradient climbing missions.
Inhibition and Genetic Ablation of the B7/CD28 T-Cell Costimulation Axis Prevents Experimental Hypertension

Background— The pathogenesis of hypertension remains poorly understood, and treatment is often unsuccessful. Recent evidence suggests that the adaptive immune response plays an important role in this disease. Various hypertensive stimuli cause T-cell activation and infiltration into target organs such as the vessel and the kidney, which promotes vascular dysfunction and blood pressure elevation. Classically, T-cell activation requires T-cell receptor ligation and costimulation. The latter often involves interaction between B7 ligands (CD80 and CD86) on antigen-presenting cells with the T-cell coreceptor CD28. This study was therefore performed to examine the role of this pathway in hypertension. Methods and Results— Angiotensin II-induced hypertension increased the presence of activated (CD86+) dendritic cells in secondary lymphatic tissues. Blockade of B7-dependent costimulation with CTLA4-Ig reduced both angiotensin II- and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt-induced hypertension. Activation of circulating T cells, T-cell cytokine production, and vascular T-cell accumulation caused by these hypertensive stimuli were abrogated by CTLA4-Ig. Furthermore, in mice lacking B7 ligands, angiotensin II caused minimal blood pressure elevation and vascular inflammation, and these effects were restored by transplantation with wild-type bone marrow. Conclusions— T-cell costimulation via B7 ligands is essential for development of experimental hypertension, and inhibition of this process could have therapeutic benefit in the treatment of this disease.
Hyperspectral unmixing using an active set algorithm

The inversion problem in hyperspectral unmixing involves solving a constrained least-squares problem. Several solutions have been proposed, often based on convex optimization techniques, such as alternating optimization strategies, projection onto convex sets, augmenting positively constrained optimization algorithms, or quadratic programming. One of the most popular techniques, fully-constrained least-squares unmixing, is based on extending the Lawson-Hanson non-negatively constrained least-squares algorithm with an extra weighted term that takes the sum-to-one constraint into account. In this paper, we present an alternative active-set algorithm, inspired by the Lawson-Hanson algorithm, which solves the unmixing problem exactly, and does not require any weighting parameters. The resulting algorithm always finds the correct solution, and works an order of magnitude faster than the fully-constrained least-squares algorithm.
Manufacturing Decline, Housing Booms, and Non-Employment

We assess the extent to which manufacturing decline and housing booms contributed to changes in U.S. non-employment during the 2000s. Using a local labor market design, we estimate that manufacturing decline significantly increased non-employment during 2000-2007, while local housing booms decreased non-employment by roughly the same magnitude. The effects of manufacturing decline persist through 2011, but we find no persistent non-employment effects of local housing booms, most plausibly because housing booms were associated with subsequent busts of similar magnitude. We also find that housing booms significantly reduce the likelihood that displaced manufacturing workers remain non-employed, suggesting that housing booms "mask" non-employment growth that would have otherwise occurred earlier in the absence of the booms. Applying our estimates to the national labor market, we find that housing booms reduced non-employment growth by roughly 30 percent during 2000-2007 and that roughly 40 percent of the aggregate increase in non-employment during 2000-2011 can be attributed to manufacturing decline. Collectively, our results suggest that much of the non-employment growth during the 2000s can be attributed to manufacturing decline and these effects would have appeared in aggregate statistics earlier had it not been for the large, temporary increases in housing demand.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber. org.
Toeholds, Bid-jumps and Expected Payoos in Takeovers 1

With a sample of 2,335 tender o ers, we estimate the e ect of toehold, o er premium, the form of payment, and pre-bid share tendering agreement on subsequent state-transition probabilities and state-payo s. In multiple-bid contests, the expected time to the second bid is 15 days, and the median bid-jump from the initial to second bid is 10%, corresponding to a premium increase of 31%. While the payment method has little e ect, toehold e ects are dramatic. Multiple-bid contests are associated with signi cantly lower toeholds than single-bid contests. Greater toeholds reduce the probability of competition from rival bidders and of target management resistance. The initial and rival bidders tend to enter the auction with similar toehold levels. Toeholds and o er premiums are negatively correlated, and toeholds are smaller the greater the pre-bid runup in the target's share price. Transition probabilities are systematically a ected by the structure of the initial bid, but not by the con guration of subsequent o ers, suggesting that "strategic bidding" is limited to the rst round in the contest. Target expected payo s are increasing in the o er premium and in the odds in favor of multiple bids, but decreasing in the initial bidder's toehold. Target resistance reduces target expected payo s from the second bid. Initial bidder expected payo is insigni cant except in the "rival-bidder-wins" state where it is signi cantly positive, possibly in anticipation of a toehold-sale to the winning rival bidder.