Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The malicious code hiding techniques, code obfuscation problem

Nowadays, in world of modern technologies and technology society, information can be the most valuable commodity on the market and so gathering it, buy or sell it becomes the most important part of doing business. Because of the prizing, the more sophisticated ways of gathering and processing of the information are still being developed, various kinds of more sophisticated and faster systems are being created and more complex technologies are being made, which clearly opens various paths for various criminal menaces. To be able to react appropriate and fast on this threads and protect valuable property of its own, to protect the data and be able to find an appropriate solution for protecting them and for preventing them from damage or any other misusing, man should be aware of the processes behind the whole cycle and be able to define the whole menace scope given to the general situation and scenario.
A Directory Index for EXT2

In recent years, filesystem designers have tended to favor the use of BTrees and variants thereof to eliminate directory performance bottlenecks. The idea of adding BTree directory indexing to Linux's Ext2 filesystem has been much discussed but never implemented, more probably due to an aversion to complexity than any laziness on the part of developers. Recently, I conceived and implemented a new kind of indexing technique using hashed keys held in a uniform-depth tree. I gave this structure the name "HTree". Compared to a BTree, the HTree has a considerable simpler implementation but offers similar performance. Furthermore, it turned out to be possible to achieve not only backward compatibility with existing Ext2 filesystems, but forward compatibility with earlier versions of Linux as well.
Variational Inference in Non-negative Factorial Hidden Markov Models for Efficient Audio Source Separation

The past decade has seen substantial work on the use of non-negative matrix factorization and its probabilistic counterparts for audio source separation. Although able to capture audio spectral structure well, these models neglect the non-stationarity and temporal dynamics that are important properties of audio. The recently proposed non-negative factorial hidden Markov model (N-FHMM) introduces a temporal dimension and improves source separation performance. However, the factorial nature of this model makes the complexity of inference exponential in the number of sound sources. Here, we present a Bayesian variant of the N-FHMM suited to an efficient variational inference algorithm, whose complexity is linear in the number of sound sources. Our algorithm performs comparably to exact inference in the original N-FHMM but is significantly faster. In typical configurations of the N-FHMM, our method achieves around a 30x increase in speed.
The $p$-Center Problem in Tree Networks Revisited

We present two improved algorithms for weighted discrete $p$-center problem for tree networks with $n$ vertices. One of our proposed algorithms runs in $O(n \log n + p \log^2 n \log(n/p))$ time. For all values of $p$, our algorithm thus runs as fast as or faster than the most efficient $O(n\log^2 n)$ time algorithm obtained by applying Cole's speed-up technique [cole1987] to the algorithm due to Megiddo and Tamir [megiddo1983], which has remained unchallenged for nearly 30 years. Our other algorithm, which is more practical, runs in $O(n \log n + p^2 \log^2(n/p))$ time, and when $p=O(\sqrt{n})$ it is faster than Megiddo and Tamir's $O(n \log^2n \log\log n)$ time algorithm [megiddo1983].
Online Learning with Adversarial Delays

We study the performance of standard online learning algorithms when the feedback is delayed by an adversary. We show that online-gradient-descent [1] and follow-the-perturbed-leader [2] achieve regret O(√D) in the delayed setting, where D is the sum of delays of each round's feedback. This bound collapses to an optimal O(√T) bound in the usual setting of no delays (where D = T). Our main contribution is to show that standard algorithms for online learning already have simple regret bounds in the most general setting of delayed feedback, making adjustments to the analysis and not to the algorithms themselves. Our results help affirm and clarify the success of recent algorithms in optimization and machine learning that operate in a delayed feedback model.
Is severe visceral leishmaniasis a systemic inflammatory response syndrome? A case control study.

INTRODUCTION The objective of the study is to identify the main risk factors for death by New World visceral leishmaniasis and establish a coherent pathogenic substrate of severe disease based on clinical findings. METHODS Seventy-six deceased inpatients and 320 successfully treated inpatients with VL were studied in a case control study. RESULTS Bacterial infection and bleeding were mutually exclusive events leading to death. Five risk factors were unique for death by bacterial infection (malnutrition, pulmonary rales, severe anemia, severe absolute neutropenia and higher neutrophil count), while another six were unique for death by bleeding (jaundice, severe relative neutropenia, severe thrombocytopenia, liver injury, kidney failure, higher bone marrow parasite load). Bacterial infection, bleeding, severe anemia, diarrhea, dyspnea, edema, jaundice and bone marrow parasite load were the main syndromes of visceral leishmaniasis among successfully treated patients. CONCLUSIONS The data support the idea that bacterial infections are due to immune paralysis. Broad organ and system involvement is plausibly due to the high production of proinflammatory cytokines, whose actions fit well with visceral leishmaniasis. The syndromes and causative mediators are typical of a slowly developing systemic inflammatory response syndrome.
Design and Evaluation of an Auditory Glance at Algebra for Blind Readers

An overview or glance is important in planning the reading process. Such a highlevel view is not possible for a blind person when reading by listening. This paper describes the sonification of algebra notation to provide an audio glance to facilitate planning prior to reading. Prosodic cues used in spoken algebra were combined with pre-existing guidelines for earcon design to produce a high-level view of expression structure called algebra earcons. The initial evaluation indicated listeners could recover syntactic information from an algebra earcon and pick an appropriate expression. Some defficiencies were revealed, that were amended and then retested in a second experiment showing an improvement in recognition of syntactic features. Analysis of verbal protocols revealed the level of syntactic information the listeners could retain and recall, and also the strategies used.
Barriers to follow‐up care of survivors in the United States and the United Kingdom

Survivors of pediatric cancer face an increased risk of morbidity, mortality, and diminished quality of life associated with their previous cancer therapy. Because these risks are often modifiable, periodic lifetime medical follow‐up is recommended for all survivors. This article assesses the current status of follow‐up care in the United States and the United Kingdom. Potential barriers in both cultures and health care environments are described. A better understanding of these barriers has led to the development and testing of interventions intended to optimize the health care of survivors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006;46:135–142. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The BAF60c-MyoD complex poises chromatin for rapid transcription

Chromatin remodeling by the SWI/SNF complex is required to activate the transcription of myogenic-specific genes. Our work addressed the details of how SWI/SNF is recruited to myogenic regulatory regions in response to differentiation signals. Surprisingly, the muscle determination factor MyoD and the SWI/SNF subunit BAF60c form a complex on the regulatory elements of MyoD-targeted genes in myogenic precursor cells. This Brg1-devoid MyoD-BAF60c complex flags the chromatin of myogenic-differentiation genes before transcription is activated. On differentiation, BAF60c phosphorylation on a conserved threonine by p38 α kinase promotes the incorporation of MyoD-BAF60c into a Brg1-based SWI/SNF complex, which remodels the chromatin and activates transcription of MyoD-target genes. Downregulation of BAF60c expression prevents MyoD access to the chromatin and the proper loading of an active myogenic transcriptosome preventing the expression of hundreds of myogenic genes. Our data support an unprecedented two-step model by which (1) pre-assembled BAF60c-MyoD complex poises the chromatin of myogenic genes for rapid transcription; (2) chromatin-bound BAF60c “senses” the myogenic differentiation cues and recruits an active SWI/SNF complex to remodel the chromatin allowing transcriptional activation.
SDH5, a Gene Required for Flavination of Succinate Dehydrogenase, Is Mutated in Paraganglioma

Tapping the Mitochondrial Proteome Mitochondria produce the energy that cells need to survive, function, and divide. A growing list of human disorders has been traced to defects in mitochondrial function. About 300 mammalian mitochondrial proteins are functionally uncharacterized, and Hao et al. (p. 1139, published online 23 July) reasoned that the most highly conserved proteins within this group might provide insights into human disease. A combination of bioinformatics, yeast genetics, biochemistry, and human genetics was used to show that a previously uncharacterized mitochondrial protein (Sdh5) is required for the activity of respiratory complex II. Inactivating mutations in the human gene encoding SDH5 were found in individuals with hereditary paraganglioma, a rare neuroendocrine tumor. Thus, analysis of a mitochondrial protein in yeast has revealed a human tumor susceptibility gene. Analysis of a yeast mitochondrial protein reveals a human tumor susceptibility gene. Mammalian mitochondria contain about 1100 proteins, nearly 300 of which are uncharacterized. Given the well-established role of mitochondrial defects in human disease, functional characterization of these proteins may shed new light on disease mechanisms. Starting with yeast as a model system, we investigated an uncharacterized but highly conserved mitochondrial protein (named here Sdh5). Both yeast and human Sdh5 interact with the catalytic subunit of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex, a component of both the electron transport chain and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Sdh5 is required for SDH-dependent respiration and for Sdh1 flavination (incorporation of the flavin adenine dinucleotide cofactor). Germline loss-of-function mutations in the human SDH5 gene, located on chromosome 11q13.1, segregate with disease in a family with hereditary paraganglioma, a neuroendocrine tumor previously linked to mutations in genes encoding SDH subunits. Thus, a mitochondrial proteomics analysis in yeast has led to the discovery of a human tumor susceptibility gene.
CML20, an Arabidopsis Calmodulin-like Protein, Negatively Regulates Guard Cell ABA Signaling and Drought Stress Tolerance

Guard cells shrink in response to drought and abscisic acid (ABA), which is caused by efflux of ions that in turn reduces stomatal aperture and improves the plant’s ability to retain moisture. Cytosolic free calcium is an essential secondary messenger in guard cell ABA signaling, but the details of this regulatory pathway remain sketchy. Here, the calmodulin-like protein CML20, which has four EF-hand domains and calcium-binding activity in vitro, was found to be a negative regulator of ABA-induced stomatal movement in Arabidopsis. The guard cells of cml20 loss-of-function mutant plants were hypersensitive to both ABA-activated S-type anion currents, and ABA inhibited inward K+ currents than those of wild type. Additional, due to smaller stomatal aperture, cml20 showed less water loss from the leaves than wild type. These phenotypes of CML20 overexpressing plants contrasted with wild type in the opposite direction. In the cml20 mutant, the transcripts of stress responsive genes, such as MYB2, RAB18, ERD10, COR47, and RD29A were up-regulated in response to drought and ABA, while down-regulated of APX2 transcription and higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. These observations support the CML20, a functional Ca2+ sensor, is a negative regulator in guard cell ABA signaling.
Photodynamic therapy for infections: Clinical applications

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was discovered over 100 years ago by its ability to kill various microorganisms when the appropriate dye and light were combined in the presence of oxygen. However it is only in relatively recent times that PDT has been studied as a treatment for various types of localized infections. This resurgence of interest has been partly motivated by the alarming increase in drug resistance amongst bacteria and other pathogens. This review will focus on the clinical applications of antimicrobial PDT.
Design of a low noise low power preamplifier used for portable biomedical signal acquisition

A low noise preamplifier used for biomedical signal acquisition is presented in the paper. A “T-type feedback” operational amplifier topology structure is used here based on the traditional “AC coupling-capacitor feedback”. The resulting amplifier, built in SMIC 0.18um standard CMOS process, processes signals from 0.2/25Hz to 10 kHz with an input-referred noise of 0.96uVrms and a power dissipation of 18.54uW while occupying 0.065mm2 of chip area. The simulation results show that, the presented preamplifier has proper gain and bandwidth, small input-referred noise and chip area consumption. It is suitable for the applications in low power, low noise and high integration circuits used for biomedical signal acquisition.
The open long tail model between new culture and digital technology

Purpose of the study . The aim of this paper is to describe an emerging business model that comes from the digitalization of the world of making tangible objects. Methodology . The creation of niche products , their production and sales in an open business model is analyzed through the literature review of both models and sustained by the analysis of practice cases. Findings . This new business model , defined by the authors as the open long tail model, includes the features of both the open business model and the long tail model because it sustains the collaborative trend of the web generation and creates a large number of niche, physical things rather that “just pixels on screens”. Research limits . Given its focus on the empirical evidence from the diffusion of new digital and flexible technologies , our analysis has identified a new trend in the manufacturing industry business model that seems to have a positive effect on the organization as well as the costumer. Practical implications . The future of this emerging business model looks promising thanks to its democratization of creativity and manufacturing trajectory and its capability to create more revenue for anyone who wants to undertake this venture. Novelty of the paper . This new stream of creativity democratization and innovation is possible thanks to the open long tail model based the new user that wants to make objects, the emergence of digital tools for design and production, the collaboration between actors.
Macrophage and Innate Lymphoid Cell Interplay in the Genesis of Fibrosis

Fibrosis is a characteristic pathological feature of an array of chronic diseases, where development of fibrosis in tissue can lead to marked alterations in the architecture of the affected organs. As a result of this process of sustained attrition to organs, many diseases that involve fibrosis are often progressive conditions and have a poor long-term prognosis. Inflammation is often a prelude to fibrosis, with innate and adaptive immunity involved in both the initiation and regulation of the fibrotic process. In this review, we will focus on the emerging roles of the newly described innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in the generation of fibrotic disease with an examination of the potential interplay between ILC and macrophages and the adaptive immune system.
Expression of CENTRORADIALIS (CEN) and CEN-like Genes in Tobacco Reveals a Conserved Mechanism Controlling Phase Change in Diverse Species

Plant species exhibit two primary forms of flowering architecture, namely, indeterminate and determinate. Antirrhinum is an indeterminate species in which shoots grow indefinitely and only generate flowers from their periphery. Tobacco is a determinate species in which shoot meristems terminate by converting to a flower. We show that tobacco is responsive to the CENTRORADIALIS (CEN) gene, which is required for indeterminate growth of the shoot meristem in Antirrhinum. Tobacco plants overexpressing CEN have an extended vegetative phase, delaying the switch to flowering. Therefore, CEN defines a conserved system controlling shoot meristem identity and plant architecture in diverse species. To understand the underlying basis for differences between determinate and indeterminate architectures, we isolated CEN-like genes from tobacco (CET genes). In tobacco, the CET genes most similar to CEN are not expressed in the main shoot meristem; their expression is restricted to vegetative axillary meristems. As vegetative meristems develop into flowering shoots, CET genes are downregulated as floral meristem identity genes are upregulated. Our results suggest a general model for tobacco, Antirrhinum, and Arabidopsis, whereby the complementary expression patterns of CEN-like genes and floral meristem identity genes underlie different plant architectures.
Deep Learning Technology for Predicting Solar Flares from (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) Data

Solar activity, particularly solar flares can have significant detrimental effects on both space-borne and grounds based systems and industries leading to subsequent impacts on our lives. As a consequence, there is much current interest in creating systems which can make accurate solar flare predictions. This paper aims to develop a novel framework to predict solar flares by making use of the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) X-ray flux 1-minute time series data. This data is fed to three integrated neural networks to deliver these predictions. The first neural network (NN) is used to convert GOES X-ray flux 1-minute data to Markov Transition Field (MTF) images. The second neural network uses an unsupervised feature learning algorithm to learn the MTF image features. The third neural network uses both the learned features and the MTF images, which are then processed using a Deep Convolutional Neural Network to generate the flares predictions. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first flare prediction system that is based entirely on the analysis of pre-flare GOES X-ray flux data. The results are evaluated using several performance measurement criteria that are presented in this paper.
Bad data suppression through the cooperation between independent state estimators

Conventional (commonly provided by remote terminal units, RTUs) and synchronized phasor measurements are processed by power system state estimators. These measurements may be contaminated with gross errors that should be detected, identified, and eliminated. In this paper an efficient bad data (BD) processing scheme is presented, whose features are: independent estimators are used to process separately conventional and synchrophasor measurements; smearing effect of BD is eliminated, which allows their block identification and replacement; data validation is possible even under critical conditions for observability. The results of simulations performed on the IEEE 30-bus system demonstrate the application of the proposed approach.
Overweight and Cognitive Performance: High Body Mass Index Is Associated with Impairment in Reactive Control during Task Switching

The prevalence of weight problems is increasing worldwide. There is growing evidence that high body mass index (BMI) is associated with frontal lobe dysfunction and deficits in cognitive control. The present study aims to clarify the association between weight status and the degree of impairment in cognitive flexibility, i.e., the ability to efficiently switch from one task to another, by disentangling the preparatory and residual domains of task switching. Twenty-six normal weight (BMI < 25, five males) and twenty-six overweight (BMI ≥ 25, seven males) university students performed a task-switching paradigm that provides a relatively well-established diagnostic measure of proactive vs. reactive control with regard to cognitive flexibility. Compared to individuals with a BMI lower than 25, overweight (i.e., ≥25) was associated with increased switching costs in the reactive switching condition (i.e., when preparation time is short), representing reduced cognitive flexibility in the preparatory domain. In addition, the overweight group reported significantly more depression and binge eating symptoms, although still indicating minimal depression. No between-group differences were found with regard to self-reported autism spectrum symptoms, impulsiveness, state- and trait anxiety, and cognitive reactivity to depression. The present findings are consistent with and extend previous literature showing that elevated BMI in young, otherwise healthy individuals is associated with significantly more switching costs due to inefficiency in the retrieval, implementation, and maintenance of task sets, indicating less efficient cognitive control functioning.
Rock art and narrative

Sometimes the narrative behind visual imagery is lost because there is no one who remembers it but the imagery remains, silent, an enigmatic testament to past lives. Sometimes however the story survives, the imagery assisting in the process of passing the narrative down the generations, perhaps changing in some aspects but retaining its essence. This paper is about narrative and about language itself. How words first became symbolic for objects and how awareness developed of self as separate from others. It is also a story about an evolving understanding of how modern human brains have adapted and put to new use pathways already existing in the primate brain.
Morphology-Based Data Elimination from Medical Image Data

Modern medical imaging lets us create accurate computer models of anatomical structures. Some of these models can be animated to visualize joint kinematics. A model's size and complexity can significantly affect the efficiency of any desired animation or interactive manipulation. The model normally takes the form of a polygonal mesh; the more facets in the mesh, the slower the rendering process. Beyond a certain limit, real time interaction becomes impractical because the frame rate (image regeneration) is too slow. The many methods proposed for reducing the number of polygons in computer models normally entail a loss of detail in the final model. In some applications, retaining detail may be important. Joint kinematics, which we were investigating, falls into this category, and we sought a way to reduce the input data volume without introducing a corresponding decrease in the isosurface resolution. Our application requires only the bone's external surface, which is found by segmenting radiological data obtained from computerized tomodensitometry (a CT scan). By analyzing local bone morphology, we were able to identify and eliminate nearly 50 percent of the polygons generated by standard segmentation techniques, while retaining the full resolution of the required isosurface. The article discusses the relationships between bone morphology and bone intensity in a medical imaging data set and describes how these relationships can help us reduce the polygon count in the surface models generated.