Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Localised Infection of Atlantic Salmon Epithelial Cells by HPR0 Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus

Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) is an important, systemic viral disease of farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Endothelial cells are the main target cells for highly virulent HPR-deleted ISA virus (ISAV) types. Here we examine the pathogenesis of non-virulent ISAV HPR0 infections, presenting evidence of an epithelial tropism for this virus type, including actual infection and replication in the epithelial cells. Whereas all HPR0 RT-qPCR positive gills prepared for cryosection tested positive by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescent labelling, only 21% of HPR0 RT-qPCR positive formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded gills were IHC positive, suggesting different methodological sensitivities. Only specific epithelial cell staining was observed and no staining was observed in endothelial cells of positive gills. Furthermore, using an ISAV segment 7 RT-PCR assay, we demonstrated splicing of HPR0, suggesting initial activation of the replication machinery in the epithelial gill cells. Immunological responses were investigated by the expression of interferon-related genes (e.g. Mx and γIP) and by ELISA for presence of anti-ISAV antibodies on samples taken sequentially over several months during an episode of transient HPR0 infection. All fish revealed a variable, but increased expression of the immunological markers in comparison to normal healthy fish. Taken together, we conclude that HPR0 causes a localized epithelial infection of Atlantic salmon.
Corporate Campaign Contributions as a Predictor for Abnormal Stock Returns After Presidential Elections

In the U.S. campaign contributions by companies play a major role in financing election campaigns. We analyze contributions by companies before an election and stock market performance after the election for the presidential elections from 1992 until 2004. We find that (i) the percentage of contributions given to the winner in a presidential election and (ii) the total contribution (divided by market capitalization) have a significant positive impact on a company's stock market performance after an election. While under Clinton both factors were equally important, during the Bush-presidency the total contribution had comparatively more impact.
Large Block Shareholders, Institutional Investors, Boards of Directors and Bank Value in the Nineteenth Century

Share prices of modern corporations are influenced by the size and structure of boards of directors, large individual and institutional investors, and shareholder voting rights, among other governance features. It is not clear whether the same features mattered historically, given recent research suggesting that the principal concern in the nineteenth century was neither managerial self-dealing nor majority shareholder expropriation that might reduce the returns to common shareholders. Rather, at many nineteenth-century corporations, common shareholders were also customers and shareholding offered preferential access to the firms' goods and services. Using modern empirical tools in a study of banks, this study finds evidence supporting the shareholder-as-customer model. Bank values responded positively to the presence of large-block individual shareholders (those more concerned with access to loans) and negatively to large-block institutional investors (those more concerned with dividend returns than access). Moreover, firm value declined as directors consumed larger fractions of a bank's loans, which reduced the bank's ability to extend credit to other shareholders.
An Exploration of Frontline Staff Service Orientated Behaviours

The success ful management of frontli ne staff is important for service organisations as customers often make evaluative judgements of the service encounter through interactions with these staff. The behaviour and attitude of these frontline staff therefore play a fundamental part in this evaluation. It is important therefore to understand the factors which affect staff performance, their satisfaction with their job and their quitting intentions. With that in mind, this study investigates the relationship between organisational level service orientation and staff training, individual service orientation, job satisfaction, affective commitment and instrumental commitment, and intention to leave the organisation. The study is a survey to frontline service staff in a tourism operation. We find that employees'perception of organisational level service orientation positively impacts their behaviour towards customers, as does training. However, employee satisfaction and affective commitment do not appear to be significant predictors of customer focused behaviour. The study contributes to the field of services management, by further exploring managerial actions that impact the behaviour of employees towards customers, and casts doubt on the long held assumption that satisfied and.committed employees will be motivated and able to deliver exceptional customer service.
Long‐term efficacy and safety of canagliflozin over 104 weeks in patients aged 55–80 years with type 2 diabetes

The long‐term efficacy and safety of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitor, was evaluated over 104 weeks in patients aged 55–80 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) inadequately controlled on a stable antihyperglycaemic agent regimen.
Quality Management of Hotel Information System

An information system is the basis of a hotel as a business system. Its role is to improve the processes involved in performing, managing and strategically planning business operations. It enhances the intangible features of services and increases process and service quality through improvements and innovations. As a business system, a hotel consists of a number of interrelated subsystems. A feature of modern hotel operations is the existence of an integrated hotel information system through the use of computers. This system comprises several components (Hardware, Software, Orgware, Lifeware, Netware and Dataware) that must all possess the same level of quality. Only by continuously analysing the quality and alignment of all components is it possible to gain insight into the global quality of a hotel information system and to ensure a more efficient management process. This paper presents the results of a survey conducted among 72 hotel managers from Croatia concerning the importance of the individual components of a hotel information system.
Multi-stream coding for MIMO OFDM systems with space-time-frequency spreading

We propose a coding strategy for MIMO OFDM systems that exploits full spatial (transmit and receive) diversity, as well as frequency and time diversity, through the combination of binary codes and linear precoding. The proposed scheme, based on streams (layers/threads), was designed to make iterative decoding with interference-cancellation relatively simple, while preserving most of the diversity available from the channel. It accommodates any number of transmit and receive antennas. Nevertheless, it is a full-rate scheme, since no redundancy is added by the linear precoding operations.
OsCUL 3 a Negatively Regulates Cell Death and Immunity by Degrading OsNPR 1 in Rice

Qunen Liu,a,b,c,1 Yuese Ning,b,1 Yingxin Zhang,a,c,1 Ning Yu,a,c Chunde Zhao,a,c Xiaodeng Zhan,a,c Weixun Wu,a,c Daibo Chen,a,c Xiangjin Wei,a Guo-Liang Wang,b,d,2 Shihua Cheng,a,c,2 and Liyong Caoa,c,e,2 a State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400 China b State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China c Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China dDepartment of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 eCollaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
Evaluating The Factors Affecting The Internet Banking Adoption Of Consumers Using Structural Equation Model

Banks find an opportunity to provide several services without time and place limitation by means of internet one of the most important technological developments. But the fact that many bank customers haven’t preferred internet banking yet due to the different reasons increases the significance of investigating the factors as to the internet banking adoption of bank customers. In this study, the individual bank customers’ internet banking adoption has been analyzed by structural equation model based upon the Technology Acceptance Model. The model has been generated by adding the perceived risk variable. According to the results of analysis, it has been seen that the ease of use and utility perception of bank customers depend on their attitudes and intentions toward internet banking. Also, the findings have showed that the risk which bank customers perceive toward internet banking affects their intentions of use both directly and by way of their attitudes toward internet banking. In the light of the obtained findings, several suggestions have been made for adopting the internet banking by much more customers.
Bank-Related Loan Supply Factors During the Crisis: An Analysis Based on the German Bank Lending Survey

This paper analyses the role of bank-related constraints in explaining the sharp slowdown in bank lending to non-financial corporations in Germany during the recent financial crisis. We use a panel approach based on a unique data set which matches the individual responses of the banks participating in the Eurosystem's Bank Lending Survey with the corresponding micro data on loan quantities and prices. Our main finding is that bank-related supply and demand-side indicators were both important in explaining the slowdown of bank lending during the crisis years. The results suggest that the dampening impact of the bank-related restrictions was strongest from the third quarter of 2009 to the first quarter of 2010. Over this short period, more than one-third of the explained negative loan development was due to the restrictive adjustments of purely bank-related factors, such as the costs related to the bank's capital, market financing conditions and the bank's liquidity position.
Grip and detachment of locusts on inverted sandpaper substrates

Locusts (Locusta migratoria manilensis) are characterized by their strong flying and grasping ability. Research on the grasping mechanism and behaviour of locusts on sloping substrates plays an important role in elucidating the mechanics of hexapod locomotion. Data on the maximum angles of slope at which locusts can grasp stably (critical angles of detachment) were obtained from high-speed video recordings at 215 fps. The grasping forces were collected by using two sensors, in situations where all left legs were standing on one and the right legs on the other sensor plate. These data were used to illustrate the grasping ability of locusts on slopes with varying levels of roughness. The grasping morphologies of locusts' bodies and tarsi were observed, and the surface roughness as well as diameters of their claw tips was measured under a microscope to account for the grasping mechanism of these insects on the sloping substrate. The results showed that the claw tips and part of the pads were in contact with the inverted substrate when the mean particle diameter was in the range of 15.3–40.5 µm. The interaction between pads and substrates may improve the stability of contact, and claw tips may play a key role in keeping the attachment reliable. A model was developed to explain the significant effects of the relative size of claw tips and mean particle diameter on grasping ability as well as the observed increase in lateral force (2.09–4.05 times greater than the normal force during detachment) with increasing slope angle, which indicates that the lateral force may be extremely important in keeping the contact reliable. This research lays the groundwork for the probable design and development of biomimetic robotics.
The Projections of the Lateral Reticular Nucleus to the Deep Cerebellar Nuclei. An Experimental Analysis in the Rat

The projections of the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) to the cerebellar nuclei were studied using the retrograde axonal transport of tetramethyl rhodamine dextran amine (10% solution in 0.01 M neutral phosphate buffer) in 19 adult Wistar strain rats. The cerebellar nuclei receive topographically organized projections from the LRN. The projections are bilateral with an ipsilateral predominance and they are symmetrical. The contralateral component is progressively larger for projections to the nuclei interpositalis, to the nucleus lateralis and to the nucleus medialis. The projections to the various cerebellar nuclei arise from rostrocaudally oriented columns of neurons located in different (partly overlapping) areas of the magnocellular division of the LRN. The nucleus lateralis receives terminals from the dorsomedial area (mainly from the rostral level of the LRN), the nuclei interpositalis from the dorsolateral area (mainly from the central level) and the nucleus medialis from the intermedioventral area (mainly from the caudal level). Afferent fibres from the small subtrigeminal division were traced to the three cerebellar nuclei and from the parvocellular division to the nuclei interpositalis and medialis. The density of the projections from the LRN to the nuclei interpositalis increases progressively with the shift of the terminal field from the rostrolateral to the caudomedial part of the nucleus. The projections to the nucleus lateralis reach principally the dorsolateral hump, whereas only a few neurons project to the other divisions (parvo‐ and magnocellular). The projections to the various regions of the nucleus medialis show different densities. The highest density was found for projections to the caudal part, in particular to the dorsolateral protuberance and to the ventrolateral area of the middle division. Conversely, a low density of projections was found for the other areas of the middle division. The regions of the magnocellular division of the LRN which project to the nuclei lateralis (and are thus related to the cerebral cortex), interpositalis (related to the red nucleus) and medialis (related to the spinal cord) also receive afferent terminals from the cerebral cortex, the red nucleus and the spinal cord respectively, in addition to various afferent inputs. Thus, each of these areas is apparently concerned with integrating some spinal and supraspinal information in reverberating circuits.
Can Allocation by Sortition Resolve the Connecticut Education-Financing Impasse?

It has been over 40 years since Connecticut amended its Constitution to ensure citizens a right to a free public education. Despite the constitutionally prescribed right, dramatic inequities in educational conditions continued to characterize the state’s K-12 educational system, especially between suburban/rural white and urban minority school districts. In the 1970s plaintiffs challenged the prevailing mechanism for allocating education funds with a host of court cases that tackled the thorny question of how much financial responsibility the state should assume to equalize the spending disparities between school districts. Prodded by court decisions, many formulas and approaches have been proposed by the Connecticut General Assembly in response to the various legal challenges yet the state has never fully funded the cost sharing formula nor lived up to the 50-50 cost sharing arrangement envisaged by some policymakers. The situation remains at an impasse with the latest court action, CCJEF v. Rell (2005), to be resolved no sooner than 2014 by most accounts. Our aim here is to offer an analysis of the decision-making environment that explains the current impasse. We contend that by applying the dual-error framework popular in other social policy settings, it is possible to understand the competing views and beliefs of those groups arrayed in opposition. We claim that the individual and political understanding and policy responses are prone to cognitive heuristics in the manner popularized by Sunstein, Schadke and Kahneman, and Kuran and Sunstein (Kuran & Sunstein, 1999; Sunstein C. , Cognition and Cost-Benefit Analysis, 2000; Schkade & Kahneman, 1998). This analytical approach entails a recognition that many policy makers fail to make decisions via the normative model of rational decision-making but rather rely subjectively on emotion, intuitions, biases, character traits, and social and cultural norms in a manner that diverges systematically from the rational model. We argue that differing subjective appraisals of the role of individual agency in the observed achievement gap is at the core of the debate. There are, of course, other inputs into the educational process. But it is this perception of agency that heavily influences the general population’s political choices. The existing institutional framework appears to have cemented this worldview in a situation that has little chance of a meaningful resolution. We note the perplexing conundrum in which Connecticut finds itself and conclude that the problem is a social dilemma in which the parties involved are individually powerless to resolve. Sortition mechanisms – allocation by lottery – have been known to effectively resolve social dilemmas in other domains. We examine the possibility of relying on lots to resolve the allocation of educational monies.
Generalized distributed compressive sensing with security challenges for linearly correlated information sources

Distributed compressive sensing (DCS) usually improves the signal recovery performance of multi‐signal ensembles by exploiting both intra‐ and inter‐signal correlation and sparsity structure. However, the existing DCS had proposed for a very limited ensemble of signals that has only single common information. This paper proposes a generalized DCS (GDCS) framework which can improve sparse signal detection performance given arbitrary types of common information, which are classified into full common information and partial common information after overcoming against existing limitation. Specifically, the theoretical bound on the required number of measurements under the GDCS is obtained. We also develop a practical algorithm to obtain benefits using the GDCS. At the end of this paper, it simply summarizes the potential security issues when it gets all sensing information in a sensor network. Finally, numerical results verify that the proposed algorithm reduces the required number of measurements for correlated sparse signal detection compared to the DCS algorithm. This research lays down the basis for efficient distributed signal detection so that it can improve the detection performance or it can detect the signal reliably when the number of signal observations is limited.
Why embodiment now?

Embodiment is a promising new area for theory development, but several issues impair its evolution, including confusion over terminology and a lack of organization of existing literature. Embodiment is defined, based on the philosophy of Merleau-Ponty. Works of scholars and current debate about embodiment are summarized. Embodied meanings of illness are explored in terms of their relevance for nursing.
Prediction of Cognitive Decline from White Matter Hyperintensity and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography in Alzheimer’s Disease

Background While several studies support an association of white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), no reports have simultaneously considered the effects of both factors on cognitive decline. Objective The purpose of the present study was to compare WMH volume and rCBF in relation to cognitive function by developing a new software program to fuse magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) data. Method We used MRI, SPECT, and neuropsychological data from 182 serial outpatients treated at the memory clinic of our hospital. Results Twenty-nine AD patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria (18 females, mean age: 73.1 ± 7.9 years, mean Mini-Mental State Examination: 23.1 ± 3.0). Analysis of variance revealed that posterior deep WMH (DWMH) volume was significantly larger than both anterior periventricular hyperintensity (PVH) and DWMH, and posterior PVH volumes. Multivariate regression analysis showed that increased volumes of the anterior PVH and the posterior DWMH and decreased rCBF of the parietal cortex negatively affected cognitive function. The other areas had no significant negative effects on cognitive function. Conclusion Our findings show that the volume of the posterior WMH was significantly larger than that of other areas, and the increased posterior WMH volume and decreased rCBF of the parietal cortex negatively affected cognitive function. Therefore, the posterior WMH volume and the parietal rCBF are key parameters of cognitive decline in AD patients.
Concept of a Script MIB based Policy Management System

Tasks 6.1 – 6.3 of the joint Jasmin Project between the Technical University of Braunschweig and NEC C&C Research Laboratories scheduled for the time from January to August 2001 are concerned with the design and implementation of a policy management system based on the Jasmin Script MIB implementation. This report documents a number of requirements and the general concepts behind this Jasmin based approach. The architecture of a Java class package supporting the programming of policy scripts and the application to the policy based management of DiffServ routers are described.