Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Text document classification using swarm intelligence

This paper presents an algorithm for the automatic grouping of PDF documents, and with potential application for Web document classification. The algorithm developed is based on an ant-clustering algorithm, which was inspired by the behavior of some ant species in the organization their nests. To apply the ant-clustering algorithm for text document classification, two modifications had to be introduced in the standard algorithm: 1) the use of a metric to evaluate the similarity degree of text data, instead of numeric data; and 2) the proposal of a cooling schedule for a user-defined parameter so as to improve the convergence properties of the algorithm. To illustrate the behavior of the modified algorithm, it was applied to sets of real-world documents taken from the IEEE WCCI -1998 CD.
Differential Delay Compensator -- A New Approach to Reduce Buffer Size in VCAT Enabled Next Generation SDH Networks

Next-generation SONET/SDH technologies namely, Generic Framing Procedure(GFP), Virtual Concatenation (VCAT) and Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) enable network operators to provide integrated data and voice services over their legacy SONET/SDH infrastructure to generate new revenue. VCAT is a inversing multiplexing technology used to break the GFP framed data payload such that it can be mapped into SDH frame. It groups arbitrary number of virtual containers to achieve the desired data rate. The number of virtual containers forms a group named virtual containers group (VCG). Individual member of VCG can traverse through any path to reach the destination and all VCs are combined at the destination as per the MFI (Multiframe Indicator) and Sequence Number written in the control packet of the SDH frame. As all the VCG members are routed independently, they do not reach the destination at the same time. These streams thus incur differential delay. Buffers are provided at the receiver to compensate differential delay and combine the streams for generating the data signal. More the differential delay more is the buffer requirement at the receiver. Differential delay/buffer size can be reduced by proper routing of the traffic. In the existing receiver circuits, all incoming streams are allotted fixed and equal buffer size, specifying maximum differential delay it can compensate. This results in large amount of buffer requirement and wastage of buffer as all the streams do not suffer same differential delay. To overcome this limitation, this paper proposes a novel scheme of allotting buffers dynamically to all the streams. To achieve this, differential delay between the streams is computed by extracting the MFI and then as per the delay, each stream is allotted buffer from a common buffer pool. The common buffer pool size is network architecture dependent. This scheme drastically reduces the buffer requirement at the receiver. For functional verification of the concept hardware circuit is designed. The circuit accepts three VC-3 streams, calculates the differential delay, allots buffers as per the delay and finally outputs synchronized streams compensating the differential delay.
Proc. of the 13th NIST-NCSC National Computer Security Conference, Washington D.C., October 1990, pages 526-540 INTEGRITY MECHANISMS IN DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Our goal in this paper is to answer the following question: what mechanisms are required in a general-purpose multiuser database management system (DBMS) to facilitate the integrity objectives of information systems? We are particularly interested in relational DBMS's. Although existing commercial products fall far short of providing the requisite mechanisms, in principle they can be easily extended to incorporate these mechanisms. In a nutshell our conclusion is that realistic mechanisms do exist. Our principal contribution is to identify these mechanisms, ll in the gaps where none existed and point out where gaps still remain. We have also bridged the terminology and concepts of database and security specialists in a coherent manner.
Flexible Distributed Capacity Allocation and Load Redirect Algorithms for Cloud Systems

In Cloud computing systems, resource management is one of the main issues. Indeed, in any time instant resources have to be allocated to handle effectively workload fluctuations, while providing Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees to the end users. In such systems, workload prediction-based autonomic computing techniques have been developed. In this paper we propose capacity allocation techniques able to coordinate multiple distributed resource controllers working in geographically distributed cloud sites. Furthermore, capacity allocation solutions are integrated with a load redirection mechanism which forwards incoming requests between different domains. The overall goal is to minimize the costs of the allocated virtual machine instances, while guaranteeing QoS constraints expressed as a threshold on the average response time. We compare multiple heuristics which integrate workload prediction and distributed non-linear optimization techniques. Experimental results show how our solutions significantly improve other heuristics proposed in the literature (5-35% on average), without introducing significant QoS violations.
Price control in long term contracts : the case of coal

A sample of coal contracts between electric utilities and coal suppliers is used to analyze mechanisms for determining prices in long term coal contracts. Alternative methods for determining prices in long term contracts are discussed and the actual adjustment mechanisms specified in a set of actual coal contracts presented. The vast majority of long term coal contracts use a base price plus escalation or cost-plus adjustment formula. Base price equations and subsequent transactions price equations are estimated. The analysis shows that on average long term contracts are flexible in the sense that prices adjust to major changes in the costs of supplying coal. However, some pricing rigidities are found which appear to reflect the economic conditions prevailing at the time the contracts were executed. Furthermore, some contracts track changes in market values very poorly.
Deep inelastic scattering and factorization in the ’t Hooft model

We study in detail deep inelastic scattering in the 't Hooft model. We are able to analytically check current conservation and to obtain analytic expressions for the matrix elements with relative precision O(1/Q 2 ) for 1 ― x » β 2 /Q 2 . This allows us to compute the electron-meson differential cross section and its moments with 1/Q 2 precision. For the former we find maximal violations of quark-hadron duality, as it is expected for a large N c analysis. For the latter we find violations of the operator product expansion at next-to-leading order in the 1/Q 2 expansion.
The connections of the middle temporal visual area (MT) and their relationship to a cortical hierarchy in the macaque monkey

The cortical and subcortical connections of the middle temporal visual area (MT) of the macaque monkey were investigated using combined injections of [3H]proline and horseradish peroxidase within MT. Cortical connections were assigned to specific visual areas on the basis of their relationship to the pattern of interhemispheric connections, revealed by staining for degeneration following callosal transection. MT was shown to be reciprocally connected with many topographically organized cortical visual areas, including V1, V2, V3, and V4. These pathways link regions representing corresponding portions of the visual field in the different areas. In addition, MT has reciprocal connections with two previously unidentified cortical areas, which we have designated the medial superior temporal area (MST) and the ventral intraparietal area (VIP). The laminar distribution of terminals and cell bodies in cortical areas connected with MT follows a consistent pattern. In areas V1, V2, and V3, the projections to MT arise largely or exclusively from cells in supragranular layers, and the reciprocal connections from MT terminate mainly in supragranular and infragranular layers. In contrast, the projections to MST and VIP terminate mainly in layer IV, and the reciprocal pathways originate from cells in both superficial and deep layers. On the basis of this pattern, each connection can be designated as forward or feedback in nature, and a hierarchical arrangement of visual areas can be determined. In this hierarchy, MT is at a higher level than V1, V2, and V3, and at a lower level than MST and VIP. Subcortical projections were seen from MT to the claustrum, the putamen, the caudate nucleus, the inferior and lateral subdivisions of the pulvinar complex, the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, the reticular nucleus of the thalamus, the superior colliculus, and the pontine nuclei.
Adapting the International System of Units to the twenty-first century

We review the proposal of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (Comité International des Poids et Mesures, CIPM), currently being considered by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (Conférences Générales des Poids et Mesures, CGPM), to revise the International System of Units (Le Système International d'Unitès, SI). The proposal includes new definitions for four of the seven base units of the SI, and a new form of words to present the definitions of all the units. The objective of the proposed changes is to adopt definitions referenced to constants of nature, taken in the widest sense, so that the definitions may be based on what are believed to be true invariants. In particular, whereas in the current SI the kilogram, ampere, kelvin and mole are linked to exact numerical values of the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram, the magnetic constant (permeability of vacuum), the triple-point temperature of water and the molar mass of carbon-12, respectively, in the new SI these units are linked to exact numerical values of the Planck constant, the elementary charge, the Boltzmann constant and the Avogadro constant, respectively. The new wording used expresses the definitions in a simple and unambiguous manner without the need for the distinction between base and derived units. The importance of relations among the fundamental constants to the definitions, and the importance of establishing a mise en pratique for the realization of each definition, are also discussed.
High-performance fully integrated 4 GHz CMOS LC VCO in standard 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS technology

In this paper, we demonstrate that high Q-factor inductors on normal 750-/spl mu/m-thick silicon substrate (in standard 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS technology) can be achieved by optimization of the layout of the inductors. To study the effect of pattern-ground-shield (PGS) on our designed inductors, we compare the performance of the inductors with and without PGS. In addition, a state-of-the-art 4-GHz CMOS LC voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with phase noise of -119.94 dBc/Hz measured at 1 MHz offset frequency is reported.
Which battery model to use?

The use of mobile devices like cell phones, navigation systems or laptop computers is limited by the lifetime of the included batteries. This lifetime depends naturally on the rate at which energy is consumed; however, it also depends on the usage pattern of the battery. Continuous drawing of a high current results in an excessive drop of residual capacity. However, during intervals with no or very small currents, batteries do recover to a certain extent. The usage pattern of a device can be well modelled with stochastic workload models. However, one still needs a battery model to describe the effects of the power consumption on the state of the battery. Over the years many different types of battery models have been developed for different application areas. In this study we give a detailed analysis of two well-known analytical models, the kinetic battery model (KiBaM) and the so-called diffusion model. We show that the KiBaM is actually an approximation of the more complex diffusion model; this was not known previously. Furthermore, we tested the suitability of these models for performance evaluation purposes, and found that both models are well suited for doing battery lifetime predictions. However, one should not draw conclusions on what is the best usage pattern based on only a few workload traces.
Improved blotch detection by postprocessing

Blotches are common artifacts in old film sequences that manifest themselves as disturbing bright or dark spots. Existing methods for detecting blotches can achieve high detection rates. High detection rates are only useful if the corresponding number of false alarms is not too high, visible artifacts in the corrected sequence result otherwise. We show that the performance of blotch detectors can be improved significantly by taking statistical influence of noise on the detection mechanism into account. Further improvements are achieved first by using a double-stage detection strategy and second by a constrained dilation technique.
A tissue-like optically turbid and electrically conducting phantom for simultaneous EEG and near-infrared imaging

We describe a phantom for simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and near-infrared imaging which consists of a solid, optically turbid and electrically conducting interface enclosing a tissue-mimicking aqueous scattering solution. The interface provides an electrical contact impedance comparable to that of the human scalp while the phantom as a whole has optical properties and electrical conductivity equivalent to that of head tissue. The construction is described and our design is evaluated experimentally using an optically absorbing target which also provides an EEG-equivalent electric field source. The results of this simultaneous EEG and near-infrared imaging experiment are presented.
COMPETITION AT "DUOPOLY" AIRLINE HUBS IN THE U.S.

The major purpose of this article is to examine the differences in service and prices between hub duopolies (hubs dominated by two carriers) and hub monopolies (hubs dominated by a single carrier) in an effort to determine what a city could gain from the addition of a second carrier to a dominated hub. The two specific questions addressed are: (1) What is the extent of competition at duopoly hubs as compared to monopoly hubs? (2) Are prices lower on average on routes from the duopoly hubs than from the single-carrier-dominated fortress hubs? It is shown that hub monopolies contribute to route domination and through this route effect to higher average prices into and out of the monopoly hubs.
Effects of OEF/OIF-Related Physical and Emotional Co-Morbidities on Associative Learning: Concurrent Delay and Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning

This study examined the performance of veterans and active duty personnel who served in Operation Enduring Freedom and/or Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) on a basic associative learning task. Eighty-eight individuals participated in this study. All received a comprehensive clinical evaluation to determine the presence and severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). The eyeblink conditioning task was composed of randomly intermixed delay and trace conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) pairs (acquisition) followed by a series of CS only trials (extinction). Results revealed that those with a clinical diagnosis of PTSD or a diagnosis of PTSD with comorbid mTBI acquired delay and trace conditioned responses (CRs) to levels and at rates similar to a deployed control group, thus suggesting intact basic associative learning. Differential extinction impairment was observed in the two clinical groups. Acquisition of CRs for both delay and trace conditioning, as well as extinction of trace CRs, was associated with alcoholic behavior across all participants. These findings help characterize the learning and memory function of individuals with PTSD and mTBI from OEF/OIF and raise the alarming possibility that the use of alcohol in this group may lead to more significant cognitive dysfunction.
Angiogenic Effects of Extracellular Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Tat Protein and Its Role in the Pathogenesis of AIDS-Associated Kaposi's Sarcoma

SUMMARY The Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 is a transactivator of viral gene expression that is required for virus replication and spread. Moreover, Tat is released by acutely HIV-infected cells via a leaderless secretory pathway and in a biologically active form that exerts effects on both HIV-infected and uninfected cells from different organs and systems. This review focuses on the activities of extracellular Tat protein on endothelial cells, on angiogenesis, and on the pathogenesis of AIDS-associated angioproliferative diseases such as Kaposi's sarcoma. In particular, we discuss results from different groups indicating that Tat mimics the proangiogenic activities of extracellular matrix molecules and that it enhances the effects of angiogenic factors.
A Lossless MOD-ENCODER Towards a Secure Communication

The Internet traffic is increasing day by day. Also, secure data communication is the need of the hour. But the standard compression techniques which are in use, are independent and do not consider the security issues. Hence, we present a general encoding technique for secure data communication over a language $L$ with a finite alphabet set $\sum$. The encoded message is a bi-tuple of which, the first is a vector of quotients denoted as $Q$ and the second is a representation of remainders denoted as $R$ with respect to a modulus $M$. The secrecy of the message is retained by communicating $R$ over a secure channel using some standard encryption mechanism. The computation overhead is also reduced as the encryption is done only on one half of the encoded message. Further, this encoding mechanism provides a lossless compression.
Separation of synchronous pitched notes by spectral filtering of harmonics

This paper discusses the separation of two or more simultaneously excited pitched notes from a mono sound file into separate tracks. In fact, this is an intermediate stage in the longer-term goal of separating out at least two interweaving melodies of different sound sources from a mono file. The approach is essentially to filter the set of harmonics of each note from the mixed spectrum in each time frame of audio. A major consideration has been the separation of overlapping harmonics, and three filter designs are proposed for splitting a spectral peak into its constituent partials given the rough frequency and amplitude estimates of each partial contained within. The overall quality of separation has been good for mixes of up to seven orchestral notes and has been confirmed by measured average signal-to-residual ratios of around 10-20 dB
Outbursts of Young Stellar Objects

We argue that the outbursts of the FU Orionis stars occur on timescales which are much longer than expected from the standard disc instability model with αc & 10 −3 . The outburst, recurrence, and rise times are consistent with the idea that the accretion disc in these objects is truncated at a radius Ri � 40 R⊙. In agreement with a number of previous authors we suggest that the inner regions of the accretion discs in FU Ori objects are evacuated by the action of a magnetic propeller anchored on the central star. We develop an analytic solution for the steady state structure of an accretion disc in the presence of a central magnetic torque, and present numerical calculations to follow its time evolution. These calculations confirm that a recurrence time that is consistent with observations can be obtained by selecting appropriate values for viscosity and magnetic field strength.
Line-up: a complete and automatic linearizability checker

Modular development of concurrent applications requires thread-safe components that behave correctly when called concurrently by multiple client threads. This paper focuses on linearizability, a specific formalization of thread safety, where all operations of a concurrent component appear to take effect instantaneously at some point between their call and return. The key insight of this paper is that if a component is intended to be deterministic, then it is possible to build an automatic linearizability checker by systematically enumerating the sequential behaviors of the component and then checking if each its concurrent behavior is equivalent to some sequential behavior. We develop this insight into a tool called Line-Up, the first complete and automatic checker for deterministic linearizability. It is complete, because any reported violation proves that the implementation is not linearizable with respect to any sequential deterministic specification. It is automatic, requiring no manual abstraction, no manual specification of semantics or commit points, no manually written test suites, no access to source code. We evaluate Line-Up by analyzing 13 classes with a total of 90 methods in two versions of the . NET Framework 4.0. The violations of deterministic linearizability reported by Line-Up exposed seven errors in the implementation that were fixed by the development team.
Altered Cross-Modal Processing in the Primary Auditory Cortex of Congenitally Deaf Adults: A Visual-Somatosensory fMRI Study with a Double-Flash Illusion

The developing brain responds to the environment by using statistical correlations in input to guide functional and structural changes—that is, the brain displays neuroplasticity. Experience shapes brain development throughout life, but neuroplasticity is variable from one brain system to another. How does the early loss of a sensory modality affect this complex process? We examined cross-modal neuroplasticity in anatomically defined subregions of Heschl's gyrus, the site of human primary auditory cortex, in congenitally deaf humans by measuring the fMRI signal change in response to spatially coregistered visual, somatosensory, and bimodal stimuli. In the deaf Heschl's gyrus, signal change was greater for somatosensory and bimodal stimuli than that of hearing participants. Visual responses in Heschl's gyrus, larger in deaf than hearing, were smaller than those elicited by somatosensory stimulation. In contrast to Heschl's gyrus, in the superior-temporal cortex visual signal was comparable to somatosensory signal. In addition, deaf adults perceived bimodal stimuli differently; in contrast to hearing adults, they were susceptible to a double-flash visual illusion induced by two touches to the face. Somatosensory and bimodal signal change in rostrolateral Heschl's gyrus predicted the strength of the visual illusion in the deaf adults in line with the interpretation that the illusion is a functional consequence of the altered cross-modal organization observed in deaf auditory cortex. Our results demonstrate that congenital and profound deafness alters how vision and somatosensation are processed in primary auditory cortex.
An algorithm for maximizing a quotient of two Hermitian form determinants with different exponents

We investigate the maximization of a quotient of two determinants with different exponents under a Frobenius norm constraint, where each determinant is taken from a matrix-valued Hermitian form. The optimummatrix that constitutes the Hermitian forms is shown to be a scaled partial isometry. For the special case of vector-valued Hermitian forms, the optimality condition turns out to be an implicit eigenproblem and we derive an iterative algorithm where in each step the principal eigenvector of a matrix has to be chosen. In addition, we prove monotonic convergence of the iterative algorithm, which means that the utility increases in every step.