Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Information protection from network sniffing of bandwidths sharing

Sharing network bandwidth is significantly increased and grouped into many networking communities. However, those good intentions of sharing the network bandwidth might attract the attention of intelligentsia and hackers to access personal or enterprisepsilas confidential information. In order to provide more convenient utilization of networking and achieve the goals of resources sharing and protecting private information simultaneously, some protection strategies are proposed in this paper. Firstly, the networkpsilas security checking criteria based on behavior analysis of crackerspsila attacking and packet analysis have been applied for detecting and reporting the changes and events as if there is any failure of networking equipment or any problem occurred in real time. Secondly, software development for automatically checking, analyzing, and identifying the configurations of devices and finding out the kernel cause of security events of network system is a must. Thirdly, the anti-sniffing software and firewall must be updated to enhance its robustness against the attacking. Finally, encrypting software that combines the website system to achieve encryption and authentication simultaneously had better be applied. After then, a satisfied secure communication environment is established.
Differential Detection of Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, and Entamoeba moshkovskii by a Single-Round PCR Assay

ABSTRACT A single-round PCR assay was developed for detection and differential diagnosis of the three Entamoeba species found in humans, Entamoeba moshkovskii, Entamoeba histolytica, and Entamoeba dispar, that are morphologically identical as both cysts and trophozoites. A conserved forward primer was derived from the middle of the small-subunit rRNA gene, and reverse primers were designed from signature sequences specific to each of these three Entamoeba species. PCR generates a 166-bp product with E. histolytica DNA, a 752-bp product with E. dispar DNA, and a 580-bp product with E. moshkovskii DNA. Thirty clinical specimens were examined, and the species present were successfully detected and differentiated using this assay. It was possible to detect as little as 10 pg of E. moshkovskii and E. histolytica DNA, while for E. dispar the sensitivity was about 20 pg of DNA. Testing with DNA from different pathogens, including bacteria and other protozoa, confirmed the high specificity of the assay. We propose the use of this PCR assay as an accurate, rapid, and effective diagnostic method for the detection and discrimination of these three morphologically indistinguishable Entamoeba species in both routine diagnosis of amoebiasis and epidemiological surveys.
DPPDL: A Dynamic Partial-Parallel Data Layout for Green Video Surveillance Storage

Video surveillance requires storing massive amounts of video data, which results in the rapid increasing of storage energy consumption. With the popularization of video surveillance, green storage for video surveillance is very attractive. The existing energy-saving methods for massive storage mostly concentrate on the data centers, mainly with random access, whereas the storage of video surveillance has inherent workload characteristics and access pattern, which can be fully exploited to save more energy. A dynamic partial-parallel data layout (DPPDL) is proposed for green video surveillance storage. It adopts a dynamic partial-parallel strategy, which dynamically allocates the storage space with an appropriate degree of partial parallelism according to performance requirement. Partial parallelism benefits energy conservation by scheduling only partial disks to work; a dynamic degree of parallelism can provide appropriate performances for various intensity workloads. DPPDL is evaluated by a simulated video surveillance consisting of 60–300 cameras with $1920 \times 1080$ pixels. The experiment shows that DPPDL is most energy efficient, while tolerating single disk failure and providing more than 20% performance margin. On average, it saves 7%, 19%, 31%, 36%, 56%, and 59% more energy than a CacheRAID, Semi-RAID, Hibernator, MAID, eRAID5, and PARAID, respectively.
Selective averaging of rapidly presented individual trials using fMRI

A major limitation in conducting functional neuroimaging studies, particularly for cognitive experiments, has been the use of blocked task paradigms. Here we explored whether selective averaging techniques similar to those applied in event‐related potential (ERP) experiments could be used to demonstrate functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses to rapidly intermixed trials. In the first two experiments, we observed that for 1‐sec trials of full‐field visual checkerboard stimulation, the fMRI blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) signal summated in a roughly linear fashion across successive trials even at very short (2 sec and 5 sec) intertrial intervals, although subtle departures from linearity were observed. In experiments 3 and 4, we observed that it is possible to obtain robust activation maps for rapidly presented randomly mixed trial types (left‐ and right‐hemifield visual checkerboard stimulation) spaced as little as 2 sec apart. Taken collectively, these results suggest that selective averaging may enable fMRI experimental designs identical to those used in typical behavioral and ERP studies. The ability to analyze closely spaced single‐trial, or event‐related, signals provides for a class of experiments which cannot be conducted using blocked designs. Trial types can be randomly intermixed, and selective averaging based upon trial type and/or subject performance is possible. Hum. Brain Mapping 5:329–340, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
LIEMRO: A Low-Interference Energy-Efficient Multipath Routing Protocol for Improving QoS in Event-Based Wireless Sensor Networks

In the recent years, multipath routing techniques are recognized as an effective approach to improve QoS in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). However, in most of the previously proposed protocols either the effects of inter-path interference are ignored, or establishing low-interference paths is very costly. In this paper, we propose a Low-Interference Energy-efficient Multipath ROuting protocol (LIEMRO) for WSNs. This protocol is mainly designed to improve packet delivery ratio, lifetime, and latency, through discovering multiple interference-minimized node-disjoint paths between source node and sink node. In addition, LIEMRO includes a load balancing algorithm to distribute source node’s traffic over multiple paths based on the relative quality of each path. Simulation results show that using LIEMRO in high traffic load conditions can increase data reception rate and network lifetime even more than 1.5x compared with single path routing approach, while end-to-end latency reduces significantly. Accordingly, LIEMRO is a multipath solution for event-driven applications in which lifetime, reliability, and latency are of great importance.
Isotope composition of bulk carbon in replicated Sphagnum peat cores from three Central European high-elevation wetlands

Several processes may contribute to systematic downcore trends in δ13C of bulk Sphagnum peat. Whereas changes in water availability during C assimilation may change δ13C values in both a negative and positive direction, other processes would always cause a uni-directional shift in δ13C. Selective preservation of isotopically light lignin C may lead to more negative δ13C values with an increasing depth and age of peat. Anthropogenic change toward lower δ13C of atmospheric CO2 due to massive coal burning since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution would result in lower δ13C of the youngest peat layers, and in higher δ13C of older peat layers. Emissions of low-δ13C methane from wetlands should result in a progressive enrichment of the residual peat substrate in the heavier isotope 13C. Consequently, deeper peat would have higher δ13C. In a specific peat profile, the downcore trend in δ13C will be the result of an interplay between all these isotope-sensitive processes. Most Central European wetlands studied previously show a 13C enrichment (i.e., higher δ13C values) with an increasing depth and age. Here we focus on sites which showed lower δ13C with an increasing depth and age when a single peat core was taken. Replication did not confirm this negative downcore δ13C shift. A positive downcore δ13C shift is more widespread than previously believed. We suggest that decreasing δ13C of atmospheric CO2 and emissions of low-δ13C methane belong to the main controls of the downcore δ13C trends in young peat substrate.
The Uses of Ecology: Lake Washington and Beyond, W.T. Edmonson. 1991. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA. 352 pages. ISBN: 0-295-97024-3. $19.95

List of IllustrationsPrefaceAcknowledgmentsPART ONE: WHAT HAPPENED TO LAKE WASHINGTONThe Eutrophication and Recovery of Lake WashingtonLake Washington in Context: How Aquatic Communities WorkPART TWO: LESSONS FROM LAKE WASHINGTONThe Detergent ProblemPuget SoundMono LakeThe Panama CanalAtmospheric ProblemsPART THREE: LONG-TERM ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCHHubbard BrookLake TahoeLong LakeSaline Lakes in the Lower Grand CouleeExperiments with Whole LakesSpecial Requirements of Long-Term ResearchPART FOUR: RETROSPECT AND PROSPECTWhat is Pollution? ExpertsCommentaryProspectReferencesIndex
Estimation of Radar Cross-Section in Rayleigh, MIE, and Optical Regions by the 2-D-FDTD Simulation

In this paper, the far-field electromagnetic fields were calculated by using near-field/far-field (NF/FF) transformation technique from the near field finite-difference time domain (FDTD) data obtained by total field/scattering field (TF/SF) formulation. To evaluate the effectiveness of scattering mechanisms depending on the frequency used, the target geometry and the electrical properties, first of all simple shapes such as a square cylinder, a circular cylinder, and an equilateral triangle, were studied. It has been shown that the radar cross section (RCS) calculations can be done in Rayleigh, Mie, and optical regions by the 2-D FDTD simulation. Finally, the RCS behavior of an aircraft model composed of simple shapes as ellipse and triangle are investigated for different illuminations and different frequencies.
Characteristic surface energy balances for different climate types

An attempt is made to answer the question of whether the different climate types of the Koppen-Geiger classification are also characterized by distinct annual courses of the surface energy balance terms. For this purpose the KoppenGeiger climate map was linked with Budyko's atlas of the heat balance of the Earth. For every climate area shown on the Koppen-Geiger map (and classified by a certain combination of up to three letters) the annual course of the energy balance terms was extracted from Budyko's atlas and plotted as an energy balance diagram. Then the annual courses of the energy balance terms of all areas classified as equable by Koppen-Geiger (i.e. being characterized by the same combination of up to three letters) and independent of where in the world they occur could be compared. It became evident from this that each climate type (characterized by a certain letter combination) shows a distinct structure for its energy balance diagram. Thus there is an unambiguous relationship between the Koppen-Geiger classification and the distinctive structure of the annual course of the components of the surface energy balance. There is only one exception: the BSh climate, with its transitional character throughout the world.
Accurate mass measurements by Fourier transform mass spectrometry in the study of advanced glycation end products/peptides.

The Maillard reaction occurring between sugars and amino groups is important in living systems. When amino groups belonging to protein chains are involved, the Maillard reaction has been invoked as responsible for protein cross-linking and the production of 'toxic' compounds. The reaction leads to the production of a heterogeneous group of substances, usually called advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Classical analytical approaches, such as spectroscopic (ultraviolet, fluorescence) and mass spectrometric (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry) methods, have shown that the digestion mixture is highly complex. However, there are clear differences between the digestion mixtures of glycated and unglycated human serum albumin (HSA). In the former case, possible glycated peptides belonging to the AGE peptide class may be identified. Tandem mass spectrometric experiments on selected species seemed to be promising as regards structural information, but it was thought of interest to undertake the present investigation, based on liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry, in order to obtain definitive results on their elemental composition. Using this approach, about 20 glycated peptides were detected and their possible structures were postulated by examining the known sequence of HSA.
Effective Derivation of Similarity Transformations for Implicit Laplacian Mesh Editing

Laplacian coordinates as a local shape descriptor have been employed in mesh editing. As they are encoded in the global coordinate system, they need to be transformed locally to reflect the changed local features of the deformed surface. We present a novel implicit Laplacian editing framework which is linear and effectively captures local rotation information during editing. Directly representing rotation with respect to vertex positions in 3D space leads to a nonlinear system. Instead, we first compute the affine transformations implicitly defined for all the Laplacian coordinates by solving a large sparse linear system, and then extract the rotation and uniform scaling information from each solved affine transformation. Unlike existing differential‐based mesh editing techniques, our method produces visually pleasing deformation results under large angle rotations or big‐scale translations of handles. Additionally, to demonstrate the advantage of our editing framework, we introduce a new intuitive editing technique, called configuration‐independent merging, which produces the same merging result independent of the relative position, orientation, scale of input meshes.
Recent advances in nonparametric function estimation: Hydrologic applications

Nonparametric function estimation refers to methods that strive to approximate a target function locally, i.e., using data from a “small” neighborhood of the point of estimate. “Weak” assumptions, such as continuity of the target function and its differentiability to some order in the neighborhood, rather than an a priori assumption of the global form (e.g., linear or quadratic) of the entire target function are used. Traditionally, parametric assumptions (e.g., hydraulic conductivity is log normally distributed, floods follow a log Pearson III (LP3) distribution, annual stream flow is either log normal or gamma distributed, daily rainfall amounts are exponentially distributed, and the variograms of spatial hydrologic data follow a power law) have dominated statistical hydrologic estimation. Applications of nonparametric methods to some classical problems (frequency analysis, classification, spatial surface fitting, trend analysis, time series forecasting and simulation) of stochastic hydrology are reviewed.
Natural Language Generation in the context of the Semantic Web

Natural Language Generation (NLG) is concerned with transforming given content input into a natural language out- put, given some communicative goal. Although this input can take various forms and representations, it is the semantic/conceptual representations that have always been considered as the "natural" starting ground for NLG. Therefore, it is natural that the Se- mantic Web (SW), with its machine-processable representation of information with explicitly defined semantics, has attracted the interest of NLG practitioners from early on. We attempt to provide an overview of the main paradigms of NLG from SW data, emphasizing how the Semantic Web provides opportunities for the NLG community to improve their state-of-the-art ap- proaches whilst bringing about challenges that need to be addressed before we can speak of a real symbiosis between NLG and the Semantic Web.
Congestion targeted reduction of quality of service DDoS attacking and defense scheme in mobile ad hoc networks

In the multimedia applications over the mobile ad hoc networks, the goodput and delay performance of UDP packets is very sensitive to the congestion targeted DDoS attacking. In this paper, we analyze this type of attacking in details for the first time to our knowledge. We figure out the principles of the attacking from the analysis of network capacity and classify the attacking into four categories: pulsing attacking, round robin attacking, self-whisper attacking and flooding attacking. The defense schemes are also proposed, which includes the detection of RTS/CTS packets, signal interference frequency and retransmission time and response stage with ECN marking mechanism. Through the ns2 simulation, the basic attacking scenario is discussed and the results show that the attacking leads to the great jitter of the goodput and delay in pulsing attacking mode. The delay increasing (up to 110 times in five attacking flows) and goodput decreasing (to 77.42% in 5 attacking flows) is obvious with the addition of attacking flows.
A dry episode during the Younger Dryas and centennial‐scale weak monsoon events during the early Holocene: A high‐resolution stalagmite record from southeast of the Loess Plateau, China

A high‐resolution stalagmite oxygen isotope record from Dongshiya Cave, located southeast of the Chinese Loess Plateau, reveals detailed climatic oscillations between 12.7 and 9.0 ka BP, on centennial and decadal timescales, with a temporal resolution of 1 to 20 years. The early Younger Dryas is characterized by a gradual increase in δ18O values, which is followed by a depositional hiatus for the remainder of the Younger Dryas, between 12.1 and 11.5 ka BP, implying a weak East Asian Monsoon or a dry climate during the Younger Dryas. Eight weak monsoon events between 11.5 and 9.0 ka BP punctuate the early Holocene East Asian Monsoon, and are likely tied to cold events in Greenland, including the Pre‐boreal Oscillation and the 9.2 ky Event. The spectral analysis of the Dongshiya δ18O time series yields peaks at frequencies that have been linked to solar frequencies, indicating that solar changes may be, at least partially, responsible for changes in the intensity of the East Asian Monsoon during the early Holocene.
Implementation of tissue harmonic synthetic aperture imaging on a commercial ultrasound system

This paper presents an imaging technique for synthetic aperture (SAI) tissue harmonic imaging (THI) on a commercial ultrasound system. Synthetic aperture sequential beamforming (SASB) is combined with a pulse inversion (PI) technique on a commercial BK 2202 UltraView system. An interleaved scan sequence that performs dynamic receive focused (DRF) imaging and SASB, both using PI, is implemented. From each acquisition four images can be created: DRF image, SASB image, tissue harmonic DRF image (DRF-THI), and tissue harmonic SASB image (SASB-THI). For SASB imaging, a fixed transmit and receive focus at 80 mm and an F# of 3 is applied. For DRF imaging, default scanner settings are used, which are a focus at 85 mm and F# of 5.7 in transmit and a dynamic receive aperture with an F# of 0.8. In all cases a 2.14 MHz one-and-a-half cycle excitation transmit waveform is used. A BK 8820e 192 element convex array transducer is used to conduct scans of wire phantoms. The -6 dB and -20 dB lateral resolution is measured for each wire in the phantom. Results show that the -6 dB lateral resolution for SASB-THI is as good as for DRF-THI except at the point of the virtual source. SASB-THI even shows 7% reduction in -6 dB lateral resolution for the deepest wire at 100 mm. The -20 dB resolution for SASB-THI at [25, 50, 75, 100] mm was reduced by [5, 0 -34, 11] % compared to DRF-THI, which shows, that except for the point of the virtual source, the lateral resolution was improved by SASB-THI. A successful implementation of SASB-THI was achieved on a commercial system, which can be used for future pre-clinical trials.
The Halogen Occultation Experiment

The Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) was launched on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) spacecraft September 12, 1991, and after a period of outgassing, it began science observations October 11. The experiment uses solar occultation to measure vertical profiles of O3, HCl, HF, CH4, H2O, NO, NO2, aerosol extinction, and temperature versus pressure with an instantaneous vertical field of view of 1.6 km at the Earth limb. Latitudinal coverage is from 80°S to 80°N over the course of 1 year and includes extensive observations of the Antarctic region during spring. The altitude range of the measurements extends from about 15 km to ≈ 60–130 km, depending on channel. Experiment operations have been essentially flawless, and all performance criteria either meet or exceed specifications. Internal data consistency checks, comparisons with correlative measurements, and qualitative comparisons with 1985 atmospheric trace molecule spectroscopy (ATMOS) results are in good agreement. Examples of pressure versus latitude cross sections and a global orthographic projection for the September 21 to October 15, 1992, period show the utility of CH4, HF, and H2O as tracers, the occurrence of dehydration in the Antarctic lower stratosphere, the presence of the water vapor hygropause in the tropics, evidence of Antarctic air in the tropics, the influence of Hadley tropical upwelling, and the first global distribution of HCl, HF, and NO throughout the stratosphere. Nitric oxide measurements extend through the lower thermosphere.
The number of guards needed by a museum: A phase transition in vertex covering of random graphs

In this Letter we study the NP-complete vertex cover problem on finite connectivity random graphs. When the allowed size of the cover set is decreased, a discontinuous transition in solvability and typical-case complexity occurs. This transition is characterized by means of exact numerical simulations as well as by analytical replica calculations. The replica symmetric phase diagram is in excellent agreement with numerical findings up to average connectivity e, where replica symmetry becomes locally unstable.
Sedimentary Microfacies Identification Using Principal Component Analysis and Neural Network Based on Genetic Algorithm

Due to the high labor cost and measurement difficulties of traditional methods in determination of sedimentary microfacies, principal component analysis (PCA) and back propagation neural network (BPNN) based on genetic algorithm (GA) are employed for the recognition system. PCA can extract the most distinguishing vectors which have been removed noise in the discarded dimensions from the original data and extremely reduce the computational burden. GA can find the optimal weights and biases of the neutral network which will avoid meeting the local optimal value. The experimental results of this identification system show that PCA-GA-BPNN gives superior predictions over ordinary neutral network. More importantly, this method gets rid of the tedious activities, improves efficiency as well as maintains high recognition accuracy and also has significant potential applications in oil exploration and development field.