Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the chick wing territory as an equipotential self‐differentiating system

Harrison (1918: J. Exp. Zool. 25: 413–461) described a developmental field as an “equipotential self‐differentiating system. ” The present study was undertaken to address the question: To what extent can the pre‐limb territory of a chick embryo be considered a developmental field? To what extent is the chick pre‐limb territory an equipotential self‐differentiating system? Two sets of experiments were undertaken to address these questions: (1) Whole and half limb territories were explanted to the celoma of host embryos, and (2) portions of the wing territories were extirpated. The wing exhibited the quality of self‐differentiation after stage 12, in that the isolated wing territory, grafted to a host celom, could form limbs beginning at stage 12 (however, complete wings formed only from wing territories of stage 16 and older). On the other hand, the chick wing territory did not appear to exhibit equipotentiality. No posterior half limb graft formed normal limbs, and only in two exceptional cases did anterior half limb grafts form limbs. If part or all of the wing territory was removed from chick embryos, normal limbs formed in less than 15% of the cases after stage 15, in about 30% of the cases at stages 13 and 14, but in over half the cases at stages 10–12. Wound healing and reintiation of limb potential may be responsible for the higher incidence of limb formation at the younger ages. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Temporal Logic for Planning under Uncertainty

Dealing with uncertainty in the context of planning has been an active research subject in AI. Addressing the case when uncertainty evolves over time can be difficult. In this work, we provide a solution to this problem by proposing a temporal logic to reason about quantities and probability. For this logic, we provide a PSPACE SAT algorithm together with a complete calculus. The algorithm enables us to perform planning under uncertainty via SAT, extending a technique used for classic planning. We can show that any obtained plan will have certain properties (desired or undesired). The calculus can also be used to derive the impossibility of a plan, given a set of specifications.
Paracingulate sulcus morphology in men with early-onset schizophrenia

Background Cingulate dysfunction has been reported in schizophrenia. Although the paracingulate sulcus (PCS) is known to be asymmetric in healthy people, little information is available about its morphology in schizophrenia. Aims To search for morphological anomalies of the PCS in men with early-onset schizophrenia. Method The PCS was examined in magnetic resonance images of the brains of men with schizophrenia and 100 healthy men. Results A significant asymmetry was found in the brains of healthy volunteers, whose sulci were more frequent and more marked in the left hemisphere. In contrast, the sulcus was as frequent in the right as in the left hemisphere in the patient group. Moreover, patients displayed significantly more rightward asymmetry, and overall less-asymmetrical patterns than the comparison group. Conculsions Since the PCS has developed at 36 weeks of gestation, these findings suggest an impaired maturation of the cingulate region during the third trimester.
Sociocultural Behavior Sensemaking: State of the Art in Understanding the Operational Environment

Abstract : Sociocultural behavior goes beyond mere cultural customs and rituals. It includes the common ways that a group of people interpret cause and effect and the mental models of the world that they share. Understanding why people from a different culture react to events the way they do, detecting subtle but significant changes in attitudes, forecasting how a situation will progress in a foreign environment, and effectively planning how to mitigate these cultural reactions requires comprehending those interpretations and mental models. At the core of understanding sociocultural behavior is sensemaking, which Klein, Moon, and Hoffman (2006) characterize as the process of creating understanding in situations of high complexity or uncertainty in order to make decisions. They describe sensemaking as a motivated, continuous effort to understand connections (which can be among people, places, and events) in order to anticipate their trajectories and act effectively (p. 71). This book describes the state-of-the-art for sociocultural sensemaking: the most advanced techniques, technology, methods, and theory at this time. Such state-of-the-art capabilities are found mostly in government, industry, and university laboratories development at the cutting edge, in the pipeline, but not yet packaged for use in an operational environment. The book is divided into four sections that address the operational processes defined in Schmorrow (2011), which he called operational capability areas : gaining sociocultural understanding of a new area of operation, detecting sociocultural factors and elements in an environment, forecasting behaviors, and mitigating those behaviors in ways favorable to our operational objectives.
A Brief History of Motion Capture for Computer Character Animation

Motion capture is the recording of human body movement (or other movement) for immediate or delayed analysis and playback. The information captured can be as general as the simple position of the body in space or as complex as the deformations of the face and muscle masses. Motion capture for computer character animation involves the mapping of human motion onto the motion of a computer character. The mapping can be direct, such as human arm motion controlling a character’s arm motion, or indirect, such as human hand and finger patterns controlling a character’s skin color or emotional state.
Shape-based pedestrian detection

This paper presents the method for detecting pedestrian recently implemented on the ARGO vehicle. The perception of the environment is performed through the sole processing of images acquired from a vision system installed on board of the vehicle: the analysis of a monocular image delivers a first coarse detection, while a distance refinement is performed using the stereo vision technique.
Approximating Non-interference and Erasure in Rewriting Logic

Non-interference is a semantic program property that assigns confidentiality levels to data objects and prevents illicit information flows to occur from high to low security levels. Erasure is a way of strengthening confidentiality by upgrading data confidentiality levels, up to the extreme of demanding the removal of secret data from the system. In this paper, we propose a certification technique for confidentiality of complete Java classes that includes non-interference and erasure policies. This technique is based on rewriting logic, which is a very general logical and semantic framework that is efficiently implemented in the high-level programming language Maude. In order to achieve a finite state transition system, we develop an abstract Java semantics which correctly approximates non-interference and erasure. The analysis produces certificates that are independently checkable, and are small enough to be used in practice. We have implemented our methodology and developed some experiments that demonstrate the feasibility of our approach.
Partner Involvement in the Treatment of Chronic Headaches

The present study tested the hypothesis that involving the partners of headache sufferers in a group cognitive-behavioural stress-coping intervention for chronic headaches would enhance treatment outcome. A treatment program in which partners were involved (PI) was compared with a standard treatment program in which partners were not included (NPI) and a no-treatment control condition (NTC). The NPI condition was effective compared to the NTC condition, but there was less evidence that the PI condition was effective. No significant differences were found between the PI and NPI conditions at posttreatment or follow-up. These results are considered in terms of the usefulness of involving partners in group headache-treatment and the manner of their involvement. In addition, the possibility that partner involvement may actually detract from treatment effectiveness is discussed in terms of its impact on motivation and personal responsibility for change.
An Extension of the MULTIMOORA Method for Multiple Criteria Group Decision Making Based upon Hesitant Fuzzy Sets

In order to determine the membership of an element to a set owing to ambiguity between a few different values, the hesitant fuzzy set (HFS) has been proposed and widely diffused to deal with vagueness and uncertainty involved in the process of multiple criteria group decision making (MCGDM) problems. In this paper, we develop novel definitions of score function and distance measure for HFSs. Some examples are given to illustrate that the proposed definitions are more reasonable than the traditional ones. Furthermore, our study extends the MULTIMOORA (Multiple Objective Optimization on the basis of Ratio Analysis plus Full Multiplicative Form) method with HFSs. The proposed method thus provides the means for multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) regarding uncertain assessments. Utilization of hesitant fuzzy power aggregation operators also enables facilitating the process of MCGDM. A numerical example of software selection demonstrates the possibilities of application of the proposed method.
Adherence to ICCS nomenclature guidelines in subsequent literature: A bibliometric study

Since the publication of the 2006 International Children's Continence Society (ICCS) guidelines on terminologies for lower urinary tract dysfunction in children, little is known of their impact. In this study, we aim to quantify the adherence to the guidelines in the published literature, and to examine whether Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) in MEDLINE reflect the recommended “new” ICCS terminology.
A low-complexity algorithm for joint spectrum and signal coordination in upstream DSL transmission

Joint spectrum and signal coordination is a promising dynamic spectrum management (DSM) technique to significantly boost data rates in vectored DSL systems. This paper presents a novel low-complexity algorithm for joint spectrum and receiver signal coordination in upstream DSL transmission. The algorithm is referred to as MAC-DSB and can be used for both a MMSE-GDFE and a linear MMSE receiver. MAC-DSB consists of an improved dual decomposition based approach with an optimal gradient algorithm for updating the dual variables and a low-complexity iterative fixed point update approach for tackling the decoupled subproblems. Huge reductions in computational complexity and good performance are validated through practical simulation results.
Effects of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase I knockdown in triple-negative breast cancer cell lines

Expression of human arylamine N‐acetyltransferase I (NAT1) has been associated with various cancer subtypes and inhibition of this enzyme with small molecule inhibitors or siRNA affects cell growth and survival. Here, we have investigated the role of NAT1 in the invasiveness of breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. We knocked down NAT1 using a lentivirus‐based shRNA approach and observed marked changes in cell morphology in the triple‐negative breast cancer cell lines MDA‐MB‐231, MDA‐MB‐436, and BT‐549. Most notable was a reduction in the number and size of the filopodia protrusions on the surface of the cells. The loss of filopodia could be rescued by the reintroduction of NAT1 into the knockdown cells. NAT1 expression was localized to the lamellipodia and extended into the filopodia protrusions. In vitro invasion through Geltrex was significantly inhibited in both the MDA cell lines but not in the BT‐549 cells. The expression of Snail increased when NAT1 was knocked down, while other genes associated with mesenchymal to epithelial transition (vimentin, cytokeratin‐18, and Twist) did not show any changes. By contrast, both N‐cadherin and β‐catenin were significantly reduced. When MDA‐MB‐231 cells expressing shRNA were injected in vivo into BALB/c nu/nu nude mice, a significant reduction in the number of colonies that formed in the lungs was observed. Taken together, the results show that NAT1 can alter the invasion and metastatic properties of some triple‐negative breast cancer cells but not all. The study suggests that NAT1 may be a novel therapeutic target in a subset of breast cancers.
Partitioning Methods for Satisfiability Testing on Large Formulas

A propositional satisfiability tester is needed as a subroutine for many applications in automated verification, automated theorem proving, and other fields. Such applications may generate very large formulas, some of which are beyond the capabilities of known algorithms. This paper investigates methods for partitioning such formulas effectively, to produce smaller formulas within the reach of known algorithms. CNF formula partitioning can be viewed as hypergraph partitioning, which has been studied extensively in VLSI design. Although CNF formulas have been considered as hypergraphs before, we found that this viewpoint was not productive for partitioning, and we introduce a new viewpoint in the dual hypergraph. Hypergraph partitioning technology from VLSI design is adapted to this problem. The overall goal of satisfiability testing requires criteria different from those used in VLSI design. Several heuristics are described, and investigated experimentally. Some formulas from circuit applications that were extremely difficult or impossible for existing algorithms have been solved. However, the method is not useful on formulas with little or no “structure”, such as randomly generated formulas.
ATTACHMENT-BASED INTERVENTION

We reviewed four types of Attachment intervention, 1) programs that seek to enhance sensitivity, 2) programs designed to alter parents' representations, 3) programs that provide and enhance social support, and 4) programs designed to enhance maternal mental health and well-being, and Project STEEP(Steps Toward Effective and Enjoyable Parenting). We have learned from the these studies that the emotional sensitivity and responsivity are very important factors for the development and treatment of Attachment relationships and the needs of the parents should also be addressed. Our recommendation for future attachment intervention is to design programs 1) that have the flexibility to meet participants' needs, 2) that involve other important people in the participants' lives, 3) that focus on fostering individual strengths, 4) that begin early, and 5) that are intensive and sufficiently long.
Patterns of creation and usage of Wikipedia content

Wikipedia is the largest online service storing user-generated content. Its pages are open to anyone for addition, deletion and modifications, and the effort of contributors is recorded and can be tracked in time. Although potentially the Wikipedia web content could exhibit unbounded growth, it is still not clear whether the effort of developers and the output generated are actually following patterns of continuous growth. It is also not clear how the users access such content, and if recurring patterns of usage are detectable showing how the Wikipedia content typically is viewed by interested readers. Using the category of Wikipedia as macro-agglomerates, this study reveals that Wikipedia categories face a decreasing growth trend over time, after an initial, exponential phase of development. On the other hand the study demonstrates that the number of views to the pages within the categories follow a linear, unbounded growth. The link between software usefulness and the need for software maintenance over time has been established by Lehman and other; the link between Wikipedia usage and changes to the content, unlike software, appear to follow a two-phase evolution of production followed by consumption.
Explicit word error minimization using word hypothesis posterior probabilities

We introduce a new concept, the time frame error rate. We show that this error rate is closely correlated with the word error rate and use it to overcome the mismatch between Bayes' decision rule which aims at minimizing the expected sentence error rate and the word error rate which is used to assess the performance of speech recognition systems. Based on the time frame errors we derive a new decision rule and show that the word error rate can be reduced consistently with it on various recognition tasks. All stochastic models are left completely unchanged. We present experimental results on five corpora, the Dutch Arise corpus, the German Verbmobil '98 corpus, the English North American Business '94 20k and 64k development corpora, and the English Broadcast News '96 corpus. The relative reduction of the word error rate ranges from 2.3% to 5.1%.
Negotiation as a style in child protection work

How child protection professionals orient to the work can be described as a style, and in the two teams reported on here, a style is emerging that is characterized by reaching for and inviting ongoing negotiation with families, with allied professionals and colleagues, and a reflexivity that is the result of the attention focused on the professional and the need to continually defend the work and explain to others one's point of view. Negotiation is a political concept that blends the reality of State authority with the practice of taking seriously the goals and interests of clients as well as the goals and interests of allied professionals. For these teams, this practice is rooted in an identity of service to the client, the importance of the protection of children and long-standing motivations common to the helping professions.
Combined spoken language translation

EU-BRIDGE 1 is a European research project which is aimed at developing innovative speech translation technology. One of the collaborative efforts within EU-BRIDGE is to produce joint submissions of up to four different partners to the evaluation campaign at the 2014 International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation (IWSLT). We submitted combined translations to the German! English spoken language translation (SLT) track as well as to the German! English, English! German and English! French machine translation (MT) tracks. In this paper, we present the techniques which were applied by the different individual translation systems of RWTH Aachen University, the University of Edinburgh, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, and Fondazione Bruno Kessler. We then show the combination approach developed at RWTH Aachen University which combined the individual systems. The consensus translations yield empirical gains of up to 2.3 points in BLEU and 1.2 points in TER compared to the best individual system.
A Simple Study of Webpage Text Classification Algorithms for Arabic and English Languages

Webpage text Classification is an important problem that has been studied through different approaches and algorithms. It aims to assign a predefined category to a Webpage based on its content and linguistic features. It has many applications such as word sense disambiguation, document indexing, text filtering, Webpages hierarchical categorization and document organization. This study is a part of a work in progress, in which we are targeting to develop Bi-languages algorithm for classifying Arabic and English Webpage text and can perform accurate and efficient in both languages. It aims at providing a simple overview of many approaches that constructed for classifying Arabic and English Webpage documents. In this survey, the widely used algorithms for text classification are given with a comparison of the recent researches in classification field for Arabic and English languages to conclude which is the best algorithm that we can apply for both Arabic and English Languages.
Osteoclast-Primed Foxp3+ CD8 T Cells Induce T-bet, Eomesodermin, and IFN-γ To Regulate Bone Resorption

Osteoimmunology arose from the recognition that cytokines produced by lymphocytes can affect bone homeostasis. We have previously shown that osteoclasts, cells that resorb bone, act as APCs. Cross-presentation of Ags by osteoclasts leads to expression of CD25 and Foxp3, markers of regulatory T cells in the CD8 T cells. Octeoclast-induced Foxp3+ CD25+ regulatory CD8 T cells (OC-iTcREG) suppress priming of CD4 and CD8 T cells by dendritic cells. OC-iTcREG also limit bone resorption by osteoclasts, forming a negative feedback loop. In this study, we show that OC-iTcREG express concurrently T-bet and Eomesodermin (Eomes) and IFN-γ. Pharmacological inhibition of IκK blocked IFN-γ, T-bet, and Eomes production by TcREG. Furthermore, we show, using chromatin immunoprecipitation, NF-κB enrichment in the T-bet and Eomes promoters. We demonstrate that IFN-γ produced by TcREG is required for suppression of osteoclastogenesis and for degradation of TNFR-associated factor 6 in osteoclast precursors. The latter prevents signaling by receptor activator of NF-κB ligand needed for osteoclastogenesis. Knockout of IFN-γ rendered TcREG inefficient in preventing actin ring formation in osteoclasts, a process required for bone resorption. TcREG generated in vivo using IFN-γ−/− T cells had impaired ability to protect mice from bone resorption and bone loss in response to high-dose receptor activator of NF-κB ligand. The results of this study demonstrate a novel link between NF-κB signaling and induction of IFN-γ in TcREG and establish an important role for IFN-γ in TcREG-mediated protection from bone loss.
Response conflict processes' classification in 7 and 9 year old children using EEG brain connectivity measures

Investigating cognitive development of children poses interesting challenges pertaining to emergence of children's' ability to think and understand. Psychological tasks that involve conflict, like the Flanker task, are widely used to understand development of response conflict processes. In this study, EEG signals were used to examine the coherence and imaginary part of coherency within the delta, theta, alpha and beta bands across different conditions of the Flanker task. Longitudinal data were collected from a group of typically developing children at ages of seven and nine. We found that the imaginary part of coherency was more helpful in distinguishing between stimuli - alpha and beta bands resulted in 90.90% classification rate in seven year old children. The beta and theta bands were found to be more effective for stimuli classification in nine year old children - more than 84.09% classification accuracy was achieved.
GPU-EvR: Run-time event based real-time scheduling framework on GPGPU platform

GPU architecture has traditionally been used in graphics application because of its enormous computing capability. Moreover, GPU architecture has also been used for general purpose computing in these days. Most of the current scheduling frameworks that are developed to handle GPGPU workload operate sequentially. This is problematic since this sequential approach may not be scalable for real-time systems, which is a consequence of the approach's inability to support preemption. We propose a novel scheduling framework that provides real-time support for the GPGPU platform. In contrast to existing frameworks, our proposed framework considers both concurrent execution of applications on the GPU and mapping between streaming multiprocessors and thread blocks. By considering both concurrent execution and mapping, our framework is able to guarantee timing up to 6.4 times as many applications compared to TimeGraph [9] and Global EDF [5]. In addition, our experimental applications use up to 20% less power under our scheduling framework compared to [5], [9].