Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Causal Network Learning from Multiple Interventions of Unknown Manipulated Targets

In this paper, we discuss structure learning of causal networks from multiple data sets obtained by external intervention experiments where we do not know what variables are manipulated. For example, the conditions in these experiments are changed by changing temperature or using drugs, but we do not know what target variables are manipulated by the external interventions. From such data sets, the structure learning becomes more difficult. For this case, we first discuss the identifiability of causal structures. Next we present a graph-merging method for learning causal networks for the case that the sample sizes are large for these interventions. Then for the case that the sample sizes of these interventions are relatively small, we propose a data-pooling method for learning causal networks in which we pool all data sets of these interventions together for the learning. Further we propose a re-sampling approach to evaluate the edges of the causal network learned by the data-pooling method. Finally we illustrate the proposed learning methods by simulations.
An evolutionary and developmental approach toward understanding of growth variations of two closely related dwarfism of Galium verum

Galium L. is one of the largest and most widespread genus of Rubiaceae, consisting of more than 650 species worldwide. Galium verum var. asiaticum (G. verum a.) is a perennial herbaceous and widely distributed in in Korea peninsula. On the other hand, Galium verum var. asiaticum for. pusillum (G. verum a.p.) is endemic to Korea, inhabiting only on high land of Mt. Halla of Jeju. G. verum a.p. appears to be a dwarfism of G. verum a. We wondered what physiological, environmental, or genetic factors rendered those two taxa morphologically differentiated. We found that G. verum a.p. shows a low activity of the cell proliferation and was not associated with responsiveness contents of auxin and gibberellins. In order to search for genetic factors involved, we carried out an mRNA differential display method using the ACPs, and isolated several different expression genes between the two taxa. We chose one of those genes, which encoded RADIALIS-like proteins: GvaRADL1 from G. verum a. and GvapRADL1 from G. verum a.p. We discuss the relevancy of the genetic variations in regard to the differential expression patterns of those genes and the differential growth patterns of the two variants.
Planning and design of information systems using OODPM

The process of system analysis and its planning includes various stages. Over the years various methodologies have been defined for this process. The methodologies themselves constitute a method that regulates the various stages in the process of planning and developing the information system. Each methodology has its own advantages and disadvantages but, generally, the correct methodology must be adapted to the required system.The aim of this article is to describe a new methodology, known as OODPM - Object Oriented Design by a Prototype Methodology, that integrates two existing methodologies, namely OOD and Prototype, bringing together many advantages. The principle advantages of this method are as follows: the ability to reduce planning time; to better define user requirements; to plan an enhanced information system; to bridge the gap between the design of the required solution and its development. This article will offer a brief survey of the methodologies currently used in the development and planning of information systems, focusing on the OODPM method and the tools it uses.
Spam Classification Based on Supervised Learning Using Machine Learning Techniques

E-mail is one of the most popular and frequently used ways of communication due to its worldwide accessibility, relatively fast message transfer, and low sending cost. The flaws in the e-mail protocols and the increasing amount of electronic business and financial transactions directly contribute to the increase in e-mail-based threats. Email spam is one of the major problems of the today‟s Internet, bringing financial damage to companies and annoying individual users. Spam emails are invading users without their consent and filling their mail boxes. They consume more network capacity as well as time in checking and deleting spam mails. The vast majority of Internet users are outspoken in their disdain for spam, although enough of them respond to commercial offers that spam remains a viable source of income to spammers. While most of the users want to do right think to avoid and get rid of spam, they need clear and simple guidelines on how to behave. In spite of all the measures taken to eliminate spam, they are not yet eradicated. Also when the counter measures are over sensitive, even legitimate emails will be eliminated. Among the approaches developed to stop spam, filtering is the one of the most important technique. Many researches in spam filtering have been centered on the more sophisticated classifier-related issues. In recent days, Machine learning for spam classification is an important research issue. The effectiveness of the proposed work is explores and identifies the use of different learning algorithms for classifying spam messages from e-mail. A comparative analysis among the algorithms has also been presented.
THE DYNAMICS OF MOLECULAR MATERIAL WITHIN 15 PCS OF THE GALACTIC CENTER

We report the results of a 5-field mosaic of the central 15pc of the Galaxy in the (1,1) and (2,2) lines of NH3. Two narrow filaments or streamers are seen running parallel to the Galactic plane. The southern streamer appears to carry gas directly toward the nuclear region from the 20 km seccloud. The eastern streamer, which we will denote the molecular ridge, appears to be the denser part of the 50 km seccloud which lies immediately east of the Sgr A East complex and extends in the south towards the 20 km seccloud. This ridge of gas carries the kinematical signatures of interactions with Sgr A East as well as a SNR which lies south of the Galactic center. The bulk motion of the gas, the enhanced line widths, and the heating of the molecular material all suggest an active evolutionary phase for the gas immediately adjacent to the nucleus. Subject headings: Galaxy: center — ISM: clouds — ISM: molecules
Soft robotics for chemists.

The development of new types of soft robots, and especially of materials and methods for the fabrication of this class of robots, requires and offers rich new opportunities for interdisciplinary research involving organic chemistry, soft materials science, and robotics. This paper describes a methodology based on embedded pneumatic networks (PneuNets) that enables large-amplitude actuations in soft elastomers by pressurizing embedded channels. Examples include a structure that can change its curvature from convex to concave, and two devices that act as compliant grippers for handling fragile objects (e.g., an uncooked chicken egg, a live, anesthetized mouse) without damaging either. These systems suggest new areas of research for organic materials that are relevant to soft robotics, and to which chemists can make important contributions.
The generalized Schur decomposition of an arbitrary pencil A–λB—robust software with error bounds and applications. Part II: software and applications

Robust software with error bounds for computing the generalized Schur decomposition of an arbitrary matrix pencil A – λB (regular or singular) is presented. The decomposition is a generalization of the Schur canonical form of A – λI to matrix pencils and reveals the Kronecker structure of a singular pencil. The second part of this two-part paper describes the computed generalized Schur decomposition in more detail and the software, and presents applications and an example of its use. Background theory and algorithms for the decomposition and its error bounds are presented in Part I of this paper.
MR fluid motion tracking of blood flow in right atrium of patient with atrial septal defect

Recently, a newly developed technique for motion estimation of magnetic resonance (MR) signals that are represented on image has been applied. This enabled MR fluid motion tracking of blood in cardiac chambers. The motion field derived from this tracking operation can be used as the blood flow information to be presented using a two dimensional velocity vector field plot. In addition to velocity reconstruction maps, we also devised vorticity flow maps on which the velocity field is superimposed onto. Based on such a framework, the degree of vortical flow is assessed for the right atrium of a patient with atrial septal defect (ASD). We are able to examine a difference in the magnitude of vortex strength pre- and post-atrial septal occlusion.
A Survey of Refactoring Detection Techniques Based on Change History Analysis

Refactoring is the process of changing a software system in such a way that it does not alter the external behavior of the code yet improves its internal structure. Not only researchers, but also practitioners, need to know about past refactoring instances performed in a software development project. So far, a number of techniques have been proposed for automatic detection of refactoring instances. Those techniques have been presented in various international conferences and journals, however, it is difficult for researchers and practitioners to grasp the current status of studies on refactoring detection techniques. In this survey paper, we review various refactoring detection techniques, especially techniques based on change history analysis. First, we give the definition and categorization of refactoring detection methods in this paper, and then introduce refactoring detection techniques based on change history analysis. Finally, we discuss possible future research directions for refactoring detection.
Hypo-Articulation of the Four-Way Voicing Contrast in Nepali Infant-Directed Speech

ABSTRACT Hyper-articulation of vowel and consonant contrasts is often reported in infant-directed speech (IDS), but is not universal cross-linguistically, and may be a side-effect of speaking rate. This study investigated the voicing characteristics of the four-way oral stop voicing contrast in Nepali IDS. Both lead and lag time of word-onset/ɡ, ɡʱ, k, kʱ/were measured in the IDS and adult-directed speech (ADS) of 16 Nepali-speaking mothers. The lower prevalence of contrastive prevoicing and shorter lead times in IDS compared to ADS indicate hypo-articulated voicing contrasts. Shorter overall lag times in IDS suggest that stop consonants are less salient in IDS compared to ADS. These results cannot be explained as a side-effect of speaking rate, but rather suggest an increased salience for vowels compared to consonants within the IDS syllable. The implications for the acquisition of voicing contrasts are discussed.
Information Retrieval Model Combining Sentence Level Retrieval

To get better performance, Some researchers have proposed relative work to exploit the position and proximity information of query terms in language model. However these models need large quantity of training data and its computation complexity is comparatively high. This paper presents an information retrieval model combining sentence level retrieval and use sentence as a unit to compute the relevant degree of the sentence to query. Experiment results show our model can get better performance than baseline models.
Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND The effects of intensive glucose control on cardiovascular events in patients with long-standing type 2 diabetes mellitus remain uncertain. METHODS We randomly assigned 1791 military veterans (mean age, 60.4 years) who had a suboptimal response to therapy for type 2 diabetes to receive either intensive or standard glucose control. Other cardiovascular risk factors were treated uniformly. The mean number of years since the diagnosis of diabetes was 11.5, and 40% of the patients had already had a cardiovascular event. The goal in the intensive-therapy group was an absolute reduction of 1.5 percentage points in the glycated hemoglobin level, as compared with the standard-therapy group. The primary outcome was the time from randomization to the first occurrence of a major cardiovascular event, a composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, death from cardiovascular causes, congestive heart failure, surgery for vascular disease, inoperable coronary disease, and amputation for ischemic gangrene. RESULTS The median follow-up was 5.6 years. Median glycated hemoglobin levels were 8.4% in the standard-therapy group and 6.9% in the intensive-therapy group. The primary outcome occurred in 264 patients in the standard-therapy group and 235 patients in the intensive-therapy group (hazard ratio in the intensive-therapy group, 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74 to 1.05; P=0.14). There was no significant difference between the two groups in any component of the primary outcome or in the rate of death from any cause (hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.81 to 1.42; P=0.62). No differences between the two groups were observed for microvascular complications. The rates of adverse events, predominantly hypoglycemia, were 17.6% in the standard-therapy group and 24.1% in the intensive-therapy group. CONCLUSIONS Intensive glucose control in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes had no significant effect on the rates of major cardiovascular events, death, or microvascular complications with the exception of progression of albuminuria (P = 0.01) [added]. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00032487.)
Empirical Analysis of Cognitive Dissonance Levels Validation in 3-Dimensional Relationship between Attitude and Behaviour (3D-RAB) Model among Students of King Abdul-Aziz University in Jeddah

The study aims to empirically validate the cognitive dissonance levels in the model. A deductive approach has been adopted to measure the validity of cognitive dissonance levels. The main areas of concerns were; current behaviour, attitude towards the target behaviour, attitude towards change or maintain the behaviour, and cognitive dissonance levels. These concepts were examined through a questionnaire analysis. A deductive method has been used to empirically validate the cognitive dissonance levels, which have been proposed in the 3D-RAB model as well as indicate its implication on the persuasive paths. The model suggested that users would experience different level of dissonance for each state. The findings indicated that it is possible that individuals vary in the level and extent in which they experience dissonance. It was also found that there might be other factors that influence the cognitive dissonance levels in relation to the model.
A Survey on Applications of Multi Layer Perceptron Neural Networks in DOA Estimation for Smart Antennas

antennas use antenna arrays with signal processing algorithms for identifying signals spatially. The direction of arrival (DOA) estimation has a significant role in the implementation of a smart antenna. The conventional and super resolution methods have been used for DOA estimation applications for a long time. These methods have been quite efficient. However, some of them have computational complexities associated with them. Besides, these methods exhibit limited performance in dealing with the correlated signals. Such reasons limit their suitability for real time applications. Neural networks are non linear and use simple mathematical operators. They map the non linear behavior of smart antennas and perform DOA estimations accurately with considerable time reduction. The multi layer perceptron (MLP) based neural networks have demonstrated their capability of estimating DOAs very effectively even for correlated signals.
Demo: distance tracking using WLAN time of flight

In this demo we present a novel ranging based on Time Of Flight (TOF) measurements for Wireless LAN (WLAN) and demonstrate the tracking capability of the distance from a WLAN Access Point (AP) to a WLAN mobile device. Conference participants can move with the mobile device around the coverage range of the AP to observe both the accuracy and the convergence of distance tracking. Using our software-based prototype implementation, we achieve accuracies of few meters at a walking speed and in different channel conditions.
Thermal maturity of organic matter within Carboniferous clastic rocks in the Drogomyśl IG-1 drill hole (the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland)

V clanku jsou publikovany výsledky výzkumu urovně termických přeměn organicke hmoty v karbonských horninach z vrtu Drogomyśl IG-1 v polske casti hornoslezske uhelne panve. Výzkum vychazel ze studia odraznosti vitrinitu v piskovcich, prachovcich, jilovitých prachovcich a jilovcich. Odraznost nahodna Rf vitrinitu, vyseparovaneho z horninove matrix, dosahuje v piskovcich hodnot od 0,72 do 1,28%, v horninach jemnozrnných 0,77 do 1,31%, což odpovida paleoteplotam v rozmezi od 110 do 180oC. Vypoctene průměrne geotermicke paleogradienty dosahuji hodnot 60 – 63oC/km. Tyto hodnoty ukazuji na to, že minimalni mocnost zerodovaneho pokryvu z aktualniho povrchu karbonu mohla dosahovat cca 4800 – 5000 m. Vezmeme-li v uvahu pouze vypoctene geotermicke paleogradienty pro hloubky vyssi než 1500 m (dosahovano je zde hodnot 70 – l00oC/km) musela by minimalni mocnost zerodovaneho pokryvu cinit cca 5600 až 8000 m.
Fiscal Consolidation and Sovereign Risk in the Euro-zone Periphery

Sovereign and private sector default probabilities are introduced in a monetary model to evaluate whether the consideration of a sovereign risk channel can affect the sizeand sign of fiÂ…scal multipliers, an hypothesis recently appeared in the literature. Themodel is estimated using data of EZ peripheral countries. From posterior estimatesand simulations we show that i) the relation between fundamentals, sovereign risk andinterest rate spreads is weak; ii) in the short term, the risk channel operates in a pro-cyclical direction, amplifying the effects of Â…fiscal contractions; iii) the consideration ofa liquidity trap does not reverse this result.
Why the phylogenetic species concept?-Elementary.

Although species play a number of unique and necessary roles in biology, none are more important than as the elements of phylogeny, nomenclature, and biodiversity study. Species are not divisible into any smaller units among which shared derived characters can be recognized with fidelity. Biodiversity inventory, assessment, and conservation are dependent upon a uniformly applicable species concept. Species are the fundamental units in formal Linnaean classification and zoological nomenclature. The Biological Species Concept, long given nominal support by most zoologists, forced an essentialy taxonomic problem (what are species? ) into a population genetics framework (why are there species? ). Early efforts at a phylogenetic species concept focused on correcting problems in the Biological Species Concept associated with ancestral populations, then applying phylogenetic logic to species themselves. Subsequently, Eldredge and Cracraft, and Nelson and Platnick, each proposed essentially identical and truly phylogenetic species concepts that permitted the rigorous recognition of species prior to and for the purposes of phylogenetic analysis, yet maintained the integrity of the Phylogenetic Species Concept outside of cladistic analysis. Such phylogenetic elements have many benefits, including giving to biology a unit species concept applicable across all kinds of living things including sexual and asexual forms. This is possible because the Phylogenetic Species Concept is based on patterns of character distributions and is therefore consistent with the full range of possible evolutionary processes that contribute to species formation, including both biotic and abiotic (even random) factors.
Hierarchical Structure Recovery of Point‐Sampled Surfaces

We focus on the class of ‘regular’ models defined by Várady et al. for reverse engineering purposes. Given a 3D surface represented through a dense set of points, we present a novel algorithm that converts to a hierarchical representation . In , the surface is encoded through patches of various shape and size, which form a hierarchical atlas. If belongs to the class of regular models, then captures the most significant features of at all the levels of detail. In this case, we show that can be exploited to interactively select regions of interest on and intuitively re‐design the model. Furthermore, intrinsically encodes a hierarchy of useful ‘segmentations’ of . We present a simple though efficient approach to extract and optimize such segmentations, and we show how they can be used to approximate the input point sets through idealized manifold meshes.
Uncoupled Hartree–Fock calculations of the polarizability and hyperpolarizabilities of nitrophenols

The polarizability and hyperpolarizabilities of nitrophenols as model compounds for studying nonlinear optics have been investigated at the Hartree‐Fock level of approximation by means of the Dalgarno Uncoupled Hartree‐Fock (DUHF) or Sum Over Orbitals (SOO) method. The additive character and the charge transfer effects in α, β, and γ have been analyzed in terms of the σ and π molecular orbital contributions, the contribution of the individual π molecular orbitals, and the contribution of the highest occupied and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals. Within the SOO approach, the reliability of the Two‐Level Model has been tested and the influence of the rotation of the nitro group and of the presence of the intramolecular hydrogen bonding in ortho‐nitrophenol have been studied. The results show that the present method is a reliable and efficient tool for the prediction of trends in the molecular polarizability and hyperpolarizabilities of large molecules. © 1995 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An Overview of Citizen Satisfaction with Public Service: Based on the Model of Expectancy Disconfirmation

The primary objective of this article is to gauge the satisfaction of the citizen with the help of expectancy disconfirmation model (EDM) and discover areas for future research dependent on this model. This study examines expectancy disconfirmation model utilized in government sector to measure citizen satisfaction reported in literature since 2004. This review will attempt to identify the linkage between each of the studies and figure out the gap for upcoming research. Review of entire past researches revealed that satisfaction is a function of expectation, perceived service quality and disconfirmation (expectation—perception about service quality) of beneficiaries. The expectation intended to a particular service is changing with the passage of time. Growth of literature in the domain of citizen satisfaction seems to build up consecutively providing a continuous learning from the findings of earlier researches. This study drew a new dimension to the practitioners in this specific field.
Interference Truncation for Compute-and-Forward Relaying in Multiple Access Channels

Nested lattice code is a practical technique to approach the Shannon capacity upper bound. However, the performance of compute-and-forward (CF) relaying is blocked by the channel output residuals that the decoding process of nested lattice codeword cannot remove completely. In this paper, an interference truncation scheme is designed for CF relaying in multiple access channels to minimize the channel residual caused by lattice decoding, where the scalars and coefficient vectors are configured to optimize the computation rate. The key idea is to improve the performance by introducing a recovered linear combination of codewords into the decoding process at the destination with proper scaling. The proposal harnesses the received message to reduce the impact of effective noise, which in traditional CF is determined by that equations are computed out directly from received messages. The analysis and numerical results demonstrate that the achievable computation rate of the proposed scheme outperforms the traditional scheme, and the impacts of asymmetric transmit power settings are studied as well.