Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transcript : Speculative Execution of Untrusted JavaScript Code

Transcript is a system that enhances JavaScript with support for speculative execution. It introduces a new transaction construct, which hosting Web applications can use to demarcate regions that contain untrusted guest code. Actions performed within a transaction are logged and considered speculative until they are examined by the host and committed. Uncommitted actions simply do not take and cannot affect the host in any way. Transcript therefore provides hosting Web applications with powerful mechanisms to mediate the actions of untrusted guests and also cleanly recover from the effects of security-violating guest code. This paper describes the design of Transcript and its implementation in Firefox. Our exposition focuses on the novel features introduced by Transcript to support transactions, including a suspend/resume mechanism for JavaScript and support for speculative DOM updates. Our evaluation presents case studies showing that Transcript can be used to enforce powerful security policies on untrusted JavaScript code, and reports its performance on real-world applications and microbenchmarks.
Perceptions of a 'good' death: a comparative study of the views of hospice staff and patients

The literature suggests that health professionals working in palliative care have developed an idealised concept of dying which has been labelled the 'good' death. This paper reports the results of a preliminary qualitative study which compared the concepts of a 'good' death used by patients and staff in a palliative care unit. Semistructured interviews designed to elicit perceptions of 'good' and 'bad' deaths were conducted with 18 patients and 20 health professionals. The transcribed interviews were content analysed. There were major differences between the views of patients and staff. The patients' descriptions of a 'good' death were diverse and included: dying in one's sleep, dying quietly, with dignity, being pain free and dying suddenly. In comparison, staff characterised a 'good' death in terms of adequate symptom control, family involvement, peacefulness and lack of distress, while a 'bad' death was described as involving uncontrolled symptoms, lack of acceptance and being young. The findings suggest that patients and staff differ in their conceptualisations of a 'good' death.
An Application of Optimal Dynamic Hedging in International Asset Allocation

The portfolio decision problem for global investments involves a joint choice over the financial assets and currencies. This paper investigates currency risk hedging when the volatilities and the correlations of forward currency contracts with the financial assets, are all time-varying. In order to capture the dynamic structure of the volatilities and correlations, a multivariate GARCH model with time-varying correlation, has been adopted. The dynamic optimization is estimated for different international portfolios over the time period of January 1985 till December 2002. The optimized dynamic hedge strategy can capture reasonably the currency fluctuations and significantly reduce the currency risk exposures and therefore enhance the risk-adjusted performance of the international portfolios. Our study deals with a German investor investing in the equity markets of United Kingdom, Japan and U.S.A.
What's a Good Job? The Importance of Employment Relationships. CPRN Study. Changing Employment Relationships Series.

This report considers how employment relationships in Canada are being reshaped by the changing nature of work. Most studies of work in Canada over the last decade have focused on labour market restructuring, workplace changes resulting from downsizing and restructuring, and the effects of new information technologies. This report aims to supplement this structural perspective by investigating the relationships that define work experiences and the outcomes of these relationships for employees and employers. The report analyses the multi-dimensional character of the relationships linking workers with employers, business clients, and other workers. The report draws on the findings of the 2000 survey of employees and self-employed and follow-up focus groups. The report is structured in the following sections: chapter two describes the conceptual model that informs the research study; chapter three outlines the research design in more detail; chapter four provides new understandings of the nature of ‘non-standard’ work from the perspective of employment relationships and highlights areas requiring further research; chapter five looks at the legal aspects of employment relationships for both the self-employed and employees; chapter six describes how employment relationships were measured and connects this approach to contemporary ideas about labour market structures, resulting in a new map of the Canadian labour market; chapter seven examines the socio-demographic, work context and labour market factors associated with variations in employment relationships in an attempt to identify groups of workers who have strong and weak employment relationships; chapter eight reviews how variations in employment relationships impact individual workers, employers and unions; and chapter nine summarises the research findings and considers the main implications for workers, employers, and government policy. The basic conclusion of the research is that employment relationships have significant consequences for individuals, employers and labour market organisations and therefore deserve closer attention in employment policy making. The research expands the elements of what constitutes a ‘good job’ beyond pay, benefits and employment security, to include various social, psychological and organisational features of work contexts and relationships.
A Bennet Decomposition of Industry Dynamics: An Application to the Nationwide and State Level U.S. Banking Industry

This paper considers the aggregate performance of the banking industry, applying a modified and extended dynamic decomposition of bank return on equity. The aggregate performance of any industry depends on the underlying microeconomic dynamics within that industry -- adjustments within banks, reallocations between banks, entry of new banks, and exit of existing banks. Bailey, Hulten, and Campbell (1992) and Haltiwanger (1997) develop dynamic decompositions of industry performance. We extend those analyses to derive an ideal dynamic decomposition that includes their dynamic decomposition as one component. We also extend the decomposition, consider geography, and implement decomposition on a state-by-state basis, linking that geographic decomposition back to the national level. We then consider how deregulation of geographic restrictions on bank activity affects the components of the state-level dynamic decomposition, controlling for competition and the state of the economy within each state and employing fixed- and random-effects estimation for a panel database across the fifty states and the District of Columbia from 1976 to 2000.
Dynamics of health insurance ownership in Vietnam, 2004 – 06

Vietnam is undertaking health financing reform in an attempt to achieve universal health insurance coverage by 2014. Changes in health insurance policies have doubled the overall coverage between 2004 and 2006. However, close examination of Vietnam Living Standard Surveys during this period reveals that about one fifth of the insured in 2004 dropped out of the health insurance system by 2006. This paper uses longitudinal data from VHLSS 2004 and 2006 to investigate the characteristics of those who joined and those who left the health insurance system. We model the static and dynamic health insurance choices allowing for heterogeneity of choices. The results from both static and dynamic models highlight the importance of income and education in determining the movement in or out of a particular scheme. The results from the static models of health insurance determinants show significant adverse selection in the current health insurance system where individuals with bad health are more likely to be insured. The findings from the dynamic models of health insurance ownership also suggest that the current health insurance system entails significant adverse selection where people with worse health are more likely to join or stay in and less likely to move out of the system. Some policy implications to increase coverage and to maintain financial sustainability of the health insurance system are drawn.
High prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance amongst strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from commercial sex workers in Bangladesh.

Sir, The control of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) has assumed greater priority in the public health arena since they were shown to be associated with an increased risk of acquiring infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Promoting sexual health and reducing the incidence of STDs, including gonorrhoea, are therefore means of preventing HIV infection. However, antibiotic resistance in the gonococcus has itself become an increasingly important public health issue. Because of the emergence of and subsequent increase in the prevalences of strains of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) and isolates exhibiting chromosomally-mediated resistance to penicillin and tetracycline (CMRNG), the Centers for Disease Control in the USA have recommended that third-generation cephalosporins or selected fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, should be used as first-line therapy in cases of uncomplicated gonorrhoea. In Bangladesh, ciprofloxacin has been adopted as the drug of choice for the treatment of patients with uncomplicated or suspected gonococcal infection. Strains of N. gonorrhoeae with reduced susceptibilities to fluoroquinolones have been identified in the Far East, Australia, Africa and Europe and there have been sporadic reports of ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates. Moreover, clinical failures caused by quinolone-resistant gonococci are being described increasingly, although the emergence of these strains has been associated with a decline in the incidence of PPNG. In an attempt to quantify the extent of antimicrobial resistance in gonococci, we have determined the susceptibilities to various antibiotics of 94 strains of N. gonorrhoeae isolated from commercial sex workers in Dhaka between June and November 1997. The isolates were identified by standard laboratory techniques and by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which was used to amplify a 390 bp sequence of the cryptic plasmid. Susceptibilities to penicillin, tetracycline, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, spectinomycin and ciprofloxacin were determined by disc diffusion and agar dilution methods. The strains were also evaluated for penicillinase production (PPNG), resistance to tetracyline (TRNG), CMRNG , chromosomally mediated resistance to penicillin (CMRNG ) and chromosomally mediated resistance to tetracycline (CMRNG ) by methods described previously. Of the 94 isolates, 11 (11.7% ) were resistant (MICs 1 mg/L), 25 (26.6% ) exhibited reduced susceptibility (MICs 0.125–0.5 mg/L) and 58 (61.7% ) were susceptible (MICs 0.06 mg/L) to ciprofloxacin on the basis of MIC
The structure of heroin communities (in relation to methadone maintenance).

The sociocultural structure of contemporary urban heroin-using communities is delineated using the dimensions "being hooked," "scoring," and "hustling" on "the street. " A concentric ring model is constructed with four rings: (innermost) the street dealing network, other criminal hustles, employed addicts, and a peripheral "recruitment" area (outermost). The model is used to define differential intentions toward and responses to methadone maintenance treatment among members of the heroin community.
Consumer preferences for sustainability and their impact on supply chain management: The case of mobile phones

Purpose – Consumer values increasingly favor sustainable development in products and services, thereby fostering the need to develop new operational and managerial practices that support sustainability in supply chain management. The purpose of this study is to identify relevant product features related to sustainable development in this context, and use the choice of mobile phone as an example in measuring their importance.Design/methodology/approach – The study used two different methods (qualitative and quantitative) in two phases. First it organized focus‐group discussions in order to identify the features of sustainability that affect the choice of a mobile phone. The most significant features served as a starting point for the choice of attributes to be included in the final step, choice‐based conjoint analysis (CBC), which assesses respondents' value functions by means of latent class clustering. Between the two major phases it carried out two additional pre‐tests in order to reduce the number of a.
Dynamic Capacity Expansion for a Service Firm with Capacity Deterioration and Supply Uncertainty

Motivated by the challenges faced by the telecom industry during the past decade, in this paper we study a dynamic capacity expansion problem for service firms. There is a random demand for the firm's capacity in each period: the demand in excess of the capacity is lost, and revenue is generated for the fulfilled demand. At the beginning of each period, the firm might increase its capacity through purchasing equipment for immediate delivery, which is constrained by a random supply limit, or it might sign a future contract for equipment delivery in the following period. We assume that the firm's capacity might partially become obsolete due to natural deterioration or technology innovation. We aim at characterizing optimal capacity expansion strategies and comparing the profit functions as well as the optimal control policies of different options. Specifically, we show that the optimal capacity expansion policy for the current period is determined by a base-stock policy. Compared with the case where no future contracts are available, the optimal control parameters of capacity expansion are always smaller. We further show that when the obsolescence rate is deterministic, the optimal policy for capacity expansion through future contracts is also a base-stock type. The results are extended to the cases with stochastically dependent capacity supply limits and stochastically dependent demand processes, which establish the robustness of the optimal policy in various market conditions.
The role of guides in artistic industries

Purpose – The haute‐cuisine industry must cope with two, apparently antagonist demands from customers: providing reliable advice about the choice of restaurant, while concurrently preserving the “magic of discovery” and creativity every haute‐cuisine restaurant should provide. This paper has the objective of analysing how the Michelin guide “star system” operates as a “signalling device” in the industry, and handles these two market requirements. The research also explores how secrecy contributes to preserve chefs' creativity for the benefit of customer satisfaction.Design/methodology/approach – The research is derived from 20 exploratory field interviews of chefs belonging to the “star system” in France, Switzerland and the UK.Findings – Field research and analysis reveal the pressure to minimize type II errors, i.e. of selecting restaurants that do not merit inclusion and, consequently, increase type I errors. This behaviour explains the stability, reliability and consistency of the system.Research limi.
Secondary Metabolism of Dinitrobenzyl Glucuronide Related to Production of Genotoxic Compounds of Dinitrotoluene in Male Wistar Rat

amino-6-nitrobenzyl alcohol (2A6NB) are produced in the secondary metabolism of 2,4-DNB-G and 2,6-DNB-G. Data from HPLC indicated that 2,4-DNBAl (about 1%), in addition to 2,4-DNB-G (about 8.6%), 2,4-dinitrobenzyl alcohol (2,4-DNB, about 0.1%), two aminonitrotoluenes (about 0.2%), two aminonitrobenzyl alcohols (about 0.1%), 4-acetylamino-2-nitrobenzoic acid (4AA2NBA, about 7.4%) and 4-acetylamino-2-aminobenzoic acid (4AA2ABA, about 1.8%) was excreted in the urine or bile after dosing 2,4-DNB-G. This result, together with previous findings, indicates that 2,4-DNBAl is produced not only by oxidation of 2,4-DNB formed from 2,4-DNT, but by oxidation of 2,4-DNB formed from 2,4-DNB-G excreted in bile. In addition, the formation of carcinogenic 2,4-diaminotoluene (2,4-DAT) was ascertained from the metabolic pathway of 2,4-DNB-G based on the metabolites detected. No 2A6NB was found in the urine and bile after dosing 2,6-DNB-G. However, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzoic acid (2A6NBA, about 0.2%), in addition to 2,6-dinitrobenzyl alcohol (2,6-DNB, < 0.1%) and 2,6-DNB-G (about 18%), was detected in the urine or bile after dosing 2,6-DNB-G. This result, together with previous findings, indicates that 2A6NB is an intermediate in the production of 2A6NBA from 2,6-DNB, and further suggests that the production of 2A6NB in the metabolism of 2,6-DNT is coupled to the enterohepatic circulation of 2,6-DNB. The results of this investigation suggest that the production of 2,4-DNBAl and 2,4-DAT, and 2A6NB from 2,4-DNB-G and 2,6-DNB-G may play a role in the hepatocarcinogenicities of 2,4-DNT and 2,6-DNT.
Intercultural competencies needed by global CEOs

The world of international business has changed dramatically in the past two decades, shifting from being the exclusive realm of giant multinational corporations to a wide-open marketplace for companies of all sizes and stages of maturity. Although there is growing recognition that Chief Executive Officers need international experience, little is known about which intercultural competencies are needed at the top. Most of the research in the field has been focused either further down the management chain, on expatriate managers, or outside the business world, on international students. Both these groups are well-researched due to the relative ease of gaining access to subjects. Accessing CEOs and other business elites is considerably more challenging, which may explain the dearth of academic research at the top level of business. This research aimed to fill that gap by exploring the strategic-level intercultural challenges faced by companies doing business internationally and by identifying the intercultural competencies needed by CEOs. The study utilised an emergent approach, following on from an earlier pilot study. It included in-depth interviews with 28 global CEOs spanning 12 countries, leading companies ranging in size from fewer than 10 to more than 200,000 employees. The data was analysed utilising a “constructivist grounded theory” approach. The study concluded that intercultural competencies of CEOs have a potential impact in several key areas, including: decision-making; hiring; managing the top executive team; conflict and negotiation; working with partners and vendors; and market entry. Five intercultural competencies were identified as important at the CEO level: Cultural Self-Awareness; Cultural Sensory Perception; Open-mindedness; Global Perspective; and Adaptability. The study also discovered patterns of CEO behaviour in response to failure in intercultural interactions, which may impact the time and cost required to achieve objectives in foreign markets. Finally, the study found evidence of effective methods for developing the required competencies.
Role of Changes in Mean Temperatures versus Temperature Gradients in the Recent Widening of the Hadley Circulation

The Hadley circulation (HC) has widened in recent decades, and it widens as the climate warms in simulations. But the mechanisms responsible for the widening remain unclear, and the widening in simulations is generally smaller than observed. To identify mechanisms responsible for the HC widening and for model–observation discrepancies, this study analyzes how interannual variations of tropical-mean temperatures and meridional temperature gradients influence the HC width. Changes in mean temperatures are part of any global warming signal, whereas changes in temperature gradients are primarily associated with ENSO. Within this study, 6 reanalysis datasets, 22 Atmospheric Modeling Intercomparison Project (AMIP) simulations, and 11 historical simulations from phase 5 of the Climate Modeling Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) are analyzed, covering the years 1979–2012. It is found that the HC widens as mean temperatures increase or as temperature gradients weaken in most reanalyses and climate models. On average, climate models exhibit a smaller sensitivity of HC width to changes in mean temperatures and temperature gradients than do reanalyses. However, the sensitivities differ substantially among reanalyses, rendering the HC response to mean temperatures in climate models not statistically different from that in reanalyses. While global-mean temperatures did not increase substantially between 1997 and 2012, the HC continued to widen in most reanalyses. The analysis here suggests that the HC widening from 1979 to 1997 is primarily the result of global warming, whereas the widening of the HC from 1997 to 2012 is associated with increased midlatitude temperatures and hence reduced temperature gradients during this period.
Immediate provisional for single-tooth implant replacement with Brånemark system: preliminary report.

BACKGROUND The success of osseointegrated implants ad modum Brånemark for single-tooth restorations is documented. Future developments should aim at improving the benefits to patients by decreasing treatment time, minimizing surgical stages, and maximizing esthetic outcomes. Using knowledge from studies of immediate implant placement, one-stage, immediate loading protocols, the authors developed the immediate provisional. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to develop a protocol to provide an immediate solution for restoring a single missing tooth in the esthetic zone. The protocol should be simple, predictable, cost effective, and allow the use of other techniques to improve esthetic outcome. MATERIALS AND METHOD This prospective clinical study included 24 patients treated from August 1999 to October 2000. Single-tooth implant replacement was done according to immediate provisional protocol. Thirteen of the 24 patients had immediate implant placement after tooth extraction. All implants were placed in the esthetic zone. During surgery, emphasis was placed on obtaining primary stability by achieving bicortical anchorage and maximum insertion torque of at least 40 Ncm. CeraOne (Nobel Biocare) abutments were used, and provisional crowns were fabricated immediately before wound closure. The occlusion was protected by adjacent teeth. RESULTS Within the follow-up period of between 1 month and 15 months, all fixtures in the 24 patients were stable. Crestal bone loss greater than one thread-width was not detected. The esthetic result was considered satisfactory by all patients. CONCLUSIONS The implant placement and restoration protocol used in this study showed promising initial results for both the immediate implant and healed extraction site groups. The desirable goals of patient satisfaction, excellent esthetic outcomes, and no increase in treatment cost were achieved in this protocol. Further studies to elucidate the potential of the immediate provisional protocol are justified.
Using physiological signals for emotion recognition

Recognizing user's emotions is the promising area of research in a field of human-computer interaction. It is possible to recognize emotions using facial expression, audio signals, body poses, gestures etc. but physiological signals are very useful in this field because they are spontaneous and not controllable. In this paper a problem of using physiological signals for emotion recognition is presented. The kinds of physiological signals and sensors are described. The models of emotions, the methods of emotions' elicitation are presented. There is also a brief review of research progress in using physiological signals for emotion recognition presented in literature. It leads to conclusions about challenges and possible future research.