Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Design and Implementation of High Availability OSPF Router

In this paper, we propose a High Availability Open Shortest Path First (HA-OSPF) router which consists of two OSPF router modules, active and standby, to support a high availability network. First, we used the continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) to analyze the steady-state availability of an HA-OSPF router with one active router and N standby routers (1 + N redundancy model). Then, with the failure detection and recovery rate considered, from analytic results, we show that the HA-OSPF router with 1 + 1 redundancy model, one active and one standby, is the preferred model for enhancing router availability. We also show that the carrier-grade HA-OSPF router availability (i.e., five-nine availability) can be achieved under an appropriate combination of the router module failure rate (λ), repair rate (μ), and the failure detection and recovery rate (δ). Since there is a lack of research on the integration of the redundancy model, link state information backup, and failure detection and recovery, we propose a high availability management middleware (HAM middleware) framework to integrate these three elements. The HAM middleware consists of Availability Management Framework (AMF) service, Checkpoint service, and Failure Manager. It supports health check, state information exchange, and failure detection and recovery. Each HA-OSPF router was designed to have a Linux operating system, HAM middleware, and OSPF process. We have implemented the HA-OSPF router on a PC-based system. Experimental results show that the failure detection and recovery times of the proposed PC-based HA-OSPF router were reduced by 98.76% and 91.45% compared to those of an industry standard approach, VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol), for a software failure and a hardware failure, respectively. In addition, we have also implemented the HA-OSPF router on an ATCA (Advanced Telecom Computing Architecture) platform, which can provide an industrial standardized modular architecture for an efficient, flexible, and reliable router design. Based on our ATCA-based platform with 1/δ=217 ms for a software failure and 1/δ=1066 ms for a hardware failure, along with the router module data, 1/λ = 7 years and 1/μ = 4 hours, obtained from Cisco, the availabilities of the proposed ATCA-based HA-OSPF router are 99.99999905% for a software failure and 99.99999867% for a hardware failure. Therefore, the experimental results have shown that both our proposed ATCA-based and PC-based HA-OSPF routers with 1 + 1 redundancy model can easily meet the requirement of carrier-grade availabilities with five-nine.
A Walk Through the Planned CS Building

Using the architectural plan views of our future CS building as test objects, we have completed the first stage of a Building walkthrough system. The inputs to our system are AutoCAD files. An AutoCAD converter translates the geometrical information in these files into a format suitable for 3D rendering. Major model errors, such as incorrect polygon interse ctions and random face orientations, are detected and fixed automatically. Interactive viewing and editing tools are provided to view the results, to modify and clean the model and to change surface attributes. Our display system provides a simple-to-use user interface for interactive exploration of buildings. Using only the mouse buttons, the user can move inside and outside the building andchange floors. Several viewing and rendering options are provided, such as restricting the viewing frustum, avoiding wall collisions, and selecting different rendering algorithms. A plan view of the current floor, with the position of the eye point adn viewing direction on it, is displayed at all times. The scene illumination can be manipulated, by interactively controlling intensity values for 5 light sources. We have improved the rendering speed of our system by subdividing the model into cells and reducing the fraction of the building that is sent tothe rendering pipeline at display time. Each floor is divided into approximately room-sized cells, each with a precomputed cell-to-cell visibility list. During display, the cell containing the viewpoint is identified, and the contents of the potentially visible cells are retrieved from storage. This set is further reduced by culling it against the observers view frustum. The contents of the remaining cells are then sent to the graphics pipeline.
The Design and Implementation of Modern Column-Oriented Database Systems

Database system performance is directly related to the efficiency of the system at storing data on primary storage (for example, disk) and moving it into CPU registers for processing. For this reason, there is a long history in the database community of research exploring physical storage alternatives, including sophisticated indexing, materialized views, and vertical and horizontal partitioning. In recent years, there has been renewed interest in so-called column-oriented systems, sometimes also called column-stores. Column-store systems completely vertically partition a database into a collection of individual columns that are stored separately. By storing each column separately on disk, these column-based systems enable queries to readjust the attributes they need, rather than having to read entire rows from disk and discard unneeded attributes once they are in memory. The Design and Implementation of Modern Column-Oriented Database Systems discusses modern column-stores, their architecture and evolution as well the benefits they can bring in data analytics. There is a specific focus on three influential research prototypes, MonetDB, MonetDB/X100, and C-Store. These systems have formed the basis for several well-known commercial column-store implementations. Their similarities and differences are described and they are discussed in terms of their specific architectural features for compression, late materialization, join processing, vectorization and adaptive indexing (database cracking). The Design and Implementation of Modern Column-Oriented Database Systems is an excellent reference on the topic for database researchers and practitioners.
Long-Term Fire Regime Estimated from Soil Charcoal in Coastal Temperate Rainforests

Coastal temperate rainforests from southeast Alaska through to southern Oregon are ecologically distinct from forests of neighboring regions, which have a drier, or more continental, climate and disturbance regimes dominated by fires. The long-term role of fire remains one of the key outstanding sources of uncertainty in the historical dynamics of the wetter and less seasonal forests that dominate the northerly two thirds of the rainforest region in British Columbia and Alaska. Here, we describe the long-term fire regime in two forests on the south coast of British Columbia by means of 244 AMS radiocarbon dates of charcoal buried in forest soils. In both forests, some sites have experienced no fire over the last 6000 years and many other sites have experienced only one or two fires during that time. Intervals between fires vary from a few centuries to several thousand years. In contrast to other conifer forests, this supports a model of forest dynamics where fires are of minor ecological importance. Instead, forest history is dominated by fine-scale processes of disturbance and recovery that maintain an ubiquitous late-successional character over the forest landscape. This has significant implications for ecosystem-based forest management and our understanding of carbon storage in forest soils.
Local Anomaly Detection for Network System Log Monitoring

Huge amounts of operation data, including system logs, are being collected from communication networks. System operators and developers need easy to use and robust decision support tools based on these data. One of their key applications is to detect anomalous phenomena of the network. We present an anomaly detection method that describes the normal states of the system with a self organizing map (SOM) identified from the data. Anomalous behavior is specified as one in which the data deviate from clustered SOM nodes by more than a threshold. Instead of one global threshold, we use local thresholds. Threshold to use depends on the set of close by nodes according to how much variation the identification data have around the nodes. Our anomaly detection method can be applied both in online monitoring and in analysis of history data.
The Perilous Effects of Student Evaluations on Pedagogy

Student evaluations are used for administrative purposes across U.S. colleges and universities. Starting with the hiring a faculty member to promotion and tenure, to annual evaluations and post-tenure evaluations, student evaluations of faculty play a major role, not only at "teaching schools" but also at "research universities. " However the validity of this instrument is highly doubtful. Studies indicate that student evaluations of faculty are, at best worthless, and on average, extremely harmful to the pedagogical standards. I suggest that the use of student evaluations of teachers be replaced by recording lectures which may be reviewed by peers. Selected recordings may also be used for instructional purposes of student teachers and new faculty members.
{20 () Feature Selection Vs Theory Reformulation: a Study of Genetic Reenement of Knowledge-based Neural Networks

Expert classiication systems have proven themselves eeective decision makers for many types of problems. However, the accuracy of such systems is often highly dependent upon the accuracy of a human expert's domain theory. When human experts learn or create a set of rules, they are subject to a number of hindrances. Most signiicantly experts are, to a greater or lesser extent, restricted by the tradition of scholarship which has preceded them and by an inability to examine large amounts of data in a rigorous fashion without the eeects of boredom or frustration. As a result, human theories are often erroneous or incomplete. To escape this dependency, machine learning systems have been developed to automatically reene and correct an expert's domain theory. When theory revision systems are applied to expert theories, they often concentrate on the reformulation of the knowledge provided rather than on the reformulation or selection of input features. The general assumption seems to be that the expert has already selected the set of features that will be most useful for the given task. That set may, however, be suboptimal. This paper studies theory reenement and the relative beneets of applying feature selection versus more extensive theory reformulation.
WikiTaxonomy: A Large Scale Knowledge Resource

We present a taxonomy automatically generated from the system of categories in Wikipedia. Categories in the resource are identified as either classes or instances and included in a large subsumption, i.e. isa, hierarchy. The taxonomy is made available in RDFS format to the research community, e.g. for direct use within AI applications or to bootstrap the process of manual ontology creation.
A Convergent Transfer Scheme To The Core Of A TU-Game

We present an algorithm for computing points in the core of a game with transferable utility. We prove that it converges if and only if the core of the game is nonempty. The algorithm resembles the transfer scheme model introduced in Stearns 13]. The object of this paper is to describe a model of dynamic bargaining that converges to the core 6] of a TU-game (game with transferable utility) provided this set is nonempty. Because this set is a polyhedron determined by linear inequalities, linear programming methods are usually employed for computational purposes. However, our algorithm is not based upon a linear programming approach; rather, it is more closely related to the transfer scheme model suggested by Stearns 13] to describe processes of dynamic negotiations. There, two transfer schemes, one converging to the kernel 5] and other to the bargaining set 1] of a TU-game, were presented. Later, Justman 7] elaborated an extension of Stearns' model allowing for a wider class of transfers than those considered by Stearns. In this work, a transfer scheme which converges to the nucleolus 11] of a TU-game was developed. Because the nucleolus is always included in the core (provided this set is 23
Sources of Inefficiency in a Representative Democracy: A Dynamic Analysis

This paper studies the efficiency of policy choice in representative democracies. It extends the citizen-candidate model of democratic policy-making to a dynamic environment. Equilibrium policy choices are shown to be efficient in the sense that, in each period, conditional on future policies being selected through the democratic process, there exists no alternative current policy choices which can raise the expected utilities of all citizens. However, policies that would be declared efficient by standard economic criteria are not necessarily adopted in political equilibrium. The paper argues that these divergencies are legitimately viewed as 'political failures. ' Copyright 1998 by American Economic Association.
Elastic Stiffness of Three-Phase Composites by the Generalized Mechanics-of-Materials (GMM) Approach

A Generalized Mechanics-of-Materials (GMM) model is developed herein for practical approximation to the stiffness of three-phase composites. The three classes of composites considered are unidirectional two-fiber composite system, two-particulate composite system and combined fiber and particulate system. The geometrical model for the representative volume element (RVE) adopted is that of alternating cubic array of two arbitrary cuboid reinforcements. Non-dimensionalized stiffness of the three classes of three-phase composites are addressed by altering the dimensions of the reinforcing cuboids. The reinforcements in the RVE are in parallel to the applied load while the displaced surface of the RVE is assumed uniform. Verification of the model was carried out by reducing the three-phase model to that of two-phase ones, as well as by comparison with previous experimental results. Generalization for the three classes of composite stiffness was attained through a judicious choice of expression, which resulted in the identification of a parameter that conveniently describes the effect of reinforcement geometry.
SkyTracer: Towards fine-grained identification for Skype traffic via sequence signatures

Skype has been a typical choice for providing VoIP service nowadays and is well-known for its broad range of features, including voice-calls, instant messaging, file transfer and video conferencing, etc. Considering its wide application, from the viewpoint of ISPs, it is essential to identify Skype flows and thus optimize network performance and forecast future needs. However, in general, a host is likely to run multiple network applications simultaneously, which makes it much harder to classify each and every Skype flow from mixed traffic exactly. Especially, current techniques usually focus on host-level identification and do not have the ability to identify Skype traffic at the flow-level. In this paper, we first reveal the unique sequence signatures of Skype UDP flows and then implement a practical online system named SkyTracer for precise Skype traffic identification. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to utilize the strong sequence signatures to carry out early identification of Skype traffic. The experimental results show that SkyTracer can achieve very high accuracy at fine-grained level in identifying Skype traffic.
Non-Traditional Exports, Traditional Constraints; the Adoption and Diffusion of Cash Crops among Smallholders in Guatemala

More than two decades after non-traditional export crops (NTXs) were introduced to the central highlands of Guatemala to link farmers to global markets and foster rural development, this study uses duration analysis to explore how time-varying household characteristics and external trends play into both the adoption and diffusion processes of NTX among smallholders. Adoption was widespread and rapid, which led the project to be hailed as a pro-poor success, reaching all but the smallest landholders. Potential benefits of NTXs have proven to be high, but constraints to sustained adoption also numerous, particularly in the second decade of the period considered. Over time, more than two-thirds of adopters eventually dropped out, reverting back to more traditional crops, or leaving agriculture altogether. Based on a second round of a 20-year panel survey carried out by the authors, the analysis suggests that smallholders are quite responsive to price incentives when making their repeated decision to continue adopting overtime. Also, in line with previous findings, land size does not seem important in the decision to adopt. However, land quality emerges as a significant factor in prolonging NTX production over time. Overall, the findings suggest that, in the long-run, NTX production does not appear to have been as pro-poor as initially hoped, and that institutions and policy interventions were able to only partially offset these difficulties in favor of less endowed farmers.
Spatiotemporal Allocation of Advertising Budgets

This article develops a method for optimal allocation of resources based on an empirically validated model of how national and regional advertising generate sales over time. The authors derive the profit-maximizing total budget, its optimal split between national and regional spends, and its optimal allocation across multiple regions. They formulate a spatiotemporal model that accounts for spatial and serial dependence, spatial heterogeneity, neighborhood effects, and sales dynamics. Because of spatial and serial dependence, correlated multivariate Brownian motion drives the sales dynamics, resulting in a second-order differential equation for the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equation with multiple states (i.e., regional sales) and multiple controls (i.e., regional and national advertising expenditures). By solving the HJB equation analytically, the authors furnish closed-form expressions for the optimal total budget and its regional allocations. In addition, they develop a method to estimate the proposed model and apply it to market data from a leading German cosmetics company. Using the estimated parameters, they evaluate the optimal budget and allocations. Comparing them with actual company policy, the proposed approach enhances profit by 5.07%, and it not only identifies which regions under-or overspend but also reveals how much budget to shift from national to regional advertising (or vice versa).
The Survival of Firms 417 Table 1 A list of dominant designs by industry Industry Dominant Design

The economic, population ecology and strategic perspectives on firm survival are here complemented by viewing the same phenomenon from the viewpoint of technology evolution as well. The hypothesis tested is that the competitive environment of an industry, and therefore the survival of firms in it, is substantially affected by the evolution of the technology on which it is based. Survival analysis is applied to data from six industries. The results show that by explicitly including technology as a dynamic and strategic variable our understanding of firms' survival potential and success can be enhanced.
Adiabatic rearrangement of hollow PV Towers

Diabatic heating from deep moist convection in the hurricane eyewall produces a towering annular structure of elevated potential vorticity (PV). This structure has been referred to as a hollow PV tower. The sign reversal of the radial gradient of PV satisfies the Charney‐Stern necessary condition for combined barotropic‐baroclinic instability. For thin enough annular structures, small perturbations grow exponentially, extract energy from the mean flow, and lead to hollow tower breakdown, with significant vortex structural and intensity change. The three‐dimensional adiabatic rearrangements of two prototypical hurricane‐like hollow PV towers (one thick and one thin) are examined in an idealized framework. For both hollow towers, dynamic instability causes air parcels with high PV to be mixed into the eye preferentially at lower levels, where unstable PV wave growth rates are the largest. Little or no mixing is found to occur at upper levels. The mixing at lower and middle levels is most rapid for the breakdown of the thin hollow tower, consistent with previous barotropic results. For both hollow towers, this advective rearrangement of PV affects the tropical cyclone structure and intensity in a number of ways. First, the minimum central pressure and maximum azimuthal mean velocity simultaneously decrease, consistent with previous barotropic results. Secondly, isosurfaces of absolute angular momentum preferentially shift inward at low levels, implying an adiabatic mechanism by which hurricane eyewall tilt can form. Thirdly, a PV bridge, similar to that previously found in full‐physics hurricane simulations, develops as a result of mixing at the isentropic levels where unstable PV waves grow most rapidly. Finally, the balanced mass field resulting from the PV rearrangement is warmer in the eye between 900 and 700 hPa. The location of this warming is consistent with observed warm anomalies in the eye, indicating that in certain instances the hurricane eye inversion is enhanced through PV mixing on isentropic surfaces and is thus partially dynamically controlled.
An Improved Trace Driven Instruction Cache Timing Attack on RSA

The previous I-cache timing attacks on RSA which exploit the instruction path of a cipher were mostly proof-of-concept, and it is harder to put them into practice than D-cache timing attacks. We propose a new trace driven timing attack model based on spying on the whole I-cache. An improved analysis algorithm of the exponent using the characteristic of the size of the window is advanced, which could further reduce the search space of the bits of the key than the former and provide an error detection mechanism to detect some erroneous decisions of the operation sequence. We implemented an attack on RSA of OpenSSL under a practical environment, proving that the feasibility and effectiveness of I-Cache timing attack could be improved.
Serum CETP and PLTP activity in middle-aged men living in urban or rural area of the Lower Silesia region. PURE Poland sub-study

Introduction The dependence of lipid transfer proteins on significant pro-atherogenic factors is unclear. The aim of the study was to evaluate serum cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) activity in relation to lipid disturbances in men living in an urban or rural area. Material and methods A group of 427 men, volunteers for the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) sub-study – 263 urban inhabitants (aged 51.9 ±6.0) and 164 residents of villages (aged 51.1 ±5.9) – were examined. In the multivariable linear regression model, the following factors were included as potential confounders: age, body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol consumption, hs-C-reactive protein reaction (hs-CRP) and co-existence of chronic diseases. Results In multiple linear regression models, site of residence (urban or rural area) was the most important independent and consistent predictor of CETP and PLTP activity; β coefficients (95% CI) for CETP (0.18) and PLTP (–0.29) were significant at levels of p < 0.001. Three-way analysis of variance showed no effect of smoking or moderate alcohol consumption on lipid transfer proteins; however, CETP activity showed an interaction effect between these risk factors. In the group of all men, CETP activity was significantly and positively correlated with total cholesterol (r = 0.24), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = 0.18), and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = 0.21), whereas PLTP activity was correlated with BMI (r = 0.12). Body mass index in rural men was higher than in the urban male population. Conclusions Increased PLTP activity, recognized as a pro-atherogenic factor, and decreased CETP activity, known as a protective factor, both observed in men living in rural areas, are probably conditioned by nutritional and/or genetic factors.