Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Regulation by auxin of carbohydrate metabolism involved in cell wall synthesis by pea stem tissue.

Promotion of cell wall synthesis (from glucose) in pea (Pisum sativum) stem segments by indoleacetic acid (IAA) develops over a period of 1 to 2 hours and is comprised of a promotion of glucose uptake plus a promotion of the utilization of absorbed glucose. The effect of IAA resembles, in these and other respects, its effect on cell wall synthesis in oat coleoptile segments, but the pea system differs in not being inhibited by galactose or mannose, in involving considerably more isotope dilution by endogenous substrates, and in certain other respects.EFFECTOR INFLUENCES UPON AND TOTAL ACTIVITIES OF THE FOLLOWING ENZYMES OBTAINED FROM ETIOLATED PEA STEM SEGMENTS PRETREATED WITH OR WITHOUT IAA WERE EXAMINED: phosphoglucomutase, uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-glucose) pyrophosphorylase, nucleoside diphosphokinase, UDP-glucose dehydrogenase, inorganic pyrophosphatase, hexokinase (particulate and soluble), and UDP-glucose-beta-1,4-glucan-glucosyl transferase (beta-glucan synthetase). The first three enzymes mentioned exhibit high activity relative to the flux in vivo, do not appear to show physiologically significant effector responses, and are concluded not to be control points. UDP-glucose dehydrogenase activity is regulated by UDP-xylose. Hexokinase is a potential control point but does not exhibit regulatory effects related to the IAA response. beta-Glucan synthetase is the only one of these enzymes with activity which is increased by treatment of tissue with IAA, and this may be responsible for the effect of IAA on wall synthesis.Assays of metabolite pools support the conclusion that stimulation of polysaccharide synthesis by IAA is due partly to changes in hexokinase reaction rate resulting from an increase in metabolic glucose pool size caused by increased glucose uptake, and partly to increased activity at the polysaccharide synthetase level.
Fiscal Expansion and External Current Account Balance

This paper analyzes, in a general equilibrium framework, how fiscal policy transmits its effects to the current account of the balance of payments. In discussing the role of fiscal policies in the Fund`s stabilization programs, the paper compares different approaches to explain the determination of the external balance. The model presented here is based on intertemporal optimization and focuses on the behavior of private and public agents. Some empirical evidence is also presented, based on data from ten Latin American countries. Finally, an appendix presents an integrated system of financial, external, and government accounts.
Small Bottleneck Size in a Highly Multipartite Virus during a Complete Infection Cycle

ABSTRACT Multipartite viruses package their genomic segments independently and thus incur the risk of being unable to transmit their entire genome during host-to-host transmission if they undergo severe bottlenecks. In this paper, we estimated the bottleneck size during one infection cycle of Faba bean necrotic stunt virus (FBNSV), an octopartite nanovirus whose segments have been previously shown to converge to particular and unequal relative frequencies within host plants and aphid vectors. Two methods were used to derive this estimate, one based on the probability of transmission of the virus and the other based on the temporal evolution of the relative frequency of markers for two genomic segments, one frequent and one rare (segment N and S, respectively), both in plants and vectors. Our results show that FBNSV undergoes severe bottlenecks during aphid transmission. Further, even though the bottlenecks are always narrow under our experimental conditions, they slightly widen with the number of transmitting aphids. In particular, when several aphids are used for transmission, the bottleneck size of the segments is also affected by within-plant processes and, importantly, significantly differs across segments. These results indicate that genetic drift not only must be an important process affecting the evolution of these viruses but also that these effects vary across genomic segments and, thus, across viral genes, a rather unique and intriguing situation. We further discuss the potential consequences of our findings for the transmission of multipartite viruses. IMPORTANCE Multipartite viruses package their genomic segments in independent capsids. The most obvious cost of such genomic structure is the risk of losing at least one segment during host-to-host transmission. A theoretical study has shown that for nanoviruses, composed of 6 to 8 segments, hundreds of copies of each segment need to be transmitted to ensure that at least one copy of each segment was present in the host. These estimations seem to be very high compared to the size of the bottlenecks measured with other viruses. Here, we estimated the bottleneck size during one infection cycle of FBNSV, an octopartite nanovirus. We show that these bottlenecks are always narrow (few viral particles) and slightly widen with the number of transmitting aphids. These results contrast with theoretical predictions and illustrate the fact that a new conceptual framework is probably needed to understand the transmission of highly multipartite viruses.
Age at onset, childhood psychopathology, and 2-year outcome in psychotic bipolar disorder.

OBJECTIVE The relationships of age at onset and childhood psychopathology to 2-year clinical and functional outcomes in first-admission patients with bipolar I disorder were examined. METHOD Patients with bipolar I disorder (N=123) presenting with psychotic symptoms were followed over a 2-year period. Age at onset was stratified into <19 and >or=19 years. Childhood psychopathology was categorized as behavior problems, other psychopathology, and none. Functional and clinical outcomes were rated with standard measures. RESULTS Childhood psychopathology and age at onset were independently related to poorer functional and clinical outcome. In the multivariate models that included psychopathology, age at onset, sex, and education, early age at onset was related to incomplete remission, and childhood psychopathology was related to functional outcome. CONCLUSIONS Childhood psychopathology and age at onset contribute independently to outcomes of bipolar disorder. Childhood psychopathology is a much stronger predictor of functioning than age at onset.
Re-imagining the role of the physiotherapist when managing people with long-term conditions

ABSTRACT The rising prevalence of long-term conditions (LTCs) is placing increasing pressures on healthcare systems. With the future prospect that more individuals will experience multiple comorbidities, LTCs are becoming a growing concern. This article aims to discuss the challenges faced by and the opportunities afforded to physiotherapists when caring for people with LTCs. It highlights the complexity of managing people with LTCs and the demands faced by physiotherapists when working within a transitioning healthcare service that necessitates cost-effective yet, sustainable care. It considers ways that interventions can be optimized to not only support individuals with LTCs to improve their quality of life, but live an existence that has meaning and purpose. It also explores health promotion strategies that could be influential in changing the future healthcare landscape, by helping to prevent the occurrence of LTCs. The wider intention is to facilitate discussion of the future role of the physiotherapy profession in LTC management, in the hope that a shared vision can be created that is inspiring and transformative. A vision that imagines a physiotherapy service that is resilient to change and contemporary in approach, which continues to evolve to support the changing needs of people with LTCs.
Graphs and Learning in Principles of Economics

Graphs are used extensively in the teaching of economics principles (see e.g., Myra H. Strober and Allen Cook, 1992), and instructors assume that students are capable of reproducing graphs drawn on the board or shown on an overhead projector. One purpose of this study was to verify the accuracy of this assumption. Another purpose of this inquiry was to study whether the accuracy of graphs in students' notes affects success on tests in which graphs are included. Finally, we examined the extent to which instructor handouts containing graphs presented in a lecture (but not easily available to the student elsewhere, such as in the textbook) facilitated learning. To address the above issues, we conducted a classroom experiment at the University of South Carolina during the spring semester of 1992. Our investigation was an outgrowth of our previous research on the role of cognitive variables in learning principles of economics (Cohn et al., 1993).
The LaLiMo Trial: lamotrigine compared with levetiracetam in the initial 26 weeks of monotherapy for focal and generalised epilepsy—an open-label, prospective, randomised controlled multicenter study

Background Of the newer antiepileptic drugs, lamotrigine (LTG) and levetiracetam (LEV) are popular first choice drugs for epilepsy. The authors compared these drugs with regard to their efficacy and tolerability in the initial monotherapy for epilepsy. Methods A randomised, open-label, controlled, parallel group, multicenter trial was conducted to test the superiority of the LEV arm over the LTG arm. The primary endpoint was the rate of seizure-free patients in the first 6 weeks (two-sided Fisher's exact test, α=0.05, intent-to-treat set). Furthermore, efficacy, tolerability and quality of life were evaluated. The authors included 409 patients aged ≥12 years with newly diagnosed focal or generalised epilepsy defined by either two or more unprovoked seizures or one first seizure with high risk for recurrence. Patients were titrated to 2000 mg/day of LEV or 200 mg/day of LTG reached on day 22 or 71, respectively. Two dose adjustments by 500/50 mg were allowed. Results The proportions of seizure-free patients were 67.5% (LEV) versus 64.0% (LTG) 6 weeks after randomisation (p=0.47), and 45.2% (LEV) versus 47.8% (LTG) during the whole treatment period of 26 weeks. The HR (LEV vs LTG) for seizure-free time was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.61 to 1.22). Adverse events occurred in 74.5% (LEV) versus 70.6% (LTG) of the patients (p=0.38). Adverse events associated with study discontinuation occurred in 17/204 (LEV) versus 8/201 (LTG) patients (p=0.07). Conclusions There were no significant differences with regard to efficacy and tolerability of LEV and LTG in newly diagnosed focal and generalised epilepsy despite more rapid titration in the LEV arm. Clinical trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00242606.
EVIDENCE OF SPATIAL AUTOCORREILATION IN INTERNATIONAL PRICES

Data from the International Comparison Program (ICP) generate a number of analyses examining price and quantity relationships across countries. Although geographic location is sometimes evoked to explain differences across observations, it is seldom used to measure the extent of this interrelationship. Using ICP Phase V benchmark studies at the level of household consumption for approximately sixty-four countries and twenty-three aggregate headings in 1985, this paper introduces such a measure, testing for spatial autocorrelation among price relatives with respect to three different measures of relative location: the pairwise existence of a common boundary, the distance between capital cities, and the amount of trade between two countries. Copyright 1996 by The International Association for Research in Income and Wealth.
Northward Shifts of the Distributions of Spanish Reptiles in Association with Climate Change

Abstract: It is predicted that climate change will drive extinctions of some reptiles and that the number of these extinctions will depend on whether reptiles are able to change their distribution. Whether the latitudinal distribution of reptiles may change in response to increases in temperature is unknown. We used data on reptile distributions collected during the 20th century to analyze whether changes in the distributions of reptiles in Spain are associated with increases in temperature. We controlled for biases in sampling effort and found a mean, statistically significant, northward shift of the northern extent of reptile distributions of about 15.2 km from 1940–1975 to 1991–2005. The southern extent of the distributions did not change significantly. Thus, our results suggest that the latitudinal distributions of reptiles may be changing in response to climate change.
VA Community-Based Outpatient Clinics: Access and Utilization Performance Measures

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to compare access and utilization performance measures between Community-Based Outpatient Clinics (CBOC) and primary care clinics at parent VA Medical Centers (VAMC) and between VA-staff CBOCs and contract CBOCs. Methods. The study design was cross-sectional and retrospective. Performance measures were based on data routinely collected for administrative and research purposes by the VA. The sample included all primary care patients (n = 37,084) treated at the 38 CBOCs opened before 4/1/98 (30 VA-staff and 8 contract) and all primary care patients (n = 318,369) treated at the 32 parent VAMCs. Six months of service use data were used to derive the access and utilization performance measures. Multivariate regression analyses were used to control for observable casemix differences. Results. CBOCs are attracting new high priority patients to the VA health care system. CBOC patients had more primary care encounters and fewer specialty encounters than patients in the primary care clinics of the parent VAMCs. VA-staffed CBOC patients had more primary care encounters and fewer specialty encounters than contract CBOC patients. Conclusions. CBOCs are helping the VA achieve its goals of attracting new patients and shifting the focus of care from the specialty to the primary care setting.
Research for pedestrian navigation positioning method based on MEMS sensors

With the development of MEMS sensors, pedestrian navigation has been a popular research. The paper realizes step detection and estimation for step length by only vertical accelerometer. It determines initial heading using accelerometers and magnetometers and calculates latter heading using gyroscopes by strap-down inertial navigation algorithm. Afterwards, it achieves the positioning goal for pedestrian using dead reckoning method. Definitively, the effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated through two different field trials and the results indicate that the positioning method for pedestrian proposed is efficient and has a small positioning error.
Stabilization of a 2-DOF inverted pendulum using an OMP

In this paper, stabilization of a 2-degrees-of-freedom (2-DOF) inverted pendulum using an omnidirectional mobile platform (OMP) is studied. The inverted pendulum is a rod that rotating around a universal joint structure with 2-DOF. The OMP consists of platform and three omnidirectional wheels that are moving on x - y plane and keeping the rod balance. The dynamic modeling of the 2-DOF inverted pendulum and the OMP are presented. From the dynamic equation, an adaptive backstepping control method is proposed to keep the rod balance with an assumption that the distance from the center of gravity of the rod to the rotary point on the OMP is unknown. Stability of the adaptive controller is proven by using Lyapunov function. Simulation and experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
A Coarse Model for Estimation of Switching Noise Coupling in Lightly Doped Substrates

The objective of this paper is to propose a coarse model for coupling of switching noise through lightly doped substrates. This could be achieved by assuming a regular placement of substrate contacts in a digital aggressor. Additionally, an approximation of equal ground bounce in an entire digital aggressor is applied. The proposed model is aimed for use as an estimation before placement, i.e. Before knowing the exact layout details. Consequently, this model could be utilized as a guideline for determining the optimal floor planning of digital blocks with regards to substrate noise coupling to sensitive analog modules. Extraction code is written in MATLAB. Evaluation of the model has shown that reasonable accuracy of the estimation could be expected and that the proposed method could be used as a baseline for early exploration of substrate noise characteristics of the design.
Assessing Attitudes Toward Wildlife Ownership in United States–Mexico Borderlands

Public attitudes toward wildlife ownership represent an important and poorly studied component of biodiversity conservation. We began addressing this knowledge gap by interviewing residents along 140 km of the United States side of the farthest southeastern border with Mexico (n = 402). After controlling for demographic variables, urban background (β = 0.13) and land ownership (β = −0.19) predicted attitudes regarding wildlife ownership (p < .05). Most exurban respondents considered wildlife public property (72%), and rural respondents were divided (48% considered wildlife public property). Non-Latino whites demonstrated a stronger positive correlation between land ownership and considering wildlife private property (r p = 0.81) than Latinos (r p = 0.23). These results suggest exurban immigrants will strengthen support for public ownership of wildlife in borderland contexts. The positive relationship between agricultural land ownership and thinking wildlife should be private property may weaken in borderland areas if Latinos regain agricultural land ownership.
A study on the redundancy of flooding in unstructured p2p networks

In this study we consider flooding, a fundamental mechanism for network discovery and query routing, in unstructured peer-to-peer networks. Flooding has well-known properties such as fast responses and quick network coverage but at the same time it suffers from high overheads due to unnecessarily generated traffic (duplicate messages). Although there has been a significant amount of research on strategies that try to moderate this drawback, there has been no work that aims at quantifying it. This is the subject of this paper; we analyse the behaviour of flooding related to duplicate messages and provide simple bounds and approximate models to assess the associated overheads.
Weight-Aware Sensor Deployment in Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart Cities

During the construction of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for smart cities, a preliminary survey of the relative criticalness within the monitored area can be performed. It is a challenge for deterministic sensor deployment to balance the tradeoff of sensing reliability and cost. In this paper, based on the sensing accuracy of the sensor, we establish a reliability model of the sensing area which is divided into sensing grids, and different weights are allocated to those grids. We employ a practical evaluation criterion using seesaw mapping for determining the weights of sensing grids. We further formulate and solve an optimization problem for maximizing the trust degree of the WSNs. With our proposed method, the efficient deployment of sensors can be realized. Simulation results show that our proposed deployment strategy can achieve higher trust degree with reduced sensor deployment cost and lower number of sensors at a certain miss probability threshold.
Relating Children's Automatically Detected Facial Expressions to Their Behavior in RoboTutor

Can student behavior be anticipated in real-time so that an intelligent tutor system can adapt its content to keep the student engaged? Current methods detect affective states of students during learning session to determine their engagement levels but apply the learning in next session in the form of intervention policies and tutor responses. However, if students' imminent behavioral action could be anticipated from their affective states in real-time, this could lead to much more responsive intervention policies by the tutor and assist in keeping the student engaged in an activity, thereby increasing tutor efficacy as well as student engagement levels. In this paper we explore if there exist any links between a student's affective states and his/her imminent behavior action in RoboTutor, an intelligent tutor system for children to learn math, reading and writing. We then exploit our findings to develop a real-time student behavior prediction module.
Generation of Individual Whole-Brain Atlases With Resting-State fMRI Data Using Simultaneous Graph Computation and Parcellation

The human brain can be characterized as functional networks. Therefore, it is important to subdivide the brain appropriately in order to construct reliable networks. Resting-state functional connectivity-based parcellation is a commonly used technique to fulfill this goal. Here we propose a novel individual subject-level parcellation approach based on whole-brain resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. We first used a supervoxel method known as simple linear iterative clustering directly on resting-state fMRI time series to generate supervoxels, and then combined similar supervoxels to generate clusters using a clustering method known as graph-without-cut (GWC). The GWC approach incorporates spatial information and multiple features of the supervoxels by energy minimization, simultaneously yielding an optimal graph and brain parcellation. Meanwhile, it theoretically guarantees that the actual cluster number is exactly equal to the initialized cluster number. By comparing the results of the GWC approach and those of the random GWC approach, we demonstrated that GWC does not rely heavily on spatial structures, thus avoiding the challenges encountered in some previous whole-brain parcellation approaches. In addition, by comparing the GWC approach to two competing approaches, we showed that GWC achieved better parcellation performances in terms of different evaluation metrics. The proposed approach can be used to generate individualized brain atlases for applications related to cognition, development, aging, disease, personalized medicine, etc. The major source codes of this study have been made publicly available at https://github.com/yuzhounh/GWC.
Why Youth (Heart) Social Network Sites: The Role of Networked Publics in Teenage Social Life

Social network sites like MySpace and Facebook serve as "networked publics. " As with unmediated publics like parks and malls, youth use networked publics to gather, socialize with their peers, and make sense of and help build the culture around them. This article examines American youth engagement in networked publics and considers how properties unique to such mediated environments (e.g., persistence, searchability, replicability, and invisible audiences) affect the ways in which youth interact with one another. Ethnographic data is used to analyze how youth recognize these structural properties and find innovative ways of making these systems serve their purposes. Issues like privacy and impression management are explored through the practices of teens and youth participation in social network sites is situated in a historical discussion of youth's freedom and mobility in the United States.
Guided filter based on multikernel fusion

Abstract. To prevent halo artifacts resulting from edge preserving smoothing methods that use a local filter, a filter method with a guided image that fuses multiple kernels is proposed. This method first computes the coefficients of different local multiple kernels at the pixel level and then linearly fuses these coefficients to obtain the final coefficients. Finally, the filtered image is generated using the linear coefficients. Compared with existing methods, including the popular bilateral filter and guided filter methods, our experimental results show that the proposed method not only obtains images with better visual quality but also prevents halo artifacts, resulting in detail enhancement, haze removal, and noise reduction.