Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
European Journal of Operational Research Minimal Spanning Trees with a Constraint on the Number of Leaves

In this paper we discuss minimal spanning trees with a constraint on the number of leaves. Tree topologies appear when designing centralized terminal networks. The constraint on the number of leaves arises because the software and hardware associated to each terminal differs accordingly with its position in the tree. Usually, the software and hardware associated to a "degree-l" terminal is cheaper than the software and hardware used in the remaining terminals because for any intermediate terminal j one needs to check if the arrival message is destined to that node or to any other node located after node j. As a consequence, that particular terminal needs software and hardware for message routing. On the other hand, such equipment is not needed in "degree-l" terminals. Assuming that the hardware and software for message routing in the nodes is already available, the above discussion motivates a constraint stating that a tree solution has to contain exactly a certain number of "degree-l" terminals. We present two different formulations for this problem and some lower bounding schemes derived from them. We discuss a simple local-exchange heuristic and present computational results taken from a set of complete graphs with up to 40 nodes. Integer Linear Programming formulations for related problems are also discussed at the end.
Self-rated health appraisal as cultural and identity process: African American elders' health and evaluative rationales.

PURPOSE We explored self-rated health by using a meaning-centered theoretical foundation. Self-appraisals, such as self-rated health, reflect a cultural process of identity formation, whereby identities are multiple, simultaneously individual and collective, and produced by specific historical formations. Anthropological research in Philadelphia determined (a) how African American elders appraise their health, and (b) how health evaluations reflect cultural and historical experiences within a community. DESIGN AND METHODS We interviewed and observed 35 adults aged 65 to 80, stratified by gender and self-rated health. We validated theme analysis of focused interview questions against the larger data set of field notes and transcripts. RESULTS Health appraisal reflected a complex process of adaptation and identity. Criteria for health included: independent functioning, physical condition, control and responsibility for health, and overall feeling. Evaluative rationales that shaped health appraisals were comparisons, restricted possibilities for self-evaluation, and ways of handling adversity. Evaluative rationales mitigated undesirable health identities (including low self-reported health) and provided mechanisms for claiming desired health identities despite adversity. IMPLICATIONS Describing the criteria and evaluative rationales underlying self-appraisals of health extends current understandings of self-rated health and illustrates the sociohistorical context of individual assessments of well-being.
A bidirectional, sinusoidal, high-frequency inverter design

A new method for the design of a bidirectional inverter based on the sinusoidal pulse-width modulation principle and the use of a low-cost and lightweight ferrite-core transformer is presented. The inverter is designed for either ohmic or inductive loads. In the case of inductive loads the reactive power is transferred back to the DC input power source using a new active rectifier design. The inverter is controlled by two minimum-time feedback loops, providing relatively low output voltage distortion (less than 2% for DC input higher than 24V) and good load regulation (better than 2%), while the inverter efficiency remains relatively constant (from 80 to 85%) over a wide output power range (75 to 200W) and DC input voltage range (23 to 28V). Theoretical results are experimentally verified using a laboratory prototype.
The Relevance of the principle of Relevance for Word Order Variation in Complex Referring Expressions in Mandarin Chinese

Abstract Word order variation in Mandarin Chinese results in two constructions consisting of a noun phrase (NP), a cluster of a demonstrative and a classifier (DM), and a relative clause (RC): the OMN with the RC+DM+NP order and the IMN with DM+RC+NP order. This study used corpus data to show correlational patterns of constructional choices. Specifically, OMN is associated with new and inanimate NPs serving the grammatical role of object in the relative clause that serves the discourse function of identification. By contrast, for IMN, the head NP tends to carry given information, tends to be an animate entity, tends to serve the grammatical role of subject in the relative clause, and tends to have an RC that serves the discourse function of characterization. We suggest that the usage patterns can be interpreted in terms of the cognitive and communicative principles of relevance (Sperber and Wilson 1995).
Process Control of Heavy-Media Systems for Coal-Preparation Plants

The concurrent demands for lower-sulfur coal and lowerpriced coal have resulted in an increased interest in control of unit operations within the coal-preparation plant. While equipment control is widely used, process control of liquid/solid mixtures is seldom used and is fraught with problems. The control of medium specific gravity in a heavy-media cyclone-separation process exemplifies many of the issues that must be addressed. These include sensor and sensing problems, control-scheme selection, and process modeling constraints. This paper examines these issues and describes a pilot circuit that was constructed to facilitate a better understanding of the problems.
Downregulation of KDR expression induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells

Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in the growth, invasion and metastasis of breast cancer. Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their receptors (VEGFRs) are the key regulators of tumor angiogenesis. VEGFR-2, known as the kinase insert domain receptor (KDR), is a key receptor involved in malignant angiogenesis. We previously showed that knocking down KDR with short interference RNA (KDR-siRNA) markedly decreased KDR expression and suppressed tumor growth in a xenograft model. However, the mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer effects of KDR-siRNA are not clearly understood. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that induce apoptosis in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells after transfection with KDR-siRNA. We studied the effects of KDR-siRNA on proliferation, apoptosis, antiapoptotic and pro-apoptotic proteins, mitochondrial membrane permeability, cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activity. The results indicated that KDR-siRNA treatment significantly inhibited the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of MCF-7 cells, reduced the levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl, and increased the level of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, resulting in a decreased Bcl-2/Bax ratio. KDR-siRNA also enhanced the mitochondrial membrane permeability, induced cytochrome c release from the mitochondria, upregulated apoptotic protease-activating factor-1 (Apaf-1), cleaved caspase-3, and increased caspase-3 activity in MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, KDR-siRNA-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells was blocked by the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK, suggesting a role of caspase activation in the induction of apoptosis. These results indicate that the Bcl-2 family proteins and caspase-related mitochondrial pathways are primarily involved in KDR-siRNAinduced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells and that KDR might be a potential therapeutic target for human breast cancer treatments.
Systematic error of microwave scatterometer wind related to the basin‐scale plankton bloom

Chlorophyll‐a concentration derived from satellite ocean color sensor are compared with coincident wind speed difference between microwave scatterometer QuikSCAT product and reanalysis product from the National Center for Environmental Prediction over global oceans. The objective is to explore if a natural surface film, which originates in biological productivity, causes the underestimation of surface wind in scatterometer measurement by damping the small capillary wave through the surface tension. The wind speed difference (Reanalysis wind – QuikSCAT wind) is found to correlate positively with chlorophyll‐a over the biologically highly productive areas, especially from intra‐seasonal to seasonal time scales, indicating the surface film effect. The wind speed difference increases from ∼−1 m s−1 to ∼0.5 m s−1 as chlorophyll‐a increases from ∼0.1 mg m−3 to ∼3 mg m−3, which is comparable with the results of previous laboratory experiments with artificial oil.
A 1.1-mW-RX ${-}{\hbox{81.4}}$ -dBm Sensitivity CMOS Transceiver for Bluetooth Low Energy

This paper presents a fully integrated low-power 130-nm CMOS transceiver tailored to the Bluetooth low energy (BLE) standard. The receiver employs a passive front-end zero-IF architecture, which is directly driven by a quadrature voltage-controlled oscillator (QVCO) without any buffering stage. The QVCO, embedded in a fractional-<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$N$</tex> </formula> phase-locked loop (PLL), employs a passive <formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$RC$</tex></formula> network to cancel the parasitic magnetic coupling between the two cores so as to keep the quadrature phase error below 1.5<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$^{\circ}$</tex></formula>. The PLL exhibits a high loop bandwidth of 1 MHz to sufficiently reduce the frequency pulling effects due to close-by interferers. The transmitter uses a direct-modulation Gaussian frequency-shift keying scheme in which small PMOS-based cells modulate the output signal of one of the cores of the QVCO. In the baseband section, the transceiver employs a 4-bit phase-domain ADC based on novel linear-combiner topology to generate the required phase rotations. The proposed combiner operates in current domain and does not employ resistors, leading to a power- and area-efficient demodulator implementation. The complete receiver achieves a sensitivity of <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">${-}$</tex> </formula>81.4 dBm and fulfills the BLE requirements on interference blocking. It consumes 1.1 mW from a 1.0-V supply and has a similar power efficiency as recent super-regenerative receivers that are much more susceptible to interferers. The transmitter delivers 1.6-dBm output power to a differential 100 <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\Omega$</tex></formula> and consumes 5.9 mW, which implies a total efficiency of 24.5%.
Reprints Available Directly from the Publisher Photocopying Permitted by License Only Development of Mouse Embryonic Stem (es) Cells: Iv Differentiation to Mature T and B Lymphocytes after Implantation of Embryoid Bodies into Nude Mice

Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells in culture can differentiate into late stages of many lineage-committed precursor cells. Under appropriate organ-culture conditions, ES cels differentiate into lymphoidlike cells at a stage equivalent to lymphoid cells found in fetal liver. These hematopoietic precursors are located in cup-shaped structures found in some embryoid bodies; we called such embryoid bodies "ES fetuses. " In this study, we have followed the maturation of hematopoietic cells after implantation of ES fetuses into nude mice for 3 weeks. ES-cell-derived lymphoid cells-pre-B cells, mature B cells, and mature T cells were found in all lymphoid organs. Interestingly, there was also an increase of T cells of host origin. Because native nude mouse lack thymus, these T cells might be educated by thymuslike epithelium generated from ES fetuses. Practical applications of this combined in vitro and in vivo system are discussed.
Evaluating Alzheimer’s Disease Progression Using Rate of Regional Hippocampal Atrophy

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by neurofibrillary tangle and neuropil thread deposition, which ultimately results in neuronal loss. A large number of magnetic resonance imaging studies have reported a smaller hippocampus in AD patients as compared to healthy elderlies. Even though this difference is often interpreted as atrophy, it is only an indirect measurement. A more direct way of measuring the atrophy is to use repeated MRIs within the same individual. Even though several groups have used this appropriate approach, the pattern of hippocampal atrophy still remains unclear and difficult to relate to underlying pathophysiology. Here, in this longitudinal study, we aimed to map hippocampal atrophy rates in patients with AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and elderly controls. Data consisted of two MRI scans for each subject. The symmetric deformation field between the first and the second MRI was computed and mapped onto the three-dimensional hippocampal surface. The pattern of atrophy rate was similar in all three groups, but the rate was significantly higher in patients with AD than in control subjects. We also found higher atrophy rates in progressive MCI patients as compared to stable MCI, particularly in the antero-lateral portion of the right hippocampus. Importantly, the regions showing the highest atrophy rate correspond to those that were described to have the highest burden of tau deposition. Our results show that local hippocampal atrophy rate is a reliable biomarker of disease stage and progression and could also be considered as a method to objectively evaluate treatment effects.
The Schooling Decision: Family Preferences, Intergenerational Conflict, and Moral Hazard in the Brazilian Favelas

This paper experimentally analyzes the schooling decisions of poor households in urban Brazil. We elicit parents’ choices between monthly government transfers conditional on their adolescent child attending school and guaranteed, unconditional transfers of varying sizes. In the baseline treatment, an overwhelming majority of parents prefer conditional transfers to larger unconditional transfers. However, few parents prefer conditional payments if they are offered text message notifications whenever their child misses school. These findings suggest important intergenerational conflicts in these schooling decisions, a lack of parental control and observability of school attendance, and an additional rationale for conditional cash transfer programs—the monitoring they provide.
Image retargeting using multi-map constrained region warping

Image retargeting aims to adapt images to various screens with small sizes and arbitrary aspect ratios. In this paper, we propose a novel image retargeting approach based on region warping, which emphasizes the image parts with important content while reducing the visual distortion over the whole image. First, the original image is decomposed into homogeneous regions and further represented by curve-edge trapezoid meshes. Then, two kinds of energy maps, importance map and sensitivity map, are calculated by visual attention model and weighted gradient map respectively. With mesh representation and energy map constraints, image retargeting is formulated to a constrained optimization problem of mesh vertexes relocation. Finally, the target image is generated by separately warping the regions based on the deduced optimal solution. The experiments on different images demonstrate the effective and efficiency of our algorithm.
A discussion focusing on Polanyi's "Tacit Knowing"

The essay is a contradiction, of sorts. Its problem is prompted by use of Michael Polanyi’s term tacit knowing in the knowledge management literature. So the problematic for the essay is what does Polanyi mean by tacit knowing? We will attempt to dwell in Polanyi’s description of tacit knowing as he has written extensively about the tacit coefficient of human existence. He has described this phenomenon in Personal Knowledge (1962), The Tacit Dimension (1966), Knowing, and Being (1969), and Meaning (1975). The essay is an exploration of the ideas of tacit knowing, tacit knowledge, and the tacit dimension.
Improved UTA Feature Selection using Ant Colony Optimization

Feature Selection is the problem of choosing a minimal subset from the set of all features which are sufficient and necessary for classifier. UTA (1) is a simple algorithm performed in the trained artificial neural network. UTA evaluates the features according to their accuracy by removing them one by one. This algorithm classifies features into three categories: relevant, irrelevant and redundant features. UTA can guarantees that all of the relevant features are useful, but the disadvantage of UTA is that all correlated features will be determined as irrelevant/redundant features; because they are evaluated one by one. But in fact some of them may be relevant features. Ant colony optimization (ACO) is widely used for feature selection, and has very good performance; but it needs to a reasonable running time. In this paper at the beginning a UTA algorithm is performed, and then an ACO is used for finding those useful features which UTA could not find them. Proposed algorithm (called UTAACO) efficiently improved the performance of UTA, and reduced the computational time of ACO. Obtained results indicate the robustness of UTAACO.
Fast Algorithm for Top-k Personalized PageRank Queries with Layered Graphs

In recent years, an eﬃcient method of performing analyses and computations on graph networks, regarding recent and up-to-date data, has been needed due to continuous growth of datasets. Personalized PageRank is one of the most well-known computation methods for graphs. Personalized PageRank computes the relative importance or relevance with respect to a set of given nodes, called start nodes or bookmark. However, the online computation of Personalized PageRank on a massive size of datasets is infeasible due to its huge computational cost. So many applications have considered the way of precomputing Personalized PageRank for all or some nodes, keeping them in a secondary storage, and reading the results on demand. This method, though, has two problems; it requires an enormous size of storages and it is diﬃcult to adopt up-to-date data to aﬀect the results. For applications that cope with frequent updates to data such as search logs or social networks, the precomputation is not a suitable method. In this paper, we suggest a novel algorithm, ProbScoring , an approximate method of ﬁnding the top-k nodes at query time, that leverages the advantages of layered graphs . ProbScoring is far from those issues, and it is empirically veriﬁed that ProbScoring is a fast and accurate method.
Inspection of metallic surfaces using Local Binary Patterns

In this paper we propose the use of a texture feature called Linear Binary Patterns to inspect steal surfaces. To assess the proposed method, we have build two different databases. The first one contains 996 color images of steel bars illuminated with black light, where the defects were highlighted using penetrating liquid. The second dataset is composed of 1141 gray-scale images of steel bars without highlight. Comprehensive experiments using three different classifiers show that the proposed feature set is able to detect 91.5% and 95.6% of the defects on the first and second databases, respectively.
A duck with four legs: Investigating the structure of conceptual knowledge using picture drawing in semantic dementia

In Study 1, six patients with semantic dementia were asked to produce drawings of concrete concepts from dictation of their names. The drawings were characterised by a loss of distinctive features. In the artefact domain, this feature loss resulted in representations that were increasingly box-like. In the living domain, as well as distinctive features being lost, there was a tendency for patients to include incorrect features that resulted in more familiar and "prototypical" representations. A second study included two further conditions in the drawing assessment: immediate and delayed copying of line drawings of concrete concepts. Analysis of the drawings produced by three patients with semantic dementia confirmed that overall performance was significantly influenced by the task condition (immediate delayed) and severity of disease. The rate of intruding features, but not of omitted ones, was influenced by the domain of the item, with a greater proportion of intrusions in the living than in the nonliving domain. There was also a significant effect of feature distinctiveness on the proportions of these error types: Intruded features were most likely to come from the pool of properties that are shared across domain.
Compact Modeling for RF and Microwave Integrated Circuits

Compact modeling has been an integral part of the design of integrated circuits for digital and analog applications. The availability of scalable CMOS device models has enabled rapid simulation and design of present and future device technologies. Increasingly RF and microwave circuits designed with CMOS and SiGe technologies obviate the need for compact modeling in this domain. In this paper we will summarize the unique requirements of high-frequency compact modeling efforts by focusing in on key components, such as passive devices, interconnect, substrate coupling, and active devices.
Textures on Rank‐1 Lattices

Storing textures on orthogonal tensor product lattices is predominant in computer graphics, although it is known that their sampling efficiency is not optimal. In two dimensions, the hexagonal lattice provides the maximum sampling efficiency. However, handling these lattices is difficult, because they are not able to tile an arbitrary rectangular region and have an irrational basis. By storing textures on rank‐1 lattices, we resolve both problems: Rank‐1 lattices can closely approximate hexagonal lattices, while all coordinates of the lattice points remain integer. At identical memory footprint texture quality is improved as compared to traditional orthogonal tensor product lattices due to the higher sampling efficiency. We introduce the basic theory of rank‐1 lattice textures and present an algorithmic framework which easily can be integrated into existing off‐line and real‐time rendering systems.
Deposition of Histone Variant H2A.Z within Gene Bodies Regulates Responsive Genes

The regulation of eukaryotic chromatin relies on interactions between many epigenetic factors, including histone modifications, DNA methylation, and the incorporation of histone variants. H2A.Z, one of the most conserved but enigmatic histone variants that is enriched at the transcriptional start sites of genes, has been implicated in a variety of chromosomal processes. Recently, we reported a genome-wide anticorrelation between H2A.Z and DNA methylation, an epigenetic hallmark of heterochromatin that has also been found in the bodies of active genes in plants and animals. Here, we investigate the basis of this anticorrelation using a novel h2a.z loss-of-function line in Arabidopsis thaliana. Through genome-wide bisulfite sequencing, we demonstrate that loss of H2A.Z in Arabidopsis has only a minor effect on the level or profile of DNA methylation in genes, and we propose that the global anticorrelation between DNA methylation and H2A.Z is primarily caused by the exclusion of H2A.Z from methylated DNA. RNA sequencing and genomic mapping of H2A.Z show that H2A.Z enrichment across gene bodies, rather than at the TSS, is correlated with lower transcription levels and higher measures of gene responsiveness. Loss of H2A.Z causes misregulation of many genes that are disproportionately associated with response to environmental and developmental stimuli. We propose that H2A.Z deposition in gene bodies promotes variability in levels and patterns of gene expression, and that a major function of genic DNA methylation is to exclude H2A.Z from constitutively expressed genes.