Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
In-situ Trojan authentication for invalidating hardware-Trojan functions

Due to the fact that we do not know who will create hardware Trojans (HTs), and when and where they would be inserted, it is very difficult to correctly and completely detect all the real HTs in untrusted ICs, and thus it is desired to incorporate in-situ HT invalidating functions into untrusted ICs as a countermeasure against HTs. This paper proposes an in-situ Trojan authentication technique for gate-level netlists to avoid security leakage. In the proposed approach, an untrusted IC operates in authentication mode and normal mode. In the authentication mode, an embedded Trojan authentication circuit monitors the bit-flipping count of a suspicious Trojan net within the pre-defined constant clock cycles and identify whether it is a real Trojan or not. If the authentication condition is satisfied, the suspicious Trojan net is validated. Otherwise, it is invalidated and HT functions are masked. By doing this, even untrusted netlists with HTs can still be used in the normal mode without security leakage. By setting the appropriate authentication condition using training sets from Trust-HUB gate-level benchmarks, the proposed technique invalidates successfully only HTs in the training sets. Furthermore, by embedding the in-situ Trojan authentication circuit into a Trojan-inserted AES crypto netlist, it can run securely and correctly even if HTs exist where its area overhead is just 1.5% with no delay overhead.
Identification of 16S Ribosomal DNA-Defined Bacterial Populations at a Shallow Submarine Hydrothermal Vent near Milos Island (Greece)

ABSTRACT In a recent publication (S. M. Sievert, T. Brinkhoff, G. Muyzer, W. Ziebis, and J. Kuever, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:3834–3842, 1999) we described spatiotemporal changes in the bacterial community structure at a shallow-water hydrothermal vent in the Aegean Sea near the isle of Milos (Greece). Here we describe identification and phylogenetic analysis of the predominant bacterial populations at the vent site and their distribution at the vent site as determined by sequencing of DNA molecules (bands) excised from denaturing gradient gels. A total of 36 bands could be sequenced, and there were representatives of eight major lineages of the domainBacteria. Cytophaga-Flavobacterium andAcidobacterium were the most frequently retrieved bacterial groups. Less than 33% of the sequences exhibited 90% or more identity with cultivated organisms. The predominance of putative heterotrophic populations in the sequences retrieved is explained by the input of allochthonous organic matter at the vent site.
What Drives Motivation to Participate Financially in a Crowdfunding Community?

This thesis aims to analyse consumers’ motivation to contribute financially to a project that wants to create something new. The principle of consumers pooling their money together in order to support a specific project initiated by someone else, is refered to as crowdfunding. From a practical point of view it is essential for everybody, who wants to use crowdfunding to finance the realization of a project to understand the motive forces of potential supporters. This research contributes to theory as it merges three different research fields creating a unique perspective to deal with this question: it combines relevant aspects from consumer behaviour, behavioural finance and social psychology. Moreover, theory of consumption value is used as a framework to capture five value dimensions relevant for driving motives to participate in crowdfunding activities. An extensive literature and a desk research led to the development of 15 hypotheses. Ten direct effects on the intention to invest, as well as four mediating and one moderating effect were identified. A fictional exemplary crowdfunding project and an associated questionnaire were developed to test the conceptual model. The results of 196 respondents illustrated various values that drive the intention to invest in a crowdfunding project. Significant values were found within the value dimensions financial value, quality performance value, social value and emotional value. Furthermore a positive moderating effect of lead user characteristics on the intention driving value personal utility was found.
The use of positive and normative approaches in Brazil and US accounting research: a comparative analysis based on the papers published in The Accounting Review and the Revista de Contabilidade & Financas (Accounting & Finance Journal) – 1989 to 2008

This paper presents a comparative analysis about the temporal evolution of normative and positive approaches as paradigms in Brazil and the US accounting research. The study is based on results of a descriptive documental research in the papers published in the Revista de Contabilidade & Financas (Accounting & Finance Journal) – RCF for the Brazilian case and in The American Accounting Review – TAR for the US case. The study concerns also on linking the research published by these journals with the accounting control and disclosure functions. The results suggest that the researches published by RCF, although with an important time lag, follow the same trend as those published by TAR, in other words the predominance almost absolute of positive approach, trend that does not exempt from criticism. These results are lined up with recent studies conducted in Europe that also show an increasing predominance of positive approach. The article suggests a thorough analysis of the criticisms related to the predominance of the positivist paradigm and recommends that the journals of accounting research become more receptive not only to alternative approaches and interdisciplinary but that also privilege the studies related to the practice of the profession.
Sources of Bacteria in Outdoor Air across Cities in the Midwestern United States

ABSTRACT Bacteria are abundant in the atmosphere, where they often represent a major portion of the organic aerosols. Potential pathogens of plants and livestock are commonly dispersed through the atmosphere, and airborne bacteria can have important effects on human health as pathogens or triggers of allergic asthma and seasonal allergies. Despite their importance, the diversity and biogeography of airborne microorganisms remain poorly understood. We used high-throughput pyrosequencing to analyze bacterial communities present in the aerosol fraction containing fine particulate matter of ≤2.5 μm from 96 near-surface atmospheric samples collected from cities throughout the midwestern United States and found that the communities are surprisingly diverse and strongly affected by the season. We also directly compared the airborne communities to those found in hundreds of samples representing potential source environments. We show that, in addition to the more predictable sources (soils and leaf surfaces), fecal material, most likely dog feces, often represents an unexpected source of bacteria in the atmosphere at more urbanized locations during the winter. Airborne bacteria are clearly an important, but understudied, component of air quality that needs to be better integrated into efforts to measure and model pollutants in the atmosphere.
Respuestas de política a los problemas de pobreza y desigualdad en el mundo en desarrollo

El autor sostiene que la efectividad de los instrumentos para aliviar la pobreza depende considerablemente de como se defina esta. El proposito de disminuir la pobreza absoluta implica, principalmente, una discusion del crecimiento, que ha sido la fuente principal de su reduccion secular. En cambio, si se define la pobreza en terminos relativos, los cambios en la desigualdad pasan a ser la fuente principal de variaciones en su incidencia. En cualquier caso, resulta central la relacion entre las dos fuentes potenciales de reduccion de la pobreza. El articulo resena las implicaciones para el crecimiento y la distribucion, primero, de las politicas aplicadas con propositos de crecimiento y, luego, de aquellas con objetivos distributivos. Finalmente, considera cuales son los instrumentos mas prometedores para reducir la pobreza absoluta o la pobreza relativa y cuan sensitiva puede resultar la combinacion optima de politicas a la manera como se defina la pobreza.
An Efficient Noise Cancellation Technique to Remove Noise from the ECG Signal Using Normalized Signed Regressor LMS Algorithm

In this paper, we present a simple and efficient normalized signed regressor LMS (NSRLMS) algorithm, that can be applied to ECG signal in order to remove various artifacts from them. This algorithm enjoys less computational complexity because of the sign present in the algorithm and good filtering capability because of the normalized term. As a result it is particularly suitable for applications requiring large signal to noise ratios with less computational complexity. Simulation studies shows that the proposed realization gives better performance compared to existing realizations in terms of signal to noise ratio.
Does WTO-Membership Have First-Mover-Advantages

In this paper we analyze whether the number of neighbour countries and the ratio of neighbour countries whhich are already a member of the WTO have an effect on bilateral between OECD- and Non-OECD-countries. For this analysis we used a fixed-effect-vector-decomposition estimator to face the problems that occur by having panel-data-set and time-invariant variables. The results are not clear. The results are pretty clear. The effect of RaNC is positive for countries which are already members of the WTO and negative for countries which still stay outside the WTO. In all cases the effects are significant.
Foresight – using scenarios to shape the future of agricultural research

In the year 2000, the Agricultural Research Business Unit (ARBU) of the Swiss Federal Office of Agriculture (FOA) decided to carry out a foresight process. Foresight means taking a systematic look at the future in order to be able to draw conclusions about actions taken or not taken in the present. Foresight is now best practise and is applied internationally by a growing number of countries and organisations, particularly in the areas of research and development, regional planning and business planning. The scenario technique seemed to us to be a suitable way of tackling the assignment. Over recent months we held a total of four scenario workshops, each of several days. Participants included people from a wide area connected with agricultural research together with representatives of related social fields. The result was two very different, but internally consistent scenarios (alternative ideas of the future). Based on the two scenarios developed, we drew up a master guideline with concrete measures fit to face the future. The results show that as far as organisational measures are concerned, staff motivation and training are key factors. With regard to technical measures, much attention is focused on the topic of food safety and health. It is now up to decision makers to determine the extent to which they accept and implement the recommendations of foresight in strategic business planning.
Democracy, Foreign Policy, and Terrorism

This article takes a closer look at the relationship between democracy and transnational terrorism. It investigates what it is about democracies that make them particularly vulnerable to terrorism from abroad. The authors suggest that states that exhibit a certain type of foreign policy behavior, regardless of their regime type, are likely to attract transnational terrorism. States that are actively involved in international politics are likely to create resentment abroad and hence more likely to be the target of transnational terrorism than are states that pursue a more isolationist foreign policy. Democratic states are more likely to be targeted by transnational terrorist groups not because of their regime type per se but because of the type of foreign policy they tend to pursue. The empirical analysis provides support for the argument.
Launch lessons from a growing global supplier of industrial equipment

Although the launch phase in New Product Development (NPD) has been recognised as a vital stage affecting the success of new products, it is often poorly managed for various reasons. The purpose of this paper is to understand launch management in its context better by looking at the drivers and bottlenecks of launches inside a young and growing global industrial equipment supplier with the use of a case study method. The findings of the study show that the enforcement of internal marketing, market knowledge use, marketing communications and the organisation of marketing activities and their links to other company functions are the main drivers of a successful launch. The paper presents a launch as an independent process managed by the marketing department and discusses the links between the launch and other processes such as NPD. Both theoretical and managerial contributions are provided at the end.
A generalized mixture model applied to diabetes incidence data

We present a generalization of the usual (independent) mixture model to accommodate a Markovian first‐order mixing distribution. We propose the data‐driven reversible jump, a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) procedure, for estimating the a posteriori probability for each model in a model selection procedure and estimating the corresponding parameters. Simulated datasets show excellent performance of the proposed method in the convergence, model selection, and precision of parameters estimates. Finally, we apply the proposed method to analyze USA diabetes incidence datasets.
Emergence of Case Meanings in Russian - Empirical Evidence from One Month, from One Child

Emergence of Case Meanings in Russian - Empirical Evidence from One Month, from One Child Introduction The article presents emergence of case marking on nouns and development of case meanings within one month in the acquisition of Russian. For this purpose density recordings of 1;9 were extracted from longitudinal data of Liza E. As revealed by the analysis, within less than one month the inflections of all cases occur in singular. Data show that the emergence of case marking and case meanings take place parallel to a continuous use of one-word utterances. Rich inflectional morphology (being combined with sufficient lexicon) compensates for the poverty of argument structure and the complexity of an utterance. The child does not need several components in the utterance to make it clear. Aim of the study Beyond a descriptive goal, this study aims at tracing order of the emergence of case meanings at age 1;09 with one child. At the same time it gives brief information about the early lexicon, number of components of utterances and lexical spurt in nouns and case meanings around age 1;09. Materials and methods Longitudinal videotaped recordings of Liza E. at the age of one month were used. All density recordings from 1;09 were divided according to the equal intervals, so that the occurrence of all case forms and meanings during 27 days was traced. Results The data provide evidence for the emergence of all case forms and a broad range of case meanings within approx. one month. This intensive increase within a relatively short period of time can be called an inflectional spurt in noun case inflection and case meanings. Earlier, at 1;08, a vocabulary spurt in Liza was documented. The intensive development in the domain of the lexicon and noun morphology around 1;09 was not documented for syntax: the number of utterance components stayed at the level of one or two words. Thus, our empirical data do not corroborate the co-development hypothesis of Rispoli (1999), who proposes co-development of case marking and agreement of subjects with verbs. The order of the emergence of cases is NOM, ACC, LOC, GEN, DAT, and INST. These case meanings occur gradually, despite the restricted interval between their first occurrences. Conclusions Our empirical data do not corroborate the co-development hypothesis of Rispoli (1999), who proposes the co-development of case marking and agreement of subjects with verbs. We presented only the initial occurrences of case meanings and did not treat the contrastive case oppositions, so the question about factors determining the acquisition of a given form or category stays beyond the scope of the present article. The order of occurrence of case forms and meanings in general does corroborate previous findings on the acquisition of cases in other languages (see, for example (Szagun 2004; Tracy 1986; Voeikova, Dressler 2002)).
csr and equality

Abstract Institutional reforms associated with neoliberalism and ‘good governance’ have altered the roles and responsibilities of states and transnational corporations (tncs) in relation to social development. Increasingly such firms are engaging more directly in social service provisioning through privatisation, claiming to be more responsive to the concerns of multiple ‘stakeholders’ through ‘corporate social responsibility’ (csr), positioning themselves as ‘partners’ in poverty reduction, and becoming more proactive in standard setting and ‘privatised governance’. Given the extent of anecdotal or piecemeal ‘evidence’ regarding the impacts of csr, attention has turned in recent years to developing frameworks that identify a range of policies, practices and effects that need to be examined to adequately assess social and developmental aspects. This paper attempts to contribute to this discussion by focusing on the contribution of csr to equality and equity, understood here in terms of minimising deprivation; enhancing equality of opportunity; correcting gross imbalances in the distribution of income, wealth and power; and social justice. While the primary responsibility for promoting equality belongs to state and multilateral institutions, the csr agenda, with is emphasis on such aspects as improvements in working conditions, community support, labour and human rights, and stakeholder participation, clearly has implications for equality and equity. Four central components of equality are considered: social protection, rights, empowerment and redistribution. It is argued that the contribution of csr in relation to these different elements varies considerably. Most csr initiatives focus on social (and environmental) protection. Belatedly csr discourse has embraced issues of labour and other human rights but csr practice associated with the realisation of rights lags well behind. Other dimensions of equality related to empowerment and redistribution remain relatively marginal in the csr agenda.
Attributes of Angel and Crowdfunded Investments as Determinants of VC Screening Decisions

This research explores whether relationships between young firms and certain early–stage seed funders portray certification effects that influence venture capitalist (VC) screening decisions. Specifically, we analyze how varying attributes of angel and crowdfunded investments certify venture quality in the minds of VCs as they make due diligence screening decisions. Results from two experiments utilizing 104 VCs making 1,036 screening decisions demonstrate that the heterogeneous nature of the attributes of angels and the crowd can produce highly influential certification effects.
Achieving Dependable Composite Services through Two-Level Redundancy

Service composition is a widely accepted method to build service-oriented applications. However, due to the uncertainty of infrastructure environments, service performance and user requests, service composition faces a great challenge to guarantee the dependability of the corresponding composite services. In this chapter, we provide an insightful analysis of the dependability issue of composite services. And we present a solution based on two-level redundancy: component service redundancy and structural redundancy. With component service redundancy, we study how to determine the number of backup services and how to guarantee consistent dependability of a composite service. In addition, structural redundancy aims at further improving dependability at business process level through setting up backup execution paths.
Will a special tax on tobacco reduce lung cancer mortality? Evidence for EU countries

This article carrys out a quantitative evaluation of the effects on the health of smokers of increasing a special tobacco tax, using the mortality rate from lung cancer as an indicator. To that end, it estimates two models that relate tobacco consumption, the mortality rate and this special tax, employing data drawn from a sample made-up of 12 EU countries and covering the years 1983–1993. The results show that increasing the special tax is a useful tool for reducing lung cancer mortality. Specifically, it finds that a 10% increase will reduce the lung cancer mortality rate by 1.21% in the first year, with such a reduction implying the avoidance of 1707 deaths in the sample countries.
Food Stamp Program and Consumption Choices

We study the effect of the Food Stamp Program (FSP) on consumption patterns in families headed by low-educated single mothers in the U.S. using the Consumer Expenditure Surveys for 1994-2004. Our analysis suggests that the food stamp caseload does not have any statistically significant association with per capita expenditure on food in families headed by low-educated single mothers. We find that state and federal welfare reforms during the 1990s lowered the food stamp caseload by approximately 18 percent and the introduction of the Electronic Benefit Transfer cards and simplified reporting procedures for recertification of food stamps increased participation by about seven percent. However, we do not find any evidence that these policies had any effect on total food expenditure, nor do we find any consistent evidence that the policies affected expenditures on specific food items.
Tax Reform in Belgium

Belgium has a heavy tax burden which has mainly fallen on labour as international tax competition has limited the scope to which this burden could be imposed on capital. This has raised concerns about possible adverse labour market impacts from such high tax rates. In view of these concerns, the government has made substantial cuts in employers’ social security contributions, has reduced employees’ social security contributions and, in the context of a personal income tax reform, has introduced an earned income tax credit. All of these measures have been focused on low-income earners, maximising their favourable labour-market effects by increasing the likelihood that they produce lasting reductions in labour costs and/or reductions in benefit replacement rates. Further reductions in labourincome taxation targeted on low-income earners should be made as budget room becomes available. Narrowing the range of goods and services that are not subject to VAT would help to make more budget . La reforme fiscale En Belgique, la charge fiscale est lourde et pese essentiellement sur le travail, dans la mesure ou la concurrence fiscale internationale a limite la possibilite de faire peser cette charge sur le capital. Cela a suscite des craintes quant a l'incidence defavorable que pourraient avoir des taux d'imposition aussi eleves sur le marche du travail. Compte tenu de ces preoccupations, le gouvernement a sensiblement reduit les cotisations patronales de securite sociale, ainsi que celles des salaries, et dans le cadre de la reforme de l'impot sur le revenu des personnes physiques il a instaure un credit d'impot sur les revenus d'activite. Toutes ces mesures ont ete ciblees sur les titulaires de faibles revenus, de maniere a maximiser leurs effets favorables sur le marche du travail en rendant plus probables des reductions durables des couts de main-d'œuvre et/ou des taux de remplacement. D'autres reductions de l'imposition des revenus du travail ciblees sur les titulaires de faibles .