Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An original approach to constructing test model for IMA blueprints

The system configuration is an import aspect of Integrated Modular Avionics systems. These IMA blueprints are configured based on ASSAC and ARINC653 standards by analyzing all the requirements. Application requirements, such as required memory, communication, period, deadline and execution time, are stipulated in the blueprint. Hardware resources are also described in the blueprint. Moreover, the mapping of the application software onto the underlying hardware resource also on the blueprint. There are a lot of non- functional logical constraints in the blueprint configuration information. Previously, the analysis of the blueprint configuration information is mainly to ensure that the system functions properly. However, as a safety-critical system, IMA blueprints also need non-functional constraints testing. In this paper, we focus on the IMA blueprint and present an original approach to the construction of the test model. To build IMA blueprint model, we describe the configuration information by using ARINC653 Annex. An improved time automaton model is used as a test model for IMA system characteristics. The test model is a system environment model that can be used for generating the specific test sequence based on the non-functional logical constraints.
Better Distance Preservers and Additive Spanners

We study two popular ways to sketch the shortest path distances of an input graph. The first is distance preservers, which are sparse subgraphs that agree with the distances of the original graph on a given set of demand pairs. Prior work on distance preservers has exploited only a simple structural property of shortest paths, called consistency, stating that one can break shortest path ties such that no two paths intersect, split apart, and then intersect again later. We prove that consistency alone is not enough to understand distance preservers, by showing both a lower bound on the power of consistency and a new general upper bound that polynomially surpasses it. Specifically, our new upper bound is that any p demand pairs in an n-node undirected unweighted graph have a distance preserver on O(n2/3p2/3 + np1/3 edges. We leave a conjecture that the right bound is O(n2/3p2/3 + n) or better. The second part of this paper leverages these distance preservers in a new construction of additive spanners, which are subgraphs that preserve all pairwise distances up to an additive error function. We give improved error bounds for spanners with relatively few edges; for example, we prove that all graphs have spanners on O(n) edges with +O(n3/7 + ε ) error. Our construction can be viewed as an extension of the popular path-buying framework to clusters of larger radii.
Buoyancy-Driven Flows: Buoyancy-forced circulation and downwelling in marginal seas

A review of buoyancy-forced circulations in marginal seas is presented. The focus is on the large-scale properties that characterize the water mass transformation and exchange, with additional discussion on the dynamics that support a net downwelling transport. The approach utilizes a combination of idealized nonlinear numerical model calculations and simple conceptual analytic models. Predictions of the primary measures of the exchange (temperature of convective water mass, temperature of outflowing waters, heat transport, net downwelling) provided by the analytic models compare well with nonlinear numerical model calculations across a wide range of parameter space. Eddy fluxes from cyclonic boundary currents into the basin interior play the central role in determining all characteristics of the exchange, including the mean strength of the cyclonic boundary current. The dynamics that support a net downwelling are identified for three distinct parameter regimes: dissipative stratified flows; weakly dissipative stratified flows; and weakly stratified flows. In all cases, the net downwelling transport is localized to within a deformation radius or less of the lateral boundary.
Automatic Environmental Sound Recognition: Performance Versus Computational Cost

In the context of the Internet of Things, sound sensing applications are required to run on embedded platforms where notions of product pricing and form factor impose hard constraints on the available computing power. Whereas Automatic Environmental Sound Recognition (AESR) algorithms are most often developed with limited consideration for computational cost, this paper seeks which AESR algorithm can make the most of a limited amount of computing power by comparing the sound classification performance as a function of its computational cost. Results suggest that Deep Neural Networks yield the best ratio of sound classification accuracy across a range of computational costs, while Gaussian Mixture Models offer a reasonable accuracy at a consistently small cost, and Support Vector Machines stand between both in terms of compromise between accuracy and computational cost.
Activity regimes inferred from automatic classification of volcanic tremor at Mt. Etna, Italy

A renewal of eruptive activity at Mt Etna started from the Southeast Crater on 14 July 2006, about 16 months after the end of the last effusive episode. This new eruption reiterated the importance of continuous volcanic monitoring as well as the need of automatic processing and classification of those signals which might be used to disclose such impending eruptive stages. Among seismic signals, volcanic tremor - the persistent background radiation continuously recorded on open conduit, basaltic volcanoes like Mt Etna - is of utmost importance for the identification of different regimes of volcanic activity. Indeed, changes in amplitude and frequency content of volcanic tremor usually herald the unrest of the volcano. The application of the Support Vector Machine classifier to spectrograms of volcanic tremor was carried out on data recorded at Mt Etna in 2001, in a time span of 46 days encompassing episodes of lava fountains and effusive activity. Moving on from the positive results obtained from this automatic classification - with less than 6% of misclassifications - we propose a new application using tools with supervised (Artificial Neural Networks, Support Vector Machine) and unsupervised (Cluster Analysis) learning to the new data set recorded in July 2006. In doing so, we discuss issues such as data transformations for the definition of the patterns, learning and testing strategies as well as the optimization of the classifier configuration (e.g., trial and error, Genetic Algorithms). The performance of each method is analyzed and discussed in terms of identification of the different states of the volcano. Finally, we carry out a careful a-posteriori analysis of the misclassifications, devoting particular attention to their temporal distribution and relation to transitional states of volcanic activity.
Computing Approximate Nash Equilibria and Robust Best-Responses Using Sampling

This article discusses two contributions to decision-making in complex partially observable stochastic games. First, we apply two state-of-the-art search techniques that use Monte-Carlo sampling to the task of approximating a Nash-Equilibrium (NE) in such games, namely Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) and Monte-Carlo Counterfactual Regret Minimization (MCCFR). MCTS has been proven to approximate a NE in perfect-information games. We show that the algorithm quickly finds a reasonably strong strategy (but not a NE) in a complex imperfect information game, i.e. Poker. MCCFR on the other hand has theoretical NE convergence guarantees in such a game. We apply MCCFR for the first time in Poker. Based on our experiments, we may conclude that MCTS is a valid approach if one wants to learn reasonably strong strategies fast, whereas MCCFR is the better choice if the quality of the strategy is most important. Our second contribution relates to the observation that a NE is not a best response against players that are not playing a NE. We present Monte-Carlo Restricted Nash Response (MCRNR), a sample-based algorithm for the computation of restricted Nash strategies. These are robust bestresponse strategies that (1) exploit non-NE opponents more than playing a NE and (2) are not (overly) exploitable by other strategies. We combine the advantages of two state-of-the-art algorithms, i.e. MCCFR and Restricted Nash Response (RNR). MCRNR samples only relevant parts of the game tree. We show that MCRNR learns quicker than standard RNR in smaller games. Also we show in Poker that MCRNR learns robust best-response strategies fast, and that these strategies exploit opponents more than playing a NE does.
Prognostic Implications of Left Ventricular Dyssynchrony for Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Asymptomatic Women and Men: The Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Background Left ventricular (LV) dyssynchrony is related to adverse outcomes in systolic heart failure, but its prognostic importance in asymptomatic population is not known. Our objective was to assess the prognostic implications of LV mechanical dyssynchrony in a large multiethnic population before the occurrence of global LV dysfunction. Methods and Results A total of 1392 participants in the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA; mean age: 64.7 years; 46% were women) with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging at baseline were followed for a median duration of 8.3 years. Harmonic phase imaging analysis was used to derive systolic circumferential strain. Greater standard deviation of time to peak systolic strain (SD‐TPS) indicates greater dyssynchrony. With SD‐TPS as a continuous variable, Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to assess hazards ratio after adjusting for demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, LV mass‐to‐volume ratio, and ejection fraction. Using the 75th percentile of SD‐TPS as a cutoff, Kaplan–Meier analysis was performed between 2 categorical groups for each gender. Higher values of dyssynchrony in women predicted major adverse cardiovascular events, defined as myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, and death (hazard ratio: 1.01 per 1‐ms increment in SD‐TPS, P=0.015), hard coronary events (hazard ratio: 1.05 per 1‐ms increment in SD‐TPS, P=0.026), and cerebrovascular events (hazard ratio: 1.03 per 1‐ms increment in SD‐TPS, P=0.013). In contrast, dyssynchrony in men was not predictive of events. Kaplan–Meier analyses in women revealed increased event occurrence in the higher dyssynchrony group, but this was not the case in men. Conclusions In an asymptomatic cohort, greater LV dyssynchrony determined by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging predicts adverse cardiovascular outcome in women but not in men. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00005487.
Economical Comparison of Enterprise In-Building Wireless Solutions Using DAS and Femto

As small cell solutions for efficient in-building wireless deployment, the distributed antenna system (DAS) and Femtocells constitute two major options. In this work, we study the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) in combination with system performance in order to reach technology-economical conclusions regarding of these deployment options. Our aim is to identify the most cost economical solution for indoor wireless deployment which meets the indoor capacity need and provides ubiquitous indoor coverage. In the analysis we focus on LTE enhancement in the enterprise buildings. We discuss the unique cost features of DAS and Femto systems and highlight the importance of backhaul visibility in the cost analysis. For enterprise building solutions, we show the cost advantage of low-cost Femtocells over DAS in all scenarios regardless of coverage building size. We also suggest when DAS becomes more economical for large buildings with low data traffic need.
Multiclass Classiﬁcation of Tweets and Twitter Users Based on Kindness Analysis

In 2015, Cheng et al [1] from Stanford and Cornell Universities have developed a logistic regression model, using labeled posts to predict antisocial behavior in online discussion communities. Their study focuses on spotting out whether a user is a troll or not, which is a binary classification problem. Earlier in 2011, Sood et al [2] from Pomona College and Yahoo Company developed a model for automatic identification of personal insults on social news sites, which is also a supervised learning work and belongs to binary classification problem. They got their data labeled via Amazon Mechanical Turk. Meanwhile, sentiment analysis using Twitter data has been a popular topic in machine learning. Bifet and Frank [3] conducted a supervised learning with multinomial naive Bayes classifier to predict the sentiment and opinion of tweets. Pak and Paroubek [4] improved this model by better cleaning the input data. Agarwal et al [5] from Columbia University further explored tweets with a 3-way classification, namely positive, negative and neutral. All the mentioned research studies are supervised learning, however, it is infeasible to label enough training data in short time. Thus, different from former work, we propose to give each tweet/Twitter user a kindness rating, leading to an unsupervised multinomial classification or regression.
The effects of surface weathering on the geochemical analysis of archaeological lithic samples using non‐destructive polarized energy dispersive XRF

The purpose of this paper is to show the effects of lithic artifact surface weathering on whole rock non‐destructive polarized energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (P‐ED‐XRF) major and trace element determinations. Chemical results for a weathered and subsequently mechanically ground subset of New Hampshire Ossipee archaeological flakes, cataloged as hornfels, show that both groups of elements are variably affected by weathering. A graphic approach is developed and proposed to highlight the role and importance of immobile elements. A case is made and an analytical method is proposed for the routine use of P‐ED‐XRF spectrometers to determine the chemical makeup of lithic artifacts and therefore provide a data set compatible with existing geochemical databases and literature. The use of specific variation diagrams is adopted to portray the weathering trend. Internationally approved geochemical rock type diagrams are used to correct the rock type previously assigned to Ossipee artifacts and in turn narrow down potential quarry sources. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A 7400-year tree-ring chronology in northern Swedish Lapland: natural climatic variability expressed on annual to millennial timescales

Tree-ring widths from 880 living, dry dead, and subfossil northern Swedish pines (Pinus syl vestris L.) have been assembled into a continuous and precisely dated chronology (the Torneträsk chronology) covering the period 5407 BC to ad 1997. Biological trends in the data were removed with autoregressive standardization (ARS) to emphasize year-to-year variability, and with regional curve stan dardization (RCS) to emphasize variability on timescales from decades to centuries. The strong association with summer mean temperature (June–August) has enabled the production of a temperature reconstruction for the last 7400 years, providing information on natural summer-temperature variability on timescales from years to centuries. Numerous cold episodes, comparable in severity and duration to the severe summers of the seventeenth century, are shown throughout the last seven millennia. Particularly severe conditions suggested between 600 and 1 BC correspond to a known period of glacier expansion. The relatively warm conditions of the late twentieth century do not exceed those reconstructed for several earlier time intervals, although replication is relatively poor and confidence in the reconstructions is correspondingly reduced in the pre-Christian period, particularly around 3000, 1600 and 330 bc. Despite the use of the RCS approach in chronology construction, the 7400-year chronology does not express the full range of millennial-timescale temperature change in northern Sweden.
Three‐dimensional modeling of groundwater flow systems

Practical aspects of three-dimensional (3-D) modeling of groundwater flow systems are closely examined. A Galerkin finite element model is designed with a view to providing flexibility, user convenience, and a high degree of efficiency, qualities which are critical to the success of 3-D modeling of real systems. The model is based on the general saturated-unsaturated continuity equation. Several integration schemes and matrix solvers are compared, and relative costs are expressed as functions of grid size. Examples presented include a hypothetical system and a real system. Simulation costs are generally found to be reasonable for grids of the size encountered with real systems. It is found that a remaining obstacle to the unified treatment of saturated-unsaturated systems is that the optimum element sizes required for saturated and unsaturated flow are not always compatible because of constraints arising from the physical properties of the materials. In general, however, it appears that with presently available tools, 3-D analysis is a practical option.
Navigating in a Shape Space of Registered Models

New product development involves people with different backgrounds. Designers, engineers, and consumers all have different design criteria, and these criteria interact. Early concepts evolve in this kind of collaborative context, and there is a need for dynamic visualization of the interaction between design shape and other shape-related design criteria. In this paper, a morphable model is defined from simplified representations of suitably chosen real cars, providing a continuous shape space to navigate, manipulate and visualize. Physical properties and consumer-provided scores for the real cars (such as 'weight' and 'sportiness') are estimated for new designs across the shape space. This coupling allows one to manipulate the shape directly while reviewing the impact on estimated criteria, or conversely, to manipulate the criterial values of the current design to produce a new shape with more desirable attributes.
Efficient block-based coding of noise images by combining pre-filtering and DCT

A conventional image coder, such as JPEG, requires not only DCT and quantization but also additional pre-filtering under noisy environment. Since the pre-filtering removes camera noise and improves coding efficiency dramatically, its efficient implementation has been an important issue. Based on well-known noise removal techniques in image processing fields, this paper introduces an efficient scheme by adapting a noise removal procedure to block-based image coders. By using two-dimensional DCT factorization, the proposed image coder has only a modified DCT and a VLC, and performs pre-filtering and quantization simultaneously in the modified DCT operation.
Synthetic control of mammalian-cell motility by engineering chemotaxis to an orthogonal bioinert chemical signal

Significance Directed migration of diverse cell types is critical in biological processes ranging from development and morphogenesis to immune response, wound healing, and regeneration. However, techniques to specifically and easily direct, manipulate, and study cell migration in vitro and in vivo are currently limited. We conceived of a strategy to directly control cell migration to arbitrary user-defined locations, independent of native chemotaxis receptors. In this work, we demonstrate that genetic modification of cells with an engineered G protein-coupled receptor allows us to redirect their migration to a bioinert drug-like small molecule, clozapine-N-oxide. This technology provides a generalizable tool to systematically control cell migration in vitro and in vivo and could be a valuable module for engineering future therapeutic cellular devices. Directed migration of diverse cell types plays a critical role in biological processes ranging from development and morphogenesis to immune response, wound healing, and regeneration. However, techniques to direct, manipulate, and study cell migration in vitro and in vivo in a specific and facile manner are currently limited. We conceived of a strategy to achieve direct control over cell migration to arbitrary user-defined locations, independent of native chemotaxis receptors. Here, we show that genetic modification of cells with an engineered G protein-coupled receptor allows us to redirect their migration to a bioinert drug-like small molecule, clozapine-N-oxide (CNO). The engineered receptor and small-molecule ligand form an orthogonal pair: The receptor does not respond to native ligands, and the inert drug does not bind to native cells. CNO-responsive migration can be engineered into a variety of cell types, including neutrophils, T lymphocytes, keratinocytes, and endothelial cells. The engineered cells migrate up a gradient of the drug CNO and transmigrate through endothelial monolayers. Finally, we demonstrate that T lymphocytes modified with the engineered receptor can specifically migrate in vivo to CNO-releasing beads implanted in a live mouse. This technology provides a generalizable genetic tool to systematically perturb and control cell migration both in vitro and in vivo. In the future, this type of migration control could be a valuable module for engineering therapeutic cellular devices.
RLQ and fourth-corner analysis of plant species traits and spectral indices derived from HyMap and CHRIS-PROBA imagery

Databases on plant traits as well as the availability of global coverage of high spatial and spectral resolution remote-sensing data are constantly growing. However, little effort has been made to analyse the relationship between plant traits and remote-sensing data while simultaneously taking species identity and abundance into consideration. We correlated quantitative and qualitative plant traits from a dwarf shrub savanna in Namibia, with spectral indices derived from two hyperspectral sensors, HyMap and the Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer Project for On-Board Autonomy (CHRIS-PROBA), which differ in their spatial and spectral resolution. We used RLQ analysis and the fourth-corner statistic, which are two three-table ordination approaches that circumvent the so-called fourth-corner problem. A higher spatial resolution helped to identify trait–index correlations linked to vegetation structure, while a lower spatial resolution pointed at traits linked to vegetation cover. A higher spectral resolution did not improve the relationships between spectral indices and plant traits. However, continuous hyperspectral signatures allowed for the calculation of spectral indices that make use of the detailed spectra allowing for more sophisticated spectral indices. We propose RLQ and the fourth-corner statistic as suitable tools for the remote sensing and Earth observation community that allow the direct correlation of trait databases with remotely sensed information.