Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Demography and its vocabulary over the centuries: a digital exploration

Our ideas about population have varied continuously over the centuries, as illustrated in the vocabulary changes detected by Ngram Viewer in the vast corpus of books digitized by Google. For example, the French word demographie, first coined in 1855, did not take off until after the Great War, in response to falling birth rates, as expressed by the term denatalite. The 1960s were haunted by the threat of surpeuplement (over population). Assimilation des immigres (immigrant assimilation) has never really been a central concept in France, unlike integration des immigres (immigrant integration), which gained popularity in the 1980s. Esperance de vie (life expectancy) is gaining ground and has overtaken taux de fecondite (fertility rate). Far from being certain and unchanging, our vision of population questions is marked by frequent discontinuities, the most recent dating from the 1980s.
Nonthermal Emission from Accreting and Merging Clusters of Galaxies

We compare the nonthermal emission from clusters of galaxies undergoing minor mergers ("accreting" clusters) and major mergers ("merging" clusters). We define major mergers as mergers that change the inner dark matter structure of clusters; minor mergers are all others. For accreting clusters, the radial distribution of the nonthermal emission in the clusters is also calculated. The relativistic electrons, which are the origin of the nonthermal radiation through inverse Compton (IC) and synchrotron emission, are assumed to be accelerated at shocks produced by accretion or mergers. We estimate the typical accretion rate and merger probability according to a hierarchical clustering model. We predict that in the inner region of accreting clusters the nonthermal emission has a flat spatial distribution at all frequencies. For synchrotron and hard X-ray emissions, we predict an increase in the emissions at the cluster edge due to accretion. We show that the total luminosities of IC emission from accreting and merging clusters are similar. On the other hand, the luminosity of synchrotron radio emission of the former is much smaller than that of the latter. We show that about 10% of clusters at z ~ 0 should have hard X-ray and radio nonthermal emissions due to their last major merger that are comparable to or dominate those due to ongoing accretion. Moreover, 20%-40% of clusters should have significant EUV emission due to their last merger. We also investigate the case where the criterion of mergers is relaxed. If we extend the definition of a merger to an increase in the mass of the larger subcluster by at least 10% of its initial mass, about 20%-30% of clusters at z ~ 0 should have hard X-ray and radio nonthermal emissions due to the merger, even in a low-density universe. We compare the results with observations. We find that the observed EUV emission from clusters is not attributed to accretion. If the diffuse radio emission observed in clusters is synchrotron emission from electrons accelerated via accretion or merging, the magnetic fields of clusters are generally as small as ~0.1 μG. One concern is that this is a significantly weaker field than that implied by Faraday rotation measurements.
Growth Triumphant: The Twenty-first Century in Historical Perspective

Taking a longer view than most literature on economic development, Richard A. Easterlin stresses the enormous contrast between the collective experience of the last half century in both developed and developing countries and what has gone before. An economic historian and demographer, the author writes in the tradition of the ""new economic history,"" drawing on economic theory and quantitative evidence to interpret the historical experience of economic theory and population growth. He reaches beyond the usual disciplinary limits to draw, as appropriate, on sociology, political science, psychology, anthropology, and the history of science. The book will be of interest not only to social scientists but to all readers concerned with where we have been and where we are going. "". Easterlin is both an economic historian and a demographer, and it is the combination of these two disciplines and the fine balance between theory and experience that make this well-written, refreshingly optimistic book excellent reading. "" -- Population and Development Review ""In this masterful synthesis, Richard Easterlin draws on the disciplines of economic history, demography, sociology, political science, psychology, and the history of science to present an integrated explation of the origins of modern economic growth and of the mortality revolution. His book should be easily accessible to non-specialists and will give them a sense of why economic history can inform our understanding of the future. "" --Dora L. Costa, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, EH.Net and H-Net "" Growth Triumphant is, simply, a fascinating book. Easterlin has woven together a history of economic growth, economic development, human mortality and morbidity, the connections each has with the others, and the implications of this nexus of forces on the future. This book deserves a wide audience. "" -- Choice ""In what must surely be the most fair-minded, well-balanced, and scrupulously reasoned and researched book on the sensational subjects implied in its title--the Industrial Revolution, the mortality and fertility revolutions, and the prospects for future happiness for the human race--Professor Easterlin has set in place the capstone of his research career. "" -- Journal of Economic History Richard A. Easterlin is Professor of Economics, University of Southern California.
Line-art rendering of 3D-models

We present an interactive system for computer aided generation of line art drawings to illustrate 3D models that are given as triangulated surfaces. In a preprocessing step, an enhanced 2D view of the scene is computed by sampling for every pixel the shading, the normal vectors and the principal directions obtained from discrete curvature analysis. Then streamlines are traced in the 2D direction fields and are used to define line strokes. In order to reduce noise artifacts, the user may interactively select sparse reference lines and the system will automatically fill in additional strokes. By exploiting the special structure of the streamlines, an intuitive and simple tone mapping algorithm can be derived to generate the final rendering.
Health-related quality of life after pulmonary embolism: a cross-sectional study

Objectives The psychological effects of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) have scarcely been studied. The aims of this study were to evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with a history of PE compared with that of the general population and buddy controls, and to explore factors that may predict impaired HRQoL. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Haematology and thrombosis unit in Fredrikstad, Norway. Participants 213 consecutive patients treated for PE were identified from hospital registries. Eligible patients were scheduled for a single study visit, including a functional capacity test (6 min walking test). HRQoL was assessed using the EuroQol 5D dimensions 3-level (EQ-5D-3L) questionnaire, of which the results were compared with Danish population norms and age-matched and sex-matched buddy controls. The buddy controls were recruited by asking every patient to hand over the EQ-5D questionnaire to 2 age-matched and sex-matched friends or relatives. Multivariable regression analyses were used to examine possible determinants of reduced HRQoL. Results Mean age was 61 years (SD 15), 117 (55%) were males, and median time since diagnosis was 3.8 years (range 0.3–9.5). Mean EuroQol visual analogue scale (EQ VAS) was 67 in PE as compared with 81 in the general population (p<0.005) and corresponding EQ-5D index values were 0.80 and 0.86 (p<0.005). Patients reported more problems in all 5 EQ-5D compared with both the buddy controls and the general population, p<0.05. Shorter 6 min walking distance (β=0.09, p<0.005) and patient-reported dyspnoea (β=11.27, p<0.005) were independent predictors of lower EQ VAS scores. Conclusions Our findings show that patients with a history of PE have impaired HRQoL when compared with the general population and buddy controls. Reduced functional capacity and persistent dyspnoea were the main predictors of this impairment.
Associations between Retinal Markers of Microvascular Disease and Cognitive Impairment in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case Control Study

Objective To investigate associations between retinal microvascular changes and cognitive impairment in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Design Case control study. Setting A primary care cohort with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods For this analysis, we compared 69 cases with lowest decile scores (for the cohort) on the Modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status and 68 controls randomly selected from the remainder of the cohort. Retinal images were rated and the following measures compared between cases and controls: retinal vessel calibre, arterio-venous ratio, retinal fractal dimension, and simple and curvature retinal vessel tortuosity. Results Total and venular (but not arteriolar) simple retinal vessel tortuosity levels were significantly higher in cases than controls (t = 2.45, p = 0.015; t = 2.53, p = 0.013 respectively). The associations persisted after adjustment for demographic factors, retinopathy, neuropathy, obesity and blood pressure. There were no other significant differences between cases and controls in retinal measures. Conclusions A novel association was found between higher venular tortuosity and cognitive impairment in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. This might be accounted for by factors such as hypoxia, thrombus formation, increased vasoendothelial growth factor release and inflammation affecting both the visible retinal and the unobserved cerebral microvasculature.
Feature Selection in Mixture-Based Clustering

There exist many approaches to clustering, but the important issue of feature selection, i.e., selecting the data attributes that are relevant for clustering, is rarely addressed. Feature selection for clustering is difficult due to the absence of class labels. We propose two approaches to feature selection in the context of Gaussian mixture-based clustering. In the first one, instead of making hard selections, we estimate feature saliencies. An expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is derived for this task. The second approach extends Koller and Sahami's mutual-information-based feature relevance criterion to the unsupervised case. Feature selection is then carried out by a backward search scheme. This scheme can be classified as a "wrapper", since it wraps mixture estimation in an outer layer that performs feature selection. Experimental results on synthetic and real data show that both methods have promising performance.
Unraveling the Repertoire in Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome

Human immunology is entering the next frontier. With the fast developing technology, we can today sequence the whole genome from an individual in a relatively short time. It is now possible to decipher pathological mechanisms in immunological diseases, including primary immunodeficiencies, with high specificity. A particularly interesting aspect to study is the development and maintenance of the immune repertoire diversity and its consequences for disease progression. Until recently, a major difficulty in analysis of peripheral blood cells has been to sequence the locus encoding the T cell receptor (TCR) and the B cell receptor (BCR) in each cell. These receptors are assembled from a large array of V, (D), and J gene segments in a process that inserts and deletes nucleotides in the V(D)J junctions (Figures ​(Figures1A,B). 1A,B). The antigenic specificity of the BCR and TCR is determined by the complementarity-determining regions (CDR) 1–3, where the CDR3 covers the junctions between the V, (D), and J segments and is the most variable part of the receptor (Figures ​(Figures1A,B). 1A,B). To add to the complexity, B cells undergo further gene diversification in the peripheral germinal centers by class switch recombination and induction of somatic hypermutations.
Economic and Health Consequences of COPD Patients and Their Spouses in Denmark—1998–2010

Abstract Objective: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, but longitudinal studies of the economic consequences of COPD are scarce. This study evaluated the economic consequences of COPD patients in Denmark and their spouses at a national level before and after initial diagnosis. Methods: Using records from the Danish National Patient Registry (1998–2010), 171,557 patients with COPD and 86,260 spouses were identified; patients were compared with 664,821, and the spouses with 346,524, all controls were randomly selected and matched for age, gender and residence. Direct and indirect costs, including frequency of primary and secondary sector contacts and procedures, medication, unemployment benefits and social transfer payments were extracted from national databases for patients, spouses and controls. Results: COPD patients are earning approximately half of that of controls before diagnosis. After diagnosis this effect diminishes due to people getting older and retiring from work (65 years). Total health expenses are more than twice as high in the COPD group regardless of age and gender compared to controls. Spouses of COPD patients had significantly higher rates of health-related contacts, medication use and higher socioeconomic costs compared to controls. The employment and income rates of employed spouses of COPD patients were significantly lower compared to controls. Conclusion: This study provides unique data on the economic consequences of COPD patients in Denmark and their spouses as well as displaying the serious health consequences for the individual spouse and society. Second, data shows substantial impact of COPD on income level and health expenses regardless of age and gender. It could be speculated that early identification and intervention might contribute to more health and economic equality between patients and controls
Possibility of phasor estimation in digital relays without using anti-aliasing filter and very high sampling rates

In digital relays, anti-aliasing filters introduce additional time-delays in the phasor estimations. This time-delay reduces the speed of the protection relay. Removal of anti-aliasing filter from digital relay is beneficial from the point of view of cost, compactness, power dissipation, reliability and maintainability. Previously efforts have been made to remove anti-aliasing filter from digital relays using very high sampling rates. However, existing digital relays do not support very high sampling rates. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possibility of phasor estimation without using anti-aliasing filter and very high sampling rates. Compressive Sampling (CS) theory has opened up a new possibility of signal reconstruction from sub-Nyquist rate samples. This paper proposes a CS based phasor estimation method for digital relays. The proposed method can work with the lower A/D sampling rates. The performance of the proposed method has been evaluated using signals generated by PSCAD software and mathematical equations. It is shown that the proposed phasor estimation method has faster response than the conventional approach. Results show that the frequency specification of anti-aliasing filter can be significantly relaxed in the proposed method. The complete removal of anti-aliasing filter is also possible at the cost of significant computational burden. In summary, this paper presents some promising results regarding removal of antialiasing filter from digital relays with lower sampling rates.
An Universal Predictor Based on Pattern Matching Preliminary ResultsMarch 14 , 2000

We consider here an universal predictor based on pattern matching. For a given string x 1 ; x 2 ; : : : ; x n , the predictor will guess the next symbol x n+1 in such a way that the prediction error tends to zero as n ! 1 provided the string x n 1 = x 1 ; x 2 ; : : : ; x n is generated by a mixing source. We shall prove that the rate of convergence of the prediction error is O(n ? ") for any " > 0. In this preliminary version, we only prove our results for memoryless sources and a sketch for mixing sources. However, we indicate that our algorithm can predict equally successfully the next k symbols as long as k = O(1).
TCP-swift: an end-host enhancement scheme for TCP over satellite IP networks

A new transport layer protocol called TCP-Swift is proposed for enhancing the TCP performance over satellite IP networks. TCP-Swift replaces the conventional TCP slow start and fast recovery algorithms by speedy start and speedy recovery. With speedy start, a TCP-Swift sender opens up its congestion window in only two round trip times. This significantly shortens the time needed in probing the network for equilibrium state. With speedy recovery, we can infer the cause of a packet loss by observing the ACK stream received at the sender. If the loss is due to wireless transmission error, the sender's congestion window can be reopened up more aggressively to fully utilize the available satellite link bandwidth. We show that TCP-Swift outperforms existing TCP schemes by simulations.
NMR-Based Milk Metabolomics

Milk is a key component in infant nutrition worldwide and, in the Western parts of the world, also in adult nutrition. Milk of bovine origin is both consumed fresh and processed into a variety of dairy products including cheese, fermented milk products, and infant formula. The nutritional quality and processing capabilities of bovine milk is closely associated to milk composition. Metabolomics is ideal in the study of the low-molecular-weight compounds in milk, and this review focuses on the recent nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics trends in milk research, including applications linking the milk metabolite profiling with nutritional aspects, and applications which aim to link the milk metabolite profile to various technological qualities of milk. The metabolite profiling studies encompass the identification of novel metabolites, which potentially can be used as biomarkers or as bioactive compounds. Furthermore, metabolomics applications elucidating how the differential regulated genes affects milk composition are also reported. This review will highlight the recent advances in NMR-based metabolomics on milk, as well as give a brief summary of when NMR spectroscopy can be useful for gaining a better understanding of how milk composition is linked to nutritional or quality traits.
Parameter reduction in the frequency analysis of center of pressure in stabilometry

During postural stability evaluation frequency analyses are applied on the motion of the foot center of pressure (CoP). In this study we compared the most widely used frequency type CoP parameters (median frequency, mean power frequency, bandwidth) including some newly defined parameters (frequency range power ratios, spectral power ratio between the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions, largest CoP amplitude with the corresponding frequency). The parameters were acquired from 25 young and healthy participants. Correlation analysis was used to exclude parameters that contain redundant information. Variance analysis was used to evaluate the behavior and usability of the parameters in different stance conditions (bipedal stance with eyes open and eyes closed, single leg stance with eyes open) where the balancing capability alters. Based on our results we recommend using the largest amplitude and frequency power ratios between specified frequency bands, spectral power ratio between anteroposterior and mediolateral direction and mean power frequency.
Design of Ubiquitous Music Recommendation System Using MHMM

The existing music search and recommendation systems obtain results through query or answer and recommend music using data mining techniques. However, it is not possible to provide active services that satisfy customers in smart home environments because these systems consider only static information in Web environments. In order to solve these problems, this paper attempts to define context information to use select music and design a ubiquitous music recommendation system that is suited to a user's interests and preferences using hidden Markov model for music items. The recommendation system used in this study uses an OSGi framework to recognize context information and increase satisfaction of service.
The G-protein coupled receptor CMKLR1/ChemR23: Studies on gene regulation, receptor ligand activation, and HIV/SIV co-receptor function

In all higher organisms, there is a need for intercellular communication. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), located on the cell surface, play an important role in this communication. Cells synthesize and release signalling molecules (ligands), which produce a specific response only in those cells that have a receptor for that ligand. The total number of GPCRs is estimated to be around 800 where approximately 160 still are "orphans", meaning that the endogenous ligands are unknown. CMKLR1/ChemR23 is a GPCR that was recently "de-orphanized" when the endogenous ligand, TIG2/chemerin, was isolated from inflammatory fluids and hemofiltrate. The receptor displays a high homology to chemoattractant-like receptors involved in inflammation processes. Sequence is implicated in osseous and cartilage development, and the receptor is also suggested to have a pathophysiological role as one of the co-receptors involved in human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1 and SIV)-infection of CD4+ immune cells. We have described the genomic organization of cmklr1 in mouse and analysed the regulatory mechanism behind the corresponding receptor expression. Two transcripts of mouse cmklr1 have been identified, cmklr1a and b, which utilize alternative promoters for transcription. We show that four Sp1 transcription factors are involved in cmklr1a promoter activation in mouse NB4 1A3 cells, whereas the transcription factor NFY is important for transcription of cmklr1b in mouse BV2 cells. Cmklr1a shows expression in organs such as heart and lung whereas cmklr1b is suggested to be an inducible transcript up-regulated by stimulation with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). The interaction between CMKLR1/ChemR23 and TIG2/chemerin in mouse has been studied. Mouse TIG2/chemerin was found to activate the mouse receptor, although to a lower degree than for the human receptor. Peptides corresponding to the C-terminus of mouse TIG2/chemerin could activate mouse CMKLR1/ChemR23 but to a lower extent than the human receptor. The results indicate that the peptide domains necessary for receptor activation differ for human and mouse TIG2/chemerin or that the maximal response of the mouse receptor is lower than in human. The importance of human CMKLR1/ChemR23 as a co-receptor for HIV and SIV has been investigated. We show that CMKLR1/ChemR23 can function as a minor co-receptor for select HIV-1 isolates as well as more generally for HIV-2 and SIV isolates. Among certain better-characterized co-receptors, the HIV-1 co-receptor function of CMKLR1/ChemR23 resembles that of the chemokine receptor, CCR3. Using a "humanized" hybrid rat CMKLR1/ChemR23 receptor as model, it was shown that the major determinants for HIV-1 and HIV-2 interaction with the receptor reside to a varying degree in the N-terminus and second extracellular loop, whereas the viral interaction in the case of SIV primarily involves the second extracellular loop.