Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Epoch length and accelerometer outputs in children: comparison to direct observation.

PURPOSE To determine the effects of epoch length and activity count cutpoints on ActiGraph (AG; ActiGraph Health Services, Pensacola, FL) accelerometer estimates of time in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in fifth-grade children monitored during physical education (PE) compared with a direct observation (DO) criterion standard. METHODS A sample of 32 fifth-grade males and females (mean age = 10.3 +/- 0.5 yr) wore an AG attached at the waist for a 30-min PE class. Participants were concurrently videotaped, and the Computerized System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (C-SOFIT) was used to create a DO measure of MVPA time (DO_MVPA). AG data were collected in 5-s epochs then integrated into 10-, 15-, 20-, 30-, and 60-s epochs. AG activity counts were converted into time (in s) in MVPA using validated (and epoch-adjusted) children's activity count cutpoints established by Treuth et al. (AG_T), Mattocks et al. (AG_M), and Freedson et al. (AG_F). RESULTS All AG_T and AG_M epoch detected significantly lower time in MVPA than DO_MVPA. The percentage of DO_MVPA detected by AG_T and AG_M epochs ranged from 46% to 61% and from 26% to 47%, respectively. All AG_F epochs yielded similar (i.e., nonsignificant) mean estimates of MVPA versus DO_MVPA, with modest increases in root mean squared error (RMSE) with increasing epoch length. The percentage of DO_MVPA detected by AG_F epochs ranged from 93% to 100%. CONCLUSIONS All AG_F epoch lengths provide comparable mean estimates to DO-detected MVPA time in fifth-grade children during PE. To minimize error among individual estimates, shorter epoch lengths should be used, with 5-s epochs yielding the lowest RMSE in the current study. Considerations of both epoch length and activity count cutpoint are important to improved detection of intermittent bouts of MVPA among fifth-grade children.
Self calibration of the anchor nodes for UWB-IR TDOA based indoor positioning system

The problem of anchor nodes placement in indoor positioning systems is labor intensive and time consuming process. A self-calibrating scheme is proposed to determine the position of the anchor nodes using Ultra-Wide band impulse radio (UWB-IR). These positions can be further used to determine the position of the target nodes. The time difference of arrival measurement technique is employed to self-calibrate the anchor nodes. The proposed scheme is verified with the simulation results, as well as with an in house designed sensor nodes experimental setup.
Sensitivity of the NO y budget over the United States to anthropogenic and lightning NO x in summer

[1] We examine the implications of new estimates of the anthropogenic and lightning nitrogen oxide (NOx) source for the budget of oxidized nitrogen (NOy) over the United States in summer using a 3‐D global chemical transport model (Model of Ozone and Related Tracers‐4). As a result of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) State Implementation call, power plant NOx emissions over the eastern United States decreased significantly, as reflected by a 23% decrease in summer surface emissions from the 1999 U.S. EPA National Emissions Inventory to our 2004 inventory. We increase the model lightning NOx source over northern midlatitude continents (by a factor of 10) and the fraction emitted into the free troposphere (FT, from 80% to 98%) to better match the recent observation‐based estimates. While these NOx source updates improve the simulation of NOx and O3 compared to the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment‐North America aircraft observations, a bias in the partitioning between nitric acid (HNO3) and peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) remains especially above 8 km, suggesting gaps in the current understanding of upper tropospheric processes. We estimate a model NOy export efficiency of 4%−14% to the North Atlantic in the FT, within the range of previous plume‐based estimates (3%−20%) and lower than the 30% exported directly from the continental boundary layer. Lightning NOx contributes 24%−43% of the FT NOy export from the U.S. to the North Atlantic and 28%−34% to the NOy wet deposition over the United States, with the ranges reflecting different assumptions. Increasing lightning NOx decreases the fractional contribution of PAN to total NOy export, increases the O3 production in the northern extratropical FT by 33%, and decreases the regional mean ozone production efficiency per unit NOx (OPE) by 30%. If models underestimate the lightning NOx source, they would overestimate the background OPE in the FT and the fractional contribution of PAN to NOy export. Therefore, a model underestimate of lightning NOx would likely lead to an overestimate of the downwind O3 production due to anthropogenic NOx export. Better constraints on the lightning NOx source are required to more confidently assess the impacts of anthropogenic emissions and their changes on air quality over downwind regions.
Interactive comment on “ Measurement of ambient NO 3 reactivity : Design , characterization and first deployment of a new instrument ”

This paper describes the first demonstration of NO3 radical reactivity and its use in ambient air. Reactivity measurements for HOx radicals have become a routine feature of instruments that measure ambient HOx concentrations, yet no analogous instrument has been developed for NO3 until now. As such, the paper represents an important contribution that will be of interest to the readership of AMT and that may serve as a seminal work that stimulates a new generation of atmospheric instrumentation. With one exception (see below), the development is thorough and convincing. It should be published in AMT. C1
Immune heterogeneity and clinicopathologic characterization of IGFBP2 in 2447 glioma samples

ABSTRACT Glioblastoma is an immunosuppressive, deadly brain tumor. IGFBP2, a circulating biomarker for cancer diagnosis and a potential immunotherapeutic target, is attracting more and more attention from oncologists and clinicians. Thus, it is urgent to thoroughly investigate the immune biological process of IGFBP2 to understand tumor immune complexity and provide potential evidence for anti-IGFBP2 therapy. Through authoritative public databases, we enrolled a total of 2447 glioma samples with gene expression profiles. Then, the clinical characteristics and immunosuppressive status of IGFBP2 in the glioma samples were analyzed. Immunohistochemical staining detected the expression of immunosuppressive biomarkers. We found that IGFBP2 expression was upregulated in high-grade glioma and GBM and downregulated in IDH mutant glioma. Increased IGFBP2 accompanied PTEN loss and EGFR amplification. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that IGFBP2 is related to immunological processes. We further selected specific immunologic related gene sets and found IGFBP2 predominated immunosuppressive activities in GBM. Furthermore, we explored the relationship between IGFBP2 and genes that were well-characterized glioma-mediated immunosuppressive molecules to investigate the potential effect of IGFBP2. We discovered that IGFBP2 was correlated with CHI3L1, TNFRSF1A, LGALS1, TIMP1, VEGFA, ANXA1 and LGALS3, which were classic immunosuppressive biomarkers. Higher IGFBP2 expression predicted unfavorable survival for patients with GBM. Our findings implied that IGFBP2 is involved in immunosuppressive activities and is an independent unfavorable prognostic biomarker for patients with GBM. IGFBP2 is a potential immunotherapeutic target for GBM in future clinical trials.
Ethanol sensitivity and tolerance in long-term memory mutants of Drosophila melanogaster.

BACKGROUND It has become increasingly clear that molecular and neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory and drug addiction are largely shared. To confirm and extend these findings, we analyzed ethanol-responsive behaviors of a collection of Drosophila long-term memory mutants. METHODS For each mutant, sensitivity to the acute uncoordinating effects of ethanol was quantified using the inebriometer. Additionally, 2 distinct forms of ethanol tolerance were measured: rapid tolerance, which develops in response to a single brief exposure to a high concentration of ethanol vapor; and chronic tolerance, which develops following a sustained low-level exposure. RESULTS Several mutants were identified with altered sensitivity, rapid or chronic tolerance, while a number of mutants exhibited multiple defects. CONCLUSIONS The corresponding genes in these mutants represent areas of potential overlap between learning and memory and behavioral responses to alcohol. These genes also define components shared between different ethanol behavioral responses.
Matching Allocation Problems with Endogenous Information Acquisition

The paper introduces the assumption of costly information acquisition to the theory of mechanism design for matching allocation problems. It is shown that the assumption of endogenous information acquisition greatly changes some of the cherished results in that theory: in particular, the first-best might not be implementable. Moreover, it might not even be possible to implement the second-best through trade. In addition, the paper highlights the use of randomness in setting incentives for efficient learning. The trade-offs among simultaneous and sequential learning and among efficient learning and efficient allocations are discussed.
Interpreting the Regional Effect in Ukrainian Politics

POLITICAL SCIENTISTS AND POLITICAL GEOGRAPHERS have long been aware of the need to take contextual effects into consideration when analysing the determinants of political behaviour. Recent developments in both disciplines have pointed to the desirability of considering a range of different contexts at different levels (individual, local, regional, state, global) that work in different ways (via external environmental effects, social learning, the effects of differential information availability etc.). To explain adequately the impact of place on politics it is necessary to provide a convincing account of how hypothesised effects are understood to work and the level(s) at which they are believed to operate. ' Region of residence is acknowledged to be one of the most significant cleavages in Ukrainian politics but, though numerous studies comment on this fact, few give convincing explanations for it. Many commentators assume that the well-known differences in political attitudes and voting behaviour across Ukraine's regions are simply the consequence of local variations in individual-level factors such as ethnicity, education level and occupational structure. Yet careful analyses of individual-level data reveal that even when socio-demographic attributes are controlled for, region still exerts an independent influence. Broadly speaking, residents of the industrialised and heavily Russian east of Ukraine have been found to be more left-wing and pro-Russian in their political orientations and voting proclivities, whereas those of the more agricultural and ethnic Ukrainian west of the country tend to favour market reforms and closer ties with the West.2 What this research has not made clear is the meaning of these regional differences. Most studies assume, either implicitly or explicitly, that regional differences which transcend individual characteristics can be traced to one of two causes: historical experience or regional economic conditions. Though both hypotheses are plausible, it is important to recognise that they involve two very different explanatory strategies. The main story behind the explanation of regional effects in historical terms draws on political culture arguments. It is posited that the marked differences in pre-Soviet political experiences among Ukraine's different regions have left lasting effects on these populations' perceptions of and reaction to Soviet collapse and transition toward market democracy. Because of their past incorporation into various Central European states and empires, so the argument goes, there is a tendency for western Ukrainians to perceive themselves to be 'Europeans' and to espouse 'European' views of political and economic processes, whereas eastern Ukrainians see themselves as being 'Eastern
Effects of Age, Gender, and Personality on Individuals' Behavioral Intention to Use Health Applications

Health applications, aimed at helping people with or without diseases to monitor their health, are attracting the interest of researchers and consumers. The use of health applications may have a shortand long-term impact on people’s lives by creating early habits to use technology to monitor health, which may prompt the sustained use of this technology over time. This is especially important for elders as these applications offer them the possibility to manage their health autonomously. However, elders are resistant to use technology. One way to improve technology acceptance is by understanding how users’ behavioral intention is influenced by personal characteristics, preferably before entering in the elderly stage of life. This was the main aim of this study: we explored the effects of age, gender, and personality on the behavioral intention to use health applications in younger and older adults (18-39 vs. 40-65 years). Results showed that the effects of personality on individuals’ behavioral intention was moderated by age in older adults and by gender in younger adults. These findings seem relevant to promote the current and future use of health applications, helping people to improve their quality of life and stay healthy throughout the lifespan.
Predicting acute renal failure after coronary bypass surgery: cross-validation of two risk-stratification algorithms.

BACKGROUND Acute renal failure (ARF) requiring dialysis after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) occurs in 1 to 5% of patients and is independently associated with postoperative mortality, even after case-mix adjustment. A risk-stratification algorithm that could reliably identify patients at increased risk of ARF could help improve outcomes. METHODS To assess the validity and generalizability of a previously published preoperative renal risk-stratification algorithm, we analyzed data from the Quality Measurement and Management Initiative (QMMI)1 patient cohort. The QMMI includes all adult patients (N = 9498) who underwent CABG at 1 of 12 academic tertiary care hospitals from August 1993 to October 1995. ARF requiring dialysis was the outcome of interest. Cross-validation of a recursive partitioning algorithm developed from the VA Continuous Improvement in Cardiac Surgery Program (CICSP) was performed on the QMMI. An additive severity score derived from logistic regression was also cross-validated on the QMMI. RESULTS The CICSP recursive partitioning algorithm discriminated well (ARF vs. no ARF) in QMMI patients, even though the QMMI cohort was more diverse. Rates of ARF were similar among risk subgroups in the CICSP tree, as was the overall ranking of subgroups by risk. Using logistic regression, independent predictors of ARF in the QMMI cohort were similar to those found in the CICSP. The CICSP additive severity score performed well in the QMMI cohort, successfully stratifying patients into low-, medium-, high-, and very high-risk groups. CONCLUSIONS The CICSP preoperative renal-risk algorithms are valid and generalizable across diverse populations.
Automatic scraper of celebrity images from heterogeneous websites based on face recognition and sorting for profiling

: Now days it has become trend to follow all the celebrities as we consider them as our role models. So instead of searching the images of various celebrities in different websites we can find them in a single website by sorting all the images. Reliable database of images is essential for any image recognition system. Through Internet we find all the required images. These images will serve as samples for automatic recognition system. With these images we do face detection, face recognition, face sorting using various techniques like local binary patterns, haar cascades. We make an overall analysis of the detector. Using opencv we detect and recognize images. Similarity matching is done to check how the images are related to each other. Collection of images is based on user defined templates, which are in web browser environment. With the help of this system one can give their requirement and the image of celebrity is displayed based on that.
Power architecture design with improved system efficiency, EMI and power density

The optimized design of power architecture is discussed in this paper. The paper first discusses the asymmetrical interleaved multi-channel PFC technique and its benefits to system power density and the reduction of differential mode noise. A balance technique is then proposed to minimize the common mode noise of asymmetrical interleaved multi-channel PFC. Greatly reduced EMI leads to the size reduction of EMI filters. System power density is therefore improved. For DC/DC stage, a 1 MHz, LLC resonant converter with novel synchronous rectifier is proposed to reduce body diode conduction time. Both conduction loss and reverse recovery loss can be reduced. The whole system's efficiency, EMI and power density can be greatly improved by applying the techniques proposed in this paper.
Extended deterrence and alliance formation

Inductive approaches have little conclusive to say about whether alliances make war more or less likely. Moreover, the empirical associations are ambiguous. Modeling alliance formation in an incomplete information setting reveals that alliances have predictable effects on the behavior of nations. The primary effect of alliances is to increase the probability that a nation will intervene in an ongoing war. Since an alliance provides a signal that a nation is likely to intervene, alliances affect the behavior of other states. Specifically, the formation of a defensive alliance deters potential aggressors from attacking, and encourages those nations that are attacked to resist. Although an alliance helps deter enemies and helps reassure friends, success is not guaranteed; deterrence failures occur. Although alliances have a predictable effect on the behavior of nations, the aggregate relationship between alliance formation and the occurrence of war is ambiguous. As well as providing an explanation of much of.
Institutions are What Actors Make of Them — The Changing Construction of Firm‐Level Employment Relations in Spain

This article analyses the variation and change in firm‐level employment relations in Spain between the transition to democracy and the global financial crisis. Using three auto companies as case studies, I address a crucial puzzle in the institutional literature on comparative employment relations: How do employment relations change and vary, even when national employment relations institutions do not? This article argues that differences in actor ideologies shape the construction of national institutions at the firm level, which explains change and variation of employment relations over time and across cases. The study identifies four drivers of ideological change — generational change, leadership change, identity work and diffusion — that impact the variation and change in employment relations at the firm level.
Detailed placement for two-dimensional directed self-assembly technology

Two-dimensional directed self-assembly (2D-DSA), a promising nanotechnology, manipulates the orientation of double posts to guide block copolymers to fabricate 2D patterns in nanoscale. In this paper, we present the first detailed placement algorithm for 2D-DSA. We first propose an orientation-number model for nets to estimate post orientations. Then, a cost model based on the orientation numbers is defined to estimate the 2D-DSA routability efficiently during placement, and a novel detailed placement framework is proposed to consider the orientations to optimize wirelength. In this framework, we develop a dynamic-programming-based algorithm for single-row detailed placement with a specialized pruning technique based on the defined orientation cost. Experimental results show that our algorithm can effectively generate a 2D-DSA friendly placement solution.
Resolution, target density and labeling effects in colocalization studies – suppression of false positives by nanoscopy and modified algorithms

Colocalization analyses of fluorescence images are extensively used to quantify molecular interactions in cells. In recent years, fluorescence nanoscopy has approached resolutions close to molecular dimensions. However, the extent to which image resolution influences different colocalization estimates has not been systematically investigated. In this work, we applied simulations and resolution‐tunable stimulated emission depletion microscopy to evaluate how the resolution, molecular density and label size of targeted molecules influence estimates of the most commonly used colocalization algorithms (Pearson correlation coefficient, Manders’ M1 and M2 coefficients), as well as estimates by the image cross‐correlation spectroscopy method. We investigated the practically measureable extents of colocalization for stimulated emission depletion microscopy with positive and negative control samples with an aim to identifying the strengths and weaknesses of nanoscopic techniques for colocalization studies. At a typical optical resolution of a confocal microscope (200–300 nm), our results indicate that the extent of colocalization is typically overestimated by the tested algorithms, especially at high molecular densities. Only minor effects of this kind were observed at higher resolutions (< 60 nm). By contrast, underestimation of colocalization may occur if the resolution is close to the size of the label/affinity molecules themselves. To suppress false positives at confocal resolutions and high molecular densities, we introduce a statistical variant of Costes’ threshold searching algorithm, used in combination with correlation‐based methods like the Pearson coefficient and the image cross‐correlation spectroscopy approach, to set intensity thresholds separating background noise from signals.