Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Financial Obstacles and Inter-Regional Flow of Funds : Limited Commitment and Moral Hazard ∗

A number of recent papers argue that financial frictions arising from limited commitment problems can explain large cross-country income differences. We argue that different micro financial underpinnings have potentially very different implications at both the macro and the micro level. To this end, we develop a general equilibrium framework that encompasses different regimes of frictions, and compare the implications of two concrete frictions: limited commitment and moral hazard. Aggregate productivity is depressed in the two regimes but for completely different reasons: under limited commitment capital is misallocated across heterogeneous firms. In contrast, under moral hazard, productivity is endogenously lower at the firm level because entrepreneurs exert suboptimal effort. Occupational choice, productivity and firm size distribution, income and wealth inequality, and the speed of individual transitions also differ markedly. We also present an economy with different frictions in different regions. Such mixture regimes turn out to be different from simple convex combinations of the pure moral hazard and pure limited commitment regimes, and they produce interregional patterns of aggregate income, capital and labor flows and external finance that resemble rural-urban patterns observed in the data. ∗We thank Fernando Aragon, Paco Buera, Mike Golosov, Tommaso Porzio, Yuliy Sannikov, Yongs Shin and Ivan Werning for very useful comments. For sharing their code, we are grateful to Paco Buera and Yongs Shin. Townsend acknowledges support from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and the Consortium on Financial Systems and Poverty at the University of Chicago through a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Anomalous SZ Contribution to 3 Year WMAP Data

We first show that the new WMAP 3 year data confirm the detection by Myers et al 2004 of an extended SZ signal centred on 606 Abell (ACO) clusters with richness class, R>1. Our results also show SZ decrements around APM and 2MASS groups at increased significance than previously detected. We then follow the approach of Lieu et al 2006 and compare the stacked WMAP results for the decrement in 31 clusters with ROSAT X-ray profiles where Lieu et al found on average less SZ decrement in the WMAP 1 year data than predicted. We confirm that in the 3 year data these same clusters again show less SZ decrement than the X-ray data predicts. We then analysed the WMAP results for the 38 X-ray clusters with OVRO/BIMA measured SZ decrements as presented by Bonamente et al 2006. We again find that the average decrement is measured to be significantly less (5.5 sigma) than predicted by the Chandra X-ray data. Thus while we confirm the original detection of an extended SZ effect by Myers et al 2004, these X-ray comparisons may now suggest that the central SZ amplitudes detected by WMAP may actually be lower than expected. One possible explanation is that there is contamination of the WMAP SZ signal by radio sources in the clusters but we argue that this appears implausible. We then consider the possibility that the SZ decrement has been lensed away by foreground galaxy groups. Such a model predicts that the SZ decrement should depend on cluster redshift. A reduction in the SZ decrement with redshift is suggested from the ACO cluster sample and also from comparing the samples of Lieu et al 2006 and Bonamente et al 06. However, the mass power-spectrum would require a far higher amplitude than currently expected if lensing was to explain the SZ deficit in high redshift clusters.
Honest ideals on strand spaces

In security protocol analysis, it is important to learn general principles that limit the abilities of an attacker and that can be applied repeatedly to a variety of protocols. The authors introduce the notion of an ideal-a set of messages closed under encryption and invariant under composition with arbitrary messages-to express such principles. In conjunction with the strand space formalism, they use the concept of ideals to prove bounds on a penetrator's capabilities, independent of the security protocol being analyzed. From this they prove a number of correctness properties of the Otway Rees protocol, using these results to explain the limitations of the protocol.
Discourse-sensitive Automatic Identification of Generic Expressions

This paper describes a novel sequence labeling method for identifying generic expressions, which refer to kinds or arbitrary members of a class, in discourse context. The automatic recognition of such expressions is important for any natural language processing task that requires text understanding. Prior work has focused on identifying generic noun phrases; we present a new corpus in which not only subjects but also clauses are annotated for genericity according to an annotation scheme motivated by semantic theory. Our contextaware approach for automatically identifying generic expressions uses conditional random fields and outperforms previous work based on local decisions when evaluated on this corpus and on related data sets (ACE-2 and ACE-2005).
HOMELESS IN OBSERVATORY, CAPE TOWN THROUGH THE LENS OF MAX-NEEF'S FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN NEEDS TAXONOMY

The level of homelessness on the streets of South Africa is regarded as a slow-moving tragedy. The aim of this article is to explain the profile of the homeless in Observatory, Cape Town using Max-Neef’s Fundamental Human Needs taxonomy. A concurrent mixed-methods research design was implemented including 48 homeless persons living on the streets in Observatory. The quantitative data were analysed with SPSS and the qualitative data with Creswell’s guideline for thematic analysis. The results clearly show the complexity of the lives of the homeless and that assistance to move out of homelessness will require complex and holistic efforts.
Low complexity channel shortening technique applied to MB-OFDM UWB systems

In this paper, we investigate the use of a channel shortening filter (CSF) for multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing ultra wideband (MB-OFDM UWB) communication systems. Indoor wideband channels are known as rich scattering environments resulting in potentially large delay spread. When the delay spread exceeds the guard interval length, intersymbol interference (ISI) and intercarrier interference (ICI) may occur. The aim of this paper is to reduce the time dispersion of the indoor wideband channels while not increasing the system complexity compared to the conventional channel shortening techniques. We propose to divide the CSF into an energy concentration and a tail suppression parts. We then introduce an algorithm to efficiently compute the coefficients of each CSF part. We show that the proposed method can considerably improve the system performance at high data rate as well as the computational complexity compared to classical channel shortening designs.
Exploring the environmental diversity of kinetoplastid flagellates in the high-throughput DNA sequencing era

The class Kinetoplastea encompasses both free-living and parasitic species from a wide range of hosts. Several representatives of this group are responsible for severe human diseases and for economic losses in agriculture and livestock. While this group encompasses over 30 genera, most of the available information has been derived from the vertebrate pathogenic genera Leishmaniaand Trypanosoma. Recent studies of the previously neglected groups of Kinetoplastea indicated that the actual diversity is much higher than previously thought. This article discusses the known segment of kinetoplastid diversity and how gene-directed Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing methods can help to deepen our knowledge of these interesting protists.
Differentiation mechanisms for heterogeneous traffic integration in IEEE 802 . 11 networks

Recently a great amount of work in the research community has been focused on the support of multimedia traffic over wireless networks, which are known not to be specifically designed to support time sensitive applications. This study’s primary objective is to analyze the behaviour of 802.11e differentiation mechanisms in heterogeneous traffic scenarios, when data and multimedia traffic sources share the access to the wireless medium. Secondarily, our aim is to provide some specific feedbacks in terms of MAC parameter settings in order to both ensure the QoS needs of multimedia stations and simultaneously optimize the overall system performance. To do that, an object oriented C++ simulator, which simulates the IEEE 802.11e MAC behaviour, has been developed. Simulation results show that it is possible to find specific MAC parameter configurations for different traffic patterns both to probabilistically provide delay guarantees for time-sensitive applications and simultaneously to maximize performance for backlogged (and nonprioritized) data traffic1.
P systems-based Modelling of Cellular Signalling Pathways

Cellular signalling pathways are fundamental to the control and regulation of cell behaviour. Understanding the biosignalling network functions are crucial for studying di(cid:11)erent diseases and for designing e(cid:11)ective therapeutic approaches to them. In this paper we present P systems as a feasible computational modelling tool for cellular signalling pathways that takes into consideration the inherent randomness occurring in biological phenomena and the discrete character of the components of the system. We illustrate these cellular models simulating the EGFR signalling cascade and the FAS{induced apoptosis using a deterministic strategy for evolution of P systems.
Unconstrained endpoint profiling (googling the internet)

Understanding Internet access trends at a global scale, i.e., what do people do on the Internet, is a challenging problem that is typically addressed by analyzing network traces. However, obtaining such traces presents its own set of challenges owing to either privacy concerns or to other operational difficulties. The key hypothesis of our work here is that most of the information needed to profile the Internet endpoints is already available around us - on the web. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach for profiling and classifying endpoints. We implement and deploy a Google-based profiling tool, which accurately characterizes endpoint behavior by collecting and strategically combining information freely available on the web. Our 'unconstrained endpoint profiling' approach shows remarkable advances in the following scenarios: (i) Even when no packet traces are available, it can accurately predict application and protocol usage trends at arbitrary networks; (ii) When network traces are available, it dramatically outperforms state-of-the-art classification tools; (iii) When sampled flow-level traces are available, it retains high classification capabilities when other schemes literally fall apart. Using this approach, we perform unconstrained endpoint profiling at a global scale: for clients in four different world regions (Asia, South and North America and Europe). We provide the first-of-its-kind endpoint analysis which reveals fascinating similarities and differences among these regions.
Comparison of little spotted kiwi ( Apteryx owenii ) from Kapiti and D ’ Urville Islands

The Kapiti and D’Urville Islands populations of little spotted kiwi (Apteryx owenii) are the only two long-standing populations of this species that have survived the decline of kiwi in the 20th century. The populations were compared to determine their conservation status and to provide a basis for management decisions for the two surviving birds from D’Urville Island. Measurements, voice, ectoparasites, and genetic variation, as determined by allozyme electrophoresis, of birds from the two populations were analysed. Birds from the populations were found to be very similar with little genetic variation (0 loci for D’Urville Island birds and 3 loci for Kapiti Island birds). The origin of the Kapiti Island population was believed to be from an introduction of birds to the island. However, searches of archives show that brown kiwi were introduced to Kapiti Island, but that there is no conclusive evidence to justify the belief little spotted kiwi were also introduced. We recommend that management continues with the mixed Kapiti Island and D’Urville Island population on Long Island, and also that future excess progeny sourced from D’Urville Island stock should be transferred to another suitable island. 1 . I N T R O D U C T I O N The existing populations of little spotted kiwi (Apteryx owenii) originate from the two long-standing populations that survived the decline of this species in the twentieth century to near-extinction. The first population, on Kapiti Island, has probably more than 1000 birds (Jolly & Colbourne 1991; J.N. Jolly, unpubl. data) and is the source of recently established populations on three other islands. The second, on D’Urville Island, has probably dwindled to extinction. Two birds from D’Urville Island were transferred to Long Island, Queen Charlotte Sound (one female in 1982 and one male in 1987). They were provided with mates from Kapiti Island (two males in 1982, one female in 1989). The D’Urville Island female and one of the males from Kapiti Island had bred successfully by 1987 and reared at least one offspring (a male) to independence by 1987 (Jolly & Colbourne 1991). One of the males from Kapiti Island was removed from Long Island in 1989; and the number of kiwi on Long Island has steadily increased (Colbourne & Robertson 1997).
Novel In situ nanomanipulation integrated with SEM-CT imaging system

This paper presents a novel In situ nanomanipulation integrated with scanning electron microscope- computed tomography (SEM-CT) imaging system for 3D nanomanipulation. In our previous works, a nanorobotic manipulation system was established inside an environmental-SEM (E-SEM) for water-contained samples, including biological organism, based on a real-time high resolution SEM observation. However, the SEM image is limited in two dimensional (2D) and surficial information from the signals of secondly electrons. For nanosurgery applications, such as nanoinjection, it is needed to evaluate the sample in 3D space with its internal information after manipulation. The SEM-CT imaging system is developed for In situ nanomanipulation based on SEM observation. The CT is an effective method to obtain the internal 3D information as a non-destructive manner. The imaging resolution of our SEM-CT system is in less than 400 nm. A Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) was used as a target of biological sample. To improve the contrast of SEM-CT imaging of C. elegans, the X-ray was tested by generating using brass and copper materials. Finally, the nanoinjection was demonstrated with SEM-CT imaging system to C. elegans using the nanoinjector which was fabricated by focused ion beam (FIB) process.
The Collaborative Research Center 588: "Humanoid Robots - Learning and Cooperating Multimodal Robots"

This paper gives an overview of the current and forthcoming research projects of the Collaborative Research Center 588 "Humanoid Robots — Learning and Cooperating Multimodal Robots. " The activities can be divided into several areas: development of mechatronic components and construction of a demonstrator system, perception of user and environment, modeling and simulation of robots, environment and user, and finally cooperation and learning. The research activities in each of these areas are described in detail. Finally, we give an insight into the application scenario of our robot system, i.e. the training setup and the experimental setup "household. "
APE: accelerator processor extensions to optimize data-compute co-location

Two technological trends we notice in the current day systems is the march towards many core systems and greater focus on power efficiency. The increase in core counts would result in smaller caches-per-compute node and greater reliance on exposing task-level parallelism in applications. However, this would potentially increase the amount of data that moves within and between the different tasks and hence, the related power costs. This will pose a new burden on the already power-constrained current day systems. The situation would only get worse as we go forward because the power consumed by the wires is not scaling down much with each technology generation, but the amount of data that these wires move is increasing per generation. This paper addresses this concern by identifying the memory access patterns that accounts for much of the data movement and designing processor extensions, Apes to support them. These processor extensions are placed closer to the cache structures, rather than the core pipeline, to reduce the data movement and improve compute-data co-location. We show that by doing this we are able to reduce a task's memory accesses by ~2.5×, data movement by 4× and cache miss rate by 40% for a wide range of applications.
Effectiveness of pre- and inprocessing for CDCL-based SAT solving

Applying pre- and inprocessing techniques to simplify CNF formulas both before and during search can considerably improve the performance of modern SAT solvers. These algorithms mostly aim at reducing the number of clauses, literals, and variables in the formula. However, to be worthwhile, it is necessary that their additional runtime does not exceed the runtime saved during the subsequent SAT solver execution. In this paper we investigate the efficiency and the practicability of selected simplification algorithms for CDCL-based SAT solving. We first analyze them by means of their expected impact on the CNF formula and SAT solving at all. While testing them on real-world and combinatorial SAT instances, we show which techniques and combinations of them yield a desirable speedup and which ones should be avoided.
Gas accretion on to planetary cores: three-dimensional self-gravitating radiation hydrodynamical calculations

We present results from three-dimensional, self-gravitating radiation hydrodynamical models of gas accretion by planetary cores. In some cases, the accretion flow is resolved down to the surface of the solid core – the first time such simulations have been performed. We investigate the dependence of the gas accretion rate upon the planetary core mass, and the surface density and opacity of the encompassing protoplanetary disc. Accretion of planetesimals is neglected. We find that high-mass protoplanets are surrounded by thick circumplanetary discs during their gas accretion phase but, contrary to locally isothermal calculations, discs do not form around accreting protoplanets with masses 50M⊕ when radiation hydrodynamical simulations are performed, even if the grain opacity is reduced from interstellar values by a factor of 100. We find that the opacity of the gas plays a large role in determining the accretion rates for low-mass planetary cores. For example, reducing the opacities from interstellar values by a factor of 100 leads to roughly an order of magnitude increase in the accretion rates for 10–20 M⊕ protoplanets. The dependence on opacity becomes less important in determining the accretion rate for more massive cores where gravity dominates the effects of thermal support and the protoplanet is essentially accreting at the runaway rate. Increasing the core mass from 10 to 100 M⊕ increases the accretion rate by a factor of ≈50 for interstellar opacities. Beyond ∼100 M⊕, the ability of the protoplanetary disc to supply material to the accreting protoplanet limits the accretion rate, independent of the opacity. Finally, for low-mass planetary cores (20M⊕), we obtain accretion rates that are in agreement with previous one-dimensional quasi-static models. This indicates that three-dimensional hydrodynamical effects may not significantly alter the gas accretion time-scales that have been obtained from quasi-static models.
An Optimization Technique for Protocol Conformance Testing Based on the Wp Method

In order to ensure the correct operation of a distributed system, the protocol imple- mentation must be tested for conformance to the specification that is defined as a standard. The UIOv and Wp methods are two formal methods in generating the test sequence. In the past dec- ade, a lot of new techniques have been proposed to optimize the test sequence resulting from the UIOv method. On the other hand, the traditional Reset technique is still used in the Wp method to generate a test sequence that is very long. In this paper, we propose a new technique to opti- mize the test sequence resulting from the Wp method. The technique involves the construction of the test segments from the Wp method, and a Rural Chinese Postman Algorithm which optimally connects these test segments into a test sequence. Moreover, the technique is extended to gener- ate the synchronizable test sequence. A lot of optimization techniques used in the UIOv method can then be modified to accommodate the Wp method based on similar extensions.
Executive Compensation, Firm Performance, and Corporate Governance in China: Evidence from Firms Listed in the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges

This article provides evidence on how executive compensation relates to firm performance in firms listed in the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges in China. Using comprehensive financial and accounting data on China’s listed firms from 1998 to 2002, augmented by unique data on executive compensation and ownership structure, we find for the first time statistically significant sensitivities and elasticities of annual cash compensation (salary and bonus) for top executives with respect to shareholder value in China. In addition, sales growth is shown to be significantly linked to executive compensation, and Chinese executives are penalized for making negative profits, although they are neither penalized for declining profits nor rewarded for rising profits insofar as profits are positive. Perhaps more important, we find that the ownership structure of China’s listed firms has important effects on the pay‐performance link in these firms. Specifically, state ownership of China’s listed firms weakens the pay‐performance link for top managers and thus possibly makes China’s listed firms less effective in solving the principal‐agent problem between owners and management. As such, ownership restructuring may be needed for China to successfully transform its state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) into efficient modernized corporations and reform its overall economy.
Unrestricted Nogood Recording and Restarting in CSP search

Nogood recording is a known technique for pruning the search tree in backtracking search. Unfortunately, unrestricted nogood recording carries an overhead which has lead to the development of restricted forms of it. In this paper, we show how recent developments in the SAT literature can be applied in CSPs to facilitate unrestricted nogood recording. This in turn allows us to effectively use restarting. We present empirical data that show the resulting algorithms to be effective.