Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) Tir Effector Inhibits NF-κB Activity by Targeting TNFα Receptor-Associated Factors

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) disease depends on the transfer of effector proteins into epithelia lining the human small intestine. EPEC E2348/69 has at least 20 effector genes of which six are located with the effector-delivery system genes on the Locus of Enterocyte Effacement (LEE) Pathogenicity Island. Our previous work implied that non-LEE-encoded (Nle) effectors possess functions that inhibit epithelial anti-microbial and inflammation-inducing responses by blocking NF-κB transcription factor activity. Indeed, screens by us and others have identified novel inhibitory mechanisms for NleC and NleH, with key co-operative functions for NleB1 and NleE1. Here, we demonstrate that the LEE-encoded Translocated-intimin receptor (Tir) effector has a potent and specific ability to inhibit NF-κB activation. Indeed, biochemical, imaging and immunoprecipitation studies reveal a novel inhibitory mechanism whereby Tir interaction with cytoplasm-located TNFα receptor-associated factor (TRAF) adaptor proteins induces their proteasomal-independent degradation. Infection studies support this Tir-TRAF relationship but reveal that Tir, like NleC and NleH, has a non-essential contribution in EPEC's NF-κB inhibitory capacity linked to Tir's activity being suppressed by undefined EPEC factors. Infections in a disease-relevant intestinal model confirm key NF-κB inhibitory roles for the NleB1/NleE1 effectors, with other studies providing insights on host targets. The work not only reveals a second Intimin-independent property for Tir and a novel EPEC effector-mediated NF-κB inhibitory mechanism but also lends itself to speculations on the evolution of EPEC's capacity to inhibit NF-κB function.
BER Improvements with Multi-antennas in Maximum Likelihood Decoder

Wireless communication technology has shown that the application of multiple antennas at both transmitter and receiver sides improve the possibility of high data rates through multiplexing or improve the performance through diversity as compare to single antenna systems. In this article,the BER performance of Maximum Likelihood (ML) -Vertical Bells Lab Layered Space Time Architecture (V-BLAST)Spatial Multiplexing Technique using BPSK and QPSK has been investigated in Rayleigh flat fading channel.Furthermore, the comparison of different multiple antenna configurations with BPSK and QPSK have been considered in the given channel. It has been concluded that ML-VBLASTdecoding technique using BPSK modulation scheme gives better results than QPSK modulation technique in Rayleigh channel. More optimal results have been observed for 1×4 antenna configuration for ML-V-BLAST system in Rayleigh channel.
A two-stage robust statistical method for temporal registration from features of various type

A model registration system capable of tracking an object, the model of which is known, in an image sequence is presented. It integrates tracking, pose determination and updating of the visible features. The heart of our system is the pose computation method, which handles various features (points, lines and free-form curves) in a very robust way and is able to give a correct estimate of the pose even when tracking errors occur. The reliability of the system is shown on an augmented reality project.
Inoculating software for survivability

Foretelling these attacks, the President’s Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection (PCCIP) announced in October of 1997 that the increasing dependence of U.S. critical infrastructures on information and communications has made them vulnerable to information warfare attacks. The commission found that while the resources needed to conduct a physical attack against these infrastructures have not dramatically changed, the resources necessary to launch a comparable-scale attack via information warfare are commonplace and consist of a personal computer and an Internet connection. Furthermore, the ubiquity of Internet access and the easy availability of hacker tools on underground Internet sites have significantly reduced both financial and intellectual barriers to launching effective attacks against critical systems. With roughly 95% of Defense Department communications relying on commercial infrastructures, the government finds itself as a major stakeholder in the security of commercial systems and is now proposing to spend $1.46 billion in fiscal year 2000 to directly address the threat of cyberterrorism. The federal sector is not alone, however, in its concerns over information warfare. Wholesale payment systems such as the Federal Reserve’s FedWire and In early 1998, several dozen computer systems in
Supporting Online Material Materials and Methods Som Text Figs. S1 to S8 Table S1 Movies S1 to S3 a " Silent " Polymorphism in the Mdr1 Gene Changes Substrate Specificity Corrected 30 November 2007; See Last Page

these in vivo conditions, Wg made a short-range gradient with l = 5.8 ± 2.04 mm (Figs. 3I and 4A). Which kinetic parameter could account for this difference? Because Dpp and Wg have inherently different properties—Wg is a lipid-modified molecule (20); Dpp is not (21)—they are likely to display different mechanisms and kinetics of spreading through the epithelium. The shorter decay length of the Wingless gradient was due to a higher degradation rate of GFP-Wingless, by a factor of 5, and to a lesser extent its smaller diffusion coefficient (Fig. 4). Although the Gal4 driver was the same in the Dpp and Wg experiments, the production rate of Wg was about seven times that of Dpp, which implied that their maturation and secretion were controlled differently. In addition, while 62% of the Dpp molecules were immobile, the Wg pool was almost fully mobile at 25°C (y = 9.2 ± 13%), although, unlike Dpp, a significant immobile fraction appeared at higher experimental temperatures (Fig. 3, K and N). The different immobile fractions of Dpp and Wg at 25°C validated the specificity of the Dpp immobile fraction. Thus, the immobile fraction was not an artifact of incomplete recovery in sick cells. Finally, in contrast to Dpp, Wg transport and degradation were independent of Dynamin endocytosis (Fig. 3, K to O). Indeed, Wg movement has been suggested to be Dynamin-independent (6, 22). In addition , expression of dominant-negative Dynamin and/or long-term thermosensitive shibire block caused an extension of the gradient in the wing (5, 22, 23), which was attributed to decreased degradation (5, 22). Our FRAP approach studying the results of an acute block suggests that endocytosis is not required for Wg transport and degradation or, alternatively, that endocytosis of Wg is Dynamin-independent. Altogether, the GFP-Wingless FRAP experiments (i) validated our FRAP assay and shibire-rescue experiment; (ii) indicated that different morphogen gradients can be generated by independently fine-tuning D, k, n, and y; and (iii) showed that different morphogens may use different mechanisms of transport and cellular machineries (e.g., Dynamin-dependent versus Dynamin-independent transport) to achieve the formation of morphogen gradients. Synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) do not produce altered coding sequences, and therefore they are not expected to change the function of the protein in which they occur. We report that a synonymous SNP in the Multidrug Resistance 1 (MDR1) gene, part of a haplotype previously linked to altered function of the MDR1 gene …
FEM Simulation of 3 D Deformable Solids : A practitioner ’ s guide to theory , discretization and model reduction . Part 2 : Model Reduction ( version : August 4 , 2012 )

Model reduction (also called dimensional model reduction, or model order reduction (MOR)) is a technique to simplify the simulation of dynamical systems described by differential equations. The idea is to project the original, high-dimensional, state-space onto a properly chosen low-dimensional subspace to arrive at a (much) smaller system having properties similar to the original system (see Figure 1). Complex systems can thus be approximated by simpler systems involving fewer equations and unknown variables, which can be solved much more quickly than the original problem. Such projection-based model reduction appears in literature under the names of Principal Orthogonal Directions (POD) Method, or Subspace Integration Method, and it has a long history in the engineering and applied mathematics literature [29]. See [27] and [33] for good overviews of model reduction applied to linear and nonlinear problems, respectively. Model reduction has been used extensively in the fields of control theory, electrical circuit simulation, computational electromagnetics and microelectromechanical systems [28]. Most model reduction techniques in these fields, however, aim at linear systems, and linear time-invariant systems in particular, e.g., small perturbations of voltages in some complex nonlinear circuit. Another common characteristic of these applications is that both the input and output are low-dimensional, i.e., one may want to study how the voltage level at some circuit location depends on the input voltage at another location, in a complex nonlinear circuit. In computer graphics, however, one is often interested in nonlinear systems (e.g., large deformations of objects) that exhibit interesting, very visible, dynamics. The output in computer graphics is usually high-dimensional, e.g., the deformation of an entire 3D solid object, or fluid velocities sampled on a high-resolution grid. For these reasons, many conventional reduction techniques do not immediately apply to computer graphics problems.
Gender, Competitiveness, and Socialization at a Young Age: Evidence From a Matrilineal and a Patriarchal Society

Abstract Recent literature presents evidence that men are more competitively inclined than women. Since top-level careers usually require competitiveness, competitiveness differences provide an explanation for gender gaps in wages and differences in occupational choice. A natural question is whether women are born less competitive or whether they become so through the process of socialization. To pinpoint when in the socialization process the difference arises, we compare the competitiveness of children in matrilineal and patriarchal societies. We find that while there is no difference at any age in the matrilineal society, girls become less competitive around puberty in the patriarchal society.
Measurement of an Elasticity Map in the Human Cornea

Purpose The biomechanical properties of the cornea have an important role in determining the shape of the cornea and visual acuity. Since the cornea is a nonhomogeneous tissue, it is thought that the elastic properties vary throughout the cornea. We aim to measure a map of corneal elasticity across the cornea. Methods An acoustic radiation force elasticity microscope (ARFEM) was used to create a map of corneal elasticity in the human cornea. This ARFEM uses a low frequency, high intensity acoustic force to displace a femtosecond laser-generated microbubble, while using a high frequency, low intensity ultrasound to monitor the position of the microbubble within the cornea. From the displacement of the bubble and the magnitude of the acoustic radiation force, the local value of corneal elasticity is calculated in the direction of the displacement. Measurements were conducted at 6 locations, ranging from the central to peripheral cornea at anterior and posterior depths. Results The mean anterior elastic moduli were 4.2 ± 1.2, 3.4 ± 0.7, and 1.9 ± 0.7 kPa in the central, mid, and peripheral regions, respectively, while the posterior elastic moduli were 2.3 ± 0.7, 1.6 ± 0.3, and 2.9 ± 1.2 kPa in the same radial locations. Conclusions We found that there is a unique distribution of elasticity axially and radially throughout the cornea.
An Ultrasensitive Chemiluminescence Biosensor for Carcinoembryonic Antigen Based on Autocatalytic Enlargement of Immunogold Nanoprobes

A sensitive flow injection chemiluminescence assay for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) detection based on signal amplification with gold nanoparticles (NPs) is reported in the present work. The sandwich system of CEA/anti-CEA/goat-anti-mouse IgG functionalized Au nanoparticles was used as the sensing platform. In order to improve detection sensitivity, a further gold enlargement step was developed based on the autocatalytic Au deposition of gold nanoprobes via the reduction of AuCl4− to Au0 on their surface in the presence of NH2OH·HCl. AuCl4−, which is a soluble product of gold nanoprobes, served as an analyte in the CL reaction for the indirect measurement of CEA. Under optimized conditions, the CL intensity of the system was linearly related to the logarithm of CEA concentration in the range of 100 pg·mL−1 to 1,000 ng·mL−1, with a detection limit of 20 pg·mL−1.
The role of mathematical modeling in VOC analysis using isoprene as a prototypic example

Isoprene is one of the most abundant endogenous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contained in human breath and is considered to be a potentially useful biomarker for diagnostic and monitoring purposes. However, neither the exact biochemical origin of isoprene nor its physiological role is understood in sufficient depth, thus hindering the validation of breath isoprene tests in clinical routine. Exhaled isoprene concentrations are reported to change under different clinical and physiological conditions, especially in response to enhanced cardiovascular and respiratory activity. Investigating isoprene exhalation kinetics under dynamical exercise helps to gather the relevant experimental information for understanding the gas exchange phenomena associated with this important VOC. The first model for isoprene in exhaled breath has been developed by our research group. In this paper, we aim at giving a concise overview of this model and describe its role in providing supportive evidence for a peripheral (extrahepatic) source of isoprene. In this sense, the results presented here may enable a new perspective on the biochemical processes governing isoprene formation in the human body.
Model-based Gaze Control

Gaze control is often deened as an operation on the attentive level, dealing with the selection and tracking of interesting parts of a scene. By using information derived from previously acquired object models , an active vision system can guide its gaze to perform more complex task. Possible applications are object inspection and face tracking for teleconferencing. The presented system acquires a frontal view of designated facial features with the help of a model image of a subject's face.
CSHFt: A Composite Fault-Tolerant Architecture and Self-Adaptable Hierarchical Fault-Tolerant Strategy for Satellite System

Nowadays, building parallel system with high-performance commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) chips becomes the main way to improve satellite system performance greatly. System reliability is a tough issue which needs to be solved by more effective fault-tolerant scheme. Centralized fault-tolerant scheme has the risk of single point of failure (SPOF), while distributed fault-tolerant scheme is much complex and introduces large overhead. Both of these traditional methods have their own drawbacks. This paper proposes a composite self-adaptable hierarchical fault-tolerant (CSHFt) scheme which effectively integrates and expands the ideas of centralized and distributed fault-tolerant methods. It constructs a composite and symmetrical system architecture supporting both fault-tolerant methods simultaneously and realizes the self-adaptable hierarchical fault-tolerant strategy. CSHFt scheme executes system fault tolerance in the sequence of 'first centralized then distributed'. System switches its fault-tolerant mode actively according to its performing history. By combining and completing two traditional methods, CSHFt scheme eliminates the risk of SPOF, reduces the overall complexity and overhead of system fault tolerance and enhances system's real-time feature. System failure only occurs when all the system nodes are broken, which makes system highly reliable. Based on the prototype system, we verify the practical CSHFt scheme. Its performance is also analyzed and evaluated.
A four element antenna system with antenna diversity for dual band WLAN operation

An antenna arrangement made of four similar compact dual-band chip antennas is proposed for uses on WLAN access point devices. The antenna are placed at corners of a small printed circuit board that emulates a WLAN base station. The antenna comprises a feeding line, a clearance region and a chip with a slotted patch. The volume occupied by each antenna chip is 8.5 × 3 × 1.6 mm3 only. Antenna diversity is achieved with a combination of spatial diversity and pattern diversity. Simulation and measurement results demonstrate good isolation performance among antennas. Proposed antenna configuration can also be applied to WLAN devices with the MIMO feature.
Possible marketing tools for heritage tourism: the potential of implementing information and communication technology

ABSTRACT The prevalence of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has major marketing impacts on both the demand and the supply side in cultural and heritage tourism. However, while there is quite substantial research on how ICTs affect visitors and their experiences, little can be found in the literature on the supply side. The purpose of our study is to fill this gap. To do so, we executed in-depth interviews with 20 experts from cultural and heritage tourism in Germany. Through the interviews we gained evidence from the supply side on five discourses, which evolve around the issues of the shift in visitor typologies and demand, marketing benefits of digital technologies, preconditions and barriers of implementation and currently relevant technologies. All in all, the results clearly increase our understanding on what experts think on the implementation and use of ICTs in cultural and heritage tourism. Recommendations for practice regarding, for example, cooperation and professionalization and for further research conclude our analysis.
Molecular Profiling and Clinical Outcome of High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer Presenting with Low- versus High-Volume Ascites

Epithelial ovarian cancer consists of multiple histotypes differing in etiology and clinical course. The most prevalent histotype is high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), which often presents at an advanced stage frequently accompanied with high-volume ascites. While some studies suggest that ascites is associated with poor clinical outcome, most reports have not differentiated between histological subtypes or tumor grade. We compared genome-wide gene expression profiles from a discovery cohort of ten patients diagnosed with stages III-IV HGSOC with high-volume ascites and nine patients with low-volume ascites. An upregulation of immune response genes was detected in tumors from patients presenting with low-volume ascites relative to those with high-volume ascites. Immunohistochemical studies performed on tissue microarrays confirmed higher expression of proteins encoded by immune response genes and increased tumorinfiltrating cells in tumors associated with low-volume ascites. Comparison of 149 advanced-stage HGSOC cases with differential ascites volume at time of primary surgery indicated low-volume ascites correlated with better surgical outcome and longer overall survival. These findings suggest that advanced stage HGSOC presenting with low-volume ascites reflects a unique subgroup of HGSOC, which is associated with upregulation of immune related genes, more abundant tumor infiltrating cells and better clinical outcomes.
DYNAMIC USE OF TACTILE AFFERENT SIGNALS IN CONTROL OF DEXTEROUS MANIPULATIQN

During object manipulation, humans select and activate neural action programs acquired during ontogenetic development. A basic issue in understanding the control of dexterous manipulation is to learn how people use sensory information to adapt the output of these neural programs such that the fingertip actions matches the requirements imposed by the physical properties of the manipulated object, e.g., weight (mass), slipperiness, shape, and mass distribution. Although visually based identification processes contribute to predictions of required fingertip actions, the digital tactile sensors provide critical information for the control of fingertip forces. The present account deals with the tactile afferent signals from the digits during manipulation and focuses on some specific issues that the neural controller has to deal with to make use of tactile information.
The effectiveness Of redundant information in Text Classification

Feature Selection plays a important role in Text Classification. When computing the score of attributes of the texts, many researchers will use the information gain measure (IG) and document frequency (DF). Many experiments proved that this methods can be two of the most effective methods. But what is the core factor in these algorithms haven't been proved from the theory. This paper contains the method of proof that the relations of attributes plays an important role in Feature Selection by using the theory of Exact Cover. During the selection, we using the Dance Link (DLX) algorithm and the theory of Association Cluster to reduce the redundant information. The results from our experiment show that reduction of the associating attributes can improve the Recall rate greatly but have a bad influence on Precision.
Ruhr Economic Papers #43

The confluence of factors driving urban growth is highly complex, resulting from a combination of ecological and social determinants that co-evolve over time and space. Identifying these factors and quantifying their impact necessitates models that capture both why urbanization happens as well as where and when it happens. Using a database that links five satellite images spanning 1976–2001 to a suite of socioeconomic, ecological and GIS created explanatory variables, this study develops a spatial-temporal model of the determinants of built-up area across a 25,900 square kilometer swath across central North Carolina. Extensive conversion of forest and agricultural land over the last decades is modeled using the complementary log-log derivation of the proportional hazards model, thereby affording a means for modeling continuous-time landscape change using discrete-time satellite data. To control for unobserved heterogeneity, the model specification includes an error component that is Gamma distributed. Results confirm the hypothesis that the landscape pattern surrounding a pixel has a major influence on the likelihood of its conversion and, moreover, that the omission of external spatial effects can lead to biased inferences regarding the influence of other covariates, such as proximity to road. Cartographic and nonparametric validation exercises illustrate the utility of the model for policy simulation. JEL Classification: C41, Q15, R14
SIFT feature reduction based on feature similarity of repeated patterns

In recognition using SIFT and SURF, matching of features extracted from both input images and learning images are involved. However, the recognition target is not always facing the same direction as that of the learning image. For this reason, recognition is performed by making it learn the image of the object you wish to recognize by capturing it from a wide variety of angles. Also, where repeated patterns are included in the object to be recognized, mismatching and misrecognition often occur because of the fact that the repeated pattern feature descriptors are similar. To avoid this issue, similarity of feature descriptors is measured using cosine similarity, and features with a specific degree of similarity are excluded. In particular, as this degree of similarity differs depending on the image, in this paper, we propose a method of seeking the optimal degree of similarity depending on the image and excluding repeated pattern features. Finally, we verify the effectiveness of the proposed method by showing some experimental results.