Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Physiotherapy in Critical Care in Australia

&NA; A physiotherapist is part of the multidisciplinary team in most intensive care units in Australia. Physiotherapists are primary contact practitioners and use a comprehensive multisystem assessment that includes the respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, and musculoskeletal systems to formulate individualized treatment plans. The traditional focus of treatment has been the respiratory management of both intubated and spontaneously breathing patients. However, the emerging evidence of the longstanding physical impairment suffered by survivors of intensive care has resulted in physiotherapists re‐evaluating treatment priorities to include exercise rehabilitation as a part of standard clinical practice. The goals of respiratory physiotherapy management are to promote secretion clearance, maintain or recruit lung volume, optimize oxygenation, and prevent respiratory complications in both the intubated and spontaneously breathing patient. In the intubated patient, physiotherapists commonly employ manual and ventilator hyperinflation and positioning as treatment techniques whilst in the spontaneously breathing patients there is an emphasis on mobilization. Physiotherapists predominantly use functional activities for the rehabilitation of the critically ill patient in intensive care. While variability exists between states and centers, Australian physiotherapists actively treat critically ill patients targeting interventions based upon research evidence and individualized assessment. A trend toward more emphasis on exercise rehabilitation over respiratory management is evident.
Likelihood‐based inference for discretely observed birth–death‐shift processes, with applications to evolution of mobile genetic elements

Continuous‐time birth–death‐shift (BDS) processes are frequently used in stochastic modeling, with many applications in ecology and epidemiology. In particular, such processes can model evolutionary dynamics of transposable elements—important genetic markers in molecular epidemiology. Estimation of the effects of individual covariates on the birth, death, and shift rates of the process can be accomplished by analyzing patient data, but inferring these rates in a discretely and unevenly observed setting presents computational challenges. We propose a multi‐type branching process approximation to BDS processes and develop a corresponding expectation maximization algorithm, where we use spectral techniques to reduce calculation of expected sufficient statistics to low‐dimensional integration. These techniques yield an efficient and robust optimization routine for inferring the rates of the BDS process, and apply broadly to multi‐type branching processes whose rates can depend on many covariates. After rigorously testing our methodology in simulation studies, we apply our method to study intrapatient time evolution of IS6110 transposable element, a genetic marker frequently used during estimation of epidemiological clusters of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections.
An end-to-end system to identify temporal relation in discharge summaries: 2012 i2b2 challenge

OBJECTIVE To create an end-to-end system to identify temporal relation in discharge summaries for the 2012 i2b2 challenge. The challenge includes event extraction, timex extraction, and temporal relation identification. DESIGN An end-to-end temporal relation system was developed. It includes three subsystems: an event extraction system (conditional random fields (CRF) name entity extraction and their corresponding attribute classifiers), a temporal extraction system (CRF name entity extraction, their corresponding attribute classifiers, and context-free grammar based normalization system), and a temporal relation system (10 multi-support vector machine (SVM) classifiers and a Markov logic networks inference system) using labeled sequential pattern mining, syntactic structures based on parse trees, and results from a coordination classifier. Micro-averaged precision (P), recall (R), averaged P&R (P&R), and F measure (F) were used to evaluate results. RESULTS For event extraction, the system achieved 0.9415 (P), 0.8930 (R), 0.9166 (P&R), and 0.9166 (F). The accuracies of their type, polarity, and modality were 0.8574, 0.8585, and 0.8560, respectively. For timex extraction, the system achieved 0.8818, 0.9489, 0.9141, and 0.9141, respectively. The accuracies of their type, value, and modifier were 0.8929, 0.7170, and 0.8907, respectively. For temporal relation, the system achieved 0.6589, 0.7129, 0.6767, and 0.6849, respectively. For end-to-end temporal relation, it achieved 0.5904, 0.5944, 0.5921, and 0.5924, respectively. With the F measure used for evaluation, we were ranked first out of 14 competing teams (event extraction), first out of 14 teams (timex extraction), third out of 12 teams (temporal relation), and second out of seven teams (end-to-end temporal relation). CONCLUSIONS The system achieved encouraging results, demonstrating the feasibility of the tasks defined by the i2b2 organizers. The experiment result demonstrates that both global and local information is useful in the 2012 challenge.
Dialogue Acts, Synchronizing Units, and Anaphora Resolution

In this paper, we present the results of a corpus analysis, and a model of anaphora resolution in spontaneous spoken dialogues. The main finding of our corpus analysis is that less than half the pronouns and demonstratives have NP antecedents in the preceding text; 22% have sentential antecedents and the remainder have no identifiable linguistic antecedents. As part of the corpus analysis we present the results of inter-annotat or agreement tests. These were carried out for the annotation of anaphor types and their antecedents, and for the segmentation of the dialogues into dialogue acts. The results of the inter-annotator agreement tests indicate that our classification method is reliable and that the annotated dialogues can be used as a standard against which to measure the performance of the anaphor resolution algorithm. The algorithm, based on Strube (1998), is capable of classifying pronouns and demonstratives, and co-indexing anaphors with NP and sentential antecedents. The domain from which potential antecedents for both individual and discourse-deictic anaphors can be elicited is defined in terms of dialogue acts. The dialogue segmentation method uses dialogue acts to form Synchronizing Units, which reflect the achievement of common ground (Stalnaker 1974, 1979). We show that predicate information, NP form, and dialogue structure can be successfully used in the resolution process.
Work integration of people with severe mental illness in social enterprises

Lack of employment and short job tenure are still a major issue for people that suffer of a severe mental illness. One of the main issues in the rationale for this thesis was the opportunity to deeply investigate and better understand why getting and sustaining a job for this population is so difficult and challenging. In particular, we focused on individual and environmental factors associated with the work integration of people with mental illness employed in Italian social enterprises and that can be significant determinants of job tenure for this group. The thesis outlines in the first two chapters the presentation of the survey development and design of the study, an overview of the historical perspective on mental health and of related Italian legislation, as well as a description of psychiatric and vocational services for people with severe mental illness. In particular, a special attention is given to the presentation of the social enterprise model. After that, a review of previous research on determinants of job tenure for people with severe mental illness is presented. The main results of each study conducted are presented in the results part, which is a collection of papers. In particular, Study 1 is designed with the main aim of establishing the profiles of employees that suffer of a severe mental illness working in Italian social enterprises, as well as to investigate potential differences across people with different psychiatric diagnosis on psycho-social variables linked to the person and linked to the work. Study 2 proposes the validation of two scales, the Motivation to Find a Job scale in a sample of mentally ill workers enrolled in supported employment programs located in Canada, and the Motivation to Keep a Job scale among people with severe mental illness employed in Italian social enterprises. In Study 3 we investigate the relationship between individual characteristics, features of the workplace environment and job satisfaction in people with severe mental illness. In addition, it is our intent to explore the spectrum of workplace accommodations available for employees with mental disabilities working in social enterprises, and the impact of those accommodations on job satisfaction, taking into account the individual characteristics of these employees. Study 4 aims at examine the validity of work engagement in people with severe mental illness.
What does industry need from formal specification techniques?

I examine what industry really needs from formal specification techniques. I first describe the background to our use of formal techniques. I then look at the role of formal specifications in development and consider the important questions that need to be asked. I illustrate these with some practical experience on industrial projects and conclude with some lessons learned about formal specification techniques and the tools which support them.
Virginity dilemma: Re-creating virginity through hymenoplasty in Iran

Abstract Bridal virginity retains undeniable value in Iran’s contemporary cultural landscape. Widely regarded as a sign of chastity and purity for unmarried girls, failure to prove virginity on the wedding night may have serious consequences for a girl. In this context, there has been a recent growth in the rate of hymen restoration surgery (hymenoplasty) due to an increase in the number of girls who engage in premarital sexual relationships. The present study attempts to elucidate the processes through which particular physical features come to be considered culturally meaningful, and explores the phenomenon of hymen-reconstructing surgery from the perspective of young Tehrani girls and boys. Applying anthropological insights into gender roles, I explore how so-called ‘rebellious’ Iranian girls find – through the surgical reconstruction of their hymen – a means to negotiate between dominant models of gender and their own subjective experiences. While their actions challenge the premarital sex taboo, Iranian girls who participate in hymen restoration surgery also conform to the values that require them to be a virgin at the time of marriage, thus reinforcing existing power relations.
Complicated grief treatment

Abstract Many people resist the notion that grief could be considered a mental disorder, but the depth of some bereaved people's distress can mean they experience very great difficulty in progressing through the natural healing process. This article outlines an attachment theory perspective on the concept of complicated grief and a research-validated treatment (complicated grief therapy) that has been found to be effective in helping people address impediments that keep them from integrating the new reality of their lives.
Paneth Cells and Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Novel Hypothesis for Disease Pathogenesis

Current models of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) propose that intraluminal microbes destroy intestinal mucosa and activate an inflammatory cascade that ends in necrosis. We suggest an alternate hypothesis wherein NEC is caused by injury to Paneth cells (PCs) in the intestinal crypts. PCs are specialized epithelia that protect intestinal stem cells from pathogens, stimulate stem cell differentiation, shape the intestinal microbiota, and assist in repairing the gut. Our novel model of NEC uses neonatal mice and ablates PCs followed by enteral infection. We contrast this model with other animal examples of NEC and the clinical disease. Selective destruction of PCs using dithizone likely releases tumor necrosis factor-α and other inflammatory mediators. We propose that this event produces inflammation in the submucosa, generates platelet-activating factor, and induces a coagulopathy. The role of PCs in NEC is consistent with the onset of disease in preterm infants after a period of PC-related maturation, the central role of PCs in crypt-related homeostasis, the anatomic location of pneumatosis intestinalis close to the crypts, and the proximity of PCs to occluded blood vessels that cause coagulation necrosis of the intestinal villi. We offer this hypothesis to promote new thoughts about how NEC occurs and its potential prevention.
Performance Evaluation of WCDMA-to-CDMA2000 Handover

Cellular service providers in Korea have started WCDMA commercial service since 2004. The initial deployment has been done in highly-crowded urban districts. Therefore, inter-RAT handover from WCDMA to cdma2000 (hereafter, called as the inter-RAT handover) should be developed to provide seamless service in out-of-service areas. We develop some handover procedures and set conditions for the inter-RAT handover. For the purpose of performance analysis, we build an inter-RAT handover performance simulator. Using the simulator, we determine proper handover conditions and parameter ranges for the inter-RAT handover. Through simulation results, we assess the handover failure rate and the border cell utilization for WCDMA systems. From simulation results, we define the cost function to evaluate performance of handover for each scenario. Based on the values of the cost function, we suggest optimal handover scenarios and parameter sets in the view of users and service-providers, respectively
Childhood socioeconomic status predicts physical functioning a half century later.

BACKGROUND Socioeconomic status (SES) affects health outcomes at all stages of life. Relating childhood socioeconomic environment to midlife functional status provides a life course perspective on childhood factors associated with poor and good health status later in life. METHODS The British 1946 birth cohort was prospectively evaluated with periodic examinations from birth through age 53 years, when physical performance tests assessing strength, balance, and rising from a chair were administered. Early childhood socioeconomic factors were examined as predictors of low, middle, or high function at midlife. We tested the hypothesis that adulthood behavioral risk factors would explain the childhood SES-midlife physical function associations. RESULTS Multiple measures of childhood deprivation were associated with midlife function but in multivariate analyses only father's occupation was associated with low function (relative risk [RR] for manual occupation = 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-2.3), and only mother's education was associated with high function (RR for lower mother's education = 0.49; 95% CI, 0.34-0.72). Early adulthood behavioral risk factors and middle-age SES and disease status only modestly attenuated the relationship between father's occupation and low function and had no impact on the relationship of mother's education with high function. CONCLUSIONS The social environment in which a child grows up has a strong association with midlife, objectively measured functional status, which is a reflection of the aging process and chronic diseases accumulated over the life course. Of particular interest is the role of higher maternal education in promoting high midlife functioning.
Duckietown: An open, inexpensive and flexible platform for autonomy education and research

Duckietown is an open, inexpensive and flexible platform for autonomy education and research. The platform comprises small autonomous vehicles (“Duckiebots”) built from off-the-shelf components, and cities (“Duckietowns”) complete with roads, signage, traffic lights, obstacles, and citizens (duckies) in need of transportation. The Duckietown platform offers a wide range of functionalities at a low cost. Duckiebots sense the world with only one monocular camera and perform all processing onboard with a Raspberry Pi 2, yet are able to: follow lanes while avoiding obstacles, pedestrians (duckies) and other Duckiebots, localize within a global map, navigate a city, and coordinate with other Duckiebots to avoid collisions. Duckietown is a useful tool since educators and researchers can save money and time by not having to develop all of the necessary supporting infrastructure and capabilities. All materials are available as open source, and the hope is that others in the community will adopt the platform for education and research.
Examples of singular reduction

The construction of the reduced space for a symplectic manifold with symmetry, as formalized by Marsden and Weinstein [13], has proved to be very useful in many areas of mathematics ranging from classical mechanics to algebraic geometry. In the ideal situation, which requires the value of the moment map to be weakly regular, the reduced space is again a symplectic manifold. A lot of work has been done in the last ten years in the hope of finding a ‘correct’ reduction procedure in the case of singular values. For example, Arms, Gotay and Jennings describe several approaches to reduction in [4]. At some point it has also been observed by workers in the field that in all examples the level set of a moment map modulo the appropriate group action is a union of symplectic manifolds. Recently Otto has proved that something similar does indeed hold, namely that such a quotient is a union of symplectic orbifolds [16]. Independently two of us, R. Sjamaar and E. Lerman, have proved a stronger result [21]. We proved that in the case of proper actions the reduced space, which we simply took to be the level set modulo the action, is a stratified symplectic space. Thereby we obtained a global description of the possible dynamics, a procedure for lifting the dynamics to the original space and a local characterization of the singularities of the reduced space. (The precise definitions will be given below.) The goal of this paper is twofold. First of all, we would like to present a number of examples that illustrate the general theory. Secondly, in computing the examples we have noticed that many familiar methods for computing reduced spaces work nicely in the singular situations. For instance, in the case of a lifted action on a cotangent bundle the reduced space at the zero level is the ‘cotangent bundle’ of the orbit space. And in some cases the reduced space can be identified with the closure of a coadjoint orbit.
Salinity tolerance of riverine microinvertebrates from the southern Murray–Darling Basin

Concern about the effect of rising salinity on freshwater biodiversity has led to studies investigating the salt tolerance of macroinvertebrates and fish, with less attention given to microinvertebrates. We investigated the acute lethal effects of salinity on 12 microinvertebrate species from rivers in the southern Murray–Darling Basin in central Victoria, Australia. For a subset of these species, sub-lethal salinity effects and the effect of water temperature on salinity tolerance were also investigated. The most sensitive microinvertebrates had broadly similar 72-h LC50 values to the most sensitive macroinvertebrates, reported in other studies. However, the most tolerant microinvertebrates tested were much more sensitive than the most tolerant macroinvertebrates and the microinvertebrates studied were more sensitive than most freshwater fish. Temperature affected the acute lethal toxicity of salinity but only to a small degree. In three of four species (the exception being Hydra viridissima), the effects of salinity on growth, development and/or reproduction at concentrations below their 72-h LC50 values were observed. However, different endpoints responded differently to salinity. The demonstrated effect of salinity on microinvertebrates has the potential to indirectly affect fish and salt-tolerant macroinvertebrates via changes to their prey species or ecological functions performed by microinvertebrates.
The number of equivalent realisations of a rigid graph

Given a rigid realisation of a graph $G$ in ${\mathbb R}^2$, it is an open problem to determine the maximum number of pairwise non-congruent realisations which have the same edge lengths as the given realisation. This problem can be restated as finding the number of solutions of a related system of quadratic equations and in this context it is natural to consider the number of solutions in ${\mathbb C}^2$ rather that ${\mathbb R}^2$. We show that the number of complex solutions, $c(G)$, is the same for all generic realisations of a rigid graph $G$, characterise the graphs $G$ for which $c(G)=1$, and show that the problem of determining $c(G)$ can be reduced to the case when $G$ is $3$-connected and has no non-trivial $3$-edge-cuts. We consider the effect of the Henneberg moves and the vertex-splitting operation on $c(G)$. We use our results to determine $c(G)$ exactly for two important families of graphs, and show that the graphs in both families have $c(G)$ pairwise equivalent generic real realisations. We also show that every planar isostatic graph on $n$ vertices has at least $2^{n-3}$ pairwise equivalent real realisations.
The use of fundamental frequency raising as a strategy for increasing vocal intensity in soft, normal, and loud phonation

A method is presented to estimate the effect of intentional raising of fundamental frequency (F0) on vocal intensity. The method, Energy of the Synthesised Period (ESP), is based on computation of the energy of a hypothetical speech sound synthesised using a single period of the glottal volume velocity waveform and a digital filter that models the vocal tract. Both the glottal flow and the vocal tract filter are estimated by inverse filtering. The results show that, in producing loud voice, speakers use F0 to increase the number of glottal closures per time unit, which increases rapid fluctuations in the speech pressure waveform, which, in turn, raises vocal intensity. The average increase of sound pressure level due to this active use of F0 was approximately 4 dB in loud speech.
Redeeming Men: Religion and Masculinities

Contributors to this book--historians, biblical specialists, theologians, ethicists, and scholars of comparative religions--examine the relationship between religious tradition and manhood. The essays cover a broad range of topics--from the dynamics of power in shaping masculine identity, to the role religion plays in shaping masculine identity, to the experience of myth, ritual, spiritual discipline, and community in the lives of men.
(3,5,7-Tribromotropolonato-κ2 O,O′)tris(triphenylphosphine-κP)silver(I)

The title compound, [Ag(C7H2Br3O2)(C18H15P)3], a silver(I) derivative of 3,5,7-tribromotropolone, has three triphenylphosphine ligands coordinated to the silver centre, whereas the 3,5,7-tribromotropolonate anion coordinates as a bidentate ligand. The compound is an example of a five-coordinate silver complex containing a bidentate ligand.
The interface for functions in the dune-functions module

The dune-functions dune module introduces a new programmer interface for discrete and non-discrete functions. Unlike the previous interfaces considered in the existing dune modules, it is based on overloading operator(), and returning values by-value. This makes user code much more readable, and allows the incorporation of newer C++ features such as lambda expressions. Run-time polymorphism is implemented not by inheritance, but by type erasure, generalizing the ideas of the std::function class from the C++11 standard library. We describe the new interface, show its possibilities, and measure the performance impact of type erasure and return-by-value.