Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Near-infrared spectroscopy and plasma homovanillic acid levels in bipolar disorder: a case report

Misdiagnosis of bipolar disorder is a serious, but not unusual problem for patients. Nevertheless, there are few biomarkers for distinguishing unipolar and bipolar disorder. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a noninvasive and useful method for the measurement of hemoglobin concentration changes in the cortical surface area, which enables the assessment of brain function. We measured NIRS and plasma monoamine metabolite levels in a patient with bipolar disorder. A 22-year-old man was admitted due to major depression. At admission, NIRS findings showed oxygenated hemoglobin reincrease in the posttask period, which is characteristic of schizophrenia. After treatment with paroxetine, he became manic with psychotic symptoms. His plasma level of homovanillic acid just before the manic switch was ten times higher than that just after paroxetine initiation. Treatment with lithium and antipsychotics was successful, and plasma homovanillic acid decreased after treatment. In this case, the NIRS findings may predict a possible risk of a manic switch, which is likely induced by paroxetine. NIRS may be able to help distinguish unipolar and bipolar disorder in clinical settings.
The use of models in the estimation of disease epidemiology.

OBJECTIVE To explore the usefulness of incidence-prevalence-mortality (IPM) models in improving estimates of disease epidemiology. METHODS Two artificial and four empirical data sets (for breast, prostate, colorectal, and stomach cancer) were employed in IPM models. FINDINGS The internally consistent artificial data sets could be reproduced virtually identically by the models. Our estimates often differed considerably from the empirical data sets, especially for breast and prostate cancer and for older ages. Only for stomach cancer did the estimates approximate to the data, except at older ages. CONCLUSION There is evidence that the discrepancies between model estimates and observations are caused both by data inaccuracies and past trends in incidence or mortality. Because IPM models cannot distinguish these effects, their use in improving disease estimates becomes complicated. Expert opinion is indispensable in assessing whether the use of these models improves data quality or, inappropriately, removes the effect of trends.
Use of Sensor Imagery Data for Surface Boundary Conditions in Regional Climate Modeling

Mesoscale climate and hydrology modeling studies have increased in sophistication and are being run at increasingly higher resolutions. Data resolution sufficiently finer than that of the computational model is required not only to support sophisticated linkages and process interactions at small scales but to assess their cumulative impact at larger scales. The global distributions at fine spatial and temporal scales can be described by means of various senor imagery data collected through remote sensing techniques, sensor image and photo programs, scanning and digitizing skills for existing maps, etc. The availability of global sensor imagery maps facilitates assimilation in land surface models to account for terrestrial dynamics. This study focuses on the use of global imagery data for development and construction of surface boundary conditions (SBCs) specifically designed for mesoscale regional climate model (RCM) applications. The several SBCs are currently presented in a RCM domain for the continent of Asia at 30-km spacing by using sensor imagery data. Geographic Information System (GIS) software application tools are mainly used to convert data information from various raw data onto RCM-specific grids. The raw data sources and processing procedures are elaborated in detail, by which the SBCs can be readily constructed for any specific RCM domain anywhere in the world.
Catalan tableaux and the asymmetric exclusion process

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First we answer to a question asked by Steingrimsson and Williams about certain permutation tableaux: we construct a bijection between binary trees and the so-called Catalan tableaux. These tableaux are certain Ferrers (or Young) diagrams filled with some 0’s and 1’s, satisfying a certain hook condition, and are enumerated by the Catalan numbers. They form a subclass of the permutation tableaux, enumerated by n! , introduced by Postnikov in his study of totally non negative Grassmannians and networks. Secondly we relate this new Catalan bijection with the totally asymmetric exclusion process(TASEP), a very rich and well studied 1D gas model in statistical mechanics of non-equilibrium systems. We continue some combinatorial understanding of that model, in the spirit of works by Shapiro, Zeilberger and more recently by Brak, Essam, Rechnitzer, Corteel, Williams, Duchi and Schaeffer. Emphasis is made on the non-classical notion of canopy of a binary tree, analog of the classical up-down sequence of a permutation. nous montrons le lien entre cette nouvelle bijection du monde Catalan avec le modèle de gaz d’exclusion asymétrique (TASEP), un modèle sur un réseau à une dimension, très riche et très étudié en physique statistique des systèmes hors d’équilibre. Nous continuons l’étude pour une compréhension combinatoire du modèle, dans la lignée des travaux de Shapiro et Zeilberger, et plus récemment de Brak, Essam, Rechnitzer, Corteel,Williams, Duchi et Schaeffer. Une notion centrale est la notion peu classique de canopée d’un arbre binaire, analogue de celle bien classique de forme d’une permutation (succession des montées et des descentes).
Antioxidant properties of raw and processed cabbages

To study the effect of polyphenolics on antioxidant activities of cabbages, the amounts of total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant capacity and individual phenolic compounds in raw and processed cabbages were determined. Fresh and pickled red cabbages exhibited the highest total phenolic contents (393.1±10.8 mg and 366.3±3.6 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g fresh sample, respectively). Fresh and pickled red cabbages were also highest in flavonoids (108.1±9.3 mg and 72.4±4.4 mg catechin equivalents/100 g fresh sample, respectively). The antioxidant capacity (expressed as vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity) ranged from 57.1 to 695.6 mg vitamin C equivalents/100 g fresh sample, where raw and pickled red cabbages exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity. There was a good linear relationship between the total phenolics and antioxidant capacity (r2=0.9743), and between the total flavonoids and antioxidant capacity (r2=0.9557); however, the relationship between the ascorbic acid content and antioxidant capacity was very low (r2=0.1442). The antioxidant capacity of raw and processed cabbages was highly correlated with their contents of polyphenolics. Kaempferol, quercetin, and apigenin were the major flavonoids existing in cabbages except for raw and pickled red cabbages, where cyanidin was the predominant flavonoid (73.6–117.7 mg/kg). In the red cabbages, cyanidin was the major contributor to the antioxidant capacity as well as the content of total phenolics and flavonoids.
PERILS OF PARSIMONY

Continuing investigation of the relationships between information and communication technologies and human societies calls for the exploration of the ways in which human cultures shape and are shaped by technological development. This paper discusses the problematic invocation, in this arena, of Hofstede's model of ‘national culture’ (and similar models developed in a functionalist paradigm) to classify peoples. It briefly surveys critiques of Hofstede's research method, but focuses on the dangers of attempting to develop models of culture within a functionalist paradigm. Although such models may be parsimonious and rapidly applied, this paper argues that they are a poor fit for investigations of the dynamic and reciprocal interactions between human cultures and technology. Instead, it is argued here that we must abandon the functionalist paradigm and embrace methodologies that permit meaningful explorations of the multiple and dynamic conditions influencing the field of cultural practices in human societies. The merits of articulation as theory and method are discussed, and Hacking's theory of dynamic nominalism is offered as an example.
Functional assessment staging (FAST).

5 Moderate Dementia Needs help selecting proper attire 18 5-7 15 6a Moderately Severe Dementia Needs help putting on clothes 4.8 5 9 6b Moderately Severe Dementia Needs help bathing 4.8 4 8 6c Moderately Severe Dementia Needs help toileting 4.8 4 5 6d Moderately Severe Dementia Urinary incontinence 3.6 3-4 3 6e Moderately Severe Dementia Fecal incontinence 9.6 2-3 1 7a Severe Dementia Speaks 5-6 words during day 12 1.25 0 7b Severe Dementia Speaks only 1 word clearly 18 1 0 7c Severe Dementia Can no longer walk 12 1 0 7d Severe Dementia Can no longer sit up 12 0.5-0.8 0 7e Severe Dementia Can no longer smile 18 0.2-0.4 0 7f Severe Dementia Can no longer hold up head 12+ 0-0.2 0
Quality of life outcomes with BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate) in patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis: The DEFINE study

Background: Oral BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate), approved for the treatment of the relapsing forms of MS, has demonstrated clinical efficacy with an acceptable safety profile in the Phase III “Determination of the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Fumarate in Relapsing–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS)” (DEFINE) and “Comparator and an Oral Fumarate in RRMS” (CONFIRM) studies. Objectives: To evaluate the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) impairment that is associated with RRMS and to assess the effects of BG-12 on HRQoL in the DEFINE study. Methods: Patients with RRMS were randomized to BG-12 240 mg twice (BID) or three times (TID) daily, or placebo, for 2 years. HRQoL was assessed by the Short Form-36 (SF-36), global assessment of well-being visual analog scale and the EuroQol-5D. Results: In the 1237 patients from DEFINE, HRQoL impairment was greatest in patients who had higher disability scores and in those who had experienced relapse. Change in SF-36 physical component summary scores during 2 years’ treatment significantly favored BG-12 over placebo (both doses: p < 0.001). We saw similar benefits in other measures of functioning and general well-being as early as Week 24. These benefits were maintained during the study. Conclusions: Our results add to evidence for a negative impact of RRMS on HRQoL and they demonstrate the benefits of BG-12 on HRQoL measures, which coupled with significant clinical efficacy, further support its use as a new treatment for RRMS.
Is Portal Hypertension a Contraindication to Hepatic Resection?

Background and Aims:The outcome of hepatic resection in cirrhotic patients has improved remarkably in recent years with improved surgical techniques and perioperative care; however, the role of portal hypertension is still uncertain. The aim of this study was to elucidate surgical outcomes of hepatectomy in patients with portal hypertension. Methods:Data from 241 cirrhotic patients who underwent resection for hepatocellular carcinoma were retrospectively collected and analyzed: patients were divided into 2 groups according to the presence (n = 89) or absence (n = 152) of portal hypertension at the time of surgery. To overcome biases owing to the different distribution of covariates throughout the 2 groups, a one-to-one match was created using propensity score analysis: after match, intraoperative, and postoperative course and survival rates were analyzed. Results:Patients with portal hypertension experienced worse preoperative liver function (mean model for end-stage liver disease [MELD] score, 9.5 ± 7.8 vs. 8.4 ± 1.3; P = 0.001) and survival rates (P = 0.008) in comparison to those without portal hypertension: after one-to-one matching, patients with (n = 78) and without portal hypertension (n = 78) had the same preoperative characteristics and showed the same intraoperative course, postoperative occurrence of liver failure, morbidity, length of in-hospital stay and survival rates (P = ns in all cases). The only predictors of postoperative liver failure were MELD score (P = 0.001) and extent of hepatectomy (P = 0.005). Conclusions:Faced with the same MELD score and extent of hepatectomy planning, presence of portal hypertension should not be considered as a contraindication for hepatic resection in cirrhotic patients.
SecComp: Towards Practically Defending Against Component Hijacking in Android Applications

Cross-app collaboration via inter-component communication is a fundamental mechanism on Android. Although it brings the benefits such as functionality reuse and data sharing, a threat called component hijacking is also introduced. By hijacking a vulnerable component in victim apps, an attack app can escalate its privilege for originally prohibited operations. Many prior studies have been performed to understand and mitigate this issue, but component hijacking remains a serious open problem in the Android ecosystem due to no effective defense deployed in the wild. In this paper, we present our vision on practically defending against component hijacking in Android apps. First, we argue that to fundamentally prevent component hijacking, we need to switch from the previous mindset (i.e., performing system-level control or repackaging vulnerable apps after they are already released) to a more proactive version that aims to help security-inexperienced developers make secure components in the first place. To this end, we propose to embed into apps a secure component library (SecComp), which performs in-app mandatory access control on behalf of app components. An important factor for SecComp to be effective is that we find it is possible to devise a set of practical in-app policies to stop component hijacking. Furthermore, we allow developers design custom policies, beyond our by-default generic policies, to support more fine-grained access control. We have overcome challenges to implement a preliminary SecComp prototype, which stops component hijacking with very low performance overhead. We hope the future research that fully implements our vision can eventually help real-world apps get rid of component hijacking.
Allen's Hourglass: Probabilistic Treatment of Interval Relations

The paper is motivated by the need to handle robustly the uncertainty of temporal intervals, e.g. as it occurs in automated event detection in video streams. The paper introduces a two-dimensional mapping of Allen's relations, based on orthogonal characteristics of interval relations, namely relative position and relative size. The hourglass-shaped mapping also represents limit cases that correspond to durationless intervals. Based on this mapping, we define two sets of primitive interval relations in terms of the relative positioning and relative size of intervals. These primitives are then used to derive a probabilistic set of Allen's relations. A number of example cases are presented to illustrate how the proposed approach can improve the robustness of interval relations.
Uses and Gratifications of Facebook Members 35 Years and Older

Online social networking sites continue to grow as a medium of consumption, acting as a changing force for interpersonal communication and media interaction. It is important to understand how and why each demographic segment is using these sites. Facebook is the most popular social networking site in the U.S., with older adults representing a substantial portion of the site’s growth. Previous studies have investigated the use of Facebook among college students and young adults; however, older age demographics are a fairly new segment to the online social networking landscape that has not yet been investigated. Through a large-scale online survey, this study represents the first empirical investigation of Facebook members age 35 and older. Findings provide a baseline of knowledge for understanding time spent, frequent activities and gratifications obtained by this audience on Facebook. Results indicate adults 35 and older allocate a substantial amount of time to the site and use it most often for communication with people in their network. While many activities on the site were found to be similar between older and younger audiences, adults 35 and older in this study reported more passive activities of surveillance rather than participation. Factor analysis yielded five gratification factors for Facebook of which three were salient against the 35 and older audience: interpersonal habitual entertainment, passing time and self-expression. Exploratory open-ended questions also revealed some additional unique possible motives to be considered in future research among this audience.
DIAZO-SAFRANIN FOR STAINING ENTEROCHROMAFFIN

Freshly diazotized safranin O colors enterochromaffin cell granules black. Background staining can be kept down to a fairly light red. Fairly stable acid aqueous safranin solution and normal sodium nitrite solution can be kept on hand and mixed ex tempore to prepare the diazo solution. A diazotization time of 15 minutes at 3°C is adequate, and the coupling (staining) time of 5 minutes should not he exceeded. Both the specific and the background stains are acid fast. A 1:40 dilution in M/10 Na2HPO4 produces the desired grade of alkalinity and a proper dilution for best. contrast. In vitro alkaline coupling reactions with diazo-safranin produced colored precipitates with phenol, cresols, naphthols, resorcinol, hydroquinone, pyrogallol and tyrosine. Definite colors were produced on gelatin paper impregnated with resorcinol and the naphthols, less definite with phenol and the cresols. Gelatin paper models gave positive reactions with diazotized α-naphthylamine for catechol, pyrogallol and phloroglucinol as well as for resorcinol and the naphthols. The positive coupling with diazo-safranin speaks against a catechol or hydroquinone structure and supports the thesis of a resorcinol structure.
Dark Paradise: A History of Opiate Addiction in America

Preface, 2001 A Note on Terminology and Spelling Introduction 1. The Extent of Opiate Addiction 2. Addiction to Opium and Morphine 3. Addiction to Smoking Opium 4. Addiction to Heroin 5. The Transformation of the Opiate Addict 6. Heroin in Postwar America 7. The Drug Wars Appendix: Addiction Rate and City Size Abbreviations Notes Bibliography Index
Understanding consumers’ relational behaviour: an integrated model of psychological contracts, trust and commitment in the context of beauty services for females

Psychological contracts play an important role in relationships between consumers and service providers. Due to their cognitive nature, it is essential to understand how psychological contracts are created and perceived by consumers. Though psychological contracts are widely explored in the context of inter-organizational and interpersonal relationships, studies investigating psychological contracts in the context of consumer-service provider relationships have received limited academic attention. Past studies in this area of research have focused on consumers’ perceptions of different marketing strategies offered by a firm as well as individual characteristics that determine the formation of various types of psychological contracts with the firm. However, it is unknown how psychological contracts affect important marketing concepts such as satisfaction, trust, and commitment. This research, therefore, aims to advance the understanding of consumers’ relational behaviour with service providers by exploring various types of psychological contracts and incorporating them in the model as the antecedents of satisfaction, trust, and commitment. A crosssectional survey method is proposed to address two research questions: (1) how two types of psychological contracts (i.e. transactional and relational) influence the formation of a communal psychological contract; and (2) the extent to which psychological contracts affect consumers’ satisfaction, trust, and commitment to a service provider. This study is expected to contribute to the marketing literature by exploring the nature of relationships between the customer and serviceprovider based on psychological contracts as the main determinant of customer satisfaction, trust and commitment. A quantitative approach is used to bridge this important gap in the literature. Data of this study were collected using the street intercept method and online survey. 305 women living in Auckland completed the survey. Hypotheses were tested by using Hayes (2013) regression based pathanalytic procedure. Specifically, an ordinary least squares (OLS) criterion was used as it defines the best fitting line linking independent to dependent variables by providing a linear regression routine that derives the regression constant and regression coefficient (Hayes, 2013).
Privacy-preserving 802.11 access-point discovery

It is usual for 802.11 WLAN clients to probe actively for access points in order to hasten AP discovery and to find "hidden" APs. These probes reveal the client's list of preferred networks, thus, present a privacy risk: an eavesdropper can infer attributes of the client based on its associations with networks. We propose an access-point discovery protocol that supports fast discovery and hidden networks while also preserving privacy. Our solution is incrementally deployable, efficient, requires only small modifications to current client and AP implementations, interoperates with current networks, and does not change the user experience. We note that our solution is faster than the standard hidden-network discovery protocol based on measurements on a prototype implementation.
How a Tool Affords by Simulating 3 D Models from the Web

Robots performing everyday tasks such as cooking in a kitchen need to be able to deal with variations in the household tools that may be available. Given a particular task and a set of tools available, the robot needs to be able to assess which would be the best tool for the task, and also where to grasp that tool and how to orient it. This requires an understanding of what is important in a tool for a given task, and how the grasping and orientation relate to performance in the task. A robot can learn this by trying out many examples. This learning can be faster if these trials are done in simulation using tool models acquired from the Web. We provide a semi-automatic pipeline to process 3D models from the Web, allowing us to train from many different tools and their uses in simulation. We represent a tool object and its grasp and orientation using 21 parameters which capture the shapes and sizes of principal parts and the relationships among them. We then learn a ‘task function’ that maps this 21 parameter vector to a value describing how effective it is for a particular task. Our trained system can then process the unsegmented point cloud of a new tool and output a score and a way of using the tool for a particular task. We compare our approach with the closest one in the literature and show that we achieve significantly better results.
Vacillation, indecision and hesitation in moment-by-moment decoding of monkey motor cortex

When choosing actions, we can act decisively, vacillate, or suffer momentary indecision. Studying how individual decisions unfold requires moment-by-moment readouts of brain state. Here we provide such a view from dorsal premotor and primary motor cortex. Two monkeys performed a novel decision task while we recorded from many neurons simultaneously. We found that a decoder trained using ‘forced choices’ (one target viable) was highly reliable when applied to ‘free choices’. However, during free choices internal events formed three categories. Typically, neural activity was consistent with rapid, unwavering choices. Sometimes, though, we observed presumed ‘changes of mind’: the neural state initially reflected one choice before changing to reflect the final choice. Finally, we observed momentary ‘indecision’: delay forming any clear motor plan. Further, moments of neural indecision accompanied moments of behavioral indecision. Together, these results reveal the rich and diverse set of internal events long suspected to occur during free choice. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.04677. 001