Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DSR : DynamicSourceRouting PekkaSavola CSC /

The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol (DSR) is an efficient routing protocol proposed and designed especially for multi-hop Wireless Mobile Ad-hoc Networks. The protocol automatically discovers (" Route Discovery ") and maintains (" Route Maintenance ") the routing in the network by storing source routes, discovered dynamically only when necessary, thus requiring no administration from the network operator. All nodes in the network participate in the packet forwarding process, acting as routers on an ad-hoc basis. DSR embeds control information to normal packet flow by adding " DSR header " to regular IP packets; the header is modified constantly while the packet is being forwarded. The use of source routing guarantees loop-freeness in the network , and does not require any kind of periodic routing protocol exchanges, thus minimizing the overhead. All nodes cache source routes either when overhearing them or when forwarding the packets, reducing the need for route discoveries. DSR is a reactive protocol and is highly adaptive in the event of movement and node number changes. DSR applies to MANET's with up to 100 nodes and can cope with a reasonably high rates of node mobility. There is still further study and clarifications to be done, especially in the areas of security and reliability.
Three ways to show 3D fluid flow

Visualizing 3D fluid flow fields presents a challenge to scientific visualization, mainly because no natural visual representation of 3D vector fields exists. We can readily recognize geometric objects, color, and texture: unfortunately for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) researchers, vector fields are harder to grasp. Thus, we must construct simplified representations that human observers can understand. Simplification means focusing on relevant aspects of the flow. This offers many options, making a wide variety of flow visualization techniques both feasible and desirable. This article presents an overview of three different visualization techniques developed in the Netherlands. The three useful techniques for visualizing 3D flows are: implicit stream surfaces, turbulent particle animation, and a flow probe. <<ETX>>
Slitrk Missense Mutations Associated with Neuropsychiatric Disorders Distinctively Impair Slitrk Trafficking and Synapse Formation

Slit- and Trk-like (Slitrks) are a six-member family of synapse organizers that control excitatory and inhibitory synapse formation by forming trans-synaptic adhesions with LAR receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Intriguingly, genetic mutations of Slitrks have been associated with a multitude of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, nothing is known about the neuronal and synaptic consequences of these mutations. Here, we report the structural and functional effects on synapses of various rare de novo mutations identified in patients with schizophrenia or Tourette syndrome. A number of single amino acid substitutions in Slitrk1 (N400I or T418S) or Slitrk4 (V206I or I578V) reduced their surface expression levels. These substitutions impaired glycosylation of Slitrks expressed in HEK293T cells, caused retention of Slitrks in the endoplasmic reticulum and cis-Golgi compartment in COS-7 cells and neurons, and abolished Slitrk binding to PTPδ. Furthermore, these substitutions eliminated the synapse-inducing activity of Slitrks, abolishing their functional effects on synapse density in cultured neurons. Strikingly, a valine-to-methionine mutation in Slitrk2 (V89M) compromised synapse formation activity in cultured neuron, without affecting surface transport, expression, or synapse-inducing activity in coculture assays. Similar deleterious effects were observed upon introduction of the corresponding valine-to-methionine mutation into Slitrk1 (V85M), suggesting that this conserved valine residue plays a key role in maintaining the synaptic functions of Slitrks. Collectively, these data indicate that inactivation of distinct cellular mechanisms caused by specific Slitrk dysfunctions may underlie Slitrk-associated neuropsychiatric disorders in humans, and provide a robust cellular readout for the development of knowledge-based therapies.
New estimates of the CMB angular power spectra from the WMAP 5 year low-resolution data

A quadratic maximum likelihood (QML) estimator is applied to the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) 5 year low-resolution maps to compute the cosmic microwave background angular power spectra (APS) at large scales for both temperature and polarization. Estimates and error bars for the six APS are provided up to = 32 and compared, when possible, to those obtained by the WMAP team, without finding any inconsistency. The conditional likelihood slices are also computed for the C l of all the six power spectra from l = 2 to 10 through a pixel-based likelihood code. Both the codes treat the covariance for (T, Q, U) in a single matrix without employing any approximation. The inputs of both the codes (foreground-reduced maps, related covariances and masks) are provided by the WMAP team. The peaks of the likelihood slices are always consistent with the QML estimates within the error bars; however, an excellent agreement occurs when the QML estimates are used as a fiducial power spectrum instead of the best-fitting theoretical power spectrum. By the full computation of the conditional likelihood on the estimated spectra, the value of the temperature quadrupole C TT l=2 is found to be less than 2σ away from the WMAP 5 year A cold dark matter best-fitting value. The BB spectrum is found to be well consistent with zero, and upper limits on the B modes are provided. The parity odd signals TB and EB are found to be consistent with zero.
Using Activities to Simplify Interaction with Mobile Services

Mobile data service use remains low compared with existing services such as text messaging and voice calls. We believe an important limiting factor is the effort demanded of the user to discover and parameterise services with information relating to their current activity against more pressing situational demands. Limited input and output facilities on mobile devices typically make service interactions inherently cumbersome. We describe an approach for using activity and context to streamline the discovery and use of mobile services. Specifically, we outline how to carry, re-use and share information across contexts comprising an activity to reduce the need for data entry and interactions when using mobile services while mobile. We involve the user in offsetting these interactions to the desktop; a more natural context for activity preparation. Using a service browser in which listed services proactively provide snippets of information derived from the user’s context and by allowing users to pre-discover and pre-filter their preferred services for a given context, we reduce the need for user interaction at the point of use. We report on feedback gathered using a working prototype called ‘the Context Clipboard’ that we have demonstrated at a major conference and in a small-scale formative user study.
Vertical Contracts in the Video Rental Industry

A large body of theoretical work has explored the channels through which vertical contracts can induce efficiency improvements. However, it is also important to study vertical contracts empirically in order to gain insight into the relative size of different types of efficiency gains. In this paper, I empirically analyse a contractual innovation in the vertically separated video rental industry. Prior to 1998, video stores obtained inventory from movie distributors using simple linear-pricing contracts. In 1998, revenue-sharing contracts were widely adopted. I investigate the effect of the introduction of revenue-sharing contracts on firms' profits and consumer welfare. I analyse a new panel data set of home video retailers that includes information on individual retailers' contract and inventory choices, as well as rentals and contract terms for 246 movie titles and 6137 retailers in the U.S. during each week of 1998 and 1999 and the first half of 2000. A structural econometric model of firms' behaviour is developed that describes the nature of firms' contract choices. Estimates from this model indicate that both upstream and downstream profits increase by 10% under the revenue-sharing contract for popular titles. For less popular titles, the effects can be even larger. I also estimate that consumers benefit when revenue-sharing contracts are adopted. Copyright 2008, Wiley-Blackwell.
Unknown Malicious Executable Defection

Anti-virus systems traditionally use signatures to detect malicious executables, but this method beyond the capability of many existing detection approaches. In this paper, we present a data mining approach to detect unknown malicious executables. The feature set is a key to applying data mining or machine learning to successfully detect malicious executables. We propose a method to extract features which are most representative of viral properties. To improve the performance of the Bayesian classifier, we present a novel algorithm called half increment naive Bayes (HIB). We also evaluate the predictive power of the classifier, and show that our classifier yields high detection rates and works at a high learning speed.
Inverting Semantic Structure Under Open Domain Opinion Mining

We explore the semantic structure of how opinions on products and services are expressed in blogs and forums in the form of user needs. To optimize the efficiency of content delivery, we invert the product feature structure and propose a specific way to represent the user opinion content in forums and blogs, focusing on user needs about product qualities and features. The content is subject to inversion so that these needs become primary entry points for browsing and search. User need is defined syntactically; semantic and concept structure means for such user needs are developed. The system is subject to evaluation with respect to coverage and information access efficiency.
Evaluation of database recursive logic programs as recurrent function series

The authors introduce a new method to compile queries referencing recursively defined predicates. This method is based on an interpretation of the query and the relations as functions which map one column of a relation to another column. It is shown that a large class of queries with associated recursive rules, including mutually recursive rules, can be computed as the limit of a series of functions. Typical cases of series of functions are given and solved. The solutions lend themselves towards either extended relational algebra or SQL optimized programs to compute the recursive query answers. Examples of applications are given.
A survey of collaborative filtering-based systems for online recommendation

Internet services operate on a vastly larger scale and permit virtual interactions. The Internet and Web has created vast new opportunities, providing an infrastructure that enables buyers and sellers to find each other online. Companies can now offer many products, services and information easily and with lower costs. It becomes more and more difficult for customers to find quickly what they are looking for. Nevertheless, recommendation systems are playing a major role. Collaborative filtering (CF), or recommender system based-CF, has appeared as one methodology designed to perform such a recommendation task. These systems allow people to use expressed preferences of thousands of other people in order to find the product they desire based on the level of similarity between tastes. The concept has appeared from convergent research on search browsers, intelligent agents and data mining, and it allows to avoid the difficult question of "why" consumers prefer this or that product or brand. Early studies of electronic markets tools and recommender systems took a simplistic view of consumers as economic agents whose behavior was guided by the search for the lowest cost transactions. Moreover, most studies take into account only technical aspects of these systems like algorithms' development and computational problems. No study had been interested in recommendation's efficiency of collaborative filtering-based systems. This article explores the current state of research in recommender systems-based collaborative filtering, and proposes an experiment to find if such electronic recommendations are better than human recommendation.
Social Media Enter the Stadium: A Case Study on the Political Economy of Media at the 2010 Winter Olympics

Just prior to the opening of the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Games, a 21-year-old Georgian luger died after his sled left the Whistler Sliding Centre track travelling at 140 kilometres an hour. The following paper uses Critical Discourse Analysis and the Bahktinian notion of intertextuality to examine how Canadian media discursively constructed social media users and their sharing of the images, video, and opinions following the tragedy. The results show traditional media discursively constructed social media as outsiders, separate from the audience, and further argued they need to follow traditional media norms in order to be responsible citizens. In considering this discursive construction within the political economy of traditional media, it is suggested that one tactic employed is the creation of flak, which attempts to discredit what it opposes. Traditional media discourse, sometimes itself the target of flak, here uses flak against social media which are impinging on the political economy of the traditional media.
The Small Molecule Wnt Signaling Modulator ICG-001 Improves Contractile Function in Chronically Infarcted Rat Myocardium

The adult mammalian heart has limited capability for self-repair after myocardial infarction. Therefore, therapeutic strategies that improve post-infarct cardiac function are critically needed. The small molecule ICG-001 modulates Wnt signaling and increased the expression of genes beneficial for cardiac regeneration in epicardial cells. Lineage tracing experiments, demonstrated the importance of β-catenin/p300 mediated transcription for epicardial progenitor contribution to the myocardium. Female rats given ICG-001 for 10 days post-occlusion significantly improved ejection fraction by 8.4%, compared to controls (P<0.05). Taken together, Wnt modulation via β-catenin/CBP inhibition offers a promising therapeutic strategy towards restoration of myocardial tissues and an enhancement of cardiac functions following infarction.
Adaptive Evolution of Phytoplankton Cell Size

We present a simple nutrient‐phytoplankton‐zooplankton (NPZ) model that incorporates adaptive evolution and allometric relations to examine the patterns and consequences of adaptive changes in plankton body size. Assuming stable environmental conditions, the model makes the following predictions. First, phytoplankton should evolve toward small sizes typical of picoplankton. Second, in the absence of grazers, nutrient concentration is minimized as phytoplankton reach their fitness maximum. Third, increasing nutrient flux tends to increase phytoplankton cell size in the presence of phytoplankton‐zooplankton coevolution but has no effect in the absence of zooplankton. Fourth, phytoplankton reach their fitness maximum in the absence of grazers, and the evolutionary nutrient‐phytoplankton system has a stable equilibrium. In contrast, phytoplankton may approach their fitness minimum in the evolutionary NPZ system where phytoplankton and zooplankton are allowed to coevolve, which may result in oscillatory (unstable) dynamics of the evolutionary NPZ system, compared with the otherwise stable nonevolutionary NPZ system. These results suggest that evolutionary interactions between phytoplankton and zooplankton may have contributed to observed changes in phytoplankton sizes and associated biogeochemical cycles over geological time scales.
Flow Loss Characteristics in the Presence of Correlated Background Traffic

Packet loss in wired communication networks is almost entirely caused by buffer overflow in intermediate network nodes. Although the packet loss ratio at a (bottleneck) buffer is an important performance measure, it is often an insufficient measure to accurately assess the impact of loss on overall network performance. This contribution therefore focuses on various flow level packet loss characteristics of a network node. The network node is modelled as a quasi-birth-death finite-capacity queueing system such that various levels of arrival correlation can be captured while maintaining analytical tractability. Some numerical examples illustrate the approach considered.
On the optimal level of public inputs

This paper studies the optimal level of public inputs under two different tax settings. With this aim, we adapt the approach by Gronberg and Liu (2001) to the case of productivity-enhancing public spending. We find that it is not analytically clear whether the first-best level of public spending exceeds the second-best level. After taking account the type of public input, a wide numerical simulation has been carried out. We obtain that the second-best level is always below the first-best level but the criterion by Gronberg and Liu has to be qualified.
No Mexicans, Women, or Dogs Allowed: The Rise of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement

* Acknowledgments * Introduction * Part One: Society and Ideology *1. The Mexican Colony of South Texas *2. Ideological Origins of the Movement * Part Two: Politics *3. Rise of a Movement *4. Founding Fathers *5. The Harlingen Convention of 1927: No Mexicans Allowed *6. LULAC's Founding * Part Three: Theory and Methodology *7. The Mexican American Civil Rights Movement *8. No Women Allowed? * Conclusion * Appendices * Notes * Bibliography * Index
Superposition of Four Generations of Folds and Development of Horse Creek Dome, Black Hills, South Dakota

The study area is a part of the Precambrian basement of the Black Hills that was uplifted during Laramide Orogeny. Early Proterozoic meta-conglomerate and greywacke units occupy the study area and form a crescent fold which is unusual structural pattern, mapped in the Precambrian core of the Black Hills. This study aims to determine how the crescent shape was formed via fieldwork investigation and structural data analysis. Four Precambrian (F1, F2, F3 and F4) folding events affected the study area prior to the uplift. Minor folds indicated that F1 and F4 exhibited isoclinal folding, F2 reflected similar folding and F3 displayed kink band and chevron folding. F2 is associated with axial plane cleavage (S2), trends towards the west, and is associated with regional metamorphism. F3 trends NNW and is associated with spaced cleavage (S3). F4 trends WSW and is associated with spaced crenulation cleavage (S4). The area was structurally divided into five domains. Poles to bedding (S0) and axial plane cleavage (S2) equal area stereographic projections show steeply plunging maxima that have monoclinic symmetry, resulting from superposition of two oblique F2 and F3 folding events. Domain I contains the Horse Creek dome that resulted from superposition of F3 on F2. The meta-conglomerate unit formed a crescent fold, due to superposition of the first two generations of folds. The crescent fold follows the Horse Creek dome, trends and opens westerly, and it is parallel to F4 folds.
SIMCOAL: a general coalescent program for the simulation of molecular data in interconnected populations with arbitrary demography.

SIMCOAL (version 1.0) is a computer program for the simulation of molecular genetic diversity in an arbitrary number of haploid populations examined for a set of fully linked loci. It is based on the retrospective coalescent approach initially described by Kingman (1982a,b), and clearly exposed in a series of other articles (Donnelly and Tavaré 1995; Ewens 1990; Hudson 1990). The coalescent backward approach does not simulate the genetic history of the whole population, like in conventional forward simulations, but rather reconstructs the gene genealogy (coalescent history) of samples of genes drawn from different demes in a population. For neutral genes, this coalescent process essentially depends on the history and on the demography of the population, and is independent from the mutational process. In our program, we simulate mutations starting from the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all genes in the sample, and add them independently on all branches of the genealogy assuming a uniform and constant Poisson process. Using this two-step (coalescent-mutation) approach, many replicates of haploid samples of DNA sequences, RFLP, or microsatellite data can be simulated very quickly. The analysis of a large number of simulated samples allows one to obtain the empirical distribution of practically any statistic that can be derived from genetic data, including statistics for which no analytical derivation is available (Hudson 1993). Typical applications of our program include the study of the effect of complex demographies on the pattern of genetic diversity within and between populations, like in the case of bottlenecks, complex cases of admixture, or metapopulation systems. While our program generates haploid samples of genes or haplotypes, diploid data can be generated under the hypothesis of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium by taking random pairs of haplotypes to form diploid genotypes. The program runs on PC-compatible computers under Windows 95/98/NT, but we provide the C source code that should compile under other operating systems, provided the compiler follows the latest C ISO committee specifications. It is freely available on the website at http:// anthropologie.unige. ch/ laurent/simcoal.
The demand for credit, credit rationing and the role of microfinance: Evidence from poor rural counties of China

Purpose - – The purpose of this study is to examine the demand for credit and credit rationing conducted by formal, informal and emerging microfinance lenders in the four poor counties of China. Design/methodology/approach - – This paper extends the existing studies on credit rationing in rural China by comparing the determinants of credit rationing by three different lenders, the formal lenders rural credit cooperatives (RCCs), the informal lenders and the new microfinance institutions (MFIs). Findings - – MFIs are capable of reaching out to the even poorer households if they develop the loan products based on the income and expenditure flows of these households. Research limitations/implications - – The determinants of credit rationing by three types of institutions are estimated separately. Practical implications - – RCCs in China shall change their policy of discrimination against female-headed households. RCCs shall also simplify the loan application procedures and assess the clients based on their repayment capacities rather than the age or assets alone. RCCs could learn from MFIs to use incomes from migrant workers as a criterion to assess the loan applicants. Social implications - – gender equity for loan access. Originality/value - – This paper extends the existing studies on credit rationing in rural China by comparing the determinants of credit rationing by three different lenders, the formal lenders (RCCs), the informal lenders and the new MFIs.