Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evidence for Shock Acceleration in the Binary Pulsar System PSR B1259–63

The PSR B1259-63 system (Johnston et al. 1992, 1994) was observed near periastron by the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory in 1994 January. This system contains a rapidly rotating pulsar and a Be star in a highly eccentric binary orbit. We report the discovery by the OSSE instrument of unpulsed emission with a hard power-law spectrum between 50 and 200 keV from the direction of this system. Neither diffuse Galactic background emission nor nearby X-ray binaries contribute significantly to the detected flux. Our results are particularly important for the theory of interaction of pulsars with gaseous environments. We interpret the hard X-ray emission as synchrotron radiation from relativistic particles of the PSR B1259-63 wind being shocked and accelerated within the binary. Our results indicate, for the first time in a binary pulsar, that shock acceleration can increase the original energy of pulsar wind particles by a factor ≳10, despite the high synchrotron and inverse Compton cooling rates near periastron. The derived shock properties (efficiency, radiation spectrum, timescale) are relevant for a broad class of high-energy astrophysical sources characterized by shocked relativistic plasmas subject to strong radiative cooling.
Low complexity MIMO scheduling with channel decomposition using capacity upperbound

In multiuser MIMO systems, the base station schedules transmissions to a group of users simultaneously. Since the data transmitted to each user are different, in order to avoid the inter-user interference, a transmit preprocessing technique which decomposes the multiuser MIMO downlink channel into multiple parallel independent single-user MIMO channels can be used. When the number of users is larger than the maximum that the system can support simultaneously, the base station selects a subset of users who have the best instantaneous channel quality to maximize the system throughput. Since the exhaustive search for the optimal user set is computationally prohibitive, a low complexity scheduling algorithm which aims to maximize the capacity upper bound is proposed. Simulation results show that the proposed scheduling algorithm achieves comparable total throughput as the optimal algorithm with much lower complexity.
A Calculus for Security Bootstrapping in Distributed Systems

A calculus of channel security properties is presented which allows the analysis and comparison of protocols for establishing secure channels in a distributed open system at a high level of abstraction. A channel is characterized by its direction, its time of availability and its security properties. Cryptographic primitives as well as trust relations are interpreted as transformations for channel security properties, and a cryptographic protocol can be viewed as a sequence of such transformations. A protocol thus allows to transform a set of secure channels established during an initial setup phase, together with a set of insecure channels available during operation of the system, into the set of secure channels specified by the security requirements. The necessary and sufficient requirements for establishing a secure channel between two entities A and B are characterized in terms of secure channels to be made available during the initial setup phase and in terms of the minimal trust A and B must have into other entities or into trusted third parties.
An Accurate Measure of the Instantaneous Discharge Probability, with Application to Unitary Joint-Event Analysis

We present an estimate for the instantaneous discharge probability of a neurone, based on single-trial spike-train analysis. By detecting points where the neurone abruptly changes its firing rate and treating them specially, the method is able to achieve smooth estimates yet avoid the blurring of significant changes. This estimate of instantaneous discharge probability is then applied to the method of unitary event analysis. We show that the unitary event analysis as originally conceived is highly sensitive to firing-rate nonstationarities and covariations, but that it can be considerably improved if calculations of statistical significance use an instantaneous discharge probability instead of a firing-rate estimate based on averaging across multiple trials.
A fully integrated 77GHz FMCW radar system in 65nm CMOS

Millimeter-wave anti-collision radars have been widely investigated in advanced CMOS technologies recently. This paper presents a fully integrated 77GHz FMCW radar system in 65nm CMOS. The FMCW radar transmits a continuous wave which is triangularly modulated in frequency and receives the wave reflected from objects. As can be illustrated in Fig. 11.2. 1, for a moving target, the received frequency would be shifted (i.e. Doppler shift), resulting in two different offset frequencies f + and f− for the falling and rising ramps. Denoting the modulation range and period as B and Tm, respectively, we can derive the distance R and the relative velocity VR as listed in Fig. 11.2. 1, where fc represents the center frequency and c the speed of light.
Emergent literacy: why should we be concerned?

Recent reports on the quality of education in South Africa seem to be negative, indicating a downwards trend on a yearly basis. Consequently, early literacy is lacking in the majority of learners who enter the formal school environment. As part of the South African government’s literacy campaign, Read Educational Trust, an NGO involved in literacy programmes, launched a literacy initiative to increase the level of reading ability of learners. To determine the extent of the problem, a baseline study was undertaken in five provinces in South Africa. Both a qualitative and a quantitative research approaches were followed. It is clear from the results that the quality of preschool programmes in South Africa in general is below standard. The programmes offered, as well as the knowledge and understanding of caregivers regarding young children, need urgent attention from those concerned about the standard of literacy in formal schools.
MRI volumetry of the thalamus in temporal, extratemporal, and idiopathic generalized epilepsy

Objective: To examine the specificity of thalamic atrophy in epilepsy. Methods: Thalamic volume measurements were carried out using high-resolution MRI in 40 patients with pharmacologically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), 16 patients with extratemporal lobe epilepsy (ETE), and 17 with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE). Thalamic volumes of patients were compared with those of 21 neurologically normal control subjects. Volumes were correlated with duration of epilepsy. The effect of prolonged febrile seizures and generalized seizures on thalamic volumes was examined. Results: Compared with normal control subjects, patients with TLE had a reduction in thalamic volume ipsilateral to the seizure focus. Thalamic volumes in patients with ETE and IGE were not significantly different from those of normal control subjects. In TLE patients, thalamic volumes ipsilateral to the seizure focus were negatively correlated with duration of epilepsy. Patients with a history of prolonged febrile seizures had more severe thalamic atrophy ipsilateral to the seizure focus than those without febrile seizures. Conclusions: Thalamic atrophy ipsilateral to the seizure focus is found in TLE but not in other forms of focal epilepsy or IGE. In TLE, thalamic atrophy is correlated with duration of disease. Patients with a history of prolonged febrile seizures had smaller thalamic volumes ipsilateral to the seizure focus than those without.
An interactive graphics-based model of the lower extremity to study orthopaedic surgical procedures

A model is developed of the human lower extremity to study how changes in musculoskeletal geometry and musculotendon parameters affect muscle force and its moment about the joints. The lines of action of 43 musculotendon actuators were defined based on their anatomical relationships to three-dimensional bone surface representations. A model for each actuator was formulated to compute its isometric force-length relation. The kinematics of the lower extremity were defined by modeling the hip, knee, ankle, subtalar, and metatarsophalangeal joints. Thus, the force and joint moment that each musculotendon actuator develops can be computed for any body position. The joint moments calculated with the model compare well with experimentally measured isometric joint moments. A graphical interface to the model has also been developed. It allows the user to visualize the musculoskeletal geometry and to manipulate the model parameters to study the biomechanical consequences of orthopaedic surgical procedures. For example, tendon transfer and lengthening procedures can be simulated by adjusting the model parameters according to various surgical techniques. Results of the simulated surgeries can be analyzed quickly in terms of postsurgery muscle forces and other biomechanical variables. <<ETX>>
Introduction to selected papers from MCCMB 2015

Moscow Conference on Computational Molecular Biology is an international conference with a wide scope of topics. This diversity, in conjunction with a wellstructured program, allows for meaningful interaction of scientists working in bioinformatics, evolutionary, structural, and systems biology, genomics and other modern areas to meet, interact and exchange ideas, yielding fruitful collaborations. This issue features a collection of selected papers from the 7th conference MCCMB-2015. The structural biology is represented by papers describing new, conserved sequence and structure motifs in alpha-crystallins, as well as protein-DNA complexes formed by the family of TATA-binding proteins. Algorithmic issues of parallel implementation of structural analyses are discussed in a paper by Suplatov et al. Evolutionary genomics problems are addressed in a review of chromosome rearrangements malaria mosquito genomes, a study of interplay between genome rearrangements and chromatin 3D structure in yeasts, and a paper presenting a new algorithm for identi ̄cation of homologous recombination events in prokaryote genomes. In addition, Ershova et al. describe an imprint of restriction-modi ̄cation systems on word statistics in prokaryote genomes. Integration of transcriptome and sequence analysis, yielding a new recognition motif for auxin response in Arabidopsis thaliana, is performed in the study by Zemlyanskaya et al. while ribosome pro ̄ling data are used by Volkova et al. to identify sequence features in°uencing the rate of translation. The systems biology section is complemented by a modeling study dedicated to spatial patterning in Drosophila embryos. Completing the work on this collection, I thank the authors, all participants, and my colleagues from the Organisation and Program Committees, and look towards the next, 8th conference to be held in Moscow in 2017.
Sex, Gender, and the Brain: A Non-Majors Course Linking Neuroscience and Women’s Studies

This article describes a non-majors biology class linking neuroscience and women’s studies. The class had 24 students from 13 majors. We met for three classroom hours and three laboratory hours each week. We used animal and human case studies to explore issues of gender, sexuality, hormones, anatomy, biochemistry, behavior and environment to explore the differences and similarities between male and female brains. Reading focused on two major texts, Roughgarden’s Evolution’s Rainbow and Hines’s Brain Gender, and primary literature referenced within. Student performance was assessed through exams, class participation, presentations of primary literature, and independent research projects with oral and written presentations. The cross-listing with women’s studies improved the class because it led to a great richness of majors and experiences. Furthermore, these students were used to vehement discussion and careful analysis, which carried over to assessing the primary literature, to a surprising degree.
XIAP Regulation of Cyclin D 1 Expression and Cancer Cell Anchorage-Independent Growth via Its E 3 Ligase-Mediated Protein Phosphatase 2 A / C-Jun Axis

Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, Shannxi 710032, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology & Application of Model Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035.
Robust speaker verification using short-time frequency with long-time window and fusion of multi-resolutions

This study presents a novel approach of feature analysis to speaker verification. There are two main contributions in this paper. First, the feature analysis of short-time frequency with long-time window (SFLW) is a compact feature for the efficiency of speaker verification. The purpose of SFLW is to take account of short-time frequency characteristics and longtime resolution at the same time. Secondly, the fusion of multi-resolutions is used for the effectiveness of robust speaker verification. The speaker verification system can be further improved using multi-resolution features. The experimental results indicate that the proposed approaches not only speed up the processing time but also improve the performance of speaker verification.
Metacognitive factors in chronic fatigue syndrome.

UNLABELLED Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), which is characterized by fatigue and flu-like symptoms that are not alleviated by rest, is a poorly understood condition and an often controversial diagnosis. Earlier research has indicated that general metacognitions are associated with the severity of symptoms in patients with CFS. In the current study, we aimed to determine whether specific metacognitive factors are implicated in CFS. Using the metacognitive profiling interview template we investigated the following: (1) whether patients held positive or negative metacognitions about conceptual processes; (2) what their goals with respect to engaging in these processes were; and (3) what indicated that it was appropriate to stop. We also examined attention focus when experiencing CFS symptoms, and its advantages and disadvantages. Results showed that patients endorsed positive and negative metacognitions pertaining to conceptual processes. The goals of engaging in these processes were to identify the cause of, and devise strategies to cope with, symptoms. Patients were either unable to identify a stop signal for conceptual processing or identified an improvement in fatigue-related symptoms as representing the stop signal. Finally, patients reported that their attention focus when experiencing symptoms included distraction and monitoring of symptoms. Advantages to these strategies included symptom management, whereas disadvantages included an escalation of negative affect. The present findings provide preliminary evidence that specific metacognitive factors may be involved in CFS. KEY PRACTITIONER MESSAGE Metacognitive profiling that may aid assessment and conceptualisation of psychological distress in CFS.
Psychometric Properties of the Children's Depression Inventory in Community and Clinical Sample

The psychometric characteristics of the Children's Depression Inventory, CDI (Kovacs, 1992) in a sample of 1705 participants (792 boys and 913 girls) and a clinical sample of 102 participants (42 boys and 60 girls) between 10 and 18 years old are presented. Reliability coefficients range, for both samples, from . 82 (test) to . 84 (retest) in the community sample, and . 85 (test, clinical sample); test-retest reliability is . 81 in the community sample. The mean scores are similar to other Spanish and English ones. Girls score higher than boys. The cut-off point that best differentiates between depressive and community participants is 19, with a sensitivity of 94.7%, a specificity of 95.6%, a positive predictive value of . 90, and a negative predictive value of . 98. Se presentan las propiedades psicométricas del Children's Depresión Inventory, CDI (Kovacs, 1992) en una muestra comunitaria de 1.705 participantes (792 chicos y 913 chicas) y en una muestra clínica de 102 participantes (42 chicos y 60 chicas) con edades comprendidas entre los 10 y los 18 años. La fiabilidad del CDI es elevada para ambas muestras: consistencia interna entre 0.82 (test) y 0.84 (retest) en muestra comunitaria, y de 0.85 (test, muestra clínica); la correlación test-retest es de 0.81 en la muestra comunitaria. Las puntuaciones medias son similares a las encontradas en otras muestras españolas y anglosajonas. En general, las mujeres obtienen puntuaciones superiores a los varones. El punto de corte que mejor discrimina entre los participantes diagnosticados de depresión y el grupo comunitario de contraste es 19, con una sensibilidad de 94.7%, una especificidad del 95.6%, un valor predictivo positivo de 0.90 y un valor predictivo negativo de 0.98.
Interleukin‐2 induces development of dendritic cells from cord blood CD34+ cells

Dendritic cells (DC) have been shown to develop along a myeloid or lymphoid lineage of differentiation propagated from bone marrow or early thymic precursor cells with hematopoietic cytokines. In our study, we have induced growth and differentiation of DC from cord blood CD34+ cells initiated in interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) alone or in IL‐2 + stem cell factor (SCF) + tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α)‐supplemented medium and cultured with IL‐2 or IL‐2 + SCF for 28–35 days. Dendritic morphology and antigenic phenotype of DC grown with IL‐2 were characteristic for DC cultured in the presence of granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF). Growth and differentiation of DC was followed by an increase in expression of MHC II and co‐stimulating molecules CD80 and CD86. We have also shown the expression of the IL‐2 receptor (IL‐2R) γ‐chain in CD34+ cells after 2–3 days of culture with IL‐2 alone. The co‐expression of the IL‐2R α, β, and γ subunits in both DC cultured with IL‐2‐ or GM‐CSF‐containing cocktail of cytokines was also shown. The time curve for induction of IL‐2R demonstrated low levels of subunit expression at the beginning of culture. The number of CD1a cells coexpressing CD25, CD122, and CDγ increased to about 24–68 and to 78–95% after 21 and 28–35 days, respectively. Development of natural killer cells was shown along with DC. The proportion of CD56+ cells and cytotoxicity increased in a time‐dependent manner. J. Leukoc. Biol. 63: 620–630; 1998.
Dwelling in different localities: Identity performances of a white transnational professional elite in the City of London and the Central Business District of Singapore

ABSTRACT Besides being mobile, migrant professionals dwell at specific localities. It is in this article that identity performances of one social group with equal identity dimensions, white, male German financial manager, are compared in two different local contexts of their dwelling: in the City of London and in the Central Business District of Singapore. This article demonstrates that by comparing similar social groups in different localities, the effects of locality become clearly visible. As the managers are temporal migrants, their dwelling practices are to arrange themselves with locality for the time of their delegation. Everyday practices and the specific symbolic labelling of localities are expressions and producers of identity. The mobile managers encounter the two localities with unique images rooted in the colonial period; as a centre and an outpost, respectively. As these images have an impact on their identity performances today, this article demonstrates that the mangers perform whiteness and being transnational elite with different emphasis regarding locality.
Estimation of Antipsychotic Effects on Hospitalization Risk in a Naturalistic Study With Selection on Unobservables

Estimates of effects of antipsychotic medication on hospitalization risk based on nonexperimental data may be affected by selection bias from either observable or unobservable factors. This study applies a statistical method, using instrumental variables, that controls for both types of possible selection bias. We use data from a large observational study of people under treatment for schizophrenia to estimate models of drug choice and hospitalization, including atypical (versus typical) medication effects on 12-month hospitalization risk. Results for younger patients (< age 45 years) indicate that unobservable factors bias the atypical effect estimate in a positive direction; correcting for this bias yields a significant negative effect on hospitalization risk. With data for older patients, our instrumental variables performed poorly and provided little information about possible selection bias. Obtaining detailed information on treatment history and other determinants of medication choice in future studies is critical for deriving more accurate estimates of medication effects from nonexperimental data.
The effect of single incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy on systemic oxidative stress: a prospective clinical trial

Purpose Single incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SILC) has become a more frequently performed method for benign gallbladder diseases all over the world. The effects of SILC technique on oxidative stress have not been well documented. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of laparoscopic cholecystectomy techniques on systemic oxidative stress by using ischemia modified albumin (IMA). Methods In total, 70 patients who had been diagnosed with benign gallbladder pathology were enrolled for this prospective study. Twenty-one patients underwent SILC and 49 patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). All operations were performed under a standard anesthesia protocol. Serum IMA levels were analysed before operation, 45 minutes and 24 hours after operation. Results Demographics and preoperative characteristics of the patients were similiar in each group. The mean duration of operation was 37.5 ± 12.5 and 44.6 ± 14.3 minutes in LC and SILC group, respectively. In both groups, there was no statistically significant difference in hospital stay, operative time, or conversion to open surgery. Operative technique did not effect the 45th minute and 24th hour IMA levels. However, prolonged operative time (>30 minutes) caused an early increase in the level of IMA. Twenty-fourth hour IMA levels were not different. Conclusion SILC is an effective and safe surgical prosedure for benign gallbladder diseases. Independent of the surgical technique for cholecystectomy, the prolonged operative time could increase the tissue ischemia.
Propagation of errors from the sensitivity image in list mode reconstruction

List mode image reconstruction is attracting renewed attention. It eliminates the storage of empty sinogram bins. However, a single back projection of all LORs is still necessary for the pre-calculation of a sensitivity image. Since the detection sensitivity is dependent on the object attenuation and detector efficiency, it must be computed for each study. Exact computation of the sensitivity image can be a daunting task for modern scanners with huge numbers of LORs. Thus, some fast approximate calculation may be desirable. In this paper, we theoretically analyze the error propagation from the sensitivity image into the reconstructed image. The theoretical analysis is based on the fixed point condition of the list mode reconstruction. The non-negativity constraint is modeled using the Kuhn-Tucker condition. With certain assumptions and the first order Taylor series approximation, we derive a closed form expression for the error in the reconstructed image as a function of the error in the sensitivity image. The result provides insights on what kind of error might be allowable in the sensitivity image. Computer simulations show that the theoretical results are in good agreement with the measured results.