Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Computing Marginal Likelihoods via Posterior Sampling

This article presents a novel and simple approach to the estimation of a marginal likelihood, in a Bayesian context. The estimate is based on a Markov chain output which provides samples from the posterior distribution and an additional latent variable. It is the mean of this latent variable which provides the estimate for the value of the marginal likelihood.
On Cyclic Delay Diversity OFDM Based Channels by Rozhin Yousefi

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, so called OFDM, has found a prominent place in various wireless systems and networks as a method of encoding data over multiple carrier frequencies. OFDM-based communication systems, however, lacking inherent diversity, are capable of benefiting from different spatial diversity schemes. One such scheme, Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD) is a method to provide spatial diversity which can be also interpreted as a Space-Time Block Coding (STBC) step. The main idea is to add more transmit antennas at the transmitter side sending the same streams of data, though with differing time delays. In [1], the capacity of a point-to-point OFDM-based channel with CDD is derived for inputs with Gaussian and discrete constellations. In this dissertation, we use the same approach for an OFDM-based single-input single-output (SISO) two-user interference channel (IC). In our model, at the receiver side, the interference is treated as noise. Moreover, since the channel is time-varying (slow-fading), the Shannon capacity in the strict sense is not well-defined, so the expected value of the instantaneous capacity is calculated instead. Furthermore, the channel coefficients are unknown to the transmitters. Thus, in this setting, the probability of outage emerges as a reasonable performance measure. Adding an extra antenna in the transmitters, the SISO IC turns into an MISO IC, which results in increasing the diversity. Both the continuous and discrete inputs are studied and it turns out that decoding interference is helpful in some cases. The results of the simulations for discrete inputs indicate that there
Unsupervised SAR Image Segmentation Using Ambiguity Label Information Fusion in Triplet Markov Fields Model

The recently proposed triplet Markov fields (TMF) model enhances the nonstationary image prior modeling ability by introducing an auxiliary field. Motivated by the TMF model, we propose a generalized TMF model based on ambiguity label information fusion (ALF-TMF) for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image segmentation. The redefined auxiliary field in ALF-TMF indicates the dominant direction of local image contents and gives explicit nonstationary divisions of SAR images. To reduce the influence of unreliable observations caused by speckle noise, the original label field is adaptively generalized by introducing ambiguity class based on image observation and local nonstationary contextual information. Given the extended label field, prior and likelihood terms are constructed and merged to provide the posterior segmentation decision via the Bayesian fusion rule. Real SAR images are utilized in the experimental analysis, and the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated accordingly.
Female gametophyte development in Adesmia latifolia (Spreng.) Vog. (Leguminosae - Papilionoideae)

Female gametophyte development in Adesmia latifolia (Spreng.) Vog. (Leguminosae - Papilionoideae)). The female gametophyte has a monosporic origin and a Polygonum type development. The female gametophyte growth consumes a large part of the neighboring nucellar cells and, in the micropylar region, part of the nucellar epidermis and internal integ ument. The mature gametophyte is composed of only four cells due to the ephemeral characteristic of the antipodals. The synergids are pear-shaped cells with the formation of filiform apparatus. Their nuclei lie in the micropylar region and large vacuoles in the chalazal region, while the egg cell presents an opposite polarization. The central cell accumulates starch grains and the two polar nuclei approach the egg. Occasional development of two gametophytes was recorded. The closest to the micropyle develops fully, while the chalazal one remained in the tetranucleated stage. The embryological characters of A. latifolia are compared with those of other taxa within the Leguminosae, and the reproductive importance of multiple gametophyte formation for this species was discussed.
Heterogeneous vertical structure of the bacterioplankton community in a non-stratified Antarctic lake

Abstract Bacterial community composition during summer was analysed in surface and bottom waters of the oligotrophic shallow (4.5 m) Lake Limnopolar (Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica), using 16S rRNA gene clone libraries and sequencing. Up to 61% of the 16S rDNA sequences found were closely related to sequences retrieved from lakes, glaciers or polar systems. The distribution of these sequences was not homogeneous, with vertical differences found in both bacterial taxa composition and isolation source of the closest match from GenBank. In the surface sample 86% of the sequences were related to bacteria found in soils, seawater or gut microbiota, probably explained by waterborne transport from the catchment, by wind through sea sprays, or local bird activity. Conversely, in the deep samples, 95% of the sequences were closer to bacteria typically described for lakes, glaciers or polar systems. The presence of benthic mosses covering the bottom of the lake favours a more stable deep layer leading to the existence of this biological heterogeneity through the water column, although the lake does not show physical-chemical stratification in summer. This study illustrates a strong influence of external factors on the microbial ecology of this model Antarctic lake.
Towards Interactive Model Mining From Embedded Software

The idea of model mining is the extraction of higher-level models from code. For example, one could extract state machines that describe the behavior of a program. Such models can be very helpful for software maintenance tasks such as program understanding. The major drawback of fully-automatic model extraction is that, when applied on real world systems (e. g., software-intensive systems), the resulting models are complex, diﬃcult, and contain information on a quite low level. Developers can hardly ﬁnd and understand the information they need. In this paper, we present our ideas towards a framework that solves this problem. The main idea is to let developers contribute to the process of model extraction. The ultimate goal of the framework is to provide high quality representative types of models on an adequate level of abstraction and with low manual eﬀort.
Effects of salts on the lethality of paraquat

Escherichia coli suffered 95 to 100% lethality when exposed to 1.0 mM paraquat for 30 min at 37 degrees C in aerobic nutrient broth medium but did not lose viability when the exposure was done in Vogel Bonner or tryptic soy yeast extract medium. Paraquat was, however, bacteriostatic in all of these media. Salts, added to the nutrient broth medium, protected against the lethality of paraquat, whereas sucrose did not. Salts of divalent cations were much more effective than salts of monovalent cations. Paraquat increases cyanide-resistant respiration by E. coli; salts added before, but not after, the paraquat diminished this effect. 2,4-Dinitrophenol similarly decreased the cyanide-resistant respiration when added before, but not after, the paraquat. The lethality imposed by paraquat correlated with the rate of cyanide-resistant respiration whether this respiration was modulated by varying salt concentration at a fixed concentration of paraquat or by varying paraquat concentration at a fixed concentration of salt. We conclude that salts or 2,4-dinitrophenol interferes with the active uptake of paraquat by E. coli and thus prevents its lethal effect. The salt concentrations found in a number of commonly used microbiological media are sufficient to exert this effect.
Radiation-induced removal of sulphadiazine antibiotics from wastewater

The radiation-induced removal of sulphadiazine (SD) belonging to the heterocyclic sulphonamides pharmaceuticals was investigated by gamma irradiation at different conditions in laboratory scale. The influence of initial SD concentrations, pH values, O2 and N2 on SD degradation was determined. The experimental results showed that gamma-ray irradiation was efficient for removing SD from wastewater. SD could be completely removed at an absorbed dose of 10 kGy. The degradation kinetics of SD conformed to the first-order kinetic equation. When SD concentration was in the range of 10–30 mg/L, the dose constant (d) decreased with an increasing initial SD concentration. The mineralization of SD, in terms of total organic carbon removal, was not obvious at a low absorbed dose, but it increased to more than 75% at 100 kGy. The biodegradability of SD was improved after irradiation, suggesting that irradiation could be used as a pretreatment technology for treating SD-containing wastewater. The possible degradation pathway of SD was tentatively proposed based on the analysis of intermediate products during gamma irradiation.
Strong Changes in Lipoproteins and Autoantibodies of Blood Serum of the Tundra Nency Population as a Result of Environmental Radiation on the Territory they Inhabit

As a result of large‐scale nuclear tests on the Novaya Zemlya test site (1955–62) the Tundra Nentsy population of Yamal‐Nentsy autonomous region (YNAR) fell under the constant influence of incorporated radioactive isotopes (137Cs and 90Sr). Therefore, it is very important to analyze a possible spectrum of diseases of Tundra Nentsy population.
Equivalent Circuit Parameters for Large Brushless Doubly Fed Machines (BDFMs)

This paper presents analytical methods to calculate the equivalent circuit parameters for large-scale brushless doubly fed machines (BDFMs) with magnetic wedges utilized for closing stator open slots. The use of magnetic wedges reduces the magnetizing currents in the machine, reflected in the values of magnetizing inductances, but also increases leakage fluxes affecting the value of series inductances in the equivalent circuit. Though such effects can be modeled by numerical models, the proposed analytical methods are particularly helpful in optimizing machine design, inverter rating, reactive power management, and grid low-voltage ride-through performance. The conventional analytical methods cannot be readily applied to the BDFM due to its complex magnetic field distribution; this paper presents analytical methods to calculate the magnetizing and leakage inductances for the BDFM with magnetic wedges used in the stator slots. The proposed methods are assessed by experimentally verified finite-element models for a 250 kW BDFM.
ISEQL, an Interval-based Surveillance Event Query Language

The authors propose ISEQL, a language based on relational algebra extended by intervals for detecting high-level surveillance events from a video stream. The operators they introduce for describing temporal constraints are based on the well-known Allen's interval relationships and we implemented on top of a PostgreSQL database system. The semantics of ISEQL are clearly defined, and the authors illustrate its usefulness by expressing typical events in it and showing the promising results of an experimental evaluation.
Vitamin D Binding Protein-Macrophage Activating Factor ( DBP-maf ) Inhibits Angiogenesis and Tumor Growth in Mice 1

We have isolated a selectively deglycosylated form of vitamin D binding protein (DBP-maf ) generated from systemically available DBP by a human pancreatic cancer cell line. DBP-maf is antiproliferative for endothelial cells and antiangiogenic in the chorioallantoic membrane assay. DBP-maf administered daily was able to potently inhibit the growth of human pancreatic cancer in immune compromised mice (T/C=0.09). At higher doses, DBP-maf caused tumor regression. Histological examination revealed that treated tumors had a higher number of infiltrating macrophages as well as reduced microvessel density, and increased levels of apoptosis relative to untreated tumors. Taken together, these data suggest that DBP-maf is an antiangiogenic molecule that can act directly on endothelium as well as stimulate macrophages to attack both the endothelial and tumor cell compartment of a growing malignancy. Neoplasia (2003) 5, 32– 40
Multi-scale mean shift tracking

In this study, a three-dimensional mean shift tracking algorithm, which combines the multi-scale model and background weighted spatial histogram, is proposed to address the problem of scale estimation under the framework of mean shift tracking. The target template is modelled with multi-scale model and described with three-dimensional spatial histogram. The tracking algorithm is implemented by three-dimensional mean shift iteration, which translates the problem of scale estimation in two-dimensional image plane into the localisation in three-dimensional image space. To enhance the robustness, the background weighted histogram is employed to suppress the background information in the target candidate model. Firstly, the multi-scale model and three-dimensional spatial histogram are introduced to represent the target template. Then, the three-dimensional mean shift iteration formulation is derived based on the similarity measure between the target model and the target candidate model. Finally, a multi-scale mean shift tracking algorithm combining multi-scale model and background weighted spatial histogram is proposed. The proposed algorithm is evaluated on some challenging sequences which contain scale changed targets and other complex appearance variations in comparison with three representative mean shift based tracking algorithms. Both the qualitative results and quantitative analysis indicate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the referenced algorithms in both tracking precision and scale estimation.
FORM AND CAUSALITY IN NEUROGENESIS

The causal relationships responsible for the early organization and subsequent structural configuration of the vertebrate central nervous system are poorly understood. This is due in part to the complex nature of the subject but perhaps even more to the fact that causal neurogenesis has not yet attained full status as an independent biological discipline. Those general principles which are known derive largely from the separate fields of experimental embryology and descriptive neurology and are based, for the most part, on a random collection of non‐integrated facts. The source and nature of the data are probably adequate; what is needed is a conscious, co‐ordinated effort to envisage this field of study in its totality and, for immediate purposes, as an end in itself.
Yeast and mould dynamics in Caciofiore della Sibilla cheese coagulated with an aqueous extract of Carlina acanthifolia All.

Caciofiore della Sibilla is a speciality ewes' milk cheese traditionally manufactured in a foothill area of the Marche region (Central Italy) with a crude extract of fresh young leaves of Carlina acanthifolia All. subsp. acanthifolia as a coagulating agent. The fungal dynamics and diversity of this speciality cheese were investigated throughout the manufacturing and 20‐day ripening process, using a combined PCR–DGGE approach. The fungal biota of a control ewes' milk cheese, manufactured with the same batch of milk coagulated with a commercial animal rennet, was also monitored by PCR–DGGE, in order to investigate the contribution of the peculiar vegetable coagulant to the fungal diversity and dynamics of the cheese. Based on the overall results collected, the raw milk and the dairy environment represented the main sources of fungal contamination, with a marginal or null contribution of thistle rennet to the fungal diversity and dynamics of Caciofiore della Sibilla cheese. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pay-as-you-speed: an economic field-experiment

We report a vehicle-fleet experiment with an economic incentive given to car drivers for keeping speed limits. A pay-as-you-speed traffic insurance scheme was simulated with a monthly participation bonus that was reduced by a non-linear speeding penalty. Actual speed was monitored by a GPS in-vehicle device. Participating drivers were randomly assigned into two-by two treatment groups, with different participation-bonus and penalty levels, and two control groups (high and low participation bonus, but no penalty). A third control group consists of drivers with the same technical equipment who did not participate but whose driving could be monitored. We find that the speeding penalty, even at the low level, substantially reduced the frequency of severe speed violations.
Economy and Exchange in the Iron Age Kingdoms of the Southern Levant

Studies of the ancient world, and of the ancient Near East in particular, disagree over how to characterize the ancient economy. This paper attempts to contribute to this discussion by outlining an economic framework for the Iron Age kingdoms of the southern Levant. Three institutions—the kingdom, the market, and the trade route—provided opportunities for exchange, each according to a distinct economic rationale.
Efeito de índices técnicos e gerenciais na rentabilidade da atividade leiteira com diferentes níveis tecnológicos

Objetivou-se analisar o efeito de alguns indices tecnicos e gerenciais na rentabilidade de 20 unidades demonstrativas (UD) com diferentes niveis tecnologicos, participantes do programa “Balde Cheio”, no estado do Rio de Janeiro, no periodo de janeiro a dezembro de 2011. Realizou-se a analise de rentabilidade considerando a margem bruta, a margem liquida, o resultado (lucro ou prejuizo) as rentabilidades e as lucratividades como indicadores de eficiencia economica. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se o software PASW 18.0. Utilizou-se o modelo de regressao linear multipla, com o metodo stepwise, para identificar os indices tecnicos e gerenciais que mais influenciaram na lucratividade e na rentabilidade. Os indices tecnicos e gerenciais foram diferentes nos niveis tecnologicos estudados e influenciaram nas lucratividades e nas rentabilidades. As melhores lucratividade e rentabilidade, do estrato medio nivel tecnologico, foram reflexos da quantidade de animais por area para producao; maiores porcentagens de vacas em lactacao, vacas no rebanho e vacas em lactacao no rebanho; pela maior produtividade/animal/dia e produtividade/ha/ano; pela maior quantidade de vacas em lactacao por hectare; maior producao de leite por mao de obra; e menor relacao da depreciacao pelo custo operacional total, indices que possibilitam manter a maioria das vacas em producao em menores areas e com maiores volumes de leite, consequentemente, maior receita e menor despesa. DOI: 10.15528/2176-4158/rcpa.v17n2p92-102
Analysis of QOS retention for transfer of multimedia data in wireless sensor networks

This paper proposes a quality of service (QOS) retention for transfer of multimedia information in wireless sensor network. In this method selective encryption has been proposed for the H.264 video coding by an intention of expanding end user video quality. To keep the encrypted streaming format-compliance to the H.264/AVC standard decoder only I frames are encrypted with AES algorithm. The anticipated method can competently decrease the computing cost through improved quality along with bit-rate. Consequently the technique is extremely appropriate for real time operation. Compared to the other available techniques the performance of this scheme exhibited better benefits when tested on video sequence. Which include: negligible data processing delay by ciphering selected information, no bit rate acceleration by maintaining the compression ratio unaltered and format. Experimental outcome demonstrated that the proposed scheme effectively reflecting enhanced contribution of PSNR and MSE estimation for the recovered data.
Gangguan berbahasa: Kajian pengantar

Gangguan Berbahasa merupakan salah satu fokus pembahasan dalam Psikolinguistik. Buku ini memaparkan ragam gangguan berbahasa dari identifikasi gejala, karakteristik perilaku bahasa hingga penanganannya. Isu gangguan berbahasa pada periode awal perkembangan Psikolinguistik kurang mendapat perhatian. Namun pada kenyataannya wacana mengenai ragam gangguan berbahasa semakin berkembang seiring makin tingginya tingkat prevalensi sekaligus temuan riset yang menggali lebih dalam setiap kasus. Buku ini sangat bermanfaat untuk memperkaya wacana praktisi pedagogis khususnya pengajar bahasa, terapis wicara dan peminat psikolinguistik. Dengan memahami ragam gangguan berbahasa dan penanganannya diharapkan intervensi dinidapat dilakukan untuk mencegah permanennya gangguan. Adapun bagi pembaca awam, pemahaman akan ragam gangguan berbahasa dapat memberikan pencerahan akan kompleksitas pemerolehan berbahasa.Hal ini karena ketuntasan pemerolehan bahasa tidak bersifat mutlak bagi seluruh manusia karena diantara milyaran populasi penutur di dunia terdapat penyandang gangguan berbahasa. Kemampuan dan ketidakmampuan berkomunikasi serta pemerolehan dan kemunduran berbahasa akan menjadi fenomena yang terus bergulir seiring makin beragamnya neuropatologi yang muncul sebagai wujud kebesaran dan keajaiban penciptaan-Nya.
Online Packet Dispatching for Delay Optimal Concurrent Transmissions in Heterogeneous Multi-RAT Networks

In this paper, we consider the problem of concurrent transmissions in a wireless network consisting of multiple radio access technologies (multi-RATs). That is, a single flow of packets is dispatched over multiple RATs so that the complementary advantages of different RATs can be exploited. One of the challenging issues arising in concurrent transmissions is the packet out-of-order problem due to diverse wireless channel states and scheduling policies of different RATs, leading to substantial performance degradation to delay sensitive applications. To address this problem, we first propose a state-independent packet dispatching (SIPD) policy, which attempts to find the traffic dispatching ratios over multiple RATs to minimize the maximum average delay across different RATs in the long run. We further propose a state-dependent packet dispatching (SDPD) policy, which achieves fine-grained packet dispatching in the short-term. We use the value function as a measure of the admittance cost for packet dispatching given the current queueing states, and formulate the SDPD problem as a convex optimization problem. We derive the closed-form solutions for both problems for the special case of two RATs, and adopt the dual decomposition technique as the solution for the general cases. Simulation results are presented to compare the performance of the proposed schemes with existing solutions.