Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reducing eating disorder risk factors: A pilot effectiveness trial of a train-the-trainer approach to dissemination and implementation.

OBJECTIVE Impediments limit dissemination and implementation of evidence-based interventions (EBIs), including lack of sufficient training. One strategy to increase implementation of EBIs is the train-the-trainer (TTT) model. The Body Project is a peer-led body image program that reduces eating disorder (ED) risk factors. This study examined the effectiveness of a TTT model at reducing risk factors in Body Project participants. Specifically, this study examined whether a master trainer could train a novice trainer to train undergraduate peer leaders to administer the Body Project such that individuals who received the Body Project (i.e., participants) would evidence comparable outcomes to previous trials. We hypothesized that participants would evidence reductions in ED risk factors, with effect sizes similar to previous trials. METHOD Utilizing a TTT model, a master trainer trained a novice trainer to train undergraduate peer leaders to administer the Body Project to undergraduate women. Undergraduate women aged 18 years or older who received the Body Project intervention participated in the trial and completed measures at baseline, post-treatment, and five-month follow-up. Primary outcomes included body dissatisfaction, thin ideal internalization, negative affect, and ED pathology. RESULTS Participants demonstrated significant reductions in thin ideal internalization, ED pathology and body dissatisfaction at post-treatment and 5-month follow-up. At 5 months, using three different strategies for managing missing data, effect sizes were larger or comparable to earlier trials for 3 out of 4 variables. DISCUSSION Results support a TTT model for Body Project implementation and the importance of utilizing sensitivity analyses for longitudinal datasets with missing data.
Pushed Past the Limit? How Japanese Banks Reacted to Negative Interest Rates

In this paper, we investigate how negative interest rate policy (NIRP) introduced in January 2016 by the Bank of Japan (BoJ) affected Japanese banks' lending and risk taking behavior. The BoJ's announcement was an unexpected surprise to the market and was followed by a sharp drop in equity prices of Japanese financial firms. We exploit the cross-sectional variation in the change of share prices on the day of the announcement to measure banks' differential exposure to NIRP. We show that more exposed banks increased their credit and took on more risk compared to banks that were less exposed to negative rates.
Cultural Heritage Boundaries and Typology of Peace Landscape

Tourism has been mentioned as a social force that can contribute and promote international understanding, cooperation and global goodwill for establishing and maintaining world peace. Heritage development suggests that tourism efforts can help to ease tensions and promote cross-cultural dialogue and reconciliation. Geopolitical border areas are dynamic, and their reality can change over time. Similarly, their heritage can also develop which in many cases revolves around social and cultural differences and contrasts with the other side of the border. The main aim of this paper is to examine and analyse the methods through which different types of geopolitical borderland heritage are expressed as peace tourism attractions in diverse international case studies. The three types and case studies discussed in this paper are: A. Closed conflict borderland: the Dorasan train station on the border separating South Korea and North Korea; B. Semi-open borderland and peace: The ‘Green Belt’ crossing Europe along the former ‘Iron Curtain’ between Western and Eastern European countries; C. Heritage and peace in supranational borderlands: The ‘For Europe’ Garden on the border triangle of Luxembourg, Belgium and Germany. The methodology selected is based on the naturalistic-qualitative approach of landscape interpretation by significance analysis of the three types of geopolitical borderland heritage in diverse tourism and peace attractions around the world.
Prevalence of antibodies against measles, mumps and rubella in the childhood population in Singapore, 2008–2010

SUMMARY We undertook a national paediatric seroprevalence survey of measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) in Singapore to assess the impact of the national childhood immunization programme against these three diseases after introduction of the trivalent MMR vaccine in 1990. The survey involved 1200 residual sera of Singapore residents aged 1–17 years collected from two hospitals between 2008 and 2010. The overall prevalence of antibodies against measles, mumps and rubella was 83·1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 80·9–85·1], 71·8% (95% CI 69·1–74·2) and 88·5% (95% CI 86·6–90·2), respectively. For all three diseases, the lowest prevalence was in children aged 1 year (47·8–62·3%). The seroprevalence of the vaccinated children declined over time. The national MMR immunization programme is effective in raising the herd immunity of the childhood population, although certain age groups are more susceptible to infection, in particular, those who are not eligible for vaccination at age <15 months.
Increased frequency of the rare PstI allele (P2) in a population of CAD patients in Northern Greece

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) at the apolipoprotein AI‐CIII‐AIV gene cluster and their association with coronary artery disease (CAD) and lipid levels were studied in a Northern Greek population. Ninety‐five patients with CAD and fifty‐four normal controls, angio‐graphically proven, were included in this study. Using genomic hybridization techniques, three polymorphic restriction sites were identified at this locus: the PstI at the 3′ end of the apoAI gene, the SacI at the 3′ non‐coding region of the apoCIII gene and the PvuII at the intergenic region between the apoCIII‐AIV genes. The rare allele (P2) arising from the absence of the PstI restriction site was observed with a significantly higher frequency (p<0.01) in patients compared to normals (0.11 vs 0.02). In contrast, the rare allele for the SacI polymorphic site had a similar distribution among patients and controls (0.12 vs 0.16). The same was observed for the PvuII RFLP (0.04 vs 0.05). Correlation of lipid and apolipoprotein AI levels with the three RFLPs revealed no significant association, although apo AI and HDL were lower in patients with the P2 allele. Thus, in this Greek population, only the PstI polymorphism, among the polymorphic restriction sites examined, appears to be associated with CAD.
Drug transporters in the human blood‐placental barrier

Studies on the increasing number of transporters found in the placental barrier are gaining momentum, because of their tissue‐specific expression, significance in physiology and disease, and the possible utilization of the emerging knowledge in pharmacology. In the placenta, both syncytiotrophoblast and fetal capillary endothelium express transporters. Fetal exposure is determined by the net effect of combination of transporters, their nature and localization in relation to placental cells and their substrate specificity. Although the significance of placental transporters on human fetal drug exposure is almost an unstudied field so far, their potential use to design drugs that do not cross the placenta is already being pursued. It is thus of interest to review the existing knowledge of human placental transporters. Transporters in all groups which take part in drug transport are found in human placenta. Especially, ATP‐binding cassette transporters ABCG2/breast cancer resistance protein, ABCB1/P‐glycoprotein and ABCC2/MRP2 are all expressed at the apical surface of syncytiotrophoblast facing maternal blood and are putatively important protective proteins both for placental tissue and the fetus, because they are efflux transporters and their substrates include many drugs and also environmental chemicals. Such protective effect has been shown in animals, but these results cannot be directly extrapolated to humans due to interspecies differences in placental structure and function. Experimental models utilizing human placental tissue, especially human placental perfusion, offer valuable possibilities, which have been insufficiently studied so far.
Biogeochemical and Ecomorphological Niche Segregation of Mediterranean Woody Species along a Local Gradient

According with niche theory the species are specialized in different ecological niches, being able to coexist as result of a differential use of resources. In this context, the biogeochemical niche hypothesis proposes that species have an optimal elemental composition which results from the link between the chemical and morphological traits for the optimum plant functioning. Thus, and attending to the limiting similarity concept, different elemental composition and plant structure among co-occurring species may reduce competition, promoting different functional niches. Different functional habits associated with leaf life-span or growth forms are associated with different strategies for resource uptake, which could promote niche partitioning. In the present study, based on the biogeochemical niche concept and the use of resources in different proportions, we have focused on leaf traits (morphological and chemical) associated with resource uptake, and explored the niche partitioning among functional habits: leaf life-span (deciduous, evergreen, and semideciduous) and growth (tree, shrub, and arborescent-shrub). To this end, we have quantified the hypervolume of the leaf functional trait space (both structure and chemical composition) in a sample of 45 Mediterranean woody species from Sierra Morena Mountains (Spain) growing along a local soil resource gradient. Our results show consistent variation in functional space for woody communities distributed along the environmental gradient. Thus, communities dominated by deciduous trees with faster growth and a predominant acquisitive strategy were characteristic of bottom forests and showed highest leaf biogeochemical space. While semideciduous shrubs and evergreen (arborescent, trees) species, characterized by a conservative strategy, dominated ridge forests and showed smaller functional space. In addition, within each topographical zone or environment type, the foliar biogeochemical niche partitioning would underlie the species ability to coexist by diverging on leaf nutrient composition and resource uptake. Lower niche overlap among functional habits were found, which support that different growth forms and leaf life-habits may facilitate the coexistence of the woody species and niche partitioning along and within the gradient.
Optimum beamforming for clutter-cancellation in radar systems

In this paper we present improved signal processing techniques which can be used to reduce the discrete as well as spatially spread clutter in radar systems through space-time processing. Several techniques are proposed for clutter reduction, most of them model the clutter statistically. The proposed clutter reduction technique models the clutter using parametric modeling. The clutter contained in the measurements is treated as an ARMA model. The advantage of such approach lies therein that once the clutter is satisfactorily known, any target will show up against the known strong clutter background.
The Theoretical Price of a Share-Based Payment With Performance Conditions and Implications for the Current Accounting Standards

Although the growth of share-based payments with performance conditions (hereafter, SPPC) is prominent today, the theoretical price of SPPC has not been sufficiently studied. Reflecting such a situation, the current accounting standards for share-based payments issued in 2004 have had many problems. This paper develops a theoretical SPPC price model with a framework for a marginal utility-based price, which previous studies proposed is the price of contingent claims in an incomplete market. This paper's contribution is fivefold. First, we restricted the stochastic process to a certain class to demonstrate how to consistently change all variables' probability distributions, which affect the SPPC payoff. Second, we explicitly indicated not only the stochastic processes of the stock price process and performance variables under the changed probability, but also how the changes in the performance variables' drift coefficients related to stock betas. Third, we proposed a convenient model in application that uses only a few parameters. Fourth, we provided a method to estimate the parameters and improve the estimation of both the price and parameters. Fifth, we illustrated the problems in current accounting standards and indicated how the theoretical price model can significantly improve them.
Development and Assessment of a Property Rights-Based Measure of State Regulatory Climate.

States implement many of the environmental laws enacted during the last thirty years. A key policy issue is the effect o f differences in state institutions and environmental policies on the location o f livestock agriculture. There is widespread belief that the stringency of state environmental regulations, known as regulatory climate, is an important factor influencing the location, growth and expansion decisions o f livestock agriculture. Existing regulatory climate measures are not tailored to agriculture, and their use has given mixed results. Conceptual and empirical models were developed for the U.S. aquaculture industry, based on elements o f public choice and firm location theories within an institutional economic framework. Because state regulatory climate is not directly observable, a summated scale measure o f regulatory climate was designed, with four property rights conditions as underlying dimensions. Exploratory factor analysis and structural equations modeling were used to determine the scale's structure, which consisted o f nine items in three subscales, representing the ownership, specification and transferability property' rights conditions. The enforcement condition was subsumed within the other three subscales. The results demonstrated that property rights conditions can be useful as analytical tools in empirical analysis. Two alternative forms of the regulatory climate scale were devised, a continuous 0-18 scale and a five-category ordinal scale. They served as the dependent variables in two-limit truncated regression and ordered probit analyses. Key state institutional xvii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. characteristics served as explanatory variables. Primary data were obtained from two national surveys o f state aquaculture contacts and coordinators. Estimation results suggest that establishing a formal state aquaculture development plan and transferring regulatory enforcement authority to state departments o f agriculture will have significant, negative effects on regulatory stringency. Joint administration or enforcement adds a bureaucratic layer and increases regulatory' stringency. The regulatory climate scale was also used to compare states’ regulatory climate toward aquaculture, by fish category. In the future, the scale can be used to evaluate the effect o f institutional changes over time. The items in the scale appear to be applicable to other forms o f alternative livestock, and may form the basis for a more general property rights based regulatory climate scale with broad applications.
Evidence That the Rat Hepatic Mitochondrial Carrier Is Distinct from the Sinusoidal and Canalicular Transporters for Reduced Glutathione

Mitochondrial GSH derives from a mitochondrial transport system (RmGshT), which translocates cytosol GSH into the mitochondrial matrix. Mitochondria of oocytes, isolated 3-4 days after microinjection of total liver mRNA, expressed a RmGshT compared with water-injected oocytes. The expressed RmGshT exhibited similar functional features as reported in isolated mitochondria of rat liver such as ATP stimulation, inhibition by glutamate, and insensitivity to inhibition by sulfobromophthalein-glutathione (BSP-GSH) and S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione (DNP-GSH). The expressed RmGshT is localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane since expression is still observed in mitoplasts prepared from total liver mRNA-injected oocytes. Fractionation of poly(A) RNA identified a single mRNA species of 3-3.5 kilobases encoding for the RmGshT, which was stimulated by ATP and inhibited by glutamate but not by BSP-GSH or DNP-GSH. Microinjection of this fraction did not lead to expression of plasma membrane GSH transport in intact oocytes, and conversely, oocytes microinjected with cRNA for rat liver sinusoidal GSH transporter (RsGshT) or rat liver canalicular GSH transporter (RcGshT) did not express mitochondrial GSH transport activity. Thus, our results show the successful expression of the rat hepatic mitochondrial GSH carrier, which is different from RsGshT and RcGshT, and provide the strategic basis for the cloning of this important carrier.
Retinotopic patterns of connections of area 17 with visual areas V‐II and MT in macaque monkeys

Patterns of connections of Area 17 with extrastriate visual areas V‐II and MT were studied in macaque monkeys by using 3H‐proline and HRP as anatomical tracers. The results support previous conclusions that V‐II is a split representation of the visual hemifield with most of the outer border formed by the zero horizontal meridian, and that MT is a topological representation of the visual hemifield. V‐II was estimated to be about 10–12 mm wide, 110 mm long along its shared border with V‐I, and 920 mm2in surface area, thereby almost equaling Area 17 in size. MT was judged to be 7 mm wide and 12 mm long, with a surface area of 68 mm2, or roughly 7% of the area of Area 17. In some cases, there was evidence for projections from Area 17 to a third area (or areas) of cortex of about 2 mm wide and of uncertain length on the outer boundary of V‐II. Terminationsin V‐II and MT werecon‐centrated in layer IV and extended into inner layer III. Cells projecting back to Area 17 were largely in layers III and V in V‐II and in layers III and VI in MT.
Role of NFATx (NFAT4/NFATc3) in Expression of Immunoregulatory Genes in Murine Peripheral CD4+ T Cells1

Ca2+-regulated NFAT family members are transcription factors crucial for the expression of various cytokine genes and other immunoregulatory genes. Analyses of mice defective in one or two NFAT family members have revealed functions specific to each NFAT gene. However, the redundant functions of several family members limit the usefulness of gene disruption analysis. For example, CD4+ T cells isolated from NFATx-disrupted mice do not show any modulation in cytokine gene expression, perhaps because other family members compensate for its absence. To analyze the role of NFATx in the regulation of immunoregulatory genes in T cells, we made a gain-of-function mutant by creating transgenic mice expressing a constitutively nuclear form of NFATx in T cell lineages. In naive CD4+ T cells, NFATx up-regulated the expression of several cytokine genes and activation markers and suppressed the expression of CD154. In Th1 cells, NFATx enhanced the expression of the Th1 cytokine genes, IFN-γ and TNF-α. In contrast, NFATx suppressed Th2 cytokine genes such as IL-4 and IL-5 in Th2 cells. It has been reported that both NFAT1 and NFATx are required to maintain the homeostasis of the immune system. Our results suggest that NFATx exerts this function by inhibiting the expression of some critical immunoregulatory genes.
Can Unpredictable Risk Exposure Be Priced?

We study the link between beta predictability and the price of risk. An investor who desires exposure to a certain risk factor needs to predict what next period's beta will be. We use a simple model to show that an ambiguity averse agent's demand is lower when betas are hard to predict, leading to a reduction in risk premiums. We test the implications for downside betas and VIX betas. We find that they have economically and statistically small prices of risk once we account for the fact that an investor cannot observe ex-post realized betas when determining asset demand.
Direct Effect of Cholesterol on Insulin Secretion

OBJECTIVE—Type 2 diabetes is often accompanied by abnormal blood lipid and lipoprotein levels, but most studies on the link between hyperlipidemia and diabetes have focused on free fatty acids (FFAs). In this study, we examined the relationship between cholesterol and insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells that is independent of the effects of FFAs. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Several methods were used to modulate cholesterol levels in intact islets and cultured β-cells, including a recently developed mouse model that exhibits elevated cholesterol but normal FFA levels. Acute and metabolic alteration of cholesterol was done using pharmacological reagents. RESULTS—We found a direct link between elevated serum cholesterol and reduced insulin secretion, with normal secretion restored by cholesterol depletion. We further demonstrate that excess cholesterol inhibits secretion by downregulation of metabolism through increased neuronal nitric oxide synthase dimerization. CONCLUSIONS—This direct effect of cholesterol on β-cell metabolism opens a novel set of mechanisms that may contribute to β-cell dysfunction and the onset of diabetes in obese patients.
武汉市公众参与湖泊保护模式研究—以“爱我百湖”湖泊保护志愿者行动为例 Study on the Model of Public Participation in Lakes Protection in Wuhan City, China—An Example of “Love Our 100 Lakes” Volunteer Action

中国公众参与环境保护曾被认为缺乏独立性和实质性，在地方层面尤甚。 但武汉“爱我百湖”湖泊保护志愿者行动的创新发展，表明在地方立法仍有不足的背景下，自下而上公众参与的独立性却正在增强，并逐步获得真正的参与决策机会。 “爱我百湖”志愿者行动，通过创设“民间湖长制”，独立组织和发动志愿者湖泊调查和科普宣传，与地方媒体和环境保护NGO密切合作，积极参加监督和电视问政，并逐步参与到规划听证、湖泊公园管理与地方性湖泊保护法规修订程序之中，提升了普通市民的湖泊保护意识，壮大了环保公益组织，促使一些长期存在的湖泊环境问题得以解决，并成为倒逼地方政府改革的一种重要草根力量。 Public participation has been thought of lack of independence and substance in China. But The “Love our 100 Lakes” lake protection volunteer action in Wuhan is one kind of innovation and de-velopment of the Chinese volunteer action, which proves that in the context of local regulations anomie in China, the independence of bottom-up public participation is growing at the local level, and the volunteers gradually get real opportunities to participate in decision-making. The “Love our 100 Lakes” volunteers’ action, through creating “Grassroots Lake Administrator”, organizes and mobilizes volunteers to inspect and survey lakes independently, propagate popular science in communities and schools. With the close cooperation to the environmental protection NGO and local media, the volunteers actively participate in environmental supervision and the TV politics. The volunteers have gradually participated in planning hearing, lake parks management and local lake protection regulations amendment. These actions have upgraded the citizens’ lake protection consciousness, helped the local nongovernment environmental protection organizations devel-opment, prompted some long-term existing of lake environmental problems to solution, and even forced the local governments to reform.