Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Macroeconomic Implications of Rising Household Debt

Household borrowing has grown considerably in many countries over the past two decades, both in absolute terms and relative to household incomes. Much of the increase can be viewed as a rational response by households to the effects of easing liquidity constraints on households, and lower inflation and borrowing rates. Regardless of whether the increase in debt is sustainable, it has important macroeconomic implications. The household sector will be more sensitive to shocks to interest rates and household incomes, and consumption spending will be more sensitive to changes in expectations of future income. The increased sensitivity will depend crucially on the distribution of debt across the household sector.
Fiber optic sensor encapsulated in polydimethylsiloxane for heart rate monitoring

Technology fiber Bragg grating (FBG) belongs to the most widespread fiber optic sensors. It used for measuring a large number of chemical and physical quantities. Immunity to el ectromagnetic interference, small size, high sensitivity and principle information encoding about the measured value to the spectral characteristics cause usability of FBG sensors in medicine for monitoring vital signs such as heart rate, blood pressure, temperature or respiration. An important factor in this area is the use of an inert material for the Bragg gr atings encapsulation. An interesting choice is the elastomer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). PDMS is optically clear, general inert, non-toxic and non-flammable. The material commonly used for biomedical and medical applications. Experimental results presented in this paper describe the creation of prototype FBG sensor for the heart rate monitoring of a human body. The sensor is realized by Bragg grating encapsulated into polydimethylsiloxane. The FBG sensor is part of the elastic contact strap which encircles the chest of the patient. This chest expansion leads to a spectral shift of the reflected light from the FB G. The research based on the monitoring of eight different test persons. Heart rate meas urements were compared with a reference signal ECG and analyzed objectively by th e Bland-Altman statistic.
Early Resolution of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection of the Murine Genital Tract Involves Stimulation of Genital Parenchymal Cells by Gamma Interferon

ABSTRACT Early clearance of a thymidine kinase-deficient strain of herpes simplex virus type 2 from the female genital tract required T-cell-produced gamma interferon (IFN-γ). Transfer of activated CD8+ T cells to irradiated C57BL/6 mice resulted in rapid virus clearance, but clearance was greatly delayed in recipients deficient in the IFN-γ receptor (IFN-γR). Early virus clearance was demonstrated in radiation chimeras in which IFN-γR expression was limited to parenchymal cells, but resolution was significantly delayed in chimeras deficient in IFN-γR expression and chimeras expressing IFN-γR only on hematopoietic cells. Together, these results suggest that early IFN-γ-mediated protection was manifested mainly by stimulation of genital parenchymal cells.
Machine Learning for NLP : Unsupervised learning techniques

• So far we have seen supervised learning (of classification): – learning based on a training set where labelling of instances represents the target (categorisation) function – classifier implements an approximation of the target funtion – outcome: a classification decision • Unsupervised learning: – learning based on unannotated instances; – outcome: a grouping of objects (instances and groups of instances)
Site and extent of nutrient digestion by steers fed a low-quality bromegrass hay diet with incremental levels of soybean hull substitution.

Five ruminally and duodenally cannulated steers were fed bromegrass hay (H; 5.6% CP; 70.9% cell wall) substituted with 0, 15, 30, 45, or 60% soybean hulls (SH; 10.5% CP; 87.9% cell wall) at 90% of ad libitum DMI. Diets were made isonitrogenous (11% CP) by addition of isolated soybean protein (91.5% CP). Total ruminal VFA concentration, molar proportion of acetate, and molar acetate:propionate ratio increased (linear; P less than .02) with increasing level of SH substitution, but propionate (mol/100 mol) and ruminal fluid passage rate decreased (linear; P less than .01). Ruminal pH and ammonia concentration decreased more rapidly, and to a greater extent and duration, as level of SH increased; neither was decreased to levels considered detrimental to fiber digestion. Ruminal and total tract DM, OM, and cell wall digestibilities increased (linear; P less than .01), whereas total tract N digestibility decreased (linear; P = .03), as level of SH increased Total N flow to the duodenum increased (linear, P = .03) with increasing level of SH, and microbial N flow tended (cubic, P = .09) to increase. Microbial efficiencies were unchanged (P = .10) with SH level. True ruminal digestibilities of N did not differ (P greater than .10) among diets. Rate of in situ DM disappearance of H and SH was not influenced (P greater than .10) by SH substitution, although rate tended to be fastest with 30 and 45% SH (quadratic, P = .14). We infer from these data that SH can replace 60% of the DMI of a low-quality forage diet without decreasing OM or cell wall digestion.
Virus entry at a glance

The goal of a virus particle is to transport its genome in a replication-competent form from an infected cell to an uninfected cell. To enter a new host cell, the majority of viruses take advantage of the endocytic mechanisms of the cell and wait until reaching endocytic vacuoles or other
Situation Testing-Based Discrimination Discovery: A Causal Inference Approach

Discrimination discovery is to unveil discrimination against a specific individual by analyzing the historical dataset. In this paper, we develop a general technique to capture discrimination based on the legally grounded situation testing methodology. For any individual, we find pairs of tuples from the dataset with similar characteristics apart from belonging or not to the protected-by-law group and assign them in two groups. The individual is considered as discriminated if significant di? erence is observed between the decisions from the two groups. To find similar tuples, we make use of the Causal Bayesian Networks and the associated causal inference as a guideline. The causal structure of the dataset and the causal effect of each attribute on the decision are used to facilitate the similarity measurement. Through empirical assessments on a real dataset, our approach shows good efficacy both in accuracy and efficiency.
TWISTOR BUNDLES, EINSTEIN EQUATIONS AND REAL STRUCTURES ∗

We consider S2 bundles and ' of totally null planes of maximal dimension and opposite self-duality over a four-dimensional manifold equipped with a Weyl or Riemannian geometry. The fibre product ' of and ' is found to be appropriate for the encoding of both the self-dual and the Einstein - Weyl equations for the 4-metric. This encoding is realized in terms of the properties of certain well defined geometrical objects on '. The formulation is suitable for complex-valued metrics and unifies results for all three possible real signatures. In the purely Riemannian positive-definite case it implies the existence of a natural almost Hermitian structure on ' whose integrability conditions correspond to the self-dual Einstein equations of the 4-metric. All Einstein equations for the 4-metric are also encoded in the properties of this almost Hermitian structure on '.
Cross-Domain Recommendation via Clustering on Multi-Layer Graphs

Venue category recommendation is an essential application for the tourism and advertisement industries, wherein it may suggest attractive localities within close proximity to users' current location. Considering that many adults use more than three social networks simultaneously, it is reasonable to leverage on this rapidly growing multi-source social media data to boost venue recommendation performance. Another approach to achieve higher recommendation results is to utilize group knowledge, which is able to diversify recommendation output. Taking into account these two aspects, we introduce a novel cross-network collaborative recommendation framework C3R, which utilizes both individual and group knowledge, while being trained on data from multiple social media sources. Group knowledge is derived based on new cross-source user community detection approach, which utilizes both inter-source relationship and the ability of sources to complement each other. To fully utilize multi-source multi-view data, we process user-generated content by employing state-of-the-art text, image, and location processing techniques. Our experimental results demonstrate the superiority of our multi-source framework over state-of-the-art baselines and different data source combinations. In addition, we suggest a new approach for automatic construction of inter-network relationship graph based on the data, which eliminates the necessity of having pre-defined domain knowledge.
Quality of Life During and After Inpatient Stroke Rehabilitation

Background and Purpose— Very limited longitudinal data are available that assess the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of stroke survivors after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. The purpose of this research was to assess changes in HRQOL during inpatient rehabilitation and again 6 months after discharge. Methods— This was a prospective study of all eligible patients admitted to an inpatient stroke rehabilitation hospital over a 3-year period. HRQOL was assessed by means of the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form (SF-36). Dependent t tests were used to compare the scores at admission and discharge and at discharge and 6 months. Changes in HRQOL were calculated for the period of admission to discharge and of discharge to the 6-month follow-up. Results— Complete data were available for 85 patients. During rehabilitation, there were improvements in all 8 domains of the SF-36, with 5 attaining statistical significance. After discharge, 3 domains continued to improve, with 1 attaining statistical significance. However, there were marked and statistically significant declines in the other 5 domains of the SF-36. Feedback was obtained from a subset of the patients as to the reasons for these declines. Conclusions— Substantial gains in HRQOL during inpatient stroke rehabilitation may be followed by equally substantial declines in the 6 months after discharge. There is a need for longitudinal research into the HRQOL of stroke survivors and their families, as well as a need to ensure that adequate community services and support are available.
Cutting Edge: T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation Is Defective in the Absence of Bcl6 BTB Repressor Domain Function

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are essential for germinal centers (GCs) and most long-term humoral immunity. Differentiation of Tfh cells depends on the transcriptional repressor B cell CLL/lymphoma 6 (Bcl6). Bcl6 mediates gene repression via the recruitment of corepressors. Currently, it is unknown how Bcl6 recruits corepressors to regulate gene expression of Tfh cells. In this article, we demonstrate, using a mutant form of Bcl6 with two BTB (bric-a-brac, tramtrack, broad-complex) mutations that abrogate corepressor binding, that the Bcl6 BTB domain is required for proper differentiation of Tfh and GC-Tfh cells in vivo. Importantly, we also observe a significant defect in GC B cell development. These results are consistent in multiple contexts, including a novel lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus nucleoprotein-specific TCR-transgenic mouse model. Taken together, these data suggest that the Bcl6 BTB domain is a key mediator of the differentiation of Tfh cells.
Arginine methylation of the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein results in its diminished function

Objective:The HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein (NC) is involved in transfer RNALys3 annealing to the primer binding site of viral genomic RNA by means of two basic regions that are similar to the N-terminal portion of the arginine-rich motif (ARM) of Tat. As Tat is known to be asymmetrically arginine dimethylated by protein arginine methyltransferase 6 (PRMT6) in its ARM, we investigated whether NC could also act as a substrate for this enzyme. Methods:Arginine methylation of NC was demonstrated in vitro and in vivo, and sites of methylation were determined by mutational analysis. The impact of the arginine methylation of NC was measured in RNA annealing and reverse transcription initiation assays. An arginine methyltransferase inhibitor (AMI)3.4 was tested for its effects on viral infectivity and replication in vivo. Results:NC is a substrate for PRMT6 both in vitro and in vivo. NC possesses arginine dimethylation sites in each of its two basic regions at positions R10 and R32, and methylated NC was less able than wild-type to promote RNA annealing and participate in the initiation of reverse transcription. Exposure of HIV-1-infected MT2 and primary cord blood mononuclear cells to AMI3.4 led to increased viral replication, whereas viral infectivity was not significantly affected in multinuclear-activation galactosidase indicator assays. Conclusion:NC is an in-vivo target of PRMT6, and arginine methylation of NC reduces RNA annealing and the initiation of reverse transcription. These findings may lead to ways of driving HIV-infected cells out of latency with drugs that inhibit PRMT6.
Autophagosome formation from membrane compartments enriched in phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and dynamically connected to the endoplasmic reticulum

Autophagy is the engulfment of cytosol and organelles by double-membrane vesicles termed autophagosomes. Autophagosome formation is known to require phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI(3)P) and occurs near the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but the exact mechanisms are unknown. We show that double FYVE domain–containing protein 1, a PI(3)P-binding protein with unusual localization on ER and Golgi membranes, translocates in response to amino acid starvation to a punctate compartment partially colocalized with autophagosomal proteins. Translocation is dependent on Vps34 and beclin function. Other PI(3)P-binding probes targeted to the ER show the same starvation-induced translocation that is dependent on PI(3)P formation and recognition. Live imaging experiments show that this punctate compartment forms near Vps34-containing vesicles, is in dynamic equilibrium with the ER, and provides a membrane platform for accumulation of autophagosomal proteins, expansion of autophagosomal membranes, and emergence of fully formed autophagosomes. This PI(3)P-enriched compartment may be involved in autophagosome biogenesis. Its dynamic relationship with the ER is consistent with the idea that the ER may provide important components for autophagosome formation.
Nano-Imprint - Molding Resists for Lithography

Patterning resists by molding with a stamp opens ways for the mass-fabrication of nanostructures. The versatility of nano-imprint lithography can be greatly enhanced when copies of valuable stamp originals can be made. For the stamp copying itself we are using nano-imprint, making it possible to generate structures with inverse profiles and different depths. By considering the nanorheological behavior we were able to successfully fabricate various stamp copies for different designs.
Immune Activation Reduces Sperm Quality in the Great Tit

Mounting an immune response against pathogens incurs costs to organisms by its effects on important life-history traits, such as reproductive investment and survival. As shown recently, immune activation produces large amounts of reactive species and is suggested to induce oxidative stress. Sperm are highly susceptible to oxidative stress, which can negatively impact sperm function and ultimately male fertilizing efficiency. Here we address the question as to whether mounting an immune response affects sperm quality through the damaging effects of oxidative stress. It has been demonstrated recently in birds that carotenoid-based ornaments can be reliable signals of a male's ability to protect sperm from oxidative damage. In a full-factorial design, we immune-challenged great tit males while simultaneously increasing their vitamin E availability, and assessed the effect on sperm quality and oxidative damage. We conducted this experiment in a natural population and tested the males' response to the experimental treatment in relation to their carotenoid-based breast coloration, a condition-dependent trait. Immune activation induced a steeper decline in sperm swimming velocity, thus highlighting the potential costs of an induced immune response on sperm competitive ability and fertilizing efficiency. We found sperm oxidative damage to be negatively correlated with sperm swimming velocity. However, blood resistance to a free-radical attack (a measure of somatic antioxidant capacity) as well as plasma and sperm levels of oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation) remained unaffected, thus suggesting that the observed effect did not arise through oxidative stress. Towards the end of their breeding cycle, swimming velocity of sperm of more intensely colored males was higher, which has important implications for the evolution of mate choice and multiple mating in females because females may accrue both direct and indirect benefits by mating with males having better quality sperm.
Alignment of short length parallel corpora with an application to web search

With evolving Web, short length parallel corpora is becoming very common and some of these include user queries, web snippets etc. This paper concerns situations where short length parallel corpora has to be analyzed in order to find meaningful unit-alignment. This is similar to dealing with parallel corpora where a sentence level alignment of translations is required, but differs in that the alignment is to be inferred at unit (word or phrase) level. A Conditional Random Field (CRF) based approach is proposed to discover this unit alignment. Given pairs of semantically or syntactically similar entities, the problem is formulated as that of mutual segmentation and sequence alignment problem. The mutual segmentation refers to the process of segmenting the first entity based on units (or labels) in the second entity and vice-versa. The process of optimizing this mutual segmentation also results in optimal unit alignment. Since our training data is not segmented and unit-aligned, we modify the CRF objective function to accommodate unsupervised data and iterative learning. We have applied this framework to Web Search domain and specifically for query reformulation task. Finally, our experiments suggest that the proposed approach indeed results in meaningful alternatives of the original query.
Path planning and control for AERCam, a free-flying inspection robot in space

This paper describes a prototype robot and the necessary path planning and control for space inspection applications. The robot is the first generation of a free-flying robotic camera that will assist astronauts in constructing and maintaining the Space Station. The robot will provide remote views to astronauts inside the Space Shuttle and future Space Station, and to ground controllers. The paper describes a planar robot prototype autonomously moving about an air bearing table, and introduces a method for determining paths in three-dimensions for efficient fuel use. Finally, the paper describes the software simulation of the path planner with the future Space Station.
An investigation on shape memory behaviors of epoxy resin system

Shape-memory epoxy is receiving considerable attention because of its superior mechanical and thermal properties and excellent shape-memory performance. In this study, a novel series of shape-memory epoxy resins are prepared using hydro-epoxy, hexahydrophthalic anhydride, and diglycidyl 4,5-epoxy tetrahydro phthalate (TDE-85) to further improve the recovery force of shape-memory epoxy resins. The thermal, mechanical, and shape-memory properties of the shape-memory epoxy resin system are investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, bend test, and shape recovery test. Results indicate that the glass transition temperature ( T _g), rubber modulus, and room-temperature bend strength increase as TDE-85 content increases. Investigation of the shape-memory behavior of the resin reveals that full recovery can be achieved after only several minutes when the temperature is equal to or above T _g. The shape recovery time decreases with the increase in TDE-85 content at T _g, T _g + 10 °C, and T _g + 20 °C. These results are attributed to the increase in TDE-85 content.
Making Sense of Semantic Ambiguity: Semantic Competition in Lexical Access

There have been several reports in the literature of faster visual lexical decisions to words that are semantically ambiguous. All current models of this ambiguity advantage assume that it is the presence of multiple unrelated meanings that produce this benefit. A set of three lexical decision experiments reported here challenge this assumption. We contrast the ambiguity seen in words like bark, which have multiple unrelated meanings, with words that have multiple related word senses (e.g., twist). In all three experiments we find that while multiple word senses do produce faster responses, ambiguity between multiple meanings delays recognition. These results suggest that, while competition between the multiple meanings of ambiguous words delays their recognition, the rich semantic representations associated with words with many senses facilitate their recognition.
Responsive etalon based on PNIPAM@SiO2 composite spacer with rapid response rate and excellent repeatability for sensing application

In this paper, we demonstrate a responsive etalon fabricated through combining colloidal lithography and surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). The responsive etalon is simply constructed with one responsive spacer sandwiched by two reflective layers, and the middle responsive spacer is constructed by grafting thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) brushes on a SiO2 nanosphere array. The etalon possesses one single interference peak in the visible region, and the interference peak changes sensitively against the concentration of the external stimulant (water vapor) or the temperature of the system, owing to the responsiveness of the PNIPAM brush. Importantly, the as-prepared etalon shows a rapid response rate and excellent stability, and it is also handy to realize the miniaturization and integration of the responsive etalon based on a conventional micro-fabrication method. These features all make the as-prepared responsive etalon an attractive candidate for future sensing applications. We believe such responsive etalons are promising for the fabrication of smart photonic materials and optical sensors that may be useful in tissue engineering, medical diagnosis, public security, and biochip areas.
The Relative Effectiveness of 10 Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment Programs in the United States. Technical Report.

6 Jump down to document THE ARTS CHILD POLICY CIVIL JUSTICE EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SUBSTANCE ABUSE TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world.