Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
RUDY Attack: Detection at the Network Level and Its Important Features

Compared to common DoS/DDoS attacks that are destructive and generate massive traffic, the application layer DoS attacks can be slow-and-low which means they occur at a slow rate and do not generate a massive amount of traffic. These attacks appear legitimate in terms of the protocol rules and rates. These characteristics make the detection of these attacks difficult. In this paper, we study the RUDY (R-U-DeadYet) attack which is one of the slow-and-low application layer attack types. RUDY attacks can bring down a server by creating long POST HTTP form submissions to the server at a very slow rate which results in application threads at the server side becoming stuck. The mitigation methods against RUDY attacks are mostly host-based. In this paper, we use a machine learning approach for the detection of RUDY attacks as well as determining the important features for their detection at the network level. The network level detection is scalable and it provides detection for hosts that do not have their own detection mechanism. We extract features from bi-directional instances of the network traffic. We then use an ensemble feature selection approach containing 10 different feature ranker methods in order to extract the most important features for the detection of RUDY attacks at the network level.
Deriving context from users' evaluations to inform software development

The EASAIER project (EASAIER) aims to provide enriched internet-enabled access to a broad range of digital sound and video archives, and as a result, the user base will consist of a very wide and deep constituency with varying and specialized user needs. Ten classical music students at the Royal Academy of Music and Drama, having been given a short introduction to software evaluation, assessed an alpha release of the EASAIER software and their outputs revealed the importance of user context in the process of software development. This short paper details the evaluation model and highlights the key findings revealed when expert musicians but non-expert computer users applied this model to the EASAIER software.
The Impact of Corporate Supplier Diversity Programs on Corporate Purchasers' Decision-Making Regarding Women-Owned Enterprises: An Empirical Test Using the Theory of Planned Behavior

Though 48% of all privately-held firms are at least 50% owned by a woman or women, womenowned enterprises received only 9% of the institutional investment deals and 2% of the dollars in 1999 in 2006. In the corporate supplier market, women-owned enterprises obtained only 4% of the market share. These figures indicate that women or women-owned enterprises face some level of hurdles in the marketplace. Drawing on Ajzen’s (1991) theory of planned behavior, the study explored the impact of corporate supplier diversity programs on corporate purchasers’ intention to purchase from women-owned enterprises. Two hundred seventy two corporate purchasers across a diverse range of industries and geographical regions in the U.S. participated in a scenario-based mail survey. The findings suggest that corporate supplier diversity programs did influence the purchasers’ intention to purchase, and the influence was more direct than indirect, contrary to some of the hypotheses proposed in the study. The findings contribute to both the corporate social responsibility literature and the women’s entrepreneurship studies. With regard to the corporate social responsibility literature, the findings demonstrate that it is possible for business to incorporate positive duty into its core economic activities without compromising its financial gains and that the economic-aligned and duty-aligned orientations can be integrated. Concerning the women’s entrepreneurship studies, the findings point to a way to overcome the hurdles that women-owned enterprises face. Given that 40% of the corporations do not have a supplier diversity program, the findings have practical implications as well; corporations are urged to implement a supplier diversity program if they do not have one, and to be committed to implementing their programs if they already have established one, for doing so is simply another case of doing well by doing good.
Using fentanyl and propofol for tracheal intubation during sevoflurane induction without muscle relaxants in children: A randomized prospective study

Context: Tracheal intubation is frequently facilitated with sevoflurane induction without the use of muscle relaxants in children. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two different doses of propofol preceded by a fixed dose of fentanyl during sevoflurane induction on quality of tracheal intubation in children. Settings and Design: This was a prospective randomized study. Subjects and Methods: Ninety American Society of Anesthesiologists I-II children aged 2–6 years were randomly assigned to one of two equal groups to receive 2 μg/kg of fentanyl with 2 mg/kg of propofol (Group I) or 2 μg/kg of fentanyl with 3 mg/kg of propofol (Group II) during sevoflurane induction. The intubating conditions and hemodynamic responses were evaluated. The time from sevoflurane induction to loss of consciousness, to intravenous line insertion, and to intubation was measured. The occurrence of any adverse effect was recorded. Statistical Analysis Used: Results were analyzed using Student's t-test, paired t-test, and Chi-square test. P< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The incidence of excellent intubating conditions was achieved more significantly in Group II (41/45 patients, 91%) than that in Group I (31/45 patients, 69%) (P = 0.008) (95% confidence interval [CI] =0.39–0.8). Whereas, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of the overall acceptable intubating conditions in Group I (40/45 patients, 89%) and Group II (43/45 patients, 96%) (P = 0.81) (95% CI = 0.71–1.31). No patient developed any adverse effect. Conclusion: The administration of 3 mg/kg propofol preceded by 2 μg/kg fentanyl provided a higher proportion of excellent intubating conditions compared with 2 mg/kg propofol preceded by 2 μg/kg fentanyl during sevoflurane induction in children without muscle relaxants.
A low-cost and modular receiver for MIMO SDR

This article outlines the development of a low-cost receiver for Software Defined Radio (SDR) to receive a data burst on an intermediate frequency of 113 MHz. This data will have to be sampled and demodulated. Constellations are plotted in real time and Bit Error Rate (BER) is also continuously determined. The original data is received on 2.45 GHz and transformed to an intermediate frequency by the receiver front-end. The received signal is then buffered, filtered, amplified and demodulated. This is all done in hardware. After this, the microcontroller takes over to process the signal, showing the data as a constellation diagram on the display.
The Effects of Product Class Knowledge on Information Search Behavior

The effects of prior knowledge about a product class on various characteristics of pre-purchase information search within that product class are examined. A new search task methodology is used that imposes only a limited amount of structure on the search task: subjects are not cued with a list of attributes, and the problem is not structured in a brand-by-attribute matrix. The results indicate that prior knowledge facilitates the acquisition of new information and increases search efficiency. The results also support the conceptual distinction between objective and subjective knowledge.
Novel Spline-Based Approach for Robust Strain Estimation in Elastography

Robust strain estimation is important in elastography. However, a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) are sometimes attained by sacrificing resolution. We propose a least-squares-based smoothing-spline strain estimator that can produce elastograms with high SNR and CNR without significant loss of resolution. The proposed method improves strain-estimation quality by deemphasing displacements with lower correlation in computing strains. Results from finite-element simulation and phantom-experiment data demonstrate that the described strain estimator provides good SNR and CNR without degrading resolution.
Managing the “S” curves of innovation

Innovations have the ability to create entirely new markets, or bring about substantial shifts in the balance of power in existing ones. As such, innovation should be an integral element in strategic marketing management, but in practice many large organizations seem better suited to squeeze it out rather than encourage it. This article examines the risks and complexities involved in managing the process of innovation, and sets out the management action required to build a more innovative organization.
Perceptual evaluation of singing quality

A perceptually valid automatic singing evaluation score could serve as a complement to singing lessons, and make singing training more reachable to the masses. In this study, we adopt the idea behind PESQ (Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality) scoring metrics, and propose various perceptually relevant features to evaluate singing quality. We correlate the obtained singing quality score, which we term as Perceptual Evaluation of Singing Quality (PESnQ) score, with that given by music-expert human judges, and compare the results with the known baseline systems. It is shown that the proposed PESnQ has a correlation of 0.59 with human ratings, which is an improvement of ∼ 96% over baseline systems.
RobX – AUTCUP 2012 & Khwarizmi Robotic Competition @ Home League Team Description Paper

This Paper provides an overview of the hardware and software of the RobX robot and presents the scientific achievements embodied in our AUTCup @Home entry. This robot has been built by the team SUT which competes on behalf of Sharif University of Technology. RobX defines a Human Robot Interaction interface based on Speech, Face, Object and Gesture Recognition.
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR PROTECTING GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS IN THAILAND

In this paper, the legal framework for the protection of geographical indications (GIs) in Thailand is analysed and challenges the country has been facing in that regard are discussed. Although the legal protection of GIs is ensured by the World Trade Organization, unresolved issues remain concerning GI protection in Thailand. Biopiracy, existing conflicts of interests concerning different types of intellectual property rights (trademarks and patents versus GIs) and the rise in regional and bilateral trade agreements have created major challenges at the multilateral level. In drawing on GI cases in Thailand, in particular that concerning jasmine rice, an attempt is made to further analyse these challenges to protect genetic resources from the perspective of Thailand. This paper concludes with suggestions on how such challenges can be mitigated and in which direction trade negotiations should be shaped.
Sustainable tourism marketing at a World Heritage site

This paper discusses sustainable tourism marketing in the context of a World Heritage Site and contends that a strategic marketing approach for the development of sustainable tourism is vital to the management of a WH site. A review of the literature on sustainable tourism, the WH site tourism ‘service‐ product’ and management of a tourist site is presented. In this study, sustainable tourism marketing is defined as marketing that incorporates social, economic and environmental perspectives in a given region. The paper then reports on the management perspectives and attempts to implement sustainable tourism marketing at a World Heritage site, the Giant's Causeway. The study found that the Giant's Causeway WH site suffers from an overall lack of integrated management and understanding of how to present and deliver sustainable tourism marketing.
Video-based Methodology : Capturing Real-time Perceptions of Customer Processes

Purpose – A recurring problem for research into services is the question of validity – i.e. knowing which quality factors really are relevant for measurement and analysis. Retrospective data collection of customer perceptions has shortcomings in “fuzzy” and dynamic service processes. This paper focuses on the customer experience as an active resource for developing service systems.Design/methodology/approach – Using a video‐based methodology for collecting naturally occurring data and a “think‐aloud” methodology for collecting real‐time user perceptions, the study reveals concrete cues in the service environment that determine quality from a customer perspective. The study then presents an empirical case to test and develop this methodology.Findings – The study involves able‐bodied and disabled passengers using public transport and identifies environmental and processual factors that are critical for the customer base.Research limitations/implications – The study demonstrates the potential for more advanc.
Regulatory Hypothesis and Bank Dividend Payouts: Empirical Evidence from Italian Banking Sector

This study examines the regulatory hypothesis for bank dividend payouts using a panel dataset of 229 Italian banks over the period 2005–2012. Regulatory hypothesis suggests that undercapitalized banks face more regulatory pressure for increasing capital levels by paying lower amount of dividends. Empirical results support the regulatory hypothesis by finding that the Italian banks having lower equity to total assets ratios or lower regulatory capital ratios retain more profits and pay lower amount of dividends. Results also suggest that dividend payer banks try to maintain dividends at previous level by not skipping or reducing dividends. Results further support that Fama and French (2001)'s three characteristics of dividend payers are also applicable to banks. That is, big-in-size, more profitable and low growth Italian banks pay higher amount of dividends. Findings of this study have important implications for recent regulatory proposals that suggest a direct regulation of dividends. A direct regulation of dividends, on one hand, and regulatory pressure on dividend payout decisions through capital requirements, on the other hand, may have unintended consequences for dividends as signaling and agency cost reducing tools.
Examining the Temporal Development of Phonetic and Lexical Learning in Second Language

The purpose of this study was to investigate how second-language (L2) learners lexically encode confusable phonemes. Given the inconsistency of previous studies on whether and if so how learners can establish separate lexical representations of confusable categories, we examined (1) how phonetic categorization and lexical encoding abilities were developed at the early stage of learning and (2) whether there are any differences in those abilities between the words with a sound pair from a corresponding native language (L1)-dominant category and those lacking such category. Native speakers of Korean learned Arabic words with these two types of sound pairs for four days and then their phonetic categorization and lexical processing abilities were evaluated in AXB discrimination and lexical decision tasks, respectively. The results showed that phonetic categorization of the words with a sound pair from an L1-dominant category developed very early. With success in their discrimination abilities, L2 learners began to overcome lexical competition from the words with such a sound pair. By contrast, learners showed poor sound discrimination and lexical encoding skills for words with a sound pair lacking an L1-dominant category. This suggests that (1) L2 learners’ accurate phonetic categorization abilities are prerequisite to success in L2 lexical encoding and (2) lexical representations of the L2 words with confusable phonemes depend on the distinct types of sound category matchup between L1 and L2.
Human Control Law and Brain Activity of Voluntary Motion by Utilizing a Balancing Task with an Inverted Pendulum

Human characteristics concerning voluntary motion control are investigated, because this motion is fundamental for the machine operation and human-computer system. Using a force feedback haptic device and a balancing task of a virtual inverted pendulum, participants were trained in the task, and hand motion/force was measured, and brain activity was monitored. First, through brain analysis by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and motion analysis of the pendulum, we identified a participant who was the most expert. Next, control characteristics of the most expert were investigated by considering the operational force and delay factor of a human. As a result, it was found that predictive control based on velocity information was used predominantly although a perception feedback control against the pendulum posture worked. And it was shown that an on-off intermittency control, which was a strategy for the skilled balancing, can be described well by a linermodel involving two types of time shifts for the position and velocity. In addition, it was confirmed that the cortex activity for observation in an ocular motor control area and visual processing area was strong to enhance above-mentioned control strategies.
Wavelet Analysis of Embolic Heart Sound Detected by Precordial Doppler Ultrasound During Continuous Venous Air Embolism in Dogs

The spectrum of the embolic heart sounds (EHS) detected by precordial Doppler ultrasound has been previously characterized, but only on small volumes of venous air embolism (VAE). We sought to determine whether real-time wavelet analysis is useful in analyzing the signals of EHS and whether the embolic power of the EHS for larger volumes of air is proportionate to the volume of VAE that has been reported for small volumes of VAE. A series of small air boli (0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.07, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.8 mL), followed by continuous infusion of larger volumes of air (0.8, 1.6, 2.4, 4.8, and 9.6 mL), was injected into the external jugular vein through a central catheter in seven pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. We measured the spectrum of the Doppler heart sound (DHS) in a real-time manner by using wavelet analysis at different scales. Wavelet analysis at scale = 1 yielded satisfactory results in distinguishing abnormal EHS from normal DHS with high sensitivity (100%) and good positive predictive value (100%) compared with the conventional method, which requires an anesthesiologist to listen to the audio DHS signals in a real-time manner. There was a linear relationship (y = 1.08x + 7.89, r = 0.75, P < 0.001) between the cumulative embolic power of the EHS and the air volume introduced in the form of either bolus or continuous infusion. The 95% confidence intervals for slope and intercept were 0.89-1.27 and 7.65-8.13, respectively. Our results suggest that wavelet analysis is effective as a real-time monitor and that it is possible to distinguish larger volumes of air emboli based on previous injections of small volumes of air. Implications: The real-time wavelet analysis of the heart sound detected by precordial Doppler ultrasound may be useful in estimating larger volumes of air emboli based on previous injections of small volumes of air in anesthetized dogs. (Anesth Analg 1998;86:325-31)
Towards Linked Data and ontology development for the semantic enrichment of volunteered geo-information.

The increasing volume of Volunteered Geo-information (VGI) often remains hidden and unconnected to other sources of information, and therefore hampering its reuse. A better understanding of the semantics behind VGI and its resources can relieve this issue, facilitated by the use of lightweight Semantic Web tools for the visualization, exploration and querying of Linked Data. The support of the publication of VGI-system descriptions on the Web eases the reuse of VGI, which in its turn supports the demand for a better spatial coverage of volunteered geo-information. This paper describes an approach for the collaborative development of an ontology of VGI concepts and the creation of Linked Data for real-life VGI resources. A corpus of VGI concepts and resources are drawn from the ENERGIC project. The paper demonstrates how these resources can be integrally accessed through a visual query environment.
Soft computing TSP model with simulated annealing for optimization against transmission losses while designing electricity distribution networks

Losses during Transmission is a major challenge while distributing electricity through large distribution networks especially in countries like India where population is unequally distributed in a large geographical area with a lot of diversities. Distance between transmission points is a major factor in determining the technical loss of electrical energy due to conversion as heat while using physical metallic media. Software models of Travelling Salesman Problem can simulate the process of finding optimized paths while designing distribution networks connecting remote places. Limitations in scalability and flexibility restrict conventional algorithmic models of TSP in complex practical situations of real world projects. Soft computing models can help to achieve more scalability, flexibility and even a better control over desired level of quality in output with respect to situational constraints. So they are more suitable in modeling real project environments which are subjected to dynamic changes as in electricity distribution networks. This paper illustrates the scope of soft computing technique known as Simulated Annealing, in such projects, for finding optimized paths within a restricted environment with constraints, through an iterative process model.
Performance Analysis of the Selective Repeat ARQ Protocol

Delay, queue length, and throughput are the main performance characteristics of a data transmission system with ARQ (automaticrepeat-request) error control. Various protocols which have been proposed use, as a part or as a whole, the basic selective-repeat ARQ protocol. Their performance analysis has, however, been restricted to the throughput characteristics. An easily applicable method to analyze this basic protocol has not appeared in the literature so far. In this paper, two different methods for the queue length and delay analysis are presented. The system is modeled as a discrete time queue with infinite buffer storage. Transmission errors are considered to be independent, and block arrivals may follow an arbitrary interarrival time distribution. The first method uses an exact Markov state model, on which the theory of absorbing and ergodic Markov chains is applied, and leads to a computational algorithm. The second method, which is based on a specific assumption, uses a substantially simpler stochastic model and results in equations which are easily solved by means of iterative computation. In the case of geometrically distributed interarrival times, simple analytical formulas are extracted. The results are compared to the exact ones (that is, those obtained by the first method or by extended simulation runs) and surprising agreement is observed.
How Disclosure Quality Affects the Long-Run Level of Information Asymmetry

This study examines how disclosure quality is related to the long-run level of information asymmetry. We examine two potential mechanisms through which disclosure quality is expected to reduce the long-run level of information asymmetry: (1) disclosure quality will alter the trading incentives of investors and lead to relatively less trading by privately informed investors, and (2) disclosure quality will reduce the incentives to search for private information and lead to fewer private information events. Our cross-sectional analyses take into account the potential endogeneity between disclosure quality and information asymmetry. The results indicate that each of the two hypothesized mechanisms give rise to the negative association between disclosure quality and information asymmetry. These results add to our understanding of how disclosure quality affects a firm's information and trading environments.