Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Approximate Expressions for the Magnetic Potential and Fields of 2-D, Asymmetrical Magnetic Recording Heads

A 2-D asymmetrical magnetic head is characterized by the parallel inclination of the semi-infinite, inner gap walls, and where the gap length and head-to-underlayer separation are small compared with the other dimensions in the head. With head corner inclination, these structures contribute to the reduction in the effective gap length of the head and, therefore, the increase in the field magnitude and narrowing of the field distributions near the acute gap corner. Asymmetrical heads were, therefore, proposed for increasing the writing and readout resolutions in gapped magnetic head structures. There are currently no explicit or approximate analytical solutions for the potential and fields from 2-D asymmetrical magnetic heads. This paper is concerned with the detailed theoretical derivation of relatively simple closed-form approximations for the scalar magnetic potential and fields from 2-D asymmetrical magnetic heads and their Fourier transforms, applicable to any arbitrary corner inclination angle. A general theory based on the translated sine Fourier series is developed to model and study the reaction of a soft magnetic underlayer on the surface potential of any magnetic head structure, and applied to the asymmetrical head. The approximate potential and field expressions derived in this paper demonstrated a very good agreement with the finite-element calculations of the 2-D asymmetrical heads.
Complexity, Critical Mass and Industry Formation: A Comparison of Selected Industries

This paper uses a typology of industries to summarize and contrast the challenges involved with industry formation and to examine why specific industries were formed in some countries before other ones. The formation of most new industries depends on the introduction of products that provide a superior “value proposition” to some set of users where their introduction requires new R&D-related capabilities in firms. However, industries whose products require a critical mass of users or complementary products for growth to continue and ones that involve complex systems face additional challenges.
A Prospective Evaluation of the WeeFIM in Patients With Cerebral Palsy Undergoing Orthopaedic Surgery

Purpose: Although frequently used in pediatric rehabilitation settings, the WeeFIM has not been tested in surgical pediatric orthopaedic patients. Methods: The WeeFIM was administered to patients with surgical cerebral palsy at defined intervals preoperatively and at both 6 and 12 months postoperatively. The age-adjusted change scores from baseline to follow-up were tested both parametrically and nonparametrically. Results: Four hundred sixty-eight patients had baseline evaluations. There were 161 six-month follow-up assessments and 108 twelve-month follow-up assessments. The baseline WeeFIM was able to separate children with different patterns of cerebral palsy. Hemiplegic patients had higher scores than diplegic and tetraplegic patients. Overall age-adjusted scores were improved at both 6 (mean increase 2.0) and 12 months (mean increase 2.2). The instrument showed significant ceiling effects for diplegic and hemiplegic patients with lower or upper extremity surgery and limited responsiveness for lower extremity surgery in tetraplegic patients. Parametrically, it showed improvements in mobility for both rhizotomy and tetraplegic upper extremity surgery. Nonparametric tests were not significant for rhizotomy mobility improvement. Conclusions: Although the WeeFIM adequately reflects the severity of neurological involvement in pediatric orthopaedic patients with cerebral palsy, it has a significant ceiling effect in diplegic and hemiplegic patients limiting responsiveness and lacks content validity for tetraplegic patients. The instrument may have some use in tetraplegic patients with upper extremity surgery and in rhizotomy patients. We recommend against its general use for orthopaedic surgery in patients with cerebral palsy lower extremity or spine surgery and in hemiplegic patients with upper extremity surgery.
Monetarism and the Aggregate Economy: Some Longer-Run Evidence

A simple macro model is used to investigate various monetarist propositions over the period 1923-82. Initial tests indicate a structural break over this period and the subperiods 1923-60 and 1961-82 are analyzed separately. Results obtained for the latter period support the monetarist propositions put forward by Stein and others. However, upon closer investigation it appears that the crucial long-run neutrality that characterizes these findings is essentially generated by government policy and is not necessarily an intrinsic property of the economy over that period. By contrast, results obtained for the period 1923-60 are much less supportive of these same propositions.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use Disorders in College Students

ABSTRACT Research indicates that many college students report posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or substance use disorder (SUD), yet there has been scant attention paid to the co-occurrence of these disorders in college students. This review examines the co-occurrence of PTSD and SUD in college students. Recommendations for counseling centers are provided regarding the assessment of this population, an overview of treatment issues, and three areas of clinical importance when working with this population: risk behaviors, interpersonal violence, and social isolation. Future directions for research are also suggested.
Barriers to making recommendations about medical tests: a qualitative study of European guideline developers

Objectives Development of medical test guidelines differs from intervention guideline development. These differences can pose unique challenges in building evidence-based recommendations to guide clinical practice. The aim of our study was to better understand these challenges, explore reasons behind them and identify possible solutions. Setting and participants In this qualitative study, we conducted in-depth interviews between February 2012 and April 2013 of a convenience sample of 17 European guideline developers experienced in medical test guideline development. Outcomes measured We used framework analysis with deductive and inductive approaches to generate the themes from the interviews. We kept interpretation grounded in the data. Results Guideline developers acknowledged that inclusion of patient important outcomes in their guideline development was necessary but lacking. This and other challenges raised fell into 3 broad and overlapping domains: methodological issues, resource limitations and a lack of awareness on the need for evidence that links testing to patient outcomes. Education was mentioned as a key solution to increase awareness and address the resources limitations mentioned. Conclusions Challenges guideline developers face were interlinked across the domains of methodological issues, resource limitations and a lack of awareness. Solutions that addressed these challenges in parallel are needed. Raising awareness, education and training of relevant stakeholders such as medical doctors, funders and regulators to look beyond test accuracy is key to having a long-term resolution to the issues faced in medical test guideline development.
Subtask sequencing in the primary visual cortex

Complex visual tasks can usually be decomposed into a number of simpler subtasks. Whether such subtasks are solved serially or in parallel is subject to considerable debate. Here we investigate how subtasks are coordinated in time by recording from the primary visual cortex of macaque monkeys. The animals were trained to perform both a simple and a composite task. In the simple task, they had to mentally trace a target curve while ignoring a distractor curve. Neuronal responses in the primary visual cortex to the target curve were enhanced relative to responses to the distractor curve 130 ms after stimulus appearance. In the composite task, the monkeys searched for a colored marker and traced a curve that was attached to this marker. In an initial phase of the trials, neuronal responses reflected visual search, and the response enhancement due to curve tracing now occurred after 230 ms, 100 ms later than in the simple task. We conclude that subtasks of the composite task are carried out in a structured and sequential manner that can be monitored in the primary visual cortex.
FasT-Fix versus Inside-Out Suture Meniscal Repair in the Goat Model

Background Recent all-inside meniscal repair devices are available, but in vivo studies with these devices are sparse. Hypothesis The FasT-Fix has inferior meniscal healing compared with the inside-out suture technique in the goat model. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods After Institutional Review Board approval, 73 male castrated goats (Capra hircus) underwent a 2-cm meniscal incision and subsequent repair with the FasT-Fix device on one knee and inside-out meniscal repair on the contralateral knee. Both repairs used a vertical mattress suture technique. Access to the menisci was via an open technique with an extra-articular osteotomy of the medial collateral ligament origin on the femur. The animals were then allowed to ambulate unrestricted in a pasture after a 7-day stay in cages. Necropsy was carried out 6 months postoperatively, and the menisci and articular cartilage were studied with gross and microscopic inspection. Results Nine of the 73 animals were excluded before necropsy. A total of 64 animals underwent necropsy, gross measurement of residual lesions, gross evaluation for chondral damage, histologic evaluation of meniscal repair, histologic evaluation of any adjacent inflammatory reaction to implants, and data analysis. Compared with the inside-out group, the FasT-Fix group had longer residual full-thickness defects (1.2 ± 2.9 mm vs 0.2 ± 1.1 mm; P =. 011) and longer residual partial-thickness defects (8.4 ± 6.3 mm vs 3.6 ± 5.5 mm; P <. 001). A total of 148 FasT-Fix devices were placed for 73 knees. Two devices were replaced for improper deployment. The device deployed and attached correctly 146 of 148 times for a success rate of 98.6%. There was no gross chondral damage and no histologic findings of inflammatory reaction to the implants with either technique. Conclusions The FasT-Fix meniscal repair had inferior meniscal healing results in this animal model. Previous studies using this animal model have paralleled clinical outcomes. Implantation of the FasT-Fix device does not damage adjacent femoral or tibial cartilage. The deployment of the FasT-Fix implant was simple and reproducible. There was no inflammatory reaction to the FasTFix implant. Clinical Relevance The FasT-Fix meniscal repair has inferior meniscal healing results compared with the inside-out meniscal repair technique in the goat model. The clinical significance of this finding is not known. Further clinical study of the FasT-Fix implant is warranted.
The importance of intellectual capital and its effect on performance measurement systems

The first objective of this paper is to provide evidence concerning the relationship between selected organizational characteristics and the perceived importance of intellectual capital. The second objective is to relate the relative importance of intellectual capital to characteristics of the organization’s performance measurement systems. Due to their in‐depth knowledge of their entities’ business operations, internal auditors are used to provide the data for this study. The results of a survey administered to 54 internal auditors indicate that the industry of a company is not related to that company’s attitude about intellectual capital. The size of the internal audit department is related to a company’s attitude about intellectual capital. Companies with larger internal audit departments believe that intellectual capital is very important. Finally, the evidence suggests that business performance measurement systems are being implemented to a larger extent at entities that place a greater emphasis on intellectual capital.
ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGY, EXTERNAL REGULATION AND PUBLIC SERVICE PERFORMANCE

We test the separate and joint effects of strategy and regulation on public service performance. Strategy is measured as the extent to which service providers are prospectors, defenders and reactors. Regulation is assessed on the basis of the number of inspection events and service managers’ perceptions of the supportiveness of regulators. We find that, controlling for prior performance and the level of service expenditure, prospecting is a more successful strategy than defending or reacting. In addition, inspection events generally disrupt the relationship between strategy and performance, but regulation that is supportive reinforces this relationship. The evidence suggests that the impact of organizational strategies in the public sector is contingent on the characteristics of regulatory regimes.
LEUKOCYTE MIGRATION IN DIFFERENT SYSTEMS

In a double‐filter modification of Boyden's method, formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine (FMLP) needed the presence of fresh plasma to induce leukocyte locomotor kinetics which compared with a model for directional migration. FMLP, or zymosan‐activated plasma, did not stimulate migration in capillary tubes. The kinetics of leukocyte migration under agarose towards zymosan‐activated plasma were more compatible to a model for increased random motility than for directional migration. Treatment of leukocytes with colchicin reduced their migration under gradient and non‐gradient conditions in millipore filters, capillary tubes, and in under‐agarose experiments.
Glasses-free randot stereotest

Abstract. We proposed a glasses-free randot stereotest using a multiview display system. We designed a four-view parallax barrier system and proposed the use of a random-dot multigram as a set of view images for the glasses-free randot stereotest. The glasses-free randot stereotest can be used to verify the effect of glasses in a stereopsis experience. Furthermore, the proposed system is convertible between two-view and four-view structures so that the motion parallax effect could be verified within the system. We discussed the design principles and the method used to generate images in detail and implemented a glasses-free randot stereotest system with a liquid crystal display panel and a customized parallax barrier. We also developed graphical user interfaces and a method for their calibration for practical usage. We performed experiments with five adult subjects with normal vision. The experimental results show that the proposed system provides a stereopsis experience to the subjects and is consistent with the glasses-type randot stereotest and the Frisby–Davis test. The implemented system is free from monocular cues and provides binocular disparity only. The crosstalk of the system is about 6.42% for four-view and 4.17% for two-view, the time required for one measurement is less than 20 s, and the minimum angular disparity that the system can provide is about 23 arc sec.
Cost Overruns and Demand Shortfalls in Urban Rail and Other Infrastructure

Abstract Risk, including economic risk, is increasingly a concern for public policy and management. The possibility of dealing effectively with risk is hampered, however, by lack of a sound empirical basis for risk assessment and management. This article demonstrates the general point for cost and demand risks in urban rail projects. The article presents empirical evidence that allow valid economic risk assessment and management of urban rail projects, including benchmarking of individual or groups of projects. Benchmarking of the Copenhagen Metro is presented as a case in point. The approach developed is proposed as a model for other types of policies and projects in order to improve economic and financial risk assessment and management in policy and planning.
A structural model for examining how destination image and interpretation services affect future visitation behavior: a case study of Taiwan's Taomi eco-village

This study examined a behavioral model of community-based sustainable tourism at the Taomi eco-village in Taiwan using variables that included destination image, interpretation services, satisfaction, and the future visitation behavior of tourists; 397 usable questionnaires were collected. The sociodemographic variables and descriptive statistics were analyzed using SPSS 12.0. The structural equation model was analyzed using LISREL 8.70 for Windows, and all the parameters were estimated using the maximum likelihood method. Empirical results indicated that destination image directly and indirectly affects satisfaction and future behavior, respectively; similarly, interpretation services directly impact satisfaction, and indirectly impact future behavior. Moreover, satisfaction significantly affected future visitation behavior and was a significant mediating variable under this behavioral model. Management implications based on the model are suggested for sustainable community-based tourism.
An opportunity-based approach to international entrepreneurship: pursuing opportunities internationally through prospection

This paper argues for a better understanding of entrepreneurship in international entrepreneurship – the ‘E in IE’. The paper suggests that the central role of opportunity formation and exploitation in entrepreneurship research should be fully explored in IE. The entrepreneur-firm-opportunity nexus in internationalisation is examined through an opportunity-based approach (OBA). This suggests that the process of internationalisation may be conceived as the formation and exploitation of international entrepreneurial opportunities. The subjective, entrepreneurial ability to create an imagined future – ‘prospection’ – is examined to show how entrepreneurs use prospection to: creatively imagine combinations of firm capabilities and market opportunities to form entrepreneurial opportunities. A typology of entrepreneurial opportunity formation is advanced which distinguishes between opportunity discovery, development, construction, and creation. The paper concludes by suggesting how the OBA can help explain the choice of foreign markets, early internationalisation, speed of internationalisation, and foreign entry modes.
Compatibility of Accounting Information Systems (AISs) with Activities in Production Cycle

The intricacies of economic activities and growing increase in competition have made commercial units with the duty of production and financial data processing, orienting themselves with production cycle. This is considered as the heart of organization such that they could be more effective in decision-making. The method adopted in this research is descriptive – survey and it attempts to attain the objectives the researchers based on four independent variables including Production design, Programming, production operations and cost accounting. To test the hypotheses, the study adopts one sample T test method and to investigate uniformity of effects of each variable, Kruscal-Wallis test is employed. The results obtained from the tests indicate that AISs are not compatible with production cycle, where, in turn, has led to rejection of modern costing systems such as activity based costing (ABC).
3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine resistance suppressed by a mutation conferring human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistance to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (NNRT) inhibitors (R82913; (+)-S-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-9-chloro-5-methyl-6-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)- imidazo[4,5,1-jk][1,4]-benzodiazepin-2(1H)-thione; Cl-TIBO; and BI-RG-587, nevirapine) were used to select resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants by passage in cell cultures of wild-type or 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (zidovudine; AZT)-resistant strains. Similar to other NNRT inhibitors, Cl-TIBO induced a single mutation (Y181 to C) in reverse transcriptase (RT) that accounted for the resistance. BI-RG-587 induced a different mutation (V106-->A) in AZT resistance backgrounds. A series of viable HIV-1 variants was constructed by site-directed mutagenesis of the RT, which harbored multiple drug resistance mutations, including Y181 to C. HIV-1 that was co-resistant to NNRT inhibitors and 2',3'-dideoxyinosine resulted when a 2',3'-dideoxyinosine resistance mutation (L74 to V) was also present in RT. By contrast, however, the Y181 to C mutation in an AZT resistance background significantly suppressed resistance to AZT, while it conferred resistance to NNRT inhibitors. However, the V106-->A substitution did not cause suppression of preexisting AZT resistance. Since certain combinations of nucleoside analogs and NNRT inhibitors might result in the development of co-resistance, careful analysis of clinical isolates obtained during combination therapy will be needed to determine the potential significance of these observations.
Subtype Differentiation of Renal Tumors Using Voxel-Based Histogram Analysis of Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Parameters

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine if voxel-based histogram analysis of intravoxel incoherent motion imaging (IVIM) parameters can differentiate various subtypes of renal tumors, including benign and malignant lesions. Subjects and MethodsA total of 44 patients with renal tumors who underwent surgery and had histopathology available were included in this Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act–compliant, institutional review board–approved, single-institution prospective study. In addition to routine renal magnetic resonance imaging examination performed on a 1.5-T system, all patients were imaged with axial diffusion-weighted imaging using 8 b values (range, 0–800 s/mm2). A biexponential model was fitted to the diffusion signal data using a segmented algorithm to extract the IVIM parameters perfusion fraction (fp), tissue diffusivity (Dt), and pseudodiffusivity (Dp) for each voxel. Mean and histogram measures of heterogeneity (standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis) of IVIM parameters were correlated with pathology results of tumor subtype using unequal variance t tests to compare subtypes in terms of each measure. Correction for multiple comparisons was accomplished using the Tukey honestly significant difference procedure. ResultsA total of 44 renal tumors including 23 clear cell (ccRCC), 4 papillary (pRCC), 5 chromophobe, and 5 cystic renal cell carcinomas, as well as benign lesions, 4 oncocytomas (Onc) and 3 angiomyolipomas (AMLs), were included in our analysis. Mean IVIM parameters fp and Dt differentiated 8 of 15 pairs of renal tumors. Histogram analysis of IVIM parameters differentiated 9 of 15 subtype pairs. One subtype pair (ccRCC vs pRCC) was differentiated by mean analysis but not by histogram analysis. However, 2 other subtype pairs (AML vs Onc and ccRCC vs Onc) were differentiated by histogram distribution parameters exclusively. The standard deviation of Dt [&sgr;(Dt)] differentiated ccRCC (0.362 ± 0.136 × 10−3 mm2/s) from AML (0.199 ± 0.043 × 10−3 mm2/s) (P = 0.002). Kurtosis of fp separated Onc (2.767 ± 1.299) from AML (−0.325 ± 0.279; P = 0.001), ccRCC (0.612 ± 1.139; P = 0.042), and pRCC (0.308 ± 0.730; P = 0.025). ConclusionsIntravoxel incoherent motion imaging parameters with inclusion of histogram measures of heterogeneity can help differentiate malignant from benign lesions as well as various subtypes of renal cancers.