Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Defining the Genus Homo Mark Collard and

The definition of the genus Homo is an important but under-researched topic. In this chapter we show that interpretations of Homo have changed greatly over the last 150 years as a result of the incorporation of new fossil species, the discovery of fossil evidence that changed our perceptions of its component species, and reassessments of the functional capabilities of species previously allocated to Homo. We also show that these changes have been made in an ad hoc fashion. Criteria for recognizing fossil specimens of Homo have been outlined on a M. Collard (*) Human Evolutionary Studies Program and Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK e-mail: mcollard@sfu.ca B. Wood Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA Human Origins Program, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA e-mail: bernardawood@gmail.com # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 W. Henke, I. Tattersall (eds.), Handbook of Paleoanthropology, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-39979-4_51 2107 number of occasions, but these criteria have generally not been explicitly derived from a genus concept. Rather, the course of action followed by most researchers has been to assign new specimens toHomo on the basis of a subset of the diagnostic traits that are considered to be key, and to then redefine the other traits of the genus in the light of the morphological and functional attributes of the new specimens. With a view to moving beyond this approach, in the next section of the chapter we outline six competing proposals for how genera should be defined, and consider their impact on the species assigned to the genus Homo. Subsequently, we consider the pros and cons of the six genus concepts. We argue that three of them are impractical and/or internally inconsistent, and that three are useful. We go on to suggest that, while there is little to choose between the latter three concepts on theoretical grounds, the one put forward by Wood and Collard (Science 284: 65–71, 1999) has practical advantages. In the last part of the chapter, we update Wood and Collard’s review of genus Homo in the light of research published since their study appeared. We find that, on balance, the available evidence still supports their suggestion that Homo should be reconfigured such that it includes H. ergaster, H. erectus, H. heidelbergensis, H. neanderthalensis, and H. sapiens but excludes H. habilis and H. rudolfensis. We also find that the proposed inclusion of the collection of Late Pleistocene specimens from the site of Liang Bua, Flores, in the genus Homo as a new species, H. floresiensis, is not compatible with Wood and Collard’s definition of the genus Homo.
Effects of Prophylactic Knee Bracing on Lower Limb Kinematics, Kinetics, and Energetics During Double-Leg Drop Landing at 2 Heights

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries commonly occur during landing maneuvers. Prophylactic knee braces were introduced to reduce the risk of ACL injuries, but their effectiveness is debated. Hypotheses: We hypothesized that bracing would improve biomechanical factors previously related to the risk of ACL injuries, such as increased hip and knee flexion angles at initial contact and at peak vertical ground-reaction force (GRF), increased ankle plantar flexion angles at initial contact, decreased peak GRFs, and decreased peak knee extension moment. We also hypothesized that bracing would increase the negative power and work of the hip joint and would decrease the negative power and work of the knee and ankle joints. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Three-dimensional motion and force plate data were collected from 8 female and 7 male recreational athletes performing double-leg drop landings from 0.30 m and 0.60 m with and without a prophylactic knee brace. GRFs, joint angles, moments, power, and work were calculated for each athlete with and without a knee brace. Results: Prophylactic knee bracing increased the hip flexion angle at peak GRF by 5.56° (P < .001), knee flexion angle at peak GRF by 4.75° (P = .001), and peak hip extension moment by 0.44 N·m/kg (P < .001). Bracing also increased the peak hip negative power by 4.89 W/kg (P = .002) and hip negative work by 0.14 J/kg (P = .001) but did not result in significant differences in the energetics of the knee and ankle. No differences in peak GRFs and peak knee extension moment were observed with bracing. Conclusion: The application of a prophylactic knee brace resulted in improvements in important biomechanical factors associated with the risk of ACL injuries. Clinical Relevance: Prophylactic knee braces may help reduce the risk of noncontact knee injuries in recreational and professional athletes while playing sports. Further studies should investigate different types of prophylactic knee braces in conjunction with existing training interventions so that the sports medicine community can better assess the effectiveness of prophylactic knee bracing.
Key Establishment Protocols and Timed-Release Encryption Schemes

This thesis is divided into two distinct parts. The first part of the thesis explores security issues in key establishment protocols, including both key distribution protocols and key agreement protocols, and in both the general and the password-based setting. The second part of the thesis explores security issues of Timed-Release encryption schemes, especially those with a Pre-Open capability. In the first part, we initially present a formal description of key establishment protocols, and summarise the security properties that may be required of such a protocol. Secondly, we examine existing security models for key establishment protocols. We show that none of these security models fully capture the desired security properties. Thirdly, we examine some existing protocols and demonstrate certain vulnerabilities. Some of these vulnerabilities have not previously been detected because of the lack of a formal security analysis, while others have been missed because the adopted security models fail to address such security vulnerabilities. Fourthly, we describe a novel security model for general key establishment protocols, and we further adapt it for the password setting. Finally, we propose key establishment protocols which are proved secure in our novel security model. In the second part we start by examining an existing security model for TimedRelease Encryption schemes with a Pre-open Capability (TRE-PC), and we demonstrate several limitations of this model. We then propose a new security model for such public-key encryption schemes, and establish relationships between the proposed security notions. We also propose a general construction for TRE-PC schemes and an instantiation of certain primitives.
How to Survive and Thrive in Complex, Hypercompetitive, and Disruptive ecosystems? The Roles of IS-enabled Capabilities

In this theory development paper, we develop new IS-enabled capabilities for firms to survive and thrive in complex business ecosystems facing hypercompetition and digital disruptions. Complex business ecosystems operate in either: (1) the region of emergent complexity, or (2) edge of discontinuity. Survival challenges differ across the two regions. The first region experiences hypercompetitive dynamics. Firms have to coevolve with dynamically changing product market positions. The second experiences threats of digital disruption. Firms have to redefine their roles and relationships, as the existing ecosystem will likely experience a phase transition, face catastrophic collapse, creating a new, qualitatively different ecosystem. We propose an IS-enabled complexity vigilance capability for firms to detect the existing region of complexity and invoke the appropriate strategy. We propose the IS-enabled coevolution capability and IS-enabled redefinition capability for coping with the two regions respectively and explain how our IS-enabled capabilities increase firms’ chances of surviving and thriving. dethrone incumbents. Rank orders of top industry performers change frequently.
A Pre-Stack Seismic Inversion with L1 Constraints and Uncertainty Estimation Using the Expectation Maximization Algorithm

We present an algorithm that provides improved Earth model reconstruction over Gaussian, or Tikhonov, regulated inversions. By utilizing a dynamic noise estimation, linear error propagation theory and a Bayesian construction this algorithm can: objectively indicate the amount of recoverable independent information, provide a framework on how to weight prior information, and to communicate the uncertainty of the estimates.
Whose Metaphysics of Presence? Heidegger's Interpretation of Energeia and Dunamis in Aristotle

In the recently published 1924 course, Grundbegriffe der aristotelischen Philosophie, Martin Heidegger offers a detailed interpretation of Aristotle's definition of kinesis in the Physics. This interpretation identifies entelecheia with what is finished and present-at-an-end and energeia with being-at-work toward this end. In arguing against this interpretation, the present paper attempts to show that Aristotle interpreted being from the perspective of praxis rather than poiesis and therefore did not identify it with static presence. The paper also challenges later variations of Heidegger's interpretation, in particular his account of dunamis in the 1931 course on Metaphysics Theta, which insists that its mode of being is presence-at-hand. By arguing that this reading too is untenable, the paper concludes that Aristotle's metaphysics is not a metaphysics of presence and that his texts instead point toward a possibility of metaphysics ignored by the attempts of Heidegger and others to overcome it.
Endocrine , and Anorexic Responses to the T-Cell Superantigen Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A : Dependence on Tumor Necrosis Factor -

Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) is a microbial superantigen that activates T-lymphocytes and induces production of various cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor(TNF ). Previously, it was shown that SEA activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and augments gustatory neophobic behaviors. In the present study, it was hypothesized that these effects involve neuronal activation in forebrain regions mediating fear and/or anxiety and are dependent on the production of TNF . Male C57BL/6J mice were given intraperitoneal injections of 10 g of SEA and 5 g of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline and perfused 2 h later for histochemical determination of brain c-Fos immunoreactivity (IR). The results showed increased c-Fos IR in the paraventricular nucleus, arcuate nucleus, central nucleus of the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and lateral septum. Challenge of TNF / mice with SEA did not produce a significant increase in brain c-Fos IR, although c-Fos was increased after exposure to a psychogenic stressor (i.e., open field). In additional experiments, the elevated corticosterone response to SEA was abrogated in TNF / mice and was shown to be corticotropin-releasing hormone dependent. Finally, the augmented reduction in novel food intake after SEA challenge was attenuated in TNF / mice as well as in wild-type mice administered antibody to TNF . In conclusion, challenge with SEA recruits brain regions mediating stress and anxiety responses, an effect that requires endogenous TNF . Whether this is indicative of all T-cell superantigens remains to be determined, although it stands in contrast to other models of neuroimmunomodulation (e.g., LPS) that involve multiple cytokine influences.
On the Asymptotic and Numerical Solution of Linear Ordinary Differential Equations

An investigation is made of the nature of asymptotic solutions of homogeneous linear differential equations of arbitrary order in the neighborhood of a singularity of unit rank. We introduce a classification of the solutions into two types, explicit and implicit. For the former there exists a sector on which the solution is dominated by all independent solutions as the singularity is approached. No such sector exists for implicit solutions. In consequence, the two types of solution have different uniqueness properties. Another difference is that error bounds for the asymptotic expansions of explicit solutions are generally stronger than those for implicit solutions. We also investigate the computation of the solutions by numerical integration of the differential equation. It is shown that it is the exception rather than the rule for the integration process to be stable, particularly so for implicit solutions. To overcome these instabilities we develop boundary-value methods, complete with error analysis. Numerical examples illustrate the computation of both explicit and implicit solutions, and also the associated Stokes multipliers.
Impact of phosphoproteomics in the translation of kinase‐targeted therapies

Signaling pathways driven by protein and lipid kinases are altered in most human diseases. Therefore, pharmacological inhibitors of cell signaling are one of the most intensively pursued therapeutic approaches for the treatment of diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and metabolic syndromes. Phosphoproteomics is a technique that measures the products of kinase activities and, with the appropriate bioinformatics techniques, the methodology can also provide measures of kinase pathway activation and network circuitry. Hence, due to recent technological advantages, LC‐MS‐based quantitative phosphoproteomics provides relevant information for the design and implementation of kinase inhibitor based therapies. Here, we review how phosphoproteome profiling is being used in translational research as a means to identify drug targets and biomarkers for personalizing therapies based on kinase inhibitors.
Function of RIG-I-like Receptors in Antiviral Innate Immunity*

Various cells in the body are capable of sensing infectious viruses and initiating reactions collectively known as antiviral innate responses. These responses include the production of antiviral cytokines such as type I interferon (IFN)2 and subsequent synthesis of antiviral enzymes, which are responsible for the impairment of viral replication and promoting adaptive immune responses (1). In this minireview, we focus on a subset of molecules known as RIG-I-like receptors, which sense viral RNA molecules that trigger a danger signal.
A DC-link voltage ripple compensation method for multilevel active-neutral-point-clamped converters operating with SHE-PWM

This paper presents a DC-link voltage ripple compensation method for the five-level flying capacitor (FC) based active-neutral-point-clamped (ANPC) converter operating with selective harmonic elimination pulse width modulation (SHE-PWM). The compensation method modifies the modulation index according to the DC-link voltage ripple, which in turns alters the switching functions. The modification of the switching functions alleviates the effect of the DC-link voltage ripple on the output voltage. A control strategy is implemented to regulate the voltages across the FCs and the DC-link capacitors to their reference voltage levels. The performance of the compensation method is evaluated with experimental results taken from a low power laboratory prototype.
Antibiotic resistance and detection of the sul2 gene in urinary isolates of Escherichia coli in patients from Brazil.

INTRODUCTION The present study aimed to assess the antibiotic resistance profiles and detect the presence of the sul2 gene in sulfamethoxazole-susceptible and resistant isolates of Escherichia coli obtained from outpatients and inpatients with urinary tract infections. METHODOLOGY The resistance profiles of 739 strains were assessed and the presence of the sul2 gene in 100 isolates was tested. RESULTS The antibiotics with the highest resistance rates were ampicillin (57.4%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (44.7%). The presence of the gene sul2 was detected in 66.7% of outpatient samples and 67.9% of inpatient samples. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that E. coli isolates exhibit high resistance to various classes of antibiotics, highlighting the need for developing strategies to help in prescribing antibiotics.
Human Infections Attributable to the d-Tartrate-Fermenting Variant of Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi B in Germany Originate in Reptiles and, on Rare Occasions, Poultry

ABSTRACT In this study, the population structure, incidence, and potential sources of human infection caused by the d-tartrate-fermenting variant of Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi B [S. Paratyphi B (dT+)] was investigated. In Germany, the serovar is frequently isolated from broilers. Therefore, a selection of 108 epidemiologically unrelated S. enterica serovar Paratyphi B (dT+) strains isolated in Germany between 2002 and 2010 especially from humans, poultry/poultry meat, and reptiles was investigated by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Strains isolated from poultry and products thereof were strongly associated with multilocus sequence type ST28 and showed antimicrobial multiresistance profiles. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis XbaI profiles were highly homogeneous, with only a few minor XbaI profile variants. All strains isolated from reptiles, except one, were strongly associated with ST88, another distantly related type. Most of the strains were susceptible to antimicrobial agents, and XbaI profiles were heterogeneous. Strains isolated from humans yielded seven sequence types (STs) clustering in three distantly related lineages. The first lineage, comprising five STs, represented mainly strains belonging to ST43 and ST149. The other two lineages were represented only by one ST each, ST28 and ST88. The relatedness of strains based on the pathogenicity gene repertoire (102 markers tested) was mostly in agreement with the multilocus sequence type. Because ST28 was frequently isolated from poultry but rarely in humans over the 9-year period investigated, overall, this study indicates that in Germany S. enterica serovar Paratyphi B (dT+) poses a health risk preferentially by contact with reptiles and, to a less extent, by exposure to poultry or poultry meat.
The Ionosphere of Titan : Ideal Diurnal and Nocturnal Cases

We have solved a stationary Boltzmann transport equation to describe the ionosphere of Titan in two simple cases. The first one deals with the satellite being outside the Kronian magnetosphere on the dayside of Saturn, which happens under strong solar wind conditions. In that case, the main energy source of ionization is the solar photons. We show the effect of the photoionization and the secondary ion production for a solar zenith angle of 45◦. The electron production peaks at 25 electrons s−1 cm−3 around 1000 km. We estimate the electron density from a comprehensive chemical code. This electron density is then compared with the one computed from a simple recombination model. Finally, we determine the intensity of nitrogen emissions, which are compared to the Voyager 1 measurements. In the second case, the satellite is inside Saturn’s magnetosphere. We show the effect of the ionization due to electron precipitation at night, above the polar regions. The input electron flux is measured by the Voyager probes, gathered from several instruments on board. A simple Kappa distribution is given to model a mean electron flux precipitating on Titan. We show that the electron production ranges between 1 to 5 electrons s−1 cm−3 between about 550 and 650 km. The electron production due to the photoionization above the pole is evaluated and compared to the effect of the kronian electron precipitation. c © 1999 Academic Press
Yeast glutathione reductase is required for protection against oxidative stress and is a target gene for yAP‐1 transcriptional regulation

Glutathione (GSH) is an abundant cellular thiol which has been implicated in many cellular processes including protection against xenobiotics, carcinogens and free radicals. Utilization of GSH in both enzymic and non‐enzymic defence mechanisms results in its conversion to the oxidized form (GSSG), and it must be recycled to GSH to maintain the high intracellular ratio of GSH to GSSG. Glutathione reductase (GLR) is a flavoenzyme, which catalyses reduction of GSSG to GSH using the reducing power of NADPH. We show that yeast mutants deleted for GLR1, encoding glutathione reductase, lack GLR activity and accumulate increased levels of GSSG. In addition, the glr1 mutant strain was unaffected in the inducible adaptive response to hydrogen peroxide, but showed increased sensitivity to oxidants including both peroxides and superoxide, indicating a requirement for GLR in protection against oxidative stress. Furthermore, GLR1 expression was elevated two to threefold in the presence of oxidants, and regulation was dependent upon the yAP‐1 transcriptional activator protein. Thus, GLR1 is one of a growing number of genes involved in the protection of yeast cells against oxidative stress and regulated by yAP‐1.
Bacteriological investigation of the washing and sterilization of food containers

1. We have investigated bacteriologically the conditions in a central meals kitchen from which about 3000 meals were issued daily to some 65 departments. 2. Plate counts showed that the containers in which the meals were sent out contained large numbers of organisms, from several thousand to several hundred thousand per container. 3. Counts of this order were obtained both before and after the routine method of washing. 4. These counts were reduced to the order of a few hundred or less per container by steam sterilization. 5. Exposure for 2–3 min. to steam from a simple jet sterilizer was effective for all except large insulated lids which required at least 5 min. 6. Treatment for 5 min. in a chamber filled with steam from a boiler was effective with all types of containers and lids tested. 7. If containers are to be sterilized at all they must be sterilized each time they are to be used. 8. A great improvement in the bacteriological counts can be achieved by attention to the hygiene of washing, e.g. by the use of plenty of hot water with soap and soda or perhaps preferably with detergents, with a second sink of very hot water for rinsing, and by using fresh sterilized dish-cloths each time the washing water is changed. 9. Counts almost as good as those given by steam sterilization were obtained by washing with soap and water at 48–50° C. , wiping with a sterilized dish-cloth and then rinsing in a second sink of water at 75–80° C. 10. The arguments for and against steam sterilization are discussed. This investigation was greatly helped by the co-operation of the Leicester Education Department.