Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Correlation between Driver Subjective Fatigue and Bus Lateral Position in a Driving Simulator

Background: Driver fatigue as a leading cause of death in the transportation industry can impair the driving performance in long-distance driving task. Studies on the links of driver subjective fatigue and the bus lateral position are still an exploratory issue that requires further investigation. This study aimed to determine the correlation between the driver subjective fatigue and the bus lateral position in a driving simulator. Methods: This descriptive-analytical research was conducted on 30 professional male bus drivers participated in a two-hour driving session. The driver subjective fatigue was assessed by the Fatigue Visual Analogue Scale (F-VAS) at 10-min intervals. Simultaneously, the performance measures of lane drifting as the mean and standard deviation of the bus lateral position (SDLP) were calculated during the simulated driving task. Descriptive statistics and the Spearman correlation coefficient were used to describe and analyze the data. Results: Fatigue levels had an increasing trend as the time-on-task of driving increased. Time-on-task of driving had the greatest effect on the fatigue self-evaluation (r = 0.605, p < 0.0001). The results showed a significant correlation between fatigue self-evaluation and bus lateral position (r = 0.567, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: As the time of driving increased, driving performance was affected adversely, as shown by the increase in the SDLP. Even so, the effect of individual differences on driving performance should not be overlooked. This work concludes that predicting the state of a driver fatigue based on the group mean data has some complications for any application.
A Label-Based Partitioning Strategy for Mining Link Patterns

As the explosive growth of online linked data, the task of mining link patterns attracts more and more attention. A practical issue is how to perform mining efficiently in large-scale linked data. Existing pattern mining algorithms usually assume that the dataset can fit into the main memory, while linked data of billion triples is far beyond the memory limitation. In this paper we give a pilot study of a novel partitioning strategy for mining link patterns in large-scale linked data. First, we propose an algorithm named Par Group to divide and group large linked data to partitions based on vertex label, Second, an adapted gSpan is applied for mining link patterns in each partition, At last, discovered link patterns are merged into a global result set. Experiments show that our strategy is feasible and promising in some scenarios.
The Human Brain: Surface, Three-Dimensional Sectional Anatomy with MRI, and Blood Supply

Introduction. - Methods. - Surface anatomy of the brain and functional localizations of the human cortex: Surface anatomy Functional localizations of the human cortex in relation to frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. - Serial three-dimensional sectional anatomy: Coronal sections Serial coronal sections Special study of the occipital lobe Enlargements of internal structures Sagittal sections Axial sections. - Blood supply of the brain: Blood supply of the cerebral cortex Blood supply of the tuberal region Arterial territories of the brain. - References. - Subject index.
Optimizing profit and performance for multi-homed mobile hotspots

Broadband Internet access in mobile hotspots (e.g. public transport vehicles) through high-speed on-board local area networks and mobile routers is becoming an increasingly popular area of research and development. Mobile hotspot operators can provide faster, cheaper, and more stable communication services to on-board passengers using the multi-homing technique; whereby the mobile router is connected to a diverse array of wireless access technologies (e.g., GPRS, UMTS, 802.11) through a multiplicity of wireless service providers. As the set of available access networks may change frequently during each trip, the challenge for the mobile hotspot operators is to decide on how to "best" distribute the user data traffic among the multiple access networks. In this paper, we proposed a new business model and a user traffic distribution algorithm that aims to maximize the profit for the mobile hotspot operator while providing an acceptable level of service. We also provide results from a detailed simulation study of this algorithm under various usage probability distributions.
Cognitive Test Anxiety as a Predictor of Academic Achievement among Secondary School Students in Makurdi Metropolis , Benue State

For some students, the mention of tests, examinations or thinking about assessments or assignment deadline trigger off some feeling of uneasiness and nervousness which may affect performance if allowed to become too much. It is on predictive strength of cognitive test anxiety on academic achievement. One research question and one null hypothesis guided the study. Adapted and modified cognitive test anxiety scale and achievement test were used for data collection with reliability coefficient of 0.82 and 0.85 respectively. 375 copies of the instruments were administered to the respondents through research assistant. Data collected was analyzed using Regression Statistical analysis technique. The result showed that cognitive test anxiety predict academic achievement and based on the findings, it was recommended that students should thoroughly study in order to increase their confidence level and leave no room for self-doubt or self-defeating behaviour.
From Black Power to Hip Hop: Racism, Nationalism, and Feminism

My life was totally consumed by all aspects of gang life. My clothes, walk, talk, and attitude all reflected my love for and allegiance to my set. Nobody was more important than my homeboys—nobody. I was six years old when the Crips were started. No one anticipated its sweep. The youth of South Central were being gobbled up by an alien power threatening to attach itself to a multitude of other problems already plaguing them. An almost ‘‘enemy’’ subculture had arisen, and no one knew from where it came. No one took its conceptions seriously. But slowly it crept, saturating entire households, city blocks, neighborhoods, and eventually the nation-state of California.
Implicit Representations of Rough Surfaces

Implicit surface techniques provide useful tools for modeling and rendering smooth surfaces. Deriving implicit formulations for fractal representations extends the scope of implicit surface techniques to rough surfaces. Linear fractals modeled by recurrent iterated function systems may be defined implicitly using either geometric distance or escape time. Random fractals modeled using Perlin's noise function are already defined implicitly when described as “hypertexture. ”
Exponentially Decaying Bag-of-Words Input Features for Feed-Forward Neural Network in Statistical Machine Translation

Recently, neural network models have achieved consistent improvements in statistical machine translation. However, most networks only use one-hot encoded input vectors of words as their input. In this work, we investigated the exponentially decaying bag-of-words input features for feed-forward neural network translation models and proposed to train the decay rates along with other weight parameters. This novel bag-of-words model improved our phrase-based state-of-the-art system, which already includes a neural network translation model, by up to 0.5% B LEU and 0.6% T ER on three different translation tasks and even achieved a similar performance to the bidirectional LSTM translation model.
Wormhole Routing in Parallel Computers

In order to offer low communication latency and reduced buffer requirements, wormhole routing has been used in almost all new generation parallel computers. It has been a powerful switching technique where its communication latency is distance insensitive. On the other hand, deadlock avoidance is the most critical issue in wormhole networks. If deadlock handling is not considered, wormhole routers can not be used in multiprocessors. Also, performance and fault-tolerancy are two dominant issues in the design of interconnection networks of large-scale multiprocessor architectures. In this paper, only a brief review of wormhole routing issues mentioned could be made amongst the extensive published works.
Literacy, Biliteracy and Educational Achievement among the Mexican-Origin Population in the United States.

Abstract This study used a biliteracy analysis of the National Chicano Survey (NCS) to profile literacy and educational characteristics of the Mexican-origin population. By differentiating “English” literacy from literacy generally, it is argued that a more realistic picture is presented of the so-called literacy crisis since most discussions of literacy at the national level confuse literacy with English literacy. Findings indicate that among groups such as Chicanos, biliteracy and Spanish literacy are resources which demonstrate associations with educational achievement, family income, employment, and increased political participation. The study also found that nonliteracy is associated with Mexican nativity and with age (those over 45 years of age are far less likely to be literate). Women were found to have higher levels of English literacy, biliteracy, and education; men were found to have higher levels of Spanish literacy. As expected, language background characteristics and language of literacy dem.
Cervical Hematoma Following Carotid Endarterectomy is Morbid and Preventable

Objective: Cervical hematoma (CH) following carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is a serious complication. We reviewed 12 years of CEA for CH requiring operative evacuation to determine its impact on the patient outcome and relationship to perioperative pharmacotherapy. Methods: A total of 2643 CEAs were reviewed. In all, 57 CHs requiring operative evacuation were compared to all the patients for general characteristics and with a case-controlled cohort group for pharmacologic details. Results: The occurrence of CH was stable from 1994 to 1998 and then increased from 1999 to 2003. The CH increased operative mortality, neurologic complications, adverse cardiac events, and cranial nerve injury. Combined platelet inhibition and dextran alone increased the risk of CH. The CH rate dropped by 65% after the observations were reported to the vascular surgeons. Conclusion: The CH following CEA requiring operative evacuation is associated with increased postoperative mortality and cardiac and neurologic morbidity. Combined platelet inhibition, use of dextran, and elevated creatinine are causally related to CH. Physician awareness and modified pharmacotherapy have decreased the problem.
Reconciling the Estimates of Potential Migration into the Enlarged European Union

This paper briefly reviews the existing literature on potential migration into the enlarged European Union, reconciles the results with recent evidence and presents an additional migration scenario. The estimation procedure accounts for both sending and receiving countries' unobserved heterogeneity, and in the simulations a counterfactual scenario is calculated, in which all EU member states introduce free movement of workers simultaneously in 2011. The results suggest that the overall level of migration from the East will amount to around 1 per cent of the EU15 population within a decade after enlargement, and that the legal introduction of free movement of workers will not increase immigration significantly. These findings are compared both with the previous literature and emerging evidence.
An extended Isomap algorithm for learning multi-class manifold

Isomap is a recently proposed algorithm for manifold learning and nonlinear dimensionality reduction. In the Isomap algorithm, geodesic distances between points are extracted instead of simply taking the Euclidean distance, thus a geometric distance graph is constructed and the embedding is obtained from the graph. However, when this method is applied into multi-class data, several isolated sub-graphs will form thus desirable embedding cannot be achieved. An extended Isomap algorithm is proposed for the multi-class manifold learning which computes within-class and between-class geodesic distances separately and the final embedding is obtained from the augmented geodesic distance matrix using multidimensional scaling algorithm. Experimental results on synthetic and real data reveal the promising performance of the proposed method.
A type system for object initialization in the Java bytecode language

In the standard Java implementation, a Java language program is compiled to Java bytecode. This bytecode may be sent across the network to another site, where it is then interpreted by the Java Virtual Machine. Since bytecode may be written by hand, or corrupted during network transmission, the Java Virtual Machine contains a bytecode verifier that performs a number of consistency checks before code is interpreted. As illustrated by previous attacks on the Java Virtual Machine, these tests, which include type correctness, are critical for system security. In order to analyze existing bytecode verifiers and to understand the properties that should be verified, we develop a precise specification of statically-correct Java bytecode, in the form of a type system. Our focus in this paper is a subset of the bytecode language dealing with object creation and initialization. For this subset, we prove that for every Java bytecode program that satisfies our typing constraints, every object is initialized before it is used. The type system is easily combined with a previous system developed by Stata and Abadi for bytecode subroutines. Our analysis of subroutines and object initialization reveals a previously unpublished bug in the Sun JDK bytecode verifier.
Nicotine dependence versus smoking prevalence: comparisons among countries and categories of smokers.

OBJECTIVES: To collect available international data on nicotine dependence as defined by the Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence, and to compare levels of dependence among countries and categories of smokers. DATA SOURCES: Published and unpublished studies known to the authors and a search of EMBASE from 1985-1995. STUDY SELECTION: Studies included were those based on a nationally representative sample of a country's population, or a sample of smokers seeking cessation assistance. DATA SYNTHESIS: Smokers who seek help in stopping smoking are much more dependent than the average smoker. Men consistently score higher on dependence than women. Ex-smokers appear to have lower dependence than current smokers. A country with low smoking prevalence, the United States, seems to have smokers with higher dependence scores than countries where smoking is more prevalent (such as Austria and Poland). CONCLUSIONS: Successful tobacco control may result in a higher dependence among the remaining smokers (due to selective quitting by low-dependent smokers). The remaining highly dependent smokers may need more intensive treatment.
Changes in gingival dimensions following connective tissue grafts for root coverage: comparison of two procedures.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in gingival dimensions and root coverage using the same surgical procedure but varying the amount of the connective tissue graft left uncovered. METHODS Twenty-five Class I or II recession defects in 20 healthy subjects were randomly assigned to test (exposed connective tissue group; E group) or control (fully covered connective tissue group; FC group) groups and treated with a connective tissue graft procedure. In the E group, 1 to 2 mm of the graft was left uncovered at the completion of the surgery, whereas the FC group had the graft completely covered by the flap. Clinical parameters assessed included probing depth, recession depth, clinical attachment level, width of keratinized tissue, mobility, and plaque score. RESULTS At 12 weeks, the mean root coverage percentages for FC and E groups were 93% and 88%, respectively. The difference between the groups was not statistically significant (P=0.48). Complete root coverage was observed in 79% and 64% of the subjects in FC and E groups, respectively. There was greater increase in the width of keratinized tissue in the E group (1.5+/-1.1 mm) than the FC group (0.9+/-0.9 mm), although this difference did not reach statistical significance (P=0.16). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups for the changes in other parameters. CONCLUSIONS Both procedures resulted in successful root coverage with an increase in the width of keratinized tissue. Leaving a portion of the graft exposed resulted in a greater increase of keratinized tissue, and complete coverage of the graft resulted in greater root coverage. However, these differences did not reach statistical significance.
Serine catabolism regulates mitochondrial redox control during hypoxia.

UNLABELLED The de novo synthesis of the nonessential amino acid serine is often upregulated in cancer. In this study, we demonstrate that the serine catabolic enzyme, mitochondrial serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT2), is induced when MYC-transformed cells are subjected to hypoxia. In mitochondria, SHMT2 can initiate the degradation of serine to CO2 and NH4+, resulting in net production of NADPH from NADP+. Knockdown of SHMT2 in MYC-dependent cells reduced cellular NADPH:NADP+ ratio, increased cellular reactive oxygen species, and triggered hypoxia-induced cell death. In vivo, SHMT2 suppression led to impaired tumor growth. In MYC-amplified neuroblastoma patient samples, there was a significant correlation between SHMT2 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α (HIF1α), and SHMT2 expression correlated with unfavorable patient prognosis. Together, these data demonstrate that mitochondrial serine catabolism supports tumor growth by maintaining mitochondrial redox balance and cell survival. SIGNIFICANCE In this study, we demonstrate that the mitochondrial enzyme SHMT2 is induced upon hypoxic stress and is critical for maintaining NADPH production and redox balance to support tumor cell survival and growth.
A Simple and Effective Real-Time Controller for Wave Energy Converters

A novel strategy for the real-time control of oscillating wave energy converters (WECs) is proposed. The controller tunes the oscillation of the system such that it is always in phase with the wave excitation force and the amplitude of the oscillation is within given constraints. Based on a nonstationary, harmonic approximation of the wave excitation force, the controller is easily tuned in real-time for performance and constraints handling, through one single parameter of direct physical meaning. The effectiveness of the proposed solution is assessed for a heaving system in one degree of freedom, in a variety of irregular (simulated and real) wave conditions. A performance close to reactive control and to model predictive control is achieved. Additional benefits in terms of simplicity and robustness are obtained.
Contemporary Social Theory: Investigation and Application

1. Examining Social Theory. 2. Edward Wilson, Sociobiology, and Evolutionary Theory. 3. Functionalism. 4. Conflict Theory. 5. Symbolic Interactionism. 6. Social Exchange Theory: George Homans, Peter Blau and Karen Cook. 7. Ethnomethodology and Harold Garfinkel. 8. Phenomenology: Edmund Husserl, Alfred Schutz, and Peter Berger. 9. Feminist Theory. 10. Critical Theory. 11. Modern and Post-Modern Theory. 12. George Ritzer. 13. Jonathan H. Turner. 14. Applying Social Theory to Future Society. Bibliography. Index.
Excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity.

CONTEXT As the prevalence of obesity increases in the United States, concern over the association of body weight with excess mortality has also increased. OBJECTIVE To estimate deaths associated with underweight (body mass index [BMI] <18.5), overweight (BMI 25 to <30), and obesity (BMI > or =30) in the United States in 2000. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We estimated relative risks of mortality associated with different levels of BMI (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters) from the nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) I (1971-1975) and NHANES II (1976-1980), with follow-up through 1992, and from NHANES III (1988-1994), with follow-up through 2000. These relative risks were applied to the distribution of BMI and other covariates from NHANES 1999-2002 to estimate attributable fractions and number of excess deaths, adjusted for confounding factors and for effect modification by age. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Number of excess deaths in 2000 associated with given BMI levels. RESULTS Relative to the normal weight category (BMI 18.5 to <25), obesity (BMI > or =30) was associated with 111,909 excess deaths (95% confidence interval [CI], 53,754-170,064) and underweight with 33,746 excess deaths (95% CI, 15,726-51,766). Overweight was not associated with excess mortality (-86,094 deaths; 95% CI, -161,223 to -10,966). The relative risks of mortality associated with obesity were lower in NHANES II and NHANES III than in NHANES I. CONCLUSIONS Underweight and obesity, particularly higher levels of obesity, were associated with increased mortality relative to the normal weight category. The impact of obesity on mortality may have decreased over time, perhaps because of improvements in public health and medical care. These findings are consistent with the increases in life expectancy in the United States and the declining mortality rates from ischemic heart disease.
The effect of incomplete sessions on peer-assisted stored video streaming

Video on demand systems are going to be important services of the future Internet. To achieve scalability and fault tolerance, these systems should rely on distributed video delivery schemes, using peer-to-peer (P2P) networks built among the clients. However, generic P2P data sharing protocols cannot guarantee timely arrival of the video segments. Therefore, they must be adapted to video streaming by restricting P2P delivery into a download window. In this paper we investigate the effect of the frequently occurring phenomenon of incomplete sessions on the efficiency of stored video streaming via P2P data distribution. Through theoretical considerations and a simulation study, we've found that with a P2P download window placed at a fixed distance from the playback position the superfluous downloads can be avoided, and the efficiency of the P2P distribution can be increased.
Do retinal ganglion cells project natural scenes to their principal subspace and whiten them?

Several theories of early sensory processing suggest that it whitens sensory stimuli. Here, we test three key predictions of the whitening theory using recordings from 152 ganglion cells in salamander retina responding to natural movies. We confirm the previous finding that firing rates of ganglion cells are less correlated compared to natural scenes, although significant correlations remain. We show that while the power spectrum of ganglion cells decays less steeply than that of natural scenes, it is not completely flattened. Finally, we find evidence that only the top principal components of the visual stimulus are transmitted.
Metrical Structure and Production of English Rhythm

Abstract This paper examines kinematic patterns of jaw opening and associated F1 values of 4 American English speakers in productions of the sentence ‘I saw five bright highlights in the sky’. Results show strong-weak jaw opening alternations during the production of the utterance, and significant correlation of F1 with jaw opening for 3 of the 4 speakers. The observed jaw opening patterns correspond to metrically generated syllable stress levels for productions of the sentence by these 4 speakers.