Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effects of childbirth on women’s activity change and occupational mobility in Europe: Evidence from the European Community Household Panel

This paper uses comparable longitudinal data from the European Community Household Panel from 1994 to 2001 to examine the effects of recent childbirth on the relative risks of switching to part-time, inactivity or unemployment for full-time women, as well as the effect of switching from full-time time to part-time work on the risk of occupational downgrading, in 13 European countries. Once important human capital and workplace characteristics are controlled for, full-time female workers who gave birth in year t are the most likely to remain full-time the following year only in Denmark and Spain. Full-time women are more likely to switch to part-time work than to remain working full-time in the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria and the UK, where female part-time rates are relatively high, but also in Italy, where part-time rates are generally low. At the same time, in Ireland, Italy, the UK and Finland, recent childbirth increases the probability of moving from full-time work to unemployment, while in the Netherlands, France, Italy, Greece, Germany, Austria, the UK and Finland, recent childbirth also increases the risk of switching to inactivity. Substantial evidence of occupational downgrading by skill and occupational hourly wage on switching from full-time to part-time work is found in the majority of the studied countries. Overall, downward occupational moves are substantially more likely amongst workers who switch from full-time to part-time work than amongst the working population at large, both for men and women.
Automatic WML segmentation and quantification using a machine learning approach

Background: Detection and quantification of white matter lesions (WML) is of great importance in many neurological disease processes. Manual delineation of WML is time-consuming and prone to user bias. A need for robust automated methods is therefore evident. Automated analysis is generally complicated partly by the lack of three-dimensional (3D) data acquisitions in a clinical setting, giving anisotropic voxels and poor spatial resolution in the slice direction. This is especially problematic for the standard WML sensitive fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence, which is still commonly acquired as a multi-slice two-dimensional (2D) acquisition. A need for robust methods which also work for 2D acquisitions is therefore needed and in this work we present an automated framework for WML analysis using a machine learning approach with the overall aim to automatically segment, characterize and classify WMLs for use in subsequent statistical analysis of clinical data in various neurodegenerative disease groups.
Science park, triple helix, and regional innovative capacity: province-level evidence from China

By precipitating a clustering effect and encouraging the establishment of links among firms and academic and research institutions (the so-called triple helix), science parks are expected to have both direct and indirect effects on promoting regional technological capacity. Based on a provincial-level panel dataset over the 1997–2009 period together with adopting patents as an indicator of innovative capacity, this study's empirical results show that science parks, in terms of various measures, indeed have a significantly positive impact on regional patenting. More importantly, science parks play a key role in coordinating research and development (R&D) collaboration across various R&D performers within the region and indirectly contribute to upgrading the regional technological ladder. Moreover, we find a positive innovation-enhancing effect brought about by R&D cooperation between industries and universities, rather than research institutes, highlighting both the importance and inherent problems of China's regional innovation systems.
Considerations on in-field induction motor load estimation methods

Due to poor motor system design or excessive safety factors, it is common to find oversized three-phase, squirrel-cage, induction motors, i.e., with a rated power higher than that actually necessary by the driven equipment. In those cases, if the oversizing level is significant, besides the unnecessary additional capital investment, the motors operate with poor efficiency and power factor, being an undesirable situation for the user. In this paper, an overview on the in-field motor load estimation methods is offered, being its importance evidenced. The simplest, low-cost, in-field methods to indirectly estimate the motor load are analyzed, being the focus on methods based upon the motor current, slip, and input power. Such methods require simple measurements with relatively low-cost equipment and information from the motor nameplate, manufacturers, catalogues, and/or databases, having a fair accuracy if applied to specific motors and load ranges. Some improvements in those methods are proposed to increase their accuracy, including combined solutions. A new definition of ldquouseful accuracyrdquo is introduced, for evaluation of the effectiveness or adequacy of the motor load estimation methods.
A low-voltage biasing scheme for aggressively scaled bulk FinFET 1T-DRAM featuring 10s retention at 85°C

Retention times up to 10s at 85°C can be achieved for bulk FinFET 1T-DRAM devices using an optimized biasing scheme which targets the storage of electrons in the fin. The impact of the ground plane doping is investigated and finally the read-out scheme is also demonstrated on SOI FinFET devices.
System Reliability and Price Responsiveness of Residential Loads

Excessive peak load increases the transmission system’s vulnerability to reliability problems. One tactic for reducing peak loads is to increase the responsiveness of demand to changes in wholesale electricity prices. This research describes the Computer-Aided Home Energy Management (CAHEM) system, which integrates consumer preferences and real-time information about electricity prices, loads, and weather into a load-shifting algorithm that seeks an optimal tradeoff between residential electricity consumer satisfaction and peak load reduction using a rule-based fuzzy controller. We evaluate the effects of the CAHEM system on the larger power system, using PJM data from 1999, and then use the CAHEM system as the basis of a model of consumer response that we embed in a larger multi-agent simulation (MAS) of the electricity market. We focus on characteristics germane to the reliability of the transmission system, particularly price spike behavior and capacity availability and utilization. Because our fndings suggest that strategic suppliers reduce their offers in response to increased consumer price-responsiveness, we cast some doubt upon assumptions that more consumer flexibility will necessarily increase the reliability of the system as a whole.
The Transition to Market Economies in an Endogenous Growth Model with Altruistic Agents

This paper considers an endogenous transition from a self-sufficient traditional economy to a market economy and its consequences on fertility and growth. The transition can occur if private intergenerational transfers are unable to secure old-age consumption as adequately as savings on capital markets; otherwise individuals stay in the traditional economy unless the mass-production technology in the market economy is sufficiently more advanced than individually accessible technologies. Markets emerge only if per capita output exceeds a certain level given a fixed cost of forming markets. The transition reduces fertility and promotes growth under plausible restrictions. Copyright 1999 by The editors of the Scandinavian Journal of Economics.
INTERGENERATIONAL TIME AND MONETARY SUPPORT AMONG URBAN INDIAN FAMILIES

Intra-household time transfer is an important intergenerational support, less emphasised but more prominent than monetary transfers in the Indian family system. This paper attempts to study, empirically, the nature and pattern of time transfers between co-residing and non-co-residing parents and their adult married children in an urban setting in India. From the analysis of 673 representative sampled households, we have found that reciprocative time transfers between adult children and their parents constitute a central feature of the intergenerational support system, regardless of co-residency status. Significant correlates of time transfers to elderly parents are age, presence of other siblings in the household, headship status, and monetary support received from and made to parents. However, there is no evidence of inter-substitution between time and money between the two generations, i.e. married adult children and their parents. Time support is more frequent and intense when parents reside in the same city, whereas monetary transfers dominate when parents reside in a distant city or village.
Mixed-Mode Simulation of Nanowire Ge/GaAs Heterojunction Tunneling Field-Effect Transistor for Circuit Applications

In this paper, a nanowire germanium/gallium arsenide (Ge/GaAs) heterojunction-based tunneling field-effect transistor (TFET) is investigated, with an emphasis on the device-circuit interaction. It is applied to a common-source (CS) amplifier, one of the most fundamental analog circuit blocks, and its performance is evaluated with a device-circuit mixed-mode simulation. Furthermore, the passive elements are adjusted to obtain the proper operating point (Q-point) of the circuit, and high-frequency operations are evaluated on this basis. Moreover, from the simulation results, the transfer function is successfully modeled and verified, which shows that the CS amplifier with the heterojunction TFET works as a single-zero and two-pole system. The 3-dB roll-off and unity-gain frequencies are 320 GHz and 2 THz, respectively, which is evidence for circuit applications in the extremely high-frequency regime.
Preparedness Portfolios and Portfolio Studios

We live in a time of great enthusiasm for the role that e-Portfolios can play in education and a time of exploration in which educators and researchers are investigating different approaches to using ePortfolios to differentially support educational goals. In this paper, we focus on preparedness portfolios and portfolio studios as two key components of an approach to using portfolios in a specific educational context. The paper includes an identification of four commitments that contributed to the emergence of this particular approach, an explanation of the theoretical rationale associated with the approach, and a review of research data that substantiates enthusiasm for the approach. We close with comments on the potential for transferring this approach to other educational contexts.
The Economic Impact of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990

The purpose of this paper is to quantify the economic impact of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. The long-run cost of environmental regulations enacted prior to 1990 amounts to 2.59% of the U.S. national product. The new legislation will reduce the national product by a further 0.6% when the impact is complete. Electric utilities and primary metals industries will be especially hard hit by this legislation.
Creation and Over-Expression of Polyvalent Capsids Displaying Larger Segments of Ricin Achain as the Efficacious Vaccines of Ricin Toxin

Abstract : Polyvalent protein shells (capsids) are useful platforms for the display of molecules of interest (MOI) on their surface. The resulting polyvalent reagents can be used as efficacious prophylactic vaccines and therapeutics. The coat protein subunits of Tomato Bushy StuntVirus (TBSV) and structurally similar Norwalk viruses, when expressed in insect cells, spontaneously self assemble to form protein shells. The self-assembly of the coat protein mutants of TBSV resulted in two types of nanoparticles: small (60 subunit) and the regular size (180 subunit) capsids. These protein shells (capsids) can be used for the display of 60-180 copies of peptides/proteins of the pathogens of concern . Previously, it has been shown that antibodies raised against various cytotoxins (e.g., ricin and Shiga toxin) render protection against the potential toxin attack. The proposed polyvalent reagents, which display various peptide/protein fragments of ricin would act as prophylactic vaccines of the ricin toxin by priming the immune system. We have successfully produced two polyvalent reagents displaying multiple copies of 1) 16 a.a. RTA antigenic peptide (mouse epitope) and 2) a large 188 a.a. stable RTA domain. These reagents when injected into mice generated antibodies, which readily detect the ricin toxin in the western-blot analysis. Hence, these reagents can be used as potential vaccines of the ricin toxin.
Bitfile preservation - Generation of reusable out of context modules

This paper presents the idea of bitfile preservation which enables the re-use of partial bitfiles in different environments and at different positions of the FPGA without any re-compilation. This way, the behaviour of a system can be changed on the fly just by plugging together different pre-compiled modules (represented by partial bitfiles). These modules can be developed without any knowledge of the final surrounding system. They may even be provided by third-party vendors as closed-source components. Current implementations demonstrate that it is possible to enhance the standard partial reconfiguration vendor flow in a way that enables bitfile preservation. Moreover, the already established cooperations prove that bitfile preservation is highly relevant for contemporary FPGA industry.
Monetary-Fiscal Policy Interactions and Indeterminacy in Post-War U.S. Data

Using a micro-founded model and a likelihood based inference method, we address three questions in this paper. First, what monetary and scal policy regimes characterized post-war U.S. data? Second, was equilibrium indeterminacy a feature of the economy before Paul Volcker's chairmanship at the Federal Reserve? Third, what were the effects of shifts in monetary and scal policy on the aggregate economy? We nd that pre-Volcker, a passive monetary and scal policy regime prevailed while postVolcker, an active monetary and passive scal policy regime characterized the economy.1 Since both monetary and scal policies were passive pre-Volcker, there was equilibrium indeterminacy. Moreover, the effects of monetary and scal policy shifts on the aggregate economy were substantially different in the two time periods. For example, while pre-Volcker, an unanticipated increase in interest rates led to an increase in output and in ation but a decline in government debt-to-output ratio, post-Volcker, it led to a decline in output and in ation but an increase in debt-to-output ratio. Moreover, while pre-Volcker, an unanticipated increase in the tax revenues-to-output ratio led to a decline in output, in ation, and debt-to-output ratio, postVolcker, it led to a decline in debt-to-output ratio but had no effects on output or in ation. The response of the economy pre-Volcker was thus similar to that predicted by the scal theory of the price level (FTPL). Following an in-
Enrichments to Fiscal Commitments in the Presence of Uncertainty

Firstly, the study illustrates in a stochastic simulation model that permanent commitments to tax and spending measures can be enriched significantly without substantially raising the risk of a deficit outcome. This result is obtained in a framework where the fiscal authority is able to monitor the origin of the economic shocks and has model-consistent expectations. Secondly, this paper evaluates whether the knowledge of the origin and persistence of the economic shocks is a key element driving this conclusion. To do this, we add to the economic uncertainty, uncertainty about the “true” persistence of the shocks and gauge whether, in that context dubbed “model uncertainty”, our strategy can still enhance the fiscal authority’s precommitment to permanent measures without substantially increasing the risk of a deficit outcome. We conclude that, as time goes on, the fiscal authority may find that it has been too optimistic in enhancing its permanent commitments (i.e., these additional permanent fiscal measures may increase the probability of a deficit outcome). This illustrates the difficulties of making decisions under uncertainty and the potential cost of making mistakes. This also suggests the importance of prudent behavior when committing to long-term fiscal initiatives. Our conclusion, however, depends on the way the total uncertainty facing the fiscal authority is controlled, and on other factors such as the calibration of our model and the ability of learning of the fiscal authority. Model uncertainty may well have less effect at medium-term horizons when these considerations are introduced.
CEO Stakeholder Attitudes and Corporate Social Activity in the Fortune 500

Various corporate social activities were regressed on self-report measures of stakeholder-orientations from 220 CEOs from large Fortune 500 industrial and service firms. Overall, the relationship between who CEOs say is important and corporate activities toward those stakeholders is much weaker than anticipated. Of the expected relationships, only corporate philanthropy was positively related to CEO community orientation. The few other significant findings were less straightforward. Return on equity (ROE) of the company was related to the CEO's customer orientation rather than the CEO's stockholder orientation, and liberal HRM programs were positively associated with a CEO's stockholder orientation rather than employee orientation.
Gate-First Processed FUSI/HfO2/HfSiOx/Si MOSFETs with EOT=0.5 nm - Interfacial Layer Formation by Cycle-by-Cycle Deposition and Annealing

We have successfully fabricated a 0.5 nm FUSI-NiSi/ HfO<sub>2</sub> HfSiO<sub>x</sub>/ Si gate stack structure with the gate-first process. The HfSiO<sub>x</sub> interfacial layer was formed by the cycle-by-cycle deposition and annealing process, followed by the in-situ layer-by-layer deposition and annealing for HfO<sub>2</sub> growth. The gate leakage current of ~ 10 A/cm at V<sub>fb</sub> - 1.0 V and the effective electron mobilityof 120 cm<sup>2</sup>/Vs at 0.8 MV/cm were obtained for n-MOSFET with EOT = 0.49 nm.
Domestic violence on pregnant women in Abuja, Nigeria

Summary Violence against women is a human rights violation, which is increasingly becoming a serious public health issue. When it occurs in pregnant women, victims are recognised to be at higher risk of complications of pregnancy. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was carried out over a 3-month period from May to July 2005 to document the prevalence, knowledge and perception of domestic violence (DV) on pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of the National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria. The mean age of the respondents was 31.5 ± 4.25 years, with a range of 20 – 42 years. Most (85.2%) had attained tertiary education. While most (92.9%) were aware of DV in pregnancy, 125 women (37.4%) had experienced DV. Psychological abuse ranked highest with 66.4%, while physical and sexual abuse accounted for 23.4% and 10.2% of the group. Of this group, 21.2% required medical treatment as a result of DV, and all were aware of possible pregnancy complications, such as abortion, premature labour and depression. Most (81.9%) of the respondents felt DV was illegal. A majority (29.7%) kept their DV secret with a few numbers reporting to family, doctors, clergy or close friends. With higher educational status, the experience of DV was greater, although this was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Similarly with increasing parity, although this tended to reverse after parity of 3. The prevalence of DV found in Abuja, the centrally located capital city of Nigeria is higher than that from the study in Zaria, northern Nigeria (28%). This is cause for concern, and points to a rising trend in the northern region of the country although the centres are different. Similarly, the husband/spouse was the most common offender; responsible here for 74.2% of cases. This may give justification to recent calls for paternal educational classes for spouses. Increasing public awareness remains the key, through education and public enlightenment campaigns, with more emphasis on the identified perpetrator class.
‘Cultural Coalitions’ and International Regulatory Co‐Operation

By selecting the cases of the 2005 UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions and the agreement of ‘cultural protocols’ in trade agreements between the European Union and third countries, this article explains why and how the third sector should be considered in analyses of regulatory co‐operation at the international level. The article investigates key triggers of regulatory competition and how non‐governmental organizations and broader coalitions of third‐sector actors played a key role in fostering co‐operation.
A comparative study on the effects of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), human angiogenic factor (h‐AF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo

The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay is a widely used bioassay for testing angiogenic activities. In the present study we compared the gross and micromorphological effects of three angiogenic factors applied in Elvax™ carriers on the CAM: Tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), human angiogenic factor (h‐AF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Our question was whether the CAM responds to these factors which have very different actions with a stereotype or with a factor specific reaction. By microangiography and light microscopy, all positive reactions appeared as a spoke‐wheel vascular pattern with a bundle of small capillary blood vessels in the center. These vessels were predominatly of a distended type in h‐AF and TNF experiments, while narrower capillary vessels followed bFGF application. Chorioallantoic ectoderm and endoderm were thickened by cell accumulation and the mesenchymal stroma of the CAM was edematous and infiltrated with leucocytes in all three reactions. Additionally, bFGF experiments showed areas of densely arranged fibroblasts. Observations in vivo showed chorioallantoic tissue movements as a possible mechanism for the spokewheel vascular pattern. As compared with our results from studies of cytokinetics with bromodeoxyuridine, these current findings indicate that chemotaxis is responsible for the chorioallantoic angiogenic reaction rather than cellular proliferation. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Torque ripple control for synchronous motors using instantaneous torque estimation

This paper presents a new control technique for minimizing torque ripple in permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) and synchronous reluctance motors (Syn.RMs). This control technique is based on instantaneous torque estimation with a new mathematical model. The model can accurately take into account the spatial harmonics and it requires some machine parameters and a small amount of offline data. With the new mathematical model, the active control for smooth torque is possible at low cost with existing drive platforms. In this paper, the proposed control technique is evaluated by performing both simulations and experiments.