Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Maintenance of Radioactive Standards by the National Bureau of Standards

It is the purpose of this report to describe the past and present activities of the National Bureau of Standards in the field of radioactive standardization. Responsibility for the preparation and distribution of radioactive standards and for the maintenance of the national primary radium standards in the United States is vested, as in the case of other standards, in the National Bureau of Standards. To meet the requirements of industry and of research workers in the physical, chemical and biological sciences, and in medicine the Bureau is engaged in an extensive program of research and development aimed both at producing standards of radioactive nuclides and also at maintaining and distributing standardized samples of such nuclides. In addition the Bureau calibrates radium and measures the radon content of breath and room air samples in terms of the U. S. primary radium standards. Cobalt-60 sources are also calibrated relative to the primary radium standards in terms of milliroentgens per hour at a distance of one meter. In addition to meeting the domestic requirements of the United States the National Bureau of Standards is also engaged, in cooperation with the National Physical Laboratory of the United Kingdom and the National Research Council of Canada and Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited, in the intercomparison of radioactive standards with a view to the creation and improvement of international standards of the artificially produced radioactive nuclides and also of radium itself. At a conference between the National Bureau of Standards, the National Physical Laboratory, and Atomic Energy of Canada Limited,
Robust finite time stability and stabilisation: A survey of continuous and discontinuous paradigms

The aim of this paper is to provide a survey of the tools for analysis and synthesis of finite time stable controllers. The paper analyses the literature in continuous and discontinuous finite time stabilisation in a unified way covering both the fundamentals as well as the latest techniques available in this non-linear control paradigm. The contribution of the paper lies in its exposition of the robustness properties that continuous and discontinuous controllers guarantee. Some open problems are identified which are relevant to both the theory and practice of finite time stabilisation.
Glycogen Content in Neonatal Diaphragmatic Fibres in Response to Inspiratory Flow Resistive Loads1

ABSTRACT: To study intramuscular glycogen use with increased work loads in the neonatal diaphragm, unanesthetized lambs were subjected to severe inspiratory flow resistive loads. With these loads, transdiaphragmatic pressure and arterial CO2 tension increased several fold above baseline and then remained stable for a period of 10–30 min. This was followed by a decrease in transdiaphragmatic pressure and a marked increase in arterial CO2 tension with severe acidosis. Intramuscular glycogen content was determined histochemically by the periodic acid-Schiff reaction and was quantified microphotometrically by the fiber types (type I, IIa, or IIc) present in the lamb costal diaphragm. Glycogen content in the control diaphragm was greatest in type IIa fibers and lowest in type I fibers. With severe inspiratory flow resistive loads, the greatest decrease in glycogen content was in type IIa fibers, followed by type IIc and type I fibers. Therefore, our data suggest that in the neonatal lamb subjected to inspiratory flow resistive loads the diaphragm uses intramuscular glycogen during increased work loads. These data do not indicate that the marked depletion of glycogen in the diaphragm is the cause of the decrease in diaphragmatic force.
Liraglutide protects pancreatic beta cells during an early intervention in Gato‐Kakizaki rats (Gato‐Kakizaki大鼠使用利拉鲁肽进行早期干预可以保护胰腺β细胞)

Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) analogues have emerged as insulin secretagogues and are widely used in type 2 diabetic patients. GLP‐1 analogues also demonstrate a promotion of beta cell proliferation and reduction of apoptosis in rodents. In the present study, we investigated the protection of pancreatic beta cells by early use (at the age of 2 weeks) of GLP‐1 analogue, liraglutide in Gato‐Kakizaki (GK) rats and explored the underlying mechanisms.
Enhancement-Mode AlN/GaN/AlGaN DHFET With 700-mS/mm <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX"> $g_{m}$</tex></formula> and 112-GHz <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$f_{T}$</tex></formula>

An enhancement-mode (E-mode) AlN/GaN/AlGaN double-heterojunction field-effect transistor (DHFET) with record high-frequency performance is reported. E-mode operation was achieved through vertical scaling of the AlN barrier layer. Parasitic resistances were reduced through ohmic contact recess etching followed by regrowth of n+ GaN by molecular-beam epitaxy and SiN deposition to increase the sheet charge density in the access regions of the device, resulting in an extremely low on-resistance of 1.06 Ω · mm. A DHFET with an 80-nm gate length had a threshold voltage of 0.21 V, an extrinsic transconductance (gm) of 0.70 S/mm, a current-gain cutoff frequency (fT) of 112 GHz, and a maximum oscillation frequency (fmax) of 215 GHz. To our knowledge, these are the highest gm , fT, and fmax values reported to date for an E-mode GaN HFET.
Hand Posture Recognition Using Kinect

In this paper, we introduce a two-stage Hand Posture Recognition system using a Kinect sensor. In the first stage, we propose an effective algorithm to segment hand region from complex background, which incorporates both color, depth and skeleton information, without specific requirements on uniform-colored or stable background. It is robust with skin-color noise like arms and face, and can handle both-hands gesture. In the second stage, we use a standard Nearest Neighbor to recognize the posture. Experiments shows that the proposed system achieves high recognition accuracy.
Improvement of power quality using adaptive shunt active filter

Problems caused by power quality have great adverse economical impact on the utilities and customers. Current harmonics are one of the most common power quality problems and are usually resolved by the use of shunt passive or active filters. In this paper, a new control design using artificial neural networks is proposed to make the conventional shunt active filter adaptive. The proposed adaptive shunt active filter can compensate for harmonic currents, power factor and nonlinear load unbalance. A self-charging technique is also proposed to regulate the dc capacitor voltage at the desired level with the use of a PI controller. The design concept of the adaptive shunt active filter is verified through simulation studies and the results obtained are discussed.
Richard Cantillon's Essay on the Nature of Trade in General: A Variorum Edition

Preface 1 Introduction 2 Historical backgrounds to the texts 2.1 The French versions 2.1. 1 The print editions 2.1. 2 The French manuscript versions 2.1. 3 Variations between the French versions 2.2 The English versions 2.2.1 The Fragments in Postlethwayt's Universal Dictionary 2.2.2 Philip Cantillon's Analysis 3 The Higgs translation 4 The uses of this edition Presentation of the texts
RRT-HX: RRT With Heuristic Extend Operations for Motion Planning in Robotic Systems

This paper presents a sampling-based method for path planning in robotic systems without known cost-to-go information. It uses trajectories generated from random search to heuristically learn the cost-to-go of regions within the configuration space. Gradually, the search is increasingly directed towards lower cost regions of the configuration space, thereby producing paths that converge towards the optimal path. The proposed framework builds on Rapidly-exploring Random Trees for random sampling-based search and Reinforcement Learning is used as the learning method. A series of experiments were performed to evaluate and demonstrate the performance of the proposed method.
Separation of antigens and antibodies by immunoaffinity chromatography

Context: Affinity chromatography is an efficient antibody, antigen and protein separation method based on the interaction between specific immobilized ligands and target antibody, antigen, and so on. Populations of available ligands can be used to separate antibodies or their Fab fragments. Similarly, antigens can be isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) on immobilized antibodies of low affinity. Objective: This review describes the advantages, the applications, as well as the drawbacks, of IAC in the separation and purification of antibodies and antigens. Methods: The present review discussed all types of purification and isolation of antibodies and antigens by IAC, including purification of antibodies using immobilized and synthetic mimic proteins A, G and L; isolation of Fab fragments of antibodies; separation of antibodies against different antigen forms; isolation of antigens by immobilized antibodies and so on. These methods come from over 60 references compiled from all major databases. Results: Purification of antigens with antibodies should choose low-affinity antibodies to avoid denaturation of most proteins. Concern for cost and safety, prompted research activities focused on novel synthetic ligands with improved properties such as lower cost, avoidance of the risk of contamination associated with natural ligands of human or animal origin to isolate antibodies and antigens. Conclusion: It is anticipated that the improvements of IAC will have impact not only on large-scale production of antibodies but also on the generation of new affinity-based methods for the increasing number of proteins and antibody derivatives available by protein engineering and the proteomics revolution.
Looking for trustworthy relief channels: A social recommender approach

Each year, natural disasters cause severe damage to infrastructure and lead to significant losses of human lives. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and activists use social media networks to disseminate and organize relief efforts, but are often unable to efficiently gather volunteers and resources. Harnessing the power of crowdsourced social media services (e.g. Twitter, Facebook, Google+), we can provide trustworthy channels that can contribute in the relief efforts lead by NGOs and activists. This research project seeks to determine the best approach to build a social recommender model based on the dynamics of human behavior exhibited by fine-grained geospatial footprints of citizens on social networks. Thus, the aim is to provide location-aware recommendations of trustworthy activists, enabling citizens to contribute more efficiently during events, such as, natural disasters.
Bias and resolution of the MUSIC and the modified FBLP algorithms in the presence of coherent plane waves

A study of the characteristics of the MUSIC and the modified forward-backward linear prediction (MFBLP) methods of angle-of-arrival estimation, in terms of their sample bias and resolution in the fully correlated signal environment, is presented. Using Monte Carlo simulations, it is shown that the MFBLP algorithm has better capability in resolving two fully correlated signals than the spatially smoothed MUSIC algorithm. >
Symptoms, Visual Function, and Mucin Expression of Eyes With Tear Film Instability

Purpose: We examined symptoms, tear stability, visual function, and conjunctival cytology in eyes with an unstable tear film (UTF), expressed as a short tear film breakup time without epithelial damage or low tear secretion, and compared the results with those from eyes with aqueous deficiency (AD) associated with epithelial damage, and healthy eyes. Methods: We divided the patients with ocular discomfort into 2 groups according to the breakup time, Schirmer value, and epithelial staining score: UTF group (⩽5 seconds, >5 mm, and <3 points; 21 eyes of 21 patients) and AD group (⩽5 seconds, ⩽5 mm, and ≥3 points; 21 eyes of 21 patients). We examined all patients and 17 healthy subjects for symptoms, tear functions, tear film stability by tear film lipid layer interferometry and tear film analysis system, and functional visual acuity. Conjunctival impression cytology was performed to investigate changes in goblet cell density, squamous metaplasia, and messenger RNA expression of MUC5AC and MUC16. Results: The symptom scores, tear film analysis system index, and functional visual acuity testing were significantly worse in the UTF and AD groups compared with those in the control group (P < 0.05). The messenger RNA expression levels of MUC5AC and MUC16 were significantly lower in UTF and AD eyes compared with those in the control eyes (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: An UTF itself can cause dry eye symptoms and visual disturbance comparable with those of AD dry eyes.
Protective Effect of a Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine Based on a Fusion of Antigen 85B and ESAT-6 in the Aerosol Guinea Pig Model

ABSTRACT A fusion protein of antigen 85B (Ag85B) and ESAT-6 administered in cationic lipid vesicles conferred a highly significant level of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the guinea pig aerosol model of infection. The protection was manifested as delayed clinical illness and prolonged survival. Neither Ag85B nor ESAT-6 (independently or as a cocktail) induced significant protection in this model.
Three-dimensional multi-terminal superconductive integrated circuit inductance extraction

Accurate inductance calculations are critical for the design of both digital and analogue superconductive integrated circuits, and three-dimensional calculations are gaining importance with the advent of inductive biasing, inductive coupling and sky plane shielding for RSFQ cells. InductEx, an extraction programme based on the three-dimensional calculation software FastHenry, was proposed earlier. InductEx uses segmentation techniques designed to accurately model the geometries of superconductive integrated circuit structures. Inductance extraction for complex multi-terminal three-dimensional structures from current distributions calculated by FastHenry is discussed. Results for both a reflection plane modelling an infinite ground plane and a finite segmented ground plane that allows inductive elements to extend over holes in the ground plane are shown. Several SQUIDs were designed for and fabricated with IPHT’s 1 kA cm − 2 RSFQ1D niobium process. These SQUIDs implement a number of loop structures that span different layers, include vias, inductively coupled control lines and ground plane holes. We measured the loop inductance of these SQUIDs and show how the results are used to calibrate the layer parameters in InductEx and verify the extraction accuracy. We also show that, with proper modelling, FastHenry can be fast enough to be used for the extraction of typical RSFQ cell inductances.
Effect of weight loss by gastric bypass surgery versus hypocaloric diet on glucose and incretin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.

CONTEXT Gastric bypass surgery (GBP) results in rapid weight loss, improvement of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and increase in incretins levels. Diet-induced weight loss also improves T2DM and may increase incretin levels. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine whether the magnitude of the change of the incretin levels and effect is greater after GBP compared with a low caloric diet, after equivalent weight loss. DESIGN AND METHODS Obese women with T2DM studied before and 1 month after GBP (n = 9), or after a diet-induced equivalent weight loss (n = 10), were included in the study. Patients from both groups were matched for age, body weight, body mass index, diabetes duration and control, and amount of weight loss. SETTING This outpatient study was conducted at the General Clinical Research Center. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Glucose, insulin, proinsulin, glucagon, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), and glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 levels were measured after 50-g oral glucose. The incretin effect was measured as the difference in insulin levels in response to oral and to an isoglycemic iv glucose load. RESULTS At baseline, none of the outcome variables (fasting and stimulated values) were different between the GBP and diet groups. Total GLP-1 levels after oral glucose markedly increased six times (peak:17 +/- 6 to 112 +/- 54 pmol/liter; P < 0.001), and the incretin effect increased five times (9.4 +/- 27.5 to 44.8 +/- 12.7%; P < 0.001) after GBP, but not after diet. Postprandial glucose levels (P = 0.001) decreased more after GBP. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that early after GBP, the greater GLP-1 and GIP release and improvement of incretin effect are related not to weight loss but rather to the surgical procedure. This could be responsible for better diabetes outcome after GBP.
Low dose isotretinoin combined with tretinoin is effective to correct abnormalities of acne

Background: Isotretinoin is well known in the therapy of acne papulopustulosa and acne conglobata. No study has investigated the pathophysiological changes of the skin of acne patients, especially when low dose oral isotretinoin is given in combination with topical tretinoin.
Guidelines for colorectal cancer screening and surveillance in moderate and high risk groups (update from 2002)

The British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and the Association of Coloproctology for Great Britain and Ireland (ACPGBI) commissioned this update of the 2002 guidance. The aim, as before, is to provide guidance on the appropriateness, method and frequency of screening for people at moderate and high risk from colorectal cancer. This guidance provides some new recommendations for those with inflammatory bowel disease and for those at moderate risk resulting from a family history of colorectal cancer. In other areas guidance is relatively unchanged, but the recent literature was reviewed and is included where appropriate.
cryptic species and genetic 1 introgression in Littorina sitkana ( Mollusca , Gastropoda ) 2 3

Title Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analysis revealed a cryptic species and genetic introgression in Littorina sitkana (Mollusca, Gastropoda) Author(s) Azuma, Noriko; Yamazaki, Tomoyasu; Chiba, Susumu Citation Genetica, 139(11-12): 1399-1408 Issue Date 2011-12-01 Doc URL http://hdl.handle. net/2115/54514 Rights The final publication is available at link.springer. com Type article (author version) File Information 6)Genetica139.pdf
Joint mutual coupling characterization and swarm optimization for efficient base station antenna beamforming

In this work, practical beamforming technique is proposed for improving directional radiation properties of base station antennas operating at 1710-2690MHz. Firstly, we characterize the mutual coupling between antenna elements using Rohde & Schwartz multi-ports network analyzer. And with the active radiation parameters (from High Frequency Simulation Software), the real excitation coefficients of the different array elements' field are outputted by developing a MATLAB algorithm. Next, we use these excitation coefficients as inputs and then develop a swarm algorithm to compute the optimum phases of the array elements for a given sidelobes level requirement and beam steered angle. Experimental results are provided to confirm the analytical approach and the advantage of using mutual coupling characterization and swarm technique in base station antenna design process. Interestingly, results show that the analytical model approach can help to predict even the statistical performances of the antenna before testing it as minimum gap between analytical and experiment results has been observed.
Determinants of brachial artery mean 24 h pulse pressure in individuals with Type II diabetes mellitus and untreated mild hypertension.

Brachial artery pulse pressure is a predictor of (cardiovascular) morbidity, but its determinants in individuals with Type II diabetes and untreated mild hypertension have not been elucidated. We therefore cross-sectionally investigated determinants of brachial artery mean 24 h pulse pressure in 60 individuals (40 males; age, mean +/- S.D., 57.8 +/- 7.5 years) with Type II diabetes [median diabetes duration (interquartile range), 6.3 (3.6-10.1) years] and untreated mild hypertension [sitting blood pressure >140/90 mmHg and <190/120 mmHg (mean of two consecutive auscultatory office measurements after 5 min of rest)]. We measured (1) three potential determinants reflecting different aspects of central artery stiffness [the overall systemic arterial compliance, the aortic augmentation index and 1/(regional carotido-femoral transit time)], (2) structural and functional changes of the circulatory system often observed in Type II diabetes, and (3) diabetes-associated metabolic variables. After adjustment for age, gender and mean arterial pressure, brachial artery pulse pressure was associated with autonomic function [standardized regression coefficient (beta), -0.27 (P=0.01)], blood pressure decline during sleep [standardized beta, -0.32 (P=0.002)], fasting glucose concentration [standardized beta, 0.26 (P=0.01)], HbA(1c) concentration [standardized beta, 0.27 (P=0.003)] and diabetes duration [standardized beta, 0.28 (P=0.002)] in linear regression analyses. In a combined multivariate model, brachial artery pulse pressure was independently determined by gender [1=male, 2=female; standardized beta, 0.24 (P=0.01)], diabetes duration [standardized beta, 0.18 (P=0.03)], mean arterial pressure [standardized beta, 0.32 (P=0.002)], systemic arterial compliance [standardized beta, -0.23 (P=0.02)] and fasting glucose concentration [standardized beta, 0.20 (P=0.02)]. Aortic augmentation index and 1/(carotido-femoral transit time) were not independently associated with pulse pressure. In conclusion, in individuals with Type II diabetes and untreated mild hypertension, brachial artery pulse pressure is determined mainly by proximal aortic stiffness in a way which is not strongly influenced by peripheral pulse wave reflection. Approx. 60% of the variance in brachial artery pulse pressure could be explained by potentially modifiable determinants.
Performance prediction of vehicle detection algorithms

Performance prediction of computer vision algorithms is of increasing interest whenever robustness to illumination variations, shadows and different weather conditions has to be ensured. The statistical model which is presented in this contribution predicts the algorithm performance under the presence of noise, image clutter and perturbations and therefore provides an algorithm-specific measure of the underlying image quality. For the prediction of the detection performance logistic regression using covariates defined by the properties of the vehicle signatures is used. This approach provides an estimate of the probability of a single vehicle signature being detected by a given detection algorithm. To describe the relationship between background clutter and the false alarm rate of the algorithm a severity measure of the image background is presented. After the construction of the algorithm model, the probability of a vehicle signature being detected and the false alarm rate are estimated on new data. The model is evaluated and compared to the true algorithm performance.
Foreground segmentation via sparse representation

In this paper, the problem of foreground segmentation in videos is considered. The bag of superpixels is proposed to simultaneously model both the foreground and the background. Then it is demonstrated that an image has a hierarchical structure. Based on this observation, the discriminative nature of sparse representations is exploited to segment the foreground in each frame. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can accurately locate the object's position and segment its image support.