Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE ESTIMATION OF PEPSIN, TRYPSIN, PAPAIN, AND CATHEPSIN WITH HEMOGLOBIN

In the hemoglobin method for the estimation of proteinase, denatured hemoglobin is digested under standard conditions, the undigested hemoglobin is precipitated with trichloracetic acid, and the amount of unprecipitated protein split products, which is a measure of the amount of proteinase present, is estimated with the phenol reagent which gives a blue color with tyrosine and tryptophane. Hemoglobin, unlike casein and gelatin, is a reproducible substrate. Different batches of hemoglobin are digested at the same rate by a given proteinasesolution. Even when peptidase is present in addition to proteinase, the formation of products not precipitable by trichloracetic acid is due so far as is known to proteinase alone. Hemoglobin methods have been described for pepsin (Anson and Mirsky, 1932), trypsin (Anson and Mirsky, 1933), papain (Anson, 1937a), and cathepsin (Anson, 1937 b). Since the methods were first worked out several minor errors have been corrected, the preparation of the hemoglobin substrates has been simplified, and the estimation procedures have been standardized. Rather than point out the numerous changes which have been made I have considered it simpler and more useful to describe completely the procedures as they are now used in this laboratory. To avoid confusion about results already published no radical changes have been made. The pepsin, trypsin, and papain substrates are the same in composition as those originally described. The cathepsin substrate now contains 0.001 M ammonium sulfate which increases the rate of digestion. In the case of the estimation of pepsin the procedure for the estimation 79
Software Profiling Options and Their Effects on Security Based Diversification

Imparting diversity to binaries by inserting garbage instructions is an effective defense against code-reuse attacks. Relocating and breaking up code gadgets removes an attacker's ability to craft attacks by merely studying the existing code on their own computer. Unfortunately, inserting garbage instructions also slows down program execution. The use of profiling enables optimizations that alleviate much of this overhead, while still maintaining the high level of security needed to deter attacks. These optimizations are performed by varying the probability for the insertion of a garbage instruction at any particular location in the binary. The hottest regions of code get the smallest amount of diversification, while the coldest regions get the most diversification. We show that static and dynamic profiling methods both reduce run-time overhead to under 2.5% while preventing over 95% of original gadgets from appearing in any diversified binary. We compare static and dynamic profiling and find that dynamic profiling has a slight performance advantage in a best-case scenario. But we also show that dynamic profiling results can suffer greatly from bad training input. Additionally, we find that static profiling creates smaller binary files than dynamic profiling, and that the two methods offer nearly identical security characteristics.
Majumder, Jayanta and Lazakis, Iraklis and Dalgic, Yalcin and Dinwoodie, Iain and Revie, Matthew and McMillan, David (2015) Emulation of expensive simulation model for operation and maintenance

As wind farms move deeper offshore to tap into stronger and relentless winds, intense wind and wave conditions pose a great challenge in terms of their operation and maintenance (O&M). There are several factors that determine the profitability of offshore wind farms, and the most critical factors among them are the parameters on allocation of maintenance resources. These parameters interact with environmental factors and make it impossible to estimate profitability using simple formulas. On the other hand, existing simulation models, which describe the behaviour of wind farms by using mathematical models of wind, wave, and their effects on O&M, can be extremely detailed resulting in simulations being computationally very expensive. Depending on the number of scenarios to evaluate, it can take up-to several days to complete the computation. In order to address this difficulty, a statistical model fitting approach has been adopted to emulate the behaviour of the computationally expensive simulator. Neural networks, splines, and decision trees are combined to capture numerical and discrete variables and their influence on availability and profitability. This approach is useful because it affords quick exploration of the space of operating choices, which would be difficult to achieve by repeated simulations due to their computational expense. The performance results show that the statistical model can evaluate hundreds of scenarios per second, and the approximation error is low.
PROPERTIES OF SEVERAL ANCORDENSETM PROCESSED HIGH PERFORMANCE MATERIALS

The effect of powder and compaction temperature on the ANCORDENSE warm compaction system is evaluated. Detailed property analysis is presented on several warm compacted high performance materials systems. Properties evaluated include density, tensile, and impact performance. A detailed assessment of the microstructure resulting from various alloy compositions and processing techniques is performed. The materials involved in the tests were conventional and high temperature sintered and tested in the as sintered and heat treated condition.
Simulating virtual environments within virtual environments as the basis for a psychophysics of presence

A new definition of immersion with respect to virtual environment (VE) systems has been proposed in earlier work, based on the concept of simulation. One system (A) is said to be more immersive than another (B) if A can be used to simulate an application as if it were running on B. Here we show how this concept can be used as the basis for a psychophysics of presence in VEs, the sensation of being in the place depicted by the virtual environment displays (Place Illusion, PI), and also the illusion that events occurring in the virtual environment are real (Plausibility Illusion, Psi). The new methodology involves matching experiments akin to those in color science. Twenty participants first experienced PI or Psi in the initial highest level immersive system, and then in 5 different trials chose transitions from lower to higher order systems and declared a match whenever they felt the same level of PI or Psi as they had in the initial system. In each transition they could change the type of illumination model used, or the field-of-view, or the display type (powerwall or HMD) or the extent of self-representation by an avatar. The results showed that the 10 participants instructed to choose transitions to attain a level of PI corresponding to that in the initial system tended to first choose a wide field-of-view and head-mounted display, and then ensure that they had a virtual body that moved as they did. The other 10 in the Psi group concentrated far more on achieving a higher level of illumination realism, although having a virtual body representation was important for both groups. This methodology is offered as a way forward in the evaluation of the responses of people to immersive virtual environments, a unified theory and methodology for psychophysical measurement.
A Robust Method for the Estimation of 4 D Pharmacokinetic Parameters in dceMRI Data in Colorectal Cancer Patients

To date, most clinical studies of colorectal cancer patients have used only one or, more recently, two image slices through a tumour. This has largely been due to technological limitations in MRI scanners and to practical computational limits. Using high-speed multi-coil MRI machines, we have been able to capture and analyze full 4D datasets acquired from dceMRI on 20 human colorectal cancer patients with over 50 slices per patient of visualization. To analyze this data, we have created software for data capture and automated analysis. We compare our techniques and results to existing methods.
Scaling multi-user MIMO WLANs: The case for concurrent uplink control messages

Downlink Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO) enables the simultaneous spatial sharing of the channel by multiple users to achieve a capacity gain over Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) systems. Unfortunately, the overhead required to enable multi-user MIMO is much higher than the overhead required for single-stream systems. Namely, for K users, collection of channel state information requires K transmission exchanges (i.e., O(K)) between the AP and users. Likewise, the MU-MIMO acknowledgement process also requires the same amount of exchanges, thus reducing the performance gains attained via simultaneous downlink transmission. In this paper, we design, implement, and experimentally evaluate Concurrent Uplink Control Messages (CUiC) to scale the MU-MIMO control information exchange process and improve the efficiency of 802.11ac-based MU-MIMO networks. Our key technique is the design of new channel sounding and acknowledgement mechanisms that enable multiple users to transmit their reverse-direction control messages (i.e., beamforming reports and acknowledgments) concurrently to the AP, in O(1) transmission slots. We implement CUiC and perform an extensive set of experiments and demonstrate throughput gains of more than 100% compared to 802.11ac.
The travelling thief problem: The first step in the transition from theoretical problems to realistic problems

There are some questions concerning the applicability of meta-heuristic methods for real-world problems; further, some researchers claim there is a growing gap between research and practice in this area. The reason is that the complexity of real-world problems is growing very fast (e.g. due to globalisation), while researchers experiment with benchmark problems that are fundamentally the same as those of 50 years ago. Thus there is a need for a new class of benchmark problems that reflect the characteristics of real-world problems. In this paper, two main characteristics of real-world problems are introduced: combination and interdependence. We argue that real-world problems usually consist of two or more sub-problems that are interdependent (to each other). This interdependence is responsible for the complexity of the real-world problems, while the type of complexity in current benchmark problems is missing. A new problem, called the travelling thief problem, is introduced; it is a combination of two well-known problems, the knapsack problem and the travelling salesman problem. Some parameters which are responsible for the interdependence of these two sub-problems are defined. Two sets of parameters are introduced that result in generating two instances of the travelling thief problem. The complexities that are raised by interdependences for these two instances are discussed in detail. Finally, a procedure for generating these two instances is given.
Recombinant Human Adenovirus with Rat MIP‐2 Gene Insertion Causes Prolonged PMN Recruitment to the Murine Brain

Single injections of recombinant cytokines/chemokines into tissue have provided insights into their possible roles during the inflammatory response. Adenoviral technology may allow us to mimic the in vivo situation more closely, with protein generated in a continuous but transient fashion. Replication‐deficient human type 5 adenovirus containing a rat macrophage inflammatory protein‐2 (MIP‐2) gene insertion and cytomegalovirus promoter was injected into the mouse brain to investigate the inflammatory response to continuous overproduction of MIP‐2. Adenovirus with a LacZ gene insertion expressing β‐galactosidase was used as a control. At doses of 104 to 107 plaque‐forming units, a minimal inflammatory response was detected to the LacZ virus, with leukocyte recruitment that was restricted to the injection site. A dose of 107 plaque‐forming units of both the LacZ and the MIP‐2 vector produced extensive transgene product expression that persisted for at least 7 days. Astrocytes, recognized by their morphology, were the predominant cell type expressing MIP‐2 and β‐galactosidase. A dose of 107 plaque‐forming units of MIP‐2 vector caused dramatic polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) recruitment to the brain parenchyma after 2 days. PMN recruitment was still observed after 4 and 7 days, but had become more localized to the injection site and was associated with numerous foam‐like macrophages. At both 2 and 7 days the blood‐brain barrier was breached in the region of leukocyte recruitment. Despite the extent of leukocyte recruitment there were no overt signs of neuronal degeneration or demyelination. Our findings demonstrate that continuous production of MIP‐2 in the CNS results in persistent PMN recruitment to the brain parenchyma with no evidence of tachyphylaxis. The lack of PMN recruitment to the brain parenchyma following CNS injury may be a result of deficient production of PMN chemoattractants.
A Two-layer Super-Peer based P2P Live Media Streaming System

Peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing has become increasingly popular, accounting for as much as 70% of Internet traffic by some estimates. Recently, we have been witnessing the emergence of a new class of popular P2P applications, namely, P2P audio and video streaming. While traditional P2P file distribution applications target elastic data transfers, P2P streaming focuses on the efficient delivery of audio and video content under tight timing requirements. In these applications, each node independently selects some other nodes as its neighbors and exchanges streaming data with neighbors. In this paper, we propose and investigate a full distributed, scalable, and cooperative protocol for live video streaming in an overlay peer-to-peer network. Our protocol, termed P2P Super-Peer based Unstructured Live Media Streaming (PALMS-SP), makes use of combination of push-pull scheduling methods to achieve high performance (in term of delay, stream continuity, cooperation, etc.). The main contribution of PALMS-SP is that it reduces the endto-end streaming delay and in turn results better delivered quality. Furthermore, with the implementation of two-layer based overlay network that consists of super-peers and ordinary peers, PALMS-SP is able to leverage on the heterogeneity of bandwidths and simplify the complexity of transmission service and in turn shows better Quality of Service (QoS). We have extensively evaluated the performance of PALMS-SP. Our experiments demonstrate that PALMS-SP achieves good streaming quality with the existence of super-peers.
The effect of two cognitive aid designs on team functioning during intra‐operative anaphylaxis emergencies: a multi‐centre simulation study

This multi‐centre repeated measures study was undertaken to determine how contrasting designs of cognitive aids affect team performance during simulated intra‐operative anaphylaxis crises. A total of 24 teams consisting of a consultant anaesthetist, an anaesthetic trainee and anaesthetic assistant managed three simulated intra‐operative anaphylaxis emergencies. Each team was assigned at random to a counterbalanced order of: no cognitive aid; a linear cognitive aid; and a branched cognitive aid, and scored for team functioning. Scores were significantly higher with a linear compared with either a branched version of the cognitive aid or no cognitive aid for ‘Team Overall Behavioural Performance’, difference between study groups (F‐value) 5.8, p = 0.01. Aggregate scores were higher with the linear compared with the branched aid design (p = 0.03). Cognitive aids improve co‐ordination of the team's activities and support team members to verbalise their actions. A linear design of cognitive aid improves team functioning more than a branched design.
A Study on Mobile Easy Payment Service Based on FinTech to Reduce Smart Divide and Income Gap

With the spread of smart devices connected to the Internet anytime and anywhere, FinTech-based mobile easy payment services are emerging in commerce and consumption activities. In order to realize a cashless society, each country adopts mobile payment method as its main policy objective. It is actively promoting regulations and alleviating regulations. This is a very important task. Since the mobile easy payment services are still in the infancy phase, it is being investigated that the acceptance rate among the layers is various. Through previous researches, it was confirmed that the most important factor affecting the intention of using mobile easy payment service was perceived usefulness, and the factors influencing perceived usefulness were classified as personal characteristics, service characteristics, environmental characteristics and service characteristics. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether people with experience using mobile easy payment service will continue to use the service in the future and what factors influence the intention to use the service continuously. The results of the study showed that the variables of personal characteristics and service characteristics influenced the intention to use continuously in the future through perceived usefulness. In addition, it has been found that the various gaps between the layers are important factors in the future intention of mobile payment service. According to the results of this study, the important national task in spreading mobile payment service is suggesting that how to resolve the smart divide and the income gap is an important policy task.
Tight Gas Geophysics : AVO Inversion for Reservoir Characterization

A general discussion of some of the critical steps in AVO inversion workflows is included with a Western Canadian case study in this paper. We use the case study to illustrate that the ratio of the compressional and shear wave velocities (Vp/Vs) is a useful indicator of quartz-clay ratios in log data, and by extension suggest that Vp/Vs data from AVO inversion provide a means of characterizing, at least qualitatively, reservoir properties.
Barriers to help-seeking : older women's experiences of domestic violence and abuse - Briefing note

The widespread phenomenon of domestic violence and abuse (DVA) is acknowledged to be a global issue (WHO, 2013). However, this entrenched social problem is often associated with women of child-bearing age with the absence of older women in DVA research, policy and practice resulting in the construction of older victims/ survivors as a 'hidden group' (Turner et al., 2010). The purpose of this briefing note is to highlight findings from a pilot study which explored older women's experiences of DVA as well as the perspectives of DVA practitioners. The data illustrates the impacts of DVA which operated to instill fear and anxiety into victims which, in turn, maintained women in abusive relationships. Ultimately, the dynamics and impacts of DVA serves as a barrier to help-seeking behaviour for older victims/survivors (Rogers, forthcoming).
The Institutional Origins of Dynamic Capabilities in Multinational Enterprises

This article argues that a focus on the institutional underpinnings of multinational enterprise (MNE) strategy and behavior is not only consistent with the emerging literature on dynamic capabilities, but it also serves to highlight the unique role played by MNEs in generating new organizational routines by combining locally embedded capabilities with those that are mobile across borders. Firms shape markets rather than the other way around, because of the role organizational innovation plays in redefining the rules of selection in the operating environment. Of such innovations, some proportion will remain proprietary, while others become diffused more widely in the industry, as the choices made by pioneering firms are imitated by others. We argue that the combination of increasing interconnections between geographically dispersed markets and the greater use of market-based transactions have intensified the incentives for MNEs to engage in the development of new routines, and to formalize them into transferable practices. This is likely to increase the overall transparency of the origins of firm capabilities, leading potentially to more specialization and less internalization at the industry level. Copyright 2010 The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Associazione ICC. All rights reserved. , Oxford University Press.
Incidence of tuberculosis in enlarged neck nodes, our experience.

OBJECTIVES To determine the incidence of tuberculous lymphadenitis in enlarged neck nodes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Continuous prospective study is carried out in the department of otorhinolaryngology head & neck surgery, Kathmandu Medical College, Kathmandu, during two years, from January 2006 to January 2008. The study included a group of 155 patients with cervical lymphadenopathy. Each patient underwent a detail clinical Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) examination and a battery of investigations which included Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) of the nodes, Montoux's test, blood Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and chest X-ray. Those patients with tubercular lymphadenitis were referred to Directly Observed Therapy System (DOTS) clinic for anti-tubercular therapy. Others with reactive lymphadenitis were treated with antibiotic and those with metastatic neck nodes were treated accordingly. RESULTS Of the 155 cases with enlarged neck nodes, 83 (54%) had tubercular lymphadenitis. Fifty two (33%) cases had reactive lymphadenitis and 17 (11%) cases were diagnosed with metastatic neck nodes. Fine needle aspiration cytology was found to be highly effective in the diagnosis of tubercular lymphadenitis with 94% accuracy. Majority of patients were otherwise healthy adults, aged between 8 - 71 years. No difference was observed between male and female in this study. Posterior triangle (PT) nodes were most commonly affected group of nodes accounting for 35 (42%) cases and preauricular region 1 (1%) case being the least commonly affected site. Fifteen (18%) cases presented with abscess formation. Only 42 (50%) cases had family history of tuberculosis but 8 (9%) patients had previous history of various forms of tuberculosis. Twelve (14%) patients had positive chest X-ray findings suggesting of concurrent pulmonary tuberculosis. All the patients were referred to DOTS clinic and were treated with category (CAT) - III anti tubercular therapy (ATT). Others with concurrent pulmonary tuberculosis were treated with CAT I regime. None of the patients required surgical treatment. CONCLUSION There is high incidence of tubercular cervical lymphadenitis in patients with enlarged neck nodes in developing countries like Nepal. Involvement of cervical lymphnodes are the most commonly affected group of nodes. Therefore, it is important that otolaryngologists are aware of tuberculosis in the head and neck region.