Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Region‐specific differentiation of embryonic stem cell‐derived neural progenitor transplants into the adult mouse hippocampus following seizures

Embryonic stem (ES) cells can generate neural progenitors and neurons in vitro and incorporate into the adult central nervous system (CNS) following transplantation, suggesting their therapeutic potential for treating neurological disorders. However, our understanding of the conditions that direct ES‐derived neural progenitor (ESNP) migration and differentiation within different regions of the adult CNS is incomplete. Rodents treated with the chemoconvulsant kainic acid (KA) experience seizures and display hippocampal sclerosis, as well as enhanced hippocampal neurogenesis, similar to pathological findings in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). To examine the potential for ESNPs to incorporate into the adult hippocampus and differentiate into hippocampal neurons or glia following seizure‐induced damage, we compared the fates of ESNPs after they were transplanted into the CA3 region or fimbria 1 week following KA‐induced seizures. After 4–8 weeks, ESNPs grafted into the CA3 region had migrated to the dentate gyrus (DG), where a small subset adopted neural stem cell fates and continued to proliferate, based on bromodeoxyuridine uptake. Others differentiated into neuroblasts or dentate granule neurons. In contrast, most ESNPs transplanted into the fimbria migrated extensively along existing fiber tracts and differentiated into oligodendrocytes or astrocytes. Hippocampal grafts in mice not subjected to seizures displayed a marked tendency to form tumors, and this effect was more pronounced in the DG than in the fimbria. Taken together, these data suggest that seizures induce molecular changes in the CA3 region and DG that promote region‐specific neural differentiation and suppress tumor formation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Perceived inflation under loss aversion

Building on prospect theory, we apply the concept of loss aversion to the formation of inflation perceptions and test empirically for nonlinearities in the inflation-perceptions relation for a panel of 10 Euro area countries. Specifically, under the assumption of loss aversion, inflation changes above a certain reference rate will be perceived more strongly. Rejecting rationality of inflation perceptions in general under symmetric loss and in a majority of cases under flexible loss functions, panel smooth transition models give evidence of nonlinearities in the inflation-perceptions relation regarding both actual inflation and time. This result is confirmed by dynamic fixed effects estimates, where the slope of the estimated value function is significantly steeper in the loss region and the implied average reference inflation rate is found close to 2%.
Strategic planning and design in the service sector

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on the findings of a research project into strategic planning and design in the service sector sponsored by the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) and supported by the Design Council into Design for Accounting.Design/methodology/approach – The research used a mail survey questionnaire to gain information on design and strategic issues.Findings – The findings are that the majority of medium‐sized service enterprises do not have a design function or use design. For those that do use design, the majority see design as very important: the benefits of design relate to the brand image of both the organisation and the services provided, closely followed by increased profits. Design has been used in the past to add value and improve quality, while innovation has been and will in the future be the main strategic area to concentrate on. Key strategic activities in the past have been adding new customers, whereas in the future the key strategic activ.
Effects of a supplementary final year curriculum on students’ clinical reasoning skills as assessed by key-feature examination

Background: The final year of medical education is considered crucial in making students ‘fit for purpose’. Studies have shown that many students leave medical school without having experienced sufficient preparation for their upcoming professional life. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a supplementary internal medicine final year curriculum on clinical reasoning skills. Method: Final year internal medicine students from two universities participated in the study which was based on a static-group design. The experimental group (n = 49) took part in a final year student curriculum with interactive case-based seminars and skills training sessions. The comparison group (n = 25) did not receive any additional training beyond working on the ward. Clinical reasoning skills were assessed using a key-feature pre-post test. Results: Prior to their clinical rotation, the two groups did not differ in the key-feature examination (p < 0.924). The experimental group performed significantly better than the comparison group (p < 0.028) in the post-intervention key-feature examination. Conclusions: Supplementary interactive case-based seminars and skills training sessions are effective and significantly improve the clinical reasoning skills of final year students in internal medicine. Further study is warranted and should look to examine the effectiveness of a final year student curriculum on other performance measures.
The social model of disability

Ensuring disabled people are treated fairly and equally is a key component of health and social care practice. This article provides an introduction to the social model of disability, which recognizes the barriers people often faced are caused by negative attitudes, lack of access to services and failing to think about care and support from the perspective of services users. The article provides an overview of the social model and relevant disability legislation, before going on to illustrate how some key principles can be applied to practice.
Corporate social responsibility reporting research in the Chinese academia: a critical review

Purpose - The aim of this paper is to review the recent corporate social responsibility (CSR) literature in China, which has the world's largest developing economy. Through discussions and critical review, the objective is to suggest future directions for CSR research in this country. Design/methodology/approach - The paper starts with a review of recent CSR literature in the mainland, followed by an in-depth critique of two major Chinese CSR studies conducted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Findings - In China, much of the CSR literature is conceptual, descriptive, or argumentative in nature. Proper research methodologies are not systematically applied in some studies, and supporting theories are lacking. Besides, self-developed indicator systems, rather than internationally adopted systems, are used as the mainstream measurement tools in research focusing on CSR performance evaluation. In general, CSR research in China has just got started and has a long way to go. Originality/value - Recent reviews of CSR literature have concentrated on emerging economies, particularly Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and so on. This paper is one of the first reviews of CSR studies in mainland China. It contributes to understanding the development of Chinese CSR research. After the review and discourse, several research questions are suggested for future research.
The Effect of Unemployment Compensation on Unemployment Duration in Germany

In West Germany during the 1980s, law changes cut the level of unemployment compensation for the unemployed without children and extended the duration of unemployment insurance for unemployed aged over 41. Analysis of these changes using the German Socioeconomic Panel shows that transitions from unemployment for those under 49 were particularly responsive to extensions of unemployment insurance. The implied elasticity for escapes of men to employment is similar to estimates for men in the United States, suggesting that differences in the potential duration of unemployment insurance only partially explain the difference in spell lengths between Germany and the United States.
DXA reference standards for percent body fat and lean body mass in adults

Thesis: DXA Reference Standards for Percent Body Fat and Lean Body Mass in Adults Student: Nathan V. Wagner Degree: Master of Science College: Applied Sciences and Technology Date: May 2013 Pages: 84 Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) provides accurate measurements of percent body fat (%BF) and lean body mass (LBM), however no reference standards currently exist using DXA-derived data. This study’s purpose was to develop reference data sets for DXA-derived %BF and LBM, and to characterize the agreement of obesity classifications between BMI (≥30 kg/m 2 ) and %BF (≥25% for men and ≥30% for women). 2,761 subjects were scanned from 2003-2013 using either the GE Medical Systems Lunar Prodigy or Lunar iDXA. Normative reference tables displaying mean values and select percentiles were created for %BF and LBM across defined age groups for both genders. Mean %BF and LBM closely reflected data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey across age groups in both genders. Agreements between BMI and %BF were 97% when identified as obese and 33% when identified as non-obese. Future research should consider creating a national registry for DXAderived measurements.
Robust Predictive Current Controller Based on a Disturbance Estimator in a Three-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter

This paper proposes a robust predictive current controller based on a disturbance estimator for a three-phase grid-connected inverter. The various components that deteriorate the performance of a conventional predictive current controller are regarded as disturbances, and a disturbance estimator is constructed using an inverter output voltage and current values. Furthermore, a grid angle is extracted using a phase-locked loop (PLL) with the estimated reactive component of the disturbance; therefore, sensorless grid voltage control is possible. In order to determine the relevant gains in the disturbance estimator, the frequency components corresponding to the unbalanced grid condition and low-order harmonics, as well as the PLL bandwidth, are considered. Moreover, the stability of the disturbance estimator due to parameter errors in the inductor filter is analyzed. The proposed method has an inherent rapid dynamic response due to the conventional predictive current controller, as well as low-cost implementation and robust control performance with regard to the disturbance and noise interference due to use of the combined estimation algorithm. The feasibility of the proposed predictive current control strategy is verified through the examination of experimental results.
The distribution of UK household expenditure, 1979-92

The rapid growth in income inequality in the UK over the 1980s has excited a good deal of interest and concern. A primary reason for this concern has been the widely- drawn conclusion that the living standards of the very poorest have at best failed to keep pace with the living standards of the rest of society. This report sheds new light on the living standards debate, by considering how household expenditure has changed over the period 1979-92. Examination of the expenditure of households appearing in the Family Expenditure Surveys of 1979-92 reveals some rather different trends from the well-documented changes in household incomes.
The Determinants of Reserves Disclosure in the Extractive Industries: Evidence from Australian Firms

This paper examines the determinants of reserves disclosure (RD) in the Australian extractive industries. Our regression results indicate that RD are positively associated with variables relating to corporate governance, foreign listing, existence of reserves in foreign jurisdictions, pledging of reserves in debt covenants, leverage and external (Big 4) auditor, after controlling for firm size, subindustry, shareholder concentration and development/production stage. Additional regression testing shows that the existence of reserves in foreign jurisdictions is the most important determinant of RD in Australia. This paper contributes to a better understanding of the extent and rationale behind the RD practices of Australian resource firms.
Racial Differences in Health-Care Utilization: Analysis by Intensity of Demand

"Health-care utilization is estimated for different subpopulations with respect to various measures of health status, which allows the classification of health-care consumers into groups with different intensities of demand. This specification allows us to determine whether racial differences vary between subgroups of consumers. In addition to blacks, we also consider utilization by Hispanics. The model is estimated separately for five measures of utilization: office-based physician visits, office-based nonphysician visits, outpatient department visits, emergency room visits, and hospital discharges using data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Results across numerous specifications indicate that racial differences remain a serious public policy concern, both among healthy and unhealthy minorities. " ("JEL" I11, I12) Copyright (c) 2009 Western Economic Association International.
Airline Safety: The Last Decade

The paper presents safety data for the period 1977-86 from more than 30 U.S. domestic airlines and 80 international flag carriers. These statistics are examined in conjunction with others from an earlier MIT study about the previous two decades. The primary safety measure used is "death risk per flight," which weights each fatal accident by the proportion of passengers killed and exploits statistical evidence that the risk arising from a nonstop flight is uncorrelated with its route length. The main conclusions of the analysis are: 1 The U.S. domestic trunklines can continue to lay claim to being the safest group of airlines in the world. In 1977-86, the death risk per flight on these carriers was roughly one in eleven million. This represents a factor-of-four improvement since the early 1970's and a factor-of-ten improvement since the early 1960's. 2 But while U.S. jet travel has become safer in recent years, the improvement would probably have been greater still in the absence of airline deregulation. The reason for this assessment relates to the new jet carriers spawned by deregulation. Most such carriers have perfect safety records so far but, collectively, the recent entrants averaged twelve times the death risk per flight in 1979-86 of the established trunklines. This statistically significant excess cut by nearly one-half the recent progress in domestic jet safety. 3 International air travel was also far safer in the last decade than in preceding ones. But the flag carriers of Communist bloc and Third-World nations averaged eight times the death risk per flight as those from industrialized First-World nations. This factor-of-eight discrepancy, which has persisted with little change throughout the last quarter century, cannot be explained by differences in route structure.
U.S.Regional Growth And Convergence, 1880–1980

State personal income per capita estimates at six census years are adjusted for state differences in prices and labor input per capita. Decomposition of the variation in state nominal income levels into the contributions of prices, demography, and (residual) labor productivity reveals considerable diversity in the relative importance of each by region and period. Convergence rates across the century differ according to the choice of series (nominal income, price-adjusted income, or productivity). The West and the South play crucial roles in regional convergence, but at different times.
Conserved expression domains for genes upstream and within the HoxA and HoxD clusters suggests a long‐range enhancer existed before cluster duplication

Summary The posterior HoxA and HoxD genes are essential in appendicular development. Studies have demonstrated that a “distal limb enhancer,” remotely located upstream of the HoxD complex, is required to drive embryonic autopod expression of the posterior Hox genes as well as the two additional non‐Hox genes in the region: Evx2 and Lnp. Our work demonstrates a similar mode of regulation for Hoxa13 and four upstream genes: Evx1, Hibadh, Tax1bp, and Jaz1. These genes all show embryonic (E11.5–E13.5) distal limb and genital bud expression, suggesting the existence of a nearby enhancer influencing the expression of a domain of genes. Comparative sequence analysis between homologous human and mouse genomic sequence upstream of Hoxa13 revealed a remote 2.25‐kb conserved noncoding sequence (mmA13CNS) within the fourth intron of the Hibadh gene. mmA13CNS shares a common 131‐bp core identity within a conserved noncoding sequence upstream of Hoxd13, which is located within the previously identified distal limb enhancer critical region. To test the function of this conserved sequence, we created mmA13CNS‐Hsp86‐lacZ transgenic mice. mmA13CNS directed a wide range of tissue expression, including the central nervous system, developing olfactory tissue, limb, and genital bud. Limb and genital bud expression directed by mmA13CNS is not identical to the patterns exhibited by Hoxa13/Evx1/Hibadh/Tax1bp1/Jaz1, suggesting that mmA13CNS is not sufficient to fully recapitulate their expression in those tissues. The Evx1‐ and Evx2‐like central nervous system expression observed in these mice suggests that the long‐range regulatory element(s) for the Hox cluster existed before the cluster duplication.
Tax Advice and Reporting Under Uncertainty: Theory and Experimental Evidence

This study extends the Beck, Davis, and Jung (1992) experimental study by incorporating opportunities for taxpayer subjects to purchase advice before making their tax reporting decisions. Tax advice has two roles in the model and experiment. First, the tax advice allows taxpayers an opportunity to reduce their uncertainty about the amount of taxes owed. This permits us to study the demand for tax advice in conjunction with its effect on tax reporting decisions. Second, the decision to purchase tax advice from an expert provides a means of signaling that may alter tax agency audit policies. The resulting audit policies, in turn, can affect taxpayers' decisions to purchase tax advice. These interdependencies are incorporated in a game-theoretic model and several predictions are tested experimentally. Consistent with theory, subjects sorted themselves into three groups based upon their private information. Another prediction supported by the experiment is that the demand for tax advice increased with the magnitude of an uncertain tax deduction (amount-at-risk). We also found, as expected, that the effects of tax advice on pre-audit tax revenues depend upon the amount-at-risk. When the amount-at-risk was high, subjects in settings with tax advice reported lower average incomes and paid lower taxes than did those subjects in settings without the opportunity to purchase tax advice. The opposite was true for the low amount-at-risk condition, supporting our prediction that tax advice and amount-at-risk would have an interactive effect on tax reporting. Analysis also was performed on post-audit tax collections. Contrary to theory, post-audit tax payments were found to increase when subjects had an opportunity to purchase tax advice. This result apparently was caused by a tendency to over-purchase tax advice and, in some cases, report a low income regardless of the advice received.
Enrichir et raisonner sur des espaces sémantiques pour l’attribution de mots-clés (Enriching and reasoning on semantic spaces for keyword extraction) [in French]

Enriching and reasoning on semantic spaces for keyword extraction This article presents a multi-modular hybrid system for extraction of keywords from corpus of scientific articles. System is multi-modular because it integrates components executing transformations on 1) morphosyntactic level (lemmatization and chunking) 2) semantic level (Reflected Random Indexing), as well as upon more 3) « pragmatic » aspects of processed documents, modeled by production rules. The system is hybrid because it was able to address both tracks of DEFT2012 competition ‐ a «reduced search-space» scenario of Track 1, whose objective was to map the content of a scientific article upon one among the members of a « terminological list » ; as well as more « real-life » scenario of Track2 within which no list was associated to documents contained in the corpus. In both Tracks, the system hereby presented has obtained the an F-score of 0.9488 for the Track1, and 0.5874 for the Track2. MOTS-CLES : Extraction de mots-cles, Espaces semantiques, RRI, Reseau bayesien, Regles de production, Chunking.
The Effectiveness and Balance of the National Economy of the USSR

The balance of the national economy occupies an important place in planning the process of socialist expanded reproduction, its rates and proportions. Over the course of several decades it has emerged as a system of complementary tables: (1) the balance of production, consumption, and accumulation of the social product (consolidated material balance); (2) the balance of production, distribution, redistribution, and consumption of the social product and national income (consolidated financial balance); (3) balance of labor resources; (4) balances of fixed and working capital as elements of national wealth. These basic tables reflect the social, economic, and branch structures of the national economy and are in turn concretized in a number of partial balances.
Empirical Impact of Public Infrastructure on the Japanese Economy

We study the impact of public capital investment on individual sectors of the Japanese economy using time-series data for the period of 1970-1998. We employ a production function approach and also estimate a dynamic VAR/ECM model. We find significant differences in the employment effects, output effects and private investment effects across sectors. Public capital investment has a positive effect on employment in the finance, insurance and real estate (FIRE), manufacturing, construction and utilities sectors; on private investment in the FIRE, agriculture, transportation, trade and services sectors; and on output in the mining, FIRE, trade and manufacturing sectors.
Why Do People Perform Thrilling Activities? A Study Based on Reversal Theory

The present study was aimed at testing the assumption based on reversal theory, according to which people perform frightening activities to induce high anxiety, which in turn can give rise to pleasant excitement, provided that a metamotivational reversal occurs. The Tension and Effort Stress Inventory was administered to 46 individuals just before and just after a frightening ride on a cable (Fantasticable). A 30-subject control group was given the same inventory in a safe context, with a 2-min. rest between the two periods of completion. Ratings of Tension Stress, Anxiety, and overall Unpleasant Emotions were significantly decreased after the ride for the Fantasticable group. Conversely, significant increases in Preferred Arousal, Excitement, Transactional Emotions, and overall Pleasant Emotions were found after the ride. Also, pre-activity anxiety correlated with postactivity excitement (r = .79) for the Fantasticable group only. This supports the reversal theory contention about how one's involvement in arousal-seeking leisure may improve one's emotional state. No time effect was noted in the ratings for the control group, suggesting an association of participation in a frightening activity and emotional enhancement.