Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Logical reasoning for approximate and unreliable computation

Improving program performance and resilience are long-standing goals. Traditional approaches include a variety of transformation, compilation, and runtime techniques that share the common property that the resulting program has the same semantics as the original program. However, researchers have recently proposed a variety of new techniques that set aside this traditional restriction and instead exploit opportunities to change the semantics of programs to improve performance and resilience. Techniques include skipping portions of a program's computation, selecting different implementations of program's subcomputations, executing programs on unreliable hardware, and synthesizing values to enable programs to skip or execute through otherwise fatal errors. A major barrier to the acceptance these techniques in both the broader research community and in industrial practice is the challenge that the resulting programs may exhibit behaviors that differ from that of the original program, potentially jeopardizing the program's resilience, safety, and accuracy. This thesis presents the first general programming systems for precisely verifying and reasoning about the programs that result from these techniques. This thesis presents a programming language and program logic for verifying worstcase properties of a transformed program. Specifically the framework, enables verifying that a transformed program satisfies important assertions about its safety (e.g., that it does not access invalid memory) and accuracy (e.g., that it returns a result within a bounded distance of that of the original program). This thesis also presents a programming language and automated analysis for verifying a program's quantitative reliability the probability the transformed program returns the same result as the original program when executed on unreliable hardware. The results of this thesis, which include programming languages, program logics, program analysis, and applications thereof, present the first steps toward reaping the benefits of changing the semantics of programs in a beneficial yet principled way. Thesis Supervisor: Martin C. Rinard Title: Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Test data volume for multiscan-based designs through single/sequence mixed encoding

This paper presents a new test data compression technique for multiscan-based designs through dictionary-based encoding on the single or sequences scan-inputs. In spite of its simplicity, it achieves significant reduction in test data volume. Unlike some previous approaches on test data compression, our approach eliminates the need for additional synchronization and handshaking between the CUT and the ATE, so it is especially suitable to be integrated in a low cost test scheme for SoC test. In addition in contrast to previous dictionary-based coding techniques, even for the CUT with a small number of scan chains, the proposed approach can achieve satisfied reduction in test data volume. Experimental results showed the proposed test scheme works particularly well for the large ISCAS'89 benchmarks.
Long-term mucosal recovery and healing in celiac disease is the rule – not the exception

Abstract Objective: The prevalence of persistent villous atrophy (VA) in patients with celiac disease (CD) on a gluten-free diet (GFD) varies greatly between studies. Most studies show a relatively high prevalence of mucosal atrophy and inflammation in treated patients, a finding which have led to a concept of non-responsive CD. Few studies have examined the prevalence of long-term mucosal healing. Our study aimed to determine the extent of mucosal healing in a cohort of Norwegian patients with CD treated with GFD for several years. Materials and methods: Adult patients diagnosed with VA between 1989 and 2009 were included. We performed a follow-up gastroscopy with duodenal biopsies. Two pathologists evaluated the biopsies according to the Marsh–Oberhuber classification. Mucosal healing was defined as Marsh 0 while mucosal recovery was defined as Marsh 0-2. Results: Duodenal biopsies were obtained from 127 adult patients with established CD. After a follow-up time of 8.1 years (median, range 2.3–22.3), 103 (81%) of the patients showed mucosal healing, 120 patients (94%) showed mucosal recovery, and 7 patients (6%) showed persistent VA. In addition, 103 of the 127 patients (81%) had undergone a routine follow-up biopsy 12.6 months (median, range 5.2–28.8) after diagnosis. At the time of the routine follow-up, only 52 of these patients (50.5%) had achieved mucosal recovery. Conclusions: Although half of the patients had persistent VA at the time of routine follow-up, both long-term mucosal recovery and healing is possible for the vast majority of adult patients with CD.
Evolution of cyanobacterial morphotypes

Within prokaryotes cyanobacteria represent one of the oldest and morphologically most diverse phyla on Earth. The rise of oxygen levels in the atmosphere 2.32-2.45 billion years ago is assigned to the photosynthetic activity of ancestors from this phylum. Subsequently cyanobacteria were able to adapt to various habitats evolving a comprehensive set of different morphotypes. In a recent study we showed that this evolution is not a gradual transition from simple unicellular to more complex multicellular forms as often assumed. Instead complexity was lost several times and regained at least once. An understanding of the genetic basis of these transitions would be further strengthened by phylogenomic approaches. However, considering that new methods for phylogenomic analyses are emerging, it is unfortunate that genomes available today are comprised of an unbalanced sampling of taxa. We propose avenues to remedy this by identifying taxa that would improve the representation of phylogenetic diversity in this phylum.
On a Robustness of The Random Particle Method

We are concerned with a robustness of the so-called random particle methods that have been recognized as efficient tool for the numerical analysis of nonlinear diffusions. Among these, we take the random gradient method due to E.Puckette and we study the stability of this method against a slight perturbation in statistical quality of random numbers. 1. Random particle method Every Monte Carlo method is established on a basic assumption that an arbitrary amount of random numbers with prescribed distribution is always available. The efficiency of the method should more or less depend on the quality of random number generators. Hence it is needless to emphasize the importance of studying, with every specific Monte Carlo method, the robustness or sensitivity of the method. It is rather surprising therefore to find that, as far as the author knows, very few research has been done in this direction. From this viewpoint we take the random particle method due to E.Puckette and we are going to check the robustness of this method. The reason of investigating this method is simply because this is one of the well-known and successful stochastic methods and because the author has been interested in the stochastic simulation of nonlinear dif-, fusions. v ^ ? i ^ -i
Plasmid associated antibiotic resistance in Vibrios isolated from coastal waters of Kerala

The present study was aimed to detect the plasmid profile, the role of plasmid associated multiple antibiotic resistance of Vibrios isolated from coastal waters of Kerala. The isolated plasmids from antibiotic resistant Vibrios were tested for the presence of integrons using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to elucidate the presence of plasmid borne integron, a key element in horizontal gene transfer. 100 isolates of Vibrios from water samples of shrimp farms and coastal landing sites were tested for the antibiogram profile to 22 antibiotics and the presence of the plasmids. Antibiotic resistance studies revealed that 78% were expressing multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR), defined as the isolates having resistant to more than three resistance determinants. The levels of resistance exhibited by isolates to specific antibiotics vary between 94 % and 6%. In the plasmid profiling test, only 17 isolates (21%) harbored plasmid DNA which ranged in size from 1.4 to 25 kb, separating the isolates into various plasmid profiles. Interestingly it was observed from the plasmid profiling that 11 strains among them had a single plasmid, 4 strains were with two plasmids and one each of having three and four plasmids. The role of native plasmids in antibiotic resistance in Vibrios was confirmed by isolation and transformation of the plasmids in E.coli DH5α, followed by antibiotic resistance assay. Both the plasmids and the associated antibiotic resistance of selected isolates could be transferred to a recipient by transformation and conjugation. The study demonstrates the plasmid-mediated drug resistance as a contributor to the antibiotic resistance in Vibrios of the aquatic system and their ability to disseminate the resistance by means of transformation, conjugation and by horizontal gene transfer element like integrons. Antibiotic resistance marker and its location were confirmed from the resistant plasmids from Vibrio isolates by using curing protocols. As in many developing countries, antimicrobial resistance epidemiology is still in the infancy stage in the locality of the study. To our knowledge, there are no reports available on the plasmid mediated multiple antibiotic resistance in Vibrio isolates from coastal waters of Kerala and our study on plasmid profiling will provide a current baseline profile of plasmid mediated resistance of Vibrios from coastal waters in Kerala and thereby will provide a significant insight about Indian scenario.
The origin of chylomicron phosphatidylcholine in the rat.

This study investigates the pathways of origin of chylomicron phosphatidylcholine (PC) using a lymph- and bile-fistulated rat infused with a stabilized triolein emulsion. [(14)C-glycerol]PC was used to evaluate chylomicron PC generated by lyso PC acyltransferase. The percentage of chylomicron PC derived from the PC infused was directly proportional to the PC concentration in the infusate. When the infusate PC concentration was 10 mM, essentially all the chylomicron PC was derived therefrom at 4-6 h of infusion. Incorporation of the radiolabel was not found to be as great in the lymph subnatant PC as in chylomicron PC, suggesting that chylomicron and lymph subnatant PC might be supplied from different PC precursor pools. (32)P(i) was infused into similarly prepared rats to judge chylomicron PC synthesized from de novo sources. In these experiments it was found that the percentage of chylomicron PC derived from de novo synthesis was inversely related to the PC concentration of the infusate. This suggests that exogenously infused PC inhibits de novo PC synthesis. When [(32)P]rat bile PC was infused with [(14)C-glycerol]potato PC, the bile PC was preferred as a chylomicron precursor despite the greater similarity of the saturated fatty acids of potato PC to those of chylomicron PC. When the saturated fatty acids of bile and chylomicron PC were compared, chylomicron PC was significantly richer in stearate, suggesting extensive enterocyte modification of the saturated fatty acids of bile PC.
Doc bot preps for the O.R.

INSIDE THE GLISTENING RED CAVE of the patient's abdomen, surgeon Michael Stifelman carefully guides two robotic arms to tie knots in a piece of thread. He manipulates a third arm to drive a suturing needle through the fleshy mass of the patient's kidney, stitching together the hole where a tumor used to be. The final arm holds the endoscope that streams visuals to Stifelman's display screens. Each arm enters the body through a tiny incision about 5 millimeters wide.
Personality in frozen shoulder

Fleming, A. , Dodman, S. , Beer, T. C. , and Crown, S. (1976). Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 35, 456-457. Personality in frozen shoulder. Fifty-six patients with frozen shoulder have had their personality profiles investigated by means of the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire. Females showed significantly increased somatic anxiety compared with controls. It is suggested that this may be important both to aetiology and treatment. Males and females should be assessed separately in future studies of frozen shoulder.
Variation-sensitive monitor circuits for estimation of Die-to-Die process variation

We propose a set of variation-sensitive ring oscillators (RO) to estimate Die-to-Die process parameter variation. ROs are designed to have different sensitivity to each parameter variation. A method suitable to estimate variation from different ROs is proposed. We have fabricated test chip and successfully estimated process parameter variation. Variation results are correlated with that in Process Control Module data.
A Novel Sensing Scheme for Dynamic Multichannel Access

Dynamic multichannel access is one of the most important issues in cognitive radio systems. Its major challenge is to make best use of the limited frequency bands while protecting the rights of primary users. In this paper, we propose a novel sensing scheme for dynamic multichannel access based on the restless multiarmed bandit process (RMBP). Specifically, we grant the RMBP model with a flexible ratio between transmission period and sensing interval, which is denoted as n. Whittle's index is applied as a sorting standard for secondary users to judge which channel to sense. Under Lagrangian relaxation, we compute the throughput and sensing cost in terms of n. Throughput is proved to converge to a fixed bound when n approaches infinity. Meanwhile, sensing cost is proved to diverge in some cases. We also prove that the interference percentage remains the same, regardless of the improvement on system performance. Finally, we offer recommendation on how to set the proper parameters according to the environment in practical use.
What Does a Belief Function Believe In ?

The conditioning in the Dempster-Shafer Theory of Evidence has been defined (by Shafer \cite{Shafer:90} as combination of a belief function and of an "event" via Dempster rule. On the other hand Shafer \cite{Shafer:90} gives a "probabilistic" interpretation of a belief function (hence indirectly its derivation from a sample). Given the fact that conditional probability distribution of a sample-derived probability distribution is a probability distribution derived from a subsample (selected on the grounds of a conditioning event), the paper investigates the empirical nature of the Dempster- rule of combination. It is demonstrated that the so-called "conditional" belief function is not a belief function given an event but rather a belief function given manipulation of original empirical data. \\ Given this, an interpretation of belief function different from that of Shafer is proposed. Algorithms for construction of belief networks from data are derived for this interpretation.
Association between Drinking Behavior and Activities of Daily Living in Community-dwelling Older Adults

As the elderly are more vulnerable to drinking than young adults, elucidation of the relationship between drinking habits of old age and ADL is an important issue from the perspective of public health science. This study explores the relationship between drinking habits of the elderly and impaired Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and provides basic materials to prevent impaired ADL in the old age. This study analyzed a total of 4,134 elderly people over the age of 65 who participated in 2011 Korean Longitudinal Survey of Aging. Drinking habits were classified into 'no drinking (no drinking experience in lifetime)', 'past drinking (have drinking experience in the past but presently do not drink)' and 'currently drinking'. ADL were classified into ‘normal group’ and ‘Impaired ADL group’. To compare the relationship between alcohol drinking and impaired ALD, the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were presented using hierarchical logistic regression. As the result of multivariate analysis (adjusted model), even after all confounding variables were adjusted, drinking had significant relationship with ADL impairment. Past drinkers has 6 times more risk of ADL impairment (OR=5.86, 95% CI: 3.07-11.19) than nondrinkers and current drinkers 4 times more risk (OR=3.94, 95% CI: 2.08-7.48) (p<0.05). As drinking in old age is associated with impaired ADL, moderation is required on drinkers for healthy aging.
VSC-OPF based on line voltage indices for power system losses minimization and voltage stability improvement

Power system optimization while improving system security and performance has become a major challenge in power systems planning and operation. As modern systems are being operated under heavily stressed conditions with reduced stability margins, incorporation of voltage stability criteria in the operation of power systems has become necessary. This paper presents a novel voltage stability constrained optimal power flow approach based on the line voltage stability indices. The objective of the new VSC-OPF is to add the voltage collapse proximity indicator (VCPI) into the OPF constraints to simultaneously minimize power losses and improve voltage stability. The proposed approach has been evaluated and compared with conventional OPF on the IEEE 30-bus test system under different cases. The simulation results are promising and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed VSC-OPF using the line voltage stability index.
The effeCT Of hypeRChOlesTeROlemIa ON The RaT paROTID salIvaRy GlaNDs ( hIsTOpaThOlOGICal aND ImmUNOhIsTOChemICal sTUDy )

AbstrAct Hypercholesterolemia is a common risk problem. It is a well-known aggravating factor in the pathogenesis of many diseases so that, the present study was conducted to induce hypercholesterolemia in rats by long-term high-cholesterol diet administration then investigate the histopathological and immunohistochemical changes in parotid salivary glands of these animals and discuss their potential significances in understanding the mechanism by which hypercholesterolemia had adversely affected the tissues. Thirty male albino rats (150 ±10 grams) were divided equally into control and experimental groups. The rats of the experimental group received hypercholesterolmic diet containing 1% cholesterol for 3 consecutive months, while the rats of control group were kept on normal diet. At the end of the experimental period, all rats were sacrificed. The parotid salivary glands were dissected out and prepared for histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations. Histopathological examination revealed severely atrophied serous acini and massive fibrosis formed of thick collagen fibers, thick walled lymphatics and numerous dilated blood vessels. The excretory ducts were degenerated with retained secretion. There were numerous intra and intercellular vacuoles. There were also numerous large vacuoles as well as severe haemorrhage in the connective tissue stroma. Some specimens revealed complete replacement of the salivary glands lobes by numerous large empty spaces. Immunohistochemical examination revealed intense positive immunoreactivity for Fas in the acinar and duct cells. Whereas, both of the acinar and duct cells showed negative p53 immunoreactivity. In conclusion, the major manifestations of hypercholesterolemia inducing salivary glands injury are apoptosis, fibrosis, fatty degeneration, lipid accumulation and microcirculatory disturbances.
Identification of Candida albicans Antigens Recognized by Sera of Patients with Candidiasis/Identifizierung von Candida albicans Antigenen, mit denen Seren von Candidiasis‐Patienten reagieren

Summary: Antigens of Candida albicans derived from both growth phases employing five different media and from five different strains using one medium were analysed by gel‐electrophoresis and immunoblot‐technique. No growth phase or growth‐medium dependent differences were noted when commercially available rabbit anti‐Candida or human antisera were employed. The SDS‐PAGE patterns of the five strains analysed were quite similar. However, one strain isolated from a patient with proven systemic candidiasis showed an additional 60 kd membrane protein which was recognized only by human but not by rabbit antisera.
Comparative Evaluation of Enamel Demineralization Depth by Five Sweeteners : An In ‐ Vitro Study

Contributors: 1Post‐graduate Resident, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Amrita School of Dentistry, Kochi, Kerala, India; 2Professor and Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Amrita School of Dentistry, Kochi, Kerala, India; 3Reader, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Amrita School of Dentistry, Kochi, Kerala, India; 4Consultant, Department of Endodontics, Apollo Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. Correspondence: Dr. Razdan TR. Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Amrita School of Dentistry, Ponekkara P.O. , Kochi ‐ 682 041, Kerala, India. Email: razdan901@gmail.com How to cite the article: Razdan TR, Singh VP, Rav AB, Harihara M, Sreeram SR. Comparative evaluation of enamel demineralization depth by five sweeteners: An in-vitro study. J Int Oral Health 2016;8 (6):709‐715. Abstract: Background: Dental caries is the most common infectious diseases found in human beings. When a fermentable dietary carbohydrate undergoes bacterial action, they produce acids that lead to the demineralization of tooth structure and ultimately form the dental caries. Among dietary products, sugar substances are the main cause of dental caries. Among today’s diet, an increased amount of fermentable carbohydrates including highly processed starch‐containing foods, and food products that contain novel synthetic carbohydrates such as sucralose and aspartame also follows the etiology. Coupled with this, there now exists a wide range of non‐cariogenic sweeteners such as natural and synthetic that have an important role to play in caries control. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 extracted single‐rooted premolars were taken. Five groups of sugar solution were prepared using honey, palm sugar, sucralose, glucose, and sucrose, respectively, and the teeth were immersed. 1.5 × 108 cells of Streptococcus mutans were inoculated into each group for 21 days. Teeth were sectioned buccolingually into 300 μm using hard tissue microtome followed by evaluation under a stereomicroscope. Results: The mean depth of enamel demineralization for all groups was calculated at three points. The mean depth of enamel demineralization was least for sucralose followed by honey, palm sugar, and glucose and the highest was with sucrose group. One‐way ANOVA test was used to compare the mean depth of demineralization between all five experimental groups and Bonferroni test to compare between individual groups. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study, it may be concluded that even though sucralose group exhibited the least mean depth of enamel demineralization, it cannot be statistically proved better than the honey group.
EMC characterization for switching noise investigation on power transistors

This paper proposes a complete characterization approach for switching noise effects study on a new electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) multi-domain problematic with electronics embedded systems, mixing power components and integrated circuits in common volumes. In this context EMC 3D couplings effects, i.e. between power converter chip (MosPower, insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)) and digital printed circuit board (PCB) with pulse width modulation (PWM) pattern, take place in more and more wide range of frequency, as 1 kHz - 1 GHz. Based on a general methodology called XVICE, the modeling approach is also presented.