Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fault tolerance under UNIX

The initial design for a distributed, fault-tolerant version of UNIX based on three-way atomic message transmission was presented in an earlier paper [3]. The implementation effort then moved from Auragen Systems1 to Nixdorf Computer where it was completed. This paper describes the working system, now known as the TARGON/32. The original design left open questions in at least two areas: fault tolerance for server processes and recovery after a crash were briefly and inaccurately sketched, rebackup after recovery was not discussed at all. The fundamental design involving three-way message transmission has remained unchanged. However, in addition to important changes in the implementation, server backup has been redesigned and is now more consistent with that of normal user processes. Recovery and rebackup have been completed in a less centralized and thus more efficient manner than previously envisioned. In this paper we review important aspects of the original design and note how the implementation differs from our original ideas. We then focus on the backup and recovery for server processes and the changes and additions in the design and implementation of recovery and rebackup.
Topography of Arc/Arg3.1 mRNA Expression in the Dorsal and Ventral Hippocampus Induced by Recent and Remote Spatial Memory Recall: Dissociation of CA3 and CA1 Activation

The understanding of the mechanisms of memory retrieval and its deficits, and the detection of memory underlying neuronal plasticity, is greatly impeded by a lack of precise knowledge of the brain circuitry that underlies the functions of memory. The specific roles of anatomically distinct hippocampal subdivisions in recent and long-term memory retention and recall are essentially unknown. To address these questions, we mapped the expression of Arc/Arg 3.1 mRNA, a neuronal activity marker, in memory retention at multiple rostrocaudal levels of the dentate gyrus, CA3, CA1, subiculum, and lateral and medial entorhinal cortices after a platform search in a water-maze spatial task at 24 h and 1 month compared with swim and naive controls. We found that the entorhinohippocampal neuronal activity underlying the recall of recent and remote spatial memory has an anatomically distributed and time-dependent organization throughout both the dorsal and ventral hippocampus that is subdivision specific. We found a dissociation in the activity of the entorhinal cortex, CA3, and CA1 over a period of memory consolidation. Although CA3, the dorsal hippocampus, and the entorhinal cortex demonstrated the most persistent learning-specific signal during both recent and long-term memory recall, CA1 and the ventral hippocampus displayed the most dramatic signal decline. We determined the coordinates of activity clusters in the hippocampal subdivisions during the platform search and their dynamics over time. Our mapping data suggest that although the level of corticohippocampal interaction is similar during the retrieval of recent and remote spatial memories, the mnemonic function of the hippocampus may have changed, and the activity underlying remote spatial memory could be anatomically segregated within hippocampal subdivisions in small segments.
Mining data streams using option trees (revised edition, 2004)

The data stream model for data mining places harsh restrictions on a learning algorithm. A model must be induced following the briefest interrogation of the data, must use only available memory and must update itself over time within these constraints. Additionally, the model must be able to be used for data mining at any point in time. This paper describes a data stream classification algorithm using an ensemble of option trees. The ensemble of trees is induced by boosting and iteratively combined into a single interpretable model. The algorithm is evaluated using benchmark datasets for accuracy against state-of-the-art algorithms that make use of the entire dataset.
An algorithm for question paper template generation in question paper generation system

Generation of question papers through a question bank is an important activity in learning management systems and educational institutions. The quality of question paper is based on various design constraints such as whether a question paper assesses different problem solving skills as per Bloom's taxonomy, whether it covers all units from the syllabus of a course and whether it covers various difficulty levels. In this paper, we present the design of an algorithm to generate question paper template which satisfies the above mentioned constraints. The algorithm is illustrated in the paper by using four constraints namely question paper format, coverage of syllabus, coverage of difficulty levels and coverage of cognitive levels according to Bloom's taxonomy. The algorithm presented is extensible to support any number of user defined constraints.
Essays on Financial Frictions and Macroeconomic Dynamics with Heterogeneous Agents

ii Dedication . iv Acknowledgments. v Vita . vi List of Tables . x List of Figures . xi Chapter 1: Heterogeneous Households, Mortgage Debt and Housing Demand over the Great Recession . 1 1.
Clinically relevant interpretation of solid phase assays for HLA antibody

Purpose of reviewAccurate and timely detection and characterization of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies are critical for pre-transplant and post-transplant immunological risk assessment. Solid phase immunoassays have provided increased sensitivity and specificity, but test interpretation is not always straightforward. This review will discuss the result interpretation considering technical limitations; assessment of relative antibody strength; and the integration of data for risk stratification from complementary testing and the patient's immunological history. Recent findingsLaboratory and clinical studies have provided insight into causes of test failures – false positive reactions because of antibodies to denatured HLA antigens and false negative reactions resulting from test interference and/or loss of native epitopes. Test modifications permit detection of complement-binding antibodies and determination of the IgG subclasses. The high degree of specificity of single antigen solid phase immunoassays has revealed the complexity and clinical relevance of antibodies to HLA-C, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DP antigens. Determination of antibody specificity for HLA epitopes enables identification of incompatible antigens not included in test kits. SummaryDetection and characterization of HLA antibodies with solid phase immunoassays has led to increased understanding of the role of those antibodies in graft rejection, improved treatment of antibody-mediated rejection, and increased opportunities for transplantation. However, realization of these benefits requires careful and accurate interpretation of test results.
Curveball: a new generation of sampling algorithms for graphs with fixed degree sequence

The switching model is a Markov chain approach to sample graphs with fixed degree sequence uniformly at random. The recently invented Curveball algorithm for bipartite graphs applies several switches simultaneously (`trades'). Here, we introduce Curveball algorithms for simple (un)directed graphs which use single or simultaneous trades. We show experimentally that these algorithms converge magnitudes faster than the corresponding switching models.
Teaching and Learning End-of-Life Care: Evaluation of a Faculty Development Program in Palliative Care

Purpose To evaluate the effectiveness of the Program in Palliative Care Education and Practice (PCEP), an intensive faculty development program at Harvard Medical School. Method PCEP is a two-week program offered annually with two on-site sessions in Boston, MA, and an interim period distance-learning component. Training integrates palliative care clinical skill development, learning theory and teaching methods, and leadership and organizational change. Longitudinal surveys (preprogram, retrospective preprogram, and postprogram) of participants from 2000–03 assessed self-reported preparation in providing and teaching palliative care; teaching and patient care practices; and satisfaction with program. Results The response rate was 96% (n = 149) for Session I and 72% for both Session I and II (n = 113). Questionnaire responses demonstrated statistically significant improvements with large effect sizes (range 0.7–1.8) on nearly all measures. Preparation increased from 3.0 ± 1.1 to 4.2 ± 0.7 for providing end-of-life care (1 = not well prepared, 5 = very well prepared), and from 2.6 ± 1.0 to 4.3 ± 0.7 for teaching this topic. Respondents reported behavioral changes in patient care and teaching; e.g., after the program, 63% noted that, specifically as a result of attending the course, they encouraged learners to reflect on their emotional responses to dying patients, and 57% conducted experiential exercises (e.g., role-play). Eighty-two percent rated the experience as “transformative,” and many responses to open-ended items described powerful learning experiences. Participants rated the program highly (4.9 ± 0.1, 1 = lowest, 5 = highest rating). Conclusions Integrating clinical content with learning about educational methods is an efficient and effective approach to enhancing clinical faculty’s capacity to model and teach clinical care. This program offers an educational model that engages practitioners, stimulates changes in practice, and offers opportunities for reflection and professional revitalization.
Generic twistless bifurcations

We show that in the neighbourhood of the tripling bifurcation of a periodic orbit of a Hamiltonian flow or of a fixed point of an area-preserving map, there is generically a bifurcation that creates a `twistless' torus. At this bifurcation, the twist, which is the derivative of the rotation number with respect to the action, vanishes. The twistless torus moves outward after it is created and eventually collides with the saddle-centre bifurcation that creates the period-three orbits. The existence of the twistless bifurcation is responsible for the breakdown of the non-degeneracy condition required in the proof of the KAM theorem for flows or the Moser twist theorem for maps. When the twistless torus has a rational rotation number, there are typically reconnection bifurcations of periodic orbits with that rotation number.
Exploitation of Parallel Search Space Evaluation with FPGAs in Combinatorial Problems: The Eternity II Case

The Eternity II puzzle is a combinatorial search problem which qualifies as a computational grand challenge. As no known closed form solution exists, its solution is based on exhaustive search, making it an excellent candidate for FPGA-based architectures, in which complex data structures and non-trivial recursion are implemented in hardware. This paper presents such an architecture, which was designed and fully implemented on a Virtex5 FPGA (XUP ML505 board). Despite the serial nature of the recursion, as parallelism can be applied with the initiation of multiple searches, the system shows a measured speedup of 2.6 vs. a high-end multi-core compute server.
Perspective Invariant Angle Ordering

In this paper we present the geometric property of perspective invariant angle ordering; the order of angles between point features. We describe how this can be used to exploit the structure of the appearance of features on planar or near planar surfaces to improve precision for localisation and object recognition. We show test results on real-world images that show marked improvement over straight bag-of-features approaches.
On optimal route construction in wireless mesh networks

We provide a comparative analysis of various routing strategies that affect the end-to-end performance in wireless mesh networks. We first improve well-known link quality metrics and routing algorithms to better operate in wireless mesh environments. We then investigate the route optimality and its impact on the network performance by comparing the achieved end-to-end performance with the optimal offline routing. Various network topologies, number of concurrent flows, and interference types are considered in our evaluation and we reveal that a nonoptimal route is easily established because of routing protocol's misbehavior, interflow interference, and their interplay, thus affecting the end-to-end performance.
Training Technical and Professional Communication Educators for Online Internship Courses

ABSTRACT This article explores how to train educators to teach online internship courses. The article introduces an online internship course focused on workplace communication available to students across the university. Approaches to training educators to teach this course include requiring educators to immerse themselves in experiential learning situations, leveraging innovative uses of contemporary technologies for communication, and reflecting on online teaching processes.
Bivariate Empirical Mode Decomposition

The empirical mode decomposition (EMD) has been introduced quite recently to adaptively decompose nonstationary and/or nonlinear time series. The method being initially limited to real-valued time series, we propose here an extension to bivariate (or complex-valued) time series that generalizes the rationale underlying the EMD to the bivariate framework. Where the EMD extracts zero-mean oscillating components, the proposed bivariate extension is designed to extract zero-mean rotating components. The method is illustrated on a real-world signal, and properties of the output components are discussed. Free Matlab/C codes are available at http://perso.ens-lyon.fr/patrick.flandrin.
BIS/BAS Scale in Primary School Children: Parent-Child Agreement and Longitudinal Stability

The current study provided psychometric information on the parent and child version of the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)/Behavioural Approach System (BAS) scale. Parent-child agreement was evaluated (N = 217, 7.5 to 14 years, 50% boys). Moreover, absolute and rank order stability of mother-reported BIS/BAS scores over a 2-year period were assessed (N = 207, 5.5 to 11 years at baseline, 49% boys). Only full measurement invariant (sub-)scales were considered in the parent-child agreement and longitudinal stability assessment. Parent and child ratings were found to be measurement invariant but discrepant on BAS Drive and BAS Reward Responsiveness. In younger children, child ratings on BAS Drive tended to be higher than parent ratings, whereas in older children, child ratings tended to be lower than parent ratings. Further, the discrepancy between the BAS Drive ratings of fathers and children was higher than the discrepancy between the BAS Drive ratings of mothers and children. Finally, the study results suggested 2-year absolute and rank order stability of the measurement-invariant, mother-reported BIS and BAS Drive scores in children aged 5.5 to 11 years at baseline.
'Mental Workouts for Couch Potatoes': Executive Function Variation among Spanish-English Bilingual Young Adults.

Research has yet to reach a definitive consensus on whether or how bilingualism confers benefits on Executive Function (EF): numerous studies show an EF advantage for bilinguals over monolinguals, while others indicate no significant differences. These inconsistencies demonstrate that the mechanisms behind a potential bilingualism-to-EF relationship remain unclear. Multiple factors likely impact EF outcomes among bilinguals, including proficiency and extent and type and environment of language usage. The current study explored EF skills among a relatively homogeneous sample of 50 Spanish–English bilingual young adults to provide insights into the environmental and individual characteristics that contribute to EF diversity. Hierarchical regression modeling revealed that more balanced bilingual language usage in specific home-based tasks (particularly TV watching), and higher self-reported ability in Spanish and English significantly predicted higher EF. Results support the developing empirical consensus that greater engagement in dual-language contexts bears a positive relationship to EF. The finding that watching TV with a balanced language ratio has a significant positive relationship to EF opens strong potential opportunities for bilinguals to access EF benefits with minimal effort.
Usability engineering for mobile maps

Many applications for mobile devices make use of maps, but because interaction with these maps can be laborious the applications are often hard to use. Therefore, the usability of maps on mobile devices must be improved. In this paper we review the research that has been done to solve technical, environmental, and social challenges of mobile map use. We will discuss interaction, visualization, and adaptive user support for maps on mobile devices. We propose usability engineering as the method that should be used when developing maps for mobile applications.
Face Recognition System for Set-Top Box-Based Intelligent TV

Despite the prevalence of smart TVs, many consumers continue to use conventional TVs with supplementary set-top boxes (STBs) because of the high cost of smart TVs. However, because the processing power of a STB is quite low, the smart TV functionalities that can be implemented in a STB are very limited. Because of this, negligible research has been conducted regarding face recognition for conventional TVs with supplementary STBs, even though many such studies have been conducted with smart TVs. In terms of camera sensors, previous face recognition systems have used high-resolution cameras, cameras with high magnification zoom lenses, or camera systems with panning and tilting devices that can be used for face recognition from various positions. However, these cameras and devices cannot be used in intelligent TV environments because of limitations related to size and cost, and only small, low cost web-cameras can be used. The resulting face recognition performance is degraded because of the limited resolution and quality levels of the images. Therefore, we propose a new face recognition system for intelligent TVs in order to overcome the limitations associated with low resource set-top box and low cost web-cameras. We implement the face recognition system using a software algorithm that does not require special devices or cameras. Our research has the following four novelties: first, the candidate regions in a viewer's face are detected in an image captured by a camera connected to the STB via low processing background subtraction and face color filtering; second, the detected candidate regions of face are transmitted to a server that has high processing power in order to detect face regions accurately; third, in-plane rotations of the face regions are compensated based on similarities between the left and right half sub-regions of the face regions; fourth, various poses of the viewer's face region are identified using five templates obtained during the initial user registration stage and multi-level local binary pattern matching. Experimental results indicate that the recall; precision; and genuine acceptance rate were about 95.7%; 96.2%; and 90.2%, respectively.
The ‘Worst of the Worst’: Detectives’ Beliefs about Dangerous Violent Offenders and How to Deal with Them

Police detectives come into contact with a community's most dangerous violent offenders, but there is little empirical research concerning detectives’ beliefs about their characteristics. Twenty experienced detectives compared the characteristics and attributes of two offenders they believed to be the most dangerous repeat violent offenders in their community with two violent offenders who they believed to be less dangerous. Eighty offenders were identified in total. Thirteen bipolar dangerous–less dangerous constructs that differentiate the most dangerous violent offenders from other violent offenders were identified. The most frequently identified themes, mentioned by three quarters or more of the detectives, are being a heavy drug user (particularly amphetamines), being impulsive, and not thinking of the consequences of one's actions. The next three themes, mentioned by half of the detectives are extensive and regular offending, breadth of offending, and wishing to portray oneself as a ‘tough guy’. One theme detectives did not mention frequently is mental illness as being associated with the most violent offenders, suggesting that detectives may miss mental illness in their interactions with offenders. Detectives suggested responding to the most dangerous violent offenders with longer sentences, extensive monitoring and better intelligence.
On the contact Ozsvath-Szabo invariant

Sarkar and Wang proved that the hat version of Heegaard Floer homology group of a closed oriented 3-manifold is combinatorial starting from an arbitrary nice Heegaard diagram and in fact every closed oriented 3-manifold admits such a Heegaard diagram. Plamenevskaya showed that the contact Ozsvath-Szabo invariant is combinatorial once we are given an open book decomposition compatible with a contact structure. The idea is to combine the algorithm of Sarkar and Wang with the recent description of the contact Ozsvath-Szabo invariant due to Honda, Kazez and Matic. Here we simply observe that the hat version of the Heegaard Floer homology group and the contact Ozsvath-Szabo invariant in this group can be combinatorially calculated starting from a contact surgery diagram. We give detailed examples pointing out to some shortcuts in the computations.
Perceptual Learning Evidence for Tuning to Spectrotemporal Modulation in the Human Auditory System

Natural sounds are characterized by complex patterns of sound intensity distributed across both frequency (spectral modulation) and time (temporal modulation). Perception of these patterns has been proposed to depend on a bank of modulation filters, each tuned to a unique combination of a spectral and a temporal modulation frequency. There is considerable physiological evidence for such combined spectrotemporal tuning. However, direct behavioral evidence is lacking. Here we examined the processing of spectrotemporal modulation behaviorally using a perceptual-learning paradigm. We trained human listeners for ∼1 h/d for 7 d to discriminate the depth of spectral (0.5 cyc/oct; 0 Hz), temporal (0 cyc/oct; 32 Hz), or upward spectrotemporal (0.5 cyc/oct; 32 Hz) modulation. Each trained group learned more on their respective trained condition than did controls who received no training. Critically, this depth-discrimination learning did not generalize to the trained stimuli of the other groups or to downward spectrotemporal (0.5 cyc/oct; −32 Hz) modulation. Learning on discrimination also led to worsening on modulation detection, but only when the same spectrotemporal modulation was used for both tasks. Thus, these influences of training were specific to the trained combination of spectral and temporal modulation frequencies, even when the trained and untrained stimuli had one modulation frequency in common. This specificity indicates that training modified circuitry that had combined spectrotemporal tuning, and therefore that circuits with such tuning can influence perception. These results are consistent with the possibility that the auditory system analyzes sounds through filters tuned to combined spectrotemporal modulation.