Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Real-time activity prediction: a gaze-based approach for early recognition of pen-based interaction tasks

Recently there has been a growing interest in sketch recognition technologies for facilitating human-computer interaction. Existing sketch recognition studies mainly focus on recognizing pre-defined symbols and gestures. However, just as there is a need for systems that can automatically recognize symbols and gestures, there is also a pressing need for systems that can automatically recognize pen-based manipulation activities (e.g. dragging, maximizing, minimizing, scrolling). There are two main challenges in classifying manipulation activities. First is the inherent lack of characteristic visual appearances of pen inputs that correspond to manipulation activities. Second is the necessity of real-time classification based upon the principle that users must receive immediate and appropriate visual feedback about the effects of their actions. In this paper (1) an existing activity prediction system for pen-based devices is modified for real-time activity prediction and (2) an alternative time-based activity prediction system is introduced. Both systems use eye gaze movements that naturally accompany pen-based user interaction for activity classification. The results of our comprehensive experiments demonstrate that the newly developed alternative system is a more successful candidate (in terms of prediction accuracy and early prediction speed) than the existing system for real-time activity prediction. More specifically, midway through an activity, the alternative system reaches 66% of its maximum accuracy value (i.e. 66% of 70.34%) whereas the existing system reaches only 36% of its maximum accuracy value (i.e. 36% of 55.69%).
Communicability reveals a transition to coordinated behavior in multiplex networks

We analyze the flow of information in multiplex networks by means of the communicability function. First, we generalize this measure from its definition from simple graphs to multiplex networks. Then, we study its relevance for the analysis of real-world systems by studying a social multiplex where information flows using formal-informal channels and an air transportation system where the layers represent different air companies. Accordingly, the communicability, which is essential for the good performance of these complex systems, emerges at a systemic operation point in the multiplex where the performance of the layers operates in a coordinated way very differently from the state represented by a collection of unconnected networks.
Estimating the Number of Damaged Shares in Securities Fraud Litigation: An Introduction to Stock Trading Models

Under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) rule 10b,1 particularly 10b-5,2 a corporate shareholder can sue corporate agents for damages arising from securities fraud. In a typical scenario, corporate agents make false statements regarding a firm's business prospects, thereby inflating the stock price and leading new investors to pay too much for the stock. When the fraud is revealed, the price falls to its "true" level and those shareholders left holding the stock are injured. Determining the aggregate amount of damages requires estimating both the monetary loss per share purchased by an injured shareholder (the price aspect), and the total number of shares purchased (the quantity aspect). The damage theories that have arisen in the context of rule 10b5 have focused on the price aspect, and are generally based on either (i) paying investors the difference between what they paid for the security and its true fraud-free value (out-of-pocket damages),3 or (ii) disgorging insider trading profits or losses avoided (restitution or disgorgement). 4 Both methods involve determining, at the time of the transaction, the difference between the true value of the security and its fraud-inflated value.5
Interpretive consumer research : paradigms, methodologies & applications

Philosophical and paradigmatic issues: shifting perspectives in consumer research - from buyer behaviour to consumption studies "exit, voice, loyalty and.twist" - consumer research in search of the subject interpretation as composition - debating modes of representation in marketing research. Innovations in methodology: ethnoconsumerist methodology for cultural and cross-cultural consumer research role play and psychodrama as market research methods closing the gap between quantitative and qualitative consumer research. Applications: reading advertising texts, understanding advertising consumption interpreting financial service adverts interpreting the motivational poster the consumption of a tourist attraction paradise lost? - consumption dreaming and denial in penal environments the interpreter's gaze - consumption is everywhere embodied symbolic consumption.
/hdvw6txduhvv/rfdwlrqqiurpp'2$$0hdvxuhphqwv $evwudfw

Recent work has been done on the possibilities and limitations of locating a user equipment (UE) by exploiting the features of the physical channels and physical layer procedures of UTRAN. In particular, part of the SATURN project is devoted to investigating the improvements that could be obtained from the use of adaptive antennas. Determining the location of a UE involves two steps: signal measurements (in a Positioning Signal Measurement Function (PSMF)) and position computation based on the measurements (in a Position Computation Function (PCF)). The first step involves estimation of parameters that are to be fed to localisation methods, typically: signal strength, time delays or angles of arrival (AOA) as measured from the radio signals. The second step deals with the combination of these radio measurements to provide an estimated position and a quality parameter of the estimate. Existing radiolocation methods that estimate the UE position can be classified into three broad categories: • 'LUHFWLRQ)LQGLQJJ')3RVLWLRQQ/RFDWLRQQ3/V\VWHPV. Direction finding systems estimate the position location of a source by measuring the AOA of the source's signal. • 5DQJHEDVHG 3// V\VWHPV. Range-based systems estimate the position location of a source from range measurements between the UE and the BS. Range-based PL systems may be categorised as either UDQJLQJ RUUDQJHGLIIHUHQFH systems. The type of measurement used in each of these systems identifies different geometrical locus. This positioning may be based on received power or on signal timing. • +\EULG WHFKQLTXHV, where position is determined from the combination of various measurements. Recent works [1] show that hybrid techniques developed for delay (TOA or TDOA) and AOA measurements are the most feasible techniques to be considered in UTRAN network considering the features of physical channels and, particularly, when few BSs are available. The use of forced soft or hard handover may provide the radio measurements needed to estimate the UE position. In general, solutions based on forced handover imply an increase in infrastructure cost as well as a reduction in capacity. The use of solutions combining multiple measures (e.g. Round Trip Time/AOA) may reduce this problem. However, it is helpful first to examine each measurement type alone. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to provide some insight into the use of AOA measurements in PL systems. The next section is devoted to discussing how AOA measurements can provide user location estimates. In section 3, a particular PCF function based exclusively on AOA measurements and which is …
On Measuring Country Risk: A new System Modelling Approach - La misura del rischio paese: un nuovo approccio system modelling

Country risk is of increasing importance in the evaluation of overseas investments, international trade flows, foreign direct investments and volatility and predictability in stock market returns. A clear understanding of the concept, measurement and management of the level and magnitude of country risk is imperative for a global investor since the overseas operating profits and the value of assets can be adversely affected. All previous conceptualisations, techniques and methods of measuring the country risk are ad hoc, narrow, partial in approach and suffer from various drawbacks. Also, country risk measures remain notoriously unreliable in predicting unfavourable changes in operating conditions and relatively little time has been given to addressing methodological issues involved in the conceptualisation, assessment and management of country risk. However, in this paper we introduce a new conceptualisation and measurement of country risk. Based on a holistic and system modelling approach, this paper constructs a latent variable structural equations model to measure country risk within certain boundaries of the whole system. The model decomposes the country risk index into political risk index, financial risk index, economic risk index, and operational risk index. This paper describes the general process used to create country risk assessment measure and examines the degree of association among various risk measures. - Il rischio paese sta assumendo una rilevanza crescente sulla valutazione degli investimenti all’estero, dei flussi di commercio internazionale, degli investimenti diretti esteri, della volatilita e prevedibilita dei rendimenti azionari. Una chiara comprensione, la misurazione e la gestione del rischio paese sono imperativi per un investitore globale poiche tale rischio puo influenzare negativamente i profitti e il valore degli attivi di operazioni all’estero. Ad oggi vengono adottate concettualizzazioni, tecniche e metodi di misurazione del rischio paese ad hoc, che presentano numerosi inconvenienti. Inoltre, le valutazioni del rischio paese si sono notoriamente rivelate inaffidabili nel predire modifiche sfavorevoli alle condizioni operative e, sino ad oggi, lo studio delle problematiche metodologiche inerenti la concettualizzazione, la valutazione e la gestione del rischio paese e stato trascurato. In questo lavoro viene introdotta una nuova definizione e quantificazione del rischio paese. Sulla base di un approccio olistico e system modelling viene elaborato un modello di equazioni a variabili latenti che suddivide il rischio paese in politico, finanziario, economico e operativo. Lo studio descrive anche il procedimento generale usato per definire il rischio paese ed esamina il grado di associazione tra le misure del rischio.
Targeted Therapies Compared to Dacarbazine for Treatment of BRAFV600E Metastatic Melanoma: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Purpose. Two BRAFV600E targeted therapies, dabrafenib and vemurafenib, have received US approval for treatment of metastatic melanoma in BRAFV600E patients, a mutation that affects ~50% of patients. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of BRAF inhibitors and traditional chemotherapy for treatment of metastatic melanoma. Methods. A Markov model was developed using a societal perspective. Transition probabilities were derived from two Phase III registration trials comparing each BRAF inhibitor against dacarbazine. Costs were obtained from literature, national databases, and Medicare fee schedules. Utilities were obtained from published literature. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were run to test the impact of uncertainties. Results. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of dabrafenib was $149,035/QALY compared to dacarbazine. Vemurafenib was dominated by dabrafenib. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that, at a willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of ≤$100,000/QALY, dacarbazine was the optimal treatment in ~85% of simulations. At a WTP threshold of ≥$150,000/QALY, dabrafenib was the optimal treatment. Conclusion. Compared with dacarbazine, dabrafenib and vemurafenib were not cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000/QALY. Dabrafenib is more efficient compared to vemurafenib. With few treatment options, dabrafenib is an option for qualifying patients if the overall cost of dabrafenib is reduced to $30,000–$31,000 or a WTP threshold of ≥$150,000/QALY is considered. More comparative data is needed.
An ACT-R Predictive Model of Performance

The ACT-R computational modeling architecture has demonstrated the ability to model both recency and frequency effects in memory with much success (e.g. Anderon & Lebiere, 1998); and through the incorporation of new decay parameters at each data point, has also been shown to capture the spacing effect (Pavlik & Anderson, 2003, 2005). Stemming from the aforementioned literature, the current research sought to build an equation capable of handling the prediction of performance at later, distributed points in time, thereby breaking from the tradition of post-fitting data. As such, we integrated a single activation-based decay rate into the ACT-R General Performance Equation (Anderson & Schunn, 2000), and scaled predictions by amount of training history improvement. We tested this algorithm by extrapolating learner knowledge states from initial points in data, and predicting performance at later points in time, across different intervals of time. Implications are discussed.
A Comparative Study of Assay Performance of Commercial Hepatitis E Virus Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kits in Australian Blood Donor Samples

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is transfusion-transmissible and therefore poses a risk to blood transfusion safety. Seroprevalence studies are useful for estimating disease burden and determining risk factors. Considerable variability in the sensitivity of HEV antibody detection assays exists. This study aimed to compare the performances of commercially available HEV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in Australian blood donor samples. Plasma samples that tested positive (n = 194) or negative (n = 200) for HEV IgG (Wantai HEV IgG ELISA) were selected. Of the 194 HEV IgG positive samples, 4 were positive for HEV IgM (Wantai HEV IgM ELISA). All samples were tested with the MP Diagnostics: HEV IgG ELISA, total (IgG, IgM, and IgA) HEV antibody ELISA, and HEV IgM ELISA. Of the 194 Wantai HEV IgG positive samples, 92 (47%) tested positive with the MP Diagnostics HEV IgG ELISA (κ = 0.47) and 126 (65%) with MP Diagnostics total HEV antibody assay (κ = 0.65). There was poor agreement between Wantai and MP Diagnostics HEV IgM assays. This study demonstrated poor agreement between the assays tested. These observations are consistent with previous reports demonstrating significant variability between HEV ELISAs, highlighting that results of HEV serology should be interpreted with caution.
Measuring the Comprehensibility of a UML-B Model and a B Model

Software maintenance, which involves making enhancements, modifications and corrections to existing software systems, consumes more than half of developer time. Specification comprehensibility plays an important role in software maintenance as it permits the understanding of the system properties more easily and quickly. The use of formal notation such as B increases a specification’s precision and consistency. However, the notation is regarded as being difficult to comprehend. Semi-formal notation such as the Unified Modelling Language (UML) is regarded as more accessible but it lacks formality. Perhaps by combining both notations could produce a specification that is not only accurate and consistent but also accessible to users. This paper presents an experiment conducted on a model that integrates the use of both UML and B notations, namely UML-B, versus a B model alone. The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the comprehensibility of a UML-B model compared to a traditional B model. The measurement used in the evaluation focused on the efficiency in performing the comprehension tasks. The experiment employed a cross-over design and was conducted on forty-one subjects, including undergraduate and masters students. The results show that the notation used in the UML-B model is more comprehensible than the B model.
Diffusive conductors as Andreev interferometers.

We theoretically study phase-dependent electrical transport in diffusive normal metal--superconductor structures, taking into account (a) the effect of electron-electron interaction in the normal metal and (b) the previously known ``thermal'' effect caused by the energy dependence of the diffusivity. Both effects cause changes in the resistance as a function of the phase between two superconductors, but effect (a) is already present at zero temperature, in contrast to effect (b). A detailed theoretical and numerical analysis demonstrates that the mechanism (b) can fully explain recent experiments by Petrashov et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 5268 (1995)].
Forecasting Arrivals to a Telephone Call Center

Accurate forecasting of call arrivals is critical for staffing and scheduling of a telephone call center. We develop methods for day-to-day and dynamic within-day forecasting of incoming call volumes. Our approach is to treat the intra-day call volume profiles as a highdimensional vector time series. We propose to first reduce the dimensionality by singular value decomposition of the matrix of historical intra-day profiles and then apply time series and regression techniques. Both day-to-day dynamics and within-day patterns of call arrivals are taken into account by our approach. The proposed methods are applied to a real data set and show substantial improvements over existing industry standards in an out-of-sample forecast comparison. Our methods are computationally fast and therefore it is feasible to use them for real-time dynamic forecasting.
The Research and Implementation of Interactive Terrain Editing and Crack Elimination

Terrain is hard to simulate and edit in a realistic and convenient way because of its complexity. In this paper, we propose and develop an interactive terrain editing method with OpenGL. Digital elevation model (DEM) is used to create terrain. And technology of terrain geometric editing and terrain texture editing is provided to modify terrain more conveniently. Meanwhile, we propose an algorithm named neighbor texture rendering to eliminate T-cracks which exist in terrain. Furthermore, we demonstrate examples of terrain editing and cracks elimination, and the simulated results show that we can model terrain quickly and edit attributes of terrain interactively. Keywords-Terrain editing; cracks elimination; interacitve; quad-tree
Introduction to the special issue on ontologies in agent systems

It is now more than ten years since researchers in the US Knowledge Sharing Effort envisaged a future where complex systems could be built by combining knowledge and services from multiple knowledge bases and the first agent communication language, KQML, was proposed (Neches et al., 1991). This model of communication, based on speech acts, a declarative message content representation language and the use of explicit ontologies defining the domains of discourse (Genesereth & Ketchpel, 1994), has become widely recognised as having great benefits for the integration of disparate and distributed information sources to form an open, extensible and loosely coupled system. In particular, this idea has become a key tenet in the multi-agent systems research community.
The Relationship between Amygdala Activation and Passive Exposure Time to an Aversive Cue during a Continuous Performance Task

The allocation of attention modulates negative emotional processing in the amygdala. However, the role of passive exposure time to emotional signals in the modulation of amygdala activity during active task performance has not been examined. In two functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) experiments conducted in two different groups of healthy human subjects, we examined activation in the amygdala due to cued anticipation of painful stimuli while subjects performed a simple continuous performance task (CPT) with either a fixed or a parametrically varied trial duration. In the first experiment (N = 16), engagement in the CPT during a task with fixed trial duration produced the expected attenuation of amygdala activation, but close analysis suggested that the attenuation occurred during the period of active engagement in CPT, and that amygdala activity increased proportionately during the remainder of each trial, when subjects were passively exposed to the pain cue. In the second experiment (N = 12), the duration of each trial was parametrically varied, and we found that amygdala activation was linearly related to the time of passive exposure to the anticipatory cue. We suggest that amygdala activation during negative anticipatory processing depends directly on the passive exposure time to the negative cue.
User adaptation to a faulty unistroke-based text entry technique by switching to an alternative gesture set

This article presents results of two user studies to investigate user adaptation to a faulty unistroke gesture recognizer of a text entry technique. The intent was to verify the hypothesis that users gradually adapt to a faulty gesture recognition techniques misrecognition errors and that this adaptation rate is dependent on how frequently they occur. Results confirmed that users gradually adapt to misrecognition errors by replacing the error prone gestures with alternative ones, as available. Also, users adapt to a particular misrecognition error faster if it occurs more frequently than others.
Local Quartet Splits of a Binary Tree Infer All Quartet Splits Via One Dyadic Inference Rule

A significant problem in phylogeny is to reconstruct a \slb\ tree from few valid quartet splits of it. It is well-known that every \slb\ tree is determined by its set of all valid quartet splits. Here we strengthen this result by showing that its local (i.e. small diameter) quartet splits infer by a dyadic inference rule all valid quartet splits, and hence determine the tree. The results of the paper also present a polynomial time algorithm to recover the tree.
Sampling Techniques for Probabilistic Roadmap Planners

The probabilistic roadmap approach is a commonly used motion planning technique. A crucial ingredient of the approach is a sampling algorithm that samples the configuration space of the moving object for free configurations. Over the past decade many sampling techniques have been proposed. It is difficult to compare the different techniques because they were tested on different types of scenes, using different underlying libraries, implemented by different people on different machines. We compared 12 of such sampling techniques within a single environment on the same scenes. The results were surprising in the sense that techniques often performed differently than claimed by the designers. The study also showed how difficult it is to evaluate the quality of the techniques. The results should help users in deciding which technique is suitable for their situation.