Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When adolescents disagree with others about their symptoms: Differences in attachment organization as an explanation of discrepancies between adolescent, parent, and peer reports of behavior problems

This study examined whether attachment theory could be used to shed light on the often high degree of discordance between self- and observer ratings of behavioral functioning and symptomatology. Interview-based assessments of attachment organization, using the Adult Attachment Interview, were examined as predictors of the lack of agreement between self- and other reports of behavioral and emotional problems among 176 moderately at-risk adolescents. Lack of agreement was measured in terms of concordance of adolescent and parent or close friend report on equivalent measures of behavioral and emotional adjustment. Insecure–dismissing attachment was linked to less agreement in absolute terms between self- and mother reports of externalizing symptoms, and between adolescent and close friend reports of behavioral conduct. Insecure–preoccupied attachment was associated with higher levels of adolescent reporting of internalizing and externalizing symptoms relative to parent reports of adolescent symptomatology. The findings suggest that attachment organization may be one factor that accounts for individual differences in the degree of discordance between self- and other reports of symptoms in adolescence.
Cirripede: circumvention infrastructure using router redirection with plausible deniability

Many users face surveillance of their Internet communications and a significant fraction suffer from outright blocking of certain destinations. Anonymous communication systems allow users to conceal the destinations they communicate with, but do not hide the fact that the users are using them. The mere use of such systems may invite suspicion, or access to them may be blocked. We therefore propose Cirripede, a system that can be used for unobservable communication with Internet destinations. Cirripede is designed to be deployed by ISPs; it intercepts connections from clients to innocent-looking destinations and redirects them to the true destination requested by the client. The communication is encoded in a way that is indistinguishable from normal communications to anyone without the master secret key, while public-key cryptography is used to eliminate the need for any secret information that must be shared with Cirripede users. Cirripede is designed to work scalably with routers that handle large volumes of traffic while imposing minimal overhead on ISPs and not disrupting existing traffic. This allows Cirripede proxies to be strategically deployed at central locations, making access to Cirripede very difficult to block. We built a proof-of-concept implementation of Cirripede and performed a testbed evaluation of its performance properties.
Microaggressions and the Enduring Mental Health Disparity

Despite federal focus on reducing mental health disparities for Black Americans, mental health disparities persist, resulting in reduced access to and benefit from mental health care. Amid calls for deeper examination of etiology, the current literature review introduces discrimination in the form of microaggressions at the institutional level as one changeable systemic cause for mental health disparities. In combining the mental health disparity and microaggression literatures, I first review the evidence regarding prevalence and contributing factors for current mental health disparities and microaggressions. Next, I examine the potential contributing role that microaggressions as a form of institutional betrayal within mental health care may play in perpetuating these disparities. Finally, I review implications regarding the particular role of mental health care systems, the field of psychology in general, and Black American psychologists specifically in systematically reducing mental health disparities for Black Americans.
Potential micronutrient deficiency lacks recognition in diabetes.

Over the last two decades, an additional ‘tool’ to measure nutrient intake has been introduced by the UK Government. This is the ground-breaking National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS)1, which has revealed widespread risk of micronutrient deficiency. For each NDNS, about 2000 people are selected at random from postal codes to reflect the age, sex, income, and geographical distribution of the UK population. Responders are asked to record and weigh everything they eat for a week and daily intakes of nutrients are calculated from food composition tables. The first survey, published in 1990, was of adults (19–64 years of age). This was so successful that it was followed by surveys of children aged 1.5–4.5 years (1995), adults aged 65 years and over (1998), young people aged 4–18 years (2000), and a second adult survey (2003). The daily dietary target intakes for vitamins and minerals used by the NDNS are the RNIs (Reference Nutrient Intake). 2 RNIs are set for the following groups of the UK population: males and females who were subdivided by age, and females subdivided by pregnancy and lactation. Other than age, no account is taken of body size or ethnicity in setting micronutrients targets. Biological variability determines that nutrient requirements will vary between individuals within each human group (for example, adult men or adult women). To account for this variation, the group RNI for each nutrient is set as the …
Assessment of maintainability metrics for object-oriented software system

Many organizations assess the maintainability of software systems before they are deployed. Object-oriented design has been shown to be a useful technique to develop and deliver quality software. Objectoriented metrics can be used to assess the maintainability of a software system. Various software metrics and models have been developed and described. This paper provides a review of this literature and the related state-of-the-art. It also proposes a maintainability model that is based on the analysis of the relationship between object-oriented metrics and maintainability.
Joint Power Allocation and Beamforming for Energy-Efficient Two-Way Multi-Relay Communications

This paper considers the joint design of user power allocation and relay beamforming in relaying communications, in which multiple pairs of single-antenna users exchange information with each other via multiple-antenna relays in two time slots. All users transmit their signals to the relays in the first time slot while the relays broadcast the beamformed signals to all users in the second time slot. The aim is to maximize the system’s energy efficiency (EE) subject to quality-of-service (QoS) constraints in terms of exchange throughput requirements. The QoS constraints are nonconvex with many nonlinear cross-terms, so finding a feasible point is already computationally challenging. The sum throughput appears in the numerator while the total consumption power appears in the denominator of the EE objective function. The former is a nonconcave function and the latter is a nonconvex function, making fractional programming useless for EE optimization. Nevertheless, efficient iterations of low complexity to obtain its optimized solutions are developed. The performance of the multiple-user and multiple-relay networks under various scenarios is evaluated to show the merit of the proposed method.
The ESO Nearby Abell Cluster Survey. VI. Spatial distribution and kinematics of early- and late-type galaxies

Analysis of the data obtained in the ESO Nearby Abell Cluster Survey (ENACS) has shown that the space distri- bution and kinematics of galaxies with detectable emission lines in their spectra differ significantly from those of galaxies with- out emission lines. This result, and details of the kinematics, were considered as support for the idea that at least the spirals with emission lines are on orbits that are not isotropic. This might indicate that this subset of late-type galaxies either has 'first approach'-orbits towards the dense core of their respective clusters, or has orbits that 'avoid' the core. The galaxies with emission lines are essentially all late-type galaxies. On the other hand, the emission-line galaxies repre- sent only about a third of the late-type galaxies, the majority of which do not show detectable emission lines. The galaxies without emission lines are therefore a mix of early- and late-type galaxies. In this paper we attempt to separate early- and late- type galaxies, and we study possible differences in distribution and kinematics of the two galaxy classes. For only about 10% of the galaxies in the ENACS, the mor- phology is known from imaging. Here, we describe our classi- fication on the basis of the ENACS spectrum. The significant information in each spectrum is compressed into 15 Principal Components, which are used as input for an Artificial Neural Network. The latter is 'trained' with 150 of the 270 galaxies for which a morphological type is available from Dressler, and subsequently used to classify each galaxy. This yields a classi- fication for two-thirds of the ENACS galaxies. The Artificial Neural Network has two output classes: early- type (E+S0) and late-type (S+I) galaxies. We do not distinguish E and S0 galaxies, because these cannot be separated very ro- bustly on the basis of the spectrum. The success rate of the classification is estimated from the sample of 120 galaxies with Dressler morphologies which were not used to train the ANN. The success rate is higher for early-type than for late-type galax- ies (78 6% vs. 63 6%). The weighted average success rate, irrespective of type, is 73 4%. The success rate is somewhat larger for the training set, and highest for the galaxies with emis- sion lines.
Patient safety perspectives of providers and nurses: the experience of a rural ambulatory care practice using an EHR with E-prescribing.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify and describe safety improvements and concerns indicated by providers and nurses in a rural community ambulatory care practice using an electronic health record with an e-prescribing feature (EHR with eRx). METHODS Two focus groups were conducted; 1 with providers and the other with nurses. Participants responded to questions and discussed their perceptions of safety improvements and concerns with use of an EHR with eRx. Transcripts were analyzed using sequential and continuous analytic methods. FINDINGS Three themes centered on efficiency and patient safety emerged from data analysis: (1) EHR with eRx adoption has led to new improvements and concerns for patient safety, (2) the EHR with eRx has affected efficiency in the clinic, and (3) EHR with eRx adoption has led to workarounds. CONCLUSIONS Concerns remain among providers and nurses regarding the use of EHR with eRx applications, although concerns differed between groups. Therefore, When EHR improvements are planned, it is important to consider the differing needs of the professionals who deliver care.
Tuning Frequency Estimation Using Circular Statistics

In this document a new approach on tuning frequency estimation based on circular statistics is presented. Two methods are introduced: the calculation of the tuning frequency over an entire audio piece, and the estimation of an adapting reference frequency for a single voice. The results for the tuning frequency estimation look very good for audio pieces where the dominant voices are tuned close to the equal-temperament scale and exhibit only moderate frequency dynamics. For the analysis of popular western music, the method does not achieve very robust results due to the strong frequency dynamics of the human singing voice. Nevertheless, the method could be improved by excluding the singing voice from the calculation taking only the accompaniment into account. The main advantage of the proposed method lies especially in the easy computation of an adaptive reference frequency using an exponential moving average. This adaptive reference can for example be used in the quantization of the singing voice into a note representation.
Using buffer management in 3G radio bearers to enhance end-to-end TCP performance

TCP performance over 3G links can be enhanced by means of active queue management (AQM) techniques at the downlink buffer of the mobile network link layer (RLC). In this paper we describe slope based discard (SBD), a novel deterministic buffer management technique whose discarding policy is based on the observation of the filling rate of the buffer. By means of extensive simulation experiments we compare the performance of TCP over three different RLC buffer management schemes: drop-tail (no AQM), SBD and random early detection (RED). The simulation scenarios are configured to evaluate how the end-to-end goodput and delay are influenced by the number of multiplexed flows, the TCP flavor, the buffer size and the wireless channel error rate.
Spatial Variability Analysis of Cu Content: A Case Study in Jiurui Copper Mining Area

Conventional variogram has been widely applied to study spatial variability of geochemical data. In case of data is not normally distributed, the conventional estimator is biased. In this study, Cressie variogram and Moran correlogram were used to identify the degree of spatial variabilty of Cu content using 1341 stream sediment samples in Jiurui copper mining area. Cressie variogram was applied to reduce the influences of high values in identifying spatial variability in different directions. Moran correlogram was employed to study spatial correlation at different distances and the influences of data distribution on the results in quantitative ways. It was found that Cressie variogram yields stable robust estimates of the variogram with the maximum spatial variability of 12km for all directions; Moran correlogram provided more information, directly viewed and stable than variogram. Moran correlogram identified a strong positive spatial correlation at distances below 6km for the raw data and a strong positive spatial correlation at distances below 11km for Box-Cox transformed data.
Hip joint load in relation to leg length discrepancy

Objective: Leg length discrepancy is common both in healthy subjects and after total hip arthroplasty (THA). Studies that evaluated leg length following THA have demonstrated a notable inconsistency in restoring leg length. The effects concerning joint load during gait is however not well known. The purpose of this study was to use three-dimensional (3D) gait analysis to evaluate joint load during gait with a simulated leg length discrepancy of 2 and 4 cm. Nine healthy subjects without any history of hip injury participated. Method: A 3D gait analysis (Vicon, Motion System, Oxford, England) was performed with 6 cameras and 2 force palates using a standard biomechanical gait model. Hip joint moments of force were calculated for all three degrees of motion freedom. ANOVA for repeated measurements was used for statistical calculations. Results: Abduction peak moment was significantly increased at the short side (P < 0.05) but unaffected on the long side. The adduction moment decreased on the long side between 0 and 4 cm (P < 0.01) but was unaffected on the short side. The internal hip rotation moments were unchanged for both the long and the short side. The external rotation moment was unchanged on the short side and decreased between bare foot and 4 cm on the long side (P < 0.05). Conclusion: A leg length discrepancy of 2 cm or more creates biomechanical changes concerning hip joint load both on the long and the short side and that the effects are larger on the short side. The increased stress may cause problems in the long run.
Institutional Boundaries, Structural Change, and Economic Reform in China

Is China on its way to becoming the first centrally planned economy to successfully navigate the transition to a market-based system under Communist auspices? Or have reforms permanently stalled at an inefficient juncture, halfway between the two worlds? Is general resource mobility in response to scarcity and demand becoming China's order of the day, or do the privileged positions of state industry and of those who populate its payrolls constitute insurmountable political-economic obstacles to change? In the pages that follow, these questions are examined from a variety of vantage points, with sometimes overlapping and sometimes divergent conclusions. The positions presented in this symposium range from that of Barry Naughton, who finds barriers to competition crumbling rapidly, to that of Calla Wiemer, who sees a conflict between market reform and entrenched distributional claims, to that of Hemming Christiansen, who sees the market in the reform era as actually strengthening the state and reinforcing the rural-urban divide. However, the authors share much common ground, and the discussion is more illuminating than it is heated.
But Was It Wanted?

Existing literature on sexual intercourse is based on the assumption that if an individual engages in sexual activity, not self-defined as rape, then the activity must have been wanted by both partners. This study, using National Survey of Family Growth, identifies factors associated with the “wantedness” of first sexual intercourse for young women in the United States. Approximately 28% of respondents described their first sexual event as not really wanted. The most commonly reported score demonstrated a level of ambivalence regarding wantedness of first sex. Women who delay their first sexual event, who are in a committed relationship, and whose mothers have higher levels of education are more likely to report a higher wantedness score. Ambiguous sexual scripting, conflicting sexual messages, and the symbolic meaning attaching to sexual activity helps to account for the large proportion of respondents who reported that their first sexual experience was neither clearly wanted, nor clearly unwanted.
Optimal power flow problem solved by using distributed Sobol particle swarm optimization

The Distributed Sobol particle swarm optimization (DSPSO) algorithm was studies for solving optimal power flow problem (OPF), in this paper. In the proposed method, swarm size of the particles is separated in multi-groups and searching procedure is divided according with the swarm group. Reducing search space and high cost elimination are concluded in the DSPSO. The DSPSO was tested for solving two sizes of the OPF problem, six bus test system and IEEE-30 bus test system respectively. The numerical results obtain from the DSPSO were compare with many optimization methods, namely bee colony algorithm (BA), differential evolution algorithm (DE), genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and tabu search algorithm (TSA). The results show that the proposed method had faster convergence and better solution than the rest methods.
Combining a breathing model and tumor-specific rigidity constraints for registration of CT-PET thoracic data

Diagnosis and therapy planning in oncology applications often rely on the joint exploitation of two complementary imaging modalities, namely Computerized Tomography (CT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET). While recent technical advances in combined CT/PET scanners enable 3D CT and PET data of the thoracic region to be obtained with the patient in the same global position, current image data registration methods do not account for breathing-induced anatomical changes in the thoracic region, and this remains an important limitation. This paper deals with the 3D registration of CT thoracic image volumes acquired at two different instants in the breathing cycle and PET volumes of thoracic regions. To guarantee physiologically plausible deformations, we present a novel method for incorporating a breathing model in a non-linear registration procedure. The approach is based on simulating intermediate lung shapes between the two 3D lung surfaces segmented on the CT volumes and finding the one most resembling the lung surface segmented on the PET data. To compare lung surfaces, a shape registration method is used, aligning anatomical landmark points that are automatically selected on the basis of local surface curvature. PET image data are then deformed to match one of the CT data sets based on the deformation field provided by surface matching and surface deformation across the breathing cycle. For pathological cases with lung tumors, specific rigidity constraints in the deformation process are included to preserve the shape of the tumor while guaranteeing a continuous deformation.
Neural and psychological mechanisms underlying compulsive drug seeking habits and drug memories – indications for novel treatments of addiction*

This review discusses the evidence for the hypothesis that the development of drug addiction can be understood in terms of interactions between Pavlovian and instrumental learning and memory mechanisms in the brain that underlie the seeking and taking of drugs. It is argued that these behaviours initially are goal‐directed, but increasingly become elicited as stimulus–response habits by drug‐associated conditioned stimuli that are established by Pavlovian conditioning. It is further argued that compulsive drug use emerges as the result of a loss of prefrontal cortical inhibitory control over drug seeking habits. Data are reviewed that indicate these transitions from use to abuse to addiction depend upon shifts from ventral to dorsal striatal control over behaviour, mediated in part by serial connectivity between the striatum and midbrain dopamine systems. Only some individuals lose control over their drug use, and the importance of behavioural impulsivity as a vulnerability trait predicting stimulant abuse and addiction in animals and humans, together with consideration of an emerging neuroendophenotype for addiction are discussed. Finally, the potential for developing treatments for addiction is considered in light of the neuropsychological advances that are reviewed, including the possibility of targeting drug memory reconsolidation and extinction to reduce Pavlovian influences on drug seeking as a means of promoting abstinence and preventing relapse.
Structure and Agency in Medical Case Presentations

This study investigated the role that medical case presentations play in the renegotiation or reconstruction of agency that occurs between medical students and physicians. Medical case presentations perform a dual function in teaching hospitals. They constitute formalized ways that physicians convey complex information about patients, and they are educational vehicles which medical students use to demonstrate their medical problem-solving abilities. This study observed and transcribed 16 oral case presentations performed by third-year medical students in a children’s hospital. As part of an interview protocol, two transcripts, one from a less and one from a more expert student, were turned into scripts, dramatized and videotaped. Ten faculty and 11 students were interviewed and asked to identify the differences between a more or less expert student performance. Data were analyzed using modified grounded theory and statistical strategies. Using a combination of dialectical social theories—specifically structuration theories (Giddens and Bourdieu) and activity theory (Vygotsky and Engestrom)-- as well as rhetorical theories of genre (Bazerman, Russell and Schryer), this study concludes that genres such as case presentations function as mediating tools that allow participants to negotiate agency across generations and across levels of expertise as sets of strategic choices. This renegotiation or reconstruction of agency, however, is not unproblematic. Genres have ideological consequences, and, through medical case presentations, medical students are learning to classify in quite specific ways, behaviors that could negatively affect communication with their patients.