Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stealth DoS Marcel Waldvogel

Users and providers increasingly disagree on what Denial of Service (DoS) is. For example, an ISP might consider large multimedia downloads an attack to overload its infrastructure or have it pay high interconnection fees. On the other hand, a user will certainly consider selective bandwidth reduction that is used by ISPs as a countermeasure, as a DoS measure. Given the nature of their business relationship, neither side is likely to openly admit that they are fighting each other. In this paper we attempt to formalise the concept of Stealth DoS, including listing mechanisms that may be used at high link speeds. We concentrate on mechanisms that might be used in one particular area, voice over IP (VoIP). We start evaluating them under the different aspects, including their cost, political suitability and the likelihood for countermeasures to succeed. We expect that this will give both sides better insight on their options and plea for peace, hopefully in an attempt to avoid and open war.
Optimized Weighted Performance Index for Objective Evaluation of Border-Detection Methods in Dermoscopy Images

Quantitative evaluation of the existing border-detection methods is commonly performed by using different metrics. This is inherently problematic due to the different characteristics of each metric. This paper presents a novel approach for objective evaluation of border-detection methods in dermoscopy images by introducing a comprehensive evaluation metric: optimized weighted performance index. The index is formed as a non linear weighted function of the six commonly used metrics of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, precision, border error, and similarity. Constrained nonlinear multivariable optimization techniques are applied to determine the optimal set of weights that result in the maximum value of the index. This index is used as an effective measure of the value of a given border-detection method and, thus, provides a basis for comparison with other methods. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed index, it is used to evaluate five recent border-detection methods applied on a set of 55 high resolution dermoscopy images.
Korean-Chinese parents' language attitudes and additive bilingual education in China

Abstract China's diversity of minority groups, marked by many languages and cultures, has led to much push and pull experience between homogenising forces and indigenous cultures. This is apparent in its bilingual education programme for ethnic minorities, among which Korean diaspora communities are to be counted. Korean-Chinese people in China have been exposed to the global evolution from agricultural economy to market-oriented industrial and post-industrial economy. Paradoxically, this globalising societal change has fuelled their ethnic consciousness amidst a process of ‘monolingual market economy’, where Putonghua is seen as the ‘High’ language for upward mobility. This paper explores Korean-Chinese parents' attitudes towards Putonghua and the Korean language. Using data from interviews with 27 families in north-east China, it is argued that the more the parents are exposed to the Koreans in the Peninsula, the clearer they realise the importance of Putonghua and Korean, not only affectively, but also referentially in function of a cross-national context. The findings suggest an increasingly complex, non-determinant hierarchy of power built between the dominant language and the non-dominant language, thereby it could be suggested that an additive bilingualism in education is needed in order to cater for referential and affective functions of language.
The use of the Concept Test Study in Writing a Series of Bestselling Academic Books

Although marketing research is a new trend in book publishing, compared to other marketing and servicing companies, the best publishing companies today are all marketing-driven (Baverstock 2008). For these publishers, marketing research is designed to provide information that assists companies in determining their product development and marketing strategies. Market research is used for studying the book market to keep abreast of what is selling, to identify where the potential for development of new product exists, to identify new markets and to provide data for this development of new books (Baverstock 1993). It helps to reduce uncertainty, monitor performance and make decisions, and assists in meeting the readers’ needs in terms of content. It provides direct and most effective information about the needs of the readers. Another market strategy used by publishing companies is positioning. Positioning in publishing means establishing a book within a category in a way that buyers discern a distinct personality or an individual style that sets it apart from the competition (Ceiser et al. 1985). The markets for most scholarly books include libraries, wholesalers, independent bookstores, universities and other institutions, as well as individual scholars, professionals and researchers. Marketing research is normally conducted by publishers, not by authors.
Developmental Expression of Neuron-Specific Enolase Immunoreactivity and Cytochrome Oxidase Activity in Neocortical Transplants

The present study has examined certain metabolic markers in fetal neocortical tissue transplanted to the cortex, hippocampus, striatum, or ventricle. Particularly, the immunocytochemical expression of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) was studied in a series of host rats ranging between 10 days and 15 months postoperative. NSE is a major glycolytic pathway enzyme found in all neurons. The antibody to NSE is a very reliable marker for neuronal functional metabolic activity and developmental status and its onset has been shown to coincide with synaptic connections. In some grafts oxidative metabolic status was investigated using cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry. In addition, the normal development of NSE expression in rat neocortex was also examined. In normal development, NSE was weakly expressed in fetal brain, but by 1-2 weeks postnatal the enzyme was strongly expressed in all neurons. Typical cortical laminar patterns were evident at 30 days with neurons in layer V and scattered interneurons the most strongly stained. In cortex-cortex transplants NSE expression was very weak; at 1-3 weeks postoperative, it was practically nonexistent; and at all later times only a minority of neurons had normal expression when compared to that in normal development even though by Nissl staining standards in adjacent sections they appeared "normal. " Labeling indices ranged between 30 and 49%. Intraventricular grafts had consistently low NSE expression with labeling indices ranging between 18 and 46%. However, when the neocortical tissue was placed in other regions, neuronal NSE appeared only slightly below normal. CO histochemistry corroborated the NSE activity with regards to graft placement. Several possibilities that may account for reduced NSE profile in transplanted neurons include incomplete migration patterns, reduced synaptic connectivity, and potential ischemia causing lowered protein synthesis during reestablishment of vascular connections. If neuronal glycolysis is weakened, it is possible that neurotransmitter production or axonal transport are reduced. Since most energy capacity in brain is dependent on the glycolytic sequence for oxidative metabolism, reduced glycolytic capacity, as depicted by NSE expression, may suggest the presence of transplanted neurons that have adapted to their new environment with a relatively immature profile.
Neural correlates of moral sensitivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

CONTEXT Heightened moral sensitivity seems to characterize patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Recent advances in social cognitive neuroscience suggest that a compelling relationship may exist between this disorder-relevant processing bias and the functional activity of brain regions implicated in OCD. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that patients with OCD demonstrate an increased response of relevant ventromedial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex regions in a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of difficult moral decision making. DESIGN Case-control cross-sectional study. SETTING Hospital referral OCD unit and magnetic resonance imaging facility. PARTICIPANTS Seventy-three patients with OCD (42 men and 31 women) and 73 control participants matched for age, sex, and education level. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Functional magnetic resonance imaging activation maps representing significant changes in blood oxygenation level-dependent signal in response to 24 hypothetical moral dilemma vs nondilemma task vignettes and additional activation maps representing significant linear associations between patients' brain responses and symptom severity ratings. RESULTS In both groups, moral dilemma led to robust activation of frontal and temporoparietal brain regions. Supporting predictions, patients with OCD demonstrated significantly increased activation of the ventral frontal cortex, particularly of the medial orbitofrontal cortex. In addition, the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left middle temporal gyrus were more robustly activated in patients with OCD. These results were unexplained by group differences in comorbid affective symptoms. Patients' global illness severity predicted the relative magnitude of orbitofrontal-striatal activation. The severity of "harm/checking" symptoms and "sexual/religious" obsessions predicted the magnitude of posterior temporal and amygdala-paralimbic activation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The neural correlates of moral sensitivity in patients with OCD partly coincide with brain regions that are of general interest to pathophysiologic models of this disorder. In particular, these findings suggest that the orbitofrontal cortex together with the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may be relevant for understanding the link between neurobiological processes and certain maladaptive cognitions in OCD.
Detection of minimal residual disease in acute leukemia: methodologic advances and clinical significance.

A T DIAGNOSIS, PATIENTS WITH acute leukemia may have a total of approximately 10l2 malignant cells. ',2 The disease is considered to be in complete remission when fewer than 5% of the cells in bone marrow (BM) samples are morphologically identifiable blasts. However, these patients may still have as many as IO'" neoplastic cells. From that point until overt clinical relapse, the level of leukemic cells in the body is largely unknown, resulting in clinical management strategies that do not discriminate among patients by their levels of residual disease. Thus, patients with 10" leukemic cells are treated on the same regimen as those with much lower levels or, perhaps, with no leukemia at all. Although the sensitivity of morphologic studies can be improved somewhat by cytochemical staining or by examining mononucleated cell fractions, detection of neoplastic cells comprising less than 1 % of a cell population remains beyond the resolution of this The premise underlying studies of minimal residual disease (MRD) is that better estimates of the total body burden of leukemic cells would improve clinical management and advance cure rates. The close relation between the size of the tumor burden and the curability of acute leukemia is well established.2 In acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), for example, high white blood cell counts and high serum levels of lactic dehydrogenase at diagnosis, indicative of a large tumor mass, are, in turn, poor prognostic In theory, intensive therapy delivered when a tumor burden is small should increase the likelihood of cure. * Drug-resistant malignant cells can emerge by mutation, even in the absence of a selecting drug, and their number is likely to depend on the number of cell divisions that have occurred and, hence, on the total tumor b ~ r d e n . ~ . ~ . ~ Thus, the larger the volume of leukemic cells, the higher the likelihood of developing multiple drug-resistant mutants. Accordingly, detection of residual leukemia at low levels, when no or only a few drugresistant blasts have arisen, would offer unique opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Leukemic cells can be distinguished from normal hematopoietic progenitors on the basis of morphologic and cytochemical properties, karyotypic or genetic abnormalities, antigen-receptor gene rearrangements, cell growth require-
Staphylococcus capitis endocarditis: two cases and review of the literature

Coagulase negative staphylococci are the principal cause of prosthetic valve endocarditis but are a rare cause of native valve infections. However, the incidence of native valve endocarditis is increasing. Staphylococcus capitis is a coagulase negative staphylococcus with the capacity to cause endocarditis on native heart valves. Two cases of native valve endocarditis caused by S capitis are presented; both in patients with aortic valve disease. The patients were cured with prolonged intravenous vancomycin and rifampicin and did not need surgery during the acute phase of the illness. Five of the six previously described cases of endocarditis caused by this organism occurred on native valves and responded to medical treatment alone.
Good health—Is it worth it? Mood states, physical well‐being, job satisfaction and absenteeism in members and non‐members of a British corporate health and fitness club

From a public health perspective, physical activity is seen as important for disease prevention and psychological well-being. The purpose of the present study was to (a) examine the differences between members, those on the waiting list and non-members of a British corporate health and fitness club and (b) explore the differences between male and female employees on measures of mood states, physical well-being, job satisfaction and absenteeism. A total of 293 head office employees from a leading British food retail company agreed to take part in the study. The results tend to suggest that members of the club have better psychological mood states and physical well-being than non-members. Males were also physically healthier although there were no observed significant differences between males' and females' mood states. Analyses also indicated that members were more satisfied with their jobs and demonstrated fewer days absent from work than non-members. There were no recorded gender differences in levels of job satisfaction or absenteeism. These results are discussed with respect to the role workplace exercise clubs may have in facilitating job satisfaction, levels of absenteeism and physical and psychological well-being.
A General Framework for Mining Frequent Subgraphs from Labeled Graphs

The derivation of frequent subgraphs from a dataset of labeled graphs has high computational complexity because the hard problems of isomorphism and subgraph isomorphism have to be solved as part of this derivation. To deal with this computational complexity, all previous approaches have focused on one particular kind of graph. In this paper, we propose an approach to conduct a complete search for various classes of frequent subgraphs in a massive dataset of labeled graphs within a practical time. The power of our approach comes from the algebraic representation of graphs, its associated operations and well-organized bias constraints to limit the search space efficiently. The performance has been evaluated using real world datasets, and the high scalability and flexibility of our approach have been confirmed with respect to the amount of data and the computation time.
Efficacy and safety of puerarin injection in curing acute ischemic stroke

Background: Previous studies indicated that the puerarin injection has been widely employed in China for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. We aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the puerarin injection for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in PUBMED, EMBASE, SPRINGER LINK, Scopus, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP Journals Database, Wanfang database and the China Biological Medicine database before November 2016, randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) of puerarin injection treating acute ischemic stroke were included. In addition, we searched reference lists of relevant retrieved articles. Two authors extracted data independently. The effective rate, the neurologic deficit score, the blood rheology indexes, and fibrinogen were assessed and analyzed by the Review Manager 5.3 software. The continuous variables were expressed as MD with 95% CI and dichotomous data used RR or ORs. Adverse reactions related to the puerarin injection were also examined. Results: Thirty-five RCTs with a total of 3224 participants were identified in the meta-analysis. The combined results of 32 trials indicated that the puerarin injection was better than control drugs at the clinical effective rate (RR 1.22, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.28, P < 0.001) and 16 studies showed the neurological deficit was significantly improved (MD –3.69, 95% CI –4.67 to –2.71, P < 0.001); the hemorheology index and fibrinogen were much lower with the puerarin injection when compared with western conventional medicines (WCM) or other control drugs (the whole blood viscosity: MD –0.89, 95% CI –1.37 to –0.41, P < 0.001; the HCT: MD –0.04, 95% CI –0.06 to –0.02, P < 0.001; the fibrinogen: MD –0.64, 95% CI –0.96 to –0.31, P < 0.001). Eleven trials reported that the adverse reactions related to the puerarin injection included facial flushing, dizziness, vomiting, nausea, and other mild gastrointestinal discomfort and allergic reaction. No serious adverse drug reactions were reported. Conclusions: Puerarin injection may be more effective and relatively safe in clinic for treating acute ischemic stroke. However, the current evidence is insufficient due to the poor methodological quality and lack of adequate safety data. Further RCTs are required to examine its efficacy.
A Pattern-Based Game Mechanics Design Assistant

Video game designers iteratively improve player experience by play testing game software and adjusting its design. Deciding how to improve gameplay is difficult and time-consuming because designers lack an effective means for exploring decision alternatives and modifying a game’s mechanics. We aim to improve designer productivity and game quality by providing tools that speed-up the game design process. In particular, we wish to learn how patterns encoding common game design knowledge can help to improve design tools. Micro-Machinations (MM) is a language and software library that enables game designers to modify a game’s mechanics at run-time. We propose a pattern-based approach for leveraging high-level design knowledge and facilitating the game design process with a game design assistant. We present the Mechanics Pattern Language (MPL) for encoding common MM structures and design intent, and a Mechanics Design Assistant (MeDeA) for analyzing, explaining and understanding existing mechanics, and generating, filtering, exploring and applying design alternatives for modifying mechanics. We implement MPL and MeDeA using the meta-programming language Rascal, and evaluate them by modifying the mechanics of a prototype of Johnny Jetstream, a 2D shooter developed at IC3D Media.
Design-Free Estimation of Variance Matrices

This paper introduces a new method for estimating variance matrices. Starting from the orthogonal decomposition of the sample variance matrix, we exploit the fact that orthogonal matrices are never ill-conditioned and therefore focus on improving the estimation of the eigenvalues. We estimate the eigenvectors from just a fraction of the data, then use them to transform the data into approximately orthogonal series that deliver a well-conditioned estimator (by construction), even when there are fewer observations than dimensions. We also show that our estimator has lower error norms than the traditional one. Our estimator is design-free: we make no assumptions on the distribution of the random sample or on any parametric structure the variance matrix may have. Simulations confirm our theoretical results and they also show that our simple estimator does very well in comparison with other existing methods.
Observer‐Rated Measures of Defense Mechanisms

Observer-rated measures of defense mechanisms are the direct lineal descendants of Freud's clinical proposition that an observer can reasonably infer defensive operations in an individual of which the individual himself or herself is unaware. Assessment methods of defenses have used both projective testing and clinical interview data. Recent Rorschach test methods have focused on borderline and neurotic-level defenses used to discriminate diagnostic groups and predict other aspects of functioning. A TAT method has demonstrated some evidence for age progression in the development of defensive functioning and for regression in defensive functioning following psychological stress. While interrater reliability is generally good, the methods are limited by the availability of the testing situation and the need to demonstrate generalization to external situations. Following the early introduction of systematic methods by Haan and Vaillant, a number of methods use clinical interview data to assess specific defenses and overall defensive functioning. These methods identify defenses either as qualitative categories, rank-ordered scores by Q-sort, or actual counts of each instance a defense is used. Summary scores are generally of good reliability, with wider variation for individual defenses. There is wide variation on training required, ease of use, and levels of validation. A review of some correlates of each method suggests that the instruments have a robust potential for use in fundamental and applied clinical research. While each method has some clear applications, the quantitative clinical interview methods appear best adapted to microanalytic process research on issues of defensive change in treatment.
Development of Conformation Independent Computational Models for the Early Recognition of Breast Cancer Resistance Protein Substrates

ABC efflux transporters are polyspecific members of the ABC superfamily that, acting as drug and metabolite carriers, provide a biochemical barrier against drug penetration and contribute to detoxification. Their overexpression is linked to multidrug resistance issues in a diversity of diseases. Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) is the most expressed ABC efflux transporter throughout the intestine and the blood-brain barrier, limiting oral absorption and brain bioavailability of its substrates. Early recognition of BCRP substrates is thus essential to optimize oral drug absorption, design of novel therapeutics for central nervous system conditions, and overcome BCRP-mediated cross-resistance issues. We present the development of an ensemble of ligand-based machine learning algorithms for the early recognition of BCRP substrates, from a database of 262 substrates and nonsubstrates compiled from the literature. Such dataset was rationally partitioned into training and test sets by application of a 2-step clustering procedure. The models were developed through application of linear discriminant analysis to random subsamples of Dragon molecular descriptors. Simple data fusion and statistical comparison of partial areas under the curve of ROC curves were applied to obtain the best 2-model combination, which presented 82% and 74.5% of overall accuracy in the training and test set, respectively.