Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Annotating Korean Demonstratives

This paper presents preliminary work on a corpus-based study of Korean demonstratives. Through the development of an annotation scheme and the use of spoken and written corpora, we aim to determine different functions of demonstratives and to examine their distributional properties. Our corpus study adopts similar features of annotation used in Botley and McEnery (2001) and provides some linguistic hypotheses on grammatical functions of Korean demonstratives to be further explored.
Differential Roles of NR2A and NR2B-Containing NMDA Receptors in Cortical Long-Term Potentiation and Long-Term Depression

It is widely believed that long-term depression (LTD) and its counterpart, long-term potentiation (LTP), involve mechanisms that are crucial for learning and memory. However, LTD is difficult to induce in adult cortex for reasons that are not known. Here we show that LTD can be readily induced in adult cortex by the activation of NMDA receptors (NMDARs), after inhibition of glutamate uptake. Interestingly there is no need to activate synaptic NMDARs to induce this LTD, suggesting that LTD is triggered primarily by extrasynaptic NMDA receptors. We also find that de novo LTD requires the activation of NR2B-containing NMDAR, whereas LTP requires activation of NR2A-containing NMDARs. Surprisingly another form of LTD, depotentiation, requires activation of NR2A-containing NMDARs. Therefore, NMDARs with different synaptic locations and subunit compositions are involved in various forms of synaptic plasticity in adult cortex.
Application of an rRNA Probe Matrix for Rapid Identification of Bacteria and Fungi from Routine Blood Cultures

ABSTRACT One of the most important functions of the clinical microbiology laboratory is the identification of the etiology of sepsis. For this study, aliquots from 405 positive blood cultures were tested against a unique array of DNA probes directed against rRNA subsequences of bacteria and fungi for identification. Another 280 samples that were negative after 5 days of incubation were also tested. Blood culture bottles were incubated in a BacT/Alert3D instrument. For the rRNA assay, a 0.4-ml aliquot was removed, and the cells were pelleted by centrifugation. The pellet was washed and frozen at −70°C. Analysis of the pellet involved a lysis step and then the addition of samples to the reaction wells containing the probes in a microtiter plate format. Analysis was performed by using a hybridization protection assay. Results were taken through a series of deductive steps to obtain species, or in some cases genus, identification. Batch sample preparation required approximately 15 min, and sample analysis required another 60 min. Probe results were compared to conventional biochemical identifications. The probe test was negative for the 280 samples that were negative by the BacT/Alert 3D system and for another 21 samples that were false positive (the instrument signaled, but there was no growth). Microorganisms from the remaining 384 signal-positive samples included 60 Enterobacteriaceae, 10 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 10 other gram-negative bacteria, 40 Staphylococcus aureus, 152 coagulase-negative staphylococci, 28 streptococci, 22 enterococci, 21 other gram-positive bacteria, 8 anaerobes, and 16 yeast organisms. Seventeen cultures were polymicrobial, and one was gram positive and culture negative. Discordance between probe and conventional identification results was noted for only 12 (1.75%) samples. This novel rapid molecular approach to the identification of bacteria and yeast in blood cultures was highly sensitive (100%) and specific (96%).
Book Reviews: The Balancing Act: Combining Symbolic and Statistical Approaches to Language

The Balancing Act is intended as an exploration into research combining rule-based and corpus-based approaches, that is, qualitative and quantitative methods. The book consists of eight chapters, six of which represent papers selected and revised from those originally presented at the workshop of the same name held following the 1994 annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, with two papers newly added. The papers contained in the book can be classified as follows: Chapters 1 (Steven Abney) and 5 (Shyam Kapur and Robin Clark) are concerned with the statistical modeling of linguistic theories, and in particular Chomskyan theory. Chapters 3 (B6atrice Daille) and 4 (Vasileios Hatzivassiloglou) deal with corpus-based lexical acquisition. Chapters 2 (Hiyan Alshawi) and 8 (Carolyn Penstein Ros6 and Alex H. Waibel) discuss the task of balancing the roles of statistics and rules in the context of a working system. Chapter 6 (Patti Price) provides a good survey of the history of the marriage of speech recognition and language processing research. Finally, Chapter 7 (Lance A. Ramshaw and Mitchell P. Marcus) describes a part-of-speech tagger. The first paper in the book is Abney's, entitled "Statistical methods and linguistics . " Abney's main claim is that statistical approaches contribute not only to language processing, but also to the understanding of language itself. He argues that stochastic grammars play an important role in the handling of a number of theoretical linguistic issues. The principal emphasis of the paper is on syntactic issues, with little description given of the incorporation of semantic and pragmatic factors into a statistical system, or of their interaction with syntax. In contrast to Abney's general discussion of the contributions of statistics to theoretical linguistics, the work presented by Kapur and Clark in Chapter 5 gives a specific example of this type of statistical application. In this chapter, Kapur and Clark introduce the notion of a Parameter-Setting Machine (PSM), and propose a means of using corpus data to learn the parameters required to facilitate Chomskyan theory. Unfortunately, the title of the paper, "The automatic construction of a symbolic parser via statistical techniques," is rather misleading given that the paper deals only with word-order parameters; but despite this, the paper gives an interesting insight into the extent to which such an approach can be applied to learning other parameters. Chapters 3 and 4 deal with the acquisition of lexical knowledge from corpora.
Built-in Self-Test for crosstalk faults in a digital VLSI

Accompanying high-integration and high-speed implementation of VLSI in recent years, new faults which cannot be classified in the category of conventional fault models have become a problem. Among these new faults, we will deal with crosstalk faults in this paper. Because of excitation and propagation of the crosstalk faults in the detection of these faults, two successive test vectors are required and thus their generation is difficult. Moreover, it is necessary in the sequential circuit to consider the problem of timing such as gate delay time and FF setup time in the circuit. For that reason, it has been difficult to realize a high fault coverage in the test vector generation methods proposed so far. To solve these problems, we will newly propose in this paper a Built-In Self-Test (BIST) method which can detect the crosstalk faults. This method can be realized by a relatively small area overhead; moreover, by adopting a circuit configuration during simulation which is different from the one during test, the simulation time is shortened. In this way, testing of large-scale circuits has been made possible. We have performed an evaluation on the fault coverage for several benchmark circuits and shown that this method is effective for crosstalk faults. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(13): 35–47, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www. interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1171
Being Sensable about Sensation: Introduction to the Special Issue

One of the unique facets of the Standing Conference on Organizational Symbolism (SCOS) isits conference theme, designed, as it is, to encourage participants to think about organizationsand organizing in very different ways. A classic example was the ‘empty space’ theme of the1997 Warsaw conference, which challenged participants to rethink the boundaries and veryconcept of organizational life. Other years have focused on violence (Dublin, 2001), speed(Budapest, 2002), and excess (Stockholm, 2005). In 2004 Halifax, on Canada’s eastern seaboard of Nova Scotia, was the site of the annualSCOS conference, and the initial theme was ‘Sense and Sensibility. ’ Apart from the obviousliterary allusion, the juxtapositioning of the two words was designed to illicit papers focusedon anything from the various ways that people make sense of, and in, organizations, throughappreciations and responses ‘to complex emotional or aesthetic influences,’ to the way thatpeople develop sensitivities ‘that make them readily offended or shocked’ (Oxford AmericanDictionaries, 1.0.1) by aspects of organizational life.However, as with all sensemaking devices, the Halifax theme generated different under-standings among those involved—in this case, the members of the SCOS Board. One of theexpressed concerns was that the theme might be narrowly translated as a call for papers focusedaround Weick’s (1995, 2001) notion of organizational sensemaking, and, as a result, might notgenerate enough, or a sufficient range of, papers to encourage creative readings. In Weickianterms, growing interest in his work may have provided saturated cues in on-going organizationaldebates to trigger a narrower reading of any theme that linked sense and organization.In the ensuing debates among SCOS Board members a new theme—’Sensation and Orga-nization’—emerged that had the beauty of retaining the previous focus on sensemaking,albeit in a more subdued fashion, while highlighting the apparently narrower yet moreambiguous notion of sensation. On the one hand, sensation can be defined as a noun thatdescribes ‘a physical feeling or perception resulting from something that happens to or comesinto contact with the body [or] the capacity to have such feelings or perceptions’ (OxfordAmerican Dictionaries, 1.0.1). Yet on the other hand, it might be seen as ‘a widespread reac-tion of interest and excitement [or] a person, object, or event that arouses such interest andexcitement’ (Oxford American Dictionaries, 1.0.1). Reflecting the reconstructed theme, the call for papers was focused on ‘the senses which[organizational] symbols arouse, and the sense we make of them. ’
Analysis of the Structure and Evolution of an Open-Source Community

Open-source processes are based on the paradigm of self-organized communities as opposed to traditional hierarchical teams. These processes have not only been successful in the software development domain, but are increasingly being used in the development of physical products. In order to successfully adapt open-source processes to product realization there is a need to understand how open-source communities self-organize and how that impacts the development of the products. Towards the direction of fulfilling this need, we present an analysis of an existing open-source community involved in developing a web-based content-management platform, Drupal. The approach is based on the analysis of networks using techniques such as social network analysis, degree distribution, and hierarchical clustering. Openly available information on the Drupal website is utilized to perform the analysis of the community. The data is transformed into two weighted undirected networks: networks of people and networks of Drupal modules. Both the structure of these networks and their evolution during the past six years are studied. The networks are visualized by mapping them into images. Based on the analysis, it is observed that the structure of the Drupal community has the characteristics of a scale-free network, which is similar to many other complex networks in diverse domains. Finally, key trends in the evolution of the networks are identified and the possible explanations for those trends are discussed.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Décroissance: A Project for a Radical Transformation of Society

Décroissance has established itself in Southern Europe as a significant and heterogeneous societal movement, which fosters a renaissance of traditional streams of thought in social and political philosophy while opening a field for new actualisations. While the term Décroissance can be traced back to an authorised translation of Georgescu-Roegen's ‘declining state’, the idea of Décroissance – as it is widely employed by social movements – encompasses more than the critique of GDP as a measure for well-being. It embodies a radical questioning of the way social reproduction is intended and frames a multifaceted vision for a post-growth society. The aim of this paper is the reconstruction and critical examination – from the point of view of social and political philosophy – of the main conceptual roots of Décroissance and its visions for a radical transformation of society.
Inteligencia Emocional en el Deporte: Validación española del Schutte Self Report Inventory (SSRI) en deportistas españoles

In this study we analyzed the validation and reliability of the SSRI Schutte’s et al. (1998) Inventory of Emotional Intelligence using EFA and CFA with Spanish athletes of different expertise level. This sample was comprised of 2091 athletes (1519 males and 572 females) with a mean age of 20.8 years (ST: 6.14) and an age range of 11 to 59 years. The results obtained in this study presented a four dimensions structure (Emotional perception, self-emotional management, hetero-emotional management and emotional utilization), and a global score of emotional intelligence in Sport. Psychometric properties and reliability of this instrument permits to offer an inventory apt to be applied in sport contexts
Inequities in access to and use of shared resources in social dilemmas.

In this study we investigated the effects of inequities in access to and use of shared resources on harvest decisions and preferences for structural change in resource dilemmas. Subjects, in groups of six, harvested resource units from a common, replenishable resource pool over 10 trials. Following the harvest trials, subjects were asked to vote on how to conduct the second session. The variables in this 2x2x2 factorial design were (a) access to the resource pool, (b) perceived resource use, and (c) perceived inequity (variance) in other group members' harvests. The hypothesis was that highvariance subjects, when placed in a situation where harvest inequities could be attributed to structural features of the free-access system (i.e., access differences), would demonstrate a stronger preference for equality-restoring decision structures than would low-variance subjects. The results offered little support for this prediction overall; the variance manipulation had the predicted effect only among high-access subjects in the overuse condition. As expected, the access and use variables had independent effects on preferences for structural change. Harvest decisions were mediated by the three design variables in the manner predicted by a three-factor model which assumes that harvest size will be governed by self-interest, a desire to use the common resource responsibly, and conformity to implicit group norms.
On the Way to Pervasive Computing

Many predict that the computing environment of the future will be characterized by the presence of numerous invisible sensors and computing elements, autonomously interacting with each other to dynamically construct and provide services to users that enter and leave the environment. The software challenges to turn such pervasive or ubiquitous computing environments into reality are enormous, to say nothing of the hardware and social challenges. These challenges question many of the assumptions we are used to making and many of the solutions we are used to applying in our current software systems. In this talk, I will review some of the work of my group in the areas of software components, security and access control, and device independent Web access and then analyze where our solutions are lacking and must be adapted fo r pervasive computing.
Cooperative Hegemony and Summitry in the Americas

Abstract As an instrument for governance, summitry is a novel structure for the management of contemporary hemispheric regionalism in the Americas. Such regionalism is a clear case of the “structuralist paradox” of international cooperation. This article attempts to explain the particular asymmetric regionalism in the Americas by using the concept of cooperative hegemony. The underlying hypothesis is that the U.S. government, since 1994, has pursued a strategy of cooperative behavior, at least in regard to power sharing, in two specific phases of hemispheric regionalism: agenda setting and institutionalization. This study tests the hypothesis through a content analysis of the main documents produced at the Miami, Santiago, and Québec summits, then relates these findings to the progress of institutionalization from 1994 to 2003.
Performance Evaluation of Priority based Contention-MAC in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

The communication through wireless media is in very much demand because of high mobility of the users and establishing ad hoc network in emergency situations, which requires the designing of an efficient and priority based MAC (Medium Access Protocol) to support quality of service in MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Networks) adequately. MAC is the base layer, which is required to catch up the system performance especially in mobile ad hoc wireless network. There are various MAC standards used in MANET. The IEEE 802.11 is one of them and most frequently applied to such networks presently. We found that the IEEE 802.11 MAC standard is not very much suitable into wireless network scenario because its poor performance and not satisfactorily addressing the critical issues of networking like priority based transmission across the nodes results in lower throughput, higher delay and poor fair access of cannels. In this paper, we propose a dynamic PBC-MAC protocol for wireless ad hoc networks named as Priority Based Contention-MAC protocolin which after the collision, contention window size increases or decreases dynamically and non-uniformly depending upon the priority levels of nodes in the network. It decides its lower Backoff time as per higher priority level of the nodes to access channel adequately. The simulation result show that PBC-MAC scheme is outperform than the Binary Exponential Backoff (BEB) scheme in the IEEE 802.11 MAC.
An Improved Method to Knock Out the asd Gene of Salmonella enterica Serovar Pullorum

An asd-deleted (Δasd) mutant of Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum (SP) was constructed using an improved method of gene knockout by combining the π-suicide plasmid system with the Red Disruption system. The asd gene was efficiently knocked out by the recombinant suicide vector, which replaced the asd gene with the CmR gene. Based on the balanced lethal host-vector system, the phenotype of the Δasd mutant was further defined. The improved method was simpler and more effective than previously reported conventional methods.
Party Institutionalization in New Democracies

The literature on democratisation emphasises the contribution of political parties, and in that context the importance of party institutionalization. But this concept remains relatively unexplored. Our article first considers the relationship between party institutionalization and party system institutionalization, pointing out that they are not necessarily convergent. We then review the existing literature on party institutionalization, indicating weaknesses and contradictions, before offering our own analytic model. In the final section we identify some of the key considerations arising when this model is applied to the particular circumstances of democratic transition in the Third World.
Evidence for Validity of the Revised Levinson and Sanford Anti-Semitism Scale

Jones-Wiley, Restori, Lee, and Ho (2007) updated and re-estimated the reliability and construct validity of the 1944 Levinson and Sanford Anti-Semitism Scale. Criterion validity was not adequately supported, given the small number of Jewish and Muslim participants. Two separate studies were conducted, (1)a comparison of Jewish, Muslim, and Christian religious groups on the Anti-Semitism score and (2) the correlation of political preference with the Anti-Semitism scores of college students and local community members. These two studies provide evidence supportive of the criterion validity of the revised scale.
A Nation at Risk or A Policy at Risk?

a policy statement that identified problems in American education and made specific recommendations on how to solve these problems. Among the indicators of &dquo;the risk&dquo; were the unusually low performance of American students on achievement tests (especially in comparison to other technologically advanced countries), a 13% functional illiteracy rate among American 17-year-olds, the concern of business and military leaders in this country about the increasing need for remedial programs in basic skills, and a dramatic decline in achievement scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Test. The recommendations offered by the Commission on how to rectify this educational malaise focused on the areas of content, standards and expectation, timing, teaching, and leadership and financial support. For the purpose of this article, which is a critique of some of the recommendations from A Nation at Risk, discussion will be limited to the areas of content and standards and expectations. A career education alternative will be offered as an educational model that may, more appropriately, address the risks cited by the Commission. It is the position of the authors that recommendations offered by A Nation at Risk may have charted American school districts on a dangerously narrow course. Educational reform that seems to be aimed at a specific subgroup of the student population ignores the majority of students in the educational system. Among those students whose needs were not addressed in A Nation at Risk
Localization of creatine kinase isoenzymes in myofibrils. I. Chicken skeletal muscle

Purified, repeatedly washed, skeletal muscle myofibrils contain approx. 0.2 U of creatine kinase (CK) activity (equivalent to 2.5 micrograms CK) per milligram dry weight; this firmly bound CK activity is estimated to represent 3-5% of the total cellular CK. It had been shown previously that the myofibrillar CK, which can be quantitatively extracted at low ionic strength and purified to homogeneity, is very similar, if not identical, to the bulk MM-CK. It is shown that the two protein preparations also have the same peptide pattern after cyanogen bromide fractionation and very similar specific activities, confirming their identity. The earlier demonstration that the bound CK is specifically located at the M-lines of isolated myofibrils has been confirmed by immunofluorescence. Antibodies directed against purified MM- and BB-CK were used in the indirect fluorescent antibody technique to study the specificity of myofibril binding sites for different forms of CK. With myofibrils from adult muscle, which has only MM-CK, as well as from early developmental stages in which BB-CK is the predominant isoenzyme, M-type CK was localized exclusively at the M-line, while greater or lesser amounts of B-type CK were found at the Z-line. The data provide strong evidence that the MM-CK at the M-lines in skeletal myofibrils is not adventitiously bound but is rather an integral element in the M-line structure. The amount of CK bound is reasonably consistent with the earlier proposal that the CK molecules might be the transverse M-bridges and appears to be sufficient to regenerate all of the ATP hydrolyzed during muscle contraction.