Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identification of the products and nucleotide sequences of two regulatory genes involved in the exogenous induction of phosphoglycerate transport in Salmonella typhimurium

We describe the determination of the nucleotide sequence of two genes (pgtB and pgtC) contained within the 3.4-kilobase DNA segment sandwiched between the transporter gene, pgtP, and the regulatory gene, pgtA. These two genes are involved in the regulation of expression of phosphoglycerate transport in Salmonella typhimurium. The sequence indicates the presence of two large open reading frames, potentially coding for two polypeptides of 397 and 593 amino acid residues. The two gene products were identified by using the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase-T7 promoter coupled system of Tabor and Richardson, and the observed apparent mass of 45 and 69 kilodaltons correlated well with the respective open reading frames. The cellular location of these two polypeptides was directly determined, and the polypeptides were found to be associated with the membrane. Although overall these polypeptides appear to be hydrophilic, there is one hydrophobic transmembrane segment in the smaller polypeptide and four such segments in the larger polypeptide which can account for their association with the membrane. In the accompanying paper, we present genetic evidence that pgtB and pgtC genes are involved in the induction of the pgtP expression by modulating derepressor activity.
Using Software Metrics and Program Slicing for Refactoring

very long life cycles, especially in the military. Often, a software program is expected to perform for many years, and undergo frequent updates and requirements changes. Large-scale software systems are prone to quality problems [1] during development. Constant changes to existing systems only lead to additional quality problems. One way to help control defects and reduce high maintenance costs is to use refactoring. Refactoring is the process of changing a software system in such a way that it does not alter the external behavior of the code yet improves its internal structure [2]. Refactoring is an option during both the development and maintenance phases. Unfortunately, refactoring the design can be very resource intensive, and automated tool support is considered crucial [3]. This article presents an approach for automating a large part of the evaluation and refactoring process. By combining the use of software metrics and a technique called program slicing, the refactoring process is guided toward a design with higher quality and more maintainability. First, we discuss how several different software metrics can be used to evaluate software quality and the effects those metrics have on defects, testing effort, and maintenance cost. We then discuss how program slicing can use those metrics to guide design-refactoring decisions. The final section presents our conclusions.
Emotion In Social Life

Abstract This issue of Cognition and Emotion is devoted to studies of emotion in social life. Five types of connection between emotion and social life can be identified: (1) the impact of affective states on social judgement and social perception; (2) the influence of social contextual factors on emotional expression and experience; (3) the role of emotions in creating, maintaining, and dissolving social relationships; (4) the intentional or unintentional communication of emotion to others through verbal or nonverbal channels; and (5) the social functions served by emotions. Each of these five links between emotion and social life is addressed by at least one of the papers published here. By illustrating the importance of the reciprocal relationship between emotion and social life, it is hoped that this Special Issue will encourage researchers to treat social and cultural variables as central to the study of emotion.
Populism, Ideology and Contradiction: Mapping Young People's Political Views

Forms of populism have long been a component of modern political discourse and systems where democracy relies upon popular legitimacy. There is, however, an uneasy relationship between some widely held views of ‘the people’ and the parties which seek to govern them. Contemporary academic and political discourse on populism often equates these views with right-wing politics, whilst some radical scholars, suggest that these views, whilst controversial, are nonetheless examples of democratic expression. Using survey evidence from 14 European countries, we show that young people take up a mixture of political positions, some of which are strongly associated with indices of populism – cynicism, authoritarianism, nativism, xenophobia – others of which do not map neatly onto the typical ‘left-right’ spectrum. We find evidence that some young people hold contradictory, often conflicting political viewpoints, which are reflective of the historical and cultural contexts of each location rather than of a ‘populist’ ideology. Where some theorists might use the term ‘populism’ pejoratively to denote a poorly and emotively grounded political ideology, we argue that this description denies its democratic legitimacy, as evidence suggests that young people draw on populist rhetoric to articulate views that are more reflective of local and regional concerns.
Making Space: Residential Trajectories in Hong Kong

Hong Kong is a city with very high densities and low per capita space standards, given its wealth. Most people live in very small apartments in high-rise buildings. Drawing on a survey of more than 2,000 interviewees, this study explores household mobility and changes in consumption of residential space in Hong Kong. Space standards have increased for most households, although increases are small in absolute terms. Distinct from much of the international experience, changes in space consumption of movers appear to be driven mostly by the fundamental limits of household living arrangements under the tight space standards of Hong Kong. Household circumstances and the life-cycle effect also play a role. However, the aggregate level of space consumption is influenced by economic, social, and ecological factors more than the immediate circumstances of individual households.
Redox control of enzymatic functions: The electronics of life's circuitry

The field of redox biology has changed tremendously over the past 20 years. Formerly regarded as bi‐products of the aerobic metabolism exclusively involved in tissue damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are now recognized as active participants of cell signaling events in health and in disease. In this sense, ROS and the more recently defined reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are, just like hormones and second messengers, acting as fundamental orchestrators of cell signaling pathways. The chemical modification of enzymes by ROS and RNS (that result in functional enzymatic alterations) accounts for a considerable fraction of the transient and persistent perturbations imposed by variations in oxidant levels. Upregulation of ROS and RNS in response to stress is a common cellular response that foments adaptation to a variety of physiologic alterations (hypoxia, hyperoxia, starvation, and cytokine production). Frequently, these are beneficial and increase the organisms' resistance against subsequent acute stress (preconditioning). Differently, the sustained ROS/RNS‐dependent rerouting of signaling produces irreversible alterations in cellular functioning, often leading to pathogenic events. Thus, the duration and reversibility of protein oxidations define whether complex organisms remain “electronically” healthy. Among the 20 essential amino acids, four are particularly susceptible to oxidation: cysteine, methionine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. Here, we will critically review the mechanisms, implications, and repair systems involved in the redox modifications of these residues in proteins while analyzing well‐characterized prototypic examples. Occasionally, we will discuss potential consequences of amino acid oxidation and speculate on the biologic necessity for such events in the context of adaptative redox signaling. © 2014 IUBMB Life, 66(3):167–181, 2014
Alcohol and aggression: Gender differences in their relationships with impulsiveness, sensation seeking and social problem solving

Aims: In this study we investigated the relationships between impulsiveness, sensation seeking, social problem solving, harmful drinking and aggression. Design: Male (n = 39) and female (n = 69) students completed five questionnaires tapping the variables under study. Correlations and regression permitted examination of the relationships among the variables. Findings and conclusions: Impulsiveness was associated with aggression through the mediator of social problem solving in both the men and women. This supports the notion that high levels of impulsiveness may interfere with the acquisition of social problem‐solving skills and deficits in social problem solving increase the risk of aggression. Poor social problem solving was also related to harmful drinking, but in men only. In the present study, no association was found between drinking and aggression either in men or women. It may be that well‐developed social problem‐solving skills reduce the likelihood of aggressive solutions to problems. Further investigation of the possible protective function of good social problem‐solving skills against alcohol‐related aggression is warranted. Sensation seeking was not related to aggression in the present study, nor was there an association between sensation seeking and social problem solving. Sensation seeking correlated with drinking in both males and females, suggesting that alcohol is a sought after experience by sensation‐seekers in this sample.
Social drive: a crowdsourcing-based vehicular social networking system for green transportation

This paper presents Social Drive, a novel crowdsourcing-based vehicular social networking (VSN) system for green transportation. Social Drive integrates the standard vehicular On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) module, leverages the advantages of cloud computing and popular social networks, and incorporates a novel rating mechanism about the fuel economy of drivers. Based on these, Social Drive provides a user-friendly mobile application on smartphones targeting drivers, which enables a seamless and economic solution that promote drivers' awareness of their driving behaviors regarding fuel economy of specific trips. Our practical experiments have demonstrated that Social Drive works efficiently with low battery consumption and low networking overhead on popular mobile devices.
Challenging stereotypes and legitimating fat: An analysis of obese people’s views on news media reporting guidelines and promoting body diversity

This article contributes to scholarship on the cultural politics of obesity by providing insights into how people considered ‘obese’ think news media reporting should be improved and their views on ideas such as reporting guidelines and promoting body diversity. A thematic analysis of interview data identified the following themes: ‘Challenging stereotypes’, ‘The limits of news’, ‘Individual responsibility’ and ‘Legitimating fat’. These themes capture the divergence in views and reflect differences in how people construct obesity and conceive the influences of media on audiences. Situated in the context of the contested science and news frames surrounding obesity, the analysis also engages with wider debates about the potentially unintended consequences of seeking to challenge stigma. We conclude that media and policy discourses need to reflect a diversity of ways of framing obesity if the views of obese people are to be included.
Design of Unity Power Factor Controller for Three-phase Induction Motor Drive Fed from Single Phase Supply

This paper carves out the design of unity power factor controller for three phase variable speed induction motor drive. SPWM technique is used to improve the power factor of the system to unity and hysteresis controller is used for speed control of the drive. These control techniques lead to a unity power factor seen by the ac supply and minimize the power loss, audible noise, and motor torque ripple.  A
HMBPP‐deficient Listeria mutant immunization alters pulmonary/systemic responses, effector functions, and memory polarization of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells

Whereas infection or immunization of humans/primates with microbes coproducing HMBPP/IPP can remarkably activate Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, in vivo studies have not been done to dissect HMBPP‐ and IPP‐driven expansion, pulmonary trafficking, effector functions, and memory polarization of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. We define these phosphoantigen‐host interplays by comparative immunizations of macaques with the HMBPP/IPP‐coproducing Listeria ΔactA prfA* and HMBPP‐deficient Listeria ΔactA ΔgcpE prfA* mutant. The HMBPP‐deficient ΔgcpE mutant shows lower ability to expand Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in vitro than the parental HMBPP‐producing strain but displays comparably attenuated infectivity or immunogenicity. Respiratory immunization of macaques with the HMBPP‐deficient mutant elicits lower pulmonary and systemic responses of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells compared with the HMBPP‐producing vaccine strain. Interestingly, HMBPP‐deficient mutant reimmunization or boosting elicits enhanced responses of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, but the magnitude is lower than that by HMBPP‐producing listeria. HMBPP‐deficient listeria differentiated fewer Vγ2Vδ2 T effector cells capable of coproducing IFN‐γ and TNF‐α and inhibiting intracellular listeria than HMBPP‐producing listeria. Furthermore, HMBPP deficiency in listerial immunization influences memory polarization of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. Thus, both HMBPP and IPP production in listerial immunization or infection elicit systemic/pulmonary responses and differentiation of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, but a role for HMBPP is more dominant. Findings may help devise immune intervention.
Direct epicardial mapping predicts the recovery of left ventricular dysfunction in chronic ischaemic myocardium.

Aims This study investigated the hypothesis that direct epicardial bipolar mapping is able to predict the recovery of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in ischaemic myocardium. Methods and results In 34 patients with CAD, a maximum of 102 bipolar epicardial electrograms per patient ( n =3468 electrograms) were simultaneously recorded with a ventricular jacket array intraoperatively immediately prior to revascularization. Only LV electrograms with good myocardial contact ( n =1813, 52±14 per patient, mean±SD) were analyzed. In accordance to the position of each electrode, segmental myocardial function was assessed by transthoracic echocardiography before and 7±2 months (mean±SD; range 3 – 10 months) after CABG using a wall motion score. Preoperatively dysfunctional segments ( n =700) were classified as viable (improvement in wall motion score of at least 20% following CABG, n =424) or non-viable (no improvement, n =276). Bipolar voltage was significantly lower in non-viable when compared to viable myocardium ( P <0.001, ANOVA) At a cut-off value of 5.9 mV, ROC-curve analysis for bipolar voltage (to discriminate between viable and non-viable myocardium) revealed a sensitivity of 83% at a specificity of 83% (area under the ROC-curve of 0.92±0.01, mean±SE). Conclusion Direct epicardial mapping is able to predict the recovery of chronically ischaemic dysfunctional myocardium and thereby proves the presence of myocardial viability. ©2003Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The European Society of Cardiology.
Sequence heterogeneity of PsaA, a 37-kilodalton putative adhesin essential for virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae

psaA encodes a 37-kDa putative pneumococcal surface adhesin. Although its complete nucleotide sequence has been determined, its contribution to the pathogenicity of Streptococcus pneumoniae has not previously been assessed. In this study, we used a PCR-amplified internal fragment of the psaA gene from S. pneumoniae type 2 strain D39 cloned in pVA891, to direct the construction of D39 derivatives in which the psaA gene had been specifically interrupted, by insertion-duplication mutagenesis. Two independent D39 psaA mutants (PsaA-(1) and PsaA-(2)) were significantly less virulent (as judged by intranasal or intraperitoneal challenge of mice) than either the wild-type D39 strain or a derivative of PsaA-(1) in which the psaA gene had been reconstituted by back-transformation with an intact copy of the cloned gene. pVA891-directed mutagenesis of an open reading frame (designated ORF3) immediately 3' to psaA or insertion of pVA891 between psaA and ORF3 had no impact on intranasal virulence. However, a small but significant difference in virulence was observed between these two derivatives and the parental D39 strain in a low-dose intraperitoneal challenge model, suggesting that the ORF3 product may also contribute to pathogenesis. Adherence of PsaA-(1) to A549 cells (type II pneumocytes) was only 9% of that for D39, while the ORF3-negative strain exhibited intermediate adherence (23%). This is the first functional evidence that PsaA is an adhesin. Sequence analysis of the psaA gene from D39 indicated significant deviation from that previously published for the homolog from S. pneumoniae R36A. The deduced amino acid sequences of mature PsaA from the two strains had only 81% homology, with the bulk of the variation occurring in the amino-terminal portion.
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN THE MEMBRANES OF THE SQUID NERVE FIBER

This investigation deals with the localization of sites of ATPase activity, especially of transport ATPase, in nerve fibers of the squid Doryteuthis plei, at the subcellular level. Splitting of ATP liberates inorganic phosphate which reacts with lead to form a precipitate in the tissue. The reaction was made on nerve fibers fixed with glutaraldehyde. Frozen slices were incubated in Wachstein-Meisel medium containing ATP and Pb(NO3)2. Deposits of reaction product were found in the axolemma (towards its axoplasmic side), Schwann cell membranes (mainly at the channels crossing the layer), and mitochondria. Control experiments revealed that no deposits were observed in nerve fibers fixed in osmium tetroxide prior to incubation in the medium containing ATP, or in nerve fibers incubated without substrate or with adenosine monophosphate, adenosine diphosphate, glycerophosphate, or guanosine triphosphate as substrate. For evaluation of transport ATPase activity, these findings were compared with results obtained with nerve fibers treated with G-strophanthin or K-strophanthoside before or after glutaraldehyde fixation. The cardiac glycosides produced a disappearance or diminution of the deposits. The largest inhibitory effect was observed in the axolemma. The findings indicate that the highest ATPase activity is localized in the axolemma and may be due primarily to transport ATPase.
Affective Learning in Racism Courses with an Experiential Component

Courses in racism are designed to provide opportunities for social work students to learn to practice nonracist social work and contribute to the eradication of racism in society. The most effective racism courses achieve affective learning through the provision of an experiential component, usually a behavioral learning assignment that involves students in direct interaction with people who are racially different from themselves. This article presents a conceptual analysis of affective learning in racism courses that include such an experiential component based on both theoretical and empirical research into curriculum development in the area of racism.
CXCL14 enhances proliferation and migration of NCI‐H460 human lung cancer cells overexpressing the glycoproteins containing heparan sulfate or sialic acid

CXCL14 is a chemokine family member that is involved in various cellular responses in addition to immune cell activation. Although constitutive CXCL14 expression in normal epithelial cells may help protect against infection by activating immune systems, its expression in cancer cells has raised controversy regarding its possible role in tumorigenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms for this disparity remain unknown. Investigation of cellular CXCL14 binding properties might increase our understanding of the peptide's roles in tumorigenesis. In the present study, we found that CXCL14 binds to various cell types. Interestingly, binding to NCI‐H460 cells was prevented by heparan sulfate and N‐acetyl neuraminic acid. Next, we examined effect of CXCL14 binding in NCI‐H460 and NCI‐H23. CXCL14 enhanced proliferation and migration in NCI‐H460 but had no effect on NCI‐H23. A reporter gene assay with various transcription factor response elements revealed that only nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) signaling was activated by CXCL14 in NCI‐H460 cells, which was blocked by BAPTA‐AM, TPCA‐1, and brefeldin A. Exogenous expression of some glycoproteins such as syndecan‐4, podoplanin, and CD43 in these cells enhanced CXCL14 binding and NF‐κB activity. Collectively, these results demonstrate that CXCL14 binding to glycoproteins harboring heparan sulfate proteoglycans and sialic acids leads proliferation and migration of some cancer cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 1084–1096, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Politics of Passion: Collective Action from Pain and Loss

This study compares organized political action motivated by pain and loss with the activities of conventional interest groups by examining the goals and strategies of parent and professional groups involved in special education. The study shows that parent groups and conventional groups differ in their motivations and define policy problems using competing perspectives. Pain/loss groups, although formally organized, engage in expressive actions and use strategies outside the institutional structures. These differences among group types complicate the policy process and pose strategic choices for groups, as pain/loss organizations are less likely to bargain and compromise. I discuss the implications for agenda setting and policy formulation.
Conceptual ecologies and their influence on nature of science conceptions: More dazed and confused than ever

This research analyzed teachers conceptions of the nature of science and how they developed during a graduate course which was focused on the nature of science and how it is learned. These teachers engaged with nature of science concepts explicitly and reflectively, considering the concepts in the contexts of science itself as well as in their respective classrooms. Through a series of questionnaires, reflection papers, classroom activities, and a final paper, each teacher's development of his or her conceptions regarding the nature of science was recorded. By analyzing this data, we show how each individual conceptual ecology strongly interacted with concepts from the course to produce understandings unique to an individual. This has implications for both our design of nature of science instruction and for our understanding of the conceptual change process and learning in general.
Identification of Retinal Image Features Using Bitplane Separation and Mathematical Morphology

This paper demonstrates a method for the detection and extraction of features like optic disc and macula from the retinal images. Digital fundus images are becoming popular for the diagnosis of ophthalmic pathologies. Due to this, there is an increasing possibility of applying digital image processing techniques and methods in these images to m the make the diagnosis more easier. In this paper first bit plane separation is done to the pre-processed retinal image. To carry the vital information of the location of optic disc and macula are found by bit plane 0 and bit plane 1. The exact boundary is identified by applying mathematical morphology. The proposed algorithm is simple and has been evaluated on the images collected from a reputed eye hospital. An accuracy of 91% was obtained in extracting the optic disc and macula from the retinal image.