Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Error analysis in complex sentences written by Indonesian students from the English education department

This study was aimed to analyse errors made by learners in writing four types of complex sentences; complex sentences with adjective clauses, noun clauses, adverb clauses, and multiple-clause structures in an Essay Writing class. This study was done based on the realisation that learners’ grammatical knowledge is not always translated into accurate language production in real writing contexts and as a continuation of a previous study with the same participants which found that learners’ mastery of complex sentence structure affected their L2 writing achievements. Through document analysis of 40 essays, by these learners, using Thematic Analysis, the present study found five major themes of errors. They were lack of tense consistency, errors of omission, which included omission of verbs, omission of subjects and verbs, and omission of subjects, errors of addition, incorrect verb formations (double finite verbs), and the combination of several errors. Using Error Analysis as a framework, some possible contributing factors were further examined. Based on the findings, pedagogical implications and limitations, along with suggested directions for future research were also presented.
Elevated insular glutamate in fibromyalgia is associated with experimental pain.

OBJECTIVE Central pain augmentation resulting from enhanced excitatory and/or decreased inhibitory neurotransmission is a proposed mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of functional pain syndromes such as fibromyalgia (FM). Multiple functional magnetic resonance imaging studies implicate the insula as a region of heightened neuronal activity in this condition. Since glutamate (Glu) is a major cortical excitatory neurotransmitter that functions in pain neurotransmission, we undertook this study to test our hypothesis that increased levels of insular Glu would be present in FM patients and that the concentration of this molecule would be correlated with pain report. METHODS Nineteen FM patients and 14 age- and sex-matched pain-free controls underwent pressure pain testing and a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy session in which the right anterior insula and right posterior insula were examined at rest. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, FM patients had significantly higher levels of Glu (mean +/- SD 8.09 +/- 0.72 arbitrary institutional units versus 6.86 +/- 1.29 arbitrary institutional units; P = 0.009) and combined glutamine and Glu (i.e., Glx) (mean +/- SD 12.38 +/- 0.94 arbitrary institutional units versus 10.59 +/- 1.48 arbitrary institutional units; P = 0.001) within the right posterior insula. No significant differences between groups were detected in any of the other major metabolites within this region (P > 0.05 for all comparisons), and no group differences were detected for any metabolite within the right anterior insula (P > 0.11 for all comparisons). Within the right posterior insula, higher levels of Glu and Glx were associated with lower pressure pain thresholds across both groups for medium pain (for Glu, r = -0.43, P = 0.012; for Glx, r = -0.50, P = 0.003). CONCLUSION Enhanced glutamatergic neurotransmission resulting from higher concentrations of Glu within the posterior insula may play a role in the pathophysiology of FM and other central pain augmentation syndromes.
Characterization of a Novel Circadian Clock Mutant, bowelP

Here, we report characteristics of a novel Drosophila circadian arrhythmic mutant, which is induced by a P-element insertion in the regulatory region of the bowel (b_rother of Q.dd 9£ith ! ntrails limited) gene (hereafter bowf). The mutant flies exhibited arrhythmic circadian locomotor activities and arrhythmic eclosion. At the molecular level, the abnormality of circadian rhythms was resulted from the low levels of both PDF (PIGMENT DISPERSING FACTOR) and TIM (TIMELESS) in the primary pacemaker cells, the small ventro-lateral neurons. Such defective pdf gene expression in bowf mutant was strikingly similar to that shown in dClock'rk and cycle mutants extremely low levels of pdf transcript only in the small ventro­ lateral neurons. From these mutational effects on both clock gene and clock output gene expression, we propose that the bowel gene might be another central clock component in Drosophila.
PERFORMANCE AFTER MASS PRIVATISATION : THE CASE OF SLOVENIA

Initial ownership structures resulting from the mass privatisation programme were intended as transitional, whereas optimal would be set up gradually and would result from secondary transactions. Therefore, mass privatisation is typically considered successful if secondary transactions lead to improved ownership, in particular, with emergence of strategic investors. If this approach is correct, positive effects of mass privatisation are thus not shown only by companies remaining in control of initial owners but mostly by the companies that have already gone through secondary privatisation. Accordingly, the success of secondary sales is to be evaluated by how successfully companies perform after the sale to new owners. This paper attempts to verify empirically those assumptions. The econometric analysis of panel data, after correcting for a selection bias, shows that TFP (total factor productivity) growth is highest in public companies. In addition we found that the secondary privatisation has had practically no positive effect on economic efficiency in the period 1995-99. We interpret these results as supporting evidence for the theoretical approach, which argues that the impact of strategic investors on performance may be ambiguous and that the quality of the capital market institutions is more important than ownership effects. The former creates incentives for performance by increasing the cost of expropriation of minority shareholders.
Identification of Novel Molecular Targets for Endometrial Cancer Using a Drill-Down LC-MS/MS Approach with iTRAQ

Background The number of patients with endometrial carcinoma (EmCa) with advanced stage or high histological grade is increasing and prognosis has not improved for over the last decade. There is an urgent need for the discovery of novel molecular targets for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of EmCa, which will have the potential to improve the clinical strategy and outcome of this disease. Methodology and Results We used a “drill-down” proteomics approach to facilitate the identification of novel molecular targets for diagnosis, prognosis and/or therapeutic intervention for EmCa. Based on peptide ions identified and their retention times in the first LC-MS/MS analysis, an exclusion list was generated for subsequent iterations. A total of 1529 proteins have been identified below the Proteinpilot® 5% error threshold from the seven sets of iTRAQ experiments performed. On average, the second iteration added 78% new peptides to those identified after the first run, while the third iteration added 36% additional peptides. Of the 1529 proteins identified, only 40 satisfied our criteria for significant differential expression in EmCa in comparison to normal proliferative tissues. These proteins included metabolic enzymes (pyruvate kinase M2 and lactate dehydrogenase A); calcium binding proteins (S100A6, calcyphosine and calumenin), and proteins involved in regulating inflammation, proliferation and invasion (annexin A1, interleukin enhancer-binding factor 3, alpha-1-antitrypsin, macrophage capping protein and cathepsin B). Network analyses revealed regulation of these molecular targets by c-myc, Her2/neu and TNF alpha, suggesting intervention with these pathways may be a promising strategy for the development of novel molecular targeted therapies for EmCa. Conclusions Our analyses revealed the significance of drill-down proteomics approach in combination with iTRAQ to overcome some of the limitations of current proteomics strategies. This study led to the identification of a number of novel molecular targets having therapeutic potential for targeted molecular therapies for endometrial carcinoma.
An Efficient Algorithm for Computing Interventional Distributions in Latent Variable Causal Models

Probabilistic inference in graphical models is the task of computing marginal and conditional densities of interest from a factorized representation of a joint probability distribution. Inference algorithms such as variable elimination and belief propagation take advantage of constraints embedded in this factorization to compute such densities efficiently. In this paper, we propose an algorithm which computes interventional distributions in latent variable causal models represented by acyclic directed mixed graphs(ADMGs). To compute these distributions efficiently, we take advantage of a recursive factorization which generalizes the usual Markov factorization for DAGs and the more recent factorization for ADMGs. Our algorithm can be viewed as a generalization of variable elimination to the mixed graph case. We show our algorithm is exponential in the mixed graph generalization of treewidth.
Proximal Regulatory Domains of Rat Atrial Natriuretic Factor Gene

BackgroundAt least three cis-acting regulatory elements are required for expression of the rat atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) gene. One distal cis-acting regulatory element lies more than 640 base pairs from the transcription initiation site. Methods and ResultsIn this report, we identify two other proximal regulatory elements that lie within 609 base pairs of the transcription initiation site. One proximal regulatory element contains an activator protein-1 (AP-1)-like binding site and is recognized by the AP-1 protein, the c-foslc-jun proto-oncogene heterodimer in vitro. The second regulatory element contains a cyclic AMP-responsive element (CRE)-like recognition site. ConclusionsIn vitro binding of the c-foslc-jun heterodimer to ANF gene sequences suggests that the heterodimer may play a role in the regulation of gene transcription in vivo. This observation may also explain the correlation between c-foslc-jun expression and ventricular ANF gene expression found in hypertrophic states. Nuclear extracts from normal cardiocytes contain proteins that bind these regulatory elements but do not appear to bind at the AP-1 site, suggesting that the levels offos/jun heterodimer in nonhypertrophied cardiocytes are quite low.
Memory Channel Network for PCI

A memory-based networking approach provides clusters of computers up to 1,000 times the communication performance of conventional networks, with no compromise in cost or reliability. The memory channel for PCI's performance gains are the result of a system design approach that exploits natural cluster constraints to define a memory-based network. MC implements a form of virtual shared memory that permits applications to completely bypass the operating system and perform cluster communication directly from the user level. The hardware's simple and powerful communication model supports error handling at almost no cost or complexity to the application; guaranteed ordering under errors is the key innovation. The end result: Real-world cluster communication latency dropped by up to two orders of magnitude, and overhead by up to three orders of magnitude. These improvements elevate a lowly set of standard PCI computers running Unix into an impressive, highly available, parallel computing system.
Language and Humour in the Media

Table 4-5: Example of New York dialect (user) Table 4-6: Results of the quantitative analysis for British English Table 4-7: Results of the quantitative analysis for the New York dialect Table 6-1: False antonymy Table 8-1: Activities to bring good luck in exams and their scores Table 8-2: Activities to bring good luck in exams and their reasons CP cooperative principle ESL English as a second language (English language studies) GTVH general theory of verbal humor ISHS International Society of Humor Studies KR knowledge resources LA language LM logical mechanism LTC live text commentary MBM minute-by-minute (commentary) NS narrative strategy NVC nonverbal communication OST ontological semantic technology OSTH ontological semantic theory of humor PP politeness principle RP received pronunciation (Standard British English) RT relevance theory SI situation SO script opposition SSTH script-based semantic theory of humor ST source text TA target TMR text-meaning representation TT target text Humour and the media are such intertwined phenomena that it may be hard to tackle one without resorting to the other. From cartoons and comic strips, through Internet gags and humorous adverts, to sitcoms and funny remarks in editorials and opinion articles, the media do thrive in linguistic manifestations of humour. Whether or not it serves as a playful distraction, a marketing strategy, or an instrument to make a point, attack indirectly or voice the unspeakable, humour in the media deserves attention both as a discoursal device and a sociolinguistic phenomenon. At the same time, it also requires a consideration of the forms it assumes and the linguistic structures it deploys, be it with regard to wordplay or to the stylistic and rhetorical devices of which it makes use. Actually, the humour in the media stands out as a particularly challenging topic that not only congregates a number of research questions central to the history of humour studies but also addresses the two paradigms around which the linguistics of humour has spun: on the one hand, structurally-oriented approaches; on the other, interactional and pragmatic ones. Originally studied within the area of rhetoric, the language of humour was regarded as a useful tool for nimble orators, provided that its use was prudent and balanced. Actually, moral issues were not detached from the teachings of such masters as Cicero (55 BC) and Quintilian (AD 95), who advised against comic excess and bad taste when propounding the unexpected as a triggering device of the laughable (geloion). …
Kinetic isotope effects significantly influence intracellular metabolite [superscript 13]C labeling patterns and flux determination

Rigorous mathematical modeling of carbon-labeling experiments allows estimation of fluxes through the pathways of central carbon metabolism, yielding powerful information for basic scientific studies as well as for a wide range of applications. However, the mathematical models that have been developed for flux determination from 13C labeling data have commonly neglected the influence of kinetic isotope effects on the distribution of 13C label in intracellular metabolites, as these effects have often been assumed to be inconsequential. We have used measurements of the 13C isotope effects on the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme from the literature to model isotopic fractionation at the pyruvate node and quantify the modeling errors expected to result from the assumption that isotope effects are negligible. We show that under some conditions kinetic isotope effects have a significant impact on the 13C labeling patterns of intracellular metabolites, and the errors associated with neglecting isotope effects in 13C-metabolic flux analysis models can be comparable in size to measurement errors associated with GC–MS. Thus, kinetic isotope effects must be considered in any rigorous assessment of errors in 13C labeling data, goodness-of-fit between model and data, confidence intervals of estimated metabolic fluxes, and statistical significance of differences between estimated metabolic flux distributions.
Coreference Resolution for the Basque Language with BART

In this paper we present our work on Coreference Resolution in Basque, a unique language which poses interesting challenges for the problem of coreference. We explain how we extend the coreference resolution toolkit, BART, in order to enable it to process Basque. Then we run four different experiments showing both a significant improvement by extending a baseline feature set and the effect of calculating performance of hand-parsed mentions vs. automatically parsed mentions. Finally, we discuss some key characteristics of Basque which make it particularly challenging for coreference and draw a road map for future work.
Marker-based classification of young–elderly gait pattern differences via direct PCA feature extraction and SVMs

The classification of gait patterns has great potential as a diagnostic tool, for example, for the diagnosis of injury or to identify at-risk gait in the elderly. The purpose of the paper is to present a method for classifying group differences in gait pattern by using the complete spatial and temporal information of the segment motion quantified by the markers. The classification rates that are obtained are compared with previous studies using conventional classification features. For our analysis, 37 three-dimensional marker trajectories were collected from each of our 24 young and 24 elderly female subjects while they were walking on a treadmill. Principal component analysis was carried out on these trajectories to retain the spatial and temporal information in the markers. Using a Support Vector Machine with a linear kernel, a classification rate of 95.8% was obtained. This classification approach also allowed visualisation of the contribution of individual markers to group differentiation in position and time. The approach made no specific assumptions and did not require prior knowledge of specific time points in the gait cycle. It is therefore directly applicable for group classification tasks in any study involving marker measurements.
Time is running out! Rapid range expansion of the invasive northern raccoon in central Italy

Abstract The northern raccoon, Procyon lotor (Linnaeus, 1758), is listed among the invasive alien species of European Union concern. Therefore, an updated monitoring of its distribution is required to design and address management actions. As to Italy, the raccoon has been reported with an established population only in northern regions. In this note, we report a new established raccoon population along the Apennine ridge in central Italy and we estimate the range expansion from 2015 to 2018 both through the minimum convex polygon (MCP) and the kernel estimates. Furthermore, we propose the management actions to limit negative impacts in the Foreste Casentinesi National Park and its surroundings.
Non-slicing floorplans with boundary constraints using generalized Polish expression

In this paper, we address the problem of VLSI floorplanning, considering boundary constraints. The problem is practical and crucial in physical design, since architects decide to arrange some I/O involved modules along the chip boundary to minimize both chip area and off-chip connections. By using a new representation called the generalized Polish expression, we propose an efficient algorithm to handle the boundary constraints on non-slicing floorplans. In addition, a new fixing heuristic, based on modular similarity, is also presented to effectively fix the generated infeasible floorplans during the process. The experimental results are good in commonly used MCNC benchmark circuits.
A load balancing method in downlink LTE network based on load vector minimization

Load balancing is one of the key target of LTE Self-Optimization Network (SON). In this paper, we propose a load balancing method for LTE downlink network, namely Load Vector Minimization based Load Balancing (LVMLB) method. Load Vector (LV) is a vector whose elements are the load values of cells and sorted in descending order. The order of LVs is defined by the lexicographical order. The smaller the LV is, the higher the balance degree of cells load will be. As the LV has a lower bound with total load fixed, the balance degree of cells load would reach a local optimal. On this basis, we design the LVMLB algorithm, trying to get the optimal solutions to load balancing problems, the proof of being optimal will also be given in this paper. Simulation scenarios are set in a square part of Macro-Pico mixed HetNets. Simulation results show that LVMLB outperforms the Cell Region Expansion (or Bias) scheme, increasing the capacities of Macro and Pico tiers at the same time, and improving balance degree of cells load, only sacrificing a little QoS performance.
Brain Region Specific Pre-Synaptic and Post-Synaptic Degeneration Are Early Components of Neuropathology in Prion Disease

Synaptic abnormalities, one of the key features of prion disease pathogenesis, gives rise to functional deficits and contributes to the devastating clinical outcome. The synaptic compartment is the first to succumb in several neurodegenerative diseases linked with protein misfolding but the mechanisms underpinning this are poorly defined. In our current study we document that a focal intrahippocampal injection of the mouse-adapted 22L scrapie strain produces a complex, region-specific pathology in the brain. Our findings reveal that early synaptic changes in the stratum radiatum of the hippocampus, identical to those observed with the ME7 strain, occur when 22L strain is introduced into the hippocampus. The pathology was defined by degenerating Type I pre-synaptic elements progressively enveloped by the post-synaptic density of the dendritic spine. In contrast, the pathology in the cerebellum suggested that dendritic disintegration rather than pre-synaptic abnormalities dominate the early degenerative changes associated with the Purkinje cells. Indeed, both of the major synaptic inputs into the cerebellum, which arise from the parallel and climbing fibers, remained intact even at late stage disease. Immunolabeling with pathway selective antibodies reinforced these findings. These observations demonstrate that neuronal vulnerability to pathological protein misfolding is strongly dependent on the structure and function of the target neurons.
Chromosomal Gene Movements Reflect the Recent Origin and Biology of Therian Sex Chromosomes

Mammalian sex chromosomes stem from ancestral autosomes and have substantially differentiated. It was shown that X-linked genes have generated duplicate intronless gene copies (retrogenes) on autosomes due to this differentiation. However, the precise driving forces for this out-of-X gene “movement” and its evolutionary onset are not known. Based on expression analyses of male germ-cell populations, we here substantiate and extend the hypothesis that autosomal retrogenes functionally compensate for the silencing of their X-linked housekeeping parental genes during, but also after, male meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI). Thus, sexually antagonistic forces have not played a major role for the selective fixation of X-derived gene copies in mammals. Our dating analyses reveal that although retrogenes were produced ever since the common mammalian ancestor, selectively driven retrogene export from the X only started later, on the placental mammal (eutherian) and marsupial (metatherian) lineages, respectively. Together, these observations suggest that chromosome-wide MSCI emerged close to the eutherian–marsupial split approximately 180 million years ago. Given that MSCI probably reflects the spread of the recombination barrier between the X and Y, crucial for their differentiation, our data imply that these chromosomes became more widely differentiated only late in the therian ancestor, well after the divergence of the monotreme lineage. Thus, our study also provides strong independent support for the recent notion that our sex chromosomes emerged, not in the common ancestor of all mammals, but rather in the therian ancestor, and therefore are much younger than previously thought.