Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modelling shock heating in cluster mergers – I. Moving beyond the spherical accretion model

The thermal history of the intracluster medium (ICM) is complex. Heat input from cluster mergers, from active galactic nuclei (AGN) and from winds in galaxies offsets and may even prevent the cooling of the ICM. Consequently, the processes that set the temperature and density structure of the ICM play a key role in determining how galaxies form. In this paper, we focus on the heating of the ICM during cluster mergers, with the eventual aim of incorporating this mechanism into semi-analytic models for galaxy formation. We generate and examine a suite of non-radiative hydrodynamic simulations of mergers in which the initial temperature and density structure of the systems are set using realistic scaling laws. Our collisions cover a range of mass ratios and impact parameters, and consider both systems composed entirely of gas (these reduce the physical processes involved), and systems comprising a realistic mixture of gas and dark matter. We find that the heating of the ICM can be understood relatively simply by considering evolution of the gas entropy during the mergers. The increase in this quantity in our simulations closely corresponds to that predicted from scaling relations based on the increase in cluster mass. We examine the physical processes that succeed in generating the entropy in order to understand why previous analytical approaches failed. We find the following. (i) The energy that is thermalized during the collision greatly exceeds the kinetic energy available when the systems first touch. The smaller system penetrates deep into the gravitational potential before it is disrupted. (ii) For systems with a large mass ratio, most of the energy is thermalized in the massive component. The heating of the smaller system is minor and its gas sinks to the centre of the final system. This contrasts with spherically symmetric analytical models in which accreted material is simply added to the outer radius of the system. (iii) The bulk of the entropy generation occurs in two distinct episodes. The first episode occurs following the collision of the cores, when a large shock wave is generated that propagates outwards from the centre. This causes the combined system to expand rapidly and overshoot hydrostatic equilibrium. The second entropy generation episode occurs as this material is shock heated as it recollapses. Both heating processes play an important role, contributing approximately equally to the final entropy. This revised model for entropy generation improves our physical understanding of cosmological gas simulations.
Neprilysin Inhibits Coagulation through Proteolytic Inactivation of Fibrinogen

Neprilysin (NEP) is an endogenous protease that degrades a wide range of peptides including amyloid beta (Aβ), the main pathological component of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We have engineered NEP as a potential therapeutic for AD but found in pre-clinical safety testing that this variant increased prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). The objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of wild type NEP and the engineered variant on coagulation and define the mechanism by which this effect is mediated. PT and APTT were measured in cynomolgus monkeys and rats dosed with a human serum albumin fusion with an engineered variant of NEP (HSA-NEPv) as well as in control plasma spiked with wild type or variant enzyme. The coagulation factor targeted by NEP was determined using in vitro prothrombinase, calibrated automated thrombogram (CAT) and fibrin formation assays as well as N-terminal sequencing of fibrinogen treated with the enzyme. We demonstrate that HSA-NEP wild type and HSA-NEPv unexpectedly impaired coagulation, increasing PT and APTT in plasma samples and abolishing fibrin formation from fibrinogen. This effect was mediated through cleavage of the N-termini of the Aα- and Bβ-chains of fibrinogen thereby significantly impairing initiation of fibrin formation by thrombin. Fibrinogen has therefore been identified for the first time as a substrate for NEP wild type suggesting that the enzyme may have a role in regulating fibrin formation. Reductions in NEP levels observed in AD and cerebral amyloid angiopathy may contribute to neurovascular degeneration observed in these conditions.
Southern ( SAIS ) 3-1-2005 Interface Complexity and Elderly Users : Revisited

The ever-increasing functionality of today’s software applications comes in tandem with added complexity, which may hinder elderly citizens’ full participation in the digital world. Building upon Van Slyke et al’s (2004) extension to TAM, the authors explicate the relationships between software functionality/complexity and users’ perceived usefulness and ease-of-use of software. The influence of age difference on these relationships is also examined.
Relating Maintenance Interventions through Information Retrieval Techniques

Maintenance tasks related to similar artifacts, or aiming to solve a related problem, are very likely to be described using a similar text. This happens when a problem is reported by software users and, from a different perspective, when maintainers document their change. Widely used, in the software maintenance community, for applications such as traceability recovery [1, 8, 10, 11 ] Information Retrieval (IR) techniques have been also recently used to analyze the relationship between similar maintenance requests, to trace maintenance requests onto source code and to identify related change logs. This permitted the use of IR for solving a number of problems, such as:
Emotion Classification Using Massive Examples Extracted from the Web

In this paper, we propose a data-oriented method for inferring the emotion of a speaker conversing with a dialog system from the semantic content of an utterance. We first fully automatically obtain a huge collection of emotion-provoking event instances from the Web. With Japanese chosen as a target language, about 1.3 million emotion provoking event instances are extracted using an emotion lexicon and lexical patterns. We then decompose the emotion classification task into two sub-steps: sentiment polarity classification (coarsegrained emotion classification), and emotion classification (fine-grained emotion classification). For each subtask, the collection of emotion-proviking event instances is used as labelled examples to train a classifier. The results of our experiments indicate that our method significantly outperforms the baseline method. We also find that compared with the single-step model, which applies the emotion classifier directly to inputs, our two-step model significantly reduces sentiment polarity errors, which are considered fatal errors in real dialog applications.
Tetrahydrofuran Cembranoids from the Cultured Soft Coral Lobophytum crassum

Three new cembranoids, culobophylins A–C (1–3), along with two known compounds (4 and 5) were isolated from the cultured soft coral Lobophytum crassum. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectroscopic data and comparison of the NMR data with those of known analogues. Among these metabolites, 2 is rarely found in cembranoids possessing an isopropyl moiety with an epoxide group. Compound 1 exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against HL60 and DLD-1 cancer cell lines.
Supply Chain Coordination with CVaR Criterion

We study the coordination of supply chains with a risk-neutral supplier and a risk-averse retailer. Different from the downside risk setting, in a conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) framework, we show that the supply chain can be coordinated with the revenue-sharing, buy-back, two-part tariff and quantity flexibility contracts. Furthermore the revenue-sharing contracts are still equivalent to the buy-back contracts when the retail price is fixed. At the same time, it is shown that the risk-averse retailer of the coordinated supply chain can increase its profit by raising its risk-averse degree under mild conditions.
Typing Race Games as a Method to Create Spelling Error Corpora

This paper presents a method to elicit spelling error corpora using an online typing race game. After being tested for their native language, English-native participants were instructed to retype stimuli as quickly and as accurately as they could. The participants were informed that the system was keeping a score based on accuracy and speed, and that a high score would result in a position on a public scoreboard. Words were presented on the screen one at a time from a queue, and the queue was advanced by pressing the ENTER key following the stimulus. Responses were recorded and compared to the original stimuli. Responses that differed from the stimuli were considered a typographical or spelling error, and added to an error corpus. Collecting a corpus using a game offers several unique benefits. 1) A game attracts engaged participants, quickly. 2) The web-based delivery reduces the cost and decreases the time and effort of collecting the corpus. 3) Participants have fun. Spelling error corpora have been difficult and expensive to obtain for many languages and this research was performed to fill this gap. In order to evaluate the methodology, we compare our game data against three existing spelling corpora for English.
Attribute grammars in Erlang

Many functions take a value of a particular (recursive) data structure as input and compute an output value by traversing the structure and collect, combine, or update values in that data structure. Some examples are: collecting all hyperlink tags in a HTML tree, calculating the depth of a binary tree, or adding a prefix to every free variable name in an abstract syntax tree. When defining such functions we need to write code that takes care of traversing a data structure. This code is often repeated for functions that operate on the same data structure, and is often not essential for the operation we want to perform. This type of repetitive code is often referred to as boilerplate code. Abstraction is a way to remove this boilerplate code, for example by defining higher-order functions. Higher-order functions can be used to separate the boilerplate code from the essential parts. Common examples of higher order functions are map and fold.
Orbital Dynamics of Cygnus X-3

Orbital-phase-resolved infrared spectra of Cygnus X-3 in outburst and quiescence, including tomographic analysis, are presented. We confirm the phasing of broad He II and N V lines in quiescence, such that maximum blueshift corresponds to the X-ray minimum at Φ = 0.00 ± 0.04. In outburst, double-peaked He I structures show a similar phasing with two significant differences: (1) although varying in relative strength, there is continuous line emission in blue and red peaks around the orbit; and (2) an absorption component, ~ of an orbit out of phase with the emission features, is discerned. Doppler tomograms of the double-peaked profiles are consistent with a disk-wind geometry, rotating at velocities of 1000 km s-1. Regrettably, the tomography algorithm will produce a similar ring structure from alternative line sources if contaminated by overlying P Cygni profiles. This is certainly the case in the strong 2.0587 μm He I line, leading to an ambiguous solution for the nature of double-peaked emission. The absorption feature, detected of an orbit out of phase with the emission features, is consistent with an origin in the He star wind and yields for the first time a plausible radial velocity curve for the system. We directly derive the mass function of the system, 0.027 M☉. If we assume a neutron star accretor and adopt a high orbital inclination, i > 60°, we obtain a mass range for the He star of 5 M☉ ≲ MWR ≲ 11 M☉. Alternatively, if the compact object is a black hole, we estimate MBH ≲ 10 M☉. We discuss the implications of these masses for the nature and size of the binary system.
Applications of Ensemble Empirical mode decomposition to stock-futures basis analysis

In rational, efficiently functioning markets, the returns on stock index and stock index futures contracts should be perfectly, contemporaneously correlated. But in the first two month, Chinese stock index futures contracts exhibited persistent departures from fair price, offering potentially profitable arbitrage opportunities. In this paper, we examine the stock-futures basis of CSI 300 recorded every 5 min over the period from April 16, 2010 to June 10, 2010 (1872 total data points). Ensemble Empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) is a time-frequency analysis method which has been developed and widely used for non-stationary and non-linear time series analysis. In the present study, we apply the EEMD to analyze the stock-futures basis series. As a result, we extract a monotonie decreasing trends from the series which implies the market becomes more and more efficient.
Do you speak my language? Knowledge challenges in open environments

In the past 30 years there has been a paradigmatic change in modelling, sharing and utilising knowledge from the perspective of centralised, controlled systems, to that of open, dynamic environments. This has been fueled mainly by advances and the ubiquity of the prototypical open environment - ldquoThe Webrdquo, and the increasing need for managing entities in such distributed systems. However, for these changes to occur, we need to revisit many of the underlying assumptions that have formed the basis of Knowledge Sharing, and examine how they relate to the notion of distribution. Likewise, to facilitate adaptation to changes in open environments, autonomy must be considered as assumptions relating to human intervention and offline changes are relaxed. In this paper we examine the challenges of sharing knowledge in distributed, dynamic open environments, and illustrate with examples of how independent but intelligent agents can reach consensus dynamically.
No . 117 “ Ineffective ” competition : a puzzle ?

Conventionally, we think of an increase in competition as weakly decreasing prices, increasing the number of consumers served, thus increasing consumer surplus, decreasing firms profits, etc. Here, we demonstrate that, under some tame circumstances, an increase in competition may lead to a price increase in a horizontally differentiated market. We show this relationship for the petrol market in German cities.
Sex differences in the experience of anger and anger-related emotions

This study looks at the influence of social factors on the elicitation of emotion. Specifically, the study focuses on variations of anger experience as a result of different gender-dyad interactions. Participants imagined themselves in a hypothetical scenario: They were engaged in a social interaction in which each participant worked with another participant on a challenging task. In the hypothetical scenario, the imagined other participant displayed behavior intended to instigate anger in the participant. Female participants were found to experience higher rates of anger and frustration, while holding confederates more responsible for task performance than male participants. Additionally, females used more cause words and third person pronouns than males. These results help to understand the effects of gender on experience of anger and angerrelated emotions. In addition, this study looked into the influence of social factors on emotions and other appraisal processes such as selfand other-accountability. Major findings revealed that female participants reported higher levels of anger and frustration than male participants, perhaps due to higher affiliative orientation. SEX DIFFERENCES IN ANGER 3
Geometry Selection of a Redundantly Actuated Cable-Suspended Parallel Robot

This paper is dedicated to the geometry selection of a redundantly actuated cable-suspended parallel robot intended to manipulate heavy payloads over a wide workspace. Cable-suspended refers here to cable-driven parallel robots in a crane-like setting, where all the cable drawing points are located on top of the base frame, gravity being used to keep the cables taut. Geometry selection consists of determining the relative positions of the cable drawing points on the base frame and of the cable attachment points on the mobile platform together with the cable arrangement between these two sets of points. An original performance index is introduced. It is defined as the maximum acceptable distance between the mobile platform geometric center and the center of mass of the set consisting of the platform and a payload. This performance index is of particular interest in heavy payload handling applications. Used within a two-phase geometry selection strategy, it yields a new cable-suspended robot geometry having a very large workspace to footprint ratio and able to handle heavy payloads. A large-dimension redundantly actuated cable-suspended robot was built in order to demonstrate these capabilities.
Low Power Memory Storage and Transfer Organization for the MPEG-4 Full Pel Motion Estimation on a Multimedia Processor

Data transfers and storage are crucial cost factors in multimedia systems. Systematic methodologies are needed to obtain dramatic reductions in terms of power, area and cycle count. Upcoming multimedia processing applications will require high memory bandwidth. In this paper, we estimate that a software reference implementation of an MPEG-4 video encoder typically requires five Gtransfers/s to main memory for a simple profile level L2. This shows a clear need for optimization and the use of intermediate memory stages. By applying our ACROPOLIS methodology, developed mainly to relieve this data access bottleneck, we have arrived at an implementation which needs a factor 65 less background accesses. In addition, we also show that we can heavily improve on the memory transfers, without sacrificing speed (even gaining about 10% on cache misses and cycles for a DEC Alpha), by aggressive source code transformations.
Retrieving and codifying lexical information in process oriented terminology management

The emergence of new information media has had an impact on the working methods of lexicography and terminology as well as in the products obtained. Among the new media, knowledge bases are a valuable source that allows for information to be tailored to the needs of different users. We present several ways of codifying lexical and phraseological information in order to build a knowledge base on Coastal Engineering having a terminological tool in English, Spanish and German.
Development of a New Positron Emission Tomography Tracer for Targeting Tumor Angiogenesis: Synthesis, Small Animal Imaging, and Radiation Dosimetry

Angiogenesis plays a key role in cancer progression and correlates with disease aggressiveness and poor clinical outcomes. Affinity ligands discovered by screening phage display random peptide libraries can be engineered to molecularly target tumor blood vessels for noninvasive imaging and early detection of tumor aggressiveness. In this study, we tested the ability of a phage-display-selected peptide sequence recognizing specifically bone marrow- derived pro-angiogenic tumor-homing cells, the QFP-peptide, radiolabeled with 64Cu radioisotope to selectively image tumor vasculature in vivo by positron emission tomography (PET). To prepare the targeted PET tracer we modified QFP-phage with the DOTA chelator and radiolabeled the purified QFP-phage-DOTA intermediate with 64Cu to obtain QFP-targeted radioconjugate with high radiopharmaceutical yield and specific activity. We evaluated the new PET tracer in vivo in a subcutaneous (s.c.) Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) mouse model and conducted tissue distribution, small animal PET/CT imaging study, autoradiography, histology, fluorescence imaging, and dosimetry assessments. The results from this study show that, in the context of the s.c. LLC immunocompetent mouse model, the QFP-tracer can target tumor blood vessels selectively. However, further optimization of the biodistribution and dosimetry profile of the tracer is necessary to ensure efficient radiopharmaceutical applications enabled by the biological specificity of the QFP-peptide.
Transposition of Tn5096 and other IS493 derivatives in Streptomyces griseofuscus

Tn5096 was constructed by inserting an apramycin resistance gene, aac(3)IV, into IS493 from Streptomyces lividans. By using conventional and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, Tn5096 and related transposons were shown to insert into many different locations in the Streptomyces griseofuscus chromosome and in two linear plasmids. On insertion into the target site CANTg, 3 bp appeared to be duplicated. Independent transpositions were obtained by delivery of the transposon from a temperature-sensitive plasmid. The frequency of auxotrophy among cultures containing transpositions was about 0.2%.
Closed-tube genotyping with unlabeled oligonucleotide probes and a saturating DNA dye.

BACKGROUND Homogeneous PCR methods for genotyping usually require fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probes. Amplicon melting with the DNA dye LCGreen I was recently introduced as a closed-tube method of genotyping that does not require probes or real-time PCR. However, some single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) could not be completely genotyped without addition of a known genotype, and high-resolution melting techniques were necessary. METHODS A 3'-blocked, unlabeled oligonucleotide probe and the saturating dye, LCGreen I, were added to standard PCR reagents before amplification. After PCR, the samples were melted at 0.1-0.3 degrees C/s in high-resolution (HR-1), high-throughput (LightTyper), and rapid-cycle, real-time (LightCycler) instruments, and fluorescence melting curves were recorded. RESULTS Derivative melting curves of the probe-target duplexes were characteristic of the genotype under the probe. With synthetic plasmid templates, all SNP base combinations could be genotyped. For human genomic DNA, the technique was demonstrated with mutations associated with cystic fibrosis, including SNPs (G542X, I506V, and F508C) and 3-bp deletions (F508del and I507del). CONCLUSIONS Genotyping of SNPs and small deletions by melting analysis of an unlabeled probe in the presence of LCGreen I is simple and rapid. Only three unlabeled oligonucleotides (two primers and one probe), a saturating DNA dye, PCR, and a melting instrument are required. The method is closed-tube, does not require fluorescently labeled probes or real-time PCR, and can be completed in <10 min on any instrument capable of monitoring melting curves by fluorescence.
Moist Absolute Instability: The Sixth Static Stability State

It is argued that a sixth static stability state, moist absolute instability, can be created and maintained over mesoscale areas of the atmosphere. Examination of over 130 000 soundings and a numerical simulation of an observed event are employed to support the arguments in favor of the existence of moist absolutely unstable layers (MAULs). Although MAULs were found in many different synoptic environments, of particular interest in the present study are the deep (≥ 100 mb) layers that occur in conjunction with mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). A conceptual model is proposed to explain how moist absolute instability is created and maintained as MCSs develop. The conceptual model states that strong, mesoscale, nonbuoyancy-driven ascent brings a conditionally unstable environmental layer to saturation faster than small-scale, buoyancy-driven convective elements are able to overturn and remove the unstable state. Moreover, since lifting of a moist absolutely unstable layer warms the environment, the temper.