Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploring Adolescent Spiritual and Religious Development: Current and Future Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives

Spirituality and religion are central dimensions of human experience. Youth and adults alike report high levels of religiosity. A Gallup International Association (1999) poll of 50,000 adults in 60 countries found that 87% of respondents report being a part of a religious denomination, 63% indicate that God is highly important in their lives, and 75% believe in either a personal God or “some sort of spirit or life force. ” Other data (Gallup & Bezilla, 1992) show that 95% of American youth aged 13–17 believe in God, and 75% “very much” or “somewhat” agree with the statement “I try to follow the teachings of my religion. ” In addition, 42% of American youth claim that they frequently pray alone, and 36% report participating in a church youth group and 23% in faith-based service projects. Adolescence may be a particularly important time period in which to study spiritual and religious development (Donelson, 1999; Gorsuch, 1988). In adolescence, many youth turn toward religion and greater civic involvement, and yet many others who turn away from religion join either gangs or hate groups, or become antisocial in other ways. Thus, adolescents’spirituality and religiosity can be articulated and engaged, stifled and thwarted,ormisdirected.This is anageperiodof intense ideological hunger, a striving for meaning and purpose, and desire for relationships and connectedness (e.g., Erikson, 1968). Adolescents “move beyond concrete childhood impressions of religion to reflect on issues and concepts that are embedded in existential and transcendental realms” (Markstrom, 1999, p. 205). From one theoretical perspective (Fowler, 1981), most young people in adolescence progress from having a tacit commitment to the views of important reference groups around them to possessing a more “owned” and personalized faith, one that arises from critical introspection of one’s own beliefs and values. Despite its importance, adolescents’ spirituality and religion have been relatively neglected in the developmental sciences.Recentanalysesofsocial-sciencedatabases found that less than 1% of the articles on children andadolescentsaddressedspiritualityorspiritualdevelopment (Benson, Roehlkepartain, & Rude, 2003) or religion and religious development (Boyatzis, 2003). However, a new field of spiritual and religious development is emerging. For example, evidence is confirming positive links between adolescents’ involvement in religion and many desirable developmental correlates (e.g., Donahue & Benson, 1995; Wagener, Furrow, King, Leffert, & Benson, 2003). The purpose of this special issue is to add to the growing empirical base on adolescent spirituality and religiosity. We hope to shed light on definitional and methodological challenges in this field and reveal new topics, research designs, and statistical procedures that will expand our understanding of spirituality and religion in adolescence. Our goal is that the issue is relevant for researchers and practitioners.
Rated overload Characteristics of IGBTs for low-voltage and high-voltage devices

By a vertical shrink of the nonpunchthrough insulated gate bipolar transistor (NPT IGBT) to a structure with a thin n-base and a low-doped field stop layer a new IGBT can be realized with drastically reduced overall losses. In particular, the combination of the field stop concept with the trench transistor cell results in an almost ideal carrier concentration for a device with minimum on-state voltage and lowest switching losses. This concept has been developed for IGBTs and diodes from 600 V up to 6.5 kV. While the tradeoff behavior (on-state voltage V/sub CEsat/ or V/sub F/ to tail charge) and the overall ruggedness (short circuit, positive temperature coefficient in V/sub CEsat/, temperature independence in tail charge, etc.) is independent of voltage and current ratings the switching characteristics of the lower voltage parts (blocking voltage V/sub Br/<2 kV) is different in handling to the high-voltage transistors (V/sub Br/>2kV). With the HE-EMCON diode and the new field stop NPT IGBT up to 1700 V there is almost no limitation in the switching behavior, however, there are some considerations-a certain value in the external gate resistor has to be taken. High-voltage parts usually have lower current density compared to low-voltage transistors so that the "dynamic" electrical field strength is more critical in high-voltage diodes and IGBTs.
Response to the letter "overadjustment in regression analyses: considerations when evaluating relationships between body mass index, muscle strength, and body size".

WE thank Drs. Keevil and Khaw (1) for their comments on our article (2) regarding on the possibility of overadjustment in the association between obesity and handgrip strength. We agree with Drs. Keevil and Khaw that adjusting for baseline body weight when modeling the effect of obesity history on handgrip strength using analysis of covariance is not without problems. However, unlike in the example by Drs. Keevil and Khaw based on cross-sectional data (1), we utilized retrospective data on obesity and the explanatory variable was obesity duration not body mass index (BMI) itself. Drs. Keevil and Khaw justify their criticism about overadjustment by the fact that earlier studies (and their data on EPIC Norfolk) have shown positive association between BMI and handgrip strength (3,4). BMI is a measure of the shape of the body, not the size of the body, but it correlates closely with body weight—a measure of body size (5). Consequently, BMI typically correlates positively with higher absolute grip strength. Therefore, muscle strength as a measure only makes sense when body size is taken into account. That is why, for example, weight lifting competitions have different weight categories. The aim of our article was to examine the differences in handgrip strength according to obesity duration, and since longer obesity duration increases BMI, it was necessary to take into account the baseline body weight. In our study, we used handgrip strength as an indicator of overall body strength (6,7), which further justifies taking body weight into account. Despite the fact that obese persons may have higher absolute strength, the relative strength (muscle strength per kilogram of body weight) is much lower. In addition by adjusting our analyses for baseline body weight, we also separately examined the association between obesity duration and low relative muscle strength and found that longer obesity duration was clearly associated with higher risk of low relative muscle strength (2). From the point of view of functioning, especially when moving body in vertical direction (ie, rising from a chair or climbing stairs), relative muscle strength is more important than absolute strength and determines whether an older overweight or obese individual is strong enough to carry his/her own body weight efficiently (8). Recently, different ways of modeling obesity histories have been proposed (9) and there is an increasing realization that a single measure of baseline weight status inadequately captures the health consequences of obesity (10). We hope that studies such as ours will stimulate new research using rigorous methods to take advantage of the growing number of longitudinal studies that include multiple assessments of both obesity and muscle strength.
Distinction between clouds and ice/snow covered surfaces in the identification of cloud-free observations using SCIAMACHY PMDs

Abstract. SCIAMACHY on ENVISAT allows measurement of different trace gases including those most abundant in the troposphere (e.g. CO2, NO2, CH4, BrO, SO2). However, clouds in the observed scenes can severely hinder the observation of tropospheric gases. Several cloud detection algorithms have been developed for GOME on ERS-2 which can be applied to SCIAMACHY. The GOME cloud algorithms, however, suffer from the inadequacy of not being able to distinguish between clouds and ice/snow covered surfaces because GOME only covers the UV, VIS and part of the NIR wavelength range (240-790 nm). As a result these areas are always flagged as clouded, and therefore often not used. Here a method is presented which uses the SCIAMACHY measurements in the wavelength range between 450 nm and 1.6 µm to make a distinction between clouds and ice/snow covered surfaces. The algorithm is developed using collocated MODIS observations. The algorithm presented here is specifically developed to identify cloud-free SCIAMACHY observations. The SCIAMACHY Polarisation Measurement Devices (PMDs) are used for this purpose because they provide higher spatial resolution compared to the main spectrometer measurements.
Internationalization at Home Alternatives to Study Abroad

Colleges and universities are increasingly internationalizing their curricular and cocurricular efforts on campuses; subsequently, it is important to compare whether internationalization at home activities may be associated with students’ self-reported development of global, international, and intercultural (GII) competencies. This study examined undergraduate students’ participation in study abroad and on-campus global/international activities within nine large public research universities in the United States. Framed within several intercultural development theories, the results of this study suggest that students’ participation in activities related to internationalization at home—participation in on-campus global/international activities such as enrollment in global/international coursework, interactions with international students, and participation in global/international cocurricular activities—may yield greater perceived benefits than study abroad for students’ development of GII competencies.
Ciprofloxacin as Ocular Liposomal Hydrogel

The purpose of this study was to prepare and characterize an ocular effective prolonged-release liposomal hydrogel formulation containing ciprofloxacin. Reverse-phase evaporation was used for preparation of liposomes consisting of soybean phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cholesterol (CH). The effect of PC/CH molar ratio on the percentage drug encapsulation was investigated. The effect of additives such as stearylamine (SA) or dicetyl phosphate (DP) as positive and negative charge inducers, respectively, were studied. Morphology, mean size, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro release of ciprofloxacin from liposomes were evaluated. For hydrogel preparation, Carbopol 940 was applied. In vitro transcorneal permeation through excised albino rabbit cornea was also determined. Optimal encapsulation efficiency of 73.04 ± 3.06% was obtained from liposomes formulated with PC/CH at molar ratio of 5:3 and by increasing CH content above this limit, the encapsulation decreased. Positively charged liposomes showed superior entrapment efficiency (82.01 ± 0.52) over the negatively charged and the neutral liposomes. Hydrogel containing liposomes with lipid content PC, CH, and SA in molar ratio 5:3:1, respectively, showed the best release and transcorneal permeation with the percentage permeation of 30.6%. These results suggest that the degree of encapsulation of ciprofloxacin into liposomes and prolonged in vitro release depend on composition of the vesicles. In addition, the polymer hydrogel used in preparation ensure steady and prolonged transcorneal permeation. In conclusion, ciprofloxacin liposomal hydrogel is a suitable delivery system for improving the ocular bioavailability of ciprofloxacin.
Corporate Social Performance and the Psychological Contract

This study investigates the role of corporate social performance (CSP) within the psychological contract to better illuminate the micro-processes through which CSP promotes improved firm–stakeholder relationships. It extends the study of psychological contract breach beyond the dyadic relationship between the organization and the employee through an analysis of the impact of employee perceptions of internal and external CSP on psychological contract breach. In so doing, we add significantly to the growing evidence base in relation to if, how, and when affective commitment is enhanced by CSP by explicitly accounting for the role of employee expectations in respect of their employers’ socially responsible initiatives in shaping employees’ attitudinal outcomes.
TOWARDS A SYSTEMATIC INTEGRATION OF MOF/UML-BASED DOMAIN-SPECIFIC MODELING LANGUAGES

In model-driven development (MDD), UML-based domain-specific modeling languages (DSMLs) are frequently used for specifying software systems. The integration of corresponding DSMLs is an important part of model-driven software evolution and maintenance. However, due to a wide variety of DSML design options, integrating DSMLs is a non-trivial task. In this paper, we discuss issues that may arise when integrating MOF/UML-based DSMLs and present a process model for the systematic integration of DSMLs to address some of these issues. In particular, we discuss different composition techniques as well as challenges that may occur in the different phases of DSML integration. In addition, we provide an example for the integration of two DSMLs from the security domain. With our process model we aim to provide a conceptual framework for the systematic integration of MOF/UML-based DSMLs.
Enhancing Czech Valency Lexicon with Semantic Information from FrameNet : The Case of Communication Verbs

In this paper, we report on our attempt at assigning semantic information from FrameNet to lexical units in VALLEX, a valency lexicon of Czech verbs. We focus on the class of communication verbs. We experiment with assigning FrameNet semantic frames to lexical units for communication verbs. The second task consists in linking their valency complementations with FrameNet frame elements. The exact pairwise inter-annotator agreement reaches almost 69% on the semantic frames and 84.6% on the frame elements. We propose enhancing VALLEX with missing semantic information from FrameNet based on exploitation of the semantic relation ‘Inheritance’.
Labelled Markov Processes

Labelled Markov processes are probabilistic versions of labelled transition systems with continuous state spaces. This book covers basic probability and measure theory on continuous state spaces and then develops the theory of LMPs. The main topics covered are bisimulation, the logical characterization of bisimulation, metrics and approximation theory. An unusual feature of the book is the connection made with categorical and domain theoretic concepts.
Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis: a Rogue among Symbiotes

SUMMARY Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) strains are strains of B. fragilis that secrete a 20-kDa heat-labile zinc-dependent metalloprotease toxin termed the B. fragilis toxin (BFT). BFT is the only recognized virulence factor specific for ETBF. ETBF strains are associated with inflammatory diarrheal disease in children older than 1 year of age and in adults; limited data suggest an association of ETBF colonization with inflammatory bowel disease flare-ups and colorectal cancer. ETBF secretes one of three highly related BFT isoforms. The relationship between BFT isoform and disease expression is unknown. Although the mechanism of action of BFT is incompletely understood, available data suggest that BFT binds to a specific intestinal epithelial cell receptor, stimulating intestinal cell signal transduction pathways that result in cell morphology changes, cleavage of E-cadherin, reduced colonic barrier function, and increased epithelial cell proliferation and cytokine expression (such as the proinflammatory chemokine interleukin-8). Together, the data suggest that in some hosts, ETBF acts via secretion of BFT to induce colitis. However, the full spectrum of clinical disease related to ETBF and the impact of chronic ETBF colonization on the host remain to be defined.
Battery Charging Profile-Based Parameter Design of a 6.78-MHz Class $E^2$ Wireless Charging System

Wireless power transfer (WPT) working at several megahertz (MHz), 6.78 or 13.56 MHz, is widely considered to be a promising candidate for charging electronic devices. The so-called Class <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX"> $E^2$</tex-math></inline-formula> converters combining the soft-switching-based Class <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$E$</tex-math></inline-formula> power amplifier (PA) and Class <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$E$</tex-math></inline-formula> rectifier are known to be suitable for high-frequency applications with improved efficiency. However, the charging of batteries usually need to follow a specific profile, in which battery voltage and charging current vary over time. The input reactance of the Class <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$E$</tex-math></inline-formula> rectifier also becomes obvious at megahertz. This nonneglectable and varying reactance significantly lowers system efficiency and complicates parameter design. In this paper, a systematic design approach is developed that minimizes the energy loss of a 6.78-MHz Class <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$E^2$</tex-math></inline-formula> wireless charging system during the entire battery charging cycle. A <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$LC$</tex-math></inline-formula> matching network is added to improve the loading conditions of the Class <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$E$</tex-math> </inline-formula> PA and coupling coils, and provides new degrees of freedom in the parameter design. Average power loss is defined based on analytically derived system efficiency and a discretized battery charging profile. It serves as an objective function that is minimized through the proposed battery charging profile-based parameter design. In final experiments, the proposed design achieves a 24.5% reduction of the average power loss when comparing with that through the conventional design.
No Sense of an Ending:

This article describes an interview-based study of the effects of long-term imprisonment upon 18 Republican ex-prisoners and their families. The interviews followed a biographical, narrative format, drawing from experience of psychiatric assessments of released long-term prisoners. Interpretation of the material was influenced by the sociological literature on imprisonment effects and war trauma. The ex-prisoners had spent an average of 11 years in custody. They described complex experiences of loss, psychological change and social adjustment difficulties, together with persistent barriers to social integration, particularly in the area of employment. A decade after release some still had vivid difficulties in coming to terms with the losses of the past and finding purpose for the future. There were parallels between the experiences of this group and those of war veterans returning home. There is insufficient recognition of these phenomena in previous research on the psychological effects of imprisonment.
Extracting Consumer Health Expressions of Drug Safety from Web Forum

Consumers often have difficulties expressing and understanding medical terminologies due to gaps in their domain knowledge and those of the health care professionals. This language gap is a barrier to effective health information seeking, and ultimately, informed decision making. However, despite the recent research on mismatches between consumer and professional languages, there have been limited studies tackles on how to effectively discover consumer health-related expressions through mining of social media data. In this research, we propose an automatic key-phrase extraction approach to identify consumer health expressions with regard to adverse drug reaction (ADRs) in social media. These identified expressions can help to extend current Consumer Health Vocabularies (CHV) and to enhance the performance of ADRs signal detection for pharmacovigilance systems. The proposed method can be applied to other problem domains that require automatic key-phrase extraction when there is a mismatch between the languages used by the layperson and the professionals.
DISPLAYING OVERT RECIPIENCY: REACTIVE TOKENS IN MANDARIN TASK-ORIENTED CONVERSATION

This thesis examines the interconnection between the linguistic forms of reactive tokens and their associated conversational actions in Mandarin conversation. It aims to show how reactive tokens are produced and interpreted by participants themselves as the display of an awareness of being a recipient in longer sequences. The central argument of the thesis is that participants display overt recipiency through variation and selection of reactive tokens in longer sequences in Mandarin conversation. This thesis shows that a consideration of the sequential organization of reactive tokens is as important as a consideration of their forms and functions in order to understand their prominent role in longer conversational sequences. Through sequential analysis, the investigation of reactive tokens shows that participants orient to and design a diversity of reactive tokens to construct and maintain mutual understanding and to create and secure recipient engagement. Through quantitative analysis, the frequency and distribution of six types of reactive tokens demonstrate their significant roles in first and second language interaction. Through deviant case analysis, the examination of miscues of reactive tokens reveals that reactive tokens might be a potential “barrier” in second language interaction, in contrast to being a “facilitator” in first language interaction. I propose a framework for displaying levels of recipiency through the selection of reactive tokens in longer conversational sequences in Mandarin. The framework proposed here implies that the selection of one particular reactive token over another is more a question of varying degrees of recipient engagement, than of different linguistic forms. The use of reactive tokens in interaction is shown to be systematic, conversationally strategic, sequentially and socially organized. It can be concluded that seemingly trivial and random reactive tokens are more significant and orderly in Mandarin conversation than one may assume.
The measurement of marital intimacy.

The Waring Intimacy Questionnaire (WIQ), is a 90-item, true/false questionnaire specifically developed to measure the quantity and quality of marital intimacy. Eight facets of marital intimacy are measured: affection, cohesion, conflict resolution, compatibility, expressiveness, sexuality, autonomy and identity. Forty items provide a measure of total intimacy and a social desirability scale is included. Reliability and validity data are presented which suggest that the WIQ merits further study for evaluation of its clinical and research utility.