Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Book Reviews: Good, T.L., Biddle, B.J., and Brophy, J.E. Teachers Make a Difference. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc., 1975. 271 + xiii p.p. $5.95.

Since Teachers Make a Difference "has been written with an eye toward its usage in courses for preand inservice teachers" (p. vii), I shall focus on what value this book might have for teachers and future teachers. Certainly it should not merely review a relatively comprehensive list of studies on teaching, especially when the authors frequently discount the practicality of attempting to establish universal process-product relationships. For example, the authors conclude: "No teacher behavior has been shown, unequivocally, to have desirable effects in all situations" (p. 227). Neither should a volume like this merely cover "a few important topics that are widely discussed in education today" (p. vi), such as accountability, individualization, and open education. This book would be of considerably more value if the authors had gone beyond the literature review and devoted their attention to translating their own research findings and theory into suggestions for practice. Unfortunately, this only occurs in Chapter IX where the authors discuss teacher behaviors that enhance student self acceptance and that foster a respect for other people. Finally, in my view, a volume addressed to teachers should at least give the reader a cohesive model of teaching, with which individual teachers could organize their thinking about their own experience, but such is not provided (more on this later). On the positive side, I think one of the most valuable aspects of this book is the recommendation that teachers become researchers in their own classrooms. The recommendation that teachers engage in small-scale research seems extremely propitious for two reasons. First, by systematically monitoring classroom processes and products, individual teachers should become more effective in producing desirable student outcomes. Second, if teachers follow this recommendation, and if they attempt to document and share their observations (through special journals and conferences), the "technology of teaching" envisaged by Dreeben (1970) may yet be developed. I posit that only if teachers adopt the clinical research approach of the medical profession will the knowledge base about educational practice be extended. I would go as far as to suggest that some of the funds the authors solicit for educational research should be targeted for encouraging such clinical research efforts. Undoubtedly, special incentives would have to be provided to break down the traditional isolation of teachers (cf. Dreeben, 1970) and foster collaboration in research—conditions that seem necessary to the successful implementation of a program of clinical research among teachers. This brings me to another comment about Good, Biddle, and Brophy's book.
System-level studies for single user and multiuser interference alignment in a heterogeneous network

In this paper we study single user and multiuser interference alignment strategies at system level. Interference alignment (IA) refers to a transmission strategy where precoders and receivers are designed cooperatively between transmission points such that interference is aligned in a smaller vector space at each receiver than it would without IA. Depending on the scheme, the receivers are not necessarily needed to align the interference. In single user interference alignment, the interference to be aligned is from the neighboring transmission points and in the multiuser case, both co-channel and interpoint interference is aligned such that own signal can be received interference free. One known problem for IA is that it is prone to external interference, that is, interfering sources that are not included in the cooperation. The performance evaluations shown in this paper are based on 3GPP LTE-Advanced compliant system level simulator. We study the single user and multiuser interference strategies with varying external interference conditions.
Mortality among Methadone Maintenance Clients in China: A Six-Year Cohort Study

Objective To assess the overall mortality of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) clients in China and its associated factors. Methods A total of 1,511 MMT clients, all of whom enrolled in China's first eight MMT clinics between March and December 2004, were included in this cohort study and followed for approximately six years, until June 2010. Mortality and its predictors were examined using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results A total of 154 deaths were observed within 5,391 person-years (PY) of follow-up for an all-cause mortality rate of 28.6 per 1,000 PY. The leading causes of death were drug overdose (33.8%), HIV/AIDS-unrelated disease (21.4%), and HIV/AIDS (16.9%). The all-cause mortality rate of clients engaged in MMT for one year or less was roughly three times that of clients who stayed in MMT for four years or more (14.0 vs. 4.6, p<0.0001), HIV-positive subjects was nearly four times mortality rate than that of HIV-negative individuals (28.1 vs.6.8, p<0.0001). ART-naive HIV-positive subjects had approximately two times higher mortality rate than those receiving ART (31.2 vs. 17.3, <0.0001). After adjusting for confounding variables, we found that being male (HR = 1.63, CI: 1.03–2.57, p = 0.0355) and being HIV-positive (HR = 5.16, CI: 3.70–7.10, p<0.0001) were both associated with higher risk of death whereas increased durations of methadone treatment were associated with a lower risk of death (HR = 0.26, CI: 0.18–0.38, p<0.0001 for two to three years, HR = 0.08, CI: 0.05–0.14, p<0.0001 for four or more years). Conclusion Overall mortality was high among MMT clients in China. Specific interventions aimed at decreasing mortality among MMT clients are needed. Our study supports the need for keeping client at MMT longer and for expanding ART coverage and suggests the potential benefits of integrated MMT and ART services for drug users in China.
THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, DIRECT FINANCIAL AID, AND COMMUNITY COLLEGE STUDENTS

This article examines federal student financial aid, with an emphasis on direct grant aid programs to serve needy students attending community colleges. It describes the economic, historical, and political assumptions and incentives to show how public community colleges and their students have been impacted by federal and state direct student aid policies. The article then presents recent data regarding how economic incentives inherent in federal and state direct student aid policies impact public community colleges and their students when compared to other types of institutions of postsecondary education. Data presented show that lower-income students attending public community colleges were likely to receive less direct grant aid from federal and state sources than those attending for-profit proprietary two-year institutions.
Union-Made Teaching: The Effects of Labor Relations on Teaching Work

The union label on a product or service is, in effect, an assertion. It proclaims that the union has changed the conditions of production, the social and economic status of the worker, or the nature of what is produced. Thus, the garment workers' emblem sewn in a collar indicates that the shirt was produced under decent conditions. The framed membership certificate from the bar association (a powerful union if there ever was one) establishes the social position of the lawyer. The guild hallmark on fine silver proclaims that the product was produced to high craft standards. Teachers, however, seldom have such overt labels. Teachers do not affix "union-made" stamps to report cards, nor are "union shop" placards found behind teachers' desks. Insignia are seldom worn except by union officers and staff members. However, it is argued here that in less visible ways, the unionization of the vast majority of America's 1.9 million public school teachers has altered teaching. Finding a union effect on teaching is more than a matter of casual interest. If unions have, in fact, changed teaching, they have carried off a powerful intervention, one that runs counter to the persistent belief that nothing changes teaching very much very fast (Cuban, 1984; Kirst, 1983). A substantial union effect on teaching would suggest that unions have become potent agents of change in education and that they have the capacity to be deliberate engines of educational reform. Such a realization would cast unions in a substantially different role than has been the case historically, and it would focus the attention of policy and research on the relationship between unionization and teaching rather than the relationship between unionization and school governance.
Authority Relationship From a Societal Perspective: Social Representations of Obedience and Disobedience in Austrian Young Adults

Obedience and disobedience have always been salient issues for both civil society and social psychologists. Since Milgram’s first studies on destructive obedience there has not been a bottom-up definition of what obedience and disobedience mean. The current study aimed at investigating the social representations young adults use to define and to co-construct knowledge about obedience and disobedience in Austria. One hundred fifty four (106 females, 68.8%) Austrian young adults (Mean age = 22.9; SD = 3.5) completed a mixed-method questionnaire comprising open-ended questions and free word associations. Overall obedience and disobedience are respectively defined as conformity and non-conformity to regulations, ranging from implicit social norms to explicit formal laws. Authority is multi-faceted and has a central role in orienting obedience and disobedience. Further fundamental determinants of the authority relationship and relevant application of the results are discussed in this paper.
Minu Viljandi: a case study on the effects of introducing web 2.0 features in e-government services on the overall user experience perception

Since the 2000s the new forms of online communities and social networking are changing the logic of the Internet, which is creating pressure also on governments to follow the Web 2.0 trends. As users are no more satisfied only with the pragmatic attributes of a product as useful functions, but also expecting pleasure and satisfaction, this paper explores how governments can benefit from Web 2.0 features in order to provide enhanced service experience. The results show that some of the Web 2.0 features are perceived as highly appealing in online public service use referring to their ability to stimulate the innate human need for personal development or addressing a personal need of expressing oneself and being perceived by others in a certain way.
Loss of Lhx1 activity impacts on the localization of primordial germ cells in the mouse

Mouse embryos lacking Lhx1 (Lim1) activity display defective gastrulation and are deficient of primordial germ cells (PGCs) (Tsang et al. [ 2001 ] International Journal of Developmental Biology 45:549–555). To dissect the specific role of Lhx1 in germ cell development, we studied embryos with conditional inactivation of Lhx1 activity in epiblast derivatives, which, in contrast to completely null embryos, develop normally through gastrulation before manifesting a head truncation phenotype. Initially, PGCs are localized properly to the definitive endoderm of the posterior gut in the conditional mutant embryos, but they depart from the embryonic gut prematurely. The early exit of PGCs from the gut is accompanied by the failure to maintain a strong expression of Ifitm1 in the mesoderm enveloping the gut, which may mediate the repulsive activity that facilitates the retention of PGCs in the hindgut during early organogenesis. Lhx1 therefore may influence the localization of PGCs by modulating Ifitm1‐mediated repulsive activity. Developmental Dynamics 239:2851–2859, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Focal hypoxia of the obstructed rabbit bladder wall correlates with intermediate decompensation

We showed that partial obstruction of the rabbit bladder outlet caused decreases in detrusor blood flow that were directly proportional to the level of decompensation present. Bladder decompensation is characterized by decreases in detrusor contractility, mitochondrial function, and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) activity in obstructed rabbits. The current study was designed to create bladder decompensation and to relate its characteristic dysfunctions to the presence or absence of hypoxia in the obstructed rabbit bladder wall. Tissue hypoxia was visualized immunohistochemically after administration of a hypoxia probe in vivo.
Dialectical argumentation to solve conflicts in advice giving: a case study in the promotion of healthy nutrition

Conflict situations do not only arise from misunderstandings, erroneous perceptions, partial knowledge, false beliefs, etc., but also from differences in “opinions” and in the different agents' value systems. It is not always possible, and maybe not even desirable, to “solve” this kind of conflict, as the sources are subjective. The communicating agents can, however, use knowledge of the opponent's preferences, to try and convince the partner of a point of view which they wish to promote. To deal with these situations requires an argumentative capacity, able to handle not only “demonstrative” arguments but also “dialectic” ones, which may not necessarily be based on rationality and valid premises. This paper presents a formalization of a theory of informal argumentation, focused on techniques to change attitudes of the interlocutor, in the domain of health promotion.
Co-Circulation of Toscana Virus and Punique Virus in Northern Tunisia: A Microneutralisation-Based Seroprevalence Study

Background In northern Tunisia, the co-circulation of two related sand fly-borne phleboviruses, Toscana virus (TOSV) and Punique virus (PUNV) was previously demonstrated. In contrast to TOSV, a prominent human pathogen, there is no data supporting that PUNV is capable to infect and cause disease to humans. We studied the respective involvement of TOSV and PUNV in human infections in northern Tunisia through a seroprevalence study. Methods The presence of TOSV and PUNV neutralising antibodies (NT-Ab) was tested in human sera collected from 5 districts of the governorate of Bizerte, and the titres of NT-Ab were estimated by microneutralisation (MN) assay. Principal Findings A total of 1,273 sera were processed. TOSV and PUNV NT-Ab were detected in 522 (41%) and 111 sera (8.72%) respectively. TOSV seroprevalence varied from 17.2% to 59.4% depending on the district. Analysis of TOSV geometric mean titre values demonstrated a constant increase according to the age. The vast majority of sera containing NT-Ab were found to be more reactive toward TOSV than PUNV. Indeed, past infections with PUNV and TOSV were undisputable for 5 and 414 sera, respectively. Conclusions PUNV may be capable to infect humans but at a low rate. TOSV is responsible for the vast majority of human infections by sand fly-borne phleboviruses in northern Tunisia. TOSV must be considered by physician and tested in diagnostic laboratories for patients with meningitis and unexplained fever in northern Tunisia.
The Media as an Investigative Resource in Murder Enquiries

This article examines how the police seek to use the media in an instrumental fashion, as an investigative resource in murder enquiries. The majority of murders are comparatively easy for the police to solve. There are however, a small number of particularly serious and difficult to solve murders and it is during investigations into these types of crime that the police may employ a range of tactics to use the media as part of their wider investigative strategy. A discussion of police media strategies is provided and decisions about their strategic deployment are linked to the structural concerns of the police and media organizations.
Fast track surgery versus conventional recovery strategies for colorectal surgery.

BACKGROUND In recent years the Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) postoperative pathway in (ileo-)colorectal surgery, aiming at improving perioperative care and decreasing postoperative complications, has become more common. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effectiveness and safety of the ERAS multimodal strategy, compared to conventional care after (ileo-)colorectal surgery. The primary research question was whether ERAS protocols lead to less morbidity and secondary whether length of stay was reduced. SEARCH STRATEGY To answer the research question we entered search strings containing keywords like "fast track", "colorectal and surgery" and "enhanced recovery" into major databases. We also hand searched references in identified reviews concerning ERAS. SELECTION CRITERIA We included published randomised clinical trials, in any language, comparing ERAS to conventional treatment in patients with (ileo-) colorectal disease requiring a resection. RCT's including at least 7 ERAS items in the ERAS group and no more than 2 in the conventional arm were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data of included trials were independently extracted by the reviewers. Analyses were performed using "REVMAN 5.0. 22". Data were pooled and rate differences as well as weighted mean differences with their 95% confidence intervals were calculated using either fixed or random effects models, depending on heterogeneity (I(2)). MAIN RESULTS 4 RCTs were included and analysed. Methodological quality of included studies was considered low, when scored according to GRADE methodology. Total numbers of inclusion were limited. The trials included in primary analysis reported 237 patients, (119 ERAS vs 118 conventional). Baseline characteristics were comparable. The primary outcome measure, complications, showed a significant risk reduction for all complications (RR 0.50; 95% CI 0.35 to 0.72). This difference was not due to reduction in major complications. Length of hospital stay was significantly reduced in the ERAS group (MD -2.94 days; 95% CI -3.69 to -2.19), and readmission rates were equal in both groups. Other outcome parameters were unsuitable for meta-analysis, but seemed to favour ERAS. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The quantity and especially quality of data are low. Analysis shows a reduction in overall complications, but major complications were not reduced. Length of stay was reduced significantly. We state that ERAS seems safe, but the quality of trials and lack of sufficient other outcome parameters do not justify implementation of ERAS as the standard of care. Within ERAS protocols included, no answer regarding the role for minimally invasive surgery (i.e. laparoscopy) was found. Furthermore, protocol compliance within ERAS programs has not been investigated, while this seems a known problem in the field. Therefore, more specific and large RCT's are needed.
Cognitive Themes Emerging from Air Photo Interpretation Texts Published to 1960

Remotely sensed images are important sources of information for a range of spatial problems. Air photo interpretation emerged as a discipline in response to the need to develop a systematic method for analysis of reconnaissance photographs during World War I. Remote sensing research has focused on the development of automated methods of image analysis, shifting focus away from human interpretation processes. However, automated methods are far from perfect and human interpretation remains an important component of image analysis. One important source of information concerning human image interpretation process is textual guides written within the discipline. These early texts put more emphasis than more recent texts, on the details of the interpretation process, the role of the human in the process, and the cognitive skills involved. In the research reported here, we use content analysis to evaluate the discussion of air photo interpretation in historical texts published between 1922 and 1960. Results indicate that texts from this period emphasized the documentation of relationships between perceptual cues and images features of common interest while reasoning skill and knowledge were discussed less so. The results of this analysis provide a framework of expert image skills needed to perform image interpretation tasks. The framework is useful for informing the design of semi-automated tools for performing analysis.
Fabrication, optimization and application of complementary Multiple-Gate Tunneling FETs

We present fabrication, optimization and application aspects of complementary Multiple-Gate Tunneling FETs (MuGTFETs). Tunneling FETs are implemented in a MuGFET technology for the first time. N- and p-type tunneling currents are observed within a single device structure. Digital and analog device performance is analyzed. Measured devices show low on currents in the tens of nA regime due to not optimized doping profiles. However, promising analog characteristics are obtained with intrinsic gain of more than 300 for 65 nm channel length devices. The scaling potential of multi-gate tunneling FETs is proven by measurements and device simulations that reveal a low dependence of the device characteristics on the channel length. The devices feature low temperature dependence and competitive matching behavior. A new voltage reference circuit is proposed as potential application for the MuGTFET.
Novel hybrid DRAM/MRAM design for reducing power of high performance mobile CPU

This paper presents novel DRAM/MRAM hybrid memory design that enables effective power reduction for high performance mobile CPU. Power reduction by about 60% of SRAM-based cache while application is running can be achieved with D-MRAM-based cache memory in CPU. This result is attributable to both novel D-MRAM memory design and lowest programming energy, 0.09pJ, of advanced p-MTJ with ultra-high speed write and low power write (3ns, 50uA).
Fusion of Perceptual Cues using Covariance Estimation

The paradigm of perceptual fusion provides robust solutions to computer vision problems. By combining the outputs of multiple vision modules, the assumptions and constraints of each module are factored out to result in a more robust system overall. The integration of different modules can be regarded as a form of data fusion. To this end, we propose a framework for fusing different information sources through estimation of covariance from observations. The framework is demonstrated in a face and 3D pose tracking system that fuses similarity-to-prototypes measures and skin colour to track head pose and face position. The use of data fusion through covariance introduces constraints that allow the tracker to robustly estimate head pose and track face position simultaneously.
Optimization of TCP Over Wireless Networks

As mobile devices are popular portals for internet users; they have some basic design limitations of the TCP having congestion control mechanism. But in mobile wireless networks, non congestion related packet losses due to varying signal power inherent with mobility and handover between base-stations are dominant. Due to the misinterpretation of such non congestion related packet losses optimum performance is compromised. This paper provides an overview of the challenges and suggests optimization techniques for TCP in wireless network environments. The consequence is a wireless enhancement scheme for TCP called Congestion Coherence. By several investigations and statistical analysis, we identified that the performance degradation of wireless TCP is mainly due to the timeout resulting from frequent packet losses. This scheme determines the cause of packet loss by using the sequential coherence of packet marking, it uses three-level ECN signals to detect congestion loss and to reduce number of timeouts established on the perception that congestion neither happens nor disappears abruptly. Simulations show that the performance and efficiency of this technique is better than the existing techniques. Index Term-ECN, TCP, ECN-Echo