Effects of perceived discrimination: rejection and identification as two distinct pathways and their associated effects

ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . v VITA. vi LIST OF TABLES. x LIST OF FIGURES . xi CHAPTER 1 . 1 CHAPTER 2 . 7 Importance in Perceiving Discrimination. 7 Theoretical Consequences to Perceiving Discrimination. 10 Reasons why perceiving discrimination might adversely affect self-worth. 10 Reasons why perceiving discrimination might positively affect self-worth. 12 Evidence for Competing Processes . 13 The Multifaceted Relationship Between Perceived Discrimination and Personal Well-Being. 13 Correlational approach. 15 Known-groups approach. 16 Experimental approach. 17 The Rejection-Identification Model . 18 Description of the RIM. 18 Continued Support for the RIM. 20 Theoretically Driven Changes to the RIM: A Newer Understanding . 23 Removal of the direct path between perceived discrimination and personal wellbeing. The original conception of the RIM and the model updated by Leonardelli and Tormala (2003) both specify a direct, negative path between perceived discrimination and personal well-being . 23 Relationship between personal well-being and collective well-being. 23 Overview of the Current Study. 24 CHAPTER 3 . 26 Participants . 28 viii Procedure. 29 College-based samples. 29 Community-based samples . 30 Measures. 30 Paper and Pencil Questionnaires. 30 Stereotypes about White-Europeans – Stereotypes . 31 Stigma Consciousness Questionnaire SCQ . 31 Ethnic Identification Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM). 32 Ethnic Identification Acculturation Index – Revised (AI-R) . 33 Self-Construal Scale. 34 Dispositionism/Situationism. 35 Perceived Discrimination. 35 Global Personal Self-Esteem – Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory (RSES). 36 Collective Self-Esteem Scale (CSES). 36 Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS). 38 Debriefing . 39 Informed Consent. 39 CHAPTER 4 . 40 Preliminary Analyses. 40 Data preparation. 40 Comparison of Instrument Means . 42 Interactions Between Culture, Sample and Gender. 50 Intercorrelations Among Measured Variables. 52 The Rejection-Identification Model . 54 The Mediational Roles of Ethnic Identification and Public Collective Self-Esteem Between Perceived Discrimination and Private Collective Self Worth . 55 . 58 Fit of Different Rejection-Identification Model Iterations on the Full Sample. 59 Null Model Test . 60 Original RIM Model Test . 61 RIM with Public Collective Self Esteem as a Mediator Model Test. 62 RIM-Altered Model Test . 62 Fit of the RIM-Altered Model to African-Americans and Asian-Americans Samples, Separately . 72 Fit of the RIM-Altered Model to College and Community Samples, Separately . 72 Fit of the RIM-Altered Model to Females and Males, Separately . 73 Fit of Alternative Models Proposed in Literature. 74 CHAPTER 5 . 77 Rejection and Identification: A Tale of Two Distinct Effects to Perceived Discrimination . 77 ix Rejection: The Negative Effects of Perceived Discrimination. 77 Perceived Discrimination on Collective Well-Being. 77 Perceived Discrimination on Personal Well-Being . 79 Identification: The Indirect Positive Effects of Perceived Discrimination. 80 Dissimilarities Between Asian Americans and African Americans. 82 Limitations and Caveats . 85 Implications of Research and Directions for Future Research . 87 Concluding Remarks: The Blind Men and the Elephant. 89 LIST OF REFERENCES. 91 APPENDICES . 101 APPENDIX A – Stereotypes of Whites as Racist . 102 APPENDIX B – Stigma Consciousness . 103 APPENDIX C – Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure . 104 APPENDIX D – Acculturation Index. 106 APPENDIX E – Self-Construal Scale . 107 APPENDIX F – SID Scale . 109 APPENDIX G – Measures of Perceived Discrimination . 111 APPENDIX H – Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. 114 APPENDIX I – Collective Self-Esteem Scale. 115 APPENDIX J – Positive and Negative Affect Scale . 116 APPENDIX K – Debriefing Form. 117 APPENDIX L – Consent Form. 118 APPENDIX M – Demographic Form.