Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Preliminary Findings and Codebook for the Australian Tax System - Fair or Not Survey

The Australian Tax System Fair or Not Survey (ATSFONS 2002) was designed as a follow-up survey to the Community Hopes, Fears and Actions Survey (CHFAS 2000) conducted in 2000. The ATSFONS 2002 was sent to all those who had returned CHFAS 2000 questionnaires, to a sample of those who had not replied to the CHFAS 2000 and who had not made contact with us, and to a new random sample of Australian citizens. The purpose of sending the ATSFONS 2002 to these three different groups was to enable us to check the representativeness of the sample. Results of these comparisons are presented in this paper and show some biases. The sample underestimates younger age groups and the never marrieds; over-represents professionals and managerial groups and under-represents clerical, trades and transport/production groups; and over-represents those who are more favourably disposed to the tax system and tax authority. None are considered dramatic enough to undermine the usefulness of the data for detecting relationships among major variables of interest. Also presented in this working paper are some key findings relating to attitude and behaviour change over the first 18 months of the GST. In addition to presenting the codebook for the ATSFONS 2002 which gives a frequency breakdown for every question in the survey for the panel sample, the paper introduces the reader to some new variables measured in the ATSFONS 2002 that tap into reactions to the GST, views on different methods of taxation, the community’s tax morale, and finally, trust in the Tax Office compared with other institutions.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteasomal ATPase Mpa has a β‐grasp domain that hinders docking with the proteasome core protease

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has a proteasome system that is essential for its ability to cause lethal infections in mice. A key component of the system is the proteasomal adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) Mpa, which captures, unfolds, and translocates protein substrates into the Mtb proteasome core particle for degradation. Here, we report the crystal structures of near full‐length hexameric Mtb Mpa in apo and ADP‐bound forms. Surprisingly, the structures revealed a ubiquitin‐like β‐grasp domain that precedes the proteasome‐activating carboxyl terminus. This domain, which was only found in bacterial proteasomal ATPases, buries the carboxyl terminus of each protomer in the central channel of the hexamer and hinders the interaction of Mpa with the proteasome core protease. Thus, our work reveals the structure of a bacterial proteasomal ATPase in the hexameric form, and the structure finally explains why Mpa is unable to stimulate robust protein degradation in vitro in the absence of other, yet‐to‐be‐identified co‐factors.
ILP-based scheme for low power scheduling and resource binding

In this paper, we present an ILP based scheme for high-level synthesis for low power applications. Specifically, we present (i) an ILP-based model for latency constrained scheduling that minimizes the number of resources, the peak power consumption and peak area, and (ii) a LP-based model for resource binding that minimizes the amount of switching at the input of the functional units. The ILP based scheduler is very flexible since it allows the relative importance of the three objectives (number of resources, peak power, peak area) to be determined by user-defined weighting factors. The LP-based method for resource binding consists of creating a multistage graph with m stages (corresponding to m cycles in the schedule) and n nodes per stage (corresponding to n functional units of the same type) and finding n disjoint paths such that the total cost (corresponding to the switching activity) of these paths is minimum.
The Role of Two F-Box Proteins, SLEEPY1 and SNEEZY, in Arabidopsis Gibberellin Signaling1[C][W][OA]

The SLEEPY1 (SLY1) F-box gene is a positive regulator of gibberellin (GA) signaling in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Loss of SLY1 results in GA-insensitive phenotypes including dwarfism, reduced fertility, delayed flowering, and increased seed dormancy. These sly1 phenotypes are partially rescued by overexpression of the SLY1 homolog SNEEZY (SNE)/SLY2, suggesting that SNE can functionally replace SLY1. GA responses are repressed by DELLA family proteins. GA relieves DELLA repression when the SCFSLY1 (for Skp1, Cullin, F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligase ubiquitinates DELLA protein, thereby targeting it for proteolysis. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments using constitutively expressed 35S:hemagglutinin (HA)-SLY1 and 35S:HA-SNE translational fusions in the sly1-10 background suggest that SNE can function similarly to SLY1 in GA signaling. Like HA-SLY1, HA-SNE interacted with the CULLIN1 subunit of the SCF complex, and this interaction required the F-box domain. Like HA-SLY1, HA-SNE coimmunoprecipitated with the DELLA REPRESSOR OF GA1-3 (RGA), and this interaction required the SLY1 or SNE carboxyl-terminal domain. Whereas HA-SLY1 overexpression resulted in a decrease in both DELLA RGA and RGA-LIKE2 (RGL2) protein levels, HA-SNE caused a decrease in DELLA RGA but not in RGL2 levels. This suggests that one reason HA-SLY1 is able to effect a stronger rescue of sly1-10 phenotypes than HA-SNE is because SLY1 regulates a broader spectrum of DELLA proteins. The FLAG-SLY1 fusion protein was found to coimmunoprecipitate with the GA receptor HA-GA-INSENSITIVE DWARF1b (GID1b), supporting the model that SLY1 regulates DELLA through interaction with the DELLA-GA-GID1 complex.
Inkjet-printed flexible organic thin-film thermoelectric devices based on p- and n-type poly(metal 1,1,2,2-ethenetetrathiolate)s/polymer composites through ball-milling

In this article, we put forward a simple method for the synthesis of thermoelectric (TE) composite materials. Both n- and p-type composites were obtained by ball-milling the insoluble and infusible metal coordination polymers with other polymer solutions. The particle size, film morphology and composition were characterized by dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The TE properties of the drop-cast composite film were measured at different temperatures. An inkjet-printed flexible device was fabricated and the output voltage and short-circuit current at various hot-side temperatures (Thot) and temperature gradients (ΔT) were tested. The composite material not only highly maintained the TE properties of the pristine material but also greatly improved its processability. This method can be extended to other insoluble and infusible TE materials for solution-processed flexible TE devices.
The Impact of Corporate Governance on Firm Performance in Commercial Banks of Bangladesh

In the era of globalization and MNCs, the issue of governance has become the central of corporate culture which works as a key influential factor in global capitalism. Corporate governance (CG) is defined as a system of rules, practices and processes by which a company is directed and controlled. The main objective of this study is to explore the impact of corporate governance on firm performance in Bangladesh. Research on CG primarily investigated different CG principles. The study incorporates four CG principles such as rights of shareholders, role of stakeholders in CG, Disclosure and transparency and the responsibilities of board directors based on the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Principles and Bangladesh Bank (BB) revised principles of Corporate Governance. The firm performance was assessed by measuring financial performance based on return on assets (ROA). Data were obtained from 22 listed banks on the Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) to measure corporate governance principles and firm performance. Subjective data was collected from the top management of the respected banks. The companies with 10 years operational background were selected randomly for this study. The data were analyzed using different statistical tools by the help of STATA. The result of the statistical analysis shows the effects of corporate governance concept, CG principles, obstacles that affect CG and enablers that affect CG, on firm performance. This study further supports the argument that when firm implement good corporate governance principles, it experiences improved firm performance, i.e., financial performance. This study, with its emphasis on developing a corporate governance model, makes a significant contribution to the body of knowledge on corporate governance in emerging economies like Bangladesh.
Leveraging microblogging big data with a modified density-based clustering approach for event awareness and topic ranking

Although diverse groups argue about the potential and true value benefits from social-media big data, there is no doubt that the era of big data exploitation has begun, driving the development of novel data-centric applications. Big data is notable not only because of its size, but also because of the complexity caused by its relationality to other data. In the past, owing to the limited possibilities of accessing big data, few data sources were available to allow researchers to develop advanced data-driven applications, such as monitoring of emerging real-world events. In fact, social media is greatly impacting the growth of big data; and big data is providing enterprises with the data to help them understand how to better detect marketing demands. Microblogging is a social network service capable of aggregating messages to explore facts and unknown knowledge. Nowadays, people often attempt to search for trending news and hot topics in real time from microblogging messages to satisfy their information needs. Under such a circumstance, a real demand is to find a way to allow users to organize a large number of microblogging messages into understandable events. In this work, we attempt to tackle such challenges by developing an online text-stream clustering approach using a modified density-based clustering model with collected microblogging big data. The system kernel combines three technical components, including a dynamic term weighting scheme, a neighbourhood generation algorithm and an online density-based clustering technique. After acquiring detected event topics by the system, our system provides functions for recommending top-priority event information to assist people to effectively organize emerging event data through the developed topic ranking algorithm.
Expressed genome molecular signatures of heart failure

Abstract Traditional gene expression studies typically focus on one or a few genes of interest. An important limitation of single-gene studies is that they present a portrait of disease that is essentially static. However, disease is a dynamic process, driven by a combination of genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. Recently, genomic technologies have permitted better characterization of the dynamic aspect of disease progression. Genome-wide expression profiles of cardiovascular diseases, heart failure in particular, using microarrays have been published and are providing new insights into this complex disease. Tissue biopsies required for traditional microarray studies, however, are often invasive and not readily available. By contrast, blood samples are relatively non-invasive and are readily available. In a number of recent studies, blood cells appear to be a viable substitute for tissue biopsy. Blood cells have the ability to mirror the body's tissues and organs in health and disease; thus, we hypothesize that blood cells can indicate at the molecular level the presence of disease. Here we review microarray gene expression profiling of blood RNA for a number of different diseases. Sieving through gene expression molecular signatures has identified groups of genes characteristic of each and has identified biomarkers associated with specific diseases.
Performance of Farm Level Vs Area Level Crop Insurance

This study investigated the performance of Actual Production History (APH), a farm level crop insurance plan, vis- a-vis Area Yield Production (AYP), an area level crop insurance, as a farm risk management tool. We estimated actuarially fair premiums and trigger probabilities under both plans using a two-step hierarchical Bayes small area estimator. Certainty equivalent revenues based on a risk averse utility function were derived under three insurance choice scenario (APH, AYP, no insurance) with and without actual Federal subsidies. Finally, we derived the performance of each alternative plan with regards to the other following a pair-wise comparison of certainty equivalent revenues. Results suggest that unobserved factors other than basis risk and farmers risk preference drive preferences for crop insurance contracts. Acknowledgement :
Interactions between hot Jupiters and their host stars

A young hot Jupiter might have been tidally inflated beyond its Roche radius when its orbit was being circularized. This scenario has the potential to explain a couple of solid or tentative observations such as a pile-up of hot Jupiters around 0.04-0.05 AU, the mass-period correlation of transiting planets, as well as the existence of hot Neptunes. Other scenarios such as tidal dissipation in a planet-host star as well as the magnetic interaction will be also discussed. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Asymmetrical allocation of JAK1 mRNA during spermatogonial stem cell division in Xenopus laevis

During Xenopus spermatogenesis, each primary spermatogonium (PG), the largest single cell in the testis, undergoes mitotic divisions with a concomitant decrease in size to produce smaller differentiating spermatogonia. The spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) occur in this PG population. Taking advantage of identifiable and isolatable properties of Xenopus SSCs, we examined JAK1 gene expression during the spermatogenesis because there have been reports on the important role of JAK/STAT pathway in regulating the status of SSCs in Drosophila and mouse. Surprisingly, in situ hybridization revealed the presence of JAK1 mRNA in the differentiating spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes as well as some PGs. Inhibition of JAK1 activity in the testis caused a decrease in percentage of BrdU‐incorporating spermatogonia, suggesting that JAK1 was at least involved in regulation of spermatogonial proliferation. Interestingly, single cell reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) clearly showed two different types of SSCs: SSCs with JAK1 mRNA (JAK1+) or without JAK1 mRNA (JAK1−). Since JAK1− SSC level was increased by induction of testis regeneration, self‐renewing SSCs were thought to be JAK1−. In addition, we found barrel‐shaped PGs, in which JAK1 mRNA was localized asymmetrically to one half of the cell. The stainability with propidium iodide and morphology of two nuclei in the barrel‐shaped PG were similar to those of PG nucleus. Based on the above observations, we propose the hypothesis that JAK1+ SSC is preparing for production of PGs destined to differentiate (destined PGs) and the accumulated JAK1 mRNA in the SSC is distributed exclusively into the destined PGs through mitotic division.
Carbon source induces growth of stationary phase yeast cells, independent of carbon source metabolism

Nutrients regulate the proliferation of many eukaryotic cells: in the absence of sufficient nutrients vegetatively growing cells will enter stationary (G0 like) phase; in the presence of sufficient nutrients non‐proliferative cells will begin growth. Previously we have shown that glucose is the critical nutrient which stimulates a variety of growth‐related events in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Granot and Snyder, 1991). This paper describes six new aspects of the induction of cell growth events by nutrients in S. cerevisiae. First, all carbon sources tested, both fermentable and non‐fermentable, induce growth‐related events in stationary phase cells, suggesting that the carbon source is the critical nutrient which stimulates growth. Second, the continuous presence of glucose is not necessary for the induction of growth events, but rather a short ‘pulse’ of glucose followed by an incubation period in water will induce growth events. Third, growth stimulation by glucose occurs in the absence of the SNF3 high affinity glucose transporter. Fourth, growth stimulation occurs independent of carbon source phosphorylation and carbon source metabolism. Fifth, growth induction by carbon source does not require protein synthesis or extracellular calcium. Sixth, following stimulation by carbon source, the cells remain induced for more than 2 h after removal of the carbon source. We suggest a general model in which different carbon sources act as signals to induce the earliest growth events during or following its entry into the cell and that these growth events do not depend upon metabolism of the carbon source.
Divergence Compensatory Optical Flow Method for Blood Velocimetry.

Detailed blood velocity map in the vascular system can be obtained by applying the optical flow method (OFM) in processing fluoroscopic digital subtracted catheter angiographic images; however, there are still challenges with the accuracy of this method. In the present study, a divergence compensatory optical flow method (DC-OFM), in which a nonzero divergence of velocity is assumed due to the finite resolution of the image, was explored and applied to the digital subtraction angiography (DSA) images of blood flow. The objective of this study is to examine the applicability and evaluate the accuracy of DC-OFM in assessing the blood flow velocity in vessels. First, an Oseen vortex flow was simulated on the standard particle image to generate an image pair. Then, the DC-OFM was applied on the particle image pair to recover the velocity field for validation. Second, DSA images of intracranial arteries were used to examine the accuracy of the current method. For each set of images, the first image is the in vivo DSA image, and the second image is generated by superimposing a given flow field. The recovered velocity map by DC-OFM agrees well with the exact velocity for both the particle images and the angiographic images. In comparison with the traditional OFM, the present method can provide more accurate velocity estimation. The accuracy of the velocity estimation can also be improved by implementing preprocess techniques including image intensification, Gaussian filtering, and "image-shift. "
A comparison of snRNP-associated Sm-autoantigens: human N, rat N and human B/B'

N is a tissue-specific, Sm-epitope bearing, snRNP-associated protein found predominantly in brain. The cDNA sequence encoding human N is compared to those for rat N and human B/B'. The amino acid sequences of human and rat N are 100% conserved. Although the amino acid sequences of N and B/B' are very similar to each other, B/B' contains 50 amino acids which are not present in N. On Northern blots the cDNAs encoding N and B/B' recognize two different RNA species. A comparison of the codon usage, as specified by the open reading frames of N and B/B' as well as results from Southern blots, show that N and B/B' are derived from different genes.
Fourier transform infrared analysis of Tamra Bhasma at different levels: A preliminary study

Introduction:Tamra Bhasma, one among the herbo-metallic preparations is extensively used in Ayurveda for different conditions. To make it safe to use, Tamra has to pass through a set of classical pharmaceutical procedures including a series of quenching in prescribed liquids, followed by incineration with black sulfide of mercury and herbal juice of Citrus jambhiri Lush. and corm of Amorphophallus campanulatus Linn. FTIR profiles of Tamra Bhasma at different levels is not available. Aim: To evaluate the chemical changes in Tamra Bhasma at different steps by following Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.Materials and Methods: In current study, raw Tamra, intermediate samples obtained during purification, incineration and Amritikarana were analyzed using FTIR. Results: It was observed that Shodhana procedure leads in the formation of bonds between surface particles of Tamra and Shodhana media. These formed bonds on the surface of Shodhita Tamra samples gave various sharp peaks representing presence of many functional groups. Conclusion: The FTIR spectra revealed that both Bhasma samples contained organic compounds probably in the form of a complex with common functional groups like alkyl, methyl, etc., which need further studies for exact characterization of the complexes.
Prenatal development of fibrous (white matter), protoplasmic (gray matter), and layer I astrocytes in the human cerebral cortex: A Golgi study

The prenatal developmental histories of layer I, fibrous (white matter), and protoplasmic (gray matter) astrocytes have been studied in the human neocortex by the rapid Golgi method. The developmental route followed by each of these astrocytes is a distinct process which evolves from a specific precursor, occurs at a different time, and is linked to a specific event. The differentiation of layer I astrocytes is linked to the neocortex external glial limiting membrane (EGLM), that of fibrous astrocytes to the early white matter vascularization and maturation, and that of protoplasmic astrocytes to the late gray matter ascending vascularization and maturation. At the start of development, three glial precursors are established in the neocortex: 1) original radial neuroectodermal cells with nuclei above the primordial plexiform layer (PPL) by losing their ependymal and retaining their pial attachments become early astrocytes of layer I and EGLM components; 2) neuroectodermal cells with nuclei below the PPL that retain their pial and ependymal attachments become type I radial glial cells which are committed to the guidance of neurons and the early EGLM maintenance; and, 3) neuroectodermal cells that lose their pial but retain their ependymal attachment are transformed into type II radial glial precursors. By progressively losing their ependymal attachment, type II radial glia precursors become freely migrating cells, establish vascular contacts, and differentiate into fibrous astrocytes (and into oligodendrocytes? ) throughout the subplate, developing white matter, and paraventricular regions. After the formation of the gray matter, additional layer I astrocytes are needed for the EGLM late prenatal and postnatal maintenance because type I radial glia cells start to regress and to reabsorb their EGLM endfeet. A late ependyma‐to‐pia migration of glial precursors progressively repopulates layer I with additional astrocytes and establishes the ephemeral subpial granular layer (SGL) of Ranke. From the 15th week of gestation to the time of birth, late astrocytes of layer I lose their EGLM attachments, migrate freely into the maturing gray matter, establish vascular contacts, and differentiate into protoplasmic astrocytes. The protoplasmic astrocytes of the gray matter evolve from transformation of layer I astrocytes rather than from radial glia cells as is generally believed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
University of Rochester WMT 2017 NMT System Submission

We describe the neural machine translation system submitted by the University of Rochester to the Chinese-English language pair for the WMT 2017 news translation task. We applied unsupervised word and subword segmentation techniques and deep learning in order to address (i) the word segmentation problem caused by the lack of delimiters be-tween words and phrases in Chinese and (ii) the morphological and syntactic differences between Chinese and English. We integrated promising recent developments in NMT, including back-translations, language model reranking, subword splitting and minimum risk tuning.