Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of short‐term ethanol treatment on voltage‐dependent calcium channels in kupffer cells

Kupffer cells, the resident hepatic macrophages, are activated by calcium, and several reports indicate that their function (e.g., phagocytosis and cytokine production) is altered by ethanol. We recently found that Kupffer cells contain L‐type voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the effect of short‐term ethanol treatment on voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels in Kupffer cells. Kupffer cells were isolated from rats 2 hr after intragastric administration of ethanol (5 gm/kg intragastrically). Cytosolic free calcium concentration of cultured Kupffer cells was measured with the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator fura‐2. In Kupffer cells isolated from control rats, partial replacement of extracellular Na+ by K+ caused an increase in cytosolic free calcium concentration in a concentration‐dependent manner (halfmaximal effect was observed with 81 mmol/L K+), presumably because of membrane depolarization. Acute ethanol treatment in vivo shifted the concentration‐response curve for K+ to the right (half‐maximal effect was observed with 94 mmol/L K+) and reduced the maximal elevation of cytosolic free calcium concentration by means of K+. Significantly, the dihydropyridine‐type calcium channel agonist BAY K 8644 (1 μmol/L) shifted the concentration‐response curve for K+ to the left in control and ethanol‐treated groups (half‐maximal effect was observed with 61 and 77 mmol/L K+, respectively). Moreover, the dihydropyridine‐type calcium channel blocker nitrendipine (10 μmol/L) prevented the increase in cytosolic free calcium concentration in both groups. When extracellular Ca2+ was omitted from the incubation medium, the increases in cytosolic free calcium concentration due to depolarization were prevented completely. However, direct addition of ethanol to the cell cultures was without effect. Thus these data indicate that short‐term ethanol treatment in vivo reduces the probability that L‐type voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels in Kupffer cells would be open. This phenomenon could be involved in the mechanism of the effect of ethanol on phagocytosis and cytokine production by Kupffer cells. (HEPATOLOGY 1993;18:400–405).
Auditor Reputation Building

type="main" xml:lang="en"> This paper reports the results of an experimental economics study designed to examine reputation building by information verifiers (auditors). The results identify boundary conditions to reputation formation and supply insight into auditors’ incentives to form reputations. Reputations form in all sessions of treatments that supply nearly immediate rewards to participants who adopt reputation equilibrium strategies. In contrast, reputations form in less than half of the sessions of a treatment where participants have to maintain reputation equilibrium strategies for number of periods before the market rewards their effort. The results suggest the immediacy of rewards for adopting reputation strategies is a critical determinant of reputation formation.
Modeling Gender Effects of Pakistan's Trade Liberalization

Abstract This study uses a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model specially constructed for investigating gender dimensions of the effects of trade liberalization in Pakistan in both production and consumption. The model employs various indicators to measure the gendered impacts, including income poverty (Foster-Greer-Thorbecke [FGT] Indices), time poverty (leisure), capability poverty (literacy and infant mortality), and welfare (Equivalent Variation [EV]). The simulation results show that revenue-neutral trade liberalization in Pakistan increased women's employment in unskilled jobs and increased women's real wage income more than men's for all types of labor, but kept the division of labor biased against women. The study finds that Pakistan's trade liberalization adversely affected women in relatively poor households by increasing their workload, deteriorating capabilities, and increasing relative income poverty. However, the effects remained gender neutral or favored women in the richest group of households.
Cold‐active hydrolases producing bacteria from two different sub‐glacial Himalayan lakes

Microorganisms, native to the cold environments have successfully acclimatized their physiological, metabolic, and biological features, exhibiting uniqueness in their enzymes, proteins, and membrane structures. These cold‐active enzymes have immense biotechnological potential. The diversity of culturable bacteria in two different water lakes (the sub‐glacial freshwater and the brackish) of Himalayas was analyzed using SYBR green staining and cultural methods. A total of 140 bacteria were isolated and were grouped as psychrophiles, psychrotrophs, and psychrotolerant organisms, based on their optimal temperature for growth. The amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis using three restriction enzymes facilitated the grouping of these isolates into 96 genotypes at ≥85% polymorphism. Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the bacterial strains from both lakes belonged to Firmicutes, Proteobacteria (α, β, and γ) or Actinobacteria. Screening of the germplasm for the activity of different cold‐active hydrolases such as protease, amylase, xylanase, and cellulase, revealed that about 16 isolates were positive, and exhibiting a wide range of stability at various temperature and pH. Our results suggest that the distinctly different ecosystems of sub‐glacial freshwater and brackish water lakes have diverse groups of bacteria, which can be an excellent source of extracellular hydrolases with a wide range of thermal stability.
Reactive power capability of DFIG based wind turbine around synchronous operating point with two-level and three-level NPC converter

The increasing in wind turbines (WTs) generation system required grid utilities to extend its ability not only to provide active power but also having reactive power capability to fulfill transmission system requirements. The reactive power capability is subject to several limitations which change with the operating point. In doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based WT, a special attention around synchronous operating point is needed since the limitation of maximum junction temperature of switching devices cause a reduction on maximum permissible output current at the rotor side. This paper investigates the reactive power capability of the DFIG with three-level neutral point clamped (NPC) voltage source converter (VSC) and provides a comparison with two-level VSC. The thermal behavior of the converters using semiconductor losses and thermal model are illustrated. Simulation results show that three-level NPC converter increased the maximum permissible rotor current as well as the reactive power capability of the DFIG.
Urban Poverty, Political Participation, and the State: Lima, 1970–1990

"Urban Poverty, Political Participation, and the State" offers an unparalleled longitudinal view of how the urban poor saw themselves and their neighborhoods and how they behaved and organized to provide their neighborhoods with basic goods and services. Grounding research on theoretical notions from Albert Hirschman and an analytical framework from Verba and Nie, Dietz produces findings that hold great interest for comparativists and students of political behavior in general. "
Inside European Financial Instability: Main Causes and Possible Solutions

type="main"> Since 2010, some European countries have been going through a difficult period of economic and financial fragility. The aim of this paper is to review the main causes of European financial instability. Since the analysis reflects an important interconnection between public debt and banking stability, we empirically investigate this interaction through a Granger causality analysis. Testing the possible existence of Granger causal relationships between sovereign debt and banking stability allows us to identify countries in which a sovereign crisis caused a banking crisis and vice versa. Finally, we describe possible solutions in order to exit from the crisis and the economic policy implications.
Growth and Agglomeration

This article presents a model in which growth and geographic agglomeration of economic activities are mutually self-reinforcing processes. Economic agglomeration in one region spurs growth because it reduces the cost of innovation in that region through a pecuniary externality due to transaction costs. Growth fosters agglomeration because, as the sector at the origin of innovation expands, new firms tend to locate close to this sector. Agglomeration implies that all innovation and most production activities take place in the core region. However, as new firms are continuously created in the core, some relocate their production to the periphery.
The relation between tumour lethal doses and the radiosensitivity of tumour cells.

Dose: cure-rate curves for tumours have been calculated from dose: survival curves for single cells, on the assumption that if a tumour is to be cured, every cell in it must be deprived of the ability to continue to reproduce. Host factors have been neglected. A value for the radiosensitivity of the cells in squamous carcinomata of the mouth and skin has been deduced from a dose: cure-rate relation for these tumours. A figure of 134 rads was obtained for the D0 value of the cells; this is similar to the values which have been reported for a number of kinds of mammalian and human cells irradiated in culture and for a strain of leukemic mouse cells irradiated in vivo.
External validation of the prognostic index in acute paraquat poisoning

Objective: Some studies have evaluated the prognostic indicators associated with acute paraquat (PQ) poisoning. In this study, we externally validated the Yamaguchi index, which showed a good prognostic relevance in predicting the outcome of PQ poisoning. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 297 patients was performed. The Yamaguchi index was calculated using the following equation: Eq1 = (K+ × HCO3−)/(Creatinine × 0.088)(mEq/L) against time from PQ ingestion (T). The patients were divided into three groups: group A: Eq1 > 1500 − 399 × log T, group B: 930 − 399 × log T < Eq1 ≤ 1500 − 399 × log T, and group C: Eq1 ≤ 930 − 399 × log T). Results: The overall mortality rate was 65.3% (194 of 297). The mortality rates of the three groups stratified by the Yamaguchi index were 7.1% (2 of 28), 22.4% (15 of 67), and 87.6% (177 of 202). The area under the receiver–operating characteristic curve for predicting mortality from the external validation of the Yamaguchi index was 0.842 (95% confidence interval: 0.795–0.882). Conclusion: The Yamaguchi index is a reliable prognostic factor and could be helpful in predicting mortality due to PQ poisoning.
Uso de Ontologías para Mapear una Arquitectura de Software con su Implementación

Resumen La arquitectura de software de un sistema es un activo importante para una organizacion que desarrolla software. Para maximizar los beneficios que provee una arquitectura, esta debe estar en correspondencia con la implementacion del sistema. En muchos proyectos existe cierta documentacion de la arquitectura, pero sin embargo, la informacion de mapeos entre los elementos de dicha arquitectura y su implementacion en codigo es escasa o inexistente. Este problema trae aparejadas dificultades de entendimiento de los elementos de codigo en relacion a la arquitectura originalmente disenada, lo que repercute negativamente sobre el aseguramiento de la calidad y los esfuerzos de mantenimiento del sistema. Si bien la provision manual de estos mapeos es factible, es una tarea compleja y proclive a errores, particularmente a medida que la implementacion del sistema evoluciona en el tiempo. En este contexto, las tecnicas de alineacion de ontologias se presentan como una alternativa para producir mapeos en forma automatica. Por esta razon, el presente trabajo propone un enfoque automatizado y basado en ontologias para la generacion de mapeos entre la arquitectura de un sistema y su implementacion.
Knowledge structuring to support facet‐based ontology visualization

The huge growth of data on the Web and the requirement of semantic content analysis make the knowledge management and data mining very difficult activities. The knowledge elicitation, codification, and storage need not trivial techniques to improve formal information structuring on the Internet. Ontologies provide conceptualization and processing knowledge, sharing of consolidate understanding, reusing of domain knowledge codification for many Web applications. Manual construction of a domain‐specific ontology is an intensive and time‐consuming process, which requires an accurate domain expertise, because of structural and logical difficulties in the definition of concepts, as well as conceivable relationships. At the same time, the ontology visualization process requires similar endeavors to support ontology management, exploration, and browsing. This work describes an automatic method for ontology design from the content analysis of Web resources. The approach exploits a fuzzy extension of formal concept analysis model for structuring the elicited knowledge, viz. concepts and relations embedded in the resources content. Final result is an effective ontology visualization through a navigable, facet‐based view of the built ontology across the extracted concepts and their own population. Furthermore, the approach proposes a simple labeling of ontology concepts through a sketched and intuitive process. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Centrographic Technique for Market Clustering: An Analysis for Rural Markets of Purba Medinipur District of West Bengal

Abstract: Market clustering is one of the important techniques for identifying economic zone of any part of the world. In linear extension pattern the markets may join with each other which cause the development of small economic agglomeration zone of the district. Within a cluster the markets are interdependent upon each other which create increase volume of trade and transformation of rural markets into an urban agglomeration zones may occur in future. Purba Medinipur district of West Bengal, the study area encompasses twenty five CD blocks within which 58 rural markets have been identified for the present study where the rural markets maintain a meaningful system of economic process.
Risk-Based Electricity Procurement for Large Consumers

In a competitive electricity market, consumers seek strategies to procure their energy needs from different resources (pool, bilateral contracts, and their own generation facilities) at minimum cost while controlling the risk. In this paper, a novel method is proposed to address the electricity procurement problem of large consumers using the concept of information gap decision theory. The method can be used as a tool for assessing the risk levels, considering whether a large consumer is risk-taking or risk-averse regarding its midterm procurement strategies. In the proposed method, procurement decisions are evaluated by means of two criteria. The first criterion is the robustness of the decision against experiencing high procurement costs, and the second one is the opportunity of taking advantage of low procurement costs. The pool price is considered an uncertain variable, and it is assumed that the large consumer has an estimate of the prices. In this study, two models of uncertainty are addressed for the pool price based on the concept of weighted mean squared error using a variance-covariance matrix, and the expected procurement cost is modeled using a joint normal probability distribution function. A case study illustrates the working of the proposed technique.
Systematic comparison of various kinds of higher order vector elements for triangles

In this paper, the characteristic and performance of different kinds of 2D triangular interpolatory vector elements are compared systematically and explicitly. Nedelec's functional spaces and Nedelec constraints are discussed, and some important properties of various vector elements are analyzed. The performance of different vector elements is then compared through numerical examples.
Rhetoric, Realism and Benefit‐Sharing

“This is the real ghaap of the natives, who use it as a substitute for food and water. The sweet sap reminds one of licorice and when on one occasion thirst compelled me to follow the example of my Hottentot guide, it saved further suffering and removed the pangs of hunger so efficiently that I could not eat anything for a day after having reached the camp. ” Marloth (1855–1931)
The role of electrotherapy in contemporary physiotherapy practice.

Although electrotherapy has a well established role within physiotherapy practice, the current concepts that influence its application vary considerably from those proposed historically. It is argued that there is a place for electrophysical modalities in contemporary practice, and several basic principles are considered together with more specific information regarding two modalities namely, ultrasound and interferential therapy. Electrophysical agents are utilised to bring about physiological effects, and it is these changes which bring about the therapeutic benefit rather than the modality itself. Clinical decision protocols employing the available evidence should enable the most appropriate modality to be employed for a particular patient. Indiscriminate use of electrotherapy is unlikely to yield significant benefit, however used at the right time, it has the potential to achieve beneficial effect. The patient management programme which combines manual therapy, exercise therapy and electrotherapy, based on current evidence, should enable the most efficacious management of a patients' dysfunction. This paper aims to consider some of the current concepts in electrotherapy and to relate this to both general and specific treatments.
On Housing Services

Abstract The paper reconsiders the theoretical motivation for studying the housing market by means of the concept “housing services. ” The analysis uses a model of consumer behavior that takes into full account the heterogeneity of housing. An assumption about the hedonic price function allows the researcher to define a scalar indicator of housing quality, that can be interpreted as the quantity of housing services available at a constant price per unit if a second assumption about the hedonic price function is made. The central result can be considered as an extension of Hicks' composite commodity theorem to cases in which expenditure on a bundle of characteristics is a nonlinear function of the quantities of these characteristics. The assumptions needed for aggregation impose testable restrictions on the hedonic price function, and a procedure for testing their validity is proposed. The basis of this approach is an econometric method for estimating functions with discrete explanatory variables without imposing assumptions about their functional form. This allows one to test the validity of the aggregation conditions essentially without joint assumptions. The method is applied on the basis of data for the two largest Dutch cities. The conditions for a constant price per unit of housing services are violated. Aggregation of bundles of housing characteristics into a scalar measure, which may alternatively be inter_preted as a quantity of housing services available at a varying price per unit, appears to be possible for the data used. However, the concept housing services loses much of its convenience if it cannot be used in combination with a constant price per unit.
A Single‐Period Assortment Optimization Model

This paper studies a single‐period assortment optimization problem with unequal cost parameters. The consumer choice process is characterized by a Multinomial Logit (MNL) model. When the store traffic is a continuous random variable, we explicitly derive the structure of the optimal assortment. Our approach is to use a comprehensive measure–profit rate to evaluate the profitability of each variant and then determine which product should be offered. We demonstrate that the optimal assortment contains the few items that have the highest profit rate. When the store traffic is discrete, the optimal solution is difficult to obtain. We propose a “profit rate” heuristic, which is inspired by the result for the case of continuous store traffic. In a special case with equal cost parameters and normal demand distribution, the profit rate heuristic is indeed optimal. Using randomly generated data, we test the effectiveness of the heuristic and find that the average percentage error is less than 0.1% and that the hit rate is above 90%. Our research provides managerial insights on assortment planning and accentuates the importance of measuring the profitability of each product when the demand is random and cannibalization among different products exists.
Achieving full functional coverage for the forwarding unit of pipelined processors

Generic instruction based testing methods do not always give good fault coverage for the complex units like Forwarding unit. Hence it becomes important to carefully craft the test which are best for different parts of these units. In this paper we have identified two different test generation methods for different sections of the forwarding unit, namely muxes and comparators which offers better coverage independently: template based test instruction generation and test instruction generation from constrained test vectors. A wrapper designed using the functional constraints of the forwarding unit, is used for test generation. Both methods combined delivers fault coverage of 97.33%. A detailed analysis of the non-detected faults revealed the fact that they cannot be tested using the instruction set of the processor (MIPS 5-stage pipelined processor). This proves that the proposed method achieved 100% functional coverage for stuck-at faults in the forwarding unit.
The factor structure of clinical symptoms in mixed and manic episodes prior to and after antipsychotic treatment.

BACKGROUND While the factor structure of clinical symptoms in schizophrenia has been examined and provided crucial information about the illness, there is much less information available in bipolar disorder. This study examined the structure of symptoms of bipolar disorder at an unmedicated baseline assessment and after double-blind treatment with ziprasidone, haloperidol, or placebo. We hypothesized, consistent with recent studies of schizophrenia, that the factor structure after treatment would be similar to the structure of untreated symptoms at study baseline. METHODS Hospitalized patients with manic (n = 363) or mixed (n = 71) bipolar episodes were rated with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and the Mania Rating Scale [(MRS); derived from the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia - Change Bipolar Scale]. After 21 days of double-blind treatment, all patients were again rated with the MRS and HAM-D. RESULTS Exploratory orthogonal factor analysis (varimax rotation) including both HAM-D total scores and the MRS items found different five-factor solutions for mixed and manic patients at the unmedicated baseline assessment. Confirmatory modeling indicated that these models, with some modifications, fit the data well. At the endpoint, however, a single-factor solution was found for mixed and manic groups. IMPLICATIONS Symptomatology in bipolar disorder is multifactorial in an acute and unmedicated state, with slightly different factor structures for mixed and manic episodes. Following treatment, a single severity dimension is detected. These results suggest that symptom dimensions in mania may be different from those seen in schizophrenia, where different elements of symptoms have been proven to have different functional correlates and treatment response.