Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Differential in Earnings Premia Between Academically and Vocationally Trained Males in the United Kingdom

Individual copy price: £5 The Centre for the Economics of Education is an independent research centre funded by the Department of Education and Employment. The view expressed in this work are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Education and Employment. All errors and omissions remain the authors. Executive Summary This paper estimates the rate of return associated with alternative levels and types of qualification in the United Kingdom. The analysis is restricted to males aged between sixteen and fifty-nine and uses alternative estimation techniques including ordinary least squares, instrumental variables and a Heckman Selection approach. In addition, the work presented here utilises different information sources, both cross sectional (Labour Force Surveys) and longitudinal (National Child Development Study). This is done in an attempt to compare the findings when using alternative information sources which contain markedly different information relating to the personal characteristics of the individuals being analysed. It is found that there is a statistically significant differential in the earnings premium achieved by the academically and vocationally qualified at the every level of qualification within the National Vocational Qualification classification of qualifications. This differential is invariant to the method of estimation and the data source. The differential approximates 5% at National Vocational Qualification Level 1, rising by an additional 5% at each successive level of qualification. This implies that degree holders achieve a 20% premium over those males in possession of vocational qualifications at an equivalent level of qualification attainment (NVQ Level 4). Several reasons are suggested as to why there might exist an earnings differential between the academically and vocationally trained and this is done to highlight possibilities for future research. Specifically, the earnings differential might be attributable to differences in the personal characteristics of the academically and vocationally trained (i.e. at a given level of qualification the academically trained possess a greater level of innate ability compared to their vocational counterparts (as measured by reading and mathematical test scores at the age of seven in the NCDS)); the nature of qualification provision in the United Kingdom resulting in the fact that attitudes towards and the treatment of the academically and vocationally trained is non-comparable in the United Kingdom labour market. Finally, it suggested that the degree of monopsony power possessed by firms that hire either academically or vocationally trained employees accounts for the differential in earnings between the two …
Industrialisation and Macroeconomic Performance in Developing Countries under Alternative Trade Strategies

The role of international trade in industrialization and the impact of foreign trade regime on macroeconomic performance has been a source of lasting controversy over the postwar period. Th is paper analyzes the experience of forty-one less developed countrie s, some of which have followed outward-oriented strategies. Various c riterion are used to distinguish between alternative strategies, and a variety of indicators of industrialization and macro-economic perfo rmance are examined. The find-ings suggest that outward-oriented econ omies have generally performed better than inward-oriented economies. Copyright 1988 by WWZ and Helbing & Lichtenhahn Verlag AG
A new algorithm to automate inductive learning of default theories*

Abstract In inductive learning of a broad concept, an algorithm should be able to distinguish concept examples from exceptions and noisy data. An approach through recursively finding patterns in exceptions turns out to correspond to the problem of learning default theories. Default logic is what humans employ in common-sense reasoning. Therefore, learned default theories are better understood by humans. In this paper, we present new algorithms to learn default theories in the form of non-monotonic logic programs. Experiments reported in this paper show that our algorithms are a significant improvement over traditional approaches based on inductive logic programming. Under consideration for acceptance in TPLP.
Office-Based Photoangiolytic Laser Treatment of Reinke’s Edema

Objective To evaluate the safety, tolerability, and voice outcomes of office-based photoangiolytic laser treatment of Reinke’s edema. Study Design Case series with chart review. Setting Academic medical center. Subjects and Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of patients undergoing office-based laser treatment of endoscopy-proven Reinke’s edema. Safety and tolerability were evaluated by reviewing complications. Voice outcomes were analyzed by comparing pre- and postprocedural acoustic, aerodynamic, and Voice Handicap Index measurements. Complete data sets were not available for all subjects; sample size for each parameter is reported with the corresponding result. Results Nineteen patients met inclusion criteria. There were no minor or major complications. Five procedures were truncated due to patient intolerance. Phonatory frequency range increased (n = 12, P = .003), while percent jitter decreased (n = 12, P = .004). Phonation threshold pressure decreased after treatment (n = 4, P = .049). Voice Handicap Index also decreased (n = 14, P < .001). Conclusion This study represents the largest series of patients undergoing office-based photoangiolytic laser treatment specifically for Reinke’s edema. Our data suggest that this is a safe and effective modality to treat dysphonia associated with Reinke’s edema, although patient intolerance of the procedure may represent a barrier.
Does Inbound Tourism Benefit Developing Countries? A Trade Theoretic Approach

Public policy makers in developing economies are often faced with the question of whether inbound tourism growth plays a catalytic role in the overall economic development. This article challenges the popular assumption, and the implicit assertion within much of the literature, that tourism is an effective vehicle of welfare improvement. It does so by providing a broader theoretic approach for examining tourism within an integrated trade framework.
Host responses in patients with generalized refractory periodontitis.

Although patients with refractory periodontitis have been widely reported, no clear biologic profile of these patients has been noted. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate host responsiveness of a well-defined group of refractory periodontitis patients by determining the effect of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge on monocyte surface receptor density and on the release of inflammatory mediators. Venous blood was obtained from 7 refractory periodontitis, 8 stable periodontal maintenance, and 8 gingivitis patients with no evidence of periodontitis. Mononuclear cells were cultured in either control media or media treated with Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), or Salmonella typhimurium (S. typh) LPS. At 0 and 24 hours supernatants were assayed for prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) and interleukin-1 beta (Il-1 beta) release by ELISA. Using flow cytometry the density of specific monocyte surface receptors were assayed with Mo3e and LeuM3 monoclonal antibodies (mAb); T-cell CD4/CD8 ratios were assayed with OKT-3, OKT-4, and OKT-8 mAb. After 24 hours incubation with Pg or S. typh LPS, the upregulation of the Mo3e receptor was significantly decreased for refractory periodontitis patients (P < 0.05) when compared to gingivitis and to stable maintenance patients. In refractory periodontitis patients the T-cell CD4/CD8 ratio was decreased. Upon stimulation with Pg or S. typh LPS, monocytes from stable maintenance and refractory periodontitis patients released more Il-1 beta (P < 0.05) and PGE2 (P = 0.13 and 0.15) than monocytes from gingivitis subjects. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Remittances in Small Island Developing States

Abstract We examine how remittances relate to the exchange rate, natural disasters and foreign aid focusing on Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Using panel VAR methods, we are able to compensate for both data limitations and endogeneity issues. While remittances respond to innovations in the macroeconomic variables included in the analysis, remittances also have important impacts on these variables. Furthermore, the impact of remittances differs in SIDS economies relative to the set of all developing economies. Remittances appear to depreciate the real exchange in SIDS economies, whereas they appreciate the real exchange rate when a broader sample of economies is considered.
SuPRANO: On the localization of connected vehicles in hostile environments: A Semi-suPervised manifold leaRning technique

In wireless hostile environments such as tunnels, tall buildings, undergrounds and dense vegetation where Global Positioning System (GPS) signals can be unavailable, vehicles are prevented from exchanging accurate positions. Hence critical information may be lost or misled. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes an innovative technique for localization estimation called SuPRANO, a Semi-suPervised manifold leaRning based locAlization algorithm for vehicular NetwOrks. The key innovation in our technique is leverage the theory of semi-supervised learning. Specifically, SuPRANO employs a certain number of well localized vehicles, called leading vehicles, that collect signal measurements from non-localized vehicles (non leading vehicles) to estimate the position of these latter. The resulting technique is naturally realistic and performs very well.
Rethinking TLB designs in virtualized environments: A very large part-of-memory TLB

With increasing deployment of virtual machines for cloud services and server applications, memory address translation overheads in virtualized environments have received great attention. In the radix-4 type of page tables used in x86 architectures, a TLB-miss necessitates up to 24 memory references for one guest to host translation. While dedicated page walk caches and such recent enhancements eliminate many of these memory references, our measurements on the Intel Skylake processors indicate that many programs in virtualized mode of execution still spend hundreds of cycles for translations that do not hit in the TLBs. This paper presents an innovative scheme to reduce the cost of address translations by using a very large Translation Lookaside Buffer that is part of memory, the POM-TLB. In the POM-TLB, only one access is required instead of up to 24 accesses required in commonly used 2D walks with radix-4 type of page tables. Even if many of the 24 accesses may hit in the page walk caches, the aggregated cost of the many hits plus the overhead of occasional misses from page walk caches still exceeds the cost of one access to the POM-TLB. Since the POM-TLB is part of the memory space, TLB entries (as opposed to multiple page table entries) can be cached in large L2 and L3 data caches, yielding significant benefits. Through detailed evaluation running SPEC, PARSEC and graph workloads, we demonstrate that the proposed POM-TLB improves performance by approximately 10% on average. The improvement is more than 16% for 5 of the benchmarks. It is further seen that a POM-TLB of 16MB size can eliminate nearly all TLB misses in 8-core systems.
Buyer Dominated Relationships in a Supply Chain-A Case Study of Four Small-Sized Suppliers

Maria Holmund Is a researcher at the swedish school of economics and buisness administration, Helsigfors, Finland, and Soren Kock is an associate professor at the swedish school of Economics and Business administration, Vasa, Finland, Partnership, Co-operation, and stretegic alliance are among treds that have emerged during the 1990s as outcomes of changes in the economic environment. Supply chain managment, thedynamics and interaction in the relationship between buyers and supplier have received increased attention. The relationship between buyer and suppliers, however, have often been categorised as balanced as the studied compaqnies have been more or less equal in size. In this study we have chosen to analyse supply relationship between a dominating buyer and four small supplier. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the buyer-supplier relationship in order to evaluate their stregth. The focus ha mainly been on the technical planning, knowledge, social and legal economica bonds that have emered over time.in the studies relationship these bonds, when present, have been found in a range from rather weak to strong. Moreover we belive resources needed by the buyer are pre-requisite for maintaining long-term relationslhip. the studied relationship can be regarged as stable and long-lasting as the yongest originated in 1983 and the oldest in 1971. the relationship were established more or less in the same years that small suppliers were founded.
The Development of Corporate Charitable Contributions in the UK: A Stakeholder Analysis

This paper investigates the determinants of corporate charitable donations within a comparative study of corporate behaviour in two time periods, 1989-90 and 1998-99. The analysis is based on a longitudinal data set that includes over 400 UK listed companies. The determinants of corporate charitable donations are explored within a stakeholder model and the relationship between corporate charitable donations and a set of firm and industry variables is estimated using OLS. Particular emphasis is placed on industry effects and the impact of social and environmental stakeholders. The results highlight a significant change in behaviour between 1989-90 and 1998-99 that may reflect a strategic response by corporate decision-makers to external concerns over corporate social responsibility. In the early period corporate charitable donations were substantially determined by profits. However, this relationship has weakened during the 1990s as firms have become increasingly responsive to stakeholder influences. The results for the later period emphasize the increasing importance of corporate visibility, and the development of social and environmental influences on corporate charitable contributions. Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2004.
Genetic algorithm - adaptive crossover based on solution distribution in search space

Genetic algorithms are probabilistic searching techniques that are able to provide results in complicated problems from various IT domains. The generated results depends directly by parameters of genetic algorithms operators (crossover and mutation probability, population size, number of generations, types of chromosomes, fitness function, etc.). In this paper it is proposed an adaptive type of crossover operator, that use both the fitness value of chromosomes involved and also their relative position in the search space relatively to other members of the population. We will demonstrate that, using this type of operator it can be obtain an improvement in terms of algorithm convergence to a global optimum solution.
TERRORISM AND DETERRENCE POLICY WITH TRANSNATIONAL SUPPORT

This study provides an explanation of terrorism by examining interactions between the terrorist group with a minority as a potential pool of recruits and the government supported by a majority. A hawkish deterrence policy makes it more risky for terrorists to launch attacks, but heightens the anti‐government feeling of the terrorist group. In addition, the payoff for the government depends not only on the payoff loss associated with the level of terrorism, but also on the political payoff from the action itself of adopting a hawk policy due to its politicians’ vested interests. We first show that whether the deterrence policy should be ‘hawk to ‘dove is closely dependent on the relationships among the risk associated with terrorism, the anti‐government feeling of the terrorist group, and the political payoff for the government. This study then introduces transnational support enhancing the capability of a terrorist group to intensify its activity and shows that the emergence of transnational support may cause the government to reform its deterrence policy from ‘dove’ toward ‘hawk,’ with terrorism intensified in the society. 1 The authors would like to thank Ryuta R. Kato and an anonymous referee for their helpful comments and suggestions. The authors are responsible for any remaining errors. 2 Corresponding author. Email: kakinaka@iuj.ac. jp.
Absence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae cytadsorption protein P1 in Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae protein P1 were nonreactive with whole-cell or soluble preparations of M. genitalium and M. gallisepticum. However, radioimmunoprecipitation performed with hyperimmune rabbit sera raised against each mycoplasma species indicated antigenic cross-reactivity between M. pneumoniae and M. genitalium.
Price Matching and the Domino Effect in a Retail Gasoline Market

"Using gasoline station price data collected eight times per day for 103 d for 27 stations in Guelph, Ontario, it is found that, consistent with an informal theory of competitive gasoline pricing, stations set prices to match a small number of other stations. However, these matched stations are not necessarily the closest. While retailers frequently respond to price changes within 2 h, many take considerably longer. Finally, while price decreases do ripple across the market like falling dominos, increases propagate across the city based more on geographic location and source of price control than on proximity to leaders of these increases. "("JEL "L13, L40, L81) Copyright (c) 2008 Western Economic Association International.
Economics Perspectives on the Entrepreneurial Decision

Abstract The pervasiveness of the entrepreneurial phenomenon draws scholars’ attention to what determines the decision to become an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurial decisions imply judgemental decisions. Different approaches in economics conceive such judgemental decisions as firm entry, or real investment in the creation of a new business, or making a career choice in favour of a particular type of self-employment. In this paper, the literature on entrepreneurs’ features, motives, and markets is enriched with theoretical and empirical results from industrial organization, financial economics, and labour economics.
A Multiparadigmatic Perspective of Strategy

Research into family businesses has a long history of lacking theoretical underpinnings, especially with respect to strategy. Moreover, the family of the firms in question has frequently been assumed to be Anglo-Saxon, unless the family business of an ethnic minority has been the specific subject of the research. This article broadens the prevailing discourse by studying the strategic affinities of an ethnic family firm in the context of Whittington’s (1993) framework, which proposed four approaches to the study of business strategy. The subject of this study, GOF, is a medium-sized family firm controlled by a South Asian family specializing in the wholesale distribution of ethnic foods and drinks in the UK. The management of this firm believes that its successful firm (of 35 years standing) has never had a strategy. However, a multiparadigmatic examination of the narrative of this family business reveals that there are several ways in which to gain an understanding of business strategy in medium-sized family firms.
Helping other alcoholics in alcoholics anonymous and drinking outcomes: findings from project MATCH.

OBJECTIVE Although Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is the largest mutual-help organization for alcoholics in the world, its specific mechanisms that mobilize and sustain behavior change are poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to examine prospectively the relationship between helping other alcoholics and relapse in the year following treatment for alcohol use disorders. METHOD Data were derived from Project MATCH, a longitudinal prospective investigation of the efficacy of three behavioral treatments for alcohol abuse and dependence. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates were used to calculate probabilities of time to alcohol relapse. To identify the unique value of helping other alcoholics when controlling for the number of AA meetings attended, proportional hazards regressions were conducted to determine whether the likelihood of relapse was lower for those who were helping other alcoholics. RESULTS There were no demographic differences that distinguished participants in regard to involvement in helping other alcoholics, with the exception of age; those who were helping other alcoholics were, on average, 3 years older than those who were not helping alcoholics. Those who were helping were significantly less likely to relapse in the year following treatment, independent of the number of AA meetings attended. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide compelling evidence that recovering alcoholics who help other alcoholics maintain long-term sobriety following formal treatment are themselves better able to maintain their own sobriety. Clinicians who treat persons with substance abuse disorders should encourage their clients to help other recovering alcoholics to stay sober.
Measuring customer value in commercial experiences

Customer value is of importance to all businesses in the search for competitive advantage. To learn about what customers truly appreciate, measuring can be a vital source of information towards an understanding of what creates customer value. Commercial experiences are claimed to be an offering of their own, separate from goods and services. The existing tools and models for measuring customer value do not focus on the elements pointed out as vital for commercial experiences. A case study was performed on customers participating in a high-impact commercial experience to understand what is valuable to the customer. The results were used to develop an approach to measuring customer value specifically for commercial experiences. In the study, questionnaires were designed to find out about customer expectations before the experience compared with customer satisfaction after the experience in search for important factors of customer value. The study achieved a high score indicating a high level of received customer value, reinforcing the selected measurement variables. The approach proposes the development of a measuring tool consisting of 22 elements along with the WOW-impact specifically adapted for measuring customer value in commercial experiences. This is one way of expressing the created experiential quality.
Inference via Message Passing on Partially Labeled Stochastic Block Models

We study the community detection and recovery problem in partially-labeled stochastic block models (SBM). We develop a fast linearized message-passing algorithm to reconstruct labels for SBM (with $n$ nodes, $k$ blocks, $p,q$ intra and inter block connectivity) when $\delta$ proportion of node labels are revealed. The signal-to-noise ratio ${\sf SNR}(n,k,p,q,\delta)$ is shown to characterize the fundamental limitations of inference via local algorithms. On the one hand, when ${\sf SNR}>1$, the linearized message-passing algorithm provides the statistical inference guarantee with mis-classification rate at most $\exp(-({\sf SNR}-1)/2)$, thus interpolating smoothly between strong and weak consistency. This exponential dependence improves upon the known error rate $({\sf SNR}-1)^{-1}$ in the literature on weak recovery. On the other hand, when ${\sf SNR}<1$ (for $k=2$) and ${\sf SNR}<1/4$ (for general growing $k$), we prove that local algorithms suffer an error rate at least $\frac{1}{2} - \sqrt{\delta \cdot {\sf SNR}}$, which is only slightly better than random guess for small $\delta$.