Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Counting simple knots via arithmetic invariants

Knot theory and arithmetic invariant theory are two fields of mathematics that rely on algebraic invariants. We investigate the connections between the two, and give a framework for addressing asymptotic counting questions relating to knots and knot invariants. We study invariants of simple (2q − 1)-knots when q is odd; these include the Alexander module and Blanchfield pairing. In the case that q = 1, simple 1-knots are exactly knots as classically defined. In the high-dimensional cases of q ≥ 3, the theory is different, and simple knots are exactly classified by these algebraic invariants. These invariants connect to arithmetic invariant theory by way of the theory of Seifert matrices, which are related to the Z-orbits of the adjoint representation Sym(2g) of the algebraic group Sp2g. We classify the orbits of this representation over general fields and over Z. These techniques are modeled after those of Bhargava, Gross, and Wood in arithmetic invariant theory, but also have much in common with methods used by Trotter and others in the topological context. We explain how our results fit into this topological context of the Alexander module, Blanchfield pairing, and related invariants. In the final section, we look at how this connection can be used to asymptotically count simple knots and Seifert hypersurfaces ordered by the size of their Alexander polynomial. For knots of genus 1, the theory of binary quadratic forms yields an explicit count for Seifert surfaces. We also conjecture heuristics for the asymptotic number of genus 1 knots. These heuristics imply that most such knots have Alexander polynomial of the form pt + (1− 2p)t+ p where p is a positive prime number. Using sieve methods, we obtain an upper bound for the asymptotic count of such knots that agrees with our heuristics.
Species Diversity, Invasion, and Alternative Community States in Sequentially Assembled Communities

The relationship between resident species diversity and invasion is generally negative in experimental studies but takes various forms in observational studies of natural communities. We hypothesized that stochastic species colonization, which applies to natural communities but not to experimental communities generally assembled through simultaneous species introduction, may lead to nonnegative diversity-invasion relationships via incurring priority effects. To test this hypothesis, we manipulated both resident species diversity and colonization history in sequentially assembled communities of bacterivorous protist species. We found that, despite a significant effect of assembly history on invader abundance, invader abundance decreased with diversity. This result was largely driven by positive selection effects associated with the dominant influence of an invasion-resistant species, which shared the most similar resource use pattern with the invader, and by the overall weak priority effects observed for the resident communities. Increasing species diversity, however, significantly strengthened priority effects, providing the first experimental support for the idea that larger species pools promote alternative community states. We suggest that elucidating mechanisms regulating the strength of priority effects may help in understanding variation in diversity-invasion relationships among natural communities.
Congenital Hyperinsulinism and Cardiomyopathy

We read with great interest the article by Bulbul et al [1] appearing in Volume 29, Issue 3, 2010.They presented a babywith hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia resistant tomedical treatment.Themutation analysis could not been performed in this case, however the disease clearly was due to an ATP-sensitivepotassium (KATP) channel gene mutation (either SUR1 or Kir6.2) in the pancreatic beta cells.The authors hypothesized that both the pancreatic and cardiac KATP channel might be affected. Both of these are structurally similar, though genes encoding these channels are different [2, 3]. It seems unreasonable to carry both cardiac and pancreatic KATPmutations for the presented case. In addition, KATP channel inhibition in cardiac muscle cells will result in dilated cardiomyopathy rather than hypertrophic [4]. Cardiomyopathy and dysrhythmia in this case could not be due to cardiac KATP inhibition for these reasons. I suggest that the cardiac problems resulted from severe hyperinsulinism itself.
Exploring the Music Library Association Mailing List: A Text Mining Approach

Music librarians and people pursuing music librarianship have exchanged emails via the Music Library Association Mailing List (MLA-L) for decades. The list archive is an invaluable resource to discover new insights on music information retrieval from the perspective of the music librarian community. This study analyzes a corpus of 53,648 emails posted on MLA-L from 2000 to 2016 by using text mining and quantitative analysis methods. In addition to descriptive analysis, main topics of discussions and their trends over the years are identified through topic modeling. We also compare messages that stimulated discussions to those that did not. Inspection of semantic topics reveals insights complementary to previous topic analyses of other Music Information Retrieval (MIR) related resources.
A Prospective Study of Pain Experience in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of China

Objectives:To assess pain burden in neonates during their hospitalization in China and thus provide evidence for the necessity of neonatal pain management. Patients and Methods:The Neonatal Facial Coding System was used to evaluate pain in neonates. We prospectively collected data of all painful procedures performed on 108 neonates (term, 62; preterm, 46) recruited from admission to discharge in a neonatal intensive care unit of a university-affiliated hospital in China. Results:We found that during hospitalization each preterm and term neonate was exposed to a median of 100.0 (range, 11 to 544) and 56.5 (range, 12 to 249) painful procedures, respectively. Most of the painful procedures were performed within the first 3 days. Preterm neonates, especially those born at 28 and 29 weeks’ gestational age, experienced more pain than those born at 30 weeks’ gestation or later (P<0.001). Among those painful procedures, tracheal aspiration was the most frequently performed on preterm neonates, and intravenous cannulation was the most common for term neonates. Moreover, tracheal intubations and femoral venous puncture were found to be the most painful. Notably, none of the painful procedures was accompanied by analgesia. Conclusions:Neonates, particularly preterm neonates, were exposed to numerous invasive painful procedures without appropriate analgesia in hospitals in China. The potential long-term impacts of poorly treated pain in neonates call for a change in pediatric practice in China and in countries with similar practices.
Learning with Digital Media : Investigating the Relationship Between Student Citation Networks , Assignment Structures , and Learning Outcomes

Students are comfortable sharing digital content with others, yet the effect of sharing of digital media for learning remains largely unexplored. Building on research in social network analysis and learning analytics, this research explores the use and sharing of digital media in learning activities, analyzing the effects of the design of the learning activities on the resulting networks of students and their cited resources, and exploring relationships between attributes of these citation networks and students’ perceptions of the learning outcomes. Results suggest that the extent to which an assignment is wellstructured and converges towards a single solution positively influences the density and clustering coefficient of the resulting citation network, and that these network measures in turn have a positive influence on students’ perceptions of learning from the assignment.
Specialized Cranial Muscles: How Different Are They from Limb and Abdominal Muscles?

Mammalian skeletal muscle fibers can be classified into functional types by the heavy chain (MyHC) and light chain (MyLC) isoforms of myosin (the primary motor protein) that they contain. Most human skeletal muscle contains fiber types and myosin isoforms I, IIA and IIX. Some highly specialized muscle fibers in human extraocular and jaw-closing muscles express either novel myosins or unusual combinations of isoforms of unknown functional significance. Extrinsic laryngeal muscles may express the extraocular MyHC isoform for rapid contraction and a tonic MyHC isoform for slow tonic contractions. In jaw-closing muscles, fiber phenotypes and myosin expression have been characterized as highly unusual. The jaw-closing muscles of most carnivores and primates have tissue-specific expression of the type IIM or ‘type II masticatory’ MyHC. Human jaw-closing muscles, however, do not contain IIM myosin. Rather, they express myosins typical of developing or cardiac muscle in addition to type I, IIA and IIX myosins, and many of their fibers are hybrids, expressing two or more isoforms. Fiber morphology is also unusual in that the type II fibers are mostly of smaller diameter than type I. By combining physiological and biochemical techniques it is possible to determine the maximum velocity of unloaded shortening (Vo) of an individual skeletal muscle fiber and subsequently determine the type and amount of myosin isoform. When analyzed, some laryngeal fibers shorten at much faster rates than type II fibers from limb and abdominal muscle. Yet some type I fibers in masseter show an opposite trend towards speeds 10-fold slower than type I fibers of limb muscle. These unusual shortening velocities are most probably regulated by MyHC isoforms in laryngeal fibers and by MyLC isoforms in masseter. For the jaw-closing muscles, this finding represents the first case in human muscle of physiological regulation of kinetics by light chains. Together, these results demonstrate that, compared to other skeletal muscles, cranial muscles have a wider repertoire of contractile protein expression and function. Molecular techniques for reverse transcription of mRNA and amplification by polymerase chain reaction have been applied to typing of single fibers isolated from limb muscles, successfully identifying pure type I, IIA and IIX and hybrid type I/IIA and IIA/IIX fibers. This demonstrates the potential for future studies of the regulation of gene expression in jaw-closing and laryngeal muscles, which have such a variety of complex fiber types fitting them for their roles in vivo.
Is CT effective in cases of upper oesophageal fish bone ingestion?

Reported by Debasis Das, SpR Radiology Checked by Gabby May, Clinical Fellow, Manchester Royal Infirmary Guy’s & St Thomas’ Hospitals, London In [patients who are suspected to have fish or chicken bones impacted in the oesophagus] is [computerised tomography better than plain radiography] at [identifying and localising a foreign body]? A 60-year-old man attends the emergency department complaining that a fish bone has got stuck in his throat. Clinical examination rules out impaction within the pharynx so you are concerned that the bone has become impacted …
RETHINKING EPISTEMIC INCENTIVES: HOW PATIENT-CENTERED, OPEN SOURCE DRUG DISCOVERY GENERATES MORE VALUABLE KNOWLEDGE SOONER

Abstract Drug discovery traditionally has occurred behind closed doors in for-profit corporations hoping to develop best-selling medicines that recoup initial research investment, sustain marketing infrastructures, and pass on healthy returns to shareholders. Only corporate Pharma has the man- and purchasing-power to synthesize the thousands of molecules needed to find a new drug and to conduct the clinical trials that will make the drug legal. Against this view, individual physician-scientists have suggested that the promise of applied genomics work calls for a new form of social organization – the open source sharing of molecular probes – in order to speed the generation and understanding of new therapeutics. Recent successes in open source drug discovery show it is possible to produce valuable, empirically adequate, and sustainable collective beliefs without secrecy, proprietary attitudes, initial cooperation from Pharma, or outsized monetary incentives. After reviewing and differentiating these successes, I diagnose the source of this healthy new epistemic strategy.
Development and structure of drought-tolerant leaves of the Mediterranean shrub Capparis spinosa L.

Capparis spinosa (caper), a winter-deciduous perennial shrub, is a consistent floristic element of Mediterranean ecosystems, growing from May to October, i.e. entirely during the prolonged summer drought. The internal architecture of young and fully expanded leaves was studied, along with certain physiological characteristics. Capparis spinosa possesses thick, amphistomatic and homobaric leaves with a multilayered mesophyll. The latter possesses an increased number of photosynthesizing cells per unit leaf surface, a large surface area of mesophyll cells facing intercellular spaces (Smes) and a low percentage of intercellular space per tissue volume. Smes and chlorophyll content attain their maximum values synchronously, slightly before full leaf expansion. Nitrogen investment is also completed before full leaf expansion. The structural features, in combination with the water status, could contribute to enhanced rates of transpiration and photosynthesis under field water shortage conditions.
Neonatal and pediatric intensive care

Objective: A paediatric option for the measurement of VO 2 and VCO 2 (20 to 150 ml/min) has recently been introduced for the adult Deltatrac metabolic monitor (Datex Instrumentarium, Finland) to use in ventilated and spontaneously breathing children. This paper describes a laboratory validation of the paediatric option for ventilated children with regard to the influence of respiratory variables. Design: Respiratory variables were varied within the following ranges: FIO 2 0.21-0.8, FIO2-FEO 2 (DFO2) 0.01 0.05, FECO 2 0.01 0.05, ~r E 3 0 0 6000 ml/min, Va8 3 0 0 m i , RR 10-50/min , Paw 10-60mbar , relative humidity 1007o and 60~ and resulted in 107 test situations. Setting: Gas exchange was simulated by injection of nitrogen and CO2 at a RQ close to 1. Patients or participants: Different situations of paediatric patients ventilated in controlled mode were simulated on a gas injection model. Interventions: Respiratory and metabolic variables were varied independently to result in a range of 8 to 210 ml/min of VO2 and ~rCO:. Measurements and results: Reference measurements were carried out by mass spectrometry and wet gas spirometry. The mean ~zCO/ difference for all tests ranging from 20 ml/min to 210 ml/min was -2.4070 (2SD = + 12070). The respective VO 2 difference was 3.2 o70 (2SD = +_2307o). Measurement agreement for VO2 in neonatal respirator treatment ( 20 -50 ml/min) compared to older children (50-210 ml/min) showed a mean difference of -3.9070 ( 2 S D = _+2607o) versus -2.807o (2SD = ___2007o). The respective differences for VCO 2 were -7.1~ (2SD = +7070) versus +0.40/0 (2SD = _ 10~ The mean difference for VO2 as well as VCO2 indicated a high systematic agreement of both methods. The variability (+_2SD) in VCO 2 measurement is acceptable for all applications. The overall variability in 'r measurement (2SD = +23~ can be reduced by exclusion of all tests with a FECOa and DFO 2 below Correspondence to. " W. Weyland 0.03. This results in a mean difference of -3.2~ (2SD = _+13.7~ Conclusion: Within this limitation the paediatric measurement option seems to introduce a valuable method for clinical application in paediatric intensive care medicine.
Validation d'un nouveau logiciel de simulation tridimensionnel du Multipactor par le calcul et l'expérimentation

Le multipactor est un phenomene parasite qui se produit dans les dispositifs ou l'on transmet une onde hyperfrequence sous vide tels que les tubes electroniques a vide, les cavites resonnantes pour accelerateurs de particules et les circuits micro-ondes a bord des satellites. Il consiste en une avalanche d'electrons mis en mouvement par un champ hyperfrequence. La simulation du multipactor est cruciale dans tout design de structure HF sous vide. Les geometries complexes 3D d'objets imposent de posseder des outils de simulations tridimensionnels pour predire ce phenomene. Le premier travail de cette these a consiste a valider un logiciel de simulation 3D du multipactor, Musicc3D, a la fois par le calcul et l'experimentation. Une etude theorique a une dimension ainsi qu'une simulation 2D eprouvee ont ete realisees et les resultats du logiciel Musicc3D ont ete favorablement confrontes a leurs resultats. Des regles de definition du maillage 3D ont ete etablies pour un bon fonctionnement de la simulation 3D. Toujours pour valider la simulation, l'ensemble des cavites acceleratrices construites par l'IPNO ces dernieres annees a ete simule et favorablement compare aux observations de barrieres de multipactor quand elles existaient. Dans le but d'exploiter les predictions de la simulation 3D, mais aussi de la valider et enfin d'etre capable de qualifier differents materiaux et/ou etats de surfaces, une cavite resonnante equipee de mesures dediees au multipactor a ete construite. Les premiers resultats obtenus avec cette cavite ont ete favorablement compares a la simulation.
In Search of User Features for Identifying Different Inspection Behaviors on Recommended Items

In recent years, research in recommender systems have began focusing on other elements of recommender systems besides accuracy, such as novelty, diversity, and serendipity. Naturally, research in these areas concentrate on providing novel and relevant recommendations. However, when presented with such recommendations, it is important that users actually inspect the unknown, novel items. Encouraging users to inspect such items can be achieved through the system itself, such as building trust or using previews and explaining recommendations. However, in this study, we analyze the users, rather than the system, to find features that are good indicators of the users’ behaviors towards novel items. In order to achieve this, we carry out a user study and observe the user’s interactions with the recommendations. These users are divided into different groups depending on their reactions to recommended items: Explorers and Indifferents. We then search for features in user profiles that can help distinguish the differences between the two groups. Based on the results of independent samples t-tests, we propose that artist, genre, and tag diversity, in addition to widely-distributed listening behaviors across artists, are features that show significant differences in mean values between Explorers and Indifferents. We believe that these features can be utilized to add another layer of personalization to existing recommenders to adjust the novelty of recommendations according to the target user’s group affiliation.
Statistical methods in epidemiology. III. The odds ratio as an approximation to the relative risk.

PURPOSE This paper introduces readers to case-control studies and how to analyse them. Specifically, the odds ratio statistic is discussed. The importance of the odds ratio in epidemiology is that it is used as an approximation to the true relative risk. METHOD Data are presented in the form of 2 x 2 contingency tables, and a method for calculating the odds ratio is presented. An extension to 2 x k tables (where k > 2) is given, as is a graphical method for plotting odds ratios. Confidence intervals based on the Normal approximation are introduced. RESULTS Some properties of the odds ratio statistic are illustrated by taking examples from the author's own teaching experiences. CONCLUSION As long as the odds ratio is not used uncritically as an estimate of the relative risk, it remains an attractive statistic for epidemiologists to calculate.
Changes in hepatitis C virus population in serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in chronically infected patients receiving liver graft from infected donors.

BACKGROUND We have previously studied hepatitis C (HCV)-infected recipients of livers from HCV-infected donors and found that either the donor's strain or the recipient's strain predominate in serum. The current study was undertaken to determine whether these changes are complete and whether they are reflected in the population of virus associated with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODS We analyzed HCV ribonucleic acid from sequential serum and PBMC samples from 11 and 8 patients, respectively. The relatively stable NS5 region was chosen for analysis because it allowed for dependable identification of donor and recipient strains. Viral sequences were analyzed by direct sequencing and by sensitive strain-specific polymerase chain reaction assays. These assays were capable of detecting the minor sequence present at a concentration 1:104-10-7 below that of the major sequence. RESULTS Five patients retained their original infecting strain; the donor strain was detected only transiently. In the remaining six patients, recipient strain was detected for the first few weeks, after which only the donor strain was consistently present. However, in one patient the second nondominant strain was detected from the background of the major strain on a single occasion 8 months after transplantation. All changes in serum were closely paralleled by those occurring in PBMCs. CONCLUSIONS Viral population changes in the setting of liver transplantation from HCV-infected donors to HCV-infected recipients occur simultaneously in PBMCs and serum. The takeover of one strain by another in PBMC- and serum-derived viral populations seemed to be complete and long lasting.
The Anti-inflammatory Protein TSG-6 Regulates Chemokine Function by Inhibiting Chemokine/Glycosaminoglycan Interactions*

TNF-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) is a multifunctional protein secreted in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli by a wide range of cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, and endothelial cells. It has been shown to mediate anti-inflammatory and protective effects when administered in disease models, in part, by reducing neutrophil infiltration. Human TSG-6 inhibits neutrophil migration by binding CXCL8 through its Link module (Link_TSG6) and interfering with the presentation of CXCL8 on cell-surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), an interaction that is vital for the function of many chemokines. TSG-6 was also found to interact with chemokines CXCL11 and CCL5, suggesting the possibility that it may function as a broad specificity chemokine-binding protein, functionally similar to those encoded by viruses. This study was therefore undertaken to explore the ability of TSG-6 to regulate the function of other chemokines. Herein, we demonstrate that Link_TSG6 binds chemokines from both the CXC and CC families, including CXCL4, CXCL12, CCL2, CCL5, CCL7, CCL19, CCL21, and CCL27. We also show that the Link_TSG6-binding sites on chemokines overlap with chemokine GAG-binding sites, and that the affinities of Link_TSG6 for these chemokines (KD values 1–85 nm) broadly correlate with chemokine-GAG affinities. Link_TSG6 also inhibits chemokine presentation on endothelial cells not only through a direct interaction with chemokines but also by binding and therefore masking the availability of GAGs. Along with previous work, these findings suggest that TSG-6 functions as a pluripotent regulator of chemokines by modulating chemokine/GAG interactions, which may be a major mechanism by which TSG-6 produces its anti-inflammatory effects in vivo.