Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Nomothetic Versus Idiographic-Oriented Methods for Making Predictions About Distal Outcomes From Time Series Data

We illustrate the idiographic/nomothetic debate by comparing 3 approaches to using daily self-report data on affect for predicting relationship quality and breakup. The 3 approaches included (a) the first day in the series of daily data; (b) the mean and variability of the daily series; and (c) parameters from dynamic factor analysis, a statistical model that uses all measurement occasions to estimate the structure and dynamics of the data. Our results indicated that data from the first measurement occasion does not provide information about the couples' relationship quality or breakup 1 to 2 years later. The mean and variability of the time series, however, were more informative: females' average positive and negative affect across time was related to relationship quality, whereas males' variability in negative affect across time was predictive of breakup. The dynamic factor analysis, in turn, allowed us to extract information central to the dyadic dynamics. This information proved useful to predict relationship quality but not breakup. The importance of examining intraindividual variability and couple dynamics is highlighted.
Prevalence of Non-Volitional Sex Types and Associated Factors: A National Sample of Young People

Background Non-volitional sex (NVS) in young people continues to be a major public health problem with long-term negative health outcomes. For the first time, the prevalence of different types of NVS and associated factors are compared between young people with same-sex sexual activities and those who have not. Methods We obtained data from 10,401 young women and men (aged 12 to 25 years) who participated in a population study on sexual health, the Netherlands. We calculated and compared the prevalence of six types of NVS between women who had sex with men (yWSM) or women (yWSW), and men who had sex with women (yMSW) or men (yMSM). In sexually experienced participants (n = 5986) logistic regression analyses were applied to assess associations with NVS by assault or penetration. Analyses were weighted to represent the Dutch population. Results The prevalence of NVS ranged from 1% to 61%, depending on type. Prevalence was higher for young women (any: 40.6%) than men (any: 20.4%), and highest for yMSM and yWSW. Prevalence of NVS by assault or penetration was related to a range of socio-demographic, behavioral and social factors, which were largely similar regardless of sex or same-sex-experiences. The NVS perpetrators were in over 70% of cases known to the victim; 1 in 4 cases of NVS by penetration were accompanied by violence. Conclusion A substantial proportion of young people in the Netherlands have experienced NVS. Medical professionals, educators and caregivers should integrate services to continue to address NVS by targeting young people’s multifaceted risk profiles and evidenced based interventions for doing so are needed.
Is “Circling” Behavior in Humans Related to Postural Asymmetry?

In attempting to walk rectilinearly in the absence of visual landmarks, persons will gradually turn in a circle to eventually become lost. The aim of the present study was to provide insights into the possible underlying mechanisms of this behavior. For each subject (N = 15) six trajectories were monitored during blindfolded walking in a large enclosed area to suppress external cues, and ground irregularities that may elicit unexpected changes in direction. There was a substantial variability from trial to trial for a given subject and between subjects who could either veer very early or relatively late. Of the total number of trials, 50% trajectories terminated on the left side, 39% on the right side and 11% were defined as “straight”. For each subject, we established a “turning score” that reflected his/her preferential side of veering. The turning score was found to be unrelated to any evident biomechanical asymmetry or functional dominance (eye, hand…). Posturographic analysis, used to assess if there was a relationship between functional postural asymmetry and veering revealed that the mean position of the center of foot pressure during balance tests was correlated with the turning score. Finally, we established that the mean position of the center of pressure was correlated with perceived verticality assessed by a subjective verticality test. Together, our results suggest that veering is related to a “sense of straight ahead” that could be shaped by vestibular inputs.
The Effect of Real Time Auditory Feedback during Palpation of a Simulated Lumbar Spine in the Education of Physical Therapy Students

Objectives: Health professionals recognize simulation training as a beneficial educational technology. Physical therapy programs are slow to embrace this technology as a high-impact teaching tool, leaving students to learn in a more traditional, subjective manner with minimal objective feedback. Simulation technologies used during student physical therapist (SPT) education have been limited to mobilization and palpation. When learning palpation skills, SPTs rely mainly upon subjective feedback from peers and instructors to verify correct skill performance. Simulation with real time auditory feedback (RAF) as a teaching device may eliminate this bias. We hypothesize that the utilization of real-time audio feedback (RAF) during simulated lumbar spine palpation will improve the speed and accuracy skills of SPTs. Methods: This was a mixed design study. The effect of RAF on palpation speed and accuracy during use of a simulated lumbar spine was examined in 30 SPTs. All were randomly assigned to one of three groups: RAF/tactile feedback training, tactile feedback training, and a control without training. A mixed ANOVA was performed if any interaction effect existed within and among groups. Results: No significant interaction effect was found for actual accuracy (p=0.90), self-perceived accuracy (p=0.30), or speed (p=0.46). Within group difference for actual accuracy was found significant with those training with RAF. (p=0.038) Accuracy for those training with RAF/tactile feedback was 55% higher than those who trained with tactile feedback alone. Conclusion: In this study, SPTs improved their palpation accuracy using RAF and a lumbar spine palpation simulator. Those who received RAF during training outperformed their peers by 55% greater accuracy. These findings support the use of RAF and simulation technology in education to enhance palpation skill development for SPTs.
Sleep architecture as correlate and predictor of symptoms and impairment in inter‐episode bipolar disorder: taking on the challenge of medication effects

This study was designed to clarify the association between inter‐episode bipolar disorder (BD) and sleep architecture. Participants completed a baseline symptom and sleep assessment and, 3 months later, an assessment of symptoms and impairment. The effects of psychiatric medications on sleep architecture were also considered. Participants included 22 adults with BD I or II (inter‐episode) and 22 non‐psychiatric controls. The sleep assessment was conducted at the Sleep and Psychological Disorders Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley. Follow‐up assessments 3 months later were conducted over the phone. Results indicate that, at the sleep assessment, BD participants exhibited greater rapid eye movement sleep (REM) density than control participants with no other group differences in sleep architecture. Sleep architecture was not correlated with concurrent mood symptoms in either group. In the BD group, duration of the first REM period and slow‐wave sleep (SWS) amount were positively correlated with manic symptoms and impairment at 3 months, while REM density was positively correlated with depressive symptoms and impairment at 3 months. The amount of Stage 2 sleep was negatively correlated with manic symptoms and impairment at 3 months. In contrast, for the control group, REM density was negatively correlated with impairment at 3 months. SWS and Stage 2 sleep were not correlated with symptoms or impairment. Study findings suggest that inter‐episode REM sleep, SWS and Stage 2 sleep are correlated with future manic and depressive symptoms and impairment in BD. This is consistent with the proposition that sleep architecture may be a mechanism of illness maintenance in BD.
A Real-Time Face Recognition Approach from Video Sequence using Skin Color Model and Eigenface Method

We present a robust approach for real time face recognition from video sequences. An automatic face detector is employed which uses skin color modeling to detect human face in the video sequence. The presence or absence of face in each region is verified by means of height-width proportion and an eye detector: based on efficient template matching scheme. The obtained face images are then projected onto a feature space, defined by eigenfaces, to produce the biometric template. Recognition is performed by projecting a new image onto the feature spaces spanned by the eigenfaces and then classifying the face by comparing its position in the feature spaces with the positions of known individuals. The proposed system can be used in security purposes and in any visual communication system, such as teleconferencing, human computer interaction etc
Abstracting the Tower of Hanoi

ing the Tower of Hanoi Craig A. Knoblock School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213 cak@cs.cmu. edu Abstract This paper describes an automated approach to generating abstractions for the Tower of Hanoi and analyzes the use of these abstractions for problem solving. The analysis shows that the learned abstractions produce an exponential reduction in the size of the search space. Since few problem solvers actually explore the entire search space, the paper also presents an empirical analysis of the speedup provided by abstraction when a heuristic search is employed. The empirical analysis shows that the bene t of abstraction is largely determined by the portion of the base-level search space explored. Thus, using breadthrst search, which searches the entire space, abstraction provides an exponential reduction in search. However, using a depthrst search, the search reduction is smaller and depends on the amount of backtracking required to solve the problem. Abstractions, 1990This paper describes an automated approach to generating abstractions for the Tower of Hanoi and analyzes the use of these abstractions for problem solving. The analysis shows that the learned abstractions produce an exponential reduction in the size of the search space. Since few problem solvers actually explore the entire search space, the paper also presents an empirical analysis of the speedup provided by abstraction when a heuristic search is employed. The empirical analysis shows that the bene t of abstraction is largely determined by the portion of the base-level search space explored. Thus, using breadthrst search, which searches the entire space, abstraction provides an exponential reduction in search. However, using a depthrst search, the search reduction is smaller and depends on the amount of backtracking required to solve the problem. Abstractions, 1990
The effects of field dependent-independent cognitive style and abrupt rotation of the reference frame on multiple object tracking

The Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) task was initially designed by Pylyshyn and Storm (1988) and has been widely used to study the visual attentional mechanisms people use when viewing dynamic scenes. Previous research has usually used this task to explore participants’ abilities to track multiple moving objects in a static reference frame. But more recently, some researchers have started to investigate observers’ tracking performance in nonstable scenes. However, few studies have explored the effects of field dependent-independent cognitive style on tracking tasks from the point of view of individual differences. Previous research has revealed that field dependent-independent cognitive style affects people’s ways of perceiving and thinking. Field-independent individuals rely on an internal reference frame and tend to perceive objects separately from the background, while field-dependent individuals are more likely to rely on an external reference frame and perceive objects as a whole. We tested the effects of field dependent-independent cognitive style and abrupt rotation of the reference frame on tracking performance in the MOT task. This study included two experiments. Experiment 1 compared performance differences between field-independent individuals and field-dependent individuals in the MOT task. Nineteen participants who scored ≥15 in the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) were classified as the extreme field-independent group, and twenty-three participants who scored ≤11 were classified as extreme field-dependent group. The two groups of participants were required to track 3, 4, or 5 targets in a static reference frame. Experiment 2 explored the tracking differences of the two groups in a nonstable reference frame with four targets. The procedure of Experiment 2 was the same as Experiment 1, except that after the motion of 6s in each trial, the reference frame abruptly changed 0°, 20°, or 40°. Meanwhile, the participants still needed to keep track of the targets. The two experiments found significant differences between field-independent individuals and
Stopping Games in Continuous Time

We study two-player zero-sum stopping games in continuous time and infinite horizon. We prove that the value in randomized stopping times exists as soon as the payo processes are right-continuous. In particular, as opposed to existing literature, we do not assume any conditions on the relations between the payo processes. We also show that both players have simple "-optimal randomized stopping times; namely, randomized stopping times which are small perturbations of non-randomized stopping times.
Asynchronous Real-time Control of a Robotic Arm Using a Brain-computer Interface

A Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) allows for individuals to send commands and messages using an atypical form of communication: brain activity. Currently these devices are used by disabled individuals with afflictions of the motor-neuron system, e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ultimately such systems could prove beneficial to everyone by providing an additional channel of communication and control, and research is currently underway concerning non-medical uses of BCI technologies. One potential benefit of an additional control channel for healthy humans would apply to astronauts, who routinely experience ‘space sickness’ and disorientation during their first few days in a weightless environment. An output channel from the human body that is not dependent on typical motor control, which may be inhibited due to space sickness, is one possible solution to this problem. Here we present a case study involving the use of an EEG based BCI that uses steady-state visual evoked potentials on a healthy individual to asynchronously control a 6-degree of freedom robotic arm through custom software in realtime with high accuracy.
β-Glucan Derived from Aureobasidium pullulans Is Effective for the Prevention of Influenza in Mice

β-(1→3)-D-glucans with β-(1→6)-glycosidic linked branches produced by mushrooms, yeast and fungi are known to be an immune activation agent, and are used in anti-cancer drugs or health-promoting foods. In this report, we demonstrate that oral administration of Aureobasidium pullulans-cultured fluid (AP-CF) enriched with the β-(1→3),(1→6)-D-glucan exhibits efficacy to protect mice infected with a lethal titer of the A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8; H1N1) strain of influenza virus. The survival rate of the mice significantly increased by AP-CF administration after sublethal infection of PR8 virus. The virus titer in the mouse lung homogenates was significantly decreased by AP-CF administration. No significant difference in the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines, and in the population of lymphocytes was observed in the lungs of mice administered with AP-CF. Interestingly, expression level for the mRNA of virus sensors, RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene-I) and MDA5 (melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5) strongly increased at 5 hours after the stimulation of A. pullulans-produced purified β-(1→3),(1→6)-D-glucan (AP-BG) in murine macrophage-derived RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, the replication of PR8 virus was significantly repressed by pre-treatment of AP-BG. These findings suggest the increased expression of virus sensors is effective for the prevention of influenza by the inhibition of viral replication with the administration of AP-CF.
The Theory of Conflict Analysis: A Review of the Approach by Keith W. Hipel & Niall M. Fraser

In the spirit of theoretical pluralism, this chapter critically illustrates an alternative game theoretic approach that extends the Nash equilibrium criterion. It is assumed that players believe in the empathic ability to anticipate other players’ simultaneous and future reactions to their strategic choice. An individual’s best response strategy is deﬁned based on this projection, adding additional stability conditions to strategic choice and increasing the set of potential equilibria beyond pure Nash equilibria. Among other interesting properties the approach can thus explain the occurrence of stable outcomes that are not Nash equilibria, such as the cooperative equilibrium in the Prisoner’s Dilemma, without the necessity to change the game structure. Conﬂict Analysis further enlarges ﬂexibility as the approach requires only an ordinal preference order. As a basis for future academic debates, the assumptions of the Conﬂict Analysis approach are critically analysed and applied to a set of games, demonstrating the approaches advantages and drawbacks.
An Exploration of Assessing, Affecting, and Analyzing Attitudes and Attitude Change through the Use of a Multimedia Survey Instrument

i i Dedication . i i i Acknowledgments. i v Table Of
Divergence in coloration and ecological speciation in the Anolis marmoratus species complex

Adaptive divergence in coloration is expected to produce reproductive isolation in species that use colourful signals in mate choice and species recognition. Indeed, many adaptive radiations are characterized by differentiation in colourful signals, suggesting that divergent selection acting on coloration may be an important component of speciation. Populations in the Anolis marmoratus species complex from the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe display striking divergence in the colour and pattern of adult males that occurs over small geographic distances, suggesting strong divergent selection. Here we test the hypothesis that divergence in coloration results in reduced gene flow among populations. We quantify variation in adult male coloration across a habitat gradient between mesic and xeric habitats, use a multilocus coalescent approach to infer historical demographic parameters of divergence, and examine gene flow and population structure using microsatellite variation. We find that colour variation evolved without geographic isolation and in the face of gene flow, consistent with strong divergent selection and that both ecological and sexual selection are implicated. However, we find no significant differentiation at microsatellite loci across populations, suggesting little reproductive isolation and high levels of contemporary gene exchange. Strong divergent selection on loci affecting coloration probably maintains clinal phenotypic variation despite high gene flow at neutral loci, supporting the notion of a porous genome in which adaptive portions of the genome remain fixed whereas neutral portions are homogenized by gene flow and recombination. We discuss the impact of these findings for studies of colour evolution and ecological speciation.
Matroid decomposition methods for the set maxima problem

The set maxima problem is defined as follows: given a totally ordered universe X and S s 2x, find maxS for all S E S. The set maxima problem is essentially the problem of verifying the optimality of a basis of weighed matroids. As such, it arises in sensitivity analysis and in Karger’s optimization algorithm [9]. Koml6s has conjectured that the minimum spanning tree verification procedure provides a paradigm for solving the set maxima problem with an optimal number of comparisons [13]. In this paper, we generalize Komk’ algorithm to the verification of the optimum basis of a matroid with the max-flow min-cut property. Our result is the first generalization of Koml6s’ approach to a natural and more general
Self-organizing Spectrum Access for Small Cell Networks: A Graphical Game Approach

In this letter, we investigate the problem of self-organizing spectrum access for small cell networks, using a graphical game approach. Compared with existing studies, we take the features of different cell loads and local interference relationship into account. It is proved that the formulated spectrum access game is an exact potential game with the aggregate interference level as the potential function, and Nash equilibrium (NE) of the game corresponds to the global or local optima of the original optimization problem. A lower bound of the achievable aggregate interference level is rigorously derived. Finally, we propose a gateway-assisted best response learning algorithm to converge towards NE of the game. It is shown that the proposed game-theoretic solution converges rapidly and its achievable performance is close to the optimum solution.
Gravitational polarization and the phenomenology of MOND

The modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) has been proposed as an alternative to the dark matter paradigm; the philosophy behind is that there is no dark matter and we witness a violation of the Newtonian law of dynamics. In this paper, we interpret the phenomenology sustaining MOND differently, as resulting from an effect of ‘gravitational polarization’, of some cosmic fluid made of dipole moments, aligned in the gravitational field, and representing a new form of dark matter. We invoke an internal force, of non-gravitational origin, in order to hold together the microscopic constituents of the dipole. The dipolar particles are weakly influenced by the distribution of ordinary matter; they are accelerated not by the gravitational field, but by its gradient or tidal gravitational field.
Monte Carlo study of the phase structure of compact polymer chains

We study the phase behavior of single homopolymers in a simple hydrophobic/hydrophilic off-lattice model with sequence independent local interactions. The specific heat is, not unexpectedly, found to exhibit a pronounced peak well below the collapse temperature, signalling a possible low-temperature phase transition. The system size dependence at this maximum is investigated both with and without the local interactions, using chains with up to 50 monomers. The size dependence is found to be weak. The specific heat itself seems not to diverge. The homopolymer results are compared with those for two nonuniform sequences. Our calculations are performed using the methods of simulated and parallel tempering. The performances of these algorithms are discussed, based on careful tests for a small system.