Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fluxo de potência em redes de distribuição de energia elétrica considerando incertezas

vii Lista de figuras viii Lista de tabelas xi 1. Introducao 16 1.1 Introducao 16 1.2 Motivacao 18 1.3 Uma breve revisao bibliografica 24 1.4 Estrutura do trabalho 30 2. Estatistica e probabilidade 31 2.1 Introducao 31 2.2 Valor medio 31 2.3 Desvio padrao 32 2.4 Probabilidade de um evento ocorrer 32 xviii 2.5 Funcao de distribuicao de probabilidade 33 2.6 Funcao de densidade de probabilidade 34 2.7 Distribuicao normal 36 2.8 Distribuicao lognormal 37 2.9 Procedimento para determinar quais funcoes distribuicao de probabilidade que podem representar os dados de uma medicao 37 2.10 Exemplo de aplicacao do procedimento de ajuste a curvas de carga diarias de potencia ativa 44 3. Estimacao das cargas em redes de distribuicao de energia eletrica 50 3.1 Introducao 50 3.2 Sistemas de distribuicao 50 3.3 Consumidores de energia 51 3.4 Campanha de medicoes para obtencao das curvas de carga 52 4. Fluxo de potencia considerando incertezas 62 4.1 Introducao 62 4.2 Algoritmo de fluxo de potencia deterministico 63 4.3 Simulacao de Monte Carlo 63 4.3.1 Criterio de parada de uma simulacao de Monte Carlo 64 4.4 Modelagem probabilistica da demanda 65 4.4.1 Distribuicao normal 65 4.4.2 Distribuicao lognormal 66 4.5 Modelagem probabilistica da conexao dos usuarios ao sistema de distribuicao . 66 4.6 Algoritmo de fluxo de potencia probabilistico 67
An Ontology of Ontological Engineering

Ontologies have proven its worth for knowledge representation and in the semantic web. Moreover, sharing and/or reuse a common understanding of information about explicit domains among people is among the utmost motive for the development of ontologies. In literature there are numbers of ontologies addressing various domains or disciplines. Ontological engineering is the discipline that deals with development and maintenance of ontologies. Representation of this discipline as an ontology offers the same benefits as the other existent ontologies. With this viewpoint, the present study developed ontology for ontological engineering as means for representing the concepts and their inter relationships in the said discipline. The developed ontology is an outcome of comprehensive review of the studies related to ontological engineering in the literature. The details of the phases in the process of development are presented in the paper. The ontology is evaluated for assessment purposes. It was developed in Protégé 5.0.
Selecting the number and location of sources and receivers for non-linear time-domain inversion

The design of ultrasound scanning systems for breast cancer detection is a challenging task. To decide on the number of transducers and where to place them, several approaches could be followed. A simple and straightforward approach is to compute for several configurations the energy distribution in the region of interest, and treat each receiver as if it is a transmitter. In that case, the assumption is made that the effect a source or a receiver has on the resulting image is on an equal level. This assumption is mainly based on reciprocity; the observation that the response RAB measured by a receiver at the location B and for a transmitter at location A is identical to the response RBA obtained after interchanging the source and receiver. This is true for linear imaging methods, where a source can be interchanged with a receiver without affecting the resulting image. However, for the non-linear imaging method named Contrast Source Inversion, it does matter. In the past we showed that interchanging sources with receivers does affect the image. To test the hypothesis that this is the case for any non-linear inversion method, we also investigated this effect for a completely different imaging method: non-linear time-domain inversion.
Desensitizing glutamate receptors shape excitatory synaptic inputs to tiger salamander retinal ganglion cells

AMPA/kainate (KA) receptors mediate a component of ganglion cell excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). We investigated whether desensitization at these receptors contribute to the shape of transient EPSCs in ON-OFF ganglion cells. Whole-cell, voltage-clamp recordings were made from ganglion cells in the retinal slice or in isolation. EPSCs were evoked by either stimulating the slice with light or puffing K+ at the outer plexiform layer (OPL). The AMPA/KA receptor-mediated component of the EPSCs was isolated by including NMDA receptor antagonists in the bath. Strychnine and picrotoxin blocked inhibitory inputs. In isolated ganglion cells, cyclothiazide (10 microM), which blocks desensitization in non-NMDA receptors, enhanced both the amplitude and the duration of currents evoked by puffs of AMPA or glutamate. EPSCs evoked by K(+)-puffs in the OPL were also enhanced by cyclothiazide (30 microM). When AMPA/KA receptors were blocked with NBQX (10 microM), no enhancement of the EPSCs by cyclothiazide was observed, indicating that cyclothiazide did not act presynaptically. Cyclothiazide also enhanced the amplitude and duration of both the ON and OFF light-evoked (L-) EPSCs recorded in ON-OFF ganglion cells. Current-voltage relationships showed the enhancement was not voltage dependent. When control and enhanced responses where normalized, it was observed that the rate of desensitization of both the ON and OFF L- EPSCs was decreased by cyclothiazide. Cyclothiazide selectively enhanced the AMPA/KA receptor-mediated component of ganglion cells EPSCs, suggesting that desensitization of AMPA/KA receptors shape transient L-EPSCs.
A Statistical Examination of Water Quality in Two Iowa Lakes

Water quality has become and important issue in the state of Iowa as well as across the entire United States. Two Iowa Lakes, Silver Lake and Casey Lake were chosen for study by a team of biologists, chemists, earth scientists and statisticians from the University of Northern Iowa. Our goals are to statistically compare the water quality in the two lakes in each year and examine whether or not each lake has changed, in terms of water quality variables, from 1999 to 2000. In addition, we explore which variables most affect phosphorus levels in each lake in 2000. Lastly, we explore the spatial distribution of phosphorus in the sediment of each lake. Discriminant Analyses and ANCOVA show significant difference between the two lakes in both 1999 and 2000 as well as a change in Silver Lake's water quality data from 1999 to 2000. Regression Analyses show that, in Silver Lake, phosphorus levels increased during the summer of 2000 while they decreased with increasing levels of surface dissolved oxygen and decreased as the water became less clear. The analyses also show that phosphorus levels in Lake Casey decreased as the water became less clear. A significant relationship between phosphorus in the sediment and depth exists in Lake Casey. While a significant 2-dimensional spatial correlation cannot be shown in Silver Lake, spatial analyses do show the existence of a significant 3-dimensional spatial correlation in Lake Casey.
Why Is Out-of-Office Blood Pressure Measurement Needed?: Home Blood Pressure Measurements Will Increasingly Replace Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertension

Over the last decades, 2 main techniques for measuring blood pressure (BP) out of the physician’s office have gained increasing importance in the clinical approach to arterial hypertension, both being supported by recent international hypertension management guidelines.1,2 These techniques are home BP monitoring (HBPM) and 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM). Their diffusion in clinical practice has been favored by a number of factors, including on one side technical progress and wider availability of accurate HBPM and ABPM devices and on the other side the increasing awareness of the limitations of office BP (Table 1). 3,4 Office BP is in fact characterized by a random error affecting casual BP readings and by a systematic error related to the patient’s alerting reaction to the measurement procedure and setting, known as “white coat effect. ”1,3 Both ABPM and HBPM are devoid of these limitations and, thus, provide more stable and reproducible information on BP values,5 which is also of greater prognostic relevance6–21 (Table 2). Furthermore, office BP readings are unable to collect information on BP during a subject’s usual activities and over a long period of time,22 an important limitation in everyday management of hypertensive subjects that can be overcome by out-of-office BP monitoring. View this table: Table 1. Comparison of Main Features of 3 Main Methods of BP Measurement View this table: Table 2. Home BP Measurements and Outcome ABPM was initially confined to specialized hypertension centers because of its relatively high cost, but over the years its availability has steadily increased. HBPM, on the other hand, has been used rather reluctantly by physicians in routine management of hypertensive patients. Although its potential usefulness in clinical practice was acknowledged many years ago,23 its application has been limited until the end of last century by the need to use auscultatory measurements, an approach …
Trajectory bundle estimation For perception-driven planning

When operating in unknown environments, autonomous vehicles must perceive and understand the environment ahead in order to make effective navigation decisions. Long range perception can enable a vehicle to choose actions that take it directly toward its goal, avoiding dead ends. In addition, the perception range is critically important for ensuring the safety of vehicles with constrained dynamics. In general, the faster a vehicle moves, the more constrained its dynamics become due to acceleration limits imposed by its actuators. This means that the speed at which an autonomous agent can safely travel is often governed by its ability to perceive and understand the environment ahead. Overall, perception range is one of the most important factors that determines the performance of an autonomous vehicle. Today, autonomous vehicles tend to rely exclusively on metric representations built using range sensors to plan paths. However, such sensors are limited by their maximum range, field of view, and occluding obstacles in the foreground. Together, these limitations make up what we call the metric sensing horizon of the vehicle. The first two limitations are generally determined by the weight, size, power, and cost budget allocated to sensing. However, range sensors will always be limited by occlusions. If we wish to develop autonomous vehicles that are able to navigate directly toward a goal at high speeds through unknown environments, then we must move beyond the simple range-sensor based techniques. We must develop algorithms that enable autonomous agents to harness knowledge about the structure of the world to interpret additional sensor information (such as appearance information provided by cameras), and make inferences about parts of the world that cannot be directly observed. We develop a new representation based around trajectory bundles, that makes this challenging task more tractable. Rather than attempt to explicitly model the geometry of the world in front of the vehicle (which can be incredibly complex), we reason about the world in terms of what the vehicle can and cannot do. Trajectory bundles are designed to capture an abstract concept such as the command “go straight and then turn towards the right” in a concrete and actionable manner. We employ a library of trajectory bundles to reason about the layout of obstacles in the environment based on which bundles in the library are predicted to be feasible. Trajectory bundles provide a lens through which we can look at
Secreted Variant of Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase from the Intracellular Parasitic Nematode Trichinella spiralis

ABSTRACT The molecular components involved in the survival of the parasitic nematode Trichinella spiralis in an intracellular environment are poorly characterized. Here we demonstrate that infective larvae secrete a nucleoside diphosphate kinase when maintained in vitro. The secreted enzyme forms a phosphohistidine intermediate and shows broad specificity in that it readily accepts γ-phosphate from both ATP and GTP and donates it to all nucleoside and deoxynucleoside diphosphate acceptors tested. The enzyme was partially purified from culture medium by ATP affinity chromatography and identified as a 17-kDa protein by autophosphorylation and reactivity with an antibody to a plant-derived homologue. Secreted nucleoside diphosphate kinases have previously been identified only in prokaryotic organisms, all of them bacterial pathogens. The identification of a secreted variant of this enzyme from a multicellular eukaryote is very unusual and is suggestive of a role in modulating host cell function.
Analytical Correction for Multiple Testing in Admixture Mapping

Admixture mapping, using unrelated individuals from the admixture populations that result from recent mating between members of each parental population, is an efficient approach to localize disease-causing variants that differ in frequency between two or more historically separated populations. Recently, several methods have been proposed to test linkage between a susceptibility gene and a disease locus by using admixture-generated linkage disequilibrium (LD) for each of the genotyped markers. In a genome scan, admixture mapping usually tests 2,000 to 3,000 markers across the genome. Currently, either a very conservative Sidak (or Bonferroni) correction or a very time consuming simulation-based method is used to correct for the multiple tests and evaluate the overall p value. In this report, we propose a computationally efficient analytical approach for correction of the multiple tests and for calculating the overall p value for an admixture genome scan. Except for the Sidak (or Bonferroni) correction, our proposed method is the first analytical approach for correction of the multiple tests and for calculating the overall p value for a genome scan. Our simulation studies show that the proposed method gives correct overall type I error rates for genome scans in all cases, and is much more computationally efficient than simulation-based methods.
Spontaneous Apoptosis and Proliferation in Human Pancreatic Cancer

Several studies have documented the role of programmed cell death in the development and/or progression of cancer. The aims of this study were to analyze (a) the spontaneous apoptosis in human pancreatic duct carcinoma by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end labeling (TUNEL); (b) its correlation with the proliferation rate of the tumor (determined by immunohistochemistry by using monoclonal antibody MIB-1); and (c) the association of apoptotic and mitotic index with the histologic features of the tumor and the outcome of patients. In pancreatic cancer, the apoptotic index (AI) was 4.9 ± 4.8, and the mitotic index (MI) was 1.3 ± 1.0 (mean ± SD). AI was higher in small (< 4 cm) than in large (>4 cm) size primary tumors (p = 0.02) and in undifferentiated as compared with differentiated cancers (p = 0.05). Significantly higher values of MI were detected in advanced as compared with early-stage carcinomas (p = 0.03) and when perineural invasion was present (p = 0.03). No correlation was found between AI and MI. Patients with AI > 2.3 survived significantly less than those with lower AI values (p = 0.03). Mitotic index >0.5 was associated with a worse survival (p = 0.006). These results suggest that in pancreatic cancer, spontaneous apoptosis is present and is more evident in small and undifferentiated tumors. Proliferation is increased in the advanced stage of cancer and seems to be independent of apoptosis. Higher levels of apoptosis and proliferation are negative prognostic indexes.
Novel poly(ethylene glycol) scaffolds crosslinked by hydrolyzable polyrotaxane for cartilage tissue engineering.

Highly porous poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel scaffolds crosslinked with hydrolyzable polyrotaxane for cartilage tissue engineering were prepared by a solvent casting/salt leaching technique. The resultant scaffolds have well interconnected microporous structures ranging from 87 to 90%. Pore sizes ranging from 115.5-220.9 microm appeared to be dependent on the size of the sieved sodium chloride particulates. Moreover, a dense surface skin layer was not found on either side of the scaffold surfaces. Using microscopic Alcian blue staining of the chondrocyte-seeded scaffolds, well adhered cells and newly produced glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were confirmed. Following the initial chondrocyte seeding onto the hydrogel scaffolds, the cell number was significantly increased, reaching 149, 877, and 1228 cells/mg of tissue at 8, 15, and 21 days in culture, respectively. The micrograph shows well adhered and spread chondrocytes in the interior pores and a cartilaginous extracellular matrix with a GAG fraction produced from the chondrocytes. Results suggest that the PEG hydrogel scaffolds crosslinked with the hydrolyzable polyrotaxane are a promising candidate for chondrocyte culture.
Parallel coupled microstrip bandpass filter designed and modeled at 2 GHz

In today's scenario, the complexity, loss, cost and size of system are prime requirements of the end user. This paper shows the design technique, parametric analysis, and simulated and fabricated results of parallel coupled transmission line filter operating at 2 GHz, the most used frequency in wireless systems. Microstrip and Stripline technologies are very common for implementation of bandpass and bandstop filters with required bandwidth up to a 20% with reference to central frequency. Design equations for calculation of coupled line parameters namely, space gap between lines, line widths and lengths are carried out so that analysis and numerical realization of the filter at 2 GHz could be approximated for microwave applications. For analysis, design, modelling and iterative simulations, the electrical specifications were determined as centre frequency of 2 GHz, bandwidth of 400 MHz, minimum attenuation of −20 dB and bandpass ripple of 0.5 dB. The dielectric material chosen to be used for this filter is FR4 having dielectric constant of 4.4 at this operating frequency and bandwidth. Scattering parameters S11 and S12 found after simulations of this filter in CST Microwave Studio are −34 dB and −1.54 dB respectively. The simulated results after insertion of rods inside the filter are achieved as −43 dB for S11 and −1.40 for S12. These results are verified with the measured results for the fabricated parallel coupled Microstrip band pass filter. Electro-mechanically submitting that this compact filter will provide a platform for the future young aspirants design and develop miniaturized filters for the microwave regime.
Predicting Defects in SAP Products: A Replicated Study

Given a large body of code, how do we know where to focus our quality assurance effort? By mining the software’s defect history, we can automatically learn which code features correlated with defects in the past—and leverage these correlations for new predictions: “In the past, high inheritance depth meant high number of defects. Since this new component also has a high inheritance depth, let us test it thoroughly”. Such history-based approaches work best if the new component is similar to the components learned from. But how does learning from history perform for projects with high variability between components? We ran a study on two SAP products involving a wide spectrum of functionality. We found that learning and predicting was accurate at package level, but not at product level. These results suggest that to learn from past defects, one should separate the product into component clusters with similar functionality, and make separate predictions for each cluster. Initial approaches to form such clusters automatically, based on similarity of metrics, showed promising accuracy.
Direct identification of Mycobacterium species in BACTEC 7H12B medium by high-performance liquid chromatography

Primary cultures of mycobacteria grown in BACTEC 7H12B medium (Becton Dickinson and Co., Paramus, N.J.), with and without the addition of oleic acid-albumin-dextrose-catalase (OADC) enrichment (Becton Dickinson and Co., Cockeysville, Md.), were analyzed for their mycolic acid patterns by high-performance liquid chromatography. Of the 126 isolates grown in medium to which OADC was added, 117 (93%) were successfully identified to the species level. The time to identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (n = 65) averaged 19 days, and the average time was 21 days for nontuberculosis mycobacteria (n = 52) from initial specimen processing. None of the 10 isolates cultured without OADC were identified. The mycolic acid patterns were considered reliable for identification if the height of the tallest peak in the chromatogram was at least 50% of the internal standard peak height.
Activation of JNK pathway in spinal astrocytes contributes to acute ultra–low-dose morphine thermal hyperalgesia

Abstract Accumulating evidence suggests that opioid analgesics can lead to paradoxical sensitization to pain when delivered in different administration patterns. Although opioid tolerance–induced hyperalgesia is largely studied, little is known about the mechanisms underlying acute ultra–low-dose morphine hyperalgesia. Activation of spinal glial cells is reported to regulate pain hypersensitivity. To elucidate the mechanism involved in acute ultra–low-dose morphine hyperalgesia, we tested whether an opioid agonist promoted the activation of spinal astrocytes and microglia and investigated the cellular pathways involved. Ultra–low-dose morphine activated spinal astrocytes with no effect on microglia. The astrocyte activation was selectively prevented by the opioid antagonist naloxone, the &mgr;-opioid receptor (MOR) silencing and the JNK inhibitor SP600125. Morphine elevated spinal JNK1, JNK2, and c-Jun phosphorylation. Conversely, phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT-1) was not elevated, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-&kgr;B) levels remained unmodified. Administration of SP600125 and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist MK801 prevented morphine hyperalgesia. Ultra–low-dose morphine increased protein kinase C (PKC) &ggr; phosphorylation. Pretreatment with a PKC inhibitor prevented morphine hyperalgesia and JNK and c-Jun overphosphorylation, indicating PKC is a JNK upstream modulator and illustrating the presence of a pathway involving PKC, NMDA, and JNK activated by morphine. Immunofluorescence experiments indicated the neuronal localization of spinal MOR. However, JNK was not detected in MOR-expressing cells, showing the presence of a neuron–astrocyte signaling pathway. These results illustrate the selective activation of an astrocyte JNK pathway after the stimulation of neuronal MOR, which contributes to ultra–low-dose morphine hyperalgesia.