Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electron microscopic evidence for a cholinergic innervation of GABAergic parvalbumin‐immunoreactive neurons in the rat medial septum

The presence of interconnections between cholinergic and parvalbumin (PARV)‐containing gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic septohippocampal projection neurons is still a matter of debate. To search for contacts of cholinergic collateral axon terminals in the septal‐diagonal band region the immunotoxin 192IgG‐saporin was applied, which was proved to selectively destroy cholinergic basal forebrain neurons. Seven and 10 days after administration of the immunotoxin, choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity had disappeared, and numerous neuronal somata and dendrites as well as axonal terminals revealed characteristics of electron‐lucent degeneration. Electron‐dense degeneration was never observed in dendrites and synaptic boutons. Degenerating terminals were found in contact with PARV‐immunopositive and PARV‐negative neurons. Because only cholinergic cells were degenerating, the terminals should be collaterals from cholinergic neurons. In addition to such contacts, PARV‐immunoreactive boutons were seen in contact with PARV‐positive and PARV‐negative cells, but were not identified at degenerating postsynaptic profiles. As suggested in other studies, cholinergic boutons contacting GABAergic PARV‐containing septal projection cells may influence hippocampal theta activity. Furthermore, multiple synaptic connections of both neuronal populations forming the septohippocampal pathway may contribute to their high rate of survival after fimbria‐fornix transection. J. Neurosci. Res. 54:248–253, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infrastructure Financing and Operation in the Contemporary City

The provision of large economic infrastructure in Australian cities is widely seen to be in crisis. This paper examines the reasons why crisis has arisen in the urban infrastructure sector and what might be done to redress this. The analysis and the argument are based on a resuscitation of the ideas and ideals of infrastructure provision and how these have been eroded. The paper shows how these ideas/ideals once underpinned the formulation of state role, governance and regulation systems, financial arrangements, and even community need and expectation. Critical to this was an acceptance of the ideals of universality, access, bundling and free positive externalities, and the belief that these should be assembled necessarily as part of any urban infrastructure roll-out. This package became instinctive in post-war economic and urban management. Yet this instinct has been lost as governments shift from models of infrastructure provision to infrastructure procurement where a major role for the private sector is now common. While such an involvement has its benefits, there are concerns for the urban condition when privatisation of infrastructure construction, delivery and operation becomes dominant. Citing Graham and Marvin (2001), the paper argues that, where once infrastructure was the key device for integrating the elements of the city and its people, the way it is now being delivered produces a splintered urbanism. There is an urgent need, then, to re-think what infrastructure means in today's urban context and thereafter to re-assess the criteria for deciding what infrastructure is to be provided, in what form it should be provided, who should provide it, who should pay, and who should operate it.
The Impact of Recent Undesirable Life Events on Psychiatric Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence

The timing and number of recent stressful life events occurring in the year before onset of emotional or behavioural disorder was examined in a consecutive sample of children. Overall, events increase the relative risk of psychiatric disorder by 3–6 times. Events occur throughout the 12 months, but tend to cluster in the 16 weeks nearest onset of symptoms. The number of events influences the onset of disorder: cases with multiple events are more likely to have an event within 16 weeks of onset; cases with single events are more likely to have the event 36–52 weeks before onset. Cases whose onset occurs within 4 weeks of an event may have experienced single or multiple events. The results support the concept of additivity of recent stressful events in some cases of emotional and behavioural disorders in childhood.
CREDIBILITY CHALLENGES TO ONLINE DOCTORAL GRADUATES SEEKING FACULTY POSITIONS: A COMMUNITY COLLEGE PERSPECTIVE

The Delphi method was used to survey a group of 52 community college administrators to determine the existence of, and reasons for institutional bias against faculty candidates with online doctorates. The findings suggest that despite concerns about accreditation, face-to-face interaction, academic experience, mentoring, faculty preparation, and diploma mills, community college administrators do not view the online credential as a disadvantage to the candidate in a hiring situation. Although employer approval is typically higher for doctoral graduates of accredited, reputable universities, the administrators in this study indicated that the “total package” of a candidate’s attributes (such as teaching experience, publications, presentations, and demonstrated evidence of professional activity and service) was more important than the source of the doctoral degree in their faculty hiring decisions. The findings imply that those seeking faculty positions with doctoral credentials earned online might stand a better chance of being hired by community colleges than by other types of higher education institutions. They also suggest that online universities could improve the credibility and acceptability of their online doctoral programs by paying more attention to accreditation, reputation, academic socialization, faculty preparation and mentoring.
Diet quality and change in anthropometric measures: 15-year longitudinal study in Australian adults

Evidence from longitudinal studies on the association between diet quality and change in anthropometric measures is scarce. We therefore investigated the relationship between a recently developed food-based dietary index and change in measured BMI and waist circumference (WC) in Australian adults (1992–2007). We used data from the Australian population-based Nambour Skin Cancer Study comprising 1231 adults aged 25–75 years at baseline (1992). We applied generalised estimating equations (GEE) to examine the association between diet quality and change in anthropometric measures. Dietary intake was assessed by an FFQ in 1992, 1996 and 2007. Diet quality was estimated using the dietary guideline index (DGI), developed to reflect the dietary guidelines for Australian adults; a higher score indicating increased compliance. Multivariable models, stratified by sex, were adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics. We show that men with higher diet quality had a lower gain in BMI as compared to those with low diet quality during the 15-year follow-up. In a multivariable adjusted model, as compared to men in quartile 1 (reference), those in the highest quartile had the lowest gain in BMI (mean (95 % CI): 0·05 (0·00, 0·09) v. 0·11 (0·06, 0·16) kg/m2 per year, P =0·01). Diet quality was inversely, but non-significantly associated with change in WC. In women, DGI score was unrelated to change in any body measure. Energy underreporting did not explain the lack of association. We conclude that adherence to a high-quality diet according to Australian dietary guidelines leads to lower gain in BMI and WC in middle-aged men, but not in women.
Opportunism and unilateral commitment: the moderating effect of relational capital

Purpose – This paper focuses on the decision by firms to commit and to invest unilaterally. It is concerned with the intriguing question as to whether unilateral commitments are mechanisms that help a firm manage risks in alliance relationships in a proactive manner.Design/methodology/approach – The hypotheses are tested with survey data on 344 alliance relationships of European biotechnology small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). Findings – In this paper it is shown that unilateral commitments have a positive effect on perceived opportunistic behavior. However, the evidence suggests that, by creating a basis for exchange, relational capital moderates the relationship between unilateral commitments and the perception of opportunistic behavior.Research limitations/implications – This research adopts a static perspective. It is known that alliances evolve, and develop. Consequently, future research could extend and modify this study along this dimension and analyze the evolution of unilateral commitments.
Internationalisation and the internet in UK manufacturing SMEs

The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the influence of the internet on the internationalisation process and international customer relationship interactions of UK manufacturing small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The paper is positioned at the interface of the literature on international entrepreneurship and the internet. The paper discusses the findings from multiple case studies of ten UK manufacturing SMEs from a variety of UK sectors, producing high-, medium- and low-tech offerings. In-depth interviews with directors or managers of the SMEs were conducted. Individual and cross-case analysis was carried out using coding frameworks to reduce and analyse the data and capture patterns in the findings. The findings reveal how the influence of the internet in the internationalisation process and international customer relationship interactions differed in the high-, medium-or low-tech SME categories. The influence of the internet differed across three main dimensions: the way in which the SMEs invested in and used different internet applications for internationalisation and customer relationship support, the SMEs' perceptions of the internet as a tool to support communication with international customers; the SMEs' reliance on more personal and interactive forms of contact with international customers. The results demonstrate that the level of technological advancement of an SME's offerings has an important bearing on how these firms adopt the internet in their internationalisation process and gain advantages in their international customer interactions. The managerial implications of the study are relevant for manufacturing SMEs, their customers and government agencies involved with SMEs. This research is amongst the first empirical contributions to examine the themes of the internet, internationalisation and international customer interactions in UK manufacturing SMEs and to highlight the importance of the level of technological advancement of an SME's offerings in distinguishing the ways in which the internet is used by entrepreneurial small firms in their internationalisation process.
Increased Platelet Adhesiveness as a Familial Characteristic

Summary. Two families are described in which many members were shown to have increased platclet adhesiveness, using a modification of the Salzman techniquc. The abnormality appears to be inherited as an autosomal dominant characteristic. In addition, one member of each family had an abnormally low level of plasma factor VIII (AHG) and a moderatcly severe haemorrhagic disorder, while two members of one of the families had factor‐VIII levels at the lower limit of normal. Several individuals showed a mild haemorrhagic disorder, but none had thrombotic manifestations. The significance of these findings and their distinction from those present in von Willebrand's disease is discussed.
Escitalopram oxalate induces apoptosis in U‐87MG cells and autophagy in GBM8401 cells

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is recognized as a most aggressive brain cancer with the worst prognosis and survival time. Owing to the anatomic location of gliomas, surgically removing the tumour is very difficult and avoiding damage to vital brain regions during radiotherapy is impossible. Therefore, therapeutic strategies for malignant glioma must urgently be improved. Recent studies have demonstrated that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have cytotoxic effect on certain cancers. Considering as a more superior SSRI, escitalopram oxalate exhibits favourable tolerability and causes generally mild and temporary adverse events. However, limited information is revealed about the influence of escitalopram oxalate on GBM. Therefore, an attempt was made herein to explore the effects of escitalopram oxalate on GBM. The experimental results revealed that escitalopram oxalate significantly inhibits the proliferation and invasive ability of U‐87MG cells and significantly reduced the expressions of cell cycle inhibitors such as Skp2, P57, P21 and P27. Notably, escitalopram oxalate also induced significant apoptotic cascades in U‐87MG cells and autophagy in GBM8401 cells. An animal study indicated that escitalopram oxalate inhibits the proliferation of xenografted glioblastoma in BALB/c nude mice. These findings implied that escitalopram oxalate may have potential in treatment of glioblastomas.
ASSESSING ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT USING ECONOMIC SURPLUS

This paper outlines the economic surplus approach to economic impact assessment and how it may be applied to natural resource management (NRM) projects. Three challenges confront NRM impact assessment: measurement, attribution, and valuation of non-market impacts. While various methods for non-market valuation have been developed, none has yet been integrated into a market-based economic surplus analysis due to problems of measurement and theoretical consistency. Future research should address those integration problems as well as the effects on valuation of inter-country income differentials.
Periodontitis is associated with angiographically verified coronary artery disease.

INTRODUCTION We investigated the association of periodontitis and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) as verified using coronary angiography. MATERIAL AND METHODS Participants were recruited among those attending coronary angiography at Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland, in 2007 and 2008. Detailed clinical periodontal examination [number of teeth, bleeding on probing, periodontal probing depth (PPD)] and oral panoramic radiographs [alveolar bone loss (ABL), angular bone defects] were performed. RESULTS Of 506 patients, 123 (24.3%) had no significant CAD, whereas 184 (36.4%) had stable CAD and 169 (33.4%) acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Both stable CAD and ACS were associated with 8-17 missing teeth with ORs 4.33 (1.61-11.7, p = 0.020) and 5.24 (1.90-14.5, p = 0.014), and more than seven teeth with PPD ≥6 mm with ORs 2.44 (1.01-6.07, p = 0.049) and 2.75 (1.16-6.53, p = 0.022) respectively. Severe ABL was associated with ACS with an OR 5.39 (1.23-23.6, p = 0.025). Number of stenosed arteries was linearly associated with ABL (p for trend <0.001), number of missing teeth (p < 0.001), and pockets with probing depth ≥6 mm (p = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS Compared with patients with no significant stenosis, poor periodontal health including missing teeth, periodontal inflammation, and bone loss is associated with angiographically verified coronary artery narrowing in patients with stable CAD or ACS.
Comparison of methods to estimate option implied risk-neutral densities

This paper is a comparison study of non-parametric techniques used to estimate risk-neutral densities from option prices. Cross-sectional option prices are first generated using Monte Carlo simulation. Using these simulated options data, risk-neutral densities of the underlying asset are estimated using three different non-parametric methods. The performances of these non-parametric estimation methods are then evaluated by comparing the estimated densities with the theoretical density. Unlike previous comparison studies that use traded options data without knowing the true risk-neutral densities, this study uses simulated option data with known data-generating processes and their corresponding risk-neutral densities, hence giving a real evaluation of the non-parametric estimation methods. This study finds that the kernel regression method yields the best performance, followed by the spline interpolation method and the neural network models.
Thinking afresh about the classification of eating disorders

The DSM-IV scheme for classifying eating disorders1 has certain fundamental flaws. Most prominent among them is the fact that the supposedly “residual” diagnostic category, eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS), is the most common eating disorder encountered in clinical practice: it is more common than the two specified eating disorders, anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). This is firmly established among adults who are outpatients,2–7 and now Rockert et al. have demonstrated that this is true of those attending a tertiary care outpatient center.8 It also seems to be the case in inpatient settings9 and among adolescent cases.10,11 A second problem concerns the utility of the current diagnostic distinctions. Their arbitrariness is immediately apparent when working with patients. This is especially obvious when one follows patients over time as migration between the eating disorder diagnoses is the norm rather than the exception. Many cases of AN evolve into BN12 or EDNOS, and many cases of BN evolve into EDNOS.13,14We suggest that these changes in clinical state do not truly reflect recovery from one psychiatric disorder and the development of another, as the DSM-IV scheme would suggest, but rather the evolution of a single eating disorder. If we were to tell those patients with EDNOS who have a history of AN and BN that they have had three different psychiatric disorders, two of which they have recovered from, they would react with skepticism. Perhaps we, as clinicians, should do the same. With these flaws in mind, we suggest that there is a need to think afresh about the classification of eating disorders. Specifically, we suggest that we need answers to the following two overarching questions: What is an “eating disorder”? What are the grounds for subdividing the overall category eating disorder? In addition, there is the pragmatic question of what to do about the classification of eating disorders while we are seeking answers to these questions.
Failure to maintain long-term adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy: the role of lipodystrophy

In a sample of 277 patients included in the French APROCO cohort study who were initially adherent at follow-up visit 4 months after initiation of a protease inhibitor-containing regimen, 76.4% self-reported at least one lipodystrophy-related symptom and 30.0% failed to maintain adherence behaviour 20 months after enrolment. After multiple adjustment for other related factors, such as younger age, alcohol consumption and poor housing conditions, the number of self-reported lipodystrophy symptoms was independently associated with adherence failure.
Antioxidant and metabolism responses to polyphenol stress in cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa

Three common polyphenol compounds Gallic Acid (GA), Pyrogallic Acid (PA) and Catechol (CA) are known to have allelochemical-exhibiting inhibitory effects on the growth of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa). Metabolism and antioxidant responses in M. aeruginosa were investigated to elucidate the mechanism by which the three polyphenols inhibit algal growth. The inhibition effects of polyphenols were in the order of CA > PA > GA. The GA and CA exposures increased protein contents, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity and soluble sugar, especially for exposure to GA of 25 mg L−1. Soluble sugar content increased significantly especially when exposed to CA for 72 h. When exposed to PA, protein content, and SOD and CAT activities initially increased but over longer treatment time the activities decreased, in contrast to sugar content. Our results suggest that PA exposure for longer periods of time may inhibit catabolism action, while CA exposure could induce more oxide stress than GA or PA. The overall study showed that polyphenol-induced oxidative damage might be responsible for polyphenol inhibition on M. aeruginosa growth. The increases in cellular antioxidant enzymes and soluble sugar may have been to counteract the oxidative stress.
Kif7 is required for the patterning and differentiation of the diaphragm in a model of syndromic congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Significance Human congenital diaphragmatic defects are almost as common as cystic fibrosis, cause neonatal mortality, and often result in multisystem morbidity throughout childhood. Research investigating mechanisms of development is needed to understand the pathogenesis of disease. In this report, we identified a model caused by a mutation in kinesin motor family gene kinesin family member 7. We determined that this gene is required to regulate cell proliferation, patterning, and differentiation in the embryonic diaphragm. We ascertained several functions of retinoid signaling in diaphragm development and gained insight into how perturbations in this signaling network promote the pathogenesis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a common birth defect that results in a high degree of neonatal morbidity and mortality, but its pathological mechanisms are largely unknown. Therefore, we performed a forward genetic screen in mice to identify unique genes, models, and mechanisms of abnormal diaphragm development. We identified a mutant allele of kinesin family member 7 (Kif7), the disorganized diaphragm (dd). Embryos homozygous for the dd allele possess communicating diaphragmatic hernias, central tendon patterning defects, and increased cell proliferation with diaphragmatic tissue hyperplasia. Because the patterning of the central tendon is undescribed, we analyzed the expression of genes regulating tendonogenesis in dd/dd mutant embryos, and we determined that retinoic acid (RA) signaling was misregulautted. To further investigate the role of Kif7 and RA signaling in the development of the embryonic diaphragm, we established primary mesenchymal cultures of WT embryonic day 13.5 diaphragmatic cells. We determined that RA signaling is necessary for the expression of tendon markers as well as the expression of other CDH-associated genes. Knockdown of Kif7, and retinoic acid receptors alpha (Rara), beta (Rarb), and gamma (Rarg) indicated that RA signaling is dependent on these genes to promote tendonogenesis within the embryonic diaphragm. Taken together, our results provide evidence for a model in which inhibition of RA receptor signaling promotes CDH pathogenesis through a complex gene network.
Software experience when using ontologies in a multi‐agent system for automated planning and scheduling

The main aim of this paper is to present the software experience when using multi‐agent systems (MASs) and ontologies in the development of a sample application. In particular, the authors have implemented a MAS for the planning and scheduling of a University Research Group. This MAS, called MASplan, should help group members to find the best possible time frames to hold a meeting and to designate the use of common resources. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.