Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Preliminary Screening of Carbohydrazides and Hydrazones of Pyrrole Derivatives as Potential Tuberculostatics

Summary Five carbohydrazides and 19 hydrazones of carboxylic acids of pyrrole were synthesized as new structural analogs of known tuberculostatics, such as isoniazid (CAS 54-85-3) and its popular hydrazones. The preliminary screening against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) at 6.25 µg/mL in 12B medium using a broth microdilution assay, the Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA) registered higher inhibitory activity within the hydrazones series (up to 68 % inhibition) compared with that of the carbohydrazides (0–34 %). No simple relationship between the activity of a particular hydrazone and that of the parent carbohydrazide, or correlations with the structural features introduced by the carbonyl partner could be observed. So both most active hydrazones diethyl 5-(2-[(2,4-dimethyl-1H-3-pyrrolyl)carbonyl]hydrazonomethyl)-3-methyl-1H-2,4-pyrroledicarboxylate (22, 68 % inhibition) and ethyl 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-1-(2-2-[1-(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylidene]hydrazino-2-oxoethyl)-1H-3-pyrrolecarboxylate (32, 55 %) originated from inactive carbohydrazides (1, 0 % and 7, 10 % respectively); ethyl 1-(2-2-[1-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl) methylidene] hydrazino-2-oxoethyl)-2-methyl-5-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-3-pyrrolecarboxylate (30) showed 0 % inhibition, although derived from a hydrazide with 34 % activity. The condensation of six carbohydrazides with the same carbonyl reagent 5-nitrofurfural yielded hydrazones whose activity covered the wide range of 0–55 % inhibition.
Progressing toward realistic mobility models in VANET simulations

Much progress can be observed in the domain of Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) research looking back at the last decade. It can be seen that studies of vehicular communication protocols in the context of VANETs are typically based on simulation models. This approach has two major prerequisites: First, detailed network simulation of all layers of communication protocols is necessary as provided by a wide variety of tools by the networking community. Secondly, realistic simulation of vehicles' mobility, i.e., an exact modeling of road traffic, is needed to estimate positions and movements of involved components. The contributions of this article are twofold: First, a survey of the evolution of mobility modeling in VANET simulations is provided, outlining the simulation strategies typically used. Secondly, this article investigates how recent advances in bidirectional coupling of road traffic microsimulation and network simulation lead to more realistic results at comparably low computational cost. In conclusion, this article advocates to employ such techniques that are openly available for further studies of new communication protocols and mechanisms in the domain of VANET research.
Novel differentially private mechanisms for graphs

In this paper, we introduce new methods for releasing differentially private graphs. Our techniques are based on a new way to distribute noise among edges weights. More precisely, we rely on the addition of noise whose amplitude is edge-calibrated and optimize the distribution of the privacy budget among subsets of edges. The generic privacy framework that we propose can capture all privacy notions introduced so far in the literature to release graphs in a differentially private manner. Furthermore, experimental results on real datasets show that our methods outperform the standard existing techniques, in particular in terms of the preservation of utility. In addition, these experiments show that our mechanisms guarantee -differential privacy for a reasonable level of privacy , while preserving the spectral information of the input graph.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY USING PROTON ENERGY LOSS

An experiment has been performed to demonstrate the feasibility of proton computed tomography. The proton energy loss was used to measure the projections of the relative stopping power of the phantom. High quality reconstructions were obtained from scans of 19 cm and 30 cm diameter performance phantoms. Comparison with reconstructions from an EMI CT-5005 X-ray scanner showed the proton technique is more dose efficient by a large factor.
Hardware-supported virtualization on ARM

ARM is the dominant processor architecture for mobile devices and many other high-end embedded systems. Late last year ARM announced architectural support for virtualization, which will allow execution of unmodified guest operating system binaries. We have designed and implemented what we believe is the first hypervisor supporting pure virtualization using those hardware extensions and evaluated it on simulated hardware. We describe our approach and report our initial experience with the architecture.
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory FEBMILAB-Pub-85 / 136-A September 1985 TIME VARIATION OF FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS , PRIMORDIAL NUCLEOSYNTHESIS , AND THE SIZE OF EXTRA DIMENSIONS

In theories with extra dimensions, the dependence of fundamental constants on the volume of the compact space allows one to use primordial nucleosynthesis to probe the structure of compact dimensions during the first few minutes after the big bang. Requiring the yield of primordial 4He to be within acceptable limits, we find that in IO-dimensional SuperString models the size of the extra dimensions during primordial nucleosynthesis must have been within 0.5% of their current value, while in Kaluza-Klein models, the extra dimensions must have been within 1% of their current value. 8% O_” . -,~L. ,ll-,. ~-. -111-. D”-I”. -~ “-. ^-:-. l-. I. ~. 1 A remarkable Feature of fundamental constants is that they are, in Fact, constant; At present there is no evidence for variability of fundamental constants, although it must be noted that all limits are implicitly or explicitly model dependent. Almost all discussions of variability have considered only time dependence, and have further assumed that the scale for the time change is set by the cosmological time, Hi', where H o is the Hubble constant (Hi' 9.8 x 10gh-' years; Ho 5 1OOh km s-’ Mpc'). It is also generally assumed that the variation of constants is a power law in cosmological time, which is not generally true in Kaluza-Klein theories. If the relevant time scale is instead the Planck time (t Pl = GA'* = 5.39 k 10-k' set) it is easy to imagine large amplitude oscillations in constants, with the observed values the result of averages over many oscillations. A Further model dependence is the assumption that variation9 of different constants do not conspire to cancel in consideration of any physical effect. For instance, the absorptfon spectra from distant quasars depends upon la2me,mpl; changes in a may conspire to cancel change9 in meImp. Limits obtained by several different methods will depend upon different combinations of constants, and lessen the likelihood of such cosmic conspiracies. It is therefore reasonable to consider variations in the constants to be independent. In Table I we list some limits on I&/a/, assuming changes in a are independent of changes in other constants. Although the best limit on (ii/al comes From the shortest "look-back" time, long look-back times are relevant if Jli/a( does not follow a power-law dependence upon cosmological time. It is useful to know how soon after the bang the Fundamental constants had essentially the values they do today. The earliest reliable limit comes From primordial nucleosynthesis, or about three minutes after the bang.
Mechanical Electrodeposition of Ni-Mn Alloy

Ni-Mn alloy has been prepared on a rotary cylinder cathode by mechanical electrodeposition process. The experimental results showed that the deposited Ni-Mn layers present compact and fine-grained granular microstructure and smooth surface with distinct abrasion marks. The manganese content increased with current density and Mn-sulphamate concentration in solution. The as-deposited Ni-Mn had a tensile strength of over 1,100 MPa. When the manganese content was above 0.4 wt%, the tensile strength of annealed Ni-Mn became higher than the as-deposited one after 2-hour anneal at 250°C. The thermal stability mechanism was discussed by analyzing the dimple fracture appearances.
Astigmatic difference in refractive errors.

NOT infrequently the occasion arises to compare and to report on the refractive errors of a patient over a period of time. On such occasions it is often convenient to quote only the change in refraction and, in cases of spherical ametropia, this presents no difficulty. In cases of compound astigmatism, however, the matter is not so simple and the difficulty is usually circumvented by taking one half of the cylindrical component, adding it to the spherical component, and quoting the mean refractive difference between the prescriptions. This procedure has the virtue of simplicity and may be acceptable where the axes of the cylinders in the two prescriptions are approximately the same. There are instances, however, in which the cylinder axes differ considerably-after operation is the obvious example-and it is of importance to ascertain more precisely the actual difference in the refractive condition of the eye as revealed by the original and final prescription. Suppose for example, that the original prescription was +3 5 D sph. , -1-5 D cyl. , axis 40°, and that after extraction of the crystalline lens it was + 16 D sph. , -4 D cyl. , axis 900. If we transpose these prescriptions, it is apparent that the spherical ametropia has increased by ten dioptres (from +2 to + 12 D) and that the positive astigmatic error has also increased. The amount of the increase, however, cannot be ascertained by simple subtraction, since the cylinder axes differ by 500; that is, they are "crossed" obliquely. It was first pointed out by Stokes (1849) that the resultant of two crossed cylinders can be determined graphically, as in Fig. 1 (opposite), if the dioptricpowersCland C2 are represented by the sides of a parallelogram the diagonal of which represents the cylindrical component CR of the equivalent sphero-cylindrical lens. The spherical component of this equivalent lens is readily found by resolving the components about a direction perpendicular to C R. Since meridians of power are under consideration, it is necessary to represent the angle between the C1 and C2 vectors as 2p, i.e. twice the angle 1B between their axes. Similarly, the direction of the resultant C R iS given by 2a, or twice the angle between the axis of the resultant and that of the component Cl. It is necessary to adopt a convention of signs in order to avoid any ambiguity which might arise in consequence of the change in sign of the trigonometrical ratios of double angles greater than 90'. Although elegant, this graphical procedure may become tedious if more than a few cases are to be dealt with, and it may become more expedient to use established formulae or, indeed, to consult tables such as those prepared by Emsley and Swaine (1946). Such tables
How to Harvest Collective Wisdom on Complex Problems: An Introduction to the MIT Deliberatorium

Humanity now finds itself faced with pressing and highly complex problems – such as climate change, the spread of disease, international and economic security, and so on - that call upon us to bring together large numbers of experts and stakeholders to deliberate collectively on a global scale. Such large-scale deliberations are themselves complex processes, however, with emergent properties that often prevent us from adequately harnessing the community's collective wisdom. Collocated meetings, beside being expensive, are prone to such well-known effects as polarization, power dynamics, and groupthink. Social media (such as email, blogs, wikis, chat rooms, and web forums) enable more concurrent input but still typically generate more heat than light when applied to complex controversial topics. Large-scale argumentation systems represent a promising approach for addressing this important challenge, by virtue of providing a simple systematic structure that radically reduces redundancy and encourages clarity. This paper will describe the efforts we have made to explore this approach, giving an overview of the key underlying concepts, the ways we have translated these concepts into a working system (the MIT Deliberatorium), and the experiences we have had evaluating this system in a range of contexts.
Toll‐Like Receptors in the Progression of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common hereditary cause of chronic kidney disease. The intriguing role of innate immune system and inflammation become a target for potential therapeutic approach to slow progression. When toll‐like receptors (TLRs) signaling and their receptors activate, they start a cascade of intracellular signaling that induces the production of the inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Thus, we aim to investigate the association of TLRs between progression of ADPKD. Ninety ADPKD patients and ninety matched controls were enrolled this prospective study and were followed during 3 years. TLR‐2 and TLR‐4 gene polymorphisms and expressions were measured. Hypertension was diagnosed with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Rapid progression was defined as sustained decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of more than 5 mL/min per 1.73 m2 per year. TLR‐4Asp299Gly polymorphisms were significantly different between patient and control group (P < 0.05). Also, TLR‐2 and TLR‐4 gene expressions were significantly different between the ADPKD patients and the control subjects (P < 0.05). The expression levels of both TLR‐2 and TLR‐4 were found to be higher in the rapid progression groups comparing the slow progression group (P < 0.05). TLR‐2 gene expression, hypertension and uric acid were found to be independent risk factors in identifying rapid progression in ADPKD patients. TLR‐2 and TLR‐4 gene expressions are associated with rapid progression in ADPKD patients. TLRs may play a role in the progression of ADPKD.
Head pose estimation by nonlinear manifold learning

In This work we propose an isomap-based nonlinear alternative to the linear subspace method for manifold representation of view-varying faces. Being interested in user-independent head pose estimation, we extend the isomap model (J.B. Tenenbaum et al., 2000) to be able to map (high-dimensional) input data points which are not in the training data set into the dimensionality-reduced space found by the model. From this representation, a pose parameter map relating the input face samples to view angles is learnt. The proposed method is evaluated on a large database of multi-view face images in comparison to two other recently proposed subspace methods.
Satellite : Observations of the Internet ’ s Stars

Satellite is a methodology, tool chain, and data-set for understanding global trends in website deployment and accessibility using only a single or small number of standard end hosts. Satellite collects information on DNS resolution and resource availability around the Internet by probing the IPv4 address space. These measurements are valuable in their breadth and sustainability they do not require the use of a distributed measurement infrastructure, and therefore can be run at low cost and by more organizations. We demonstrate a clustering procedure which accurately captures the IP footprints of CDN deployments, and then show how this stepping-stone allows for more accurate determination of correct and incorrect IP resolutions. Satellite reveals the prevalence of CDNs by showing that 20% of the top 10,000 Alexa domains are hosted on shared infrastructure, and that CloudFlare alone accounts for nearly 10% of these sites. The same data-set detects 4819 instances of ISP level DNS hijacking in 117 countries.
Nonparametric Function Estimation for Clustered Data When the Predictor is Measured without/with Error

Abstract We consider local polynomial kernel regression with a single covariate for clustered data using estimating equations. We assume that at most m < ∞ observations are available on each cluster. In the case of random regressors, with no measurement error in the predictor, we show that it is generally the best strategy to ignore entirely the correlation structure within each cluster and instead pretend that all observations are independent. In the further special case of longitudinal data on individuals with fixed common observation times, we show that equivalent to the pooled data approach is the strategy of fitting separate nonparametric regressions at each observation time and constructing an optimal weighted average. We also consider what happens when the predictor is measured with error. Using the SIMEX approach to correct for measurement error, we construct an asymptotic theory for both the pooled and the weighted average estimators. Surprisingly, for the same amount of smoothing, the weighted average estimators typically have smaller variances than the pooling strategy. We apply the proposed methods to analysis of the AIDS Costs and Services Utilization Survey.
Iron line variability of discoseismic corrugation modes

Using a fast semi-analytic raytracing code, we study the variability of relativistically broadened Fe–Kα lines due to discoseismic oscillations concentrated in the innermost regions of accretion discs around black holes. The corrugation mode, or c-mode, is of particular interest as its natural frequency corresponds well to the ∼0.1–15 Hz range observed for low-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (LFQPOs) for lower spins. Comparison of the oscillation phase dependent variability and quasi-periodic oscillation-phase stacked Fe–Kα line observations will allow such discoseismic models to be confirmed or ruled out as a source of particular LFQPOs. The spectral range and frequency of the variability of the Fe–Kα line due to c-modes can also potentially be used to constrain the black hole spin if observed with sufficient temporal and spectral resolution.
Incorporating Security Constraints into Mixed-Criticality Real-Time Scheduling

SUMMARY While conventional studies on real-time systems have mostly considered the real-time constraint of real-time systems only, recent research initiatives are trying to incorporate a security constraint into real-time scheduling due to the recognition that the violation of either of two constrains can cause catastrophic losses for humans, the system, and even environment. The focus of most studies, however, is the single-criticality systems, while the security of mixed-criticality systems has received scant attention, even though security is also a critical issue for the design of mixed-criticality systems. In this paper, we address the problem of the information leakage that arises from the shared resources that are used by tasks with di ﬀ erent security-levels of mixed-criticality systems. We deﬁne a new concept of the security constraint employing a pre-ﬂushing mechanism to cleanse the state of shared resources whenever there is a possibility of the information leakage regarding it. Then, we propose a new non-preemptive real-time scheduling algorithm and a schedulability analysis, which incorporate the security constraint for mixed-criticality systems. Our evaluation demonstrated that a large number of real-time tasks can be scheduled without a signiﬁcant performance loss under a new security constraint.
Color adaptation of videos for mobile devices

A large number of recorded videos cannot be viewed on mobile devices (e.g., PDAs or mobile phones) due to inappropriate screen resolutions or color depths of the displays. Recently, automatic transcoding algorithms have been introduced which facilitate the playback of previously recorded videos on new devices. One major challenge of transcoding is the preservation of the semantic content of the videos. Although much work was done on the adaptation of the image resolution, color adaptation of videos has not been addressed in detail before. In this paper, we present a novel color adaptation algorithm for videos which preserves the semantics. In our approach, the color depth of a video is adapted to facilitate the playback of videos on mobile devices which support only a limited number of different colors. We analyze our adaptation approach in the experimental results, visualize adapted keyframes and illustrate, that we obtain a better quality and are able to recognize much more details with our approach.
Selective Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Modulator-Mediated Repression of CD55 Expression Induced by Cytokine Exposure

Modulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) activity by a class of ligands termed selective AHR modulators (SAhRMs) has been demonstrated to attenuate proinflammatory gene expression and signaling, including repression of cytokine-mediated induction of acute-phase genes (e.g., Saa1). These effects are observed to occur through an AHR-dependent mechanism that does not require canonical signaling through dioxin response elements. Previously, we have demonstrated that the SAhRM 3′,4′-dimethoxy-α-naphthoflavone (DiMNF) can repress the cytokine-mediated induction of complement factor genes. Here, we report that the activation of the AHR with DiMNF can suppress cytokine-mediated induction of the membrane complement regulatory protein CD55. When CD55 is expressed on host cells, it facilitates the decay of the complement component 3 (C3) convertase, thereby protecting the cell from complement-mediated lysis. Tumor cells often exhibit elevated CD55 expression on the cell surface in the inflammatory microenvironment of the tumor, and such enhanced expression could represent a means of escaping immune surveillance. DiMNF can repress the cytokine-mediated induction of CD55 mRNA and protein. Luciferase reporter analysis has identified possible response elements on the CD55 promoter, which may be targets for this repression. A C3 deposition assay with [125I]C3 revealed that repression of cytokine-mediated CD55 expression by DiMNF led to an increase of C3 deposition on the surface of Huh7 cells, which would likely stimulate the formation of the membrane attack complex. These results suggest that SAhRMs such as DiMNF have therapeutic potential in regulating the immune response to tumor formation.
Learning action effects in partially observable domains

We investigate the problem of learning action effects in partially observable STRIPS planning domains. Our approach is based on a voted kernel perceptron learning model, where action and state information is encoded in a compact vector representation as input to the learning mechanism, and resulting state changes are produced as output. Our approach relies on deictic features that assume an attentional mechanism that reduces the size of the representation. We evaluate our approach on a number of partially observable planning domains, and show that it can quickly learn the dynamics of such domains, with low average error rates. We show that our approach handles noisy domains, conditional effects, and that it scales independently of the number of objects in a domain.
Cell type-specific post-Golgi apparatus localization of a "resident" endoplasmic reticulum glycoprotein, glucosidase II

Glucosidase II, an asparagine-linked oligosaccharide processing enzyme, is a resident glycoprotein of the endoplasmic reticulum. In kidney tubular cells, in contrast to previous findings on hepatocytes, we found by light and electron microscopy immunoreactivity for glucosidase II predominantly in post-Golgi apparatus structures. The majority of immunolabel was in endocytotic structures beneath the plasma membrane. Immunoprecipitation confirmed presence of the glucosidase II subunit in purified brush border preparations. Kidney glucosidase II contained species carrying endo H-sensitive, high mannose as well as endo H- resistant oligosaccharide chains. Some species of glucosidase II contained sialic acid. The sialylated species were enzymatically active. This study demonstrates than an enzyme presumed to be a resident of the endoplasmic reticulum may show alternative localizations in some cell types.