Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The long goodbye: new establishments and the fall of union voice in Britain

This paper argues that the secular decline in union voice in the UK cannot be fully explained without understanding the role of employers in choosing and modifying voice regimes. The paper presents a model of employee voice; the model assumes regimes are chosen by firms on the basis of positive net benefits, and that once adopted there are switching costs associated with changing regimes. The paper presents data from WERS, which is then analysed in terms of the model. We find a rise in voice regimes that do not include unions (i.e. the growth of so-called non-union voice) and a clear decline in voice regimes involving unions, particularly union-only voice. Ecological factors (i.e. new entrants and the demise of older workplaces) are primary in explaining the rise in non-union voice, whereas the shift to dual forms of voice (made up of union and non-union regimes side by side) was primarily the result of switches undertaken by union only workplaces as early as the 1950s.
Small-Signal Neural Models and Their Applications

This paper introduces the use of the concept of small-signal analysis, commonly used in circuit design, for understanding neural models. We show that neural models, varying in complexity from Hodgkin-Huxley to integrate and fire have similar small-signal models when their corresponding differential equations are close to the same bifurcation with respect to input current. Three applications of small-signal neural models are shown. First, some of the properties of cortical neurons described by Izhikevich are explained intuitively through small-signal analysis. Second, we use small-signal models for deriving parameters for a simple neural model (such as resonate and fire) from a more complicated but biophysically relevant one like Morris-Lecar. We show similarity in the subthreshold behavior of the simple and complicated model when they are close to a Hopf bifurcation and a saddle-node bifurcation. Hence, this is useful to correctly tune simple neural models for large-scale cortical simulations. Finaly, the biasing regime of a silicon ion channel is derived by comparing its small-signal model with a Hodgkin-Huxley-type model.
Measuring pre‐ and post‐labour market occupational segregation using careers service data

In this article we calculate the magnitude of occupational segregation pre‐ and post‐labour market entry for young people using the Karmel and Maclachlan IP index. Our data refer to 22,280 males and 17,678 females who entered the labour market during the period 1988–91. Our results show that the magnitude of segregation is substantial, and is higher prior to young people's entry to the labour market than it is once they have entered the market. Furthermore, occupational segregation in the planned Youth Training market exceeded that for the competitive job market, thereby having a greater effect in perpetuating gender stereotypes. Several recommendations are made to change policy and practice to reduce gender segregation in the youth labour market
Robust and compact video descriptor learned by deep neural network

In this paper, we propose to extract robust video descriptor by training deep neural network to automatically capture the intrinsic visual characteristics of digital video. More specifically, we first train a conditional generative model to capture the spatio-temporal correlations among visual contents and represent them as an intermediate descriptor. A nonlinear encoder, with the functions of dimension reduction and error correcting, is then trained to learn a compressed yet more robust representation of the intermediate descriptor. The cascade of the conditional generative model and the encoder constitutes the building block of the deep network for learning video descriptor. As a post-processing component, the top layers of the network are trained to optimize the robustness and discriminative capability of the output descriptor. Experimental results on benchmark databases confirm that the descriptor learned by deep neural network shows excellent robustness against photometric, geometric, temporal and combined distortions, and it can attain an F1 score of 0.982 in content identification, which is much higher than hand-engineered descriptors.
Legal Inforcement, Short Maturity Debt, and the Incentive to Manage Earnings

Prior research contends that weak legal regimes discourage lender enforcement of contracts by making it either costly or ineffective. However, Diamond observes that this lender passivity can be overcome by structuring debt as a short‐term loan. His argument is that an arrival of bad news in the presence of short‐term debt can result in externalities that will trigger a run on the firm and that this in turn creates ex ante incentives for lenders to enforce their contracts. We examine whether short‐term debt creates an incentive for borrowers to delay the recognition of bad news through earnings management. Using a sample of firm‐level data from 33 countries over a 10‐year period, we find that short‐term debt induces greater earnings management. This impact of short‐term debt is especially greater in countries with weak legal regimes. This evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that borrowers will manage earnings to circumvent lender enforcement.
A DTLS-based security architecture for the Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is part of the Future Internet. IoT comprises a huge amount of devices (hereinafter called as constrained devices) able to interact with the environment and to communicate over the Internet. Among other challenges that prevents the growth of IoT, the IoT is challenged for security issues. In this work, we are mainly interested in secure communication concerns for constrained devices. In essence, constrained devices are devices operating under low-power, and with limited computational and network resources. For such characteristics, they do not support standard security protocols and, consequently, they become a potential target for traditional Internet attacks (e.g., Denial of Service and man-in-the-middle). Thus, we introduce an architecture to enable constrained devices to use Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) with mutual authentication to communicate with Internet devices. Briefly, we propose a third part device called Internet of Things Security Support Provider (IoTSSP) and two main mechanisms: (i) the Optional Handshaking Delegation, and (ii) the Transfer of Session. Experimental results show the proposal feasibility and its additional benefits.
Mechanism of actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase. Evidence that adenosine 5'-triphosphate hydrolysis can occur without dissociation of the actomyosin complex.

We have investigated the steps in the actomyosin ATPase cycle that determine the maximum ATPase rate (Vmax) and the binding between myosin subfragment one (S-1) and actin which occurs when the ATPase activity is close to Vmax. We find that the forward rate constant of the initial ATP hydrolysis (initial Pi burst) is about 5 times faster than the maximum turnover rate of the actin S-1 ATPase. Thus, another step in the cycle must be considerably slower than the forward rate of the initial Pi burst. If this slower step occurs only when S-1 is complexed with actin, as originally predicted by the Lymn-Taylor model, the ATPase activity and the fraction of S-1 bound to actin in the steady state should increase almost in parallel as the actin concentration is increased. As measured by turbidity determined in the stopped-flow apparatus, the fraction of S-1 bound to actin, like the ATPase activity, shows a hyperbolic dependence on actin concentration, approaching 100% asymptotically. However, the actin concentration required so that 50% of the S-1 is bound to actin is about 4 times greater than the actin concentration required for half-maximal ATPase activity. Thus, as previously found at 0 degrees C, at 15 degrees C much of the S-1 is dissociated from actin when the ATPase is close to Vmax, showing that a slow first-order transition which follows the initial Pi burst (the transition from the refractory to the nonrefractory state) must be the slowest step in the ATPase cycle. Stopped-flow studies also reveal that the steady-state turbidity level is reached almost instantaneously after the S-1, actin, and ATP are mixed, regardless of the order of mixing. Thus, the binding between S-1 and actin which is observed in the steady state is due to a rapid equilibrium between S-1--ATP and acto--S-1--ATP which is shifted toward acto-S-1--ATP at high actin concentration. Furthermore, both S-1--ATP and S-1--ADP.Pi (the state occurring immediately after the initial Pi burst) appear to have the same binding constant to actin. Thus, at high actin concentration both S-1--ATP and S-1--ADP.Pi are in rapid equilibrium with their respective actin complexes. Although at very high actin concentration almost complete binding of S-1--ATP and S-1--ADP.Pi to actin occurs, there is no inhibition of the ATPase activity at high actin concentration. This strongly suggests that both the initial Pi burst and the slow rate-limiting transition which follows (the transition from the refractory to the nonrefractory state) occur at about the same rates whether the S-1 is bound to or dissociated from actin. We, therefore, conclude that S-1 does not have to dissociate from actin each time an ATP molecule is hydrolyzed.
Development of a Novel Questionnaire Evaluating Disability in Activities of Daily Living in the Upper Extremities of Patients Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis

The aim of the present study was to develop a novel questionnaire evaluating disability in the activities of daily living in the upper extremities of hemodialysis (HD) patients (QDUE‐HD). We recruited 83 patients (40 males and 43 females) aged 66 ± 8 years, and measured their muscle strength and range of motion in the upper extremities. Moreover, 14 patients performed a six‐week exercise training regimen (the exercise group) and were compared with 15 patients not performing such training (the control group). In an initial questionnaire consisting of 37 items, 30 were taken from the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire and the Activities of Daily Living Test, and the remaining seven were selected from activities that HD patients perceived as impossible or extremely difficult to perform. The principal factor analysis focused on 11 items, as 26 showing floor and ceiling effects were excluded. These 11 items were divided into two categories consisting of six items termed “light work” and five termed “holding activities”. The scores for light work and holding activities correlated significantly and positively with both muscle strength and range of motion in the upper extremities. These scores increased significantly after the six‐week exercise training as compared with those before training in the exercise group. We conclude that the QDUE‐HD is clinically useful for evaluating disability in activities of daily living in the upper extremities of HD patients because of its high reliability, validity and responsiveness.
The uses of product costs in decision-making

This paper assess the use of product costs in decision-making. Using questionnaire responses and interviews with British management accountants, product costs are used all the time in decision making to support the profit motive in profit/investment centres and to control costs in cost centres. They are used only sometimes in decision making when there are limitations in the product costing system and/or the market has a greater role in decision-making. Operating units use product costs as attention directing information in decision making: to highlight loss making products for special studies to identify any further information required, because market-based information has an important role in decision making and when product costs are not accurate enough to use directly in decision-making. Operating units use product costs directly in decision making because they have confidence in the accuracy of costs or because of ignorance of using the information as attention directing information.
Comparative study between direct load control and fuzzy logic control based demand response

Demand response (DR), as part of Demand side management (DSM), is a method that modifies consumer side energy consumption. By actively controlling the time associated with electricity consumption, both energy and economic efficiencies are increased. There is however, depending on the algorithm employed, potential for consumer comfort levels to be adversely affected. Generally direct load (Boolean logic) control is employed, which solely considers demand reduction and not customer comfort. In comparison, fuzzy logic based programs can consider non-deterministic inputs such as consumer comfort level with ease and simplicity. This paper considers the evolution of DR through a comparison of the classical (direct load method) and modern (fuzzy method) methods, with particular attention on the advantages provided by the latter. The impact on consumer comfort in fuzzy DR implementation is further explored through the effect of temperature deviation. In this regard, the consequences for fuzzy DR are considered in respect to three temperature profiles. Finally, temporal availability and the consequences for DR are considered in the context of a household.
The Overvaluation of Sterling Since 1996: How the Policy Makers Responded and Why

A large and sustained nominal appreciation in 1996-8 led to a serious and continuing overvaluation of sterling which has been associated with severe pressure on the manufacturing sector. The policy makers had difficulty in understanding past and forecasting future movements of sterling. They considered, but rejected, suggestions for foreign exchange market intervention and suggestions that interest rates should be set differently to reduce the overvaluation and relieve pressure on the tradable goods sector. One reason was that the exchange rate might react to such decisions in an erratic way. But if that is so the monetary framework needs to be revisited.
Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman

Harry S. Truman is remembered today as an icon of the plain-speaking president, 'Give 'em Hell Harry', the chief executive who put 'The Buck Stops Here' on his desk. But Alonzo L Hamby shows that there was more to Truman than the pugnacious fighter so prominent in popular memory. Insecure, ambitious, a man of honour, a partisan loyalist, an agrarian Jeffersonian Democrat who became a champion of big government, Truman was a complex figure who fought long and hard to triumph over his own weaknesses. In Man of the People, Hamby offers a gripping account of this distinctly American life, tracing Truman's remarkable rise from marginal farmer in rural Missouri to shaper of the postwar world. Truman comes alive in these pages as he has nowhere else, making his way from the farmhouse, to the front lines in France during World War I, to the difficult small-business world of Kansas City - all the time struggling with his deep feelings of inadequacy and immense ambition. Hamby provides an honest, incisive look at the rising politician's relationship with Kansas City political boss Tom Pendergast, who sponsored his career from the county court to the US Senate. We see how Truman, a ferocious and skilled fighter in factional party battles, tried to balance his sense of honour with his political loyalties. Free of corruption himself, he nevertheless refused to repudiate Pendergast even when the boss was sinking under the weight of his ties to organized crime. Hamby also offers the best account yet of Truman's critical years in the Senate, covering not only his World War II probe of the defence program but also his neglected and revealing populistic investigations of the railroad during the 1930s. He demonstrates that Truman was one of the most popular and respected members of the upper house. Hamby is particularly acute in his portrait of Truman's volatile presidency. He criticizes some aspects of the decision to drop the atomic bombs on Japan but concludes that, considered in context, the act was understandable and justified. Providing new insight into the Cold War, he identifies the Turkish and Iranian crisis of 1946 as crucial turning points in Truman's attitudes toward the Soviet Union. Thoroughly covering Truman's struggle for 'liberalism in a conservative age', Hamby also sheds great light on the president's Fair Deal domestic program. Harry Truman, Hamby writes, was a flawed man - insecure, often petty and vindictive - yet one of the great presidents of the twentieth century. But Americans cherish him less for what he did than for who he was: an ordinary person who worked his way up the political ladder to the summit of power. In Man of the People, Alonzo L Hamby provides a richly perceptive biography, giving us the best look yet at who Truman was, how he changed, and why he triumphed.
Molecular and Cellular Pathobiology Histone H 3 Lysine 79 Methyltransferase Dot 1 Is Required for Immortalization by MLL Oncogenes

Chimeric oncoproteins resulting from fusion of MLL to a wide variety of partnering proteins cause biologically distinctive and clinically aggressive acute leukemias. However, the mechanism of MLL-mediated leukemic transformation is not fully understood. Dot1, the only known histone H3 lysine 79 (H3K79) methyltransferase, has been shown to interact with multiple MLL fusion partners including AF9, ENL, AF10, and AF17. In this study, we utilize a conditional Dot1l deletion model to investigate the role of Dot1 in hematopoietic progenitor cell immortalization by MLL fusion proteins. Western blot andmass spectrometry show that Dot1-deficient cells are depleted of the global H3K79 methylation mark. We find that loss of Dot1 activity attenuates cell viability and colony formation potential of cells immortalized byMLL oncoproteins but not by the leukemic oncoprotein E2aPbx1. Although this effect is most pronounced for MLL-AF9, we find that Dot1 contributes to the viability of cells immortalized by otherMLL oncoproteins that are not known to directly recruit Dot1. Cells immortalized byMLL fusions also show increased apoptosis, suggesting the involvement of Dot1 in survival pathways. In summary, our data point to a pivotal requirement for Dot1 in MLL fusion protein–mediated leukemogenesis and implicate Dot1 as a potential therapeutic target. Cancer Res; 70(24); 10234–42. 2010 AACR.
How to extract distributed circuit parameters from the scattering parameters of a transmission line

Distributed circuit parameters parameterize the transmission and reflection off a given transmission line in terms of a distributed resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance, which are per-unit-length, frequency-dependent quantities. While there are analytical models for extracting the distributed circuit parameters, these models are discontinuous as a function of frequency when the argument approaches a branch cut. Here, we develop a nonlinear least-square regression algorithm that accurately extracts the distributed circuit parameters. Compared to existing approaches and finite element models, our algorithm successfully extracts the distributed circuit parameters as a function of frequency, all while being less sensitive to these phase conditions. Such an algorithm is useful for understanding how to deembed transmission lines, and how to extract electrical properties of the materials used in a circuit.
Cake-Eating with Private Information

We consider a model of cake-eating with private information. The model captures phenomena such as trust and “security of supply” in resource-use relationships. It also predicts supply shocks as an equilibrium phenomenon: privately informed sellers have incentives to reveal resource scarcity too late, through a supply disruption, after which they exploit the consumers’ inability to immediately adjust demand. Two puzzles that a standard exhaustible-resource theory cannot explain are resolved: sellers have an incentive to overstate their resources rather than emphasize scarcity, and consumers can switch to alternatives before exhausting the resource thereby leaving socially valuable resource in the ground.
Permanent Income, Current Income, and Consumption

This article reexamines the consistency of the permanent-income hypothesis with aggregate postwar U.S. data. The permanent-income hypothesis is nested within a more general model in which a fraction of income accrues to individuals who consume their current income rather than their permanent income. This fraction is estimated to be about 50%, indicating a substantial departure from the permanent-income hypothesis. Our results cannot be easily explained by time aggregation or small-sample bias, by changes in the real interest rate, or by nonseparabilities in the utility function of consumers.
Matching Public Interaction Skills with Desired Outcomes

Public interaction requires certain sets of skills. The more we want from the interaction, the more skill the form of interaction will require from us. This article surveys selected public involvement typologies and proposes that skills-identification warrants more attention than it is usually given. Identifying the skills best suited to the purpose and goals of a participatory process is important because, when skills match the requirements of the task, outcomes are more likely to match expectations. I introduce the ‘Scale of Public Interactions’ as a useful and graphic way to stimulate discussion of the different skill sets required to achieve outcomes defined by increasing levels of interaction complexity. The Scale points to a gap that exists between the most common forms of public interaction and those required to achieve comprehensive social change. I suggest that new skills and a developmentally-designed process must be learned and employed to bridge this gap. This article will be of interest to people working with complex social issues: public participation practitioners, deliberative democracy practitioners, non-profit directors, government leaders, evaluators, policymakers, journalists, and grant-makers, among others. In the paper I describe a tool for ascertaining whether methods of public interaction are aligned with intended outcomes and compare this tool to other typologies of public participation. I try to answer questions about why some activities do not produce the hoped-for social impacts. This article does not attempt to teach skills of facilitation but does conclude with recommendations of resources for developing skills if facilitators wish to consider processes for achieving comprehensive social change. I hope the paper will motivate inquiry into assumptions about the effectiveness of common forms of interaction.
An evaluation of AMTs utilisation in Indian industry for enhanced manufacturing performance: evidence from large- and medium-scale organisations

In today's highly dynamic and rapidly changing environment, manufacturing scenario has undergone a rapid change in the last two decades, more so in the last few years. The manufacturing units are continuously trying to update themselves by acquiring or developing new technologies. The objective of this paper is to understand and explicate the nature of interaction between Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (AMTs) utilisation initiatives on different manufacturing performance parameters for achieving manufacturing success. This research aims to report the findings of an exploratory study administered in Northern Indian medium and large manufacturing organisations, who are utilising the AMTs at all levels of manufacturing industry. The statistical result suggests significant relationships between AMTs utilisation initiatives and manufacturing performance parameters at different levels of manufacturing industry. The results also suggest that an organisation should deploy multidimensional concept of AMTs utilisation initiatives to enhance manufacturing performance parameters in pursuit of agility-based competitive advantages.