Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Accommodation of a scientific conception: Toward a theory of conceptual change

It has become a commonplace belief that learning is the result of the interaction between what the student is taught and his current ideas or concepts. ’ This is by no means a new view of learning. Its roots can be traced back to early Gestalt psychologists. However, Piaget’s (1929, 1930) early studies of children’s explanations of natural phenomena and his more recent studies of causality (Piaget, 1974) have perhaps had the greatest impact on the study of the interpretive frameworks students bring to learning situations. This research has led to the widespread study of students’ scientific misconceptions.2 From these studies and, particularly, from recent work by researchers such as Viennot ( 1979) and Driver (1 973), we have developed a more detailed understanding of some of these misconceptions and, more importantly, why they are so “highly robust” and typically outlive teaching which contradicts them (Viennot, 1979, p. 205). But identifying misconceptions or, more broadly speaking, “alternative frameworks” (Driver & Easley, 1978), and understanding some reasons for their persistence, falls short of developing a reasonable view of how a student’s current ideas interact with new, incompatible ideas. Although Piaget (1974) developed one such theory, there appears to be a need for work which focuses “more on the actual content of the pupil’s ideas and less on the supposed underlying logical structures” (Driver & Easley, 1978, p. 76). Several research studies have been performed (Nussbaum, 1979; Nussbaum & Novak, 1976; Driver, 1973; Erickson, 1979) which have investigated “the substance of the actual beliefs and concepts held by children” (Erickson, 1979, p. 221). However, there has been no well-articulated theory explaining or describing the substantive dimensions of the process by which people’s central, organizing concepts change from one set of concepts to another set, incompatible with the first. We believe that a major source of hypotheses concerning this issue is contemporary philosophy of science, since a central question of recent philosophy of science is how concepts change under the impact of new ideas or new information. In this article we first sketch a general model of conceptual change which is largely derived from current philosophy of science, but which we believe can illuminate * This article is partly based on a paper entitled “Learning Special Relativity: A Study of Intellectual Problems Faced by College Students,” presented at the International Conference Celebrating the 100th Anniversary of Albert Einstein, November 8-10, 1979 at Hofstra University.
myCOMAND: Automotive HMI framework for personalization of web-based content collections

The myCOMAND automotive infotainment system enables in-vehicle access to the large variety of information and multimedia content aggregated from public Web services. In this paper, the fuzzy logic approach for preference modeling for user-related personalization and its bindings to a flexible user interface framework are described. Both components are used to create flexible user interface components that visually rank and group any content items based on user preferences. Access to the preferred and most important items with only a few interaction steps can avoid distraction when browsing large web-based content collections on smaller screen sizes. Ranking for each information item is annotated based on fuzzy preferences and a shared taxonomy of content categories. Preference values are implicitly learned from user interaction or can be set explicitly by the user. In particular, a use case for browsing Internet radio stations is described. Items are ranked according to the user's preferences and item novelty and arranged in a carousel-like layout. A visual overview mode helps to quickly review the structure of large content collections.
Comparing the Similarity of Responses Received from Studies in Amazon’s Mechanical Turk to Studies Conducted Online and with Direct Recruitment

Computer and internet based questionnaires have become a standard tool in Human-Computer Interaction research and other related fields, such as psychology and sociology. Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (AMT) service is a new method of recruiting participants and conducting certain types of experiments. This study compares whether participants recruited through AMT give different responses than participants recruited through an online forum or recruited directly on a university campus. Moreover, we compare whether a study conducted within AMT results in different responses compared to a study for which participants are recruited through AMT but which is conducted using an external online questionnaire service. The results of this study show that there is a statistical difference between results obtained from participants recruited through AMT compared to the results from the participant recruited on campus or through online forums. We do, however, argue that this difference is so small that it has no practical consequence. There was no significant difference between running the study within AMT compared to running it with an online questionnaire service. There was no significant difference between results obtained directly from within AMT compared to results obtained in the campus and online forum condition. This may suggest that AMT is a viable and economical option for recruiting participants and for conducting studies as setting up and running a study with AMT generally requires less effort and time compared to other frequently used methods. We discuss our findings as well as limitations of using AMT for empirical studies.
MICOS coordinates with respiratory complexes and lipids to establish mitochondrial inner membrane architecture

The conserved MICOS complex functions as a primary determinant of mitochondrial inner membrane structure. We address the organization and functional roles of MICOS and identify two independent MICOS subcomplexes: Mic27/Mic10/Mic12, whose assembly is dependent on respiratory complexes and the mitochondrial lipid cardiolipin, and Mic60/Mic19, which assembles independent of these factors. Our data suggest that MICOS subcomplexes independently localize to cristae junctions and are connected via Mic19, which functions to regulate subcomplex distribution, and thus, potentially also cristae junction copy number. MICOS subunits have non-redundant functions as the absence of both MICOS subcomplexes results in more severe morphological and respiratory growth defects than deletion of single MICOS subunits or subcomplexes. Mitochondrial defects resulting from MICOS loss are caused by misdistribution of respiratory complexes in the inner membrane. Together, our data are consistent with a model where MICOS, mitochondrial lipids and respiratory complexes coordinately build a functional and correctly shaped mitochondrial inner membrane. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.07739. 001
Practical Automated Detection of Stealthy Portscans

Portscan detectors in network intrusion detection products are easy to evade. They classify a portscan as more than N distinct probes within M seconds from a single source. This paper begins with an analysis of the scan detection problem, and then presents Spice (Stealthy Probing and Intrusion Correlation Engine), a portscan detector that is effective against stealthy scans yet operationally practical. Our design maintains records of event likelihood, from which we approximate the anomalousness of a given packet. We use simulated annealing to cluster anomalous packets together into portscans using heuristics developed from real scans. Packets are kept around longer if they are more anomalous. This should enable us to detect all the scans detected by current techniques, plus many stealthy scans, with manageable false positives. We also discuss detection of other activity such as stealthy worms, and DDOS control networks.
Sense of Coherence and Stress: The Mechanics of a Healthy Disposition

Sense of coherence - a disposition towards seeing the world as comprehensible, manageable, and meaningful - has been linked to greater stress-resistance and better health. However, the mechanisms underlying these benefits remain unspecified. Three laboratory studies of undergraduates ( n s = 116, 90, and 52) explored possible perceptual, attributional, and behavioral mechanisms. Findings revealed (1) a perceptual process, which had diffuse and subtle effects on views of stressful events; (2) a behavioral process, which involved more problem-solving and less avoidant coping; and (3) that these processes were tied to coherence, rather than to related (i.e., control) constructs. Data from a community-based, longitudinal field study ( n = 75) verified associations among coherence, coping, and health. Moreover, they yielded a causal model which showed the disposition to both directly impact health status, and to operate indirectly via coping. Implications for the study of other personality dispositions and health are discussed.
The Phenomenology of Remembered Experience: A Repertoire for Design

There is a growing interest in interactive technologies that support remembering by considering functional, experiential, and emotional support to their users. Design driven research benefits from an understanding of how people experience autobiographical remembering. We present a phenomenological study in which twenty-two adults were interviewed using the repertory grid technique; we aimed at soliciting personal constructs that characterize people's remembered experiences. Inductive coding revealed that 77,8% of identified constructs could be reliably coded in five categories referring to contentment, confidence/unease, social interactions, reflection, and intensity. These results align with earlier classifications of personal constructs and models of human emotion. The categorization derived from this study provides an empirically founded characterization of the design space of technologies for supporting remembering. We discuss its potential value as a tool for evaluating interactive systems in relation to personal and social memory talk, and outline future improvements.
Retinoic-acid-resistant neuroblastoma cell lines show altered MYC regulation and high sensitivity to fenretinide.

BACKGROUND High-dose, pulse-13-cis-retinoic acid (13-cis-RA) given after intensive cytotoxic therapy improves event-free survival for high-risk neuroblastoma (NB), but more than 50% of patients have tumor recurrence. PROCEDURE We conducted multistep selection for resistance to all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) in NB cell lines with (SMS-KCNR and LA-N-5) or without (SMS-LHN) MYCN genomic amplification. RESULTS After 12 exposures to 10 microM ATRA, the two MYCN-amplified cell lines (KCNR 12X RR and LA-N-5 12X RR) showed partial resistance to the cytostatic/differentiation effects of ATRA; complete resistance was seen in LHN 12X RR. ATRA-selected cells showed general RA resistance (cross-resistance to 13-cis-RA). Transient (KCNR 12 X RR, LA-N-5 12X RR) or sustained (LHN 12X RR) novel overexpression of c-myc was associated with RA resistance. RA-insensitive overexpression of MYCN by transduction in SMS-LHN also conferred RA resistance. Both parental and RA-resistant lines showed 2-4 logs of cell kill in response to N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4- HPR, fenretinide). Compared to parental lines, 4-HPR achieved 1-3 log greater cell kills in RA-resistant LHN 12X RR, LA-N-5 12X RR, KCNR 12X RR, and MYCN-transduced SMS-LHN or SK-N-RA. NB cell lines (n = 26) from 21 different patients showed that 16 of 26 (62%) were sensitive to 4-HPR (LC(90) < 10 microM), including lines established at relapse after myeloablative and/or 13-cis-RA therapy. CONCLUSION Thus, RA-resistant NB cell lines can be sensitive (and in some cases collaterally hypersensitive) to 4-HPR.
Intraoperative intrinsic optical imaging of neuronal activity from subdivisions of the human primary somatosensory cortex.

We performed intrinsic optical imaging of neuronal activity induced by peripheral stimulation from the human primary somatosensory cortex during brain tumor surgery for 11 patients. After craniotomy and dura reflection, the cortical surface was illuminated with a xenon light through an operating microscope. The reflected light passed through a bandpass filter, and we acquired functional images using an intrinsic optical imaging system. Electrical stimulation of the median nerve, or the first and fifth digits, induced biphasic intrinsic optical signals which consisted of a decrease in light reflectance followed by an increase. The decrease in light reflectance was imaged, and we identified a neural response area within the crown of the postcentral gyrus. In experiments on first and fifth digit stimulation, we identified optical responses in separated areas within the crown of the postcentral gyrus, i.e. near the central sulcus and near the postcentral sulcus. In the former response area, separate representations of the two fingers were observed, whereas in the latter response area, the two fingers were represented in the same region. A similar somatotopic representation was observed with electrical stimulation of the first and third branches of the trigeminal nerve. These results seem to support the hypothesis of hierarchical organization in the human primary somatosensory cortex.
SAME TIME, LAST YEAR: SELECTIVE DATA DREDGING FOR NEGATIVE FINDINGS*

This paper tests the artifnct explanation for the findings in Phillips (1983) and Bollen and Phillips (1982). (I) First test: gdeaths rise qFer real stories because ofthe timing of these stones, then deaths should also rise dter bogus stories (which fall a year ahead of the real ones) since they exhibit the same timing as the real stories. Using small samples, Baron and Reiss found a rise in deaths afier bogus stories. Using larger samples we found no such rise. Baron and Reiss restricted themselves to bogus year-ahead ston-es. but we also studied bogus year-behind stories (which fall a year behind the real ones). Because bogus behind stories exhibit the same timing as bogus ahead stories, they too should display a rise in deaths. However. no such rise can be found. (2) Second test: If deaths rise after stories because of heteroscedasticity. then these rises should disappear once heteroscedasticity has been removed. Honlever, all findings in Phillips (1983) and Bollen and Phillips (1982) persist after removal of heteroscedasticity. The findings also persist afier holiday eflects are eliminated. The above tests show that the artif4ct hypothesis is extremely implausible. Baron and Reiss suggest that the results in Phillips (1983) and Bollen and Phillips (1982) are an artifact of heteroscedasticity and the timing of publicized stories. We will call this the "artifact" hypothesis. In contrast, Phillips and Bollen claim their results are due to imitation of the publicized stories; this will be called the "imitation" hypothesis. This paper will use 'three methods for assessing the "artifact" and "imitation" hypotheses, starting with Baron and Reiss's own "BOGUS-story" approach.
The Effects of Progressive Levels of Interactivity and Vividness in Web Marketing Sites

Abstract This experiment examines interactivity and vividness in commercial web sites. We expected increased levels of interactivity and vividness would lead to more positive attitudes toward web sites, stronger feelings of telepresence, and greater attitude—behavior consistency. In addition, we expected increased levels of vividness to lead to the development of more enduring attitudes toward the site. Participants explored four web sites. Increases in interactivity and vividness were associated with increased feelings of telepresence. In addition, increases in vividness were associated with more positive and more enduring attitudes toward the web site. Implications for new media researchers and practitioners are discussed.
A methodology for hardware verification based on logic simulation

A logic simulator can prove the correctness of a digital circuit if it can be shown that only circuits fulfilling the system specification will produce a particular response to a sequence of simulation commands.This style of verification has advantages over the other proof methods in being readily automated and requiring less attention on the part of the user to the low-level details of the design. It has advantages over other approaches to simulation in providing more reliable results, often at a comparable cost. This paper presents the theoretical foundations of several related approaches to circuit verification based on logic simulation. These approaches exploit the three-valued modeling capability found in most logic simulators, where the third-value X indicates a signal with unknown digital value. Although the circuit verification problem is NP-hard as measured in the size of the circuit description, several techniques can reduce the simulation complexity to a manageable level for many practical circuits.
Language negotiations in Slovakia: Views from the Hungarian minority

This paper discusses myths about the Hungarian minority in Slovakia and how such myths shape social reality with respect to intergroup contact and conflict. Specifically, an analysis of Hungarian reactions to three myths current in public discourse is presented. Data for this study are drawn primarily from a sociolinguistic survey conducted in three communities in Southern Slovakia in 1996. Results suggest Hungarians conceive of difficulties for Slovak and Hungarian monolinguals as resting in private and public spheres respectively. Moreover, the analysis of the discourse of Hungarian minority members, even when selected to represent those who might have the strongest views on the importance of resisting the current moves to mythologize reality, suggests that there is little active resistance to the current power elite's ideology
FACILITATION OF ASIAN ELEPHANT (ELEPHAS MAXIMUS) STANDING IMMOBILIZATION AND ANESTHESIA WITH A SLING

Abstract An Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) required general anesthesia for orthopedic foot surgery. The elephant was unable to lie down, so it was placed in a custom-made sling, administered i.m. etorphine hydrochloride in the standing position, and lowered to lateral recumbency. General anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane administered through an endotracheal tube. After surgery, the isoflurane anesthesia was terminated, with immobilization maintained with additional i.v. etorphine. The elephant was lifted to the vertical position, and the immobilizing effects of etorphine were reversed with naltrexone. The suspension system and hoist for the sling were designed specifically for the elephant house.
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for diagnostic examinations with uninterpretable cases

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis plots true positive rates over false positive rates to describe the discriminatory power of a test to differentiate between two specifiable populations (that is ‘normal’ from ‘abnormal’) using a continuous dichotomous threshold. This assumes that the test separates cases into observed ‘normal’ or ‘abnormal’. However, in practice many tests have some uninterpretable results as an inherent feature of the test itself, whether independent or dependent on the sample populations. This paper defines a method to describe the ability of tests to discriminate between specifiable populations when uninterpretable results occur non‐informatively about disease status. A mixed model modified ROC curve is developed. Formulae to estimate the area under the modified ROC curve are given. Comparisons of conventional with the mixed model ROC analysis are shown in mathematical formulae as well as simulated experiments. An example of diagnosis of spinal fracture in renal transplant patients is presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of Southern Hemisphere sea‐ice extent on the latitude of the mid‐latitude jet stream

An atmospheric general circulation model with prescribed sea‐ice and sea‐surface temperatures is used to examine the sensitivity of the atmospheric circulation to changes in sea‐ice extent in the Southern Hemisphere. Experiments are conducted where the sea‐ice edge is expanded or contracted by 7 degrees of latitude compared with its position in a control run. The experiments suggest that the latitude of the sea‐ice edge influences the latitude of the Southern Hemisphere mid‐latitude jet stream, but that the amplitude of the atmospheric response depends critically on the location and seasonality of the sea‐ice anomalies. During the cold season, the mid‐latitude jet shifts significantly poleward when the sea‐ice extent is increased, but exhibits very little response when the sea‐ice extent is decreased. During the warm season, the jet does not shift significantly regardless of whether the sea‐ice edge is extended or contracted. The cause of the asymmetry in the atmospheric response relates to the extent to which the sea‐ice anomalies affect meridional temperature gradients in the near‐surface baroclinic zone. The results suggest that 1) any future decreases in Antarctic sea‐ice are unlikely to have a profound effect on the Southern Hemisphere mid‐latitude circulation; and 2) the usefulness of sea‐ice variability for seasonal prediction is limited to the cold season and to the case of increases in sea‐ice extent.
Safe Navigation of a Mobile Robot Considering Visibility of Environment

We present one approach to achieve safe navigation in an indoor dynamic environment. So far, there have been various useful collision avoidance algorithms and path planning schemes. However, those algorithms possess fundamental limitations in that the robot can avoid only ldquovisiblerdquo ones among surrounded obstacles. In a real environment, it is not possible to detect all the dynamic obstacles around the robot. There are many occluded regions due to the limited field of view. In order to avoid collisions, it is desirable to exploit visibility information. This paper proposes a safe navigation scheme to reduce collision risk considering occluded dynamic obstacles. The robot's motion is controlled by the hybrid control scheme. The possibility of collision is dually reflected to path planning and speed control. The proposed scheme clearly indicates the structural procedure on how to model and to exploit the risk of navigation. The proposed scheme is experimentally tested in a real office building. The experimental results show that the robot moves along the safe path to obtain sufficient field of view. In addition, safe speed constraints are applied in motion control. It is experimentally verified that a robot safely navigates in dynamic indoor environment by adopting the proposed scheme.
Exact Recovery of Sparsely Used Overcomplete Dictionaries

We consider the problem of learning overcomplete dictionaries in the context of sparse coding, where each sample selects a sparse subset of dictionary elements. Our method consists of two stages, viz., initial estimation of the dictionary, and a clean-up phase involving estimation of the coeﬃcient matrix, and re-estimation of the dictionary. We prove that our method exactly recovers both the dictionary and the coeﬃcient matrix under a set of suﬃcient conditions.