Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PKCS # 1 : RSA Encryption Standard

This standard describes a method for encrypting data using the RSA public-key cryp-tosystem [1]. Its intended use is in the construction of digital signatures and digital envelopes , as described in PKCS #7 [2]: • For digital signatures, the content to be signed is first reduced to a message digest with a message-digest algorithm (such as MD5 [3]), and then an octet string containing the message digest is encrypted with the RSA private key of the signer of the content. The content and the encrypted message digest are represented together according to the syntax in PKCS #7 to yield a digital signature. This application is compatible with Privacy-Enhanced Mail methods [4,5]. • For digital envelopes, the content to be enveloped is first encrypted under a content-encryption key with a content-encryption algorithm (such as DES [6]), and then the content-encryption key is encrypted with the RSA public key(s) of the recipient(s) of the content. The encrypted content and the encrypted content-encryption key are represented together according to the syntax in PKCS #7 to yield a digital envelope. This application is also compatible with Privacy-Enhanced Mail methods. The standard also describes a syntax for RSA public keys and private keys. The public-key syntax would be used in certificates; the private-key syntax would be used typically in encrypted private keys [7]. The public-key syntax is identical to that in both X.509 [8] 1 Versions 1.0–1.3 are superseded by this version. The earlier versions were distributed to participants in RSA Data Security, Inc.'s Public-Key Cryptography Standards meetings in February and March 1991.
Contribution of Balance Scorecard Model in Efficiency of Managerial Control

able to guarantee the performance that creates a value superior to that of the competitors, so that this might be sustainable in time. For such an improvement of the performance and of the competitiveness in a dynamic and complex environment we can reveal as fundamental the implementation of the most efficient and most participative management audit systems, able to clarify its objectives and necessary methods in order to attain the objectives, as well as the connection between the defining processes of the strategies and the current operational activities. These controlling systems must be able to assess the performance, not only as regards the quantity but also the quality, based on the evolution of these results, as well. Thus, the 21st century companies, currently undergoing the market globalization process, need strategies that would allow them to face the continuous transformations of the world economy in order to succeed. Therefore, in order to take advantage of positive trends, markets need to be confronted with winning strategies, with instruments that create a valid orientation in the implementation of long-term objectives. The new economic reality is highly complex, thus triggering an equal development of the management techniques and control practices not to lose sight of a significant feature of the monitoring of the economic evolution and management decisions of companies. This is why the second part of the paper focuses on creating a BSC model for the Alfa Group in order to underline the applicative use of the new instrument for measuring the economic-financial performance, as well as to highlight its importance as means of communication with all categories of stakeholders.
Computational RAM: The case for SIMD computing in memory

DRAMs contain a very wide datapath internal to the chip which can deliver orders of magnitude greater memory bandwidth inside the chip than through the pins. The dilemma lies in deciding what to connect to the other end of this wide pipe to memory. We compare two alternatives: microprocessors (including MIMD multiprocessors) and SIMD processors. Microprocessors are better accepted and are suited to more applications. SIMD processors can better utilize the memory bandwidth available internal to the DRAM chips. These approaches can coexist.
On the planar intersection of natural quadrics

In general, two quadric surfaces intersect in a space quartic curve. However, the intersection curve frequently degenerates to a collection of plane curves. These degenerate cases introduce problems into the general intersection algorithms and are difficult to implement in a reliable way. In this paper, we investigate this problem for natural quadrics. Three algorithms are presented: to detect and compute 1) conic intersections, 2) linear intersections and 3) tangency and disjointedness, The techniques we present are considerably different from traditional methods in that only elementary geometric arguments are used. Therefore these algorithms are easily implementable and can be understood easily without any algebraic geometry background.
Using empirical based case studies to improve motivation, non technical skills and content learning: a longitudinal study of an EHEA experience.

This work was aimed at determining case-studies' impact on real companies regarding acquiring knowledge, developing non-technical ability and student motivation. A longitudinal study was thus carried out from 2004-05 to 2007-08, during which accountancy students from the tourism management course carried out real case studies, in groups of three, for becoming familiar with how to prepare and use management information in truism companies within their real context. The results showed that case-studies, carried out by students working as part of a group, in real companies directly increased motivation, improved acquiring knowledge and, above all, fomented developing non-technical ability, such as oral and written communication skills, team-work, searching for information, managing computer applications, improving analysis, synthesis and critical ability.
HIV-1 Autologous Antibody Neutralization Associates with Mother to Child Transmission

The HIV-1 characteristics associated with mother to child transmission (MTCT) are still poorly understood and if known would indicate where intervention strategies should be targeted. In contrast to horizontally infected individuals, exposed infants possess inherited antibodies (Abs) from their mother with the potential to protect against infection. We investigated the HIV-1 gp160 envelope proteins from seven transmitting mothers (TM) whose children were infected either during gestation or soon after delivery and from four non-transmitting mothers (NTM) with similar viral loads and CD4 counts. Using pseudo-typed viruses we tested gp160 envelope glycoproteins for TZM-bl infectivity, CD4 and CCR5 interactions, DC-SIGN capture and transfer and neutralization with an array of common neutralizing Abs (NAbs) (2F5, 2G12, 4E10 and b12) as well as mother and infant plasma. We found no viral correlates associated with HIV-1 MTCT nor did we find differences in neutralization with the panel of NAbs. We did, however, find that TM possessed significantly higher plasma neutralization capacities than NTM (P = 0.002). Furthermore, we found that in utero (IU) TM had a higher neutralization capacity than mothers transmitting either peri - partum (PP) or via breastfeeding (BF) (P = 0.002). Plasma from children infected IU neutralized viruses carrying autologous gp160 viral envelopes as well as those from their corresponding mothers whilst plasma from children infected PP and/or BF demonstrated poor neutralizing capacity. Our results demonstrate heightened autologous NAb responses against gp120/gp41 can associate with a greater risk of HIV-1 MTCT and more specifically in those infants infected IU. Although the number of HIV-1 transmitting pairs is low our results indicate that autologous NAb responses in mothers and infants do not protect against MTCT and may in fact be detrimental when considering IU HIV-1 transmissions.
Weakly supervised object localization via maximal entropy random walk

In this paper, we investigate the problem of weakly supervised object localization in images. For such a problem, the goal is to predict the locations of objects in test images while the labels of the training images are given at image-level. That means a label only indicates whether an image contains objects or not, but does not provide the exact locations of the objects. We propose to address this problem using Maximal Entropy Random Walk (MERW). Specifically, we first train a linear SVM classifier with the weakly labeled data. Based on bag-of-words feature representation, the response of a region to the linear SVM classifier can be formulated as the sum of the feature-weights within the region. For a test image, by properly constructing a graph on the feature-points, the stationary distribution of a MERW can indicate the region with the densest positive feature-weights, and thus provides a probabilistic object localization. Experiments compared with state-of-the-art methods on two datasets validate the performance of our method.
Load and capacity simulation for design of combined wired and wireless LAN

This paper examines different aspects of and approaches to capacity analysis of combined (wired/wireless) local area networks. First, different approaches to load estimation are examined. Then, capacity analyses of the considered network can be carried out based on the gained information. This paper addresses methods on the basis of queueing theory and event-driven simulation. The presented methods are integrated in the CANDY network design environment.
Some results on the Gittins index for a normal reward process

We consider the Gittins index for a normal distribution with unknown mean $\theta$ and known variance where $\theta$ has a normal prior. In addition to presenting some monotonicity properties of the Gittins index, we derive an approximation to the Gittins index by embedding the (discrete-time) normal setting into the continuous-time Wiener process setting in which the Gittins index is determined by the stopping boundary for an optimal stopping problem. By an application of Chernoff's continuity correction in optimal stopping, the approximation includes a correction term which accounts for the difference between the discrete and continuous-time stopping boundaries. Numerical results are also given to assess the performance of this simple approximation.
Member state performance in intergovernmental negotiations : the case of the European Union Stability and Growth Pact

This thesis examines the effects of negotiation context on the performance of member states in intergovernmental negotiations in the European Union. Drawing on the case of the Stability and Growth Pact, this thesis considers the distinction between negotiations that aim to establish original EU-level policy, versus those that aim to reform existing EU-level policy, and the impact this has on the outcome of negotiations vis-a-vis states’ positions. The original, policy-making negotiations are referred to as ‘uploading’ negotiations, and the reform negotiations are referred to as ‘reuploading’ negotiations. The main research question to be answered is: Do differences between ‘uploading’ and ‘reuploading’ negotiations affect member state negotiation performance in each? While the EU literature has tended to reveal a disproportionate level of influence by big member states, there is a lack of consideration given to the context in which negotiations take place, and how that impacts on the potential for states to influence negotiation outcomes, as well as to the specific mechanisms for influence. This project fills that gap, using an in-depth, qualitative study of the performance of Belgium, France, Germany and the Netherlands, in the ‘uploading’ and ‘reuploading’ negotiations over the SGP, in order to draw conclusions regarding the effects of specific bargaining resources on the potential for member states to influence negotiations, as well as the way in which negotiation context mediates the utility of those resources. In so doing, this thesis generates a host of interesting conclusions, and contributes to a wide range of literatures, from empirical, conceptual and theoretical standpoints, ultimately demonstrating that it is essential to consider both bargaining resources and negotiation context, in order to understand negotiation outcomes, and the influence of individual member states, in intergovernmental negotiations over EU policy.
An efficient recognition algorithm for restricted bayesian networks

We propose an optimization method for belief propagation. First we mathematically show that the belief propagation algorithm can be optimized by imposing a reasonable restriction on the conditional probability tables in a Bayesian network. Then we demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm with experiments. Compared to the previously derived approximate algorithm, the proposed algorithm has the following features: 1. the proposed algorithm calculates more accurate maximum posterior marginal values, 2. similar to the approximate algorithm, its execution time grows only linearly against the number of edges, and 3. the proposed algorithm is slower than the approximate algorithm, but the difference between their execution time is less than twice.
Strong and Weak Lensing Constraints on Galaxy Mass Distribution

Gravitational Lensing is a UNIQUE tool to constrain the mass distribution of collapsed structures, this is particularly true for galaxies, either on a case by case basis using multiple images of background sources (such as quasars), or statistically using the so called galaxy-galaxy lensing technique. First, I will present the lensing theory, and then discuss the various methods applied to current observations. Finally, I will review the bright future prospects of galaxy lensing that will benefit of the development of high resolution, large, wide and deep (lensing) surveys.
Creativity-Stimulating Leadership: A Critical Incident Study of Leaders' Influence on Creativity in Research Groups

This study examines how group leaders in academic and industrial research settings stimulate creativity in group members. The study uses a modified version of the critical incident technique to collect creative incidents as perceived and reported in interviews with research group members. These incidents were content analysed according to the reported creative situation and the creativity-stimulating leadership behaviours. Reasons for the importance of the incidents are given (each incident is subdivided into categories and subcategories). The highest ranked categories deal with how leaders provide expertise in research meetings and in supervisory situations, in particular for the advancement of research. Four types of creativity-stimulating leadership behaviours are also discussed. The study finds few differences between how leaders in universities and industries stimulate creativity.
Employee Analytics through Sentiment Analysis

People discuss and talk about the most diverse topics in social media platforms, including about their jobs. This results in a stream of employee-related data, and organizations are increasingly interested in making sense of this data on an ongoing basis in order to assess key factors such as employee engagement, retention and satisfaction. In this paper we propose to estimate such factors from dierent sentiments that are implicit in employee communications in social media platforms. We introduce sentiment analysis approaches that are based on learning vector representations for employee communications in an unsupervised way, and then these representations are given as input to a state-ofthe-art supervised regression algorithm which nally maps text/sentiment to employee factors. We collected a large set of employee communications in social platforms, survey data such as work/life balance, job culture and management, and also ocial data about retention and salary. Then, we performed a systematic set of experiments using the collected data, and our results show that learning representations leads to better sentiment analysis performance than engineering features based on the standard term-frequency and inverse-document-frequency numbers (i.e., TF-IDF weighting scheme).
A privacy-aware location service for VANETs using Chaum's mixes

Protecting the privacy of VANET users is an important issue. We present in this paper an architecture that aims at this goal by integrating Chaum's mix network into a distributed but infrastructure-based location service for position-based routing. In addition we enable the user to decide when he wants to reveal his position to anyone else. Thus neither entity of the VANET is in full knowledge about the location and the identity of any user at the same time. The proposed system can be integrated in most published VANET security frameworks and our evaluation shows that an implementation is feasible.
Priority Service: Pricing, Investment, and Market Organization

Priority service offers a menu of contingent contracts for distribution of scarce supplies. Prices inducing customers' efficient self-selection are expectations of spot prices for comparable service. Customers' selections reveal the benefit of capacity expansion. Priority service can be implemented via sale of "priority points" or via provision of compensatory insurance. Sever al priority classes suffice to obtain most of the efficiency gains. P riority service Pareto dominates random rationing if excess revenue i s refunded equally to customers. Copyright 1987 by American Economic Association.
Statin Use Is Not Associated with Improved Progression Free Survival in Cetuximab Treated KRAS Mutant Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients: Results from the CAIRO2 Study

Statins may inhibit the expression of the mutant KRAS phenotype by preventing the prenylation and thus the activation of the KRAS protein. This study was aimed at retrospectively evaluating the effect of statin use on outcome in KRAS mutant metastatic colorectal cancer patients (mCRC) treated with cetuximab. Treatment data were obtained from patients who were treated with capecitabine, oxaliplatin bevacizumab ± cetuximab in the phase III CAIRO2 study. A total of 529 patients were included in this study, of whom 78 patients were on statin therapy. In patients with a KRAS wild type tumor (n = 321) the median PFS was 10.3 vs. 11.4 months for non-users compared to statin users and in patients with a KRAS mutant tumor (n = 208) this was 7.6 vs. 6.2 months, respectively. The hazard ratio (HR) for PFS for statin users was 1.12 (95% confidence interval 0.78–1.61) and was not influenced by treatment arm, KRAS mutation status or the KRAS*statin interaction. Statin use adjusted for covariates was not associated with increased PFS (HR = 1.01, 95% confidence interval 0.71–1.54). In patients with a KRAS wild type tumor the median OS for non-users compared to statin users was 22.4 vs. 19.8 months and in the KRAS mutant tumor group the OS was 18.1 vs. 14.5 months. OS was significantly shorter in statin users versus non-users (HR = 1.54; 95% confidence interval 1.06–2.22). However, statin use, adjusted for covariates was not associated with increased OS (HR = 1.41, 95% confidence interval 0.95–2.10). In conclusion, the use of statins at time of diagnosis was not associated with an improved PFS in KRAS mutant mCRC patients treated with chemotherapy and bevacizumab plus cetuximab.
ONLINE SOCIALNETWORK INTERNETWORKING ANALYSIS

Online social networks (OSNs) contain data about users, their relations, interests and daily activities and the great value of this data results in ever growing popularity of OSNs. There are two types of OSNs data, semantic and topological. Both can be used to support decision making processes in many applications such as in information diffusion, viral marketing and epidemiology. Online Social network analysis (OSNA) research is used to maximize the benefits gained from OSNs’ data. This paper provides a comprehensive study of OSNs and OSNA to provide analysts with the knowledge needed to analyse OSNs. OSNs’ internetworking was found to increase the wealth of the analysed data by depending on more than one OSN as the source of the analysed data. Paper proposes a generic model of OSNs’ internetworking system that an analyst can rely on. Two different data sources in OSNs were identified in our efforts to provide a thorough study of OSNs, which are the OSN User data and the OSN platform data. Additionally, we propose a classification of the OSN User data according to its analysis models for different data types to shed some light into the current used OSNA methodologies. We also highlight the different metrics and parameters that analysts can use to evaluate semantic or topologic OSN user data. Further, we present a classification of the other data types and OSN platform data that can be used to compare the capabilities of different OSNs whether separate or in a OSNs’ internetworking system. To increase analysts’ awareness about the available tools they can use, we overview some of the currently publically available OSNs’ datasets and simulation tools and identify whether they are capable of being used in semantic, topological OSNA, or both. The overview identifies that only few datasets includes both data types (semantic and topological) and there are few analysis tools that can perform analysis on both data types. Finally paper present a scenario that shows that an integration of semantic and topologic data (hybrid data) in the OSNA is beneficial.
Cooperation in the Prisoner's Dilemma: The Rules Importance to Achieve Cooperation Equilibrium

This paper discusses the role of cooperation in the static game involving the prisoner’s dilemma. As depicted in the literature, the cooperation in games like that only happens when there is repetition of the decision situation. Initially, the paper presents a panoramic development of game theory and discusses the prisoner’s dilemma, as well as its use to illustrate Nash’s concept of equilibrium. Then, the paper discusses some concerns of the New Institutional Economics and how rules can influence the cooperation between agents. The implementation theory is used in order to establish the relationship between two major areas of study—Game Theory and the New Institutional Economics. That theory, which is a branch from the game theory, assumes the presence of a planner, who previously plans the final equilibrium of the game, and determines the rules of the game to achieve the expected balance. Based on that, the paper first discusses the rules of the prisoners’ dilemma and then presents a new game in which the original rules were changed so that cooperation is achievable. The new prisoners’ dilemma game allows for two different situations in which Nash Equilibrium can be reached the non-cooperative situation (traditional one) and a new cooperative equilibrium, showing that the rules influence cooperation. The theoretical results strengthen the legitimacy and the role of institutions—rules, laws and other instruments—as positive guidelines, informing social, economic, and business action.
Embodied and Disembodied Emotion Processing: Learning From and About Typical and Autistic Individuals

Successful social functioning requires quick and accurate processing of emotion and generation of appropriate reactions. In typical individuals, these skills are supported by embodied processing, recruiting central and peripheral mechanisms. However, emotional processing is atypical in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Individuals with ASD show deficits in recognition of briefly presented emotional expressions. They tend to recognize expressions using rule-based, rather than template, strategies. Individuals with ASD also do not spontaneously and quickly mimic emotional expressions, unless the task encourages engagement. When processing emotional scenes, ASD individuals show atypical basic motivational responses, despite intact ability to verbally determine stimulus valence. We discuss how these findings highlight the contribution of both embodied and disembodied mechanisms to typical and atypical emotional functioning.