Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Some Observations concerning the Distribution of the Zeros of the Zeta Functions (I)

Let Z ( s) be a zeta function which has nice properties like the Riemann zeta function ((s ). Let a0 be the critical point of Z(s) and suppose that the Riemann Hypothesis (R.H.) holds for Z ( s), namely, all the nontrivial zeros of Z(s) are of the form a0 + h with a real number 1 . The purpose of the present article is to find some of the characteristic properties of the distribution of the zeros of ( ( s). We shall approach this problem by comparing it with the distribution of the zeros of Z( s) from the following three points of views.
Structure, Expression, and Chromosomal Assignment of the Human Gene Encoding Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1 (*)

Nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1) is a transcription factor that acts on nuclear genes encoding respiratory subunits and components of the mitochondrial transcription and replication machinery. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of the human gene encoding NRF-1. The human genomic sequences detected with NRF-1 cDNA probes at high stringency are all contained within seven overlapping recombinant clones. The NRF-1 gene encompassed by these recombinants spans 65 kilobases (kb) and has 11 exons and 10 introns that range in size from 0.8 to 15 kb. A rapid amplification of cDNA ends-polymerase chain reaction product containing the 5′-terminus of the NRF-1 cDNA has two exons from the 5′-untranslated region and terminates at a major transcription initiation site identified by S1 nuclease mapping. A genomic fragment containing a portion of the 5′-terminal exon and an additional 1 kb upstream had a functional promoter that was active in transfected COS cells, HeLa cells, and L6 myoblasts. The transcription initiation site utilized by the transfected promoter corresponded to that used by the endogenous gene in vivo. NRF-1 mRNA was expressed at very low levels in rat tissues compared with cytochrome c and, unlike cytochrome c, was most abundantly expressed in lung and testis. The NRF-1 gene was localized to human chromosome 7 by analysis of DNA from a panel of human-hamster cell hybrids with human-specific NRF-1 polymerase chain reaction primers. This assignment was further refined to 7q31 by cohybridization of NRF-1- and chromosome 7-specific probes to human metaphase chromosomes. These analyses should be useful in evaluating the potential role of NRF-1 in mitochondrial diseases resulting from defects in the nuclear control of mitochondrial function.
Assessment of cerebral pressure autoregulation in humans - a review of measurement methods

Assessment of cerebral autoregulation is an important adjunct to measurement of cerebral blood flow for diagnosis, monitoring or prognosis of cerebrovascular disease. The most common approach tests the effects of changes in mean arterial blood pressure on cerebral blood flow, known as pressure autoregulation. A `gold standard' for this purpose is not available and the literature shows considerable disparity of methods and criteria. This is understandable because cerebral autoregulation is more a concept rather than a physically measurable entity. Static methods utilize steady-state values to test for changes in cerebral blood flow (or velocity) when mean arterial pressure is changed significantly. This is usually achieved with the use of drugs, shifts in blood volume or by observing spontaneous changes. The long time interval between measurements is a particular concern in many of the studies reviewed. Parallel changes in other critical variables, such as , haematocrit, brain activation and sympathetic tone, are rarely controlled for. Proposed indices of static autoregulation are based on changes in cerebrovascular resistance, on parameters of the linear regression of flow/velocity versus pressure changes, or only on the absolute changes in flow. The limitations of studies which assess patient groups rather than individual cases are highlighted. Newer methods of dynamic assessment are based on transient changes in cerebral blood flow (or velocity) induced by the deflation of thigh cuffs, Valsalva manoeuvres, tilting and induced or spontaneous oscillations in mean arterial blood pressure. Dynamic testing overcomes several limitations of static methods but it is not clear whether the two approaches are interchangeable. Classification of autoregulation performance using dynamic methods has been based on mathematical modelling, coherent averaging, transfer function analysis, crosscorrelation function or impulse response analysis. More research on reproducibility and inter-method comparisons is urgently needed, particularly involving the assessment of pressure autoregulation in individuals rather than patient groups. Keywords: cerebral autoregulation, cerebral blood flow, cerebral metabolism
Genetic and pharmacological analysis of neurotransmitters controlling egg laying in C. elegans

We have investigated the neurotransmitters used to control egg-laying in C. elegans. Previous studies suggested that 5-HT released by the HSN motor neurons stimulates egg laying, and that tricyclic antidepressants potentiate egg laying by blocking reuptake of 5-HT by the HSN neurons. We report studies of the wild type and a mutant that lacks detectable 5- HT that suggest 5-HT is not required for egg-laying. Furthermore, we find that ACh is required for egg laying in response to 5-HT, suggesting that 5-HT is not sufficient to activate egg laying. The dominant egl-2(n693) mutation, which causes animals to lay eggs in response to tricyclics but not 5-HT, also conflicts with the model for egg laying. Experiments in which the HSN neurons or 5-HT are removed from egl-2 animals indicate that the action of tricyclics cannot be explained by a block of 5-HT reuptake. We find that D2 family dopamine antagonists can also induce egg laying in egl-2(n693) mutants, and that dopamine inhibits egg laying in the wild type. These results suggest that dominant egl-2 mutations activate an inhibitory dopaminergic pathway that can be blocked by tricyclics and D2 antagonists. We also find that these drugs stimulate egg laying in mutants lacking 5-HT or the HSN neurons, consistent with a target on the egg-laying muscles. In contrast to tricyclics, fluoxetine and other selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors appear to be specific for 5-HT reuptake in C. elegans egg laying.
Bovine T cells, B cells, and null cells are transformed by the protozoan parasite Theileria parva

The target cells for infection and transformation by Theileria parva were investigated. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were reacted with monoclonal antibodies specific for bovine leukocyte differentiation antigens, sorted into subpopulations with a fluorescence-activated cell sorter, and infected in vitro with T. parva sporozoites. Infected cells were cultured at limiting dilution, and transformed clones were screened with monoclonal antibodies. The results indicated that B cells, T cells (including BoT4+ and BoT8+ cells), and null cells but not monocytes or neutrophils were transformed in vitro after infection with T. parva. After transformation, peripheral blood T cells and T-cell clones retained expression of most or all of the T-cell differentiation antigens including the mature T-cell marker recognized by monoclonal antibody IL-A27, BoT2, and BoT4 or BoT8, and some cells acquired a low level of expression of BoT4, BoT8, or the null cell marker recognized by monoclonal antibody IL-A29. T. parva-transformed null cells retained expression of the IL-A29 determinant and acquired expression of BoT2 and BoT8 but not the IL-A27 determinant or BoT4. T. parva-transformed B cells in most instances lost expression of surface immunoglobulin and never acquired expression of the IL-A27 determinant, BoT2, BoT4, or BoT8, although some cells acquired a low level of expression of the null cell marker recognized by monoclonal antibody IL-A29. Further studies on cell lines and clones grown in vitro from populations isolated from T. parva-infected cattle suggested that the majority of the in vivo T. parva-transformed cells were of T-cell origin.
Distributed Multi-agent Multi-armed Bandits

Social decision-making is a common feature of both natural and artificial systems. Humans, animals, and machines routinely communicate and observe each other to improve their understanding of a complex world. Additionally, many real-world tasks involve sequential decision-making under uncertainty. Such tasks are inherently subject to the explore-exploit tradeoff, where one must select between options with the highest expected payoffs based on current knowledge (exploitation) and options with less well-known but potentially better outcomes (exploration). In this thesis, we consider distributed social decision-making under uncertainty. Specifically, we develop and utilize the multi-agent multi-armed bandit (MAB) problem to model and study how multiple interacting agents make decisions that balance the explore-exploit tradeoff. we consider several different communication protocols for sharing information between agents. We develop and analyze algorithms that address the multi-agent MAB problem under each protocol. We derive bounds on performance and use the bounds to analyze the influence of network structure, i.e., who is communicating with whom, on decision-making outcomes. We first consider communication through consensus, and derive novel results concerning the performance of cooperative estimation of expected reward. We then use these results to develop, analyze, and prove performance bounds for several algorithms that address the multi-agent MAB problem both with and without constraints on concurrent sampling of arms by multiple agents. Furthermore, we develop a new graph centrality measure, which we call “explore-exploit” centrality, that can be used to predict performance of networked agents in an MAB problem with communication through consensus. We demonstrate the utility of this centrality measure, and the performance of the algorithms through numerical simulations and robotic experiments.
Dyspepsia in primary care: acid suppression as effective as prokinetic therapy. A randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND While dyspeptic patients in primary care often receive empirical treatment with antisecretory drugs, a substantial number suffer from motility disturbances which may be associated with their complaints. We aimed to compare the effectiveness of treatment with antisecretory treatment with a prokinetic agent in uninvestigated dyspepsia. METHODS 563 patients presenting dyspeptic complaints to the general practitioner with a low likelihood of organic (ulcer, reflux or malignant) disease, i.e. absence of alarm symptoms or a history of peptic ulcer disease or gastro-oesophageal reflux disease were included. They entered a randomized, double-blind trial of 4 weeks of ranitidine 150 mg bid compared with 4 weeks of cisapride 10 mg bid, with 3 months follow-up. Treatment failure was defined as no response to treatment or a relapse of symptoms within the follow-up period. Also studied were the effect on dyspepsia severity, response to treatment after 4 weeks, and time to relapse. RESULTS For all randomized patients, the incidence of overall treatment success after 3 months follow-up with antisecretory treatment was 107/271 (39.5%) and with a prokinetic agent 122/282 (43.3%); the risk difference was 3.8% (95% CI -4.4% to 12.0%); the difference in symptom severity score after 4 weeks of treatment was 0.3; 95% CI -0.4% to 1.0%. For patients responding to 4 weeks of treatment, relapse-free time was 86 days in the prokinetic group and 79 days in the acid suppression group (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Antisecretory and prokinetic therapies are equally effective in primary care patients with uninvestigated dyspeptic complaints, though relapse rates are lower in patients treated with prokinetic treatment.
An Improved Fault Simulation Approach Based on Verilog with Application to ISCAS Benchmark Circuits

This paper presents an approach to fault simulation in the particular context of ISCAS 85 combinational benchmark circuits based on hardware description language (HDL) specification of their gate level netlists. The approach, exploiting the existing force and release features available in Verilog, builds an effective fault simulator by properly utilizing Verilog syntax with application to fault modeling. The implemented simulator system is able to emulate all of the ISCAS 85 combinational circuits. Experimental results show that access to the source code of HDL simulator or its modification is not a requirement to compute faulty responses from a circuit under test (CUT). The proposed simulator is platform independent, thereby making its utility substantially worthwhile
Islamic work ethics (IWE) towards the organizational commitment

The study investigates the implication of Islamic work ethics (IWE) towards the organizational commitment and the moderating impact of job involvement. IWE is analogous to the concept of Islam that emphasizes cooperation in work, and consultation is seen as a way of overcoming obstacles and avoiding mistakes to meet one's needs and establish equilibrium in one's individual and social life. IWE is examined on how far the employees practicing what they have claims to be for the organization The result will determine impact of the implementation of Islamic work ethic and the employee commitment towards the organization. Other than that it will determine the understanding of the Islamic work ethics from the employee perspective. This research will help the management to determine the understanding of the employee towards Islamic work ethics and to measure the element in Islamic work ethics that lead to the organizational commitment.
Heat wave morbidity and mortality, Milwaukee, Wis, 1999 vs 1995: an improved response?

OBJECTIVES This study examined whether differences in heat alone, as opposed to public health interventions or other factors, accounted for the reduction in heat-related deaths and paramedic emergency medical service (EMS) runs between 1995 and 1999 during 2 heat waves occurring in Milwaukee, Wis. METHODS Two previously described prediction models were adapted to compare expected and observed heat-related morbidity and mortality in 1999 based on the city's 1995 experience. RESULTS Both models showed that heat-related deaths and EMS runs in 1999 were at least 49% lower than levels predicted by the 1995 relation between heat and heat-related deaths or EMS runs. CONCLUSIONS Reductions in heat-related morbidity and mortality in 1999 were not attributable to differences in heat levels alone. Changes in public health preparedness and response may also have contributed to these reductions.
Bis[(E)-N-(pyridin-3-ylmethylidene)hydroxylamine-κN 1]silver(I) perchlorate

Each of the ions in the title salt, [Ag(C6H6N2O)2]ClO4, is completed by the application of crystallographic twofold symmetry. The AgI atom is coordinated by two pyridine N atoms in an almost linear fashion [N—Ag—N = 170.0 (2)°], with the T-shaped coordination geometry being completed by a weakly associated perchlorate-O atom. Supramolecular zigzag chains along [100] mediated by O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds [as parts of R 2 2(6) loops] feature in the crystal packing. The perchlorate O atoms are disordered over two sets of sites in a statistical ratio.
Classification criteria and severity assessment in work-associated upper extremity disorders: methods matter.

Work-associated musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremity are common and disabling. Research on these disorders is needed and requires valid methods of classification of the disorders for epidemiologic studies and measurement of their impact on functional status. This commentary discusses the methodologic aspects of classification and functional status assessment in upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders.
Altered tissue electrical properties in women with breast cancer--preliminary observations.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES In the United States, breast cancer (BC) is the most common non-skin cancer. In Poland, it is estimated that the number of new breast cancer cases affects about 13,500 women each year. There are many methods for nutritional status assessment. One of them is bioimpedance analysis (BIA). Direct bioimpedance measures (resistance, reactance, phase angle (PA)) determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) detectf changes in tissue electrical properties. The study was conducted to investigate whether there are any tissue electrical differences in patients with breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS The direct bioimpedance measures determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) were performed on 34 patients with BC and 34 healthy volunteers. The measurements were made with ImpediMed bioimpedance analysis SFB7 BioImp v1.55 (Pinkenba Qld 4008, Australia). RESULTS Reactance and resistance at 50 kHz was found to be significantly greater in patients with BC than in the control group (53.59° ± 1.53 vs. 47.26° ± 1.25, respectively, p=0.0031; 603.24° ± 15.38 ohm vs. 515.87° ± 11.48 ohm, respectively, p=0.00004). CONCLUSION Pre-surgical patients diagnosed with BC have altered tissue electrical properties. Further observations of a larger patient group would be valuable to calculate survival, validate the prognostic significance of PA, and monitor nutritional and therapeutic interventions in this patient population.
Myosin Isoform Fiber Type and Fiber Size in the Tail of the Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana)

Muscle fiber type is a well studied property in limb muscles, however, much less is understood about myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform expression in caudal muscles of mammalian tails. Didelphid marsupials are an interesting lineage in this context as all species have prehensile tails, but show a range of tail‐function depending on either their arboreal or terrestrial locomotor habits. Differences in prehensility suggest that MHC isoform fiber types may also be different, in that terrestrial opossums may have a large distribution of oxidative fibers for object carrying tasks instead of faster, glycolytic fiber types expected in mammals with long tails. To test this hypothesis, MHC isoform fiber type and their regional distribution (proximal/transitional/distal) were determined in the tail of the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Fiber types were determined by a combination of myosin‐ATPase histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and SDS‐PAGE. Results indicate a predominance of the fast MHC‐2A and ‐2X isoforms in each region of the tail. The presence of two fast isoforms, in addition to the slow MHC‐1 isoform, was confirmed by SDS‐PAGE analysis. The overall MHC isoform fiber type distribution for the tail was: 25% MHC‐1, 71% MHC‐2A/X hybrid, and 4% MHC‐1/2A hybrid. Oxidative MHC‐2A/X isoform fibers were found to be relatively large in cross‐section compared to slow, oxidative MHC‐1 and MHC‐1/2A hybrid fibers. A large percentage of fast MHC‐2A/X hybrids fibers may be suggestive of an evolutionary transition in MHC isoform distribution (fast‐to‐slow fiber type) in the tail musculature of an opossum with primarily a terrestrial locomotor habit and adaptive tail‐function. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Standards and Development

Consumers have increasing demands for product standards. This has important implications for development. While there has been increasing attention to empirical work in this area, it is often grounded in a poor conceptual base. To overcome this shortcoming, this paper develops a formal theory of the process of the introduction of high product standards in developing countries and identifies the implications of the emergence of high product standards. The model endogenizes the introduction of high standards and the choices of the actors - firms and producers - who make up the supply chain. Initial differences in income, the nature of capital constraints, transaction costs, the efficiency of traditional marketing channels and policies and institutions are shown to affect the likelihood of and the speed with which the high standards economy emerges. Initial differences in some of these same factors - as well as inter-country differences in the distribution of the sizes of farmers - are also shown to determine who begins to produce and sell high standards commodities in the early stages of the growth process. We also use the model to analyze the welfare effects of the introduction of high standards production systems.
Value of MR imaging of the brain in children with hypoxic coma.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The contribution of MR imaging to identify hypoxic-ischemic injuries has been studied mostly in neonates or adults. The purpose of this study was to describe the MR imaging findings of toddlers and older children with hypoxic coma and to analyze the prognostic value of an MR imaging scoring system. METHODS The conditions of 40 children with hypoxic coma (age range, 6 weeks to 18 years) were clinically graded according to the pediatric risk of mortality score, and MR imaging studies were performed. Sixty-four MR imaging studies were distributed in five categories according to their timing relative to the hypoxic event: days 1 through 3, 4-7, 8-15, 16-50, and after day 50. These were evaluated retrospectively by using an eight-point scoring system based on two lesion categories assessing watershed areas and basal ganglia involvement, including signal intensity and morphologic features with respect to maturation-related norms. Two age groups (< or =1 year and >1 year) were considered. The surviving children were grouped according to neurologic outcome. RESULTS The occurrence of watershed areas or basal ganglia involvement was not significantly different in association with age. Sixteen children died. Twelve children had moderate to severe sequelae resulting from neurodevelopmental disabilities, and 12 had good neurologic outcomes. There was no correlation between pediatric risk of mortality score and neurologic evolution. There was a strong correlation between first MR imaging score (P <.001) and neurologic outcome. The sensitivity of the first MR imaging score was high (96%), even when obtained during the first 3 days, with a specificity of 50% and a positive predictive value of 82%. Six patients with definite abnormal MR imaging findings experienced good neurologic outcomes. CONCLUSION The MR imaging scoring system proposed in this study can be used to establish an early prognosis in a significant proportion of children with hypoxic coma. It is helpful, even during the first 3 days after the event. However, some patients with definite abnormal MR imaging findings may experience good neurologic evolution.
Why so Few Women in Politics? Evidence from India

In this paper we analyze women as political candidates in a representative democracy. Using 50 years of assembly elections data at the constituency level from the Indian states, we show that women are more likely to contest elections in those constituencies where gender ratio of the electors is less in favor of women. For example, women are more likely to contest elections in backward states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh where the gender ratio of electors is in favor of men than in socially developed states like Kerala where the gender ratio of electors is more in favor of women. We present a “citizen candidates” model of representative democracy and show that our empirical results are consistent with the theoretical predictions of this model. Our results challenge existing policy of random reservation of seats for women.