Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Passive/active unified dynamic walking for biped locomotion

In order to implement walking efficiency and environmental adapting ability to a biped locomotion, it is required to combine passive dynamic walking and active one. In this paper, a passive/active unified dynamic walking for biped locomotion was proposed. Firstly, a passive/active unified actuator that has a torque detector and is actively controlled by zero torque feedback control was proposed and developed. Next, a free moving joint used in passive motion was implemented analytically and experimentally to a one-joint one-link and a two-joint two-link mechanism with a reduction gear using this developed actuator. Furthermore, in order to apply it to a biped walking robot, a passive/active unified dynamic walking control algorithm was proposed. Moreover, 2-D passive/active unified dynamic walking of a three-joint four-link biped robot was implemented experimentally by applying self-excited control to the passive walking phase of the swing leg. Finally, we showed the energy-efficient walking using the proposed method by comparing Specific Cost of other types of dynamic walking, and mentioned its adaptability to disturbances and unknown environment.
Control and Cybernetics Integration of Candidate Hash Trees in Concurrent Processing of Frequent Itemset Queries Using Apriori *

Frequent itemset mining is often regarded as advanced querying where a user specifies the source dataset and pattern constraints using a given constraint model. In this paper we address the problem of processing batches of frequent itemset queries using the Apriori algorithm. The best solution of this problem proposed so far is Common Counting, which consists in concurrent execution of the queries using Apriori with the integration of scans of the parts of the database shared among the queries. In this paper we propose a new method-Common Candidate Tree, offering a more tight integration of the concurrently processed queries by sharing memory data structures, i.e., candidate hash trees. The experiments show that Common Candidate Tree outperforms Common Counting in terms of execution time. Moreover, thanks to smaller memory consumption , Common Candidate Tree can be applied to larger batches of queries.
On a Routing Problem Within Probabilistic Graphs and its Application to Intermittently Connected Networks

Given a probabilistic graph G representing an intermittently connected network and routing algorithm A, we wish to determine a delivery subgraph G[A] of G with at most k edges, such that the probability Conn2 (G[A]) that there is a path from source s to destination t (in a graph H chosen randomly from the probability space defined by G[A]) is maximized. To the best of our knowledge, this problem and its complexity has not been addressed in the literature. Also, there is the corresponding distributed version of the problem where the delivery subgraph G[A] is to be constructed distributively, yielding a routing protocol. Our proposed solution to this routing problem is multi-fold: First, we prove the hardness of our optimization problem of finding a delivery subgraph that maximizes the delivery probability and discuss the hardness of computing the objective function Conn2(G[A]); Second, we present an algorithm to approximate Conn2(G[A]) and compare it with an optimal algorithm; Third, we focus on intermittently connected networks, and model the users' mobility within them; and Fourth, we propose an edge-constrained routing protocol (EC-SOLAR-KSP) based on the insights obtained from the first step and the contact probabilities computed in the third step. We then highlight the protocol's novelty and effectiveness by comparing it with a probabilistic routing protocol, and an epidemic routing protocol proposed in literature.
Denoising of ABR signals using wavelet packets

— Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) is an auditory evoked potential extracted from ongoing electrical activity in the brain. ABR is especially used for newborn-and children hearing screening, auditory threshold estimation, and brainstem lesion detection in response to stimuli such as click sound, tone burst or chirp. In order to support clinical decision making the analysis of ABR signals must exhibit good resolution in both time domain and frequency domain. In this paper biorthogonal wavelet packets are applied for effective noise reduction and detection of ABR signals. Experimental results obtained of simulated data run on Matlab and real data demonstrate the superiority of wavelet packets for denoising and reconstructing ABR signals.
The Monetary Burden of Cystic Echinococcosis in Iran

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a globally distributed parasitic infection of humans and livestock. The disease is of significant medical and economic importance in many developing countries, including Iran. However, the socioeconomic impact of the disease, in most endemic countries, is not fully understood. The purpose of the present study was to determine the monetary burden of CE in Iran. Epidemiological data, including prevalence and incidence of CE in humans and animals, were obtained from regional hospitals, the scientific literature, and official government reports. Economic data relating to human and animal disease, including cost of treatment, productivity losses, and livestock production losses were obtained from official national and international datasets. Monte Carlo simulation methods were used to represent uncertainty in input parameters. Mean number of surgical CE cases per year for 2000–2009 was estimated at 1,295. The number of asymptomatic individuals living in the country was estimated at 635,232 (95% Credible Interval, CI 149,466–1,120,998). The overall annual cost of CE in Iran was estimated at US$232.3 million (95% CI US$103.1–397.8 million), including both direct and indirect costs. The cost associated with human CE was estimated at US$93.39 million (95% CI US$6.1–222.7 million) and the annual cost associated with CE in livestock was estimated at US$132 million (95% CI US$61.8–246.5 million). The cost per surgical human case was estimated at US$1,539. CE has a considerable economic impact on Iran, with the cost of the disease approximated at 0.03% of the country's gross domestic product. Establishment of a CE surveillance system and implementation of a control program are necessary to reduce the economic burden of CE on the country. Cost-benefit analysis of different control programs is recommended, incorporating present knowledge of the economic losses due to CE in Iran.
A Robust Algorithm for Joint-Sparse Recovery

We address the problem of finding a set of sparse signals that have nonzero coefficients in the same locations from a set of their compressed measurements. A mixed lscr2,0 norm optimization approach is considered. A cost function appropriate to the joint-sparse problem is developed, and an algorithm is derived. Compared to other convex relaxation based techniques, the results obtained by the proposed method show a clear improvement in both noiseless and noisy environments.
From movement tracks through events to places: Extracting and characterizing significant places from mobility data

We propose a visual analytics procedure for analyzing movement data, i.e., recorded tracks of moving objects. It is oriented to a class of problems where it is required to determine significant places on the basis of certain types of events occurring repeatedly in movement data. The procedure consists of four major steps: (1) event extraction from trajectories; (2) event clustering and extraction of relevant places; (3) spatio-temporal aggregation of events or trajectories; (4) analysis of the aggregated data. All steps are scalable with respect to the amount of the data under analysis. We demonstrate the use of the procedure by example of two real-world problems requiring analysis at different spatial scales.
Choriodecidual Group B Streptococcal Inoculation Induces Fetal Lung Injury without Intra-Amniotic Infection and Preterm Labor in Macaca nemestrina

Background Early events leading to intrauterine infection and fetal lung injury remain poorly defined, but may hold the key to preventing neonatal and adult chronic lung disease. Our objective was to establish a nonhuman primate model of an early stage of chorioamnionitis in order to determine the time course and mechanisms of fetal lung injury in utero. Methodology/Principal Findings Ten chronically catheterized pregnant monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) at 118–125 days gestation (term = 172 days) received one of two treatments: 1) choriodecidual and intra-amniotic saline (n = 5), or 2) choriodecidual inoculation of Group B Streptococcus (GBS) 1×106 colony forming units (n = 5). Cesarean section was performed regardless of labor 4 days after GBS or 7 days after saline infusion to collect fetal and placental tissues. Only two GBS animals developed early labor with no cervical change in the remaining animals. Despite uterine quiescence in most cases, blinded review found histopathological evidence of fetal lung injury in four GBS animals characterized by intra-alveolar neutrophils and interstitial thickening, which was absent in controls. Significant elevations of cytokines in amniotic fluid (TNF-α, IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6) and fetal plasma (IL-8) were detected in GBS animals and correlated with lung injury (p<0.05). Lung injury was not directly caused by GBS, because GBS was undetectable in amniotic fluid (∼10 samples tested/animal), maternal and fetal blood by culture and polymerase chain reaction. In only two cases was GBS cultured from the inoculation site in low numbers. Chorioamnionitis occurred in two GBS animals with lung injury, but two others with lung injury had normal placental histology. Conclusions/Significance A transient choriodecidual infection can induce cytokine production, which is associated with fetal lung injury without overt infection of amniotic fluid, chorioamnionitis or preterm labor. Fetal lung injury may, thus, occur silently without symptoms and before the onset of the fetal systemic inflammatory response syndrome.
Analyzing Schedulability of Energy-oriented Distributed Real-time Embedded Software

As computer systems become increasingly inter-networked, most of critical systems are distributed real-time embedded ( DRE ) system. A challenging problem faced by researchers and developers of DRE system is devising and implementing an effective method that can analyze requirements in varying operational conditions. In this paper, we analyze the requirements of DRE software and construct the corresponding energy consumption model, which is divided into fork module and leaf module based on its characteristics, and an energy consumption schema with time constrains is proposed for DRE software. The concept of critical task is presented according to the different position of task in the module, then constructing divide task set for module based on the characteristics of module and its critical task's position, the idle time allocation strategy and DVS adjustment method of sub task set are also advanced. Finally, a specific example is given to simulate the analysis process, the results show that the method can be a good solution to analyze DRE software.
Abstract—this Paper Presents a Multi-objectives Optimization Algorithm Called Nsga2pi for Designing the Radial Basis Function Networks (rbfns) Based on the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithms (nsga-ii) and Pseudo Inverse Method. the Main Considered Objectives Are: Higher Classification Ability 

the weights of the output layer by the pseudo inverse method. NSGA2PI is tested on four of the best-known and most widely used data sets, from the University of California at irvine . We report the values of mean square error, number of hidden nodes, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. The obtained results are compared against the some best methods which are proposed in the literature. The experiments show that the proposed method obtains RBFNs with higher classification performance ,and the more simple structures in comparison to the other methods.
LABOR MARKET DYNAMICS AFTER NOMINAL DEVALUATIONS

This paper studies two channels through which exchange rate policy affects the real economy. First, if nominal wages do not decrease during a recession, a nominal devaluation of the currency – as opposed to a fixed exchange rate – reduces unemployment by lowering wages in real terms. However, if not all wages are equally rigid, sectoral labor markets respond differently under different exchange rate regimes and redistributive effects arise. Second, nominal devaluations can have an effect on the real value of nominal asset positions. The desirability of a nominal devaluation is analyzed in the context of a quantitative small open economy model. The model features heterogeneous workers and sectoral labor markets that differ in the degree of nominal rigidities. Using data from Argentina, I estimate the model to match aggregate and worker-level moments regarding labor market choices. The model predicts that fixed exchange rate regimes reduce employment and welfare during a recession. A devaluation that does not affect the real value of workers’ nominal positions improves the overall well-being of workers, but entails a redistribution of welfare across certain groups of workers. Revaluation effects can be strong enough to overcome the labor market gain of a nominal devaluation.
Histone Modifications at Gene Promoter Regions in Rat Hippocampus after Acute and Chronic Electroconvulsive Seizures

The mechanism of action of electroconvulsive seizures (ECS), one of the most effective treatments of major depression, may involve the regulation of gene expression. Chromatin remodeling at gene promoter regions is increasingly recognized as a key control point of gene expression and may, therefore, partly mediate acute and chronic effects of ECS on gene activity. Here, we assayed how posttranslational modifications of histones, a major form of chromatin remodeling, are altered at several gene promoters in rat hippocampus at 30 min, 2 hr, and 24 hr after acute or repeated ECS. We performed chromatin immunoprecipitation assays to measure levels of histone H3 and H4 acetylation and phosphoacetylation at the promoters of the c-fos, BDNF, and CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) genes, the expression of which is altered by ECS. We found that, with few exceptions, levels of H4 acetylation correlated with mRNA levels for c-fos, BDNF, and CREB throughout the acute and chronic time course study, whereas acetylation and phosphoacetylation of H3 were detected more selectively. Our findings suggest that the chronic downregulation of c-fos transcription, observed in this study, may be achieved at the level of H4 acetylation, whereas chronic upregulation of BDNF transcription may be sustained via control of H3 acetylation, selectively at the BDNF P3 and P4 promoters. These data provide the first in vivo demonstration of the involvement of chromatin remodeling in ECS-induced regulation of gene expression in the brain and will help in understanding the mechanisms underlying the efficacy of ECS in the treatment of depression.
Understanding the perceived mattering of physical education teachers

ABSTRACT Previous research related to occupational socialization theory has indicated that, in certain school contexts, physical education (PE) and physical education teachers are socially constructed as being less important than, or marginal to, the primary purpose of schooling. This research highlights the challenges associated with occupying a position of marginality. Another way to look at the social experiences of physical education teachers is to examine the extent to which they feel as if they matter to those around them. Drawing upon qualitative and quantitative data sources, the purpose of this study was to examine physical education teachers’ perceived mattering. A mixed-methods design was employed, and data sources included responses to an online survey (N = 105) and individual telephone interviews (N = 23). Quantitative data were analyzed using 2 × 2 (education × teaching level) Factorial MANOVA; interview data were analyzed using analytic induction and constant comparison. Quantitative analyses indicated that teachers with advanced degrees and those in secondary schools perceived a higher level of mattering than those with bachelor’s degrees and teaching in elementary schools. Respondents perceived that PE mattered slightly more than they did as teachers of the subject. Qualitative analysis indicated that (a) relationships were critical to teachers’ mattering, (b) physical location of the gym and isolation contributed to mattering, and (c) PE was viewed as a service to others in their workplace. Perceived matter is dependent upon a variety of factors related to both personal and workplace factors. Enhancing teachers’ perceptions of mattering may reduce feelings of marginalization.
DUST EXTINCTION IN HIGH-z GALAXIES WITH GAMMA-RAY BURST AFTERGLOW SPECTROSCOPY: THE 2175 Å FEATURE AT z = 2.45

We report the clear detection of the 2175 Å dust absorption feature in the optical afterglow spectrum of the gamma-ray burst (GRB) GRB 070802 at a redshift of z = 2.45. This is the highest redshift for a detected 2175 Å dust bump to date, and it is the first clear detection of the 2175 Å bump in a GRB host galaxy, while several tens of optical afterglow spectra without the bump have been recorded in the past decade. The derived extinction curve gives AV = 0.8–1.5 depending on the assumed intrinsic slope. Of the three local extinction laws, a Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) type extinction gives the best fit to the extinction curve of the host of GRB 070802. Besides the 2175 Å bump we find that the spectrum of GRB 070802 is characterized by unusually strong low-ionization metal lines and possibly a high metallicity for a GRB sightline ([Si/H] = −0.46 ± 0.38, [Zn/H] = −0.50 ± 0.68). In particular, the spectrum of GRB 070802 is unique for a GRB spectrum in that it shows clear C i absorption features, leading us to propose a correlation between the presence of the bump and C i. The gas-to-dust ratio for the host galaxy is found to be significantly lower than that of other GRB hosts with N(H i)/AV = (2.4 ± 1.0) × 1021 cm−2 mag−1, which lies between typical Milky Way and LMC values. Our results are in agreement with the tentative conclusion reached by Gordon et al. that the shape of the extinction curve, in particular the presence of the bump, is affected by the UV flux density in the environment of the dust.
Phonon and elastic instabilities in MoC and MoN

We present several results related to the instability of MoC and MoN in the B1 ~sodium chloride! structure. These compounds were proposed as potential superconductors with moderately high transition temperatures. We show that the elastic instability in B1-structure MoN, demonstrated several years ago, persists at elevated pressures, thus offering little hope of stabilizing this material without chemical doping. For MoC, another material for which stoichiometric fabrication in the B1 structure has not proven possible, we find that all of the cubic elastic constants are positive, indicating elastic stability. Instead, we find X-point phonon instabilities in MoC ~and in MoN as well! , further illustrating the rich behavior of carbo-nitride materials. The early transition metal carbides and nitrides represent a technologically important series of materials, often revealing an interplay between their interesting properties and the incipient instabilities that seem to drive those properties. 1 The important features of these materials include extreme hardness and high melting temperatures, as well as superconductivity in many cases. In some of these materials, the atomistic properties ~e.g., bonding properties! that drive particular macroscopic behaviors can also lead to instabilities that inhibit the stoichiometric B1 ~sodium chloride! structure from forming. MoC and MoN are good examples of this circumstance. In this paper, we report theoretical results related to the stability of B1 MoC and MoN. We show that the elastic instability in MoN is not mitigated, but rather enhanced, by the application of pressure, and that the difficulty in fabricating B1 MoC is due to a phonon instability at the X point in the Brillouin zone ~BZ! All the calculations reported here were performed with the linear-augmented
Chapter 5 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators and Frequency Dividers

Voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) and frequency divi ers play critical roles in all synchronous circuits. They comprise the core component s in phase-locked systems, sometimes necessitating co-design and having great i nfluence on the overall performance. Even though we have witnessed a proliferation of VCO and divider topologies in the past two decades of Si RF, high performance os illators and dividers operating in the mm-wave range continue to pose diffic ult challenges even in today’s technology. We begin our discussion with basic os cillation properties as well as a VCO figure of merit. Oscillation behavior can be explained in different ways. A w ell-known model is shown in Fig. 5.1(a), where an amplifier A(s) is placed in a feedback loop. The overall transfer function is given by
Spectral Integration in Primary Auditory Cortex Attributable to Temporally Precise Convergence of Thalamocortical and Intracortical Input

Primary sensory cortex integrates sensory information from afferent feedforward thalamocortical projection systems and convergent intracortical microcircuits. Both input systems have been demonstrated to provide different aspects of sensory information. Here we have used high-density recordings of laminar current source density (CSD) distributions in primary auditory cortex of Mongolian gerbils in combination with pharmacological silencing of cortical activity and analysis of the residual CSD, to dissociate the feedforward thalamocortical contribution and the intracortical contribution to spectral integration. We found a temporally highly precise integration of both types of inputs when the stimulation frequency was in close spectral neighborhood of the best frequency of the measurement site, in which the overlap between both inputs is maximal. Local intracortical connections provide both directly feedforward excitatory and modulatory input from adjacent cortical sites, which determine how concurrent afferent inputs are integrated. Through separate excitatory horizontal projections, terminating in cortical layers II/III, information about stimulus energy in greater spectral distance is provided even over long cortical distances. These projections effectively broaden spectral tuning width. Based on these data, we suggest a mechanism of spectral integration in primary auditory cortex that is based on temporally precise interactions of afferent thalamocortical inputs and different short- and long-range intracortical networks. The proposed conceptual framework allows integration of different and partly controversial anatomical and physiological models of spectral integration in the literature.