Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Lexicon Bad Smells on Concept Location in Source Code

Experienced programmers choose identifier names carefully, in the attempt to convey information about the role and behavior of the labeled code entity in a concise and expressive way. In fact, during program understanding the names given to code entities represent one of the major sources of information used by developers. We conjecture that lexicon bad smells, such as, extreme contractions, inconsistent term use, odd grammatical structure, etc., can hinder the execution of maintenance tasks which rely on program understanding. We propose an approach to determine the extent of this impact and instantiate it on the task of concept location. In particular, we conducted a study on two open source software systems where we investigated how lexicon bad smells affect Information Retrieval-based concept location. In this study, the classes changed in response to past modification requests are located before and after lexicon bad smells are identified and removed from the source code. The results indicate that lexicon bad smells impact concept location when using IRbased techniques.
Comparison of energy expenditure in adolescents when playing new generation and sedentary computer games: cross sectional study

Objective To compare the energy expenditure of adolescents when playing sedentary and new generation active computer games. Design Cross sectional comparison of four computer games. Setting Research laboratories. Participants Six boys and five girls aged 13-15 years. Procedure Participants were fitted with a monitoring device validated to predict energy expenditure. They played four computer games for 15 minutes each. One of the games was sedentary (XBOX 360) and the other three were active (Wii Sports). Main outcome measure Predicted energy expenditure, compared using repeated measures analysis of variance. Results Mean (standard deviation) predicted energy expenditure when playing Wii Sports bowling (190.6 (22.2) kJ/kg/min), tennis (202.5 (31.5) kJ/kg/min), and boxing (198.1 (33.9) kJ/kg/min) was significantly greater than when playing sedentary games (125.5 (13.7) kJ/kg/min) (P<0.001). Predicted energy expenditure was at least 65.1 (95% confidence interval 47.3 to 82.9) kJ/kg/min greater when playing active rather than sedentary games. Conclusions Playing new generation active computer games uses significantly more energy than playing sedentary computer games but not as much energy as playing the sport itself. The energy used when playing active Wii Sports games was not of high enough intensity to contribute towards the recommended daily amount of exercise in children.
Syndecan-1 is Strongly Expressed in the Anagen Hair Follicle Outer Root Sheath and in the Dermal Papilla but Expression Diminishes With Involution of the Hair Follicle

Syndecan-1 is the prototypic member of a family of heparan sulfate–bearing cell surface proteoglycans that function in adhesion, cell–extracellular matrix interactions, migration, and proliferation. During embryogenesis, syndecan-1 expression in the epithelium is downregulated when the epithelium gives rise to motile mesenchymal cells, whereas mesenchymal syndecan-1 expression is upregulated during organ formation. In aggressive basal cell carcinomas, syndecan-1 expression is evident in the stroma. Some neoplastic cells induce stroma to meet needs for growth, and it may be the mesenchymal cells that produce and shed syndecan-1 into the stroma. The physiologic mechanism by which the hair follicle undergoes its cyclic process of involution and formation of a new active hair follicle is not well understood. Sixty scalp biopsies and a large scalp resection were evaluated for syndecan-1 expression within hair follicles in the growing (anagen), involuting (catagen), and resting (telogen) phases. Strong syndecan-1 immunoreactivity was evident in the outer root sheath (ORS) of the anagen hair follicle, but this expression diminished in intensity with the involution and resting stages in the hair follicle cycle. The diminution of syndecan-1 immunoreactivity in the ORS of involuting and resting hair follicles may be a result of terminal keratinocyte differentiation. Syndecan-1 was also present in the dermal papilla of the anagen hair follicle, where it may promote growth factor–mediated cell signaling that induces and maintains growth of the hair shaft and the inner root sheath.
Current Industrial Practices in Assessing CYP450 Enzyme Induction: Preclinical and Clinical

Induction of drug metabolizing enzymes, such as the cytochromes P450 (CYP) is known to cause drug-drug interactions due to increased elimination of co-administered drugs. This increased elimination may lead to significant reduction or complete loss of efficacy of the co-administered drug. Due to the significance of such drug interactions, many pharmaceutical companies employ screening and characterization models which predict CYP enzyme induction to avoid or attenuate the potential for drug interactions with new drug candidates. The most common mechanism of CYP induction is transcriptional gene activation. Activation is mediated by nuclear receptors, such as AhR, CAR, and PXR that function as transcription factors. Early high throughput screening models utilize these nuclear hormone receptors in ligand binding or cell-based transactivation/reporter assays. In addition, immortalized hepatocyte cell lines can be used to assess enzyme induction of specific drug metabolizing enzymes. Cultured primary human hepatocytes, the best established in vitro model for predicting enzyme induction and most accepted by regulatory agencies, is the predominant assay used to evaluate induction of a wide variety of drug metabolizing enzymes. These in vitro models are able to appropriately predict enzyme induction in patients when compared to clinical drug-drug interactions. Finally, transgenic animal models and the cynomolgus monkey have also been shown to recapitulate human enzyme induction and may be appropriate in vivo animal models for predicting human drug interactions.
Characterizing Participants in Activities Protecting the Environment: A Focus on Donating, Recycling, and Conservation Behaviors

This study characterizes participants in three related, but different environmental protection activities. The activities studied here are donating items for reuse, recycling newspapers, and walking when possible for reasons of conservation and environmental concern. The findings indicate that demographic, media usage patterns, information sources, and knowledge provide modest understanding of environmental protection activities. Participation can be better understood in terms of personal values and when aspects of helping behavior are considered. The empirical findings of this study provide policymakers with insights into how environmental protection activities can best be promoted
Occupational therapy assessment of open-road driving performance: validity of directed and self-directed navigational instructional components.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to validate an assessment tool used by occupational therapists to evaluate on-road driving performance. METHODS The driving assessment was conducted over a 15-km route that consisted of a range of traffic situations and contained both directed and self-directed navigational instruction. The driving performance of four groups of drivers of different ages and visual characteristics was assessed independently by an occupational therapist and driving instructor using a range of scoring criteria. RESULTS The occupational therapist scores were significantly affected by the drivers' age and visual characteristics (directed navigation, F(3,133) = 6.05, p = 0.001; self-directed navigation, F(3,133) = 5.04, p < 0.002), and these group differences were greater for self-directed navigational instruction. The occupational therapist scores were highly correlated with the driving instructor's global driver safety rating (r = 0.76, p < 0.001). DISCUSSION The driving assessment instrument was a valid measure of on-road driving performance relative to an independent global driving safety evaluation. The instrument provided detailed information regarding driving performance and highlighted areas of difficulty, particularly when drivers followed self-navigational instruction.
Intellectual capital in Indonesia: dynamic panel approach

Purpose Intellectual capital (IC) has been considered as a valuable asset in the wealth creation and sustainability of the company; however, limited and mixed results are found on its impact on firm financial performance and market value (MV). This paper aims to investigate the influence of IC toward MV and financial performance of publicly listed firms in Indonesia. In addition, this research also presents the comparison of the high and low level of knowledge industries regarding IC performance. Design/methodology/approach A balanced panel data of 127 firms from 12 industries in Indonesia during 2010 until 2017 was evaluated using dynamic panel regression and administering a well-developed Blundell–Bond instrument (dynamic panel data estimator) to account for endogeneity problem. Findings The results of this study showed that IC had a significant and positive impact on firm performance. Specifically, structural capital efficiency and capital employed (CE) efficiency have been contributed to the value creation of the company, after controlling for firm size and type of industry. Different to the theoretical expectation, this research found no significant relationship between IC and MV of the firm. However, when the sample was clustered into high-level and low-level knowledge industry, CE displayed positive and significant relationship in high-level industry. Originality/value This research contributes to IC research by having a larger sample of Indonesian firms from all industries except banks and financial institutions and using Modified Value Added Intellectual Capital measurement model. To address the endogeneity problem, dynamic panel regression using system generalized method of moment was applied.
Simple and robust method for estimation of the split between the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway in microorganisms.

The flux through the oxidative pentose phosphate (PP) pathway was estimated in Bacillus clausii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Penicillium chrysogenum growing in chemostats with [1-(13)C]glucose as the limiting substrate. The flux calculations were based on a simple algebraic expression that is valid irrespective of isotope rearrangements arising from reversibilities of the reactions in the PP pathway and the upper part of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway. The algebraically calculated fluxes were validated by comparing the results with estimates obtained using a numerical method that includes the entire central carbon metabolism. Setting the glucose uptake rate to 100, the algebraic expression yielded estimates of the PP pathway flux in B. clausii, S. cerevisiae, and P. chrysogenum of 20, 42, and 75, respectively. These results are in accordance with the results from the numerical method. The information on the labeling patterns of glucose and the proteinogenic amino acids were obtained using gas chromatography / mass spectrometry, which is a very sensitive technique, and therefore only a small amount of biomass is needed for the analysis. Furthermore, the method developed in this study is fast and readily accessible, as the calculations are based on a simple algebraic expression.
Protection Based on Neighborhood-Trust in Clustered Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) is unquestionably an interesting technology addition in wireless communication networks because of its self-organizing, self-healing and reliability dimensions. However, possible misuse or hijacking of these networks by adversaries make them highly vulnerable. In this paper, we provide a protection mechanism based on neighborhood trust to gain required security and identification privacy in a clustered WMN. Our approach renders a lightweight protection against security vulnerabilities using hash chains and does not require any trusted authority.
Welfare cost of inflation in Brazil: an approach with time-varying cointegration and Kalman filter

This paper compares the time-varying cointegration and the Kalman filter techniques to estimate the Brazilian money demand between 1996 and 2015. The estimation using Kalman filtering performs better and is subsequently used to calculate the welfare cost of inflation. Taking into consideration the time variability of the interest-rate elasticity during the period, the average welfare cost amounts to 0.24% of the GDP, for an average annual inflation of 6.63%.
Asymptotically optimal detection for additive watermarking in the DCT and DWT domains

Most of the watermarking schemes that have been proposed until now employ a correlation detector (matched filter). The current paper proposes a new detector scheme that can be applied in the case of additive watermarking in the DCT (discrete cosine transform) or DWT (discrete wavelet transform) domain. Certain properties of the probability density function of the coefficients in these domains are exploited. Thus, an asymptotically optimal detector is constructed based on well known results of the detection theory. Experimental results prove the superiority of the proposed detector over the correlation detector.
Association Between Apoliprotein E Gene Polymorphism and Hypercholesterolemic Phenotype in Maracaibo, Zulia State, Venezuela

Apoliprotein (Apo) E gene polymorphisms have been associated with high plasma lipids levels and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to determine allelic and genotypic frequencies and to evaluate the associations of polymorphisms with hypercholesterolemic phenotypes in a patient population in Maracaibo, Zulia State. Two hundred and twenty-one patients with ages between 9 and 78 years old attending the Endocrine-Metabolic Center at the University of Zulia, Zulia, Venezuela, were recruited. The lipid profile was determined by enzymatic methods. ApoE polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. One hundred and thirty-three dyslipidemic and 88 patients with normal lipids profile were evaluated. The higher proportion of patients corresponded to hypercholesterolemia isolated (46.61%), followed by hypercholesterolemia combined with hypertriglyceridemia and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (21.8%). ApoE ε3 allele was the most frequent in the evaluated population (0.80), both in the control group (0.78) and in the dyslipidemic group (0.82), followed by the ε4 allele (0.12) for both groups and the ε2 allele with values of 0.10 and 0.06, for control and dyslipidemic group, respectively. The ε3ε3 and ε3ε4 genotypes were the most frequent in the population, with values of 62.89% and 22.17%, respectively. The genotype frequencies were 57.95% and 66.17% for ε3ε3; 23.86% and 21.05% for ε3ε4 in nondyslipidémicos and dyslipidemic patient groups, respectively. The ε4ε4 genotype was observed only in hypercholesterolemic patients. The homozygote ε2ε2 and heterozygote ε2ε3 genotypes were more frequent at the normal lipids profile group, consistent with diverse reports that indicate the association of the ε4 allele with elevated cholesterol levels and low cholesterol levels when the ε2 allele is present. ApoE polymorphism seems to be associated with variance in serum lipids levels in the population evaluated.
Vanillin Inhibits Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression through Down-Regulation of Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling Pathway in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells

Vanillin has been reported to exhibit anti-invasive and antimetastatic activities by suppressing the enzymatic activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). However, the underlying mechanism of anti-invasive activity remains unclear so far. Herein we demonstrate that vanillin reduced 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced MMP-9 gelatinolytic activity and suppressed cell invasion through the down-regulation of MMP-9 gene transcription in HepG2 cells. Vanillin significantly reduced the 6.6-fold invasive capacity of HepG2 cells in noncytotoxic concentrations, and this anti-invasive effect was concentration-dependent in the Matrigel invasion assay. Moreover, vanillin significantly suppressed the TPA-induced enzymatic activity of MMP-9 and decreased the induced mRNA level of MMP-9. Analysis of the transcriptional regulation indicated that vanillin suppressed MMP-9 transcription by inhibiting nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity. Western blot further confirmed that vanillin inhibited NF-κB activity through the inhibition of IκB-α phosphorylation and degradation. In conclusion, vanillin might be a potent antiinvasive agent that suppresses the MMP-9 enzymatic activity via NF-κB signaling pathway.
Effect of shoulder taping on maximum shoulder external and internal rotation range in uninjured and previously injured overhead athletes during a seated throw

The purpose of our study was to investigate whether shoulder taping affects shoulder kinematics in injured and previously injured overhead athletes during a seated throw. Twenty‐six overhead college athletes threw a handball three times with and without tape, while seated on a chair. An 8‐camera Vicon Motion Capture system recorded markers placed on the upper limb and trunk during each of the throwing conditions. Scaled musculoskeletal models of the upper limb were created using OpenSim and inverse kinematics used to obtain relevant joint angles. Shoulder taping had no main effect on external (ER) and internal (IR) rotation range (ROM) of the shoulder, but a significant interaction effect was found (p = 0.003 and 0.02, respectively), depending on previous injury status, whereby both the ER and IR ROM of the shoulder in the group of previously injured athletes decreased when taped (143–138° and 54–51°, respectively), but increased in the group who had never been injured (131–135° and 42–44°, respectively). Maximum abduction range and ball velocity were not affected by the application of shoulder taping, regardless of previous injury status. Thus, application of shoulder taping has a differential effect on maximum shoulder ER and IR ROM during throwing depending on previous injury status. These findings have implications for returning athletes to sport after injury and for screening athletes at risk of injury. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29: 1406–1411, 2011
Development and validation of systems for rational use of viral load testing in adults receiving first-line ART in sub-Saharan Africa

Background:World Health Organization (WHO) immunological and clinical criteria for monitoring first-line antiretroviral treatment (ART) offer low accuracy for predicting viral failure. Targeting viral load assays to those at high risk has been recommended and a system to do this has been developed in Cambodia. Systems for use in sub-Saharan African populations were evaluated. Methods:A new Ugandan-based scoring system for targeting viral load assays was developed from data from the first 4 years of a Ugandan cohort (N = 559) receiving first-line ART. The accuracy of this, the Cambodian system and the WHO criteria to predict viral failure, through targeting viral load assays, were compared in a separate population of 496 Ugandans. Results:The new Ugandan scoring system included CD4 cell count, mean cell volume, adherence, and HIV-associated clinical events as predictors of viral failure. In the validation population, the Ugandan system undertook viral load assays in 61 (12.3%) cases offering 20.5% sensitivity and 100% positive predictive value (PPV) to predict viral failure. The Cambodian system undertook viral load assays in 33 (6.7%) cases producing 23.1% sensitivity and 90.0% PPV. WHO criteria recommended viral load assays in 72 (14.5%) cases offering 30.8% sensitivity and 100% PPV. Conclusion:Locally developed algorithms based on clinical and immunological criteria may offer little additional accuracy over WHO criteria for targeting viral load assays. When possible, confirming viral load before switching therapy is recommended. Scoring systems are more flexible than WHO criteria in allowing ART providers to choose the proportion of the population that undergo targeted viral load testing.
Constructing Cooperation: A New Approach to Confidence Building between India and Pakistan

ABSTRACT India and Pakistan have tempered their rivalry over the years by negotiating many bilateral confidence-building measures (CBMs), but the current patchwork of agreements cannot prevent an act of cross-border terrorism from triggering a major militarised crisis. To help mitigate this shortfall, this article advocates a new conceptual approach towards confidence building that identifies two categories of agreements – negative and positive. Negative CBMs oblige inaction; they can be defined as promises to eschew provocative behaviour, so as to prevent miscalculation and accidental war. Most prominent Indo-Pakistani CBMs fall under this category – examples include agreements on non-attack of nuclear facilities and non-violation of airspace. Positive CBMs, by contrast, oblige action; they entail tangible engagement and cooperation in the military, diplomatic, or economic domains. Examples might include counter-piracy cooperation and the expansion of people-to-people contacts. This article argues that positive CBMs invite reciprocity and are a plausible tool for promoting bilateral goodwill, reducing mistrust, and insulating Indo-Pakistani relations from shocks.
Is financial development narrowing the urban-rural income gap? A cross-regional study of China

This paper investigates the causal relationship between financial development and the urban–rural income gap in China. Using a bootstrap Granger panel causality analysis, the result indicates that financial development influences urban–rural income gap mainly in Eastern China. The high level of financial development in this region enables rural areas to increase its income. Our results also confirm the existence of the financial Kuznets curve in Eastern China where urban–rural income gap would be first increased and afterwards decreased by financial development. The financial development itself is not dependent on urban–rural income gap as it largely depends on government policies and economic growth. Este articulo investiga la relacion causal entre el desarrollo financiero y la brecha salarial entre las zonas urbanas y rurales de China. El estudio empleo un analisis de causalidad de Granger con bootstrap sobre datos de panel y el resultado indica que el desarrollo financiero influye en la brecha salarial entre las zonas urbanas y rurales, principalmente en el este de China. El alto nivel de desarrollo financiero de esta region permite a las zonas rurales aumentar sus ingresos. Nuestros resultados confirman tambien la existencia de la curva financiera de Kuznets en el este de China, donde la brecha salarial entre las zonas urbanas y rurales aumentaria primero con el desarrollo financiero, para disminuir a continuacion. El desarrollo financiero en si mismo no depende de la brecha salarial entre las zonas urbanas y rurales, ya que depende en gran medida de las politicas gubernamentales y del crecimiento economico. 本稿では、中国における、金融発展と都市部と農村部の収入格差との因果関係について検討する。 ブートストラップ法によるGranger パネル因果性検定により解析したところ、結果から、主に中国東部において、金融発展が都市部と農村部の収入格差に影響を与えていることが示された。 中国東部における高度な金融発展により農村部の収入が増加している。 また、この結果から、中国東部の金融発展では、はじめは都市部と農村部の収入の格差が拡大し、その後に格差が縮小することを示すクズネッツ曲線の存在が確認された。 金融発展そのものは、政府の政策と経済成長に大きく依存しており、都市部と農村部の収入格差に依存するものではない。