Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Mild and Simple Method for the Preparation of Isocyanates from Aliphatic Amines Using Trichloromethyl Chloroformate. Synthesis of an Isocyanate Containing an Activated Disulfide.

Recently we developed a cross-linking methodology for probing the tertiary structure of RNA and used it to assess the catalytic competence of two different threedimensional models of the hammerhead ribozyme.1 During our continued effort toward unravelling tertiary interactions within complex nucleic acid structures, we were interested in the preparation of isocyanate 1 for the site-specific incorporation of an activated thiol into oligonucleotides. We decided to prepare 1 from the corresponding amine, which was readily available in one step from commercially available materials.2 Preliminary attempts to synthesize 1 using a variety of methods3-5 were not successful, primarily resulting in complex mixtures of products. It was concluded that the pyridyl disulfide functionality was incompatible with the reaction conditions and a milder method for the preparation of 1 was sought.
ANN based sensorless vector controlled induction motor drive suitable for four quadrant operation

In this paper an artificial neural network (ANN) based speed estimator is presented for vector-controlled squirrel cage induction motor (IM) drive. The drive is stable in all operating region and is independent of stator resistance variation. Stator currents, modified stator voltages (Reference values) with stator resistance adaption are used as input to the ANN and rotor speed is treated as the output. For ANN training, Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is used. Network is first trained for different test data. Finally the algorithm is tested for motoring and regenerating mode considering various loads, speed levels including effect of stator resistance variation. The proposed method is validated through computer simulation using MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.
Coils Coated With the Cyclic Peptide SEK-1005 Accelerate Intra-aneurysmal Organization

BACKGROUND:Although the treatment of intracranial aneurysms with detachable coils is now widely accepted, the problem of coil compaction and recanalization remains to be solved. OBJECTIVE:To prevent recanalization by inducing intra-aneurysmal organization through prepared platinum coils coated with a novel cyclic peptide, SEK-1005, which can accelerate wound healing. METHODS:Using a rat aneurysm model, we examined the tissue response to these coils. An SEK-1005–coated coil (SC) or unmodified coil was inserted into the ligated external carotid artery (ECA) sac of rats. The sacs were removed on day 14 or 42 after coil insertion and subjected to conventional and immunohistochemical examination. We evaluated the tissue response in the ECA sacs and compared the percentage of organized areas in the ECA sacs of rats with SCs and unmodified coils. RESULTS:In SC rats, tissue organization was accelerated and the proliferation of α-smooth muscle actin- and vimentin-positive cells was promoted. On days 14 and 42, tissue organization was significantly greater in the ECA sacs of rats with SCs. CONCLUSION:SCs accelerated intra-aneurysmal organization in our rat aneurysm model suggesting that platinum coils coated with the novel cyclic peptide SEK-1005 may prevent recanalization and improve the clinical outcome in patients treated by coil embolization.
Mediators of asthma: nitric oxide.

Endogenous nitric oxide is an ubiquitous gaseous molecule that regulates many aspects of human airway biology including the modulation of airway and vascular smooth muscle tone. It is generated from the three different enzymes nitric oxide synthases (NOS) -1, -2 and -3 which are all expressed in pulmonary cells. NOS-1 is localised primarily to neuronal structures, where NO is a mediator of the inhibitory Non-Adrenergic Non-Cholinergic System and NOS-3 is present in endothelial cells. While these enzymes are constitutively expressed, NOS-2 is an inducible enzyme independent of calcium and highly induced in inflammatory diseases such as allergic asthma, where NO may act beneficial or deleterious depending on the site of and amount of generation. The use of NO-donor compounds or classical unselective NOS inhibitors did not lead to significant therapeutical effects in asthmatic patients. Insights on the precise role of NO in asthma can only be achieved by targeting NO generation selectively. More potent and selective NOS-2 inhibitors have to clarify a role of NOS-modification based therapy in clinical routine. NO can also be detected in the exhaled air. Increased levels of exhaled NO in asthmatic patients may be useful for a non-invasive determination of airway inflammation.
Validation of the Cancer BioChip System as a 3D siRNA Screening Tool for Breast Cancer Targets

Genomic studies have revealed that breast cancer consists of a complex biological process with patient-specific genetic variations, revealing the need for individualized cancer diagnostic testing and selection of patient-specific optimal therapies. One of the bottlenecks in translation of genomic breakthroughs to the clinic is the lack of functional genomic assays that have high clinical translatability. Anchorage-independent three-dimensional (3D) growth assays are considered to be the gold-standard for chemosensitivity testing, and leads identified with these assays have high probability of clinical success. The Cancer BioChip System (CBCS) allows for the simultaneous, quantitative, and real time evaluation of multitudes of anchorage-independent breast cancer cell growth inhibitors. We employed a Test Cancer BioChip that contains silencing RNAs (siRNAs) targeting cancer-related genes to identify 3D-specific effectors of breast cancer cell growth. We compared the effect of these siRNAs on colony growth of the hormone receptor positive (MCF7) and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/c- Erythroblastic Leukemia Viral Oncogene Homolog 2 (HER2/c-erb-b2) positive (SK-BR-3) cells on the Test Cancer BioChip. Our results confirmed cell-specific inhibition of MCF7 and SK-BR-3 colony formation by estrogen receptor α (ESR1) and (ERBB2) siRNA, respectively. Both cell lines were also suppressed by Phosphoinositide-3-kinase Catalytic, alpha Polypeptide (PIK3CA) siRNA. Interestingly, we have observed responses to siRNA that are unique to this 3D setting. For example, ß-actin (ACTB) siRNA suppressed colony growth in both cell types while Cathepsin L2 (CTSL2) siRNA caused opposite effects. These results further validate the importance of the CBCS as a tool for the identification of clinically relevant breast cancer targets.
Warning Triggers in Environmental Hazards: Who Should Be Warned to Do What and When?

Determining the most effective public warnings to issue during a hazardous environmental event is a complex problem. Three primary questions need to be answered: Who should take protective action? What is the best action? and When should this action be initiated? Warning triggers provide a proactive means for emergency managers to simultaneously answer these questions by recommending that a target group take a specified protective action if a preset environmental trigger condition occurs (e.g., warn a community to evacuate if a wildfire crosses a proximal ridgeline). Triggers are used to warn the public across a wide variety of environmental hazards, and an improved understanding of their nature and role promises to: (1) advance protective action theory by unifying the natural, built, and social themes in hazards research into one framework, (2) reveal important information about emergency managers’ risk perception, situational awareness, and threat assessment regarding threat behavior and public response, and (3) advance spatiotemporal models for representing the geography and timing of disaster warning and response (i.e., a coupled natural‐built‐social system). We provide an overview and research agenda designed to advance our understanding and modeling of warning triggers.
A Natural History of Human Morality

Michael Tomasello offers the most detailed account to date of the evolution of human moral psychology. Based on experimental data comparing great apes and human children, he reconstructs two key evolutionary steps whereby early humans gradually became an ultra-cooperative and, eventually, a moral species capable of acting as a plural agent "we".
Fast and Robust POS tagger for Arabic Tweets Using Agreement-based Bootstrapping

Part-of-Speech(POS) tagging is a key step in many NLP algorithms. However, tweets are difficult to POS tag because they are short, are not always written maintaining formal grammar and proper spelling, and abbreviations are often used to overcome their restricted lengths. Arabic tweets also show a further range of linguistic phenomena such as usage of different dialects, romanised Arabic and borrowing foreign words. In this paper, we present an evaluation and a detailed error analysis of state-of-the-art POS taggers for Arabic when applied to Arabic tweets. On the basis of this analysis, we combine normalisation and external knowledge to handle the domain noisiness and exploit bootstrapping to construct extra training data in order to improve POS tagging for Arabic tweets. Our results show significant improvements over the performance of a number of well-known taggers for Arabic.
Hunting the genes in male‐pattern alopecia: how important are they, how close are we and what will they tell us?

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a highly heritable condition, and the most common form of hair loss in men. The phenotype is characterized by an androgen‐dependent, progressive loss of hair from the scalp, which may commence during puberty. Up to 80% of European men experience some degree of androgen‐dependent hair loss during their lifetime. Current treatment options for AGA have limited efficacy, and improved understanding of the underlying biological causes is required to facilitate novel therapeutic approaches. To date, molecular genetic studies have implicated 12 genomic regions in AGA and identified a number of candidate genes. The latter include those encoding the androgen receptor (AR), the histone deacetylases (HDAC) 4 and 9, and the WNT molecule WNT10A. However, the majority of contributing genetic risk factors still await identification. This review describes the current status of AGA genetic research. We discuss the strength of the genetic approach and anticipated developments in the field, and how these will facilitate the systematic unravelling of AGA pathobiology, a process which may lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets.
Why spending more might get you less, dynamic selection of influencers in social networks

Many studies in the field of information spread through social networks focus on the detection of influencers. The spread dynamics in most of these studies assumes these influencers are first selected and "infected" with a message, and then this message spreads through the networks by a viral process. The following work presents some difficulties with this separation between the infection stage and the viral stage, and provides a case where an increased effort spent on the spread of an idea results in lower final rates of spread. Such results can be prevented by the Scheduling Seeding approach. This approach gradually plans the timing of infection for each particular node as the viral process progresses. It outperforms the initial seeding approach, and prevents the occurrence of the counter-intuitive (and unwanted) results where a greater effort results in a less successful spread. A simple but effective heuristics to detect what node to seed and where is provided.
A Novel Valley-Fill Single-Stage Boost-Forward Converter With Optimized Performance in Universal-Line Range for Dimmable LED Lighting

In this paper, a novel valley-fill single-stage boost-forward LED driver is presented, where the valley-fill circuit is modified by adding a range-selection switch. The switch is manually closed under low input line and opened under high line to achieve an optimal performance in universal-line range. And the voltage stress of the high-frequency switch under high line range is also reduced. On the other hand, pulse width modulation (PWM) dimming is employed to overcome the inherent voltage stress problem in light load and make the proposed converter a good choice for medium power in engineering practices. The operation principle, design process, and control strategy are presented. And finally the feasibility of the proposed converter is verified by a prototype with 30-V, 2.0-A output.
Role of risk factors for major coronary heart disease events with increasing length of follow up

BACKGROUND It has been suggested that the predictive value of certain risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) measured at one point in time diminishes with increasing length of follow up. DESIGNS AND METHODS The relation was examined between a wide range of risk factors and the risk of major CHD events over 15 years’ total (cumulative) follow up and for three separate five year periods (0–5.0, 5.1–10.0, and 10.1–15.0 years) in men with and without diagnosed CHD in a large prospective study of 7735 men aged 40–59 years. SETTING General practices in 24 towns in the UK. RESULTS The cumulative CHD event rate for all men was 9.4/1000 person-years for the 15 years of follow up. In men with no recall of a diagnosis of CHD, the established risk factors—serum total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), alcohol intake, diabetes mellitus, parental history, and evidence of CHD on chest pain questionnaire or on ECG—were predictive of CHD events occurring in the three specific periods after baseline measurement. Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) was still predictive of events occurring 10.1–15.0 years later with some attenuation in the relative risk associated with systolic blood pressure. The risks associated with blood glucose and serum insulin concentration, factors measured with greater imprecision, attenuated with longer follow up and were not predictive of events occurring 10.1–15.0 years later. In men with recall of diagnosed CHD, the absolute risk was very high (38.8/1000 person-years); only cigarette smoking, BMI, total cholesterol, and serum insulin were predictive of CHD events occurring 10.1–15.0 years later. CONCLUSION In men without recall of diagnosed CHD most major risk factors measured in middle age predict risk of CHD events occurring in up to 15 years of follow up, both cumulatively and in the three separate five year periods. Risk factors measured at one point in time in middle age may be regarded as reliable indicators for long term prognosis of major CHD events on a group basis, despite the changes that may take place in these risk factors in some individuals during prolonged follow up.
Sur l'estimation non paramétrique de la densité et du mode dans les modèles de données incomplètes et associées

Cette these porte sur l'etude des proprietes asymptotiques d'un estimateur non parametrique de la densite de type Parzen-Rosenblatt, sous un modele de donnees censurees a droite, verifiant une structure de dependance de type associe. Dans ce cadre, nous rappelons d'abord les resultats existants, avec details, dans les cas i.i. d. et fortement melangeant (α-melange). Sous des conditions de regularite classiques, il est etabli que la vitesse de coonvergence uniforme presque sure de l'estimateur etudie, est optimale. Dans la partie dediee aux resultats de cette these, deux resultats principaux et originaux sont presentes : le premier resultat concerne la convergence uniforme presque sure de l'estimateur etudie sous l'hypothese d'association. L'outil principal ayant permis l'obtention de la vitesse optimale est l'adaptation du Theoreme de Doukhan et Neumann (2007), dans l'etude du terme des fluctuations (partie aleatoire) de l'ecart entre l'estimateur considere et le parametre etudie (densite). Comme application, la convergence presque sure de l'estimateur non parametrique du mode est etablie. Les resultats obtenus ont fait l'objet d'un article accepte pour publication dans Communications in Statistics-Theory and Methods ; Le deuxieme resultat etablit la normalite asymptotique de l'estimateur etudie sous le meme modele et constitute ainsi une extension au cas censure, du resultat obtenu par Roussas (2000). Ce resultat est soumis pour publication.
Avian neural crest cells can migrate in the dorsolateral path only if they are specified as melanocytes.

Neural crest cells are conventionally believed to migrate arbitrarily into various pathways and to differentiate according to the environmental cues that they encounter. We present data consistent with the notion that melanocytes are directed, by virtue of their phenotype, into the dorsolateral path, whereas other neural crest derivatives are excluded. In the avian embryo, trunk neural crest cells that migrate ventrally differentiate largely into neurons and glial cells of the peripheral nervous system. Neural crest cells that migrate into the dorsolateral path become melanocytes, the pigment cells of the skin. Neural crest cells destined for the dorsolateral path are delayed in their migration until at least 24 hours after migration commences ventrally. Previous studies have suggested that invasion into the dorsolateral path is dependent upon a change in the migratory environment. A complementary possibility is that as neural crest cells differentiate into melanocytes they acquire the ability to take this pathway. When quail neural crest cells that have been grown in culture for 12 hours are labeled with Fluoro-gold and then grafted into the early migratory pathway at the thoracic level, they migrate only ventrally and are coincident with the host neural crest. When fully differentiated melanocytes (96 hours old) are back-grafted under identical conditions, however, they enter the dorsolateral path and invade the ectoderm at least one day prior to the host neural crest. Likewise, neural crest cells that have been cultured for at least 20 hours and are enriched in melanoblasts immediately migrate in the dorsolateral path, in addition to the ventral path, when back-grafted into the thoracic level. A population of neural crest cells depleted of melanoblasts--crest cells derived from the branchial arches--are not able to invade the dorsolateral path, suggesting that only pigment cells or their precursors are able to take this migratory route. These results suggest that as neural crest cells differentiate into melanocytes they can exploit the dorsolateral path immediately. Even when 12-hour crest cells are grafted into stage 19-21 embryos at an axial level where host crest are invading the dorsolateral path, these young neural crest cells do not migrate dorsolaterally. Conversely, melanoblasts or melanocytes grafted under the same circumstances are found in the ectoderm. These latter results suggest that during normal development neural crest cells must be specified, if not already beginning to differentiate, as melanocytes in order to take this path. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Algorytm grupowania oparty oa«cuch regudyskryminacyjnych

Zagadnienie grupowania jest przedmiotem zainteresowan badaczy z zakresu statystyki[10], systemow uczących [11, 7], baz danych [20]. Podstawowy podzial metod grupowania omowiony zostal w [17], zastosowanie do eksploracji baz danych w [6]. Stosuje sie rowniez techniki wykorzystujące metody nalezące w roznych obszarow, przykladowo w [16]. W tym zakresie nalezy wspomniec badania nad określeniem miar bliskości danych symbolicznych, tak czesto spotykanych w transakcyjnych bazach danych [1, 2, 5, 9]. Samo zagadnienie zastosowanie grupowania jako problem znajdowania interesujących struktur wśrod zgromadzonych danych zaprezentowano w [22], w [4] zaprezentowano algorytm grupowania rozmytego jako szczegolny przypadek algorytmu klasyfikacji opisanego w [3]. Innego rodzaju badania w celu uogolnienia idei grupowania przedstawiono w [19]. Dotyczyly one koncepcji identyfikacji i ekstrakcji pojedynczych klastrow zamiast dokonywania kompletnego rozdzialu zbioru na ustaloną ilośc grup. Rozszerzeniu podlega rowniez dziedzina poddawana grupowaniu. Początkowo wiekszośc prac dotyczyla danych numerycznych, jednak z uwagi na to iz w bazach danych niezwykle czesto stosuje sie dane postaci opisowej lub symbolicznej, w kregu zainteresowan badaczy są rowniez dane nienumeryczne [14, 15, 12]. Grupowanie powszechnie traktuje sie jako uczenie bez nadzoru, w ktorym uczen otrzymuje zbior trenujący, zawierający przyklady bez określania ich kategorii (przyklady nieetykietowane). Wlaściwe kategorie uczen musi zaproponowac samodzielnie na podstawie pewnej zasady grupowania, wbudowanej w algorytm lub cześciowo definiowanej przez uzytkownika [7].
Estimating high definition map parameters with convolutional neural networks

In this paper, we present a method to estimate abstract parameters of high definition (HD) maps from sensor data. Parameters we estimate include the distance from ego-vehicle to road boundary, orientation of the ego-vehicle with respect to lanes, number of lanes, and street type. Our method is realized as a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) that takes pre-processed sensor information in the form of grid map images as input. The estimated parameters of the network can then either be used for localization or to validate existing map data. To generate ground truth training samples, we use a semi-automatic procedure based on a good localization method to align the HD map with the sensor information from the vehicle. Our experiments yield some first promising results of the concept.
The Highly Stereoselective Oxidation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids by Cytochrome P450BM-3*

Cytochrome P450BM-3 catalyzes NADPH-dependent metabolism of arachidonic acid to nearly enantiomerically pure 18(R)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and 14(S),15(R)-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (80 and 20% of total products, respectively). P450BM-3 oxidizes arachidonic acid with a rate of 3.2 ± 0.4 μmol/min/nmol at 30°C, the fastest ever reported for an NADPH-dependent, P450-catalyzed reaction. Fatty acid, oxygen, and NADPH are utilized in an approximately 1:1:1 molar ratio, demonstrating efficient coupling of electron transport to monooxygenation. Eicosapentaenoic and eicosatrienoic acids, two arachidonic acid analogs that differ in the properties of the C-15-C-18 carbons, are also actively metabolized by P450BM-3 (1.4 ± 0.2 and 2.9 ± 0.1 μmol/min/nmol at 30°C, respectively). While the 17,18-olefinic bond of eicosapentaenoic acid is epoxidized with nearly absolute regio- and stereochemical selectivity to 17(S),18(R)-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (≥99% of total products, 97% optical purity), P450BM-3 is only moderately regioselective during hydroxylation of the eicosatrienoic acid ω-1, ω-2, and ω-3 sp3 carbons, with 17-, 18-, and 19-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid formed in a ratio of 2.4:2.2:1, respectively. Based on the above and on a model of arachidonic acid-bound P450BM-3, we propose: 1) the formation by P450BM-3 of a single oxidant species capable of olefinic bond epoxidation and sp3 carbon hydroxylation and 2) that product chemistry and, thus, catalytic outcome are critically dependent on active site spatial coordinates responsible for substrate binding and productive orientation between heme-bound active oxygen and acceptor carbon bond(s).