Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of Awareness and Training on Cyber Security

This article presents the results of a study to determine the impact of a cyber threat education and awareness intervention on changes in user security behavior. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two introductory lectures about cyber threats due to poor password management. The low-information condition was based on very general background information on passwords and computer security, while the high-information condition included very detailed and specific information on the threats to subjects' use of e-commerce. The pre/post-treatment design was a single, between-subjects factor (information level–low/high), repeated measures study, with password strength at Time 1 and password strength at Time 2 used to measure change in security behavior over a period of two weeks. The study found that at Time 1, participants possessed no significant differences in the strength of their passwords. Two weeks later, the password strength of the participants in the low-information condition was not statistically different than their initial levels, while subjects in the high-information condition demonstrated password ratings 36 percent stronger (t = 17.0, p = .000). It is concluded that when users were educated of the threats to e-commerce and trained about proper security practices, their behavior could be changed to enhance online security for themselves and the firms where they are employed.
Liquidity, Liquidity Risk and Stock Returns: Evidence from Japan

This paper investigates‐whether liquidity and liquidity risk are priced in Japan. Using modified Amihud illiquidity measures, we find both cross‐sectional and time series evidence that liquidity is priced in the Japanese stock market during the period 1975–2006. The evidence is largely consistent with Amihud's (2002) findings in the US market. We further employ the liquidity‐adjusted CAPM proposed by Acharya and Pedersen (2005) to examine whether liquidity risk is priced in Japan. Consistent with Acharya and Pedersen's findings in the US, we show that liquidity risk is priced in the stock market, in addition to the liquidity level. These findings strengthen the confidence that liquidity is a determinant of stock returns.
Levels of learning in environmental expertise: from generalism to personally indexed specialisation

The past 15 years in Finland have witnessed a diversification among environmental experts. In addition to engineers and biologists, increasing numbers of environmental scientists – from both the natural and social sciences – have entered the job market. Universities in Finland have tried to respond to this challenge by implementing innovative forms of environmental education. This article inquires into the experiences of Finnish environmental social scientists who have received a form of education that explicitly aims at increasing their capacity to discern social and ecological nuances in environmental issues. These ideas seem to promote a particular form of “practical wisdom” or phronesis. The article analyses a set of interviews with both supporters of, and participating students in, two educational programmes with “phronetic” aims to assess how these new environmental experts define their expertise and professional identities. We claim that students had to learn to frame and contextualise not only complex environmental issues, but also their own abilities and capacities as analysts of such complex issues. The research results are useful for strategic decision-making in both environmental and science policy.
Elevated gamma‐glutamyltransferase is associated with mortality in lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a life‐threatening autosomal recessive hereditary disease, affecting multiple organs. In end stage disease, lung transplantation improves the quality of life and prolongs survival. CF liver disease (CFLD) as co‐morbidity develops in 8–17% of CF patients. We aimed to investigate the impact of liver injury on prognosis following lung transplantation. Thirty‐one patients with CF who underwent double lung transplantation (DLTx) from 1999 to 2009 were included. Post‐transplant survival, liver serum parameters as well as INR, creatinine and the MELD‐Score were determined preoperatively, 1 day and 4 weeks postoperatively. Prognostic impact of liver function on outcome was analysed. Mean patient age was 25 (15–38) and post‐transplant 1 year‐survival was 74%, 3 years 71% and 5 years 68%. Patients were grouped according to post‐transplant survival, those deceased within the first year as group I (n = 8) and patients who survived longer as group II (n = 23). Group I exhibited significantly elevated gamma‐glutamyltransferase (GGT), bilirubin and reduced platelets postoperatively. Low platelet count, increased bilirubin and GGT were associated with mortality after DLTx. Prospective studies are needed to determine a potential use and clinical implications for liver function tests in patients with CF before lung transplantation.
Electron-Ion Recombination Rate Coefficients, Photoionization Cross Sections, and Ionization Fractions for Astrophysically Abundant Elements. II. Oxygen Ions

A comprehensive and self-consistent set of new atomic data for photoionization cross sections, σPI, and total unified recombination rate coefficients, αR(T), of oxygen ions are obtained. The calculations are carried out in the close coupling approximation employing the R-matrix method. The unified treatment of total recombination includes both the radiative and dielectronic processes. The analysis of astrophysical spectra and ionization balance requires atomic data for all ionization stages of an element, and the accuracy depends on the self-consistency and completeness of data. In the present work the criterion of self-consistency between the rates for the inverse processes of photoionization and recombination is satisfied in an ab initio manner by employing an identical set of eigenfunction expansions in the calculations for both atomic processes. State-specific recombination rate coefficients are also presented for a large number of bound states. As a first application, the present αR(T) are used to obtain ionization fractions of oxygen ions in plasmas in coronal equilibrium. Ionization fractions in photoionization equilibrium can be readily obtained by employing the present data for the total σPI and for αR(T).
Emotion Detection in HCI: From Speech Features to Emotion Space

Abstract Control mechanisms in modern Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) underwent a paradigm shift from textual or display-based control to more intuitive control mechanisms, such as speech, gesture and mimic. Especially speech provides a high information density, delivering information about the speaker's inner state as well as his intention and demand. While word-based analyses allow to understand the speaker's request, further speech characteristics reveal the speakers emotion, intention and motivation. Therefore, emotion detection from speech became significant in modern HCI applications. However, the results from the disciplines involved in the emotion detection are not easily merged. Engineers developing voice controlled HCI systems work in “feature spaces”, relying on technically measurable acoustic and spectral features. Psychologists analysing and identifying emotions work in emotion categories, schemes or dimensional emotion spaces, describing emotions in terms of quantities and qualities of human notable expressions. While engineering methods notice the slightest variations in speech, emotion theories allow to compare and identify emotions, but must rely on human judgements. However, both perceptions are essential and must be combined to allow machines to allocate affective states during HCI. To provide a link between machine measurable variations in emotional speech and dimensional emotion theory, significant features describing emotions must be identified and analysed regarding their transferability to emotion space. In this article we present a justifiable feature selection for emotion detection from speech and show how to relate measurable features to emotions. We discuss our transformation model and validate both feature selection and model, based on a selection of the Emo-DB corpus.
The Influence of Tourism Innovativeness on Online Consumer Behavior

The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of tourism-specific consumer innovativeness (i.e., domain-specific innovativeness) on their information search, purchasing, and communication behaviors on tourism websites. The methodology employed is based on a combination of data from website log files and questionnaires (n = 207). The results show that tourism innovativeness is positively related to the frequency and density of site visits, downloading of information brochures, use of the online purchasing mode, and the volume of online purchases. Tourism innovativeness is also positively associated with consumer chatting and e-mailing. The study reveals that consumers high on tourism innovativeness maintain active and cooperative communications with the firm. In summary, the behaviors of innovative consumers that have been documented in traditional offline settings are also exhibited in the online environment. The theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
The Expansion of Secure Accommodation in Scotland: in the Best Interests of the Child?

The Scottish Executive recently announced a significant increase in secure accommodation, amongst a raft of measures aimed at tackling youth crime. These developments represent a marked and sudden change in political direction, away from an emphasis on community-based welfare disposals towards more institutionally-based correctional interventions. This article outlines the history and legal basis of secure accommodation in Scotland and examines recent reviews concerning the need or otherwise for its expansion. Such reviews have consistently failed to support a need to increase the number of secure places available and this raises questions about whether the Scottish Executive’s decision is based on sound evidence. The article contends that the decision to expand reflects a populist but erroneous conception of secure accommodation as a justice oriented disposal. It is argued that secure accommodation is and should remain, located firmly within a welfare framework. Implications for youth justice and for the residential child care system more generally are considered.
A Follow-up Study of Agricultural Education Program Graduates on Teaching Competencies.

The purpose of this follow-up study was to determine perceptions among New Mexico State University pre-service agricultural education program graduates (Bachelor of Science in Agriculture degree completers) from 1990 to 2001 who are currently teaching agriculture on their attainment of teacher competencies and professional development activities influencing their growth on these teacher competencies since graduation. Data were gathered using a researcher-developed questionnaire. Participants perceived their at-graduation teacher competency abilities as satisfactory on average. On average, participants perceived their current teacher competency abilities to be between satisfactory and very good. For each of the 28 teacher competency statements, participants perceived growth from the time of graduation to their current abilities. The biggest improvement was on participants’ ability to keep students on task. The least improvement was on their enthusiasm toward all facets of the educational program, however, this teacher competency statement was rated highest at graduation and maintained a high ranking as a current ability. Given a list of professional development activities, participants perceived on-the-job experience as having the highest level of influence on their teacher competency ability growth from the time of graduation to the present. Recommendations for program improvement and further research are offered.
Business Groups and Financial Constraints: Evidence from Pakistani Group Affiliated Firms

We test whether group affiliation reduces the financial constraints for the affiliated firms in Pakistan. Results reveal that group affiliated firms are not financially constrained. Further, we find evidence for an internal capital market in business groups that reduces the financing constraints of the affiliated firms. Surprisingly, positive effect of business affiliation is limited only to firms affiliated to twenty largest business groups.
The renin–angiotensin system from conception to old age: the good, the bad and the ugly

The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) plays a critical role in placentation and nephrogenesis. Failure to thrive during intrauterine life, possibly related to placental dysfunction and impaired expression of the renal RAS, as well as prematurity, results in smaller kidneys at birth and reduced nephron number. The remaining nephrons are therefore hyperfiltering from birth. Hyperfiltration, infections and Type 2 diabetes cause glomerular and tubular fibrosis, leading to further reductions in nephron number. The intrarenal RAS plays a key role in promoting tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Low birth weight and a high incidence of preterm birth program Indigenous children for early onset renal disease in adult life. Indigenous Australians have 404 000 fewer nephrons than non‐Indigenous Australians. This, coupled with the high incidence of infectious diseases (particularly acute post‐streptococcal glomerulonephritis) and the increasing prevalence of Type 2 diabetes, explains why end‐stage renal disease is of epidemic proportions in Indigenous Australians. The existence of RAS gene polymorphisms and inflammatory cytokines may further potentiate susceptibility to renal disease in Indigenous Australians.
Multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) methods in economics: an overview

Abstract The main research activities in economics during the last five years have significantly increased. The main research fields are operation research and sustainable development. The philosophy of decision making in economics is to assess and select the most preferable solution, implement it and to gain the biggest profit. Preferences are used in a lot of problem situations both in individual and organizational decision making processes. A number of effective decision making methods that support decisions under conditions of multiple criteria have appeared in the last decade. This paper presents a panorama of decision making methods in economics and summarizes the most important results and applications over the last five years. This paper considers decision making in light of the recent developments of multiple criteria decision making methods (because classical methods are overviewed in a lot of earlier publications). Authors of different approaches, pioneering studies and works are presented in s.
Human Neutrophils and Their Products Induce Shiga Toxin Production by Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli

ABSTRACT The Shiga toxins (Stx) are critical virulence factors forEscherichia coli O157:H7 and other serotypes of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). These potent toxins are encoded in the genomes of temperate lambdoid bacteriophages. We recently demonstrated that induction of the resident Stx2-encoding prophage in an O157:H7 clinical isolate is required for toxin production by this strain. Since several factors produced by human cells, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), are capable of inducing lambdoid prophages, we hypothesized that such molecules might also induce toxin production by EHEC. Here, we studied whether H2O2 and also human neutrophils, an important endogenous source of H2O2, induced Stx2 expression by an EHEC clinical isolate. Both H2O2 and neutrophils were found to augment Stx2 production, raising the possibility that these agents may lead to prophage induction in vivo and thereby contribute to EHEC pathogenesis.
The Myth of the Internal Nasal Valve

According to ancient Greek myth, the Strait of Messina between Sicily and Calabria in southern Italy is home to Charybdis, a sea monster capable of bringing down the toughest ships by swallowing them whole. Of course, there was no monster and both ship and sailor fell victim to a whirlpool, an aquatic vortex resulting from a recirculating flow produced by the interaction of opposing currents. DaVinci described vortices within the human body, theorizing that the sinuses of Valsalva in the heart created vortices that prevented clot formation and facilitated aortic valve closure.1 Like Charybdis, there is a myth about the flow inside the nasal vault, and the historical description of the “internal nasal valve”2 fails to be either accurate or descriptive in light of what is now dogma in the field of aerodynamics. The archaic description of an angular region bounded by the inferior turbinate, septum, nasal floor, and upper lateral cartilage (ULC), poorly describes both the 3-dimensional (3D) structure and the flow.3 In fluid mechanics an inlet is a passage through which fluid first enters a machine or device.4 Similarly, gateways, described as archways built around a gate, are more apt descriptions for what the medical literature refers to as “valves”—terminology that is otherwise confusing to patients and nonsense to engineers. The fluid dynamics of the nose cannot be summarized with a single angular measurement. The anatomy is complex, with lateral attachments, overlying dilator musculature, and rigid nasal cavity structures contributing to the dynamic sidewall collapse as flow at high velocities generate considerable pressure differentials. Although imaging and computational fluid dynamics have accelerated our understanding immensely,5 there still exists a lack of means to reliably predict lateral wall collapse.6
HOW DO MACROECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS IN MAINLAND CHINA AFFECT HONG KONG'S SHORT-TERM INTEREST RATES?

This paper studies the significance of Mainland-related shocks in determining Hong Kong money market interest rates after controlling for the influences of US variables. Analysis using a vector auto-regression model suggests that an unexpected rise in the Mainland policy interest rate, or a higher-than-expected growth in Mainland output or money supply, in general produces a positive and hump-shaped effect on the three-month HIBOR. Forecast error variance decomposition shows that US shocks still dominate, but Mainland shocks have become more important in accounting for the unexpected fluctuations in HIBOR in recent years. A historical decomposition shows that from autumn 2003 to spring 2005 the large negative spread between HIBOR and LIBOR was mainly due to Mainland factors. Thus, while the HIBOR-LIBOR spread is expected to be bounded inside a band that reflects the width of the Convertibility Zone of the Linked Exchange Rate system, Mainland-related shocks could exert a significant influence on the actual size of the spread.
School-related stress, support, and subjective health complaints among early adolescents: a multilevel approach.

This study investigated the relationship between shared psychosocial school environment and subjective health complaints. A representative sample of 1585 Norwegian grade 8 students (mean age 13.5 years) from 82 schoolclasses completed scales on health complaints, academic stress, the teacher and classmate support scale, decision control, and noise and disturbance in class. Multilevel analysis (MlwiN) revealed that level of health complaints varied across schoolclasses (ICC=5.6%). School class differences in psychosocial environment accounted for 40% of the between-schoolclass variance in health complaints. Tests of cross-level interaction showed a statistically significant interaction between mean schoolclass-level of classmate support and individual level of academic stress. Findings suggest that shared schoolclass contextual factors may have main and stress-moderating effects on adolescent health complaints.
Nationalism versus patriotism, or the floating border? National identification and ethnic exclusion in post-communist Bulgaria

The paper deals with different aspects of national identification and their relation to ethnic exclusion. While the emphasis is placed on theoretical approaches that refer to nationalism as a social (collective) identity, discussion of nationalism as an ideology, political doctrine, and cultural or discoursive formation remains relatively scarce. A theoretical framework for the research question is developed and used as a source for drawing a conceptual model that is afterwords tested on empirical data for Bulgaria over time. Next, a simultaneous multi-group comparison between both samples is conducted, followed by extensive discussion of the empirical results.
Assessment of Factors Related to Auto-PEEP

BACKGROUND: Previous physiological studies have identified factors that are involved in auto-PEEP generation. In our study, we examined how much auto-PEEP is generated from factors that are involved in its development. METHODS: One hundred eighty-six subjects undergoing controlled mechanical ventilation with persistent expiratory flow at the beginning of each inspiration were enrolled in the study. Volume-controlled continuous mandatory ventilation with PEEP of 0 cm H2O was applied while maintaining the ventilator setting as chosen by the attending physician. End-expiratory and end-inspiratory airway occlusion maneuvers were performed to calculate respiratory mechanics, and tidal flow limitation was assessed by a maneuver of manual compression of the abdomen. RESULTS: The variable with the strongest effect on auto-PEEP was flow limitation, which was associated with an increase of 2.4 cm H2O in auto-PEEP values. Moreover, auto-PEEP values were directly related to resistance of the respiratory system and body mass index and inversely related to expiratory time/time constant. Variables that were associated with the breathing pattern (tidal volume, frequency minute ventilation, and expiratory time) did not show any relationship with auto-PEEP values. The risk of auto-PEEP ≥5 cm H2O was increased by flow limitation (adjusted odds ratio 17; 95% CI: 6–56.2), expiratory time/time constant ratio <1.85 (12.6; 4.7–39.6), respiratory system resistance >15 cm H2O/L s (3; 1.3–6.9), age >65 y (2.8; 1.2–6.5), and body mass index >26 kg/m2 (2.6; 1.1–6.1). CONCLUSIONS: Flow limitation, expiratory time/time constant, resistance of the respiratory system, and obesity are the most important variables that affect auto-PEEP values. Frequency expiratory time, tidal volume, and minute ventilation were not independently associated with auto-PEEP. Therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing auto-PEEP and its adverse effects should be primarily oriented to the variables that mainly affect auto-PEEP values.
Toward Understanding Discourse Structure : Flow of Contextual Information in Spoken Korean

A salient feature of spoken Korean is honorification. It is pragmatic in nature, imbued deeply into the grammar and the lexicon of the spoken language. It is grarnmaticalized in the form of sentence endings, reflecting the interpersonal relationship between the speaker and the hearer. Honorification also controls the subject-predicate agreement, constrained by the relationship between the speaker and the subject referent of the utterance. It also partially controls lexical selections. The interpersonal constraints between DPs are three dimensional: social, psychological and formal. There are about half a dozen discourse levels in present-day Korean, each having a distinct sentence ending.