Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Minimum Sparsity of Unobservable Power Network Attacks

Physical security of power networks under power injection attacks that alter generation and loads is studied. The system operator employs Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) for detecting such attacks, while attackers devise attacks that are <italic>unobservable</italic> by such PMU networks. It is shown that, given the PMU locations, the solution to finding the sparsest unobservable attacks has a simple form with probability one, namely, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\kappa (\mathcal {G^M})+1$</tex-math></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\kappa (\mathcal {G^M})$</tex-math></inline-formula> is defined as the vulnerable vertex connectivity of an augmented graph. The constructive proof allows one to find the entire set of the sparsest unobservable attacks in polynomial time. Furthermore, a notion of the potential impact of unobservable attacks is introduced. With optimized PMU deployment, the sparsest unobservable attacks and their potential impact are evaluated numerically for the IEEE 30, 57, 118 and 300-bus systems and the Polish 2383, 2737 and 3012-bus systems. It is observed that, as more PMUs are added, the maximum potential impact among all the sparsest unobservable attacks drops quickly until it reaches the minimum sparsity.
A critical review on the development and performance of polymer/graphene nanocomposites

Abstract Graphene (graphene) is a new type of two-dimensional inorganic nanomaterial developed in recent years. It can be used as an ideal inorganic nanofiller for the preparation of polymer nanocomposites because of its high mechanical strength, excellent electrical conductivity and plentiful availability (from graphite). In this review, the preparation methods of graphene/polymer nanocomposites, including solution blending, melt blending and in situ polymerization, are introduced in order to study the relationship between these methods and the final characteristics and properties. Each method has an influence on the final characteristics and properties of the nanocomposites. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed. In addition, a variety of nanocomposites with different properties, such as mechanical properties, electronic conductivity, thermal conductivity and thermal properties, are summarized comprehensively. The potential applications of these nanocomposites in conductive materials, electromagnetic shielding materials, photocatalytic materials and so on, are briefly presented. This review demonstrates that polymer/graphene nanocomposites exhibit superior comprehensive performance and will be applied in the fields of new materials and novel devices. Future research directions of the nanocomposites are also presented.
Safety of edoxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, in Asian patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation

Summary Edoxaban is an oral, reversible, direct factor Xa inhibitor in phase III clinical development for the prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation (AF). A phase II study was undertaken to evaluate the safety and efficacy of edoxaban in Asian patients with non-valvular AF with CHADS2 score ≥1. In a multicentre, active-controlled, double-blind edoxaban and open-label warfarin, parallel-group study, a total of 235 patients from four Asian countries were randomly assigned to edoxaban 30 mg qd, 60 mg qd or warfarin dose adjusted to international normalised ratio of 2–3 for three months. The primary endpoint was the incidence of centrally adjudicated all bleeding events (major, clinically relevant non-major and minor). Secondary endpoints included thromboembolic events, biomarkers of thrombus formation and all adverse events (AEs). The incidence of all bleeding events (95% CI) was 20.3% (12.9, 30.4) for edoxaban 30 mg, 23.8% (15.8, 34.1) for edoxaban 60 mg, and 29.3% (20.2, 40.4) for warfarin. A subgroup analysis suggested low body weight (≤60 kg) may affect the incidence of bleeding events with edoxaban. The incidence of study drug-related AEs was 22% for edoxaban 30 mg, 29% for edoxaban 60 mg and 33% for warfarin. No thromboembolic events occurred in any treatment group. In conclusion, this phase II study found a trend for a reduction in the incidence of all bleeding events in Asian AF patients with edoxaban 30 mg and 60 mg compared with warfarin. Adverse events were similar between the edoxaban 60-mg and warfarin groups and were lower with the edoxaban 30-mg group. ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT00806624
A Traffic-Light-Aware Routing Protocol Based on Street Connectivity for Urban Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

In urban vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), the network topology changes rapidly due to high mobility and uneven distribution of vehicles, thus the street connectivity is hard to estimate. Conventional routing protocols consider the street density as a decisive factor of street connectivity; however, they ignore the vehicle gathered phenomenon induced by traffic lights at the intersections. In this letter, we first explore the effect of traffic lights on vehicle distribution in a street, and then calculate street connectivity based on the distribution and density of vehicles in the middle area of a street. Finally, we propose a street-centric protocol called traffic-light-aware routing protocol based on street connectivity. Simulation results have shown that our protocol can improve the delivery ratio and reduce end-to-end delay for urban VANETs.
A Boost for the Emerging Field of RNA Nanotechnology

This Nano Focus article highlights recent advances in RNA nanotechnology as presented at the First International Conference of RNA Nanotechnology and Therapeutics, which took place in Cleveland, OH, USA (October 23–25, 2010) (http://www.eng.uc.edu/nanomedicine/RNA2010/), chaired by Peixuan Guo and co-chaired by David Rueda and Scott Tenenbaum. The conference was the first of its kind to bring together more than 30 invited speakers in the frontier of RNA nanotechnology from France, Sweden, South Korea, China, and throughout the United States to discuss RNA nanotechnology and its applications. It provided a platform for researchers from academia, government, and the pharmaceutical industry to share existing knowledge, vision, technology, and challenges in the field and promoted collaborations among researchers interested in advancing this emerging scientific discipline. The meeting covered a range of topics, including biophysical and single-molecule approaches for characterization of RNA nanostructures; structure studies on RNA nanoparticles by chemical or biochemical approaches, computation, prediction, and modeling of RNA nanoparticle structures; methods for the assembly of RNA nanoparticles; chemistry for RNA synthesis, conjugation, and labeling; and application of RNA nanoparticles in therapeutics. A special invited talk on the well-established principles of DNA nanotechnology was arranged to provide models for RNA nanotechnology. An Administrator from National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Cancer Institute (NCI) Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer discussed the current nanocancer research directions and future funding opportunities at NCI. As indicated by the feedback received from the invited speakers and the meeting participants, this meeting was extremely successful, exciting, and informative, covering many groundbreaking findings, pioneering ideas, and novel discoveries.
The Application of Adaptive Immune Algorithm for Reactive Power Optimization

The adaptive immune algorithm (AIA) developed from immune algorithm (IA), owns faster computation speed and better convergence than that of GA and other stochastic type algorithms, due to its characteristic of having two layers optimization. The paper proposes to apply adaptive immune algorithm for reactive power optimization. The coding method for the control variables based on decimal system is introduced in detail. The test results of example systems demonstrate its feasibility and validity. Keyword-Reactive Power Optimization, Adaptive Immune Algorithm, Computation Speed, Coding method
Investigation on Link Adaptation for LTE-Based Machine Type Communication

Coverage enhancement and low complexity are quite important aspects to support and broaden the application of machine type communication (MTC) in long term evolution (LTE). Repeating the same data across multiple subframes is widely considered as basic solution to improve the coverage. Low complexity target is mainly achieved by reducing the supported bandwidth and restricting the data processing size. Repetitions can be regarded as a new dimension of link adaptation besides the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) selection and the low complexity features are new factors impacting the link adaption as well. However, existing link adaptation mechanism in LTE system is unable to support such two-dimension link adaptation. Straightforward method suffers serious spectral efficiency loss and more power consumption and there is little other research on this issue, either. To save power and improve the spectral efficiency when performing the link adaptation for MTC, a smart method of coordinating the MCS selection and the repetition level determination with the consideration of new low complexity features is proposed in this paper. Extensive link level simulations are carried out to verify the effectiveness of proposed method. Simulation results show that proposed method could improve the spectral efficiency by around 42.1% and reduce the power consumption by around 36.8%.
Elasticity, hardness, and fracture toughness of sodium aluminoborosilicate glasses

Due to an increasing demand for oxide glasses with a better mechanical performance, there is a need to improve our understanding of the composition-structure-mechanical property relations in these brittle materials. At present, some properties such as Young's modulus can to a large extent be predicted based on the chemical composition, while others-in particular fracture-related properties-are typically optimized based on a trial-and-error approach. In this work, we study the mechanical properties of a series of 20 glasses in the quartenary Na2O-Al2O3-B2O3-SiO2 system with fixed soda content, thus accessing different structural domains. Ultrasonic echography is used to determine the elastic moduli and Poisson's ratio, while Vickers indentation is used to determine hardness. Furthermore, the single-edge precracked beam method is used to estimate the fracture toughness (K-Ic) for some compositions of interest. The compositional evolutions of Vickers hardness and Young's modulus are in good agreement with those predicted from models based on bond constraint density and strength. Although there is a larger deviation, the overall compositional trend in K-Ic can also be predicted by a model based on the strength of the bonds assumed to be involved in the fracture process.
The interpretation of tables in texts

This thesis looks at the issues relating to the development of technology capable of processing tables as they appear in textual documents so that their contents may be accessed and further interpreted by standard information extraction and natural language processing systems. The thesis offers a formal description of the table and the description and evaluation of a system which provides instances of that model for table examples. There are three parts to the thesis. The first looks at tables in general terms, suggests where their complexities are to be found, and reviews the literature dealing with research into tables in other fields. The second part introduces a layered model of the table and provides some notational equipment for encoding tables in these component layers. The final part discusses the design, implementation and evaluation of a system which produces an instance of the model for the tables found in a document. It also discusses the design and collection of a corpus of tables used for the training and evaluation of the system. The thesis catalogues a laxge number of phenomena discovered in the corpus collected during the research and provides appropriate terminology.
6 Development of Humanized Mice to Study Asexual Blood Stage Plasmodium falciparum Infection

R.K. Tyagi1,2*, N.K. Garg3, T. Sahu4 and P. Prabha5 1Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 2Malaria Vaccine Development Laboratory, Institute Pasteur Paris, 3Shantha Biotechnics Ltd., (A Part of Sanofi Aventis Group), Hyderabad, AP, 4National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 5Gene Regulation Laboratory, School Of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 1,4USA 2France 3,5India
Abbreviated Pathway for Biosynthesis of 2-Thiouridine in Bacillus subtilis

ABSTRACT The 2-thiouridine (s2U) modification of the wobble position in glutamate, glutamine, and lysine tRNA molecules serves to stabilize the anticodon structure, improving ribosomal binding and overall efficiency of the translational process. Biosynthesis of s2U in Escherichia coli requires a cysteine desulfurase (IscS), a thiouridylase (MnmA), and five intermediate sulfur-relay enzymes (TusABCDE). The E. coli MnmA adenylates and subsequently thiolates tRNA to form the s2U modification. Bacillus subtilis lacks IscS and the intermediate sulfur relay proteins, yet its genome contains a cysteine desulfurase gene, yrvO, directly adjacent to mnmA. The genomic synteny of yrvO and mnmA combined with the absence of the Tus proteins indicated a potential functionality of these proteins in s2U formation. Here, we provide evidence that the B. subtilis YrvO and MnmA are sufficient for s2U biosynthesis. A conditional B. subtilis knockout strain showed that s2U abundance correlates with MnmA expression, and in vivo complementation studies in E. coli IscS- or MnmA-deficient strains revealed the competency of these proteins in s2U biosynthesis. In vitro experiments demonstrated s2U formation by YrvO and MnmA, and kinetic analysis established a partnership between the B. subtilis proteins that is contingent upon the presence of ATP. Furthermore, we observed that the slow-growth phenotype of E. coli ΔiscS and ΔmnmA strains associated with s2U depletion is recovered by B. subtilis yrvO and mnmA. These results support the proposal that the involvement of a devoted cysteine desulfurase, YrvO, in s2U synthesis bypasses the need for a complex biosynthetic pathway by direct sulfur transfer to MnmA. IMPORTANCE The 2-thiouridine (s2U) modification of the wobble position in glutamate, glutamine, and lysine tRNA is conserved in all three domains of life and stabilizes the anticodon structure, thus guaranteeing fidelity in translation. The biosynthesis of s2U in Escherichia coli requires seven proteins: the cysteine desulfurase IscS, the thiouridylase MnmA, and five intermediate sulfur-relay enzymes (TusABCDE). Bacillus subtilis and most Gram-positive bacteria lack a complete set of biosynthetic components. Interestingly, the mnmA coding sequence is located adjacent to yrvO, encoding a cysteine desulfurase. In this work, we provide evidence that the B. subtilis YrvO is able to transfer sulfur directly to MnmA. Both proteins are sufficient for s2U biosynthesis in a pathway independent of the one used in E. coli.
Transport of Silica Colloid through Saturated Porous Media under Different Hydrogeochemical and Hydrodynamic Conditions Considering Managed Aquifer Recharge

Colloids may have an important role in regulating the structure and function of groundwater ecosystems, and may influence the migration of low solubility contaminants in groundwater. There is, however, a degree of uncertainty about how colloids behave under the variable hydrogeochemical and hydrodynamic conditions that occur during managed aquifer recharge. We used an online monitoring system to monitor the transport of silica colloid in saturated porous media under different hydrogeochemical conditions, including a range of pH values (5, 7, and 9), ionic strengths (<0.0005, 0.02, and 0.05 M), cation valences (Na+, Ca2+), flow rates (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mL/min). The results showed that silica colloid was more likely to deposit on the surface of porous media in acidic conditions (pH = 5) than in alkaline conditions (pH = 9), indicating that the risks of pollution from colloidal interactions would be higher when the pH of the recharge water was higher. Colloid deposition occurred when the ionic strength of the colloidal suspension increased, and bivalent cations had a greater effect than monovalent cations. This suggests that bivalent cation-rich recharge water might affect the porosity of the porous medium because of colloid deposition during the managed aquifer recharge process. As the flow rate increased, the migration ability of silica colloid increased. We simulated the migration of silica colloid in porous media with the COMSOL Multiphysics model.
A New Descriptor for Structure-Property and Structure-Activity Correlations

We consider an improvement of a multiple regression analysis (MRA) for the correlation of boiling points of alcohols using descriptors that involve a variable part. In the search for the best descriptors based on weighted paths we came upon a novel molecular descriptor, the use of which was apparently overlooked in the past. The novel descriptor counts paths of length three; however, only those associated with an oxygen atom are counted.
Biomarkers of sepsis

Background: A complex network of biological mediators underlies the clinical syndrome of sepsis. The nonspecific physiologic criteria of sepsis syndrome or the systemic inflammatory response syndrome do not adequately identify patients who might benefit from either conventional anti-infective therapies or from novel therapies that target specific mediators of sepsis. Validated biomarkers of sepsis may improve diagnosis and therapeutic decision making for these high-risk patients. Objectives: To develop a methodologic framework for the identification and validation of biomarkers of sepsis. Methods: A small group meeting of experts in clinical epidemiology, biomarker development, and sepsis clinical trials; selective narrative review of the biomarker literature. Results: The utility of a biomarker is a function of the degree to which it adds value to the available clinical information in the domains of screening, diagnosis, risk stratification, and monitoring of the response to therapy. We identified needs for greater standardization of biomarker methodologies, greater methodologic rigor in biomarker studies, wider integration of biomarkers into clinical studies (in particular, early phase studies), and increased collaboration among investigators, pharmaceutical industry, biomarker industry, and regulatory agencies. Conclusions: Biomarkers promise to transform sepsis from a physiologic syndrome to a group of distinct biochemical disorders. This transformation could aid therapeutic decision making, and hence improve the prognosis for patients with sepsis, but will require an unprecedented degree of systematic investigation and collaboration.
Dialogue Management for Interactive Question Answering

With the increasing availability of on-line information, either on the Internet or within Intranets, the need for Question Answering (Q&A) systems that allow user interaction expressed in natural language has become critical. A major obstacle in building robust, user-friendly Q&A systems is the need to enable a conversation with the user in which clarifications, follow-up questions and context specification are made possible. This paper presents INTERLOCUTOR, a generic interactive shell that performs dialogue management for open-domain Q&A systems through a set of dialogue strategies enabled by task templates.
Diagnostic accuracy of chromogranin A and calcitonin precursors measurements for the discrimination of ectopic ACTH secretion from Cushing's disease.

CONTEXT Inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS) best discriminates between the two causes of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome, Cushing's disease (CD) and ectopic ACTH secretion (EAS). However, when sampling is not available, adjunctive diagnostic tests might be helpful. Neuroendocrine tumors may secrete chromogranin A (CgA), calcitonin (CT), procalcitonin (ProCT), a fragment of the amino terminus of procalcitonin (NProCT), and/or ACTH. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability of serum CgA, CT, ProCT, or NProCT values to distinguish CD from EAS. DESIGN AND SETTING We conducted a prospective pilot study at a clinical research center. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Serum ProCT, NProCT, and CgA were measured in six patients with occult EAS diagnosed by IPSS, 25 CD patients, and 11 patients with histologically proven EAS. RESULTS Nine EAS patients (53%) had at least one value above the reference range, including CgA alone (n = 4), ProCT alone (n = 3), CgA and ProCT (n = 1), and NProCT and ProCT (n = 1). Of nine (36%) CD patients with one or two abnormal values, seven had increased ProCT only, one had increased NProCT only, and one had increased CgA and ProCT. CgA had a positive predictive value of 83% and a negative predictive value of 70% for the diagnosis of EAS; other markers showed less discrimination. On pituitary magnetic resonance imaging, no EAS patient had an abnormality, whereas 21 of 25 patients with CD had a mass. CONCLUSION These preliminary results suggest that an abnormal CgA and normal pituitary magnetic resonance imaging favor the diagnosis of EAS, but normal tumor markers do not exclude the diagnosis.
Norm perception and communication for vasovagal symptoms in blood donation

Blood is a valuable resource, but most people do not donate. One deterrent to blood donation is the anticipation of vasovagal symptoms (e.g., dizziness, nausea, and fainting), despite the fact that such symptoms typically affect a small proportion of donors. The current research examined norm perceptions regarding vasovagal symptom experiences and used a message‐framing paradigm to communicate accurate norm information and increase future donation intentions.
The prevalence of HLA-B27 in the US: data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009.

OBJECTIVE To carry out the first large-scale population study of the prevalence of HLA-B27 in the US, which is needed for public health planning purposes because of recent improvements in medical therapy and diagnostic testing for ankylosing spondylitis (AS). METHODS The national prevalence of HLA-B27 was determined as part of the 2009 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a cross-sectional survey monitoring the health and nutritional status of the US civilian, noninstitutionalized population. DNA polymerase chain reaction analysis was conducted in samples from 2,320 adults ages 20-69 years from this nationally representative sample. RESULTS The age-adjusted US prevalence of B27 was 6.1% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 4.6-8.2). By race/ethnicity, the prevalence of B27 was 7.5% (95% CI 5.3-10.4) among non-Hispanic whites and 3.5% (95% CI 2.5-4.8) among all other US races/ethnicities combined. In Mexican Americans, the prevalence was 4.6% (95% CI 3.4-6.1). The prevalence of B27 could not be reliably estimated for other US racial/ethnic groups because of the low number of B27-positive individuals in those groups. For adults 50-69 years of age, the prevalence of B27 was 3.6% (95% CI 2.2-5.8), which suggested a decrease in B27 with age. These prevalence estimates took into account the NHANES survey design and are reviewed with respect to data from the medical literature. CONCLUSION Our findings provide the first US national prevalence estimates for HLA-B27. A decline in the prevalence of HLA-B27 with age is suggested by these data but must be confirmed by additional studies.