Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sarcopenia is related to physical functioning and leg strength in middle-aged women.

BACKGROUND In the aging process, loss of muscle is relatively continuous, but the initiation, timing, and amount of muscle loss that relate to functional compromise are poorly described. Also poorly understood is whether strength and functioning in aging are related to the amount of lean mass and its change as well as to the amount of fat mass and its change. METHODS The purpose of the study was to ascertain whether 3-year lean and fat mass change predicted functional status in 712 African American and Caucasian women, aged 34-58 years. Fat and lean mass were assessed with bioelectrical impedance. Lower leg strength (torque) was measured with a portable isometric chair, and two indices of physical functioning, walking velocity and double support (both feet touching the surface while walking), were measured with an instrumented gait mat. RESULTS Almost 9% of middle-aged women had at least a 6% loss (>2.5 kg) of lean mass over the 3-year observation period. Women who lost at least 2.5 kg of lean mass had slower walking velocity and less leg strength, although women who simultaneously gained more than 2.5 kg of fat mass (at least 7.5%) did not have less leg strength. Age was significantly associated with less velocity, less leg strength, and more time in double support. CONCLUSIONS Even in middle-aged women, there is loss of lean mass among almost 1 woman in 10, and this loss of lean mass (sarcopenia) is associated with greater compromise in physical functioning.
Adoption and the impact of system of rice intensification on rice yields and household income: an analysis for India

ABSTRACT This paper examines the determinants and impacts of the adoption of five mutually exclusive practices System of Rice Intensification (SRI) on yields and household incomes using a multinomial endogenous treatment effects model. Farm household survey data is collected from selected districts of three States of India. Results suggest that the decision to adopt SRI is a function of experience in terms of age, farm assets, irrigation facility and information about SRI. The analysis showed that small and marginal farmers are more likely to adopt SRI as compared to large farmers. The National Food Security Mission (NFSM) came out to be significant and positive only in the case of few practices in some States. The welfare outcome results showed that the adoption increased the yield and income of three out of four practices-plant plus water, plant plus soil and plant plus water plus soil management. Briefly, the results show that the adoption of SRI especially full adoption of SRI has greater impact on the yield and income.
Sulfonylureas and Glinides Exhibit Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Activity: A Combined Virtual Screening and Biological Assay Approach

Most drugs currently employed in the treatment of type 2 diabetes either target the sulfonylurea receptor stimulating insulin release (sulfonylureas, glinides), or target the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ) improving insulin resistance (thiazolidinediones). Our work shows that sulfonylureas and glinides additionally bind to PPARγ and exhibit PPARγ agonistic activity. This activity was predicted in silico by virtual screening and confirmed in vitro in a binding assay, a transactivation assay, and by measuring the expression of PPARγ target genes. Among the measured compounds, gliquidone and glipizide (two sulfonylureas), as well as nateglinide (a glinide), exhibit PPARγ agonistic activity at concentrations comparable with those reached under pharmacological treatment. The most active of these compounds, gliquidone, is shown to be as potent as pioglitazone at inducing PPARγ target gene expression. This dual mode of action of sulfonylureas and glinides may open new perspectives for the molecular pharmacology of antidiabetic drugs, because it provides evidence that drugs can be designed that target both the sulfonylurea receptor and PPARγ. Targeting both receptors could increase pancreatic insulin secretion and improve insulin resistance. Glinides, sulfonylureas, and other acidified sulfonamides may be promising leads in the development of new PPARγ agonists. In addition, we provide a unified concept of the PPARγ binding ability of seemingly disparate compound classes.
The High and Low Molecular Weight Forms of Hyaluronan Have Distinct Effects on CD44 Clustering

Background: The feature of CD44 binding with native high molecular weight hyaluronan (nHA) and hyaluronan oligosaccharides (oHA) is different. Results: nHA induces but oHA reduces CD44 clustering. Conclusion: nHA and oHA have distinct effects on CD44 clustering. Significance: The study provides direct evidence for the different characteristics of CD44 binding with nHA and oHA in vivo. CD44 is a major cell surface receptor for the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA). Native high molecular weight hyaluronan (nHA) and oligosaccharides of hyaluronan (oHA) provoke distinct biological effects upon binding to CD44. Despite the importance of such interactions, however, the feature of binding with CD44 at the cell surface and the molecular basis for functional distinction between different sizes of HA is still unclear. In this study we investigated the effects of high and low molecular weight hyaluronan on CD44 clustering. For the first time, we provided direct evidence for a strong relationship between HA size and CD44 clustering in vivo. In CD44-transfected COS-7 cells, we showed that exogenous nHA stimulated CD44 clustering, which was disrupted by oHA. Moreover, naturally expressed CD44 was distributed into clusters due to abundantly expressed nHA in HK-2 cells (human renal proximal tubule cells) and BT549 cells (human breast cancer cell line) without exogenous stimulation. Our results suggest that native HA binding to CD44 selectively induces CD44 clustering, which could be inhibited by oHA. Finally, we demonstrated that HA regulates cell adhesion in a manner specifically dependent on its size. oHA promoted cell adhesion while nHA showed no effects. Our results might elucidate a molecular- and/or cellular-based mechanism for the diverse biological activities of nHA and oHA.
Relevant associations of the glucokinase regulatory protein/glucokinase gene variation with TAG concentrations in a high-cardiovascular risk population: modulation by the Mediterranean diet

The SNP rs1260326 (P446L) and rs1799884 ( − 30G>A) for the glucokinase regulatory protein (GCKR) and glucokinase (GCK) genes, respectively, have been associated with opposing effects on TAG and glucose concentrations. However, their genetic modulation by diet (dietary patterns or foods) remains to be investigated. We studied 945 high-cardiovascular risk subjects aged 67 (sd 6) years who participated in the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea-Valencia Study. Demographic, clinical, biochemical and genetic data were obtained. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) and food intake were measured by validated questionnaires. Carriers of the L allele of GKCR had significantly higher TAG concentrations (PP: 1·34 (sd 0·05) mmol/l v. PL+LL: 1·54 (sd 0·03) mmol/l; P= 0·014) and LL carriers had lower glucose concentrations (PL+PP: 6·85 (sd 0·08) mmol/l v. LL: 6·40 (sd 0·16) mmol/l; P= 0·032) after multivariate adjustment. Conversely, homozygous subjects for the variant allele (A) in the GCK gene had significantly lower TAG (GG+GA: 1·48 (sd 0·03) mmol/l v. AA: 1·17 (sd 0·18) mmol/l; P= 0·033) and a higher risk of diabetes (OR 3·3, 95 % CI 1·2, 9·2). Combined effects for both SNP increased TAG concentrations by 37 % (P= 0·033). Adherence to the MD modulated the effects of GCKR polymorphism on TAG: subjects with genetic risk had lower TAG (L-allele carriers; PP: 1·48 (sd 0·14) mmol/l v. PL+LL: 1·51 (sd 0·08) mmol/l; P= 0·917) compared with those with a higher adherence. Analysis of the joint effects of the GCKR and individual food items identified significant associations (olive oil (P= 0·035), vegetables (P= 0·012), red meat (P= 0·017), butter (P= 0·039), sweetened carbonated beverages (P= 0·036) and nuts (P= 0·038)). In conclusion, we found that rs1260326 (GCKR) is significantly associated with higher TAG concentrations, but is modulated by adherence to the MD.
Propulsive Force Asymmetry during Tethered-Swimming

Abstract This study aimed to determine whether: i) tethered-swimming can be used to identify the asymmetry during front crawl swimming style; ii) swimmers that perform unilateral breathing present greater asymmetry in comparison to others that use bilateral breathing; iii) swimmers of best performance present smaller asymmetry than their counterparts; iv) repeated front crawl swimming movements influence body asymmetry. 18 swimmers were assessed for propulsive force parameters (peak force, mean force, impulse and rate of force development) during a maximal front crawl tethered-swimming test lasting 2 min. A factorial analysis showed that propulsive forces decreased at the beginning, intermediate and end of the test (p<0.05), but the asymmetries were not changed at different instants of the test. When breathing preference (uni- or bilateral) was analyzed, asymmetry remained unchanged in all force parameters (p>0.05). When performance was considered (below or above mean group time), a larger asymmetry was found in the sub-group of lower performance in comparison to those of best performance (p<0.05). Therefore, the asymmetries of the propulsive forces can be detected using tethered-swimming. The propulsive forces decreased during the test but asymmetries did not change under testing conditions. Although breathing preference did not influence asymmetry, swimmers with best performance were less asymmetric than their counterparts.
Speech recovery and language plasticity can be facilitated by Sensori-Motor Fusion training in chronic non-fluent aphasia. A case report study

ABSTRACT The rehabilitation of speech disorders benefits from providing visual information which may improve speech motor plans in patients. We tested the proof of concept of a rehabilitation method (Sensori-Motor Fusion, SMF; Ultraspeech player) in one post-stroke patient presenting chronic non-fluent aphasia. SMF allows visualisation by the patient of target tongue and lips movements using high-speed ultrasound and video imaging. This can improve the patient’s awareness of his/her own lingual and labial movements, which can, in turn, improve the representation of articulatory movements and increase the ability to coordinate and combine articulatory gestures. The auditory and oro-sensory feedback received by the patient as a result of his/her own pronunciation can be integrated with the target articulatory movements they watch. Thus, this method is founded on sensorimotor integration during speech. The SMF effect on this patient was assessed through qualitative comparison of language scores and quantitative analysis of acoustic parameters measured in a speech production task, before and after rehabilitation. We also investigated cerebral patterns of language reorganisation for rhyme detection and syllable repetition, to evaluate the influence of SMF on phonological-phonetic processes. Our results showed that SMF had a beneficial effect on this patient who qualitatively improved in naming, reading, word repetition and rhyme judgment tasks. Quantitative measurements of acoustic parameters indicate that the patient’s production of vowels and syllables also improved. Compared with pre-SMF, the fMRI data in the post-SMF session revealed the activation of cerebral regions related to articulatory, auditory and somatosensory processes, which were expected to be recruited by SMF. We discuss neurocognitive and linguistic mechanisms which may explain speech improvement after SMF, as well as the advantages of using this speech rehabilitation method.
Effects of progesterone on cardiovascular responses to amines and to sympathetic stimulation in the pithed rat

1 Blood pressure and heart rate responses to adrenaline, noradrenaline, tyramine, 5‐hydroxytryptamine and stimulation of the spinal sympathetic outflow were measured in pithed rats pretreated either with progesterone (20 mg/kg daily for 14 days) or the vehicle solution of ethyl oleate. 2 Pretreatment with progesterone increased the durations but not the magnitudes of the blood pressure and heart rate responses to adrenaline and that phase of the response to sympathetic stimulation attributable to amine release from the adrenal medulla. 3 Responses to noradrenaline, tyramine, 5‐hydroxytryptamine and that phase of the response to sympathetic stimulation associated with amine release from the sympathetic nerves were not significantly different in the two groups. 4 Pyrogallol (5 mg/kg) increased the duration but not the magnitude of responses to adrenaline, noradrenaline and sympathetic stimulation in both experimental groups. The increases in duration were consistently less in animals pretreated with progesterone than in controls. 5 Pretreatment with progesterone did not affect the total amount of radioactivity nor the proportion of catechol to non‐catechol metabolites excreted in the urine during a period of 7.25 h following an intraperitoneal injection of (±) isoprenaline‐7–3H. 6 It is concluded that the effects of progesterone may result from a localized decrease in catechol O‐methyl transferase activity within the cardiovascular system.
7B-3 Direct Estimation of Shear Modulus using Spatially Modulated Acoustic Radiation Force Impulses

We present a method for estimating the shear modulus of tissue using impulsively applied acoustic radiation force with a specific spatial variation in intensity. Using one of several proposed techniques, we phase elements of a linear array to generate a lateral intensity variation of a desired spatial frequency. The temporal frequency of the shear wave generated by this spatially modulated force is directly related to the shear modulus at the pushing location. A Siemens Antares scanner was used to generate the spatially varying pushing beams and track motion in graphite/gelatin phantoms. The phantoms had shear moduli of 1.5 and 5.6kPa as measured with standard mechanical testing methods. Using spatially modulated radiation force with a wavelength of 1 mm, we estimated the gelatin phantom shear moduli to be 1.4 and 5.8 kPa, within 7% and 4% of the mechanically measured values. Simulated and experimentally measured images of induced vibration frequency and modulus in lesion phantoms are presented.
How to Use Oil Revenues Efficiently

Oil-rich countries systematically misallocate public expenditures relative to non-oil countries—by favoring consumption over capital, and within consumption, inefficient subsidies and public sector wages over targeted transfers. Furthermore, for given levels of expenditure, value for money is considerably less in oil-rich countries. This chapter argues that the reason for this inefficiency is that oil revenues go directly to the government without passing through the hands of the citizens, as is the case with tax revenues. As a result, governments in oil countries are less accountable for public expenditure, which leads to inefficient spending. To improve public spending efficiency, we propose that all oil revenues be distributed directly to citizens, and the resources that government needs be raised through taxation. We show that such a scheme improves the efficiency of public spending. We consider possible obstacles to such a reform and show that they have been overcome by technology, politics, and global events.
Mortgage Credit: Lending and Borrowing Constraints in a DSGE Model

This paper develops a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model that evaluates the relative importance of the easing of lending and borrowing constraints in mortgage credit markets for business cycle fluctuations in a small open emerging economy. Credit markets are characterized by partial dollarization and are subject to demand shocks, innovations to stochastic loan-to-value ratios (borrowing constraints) imposed on borrowers, and supply shocks, innovations to stochastic bank capital-to-asset ratios (lending constraints) imposed on financial intermediaries. In addition, the model features a set of real and nominal domestic shocks to demand, productivity, and fiscal and monetary policy, as well as foreign shocks. A historical decomposition conducted on household leverage ratios reveals that these variables’ cyclical dynamics were mainly driven by borrowing constraint shocks or credit demand shifts, while lending constraint shocks played a residual role.
WikiDev 2.0: Facilitating Software Development Teams

Software development is fundamentally a collaborative task. Developers, sometimes geographically distributed, collectively work on different parts of a project. The challenge of ensuring that their contributions consistently build on one another is a major concern for collaborative development and implies concerns with effective communication, task administration and exchange of documents and information concerning the project. In this demo, we present WikiDev 2.0, a lightweight wiki-based tool suite that enhances collaboration within software development teams. WikiDev 2.0 integrates information from multiple development tools and displays the results through its wikibased front-end. The tool also offers several analysis techniques and visualizations that improve the project-status awareness of the team.
Service Pattern Discovery of Web Service Mining in Web Service Registry-Repository

This paper presents and elaborates the concept of Web service usage patterns and pattern discovery through service mining. We define three different levels of service usage data: i) user request level, ii) template level and iii) instance level. At each level, we investigate patterns of service usage data and the discovery of these patterns. An algorithm for service pattern discovery at the template level is presented. We show the system architecture of a service-mining enabled service registry repository. Web service patterns, pattern discovery and pattern mining supports the discovery and composition of complex services, which in turn supports the application of Web services to increasingly complex business processes and applications
The geographical political economy of regional transformation in the Latrobe Valley

This paper explains the Latrobe Valley’s challenges from a geographical political economy perspective sensitive to the path dependent nature of regional change processes, to the influence of extra-local forces, to the socially constructed nature of regions, and to the inherently political nature of transformative change. The paper argues that the recent application of ‘new regional’ policies in the Valley—policies which aim to revitalize regions by promoting leadership, vision and local coalitions of elite stakeholders—have, in reality, replaced elected representatives with selected stakeholders and reframed the issue by stretching the spatial and temporal scales of action in a way that diminishes the apparent severity of the area’s problems. This paper contends that because these interventions sidestep local political contestation, they deepen the disempowerment and disenfranchisement of the people of the industrial Latrobe Valley. Moreover, the process has enabled business elites in Gippsland to capture and redirect redistributive funding to sectors and locations that were never affected by the closure of coal fired power stations.
Echocardiography, a non-invasive method for the investigation of heart morphology and function in laboratory dogs: 1. Method and reference values for M-mode parameters

We have set up M-mode echocardiographic (EC) recording in beagles in our laboratory and generated reference values for EC indicators of left ventricle function and morphology. Additionally we assessed the effects of sex, strain and body weight on these parameters and the correlation between parameters. M-mode EC under two-dimensional guidance in longitudinal section was performed on 59 male and 49 female beagles from Marshall (USA) and 13 males and 13 females from Harlan (France). The following parameters were measured or calculated: left ventricle internal diameter in diastole and systole (LVIDd and LVIDs), left ventricle end diastolic and end systolic and stroke volumes (EDV, ESV and SV), cardiac output and index (CO and CI), fractional shortening (FS), ejection fraction (EF), the thickness of the septum and left ventricle posterior wall in diastole (STd and LVPWd) and systole (STs and LVPWs), the percentage of thickening of the septum and left posterior wall (PST and PWT), and the mean and maximal velocities of the left ventricle posterior wall (PWVm and PWVM). Heart rate (HR) was measured by cardiac auscultation. Marshall dogs have higher left ventricle dimensions but lower amplitude and velocity of contraction than Harlan dogs. There were also statistically significant differences between sexes for a number of EC parameters mainly those relating to the size of the left ventricle walls or cavity in diastole. Overall these differences were explained by the correlation between these parameters and body weight. Heart rate correlated only with PWVm and PWVM. There were positive correlations between PST, PWT and EF or FS and between velocities and FS or EF. EDV correlates negatively with EF, FS, PST or PWT.
Our schools our identity: efforts and challenges in the transformation of the history curriculum in the Anglophone subsystem of education in Cameroon since 1961

The teaching of history in countries that have experienced colonisation has come under serious scrutiny at different times in their history. Worries about the contents of history programmes have been raised by politicians as well as educational technocrats who question the relevance of what is being taught as history to those on the classroom pews. In Cameroon, and particularly for the Anglophone subsystem of education, this debate is far from over despite the fact that the destiny of the country has rested in the hands of those who fought against colonialism for over fifty years now. This paper emanates from the premise that the colonial curriculum did not meet the realities of the new country since 1961. Consequently, there was a consensus of opinion that curriculum reform should focus on the teaching of local and national contents. By adopting the critical Decolonial perspective and living theory methodology the study focuses on history as one of those subjects which was used by the colonial authorities to entrench coloniality (Ndlovu-Gatsheni, 2013; Marsden, 2013; Rodney, 1982; Fanon, 1963) and was therefore in dire need of postcolonial reform. The study examines the extent to which this has been achieved in the Anglophone subsystem of Education by presenting what was learnt in the colonial history classroom in the British Southern Cameroons between 1916 and 1961. It then goes on to discuss the process of reform in the History curriculum of the Anglophone subsystem of education in Cameroon since independence.