Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
9 A bird ? A plane ?

Bats are unique among mammals for their ability to fly. A substantial body of research has focused on understanding how they do so, and in 1990, Norberg's landmark volume provided an up-to-date understanding of diverse aspects of bat flight (Norberg, 1990). Building on work accomplished before 1990, our understanding of bat flight has changed significantly in the last two decades, and warrants an updated review. For example, many hypotheses about how bats fly were based either on aircraft aerodynamics or on studies of birds. In some respects, these predictions did fit bats well. However, recent advances in the study of bat flight have also revealed important differences between winged mammals and other fliers. Although we have, of course, always known that a bat is neither a bird nor a plane, the significance of the differences among bats and all other flyers are only now becoming clear. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the morphology of bats from the perspective of their unique capacity for powered flight. Throughout the chapter, we provide references to classic literature concerning animal flight and the bat flight apparatus, and direct readers to sources of additional information where possible. We focus on relatively newer work that over the last 20 years has begun to change the ways in which we understand how bats carry out their remarkable flight behavior, and that has altered the way we understand the structural underpinnings of bat flight. This chapter is organized to provide a review of several topics relevant to bat flight, and we hope that readers will understand each section better for having read them all. First, we explain the basic principles of aerodynamics necessary to understand bat flight. These include Reynolds number, lift and drag forces,
Consensus problem of multiagents with switching networks in state space

In this paper, we propose a linear consensus protocol for networked multiagents. Different from the other protocols proposed before, it uses a state space form which can take the dynamics of the agents into account in a natural way. To deal with switching communication topology, the whole group dynamics is regarded as a time-varying system. Directed networks and undirected networks are both covered by this protocol with only a mild requirement that the whole multiagents group is connectivity. For the convenient we give out a general design routine of the decentralized controller of each vehicle to achieve the consensus. Simulations are carried out at the end to demonstrate the effectiveness of this protocol.
Sexual Objectification of Women: Advances to Theory and Research 1ψ7

Objectification theory provides an important framework for understanding, researching, and intervening to improve women’s lives in a sociocultural context that sexually objectifies the female body and equates a woman’s worth with her body’s appearance and sexual functions. The purpose of this Major Contribution is to advance theory, research, practice, and training related to the sexual objectification of women. The purpose of this article is to introduce readers to objectification theory and related research, extend objectification theory to our understanding of women’s substance use and/or abuse and immersed forms of sexual objectification via sexually objectifying environments, and provide an overview of this Major Contribution on Sexual Objectification of Women.
Cotton fiber: a powerful single-cell model for cell wall and cellulose research

Cotton fibers are single-celled extensions of the seed epidermis. They can be isolated in pure form as they undergo staged differentiation including primary cell wall synthesis during elongation and nearly pure cellulose synthesis during secondary wall thickening. This combination of features supports clear interpretation of data about cell walls and cellulose synthesis in the context of high throughput modern experimental technologies. Prior contributions of cotton fiber to building fundamental knowledge about cell walls will be summarized and the dynamic changes in cell wall polymers throughout cotton fiber differentiation will be described. Recent successes in using stable cotton transformation to alter cotton fiber cell wall properties as well as cotton fiber quality will be discussed. Futurec prospects to perform experiments more rapidly through altering cotton fiberwall properties via virus-induced gene silencing will be evaluated.
Preparing Bilingual Teachers

This study draws upon a survey of writing conceptions and cultural dispositions data, as well as multimodal compositions allowing bilingual teacher candidates to recursively explore and deepen the relationships between language, identity, and culture in learning. We found that teacher candidates did rethink the relationships through the multimodal tool. Moreover, their epistemic writing conceptions were correlated with high intercultural dispositions and multimodal complexity. The multimodal composition allowed candidates to follow individually distinct processes, but they all made more references to their imagined teaching practice at the end of the learning experience. These references were the result of, and resulted in, a deeper reflection of the relationships. Our results have implications for preparing teachers to confront the reality of diverse classrooms through more flexible pedagogical practices that allow for diverse modes of meaning making, such as the multimodal composition in this study.
An empirical evaluation of the Global Deterioration Scale for staging Alzheimer's disease.

OBJECTIVE Although the Global Deterioration Scale has been widely used since its publication in 1982, its stages are based on implicit assumptions about the linearity, temporality, and interdependence of cognitive, functional, and behavioral impairment in Alzheimer's disease. The authors evaluated the validity of these assumptions and tested the hypothesis that psychopathology and functional impairment would occur in earlier stages than the Global Deterioration Scale predicts. METHOD The analyses were based on data on 324 patients with Alzheimer's disease who were selected from a registry of such patients. Data analyses included 1) descriptive statistics on the frequency of psychiatric symptoms and difficulties with activities of daily living and 2) logistic regression, with symptoms and functional impairment as independent variables, to test for significant changes in patients' status between stages of the Global Deterioration Scale. RESULTS More than 50% of the patients at stage 2 displayed psychopathology, and 32% had two or more symptoms. The significant increase in psychiatric symptoms occurred between stages 3 and 4, not between stages 5 and 6 as predicted by the Global Deterioration Scale. Impairment in functional status was observed at all stages, and significant increases occurred between stages 3 and 4 as well as between stages 5 and 6. CONCLUSIONS Psychiatric symptoms and functional impairment occur earlier than predicted by the Global Deterioration Scale, and the rate of change is also different from that specified in the scale. Separate scales to describe cognitive, clinical, and functional status may be the best way to describe the illness until better multidimensional instruments are developed.
The association between let-7, RAS and HIF-1α in Ewing Sarcoma tumor growth

Ewing Sarcoma (ES) is the second most common primary malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in cancer as tumor suppressors or oncogenes. We studied the involvement of miRNAs located on chromosomes 11q and 22q that participate in the most common translocation in ES. Of these, we focused on 3 that belong to the let-7 family. We studied the expression levels of let-7a, and let-7b and detected a significant correlation between low expression of let-7b and increased risk of relapse. let-7 is known to be a negative regulator of the RAS oncogene. Indeed, we detected an inverse association between the expression of let-7 and RAS protein levels and its downstream target p-ERK, following transfection of let-7 mimics and inhibitors. Furthermore, we identified let-7 as a negative regulator of HIF-1α and EWS-FLI-1. Moreover, we were able to show that HIF-1α directly binds to the EWS-FLI-1 promoter. Salirasib treatment in-vitro resulted in the reduction of cell viability, migration ability, and in the decrease of cells in S-phase. A significant reduction in tumor burden and in the expression levels of both HIF-1α and EWS-FLI-1 proteins were observed in mice after treatment. Our results support the hypothesis that let-7 is a tumor suppressor that negatively regulates RAS, also in ES, and that HIF-1α may contribute to the aggressive metastatic behavior of ES. Moreover, the reduction in the tumor burden in a mouse model of ES following Salirasib treatment, suggests therapeutic potential for this RAS inhibitor in ES.
An improved, easily computable combinatorial lower bound for weighted graph bipartitioning

There has recently been much progress on exact algorithms for the (un)weighted graph (bi)partitioning problem using branch-and-bound and related methods. In this note we present and improve an easily computable, purely combinatorial lower bound for the weighted bipartitioning problem. The bound is computable in $O(n\log n+m)$ time steps for weighted graphs with $n$ vertices and $m$ edges. In the branch-and-bound setting, the bound for each new subproblem can be updated in $O(n+(m/n)\log n)$ time steps amortized over a series of $n$ branching steps; a rarely triggered tightening of the bound requires search on the graph of unassigned vertices and can take from $O(n+m)$ to $O(nm+n^2\log n)$ steps depending on implementation and possible bound quality. Representing a subproblem uses $O(n)$ space. Although the bound is weak, we believe that it can be advantageous in a parallel setting to be able to generate many subproblems fast, possibly out-weighting the advantages of tighter, but much more expensive (algebraic, spectral, flow) lower bounds. We use a recent priority task-scheduling framework for giving a parallel implementation, and show the relative improvements in bound quality and solution speed by the different contributions of the lower bound. A detailed comparison with standardized input graphs to other lower bounds and frameworks is pending. Detailed investigations of branching and subproblem selection rules are likewise not the focus here, but various options are discussed.
An analog CMOS four quadrant current-mode multiplier for low power artificial neural networks implementation

A CMOS four-quadrant analog multiplier circuit for neural networks integrated circuit implementation is presented. By applying differential balanced current mode signals (both for the input, output and weight signals) the multiplication function is easily implemented through two translinear loops. The multiplier exhibits low power consumption (the dc current is 250 nA under a differential power supply at r 1.25 V), -3 dB bandwidth at 1.0 MHz and a small area (about 40 Pm u 40 Pm) using a CMOS 0.8 Pm minimum channel length technology. Due to its modularity, low power consumption and scalability the multiplier can be easily integrated as a module in a large system.
5′-AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) Is Induced by Low-Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation Conditions Found in Solid-Tumor Microenvironments

ABSTRACT Low oxygen gradients (hypoxia and anoxia) are important determinants of pathological conditions under which the tissue blood supply is deficient or defective, such as in solid tumors. We have been investigating the relationship between the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), the primary transcriptional regulator of the mammalian response to hypoxia, and 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), another regulatory system important for controlling cellular energy metabolism. In the present study, we used mouse embryo fibroblasts nullizygous for HIF-1α or AMPK expression to show that AMPK is rapidly activated in vitro by both physiological and pathophysiological low-oxygen conditions, independently of HIF-1 activity. These findings imply that HIF-1 and AMPK are components of a concerted cellular response to maintain energy homeostasis in low-oxygen or ischemic-tissue microenvironments. Finally, we used transformed derivatives of wild-type and HIF-1α- or AMPKα-null mouse embryo fibroblasts to determine whether AMPK is activated in vivo. We obtained evidence that AMPK is activated in authentic hypoxic tumor microenvironments and that this activity overlaps with regions of hypoxia detected by a chemical probe. We also showed that AMPK is important for the growth of this tumor model.
When the Ink is Gone The Impact of the Internet on News Coverage

This paper studies the impact of the internet on the return to original reporting. I analyze the reporting of 727,038 news stories in the largest print and online newspapers in Argentina over a twelve-year period. I estimate the extent to which readers dislike the delay in the reporting of news. Before the internet, publishing every news story with a one-day delay resulted in a 65% readership reduction. In the internet era, the reduction rate is 61% for print editions and 64% for online editions. Readers dislike delays in the reporting of news, and the extent of this aversion has not changed with the internet. Next, I compute the delay the newspaper incurs when it is not the rst to report a news story. Prior to the internet, the delay was, on average, 1.15 days. Post-internet, the delay can theoretically go below 1 day and in fact it falls to 0.83 days for print editions and 0.52 days for online editions. Faster updating has reduced the rate of readership loss inherent in not being the rst newspaper to report news, up to a 42%. Finally, I examine whether the internet has an e¤ect on the time it takes for the news to be reported. I focus on the deaths of public gures, a subset of the stories for which the time of the event is precisely de ned. Post-internet, there is a 0.07 day increase in the time taken to discover a death from the moment it occurred. However, there is also a 0.19 day reduction in the time newspapers have to wait to publish a death after they nd out about it. Ignacio Franceschelli, 2001 Sheridan Rd, Northwestern University, Department of Economics, Evanston, IL 60208, US. nacho@northwestern.edu. (http://sites.google.com/site/ifrances82). Tel: (224) 766 1525. I thank Matthew Gentzkow and Igal Hendel for their generous help and conversations as well as Pablo Boczkowski, Sebastián Campanario, Peter DiCola, Javier Donna, Rafael Di Tella, Gastón Roitberg, Jesse Shapiro, Mike Whinston and participants at the IO lunch at the Northwestern University and the Law and Economics of Media and Telecommunications Workshop 2011.
The NMR solution conformation of unligated human cyclophilin A.

The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) solution structure of free, unligated cyclophilin A (CypA), which is an 18 kDa protein from human T-lymphocytes that was expressed in Escherichia coli for the present study, was determined using multidimensional heteronuclear NMR techniques. Sequence-specific resonance assignments for 99.5% of all backbone amide protons and non-labile hydrogen atoms provided the basis for collection of an input of 4101 nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) upper distance constraints and 371 dihedral angle constraints for distance geometry calculations and energy minimization with the programs DIANA and OPAL. The average RMSD values of the 20 best energy-refined NMR conformers relative to the mean coordinates are 0.49 A for the backbone atoms and 0.88 A for all heavy atoms of residues 2 to 165. The molecular architecture includes an eight-stranded antiparallel beta-barrel that is closed by two amphipathic alpha-helices. Detailed comparisons with the crystal structure of free CypA revealed subtle but significant conformational differences that can in most cases be related to lattice contacts in the crystal structure. 15N spin relaxation times and NMR lineshape analyses for CypA in the free form and complexed with cyclosporin A (CsA) revealed transitions of polypeptide loops surrounding the ligand-binding site from locally flexible conformations in the free protein, some of which include well-defined conformational equilibria, to well-defined spatial arrangements in the CypA-CsA complex. Compared to the crystal structure of free CypA, where the ligand-binding area is extensively involved in lattice contacts, the NMR structure presents a highly relevant reference for studies of changes in structure and internal mobility of the binding pocket upon ligand binding, and possible consequences of this conformational variability for calcineurin recognition by the CypA-CsA complex.
Using Local Geometry and Position Control for Tunable Sensor Network Configuration

We study how control over positions of nodes can be leveraged for obtaining desired levels of network connectivity and sensing coverage. To this end, we propose Neighbor-Every-Theta (NET) graphs defined as each node having at least one neighbor in every theta angle sector of its communication range. For θ < π, NET graphs are guaranteed to have an edge-connectivity of at least b 2π θ c even with an irregular communication range. This family of graphs can tunably achieve coverage-connectivity tradeoffs based on a single parameter θ. Since the required condition is purely local and geometric, it can be integrated with distributed deployment of mobile sensor networks. Simulation results from our implementation of a virtual potential fields based algorithm on a large group of robots substantiate the analysis and provide algorithm performance evaluation. We also illustrate how the NET condition can be used in conjunction with power control algorithms to obtain k-connected topologies efficiently. Lastly, we extend NET graphs to 3D, prove connectivity properties and provide an efficient algorithm to check for the NET condition at each node. This algorithm can be used for implementing generic network configuration algorithms in 3D.
[2 + 2] Photodimerization of Naphthylvinylpyridines through Cation-π Interactions in Acidic Solution

Irradiation of (E)-4-(2-(2-naphthyl)vinyl)pyridine (1a) and (E)-4-(2-(1-naphthyl)vinyl)pyridine (1b) with a 250 W high-pressure mercury lamp in acidic solution afforded synHT dimers in high stereoselectivities. Similar results were obtained by visible light irradiation. On the other hand, when the reactions were carried out under neutral conditions, the stereoselectivities were very low, and the yields were decreased by visible light irradiation. Comparison of the UV-vis spectra between the acidic and the neutral conditions elucidated that the red shift was observed in acidic solutions. These results show that HCl plays essential roles not only in the preorientation of substrates through cation-π interactions, but also in the changes in the absorption properties of substrates that enable visible light reactions.
A Novel Log-WT Based Super-Resolution Algorithm

Most learning-based super-resolution algorithms neglect the illumination problem such as shadows and illumination direction changes. In this paper we propose a logarithmic-wavelet transform (Log-WT) based method to combine super-resolution and shadow removing into a single operation. First intrinsic, illumination invariant features of the image are extracted by exploiting logarithmic-wavelet transform. Then an initial estimation of high resolution image is obtained based on the assumption that small patches in low resolution space and patches in high resolution space share the similar local manifold structure. Finally the target high resolution image is reconstructed by applying the reconstruction constraints in pixel domain. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method simultaneously achieves singleimage super-resolution and image enhancement especially shadow removing.
Experimental Design of a Nonlinear Control Technique for Three-Phase Shunt Active Power Filter

This paper presents a nonlinear control technique for a three-phase shunt active power filter (SAPF). The method provides compensation for reactive, unbalanced, and harmonic load current components. A proportional-integral (PI) control law is derived through linearization of the inherently nonlinear SAPF system model, so that the tasks of current control dynamics and dc capacitor voltage dynamics become decoupled. This decoupling allows us to control the SAPF output currents and the dc bus voltage independently of each other, thereby providing either one of these decoupled subsystems a dynamic response that significantly slower than that of the other. To overcome the drawbacks of the conventional method, a computational control delay compensation method, which delaylessly and accurately generates the SAPF reference currents, is proposed. The first step is to extract the SAPF reference currents from the sensed nonlinear load currents by applying the synchronous reference frame method, where a three-phase diode bridge rectifier with R-L load is taken as the nonlinear load, and then, the reference currents are modified, so that the delay will be compensated. The converter, which is controlled by the described control strategy, guarantees balanced overall supply currents, unity displacement power factor, and reduced harmonic load currents in the common coupling point. Various simulation and experimental results demonstrate the high performance of the nonlinear controller.
The Descriptive Complexity of Series Rearrangements

We consider the descriptive complexity of some subsets of the infinite permutation group S∞ which arise naturally from the classical series rearrangement theorems of Riemann, Levy, and Steinitz. In particular, given some fixed conditionally convergent series of vectors in Euclidean space Rd, we study the set of permutations which make the series diverge, as well as the set of permutations which make the series diverge properly. We show that both collections are Σ3-complete in S∞, regardless of the particular choice of series.
Networked Empowerment on Facebook among Parents of Children with Special Needs

Theories of empowerment explain how people gain personal and political control to take action to improve their lives. However, empowerment theories were developed prior to the Internet and fail to account for the speed and scale that people can find one another online. One domain where empowerment is critical is caring for children with special needs, in which parents are required to navigate a complex maze of services and processes to access care for their child. We conducted 43 interviews with parents of children with special needs to investigate whether using social media sites helps them to perform this caregiving work. Critically, parents are able to do this through almost real-time access to other parents on Facebook. This work introduces the concept of networked empowerment, that describes how parents find other parents, access resources, and explore new ways for promoting health advocacy among caregivers at a local and national level. We conclude with design implications for facilitating faster and better access to information and support for caregivers. Author
Visualizing Classifier Performance on Different Domains

Classifier performance evaluation typically gives rise to vast numbers of results that are difficult to interpret. On the one hand, a variety of different performance metrics can be applied; and on the other hand, evaluation must be conducted on multiple domains to get a clear view of the classifier's general behaviour. In this paper, we present a visualization technique that allows a user to study the results from a domain point of view and from a classifier point of view. We argue that classifier evaluation should be done on an exploratory basis. In particular, we suggest that, rather than pre-selecting a few metrics and domains to conduct our evaluation on, we should use as many metrics and domains as possible and mine the results of this study to draw valid and relevant knowledge about the behaviour of our algorithms. The technique presented in this paper will enable such a process.