Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Late nonstructural 100,000- and 33,000-dalton proteins of adenovirus type 2. II. Immunological and protein chemical analysis

For an immunological analysis of the late adenovirus type 2 nonstructural 100,000-dalton (100K) and 33K proteins, we prepared antisera against sodium dodecyl sulfate-denatured, gel-purified 100K and 33K proteins. These antisera were tested for potential cross-reactivity, since according to a previous report (Axelrod, Virology 87:366--383, 1978) these two proteins exhibit extensive amino acid homologies. However, immunoprecipitations of 100K and 33K proteins, as well as a sensitive immune replica technique, did not reveal any immunological relationship between these proteins. Therefore, using fingerprint peptide analysis, we investigated the structural relationship between 100K and 33K proteins labeled with a 14C-amino acid mixture or with [14C]proline after digestion with trypsin. We detected only minor, if any, amino acid homologies, indicating that the 100K and 33K proteins are not structurally related.
Efficient dependency detection for safe Java test acceleration

Slow builds remain a plague for software developers. The frequency with which code can be built (compiled, tested and packaged) directly impacts the productivity of developers: longer build times mean a longer wait before determining if a change to the application being built was successful. We have discovered that in the case of some languages, such as Java, the majority of build time is spent running tests, where dependencies between individual tests are complicated to discover, making many existing test acceleration techniques unsound to deploy in practice. Without knowledge of which tests are dependent on others, we cannot safely parallelize the execution of the tests, nor can we perform incremental testing (i.e., execute only a subset of an application's tests for each build). The previous techniques for detecting these dependencies did not scale to large test suites: given a test suite that normally ran in two hours, the best-case running scenario for the previous tool would have taken over 422 CPU days to find dependencies between all test methods (and would not soundly find all dependencies) — on the same project the exhaustive technique (to find all dependencies) would have taken over 1e300 years. We present a novel approach to detecting all dependencies between test cases in large projects that can enable safe exploitation of parallelism and test selection with a modest analysis cost.
Would climate change drive species out of reserves ? An assessment of existing reserve-selection methods

Concern for climate change has not yet been integrated in protocols for reserve selection. However if climate changes as projected, there is a possibility that current reserveselection methods might provide solutions that are inadequate to ensure species’ longterm persistence within reserves. We assessed, for the first time, the ability of existing reserve-selection methods to secure species in a climate-change context. Six methods using a different combination of criteria (representation, suitability and reserve clustering) are compared. The assessment is carried out using European distributions of 1200 plant species and considering two extreme scenarios of response to climate change: no dispersal and universal dispersal. With our data, 6–11% of species modelled would be potentially lost from selected reserves in a 50-year period. Measured uncertainties varied in 6% being 1–3% attributed to dispersal assumptions and 2–5% to the choice of reserve-selection method. Suitability approaches to reserve selection performed best, while reserve clustering performed poorly. We also found that 5% of species modelled would lose their entire climatic envelope in the studied area; 2% of the species modelled would have nonoverlapping distributions; 93% of the species modelled would maintain varying levels of overlapping distributions. We conclude there are opportunities to minimize species’ extinctions within reserves but new approaches are needed to account for impacts of climate change on species; especially for those projected to have temporally nonoverlapping distributions.
Characterization of 2 PA Chromophores

We review several experimental methodologies for the determination of nonlinear absorption coefficients of organic chromophores in either solution or thin film form. The goal here is to also be able to identify and quantify the nonlinear absorption process or processes, e.g. the essentially instantaneous two-photon absorption (2PA) or the cumulative excited-state absorption (ESA). These methods include the direct methods of nonlinear transmission and Z-Scan, along with the indirect methods of two-photon-induced fluorescence, excite–probe approaches, and Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing. We also discuss both frequency degenerate and frequency nondegenerate processes with emphasis on 2PA.
A Comprehensive Review on Routing Metrics for Wireless Mesh Networks

Generally, routing protocols are very important in the field of networks, and particularly in wireless networks. Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are analogous to Ad-hoc networks, therefore routing protocols for Adhoc networks can be implemented in WMNs. Unfortunately, these traditional routing performs poorly in WMNs because they use minimum count as routing metric. Minimum hop count metric does consider the fact that Mesh routers are equipped with multi radio interfaces which could produce interferences during the operation of WMNs. This paper presents an organized and systematic review on routing metrics for WMNs. Michel Mbougni, Obeten Ekabua. A Comprehensive Review on Routing Metrics for Wireless Mesh Networks. Life Sci J 2013;10(3):511-516] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite. com. 74
FARMLAND PARCELS EXTRACTION BASED ON HIGH RESOLUTION REMOTE SENSING IMAGES

Extracting farmland parcels from high resolution remote sensing images is an important issue for land-use dynamic monitoring, precision agriculture and other fields. However, the traditional method, using GIS software and manual digital, has wasted a lot of human and material resources. In addition, the results are impacted by the human factors obviously. Therefore, an automatically extraction method which does not require too much manual intervention is needed urgently. This paper presents a remote sensing images segmentation method based on wavelet transform and watershed segmentation to get the final segmentation results. Firstly, we use the classification results to enhance the contrast of typical features in the original image. Secondly, we use wavelet transform and watershed segmentation to calculate the enhanced image, and then use improved regional merging algorithm to solve the problem of over-segmentation. Finally, we reconstruct the image by inversed wavelet transform with the edge information from Canny operator, and then label the regions to get the final segmentation results. To validate the proposed approach, experiment on Quickbird image is performed, we extract farmland parcels from the image quickly and accurately. It shows that the proposed approach is an effective farmland parcels extraction method based on high resolution remote sensing images. * Corresponding author.
First report of Pepper leaf curl Bangladesh virus strain associated with bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) yellow mosaic disease in India

A severe yellow mosaic disease with a significant disease incidence was observed on bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) during a survey of different locations around Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India in 2008. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out using total DNA isolated from infected leaf samples and a pair of begomovirus-specific primers. The expected size (∼1300 bp) amplicon was detected from all four symptomatic samples but not from samples of healthy plants, indicating the presence of a begomovirus infection. A PCR amplicon was cloned and sequenced (GenBank Accession reference EU888908). Basic local alignment search tool analysis revealed the newly derived sequence had the highest identities (99–97%) with Pepper leaf curl Bangladesh virus (PepLCBV) sequences. The phylogenetic analysis of the virus sequences with selected begomovirus sequences also revealed the closest relationship with PepLCBV. These results suggest an association of PepLCBV with yellow mosaic disease of bitter gourd; PepLCBV on bitter gourd (M. charantia) is a new record in India.
BrainNet Viewer: A Network Visualization Tool for Human Brain Connectomics

The human brain is a complex system whose topological organization can be represented using connectomics. Recent studies have shown that human connectomes can be constructed using various neuroimaging technologies and further characterized using sophisticated analytic strategies, such as graph theory. These methods reveal the intriguing topological architectures of human brain networks in healthy populations and explore the changes throughout normal development and aging and under various pathological conditions. However, given the huge complexity of this methodology, toolboxes for graph-based network visualization are still lacking. Here, using MATLAB with a graphical user interface (GUI), we developed a graph-theoretical network visualization toolbox, called BrainNet Viewer, to illustrate human connectomes as ball-and-stick models. Within this toolbox, several combinations of defined files with connectome information can be loaded to display different combinations of brain surface, nodes and edges. In addition, display properties, such as the color and size of network elements or the layout of the figure, can be adjusted within a comprehensive but easy-to-use settings panel. Moreover, BrainNet Viewer draws the brain surface, nodes and edges in sequence and displays brain networks in multiple views, as required by the user. The figure can be manipulated with certain interaction functions to display more detailed information. Furthermore, the figures can be exported as commonly used image file formats or demonstration video for further use. BrainNet Viewer helps researchers to visualize brain networks in an easy, flexible and quick manner, and this software is freely available on the NITRC website (www.nitrc.org/projects/bnv/).
Language model and speaking rate adaptation for spontaneous presentation speech recognition

The paper addresses adaptation methods to language model and speaking rate (SR) of individual speakers which are two major problems in automatic transcription of spontaneous presentation speech. To cope with a large variation in expression and pronunciation of words depending on the speaker, firstly, we investigate the effect of statistical and context-dependent pronunciation modeling. Secondly, we present unsupervised methods of language model adaptation to a specific speaker and a topic by 1) selecting similar texts based on the word perplexity and TF-IDF measure and 2) making direct use of the initial recognition result for generating an enhanced model. We confirm that all proposed adaptation methods and their combinations reduce the perplexity and word error rate. We also present a decoding strategy adapted to the SR. In spontaneous speech, SR is generally fast and may vary a lot. We also observe different error tendencies for portions of presentations where speech is fast or slow. Therefore, we propose a SR-dependent decoding strategy that applies the most appropriate acoustic analysis, phone models, and decoding parameters according to the SR. Several methods are investigated and their selective application leads to improved accuracy. The combined effect of the two proposed adaptation methods is also confirmed in transcription of real academic presentation.
Daniel Nettle ultimate and proximate explanations Flexibility in reproductive timing in human females : integrating

(2316 articles) evolution (222 articles) developmental biology (1701 articles) behaviour Articles on similar topics can be found in the following collections Email alerting service here right-hand corner of the article or click Receive free email alerts when new articles cite this article-sign up in the box at the top From an ultimate perspective, the age of onset of female reproduction should be sensitive to variation in mortality rates, and variation in the productivity of non-reproductive activities. In accordance with this prediction, most of the cross-national variation in women's age at first birth can be explained by differences in female life expectancies and incomes. The within-country variation in England shows a similar pattern: women have children younger in neighbourhoods where the expectation of healthy life is shorter and incomes are lower. I consider the proximate mechanisms likely to be involved in producing locally appropriate reproductive decisions. There is evidence suggesting that developmental induction, social learning and contextual evocation may all play a role. 1. INTRODUCTION Like many other animals, human beings exhibit considerable within-species variation in behaviour. One parameter which demonstrates this very clearly is the age of onset of childbearing in women. The average age at first birth (AFB) varies from under 18 to over 25 across a set of 17 small-scale societies [1]. When all of the world's contemporary nations are considered, the range of variation is even wider, with more than 10 years' difference between the youngest-and oldest-AFB countries [2]. Variation in AFB is an excellent case study for investigating human behavioural flexibility, for a number of reasons. First, there is well-developed theory, and comparative evidence from other species, concerning which factors are likely to affect reproductive timing, and these can be brought to bear on the human case. Second, evolutionary biologists [2] and social scientists working with no direct reference to evolutionary theory [3] have converged on rather similar ideas in this domain. Thus, this is an area of research that can be used to banish the twin misconceptions that evolutionary explanations are necessarily at odds with those of the social sciences, and that to take an evolutionary approach entails de-emphasizing social context (see [4] for discussion of these misconceptions). Third, variation in reproductive timing has received attention both from anthropologists concerned primarily with ultimate questions (e.g. what are the fitness consequences of delaying childbearing? ), and psychologists concerned with proximate mechanisms (e.g. how do women decide when …
Genre between the humanities and the sciences

This chapter outlines an approach to genre as the driving force behind language, cognition, and communication. Genre can and has been studied in the humanities as well as the cognitive and social sciences, but the present chapter presents a theoretical integration of these approaches and offers a model that can be empirically investigated by various methods across the board of these disciplines. The model itself is based in cognitive psychology, and a number of possibilities and implications for text analysis are illustrated. Both the role of language itself as well as the connection with literature are included in the discussion in order to suggest how a complete picture can be achieved of the bi-directional traffic between cognitive science and the humanities.
Temporal characterization of demands for data movement on parallel programs

Proposes a metric to characterize program demands for data movement at small time scales. This metric is computed statically over SPMD (single-program, multiple-data) programs for a particular number of processors. We build a model to define time scales at which the execution progress of distinct processors can be consider equal, and we use an operation count to define the temporal distance between operations. We apply the metric to a set of programs that are part of the Splash benchmarks and we discuss the results.
The Dynamics Of Land-Cover Change In Western Honduras: Spatial Autocorrelation And Temporal Variation

This paper presents an econometric analysis of land-cover change in western Honduras. Ground-truthed satellite image analysis indicates that between 1987 and 1996, net reforestation occurred in the 1,015.12 km2 study region. While some reforestation can be attributed to a 1987 ban on logging, the area of reforestation greatly exceeds that of previously clear-cut areas. Further, new area was also deforested between 1987-1996. Thus, the observed land-cover changes most likely represent a complex mosaic of changing land-use patterns across time and space. We estimate a random-effects probit model to capture drivers of land-cover change that are spatial, temporal or both. We employ two techniques to correct for spatial error dependence in econometric analysis suitable to qualitative dependent variables. Lastly, we simulate the impact of anticipated changes in transportation costs on land cover. We find that market accessibility, increase in national coffee prices, and agricultural suitability are the most important determinants of recent land-cover change.
Biomimetic Acoustically-Responsive Vesicles for Theranostic Applications

In recent years, biomimetic cell membrane-derived particles have emerged as a new class of drug delivery system with advantages of biocompatibility, ease of isolation and long circulation profile. Here we report the development and potential theranostic applications of a new biomimetic acoustically-responsive droplet system derived from mammalian red blood cell membrane (RBCM). We hypothesized that drug-loaded RBCM droplets (RBCMDs) would undergo a transition from liquid (droplets) to gas (bubbles) upon high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) insonation, resulting in on-demand drug release. The generated microbubbles could also serve as a contrast agent to enhance ultrasound imaging. As-synthesized RBCMDs exhibited uniform size, good dispersity and preservation of RBCM-associated proteins that prevented uptake by macrophages. Camptothecin (CPT), an anti-cancer drug, was successfully loaded in the RBCMDs with a loading efficiency of 2-3% and an encapsulation efficiency of 62-97%. A short (3 min) exposure to HIFU irradiation triggered release of CPT from the RBCMDs and the physical explosion of droplets damaged nearby cancer cells resulting in significant cell death. In addition, the acoustically vaporized RBCMDs significantly increased the ultrasound echo signal to 30 dB. Lastly, we demonstrated that RBCMDs could be acoustically vaporized in vivo in target tissues, and enhancing ultrasound imaging. Taken together, we have developed a new class of naturally derived RBCMDs which show great potential for future application in remotely triggered drug delivery and ultrasound imaging enhancement.
Copper as a robust and transparent electrocatalyst for water oxidation.

Copper metal is in theory a viable oxidative electrocatalyst based on surface oxidation to Cu(III) and/or Cu(IV) , but its use in water oxidation has been impeded by anodic corrosion. The in situ formation of an efficient interfacial oxygen-evolving Cu catalyst from Cu(II) in concentrated carbonate solutions is presented. The catalyst necessitates use of dissolved Cu(II) and accesses the higher oxidation states prior to decompostion to form an active surface film, which is limited by solution conditions. This observation and restriction led to the exploration of ways to use surface-protected Cu metal as a robust electrocatalyst for water oxidation. Formation of a compact film of CuO on Cu surface prevents anodic corrosion and results in sustained catalytic water oxidation. The Cu/CuO surface stabilization was also applied to Cu nanowire films, which are transparent and flexible electrocatalysts for water oxidation and are an attractive alternative to ITO-supported catalysts for photoelectrochemical applications.
Biochemical, haematological and oxidative stress responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) after sub-chronic exposure to copper.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of copper-based pesticides (at concen - trations of copper of 20, 30, 40 and 70 µg/l) on one-year-old common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) during 28 days of exposure. Abnormal behaviour was observed in fish exposed to 70 µg/l from Day 14. Histological alterations were noticed only in liver in the groups exposed to 40 and 70 µg/l. Significant changes (P ˂ 0.05) in almost all haema- tological indices were found, especially in the group exposed to the highest concentration of copper (70 µg/l).
Rotational placement of irregular polygons over containers with fixed dimensions using simulated annealing and no-fit polygons

This work deals with the problem of minimizing the waste of space that occurs on a rotational placement of a set of irregular bi-dimensional small items inside a bi-dimensional large object. This problem is approached with an heuristic based on simulated annealing. Traditional “external penalization” techniques are avoided through the application of the no-fit polygon, that determinates the collision-free region for each small item before its placement. The simulated annealing controls: the rotation applied ch non-placed small item, a limited depth binary search is performed to find a scale factor that when applied to the small item, would allow it to be fitted in the large object. Three possibilities to define the sequence on which the small items are placed are studied: larger-first, random permutation and weight sorted. The proposed algorithm is suited for non-convex small items and large objects.
Caveolin-1 Is a Critical Determinant of Autophagy, Metabolic Switching, and Oxidative Stress in Vascular Endothelium

Caveolin-1 is a scaffolding/regulatory protein that interacts with diverse signaling molecules. Caveolin-1null mice have marked metabolic abnormalities, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. We found the redox stress plasma biomarker plasma 8-isoprostane was elevated in caveolin-1null mice, and discovered that siRNA-mediated caveolin-1 knockdown in endothelial cells promoted significant increases in intracellular H2O2. Mitochondrial ROS production was increased in endothelial cells after caveolin-1 knockdown; 2-deoxy-D-glucose attenuated this increase, implicating caveolin-1 in control of glycolytic pathways. We performed unbiased metabolomic characterizations of endothelial cell lysates following caveolin-1 knockdown, and discovered strikingly increased levels (up to 30-fold) of cellular dipeptides, consistent with autophagy activation. Metabolomic analyses revealed that caveolin-1 knockdown led to a decrease in glycolytic intermediates, accompanied by an increase in fatty acids, suggesting a metabolic switch. Taken together, these results establish that caveolin-1 plays a central role in regulation of oxidative stress, metabolic switching, and autophagy in the endothelium, and may represent a critical target in cardiovascular diseases.
SDNbox: A portable open-source testbed for SDN study

Software defined networking (SDN) technology promises a new bright future to IP network. Significant number of SDN researches have been done so far to facilitate network operation and management efficiently. However, until now there are only few frameworks to support emulation, verification, and implementation of the SDN. Mininet is one of the most popular tools because of the openness, cost effectiveness, and full Openflow support. By default, Mininet helps to create a stand alone typical SDN network along with lightweight clients. In this article, we contribute the extended functions of network topology emulation in Mininet based on Virtualbox, such as Internet connection, independent OS clients, standard routing controller, and automatic flow logging. It is highly expected to bring an easier and convenient facility to SDN research and training.