Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spite and Development

In a wide variety of settings, spiteful preferences would constitute an obstacle to cooperation, trade, and thus economic development. This paper shows that spiteful preferences - the desire to reduce another's material payoff for the mere purpose of increasing one's relative payoff - are surprisingly widespread in experiments conducted in one of the least developed regions in India (Uttar Pradesh). In a one-shot trust game, the authors find that a large majority of subjects punish cooperative behavior although such punishment clearly increases inequality and decreases the payoffs of both subjects. In experiments to study coordination and to measure social preferences, the findings reveal empirical patterns suggesting that the willingness to reduce another's material payoff - either for the sake of achieving more equality or for the sake of being ahead - is stronger among individuals belonging to high castes than among those belonging to low castes. Because extreme social hierarchies are typically accompanied by a culture that stresses status-seeking, it is plausible that the observed social preference patterns are at least partly shaped by this culture. Thus, an exciting question for future research is the extent to which different institutions and cultures produce preferences that are conducive or detrimental to economic development.
Response to learned threat: An FMRI study in adolescent and adult anxiety.

OBJECTIVE Poor threat-safety discrimination reflects prefrontal cortex dysfunction in adult anxiety disorders. While adolescent anxiety disorders are impairing and predict high risk for adult anxiety disorders, the neural correlates of threat-safety discrimination have not been investigated in this population. The authors compared prefrontal cortex function in anxious and healthy adolescents and adults following conditioning and extinction, processes requiring threat-safety learning. METHOD Anxious and healthy adolescents and adults (N=114) completed fear conditioning and extinction in the clinic. The conditioned stimuli (CS+) were neutral faces, paired with an aversive scream. Physiological and subjective data were acquired. Three weeks later, 82 participants viewed the CS+ and morphed images resembling the CS+ in an MRI scanner. During scanning, participants made difficult threat-safety discriminations while appraising threat and explicit memory of the CS+. RESULTS During conditioning and extinction, the anxious groups reported more fear than the healthy groups, but the anxious adolescent and adult groups did not differ on physiological measures. During imaging, both anxious adolescents and adults exhibited lower activation in the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex than their healthy counterparts, specifically when appraising threat. Compared with their age-matched counterpart groups, anxious adults exhibited reduced activation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex when appraising threat, whereas anxious adolescents exhibited a U-shaped pattern of activation, with greater activation in response to the most extreme CS+ and CS-. CONCLUSIONS Two regions of the prefrontal cortex are involved in anxiety disorders. Reduced subgenual anterior cingulate cortex engagement is a shared feature in adult and adolescent anxiety disorders, but ventromedial prefrontal cortex dysfunction is age-specific. The unique U-shaped pattern of activation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in many anxious adolescents may reflect heightened sensitivity to threat and safety conditions. How variations in the pattern relate to later risk for adult illness remains to be determined.
A peer-to-peer approach to wireless LAN roaming

We make the case for a Global Confederation of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Wireless Local Area Networks. A P2P Wireless Network Confederation (P2PWNC) is a community of administrative domains that offer wireless Internet access to each other's registered users. The ubiquitous Internet access that the roaming users of these domains could enjoy compensates for their home domain's cost of providing access to visitors. Existing roaming schemes utilize central authorities or bilateral contracts to control access to resources. In contrast, a P2PWNC forms a pure P2P community in which participating domains are autonomous entities. Domains make independent decisions concerning the amount of bandwidth they contribute. As a result, similarly to existing P2P systems, a P2PWNC will suffer from "free-riding" if no incentive mechanisms exist to ensure that domains offer the amount of resources that is economically justified. Flexible rules on reciprocity can be set to delimit domain actions and encourage domains to provide in order to consume. In this paper, we present several aspects of the P2PWNC requirements and design. We outline several P2PWNC implementation issues relating to user privacy and the confederation's real-world deployment. We also describe the P2PWNC prototype that we developed.
The Absence of 150-kDa Insulin-Like Growth Factor Complexes in Fetal Rat Serum is not Due to a Lack of Functional Acid-Labile Subunit

Most of the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in adult rat or human plasma circulate in 150-kDa heterotrimeric complexes with IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and an acid-labile subunit (ALS). These 150-kDa complexes are not present, however, in rat serum at birth. As ALS is the critical determinant in the formation of the 150-kDa complexes in adult rat serum, the present study asks whether the absence of 150-kDa complexes in fetal rat serum results from a low abundance of ALS. We report that ALS mRNA is expressed in term fetal rat liver at 30% of the levels in adult liver, that radioiodinated rat ALS is not proteolyzed by incubation with fetal rat serum, and that sufficient functional ALS is present in fetal rat serum to form 150-kDa complexes with recombinant human IGFBP-3. These results indicate that the low levels of 150-kDa complexes in perinatal rat serum are not due to low circulating levels of ALS.
Transcriptional signature with differential expression of BCL6 target genes accurately identifies BCL6-dependent diffuse large B cell lymphomas

Diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) often express BCL6, a transcriptional repressor required for the formation of normal germinal centers. In a subset of DLBCLs, BCL6 is deregulated by chromosomal translocations or aberrant somatic hypermutation; in other tumors, BCL6 expression may simply reflect germinal center lineage. DLBCLs dependent on BCL6-regulated pathways should exhibit differential regulation of BCL6 target genes. Genomic array ChIP-on-chip was used to identify the cohort of direct BCL6 target genes. This set of genes was enriched in modulators of transcription, chromatin structure, protein ubiquitylation, cell cycle, and DNA damage responses. In primary DLBCLs classified on the basis of gene expression profiles, these BCL6 target genes were clearly differentially regulated in “BCR” tumors, a subset of DLBCLs with increased BCL6 expression and more frequent BCL6 translocations. In a panel of DLBCL cell lines analyzed by expression arrays and classified according to their gene expression profiles, only BCR tumors were highly sensitive to the BCL6 peptide inhibitor, BPI. These studies identify a discrete subset of DLBCLs that are reliant on BCL6 signaling and uniquely sensitive to BCL6 inhibitors. More broadly, these data show how genome-wide identification of direct target genes can identify tumors dependent on oncogenic transcription factors and amenable to targeted therapeutics.
Energy-efficient content delivery networks using cluster shutdown

Content delivery networks (CDNs) are an important class of Internet-scale distributed systems that deliver web, streaming, and application content to end users. A commercial CDN could comprise hundreds of thousands of servers deployed in over thousand clusters across the globe and incurs significant energy costs for powering and cooling their servers. Since energy costs are a significant component of the total operating expense of a CDN, we propose and explore a novel technique called cluster shutdown that turns off an entire cluster of servers of a CDN that is deployed within a data center. By doing so, cluster shutdown saves not just the power consumed by the servers but also the power needed for cooling those servers. We present an algorithm for cluster shutdown that is based on realistic power models for servers and cooling equipment and can be implemented as a part of the global load balancer of a CDN. We evaluate our technique using extensive real-world traces from a large commercial CDN to show that cluster shutdown can reduce the system-wide energy usage by 67%. Further, much of the energy savings are obtainable without sacrificing either bandwidth costs or end-user performance. In addition, 79% of the optimal savings are attainable even if each cluster is limited to at most one shutdown per day, reducing the required operational overhead. Finally, we argue that cluster shutdown has intrinsic architectural advantages over the well-studied server shutdown techniques in the CDN context, and show that it saves more energy than server shutdown in a wide range of operating regimes.
Progenitor Cell Isolation from Muscle-derived Cells based on Adhesion Properties

Adult skeletal muscle possesses remarkable regenerative capacity that has conventionally been attributed to the satellite cells. These precursor cells were thought to contain distinct populations with varying myogenic potential. Recently, the identification of multipotent stem cells capable of new myofiber formation has expanded the general view on the muscle regenerative process. Here we examined the characteristics of turkey skeletal muscle-derived cell (MDC) populations that were separated according to their adhesion abilities. We sought to determine whether these abilities could be a potential tool for separating cells with different myogenic commitment. Using the preplate technique, we showed that MDCs display a wide range of adhesion ability, allowing us to isolate a marginal fraction with initial adhesion defect. Methodological investigations revealed that this defect represents an intrinsic and well-established biological feature for these cells. In vitro behavioral and morphological analyses showed that late adherent cells (LACs) share several primitive cell characteristics. Phenotypic assessment indicated that LACs contain early stage myogenic cells and immature progenitors of satellite cells, whereas early adherent cells consist mainly of fully committed precursors. Overall, our findings demonstrate for the first time in an avian model that differential MDC adhesion properties could be used to efficiently purify cells with varying myogenic commitment, including immature progenitor cells. This manuscript contains online supplemental material at http://www.jhc. org. Please visit this article online to view these materials.
Cyclical variation in composition in continental tholeiites of East Greenland

The Prinsen of Wales Bjerge (PWB), part of the Tertiary volcanic province of East Greenland, consists of tholeiitic basalts overlain by alkalic basalts that were erupted 100–150 km west of the original axis of continental rifting and active ocean-floor development during the creation of the North Atlantic Ocean. They have many features of continental flood basalts but are somewhat enriched in Fe and in Ti relative to Fe and have slightly lower Al2O3. They have slight enrichments in the light rare-earth elements (La/Yb = 3–4). A nunatak within the PWB displays four cycles of tholeiitic basalt, each about 50 m thick, which are defined by trace-element variations (Ni, Cr, Sr, Zr, and Zr/Y). In three of the four cycles the lowermost flows are the most highly differentiated, and successive flows are increasingly primitive. These changes are thought to be the result of frequent injection of primitive, mantle-derived tholeiitic magma into small crustal magma chambers that contain evolved tholeiitic magma. The re.
Molecular and clinical delineation of 2p15p16.1 microdeletion syndrome

Interstitial 2p15p16.1 microdeletion is a rare chromosomal syndrome previously reported in 33 patients. It is characterized by intellectual disability, developmental delay, autism spectrum disorders, microcephaly, short stature, dysmorphic features, and multiple congenital organ defects. It is defined as a contiguous gene syndrome and two critical regions have been proposed at 2p15 and 2p16.1 loci. Nevertheless, patients with deletion of both critical regions shared similar features of the phenotype and the correlation genotype–phenotype is still unclear. We review all published cases and describe three additional patients, to define the phenotype–genotype correlation more precisely. We reported on two patients including the first prenatal case described so far, carrying a 2p15 deletion affecting two genes: XPO1 and part of USP34. Both patients shared similar features including facial dysmorphism and cerebral abnormalities. We considered the genes involved in the deleted segment to further understand the abnormal phenotype. The third case we described here was a 4‐year‐old boy with a heterozygous de novo 427 kb deletion encompassing BCL11A and PAPOLG at 2p16.1. He displayed speech delay, autistic traits, and motor stereotypies associated with brain structure abnormalities. We discuss the contribution of the genes included in the deletion to the abnormal phenotype. Our three new patients compared to previous cases, highlighted that despite two critical regions, both distal deletion at 2p16.1 and proximal deletion at 2p15 are associated with phenotypes that are very close to each other. Finally, we also discuss the genetic counseling of this microdeletion syndrome particularly in the course of prenatal diagnosis.
On the Combination of Logistic Regression and Local Probability Estimates

Classifiers based on parametric or non-parametric learning methods have different advantages and disadvantages. To take advantage of the strengths of both methods, we propose an algorithm that combines a parametric model (logistic regression) with a non-parametric classification method (k-nearest neighbors). This combination is based on a measure of appropriateness that uses a heuristic to decide which of the two components should contribute more to the final classification output. We measure the performance of this combination method on two data sets (one from medical informatics, and one consisting of simulated data) in terms of areas under the ROC curves (AUCs). We are able to demonstrate that our method of combining classifiers exceeds the performance of both individual classifiers taken separately.
Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for primary and metastatic pulmonary malignant neoplasms.

BACKGROUND Mediastinal lymph node sampling understages a significant number of lung cancers, even when nodes are evaluated by immunohistochemical techniques. Intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy allows focused pathologic evaluation of a few lymph nodes that accurately stage the entire basin. HYPOTHESIS Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy is a practical and accurate method of staging lymph nodes that drain primary and metastatic neoplasms of the lung. DESIGN AND SETTING Retrospective review at a tertiary referral center. PATIENTS Sixty-seven patients undergoing resection of lung tumors. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Sentinel lymph node (SN) identification rate, number of SNs, nodal pathologic features, and survival. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients had primary lung cancer and 39 had pulmonary metastases from melanoma (33 cases), squamous cell carcinoma (2 cases), colon cancer (2 cases), or other cancers (2 cases). Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy was successful in all patients. The median number of lymph nodes identified by dye alone was 2 (range, 1-7); the median number identified by dye plus radiocolloid was 4 (range, 1-9). Most SNs (69%) were N1; 31% were N2. Lower lobe lesions drained to upper mediastinal nodes in 3 (13%) of 24 cases. Lymph node metastases were found in 11 patients with lung cancer (39%) and 8 patients with pulmonary metastases (21%). Ten (91%) of the 11 patients with lung cancer had SN involvement. In the 33 patients with metastatic melanoma, SN involvement significantly reduced the rate of 2-year survival (0% vs 48%). CONCLUSIONS Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy of intrapulmonary malignancies is technically challenging but feasible. Blue dye is most useful for in vivo identification of SNs; ex vivo radioactivity can confirm that excised nodes are SNs. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy can provide important prognostic information for patients with melanoma and lung metastases, and it may improve the staging of primary lung cancer.
A monolithic CMOS 2368/spl plusmn/30 MHz transformer based Q-enhanced series-C coupled resonator bandpass filter

A three-pole 0.1 dB ripple Chebyshev series-C coupled resonator bandpass filter with transformer-based Q-enhancement is presented. This Q-enhancement technique compensates resonator loss and produces a flat passband response with low insertion loss. The compensation scheme uses frequency-dependent negative resistance to compensate frequency-dependent inductor losses, avoiding passband distortion, which is a problem with cross-coupled negative resistance circuits. Fabricated in 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS, the measured filter center frequency is 2368 MHz with a 60 MHz (3 dB) bandwidth, including probe pad and connecting trace parasitic losses. The filter draws 5.84 mA at 1.5 V, and the die area is 1.5 mm/spl times/1.5 mm.
Cache-oblivious databases: Limitations and opportunities

Cache-oblivious techniques, proposed in the theory community, have optimal asymptotic bounds on the amount of data transferred between any two adjacent levels of an arbitrary memory hierarchy. Moreover, this optimal performance is achieved without any hardware platform specific tuning. These properties are highly attractive to autonomous databases, especially because the hardware architectures are becoming increasingly complex and diverse. In this article, we present our design, implementation, and evaluation of the first cache-oblivious in-memory query processor, EaseDB. Moreover, we discuss the inherent limitations of the cache-oblivious approach as well as the opportunities given by the upcoming hardware architectures. Specifically, a cache-oblivious technique usually requires sophisticated algorithm design to achieve a comparable performance to its cache-conscious counterpart. Nevertheless, this development-time effort is compensated by the automaticity of performance achievement and the reduced ownership cost. Furthermore, this automaticity enables cache-oblivious techniques to outperform their cache-conscious counterparts in multi-threading processors.
Design of a meta-mesh of chain subnetworks: enhancing the attractiveness of mesh-restorable WDM networking on low connectivity graphs

We have developed a design refinement to increase the capacity efficiency of span-restorable mesh networks on sparse facility graphs. The new approach views the network as a "meta-mesh of chain subnetworks". This makes the prospect of WDM mesh networking more economically viable than with previous mesh-based designs where the average nodal degree is low. The meta-mesh graph is a homeomorphism of the complete network in which edges are either direct spans or chains of degree-2 nodes. The main advantage is that loop-back-type spare capacity is provided only for the working demands that originate or terminate in a chain and not for the entire flow that crosses a chain. The transiting ("express") flows are entirely mesh-protected within the meta-mesh graph which is of higher average degree and hence efficiency for mesh restoration than the network as a whole. Nodal equipment savings also arise from the grooming of express lightpaths onto the logical chain-bypass span. Only the meta-mesh nodes need optical cross-connect functionality. Other sites use OADMs and/or glassthroughs. The resultant designs comprise a special class of restorable network that is intermediate between pure span restoration and path restoration. Most of the efficiency of path restoration is achieved, but with a span restoration mechanism which is more localized and potentially faster and simpler than path restoration. The concept lends itself to implementation with OADMs having a passive waveband pass-through feature to support the logical chain bypass spans for express lightpaths.
Percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty: State of the art

Since the first description of balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty in 1982 by Kan, the procedure has been extensively utilized by several groups of workers for relief of pulmonary valve stenosis. It is generally recommended that the procedure be performed for peak‐to‐peak gradients in excess of 50 mmHg. The technique involves positioning one or more balloon catheters across the stenotic valve, usually over an extra‐stiff guide wire and inflating the balloons with diluted contrast material, thus producing valvotomy. The procedural details are described in this paper. The currently recommended balloon/annulus ratio is 1.2 to 1.25. Immediate reduction of gradient, increase in jet width and free motion of the pulmonary valve leaflets with less doming have been observed following balloon dilatation. Improvement of right ventricular function, tricuspid insufficiency and right‐to‐left shunt has also occurred. Complication can occur, but are rare and minimal. At mid‐term follow‐up, both catheterization measured peak‐to‐peak gradients and Doppler‐measured peak instantaneous gradients remain improved for the group as a whole. However, restenosis, defined as gradient ≥50 mmHg, has been observed in nearly 10% of children. Predictors of restenosis include balloon/annulus ratio <1.2 and immediate post‐valvuloplasty gradient ≥30 mmHg. Small pulmonary valve annulus, earlier study year and post‐surgical complex pulmonary stenosis have also been identified as factors predictive of restenosis. Redilatation with balloons that are larger than those used at the time of initial balloon valvuloplasty produces excellent results and redilatation is the procedure of choice in the management of restenosis after previous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty. Long‐term follow‐up results are scanty, but the limited data reveal minimal additional restenosis, event‐free rates in mid‐80s and mid‐70s at 10 and 15 years respectively and significant increase in prevalence of pulmonary insufficiency. Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty is equally successful in neonates as well as in adult subjects. In conclusion, balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty is the treatment of choice for relief of pulmonary valve stenosis. Use of balloons 1.2 to 1.25 times larger than pulmonary valve annulus may produce optimal results. Life‐long follow‐up to identify the significance of residual pulmonary insufficiency is indicated. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
N-parametric dilation coefficients: a contribution to the compactly supported wavelets construction

In this paper, authors present a formal description of the algorithm for the construction of N-parametric equations, which provides the attainment of any set of dilation coefficients from a set of N angles that sum /2. These coefficients can be used to construct any dimensional Wavelet filter bank to be applied to analysis and reconstruction of specific signal data.