Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia and mild cognitive impairment: results from the cardiovascular health study.

CONTEXT Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may be a precursor to dementia, at least in some cases. Dementia and MCI are associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms in clinical samples. Only 2 population-based studies exist of the prevalence of these symptoms in dementia, and none exist for MCI. OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia and MCI in a population-based study. DESIGN Cross-sectional study derived from the Cardiovascular Health Study, a longitudinal cohort study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 3608 participants were cognitively evaluated using data collected longitudinally over 10 years and additional data collected in 1999-2000 in 4 US counties. Dementia and MCI were classified using clinical criteria and adjudicated by committee review by expert neurologists and psychiatrists. A total of 824 individuals completed the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI); 362 were classified as having dementia, 320 as having MCI; and 142 did not meet criteria for MCI or dementia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms, based on ratings on the NPI in the previous month and from the onset of cognitive symptoms. RESULTS Of the 682 individuals with dementia or MCI, 43% of MCI participants (n = 138) exhibited neuropsychiatric symptoms in the previous month (29% rated as clinically significant) with depression (20%), apathy (15%), and irritability (15%) being most common. Among the dementia participants, 75% (n = 270) had exhibited a neuropsychiatric symptom in the past month (62% were clinically significant); 55% (n = 199) reported 2 or more and 44% (n = 159) 3 or more disturbances in the past month. In participants with dementia, the most frequent disturbances were apathy (36%), depression (32%), and agitation/aggression (30%). Eighty percent of dementia participants (n = 233) and 50% of MCI participants (n = 139) exhibited at least 1 NPI symptom from the onset of cognitive symptoms. There were no differences in prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms between participants with Alzheimer-type dementia and those with other dementias, with the exception of aberrant motor behavior, which was more frequent in Alzheimer-type dementia (5.4% vs 1%; P =.02). CONCLUSIONS Neuropsychiatric symptoms occur in the majority of persons with dementia over the course of the disease. These are the first population-based estimates for neuropsychiatric symptoms in MCI, indicating a high prevalence associated with this condition as well. These symptoms have serious adverse consequences and should be inquired about and treated as necessary. Study of neuropsychiatric symptoms in the context of dementia may improve our understanding of brain-behavior relationships.
Molecular characterization of measles viruses in Turkey (2010–2011): First report of genotype D9 involved in an outbreak in 2011

Genetic characterization of measles viruses (MVs) combined with acquisition of epidemiologic information is essential for measles surveillance programs used in determining transmission pathways. This study describes the molecular characterization of 26 MV strains (3 from 2010, 23 from 2011) obtained from urine or throat swabs harvested from patients in Turkey. MV RNA samples (n = 26) were subjected to sequence analysis of 450 nucleotides comprising the most variable C‐terminal region of the nucleoprotein (N) gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed 20 strains from 2011 belonged to genotype D9, 3 to D4, 2 strains from 2010 to genotype D4 and 1 to genotype B3. This study represents the first report describing the involvement of MV genotype D9 in an outbreak in Turkey. The sequence of the majority of genotype D9 strains was identical to those identified in Russia, Malaysia, Japan, and the UK. Despite lack of sufficient epidemiologic information, the presence of variants observed following phylogenetic analysis suggested that exposure to genotype D9 might have occurred due to importation more than once. Phylogenetic analysis of five genotype D4 strains revealed the presence of four variants. Epidemiological information and phylogenetic analysis suggested that three genotype D4 strains and one genotype B3 strain were associated with importation. This study suggests the presence of pockets of unimmunized individuals making Turkey susceptible to outbreaks. Continuing molecular surveillance of measles strains in Turkey is essential as a means of acquiring epidemiologic information to define viral transmission patterns and determine the effectiveness of measles vaccination programs designed to eliminate this virus. J. Med. Virol. 85:2128–2135, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Threats from urban expansion, agricultural transformation and forest loss on global conservation priority areas

Including threats in spatial conservation prioritization helps identify areas for conservation actions where biodiversity is at imminent risk of extinction. At the global level, an important limitation when identifying spatial priorities for conservation actions is the lack of information on the spatial distribution of threats. Here, we identify spatial conservation priorities under three prominent threats to biodiversity (residential and commercial development, agricultural expansion, and forest loss), which are primary drivers of habitat loss and threaten the persistence of the highest number of species in the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, and for which spatial data is available. We first explore how global priority areas for the conservation of vertebrate (mammals, birds, and amphibians) species coded in the Red List as vulnerable to each threat differ spatially. We then identify spatial conservation priorities for all species vulnerable to all threats. Finally, we identify the potentially most threatened areas by overlapping the identified priority areas for conservation with maps for each threat. We repeat the same with four other well-known global conservation priority area schemes, namely Key Biodiversity Areas, Biodiversity Hotspots, the global Protected Area Network, and Wilderness Areas. We find that residential and commercial development directly threatens only about 4% of the global top 17% priority areas for species vulnerable under this threat. However, 50% of the high priority areas for species vulnerable to forest loss overlap with areas that have already experienced some forest loss. Agricultural expansion overlapped with ~20% of high priority areas. Biodiversity Hotspots had the greatest proportion of their total area under direct threat from all threats, while expansion of low intensity agriculture was found to pose an imminent threat to Wilderness Areas under future agricultural expansion. Our results identify areas where limited resources should be allocated to mitigate risks to vertebrate species from habitat loss.
Surgical anatomy of the medial segment (S4) of the liver with special reference to bile ducts and vessels.

BACKGROUND/AIMS Resection of the inferior area of the medial segment (S4a) plus S5 with preservation of the superior area of the medial segment (S4b) is being performed to manage hilar bile duct carcinoma and pT2 type gallbladder carcinoma, and thus, attention has been focused on the surgical anatomy of the medial segment of the liver to identify the specific vessels and bile ducts of the areas of that segment to be resected and to be preserved. METHODOLOGY Anatomical study of the bile duct, portal vein, middle hepatic vein, and middle hepatic artery to the medial segment branches of the liver (S4) was performed in a total of 171 specimens comprised of 71 adult cadavers, and 100 liver casts. RESULTS 1) Two main types of bile duct branches of the medial segment (B4) were recognized. Type I included the branches which joined to the left hepatic duct on the hilar duct side (35.5%), and type II included the branches that joined on the peripheral side (54.6%). Several subtypes were also found in both types. The B2-B3 confluence was mostly on the left (41.7%) or posterior (42.7%) to the umbilical portion (UP) of the portal vein, and to the right of the UP (hilar side) in only 15.6%. 2) The portal vein of the medial segment branches (P4): P4a branched from the right angle and upper right border of the UP in every specimen. The most common morphology was 1 large and 2-3 small branches (41%). P4b was almost always found to branch posterior to the UP and lower than P4a, and the most common morphology was 1 large and 0-1 small branches (57.8%). 3) The middle hepatic vein: In 83.2% a common trunk was observed at the confluence with the inferior vena cava, and 8 types of the middle hepatic vein were recognized. 4) The middle hepatic artery: It arose from the left hepatic artery in 61.5%, from of the right hepatic artery in 27.5%, from the proper hepatic artery in 5.5%, and from both the left and the right hepatic artery in 5.5%. CONCLUSIONS The detailed vascular and bile duct anatomy of S4 is described. This study should be helpful in identifying the specific vessels and bile ducts of the areas of the medial segment to be resected and to be preserved, thereby facilitating resection of the medial segment.
Categorization of speech in early auditory evoked responses

Categorical perception is a pervasive phenomenon in phonemic identiﬁcation and has been demonstrated in the last decades through behavioral experiments and, more recently, in neurophysiological studies. However, the precise neural mechanisms underlying the transformation of continuous physical properties into discrete phonemic units is still largely unknown. This paper presents a study that aims at investigating the neurological correlates of phonemic categorization at a very early stage of auditory processing. We recorded the auditory evoke potentials (AEP) of twelve subjects using scalp electrodes placed between the mastoid bone and the vertex of the head. The subjects pas-sively heard four stimuli in the continuum /ba/-/pa/ with varying voicing onset times (VOT). Those stimuli were chosen individ-ually for each subject according to her psychometric response to the identiﬁcation task run previously. The individual AEPs were represented using the coefﬁcients of the discrete wavelet transform. Using linear discriminant analysis, we were able to show an early categorization of the responses in terms of VOT, which mimics the behavioral responses of the subjects. The cat-egory signatures in the AEPs arose during the vocalic part of the syllable, which suggests that phonemic categorization may take place at the lower level stages of the auditory pathway.
Production and Discovery of Novel Recombinant Adeno‐Associated Viral Vectors

In this unit, we describe the detailed procedure for a three‐plasmid transfection method for rAAV production, and discuss its advantages, limitations, and troubleshooting techniques. We further discuss the rAAV purification process using CsCl gradients, as well as subsequent quality control methods using SDS‐PAGE and real‐time PCR to assess vector purity, packaging efficiency, and viral titer. Finally, we elaborate on a PCR‐based strategy that can be used to discover novel AAV capsid sequences from primate tissue, which can be used to develop newer‐generation rAAVs with a greater diversity of tissue tropism for clinical gene therapy. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 26:14D.1. 1‐14D.1. 21. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Inhibition of Response to Alpha Interferon by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

ABSTRACT We previously reported that infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, leads to secretion of alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β). While IFN-α/β ordinarily stimulates formation of signal transducer and stimulator of transcription-1 (STAT-1) homodimers and IFN-stimulated gene factor-3 (ISGF-3), only ISGF-3 is found in infected human monocytes and macrophages. We have now investigated the basis for this unusual profile of transcription factor activation and its consequences for regulation of transcription, as well as the impact of infection on response to IFN-α. After infection, IFN-α stimulation of STAT-1 homodimers is inhibited in monocytes and macrophages, while stimulation of ISGF-3 increases in monocytes but tends to decline in macrophages. Effects of infection on the abundance of ISGF-3 subunits, STAT-1, STAT-2, and interferon regulatory factor 9, and on tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT-1 and STAT-2 explain the observed changes in DNA-binding activity, which correlate with increased or inhibited transcription of genes regulated by ISGF-3 and STAT-1. Infection by Mycobacterium bovis BCG does not inhibit IFN-α-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT-1, formation of homodimers, or transcription of genes regulated by STAT-1 homodimers, suggesting that inhibition of the response to IFN-α/β by M. tuberculosis is an aspect of pathogenicity. Thus, this well-known feature of infection by pathogenic viruses may also be a strategy employed by pathogenic bacteria.
Protein-Tyrosine Kinase Activity and pp 60 " ~ ircExpression in Whole Cells Measured by Flow Cytometry 1

The expression and phosphotyrosine activity of pp60""* were meas ured in the B31 avian sarcoma virus-transformed rat cell line by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies against ppftO' '" (EB7) and phos photyrosine (1G2). Although the immunocytochemical staining was markedly heterogeneous, binding of both antibodies was significantly greater to B31 cells than to untransformed Rat 1 cells. Binding of 1G2 to phosphotyrosine residues was specific; it was entirely inhibited by adding excess phenylphosphate but was not affected by phosphoserine or phosphothreonine. The relationship between the amount of phosphorylated tyrosine measured by our FCM technique and total cellular phos photyrosine measured by phosphoamino acid analysis was linear in vanadate-treated BALB/c 3T3 cells. Treatment of B31 cells for 48 h with herbimycin A, a benzenoid ansamycin antibiotic, to decrease the expres sion and tyrosine kinase activity of ppoO'""1' caused reductions of 42% in :mti-pp60'""v and 58% in anti-phosphotyrosine antibody immunofluorescence. DNA staining with the fluorescent dye propidium iodide showed no cell cycle specificity in the binding of either antibody. Herbimycin A also caused the transformed cell line to revert to the morphology, actin configuration, and growth behavior of untransformed cells; these changes were reversed within 12 h after removal of the drug. Flow cytometric evaluation of tyrosine kinase expression and activity was fast and easy, and the results correlated well with other measures of cell phenotype. This technique can be used to quantitate the effects of drugs on oncogenic proteins such as ppoO"'"*and their associated tyrosine kinase activity.
Pinatubo: A processing-in-memory architecture for bulk bitwise operations in emerging non-volatile memories

Processing-in-memory (PIM) provides high bandwidth, massive parallelism, and high energy efficiency by implementing computations in main memory, therefore eliminating the overhead of data movement between CPU and memory. While most of the recent work focused on PIM in DRAM memory with 3D die-stacking technology, we propose to leverage the unique features of emerging non-volatile memory (NVM), such as resistance-based storage and current sensing, to enable efficient PIM design in NVM. We propose Pinatubo1, a Processing In Non-volatile memory ArchiTecture for bUlk Bitwise Operations. Instead of integrating complex logic inside the cost-sensitive memory, Pinatubo redesigns the read circuitry so that it can compute the bitwise logic of two or more memory rows very efficiently, and support one-step multi-row operations. The experimental results on data intensive graph processing and database applications show that Pinatubo achieves a ~500 x speedup, ~28000x energy saving on bitwise operations, and 1.12× overall speedup, 1.11× overall energy saving over the conventional processor.
Standards for Communication and e-Learning in Virtual Worlds - The Multilingual-assisted Chat Interface

LORIA / INRIA Nancy - Grand Est, 615 Rue du Jardin Botanique, 54600 Villers-l es-Nancy, Francefsamuel.cruz-lara, tarik.osswald, jordan.guinaud, nadia.bellalem, lot.bellalem g@loria.frKeywords: Multilinguality, MLIF, Chat Interface, Web Services, Communication, E-Learning, Automatic Translation,Virtual WorldsAbstract: Many of today's applications embed textual chat interfaces or work with multilingual textual information.The Multilingual Information Framework (MLIF) [ISO DIS 24616] is being designed in order to fulll themultilingual needs of today's applications. Within our research activity for the MLIF standard, we developedthe Multilingual-Assisted Chat Interface, which intends to help people communicate in virtual worlds withothers who do not speak the same language and to offer new possibilities for learning foreign languages.By developing this application, we also wanted to show the advantages of using web services for externalizingcomputation: we used the same web service for two virtual worlds: Second Life and Solipsis.In this paper, we rst propose a short analysis of social interactions and language learning in virtualworlds. Then, we describe in a technical way the features, architecture and development indications for theMultilingual-Assisted Chat Interface.
The death drive: Phenomenological perspectives in contemporary Kleinian theory

Faust craves the infinite and so the meagre gains of his endless toiling for knowledge pale into insignificance when compared to the new object of his longing – omniscience. Faust is hidebound by ‘considerations of reality’ and this state of mind provides fertile soil for the devil’s work; Mephistopheles offers a world of no obstruction, where all desire can be realized. Mephistopheles introduces himself as the spirit “that negates all”, he continues:
Protection from Interferon-Induced Apoptosis by Epstein-Barr Virus Small RNAs Is Not Mediated by Inhibition of PKR

ABSTRACT The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) EBER transcripts are small, highly structured RNAs able to bind to and inhibit activation of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR in cell-free systems, and within latently infected B-cell lines they inhibit alpha interferon-induced apoptosis that is believed to be mediated through PKR. Here, we address the consequences of EBER expression for PKR activation in vivo in response to alpha interferon. In agreement with published findings, either EBV infection or the EBERs alone protected Burkitt lymphoma cells from alpha-interferon-induced apoptosis. However, utilizing multiple phosphorylation state-specific antibodies to monitor PKR activation within cells in response to interferon, we demonstrate that the EBERs are unable to inhibit phosphorylation of either cytoplasmic or nuclear PKR. Concordantly, a direct substrate of PKR, the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2α), was equally phosphorylated in EBV-positive and EBV-negative cells following interferon treatment. Therefore, EBER inhibition of alpha-interferon-induced apoptosis, and potentially other PKR-mediated events, is unlikely to be mediated through direct inhibition of PKR, as previously thought.
Detailed motion analysis of the left ventricular myocardium using an MR tagging method with a dense grid

Detailed analysis of myocardial deformation through a whole cardiac cycle was accomplished using a tagging method with a high‐density grid. Four sets of tagged images with a 4‐mm‐spacing grid were measured by generating four tagging pulses arranged at regular intervals in the cardiac cycle. Through each set of images, tag intersections were tracked semi‐automatically. The estimated motions of tag intersections were concatenated so that sequential positions of myocardium were connected through a whole cardiac cycle. In vitro evaluation of the precision of this technique showed that the mean error of tracked 4‐mm tag intersections was less than 0.47 ± 0.17 mm, even on the quite low‐contrast images, and the concatenation error caused by double concatenation was comparable to the interpolation error in the subendocardial area obtained with 8‐mm tag intersection motion. The small difference between the two mean distance curves of the in vivo evaluation indicated that the method is useful for analyzing heart wall abnormalities. Magn Reson Med 44:73–82, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chaos and low-order corrections to classical mechanics or geometrical optics.

Based on simple first-order quantum corrections to classical equations of motion, which we show to be closely related to Gaussian wave-packet dynamics (GWD) and a time-dependent variational principle (TDVP), we deduce that quantum corrections to classical dynamics should typically become most pronounced when the classical system becomes chaotic. The time duration over which classical dynamics, GWD, or TDVP may provide good approximations is much shorter when the classical dynamics are chaotic. However, for certain situations involving very short laser pulses, these approximations can be very accurate. The same concepts are applicable to paraxial wave optics, which may offer simpler experimental studies of quantum chaos'': the distinction between classical and quantum'' chaos is in large part the distinction between ray versus wave behavior.
SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT COD PRODUCTS

Sensory characteristics of cod products available to consumers were analyzed, and different ways to analyze sensory results were viewed. Ten cod samples of different origin (wild and farmed cod), storage time (short and extended) and storage method (stored fresh, frozen or packed in modified atmosphere) were evaluated with quantitative descriptive analysis by a trained sensory panel. Signal-to-noise analysis, p*MSE (discrimination and repeatability) and line plots proved to be very useful in studying panelists' performance. Most sensory attributes described significant differences between the products, and principal component analysis provided an overview of the differences and similarities between the products with regard to sensory characteristics. Farmed cod had different sensory characteristics compared with wild cod, such as more meat flavor, and rubbery and meaty texture. Different storage methods had minor influence on sensory characteristics of cod fillets after short storage time, but after extended storage, the groups were different with regard to most attributes. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS This paper presents different ways of analyzing sensory data. The process of analysis of sensory results with focus on the panelists using a free program (PanelCheck) and signal-to-noise analysis was studied. The results showed that PanelCheck is a very user-friendly tool to monitor the performance of panelists and the study results of short-term projects. Signal-to-noise analysis proved to be more applicable for studying results of extensive data sets by handling missing values and estimating the significance of sensory attributes. The practical use of the paper is also a quantitative descriptive analysis vocabulary, which may be used as a basis for other studies with cod. It may also be a basis for sensory schemes for the fish industry in quality control and product development.