Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Can an earthquake of Mw∼9 occur in the Himalayan region?

Abstract It has been suggested that all of the Earth's subduction zones are capable of producing an Mw∼9 earthquake. Such a possibility has also been suggested for the Himalayan collisional arc. We examined recent and historical earthquakes in the Himalayan region and suggest that, in the past few hundred years, only great earthquakes (Mw∼8) have occurred in the region, the largest being the 1950 Assam earthquake with Mw 8.6. Several aseismic ridges segment the Himalayan arc and these appear to have limited the extent of rupture in earthquakes of the past 200 years. There is also evidence of distributed deformation and out-of-sequence thrusting, where only part of the detachment participates in the accommodation of the convergence. We concluded that, although it is unlikely that an Mw∼9 earthquake could occur in the Himalaya, from the hazard point of view a great earthquake of Mw∼8 anywhere along the Himalayan arc could kill about one million people in the Himalaya and adjoining Indo-Ganga plains. As an example, a scenario developed for a hypothetical Mw 8 earthquake occurring in the middle of the night at Mandi, close to the epicentre of the 1905 Kangra earthquake, predicts an estimated loss of one million human lives.
Adaptation of the Wavelet Transform for the Construction of Multiscale Texture Maps of SAR Images

RESUMEL'objectif de cet article est d'adapter la transformee par ondelettes pour l'analyse de texture des images RSO. L'algorithme de transformee par ondelettes de Mallat est adapte pour tenir compte du chatoiement, par normalisation des coefficients d'ondelettes. L'algorithme est ensuite utilise pour la construction de cartes de texture multiechelle des images RSO ERS-1 de la foret tropicale. La sensibilite des cartes de texture (coefficients d'ondelettes normalises) aux structures intrinseques a la scene est evaluee par comparaison avec les cartes obtenues d'une image “sans-bruit”. La methodologie est decrite en detail. Les approximations a basse-resolution produites par l'algorithme de transformee par ondelettes sont utilisees pour la construction de la mosaique RSO ERS-1 centre africaine.
GPR119 Is Essential for Oleoylethanolamide-Induced Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Secretion From the Intestinal Enteroendocrine L-Cell

OBJECTIVE Intestinal L-cells secrete the incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in response to ingestion of nutrients, especially long-chain fatty acids. The Gαs-coupled receptor GPR119 binds the long-chain fatty acid derivate oleoylethanolamide (OEA), and GPR119 agonists enhance GLP-1 secretion. We therefore hypothesized that OEA stimulates GLP-1 release through a GPR119-dependent mechanism. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Murine (m) GLUTag, human (h) NCI-H716, and primary fetal rat intestinal L-cell models were used for RT-PCR and for cAMP and GLP-1 radioimmunoassay. Anesthetized rats received intravenous or intraileal OEA, and plasma bioactive GLP-1, insulin, and glucose levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or glucose analyzer. RESULTS GPR119 messenger RNA was detected in all L-cell models. OEA treatment (10 μmol/l) of mGLUTag cells increased cAMP levels (P < 0.05) and GLP-1 secretion (P < 0.001) in all models, with desensitization of the secretory response at higher concentrations. GLP-1 secretion was further enhanced by prevention of OEA degradation using the fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor, URB597 (P < 0.05–0.001 vs. OEA alone), and was abolished by H89-induced inhibition of protein kinase A. OEA-induced cAMP levels and GLP-1 secretion were significantly reduced in mGLUTag cells transfected with GPR119-specific small interfering RNA (P < 0.05). Application of OEA (10 μmol/l) directly into the rat ileum, but not intravenously, increased plasma bioactive GLP-1 levels in euglycemic animals by 1.5-fold (P < 0.05) and insulin levels by 3.9-fold (P < 0.01) but only in the presence of hyperglycemia. CONCLUSIONS The results of these studies demonstrate, for the first time, that OEA increases GLP-1 secretion from intestinal L-cells through activation of the novel GPR119 fatty acid derivate receptor in vitro and in vivo.
Validation of a Migraine Interview for Children and Adolescents

OBJECTIVE: To date there are no structured interviews to ascertain the diagnostic criteria for headache in children. The objective of this study was to assess the validity of the Diagnostic Interview of Headache Syndromes–Child Version (DIHS-C), which was developed at the National Institute of Mental Health for a community-based family study of headache syndromes and comorbid disorders. METHODS: The DIHS-C is a fully structured diagnostic interview composed of an open-ended clinical history, modules with key symptoms for each of the major headache subtypes, and associated impairment, duration, frequency, course, and treatment. This article presents the validation of the interview in a sample of 104 children evaluated as part of a community-based family study of migraine. RESULTS: The sensitivity of interview diagnosis compared with an expert neurologist’s diagnosis of migraine was 98%, and the specificity was 61%. Similar levels of sensitivity and specificity were found by gender and age of the children. CONCLUSIONS: The DIHS-C provides a new tool that can enhance the reliability of pediatric diagnoses in both clinical and community settings.
Laplacian Coordinates for Seeded Image Segmentation

Seed-based image segmentation methods have gained much attention lately, mainly due to their good performance in segmenting complex images with little user interaction. Such popularity leveraged the development of many new variations of seed-based image segmentation techniques, which vary greatly regarding mathematical formulation and complexity. Most existing methods in fact rely on complex mathematical formulations that typically do not guarantee unique solution for the segmentation problem while still being prone to be trapped in local minima. In this work we present a novel framework for seed-based image segmentation that is mathematically simple, easy to implement, and guaranteed to produce a unique solution. Moreover, the formulation holds an anisotropic behavior, that is, pixels sharing similar attributes are kept closer to each other while big jumps are naturally imposed on the boundary between image regions, thus ensuring better fitting on object boundaries. We show that the proposed framework outperform state-of-the-art techniques in terms of quantitative quality metrics as well as qualitative visual results.
WEAK HARD X-RAY EMISSION FROM BROAD ABSORPTION LINE QUASARS: EVIDENCE FOR INTRINSIC X-RAY WEAKNESS

We report NuSTAR observations of a sample of six X-ray weak broad absorption line (BAL) quasars. These targets, at z = 0.148–1.223, are among the optically brightest and most luminous BAL quasars known at z < 1.3. However, their rest-frame ≈2 keV luminosities are 14 to >330 times weaker than expected for typical quasars. Our results from a pilot NuSTAR study of two low-redshift BAL quasars, a Chandra stacking analysis of a sample of high-redshift BAL quasars, and a NuSTAR spectral analysis of the local BAL quasar Mrk 231 have already suggested the existence of intrinsically X-ray weak BAL quasars, i.e., quasars not emitting X-rays at the level expected from their optical/UV emission. The aim of the current program is to extend the search for such extraordinary objects. Three of the six new targets are weakly detected by NuSTAR with ≲ 45 counts in the 3–24 keV band, and the other three are not detected. The hard X-ray (8–24 keV) weakness observed by NuSTAR requires Compton-thick absorption if these objects have nominal underlying X-ray emission. However, a soft stacked effective photon index (Γeff ≈ 1.8) for this sample disfavors Compton-thick absorption in general. The uniform hard X-ray weakness observed by NuSTAR for this and the pilot samples selected with <10 keV weakness also suggests that the X-ray weakness is intrinsic in at least some of the targets. We conclude that the NuSTAR observations have likely discovered a significant population (≳ 33%) of intrinsically X-ray weak objects among the BAL quasars with significantly weak <10 keV emission. We suggest that intrinsically X-ray weak quasars might be preferentially observed as BAL quasars.
A hierarchical test categorization approach and its application to FRT expansion

Text categorization is the classiflcation to assign a text document to an appropriate category in a predeflned set of categories. This paper focuses on the special case when categories are organized in hierarchy. We presents a new approach on this recently emerged subfleld of text categorization. The algorithm applies an iterative learning module that allow of gradually creating a classifler by trial-and-error-like method. Experimental results performed on three document corpora (including the wellknown Reuters-21578, and 20 newsgroups data sets) with several topic hierarchies show that our approach outperforms existing ones by up to 10%. We also indicate another application of the method on the fleld of fuzzy relational thesauri (FRT): the expansion of knowledge base can be supported in a cost-efiective way.
Subspace morphing theory for appearance based object identi cation 3 Zhongfei (

Object identi cation techniques have wide applications ranging from industry, business, military, law enforcement, to 9 people’s daily life. This research is motivated to develop a new theory for appearance based object identi cation with its applications in di2erent areas. Although many successful techniques have been proposed in certain speci c applications, 11 object identi cation, in general, still remains as a di4cult and challenging problem. In appearance based approaches, almost all the proposed methods are based on a fundamental assumption, i.e., all the images (both in the model base and to be 13 queried) are in the same dimensions, so that the feature vectors are all in the same feature space; if images are provided with di2erent dimensions, a normalization in scale to a pre-determined image space must be conducted. In this research, a theory 15 for appearance based object identi cation called subspace morphing is developed, which allows scale-invariant identi cation of images of objects, and therefore, does not require normalization. Theoretical analysis and experimental evaluation show 17 that in the situation where images are provided in di2erent dimensions, which is common in many applications, subspace morphing theory is superior to the existing, normalization-based techniques in performance. 2002 Published by Elsevier 19 Science Ltd on behalf of Pattern Recognition Society.
Generalized Clustergrams for Overlapping Biclusters

Many real-life datasets, such as those produced by gene expression studies, exhibit complex substructures at various levels of granularity and thus do not have unique well-defined numbers of clusters. In such cases, it is important to be able to trace the evolution of the individual clusters as the number of dimensions of the clustering is varied. While the dendrograms produced by bottom-up clustering methods such as hierarchical clustering are very useful for this purpose, the approach is known to produce unreliable clusters due to its instability w.r. t. resampling. Moreover, hierarchical clustering does not apply to overlapping (bi)clusters, such as those obtained in gene expression studies. On the other hand, the instability w.r. t. the initialization of top-down methods, such as k-means, prevents the comparison between clusters obtained at different dimensionalities. In this paper, we present a method for constructing generalized dendrograms for overlapping biclusters, which depict the evolution of the biclusters as their number is varied. An essential ingredient is a stable biclustering method based on positive tensor factorization of a number of nonnegative matrix factorization runs. We apply our approach to a large colon cancer dataset, which shows several distinct subclasses whose dimensional evolution must be carefully analyzed to enable a more meaningful biological interpretation and sub-classification.
Visual servo microscope for locking on single neuron of a worm

Understanding complex neural functions of animals, such as “Learning” or “Memory”, is very important in biological field. In order to do this, it is necessary to analyze the relationship between neural activity and behavioral changes of animals. Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), is a well-known model animal in neural science, and it is widely used for analysis of the relationship, because it has much simpler neural network compared with other animals. The research objective of visual servo microscope is to observe the specified neuron in C. elegans “while it is moving”. This is very difficult because the neuron have to be observed with high magnification objective-lens and the body of C. elegans moves quickly. The neuron easily gets out from the field of view of the microscope. To overcome this problem, we have developed a servo-controlled XY Z stage system to tracks the target. Please note that the target is a neuron in a tiny worm, we have to use high-magnification lens, and the target speed is multiplied by the magnification rate. Thus the apparent target motion is very quick when observed under the microscope. The proposed system has an ability to track the target with a novel template matching algorithm and can also cancel the movement of the target by controlling the XY stage using visual feedback. By applying the proposed system in neuron observation, we have succeeded in recording and in analyzing both of the neural activity and the behavioral changes of C. elegans simultaneously.
Crosswell electromagnetic tomography in steel-cased wells

The applicability of crosswell electromagnetic (EM) tomography is limited when the boreholes are steel cased. Steel casing is typically eight orders of magnitude more conductive than the formations around the borehole. Consequently, the high frequency signals which are needed to resolve the formation conductivity distribution in the interwell region cannot be radiated or received by antennas inside the casing. Introduction of small insulating gaps in the casing eliminates these problems by creating ports where signals can exit and enter the casing, making the casing an electric bipole antenna. The gapped casing can be operated in a shorted‐port or open‐port mode. In the shorted‐port mode, the voltage is specified at a source port, and the current is measured at all the remaining shorted ports. In the open‐port mode, the current is specified at a source port, and the voltage is measured at all the remaining open ports. For high‐frequency shorted‐port operation, the effective length of the casing bipole ant.
User Participation in 'Configuring the User' in OSS Development

User participation has been argued to be an integral element of open source software (OSS) development, but it has also been acknowledged that user participation of non-developer users hardly exists. This paper reports findings from an interpretive case study examining nondeveloper user participation in an OSS project. The analysis relies on the social shaping on technology tradition, viewing OSS as texts, their development as writing and OSS texts as ‘configuring their users’. The analysis reveals that users take part in ‘configuring the user’ in OSS development, but there also is a need for help in organizing user participation in a more systematic way. Nevertheless, in a certain sense OSS development enables active and effective user participation, which could be put for trial also in other information systems contexts. The paper also introduces a refined conceptualization of the ‘user’, of her ‘participation’ and of the relationship between technology design and use.
Brain Aneurysms and Arteriovenous Malformations: Advancements and Emerging Treatments in Endovascular Embolization

Background and Purpose— Brain aneurysms and vascular malformations can cause cerebral hemorrhages, with devastating consequences for the patients and their families. Since the development of microcatheters and materials used for endovascular embolization, we have witnessed a rapid advancement in the technology and in the number or patients treated with this approach. The aim of this review is to survey recent data relevant to new technologies and emerging treatment strategies in these areas. Summary of Review— Clinical trials assessing the safety and efficacy of coil embolization for cerebral aneurysms were based on the use of bare platinum, helical coils. Since then, endovascular operators have been testing and using new materials such as bioactive coils, expandable coils, and complex-shaped coils. Based on the data so far obtained, third and fourth generation coil designs are rapidly emerging and will be ready for clinical application in the near future. Balloon- and stent-assisted coil embolization is enabling the treatment of complex, large-neck aneurysms and the vascular reconstruction of lesions previously considered not treatable. New open- and closed-cell designs allow the navigation and deployment of stents in extremely tortuous vessels. With regards to the embolization of vascular malformations, it is possible to safely navigate microcatheters and microwires through very small arteries previously considered not accessible. In addition, embolization materials such as n-butyl cyanoacrylate and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer are now routinely injected to safely reduce or obliterate large and complex arteriovenous malformations and fistulae. Conclusions— Advancements in technology are rapidly improving the endovascular approach to the treatment of cerebral aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations.
Brainbase: A research and data management platform for human EEG

Human beings have a wide range of personalities, proclivities and cognitive capabilities, some of which may be genetically determined, but much of which is shaped by experience. These diverse differences reflect in various ways in the fine scale structure and dynamics of the human brain. It is therefore important to study the human brain in larger sample sizes across diverse human populations. This paper describes v1.0 of BrainBase, a cloud based research platform that enables large scale data management and collaboration for EEG studies with the view of building an open access aggregated database of human EEG at scale. It includes metadata standards for strong experimental controls and cross-dataset comparisons, back-end intelligence to ensure data quality, and the ability to search and compile unique dataset configurations based on keywords. The ease of use of EEG equipment and the framework provided by BrainBase opens opportunities for a wider range of researchers to contribute to human brain science.
Ocean response to volcanic eruptions in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 simulations

We examine the oceanic impact of large tropical volcanic eruptions as they appear in ensembles of historical simulations from eight Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 models. These models show a response that includes lowering of global average sea surface temperature by 0.1–0.3 K, comparable to the observations. They show enhancement of Arctic ice cover in the years following major volcanic eruptions, with long-lived temperature anomalies extending to the middepth and deep ocean on decadal to centennial timescales. Regional ocean responses vary, although there is some consistent hemispheric asymmetry associated with the hemisphere in which the eruption occurs. Temperature decreases and salinity increases contribute to an increase in the density of surface water and an enhancement in the overturning circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean following these eruptions. The strength of this overturning increase varies considerably from model to model and is correlated with the background variability of overturning in each model. Any cause/effect relationship between eruptions and the phase of El Nino is weak.
The interaction of a subducting lithospheric slab with a chemical or phase boundary

We have used a finite element model of time-dependent convection to determine the conditions for penetration of the subducted plate into the lower mantle. A temperature-dependent and non-Newtonian rheology is applied to achieve platelike behavior of the upper and sinking thermal boundary layer of convection. The 650-km discontinuity is taken as either a chemical or phase boundary or as a combination of both. It is represented by a marker chain which effects additional buoyancy when distorted out of its equilibrium position. When the compositional density contrast is greater than about 5%, the descending slab is deflected sidewards at the boundary and two-layer convection prevails. A resulting depression of the boundary in the range of 50–200 km should be detectable with seismic methods. Below 5% density difference the slab plunges several hundred kilometers into the lower mantle, and below 2% it will probably not stop before reaching the core-mantle boundary and extensive mixing would be expected. With a pure phase change a negative Clapeyron slope of about −6 MPa/K (−60 bar/K) is required to establish a type of “leaky” double-layer convection. A more moderate slope can aid a small compositional density difference to prevent slab penetration into the lower mantle. With the present uncertainties about the physical nature of the 650-km discontinuity, a variety of convective styles appears possible on dynamical grounds.
Incidence and clinical features of Clostridium difficile infection in Korea: a nationwide study

SUMMARY The incidence and severity of Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) have increased in Western countries. However, there are limited data regarding the epidemiology of CDI in Eastern countries. This nationwide study was conducted in 17 hospitals to determine temporal trends in CDI incidence (from 2004 to 2008) in South Korea. The total incidence of CDI in Korea was 1·7 cases/1000 adult admissions in 2004, and 2·7/1000 cases in 2008 (P = 0·028). When analysing the clinical features of 1367 CDI patients diagnosed in 2008, oral metronidazole was effective as a first-line treatment for CDI (61·9%). Relapse rate was 8·9% and complicated CDI was only observed in 3·6%. The incidence of CDI increased significantly in Korea from 2004 to 2008. Although the clinical features were milder than in Western countries, the increasing burden of CDI needs ongoing surveillance systems.
IMPLEMENTATION OF OPTIMAL OPERATION USING OFF-LINE COMPUTATIONS

Abstract The computational effort involved in the solution of real-time optimization problems can be very demanding. Hence, simple but effective implementation of optimal policies are attractive. The main idea is to use off-line calculations and analysis to determine the structure and properties of the optimal solution. This will be used to determine alternate representations of the optimal solution that are more suitable for implementation.