Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Oligodendrocytes from human donors differ in resistance to herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV‐1)

Primary cultures of human oligodendrocytes (HOLs) were established from six different donors. Differences in resistance to infection with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV‐1) were determined between the primary cultures of HOL in tissue culture infective dose 50 (TCID50), indirect immunofluoresence (IF), and serial electron microscopy (EM) studies. Virus production at different multiplicities of infection (MOIs) indicated that differences in HSV‐1 replication were statistically significant and MOI‐dependent. Overall, virus yield from the HOL cultures infected at an MOI of 1 increased up to 6 days postinfection (PI); no additional enhancement occurred at 7 days PI. However, differences in the replication capacity of the six HOL cultures observed at 5 days PI persisted at 6 and 7 days PI. When taken together, the results of these investigations indicate that, similar to experimental animals, resistance to HSV‐1 differs between primary cultures of HOL and is donor‐dependent. The results also raise the possibility that similar to experimental animals, resistance to HSV‐1, mediated at the level of HOL, may be genetically determined. Furthermore, permissive infections of primary cultures of HOL were established with HSV‐1 over a wide range of MOIs, similar to results obtained with viral infection of primary murine oligodendrocytes, but neither latent nor abortive infections of HOL were induced in vitro, even at very low MOIs. Resistance to HSV‐1, mediated by glial cells, is a nonimmune mechanism that may influence the development of acute CNS infection in man as well as individual susceptibility to this virus. GLIA 38:87–92, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Model of Cross-Section of Equity Returns and Firm Dynamics

We put forward a general equilibrium model that links the cross-section variation of expected returns to firms’ life cycle dynamics. In the model all assets have the same exposure to short-run consumption risks, but di¤er in their exposure to long-run consumption risks (Bansal and Yaron (2004)). An econometrician who uses conditional CAPM regression to predict asset returns will obtain higher for assets with higher exposure to long-run risks. Growth options have lower exposure to long-run risks than assets in place because the cost of exercising the growth options has high exposure to long-run risks and therefore provides a hedge against the risks of assets place. Small firms have higher exposure to long-run risks because they have higher operating leverage.
Solution for Survey Discrepancies in Washington State Smoking Prevalence

Consistent with the findings of Ramsey et al (1), we found that the Washington State smoking prevalence data from the Adult Tobacco Survey (ATS) were lower than the prevalence data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). In this letter, we discuss how Washington resolved this problem of disparate prevalence estimates and still obtained population-based survey data on many tobacco-related measures.
Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups influence the therapeutic response to riboflavin in migraineurs

Objectives: In migraine, an interictal reduction of mitochondrial energy metabolism and a preventive effect of high-dose riboflavin were reported. To explore the relation between the two, we tested if the therapeutic response to riboflavin is associated with specific mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups. We focused our attention on haplogroup H, which is known to differ from others in terms of energy metabolism. Methods: Sixty-four migraineurs completed a 4-month open trial with riboflavin (400 mg QD) and were genotyped blindly for mtDNA haplogroups. Results: Forty patients responded to riboflavin treatment and 24 were nonresponders. The mtDNA haplogroup H was found in 29 subjects (20 migraine without aura, 9 migraine with aura). Riboflavin responders were more numerous in the non-H group (67.5%). Conversely, nonresponders were mostly H (66.7%). The difference between the two groups was significant (χ2 = 7.07; p = 0.01). The presence of aura had no influence on riboflavin's effectiveness (χ2 = 0.113; p = 0.74) and was not associated with a particular haplogroup (χ2 = 0.55; p = 0.46). Conclusions: In this pharmacogenetic study, riboflavin appears to be more effective in patients with migraine with non-H mitochondrial DNA haplotypes. The underlying mechanisms are unknown, but could be related to the association of haplogroup H with increased activity in complex I, which is a major target for riboflavin. Our results may have ethnic implications, since haplogroup H is chiefly found in the European population.
A Framework for User Control on Stylised Animation of Gaseous Phenomena

Abstract We present a novel approach to create stylisedanimations of gaseous phenomena. Existingcomputer-assisted systems employ computationalphysics-based approaches which generate 3Deffects. Unfortunately, these effects usually don’tlook like traditional animation, nor can the userfreely design the behaviour of the animation.Our approach combines beneﬁts from existing2D and 3D approaches integrating them in anunusual but effective way. Extending the appli-cation of particle systems, the particle paths varyboth with time and with the 3D viewing direction.Rendering features such as smoothly varyingcommon outlines and speedlines help to preservethe animator’s artistic style. The incorporationinto a structured 2D modelling and animationenvironment enables a stylised animation exhibit-ing a convincing frame-to-frame coherence andallows 3D camera movement without aliasingartefacts.The provided solution demonstrates how ananimator can remain in full control of a stylisedprocess for effects animation and how oneframework is suitable for a wide range of effects.Keywords: gaseous phenomena, stylisedanimation, computer-assisted animation, non-photorealistic rendering, particle systems
A multi-objective service selection algorithm for service composition

Service composition is an efficient way to implement a service of complex business process. In service composition, service selection considering multiple QoS objectives is a challenge. Existing methods mainly utilize fitness function or constraint technique to convert multiple objectives service composition problems to single objective ones. These methods take effect with priori knowledge of problem's solution space. Besides, only one solution can be obtained in each execution of one existing method. Users can hardly acquire evenly distributed solutions with acceptable computation cost. In this paper, we propose a lightweight particle swarm optimization service selection algorithm using approximate distance and external archive mechanisms. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is more effective and efficient than the compared algorithm for multi-objective service composition problems.
A study of e‐mail patterns

Although electronic mail is an increasingly important service, there are few empirical studies of e‐mail traffic. We have observed over 2.85 million messages passing through our departmental servers over the course of seven months, and derived distributions that approximate several important e‐mail parameters including message sizes, message senders and receivers and the burstiness of message deliveries. Our work is unique in that we also analyse message payloads: attachment content types, e‐mail redundancy, and the use of e‐mail as a sharing mechanism. These data can be used in developing e‐mail workloads for mail system engineering or benchmarking. To this end, we provide an improved version of Postmark, a small‐file Internet benchmark, that better approximates mail server characteristics. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The institutionalisation of islam in the netherlands and in the uk: The case of islamic schools

Abstract This article compares the institutionalisation of Islam in The Netherlands and in the UK by considering the establishment of state‐funded Islamic schools. State‐funded Islamic schools exist in The Netherlands, while in the UK such schools have so far been opposed. The article focuses on the political decision‐making process at both the national and local level in each country. In particular, it examines the ideological construction of ‘Muslims’ embedded in the debates engendered by this decision making process. In our analysis of the debates over the establishment of two particular Islamic schools in Brent and Utrecht we stress the contested nature of the term ‘integration,’ the interpretation of which has been central to the debate. We conclude that despite differences in enabling legislation in the two countries there are many similarities in the ways in which Islamic schools are often opposed at the level of local decision making.
Planning Skills and Negotiator Goal Accomplishment

Scholars recognize that planning is an essential part of negotiation, but research provides limited insight into the nature of effective negotiation planning. This research is focused on the skills necessary for effective negotiation planning. It is argued that the information processing tendencies of high self-monitors make them particularly adept at planning for negotiations. The authors extend existing work in planning by relating self-monitoring to plan generation, plan enactment, and plan consequences. Results indicate that self-monitoring is related to prenegotiation goal commitment, planning of impression management strategies, planning of integrative tactics, and plan complexity. During negotiations, high self-monitors are more likely to engage in argumentation. However, they are not especially inclined to engage in more information seeking or rapport building. High self-monitors are better able to accomplish negotiation goals, and this appears to be the result of their superior planning skills. Results have implications for plan-based theorizing and for practicing negotiators.
Open Access Research Article Transcriptome Analyses of Mouse and Human Mammary Cell Subpopulations Reveal Multiple Conserved Genes and Pathways

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons At-tribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Introduction: Molecular characterization of the normal epithelial cell types that reside in the mammary gland is an important step toward understanding pathways that regulate self-renewal, lineage commitment, and differentiation along the hierarchy. Here we determined the gene expression signatures of four distinct subpopulations isolated from the mouse mammary gland. The epithelial cell signatures were used to interrogate mouse models of mammary tumorigenesis and to compare with their normal human counterpart subsets to identify conserved genes and networks. Methods: RNA was prepared from freshly sorted mouse mammary cell subpopulations (mammary stem cell (MaSC)-enriched, committed luminal progenitor, mature luminal and stromal cell) and used for gene expression profiling analysis on the Illumina platform. Gene signatures were derived and compared with those previously reported for the analogous normal human mammary cell subpopulations. The mouse and human epithelial subset signatures were then subjected to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) to identify conserved pathways. Results: The four mouse mammary cell subpopulations exhibited distinct gene signatures. Comparison of these signatures with the molecular profiles of different mouse models of mammary tumorigenesis revealed that tumors arising in MMTV-Wnt-1 and p53-/-mice were enriched for MaSC-subset genes, whereas the gene profiles of MMTV-Neu and MMTV-PyMT tumors were most concordant with the luminal progenitor cell signature. Comparison of the mouse mammary epithelial cell signatures with their human counterparts revealed substantial conservation of genes, whereas IPA highlighted a number of conserved pathways in the three epithelial subsets. Conclusions: The conservation of genes and pathways across species further validates the use of the mouse as a model to study mammary gland development and highlights pathways that are likely to govern cell-fate decisions and differentiation. It is noteworthy that many of the conserved genes in the MaSC population have been considered as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signature genes. Therefore, the expression of these genes in tumor cells may reflect basal epithelial cell characteristics and not necessarily cells that have undergone an EMT. Comparative analyses of normal mouse epithelial subsets with murine tumor models have implicated distinct cell types in contributing to tumorigenesis in the different models. Introduction The mammary gland comprises a ductal epithelial network embedded in a stromal matrix. The ducts are composed of an inner layer of luminal …
Target-controlled drug delivery: progress toward an intravenous "vaporizer" and automated anesthetic administration.

CURRENTLY, anesthesiologists routinely use a variety of sophisticated devices for the delivery of IV drugs. The gravity-driven infusion systems in widespread use just a few years ago are primitive compared with the convenience, accuracy, and precision provided by today’s calculator pumps. However, although modern infusion systems are remarkably advanced, they still fall short of the convenience and theoretical appeal associated with the delivery of inhaled anesthetics by an agent-specific vaporizer. Emulation of the clinical convenience and pharmacokinetic-dynamic control provided by vaporizers is perhaps the ultimate goal in the development of infusion devices for IV anesthetics. The aim of this brief review is to contrast IV versus inhaled anesthetic delivery systems, develop the concept of the computer-controlled infusion pump as an “intravenous vaporizer,” and survey the current state of the art in computer-controlled IV drug delivery.
Thomas Nast and the Public School of the 1870s

In the decade and a half after the Civil War, the American public school rose and fell as a central issue in national and state politics. After a relative calm on matters of education during and immediately after the War, the Republican Party and Catholic Church leaders in the late 1860s and early 1870s joined a bitter battle of words over the future of public education—who should control it, how should it be financed, and what should it teach about religion. These battles often reflected very different world views. Leading Protestant ministers and Republican politicians waved the threat of a rising antidemocratic “Catholic menace” as the new bloody shirt and championed their own educational ideal as a remedy—religiously neutral, ethnically and racially inclusive common schools. While Democrats tended to downplay school issues, Catholic Church leaders countered with their own screed: common schools were hardly common, embodying either inherently Protestant notions of religion or the atheism of no true religious creed at all. New York City became the epicenter of these cataclysmic debates, and the brilliant cartoonist Thomas Nast immortalized the Radical Republican side of the issue in the pages of Harper's Weekly.
Polymeric Nanoparticles for Nonviral Gene Therapy Extend Brain Tumor Survival in Vivo

Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles have the potential to be safer alternatives to viruses for gene delivery; however, their use has been limited by poor efficacy in vivo. In this work, we synthesize and characterize polymeric gene delivery nanoparticles and evaluate their efficacy for DNA delivery of herpes simplex virus type I thymidine kinase (HSVtk) combined with the prodrug ganciclovir (GCV) in a malignant glioma model. We investigated polymer structure for gene delivery in two rat glioma cell lines, 9L and F98, to discover nanoparticle formulations more effective than the leading commercial reagent Lipofectamine 2000. The lead polymer structure, poly(1,4-butanediol diacrylate-co-4-amino-1-butanol) end-modified with 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4-methylpiperazine, is a poly(β-amino ester) (PBAE) and formed nanoparticles with HSVtk DNA that were 138 ± 4 nm in size and 13 ± 1 mV in zeta potential. These nanoparticles containing HSVtk DNA showed 100% cancer cell killing in vitro in the two glioma cell lines when combined with GCV exposure, while control nanoparticles encoding GFP maintained robust cell viability. For in vivo evaluation, tumor-bearing rats were treated with PBAE/HSVtk infusion via convection-enhanced delivery (CED) in combination with systemic administration of GCV. These treated animals showed a significant benefit in survival (p = 0.0012 vs control). Moreover, following a single CED infusion, labeled PBAE nanoparticles spread completely throughout the tumor. This study highlights a nanomedicine approach that is highly promising for the treatment of malignant glioma.
Incidence and risk factors of falls among the elderly in the District of Colombo.

OBJECTIVES To assess the incidence and risk factors of falls among the elderly in the District of Colombo. METHODS Incidence of falls was assessed by a community based descriptive study with prospective follow up. Risk factors for falls were assessed by a nested case control study. Participants above 65 years residing in 40 Grama Niladhari Divisions in the Colombo district (n=1200) were assessed for falls and followed up for four months. Those who had falls were selected as cases (n=151), while two controls per case were selected from others. MEASUREMENTS Tests for gait problems, disability, cognitive impairment and vision. RESULTS The incidence rate of falls was 492 per 1000 person years (95% CI 448-536). Risk factors for falls identified in the multivariate analysis were falls in the previous year (OR 4.67), high disability level (OR 2.04) and high house risk level (OR 1.68). CONCLUSIONS The high incidence of falls among the elderly reported in this study and the preventable risk factors identify / indicate the necessity and feasibility of their prevention.
Violence against metropolitan bus drivers and fare collectors in Brazil

OBJECTIVE To analyze the correlation between sociodemographic factors and working conditions of bus workers in a metropolitan area and violence against them. METHODS This cross-sectional study used a nonprobabilistic sample estimated according to the number of workers employed in bus companies located in three cities in the Belo Horizonte metropolitan region in 2012 (N = 17,470). Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a digital questionnaire. The factors associated with violence were analyzed in two stages using Poisson regression, according to each level. The magnitude of the association was evaluated using prevalence ratios with robust variance and a statistical significance of 5%, and 95% confidence intervals were obtained. RESULTS The study sample comprised 782 drivers and 691 fare collectors; 45.0% participants reported at least one act of violence in the workplace in the last 12 months, with passengers being predominantly responsible. The age of the bus workers was inversely associated with violence. Chronic diseases, sickness absenteeism, and working conditions were also associated with violence. CONCLUSIONS The findings on the correlation between violence and working conditions are essential for implementing prevention strategies by transportation service managers.
Event-based classification of social media streams

Events play a prominent role in our lives, such that many social media documents describe or are related to some event. Organizing social media documents with respect to events thus seems a promising approach to better manage and organize the ever-increasing amount of content in social media applications. A challenge is to automatize this process so that incoming documents can be assigned to their corresponding event without any user intervention. We present a system that is able to classify a stream of social media data into a growing and evolving set of events. By doing this, we successfully address two key problems that arise in this context: i) scaling to the data sizes and rates encountered in social media applications, and ii) tackling the new event detection problem, i.e. the problem of determining whether an incoming data item belongs to a new or a known event. We successfully address these problems by i) including a candidate retrieval step that retrieves a set of event candidates that the incoming data point is likely to belong to and ii) by including a function trained using machine learning techniques to determine whether the incoming data item belongs to the top scoring candidate or rather to a new event. We show that our system addresses the above mentioned challenging issues successfully and that it outperforms other state-of-the-art approaches in terms of quality and scalability.
Individualistic and Collectivistic Perspectives on Gender and the Cultural Context of Love and Intimacy

Individualism and collectivism help explain culture-related differences in romantic love and in the importance of emotional intimacy in marriage. Three propositions are suggested: (a) Romantic love is more likely to be an important basis for marriage in individualistic than in collectivistic societies; (b) psychological intimacy in marriage is more important for marital satisfaction and personal well-being in individualistic than in collectivistic societies; and (c) although individualism fosters the valuing of romantic love, certain aspects of individualism at the psychological level make developing intimacy problematic. Evidence pertaining to these propositions is considered based on conceptual and empirical accounts of romantic love and psychological intimacy in marriage in two individualistic societies (Canada and the United States) and three collectivistic societies (China, India, and Japan). In addition, we suggest that consideration of individualism and collectivism as these constructs pertain to gender provides a framework for interpreting gender differences in the reported experience of love and intimacy in North American society.
A Survey on Regression Test Selection Techniques on Aspect-Oriented Programming

An aspect oriented programming is gaining a lot of popularity these days, there is a growing interest because of crosscutting concerns in object oriented systems. When the aspect oriented features are added into object oriented features the new program needs to be regression tested, and, to reduce the cost, Selection technique is used which eliminates the redundant test cases and thus makes them cost effective. Unfortunately the already existing approaches of object oriented programming does not work out for aspect oriented programming because of the following new features of aspects such as join points ,crosscutting concerns ,aspect weaving, etc. Therefore, this paper proposes the techniques used for object oriented programs and for aspect oriented programming.