Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Linux Symposium 2005 State of the Art : Where we are with the ext 3 filesystem

The ext2 and ext3 filesystems on Linux R © are used by a very large number of users. This is due to its reputation of dependability, robustness, backwards and forwards compatibility, rather than that of being the state of the art in filesystem technology. Over the last few years, however, there has been a significant amount of development effort towards making ext3 an outstanding filesystem, while retaining these crucial advantages. In this paper, we discuss those features that have been accepted in the mainline Linux 2.6 kernel, including directory indexing, block reservation, and online resizing. We also discuss those features that have been implemented but are yet to be incorporated into the mainline kernel: extent maps, delayed allocation, and multiple block allocation. We will then examine the performance improvements from Linux 2.4 ext3 filesystem to Linux 2.6 ext3 filesystem using industrystandard benchmarks features. Finally, we will touch upon some potential future work which is still under discussion by the ext2/3 developers.
Improving Dynamic Partial Order Reductions for Concolic Testing

Testing multi-threaded programs is hard due to the state explosion problem arising from the different interleavings of concurrent operations. The dynamic partial order reduction (DPOR) algorithm by Flanagan and Godefroid is one solution to reducing this problem. We present a modification to this algorithm that allows it to exploit the commutativity of read operations and provide further reduction. To enable testing of multi-threaded programs that also take input we show that it is possible to combine DPOR with concolic testing. We have implemented our modified DPOR algorithm in the LCT concolic testing tool. We have also implemented the sleep set algorithm, which can be used along with DPOR to provide further reduction. As the LCT tool was designed for distributed use we have modified the sleep set algorithm for use in a distributed testing client-server setting.
Cognitive Intervention in Alzheimer Disease: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study

The efficacy of a cognitive intervention consisting of training in face-name associations, spaced retrieval, and cognitive stimulation was tested in a sample of 37 patients (16 men, 21 women) with probable Alzheimer disease (AD). Patients with AD were randomly assigned to receive either the cognitive intervention or a mock (placebo) intervention for 5 weeks. The placebo group then crossed over to receive the intervention. During the intervention, AD patients showed significant improvement in recall of personal information, face-name recall, and performance on the Verbal Series Attention Test. Improvement did not generalize to additional neuropsychologic measures of dementia severity, verbal memory, visual memory, word generation, or motor speed, or to caregiver-assessed patient quality of life. Results suggest that although face-name training, spaced retrieval, and cognitive stimulation may produce small gains in learning personal information and on a measure of attention, improvement does not generalize to overall neuropsychologic functioning or patient quality of life.
Decomposition and Approximation of Loopy Bayesian Networks

This paper proposes a new method, conditional probability table CPT decomposition, to analyze the independent and deterministic components of CPT. This method can be used to approximate and analyze Baysian networks. The decomposition of Bayesian networks is accomplished by representing CPTs as a linear combination of extreme CPTs, which forms a new framework to conduct inference. Based on this new framework, inference in Bayesian networks can be done by decomposing them into less connected and weighted subnetworks. We can achieve exact inference if the original network is decomposed into singly-connected subnetworks. Besides, approximate inference can be done by discarding the subnetworks with small weights or by a partial decomposition and application of belief propagation BP on the still multiply-connected subnetworks. Experiments show that the decomposition-based approximation outperforms BP in most cases.
TAPPS Release 1: Plugin-Extensible Platform for Technical Analysis and Applied Statistics

We present the first release of TAPPS (Technical Analysis and Applied Statistics System); a Python implementation of a thin software platform aimed towards technical analyses and applied statistics. The core of TAPPS is a container for 2-dimensional data frame objects and a TAPPS command language. TAPPS language is not meant to be a programming language for script and plugin development but for the operational purposes. In this aspect, TAPPS language takes on the flavor of SQL rather than R, resulting in a shallower learning curve. All analytical functions are implemented as plugins. This results in a defined plugin system, which enables rapid development and incorporation of analysis functions. TAPPS Release 1 is released under GNU General Public License 3 for academic and non-commercial use. TAPPS code repository can be found at http://github.com/mauriceling/tapps.
Suppression of Current Quantization Effects for Precise Current Control of SPMSM Using Dithering Techniques and Kalman Filter

High-precision current control is demanded for many mechatronic systems to improve the static and dynamic performances. However, current measurement error inherent in the measurement system degrade the control accuracy, since the motor currents are not guaranteed to follow the desired references. In this paper, quantization error caused by analog-to-digital converters is studied. The dithering techniques combined with Kalman filter are proposed to suppress the quantization effects. First, two dithered systems, including the subtractively dithered and nonsubtractively dithered systems, are designed to whiten the quantization error. In the design of nonsubtractively dithered system, the probability characteristic of the metering noise is utilized to minimize the measurement noise level. Then, Kalman filter is designed to estimate the real current signals from the dithered current measurements. Since the variance of the total measurement error is theoretically calculable according to the proposed dithering techniques, Kalman gain can be determined analytically. Finally, simulations and experiments are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approaches using a high-precision positioning system.
Preliminary Experiments in Real Time Distributed Robot Control

We investigate the computational needs of advanced real-time robot control. First, sampling rate issues in the control of nonlinear systems are discussed. Second, a representative nonlinear robot control algorithm using an explicit robot dynamical model is derived. Some typical terms of the exact equations are given for two industrial robot arms. Third, we define some performance criteria of interest in realtime control. Finally, we compare a variety of implementations of the above control algorithm on a network of INMOS Transputers. Comments Accepted for Proceedings of the 1988 North American Transputer Users Group Meeting, October 1988. NOTE: At the time of publication, author Daniel Koditschek was affiliated with Yale University. Currently, he is a faculty member in the Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania. This conference paper is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn. edu/ese_papers/415 Preliminary Experiments in Real Time Distributed Robot Control. 1 Preprint of a Paper to Appear in the Proceedings of the 1988 North American Transputer Users Group Meeting New York, New York October, 1988 Center for Systems Science Yale University, Department of Electrical Engineering Louis L. Whitcomb, Martin Buhler, Daniel E. Koditschek
A Two-Layer Local Constrained Sparse Coding Method for Fine-Grained Visual Categorization

Fine-grained categories are more difficulty distinguished than generic categories due to the similarity of inter-class and the diversity of intra-class. Therefore, the fine-grained visual categorization (FGVC) is considered as one of challenge problems in computer vision recently. A new feature learning framework, which is based on a two-layer local constrained sparse coding architecture, is proposed in this paper. The two-layer architecture is introduced for learning intermediate-level features, and the local constrained term is applied to guarantee the local smooth of coding coefficients. For extracting more discriminative information, local orientation histograms are the input of sparse coding instead of raw pixels. Moreover, a quick dictionary updating process is derived to further improve the training speed. Two experimental results show that our method achieves 85.29% accuracy on the Oxford 102 flowers dataset and 67.8% accuracy on the CUB-200-2011 bird dataset, and the performance of our framework is highly competitive with existing literatures.
A Comparative Analysis of Constitutive Promoters Located in Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors

The properties of constitutive promoters within adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors have not yet been fully characterized. In this study, AAV vectors, in which enhanced GFP expression was directed by one of the six constitutive promoters (human β-actin, human elongation factor-1α, chicken β-actin combined with cytomegalovirus early enhancer, cytomegalovirus (CMV), simian virus 40, and herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase), were constructed and introduced into the HCT116, DLD-1, HT-1080, and MCF-10A cell lines. Quantification of GFP signals in infected cells demonstrated that the CMV promoter produced the highest GFP expression in the six promoters and maintained relatively high GFP expression for up to eight weeks after infection of HCT116, DLD-1, and HT-1080. Exogenous human CDKN2A gene expression was also introduced into DLD-1 and MCF-10A in a similar pattern by using AAV vectors bearing the human β-actin and the CMV promoters. The six constitutive promoters were subsequently placed upstream of the neomycin resistance gene within AAV vectors, and HCT116, DLD-1, and HT-1080 were infected with the resulting vectors. Of the six promoters, the CMV promoter produced the largest number of G418-resistant colonies in all three cell lines. Because AAV vectors have been frequently used as a platform to construct targeting vectors that permit gene editing in human cell lines, we lastly infected the three cell lines with AAV-based targeting vectors against the human PIGA gene in which one of the six promoters regulate the neomycin resistance gene. This assay revealed that the CMV promoter led to the lowest PIGA gene targeting efficiency in the investigated promoters. These results provide a clue to the identification of constitutive promoters suitable to express exogenous genes with AAV vectors, as well as those helpful to conduct efficient gene targeting using AAV-based targeting vectors in human cell lines.
Which warnings should I fix first?

Automatic bug-finding tools have a high false positive rate: most warnings do not indicate real bugs. Usually bug-finding tools assign important warnings high priority. However, the prioritization of tools tends to be ineffective. We observed the warnings output by three bug-finding tools, FindBugs, JLint, and PMD, for three subject programs, Columba, Lucene, and Scarab. Only 6%, 9%, and 9% of warnings are removed by bug fix changes during 1 to 4 years of the software development. About 90% of warnings remain in the program or are removed during non-fix changes -- likely false positive warnings. The tools' warning prioritization is little help in focusing on important warnings: the maximum possible precision by selecting high-priority warning instances is only 3%, 12%, and 8% respectively. In this paper, we propose a history-based warning prioritization algorithm by mining warning fix experience that is recorded in the software change history. The underlying intuition is that if warnings from a category are eliminated by fix-changes, the warnings are important. Our prioritization algorithm improves warning precision to 17%, 25%, and 67% respectively.
Tests of Multivariate Independence: A Critical Analysis of "A Monte Carlo Study of Testing the Significance of Correlation Matrices" by Silver and Dunlap

Silver and Dunlap (1989) reviewed several tests for the hypothesis of multivariate independence, and, on the basis of Monte Carlo results, recommended a procedure by Brien, Venables, and Mayo (1984) as providing best overall performance. More recently (Silver and Dunlap, 1990), they have distributed computer software implementing this recommendation. In this paper, the writers demonstrate that Brien et al.'s test is not a proper test for multivariate independence, and propose a revised appraisal of the Silver and Dunlap (1989) results.
Doing “Diversity” at Dynamic High: Problems and Possibilities of Multicultural Education in Practice

In this article, I examine how students, teachers and staff understood and addressed cultural difference at an urban, public high school in the United States. My research reveals that the school’s multicultural practices contradictorily sustained and exacerbated problems and made teachers resistant to multicultural education. Simultaneously, my research elucidates the ways in which pedagogy that focuses on tensions and conflicts that arise from cultural differences offer important possibilities for multicultural education.
Movement-Related Cortical Potentials Allow Discrimination of Rate of Torque Development in Imaginary Isometric Plantar Flexion

The aim of this study was to discriminate on a single-trial basis the cortical activity associated to two rates of torque development (RTDs) in imaginary isometric plantar flexions. Electroencephalographic (EEG), electrooculographic (EOG), and electromyographic (EMG) signals were recorded while ten healthy subjects imagined right-sided isometric ankle plantar-flexion tasks at moderate [from 0% to 60% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) in 4 s] and ballistic (from 0% to 60% MVC as fast as possible) RTDs. The EEG signals were classified using feature extraction based on the marginal distribution of a discrete wavelet transform with optimization of the mother wavelet. The classifier was based on support vector machines (SVMs). Minimum misclassification rate for the best case was 8.3%. Average minimum misclassification rate over the ten subjects was (17.4 plusmn 8.4)%. The two RTDs could be best differentiated from channel C4 on average. In conclusion, different RTDs could be differentiated in imaginary isometric plantar-flexion by only using cortical potentials recorded with surface EEG. This result constitutes the first step for the development of a new type of brain-computer interfaces that rely on kinetic parameters of a single limb rather than movements of opposite limbs.
Causal Attributions in Individuals With Suspected Lung Cancer: Relationships to Illness Coherence and Emotional Responses

Causal-attribution theory focuses on the human need to understand, give meaning to, and ascribe causation to unexpected and unfortunate life events. The aim of the current study was to examine causal attributions among men and women newly diagnosed with suspected lung cancer and to determine the relationships between causal attributions, perceptions of illness coherence, and emotional responses to the illness before and following surgery. Causal attributions were measured by the 16-item Cause scale of the Illness Perception Questionnaire—Revised (IPQ-R). The 42 participants ranged in age from 37 to 83 years and had a broad educational background. Findings demonstrated that individual perceptions of cause were multifactorial, and the most commonly cited cause was personal smoking behaviors. The study suggests that although participants largely viewed themselves as at least somewhat responsible for their illness, in general, they assumed smoking behaviors were contributory in the context of several competing hypotheses. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc, 2007; 13(2), 109-115.
Image Fusion Technique for Impulse Noise Removal in Digital Images Using Empirical Mode Decomposition

This paper introduces the concept of image fusion technique for impulse noise reduction in digital images. Image fusion is the process of combining two or more images into a single image while retaining the important features of each image. Multiple image fusion is an important technique used in military, remote sensing and medical applications. The images captured by two different sensors undergo filtering using vector median or spatial median filter based on the noise density in the image. The filtered images are fused into a single image, which combines the uncorrupted pixels from each one of the filtered image. The fusion algorithm is based on Bidimensional Empirical Mode Decomposition (BEMD), which decomposes an image into residue and IMF components. Different fusion rules are used to combine IMFs and Residual components. Finally, the image is recovered using inverse BEMD. The performance evaluation of the fusion algorithm is evaluated using structural similarity index (SSIM) between original and fused image. Experimental results show that this fusion algorithm produce a high quality image than individually filtered image.
CD8 memory, immunodominance, and antigenic escape

Previous theoretical work has suggested that efficient virus control or clearance requires antigen‐independent persistence of memory cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors (CTLp), and that failure to generate such memory CTLp can result in persistent infection and eventual loss of virus control. Here we use mathematical models to investigate the relationship between virus control, the clonal composition of the CTL response and the chance of the virus to evolve antigenic escape. In the presence of efficient memory CTLp, virus is controlled at very low levels by a broad CTL response directed against multiple epitopes. In this case, antigenic escape of the virus population is expected to take a very long time. On the other hand, if the CTL response is short lived in the absence of antigen, virus replicates at higher levels and is only opposed by a narrow CTL response, characterized by an immunodominant CTL clone. In this case, antigenic escape is expected to evolve in a short period of time, resulting in progressive loss of virus control. We discuss our findings in relation to data from HIV‐1‐infected patients.
Guide shapes for high resolution naturalistic liquid simulation

Art direction of high resolution naturalistic liquid simulations is notoriously hard, due to both the chaotic nature of the physics and the computational resources required. Resimulating a scene at higher resolution often produces very different results, and is too expensive to allow many design cycles. We present a method of constraining or guiding a high resolution liquid simulation to stay close to a finalized low resolution version (either simulated or directly animated), restricting the solve to a thin outer shell of liquid around a guide shape. Our method is generally faster than an unconstrained simulation and can be integrated with a standard fluid simulator. We demonstrate several applications, with both simulated and hand-animated inputs.
Precision Dilution in Triangulation Based Mobile Robot Position Estimation

When navigating from landmarks, the numerical computation of the differential behavior of the mapping from measurements to states is well understood. This paper seeks to develop tools to foster an intuitive grasp of the spatial variation in the differential behavior of this mapping. Graphical methods are adapted from marine navigation in order to introduce the issues in low dimensional cases. The implicit function theorem and the pseudoinverse are then used in the general case to derive a quantity analogous to the geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) as it is used in satellite based guidance. An explicit expression is obtained for the conditioning of the triangulation computation as a function of position. This expression also directly provides the conditions under which the computation becomes singular. The application to a few common cases is illustrated.
Metal homoepitaxial growth at very low temperatures: Lattice-gas models with restricted downward funneling

We develop and analyze 1+1- and 2+1-dimensional (d) models for multilayer homoepitaxial growth of metal films at low temperatures (T), where intralayer terrace diffusion is inoperative. This work is motivated by recent variable-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy studies of Ag/Ag(100) homoepitaxy down to 50 K. Adsorption sites are bridge sites in our 1+1d models, and fourfold hollow sites in our 2+1d models for fcc(100) or bcc(100) surfaces. For growth at 0 K, we introduce a 'restricted downward funneling' model, wherein deposited atoms can be trapped on the sides of steep nanoprotrusions rather than always funneling down to lower adsorption sites. This leads to the formation of overhangs and internal defects (or voids), and associated 'rough' growth. Upon increasing T, we propose that a series of interlayer diffusion processes become operative, with activation barriers below that for terrace diffusion. This leads to 'smooth' growth of the film for higher T (but still within the regime where terrace diffusion is absent), similar to that observed in models incorporating 'complete downward funneling. '
Culture and Housing Preferences in a Developing City

This article aims to ground the relations between culture and housing preferences in a developing city with empirical analysis. Based on Amos Rapoport’s framework, this study dismantles the term “culture” into different components and tests their significance as predictors of housing preferences in Gaza City. Based on 1,269 face-to-face interviews with adults in the city, this study concludes that housing preferences in Gaza are determined by components of culture, mainly those related to issues of gender, politics, religion, kinship, and social relations. The findings revealed that among cultural components, kinship relations and attitudes toward women are likely to be crucial for individual Palestinians seeking new housing. The present study is an attempt to move beyond the grand concept of culture to consider its components and to apply this framework to different cultures.