Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Anxiety on Human After‐Discharges: A Psychosomatic Study of After‐Contraction

' I 'HE central nervous system has the capacity to •*after-discharge. This property of neuronal activity has been the subject of extensive experimental investigation in animals and many of its characteristics elucidated. In humans, however, it has received little attention since it is difficult to measure and does not manifest itself in the routine clinical investigation of tonus, reflexes, sensation, cerebellar function, etc. We have found the phenomenon of After-Contraction to be a useful technique for such a study. It is our purpose to describe our studies in humans, in which the phenomenon of After-Contraction has been studied from physiologic, pharmacologic, neurologic, psychiatric, and psychoanalytic points of view. Our studies indicate that many psycho-physiologic correlations are possible with the use of this new technic. After-Contraction was a well-known parlor trick long before it was described by Salmon (32) and Kohnstamm (18). This phenomenon represents an after-discharge from the human nervous system which may be elicited when any set of muscles are voluntarily kept in action against resistance for a period of time. Thus when the extended leg is pushed vigorously against a table, and the subject then relaxes and steps away from the restraining object, there usually follows an involuntary repetition of the originally intended movement, associated with a feeling of lightness or floating upward of the part. In a similar fashion, if one stands against a wall and forcefully pushes the hand of the stiffly extended arm against it, then relaxes the contracting muscle group and steps away, the arm slowly rises to a horizontal position. The subject who is performing this experiment for the first time, in complete ignorance of the expected result, is usually surprised at this involuntary contraction of his muscles and, if the eyes are shut, frequently expresses the opinion that his limb is being forced up by the experimenter.
Music as a mediator between ethnicity and substance use among college students

ABSTRACT The current study examined the relationship between substance use references contained in music lyrics and videos and the attitudes and behaviors regarding substance use of White non-Hispanic, African American, and Hispanic emerging adults from a cultivation and social norms framework by assessing 425 male and female college students. It was hypothesized that there would be ethnic variations in perceived harm from substance use and reported recent substance use and that exposure to substance use references contained in music could mediate this relationship. Results confirmed ethnic differences in perceived risk associated with substance use as well as reported substance use with White non-Hispanic college students reporting the least perceived risk and the most substance use. African American college students reported the most perceived risk associated with substance use and the least amount of reported substance use. Results of the Test of Joint Significance confirmed the mediational model in that participant ethnicity was associated with exposure to substance use references in music lyrics and music videos. Substance use references in music lyrics, then, was able to predict actual reported substance use of participants but not perceived risk associated with substance use.
Planning with Pixels in (Almost) Real Time

Recently, width-based planning methods have been shown to yield state-of-the-art results in the Atari 2600 video games. For this, the states were associated with the (RAM) memory states of the simulator. In this work, we consider the same planning problem but using the screen instead. By using the same visual inputs, the planning results can be compared with those of humans and learning methods. We show that the planning approach, out of the box and without training, results in scores that compare well with those obtained by humans and learning methods, and moreover, by developing an episodic, rollout version of the IW(k) algorithm, we show that such scores can be obtained in almost real time.
Application of Rho Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Corneal Endothelial Diseases

ROCK (Rho kinase) signaling regulates a wide spectrum of fundamental cellular events and is involved in a variety of pathological conditions. It has therefore attracted research interest as a potential therapeutic target for combating various diseases. We showed that inhibition of ROCK enhances cell proliferation, promotes cell adhesion onto a substrate, and suppresses apoptosis of corneal endothelial cells (CECs). In addition, we reported that a ROCK inhibitor enhances wound healing in the corneal endothelium in animal models and in pilot clinical research. We also demonstrated the usefulness of a ROCK inhibitor as an adjunct drug in tissue engineering therapy as it enhances the engraftment of CECs onto recipient corneas. In 2013, we initiated a clinical trial to test the effectiveness of injection of cultured human CECs into the anterior chamber of patients with corneal endothelial decompensation. This paper reviews the accumulating evidence supporting the potency of ROCK inhibitors in clinical use, both as eye drops and as adjunct drugs in cell-based therapies, for the treatment of corneal endothelial decompensation.
Channel and delay estimation for base-station–based cooperative communications in frequency-selective fading channels

A channel and delay estimation algorithm for both positive and negative delay, based on the distributed Alamouti scheme, has been recently discussed for base-station–based asynchronous cooperative systems in frequency-flat fading channels. This paper extends the algorithm, the maximum likelihood estimator, to work in frequency-selective fading channels. The minimum mean square error (MMSE) performance of channel estimation for both packet schemes and normal schemes is discussed in this paper. The symbol error rate (SER) performance of equalisation and detection for both time-reversal space-time block code (STBC) and single-carrier STBC is also discussed in this paper. The MMSE simulation results demonstrated the superior performance of the packet scheme over the normal scheme with an improvement in performance of up to 6 dB when feedback was used in the frequency-selective channel at a MSE of 3 x 10 –2 . The SER simulation results showed that, although both the normal and packet schemes achieved similar diversity orders, the packet scheme demonstrated a 1 dB coding gain over the normal scheme at a SER of 10 –5 . Finally, the SER simulations showed that the frequency-selective fading system outperformed the frequency-flat fading system.
Exploring on the Sensitivity Changes of the LC Resonance Magnetic Sensors Affected by Superposed Ringing Signals

LC resonance magnetic sensors are widely used in low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) and surface nuclear magnetic resonance (SNMR) due to their high sensitivity, low cost and simple design. In magnetically shielded rooms, LC resonance magnetic sensors can exhibit sensitivities at the fT/√Hz level in the kHz range. However, since the equivalent magnetic field noise of this type of sensor is greatly affected by the environment, weak signals are often submerged in practical applications, resulting in relatively low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). To determine why noise increases in unshielded environments, we analysed the noise levels of an LC resonance magnetic sensor (L ≠ 0) and a Hall sensor (L ≈ 0) in different environments. The experiments and simulations indicated that the superposed ringing of the LC resonance magnetic sensors led to the observed increase in white noise level caused by environmental interference. Nevertheless, ringing is an inherent characteristic of LC resonance magnetic sensors. It cannot be eliminated when environmental interference exists. In response to this problem, we proposed a method that uses matching resistors with various values to adjust the quality factor Q of the LC resonance magnetic sensor in different measurement environments to obtain the best sensitivity. The LF-NMR experiment in the laboratory showed that the SNR is improved significantly when the LC resonance magnetic sensor with the best sensitivity is selected for signal acquisition in the light of the test environment. (When the matching resistance is 10 kΩ, the SNR is 3.46 times that of 510 Ω). This study improves LC resonance magnetic sensors for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) detection in a variety of environments.
Truncated ErbB2 Expressed in Tumor Cell Nuclei Contributes to Acquired Therapeutic Resistance to ErbB2 Kinase Inhibitors

ErbB2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) block tyrosine autophosphorylation and activation of the full-length transmembrane ErbB2 receptor (p185ErbB2). In addition to p185ErbB2, truncated forms of ErbB2 exist in breast cancer cell lines and clinical tumors. The contribution of these truncated forms, specifically those expressed in tumor cell nuclei, to the development of therapeutic resistance to ErbB2 TKIs has not been previously shown. Here, we show that expression of a 95-kDa tyrosine phosphorylated form of ErbB2, herein referred to as p95L (lapatinib-induced p95) was increased in ErbB2+ breast cancer cells treated with potent ErbB2 TKIs (lapatinib, GW2974). Expressed in tumor cell nuclei, tyrosine phosphorylation of p95L was resistant to inhibition by ErbB2 TKIs. Furthermore, the expression of p95L was increased in ErbB2+ breast cancer models of acquired therapeutic resistance to lapatinib that mimic the clinical setting. Pretreatment with proteasome inhibitors blocked p95L induction in response to ErbB2 TKIs, implicating the role of the proteasome in the regulation of p95L expression. In addition, tyrosine phosphorylated C-terminal fragments of ErbB2, generated by alternate initiation of translation and similar in molecular weight to p95L, were expressed in tumor cell nuclei, where they too were resistant to inhibition by ErbB2 TKIs. When expressed in the nuclei of lapatinib-sensitive ErbB2+ breast cancer cells, truncated ErbB2 rendered cells resistant to lapatinib-induced apoptosis. Elucidating the function of nuclear, truncated forms of ErbB2, and developing therapeutic strategies to block their expression and/or activation may enhance the clinical efficacy of ErbB2 TKIs. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(8); 1367–74. ©2011 AACR.
Improved outcomes from endovascular aortic repair in younger patients: Towards improved risk stratification

Objectives Abdominal aortic aneurysms are conventionally treated by open repair surgery. While endovascular aortic repair improves survival in high-risk patients, younger patients (40–65 years) potentially at lower risk with asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms undergoing endovascular aortic repair usually have poorer post-operative outcomes and require longer term follow-up. In this study, clinical data on younger patients were analyzed to investigate whether endovascular aortic repair leads to poorer short- and long-term outcomes. Methods This was a systematic review and meta-analysis of articles comparing clinical outcomes in patients aged 40–65 years undergoing open repair or endovascular aortic repair and published between 2000 and 2017. In-hospital mortality, long-term mortality, and post-operative complication data were retrieved from eligible studies and clinical outcomes were compared. Twenty-one retrospective cohort analyses were included, accounting for 250,837 patients (149,051 endovascular aortic repair; 101,786 open repair). Risk ratios were pooled using the DerSimonian and Laird random effects model. All statistical analyses were performed in Review Manager 5.3. Results Younger patients with asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms undergoing endovascular aortic repair had a significantly reduced 30-day mortality (odds ratio (OR) = 0.40, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.28–0.57; p < 0.00001), long-term mortality (OR = 0.37, 95% CI 0.17–0.82; p = 0.01), incidence of reintervention (OR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.34–0.66; p < 0.0001), and incidence of renal failure (OR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.37–1.82; p < 0.00001). Conclusions Endovascular aortic repair may improve short- and long-term survival and reduce post-operative complications in younger patients with asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms.
Minimizing call setup delay in ATM networks via optimal processing capacity allocation

This paper considers the problem of process allocation in designing real-time call setup for asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks. With the constraint of finite processing capacity in a realistic ATM switching system, we aim to minimize the call setup delay by avoiding the potential bottleneck process. Our approach is to distribute and balance the processing loads among call control processes via optimal capacity allocation. The derived results can provide important and useful guidelines in system design and performance evaluation.
Jagged 1 is a β-catenin target gene required for ectopic hair follicle formation in adult epidermis

The Wnt and Notch signalling pathways regulate hair follicle maintenance, but how they intersect is unknown. We show that Notch signalling is active in the hair follicle pre-cortex, a region of high Wnt activity, where commitment to hair lineages occurs. Deletion of jagged 1 (Jag1) results in inhibition of the hair growth cycle and conversion of hair follicles into cysts of cells undergoing interfollicular epidermal differentiation. Conversely, activation of Notch in adult epidermis triggers expansion of the base of the hair follicle, sebaceous gland enlargement and abnormal clumping of the follicles. In adult epidermis, the induction of new hair follicle formation by β-catenin is prevented by blocking Notch signalling pharmacologically or through Jag1 deletion. Conversely, activation of both pathways accelerates growth and differentiation of ectopic follicles. β -catenin stimulates Notch signalling by inducing Jag1 transcription. We conclude that the Notch pathway acts downstream of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway to determine epidermal cell fate.
P1E-1 Left Ventricular Phantom with Pulsatile Circulation for Ultrasound Strain Rate Imaging

Strain rate imaging has been proposed to quantitatively evaluate myocardial deformation and potentially quantify injury of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and remodeling of myocardial infarction (MI). However, because deformation of the cardiac wall is complex and three-dimensional, it's hard to evaluate imaging algorithms (e.g., 2D/3D speckle tracking for strain rate estimation) without a well-controlled experimental system producing LV wall heart deformation patterns similar to those encountered clinically. Tissue-mimicking Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) cryogel LV phantoms of the left ventricle were constructed and connected to a pulsatile circulatory system for quantitative analysis of regional LV deformation using ultrasound and MR imaging. Two types were constructed: one mimicking a normal LV, and the other an otherwise normal LV but with a single hard inclusion representing a transmural infarct with higher stiffness. The hard inclusion exhibited an elastic modulus above 6 times greater than the surrounding heart wall. Both phantoms were deformed using the pulsatile pump at a stroke volume of 15ml, 20 beats per minute, and systole/diastole ratio 50:50. A specially designed commercial ultrasound scanner (iU22, Philips, Bothell, MA) was used at high frame rate. A strain estimation algorithm based on adaptive 2D speckle tracking was validated
Harmonic clipping contours: Numerical computation and extension to higher harmonics

This paper presents the computation of harmonic clipping contours using a Matlab script that guarantees a fast calculation. Thanks to the numerical nature of the solution, an arbitrary number of harmonics can be taken into account with minimal added computational cost. The results for second harmonic clipping contours are compared with the analytical solutions available in literature, while for the first time 3rd harmonics clipping contours are presented. The latter allow the improvement of the output power and the efficiency achievable with the active device, while strong-linearity due to clipping can be consciously avoided in the design stage.
Concealing or Revealing Mobile Medical Devices?: Designing for Onstage and Offstage Presentation

Adults with Type 1 Diabetes have choices regarding the technology they use to self-manage their chronic condition. They can use glucose meters, insulin pumps, smartphone apps, and other technologies to support their everyday care. However, little is known about how their social lives might influence what they adopt or how they use technologies. A multi-method study was conducted to examine contextual factors that influence their technology use. While individual differences play a large role in everyday use, social factors were also found to influence use. For example, people can hide their devices in uncertain social situations or show them off to achieve a purpose. We frame these social behaviours using Goffman's theatre metaphor of onstage and offstage behaviour, and discuss how this kind of analysis can inform the design of future mobile medical devices for self-management of chronic conditions.
Resolvins suppress tumor growth and enhance cancer therapy

Cancer therapy reduces tumor burden by killing tumor cells, yet it simultaneously creates tumor cell debris that may stimulate inflammation and tumor growth. Thus, conventional cancer therapy is inherently a double-edged sword. In this study, we show that tumor cells killed by chemotherapy or targeted therapy (“tumor cell debris”) stimulate primary tumor growth when coinjected with a subthreshold (nontumorigenic) inoculum of tumor cells by triggering macrophage proinflammatory cytokine release after phosphatidylserine exposure. Debris-stimulated tumors were inhibited by antiinflammatory and proresolving lipid autacoids, namely resolvin D1 (RvD1), RvD2, or RvE1. These mediators specifically inhibit debris-stimulated cancer progression by enhancing clearance of debris via macrophage phagocytosis in multiple tumor types. Resolvins counterregulate the release of cytokines/chemokines, including TNF&agr;, IL-6, IL-8, CCL4, and CCL5, by human macrophages stimulated with cell debris. These results demonstrate that enhancing endogenous clearance of tumor cell debris is a new therapeutic target that may complement cytotoxic cancer therapies.
Classifying the Colleges of the Forgotten Americans: A Geographically-Based Classification of Public Master's Colleges and Universities

In his first address to a Joint Session of Congress in February 2009, President Barack Obama committed the nation to dramatically expanding adult baccalaureate degree attainment among US adults, which had fallen from first to eighth among developed nations around the world: That is why, at the start of my administration I set a goal for America: by 2020, this nation will once again have the highest proportion of college graduates in the world…. Today, I am announcing the most significant down payment yet on reaching this goal in the next ten years. It’s called the American Graduation Initiative. It will reform and strengthen community colleges from coast to coast so that they get the resources students and schools need—and the results workers and businesses demand. Through this plan, we seek to help an additional five million Americans earn degrees and certificates in the next decade. The task of dramatically increasing adult baccalaureate degree attainment requires a substantially greater policy focus on what National Center for Public Policy Center and Higher Education President Pat Callan termed the most understudied sector of US higher education, the nation’s public regional universities (2009 unpublished remarks to the Council for the Public Policy of ASHE).
Applicability of common methods for short time erosion analysis in vitro.

PURPOSE Dental erosion can be measured by different methods. The aim of the present study was to check the applicability of common methods to determine initial erosive effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Enamel surfaces (4.5 mm2) were eroded in vitro by treatment with hydrochloric acid (pH 2, 2.3 and 2.6) for 5 to 60 s or 240 s, respectively. Erosive effects were assayed with three different methods: Knoop's diamond indentation, profilometry and the determination of the dissolved calcium ions (Ca2+) in a colorimetric assay based on the arsenazo-III-reaction. RESULTS Erosive mineral loss of > 1 microm are measurable with profilometry. This corresponds to the erosive effects that occur after 60 s or more. Profilometric data yielded variance of up to 50%. Knoop's diamond indentation also showed some limitations: the depth of indentation reached a plateau after 30 to 120 s and the measurements showed variance of up to 85%. With the colorimetric assay, short time erosive effects occurring within 5 s could be assessed precisely and kinetically. The method allowed small amounts of 400 pmol Ca2+ per well to be quantified in small volumes with little variability. CONCLUSIONS For evaluation and quantification of short time erosive effects, the colorimetric method is superior to diamond indentation and profilometry.
Standardisation of lung function testing: the authors' replies to readers' comments

To the Editors: A few questions have been raised following the publication in 2005 of the joint American Thoracic Society (ATS)/European Respiratory Society (ERS) series of documents on standardising lung function testing and these are answered below. The following questions and answers pertain to the standardisation document for spirometry 1. ### Start of test criteria Should blows be rejected solely on the basis of a poor back extrapolated volume (EV)? #### Reply Usually. The forced vital capacity (FVC) may be usable, but the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) is likely to be falsely high or low. #### Rationale The acceptability criteria for spirometry were designed to help technologists improve the subject’s technique in order to get the best and most reliable result. EV is important for determining that a fast start to the blow was achieved and this is crucial for getting the best values for FEV1 and peak expiratory flow (PEF). ### End of test criteria In the original document, there was an error in table 5. #### Reply In table 5, the within-manoeuvre criteria for a satisfactory completion of a blow should have read “Duration of ≥6 s (3 s for children) and a plateau in the volume–time curve, or if the subject cannot or should not continue to exhale. ” The original table had “or” in twice, whereas the accompanying text was correct, as above. #### Rationale The end of test (EOT) criteria are applied in order to ensure that efforts are made to achieve the best estimate of FVC. When a subject cannot meet the plateau criterion (<25 mL exhaled in the previous second of the blow) this may be for reasons other than premature volitional cessation of the blow. For example, in some young subjects or patients with a rigid chest wall, it is chest wall limitation that suddenly causes exhalation to stop 2 and it is difficult for …