Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lightweight dependent classes

Extensive research efforts have been devoted to implement a group of type-safe mutually recursive classes; recently, proposals for separating each member of the group as a reusable and composable programming unit have also been presented. One problem of these proposals is verbosity of the source programs; we have to declare a recursive type parameter to parameterize each mutually recursive class within each class declaration, and we have to declare a fixed-point class with empty class body for each parameterized class. Therefore, even though the underlying type system is simple, programs written in these languages tend to be rather complex and hard to understand. In this paper, we propose a language with lightweight dependent classes that forms a simple type system built on top of generic Java. In this language, we can implement each member of type-safe mutually recursive classes in a separate source file without writing a lot of complex boilerplate code. To carefully investigate type soundness of our proposal, we develop X.FGJ, a simple extension of FGJ supporting lightweight dependent classes. This type system is proved to be sound.
On priority assignment for controller area network when some message identifiers are fixed

Controller Area Network (CAN) is widely used in automotive applications. With CAN, the network utilisation that may be obtained while ensuring that all messages meet their deadlines is strongly dependent on the policy used for priority (message identifier) assignment. This paper addresses the problem of priority assignment when some message identifiers are fixed. There are two variants of this problem: P1 where the gaps between fixed identifiers are large enough to accommodate the freely assignable messages and P2 when the gaps are too small. For problem P1, we provide algorithms that give optimal and robust priority orderings based on an adaptation of existing techniques. Problem P2 is more difficult to solve. We show via a counter example that the algorithms derived for P1 and others recently published can fail to find a schedulable priority ordering when the gaps are small, even though one exists. We derive an optimal and robust solution to this problem with respect to a simple form of schedulability analysis which assumes the same upper bound on the length of all messages.
A new sphaleron for the non-Abelian anomaly

A self-consistent Ansatz for a new sphaleron of SU(3) Yang–Mills–Higgs theory is presented. With a single triplet of Weyl fermions added, there exists one pair of fermion zeromodes, which is known to give rise to the non-Abelian (Bardeen) anomaly as a Berry phase. The corresponding sphaleron-like SU(3) gauge field configuration could take part in the nonperturbative dynamics of Quantum Chromodynamics.
Bergmann’s rule for Neomys fodiens in the middle of the distribution range

The body size of Palearctic Sorex shrews decreases at higher latitudes, and as such the Bergmann’s rule does not work. However, no analysis has ever been done for water shrew (Neomys fodiens) in the middle of distribution range. Analysis of available literature data showed that some body and skull measurements of N. fodiens are negatively correlated to latitude. Measurements of 158 water shrews from Estonia and Lithuania were also analyzed with respect to the short scale latitudinal pattern. We found that populations are separated (Wilk’s lambda = 0.363, p<0.0001). Differences are related to PC1 (skull size), explaining 49.80% of the variance and PC2 (body size), explaining 10.06% of the variance. Estonian shrews are smaller in their body and skull (most differences significant) and their skulls are relatively shorter and wider in the area of the brain case. Thus, the negative correlation of body and skull size to latitude in N. fodiens is applicable even over quite short latitudinal distances. Further analysis of diagnostic characters between N. fodiens and N. anomalus is required.
More than just strand breaks: the recognition of structural DNA discontinuities by DNA‐dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit

The DNA‐dependent protein kinase (DNA‐PK) is a trimeric factor originally identified as an enzyme that becomes activated upon incubation with DNA. Genetic defects in either the catalytic subunit (DNA‐PKCS) or the two Ku components of DNA‐PK result in immunodeficiency, radiosensitivity, and premature aging. This combined phenotype is generally attributed to the requirement for DNA‐PK in the repair of DNA double strand breaks during various biological processes. However, recent studies revealed that DNA‐PKCS, a member of the growing family of phosphatidyl‐inositol 3‐kinases, participates in signal transduction cascades related to apoptotic cell death, telomere maintenance and other pathways of genome surveillance. These manifold functions of DNA‐PKCS have been associated with an increasing number of protein interaction partners and phosphorylation targets. Here we review the DNA binding properties of DNA‐PKCS and highlight its ability to interact with an astounding diversity of nucleic acid substrates. This survey indicates that the large catalytic subunit of DNA‐PK functions as a sensor of not only broken DNA molecules, but of a wider spectrum of aberrant, unusual, or specialized structures that interrupt the standard double helical conformation of DNA. —Dip, R. , Naegeli, H. More than just strand breaks: the recognition of structural DNA discontinuities by DNA‐dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit. FASEB J. 19, 704–715 (2005)
A BACK PROPAGATION BASED BOTNET DETECTION ALGORITHM FOR ENHANCED NETWORK SECURITY

The increased network computers makes botnet detection as a challenging one and it makes easier for intruders and attackers to generate mitigation attacks. The centralized propagation nature of botnet floods warms through different botnet clients and questions the network security. To overcome the challenges in identifying the botnet, we propose a new back propagation algorithm for botnet detection. The proposed back propagation method is a learning one, which keeps track of signature of identified warm and the list of hop it traversed. For each warm signature identified, it maintains bot matrix, in which set of hop addresses traversed by the data packet is stored. Whenever a warm packet is identified, its traversal path is tracked and compared with the list of hops present in the bot matrix for the occurrence of hop address present in the traversal path.
A Rule-Based Extensible Stemmer for Information Retrieval with Application to Arabic

This paper presents a new and extensible method for information retrieval and content analysis in natural languages (NL). The proposed method is stem-based; stems are extracted based on a set of language dependent rules that are interpreted by a rule engine. The rule engine allows the system to be adapted to any natural language by modifying the NL semantic rules and grammar. The system has been fully tested using Arabic, and partially using English, Hebrew, and Persian. We validate our approach using a database-based prototype.
Animated Pedagogical Agents as Aids in Multimedia Learning: Effects on Eye-Fixations During Learning and Learning Outcomes

The goal of the present study is to determine how to incorporate social cues such as gesturing in animated pedagogical agents (PAs) for online multimedia lessons in ways that promote student learning. In 3 experiments, college students learned about synaptic transmission from a multimedia narrated presentation while their eye movements were tracked and subsequently took learning outcome tests. In Experiments 1 and 2, students who had a gesturing PA added to the screen performed significantly better on learning outcome tests of transfer (ds = 0.77 and 0.80) and retention (ds = 1.16 and 1.00) and spent more time attending to target material based on eye-tracking measures including fixation time (ds = 1.53 and 2.27) and number of fixations (ds = 1.54 and 1.70). In Experiments 2 and 3, students who learned with a gesturing PA outperformed those who learned with a static PA on transfer (ds = 0.72 and 1.02), retention (ds = 0.96 and 0.93), fixation time (ds = 2.07 and 1.82), and number of fixations (ds = 1.64 and 2.99). In Experiment 2, adding a static PA to the screen did not improve performance. In Experiment 3, adding signaling such as color coding did not improve performance for students who received a gesturing PA. Results support the embodiment principle that people learn better from onscreen multimedia lessons when a gesturing PA is added to the screen, and social agency theory, which posits that social cues can prime learners to process the material more actively and develop better learning outcomes.
Real-time counting of moving objects in complex environments

In this paper we propose an algorithm for counting moving objects in outdoor environments. Similar to other approaches the proposed algorithm uses a traditional surveillance system approach: background subtraction followed by noise removing, tracking and object labeling. The novelty of the proposed algorithm is that each processing step uses a stereo camera. In fact, the algorithms use both rectified and depth images obtained with a stereo camera. Moving objects are extracted from the scene using a novel background subtraction approach. In outdoor environment the images can be degraded by noise. We considered two types of noise, namely periodic movements due to the wind and the cast shadow. In this paper novel algorithms for detecting these types of noise are proposed. Using them, the noisy pixels are removed. The resulting segmented pixels are grouped together by clustering connected regions and then tracked during their movements. The obtained blobs, which correspond to the moving objects, are thus obtained with high accuracy. The final part of the algorithm is blob classification, which identifies the moving objects. The knowledge of the moving objects can be used to build more complex counting applications than that based on just counting blobs. Two simple applications based on the proposed algorithm are worked out and discussed in this paper, namely one that counts the people moving on the left and on the right of the video scene and one that counts the cars moving in the same way.
Fast Oexpected(N) Algorithm for Finding Exact Maximum Distance in E2 Instead of O(N2) or O(N lg N)

This paper describes novel and fast, simple and robust algorithm with O(N) expected complexity which enables to decrease run-time needed to find an exact maximum distance of two points in E2. The proposed algorithm has been evaluated experimentally on larger different datasets. The proposed algorithm gives a significant speed-up to applications, when medium and large data sets are processed. It is over 10 000 times faster than the standard algorithm for 106 points randomly distributed points in E2. Experiments proved the advantages of the proposed algorithm over the standard algorithm and convex hull diameters approaches.
Prenatal Exposure to Fenugreek Impairs Sensorimotor Development and the Operation of Spinal Cord Networks in Mice

Fenugreek is a medicinal plant whose seeds are widely used in traditional medicine, mainly for its laxative, galactagogue and antidiabetic effects. However, consumption of fenugreek seeds during pregnancy has been associated with a range of congenital malformations, including hydrocephalus, anencephaly and spina bifida in humans. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of prenatal treatment of fenugreek seeds on the development of sensorimotor functions from birth to young adults. Pregnant mice were treated by gavage with 1g/kg/day of lyophilized fenugreek seeds aqueous extract (FSAE) or distilled water during the gestational period. Behavioral tests revealed in prenatally treated mice a significant delay in righting, cliff avoidance, negative geotaxis responses and the swimming development. In addition, extracellular recording of motor output in spinal cord isolated from neonatal mice showed that the frequency of spontaneous activity and fictive locomotion was reduced in FSAE-exposed mice. On the other hand, the cross-correlation coefficient in control mice was significantly more negative than in treated animals indicating that alternating patterns are deteriorated in FSAE-treated animals. At advanced age, prenatally treated mice displayed altered locomotor coordination in the rotarod test and also changes in static and dynamic parameters assessed by the CatWalk automated gait analysis system. We conclude that FSAE impairs sensorimotor and coordination functions not only in neonates but also in adult mice. Moreover, spinal neuronal networks are less excitable in prenatally FSAE-exposed mice suggesting that modifications within the central nervous system are responsible, at least in part, for the motor impairments.
Headquarter services, skill intensity and labour demand elasticities in multinational firms*

Using information on a panel of multinational firms operating in the United Kingdom from 1996 to 2005, we find that labour demand in domestic multinationals is less sensitive to own labour costs changes than in foreign multinationals. This difference in wage elasticity of labour demand persists even if we allow for a distinct labour elasticity in multinational firms according to their level of skill intensity or their intangible assets. This suggests that the provision of headquarter services in domestic multinational firms shields against strong fluctuations in labour demand. In terms of labour demand elasticity reduction, the estimated shielding role of headquarter services is about 40 percent.
Optimizing dynamic spectrum allocation for cognitive radio networks using hybrid access scheme

Allowing Secondary Users (SUs) to access the licensed spectrum without causing harmful interference to the Primary Users (PUs) is crucial in enabling the Cognitive Radio (CR) technology. In order to increase the utilization of the spectrum bands, we propose a Dynamic Spectrum Allocation (DSA) algorithm that integrates both interweave and underlay spectrum access schemes. The proposed algorithm will jointly take into account the geographical locations of the nodes, the correlated shadow fading, the interference between the primary and the secondary networks, the interference between SUs that are transmitting on the same channel, and the communications activity of the users. Moreover, a suboptimal heuristic DSA algorithm that jointly takes into consideration all of the aforementioned issues, while requiring low computational- and time-costs, is developed. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm provides a good success rate and outperforms classical spectrum allocation algorithms.
Takagi-sugeno fuzzy H∞ tracking control for steer-by-wire systems

Steer-by-Wire (SbW) system is an advanced steering system where the conventional mechanical linkages between the steering wheel and the front wheels are removed, and replaced by electric actuators. Due to no direct mechanical linkages, accurately controlling the front wheels to track the movement of the steering wheel is becoming critical for the steering system performance. To reduce the effects caused by the nonlinear friction torque and alignment torque to the tracking performance of the SbW system, a Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) model is proposed to describe the nonlinear dynamics of the SbW system in this paper first. A fuzzy tracking controller is then designed to track the reference signal, and the H∞ tracking performance is guaranteed for a prescribed level under external disturbance and reference signal. The linear matrix inequality convex programming technique is used to obtain the fuzzy controller with the guaranteed H∞ tracking performance. The simulation results are presented in support of the performance and effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
Transaction-based link strength prediction in a social network

The revolution of social networks and methods of analyzing them have attracted interest in many research fields. Predicting whether a friendship holds in a social network between two individuals or not, link prediction, has been a heavily researched topic in the last decade . In this paper we investigate a related problem, link strength prediction: how to assign ratings or strengths to friendship links. A basic approach would be matrix factorization applied to only friendship ratings. However, the existence of extensive transactions among users may be used for better predictions. We propose a new type of multiple-matrix factorization model for incorporating a transaction matrix. We derive gradient descent update equations for learning latent factors that predict values in the target rating matrix. Multiple-matrix factorization can be seen as a data fusion technique, that combines evidence from different sources. In the social network application, the target matrix contains friendship ratings and the evidence matrices specify transaction intensities between users. To evaluate the model, we introduce data from Cloob, a popular Iranian social network as well as synthetic data.
Improving Web Movie Recommender System Based on Emotions

Recommender Systems (RSs) are garnering a significant importance with the advent of e-commerce and e-business on the web. This paper focused on the Movie Recommender System (MRS) based on human emotions. The problem is the MRS need to capture exactly the customer’s profile and features of movies, therefore movie is a complex domain and emotions is a human interaction domain, so difficult to combining together in the new Recommender System (RS). In this paper, we prepare a new hybrid approach for improving MRS, it consists of Content Based Filtering (CBF), Collaborative Filtering (CF), emotions detection algorithm and our algorithm, that presented by matrix. The result of our system provides much better recommendations to users because it enables the users to understand the relation between their emotional states and the recommended movies.
Comparative study on corpora for speech translation

This paper investigates issues in preparing corpora for developing speech-to-speech translation (S2ST). It is impractical to create a broad-coverage parallel corpus only from dialog speech. An alternative approach is to have bilingual experts write conversational-style texts in the target domain, with translations. There is, however, a risk of losing fidelity to the actual utterances. This paper focuses on balancing a tradeoff between these two kinds of corpora through the analysis of two newly developed corpora in the travel domain: a bilingual parallel corpus with 420 K utterances and a collection of in-domain dialogs using actual S2ST systems. We found that the first corpus is effective for covering utterances in the second corpus if complimented with a small number of utterances taken from monolingual dialogs. We also found that characteristics of in-domain utterances become closer to those of the first corpus when more restrictive conditions and instructions to speakers are given. These results suggest the possibility of a bootstrap-style of development of corpora and S2ST systems, where an initial S2ST system is developed with parallel texts, and is then gradually improved with in-domain utterances collected by the system as restrictions are relaxed
Expression Profile of Fas-Fas Ligand in Spiral Ganglion Cells During Apoptosis

Objectives To examine the expression profile of Fas-Fas ligand (FasL) during glutamate (Glu)-induced spiral ganglion cell (SGC) apoptosis. Methods Cultured SGCs were treated with 10-mM, 25-mM, and 50-mM concentrations of Glu and incubated for 24 or 48 hours. The expression intensity of FasL, Fas, caspase 3, and morphology of single SGC were evaluated using immunofluorescence staining. Results In semiquantitative analysis of the Glu-treated SGC, FasL, and caspase 3 expression intensity were increased with concentration- and time-dependent manner. Fas expression intensity did not change with different concentration at 48 hours. In morphologic analysis of the Glu-treated SGC, number of apoptotic cells were increased with concentration- and time-dependent manner. Conclusion FasL was expressed in apoptotic SGCs, suggesting that the Fas-FasL signaling pathway may be involved in the Glu-induced apoptosis of dissociated SGCs.
Journal Fü R Die Reine Und Angewandte Mathematik Discrete Constant Mean Curvature Surfaces and Their Index

We define triangulated piecewise linear constant mean curvature surfaces using a variational characterization. These surfaces are critical for area amongst continuous piecewise linear variations which preserve the boundary conditions, the simplicial structures, and (in the nonminimal case) the volume to one side of the surfaces. We then find explicit formulas for complete examples, such as discrete minimal catenoids and helicoids. We use these discrete surfaces to study the index of unstable minimal surfaces, by numerically evaluating the spectra of their Jacobi operators. Our numerical estimates confirm known results on the index of some smooth minimal surfaces, and provide additional information regarding their area-reducing variations. The approach here deviates from other numerical investigations in that we add geometric interpretation to the discrete surfaces.
An ungrounded pen-shaped kinesthetic display: Device construction and applications

In this paper, we implement an ungrounded pen-shaped kinesthetic display and construct a three-dimensional (3D) haptic interaction system. The ungrounded pen-shaped kinesthetic display provides kinesthetic sensations to a user's fingers without the use of mechanical linkages. Therefore, the user can move his/her hand freely in air and interact with virtual environments with sensation of touching. We verified the ability of the device to provide forces and to represent a virtual surface for 3D input. Then we constructed a 3D haptic interaction system in that the user can touch virtual objects displayed as 3D images directly. We also applied the device to an interface for 3D modeling and constructed a 3D haptic modeling system in that the user can create touchable 3D models by sketching two-dimensional (2D) figures in air.
When I Think of You I Project Myself

Across two studies, we examined the correspondence between targets’ idiographic goals and the goals attributed to them by their social contacts. In both studies, targets listed their personal goals while informants specified the goals they believed targets were pursuing. Target and informant ratings of interpersonal closeness were also collected. Furthermore, in Study 2, informants listed the goals that they themselves were currently pursuing. All goals were coded for motive-based (e.g., power) and domain-based (e.g., health) content. Informant and target reports were largely unrelated and relationship closeness did not moderate this association, although self–other agreement was noted in one domain-based category. In Study 2, the content of informants’ other-attributed goals was strongly predicted by the content of their self-attributed goals. Thus, when individuals perceive the goals and motivations of others, they tend to project their own motivational proclivities.
Spam Filtering Using Character-Level Markov Models: Experiments for the TREC 2005 Spam Track

This paper summarizes our participation in the TREC 2005 spam track, in which we consider the use of adaptive statistical data compression models for the spam filtering task. The nature of these models allows them to be employed as Bayesian text classifiers based on character sequences. We experimented with two different compression algorithms under varying model parameters. All four filters that we submitted exhibited strong performance in the official evaluation, indicating that data compression models are well suited to the spam filtering problem.