Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
From Alpha to Imperative Code : A Transformational Compiler for anArray Based Functional

Practical parallel programming demands that the details of distributing data to processors and inter-processor communication be managed by the compiler. These tasks quickly become too diicult for a programmer to do by hand for all but the simplest parallel programs. Yet, many parallel languages still require the programmer to manage much of the the parallelism. I discuss the synthesis of parallel imperative code from algorithms written in a functional language called Alpha. Alpha is based on systems of aane recurrence equations and was designed to specify algorithms for regular array architectures. Being a functional language, Alpha implicitly supports the expression of both concurrency and communication. Thus, the programmer is freed from having to explicitly manage the parallelism. Using the information derived from static analysis, Alpha can be transformed into a form suitable for generating imperative parallel code through a series of provably correct program transformations. The kinds of analysis needed to generate eecient code for array-based functional programs are a generalization of dependency analysis, usage analysis, and scheduling techniques used in systolic array synthesis.
Knowledge Reuse in SEED Exploiting Conceptual

In terms of conceptual structures theory, the objective of our project is the development of a pattern directed inference systemm7]. It is to operate over conceptual graph terms extended to express constraints on the referent values, and the matching mechanism is to combine order sorted uniication with the action of a constraint solver. This combination leverages type representation technology from the conceptual graph communityy3] and constraint technologyy10]. In terms of the objectives of the SEED projectt6], this system will animate the elaboration and specialization of problem representations. Furthermore, a formal description of the representation and the mechanisms of its generative capabilities will clarify the theoretical basis for case retrieval and design reuse. 1 Overview of SEED SEED is an acronym for Software Environment to support the Early phases in building Design.6] The intent of the SEED project is to create software which will support preliminary design of buildings. This includes using the computer as an active tool which helps to generate designs. The speciic goal of SEED is to aaord the user greater exibility and expressiveness in the design of recurring building types. SEED realizes a computational model of design based on the trial and error exploration of a search space generated by constructive steps. Selective reuse of familiar design elements and approaches gives shape to this space as patterns of constructive operations in a design media. Earlier systems, such as Genesiss8, 9], have demonstrated these concepts: annotated solid models have allowed the formal representation of designs, and shape grammars operating over these annotated solid models have been interpreted as formalizations of the constructive operators. However, SEED generalizes the representation introducing the opportunity for greater reuse of the artifacts of design practice. SEED is built around the idea of a design space, a set of partial or complete solutions to an architectural design problem. This idea is roughly equivalent to the AI term \search space" | the design space is deened by starting states and operators, which allow the derivation of one state from another, and will include some acceptable goal states. The current state is the current focus of interest of the system. Since SEED is always restricted to the domain of building-design problems, it is suucient to call the search space a design space. So, SEED works by growing the design space during the elaboration of a design. To achieve the goal of design experience reuse, SEED allows …
Push and Pull Factors in Adopting a Crowdsourced Delivery System

This study explores push and pull factors affecting the adoption of crowdsourced delivery or crowd-shipping systems using a structural equation method. The core data used in this study are obtained from an online survey distributed among 800 individuals in June 2016 in the United States (U.S.) Analyzing the answers of 533 respondents, the direct and indirect effects of the personal attitudes, socio-demographic, and built-environment variables on the likelihood to be a crowd-shipper are looked at. The model suggests that crowd-shipping is more likely for men, full time employed, younger respondents, and for areas of higher population density yet lower density of employment opportunities. Concerning attitudinal motivations, the results suggest that financially motivated users are less likely to become crowd-shipping users, while community orientation and viewing the platform as a platform for helping relationships has only indirect effects on use. This leads to the observation that the early adopters appear to hold quite distinct, more critical, views of the ability of the new shipping platforms to deliver affordable and community-building service.
Fast and effective similarity search in medical tumor databases using morphology

We examine the problem of finding similar tumor shapes. The main contribution of this work is the proposal of a natural (dis-)similarity function for shape matching called the 'morphological distance'. This function has two desirable properties: a) it matches human perception of similarity, as we illustrate with precision/recall experiments; b) it can be lower-bounded by a set of features, leading to fast indexing for range queries and nearest neighbor queries. We use state-of-the-art methods from morphology both in defining our distance function and for feature extraction. In particular, we use the 'size-distribution', related to the 'pattern spectrum', to extract features from shapes. Following Jagadish and Faloutos et. al., we organize the n-d feature points in a spatial access method. We show that any Lp norm in the n-d space lower-bounds the morphological distance. This guarantees no false dismissals for range queries. In addition, we present a nearest neighbor algorithm that also guarantees no false dismissals. We implemented the method and tested it against a testbed of realistic tumor shapes generated by an established tumor- growth model. The response time of our method is up to 27 times faster than sequential scanning. Moreover, precision/recall experiments show that the proposed distance captures very well the dissimilarity as perceived by humans.
Efficiency analysis of Finnish crop farms by Stochastic Nonparametric Envelopment of Data (StoNED)

A new two-stage approach to modeling the nutrient emissions of crop farms is developed. In the first stage, we estimate the classic production function using farm-level data. We apply the stochastic nonparametric envelopment of data (StoNED) method that combines the axiomatic, nonparametric modeling of the production technology with a stochastic, probabilistic treatment of inefficiency and noise. Given the estimated input saving and output expansion potential for each farm in the sample, we estimate the impacts of the decreased fertilizer use and the increased crop yield on the nutrient balance of farms. This provides an aggregate level estimate on how much nutrient emissions could be abated through improving the operational efficiency of farms without any new technical innovations or down-scaling of the activity.
CSMA/CA in Time and Frequency Domains

It has recently been shown that "flexible channelization", whereby wireless stations adapt their spectrum bands on a per-frame basis, is feasible in practice. In this paper, we propose TF-CSMA/CA, an algorithm for flexible channelization that schedules packets in time and frequency domains. TF-CSMA/CA is a simple extension of the CSMA/CA protocol used by IEEE 802.11. Contrary to existing channelization schemes, it is entirely distributed and it reacts only to packet collisions, successful transmissions and carrier sensing. With TF-CSMA/CA, when a station is involved in a collision, it performs backoff in both time and frequency domains. Backing off also in the frequency domain allows the transmitters to be much more efficient and aggressive in the time domain, which significantly reduces the severe overheads present with recent 802.11 PHY layers. The main challenge, however, is that the stations need some level of self-organization in order to find spectrum bands of variable widths that minimize interference, while still efficiently using the available spectrum. Using analysis and simulations, we show that such an extension of CSMA/CA to the frequency domain drastically improves both throughput and fairness. Notably, it enables the stations to find interference-free spectrum bands of appropriate size using no communication -- relying only on collisions and successes as implicit signals.
Combined Lesions of Hippocampus and Subiculum Do Not Produce Deficits in a Nonspatial Social Olfactory Memory Task

Rats transmit information to each other about which foods are safe to eat. If a rat smells a food odor on the breath of another rat, it is subsequently more likely to eat that food than an alternative. Work byGalef et al. (1988) has shown that the observer rat forms an association between two olfactory stimuli on the breath of the demonstrator rat that has eaten the food, the food odor and carbon disulphide, which is normally present in the rat breath. Bunsey and Eichenbaum (1995) claimed that the hippocampus/subicular region is required for the long-term retention of this nonspatial form of associative memory on the basis that combined lesions of the hippocampus and subiculum produced a deficit, but lesions of either structure alone did not. We report here a failure to repeat this finding. Rats with either combined lesions of the hippocampus and subiculum or with amygdala lesions were tested on their ability to remember this association either immediately (testing short-term memory) or after a 24 hr delay (testing long-term memory). Neither lesion group exhibited significant memory deficits on this nonspatial associative task at either test interval. In contrast, a deficit was observed on a spatial memory task (forced-choice alternation t-maze) for animals with combined lesions of the hippocampus and subiculum. These results contradict the findings of Bunsey and Eichenbaum (1995)and support the idea that the hippocampus/subicular region is not required for this nonspatial associative memory.
Induction of oscillatory ventilation pattern using dynamic modulation of heart rate through a pacemaker

For disease states characterized by oscillatory ventilation, an ideal dynamic therapy would apply a counteracting oscillation in ventilation. Modulating respiratory gas transport through the circulation might allow this. We explore the ability of repetitive alternations in heart rate, using a cardiac pacemaker, to elicit oscillations in respiratory variables and discuss the potential for therapeutic exploitation. By incorporating acute cardiac output manipulations into an integrated mathematical model, we observed that a rise in cardiac output should yield a gradual rise in end-tidal CO2 and, subsequently, ventilation. An alternating pattern of cardiac output might, therefore, create oscillations in CO2 and ventilation. We studied the effect of repeated alternations in heart rate of 30 beats/min with periodicity of 60 s, on cardiac output, respiratory gases, and ventilation in 22 subjects with implanted cardiac pacemakers and stable breathing patterns. End-tidal CO2 and ventilation developed consistent oscillations with a period of 60 s during the heart rate alternations, with mean peak-to-trough relative excursions of 8.4 ± 5.0% (P < 0.0001) and 24.4 ± 18.8% (P < 0.0001), respectively. Furthermore, we verified the mathematical prediction that the amplitude of these oscillations would depend on those in cardiac output (r = 0.59, P = 0.001). Repetitive alternations in heart rate can elicit reproducible oscillations in end-tidal CO2 and ventilation. The size of this effect depends on the magnitude of the cardiac output response. Harnessed and timed appropriately, this cardiorespiratory mechanism might be exploited to create an active dynamic responsive pacing algorithm to counteract spontaneous respiratory oscillations, such as those causing apneic breathing disorders.
Effects of elevated intraocular pressure on outflow facility and TIGR/MYOC expression in perfused human anterior segments.

PURPOSE To investigate the effects of high intraocular pressure (h-IOP) on TIGR/MYOC expression, extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, and outflow facility (C) in perfused human anterior segment cultures. METHODS Anterior segments of 31 pairs of normal human eyes from postmortem donors were perfused at constant flow (3 microl/min). After reaching stable baseline, the flow of one eye from each of 31 pairs was raised to obtain a continuous pressure of 60 to 70 mm Hg for a period of 1 hour (3 pairs), 6 hours (10 pairs), 24 hours (2 pairs), 48 hours (3 pairs), and 7 days (13 pairs). Sixteen of these pairs were used to study trabecular meshwork expression of TIGR/MYOC and stromelysin by Northern blot analysis hybridization. Nine pairs (1 pair each at h-IOP for 1, 6, and 48 hours and 6 pairs at 7 days) were fixed at pressure for analysis by electron microscopy. Eyes selected for C measurements fulfilled the inclusion criteria of C0 values between 0.06 and 0.4, intact RNA recovery and normal light microscopy morphology. Percent change of facility from the baseline (C/C0) was computed at 6 and 24 hours and 2, 4, and 7 days from the long-term perfusion experiments (n = 9 h-IOP, n = 8 controls). RESULTS No induction of TIGR/MYOC expression was observed after h-IOP for 1 and 6 h. A slight induction was seen after 24 and 48 hours. At 7 days, the treated eye from 4 of 5 pairs showed a clear induction, which was very pronounced in one of the pairs. In contrast, stromelysin expression was induced at 6 hours and not at 7 days. Morphometric electron microscopy after 7 days showed no significant difference in the amounts of fine fibrillar material or plaque material in the juxtacanalicular (JCT) region. The percent increase of C of the treated eye at 6 hours was 11.0% +/- 4.6% compared with 3.7% +/- 3.8% in the control eyes (P = 0.26). However, after longer time periods, the facility of the h-IOP eyes increased, whereas that of the contralateral eyes remained unchanged. This difference reached peak, significant values at 4 days (32.9% +/- 8.4% versus 7.4% +/- 7.6%, respectively; P = 0.04) and decreased to 8.9% +/- 7.9% versus 1.1% +/- 12.7% (P = 0.6) at 7 days. CONCLUSIONS Elevated IOP appears to cause a decrease in outflow pathway resistance at 1 to 4 days, and this effect seems to disappear with further time. In contrast, induction of TIGR/MYOC appears to be strongest at 7 days. We speculate that this induction pattern might indicate a stress-related, rather than a possible homeostatic, role for the TIGR/MYOC protein.
The changing state pension age : health impacts and ability to remain in employment

The main research questions examined in this thesis concern the interaction between an increasing State Pension Age (SPA) and health in the UK. The conclusions drawn from this investigation cast further light on the equality of an increasing SPA, including whether individuals in different circumstances will be able to continue working until reaching retirement age. In particular, this research suggests that inequality and the social gradient of health should be taken into account when designing a policy as influential as the State Pension. To explore the relationship between continued employment and health, a Dynamic Microsimulation Model is constructed. This projects individual health trajectories using English Longitudinal Study of Ageing data onto a representative Census base population. Within this framework, current and counterfactual SPA policy scenarios are used to assess the relative impact. This thesis furthers our understanding of the impact that the currently legislated SPA policy may have over the next 30 years. The study found a decline in overall health within the population of the UK throughout life. Each year the SPA was delayed resulted in an increasing proportion of individuals projected to fall into poor health before reaching the SPA. The results indicate that those in lower NS-SEC groups experiencing poor health at significantly earlier ages. This was found to be likely to lead to a much larger proportion of those in low NS-SEC groups experiencing difficulty remaining in employment before reaching SPA than their high NS-SEC group counterparts. The level of feedback between employment status and health was additionally found to be influential when defining the impact of a SPA change. It was found that if employment leads to an improvement in health, additional working years might protect individuals from an overall decline in health. If however continued employment is detrimental to health, declines in health may be exacerbated, leading to a rapid reduction in health state when nearing SPA. It was identified that allowing individuals to retire following 45 years of contributions has the potential to significantly decrease the number of individuals falling into poorer health while being under SPA. Conversely, the 50 years of contributions suggested by the Cridland (2016) Independent Review of the State Pension Age was found to pose little benefit in this regard. The health measure utilised was found to be influential when assessing the impact of policy. The study utilised the subjective Self-Reported Health measure, as well as an objective Hand-Grip Strength measure. Significantly different results were obtained, dependent on both the measure of health used and the manner in which conceptualisations of health were made.
3D Ultrastructural Organization of Whole Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Cells Studied by Nanoscale Soft X-Ray Tomography

The complex architecture of their structural elements and compartments is a hallmark of eukaryotic cells. The creation of high resolution models of whole cells has been limited by the relatively low resolution of conventional light microscopes and the requirement for ultrathin sections in transmission electron microscopy. We used soft x-ray tomography to study the 3D ultrastructural organization of whole cells of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii at unprecedented spatial resolution. Intact frozen hydrated cells were imaged using the natural x-ray absorption contrast of the sample without any staining. We applied different fiducial-based and fiducial-less alignment procedures for the 3D reconstructions. The reconstructed 3D volumes of the cells show features down to 30 nm in size. The whole cell tomograms reveal ultrastructural details such as nuclear envelope membranes, thylakoids, basal apparatus, and flagellar microtubule doublets. In addition, the x-ray tomograms provide quantitative data from the cell architecture. Therefore, nanoscale soft x-ray tomography is a new valuable tool for numerous qualitative and quantitative applications in plant cell biology.
The coronal structure of AB Doradus determined from contemporaneous Doppler imaging and X-ray spectroscopy

We obtain contemporaneous observations of the surface and corona of AB Doradus (AB Dor), a young single cool star, using ground-based circularly polarized spectra from the AngloAustralian Telescope and X-ray light curves and spectra from the Chandra satellite. The ground-based data are used to construct surface magnetic field maps, which are extrapolated to produce detailed models of the quiescent corona. The X-ray data serve as a new test for the validity of these coronal models. We find that AB Dor’s X-ray corona must be concentrated close to its surface, with a height, H ∼ 0.3‐0.4R∗; this height is determined by the high coronal density and complex multipolar magnetic field from the surface maps. There is also significant correlation between the positions of surface and coronal active longitudes as determined from the surface spot and magnetic field maps and the X-ray light curve. At this epoch (2002 December) AB Dor appears to possess one very large active longitude region, covering almost half the star; displaying enhanced activity in the form of large dark spots, strong magnetic fields and chromospheric emission. This is unusual as previous surface maps of AB Dor typically display more active regions that span a wider range of longitudes. Finally, the level of rotational modulation and shape of the X-ray light curve depend on the distribution of magnetic field in the obscured hemisphere (AB Dor is inclined by 60 ◦ ). The models that best reproduce the rotational modulation observed in the contemporaneous Chandra X-ray light curve and spectra require the magnetic field in the obscured hemisphere to be of the same polarity as that in the observed hemisphere. The Sun shows different behaviour, with the leading polarity reversed in the opposite hemisphere. The X-ray observations provide a unique constraint on the magnetic structure in the obscured hemisphere.
Therapy of Hypoparathyroidism by Replacement with Parathyroid Hormone

Hypoparathyroidism (HypoPT) is a state of hypocalcemia due to inappropriate low levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). HypoPT is normally treated by calcium supplements and activated vitamin D analogues. Although plasma calcium is normalized in response to conventional therapy, quality of life (QoL) seems impaired and patients are at increased risk of renal complications. A number of studies have suggested subcutaneous injections with PTH as an alternative therapy. By replacement with the missing hormone, urinary calcium may be lowered and QoL may improve. PTH replacement therapy (PTH-RT) possesses, nevertheless, a number of challenges. If PTH is injected only once a day, fluctuations in calcium levels may occur resulting in hypercalcemia in the hours following an injection. Twice-a-day injections seem to cause less fluctuation in plasma calcium but do stimulate bone turnover to above normal. Most recently, continuous delivery of PTH by pump has appeared as a feasible alternative to injections. Plasma calcium levels do not fluctuate, urinary calcium is lowered, and bone turnover is only stimulated modestly (into the normal range). Further studies are needed to assess the long-term effects. If beneficial, it seems likely that standard treatment of HypoPT in the future will change into replacement therapy with the missing hormone.
Neighborhood search and admission control in cooperative caching networks

In-network caching of content is a popular technique for eliminating redundant traffic from the network and improve the performance of network applications. In this paper we present a novel cooperative caching strategy to improve performance of in-network caches. Our cooperative scheme is composed of an admission policy for the incoming data and a content exchange protocol between neighbor network caches to improve the search zone. The admission policy enforces that a previously cached data is not unnecessary replicated in other caches, resulting in more space for new data. The content exchange protocol allows for exchange on cached data, increasing the hit rate for incoming requests. The benefits are twofold: first, we reduce the redundant content caching in the network, and second, we improve the hit rate by informing the content cached in the nearby caches. As a proof-of-concept, we have implemented a prototype and evaluated its performance using different large-scale topologies against standard non-cooperative caching algorithms. Our numerical results show that both admission and content exchange policies yield large performance gains over standard algorithms.