Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Achieving Balance: Secondary Physical Education Gender-Grouping Options

nstruction of secondary physical education students in coed or single-gender groupings is a commonly discussed issue in pedagogical research, in professional journals, and among practitioners. Research has verified educators’ concerns that female students often do not receive equitable physical education in coed classes (Bischoff, 1982; Gabbei & Mitchell, 2001a, 2001b; Geadelmann, Bischoff, Hoferek, & McKnight, 1985; Griffin, 1984, 1985a, 1985b; Lirgg, 1993, 1994; Treanor, Graber, Housner, & Wiegand, 1998). Conversely, administrative and scholarly initiatives continue to maintain that single-gender groupings are illegal and inappropriate (Carpenter & Acosta, 2001; Davis, 2001; Portman & Nelson, 2001). Suggestions dealing with teacher-student interactions are the only practical solutions these initiatives offer for instructing secondary students in coed settings. Such solutions include having teachers change their use of language and terminology, give extra attention to female students, and provide more opportunities for females to demonstrate skill. Though these practices are necessary, they are insufficient for overcoming the hurdles that female students face when they are instructed in coed settings. The research as a whole indicates that the needs of female learners require something more than a change in teacher-student interactions; it indicates a need to include strategic grouping practices. In this article, information is presented that documents how coed physical education falls short of offering the equal opportunities that Title IX intended for female students, and a case is made for the benefits of single-gender groupings. However, no case is made for eliminating Title IX or the use of the coed-grouping option in physical education. The argument presented in this article is that teachers can legally and effectively combine single-gender grouping with currently accepted coed grouping as curricular options in order to provide a balance of equitable opportunities for students. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to inform physical educators of the available research and legal support for gender-grouping decisions.
Time-Varying Beta And The Subprime Financial Crisis: Evidence From U.S. Industrial Sectors

In the current study, we investigate the effect of the subprime financial crisis on the time-varying beta of 10 U.S. industrial sectors. We use daily data, during the period 2002 through 2014, and the bivariate BEKK-GARCH model to the conditional capital asset pricing model (CAPM) to create the time-varying betas for the 10 sectors. After controlling for local and global volatilities, the data enable us to confirm the different magnitudes of influence of the subprime crisis on the 10 industrial sectors. The results are important for investors and portfolio managers, and may have policy implications.
Expression and purification of untagged GlnK proteins from actinobacteria

The PII protein family constitutes one of the most conserved and well distributed family of signal transduction proteins in nature. These proteins play key roles in nitrogen and carbon metabolism. PII function has been well documented in Gram-negative bacteria. However, there are very few reports describing the in vitro properties and function of PII derived from Gram-positive bacteria. Here we present the heterologous expression and efficient purification protocols for untagged PII from three Actinobacteria of medical and biotechnological interest namely: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Rhodococcus jostii and Streptomyces coelicolor. Circular dichroism and gel filtration analysis supported that the purified proteins are correctly folded. The purification protocol described here will facilitate biochemical studies and help to uncover the biochemical functions of PII proteins in Actinobacteria.
Dimensional Approaches to Scaling Experimental Ecosystems: Designing Mousetraps to Catch Elephants

Enclosed experimental ecosystems (mesocosms) are small relative to their natural counterparts, are typically operated for short durations relative to the timescales of a number of important ecological processes, and also often have reduced biological and physical complexity relative to nature. These reductions in time, space, and complexity scales have been cited as sources of unrealistic ecological behavior within mesocosms and raise questions about extrapolating results from mesocosms to nature. Dimensional analysis, a technique widely used by engineers to create scale models, uses compensatory distortion as a means of maintaining dynamic similarity in properties and relationships of interest. Although biological parameters are generally less controllable than physical ones, a variety of dimensional approaches can be taken to maintain such key ecological properties as effective habitat size, environmental variability, vertical and horizontal gradients, interactions among habitats, and control of experimental artifacts. To date, application of dimensional approaches to mesocosm design has been largely intuitive and idiosyncratic. We argue that a more explicit, systematic, and quantitative approach will increase realism and may also provide a critical means of developing, testing, and advancing our understanding of scaling relationships in nature.
Accounting Lag: The Obsolescence of Cost Accounting Systems

Contemporary changes in the organization and technology of manufacturing operations have caused the traditional, direct-labor focused, cost accounting system to be a less useful summary of a company's manufacturing operations. A select set of manufacturing firms, leaders in both high-technology growth industries and highly efficient innovative producers in mature industries, were visited in order to learn what changes were being made in their accounting, measurement, and control systems to support the current emphasis on new product and manufacturing technologies. While each firm was making significant changes in its manufacturing processes, comparable changes were not occurring in its accounting and control systems—except, perhaps, on a preliminary and experimental basis. This article concludes with some conjectures as to why the pace of innovation in management accounting systems is lagging behind the rate of change in the organization and technology of manufacturing operations.
Genome‐wide analysis of integral membrane proteins from eubacterial, archaean, and eukaryotic organisms

We have carried out detailed statistical analyses of integral membrane proteins of the helix‐bundle class from eubacterial, archaean, and eukaryotic organisms for which genome‐wide sequence data are available. Twenty to 30% of all ORFs are predicted to encode membrane proteins, with the larger genomes containing a higher fraction than the smaller ones. Although there is a general tendency that proteins with a smaller number of transmembrane segments are more prevalent than those with many, uni‐cellular organisms appear to prefer proteins with 6 and 12 transmembrane segments, whereas Caenorhabditis elegansandHomo sapienshave a slight preference for proteins with seven transmembrane segments. In all organisms, there is a tendency that membrane proteins either have manytransmembrane segments with short connecting loops or few transmembrane segments with large extra‐membraneous domains. Membrane proteins from all organisms studied, except possibly the archaeon Methanococcus jannaschii, follow the so‐called “positive‐inside” rule; i.e., they tend to have a higher frequency of positively charged residues in cytoplasmic than in extra‐cytoplasmic segments.
THE THEORETICAL DEBATE ABOUT MINIMUM WAGES

Over the past several decades minimum wages have steadily gained importance. In many cases this reflects the weakness of unions which have been unable to prevent very low wages compared to the national average wage in some segments of the labour market. Changes in minimum wages can affect employment, income distribution and price level. Empirical investigations in a large number of countries and historical periods show that there is no clear relationship between minimum wages and unemployment. However, there is a broad consensus that minimum wages change income distribution in favour of low-paid workers. Price level effects of minimum wages have not been in the centre of the empirical research. In principle, for the neoclassical paradigm minimum wages have negative employment effects. These iron law of neoclassical thinking came under discussion after negative employment effects of minimum wage increases in empirical studies were difficult to find. The monopsony case was a way out of the dilemma. However, it seems to lack sufficient relevance to draw general macroeconomic conclusions. In the Keynesian paradigm nominal wages become the nominal anchor for the price level. Minimum wages compress the wage structure and lead to a change in income distribution first of all within wage earners. Minimum wage policy should be in line with the following principles: a) Minimum wages must affect a sufficient number of employees, b) they should be adjusted frequently, c) they should increase at least according to trend productivity growth plus the target inflation rate of the central bank, d) they should increase at least in line with average wages because this is the only possibility to prevent an increase in the wage gap. As long as low wages are considered to be too low in comparison to average wages, minimum wages should increase faster than average wages. In a Keynesian perspective no relevant positive or negative employment effects resulting from changes in minimum wages can be expected.
Observer-based synchronization of discrete-time chaotic systems under communication constraints

Abstract The paper is devoted to the synchronization problem of the discrete-time chaotic systems, coupled by the link (“ the communication channel “) with the limited bit-per-step rate. The observer-based full-order coder is designed, ensuring decay of the synchronization error asymptotically for the case when channel imperfections and computation errors are neglected. It is shown that if the computations in the both master and slave nodes of the channel are identical, the synchronization error can be made close to the maximum achievable accuracy of the given computer depending only on the number of digits in the computer ( practical synchronization ). If the calculations in the coder and decoder are not identical (e.g., if the computers on these nodes have different number of digits), after the some time interval of decreasing the synchronization error, the mis-synchronization occurs due to unstable properties of the chaotic systems. For this case, the practical synchronization may be ensured applying the fixed-point arithmetic calculations. The result is illustrated numerically on the example of synchronization chaotic Henon systems.
Better than its Reputation: An Empirical Hedging Analysis of the Local Volatility Model for Barrier Options

In this paper we empirically analyze the pricing and dynamic hedging of barrier options in the local volatility model. It is known that local volatility is not a good description of economic reality. In practice, several ad-hoc modifications of the model exist to make it applicable. One of these modifications is defining spot sensitivities in different ways. Delta can be computed assuming that the local volatility surface is fixed (sticky-local-volatility or model-consistent delta), or assuming that the implied volatility surface is fixed (sticky-strike delta), or assuming that the implied volatility surface floats with the underlying spot value (sticky-moneyness delta). Using data of the EUREX for options on the DAX, we compare these three delta concepts in an empirical hedging analysis for barrier options with a maturity of one and two years. We find that delta hedging alone does not lead to satisfactory results with the sticky-strike assumption performing best. By using plain vanilla options as additional hedging instruments and by defining hedges against movements of the implied volatility surface in a meaningful way, the hedging performance can be improved considerably. We analyze two different dynamic hedging strategies involving plain vanilla options and demonstrate that the resulting hedging errors are distributed around zero with a small variance for both strategies. Several non-parametric tests on the empirical time series of hedging errors confirm that the sensitivities computed under the sticky-strike assumption yield the best hedging results, while model-consistent hedges have the largest dispersion. It turns out that the hedging strategy is much more important for getting a small dispersion of hedging errors than the specific way of computing sensitivities.
Ethanol and the Local Economy

Ethanol has been embraced enthusiastically as a solution to many problems, including national energy security, global warming, air pollution, farm incomes, and local economic development. The industry has boomed in the United States: There were 54 ethanol plants in 2000, 134 by the end of 2007, 171 in mid-September 2008. Estimates of the industry's effects on local economies vary wildly, chiefly because of assumptions regarding the corn industry. This article presents an overview of the industry, its location, and the public policy umbrella that supports its growth. It analyzes what happens to the local economy when a county adds an ethanol plant, demonstrates what must be done to modify input–output models to capture those effects, and applies the approach to proposed plants in four counties. An ethanol plant provides the enticing benefits of a manufacturing plant with 35 to 40 jobs, but several characteristics and uncertainties of the industry merit a careful look when making local economic development decisions.
Effect of heat treatment on true digestibility in the rat, in vitro proteolysis and available lysine content of cottonseed meal protein.

Effects of heating cottonseed meal (CSM) protein were quantitatively assessed by determination of true digestibility (TD), in vitro proteolysis, N solubility and fluorodinitrobenzene (FDNB) available lysine. Flaked, dehulled cottonseed was extracted with hexane and desolventized at 25 C, then autoclaved (121 C, 1.1 kg/cm(2)) for 0, 15, 30, 60, 90 or 120 minutes. Free gossypol was subsequently extracted, and TD was determined in weanling rats. Metabolic fecal N (the fecal N excreted by rats fed a basal diet containing 4% casein protein) was 1.84 +/- . 10 mg N/g dry matter intake. TD and FDNB-available lysine (percentage of total) were 91 and 89%, respectively, in the unheated meal. TD and FDNB-available lysine were reduced to 84 and 78% after 60 min of autoclaving, and to 71 and 44% after 120 min of autoclaving. The effect of heat treatment on TD was described by the equation: % TD = 100 - 9.28e(.0096t) (r = .998), where t = minutes of autoclaving. This indicated an accelerated decline in TD as heating time increased. No more than 40% of the loss in FDNB-available lysine was attributable to gossypol binding. In vitro release of total amino acids from autoclaved CSM samples during pepsin-pancreatin incubations was highly correlated to TD (r = .996), but N solubility in . 02 N NaOH was poorly correlated to TD. In samples of solvent-extracted and screw-pressed CSM, TD (estimated from pepsin-pancreatin incubations) ranged from 80 to 85% and FDNB-available lysine ranged from 73 to 85%, and both were only slightly lower in screw-pressed than in solvent-extracted meals. Intake of FDNB-available lysine was correlated (r = .902) to weight gain in rats fed diets containing the CSM that were more severely autoclaved. Results suggest that heat treatment must be more severe than that which normally occurs in commercial CSM processing to cause substantial, selective loss in lysine availability.
Public gains from entrepreneurial research: Inferences about the economic value of public support of the Small Business Innovation Research program.

This paper presents a systematic analysis of the net economic benefits associated with the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program. We offer a derivation of producer and consumer surplus to estimate economic benefits. Fundamental to the implementation of these models is a specific value of the elasticity of demand, but in its absence we estimate what its value would be when the benefit-to-cost ratio associated with public support of the SBIR program equals unity. We infer from these calculations, and from general knowledge about the ability of SBIR-funded firms to exploit their monopoly position, that the SBIR program likely generates positive net economic benefits to society.
MYO1, a Novel, Unconventional Myosin Gene Affects Endocytosis and Macronuclear Elongation in Tetrahymena thermophila

Abstract Targeted gene disruption was used to investigate the function of MYO1, an unconventional myosin gene in Tetrahymena thermophila. Phenotypic analysis of a transformed strain that lacked a functional MYO1 gene was conducted at both 20 °C and 35 °C. At either temperature the Δ MYO1 strain had a smaller cytoplasm/nucleus ratio than wild type. At 20 °C, Δ MYO1 populations had a longer doubling time than wild type, lower saturation density, and a reduced rate of food vacuole formation. However, at 35 °C, these characteristics were comparable to wild type. Although micronuclear division and cytokinesis appeared normal in Δ MYO1 cells, failure of the macronucleus to elongate properly resulted in unequal segregation of macronuclear DNA in cells maintained at either 20 °C or 35 °C.
The non‐typeable Haemophilus influenzae Sap transporter provides a mechanism of antimicrobial peptide resistance and SapD‐dependent potassium acquisition

We have shown that non‐typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) resists killing by antimicrobial peptides (APs). A mutant defective in expression of the sap (sensitivity to antimicrobial peptides) gene cluster product SapA is sensitive to killing by APs and is significantly attenuated in its ability to survive in a chinchilla model of otitis media compared with the parent strain. In NTHI, SapA is believed to function as the periplasmic solute binding protein of an ABC transporter. Here, we demonstrated that recombinant chinchilla beta defensin‐1 specifically interacted with recombinant SapA and that AP exposure increased expression of the sap operon. We further demonstrated that the putative Sap transporter ATPase protein, SapD, was required for AP resistance as well as potassium uptake in NTHI strain 86‐028NP. Loss of SapD additionally abrogated NTHI survival in vivo. Complementation of the sapD mutation restored the ability to grow in potassium‐limited medium, resistance to AP‐mediated killing and survival in vivo. Collectively, these data support a mechanism of Sap system‐mediated resistance to APs that depends on Sap‐dependent transport of APs and a Sap‐dependent restoration of potassium homeostasis. Thus, NTHI required a functional Sap system to mediate bacterial survival and pathogenesis in vivo.
Autophagy compensates impaired energy metabolism in CLPXP‐deficient Podospora anserina strains and extends healthspan

The degradation of nonfunctional mitochondrial proteins is of fundamental relevance for maintenance of cellular homeostasis. The heteromeric CLPXP protein complex in the mitochondrial matrix is part of this process. In the fungal aging model Podospora anserina, ablation of CLPXP leads to an increase in healthy lifespan. Here, we report that this counterintuitive increase depends on a functional autophagy machinery. In PaClpXP mutants, autophagy is involved in energy conservation and the compensation of impairments in respiration. Strikingly, despite the impact on mitochondrial function, it is not mitophagy but general autophagy that is constitutively induced and required for longevity. In contrast, in another long‐lived mutant ablated for the mitochondrial PaIAP protease, autophagy is neither induced nor required for lifespan extension. Our data provide novel mechanistic insights into the capacity of different forms of autophagy to compensate impairments of specific components of the complex mitochondrial quality control network and about the biological role of mitochondrial CLPXP in the control of cellular energy metabolism.
Coordinated Movements of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factors eIF1, eIF1A, and eIF5 Trigger Phosphate Release from eIF2 in Response to Start Codon Recognition by the Ribosomal Preinitiation Complex*

Background: Start codon recognition triggers eIF1 and Pi release from the preinitiation complex. Results: The C-terminal tail of eIF1A moves closer to eIF5 upon start codon recognition, and this movement is required for Pi release. Conclusion: eIF1 release and movement of the eIF1A C-terminal tail toward eIF5 are coupled processes. Significance: Start codon recognition induces coordinated movements of initiation factors that trigger downstream events. Accurate recognition of the start codon in an mRNA by the eukaryotic translation preinitiation complex (PIC) is essential for proper gene expression. The process is mediated by eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIFs) in conjunction with the 40 S ribosomal subunit and (initiator) tRNAi. Here, we provide evidence that the C-terminal tail (CTT) of eIF1A, which we previously implicated in start codon recognition, moves closer to the N-terminal domain of eIF5 when the PIC encounters an AUG codon. Importantly, this movement is coupled to dissociation of eIF1 from the PIC, a critical event in start codon recognition, and is dependent on the scanning enhancer elements in the eIF1A CTT. The data further indicate that eIF1 dissociation must be accompanied by the movement of the eIF1A CTT toward eIF5 in order to trigger release of phosphate from eIF2, which converts the latter to its GDP-bound state. Our results also suggest that release of eIF1 from the PIC and movement of the CTT of eIF1A are triggered by the same event, most likely accommodation of tRNAi in the P site of the 40 S subunit driven by base pairing between the start codon in the mRNA and the anticodon in tRNAi. Finally, we show that the C-terminal domain of eIF5 is responsible for the factor's activity in antagonizing eIF1 binding to the PIC. Together, our data provide a more complete picture of the chain of molecular events that is triggered when the scanning PIC encounters an AUG start codon in the mRNA.
Imaging of thoracic lymphatic diseases.

OBJECTIVE This review will focus on radiographic description of lymphangiomas, lymphangiohemangiomas, pulmonary lymphangiomatosis, lymphangiectasis, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, lymphatic dysplasia, and traumatic lymphatic injury. CONCLUSION Diseases of the thoracic lymphatic system have a wide variety of unique radiographic manifestations, all of which can be explained by the underlying pathophysiology and relationship to the normal distribution of lymphatics in the chest.