Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simple CART based real-time traffic classification engine on FPGAs

Traffic classification is a process which assorts computer network traffic into predefined traffic classes by utilizing packet header information or network packet statistics. Real-time traffic classification is mainly used in network management tasks comprising traffic shaping and flow prioritization as well as in network security applications for intrusion detection. Machine Learning (ML) based traffic classification that exploits statistical characteristics of traffic, has come into prominence recently, due to its ability to cope with encrypted traffic and newly emerging network applications utilizing non-standard ports to circumvent firewalls. To meet high data rates and achieve online classification with ML-based techniques, Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) providing abundant parallelism and high operating frequency is the most appropriate platform. In this paper, we propose to use Simple Classification and Regression Trees (Simple CART) machine learning algorithm for traffic classification. However, the variations in node sizes of Simple CART decision tree caused by discretization pre-process incur memory and resource inefficiency problems when the tree is directly mapped onto the hardware. To resolve these problems, we propose to represent Simple CART decision tree by two stage hybrid data structure (Extended-Simple CART) that comprises multiple range trees in Stage 1 and a Simple CART decision tree enriched with bitmaps at its nodes in Stage 2. Our design is implemented on parallel and pipelined architectures using Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) to acquire high throughput. Extended-Simple CART architecture can sustain 557 Gbps or 1741 million classification per second (MCPS) (for the minimum packet size of 40 Bytes) on a state-of-the-art FPGA and achieve an accuracy of 96.8% while classifying an internet traffic trace including eight application classes.
Institutional Cash Pools and the Triffin Dilemma of the U.S. Banking System

Through the profiling of institutional cash pools, this paper explains the rise of the "shadow" banking system from a demand-side perspective. Explaining the rise of shadow banking from this angle paints a very different picture than the supply-side angle that views it as a story of banks’ funding preferences and arbitrage. Institutional cash pools prefer to avoid too much unsecured exposure to banks even through insured deposits. Short-term government guaranteed securities are the next best choice, but their supply is insufficient. The shadow banking system arose to fill this vacuum. One way to manage the size of the shadow banking system is by adopting the supply management of Treasury bills as a macroprudential tool.
An Exploration of African American Male College Students’ Perceptions of Factors that Contribute to Their Academic Success

According to the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation (2012), college degree attainment among African American males is only 16%, as compared to 20% for African American females, and 32% for Caucasian males. A great deal of research and emphasis has been placed on the struggles, challenges and shortcomings relative to African American male educational attainment. However, more work needs to be done to determine the factors that contribute to their academic success. The purpose of this phenomenological qualitative study was to explore the factors that contributed to the academic success of African American male college students that participated in the Baldwin Wallace University Scholars program (BW Scholars). For this program, cohorts of African American male students are selected during summers before ninth grade. Those scholars receive mentoring, academic enrichment and career readiness opportunities throughout their high school years in preparation for some sort of post-secondary enrollment. The aim of the program is to give the scholars the support that they need to graduate from high school. When a scholar applies to Baldwin Wallace
Interstitial and arterial‐venous [K+] in human calf muscle during dynamic exercise: effect of ischaemia and relation to muscle pain

1 Changes in the concentration of interstitial K+ surrounding skeletal muscle fibres ([K+]I) probably play some role in the regulation of cardiovascular adjustments to muscular activity, as well as in the aetiology of muscle pain and fatigue during high‐intensity exercise. However, there is very little information on the response of [K+]I to exercise in human skeletal muscle. 2 Five young healthy subjects performed plantar flexion exercise for four 5 min periods at increasing power outputs (≈1‐6 W) with 10 min intervening recovery periods, as well as for two 5 min periods with ischaemia at ≈1 and ≈3 W. Microdialysis probes were inserted into the gastrocnemius medialis muscle of the right leg to measure [K+]I, and K+ release from the plantar flexors during and after incremental exercise was calculated from plasma flow and arterial‐venous differences for K+. Calf muscle pain was assessed using a visual analogue scale. 3 On average, [K+]I was 4.4 mmol l−1 at rest and increased during minutes 3‐5 of incremental exercise by ≈1‐7 mmol l−1 as a positive function of power output. K+ release also increased as a function of exercise intensity, although there was a progressive increase by ≈1‐6 mmol l−1 in the [K+] gradient between the interstitium and arterial‐venous plasma. 4 [K+]I was lower during ischaemic exercise than control exercise. In contrast to this effect of ischaemia on [K+]I, muscle pain was relatively higher during ischaemic exercise, which demonstrates that factors other than changes in [K+]I are responsible for ischaemic muscle pain. 5 In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that during 5 min of dynamic exercise, [K+]I increases during the later period of exercise as a positive function of exercise intensity, ischaemia reduces [K+]I during rest and exercise, and the increase in [K+]I is not responsible for muscle pain during ischaemic exercise.
PRDM1/BLIMP1 is widely distributed to the nascent fetal–placental interface in the mouse gastrula

Background: PRDM1 is a transcriptional repressor that contributes to primordial germ cell (PGC) development. During early gastrulation, epiblast‐derived PRDM1 is thought to be restricted to a lineage‐segregated germ line in the allantois. However, given recent findings that PGCs overlap an allantoic progenitor pool that contributes widely to the fetal–umbilical interface, posterior PRDM1 may also contribute to soma. Results: Within the posterior mouse gastrula (early streak, 12‐s stages, embryonic days ∼6.75–9.0), PRDM1 localized to all tissues containing putative PGCs; however, PRDM1 was also found in all three primary germ layers, their derivatives, and two presumptive growth centers, the allantoic core domain and ventral ectodermal ridge. While PRDM1 and STELLA colocalized predominantly within the hindgut, where putative PGCs reside, other colocalizing cells were found in non‐PGC sites. Additional PRDM1 and STELLA cells were found independent of each other throughout the posterior region, including the hindgut. The Prdm1‐Cre‐driven reporter supported PRDM1 localization in the majority of sites; however, some Prdm1 descendants were found in sites independent of PRDM1 protein, including allantoic mesothelium and hindgut endoderm. Conclusions: Posterior PRDM1 contributes more broadly to the developing fetal‐maternal connection than previously recognized, and PRDM1 and STELLA, while overlapping in putative PGCs, also co‐localize in several other tissues. Developmental Dynamics 246:50–71, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
FOOD INSECURITY AMONG CHINESE HOUSEHOLDS IN PROJEK PERUMAHAN RAKYAT AIR PANAS, SETAPAK, KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA

ABSTRACT Background: This study examines food security status among Chinese households in Projek Perumahan Rakyat (PPR) Air Panas, Setapak, Kuala Lumpur. Materials and Methods: A simple random sampling method was used to select 109 respondents. A Face-to-face interview was used to collect data on food security status and coping strategies related to food insecurity among the respondents. Radimer/Cornell Hunger and Food Insecurity Instrument was used to measure the household food insecurity. The Malaysian Coping Strategies Instrument (MCSI) items were used to measure the respondents’ coping strategies related to food insecurity. Results: The results showed that 50.6% of the Chinese households were in food insecurity status. About 91.4% of the households prefer to “use less expensive food” and 87.7% of the households prefer “buying less expensive products or shopping at cheaper place”. There were significant mean differences between age of respondents’ (p<0.01), number of household size (p<0.000), household income (p<0.05), number of children (p<0.000), number of schooling children (p<0.05), number of disable family members (p<0.000), respondent’s education (p<0.05), spouse education (p<0.05), food expenditure (p<0.05) and non-food expenditure (p<0.05) with food security status. There was also a significant mean difference between respondents’ anthropometric measurements with food security status (p<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics were contributed to household food insecurity. Meanwhile, overweight and obesity as well as at-risk to abdominal obesity were the consequences of food insecurity in this study. Further studies are suggested to conduct a comparative study in different geographic areas to understand broader aspects of food insecurity among Chinese households in Malaysia. Keywords: Food Insecurity, Households, Chinese, Malaysia
Film-type transducer materials PVDF and EMFi in the measurement of heart and respiration rates

Film-type transducer materials polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) and ElectroMechanical Film (EMFi) were used in the measurement of heart and respiration rates on the chest wall at rest. The aim here was to evaluate if the both materials are capable to measure the heart and respiration rates correctly and also to found out if there are differences between the results of PVDF and EMFi. The movements provided by the pulsation of heart and respiration were converted into an electrical signal by the sensors. The signals were amplified and transmitted to a computer. The data was analyzed with Matlab® software. The signals were filtered to reveal the heart pulsation and respiration components. Power spectral density (PSD) spectrum was computed to determine the heart and respiration rates. ECG was used as a reference signal for the heart rate and a thermistor for the respiration rate. Both transducer materials provided good results and no differences between PVDF and EMFi were found. The heart rates measured with PVDF and EMFi sensors corresponded to the values calculated from the ECG signal. Also the respiration rates correlated with the values determined with the thermistor. To conclude, both materials provided reliable results in the measurements of heart and respiration rates.
An integrated system for people fall-detection with data fusion capabilities based on 3D ToF camera and wireless accelerometer

This paper presents a multi-sensor system for the detection of people falls in the home environment. Two kinds of devices are used: a MEMS wearable wireless accelerometer with onboard fall detection algorithms and a 3D Time-of-Flight camera. An embedded computing system receives the possible fall alarm data from the two sub-sensory systems and their associated level of confidence. The computing module hosts a data fusion software to operate the validation and correlation among the two subsystems delivered data in order to rise overall system efficiency performance with respect to each single sensor sub-system.
Procedural justice in local climate adaptation: political capabilities and transformational change

ABSTRACT Climate adaptation politics presents both obstacles and opportunities for correcting inequities that leave some communities especially vulnerable to climate-related environmental harms. By revealing these obstacles and opportunities, theories of procedural justice can help to identify procedural reforms and political strategies that advance the interests of vulnerable populations. An account of procedural justice is proposed that foregrounds the capability for political control over one’s environment, defined as having the political power to influence adaptation decisions. While the variables shaping this capability in the politics of environmental injustice often interact in ways that reproduce environmental inequities, adaptation politics has the potential to produce more transformational outcomes. To illustrate this potential, differences between the politics of environmental injustice and the politics of climate adaptation are drawn on to sketch the basic features of a typology of vulnerable populations’ political capabilities in the politics of climate adaptation, before highlighting the potential points for intervention.
Heterozygosity for the Common LCHAD Mutation (1528G>C) Is Not a Major Cause of HELLP Syndrome and the Prevalence of the Mutation in the Dutch Population Is Low

Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Apart from life-threatening metabolic derangement with hypoketotic hypoglycemia, patients often show liver disease, cardiomyopathy, and neuropathy. A common mutation (1528G>C) in the gene coding for the α-subunit of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein harboring LCHAD activity is found in 87% of the alleles of patients. LCHAD is considered a rare disorder with only 63 patients reported in the literature. Whether this is due to a truly low prevalence of the disorder or because many patients remain unrecognized as a result of aspecific symptomatology is not clear. A remarkable association between LCHAD deficiency and the hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome, which is a severe complication of pregnancy, has been reported. Because of this, we studied the frequency of the common LCHAD mutation in the Dutch population by analyzing 2047 Guthrie cards and 113 women who had suffered from HELLP syndrome. To be able to perform this large-scale study in dried bloodspots, we developed a new sensitive PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The carrier frequency for the common LCHAD mutation in the Dutch population was found to be low (1:680), consistent with the observed low incidence of the disorder. In the group of women with a history of HELLP syndrome, the prevalence of the common LCHAD mutation was also low (1:113). We conclude that LCHAD deficiency is, indeed, a rare disorder and that heterozygosity for the common mutation is not a major cause of the HELLP syndrome.
Born to bind: the BTB protein–protein interaction domain

The BTB domain is a protein–protein interaction motif that is found throughout eukaryotes. It determines a unique tri‐dimensional fold with a large interaction surface. The exposed residues are highly variable and can permit dimerization and oligomerization, as well as interaction with a number of other proteins. BTB‐containing proteins are numerous and control cellular processes that range from actin dynamics to cell‐cycle regulation. Here, we review findings in the field of transcriptional regulation to illustrate how the high variability of the BTB has allowed related transcription factors to evolve different functional abilities. We then report how recent work has showed that, in spite of their high sequence divergence and apparently unrelated functions, many BTB‐containing proteins have at least one shared role: the recruitment of degradation targets to E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes. Taken together, these findings illustrate diverse and convergent functions of a versatile protein–protein interaction domain. BioEssays 28: 1194–1202, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bleeding peptic ulcers and presence of Helicobacter pylori by various tests: a case–control study

Background Virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori are associated with peptic ulcer disease and may be also associated with bleeding peptic ulcers (BPU). Aim To determine whether H. pylori and/or the cytotoxin-associated gene (cagA) can increase the risk of bleeding in peptic ulcers. Patients Sixty-seven patients were studied. Thirty had BPU, 20 had non-bleeding peptic ulcers (NBPU), and 17 were control subjects (NPU). Methods The prevalence of H. pylori was assessed by the urease fast test, histological examination, serology, and 16S ribosomal RNA and cagA gene amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results Histology and PCR showed greater sensitivity for diagnosis of H. pylori under bleeding circumstances when compared with other tests. Association of H. pylori was greater in the NBPU group (odds ratio [OR] 4.91, P = 0.06) than in the BPU group (OR 1.27, P = NS) when compared with the control group. When the BPU and NBPU groups were compared, H. pylori was found more often in the NBPU group (OR 0.26, P < 0.10 ). The cagA-positive gene showed a similar distribution in the three groups. The titres for anti-CagA immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies were higher in NBPU patients (83%) than in BPU or control patients. Furthermore, anti-urease immunoglobulin G (IgG) was detected more frequently among BPU and NBPU patients. Conclusions NBPU patients had the highest prevalence of H. pylori by PCR. It seems unlikely that either H. pylori or the cagA-positive gene act as significant risk factors for bleeding in peptic ulcers. The lower prevalence of the microorganism among patients who bleed cannot be explained as an artificial finding.
Identification of Tamoxifen-Induced Coregulator Interaction Surfaces within the Ligand-Binding Domain of Estrogen Receptors

ABSTRACT Tamoxifen is a selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator that is clinically used as an antagonist to treat estrogen-dependent breast cancers but displays unwanted agonistic effects in other tissues. Previous studies on ERα have delineated a role of the N-terminal activation function AF-1 in mediating the agonistic effects of tamoxifen, while the mechanisms for how ERβ mediates tamoxifen action remain to be elucidated. As peptides can be used to detect distinct receptor conformations and binding surfaces for coactivators and corepressors, we attempted in this study to identify previously unrecognized peptides that interact specifically with ERs in the presence of tamoxifen. We identified two distinct peptides among others that are highly selective for tamoxifen-bound ERα or ERβ. Domain mapping and mutation analysis suggest that these peptides recognize a novel tamoxifen-induced binding surface within the C-terminal ligand-binding domain that is distinct from the agonist-induced AF-2 surface. Peptide expression specifically inhibited transcriptional ER activity in response to tamoxifen, presumably by preventing the binding of endogenous coactivators. Moreover, tamoxifen-responsive and ER subtype-selective coactivators were engineered by replacing the LXXLL motifs in the coactivator TIF2 with either of the two peptides. Finally, our results indicate that related coactivators may act via the novel tamoxifen-induced binding surface, referred to as AF-T, allowing us to propose a revised model of tamoxifen agonism.
Determinants of market participation in small scale beef cattle entrepreneurs: evidence from Pabna and Sirajganj districts of Bangladesh

The study was designed to determine the factors that influence the cattle farmers to participate and motivate in cattle marketing and preferred marketing channels in special focus on Pabna and Sirajganj Char areas of northern Bangladesh. Purposive sampling â€œsnowballingâ€ procedure was employed to contact 180 respondents. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data from small-scale cattle farmers through face to face interview. The data was analyzed using the Heckman two-stage selection model and Multinomial logistic regression model. Six factors were identified motivating cattle farmers to choose marketing channel namely, the gender of the household head, marketing information received, education and number of cattle sold. It was found that age, gender, level of education and hard size significantly influenced the decision to participate in cattle marketing. Gender, price information, group marketing, marketing experience, vehicle ownership and marketing under contract significantly influenced the extent of market participation. Further, gender, group marketing, hard size, price information, marketing under contract and vehicle ownership significantly influenced the choice of cattle marketing channels. The study strongly recommends increasing the number of cattle marked through formal channels and need to lower transaction cost, increase bargaining power, increase the hard size, access to information and participation in terminal markets. The current policy advice should focus on the effects of policy distortions and adequate attention should be given to the serious, embedded institutional deficiencies that limit many commercial farmers from taking advantage of market opportunities.
Combination of Chemical Genetics and Phosphoproteomics for Kinase Signaling Analysis Enables Confident Identification of Cellular Downstream Targets*

Delineation of phosphorylation-based signaling networks requires reliable data about the underlying cellular kinase-substrate interactions. We report a chemical genetics and quantitative phosphoproteomics approach that encompasses cellular kinase activation in combination with comparative replicate mass spectrometry analyses of cells expressing either inhibitor-sensitive or resistant kinase variant. We applied this workflow to Plk1 (Polo-like kinase 1) in mitotic cells and induced cellular Plk1 activity by wash-out of the bulky kinase inhibitor 3-MB-PP1, which targets a mutant kinase version with an enlarged catalytic pocket while not interfering with wild-type Plk1. We quantified more than 20,000 distinct phosphorylation sites by SILAC, approximately half of which were measured in at least two independent experiments in cells expressing mutant and wild-type Plk1. Based on replicate phosphorylation site quantifications in both mutant and wild-type Plk1 cells, our chemical genetic proteomics concept enabled stringent comparative statistics by significance analysis of microarrays, which unveiled more than 350 cellular downstream targets of Plk1 validated by full concordance of both statistical and experimental data. Our data point to hitherto poorly characterized aspects in Plk1-controlled mitotic progression and provide a largely extended resource for functional studies. We anticipate the described strategies to be of general utility for systematic and confident identification of cellular protein kinase substrates.
Synthesis of Unequally Spaced Linear Antenna Arrays With Minimum Element Spacing Constraint by Alternating Convex Optimization

A novel method called alternating convex optimization is presented to synthesize unequally spaced linear arrays with minimum element spacing constraint. In this method, the problem of synthesizing an unequally spaced array is formulated as a sequence of alternating convex optimization problems, and the excitation vector and auxiliary weighting vector are alternately chosen as the optimization variables. The minimum spacing constraint for considering the physical element antenna size can be easily imposed in this alternating optimization process. Two examples for synthesizing unequally spaced linear arrays with focused and shaped patterns are provided to validate the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed method.