Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Breast cancer in older women.

The American Geriatric Society currently recommends screening mammography for women up to 85 years of age whose life expectancy is three years or longer. The value of clinical breast examinations in older women needs further study. Total mastectomy and partial mastectomy with postoperative radiation therapy yield similar results in localized breast cancer. Postoperative irradiation may be avoided in women with small tumors (2.5 cm or less in diameter) who have undergone quadrantectomy. Lymph node dissection is important for tumor staging but significantly increases the risks and morbidity of surgery. Lymph node mapping may obviate the need for lymphadenectomy in many older women. Adjuvant hormonal therapy for at least two years appears to be beneficial in all women with hormone-receptor-rich tumors. Adjuvant chemotherapy is indicated in women with lymph node involvement or high-risk tumors with no lymph node involvement. Unless life-threatening metastases are present, hormonal therapy is the first approach to metastatic cancer. Chemotherapy is indicated if endocrine therapy is unsuccessful or life-threatening metastases are present. Most chemotherapy regimens appear to be well tolerated, even by women over 70 years of age. Special treatment should be employed for metastases to tumor sanctuaries (i.e., brain, eyes), the long bones, the spine and the chest wall.
Use of ERT2‐iCre‐ERT2 for conditional transgenesis

We examined the use of ERT2‐iCre‐ERT2 (Cre2ERT2), a tamoxifen‐regulated form of Cre that has been described to have a background activity lower than that of other tamoxifen‐regulated Cre constructs, for establishing performant conditional deleter mouse lines. Cre2ERT2 was inserted by homologous recombination into the Rosa26 locus. These mice were mated with R26R Cre‐reporter mice. No recombination could be observed in the progenies in the absence of tamoxifen treatment. Tamoxifen treatment at E13‐14 led to a high level, albeit variable, recombination in most of the tissues examined: liver, heart, kidney, brain, lung etc. Treatment of adult animals also induced recombination in these tissues, although at a lower level. Northern blot and qPCR studies suggested that these differences are not linked to significant variations of the level of expression of Cre2ERT2. Thus, Cre2ERT2 appears to be a good alternative to existing modulatable Cre systems, displaying a lack of background activity and a high‐level inducibility in vivo. genesis 46:193–199, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessing acute stress with the Implicit Association Test

Assessments of acute stress using self-report questionnaires can be biased by various factors, including social desirability. The present study used a bias-free method, the Implicit Association Test (IAT), to assess stress. Unlike a previous study (Schmukle & Egloff, 2004) in which acute stress was not detected with the IAT, this study manipulated stress by generating test anxiety and threatening self-esteem. The results revealed that the IAT effect was greater in the high-stress group than in the low-stress group. Participants in the high-stress group associated their concept of self with the concept of anxiety more strongly than did those in the low-stress group. This result suggests that the IAT is a sensitive measure for detecting group differences in acute stress.
A negative resistance compensated switching current sampled-and-hold circuit

A switching current sample-and-hold circuit utilizing negative resistance compensation to enhance the output impedance of the current cell is presented. This paper demonstrates the principle of negative-resistance applications in switching current cells. The proposed switching current sample-and-hold circuit achieves 44.6 dB SNDR and 58.5 dB SFDR with a 4 MHz input of 40 MS/s sampling frequency at the 1.2 V supply voltage of CMOS 0.35-µm technology.
Antifungal and antioxidant activities of Coleonema album and C. pulchellum against skin diseases

Abstract Context: Coleonema album (Thunb) Bart. & H. L. Wendl (Rutaceae) has been used in the formulation of skincare products, and the Khoisan people rub it on their skin to add luster. Coleonema pulchellum I. Williams has received less attention in the South African traditional medicine. Objective: This study investigates the antifungal and antioxidant activities of C. album and C. pulchellum essential oil (EO) and leaf extracts; and analyzes the chemical components of their EOs. Materials and methods: Antifungal activity of leaf extracts was determined using the microdilution method with griseofulvin and ketoconazole as controls. Antifungal capacity of EO was investigated using the ‘Volatile release plate method’. Trichophyton rubrum (ATCC 28188) and T. mentagrophytes (ATCC 9533) mycelia (0.3 cm diameter) were placed on fresh yeast malt agar in Petri dishes with filter paper (impregnated with 20 μL of EO) on the lid for direct exposure to EO volatiles while plates without EO were used as controls. The incubation time was seven days. Antioxidant activities of the leaf extracts were determined. Results: Methanol leaf extract of C. pulchellum inhibited the growth of three fungi tested with MIC values of 195, 391 and 49 μg/mL for Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum gypseum, respectively. Terpenes formed the major components of the EO. The EO from both plants inhibited the growth of T. rubrum in vitro. Discussion and conclusion: This study revealed the therapeutic value of C. pulchellum. Coleonema album and C. pulchellum should be considered as potential plants for skin ointment from natural origin.
Adequate vitamin D levels in a Swedish population living above latitude 63°N: The 2009 Northern Sweden MONICA study

Background Even though vitamin D is mainly produced by exposure to sunlight, little is known regarding vitamin D levels in populations living in sub-Arctic areas with little or no daylight during winter. Objective We describe distributions of vitamin D3 and the prevalence of adequate levels in a population living above 63°N. Design We sampled 1,622 randomly selected subjects, aged 25–74 years, between January and May, 2009, as part of the Northern Sweden MONICA study (69.2% participation rate). By using HPLC, 25(OH) vitamin D3 was analysed. Levels used for definitions were deficient, D3<25 nmol/l (<10 ng/ml); insufficient, D3 25–49.9 nmol/l (10–20 ng/ml); and adequate, D3≥50 nmol/l (20 ng/ml). Results Mean (median) level of vitamin D3 was 65.2 (63.6) nmol/l in men and 71.0 (67.7) nmol/l in women. Adequate levels were found in 79.2%, more often in women (82.7%) than in men (75.6%). Only 0.7% of the population were vitamin D3–deficient but 23.1% of men and 17.1% of women had insufficient levels. Levels of vitamin D3 increased with age and insufficient status was most common among those aged 25–34 years, 41.0% in men and 22.3% in women. If subjects using vitamin D-supplementation are excluded, the population level of D3 is 1–2 nmol/l lower than in the general population across sex- and age groups. There were no differences between the northern or the southern parts, between urban or rural living or according to educational attainment. Those subjects born outside of Sweden or Finland had lower levels. Conclusion The large majority living close to the Arctic Circle in Sweden have adequate D3 levels even during the second half of the dark winter. Subjects with D3 deficiency were uncommon but insufficient levels were often found among young men.
Live Imaging Reveals Differing Roles of Macrophages and Neutrophils during Zebrafish Tail Fin Regeneration*

Background: Macrophages and neutrophils are key phagocytes in regeneration. Results: Neutrophils are the primary phagocytes in the inflammatory stage and are dispensable for zebrafish fin regeneration, whereas macrophages mainly function in the resolution stage and are required for fin regeneration. Conclusion: Macrophages and neutrophils behave differently during zebrafish fin injury and regeneration. Significance: Our study documents that macrophages and neutrophils play distinct functions in tissue regeneration. Macrophages and neutrophils are the pivotal immune phagocytes that enter the wound after tissue injury to remove the cell debris and invaded microorganisms, which presumably facilitate the regrowth of injured tissues. Taking advantage of the regeneration abilities of zebrafish and the newly generated leukocyte-specific zebrafish lines with labeling of both leukocyte lineages, we assessed the behaviors and functions of neutrophils and macrophages during tail fin regeneration. Live imaging showed that within 6 hours post amputation, the inflammatory stage, neutrophils were the primary cells scavenging apoptotic bodies and small cell debris, although they had limited phagocytic capacity and quickly underwent apoptosis. From 6 hours post amputation on, the resolution and regeneration stage, macrophages became the dominant scavengers, efficiently resolving inflammation and facilitating tissue remodeling and regrowth. Ablation of macrophages but not neutrophils severely impaired the inflammatory resolution and tissue regeneration, resulting in the formation of large vacuoles in the regenerated fins. In contrast, removal of neutrophils slightly accelerates the regrowth of injured fin. Our study documents the differing behaviors and functions of macrophages and neutrophils during tissue regeneration.
Dedicated Hippocampal Inhibitory Networks for Locomotion and Immobility

Network activity is strongly tied to animal movement; however, hippocampal circuits selectively engaged during locomotion or immobility remain poorly characterized. Here we examined whether distinct locomotor states are encoded differentially in genetically defined classes of hippocampal interneurons. To characterize the relationship between interneuron activity and movement, we used in vivo, two-photon calcium imaging in CA1 of male and female mice, as animals performed a virtual-reality (VR) track running task. We found that activity in most somatostatin-expressing and parvalbumin-expressing interneurons positively correlated with locomotion. Surprisingly, nearly one in five somatostatin or one in seven parvalbumin interneurons were inhibited during locomotion and activated during periods of immobility. Anatomically, the somata of somatostatin immobility-activated neurons were smaller than those of movement-activated neurons. Furthermore, immobility-activated interneurons were distributed across cell layers, with somatostatin-expressing cells predominantly in stratum oriens and parvalbumin-expressing cells mostly in stratum pyramidale. Importantly, each cell's correlation between activity and movement was stable both over time and across VR environments. Our findings suggest that hippocampal interneuronal microcircuits are preferentially active during either movement or immobility periods. These inhibitory networks may regulate information flow in “labeled lines” within the hippocampus to process information during distinct behavioral states. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The hippocampus is required for learning and memory. Movement controls network activity in the hippocampus but it's unclear how hippocampal neurons encode movement state. We investigated neural circuits active during locomotion and immobility and found interneurons were selectively active during movement or stopped periods, but not both. Each cell's response to locomotion was consistent across time and environments, suggesting there are separate dedicated circuits for processing information during locomotion and immobility. Understanding how the hippocampus switches between different network configurations may lead to therapeutic approaches to hippocampal-dependent dysfunctions, such as Alzheimer's disease or cognitive decline.
Autonomous detection of heartbeats and categorizing them by using Support Vector Machines

In this paper a new method for categorizing 5 special types of heartbeats has been developed by use of time and apparent properties of the Wavelet Transform of the ECG signal. By using the method in this paper first each heart beat identified autonomously and important points and segments of it, were derived. Then expected features for categorizing the heartbeats are extracted. Finally we categorized the arrhythmias by using the Support Vector Machines. In order to train the SVM and for analyzing its accuracy; arrhythmic signals of MIT-BIH dataset have been used. The results which have been achieved by this method also contain 96.67 percent of accuracy for categorizing five different heartbeats including Normal (N) Left Bundle Branch Block(LBBB), Right Bundle Branch Block(LBBB), Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC) and Atrial Premature Contraction (APC). The advantage of using this method compared to the other ones is that we could achieve the expected precision by using less training attributes respect to the other methods.
Performance of optical imaging capillary plate gas detector with synchrotron radiation

We have been developing an X-ray photoelectron tracking imager based on a glass capillary plate (CP) gas detector for cosmic X-ray polarimetry applications. The optical imaging system consists of a CP gas detector filled with a noble-gas mixture and a cooled CCD camera coupled to an optical lens system. The performance of the optical imaging CP gas detector as an X-ray polarimeter was investigated with highly polarized, well-monochromized, and well-collimated X-ray beams at the synchrotron radiation facilities in SPring-8 and KEK-PF. Owing to the fine imaging capability of the optical imaging CP gas detector, images of X-ray photoelectron tracks were clearly observed for the polarized X-rays. A modulation factor of 26% was obtained for a 15 keV polarized X-ray beam, for which the energy resolution was 13%. We report on the properties of the optical imaging CP gas detector as an X-ray polarimeter and describe the outlook on future developments on the basis of the measured characteristics and the results of Monte Carlo simulations.
Microfilament stabilization by jasplakinolide arrests oocyte maturation, cortical granule exocytosis, sperm incorporation cone resorption, and cell‐cycle progression, but not DNA replication, during fertilization in mice

Jasplakinolide (JAS), which induces microfilament polymerization and stabilization, inhibits microfilament‐mediated events in murine oocyte maturation and fertilization in a fashion unlike the effects of cytochalasin B (CCB) and latranculin A (LAT A). JAS prevents egg polar body emission at a much lower concentration than either CCB or LAT A. Microfilament bundles were detected on the entire egg cortex after JAS exposure. Conversely, microfilament patterns did not change after exposure to CCB, and few microfilaments were observed after exposure to LAT A. Eggs that were allowed to recover from JAS were unable to recover normal microfilament organization. During oocyte maturation, JAS prevented both spindle migration to the oocyte cortex and first polar body emission. During in vitro fertilization, sperm head entered the eggs and formed pronuclei, but sperm tail entry, pronuclear centration, and second polar body emission were not detected. DNA synthesis occurs in these JAS‐treated zygotes. JAS inhibited not only the formation, but also the disassembly, of incorporation cones. JAS was also found to prevent cortical granule exocytosis following artificial activation, and cortical granules were still beneath the plasma membrane even after activation. Finally, incorporation of microinjected nonmuscle actin into the microfilament network of mice eggs was delayed by JAS. We conclude that JAS acts as a microfilament inhibitor during maturation and fertilization and is more powerful than other inhibitors. Its mechanism differs in that it promotes assembly and stabilization of microfilaments. JAS is a novel cell permeable tool for the investigation of microfilament‐dependent events in early mammalian development. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 56:89–98, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Front End of Radical Innovation: A Case Study of Idea and Concept Development at Prime Group

A firm's ability to develop radical innovation is heavily contingent on the front‐end phases where ideas and concepts are created, yet few empirical studies provide detailed insights into radical idea and concept development. Using literature on problem finding and problem solving, we explore how radically new ideas and concepts emerge, and outline the process by which they are created. Based on multiple case studies of five completed and two ongoing projects conducted by a highly innovative consultancy firm, Prime Group, the article proposes a six‐step process for radical idea and concept development. The insights provide theoretical implications and advice for how firms can increase novelty and success rates of emergent radical ideas and concepts.
64-Tb/s (640×107-Gb/s) PDM-36QAM transmission over 320km using both pre- and post-transmission digital equalization

Employing raised-cosine pulse-shaped PDM-36QAM modulation and both pre- and posttransmission digital equalization, we demonstrate 12.5GHz-spaced, 640×107Gbits/s DWDM transmission over 4×80km of ultra-large-area fiber with a record capacity of 64Tb/s at 8b/s/Hz spectral efficiency.
One-Versus-the-Rest(OVR) Algorithm: An Extension of Common Spatial Patterns(CSP) Algorithm to Multi-class Case

Extraction of relevant features that capture the invariant characteristics specific to each brain state is very important in order to implement a suitable brain-computer interface (BCI) system. This paper presents an algorithm called one-versus-the-rest (OVR), which is an extension of a well-known method called common spatial patterns (CSP) to multi-class case, to extract signal components specific to one condition from electroencephalography (EEG) data sets of multiple conditions. The algorithm was previously mentioned in a paper by Dornhege et al. (2004), yet without an elaborate description. In this paper, detailed mathematical derivation of the algorithm is given, followed by a computer simulation. The computer simulation suggests that the algorithm is capable of reconstructing the actual specific part of each condition with high quality, even when the data are contaminated with considerable noise. We also hint future possible applications of the algorithm in the context of BCI at the end of the paper
Association analysis of the RGS4 gene in Han Chinese and Scottish populations with schizophrenia

We investigated the RGS4 as a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia in Chinese Han (184 trios and 138 sibling pairs, a total of 322 families) and Scottish (580 cases and 620 controls) populations using both a family trio and case‐control design. Both the samples had statistical power greater than 70% to detect a heterozygote genotype relative risk of >1.2 for frequent RGS4‐risk alleles. We genotyped four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) which have previously been associated with schizophrenia as either individually or part of haplotypes. Allele frequencies and linkage disequilibrium between the SNPs was similar in the two populations. In the Chinese sample, no individual SNPs or any of their haplotypes were associated with schizophrenia. In the Scottish population, one SNP (SNP7) was significantly over‐represented in the cases compared with the controls (0.44 vs. 0.38; A allele; χ2 7.08, P = 0.011 after correction for correlation between markers by permutation testing). One two‐marker haplotype, composed of alleles T and A of SNP4 and SNP7, respectively, showed individual significance after correction by permutation testing (χ2 6.8; P = 0.04). None of the full four‐marker haplotypes showed association, including the G‐G‐G‐G haplotype previously associated with schizophrenia in more than one sample and the A‐T‐A‐A haplotype. Thus, our data do not directly replicate previous associations of RGS4, but association with SNP 7 in the Scottish population provides some support for a role in schizophrenia susceptibility. We cannot conclusively exclude RGS4, as associated haplotypes are likely to be surrogates for unknown causative alleles, whose relationship with overlying haplotypes may differ between the population groups. Differences in the association seen across the two populations could result from methodological factors such as diagnostic differences but most likely result from ethnic differences in haplotype structures within RGS4.
Interrater reliability to assure valid content in peer review of CME‐accredited presentations

Introduction: The Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) provides guidelines for continuing medical education (CME) materials to mitigate problems in the independence or validity of content in certified activities; however, the process of peer review of materials appears largely unstudied and the reproducibility of peer‐review audits for ACCME accreditation and designation of American Medical Association Category 1 CreditTM is unknown. Methods: Categories of presentation defects were constructed from discussions of the CME committee of the American Epilepsy Society: (1) insufficient citation, (2) poor formatting, (3) nonacknowledgment of non‐FDA–approved use, (4) misapplied data, (5) 1‐sided data, (6) self‐ or institutional promotion, (7) conflict of interest/commercial bias, (8) other, or (9) no defect. A PowerPoint lecture (n = 29 slides) suitable for presentation to general neurologists was purposefully created with the above defects. A multirater, multilevel kappa statistic was determined from the number and category of defects. Results: Of 14 reviewers, 12 returned completed surveys (86%) identifying a mean ± standard deviation 1.6 ± 1.1 defects/slide. The interrater kappa equaled 0.115 (poor reliability) for number of defects/slides. No individual categories achieved kappa > 0.38. Discussion: Interrater reliability on the rating of durable materials used in subspecialty CME was poor. Guidelines for CME appropriate content are too subjective to be applied reliably by raters knowledgeable in their specialty field but relatively untrained in the specifics of CME requirements. The process of peer review of CME materials would be aided by education of physicians on validation of materials appropriate for CME.
The variability of protein structure with respect to the hydrophobic core

Abstract The application of the fuzzy oil drop model to the analysis of protein structure is shown using two proteins. The selection of these two examples is due to their opposite character. Two proteins were selected representing very high order and very high disorder with respect to the organized uni-central hydrophobic core in proteins (one centrally localized concentration of high hydrophobicity). These two cases are to show examples of the large spectrum of variability of local organization of the hydrophobic core in proteins. The importance of the observation presented in this paper is significant with respect to large sets of proteins discussed in separate publications.