Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Weibull distribution, the power law, and the instance theory of automaticity.

H. Colonius (1995) agreed with the fundamental tenets of the instance theory of automaticity. His article addressed the mathematical development of the theory, pointing out an error in one of two arguments that G. D. Logan (1988,1992) used to justify the choice of the Weibull as the distribution of retrieval times and suggesting an alternative argument that places different emphasis on the power function speedup and the Weibull distribution. This article attempts to clarify the problematic argument, point out some practical limitations on H. Colonius's (1995) alternative argument, and suggest important future directions for the mathematical development of the theory.
Intrinsic Evaporative Cooling by Hygroscopic Earth Materials

The phase change of water from liquid to vapor is one of the most energy-intensive physical processes in nature, giving it immense potential for cooling. Diverse evaporative cooling strategies have resulted worldwide, including roof ponds and sprinklers, courtyard fountains, wind catchers with qanats, irrigated green roofs, and fan-assisted evaporative coolers. These methods all require water in bulk liquid form. The evaporation of moisture that has been sorbed from the atmosphere by hygroscopic materials is equally energy-intensive, however, yet has not been examined for its cooling potential. In arid and semi-arid climates, hygroscopic earth buildings occur widely and are known to maintain comfortable indoor temperatures, but evaporation of moisture from their walls and roofs has been regarded as unimportant since water scarcity limits irrigation and rainfall; instead, their cool interiors are attributed to well-established mass effects in delaying the transmission of sensible gains. Here, we investigate the cooling accomplished by daily cycles of moisture sorption and evaporation which, requiring only ambient humidity, we designate as “intrinsic” evaporative cooling. Connecting recent soil science to heat and moisture transport studies in building materials, we use soils, adobe, cob, unfired earth bricks, rammed earth, and limestone to reveal the effects of numerous parameters (temperature and relative humidity, material orientation, thickness, moisture retention properties, vapor diffusion resistance, and liquid transport properties) on the magnitude of intrinsic evaporative cooling and the stabilization of indoor relative humidity. We further synthesize these effects into concrete design guidance. Together, these results show that earth buildings in diverse climates have significant potential to cool themselves evaporatively through sorption of moisture from humid night air and evaporation during the following day’s heat. This finding challenges the perception of limited evaporative cooling resources in arid climates and greatly expands the applicability of evaporative cooling in contemporary buildings to water-stressed regions.
Measuring college students' sleep, stress, mental health and wellbeing with wearable sensors and mobile phones

This thesis carries out a series of studies and develops a methodology and tools to measure and analyze ambulatory physiological, behavioral and social data from wearable sensors and mobile phones with trait data such as personality, for learning about behaviors and traits that impact human health and wellbeing. This thesis also validates the methodology and tools on a selected subset of the questions that can be answered by the data collected. First, I conducted a study to characterize wrist electrodermal activity (EDA) patterns with concurrent polysomnography and conventional palm EDA measurement. I developed a tool to analyze the EDA data quantitatively and found that wrist EDA peaks occur during Non REM2 and 3 sleep. Then, with multi-modal wearable sensor data, I conducted several studies showing how multi-modal wearable sensors can improve characterization of sleep/wake states over motion-sensing alone, and predict sleep-related memory consolidation. We found that wrist-EDA helps discriminate when there is improved sleep-related memory consolidation. Next, with colleagues at MIT and Brigham and Women’s hospital, I designed and carried out the first four semesters of the “SNAPSHOT study”, which measured over 100,000 hours of multi-sensor and smartphone use data from 168 college students, recruited together with their social groups. Each student contributed intensive multi-modal ambulatory data (physiological, behavioral, environmental, and social) for 30 days. Each student also filled out standardized questionnaires on mental health, personality, stress, social interactions, sleep and GPA, and provided a measure of dim light melatonin, enabling circadian phase to be measured. To investigate the value of the data, I examined a subset of the large set of questions that these new data enable us to answer: I examined the associations between sleep regularity and sleep duration on academic performance, physical/mental health, perceived stress and wellbeing-related measures using coarsened exact matching to control covariates. Our data showed that sleep irregularity was statistically significantly more associated with bad health, reported in the morning, and with worse mental health than sleep duration. I also identified features useful for recognition of monthly reported perceived stress (high vs low): daily activities, personality, sleep, physiology, social interactions, phone usage, and mobility. Thesis Supervisor: Rosalind W. Picard Title: Professor of Media Arts and Sciences, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, MIT
Ontology Modeling and Object Modeling in Software Engineering

A data model is a plan for building a database and is comparable to an architect's building plans. There are two major methodologies used to create a data model: the EntityRelationship (ER) approach and the Object Model. This paper will be discussed only the object model approach. The goal of the data model is to certify that all data objects required by the database are completely and accurately represented. Ontologies are objects of interest (Universal of discourse). The objective of this paper is to simplify object models compare with ontologies models. There are some similarities between objects in object models and concepts sometimes called classes in ontologies. Ontology can help building object model. The object model is the center of data modeling; on the other hand ontology itself has the concept which is the basis of knowledge base. Because ontologies are closely related to modern object-oriented software design, it is good attempt to adapt existing object-oriented software development methodologies for the task of ontology development. Selected approaches originate from research in artificial intelligence; knowledge representation and object modeling are presented in this paper. Some issues mentioned in this paper are related with their connection; some are addressed directly into the similarities or differences point of view of both. This paper also presents the available tools, methods, procedures, language, reusability which shows the corporation with object modeling and ontologies.
Is residents’ satisfaction with life a precursor to experiencing emotional solidarity with tourists?

In an effort to explore additional variables as antecedents of emotional solidarity, satisfaction with life (SWL) was considered in this study. More specifically, the research question posed in this paper is, can Deiner et al.’s (1985) Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) significantly predict the three factors of the Emotional Solidarity Scale (ESS): welcoming nature, emotional closeness, and sympathetic understanding? Reliabilities were strong for all four measures. SWLS significantly predicted all three emotional solidarity factors, albeit only explaining a modest degree of variance in each of the dependent variables. Practical implications are discussed.
Cytokine Production and Bone Remodeling in Patients wearing Overdentures on Oral Implants

The stability of titanium dental implants is determined by osseointegration. Bone is a dynamic tissue continuously remodeled through resorption and formation, processes controlled by local cytokine production. This study investigated osseotropic cytokine expression in gingival mucosa, in the intraforamina and inferior first molar zones, during rehabilitation with implant-retained overdentures. Specimens were taken from six patients prior to placement of implants in the intraforamina bone; at connection of healing abutments; and 4, 8, and 12 months after prosthetic anchorage. Through semi-quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain-reaction, the following constitutively expressed cytokines were found at first surgical stage: interleukin-1, -6, and -8; small amounts of interleukin-11; stem cell factor; and transforming growth factor-ß1, -ß2, and -ß3. From the connection of healing abutments to 12 months after prosthetic anchorage, transforming growth factor-ß1, -ß2, and -ß3 were markedly higher than initial values. Expression of interleukin-6 and -8 decreased 8 months after prosthetic anchorage, while that of interleukin-1 increased at 12 months. In cultured gingival fibroblasts, modulation of cytokine secretion was also time-dependent. Cell culture supernatants influenced osteoclast-like multinucleated cell formation in long-term human marrow culture or osteoblast function, depending on the cytokine profile produced. These results are consistent with functional contributions of cytokines to osseointegration and minimization of posterior edentulous zone bone resorption.
Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea) as a Biological Model in the Study of Plant Invasions

Invasive species pose a serious threat to native plant communities and are an important contributor to loss of biodiversity. In the case of Phalaris arundinacea, L. (Poaceae), reed canary grass, a cool-season, long-lived perennial plant native to Eurasia and North America, nonnative agronomically important genotypes were introduced to North America for numerous uses such as forage and soil stabilization. Following repeated introductions, reed canary grass became an aggressive invader that takes over natural wet prairies, stream-banks and wetlands. Reed canary grass can outcompete native plant species, resulting in monospecific stands with concomitant loss of plant and insect diversity and ultimately to alteration in ecosystem function. Abiotic factors such as disturbance, changes in hydrological regime, and particularly nutrient runoff to wetlands can enhance reed canary grass establishment and vegetative spread. In addition, the species' capacity for early season growth, rapid vegetative spread, high stem elongation potential, wide physiological tolerance, and high architectural plasticity make the species highly aggressive under a wide range of ecological conditions. The change in life-history and environmental conditions responsible for the enhanced aggressiveness observed between native and invasive genotypes are not yet understood. Hence, reed canary grass provides an ideal study system to test a number of ecological and genetic hypotheses to explain why some plant species become extremely aggressive when transported into a new geographical area. To date, genetic studies have found that invasive populations have high genetic diversity and that genotypes differ in their phenotypic plasticity and response to ecological conditions, which may contribute to their invasion success. Finally comparative studies currently underway on European native and American invasive genotypes of reed canary grass should shed light on the mechanisms responsible for reed canary grass's aggressiveness and should provide an experimental protocol to test ecological and genetic hypotheses about what makes a species invasive.
The nonlinear Northern Hemisphere winter atmospheric response to ENSO

A nonlinear projection of the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) onto the Northern Hemisphere winter 500‐mbar geopotential height (Z500) by a neural network reveals asymmetric atmospheric patterns associated with El Niño and La Niña. While the linear response of Z500 to tropical Pacific SSTA is largely confined over North Pacific and North America, the nonlinear response, mainly a quadratic response to the SSTA, reveals that regardless of the sign of the SSTA, positive Z500 anomalies are found over the central‐eastern North America, North Atlantic and western Europe, and negative Z500 anomalies over the west coast of North America, Scandinavia and eastern Europe—consistent with the positive Pacific‐North America (PNA) teleconnection pattern and the positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) pattern being excited.
Accurate Modeling of the Delay and Energy Overhead of Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling in Modern Microprocessors

Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) has been studied for well over a decade. Nevertheless, existing DVFS transition overhead models suffer from significant inaccuracies; for example, by incorrectly accounting for the effect of DC-DC converters, frequency synthesizers, voltage, and frequency change policies on energy losses incurred during mode transitions. Incorrect and/or inaccurate DVFS transition overhead models prevent one from determining the precise break-even time and thus forfeit some of the energy saving that is ideally achievable. This paper introduces accurate DVFS transition overhead models for both energy consumption and delay. In particular, we redefine the DVFS transition overhead including the underclocking-related losses in a DVFS-enabled microprocessor, additional inductor IR losses, and power losses due to discontinuous-mode DC-DC conversion. We report the transition overheads for a desktop, a mobile and a low-power representative processor. We also present DVFS transition overhead macromodel for use by high-level DVFS schedulers.
SDN Control Plane Security in Cloud Computing Against DDoS Attack

In Software Defined Networking a Denial-of- Service (DoS) or Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attack is an attempt to make a machine or network resources unreachable for its particular users. so, the require for security of such network controller against attacks from within or outside a network is very more important. Although network devices in OpenFlow can also be targeted by attackers and so required a Defense mechanism to avoid problems in smooth packet forwarding attack. SDN Give the Functionality to Overcome DDoS Attack use Control plan and data plan. Also, they manage the network use SDN controller to monitor network. SDN network flexibility provides they interface OpenFlow and switches network by Mininet. That all are merge to single centralized control point.
Utility of Proton MR Spectroscopy for Differentiating Typical and Atypical Primary Central Nervous System Lymphomas from Tumefactive Demyelinating Lesions

The utility of MRS in differentiating lymphoma from tumefactive demyelination was assessed in 44 patients with the former and 21 with the latter. A Cho/Cr over 2.58 and a high lipid/lactate peak were more common in lymphoma, therefore MRS may help in differentiating these 2 entities. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: It may be challenging to differentiate primary CNS lymphomas, especially primary CNS lymphomas with atypical MR features, from tumefactive demyelinating lesions by the use of conventional MR. This study aimed to investigate the usefulness of 1H-MR spectroscopy for making this discrimination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-four patients with primary CNS lymphomas and 21 with tumefactive demyelinating lesions were enrolled. Single-voxel (TE = 144 ms) 1H-MR spectroscopy scans with the use of the point-resolved spectroscopy sequence were retrospectively analyzed. The Cho/Cr and Cho/NAA area ratios were calculated. The lipid and/or lactate peak was visually categorized into 5 grades on the basis of comparison with the height of the Cr peak. The 1H-MR spectroscopy findings were compared in all of the primary CNS lymphomas and the tumefactive demyelinating lesions and in the subgroup of atypical primary CNS lymphomas and tumefactive demyelinating lesions. The thresholds and added value of 1H-MR spectroscopy to conventional MR were calculated by use of receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS: Discrepancies between all of the primary CNS lymphomas and tumefactive demyelinating lesions were found in the Cho/Cr ratio (P = .000), Cho/NAA ratio (P = .000), and the lipid and/or lactate peak grade (P = .000). Lymphoma rather than tumefactive demyelinating lesions was suggested when the Cho/Cr ratio was >2.58, the Cho/NAA ratio was >1.73, and a high lipid and/or lactate peak grade (grade >3) was seen. Higher Cho/Cr ratios, Cho/NAA ratios, and lipid and/or lactate peak grades were found in atypical primary CNS lymphomas when compared with those of tumefactive demyelinating lesions. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of conventional MR was improved from 0.827 to 0.870 when Cho/NAA ratio was added in the uncertain cases. CONCLUSIONS: 1H-MR spectroscopy may be useful for differentiating primary CNS lymphomas from tumefactive demyelinating lesions. Cho/NAA ratio could provide added value to conventional MR imaging.
The Predictive Power of Classroom Teachers' Self-efficacy Beliefs Related to Implementing the Constructivist Approach upon Their Level of Creating a Constructivist Learning Environment: A Mersin Case

Turkey adapted a constructivist curriculum with radical changes in programs at the elementary education level in 2005-2006. The teacher's belief of self-efficacy affects teaching quality, methods, and techniques, participation of students in learning, and the understanding of students, and these determined student success. It is unknown whether classroom teachers' belief of self-efficacy related to implementing the constructivist approach predicts their level of creating a constructivist learning environment. The research, a descriptive study on a relational screening model, included 812 teachers in 58 elementary education schools in Mersin. The self-efficacy belief of classroom teachers was measured with "The Scale of Self-efficacy Related to Implementing the Constructivist Approach" and their level of creating a constructivist learning environment was measured using the "Constructivist Learning Environment Scale", followed by simple and multiple regression analyses. Classroom teachers' self- efficacy beliefs related to implementing the constructivist approach positively predicted their level of creating a constructivist learning environment.
The social psychology of disordered eating: The Situated Identity Enactment model

ABSTRACT Eating disorders and subclinical behaviours such as dangerous dieting are a significant public health burden in the modern world. We argue that a social-psychological model of disordered eating is needed to explain how sociocultural factors are psychologically represented and subsequently reflected in an individual’s cognitions and behaviour. We present evidence that three central elements shape disordered eating – social norms, social identity and social context – and integrate these within a Situated Identity Enactment (SIE) model. Specifically, the SIE model states that social context determines the salience of both social norms and social identities. Social norms then influence disordered eating behaviour, but only to the extent that they are consistent represented in the content of a person’s social identities. We conclude by outlining the implications of the SIE model for researchers and practitioners in the domain of disordered eating, focusing in particular on the need for, and potential value of, theory-derived social interventions.
A semi-supervised approach to projected clustering with applications to microarray data

Recent studies have suggested that extremely low dimensional projected clusters exist in real datasets. Here, we propose a new algorithm for identifying them. It combines object clustering and dimension selection, and allows the input of domain knowledge in guiding the clustering process. Theoretical and experimental results show that even a small amount of input knowledge could already help detect clusters with only 1% of the relevant dimensions. We also show that this semi-supervised algorithm can perform knowledge-guided selective clustering when there are multiple meaningful object groupings. The algorithm is also shown effective in analysing a microarray dataset.
Macroprudential Policies in a Global Perspective

This paper analyzes the case for the international coordination of macroprudential policies in the context of a simple theoretical framework. Both domestic macroprudential policies and prudential capital controls have international spillovers through their impact on capital flows. The uncoordinated use of macroprudential policies may lead to a "capital war" that depresses global interest rates. International coordination of macroprudential policies is not warranted, however, unless there is unemployment in some countries. There is scope for Pareto-improving international policy coordination when one part of the world is in a liquidity trap while the rest of the world accumulates reserves for prudential reasons.
Spatial panels : random components vs . xed e ¤ ects Lung

This paper investigates spatial panel data models with spatially and serially correlated disturbances. We rst discuss the short panels and consider their estimation by both xed e¤ects and random e¤ects speci cations. With a between equation properly de ned, the di¤erence of the random vs. xed e¤ects models can be highlighted. We show that the random e¤ects estimate is a pooling of the within and between estimates. A Hausman type speci cation test and also an LM test are proposed for the testing of the random components speci cation vs. the xed e¤ects speci cation. We then discuss the case for long panels with time e¤ects included. After the time e¤ects are eliminated, we develop the xed e¤ects and random e¤ects estimates, and show that the within estimate is asymptotically as e¢ cient as the random e¤ects estimate. JEL classi cation: C13; C23; R15
Linkages between large-scale climate patterns and the dynamics of Arctic caribou populations

Recent research has linked climate warming to global declines in caribou and reindeer (both Rangifer tarandus) populations. We hypothesize large-scale climate patterns are a contributing factor explaining why these declines are not universal. To test our hypothesis for such relationships among Alaska caribou herds, we calculated the population growth rate and percent change of four arctic herds using existing population estimates, and explored associations with indices of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The AO, which more strongly affects eastern Alaska, was negatively associated with the population trends of the Porcupine Caribou Herd and Central Arctic Herd, the easternmost of the herds. We hypothesize that either increased snowfall or suboptimal growing conditions for summer forage plants could explain this negative relationship. Intensity of the PDO, which has greatest effects in western Alaska, was negatively associated with the growth rate of the Teshekpuk Caribou Herd in northwestern Alaska, but the Western Arctic Herd in western Alaska displayed the opposite trend. We suggest that the contrasting patterns of association relate to the spatial variability of the effects of the PDO on western and northwestern Alaska. Although predation and winter range quality have often been considered the primary causes of population variation, our results show that large-scale climate patterns may play an important role in caribou population dynamics in arctic Alaska. Our findings reveal that climate warming has not acted uniformly to reduce caribou populations globally. Further research should focus on the relative importance of mechanisms by which climate indices influence caribou population dynamics.