Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Log-Sum Distance Measures and Its Application to Human-Activity Monitoring and Recognition Using Data From Motion Sensors

For the detection of human activities using motion data many techniques employ feature extraction and machine learning. But detection rates and incorrect classification rates require further increase and decrease, respectively. We address both the problems. We propose a novel distance measure, called log-sum distance, for evaluating difference between two sequences of positive numbers. We use the proposed log-sum distance measure to develop algorithms for recognition of human activities from the motion data. The sequences of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$m$ </tex-math></inline-formula> positive numbers are <italic>residual sum of squares</italic> errors produced from modeling <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$m$ </tex-math></inline-formula> motion time-series with the <italic>multiple linear regression method</italic>. To reduce incorrect classification, we define a threshold test and use it in our proposed novel algorithm. We have defined an optimization function and used it for computing optimal threshold values. Extensive evaluation of our activity detection algorithm with two different sets of data sets show increased activity recognition rates and decreased incorrect classification rates compared with other existing methods. In one data set, the proposed algorithm detects all activities with 100% accuracy and in the another data set, it detects all activities with 99% or higher accuracy. The proposed use of threshold values for classification of activities decreased incorrect classification rates.
Cardiodynamic factors affecting hyperpnea during steady-state exercise in man.

In order to know the role of cardiodynamic factors for exercise hyperpnea, ventilation and several cardiorespiratory variables were measured simultaneously in human subjects during exercise. Cardiac output (Q) and mixed venous CO2 content (CVCO2) were determined by a rebreathing method. The correlation coefficients (r) for the relationships between minute expiratory ventilation (VE) and each of end-tidal CO2 tension (PETCO2), Q, CVCO2, CO2 flow into the lung (QCO2, the product of Q and CVCO2), oxygen consumption (VO2), and CO2 output (VCO2) were determined during the steady-state exercise up to 90 W. The correlation was highly significant (r = 0.84-0.99, p less than 0.001) in each case except for PETCO2 (r = 0.13, N.S.). The highest correlation was observed in the VE-VCO2 relationship. It was assume that VCO2 released from the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli is the most likely stimulus leading to exercise hyperpnea. Arterial CO2 oscillation may be regarded as a potential linkage between VCO2 and VE.
Captioning Images with Diverse Objects Supplementary Material

We present additional examples of the NOC model’s descriptions on Imagenet images. We first present some examples where the model is able to generate descriptions of an object in different contexts. Then we present several examples to demonstrate the diversity of objects that NOC can describe. We then present examples where the model generates erroneous descriptions and categorize these errors.
Short-Chain Fatty Acids from Periodontal Pathogens Suppress Histone Deacetylases, EZH2, and SUV39H1 To Promote Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Replication

ABSTRACT Periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum produce five different short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as metabolic by-products. We detect significantly higher levels of SCFAs in the saliva of patients with severe periodontal disease. The different SCFAs stimulate lytic gene expression of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) dose dependently and synergistically. SCFAs inhibit class-1/2 histone deacetylases (HDACs) and downregulate expression of silent information regulator-1 (SIRT1). SCFAs also downregulate expression of enhancer of zeste homolog2 (EZH2) and suppressor of variegation 3-9 homolog1 (SUV39H1), which are two histone N-lysine methyltransferases (HLMTs). By suppressing the different components of host epigenetic regulatory machinery, SCFAs increase histone acetylation and decrease repressive histone trimethylations to transactivate the viral chromatin. These new findings provide mechanistic support that SCFAs from periodontal pathogens stimulate KSHV replication and infection in the oral cavity and are potential risk factors for development of oral Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). IMPORTANCE About 20% of KS patients develop KS lesions first in the oral cavity, while other patients never develop oral KS. It is not known if the oral microenvironment plays a role in oral KS tumor development. In this work, we demonstrate that a group of metabolic by-products, namely, short-chain fatty acids, from bacteria that cause periodontal disease promote lytic replication of KSHV, the etiological agent associated with KS. These new findings provide mechanistic support that periodontal pathogens create a unique microenvironment in the oral cavity that contributes to KSHV replication and development of oral KS.
World at work: Research and testing laboratories

Spotlight on a diverse industry Manufacturing facilities typically focus on the creation of a finite array of products in large volumes. Consequently, the potential hazards inherent to these workplaces are limited in scope, although they may be high in output. On the other hand, a research and testing laboratory performs testing and diagnostic evaluation of samples, a setting not typically within the production line sequence; hence, the likelihood of exposures to large volumes of potentially hazardous agents is usually much lower. However, the sophisticated analytical procedures conducted in laboratory settings often involve the use of a variety of exotic and potentially hazardous agents. It is this array of hazards, combined with differences among potentially exposed individuals, that makes the laboratory setting a unique working environment. Laboratories are ubiquitous in today’s world, are designed to fulfil various roles, and can vary markedly in size, from that of a small closet area to multiple floors in large buildings. Commercially operated laboratories provide analytical testing services for products, such as processed food, or are involved in the research and development of new products. Governments operate laboratories for quality control purposes to ensure product integrity and performance. Governments also operate forensic laboratories for the identification of evidence in crimes or to determine cause of death. Healthcare facilities maintain medical, clinical, and/or veterinary laboratories to accommodate the processing of clinical specimens for medical diagnoses, whereas universities house laboratories directed at research endeavours. Based on data from the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, in 2003 there were more than 430 000 persons employed in medical, diagnostic, veterinary, and/or testing laboratories—that is, approximately 0.3% of the civilian workforce (http://www.bls.gov/oes/2003/may/oessrci.htm). Regardless of their purpose or setting, all laboratories share certain characteristic tasks. In a broad sense, the tasks inherent to laboratory work include some or all …
Negative regulation of mutS and mutH repair gene expression by the Hfq and RpoS global regulators of Escherichia coli K-12

The MutS, MutL, and MutH proteins play major roles in several DNA repair pathways. We previously reported that the cellular amounts of MutS and MutH decreased by as much as 10-fold in stationary-phase cultures. Consequently, we tested whether the amounts of MutS, MutL, and MutH were regulated by two global regulators, RpoS (sigma38) and Hfq (HF-I [putative RNA chaperone]), which are involved in stationary-phase transition. We report here that mutations in hfq and rpoS reversed the stationary-phase down-regulation of the amounts of MutS and MutH. hfq regulation of the amount of MutS in stationary-phase cultures was mediated by RpoS-dependent and -independent mechanisms, whereas hfq regulation of the amount of MutH was mediated only through RpoS. Consistent with this interpretation, the amount of MutS but not MutH was regulated by Hfq, but not RpoS, in exponentially growing cells. The amount of MutL remained unchanged in rpoS, hfq-1, and rpoS+, hfq+ strains in exponentially growing and stationary-phase cultures and served as a control. The beta-galactosidase activities of single-copy mutS-lacZ operon and gene fusions suggested that hfq regulates mutS posttranscriptionally in exponentially growing cultures. RNase T2 protection assays revealed increased amounts of mutS transcript that are attributed to increased mutS transcript stability in hfq-1 mutants. Lack of Hfq also increased the amounts and stabilities of transcripts initiated from P(miaA) and P1hfqHS, two of the promoters for hfq, suggesting autoregulation, but did not change the half-life of bulk mRNA. These results suggest that the amounts of MutS and MutH may be adjusted in cells subjected to different stress conditions by an RpoS-dependent mechanism. In addition, Hfq directly or indirectly regulates several genes, including mutS, hfq, and miaA, by an RpoS-independent mechanism that destabilizes transcripts.
Role of human heme oxygenase‐1 in attenuating TNF‐α‐mediated inflammation injury in endothelial cells

Heme oxygenase (HO) is the rate‐limiting enzyme in the formation of bilirubin, an antioxidant, and carbon monoxide (CO), a cell cycle modulator and a vasodilator. Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a hemeprotein that catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) to various prostanoids, which play an important role in the regulation of vascular endothelial function in normal and disease states. The influence of suppression or overexpression of HO isoforms on COX expression and synthesis of prostanoids is of considerable physiological importance. Consequently, the goal of the present study was to determine whether the heme‐HO system regulates COX enzyme expression and activity in vascular endothelial cells in the absence and presence of TNF‐α (100 ng/ml). Endothelial cells stably transfected with the retrovirus containing the human HO‐1 gene exhibited a several‐fold increase in HO‐1 protein levels, which was accompanied by an increase in HO activity and a marked decrease in PGE2 and 6‐keto PGF1α levels. We also assessed the effect of retrovirus‐mediated HO‐1 gene transfer in the sense and antisense orientation on HO‐1 expression and cell cycle progression in human endothelial cells. The levels of CO and HO activity were increased in cells transduced with the HO‐1 sense and were greatly suppressed in cells transduced with HO‐1 antisense as compared to control sham‐transduced cells (P < 0.05). The percentage of the G1‐phase in cells transduced with HO‐1 significantly increased (41.4% ± 9.1) compared with control endothelial cells (34.8% ± 4.9). We measured COX activity by determining the levels of PGI2 and PGE2. The levels of PGI2 decreased in cells transduced with HO‐1 sense and increased in cells transduced with HO‐1 in antisense orientation. The expression of p27 was also studied and showed a marked decrease in cells transduced with HO‐1 sense and a marked increase in the HO‐1 antisense transduced cells. Cell cycle analysis of endothelial cell DNA distributions indicated that the TNF‐α‐induced decrease in the proportion of G1‐phase cells and increase in apoptotic cells in control cultures could be abrogated by transfection with HO‐1 in the sense orientation. Tin mesoporphyrin (SnMP) reversed the protective effect of HO‐1. These results demonstrate that overexpressing HO‐1 mitigated the TNF‐α‐mediated changes in cell cycle progression and apoptosis, perhaps by a decrease in the levels of COX activity. J. Cell. Biochem. 87: 377–385, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Superconducting thin film nanoelectronics

Superconducting devices have found application in a diverse set of fields due to their unique properties which cannot be reproduced in normal materials. Although many of these devices rely on the properties of bulk superconductors, superconducting devices based on thin films are finding increasing application, especially in the realms of sensing and amplification. With recent advances in electron-beam lithography, superconducting thin films can be patterned into geometries with feature sizes at or below the characteristic length scales of the superconducting state. By patterning 2D geometries with features smaller than these characteristic length scales, we were able to use nanoscale phenomena which occur in thin superconducting films to create superconducting devices which performed useful tasks such as sensor amplification, logical processing, and fluxoid state sensing. In this thesis, I describe the development, characterization, and application of three novel superconducting nanoelectronic devices: the nTron, the yTron, and the current-controlled nanoSQUID. These devices derive their functionality from the exploitation of nanoscale superconducting effects such as kinetic inductance, electrothermal suppression, and current-crowding. Patterning these devices from superconducting thin-films has allowed them to be integrated monolithically with each other and other thin-film superconducting devices such as the superconducting nanowire single-photon detector.
Afatinib in the treatment of breast cancer

Introduction: Trastuzumab has dramatically improved outcomes for those diagnosed with human EGFR2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer. Resistance to trastuzumab, however, is an ongoing problem that has led to the development of a number of new HER2-targeted therapies. Afatinib is a novel, orally bioavailable irreversible pan-HER inhibitor that has been evaluated in multiple tumor types. It has also shown promise in NSCLC where it has earned FDA approval. Its activity in breast cancer is currently being evaluated. Areas covered: This review briefly summarizes the current therapies available for HER2-positive metastatic disease. This article also describes the data available for afatinib in breast cancer from preclinical analyses, published Phase I and II trials to ongoing and upcoming Phase II and III studies. Expert opinion: While Phase I and II studies have demonstrated promising activity in HER2-positive breast cancer, the Phase III randomized study of afatinib in trastuzumab-resistant metastatic breast cancer was halted early due to unfavorable risk–benefit analysis from the Independent Data Monitoring Committee (IDMC). The successful development of afatinib in breast cancer will thus depend on aggressively preventing and managing its associated toxicities.
On the Performance of Packet ARQ Schemes in Rayleigh Fading: The Role of Receiver Channel State Information and Its Accuracy

With imperfect channel state information (CSI) acquired by channel estimation at the receiver, the performance of basic automatic-repeat-request (ARQ) and hybrid ARQ (HARQ) systems is evaluated as a function of the accuracy of channel estimation. A link between data-link-layer performances and physical-layer parameters is therefore established. Upper and lower bounds on the accepted packet error rate (APER), the goodput, and the drop rate are derived. These upper and lower bounds are close to one another and therefore enable the behavior of the exact performance parameters to be investigated. The results show that the effect of the MSE on the system performance is nonlinear. At high values of the MSE, the performance very rapidly deteriorates, whereas, at low values of the MSE, the performance gently improves toward that of the perfect CSI case. The study here shows how accurate the CSI should be to achieve a specified performance level in ARQ schemes.
Towards using a full spectrum of early clinical trial data: a retrospective analysis to compare potential longitudinal categorical models for molecular targeted therapies in oncology

Following the pattern of phase I clinical trials for cytotoxic drugs, dose‐finding clinical trials in oncology of molecularly targeted agents (MTA) aim at determining the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). In classical phase I clinical trials, MTD is generally defined by the number of patients with short‐term major treatment toxicities (usually called dose‐limiting toxicities, DLT), occurring during the first cycle of study treatment (e.g. within the first 3weeks of treatment). However, S. Postel‐Vinay (2011) highlighted that half of grade 3 to 4 toxicities, usually considered as DLT, occur after the first cycle of MTA treatment. In addition, MTAs could induce other moderate (e.g. grade 2) toxicities which could be taken into account depending on their clinical importance, chronic nature and duration. Ignoring these late toxicities may lead to an underestimation of the drug toxicity and to wrong dose recommendations for phase II and III clinical trials. Some methods have been proposed, such as the time‐to‐event continuous reassessment method (Cheung 2000 and Mauguen 2011), to take into account the late toxicities. We suggest approaches based on longitudinal models (Doussau 2013). We compare several models for longitudinal data, such as transitional or marginal models, to take into account all relevant toxicities occurring during the entire length of the patient treatment (and not just the events within a predefined short‐term time‐window). These models allow the statistician to benefit from a larger amount of safety data which could potentially improve that accuracy in MTD assessment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Creative Experience and Revisit Intention of Handmade Oriental Parasol Umbrella in Kaohsiung

This study identified the hypothesised relationship between creative experience, and revisit intention of handmade oriental parasol umbrella in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. A face-to-face questionnaire survey was administered in Meinong town, Kaohsiung. The components of creative experience were found as “sense of achievement”, “unique learning” and “interaction with instructors” in creative tourism. The result also revealed significant positive relationships between creative experience and revisit intention in handmade activities. This paper provides additional suggestions for enhancing revisit intention and guidance regarding creative tourism. Keywords—Creative tourism, Sense of achievement, Unique learning, Interaction with instructors, Folk art.
Young Novice Driver Subtypes: Relationship to High-Risk Behavior, Traffic Accident Record, and Simulator Driving Performance

Two studies were undertaken to obtain empirical support for the existence of driver subtypes in the young novice driver population. In Study 1, 198 participants (55% male) aged 16 to 19 completed an extensive self-report questionnaire. Five novice driver subtypes were identified through a cluster analysis of personality and driving-related measures. Two relatively high-risk or deviant subtypes (Clusters 1 and 5) were identified, characterized by high levels of driving-related aggression, competitive speed, driving to reduce tension, sensation seeking, assaultiveness, and hostility. The individuals in Cluster 5 also reported low levels of emotional adjustment and high levels of depression, resentfulness, and irritability. In Study 2, a subset of participants from each of the subtypes drove several scenarios in a driving simulator. The subtypes differed in their responses to an emergency situation and several potential traffic hazards. They also differed in the proficiency with which they could control their attention among concurrent tasks in high workload situations. Most of the significant differences were related to lower levels of driving skill among the two most deviant subtypes (Clusters 1 and 5). The potential applications of this research include the design of training programs and other countermeasures to address the young novice driver crash problem.
On relaxed nested factorization and combination preconditioning

The efficient solution of block tridiagonal linear systems arising from the discretization of convection–diffusion problem is considered in this paper. Starting with the classical nested factorization, we propose a relaxed nested factorization preconditioner. Then, several combination preconditioners are developed based on relaxed nested factorization and a tangential filtering preconditioner. Influence of the relaxation parameter is numerically studied, the results indicate that the optimal relaxation parameter should be close to but less than 1. The number of iteration counts exhibit an extremely sensitive behaviour. This phenomena resembles the behaviour of relaxed ILU preconditioner. For symmetric positive-definite coefficient matrix, we also show that the proposed combination preconditioner is convergent. Finally, numerous test cases are carried out with both additive and multiplicative combinations to verify the robustness of the proposed preconditioners.
Attention to action.

The paper considers the question of why subjects are poor at performing two tasks simultaneously if both require attention. It is shown using positron emission tomography (PET) that during new learning of a motor sequence task the prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex are extensively activated, but that they are no longer activated when a motor sequence has been practiced for an hour until it is automatic. It is also shown that early in motor learning there is interference if subjects are required to generate verbs at the same time, but that the interference is much less if they are required to do this late in motor learning. The prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex are activated during verb generation. It is therefore suggested that the interference occurs centrally, and that it occurs in either prefrontal or anterior cingulate cortex.
Paradoxical Condensation of Copper with Elevated β-Amyloid in Lipid Rafts under Cellular Copper Deficiency Conditions

Redox-active copper is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD), β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) aggregation, and amyloid formation. Aβ·copper complexes have been identified in AD and catalytically oxidize cholesterol and lipid to generate H2O2 and lipid peroxides. The site and mechanism of this abnormality is not known. Growing evidence suggests that amyloidogenic processing of the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) occurs in lipid rafts, membrane microdomains enriched in cholesterol. β- and γ-secretases, and Aβ have been identified in lipid rafts in cultured cells, human and rodent brains, but the role of copper in lipid raft amyloidogenic processing is presently unknown. In this study, we found that copper modulates flotillin-2 association with cholesterol-rich lipid raft domains, and consequently Aβ synthesis is attenuated via copper-mediated inhibition of APP endocytosis. We also found that total cellular copper is associated inversely with lipid raft copper levels, so that under intracellular copper deficiency conditions, Aβ·copper complexes are more likely to form. This explains the paradoxical hypermetallation of Aβ with copper under tissue copper deficiency conditions in AD.
High voltage low Ron in-situ SiN/Al0.35GaN0.65/GaN-on-Si power HEMTs operation up to 300°C

This paper reports some aspects of major practical interest now that GaN HEMTs are in the onset of commercialization for high voltage applications (VB >; 300 V). The device reproducibility of 900 V-class MIS-HEMTs with a thin in-situ grown Si3N4 gate insulator is investigated by means of wafer mapping and high-T stress. A remarkable result is that an exceptional yield of 99% across an entire 4-inch AlGaN/GaN-on-Si wafer when a reverse test of Vds = 100 V was performed. In the same sense, it was found an impressive low dispersion of the threshold voltage, the saturation voltage and the on-resistance for 120 devices. Besides, under a DC reverse test, the typical gate and drain leakage currents are negligible (I <; 1 μA/mm) up to 500 V and temperature independent (at the low drain bias) up to 250°C.