Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reproducibility and Diagnostic Outcomes of Two Visual-Tactile Criteria Used by Dentists to Assess Caries Lesion Activity: A Cross-Over Study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility and differences in diagnostic outcomes by practicing dental clinicians previously inexperienced in using the Nyvad criteria and the ICDAS II criteria with the Lesion Activity Assessment system (ICDAS II + LAA). Four volunteer dentists were randomly allocated to one of two groups. Both groups of dentists examined the same voluntary sample (n = 140) of caries active young adults using Nyvad and ICDAS II + LAA criteria in different sequences. The first group used the Nyvad criteria during period 1, followed by ICDAS II + LAA during period 2; the second group did the examinations in the opposite sequence. Before the period 1 and 2 examinations, dentists from both groups were trained with the Nyvad or ICDAS II + LAA criteria, depending on the group to which they were assigned. Intra-examiner agreement for lesion severity was high for both diagnostic instruments (weighted kappa 0.62-0.80). For lesion activity the intra-examiner unweighted kappa values ranged from 0.31 to 0.61 for ICDAS II + LAA and from 0.36 to 0.51 for Nyvad. The mean number of active non-cavitated caries lesions was significantly higher for ICDAS II + LAA (6.14 ± 5.4) than for Nyvad (3.90 ± 3.9) (p < 0.001). Active cavitated/dentinal caries lesions were significantly higher for ICDAS II + LAA (4.14 ± 4.1) than for Nyvad (2.13 ± 3.1) (p < 0.001). Both the Nyvad and ICDAS II + LAA diagnostic criteria showed high reproducibility for lesion severity assessment. The mean number of active caries lesions among high caries risk subjects was significantly higher using the ICDAS II + LAA criteria, which may subsequently lead to more caries treatment. Trial registration: ISRCTN65592532.
Consistent Treatment of Variables and Causation Poses a Challenge for Behavioral Research Methods: A Commentary on Nesselroade and Molenaar (2016)

ABSTRACT Nesselroade and Molenaar presented the ideographic filter as a proposal for analyzing lawful regularities in behavioral research. The proposal highlights an inconsistency that poses a challenge for behavioral research more generally. One can distinguish a broadly Humean approach from a broadly non-Humean approach as they relate to variables and to causation. Nesselroade and Molenaar rejected a Humean approach to latent variables that characterizes them as nothing more than summaries of their manifest indicators. By contrast, they tacitly accepted a Humean approach to causes characterized as nothing more than summaries of their manifest causal effects. A non-Humean treatment of variables coupled with a Humean treatment of causation creates a theoretical tension within their proposal. For example, one can interpret the same model elements as simultaneously representing both variables and causes. Future refinement of the ideographic filter proposal to address this tension could follow any of a number of strategies.
Role of an extracellular loop in determining the stoichiometry of Na+–HCO3− cotransporters

Non‐technical summary The Na+–HCO3− cotransporters NBCe1 and NBCn1 play critical roles in the regulation of intracellular pH and in acid–base movement across epithelial barriers such as the kidney. NBCe1 appears to carry 1 Na+ for every 2 or 3 HCO3− and thus is electrogenic (carries electrical current) and NBCn1 appears to carry 1 Na+ for every 1 HCO3− and thus is electroneutral (carries no electrical current). We systematically substituted homologous pieces of NBCn1 into NBCe1 and made the surprising observation that a putative extracellular loop (previously thought to be an unstructured segment of protein that dangles in the extracellular fluid) plays a key role in determining the stoichiometry of NBCe1 and NBCn1. We found that replacing just the fourth extracellular loop of NBCe1 with that of NBCn1 fully eliminates the electrogenicity, and that the opposite substitution converts an electroneutral chimera into one capable of electrogenic transport.
A description logic approach to represent and extend RBAC model

Nowadays, all access control models take a system-centric view of protecting resources, and they don't take the context into account when controlling the permission. With the development of collaborative systems, it causes people to shift the focus on security issues from the protection of individual objects and subjects in isolated computer systems, to the protection of dynamically authorization in collaborative system. In this paper, a new access control model, extending the role-based access control model, is introduced, which models from the collaboration and dynamically manages the permissions through the collaboration context. Then the formalization of new model and reasoning on it by means of description logic ALCQ is proposed. At the end of the paper, problems that need further study are pointed out
Serum magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium are associated with risk of incident heart failure: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.

BACKGROUND Heart failure (HF) is a major source of morbidity and mortality, particularly among the elderly. Magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium are micronutrients traditionally viewed in relation to bone health or chronic kidney disease. However, they also may be associated with risk of cardiovascular disease through a broad range of physiologic roles. OBJECTIVE With the use of data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort, we tested the hypotheses that the incidence of HF is greater among individuals with low serum magnesium and those with high serum phosphorus and calcium. DESIGN A total of 14,709 African Americans (27%) and whites from the ARIC cohort [aged 45-64 y at baseline (1987-1989)] were observed through 2009. Proportional hazards regression was used to explore associations between biomarkers and incident HF. Serum calcium was corrected for serum albumin. Models were adjusted for demographics, behaviors, and physiologic characteristics. RESULTS A total of 2250 incident HF events accrued over a median follow-up of 20.6 y. Participants in the lowest (≤1.4 mEq/L) compared with the highest (≥1.8 mEq/L) category of magnesium were at greater HF risk (HR: 1.71; 95% CI: 1.46, 1.99). For phosphorus, there appeared to be a threshold whereby only those in the highest quintile were at greater HF risk [HR(Q5 vs Q1): 1.34; 95% CI: 1.16, 1.54]. Higher concentrations of calcium were also associated with greater risk of HF [HR(Q5 vs Q1): 1.24; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.43]. Results were not modified by race, sex, or kidney function and were similar when incident coronary heart disease was included as a time-varying covariate. CONCLUSIONS Low serum magnesium and high serum phosphorus and calcium were independently associated with greater risk of incident HF in this population-based cohort. Whether these biomarkers will be useful candidates for HF risk prediction or targets for prevention remains to be seen.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MARKERS FOR THE BIG-FIVE FACTOR STRUCTURE

To satisfy the need in personality research for factorially univocal measures of each of the 5 domains that subsume most English-language terms for personality-traits, new sets of Big-Five factor markers were investigated. In studies of adjective-anchored bipolar rating scales, a transparent format was found to produce factor markers that were more univocal than the same scales administered in the traditional format. Nonetheless, even the transparent bipolar scales proved less robust as factor markers than did parallel sets of adjectives administered in unipolar format. A set of 100 unipolar terms proved to be highly robust across quite diverse samples of self and peer descriptions. These new markers were compared with previously developed ones based on far larger sets of trait adjectives, as well as with the scales from the NEO and Hogan personality inventories.
Projecting policy‐relevant metrics for high summertime ozone pollution events over the eastern United States due to climate and emission changes during the 21st century

Over the eastern United States (EUS), nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission controls have led to improved air quality over the past two decades, but concerns have been raised that climate warming may offset some of these gains. Here we analyze the effect of changing emissions and climate, in isolation and combination, on EUS summertime surface ozone (O3) over the recent past and the 21st century in an ensemble of simulations performed with the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory CM3 chemistry‐climate model. The simulated summertime EUS O3 is biased high but captures the structure of observed changes in regional O3 distributions following NOx emission reductions. We introduce a statistical bias correction, which allows derivation of policy‐relevant statistics by assuming a stationary mean state bias in the model, but accurate simulation of changes at each quantile of the distribution. We contrast two different 21st century scenarios: (i) representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 and (ii) simulations with well‐mixed greenhouse gases (WMGG) following RCP4.5 but with emissions of air pollutants and precursors held fixed at 2005 levels (RCP4.5_WMGG). We find under RCP4.5 no exceedance of maximum daily 8 hour average ozone above 75 ppb by mid‐21st century, reflecting the U.S. NOx emissions reductions projected in RCP4.5, while more than half of the EUS exceeds this level by the end of the 21st century under RCP4.5_WMGG. Further, we find a simple relationship between the changes in estimated 1 year return levels and regional NOx emission changes, implying that our results can be generalized to estimate changes in the frequency of EUS pollution events under different regional NOx emission scenarios.
Rnf8 deficiency impairs class switch recombination, spermatogenesis, and genomic integrity and predisposes for cancer

Signaling and repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are critical for preventing immunodeficiency and cancer. These DNA breaks result from exogenous and endogenous DNA insults but are also programmed to occur during physiological processes such as meiosis and immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) class switch recombination (CSR). Recent studies reported that the E3 ligase RNF8 plays important roles in propagating DNA DSB signals and thereby facilitating the recruitment of various DNA damage response proteins, such as 53BP1 and BRCA1, to sites of damage. Using mouse models for Rnf8 mutation, we report that Rnf8 deficiency leads to impaired spermatogenesis and increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation both in vitro and in vivo. We also demonstrate the existence of alternative Rnf8-independent mechanisms that respond to irradiation and accounts for the partial recruitment of 53bp1 to sites of DNA damage in activated Rnf8−/− B cells. Remarkably, IgH CSR is impaired in a gene dose-dependent manner in Rnf8 mutant mice, revealing that these mice are immunodeficient. In addition, Rnf8−/− mice exhibit increased genomic instability and elevated risks for tumorigenesis indicating that Rnf8 is a novel tumor suppressor. These data unravel the in vivo pleiotropic effects of Rnf8.
USABILITY OF AGILE METHODS IN SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT OUTSOURCING: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW PROTOCOL

Agile methods are the mixture of iterative developments, with the set of best practices to easily handle software changes and increase client satisfaction. Agile methods offer is quick, active and responsive software development. It promotes adaptive planning, evolutionary development and delivery. However a number of factors can directly and indirectly influence the development projects in agile framework and adopting this methodology has a positive impact on both productivity and Quality. We have developed Systematic Literature Review (SLR) protocol as the first phase of SLR Methodology. To find out challenges in the adaption of agile methods in outsourced project. The expected outcomes of the review will be a list of challenges and motivators in the adaption of agile methods in outsourced projects.
Cultural Understanding

This essay addresses the problems that teachers experience while living and teaching abroad in China. The first part describes my personal experience as a beginning teacher abroad and the cultural challenges I faced in the classroom. The second part details the events that occurred at a foreign teachers' conference and examines the roots and motivations behind foreigners' cultural insensitivity toward their students through the lens of a “culture bump. ” The essay emphasizes the importance of cultural sensitivity and curiosity as the keys to successful teaching abroad.
S-Pencil: A Smart Pencil Grip Monitoring System for Kids Using Sensors

Recent advances in sensor technology and ubiquitous computing have sustained them as a better alternative for kids activity monitoring system. This paper presents a system that continuously monitors the proper pencil grip and writing activity of kid using accelerometer and pressure sensors. The system creates a labeled dataset for recognizing the correct location of pencil grip, holding direction of the pencil, and writing activity of kids. The system uses a supervised machine learning technique and labeled dataset for classifying whether a kid properly uses a pencil or not. In addition, a prototype system is developed and adequately tested on real-time user data. The prototype uses accelerometer and pressure sensors for extracting the writing activities. The system uses bluetooth low energy for wirelessly transferring the sensed data of writing activities to the parent and teachers. The system is suitable for kids due to its low cost, small size, and low-power consumption.
Adaptation and Validation of the ADOS-2, Polish Version

Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) is one of the most popular instruments used world-widely in the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Unfortunately, there are only a few studies of the psychometric properties of non-English language versions of this instrument and none of the adaptation of its second edition (ADOS-2). The objective of this study was to verify the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2-PL). The authors recruited 401 participants: 193 with ASDs (ASD group) and 78 with non-spectrum disorders, plus 130 typically developing participants (control group). ADOS-2-PL was found to have high interrater reliability, internal consistency and test–retest reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a good fit of the Polish data to the two-factor model of ADOS-2. As no significant differences were found between participants with childhood autism and other ASDs, only one cut-off was established for Modules 1–4. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of ADOS-2-PL are high: sensitivity was over 90% (only for the “Older with some words” algorithm in the Toddler Module the sensitivity was 71% and “Aged 5 years or older” algorithm in Module 2 sensitivity was 84%), specificity was above 80% (with the exception of the Module 4 and Module 2 “Aged 5 years or older” algorithm where it was above 70%). The results support the use of ADOS-2-PL in clinical practice and scientific research. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports to date about adaptations of ADOS-2 and the psychometric properties of non-English language versions. As such, this constitutes the first attempt at adapting ADOS-2, and its results could be of interest for researchers outside of Poland.
from the American Heart Association

Genentech, Inc., a California-based biotechnology company and founding member of the American Heart Association's Pharmaceutical Roundtable, will provide $3 million to fund 12 Clinician-Scientist Awards in thrombolysis. "Thrombolytic therapy has become an example of biotechnology benefiting human health," said Dr. David J. Martin Jr., Genentech's senior vice president of research and development. "Thrombolysis saves lives. We are proud to assist the American Heart Association in funding research in this important and exciting field of medical science. " According to Dr. James T. Willerson, chairman of the AHA's Research Committee, "The grant will allow new and expanded studies of thrombolysis. We anticipate that this new funding will allow development of new therapies that shorten the time from the formation of a clot to its dissolution. This will lead to a more effective protection of the damaged heart muscle and to less permanent damage. It will also provide promising scientists a broader opportunity to become trained in research in this area. " As a founding member of the Pharmaceutical Roundtable, Genentech is also providing the AHA with $300,000 annually over five years to support other cardiovascular research through the regular National Center research program. The latest award from Genentech will be known as the American Heart AssociationGenentech Clinician-Scientist Award in Thrombolysis. The specific awards will be called the "AHA-Genentech ClinicianScientist Awards: Thrombolysis. " Four Clinician-Scientists are expected to be chosen for the awards each year, beginning in 1990 and continuing through 1992. Each award is for five years. The AHA, through its peer review process involving scientist and physician volunteers, has the complete responsibility to choose the award recipients and administer the programs in accordance with established standards and policies. AHA Clinician-Scientist Awards are funded for a maximum of five years and are designed to encourage promising clinically trained physicians to enter careers in investigative science. The awards typically provide support for two to three years of research training and a subsequent period of independent research. The next application deadline for AHA Clinician-Scientist Awards is June 1, 1990. More information may be obtained by writing the American Heart Association, Division of Research Administration, 7320 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231, or calling 214706-1453.
Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Course of Depression Among Black Fathers in the United States

Black men are disproportionately exposed to adverse social and economic factors that may be linked to depression. Little is known about depression among Black fathers, although depression is a significant health problem and detrimental to the instrumental and affective support of their families. The authors use data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to estimate the prevalence, correlates, comorbidity, and course of depression among a national sample of urban Black fathers. The prevalence of 12-month major depressive episode (12%) is one and a half times higher among Black fathers than among men in the general population. Anxiety, substance dependence, and bad health are disproportionately concentrated in Black fathers with depression. The proportion of depression-free Black fathers and the proportion of Black fathers who recover from depression both decreased over a 4-year period. Implications include the need for culturally relevant male-specific tools to prevent and treat depression among Black fathers.
The Study of Mechanical and Tribological Performance of Fulleroid Materials Filled PA 6 Composites

The effect of fulleroid materials (fullerene С60 and fullerene soot which is used for fullerene production) and carbon fibers on the mechanical and tribological properties of polymer nanocomposites based on polyamide 6 (PA6) was investigated. Composites were synthesized by in situ polymerization and direct mixing in an extruder. It was found that addition of these fillers during in situ polymerization was more effective at improving the mechanical and tribological properties of the composites. The use of the nanoparticles was an effective way to decrease the friction coefficient of the polymer composites because the fillers were the same size as the segments of the surrounding polymer chains. The steady state coefficients of friction with the addition of fulleroid fillers were lower than that of unfilled PA6. The lowest coefficient of friction was observed for PA6 filled with 1 wt. % fullerene soot.
Real-time face verification

Automatic face identification is a promising tool for enhancing communication between humans and machines through applications such as automated security systems and personalized interaction with electronic devices. In this thesis, we present a real-time face verification system that uses normalized cross-correlation in conjunction with template-based strategies to quickly and reliably verify the identity of a face in a novel image from a single reference image. We analyze the design trade-offs between our methods and existing approaches in terms of the requirements of practical tasks and test the system on two sets of data which include images acquired interactively by the real-time system in realistic conditions. Thesis Supervisor: Tomaso Poggio Title: Uncas and Helen Whitaker Professor of Vision Sciences and Biophysics
The Fallacy of Misplaced Leadership

The leadership literature typically talks about the discrete individuality of its subject and particularly the personal qualities and capabilities of a few key people occupying top positions in a hierarchy. Current leadership research now has begun to generate new knowledge about leadership practice in relations of interpersonal exchange. Nevertheless, there is an urgent need for the ramifications of this insight to be more sufficiently developed. The current discussion explores how a perspective of process studies challenges the dominance of the field by individual social actors and discrete schemes of relations. Its aims are twofold. First, it will show how both of these latter epistemologies are lacking and suggest that current leadership research and development activities must rise to the ontological challenge of processes rather than things. Second, it looks at some methodological implications of this way of thinking as a productive incitement to future management studies.
“Talking” computers: A reliable and private method to conduct interviews on sensitive topics with children

To obtain valid results, interviews on sex‐related topics not only require confidentiality but also privacy. However, the typical solutions to this problem, self‐administered questionnaires or telephone interviews, may not be appropriate for pre‐ and early adolescents who may require face‐to‐face (FTF) interviews. In this research, we tested the hypothesis that interviews delivered by talking computers would elicit more reports of sexual experience and positive feelings toward sex than FTF interviews with children. To test the hypothesis, we compared the results of both interview methods administered to separate samples of 300 and 96 Black children ages 9 to 15 living in public housing. The results supported the hypothesis. In addition, a subsample of the children (n = 31) who had completed both interviews reported more favorable feelings toward sex in the computer interview. Computer interviews were reliable and did not produce higher levels of missing responses than FTF interviews. The results suggest t.
A Wait-free Realtime System for Optimal Distribution of Vision Tasks on Multicore Architectures

As multicore PCs begin to get the standard, it becomes increasingly important to utilize these resources. Thus we present a multithreaded realtime vision system, which distributes tasks to given resources on a single offthe-shelf multicore PC, applying an optimal-backoff scheduling strategy. Making use of an asynchronous data management mechanism, the system also shows non-blocking and wait-free behaviour, while data access itself is randomized, but weighted. Furthermore, we introduce the top-down concept of Interpretation-Based Preselection in order to enhance data retrieval and a tracking based data storage optimization. On the performance side we prove that functional decomposition and discrete data partitioning result in an almost linear speed-up due to excellent load balancing with concurrent functionand data-domain paralleliza-