Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genera in Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae, and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales) proposed for acceptance or rejection

With the recent changes concerning pleomorphic fungi in the new International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), it is necessary to propose the acceptance or protection of sexual morph-typified or asexual morph-typified generic names that do not have priority, or to propose the rejection or suppression1 of competing names. In addition, sexual morph-typified generic names, where widely used, must be proposed for rejection or suppression in favour of asexual morph-typified names that have priority, or the latter must be proposed for conservation or protection. Some pragmatic criteria used for deciding the acceptance or rejection of generic names include: the number of name changes required when one generic name is used over another, the clarity of the generic concept, their relative frequencies of use in the scientific literature, and a vote of interested mycologists. Here, twelve widely used generic names in three families of Hypocreales are proposed for acceptance, either by conservation or protection, despite their lack of priority of publication, or because they are widely used asexual morph-typified names. Each pair of generic names is evaluated, with a recommendation as to the generic name to be used, and safeguarded, either through conservation or protection. Four generic names typified by a species with a sexual morph as type that are younger than competing generic names typified by a species with an asexual morph type, are proposed for use. Eight older generic names typified by species with an asexual morph as type are proposed for use over younger competing generic names typified by a species with a sexual morph as type. Within Bionectriaceae, Clonostachys is recommended over Bionectria; in Hypocreaceae, Hypomyces is recommended over Cladobotryum, Sphaerostilbella over Gliocladium, and Trichoderma over Hypocrea; and in Nectriaceae, Actinostilbe is recommended over Lanatonectria, Cylindrocladiella over Nectricladiella, Fusarium over Gibberella, Gliocephalotrichum over Leuconectria, Gliocladiopsis over Glionectria, Nalanthamala over Rubrinectria, Nectria over Tubercularia, and Neonectria over Cylindrocarpon.
High‐performance numerical pricing methods

The pricing of financial derivatives is an important field in finance and constitutes a major component of financial management applications. The uncertainty of future events often makes analytic approaches infeasible and, hence, time‐consuming numerical simulations are required. In the Aurora Financial Management System, pricing is performed on the basis of lattice representations of stochastic multidimensional scenario processes using the Monte Carlo simulation and Backward Induction methods, the latter allowing for the exploitation of shared‐memory parallelism. We present the parallelization of a Backward Induction numerical pricing kernel on a cluster of SMPs using HPF+, an extended version of High‐Performance Fortran. Based on language extensions for specifying a hierarchical mapping of data onto an SMP cluster, the compiler generates a hybrid‐parallel program combining distributed‐memory and shared‐memory parallelism. We outline the parallelization strategy adopted by the VFC compiler and present an experimental evaluation of the pricing kernel on an NEC SX‐5 vector supercomputer and a Linux SMP cluster, comparing a pure MPI version to a hybrid‐parallel MPI/OpenMP version. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Opinmine - Opinion Analysis System by CUHK for NTCIR-6 Pilot Task

This paper presents the CUHK opinion analysis system, namely Opinmine, for the NTCIR-6 pilot task. Opinmine comprises of three functional modules: (1) Preprocessing and Assignment Module (PAM) performs word segmentation, part-of-speech (POS) tagging and named entity recognition on the input Chinese text. It is based on lexicalized Hidden Markov Model and heuristic rules. (2) Knowledge Acquisition Module (KAM) applies unsupervised learning techniques to acquire different opinion knowledge including opinion operator, opinion indicator and opinion words from annotated data and Web data. (3) Sentence Analysis Module (SAM) analyzes each input sentence to determine whether it is opinionated. For each opinionated sentence, its opinion holders, opinion operators and opinion words are recognized and its polarity is determined. Furthermore, the relevance between the sentence and a topic are judged by based on sentence-topic and document-topic relevance. For lenient evaluation, the F1 performance of Opinmine in opinion extraction, polarity decision and relevance judgment are 0.635, 0.405 and 0.812, respectively; and for strict evaluation, the F1 performances are 0.427, 0.296 and 0.616, respectively.
Towards Identifying the Best Variables for Failure Prediction Using Injection of Realistic Software Faults

Predicting failures at runtime is one of the most promising techniques to increase the availability of computer systems. However, failure prediction algorithms are still far from providing satisfactory results. In particular, the identification of the variables that show symptoms of incoming failures is a difficult problem. In this paper we propose an approach for identifying the most adequate variables for failure prediction. Realistic software faults are injected to accelerate the occurrence of system failures and thus generate a large amount of failure related data that is used to select, among hundreds of system variables, a small set that exhibits a clear correlation with failures. The proposed approach was experimentally evaluated using two configurations based on Windows XP. Results show that the proposed approach is quite effective and easy to use and that the injection of software faults is a powerful tool for improving the state of the art on failure prediction.
Laminar organization of frequency‐defined local axons within and between the inferior colliculi of the guinea pig

We present a comprehensive description of the local (intrinsic and commissural) connections in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculi (CNICs) in guinea pig. Focal injections of the anterograde tracer biocytin were made into physiologically identified loci of the CNIC and the spatial organisation of the labeled fibres was revealed with computer‐assisted threedimensional (3‐D) reconstruction.
ACE-it: a tool for genome-wide integration of gene dosage and RNA expression data

SUMMARY We describe a tool, called ACE-it (Array CGH Expression integration tool). ACE-it links the chromosomal position of the gene dosage measured by array CGH to the genes measured by the expression array. ACE-it uses this link to statistically test whether gene dosage affects RNA expression. AVAILABILITY ACE-it is freely available at http://ibivu.cs. vu.nl/programs/acewww/.
Emotions in “Black and White” or Shades of Gray? How We Think About Emotion Shapes Our Perception and Neural Representation of Emotion

The demands of social life often require categorically judging whether someone’s continuously varying facial movements express “calm” or “fear,” or whether one’s fluctuating internal states mean one feels “good” or “bad. ” In two studies, we asked whether this kind of categorical, “black and white,” thinking can shape the perception and neural representation of emotion. Using psychometric and neuroimaging methods, we found that (a) across participants, judging emotions using a categorical, “black and white” scale relative to judging emotions using a continuous, “shades of gray,” scale shifted subjective emotion perception thresholds; (b) these shifts corresponded with activity in brain regions previously associated with affective responding (i.e., the amygdala and ventral anterior insula); and (c) connectivity of these regions with the medial prefrontal cortex correlated with the magnitude of categorization-related shifts. These findings suggest that categorical thinking about emotions may actively shape the perception and neural representation of the emotions in question.
Network Forensic Analysis with Efficient Preservation for SYN Attack

Now-a-days Internet has removed physical distance among individuals for communication and also provides the platform for cyber crimes. Attacker attacks on protocol and steal information, so it is necessary to find out the attackers. Network Forensic is basically about monitoring, capturing, analysing the network traffic and investigating the security policy violations. Main goal of Network Forensic is to discover the source of attacker and provide evidence to identify the attackers. This paper proposes a simple architecture of network forensic for SYN attack and it is also provide efficient preservation. We are using self embedded watermark provide integrity and at the time of watermark it requires security key which will provide authenticity . It ensures the efficient preservation. It uses various open source port scanning tool such as Nmap, Advance port scanner, free port scanner and also capturing tool as Snort.
TGF-β receptor kinase inhibitor enhances growth and integrity of embryonic stem cell–derived endothelial cells

Recent findings have shown that embryonic vascular progenitor cells are capable of differentiating into mural and endothelial cells. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate their differentiation, proliferation, and endothelial sheet formation remain to be elucidated. Here, we show that members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily play important roles during differentiation of vascular progenitor cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and from 8.5–days postcoitum embryos. TGF-β and activin inhibited proliferation and sheet formation of endothelial cells. Interestingly, SB-431542, a synthetic molecule that inhibits the kinases of receptors for TGF-β and activin, facilitated proliferation and sheet formation of ESC-derived endothelial cells. Moreover, SB-431542 up-regulated the expression of claudin-5, an endothelial specific component of tight junctions. These results suggest that endogenous TGF-β/activin signals play important roles in regulating vascular growth and permeability.
Cross-checking oracles from intrinsic software redundancy

Despite the recent advances in automatic test generation, testers must still write test oracles manually. If formal specifications are available, it might be possible to use decision procedures derived from those specifications. We present a technique that is based on a form of specification but also leverages more information from the system under test. We assume that the system under test is somewhat redundant, in the sense that some operations are designed to behave like others but their executions are different. Our experience in this and previous work indicates that this redundancy exists and is easily documented. We then generate oracles by cross-checking the execution of a test with the same test in which we replace some operations with redundant ones. We develop this notion of cross-checking oracles into a generic technique to automatically insert oracles into unit tests. An experimental evaluation shows that cross-checking oracles, used in combination with automatic test generation techniques, can be very effective in revealing faults, and that they can even improve good hand-written test suites.
Boxwood: Abstractions as the Foundation for Storage Infrastructure

Writers of complex storage applications such as distributed file systems and databases are faced with the challenges of building complex abstractions over simple storage devices like disks. These challenges are exacerbated due to the additional requirements for fault-tolerance and scaling. This paper explores the premise that high-level, fault-tolerant abstractions supported directly by the storage infrastructure can ameliorate these problems. We have built a system called Boxwood to explore the feasibility and utility of providing high-level abstractions or data structures as the fundamental storage infrastructure. Boxwood currently runs on a small cluster of eight machines. The Boxwood abstractions perform very close to the limits imposed by the processor, disk, and the native networking subsystem. Using these abstractions directly, we have implemented an NFSv2 file service that demonstrates the promise of our approach.
A Primal-Dual Message-Passing Algorithm for Approximated Large Scale Structured Prediction

In this paper we propose an approximated structured prediction framework for large scale graphical models and derive message-passing algorithms for learning their parameters efficiently. We first relate CRFs and structured SVMs and show that in CRFs a variant of the log-partition function, known as the soft-max, smoothly approximates the hinge loss function of structured SVMs. We then propose an intuitive approximation for the structured prediction problem, using duality, based on a local entropy approximation and derive an efficient message-passing algorithm that is guaranteed to converge. Unlike existing approaches, this allows us to learn efficiently graphical models with cycles and very large number of parameters.
An information-theoretic perspective on feature selection in speaker recognition

This letter studies feature selection in speaker recognition from an information-theoretic view. We closely tie the performance, in terms of the expected classification error probability, to the mutual information between speaker identity and features. Information theory can then help us to make qualitative statements about feature selection and performance. We study various common features used for speaker recognition, such as mel-warped cepstrum coefficients and various parameterizations of linear prediction coefficients. The theory and experiments give valuable insights in feature selection and performance of speaker-recognition applications.
Microwave-assisted extraction of lipid from fish waste

Processing fish waste for extraction of value added products such as protein, lipid, gelatin, amino acids, collagen and oil has become one of the most intriguing researches due to its valuable properties. In this study the extraction of lipid from sardine fish waste was carried out using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and compared with Soxhlets and Hara and Radin methods. A mixture of two organic solvents isopropanol/hexane and distilled water were used for MAE and Hara and Radin methods. Meanwhile, Soxhlet method utilized only hexane as solvent. The results show that the higher yield of lipid 80.5 mg/g was achieved using distilled water in MAE method at 10 min extraction time. Soxhlet extraction method only produced 46.6 mg/g of lipid after 4 hours of extraction time. Lowest yield of lipid was found at 15.8 mg/g using Hara and Radin method. Based on aforementioned results, it can be concluded MAE method is superior compared to the Soxhlet and Hara and Radin methods which make it an attractive route to extract lipid from fish waste.
Three-dimensional registration and tracking of vascular structures using calibrated biplane fluoroscopy

Medicine is rapidly adopting new minimally invasive techniques, especially in the realm of vascular procedures. These new techniques require spatially complex operations while providing little or no hand-eye coordination. Image-based tracking, registration, and visualization may make it easier to understand and perform these procedures, possibly shortening procedures, improving outcomes, and allowing new, more complex techniques to be pursued. This dissertation will explore the calibration, tracking, and registration issues that need to be understood to develop a viable intraoperative guidance system. To develop an understanding of the likely benefits of a complete system for intraoperative tracking and visualization, this dissertation will consider the methods, accuracy and effectiveness of several major components in such a system. The first part of this work presents a novel phantom for simultaneous calibration of two fluoroscopes, a set of methods for accurate calibration of such systems based on bundle adjustment, and the integration of high-order distortion correction and calibration into a single optimization method. Existing methods generally address single-view calibration and distortion correction as separate steps, with the best fluoroscopic methods producing mean errors of at least 1–2mm. The methods presented herein yield a mean reconstruction error of 0.44 mm from a single calibration process. The second part describes a real-time anatomical feature tracker based on maximum-likelihood feature selection. This method is then used to determine the motion of the liver in fluoroscopic image sets from real patients. The final innovation of this dissertation is a method for registering a 3D vascular model to two calibrated angiographic views simultaneously. Overall, this work advances our understanding of the ways in which real-time fluoroscopy can be used to precisely track and model interventional procedures interactively. These results enable sub-millimeter reconstruction of anatomical features, instruments, or other features of interest in a practical and robust manner.
Temperature and water induced softening behaviour of wood fiber based materials

The composite structural material comprising paper and wood is analysed in terms of thermal softening and hygroplasticization with regard to its constituent polymers. In particular, an attempt is made to relate the softening occurring under dry conditions to that occurring under moist conditions. It is proposed that the semi-crystal 1ine cellulose exhibits a broad transition region and thus displays a gradual softening at increasing moisture contents. The crystallites restrict the motion of the tie molecules between the crystallites in the microfibrils and thus shift the transition in these regions to higher temperatures or higher moisture contents. For the amorphous carbohydrates the plasticizing effect of water is estimated from a free volume related theory of Kaelble. A mechanical model of the wood fiber is suggested where the cellulose microfibrils act as the reinforcements in a matrix of hemicelluloses. The fiber wall is built up as a laminate. Based on this model the macroscopic response to softening of the individual components is calculated. It is suggested that the softening effect due to water immersion results from a softening of the disordered zones between the cellulose crystallites in the microfibril. Under these conditions the fiber is best represented by a discontinuous reinforced system in which only the cellulose crystals act as reinforcing elements. By an immersion technique in hot silicone oil it has been possible to study the properties of dry paper and wood at temperatures up to 250°C where fast chemical reactions otherwise interfere. For most papers the main softening occurs at 230 C. It is demonstrated that native or only slightly modified lignin under dry conditions softens at 205 C or thereabove. The differences in the softening behaviour of wood along and across the grain are shown to be predictable from the structural arrangement of the components within the wood. Under both dry and water-immersed conditions an apparent activation energy has been obtained for the glass transition of lignin. The softening of paper in the RH-range of 0 % to 95 % has been measured over the temperature range of -25 C to 65 C. By a temperature shift of the curves at different moisture contents a master curve is constructed. The shift terms follow the ones predicted from free volume theories. It is concluded that the changes in elastic properties of paper with increasing moisture content are determined by a softening of the amorphous carbohydrates. The presence of dried in stresses is shown to be unaffected by the softening in this RH range studied. It is proposed that the dried in stresses are mainly due to restraints imposed in the disordered regions of the cellulose.
Security and Collaborative Groupware Tools in Education: A Case Study at the University of Bahrain

This paper presents an evaluation of the security, safety, and privacy of selected Online Collaborative Groupware (OCG) tools such as Skype, Facebook, Wikis and Gmail (SWFG) used to support learning activities from the perception of the students, and with a particular focus on the impact of their usage on student trust. A case study was conducted with two groups of undergraduate students at the University of Bahrain to identify and develop an efficient model for using SWFG tools securely within learning. In doing so, questionnaires were distributed post case study among two different students groups A and B. The overall finding of this study is that there are differences between two groups in their usage with respect to security, privacy, and trust for SWFG tools.
Exploratory Sequential Data Analysis: Foundations

Human-computer interaction (HCI) investigators must consider the sequential nature of interaction and must often weigh behavioral, cognitive, and social factors when studying and designing today's increasingly complex systems. In many cases, laboratory experimentation is inappropriate and formal modeling intractable; instead, observational data analysis is frequently the only appropriate empirical approach. Diverse approaches to observational data analysis already exist, which we synthesize as instances of exploratory sequential data analysis (ESDA). In this article, we outline fundamental ESDA characteristics that might help HCI investigators using sequential data make better conceptual and methodological choices. ESDA owes a philosophical debt to exploratory data analysis but focuses on exploring sequential data. Important issues for ESDA are finding an appropriate temporal band for analysis, finding an effective semantics for encoding, and completing an analysis in an acceptable time frame. We survey temporal factors and introduce analysis time: sequence time ratios, which describe the time cost of conducting different types of ESDA. We also introduce the "Eight Cs"-different general transformations that can be performed on sequential data. We conjecture that the Eight Cs, and their combinations, are critical for supporting scientific inference in ESDA. Distinctions are made among three principal ESDA traditions that are relevant for HCI-behavioral, cognitive, and social. We indicate how each ESDA tradition has been used in HCI and describe one technique from each tradition. Last, we outline major practical problems for investigators using observational data and, following our framework, suggest ways such problems might be overcome.
Brain transplantation of genetically engineered human neural stem cells globally corrects brain lesions in the mucopolysaccharidosis type VII mouse

In the present study, we investigated the feasibility of using human neural stem cells (NSCs) in the treatment of diffuse central nervous system (CNS) alterations in a murine model of mucopolysaccharidosis VII (MPS VII), a lysosomal storage disease caused by a genetic defect in the β‐glucuronidase gene. An immortalized NSC line derived from human fetal telencephalon was genetically engineered to overexpress β‐glucuronidase and transplanted into the cerebral ventricles of neonatal MPS VII mouse. Transplanted human NSCs were found to integrate and migrate in the host brain and to produce large amount of β‐glucuronidase. Brain contents of the substrates of β‐glucuronidase were reduced to nearly normal levels, and widespread clearing of lysosomal storage was observed in the MPS VII mouse brain at 25 days posttransplantation. The number of engrafted cells decreased markedly after the transplantation, and it appears that the major cause of the cell death was not the immune response of the host but apoptotic cell death of grafted human NSCs. Results showed that human NSCs would serve as a useful gene transfer vehicle for the treatment of diffuse CNS lesions in human lysosomal storage diseases and are potentially applicable in the treatment of patients suffering from neurological disorders. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.