Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ethnic and Gender Differences in Farm Tasks and Safety Practices Among Rural California Farm Youth

Agricultural work is hazardous and is common among rural youth, especially those living on farms or ranches. Previous work has shown differences in farm work and injury patterns between boys and girls, but little data exist addressing ethnic differences. This study examined ethnic and gender differences in farm tasks, safety attitudes, and use of protective measures among rural California youth working on farms or ranches. The University of California, Davis Youth Agricultural Injury Study is a longitudinal study focusing on agricultural work experience among youth enrolled in an agricultural sciences curriculum in 10 public high schools in California's Central Valley during the 2001–2005 school years. Using cross-sectional data from the initial entrance survey, we studied 946 participants who reported farm work in the previous year. Median annual hours of farm work varied significantly between boys and girls (p < 0.001) and between ethnic groups (p < 0.05) (Hispanic boys: 624 hr; Hispanic girls: 189 hr; White/Other boys: 832 hr; White/Other girls: 468 hr). Girls and Hispanic students were less likely than boys and White/Other students, respectively, to perform hazardous tasks involving tractors, machinery, and chemicals. Median age for initiating work on selected hazardous tasks was up to 3 years later for Hispanic students. Use of task-appropriate safety measures was low in all groups for most hazardous tasks. Boys were more likely than girls to use task-appropriate safety measures, with the exception of seatbelt use when in a car or truck. Hispanic students were more likely than White/Other students to employ safety measures. Girls and Hispanic youth worked fewer farm hours and had reduced exposure to selected hazardous tasks. Use of task-appropriate safety measures was low for all groups but increased for Hispanic students. Further study should explore reasons for low use of safety measures and develop educational efforts to bring about social norm changes promoting their use.
Working Paper DSGE Models and Central Banks Economics

Over the past 15 years there has been remarkable progress in the specification and estimation of dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models. Central banks in developed and emerging market economies have become increasingly interested in their usefulness for policy analysis and forecasting. This paper reviews some issues and challenges surrounding the use of these models at central banks. It recognises that they offer coherent frameworks for structuring policy discussions. Nonetheless, they are not ready to accomplish all that is being asked of them. First, they still need to incorporate relevant transmission mechanisms or sectors of the economy; Second, issues remain on how to empirically validate them; and finally, challenges remain on how to effectively communicate their features and implications to policy makers and to the public. Overall, at their current stage DSGE models have important limitations. How much of a problem this is will depend on their specific use at central banks. JEL: B4, C5, E0, E32, E37, E50, E52, E58, F37, F41, F47.
Chemical exposure in manufacture of phenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols and in spraying of phenoxy herbicides.

Exposure patterns are reported for manufacturing and sprayer cohorts incorporated in the "IARC International Register of Workers exposed to Phenoxy Herbicides and Contaminants. " Information was based on company questionnaires, company reports, plant visits, and serum 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD measurements. In addition to phenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols, workers in manufacturing plants may have been exposed to raw materials, process chemicals, other agents synthesized or formulated, and impurities of all these agents. Sprayers also had a complex exposure pattern, including phenoxy herbicides and some other pesticides, their carriers and additives, and residues of chemicals formed during manufacture. Occurrence of agents, including dioxins, varied between countries. Biological monitoring and industrial hygiene data were rarely available, most since the late 1970s. Exposure of workers depended mainly on the jobs they performed, but several factors influenced level of exposure. A quantitative exposure classification is not feasible in this study. Semiquantitative exposure estimates may be derived through a critical interpretation of biological monitoring and industrial hygiene data together with individual work histories.
INTEGRATION OF A TIME-INDEPENDENT AND TIME-DEPENDENT CONSTITUTIVE MODEL FOR SOFT ROCK

A framework to describe the time- and rate-dependent behavior observed in soft rocks is presented. This constitutive model is a rate-type model formulated in the framework of bounding surface plasticity, where the position of the bounding surface relative to the stress point is related to a quantity called the volumetric age of the material. In this model, the rate of inelastic deformations is proportional to the volumetric age. In addition to the constitutive model, a new integration algorithm for cap plasticity models is developed for both the rate-independent and rate-dependent cases. This integration algorithm reduces the number of equations and unknowns to be solved for a loading step. A numerical example illustrating the use of this constitutive model and integration algorithm are presented.
Isolation and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Which Neutralize Human Metapneumovirus In Vitro and In Vivo

ABSTRACT Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a recently described member of the Paramyxoviridae family/Pneumovirinae subfamily and shares many common features with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), another member of the same subfamily. hMPV causes respiratory tract illnesses that, similar to human RSV, occur predominantly during the winter months and have symptoms that range from mild to severe cough, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. Like RSV, the hMPV virus can be subdivided into two genetic subgroups, A and B. With RSV, a single monoclonal antibody directed at the fusion (F) protein can prevent severe lower respiratory tract RSV infection. Because of the high level of sequence conservation of the F protein across all the hMPV subgroups, this protein is likely to be the preferred antigenic target for the generation of cross-subgroup neutralizing antibodies. Here we describe the generation of a panel of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies that bind to the hMPV F protein. A subset of these antibodies has the ability to neutralize prototypic strains of both the A and B hMPV subgroups in vitro. Two of these antibodies exhibited high-affinity binding to the F protein and were shown to protect hamsters against infection with hMPV. The data suggest that a monoclonal antibody could be used prophylactically to prevent lower respiratory tract disease caused by hMPV.
Genetic Association Study of KCNQ5 Polymorphisms with High Myopia

Identification of genetic variations related to high myopia may advance our knowledge of the etiopathogenesis of refractive error. This study investigated the role of potassium channel gene (KCNQ5) polymorphisms in high myopia. We performed a case-control study of 1563 unrelated Han Chinese subjects (809 cases of high myopia and 754 emmetropic controls). Five tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of KCNQ5 were genotyped, and association testing with high myopia was conducted using logistic regression analysis adjusted for sex and age to give Pasym values, and multiple comparisons were corrected by permutation test to give Pemp values. All five noncoding SNPs were associated with high myopia. The SNP rs7744813, previously shown to be associated with refractive error and myopia in two GWAS, showed an odds ratio of 0.75 (95% CI 0.63–0.90; Pemp = 0.0058) for the minor allele. The top SNP rs9342979 showed an odds ratio of 0.75 (95% CI 0.64–0.89; Pemp = 0.0045) for the minor allele. Both SNPs are located within enhancer histone marks and DNase-hypersensitive sites. Our data support the involvement of KCNQ5 gene polymorphisms in the genetic susceptibility to high myopia and further exploration of KCNQ5 as a risk factor for high myopia.
Machine learning for application layer intrusion detection

In what case do you like reading so much? What about the type of the machine learning for application layer intrusion detection book? The needs to read? Well, everybody has their own reason why should read some books. Mostly, it will relate to their necessity to get knowledge from the book and want to read just to get entertainment. Novels, story book, and other entertaining books become so popular this day. Besides, the scientific books will also be the best reason to choose, especially for the students, teachers, doctors, businessman, and other professions who are fond of reading.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Community Acquired Respiratory Distress Syndrome toxin expression reveals growth phase and infection-dependent regulation

Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes acute and chronic respiratory infections, including tracheobronchitis and community acquired pneumonia, and is linked to asthma and an array of extra‐pulmonary disorders. Recently, we identified an ADP‐ribosylating and vacuolating toxin of M. pneumoniae, designated Community Acquired Respiratory Distress Syndrome (CARDS) toxin. In this study we analysed CARDS toxin gene (annotated mpn372) transcription and identified its promoter. We also compared CARDS toxin mRNA and protein profiles in M. pneumoniae during distinct in vitro growth phases. CARDS toxin mRNA expression was maximal, but at low levels, during early exponential growth and declined sharply during mid‐to‐late log growth phases, which was in direct contrast to other mycoplasma genes examined. Between 7% and 10% of CARDS toxin was localized to the mycoplasma membrane at mid‐exponential growth, which was reinforced by immunogold electron microscopy. No CARDS toxin was released into the medium. Upon M. pneumoniae infection of mammalian cells, increased expression of CARDS toxin mRNA was observed when compared with SP‐4 broth‐grown cultures. Further, confocal immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that M. pneumoniae readily expressed CARDS toxin during infection of differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Analysis of M. pneumoniae‐infected mouse lung tissue revealed high expression of CARDS toxin per mycoplasma cell when compared with M. pneumoniae cells grown in SP‐4 medium alone. Taken together, these studies indicate that CARDS toxin expression is carefully controlled by environmental cues that influence its transcription and translation. Further, the acceleration of CARDS toxin synthesis and accumulation in vivo is consistent with its role as a bona fide virulence determinant.
Empirical modeling of the refractive index for (AlGaIn)As lattice matched to InP

A composition-dependent empirical interpolation formula for the refractive index of AlGaInAs epilayers lattice matched to InP substrate has been determined by using a reflection spectroscopy technique. The 2 µm thick (AlGaIn)As layers have been grown by MBE as well as MOVPE and were characterized by x-ray diffractometry and photoluminescence measurements. The measured data from these etalon structures were fitted by using a Sellmeier equation (single oscillator model) to retrieve the refraction index for wavelengths between 2.5 and 1 µm. The resulting accurate expression will be very useful for designing optoelectronic devices like VCSELs.
Toxicological profile of small airway epithelial cells exposed to gold nanoparticles

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have diverse applications in the biomedical industry such as in diagnosis, labeling, delivering and sensing. Despite their prevalent medical use, nanotoxicity induced by AuNPs is still largely unknown. We have previously shown that AuNPs could exert cytotoxic effects on lung fibroblasts. In this study, we investigated the in vitro toxicological effects of AuNPs in small airway epithelial cells (SAECs) which are the first cells of contact for inhaled NPs and compared expression of metallothionein (MT), a reactive oxygen species scavenger, in SAECs and lung fibroblasts in vitro. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy study revealed cellular uptake of aggregates of AuNPs into the cytoplasm at the ultrastructural level. A significant increase in lipid peroxide as well as substantial DNA damage and cytotoxicity was observed in AuNP-treated cells. For MT expression, AuNPs induced down-regulation of the MT-1X isoform in SAECs, but up-regulation of the MT-1X and MT-2 A isoforms in MRC5 lung fibroblasts. The present study suggests that AuNPs could induce oxidative stress-related cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in SAECs.
A real-time quantitative PCR assay for evaluating Clostridium difficile adherence to differentiated intestinal Caco-2 cells.

Herein we describe a real-time quantitative PCR assay for evaluating the adherence of Clostridium difficile to differentiated human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Our investigations demonstrated that the method, employing the C. difficile-specific triose-phosphate isomerase gene, is as reliable but less time-consuming than counting c.f. u. We conclude that the method will be useful for evaluating the role of host cell adherence in the pathogenesis of C. difficile infection.
Analysis of Characteristics for Mode Switch of Dual-Mode Electro-Mechanical Transmission (EMT)

Along with the development of hybrid electric vehicle, dual-mode electro-mechanical transmission (EMT) as an innovative power-split transmission technology, is widely applied in heavy-load vehicles. In this paper, a dynamic model for a dual-mode EMT based hybrid electric vehicle is developed which consists of two electrically variable transmission (EVT) modes and provides a platform for performance analysis of vehicle components including electro- mechanical characteristics analysis. Due to drive condition of the powertrain system, the electro- mechanical characteristics of mode switch is evaluated by a simulation model which is designed based on MATLAB/Simulink, and the simulation results are comparatively analyzed. It is expected that the research contents of this paper can be served effectively as a basis for future research in the field of EMT.
Olivary morphology and olivocerebellar topography in adult lurcher mutant mice

In adult lurcher mice, in which virtually all cerebellar Purkinje cells have degenerated as a direct consequence of mutant gene action, the inferior olivary complex suffers a severe retrograde transneuronal atrophy. Our analysis indicates a 63% cell loss in the lurcher inferior olive, homogeneously distributed between the medial and dorsal accessory, and principal olivary subdivisions. Olivary neurons are reduced in cross‐sectional area by 30% in lurcher mice, compared to normal controls. All olivary subdivisions morphologically identifiable in normal mice are also found in the lurcher inferior olive. Analysis of olivocerebellar topography by retrograde transport of lectin‐conjugated horseradish peroxidase and fluorogold, in both single and double labeling paradigms, reveals no abnormalities in the general organization of this highly ordered projection. This stability may be based on the initial establishment of the topographic pattern in late embryogenesis or early postnatal periods, prior to the onset of lurcher Purkinje cell degeneration, or, alternatively, the lurcher gene may not alter critical afferent and target characteristics at stages when the topographic relationship is being established. Once established, the olivocerebellar projection is apparently not dependent on the Purkinje cell for long‐term maintenance of its general topographic organization.
Mobile Mashup based on P2P: Architecture, design and realization

Mashup combines multiple data sources to form some kind of new services. Using Mashup, services creation becomes more convenient, effctive and low-cost with user's participation. It is more frequently used in education service systems. With the development of mobile internet, mobile Mashup become more and more popular in mobile software by assembling applications and sources both from Internet and mobile communication network. However, the architecture of traditional wired network Mashup system is not suitable for the mobile environment for limited device capabilities or bandwith. Based on our research on many mature Mashup systems, we propose an improved architecture on P2P technology which can help to resovle the bottle neck problems come from the central architecture and facilitate the mobile application. We also developed a prototype system and demo application to practice the architecture.
Design of a wavelet multiresolution controller for a fuel cell powered motor drive system

A multiresolution wavelet-based controller for regulating the DC-link voltage of a fuel cell powered electric drive system is presented in this work. The system consists of a PEM fuel cell stack, an interleaved boost converter and an inverter driving a brushless DC motor. Control of the DC bus voltage is critical owing to the strong dependence of the voltage produced by the PEM fuel cell from load variations. Using a wavelet based controller gives the advantage of good control dynamics, while, due to the nature of the controller, the use of a filter in the measured output is avoided. Simulation results show that the proposed controller has fast transient response and satisfactory operation under steady state conditions.
Magnetic and Writing Properties of Clad Lines Used in a Toggle MRAM

We fabricated toggle magnetic random access memories with clad writing lines. First, we evaluated the structures and magnetic properties of sputter-deposited cladding layers. The substrate bias during the deposition affected not only the sidewall coverage, but also the crystallinity and magnetic properties of the cladding. The optimized clad lines reduced the writing current to as low as 50% of that of unclad lines. Moreover, the writing current deviation divided by the average current of magnetic tunnel junction cells with clad lines was as low as that with unclad lines. Using the optimized clad lines, we constructed memory arrays with a large operating margin and reduced switching current
Schottky barrier height modulation using dopant segregation in Schottky-barrier SOI-MOSFETs

The effect of dopant segregation (DS) on the electrical behavior of silicon-on-insulator Schottky barrier MOSFETs (SB-MOSFETs) is investigated. Ion implantation with arsenic and boron and subsequent silicidation is used to create highly n- and p-doped interface layers at the silicide-silicon interface. As a result, a strong band bending occurs at the silicide-silicon interface giving rise to a lowering of the effective Schottky barrier height. In turn, an increased electron as well as hole injection into the channel leads to improvements of the off- and on-state of the SB-MOSFETs. Using dopant segregation n-type as well as p-type SB-MOSFETs with nickel silicide source/drain electrodes have been fabricated exhibiting an inverse sub-threshold slope close to the thermal limit and showing one order of magnitude higher on-currents if compared to SB-MOSFETs without DS. In essence, the use of dopant segregation allows the fabrication of high performance Schottky barrier MOSFETs.
Effect of Sawtooth Roughness on Pressure Drop and Turbulent Transition in Microchannels

Roughness elements affect internal flows in different ways. One effect is the transition from laminar to turbulent flow at a lower Reynolds number than the predicted Re = 2300. Initial work at RIT in the subject area was performed by Schmitt and Kandlikar [1] and Kandlikar et al. [2], and this study is an extension of these efforts. The channel used in this study is rectangular, with varying separation between walls that have machined roughness elements. The roughness elements are saw-tooth in structure, with element heights of 107 and 117 μ m for two pitches of 405 μ m and 815 μ m, respectively. The resulting hydraulic diameters and Reynolds numbers based on the constricted flow area range from 424 μ m to 2016 μ m and 210 to 2400, respectively. Pressure measurements are taken at sixteen locations along the flow length of 88.9 mm to determine the local pressure gradients. The results for friction factors and transition to turbulent flow are obtained and compared with the data reported by Schmitt and Kandlikar [1]. The roughness elements cause an early transition to turbulent flow, and the friction factors in the laminar region are predicted accurately using the hydraulic diameter based on the constricted flow area.
A two-item floating point fused dot-product unit with latency reduced

: This paper presents a ﬂ oating point fused dot-product (FDP) unit with latency reduced. The proposed FDP unit performs the dot-product operation of four ﬂ oating point numbers: ab ² cd and is implemented with dual-path algorithm. The proposed FDP is modeled in Verilog-HDL and synthesized using TSMC 65 nm technology library. Synthesis results show that our proposed FDP unit is 24 ∼ 30% faster and 36.4% less area than the fastest FDP in previous work. We also use the proposed FDP unit and our previously designed FAS (fused add-subtract) unit to implement a FFT Radix-2 Butter ﬂ y (R2BF) unit. The latency of our proposed R2BF unit is improved roughly by 34% and the area is reduced by 41.6%, compared to the fastest 2 ’ s-complement butter ﬂ y unit.
When and How to Create a Job: The Survival of New Jobs in Austrian Firms

While the volatility of job creations has been studied extensively, the survival chances of new jobs are less researched. The question when and how to expand a firm is of importance, both from the firms and from a macro perspective. Adjustment cost theories and arguments about option values of investment in firm expansion make predictions about the timing, sequencing and form of firm expansions. When we analyze 21 years of job creation in Austria, we find that the survival of new jobs (and of new firms) depends upon the state of the business cycle at the time of job creation, on the number of jobs created, and on firm age. Jobs in new firms last longer than new jobs in continuing firms.
Approche cognitive pour la planification de trajectoire sous contraintes. (A cognitive approach for kinodynamic trajectory planning)

Je presente une approche cognitive pour la planification de trajectoire sous contraintes. Elle repose en premier lieu sur DKP: un planificateur de trajectoires par echantillonnage. DKP construit un arbre d'exploration dans les parties atteignables de l'environnement a la maniere d'un A*. Les solutions sont des trajectoires splines quadratiques adaptees au controle de robots a deux roues independantes. La couche de propagation construit un espace des parametres, contenant toutes les valeurs des parametres laisses libres dans les solutions. Il est represente sous la forme d'une surface contenant toutes les solutions locales qui respectent les contraintes du probleme: vitesse, acceleration, evitement d'obstacle. Ensuite, une recherche de solutions est effectuee sur l'espace des parametres selon un critere d'optimisation. DKP a la propriete d'etre entierement deterministe: les resultats sont reproductibles et son comportement est completement controlable. Ce controle me sert a definir des comportements de pilotage. Ils sont exprimes sous la forme d'un arbre de comportements: chaque comportement agit sur la maniere dont l'arbre d'exploration produit par DKP progresse dans l'environnement. De plus, les comportements sont appliques en fonction de la partie exploree. Ainsi, seuls les comportements faisables sont developpes. TAEMS permet de decrire ces comportements de pilotage puis d'evaluer les solutions ainsi construites. Pour resumer, mon approche cognitive repose sur l'evolution conjointe d'un arbre de comportements de pilotage et d'un arbre d'exploration: elle fait ainsi le lien entre planification classique et planification de trajectoire sous contraintes.