Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Class-dependent Interpolation for Estimating Language Models from Multiple Text Sources

Sources of training data suitable for language modeling of conversational speech are limited. In this paper, we show how training data can be supplemented with text from the web filtered to match the style and/or topic of the target recognition task, but also that it is possible to get bigger performance gains from the data by using class-dependent interpolation of N-grams.
The tectonic significance of Triassic dolomite and cargneule in the Gran Paradiso region, Western Alps

Summary The interrelationships of dolomite, anhydrite, gypsum and cargneule (a yellow-brown dedolomitised breccia), are discussed with specific reference to the Gran Paradiso region, Western Alps. The dolomite is a highly deformed rock which occurs along the soles of both early and late-Alpine thrusts. Evidence suggests that cargneule formed late in the geological history of the region. It is suggested that dolomite + anhydrite + water acted as an important decollement horizon. Recent exposure to the surface, hydration of anhydrite to gypsum and dedolomitisation resulted in cargneule formation.
Inverse Modeling of CO2 Fluxes Using GOSAT Data and Multi-Year Ground-Based Observations

We present surface CO2 flux estimates obtained by an inverse modeling analysis from column-averaged dry air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2) observed by the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) and ground-based data. Two inversion cases were examined: 1) a decadal inversion using ground-based CO2 observations by NOAA from 1999 to 2010 to derive CO2 flux interannual variability, and 2) an inversion using NOAA plus NIES GOSAT XCO2 data from June 2009 to October 2010. We used single-shot GOSAT data and individual NOAA flask data for the inversions. Our results show differences in estimated fluxes between the NOAA data inversion and the NOAA plus GOSAT data inversion, especially in Northern Eurasia and in Equatorial Africa and America where the ground-based observational sites were sparse. Uncertainty reduction rates of 40-70 were achieved by inclusion of GOSAT data, compared to the case using just the NOAA data. The inclusion of GOSAT data in the inversion resulted in larger summer sinks in northwest Boreal Eurasia and a smaller summer sink in southeast Boreal Eurasia, with a clear uncertainty reduction in both regions. Adding GOSAT data also led to increase in Tropical African fluxes in boreal winter beyond interannual variability from NOAA data inversions.
A Review on Concept Drift

The concept changes in continuously evolving data streams are termed as concept drifts. It is required to address the problems caused due to concept drift and adapt according to the concept changes. This can be achieved by designing supervised or unsupervised techniques in such a way, that concept changes are considered, and useful knowledge is extracted. This paper discusses various techniques to manage concept drifts. The synthetic and real datasets with different concept drifts and the applications are discussed.
Multilevel Sequential Monte Carlo Samplers for Normalizing Constants

This article considers the Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) approximation of ratios of normalizing constants associated to posterior distributions which in principle rely on continuum models. Therefore, the Monte Carlo estimation error and the discrete approximation error must be balanced. A multilevel strategy is utilized to substantially reduce the cost to obtain a given error level in the approximation as compared to standard estimators. Two estimators are considered and relative variance bounds are given. The theoretical results are numerically illustrated for two Bayesian inverse problems arising from elliptic Partial Differential Equations (PDEs). The examples involve the inversion of observations of the solution of (i) a one-dimensional Poisson equation to infer the diffusion coefficient, and (ii) a two-dimensional Poisson equation to infer the external forcing.
Preparation and Characterization of Novel Perfluorooctyl Bromide Nanoparticle as Ultrasound Contrast Agent via Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly for Folate-Receptor-Mediated Tumor Imaging

A folate-polyethylene glycol-chitosan derivative was synthesized and its structure was characterized. An optimal perfluorooctyl bromide nanocore template was obtained via utilizing the ultrasonic emulsification method combining with orthogonal design. The targeted nanoparticles containing targeted shell of folate-polyethylene glycol-chitosan derivative and perfluorooctyl bromide nanocore template of ultrasound imaging were prepared successfully by exploiting layer-by-layer self-assembly as contrast agent for ultrasound. Properties of the novel perfluorooctyl bromide nanoparticle were extensively studied by Dynamic Light Scattering and Transmission Electron Microscopy. The targeted nanoparticle diameter, polydispersity, and zeta potential are around 229.5 nm, 0.205, and 44.7 ± 0.6 mV, respectively. The study revealed that spherical core-shell morphology was preserved. Excellent stability of targeted nanoparticle is evidenced by two weeks of room temperature stability tests. The results of the cell viability assay and the hemolysis test confirmed that the targeted nanoparticle has an excellent biocompatibility for using in cell studies and ultrasound imaging in vivo. Most importantly, in vitro cell experiments demonstrated that an increased amount of targeted nanoparticles was accumulated in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Bel7402 relative to hepatoma cell line L02. And targeted nanoparticles had also shown better ultrasound imaging abilities in vitro. The data suggest that the novel targeted nanoparticle may be applicable to ultrasonic molecular imaging of folate-receptor overexpressed tumor.
Algebraic multigrid preconditioner for harmonic eddy current problems in 3-D

The focus of this paper is on the efficient solution-both in CPU time and memory-for harmonic eddy current problems in three dimensions. The magnetic vector potential is used as the field variable and the discretization is performed by Ne/spl acute/de/spl acute/lec (edge) finite elements. The resulting system of equations is solved by applying a quasi-minimal residual solver with an appropriate algebraic multigrid preconditioner. The efficiency of the new solver will be demonstrated by a case study (coil with iron core) and by the computation of the magnetic field within an electric transformer.
Wave runup, extreme water levels and the erosion of properties backing beaches

A model has been developed to evaluate the susceptibility of coastal properties to wave induced erosion. The model includes analyses of the probabilities of extreme water levels due to tides affected by various oceanographic and atmospheric processes, and the runup elevations of storm waves on beaches. The application is to the Oregon coast where measured tides often exceed predicted astronomical tides by tens of centimeters, especially during the occurrence of an EI Nino. The measurements of wave runup on dissipative beaches typical of the Oregon coast depend primarily on the deep-water significant wave height, but when combined with other data sets show some dependence on the wave period and beach slope. Predicted extreme water elevations due to the combined processes are compared with measured elevations of the junctions between the beach face and the toe of foredunes or sea cliffs. The objective is to evaluate the frequency with which water can reach the property, providing an evaluation of the susceptibility to potential erosion. Application is made to a number of sites along the Oregon coast, revealing differences between the various littoral cells depending on the quantity of sand on the beach and its capacity to act as a buffer from wave attack. A more detailed application is made to the Newport Littoral Cell, demonstrating how this type of analysis can aid in making coastal management decisions. Although the application here is to the Oregon coast, the model can be used on other coastlines with evaluations of extreme tides and storm-wave runup specific to those locations.
Making inferences with small numbers of training sets

A potential methodological problem with empirical studies that assess project effort prediction system is discussed. Frequently, a hold-out strategy is deployed so that the data set is split into a training and a validation set. Inferences are then made concerning the relative accuracy of the different prediction techniques under examination. This is typically done on very small numbers of sampled training sets. It is shown that such studies can lead to almost random results (particularly where relatively small effects are being studied). To illustrate this problem, two data sets are analysed using a configuration problem for case-based prediction and results generated from 100 training sets. This enables results to be produced with quantified confidence limits. From this it is concluded that in both cases using less than five training sets leads to untrustworthy results, and ideally more than 20 sets should be deployed. Unfortunately, this raises a question over a number of empirical validations of prediction techniques, and so it is suggested that further research is needed as a matter of urgency.
Search in the Formation of Large Networks: How Random are Socially Generated Networks?

We present a model of network formation where entering nodes find other nodes to link to both completely at random and through search of the neighborhoods of these randomly met nodes. We show that this model exhibits the full spectrum of features that have been found to characterize large socially generated networks. Moreover, we derive the distribution of degree (number of links) across nodes, and show that while the upper tail of the distribution is approximately ``scale- free,'' the lower tail may exhibit substantial curvature, just as in observed networks. We then fit the model to data from six networks. Besides offering a close fit of these diverse networks, the model allows us to impute the relative importance of search versus random attachment in link formation. We find that the fitted ratio of random meetings to search-based meetings varies dramatically across these applications. Finally, we show that as this random/search ratio varies, the resulting degree distributions can be completely ordered in the sense of second order stochastic dominance. This allows us to infer how the relative randomness in the formation process affects average utility in the network.
Backhoe 3D "gold standard" image

ViSUAl-D (VIsual Sar Using ALl Dimensions), a 2004 DARPA/IXO seedling effort, is developing a capability for reliable high confidence ID from standoff ranges. Recent conflicts have demonstrated that the warfighter would greatly benefit from the ability to ID targets beyond visual and electro-optical ranges[1]. Forming optical-quality SAR images while exploiting full polarization, wide angles, and large bandwidth would be key evidence such a capability is achievable. Using data generated by the Xpatch EM scattering code, ViSUAl-D investigates all degrees of freedom available to the radar designer, including 6 GHz bandwidth, full polarization and angle sampling over 2π steradians (upper hemisphere), in order to produce a "literal" image or representation of the target. This effort includes the generation of a "Gold Standard" image that can be produced at X-band utilizing all available target data. This "Gold Standard" image of the backhoe will serve as a test bed for future more relevant military targets and their image development. The seedling team produced a public release data which was released at the 2004 SPIE conference, as well as a 3D "Gold Standard" backhoe image using a 3D image formation algorithm. This paper describes the full backhoe data set, the image formation algorithm, the visualization process and the resulting image.
Cognitive functioning after subthalamic nucleotomy for refractory Parkinson's disease

OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether subthalamic nucleotomy produces adverse cognitive effects in patients with Parkinson's disease. METHOD Twelve patients with Parkinson's disease underwent stereotactic surgery to the subthalamic nucleus. Presurgical and postsurgical neuropsychological assessment of attention, memory, executive function, language, and verbal intellect were undertaken with a battery of tests designed to minimise potential contamination of cognitive effects by motor symptoms. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in the cognitive tests results after operation for the group as a whole. Reliable change indexes were generated for the cognitive tests. Reliable change postoperatively was found on specific tests of verbal memory, attention, and planning. Left sided operations were associated with greater incidence of deterioration postsurgery. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary data on the first reported cognitive changes after subthalamic nucleotomy suggested few adverse cognitive effects of the surgery although discrete neuropsychological changes were seen in some patients. These effects were consistent with current theories on the cognitive functions of the basal ganglia.
Coupled Dynamics of Photosynthesis, Transpiration, and Soil Water Balance. Part II: Stochastic Analysis and Ecohydrological Significance

The coupled dynamics of soil moisture, transpiration, and assimilation are studied at the daily time scale by temporally upscaling the hourly time scale results obtained in a companion paper. The effects of soil and vegetation characteristics on soil moisture dynamics at the daily time scale and the parameters characterizing the dependence of transpiration and assimilation on soil water content are analyzed and discussed. The daily leaf carbon assimilation is then coupled to a stochastic soil moisture model to obtain a probabilistic description of the carbon assimilation during a growing season. The rainfall regime, in terms of both frequency and amount of precipitation, controls the mean assimilation during a growing season that reaches a maximum for an intermediate range of daily rainfall probabilities, indicating the existence of a rainfall regime that is most effective for plant productivity. The analysis of the duration and frequency of periods of no assimilation provides a measure of plant water stress as a function of the soil, vegetation, and climate characteristics. The results are in good agreement with the dynamic water stress defined in Porporato et al. on the basis of the crossing properties of the stochastic soil moisture dynamics.
Qualitas.class corpus: a compiled version of the qualitas corpus

This paper documents a compiled version of the Qualitas Corpus named Qualitas.class Corpus. We provide compiled Java projects for the 111 systems included in the corpus. We also gathered a large amount of metrics data (such as measurements from complexity, coupling, and CK metrics) about the systems. By making Qualitas.class Corpus public, our goal is to assist researchers by removing the compilation effort when conducting empirical studies.
MODELING LONG-TERM NITROGEN LOSSES IN WALNUT CREEK WATERSHED, IOWA

Adequate knowledge on the movement of nutrients under various agricultural practices is essential for developing remedial measures to reduce nonpoint source pollution. Mathematical models, after extensive calibration and validation, are useful for obtaining such knowledge and to identify site-specific best agricultural management practices. A spatial-process model that uses GIS and the ADAPT, a field scale daily time-step continuous water table management model, was calibrated and validated for flow and nitrate-N discharges from a 365 ha agricultural watershed in Walnut Creek, IA. This watershed was monitored for nitrate-N losses from 1992-1997. Spatial patterns in crops, topography, fertilizer applications and climate were used as input to drive the model. The first half of the monitored data was used for the calibration and the other half was used in validation of the model. For the calibration period, the observed and predicted flow and nitrate-N discharges were in excellent agreement with r2 of 0.88 and 0.74, respectively. During the validation period, the observed and predicted flow and nitrate-N discharges were in good agreement with r2 of 0.71 and 0.50, respectively. For all six years of data, the observed and predicted annual nitrate-N losses for the entire simulation were in excellent agreement with nitrate-N losses of 26 and 27 kg/ha, respectively. The calibrated model was used to investigate the long-term impacts of nitrate-N losses to changes in the rate of nitrogen fertilizer applications.
The Economic Crisis, Violent Conflict, and Human Development

An adverse economic shock can be dangerous because its impact may be long-lived if countries are forced into a vicious cycle of low human development and conflict. Drawing on a review of both theoretical and empirical literature, this paper frames the connection between economic factors and conflict within a conceptual framework in which levels of human development and the risk of conflict are linked. While conflict might be caused by many factors, low levels of human development increase the risks of conflict outbreaks and recurrence. Conflict, in turn, destroys the accumulated physical, social and human capital. The linkage between conflict and human development may form a self reinforcing cycle. And consequently, policy measures to sustain human development would also have an additional indirect impact in lowering the risk of conflict.
Properties of Discrete Delta Functions and Local Convergence of the Immersed Boundary Method

Many problems involving internal interfaces can be formulated as partial differential equations with singular source terms. Numerical approximation to such problems on a regular grid necessitates suitable regularizations of delta functions. We study the convergence properties of such discretizations for constant coefficient elliptic problems using the immersed boundary method as an example. We show how the order of the differential operator, order of the finite difference discretization, and properties of the discrete delta function all influence the local convergence behavior. In particular, we show how a recently introduced property of discrete delta functions---the smoothing order---is important in the determination of local convergence rates.
A NEW SYNDROME WITH QUADRUPEDAL GAIT, PRIMITIVE SPEECH, AND SEVERE MENTAL RETARDATION AS A LIVE MODEL FOR HUMAN EVOLUTION

The author has discovered a new syndrome with quadrupedal gait, flexed head and body, primitive speech, severe mental retardation, and mild cerebellar signs with a disturbed conscious experience. This syndrome was exhibited by 5 of 19 children from a consanguineous family. The pedigree demonstrated a typical autosomal-recessive inheritance. The genetic nature of this syndrome suggests a backward stage in human evolution, which is most probably caused by a genetic mutation, rendering, in turn, the transition from quadrupedality to bipedality. This would then be consistent with theories of punctuated evolution. On the other hand, the extensor motor system causing a resistance of the body against the gravity may actually be subjected to evolutionary forces. This new syndrome may be used as a live model for human evolution. An accompanying video clip for this article is available as a downloadable file accompanying the official online version of International Journal of Neuroscience. To access it, click on the issue link for 116(3), then select this article. A download option appears at the bottom of this abstract.
A Tool Platform Using an XML Representation of Source Code Information

Recent IDEs have become more extensible tool platforms but do not concern themselves with how other tools running on them collaborate with each other. They compel developers to use proprietary representations or the classical abstract syntax tree (AST) to build source code tools. Although these representations contain sufficient information, they are neither portable nor extensible. This paper proposes a tool platform that manages commonly used, fined-grained, information about Java source code by using an XML representation. Our representation is suitable for developing tools which browse and manipulate actual source code, since the original code is annotated with tags based on its structure and retained within the tags. Additionally, it exposes information resulting from global semantic analysis, which is never provided by the typical AST. Our proposed platform allows the developers to extend the representation for the purpose of sharing or exchanging various kinds of information about the source code, and also enables them to build new tools by using existing XML utilities.
Understanding theWeb Page Layout

Web pages express their semantics not only by free texts, but also by their layouts. While information is explicitly encoded in free texts, the layout implicitly uncovers the semantical relationships of the free texts. In this paper, we proposed a framework for mining the semantics implied by the layout. The core of our work is a new HTML document model, called nested table model, which synthesize the DOM model and the syntax of HTML language. By the nested table model, we could formally define the relevancy of free texts. And hence, free texts could be grouped by their relevancy. Our experiment results indicate that the relevancy correctly reflects the semantics of Web page layout
Controls of subduction geometry, location of magmatic arcs, and tectonics of arc and back-arc regions

Most variation in geometry and angle of inclination of subducted oceanic lithosphere is caused by four interdependent factors. Combinations of (1) rapid absolute upper-plate motion toward the trench and active overriding of the subducted plate, (2) rapid relative plate convergence, and (3) subduction of intraplate island-seamount chains, aseismic ridges, and oceanic plateaus (anomalously low-density oceanic lithosphere) cause low-angle subduction. Under conditions of low-angle subduction, the upper surface of the subducted plate is in contact with the base of the overlying plate, the wedge of low-density asthenosphere is replaced by subducted lithosphere, and the width of the arc-trench gap either is significantly increased or a magmatic arc is not developed within the overlying plate. The fourth factor is age of the subducting lithosphere. Subduction of young lithosphere produces two opposing tendencies: (1) low-angle subduction and increased arc-trench distance, owing to its low density; and (2) decreased arc-trench distance, owing to its higher temperature. Two factors of secondary importance contribute to variation in subduction-zone geometry and arc-trench distance. Accretion of sediment in trenches depresses the upper portion of the subducting oceanic plate and causes the trench axis to migrate seaward. Prolonged subduction thickens the upper plate, depresses the isotherms in the subducted plate, and may create a broader arc. Both factors increase the arc-trench gap. The four primary factors also control development of other tectonic elements, such as regional subsidence (for example, the Amazon basin and a portion of the Cretaceous Interior Seaway of western United States), intra-arc extension (for example, the Basin and Range province), foreland fold and thrust belts, and Laramide-style tectonics.