Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of spatial intrachip gate length variability on theperformance of high-speed digital circuits

In this paper we address both empirically and theoretically the impact of an advanced manufacturing phenomenon on the performance of high-speed digital circuits. Using data collected from an actual state-of-the-art fabrication facility, we conducted a comprehensive characterization of an advanced 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS process. The measured data revealed a significant systematic, rather than random spatial intrachip variability of MOS gate length, leading to large circuit path delay variation. The delay of the critical path of a combinational logic block varies by as much as 17%, and the global skew is increased by 8%. Thus, a significant timing error and performance loss takes place if variability is not properly addressed. We derive a model, which allows estimating performance degradation for the given circuit and process parameters. We demonstrate explicitly that intrachip Lgate variation has a significant detrimental impact on the overall circuit performance, shifting the entire distribution of clock frequencies toward slower values. This is in striking contrast to the impact of interchip Lgate variation, traditionally considered in statistical circuit analysis, which leads to the variation of chip clock frequencies around the average value. Moreover, analysis shows that the spatial, rather than proximity-dependent systematic Lgate variability, is the main cause of large circuit speed degradation. The degradation is worse for the circuits with a larger number of critical paths and shorter average logic depth. We propose a location-dependent timing analysis methodology that allows mitigation of the detrimental effects of Lgate variability and have developed a tool linking the layout-dependent spatial information to circuit analysis. We discuss the details of practical implementation of the methodology, and provide guidelines for managing design complexity.
Safety control of robots under Computed Torque control using reachable sets

A failsafe control strategy is presented for online safety certification of robot movements in a collaborative workspace with humans. This approach plans, predicts and uses formal guarantees on reachable sets of a robot arm and a human obstacle to verify the safety and feasibility of a trajectory in real time. The robots considered are serial link robots under Computed Torque schemes of control. We drastically reduce the computation time of our novel verification procedure through precomputation of non-linear terms and use of interval arithmetic, as well as representation of reachable sets by zonotopes, which scale easily to high dimensions and are easy to convert between joint space and Cartesian space. The approach is implemented in a simulation, to show that real time is computationally within reach.
No . 344 The Decline in Private Saving Rates in the 1990 s in OECD Countries HOW MUCH CAN BE EXPLAINED BY NON-WEALTH DETERMINANTS ?

Alain de Serres is a senior economist in the OECD Economics Department and Florian Pelgrin is a senior economist in the Department of Monetary and Financial Analysis at the Bank of Canada and was a consultant to the OECD Economics Department. The authors are grateful for helpful comments from Jørgen Elmeskov, Michael Feiner, Mike Kennedy, Ignazio Visco and Paul Swaim. They also thank Laure Meuro for statistical assistance and Veronica Humi for secretarial assistance. TABLE OF CONTENTS
A Blind Watermark Algorithm for Color Image Based on Dual Scrambling Technique

In this paper, a novel watermark algorithm is proposed for still color image based on double scrambling technique and the wavelet transform. The major application for watermark is protecting intellectual property rights (IPR). Our robust watermark is used for copyright protection owners. The main reason for protecting copyrights is to prevent image piracy when the provider distributes the image on the Internet. In the algorithm, the original color image is transformed from RGB to the YUV color space and scrambled by Fibonacci transformation. Then use the integer transform to get the KY, KU and KV values. Using human visual system (HVS) characteristics, the luminance of KY is decomposed into HH, HL, LH and LL sub-bands by discrete integer wavelet transform (DIWT). A meaning binary image scrambled by Arnold transformation as watermark is embedded into the Low-frequency of the KY value. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the proposed technique is robust to JPEG compression attacks and have little impression to the original photograph.
An adaptive disturbance observer for a two-link robot manipulator

In this paper, an adaptive disturbance observer based control algorithm is proposed for a two-link robot manipulator. The dynamics of the multi-body manipulator is coupled each link and highly nonlinear. So many sorts of robot manipulators have to be robust against internal and external variations in the work place. The disturbance observer has to solve those problems by estimating unknown states and rejecting decoupled terms between links. It is difficult to control worked robot manipulators because of changing many factors which are effect on the system especially such as the inertia moment of links in the robot manipulator. Conventional disturbance observer method ignoring some robot dynamicspsila factors was suggested to linearize the multi-body system. But this paper suggests that it makes the most use of some important factors of the dynamics that includes variable terms in the inertia moment of links. A suggested adaptive disturbance observer makes a more robust system against the excessive disturbance, namely payloads and external forces which are much bigger than inertia moment of each motor of links in the system, by updating the nominal inertia moment in the disturbance observer simultaneously. The effectiveness of the designed disturbance observer is investigated through the simulation results on the two-link robot manipulator.
A text classification model based on training sample selection and feature weight adjustement

A new text classification model based on training samples selection and feature weight adjustment is presented. First it computes representativeness score of samples so as to distinguish noise samples from original training samples. Then a feature weight adjustment taking inter-class distribution and intra-class distribution into consideration is used to further improve the performance of text classification. The presented text classification model is applied on Chinese text dataset provided by Fudan Database Center. The experiments show that the proposed model can improve the performance of text classification to some extent with fewer training samples and fewer feature dimensions.
Understanding the experience of midlife women taking part in a work-life balance career coaching programme: An interpretative phenomenological analysis

Midlife women currently have the highest ever presence in the work place with many juggling work with demanding home lives. Women are reporting increased dissatisfaction with their work - life balance yet few studies exist exploring how practical interventions might help . This action - research involved five female participants , based in Lon don, on a career coaching programme designed to improve work - life balance. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis suggested the programme offered a safe place to support women in reconciling work and life roles with their individual values and needs. Thr ough increasing positivity and resilience the coaching enabled participants to define and shape a better work - life balance .
Creating Architectural Models from Images

We present methods for creating 3D graphical models of scenes from a limited numbers of images, i.e. one or two, in situations where no scene co‐ordinate measurements are available. The methods employ constraints available from geometric relationships that are common in architectural scenes – such as parallelism and orthogonality – together with constraints available from the camera. In particular, by using the circular points of a plane simple, linear algorithms are given for computing plane rectification, plane orientation and camera calibration from a single image. Examples of image based 3D modelling are given for both single images and image pairs.
A Two-sided Matching Approach for Partner Selection and Assessing Complementarities in Inter-firm Alliances

Partner selection in strategic alliances is an enduring and core question within strategic management. Binary choice models are the dominant empirical methodology used to test rich theoretical models of partner choice. We discuss how recent econometric advances in two-sided matching models may overcome inference limitations of the binary choice models, particularly in the dyadic context of assessing complementarities among partner attributes. We use simulations to assess the relative performance of both methodologies when estimating parameters generated by a known functional relationship, and demonstrate the method’s applicability within the context of research alliances in the bio-pharmaceutical industry. ∗ Corresponding author. All authors contributed equally and the names are listed in random order. We would like to thank Martin Goossen for data sharing, and Heejung Byun and Justin Frake for research assistance.
Contributions and Perspectives in Architectures of Software Testing Environments

Producing high quality software systems has been one of the most important software development concerns. In this perspective, Software Architecture and Software Testing are two important research areas that have contributed in that direction. The attention given to the software architecture has played a significant role in determining the success of software systems. Otherwise, software testing has been recognized as a fundamental activity for assuring the software quality; however, it is an expensive, error-prone, and time consuming activity. For this reason, a diversity of testing tools and environments has been developed; however, they have been almost always designed without an adequate attention to their evolution, maintenance, reuse, and mainly to their architectures. Thus, this paper presents our main contributions to systematize the development of testing tools and environments, aiming at improving their quality, reuse, and productivity. In particular, we have addressed architectures for software testing tools and environments and have also developed and made available testing tools. We also state perspectives of research in this area, including open research issues that must be treated, considering the unquestionable relevance of testing automation to the testing activity.
Matroids and Coxeter groups

The paper describes a few ways in which the concept of a Coxeter group (in its most ubiquitous manifestation, the symmetric group) emerges in the theory of ordinary matroids: • Gale’s maximality principle which leads to the Bruhat order on the symmetric group; • Jordan–Hölder permutation which measures distance between two maximal chains in a semimodular lattice and which happens to be closely related to Tits’ axioms for buildings; • matroid polytopes and associated reflection groups; • Gaussian elimination procedure, BN-pairs and their Weyl groups. These observations suggest a very natural generalisation of matroids; the new objects are called Coxeter matroids and are related to other Coxeter groups in the same way as (classical) matroids are related to the symmetric group.
JEOPARD -- Java Environment for Parallel Real-Time Development

Multicore systems have become standard for desktop computers today. Current operating systems and software development tools provide straightforward means to use the additional computing power. However, a more fundamental change in the design and development of software is required to fully exploit the power of multicore systems. Furthermore, the fast growing market of embedded systems is currently largely unaffected by the introduction of multicore systems. This will change quickly in the future, which will mean that there will be a demand on ef¿cient development of reliable embedded software that can give real-time guarantees and exploit the available power on multicore systems.The JEOPARD project addresses this demand by developing Java software tools to exploit multicore power while ensuring correctness and predictable timing. This paper gives an overview of the JEOPARD project and focuses on key technical issues such as real-time scheduling and real-time garbage collection on multi-core systems.
Experimental verification of epsilon-near-zero metamaterial coupling and energy squeezing using a microwave waveguide.

Utilizing a microwave setup, we experimentally verify our recently developed theory of energy squeezing and tunneling [Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 157403 (2006)10.1103/PhysRevLett.97. 157403] through an ultranarrow waveguide channel that mimics zero-permittivity properties. Exploiting the infinite phase velocity supported by a waveguide transition section at cutoff, we test our theory of tunneling in this zero-permittivity region without use of resonant inclusions. This "supercoupling" is shown to have unique anomalous properties: an almost uniform phase along the narrow channel and weak dependence over its geometry.
Mathematical formulas extraction

As a universal technical language, mathematics hasbeen widely applied in many fields, and it is more accuratethan any other languages in describing information.Therefore, numerous mathematical formulas exist in allkinds of documents. There is no doubt that automaticmathematical formulas processing is very important andnecessary, of which extract formulas from documentimages is the first step. In this paper, formulas extractionmethods which are not based on recognition results arepresented: isolated formulas are extracted based onParzen window and embedded expressions are extractedbased on 2-D structures detection. Experiments show thatour methods are very effective in formulas extraction.
Aibo''s first words. the social learning of language and meaning. Evolution of Communication

This paper explores the hypothesis that language communication in its very ﬁrst stage is bootstrapped in a social learning process under the strong inﬂuence of culture. A concrete framework for social learning has been developed based on the notion of a language game. Autonomous robots have been programmed to behave according to this framework. We show experiments that demonstrate why there has to be a causal role of language on category acquisition; partly by showing that it leads effectively to the bootstrapping of communication and partly by showing that other forms of learning do not generate categories usable in communication or make information assumptions which cannot be satisﬁed.
Controlled hierarchical filtering: Model of neocortical sensory processing

A model of sensory information processing is presented. The model assumes that learning of internal (hidden) generative models, which can predict the future and evaluate the precision of that prediction, is of central importance for information extraction. Furthermore, the model makes a bridge to goal-oriented systems and builds upon the structural similarity between the architecture of a robust controller and that of the hippocampal entorhinal loop. This generative control architecture is mapped to the neocortex and to the hippocampal entorhinal loop. Implicit memory phenomena; priming and prototype learning are emerging features of the model. Mathematical theorems ensure stability and attractive learning properties of the architecture. Connections to reinforcement learning are also established: both the control network, and the network with a hidden model converge to (near) optimal policy under suitable conditions. Falsifying predictions, including the role of the feedback connections between neocortical areas are made. Department of Information Systems Eötvös Loránd University Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C Budapest, Hungary H-1117 email: lorincz@inf.elte. hu.
Low-rank Approximation Based Multichannel Wiener Filter Algorithms for Noise Reduction with Application in Cochlear Implants

This paper presents low-rank approximation based multichannel Wiener filter algorithms for noise reduction in speech plus noise scenarios, with application in cochlear implants. In a single speech source scenario, the frequency-domain autocorrelation matrix of the speech signal is often assumed to be a rank-1 matrix, which then allows to derive different rank-1 approximation based noise reduction filters. In practice, however, the rank of the autocorrelation matrix of the speech signal is usually greater than one. Firstly, the link between the different rank-1 approximation based noise reduction filters and the original speech distortion weighted multichannel Wiener filter is investigated when the rank of the autocorrelation matrix of the speech signal is indeed greater than one. Secondly, in low input signal-to-noise-ratio scenarios, due to noise non-stationarity, the estimation of the autocorrelation matrix of the speech signal can be problematic and the noise reduction filters can deliver unpredictable noise reduction performance. An eigenvalue decomposition based filter and a generalized eigenvalue decomposition based filter are introduced that include a more robust rank-1, or more generally rank-R, approximation of the autocorrelation matrix of the speech signal. These noise reduction filters are demonstrated to deliver a better noise reduction performance especially in low input signal-to-noise-ratio scenarios. The filters are especially useful in cochlear implants, where more speech distortion and hence a more aggressive noise reduction can be tolerated.
Parallaxes and physical properties of 11 mid-to-late T dwarfs

Aims. We present parallaxes of 11 mid-to-late T dwarfs observed in the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey. We use these results to test the reliability of model predictions in magnitude‐color space, determine a magnitude-spectral type calibration, and, estimate a bolometric luminosity and effective temperature range for the targets. Methods. We used observations from the UKIRT WFCAM instrument pipeline processed at the Cambridge Astronomical Survey Unit. The parallaxes and proper motions of the sample were calculated using standard procedures. The bolometric luminosity was estimated using near- and mid-infrared observations with two different methods. The corresponding effective temperature ranges were found adopting a large age-radius range. Results. We show the models are unable to predict the colors of the latest T dwarfs indicating the incompleteness of model opacities for NH3 ,C H4 and H2 as the temperature declines. We report the effective temperature ranges obtained.
Accuracy assessment of the vegetation continuous field tree cover product using 3954 ground plots in the south‐western USA

An accuracy assessment of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) vegetation continuous field (VCF) tree cover product using two independent ground‐based tree cover databases was conducted. Ground data included 1176 Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) plots for Arizona and 2778 Southwest Regional GAP (SWReGAP) plots for Utah and western Colorado. Overall rms. error was 24% for SWReGAP and 31% for FIA data. VCF bias was positive at low observed tree cover but systematically increased thereafter until at greater than 60% observed tree cover, VCF tree cover was 40% (SWReGAP) to 45% (FIA) too low. Errors are unlikely to be related to habitat fragmentation or variation in canopy height but may be influenced by scaling discontinuities between ground and satellite resolutions.
Investigating the E ects of Imperfect Digital Beamforming on Cell Capacity in a Cellular CDMA Communication System

Cell capacity in a CDMA communication system can be increased through the use of base station antenna arrays and digital beamforming. It is necessary to estimate suitable beamforming weights from the received signal data which contains interference and noise. This imperfect beamforming produces corrupted weight values which a ect the performance of the system. Due to the data coding methods used in IS95, it is necessary to utilize an enhanced beamforming weight estimation technique which we present here. This permits signi cantly more accurate estimates of the beamforming coe cients to be made. A simpli ed method for cell capacity estimation based on the power control information is also included. Sample simulation results indicate that approximately a 50% increase in capacity is obtained when beamforming with two antenna elements is used instead of one element. Results obtained from the proposed imperfect beamforming and the power control capacity estimation technique agree with those obtained for the situation where perfect beamforming weights are used.
Classification of Diapause Status by Color Phenotype in Lygus hesperus

Abstract Recent studies on adult diapause in the western tarnished plant bug, Lygus hesperus Knight (Heteroptera: Miridae), have highlighted the need to identify a reliable external marker for the internal changes that differentiate a normal animal from one that is overwintering. To test the efficacy of a color based discrimination system, L. hesperus of both genders were reared from eggs through day 10 of adulthood under a 10 hour photophase at a constant temperature. They were separated into three color groups (yellow, pale green, dark green), then dissected for diapause categorization based on internal development. Most yellow individuals were in diapause, dark green individuals were not, and pale green ones were mixed. A group of 25 assessors, naïve with regard to L. hesperus development, were then asked to use a simplified color criteria (yellow = diapause, green = non-diapause) to estimate the status of a mixture of diapausing and non-diapausing adults of both genders aged two to seven days post-eclosion. After dissection to verify diapause status, assessor accuracy was found to be ineffective for assessing adults of both sexes younger than four days because color differences, which increased with age, were subtle or non-existent at this stage. For four to seven-day-old bugs, 84% of females and 67% of males were correctly categorized, on average. Incorrect assessments in all but the youngest males over-identified diapause, but for females there was no trend in miscategorizations. Overall, the results indicate that diapause status can be adequately discriminated by color assessment, and with greatest accuracy when sampling older females. However, factors other than photoperiod appear to also influence coloration.
Model Based Black-Box Testing of SDN Applications

The quality of control plane applications determines reliability of the Software-Defined Networking (SDN). The risk of bugs and challenges for testing actually have been increased due to the programmability of SDN. In this paper, we propose a model based black-box testing method for SDN applications. We use a group of components to describe the data structure stored in the applications and the system behaviors. Based on our models, we present our test generation approach and work-in-progress test tool. With partial model composition, it can systematically generate data plane test sequences and alleviate state explosion.