Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine on gastric carcinogenesis and tetragastrin inhibition of gastric carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in Wistar rats.

The effects of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on gastric carcinogenesis, on inhibition by tetragastrin of gastric carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, and on the tissue catecholamine concentrations of the gastric wall and the labeling index of the gastric mucosa were investigated in inbred Wistar rats. Rats received s.c. injections of tetragastrin (1 mg/kg of body weight every other day) in depot form, i.p. injections of 6-OHDA (42 mg/kg twice within 24 h and 105 mg/kg every 2 wk), or injections of both compounds after 25 wk of p.o. treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (100 micrograms/ml). At Wk 52, prolonged administration of tetragastrin or 6-OHDA had significantly reduced the incidence and the number of adenocarcinomas. Combined administration of tetragastrin and 6-OHDA significantly enhanced the inhibitory effects of tetragastrin or 6-OHDA on gastric carcinogenesis. Administration of 6-OHDA but not tetragastrin, caused a significant decrease in norepinephrine concentrations in the antral portion of the gastric wall. Rats treated with tetragastrin or 6-OHDA had a significantly lower labelling index of the antral mucosa, and this index was significantly decreased by combined administration of tetragastrin and 6-OHDA, as compared with labeling indices observed after treatment with tetragastrin or 6-OHDA alone. These findings indicate that 6-OHDA exerts a protective effect against gastric carcinogenesis and enhances the inhibitory effect of tetragastrin on gastric carcinogenesis. This effect of 6-OHDA may be related to its ability to inhibit cell proliferation of the antral mucosa.
Emergent Effects of Residential Lighting Choices: Prospects for Energy Savings

Artificial lighting has allowed the decoupling of human activities from natural daylight hours. Electricity utilized for artificial lighting accounts for 18.8% of U.S. electricity consumption. Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) and light‐emitting diode (LED) options are more efficient and have longer lifetimes than conventional incandescent bulbs, but the question remains about the actual energy savings likely to be realized through more efficient lighting delivery systems. This uncertainty influences the rate of adoption and use of efficient lighting technology (and thus the extent and time lags of efficiency gains). Once adopted, gains in efficiency can lead to rebound effects that eliminate these gains and, paradoxically, lock society into increased use of energy. In this study, an agent‐based model and complex systems approach is used to understand how available information and perceptions of different lighting options influence adoption and use, and the potential impact of the rebound effect to reduce the energy savings of energy‐efficient lighting options in a residential setting. Individual households and their decisions are modeled to create overall population‐level consumption data. The multifunctionality of LED lighting may cause consumers to use significantly more light, creating the potential for both rebound and backfire to occur. The results indicate that the adoption of CFL and LED lighting will decrease residential energy consumption if consumers continue to use the same amount or slightly more light; however, when an expansion of lit spaces is included or a large increase in lighting usage occurs, energy consumption will increase and, over time, reduce or completely erode energy savings.
Sensor and Actuator Fault Detection and Isolation for a High Performance Aircraft Engine Bleed Air Temperature Control System

In this brief, an unscented Kalman filter (UKF)-based method is developed to detect and isolate both temperature sensor and valve actuator faults of a high performance aircraft bleed air temperature control system . The proposed method involves two unscented Kalman filters: one is used to detect sensor fault and the other is dedicated to actuator fault detection. Nonlinear state space equations describing the engine bleed air temperature control system test rig dynamics are derived and utilized in the design and convergence analysis of the proposed fault detection and isolation method. Computer simulations and experiments have been conducted, and the proposed fault detection method is shown to be effective in detecting and isolating sensor and actuator faults.
Empirical Studies in Industrial Location: An Assessment of Their Methods and Results

This paper surveys recent evidence on the determinants of (national and/or foreign) industrial location. We find that the basic analytical framework has remained essentially unaltered since the early contributions of the early 1980s while, in contrast, there have been advances in the quality of the data (more firm and plant level information, geographical disaggregation, panel structure, etc.) and, to a lesser extent, the econometric modeling. We also identify certain determinants (neoclassical and institutional factors) that tend to provide largely consistent results across the reviewed studies. In light of this evidence, we finally suggest future lines of research.
Mimetic isomorphism and its effect on merger and acquisition activities in Taiwanese financial industries

This paper adopts an institutional theory and explores the impact of institutional pressures on mimetic isomorphism in merger and acquisition (M&A) activities. It uses 117 M&A announcements and adopts a logistic regression model to construct a probability model for mimetic isomorphism. This study finds that a firm's own M&A experiences and the frequency of M&A deals are positively correlated with the likelihood that a firm will complete its M&A deal. This paper also utilizes an event study methodology to estimate the excess return around M&A announcements as a proxy for the M&A performance and adopts the OLS regression model to analyse the relation between the imitation and M&A performances. There is a positive relation between the frequency of M&A activities and M&A performances, and a negative relation between a firm's own M&A experiences and M&A performances.
Follow Your Heart: How Is Willingness to Pay Formed under Multiple Anchors?

In sales, a common promotional tactic is to supplement a required purchase (i.e., a focal product) by offering a free or discounted product (i.e., a supplementary product). The present research examines the contextual factors driving consumer evaluations of the supplementary product after the promotion has been terminated. Two experiments are used to demonstrate that consumers use multiple anchors to determine the value of a supplementary product. Consumers use other types of price information, such as the internal reference price (IRP), promotional price, and original price of the supplementary product, as anchors to adjust their willingness to pay. Among the multiple anchors, the consumer’s IRP is not only the crucial anchor to estimate the willingness to pay but also the criterion to determine whether other price information can serve as anchors. Price information, such as the promotional and original price of the supplementary product, which is higher (lower) than the IRP, will increase (decrease) the willingness to pay. However, these anchors are only employed when the price information is considered to be plausible. Assimilation and contrast effects occur when the IRP is used by consumers as a criterion to judge the reasonableness of other anchors. When the external price information belongs (does not belong) to consumers’ distribution of IRP, assimilation (contrast) effects occur, and consumers will regard the external reference price (ERP) to be a plausible (implausible) price. Limitations and future avenues for research are also discussed.
Globalization of HR at function level: four UK-based case studies of the international recruitment and selection process

A series of the changes are being wrought on a range of IHRM functions – recruitment, global staffing, management development and careers, and rewards – by the process of globalization highlighting the difference between globally standardized, optimized or localized HR processes. However, our theoretical understanding of the issues involved is still driven by concepts rooted in global staffing strategies based on the management of small cadres of international managers, such as expatriates. The fragmentation of international employee populations and the changing structure and role of international HR functions has raised three important questions. The first concerns the study of globalization processes at functional level (staffing) and whether this can provide useful insights for the IHRM literature. The second concerns the indicators that best evidence globalization of staffing at the functional level, and whether these might form the basis of useful future research. The third concerns the patterns or strategies within the global HR recruitment activity of organizations across domestic and overseas labour markets and whether these patterns can be explained by existing theory. This paper reports on a study of firm-level developments in international recruitment and selection, drawing upon an analysis of four case studies each conducted in four theoretically derived contexts of centralized or decentralized control and co-ordination, and focus on domestic or overseas markets. It examines the disparities between policy and practice through interview of HR actors at corporate level and in country operations.
Incidence and Characterization of Acute HIV-1 Infection in a High-Risk Thai Population

Objective:The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence, demographics, HIV subtype, and genotypic resistance of acute HIV infections in a high-risk Thai population. Methods:Between March 2006 and September 2007, 6426 stored samples at the Thai Red Cross Anonymous Clinic were screened for acute HIV infection by 2 methods: pooled nucleic acid testing (NAT) of fourth-generation enzyme immunoassay (EIA)-negative samples (n = 5402) and subsequent first-generation EIA testing of fourth-generation EIA-positive samples (n = 1024). Results:Eleven acute HIV-infected subjects were identified by pooled NAT (n = 7) and serial EIA (n = 4). Mean age was 28 years; 9 were male; and 60% were men who have sex with men. Median HIV RNA was 99,601 copies per milliliter (log10 viral load (VL) = 5.00). Eight samples could be genotyped: 6, CRF01_AE; 1, subtype B; and 1, CRF01_AE/B recombinant. No resistance to antiretroviral therapy was found. The HIV incidence per 100 person-years, calculated from the pooled, antibody-negative samples, was 2.7% (95% confidence interval, 2.2%-4.3%). Conclusions:This is the first report of antibody-negative, NAT-positive, acute HIV infection in Thailand. The majority were men who have sex with men, which reflects the current epidemic in Thailand and justifies prevention programs aimed at this group. This high-risk population may be suitable for future studies on acute HIV infection, HIV treatment, vaccine, and prevention of onward transmission strategies.
The Simultaneous Evolution of Growth and Inflation

We estimate the causal interrelationships between inflation and economic growth within a simultaneous equations framework and obtain identification using a novel heteroskedasticity based method. This implies that conventional empirical studies that analyze the causal relationships between inflation and growth separately suffer from endogeneity bias. After removal of the simultaneous bias, we find that inflation and growth are significant interrelated. Using cross sectional data of 140 countries over the 1970-2005 period, we find a bilateral causal relationship between the growth and inflation as predicted by recent theories. Most importantly, our results indicate that inflation is harmful to growth whereas the effect from growth to inflation is beneficial. Moreover, we split our cross national dataset into high income, low income and developing countries, and the results indicate that the negative impact of inflation on growth in low income countries is greater than in developing and high income countries. On the other hand, we exploit the difference in effect of growth on inflation in different income level countries. Higher economic growth no longer results in improvement of inflation in high and low income countries. On the contrary, rapider economic growth induces higher inflation in low income sample countries. JEL classification codes: O40; O15; E25
Discovery of Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Helicase Inhibitors by a Multiplexed, High‐Throughput Helicase Activity Assay Based on Graphene Oxide†

A GO‐to solution: A simple graphene oxide (GO)‐based assay to screen for selective inhibitors of a hepatitis C virus (HCV) helicase along with inhibitors of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS CoV) helicase was tested (see scheme). A single screen found five inhibitors highly selective for the HCV helicase orthologous to the SARS CoV helicase. Some of these hits were validated using the same GO‐based assay.WILEY-VCH
Small business responses to a major economic downturn: Empirical perspectives from New Zealand and the United Kingdom

This article analyses small firm responses to a major economic downturn, based on empirical investigation in the UK and New Zealand. Despite differences in the timing and depth of the downturn, there is remarkable similarity in the sectoral composition of small enterprises and methods of financing in reported recession-related effects and business performance during 2008–2009. While recognising that the study focused on surviving businesses, in neither country did the downturn have a consistently negative impact on small businesses and in both countries a significant minority of firms surveyed performed well. The study provides much needed evidence on small businesse responses to major economic crisis. Conceptually it demonstrates that although many small firms are vulnerable to changes in circumstances over which they have no control, they show underlying resilience and a high level of adaptability and flexibility. Longitudinal follow-up is necessary to show how the types of adaptive behaviour observed impact on business performance.
At Cross-purposes: Commercial versus Technocratic Governance of Sovereign Debt in the EU

Abstract The governance of EMU was premised on the idea that market discipline, informed by fiscal surveillance, supports the building of a hard currency union. Theory would lead us to expect that the international–commercial and the supranational–technocratic assessments of sovereign debt are fairly aligned. But they were not. We show that credit rating agencies and Eurostat have rather different assessments of what certain policies mean for sovereign debt. These assessments reveal divergent institutional logics of market actors and regulators. Private agencies are prone to conformism and herding behavior, allowing for little consistent discipline, while the public agency follows a bureaucratic imperative of accountability and transparency, which gets in the way of evolving policy priorities. Our findings thus shed light on the difficulties of fiscal governance by regulation only but they also suggest that reforms at the EMU level do not provide quick fixes.
On the Accuracy of Nielsen Homescan Data

Researchers use Nielsen Homescan data, which provide detailed food-purchase information from a panel of U.S. households, to address a variety of important research topics. However, some question the credibility of the data since the data are self-recorded and the recording process is time-consuming. Matching purchase records from 2004 Homescan data with data obtained from a large grocery retailer, it is evident that quantities purchased are reported more accurately in Homescan than are prices. Many of the price differences may be driven by the way Nielsen imputes prices: when available, Nielsen uses store-level prices instead of the actual price paid by the household. There are also differences by household type in the tendency to make mistakes that are correlated with demographic variables. However, the fraction of variance explained by the documented recording errors is in line with other research data sets for which cross-validation studies have been conducted.
Wage Premia in Employment Clusters: How Important Is Worker Heterogeneity?

This article tests whether the correlation between wages and concentration of employment can be explained by unobserved worker productivity. Residential location is used as a proxy for unobserved productivity, and average commute time to workplace is used to test whether location-based productivity differences are compensated away by longer commutes. Analyses using confidential data from the 2000 Decennial Census find that estimates of agglomeration wage premia within metropolitan areas are robust to comparisons within residential location and that estimates do not persist after controlling for commuting costs, suggesting that the productivity differences across locations are due to location, not individual unobservables.
Capital Requirements and Optimal Investment with Solvency Probability Constraints

Quantifying the economic capital and optimally allocating it into portfolios of financial instruments are two key topics in the asset/liability management (ALM) of an insurance company. In general these problems are studied in the literature by minimizing standard risk measures such as the value at risk (VaR) and the conditional value at risk (CVaR). Motivated by Solvency II regulations, we introduce a novel "risk-return'' optimization problem to solve for the optimal required capital and the portfolio structure when the ruin probability is used as an insurance solvency constraint. The proposed approach relies on a semi-parametric setting using scenario-based asset returns and different parametric assumptions for the liability distribution. Extensive simulations are provided to assess the sensitivity and robustness of our solutions relative to model factors.
The Processes of Law Making in a Presidential System of Government: The Nigerian Experience

No modern society can exist without a system of laws. The institution of law is therefore crucial to the social organization of human beings. A modern society is a far –cry from the state of nature which is often described as a lawless society. In a presidential system of government, the process a bill goes through before becoming a law is essentially the same. Countries, however, have minor differences. The processes of law making generally requires a long period of deliberation and consideration of the many interests and implications of the bill. A bill must pass into various stages and readings before it can be passed to law. The paper discusses these processes of law making with particular reference to Nigeria and argues that people’s participation in these processes are very significance in facilitating good governance and better service delivery in Nigeria. The paper recommended among others that all bills should be open to public inputs, suggestions, comments and debate to attract public acceptance by Nigerians.
Using Generalized Method of Moments to Test Mean‐Variance Efficiency

This paper develops tests of unconditional mean-variance efficiency under weak distributional assumptions using a generalized method of moments framework. These tests are potentially more robust than commonly employed tests which rely on the assumption that asset returns are normally distributed and temporarily i.i. d. Using returns for size-based portfolios from 1926 to 1988, the authors show that the conclusion concerning the mean-variance efficiency of market indexes can be sensitive to the test considered. Copyright 1991 by American Finance Association.
Communities as Destinations: A Marketing Taxonomy for the Effective Implementation of the Tourism Action Plan

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the need for the effective implementation of tourism marketing strategy which is often lacking, especially in small towns. Tourism strategy should be analyzed at the action, program, system and policy levels to determine its effectiveness. Effective strategy implementation is achieved by appropriately managing the interaction, allocation, organization, and monitoring of tourism processes on each level. Alberta Tourism's Community Tourism Action Plan program is used to exemplify and support issues brought forward in this article.
Liquidity Constraints and the Ricardian Equivalence Theorem: A Note

In Fumio Hayashi's 1987 model of consumption under imperfect capital markets, the Ricardian equivalence theorem holds. This paper shows that Hayashi's result depends on the creditor receiving a positive partial payment when the debtor chooses to default. The specification of a positive partial payment to the creditor when the debtor defaults is inconsistent with evidence on personal bankruptcies. Under the more empirically plausible specification that the creditor may receive nothing if the debtor defaults, the analysis shows the Ricardian equivalence theorem does not hold. Copyright 1989 by Ohio State University Press.
Mitochondrial targeting of the human peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase (MSRA), an enzyme‐involved in the repair of oxidized proteins

Peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase (MSRA) catalyzes the reduction of methionine sulfoxide to methionine. This widely expressed enzyme constitutes an important repair mechanism for oxidatively damaged proteins, which accumulate during the manifestation of certain degenerative diseases and aging processes. In addition, it is discussed to be involved in regulatory processes. Here we address the question of how the enzyme's diverse functions are reflected in its subcellular localization. Using fusions of the human version of MSRA with the enhanced green fluorescence protein expressed in various mammalian cell lines, we show a distinct localization at mitochondria. The N‐terminal 23 amino acid residues contain the signal for this mitochondrial targeting. Activity tests showed that they are not required for enzyme function. Mitochondrial localization of native MSRA in mouse and rat liver slices was verified with an MSRA‐specific antibody by using immunohistochemical methods. The protein was located in the mitochondrial matrix, as demonstrated by using pre‐embedding immunostaining and electron microscopy. Mitochondria are the major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, MSRA has to be considered an important means for the general reduction of ROS release from mitochondria.
Geotourism product development and stakeholder perceptions: a case study of a proposed geotrail in Perth, Western Australia

This research note presents the findings of a study that explored the perceptions of tourism stakeholders on a proposed geotrail in the Perth Hills, Western Australia. Using Steps 1–5 of Gunn's [(2002). Tourism planning: Basics, concepts, cases. New York, NY: Routledge] Site Design Model, individual geosites within a proposed geotourism trail in the Perth Hills were identified and documented. Stakeholders from four key categories (business, government, community and tourists) were then invited to comment on the proposed trail via in-depth interviews. The results indicate that whilst overall, participants supported the proposed geotrail, they also identified and discussed a range of potential implementation challenges, including product integration, education and interpretation, impacts, funding, site management and marketing.