Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A diachronic investigation of Hindi–English code-switching, using Bollywood film scripts

Code-switching (CS) between an Indian language and (Indian) English is, and has long been, a normal feature of everyday speech in urban Indian society. Although much has been written about the status and role of English, and about the sociological variables associated with English usage in India, there have been, to date, no studies explicitly investigating changes in CS patterns over time. Bollywood movies are a rich source of information on the speech patterns of urban Indians throughout most of India’s post-independence history. CS patterns in Bollywood movies (from the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s) were therefore investigated in this study, by means of lexical transcripts of the dialogues between characters of equivalent age and socioeconomic status. A survey of seven movie dialogues revealed that CS can be accomplished through a range of syntactic and morphological strategies. Quantitative analyses showed a massive increase in the overall use of English over this period, a trend particularly evident among young speakers. Moreover, the complexity of CS increased over the period under consideration, with ‘alternations’ at clause boundaries increasing in frequency at the expense of single-word ‘insertions’.
Algorithm Characterization of Suicide: Introducing an Informative Categorization System

Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Occupational Environmental Research Center, Rafsanjan Medical School, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, IR Iran Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Sari, IR Iran Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Sari, IR Iran Corresponding author: Mohsen Rezaeian, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Occupational Environmental Research Center, Rafsanjan Medical School, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, IR Iran. Tel: +98-3434331315, E-mail: moeygmr2@yahoo.co.uk
CD4+ T Regulatory Cell Induction and Function in Transplant Recipients after CD154 Blockade Is TLR4 Independent1

Although the role of CD4+ T regulatory cells (Treg) in transplantation tolerance has been established, putative mechanisms of Treg induction and function in vivo remain unclear. TLR4 signaling has been implicated in the regulation of CD4+CD25+ Treg functions recently. In this study, we first examined the role of recipient TLR4 in the acquisition of operational CD4+ Treg following CD154 blockade in a murine cardiac transplant model. Then, we determined whether TLR4 activation in allograft tolerant recipients would reverse alloimmune suppression mediated by CD4+ Treg. We document that donor-specific immune tolerance was readily induced in TLR4-deficient recipients by a single dose of anti-CD154 mAb, similar to wild-type counterparts. The function and phenotype of CD4+ Treg in both wild-type and TLR4 knockout long-term hosts was demonstrated by a series of depletion experiments examining their ability to suppress the rejection of secondary donor-type test skin grafts and to inhibit alloreactive CD8+ T cell activation in vivo. Furthermore, TLR4 activation in tolerant recipients following exogenous LPS infusion in conjunction with donor-type skin graft challenge, failed to break Treg-mediated immune suppression. In conclusion, our data reveals a distinctive property of CD4+ Treg in tolerant allograft recipients, whose induction and function are independent of TLR4 signaling.
Analysis and Design of Inductorless Wideband Low-Noise Amplifier With Noise Cancellation Technique

This paper deals with the fabrication of an inductorless wideband low-noise amplifier (LNA). The LNA includes two branches in parallel: a common-source (CS) path and a common-gate (CG) path. The CS path is responsible for providing enough power gain, while the CG path is used to achieve the input impedance matching. To eliminate the noise contribution of the CG path, the noise cancellation technique is applied. Therefore, the overall noise figure (NF) is improved. The phase mismatch between the two paths is also quantitatively analyzed to investigate its effect on gain and NF. The analytical results agree well with the simulation results. The LNA has been fabricated by a commercial 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> CMOS process. The measurement results show that the LNA has achieved a maximum gain of 14.5 dB with 1.7-GHz 3-dB gain bandwidth and a minimum NF of 3 dB. The tested input 1-dB gain compression point (IP<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{{\text {1 dB}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) is −10.4 dBm at 1 GHz and the input third-order intercept point is 0.25 dBm. With 1.8-V supply, the LNA draws only 6-mA dc current.
Using Recon for Data Cleaning

To aid in making investment decisions, financial analysts purchase large amounts of data from financial data providers. They use this historical data to develop financial models for making predictions and assessing risk about current dat about current dataa. Unfortunately, these database often contain errors and omissions of important information. Analysts are dependent upon the quality of these databases—missing data can prevent computation of key values and, more dangerously, incorrect data can cause their models to produce erroneous results without the analyst's knowledge. Because of the importance of accurate data, and the large volume of data involved, data providers and consumers have a need to develop advanced methods for data cleaning: the process of identifying and correcting incomplete and incorrect information in databases. This paper describes how the Recon data mining system has been used to clean financial databases. Recon incorporates several data mining modules into a single, uniform framework: data visualization, deductive databases, and rule induction. The data visualization component supports the visual detection of outliers and other unusual phenomena. The deductive database enables analysts to capture, codify, and apply corporate knowledge about data integrity. The rule induction module creates error detection rules by generalizing from known errors to detect suspicious data entries in the rest of the data. The collaborative use of these three modules yields superior error detection over the application of any single data mining technique.
The effects of GATA‐1 and NF‐E2 deficiency on bone biomechanical, biochemical, and mineral properties

Mice deficient in GATA‐1 or NF‐E2, transcription factors required for normal megakaryocyte (MK) development, have increased numbers of MKs, reduced numbers of platelets, and a striking high bone mass phenotype. Here, we show the bone geometry, microarchitecture, biomechanical, biochemical, and mineral properties from these mutant mice. We found that the outer geometry of the mutant bones was similar to controls, but that both mutants had a striking increase in total bone area (up to a 35% increase) and trabecular bone area (up to a 19% increase). Interestingly, only the NF‐E2 deficient mice had a significant increase in cortical bone area (21%) and cortical thickness (27%), which is consistent with the increase in bone mineral density (BMD) seen only in the NF‐E2 deficient femurs. Both mutant femurs exhibited significant increases in several biomechanical properties including peak load (up to a 32% increase) and stiffness (up to a 13% increase). Importantly, the data also demonstrate differences between the two mutant mice. GATA‐1 deficient femurs break in a ductile manner, whereas NF‐E2 deficient femurs are brittle in nature. To better understand these differences, we examined the mineral properties of these bones. Although none of the parameters measured were different between the NF‐E2 deficient and control mice, an increase in calcium (21%) and an increase in the mineral/matrix ratio (32%) was observed in GATA‐1 deficient mice. These findings appear to contradict biomechanical findings, suggesting the need for further research into the mechanisms by which GATA‐1 and NF‐E2 deficiency alter the material properties of bone. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 1594–1600, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SCREENING OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS Research Article

Antibacterial agents are the remarkable source against bacterial infection but continuous increases in antibiotics resistant bacteria threaten human health, especially for immunosupressed patients since last three decades. The selected plants widely used in folklore remedies, showed broad spectrum activity. Methanol and n‐hexane extracts of fruits of Solanum nigrum L. , leaves of Dodonaea viscosa Jacq and Cannabis sativa L. , were screened for antibacterial activities, against different Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains. The results showed that n‐hexane extracts of plants were inactive against Pseudomonas aeruginosa while methanolic extracts of all plants except Solanum nigrum L. were active against all the tested organisms. The results indicated that all medicinal plants have effective antibacterial activities and should be a new source of antibiotics. Further work is needed to isolate the active antimicrobial agents.
Comparative effectiveness of HIV testing and treatment in highly endemic regions.

BACKGROUND Universal testing and treatment holds promise for reducing the burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in sub-Saharan Africa, but linkage from testing to treatment sites and retention in care are inadequate. METHODS We developed a simulation of the HIV epidemic and HIV disease progression in South Africa to compare the outcomes of the present HIV treatment campaign (status quo) with 4 HIV testing and treating strategies that increase access to antiretroviral therapy: (1) universal testing and treatment without changes in linkage to care and loss to follow-up; (2) universal testing and treatment with improved linkage to care; (3) universal testing and treatment with reduced loss to follow-up; and (4) comprehensive HIV care with universal testing and treatment, improved linkage to care, and reduced loss to follow-up. The main outcome measures were survival benefits, new HIV infections, and HIV prevalence. RESULTS Compared with the status quo strategy, universal testing and treatment (1) was associated with a mean (95% uncertainty bounds) life expectancy gain of 12.0 months (11.3-12.2 months), and 35.3% (32.7%-37.5%) fewer HIV infections over a 10-year time horizon. Improved linkage to care (2), prevention of loss to follow-up (3), and comprehensive HIV care (4) provided substantial additional benefits: life expectancy gains compared with the status quo strategy were 16.1, 18.6, and 22.2 months, and new infections were 55.5%, 51.4%, and 73.2% lower, respectively. In sensitivity analysis, comprehensive HIV care reduced new infections by 69.7% to 76.7% under a broad set of assumptions. CONCLUSIONS Universal testing and treatment with current levels of linkage to care and loss to follow-up could substantially reduce the HIV death toll and new HIV infections. However, increasing linkage to care and preventing loss to follow-up provides nearly twice the benefits of universal testing and treatment alone.
Locally principal component analysis based on L1-norm maximisation

Locally principal component analysis (LPCA) is a popular method of dimensionality reduction, which takes locality of data points into account. In this study, by using the L1-norm instead of the L2-norm in LPCA, the authors introduce a new formulation of LPCA based on the L1-norm maximisation, referred to as LPCA-L1. Compared with the conventional L2-norm LPCA, the proposed LPCA-L1 approach is more robust to outliers. Experiments of classification and recognition on the UCI, Yale and ORL data sets confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.
PrPC Directly Interacts with Proteins Involved in Signaling Pathways*

The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a conserved glycoprotein predominantly expressed in neuronal cells. Its purpose in living cells is still enigmatic. To elucidate on its cellular function, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen for interactors. We used murine PrPC(amino acids 23–231) as bait to search a mouse brain cDNA expression library. Several interaction partners were identified. Three of them with a high homology to known sequences were further characterized. These candidates were the neuronal phosphoprotein synapsin Ib, the adaptor protein Grb2, and the still uncharacterized prion interactor Pint1. The in vivo interaction of the three proteins with PrPC was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation assays with recombinant and authentic proteins in mammalian cells. The binding regions were mapped using truncated PrP constructs. As both synapsin Ib and Grb2 are implicated in neuronal signaling processes, our findings further strengthen the putative role of the prion protein in signal transduction.
Glycogen storage disease type I.

Glycogen storage diseases (GSD) are inherited autosomal recessive disorder. Type-I GSD (Von Gierkes disease) is due to glucose6-phosphatase defect, which mainly affects liver and is life threatening if not treated. The main features are fasting hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, hyperuricemia and hyperlipidemia. Here we present a case of six month female baby who presented with fever, abdominal distension and on investigation biochemical parameters were suggestive of type-I GSD. Glycogen storage disease, Von Gierke’s disease
Induced DNA recombination by Cre recombinase protein transduction

Summary: Cre is a DNA recombinase that recognizes 34 base‐pair loxP sites of recombination. We have developed a cell‐permeable Cre recombinase, TATCre, that is capable of mediating deletion of loxP‐flanked targets by simply adding TATCre to cell cultures. Thus, TATCre allows efficient induced DNA recombination without the use of a Cre recombinase transgene or any other genetic material and should prove useful for the genetic manipulation of a wide variety of cell types that have been engineered to possess loxP sites. genesis 33:48–54, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The synthesis and optimizationof a diplexer for the multi-purpose, multi-frequency shuttlecock antenna

This paper describes the synthesis procedure and optimization algorithm developed to design a diplexer for the multi-purpose, multi-frequency Shuttlecock antenna. Starting from a low order circuit topology the synthesizer increases the order until the set of specifications are adhered to. The circuit element values are determined by a hybrid optimization algorithm that combines a global search algorithm and a downhill simplex method.
Effect of menopause on cognitive performance in women with Down syndrome

We compared cognitive function in nondemented pre- and postmenopausal women with Down syndrome, aged 21–57 years, with their age-matched male peers. The Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Cognitive Ability–Revised were used to assess cognitive function at baseline and 2 years later. Premenopausal women performed better than their age-matched male peers, while postmenopausal women performed more poorly than age-matched male peers (p = 0.007). Premenopausal women and young men showed no significant declines in cognition over time. Postmenopausal women, but not their age-matched male peers, showed significant declines in cognitive function. Our results support the hypothesis that cognitive declines in postmenopausal women are associated with estrogen deficiency rather than with age.
Modeling Human Myocardium Exposure to Doxorubicin Defines the Risk of Heart Failure from Low-Dose Doxorubicin

The antitumor anthracycline, doxorubicin (DOX), can cause heart failure (HF) upon cumulative administration. Lowering the cumulative dose of DOX proved useful to minimize HF risk, and, yet, there is a growing concern that HF might occur after doses that were thought to be safe. Clinical trials that prospectively address such concerns are lacking. Because HF risk correlates with cardiac exposure to DOX, cumulative doses associated with HF risk were re-explored by modeling the accumulation of anthracycline pools in human myocardium. Ex vivo myocardial samples were used in vitro to simulate DOX rapid infusions. The accumulation of anthracycline pools was measured and incorporated into equations from which a risk versus dose curve was obtained. The experimental curve identified a 5% risk dose that was congruent with a previously reported clinical value (380 versus 400 mg/m2, respectively); however, 1–2% risk occurred after lower doses than reported. Simulations of gain-of-function polymorphism of carbonyl reductase 3, which converts DOX to its poorly diffusible alcohol metabolite, doxorubicinol (DOXOL), expanded anthracycline pools and caused 5% or 1–2% risk doses to decrease to 330 or 180–230 mg DOX/m2, respectively. These data show there is no safe dose of DOX. Diminishing cardiac exposure to circulating DOX may represent a cardioprotective strategy. We show that DOX slow infusions or liposomal DOX, which reduce cardiac exposure to DOX, caused formation of smaller anthracycline pools, did not generate DOXOL, increased the 5% risk dose to 750–800 mg/m2, and prevented HF risk aggravation by carbonyl reductase polymorphism.
Synthesis, cytotoxicity and antimalarial activity of ferrocenyl amides of 4-aminoquinolines

Abstract Series of 4-aminoquinolines bearing an amino side chain linked to the ferrocene moiety through an amide bond were synthesized and evaluated for their antimalarial activity against both chloro-quine-sensitive (D10, CQ-S) and chloro-quine-resistant (Dd2, CQ-R) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. They were also tested for cytotoxicity against Chinese Hamster Ovarian (CHO) cells. Amide 12 featuring propyl side chain linked to the ferrocene ring was the most active of all tested compounds. With an IC50 value of 0.08 µg/mL, this amide showed 1.5-fold higher activity than chloroquine diphosphate (IC50 = 0.12 µg/mL) against the resistant strain, with a selectivity index of 550 indicating its high selectivity towards the parasite. Derivatives which were equipotent against both strains also showed up to ten-fold increase in activity compared to primaquine.
Tradução, adaptação cultural e validação da Bristol Stool Form Scale para a população brasileira

A Escala de Bristol para Consistencia de Fezes e usada na descricao de fezes. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a traducao, adaptacao cultural e validacao para o Brasil, dessa escala. Como metodologia realizou-se a traducao, traducao reversa e discussao. Para essa validacao, incluiram-se 85 enfermeiros e 80 medicos e pacientes que correlacionaram imagens de sete tipos de fezes com descricoes. Os resultados mostraram que houve diferenca de distribuicao do sexo, com predominio do sexo masculino para medicos e feminino para enfermeiros e pacientes. Em relacao a concordância entre definicoes e imagens, o maior percentual, no tipo 5, e os menores percentuais, nos tipos 6 e 7, relacionaram-se aos medicos; no tipo 3 referiram-se aos enfermeiros e no tipo 6 aos pacientes. O indice Kappa geral foi de 0,826. Conclui-se que a escala demonstrou alta confiabilidade em todos os grupos estudados.
Changes in human short-wavelength-sensitive and achromatic resolution acuity with retinal eccentricity and meridian

Psychophysical measurements using achromatic grating resolution acuity in peripheral vision show a prominent retinal asymmetry in acuity which is consistent with predicted values based on available estimates of midget ganglion cell density. Recent studies have shown that peripheral grating resolution acuity values for short-wavelength-sensitive (SWS) isolating gratings in normal observers are closely related to predicted values based on the underlying small bistratified ganglion cell density. By measuring SWS resolution acuity at different locations across the visual field, we wished to see if any significant acuity asymmetry exists for the short-wavelength system. In addition to this, we wanted to compare SWS and achromatic resolution acuity at different retinal locations of equal eccentricity. SWS and achromatic grating resolution acuity was measured in two observers at a number of different retinal meridians of 10- and 25-deg eccentricity from the fovea, and out to 35-deg eccentricity along the horizontal meridian. Achromatic resolution acuity was higher than SWS resolution acuity at all locations. At 10-deg eccentricity there was slight radial asymmetry in SWS and achromatic acuity, both displaying highest acuity along the horizontal meridian. At 25-deg eccentricity, SWS and achromatic acuity showed significant asymmetry with acuity being higher in the nasal retina compared to the temporal retina and with higher acuity in the superior retina compared to the inferior retina. At 35-deg eccentricity, the acuity asymmetry along the horizontal meridian was maintained with acuity for both significantly higher in the nasal retina. The SWS acuity changes with eccentricity and meridian were qualitatively similar to that found for achromatic acuity at the majority of retinal locations. Like achromatic acuity, SWS acuity shows significant asymmetry at different retinal locations of equal eccentricity. This suggests that both the midget and small bistratified ganglion cell population density changes significantly with retinal location and eccentricity. SWS acuity appears to change in parallel with achromatic acuity for the majority of retinal locations measured, although the amount of nasotemporal asymmetry appears to be slightly less for the SWS system at 25- and 35-deg eccentricity.
Progress against Major Depression in Canada

Background: Generally, public health strategies for major depression have focused on case-finding, public and professional education, and disease-management strategies. In principle, increased rates of treatment utilization and improved treatment outcomes should lead to improved mental health at the population level. Progress of this sort, however, has been difficult to confirm. Methods: The National Population Health Survey (NPHS) is a large-scale longitudinal study of a representative sample drawn from the Canadian population. To date, Statistics Canada has released data from 3 NPHS cycles: 1994–1995, 1996–1997, and 1998–1999. Treatment utilization and major depression measures were employed in the NPHS survey, providing a unique source of longitudinal Canadian data. In this study, major depression point prevalence (defined using a predictive instrument for annual major depressive episode [MDE] prevalence and responses from a distress scale) and associated treatment utilization were evaluated over time. Results: Between 1994–1995 and 1995–1996, the proportion of persons with depression receiving antidepressant treatment increased dramatically, from 18.2% (12.3% to 22.1%) in 1994–1995 to 32.6% (23.0% to 42.2%) in 1998–1999. Point prevalence of major depression was 2.4%, 1.8%, and 1.9% in the 3 NPHS iterations. Conclusions: Data from the NPHS suggest public health progress against major depression in Canada. More people with major depression in Canada are receiving treatment, and these changes may have been associated with improved population health status. However, both random variation and extraneous societal factors could account for the observed trends in prevalence. It is impossible to relate changes in utilization directly to population health status using the NPHS data.