Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Final Collapse of the Neyman-Pearson Decision Theoretic Framework and Rise of the neoFisherian

This essay grew out of an examination of one-tailed significance testing. One-tailed tests were little advocated by the founders of modern statistics but are widely used and recommended nowadays in the biological, behavioral and social sciences. The high frequency of their use in ecology and animal behavior and their logical indefensibility have been documented in a companion review paper. In the present one, we trace the roots of this problem and counter some attacks on significance testing in general. Roots include: the early but irrational dichotomization of the P scale and adoption of the ‘significant/non-significant’ terminology; the mistaken notion that a high P value is evidence favoring the null hypothesis over the alternative hypothesis; and confusion over the distinction between statistical and research hypotheses. Resultant widespread misuse and misinterpretation of significance tests have also led to other problems, such as unjustifiable demands that reporting of P values be disallowed or greatly reduced and that reporting of confidence intervals and standardized effect sizes be required in their place. Our analysis of these matters thus leads us to a recommendation that for standard types of significance assessment the paleoFisherian and Neyman-Pearsonian paradigms be replaced by a neoFisherian one. The essence of the latter is that a critical &agr; (probability of type I error) is not specified, the terms ‘significant’ and ‘non-significant’ are abandoned, that high P values lead only to suspended judgments, and that the so-called “three-valued logic” of Cox, Kaiser, Tukey, Tryon and Harris is adopted explicitly. Confidence intervals and bands, power analyses, and severity curves remain useful adjuncts in particular situations. Analyses conducted under this paradigm we term neoFisherian significance assessments (NFSA). Their role is assessment of the existence, sign and magnitude of statistical effects. The common label of null hypothesis significance tests (NHST) is retained for paleoFisherian and Neyman-Pearsonian approaches and their hybrids. The original Neyman-Pearson framework has no utility outside quality control type applications. Some advocates of Bayesian, likelihood and information-theoretic approaches to model selection have argued that P values and NFSAs are of little or no value, but those arguments do not withstand critical review. Champions of Bayesian methods in particular continue to overstate their value and relevance.
Part I: the RESOLVE framework and discipline: a research synopsis

In a nutshell, RESOLVE software components are just parameterized modules. A typical specification module defines formally the structural interface and functional behavior of an encapsulated abstract data type (ADT) and associated operations whose parameters are of that type and other types. A typical implementation module describes how such a type is represented as a composition of other ADTs and how the associated operations are effected by invoking sequences of operations associated with the types used in the representation.
ImmunityRequires T Cells and Activation of Innate Humoral Immune Response to Flagellin

Bacterial ﬂagellin, the primary structural component of ﬂagella, is a dominant target of humoral immunity upon infection by enteric pathogens and in Crohn’s disease. To better understand how such responses may be regulated, we sought to deﬁne, in mice, basic mechanisms that regulate generation of ﬂagellin-speciﬁc Igs. We observed that, in response to i.p. injection with ﬂagellin, generation of ﬂagellin-speciﬁc Ig required activation of innate immunity in that these responses were ablated in MyD88-deﬁcient mice and that ﬂagellin from Helicobacter pylori , which is known not to activate TLR5, also did not elicit Abs. Mice lacking (cid:1)(cid:2) T cells (TCR (cid:2) null ) were completely deﬁcient in their ability to make ﬂagellin Abs in various contexts indicating that, in contrast to common belief, generation of ﬂagellin-speciﬁc Ig is absolutely T cell dependent. In contrast to Ab responses to whole ﬂagella (H serotyping), responses to ﬂagellin monomers displayed only moderate serospeciﬁcity. Whereas neither oral nor rectal administration of ﬂagellin elicited a strong serum Ab response, induction of colitis with dextran sodium sulfate resulted in a MyD88-dependent serum Ab response to endogenous ﬂagellin, suggesting that, in an inﬂammatory milieu, TLR signaling promotes acquisition of Abs to intestinal ﬂagellin. Thus, acquisition of a humoral immune response to ﬂagellin requires activation of innate immunity, is T cell dependent, and can originate from ﬂagellin in the intestinal tract in inﬂammatory conditions in the intestine. The Journal of Immunology, 2006, 177: 2810–2818.
Development of Real-Time PCR Assays for Rapid Detection of Pfiesteria piscicida and Related Dinoflagellates

ABSTRACT Pfiesteria complex species are heterotrophic and mixotrophic dinoflagellates that have been recognized as harmful algal bloom species associated with adverse fish and human health effects along the East Coast of North America, particularly in its largest (Chesapeake Bay in Maryland) and second largest (Albermarle-Pamlico Sound in North Carolina) estuaries. In response to impacts on human health and the economy, monitoring programs to detect the organism have been implemented in affected areas. However, until recently, specific identification of the two toxic species known thus far,Pfiesteria piscicida and P. shumwayae (sp. nov.), required scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM is a labor-intensive process in which a small number of cells can be analyzed, posing limitations when the method is applied to environmental estuarine water samples. To overcome these problems, we developed a real-time PCR-based assay that permits rapid and specific identification of these organisms in culture and heterogeneous environmental water samples. Various factors likely to be encountered when assessing environmental samples were addressed, and assay specificity was validated through screening of a comprehensive panel of cultures, including the two recognized Pfiesteriaspecies, morphologically similar species, and a wide range of other estuarine dinoflagellates. Assay sensitivity and sample stability were established for both unpreserved and fixative (acidic Lugol's solution)-preserved samples. The effects of background DNA on organism detection and enumeration were also explored, and based on these results, we conclude that the assay may be utilized to derive quantitative data. This real-time PCR-based method will be useful for many other applications, including adaptation for field-based technology.
Chondromucosal Nasal Flap With the Transposition Flap of Von Langenbeck as a Good Election for the Total Lower Eyelid Defect Reconstruction in an Old Patient With an Elevated Vision Loss in the Contralateral Eye

Objective: The management of lower eyelid reconstruction has a variety of treatment strategies with varying success depending on the patient. We tried to apply the most suitable reconstruction techniques for this particular case. Methods: We report a case of a 99-year-old woman, with a vision loss of 70% in the left eye and 40% in the right eye, who underwent basal cell carcinoma resection of the lower right eyelid 3 months before. The margins of resection and the deepest layers were affected. After the histopathology report, we decided to plan a more aggressive treatment with a total resection of the lower right eyelid. We had a case with 3 added difficulties: the old age of the patient, the vision loss in the contralateral eye, and the size of the resection. Results: On the basis of our experience and the bibliography reviewed, we decided to use the chondromucosal nasal flap for the posterior lamella reconstruction and the transposition flap of von Langenbeck for the anterior lamella. We found it was a good election for this patient since we achieved good functional, anatomical, and aesthetical results with a one-step operation. Conclusions: The chondromucosal nasal flap with the transposition flap of von Langenbeck was a good election for a total lower eyelid defect reconstruction in an old patient with a high vision loss in the contralateral eye.
Hands free mouse: comparative study on mouse clicks controlled by humming

In this paper we present a novel method of simulating mouse clicks while the cursor is navigated by head movements tracked by webcam. Our method is based on simple hummed voice commands. It is fast, language independent and provides full control of common mouse buttons. Our method was compared with other three different methods in an experiment that proved its efficiency by means of task duration.
Current Marital Functioning as a Mediating Factor in Depression Among Spouse Caregivers in Dementia

Abstract A model of spousal caregiving was constructed in which current marital functioning was hypothesized to predict caregiver depression independent of the patient's clinical status and caregiver characteristics including burden. The sample was comprised of 96 consecutive marital dyads seeking evaluation at a university-based cognitive disorders program. The results of path analysis supported a model in which current marital functioning was significantly and independently associated with the caregiver's mental health. Specifically, spouse caregivers reporting low marital cohesion and satisfaction endorsed significantly more depressive symptoms. These findings supported the model's central premise that relational losses are discretely related to the mental health of spouse caregivers and warrant consideration in the assessment and care of spouse caregivers.
Visual Detection of West Nile Virus Using Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Combined with a Vertical Flow Visualization Strip

West Nile virus (WNV) causes a severe zoonosis, which can lead to a large number of casualties and considerable economic losses. A rapid and accurate identification method for WNV for use in field laboratories is urgently needed. Here, a method utilizing reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with a vertical flow visualization strip (RT-LAMP-VF) was developed to detect the envelope (E) gene of WNV. The RT-LAMP-VF assay could detect 102 copies/μl of an WNV RNA standard using a 40 min amplification reaction followed by a 2 min incubation of the amplification product on the visualization strip, and no cross-reaction with other closely related members of the Flavivirus genus was observed. The assay was further evaluated using cells and mouse brain tissues infected with a recombinant rabies virus expressing the E protein of WNV. The assay produced sensitivities of 101.5 TCID50/ml and 101.33 TCID50/ml for detection of the recombinant virus in the cells and brain tissues, respectively. Overall, the RT-LAMP-VF assay developed in this study is rapid, simple and effective, and it is therefore suitable for clinical application in the field.
Postgroup-Casualty Status, Group Events, and Leader Behavior: An Early Look Into the Dynamics of Damaging Group Experiences

Objective: The purpose of this investigation was to obtain information about factors that lead to damaging experiences in social work groups. This study examined specific effects that damaging group experiences have on group participants and characteristics shared by group participants who were psychologically damaged. Method: Eighty-three clients from various group settings were interviewed. Logistic regression analyses were used to delineate a model predicting group-casualty status. Results: Thirty-three clients (40%) met the study’s definition of group casualty. Significant differences arose between casualty and noncasualty groups on types of damaging group events that occurred, reactions to the event, and postevent variables. Being in the casualty group was associated with perceiving the group leader as the perpetrator of a stressful event, having an intense emotional reaction, and being discouraged from pursuing further help. Conclusion: Implications for social workers are discussed and recommendations are given.
Balancing Power Through Community Building: Setting the Research Agenda on Violence Against Women

This article presents a feminist model for collaboration by researchers, practitioners, and survivors of domestic violence and sexual assault that focuses on balancing power and building community. Thirty-eight university researchers, survivors, and practitioners met to define and prioritize a research agenda on domestic violence and sexual assault, plan for continued collaboration, and evaluate the community-building process. This article presents data from focus groups, written evaluations, and researcher-participant observations that indicated the research topics that the participants ranked as the most important or useful to them and outlines the participants’ concerns about and suggestions for ongoing collaboration.
Governance and Evaluation - consequences for teaching culture and teacher profession

This article examines, whether contemporary teaching culture and the teaching profession are being transformed as a result of demands for evaluation and visibility, and what the consequences of this may be. We identify dominant education policy discourses that impact teachers and teaching, following which we show how the concept of ‘quality assurance’ has shaped contemporary evaluation demands. The paper then argues that we must challenge existing worries that evaluation initiatives have instrumental and mechanical consequences for teaching practices. Inspired by existing research and building upon empirical studies of Danish educational practices (upper secondary schools and universities), we show that indirect, so-called performance paradoxes may occur. This is because the effort to make one thing visible, often renders other aspects difficult to access. From these considerations, we discuss, which impact evaluation and visibility demands may have on the teacher profession and teaching culture. The article only points out tendencies, wherefore, we argue the need for more knowledge about how various evaluation demands impact teaching practices.
Navigating historical thinking in a vocational setting: teachers interpreting a history curriculum for students in vocational secondary education

In Sweden, history has recently become a compulsory subject in upper secondary vocational education and training (VET). The aim of this interview study with teachers was to problematize the transition between the ideals of history education in the curriculum and the everyday practices of history teaching. It investigated how the teachers assess the objectives of the history curriculum and how they relate the curriculum to their knowledge and conceptions of their students. This study complicates the phenomenon of academic subjects in vocational education and provides an empirical example to centre a discussion of the challenges associated with a history curriculum that seeks to acknowledge different orientations of history teaching. The teachers articulated potential problems that stem from the students’ capabilities and motivation. The objectives of the disciplinary and critical orientation assume factual knowledge, which, according to the teachers, the students do not have. In the interviews, the teachers showed that they seek to transform the curriculum to allow them to teach more substantive knowledge. Continuing citizenship education for students in upper secondary VET through compulsory academic subjects, such as history, might contribute less than expected to the individual’s process of becoming a citizen.
Fast Regular Expression Matching Based On Dual Glushkov NFA

This paper presents a new regular expression matching method by using Dual Glushkov NFA. Dual Glushkov NFA is the variant of Glushkov NFA, and it has the strong property that all the outgoing transitions to a state of it have the same labels. We propose the new matching method Look Ahead Matching that suited to Dual Glushkov NFA structure. This method executes NFA simulation with reading two input symbols at the one time. We use information of next symbol to narrow down the active states on NFA simulation. It costs additional working memory to apply Look Ahead Matching to ordinal Thompson NFA. However, we can use this method with no additional memory space if use it with Dual Glushkov NFA. Experiments also indicate that the combination of Dual Glushkov NFA with Look Ahead Matching outperforms the other methods on NFAs converted from practical regular expressions.
Schema Mappings for Data Graphs

Schema mappings are a fundamental concept in data integration and exchange, and they have been thoroughly studied in different data models. For graph data, however, mappings have been studied in a restricted context that, unlike real-life graph databases, completely disregards the data they store. Our main goal is to understand query answering under graph schema mappings - in particular, in exchange and integration of graph data - for graph databases that mix graph structure with data. We show that adding data querying alters the picture in a significant way. As the model, we use data graphs: a theoretical abstraction of property graphs employed by graph database implementations. We start by showing a very strong negative result: using the simplest form of nontrivial navigation in mappings makes answering even simple queries that mix navigation and data undecidable. This result suggests that for the purposes of integration and exchange, schema mappings ought to exclude recursively defined navigation over target data. For such mappings and analogs of regular path queries that take data into account, query answering becomes decidable, although intractable. To restore tractability without imposing further restrictions on queries, we propose a new approach based on the use of null values that resemble usual nulls of relational DBMSs, as opposed to marked nulls one typically uses in integration and exchange tasks. If one moves away from path queries and considers more complex patterns, query answering becomes undecidable again, even for the simplest possible mappings.
Universal Decay of Quantumness for Photonic Qubits Carrying Orbital Angular Momentum Through Atmospheric Turbulence

We investigate the decay properties of the quantumness including quantum entanglement, quantum discord, and quantum coherence for two photonic qubits, which are partially entangled in their orbital angular momenta, through Kolmogorov turbulent atmosphere. It is found that the decay of quantum coherence and quantum discord may be qualitatively different from that of quantum entanglement when the initial state of two photons is not maximally entangled. We also derive two universal decay laws for quantum coherence and quantum discord, respectively, and show that the decay of quantum coherence is more robust than nonclassical correlations.
Evaluating explicit and implicit death attitudes in funeral and university students

The present paper describes two studies assessing the relation of implicit death attitudes as measured by the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to explicit death attitudes as measured by questionnaires. In Study 1, 45 university students and 51 funeral service students completed the revised Death Anxiety Scale (DAS-R) and completed paper and pencil versions of the IAT measuring how much they implicitly associated death with bad vs. good (death valence), with anxious vs. calm (death anxiety), and with others vs. self (death denial). Both groups showed stronger implicit associations of death with anxious rather than calm and bad rather than good. Higher explicit death anxiety was associated with more implicit denial of death. Compared to university students, funeral students scored lower on the DAS-R and the IAT measure of implicit denial of death. In Study 2, 103 university students completed the DAS-R, completed Palm Pilot versions of the IAT measuring death valence, death anxiety, and death denial, and responded to questions about mortality-related decisions. Greater self-reported death anxiety was associated with less approval of physician-assisted suicide, whereas greater implicit denial of death was associated with less interest in having a living will and pre-arranging one's funeral.
Regulated Prices, Rent Seeking, and Consumer Surplus

Price controls lead to misallocation of goods and encourage rent seeking. The misallocation effect alone ensures that a price control always reduces consumer surplus in an otherwise-competitive market with convex demand if supply is more elastic than demand or with log-convex demand (e.g., constant elasticity) even if supply is inelastic. The same results apply whether rationed goods are allocated by costless lottery or whether costly rent seeking and/or partial decontrol mitigates the inefficiency. Our analysis exploits the observation that in any market, consumer surplus equals the area between the demand curve and the industry marginal revenue curve.
Compassionate Authority: Democracy and the Representation of Women

Kathleen Jones takes up some of the most central debates in contemporary feminist analysis: the nature of the categories of feminist theory; the development of alternative interpretative strategies; and the position of authority in feminist theory and practice. She engages with postmodernist feminism, the writings of feminists of colour, and textual strategies of film theory, to challenge conventional formulations of authority in modern political theory.
Self-esteem within cognitive behavioural coaching: a theoretical framework to integrate theory with practice

The usefulness of the cognitive behavioural model in dealing with low self-esteem has been documented in many studies. Research suggests that individuals gather information about themselves by engaging in self-evaluation processes, which in turn are significantly related to global feeling of self-worth. Domains or attributes that individuals evaluate themselves on and find as more personally important have a more profound impact on global self-esteem than less important ones. Using a cognitive behavioural framework, the present paper discusses the variety of self-evaluation processes that individuals engage in and the importance attached to the evaluated domains in regulating global self-esteem. The paper links theory with practice by identifying specific strategies and tools for use in coaching in order to help a coachee to identify, examine, challenge and modify unhelpful self-evaluative thinking with balanced and relative thinking.
1-(4-Nitrophenyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium chloride

In the title salt, C9H8N3O2 +·Cl−, the least-squares planes of the imidazolium and benzene rings are almost coplanar, making a dihedral angle of 4.59 (1)°. In the crystal, the chloride anion links the organic molecules through N—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, forming chains that run diagonally across the bc face, which compliment strong C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between neighbouring molecules. These chains are connected to adjacent chains through two weak C—H⋯Cl interactions, resulting in hydrogen-bonded sheets extending along the b and c axes. The absolute structure of the title compound was determined using a Flack x parameter of 0.00 (6) and a Hooft y parameter of 0.03 (2).