Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How to Tackle Tremor – Systematic Review of the Literature and Diagnostic Work-Up

Background: Tremor is the most prevalent movement disorder in clinical practice. It is defined as involuntary, rhythmic, oscillatory movements. The diagnostic process of patients with tremor can be laborious and challenging, and a clear, systematic overview of available diagnostic techniques is lacking. Tremor can be a symptom of many diseases, but can also represent a distinct disease entity. Objective: The objective of this review is to give a clear, systematic and step-wise overview of the diagnostic work-up of a patient with tremor. The clinical relevance and value of available laboratory tests in patients with tremor will be explored. Methods: We systematically searched through EMBASE. The retrieved articles were supplemented by articles containing relevant data or provided important background information. Studies that were included investigated the value and/or usability of diagnostic tests for tremor. Results: In most patients, history and clinical examination by an experienced movement disorders neurologist are sufficient to establish a correct diagnosis, and further ancillary examinations will not be needed. Ancillary investigation should always be guided by tremor type(s) present and other associated signs and symptoms. The main ancillary examination techniques currently are electromyography and SPECT imaging. Unfortunately, many techniques have not been studied in large prospective, diagnostic studies to be able to determine important variables like sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion: When encountering a patient with tremor, history, and careful clinical examination should guide the diagnostic process. Adherence to the diagnostic work-up provided in this review will help the diagnostic process of these patients.
Single Amino Acid Insertions at the Junction of the Sindbis Virus E2 Transmembrane Domain and Endodomain Disrupt Virus Envelopment and Alter Infectivity

ABSTRACT The final steps in the envelopment of Sindbis virus involve specific interactions of the E2 endodomain with the virus nucleocapsid. Deleting E2 K at position 391 (E2 ΔK391) resulted in the disruption of virus assembly in mammalian cells but not insect cells (host range mutant). This suggested unique interactions of the E2 ΔK391 endodomain with the different biochemical environments of the mammalian and insect cell lipid bilayers. To further investigate the role of the amino acid residues located at or around position E2 391 and constraints on the length of the endodomain on virus assembly, amino acid insertions/substitutions at the transmembrane/endodomain junction were constructed. An additional K was inserted at amino acid position 392 (KK391/392), a K→F substitution at position 391 was constructed (F391), and an additional F was inserted at 392 (FF391/392). These changes should lengthen the endodomain in the KK391/392 insertion mutant or shorten the endodomain in the FF391/392 mutant. The mutant FF391/392 grown in BHK cells formed virus particles containing extruded material not found on wild-type virus. This characteristic was not seen in FF391/392 virus grown in insect cells. The mutant KK391/392 grown in BHK cells was defective in the final membrane fission reaction, producing multicored or conjoined virus particles. The production of these aberrant particles was ameliorated when the KK391/392 mutant was grown in insect cells. These data indicate that there is a critical minimal spanning distance from the E2 membrane proximal amino acid at position 391 and the conserved E2 Y400 residue. The observed phenotypes of these mutants also invoke an important role of the specific host membrane lipid composition on virus architecture and infectivity.
Ontology Engineering Relationally Ontology Engineering Relationally

The retrieval problem is one of the main reasoning problems for ontology based systems. The retrieval problem for concept C consists in finding all individualsa which satisfyC(a). We present ontology transformation which can help to improve evaluating queries over (sublanguage of) OWL ontologies. Our solution is based on translating retrieval concepts into relational algebra expressions and consequently to SQL queries over a database constructed from the original ontology. Ontology transformation into database is ontology-dependent but fully automatic and it is provided by system TORQue.
Heaviness vs. newness: The effects of structural complexity and discourse status on constituent ordering

Variations in postverbal constituent ordering have been attributed to both grammatical complexity (heaviness) and discourse status (newness), although few studies compare the two factors explicitly. Through corpus analysis and experimentation, we demonstrate that both factors simultaneously and independently influence word order in two English constructions. While past investigations of these factors have focused on their effects in language comprehension, we argue that postponing heavy and new constituents facilitates processes of planning and production.
A Computational Model of Second-Order Social Reasoning

This paper presents the first computational cognitive model of second-order social reasoning. The model uses a decision tree strategy to reason about the opponent's behavior. We hypothesize that a decision tree strategy requires (1) declarative memory, and (2) working memory. Declarative memory is required to retrieve successive reasoning steps, while working memory is required to temporarily store these reasoning steps while the next step is retrieved from memory. The model fit on data from a social reasoning game supports the validity of the model. This initial result leads to an explicit prediction for an experiment in which the reasoning game is combined with another task that requires the same cognitive resources as hypothesized by the model. This work is a first step towards understanding higher-order social reasoning from a cognitive modeling perspective.
Performance analysis using a hierarchical loss network model

We present a hierarchical loss network model for estimating the end-to end blocking probabilities of large networks. As networks grow in size, nodes tend to form clusters geographically and hierarchical routing schemes are more commonly used. Loss network and reduced load models are often used to approximate end-to-end call blocking probabilities and hence throughput. However so far all work being done in this area is for flat networks with flat routing schemes. We aim at developing a more efficient approximation method for networks that have a natural hierarchy and/or when some form of hierarchical routing policy is used. We present two hierarchical models in detail for fixed hierarchical routing and dynamic hierarchical routing policies, respectively, via the notion of network abstraction, route segmentation, traffic segregation and aggregation. Computation is done separately within each cluster (local) and among clusters (global), and the fixed point is obtained by iteration between local and global computations. We present results from both numerical experiments and discrete event simulations.
Hepatitis C virus genotypes in belgian hemophiliacs

Hemophiliacs who have been exposed to un‐heated and/or dry heated pooled clotting factor concentrates are at a high risk of chronic hepatitis C. Serum HCV‐RNA was measured by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) technique in 58 hemophiliacs positive for anti‐HCV antibodies, HCV‐RNA was detected in 55 patients. Based on the results of PCR positiv‐ity, HCV genotyping was carried out using genotype specific probes and the dot blot hybridization assay: 2 patients were found to be infected with type 1a (3.6%), 31 patients with type 1b (56.4%), 8 patients with type 2 (14.6%), 6 patients with type 3 (10.9%), 1 patient with type 4, and 7 patients with double infection (12.7%). As compared to a control group of 105 nonhemophilia patients with chronic hepatitis C, HCV genotype 1 b was found predominant in both groups. However, double infection with two HCV types as well as a relatively high prevalence of infection with type 2 and type 3 were found in hemophiliacs. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PACEMAKER OSCILLATIONS IN HEART AND BRAIN: A KEY ROLE FOR HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CATION CHANNELS

Rhythmic activity of single cells or multicellular networks is a common feature of all organisms. The oscillatory activity is characterized by time intervals of several seconds up to many hours. Cellular rhythms govern the beating of the heart, the swimming behavior of sperm, cycles of sleep and wakefulness, breathing, and the release of hormones. Many neurons in the brain and cardiac cells are characterized by endogenous rhythmic activity, which relies on a complex interplay between several distinct ion channels. In particular, one type of ion channel plays a prominent role in the control of rhythmic electrical activity since it determines the frequency of the oscillations. The activity of the channels is thus setting the “pace” of the oscillations; therefore, these channels are often referred to as “pacemaker” channels. Despite their obvious important physiological function, it was not until recently that genes encoding pacemaker channels have been identified. Because both hyperpolarization and cyclic nucleotides are key elements that control their activity, pacemaker channels have now been designated hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide–gated (HCN) channels. The molecular identification of the channels and the upcoming studies on their properties in heterologous systems will certainly enhance our understanding of “pacemaking” in physiological systems. This review gives a brief insight into the physiological importance of these channels and sums up what we have learned since the first cloning of genes succeeded (for recent reviews, see also Clapham 1998; Luüthi and McCormick 1998a; Biel et al. 1999; Ludwig, Zong, Hofmann, et al. 1999; Santoro and Tibbs 1999). (Chronobiology International, 17(4), 453–469, 2000)
Testing Theories of Linguistic Constituency with Configural Learning: The Case of the English Syllable

This article proposes and tests an experimental method to assess the psychological reality of hierarchical theories of constituent structure in particular domains. I show that a hierarchical theory of constituent structure necessarily makes the prediction that an association between constituents should be easier to learn than an association between strings that cross constituent boundaries, whereas dependency-based theories of constituency predict that constituents cannot have associations that their parts do not have. Previous research has shown that the major division within an English syllable is between the onset and the nucleus, rather than between the nucleus and the coda. Thus, the nucleus forms a constituent (the rime) with the coda rather than the onset. The hierarchical theory of constituency thus proposes that English speakers should learn rime-affix associations more easily than body-affix associations and that the rime can have associations that its parts do not have. These predictions are confirmed in the present study. Applications of the experimental method and its variants to linguistic constituency in other domains are discussed.
Efficient Reasoning in EL+

The early dream of a description logic (DL) system that offers both sound and complete polynomial-time algorithms and expressive means that allow its use in real-world applications has since the 1990ies largely been considered to be a pipe dream. This was, on the one hand, due to complexity results showing intractability even in very inexpressive DLs [5], in particular in the presence of TBoxes [13]. On the other hand, many of the applications considered then required more expressive power rather than less, which led to the development of more and more expressive DLs. The use of such intractable DLs in applications was made possible by the fact that highly-optimized tableau-based reasoners for them behaved quite well in practice. However, more recent developments regarding the EL family of DLs have shed a new light on the realizability of this dream. On the one hand, theoretical results [1, 6, 2] have shown that reasoning in EL and several of its extensions remains tractable in the presence of TBoxes and even of general concept inclusions (GCIs). On the other hand, it has turned out that, despite its relatively low expressivity, the EL family is highly relevant for a number of important applications, in particular in the bio-medical domain: for example, medical terminologies such as the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (Snomed) [9] and the Galen Medical Knowledge Base (Galen) [14] are formulated in EL or small extensions thereof, and the Gene Ontology (Go) [8] used in bioinformatics can also be viewed as an EL TBox. In this paper, we address the question of whether the polynomial-time algorithms for reasoning in EL and its extensions really behave better in practice than intractable, but highly-optimized tableau-based algorithms. To this end, we have implemented a refined version of the algorithm described in [2] in our
MobilisGroups: Location-based group formation in Mobile Social Networks

Location restrictions in Mobile Social Networks are often used to realize the notion of places as well as for proximity-based friend or interest matching. In this work, we extend this by the ability to create and manage groups with location and time restrictions regarding their visibility and ability to be joined. Its main contribution is the design and reference implementation of the reusable MobilisGroups service as part of the Mobilis platform, an XMPP-based service environment for developers of mobile social software. Location-based group formation furthermore links the physical and the virtual world by creating incentives to be at a certain place at a certain time and complements the two approaches mentioned above.
Spanish and English word-initial voiceless stop production in code-switched vs. monolingual structures

The present study examines the production outcomes of late second language (L2) learners in order to determine if the mechanisms that allow the creation of phonetic categories remains available during the lifespan, as the Speech Language Model (SLM) claims. In addition, the study focuses on the type of interaction that exists between the first language (L1) and L2 phonological subsystems. Given the participants’ proficiency level, L1 influence on the L2 is expected, while a bidirectional L1–L2 interaction is unlikely. The main tool used to examine language interaction and category development is VOT (voice onset time) production in monolingual and code-switched (CS) sentences. Participants, then, serve as their own control against which production in CS sentences is compared. The results confirm the availability of L2 phonetic category formation for late L2 learners, while different patterns of L1–L2 uni- and bidirectional interaction indicate that different places of articulation may pose various levels of difficulty in terms of ease and pace of acquisition.
Participant selection as a conscious research method: thinking forward and the deliberation of ‘Emergent’ findings

Participant selection is one of the most invisible and least critiqued methods in qualitative circles. Researchers do not just collect and analyze neutral data; they decide who matters as data. Each choice repositions inquiry, closing down some opportunities while creating others. After reviewing the selection literature, we present critical vignettes of our selection choices in three separate studies, examining how those choices directed meaning making within and beyond the studies. Our analysis across these vignettes uncovered a constant interface—and often a struggle—between our personal situations and social agendas as qualitative researchers. Four aspects of this Reporting In/Reporting Out tension are discussed: trusting qualitative research, building the story, dealing with powerful others, and accepting unintended consequences. We encourage qualitative researchers to critically think forward their selection choices before and during the research process, to be mindful that selection is a constitutive method of the data collection and analysis process.
Investigating Early Events in Receptor Binding and Translocation of Colicin E9 Using Synchronized Cell Killing and Proteolytic Cleavage

ABSTRACT Enzymatic colicins such as colicin E9 (ColE9) bind to BtuB on the cell surface of Escherichia coli and rapidly recruit a second coreceptor, either OmpF or OmpC, through which the N-terminal natively disordered region (NDR) of their translocation domain gains entry into the cell periplasm and interacts with TolB. Previously, we constructed an inactive disulfide-locked mutant ColE9 (ColE9s-s) that binds to BtuB and can be reduced with dithiothreitol (DTT) to synchronize cell killing. By introducing unique enterokinase (EK) cleavage sites in ColE9s-s, we showed that the first 61 residues of the NDR were inaccessible to cleavage when bound to BtuB, whereas an EK cleavage site inserted at residue 82 of the NDR remained accessible. This suggests that most of the NDR is occluded by OmpF shortly after binding to BtuB, whereas the extreme distal region of the NDR is surface exposed before unfolding of the receptor-binding domain occurs. EK cleavage of unique cleavage sites located in the ordered region of the translocation domain or in the distal region of the receptor-binding domain confirmed that these regions of ColE9 remained accessible at the E. coli cell surface. Lack of EK cleavage of the DNase domain of the cell-bound, oxidized ColE9/Im9 complex, and the rapid detection of Alexa Fluor 594-labeled Im9 (Im9AF) in the cell supernatant following treatment of cells with DTT, suggested that immunity release occurred immediately after unfolding of the colicin and was not driven by binding to BtuB.
Autonomous Modeling of Pipes within Point Clouds

Three-dimensional models are in increasing demand for design, maintenance, operations and construction project management. Point-clouds are the main output of automatic data collection using laser-scanners and photogrammetric technologies. Pipe-works may comprise 50% of the value of important construction projects such as industrial and research facilities. We have developed a practical and cost-effective approach, based on the Hough-transform and judicious use of domain constraints, to find, recognize and reconstruct/model 3D pipes within point-clouds fully automatically. The developed approach allows pipe growing within a 3D point-cloud. It samples the point-cloud to sequential orthogonal slices, detects pipe’s cross-sections within sampled slices and grows the pipe along the cross sections centerlines. It is validated using laser-scanner data from construction of the Engineering-VI building on the University of Waterloo (UW) campus. The system works on a typical laptop. Recognition and localization results are within a few millimeters. The presented approach opens the gate to broad applications of pipe-network modeling.
New classification models for detecting Hate and Violence web content

Today, the presence of harmful and inappropriate content on the web still remains one of the most primary concerns for web users. Web classification models in the early days are limited by the methods and data available. In our research we revisit the web classification problem with the application of new methods and techniques for text content analysis. Our recent studies have indicated the promising potential of combing topic analysis and sentiment analysis in web content classification. In this paper we further explore new ways and methods to improve and maximize classification performance, especially to enhance precision and reduce false positives, thorough examination and handling of the issues with class imbalance, and through incorporation of LDA topic models.
Graph realization of reed-muller codes for data hiding

In recent years the information industry develops vigorously and the progress in technology results in thriving augmentation of internet and people pass messages mutually through network in large number and triggers the issue of information security. In order to protect the safety and reliability of message passing, the development of steganography is thereby generated. In this research we will aim at its embedding and the major point of investigation is how to ensure the quality of the host after embedding secret message that means how to lower its distortion. On the other hand we want to increase the embedding efficiency and in this way we can send much more messages. At the same time we also have to consider the problem of complexity as too complicated algorithm is not feasible. This thesis is data hiding of binary host image and the Reed-Muller Codes of linear block codes in the error-correcting codes is applied to conduct research on steganography. Decoding algorithm is presented to conduct simulation analysis and discussion aiming at the embedding rate and embedding efficiency.
Relevant term suggestion in interactive web search based on contextual information in query session logs

This paper proposes an effective term suggestion approach to interactive Web search. Conventional approaches to making term suggestions involve extracting co-occurring keyterms from highly ranked retrieved documents. Such approaches must deal with term extraction difficulties and interference from irrelevant documents, and, more importantly, have difficulty extracting terms that are conceptually related but do not frequently co-occur in documents. In this paper, we present a new, effective log-based approach to relevant term extraction and term suggestion. Using this approach, the relevant terms suggested for a user query are those that co-occur in similar query sessions from search engine logs, rather than in the retrieved documents. In addition, the suggested terms in each interactive search step can be organized according to its relevance to the entire query session, rather than to the most recent single query as in conventional approaches. The proposed approach was tested using a proxy server log containing about two million query transactions submitted to search engines in Taiwan. The obtained experimental results show that the proposed approach can provide organized and highly relevant terms, and can exploit the contextual information in a user's query session to make more effective suggestions.
Double Hopf Bifurcations in the Differentially Heated Rotating Annulus

We study a mathematical model of the differentially heated rotating fluid annulus experiment. In particular, we analyze the double Hopf bifurcations that occur along the transition between axisymmetric steady solutions and nonaxisymmetric rotating waves. The model uses the Navier--Stokes equations in the Boussinesq approximation. At the bifurcation points, center manifold reduction and normal form theory are used to deduce the local behavior of the full system of partial differential equations from a low-dimensional system of ordinary differential equations.It is not possible to compute the relevant eigenvalues and eigenfunctions analytically. Therefore, the linear part of the equations is discretized, and the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions are approximated from the resulting matrix eigenvalue problem. However, the projection onto the center manifold and reduction to normal form can be done analytically. Thus, a combination of analytical and numerical methods is used to obtain numerical approximations of .