Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cluster overlay broadcast (COB): MANET routing with complexity polynomial in source-destination distance

Routing algorithms with time and message complexities that are provably low and independent of the total number of nodes in the network are essential for the design and operation of very large scale wireless mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). In this paper, we develop and analyze Cluster Overlay Broadcast (COB), a low-complexity routing algorithm for MANETs. COB runs on top of a one-hop cluster cover of the network, which can be created and maintained using, for instance, the Least Cluster Change (LCC) algorithm. We formally prove that the LCC algorithm maintains a cluster cover with a constant density of cluster leaders with minimal update cost. COB discovers routes by flooding (broadcasting) route requests through the network of cluster leaders with a doubling radius technique. Building on the constant density property of the network of cluster leaders, we formally prove that, if there exists a route from a source to a destination node with a minimum hop count of A, then COB discovers a route with at most O(/spl Delta/) hops from the source to the destination node in at most O(/spl Delta/) time and by sending at Most O(/spl Delta//sup 2/) messages. We prove this result for arbitrary node distributions and mobility patterns and also show that COB adapts asymptotically optimally to the mobility of the nodes. In our simulation experiments, we examine the network layer performance of COB, compare it with Dynamic Source Routing, and investigate the impact of the MAC layer on COB routing.
BPGrad: Towards Global Optimality in Deep Learning via Branch and Pruning

Understanding the global optimality in deep learning (DL) has been attracting more and more attention recently. Conventional DL solvers, however, have not been developed intentionally to seek for such global optimality. In this paper we propose a novel approximation algorithm, BPGrad, towards optimizing deep models globally via branch and pruning. Our BPGrad algorithm is based on the assumption of Lipschitz continuity in DL, and as a result it can adaptively determine the step size for current gradient given the history of previous updates, wherein theoretically no smaller steps can achieve the global optimality. We prove that, by repeating such branch-and-pruning procedure, we can locate the global optimality within finite iterations. Empirically an efficient solver based on BPGrad for DL is proposed as well, and it outperforms conventional DL solvers such as Adagrad, Adadelta, RMSProp, and Adam in the tasks of object recognition, detection, and segmentation.
Do Inmate Survey Data Reflect Prison Conditions? Using Surveys to Assess Prison Conditions of Confinement

This study examines whether survey data collected from inmates can be used to create group-level measures of prison conditions. Inmates often carry a stigma that they are never to be trusted. A subset of a national survey of inmates was used to examine how inmates incarcerated in prisons operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons answered questions about safety, noise, and job assignments at their prisons. In particular, this report demonstrates that inmate answers to the questions vary in a systematic fashion that lends credence to using survey data from inmates to obtain information about the prisons in which they are incarcerated. However, proper techniques for using survey data have not been practiced in existing evaluation studies comparing public and private prisons.
Putting the romance back into sex: Sexuality in romantic relationships.

Recent media attention on romantic relationships and sexual behavior in emerging adulthood has portrayed hooking up as a primary means of sexual interaction among young people. Popular books on adolescent and emerging adult sexuality include titles such as Hooking Up: Sex, Dating, and Relationships on College Campuses (Bogle, 2008) and Unhooked: How Young Women Pursue Sex, Delay Love, and Lose at Both (Stepp, 2007); recent articles in the New York Times include scintillating titles like “The Demise of Dating” (Blow, 2008) and “Friends with Benefits, and Stress Too” (Carey, 2007). Popular media frequently portray emerging adults similarly, whether through movies like American Pie 2 or “reality” television like MTV's The Real World . However, as we describe later, these portrayals do not capture the reality of emerging adults' experiences, only presenting a small piece of a very complex picture. THEORIES OF SEXUALITY Mirroring limitations in the media, theories of sexuality do not adequately address emerging adults' sexual behaviors within romantic relationships. Theories about sex tend to fall into four categories. First, biological theories focus on pubertal development and hormonal activation and therefore are more relevant for adolescents than for emerging adults (Rodgers & Rowe, 1993; Udry, Billy, Morris, Gruff, & Raj, 1985). Second, problem behavior theories describe adolescent sexual behaviors within a constellation of other problem behaviors that share antecedents (e.g., Jessor & Jessor, 1975; Newcomb, Huba, & Bentler, 1986). Emerging adults obviously engage in some sexual behaviors with potentially negative physical or psychological consequences.
Development of a Cause Analysis Scale (CAS) to Determine the Possible Causes of Performance Factors: The Case of Crime Scene Investigation and Identification Units (CSI)

This study described the process of developing and validating the cause analysis scale (CAS) that can be utilized by governmental organizations to determine possible causes of performance factors. In the first phase of the study, data collected from 315 CSI officers provided evidence for the validity and reliability of the scale. After exploratory factor analysis, three factors emerged: the workplace, competency, and job value. To confirm the factorial structure of the 25-item CAS, in the second phase, data collected from 1176 CSI officers. The confirmatory factor analysis results indicated that the three-factor model was confirmed a good fit with high indices. Followed by the further validation studies, the CAS will be used as a diagnostic tool for researchers, practitioners, and stakeholders to determine performance factors from both theoretical and practical perspectives.
Comparison Between Synchronous And Asynchronous Instructional Delivery Method Of Training Programme On In-Service Physical Educators’ Knowledge

The purpose of the study was to compare the influences of a training programme’s instructional delivery method (synchronous and asynchronous) on Greek in-service physical educators’ cognitive understanding on student assessment. Forty nine participants were randomly divided into synchronous, asynchronous, and control group. The experimental groups participated in the same training programme with different online instructional method. The control group received no intervention. A 17item questionnaire was completed before and after programme implementation by the entire sample. A two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures on the last factor was used for data analysis. The methods x measures interaction effect were significant. Both experimental groups, unlike the control, presented a similar significant increase in their understanding. Conclusively, synchronous and asynchronous instructional approaches of a training programme enhance equally Greek physical educators’ cognitive understanding.
Sequence-Level Knowledge Distillation

Neural machine translation (NMT) offers a novel alternative formulation of translation that is potentially simpler than statistical approaches. However to reach competitive performance, NMT models need to be exceedingly large. In this paper we consider applying knowledge distillation approaches (Bucila et al., 2006; Hinton et al., 2015) that have proven successful for reducing the size of neural models in other domains to the problem of NMT. We demonstrate that standard knowledge distillation applied to word-level prediction can be effective for NMT, and also introduce two novel sequence-level versions of knowledge distillation that further improve performance, and somewhat surprisingly, seem to eliminate the need for beam search (even when applied on the original teacher model). Our best student model runs 10 times faster than its state-of-the-art teacher with little loss in performance. It is also significantly better than a baseline model trained without knowledge distillation: by 4.2/1.7 BLEU with greedy decoding/beam search. Applying weight pruning on top of knowledge distillation results in a student model that has 13 times fewer parameters than the original teacher model, with a decrease of 0.4 BLEU.
Effects of Nicotine on Electroencephalography and Affect in Adolescent Females With Major Depressive Disorder: A Pilot Study

Background:Given that smoking is typically initiated during adolescence, and that this period in brain development seems to be uniquely sensitive to nicotine, depressed youth may be most susceptible to the neuromodulatory and mood-altering effects of nicotine. Electroencephalographic (EEG) studies suggest that individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) exhibit left frontal lobe hypoactivation (indexed by increased EEG alpha), a region implicated in positive affect regulation, as well as right parietal hypoactivation. Smoking/nicotine abstinence has been associated with increased left frontal and right parietal alpha activity (reduced activation), which has been correlated with increased depression ratings; nicotine administration seems to normalize this depression-associated asymmetry. Objectives:This pilot study investigated whether acute nicotine administration in adolescent female smokers with MDD would alter resting EEG activity and affect. Methods:Subjective mood ratings and EEG recordings were acquired before and 2 hours after administering a transdermal placebo or nicotine (21 mg) patch to 8 adolescent female smokers with MDD. Results:Nicotine induced a modest increase in alpha1 amplitude in the right hemisphere and simultaneously decreased left-favoring alpha1 amplitude asymmetry. It also attenuated left alpha1 and alpha2 amplitude in the central region. Consistent with nicotine's stimulatory action, nicotine decreased theta amplitude in the right parietal region. No accompanying mood alterations were found, although smoking withdrawal and craving as well as physical symptom scores were reduced with nicotine. Conclusions:The results of this pilot study, the first to examine the electrocortical effects of nicotine in depressed adolescents, indicate that nicotine modulates EEG asymmetry measures, laying the stage for further research regarding the role of nicotine on affective neurocircuitry in this population.
Interaction of Polycomb-group proteins controlling flowering in Arabidopsis

In Arabidopsis, the EMBYRONIC FLOWER2 (EMF2), VERNALISATION2 (VRN2) and FERTILISATION INDEPENDENT ENDOSPERM2 (FIS2) genes encode related Polycomb-group (Pc-G) proteins. Their homologues in animals act together with other Pc-G proteins as part of a multimeric complex, Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), which functions as a histone methyltransferase. Despite similarities between the fis2 mutant phenotype and those of some other plant Pc-G members, it has remained unclear how the FIS2/EMF2/VRN2 class Pc-G genes interact with the others. We have identified a weak emf2 allele that reveals a novel phenotype with striking similarity to that of severe mutations in another Pc-G gene, CURLY LEAF (CLF), suggesting that the two genes may act in a common pathway. Consistent with this, we demonstrate that EMF2 and CLF interact genetically and that this reflects interaction of their protein products through two conserved motifs, the VEFS domain and the C5 domain. We show that the full function of CLF is masked by partial redundancy with a closely related gene, SWINGER (SWN), so that null clf mutants have a much less severe phenotype than emf2 mutants. Analysis in yeast further indicates a potential for the CLF and SWN proteins to interact with the other VEFS domain proteins VRN2 and FIS2. The functions of individual Pc-G members may therefore be broader than single mutant phenotypes reveal. We suggest that plants have Pc-G protein complexes similar to the Polycomb Repressive Complex2 (PRC2) of animals, but the duplication and subsequent diversification of components has given rise to different complexes with partially discrete functions.
The representation of sound localization cues in the barn owl's inferior colliculus

The barn owl is a well-known model system for studying auditory processing and sound localization. This article reviews the morphological and functional organization, as well as the role of the underlying microcircuits, of the barn owl's inferior colliculus (IC). We focus on the processing of frequency and interaural time (ITD) and level differences (ILD). We first summarize the morphology of the sub-nuclei belonging to the IC and their differentiation by antero- and retrograde labeling and by staining with various antibodies. We then focus on the response properties of neurons in the three major sub-nuclei of IC [core of the central nucleus of the IC (ICCc), lateral shell of the central nucleus of the IC (ICCls), and the external nucleus of the IC (ICX)]. ICCc projects to ICCls, which in turn sends its information to ICX. The responses of neurons in ICCc are sensitive to changes in ITD but not to changes in ILD. The distribution of ITD sensitivity with frequency in ICCc can only partly be explained by optimal coding. We continue with the tuning properties of ICCls neurons, the first station in the midbrain where the ITD and ILD pathways merge after they have split at the level of the cochlear nucleus. The ICCc and ICCls share similar ITD and frequency tuning. By contrast, ICCls shows sigmoidal ILD tuning which is absent in ICCc. Both ICCc and ICCls project to the forebrain, and ICCls also projects to ICX, where space-specific neurons are found. Space-specific neurons exhibit side peak suppression in ITD tuning, bell-shaped ILD tuning, and are broadly tuned to frequency. These neurons respond only to restricted positions of auditory space and form a map of two-dimensional auditory space. Finally, we briefly review major IC features, including multiplication-like computations, correlates of echo suppression, plasticity, and adaptation.
U-safety: Urban safety analysis in a smart city

Information about urban safety, e.g., the safety index of a position, is of great importance to protect humans and support safe walking route planning. Despite some research on urban safety analysis, the accuracy and granularity of safety index inference are both very limited. The problem of analyzing urban safety to predict safety index throughout a city has not been sufficiently studied and remains open. In this paper, we propose U-Safety, an urban safety analysis system to infer safety index by leveraging multiple cross-domain urban data. We first extract spatially-related and temporally-related features from various urban data, including urban map, housing rent and density, population, positions of police stations, point of interests (POIs), crime event records, and taxi GPS trajectories. Then, these features are feeded into a sparse auto-encoder (SAE) model to obtain the final discriminative feature representation. Finally, we design a new co-training-based learning method, which consists of two separated classifiers, to calculate safety index accurately. We implement U-Safety and conduct extensive experiments based on real data sources obtained in New York City. The evaluation results demonstrate the advantages of U-Safety over other methods.
Plant defense multigene families: II Evolution of coding sequence and differential expression of PR10 genes in Pisum

While it is not possible to directly the observe evolution of multigene families, the best alternative is to compare orthologous family members among several closely-related species with varying degrees of reproductive isolation. Using RT-PCR we show that in pea (Pisum sativum) each member of the pathogenesis-related PR10 family has a distinct pattern of expression in response to the fungus Fusarium solani, and in treatment with salicylic acid, chitosan and abcisic acid. Sequencing reveals that PR10.1, PR10.2 and PR10.3 exist in P. humile, P. elatius and P. fulvum, except that no PR10.2 orthologue was identified in P. elatius. PR10.1, PR10.2 and PR10.3 appear to have diverged from a single gene in the common Pisum ancestor. For the recently diverged PR10.1 and PR10.2, the timing of fungal-induced expression differs greatly among species. For example, PR10.1 was strongly induced in P. sativum by F. solani within 8 hours postinoculation (h.p.i.), whereas little PR10.1 expression was seen in pea's closest relative, P. humile, and in the more distantly-related P. elatius. In P. fulvum, expression did not peak until 48 h.p.i. Expression of the more ancient PR10.4 and PR10.5 genes is more tightly conserved among Pisum species. These data indicate that expression, as well as sequence, can evolve rapidly. We hypothesize that changes in differential expression of multigene family members could provide a source of phenotypic diversity in populations, which may be of particular importance to plant/pathogen coevolution.
Blue Skies Bluer?

UNLABELLED The largest U.S. environmental health risk is cardiopulmonary mortality from ambient PM2.5. The concentration-response (C-R) for ambient PM2.5 in the U.S. is generally assumed to be linear: from any initial baseline, a given concentration reduction would yield the same improvement in health risk. Recent evidence points to the perplexing possibility that the PM2.5 C-R for cardiopulmonary mortality and some other major endpoints might be supralinear: a given concentration reduction would yield greater improvements in health risk as the initial baseline becomes cleaner. We explore the implications of supralinearity for air policy, emphasizing U.S. CONDITIONS If C-R is supralinear, an economically efficient PM2.5 target may be substantially more stringent than under current standards. Also, if a goal of air policy is to achieve the greatest health improvement per unit of PM2.5 reduction, the optimal policy might call for greater emission reductions in already-clean locales-making "blue skies bluer"-which may be at odds with environmental equity goals. Regardless of whether the C-R is linear or supralinear, the health benefits of attaining U.S. PM2.5 levels well below the current standard would be large. For the supralinear C-R considered here, attaining the current U.S. EPA standard, 12 μg m(-3), would avert only ~17% (if C-R is linear: ∼ 25%) of the total annual cardiopulmonary mortality attributable to PM2.5.
Lightpath Establishment Assisted by Offline QoT Estimation in Transparent Optical Networks

We propose lightpath establishment techniques for transparent optical networks, valid for both centralized path computation (i.e., performed by a path computation element-PCE) and distributed path computation (i.e., performed by each ingress node). The proposed techniques rely on correlating the end-to-end quality of transmissions (QoT) (e.g., optical-to-signal-noise ratio-OSNR) of lightpaths already set up to evaluate the QoT of lightpaths to be established. The correlation is leveraged by two end-to-end estimation frameworks called “network kriging” and “norm l2 minimization. ” Each framework is used in turn to estimate end-to-end parameters that describe the QoT for a lightpath to be established, based on measured parameters from other lightpaths that were previously established or probed. Simulations are carried out for both PCE and distributed networking scenarios on a sample optical transparent network. The proposed lightpath establishment techniques reduce the probability that a setup attempt is unsuccessful due to unacceptable QoT and reduce the number of setup attempts to successfully establish lightpaths. Simulation results are also provided to show that our techniques permit a fast convergence of QoT information at PCE or ingress nodes in the context of dynamic networks.
WeLL-Befragungsdaten verknüpft mit administrativen Daten des IAB : (WELL-ADIAB) 1975-2011

"This data report describes the linked data of the survey 'Further Training as a Part of Lifelong Learning' (WeLL) with administrative data of the Institute for Employment Research (IAB) and the IAB Establishment Panel. " (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) Additional Information frequencies and labels
Protease Inhibition in the Intestinal Lumen: Attenuation of Systemic Inflammation and Early Indicators of Multiple Organ Failure in Shock

Our recent evidence suggests that pancreatic digestive enzymes in the lumen of the intestine may play a major role in the production of cardiovascular stimulatory factors during splachnic artery occlusion and reperfusion. These stimulators are detected in plasma, but their origin and mechanism of production has remained uncertain. We examine here in the rat the role of pancreatic enzymes with and without administration of a serine protease inhibitor (FOY) into the lumen of the small intestine during splanchnic artery occlusion (90 min) and reperfusion (120 min). In the presence of pancreatic enzyme inhibition in the lumen of the intestine, there is significantly enhanced survival rate, lower levels of inflammatory mediator production, the femoral artery blood pressure is maintained close to control levels, and there are significantly lower levels of cell activators in plasma. These results support the hypothesis that pancreatic enzymes may escape across the brush border barrier during intestinal ischemia and thereby initiate the production of a powerful set of cytotoxic mediators. Blockade of pancreatic enzymes in the lumen of the intestine may be a tool to interfere with inflammation and early indicators of multiorgan failure.
Classroom Culture, Mathematics Culture, and the Failures of Reform: The Need for a Collective View of Culture

Background/Context Despite the tremendous amount of effort devoted by many mathematics educators to promote, defend, and implement reform-based mathematics education, procedural mathematics, which locates mathematical correctness in the procedures learned from textbooks and teachers, persists. Many researchers have identified school and classroom culture as the source of the problem; however, the exact meaning of school culture and its influence on teachers’ practices remains unclear. What is needed is a clearer understanding of classroom culture and how it influences practice. Purpose The purpose of our study was to examine how the aspects of a culture reinforce each other (and how they resist aspects alien to the cultural system) to understand the sui generis nature of culture. We use five aspects or indicators of culture—language usage, standard practices, tools and equipment usage, ongoing concerns and values, and recurring problems—to describe how they work together to create a culture. Population/Participants/Subjects The primary participant in this study was an eighth-grade mathematics teacher renowned for being a good teacher whose teaching conformed to the intentions of the reform-oriented National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) standards, with a particular emphasis on problem solving. Research Design An ethnographic case study was conducted. Conclusions/Recommendations Although Ms. Bryans appropriated some of the rhetoric and practices of reform mathematics, her goals and assessment methods and most of her instructional methods were inconsistent. The analysis of the case shows that three conceptions of culture—individual, interactive, and collective—lead to quite different understandings of the problem. This case suggests the importance of differentiating each of these three conceptions of culture and discusses their implications for educational reform policies and professional development efforts.