Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Supporting Online Material Materials and Methods Som Text Figs. S1 to S4 Hippocampal Short-and Long-term Plasticity Are Not Modulated by Astrocyte Ca 2+ Signaling

A description of this large database as compared with previous ocean CH 4 studies is presented in table S3. 31. The division into two subpopulations for background and hotspot areas within the ESAS was based on a statistical approach detailed in SOM text S2.1 and displayed graphically in fig. S4. These two resolved populations were then first subjected to an empirical distribution function (EDF) test (SOM text S1.1). The results of the EDF test (table S1) yielded that a lognormal distribution function best fit the data. This function was hence used when applying the maximum likelihood (ML) method to calculate the statistical population parameters mean and variance [expressed as upper and lower 95% confidence limits (equations are provided in SOM text S1.1)]. The derived population parameters, displayed in table S2, were then used to estimate the overall ESAS CH 4 fluxes as summarized in Table 1. The concept that astrocytes release neuroactive molecules (gliotransmitters) to affect synaptic transmission has been a paradigm shift in neuroscience research over the past decade. This concept suggests that astrocytes, together with pre-and postsynaptic neuronal elements, make up a functional synapse. Astrocyte release of gliotransmitters (for example, glutamate and adenosine triphosphate) is generally accepted to be a Ca 2+-dependent process. We used two mouse lines to either selectively increase or obliterate astrocytic G q G protein–coupled receptor Ca 2+ signaling to further test the hypothesis that astrocytes release gliotransmitters in a Ca 2+-dependent manner to affect synaptic transmission. Neither increasing nor obliterating astrocytic Ca 2+ fluxes affects spontaneous and evoked excitatory synaptic transmission or synaptic plasticity. Our findings suggest that, at least in the hippocampus, the mechanisms of gliotransmission need to be reconsidered. C alcium transients in astrocytes are physiologically driven by metabotropic G q G protein–coupled receptors (G q GPCRs), which can be activated after neurotransmitter release from presynaptic terminals (1, 2). At Schaffer collateral-CA1 (SC-CA1) synapses in acute hip-pocampal slices, astrocytes can modulate neuro-nal activity by elevations in Ca 2+ that are evoked by the following: (i) uncaging IP 3 or Ca 2+ in individual astrocytes, (ii) repetitive depolarization of the astrocyte membrane, (iii) mechanical stimulation of an astrocyte, or (iv) bath application of endogenous G q GPCR agonists. With these pharmacological approaches, astrocyte Ca 2+ elevations have been reported to trigger gliotransmitter release from astrocytes, resulting in the modulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity through the activation of presynaptic [for example, group …
Avoiding school suspension: Assessment of a trauma-informed intervention with court-involved, female students

ABSTRACT Court-involved, female students often experience trauma and disproportionate school discipline, complicating their academic success. This mixed-method study examines students' use of and experiences with the Monarch Room (MR), a trauma-informed disciplinary alternative. The study examines service utilization, using a repeated measures analysis of variance to explore whether students (N = 71) demonstrated statistically significant changes in time spent in the MR during the year. The study also qualitatively explores the lived experiences of students (N = 23) and perceived impact of the MR. There was a statistically significant increase in student MR use over the observation period (alpha = 0.05, F(2, 140) = 11.44, p < 0.01, eta-squared = 0.035). Students also report positive perceptions of the MR intervention. Implications for school practice are addressed.
On-line parameter identification and control parameters optimization of robot joints with unknown load torque

An online identification method based on discrete model reference adaptive identification is presented in this paper. First, the algorithm obtains the difference equation of the reference mode, which includes both load inertia and damping coefficient, by dispersing the mechanical movement equation of motion of motor. Landau's discrete time-recursive parameter identification is used to reduce the adaptation mechanism. Then, the control parameters are optimized on-line on the base of the estimation result and the error threshold. This method can estimate the load inertia and damping coefficient at the same time which are used to optimize the speed PI regulator parameters and improve the performance for speed control. The simulation and experiment results prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Nonadiabatic Control of a Superconducting Qubit via Strong Driving

Quantum computation offers the promise of speeding up many calculations that are intractable on classical computers, including but not limited to factoring and the simulation of quantum mechanical systems. Quantum computation is achieved by replacing the bits of a classical computer with qubits. Qubits generalize bits by allowing not only the classical states of zero and one, but also any arbitrary superposition of zero and one. These qubits are implemented as two-state systems by mapping the classical one and zero states to two orthogonal quantum states. The qubits are then manipulated by varying the Hamiltonian of the two-state systems with time. The standard method to manipulate a two-state system is to drive it weakly using Rabi dynamics. This approach is ineffective for a large scale quantum computer because the rotation is slow, and decoherence breaks the fragile state before the computation can be completed. To address this problem, we developed a method to rapidly rotate a qubit by an arbitrary angle. This is achieved by abandoning Rabi oscillations, and instead using a strong, rapidly changing field to coherently rotate the spin. We rapid drive the system through an avoided crossing and back again by giving the on diagonal term of the Hamiltonian a parabolic time dependence. In this paper, I contrast the standard method of spin rotation via Rabi oscillations with our protocol. Then, I discuss the various numerical simulations used to evaluate our protocol. Finally, I present some experimental evidence suggesting the protocol will be effective when implemented. Then, I discuss experimental findings and computational results of our method. We found regions of parameter space that allow a qubit to be rapidly rotated by any angle from zero to nearly 7r. This new protocol for arbitrary qubit rotation is a significant improvement over techniques relying on Rabi oscillations, reducing the time needed to transition qubits. Our protocol deserves further study and refinement for its potential to speed up and, thusly, reduce the problem of decoherence in quantum computation. Thesis Supervisor: Leonid Levitov Title: Professor of Physics Acknowledgments First and foremost I would like to thank Professor Leonid Levitov and Mark Rudner for their help throughout the project. This work would not have been possible without their ideas and suggestions or the time they took to help me understand the underlying physics and mathematics. Next I would like to thank my familly for their constant support throughout my time at MIT. Finally, I would like to thank the Paul E. Gray Endowed Fund for UROP, which made this work possible.
Agent-based Modeling for Differentiated Admission in P 2 P systems Using Evolutionary Game Theory Focused on Ownership Reputation

P2P systems, which are composed of unknown agents, have many problems in data sharing and creating. The main problem is concerned with the absence of the proper incentive mechanism for cooperating and feeding the systems. If the participants of P2P systems are not supported by proper incentives for data sharing and creating, the systems will starve from resources through extinction of sharers and creators[6]. This paper analyzes the Eigenvector-based reputation system with differentiated admission, which can provide proper incentives to contributors through access priority between agents in P2P systems[1]. Based on the results from multi-agent transaction modeling using evolutionary game, we present the potential risk of ownership reputation in differentiated admission system. In our model, reputation condensation, caused from ownership reputation Eigenvalue, can be critical hindrance of vitalizing P2P systems. In conclusion, the importance of balance between incentive provisioning and transaction proliferation for reputation mechanism design is suggested.
Fast features for time constrained object detection

This paper concerns itself with the development and design of fast features suitable for time constrained object detection. Primarily we consider three aspects of feature design; the form of the precomputed datatype (e.g. the integral image), the form of the features themselves (i.e. the measurements made of an image), and the models/weak- learners used to construct weak classifiers (class, non-class statistics). The paper is laid out as a guide to feature designers, demonstrating how appropriate choices in combining the above three characteristics can prevent bottlenecks in the run-time evaluation of classifiers. This leads to reductions in the computational time of the features themselves and, by providing more discriminant features, reductions in the time taken to reach specific classification error rates. Results are compared using variants of the well known Haar-like feature types, Rectangular Histogram of Oriented Gradient (RHOG) features and a special set of Histogram of Oriented Gradient features which are highly optimized for speed. Experimental results suggest the adoption of this set of features for time-critical applications. Time-constrained comparisons are presented using pedestrian and road sign detection problems. Comparison results are presented on time-error plots, which are a replacement of the traditional ROC performance curves.
Localization and Expression of Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in the Mouse Striatum, Globus Pallidus, and Subthalamic Nucleus: Regulatory Effects of MPTP Treatment and Constitutive Homer Deletion

Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), mGluR1 and mGluR5, regulate activity in the globus pallidus (GP) and subthalamic nucleus (STN). To test whether the localization of group I mGluRs is altered in parkinsonism, we used immunoelectron microscopy to analyze the subcellular and subsynaptic distribution of mGluR1a and mGluR5 in GP and STN of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mice. Homer1 and Homer2 knock-out mice were used to assess the role of Homer in MPTP-induced redistribution of group I mGluRs. We also examined the effects of MPTP on the expression levels of group I mGluRs and Homer proteins in GP and striatum. MPTP treatment significantly reduced the expression levels of H1a and mGluR1a in striatum but not in GP. Although light microscopy did not reveal noticeable effects of MPTP treatment on the distribution of group I mGluRs and Homer proteins in GP and STN, specific changes in the ultrastructural localization of mGluR1a were found in MPTP-treated normal and Homer knock-out mice. An increase in the expression of presynaptic axonal and terminal mGluR1a labeling and an increased level of mGluR1a immunoreactivity in the postsynaptic specialization of putative GABAergic synapses were among the most significant effects induced by dopamine depletion. However, neither of these changes was found for mGluR5, which, in contrast, displayed complex regulatory alterations in its subsynaptic distribution in response to Homer deletion and MPTP lesion. Thus, nigrostriatal dopaminergic lesion and Homer deletion lead to changes in the trafficking of group I mGluRs in vivo that are specific to receptor subtypes and brain areas.
THE RESTORATION OF OBLITERATED STAMPED SERIAL NUMBERS BY ULTRASONICALLY INDUCED CAVITATION IN WATER

Seventeen out of 21 obliterated stamped serial numbers on test specimens of copper, brass, steel, and aluminum were successfully restored. Cavitation induced in water by a piezoelectric transducer was the mechanism used. Primarily, smeared metal was removed from the number grooves by the force of the cavitation, however, numbers were also restored at depths at or below the level of the stamped grooves. The feasibility of this technique as a low cost tool for crime laboratories has been clearly demonstrated. The technique is applica£J ble to a variety of materials, and no previous surface or chemical ttreatments are necessary. w THE RESTORATION OF OBLITERATED STAMPED SERIAL NUMBERS BY ULTRASONICALLY INDUCED CAVITATION IN WATER
Design of associative memory for gray-scale images by multilayer Hopfield neural networks

In this paper a new design procedure for Hopfield associative memories storing grey-scale images is presented. The proposed architecture, with both intra-layer and inter-layer connections, is an evolution of a previous work based on the decomposition of the image with 2L gray levels into L binary patterns, stored in L uncoupled neural networks: that allows to store images with the commonly used number of 256 gray levels. The learning algorithm, used to store the binary images, guarantees asymptotic stability of the stored patterns, has a low computational cost, and allows to control the precision of the connection weights.
Impedance control of a teleoperated excavator

Earth-moving machines such as hydraulic excavators are usually used for carrying out contact tasks. Impedance control can be employed as an approach for achieving compliant motion in such tasks. This paper describes a position-based impedance controller that has been developed in our laboratory for excavator-type manipulators, and presents the supporting experimental results. First, the problem of impedance control for a single hydraulic cylinder is addressed and a method is presented to analyze the system stability. The steady-state position and force tracking accuracy of the closed-loop system is also studied. Next, the problem of impedance control for a multi-link hydraulic excavator is addressed and the arm Jacobian and accurate estimates of the arm inertial terms are employed to map the desired impedance of the end-effector (bucket of the excavator) onto the hydraulic cylinders. Various contact experiments carried out using an instrumented mini-excavator demonstrate that the proposed impedance controller has very good performance for both single-link and multilink cases.
Survivable virtual network mapping to provide content connectivity against double-link failures

In recent years, large scale natural disasters (such as earthquakes, or tsunami) have caused multiple Internet outages in different parts of the world, resulting in high infrastructures damages and capacity losses. Content providers are currently investigating novel disaster-resiliency mechanisms to maintain the service continuity in their Content Delivery Networks (CDNs). In case of such widespread failures, the content providers might not be able to guarantee Network Connectivity (i.e., the reachability of all nodes from any node in the network) and researchers have started investigating the concept of Content Connectivity (i.e., the reachability of the content from any point of the network), that can be achieved even when the network is disconnected, as long as a replica of the content can be retrieved in all the disconnected components of the network. In this paper we focus on double-link failures and consider different combinations of content connectivity and network connectivity. As guaranteeing network connectivity against double-link failures may result in very high network-resource consumption, in this work we present an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) formulation for survivable virtual network mapping to guarantee the network connectivity after single-link failures and maintain the content connectivity after double-link failures. We show that maintaining content connectivity against double-link failures costs almost the same, in terms of network resources, as providing network connectivity against single-link failures. We also investigate the trade-off between datacenter placement and the amount of resources needed to provide content connectivity in case of double-link failures.
Joint user decoding: A technique to enhance the benefits of coding in a multi-way relay channel

In this paper, a comparative analysis between joint and disjoint user decoding of the network and channel coded symbols in a multi-way relay channel is presented. The joint user decoding mechanism implements belief propagation algorithm to utilize the correlation between adjacent network coded symbols of user pairs, whereas, disjoint decoding disregards this correlation. This feature enables joint user decoding to support larger number of users than disjoint decoding in synchronous and asynchronous, additive white Gaussian noise and fading channels. Even, this novel mechanism allows almost the same level of average bit error rate performance for small and large number of users in asynchronous fading channel. Thus, to maximize the benefits of channel coding in practical propagation environments, joint user decoding in the relay node is essential.
The Tiny Agent - Wireless Sensor Networks Controlling Energy Resources

CSIRO is using wireless sensor network technology to deploy “tiny agents”, working as autonomous controllers for individual pieces of electrical load/generation equipment in a distributed energy system. The tiny agent concept is a novel application of wireless sensor networks, providing the benefits of multi-agent systems science in a cheap, mobile, and highly distributable platform. However, the performance constraints inherent to wireless sensor networks mean the real-world realization of a tiny agent system is a significant challenge. This article details our work on tiny agents. We include a brief review of multiagent system benefits, and then discuss the challenges inherent to the tiny agent concept. We also detail our applications work in applying wireless sensor network technology to operate as tiny agents, with a focus on intelligent heating, ventilation and air- conditioning control.
Evaluation and Modeling of Voltage Stress-Induced Hot Carrier Effects in High-Speed SiGe HBTs

Hot-carrier degradation analysis and modeling of 240/380 GHz fT/fMAX SiGe HBTs are addressed. A proper stress bias setup is proposed, suitable for the evaluation of RF performance during stress interruption. The impact of stress conditions, lateral scaling and device layout is discussed. An analytical model is proposed, which predicts base current degradation, including its dependence upon stress voltage, stress duration, and emitter geometry, and contributes to understand the physical background of the phenomena.
New Multisensor Data Fusion Method Based on Probabilistic Grids Representation

A new data fusion method called joint probability density matrix (JPDM) is proposed, which can associate and fuse measurements from spatially distributed heterogeneous sensors to identify the real target in a surveillance region. Using the probabilistic grids representation, we numerically combine the uncertainty regions of all the measurements in a general framework. The NP-hard multisensor data fusion problem has been converted to a peak picking problem in the grids map. Unlike most of the existing data fusion method, the JPDM method dose not need association processing, and will not lead to combinatorial explosion. Its convergence to the CRLB with a diminishing grid size has been proved. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique. Keywords—Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB), data fusion, probabilistic grids, joint probability density matrix, localization, sensor network.
An Empirical Study of Online Social Networking for Enhancing University Students' Learning

In recent years, social technologies have been widely used by teenagers on a daily basis. More specifically, online social networks are becoming increasingly more popular in societies in general and university campuses in particular. Previous research shows that online social networking may have impact on students’ learning. However, it is not clear how online social networking affect student learning and to what extent it affects learning outcomes. Based on social presence and social learning theories, we carry out an empirical study to examine how online social networking affect student learning. Our survey results indicate that online social networking activities promote students’ perceived social presence, and hence positively influence the intensity of online knowledge sharing and knowledge discovery. As a result, both students’ perceived learning satisfaction and learning outcomes have been improved. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study which tries to explain how online social networking enhance student learning through the lens of social learning and knowledge management theories.
Limitations of using synthetic blood clots for measuring in vitro clot capture efficiency of inferior vena cava filters

The purpose of this study was first to evaluate the clot capture efficiency and capture location of six currently-marketed vena cava filters in a physiological venous flow loop, using synthetic polyacrylamide hydrogel clots, which were intended to simulate actual blood clots. After observing a measured anomaly for one of the test filters, we redirected the focus of the study to identify the cause of poor clot capture performance for large synthetic hydrogel clots. We hypothesized that the uncharacteristic low clot capture efficiency observed when testing the outlying filter can be attributed to the inadvertent use of dense, stiff synthetic hydrogel clots, and not as a result of the filter design or filter orientation. To study this issue, sheep blood clots and polyacrylamide (PA) synthetic clots were injected into a mock venous flow loop containing a clinical inferior vena cava (IVC) filter, and their captures were observed. Testing was performed with clots of various diameters (3.2, 4.8, and 6.4 mm), length-to-diameter ratios (1:1, 3:1, 10:1), and stiffness. By adjusting the chemical formulation, PA clots were fabricated to be soft, moderately stiff, or stiff with elastic moduli of 805 ± 2, 1696 ± 10 and 3295 ± 37 Pa, respectively. In comparison, the elastic moduli for freshly prepared sheep blood clots were 1690 ± 360 Pa. The outlying filter had a design that was characterized by peripheral gaps (up to 14 mm) between its wire struts. While a low clot capture rate was observed using large, stiff synthetic clots, the filter effectively captured similarly sized sheep blood clots and soft PA clots. Because the stiffer synthetic clots remained straight when approaching the filter in the IVC model flow loop, they were more likely to pass between the peripheral filter struts, while the softer, physiological clots tended to fold and were captured by the filter. These experiments demonstrated that if synthetic clots are used as a surrogate for animal or human blood clots for in vitro evaluation of vena cava filters, the material properties (eg, elastic modulus) and dynamic behavior of the surrogate should first be assessed to ensure that they accurately mimic an actual blood clot within the body.