Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When Neurons Fail

Neural networks have been traditionally considered robust in the sense that their precision degrades gracefully with the failure of neurons and can be compensated by additional learning phases. Nevertheless, critical applications for which neural networks are now appealing solutions, cannot afford any additional learning at run-time. In this paper, we view a multilayer neural network as a distributed system of which neurons can fail independently, and we evaluate its robustness in the absence of any (recovery) learning phase. We give tight bounds on the number of neurons that can fail without harming the result of a computation. To determine our bounds, we leverage the fact that neuralactivation functions are Lipschitz-continuous. Our bound isgiven in the form of quantity, we call the Forward ErrorPropagation, computing this quantity only requires looking atthe topology of the network, while experimentally assessingthe robustness of a network requires the costly experiment oflooking at all the possible inputs and testing all the possibleconfigurations of the network corresponding to different failuresituations, facing a discouraging combinatorial explosion. We distinguish the case of neurons that can fail and stop their activity (crashed neurons) from the case of neurons that can fail by transmitting arbitrary values (Byzantine neurons). In the crash case, our bound involves the number of neuronsper layer, the Lipschitz constant of the neural activationfunction, the number of failing neurons, the synaptic weightsand the depth of the layer where the failure occurred. In thecase of Byzantine failures, our bound involves, in addition, thesynaptic transmission capacity. Interestingly, as we show inthe paper, our bound can easily be extended to the case wheresynapses can fail. We present three applications of our results. The first is aquantification of the effect of memory cost reduction on theaccuracy of a neural network. The second is a quantification ofthe amount of information any neuron needs from its precedinglayer, enabling thereby a boosting scheme that prevents neuronsfrom waiting for unnecessary signals. Our third applicationis a quantification of the trade-off between neural networksrobustness and learning cost.
Comparison of scoring methods used in speaker recognition with Joint Factor Analysis

The aim of this paper is to compare different log-likelihood scoring methods, that different sites used in the latest state-of-the-art Joint Factor Analysis (JFA) Speaker Recognition systems. The algorithms use various assumptions and have been derived from various approximations of the objective functions of JFA. We compare the techniques in terms of speed and performance. We show, that approximations of the true log-likelihood ratio (LLR) may lead to significant speedup without any loss in performance.
Implementation of the Intensive Community-Based Aftercare Program

In 1987, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention established a research and demonstration program to develop, assess, and disseminate an intensive aftercare program targeted at these offenders. This program, the Intensive Aftercare Program (IAP), seeks to reduce recidivism among high-risk juvenile parolees by providing a continuum of supervision and services during institutionalization and after release.
Maternal Role Attainment and Identity in the Postpartum Period: Stability and Change

Stability and change in maternal identity and maternal role attainment were examined in 64 medically normal, middleclass primiparous and 58 multiparous women. Using two semantic differential scales, “Myself as Mother” and “My Baby,” for maternal identity and the Pharis (1978) Self-Confidence Scale for role attainment, subjects were tested at 1 to 3 days and 4 to 6 weeks postpartum. Main effects for parity and testing occasions were found for both semantic differential scales. While mothers' attitudes toward themselves became more positve over time, those toward their babies became less positive. Self-confidence showed main effects for both time of testing and parity as well as interaction effects. Although attitudes and self-confidence were stable across testing occasions, self-confidence was less related to indicators of maternal identity for multiparas than for primiparas. Sociodemographic variables demonstrated only low correlations with indicators of maternal identity and role attainment. Testing the relationship of maternal identity and role attainment to actual parenting behaviors is needed to determine the empirical and practical import of these two concepts in nursing practice.
Control of end-to-end delay tails in a multiclass network: LWDF discipline optimality

We consider a multiclass queueing network with N customer classes, each having an arbitrary fixed route through the network. (Thus, the network is not necessarily feedforward.) We show that the largest weighted delay first (LWDF) discipline is an optimal scheduling discipline in the network in the following sense. Let wi be the (random) instantaneous largest end-to-end delay of a class i customer in the network in stationary regime. For any set of positive constants α1, . , αN , the LWDF discipline associated with this set maximizes (among all disciplines) the quantity
Gender differences in involuntary job loss and the reemployment experience

Purpose – The study seeks to compare the experiences of job loss and reemployment experiences among female and male higher level managers and professionals.Design/methodology/approach – The paper compares data collected at two periods in time from (n=120) females and (n=184) males who completed two self‐report questionnaires.Findings – Relatively few gender differences were observed in the present study. The fact that females and males experienced the job loss and re‐employment process similarly was interpreted as a sign of progress. Main differences were found in networking and personality types, with men being more successful in networking and less agreeable types.Research limitations/implications – This is a self‐report study and somewhat smaller sample at time two. Secondly, some of the findings may not generalize to those outside of outplacement.Practical implications – Outplacement services may use these findings in guiding their counseling practice and focusing more on helping female executives in .
The plant organelles database (PODB): a collection of visualized plant organelles and protocols for plant organelle research

The plant organelles database (PODB; http://podb.nibb.ac.jp/Organellome) was built to promote a comprehensive understanding of organelle dynamics, including organelle function, biogenesis, differentiation, movement and interactions with other organelles. This database consists of three individual parts, the organellome database, the functional analysis database and external links to other databases and homepages. The organellome database provides images of various plant organelles that were visualized with fluorescent and nonfluorescent probes in various tissues of several plant species at different developmental stages. The functional analysis database is a collection of protocols for plant organelle research. External links give access primarily to other databases and Web pages with information on transcriptomes and proteomes. All the data and protocols in the organellome database and the functional analysis database are populated by direct submission of experimentally determined data from plant researchers and can be freely downloaded. Our database promotes the exchange of information between plant organelle researchers for the comprehensive study of the organelle dynamics that support integrated functions in higher plants. We would also appreciate contributions of data and protocols from all plant researchers to maximize the usefulness of the database.
Sleep practices and nap quality in infants transitioning to early childhood education centres: Comparing naps in the home and centre

8 Chapter One: Literature Review.9 What is Sleep? 10 Sleep Architecture.11 The Importance of Sleep.12 The Development of Sleep.14 Sleep Regulation.16 Sleep Practices.17 Parent Factors and Sleep.18 Family Practices, Culture, and Sleep.21 Attachment, ECE Centres, and Sleep.23 Research on Naps in Infants.25 Research on Naps in ECE Centres.27 Issues for ECE Centres.29 Transitions.31 Contrast in Sleep Environments.33 Measurement of Sleep.34 Summary.36 Aims.36 Chapter Two: Method.38 Design.38
Computational highlight holography

Computational highlight holography converts three-dimensional computer models into mechanical "holograms" fabricated on (specular) reflective or refractive materials. The surface consists of small grooves with patches of paraboloids or hyperboloids, each of which produces a highlight when illuminated by a directional light. Each highlight appears in different places for different view directions, with the correct binocular and motion parallax corresponding to a virtual 3D point position. Our computational pipeline begins with a 3D model and desired view position, samples the model to generate points that depict its features accurately, and computes a maximal set of non-overlapping patches to be embedded in the surface. We provide a preview of the hologram for the user, then fabricate the surface using a computer-controlled engraving machine. We show a variety of different fabricated holograms: reflective, transmissive, and holograms with color and proper shading. We also present extensions to stationary and animated 2D stippled images.
A Handbook for Social Science Field Research: Essays & Bibliographic Sources on Research Design and Methods

PART I: Selecting the Right Tools Overview 1. Archives The Past is Another Country by Robert Vitalis Bibliography 2. Case Studies Case-Based Research by Andrew Schrank: Bibliography 3. Ethnographic Methods Ethnography: Theory and Methods by Alma Gottlieb Bibliography 4. Oral Histories Oral Histories as Methods and Sources by Tamara Giles-Vernick: Bibliography 5. Focus Groups Focus Group Interviews by Susan Short Bibliography 6. Surveys and Secondary Data Sources Using Survey Data in Social Science Research in Developing Countries by Albert Park: Bibliography on Survey Research 7. Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Tools Qualitative Research: Does it Fit in Economics? by Michael Piore: Bibliography PART II: Essentials for the Conduct of Research Overview 1. Essentials for Ethnography Ethnographic Research by Stevan Harrell 2. Essentials for the Case Study Method The Case Study and Causal Research by Andrew Shrank 3. Essentials for Research Design In Search of the Holy Grail: Projects, Proposals, and Research Design, But Mostly about Why Writing a Dissertation Proposal is So Difficult by Michael Watts 4. Research Ethics are Essential Ethical Considerations for Research in Cross-Cultural Settings by Sara Curran Bibliography 5. Maintaining Perspective is Essential Bringing It All Back Home: Personal Reflections on Friends, Findings, and Fieldwork by Andrew Schrank
A model of resilience in children at risk for the development of anxiety

A MODEL OF RESILIENCE IN CHILDREN AT RISK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANXIETY Matthew Schrock October 26, 2012 Anxiety is a common and debilitating disorder in children. Until recently, research in the field of child anxiety has focused on the identification of specific risk factors in the development of child anxiety. More recent studies have begun to explore more complex models of the etiology of child anxiety, but most still focus on the interplay of risk factors. Studies examining the development of child anxiety should focus on the confluence of vulnerability, risk, and protective factors to provide a more complete picture of the development of child anxiety. The current study reviews current conceptual and empirical research to propose a model of resilience in children at risk for the development of anxiety. In a first step in testing the proposed model, the current study examined the role of child emotion regulation as a mediator in the relationship between parent, child, and family factors and child anxiety. The study utilized a community sample of children ages 7 10 years and their parents. The final study sample consisted of 100 parent-child dyads recruited across three geographic areas. The sample was comprised of primarily European American mothers and their children. The study tested several related hypotheses. First, to validate inclusion of study variables relationships between parent anxiety symptoms, child temperament, parenting behavior, family
A deficiency of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) in Harlequin mouse heart mitochondria paradoxically reduces ROS generation during ischemia-reperfusion

Background and Aims: AIF (apoptosis inducing factor) is a flavin and NADH containing protein located within mitochondria required for optimal function of the respiratory chain. AIF may function as an antioxidant within mitochondria, yet when released from mitochondria it activates caspase-independent cell death. The Harlequin (Hq) mouse has a markedly reduced content of AIF, providing an experimental model to query if the main role of AIF in the exacerbation of cell death is enhanced mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or the activation of cell death programs. We asked if the ROS generation is altered in Hq heart mitochondria at baseline or following ischemia-reperfusion (IR). Methods: Buffer perfused mouse hearts underwent 30 min ischemia and 30 min reperfusion. Mitochondrial function including oxidative phosphorylation and H2O2 generation was measured. Immunoblotting was used to determine the contents of AIF and PAR [poly(ADP-ribose)] in cell fractions. Results: There were no differences in the release of H2O2 between wild type (WT) and Hq heart mitochondria at baseline. IR increased H2O2 generation from WT but not from Hq mitochondria compared to corresponding time controls. The complex I activity was decreased in WT but not in Hq mice following IR. The relocation of AIF from mitochondria to nucleus was increased in WT but not in Hq mice. IR activated PARP-1 only in WT mice. Cell injury was decreased in the Hq mouse heart following in vitro IR. Conclusion: A deficiency of AIF within mitochondria does not increase ROS production during IR, indicating that AIF functions less as an antioxidant within mitochondria. The decreased cardiac injury in Hq mouse heart accompanied by less AIF translocation to the nucleus suggests that AIF relocation, rather than the AIF content within mitochondria, contributes to cardiac injury during IR.
An Investigation of Teacher Reflection: Four Mathematics Teachers Reflect on Education.

What is the nature and role of reflection for teachers? How is teacher reflection influenced by environmental/situational factors? Examination of stated beliefs and observed practices of four 7th and 8th grade mathematics classroom teachers were used as evidential sources to help answer these questions in this interpretive investigation. Multiple data sources revealed classroom settings elicited mostly spontaneous, technically oriented reflections, while reflections in the interview setting were more personally focused. An analysis of the teachers' metaphorical language indicated that reflections could be increased through the influence of a conflicted educational context and inhibited by deep level belief structures that limited the scope of reflections. (Author) ********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** An Investigation of Teacher Reflection: Four Mathematics Teachers Reflect on Education
High spectral purity millimetre-wave modulated optical signal generation using fibre grating lasers

Millimetre-wave optical signal generation by heterodyning two semiconductor fibre grating lasers is demonstrated for the first time. The resulting beat signal, has an extremely narrow linewidth (<100 kHz), is continuously tuneable (0-40 GHz) and exhibits negligible chirp under direct 2.6 Gbit/s modulation.
The Continuous Configuration Model: A Null for Community Detection on Weighted Networks

Community detection is the process of grouping strongly connected nodes in a network. Many community detection methods for un-weighted networks have a theoretical basis in a null model, which provides an interpretation of resulting communities in terms of statistical significance. In this paper, we introduce a null for sparse weighted networks called the continuous configuration model. We prove a Central Limit Theorem for sums of edge weights under the model, and propose a community extraction method called CCME which combines this result with an iterative multiple testing framework. To benchmark the method, we provide a simulation framework that incorporates the continuous configuration model as a way to plant null or "background" nodes in weighted networks with communities. We show CCME to be competitive with existing methods in accurately identifying both disjoint and overlapping communities, while being particularly effective in ignoring background nodes when they exist. We present two real-world data sets with potential background nodes and analyze them with CCME, yielding results that correspond to known features of the data.
Examining the Effects of TAM Constructs on Organizational Software Acquisition Decision

The use of multicriteria decision analysis MCDA methodology is not uncommon in organizational decisions. However, information systems IS researchers have focused on statistical hypothesis testing in examining organizational technology adoption decisions. In this study, an MCDA methodology is adopted in examining the effects of the technology acceptance model TAM constructs on organizational software acquisition decision. Analytic hierarchy process AHP provides an evaluation model based on the experiential knowledge of domain experts. The results of the study show that software performance plays a significant role in the software acquisition decision matrix, while vendor characteristic is given the least priority. The study also points to the fact that perceived usefulness is more vital than perceived ease of use in software evaluation and acquisition.
Arabidopsis WEE1 Kinase Controls Cell Cycle Arrest in Response to Activation of the DNA Integrity Checkpoint[W][OA]

Upon the incidence of DNA stress, the ataxia telangiectasia–mutated (ATM) and Rad3-related (ATR) signaling kinases activate a transient cell cycle arrest that allows cells to repair DNA before proceeding into mitosis. Although the ATM-ATR pathway is highly conserved over species, the mechanisms by which plant cells stop their cell cycle in response to the loss of genome integrity are unclear. We demonstrate that the cell cycle regulatory WEE1 kinase gene of Arabidopsis thaliana is transcriptionally activated upon the cessation of DNA replication or DNA damage in an ATR- or ATM-dependent manner, respectively. In accordance with a role for WEE1 in DNA stress signaling, WEE1-deficient plants showed no obvious cell division or endoreduplication phenotype when grown under nonstress conditions but were hypersensitive to agents that impair DNA replication. Induced WEE1 expression inhibited plant growth by arresting dividing cells in the G2-phase of the cell cycle. We conclude that the plant WEE1 gene is not rate-limiting for cycle progression under normal growth conditions but is a critical target of the ATR-ATM signaling cascades that inhibit the cell cycle upon activation of the DNA integrity checkpoints, coupling mitosis to DNA repair in cells that suffer DNA damage.
An overview on polynomial approximation of NP-hard problems

The fact that polynomial time algorithm is very unlikely to be devised for an optimal solving of the NP-hard problems strongly motivates both the researchers and the practitioners to try to solve such problems heuristically, by making a trade-off between computational time and solution’s quality. In other words, heuristic computation consists of trying to find not the best solution but one solution which is “close to” the optimal one in reasonable time. Among the classes of heuristic methods for NP-hard problems, the polynomial approximation algorithms aim at solving a given NP-hard problem in polynomial time by computing feasible solutions that are, under some predefined criterion, as near to the optimal ones as possible. The polynomial approximation theory deals with the study of such algorithms. This survey first presents and analyzes time approximation algorithms for some classical examples of NP-hard problems. Secondly, it shows how classical notions and tools of complexity theory, such as polynomial reductions, can be matched with polynomial approximation in order to devise structural results for NP-hard optimization problems. Finally, it presents a quick description of what is commonly called inapproximability results. Such results provide limits on the approximability of the problems tackled.
Older adults' desire for physical competence.

PURPOSE To develop and provide initial psychometric support for a 16-item measure that assesses a new construct termed desire for physical competence (DPC). METHODS A total of 157 older adults (aged 60-95) were administered the DPC along with various other questionnaires that assessed demographics, health status, social desirability, desire for control, body satisfaction, and life satisfaction. These data facilitated development and initial psychometric evaluation of the scale. An additional sample of 30 older adults was employed to examine test-retest reliability. RESULTS Based on the conceptual foundation of DPC and results from an exploratory factor analysis, a single-dimension Rasch model based on response theory was applied to the data. The proposed model fit the data quite well as indicated by the average mean square of both outfit (1.02) and infit (1.04) statistics. The DPC correlated in expected directions with age, r = -0.33 (P < 0.01), and had r values of 0.23, 0.22, 0.25 (all P values <0.01) with desire for control, body satisfaction, and the SF-36, respectively. Older adults with arthritis had lower DPC scores than those without arthritis. The measure was not confounded by social desirability, and test-retest reliability of the measure (>0.90) was excellent. CONCLUSIONS The DPC provides a tool to assess the incentive value of older adults for being physically competent. As such, it provides a more complete social cognitive foundation for studies examining physical activity behavior and the process of physical disablement.
Synthesizing to co-Büchi Properties

In this project, the computations of synthesis to co-B üchi properties are worked out. The procedures used to compute the most general solution is very similar to what has been used in regular automaton cases. The most general solution is turned to a particular solution by splitting it into a path automaton and an acceptance automaton. The cycles in the path automaton graph are trimmed while the state input progressiveness is kept. The computation has been programmed into the (MVSIS) environment. Experiments show that the proposed synthesis flow works correctly.