Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rethinking Energy-Performance Trade-Off in Mobile Web Page Loading

Web browsing is a key application on mobile devices. However, mobile browsers are largely optimized for performance, imposing a significant burden on power-hungry mobile devices. In this work, we aim to reduce the energy consumed to load web pages on smartphones, preferably without increasing page load time and compromising user experience. To this end, we first study the internals of web page loading on smartphones and identify its energy-inefficient behaviors. Based on our findings, we then derive general design principles for energy-efficient web page loading, and apply these principles to the open-source Chromium browser and implement our techniques on commercial smartphones. Experimental results show that our techniques are able to achieve a 24.4% average system energy saving for Chromium on a latest-generation big.LITTLE smartphone using WiFi (a 22.5% saving when using 3G), while not increasing average page load time. We also show that our proposed techniques can bring a 10.5% system energy saving on average with a small 1.69\% increase in page load time for mobile Firefox web browser. User study results indicate that such a small increase in page load time is hardly perceivable.
Behavioral / Systems / Cognitive Rapid Prefrontal – Hippocampal Habituation to Novel Events

Unexpected novel events generate an orienting response that plays an important role in some forms of learning and memory. The orienting response involuntarily captures attention and rapidly habituates as events become familiarized. Although evidence from patients with focal lesions and scalp and intracranial event-related brain potential recordings supports the involvement of a distributed neural network involving association cortex and the limbic system in novelty detection, the key neural substrates and temporal dynamics have not been defined. While subjects performed a bi-field visual-selective attention task with random novel stimuli embedded in either attended or unattended visual fields, we measured rapid changes of regional blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal to target and novel stimuli using single-trial analysis of event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging with a 4T scanner. Habituation was quantified by serial BOLD signal changes during the first 10 novel stimuli for each subject. Novel stimuli activated the bilateral superior/ middle frontal gyrus, temporal–parietal junction, superior parietal lobe, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, and fusiform gyrus. The superior/middle frontal gyrus and hippocampus showed significant reduction of BOLD signal during the first few novel stimuli, whereas the signals in the fusiform and cingulate gyrus were constant. Prefrontal and hippocampal responses to attended and unattended novel stimuli were comparably habituated. These results, and previous data from lesion studies, support the view that prefrontal and hippocampal regions are involved in rapid automatic detection and habituation to unexpected environmental events and are key elements of the orienting response in humans.
A Study on the Security Issues in WSN

Wireless Sensor Network has opened several research criteria related to social security, data management, networking models, distributed system, agricultural aspects, military supervision etc. With the increasing number of applications, an increment in sensor network vulnerabilities has also become noticeably higher. For numerous purposes along with tracing and tracking objects, the sensor nodes with limited power supply, memory usage and computation capability are used to collect data, process it and transmit the generated results to other sensing devices over a specific geographic area. This whole process is done using wireless communication channels which are susceptible to various security threats. Thus securing the WSN has become a great challenge for the researchers. The objective of this paper is to explore these security issues and challenges regarding WSN by classifying security attacks, reviewing proposed security mechanisms and clarifying essential security requirements for specific security schemes. Finally, the relativity between proposed solutions against specific security threats of WSN is shown in a tabular form.
Discrete Complex Fuzzy Transform based Face Image Recognition Method

In this paper, a novel discrete complex fuzzy transform (DCFT) and the proposed DCFT based facial image recognition method is presented. The presented DCFT consists of histogram extraction, peak points of histogram calculation and images construction. 3 real and 3 complex images are constructed using DCFT. Also, 3 angular images and 3 vector image are calculated using the real and complex images. To create real and complex images, polynomial and smith fuzzy sets are used in this paper. Briefly, 12 image are constructed using DCFT. In order to demonstrate effect of the proposed DCFT, face images data sets and local binary pattern (LBP) are used to create facial image recognition method. In this method, LBP is applied on the each DCFT image and 12 x 256 size of feature are extracted. Also, maximum pooling is applied on this feature set to obtain 256 size of feature. In the classification phase, support vector machine (SVM) and k nearest neighborhood (KNN) classifiers are used. The comparisons clearly demonstrate that the proposed DCFT is increased facial image recognition capability.
Formal Compositional Semantics for Yakindu Statecharts

Many of today’s safety-critical systems are reactive, embedded systems. Their internal behavior is usually represented by state-based models. Furthermore, as the tasks carried out by such systems are getting more and more complex, there is a strong need for compositional modeling languages. Such modeling formalisms start from the component-level and use composition to build the system-level model as a collection of simple modules. There are a number of solutions supporting the model-based development of safety-critical embedded systems. One of the popular open-source tools is Yakindu, a statechart editor with a rich language and code generation capabilities. However, Yakindu so far lacks support for compositional modeling. This paper proposes a formal compositional language tailored to the semantics of Yakindu statecharts. We propose precise semantics for the composition to facilitate formal analysis and precise code generation. Based on the formal basis laid out here, we plan to build a complete tool-chain for the design and verification of component- based reactive systems.
Perceptual Anchoring in Preschool Children: Not Adultlike, but There

Background Recent studies suggest that human auditory perception follows a prolonged developmental trajectory, sometimes continuing well into adolescence. Whereas both sensory and cognitive accounts have been proposed, the development of the ability to base current perceptual decisions on prior information, an ability that strongly benefits adult perception, has not been directly explored. Here we ask whether the auditory frequency discrimination of preschool children also improves when given the opportunity to use previously presented standard stimuli as perceptual anchors, and whether the magnitude of this anchoring effect undergoes developmental changes. Methodology/Principal Findings Frequency discrimination was tested using two adaptive same/different protocols. In one protocol (with-reference), a repeated 1-kHz standard tone was presented repeatedly across trials. In the other (no-reference), no such repetitions occurred. Verbal memory and early reading skills were also evaluated to determine if the pattern of correlations between frequency discrimination, memory and literacy is similar to that previously reported in older children and adults. Preschool children were significantly more sensitive in the with-reference than in the no-reference condition, but the magnitude of this anchoring effect was smaller than that observed in adults. The pattern of correlations among discrimination thresholds, memory and literacy replicated previous reports in older children. Conclusions/Significance The processes allowing the use of context to form perceptual anchors are already functional among preschool children, albeit to a lesser extent than in adults. Nevertheless, immature anchoring cannot fully account for the poorer frequency discrimination abilities of young children. That anchoring is present among the majority of typically developing preschool children suggests that the anchoring deficits observed among individuals with dyslexia represent a true deficit rather than a developmental delay.
Bit‐error‐rate analysis for hybrid PIM–CDMA optical wireless communication systems

A hybrid pulse interval modulation–code division multiple access (PIM–CDMA) is proposed. An expression for the bit‐error rate (BER) is given. Numerical results presented are compared with hybrid PPM–CDMA and OOK–CDMA schemes. For a low number of users, PIM–CDMA achieves similar and marginally lower BER performance compared with PPM–CDMA and OOK–CDMA, respectively. For a large number of users, it offers better performance compared with OOK. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 31: 40–44, 2001.
Manufacturing techniques for complex shapes with submicron accuracy

In the introduction, applications of parts with submicron accuracy are shown. The demands with regard to the accuracy of these parts are discussed. The main characteristics of various precision-machining processes are outlined. Specific advantages and problems associated with these processes are indicated. Different aspects of part accuracy and surface quality are treated in more detail. Many parts with submicron accuracy have an optical function, and special attention is paid to the requirements with regard to form accuracy and roughness of optical elements. A distinction is made between machine- and process-related problems. The machining operation is introduced as an overall system containing the machine and process as interacting subsystems. The author also discusses techniques used to minimise machine-related part errors in the design of precision machine tools. The sensitivity of various processes to particular types of machine- and environment-induced disturbances is outlined. Developments in the investigations of material removal mechanisms are described. These include the mechanical modes of material removal on which diamond turning, grinding and polishing (to some extent) are based as well as the basic chemical phenomena in processes involving etching. After these descriptions of the machine and process aspects, the influence of the interaction between these subsystems on the surface quality is outlined. The emphasis is on the coupled dynamic behaviour in diamond turning and grinding. The author concludes with an 'executive summary' outlining the areas in which significant progress has been made in recent years and the main unresolved problems.
Technologies for Investigating the Physiological Barriers to Efficient Lipid Nanoparticle–siRNA Delivery

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutics have advanced from bench to clinical trials in recent years, along with new tools developed to enable detection of siRNA delivered at the organ, cell, and subcellular levels. Preclinical models of siRNA delivery have benefitted from methodologies such as stem-loop quantitative polymerase chain reaction, histological in situ immunofluorescent staining, endosomal escape assay, and RNA-induced silencing complex loading assay. These technologies have accelerated the detection and optimization of siRNA platforms to overcome the challenges associated with delivering therapeutic oligonucleotides to the cytosol of specific target cells. This review focuses on the methodologies and their application in the biodistribution of siRNA delivered by lipid nanoparticles.
Performance analysis of millimeter wave FMCW InSAR for UAS indoor operations

This paper discusses the performance of a novel millimeter wave radar sensor for UAS autonomous indoor operations. A sensor based on the interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) principle should be able to satisfy the stringent requirements set by indoor operations in terms of high-resolution three-dimensional mapping and autonomous navigation. A solution based on a Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) technology is proposed. The outlined nominal configuration serves as a basis to analyze the performance of the sensor in possible operational scenarios by means of a software simulator. Four different focusing algorithms are implemented and tested and capabilities of the novel sensor are finally discussed, demonstrating that high-resolution, high-quality observation of an assigned control volume can be achieved.
Real‐time 4‐D radiotherapy for lung cancer

Respiratory motion considerably influences dose distribution, and thus clinical outcomes in radiotherapy for lung cancer. Breath holding, breath coaching, respiratory gating with external surrogates, and mathematical predicting models all have inevitable uncertainty due to the unpredictable variations of internal tumor motion. The amplitude of the same tumor can vary with standard deviations >5 mm occurring in 23% of T1–2N0M0 non‐small cell lung cancers. Residual motion varied 1–6 mm (95th percentile) for the 40% duty cycle of respiratory gating with external surrogates. The 4‐D computed tomography is vulnerable to problems relating to the external surrogates. Real‐time 4‐D radiotherapy (4DRT), where the temporal changes in anatomy during the delivery of radiotherapy are explicitly considered in real time, is emerging as a new method to reduce these known sources of uncertainty. Fluoroscopic, real‐time tumor‐tracking technology using internal fiducial markers near the tumor has ±2 mm accuracy, and has achieved promising clinical results when used with X‐ray therapy. Instantaneous irradiation based on real‐time verification of internal fiducial markers is considered the minimal requisite for real‐time 4DRT of lung cancers at present. Real‐time tracking radiotherapy using gamma rays from positron emitters in tumors is in the preclinical research stage, but has been successful in experiments in small animals. Real‐time tumor tracking via spot‐scanning proton beam therapy has the capability to cure large lung cancers in motion, and is expected to be the next‐generation real‐time 4DRT. (Cancer Sci 2012; 103: 1–6)
Application of modern diagnostic techniques to assess the condition of oil and pressboard

Aging of oil-paper insulation was investigated under controlled laboratory conditions. Traditional and modern diagnostic tools and techniques are discussed. Insulation condition testing includes common chemical diagnostics such as acidity tests and several new chemical techniques such as determination of relative content of dissolved decay products by spectrophotometry, solid suspension by turbidimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and electrical diagnostic techniques that have gained exceptional importance for utility professionals, such as polarisation/depolarisation current and frequency domain dielectric spectroscopy measurements. Based on the preliminary results, the suitability of each method analyzed along with its interpretation scheme. Finally, recommendations for further investigation are presented.
Chloroplast-localized 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase is critical for maize endosperm starch accumulation

Plants have duplicate versions of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (oxPPP) enzymes with a subset localized to the chloroplast. The chloroplast oxPPP provides NADPH and pentose sugars for multiple metabolic pathways. This study identified two loss-of-function alleles of the Zea mays (maize) chloroplast-localized oxPPP enzyme 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH). These mutations caused a rough endosperm seed phenotype with reduced embryo oil and endosperm starch. Genetic translocation experiments showed that pgd3 has separate, essential roles in both endosperm and embryo development. Endosperm metabolite profiling experiments indicated that pgd3 shifts redox-related metabolites and increases reducing sugars similar to starch-biosynthetis mutants. Heavy isotope-labelling experiments indicates that carbon flux into starch is altered in pgd3 mutants. Labelling experiments with a loss of cytosolic 6PGDH did not affect flux into starch. These results support the known role for plastid-localized oxPPP in oil synthesis and argue that amyloplast-localized oxPPP reactions are integral to endosperm starch accumulation in maize kernels.
CONSEQUENCES OF SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION FOR THE ANALYSIS OF METAPOPULATION DYNAMICS

The importance of spatial and temporal autocorrelation for the processes occurring at many different scales has been pointed out in the last few years. Although the role of spatial pattern in models on metapopulation dynamics has recently been recognized, there is a lack of empirical studies accounting for the consequences of considering auto- correlation in these processes. Here, we show that the conventional statistical methods used for determining the factors controlling species population dynamics (species density, sex ratio, and extinction events) can be strongly affected by spatial autocorrelation. Under these circumstances, the use of a spatially explicit model is highly recommended in order to demonstrate the real factor controlling species population dynamics. Moreover, presenting erroneous conclusions concerning the real factors governing species population dynamics could have far-reaching consequences in the management and conservation of many en- dangered species.
Recent Advances in the Study of Bipolar/Rod-Shaped Microglia and their Roles in Neurodegeneration

Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and they contribute to primary inflammatory responses following CNS injuries. The morphology of microglia is closely associated with their functional activities. Most previous research efforts have attempted to delineate the role of ramified and amoeboid microglia in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to ramified and amoeboid microglia, bipolar/rod-shaped microglia were first described by Franz Nissl in 1899 and their presence in the brain was closely associated with the pathology of infectious diseases and sleeping disorders. However, studies relating to bipolar/rod-shaped microglia are very limited, largely due to the lack of appropriate in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Recent studies have reported the formation of bipolar/rod-shaped microglia trains in in vivo models of CNS injury, including diffuse brain injury, focal transient ischemia, optic nerve transection and laser-induced ocular hypertension (OHT). These bipolar/rod-shaped microglia formed end-to-end alignments in close proximity to the adjacent injured axons, but they showed no interactions with blood vessels or other types of glial cell. Recent studies have also reported on a highly reproducible in vitro culture model system to enrich bipolar/rod-shaped microglia that acts as a powerful tool with which to characterize this form of microglia. The molecular aspects of bipolar/rod-shaped microglia are of great interest in the field of CNS repair. This review article focuses on studies relating to the morphology and transformation of microglia into the bipolar/rod-shaped form, along with the differential gene expression and spatial distribution of bipolar/rod-shaped microglia in normal and pathological CNSs. The spatial arrangement of bipolar/rod-shaped microglia is crucial in the reorganization and remodeling of neuronal and synaptic circuitry following CNS injuries. Finally, we discuss the potential neuroprotective roles of bipolar/rod-shaped microglia, and the possibility of transforming ramified/amoeboid microglia into bipolar/rod-shaped microglia. This will be of considerable clinical benefit in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for treating various neurodegenerative diseases and promoting CNS repair after injury.
Learning Ant Foraging Behaviors

Insects are good at cooperatively solving many complex tasks. For example, foraging for food far away from a nest can be solved through relatively simple behaviors in combination with pheromones. As task complexity increases, however, it may become difficult to find individual agent rules which yield a desired emergent cooperative behavior, or to know if any such rules exist at all. For such tasks, machine learning techniques like evolutionary computation (EC) may prove a valuable approach to searching the space of possible rule combinations. This paper presents an application of genetic programming to search for foraging behaviors. The learned foraging behaviors use only pheromone information to find the path to the nest and to the food source.
Implementing interactive analysis of attack graphs using relational databases

An attack graph models the causal relationships between vulnerabilities. Attack graphs have important applications in protecting critical resources in networks against sophisticated multi-step intrusions. Currently, analyses of attack graphs largely depend on proprietary implementations of specialized algorithms. However, developing and implementing algorithms causes a delay to the availability of new analyses. The delay is usually unacceptable due to rapidly-changing needs in defending against network intrusions. An administrator may want to revise an analysis as soon as its outcome is observed. Such an interactive analysis, similar to that in decision support systems, is desirable but difficult with current approaches based on proprietary implementations of algorithms. This paper addresses the above issue through a relational approach. Specifically, we devise a relational model for representing necessary inputs, such as network configurations and domain knowledge, and we generate attack graphs from these inputs as relational views. We show that typical analyses can be supported through different type of searches in an attack graph, and these searches can be realized as relational queries. Our approach eliminates the needs for implementing algorithms, because an analysis is now simply a relational query. The interactive analysis of attack graphs becomes possible, since relational queries can be dynamically constructed and revised at run time. As a side effect, experimental results show that the mature optimization techniques in relational databases can transparently improve the performance of the analysis.
Visualization of 3D cluster results for medical tomographic image data

We present an approach for the 3D visualization of clustered tomographic image data using the example of breast perfusion image data. Our visualization provides fast visual access to the amount of clusters, cluster size, presence and amount of outliers, and the spatial extent as well as the spatial orientation of the clusters. The spatial perception of a cluster's elements is improved with a connection via geometric primitives and appropriate shading styles and color mapping. Our technique can be easily adapted to any cluster result arising from medical tomographic image data.