Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Behavioural and Growth Responses of a Territorial Fish (Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar, L.) to Multiple Predatory Cues

Antipredatory behaviours are important fitness components. The probability of survival decreases if animals fail to respond to signs of danger, but in contrast, energetic costs increase if the response to the threat is exaggerated. We conducted a laboratory experiment designed to examine the behavioural and growth responses of a territorial fish (Atlantic salmon fry, Salmo salar, L.) to different predatory cues (no predatory cues, chemical cues alone, physical cues alone and combined chemical and physical cues). We evaluated the response of Atlantic salmon, focussing on behaviours linked to predator avoidance and to other fitness-enhancing activities (territory defence and energy acquisition) both during the day and the night. The cost of such responses in terms of growth was assessed and we compared the relative contributions of behaviours in explaining individual growth rate, according to each predation treatment. We demonstrated that the magnitude and nature of behavioural modification varied according to the response variables we considered. An index of predator avoidance and the distance from the food source were affected in an additive fashion by predatory cues (interaction term, p = 0.469 and p = 0.888 for the index of predator avoidance and the distance from the food source respectively); the effect of physical cues was stronger than the effect of chemical cues and the effect of the combined cues was highest. An index of territoriality was affected in a threshold-like fashion (interaction term, p = 0.040); chemical or physical cues alone had no effect but when both cues were combined, Atlantic salmon significantly reduced their territorial defence. An index of foraging activity was not significantly affected by predatory cues (alone or combined). We detected no effect on the growth rate of Atlantic salmon (p = 0.328). Finally, we found that the relative contribution of behaviours in explaining individual growth rate changed according to the treatments we considered. Overall, these results demonstrated that fish were able to accurately integrate multiple predatory cues and that this information was used to modulate their antipredatory response. Behaviours involved in the response were relatively independent of each other, allowing fish to adopt behavioural tactics that maximized the ratio of net energy gain to predator avoidance.
Housing needs of grandparent caregivers: grandparent, youth, and professional perspectives

ABSTRACT This qualitative study examined the housing needs of grandparent caregivers and the youth in their care in New York State. Nine focus groups were conducted separately with grandparent caregivers (n = 46) and youth (n = 34), and interviews were conducted with key informants (n = 17) knowledgeable about housing and issues. Housing needs of greatest priority, contextual differences, and potential barriers to securing housing and social services were identified. Key themes indicated that housing challenges stem from four problem domains: the experience of poverty, which creates affordability challenges that trap grandparent caregivers and their grandchildren in unsuitable homes and unsafe neighborhoods; physical challenges of aging grandparents, which require specific housing accommodations; changes in family composition when taking in grandchildren, which necessitate moving out of prior accommodations or changing housing plans due to regulatory issues; and obstacles to obtaining needed benefits, including a lack of information, burdensome application processes, ineligibility, and a shortage of resources. These issues are discussed with implications for policy and practice.
Experiences with Tripwire: Using Integrity Checkers for Intrusion Detection

Tripwire is an integrity checking program written for the UNIX environment. It gives system administrators the ability to monitor file systems for added, deleted, and modified files. Intended to aid intrusion detection, Tripwire was officially released on November 2, 1992. It is being actively used at thousands of sites around the world. Published in volume 26 of comp.sources. unix on the USENET and archived at numerous FTP sites around the world, Tripwire is widely available and widely distributed. It is recommended by various computer security response teams, including the CERT and CIAC. This paper begins by motivating the need for an integrity checker by presenting a hypothetical situation any system administrator could face. An overview of Tripwire is then described, emphasizing the salient aspects of Tripwire configuration that supports its use at sites employing modern variants of the UNIX operating system. Experiences with how Tripwire has been used in “in the field” are then presented, along with some conjectures on the prevalence and extent of system breakins. Novel uses of Tripwire and notable configurations of Tripwire are also presented. This paper appeared as [8]
Congenital sodium diarrhea and chorioretinal coloboma with optic disc coloboma in a patient with biallelic SPINT2 mutations, including p.(Tyr163Cys)

Congenital sodium diarrhea is a rare and life‐threatening disorder characterized by a severe, secretory diarrhea containing high concentrations of sodium, leading to hyponatremia and metabolic acidosis. It may occur in isolation or in association with systemic features such as facial dysmorphism, choanal atresia, imperforate anus, and corneal erosions. Mutations in the serine protease inhibitor, Kunitz‐Type 2 (SPINT2) gene have been associated with congenital sodium diarrhea and additional syndromic features. We present a child with congenital sodium diarrhea, cleft lip and palate, corneal erosions, optic nerve coloboma, and intermittent exotropia who was found to have biallelic mutations in SPINT2. One mutation, c.488A > G, predicting p.(Tyr163Cys), has been previously associated with a syndromic form of congenital sodium diarrhea. The other mutation, c. 166_167dupTA, predicting p.(Asn57Thrfs*24) has not previously been reported and is likely a novel pathogenic variant for this disorder. We found only one other report of an optic nerve coloboma associated with SPINT2 mutations and this occurred in a patient with congenital tufting enteropathy. Our patient confirms an association of ocular coloboma with presumed loss of SPINT2 function.
Labile plasma iron levels predict survival in patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes

Red blood cell transfusions remain one of the cornerstones in supportive care of lower-risk patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. We hypothesized that patients develop oxidant-mediated tissue injury through the formation of toxic iron species, caused either by red blood cell transfusions or by ineffective erythropoiesis. We analyzed serum samples from 100 lower-risk patients with myelodysplastic syndromes at six-month intervals for transferrin saturation, hepcidin-25, growth differentiation factor 15, soluble transferrin receptor, non-transferrin bound iron and labile plasma iron in order to evaluate temporal changes in iron metabolism and the presence of potentially toxic iron species and their impact on survival. Hepcidin levels were low in 34 patients with ringed sideroblasts compared to 66 patients without. Increases of hepcidin and non-transferrin bound iron levels were visible early in follow-up of all transfusion-dependent patient groups. Hepcidin levels significantly decreased over time in transfusion-independent patients with ringed sideroblasts. Increased soluble transferrin receptor levels in transfusion-independent patients with ringed sideroblasts confirmed the presence of ineffective erythropoiesis and suppression of hepcidin production in these patients. Detectable labile plasma iron levels in combination with high transferrin saturation levels occurred almost exclusively in patients with ringed sideroblasts and all transfusion-dependent patient groups. Detectable labile plasma iron levels in transfusion-dependent patients without ringed sideroblasts were associated with decreased survival. In conclusion, toxic iron species occurred in all transfusion-dependent patients and in transfusion-independent patients with ringed sideroblasts. Labile plasma iron appeared to be a clinically relevant measure for potential iron toxicity and a prognostic factor for survival in transfusion-dependent patients. clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: 00600860.
Does personality affect the risk of developing musculoskeletal discomfort?

Personality theory suggests that individuals can react differently to the same situation. The primary objective of this research was to study employees’ personality preferences as they related to manual materials handing jobs. The hypothesis tested was that those whose work preferences did not match the nature of their job requirements would report more psychosocial, physiological or psychological stress and strain compared with those whose personality preferences did match their jobs. A total of 133 employees from two distribution centres completed the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and other inventories pertaining to their work environments. The results showed that, when employees’ personalities were better matched with the nature of their work environment, they generally reported less anxiety and physical discomfort and more job satisfaction and social support than those having a mismatch. This relationship was more prominent in the less physically demanding jobs, suggesting an interaction between physical workload factors and psychosocial influences. This research suggests that integrating knowledge of one's personality preferences with the physical and psychosocial demands of a job may increase one's understanding of the causes of musculoskeletal discomfort in industrial workplaces and aid ergonomists in designing jobs to better match individuals’ capabilities, limitations and work preferences.
Stroke subtype, age, and baseline NIHSS score predict ischemic stroke outcomes at 3 months: a preliminary study from Central Nepal

Background The combined medications practice of using antithrombotic agents and statins with or without antihypertensive agents is common in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke in Nepal. Short-term outcomes of the current practice have been studied. We aim to explore the predictors of ischemic stroke outcomes at 3 months, with the current combined medications practice. Methods The study population (N=56) included acute ischemic stroke patients treated at the Neurology Department of the College of Medical Sciences-Teaching Hospital, Chitwan, Nepal, from May 2014 to August 2014 and followed up at 3 months. Death or disability (modified Rankin scale >2) was defined as poor outcomes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis (P<0.10) using potential variables from bivariate analysis (P≤0.20) was adjusted to predict outcomes at 3 months. Results At 3 months, 29 (51.8%) patients were independent, eleven (19.6%) were dependent, while 16 (28.6%) died. Stroke subtype and baseline National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores were associated with death/disability (27, 48.2%) at 3 months. Regression analysis showed that large-artery stroke (odds ratio [OR] =284.145, 95% confidence interval [CI] =5.221–15,465.136, P=0.006), age (OR =1.113, 95% CI =1.002–1.236, P=0.045), and baseline NIHSS score (OR =1.557, 95% CI =1.194–2.032, P=0.001) were significant predictors of poor outcome at 3 months. Conclusion Stroke subtype, age, and baseline NIHSS score are predictors of ischemic stroke outcomes in Nepalese population treated with the current practice of using combined antithrombotic and statins with or without antihypertensive agents, and these predictors can be used for the improvement of selection of patients for the appropriate treatment.
Changes in Aerobic Power in Men, Ages

This study defined the time related decline in aerobic power of men and quantified the rate of change due to age, body composition, and level of physical activity. Physical activity was determined by self report (SR-PA), and estimates of % body fat were derived from skinfold thicknesses. Maximal aerobic power ( ~ 0 ~ . peak) was determined by indirect calorimetry during a maximal treadmill test. The cross-sectional sample consisted of 1,499 healthy men, ages 25 to 70 yrs. The longitudinal sample consisted of 125 men from the same population, who were examined twice. The total sample was divided into four 10-yr age groups (except the oldest group, age 55+). Regression models were used to define and compare the independent effect of age, % fat, and SR-PA on V02peak. Longitudinal changes were computed using repeated-measures ANOVA. To control for the differences in time between preand posttreadmill test, elapsed time between tests was used as a covariate. For the cross-sectional sample, SR-PA, maximal heart rate, and vozpeak all decreased while % fat increased with age. Body weight increased for the three youngest groups but decreased for the 55+ group. These age-group means masked the true change in body weight, however, since fat weight increased and fat-free weight decreased for all groups. Correlations between %fat and VOpeak and SR-PA and voZpeak were significantly higher than the age-V02peak correlation. The % fat correlation was significantly higher than the SR-PA correlation. Multiple regression demonstrated that SR-PA and % fat accounted for nearly 43% of the additional V02peak variance beyond that attributed to age. For the longitudinal sample, the change in voZpeak was a function of changes in SRPA, % fat, and their interaction. In a post hoc analysis the longitudinal sample was split into four groups according to the four possible combinations of changes in % fat and SR-PA. Longitudinal changes in aerobic power were shown to be directly related to independent changes in SR-PA and % fat. The men who showed the greatest yearly increase in aerobic power were those who increased their level of activity and lowered their body fat, whereas those who became more sedentary and increased their body fat showed the steepest yearly decrease in aerobic power.
Evaluation of electrical impedance spectroscopy for cervical intraepithelial lesions detection

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in detection of pre-invasive cervical lesions. Design: Cross-sectional study of diagnostic validity carried out with 265 women between 15 and 55 years with abnormal pap smear report, referred to colposcopy, who were evaluated between January 2008 and June 2010 in the Cervical Pathology and Colposcopy Network in the Departments of Caldas and Risaralda (Colombia). Measurements of electrical impedance spectroscopy of the cervix were made, new pap smear samples were taken, colposcopic examination and colposcopically directed biopsies were performed. Results: The evaluated parameters were resistivity of the extracellular space (R), resistivity of the intracellular space (S), cell membrane capacitance (Cm) and characteristic frequency (Fc). The results obtained for R parameter were: in squamous normal tissue 21.27 +/- 16.48 (Ωm); in high-grade lesions 4.28 +/- 2.28 (Ω-m); and in low-grade lesions 10.1 +/- 4.59 (Ω-m), showing a decrease of R in neoplastic tissue compared to normal tissue. The sensitivity of the EIS was 0.88 for high grade lesions and 0.71 for low grade lesions. The area under the ROC curves for high grade lesions /normal epithelium was 0.96, for low grade lesions/ normal epithelium was 0.76 and for high grade/low grade was 0.90. Conclusions: This study established that EIS is a useful technique for detection and characterization of cervical intraepithelial lesions, with diagnostic precision greater than 75%, with sensitivity and specificity over 69%, with an acceptable positive predictive value and a negative predictive value close to 90%.
Characterizing Usability Inspection Methods through the Analysis of a Systematic Mapping Study Extension

Usability is one of the most relevant quality aspects in Web applications. A Web application is usable if it provides a friendly, direct and easy to understand interface. Many Usability Inspection Methods (UIMs) have been proposed as a cost effective way to enhance usability. However, many companies are not aware of these UIMs and consequently, are not using them. A secondary study can identify, evaluate and interpret all data that is relevant to the current knowledge available regarding UIMs that have been used to evaluate Web applications in the past few decades. Therefore, we have extended a systematic mapping study about Usability Evaluation Methods by analyzing 26 of its research papers from which we extracted and categorized UIMs. We provide practitioners and researches with the rationale to understand both the strengths and weaknesses of the emerging UIMs for the Web. Furthermore, we have summarized the relevant information of the UIMs, which suggested new ideas or theoretical basis regarding usability inspection in the Web domain. In addition, we present a new UIM and a tool for Web usability inspection starting from the results shown in this paper.
Platelet function alterations in dengue are associated with plasma leakage

Summary Severe dengue is characterised by thrombocytopenia, plasma leakage and bleeding. Platelets are important for preservation of endothelial integrity. We hypothesised that platelet activation with secondary platelet dysfunction contribute to plasma leakage. In adult Indonesian patients with acute dengue, we measured platelet activation status and the response to the platelet agonist TRAP using flow cytometerbased assays. Patients were monitored daily for plasma leakage by ultrasonography. Acute dengue was associated with platelet activation with an increased expression of the activated fibrinogen receptor (αIIbβ3), the lysosomal marker CD63 and the alpha-granule marker CD62P (P-selectin). Upon maximal platelet activation by TRAP, platelet function defects were observed with a significantly reduced maximal activated αIIbβ3 and CD63 expression and reduced platelet-monocyte and platelet-neutrophil complexes. Patients in the lowest tertile of activated αIIbβ3 and CD63 expression had an odds ratio for plasma leakage of 5.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3–22.7) and 3.9 (95% CI 1.1–13.7), respectively, compared to the highest tertile. Platelet-derived serotonin has previously been related to plasma leakage and we found increased intra-platelet serotonin concentrations in our patients. In conclusion, platelet activation with platelet function alterations can be found in patients with acute dengue and this may contribute to dengue-associated plasma leakage.
Moderate and severe hypoxia elicit divergent effects on cardiovascular function and physiological rhythms

In the present study, we provide evidence for divergent physiological responses to moderate compared to severe hypoxia, addressing an important knowledge gap related to severity, duration and after‐effects of hypoxia encountered in cardiopulmonary situations. The physiological responses to moderate and severe hypoxia were not proportional, linear or concurrent with the time‐of‐day. Hypoxia elicited severity‐dependent physiological responses that either persisted or fluctuated throughout normoxic recovery. The physiological basis for these distinct cardiovascular responses implicates a shift in the sympathovagal set point and probably not molecular changes at the artery resulting from hypoxic stress.
Is Statistical-Learning Ability Related to Real-Time Language Processing ?

Spoken language is a prominent part of daily experience for virtually all hearing children, and they learn what they hear. The words that are most prevalent in children’s language input are learned relatively early (Huttenlocher et al. 1991), and most of children’s early multi-word utterances are imitations of adult productions (Lieven et al. 2003). However, beyond learning specific words and phrases from the speech they hear, infants may also be learning about the statistical patterns of their language. There are many instances of sequential structure in spoken language, such as the fact that syllables that reliably cooccur are likely to belong to the same word, while syllables that rarely co-occur are more likely to span word boundaries (Swingley 2005). Beyond syllable-level statistics, words are ordered in highly predictable ways in many languages. For example, in English determiners tend to co-occur with nouns, while pronouns and auxiliaries tend to co-occur with verbs (Mintz, Newport, and Bever 2002). Adults who are better ability to learn sequential structure in artificial languages are also more sensitive to native language sequential structure. For example, Conway et al. (2010) tested whether sequential learning ability is related to native-language speech processing in adults. Sequential learning ability was assessed by training participants on a probabilistic visual or auditory pattern, and measuring whether they were better able to remember sequences that conformed to the training probabilities vs. those that did not. Sensitivity to sequential structure in native language speech was tested by assessing word recognition. Specifically, target words were either highly predictable or unpredictable given the preceding sentence material, and the speech was spectrally degraded to make word identification more challenging. Individuals who were better able to learn sequential patterns were more likely to capitalize on sequential structure to recognize words. These findings provide evidence that individuals with better sequential learning abilities are better able to learn sequential structure in their language, and in turn are able to capitalize on such structure to facilitate encoding and interpreting speech.
A Whole Genome Assembly of the Horn Fly, Haematobia irritans, and Prediction of Genes with Roles in Metabolism and Sex Determination

Haematobia irritans, commonly known as the horn fly, is a globally distributed blood-feeding pest of cattle that is responsible for significant economic losses to cattle producers. Chemical insecticides are the primary means for controlling this pest but problems with insecticide resistance have become common in the horn fly. To provide a foundation for identification of genomic loci for insecticide resistance and for discovery of new control technology, we report the sequencing, assembly, and annotation of the horn fly genome. The assembled genome is 1.14 Gb, comprising 76,616 scaffolds with N50 scaffold length of 23 Kb. Using RNA-Seq data, we have predicted 34,413 gene models of which 19,185 have been assigned functional annotations. Comparative genomics analysis with the Dipteran flies Musca domestica L. , Drosophila melanogaster, and Lucilia cuprina, show that the horn fly is most closely related to M. domestica, sharing 8,748 orthologous clusters followed by D. melanogaster and L. cuprina, sharing 7,582 and 7,490 orthologous clusters respectively. We also identified a gene locus for the sodium channel protein in which mutations have been previously reported that confers target site resistance to the most common class of pesticides used in fly control. Additionally, we identified 276 genomic loci encoding members of metabolic enzyme gene families such as cytochrome P450s, esterases and glutathione S-transferases, and several genes orthologous to sex determination pathway genes in other Dipteran species.