Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Models of the development process: A review

Summary This paper reviews models of the development process. The objective is to assess their capacity to analyse the detail of agency relationships in the negotiation of development projects, while at the same time offering ways of generalizing about the significance of actors and events in the development process under different conditions. The models reviewed are grouped into four types: equilibrium models, event sequence models, agency models and structural models. Each makes a contribution to the objective set out, but none fully addresses the range of possible forms and dynamics which the development process may make. An alternative model is developed in a subsequent paper.
Intrinsic Tyrosine Kinase Activity is Required for Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 Ubiquitination, Sorting and Degradation in Endothelial Cells

The human endothelial vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2/kinase domain region, KDR/fetal liver kinase‐1, Flk‐1) tyrosine kinase receptor is essential for VEGF‐mediated physiological responses including endothelial cell proliferation, migration and survival. How VEGFR2 kinase activation and trafficking are co‐coordinated in response to VEGF‐A is not known. Here, we elucidate a mechanism for endothelial VEGFR2 response to VEGF‐A dependent on constitutive endocytosis co‐ordinated with ligand‐activated ubiquitination and proteolysis. The selective VEGFR kinase inhibitor, SU5416, blocked the endosomal sorting required for VEGFR2 trafficking and degradation. Inhibition of VEGFR2 tyrosine kinase activity did not block plasma membrane internalization but led to endosomal accumulation. Lysosomal protease activity was required for ligand‐stimulated VEGFR2 degradation. Activated VEGFR2 codistributed with the endosomal hepatocyte growth factor‐regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hrs)/signal‐transducing adaptor molecule (STAM) complex in a ligand and time‐dependent manner, implying a role for this factor in sorting of ubiquitinated VEGFR2. Increased tyrosine phosphorylation of the Hrs subunit in response to VEGF‐A links VEGFR2 activation and Hrs/STAM function. In contrast, VEGFR2 in quiescent cells was present on both the endothelial plasma membrane and early endosomes, suggesting constitutive recycling between these two compartments. This pathway was clathrin‐linked and dependent on the AP2 adaptor complex as the A23 tyrphostin inhibited VEGFR2 trafficking. We propose a mechanism whereby the transition of endothelial VEGFR2 from a constitutive recycling itinerary to a degradative pathway explains ligand‐activated receptor degradation in endothelial cells. This study outlines a mechanism to control the VEGF‐A‐mediated response within the vascular system.
Patents and entrepreneurship: the impact of opportunity, motivation and ability

In this study, we examine individual patent holders and the fate of their inventions. A unique database consisting of over 800 private individuals who have obtained decision rights over a new technology in Sweden is used to analyse how opportunity and individual level characteristics are related to the likelihood that patented inventions are commercialised in a new or existing small firm. Our findings show that the likelihood that patent holders commercialise inventions through such an entrepreneurial mode is influenced by opportunity novelty and the perceived entrepreneurial ability of the individual.
Novel Insulator Designs for Superior DC Hold-Off in Bridged Vacuum Gaps

The dielectric strength of insulator-bridged vacuum gaps has been investigated under dc stresses. Contrary to many previous investigations, careful study undertaken here reveals that negative-angled conical frustrums withstand high er conditioned withstand voltages than positive frustrums and cylindrical insulators. The superior voltage perform ance of negative-angled conical frustrums over positive angled ones stems from negative charging of the former which supresses electron emission from the cathode triple junction X-ray emission within the bridged vacuum gap, and electron interaction with the insulator surface, due to emission from the cathode triple junction, are both shown to lower the voltage hold-off significantly. Novel insulator profiles were tested which exhibited significantly superior voltage hold-off over conventional cylinders and conical frustrums. The design strategy for such designs relied on: (1) providing stress relief at the cathode triple junction by facilitating the self-generation of negative charge on the insulator region near the critical junction, (2) minimizing X-ray production from the anode due to the impact of elec trons, and (3) minimizing electron interaction with the in sulator surface by moving the cathode triple junction away from the main body of the insulator.
A methodology for assessing national outdoor recreation demand and supply trends

Abstract The purpose of this article is to present the model and method developed for the aggregate, national outdoor recreation and wilderness demand and supply assessment required by the Renewable Resources Planning Act (RPA) of 1974. RPA requires aggregate analysis of current and possible future equilibria that could result from different demand and supply futures. Price change was used as the principle indicator of changes in demand relative to changes in supply for individual recreation activities. Demand functions and reduced‐form consumption functions were estimated for 38 activities, 10 of which are presented here. This approach provided prediction models, indices of future consumption and price trends, and average community demand under various supply conditions. The underlying model is based on household production theory viewed as an appropriate basis for aggregate economic analysis. Adjusted R2s for the demand and consumption models ranged between 0.32 and 0.71. Predicted consumption and price.
Differential antiviral effects of interferon in three murine cell lines

Infectious leukemia virus production by two chronically infected NIH/MOL lines was strongly inhibited by interferon treatment of the cells. The corresponding degree of inhibition in JLSV-11 cells was much lower. Multiplication of encephalomyocarditis virus in all three cell lines was barely affected by interferon treatment. Replication of vesicular stomatitis virus, on the other hand, was highly sensitive to interferon in the JLSV-11 line and in one NIH/MOL line but was practically insensitive in the other NIH/MOL line. Anticellular actions of interferon were more pronounced in the JLSV-11 line than in the others. In response to interferon treatment, 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity was induced to a high level in JLSV-11 cells and to lower levels in the NIH/MOL lines. We failed to detect any 2',5'-oligoadenylate-dependent endonuclease activity in extracts of these cells. Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase activity was present in extracts of interferon-treated NIH/MOL cells, but it was barely detectable in extracts of interferon-treated JLSV-11 cells. The above studies demonstrated that interferon could differentially affect the replication of three different viruses in three different cell lines, including two seemingly identical NIH/MOL lines, and that certain tentative conclusions can be drawn regarding the roles of different interferon-inducible enzyme markers in the different antiviral actions of interferons.
The effect of ground level ozone on vegetation: the case of spatial variability of crops in the People’s Republic of China

This paper aims to show how spatial variability of crops in China could reduce the effect of ozone on crops. The spatiotemporal variations of ozone are simulated using Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality modelling system coupled with the Regional Emission Inventory in Asia (CMAQ/REAS). The ozone effect on crops is evaluated based on the AOT40 index (accumulated exposure over threshold of 40 ppb). We find that wheat and soybeans are more sensitive to ozone compared to rice and maize. Assuming no change in field management practices we find that in 2000 there are losses of approximately 30.5%, 10.4%, 2.8%, and 19.0% of total yields for wheat, rice, maize, and soybeans, respectively. Similarly, in 2005 the losses are approximately 47.2%, 12.5%, 5.6%, and 27.1%.
A sibling-controlled, prospective study of outcomes at home and school in children with severe congenital heart disease

Abstract Objectives The objectives of this study were to compare behaviour problems and competencies, at home and school, in 7-year-old children with congenital heart disease with a sibling control group, to examine the prospective determinants of outcome from infancy, and to explore whether any gains were maintained in our sub-group of children who had participated in a previous trial of psychological interventions in infancy. Methods A total of 40 children who had undergone surgery to correct or palliate a significant congenital heart defect in infancy were compared (Child Behavior Checklist) with a nearest-age sibling control group (18 participants). Comparisons were made between sub-groups of children and families who had and had not participated in an early intervention trial. Results Problems with attention, thought and social problems, and limitations in activity and school competencies, were found in comparison with siblings. Teacher reports were consistent with parents, although problems were of a lower magnitude. Disease, surgical, and neurodevelopmental functioning in infancy were related to competence outcomes but not behaviour problems. The latter were mediated by family and maternal mental health profiles from infancy. Limited, but encouraging, gains were maintained in the sub-group that had participated in the early intervention programme. Conclusions The present study is strengthened by its longitudinal design, use of teacher informants, and sibling control group. The patterns of problems and limitations discerned, and differential determinants thereof, have clear implications for interventions. We consider these in the light of our previously reported intervention trial with this sample and current outcomes at the 7-year follow-up.
The Geographic Origin of Order Flow and Price Discovery

This study exploits a unique dataset to determine the relative contribution to price discovery of order flow originating from geographically dispersed ASX servers. It is found that the transactions of traders on the Sydney, Chicago and London servers have a significant impact on price volatility. Trades initiated on the Sydney and Chicago servers incur lower pre-trade transaction costs, pay a lower premium to liquidity providers, and have a higher price impact. Traders using the Sydney and Chicago servers contribute significantly to price discovery on the local Australian market. Our results imply that foreign investors can differ in their private information endowments, and collectively contribute to the market efficiency of local markets even when their individual impact is small. Our findings extend the previous literature on home equity bias and may explain the conflicting evidence over whether foreign or local investors are better informed.
Verrucous lesions of the oral cavity treated with surgery: Analysis of clinico-pathologic features and outcome

Objective: Verrucous lesions of the oral cavity can be of varied histopathology. The present study evaluates the clinico-pathological features of verrucous lesions of the oral cavity and analyzes the treatment outcomes. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study of 15 consecutive patients who presented with verrucous lesions of the oral cavity, during the 5-year period from January 2006 to December 2010. Demographic, clinico-pathological features, treatment details, and outcomes were analyzed. Results: Fifteen patients with verrucous lesions of the oral cavity were treated with surgery as the primary modality. The mean age was 62.8 years (range 35–85 years). Wide excision of the primary lesion with adequate mucosal and soft-tissue margins was carried out. Free-flap reconstruction was done in eight patients. All patients remain loco-regionally controlled with good functional speech and swallowing outcome. Conclusions: Verrucous lesions of the oral cavity are a distinct clinical entity with varied histopathology. A surgical excision with wide margins and appropriate reconstruction is necessary to optimize the disease and functional outcome.
AN OPTIMAL‐CONTROL APPROACH TO STABILISING AUSTRALIAN WOOL PRICES*

In this paper, some aspects of the application of optimal-control techniques to wool industry price stabilisation are considered. It is not intended to provide a blueprint for the immediate adoption of optimal-control techniques in the management of wool price stablisation. Rather, the contribution is to the developmental and evaluative process involved in considering these techniques. A new econometric model of wool price and supply is also presented, since none of the existing models satisfied the requirements of the study.
Demand for Audit Quality in Private Firms: Evidence on Ownership Effects

This study investigates whether managerial ownership related agency costs are associated with the demand for audit quality in a sample of small private firms. The literature on audit quality suggests that firms with high agency costs are more likely to demand audit quality. Our database enables us to compare the demand for audit quality with three different measures: demand for Big 4 auditors and two types of certified auditors with strict professional requirements. The results show that an increase in managerial ownership decreases the likelihood that the firm will engage a Big 4 auditor or a KHT certified auditor but it does not have an impact on the demand for lower level certified auditors. Our findings also support previous studies that suggest a nonlinear connection between managerial ownership and the demand for audit quality in terms of Big 4 audits. This suggests that higher quality audits by Big 4 audit firms are used to overcome agency costs induced by information asymmetries between shareholders and managers. An increase in leverage, on the other hand, increases the likelihood that the firm will engage a lower level certified auditor as opposed to a non-certified auditor.
Comovements in UK Regional Property Markets: A Multivariate Cointegration Analysis

This paper examines the short and long-term comovements among UK regional property markets over the period 1976-2001. The markets examined are London, Outer South-East, East Anglia, South West, East Midlands, West Midlands, Yorkshire and Humberside, North and North West. Multivariate cointegration procedures, Granger non-causality tests, level VAR and generalised variance decomposition analyses based on error-correction and vector autoregressive models are conducted to analyse short and long-run relationships among these markets. The results indicate that there is a stationary long-run relationship and significant long-run causal linkages between the various UK property markets. In terms of the percentage of variance explained other regional markets are generally more important than innovations in a given region, though this is not the case for the Outer South-East which is extremely segmented from the remaining markets, as is, to a lesser extent, the North and North West. This suggests that opportunities exist for portfolio diversification in UK regional property market.
The use and misuse of consensus earnings*

T he significance of earnings in stock price behavior has been demonstrated repeatedly. Elton and Gruber have demonstrated that the knowledge of true earnings is highly profitable. Furthermore, they have shown that knowledge of the future consensus for earnings is still more profitable. '*2 Unfortunately, we cannot know in advance what future earnings or future consensus earnings estimates will be. As a result, several questions deserve our attention. Can traditional earnings momentum based on consensus'EPS forecasts help us to select superior investments? Do stocks that we expect to have sharply improved earnings offer superior performance? How much can perfect foresight of future earnings help us? If we know the answer to these questions, we will also know how much we can be helped by superior research, which yields good but not perfect foresight. Our questions do not end here, however. How valuable is it to know where consensus earnings estimates are headed? Is it more productive for analysts to forecast future estimates than to forecast earnings per se? Can past trends in consensus lead to earnings estimates that are superior to consensus? Can we forecast future consensus estimates by extrapolating past trends in the consensus? If so, how much of this information is already reflected in stock prices? To answer these questions, I use I/B/E/S3 consensus earnings estimates covering some 700
Cisplatin and doxorubicin. An effective chemotherapy combination in the treatment of advanced basal cell and squamous carcinoma of the skin

Eleven patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma (BCC) or squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin were treated with cis‐diamminedichloroplatinum II (cisplatin) and doxorubicin. Seven patients had prior surgery and six of these seven had prior radiation therapy. All patients had an adequate trial of chemotherapy. One patient received a second course of chemotherapy after relapse. Responses were seen in 10 of 12 (87%) of chemotherapy courses, and 5 of 11 patients (46%) have an unmaintained complete remission lasting 2 to 31 months. Toxicity was acceptable and consisted primarily of gastrointestinal side effects. These results indicate the combination of cisplatin and doxorubicin has significant activity in both advanced BCC and SCC of the skin. In addition, a portion of patients treated with the combination achieve a long‐term unmaintained disease‐free state.
Micro- and macrodiversity MDPSK on shadowed frequency-selective channels

The performance of M-ary differential phase shift keying (MDPSK) on frequency-selective slow Rayleigh fading, lognormal shadowed channels with diversity combining is analyzed for mobile and portable applications. The use of L-branch equal gain postdetection microdiversity combining to mitigate the effects of fading and P-port macrodiversity to alleviate the effects of shadowing are investigated. Four performance criteria are considered for a frequency-selective multipath fading, intersymbol interference channel. These are, the short term bit error rate (BER), the irreducible BER, the complementary distribution over the lognormal shadowing of the average BER, and the probability that the instantaneous BER exceeds a threshold value, averaged over a spatial environment. Closed-form expressions for the four performance criteria are obtained. The BER and outage performance results show that diversity combining is an effective method for improving the system performance (and hence system reliability), when the normalized delay spread is not large. It is also seen that, in most cases, 4DPSK gives the best performance followed by 8DPSK and 2DPSK, respectively, for a given information throughput. >
DNA methylation represses the murine alpha 1(I) collagen promoter by an indirect mechanism

Several lines of evidence indicate that DNA methylation plays a role in the transcriptional regulation of the murine alpha 1(I) collagen gene. To study the molecular mechanisms involved, a reporter gene construct containing the alpha 1(I) promoter and part of the first exon linked to the luciferase gene (Col3luc) was methylated in vitro and transfected into murine fibroblasts and embryonal carcinoma cells. Methylation resulted in repression of the alpha 1(I) promoter in both cell types, although it was less pronounced in embryonal carcinoma cells than in fibroblasts. The extent of repression depended on the density of methylation. DNase footprint and mobility shift assays indicated that the trans-acting factors binding to the alpha 1(I) promoter and first exon are ubiquitous factors and that their DNA binding is not inhibited by methylation. Transfection of Col3luc into Drosophila SL2 cells together with expression vectors for the transcription factors Sp1 and NF-1 showed that DNA methylation also inhibits the alpha 1(I) promoter in nonvertebrate cells, although to a much lesser extent than in murine cells. However, Sp1 and NF-1 transactivated the unmethylated and methylated reporter gene in SL2 cells equally well, confirming that these factors can bind and transactivate methylated DNA and indicating that DNA methylation represses the alpha 1(I) promoter by an indirect mechanism. This was further confirmed by cotransfection experiments with unspecific methylated competitor DNA which partially restored the activity of the methylated alpha 1(I) promoter. Our results suggest that DNA methylation can inhibit promoter activity by an indirect mechanism independent of methyl-C-binding proteins and that in vertebrate cells, chromatin structure and methyl-C-binding proteins cooperatively mediate the transcriptional inhibitory effect of DNA methylation.
Specification of posterior midbrain region in zebrafish neuroepithelium

Background: The developing vertebrate nervous system displays a pronounced anterior–posterior (A‐P) pattern, but the mechanism that generates this pattern is poorly understood. We examined through cell‐transplantation experiments, when and how the cells in the zebrafish posterior midbrain acquire regional specificity along the A‐P axis as shown by pax[b] gene expression.
Insight into plant annexin function

The multifunctionality of plant annexins and their importance for coordinating development and responses to biotic and abiotic environment have been largely reviewed. We recently described a tobacco annexin, named Ntann12, which is mainly localized in the nucleus of root cells when the plant is grown under light conditions. We also found that auxin and polar auxin transport are essential for Ntann12 accumulation in root cells. Under dark condition, Ntann12 is no longer detected in the root system. In the present addendum, light, regulating auxin signaling, is evidenced as an essential determinant for the synchronization of growth and development between the shoot and the root during light/dark cycle. A speculative model for Ntann12 is described and discussed with regards to relevant literature data.