Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reflective teaching: theory within classroom practices

The core of the Senate Bill 2042 (1998) was designed to provide the guidelines needed to prepare teachers who can meet the needs of a diverse K-12 student population in California. Following the guidelines marked by this bill, faculty working in Teacher Credential Programs across California are designing activities to prepare candidates with a deep understanding of effective pedagogies applicable to a full range of students. A key component in this preparation is to provide teacher candidates with opportunities to critically read and reflect on theory and research. Understanding the importance of this component, I designed an assignment, Quadruple Entry Journals (QEJ), which asks teacher candidates to first, critically read texts on theory; secondly, to reflect and analyze those texts; thirdly, to reflect on the reflections of their classmates; and, finally, to connect these theoretical reflections with practice. In this article, I explain the pedagogy followed when implementing QEJ with teacher candidates. Their feedback showed that when theory and research are cooperatively analyzed by teacher candidates, they better understand the connection between theory and practice, thus creating a deep understanding of what to teach and how to teach.
The influence of pre‐morbid IQ on Mini‐Mental State Examination score at time of dementia presentation

The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is widely used as a cognitive screening test. Normative values of the MMSE are influenced by both age and so-called ‘pre-morbid’ IQ as estimated by the National Adult Reading Test (NART) (Starr et al., 1992). In a small sample of demented and non-demented subjects, Lindeboon and colleagues concluded that adjustment of the MMSE ‘for an expected level of performance . can be profitable in clinical practice, where it will be especially helpful in ruling out cerebral disease’ (Lindeboon et al., 1996). Educational attainment is sometimes used to predict performance level, but it is a coarse measure with a limited range in comparison with pre-morbid IQ. At more advanced stages of dementia, the relationship between premorbid IQ and current MMSE score would be expected to be weakened, but it is uncertain to what degree this relationship is lost at the time of dementia presentation. Previously we showed, by comparison with childhood IQ scores recorded seventy years ago, that the NART remained a good predictor of premorbid IQ in a sample of patients presenting to our regional memory treatment service (McGurn et al., 2004). We were thus able to investigate the influence of age and pre-morbid IQ on MMSE scores of patients with mild-moderate dementia. METHODS
Efficient Leverage of Symbolic ATG Tools to Advanced Coverage Criteria

Automatic test data generation (ATG) is a major topic in software engineering. In this paper, we seek to bridge the gap between the coverage criteria supported by symbolic ATG tools and the most advanced coverage criteria found in the literature. We define a new testing criterion, label coverage, and prove it to be both expressive and amenable to efficient automation. We propose several innovative techniques resulting in an effective black-box support for label coverage, while a direct approach induces an exponential blow-up of the search space. Initial experiments show that ATG for label coverage can be achieved at a reasonable cost and that our optimisations yield very significant savings.
Effectiveness of the Relaxation Response-Based Group Intervention for Treating Depressed Chinese American Immigrants: A Pilot Study

Background: This study examined the feasibility, safety and efficacy of an 8-week Relaxation Response (RR)-based group. Methods: Twenty-two depressed Chinese American immigrants were recruited. Outcomes measures were response and remission rates, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Clinical Global Impressions Scale, Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Scale. Results: Participants (N = 22) were 82% female, mean age was 53 (±12). After intervention, completers (N = 15) showed a 40% response rate and a 27% remission rate, and statistically significant improvement in most outcome measures. Discussion: The RR-based group is feasible and safe in treating Chinese American immigrants with depression.
Extracellular superoxide dismutase protects against pulmonary emphysema by attenuating oxidative fragmentation of ECM

Extracellular superoxide dismutase (ECSOD or SOD3) is highly expressed in lungs and functions as a scavenger of O2• ─. ECM fragmentation, which can be triggered by oxidative stress, participates in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) through attracting inflammatory cells into the lungs. The level of SOD3 is significantly decreased in lungs of patients with COPD. However, the role of endogenous SOD3 in the development/progression of emphysema is unknown. We hypothesized that SOD3 protects against emphysema by attenuating oxidative fragmentation of ECM in mice. To test this hypothesis, SOD3-deficient, SOD3-transgenic, and WT C57BL/6J mice were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) for 3 d (300 mg total particulate matter/m3) to 6 mo (100 mg/m3 total particulate matter) or by intratracheal elastase injection. Airspace enlargement, lung inflammation, lung mechanical properties, and exercise tolerance were determined at different time points during CS exposure or after elastase administration. CS exposure and elastase administration caused airspace enlargement as well as impaired lung function and exercise capacity in SOD3-null mice, which were improved in mice overexpressing SOD3 and by pharmacological SOD mimetic. These phenomena were associated with SOD3-mediated protection against oxidative fragmentation of ECM, such as heparin sulfate and elastin, thereby attenuating lung inflammatory response. In conclusion, SOD3 attenuates emphysema and reduces oxidative fragmentation of ECM in mouse lung. Thus, pharmacological augmentation of SOD3 in the lung may have a therapeutic potential in the intervention of COPD/emphysema.
Homolog of BRCA 2-interacting Dss 1 p and Uap 56 p link Mlo 3 p and Rae 1 p for mRNA export in fission yeast

The breast cancer tumor suppressor BRCA2-interacting protein, DSS1, and its homologs are critical for DNA recombination in eukaryotic cells. We found that Dss1p, along with Mlo3p and Uap56p, Schizosaccharomyces pombe homologs of two messenger RNA (mRNA) export factors of the NXF–NXT pathway, is required for mRNA export in S. pombe. Previously, we showed that the nuclear pore-associated Rae1p is an essential mRNA export factor in S. pombe. Here, we show that Dss1p and Uap56p function by linking mRNA adapter Mlo3p to Rae1p for targeting mRNA–protein complex (mRNP) to the proteins of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). Dss1p preferentially recruits to genes in vivo and interacts with –FG (phenylalanine glycine) nucleoporins in vivo and in vitro. Thus, Dss1p may function at multiple steps of mRNA export, from mRNP biogenesis to their targeting and translocation through the NPC. The EMBO Journal (2005) 24, 2512–2523. doi:10.1038/ sj.emboj. 7600713; Published online 30 June 2005 Subject Categories: membranes & transport; RNA
Impairment of LTD and cerebellar learning by Purkinje cell–specific ablation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase I

The molecular basis for cerebellar plasticity and motor learning remains controversial. Cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) contain a high concentration of cGMP-dependent protein kinase type I (cGKI). To investigate the function of cGKI in long-term depression (LTD) and cerebellar learning, we have generated conditional knockout mice lacking cGKI selectively in PCs. These cGKI mutants had a normal cerebellar morphology and intact synaptic calcium signaling, but strongly reduced LTD. Interestingly, no defects in general behavior and motor performance could be detected in the LTD-deficient mice, but the mutants exhibited an impaired adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). These results indicate that cGKI in PCs is dispensable for general motor coordination, but that it is required for cerebellar LTD and specific forms of motor learning, namely the adaptation of the VOR.
Dendritic Cells Infiltrating Tumors Cotransduced with Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (Gm-Csf) and Cd40 Ligand Genes Take up and Present Endogenous Tumor-Associated Antigens, and Prime Naive Mice for a Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Response

We transduced BALB/c-derived C-26 colon carcinoma cells with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and CD40 ligand (CD40L) genes to favor interaction of these cells with host dendritic cells (DCs) and, therefore, cross-priming. Cotransduced cells showed reduced tumorigenicity, and tumor take was followed by regression in some mice. In vivo tumors were heavily infiltrated with DCs that were isolated, phenotyped, and tested in vitro for stimulation of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). BALB/c C-26 carcinoma cells express the endogenous murine leukemia virus (MuLV) env gene as a tumor-associated antigen. This antigen is shared among solid tumors of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice and contains two epitopes, AH-1 and KSP, recognized in the context of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules H-2Ld and H-2Kb, respectively. DCs isolated from C-26/GM/CD40L tumors grown in (BALB/c × C57BL/6)F1 mice (H-2d×b) stimulated interferon γ production by both anti–AH-1 and KSP CTLs, whereas tumor-infiltrating DCs (TIDCs) of BALB/c mice stimulated only anti–AH-1 CTLs. Furthermore, TIDCs primed naive mice for CTL activity as early as 2 d after injection into the footpad, whereas double-transduced tumor cells required at least 5 d for priming; this difference may reflect direct DC priming versus indirect tumor cell priming. Immunohistochemical staining indicated colocalization of DCs and apoptotic bodies in the tumors. These data indicate that DCs infiltrating tumors that produce GM-CSF and CD40L can capture cellular antigens, likely through uptake of apoptotic bodies, and mature in situ to a stage suitable for antigen presentation. Thus, tumor cell–based vaccines engineered to favor the interaction with host DCs can be considered.
The Development and Use of Rules in the Acquisition of Perceptual Motor Skill.

KIRK, URSULA. The Development and Use of Rules in the Acquisition of Perceptual Motor Skill. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1981, 52, 299-305. This study investigated the nature of the learning involved in the acquisition of perceptual motor skill in young children. A preto posttest paradigm was used to evaluate the effects of rule-based instruction on rule observance, copying performance, and discrimination skill. 3 ways of imparting rules were examined: demonstration, verbal description, and combined demonstrated-verbal description. The usefulness of these methods was compared with that of copying without instruction. 4 instructed and 4 noninstructed letters were presented on the preand posttest. 4 instructed and 4 novel letters were copied during the second posttest. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the data indicated that letter copying is a rule-governed task requiring problem-solving, hypothesis-testing activity. Demonstration of rules contributed to improved performance and to transfer of learning to novel letters. Demonstration contributed to more consistent and flexible use of rules on the posttest. Evidence of rule-based error was produced. Discrimination improved from preto posttest, but there was no effect specific to instruction.
Performance of a Rapid Influenza Test in Children During the H1N1 2009 Influenza A Outbreak

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of a rapid influenza diagnostic test (RIDT) in detecting H1N1 2009 influenza A virus in respiratory samples from pediatric patients in comparison to that of real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) and viral culture. Methodology. This was a cross-sectional diagnostic-accuracy study conducted at a tertiary care children's hospital. Patients for whom the RIDT (BinaxNOW [Binax, Inc, Portland, ME]), viral culture, and rRT-PCR results were known were included. Sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios (LRs) were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 3030 specimens had RIDT results paired with both rRT-PCR and viral culture results. With rRT-PCR as the reference, overall test sensitivity was 45% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 43.3%–46.3%) and specificity was 98.6% (95% CI: 98.1%–99%). Positive and negative LRs were 32.9 (95% CI: 22.9–45.4) and 0.56 (95% CI: 0.54–0.58), respectively. RIDT sensitivity was significantly higher in young infants and children younger than 2 years than in older children. Using viral culture as the reference standard, RIDT sensitivity was 55.5% (95% CI: 51.9%–95.6%) and specificity was 95.6% (95% CI: 95%–96.1%). The positive and negative LRs were 12.6 and 0.47, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The RIDT had relatively poor sensitivity but excellent specificity in this consecutive series of respiratory specimens obtained from pediatric patients. Although a positive RIDT result was highly accurate in predicting infection with influenza type A H1N1 2009 in children, a negative RIDT result did not preclude a child having H1N1. Therefore, for children at high risk with influenza-like illnesses during high-prevalence periods of influenza, empiric initiation of antiviral therapy should be considered for patients with a negative RIDT result.
The effects of teacher immediacy, use of organizational lecture cues, and students’ notetaking on cognitive learning

This experiment used scripted, videotaped lectures to test the effects of teacher immediacy (high vs. low), use of organizational cues (with cues vs. no cues) and student notetaking (took notes vs. no notes) on students’ cognitive learning. Results indicated that learning immediately after viewing a lecture is greater when the lecture contains organizational cues and students take notes. Also, delayed retention is greater when students take notes and view lectures containing organizational cues and immediate behaviors.
Novel Bacterial and Archaeal Lineages from an In Situ Growth Chamber Deployed at a Mid-Atlantic Ridge Hydrothermal Vent

ABSTRACT The phylogenetic diversity was determined for a microbial community obtained from an in situ growth chamber placed on a deep-sea hydrothermal vent on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (23°22′ N, 44°57′ W). The chamber was deployed for 5 days, and the temperature within the chamber gradually decreased from 70 to 20°C. Upon retrieval of the chamber, the DNA was extracted and the small-subunit rRNA genes (16S rDNA) were amplified by PCR using primers specific for theArchaea or Bacteria domain and cloned. Unique rDNA sequences were identified by restriction fragment length polymorphisms, and 38 different archaeal and bacterial phylotypes were identified from the 85 clones screened. The majority of the archaeal sequences were affiliated with the Thermococcales (71%) and Archaeoglobales (22%) orders. A sequence belonging to the Thermoplasmales confirms that thermoacidophiles may have escaped enrichment culturing attempts of deep-sea hydrothermal vent samples. Additional sequences that represented deeply rooted lineages in the low-temperature eurarchaeal (marine group II) and crenarchaeal clades were obtained. The majority of the bacterial sequences obtained were restricted to the Aquificales(18%), the ɛ subclass of the Proteobacteria(ɛ-Proteobacteria) (40%), and the genusDesulfurobacterium (25%). Most of the clones (28%) were confined to a monophyletic clade within the ɛ-Proteobacteria with no known close relatives. The prevalence of clones related to thermophilic microbes that use hydrogen as an electron donor and sulfur compounds (S0, SO4, thiosulfate) indicates the importance of hydrogen oxidation and sulfur metabolism at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. The presence of sequences that are related to sequences from hyperthermophiles, moderate thermophiles, and mesophiles suggests that the diversity obtained from this analysis may reflect the microbial succession that occurred in response to the shift in temperature and possible associated changes in the chemistry of the hydrothermal fluid.
The Impact of Perceived Physical Dysfunction, Health-Related Habits, and Affective Symptoms on Employment Status Among Fibromyalgia Support Group Members

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the impact of perceived physical limitation, affective symptoms, pain, and lifestyle habits on employment status among members of a fibromyalgia support association. Methods: Three hundred and twenty-two female members of the Fibromyalgia Association in two Norwegian counties were surveyed. Perceived limitations of physical function, habits of daily living, affective symptoms, and current work status were assessed by brief validated instruments. The dependent variable, employment status, was dichotomized as employed or unemployed. When testing the effects of perceived physical function limitations on employment status, structured hierarchical regression analyses were executed blockwise to eliminate confounding effects from lifestyle habits and affective symptoms such as anxiety and depression. Results: The subject's perceived physical limitation was the best measure at predicting employment status. Affective symptoms contributed significantly, but weakly, to employment status. There was no apparent contribution from lifestyle habits or perceived pain. Conclusion: The results of this study of people who belong to a fibromyalgia support organization highlight the importance of perceived physical limitations in their ability to maintain employment. It is somewhat surprising that the data failed to support a role for lifestyle habits or pain.
“Making the News”: Identifying Noteworthy Events in News Articles

Most events described in a news article are background events ‐ only a small number are noteworthy, and a even smaller number serve as the trigger for writing of that article. Although these events are difficult to identify, they are crucial to NLP tasks such as first story detection, document summarization and event coreference, and to many applications of event analysis that depend on event counting and identifying trends. In this work, we introduce the notion of news-peg, a concept borrowed from the political science literature, in an attempt to remedy this problem. A news-peg is an event which prompted the author to write the article, and it serves as a more fine-grained measure of noteworthiness than a summary. We describe a new task of news-peg identification and release an annotated dataset for its evaluation. We formalize an operational definition of a news-peg, on which human annotators achieve high inter-annotator agreement (over 80%), and present a rule-based system for this task, which exploits syntactic features derived from established journalistic devices.
Community based diabetes risk assessment in Ogun state, Nigeria (World Diabetes Foundation project 08-321)

Objective: The study assessed the risk of developing type 2 diabetes Mellitus in Ogun State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Finnish Medical Association diabetes risk score was administered across 25 communities facilitated by non-communicable disease clinics established under a World Diabetes Foundation project. Subjects in the high risk group had blood glucose estimated. Results: 58,567 respondents included 34,990 (59.6%) females and 23,667 (40.3%) males. Majority (61.2%) were between 25 years and 54 years. Considering waist circumference, 34,990 (38.1%) females and 23,667 (5.3%) males had values above 88 cm and 102 cm respectively. Overall, 11,266 (19.2%) were obese and 28.9% overweight using body mass index (BMI). More females had elevated BMI than males. Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of all subjects were 129.54 mm Hg ± 23.5 mm Hg and 76.21 mm Hg ± 15.5 mm Hg respectively. Prevalence of hypertension (Joint National Committee VII classification) was 27.7%. More subjects had normal DBP than SBP (68.2% vs. 42.5% P < 0.05). Mean fasting blood glucose (FBG) of all subjects was 5.5 mmol/L ± 0.67 mmol/L. Using a casual blood glucose >11.1 mmol/L and/or FBG >7 mmol/L, the total yield of subjects adjudged as having diabetes was 2,956 (5.05%). Mean total risk score was 5.60 ± 3.90; this was significantly higher in females (6.34 ± 4.16 vs. 4.24 ± 3.71, P < 0.05). A total of 2,956 (5.05%) had high risk of developing DM within 10 years. Conclusion: The risk of developing DM is high in the community studied with females having a higher risk score. There is urgent need to implement diabetes prevention strategies.
Civil Servants' Perceptions Regarding ICT Use in Norwegian Central Government

This article describes data on how central government officials think about the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in central government. It focuses primarily on e‐government, but features of e-democracy are also covered. The perceived effects of ICT on the economy, service quality, transparency, coordination, political and administrative control, and user participation are described. It also aims to explain variations in such perceived effects. The major findings are, first, that government-to-government tools are the most widespread, while e-democracy tools have received little attention. Second, the perceived effects are strongest regarding better public services, increased transparency, and internal coordination and administrative control, and weakest when it comes to coordination with local government and political control. Third, the most important set of independent variables explaining the variations in perceived effects of ICT are the actual use of ICT tools among civil servants, as well as structural features such as administrative level and tasks, demographic features (e.g., age), and cultural features, such as having an efficiency oriented culture.
Parietal attentional system aberrations during target detection in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: event-related fMRI evidence.

OBJECTIVE Directed attention, the ability to allocate and direct attention toward a salient stimulus, is impaired in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This construct is often assessed with target detection or oddball tasks, and individuals with ADHD perform poorly on such tasks. However, to date, the specific brain structures or neural mechanisms underlying target detection dysfunction in individuals with ADHD have not been identified. The authors' goal was to investigate neural correlates of target detection dysfunction in ADHD using event-related fMRI. METHOD Behavioral and brain activation data were collected while subjects performed a visual oddball task. Participants included 14 right-handed male adolescents with ADHD (combined type) and 12 typically developing age- and handedness-matched male comparison subjects. RESULTS Individuals with ADHD made significantly more errors of commission than comparison subjects. Further, relative to comparison subjects, individuals with ADHD showed significantly less activation in the bilateral parietal lobes (including the superior parietal gyrus and supramarginal and angular gyri of the inferior parietal lobe), right precuneus, and thalamus. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents with ADHD demonstrated significant impairments in their ability to direct and allocate attentional resources. These difficulties were associated with significant aberrations in the parietal attentional system, which is known to play a significant role in attention shifting and detecting specific or salient targets. Thus, dysfunction in the parietal attentional system may play a significant role in the behavioral phenotype of ADHD.