Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Forming Representative Household and Factor Groups for a South African SAM

This Technical Paper explains the formation of representative households and factor groups for inclusion in the PROVIDE Project Social Accounting Matrix. A general guideline for forming household and/or factor groups is that they should reproduce the socio-economic stratification within the society as accurately as possible. Such groups should also be made up of 'relatively homogenous' groups that are easily recognisable for policy purposes. Here the Income and Expenditure Survey (2000) and Labour Force Survey (September 2000) are used to find demographic statistics, income and expenditure patterns, and employment data used for the creation of representative household and factor groups. The current PROVIDE Social Accounting Matrix groups households according to a range of characteristics, first disaggregating by province and race, and thereafter factors such as agricultural employment, geographical location of the household (homeland or non-homeland), gender and education status of the head of the household, and income level of the household come into play. Provincial factor groups are disaggregated by race and skill level/occupation of the factor. Some alternative household and factor groupings, some of which were used in previous versions of the PROVIDE Social Accounting Matrix, are also discussed, as are a range of other characteristics that may be used to form interesting household groups for future Social Accounting Matrices.
“Why Not Use the Computer?” The Use and Lack of Use of Computers in Personnel

The information on which this article is based comes from a major piece of research on the changing nature of personnel management, which is being conducted by the authors and Lesley Mackay at UMIST. The work is being funded by the Leverhulme Trust in collaboration with the IPM. The first phase of the research was the completion of extensive and detailed questionnaires about personnel practice in 350 different establishments during the Spring and early Summer of 1984. That data are still being analysed, but the second stage of the research began at the end of 1984. This is a series of interviews with questionnaire respondents. Conclusions from the research will be published progressively until the end of 1986.
GMM-Based Synthetic Samples for Classification of Hyperspectral Images With Limited Training Data

The amount of training data that is required to train a classifier scales with the dimensionality of the feature data. In hyperspectral remote sensing (HSRS), feature data can potentially become very high dimensional. However, the amount of training data is oftentimes limited. Thus, one of the core challenges in HSRS is how to perform multiclass classification using only relatively few training data points. In this letter, we address this issue by enriching the feature matrix with synthetically generated sample points. These synthetic data are sampled from a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) fitted to each class of the limited training data. Although the true distribution of features may not be perfectly modeled by the fitted GMM, we demonstrate that a moderate augmentation by these synthetic samples can effectively replace a part of the missing training samples. Doing so, the median gain in classification performance is 5% on two datasets. This performance gain is stable for variations in the number of added samples, which makes it easy to apply this method to real-world applications.
Teachers Teaching Differently: A Qualitative Study of Implementation Fidelity to Professional Development

Intervention researchers in school settings often implement interventions that involve professional development to schoolteachers or other professional staff to implement school-based interventions. In terms of classroom interventions, teachers are the primary implementation agents; therefore, the fidelity of such interventions depends on teacher adoption and delivery. To understand and meet such fidelity challenges, we set to identify the contextual components and implementation mechanisms that contribute to the variation in teachers’ perspectives and methods of implementing an experimental evaluation of CareerStart; an innovative intervention designed to increase student school engagement and achievement by advancing teacher use of career relevant instruction in the middle grades. The results of this study suggest teachers perceive CareerStart in three interrelated ways: their perceptions of the program’s effectiveness on student outcomes; the degree to which the program is adaptable and compatible to their roles and responsibilities; and the effects of the school environment on their perceptions of the intervention. We conclude with a discussion of treatment fidelity effectiveness in school-based intervention programs.
Empirical performance management research: observations from AOS and MAR

Purpose – This paper seeks to respond to Otley's calls for future research to take an integrated and longitudinal approach to examining the operation of performance management in real organizations. The paper reviews 120 field studies published in Accounting, Organizations and Society and Management Accounting Research over the past 15 years.Design/methodology/approach – The Otley's performance management framework is used to classify the field studies in terms of five central issues that relate to objectives, strategies, target setting, reward systems, and information flows.Findings – The key findings are that only nine field studies examine the integrated performance management framework in any depth, and the research to date is fragmentary with regard to, for example, the performance management issues studied and theories used.Research limitations/implications – Implications from this research include the need to examine the operation of the integrated performance management framework together with in‐.
Consumers' Creative Talent: Which Characteristics Qualify Consumers for Open Innovation Projects? An Exploration of Asymmetrical Effects

Virtual customer integration and open innovation are considered as appropriate means to improve the success of new product development. However, only when consumers are qualified and motivated to contribute promising ideas and relevant know‐how they are able to add value to a producer's innovation process. In this study, we explore the symmetric and asymmetric impact of various creativity components on consumers' idea generation, concept development, or prototype building abilities as well as interest in co‐creation projects. Our results show that creativity components are of different importance. While some characteristics are needed above certain thresholds to successfully accomplish a certain development task, exceeding those does not necessarily lead to better outputs. Other characteristics improve the creative output only if they exceed specific levels.
Justifying conditionality: the case of anti‐social tenants

The measures that New Labour have introduced to punish and prevent anti‐social behaviour need to be discussed in the context of the broader debate about conditionality in welfare. This paper outlines briefly three arguments that have been put forward to justify conditionality in welfare, the contractualist, the paternalist and the mutualist justifications. It then considers the force of these arguments in respect of New Labour's approach to anti‐social tenants. The paper concludes that it is possible to formulate a powerful case for the kinds of measures that New Labour is currently taking by integrating elements of the three justifications. It is argued that it is a mistake to view such measures as necessarily disciplinary in intent or in effect. Measures to enforce the obligations that people owe to each other are not incompatible with policies to widen opportunities for self‐fulfilment and to reduce social exclusion. On the contrary, they can be seen as two sides of the same coin.
Natural resources and the macroeconomy

These contributions bring both theoretical models and case studies to bear on the consequences of natural resource discoveries in developed and developing countries. Whether it is natural gas in the Netherlands, oil in the UK, Norway, or Mexico, or minerals in Australia, these discoveries have been accused of causing several structural problems, which have been given the name ''Dutch Disease. '' Although a sizable literature dealing with various aspects of the Dutch Disease has now developed, this is the first attempt to confront theory with evidence.
On the Demand for Education in India

In this dissertation I examine the impacts of market forces and government programs on households’ demand for human capital in India. The first chapter examines the impact of ITES Centers on school enrollment using administrative enrollment data from three states in India, and finds that when these centers open, enrollment in primary school increases significantly. The effects are very localized, and using supplementary survey evidence we argue that this is driven by limited information diffusion. The second chapter introduces a simple model of human capital production which predicts that wages can negatively impact human capital under reasonable assumptions. Using data on test scores and schooling from rural India, we show that human capital investment is procyclical in early life (in utero to age 3) but then becomes countercyclical. We argue that, consistent with our model, this countercyclical effect is caused by families investing more time in schooling when outside options are worse. The final chapter applies the findings from this study to understand how workfare programs (a common anti-poverty strategy in the developing world) can impact school enrollment through their effects on wages. We examine the effect of the largest anti-poverty workfare program in world: NREGA in India. Using a fixed effects estimator, I show that the introduction of NREGA caused increases in child employment, and decreases in school enrollment, particularly among children ages 13-17.
Radical cystectomy for bladder cancer today--a homogeneous series without neoadjuvant therapy.

PURPOSE To investigate the effect of pelvic lymph node dissection and radical cystectomy for transitional cell cancer of the bladder on recurrence-free and overall survival, pelvic recurrences, and metastatic patterns in a homogeneous group. PATIENTS AND METHODS A consecutive series of patients undergoing pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical cystectomy between 1985 and 2000 was analyzed. All patients were staged N0, M0 preoperatively, and no patient received neoadjuvant radio/chemotherapy. Pathologic characteristics based on the 1997 tumor-node-metastasis system, recurrence-free/overall survival, and metastatic patterns were determined. RESULTS Five hundred seven patients (age 66 +/- 12 years) with a mean follow-up time of 45 months (range, 0.1 to 176 months) were analyzed. Five-year recurrence-free and overall survival were, respectively, 73% and 62% for patients with organ-confined, lymph node-negative tumors (n = 217; < or = pT2, pN0) and 56% and 49% for non-organ-confined, lymph node-negative tumors (n = 166; > pT2, pN0). Positive lymph nodes were found in 124 (24%) patients who had a 5-year recurrence-free (33%) or overall (26%) survival. Isolated local recurrences were observed in 3% of patients with organ-confined tumors (< or = pT2, pN0), 11% with non-organ-confined tumors (> pT2, pN0), and 13% with positive lymph nodes (any pT, pN+). Distant metastases developed in 25% of patients with organ-confined tumors, 37% with non-organ-confined tumors, and 51% with positive lymph nodes. CONCLUSION Despite negative preoperative staging, pelvic lymphadenectomy and cystectomy for bladder cancer reveal a high percentage of unsuspected nodal metastases (24%) that have a 25% chance for long-term survival. This procedure also ensures a low pelvic recurrence rate even in lymph node-positive patients, and patients with locally advanced cancer have a 56% probability of 5-year recurrence-free survival.
Retail Pricing and Advertising Strategies

The authors study pricing and advertising strategies of retailers competing for the demand of an assortment of goods. In a model where uninformed rational consumers decide where to buy each product, they find that firms advertise prices below marginal cost to attract consumers into the store and profit from other goods that consumers plan to buy at the store. Incorporating product-line decisions indicates that firms do not restrict their product assortment even when they make a loss on one of the goods. Finally, products with lower reservation prices are shown to be more natural candidates for loss-leader pricing. Copyright 1994 by University of Chicago Press.
Israel's nuclear policy: A cost‐benefit analysis

Israel was the sixth nation in the world to acquire nuclear weapons. More than four decades after the beginning of its nuclear programme, it remains an undeclared nuclear weapon power. After the May 1998 tests by India and Pakistan, it is the only nuclear weapon state never to have tested. The ambiguity of its nuclear option is rooted in the geopolitics and the volatile nature of the Middle East. Since its inception, the programme has been shrouded in secrecy with hardly any concrete details emerging. Then in October 1986, the Sunday Times published details of Israel's undeclared nuclear programme, based on information and photographs supplied by Mordechai Vanunu, who had worked as a nuclear technician at Israel's secret Dimona complex. The revelations were credible and detailed, and for the first time were linked to an identifiable source. Vanunu's disclosures have changed everything, in the sense that it is no longer possible to maintain that Israel does not have nuclear weapons. In the aftermath of the disclosures, there was a flurry of articles examining Israel's nuclear option and the credibility of its ambiguous posture. In this study, Israel's nuclear policy and the costs and benefits of such a policy are examined.
Determination of loss of information during data anonymization procedure

One of the effective approaches to the protection of personal data is their depersonalization, as it reduces the requirements for the level of data protection. Therefore anonymization procedure is widely used in practice. As a result of the application of such methods discards some of the information, which entails a loss of information content of the personal data. The problem of determining the loss of information during data anonymization procedure. It is often easier to allocate a group of similar objects, to analyze the loss for each group, than analyze all the data at once. A large amount of data and the lack of pre-known cluster, prompted the decision of one of the tasks of Data Mining — Data Clustering. Realize the data by identifying the cluster structure allows us to understand how the data looked at the beginning, and how have they changed after anonymization procedure. Analyzing the structure of the cluster can be seen on the data identity.
An Efficient Higher-Order Fast Multipole Boundary Element Solution for Poisson-Boltzmann-Based Molecular Electrostatics

In order to compute polarization energy of biomolecules, we describe a boundary element approach to solving the linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation. Our approach combines several important features including the derivative boundary formulation of the problem and a smooth approximation of the molecular surface based on the algebraic spline molecular surface. State of the art software for numerical linear algebra and the kernel independent fast multipole method is used for both simplicity and efficiency of our implementation. We perform a variety of computational experiments, testing our method on a number of actual proteins involved in molecular docking and demonstrating the effectiveness of our solver for computing molecular polarization energy.
What is the Optimal Method to Value a Football Club?

This paper introduces an original multivariate model developed to value English Premier League (EPL) clubs. Prior to developing the model, established valuation methods were assessed for their accuracy in estimating an EPL club’s worth. Of these models, three were general company valuation techniques: market capitalisation, discounted cash flow and bankruptcy values; and three were contemporary football industry valuation models: revenue multiples, Forbes ‘Most Valuable Soccer Teams’ and broker values. For comparison purposes the models were calculated for a sample period of nine seasons between the 2003/04 and 2011/12 seasons. Estimated valuations were also compared to actual club sale transaction prices during the same period. Comparative results show the multivariate model introduced in the paper is the only universally applicable and reliable methodology to value EPL clubs of the methods evaluated.
The determinants behind Chinese companies’ incremental equity issue decisions

This paper studies the determinants behind Chinese companies’ decisions to make seasoned equity offerings (SEO). Probit regressions are employed and a Monte Carlo simulation method is used to confirm the non-existence of the spurious correlation problem found in traditional models of capital structure. Evidence is found to confirm the privilege of state-controlled enterprises to access equity. A corporate governance indicator based on the completion of the Split Share Structure Reform is also introduced. However, no evidence to support the importance of corporate governance is found. The results of this study imply that in a country where the state dominates the intermediation of capital, investors and thus companies are less sensitive to the quality of corporate governance. Different factors have been observed to affect Chinese firms’ SEO decisions prior to and post the Split Share Structure Reform. The influence from the state has also been weakened after the reform, particularly after the global financial crisis.
Options Embedded in Physical Money

Embedded options in the worlds physical monies, both coin and paper, are introduced. The option value for base metal coins is presented. The various strategies for redemption by the owner and the prevention of redemption by the issuer (central banks) are discussed. The market values of gold coins are discussed in light of the embedded option valuation. In conclusion, the rational behavior of both individuals and central banks in light of these valuations is described.
Employment policy confronted with new patterns of governance centred on coordination and performance

At both the global and local levels, employment policy currently constitutes one of the major issues confronted by governments faced with economic crises and globalization. The success of these policies depends, in particular, on their ability to link together initiatives undertaken not only at different levels of power, but also within a single level between multiple actors that (more or less) have prerogatives in matters of employment policy. This domain of public policy constitutes a unique space in which to analyse the developments and circulation of principles promoted by advocates of two new patterns of governance: New Public Management and the Open Method of Coordination. On the basis of a qualitative analysis conducted with employment policy actors in the Brussels-Capital Region (BCR), this article studies the difficulties these actors come up against when faced with the implementation expectations of new managerial demands, as well as coordination demands that force an increasingly flexible economic landscape and an increasingly complex institutional landscape onto these actors. Enumerating the difficulties encountered, the article also updates the strategies put into place by the actors themselves to address the often severe diagnoses that are made of the situations to which they are subject. This article also constitutes a contribution to the clarification of both the favourable and undesirable conditions for the establishment of new forms of governance within public policy. Points for practitioners In most countries, employment policies figure among the highest priorities. When new initiatives in this sector need to be elaborated and implemented, practitioners attempt to balance a wide variety of opinions, focusing on the coherence of their decisions and actions. In the context of performance management, practitioners are also required to demonstrate the success of their public interventions. In Europe, these expectations are exacerbated by the requirements of the Open Method of Coordination and New Public Management. The appropriation of these two patterns of governance depends on a given practitioner’s receptivity regarding the perceived utility of these patterns to their particular work.
Biomedical applications of protein chips

The development of microchips involving proteins has accelerated within the past few years. Although DNA chip technologies formed the precedent, many different strategies and technologies have been used because proteins are inherently a more complex type of molecule. This review covers the various biomedical applications of protein chips in diagnostics, drug screening and testing, disease monitoring, drug discovery (proteomics), and medical research. The proteomics and drug discovery section is further subdivided to cover drug discovery tools (on‐chip separations, expression profiling, and antibody arrays), molecular interactions and signaling pathways, the identification of protein function, and the identification of novel therapeutic compounds. Although largely focused on protein chips, this review includes chips involving cells and tissues as a logical extension of the type of data that can be generated from these microchips.
The effects of acute illness on ADL decline over 1 year in frail older adults with and without cognitive impairment.

BACKGROUND Acute illness may lead to long-term losses in older adults' ability to independently perform activities of daily living (ADLs). The magnitude of these losses may differ for patients with and without cognitive impairment. These relationships have not been described for the frailest of older adults whose high rates of acute illness and cognitive impairment put them at the greatest risk for loss of ADL functioning. METHODS We conducted a prospective study of 2593 patients enrolled in a nationwide medical and psychosocial program for frail, community-living, nursing home-eligible patients. We determined the independent and interactive effects of baseline cognitive impairment and admission for an acute illness on change in ADL functioning over 1 year. RESULTS ADL decline over 1 year occurred in 53% of cognitively impaired patients who were admitted for an acute illness, 38% of cognitively impaired patients who were not admitted for an acute illness, 42% of noncognitively impaired patients who were admitted for an acute illness, and 25% of noncognitively impaired patients who were not admitted for an acute illness (p <.001). The amount of additional decline in ADLs associated with an admission for an acute illness was similar between patients with and without cognitive impairment (-.85 vs -.74; p for interaction =.86). Among patients who were admitted for an acute illness, significant decline in ADL functioning occurred only in the quarter surrounding the acute illness with no evidence of recovery in the months after the acute illness episode. CONCLUSIONS Among frail older adults, loss of ADL functioning over 1 year is independently associated with both acute admission for an acute illness and cognitive impairment. Frail elders, especially those with cognitive impairment, are in need of interventions that reduce the long-term functional consequences of acute illness.