Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High-fructose corn syrup: is this what's for dinner?

BACKGROUND Research on trends in consumption of added sugar and high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) in the United States has largely focused on calorically sweetened beverages and ignored other sources. OBJECTIVE We aimed to examine US consumption of added sugar and HFCS to determine long-term trends in availability and intake from beverages and foods. DESIGN We used 2 estimation techniques and data from the Nationwide Food Consumption Surveys (1965 and 1977), Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (1989-1991), and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (1999-2000, 2001-2002, and 2003-2004) to examine trends in HFCS and added sugar both overall and within certain food and beverage groups. RESULTS Availability and consumption of HFCS and added sugar increased over time until a slight decline between 2000 and 2004. By 2004, HFCS provided roughly 8% of total energy intake compared with total added sugar of 377 kcal x person(-1) x d(-1), accounting for 17% of total energy intake. Although food and beverage trends were similar, soft drinks and fruit drinks provided the most HFCS (158 and 40 kcal x person(-1) x d(-1) in 2004, respectively). Moreover, among the top 20% of individuals, 896 kcal x person(-1) x d(-1) of added sugar was consumed compared with 505 kcal x person(-1) x d(-1) of HFCS. Among consumers, sweetened tea and desserts also represented major contributors of calories from added sugar (>100 kcal x person(-1) x d(-1)). CONCLUSION Although increased intake of calories from HFCS is important to examine, the health effect of overall trends in added caloric sweeteners should not be overlooked.
Delta, gamma and bucket hedging of interest rate derivatives

The paper describes a framework for delta and gamma hedging an interest rate portfolio using a multifactor form of the Heath et al. (1992) model. A formal description of bucket hedging is given along with a discussion of some of the issues surrounding the choice of bucket lengths. Given that a small number of factors can describe the evolution of the term structure, the bucket deltas are defined in terms of these factors. The hedging of corporate bonds is also addressed.
A RETROSPECTIVE MERGER ANALYSIS IN THE U.K. VIDEOGAME MARKET

We study the effect of a merger in a dynamic high-technology industry—the videogame market—which is characterized by the frequent introduction of new products. To assess the impact of the merger between two large specialist retailers in the United Kingdom—Game Group PLC and Games Station Limited—we perform a difference-in-differences analysis comparing the price evolution of the merging parties with that of their 7 major competitors on an original sample of 196 videogames belonging to 6 different consoles. The results of our econometric analyses suggest that there has been a reduction in the general level of prices of both new and pre-owned games after the merger. This decline has been more marked for the merging parties, which suggests that the merger between Game Group PLC and Games Station Limited did not lead to a substantial lessening of competition; rather, it is consistent with the existence of efficiency gains.
WFS1 and GJB2 mutations in patients with bilateral low‐frequency sensorineural hearing loss

Evaluating the prevalence of specific gene mutations associated with a certain audiometric configuration facilitates clinical assessment of patients with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). WFS1 is responsible for autosomal dominant nonsyndromic deafness 6/14/38 and is the most frequent genetic cause of low‐frequency SNHL (LFSNHL); however, the exact prevalence of WFS1 mutations in LFSNHL is unknown. Therefore, we evaluated genetic mutations and clinical features in patients with nonsyndromic bilateral LFSNHL, focusing on the WFS1.
Relationships among Stress, Experiential Avoidance and Depression in Psychiatric Patients

Abstract This study investigated the specific association of stressful life events (SLE) and experiential avoidance (EA) with depression in patients with mental disorders. It also analyzed the possible mediating role of depression in the relation of EA to well-being and life satisfaction. A total of 147 patients (mean age = 40.16 years) diagnosed with anxiety, mood or adjustment disorder were recruited from a mental health centre. They completed measures of SLE, EA, depression, well-being and life satisfaction. Regression analyses showed that SLE and EA were positively related to depression (R 2 = .45), although the contribution made by EA was higher (β = .61, p < .001) than the one made by SLE (β = .19, p < .01). Bootstrap mediation analyses revealed that there was an indirect effect from EA to physical well-being (B = –4.52, SE = .70, p < .001, 95% CI [–6.03, –3.20]) and satisfaction (B = –.14, SE = .02, p < .001, 95%, CI [–.19 –.09]) through depression. This indirect effect was less consistently supported with respect to emotional well-being (B = –3.33, SE = .48, p < .001, 95%, CI [–4.30, –2.41]). These findings give support to the hypothesis that EA could be an important factor contributing to depression in patients with mental disorders. The results also provide evidence that depression seems to play an important mediational role when considering the negative impact that EA exerts on patients´ well-being and satisfaction.
Iterative receiver design for general nonorthogonal unitary space-time constellations

A simple iterative receiver for general nonorthogonal unitary space-time constellations (NOUSTC) is proposed. The output of the conventional noncoherent detector is used to initialize the receiver. In each iteration, the decision from last iteration is used to transform the received signals to derive new signals that bear channel state information (CSI), which are then employed to estimate the CSI using a Wiener filter, following a coherent detector is implemented. In our scheme, for each time block we can use not only the past and the present CSI-bearing signals, but also the future ones, to estimate the CSI, thus resulting in a relatively refined channel estimate and ultimately a receiver with good performance. Simulation results verify the performance of the proposed receiver.
Regulation of CD8+ T Cells Undergoing Primary and Secondary Responses to Infection in the Same Host1

Naive Ag-specific CD8+ T cells expand, contract, and become memory cells after infection and/or vaccination. Memory CD8+ T cells provide faster, more effective secondary responses against repeated exposure to the same pathogen. Using an adoptive transfer system with low numbers of trackable nontransgenic memory CD8+ T cells, we showed that secondary responses can be comprised of both primary (naive) and secondary (memory) CD8+ T cells after bacterial (Listeria monocytogenes) and/or viral (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus) infections. The level of memory CD8+ T cells present at the time of infection inversely correlated with the magnitude of primary CD8+ T cell responses against the same epitope but directly correlated with the level of protection against infection. However, similar numbers of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells were found 8 days postinfection no matter how many memory cells were present at the time of infection. Rapid contraction of primary CD8+ T cell responses was not influenced by the presence of memory CD8+ T cells. However, contraction of secondary CD8+ T cell responses was markedly prolonged compared with primary responses in the same host mice. This situation occurred in response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus or L. monocytogenes infection and for CD8+ T cell responses against multiple epitopes. The delayed contraction of secondary CD8+ T cells was also observed after immunization with peptide-coated dendritic cells. Together, the results show that the level of memory CD8+ T cells influences protective immunity and activation of naive precursors specific for the same epitope but has little impact on the magnitude or program of the CD8+ T cell response.
Cost-Benefit Analysis in Monopolistic Competition Models of Urban Agglomeration Yoshitsugu Kanemoto

Many sources of urban agglomeration involve departures from the first-best world. The benefit evaluation of a transportation project must then take into account agglomeration benefits along with any direct user benefits. Using a monopolistic competition model of differentiated intermediate products, we show that the additional benefits can be expressed as an extended Harberger formula with variety distortion in addition to price distortion. They are positive if variety is procompetitive, but, in the anticompetitive case, we cannot exclude the possibility of negative additional benefits. By introducing the rural sector and multiple cities explicitly, we also show that the agglomeration benefits depend on where the new workers are from.
Quantification of Patient Migration in Bed

Objective: The study objective was to quantify the movement of hospital bed occupants relative to the bed in typical bed articulations. Background: Movement of a patient in bed results in two common adverse events: (a) increase in shear and friction forces between the patient and bed, which are extrinsic pressure ulcer risk factors, and (b) musculoskeletal injuries to nurses, resulting from repositioning patients who have migrated down in bed. Method: The study involved 12 participants who lay supine in three hospital beds, which were articulated to common positions. Body movement relative to the bed was quantified with the use of motion capture. Cumulative movement, net displacement, and torso compression (shoulder to trochanter distance) were calculated for different bed types and bed movements. Results: Bed design and bed movement had a significant effect on most of the dependent variables. Bed design (e.g., type) influenced cumulative movement by up to 115%, net displacement by up to 70%, and torso compression by about 20%. Bed movement (e.g., knee elevation) reduced cumulative migration by up to 35%. Conclusion: The quantification of patient migration provides a metric for evaluating the interaction between body and bed surfaces. Overall, the measures were sensitive to design changes in bed frames, bed articulations, and mattress inflation. Application: Documentation of the cumulative movement, net displacement, and torso compression provides hospital bed designers quantifiable measures for reducing migration and potentially shear and friction forces when designing bed frames, bed articulations, and mattresses. Optimization of these metrics may ultimately have an impact on patient and caregiver health.
Protective Service Physical Ability Tests: Establishing Pass/Fail, Ranking, and Banding Procedures

Physical ability tests have undergone intense scrutiny in the courts since the 1970s. A recent survey of court-disputed police and fire physical ability tests showed a successful defense rate of less than 10%. 1 Faced with such odds, public sector agencies have focused on the development, validation, and use of physical ability tests. A physical ability test supported by a thorough validity study but poorly used, is just as likely to lose in court as a test poorly developed and validated. Numerous researchers have thoroughly examined performance differences between men and women on physical ability tests.2,3 Since job-related physical ability tests are likely to reflect such differences, setting pass/fail cutoffs that accurately reflect the physical ability levels required for successful job performance is a key consideration for any protective service agency involved in physical ability testing. A variety of practices are followed by public sector agencies for using physical ability test scores: pass/fail cutoffs, top-down ranking, banding or grouping passing applicants, and weighting or combining the physical ability test results with other pre-employment tests. This article will limit discussion to evaluating the use of physical ability test scores outside of other selection devices, although the principles herein may be used for combining physical ability test scores with other pre-employment tests.
Identification of Hydroxamic Acid Based Selective HDAC1 Inhibitors: Computer Aided Drug Design Studies.

BACKGROUND Overexpression of Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) is responsible for carcinogenesis by promoting epigenetic silence of tumour suppressor genes. Thus, HDAC1 inhibitors have emerged as the potential therapeutic leads against multiple human cancers, as they can block the activity of particular HDACs, renovate the expression of several tumour suppressor genes and bring about cell differentiation, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. METHODS The present research work comprises atom-based 3D-QSAR, docking, molecular dynamic simulations and DFT (density functional theory) studies on a diverse series of hydroxamic acid derivatives as selective HDAC1 inhibitors. Two pharmacophoric models were generated and validated by calculating the enrichment factors with the help of the decoy set. The Four different 3D-QSAR models i.e., PLS (partial least square) model, MLR (multiple linear regression) model, Field-based model and GFA (Genetic function approximation) model were developed using 'PHASE' v3.4 (Schrödinger) and Discovery Studio (DS) 4.1 software and validated using different statistical parameters like internal and external validation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results showed that the best PLS model has R2=0.991 and Q2=0.787, the best MLR model has R2= 0.993 and Q2= 0.893, the best Field-based model has R2= 0.974 and Q2= 0.782 and the best GFA model has R2= 0.868 and Q2= 0.782. Cross-validated coefficients, (rcv 2) of 0.967, 0.926, 0.966 and 0.829 was found for PLS model, MLR, Field based and GFA model, respectively, indicated the satisfactory correlativity and prediction. The docking studies were accomplished to find out the conformations of the molecules and their essential binding interactions with the target protein. The trustworthiness of the docking results was further confirmed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations studies. Density Functional Theory (DFT) study was performed which promptly optimizes the geometry, stability and reactivity of the molecule during receptor-ligand interaction. CONCLUSION Thus, the present research work provides spatial fingerprints which would be beneficial for the development of potent HDAC1 inhibitors.
UP780, a Chromone-Enriched Aloe Composition, Enhances Adipose Insulin Receptor Signaling and Decreases Liver Lipid Biosynthesis

Nutrigenomic studies were conducted to uncover the mechanism of action for the hypoglycemic and insulin sensitizing effects of UP780. From high fat diet-induced obesity mouse model for UP780, livers and white adipose tissues (WAT) from groups of lean control, high fat diet (HFD), and HFD treated with UP780 were collected for microarray study. Microarray generated gene expression changes were applied to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis for changes in canonical metabolic and signaling pathways. Microarray was validated by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (QPCR), Western blots, liver triglyceride, liver cholesterol, liver steatosis, and insulin ELISA. UP780 treatment decreased liver gene expressions for multiple enzymes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis and triglyceride production. UP780 treatment increased gene expressions globally for the insulin receptor signaling pathway in WAT. Both liver triglyceride and liver cholesterol levels were significantly reduced by UP780 over HFD. The reduction of liver fat was confirmed by microscopic analysis of liver steatosis. Finally, UP780 significantly decreased fasting plasma insulin level over HFD. The mechanism of action for UP780 indicated a reduction of liver fat accumulation and an enhancement in adipose tissue insulin signaling pathway. This provided mechanistic explanation for the in vivo UP780 effects of enhanced insulin sensitiveity and decreased blood glucose in mouse diabetes and prediabetes models.
Should I Take This Call ? Understanding Interruption Response Decision-Making in Mobile Phones

Mobile phones not only increase our availability for communication anytime, anywhere, but also interrupt us anytime, anywhere. This paper empirically examines the role of local context (e.g. activity/location where one receives the call) vs. the relational context (e.g. what the phone call is about and from whom) in how people make decisions to answer or ignore phone call. Using both quantitative (N=101) and qualitative (N=10) methods, we gathered data on people’s cellphone handling practices. Analysis of the data reveals that 1) people are influenced by the availability or unavailability of relational context in making call handling decisions and are rarely influenced by their local context alone; 2) people predict the value of a call to be significantly different before engaging in the call than the value they perceive after the call. Our qualitative data confirmed that the low availability of relational context information not only led to misjudgment of call value but also suboptimal call handling decisions. Together our findings suggest that designing cell phone interfaces that display relational context information can support people in accurately gauging the value of incoming calls to appropriate response decisions in social and professional contexts.
Does Psychological Stress Mediate Social Deprivation in Tooth Loss?

It is unclear which theoretical dimension of psychological stress affects health status. We hypothesized that both distress and coping mediate the relationship between socio-economic position and tooth loss. Cross-sectional data from 2915 middle-aged adults evaluated retention of < 20 teeth, behaviors, psychological stress, and sociodemographic characteristics. Principal components analysis of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) extracted ’distress’ (a = 0.85) and ’coping’ (a =0.83) factors, consistent with theory. Hierarchical entry of explanatory variables into age- and sex-adjusted logistic regression models estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals [95% CI] for retention of < 20 teeth. Analysis of the separate contributions of distress and coping revealed a significant main effect of coping (OR = 0.7 [95% CI = 0.7–0.8]), but no effect for distress (OR = 1.0 [95% CI = 0.9–1.1]) or for the interaction of coping and distress. Behavior and psychological stress only modestly attenuated socio-economic inequality in retention of < 20 teeth, providing evidence to support a mediating role of coping.
What If Routers Are Malicious? Mitigating Content Poisoning Attack in NDN

Named data networking (NDN) shifts today's host-centric Internet architecture to a new data-centric network architecture. This well suits the increasingly mobile and information-intensive applications that dominate today's Internet. NDN allows routers to cache named content, leading to a significant improvement of content retrieval which, however, opens a door for many new attacks. In this work, we focus on content poisoning attack, the content poisoned by an attacker will be cached and propagated in the NDN network. Existing solutions unfortunately cannot work when the NDN routers are compromised by attackers. We propose ROM, the Router-Oriented Mitigation of content poisoning attack in NDN, offering security guarantees even when the routers are malicious. ROM defends against content poisoning attack by temporarily excluding the malicious routers from transmission path, eliminating (or significantly reducing) the possibility that the content will be poisoned during transmission. However, localizing malicious routers in NDN is very challenging due to NDN's distributed nature and the lack of global identifiers. We attack this issue from a new angle. We introduce reputation for each NDN router, and forward content based on the reputation. A router with a better reputation will be more likely honest and has a higher probability to be included into the transmission path. In addition, we design a novel mechanism to quantify the reputation value by utilizing our unique observations for NDN. Security analysis and simulations performed in ndnSIM demonstrate that ROM can mitigate the content poisoning attack with high efficiency and excellent accuracy.
Does an Active Use of Mechanisms of Direct Democracy Impact Electoral Participation? Evidence from the U.S. States and the Swiss Cantons

Abstract This article investigates the consequences that frequent uses of mechanisms of direct democracy have on electoral turnout, contrasting evidence from the Swiss cantons and states in the United States. It contributes to the existing literature in two senses. First, it constitutes the very first cross-national comparative study on the topic and, therefore, it allows for examination of hypotheses the literature previously advanced for single cases (mostly, but not wholly, confined to the U.S. and Switzerland). Second, in contrast to previous research, it delves into the world of direct democracy and shows that not all MDDs are the same, nor do they have the same political effects in terms of electoral participation. I demonstrate that the previous U.S.-based knowledge does not resist empirical testing when contrasted with Swiss evidence: active use of citizen-driven initiatives have no statistically significant effects on turnout. Nonetheless, voter turnout rates are significantly lower in states and cantons with more top-down measures on the ballot.
Towards Affordable Semantic Searching: Zero-Shot Retrieval via Dominant Attributes

Instance-level retrieval has become an essential paradigm to index and retrieves images from large-scale databases. Conventional instance search requires at least an example of the query image to retrieve images that contain the same object instance. Existing semantic retrieval can only search semantically-related images, such as those sharing the same category or a set of tags, not the exact instances. Meanwhile, the unrealistic assumption is that all categories or tags are known beforehand. Training models for these semantic concepts highly rely on instance-level attributes or human captions which are expensive to acquire. Given the above challenges, this paper studies the Zero-shot Retrieval problem that aims for instance-level image search using only a few dominant attributes. The contributions are: 1) we utilise automatic word embedding to infer class-level attributes to circumvent expensive human labelling; 2) the inferred class-attributes can be extended into discriminative instance attributes through our proposed Latent Instance Attributes Discovery (LIAD) algorithm; 3) our method is not restricted to complete attribute signatures, query of dominant attributes can also be dealt with. On two benchmarks, CUB and SUN, extensive experiments demonstrate that our method can achieve promising performance for the problem. Moreover, our approach can also benefit conventional ZSL tasks.