Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rings and Ideals

In this chapter we introduce some abstract algebra in order to shed some light on several ad-hoc constructions that we have employed previously. In general, a ring is a set on which two compositions called addition and multiplication are defined in such a way that certain axioms hold. In particular, R should be a group with respect to addition and a monoid with respect to multiplication; moreover, distributivity a(b + c) = ab + bc should hold. Here, all our rings will be commutative (ab = ba) domains (ab = 0 implies a = 0 or b = 0; the ring Z/6Z is not a domain because [2][3] = [0]) and will have a multiplicative unit 1 (the ring 2Z of even numbers does not have a unit; sometimes such objects are called rngs). A domain R is called a Euclidean ring if there exists a function ν : R −→ N such that E1 ν(r) = 0 if and only if r = 0; E2 for all a, b ∈ R with b = 0, there exist q, r ∈ R such that a = bq + r and ν(r) < ν(b).
Should non-mosaic Klinefelter syndrome men be labelled as infertile in 2009?

BACKGROUND Klinefelter syndrome is a common genetic condition. Affected non-mosaic men are azoospermic and have been labelled as infertile. Despite reports that these men can have children using assisted reproduction techniques, it is not common practice in the UK to offer sperm retrieval to these men. METHODS Medline and EMBASE (1980-2009) were searched independently by two authors and all studies involving surgical sperm retrieval in non-mosaic Klinefelter syndrome were included. The primary outcome was success of surgical sperm retrieval and the secondary outcome was live birth rate. RESULTS The overall success rate for sperm retrieval was 44%, with a higher rate of success using micro-dissection testicular sperm aspiration (micro-TESE) (55%). This, along with ICSI, has led to the birth of 101 children. However, there are no known predictors for successful sperm retrieval. Although there are concerns about genetic risk to the offspring of non-mosaic Klinefelter patients, this risk has not been found to be greater than that of patients with non-obstructive azoospermia with normal karyotype. CONCLUSIONS It is possible for a man with non-mosaic Klinefelter to father a child. However, before these techniques are offered, some ethical issues need to be explored.
Security and Reliable Multicast Transport Protocols: Discussions and Guidelines

This document describes some security risks of the Reliable Multicast Transport (RMT) Working Group set of building blocks and protocols. An emphasis is placed on risks that might be resolved in the scope of transport protocol design. However, relevant security issues related to IP Multicast control-plane and other concerns not strictly within the scope of reliable transport protocol design are also discussed. The document also begins an exploration of approaches that could be embraced to mitigate these risks. The purpose of thisd ocument is to provide a consolidated security discussion and provide a basis for further discussion and potential resolution of any significant security issues that may exist in the current set of RMT standards.
APPOINTMENT SCHEDULING AMONG AGENTS:A CASE STUDY IN DESIGNING SUITABLEINTERACTION PROTOCOLS

This article presents a case study in the design of suitable communication protocols for software agents. A process to derive a formal language from example stories is proposed and presented for the case of appointment scheduling among agents. Such a formal language that consists of language primitives and protocols is prerequisite for coordination and mutual understanding in agent systems. It can either be used among software agents or for the communication between software agents and real agents (human principals, software users). Important requirements are intuitivity, consistency, extensibility and a clear separation between invariant protocol structures and variant reasoning elements. The proposed story-driven designprocess is analyzed and evaluated according to these requirements. It is illustrated using an example story for hospital patient scheduling.
DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING APPROACH FOR SEMI-AUTOMATED ROAD EXTRACTION FROM MEDIUM- AND HIGH-RESOLUTION IMAGES

This paper presents a dynamic programming approach for semi-automated road extraction from medium- and high-resolution images. This method is a modified version of a pre-existent dynamic programming method for road extraction from low-resolution images. The basic assumption of this pre-existent method is that roads manifest as lines in low-resolution images and as such can be modelled and extracted as linear features. Contrary to this, roads manifest as ribbon features in medium- and high-resolution images and the goal of road extraction methods becomes the road centrelines. As a result, the original method can not accurately extract road centrelines from medium- and high- resolution images. In view of this, we propose a modification of merit function of the original approach, which is carried out by a constraint function embedding road edge properties. Preliminary results demonstrate the modified algorithm’s potential in extracting road centrelines from medium- and high-resolution images.
A Conceptual Framework for the Assessment of Cumulative Exposure to Air Pollution at a Fine Spatial Scale

Many epidemiological studies examining long-term health effects of exposure to air pollutants have characterized exposure by the outdoor air concentrations at sites that may be distant to subjects’ residences at different points in time. The temporal and spatial mobility of subjects and the spatial scale of exposure assessment could thus lead to misclassification in the cumulative exposure estimation. This paper attempts to fill the gap regarding cumulative exposure assessment to air pollution at a fine spatial scale in epidemiological studies investigating long-term health effects. We propose a conceptual framework showing how major difficulties in cumulative long-term exposure assessment could be surmounted. We then illustrate this conceptual model on the case of exposure to NO2 following two steps: (i) retrospective reconstitution of NO2 concentrations at a fine spatial scale; and (ii) a novel approach to assigning the time-relevant exposure estimates at the census block level, using all available data on residential mobility throughout a 10- to 20-year period prior to that for which the health events are to be detected. Our conceptual framework is both flexible and convenient for the needs of different epidemiological study designs.
The Effects of Mutation and Selection on the Rate and Pattern of Molecular Evolution in Birds

By comparing sequence diversity and divergence on sex chromosomes one can study how the rate of evolution in affected by mutation and/or selection. The rate of mutation in male biased, meaning that relatively more mutations are created in the male germ line than in the female. Since the male mutation bias (αm) most likely is a consequence of the difference in cell divisions between male and female germ lines, life history characters that affect this difference should covary with αm. Indeed, we found a positive correlation between estimates of αm and increased generation times and increased intensity of sperm competition. We have also found that estimates of αm varied significantly between gametologous introns located on the sex chromosomes. This could be a consequence of the variation in substitution rates between loci. Population genetics theory predicts that both positive and negative selection reduce genetic diversity around a selected locus at a distance determined by the rate of recombination. Consequently, a non-recombining chromosome, like the female specific W chromosome in birds, selection is expected to have a large impact on sequence diversity. Indeed, in a large sequence screening we found only one segregating site among 7643 base pairs sequenced in 47 chicken females. Furthermore, we also found that deleterious substitutions are fixed in a higher rate for W- than Z-linked sequences, which is in agreement with the lack of recombination and strong genetic drift due to the low effective population size. Rarely non-synonymous mutations are beneficial for an individual, but when it happens, the mutation is positively selected and rapidly reaches fixation in a population. We have found that positive selection has been acting on the female reproductive protein, zona pellucida c in birds. This rapid evolution is likely a mechanism to prevent hybridisation.
A continuation method for computing global isochrons

Isochrons are foliations of phase space that extend the notion of phase of a stable periodic orbit to the basin of attraction of this periodic orbit. Each point in the basin of attraction lies on only one isochron and two points on the same isochron converge to the periodic orbit with the same phase. These properties allow one to define so-called phase models that reduce the dimension of an oscillating system. Global isochrons, that is, isochrons extended into the full basin of attraction rather than just a neighborhood of the periodic orbit, can typically only be approximated numerically. Unfortunately, their computation is rather difficult, particularly for systems with multiple time scales. We present a novel method for computing isochrons via the continuation of a two-point boundary value problem. We view the isochron associated with a particular phase point γ on the periodic orbit as the Poincare section of the time-T return map that has γ as its fixed point; here, the time T is the period of the periodic orbit. The boundary value problem set-up uses the orbit segment that defines the periodic orbit starting at γ as the first known solution on the isochron; other solutions are found by continuation along the linear approximation of the isochron in a prespecified small neighborhood of the periodic orbit. This means that the computational error is fully controlled by the accuracy settings of the boundary value solver and the maximal distance along the linear approximation. This method can easily be implemented for two-dimensional systems, and we are able to compute global isochrons of planar slow-fast systems in unprecedented detail. We show how complicated the structure of isochrons can be already for such low-dimensional systems and discuss how the isochrons determine the phase sensitivity of the system.
Using Spatial Audio Cues from Speech Excitation for Meeting Speech Segmentation

Multiparty meetings generally involve stationary participants. Participant location information can thus be used to segment the recorded meeting speech into each speaker's 'turn' for meeting 'browsing'. To represent speaker location information from speech, previous research showed that the most reliable time delay estimates are extracted from the Hubert envelope of the linear prediction residual signal. The authors' past work has proposed the use of spatial audio cues to represent speaker location information. This paper proposes extracting spatial audio cues from the Hubert envelope of the speech residual for indicating changing speaker location for meeting speech segmentation. Experiments conducted on recordings of a real acoustic environment show that spatial cues from the Hubert envelope are more consistent across frequency subbands and can clearly distinguish between spatially distributed speakers, compared to spatial cues estimated from the recorded speech or residual signal
PERFORMANCE MEASURES AND PREFERENCES FOR FUZZY CONTROLLERS DESIGN ALGORITHMS

ت ـ ا ةيباسحلا جماربلا لامعتسا نع ةجتانلا ةيلعافلا سايقل ةيقيبطت تانوكم ةساردلا هذه ددح ةعوفدمل ةيتامولعم ةيمآ دوجوب يبيرقتلا قطنملا ةيرظن ىلع ةزكترملا هيجوتلاو ةرطيسلا ةمظنأ ةسدنه ىلإ ةفداه . نإ اعم دوجوب اهلامعتسا لجلأ ةهجوم ةيسايقلا تانوكملا ةيطخ ريغو ةدقعم ةيباسح تلاد . و ثحبت ةساردلا هذه نم ةيسايقلا تانوكملا لامعتسا يف اهدامتعا بجاولا ةقيرطلا يف اضيأ أ نم فلتخم ددع نيب ليضفتلا لج تامولعملاب ةعوفدملا جماربلا ، لاولح حرتقتو ةقيرطلا هذهل ماعلا راطلإا ددحت اضيأ يهو . و صخلم ءاطعإ دعب مانرب نع يبيرقتلا قطنملا ةيرظن ىلع ةزكترملا هيجوتلا ةمظنأ ةسدنهل ديدج يباسح ج ماعلا اهلكش بسني يتلا نيب عمجلا ىلع ةزكترم ىرخأ جمارب عم تقولا سفن يف ةبرجتلاو صحفلل جمانربلا عضخي ،ينادمام ىلإ اهريغو ةيعانطصلاا ةيبصعلا تاكبشلاو يبيرقتلا قطنملا . نو فده ىلإ كلذب صلاختسا هذه نيب ةنراقم جئاتن ثاحبأ يف تلمعتسا دق تناآ ةيطخ ريغ ةيباسح تلاداعمو ةيسايقلا تانوكملا لامعتسا للاخ نم جماربلا ىرخأ . ةجيتن يطعي ديدجلا جمانربلا نإ لضفأ ،تامولعملل لثامتملا ميسقتلا دمتعت يتلا جماربلا نم و ميسقتلا ا ةقفاوم ةهجل ةيبيرجتلا قرطلاو يبيرقتلا شيوشتلا نم ةيلاخلا تامولعمل . تامولعملا ةقفاوم يف أطخلا ةميق امأ جمدت يتلا جماربلا نع ةجتانلا كلت نم ىلعأ يهف ديدجلا جمانربلا لامعتسا نع ةجتانلاو شيوشتلا نم ةيلاخلا امولعملل لثامتملا ميسقتلا عمجت يتلا جماربلاو ةيعانطصلاا ةيبصعلا تاكبشلا عم يبيرقتلا قطنملا ةجرد عم ت يعقوملا ءانحنلاا . و تلااحلا يف ةدوجوم نوكت ام ابلاغ يتلا ةشوشملا تامولعملا ةلاح يف هنأ هلآ اذه نم مهأ ف ،ةيقيبطتلا إ جئاتن يطعي ديدجلا جمانربلا ن رثآأ ةيلعاف تاكبشلا عم يبيرقتلا قطنملا عمجت يتلا كلت نم ندأ ىلإ أطخلا عيبرت ضيفخت ةقيرط عمو ةيبصعلا ىوتسم ى . هذهو سوب ةاطعملا كلت نم لضفأ جئاتنلا ا ةط ةيبيرجتلا قرطلا . و زكتري لا ناهرب ىلع ةفنلآا ةيقيبطتلا تانوكملا لامعتسا ىلع ىوتسملا ةيلاعلا جئاتنلا هذه امولعملا ةلاح يف شيوشتلا نم ةيلاخلا تامولعملا ةقفاومب تانوكملا هذه ةقلاعو جماربلا ةيلعاف سايقل رآذلا ت ناهربلا زكتري امآ ةشوشملا اضيأ ىلع هتردقو يتامولعم شيوشت دوجول جمانربلا ةيساسح مدع ىدم ىلع ميمعتلا ، ةدقعملا ةيباسحلا تلاداعملا لكش ليثمت يف ةردقملا ىلع كلذآو .
Working Conditions in Self-Contained Settings for Students With Emotional Disturbance

Students with emotional disturbance (ED) depend upon special education teachers (SETs) to use evidence-based practices (EBPs) to promote their well-being. SETs, in turn, depend upon school leaders to provide working conditions that support learning and implementation of academic and social EBPs. We conducted an integrative narrative review of research examining working conditions SETs experience serving students with ED in self-contained schools and classes, to better understand whether SETs in these settings experience conditions necessary to effectively implement academic and social EBPs. Our findings suggest that conditions necessary for learning and implementing EBPs are seldom present in these settings. In addition, the extant research on SETs’ working conditions in these settings is largely disconnected from research investigating teachers’ use of EBPs.
A Small Molecule Inhibitor Partitions Two Distinct Pathways for Trafficking of Tonoplast Intrinsic Proteins in Arabidopsis

Tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs) facilitate the membrane transport of water and other small molecules across the plant vacuolar membrane, and members of this family are expressed in specific developmental stages and tissue types. Delivery of TIP proteins to the tonoplast is thought to occur by vesicle–mediated traffic from the endoplasmic reticulum to the vacuole, and at least two pathways have been proposed, one that is Golgi-dependent and another that is Golgi-independent. However, the mechanisms for trafficking of vacuolar membrane proteins to the tonoplast remain poorly understood. Here we describe a chemical genetic approach to unravel the mechanisms of TIP protein targeting to the vacuole in Arabidopsis seedlings. We show that members of the TIP family are targeted to the vacuole via at least two distinct pathways, and we characterize the bioactivity of a novel inhibitor that can differentiate between them. We demonstrate that, unlike for TIP1;1, trafficking of markers for TIP3;1 and TIP2;1 is insensitive to Brefeldin A in Arabidopsis hypocotyls. Using a chemical inhibitor that may target this BFA-insensitive pathway for membrane proteins, we show that inhibition of this pathway results in impaired root hair growth and enhanced vacuolar targeting of the auxin efflux carrier PIN2 in the dark. Our results indicate that the vacuolar targeting of PIN2 and the BFA-insensitive pathway for tonoplast proteins may be mediated in part by common mechanisms.
On Uplink Superposition Coding and Multi-user Diversity for Wireless Mesh Networks

In recent years wireless mesh networks (WMN) gained lots of attention in research and industry. Especially, the use of WMNs for community networks proved their ability to provide a high performance Internet access while demanding little deployment planning. However, one problem became apparent. Network congestion, especially around gateway nodes (GN), can dramatically decrease the overall performance of the entire network. We present a novel approach to efficiently decrease network congestion while maintaining fairness. To achieve that goal, we combine two modern techniques, namely uplink superposition-coding and multi-user diversity to create a MAC protocol that can dramatically improve the network throughput around GN, hence extending the capabilities of the entire WMN. We will present two distributed protocols, which are suitable for ad-hoc networks without any centralized infrastructure. Extensive analysis and simulations will be presented, that show a network throughput increase of up to 88% over the use of 802.11 with the OAR rate selection algorithm. In a fading environment an additional gain of 5-13% from multi-user diversity was observed.
Development method for low cost fuzzy controlled servosystems

This paper proposes an original development method for low cost fuzzy control systems dedicated to a class of servosystems. The controlled plants in these systems can be characterized by second-order dynamics with integral type. The controller part in these systems is represented by attractive two-degree-of-freedom PI-fuzzy controllers. The method is based on using the linear case results expressed in terms of the extended symmetrical optimum method and of iterative feedback tuning algorithms, and by the transfer of these results to the fuzzy case. Real-time experimental results corresponding to a nonlinear servosystem validate the proposed development method
Obstacle avoidance of a non-holonomic snake robot by tracking a desired gliding curve

Snake robots move by undulating their slender body. From the fact, it is expected that a snake robot can pass through a narrow hallway even if there are some obstacles by adjusting its gliding form not to contact with both obstacles and walls. In this paper, we present a tracking control method for the obstacle avoidance. It is based on feedback linearization and imposes a holonomic control constraint on the snake robot possessing a nonholonomic property. By our method, the snake robot moves along the desired gliding curve designed to achieve the obstacle avoidance even if there are initial errors or impulse disturbances. In this paper, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our idea for the obstacle avoidance by numerical simulations.
Analysis of emotional quotient and intelligence quotient among ‘High Achievers’ and ‘Low Performers’ in school academics

The present research study was conducted to analyze the Emotional Quotient* and the Intelligence Quotient* of ‘High Achievers’* and ‘Low performers’* in School Academics. The research was conducted in Chandigarh and Mohali. The sample consisted of two groups, boys as well as girls, of 9th standard, and their result and assessment of the previous year i.e. 8th standard was considered. The first group Group A included ‘High Achievers’ having scored above 80% marks. The second group Group B included ‘low performers’ scoring marks between 40% and 60%. The tools used in the study were Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale and Emotional Quotient Self-Score Questionnaire. It was reported that students with high EQ as well as high IQ scored higher, those with high IQ but low EQ scored less, those with low IQ but low EQ scored less, and those with low IQ as well as low EQ, scored very less. Thus, it could be concluded that Emotional Intelligence holds utmost importance to utilize, ameliorate and channelize the vital Intelligence Quotient for achieving success in academics.
Covering points with lines

Given a set of n points in the plane, is it possible to find k lines that cover all the points in the set? We show that although this problem is NPhard, it can be solved efficiently for small values of k. In particular, we give a O(nk log k + k) algorithm for this problem, and a generalization to higher dimensions.
Zinc Determination in Pleural Fluid

In this study, an enzymatic zinc determination method was applied to pleural fluid, the basis of which was the regaining of the activity of apo carbonic anhydrase by the zinc present in the sample. The method was used for pleural fluid zinc determination in order to show the application to body fluids other than serum. For this purpose, pleural fluids were obtained from 20 patients and zinc concentrations were determined. Carbonic anhydrase was purified by affinity chromatography from bovine erythrocytes. The zinc present in its structure was removed by dialysis against dipicolinic acid, resulting in apoenzyme obtained at a ratio of 100%. The activity of the enzyme was determined by the esterase action on p-nitrophenyl acetate. For comparison, the same samples were analyzed in atomic absorption. The results obtained were evaluated statistically. (\( > \)0.05 t-test, \( < \)0.001 Zn2+ (AA)-Zn2+ (apoCA), \( < \)0.005 Zn2+ (apoCA)-Total protein).
Employing Compression Solutions under OpenACC

For GPUs to achieve their peak performance, effective and efficient usage of memory bandwidth is necessary. To this end, programmers invest extensive development effort to optimize a GPU program, specially its memory bandwidth usage. The OpenACC programming model has been introduced to tackle the accelerators programming complexity. However, this model's coarse-grained control on a program can make the memory bandwidth utilization even worse than the utilization achieved under CUDA. We propose an extension to OpenACC in order to reduce the traffic on the memory interconnection network, using a compression method on floating point numbers. We examine our method on three case studies and achieve up to 1.36X speedup.
Local adaptation and oceanographic connectivity patterns explain genetic differentiation of a marine diatom across the North Sea–Baltic Sea salinity gradient

Drivers of population genetic structure are still poorly understood in marine micro‐organisms. We exploited the North Sea–Baltic Sea transition for investigating the seascape genetics of a marine diatom, Skeletonema marinoi. Eight polymorphic microsatellite loci were analysed in 354 individuals from ten locations to analyse population structure of the species along a 1500‐km‐long salinity gradient ranging from 3 to 30 psu. To test for salinity adaptation, salinity reaction norms were determined for sets of strains originating from three different salinity regimes of the gradient. Modelled oceanographic connectivity was compared to directional relative migration by correlation analyses to examine oceanographic drivers. Population genetic analyses showed distinct genetic divergence of a low‐salinity Baltic Sea population and a high‐salinity North Sea population, coinciding with the most evident physical dispersal barrier in the area, the Danish Straits. Baltic Sea populations displayed reduced genetic diversity compared to North Sea populations. Growth optima of low salinity isolates were significantly lower than those of strains from higher native salinities, indicating local salinity adaptation. Although the North Sea–Baltic Sea transition was identified as a barrier to gene flow, migration between Baltic Sea and North Sea populations occurred. However, the presence of differentiated neutral markers on each side of the transition zone suggests that migrants are maladapted. It is concluded that local salinity adaptation, supported by oceanographic connectivity patterns creating an asymmetric migration pattern between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, determines genetic differentiation patterns in the transition zone.