Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Theories of society : foundations of modern sociological theory

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A Longitudinal Study of the Impact of Physical and Cognitive Decline on the Personal Network in Old Age

The effects of cognitive and physical decline on changes in the size and composition of four types of personal networks over a period of six years were investigated in a Dutch sample of 1552 older adults, aged 55–85 years. The effects of age and a decline in cognitive and physical functioning on the probability of changes in all possible network types were investigated. Transitions related to age and to cognitive and physical decline were observed for about one-third of the study sample. Greater age was associated with an increase in the number of family members in the network. Physical decline was associated with a replacement of friends and neighbors by family members only if the network was large. In small networks, no such association occurred. Cognitive decline was associated with a loss of relationships, most likely friends and neighbors, who were not found to be replaced by family members. Physical decline appears to be associated with an increase in the potential number of supporters in the network, whereas cognitive decline is associated with a decrease in the number of potential supporters.
Character and Servant Leadership: Ten Characteristics of Effective, Caring Leaders

We are experiencing a rapid shift in many businesses and not-for-profit organizations— away from the more traditional autocratic and hierarchical models of leadership and toward servant leadership as a way of being in relationship with others. Servant leadership seeks to involve others in decision making, is strongly based in ethical and caring behavior, and enhances the growth of workers while improving the caring and quality of organizational life. This article examines a set of ten characteristics of the servant leader that are of critical importance. They are: listening, empathy, healing, awareness, persuasion, conceptualization, foresight, stewardship, commitment to the growth of people, and building community. This piece was originally published in 2000 in Volume 8, Issue 3 of Concepts and Connections, the newsletter of the National Clearinghouse for Leadership Programs. It is reprinted here with permission.
Drosophila Photoreceptors Contain an Autonomous Circadian Oscillator That Can Function without period mRNA Cycling

Circadian oscillations in period(per) mRNA and per protein (PER) constitute, in part, a feedback loop that is required for circadian pacemaker function in Drosophila melanogaster. Oscillations in PER are required for oscillations in permRNA, but the converse has not been rigorously tested because of a lack of measurable quantities of per mRNA and protein in the same cells. This circadian feedback loop operates synchronously in many neuronal and non-neuronal tissues, including a set of lateral brain neurons (LNs) that mediate rhythms in locomotor activity, but whether a hierarchy among these tissues maintains this synchrony is not known. To determine whether per mRNA cycling is necessary for PER cycling and whether cyclic per gene expression is tissue autonomous, we have generated per01flies carrying a transgene that constitutively expressesper mRNA specifically in photoreceptors, a cell type that supports feedback loop function. These transformants were tested for different aspects of feedback loop function includingper mRNA cycling, PER cycling, and PER nuclear localization. Under both light/dark (LD) cycling and constant dark (DD) conditions, PER abundance cycles in the absence of circadian cycling ofper mRNA. These results show that permRNA cycling is not required for PER cycling and indicate thatDrosophila photoreceptors R1–R6 contain a tissue autonomous circadian oscillator.
Formation flight: evaluation of autonomous configuration control algorithms

In military missions in hostile environments involving teams of UAVs flying in formation, it is important to get the maximum benefits of the auto-protection systems of each aircraft to enhance the global security and efficiency of the team. One way to achieve this is to select a proper configuration for the formation. In this paper, we present an approach to autonomously adapt the configuration of a formation and we focus on its evaluation within a realistic framework where each UAV is simulated independently and communicate through a network.
From Probability Distributions to Common Secrets

Thisthesis investigates generating a common secret between two entities by extracting a stream of random numbers obtained from measurements of the same process. The creation of the secret is based on the algorithm of Ueli Maurer described in [1], and is independent of the fact that the communication channel between the two entities may be listened to by an adversary. I implement the extraction of a useful sequence and the creation of the secret practically, and analyse the practicality, security and other aspects of it.
What Motivates Contributors vs. Lurkers? An Investigation of Online Feedback Forums

Organizations are setting up online forums to obtain inputs and feedback from key stakeholders, such as employees, customers, and citizens. Examples of such virtual spaces are online policy deliberation forums (OPDFs) initiated by government organizations to garner citizens’ views on policy issues. Incorporating the inputs from these forums can result in more inclusive policies for societal benefit. Yet, as with other such forums, a common issue facing OPDFs is the sustainability of participation. When examining this issue, previous research has mostly explored the participation antecedents of existing contributors. However, engaging lurkers is also important, because these forums need to compensate for contributor attrition and become more effective with greater reach. Thus motivated, this study develops a model to explain the antecedents of both contributors’ and lurkers’ participation deriving from public participation and information technology-enabled public goods theories. It hypothesizes differences in the antecedents for contributors versus lurkers based primarily on construal level theory. The model was empirically validated through a survey of contributors and lurkers in a nationwide OPDF. The results reveal significant differences in the participation antecedents of the two groups as hypothesized. Specifically, contributors are influenced by political career benefit and political efficacy motives, whereas lurkers’ future participation intention is driven by collective benefits, possession of civic skills, and mobilization. Furthermore, perceived connectivity of the OPDF directly influences participation intention for contributors and indirectly impacts participation intention for both groups via perceived communality. Perceived communality, on the other hand, influences collective and persuasion benefits for both contributors and lurkers. These findings are useful for understanding and promoting participation through differential strategies for contributors and lurkers in OPDFs in particular, and by extension, other feedback or online forums.
Genetic Pathways of Neuroregeneration in a Novel Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Model in Adult Zebrafish

Visual Abstract Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) are one of the most prevalent neurological disorders, and humans are severely limited in their ability to repair and regenerate central nervous system (CNS) tissue postinjury. However, zebrafish (Danio rerio) maintain the remarkable ability to undergo complete and functional neuroregeneration as an adult. We wish to extend knowledge of the known mechanisms of neuroregeneration by analyzing the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in a novel adult zebrafish model of mTBI. In this study, a rodent weight drop model of mTBI was adapted to the adult zebrafish. A memory test showed significant deficits in spatial memory in the mTBI group. We identified DEGs at 3 and 21 days postinjury (dpi) through RNA-sequencing analysis. The resulting DEGs were categorized according to gene ontology (GO) categories. At 3 dpi, GO categories consisted of peak injury response pathways. Significantly, at 21 dpi, GO categories consisted of neuroregeneration pathways. Ultimately, these results validate a novel zebrafish model of mTBI and elucidate significant DEGs of interest in CNS injury and neuroregeneration.
Stratification of the aggressiveness of prostate cancer using pre‐biopsy multiparametric MRI (mpMRI)

Risk stratification, based on the Gleason score (GS) of a prostate biopsy, is an important decision‐making tool in prostate cancer management. As low‐grade disease may not need active intervention, the ability to identify aggressive cancers on imaging could limit the need for prostate biopsies. We assessed the ability of multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) in pre‐biopsy risk stratification of men with prostate cancer. One hundred and twenty men suspected to have prostate cancer underwent mpMRI (diffusion MRI and MR spectroscopic imaging) prior to biopsy. Twenty‐six had cancer and were stratified into three groups based on GS: low grade (GS ≤ 6), intermediate grade (GS = 7) and high grade (GS ≥ 8). A total of 910 regions of interest (ROIs) from the peripheral zone (PZ, range 25–45) were analyzed from these 26 patients. The metabolite ratio [citrate/(choline + creatine)] and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of voxels were calculated for the PZ regions corresponding to the biopsy cores and compared with histology. The median metabolite ratios for low‐grade, intermediate‐grade and high‐grade cancer were 0.29 (range: 0.16, 0.61), 0.17 (range: 0.13, 0.32) and 0.13 (range: 0.05, 0.23), respectively (p = 0.004). The corresponding mean ADCs (×10–3 mm2/s) for low‐grade, intermediate‐grade and high‐grade cancer were 0.99 ± 0.08, 0.86 ± 0.11 and 0.69 ± 0.12, respectively (p < 0.0001). The combined ADC and metabolite ratio model showed strong discriminatory ability to differentiate subjects with GS ≤ 6 from subjects with GS ≥ 7 with an area under the curve of 94%. These data indicate that pre‐biopsy mpMRI may stratify PCa aggressiveness noninvasively. As the recent literature data suggest that men with GS ≤ 6 cancer may not need radical therapy, our data may help limit the need for biopsy and allow informed decision making for clinical intervention. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Personality Differences Between the United States and the Netherlands

Cross-cultural comparisons of personality have yielded inconsistent results, which might be partly due to poor model fit and disregard of differential item functioning (DIF). Here, the brief Dutch form of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ-BF-NL) was tested for cross-cultural measurement invariance (MI), using multiple group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) for categorical outcomes. Representative Dutch and U.S. samples (both Ns = 1,055) were used for model exploration and student samples (both Ns = 410) for cross-validation. The MPQ-BF-NL appeared partially strict invariant. In all, 19% of the items contained DIF when scales were treated separately, while in the full model, allowing for 150 cross-loadings, 40% of the items contained DIF. The majority of DIF was observed in thresholds (i.e., difficulty parameters). Not accounting for DIF would yield invalid inferences for 4 out of 11 primary scales. Higher corrected factor scores were evident in the U.S. sample for Social Closeness and Stress Reaction, whereas lower for Achievement and Aggression, respectively, suggesting that the U.S. society, relative to the Dutch, fosters more community and less agency.
Satellite link performance under rain and external interferences: Constraints to be imposed on the statistical behavior of the external interferences

This paper concerns an environment in which several communication systems share a common frequency band and, therefore, each system operates subject to the interference generated by the others. More specifically, the paper addresses the problem of establishing the limits that should be imposed on the transmitted interfering signals so that all systems sharing the band are able to operate adequately and none of them experiences harmful interferences. This is a well‐known problem for those working in the telecommunication regulation and standardization areas. Its solution requires studies and analysis that are usually complex and strongly depend on the technical characteristics of the systems involved. This paper presents a new technique that is able to determine, in a systematic way, the constraints to be imposed on the statistical behavior of the external interferences affecting a satellite link to guarantee that the link performance requirements are satisfied. The proposed technique considers the joint effect of the degradations due to rain and due to external interferences. In the method, a series expansion on the basis of orthonormal functions is used to represent the probability density function of the degradation due to external interferences and the limiting mask is obtained by solving a conveniently defined constrained optimization problem. The method is flexible enough to allow for the use of the rain attenuation models that are usually employed in link calculations. Two example applications are presented: one involving a satellite downlink in 19 GHz and the other an uplink in 29 GHz using power control. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sparse Representation in the Human Medial Temporal Lobe

Recent experiments characterized individual neurons in the human medial temporal lobe with remarkably selective, invariant, and explicit responses to images of famous individuals or landmark buildings. Here, we used a probabilistic analysis to show that these data are consistent with a sparse code in which neurons respond in a selective manner to a small fraction of stimuli.
A framework for new actors in emergency response systems

Using actors from different societal sectors can improve the response operation quality in emergency management. The different roles, tasks and responsibilities these actors have in response operations and the legal frameworks they work within influence their needs for proper information system support. There is thus a substantial need to study and systemize the concept of “new actors” before providing them with technical solutions. In this study, a framework is constructed showing 14 dimensions of new actors that need to be considered when new actors are studied in more detail.
Paraneoplastic ophthalmoplegia and subacute motor axonal neuropathy associated with anti-GQ1b antibodies in a patient with malignant melanoma

A 68 year old woman developed oculomotor paresis shortly after metastatic progression of her melanoma was discovered. She was then immunised with the tumour antigen MAGE-3 in combination with an immunological adjuvant. During immunisation her symptoms worsened and she developed severe, predominantly proximal axonal motor neuropathy and became bedridden. IgM antibodies against gangliosides GM2, GD3, and GQ1b were detected in serum obtained two weeks before and nine weeks after the onset of symptoms. Immunohistochemically, the patient’s IgM reacted with the tumour and co-localised with GQ1b. She improved neurologically following steroid treatment and became ambulatory.
Virtues and vices of the Caenorhabditis elegans experimental system

Experimental evolution provides a powerful manipulative tool for probing evolutionary process and mechanism. As this approach to hypothesis testing has taken purchase in biology, so too has the number of experimental systems that use it, each with its own unique strengths and weaknesses. The depth of biological knowledge about Caenorhabditis nematodes, combined with their laboratory tractability, positions them well for exploiting experimental evolution in animal systems to understand deep questions in evolution and ecology, as well as in molecular genetics and systems biology. To date, Caenorhabditis elegans and related species have proved themselves in experimental evolution studies of the process of mutation, host–pathogen coevolution, mating system evolution and life-history theory. Yet these organisms are not broadly recognized for their utility for evolution experiments and remain underexploited. Here, we outline this experimental evolution work undertaken so far in Caenorhabditis, detail simple methodological tricks that can be exploited and identify research areas that are ripe for future discovery.
Regulation of Cl−−Hco3− exchangers by cAMP‐dependent protein kinase in adult rat hippocampal CA1 neurons

The contributions of HCO3−‐dependent, DIDS‐sensitive mechanisms to the maintenance of steady‐state pHi, and the regulation of their activities by cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA), were investigated in CA1 neurons with the H+‐sensitive fluorophore, BCECF. The addition of HCO3−/CO2 to neurons with ‘low’ (pHi≤ 7.20) and ‘high’ (pHi > 7.20) initial pHi values under Hepes‐buffered conditions, increased and decreased steady‐state pHi, respectively. Conversely, under HCO3−/CO2‐buffered conditions, DIDS caused pHi to decrease and increase in neurons with low and high initial pHi values, respectively. In the presence, but not the absence, of HCO3−, the PKA inhibitor Rp‐adenosine‐3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphorothioate (Rp‐cAMPS; 50 μm) evoked DIDS‐sensitive increases and decreases in pHi in neurons with low and high initial pHi values, respectively. In contrast, in neurons with low initial pHi values, activation of PKA with the Sp isomer of cAMPS (Sp‐cAMPS; 25 μm) elicited increases in pHi that were smaller in the presence than in the absence of HCO3−, whereas in neurons with high initial pHi values, Sp‐cAMPS‐evoked rises in pHi were larger in the presence than in the absence of HCO3−; the differences between the effects of Sp‐cAMPS on pHi under the different buffering conditions were attenuated by DIDS. Consistent with the possibility that changes in the activities of HCO3−‐dependent, DIDS‐sensitive mechanisms contribute to the steady‐state pHi changes evoked by the PKA modulators, in neurons with initial pHi values ≤ 7.20, Rp‐cAMPS concurrently inhibited Na+‐independent Cl−‐HCO3− exchange and stimulated Na+‐dependent Cl−‐HCO3− exchange; in contrast, Sp‐cAMPS concurrently stimulated Na+‐independent Cl−‐HCO3− exchange and inhibited Na+‐dependent Cl−‐HCO3− exchange. Data from a limited number of neurons with initial pHi values > 7.20 suggested that the directions of the reciprocal changes in anion exchange activities (inhibition or stimulation) evoked by Rp‐ and Sp‐cAMPS may be opposite in cells with low vs. high resting pHi values. Taken together, the results indicate that the effects of modulating PKA activity on steady‐state pHi in rat CA1 neurons under HCO3−/CO2‐buffered conditions reflect not only changes in Na+‐H+ exchange activity but also changes in Na+‐dependent and Na+‐independent Cl−‐HCO3− exchange activity that, in turn, may be dependent upon the initial pHi.
Interpreting in mental health, roles and dynamics in practice

In mental health, communication is the sine qua non, not only for considering a diagnosis, but also for developing a treatment plan. Words, on the one hand, and the relationship between the clinician and the service user, on the other, are two of the main components of mental health and therapeutic treatment. The presence of an interpreter has the potential to have an effect on the dynamics of the mental health or therapeutic encounter. This may pose a series of challenges and opportunities for all three members of the triad. This paper reports on a study conducted with interpreters working with recent migrants, mainly refugees and asylum seekers at two organisations based in the South of England. Two focus-groups with interpreters were conducted. Several differences between interpreting in mental health and interpreting in other settings were noted by the interpreters. Five overarching themes were identified in this study. These were: the role of the interpreter in the mental health encounter, the dynamics within the therapeutic triad, the interpreter-clinician relationship, power and alliances within the room and the personhood of the interpreter. The first two themes are presented within this paper, although the themes are not entirely discrete categorisations.