Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spam Filtering Issue: FPD Research between False Positive and False Negative

According to the fact that false positive is more serious than false negative while doing spam filtering, novel email filter with feature of partial dependency (FPD) is asked urgently. This paper investigates the FPD between false positive and false negative comprehensively and proposes an advanced fitted logistic regression model for spam discrimination by introducing a coefficient function involved with the feature of partial dependency. From four aspects including the precision ratio, dimensionality selection feature, KL divergence distribution between RFP and RFN , and noise withstanding, the new model is proved to be of evident CPD with respect to evaluation tests on real Email testing sets.
Radiobiological modeling of interplay between accelerated repopulation and altered fractionation schedules in head and neck cancer

Head and neck cancer represents a challenge for radiation oncologists due to accelerated repopulation of cancer cells during treatment. This study aims to simulate, using Monte Carlo methods, the response of a virtual head and neck tumor to both conventional and altered fractionation schedules in radiotherapy when accelerated repopulation is considered. Although clinical trials are indispensable for evaluation of novel therapeutic techniques, they are time-consuming processes which involve many complex and variable factors for success. Models can overcome some of the limitations encountered by trials as they are able to simulate in less complex environment tumor cell kinetics and dynamics, interaction processes between cells and ionizing radiation and their outcome. Conventional, hyperfractionated and accelerated treatment schedules have been implemented in a previously developed tumor growth model which also incorporates tumor repopulation during treatment. This study focuses on the influence of three main treatment-related parameters, dose per fraction, inter fraction interval and length of treatment gap and gap timing based on RTOG trial data on head and neck cancer, on tumor control. The model has shown that conventionally fractionated radiotherapy is not able to eradicate the stem population of the tumor. Therefore, new techniques such as hyperfractionated/ accelerated radiotherapy schedules should be employed. Furthermore, the correct selection of schedule-related parameters (dose per fraction, time between fractions, treatment gap scheduling) is crucial in overcoming accelerated repopulation. Modeling of treatment regimens and their input parameters can offer better understanding of the radiobiological interactions and also treatment outcome.
A Study of Influence in Computer-Mediated Group Decision Making

An emerging body of research in group decision support systems (GDSS) provides evidence that computer technology can and does impact the quality of decision making in groups. Most GDSS research is oriented toward examining the effects of a computer system on group outcomes, typically decision quality or group consensus, with the process itself often treated as a "black box. " The research reported in this article addresses the need for a closer, micro-level examination of group process. An important group variable, namely influence behavior, was isolated and examined at various levels and by multiple methods. A model of specific GDSS effects on influence behavior was developed, based on an information exchange view of decision making and on the impact of a GDSS as a communication channel. Based on the research questions of interest in the study, several propositions and hypotheses were advanced and empirically tested on a specific implementation of a GDSS. Results were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The major empirical findings of the study showed no significant difference between the overall amount of influence behavior attempted in computer-supported versus unsupported groups, although significant differences were found in the pattern of influence behaviors, i.e., the different types of behaviors used. In addition, the distribution of influence behavior was more even in GDSS groups than in unsupported groups in one of two measures used. Empirical findings partially supported th research model, with indications that decision-making groups need more active guidance in understanding how to adapt computer support technology to their view of decision-making processes.
Interleukin‐6 release from the human brain during prolonged exercise

Interleukin (IL)‐6 is a pleiotropic cytokine, which has a variety of physiological roles including functions within the central nervous system. Circulating IL‐6 increases markedly during exercise, partly due to the release of IL‐6 from the contracting skeletal muscles, and exercise‐induced IL‐6 may be linked with central fatigue, which is enhanced by hyperthermia. Exercise‐induced IL‐6 may also stimulate hepatic glycogenolysis, which is important during prolonged and repeated exercise. Thus, in a randomised order and separated by 60 min of rest, eight young male subjects completed two 60 min exercise bouts: one bout with a normal (38 °C) and the other with an elevated (39.5 °C) core temperature. The cerebral IL‐6 response was determined on the basis of internal jugular venous to arterial IL‐6 differences and global cerebral blood flow. There was no net release or uptake of IL‐6 in the brain at rest or after 15 min of exercise, but a small release of IL‐6 was observed after 60 min of exercise in the first bout (0.06 ± 0.03 ng min−1). This release of IL‐6 from the brain was five‐fold greater at the end of the second bout (0.30 ± 0.08 ng min−1; P < 0.05) with no separate influence of hyperthermia. In conclusion, IL‐6 is released from the brain during prolonged exercise in humans and it appears that the duration of the exercise rather than the increase in body temperature dictates the cerebral IL‐6 response.
Pretargeting for the Implantation of Stimulation Electrodes into the Subthalamic Nucleus: A Comparative Study of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ventriculography

OBJECTIVE: The optimal imaging modality for preoperative targeting of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) for high-frequency stimulation is controversially discussed. Commonly used methods were stereotactic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), stereotactic ventriculography, and fusion between MRI and stereotactic computer tomography. All of these techniques not only have their own advantages but also specific limitations and drawbacks. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the preoperative MRI targeting as compared with ventriculography in terms of both the STN target as well as the internal landmarks. METHODS: Thirty patients with Parkinson’s disease who underwent bilateral surgery for STN–high-frequency stimulation received both stereotactic ventriculography and stereotactic MRI. The theoretical target was determined by each of these two imaging modalities. The final electrode placement was performed after extensive electrophysiological evaluation using microrecording and microstimulation. The real target was assumed to be given by the electrode contact with the best clinical result assessed by the United Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale in the postoperative follow-up. In addition, the coordinates of the two landmarks, anterior commissure and posterior commissure, were determined using both imaging methods. RESULTS: The mean targeting error was 4.1 ± 1.7 mm (mean ± standard deviation) for MRI and 2.4 ± 1.1 mm for ventriculography (P < 0.0001). The mean target mismatch between the two imaging methods was 2.9 ± 1.2 mm. The length of the anterior commissure-posterior commissure distance differed significantly (P < 0.0001) between MRI (27.6 ± 1.6 mm) and ventriculography (25.0 ± 1.3 mm). The mismatch was mainly induced by an anterior diplacement of the anterior commissure by 1.9 ± 2.2 mm (P < 0.0001) in MRI determination, as compared with ventriculography. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that the indirect targeting of the STN using coordinates based on radiological landmarks is more accurate than the direct targeting using anatomic visualization of the target structure. Regardless of the imaging procedure, electrophysiological mapping is required for optimal electrode placement, although in 20% of cases, the target determined by MRI falls out of the radius explored by electrophysiology.
A UHF proximity micro-transceiver for Mars exploration

A UHF half-duplex micro-transceiver for future Mars exploration missions is described. The transceiver target specifications include a volume of less than 1 cm3, mass of less than 10 grams, and power consumption of <40 mW on receive and 50 mW, 300 mW, or 3 W on transmit. It is compatible with a subset of Prox-1 protocols and supports transmission rates from 1 to 4096 ksps, depending on RF link parameters, in BPSK or QPSK format. Command and control instructions can be received at 1 or 8 ksps. In addition to its low mass/power features, temperature compensation to -100 C and radiation tolerance to 100 krad allow operation outside of large, thermally controlled, shielded enclosures, further reducing the mass and complexity of exploration vehicles. Although designed around Mars missions and environmental constraints, the transceiver is expected to be useful as well in other proximity links where a small/low-power radio compatible with Prox-1 protocols is desired
Appropriateness of Psychostimulant Prescription to Children: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives

Objectives: 1) To consider study designs for evaluating how appropriately stimulant medications are prescribed to children. 2) To investigate appropriateness by seeking evidence of consensus around how stimulant management should be undertaken, collecting and reviewing evidence of actual physician practice in relation to use of stimulants, and evaluating the closeness of fit between recommended and actual practice. Method: Electronic databases and other published and unpublished material were searched for the decade 1987–1997 to identify 1) authoritative recommendations for medical management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and 2) surveys of physician practice. Available information was analyzed qualitatively for commonalities and trends and for concordance between recommendations and practice. Results: Despite differences in emphasis between experts, common themes were identifiable regarding prerequisites and follow-up for use of stimulants. Overall, it was rare to find physician practice in accordance with expert recommendations more than 70% of the time, suggesting that management may be suboptimal in at least 30% of children treated with medication for ADHD. Across surveys, consistent differences appear in physician practice patterns related to practice type. Management by specialist consultants approximates standards recommended by experts, while management by primary care practitioners diverges from these standards. Conclusions: There are grounds for concern about the quality and appropriateness of medical management for children with ADHD. The methodology used in this study holds promise for wider application, with planning and refinement. There is a need to find ways to improve care for children with ADHD provided by primary care physicians.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF “CONDITIONED MEDIUM” UPON THE CELL CULTURE AT LOW DENSITY

A favorable effect of “conditioned medium” upon outgrowth of the cell culture with low density in vitro was analysed with the cells of chicken embryos. For preparing “conditioned medium”, cultures with a large number of cells were made with muscle, kidney, lung, liver and skin, while the biological activity of the medium was assayed by using the culture of a small number of the lung secondary cells. A use of “conditioned medium” was found to be necessary for encouraging the outgrowth of the cultured cells below a critical inoculum size. Of the various types of the media tested, the medium conditioned with muscle was most effective. “Conditioned medium” contained at least two different active factors, the first to enhance the plating efficiency of the inoculated cells to the surface of the culture dish, and the second to promote further outgrowth of the plated cells. “Conditioned medium” taken out of the mass culture at its exponentially growing phase had only the second factor, while that taken out of that at its stationary phase contained both factors. An activity of the first factor was not detected, when the mass culture was kept in such condition that the collagen synthesis was inhibited. The factor for enhancing the plating efficiency was eliminated from “conditioned medium” by preincubating the cells, before assaying the effect of the medium.
Cerebral Palsy: Motor Types, Gross Motor Function and Associated Disorders

Objectives: Cerebral palsy (CP) describes a group of disorders in the development of movement and posture in the developing brain. The main aim of this study was to determine the distribution of motor impairment and associated disorders in a population of children with CP. Method: This study was carried out in 2011 during three months, on 200 CP children. Multiple sources of ascertainment were used, including medical records of patients who access at the major rehabilitation and special educational centers in Tehran and examination by rehabilitation team. Children were grouped according to motor type, topographic pattern according to the Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe (SCPE) definitions and classifications, Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) and Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) scales. In this study we evaluate impairments such as seizure disorders, hearing and visual problems, and cognitive issues. Results: During the study period, 200 CP child (103 males, 97 females) aged 4-12 years were seen, with a mean (SD) age of 7.7(2.4) years. In this study spastic CP was the most common type (80.5%) and more specifically, bilateral CP (62.5%) was more common than unilateral (18%). With respect to the MACS classification, level IV (23%), and to the GMFCS classification also level IV (30.5%) was the most common.
Modelling climate change‐driven treeline shifts: relative effects of temperature increase, dispersal and invasibility

1 Global warming will probably shift treelines upslope in alpine areas and towards the pole in arctic environments. However, responses of regional treelines to climatic trends over the last century do not show any clear trends. We hypothesize that these equivocal responses may partly be caused by limitation of dispersal and/or recruitment that is species‐specific to particular trees with potentially expanding ranges. 2 To test this hypothesis, we established and parameterized a temporally and spatially explicit model of plant spread and analysed its sensitivity to: (a) variation in predicted climatic trends; (b) the spatial distribution of recruits around a seed source; and (c) variation in the resistance of resident non‐woody vegetation to invasion. We used data from a high mountain landscape of the Northern Calcareous Alps in Austria where the treeline is dominated by Pinus mugo Turra, a shrubby pine. 3 Low growth rates and long generation times, together with considerable dispersal and recruitment limitation, resulted in an overall slow range expansion under various climate‐warming scenarios. 4 Running the model for 1000 years predicted that the area covered by pines will increase from 10% to between 24% and 59% of the study landscape. 5 The shape of the dispersal curve and spatial patterns of competitively controlled recruitment suppression affect range size dynamics at least as severely as does variation in assumed future mean annual temperature (between 0 °C and 2 °C above the current mean). Moreover, invasibility and shape of the dispersal curve interact with each other due to the spatial patterns of vegetation cover in the region. 6 Ambiguous transient responses of individual treeline systems may thus originate not only from variation in regional climatic trends but also from differences in species’ dispersal and recruitment behaviour and in the intensity and pattern of resistance of resident alpine vegetation to invasion.
Infrared face recognition based on LBP co-occurrence matrix

Infrared face recognition, being light- independent, and not vulnerable to facial skin, expressions and posture, can avoid or limit the drawbacks of face recognition in visible light. To extract spatial relations among the local binary pattern (LBP), a new infrared face recognition method based on LBP co-occurrence matrix is proposed in this paper. In traditional LBP-based features such as LBP histogram, space locations information, which is important feature for recognition, is discarded. To consider such spatial relations in infrared faces, co-occurrence matrix of LBP codes, instead of histogram, is used to represent the infrared face. LBP co-occurrence matrix not only preserves great invariance to environmental temperature, but also greatly enhances the discriminative power of the descriptor as co-occurrence matrix of LBP code well captures the correlation between locally adjacent regions. The experimental results show the infrared face recognition method based on LBP co-occurrence matrix outperforms the traditional methods based on LBP histogram or PCA+LDA.
Mesurer la qualité des règles et de leurs contraposées avec le taux informationnel TIC

Résumé. La validation des connaissances est l'une des étapes les plus problématiques d'un processus de découverte de règles d'association. Pour que le décideur (expert des données) puisse trouver des connaissances intéressantes dans les grandes quantités de règles produites par les algorithmes de fouille de données, il est nécessaire de mesurer la qualité des règles. Nous insérant dans le cadre de l'analyse statistique implicative, nous proposons dans cet article d'évaluer les règles en considérant leur contenu informationnel à travers un nouvel indice de qualité fondé sur l'entropie de Shannon : TIC (Taux Informationnel modulé par la Contraposée). Cet indice a l'avantage d'être bien adapté à la sémantique des règles, puisque d'une part il respecte leur caractère asymétrique et d'autre part il tire profit de leurs contraposées. Par ailleurs, c'est à notre connaissance la seule mesure de qualité de règles qui intègre à la fois indépendance et déséquilibre, c'est-à-dire qui permette de rejeter simultanément les règles entre variables corrélées négativement et les règles qui possèdent plus de contre-exemples que d'exemples. Des comparaisons de TIC avec la J-mesure, l'information mutuelle, l'indice de Gini, et la confiance sont réalisées sur des simulations numériques.
Three Modals Biometric Information Fusion Based on Image Quality Estimation

This paper addresses a multimodal biometric verification system model based on fingerprint, paim-print and hand-geometry, whose features can be extracted from the human hand and the information fusion is applied at matching score level based on multimodal image quality estimation. The verification process is organized as follows: image capture; processing; sub-images extraction; features extraction; matching score normalization with a new method (a new segment linear function); fusion at matching score level based on image quality, finally a decision made. The system was tested on a database of 100 persons and the experimental results indicate the possibility of the combination.
Pediatric Palliative Care Online: The Views of Health Care Professionals

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the role of an online resource for dying children, their family members, and health care providers from the perspective of pediatric palliative care experts. Semi-structured interviews with 12 leaders in pediatric palliative care in North America were conducted, exploring their perceptions and attitudes towards various aspects of Web-based resources for dying children and their care providers. Informants felt that an online resource may allow for a different form of expression, a connection between people undergoing a rare event, and an increase in education and support. Major challenges, such as accessibility, monitoring, and remaining current, would be ongoing. Other key themes included access, information, and anonymity. The data suggest that developing Web-based resources for dying young patients and their families may have merit. Should this take place, a feasibility study will be necessary to further determine the value of such a Web site for these vulnerable populations.
Adverse conditions which cause lack of flagella in Escherichia coli

Wild-type Escherichia coli was not motile when grown in tryptone broth under the following adverse conditions: the presence of high temperature [J. Adler and B. Templeton, J. Gen. Microbiol. 46:175-184, 1967; R. B. Morrison and J. McCapra, Nature (London) 192:774-776, 1961; K. Ogiuti, Jpn. J. Exp. Med. 14:19-28, 1936], high concentrations of salts, high concentrations of carbohydrates, high concentrations of low-molecular-weight alcohols, or the pressure of gyrase inhibitors. Under all these conditions, growth was necessary for the loss of motility. This loss of motility was correlated with a reduction in the amount of cellular flagellin. We isolated and studied mutants that are resistant to suppression of motility by some of these conditions, because of the ability to synthesize flagella under these conditions. The mutations were mapped to 42 min, a region of the chromosome where many of the flagellar genes map. We also studied the effect of a preexisting gyrA mutation which allowed flagellar formation in the presence of nalidixate.
Pre-concentration of trace amount of bisphenol A in water samples by palm leaf ash and determination with high-performance liquid chromatography.

Palm leaf ash was characterized and used as low-cost adsorbent for solid-phase extraction and preconcentration of bisphenol A (BPA) in real water samples. Analysis of BPA was carried out using HPLC involving Eurospher 100-5-C18 (25 cm × 4.5 mm, particle size 5 μm) column and water-acetonitrile (40:60, v/v) as mobile phase. The adsorption was achieved quantitatively at a pH of 6 with elution by 3 mL acetonitrile. The limits of detection and enrichment factor were 0.02 μg L(-1) and 333, respectively. Under optimum conditions the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 2% (n = 10). Comparison of qualification criteria of presented preconcentration procedure with other research indicated that palm leaf ash adsorbent was better than many of the adsorbents in terms of cost and reusability. Also, the limit of detection, precision and enrichment factor were comparable and even better than the previously reported methods. Finally, the efficiency of method was computed by determination of trace amounts of BPA in sea, river, mineral and tap waters with recoveries of 93.3-105.5% and RSDs of 0.61-3.12%. Briefly, the developed solid-phase extraction and Preparative layer chromatography (PLC) methods may be used for bisphenol A monitoring in any environmental water sample. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generation of Optical Vortices by an Ideal Liquid Crystal Spiral Phase Plate

An ideal spiral phase plate based on liquid crystals and two high resistivity layers is proposed and theoretically analyzed. The proposed structure generates a spiral-like voltage with simple voltage control. The liquid crystal layer produces an optical phase shift that depends on the voltage distribution. These two effects cause light passing through the device to be twisted like a corkscrew around its travel axis. Because of the continuous phase shift, the proposed device is expected to exhibit a conversion efficiency of ~100%. In addition, this device is more efficient and simpler than previously reported optical vortex generators. Moreover, the device is completely reconfigurable, i.e., the operating wavelengths and topological charges are tunable. The device can be used to reduce the fabrication costs of current devices and generate different orbital angular momentum modes with improved light efficiency, simplicity, and possibility of reconfiguration.