Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of action of and resistance to quinolones

Fluoroquinolones are an important class of wide‐spectrum antibacterial agents. The first quinolone described was nalidixic acid, which showed a narrow spectrum of activity. The evolution of quinolones to more potent molecules was based on changes at positions 1, 6, 7 and 8 of the chemical structure of nalidixic acid. Quinolones inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV activities, two enzymes essential for bacteria viability. The acquisition of quinolone resistance is frequently related to (i) chromosomal mutations such as those in the genes encoding the A and B subunits of the protein targets (gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE), or mutations causing reduced drug accumulation, either by a decreased uptake or by an increased efflux, and (ii) quinolone resistance genes associated with plasmids have been also described, i.e. the qnr gene that encodes a pentapeptide, which blocks the action of quinolones on the DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV; the aac(6′)‐Ib‐cr gene that encodes an acetylase that modifies the amino group of the piperazin ring of the fluoroquinolones and efflux pump encoded by the qepA gene that decreases intracellular drug levels. These plasmid‐mediated mechanisms of resistance confer low levels of resistance but provide a favourable background in which selection of additional chromosomally encoded quinolone resistance mechanisms can occur.
The influence of sexual orientation and masculinity on young men's tobacco smoking.

OBJECTIVE The prevalence of smoking among gay men is considerably higher than in the general population. To investigate possible causes of this health risk disparity, this study used multilevel modeling of daily diary data to examine the temporal relationship between smoking and both sexual orientation concealment and masculine gender role variables. METHOD Gay (n = 136) and heterosexual (n = 56) university students (mean age = 20.56, SD = 2.13) completed measures of boyhood and current gender nonconformity, as well as daily measures of smoking, negative affect, and masculinity self-consciousness across 9 days. Gay participants additionally indicated the extent to which they concealed their sexual orientation each day. RESULTS The same percentage of gay (17.7%; n = 24) and heterosexual (17.9% n = 10) participants smoked over the course of the study. Gay men who smoked, however, smoked on more days across the study, t = 2.20, p < . 05. Boyhood gender nonconformity and current masculinity significantly predicted the average odds of smoking for all participants. Daily masculinity self-consciousness also predicted the odds of smoking for all participants, although it predicted those odds more strongly for heterosexual men (b = 1.00, p < .001) than for gay men (b = .31, p = .06). Gay participants' attempts to conceal their sexual orientation on a given day positively predicted their likelihood of smoking that day. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest the need to consider the role of gender nonconformity, masculinity self-consciousness, and sexual orientation stress in future investigations of smoking among young men.
Time-optimal control of kinematically redundant manipulators with limit heat characteristics of actuators

In this study, we present a time-optimal control scheme for kinematically redundant manipulators to track a predefined geometric path, subject to the limit heat characteristics of actuators (a DC motor was assumed to be the actuator used). Constraints due to the rated torque and the rated velocity of the motor would not be valid for continuous use of manipulators, since the required mechanical output of the actuator (DC motor) exceeds its maximum power capacity and far more exceeds its heat-converted power limit. The heat-converted power limit of the DC motor is thus considered as the actuation bound of the actuator and the time-optimal trajectories are generated by using the phase-plane analysis and the linear programming technique subject to this bound. Computer simulation was also executed on a three-link planar rotary manipulator to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Analysis of Hdfs under Hbase a Facebook Messages Case Study

L arge-scale distributed storage systems are exceedingly complex and time-consuming to design, implement, and operate. As a result, rather than cutting new systems from whole cloth, engineers often opt for layered architectures, building new systems upon already-existing ones to ease the burden of development and deployment. In this article, we examine how layering causes write amplication when HBase is run on top of HDFS and how tighter integration could result in improved write performance. Finally, we take a look at whether it makes sense to include an SSD to improve performance while keeping costs in check. Layering, as is well known, has many advantages [6]. For example, construction of the Frangipani distributed file system was greatly simplified by implementing it atop Petal, a distributed and replicated block-level storage system [7]. Because Petal provides scalable, fault-tolerant virtual disks, Frangipani could focus solely on file-system-level issues (e.g., locking); the result of this two-layer structure, according to the authors, was that Frangipani was " relatively easy to build. " Unfortunately, layering can also lead to problems, usually in the form of decreased performance , lowered reliability, or other related issues. For example, Denehy et al. show how naïve layering of journaling file systems atop software RAIDs can lead to data loss or corruption [2]. Similarly, others have argued about the general inefficiency of the file system atop block devices [4]. In this article, we focus on one specific, and increasingly common, layered storage architecture: a distributed database (HBase, derived from Google's BigTable) atop a distributed file system (HDFS, derived from the Google File System). Our goal is to study the interaction of these important systems with a particular focus on the lower layer, which leads to our highest-level question: Is HDFS an effective storage back end for HBase? To derive insight into this hierarchical system, and therefore answer this question, we trace and analyze it under a popular workload: Facebook Messages (FM). FM is a messaging system that enables Facebook users to send chat and email-like messages to one another; it is quite popular, handling millions of messages each day. FM stores its information within HBase (and thus, HDFS) and hence serves as an excellent case study. To perform our analysis, we collected detailed HDFS traces over an eight-day period on a subset of FM machines. These traces reveal a workload very unlike traditional GFS/HDFS patterns. Whereas workloads have traditionally consisted of large, …
Cognitive and Affective Characteristics of Children in EFL Classes LES CARACTÉRISTIQUES COGNITIVES ET AFFECTIVES DES ENFANTS DANS LES CLASSES ALE

The role of age in second language learning has been the concern of many researchers and educators to the date since children enjoy different characteristics in comparison to adults. This qualitative study aims at investigating cognitive and affective features of successful and less successful children in EFL classes. Regarding the influential role of interaction between teachers and children, the way teachers reacted to children"s cognitive and affective status has been examined too. 152 children were chosen randomly from various English institutes in Mashhad, Iran. Moreover, in order to figure out the quality of teacher talk, 43 EFL classes were observed and the voices of teachers were audio-recorded for further investigation. The findings of this study revealed that proficient students in EFL classes benefited from various cognitive and affective characteristics. In addition, the teacher discourse was richer with respect to proficient children in a way that the quality of teachers" interactions with proficient children enjoyed more positive cognitive and affective feedback. It was realized that when proficient learners lacked necessary knowledge to come up with cognitive challenges, they got positive affective feedback and positive or neutral cognitive feedback. However, with less-proficient children, teachers mostly used negative affective feedback and neutral or negative cognitive feedback. This study is fruitful for the teachers who want to improve the quality of teaching English to children and for those
Wide-sense linear mean square estimation and prediction

Optimum mean square estimation of a random variable y in terms of an observation vector x is realized by the conditional expectation value. When x and y are real and jointly normal this expectation is linear in x. This is no longer the case when x and y are complex and jointly normal and the expectation is linear in x and in its complex conjugate x*, which introduces a widely linear procedure. The purpose of the paper is to study the properties of widely linear systems for estimation and prediction. The structure of such systems is calculated and the gain in performance is analyzed. The results are applied to autoregressive signals, which introduces widely linear prediction.
Speaker Dependency Analysis, Audiovisual Fusion Cues and a Multimodal BLSTM for Conversational Engagement Recognition

Conversational engagement is a multimodal phenomenon and an essential cue to assess both human-human and human-robot communication. Speaker-dependent and speaker-independent scenarios were addressed in our engagement study. Handcrafted audio-visual features were used. Fixed window sizes for feature fusion method were analysed. Novel dynamic window size selection and multimodal bi-directional long short term memory (Multimodal BLSTM) approaches were proposed and evaluated for engagement level recognition.
Integrating Feminist Therapy and Expressive Arts With Adolescent Clients

ABSTRACT Utilizing expressive arts interventions within a feminist theoretical orientation may prove impactful for adolescent clients. Tenets of feminist therapy and support for integrating expressive arts interventions into counseling practice are presented. Assumptions and objectives for utilizing expressive arts interventions with adolescents in feminist therapy are offered. Two feminist theory ecological models of identity development are described, with corresponding expressive arts interventions to address adolescent identity development.
Social Status and Educational and Occupational Aspiration

found a low correlation between members' rankings of each other on personal liking and their rankings based on contributions of the best ideas. He also found very little relationship between popularity and perceived leadership (asked at the fourth meetings only). He further found that congruence of rankings of liking and rankings of contributions of the best ideas decreased significantly from the first to the fourth meetings, thus contradicting the findings of Gibb and Jennings. Slater interprets this change as indicating an increasing specialization of the popularity and leadership roles over time.28 The hypotheses presented in this paper offer a possible explanation for these contradictory findings, by using cohesiveness as the intervening variable. We should hypothesize that through time leadership and popularity roles may either merge or differentiate, depending on whether cohesiveness is increasing or decreasing, with specialization of these roles a function of low cohesion. SUMMARY
The Concept of Function

It appears that the focus of occupational therapy on function has moved away from the concept to centre on assessments. Conceptual debate concerning function has been muted and lost in the technicalities of the measurement process and measurement theory. Numerous reviews of functional assessments have recently appeared in the occupational therapy literature.1–5 Current discussions appear to be driven by technical issues, such as the demonstration of the reliability and validity of specific measures, rather than the extent to which the design and structure of the measures form the most appropriate conceptualisation of function. A re-centring of this issue towards conceptual discussions and away from measurement technicalities is highly desirable. The purpose of this article is to review the ways function is currently perceived and to raise many of the questions that the profession must debate and resolve regarding this issue.
Incidence of and risk factors for postoperative pneumonia in dogs anesthetized for diagnosis or treatment of intervertebral disk disease.

OBJECTIVE To determine incidence of and risk factors for postoperative pneumonia in dogs anesthetized for diagnosis or treatment of intervertebral disk disease (IVDD). DESIGN Retrospective case-control study. ANIMALS 707 dogs that underwent general anesthesia for the diagnosis or treatment of IVDD between 1992 and 1996 or between 2002 and 2006. PROCEDURES Postoperative pneumonia was diagnosed if compatible clinical signs (cough or hypoxemia) and radiographic abnormalities (alveolar infiltrates) developed within 48 hours after anesthesia. To identify risk factors for postoperative pneumonia, findings for dogs that developed postoperative pneumonia between 2002 and 2006 were compared with findings for a randomly selected control group of unaffected dogs from the same population. RESULTS There were no significant differences in age, breed, body weight, sex, location of IVDD, or survival rate between the 2 time periods, but there were significant differences in the use of magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and hemilaminectomy and in the percentage of dogs that developed postoperative pneumonia in the later (4.6%) versus the earlier (0.6%) years. Significant risk factors for postoperative pneumonia included preanesthetic tetraparesis, cervical lesions, undergoing magnetic resonance imaging, undergoing > 1 anesthetic procedure, longer duration of anesthesia, and postanesthetic vomiting or regurgitation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that at this institution, the incidence of postoperative pneumonia in dogs anesthetized for diagnosis or treatment of IVDD had increased in recent years.
CityFlocks: designing social navigation for urban mobile information systems

CityFlocks is a mobile system enabling visitors and new residents in a city to tap into the knowledge and experiences of local residents, so as to gather information about their new environment. Its design specifically aims to lower existing barriers of access and facilitate social navigation in urban places. This paper presents a design case study of a mobile system prototype that offers an easy way for information seeking new residents or visitors to access tacit knowledge from local people about their new community. In various user tests we evaluate two general user interaction alternatives - direct and indirect social navigation - and analyse under what conditions which interaction method works better for people using a mobile device to socially navigate urban environments. The outcomes are relevant for the user interaction design of future mobile information systems that leverage off of a social navigation approach.
A Foucauldian analysis of literary text selection practices and educational policies in Ontario, Canada

Like schools, curricula are socially constructed and constituted within broader social, political, and historical relations of power, powerfully shaping students’ beliefs and attitudes about themselves and their relationship toward the world. In light of this, the importance of literature selection cannot be overstated. School-sanctioned texts often provide the core curriculum, and secondary school English teachers rely on them heavily. The self-regulatory practices a teacher engages in will shape not only how the teacher begins to understand the self, but also works to construct an ‘appropriate’ teacher identity. Using a Foucauldian theoretical lens, this paper draws upon findings from a synthesis of school board policies and interviews with English teachers and department heads in Ontario, Canada, to explore the discursive practices that shape literary text selection.
Enhancing secure cloud computing environment by Detecting DDoS attack using fuzzy logic

Cloud computing has become a part and parcel of our daily life. It just made our life easier with its amazing features. To support increasing number of users as well as smart devices, it is needed to keep the cloud environment more and more secure and reliable. Cloud computing security has become a major challenging field now a days. In this paper we presented a Fuzzy based mechanism, which may be helpful for the detection of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack in cloud computing environment. As DDoS attack becomes powerful with the passing of time, if it is detected at first, then the attack may be minimized. So we focused on attack detection mechanism to secure the cloud environment using Fuzzy logic.
Lingual and palatal gustatory afferents each depend on both BDNF and NT‐4, but the dependence is greater for lingual than palatal afferents

Neurons of the geniculate ganglion innervate taste buds located in two spatially distinct targets, the tongue and palate. About 50% of these neurons die in Bdnf−/− mice and Ntf4/5−/− mice. Bdnf−/−/Ntf4/5−/− double mutants lose 90–95% of geniculate ganglion neurons. To determine whether different subpopulations are differentially influenced by neurotrophins, we quantified neurons from two ganglion subpopulations separately and remaining taste buds at birth within each target field in wild‐type, Bdnf−/−, Ntf4/5−/−, and Bdnf−/−/Ntf4/5−/− mice. In wild‐type mice the same number of neurons innervated the anterior tongue and soft palate and each target contained the same number of taste buds. Compared to wild‐type mice, Bdnf−/− mice showed a 50% reduction in geniculate neurons innervating the tongue and a 28% loss in neurons innervating the soft palate. Ntf4/5−/− mice lost 58% of the neurons innervating the tongue and 41% of the neurons innervating the soft palate. Taste bud loss was not as profound in the NT‐4 null mice compared to BDNF‐null mice. Tongues of Bdnf−/−/Ntf4/5−/− mice were innervated by 0 to 4 gustatory neurons and contained 3 to 16 taste buds at birth, indicating that some taste buds remain even when all innervation is lost. Thus, gustatory neurons are equally dependent on BDNF and NT‐4 expression for survival, regardless of what peripheral target they innervate. However, taste buds are more sensitive to BDNF than NT‐4 removal. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3290–3301, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics and N-terminal Analysis of Human Metastatic Lung Cancer Cells

Proteomic analysis is helpful in identifying cancer-associated proteins that are differentially expressed and fragmented that can be annotated as dysregulated networks and pathways during metastasis. To examine meta-static process in lung cancer, we performed a proteomics study by label-free quantitative analysis and N-terminal analysis in 2 human non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines with disparate metastatic potentials—NCI-H1703 (primary cell, stage I) and NCI-H1755 (metastatic cell, stage IV). We identified 2130 proteins, 1355 of which were common to both cell lines. In the label-free quantitative analysis, we used the NSAF normalization method, resulting in 242 differential expressed proteins. For the N-terminal proteome analysis, 325 N-terminal peptides, including 45 novel fragments, were identified in the 2 cell lines. Based on two proteomic analysis, 11 quantitatively expressed proteins and 8 N-terminal peptides were enriched for the focal adhesion pathway. Most proteins from the quantitative analysis were upregulated in metastatic cancer cells, whereas novel fragment of CRKL was detected only in primary cancer cells. This study increases our understanding of the NSCLC metastasis proteome.
A Geomorphological Justification of River Channel Reconnaissance Surveys

Geomorphologists involved in river management in many countries have shown an increasing interest in developing schemes for evaluating river channel geomorphology based on a single reconnaissance survey which uses skills of observation and interpretation. However, many questions surrounding this approach have yet to be resolved. This paper presents arguments to demonstrate first that reconnaissance surveys are the only viable source of relevant geomorphological data for many projects, secondly, that reconnaissance complements other components of integrated and multidisciplinary approaches to river management and, thirdly, that, although experience suggests that reconnaissance survey data can never be a substitute for detailed, repeat data collection, this limitation is more than offset by the external visibility and demystification afforded to the discipline of geomorphology by the surveys. Finally, comments are made on the potential for developing standardized approaches.
Changes in HIV needs identified by the National AIDS Hotline of Trinidad and Tobago.

OBJECTIVES To examine utilization of the National AIDS Hotline of Trinidad and Tobago (AIDSLINE), evaluate its validity as a reliable data source for monitoring national HIV-related needs, and identify changes in caller requests between two different time periods. METHODS A total of 7 046 anonymous hotline calls in 1998-2002 (T1) and 2 338 calls in 2007 (T2) were analyzed for associations between caller characteristics and call content. A subsample of the data was also analyzed qualitatively. T1 findings were compared with HIV-related data collected by national policy-makers during that period, to evaluate the hotline's validity as a data source, and findings from T2, to reveal changes in call content over time. RESULTS In T1, the hotline was well utilized for information and counseling by both the general population and those living with HIV/AIDS. Call content from T2 indicated an increase versus T1 in 1) general awareness of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases; 2) HIV testing; and 3) knowledge of HIV symptoms and transmission. HIV-related mental health needs, and the relationship between HIV and both child sexual abuse (CSA) and intimate partner violence (IPV), were identified as emerging issues. CONCLUSIONS AIDSLINE is a well-utilized tool for providing information and counseling on national HIV-related issues, and a valid, cost-effective, easily accessed information source for planners and policy-makers involved in HIV management. Over the two study periods, there was an increase in HIV awareness and testing and in requests related to mental health, CSA, and IPV, but no change in sexual behaviors.
Regulation of nitrogenase gene expression in anaerobic cultures of Anabaena variabilis

Derepression of nitrogenase gene expression was studied at the mRNA and enzyme activity levels in anaerobic cultures of Anabaena variabilis 29413. Cells, previously grown with ammonium chloride, were incubated in the absence of fixed nitrogen compounds under an Ar atmosphere with dichlorophenyldimethyl-urea present to inhibit oxygen evolution. The appearance of nitrogenase mRNA (measured by dot blot hybridization analysis) and nitrogenase activity (measured as acetylene-reducing activity) was followed, and the cells were also observed by phase-contrast microscopy. Nitrogenase mRNA could be detected after 1.5 to 2.0 h of nitrogen starvation; enzyme activity appeared about 1 h later. Although enzyme activity increased for many hours, mRNA levels reached a steady state rapidly. Neither heterocysts nor proheterocysts formed under these conditions; however, the cells were observed to shrink and become chlorotic. When anaerobic, derepressed cultures were exposed to oxygen, nitrogenase mRNA levels decreased very rapidly.