Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Representation of Confidence Associated with a Decision by Neurons in the Parietal Cortex

Decisive Monkeys Decision-making is a central theme in current research in cognitive neuroscience. Behavioral protocols have provided an entry into explorations of the neural processes that underlie decision-making. Empirical studies have provided support for a diffusion model in which information accumulates over time until a threshold is reached, with noisiness in the inputs related to decision errors. Kiani and Shadlen (p. 759) developed a behavioral task to study choice certainty and identified the corresponding neuronal representations in monkeys. The monkeys were allowed to choose to opt out of an uncertain, higher reward choice in favor of a certain, lower payoff. The same neurons that encoded the information used to make a choice also encoded the extent of certainty, which in humans would be described as the degree of confidence in one's decision. Neurons in the primate parietal cortex encode information required to make a decision and also the certainty of that choice. The degree of confidence in a decision provides a graded and probabilistic assessment of expected outcome. Although neural mechanisms of perceptual decisions have been studied extensively in primates, little is known about the mechanisms underlying choice certainty. We have shown that the same neurons that represent formation of a decision encode certainty about the decision. Rhesus monkeys made decisions about the direction of moving random dots, spanning a range of difficulties. They were rewarded for correct decisions. On some trials, after viewing the stimulus, the monkeys could opt out of the direction decision for a small but certain reward. Monkeys exercised this option in a manner that revealed their degree of certainty. Neurons in parietal cortex represented formation of the direction decision and the degree of certainty underlying the decision to opt out.
Elliptic curve cryptography based authentication protocol for small computational capacity RFID systems

In the last few years RFID technology widespread. This technology can be found in each field of our daily life, e.g. supply-chain management, libraries, access management etc. For the sake of small computational capacity of RFID Tags, at first, only mathematical and logical operations and lightweight authentication methods can be used. However, thanks to the evolution of RFID technology, nowadays PKI infrastructure is also usable in this environment. In this paper we present our elliptic curve cryptography based authentication protocol which protects against the well-known attacks. We give a brief comparison with other EC based protocols in the security point of view.
A proof theory for generic judgments: an extended abstract

A powerful and declarative means of specifying computations containing abstractions involves meta-level, universally quantified generic judgments. We present a proof theory for such judgments in which signatures are associated to each sequent (used to account for eigenvariables of sequent) and to each formula in the sequent (used to account for generic variables locally scoped over the formula). A new quantifier, /spl nabla/, is introduced to explicitly manipulate the local signature. Intuitionistic logic extended with /spl nabla/ satisfies cut-elimination even when the logic is additionally strengthened with a proof theoretic notion of definitions. The resulting logic can be used to encode naturally a number of examples involving name abstractions, and we illustrate using the /spl pi/-calculus and the encoding of object-level provability.
Caribbean and South Asian identification with British society: the importance of perceived discrimination

Abstract This article engages the debate on ethnic minority migrant incorporation by examining national identification dynamics among Caribbeans and South Asians in Britain. Caribbeans tend to be more economically, culturally and socially incorporated than South Asians in Britain. Therefore, according to conventional wisdom, Caribbeans should be more likely than South Asians to have high levels of positive British identification. Instead, public opinion data reveal that South Asians have higher levels of positive attachment to British identity. To explain this puzzle, I focus on the ways in which incorporation outcomes are mixed across indicators. I argue that high expectations of discrimination among Caribbeans contribute to lower levels of positive attachment to British identity. These findings suggest that understanding variation among incorporation outcomes is necessary for grasping the complexity of ethnic minority migrants’ lives. Moreover, this article shifts the focus away from migrants’ incorporation progress and towards host-society discrimination.
Combining Microbubbles and Ultrasound for Drug Delivery to Brain Tumors: Current Progress and Overview

Malignant glioma is one of the most challenging central nervous system (CNS) diseases, which is typically associated with high rates of recurrence and mortality. Current surgical debulking combined with radiation or chemotherapy has failed to control tumor progression or improve glioma patient survival. Microbubbles (MBs) originally serve as contrast agents in diagnostic ultrasound but have recently attracted considerable attention for therapeutic application in enhancing blood-tissue permeability for drug delivery. MB-facilitated focused ultrasound (FUS) has already been confirmed to enhance CNS-blood permeability by temporally opening the blood-brain barrier (BBB), thus has potential to enhance delivery of various kinds of therapeutic agents into brain tumors. Here we review the current preclinical studies which demonstrate the reports by using FUS with MB-facilitated drug delivery technology in brain tumor treatment. In addition, we review newly developed multifunctional theranostic MBs for FUS-induced BBB opening for brain tumor therapy.
A XMM-Newton observation of Nova LMC 1995, a bright supersoft X-ray source

Nova LMC 1995, previously detected during 1995-1998 with ROSAT, was observed again as a luminous supersoft X-ray source with XMM-Newton in December of 2000. This nova offers the possibility to observe the spectrum of a hot white dwarf, burning hydrogen in a shell and not obscured by a wind or by nebular emission like in other supersoft X-ray sources. Notwithstanding uncertainties in the calibration of the EPIC instruments at E<0.5 keV, using atmospheric models in Local Thermonuclear Equilibrium we derived T(eff)=400,000-450,000 K, L(bol)=2.3 x 110(-14) 0(37) erg cm(-2) s(-1) and we verified that the C abundance is not significantly enhanced. The RGS spectra do not show emission lines of a wind or nebula, but the white dwarf absorption lines cannot be resolved. The upper limit to the flux in the 0.6-10 keV range is 10(-14) erg cm(-2) s(-1). There is no rapid or large variability in the light curve, but we find a peak at 5.25 hours in the power spectrum.
Optimal power flow using multi-objective genetic algorithm to minimize generation emission and operational cost in micro-grid

This paper proposes an optimal power flow (OPF) method that considers the entire system to determine the optimal operating strategy and cost optimization scheme as well as the reduction of emissions for micro-grid. Recent works emphasize optimal operation to minimize cost and emission without considering the OPF. This work applies optimal power flow solution including constrains in micro-grid system. The OPF process utilizes multi-objective genetic algorithm optimization. The method is programmed in MATLAB and tested on a modified IEEE thirty-bus test power system which has distributed generation integration. The results are compared with optimization without OPF. Based on these results, the optimization with OPF will determine optimal solution close to real condition as well as safety of the system.
Investigation on Rate Matching and Soft Buffer Splitting for LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation

In the LTE-Advanced downlink, carrier aggregation (CA) employing multiple component carriers (CCs) is an essential technique to achieve a target peak data rate of 1 Gbps. 3GPP RAN WG1 meeting decided to adopt one transport block (TB) per CC, where the TB is the unit of channel coding and hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ). When CA is applied to an LTE-Advanced UE, the soft buffer which is used for HARQ packet combining must be equally split according to the number of CCs, where the soft buffer size is one of the factors to in defining the LTE-Advanced UE categories. When soft buffer splitting is applied to UEs in a lower UE category, the soft buffer size per CC may not be sufficient and the performance of the HARQ packet combining is not ensured. In this paper, we propose a rate-matching scheme for CA and a new receiver suited to this rate matching scheme. Using the proposed scheme, degradation in the HARQ throughput performance due to the soft buffer splitting can be avoided and the same rate-matching scheme can be applied irrespective of the number of CCs. Simulations results show that the proposed scheme always provides better performance than that for equal splitting rate-matching scheme that reuses Rel-8 LTE rate-matching scheme.
Predicting gender awareness: the relevance of neo-sexism

Gender awareness implies the recognition of discrimination against women. Contemporary studies have shown that nowadays some people deny that gender inequality exists. This affirmation is based on covert sexist beliefs, which can go unnoticed, disappearing into the cultural norms. Those who consider themselves supporters of women's rights may maintain non-traditional gender roles, but also exhibit subtle sexist beliefs. Therefore, neo-sexism is a useful concept in that it permits denial of the existence of discrimination and also upholds the belief that inequality is no longer a problem. Based on feminist identity research, this study shows that the effect of gender roles on gender awareness is mediated by neo-sexism. In women this effect was total, while in men it was partial. In this sense neo-sexism could be considered to be a factor in maintaining gender inequality and therefore an instrument of male dominance that impedes gender awareness.
Computation of limit cycles and forced oscillations in discrete-time piecewise linear feedback systems through a complementarity approach

Limit cycles and forced oscillations in piecewise liner (PWL) feedback systems are difficult to be computed without a priori knowledge of the structure of the periodic solution. Even in that case the explicit computation of the solution is possible only assuming simple models. In this paper, by representing discrete-time PWL feedback systems as linear complementarity systems, we show that periodic oscillations can be computed by solving suitable static linear complementarity problems. An efficient algorithm for computing such solutions is adopted. Limit cycles in autonomous relay feedback systems and forced oscillations in pulse width modulated DC/DC power converters are easily found by solving the proposed complementarity problem, provided that the discretized complementarity system well approximates the original continuous-time system.
Masyarakat Adat, Difference, and the Limits of Recognition in Indonesia's Forest Zone

‘We will not recognize the Nation, if the Nation does not recognize us’ This statement was made by AMAN (Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara), the Alliance of Indigenous People of the Archipelago, at their inaugural congress in Jakarta, March 1999. The congress was organized by a consortium of Jakarta-based NGOs, and funded by international donors (USAID, CUSO, and OXFAM among others). Building upon a process of mobilization that began with the International Year of Indigenous People in 1993, the Congress marked the formal entry of masyarakat adat (literally, people who adhere to customary ways) as one of several groups staking claims and seeking to redefine its place in the Indonesian nation as the political scene opened up after Suharto's long and repressive rule. AMAN and its supporters assert cultural distinctiveness as the grounds for securing rights to territories and resources threatened by forestry, plantation and mining interests backed by police and military intimidation. Their attempt to place the problems of masyarakat adat on the political agenda has been remarkably successful. While seven years ago the head of the national land agency declared that the category masyarakat adat, which had some significance in colonial law, was defunct or withering away (Kisbandono 18/02/93), the term now appears ever more frequently in the discourse of activists, parliamentarians, media, and government officials dealing with forest and land issues.
Administration of the F-Scale to a Sample of Elementary School Principals and Teachers

ELEMENTARY SCHOOL teachers and principals I are in a position to have a great effect on the beliefs and values of American youth. It should therefore be both interesting and valuable to discover what basic attitudes are held by this influential group. The present paper attempts to answer the following question: to what extent do elementary teachers and principals have authoritarian attitudes? The first problem was to find some test of authoritarianism; the measure chosen was the F-scale devised by Adorno et al (1). After the test results had been collected and analyzed, the general statistical prop erties of the F-scale as used for this particular group were studied, and an item anal y s is of the scale was made. The F-scale has been administer ed to a wide variety of groups with the implication that differen ces in the mean scores reflected differences in un derlying potential fascist personality trends* In 1950 Adorno et al (1) reported a mean score of 4.73, S.D. --. 86 for San Quentin prisoners ; for working-class men 4.19, S.D. 1.18; for university women students 3. 51, S. D. 90; and for women pa tients at a psychiatric clinic 3.69, S0 D. 1.30. Cohn and Carsch (2) in 1954, testing a group of Germans, found a mean score of 5 . 2 6 , S. D. 86. They concluded that if one makes the as sumption that these German workers are"fascistic" person alities, then the data appear to support the validity of the F-scale. McGee (3) in 1954 found an overall mean F-scale score of 2. 89, S. D. 88 for a group of elementary and secondary teachers. The data supported his hy pothesis that the mean F-scale score for a teacher sample would be lower than the average of the 14 groups of middle-class adults reported in The Au thoritarian Personality by Adorno et al (1), 3.84. McGee suggested three reasons for this: (a) al though the authors of the F-scale tried to limit the scale to statements they believed to be democratic, numerous items are still openly prejudiced; (b) be cause of their education and training, teachers as a group tend to know the "right" ans wer s; (c) asa group selected from among the population at large, teachers are actually less authoritarian than the av erage adult. This last explanation seemed to Me| Gee to be the most likely one, although he conceded that the other two alternatives probably also contri buted to the lower overall mean.
Trying to Have Your Cake and Eating It: How and Why the State System Has Created Offshore

From modest beginnings in the wholesale financial market specializing in government debt, offshore has expanded rapidly, penetrating and then dominating an ever growing portion of international economic life. This article reflects on the relationship between offshore and the concept of state sovereignty. My argument is that far from escaping the state, offshore is intimately connected with the state system. The concepts of sovereignty and national self-determination played simultaneously an enabling and constraining role in the development of offshore. Furthermore, having “created” offshore, sovereignty and self-determination are themselves constrained and (re-)enabled in turn. Offshore therefore is not a diminution of state sovereignty but a legally defined realm marking differential levels of intensity by which states propose to apply their regulation. Such a bifurcation of juridical space represents a process by which the state is reimagining its relationship to its territory.
Introduction Traumatic brain injuries ( TBIs ) range in severity from the subclinical to the fatal and are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in US adolescents (

Background Delinquent youth frequently exhibit high-risk behaviours that can result in serious injury. However, little is known about traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) and their correlates in this population. Aims To examine the period prevalence and correlates of TBIs in delinquent youths. Method Interviews were conducted with 720 (97.3%) residents of 27 Missouri Division of Youth Services rehabilitation facilities between March 1 and May 31, 2003. Participants [mean age (Mage) = 15.5, standard deviation (SD) = 1.2, 87% male] completed measures assessing TBI, substance use, psychiatric symptoms, and antisocial traits/behaviours. TBI was defi ned as ever having sustained a head injury causing unconsciousness for more than 20 minutes. Results Nearly one-in-fi ve youths (18.3%) reported a lifetime TBI. Youths with TBIs were signifi cantly more likely than youths without to be male, have received a psychiatric diagnosis, report an earlier onset of criminal behaviour/substance use and more lifetime substance use problems and past-year criminal acts, evidence psychiatric symptoms, report lifetime suicidality, be impulsive, fearless, and external in locus of control and criminally victimized in the year preceding incarceration. Male gender and frequency of own criminal victimization were important predictors of TBI in multivariate analyses. Regression analyses adjusted for demographic factors, indicated that youths with TBIs were at signifi cantly elevated risk for current depressive/anxious symptoms, antisocial behaviour, and substance abuse problems. Conclusions TBI is common among delinquent youth and associated with wide ranging psychiatric dysfunction; however, the causal role of TBIs in the pathogenesis of co-morbid conditions remains unclear. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal Enumeration: Efficient Top-k Tree Matching

Driven by many real applications, graph pattern matching has attracted a great deal of attention recently. Consider that a twig-pattern matching may result in an extremely large number of matches in a graph; this may not only confuse users by providing too many results but also lead to high computational costs. In this paper, we study the problem of top-k tree pattern matching; that is, given a rooted tree T, compute its top-k matches in a directed graph G based on the twig-pattern matching semantics. We firstly present a novel and optimal enumeration paradigm based on the principle of Lawler's procedure. We show that our enumeration algorithm runs in O(nT + log k) time in each round where nT is the number of nodes in T. Considering that the time complexity to output a match of T is O(nT) and nT ≥ log k in practice, our enumeration technique is optimal. Moreover, the cost of generating top-1 match of T in our algorithm is O(mR) where mR is the number of edges in the transitive closure of a data graph G involving all relevant nodes to T. O(mR) is also optimal in the worst case without pre-knowledge of G. Consequently, our algorithm is optimal with the running time O(mR + k(nT + log k)) in contrast to the time complexity O(mR log k + knT(log k + dT)) of the existing technique where dT is the maximal node degree in T. Secondly, a novel priority based access technique is proposed, which greatly reduces the number of edges accessed and results in a significant performance improvement. Finally, we apply our techniques to the general form of top-k graph pattern matching problem (i.e., query is a graph) to improve the existing techniques. Comprehensive empirical studies demonstrate that our techniques may improve the existing techniques by orders of magnitude.
Social Interaction, Co-Worker Altruism, and Incentives

Social interaction with colleagues is an important job attribute for many workers. To attract and retain workers, managers therefore need to think about how to create and preserve high-quality co-worker relationships. This paper develops a principal-multi-agent model where agents do not only engage in productive activities, but also in social interaction with their colleagues, which in turn creates co-worker altruism. We study how financial incentives for productive activities can improve or damage the work climate. We show that both team incentives and relative incentives can help to create a good work climate.
Da rotatividade migratória à baixa migração: uma análise dos padrões da mobilidade populacional no Brasil de 1995-2000

The authors propose a method for classifying the 5507 municipalities in Brazil according to their characteristics of migration phenomena, as shown in the data now available from the 2000 National Brazilian Census. Multivariate classifications for data reduction and classification analysis were carried out on a set of selected variables that describe how the municipalities in the country are articulated with the overall Brazilian migration network. First a central component analysis was applied in order to reduce the set of original variables into a new set of uncorrelated components. Next these components were used in a classificatory cluster analysis with the purpose of establishing a migration typology for the locations being studied. The results showed that there are great differences among municipalities in their participation in the migration network. There are many municipalities with weak ties with the migration network and a few areas with strong ties, where the populations are very mobile. We have called these municipalities “rotative locations. ” This classification indicates the existence of new categories of territory beyond the classical definitions of attraction and repulsion, one example being these rotative areas.
Role of imaging in the staging and response assessment of lymphoma: consensus of the International Conference on Malignant Lymphomas Imaging Working Group.

PURPOSE Recent advances in imaging, use of prognostic indices, and molecular profiling techniques have the potential to improve disease characterization and outcomes in lymphoma. International trials are under way to test image-based response–adapted treatment guided by early interim positron emission tomography (PET)–computed tomography (CT). Progress in imaging is influencing trial design and affecting clinical practice. In particular, a five-point scale to grade response using PET-CT, which can be adapted to suit requirements for early- and late-response assessment with good interobserver agreement, is becoming widely used both in practice- and response-adapted trials. A workshop held at the 11th International Conference on Malignant Lymphomas (ICML) in 2011 concluded that revision to current staging and response criteria was timely. METHODS An imaging working group composed of representatives from major international cooperative groups was asked to review the literature, share knowledge about research in progress, and identify key areas for research pertaining to imaging and lymphoma. RESULTS A working paper was circulated for comment and presented at the Fourth International Workshop on PET in Lymphoma in Menton, France, and the 12th ICML in Lugano, Switzerland, to update the International Harmonisation Project guidance regarding PET. Recommendations were made to optimize the use of PET-CT in staging and response assessment of lymphoma, including qualitative and quantitative methods. CONCLUSION This article comprises the consensus reached to update guidance on the use of PET-CT for staging and response assessment for [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose-avid lymphomas in clinical practice and late-phase trials.