Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A MODULAR FRAMEWORK CHARACTERIZES MICRO‐ AND MACROEVOLUTION OF OLD WORLD MONKEY DENTITIONS

The study of modularity can provide a foundation for integrating development into studies of phenotypic evolution. The dentition is an ideal phenotype for this as it is developmentally relatively simple, adaptively highly significant, and evolutionarily tractable through the fossil record. Here, we use phenotypic variation in the dentition to test a hypothesis about genetic modularity. Quantitative genetic analysis of size variation in the baboon dentition indicates a genetic modular framework corresponding to tooth type categories. We analyzed covariation within the dentitions of six species of Old World monkeys (OWMs) to assess the macroevolutionary extent of this framework: first by estimating variance–covariance matrices of linear tooth size, and second by performing a geometric morphometric (GM) analysis of tooth row shape. For both size and shape, we observe across OWMs a framework of anterior and postcanine modules, as well as submodularity between the molars and premolars. Our results of modularity by tooth type suggest that adult variation in the OWM dentition is influenced by early developmental processes such as odontogenesis and jaw patterning. This study presents a comparison of genotypic modules to phenotypic modules, which can be used to better understand their action across evolutionary time scales.
Data Abstraction for Visualizing Large Time Series

Numeric time series is a class of data consisting of chronologically ordered observations represented by numeric values. Much of the data in various domains, such as financial, medical and scientific, are represented in the form of time series. To cope with the increasing sizes of datasets, numerous approaches for abstracting large temporal data are developed in the area of data mining. Many of them proved to be useful for time series visualization. However, despite the existence of numerous surveys on time series mining and visualization, there is no comprehensive classification of the existing methods based on the needs of visualization designers. We propose a classification framework that defines essential criteria for selecting an abstraction method with an eye to subsequent visualization and support of users' analysis tasks. We show that approaches developed in the data mining field are capable of creating representations that are useful for visualizing time series data. We evaluate these methods in terms of the defined criteria and provide a summary table that can be easily used for selecting suitable abstraction methods depending on data properties, desirable form of representation, behaviour features to be studied, required accuracy and level of detail, and the necessity of efficient search and querying. We also indicate directions for possible extension of the proposed classification framework.
A cooperative retransmission scheme in high dense networks

In this paper, we propose a cooperative retransmission scheme in a high dense network. The propose scheme applies a close-loop MIMO scheme for the retransmission. And, we consider the property of which the interference node is similar between the initial transmission and the retransmission. Then the transmitted node can retransmit the precoded signal considering interference for multiple pair nodes. The performance evaluation shows that the proposed scheme results in the performance gain from the point of view of the success probability of data detection in spite of the increase of feedback messages.
Associations of eating frequency with adiposity measures, blood lipid profiles and blood pressure in British children and adolescents

Several epidemiological studies in adults have suggested a favourable effect of frequent eating on blood lipid profiles, but evidence in younger populations is lacking. In the present cross-sectional study, we examined the associations of eating frequency (EF) with metabolic risk factors in British children aged 4–10 years (n 818) and adolescents aged 11–18 years (n 818). Dietary intake was assessed using a 7 d weighed dietary record. EF was calculated based on all eating occasions, except for those providing < 210 kJ of energy. Metabolic risk factors examined were total, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations, TAG concentration, BMI z-score, waist:height ratio (WHtR; only adolescents), and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Adjustment was made for age, sex, social class, physical activity levels, intakes of protein, fat, total sugar and dietary fibre, ratio of reported energy intake to estimated energy requirement (EI:EER) and BMI z-score (except for BMI z-score and WHtR). In children, EF was inversely associated with total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations (n 324, P= 0·01 and 0·04, respectively). Conversely, EF was positively associated with BMI z-score in adolescents (P= 0·004). There were no associations between EF and other metabolic risk factors. In analyses in which only plausible energy reporters (EI:EER: 0·72–1·28) were included, similar results were obtained, except for an inverse association between EF and diastolic blood pressure in children. In conclusion, a higher EF is associated with lower total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in children but with a higher BMI z-score in adolescents.
Tiny Sea Anemone from the Lower Cambrian of China

Background Abundant fossils from the Ediacaran and Cambrian showing cnidarian grade grossly suggest that cnidarian diversification occurred earlier than that of other eumetazoans. However, fossils of possible soft-bodied polyps are scanty and modern corals are dated back only to the Middle Triassic, although molecular phylogenetic results support the idea that anthozoans represent the first major branch of the Cnidaria. Because of difficulties in taxonomic assignments owing to imperfect preservation of fossil cnidarian candidates, little is known about forms ancestral to those of living groups. Methods and Findings We have analyzed the soft-bodied polypoid microfossils Eolympia pediculata gen. et sp. nov. from the lowest Cambrian Kuanchuanpu Formation in southern China by scanning electron microscopy and computer-aided microtomography after isolating fossils from sedimentary rocks by acetic acid maceration. The fossils, about a half mm in body size, are preserved with 18 mesenteries including directives bilaterally arranged, 18 tentacles and a stalk-like pedicle. The pedicle suggests a sexual life cycle, while asexual reproduction by transverse fission also is inferred by circumferential grooves on the body column. Conclusions The features found in the present fossils fall within the morphological spectrum of modern Hexacorallia excluding Ceriantharia, and thus Eolympia pediculata could be a stem member for this group. The fossils also demonstrate that basic features characterizing modern hexacorallians such as bilateral symmetry and the reproductive system have deep roots in the Early Cambrian.
Feature word selection by iterative top-K aggregation for classifying recommended shops

We propose a feature word selection method for classifying recommended shops using Yelp customer reviews. TextRank keywords are extracted from the customer reviews to construct the sorted positive and negative keyword lists based on each keyword's summed TextRank scores. The top-K keywords are then aggregated iteratively by multiples of K to construct the positive and negative keyword frequency lists. The negative keyword frequency list is then subtracted from the positive keyword frequency list, and the resulting list is standardized to generate the final positive and negative keyword lists. The performance of our feature selection method is evaluated using Naïve Bayes classifiers, and the binary classification accuracy of the selected feature words is 77.94%, which is better than the baseline χ2 feature word selection.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Neurocognitive Measures in Healthy Young Adults: The Relation of Executive Functions with Other Neurocognitive Functions

OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate the factor structure of a set of neurocognitive tests theoretically assessing executive functions (EF), verbal abilities (VA), and processing speed (PS). This study extended previous research by analyzing if each test is better explained by the specific factor to which it theoretically belongs or by a more general neurocognitive factor; and also by analyzing the relations between the neurocognitive factors. METHODS Using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) we examined the factor structure of nine neurocognitive tests (EF: Working Memory, Tower, Divided Attention, Stroop, and Verbal Fluency tests; VA: Word List and Confrontation Naming tests; PS: Coding and Telephone Search tests) in a nonclinical sample (N = 90; 18-33 years old, 76 women). We tested five factor models of neurocognitive functioning: a one-factor model; two models with two-correlated factors; and two models with three-correlated factors. RESULTS A three-correlated-factor model, with EF, VA, and PS factors, was the most suitable for our neuropsychological data. The Verbal Fluency test was better explained by the VA factor rather than by the EF factor. The EF factor was correlated with the PS factor, but not with the VA factor. CONCLUSIONS Most of the neurocognitive measures used in the present study loaded in the expected factors (with the exception of the Verbal Fluency that was apparently more related to VA). EF and PS represent related but separable functions. Our results highlight the need for a careful interpretation of test scores since performance on one test usually requires multiple functions.
Natural selection hampers divergence of reproductive traits in a seed beetle

Speciation is thought to often result from indirect selection for reproductive isolation. This will occur when reproductive traits that cause reproductive isolation evolve (i) as a by‐product of natural selection on traits with which they are genetically correlated or (ii) as an indirect result of diversifying sexual selection. Here, we use experimental evolution to study the degree of divergent evolution of reproductive traits by manipulating the intensity of natural and sexual selection in replicated selection lines of seed beetles. Following 40 generations of selection, we assayed the degree of divergent evolution of reproductive traits between replicate selection lines experiencing the same selection regime. The evolution of reproductive traits was significantly divergent across selection lines within treatments. The evolution of reproductive traits was both slower and, more importantly, significantly less divergent among lines experiencing stronger directional natural selection. This suggests that reproductive traits did not evolve as an indirect by‐product of adaptation. We discuss several ways in which natural selection may hamper divergent evolution among allopatric populations.
A new antitumoral Heteroarylaminothieno[3,2-b]pyridine derivative: its incorporation into liposomes and interaction with proteins monitored by fluorescence

The fluorescence properties of the new potent antitumoral methyl 3-amino-6-(benzo[ d ]thiazol-2-ylamino)thieno[3,2- b ]pyridine-2-carboxylate in solution and when encapsulated in several different nanoliposome formulations were investigated. The compound exhibits very reasonable fluorescence quantum yields and a solvent sensitive emission in several polar and non-polar media, despite not being fluorescent in protic solvents. Fluorescence anisotropy measurements of the compound incorporated into liposomes revealed that this thienopyridine derivative can be carried in the hydrophobic region of the lipid membrane. Liposome formulations including this antitumor compound are nanometric in size, with a diameter lower than 130 nm and generally low polydispersity, and are promising for future drug delivery developments. The interaction of the compound with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the multidrug resistance protein MDR1 was monitored by FRET, the compound acting as an energy acceptor. It was observed that the drug had a lower interaction with the MDR1 protein than with the native form of BSA, which is an important result regarding applications of this antitumoral drug.
User Fairness in Recommender Systems

Recent works in recommendation systems have focused on diversity in recommendations as an important aspect of recommendation quality. In this work we argue that the post-processing algorithms aimed at only improving diversity among recommendations lead to discrimination among the users. We introduce the notion of user fairness which has been overlooked in literature so far and propose measures to quantify it. Our experiments on two diversification algorithms show that an increase in aggregate diversity results in increased disparity among the users.
Investigation of LEP and LEPR polymorphisms with the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case–control study in Eastern Chinese Han population

Background Leptin (LEP) and LEP receptor (LEPR) polymorphisms may be associated with the development of cancer. Methods In this study, we selected five functional LEP and LEPR single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and conducted a case–control study to determine the relationship of LEP and LEPR polymorphisms with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk in Eastern Chinese Han population. There were 584 HCC cases and 923 cancer-free controls included in our study. HCC patients and controls were fully matched by age and sex. SNPscan™ genotyping method was used to analyze the genotyping of LEP rs2167270 G>A, rs7799039 A>G, LEPR rs6588147 G>A, rs1137100 G>A, and rs1137101 G>A SNPs. Results We found that LEP rs7799039 A>G and rs2167270 G>A polymorphisms were associated with the susceptibility of HCC in this population (LEP rs7799039 A>G: GG vs AA: adjusted odds ratio [OR]=2.03, 95% CI, 1.22–3.38, P=0.006 and GG vs AA/AG: adjusted OR=1.97, 95% CI, 1.20–3.22, P=0.007; rs2167270 G>A: AA vs GG: adjusted OR=2.03, 95% CI, 1.10–3.75, P=0.024 and AA vs GG/GA: adjusted OR=2.01, 95% CI, 1.10–3.68, P=0.023). However, LEPR rs6588147 G>A polymorphism decreased the risk of HCC (GA vs GG: adjusted OR=0.62, 95% CI, 0.45–0.86, P=0.005 and AA/GA vs GG: adjusted OR=0.64, 95% CI, 0.47–0.88, P=0.007). Conclusion This case–control study highlights that LEP rs7799039 A>G and rs2167270 G>A polymorphisms increase the susceptibility to HCC; however, LEPR rs6588147 G>A polymorphism may be a protective factor for HCC in Eastern Chinese Han population.
Genetic Trend and Inbreeding Coefficients Effects for Growth and Reproductive Traits in Mazandaran Indigenous Chicken

The study of genetic trends is a way for monitoring the selection process. It prepares a graph which i s an indicator of the changes observed on the genetic value averages of t he studied traits during selection. Phenotypic info rmation which were collected during 1988 to 2009 (18 successive genera tions) in breeding station of Mazandaran native chi cken, has been selected for 8 weeks body weight, egg number, sexual maturity age and egg weight, were analyzed to est imate genetic, phenotypic and inbreeding trends. Univariate animal model in ASReml methodology was applied to estimate breeding values of the recorded traits. Trends for breeding values, inbreeding and phenotypic performance were obtained by regression of average breeding values, inbreeding coefficie nt and phenotypic least square means, respectively, on generation number. To examine the inbreeding influences on growth and egg production traits, regression coefficie nts for average breeding values of the investigated traits on inbre eding coefficient over selection process were estim ated.
Adolescent-Parent Companionship: An Examination of Time, Activities, and Quality

This exploratory study investigated adolescent-parent companionship; a dimension of supportive parenting that contributes to adolescent individuation. Using Experience Sampling Method (ESM), 191 eighth grade students reported their activities during the after school hours for one week. Students reported on their activities and companions, and also rated their experiences and feelings. This study examined the amount of time adolescents spent with parents, the types of activities adolescents and parents do when together, and the quality of the adolescents’ subjective experiences while with parents. Findings indicate that although adolescents spend relatively little out of school time with parents, there is variation in the types of activities that adolescents and parents engage in. We also found that adolescents’ subjective experiences vary by activity type. Background Individuation, establishing independence within the family and in other social realms, is a
BotCloud: Detecting botnets using MapReduce

Botnets are a major threat of the current Internet. Understanding the novel generation of botnets relying on peer-to-peer networks is crucial for mitigating this threat. Nowadays, botnet traffic is mixed with a huge volume of benign traffic due to almost ubiquitous high speed networks. Such networks can be monitored using IP flow records but their forensic analysis form the major computational bottleneck. We propose in this paper a distributed computing framework that leverages a host dependency model and an adapted PageRank [1] algorithm. We report experimental results from an open-source based Hadoop cluster [2] and highlight the performance benefits when using real network traces from an Internet operator.
Graphs for Malware Detection : The Next Frontier

Machine Learning based approaches for malware detection have achieved a certain level of maturity as product oerings by Cybersecurity companies. VirusTotal recently includedX by Invincea [21] and MalwareScore by Endgame as signature-less anti-virus scanners. In this position paper, we argue that the signicant challenges related to information heterogeneity, noisy and uncertain inputs, and the demand (from cybersecurity professionals) to generalize beyond per-sample prediction are impeding further advancement in this eld. ese challenges cannot be addressed by standard supervised machine learning approaches. We highlight the fact that the current applications of machine learning for cybersecurity have focused on feature based learning and largely ignored identifying and learning from the underlying relationships between malware samples. Malware graphs are the obvious abstractions for representing such relationships. We briey discuss potential approaches and outline further research that is needed to build high-impact deployable cybersecurity solutions based on malware graphs.
The Effectiveness of a General-Practice-Based Physical Activity Intervention on Patient Physical Activity Status

Physical inactivity is a risk factor for a number of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease. Interventions designed to reduce the prevalence of physical inactivity have focused primarily on either adoption of physical activity or noncompliance and relapse, and no interventions have been reported which cover adoption, compliance, maintenance, and relapse, particularly within the clinical setting. The Fresh Start program, a multiple risk factor intervention program for the reduction of cardiovascular disease risk factors in general practice patients, was developed to cover all aspects of the adoption and maintenance of habitual physical activity, using Prochaska and DiClemente's Transtheoretical model. The evaluation of the program on cardiovascular disease risk factors and behaviours provided the opportunity to evaluate the impact of a staged program on patient physical activity behaviour. The program was evaluated in a randomised controlled trial in Sydney's Western, South-western, and Wentworth regions with 80 volunteer general practitioners and 758 volunteer patients between January 1991 and January 1993. Self-reported physical activity data were used as the basis for estimating energy expenditure due to leisure-time physical activity. The results failed to show any differences between groups over time, as a function of patients' baseline stages of change, and as a function of baseline activity levels. There were some indications, however, that the least active would respond to doctor-based advice to increase their physical activity, and that doctor advice would lead to a progression in intention to change in approximately 20% of patients. Limitations of the study, the program, and physical activity intervention in the clinical setting are discussed.
Measurement Equivalence of the PALS Academic Self-Efficacy Scale

Abstract. There is consistent evidence of the importance of academic self-efficacy beliefs within educational research, as they are linked to critical academic outcomes. Ethnic and gender differences in academic self-efficacy have been found in nations outside of the United States, suggesting differences in how individual students perceive their academic abilities. However, if researchers are interested in making mean-level comparisons of academic self-efficacy across diverse subpopulations of students, it is imperative to assess the measurement equivalence of the scale used across these subgroups prior to drawing any conclusions based on score inferences. The current study assessed the measurement invariance of the academic self-efficacy scale of the Patterns of Adaptive Learning Scales (PALS; Midgley et al., 2000) across gender and race among 4,148 high school students in the Southeastern US. The results indicated partial measurement invariance across African American females, African American males, Ca.
Manipulation Testing Based on Density Discontinuity

In this article, we introduce two community-contributed commands, rddensity and rdbwdensity, that implement automatic manipulation tests based on density discontinuity and are constructed using the results for local-polynomial density estimators in Cattaneo, Jansson, and Ma (2017b, Simple local polynomial density estimators, Working paper, University of Michigan). These new tests exhibit better size properties (and more power under additional assumptions) than other conventional approaches currently available in the literature. The first command, rddensity, implements manipulation tests based on a novel local-polynomial density estimation technique that avoids prebinning of the data (improving size properties) and allows for restrictions on other features of the model (improving power properties). The second command, rdbwdensity, implements several bandwidth selectors specifically tailored for the manipulation tests discussed herein. We also provide a companion R package with the same syntax and capabilities as rddensity and rdbwdensity.
Buffer delay change in the presence of power and ground noise

Variations of power and ground levels affect very large scale integration circuit performance. Trends in device technology and in packaging have necessitated a revision in conventional delay models. In particular, simple scalable models are needed to predict delays in the presence of uncorrelated power and ground noise. In this paper, we analyze the effect of such noise-on-signal propagation through a buffer and present simple, closed-form formulas to estimate the corresponding change of delay. The model captures both positive (slowdown) and negative (speedup) delay changes. It is consistent with short-channel MOSFET behavior, including carrier velocity saturation effects. An application shows that repeater chains using buffers instead of inherently faster inverters tend to have superior supply-level-induced jitter characteristics. The expressions can be used in any existing circuit performance optimization design flow or can be combined into any delay calculations as a correction factor.