Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learning Implicit Generative Models Using Differentiable Graph Tests

Recently, there has been a growing interest in the problem of learning rich implicit models - those from which we can sample, but can not evaluate their density. These models apply some parametric function, such as a deep network, to a base measure, and are learned end-to-end using stochastic optimization. One strategy of devising a loss function is through the statistics of two sample tests - if we can fool a statistical test, the learned distribution should be a good model of the true data. However, not all tests can easily fit into this framework, as they might not be differentiable with respect to the data points, and hence with respect to the parameters of the implicit model. Motivated by this problem, in this paper we show how two such classical tests, the Friedman-Rafsky and k-nearest neighbour tests, can be effectively smoothed using ideas from undirected graphical models - the matrix tree theorem and cardinality potentials. Moreover, as we show experimentally, smoothing can significantly increase the power of the test, which might of of independent interest. Finally, we apply our method to learn implicit models.
Modeling of H2O adsorption-induced curvature of a nanocantilever

In this paper, a simulation model is proposed to describe H2O adsorption-induced curvature of a nanocantilever, based on the energy transfer between potential energy of adsorbates and elastic energy of the bending cantilever. For most cantilever sensors, the basic structure is a silicon beam coated with a metal layer on the top, and aluminum is chosen in this paper. Because the native oxide is usually formed during the fabrication of silicon beams, it is the first time to describe the effect of native oxide on the elastic modulus of the silicon nano-beam in this model based on the semi-continuum method. This model gives a way to predict the curvature of the composite cantilever with native oxide when adsorbing a single layer of H2O molecules, and meanwhile, the basic principle of the model in this paper could be used to calculate other Si cantilevers with different sensitive materials and different adsorbates.
Rapid Regulation of Intestinal Divalent Metal (Cation) Transporter 1 (DMT1/DCT1) and Ferritin mRNA Expression in Response to Excess Iron Loading in Iron-Deficient Rats

We determined the effects of excess iron on the expression of duodenal divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and ferritin (Ft) in iron-deficient rats which had increased iron absorption. DMT1 mRNA was down-regulated and Ft mRNA was up-regulated 2 h after administering the iron. However, more than 2 h was needed for Ft protein synthesis to occur in the duodenal mucosa.
Rhubarb: the wondrous drug

CLIFFORD M. FOUST, Rhubarb: the wondrous drug, Princeton University Press, 1992, pp. xxii, 371, illus. , £27.50 (0-691-08747-4) Children in Russia during the 1960s were fully aware of the existence of rhubarb which, together with castor oil, was one of the staple home medicines. Attitudes varied according to the method of administration. The lucky ones consumed it as compotes and kissels, others as a murky liquid prepared from the dried root. English readers will doubtless recall rhubarb and custard served at school. Rhubarb: the wondrous drug evokes, therefore, some uncomfortable memories. Professor Foust's book pursues several goals. It is a biography of this curious plant, tracking it through European history like a secret agent, powerful in effects but mysterious in identity. Professor Foust traces the steps of European naturalists and physicians, as they searched for rhubarb's origins, and the even more determined efforts of the merchants and governments that traded in the drug. The scale of the task becomes apparent as one follows centuries of fruitless attempts to identify the most potent variety of rhubarb. The painstaking process of empirical research, handicapped by a lack of data, is vividly and fascinatingly presented. This book is therefore a valuable contribution to the understanding of the development and accumulation of botanical and medical knowledge. The book's greatest attraction is that it suggests almost as many questions as it answers. It would appear that linguistic research into the etymology of the word could provide some clues to the date of rhubarb's appearance in various parts of Europe. Professor Foust suggests that Russian interest in the rhubarb trade developed in the 1630s, but he is careful not to be too categorical as he is presumably aware that the plant was known there much earlier, even entering Richard James's Anglo-Russian dictionary of 1618. Grigori Kotoshihin, a clerk of the Foreign Office and therefore involved with the rhubarb trade, firmly stated in 1666 that the exported plant grew in Siberia and was gathered there by order of the Tsar. What happened to this rhubarb? Further investigation of the seventeenth-century trade and the eighteenth-century Russians who searched for the true rhubarb might shed light on this problem. Much of the book is taken up with sketches of European physicians and botanists and their attitudes towards the plant. Although medical historians might find these passages rather slight, often leaning too far in the direction of modern-mindedness, as when Foust states that Culpeper anticipated homeopathy, they will be invaluable for nonspecialists. The medical and social contexts of purgative consumption, especially from the point of view of the patient, need further consideration from future historians. Rhubarb: the wondrous drug is a useful study of an interesting subject and will attract readers from several disciplines, particularly historians of botany and those interested in the problems of early modern trade.
Brain abnormalities in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a review.

AIM To review the magnetic resonance imaging findings in child and adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). DEVELOPMENT Studies have shown that ADHD is characterised by multiple functional and structural neural network abnormalities including most prominently fronto-striatal, but also fronto-parieto-temporal, fronto-cerebellar and even fronto-limbic networks. Evidence from longitudinal structural imaging studies has shown that ADHD is characterised by a delay in structural brain maturation. This is reinforced by indirect evidence from cross-sectional imaging studies for more immature brain function as well as structural and functional connectivity patterns, which, however, needs corroboration by longitudinal studies. Dysfunction of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex seems to be more pronounced in ADHD relative to other pediatric disorders and there is some evidence for differential abnormalities in the basal ganglia. A meta-analysis of stimulant effects on brain function shows that the most consistent mechanism of action of acute psychostimulant medication is the increased activation of the inferior prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia. First attempts to use neuroimaging data to make individual diagnostic classifications of ADHD children based on pattern recognition techniques are promising but need replication across centres and scanners. CONCLUSIONS The last two decades of neuroimaging have shaped out biomarkers of ADHD. Future studies will need to focus on using this information for clinical translation such as using neuroimaging for individual diagnostic and prognostic classification or by using neuroimaging as a neurotherapy to reverse those brain function abnormalities that have been established over the last two decades of neuroimaging.
Robustification of Self-Optimising Systems via Explicit Treatment of Uncertain Information

Uncertainty treatment in self-optimising systems touches two design-issues. Firstly, a valid estimation of uncertainties within the system is impossible beforehand as the uncertainties as well as the systems behaviour changes during run-time due to self-optimisation. Secondly, the design of a selfoptimising system needs to mediate between the often conflicting goals of optimality and robustness. Here we present the concept for a lightweight algorithmic add-on for self-optimising function approximators that enables to reflect uncertainties related to the current state and to flexibly combine optimality and robustness in one design. Illustrating examples of TS-fuzzy systems highlight the properties of our approach.
Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy for Renal Cell Carcinoma during Pregnancy

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) during pregnancy is rare. We present a case of retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for RCC in a 32-year-old pregnant female. The tumor was excised en bloc. Retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy appears to be a feasible and safe treatment option for RCC in pregnancy.
Risk of continued institutionalization after hospitalization in older adults.

BACKGROUND Little is known about the role of hospitalization as a risk factor for placement into long-term care. We therefore sought to estimate the percentage of long-term care nursing home stays precipitated by a hospitalization and factors associated with risk of nursing home placement after hospitalization. METHODS We studied a retrospective cohort of a 5% sample of Medicare enrollees aged ≥ 66 years. The study included 762,243 patients admitted 1,149,568 times in January-April of 1996-2008, with 3,880,292 nonhospitalized controls. We measured residence in a nursing home 6 months after hospitalization. RESULTS From 1996 through 2008, 5.55% of hospitalized patients resided in a nursing home 6 months later compared with 0.54% of nonhospitalized control patients. Three quarters of new nursing home placements were precipitated by a hospitalization. Independent risk factors for long-term care placement after hospitalization included advanced age (odds ratio [OR] = 3.56 for age 85-94 vs. 66-74 years), female gender (OR = 1.41), dementia (OR = 6.15), and discharge from the hospital to a skilled nursing facility (SNF; OR = 10.83). Having a primary care physician was associated with reduced odds (OR = 0.75). In the adjusted analyses, risk of institutionalization after hospitalization decreased 4% per year from 1996 to 2008. There were very large geographic variations in rates of long-term care after hospitalization, from < 2% in some hospital referral regions to > 13% in others for patients > 75 years in 2007-2008. CONCLUSIONS Most placements in nursing homes are preceded by a hospitalization followed by discharge to a SNF. Discharge to a SNF is associated with a high risk of subsequent long-term care.
Transcription factor E2F is required for efficient expression of the hamster dihydrofolate reductase gene in vitro and in vivo

The dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene encodes an enzyme important for metabolism and cell growth. We have found multiple DNA-protein interactions within the hamster DHFR gene promoter in vitro. These interactions occur over the consensus binding sites for two eucaryotic transcription factors. Sp1 and E2F. The DHFR E2F consensus site possesses a dyad symmetry and is unique in its location immediately 3' to the major transcription start site. The interaction of E2F with the DHFR promoter has been detected in HeLa nuclear extracts, confirmed by using partially purified E2F, and characterized by both enzymatic and chemical assays of the DNA-protein interaction. A mutation of the E2F recognition sequence which abolishes E2F binding to the DHFR promoter results in a two- to fivefold decrease of in vitro transcriptional activity and a fivefold reduction of DHFR promoter activity in transient-expression assays. Thus, the interaction of E2F with the DHFR promoter is required for efficient expression of the DHFR gene.
Conservation and divergence of enhancer function across five Drosophila species

Diese Arbeit untersucht die Konservierung und Evolution von Enhancern indem ich Daten von STARR-seq Screens von funf Drosophila Spezien, namentlich D.melanogaster, D.yakuba, D.ananassae, D.pseudoobscura und D.wilistoni analysiert habe. Alle Screens wurden in D.melanogaster Schneider 2 (S2) Zellen durchgefuhrt, und habe daher eine fixe trans-Umgebung etabliert. Damit wurde sichergestellt, dass alle Unterschiede in Enhancer Aktivitat auf cis-regulatorische Effekte zuruckgefuhrt werden konnen, und somit einen Vergleich von aktiven regulatorischen Elementen der verschiedenen Spezies in Hinsicht auf Konservierung und Evolution erlauben.Im Rahmen dieser Studie fanden wir: 1) Enhancer Konservierung folgt einer molekularen Uhr. Der Anteil an sequenzierten Fragmenten die in D.melanogaster Koordinaten ubersetzt werden konnten, sowie die Anzahl an Enhancern die identifiziert und weiters ebenfalls in D.melanogaster vorzufinden sind nehmen mit zunehmender evolutionarer Distanz ab. 2) Unterschiede in Sequenzidentitat zwischen konservierten und nicht konservierten Enhancern sind minimal, betrachtet man jedoch nur die Sequenzen der enthaltenen TF-Motive verdoppelt sich die Konservierung der Sequenz. Daher schliesen wir darauf dass Motive anstatt der ganzen Enhancer Sequenz unter selektiven Druck stehen. 3) TF-Motive sind positions-konserviert, werden jedoch bei Verlust durch ahnliche Motive kompensiert um die Enhancer Funktion zu erhalten. 4) In nur 10 Millionen Jahren konnen durch neutrale Mutationen neue Enhancer entstehen und somit zu neuen Regulationen und Phanotypen fuhren. Der Verlust von Enhancers scheint jedoch unter strengerer Selektion zu sein da diese weit weniger oft uber den selben Zeitraum verloren gehen um regulatorische Funktionen aufrecht zu erhalten.
Molecular cloning and sequencing of cDNAs encoding three heavy-chain precursors of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor in Syrian hamster: implications for the evolution of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain family.

Complementary DNAs encoding precursors of the three heavy chains (HC1, HC2, HC3) of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor in Syrian hamster liver were sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence of the HC1 precursor was 87, 82, and 79% identical with those of the HC1 precursors from mouse, man and pig, respectively. The HC2 and HC3 precursors showed similar degrees of sequence identity with the corresponding human and mouse HC precursors. When the hamster HC1 precursor was compared with its own HC2 and HC3 precursors, however, even the most highly conserved segment consisting of 565 amino acid residues, i.e., about 2/3 of the whole molecule, showed only about 35 and 65% sequence identity, respectively. Essentially the same results were obtained on the intra-species comparisons of three subfamilies in man and mouse. Thus, the interspecies conservation of a given HC subfamily is much greater than the similarity between the three different HC subfamilies within a given species. These results suggest that (i) higher vertebrates possess three HC genes which have been evolving independently of each other under purifying selection; (ii) the diversification of the three HC subfamilies, for which the middle regions of the molecules were mainly responsible, occurred before eutherian radiation; and (iii) each HC subfamily may have unique function(s), although at present virtually nothing is known about the functional differences between the three HC subfamilies.
Emergent Features and Graphical Elements: Designing More Effective Configural Displays

When performing tasks in complex, dynamic domains individuals must consider information regarding both high-level constraints (relationships among several variables, performance goals) and low-level data (the values of individual variables). Previous research has revealed mixed results concerning the effectiveness of configural displays in achieving these dual design goals. Two empirical studies were conducted to investigate these issues using a laboratory analogue of a complex, dynamic task modeled on a real-world domain. Performance with a configural display, which highlighted the low-level data, was compared with performance with a bar graph display. For the extraction of information about high-level constraints in a memory probe task, the configural display significantly increased accuracy with no cost in latency. For low-level data there were no differences in accuracy across the two display conditions, but there was a significant cost in latency with the configural display. However, this cost was dependent on both experience and system state. These results suggest that configural displays can be designed to support the extraction of both high-level constraints and low-level data in complex, dynamic domains. To support the extraction of information for high-level constraints, the emergent features produced by a configural display must reflect the critical data relationships that are present in the domain. To support the extraction of low-level data, the graphical elements of the display must be made more salient perceptually through a variety of techniques, including emphasis of scale, spatial separation, and color-coding.
Design of a High-Throughput QC-LDPC Decoder With TDMP Scheduling

Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes with turbodecoding message-passing (TDMP) scheduling can obtain good performance and high convergence rates. In addition, the min- sum (MS) algorithm can reduce the complexity. The hybrid normalized MS algorithm with TDMP scheduling is presented to achieve good performance and to lower the complexity. For a quasi-cyclic LDPC (QC-LDPC) code with a long code length, parallel degree optimization and an offset iterative sequence rule are proposed. With the proposed techniques, the data correlation problem and memory access conflicts during TDMP scheduling can be resolved so that the iteration can smoothly proceed through the reasonable division of each block row. Fabricated in the 90-nm 1-Poly 9-Metal (1P9M) CMOS process, a multimode 96000-bit irregular QC-LDPC decoder is implemented. It attains throughputs of 1.7-3.0 Gb/s and dissipates an average power of 502 mW at an operation frequency of 100 MHz and at 10 iterations. The decoder chip area is 13.32 mm2, with a core area of 9.73 mm2.
Increased aldosterone in patients with metabolic syndrome; an additional risk factor

Background: Patients with metabolic syndrome (MSyn) are prone to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, although the underlying mechanisms including plasma aldosterone (PA) are not yet fully known. Aim: Evaluate the association of PA with the MSyn and each of its components. Methods: 46 patients with MSyn and 25 healthy subjects as a control were subjected to measurements of BMI, waist circumference, office BP & HR, 24-hour BP monitoring, fasting blood sugar (FBS), lipid profile, serum sodium & potassium, serum insulin, insulin resistance calculation, plasma renin activity (PRA) and PA concentrations. Results: PA concentrations, but not PRA, were significantly higher in MSyn patients (P 0.001, P 0.770 respectively). HR was significantly increased in MSyn patients compared to controls (P 0.024) . There were significant positive correlation between PA level and BMI, waist circumference, SBP, DBP, s.triglycerides, FBS and insulin resistance (r 0.947, P < 0.0001, r 0.829, P < 0.0001, r 0.885, P < 0.0001, r 0.831, P < 0.0001, r 0.611, P < 0.0001, r 0.851, P < 0.0001, r 0.712, P < 0.0001 respectively). A significant negative correlation was present between PA level and HDL-C (r - 0.443, P < 0.002). BMI & SBP were the only independent factors affecting PA level by regression analysis. In contrast to PRA, PA tended to increase with an increasing number of MSyn risk factors. In conclusion, PA is associated with MSyn and its components suggesting the link between aldosterone and several cardiovascular risk factors and this may address the possible beneficial effects of aldosterone blockade in those patients with MSyn.
Particle multi-swarm optimization: A proposal of multiple particle swarm optimizers with information sharing

For enhancing the search performance of multiple particle swarm optimizers, in this paper we propose multiple particle swarm optimizers with information sharing by introducing a special strategy, called multi-swarm information sharing. The crucial idea here is to add a new confidence term into the updating rule of the particle's velocity by the best solution found by the multi-swarm search. This is a new approach for the technical development of particle multi-swarm optimization (PMSO) itself. In order to confirm the performance effectiveness of the information sharing strategy in the proposed multiswarm search, computer experiments of implementing a suite of benchmark problems are carried out. We investigate the intrinsic characteristics of the proposed methods, and compare them with the search ability and efficiency of multi-swarm information sharing without this strategy. The obtained experimental results show that the proposed methods have better search performance.
Electron Velocity Enhancement in Laterally Scaled GaN DH-HEMTs With $f_{T}$ of 260 GHz

In this letter, we report the first experimental observation of electron velocity enhancement by aggressive lateral scaling of GaN HEMTs. Through reduction of the source-drain distance down to 170 nm using <i>n</i><sup>+</sup>-GaN ohmic regrowth, 45-nm gate AlN/GaN/Al<sub>0.08</sub>Ga<sub>0.92</sub>N HEMTs exhibited an extremely small on resistance of 0.44 Ω·mm , a high maximum drain current density of 2.3 A/mm, a high peak extrinsic transconductance of 905 mS/mm, and a record <i>fT</i>/<i>f</i><sub>max</sub> of 260/394 GHz. Delay time analysis showed that the outstanding <i>fT</i> was mainly due to significantly reduced electron transit time at higher drain-source voltages resulting from suppressed drain delay and enhanced electron velocity in the laterally scaled GaN HEMTs.
Comparison of the Debye−Hückel and the Mean Spherical Approximation Theories for Electrolyte Solutions

The thermodynamics of electrolyte solutions has been investigated by many scientists throughout the last century. While several theories have been presented, the most popular models for the electrostatic interactions are based on the Debye–Huckel and mean spherical approximation (MSA) theories. In this paper we investigate the differences between the Debye–Huckel and the MSA theories, and comparisons of the numerical results for the Helmholtz energy and its derivatives with respect to temperature, volume and composition are presented. The investigation shows that the nonrestricted primitive MSA theory performs similarly to Debye–Huckel, despite the differences in the derivation. We furthermore show that the static permittivity is a key parameter for both models and that in many cases it completely dominates the results obtained from the two models. Consequently, we conclude that the simpler Debye–Huckel theory may be used in connection with electrolyte equations of state without loss of accuracy.
Novel Notch Detection Algorithm for Detection of Dicrotic Notch in PPG Signals

Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non-invasive optical technique that measures relative blood volume changes in the blood vessels and is widely used for research and physiological studies. Dicrotic notch represent the closure of the aortic semi-lunar valve and subsequent receding blood flow when ventricles relax. Their location is used to calculate systolic time intervals and monitor cardiac function. They play a significant role in early evaluation of various diseases such as sclerosis, occlusion, arterial spasm etc. This paper proposes a novel Notch Detection Algorithm (NDA) for detection of dicrotic notches from PPG signal that are measured by non-invasive photoplethysmography sensors. The proposed algorithm is implemented with the help of self developed Graphical User Interface (GUI) in MATLAB.