Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Building the Arabic learner corpus and a system for Arabic error annotation

Recent developments in learner corpora have highlighted the growing role they play in some linguistic and computational research areas such as language teaching and natural language processing. However, there is a lack of a well-designed Arabic learner corpus that can be used for studies in the aforementioned research areas. This thesis aims to introduce a detailed and original methodology for developing a new learner corpus. This methodology which represents the major contribution of the thesis includes a combination of resources, proposed standards and tools developed for the Arabic Learner Corpus project. The resources include the Arabic Learner Corpus, which is the largest learner corpus for Arabic based on systematic design criteria. The resources also include the Error Tagset of Arabic that was designed for annotating errors in Arabic covering 29 types of errors under five broad categories. The Guide on Design Criteria for Learner Corpus is an example of the proposed standards which was created based on a review of previous work. It focuses on 11 aspects of corpus design criteria. The tools include the Computer-aided Error Annotation Tool for Arabic that provides some functions facilitating error annotation such as the smart-selection function and the auto-tagging function. Additionally, the tools include the ALC Search Tool that is developed to enable searching the ALC and downloading the source files based on a number of determinants. The project was successfully able to recruit 992 people including language learners, data collectors, evaluators, annotators and collaborators from more than 30 educational institutions in Saudi Arabia and the UK. The data of the Arabic Learner Corpus was used in a number of projects for different purposes including error detection and correction, native language identification, Arabic analysers evaluation, applied linguistics studies and data-driven Arabic learning. The use of the ALC highlights the extent to which it is important to develop this project.
Draft Genome Sequence of Biocontrol Agent Bacillus cereus UW85

ABSTRACT Bacillus cereus UW85 was isolated from a root of a field-grown alfalfa plant from Arlington, WI, and identified for its ability to suppress damping off, a disease caused by Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. medicaginis on alfalfa. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of B. cereus UW85, obtained by a combination of Sanger and Illumina sequencing.
The research of management mode based on the process of enterprise core values

Since the management is taken as an independent scientific theory to research, the theory of division of labor becomes the cornerstone of management science. It defines the role and focuses of management and leads the direction of enterprise management. However, the enterprises face ever more intense competition among enterprises. The management thinking which is based on the division of labor has also shown a certain limitations in the development of enterprises. Through summarizing and analyzing the classical management theory and the theory of modern management, put forward innovatively the root of enterprise management that comes from the core business value; corporate governance is management practice on the basis of the core values of enterprises, and thus discuss to reform the management model. It plays an important role in improving the effectiveness of Chinapsilas enterprise management and enterprise competitiveness.
Role of Activated Macrophages in Resistance to Systemic Candidosis

To evaluate further the contribution of activated macrophages in resistance, the course of systemic candidosis was assayed in beige and NLM mice that had been previously infected with Mycobacterium bovis (BCG). Four weeks following BCG infection, mice were inoculated intravenously with 1 × 104 viable Candida albicans. At various times thereafter, the number of C. albicans colony‐forming units in the livers, spleens, and kidneys was determined. The average number of CFU recovered from the kidneys of NLM mice decreased throughout the assay and was comparable in both BCG‐treated and control mice. In contrast, the number of CFU cultured from the kidneys of untreated control beige mice progressively increased throughout the assay period. This profile of renal susceptibility was not appreciably altered in BCG‐treated beige mice. However, fewer (10‐ to 100‐fold) CFU were cultured from the livers and spleens of BCG‐treated beige and NLM mice than from untreated controls. These results support the hypothesis that in the absence of functional polymorphonuclear leukocytes, activated macrophages represent a means to control the proliferation of C. albicans.
Effects of dietary n6 or n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids protected or not against ruminal hydrogenation on plasma lipids and their susceptibility to peroxidation in fattening steers 1

Two experiments were conducted using crossbred Salers × Charolais fattening steers fed diets enriched with no supplemental oilseeds or oils rich in either n-6 PUFA (from sunflower seeds) or n-3 PUFA (from linseeds) provided either as seeds incorporated in the diet (i.e., not protected from ruminal bacterial hydrogenation) or by chronic infusion into the duodenum (protected form). In the Sunflower experiment, animals (initial age = 454 ± 20 d; initial BW = 528 ± 36 kg) received a control diet for 70 d (CS, n = six) consisting of hay and concentrate, or the same basal diet supplemented with sunflower oil (4% of dietary DM), either fed as seeds (SS, n = six) or infused into the duodenum (ISO, n = six). The same experimental design was applied to animals (initial age = 412 ± 33 d; initial BW = 536 ± 33 kg) used in the Linseed experiment (CL, LS, and ILO; n = 8 per group). For all animals, blood was sampled every 15 d during 70 d. In both trials, a significant diet × time interaction (P < 0.001) was detected for plasma concentrations of apolipoprotein A-I, phospholipids, and free and esterified cholesterol, with values increasing with time during administration of the PUFA-rich diets being more evident with ISO and ILO diets. Plasma fatty acids were
Sources of Campylobacter spp. Colonizing Housed Broiler Flocks during Rearing

ABSTRACT The study aimed to identify sources of campylobacter in 10 housed broiler flocks from three United Kingdom poultry companies. Samples from (i) the breeder flocks, which supplied the broilers, (ii) cleaned and disinfected houses prior to chick placement, (iii) the chickens, and (iv) the environments inside and outside the broiler houses during rearing were examined. Samples were collected at frequent intervals and examined for Campylobacter spp. Characterization of the isolates using multilocus sequence typing (MLST), serotyping, phage typing, and flaA restriction fragment length polymorphism typing was performed. Seven flocks became colonized during the growing period. Campylobacter spp. were detected in the environment surrounding the broiler house, prior to as well as during flock colonization, for six of these flocks. On two occasions, isolates detected in a puddle just prior to the birds being placed were indistinguishable from those colonizing the birds. Once flocks were colonized, indistinguishable strains of campylobacter were found in the feed and water and in the air of the broiler house. Campylobacter spp. were also detected in the air up to 30 m downstream of the broiler house, which raises the issue of the role of airborne transmission in the spread of campylobacter. At any time during rearing, broiler flocks were colonized by only one or two types determined by MLST but these changed, with some strains superseding others. In conclusion, the study provided strong evidence for the environment as a source of campylobacters colonizing housed broiler flocks. It also demonstrated colonization by successive campylobacter types determined by MLST during the life of a flock.
Childhood peer network characteristics: genetic influences and links with early mental health trajectories.

BACKGROUND Peer relationships are important for children's mental health, yet little is known of their etiological underpinnings. Here, we explore the genetic influences on childhood peer network characteristics in three different networks defined by rejection, acceptance, and prosocial behavior. We further examine the impact of early externalizing and internalizing trajectories on these same peer network characteristics. METHODS Participants were 1,288 children from the Dutch 'Generation R' birth cohort. At age 7, we mapped out children's classroom peer networks for peer rejection, acceptance, and prosocial behavior using mutual peer nominations. In each network, genetic influences were estimated for children's degree centrality, closeness centrality and link reciprocity from DNA using Genome-wide Complex Trait Analysis. Preschool externalizing and internalizing trajectories were computed using parental ratings at ages 1.5, 3, and 5 years. RESULTS Of the three network properties examined, closeness centrality emerged as significantly heritable across all networks. Preschool externalizing problems predicted unfavorable positions within peer rejection networks and having fewer mutual friendships. In contrast, children with preschool-internalizing problems were not actively rejected by their peers, but were less well-connected within their social support network. CONCLUSIONS Our finding of significant heritability for closeness centrality should be taken as preliminary evidence that requires replication. Nevertheless, it can orient us to the role of genes in shaping a child's position within peer networks. Additionally, social network perspectives offer rich insights into how early life mental health trajectories impact a child's later functioning within peer networks.
Minimal Invasive Stabilization of Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures: A Prospective Nonrandomized Comparison of Vertebroplasty and Balloon Kyphoplasty

Objective: During recent years, the benefits of balloon kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty have been frequently discussed for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Because of the lack of comparative studies, we performed an investigation to describe the mechanical effects and the impact on life quality during a follow-up period of 2 years. Methods: Patients with nonrecent fractures of vertebral bodies, ongoing bone remodeling, and major kyphotic deformity were treated with minimal invasive stabilization. The median duration of pain was 8 weeks before surgery. Because of the availability of the equipment, 28 patients were nonrandomly assigned to balloon kyphoplasty and 23 patients to vertebroplasty. The follow-up was performed 2 years after surgery. Results: The kyphotic wedge of the vertebral bodies was decreased 6° by balloon kyphoplasty but not by vertebroplasty. With both methods, we found a rapid decrease of pain down to one-half of the preoperative value. A long-lasting effect on pain was found only after balloon kyphoplasty. In the kyphoplasty group, a decrease of the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) score was found during the first postoperative year. After 2 years, the ODI was not different from preoperative values in both groups. Conclusions: In nonrecent fractures, the reduction of the kyphotic wedge by balloon kyphoplasty was superior in decreasing pain persisting over a period of 2 years. The ability to improve disability after kyphoplasty was limited to 1 year. In nonrecent fractures, the consequences of age and osteoporosis seem to equalize the effects of the restored sagittal profile on disability but not on pain.
Theory and applications of quantum process calculus

Formal methods is an area in theoretical computer science that provides the theories and tools for describing and verifying the correctness of computing systems. Usually, such systems comprise of concurrent and communicating components. The success of this field led to the development of quantum formal methods by transferring the ideas of formal methods to quantum systems. In particular, formal methods provides a systematic methodology for verification of systems. Quantum process calculus is a specialised field in quantum formal methods that helps to describe and analyse the behaviour of systems that combine quantum and classical elements. We focus on the theory and applications of quantum process calculus in particular to use Communicating Quantum Processes (CQP), a quantum process calculus, to model and analyse quantum information processing (QIP) systems. Previous work on CQP defined labelled transition relations for CQP in order to describe external interactions and also established the theory of behavioural equivalence in CQP based on probabilistic branching bisimilarity. This theory formalizes the idea of observational indistinguishability in order to prove or verify the correctness of a system, and an important property of the equivalence is the congruence property. We use the theory to analyse two versions of a quantum error correcting code system. We use the equational theory of CQP from the previous work and define an additional three new axioms in order to analyse quantum protocols comprising quantum secret-sharing, quantum error correction, remote-CNOT and superdense coding. We have expanded the framework of modelling in CQP from providing an abstract view of the quantum system to describe a realistic QIP system such as linear optical quantum computing (LOQC) and its associated experimental processes. By extending the theory of behavioural equivalence of CQP, we have formally verified two models of an LOQC CNOT gate using CQP. The two models use different measurement semantics in order to work at different levels of abstraction. This flexibility of the process calculus approach allows descriptions from detailed hardware implementations up to more abstract specifications. The orbital angular momentum (OAM) property of light allows us to perform experiments in studying higher dimensional quantum systems and their applications to quantum technologies. In relation to this work, we have extended CQP to model higher dimensional quantum protocols.
Evaluation of Development Policy: Treatment versus Program Effects

There is a growing interest, notably in development economics, in extending project evaluation methods to the evaluation of multiple interventions (“programs”). In program evaluations one is interested in the aggregate impact of a program rather than the effect on individual beneficiaries. In many situations randomized controlled trials cannot identify this impact. We propose a measure of program impact, the total program effect (TPE), which is a generalization of the treatment effect on the treated (ATET). We show how the TPE can be estimated.
Relations entre les grandeurs et les nombres dans les mathématiques de l'école primaire : Evolution de l'enseignement au cours du 20e siècle : connaissances des élèves actuels

En 150 ans, des bouleversements profonds ont affecte les relations entre grandeurs et nombres dans les mathematiques savantes et enseignees, et dans la vie courante. Nous voulons comprendre le statut actuel de ces relations a l'ecole primaire francaise et envisageons d'autres statuts pour demain. Notre cadre theorique de reference est la theorie anthropologique du didactique. Nous avons approfondi l'etude de l'enseignement du systeme metrique, de la numeration de position des entiers et de l'articulation entre les deux ; et entame celle des relations entre operations (sens, technique, types de nombres) et grandeurs (notamment la longueur et les representations utilisant des schemas cotes). Notre etude se developpe selon trois axes qui se repondent : - les liens entre grandeurs, nombres, operations et pratiques pour la vie courante avant la reforme des mathematiques modernes ; les ruptures qu'elle a provoquees dans ces liens. Notre corpus est constitue par des textes du 20e siecle : programmes, manuels scolaires du CE (2P et 3P) ; - les savoirs savants. Il s'agit d'une part de reperer les savoirs transposes a differentes epoques, d'autre part d'identifier des conditions pour des theories mathematiques (eventuellement a formuler) susceptibles de servir de reference pour l'enseignement des grandeurs, nombres et operations. Pour cela, nous prenons en compte des besoins mathematiques et didactiques : notamment tâches, discours justificatifs destines aux eleves, coherence des savoirs, continuite des apprentissages ; - les connaissances des eleves actuels (277 en 5P). Il s'agit de mieux cerner d'eventuels ruptures et manques apparus avec l'etude des liens et des savoirs savants.
Intervención para la realización personal y social: validación de un instrumento de diagnóstico y evaluación del cambio

Validacion de un cuestionario autoevaluativo (Cuestionario de Autoconcepto y Realizacion, AURE), util para la evaluacion de intervenciones psicoeducativas dirigidas a la mejora de la realizacion personal y social de los adolescentes en el contexto escolar. Una vez validado este instrumento se realiza una intervencion con el programa Instruccional Emotivo para el Crecimiento y Autorrealizacion Personal, PIECAP, de Pedro Hernandez y Ramon Aciedo de Mendoza (1990), a fin de evaluar los efectos producidos por el mismo a traves del cuestionario AURE, validado previamente. El PIECAP es un programa instruccional de corte cognitivo-emocional dirigido a la realizacion personal y social de los adolescentes, que aborda temas como: la importancia de tener proyectos, el trabajo y el ocio como fuentes de realizacion personal, el disfrute de las relaciones interpersonales,la implicacion solidaria en la mejora de la sociedad y el afrontamiento de los problemas, como alternativa constructiva frente a la evasion realidad y en especial frente a la drogadiccion. Los resultados demuestran la fiabilidad del AURE y dan lugar a una estructura factorial mas simplificada y con mayor potencial explicativo confirmando su utilidad en la evaluacion de programas de intervencion socioafectiva. Asimismo, se comprueba la eficacia del programa PIECAP en la mejora de las variables evaluadas, especialmente con alumnos mayores de 14 anos.
Defective control of vitamin D receptor‐mediated epithelial STAT1 signalling predisposes to severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection causes bronchiolitis in infants with seasonal frequency, for which vitamin D deficiency and a well‐described polymorphism in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) FokI are important risk factors. Recent studies suggest that vitamin D regulates immune pathways in airway epithelial cells during RSV infection. It is not understood why the VDR FokI polymorphism predisposes to severe RSV bronchiolitis. We investigated how the VDR FokI polymorphism regulates the epithelial response to RSV infection. To this end, we over‐expressed the normal and FokI VDR variants in A549 airway epithelial cells. Vitamin D restrained the expression of both NFκB‐ and STAT1‐induced antiviral genes. However, while NFκB control by vitamin D remained intact, both RSV‐induced phosphorylation of STAT1 and expression of its downstream targets, IRF1 and IRF7, escaped vitamin D control in FokI epithelial cells. The poor capacity of vitamin D to regulate IRF1 in FokI VDR‐expressing cells was recapitulated using blood samples from normal and FokI VDR‐genotyped healthy donors. Hence, we provide mechanistic insight that the FokI VDR polymorphism renders STAT1‐mediated antiviral immune reactions to RSV infection non‐responsive to vitamin D control, resulting in enhanced immunopathology and exacerbated RSV bronchiolitis. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation-Based Education Enhances Patient Safety Behaviors During Central Venous Catheter Placement

Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Objective We describe the effect of simulation-based education on residents’ adherence to protocols for and performance of central venous access. Methods Internal medicine and emergency medicine residents underwent a central venous access course that included a lecture, video presentation, readings, and simulation demonstrations presented by faculty. Baseline data were collected before the course was initiated. After a skills session where they rehearsed their ultrasound-guided central venous access skills, residents were evaluated using a procedural checklist and written knowledge exam. Residents also completed questionnaires regarding confidence in performing ultrasound-guided central venous access and opinions about the training course. Results Residents demonstrated significant improvement on the written knowledge exam (P < 0.0001) and Standard Protocol Checklist (P < 0.0001) after the training course. Training improved a number of patient safety elements, including adherence to sterile technique, transparent dressing, discarding sharps, and ordering postprocedure x-rays. However, a number of residents failed to wash their hands, prepare with chlorhexidine, drape the patient using a sterile technique, anesthetize the site, and perform a preprocedure time-out. Significant improvement in procedural skills was also noted for reduction in skin-to-vein time (P < 0.003) as well as a reduction in number of residents who punctured the carotid artery (P < 0.02). Conclusions Simulation-based education significantly improved residents’ knowledge and procedural skills along with their confidence. Adherence to the protocol also improved. This study illustrates that simulation-based education can improve patient safety through training and protocols.
Asymmetrical Spectral Response in Fiber Fabry–PÉrot Interferometers

We demonstrate that the reflection spectrum of a fiber Fabry–PÉrot formed by a single-mode fiber and an external mirror does not exhibit the standard Lorentzian profile of a conventional bulk-optic Fabry-PÉrot, but is instead highly asymmetric. Measurements indicate that the sign of this asymmetry is different for dielectric and metal mirrors. We show that this asymmetry is due to one of two mechanisms, namely the beam diffraction in the cavity and the complex phase upon reflection from a metal layer. We present an analytical approach to accurately model these spectra, and provide simple analytical formulas, useful in the design and optimization of fiber Fabry-PÉrot-based sensors. Specifically, we present expressions for the maximum finesse and the condition to obtain full contrast in a fiber Fabry-PÉrot. These results are widely applicable, in particular to both low- and high-finesse interferometers.
Lip adhesion revisited: A technical note with review of literature

Context (Background): Lip adhesion is a direct edge approximation without changing lip landmarks or disturbing tissue required for definitive closure. This converts a complete cleft into an incomplete cleft, facilitating and enhancing subsequent definitive lip and nose repair. Aim: The study aims to describe our technique of lip adhesion and its morbidity, and discuss the rationale for its use. Settings and Design: Retrospective follow-up study of complete clefts operated upon in the Bruges Cleft and Craniofacial Centre, at the supra regional teaching hospital AZ St. Jan, Bruges, between June 1, 1991 and May 1, 2009. Methods and Material: The group comprised 33 unilateral and 24 bilateral lip adhesion procedures. The medical files were reviewed for changes in surgical technique, morbidity, and complications and their treatment. Results: The lip adhesion procedure was performed at the age of two to eight weeks postnatal, and definitive lip closure, at the age of four to six months. In all cases, segment repositioning was further controlled by a palatal guidance plate. Wound dehiscence occurred in eight patients (14.0%), and three patients (5.3%) required reoperation. Conclusions: Although complications occurred, the beneficial effects of lip adhesion in combination with a guidance plate outweighed the risks for anatomical reconstruction of a platform for definitive lip and nose repair. Modifications are suggested to reduce these complications.