Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Coalescence patterns of endemic Tibetan species of stream salamanders (Hynobiidae: Batrachuperus)

Orogenesis of topographically diverse montane regions often drives complex evolutionary histories of species. The extensive biodiversity of the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, which gradually decreases eastwardly, facilitates a comparison of historical patterns. We use coalescence methods to compare species of stream salamanders (Batrachuperus) that occur at high and low elevations. Coalescent simulations reveal that closely related species are likely to have been influenced by different drivers of diversification. Species living in the western high‐elevation region with its northsouth extending mountains appear to have experienced colonization via dispersal followed by isolation and divergence. In contrast, species on the eastern low‐elevation region, which has many discontinuous mountain ranges, appear to have experienced fragmentation, sometimes staged, of wide‐ranging ancestral populations. The two groups of species appear to have been affected differently by glaciation. High‐elevation species, which are more resistant to cooler temperatures, appear to have experienced population declines as recently as the last glaciation (0.016–0.032 Ma). In contrast, salamanders dwelling in the warmer and wetter habitats at low‐elevation environs appear to have been affected less by the relatively recent, milder glaciation, and more so by harsher, extensive glaciations (0.5–0.175 Ma). Thus, elevation, topography and cold tolerance appear to drive evolutionary patterns of diversification and demography even among closely related taxa. The comparison of multiple species in genealogical analyses can lead to an understanding of the evolutionary drivers.
Developmental regulation of creatine kinase gene expression by myogenic factors in embryonic mouse and chick skeletal muscle.

The B isoform of creatine kinase (BCK), which is expressed at a high level in embryonic neural tissues, is also expressed abundantly in developing striated muscle and is an early marker for skeletal myogenesis. Using isoform-specific 35S-labeled antisense cRNA probes for in situ hybridization, we have detected BCK mRNAs in embryonic mouse and chick myotomes, the first skeletal muscle masses to form in developing embryos. These transcripts are detectable as soon as myotomes are morphologically distinguishable. BCK is expressed at high levels in both skeletal and cardiac muscle in mouse and chick embryos. In the mouse, BCK transcript levels fall of rapidly in striated muscle shortly after the onset of MCK gene expression. The M isoform of creatine kinase (MCK), the striated muscle-specific isoform, is expressed later than BCK. In the mouse, BCK transcripts are expressed in myotomes at 8.5 days post coitum (p.c.), but MCK transcripts are not detected before 13 days p.c. In the chick, BCK mRNAs are present at Hamburger-Hamilton stage 13, but MCK mRNAs are not detected before stage 19. We have compared the patterns of expression of the CK genes with those of myogenic differentiation factor genes, which are thought to regulate skeletal muscle-specific gene expression. In the chick, both CMD1, first detected at stage 13, and myogenin, first detected at stage 15, are present prior to MCK, which begins to be expressed at stage 19. Unlike the mouse embryo, CMD1, the chick homologue of MyoD1, is expressed before chick myogenin. In the mouse, myogenin, first detected at 8.5 days p.c. , is expressed at the same time as BCK in myotomes. Both myogenin and MyoD1, which begins to be detected two days later than myogenin, are expressed at least two days before MCK. It has been proposed that the myogenic factors, MyoD1 and myogenin, directly regulate MCK gene expression in the mouse by binding to its enhancer. However, our results show that MCK transcripts are not detected until well after MyoD1 and myogenin mRNAs are expressed, suggesting that these factors by themselves are not sufficient to initiate MCK gene expression.
Important role of serotonin in the antitumor effects of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha in mice.

The possible involvement of chemical mediator(s) in the induction of the antitumor effects of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (rTNF-alpha) on Meth A fibrosarcoma (Meth A) in mice was studied. On day 7 after intradermal implantation of Meth A in mice, rTNF-alpha caused tumor necrosis and inhibited the tumor growth. Ketanserin, cyproheptadine, and spiperone [serotonin (5-HT) receptor blockers] inhibited or attenuated the antitumor effects of rTNF-alpha, but the other types of receptor blockers tested (histamine H1 and H2, adrenaline alpha and beta, dopamine, and acetylcholine receptor blockers) did not. The large i.v. doses of 5-HT caused tumor necrosis and inhibited tumor growth in mice when given i.v. on day 7 but not when given on day 3 after Meth A implantation, which effects closely resemble those of rTNF-alpha. Its anti-tumor effects were completely inhibited by the 5-HT receptor blockers. 5-HT, like rTNF-alpha, showed no cytotoxicity against in vitro cultured Meth A cells. The results suggest that 5-HT is, at least in part, important for the induction of antitumor effects of rTNF-alpha on Meth A in mice.
An Empirical Study on the Factors Affecting Online Shopping Behavior of Millennial Consumers

ABSTRACT The online market in India is growing at an exponential rate, predominantly driven by the massive and extensive promotional activities. This strategy may not be appreciable in the long run, hence a real value addition is essential, which is explored through this study. The main objective of this research is to study about the determinants that are affecting the online purchasing behavior of millennial consumers. Conceptual framework, which consists of four factors that may induce online purchase behavior among millennial consumers: consumer innovativeness, perceived benefits, perceived risks, attitude and intention. The population of the study is from the millennial customer’s segment of Chennai metro, Tamil Nadu, India, and the study used systematic random sampling. The statistical tools applied are chi-square, ANOVA, correlation, multiple regression, and factor analysis. From the outcomes of this study, factors influencing online purchase are analyzed, and suggestive strategies for online companies are recommended.
Association of the ENGRAILED 2 (EN2) gene with autism in Chinese Han population

Human ENGRAILED 2 (EN2) gene is localized to 7q36, an autism susceptibility locus. En2 knockout mice display hypoplasia of cerebellum and a decrease in the number of Purkinje cell, which are similar to those reported for individuals with autism. Furthermore, deficits in social behavior were detected in En2−/− mice. Two recent studies have demonstrated that two intronic SNPs (rs1861972, rs1861973) in the EN2 gene are significantly associated with autism. To investigate whether this finding could be replicated in Chinese Han population, we performed the association study between eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the EN2 gene and autism in 210 Chinese Han trios, using the family‐based association test (FBAT). The present study demonstrated that a preferential transmission of the rs3824068 A‐allele to affected offspring (A > G: Z = 2.399, P = 0.0165). After the Bonferroni correction, this statistical significance of preferential transmission did not remain. However, when haplotypes were constructed with multiple markers, a number of haplotypes including three two‐marker haplotypes, nine three‐marker haplotypes, one four‐marker haplotype, and one six‐marker haplotype, all of which contain the major allele A of rs3824068, displayed significantly associated with autism. These results were still significant after using the permutation method to obtain empirical P values. Thus, our data provide evidence that the EN2 gene may be implicated in the predisposition to autism in the Chinese Han population. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
LR-Aided precoding with a modified LLL algorithm for limited feedback MIMO systems

It is well known that the lattice reduction (LR)-aided precoding system improves the channel condition and thereby the computational complexity at the mobile station can be dramatically reduced. Nonetheless, the feedback overhead of integer numbers in the infinite integer domain has been a bottleneck to implement the system for practical environments. In this paper, we propose a novel feedback method based on a modified Lenstra-Lenstra-Lovasz (LLL) algorithm. The proposed LLL algorithm reduces the required feedback considerably, and one can easily design the feedback system for a given number of feedback-bits by using the proposed LLL algorithm. The proposed algorithm was evaluated by comparing its bit error rate (BER) performance and the number of required feedback bits with those of the conventional ones.
FEE AUDIT SEBAGAI PEMODERASI PENGARUH KUALITAS AUDIT TERHADAP INTEGRITAS LAPORAN KEUANGAN

This research aimed to determine empirically the effect of audit quality and audit fee for the integrity of the financial statements and audit fees in the audit quality moderating influence on the integrity of financial statements. The theory used in this research is the theory of the Agency (Agency Theory). The population in this study are all manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2012-2014. In this study nonprobability sampling using sampling with purposive sampling technique. The data collected was conducted using non-participant observation. Data analysis technique used is Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). The results showed that the quality of the audit and the audit fee positive effect on the integrity of financial statements. While the audit fee variable are not able to moderate the effect of audit quality on the integrity of financial statements.
Risk of malignancy in thyroid incidentalomas detected by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND The expanding use of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ((18)F-FDG PET) has led to the identification of increasing numbers of patients with an incidentaloma in the thyroid gland. We aimed to review the proportion of incidental thyroid cancers found by (18)F-FDG PET or PET/computed tomography imaging. METHODS Studies evaluating thyroid carcinomas discovered incidentally in patients or healthy volunteers by (18)F-FDG PET were systematically searched in the PubMed database from 2000 to 2011. The main exclusion criteria were known thyroid disease, lack of assigned diagnoses, investigation of diffuse uptake only, or investigation of patients with head and neck cancer, or cancer in the upper part of the thorax. RESULTS Twenty-two studies met our criteria comprising a total of 125,754 subjects. Of these, 1994 (1.6%) had unexpected focal hypermetabolic activity, while 999 of 48,644 individuals (2.1%) had an unexpected diffuse hypermetabolic activity in the thyroid gland. A diagnosis was assigned in 1051 of the 1994 patients with a focal uptake, 366 of whom (34.8%) had thyroid malignancy. Likewise, a diagnosis was assigned in 168 of 999 patients with a diffuse uptake, 7 of whom (4.4%) had thyroid malignancy. In the eight studies reporting individual maximum standardized uptake values (SUV(max)), the mean SUV(max) was 4.8 (standard deviation [SD] 3.1) and 6.9 (SD 4.7) in benign and malignant lesions, respectively (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Incidentally found thyroid nodules, using (18)F-FDG PET, are at high risk of harboring malignancy if uptake is focal. SUV are significantly higher in malignant than in benign nodules. The pronounced inhomogeneity and other shortcomings of the studies are discussed.
Retreatment of Previously Embolized Cerebral Aneurysms: The Risk of Further Coil Embolization Does Not Negate the Advantage of the Initial Embolization

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A significant minority of aneurysms treated by endovascular means undergo additional subsequent therapy to treat aneurysm recurrence. Our study was undertaken to determine the risk of additional coil embolization of aneurysms recurring following endovascular therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients were identified during a 10-year period from prospectively collated data bases at 2 different neuroscience institutions. Patient outcome was obtained from the data bases or the patient's neurosurgical records. Occlusion grade was assessed at the time of treatment and at follow-up angiography as complete, near-complete, or incomplete. RESULTS: Of a total of 1834 aneurysms in 1631 patients, 100 aneurysms in 99 patients treated between January 1996 and December 2005 required additional coiling because of an enlarging remnant and subtotal occlusion. This comprised 6% of the patients treated and 8% of the total followed. Thromboembolic events complicated 3 retreatment procedures, but all 3 patients remain independent. Ninety-five patients were followed for 8–103 months (mean, 42.3 months) by conventional or MR angiography. CONCLUSION: Coil embolization of aneurysm recurrences has a low complication rate and leads to satisfactory occlusion in most cases. The risk from additional coil embolization does not negate the advantage of the initial embolization.
A 22nm high performance and low-power CMOS technology featuring fully-depleted tri-gate transistors, self-aligned contacts and high density MIM capacitors

A 22nm generation logic technology is described incorporating fully-depleted tri-gate transistors for the first time. These transistors feature a 3rd-generation high-k + metal-gate technology and a 5th generation of channel strain techniques resulting in the highest drive currents yet reported for NMOS and PMOS. The use of tri-gate transistors provides steep subthreshold slopes (~70mV/dec) and very low DIBL (~50mV/V). Self-aligned contacts are implemented to eliminate restrictive contact to gate registration requirements. Interconnects feature 9 metal layers with ultra-low-k dielectrics throughout the interconnect stack. High density MIM capacitors using a hafnium based high-k dielectric are provided. The technology is in high volume manufacturing.
Facilitation of facial nerve regeneration using chitosan-β-glycerophosphate-nerve growth factor hydrogel

Abstract Conclusion C/GP hydrogel was demonstrated to be an ideal drug delivery vehicle and scaffold in the vein conduit. Combined use autologous vein and NGF continuously delivered by C/GP-NGF hydrogel can improve the recovery of facial nerve defects. Objective This study investigated the effects of chitosan-β-glycerophosphate-nerve growth factor (C/GP-NGF) hydrogel combined with autologous vein conduit on the recovery of damaged facial nerve in a rat model. Methods A 5 mm gap in the buccal branch of a rat facial nerve was reconstructed with an autologous vein. Next, C/GP-NGF hydrogel was injected into the vein conduit. In negative control groups, NGF solution or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was injected into the vein conduits, respectively. Autologous implantation was used as a positive control group. Vibrissae movement, electrophysiological assessment, and morphological analysis of regenerated nerves were performed to assess nerve regeneration. Results NGF continuously released from C/GP-NGF hydrogel in vitro. The recovery rate of vibrissae movement and the compound muscle action potentials of regenerated facial nerve in the C/GP-NGF group were similar to those in the Auto group, and significantly better than those in the NGF group. Furthermore, larger regenerated axons and thicker myelin sheaths were obtained in the C/GP-NGF group than those in the NGF group.
On the design of microstrip patch antenna array for uniform power density in a wide spatial range

This document reports a design of a microstrip patch antenna array for a uniform power density in a wide spatial range. The antenna array regards disk patch antennas modeled by the cavity model as well as coupling effects at 1.6 GHz. The obtained results can reduce considerably the volume occupation and hardware complexity of the antenna array mounted on a LEO satellite. The well-known particle swarm optimization is performed to obtain the optimal values of voltage excitations.
Iterative estimation of the number of autofluorescence components in a biological sample

This work is part of a continuous effort to achieve characterization of tissue from auto-fluorescence measurements. One particular problem is the estimation of the number of components in a sample from multi-spectral Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Data (m-FLIM). The proposed method is based on a two-step iterative procedure, where first a blind end-member and abundance extraction algorithm is employed, followed by an evaluation of the resulting end-members by solving an optimal approximation problem. A threshold method is employed to evaluate if the extracted end-members are nonredundant. The validation of the proposal is performed by 3 m-FLIM data sets from post-mortem human coronary artery samples, where the results obtained matched the qualitative description provided by histopathology slides.
How Does Ethnic Rebellion Start?

Because insurgent group formation typically occurs in secrecy and in poorly monitored areas, the empirical record on conflicts’ start is spare and systematically omits rebels who fail before committing substantial violence. This article argues that this presents a fundamental challenge for the study of conflict onset and demonstrates the theoretical and empirical problems it causes in studying a controversial relationship: how ethnicity influences armed conflicts’ start. Unusual evidence on all armed groups that formed in Uganda since 1986 indicates that ethnic mobilization was unimportant to the initial formation of rebel groups—but mattered after nascent groups had already formed. Contrasting evidence from Uganda with a prominent argument that ethnic marginalization induces rebellion shows why lack of evidence about how insurgencies begin can lead to broader inferential pitfalls.
Aversion to ambiguity and willingness to take risks affect therapeutic decisions in managing atrial fibrillation for stroke prevention: results of a pilot study in family physicians

Background Anticoagulation is the therapeutic paradigm for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). It is unknown how physicians make treatment decisions in primary stroke prevention for patients with AF. Objectives To evaluate the association between family physicians’ risk preferences (aversion risk and ambiguity) and therapeutic recommendations (anticoagulation) in the management of AF for primary stroke prevention by applying concepts from behavioral economics. Methods Overall, 73 family physicians participated and completed the study. Our study comprised seven simulated case vignettes, three behavioral experiments, and two validated surveys. Behavioral experiments and surveys incorporated an economic framework to determine risk preferences and biases (e.g., ambiguity aversion, willingness to take risks). The primary outcome was making the correct decision of anticoagulation therapy. Secondary outcomes included medical errors in the management of AF for stroke prevention. Results Overall, 23.3% (17/73) of the family physicians elected not to escalate the therapy from antiplatelets to anticoagulation when recommended by best practice guidelines. A total of 67.1% of physicians selected the correct therapeutic options in two or more of the three simulated case vignettes. Multivariate analysis showed that aversion to ambiguity was associated with appropriate change to anticoagulation therapy in the management of AF (OR 5.48, 95% CI 1.08–27.85). Physicians’ willingness to take individual risk in multiple domains was associated with lower errors (OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.03–0.86). Conclusion Physicians’ aversion to ambiguity and willingness to take risks are associated with appropriate therapeutic decisions in the management of AF for primary stroke prevention. Further large scale studies are needed.
Histochemical evidence of altered development of cholinergic fibers in the rat dentate gyrus following lesions: I. Time course after complete unilateral entorhinal lesion at various ages

The entorhinal cortex of rats was removed at various times during development, and the reaction of the cholinergic septohippocampal input to the dentate gyrus was examined by use of acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. When the ipsilateral entorhinal cortex is completely removed, the outer 70‐75% of the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus is almost completely denervated. After such a lesion at 5 to 33 days of age, the acetylcholinesterase staining initially intensified throughout the denervated area, indicating that the septohippocampal fibers branched or elongated. This reaction could be detected within one day after a lesion at 11 days of age and within three or five days after lesions at earlier or later times. Whereas the initial response of the septohippocampal fibers was independent of the age at which the lesion was made, their final localization depended on the developmental state of the animal. After lesions at the age of 5 or 11 days, the reactive septohippocampal fibers became restrictd to the outer one‐sixth to one‐third of the molecular layer within two days after appearance of their initial reaction. A similar concentration of reactive fibers was demonstrable after lesions at 16, 18 or 21 days of age, but some reaction persisted in the middle third of the molecular layer. Finally, after lesions at 26 or 33 days of age the proliferating cholinergic fibers ultimately were uniformly distributed throughout the outer 60% of the molecular layer.
MEGA-database: one million data since 1972.

MEGA is the chemical workplace exposure database of the Institute for Occupational Safety (BIA) of the German Berufsgenossenschaften (BG) (statutory accident institutions for insurance and prevention). On the legal basis of the social insurance law the inspectorates of the BGs conduct workplace measurements of chemical and biological agents. The BGs have cooperated with BIA within the Berufsgenossenschaftliches Messsystem Gefahrstoffe--BGMG since 1972: measurements are done by the BGs, analyses and data processing are the tasks of BIA. In 1999 31,000 measurements with 68,000 analyses were taken in 4,000 enterprises. All data are stored in the MEGA-database with up to 150 pieces of information (describing type of workplace, working conditions, measured substances, sampling strategy, sampling duration, sampling and analytical method etc.), for each result. MEGA contains today about 1,000,000 measurements of more than 400 substances starting in 1972. MEGA is used by BIA and the BGs for the following purposes: prevention (e.g., identification of hazards, efficiency of exposure reducing measures, determination of technical criteria for exposure limit values), epidemiological questions, and investigations of occupational diseases. In the framework of the measuring and inspection activities and tasks of the inspectorates of the BGs the locations for measurements are not randomly selected, but are based on criteria such as supposed critical exposure situations or testing the efficiency of exposure reducing measures. Nevertheless, a statistical appraisal of the data is possible for different purposes considering the specific determinants of the results, as, for example, classification of enterprises (sectors), workplaces (activities, tasks), used materials, and products. The MEGA-database will be further developed into a multifactorial exposure database with additional data on biological exposure to bacteria and funghi, but also noise and other data.