Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gravitational instability of finite isothermal spheres in general relativity. Analogy with neutron stars

We investigate the effects of relativity on the gravitational instability of finite isothermal gaseous spheres. In the first part of the paper, we treat the gravitational field within the framework of Newtonian mechanics but we use a relativistic equation of state in the condition of hydrostatic equilibrium. In the second part of the paper, we study the full general relativistic problem for a gas described by an equation of state $p=q\epsilon$ such that the pressure is proportional to the energy density (``isothermal'' distribution). For $q=1/3$, this equation of state describes the core of neutron stars. The mass-density diagram displays some damped oscillations and there exists a critical value of mass-energy above which no equilibrium state is possible. We show analytically that the mass peaks are associated with new modes of instability. These results are strikingly similar to those obtained by Antonov [Vest. Leningr. Gos. Univ. 7, 135 (1962)] and Lynden-Bell & Wood (1968) for a classical isothermal gas. Our study completes the analogy between isothermal spheres and neutron stars investigated by Yabushita [MNRAS 167, 95 (1974)].
An integrated approach to supporting interaction evolution in home care systems

There are many sources of change within the domain of home care. People have changing needs, beliefs, and preferences regarding their care plan and how they might want to interact with existing and emerging home care technologies. The devices and services available to the user are likely to change over time depending on a person's capabilities or location within the home and the current devices and services available. The resulting interaction methods can therefore also change in accordance with the room location, available devices or displays, or preferred modalities. Home care systems therefore need to offer configuration possibilities that support this change. Computer systems offer methods and tools to support configuration in the short term, but do not provide mechanisms for supporting configuration over both short and long term. This paper presents an approach that addresses this issue in the home care domain by integrating methods for interaction requirements engineering with system support for turning those requirements into a working configuration. Both the methods and system support are designed to address a gradual process of change -- 'interaction evolution' in home care. We present the key features of our approach using a home care scenario and consider our progress to date in implementing and validating the approach.
Morphological Development of Thick-Tufted Layer V Pyramidal Cells in the Rat Somatosensory Cortex

The thick-tufted layer V pyramidal (TTL5) neuron is a key neuron providing output from the neocortex. Although it has been extensively studied, principles governing its dendritic and axonal arborization during development are still not fully quantified. Using 3-D model neurons reconstructed from biocytin-labeled cells in the rat somatosensory cortex, this study provides a detailed morphological analysis of TTL5 cells at postnatal day (P) 7, 14, 21, 36, and 60. Three developmental periods were revealed, which were characterized by distinct growing rates and properties of alterations in different compartments. From P7 to P14, almost all compartments grew fast, and filopodia-like segments along apical dendrite disappeared; From P14 to P21, the growth was localized on specified segments of each compartment, and the densities of spines and boutons were significantly increased; From P21 to P60, the number of basal dendritic segments was significantly increased at specified branch orders, and some basal and oblique dendritic segments were lengthened or thickened. Development changes were therefore seen in two modes: the fast overall growth during the first period and the slow localized growth (thickening mainly on intermediates or lengthening mainly on terminals) at the subsequent stages. The lengthening may be accompanied by the retraction on different segments. These results reveal a differential regulation in the arborization of neuronal compartments during development, supporting the notion of functional compartmental development. This quantification provides new insight into the potential value of the TTL5 morphology for information processing, and for other purposes as well.
CheckCell

Testing and static analysis can help root out bugs in programs, but not in data. This paper introduces data debugging, an approach that combines program analysis and statistical analysis to automatically find potential data errors. Since it is impossible to know a priori whether data are erroneous, data debugging instead locates data that has a disproportionate impact on the computation. Such data is either very important, or wrong. Data debugging is especially useful in the context of data-intensive programming environments that intertwine data with programs in the form of queries or formulas. We present the first data debugging tool, CheckCell, an add-in for Microsoft Excel. CheckCell identifies cells that have an unusually high impact on the spreadsheet's computations. We show that CheckCell is both analytically and empirically fast and effective. We show that it successfully finds injected typographical errors produced by a generative model trained with data entry from 169,112 Mechanical Turk tasks. CheckCell is more precise and efficient than standard outlier detection techniques. CheckCell also automatically identifies a key flaw in the infamous Reinhart and Rogoff spreadsheet.
Estimating Oligo-nucleotide Microarray Expression by Hybridization Process Modelling

Oligonucleotide microarray technology has become widely spread in genetic probing for different purposes. This technology has shown to be highly reliable and dependable, although not free from problems regarding expression estimation, as it relies on the differential or contrasted hybridization of test probes. In many cases hybridization results do not show the expected behaviour, thus affecting to the reliability of expression estimation. In the present paper a modelling of the hybridization process is proposed which can be used to predict and correct expression levels on a specific test probe, improving the reliability of the results. Some examples from real microarray processing are shown and discussed
Reading Instruction for Fourth-Grade Struggling Readers and the Relation to Student Outcomes

ABSTRACT The present study examined the amount, type, and quality of Tier 1 and supplemental reading instruction provided to 4th-grade struggling readers and whether specific elements of instruction predicted growth in reading skills. In all, 110 students identified as having reading difficulty who were receiving school-based reading instruction in 22 classrooms located in 2 states/sites participated. We observed and coded reading instruction for instructional dimensions, including reading components, grouping, and quality. Reading comprehension and vocabulary were the most prevalent components of instruction, whereas limited time was allocated to word-level reading skills. We noted several significant differences in time allocated to overall instruction and components of instruction during Tier 1 between sites. Overall, there were few unique Tier 1 instructional predictors of student achievement at the end of the year. Students receiving supplemental reading instruction outperformed those students receiving only Tier 1 on measures of oral reading fluency. We discuss implications for instruction and future research.
Vowel Onset Point Detection Using Source, Spectral Peaks, and Modulation Spectrum Energies

Vowel onset point (VOP) is the instant at which the onset of vowel takes place during speech production. There are significant changes occurring in the energies of excitation source, spectral peaks, and modulation spectrum at the VOP. This paper demonstrates the independent use of each of these three energies in detecting the VOPs. Since each of these energies represents a different aspect of speech production, it may be possible that they contain complementary information about the VOP. The individual evidences are therefore combined for detecting the VOPs. The error rates measured as the ratio of missing and spurious to the total number of VOPs evaluated on the sentences taken from the TIMIT database are 6.92%, 8.8%, 6.13%, and 4.0% for source, spectral peaks, modulation spectrum, and combined information, respectively. The performance of the combined method for VOP detection is improved by 2.13% compared to the best performing individual VOP detection method.
Lempel-Ziv parsing and sublinear-size index structures for string matching

String matching over a long text can be signiicantly speeded up with an index structure formed by preprocessing the text. For very long texts, the size of such an index can be a problem. This paper presents the rst sublinear-size index structure. The new structure is based on Lempel-Ziv parsing of the text and has size linear in N, the size of the Lempel-Ziv parse. For a text of length n, N = O(n= log n) and can be still smaller if the text is compressible. With the new index structure, all occurrences of a pattern string of length m can be found in time O(m 2 + (m + L) log N + p Nm log m), where L is the number of occurrences found.
Empty set biasing issues in the Transferable Belief Model for fusing and decision making

This paper is a tutorial on how the empty set can be used within set theory. We look at common misconceptions and the effect that these can have when applied to those set based models. The role of the empty set when fusing data and information modelled in sets can be confusing and incorrectly implemented. We show how the empty set has implications when decisions are made in the Transferable Belief Model (TBM), even having the ability to completely negate the open world concept of the TBM. We aim to highlight the common problems the empty set can cause so that they can be avoided by correct implementation and also suggest appropriate improvements so that the empty set does not impair results when making decisions, specifically within the TBM.
Measuring Similarity between Sentence Fragments

Sentence fragment has a wide range of applications, such as short text mining, flow diagram search based on label similarity and so on. Existing methods aren't entirely appropriate for measuring similarity between sentence fragments since they were originally designed for complete sentences or long texts. So we pay more attention to proper nouns which carry important information in sentence fragments. We then propose a novel measuring method applicable for sentence fragments or even short sentences. It calculates the similarity based on the edit distance model instead of traditional vector space model. Besides, manual weight factors are introduced in order to meet the needs of different situations. Our experiments demonstrate that our method outperforms existing methods.
An Approach of QoS-Guaranteed Web Service Composition Based on a Win-Win Strategy

In Web service composition, the benefit conflicts between the user and the service provider ask the so-called both win to be supported. To address this concern, a novel QoS-guaranteed service composition approach based on a win-win strategy is proposed in this paper. First, a QoS model based on the probability interval is built to adapt to the dynamic nature of the Internet, and a corresponding user satisfaction evaluation method is designed. Next, a mathematical model of service composition based on game theory is proposed. Finally, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to search an appropriate composite service with the Pareto optimum under the Nash equilibrium on both the user utility and the service provider utility achieved or approached. Simulation results have shown that the proposed approach is feasible and effective.
Timing noise, glitches and the braking index of PSR B0540-69

We report a pulse-time history of PSR B0540-69 based on the analysis of an extended data set including ASCA, BeppoSAX and RXTE observations spanning a time interval of about 8 years. This interval includes also the epoch of the glitch episode reported by Zhang et al. ([CITE]). Our analysis shows the presence of relevant timing noise and does not give clear evidence of the glitch occurrence. We performed an accurate evaluation of the main timing parameters, ν , $\dot{\nu}$ and $\ddot{\nu}$ and derived a mean braking index of $n=2.125\pm0.001$ quite different from the lower value found by Zhang et al. ([CITE]), but in rather good agreement with several other values reported in the literature.
Winter greenhouse gas emissions (CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O) from a sub-alpine grassland

Winter greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, CH4 and N2O) from a sub-alpine grassland L. Merbold, C. Steinlin, and F. Hagedorn ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Grassland Sciences Group, Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Safety and Environmental Technology Group, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
On the value of data sharing in constrained-backhaul network MIMO

This paper addresses the problem of cooperation in a multicell environment where base stations wish to jointly serve multiple users, under a constrained-capacity backhaul. Such a constraint limits, among other things, data sharing and network MIMO concepts need to be revised accordingly. More precisely, we focus on the downlink, and propose to use the backhaul to transmit several messages to each user: some are common to several transmitters and joint precoding is possible, others are private and only local precoding may be done. For the two-cell setup we derive achievable rate regions, optimizing the corresponding beamforming design. Numerical results show how this added flexibility improves performance.
Toward emergent technology for blended public displays

Public displays are becoming increasingly commonplace, yet recent studies place the effectiveness and user acceptance of them into doubt. This paper motivates the need for a new class of display technology that can more effectively blend with its environment and introduces the concept of self-organizing emergent displays as a vehicle to achieving this. The paper goes on to briefly describe Firefly, a prototype emergent display system, and evaluate its scalability, effectiveness, and user acceptance through experimental analysis and a field trial.
Sparse Non-negative Matrix Factorization Based on Spatial Pyramid Matching for Face Recognition

The non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is a part-Based image representation method which allows only additive combinations of non-negative basis components. NMF has been widely used as a dimensionality reduction technique to solve problems in computer vision and pattern recognition fields. The sparse representation and spatial information of image are also important, however, existing NMF methods do not take these two aspects into consideration simultaneously. In this paper, we propose a novel NMF method with spatial information for face recognition, which is called sparse non-negative matrix factorization Based on spatial pyramid matching (SNMFSPM). Experimental results on several benchmark databases show that the proposed scheme outperforms some classical methods.
Quantifying plasticity-independent creep compliance and relaxation of viscoelastoplastic materials under contact loading

Here we quantify the time-dependent mechanical properties of a linear viscoelastoplastic material under contact loading. For contact load relaxation, we showed that the relaxation modulus can be measured independently of concurrent plasticity exhibited during the loading phase. For indentation creep, we showed that the rate of change of the contact creep compliance $$\dot L(t)$$ can be measured independently of any plastic deformation exhibited during loading through $$\dot L(t) = 2a(t)\dot h(t)/P_{\max } $$ , where a ( t ) is the contact radius, h ( t ) is the displacement of the contact probe, and P _max is the constant applied load during the creep phase. These analytical relations were compared with numerical simulations of conical indentation creep for a viscoelastoplastic material and validated against sharp indentation creep experiments conducted on polystyrene. The derived relations enable extraction of viscoelastic material characteristics, even if sharp probes confer concurrent plasticity, applicable for a general axisymmetric contact probe geometry and a general time-independent plasticity.
Perlecan expression influences the keratin 15‐positive cell population fate in the epidermis of aging skin

The epidermis is continuously renewed by stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Basal keratinocytes append the dermal‐epidermal junction, a cell surface‐associated, extracellular matrix that provides structural support and influences their behaviour. It consists of laminins, type IV collagen, nidogens, and perlecan, which are necessary for tissue organization and structural integrity. Perlecan is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan known to be involved in keratinocyte survival and differentiation. Aging affects the dermal epidermal junction resulting in decreased contact with keratinocytes, thus impacting epidermal renewal and homeostasis. We found that perlecan expression decreased during chronological skin aging. Our in vitro studies revealed reduced perlecan transcript levels in aged keratinocytes. The production of in vitro skin models revealed that aged keratinocytes formed a thin and poorly organized epidermis. Supplementing these models with purified perlecan reversed the phenomenon allowing restoration of a well‐differentiated multi‐layered epithelium. Perlecan down‐regulation in cultured keratinocytes caused depletion of the cell population that expressed keratin 15. This phenomenon depended on the perlecan heparan sulphate moieties, which suggested the involvement of a growth factor. Finally, we found defects in keratin 15 expression in the epidermis of aging skin. This study highlighted a new role for perlecan in maintaining the self‐renewal capacity of basal keratinocytes.
Hippocampal Abnormalities and Enhanced Excitability in a Murine Model of Human Lissencephaly

Human cortical heterotopia and neuronal migration disorders result in epilepsy; however, the precise mechanisms remain elusive. Here we demonstrate severe neuronal dysplasia and heterotopia throughout the granule cell and pyramidal cell layers of mice containing a heterozygous deletion of Lis1, a mouse model of human 17p13.3-linked lissencephaly. Birth-dating analysis using bromodeoxyuridine revealed that neurons in Lis1+/−murine hippocampus are born at the appropriate time but fail in migration to form a defined cell layer. Heterotopic pyramidal neurons in Lis1+/− mice were stunted and possessed fewer dendritic branches, whereas dentate granule cells were hypertrophic and formed spiny basilar dendrites from which the principal axon emerged. Both somatostatin- and parvalbumin-containing inhibitory neurons were heterotopic and displaced into both stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum-moleculare. Mechanisms of synaptic transmission were severely disrupted, revealing hyperexcitability at Schaffer collateral–CA1 synapses and depression of mossy fiber–CA3 transmission. In addition, the dynamic range of frequency-dependent facilitation ofLis1+/− mossy fiber transmission was less than that of wild type. Consequently, Lis1+/− hippocampi are prone to interictal electrographic seizure activity in an elevated [K+]o model of epilepsy. InLis1+/− hippocampus, intense interictal bursting was observed on elevation of extracellular potassium to 6.5 mm, a condition that resulted in only minimal bursting in wild type. These anatomical and physiological hippocampal defects may provide a neuronal basis for seizures associated with lissencephaly.
Heed the Warning ! How Reducing Eyewitness Misinformation with Postwarnings May be Extended to the Cognitive Interview

One problem with eyewitnesses is that their memory is not always accurate. False details, or misinformation, may be unintentionally incorporated into an eyewitness's account of a crime, thereby reducing the validity of their testimony. The present study seeks to mitigate this misinformation effect by explicitly warning participants. However, instead of testing their memory with conventional laboratory memory tests, we used the more ecologically valid cognitive interview procedure. Participants were 48 college students who watched a video of a robbery, read a narrative that suggested false details about the crime, and then experienced the cognitive interview to evaluate their memory. Results indicated that eyewitnesses in the warning condition reported significantly less misleading information during the cognitive interview than those who were not warned. REDUCING MISINFORMATION WITH WARNINGS AND COGNITIVE INTERVIEW False memories occur when people try to recollect past experiences but unintentionally misremember the facts. This cognitive phenomenon can be deleterious in judicial settings where eyewitnesses are relied upon to recall what happened during a crime. How accurately can eyewitnesses actually remember what they saw or what they think they saw? More importantly, to what extent can they resist false information stemming from other sources? This study investigated whether warnings can reduce reports of misinformation when memory is interrogated with a relatively ecologically valid procedure. Eyewitnesses often experience a bombardment of extra information after witnessing a criminal act (Echterhoff & Hirst, 2005). Additional details may come from other witnesses or news media that may over-embellish or unknowingly alter the story as a result of interacting with eyewitnesses (Echterhoff, Groll, & Hirst, 2007). The concern is that these third party sources may inadvertently describe things that are, in fact, not true at all; thereby indirectly and detrimentally influencing the memory of an eyewitness. For instance, if the original eyewitness overhears another person talking about how the thief was wearing black gloves, she might assume this to be true even though she did not actually observe this detail. More importantly, this incorporation of false information now becomes the sworn testimony of the witness, and this is technically not considered perjury because she does not realize her testimony is false (Wise & Safer, 2004). The recent implementation of DNA testing in the criminal justice system has proven that thousands of innocent people have been convicted. Considering that eyewitness error accounts for at least half of all wrongful convictions in the United States, it is …