Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A new distributed route selection approach for channel establishment in real-time networks

We propose a new distributed route selection approach, called parallel probing, for real-time channel establishment in a point-to-point network. The existing distributed routing algorithms fall into two major categories: preferred neighbor based or flooding based. The preferred neighbor approach offers a better call acceptance rate, whereas the flooding approach is better in terms of call setup time and routing distance. The proposed approach attempts to combine the benefits of both preferred neighbor and flooding approaches in a way to improve all the three performance metrics simultaneously. This is achieved by probing k different paths in parallel, for a channel, by employing different heuristics on each path. Also, the proposed approach uses a notion called intermediate destinations (IDs), which are subset of nodes along the least-cost path between source and destination of a call, in order to reduce the excessive resource reservations while probing for a channel by releasing unused resources between IDs and initiating parallel probes at every ID. Further, it has the flexibility of adapting to different load conditions by its nature of using different heuristics in parallel, and hence, a path found for a channel would have different segments (a segment is a path between two successive IDs), and each of these segments would very well be selected by different heuristics. The effectiveness of the proposed approach has been studied through simulation for well-known network topologies for a wide range of quality-of-service and traffic parameters. The simulation results reveal that the average call acceptance rate offered by the proposed route-selection approach is better than that of both the flooding and preferred neighbor approaches, and the average call setup time and routing distance offered by it are very close to that of the flooding approach.
Intrinsic Plagiarism Analysis with Meta Learning

In intrinsic plagiarism analysis we are given a document, allegedly written by a single author, and the task is to find sufficient evidence either to accept or to reject this hypothesis. Existing research to intrinsic plagiarism analysis tries to quantify changes in the writing style by analyzing the distributions of particular style markers. This way, acceptable detection rates can be achieved if the portion of plagiarized sections is known a-priori and if the document is of a single genre. However, both assumptions may not be fulfilled in practice. In [6] Koppel and Schler propose a new approach to the authorship verification problem, where the task is to determine whether two texts are written by the same author. Their approach is ingenious in that it provides a means to detect relatively shallow differences in writing style while being independent of language, period, and genre. Since the approach requires two (relatively large) samples of text to be compared to each other it cannot be applied directly to the intrinsic plagiarism analysis problem. Main contribution of our paper is the idea to address the shortcomings of existing approaches to intrinsic plagiarism analysis with the technology presented in [6]. We propose a hybrid approach that employs style marker analysis for the purpose of hypotheses generation which then are accepted or rejected by an authorship verification analysis. A second contribution of our paper is the evaluation of style markers for German text and their application to a real-world plagiarism case.
High Genetic Diversity and Fine-Scale Spatial Structure in the Marine Flagellate Oxyrrhis marina (Dinophyceae) Uncovered by Microsatellite Loci

Free-living marine protists are often assumed to be broadly distributed and genetically homogeneous on large spatial scales. However, an increasing application of highly polymorphic genetic markers (e.g., microsatellites) has provided evidence for high genetic diversity and population structuring on small spatial scales in many free-living protists. Here we characterise a panel of new microsatellite markers for the common marine flagellate Oxyrrhis marina. Nine microsatellite loci were used to assess genotypic diversity at two spatial scales by genotyping 200 isolates of O. marina from 6 broad geographic regions around Great Britain and Ireland; in one region, a single 2 km shore line was sampled intensively to assess fine-scale genetic diversity. Microsatellite loci resolved between 1–6 and 7–23 distinct alleles per region in the least and most variable loci respectively, with corresponding variation in expected heterozygosities (He) of 0.00–0.30 and 0.81–0.93. Across the dataset, genotypic diversity was high with 183 genotypes detected from 200 isolates. Bayesian analysis of population structure supported two model populations. One population was distributed across all sampled regions; the other was confined to the intensively sampled shore, and thus two distinct populations co-occurred at this site. Whilst model-based analysis inferred a single UK-wide population, pairwise regional FST values indicated weak to moderate population sub-division (0.01–0.12), but no clear correlation between spatial and genetic distance was evident. Data presented in this study highlight extensive genetic diversity for O. marina; however, it remains a substantial challenge to uncover the mechanisms that drive genetic diversity in free-living microorganisms.
The Role of Body Size and Shape in Understanding Competitive Interactions within a Community of Neotropical Dung Beetles

Abstract Geometric morphometrics is helpful for understanding how body size and body shape influence the strength of inter-specific competitive interactions in a community. Dung beetles, characterized by their use of decomposing organic material, provide a useful model for understanding the structuring of ecological communities and the role of competition based on their size and morphology. The relationship between body size and shape in a dung beetle community from the Atlantic Forest in Serra do Japi, Brazil was analyzed for 39 species. Fifteen anatomical landmarks on three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates were used to describe both the shape and the size of the body of each species on the basis of the centroid located along homologous points in all of the species. The first vector of a principal components analysis explained 38.5% of the morphological variation among species, and represents a gradient of body shape from elongated, flattened bodies with narrow abdomen to rounded or convex bodies. The second component explained 17.8% of the remaining variation in body shape, which goes from species with an abdomen that is larger than the elytra to species with constricted abdomens and large elytra. The relationship between body size and shape was analyzed separately for diurnal and nocturnal species. In both guilds not only were there differences in body size, but also in body shape, suggesting a reduction in their level of competition.
CHOICES ON DESIGNING GF ( P ) ELLIPTIC CURVE COPROCESSOR BENEFITING FROM MAPPING HOMOGENEOUS CURVES IN PARALLEL MULTIPLICATIONS

ــــ Modular inversion operation is known to be the most time consuming operation in ECC field arithmetic computations. In addition, Many ECC designs that use projective coordinates over GF (p) have not considered different factors that affect the design of ECC such as area, hardware utilization, cost (AT2) and performance factors which are crucial in many ECC applications. This paper proposes to use several projective coordinates to compute the standard ECC point doubling over GF (p) with no inversion operations due to the ability of projective coordinates to convert each inversion to several multiplication steps which are applied in parallel. We tune-up the mentioned factors by using a variable degree of parallelization benefiting from the inherent parallelism in ECC computations. The aim is to provide different design choices that can be utilized in several ECC applications. Out results show that projection (X/Z, Y/Z) gives the best results in terms of time-consuming using 5 parallel multipliers compared to other projections. Furthermore, both projections (X/Z, Y/Z) and (X/Z2, Y/Z3) achieve the highest hardware utilization enhancements when using 2 and 3 parallel multipliers respectively. A trade-off between factors such as security, area and time-consuming is which control the design of ECC, the more parallelization leads to less time-consuming. However, with extra area needed for parallel ECC operations.
Mammographic masses segmentation based on morphology

Medical images segmentation is an important work for object recognition of the human organs and it is an important pre-processing step in medical image segmentation and 3D reconstruction. Conventionally, segmentation is detected according to some early brought forward algorithms such as gradient-based algorithm and template-based algorithm, but they are not so good for noise medical image segmentation. In this paper, basic morphological theory and operations are introduced at first, and then a novel morphological segmentation algorithm is proposed to detect the segment of mammographic masses with salt-and-pepper noise. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is more efficient for medical image denoising and segmentation than the usually used template-based segmentation algorithms and general morphological segmentation algorithms.
A Sulfhydryl-Reactive Ruthenium (II) Complex and Its Conjugation to Protein G as a Universal Reagent for Fluorescent Immunoassays

To develop a fluorescent ruthenium complex for biosensing, we synthesized a novel sulfhydryl-reactive compound, 4-bromophenanthroline bis-2,2′-dipyridine Ruthenium bis (hexafluorophosphate). The synthesized Ru(II) complex was crosslinked with thiol-modified protein G to form a universal reagent for fluorescent immunoassays. The resulting Ru(II)-protein G conjugates were identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The emission peak wavelength of the Ru(II)-protein G conjugate was 602 nm at the excitation of 452 nm which is similar to the spectra of the Ru(II) complex, indicating that Ru(II)-protein G conjugates still remain the same fluorescence after conjugation. To test the usefulness of the conjugate for biosensing, immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding assay was conducted. The result showed that Ru(II)-protein G conjugates were capable of binding IgG and the more cross-linkers to modify protein G, the higher conjugation efficiency. To demonstrate the feasibility of Ru(II)-protein G conjugates for fluorescent immunoassays, the detection of recombinant histidine-tagged protein using the conjugates and anti-histidine antibody was developed. The results showed that the histidine-tagged protein was successfully detected with dose-response, indicating that Ru(II)-protein G conjugate is a useful universal fluorescent reagent for quantitative immunoassays.
Towards Scalable MAC Design for High-Speed Wireless LANs

The growing popularity of wireless LANs has spurred rapid evolution in physical-layer technologies and wide deployment in diverse environments. The ability of protocols in wireless data networks to cater to a large number of users, equipped with high-speed wireless devices, becomes ever critical. In this paper, we propose a token-coordinated random access MAC (TMAC) framework that scales to various population sizes and a wide range of high physical-layer rates. TMAC takes a two-tier design approach, employing centralized, coarse-grained channel regulation, and distributed, fine-grained random access. The higher tier organizes stations into multiple token groups and permits only the stations in one group to contend for the channel at a time. This token mechanism effectively controls the maximum intensity of channel contention and gracefully scales to diverse population sizes. At the lower tier, we propose an adaptive channel sharing model working with the distributed random access, which largely reduces protocol overhead and exploits rate diversity among stations. Results from analysis and extensive simulations demonstrate that TMAC achieves a scalable network throughput as user size increases from 15 to over 300. At the same time, TMAC improves the overall throughput of wireless LANs by approximately 100% at link capacity of 216 Mb/s, as compared with the widely adopted DCF scheme.
A preliminary analysis of the products of HCI research, using Pro Forma abstracts

We present a novel application which integrates handwriting and recorded audio in a semi-portable device. Based on user interviews, it allows people to straightforwardly access particular points in recorded spontaneous speech via handwritten notes, using temporal indexing. Laboratory studies showed objective benefits of combined notes and audio over notes alone. The utility of the access method was shown by improved performance over current audio technolog y such as dictaphones. We also found perceived benefits of higher quality meeting minutes in field trials. An unforeseen benefit was the use of this device as an audio editing tool. We discuss further technical extensions and user issues in relation to the prototype,
Xyloglucanases in the interaction between the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and Rhizobium.

We studied the production of xyloglucanase enzymes of leguminous roots in the presence of Rhizobium and arbuscularmycorrhizal (AM) fungi. The AM fungus Glomus mosseae and Sinorhizobium meliloti GR4 for alfalfa, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae Rlv 13 for pea, R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii 2152 for clover, R. tropici CIAT 899 for bean and Mesorrhizobium mediterraneum USDA 3392 for chickpea. The inoculation of plants with G. mosseae, with Rhizobium or with both microorganisms together increased the shoot dry weights of almost all plants tested. The shoot dry weight of plants was higher when both symbionts were inoculated together than when they were inoculated separately and this benefit was related to the increase in the percentage of root length colonization and to the increase in the number of nodules observed in the joint inoculated plants. The AM fungus and Rhizobium increased the production of xyloglucanases in plant roots. The level of xyloglucanase activity and the number of xyloglucanolytic isozymes in plants roots inoculated with G. mosseae together with most of the Rhizobium tested was higher than when both microorganisms were inoculated separately. The possible relationship between xyloglucanase activities and the ability of AM and Rhizobium to improve the dry weight and AM root colonization of plants was investigated.
End-to-End Speech Recognition with Auditory Attention for Multi-Microphone Distance Speech Recognition

End-to-End speech recognition is a recently proposed approach that directly transcribes input speech to text using a single model. End-to-End speech recognition methods including Connectionist Temporal Classiﬁcation and Attention-based En-coder Decoder Networks have been shown to obtain state-of-the-art performance on a number of tasks and signiﬁcantly simplify the modeling, training and decoding procedures for speech recognition. In this paper, we extend our prior work on End-to-End speech recognition focusing on the effectiveness of these models in far-ﬁeld environments. Speciﬁcally, we propose introducing Auditory Attention to integrate input from multiple microphones directly within an End-to-End speech recognition model, leveraging the attention mechanism to dynamically tune the model’s attention to the most reliable input sources. We evaluate our proposed model on the CHiME-4 task, and show substantial improvement compared to a model optimized for a single microphone input.
Distributed algorithms for green IP networks

We propose a novel distributed approach to exploit sleep mode capabilities of links in an Internet Service Provider network. Differently from other works, neither a central controller, nor the knowledge of the current traffic matrix is assumed, favoring a major step towards making sleep mode enabled networks practical in the current Internet architecture. Our algorithms are able to automatically adapt the state of network links to the actual traffic in the network. Moreover, the required input parameters are intuitive and easy to set. Extensive simulations that consider a real network and traffic demand prove that our algorithms are able to follow the daily variation of traffic, reducing energy consumption up to 70% during off peak time, with little overheads and while guaranteeing Quality of Service constraints.
Study of Tumor Growth under Hyperthermia Condition

The new concept of keeping primary tumor under control in situ to suppress distant foci sheds light on the treatment of metastatic tumor. Hyperthermia is considered as one of the means for controlling tumor growth. To simulate the tumor growth, a continuum mathematical model has been introduced. The newest understanding of the Warburg effect on the cellular metabolism and diffusion of the nutrients in the tissue has been taken into consideration. The numerical results are compared with the in vivo experimental data by fitting the tumor cell doubling time/tumor cell growth rate under different thermal conditions. Both the tumor growth curve and corresponding average glucose concentration have been predicted. The numerical results have quantitatively illustrated the controlling effect on tumor growth under hyperthermia condition in the initial stage.
EVIDENCE FOR DUST CLEARING THROUGH RESOLVED SUBMILLIMETER IMAGING

Mid-infrared spectrophotometric observations have revealed a small subclass of circumstellar disks with spectral energy distributions (SEDs) suggestive of large inner gaps with low dust content. However, such data provide only an indirect and model-dependent method of finding central holes. Imaging of protoplanetry disks provides an independent check of SED modeling. We present here the direct characterization of three 33–47 AU radii inner gaps, in the disks around LkHα 330, SR 21N, and HD 135344B, via 340 GHz (880 μm) dust continuum aperture synthesis observations obtained with the Submillimeter Array (SMA). The large gaps are fully resolved at ∼0. ″3 by the SMA data and mostly empty of dust, with less than (1–7.5) × 10−6 M☉ of fine grained solids inside the holes. Gas (as traced by atomic accretion markers and CO 4.7 μm rovibrational emission) is still present in the inner regions of all three disks. For each, the inner hole exhibits a relatively steep rise in dust emission to the outer disk, a feature more likely to originate from the gravitational influence of a companion body than from a process expected to show a more shallow gradient like grain growth. Importantly, the good agreement between the spatially resolved data and spectrophotometry-based models lends confidence to current interpretations of SEDs, wherein the significant dust emission deficits arise from disks with inner gaps or holes. Further SED-based searches can therefore be expected to yield numerous additional candidates that can be examined at high spatial resolution.
A Non-cooperative Game Approach for Intrusion Detection in Smartphone Systems

In this paper, we propose an intrusion detection framework for smartphone systems. We formulate the intrusion detection problem into a two-player, non-cooperative, complete-information, constant-sum game. The attacker and the security server are the players of the game. The security server wants to maximize the value of the system but the attacker wants to minimize it. We present the Nash equilibrium and the Nash equilibrium leads to a defense strategy for the security server. We implement the framework and the results show that the proposed defense strategy is better than traditional ones.
In vitro studies of dasatinib, its targets and predictors of sensitivity

Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Masonic Cancer Center and Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Correspondence Harriet M. Kluger, e-mail: Harriet.Kluger@yale.edu
Dynamics of the Skeletal Muscle Secretome during Myoblast Differentiation*

During recent years, increased efforts have focused on elucidating the secretory function of skeletal muscle. Through secreted molecules, skeletal muscle affects local muscle biology in an auto/paracrine manner as well as having systemic effects on other tissues. Here we used a quantitative proteomics platform to investigate the factors secreted during the differentiation of murine C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. Using triple encoding stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture, we compared the secretomes at three different time points of muscle differentiation and followed the dynamics of protein secretion. We identified and quantitatively analyzed 635 secreted proteins, including 35 growth factors, 40 cytokines, and 36 metallopeptidases. The extensive presence of these proteins that can act as potent signaling mediators to other cells and tissues strongly highlights the important role of the skeletal muscle as a prominent secretory organ. In addition to previously reported molecules, we identified many secreted proteins that have not previously been shown to be released from skeletal muscle cells nor shown to be differentially released during the process of myogenesis. We found 188 of these secreted proteins to be significantly regulated during the process of myogenesis. Comparative analyses of selected secreted proteins revealed little correlation between their mRNA and protein levels, indicating pronounced regulation by posttranscriptional mechanisms. Furthermore, analyses of the intracellular levels of members of the semaphorin family and their corresponding secretion dynamics demonstrated that the release of secreted proteins is tightly regulated by the secretory pathway, the stability of the protein, and/or the processing of secreted proteins. Finally, we provide 299 unique hydroxyproline sites mapping to 48 distinct secreted proteins and have discovered a novel hydroxyproline motif.
Emergence of Clostridium botulinum type B-like nontoxigenic organisms in a patient with type B infant botulism

We encountered a patient with infant botulism caused by a single clone of Clostridium botulinum type B. In the early convalescent phase, a C. botulinum type B-like nontoxigenic organism emerged in the feces instead. Growth inhibition of toxigenic strains by nontoxigenic strains was examined.