Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Education and literacy

Abstract Basic literacy, the mere ability to read and write, is relatively easily mastered by children so long as the signs of the writing system map on to comprehensible properties of the learner's speech and appropriate learning environments are available (Venezky, 2004). But that skill in itself has little to do with turning literacy into an instrument of use and power. Reading is a social practice in which readers and writers engage with text for quite different purposes and some of these ways of dealing with written texts are sufficiently different from the more basic processes of learning to read and write that they are more correctly described by a second meaning of literacy, namely, literacy as an acquaintance with literature or academic literacy; meaning the ability to deal with an encyclopedic range of written materials. The community of readers evolve conventions for reading and interpreting documents and texts as well as for writing new texts that may take years to master. There is a third concept of literacy: societal literacy (Elwert, 2001), which refers to the kind of literacy that underwrites a modern bureaucratic society. The criteria to be met, if one is to be judged as achieving any of these concepts of literacy, are importantly different. Besides, the concepts of basic and advanced levels of literacy are embarrassingly close to those at play in much current educational practice. And, like that practice, they are limited in the sense that highlighting the criteria leaves hidden the social communicative practices that these criteria are designed to serve. The danger of enumerating criteria is that, too readily, they become the direct object of instruction rather than remaining, as they should be, specialised devices for advancing communication and understanding in particular domains.
How Hot is the Wind from TW Hydrae?

It has recently been suggested that the winds from classical T Tauri stars in general, and the wind from TW Hya in particular, reaches temperatures of 300,000 K while maintaining a mass-loss rate of ~10-11 M☉ yr-1 or larger. If confirmed, this would place strong new requirements on wind launching and heating models. We therefore reexamine spectra from the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph aboard the Hubble Space Telescope and spectra from the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer satellite in an effort to better constrain the maximum temperature in the wind of TW Hya. We find clear evidence for a wind in the C II doublet at 1037 Å and in the C II multiplet at 1335 Å. We find no wind absorption in the C IV λ1550 doublet observed at the same time as the C II λ1335 line or in observations of O VI observed simultaneously with the C II λ1037 line. The presence or absence of C III wind absorption is ambiguous. The clear lack of a wind in the C IV line argues that the wind from TW Hya does not reach the 100,000 K characteristic formation temperature of this line. We therefore argue that the available evidence suggests that the wind from TW Hya, and perhaps all classical T Tauri stars, reaches a maximum temperature in the range of 10,000-30,000 K.
Low and high level hybridization of ant colony system and genetic algorithm for job scheduling in grid computing

Hybrid metaheuristic algorithms have the ability to produce better solution than stand-alone approach and no algorithm could be concluded as the best algorithm for scheduling algorithm or in general, for combinatorial problems.This study presents the low and high level hybridization of ant colony system and genetic algorithm in solving the job scheduling in grid computing.Two hybrid algorithms namely ACS(GA) as a low level and ACS+GA as a high level are proposed.The proposed algorithms were evaluated using static benchmarks problems known as expected time to compute model. Experimental results show that ant colony system algorithm performance is enhanced when hybridized with genetic algorithm specifically with high level hybridization.
Which Panic Disorder Patients Benefit from Which Treatment: Cognitive Therapy or Antidepressants?

Background: Beliefs about the controllability of a disorder may be relevant in the causation, maintenance and treatment of disorders. We investigated whether congruence between patients’ beliefs about controllability of a panic disorder and the type of treatment provided predicted outcome. Methods: The differential effectiveness of cognitive therapy and antidepressant treatment (paroxetine or clomipramine) was investigated in a sample of 129 panic disorder patients in a 12-week, pretest posttest placebo-controlled study. Panic frequency, agoraphobic avoidance, anxiety, depression, and disability were measured with various validated interviewer and self-report measures. Beliefs about controllability were measured with the Multidimensional Anxiety Locus of Control Scale measuring an internal, chance, therapist and medication locus of control. In order to analyze aptitude-treatment interactions a new strategy called the Regression Trunk Approach was used in addition to classical hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Results: Using the Regression Trunk Approach we found that locus of control orientation (LOC) predicted the differential effectiveness of cognitive therapy. Those patients with a medium internal LOC who received cognitive therapy performed significantly better than all patients who received a placebo pill on 8 of the 10 outcome variables. We did not find a differential LOC effect for antidepressant treatment. No evidence for aptitude-treatment interactions using hierarchical multiple regression analysis was found. Conclusions: Moderately strong beliefs about self-control of panic disorder congruent with the cognitive intervention provided seem to moderate treatment effectiveness. Future studies must be more attentive to the nonlinear effects of patient characteristics on the outcome of different types of treatments.
Frame based precoding in satellite communications: A multicast approach

In the present work, a multibeam satellite that employs aggressive frequency reuse towards increasing the offered throughput is considered. Focusing on the forward link, the goal is to employ multi-antenna signal processing techniques, namely linear precoding, to manage the inter-beam interferences. In this context, fundamental practical limitations, namely the rigid framing structure of satellite communication standards and the on-board per-antenna power constraints, are herein considered. Therefore, the concept of optimal frame based precoding under per-antenna constraints, is discussed. This consists in precoding the transmit signals without changing the underlying framing structure of the communication standard. In the present work, the connection of the frame based precoding problem with the generic signal processing problem of conveying independent sets of common data to distinct groups of users is established. This model is known as physical layer multicasting to multiple co-channel groups. Building on recent results, the weighted fair per-antenna power constrained multigroup multicast precoders are employed for frame based precoding. The throughput performance of these solutions is compared to multicast aware heuristic precoding methods over a realistic multibeam satellite scenario. Consequently, the gains of the proposed approach are quantified via extensive numerical results.
Developing a comprehensive system for content-based retrieval of image and text data from a national survey

The article describes the status of our ongoing R&D at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) towards the development of an advanced multimedia database biomedical information system that supports content-based image retrieval (CBIR). NLM maintains a collection of 17,000 digitized spinal X-rays along with text survey data from the Second National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES II). These data serve as a rich data source for epidemiologists and researchers of osteoarthritis and musculoskeletal diseases. It is currently possible to access these through text keyword queries using our Web-based Medical Information Retrieval System (WebMIRS). CBIR methods developed specifically for biomedical images could offer direct visual searching of these images by means of example image or user sketch. We are building a system which supports hybrid queries that have text and image-content components. R&D goals include developing algorithms for robust image segmentation for localizing and identifying relevant anatomy, labeling the segmented anatomy based on its pathology, developing suitable indexing and similarity matching methods for images and image features, and associating the survey text information for query and retrieval along with the image data. Some highlights of the system developed in MATLAB and Java are: use of a networked or local centralized database for text and image data; flexibility to incorporate new research work; provides a means to control access to system components under development; and use of XML for structured reporting. The article details the design, features, and algorithms in this third revision of this prototype system, CBIR3.
Abstracting Complex Domains Using Modular Object-Oriented Markov Decision Processes

We present an initial proposal for modular object-oriented MDPs, an extension of OO-MDPs that abstracts complex domains that are partially observable and stochastic with multiple goals. Modes reduce the curse of dimensionality by reducing the number of attributes, objects, and actions into only the features relevant for each goal. These modes may also be used as an abstracted domain to be transferred to other modes or to another domain.
Assessing Environmental Literacy in a Nonformal Youth Program

Abstract This research study collected data on environmental literacy and was used among Florida 4-H youth participating in nonformal environmental education activities as part of their 4-H experience. Using “The Middle School Environmental Literacy Instrument,” 4-H participants were tested on several variables, which appear to be important precursors to responsible environmental behavior. The examination of data related to these variables and the self-reported history of taking environmental action present a view of the effectiveness of this type of environmental education program in the development of environmentally responsible citizens.
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection alters intestinal immunity in mice.

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of diarrhea in humans and piglets. However, research regarding alterations of intestinal immunity following ETEC infection remains limited and the results controversial. The present study investigated the effects of ETEC on the expression levels of pro‑inflammatory cytokines and innate immune regulators from plasma cells, goblet cells and Paneth cells, and the activation of toll‑like receptor 4-nuclear factor (NF)‑κB and mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, in a mouse model infected with a porcine isolated ETEC strain. ETEC infection significantly reduced the expression of pro‑inflammatory cytokines in the mouse jejunum (P<0.05). Additionally, ETEC infection significantly affected the expression of immune regulators of plasma cells, goblet cells and Paneth cells in the mouse intestine (P<0.05). ETEC influenced the intestinal immunity via the NF‑κB and MAPK signaling pathways. In conclusion, ETEC colonization affects intestinal immunity as observed in a mouse model. This study provides a greater understanding of the pathogenesis of ETEC infection in animals and humans.
Coordinated school health programs and academic achievement: a systematic review of the literature.

BACKGROUND Few evaluations of school health programs measure academic outcomes. K-12 education needs evidence for academic achievement to implement school programs. This article presents a systematic review of the literature to examine evidence that school health programs aligned with the Coordinated School Health Program (CSHP) model improve academic success. METHODS A multidisciplinary panel of health researchers searched the literature related to academic achievement and elements of the CSHP model (health services, counseling/social services, nutrition services, health promotion for staff, parent/family/community involvement, healthy school environment, physical education, and health education) to identify scientifically rigorous studies of interventions. Study designs were classified according to the analytic framework provided in the Guide developed by the Community Preventive Services Task Force. RESULTS The strongest evidence from scientifically rigorous evaluations exists for a positive effect on some academic outcomes from school health programs for asthmatic children that incorporate health education and parental involvement. Strong evidence also exists for a lack of negative effects of physical education programs on academic outcomes. Limited evidence from scientifically rigorous evaluations support the effect of nutrition services, health services, and mental health programs, but no such evidence is found in the literature to support the effect of staff health promotion programs or school environment interventions on academic outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Scientifically rigorous evaluation of school health programs is challenging to conduct due to issues related to sample size, recruitment, random assignment to condition, implementation fidelity, costs, and adequate follow-up time. However, school health programs hold promise for improving academic outcomes for children.
The Thermal Structure of the Upper Ocean

Abstract The salient feature of the oceanic thermal structure is a remarkably shallow thermocline, especially in the Tropics and subtropics. What factors determine its depth? Theories for the deep thermohaline circulation provide an answer that depends on oceanic diffusivity, but they deny the surface winds an explicit role. Theories for the shallow ventilated thermocline take into account the influence of the wind explicitly, but only if the thermal structure in the absence of any winds, the thermal structure along the eastern boundary, is given. To complete and marry the existing theories for the oceanic thermal structure, this paper invokes the constraint of a balanced heat budget for the ocean. The oceanic heat gain occurs primarily in the upwelling zones of the Tropics and subtropics and depends strongly on oceanic conditions, specifically the depth of the thermocline. The heat gain is large when the thermocline is shallow but is small when the thermocline is deep. The constraint of a balanced heat b.
Educational achievements of graduates of an experimental elementary school

This is a study of the educational achievements of graduates of an experimental school in comparison to those of a regular school. The experimental school aims to enhance school effectiveness in coping with individual differences and to mediate between private and public knowledge. A quasi-experimental method was used. The results show an advantage for all graduates of the experimental school (i.e. the excellent, average and slow) in most of the variables measured: test results, skills, self-efficacy and motivation. We suggest that the overall systemic framework of the experimental school contributed to its increased effectiveness.
Echocardiographic Determination of Left Atrial Volumes in Children with Congenital Heart Disease

The feasibility of determining left atrial volumes (LAV) from LA echo dimensions was assessed in 36 children (group I) with normal cineangiographically determined LAV and 16 children (group 11) with LAV overload. Conventional LA echo dimensions, obtained within 24 hours of cardiac catheterization, were compared to the angiographic LA anterior-posterior minor axes (LAmA) and LAV. There was excellent correlation between the LA echo dimensions and the LAmA. In all patients, the LA echo < LAmA, the differences being more pronounced in group II. Good correlations were found between the LAV and the LA echo, and were expressed by the equations LAV = 7.5 LA echo'8 (r = .85) and LAV = 8.1 LA echo2` (r = .86) for groups I and II, respectively. Changes in LA configuration with volume overload were shown to cause a disproportionate increase in LAmA compared to the other LA dimensions and the LA echo dimension, thus necessitating the separate regression equations. Echo LA to aortic ratios were 0.86±0.11 and 1.21±0.23 (mean±SD) for groups I and II, respectively. This method of estimating LAV can be useful in the management of leftto-right intracardiac shunts and mitral regurgitation in infants and children.
Contributions of the pedunculopontine region to normal and altered REM sleep.

The pedunculopontine (PPN) region of the upper brainstem is recognized as a critical modulator of activated behavioral states such as wakefulness and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The expression of REM sleep-related physiology (e.g. thalamocortical arousal, ponto-geniculate-occipital (PGO) waves, and atonia) depends upon a subpopulation of PPN neurons that release acetylcholine (ACh) to act upon muscarinic receptors (mAChRs). Serotonin's potent hyperpolarization of cholinergic PPN neurons is central to present working models of REM sleep control. A growing body of experimental evidence and clinical experience suggests that the responsiveness of the PPN region, and thereby modulation of REM sleep, involves closely adjacent glutamatergic neurons and alternate afferent neurotransmitters. Although many of these afferents are yet to be defined, dopamine-sensitive GABAergic pathways exiting the main output nuclei of the basal ganglia and adjacent forebrain nuclei appear to be the most conspicuous and the most likely to be clinically relevant. These GABAergic pathways are ideally sited to modulate the physiologic hallmarks of REM sleep differentially (e.g. atonia versus cortical activation), because each originates from a functionally unique forebrain circuit and terminates in a unique pattern upon brain stem neurons with unique membrane characteristics. Evidence is reviewed that changes in the quality, timing, and quantity of REM sleep that characterize narcolepsy, REM sleep behavior disorder, and neurodegenerative and affective disorders (depression and schizophrenia) reflect 1) changes in responsiveness of cells in the PPN region governed by these afferents; 2) increase or decrease in PPN cell number; or 3) mAChRs mediating increased responsiveness to ACh derived from the PPN. Auditory evoked potentials and acoustic startle responses provide means independent from recording sleep to assess pathophysiologies affecting the PPN and its connections and thereby complement investigations of their role in affecting daytime functions (e.g. arousal and attention).
Towards the Code Clone Analysis in Heterogeneous Software Products

Code clones are parts of source code that were usually created by copy-paste activities, with some minor changes in terms of added and deleted lines, changes in variable names, types used etc. or no changes at all. Clones in code decrease overall quality of software product, since they directly decrease maintainability, increase fault-proneness and make changes harder. Numerous researches deal with clone analysis, propose categorizations and solutions, and many tools have been developed for source code clone detection. However, there are still open questions primarily regarding what are precise characteristics of code fragments that should be considered as clones. Furthermore, tools are primarily focused on clone detection for a specific language, or set of languages. In this paper, we propose a language-independent code clone analysis, introduced as part of SSQSA (Set of Software Quality Static Analyzers) platform, aimed to enable consistent static analysis of heterogeneous software products. We describe the first prototype of the clone detection tool and show that it successfully detects same algorithms implemented in different programming languages as clones, and thus brings us a step closer to the overall goals.
What does tacit knowledge actually explain?

The concept of tacit knowledge has come a long way from its origins in Michael Polanyi's work and its championing by Hayek and other Austrian economists. It is now widely, even routinely, cited not only in Austrian economics, but also in institutional economics work, industrial economics and economic geography. Further, rather than being viewed as a hypothesis requiring conceptual clarification and empirical testing, the concept of tacit knowledge is almost invariably treated as established, even incontrovertible, virtually as a fact. Conceptual disputes over tacit knowledge have instead focused on the boundaries between codifiable and tacit knowledge. Here we draw upon a critique of tacit knowledge and tacit rule following from the social philosophy literature that has not been considered in the economics literature hitherto. In brief, this critique argues that the concept of tacit knowledge is merely a term given to a phenomenon the observer does not understand; as such, it has no explanatory content. Through a philosophical examination of rule following, this critique further argues that the concept of agents tacitly following rules is highly problematic, not to say implausible.
The Influence of Perceived Interviewer and Job and Organizational Characteristics on Applicant Attraction and Job Choice Intentions: The Role of Applicant Anxiety

This study examined whether interviewer characteristics have (a) a direct influence on applicant attraction and job choice intentions, (b) an indirect influence via job and organizational characteristics, and (c) direct influence on applicant anxiety. A sample of graduate applicants (N=450) was surveyed before a selection interview (Time 1) and after the employment interview (Time 2). Structural equation modeling was used to examine the hypothesized model. The results showed that interviewer characteristics (warmth, unfriendliness, job knowledge, general competence and humor) had both a direct and indirect effect on applicant attraction and job choice intentions. In addition, interviewer characteristics had a significant positive impact on applicant anxiety. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Magnetic Tunnel Junctions With $\hbox{Co:TiO}_{2}$ Magnetic Semiconductor Electrodes

Spin-polarized tunneling is investigated in magnetic tunnel junctions containing an ultrathin interfacial layer of Co:TiO<sub>2</sub> magnetic semiconductor. The Co:TiO<sub>2</sub> layers (0 to 1 nm thick) are inserted at the SrTiO<sub>3</sub>/Co interface in La<sub>0.67</sub>Sr<sub>0.33</sub>MnO<sub>3</sub>/SrTiO<sub>3</sub>/Co tunnel junctions. For all junctions we find a negative tunnel magnetoresistance, which decreases upon the insertion of Co:TiO<sub>2</sub>, while the junction resistance increases strongly. This suggests that the ultrathin Co:TiO<sub>2</sub> is a paramagnetic insulator that acts as an additional tunnel barrier, in contrast to thick (180 nm) layers grown under comparable conditions, which exhibit metallic impurity band conduction and room-temperature ferromagnetism.