Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Robust beam management scheme based on simple 2-D DOA estimation

In this paper, we consider a millimeter wave (mmWave) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication system with hybrid beamforming architecture. To search the optimal beam pair, the beam sweeping algorithm is complex and time-consuming in the case of initial access and beam switching. With the aim of improving the robustness, we propose a novel beam management scheme to quickly determine the optimal beam and switch to the suboptimal beam. To implement the beam management scheme, we design a simple 2-dimensional (2-D) direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation strategy using limited radio frequency (RF) chains in the hybrid array. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme can obtain an excellent achievable rate which is the same as that of the MIMO system employed optimal design. Further, the proposed beam management scheme greatly reduces the time cost of the beam selection.
Pain, Suffering, and Jury Awards: A Study of the Cost of Crime to Victims

pocket expenses incurred by victims. This approach significantly underestimates the cost of crime to victims by ignoring the pain, suffering, and fear caused by crime. Other studies have attempted to infer the cost of crime by estimating property value differences in high versus low crime areas. However, this approach does not permit one to determine the cost of individual crimes. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the cost of individual crimes by examining the pain, suffering, and fear endured by crime victims. Actual victim injury rates are combined with jury awards in personal injury accident cases to estimate monetary values for pain, suffering, and fear. I combine crime-related death rates with estimates of the value of life to arrive at monetary values for the risk of death. My estimate of the aggregate annual cost of crime to victims of FBI index crimes is $92.6 billion. These estimates are shown to have several direct policy applications.
The Ball Curve

Racism, according to Banton (in Kitano, 1985), refers to the efforts of a dominant race group to exclude a dominated race group from sharing in the material and symbolic rewards of status and power. It differs from the various other forms of exclusion in that qualification is contingent on observable and assumed physiological traits (Wilson, 1992). Said traits imply the inherent superiority of dominant groups; this superiority is then rationalized as the natural order of the biological universe (Minor & McGauley, 1988). In America, the most zealous proponents of racism profess that those of European descent are superior to African Americans as a matter of biological fact (Welsing, 1970). They postulate that those of European descent alone have been endowed with the capacities necessary to bring about civilization. So-called "advancing civilization" was a thinly veiled form of colonialism devoted to adjudicating the right of European Americans to embark on a nationwide mission aimed at subjugating African American men (Daly, Jennings, Beckett, & Leashore, 1995; Pinderhughes, 1982). By way of slavery and colonization, European Americans left no terrain of Western society untouched by their domination. After decades of domination, the mission to subjugate African American men has necessitated a universal, almost mystic belief in the power of race to elevate or taint (Hyde, 1995). Consequent to differences in racial heritage, racism has prevailed, at times, as one of the most subtle, but devastating, and tenacious social problems in the modern era (Hernton, 1965; Kovel,
Persistent Attitudes and Behaviors

This paper estimates the impact of adolescent attitudes and behaviors - academic motivation as assessed by the child herself and behavioral problems as assessed by the mother or the teacher of the child at age 16 - on adult attitudes and behaviors including illegal drugs consumption, smoking, physical and mental health, criminal activity, political participation, self-confidence and opinions about the labor market at age 41. Adolescent attitudes and behaviors are latent variables estimated using a semiparametric item response theory method. Conditional on educational attainment and personal characteristics, I find that individuals with higher academic motivation and lower behavioral problems at age 16 have lower probabilities of having OproblematicO attitudes and behaviors at age 41. The results are very similar across gender. I also examine the role of family environment in shaping these adolescent attitudes and behaviors. Academic motivation and behavioral problems have a stronger association with parental interest in the education of their children than with measures of the financial situation of the family.
Understanding Measurement Perturbation in Trace-based Data

Performance analysts commonly use trace-based data containing hardware and software metrics to understand performance. The trace data is generated by instrumenting the code to increment a counter when an event occurs and to collect hardware and software metrics in a trace. Unfortunately, the act of collecting a trace can perturb the behavior that the trace is frying to capture. In this paper, we gain an understanding of perturbation due to measurement instrumentation of the system. We identify two mechanisms to quantify perturbation: inner and outer perturbation. Using inner perturbation, a performance analyst can determine when a run is perturbed by collecting too much information. Using outer perturbation, the performance analyst can determine if she can use the data from multiple runs as if the data were all from a single run. Our evaluation of these mechanisms lead to two results. First, we are surprised to find that even with minimal instrumentation overhead, which increased instructions executed by less than 3%, high perturbation resulted, which prevented one from correctly reasoning about metrics within a trace or across traces. Second, the instrumentation of different software metrics interact in subtle, and not always obvious, ways making the impact of instrumentation on perturbation difficult, if not impossible, to predict. Finally, we outline a methodology for collecting data while avoiding perturbation. When inner perturbation occurs, the performance analyst can spread out the data collection over multiple runs. When outer perturbation occurs, she can try different strategies for spreading out the data collection over multiple runs.
The "Chemistry Mafia":The Social Structure of Chemistry Majors in Lab

A great deal of attention has been paid to the effects of group work on the performance of students enrolled in chemistry courses. However, relatively little research has been done that addresses possible explanations for the observed improvement in student performance when group work is done. In this study, a combination of field notes based on observations made during classroom laboratory courses taken by chemistry majors, individual interviews with students in the sections that were observed, and focus-group interviews with groups of students who worked together in the lab provided insight into the social interactions that occur when chemistry majors work in groups over a sequence of classroom laboratory courses. The data suggest that these social interactions set the basis for the development of a community of learners, a “Chemistry Mafia”, who trust each other well enough to seek help with the content knowledge of their chemistry courses, which they might be loathe to seek from peers with whom they are less familiar. This work suggests that “off-task” interactions (e.g., socializing) in the laboratory are, in fact, valuable in developing this community of learners.
Whole body emotion expressions for KOBIAN humanoid robot — preliminary experiments with different Emotional patterns —

Personal robots and robot technology (RT)-based assistive devices are expected to play a major role in our elderly-dominated society, with an active participation to joint works and community life with humans, as partner and as friends for us. In particular, these robots are expected to be fundamental for helping and assisting elderly and disabled people during their activities of daily living (ADLs). To achieve this result, personal robots should be also capable of human-like emotion expressions. To this purpose we developed a new whole body emotion expressing bipedal humanoid robot, named KOBIAN, which is also capable to express human-like emotions. In this paper we presented three different evaluations of the emotional expressiveness of KOBIAN. In particular In particular, we presented the analysis of the roles of the face, the body, and their combination in emotional expressions. We also compared Emotional patterns created by a Photographer and a Cartoonist with the ones created by us. Overall, although the experimental results are not as good as we were expecting, we confirmed the robot can clearly express its emotions, and that very high recognition ratios are possible.
Real-Time Visual Animation of Explosions

Realistic explosion effects can enhance the realism and immersion in virtual battlefield. The real-time explosion effects simulation of the explosion products and their interactions, such as explosive fireball, explosive smoke and explosive ash, will be exploded into two phases: explosions and fuel modeling. The explosions modeling describe the formation and spreading of the explosive fireball. The fuel modeling depicts rising of the explosive ash accompanied by the explosive smoke. The paper describes an Eulerian approach for animating explosions in the first phase. The divergence-free velocity field is computed on a grid. In order to ensure the quality of conservation, the velocity divergence in the local is joined to describe smoke diffusion. The particles with the respective attributes are updated in both two phases. Simplified Navier-Stokes (NS) equations modified according to the non-conservation of explosion energy is used to determine the fluid motion in whole simulation process. In order to further improve the fidelity and real-time of the simulation effect, small-scale swirl effect of explosion smoke with vorticity confinement is introduced to compensate for the loss of finite difference methods to solve the NS equations. The whole simulation process of explosion effects are realized on Visual Studio 2010 and OpenGL platform, including multiple explosions, explosions near obstacles. The temperature and velocity in the explosion center, explosive diameter and height, are analyzed to verify the high fidelity of this new simulation method. The high fidelity and computational efficiency of this new modified approach are verified with several experimental simulation results.
Induction of Autoantibodies to CCR5 in Macaques and Subsequent Effects upon Challenge with an R5-Tropic Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT Antibodies against CCR5, the major coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), may have antiviral potential as viral fusion inhibitors. In this study, we generated a virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccine that effectively breaks B-cell tolerance and elicits autoantibodies against CCR5 in pig-tailed macaques. Initial studies in mice identified a polypeptide comprising the N-terminal domain of pig-tailed macaque CCR5 fused to streptavidin that, when conjugated at high density to bovine papillomavirus major capsid protein L1 VLPs, induced high-titer immunoglobulin G (IgG) that bound to a macaque CCR5-expressing cell line in vitro. In macaques, CCR5 peptide-conjugated VLP preparations induced high-avidity anti-CCR5 IgG autoantibody responses, and all five immunized macaques generated IgG that could block infection of CCR5-tropic simian/human immunodeficiency virus SHIVSF162P3 in vitro. Although the anti-CCR5 IgG titers declined with time, autoantibody levels were boosted upon revaccination. Vaccinated macaques remained healthy for a period of over 3 years after the initial immunization, and no decline in the number of CCR5-expressing T cells was detected. To test the prophylactic efficacy of CCR5 autoantibodies, immunized macaques were challenged with SHIVSF162P3. Although the plasma-associated virus in half of six control macaques declined to undetectable levels, viral loads were lower, declined more rapidly, and eventually became undetectable in all five macaques in which CCR5 autoantibodies had been elicited. In addition, in the four vaccinated macaques with higher autoantibody titers, viral loads and time to control of viremia were significantly decreased relative to controls, indicating the possibility that CCR5 autoantibodies contributed to the control of viral replication.
Human versus virtual robotics soccer: A technical analysis

Abstract Soccer is a team sport in which the performances of all team members are important for the outcome of a match. Even though the analysis of game events can be used to measure the team's performance, their perception, especially during the match, is extremely difficult, even for the involved agents. Soccer has been used as a simulation environment in many studies, mainly in the area of robotics. The RoboCup is an international robotics competition with an ambitious goal: in 2050 a robotics team will be capable of defeating the human world champion at the time. In this context, we compared technical similarities between human and robotics soccer. Based on an off-line automatic event detection tool, game statistics for the finals of both human and robotics soccer tournaments were collected and compared using the Wilcoxon test. The results show that the most frequent event in both forms of soccer is successful passes. Analysing the two types of passes considered (successful and missed), we conclude that there are significant differences between the two forms (W = 2, P=0.000354), with human soccer presenting a higher percentage of successful passes (77.89% vs. 66.97%). Of restart events (W=0, P=0.00048965), the most frequent one, in both forms, is the throw-in (human 59.91%, robotics 66.4%), and the least frequent is the corner (human 13.7%, robotics 14.09%). Regarding the frequency of shots, in the robotics environment “shots” were the most predominant type (43.27%), whereas in human soccer “shots on target” predominated (71.25%; W=64, P=0.000085641). Finally, the number of faults is minor in robotics soccer.
Exploiting Rate Diversity for Multicasting in Multi-Radio Wireless Mesh Networks

A multi-rate capable IEEE 802.11a/b/g node can utilize different link-layer transmission rates. Interestingly, multi-rate capability is defined by IEEE802.11 standards only for unicast transmissions. In this paper, we consider a novel type of multi-radio multi-channel wireless mesh network (WMN) where a radio can multicast at different link-layer transmission rates to its neighbors. Such link-layer multi-rate multicast capability will enable low-latency network-layer broadcast/multicast for multimedia. In our previous work, we assumed a "fully multi-rate multicast" (EMM) framework in which nodes can adjust link-layer multicast transmission rate for each link-layer frame. We propose a new framework called "single best-rate multicast" (SBM) that exploits the link-layer rate diversity by enabling each WMN to decide, depending on its topological properties, a single transmission rate for all its link-layer data multicasts. Although, EMM improves performance significantly, employing SBM is attractive since it can eliminate some undesirable features of practical multi-rate media access control (MAC) protocols. We propose methods to determine the "best" link-layer transmission rate for the SBM framework. We also propose two heuristic broadcast solutions, using SBM framework that can realize low-latency broadcast by exploiting inherent rate and interface diversity in multi-radio multi-channel WMN. Simulation results indicate that SBM broadcast heuristics give comparable performance to EMM broadcast heuristics, especially in dense networks
A Novel beamspace inter-bit correlation 2D Rake Receiver for DS-CDMA Communication System

A novel beamspace inter-bit correlation 2D Rake receiver for DS-CDMA communication system is proposed in this paper. Although the proposed algorithm is a suboptimal solution, its performance is very close to the optimal space-time algorithm (T.F. Wong and T.M. Lok, 1998) and it can outperform the beamspace-frequency algorithm proposed in Y.F. Chen and M.D. Zoltowski, (2000). Another advantage is that the proposed algorithm is computationally more efficient when comparing with the beamspace-frequency algorithm
Diagnosis of a multifocal B cell lymphoma with preceding demyelinating central nervous system lesions by single voxel proton MR spectroscopy

Single voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) provides a rapid non-invasive fingerprint of tissue chemistry. A case history is presented in which a B cell lymphoma with antecedent demyelinating lesions of the CNS was suspected by MRS and confirmed by neuropathological examination and immunoglobulin gene rearrangement.
Western EFL Teachers and East-West Classroom-Culture Conflicts

This article surveys some of the conflicts endemic to foreigners teaching English as a foreign language (EFL) in China. Though learning English is very popular in China now and China is one of the most popular destinations for Western EFL teachers, neither the teaching nor learning of English comes without certain clashes in the classroom. These clashes result from divergent educational philosophies meeting in an environment that is both low in mutual awareness and high in expectations. However, with greater awareness and increased understanding, the effects of these clashes may be mediated. This article, after presenting and explaining relevant historical and cultural background, offers several culturally relevant reforms intended to help in the mediation process.
Tight Lower Bounds for Greedy Routing in Higher-Dimensional Small-World Grids

We consider Kleinberg's celebrated small world graph model (Kleinberg, 2000), in which a D-dimensional grid {0,. ,n-1}^D is augmented with a constant number of additional unidirectional edges leaving each node. These long range edges are determined at random according to a probability distribution (the augmenting distribution), which is the same for each node. Kleinberg suggested using the inverse D-th power distribution, in which node v is the long range contact of node u with a probability proportional to ||u-v||^(-D). He showed that such an augmenting distribution allows to route a message efficiently in the resulting random graph: The greedy algorithm, where in each intermediate node the message travels over a link that brings the message closest to the target w.r. t. the Manhattan distance, finds a path of expected length O(log^2 n) between any two nodes. In this paper we prove that greedy routing does not perform asymptotically better for any uniform and isotropic augmenting distribution, i.e., the probability that node u has a particular long range contact v is independent of the labels of u and v and only a function of ||u-v||. In order to obtain the result, we introduce a novel proof technique: We define a budget game, in which a token travels over a game board, while the player manages a "probability budget". In each round, the player bets part of her remaining probability budget on step sizes. A step size is chosen at random according to a probability distribution of the player's bet. The token then makes progress as determined by the chosen step size, while some of the player's bet is removed from her probability budget. We prove a tight lower bound for such a budget game, and then obtain a lower bound for greedy routing in the D-dimensional grid by a reduction.
A compact CMOS Gm-C biquadratic cell for chopper amplifier band limiting

We present a compact Gm-C biquadratic cell with fully differential input/single-ended output for continuous time low pass filtering and channel bandwidth selection in integrated sensor interfaces. Transconductors with input MOSFETs operating in triode region allow the filter to operate at very low cut-off frequencies without excessive area occupation. The noise versus input range issue is originally addressed in order to provide useful design formulas. Electrical simulations successfully demonstrate the application of the filter as a cascade stage after a chopper modulated amplifier.
Human fibronectin contains distinct adhesion- and motility-promoting domains for metastatic melanoma cells

The active migration of tumor cells through extracellular matrices has been proposed to play a role in certain aspects of metastasis. Metastatic tumor cells migrate in vitro in response to substratum-bound adhesive glycoproteins such as fibronectin. The present studies use affinity-purified proteolytic fragments of fibronectin to determine the nature of adhesion- and/or motility-promoting domains within the protein. Two distinct fragments were identified with cell adhesion- promoting activities. By a number of criteria, the adhesive activity promoted by these two fragments was distinct. One fragment, a 75-kD tryptic fragment purified by monoclonal antibody chromatography, promoted the adhesion, spreading, and haptotactic motility of melanoma cells. Experiments using a synthetic cell attachment peptide in solution indicated that at least part of the attachment activity exhibited by the 75-kD fragment is mediated by the sequence arg-gly-asp- ser. It was not possible to demonstrate migration-stimulating activity using a small (11.5 kD) peptic fragment containing this sequence (Pierschbacher, M.D., E. G. Hayman, and E. Ruoslahti, 1981, Cell, 26:259-267) suggesting that another cell-binding activity within the 75 kD fragment distinct from arg-gly-asp-ser might be required for motility. The second fragment that stimulated melanoma adhesion was a 33-kD tryptic/catheptic carboxyl-terminal heparin-binding fragment, which is localized to the A chain of fibronectin. This fragment promotes adhesion and spreading but not the motility of these cells. Melanoma adhesion to this heparin-binding fragment was sensitive to the effects of cycloheximide, which contrasted adhesion to the haptotaxis- promoting fragment. Importantly, these studies illustrate that haptotaxis in response to fibronectin is not due to simple adhesion gradients of this protein. The results are discussed in light of a model for multiple distinct cell surface constituents mediating cell adhesion and motility on fibronectin.
A prospect theory model of goal behavior

Goals have a powerful effect on performance: higher goals typically produce better performance. Previous research has proposed three key mechanisms to explain these results: effort, persistence, and attention. We present a formal model that relates these mechanisms to a single underlying process. Our model assumes that goals divide performance into two regions, gains and losses, and that the resulting gains and losses are coded according to a prospect theory value function (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979). This simple model explains the stylized findings in the goal setting literature, while also offering several new testable predictions.