Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Is It Fun? Language Play in a Fifth‐Grade Spanish Immersion Classroom

In this article, we use an approach to the study of interlanguage that challenges prevailing models of second language acquisition (SLA) which assume that negotiation of meaning is the only causal variable in SLA. Ludic language play may also play a role in the development of interlanguage (Tarone, 2000a). In this article, we examine two notions of language play as they have been presented in the applied linguistics literature: ludic language play, as defined in Cook (2000), and language play as rehearsal in private speech, as considered by Lantolf (1997), and its relationship to SLA. Through the analysis of classroom interactions among children attending a full immersion program, we show that these two types of play can be distinguished in classroom discourse by the presence or absence of five channel cues: presence/absence of laughter, shifts in voice quality and pitch versus shifts in loudness/whispering, use of language forms that are well-known versus forms that are new; presence/absence of a fictional world of reference, and presence/absence of an audience other than the self. It is also argued that the distinction between the two types of language play in learner language allows us to study their distinct roles in the process of SLA. Child: Do machines ever play? Data: Yes! I play the violin and my chess routines are quite advanced. Child: No, I mean. Haven’t you ever played . for fun? Data: Androids do not have fun. Child: Look. If you want to know what it’s like to be a child, you need to learn to play. Star Trek, the Movie: a conversation between Data, a robot that looks human, and a human child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
‘Democracy will not fall from the sky.’ 1 A comparative study of teacher education students’ perceptions of democracy in two neo-liberal societies: Argentina and Australia

This paper compares and contrasts pre-service teachers’ (PSTs) beliefs about democracy in Argentina and Australia. While there are many important studies of how school students understand democracy and democratic participation, few have studied what teachers, and especially pre-service teachers, think about democracy. This paper uses a mixed methods approach to present quantitative and qualitative responses to the contrasting understandings of democracy from an established and a newly emerging democracy. Determining the linkage between education and democracy is important as it has implications for how our children will relate to democracy both in the classroom and in society as future citizens.
Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Psikolojik Sağlamlık Düzeylerinin Duygusal Zeka Açısından İncelenmesi

This research was carried out to investigate psychological resilience of university students along with Trait EQ. The participants were composed of 766 students of whom 243 were male and 523 were female from six different faculties of Necmettin Erbakan University-Ahmet Kelesoglu Faculty of Education and Selcuk University’s Faculty of Vocational Education, Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Architecture, Faculty of Health Sciences, Faculty of Technical Education and School of Physical Education and Sports in the spring semester of 2011-2012 academic year. As the research instruments in this study, TEIQue-SF-The Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire SF-Turkish Form (Deniz, Ozer, Isik, 2013), Resilience Scale (Terzi, 2006) and a Personal Information Form (Demographic Data Form) prepared by researcher were used for data collection. Multiple regression analysis and t-test were conducted to analyze the data. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were calculated in order to examine the relation between Resilience of university students and Trait Emotional EQ. The results showed that there was a significant positive relation between psychological resilience scores and TEQ subscales of university students. Well being, Self Discipline, Emotionality and Sociability subscales of TEQ accounted for 44% of the variance. Well being and Sociability subdimensions of TEQ significantly explain the psychological resilience.
An explicit index for assessing the accuracy of cover-class areas

We present a new index, called Relative Errors of Area (REA), for assessing the accuracy of cover-class areal percentage (%LAND) that is extracted from thematic maps after classifying remotely sensed data. We demonstrate how to derive REA from an error matrix and its relationship with user’s and producer’s accuracy. We compare the REA index with other accuracy indices in a hypothetical and two real case studies. The accuracy of cover-class areal estimates is highly correlated with the REA index, but not with other classification accuracy indices such as the overall classification accuracy. In general, users should beware of using thematic maps with low REA values. Moreover, the estimates of cover-class area can be revised by using REA if cell values of the major diagonal in an error matrix are available.
Monocular multi-human detection using Augmented Histograms of Oriented Gradients

We introduce an augmented histograms of oriented gradients (AHOG) feature for human detection from a nonstatic camera. We increase the discriminating power of original histograms of oriented gradients (HOG) feature by adding human shape properties, such as contour distances, symmetry, and gradient density. Based on the biological structure of human shape, we impose the symmetry property on HOG features by computing the similarity between itself and itspsila symmetric pair to weight HOG features. After that, the capability of describing human features is much better than the original one, especially when the humans are moving across. We also augment the gradient density into features to mitigate the influences caused by repetitive backgrounds. In the experiments, our method demonstrates most reliable performance at any view of targets.
Visual Localization and POMDP for Autonomous Indoor Navigation

In this project, we present a system that simulates a fully autonomous robot in an indoor environment. We built a virtual environment and simulated the robot’s monocular camera input by rendering the scene in the robot’s perspective. Using this simulated camera input, we trained the localization algorithm by uniformly sampling image inputs and collecting a dictionary of ORB descriptors and keypoints. We also discretized the environment and formulated it into two POMDPs with different scenarios, and used QMDP and Fast Informed Bound (FIB) method to calculate approximate solutions to the problems. Through simulation of the policies we could see that FIB with one-step lookahead strategy works the best among tested algorithms. Connection of localization algorithm with POMDP completes the system for fully autonomous robot simulation, and our policy was robust enough to perform trained tasks even with large observation noise.
Investigating bradykinin‐induced reactions in the skin through microdialysis

Mast cell degranulation with the subsequent release of histamine and other pro-inflammatory mediators plays a major role in immediate hypersensitivity reactions in the skin. The characteristic weal-and-flare reaction is a response to trauma or allergen provocation and is a result of both antidromic nerve stimulation as part of an axon reflex and local inflammatory mediator release. The accessibility of the skin presents an attractive model for investigations into the various mediators involved in an inflammatory response. A number of techniques have been used to identify the mediators involved in the allergic response in the skin including mediator measurement in fluid accumulating in skin blisters or chambers. However, more recently the introduction of cutaneous microdialysis has allowed the direct measurement of mediator levels in discreet skin locations with negligible trauma [1]. Microdialysis was initially described by Bito et al. [2] and it is a widely established technique in neurophysiology used to monitor neuro-transmitters in animal brains. Early studies utilized two parallel needles with holes drilled along the shaft which were used to investigate changes in bradykinin levels accompanying heat-induced vasodilatation or to measure histamine release during cutaneous inflammatory responses [3,4]. The combination of the technical limitations of this method and the absence of sensitive assays for the relevant mediators meant that little further progress was made with these techniques.
Supporting ‘superwomen’? Conflicting role prescriptions, gender-equality arrangements and career motivation among Dutch women physicians

Women physicians are confronted with incompatible gendered role prescriptions, whereby the role of the ‘ideal’ mother contrasts sharply with that of the ‘ideal’ physician. This study introduces four goal frames that reflect how women physicians internalize these conflicting role prescriptions and investigates the relationship between women’s goal frames and their career motivation. It also examines the relationship between gender-equality arrangements – inspired by the same underlying ideals – and women physicians’ career motivation, and whether these arrangements moderate the relationship between goal frames and career motivation. Cross-sectional data on 1070 Dutch women physicians collected in 2008 indicate that women physicians with switching goal frames (i.e. those who want to live up to both ideals) are no less career-motivated than women with one dominant goal frame. However, gender-equality arrangements mainly seem to support women physicians who prioritize one role over the other. No evidence was found that gender-equality arrangements support those who try to combine conflicting role expectations.
Reading disorders in a language with shallow orthography: A multiple single-case study in Italian

Background: This study aimed (i) to verify whether the classical word-naming models developed for English-speaking participants also account for the performance of patients who speak a shallow-orthography language such as Italian, and (ii) to study the effects of word frequency, concreteness, and grammatical class on word naming. Methods & Procedures: A total of 90 Italian aphasic patients participated in two reading tasks. The first task contained four sets of items: (i) concrete nouns (natural objects and artefacts), (ii) abstract nouns, (iii) function words, (iv) morphologically simple legal nonwords. The second task (trisyllabic words with unpredictable stress position) was designed to test reading ability along the lexical route (the position of the major word stress is the only opaque variable in the Italian reading system). The patients' performances on the two tasks were analysed for strong dissociations, and to test the effect of grammatical class, concreteness, word frequency, and item length. The effect of age of acquisition was tested in a subsequent analysis. Outcomes & Results: Reading scores were pathological for all patients. The present sample reflected the entire spectrum of reading impairments: phonological (49), surface (4), undifferentiated (32), and letter-by-letter (5) dyslexia, which is in line with data reported for English-speaking aphasic patients. Only one of the phonological dyslexic patients made semantic errors (a reading impairment compatible with the diagnosis of deep dyslexia). The vast majority of Broca's aphasic patients suffered from phonological dyslexia (76%), while fluent aphasic patients were distributed more evenly across dyslexia types; all four surface dyslexic patients belonged to the fluent aphasia group. Overall, grammatical class (concrete nouns vs function words) had a significant effect on 14 patients (15.6%), concreteness (concrete vs abstract nouns) on 15 (16.7%), and word frequency on 5 (5.6%). Grammatical class and concreteness affected the performance of phonological and undifferentiated dyslexic patients, and seemed not to influence the scores of the surface dyslexic patients. Age of acquisition turned out to have a highly significant effect and may account for most of the lexical effects emerging from the first analysis. Conclusions: The entire spectrum of reading impairments was observed in this group of Italian aphasic patients, thus confirming the validity of contemporary reading models also for shallow-orthography languages. Concreteness and grammatical class effects, present in deep dyslexia, also affected the performance of patients suffering from other types of dyslexia, although both phenomena might derive from a confounding effect of age of acquisition.
Veranderingen in leefstijl- en risicofactoren voor chronische ziekten met het ouder worden: De Doetinchem Studie 1987-2002

Dertigers hebben vaker overgewicht dan elf jaar geleden. In de periode 1998-2002 had een op de twee mannen en een op de drie vrouwen van 30-39 jaar overgewicht (Body Mass Index (BMI) = 25 kg/m2). Elf jaar eerder, bij de toenmalige dertigers, gold dat voor ruim een op de drie mannen en een op de vier vrouwen in deze leeftijdsgroep. Dit cohort- of periode-effect zien we ook in de oudere leeftijdsgroepen: bij opeenvolgende '10-jaarsgeneraties' komt overgewicht steeds vaker voor . Wanneer we de huidige dertigers met zichzelf vergelijken, zien we dat ze er elf jaar geleden, als twintigers, veel gunstiger voorstonden: toen had 'slechts' een op de vier mannen en een op de zeven vrouwen overgewicht. Bij laag opgeleiden komt overgewicht vaker voor dan bij hoog opgeleiden. Deze cijfers onderstrepen dat preventie van overgewicht op jonge leeftijd moet plaatsvinden en dat de overgewichtproblematiek in toekomstige oudere leeftijdsgroepen nog verder zal toenemen. De cijfers zijn afkomstig uit de Doetinchem Studie, een longitudinaal onderzoek naar leefstijl, biologische risicofactoren en chronische ziekten. In drie opeenvolgende perioden van vijf jaar zijn steeds circa 5000 personen onderzocht. In dit rapport worden de longitudinale veranderingen over de drie onderzoeksronden beschreven voor roken, bloeddruk, serum cholesterol en BMI. Daarnaast worden de opzet en de resultaten van de derde onderzoeksronde (1998-2002) gepresenteerd ten aanzien van het voorkomen van leefstijlfactoren (roken, voeding, bewegen), biologische risicofactoren (bloeddruk, cholesterol, BMI, longfunctie) en chronische ziekten (o.a. diabetes en COPD). Daarbij worden de verschillen naar geslacht, leeftijd en opleidingsniveau weergegeven.
Theory of 1/T1 and 1/T2 NMRD profiles of solutions of magnetic nanoparticles

Organically coated iron oxide crystallites with diameters of 5–50 nm (“nanoparticles”) are potential magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. 1/T1 and 1/T2 of solvent water protons are increased dramatically by magnetic interactions in the “outer sphere” environment of the nanoparticles; subsequent diffusive mixing distributes this relaxation throughout the solvent. Published theory, valid for the solute magnetic energy small compared with thermal energy, is applicable to small magnetic solutes (e.g., gadolinium and manganese diethylenetriaminopentaacetic acid, and nitroxide free radicals) at generally accessible fields (≤ 50 T). It fails for nanoparticles at fields above ˜0.05 T, i.e., at most imaging fields. The authors have reformulated outer sphere relaxation theory to incorporate progressive magnetic saturation of solute nanoparticles and, in addition, indicate how to use empirical magnetization data for realistic particles when their magnetic properties are not ideal. It is important to handle the effects of rapid thermally induced reorientation of the magnetization of the nanoparticles (their “superparamagnetism”) effectively, including their sensitivity to particle size. The theoretical results are presented as the magnetic field dependence (NMRD profiles) of 1/T1 and 1/T2, normalized to Fe content, for three sizes of particles, and then compared with the limited data extant for well‐characterized material.
Routing-aware placement algorithms for modern analog integrated circuits

Due to continuous scaling in modern process technologies, more and more analog and mixed-signal circuits are integrated with digital units to realize system-on-a-chip. Since analog designs generally need comprehensive analysis to ensure circuit performances, it usually requires more development time to implement analog blocks than digital ones. Because of the difficulties in analog designs and the lack of support by design automation tools, analog circuits become bottleneck in the chip design flow. Although some studies have been proposed to consider placement of analog circuits recently, they usually ignore routing problems. In this paper, some issues about placement and routing for analog circuits are discussed, which include prevention of noisy signals in symmetry islands, congestion elimination in practical placement, and routing area reduction in capacitor arrays. By considering placement and routing at the same time, the routing-induced problems which may cause unwanted effects to deteriorate analog layout quality can be prevented.
Do Smooth Waters Run Deep? Alcohol Intoxication and the Effects of Water Consumption on Driving-Related Cognitions and Behavior

The present study tested the effect of the combined use of alcohol and water on driving-related cognitions and behavior. Seventy-four female students performed a driving simulator task after having consumed alcohol or a placebo. Additionally, half of the participants consumed 0.5 liter of water. It was hypothesized that combining alcohol and water could lead to an underestimated perceived intoxication level resulting in more favorable driving cognitions and increased risk behavior. Our findings showed that the combined use of water and alcohol did not affect cognitions or behavior. Surprisingly, in the placebo condition, water intake increased risky driving cognitions and behavior in women with a history of accident involvement. Lacking a clear counterproductive effect when combined with alcohol, water could be a useful tool in limiting alcohol use among female drinkers.
Common Molecular Cytogenetic Pathway in Papillary Tumors of the Pineal Region (PTPR)

Primary papillary tumors of the central nervous system and particularly the pineal region are rare. Papillary tumor of the pineal region (PTPR) is a recently described neoplasm that has been formally recognized in the 2007 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Nervous System. Because of their rarity, further pheno‐ and genotypical observations as well as therapeutic experience are necessary to differentiate PTPR from other primary or secondary papillary tumors of this region. We herein present three cases of PTPR characterized by local recurrence in two of them. Primary and recurrent tumors were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). From our results clonal chromosomal aberrations can be postulated which seem to be a feasible tool to differentiate PTPRs from other primary or secondary papillary tumors of this region.
Bone Mineral Content and Physical Activity

The purpose of this study was to estimate the effects of intense and regular physical activity on locomotor system modifications. Tennis, with its unilateral solicitations, allows a more precise examination of specific localized development. Ten professional tennis players were compared with sedentary age-matched students. Muscular modifications were observed, mainly in the forearm circumference. The dominant side forearm circumference was 13% larger than the opposite side. Asymmetry was less in the upper arm and insignificant in the thorax and vertebra. Deep modifications in bone mineral content (BMC) were investigated by isotopic techniques, based on differential photon attenuation in bone and soft tissue of the forearm. Bone density was markedly increased in professional tennis players. Even in the nondominant side, radius BMC was 1.18 g HA/cm, 15% higher than in sedentary control students. The difference was yet larger in the dominant mid-radius, reaching 1.47 g HA/cm. The same differences were observed for the ulna and involved both cortical and trabecular bone. In the control group of sedentary students, no significant difference was noted between the two upper limbs. This study clearly demonstrates the positive correlation between exercise and bone mineralization. The precise mechanical constraints optimizing the favorable effect in the most efficient way should be studied.
Phonological rules in young children

ABSTRACT There are very general phonological processes which appear to operate in one form or another when any child learns a first language. This study attempts to outline and exemplify the most general of these, e.g. the reduction of consonant clusters, the deletion of unstressed syllables. In addition, the study criticizes the point of view that phonological development consists primarily of the child substituting one sound for another. Rather, phonological development reflects very general processes that affect entire classes of sounds. Lastly, the study suggests that identifying general rules can ultimately lead to more insightful information concerning separate strategies that individual children follow.
Applicability of 3D Modeling Techniques in Creating Single-Station Locations: A Test Case in Southern Asia

Conventional multistation location estimation is not possible for small earthquakes and explosions recorded at only a single seismic station. We present a novel method of estimating epicentral distance by integrating observed travel times ( Lg-Pn and Sn-Pn ) measured on three-component (3C) single-station data with theoretical travel times for the same phase combinations determined from 3D velocity models. Theoretical travel times for the body-wave phases are estimated using raytracing through a 3D P - and S -wave velocity model, while the travel times for Lg are estimated either using raytracing techniques or with a constant velocity determined from synthetics. Backazimuths are determined by applying polarization techniques on 3C data. The backazimuth and distance are then used to determine the epicenter for the event. The results of applying this 3D single-station location methodology to well-located events in southern Asia show mislocation errors that are typically less than 6% of the total propagation path distance. Online Material: Event database with estimated arrival times and backazimuth.
Combining Generative and Discriminative Approaches to Unsupervised Dependency Parsing via Dual Decomposition

Unsupervised dependency parsing aims to learn a dependency parser from unannotated sentences. Existing work focuses on either learning generative models using the expectation-maximization algorithm and its variants, or learning discriminative models using the discriminative clustering algorithm. In this paper, we propose a new learning strategy that learns a generative model and a discriminative model jointly based on the dual decomposition method. Our method is simple and general, yet effective to capture the advantages of both models and improve their learning results. We tested our method on the UD treebank and achieved a state-of-the-art performance on thirty languages.
Biosocial Development and Delinquent Involvement

In this article, we examine the influence of pubertal development on misbehavior, as well as examine a series of Gene × Environment Interactions. Specifically, we examine whether the onset of puberty interacts with preexisting temperamental differences and whether puberty influences peer groups selection. The data for this study come from the public-use version of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a nationally representative sample of 6,504 adolescents. The results show that pubertal development is a robust predictor of misbehavior (especially for boys) and that puberty interacts with individual differences and with peer group affiliation.