Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
3D printing of novel osteochondral scaffolds with graded microstructure

Osteochondral tissue has a complex graded structure where biological, physiological, and mechanical properties vary significantly over the full thickness spanning from the subchondral bone region beneath the joint surface to the hyaline cartilage region at the joint surface. This presents a significant challenge for tissue-engineered structures addressing osteochondral defects. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D bioprinters present a unique solution to this problem. The objective of this study is to use FDM-based 3D bioprinting and nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite for improved bone marrow human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) adhesion, growth, and osteochondral differentiation. FDM printing parameters can be tuned through computer aided design and computer numerical control software to manipulate scaffold geometries in ways that are beneficial to mechanical performance without hindering cellular behavior. Additionally, the ability to fine-tune 3D printed scaffolds increases further through our investment casting procedure which facilitates the inclusion of nanoparticles with biochemical factors to further elicit desired hMSC differentiation. For this study, FDM was used to print investment-casting molds innovatively designed with varied pore distribution over the full thickness of the scaffold. The mechanical and biological impacts of the varied pore distributions were compared and evaluated to determine the benefits of this physical manipulation. The results indicate that both mechanical properties and cell performance improve in the graded pore structures when compared to homogeneously distributed porous and non-porous structures. Differentiation results indicated successful osteogenic and chondrogenic manipulation in engineered scaffolds.
Recording and controlling the 4D light field in a microscope using microlens arrays

By inserting a microlens array at the intermediate image plane of an optical microscope, one can record four‐dimensional light fields of biological specimens in a single snapshot. Unlike a conventional photograph, light fields permit manipulation of viewpoint and focus after the snapshot has been taken, subject to the resolution of the camera and the diffraction limit of the optical system. By inserting a second microlens array and video projector into the microscope's illumination path, one can control the incident light field falling on the specimen in a similar way. In this paper, we describe a prototype system we have built that implements these ideas, and we demonstrate two applications for it: simulating exotic microscope illumination modalities and correcting for optical aberrations digitally.
Requirements Communication in Issue Tracking Systems in Four Open-Source Projects

Context and motivation) Communication in distributed software development is usually supported by issue tracking systems. Within these sys- tems, most of the communication is stored as unstructured natural language text. The natural language text, however, contains much information with respect to requirements management, e.g. discussion, clarification and prioritization of fea- tures, bugs, and refactorings. (Question) This paper investigates the information stored in the issue tracking systems of four different open-source projects. It cat- egorizes the text and reports on the distribution of issue types and information types. (Principal ideas/results) A manual analysis of 80 issues, using a grounded approach, is conducted to derive a taxonomy of issue types and information types. Subsequently, the taxonomy is used as a codebook, to manually categorize and structure the text in another 120 issues. (Contribution) The first contribution of this paper is the taxonomy of issue and information types and the second contribu- tion is an in-depth analysis of the natural language data and the communication. This analysis showed, for example, that information with respect to prioritization and scheduling can be found in natural language data, whether the ITS supports such tasks in a structured way or not.
Effects of interaural time delays of noise stimuli on low-frequency cells in the cat's inferior colliculus. III. Evidence for cross-correlation.

1. We tested the coincidence, or cross-correlation, model of Jeffress, which proposes a neuronal mechanism for sensitivity to interaural time differences (ITDs) in low-frequency cells in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) of the cat. Different tokens of Gaussian noise stimuli were delivered to the two ears. We studied the neural responses to changes in ITDs of these stimuli and examined the manner in which the binaural cells responded to them. All of our results support the idea that the central binaural neurons perform an operation very similar to cross-correlation on the inputs arriving from each side. These inputs are transformed from the actual acoustic signal by the peripheral auditory system, and these transformations are reflected in the properties of the cross-correlations. 2. The responses to ITDs of identical broadband noise stimuli to the two ears varies cyclically as a function of ITD at a frequency close to the best frequency of the neuron. This cyclic response is a consequence of the narrowband filtering of the wideband acoustic signal by the auditory nerve fibers. To examine the effects of using stimuli to the two ears that were correlated to each other to different degrees, we generated pairs of noises. Each pair consisted of one standard noise, which was delivered to one ear, and a linear sum of two standard uncorrelated noises, which was delivered to the other ear. The responses of 34 neurons in the ICC to ITDs of noises with variable interaural coherence were examined. When partially correlated noises were delivered, there was a positive and approximately linear relationship between the degree of modulation of the response as a function of ITD and interaural coherence. The degree of modulation was measured by the synchronization coefficient, or vector strength, over one period of the ITD curve. 3. We examined the effects of altering the interaural phase relationships of the input noise stimuli. The phase of the noise stimuli was changed by digitally filtering the standard noise so that only a phase delay was imposed. The responses to ITDs with differing interaural phase relationships were then studied by delivering a phase-shifted noise to one ear and the standard noise to the other. The ITD curves in response to phase-shifted noise were shifted by about the same amount as the shift of the stimulus; the shift of the response was measured with respect to the case with identical noises to the two ears. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Conservation tillage issues: Cover crop-based organic rotational no-till grain production in the mid-Atlantic region, USA

Abstract Organic producers in the mid-Atlantic region of the USA are interested in reducing tillage, labor and time requirements for grain production. Cover crop-based, organic rotational no-till grain production is one approach to accomplish these goals. This approach is becoming more viable with advancements in a system for planting crops into cover crop residue flattened by a roller–crimper. However, inability to consistently control weeds, particularly perennial weeds, is a major constraint. Cover crop biomass can be increased by manipulating seeding rate, timing of planting and fertility to achieve levels (>8000 kg ha−1) necessary for suppressing summer annual weeds. However, while cover crops are multi-functional tools, when enhancing performance for a given function there are trade-off with other functions. While cover crop management is required for optimal system performance, integration into a crop rotation becomes a critical challenge to the overall success of the production system. Further, high levels of cover crop biomass can constrain crop establishment by reducing optimal seed placement, creating suitable habitat for seed- and seedling-feeding herbivores, and impeding placement of supplemental fertilizers. Multi-institutional and -disciplinary teams have been working in the mid-Atlantic region to address system constraints and management trade-off challenges. Here, we report on past and current research on cover crop-based organic rotational no-till grain production conducted in the mid-Atlantic region.
Computer Assisted Instruction to Improve Theory of Mind in Children with Autism

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show significant deficits in communication, emotion recognition, perspective taking, and social skills. One intervention gaining increased attention is the use of computer assisted instruction (CAI) to teach social, emotional and perspective-taking skills to individuals with ASD with the purpose of improving theory of mind skills. This study evaluated the effectiveness of CAI for improving theory of mind skills in four children with high functioning autism ages 5 to 12 years. A single-subject multiple baseline research design across participants was utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of CAI. The software contained 22 instructional scenarios that asked participants to identify emotions of characters based on situational cues displayed in line drawn pictures and audio feedback for correct and incorrect responses. Mind-reading skills were assessed using ten randomly selected scenarios for various emotions and no audio feedback. Visual analysis of the data revealed that all four participants increased mind-reading skills during the CAI condition. Additionally, this study evaluated levels of task engagement during experimental conditions. Three of the four participants showed an increase in task engagement during CAI compared to paper-based social stories used during baseline. Generalization of skills was assessed through the use of social scenarios acted out by family members of participants. All four participants were able to correctly identify emotions displayed in generalization scenarios. Results demonstrated that CAI was an effective and socially viable method for improving ToM skills in children with autism and they could generalize their skills to untrained settings.
Both the cytosols and detergent extracts of breast cancer tissues are suited to evaluate the prognostic impact of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1.

The serine protease urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) plays a key role in tumor-associated proteolysis in malignant solid tumors. Proteolytic activity of uPA is controlled by its naturally occurring plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1. As an initial observation, a correlation of enzymatic uPA activity in breast cancer cytosols with prognosis was described in 1988 (Duffy et al., Cancer (Phila.), 62: 531-533, 1988). A pronounced prognostic impact of uPA, independent of classical risk parameters, was then first demonstrated in detergent-extracted (Triton X-100) breast cancer tissues by applying enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques (Jänicke et al., Lancet, 2: 1049, 1989; Fibrinolysis, 4:69-78, 1990; Duffy et al., Cancer Res., 50: 6827-6829, 1990). In addition, not only uPA but also plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 were shown to be of prognostic value in breast cancer (Jänicke et al., Semin. Thromb. Hemostasis, 17: 303-312, 1991; Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 24: 195-208, 1993). Subsequently, the prognostic value of uPA and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 was also confirmed in studies using archived "cytosol fractions" of breast cancer tissues (Foekens et al., Cancer Res., 52: 6101-6105, 1992; Spyratos et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 84: 1266-1272, 1992; Grondahl-Hansen et al., Cancer Res., 53: 2513-2521, 1993; Sumiyoshi et al., Int. J. Cancer, 50: 345-348, 1992). A direct comparison of both methods with regard to prognosis, however, was lacking. We therefore prepared both the detergent-treated tissue extracts and the cytosol fractions from the same breast cancer specimens to allow a direct comparison of both methods. In 247 breast cancer patients investigated, the Triton X-100-extracted tissues revealed about twice as much uPA antigen (uPATx: median, 2.32 ng/mg protein) than the cytosol fractions (uPAcyt: median, 1.07 ng/mg protein). In contrast, the presence of Triton X-100 did not result in an increase of PAI-1 (PAI-1Tx: median, 6.34 ng PAI-1/mg protein) compared to the cytosol fractions (PAI-1cyt: median, 7.15 ng PAI-1/mg protein). Good correlations between uPATx and uPAcyt (R = 0.72) and between PAI-1Tx and PAI-1cyt (R = 0.88) were observed. Furthermore, PAI-1 and uPA are moderately correlated with each other (uPATx versus PAI-1Tx: R = 0.40; uPAcyt versus PAI-1cyt: R = 0.39). The prognostic power of uPA showed its best advantage in Triton X-100-extracted tissues (RR = 3.22), most pronounced in the subgroups of node-negative and premenopausal patients, respectively. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Solder Paste Scooping Detection by Multilevel Visual Inspection of Printed Circuit Boards

In this paper, we introduce an automated Bayesian visual inspection framework for printed circuit board (PCB) assemblies, which is able to simultaneously deal with various shaped circuit elements (CEs) on multiple scales. We propose a novel hierarchical multi-marked point process model for this purpose and demonstrate its efficiency on the task of solder paste scooping detection and scoop area estimation, which are important factors regarding the strength of the joints. A global optimization process attempts to find the optimal configuration of circuit entities, considering the observed image data, prior knowledge, and interactions between the neighboring CEs. The computational requirements are kept tractable by a data-driven stochastic entity generation scheme. The proposed method is evaluated on real PCB data sets containing 125 images with more than 10 000 splice entities.
Robot Control Using Disparate Multiple Sensors

A simple and efficient control algorithm that combines several sensors in order to realize the positioning task of a robot end effector is presented in this paper. The multiple-sensor control was designed as a part of the task function approach. A particular choice of the task function allows the researcher to simplify the design of the control law and the stability analysis. This global controller is based on the weighted sum of individual task functions. The approach was applied to the control with vision and force sensors. In spite of its simplicity, this approach provides satisfactory experimental results. Improvements in the positioning of cumbersome objects were obtained using cameras observing different parts of a scene. Moreover, peg-in-hole insertion experiments involving large initial errors were performed using a seven-axis robot manipulator without any computation of the peg trajectory by combining vision and force sensors.
Public information films, 1946-2006: A content-discourse analysis of emotional appeal usage and construction

Research into emotional appeals in a health and safety communications context has tended to focus on small, limited samples and has neglected to investigate the discursive aspects of appeal construction and, in conjunction with this, advice giving. This study used a mixed content-discourse analysis to investigate both appeal usage and construction within 217 archival Public Information Films (PIFs) produced between 1946 and 2006. The content analysis revealed consistently high rates of fear-based emotional appeals, often tempered by the presence of humour. The discourse analysis found a number of different techniques used by message conveyors to construct emotional appeals and give advice, many of which were rooted in their position of authority relative to their audiences. It is concluded that PIFs can be seen as holistic forms of heightened interaction, attempting to accomplish social goals. These findings contrast with earlier work and have implications for the study of emotional appeals and the design of public health and safety communications.
The Moderating Role of Gender in the Prospective Associations Between Expectancies and Alcohol–Related Negative Consequences Among College Students

This study examined if alcohol expectancies (assessed with the Comprehensive Effects of Alcohol–Brief Form) were prospectively related to negative consequences (assessed with the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index) and if these associations varied by gender. Data were collected from 558 first-year college students at a university in the southeastern United States as part of an intervention study conducted during their initial residence hall meetings of the fall semester of 2007. Only those students who used alcohol and completed both baseline and 3-month follow-up surveys were included in the analyses (n = 347). Mixed-model multivariate analyses indicated that higher sexuality and tension reduction expectancies were prospectively related to more alcohol consumption–related negative consequences for males but not for females. Findings suggest that intervention efforts to prevent problem drinking would benefit from being gender-specific. The study's limitations are noted.
Cognitive therapy for psychosis: Formulation, treatment, effects and service implications

Cognitive and cognitive behavioural therapies for psychosis involve talking to patients about their symptoms and life predicament, and attempting to make sense of such problems in terms of a cognitive formulation of psychosis. The aim is to engage in collaborative discussions which lead to the fostering of less distressing and more constructive ways of understanding psychosis, and behaviour likely to promote recovery. Recent randomised controlled treatment trials provide strong evidence that such therapies can have a significant impact on the symptoms and problems presented by people with psychosis. This paper outlines the formulation and treatment approach of cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis, provides a brief review of the findings of recent controlled treatment trials, and addresses issues relating to how cognitive behavioural therapies might be integrated within mainstream mental health services.
A photoelectric nephelometer.

A nephelometer is described that does not require a precision optical system or an electronic amplifier. It is sensitive enough to measure the growth of E. coli from a starting concentration of approximately 2×106 bacteria per ml. The readings are reliable from 107 to 109 bacteria per ml. A graph of the photo‐current caused by the scattered light versus the number of E. coli per ml is given. The E. coli culture is a saturated 24‐hr. nutrient broth culture in the lag phase. The bacteria were killed with 1 percent formaldehyde. In this range of bacterial concentrations the scattered light is nearly proportional to the number of scattering centers. The instrument is well adapted to the study of growth curves of bacterial cultures and the lysis phenomena that occur when the organisms are attacked by bacteriophages.A horizontal beam of light passes through the vertical test tube containing the specimen. The light scattered downward is measured with a barrier layer photo‐cell. The horizontal incident light prod.
Perception of Tonal Contours in Medʉmba

This paper explores cues to contour tone perception in Med0mba, a Grassfields Bantu language of Cameroon. Like many Bantu languages, Med0mba contrasts only level high (H) and low (L) tones, but contour tones can result where H and L tones associate to a single syllable. Here, we examine the relative influence of vowel duration and tonal slope in Med0mba speakers’ perception of contour tones, as well as the influence of a following downstep on contour tone perception. Results of a tone identification task indicate that duration, rather than tonal slope, was the primary cue to contour perception. At longer vowel durations, tonal slope also played a role in contour perception, but only when the the context following the contour tone was not downstepped. We explain this finding in terms of an f0-related auditory masking effect and suggest that such effects may be partially responsible for the relatively more common occurrence of downstep in languages with level tone inventories over those with mixed contour and level tone inventories.
A GIANT LYα NEBULA IN THE CORE OF AN X-RAY CLUSTER AT Z = 1.99: IMPLICATIONS FOR EARLY ENERGY INJECTION

We present the discovery of a giant ≳100 kpc Lyα nebula detected in the core of the X-ray emitting cluster CL J1449+0856 at z = 1.99 through Keck/LRIS narrow-band imaging. This detection extends the known relation between Lyα nebulae and overdense regions of the universe to the dense core of a 5–7 × 1013 M⊙ cluster. The most plausible candidates to power the nebula are two Chandra-detected AGN host cluster members, while cooling from the X-ray phase and cosmological cold flows are disfavored primarily because of the high Lyα to X-ray luminosity ratio ( L Ly &agr; / L X ≈ 0.3 -->? > , ≳10–1000 times higher than in local cool-core clusters) and by current modeling. Given the physical conditions of the Lyα-emitting gas and the possible interplay with the X-ray phase, we argue that the Lyα nebula would be short-lived (≲10 Myr) if not continuously replenished with cold gas at a rate of ≳1000 M⊙ yr−1. We investigate the possibility that cluster galaxies supply the required gas through outflows and we show that their total mass outflow rate matches the replenishment necessary to sustain the nebula. This scenario directly implies the extraction of energy from galaxies and its deposition in the surrounding intracluster medium (ICM), as required to explain the thermodynamic properties of local clusters. We estimate an energy injection of the order of ≈ 2 keV -->? > per particle in the ICM over a 2 Gyr interval. In our baseline calculation, AGNs provide up to 85% of the injected energy and two-thirds of the mass, while the rest is supplied by supernovae-driven winds.
A Developmental Shift in the Relationship Between Sequential Learning, Executive Function, and Language Ability as Revealed by Event-Related Potentials

Previous research has shown a link between sequential learning (SL) and language as well as links between executive function (EF) and both language and SL. However, little research has focused on both the development of the relationship between these factors and their neurological underpinnings. Here we report a study of the event-related potential (ERP) correlates of SL and behavioral measures of language and EF in a sample of 7-12-year-old children. Results revealed that both SL and EF had independent associations with language development but that the contribution that both made toward language development shifted dramatically between the ages of 7 to 11-12 years. The results furthermore suggest that this developmental shift may be due in part to the maturation of EF abilities and changes due to neural entrenchment and commitment as a consequence of language acquisition.