Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The virtue of selfishness.

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IP-subnet aware routing in WDM mesh networks

The problem of routing bandwidth guaranteed paths in wavelength-routed, WDM optical mesh networks is explored. A WDM mesh network offers great flexibility in dynamically reconfiguring the optical core to match the IP layer demands. In this paper, we argue that IP subnets can limit the reconfigurability potential of the WDM mesh network. We show that finding the shortest IP-hop path, normally admitting a straightforward polynomial solution on the WDM mesh, is NP-hard in the presence of subnets. We propose a new algorithm called MobiTwist that finds the optimal shortest path when accounting for subnets. We also observe that subnets impose a routing penalty by forcing longer paths for bandwidth demands. Consequently, they create a trade-off between lower network efficiency if subnets are honored (due to longer paths) or, an upfront overhead of dynamically changing subnets to derive shorter paths. We propose the MobiFlex algorithm that attempts to achieve a balance by finding the shortest path given an upper limit on the number of subnet violations acceptable. The inherent hardness of the routing problem due to subnets precludes a solution with low worst-case complexity. However, we present performance results that show that both the algorithms proposed are extremely efficient in routing demands, and in practice, do so in polynomial time.
Communication Skills Training For Emergency Nurses

Objective: To determine the effects of a communication skills training program on emergency nurses and patient satisfaction. Methods: Sixteen emergency nurses attended a 6-week psychoeducation program that was intended to improve their communication skills. The first 3 sessions of the psychoeducation program consisted of theoretical education on empathy and communication. Other sessions covered awareness, active communication, and empathic skills on a cognitive behavioral basis using discussion, role play, and homework within an interactive group. The effects of the program were assessed using a communication skills scale, empathy scale, and patient satisfaction survey and were reflected by the reduction in the number of undesirable events between nurses and patients in the emergency department. Results: The mean communication skill score (177.8±20) increased to 198.8±15 after training (p=0.001). Empathy score also increased from 25.7±7 to 32.6±6 (p=0.001). The patient satisfaction survey of 429 patients demonstrated increased scores on confidence in the nurses (76.4±11.2 to 84.6±8.3; p=0.01); the nurse's respect, kindness, and thoughtfulness (72.2± 8.1 to 82.1 ± 6,5; p=0.01); individualized attention (71.3± 6.2 to 73.2 ± 9.8; p=0.2); devotion of adequate time to listening (84.6± 9.3 to 89.8 ± 7.6; p=0.03); and counseling and information delivery (71.1± 10.2 to 80.2 ± 9.7; p=0.01). The number of undesirable events and complaints during nurse-patient interactions decreased 66 % from 6 to 2. Conclusion: “Communication Skills Training” can improve emergency nurses' communication and empathy skills with a corresponding increase in patient satisfaction and reduction of the undesirable events and complaints during nurse-patient interactions.
Single display groupware: a model for co-present collaboration

We introduce a model for supporting collaborative work betweenpeople that are physically close to each other. We call this modelSingle Display Groupware (SDG). In this paper, we describe themodel, comparing it to more traditional remote collaboration, Wedescribe the requirements that SDG places on computer technology,and our understanding of the benefits and costs of SDG systems.Finally, we describe a prototype SDG system that we built and theresults of a usability test we ran with 60 elementary schoolchildren.
An autostereoscopic display

We present a display device which solves a long-standing problem: to give a true stereoscopic view of simulated objects, without artifacts, to a single unencumbered observer, while allowing the observer to freely change position and head rotation. Based on a novel combination of temporal and spatial multiplexing, this technique will enable artifact-free stereo to become a standard feature of display screens, without requiring the use of special eyewear. The availability of this technology may significantly impact CAD and CHI applications, as well as entertainment graphics. The underlying algorithms and system architecture are described, as well as hardware and software aspects of the implementation.
Double-repetitive-element PCR method for subtyping Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates

We describe a rapid method for subtyping Mycobacterium tuberculosis based on PCR amplification of segments located between two distinct DNA repetitive elements. This method, double-repetitive-element PCR, classified 46 clinical isolates as having 25 distinct patterns; the conventional restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis classified the same isolates as having 23 distinct patterns. The double-repetitive-element PCR is a rapid subtyping method that has a discriminating power similar to that of the restriction fragment length polymorphism method.
Mitochondrial DNA provides an insight into the mechanisms driving diversification in the ithomiine butterfly Hyposcada anchiala (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae)

Geographic subspecies of several ithomiine butterflies on the lower east Andean slopes display a black and orange "melanic tiger" aposematic wing pattern that occurs from Colombia to Bolivia, while geographically adjacent lowland subspecies typically bear a coloured, "tiger" pattern. However, it is not clear whether subspecies with similar wing patterns in different regions have arisen through independent events of convergent adaptation, possibly through parapatric differentiation, or result from allo- patric differentiation, as proposed by the refuge hypothesis. Here, we examine geographic patterns of divergence in the widespread and common ithomiine butterfly Hyposcada anchiala. We present phylogenetic hypotheses for 5 subspecies of H. anchiala, based on 1567 bp mitochondrial DNA. All topologies indicated that a single switch in mimetic pattern best explained the wing patterning of the H. anchiala studied here. This finding suggests that the subspecies of H. anchiala studied here result from at least two stages of differentiation, and is consistent with a single colonisation into a novel altitudinal zone coincident with a wing pattern switch, fol- lowed by subsequent divergence within, rather than across altitudinal zones. The subspecies divergences indicated diversifications were consistent with the Pleistocene. Furthermore, the lowland subspecies were more recently derived than the montane taxa, in con- trast to predictions of the "Andean species pump" hypothesis.
Brownian Motion of Black Holes in Dense Nuclei

We evaluate the Brownian motion of a massive particle ("black hole") at the center of a galaxy using N-body simulations. Our galaxy models have power-law central density cusps like those observed at the centers of elliptical galaxies. The simulations show that the black hole achieves a steady state kinetic energy that is substantially different from what would be predicted based on the properties of the galaxy model in the absence of the black hole. The reason appears to be that the black hole responds to stars whose velocities have themselves been raised by the presence of the black hole. Over a wide range of density slopes and black hole masses, the black hole's mean kinetic energy is equal to what would be predicted under the assumption that it is in energy equipartition with stars lying within a distance ∼rh/2 from it, where rh is the black hole's influence radius. The dependence of the Brownian velocity on black hole mass is approximately ⟨V2⟩ ∝ M, 0.5 ≲ γ ≲ 2.0, with γ the power-law index of the stellar density profile, ρ ∝ r-γ. This is less steep than the M dependence predicted in a model in which the effect of the black hole on the stellar velocities is ignored. The influence of a stellar mass spectrum on the black hole's Brownian motion is also evaluated and found to be consistent with predictions from Chandrasekhar's theory. We use these results to derive a probability function for the mass of the Milky Way black hole based on a measurement of its proper-motion velocity. Interesting constraints on MBH will require a velocity resolution exceeding 0.5 km s-1.
Enhancements and modifications of primer design program Primer3

UNLABELLED The determination of annealing temperature is a critical step in PCR design. This parameter is typically derived from the melting temperature of the PCR primers, so for successful PCR work it is important to determine the melting temperature of primer accurately. We introduced several enhancements in the widely used primer design program Primer3. The improvements include a formula for calculating melting temperature and a salt correction formula. Also, the new version can take into account the effects of divalent cations, which are included in most PCR buffers. Another modification enables using lowercase masked template sequences for primer design. AVAILABILITY Features described in this article have been implemented into the development code of Primer3 and will be available in future versions (version 1.1 and newer) of Primer3. Also, a modified version is compiled under the name of mPrimer3 which is distributed independently. The web-based version of mPrimer3 is available at http://bioinfo.ebc. ee/mprimer3/ and the binary code is freely downloadable from the URL http://bioinfo.ebc. ee/download/.
White masks/Muslim names: immigrants and name-changing in Sweden

Names carry strong ethnic and religious connotations and reveal an individual’s affiliation to a specific group. When a religious or ethnic group is stigmatised, the relationship between names and social stigma becomes explicit. For Muslims, names and veils are the two most conspicuous signifiers of their stigmatised identity. Some believe that covering their Muslim identity with Swedish-sounding or ‘neutral’ European names will facilitate their individual integration into society. Based on empirical findings, examining application forms for name-changing and interviews with name-changers, this article offers an exploratory analysis of the reasons, expectations and effects of surname-changing among immigrants with Muslim names. It examines the extent to which the changes reflect the impact of social disadvantage and anti-Muslim sentiment in Sweden.
Placebo-controlled trial of D-cycloserine added to conventional neuroleptics, olanzapine, or risperidone in schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE The authors investigated the clinical effects of D-cycloserine when added to treatment with conventional neuroleptics, olanzapine, or risperidone for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. METHOD Twenty-four patients participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-week crossover trial with D-cycloserine, 50 mg/day, added to their fixed dose of antipsychotic medication. Clinical ratings were performed every 2 weeks. RESULTS D-Cycloserine treatment was well tolerated and resulted in a significant reduction in negative symptoms (mean=15%). The degree of improvement did not differ between patients treated with conventional neuroleptics and those treated with olanzapine or risperidone. CONCLUSIONS These data support the efficacy of the addition of 50 mg/day of D-cycloserine to treatment with conventional neuroleptics and suggest that therapeutic benefits may also be attained when D-cycloserine is added to olanzapine or risperidone.
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Local Adaptation in Aster amellus: A Field Transplant Experiment

Many plant populations have adapted to local soil conditions. However, the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is often overlooked in this context. Only a few studies have used reciprocal transplant experiments to study the relationships between soil conditions, mycorrhizal colonisation and plant growth. Furthermore, most of the studies were conducted under controlled greenhouse conditions. However, long-term field experiments can provide more realistic insights into this issue. We conducted a five-year field reciprocal transplant experiment to study the relationships between soil conditions, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth in the obligate mycotrophic herb Aster amellus. We conducted this study in two regions in the Czech Republic that differ significantly in their soil nutrient content, namely Czech Karst (region K) and Ceske Stredohori (region S). Plants that originated from region S had significantly higher mycorrhizal colonisation than plants from region K, indicating that the percentage of mycorrhizal colonisation has a genetic basis. We found no evidence of local adaptation in Aster amellus. Instead, plants from region S outperformed the plants from region K in both target regions. Similarly, plants from region S showed more mycorrhizal colonisation in all cases, which was likely driven by the lower nutrient content in the soil from that region. Thus, plant aboveground biomass and mycorrhizal colonisation exhibited corresponding differences between the two target regions and regions of origin. Higher mycorrhizal colonisation in the plants from region with lower soil nutrient content (region S) in both target regions indicates that mycorrhizal colonisation is an adaptive trait. However, lower aboveground biomass in the plants with lower mycorrhizal colonisation suggests that the plants from region K are in fact maladapted by their low inherent mycorrhizal colonization. We conclude that including mycorrhizal symbiosis in local adaptation studies may increase our understanding of the mechanisms by which plants adapt to their environment.
Model-based predictions of intensity discrimination for normal- and impaired-hearing listeners

Interpretation of psychophysical data from impaired-hearing individuals on intensity discrimination tasks has been confounded by the fact that some impaired individuals’ performance is near-normal in quiet, whereas for others, the difference limen is elevated. This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the effects of cochlear impairments on intensity discrimination using a combination of signal detection theory and a computational auditory model. Not only were we able to replicate the trends observed in experimental data, but, by using a model, we could also establish a link between the psychophysical predictions and the underlying physiology. In doing so, we are able to support the hypothesis that the observed behavior is due to the spread of excitation.
Explorer Clinical and pathological responses of pigs from two genetically diverse commercial lines to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection

The response to infection from porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) for 2 genetically diverse commercial pig lines was investigated. Seventy-two pigs from each line, aged 6 wk, were challenged with PRRSV VR-2385, and 66 littermates served as control. The clinical response to infection was monitored throughout the study and pigs were necropsied at 10 or 21 d postinfection. Previous analyses showed significant line differences in susceptibility to PRRSV infection. This study also revealed significant line differences in growth during infection. Line B, characterized by faster growth rate than line A in the absence of infection, suffered more severe clinical disease and greater reduction in BW growth after infection. Correlations between growth and disease-related traits were generally negative, albeit weak. Correlations were also weak among most clinical and pathological traits. Clinical disease traits such as respiratory scores and rectal temperatures were poor indicators of virus levels, pathological damage, or growth during PRRSV infection. Relationships between traits varied over time, indicating that different disease-related mechanisms may operate at different time scales and, therefore, that the time of assessing host responses may influence the conclusions drawn about biological significance. Three possible mechanisms underlying growth under PRRSV infection were proposed based on evidence from this and previous studies. It was concluded that a comprehensive framework describing the interaction between the biological mechanisms and the genetic influence on these would be desirable for achieving progress in the genetic control of this economically important disease.
Specialist young musicians' role models: whom do they admire and why?

Previous research into adolescents' musical role models has shown that young people are more likely to identify a celebrity figure due to their image and perceived fame, than because of their musical ability. The current research is a development of Ivaldi and O'Neill's (Adolescents' musical role models: Whom do they admire and why? ) study by exploring the role models of young dedicated musicians to see who they admire and why. One hundred and seventeen adolescents, aged 13–19, took part in a questionnaire study, drawn from both conservatoire (n=60) and county service (n=57) environments. Both famous and non-famous figures were identified, with the reasons relating to image, higher achievement and dedication. Adolescents' beliefs and values for music were also explored in relation to their attainability and aspiration beliefs for becoming like their role model. The differences between the two studies are discussed in general, and the current picture of adolescents' musical role models is presented.
Evaluation and test environment for automation concepts in Smart Grids applications

The continuous growth of electric energy consumption is nowadays an irresistible fact. To stop this process renewable energy resources have to be used on a larger scale. Distributed renewable generation, which is a result of this trend, lead to various problems for the existing power grid which has not been designed to transport the current in both directions. With increasing and large numbers of distributed renewable energy resources it is to be feared that the power grid quality can only be hardly maintained. The introduction of Smart Grids technology is a promising approach to overcome such shortcomings. For developing the Smart Grids with distributed power generation a suitable laboratory environment is often necessary to test new Smart Grid network components and to validate new concepts. Therefore, the main purpose of this work is to define a suitable evaluation environment for developing, testing and validating automation, control and communication concepts in Smart Grids applications which fulfils the main requirements of a flexible, scalable, portable and hardware-independent system.
Early Problem Behavior and Later Drug Problems

Data from a longitudinal study of males and females tested at ages 15, 18, and 21 years are used to study the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships among 11 problem behaviors and the stability of problem behaviors from middle adolescence to early adulthood. In addition, the author tests how well this cluster of problem behaviors at ages 15 and 18 predicts later drug problems at age 21. Although the data support the existence of a problem behavior syndrome in terms of the clustering of certain problem behaviors at various points in the life cycle, they suggest that the constellation of problems varies by gender. The data also demonstrate that the associations among problem behaviors over time are unstable. Further, the predictors of problem drug use at early periods of development are different from those at later periods and are different for males and females. Thus the focus of drug abuse prevention programs will have to vary by age and gender and programs will need to be aimed at the age and gender appropriate predictors for the target population.