Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Distribution of somatostatin immunoreactivity in the human dentate gyrus

In previous immunohistochemical studies in the rat and monkey, a system of somatostatin-positive neurons and fibers was observed in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation. In both species, somatostatin- immunoreactive cell bodies are located primarily in the deep or polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus, and they give rise to a fiber system that terminates principally in the outer two-thirds of the molecular layer. In the present study, we employed the same antisera and staining procedures to determine whether the organization of the somatostatin system in the human dentate gyrus is similar to that seen in the rat and nonhuman primate. Sections of human postmortem brain material incubated with antisera directed against somatostatin 28 (S320) or somatostatin 28 (S309) demonstrated a heterogeneous population of immunoreactive cells in the hilar region of the human dentate gyrus. Fiber staining was observed both in the hilar region and throughout the molecular layer, but the densest fiber and terminal plexus were observed in the outer two-thirds of the molecular layer. In addition, there were forms of somatostatin-immunoreactive profiles in the human sections that were not previously observed in the rat or monkey. Immunoreactive, grapelike clusters of apparently large, axonal varicosities were commonly observed, for example, as were dendritic profiles containing typical dendritic spines. In general, however, staining for somatostatin immunoreactivity in the human dentate gyrus presented a picture qualitatively similar to that observed in the rat and monkey. Thus, immunohistochemical methods have allowed the analysis of a chemically defined neural system in the human brain that has been extensively studied in rat and monkey brains with both experimental and immunohistochemical methods. That the pattern of labeling in the human sections closely parallels that observed in the experimental animals provides support for the contention that immunohistochemical methods can reliably be employed to determine the normal neuroanatomical organization of the human brain. These methods may also be particularly applicable for the analysis of pathological brain conditions. In particular, alterations of the hippocampal somatostatin system have been associated with both Alzheimer's disease and temporal lobe epilepsy. It would be of interest, therefore, to apply immunohistochemical procedures to determine whether the anatomical organization of the human hippocampal somatostatin system is altered in these diseases.
Certi cate Revocation and Certi cate

A new solution is suggested for the problem of cer-tiicate revocation. This solution represents Cer-tiicate Revocation Lists by an authenticated search data structure. The process of verifying whether a certiicate is in the list or not, as well as updating the list, is made very eecient. The suggested solution gains in scalability, communication costs, robustness to parameter changes and update rate. Comparisons to the following solutions are included: `traditional' CRLs (Certiicate Revocation Lists), Micali's Certiicate Revocation System (CRS) and Kocher's Certiicate Revocation Trees (CRT). Finally, a scenario in which certiicates are not revoked , but frequently issued for short-term periods is considered. Based on the authenticated search data structure scheme, a certiicate update scheme is presented in which all certiicates are updated by a common message. The suggested solutions for certiicate revocation and certiicate update problems is better than current solutions with respect to communication costs, update rate, and robustness to changes in parameters and is compatible e.g. with X.500 certiicates.
Pseudo-triangulations: theory and applications

Pseudotriangles and pseudo-triangulations have played a key role in the recent design of two optimal visibility graph algorithms; see [1, 2]. The purpose of this paper is (1) to give three new applications of these concepts to 2-dimensional visibility problems, and (2) to study realizability questions suggested by the pseudotriangle-pseudoline duality; see Figure 1. Our first application is related to the ray-shooting problem in the plane: preprocess a set of objects into a data structure such that the first object hit by a query ray can be computed efficiently. In section 3 we show that for a scene of n objects, where the objects are pairwise disjoint convex sets with m ‘simple’ arcs in total, one can obtain O(log m) query time using O(rn + k) storag< where k = 0(n2) is the size of the visibility graph of the set of obstacles. Previous solutions use @(n2) storage for a similar query time. (We refer to [3, 4] for a bibliography on the ray-shooting problem.) An other feature of our data structure is that it can be used to compute in O(h log m) time the h objects visible from a query point in a query interval of directions; we mention also that our technique can be extended to scenes of non-convex obstacles. Due to lack of space these latter two points will only be developed in the full version of the paper, Our
Time-Frequency Analysis of Seismic Data Using Synchrosqueezing Wavelet Transform

Time-frequency (TF) decomposition is used for characterizing the non-stationary relation between time and instantaneous frequency, which is very important in the processing and interpretation of seismic data. The conventional time-frequency analysis approaches suffer from the contradiction between time resolution and frequency resolution. A new time-frequency analysis approach is proposed based on the synchrosqueezing wavelet transform (SSWT). The SSWT is an empiricalmode-decomposition-like tool but uses a different approach in constructing the components. With the help of the synchrosqueezing techniques, the SSWT can obtain obvious higher time and frequency resolution. Synthetic examples show that the SSWT based TF analysis can exactly capture the variable frequency components. Field data tests show the potential of the proposed approach in detecting anomalies of high-frequency attenuation and detecting the deep-layer weak signal.
Force-driven unbinding of proteins HU and Fis from DNA quantified using a thermodynamic Maxwell relation

Determining numbers of proteins bound to large DNAs is important for understanding their chromosomal functions. Protein numbers may be affected by physical factors such as mechanical forces generated in DNA, e.g. by transcription or replication. We performed single-DNA stretching experiments with bacterial nucleoid proteins HU and Fis, verifying that the force–extension measurements were in thermodynamic equilibrium. We, therefore, could use a thermodynamic Maxwell relation to deduce the change of protein number on a single DNA due to varied force. For the binding of both HU and Fis under conditions studied, numbers of bound proteins decreased as force was increased. Our experiments showed that most of the bound HU proteins were driven off the DNA at 6.3 pN for HU concentrations lower than 150 nM; our HU data were fit well by a statistical-mechanical model of protein-induced bending of DNA. In contrast, a significant amount of Fis proteins could not be forced off the DNA at forces up to 12 pN and Fis concentrations up to 20 nM. This thermodynamic approach may be applied to measure changes in numbers of a wide variety of molecules bound to DNA or other polymers. Force-dependent DNA binding by proteins suggests mechano-chemical mechanisms for gene regulation.
Fight or flight? Attributing responsibility in response to mixed congruent and incongruent partisan news in selective exposure media environments

ABSTRACT In today’s media environment, the flow of incoming information can be overwhelming. Citizens are exposed to both congruent and incongruent information, following each other at a fast pace. At the same time, citizens have the freedom to compose their own daily information diet. This demanding and personalized media environment plays a decisive role in political decision-making. One crucial political evaluation is to assign credit or blame to politicians. In this setting of selective exposure and motivated reasoning, we conducted two experiments (N = 1,117) to test how forced versus selective exposure to mixed congruent-incongruent news articles and fact checkers on immigration (Study 1) or climate change (Study 2) affects citizens’ evaluations of responsibility. The key findings expand extant research that identified partisan biases in citizens’ responsibility perceptions: People select and process partisan information in a biased way to reassure partisan identities. A key democratic implication is the prevalence of citizens’ defensive motivation when assigning responsibility.
Surveys of belugas and narwhals in the Canadian High Arctic in 1996

The summer range of belugas ( Delphinapterus leucas ) and narwhals ( Monodon monoceros ) in Prince Regent Inlet, Barrow Strait and Peel Sound in the Canadian High Arctic was surveyed from 31 July to 3 August 1996 with a visual aerial survey of offshore areas and photographic aerial surveys of concentration areas. The visual survey estimate based on the number of belugas visible to the observers using systematic line transect methods was 10,347 (cv = 0.28). This included corrections for whales that were missed by the observers, observations without distance measurements and an estimate of 1,949 (cv=0.22) belugas from a photographic survey in southern Peel Sound. Using data from belugas tagged with satellite-linked time-depth recorders, the estimate was adjusted for individuals that were diving during the survey which resulted in an estimate of 18,930 belugas (cv = 0.28). Finally, counts of belugas in estuaries, corrected for estuarine surface time, were added to provide a complete estimate of 21,213 belugas (95% CI 10,985 to 32,619). The estimated number of narwhals corrected for sightings that were missed by observers was 16,364 (cv = 0.24). Adjusting this for sightings without distance information and correcting for whales that were submerged produced an estimate of 45,358 narwhals (95% CI 23,397 to 87,932).
Aging and wisdom: age-related changes in economic and social decision making

World life expectancy is increasing and many populations will begin to age rapidly. The impeding prevalence of a greater number of older people living longer lives will have significant social and economic implications. It is important to understand how older people make economic and social decisions. Aging can be associated with a “phenomenon of decline” and also greater wisdom. This paper seeks to examine the relationship between wisdom and aging. It reviews and connects the behavioral sciences and neuroscience literature on age differences in the following social and economic decision making domains that represent subcomponents of wisdom: (1) prosocial behavior in experimental economic games and competitive situations; (2) resolving social conflicts; (3) emotional homeostasis; (4) self-reflection; (5) dealing effectively with uncertainty in the domains of risk, ambiguity and intertemporal choice. Overall, we find a lack of research into how older people make economic and social decisions. There is, however, some evidence that older adults outperform young adults on certain subcomponents of wisdom, but the exact relationship between old age and each subcomponent remains unclear. A better understanding of these relationships holds the potential to alleviate a wide range of mental health problems, and has broad implications for social policies aimed at the elderly.
What's new in the treatment of focal chondral defects of the knee?

Textile yarn package supporting carriers are disclosed for use in textile dyeing machines to enable the machine to be effectively operated at less than full capacity. Each carrier has a base with multiple upstanding package supporting posts each having a longitudinal package supporting portion extending upwardly from the base and dimensioned to securely support a predetermined maximum number of packages on each post. A cap mounts to the spindle portion of each post for movement therealong into engagement with the outermost package on the post. The cap has a latching arrangement with a latch plate disposed to be selectively movable between a disengaged or release position wherein the latch plate does not impede relatively free sliding movement of the cap along the post and a second engaged position wherein the latch plate is braced against the post to prevent sliding movement of the cap along the post.
Astrocytic Mechanisms Explaining Neural-Activity-Induced Shrinkage of Extraneuronal Space

Neuronal stimulation causes ∼30% shrinkage of the extracellular space (ECS) between neurons and surrounding astrocytes in grey and white matter under experimental conditions. Despite its possible implications for a proper understanding of basic aspects of potassium clearance and astrocyte function, the phenomenon remains unexplained. Here we present a dynamic model that accounts for current experimental data related to the shrinkage phenomenon in wild-type as well as in gene knockout individuals. We find that neuronal release of potassium and uptake of sodium during stimulation, astrocyte uptake of potassium, sodium, and chloride in passive channels, action of the Na/K/ATPase pump, and osmotically driven transport of water through the astrocyte membrane together seem sufficient for generating ECS shrinkage as such. However, when taking into account ECS and astrocyte ion concentrations observed in connection with neuronal stimulation, the actions of the Na+/K+/Cl− (NKCC1) and the Na+/HCO3 − (NBC) cotransporters appear to be critical determinants for achieving observed quantitative levels of ECS shrinkage. Considering the current state of knowledge, the model framework appears sufficiently detailed and constrained to guide future key experiments and pave the way for more comprehensive astroglia–neuron interaction models for normal as well as pathophysiological situations.
Genes and Ecology: Accelerated Rates of Replacement Substitutions in the Cytochrome b Gene of Subterranean Rodents

South American tuco-tucos (genus Ctenomys) and related coruros (genus Spalacopus), North American pocket gophers (family Geomyidae), and African mole rats (family Bathyergidae) are lineages of rodents that colonized the sub- terranean niche independently. An energetically demanding lifestyle, coupled with the hypoxic atmosphere characteristic of the subterranean environment may change the selective regime of genes that encode proteins involved in cellular respi- ration. Here, we examined the molecular evolution of the cytochome b gene, a mitochondrially-encoded gene participating in oxidative phosphorylation, in these lineages and their above-ground relatives. Using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian approaches, we estimated rates of synonymous (dS) and nonsynonymous (dN) substitutions. We found a significantly higherratio (dN/dS) in each of the subterranean groups with respect to their non-subterranean counterparts. Using an al- ternative procedure that tests for positive selection on quantitative physicochemical amino acid properties, we found that i) subterranean mole rats and tucu-tucus showed more sites whose amino acid properties may be under positive selection in the cytochome b gene than their non-subterranean relatives, and ii) some of the sites identified to be under selection ex- clusively in subterranean taxa were shared among all subterranean taxa. The results given by these two approaches are consistent with each other and suggest a link between directional selection at the molecular level and niche shift.
Perspectives from Texas Faculty in Non-CACREP Programs

In this study we utilized phenomenological inquiry to explore the experiences of nine counselor educators working in programs that are not accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). Five themes emerged including: (a) professional identity and unity, (b) resources and necessary support from administration, (c) pride in current program, (d) state requirements versus CACREP requirements, and (e) mounting pressure. Implications and recommendations are discussed.
Thermal stability analysis of temperature dependent inhomogeneous size-dependent nano-scale beams

Thermal bifurcation buckling behavior of fully clamped Euler-Bernoulli nanobeam built of a through thickness functionally graded material is explored for the first time in the present paper. The variation of material properties of the FG nanobeam are graded along the thickness by a power-law form. Temperature dependency of the material constituents is also taken into consideration. Eringen\'s nonlocal elasticity model is employed to define the small-scale eﬀects and long-range connections between the particles. The stability equations of the thermally induced FG nanobeam are derived via the principal of the minimum total potential energy and solved analytically for clamped boundary conditions, which lead for more accurate results. Moreover, the obtained buckling loads of FG nanobeam are validated with those existing works. Parametric studies are performed to examine the influences of various parameters such as power-law exponent, small scale effects and beam thickness on the critical thermal buckling load of the temperature-dependent FG nanobeams.
Development of Argumentation Skills through Socioscientific Issues in Science Course: A Collaborative Action Research

Sosyobilimsel konularla fen bilimleri derslerinde ortaokul sekizinci sinif ogrencilerinde argumantasyon becerisi gelistirilmesinin amaclandigi bu calisma isbirlikci eylem arastirmasi olarak desenlenmistir. Arastirmanin calisma grubunu, 26 sekizinci sinif ogrencisi olusturmustur. Arastirmada, 27 hafta uygulama gerceklestirilmistir. Veriler argumantasyon becerisine iliskin yazili dokumanlar, yapilandirilmamis gozlem, ogretmen ve ogrenci gunlukleri ile toplanmistir. Arastirma verileri icerik analizi yapilarak cozumlenmistir. Arastirma sonuclari, uygulama sonunda ogrencilerin tamaminin iddia, gerekce, kanit, karsi iddia ve gerekce ile curutucu bilesenlerinden olusan argumanlar uretebildiklerini gostermistir. Ayrica, argumantasyon becerisi gelisimi surecinde argumantasyon becerisi bilesenleriyle ve ogretme-ogrenme sureci degiskenleriyle ilgili cesitli problemler saptanmistir. Arastirma, sosyobilimsel konularla argumantasyon becerisi gelisimi icin yapilacak duzenlemeler ve surecte karsilasilabilecek problemlerle ilgili bilgiler sunmasi, isbirlikci eylem arastirmasinin uygulama sureci hakkinda bilgi vermesi acisindan onem tasimaktadir .
PTSD prevalence among Polish World War II survivors.

OBJECTIVES Over the past decade research has been published in several Western European countries on the prevalence of PTSD among World War II survivors, mostly civilians. Prevalence rates ranged from 1.9% to 10.8 %. The aim of the study was to measure the frequency of PTSD occurrence among Polish WWII survivors. METHODS Data from 96 persons: 59 women and 37 men, aged 70-96 were analyzed. All participants were born before 1945. They completed Polish adaptations of: Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS), Impact of Events Scale (IES), Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) and WWII trauma related questionnaire. RESULTS Prevalence rate of potential PTSD was 32,3% Mean values of both number and severity of symptoms of PTSD were significantly higher for respondents with at least one war related trauma comparing to the participants who did note relate any such trauma. CONCLUSIONS Comparing to other studies on WWII related PTSD the prevalence rate of possible PTSD was very high. Looking for possible explanation of such results seems to be an important challenge.
Comparison of optimum filter length in linear prediction between speech and musical signals

The optimal filter length of linear prediction (LP) model of musical signals are compared with speech signals in the paper. These musical signals are single musical instruments and vocal. Firstly, the global and segmental optimal orders of LP model are defined then the global optimal orders of LP model are measured for appropriately chosen musical and speech signals and finally statistical tests are performed. These tests determine if the differences between measured optimal orders are statistically significant or not.
Monotone Closure of Relaxed Constraints in Submodular Optimization: Connections Between Minimization and Maximization

It is becoming increasingly evident that many machine learning problems may be reduced to sub-modular optimization. Previous work addresses generic discrete approaches and specific relaxations. In this work, we take a generic view from a relaxation perspective. We show a relaxation formulation and simple rounding strategy that, based on the monotone closure of relaxed constraints, reveals analogies between minimization and maximization problems, and includes known results as special cases and extends to a wider range of settings. Our resulting approximation factors match the corresponding integrality gaps. For submodular maximization, a number of relaxation approaches have been proposed. A critical challenge for the practical applicability of these techniques, however, is the complexity of evaluating the multilinear extension. We show that this extension can be efficiently evaluated for a number of useful submodular functions, thus making these otherwise impractical algorithms viable for real-world machine learning problems.
Clone or Relative?: Understanding the Origins of Similar Android Apps

Since it is not hard to repackage an Android app, there are many cloned apps, which we call clones in this work. As previous studies have reported, clones are generated for bad purposes by malicious parties, e.g., adding malicious functions, injecting/replacing advertising modules, and piracy. Besides such clones, there are legitimate, similar apps, which we call "relatives" in this work. These relatives are not clones but are similar in nature; i.e., they are generated by the same app-building service or by the same developer using a same template. Given these observations, this paper aims to answer the following two research questions: (RQ1) How can we distinguish between clones and relatives? (RQ2) What is the breakdown of clones and relatives in the official and third-party marketplaces? To answer the first research question, we developed a scalable framework called APPraiser that systematically extracts similar apps and classifies them into clones and relatives. We note that our key algorithms, which leverage sparseness of the data, have the time complexity of O(n) in practice. To answer the second research question, we applied the APPraiser framework to the over 1.3 millions of apps collected from official and third-party marketplaces. Our analysis revealed the following findings: In the official marketplace, 79% of similar apps were attributed to relatives while, in the third-party marketplace, 50% of similar apps were attributed to clones. The majority of relatives are apps developed by prolific developers in both marketplaces. We also found that in the third-party market, of the clones that were originally published in the official market, 76% of them are malware.To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that clarified the breakdown of "similar" Android apps, and quantified their origins using a huge dataset equivalent to the size of official market.