Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ongoing neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus mediates behavioral responses to ambiguous threat cues

Fear learning is highly adaptive if utilized in appropriate situations but can lead to generalized anxiety if applied too widely. A role of predictive cues in inhibiting fear generalization has been suggested by stress and fear learning studies, but the effects of partially predictive cues (ambiguous cues) and the neuronal populations responsible for linking the predictive ability of cues and generalization of fear responses are unknown. Here, we show that inhibition of adult neurogenesis in the mouse dentate gyrus decreases hippocampal network activation and reduces defensive behavior to ambiguous threat cues but has neither of these effects if the same negative experience is reliably predicted. Additionally, we find that this ambiguity related to negative events determines their effect on fear generalization, that is, how the events affect future behavior under novel conditions. Both new neurons and glucocorticoid hormones are required for the enhancement of fear generalization following an unpredictably cued threat. Thus, adult neurogenesis plays a central role in the adaptive changes resulting from experience involving unpredictable or ambiguous threat cues, optimizing behavior in novel and uncertain situations.
The Cooperative Reading Project: A Collaboration with Teachers To Examine and Improve upon Cooperative Learning in Literacy Instruction.

This paper presents some of the overall findings of the Cooperative Reading Project (CRP), a collaboration between six teachers in a bilingual Spanish/English elementary school and a team of university researchers to examine and improve upon cooperative learning literacy instruction. The CRP took a social constructivist learning stance toward cooperative learning as well as toward professional development of teachers. The project focused on teachers' thinking and its relation to their classroom actions and students' attitudes and learning. Teachers participated in ongoing, collaborative staff development meetings, and each developed a personal instructional refinement agenda. Data was gathered through teacher and student interviews, instructional observations, and a pre-, mid-, and post-intervention written assessment of student literacy strategy use and motivational orientation, using the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire. The study found that students showed increases in liking for cooperative learning and, in the lower elementary grades, in metacognitive knowledge. The findings suggest that a collaborative, social constructivist perspective on teacher change can contribute to significant changes in instruction. An appendix contains sample responses of students' awareness of conditional knowledge. (Contains 33 references.) (MDM) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** co co to re) C THE COOPERATIVE READING PROJECT: A COLLABORATION WITH TEACHERS TO EXAMINE AND IMPROVE UPON COOPERATIVE LEARNING IN LITERACY INSTRUCTION "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MAM3,IAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY *. c,\ AT e 1" TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER fERICI. " Paul a Deering UAL DEPARTMENT Of EDUCATION d EducelioM' Romeo end Improvement plea EDUGADONALcE6NrEALINFORMATION &MA documota Noe boon roproaucod as recanted Art me Demon or cpstrozolmo emigrating it MUM' Otero We Mon made to un Provo rproDuction awry Pot.nr at= orneop.niondsyst:tpedresetn ter andoccl DEW ctosthort of Dotter University of Hawaii Department of auriculum & Instruction College of Education Honolulu, HI 96822 (808)956-4411 E-Mail: deering@uhunix.uhce. hawaii.edu Michael S. Meloth Adele B. Sanders University of Colorado School of Education Campus Box 249 Boulder, CO 80309 (303) 492-5204 E-Mail: meloth@spot.colorado,edu Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association; New Orleans, LA. April, 1094. Running header: CooperPdve Reading Project This project was supported by a grant from the James S. McDonnell Foundation's Program for Cognitive Studies in Educational Practice, plus funding from the University of Colorado. All content is the responsibility of the authors.
Income Stability and Mortgage Default

Debate exists on the relative importance of employment status and house price declines in accounting for the large number of mortgage defaults during the Great Recession. To avoid the complexities posed by potential interactions among house prices, employment status, and income, we propose the natural experiment of examining the default decisions of homeowners with job security and income stability. Specifically, we observe public sector workers employed in Clark County, Nevada in FY2009-2010 and examine the sensitivity of their default decisions to changes in house values relative to borrowers in the private sector. Compared to the overall population, homeowners with known employment and income stability exhibit both a lower rate of default as well as a lower sensitivity to mortgage leverage in their default decisions.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamases Producing Organisms Isolated in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Bangladesh

Context: Infection caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) producing organism is a major problem regarding antibiotic resistance. Aims: The aim of this study was to find out the antibiogram of ESBL producing organisms isolated from various samples. Settings and Design: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology of a Tertiary Care Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January to June 2014. Subjects and Methods: One Hundred and seventy-nine ESBL producing Gram-negative organisms detected phenotypically by double-disc synergy test were enrolled in this study. Required data were collected from the records of the Microbiology laboratory. Results: ESBL production was detected in 16.07% (179/1114) of isolated organism. Of Escherichia coli, 15.75% were ESBL producers; 14.01% Pseudomonas spp. , 36.84% Proteus spp. , 18.57% Klebsiella spp. , and 21.05% of Acinetobacter spp. , were ESBL producers. Maximum (43.58%) ESBL producers were isolated from surgery departments, and wound swabs yielded majority (53%) of them. About 13% ESBL producers were isolated in outdoor patients mostly from community-acquired infections. Most ESBL producers were resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Carbapenems especially imipenem was the most effective drug showing excellent sensitivity; colistin and piperacillin/tazobactam also had better sensitivity result. Most of the ESBL producers showed a good sensitivity to amikacin, but all of them were highly resistant to ciprofloxacin. Conclusions: ESBL production should be detected routinely in all Microbiology laboratories. Infection control, rational use of antibiotics must be done promptly to prevent the development and spread of ESBL producing organisms.
EU Consumers’ Quantitative Inflation Perceptions and Expectations: An Evaluation

This report updates and extends earlier assessments of quantitative inflation perceptions and expectations of consumers in the euro area and the EU using an anonymised micro data set collected by the European Commission in the context of the Harmonised EU Programme of Business and Consumer Surveys. Confirming earlier findings, consumers' quantitative estimates of inflation are found to be higher than actual HICP (Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices) inflation over the entire sample period (2004-2015). The analysis shows that European consumers hold different opinions of inflation depending on their income, age, education and gender. Although many of the features highlighted for the EU and the euro area aggregates are valid across individual Member States, differences exist also at the country level. Despite the higher inflation estimates, there is a high level of co-movement between measured and estimated (perceived/expected) inflation. Even respondents providing estimates largely above actual HICP inflation, demonstrate understanding of the relative level of inflation during both high and low inflation periods. Based on these economically plausible results, the report concludes that further work should be devoted to defining concrete aggregate indicators of consumers' quantitative inflation perceptions and expectations on the basis of the dataset used in this study. Moreover, it outlines a number of future research topics that can be addressed by exploiting the enormous potential of the data set. JEL Classification: D8, D12, E31
Impact of contamination with long-lived radionuclides on PET kinetics modelling in multitracer studies

IntroductionAn important issue in multitracer studies is the separation of signals from the different radiotracers. This is especially the case when an early tracer has a long physical half-life and kinetic modelling has to be performed, because the early tracer can confer a long-lived contaminating background not only to images but also to a measured input function derived from blood samples. In this study, we examined data from a sequential multitracer infection study involving 111In (t1/2=2.8 days), investigating the influence on gamma counting of blood samples and on the kinetic modelling of subsequent PET tracers. Blood sample counts were corrected by recounting the samples a few days later. A more optimal choice of energy window was also explored. The effect of correction versus noncorrection was investigated using a two-tissue kinetic model with irreversible uptake (K1, k2, k3). ResultsK1 was least affected and k3 was most affected by the contamination, corresponding to the effect being relatively larger on the late part of the blood input function. A narrower energy window reduced the problem, but this will not be possible for all types of contaminating background. ConclusionGamma counting of blood samples can lead to a contaminating background not observed in PET imaging and this background can affect kinetic modelling. If the contaminating tracer has a much longer half-life than the foreground tracer, then the problem can be solved by late recounting of the samples.
Against the Odds: Towards Sustainable Public Schooling

ii Acknowledgements . iii List of Figures. x Preface.xii Chapter 1: Learning Without Borders.1 Purpose.6 Rationale.7 Thesis Overview. 9 Chapter 2: Overcoming The Public Education Stalemate.11 Making a Difference: Challenging the Public Education Status quo.14 Theoretical Framework. 16 Place-based Education.16 Literature Themes.19 Sense of Place.19 Cultural Studies.20 The Value of Outdoor Experiences.21 Schoolyard Greening, School Gardens and Food System Learning.24 Schoolyard-Enhanced Learning.26 Embodied knowing.27 Real world Problem Solving.28 Civic Engagement and Service-learning.29 Ecological and Systems Thinking.30 Summary.33 Chapter 3: Phenomenology: A fitting Inquiry.35
Inactivation of faecal indicator bacteria in a roof‐captured rainwater system under ambient meteorological conditions

In this study, faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) namely Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. were seeded into slurries of possum faeces and placed on the roof and in the gutter of a roof‐captured rainwater (RCR) system. The persistence of FIB in these circumstances was determined under ambient climatic conditions. FIB persistence was also determined under in situ conditions in tank water using diffusion chambers.
Income Inequality and Political Nationalism

This paper studies how the political elite uses nationalism as a tool for altering the preferences of the voting public. A model is designed to explain how a change in income inequality motivates political parties to use nationalism. The model concludes that increased income inequality incentivises political nationalism through increased voter polarization. An empirical analysis is undertaken using information from political party manifestos as a proxy for political nationalism. Results show that wealthy countries respond to increased income inequality by increasing their level of nationalist rhetoric. When a broader country set of poor countries is used, this relationship breaks down.
Differential muscle‐driven synaptic remodeling in the neuromuscular junction after denervation

We used knock‐in mice that express green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐labeled embryonic‐type acetylcholine receptors to investigate postsynaptic responses to denervation of fast‐twitch and slow‐twitch muscle fibers, and to visualize the integration of newly synthesized GFP‐labeled embryonic‐type receptors into adult synapses. The embryonic‐type receptors are transiently expressed and incorporated into the denervated endplates. They replaced synaptic adult‐type receptors in a directed fashion, starting from the endplate’s periphery and proceeding to its central regions. The progress of embryonic‐type receptor expression with respect to transcriptional control is a transient, short‐term activation mechanism. The less pronounced increase in the expression levels of the GFP‐labeled receptors revealed a differential shift in the integration and degradation processes that constitute the dynamic equilibrium of the synaptic receptor pool. Therefore, we were able to model the changes in the total receptor load of the neuromuscular endplate following denervation as a function of the abundance of available receptors and the initial receptor load of the endplate.
RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis to identify genes involved in metabolism-based diclofop resistance in Lolium rigidum.

Weed control failures due to herbicide resistance are an increasing and worldwide problem that significantly affect crop yields. Metabolism-based herbicide resistance (referred to as metabolic resistance) in weeds is not well characterized at the genetic level. An RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis was used to find candidate genes that conferred metabolic resistance to the herbicide diclofop in a diclofop-resistant population (R) of the major global weed Lolium rigidum. A reference cDNA transcriptome (19 623 contigs) was assembled and assigned putative annotations. Global gene expression was measured using Illumina reads from untreated control, adjuvant-only control, and diclofop treatment of R and susceptible (S). Contigs that showed constitutive expression differences between untreated R and untreated S were selected for further validation analysis, including 11 contigs putatively annotated as cytochrome P450 (CytP450), glutathione transferase (GST), or glucosyltransferase (GT), and 17 additional contigs with annotations related to metabolism or signal transduction. In a forward genetics validation experiment, nine contigs had constitutive up-regulation in R individuals from a segregating F2 population, including three CytP450, one nitronate monooxygenase (NMO), three GST, and one GT. Principal component analysis using these nine contigs differentiated F2 -R from F2 -S individuals. In a physiological validation experiment in which 2,4-D pre-treatment induced diclofop protection in S individuals due to increased metabolism, seven of the nine genetically validated contigs were induced significantly. Four contigs (two CytP450, NMO, and GT) were consistently highly expressed in nine field-evolved metabolic resistant L. rigidum populations. These four contigs were strongly associated with the resistance phenotype and are major candidates for contributing to metabolic diclofop resistance.
Determination of 15N isotopic enrichment and concentrations of allantoin and uric acid in urine by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

A method for the determination of 15N enrichment and concentration of allantoin and uric acid simultaneously in urine using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is described. The urine samples contained [1,3-15N2] uric acid and its oxidation product allantoin. The uric acid and allantoin were isolated using an AG1-X8 (Cl-form) anion-exchange column and heated with a mixture containing 1:1 dimethylformamide and N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA). The tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) derivatives of allantoin and uric acid formed were injected into a gas chromatograph interfaced with a mass spectrometer operated under electron impact ionization conditions. Isotope ratio measurements were made from the abundance of the M-57 ions at m/z 398, 399 and 400 for allantoin and at m/z 567 and 569 for uric acid. 15N2 allantoin (99 at.%) was produced from [1,3-15N2] uric acid by treatment with uricase and used as a standard. Quantitation of allantoin and uric acid was based on isotopic dilution by spiking the urine sample with known quantities of 99 at. % [15N] uric acid and allantoin internal standards. The observed isotope ratio measurements from the prepared standards matched the theoretical values. Coefficients of variation in measurements of isotope ratio and concentration were 0.2 and 0.5%, respectively. The method was applied in a study to measure the urinary recovery of [1,3-15N2] uric acid continuously infused for 8-10 h into the blood of four sheep each on two occasions. Within 24 h, 65.9 +/- 9.1% of the tracer was excreted in the urine unchanged. Little was converted into allantoin (approximately 7% of the dose). The total recovery (5 days) of the infused tracer averaged 69.5 +/- 7.6% as uric acid and 76.8 +/- 9.3% as the sum of uric acid and allantoin. Uricase activities in plasma, liver and kidney of sheep were also measured using [1,3-15N2] uric acid as a substrate. Uricase activity was estimated to be 0.6 mU g-1 wet tissue in the liver and there appeared to be none in plasma and kidney. The low uricase activities in sheep tissues appeared to explain the limited conversion of the intravenously administered [15N] uric acid to allantoin but did not explain the large quantities of allantoin excreted in urine (8.96 +/- 0.86 and 1.36 +/- 0.25 mmol d-1 for allantoin and uric acid, respectively). The GC/MS method for the determination of 15N enrichment and concentration of allantoin and uric acid in urine is accurate and precise and provides a useful tool for studies on uric acid and allantoin metabolism.
A Novel ZVS Resonant Reset Dual Switch Forward DC–DC Converter

This paper presents a new topology named zero-voltage switching (ZVS) resonant reset dual switch forward dc-dc converter, which, compared with resonant reset single switch forward dc-dc converter, maintains the advantage that duty cycle can be more than 50%, at the same time disadvantages of high voltage stress for main switches and low efficiency are overcome. In addition, ZVS is achieved for all switches of the presented topology. Therefore, this proposed topology is very attractive for high voltage input, wide range, and high efficiency applications. In this paper, the operation principle and characteristic of this topology are analyzed in detail. Next, the design consideration is presented. Finally, the advantages mentioned above are verified by experimental results
Crystal Structure of Heparinase II from Pedobacter heparinus and Its Complex with a Disaccharide Product*

Heparinase II depolymerizes heparin and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans, yielding unsaturated oligosaccharide products through an elimination degradation mechanism. This enzyme cleaves the oligosaccharide chain on the nonreducing end of either glucuronic or iduronic acid, sharing this characteristic with a chondroitin ABC lyase. We have determined the first structure of a heparin-degrading lyase, that of heparinase II from Pedobacter heparinus (formerly Flavobacterium heparinum), in a ligand-free state at 2.15Å resolution and in complex with a disaccharide product of heparin degradation at 2.30Å resolution. The protein is composed of three domains: an N-terminal α-helical domain, a central two-layered β-sheet domain, and a C-terminal domain forming a two-layered β-sheet. Heparinase II shows overall structural similarities to the polysaccharide lyase family 8 (PL8) enzymes chondroitin AC lyase and hyaluronate lyase. In contrast to PL8 enzymes, however, heparinase II forms stable dimers, with the two active sites formed independently within each monomer. The structure of the N-terminal domain of heparinase II is also similar to that of alginate lyases from the PL5 family. A Zn2+ ion is bound within the central domain and plays an essential structural role in the stabilization of a loop forming one wall of the substrate-binding site. The disaccharide binds in a long, deep canyon formed at the top of the N-terminal domain and by loops extending from the central domain. Based on structural comparison with the lyases from the PL5 and PL8 families having bound substrates or products, the disaccharide found in heparinase II occupies the “+1” and “+2” subsites. The structure of the enzyme-product complex, combined with data from previously characterized mutations, allows us to propose a putative chemical mechanism of heparin and heparan-sulfate degradation.
Model Predictive Control of blood glucose in Type 1 diabetes: The Principal Dynamic Modes approach

This computational study demonstrates the efficacy of regulating blood glucose in Type 1 diabetics with a Model Predictive Control strategy, utilizing a nonparametric / Principal Dynamic Modes model. For this purpose, a stochastic glucose disturbance signal is introduced and a simple methodology for predicting its future values is developed. The results of our simulations confirm that the proposed algorithm achieves very good performance, is computationally efficient and avoids hypoglycaemic events.
An Experimental Evaluation of SiC Switches in Soft-Switching Converters

Soft-switching converters equipped with insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) in silicon (Si) have to be dimensioned with respect to additional losses due to the dynamic conduction losses originating from the conductivity modulation lag. Replacing the IGBTs with emerging silicon carbide (SiC) transistors could reduce not only the dynamic conduction losses but also other loss components of the IGBTs. In the present paper, therefore, several types of SiC transistors are compared to a state-of-the-art 1200-V Si IGBT. First, the conduction losses with sinusoidal current at a fixed amplitude (150 A) are investigated at different frequencies up to 200 kHz. It was found that the SiC transistors showed no signs of dynamic conduction losses in the studied frequency range. Second, the SiC transistors were compared to the Si IGBT in a realistic soft-switching converter test system. Using a calorimetric approach, it was found that all SiC transistors showed loss reductions of more than 50%. In some cases loss reductions of 65% were achieved even if the chip area of the SiC transistor was only 11% of that of the Si IGBT. It was concluded that by increasing the chip area to a third of the Si IGBT, the SiC vertical trench junction field-effect transistor could yield a loss reduction of approximately 90%. The reverse conduction capability of the channel of unipolar devices is also identified to be an important property for loss reductions. A majority of the new SiC devices are challenging from a gate/base driver point-of-view. This aspect must also be taken into consideration when making new designs of soft-switching converters using new SiC transistors.