Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Role of Computed Tomography Enterography/Magnetic Resonance Enterography: Is It in Prime Time?

Today, cross-sectional imaging modalities, such as computed tomography enterography (CTE) and magnetic resonance enterography (MRE), are particularly suited to evaluate small bowel diseases, especially Crohn's disease (CD). It is well known that CTE/MRE can provide excellent assessment of disease activity as well as the macroscopic features, extramural abnormalities, and complications of the small intestine in patients with CD. In general, CTE is considered as the first-line modality for the evaluation of suspected inflammatory bowel disease and for long-term assessment or follow-up of these patients. Because of the advantage of lack of radiation, MRE is being used more frequently, especially in children or young patients with CD.
CORM‐A1: a new pharmacologically active carbon monoxide‐releasing molecule

Carbon monoxide (CO) is emerging as an important and versatile mediator of physiological processes to the extent that treatment of animals with exogenous CO gas has beneficial effects in a range of vascular‐ and inflammatory‐related disease models. The recent discovery that certain transition metal carbonyls function as CO‐releasing molecules (CO‐RMs) in biological systems highlighted the potential of exploiting this and similar classes of compounds as a stratagem to deliver CO for therapeutic purposes. Here we describe the biochemical features and pharmacological actions of a newly identified water‐soluble CO releaser (CORM‐A1) that, unlike the first prototypic molecule recently described (CORM‐3), does not contain a transition metal and liberates CO at a much slower rate under physiological conditions. Using a myoglobin assay and an amperometric CO electrode, we demonstrated that the release of CO from CORM‐A1 is both pH‐ and temperature‐dependent with a half‐life of ∼21 min at 37°C and pH 7.4. In isolated aortic rings, CORM‐A1 promoted a gradual but profound concentration‐dependent vasorelaxation over time, which was highly amplified by YC‐1 (1 µM) and attenuated by ODQ, a stimulator and inhibitor of guanylate cyclase, respectively. Similarly, administration of CORM‐A1 (30 µmol/kg i.v.) in vivo produced a mild decrease in mean arterial pressure, which was markedly potentiated by pretreatment with YC‐1 (1.2 µmol/kg i.v.). Interestingly, an inactive form of CORM‐A1 that is incapable of releasing CO failed to promote both vasorelaxation and hypotension, thus directly implicating CO as the mediator of the observed pharmacological effects. Our results reveal that the bioactivities exerted by CORM‐A1 reflect its intrinsic biochemical behavior of a slow CO releaser, which may be advantageous in the treatment of chronic conditions that require CO to be delivered in a carefully controlled manner.
Dr. Android and Mr. Hide: Fine-grained security policies on unmodified Android

Google’s Android platform includes a permission model that protects access to sensitive capabilities, such as Internet access, GPS use, and telephony. We have found that Android’s current permissions are often overly broad, providing apps with more access than they truly require. This deviation from least privilege increases the threat from vulnerabilities and malware. To address this issue, we present a novel system that can replace existing platform permissions with finer-grained ones. A key property of our approach is that it runs today, on stock Android devices, requiring no platform modifications. Our solution is composed of two parts: Mr. Hide, which runs in a separate process on a device and provides access to sensitive data as a service; and Dr. Android (Dalvik Rewriter for Android), a tool that transforms existing Android apps to access sensitive resources via Mr. Hide rather than directly through the system. Together, Dr. Android and Mr. Hide can completely remove several of an app’s existing permissions and replace them with finergrained ones, leveraging the platform to provide complete mediation for protected resources. We evaluated our ideas on several popular, free Android apps. We found that we can replace many commonly used “dangerous” permissions with finer-grained permissions. Moreover, apps transformed to use these finer-grained permissions run largely as expected, with reasonable performance overhead.
Efficiently Parsing with the Product-Free Lambek Calculus

This paper provides a parsing algorithm for the Lambek calculus which is polynomial time for a more general fragment of the Lambek calculus than any previously known algorithm. The algorithm runs in worst-case time O(n5) when restricted to a certain fragment of the Lambek calculus which is motivated by empirical analysis. In addition, a set of parameterized inputs are given, showing why the algorithm has exponential worst-case running time for the Lambek calculus in general.
Unit testing concurrent software

There are many difficulties associated with developing correct multithreaded software, and many of the activities that are simple for single threaded software are exceptionally hard for multithreaded software. One such example is constructing unit tests involving multiple threads. Given, for example, a blocking queue implementation, writing a test case to show that it blocks and unblocks appropriately using existing testing frameworks is exceptionally hard. In this paper, we describe the MultithreadedTC framework which allows the construction of deterministic and repeatable unit tests for concurrent abstractions. This framework is not designed to test for synchronization errors that lead to rare probabilistic faults under concurrent stress. Rather, this framework allows us to demonstrate that code does provide specific concurrent functionality (e.g., a thread attempting to acquire a lock is blocked if another thread has the lock). We describe the framework and provide empirical comparisons against hand-coded tests designed for Sun's Java concurrency utilities library and against previous frameworks that addressed this same issue. The source code for this framework is available under an open source license.
On broad-side delay test

A broad-side delay test is a form of a scan-based delay test, where the first vector of the pair is scanned into the chain, and the second vector of the pair is the combinational circuit's response to this first vector. This delay test form is called "broad-side" since the second vector of the delay test pair is provided in a broad-side fashion, namely through the logic. This paper concentrates on generation of broad-side delay test vectors; shows the results of experiments conducted on the ISCAS sequential benchmarks, and discusses some concerns of the broad-side delay test strategy. <<ETX>>
An accurate distance to 2M1207Ab

Context. In April 2004, the first image was obtained of a planetary mass companion (now known as 2M1207 b) in orbit around a self-luminous object different from our own Sun (the young brown dwarf 2MASSW J1207334-393254, hereafter 2M1207 A). That 2M1207 b probably formed via fragmentation and gravitational collapse offered proof that such a mechanism can form bodies in the planetary mass regime. However, the predicted mass, luminosity, and radius of 2M1207 b depend on its age, distance, and other observables, such as effective temperature. Aims. To refine our knowledge of the physical properties of 2M1207 b and its nature, we accurately determined the distance to the 2M1207 A and b system by measuring of its trigonometric parallax at the milliarcsec level. Methods. With the ESO NTT/SUSI2 telescope, we began a campaign of photometric and astrometric observations in 2006 to measure the trigonometric parallax of 2M1207 A. Results. An accurate distance (52.4 ± 1.1 pc) to 2M1207A was measured. From distance and proper motions we derived spatial velocities that are fully compatible with TWA membership. Conclusions. With this new distance estimate, we discuss three scenarios regarding the nature of 2M1207 b: (1) a cool (1150 ± 150 K) companion of mass 4 ± 1 MJup, (2) a warmer (1600 ± 100 K) and heavier (8 ± 2 MJup) companion occulted by an edge-on circumsecondary disk, or (3) a hot protoplanet collision afterglow.
Regulation of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters in Infection, Inflammation, and Cancer

This article is a report on a symposium sponsored by the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and held at the Experimental Biology 07 meeting in Washington, DC. The presentations discussed the phenomenology, clinical consequences, and underlying mechanisms of cytochrome P450 and drug transporter regulation by inflammatory and infectious stimuli. Although considerable insights into the links between inflammatory mediators and altered hepatic drug clearance pathways have been gained from previous studies with acute inflammatory stimuli, this symposium highlighted recent advances in understanding how these processes operate in other organs and chronic inflammatory states relevant to human diseases. The development of mouse models of live bacterial infection provides excellent opportunities to explore the impact of infection on drug metabolism beyond the well characterized effects of bacterial endotoxin. Altered levels of cytochromes P450 and especially drug transporters due to inflammation in brain, intestine, and placenta have significant implications for the use of many drugs in diverse clinical settings. The consequences of inflammatory cytokine production by tumors for drug safety and efficacy in cancer patients were outlined. Repression of drug clearance pathways by tumor-derived cytokines may result in extreme toxicity to chemotherapy, compromising treatment of many cancers. It is fitting that, in honoring the career contributions and achievements of Dr. Kenneth W. Renton, this symposium reinforced the clinical relevance of this field.
Multi-sensor fire detection using visual and time-of-flight imaging

This paper proposes a novel multi-sensor fire detection method based on ordinary video images and the amplitude images of a time-of-flight camera. Using this multi-modal information, flame regions can be detected very accurately. Regions with high accumulative amplitude differences and high values in all detail images of the amplitude image its discrete wavelet transform, are labeled as candidate flame regions. Simultaneously, moving objects in the visual images are also investigated. Objects which possess the experimentally found low-cost flame features are also labeled as candidate flame region. Finally, if one of the visual and amplitude candidate flame regions overlap, fire alarm is given. Experiments show that the proposed detector has an average flame detection rate of 92% with no false positive detections.
The effects of religiosity on Internet consumption

The relationship between technology adoption and religion has received scant research attention. The complicated process of Internet use among contemporary religious people is affected by the tension between technological developments and religious beliefs. The current research aims to explore the effects of religiosity on Internet consumption in a newly industrialized Muslim country, Turkey. The study utilized a cross-sectional design based on data from 2,698 subjects, selected by stratified random sampling, covering all 12 regions of the country. By offering an exploratory approach, this study sheds light on how various interpretations of religion enable culture-specific observations on Internet consumption patterns, and its relation with different levels of religiosity. The findings revealed that the level of religiosity has a significant effect on the patterns of Internet consumption.
Molecular and Genetic Determinants of Rous Sarcoma Virus Integrase for Concerted DNA Integration

ABSTRACT Site-directed mutagenesis of recombinant Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) integrase (IN) allowed us to gain insights into the protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions involved in reconstituted IN-viral DNA complexes capable of efficient concerted DNA integration (termed full-site). At 4 nM IN, wild-type (wt) RSV IN incorporates ∼30% of the input donor into full-site integration products after 10 min of incubation at 37°C, which is equivalent to isolated retrovirus preintegration complexes for full-site integration activity. DNase I protection analysis demonstrated that wt IN was able to protect the viral DNA ends, mapping ∼20 bp from the end. We had previously mapped the replication capabilities of several RSV IN mutants (A48P and P115S) which appeared to affect viral DNA integration in vivo. Surprisingly, recombinant RSV A48P IN retained wt IN properties even though the virus carrying this mutation had significantly reduced integrated viral DNA in comparison to wt viral DNA in virus-infected cells. Recombinant RSV P115S IN also displayed all of the properties of wt RSV IN. Upon heating of dimeric P115S IN in solution at 57°C, it became apparent that the mutation in the catalytic core of RSV IN exhibited the same thermolabile properties for 3′ OH processing and strand transfer (half-site and full-site integration) activities consistent with the observed temperature-sensitive defect for integration in vivo. The average half-life for inactivation of the three activities were similar, ranging from 1.6 to 1.9 min independent of the IN concentrations in the assay mixtures. Wt IN was stable under the same heat treatment. DNase I protection analysis of several conservative and nonconservative substitutions at W233 (a highly conserved residue of the retrovirus C-terminal domain) suggests that this region is involved in protein-DNA interactions at the viral DNA attachment site. Our data suggest that the use of recombinant RSV IN to investigate efficient full-site integration in vitro with reference to integration in vivo is promising.
Structural support vector machines for log-linear approach in statistical machine translation

Minimum error rate training (MERT) is a widely used learning method for statistical machine translation. In this paper, we present a SVM-based training method to enhance generalization ability. We extend MERT optimization by maximizing the margin between the reference and incorrect translations under the L2-norm prior to avoid overfitting problem. Translation accuracy obtained by our proposed methods is more stable in various conditions than that obtained by MERT. Our experimental results on the FrenchEnglish WMT08 shared task show that degrade of our proposed methods is smaller than that of MERT in case of small training data or out-of-domain test data.
Fisher–Tippett Region-Merging Approach to Transrectal Ultrasound Prostate Lesion Segmentation

In this paper, a computerized approach to segmenting prostate lesions in transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) images is presented. The segmentation of prostate lesions from TRUS images is very challenging due to issues, such as poor contrast, low SNRs, and irregular shape variations. To address these issues, a novel approach is employed to segment the lesions from the surrounding prostate, where region merging is performed via a region-merging likelihood function based on regional statistics, as well as Fisher-Tippett statistics. Experimental results using TRUS prostate images demonstrate that the proposed Fisher-Tippett region-merging approach achieves more accurate segmentation of prostate lesions when compared to other segmentation methods.
Aberrant Presentation of HPA-Reactive Carbohydrates Implies Selectin-Independent Metastasis Formation in Human Prostate Cancer

Purpose: To investigate the impact of prostate cancer cell surface glycosylation as part of the tumor cell–endothelial cell interaction in prostate cancer metastasis. Experimental Design: Glycosyltransferase expression was profiled in metastasis-derived prostate cancer cell lines and compared with primary epithelium. Prostate cancer cells were examined for HPA- and selectin-binding and adhesion to endothelium. Spontaneous metastasis xenograft models were established to test the lectin HPA-binding sites as a marker of metastatic competence and to evaluate E-selectin-binding sites in vivo. The importance of selectins for metastasis formation was analyzed using Sele−/−/Selp−/− mice. The clinical relevance of HPA- and E-selectin-binding sites in prostate cancer was determined. Results: Glycosyltransferases involved in the synthesis of common HPA-binding sites are downregulated in prostate cancer cells. An absence of HPA-reactive carbohydrates specifically indicates spontaneous metastatic spread of prostate cancer xenografts in vivo and a poor prognosis of patients with prostate cancer. HPA-binding sites decrease in lymph node metastases compared with corresponding primary tumors. Common selectin ligands are absent on prostate cancer cells, which do not adhere to recombinant selectins or endothelium under shear stress in vitro. Spontaneous metastasis formation is largely independent of selectins in vivo. E-selectin-binding sites are detectable in only 2% of patients with prostate cancer without prognostic significance. Conclusion: Prostate cancer is characterized by an inverse functional and prognostic importance of HPA-binding sites compared with other adenocarcinomas. Accordingly, this study surprisingly shows that the selectin–selectin ligand axis, which is essential for extravasation and thus metastasis formation in several malignancies, can be circumvented in prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 20(7); 1791–802. ©2014 AACR.
Crowdsourcing a Comprehensive Clinical Trial Repository

We present the open problem of building a comprehensive clinical trial repository to remove duplication of effort from the systematic review process. Arguing that no single organization has the resources to solve this problem, an approach based on crowdsourcing supplemented by automated data extraction appears to be the most promising. To determine the feasibility of this idea, we discuss the key challenges that need to be addressed.
The calcium signal for BALB/MK keratinocyte terminal differentiation counteracts epidermal growth factor (EGF) very early in the EGF-induced proliferative pathway

BALB/MK mouse epidermal keratinocytes require epidermal growth factor (EGF) for proliferation and terminally differentiate in response to high calcium concentrations. We show that EGF is an extremely potent mitogen, causing BALB/MK cultures to enter the cell cycle in a synchronous manner associated with a greater than 100-fold increase in DNA synthesis. Analysis of the expression of proto-oncogenes which have been reported to be activated during the cascade of events following growth factor stimulation of fibroblasts or lymphoid cells revealed a very rapid but transient 100-fold increase in c-fos RNA but little or no effect on the other proto-oncogenes analyzed. Exposure of EGF-synchronized BALB/MK cells to high levels of calcium was associated with a striking decrease in the early burst of c-fos RNA as well as the subsequent peak of cell DNA synthesis. Since the inhibitory effect of high calcium on c-fos RNA expression was measurable within 30 min, our studies imply that the EGF proliferative and calcium differentiation signals must interact very early in the pathway of EGF-induced proliferation. Our results also establish that c-fos RNA modulation is an important early marker of cell proliferation in epithelial as well as mesenchymal cells.
Copy Number Variations in a Population-Based Study of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease

Copy number variations (CNVs) are important in relation to diversity and evolution but can sometimes cause disease. The most common genetic cause of the inherited peripheral neuropathy Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is the PMP22 duplication; otherwise, CNVs have been considered rare. We investigated CNVs in a population-based sample of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) families. The 81 CMT families had previously been screened for the PMP22 duplication and point mutations in 51 peripheral neuropathy genes, and a genetic cause was identified in 37 CMT families (46%). Index patients from the 44 CMT families with an unknown genetic diagnosis were analysed by whole-genome array comparative genomic hybridization to investigate the entire genome for larger CNVs and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification to detect smaller intragenomic CNVs in MFN2 and MPZ. One patient had the pathogenic PMP22 duplication not detected by previous methods. Three patients had potentially pathogenic CNVs in the CNTNAP2, LAMA2, or SEMA5A, that is, genes related to neuromuscular or neurodevelopmental disease. Genotype and phenotype correlation indicated likely pathogenicity for the LAMA2 CNV, whereas the CNTNAP2 and SEMA5A CNVs remained potentially pathogenic. Except the PMP22 duplication, disease causing CNVs are rare but may cause CMT in about 1% (95% CI 0–7%) of the Norwegian CMT families.
Evidence for and characterization of cytochrome P‐450 in Neurospora crassa

Cytochrome P‐450 was detected in microsomes and presumably in cytosol of Neurospora crassa, and was found to be inducible by progesterone. In the microsomal fraction cytochrome b5 and NADPH‐cytochrome c reductase activities were measurable, too. Cytochrome P‐450 of Neurospora crassa is inhibited by SKF‐525 A and by inhibitors of ergosterol biosynthesis. After induction of cytochrome P‐450 with progesterone 11α‐hydroxyprogesterone as one metabolite of progesterone was detected in the culture media as well as in the mycelia. After 42 hours about 70% of progesterone were metabolized.
Solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm of the pancreas with ossification: a report of two cases

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A 280 Mb/s In-Vehicle LAN System Using Electromagnetic Clip Connector and High-EMC Transceiver

A 280 Mb/s non-contact in-vehicle LAN system using electromagnetic clip connectors is presented. The bidirectional transmission line coupler based electromagnetic clip connector, which can be used to make local area network connections similar to clips, suppresses the signal reflections on the bus enabling 280 Mb/s data rate which is 7 times faster than the state-of-the-art in-vehicle LAN transceiver. Since all modules are connected with the shortest distance, this connection system can reduce wire harness weight by 30%. Forward error correction is done by N-x Manchester encoding on the transmitter side and majority voting on the receiver side. High noise immunity is achieved through synchronous receiving by the digital clock recovery circuit which is robust against noise. Communication tests were conducted at 280 Mb/s with 10 transceivers fabricated in 65 nm CMOS technology connected by a 10 m unshielded twisted pair cable. Evaluation of the bit error rate and radiation spectrum confirmed that the ISO specifications concerning electromagnetic susceptibility and the CISPR ones concerning electromagnetic interference are satisfied.