Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a new device to prevent falls in persons with Parkinson's disease

Purpose. To compare walking characteristics of individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) using a new walking aid, the WalkAbout, with usual walking. Method. Fifteen subjects with PD were recruited. Subjects walked in their usual fashion and then walked again in the WalkAbout. Gait parameters, 5-min walk, and oxygen consumption were recorded. Results. Stride lengths were shorter when using the WalkAbout. On an average, the distance walked in 5 min and the oxygen uptake was not different when walking with the WalkAbout compared with the usual walk. Eight subjects (responders) walked further with the WalkAbout compared to their usual walk (164.90 ± 55.72 m vs. 140.82 ± 55.94 m). Seven subjects (non-responders) walked a shorter distance while using the WalkAbout compared to their usual walk (241.79 ± 73.06 m vs. 281.24 ± 82.83 m). Compared to non-responders, responders were older, had more severe disability, and were more likely to use an assistive device for walking. Responders walked more slowly, had a shorter stride length, and walked shorter distances in 5 min than non-responders. Conclusion. The WalkAbout may help persons with PD who have more severe disability to walk farther. These data could be beneficial in selecting a helpful walking aid for persons with PD.
Exposing Weaknesses of Malware Detectors with Explainability-Guided Evasion Attacks

Numerous open-source and commercial malware detectors are available. However, the efficacy of these tools has been threatened by new adversarial attacks, whereby malware attempts to evade detection using, for example, machine learning techniques. In this work, we design an adversarial evasion attack that relies on both feature-space and problem-space manipulation. It uses explainability-guided feature selection to maximize evasion by identifying the most critical features that impact detection. We then use this attack as a benchmark to evaluate several state-of-the-art malware detectors. We find that (i) state-of-the-art malware detectors are vulnerable to even simple evasion strategies, and they can easily be tricked using off-the-shelf techniques; (ii) feature-space manipulation and problem-space obfuscation can be combined to enable evasion without needing white-box understanding of the detector; (iii) we can use explainability approaches ( e.g., SHAP) to guide the feature manipulation and explain how attacks can transfer across multiple detectors. Our findings shed light on the weaknesses of current malware detectors, as well as how they can be improved.
Six years without pholcodine; Norwegians are significantly less IgE‐sensitized and clinically more tolerant to neuromuscular blocking agents

As a strong inducer of IgE antibodies to substituted ammonium ion epitopes (QAI), pholcodine (PHO) is a postulated cause of allergic anaphylaxis to neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs). Three years after withdrawal of PHO in Norway, a significant reduction in IgE sensitization and anaphylaxis reporting was seen.
CD4 T Cell-Mediated Alloresistance to Fully MHC-Mismatched Allogeneic Bone Marrow Engraftment Is Dependent on CD40-CD40 Ligand Interactions, and Lasting T Cell Tolerance Is Induced by Bone Marrow Transplantation with Initial Blockade of this Pathway1

Costimulatory blockade can be used to promote allogeneic marrow engraftment and tolerance induction, but on its own is not 100% reliable. We sought to determine whether one or the other of the CD4 or CD8 T cell subsets of the recipient was primarily responsible for resistance to allogeneic marrow engraftment in mice receiving costimulatory blockade, and to use this information to develop a more reliable, minimal conditioning regimen for induction of mixed chimerism and transplantation tolerance. We demonstrate that a single anti-CD40 ligand mAb treatment is sufficient to completely overcome CD4 cell-mediated resistance to allogeneic marrow engraftment and rapidly induce CD4 cell tolerance, but does not reliably overcome CD8 CTL-mediated alloresistance. The data suggest that costimulation, which activates alloreactive CTL, is insufficient to activate alloreactive CD4 cells when the CD40 pathway is blocked. The addition of host CD8 T cell depletion to anti-CD40 ligand treatment reliably allows the induction of mixed chimerism and donor-specific skin graft tolerance in 3 Gy-irradiated mice receiving fully MHC-mismatched bone marrow grafts. Thus, despite the existence of multiple costimulatory pathways and pathways of APC activation, our studies demonstrate an absolute dependence on CD40-mediated events for CD4 cell-mediated rejection of allogeneic marrow. Exposure to donor bone marrow allows rapid tolerization of alloreactive CD4 cells when the CD40 pathway is blocked, leading to permanent marrow engraftment and intrathymic tolerization of T cells that develop subsequently.
The Family Firm's Exclusion from Business School Research: Explaining the Void; Addressing the Opportunity

Why does the vast majority of business school research either ignore, or at best, gloss over the role of family in owning or managing business enterprises? This paper addresses this question and contemplates how the gap might be remedied. It begins by reviewing recent definitional work on the family firm in order to chart the parameters of the family business construct. It then proceeds to describe the nature of, and interaction patterns that have evolved between family firms, privately held corporations, faculties of business, and business school researchers seeking job security offered by tenure. The paper concludes by offering recommendations for addressing the family business research lacuna. The first recommendation focuses on rethinking the grounding assumptions that have undergirded much traditional organizational research. The second suggestion deals with methodological issues and recommends the patient nurture of long-term, mutually beneficial linkages with family firms that might facilitate in-depth longitudinal inquiry.
Institutionalization of Joint Development of the South China Sea:Connotation,Preconditions and Restrictive Factors

Joint development of the South China Sea has become a focal problem in the world.Its current situation,however,doesn't accomplish the desirable purposes of China and relevant countries.There are at least four preconditions for the institutionalization of joint development of the South China Sea.First,joint development should become regional consensus.Second,the expected benefits of institutionalization should serve the interests of all parties concerned and stand the test of benefit-cost comparisons.Third,a long-term successful practice is required before the final institutionalization is to be achieved.Fourth,common external pressure can promote the institutionalization process.But many factors have impeded the institutionalization.Completion of institutionalization has a long way to go.
Increased proteolysis of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus serum, with elevation of a 29-kilodalton (kDa) glycosylated IGFBP-3 fragment contained in the approximately 130- to 150-kDa ternary complex.

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in serum is predominantly bound in a ternary complex, consisting of IGF peptide, IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), and an acid-labile subunit, or a binary complex, consisting of IGF peptide and any of the six IGFBPs. In the binary complex, IGF-I is more bioavailable and has a faster turnover rate. Proteolysis of IGFBP-3 may alter the distribution of IGF-I between these complexes by reducing IGFBP-3 affinity for IGF-I and/or acid-labile subunit and may offer an additional mechanism for regulation of IGF availability. In the present study, sera from patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) were found to have significantly higher IGFBP-3 proteolytic activity than sera from age-matched healthy subjects (188 +/- 12% vs. 104 +/- 6% of a control serum pool; P < 0.001). The mean (+/- SE) of serum IGFBP-3 levels determined by Western ligand blotting was lower in NIDDM patients than in healthy control subjects (61.5 +/- 5% and 79 +/- 5% of a control serum pool, respectively; P < 0.01). However, IGFBP-3 concentrations determined by RIA did not differ. This discrepancy could be explained by IGFBP-3 proteolysis, resulting in IGFBP-3 fragments that are detectable by RIA, but not by Western ligand blotting. Western immunoblotting of sera with or without prior treatment with endoglycosidase-F demonstrated that a glycosylated 29-kilodalton (kDa) IGFBP-3 form with a protein core of 20 kDa was present in sera from healthy controls, and this fragment was increased in NIDDM and term pregnancy sera, suggesting that it is produced by endogenous proteolysis. The presence of the 29-kDa IGFBP-3 proteolytic fragment at about 130-150 kDa after neutral size chromatography of pooled sera may suggest that 29-kDa IGFBP-3 participates in ternary complex formation. Further studies are required to determine whether the avidity of ternary complex formation with the 29-kDa IGFBP-3 fragment is reduced and whether the resulting increased IGF turnover can explain the reduced IGF-I levels (z scores) observed in NIDDM patients compared to healthy subjects (-0.81 +/- 0.32 SD vs. +0.26 +/- 0.17 SD; P < 0.001). Neutral size-chromatography of sera demonstrated that IGFBP-3 protease activity in the approximately 130- to 150-kDa mol wt range is regulated by NIDDM and pregnancy in parallel with that of unfractionated sera. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Information-seeking Behavior and Information Needs in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Analyzing an Online Patient Community

A few studies have examined the specific informational needs of the population with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The aims of this study were to describe the information-seeking behavior and information needs of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and their families in Korea by analyzing messages from an online patient community. A total of 1047 messages from the question and answer forum of the “Lou Gehrig’s Disease Network” (http://cafe.daum.net/alsfree) from January 2010 to September 2015 were collected. The word frequency, main questions, and asker of the messages were analyzed and coded. Terms such as “hospital,” “mother,” “father,” “gastrostomy,” and “ALS” were most frequently identified. The most commonly mentioned main topic was about disease-specific information, while the most frequent subcategory was symptoms or management of symptoms. Other prominent categories concerned information about treatment, rehabilitation, and the medical system. The people who wrote the questions were mostly the son/daughter of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and their family members commonly obtained information by posting their inquiries online and have a variety of questions regarding amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in this study. The findings of this study can be used as a base of information for developing educational programs and resources for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and their families.
Two New Models of Target Language Morphology in Translation PI :

This proposal addresses the problem of translation into morphologically rich languages with two new models. In the first, we generate new word types that that are compositional translations of multiple source words (e.g., compounds in German) and augment existing translation models with these. In the second, we propose using automatically learned distributed representations of morphemes and their contexts instead of hand-engineered feature sets.
Congruence FD-Maximal Varieties of Algebras

We study the class of finite lattices that are isomorphic to the congruence lattices of algebras from a given finitely generated congruence-distributive variety. If this class is as large as allowed by an obvious necessary condition, the variety is called congruence FD-maximal. The main results of this paper characterize some special congruence FD-maximal varieties.
Image Retrieval using Long Term Learning Relevance Feedback

Relevance feedback which is used in content-based image retrieval (CBIR) has been considered as the efficient technique to improve the retrieval performances. The traditional relevance feedback technique demonstrates a disability to use the users' historical feedback information sufficiently gotten together by the system in the former retrieval processes when initiating a new query session. In this paper, an approach to relevance feedback based on long-term learning strategy using the historical retrieval information is presented for the content-based image similarity retrieval. The approach adopts a semantic covering set constructed dynamically to deposit the users' historical retrieval information produced in previous retrieval processes, and predicts the semantic correlation between the images in database and query sample according to the historical retrieval information when carrying out a new query session. The performance of an experimental image retrieval system using this approach is evaluated on a database of around 3000 images. Empirical results demonstrate improved performances compared with the CBIR system with the traditional relevance feedback technique using the same image similarity measure.
Schizosaccharomyces pombe skp1+ encodes a protein kinase related to mammalian glycogen synthase kinase 3 and complements a cdc14 cytokinesis mutant

We report the cloning of the skp1+ gene, a Schizosaccharomyces pombe homolog of the glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) family whose members in higher eukaryotes are involved in cell fate determination, nuclear signalling, and hormonal regulation. skp1 is 67% identical to mammalian GSK-3 beta and displays similar biochemical properties in vitro. Like GSK-3 beta, skp1 is phosphorylated on a conserved tyrosine residue, and this phosphorylation is required for efficient activity. skp1 is also phosphorylated at a serine which has been identified as S-335. Phosphorylation at this site is likely to inhibit its function. Unlike the mammalian enzyme, skp1 both tyrosine autophosphorylates in yeast cells and can phosphorylate other proteins on tyrosine in bacteria. The skp1+ gene is not essential. However, cells with deletions in skp1+ are sensitive to heat shock and exhibit defects in sporulation. Overexpression of wild-type skp1+ specifically complements cdc14-118, one of several mutations causing a defect in cytokinesis. In addition, certain phosphorylation site mutants induce a delay or block in cytokinesis when overexpressed. Together, these data identify novel interactions of a fission yeast GSK-3 homolog with elements of the cytokinesis machinery.
The Use of Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm Based Approach to Create Ensemble of ANN for Intrusion Detection

Due to our increased dependence on Internet and growing number of intrusion incidents, building effective intrusion detection systems are essential for protecting Internet resources and yet it is a great challenge. In literature, many researchers utilized Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) in supervised learning based intrusion detection successfully. Here, ANN maps the network traffic into predefined classes i.e. normal or specific attack type based upon training from label dataset. However, for ANN-based IDS, detection rate (DR) and false positive rate (FPR) are still needed to be improved. In this study, we propose an ensemble approach, called MANNE, for ANN-based IDS that evolves ANNs by Multi Objective Genetic algorithm to solve the problem. It helps IDS to achieve high DR, less FPR and in turn high intrusion detection capability. The procedure of MANNE is as follows: firstly, a Pareto front consisting of a set of non-dominated ANN solutions is created using MOGA, which formulates the base classifiers. Subsequently, based upon this pool of non-dominated ANN solutions as base classifiers, another Pareto front consisting of a set of non-dominated ensembles is created which exhibits classification tradeoffs. Finally, prediction aggregation is done to get final ensemble prediction from predictions of base classifiers. Experimental results on the KDD CUP 1999 dataset show that our proposed ensemble approach, MANNE, outperforms ANN trained by Back Propagation and its ensembles using bagging & boosting methods in terms of defined performance metrics. We also compared our approach with other well-known methods such as decision tree and its ensembles using bagging & boosting methods.
Neutron-scattering studies reveal further details of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent activation mechanism of myosin light chain kinase.

Previously, we utilized small-angle X-ray scattering and neutron scattering with contrast variation to obtain the first low-resolution structure of 4Ca2+. calmodulin (CaM) complexed with a functional enzyme, an enzymatically active truncation mutant of skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). These experiments showed that, upon binding to MLCK, CaM undergoes a conformational collapse identical to that observed when CaM binds to the isolated peptide corresponding to the CaM binding sequence of MLCK. CaM thereby was shown to release the inhibition of the kinase by inducing a significant movement of its CaM binding and autoinhibitory sequences away from the surface of the catalytic core [Krueger, J. K. , Olah, G. A. , Rokop, S. E. , Zhi, G. , Stull, J. T. , and Trewhella, J. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 6017-6023]. We report here similar scattering experiments on the CaM.MLCK complex with the addition of substrates; a nonhydrolyzable analogue of adenosine-triphosphate, AMPPNP, and a peptide substrate for MLCK, a phosphorylation sequence from myosin regulatory light chain (pRLC). These substrates are shown to induce an overall compaction of the complex. The separation of the centers-of-mass of the CaM and MLCK components is shortened (by approximately 12 A), thus bringing CaM closer to the catalytic site compared to the complex without substrates. In addition, there appears to be a reorientation of CaM with respect to the kinase upon substrate binding that results in interactions between the N-terminal sequence of CaM and the kinase that were not observed in the complex without substrates. Finally, the kinase itself becomes more compact in the CaM.MLCK. pRLC.AMPPNP complex compared to the complex without substrates. This observed compaction of MLCK upon substrate binding is similar to that arising from the closure of the catalytic cleft in cAMP-dependent protein kinase upon binding pseudosubstrate.
Magnetic Tracking of Eye Motion in Small, Fast-Moving Animals

Here, we present a new approach for the magnetic tracking of eye motion in small, fast-moving animals. We employ a thin, flat magnetic tracking transmitter instead of the conventional bulky, cubic-shape transmitting frame. The new transmitter enables convenient access to the tracked animal, causes no visual distractions, and occupies much less space. We also employ a tiny solenoidal search coil instead of the conventional scleral search coils. Such a small solenoidal search coil attached laterally to the eye does not limit the peripheral field of view and allows the animal to perform its standard behavioral tasks. The flat transmitter comprises eight transmitting coils that allow us to monitor not only the orientation of a search coil but also its location. To test the efficiency of the new approach, we have measured the location and orientation of the solenoidal search coils attached to the eyes and head of an archer fish during swimming, targeting, and shooting. The size of the coils attached to the fish eyes was 2 mm in diameter and 2 mm in length, and the size of the coil attached to the fish head was 4 mm in diameter and 4 mm in length. The transmitter size was 60 cm times 60 cm times 2 cm. At a 25 cm from the transmitter, we have obtained the tracking resolution of 3 millidegree and 8.3 mu m rms for a 200-Hz bandwidth. Such a performance is good enough to precisely monitor the fastest component in the fish eyes movements. The fish with the search coils on the eyes and head correctly hits the target up to 20 times during an experimental session, which is similar to the shooting rate of the fish without the search coils. This implies that our new design does not introduce much discomfort for the fish.
The trade‐offs in field trauma triage: A multiregion assessment of accuracy metrics and volume shifts associated with different triage strategies

BACKGROUND: National benchmarks for trauma triage sensitivity (>=95%) and specificity (>=50%) have not been rigorously evaluated across broad populations of injured patients. We evaluated the impact of different field triage schemes for identifying seriously injured patients across a range of sensitivity values. Impact metrics included specificity and number of undertriaged and overtriaged patients compared with current triage practices. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of injured children and adults transported by 48 emergency medical service (EMS) agencies to 105 hospitals in 6 regions of the Western United States from 2006 through 2008. Hospital outcomes were probabilistically linked to EMS records through trauma registries, state discharge databases, and state emergency department databases. The primary outcome was an Injury Severity Score (ISS) of 16 or greater. We evaluated 40 field predictor variables, including 31 current field triage criteria, using classification and regression tree analysis and cross‐validation to generate estimates for sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS: A total of 89,261 injured patients were evaluated and transported by EMS providers during the 3‐year period, of whom 5,711 (6.4%) had ISS of 16 or greater. As the 95% sensitivity target for triage was approached (from the current value of 87.5%), decision tree complexity increased, specificity decreased (from 62.8% to 18.7%), and the number of triage‐positive patients without serious injury doubled (67,927 vs. 31,104). Analyses restricted to children and older adults were similar. The most consistent modification to the current triage algorithm to increase sensitivity without a major decrease in specificity was altering the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score cutoff point from 13 or less to 14 or less (sensitivity increase to 90.4%). CONCLUSION: Reaching the field triage sensitivity benchmark of 95% would require a large decrease in specificity (increase in overtriage). A 90% sensitivity target seems more realistic and may be obtainable by modest changes to the current triage algorithm. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Diagnostic test, level II.
Collaboration Tools for Global Software Engineering

Software engineering involves people collaborating to develop better software. Collaboration is challenging, especially across time zones and without face-to-face meetings. We therefore use collaboration tools all along the product life cycle to let us work together, stay together, and achieve results together. This article summarizes experiences and trends chosen from recent IEEE International Conference on Global Software Engineering (IGSCE) conferences.