Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Building Lightweight Intrusion Detection System Based on Principal Component Analysis and C4.5 Algorithm

The intrusion detection system deals with huge amount of data which contains irrelevant and redundant features causing slow training and testing process, higher resource consumption as well as poor detection rate. Feature selection, therefore, is an important issue in intrusion detection. An appropriate feature set obtained by feature selection can help to build lightweight intrusion detection system. In this paper, we propose a new hybrid feature selection algorithm based on principal component analysis and C4.5 algorithm to build lightweight intrusion detection system. Our method is able to significantly decrease training and testing times while retaining high detection rates with low false positive rates. We have examined the feasibility of our approach by conducting several experiments using KDD 1999 CUP dataset. The experimental results show that our approach has better performances than those systems listed in the paper in terms of training time, testing time, true positive rate and false positive rate.
Reconstructing Vectorised Photographic Images

We address the problem of representing captured images in the continuous mathematical space more usually associated with certain forms of drawn (‘vector’) images. Such an image is resolution-independent so can be used as a master for varying resolution-specific formats. We briefly describe the main features of a vectorising codec for photographic images, whose significance is that drawing programs can access images and image components as first-class vector objects. This paper focuses on the problem of rendering from the isochromic contour form of a vectorised image and demonstrates a new fill algorithm which could also be used in drawing generally. The fill method is described in terms of level set diffusion equations for clarity. Finally we show that image warping is both simplified and enhanced in this form and that we can demonstrate real histogram equalisation with genuinely rectangular histograms.
Changes in Children’s Sleep Duration on Food Intake, Weight, and Leptin

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of experimental changes in children’s sleep duration on self-reported food intake, food reinforcement, appetite-regulating hormones, and measured weight. METHODS: Using a within-subjects, counterbalanced, crossover design, 37 children, 8 to 11 years of age (27% overweight/obese) completed a 3-week study. Children slept their typical amount at home for 1 week and were then randomized to either increase or decrease their time in bed by 1.5 hours per night for 1 week, completing the alternate schedule on the third week. Primary outcomes were dietary intake as assessed by 24-hour dietary recalls, food reinforcement (ie, points earned for a food reward), and fasting leptin and ghrelin. The secondary outcome was child weight. RESULTS: Participants achieved a 2 hour, 21 minute difference in the actigraph defined sleep period time between the increase and decrease sleep conditions (P < .001). Compared with the decrease sleep condition, during the increase condition, children reported consuming an average of 134 kcal/day less (P < .05), and exhibited lower fasting morning leptin values (P < .05). Measured weights were 0.22 kg lower during the increase sleep than the decrease sleep condition (P < .001). There were no differences in food reinforcement or in fasting ghrelin. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with decreased sleep, increased sleep duration in school-age children resulted in lower reported food intake, lower fasting leptin levels, and lower weight. The potential role of sleep duration in pediatric obesity prevention and treatment warrants further study.
Melatonin preserves longevity protein (sirtuin 1) expression in the hippocampus of total sleep‐deprived rats

Abstract: Sleep disorders cause cognitive dysfunction in which impaired neuronal plasticity in the hippocampus may underline the molecular mechanisms of this deficiency. As sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) plays an important role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis and neuronal plasticity, this study is aimed to determine whether melatonin exerts beneficial effects on preserving SIRT1 activation following total sleep deprivation (TSD). TSD was performed by disc on water method for five consecutive days. During this period, animals daily received melatonin at doses of 5, 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg. The cytochrome oxidase (COX) histochemistry, SIRT1 immunohistochemistry together with Morris water maze learning test were performed to examine the metabolic, neurochemical, as well as the behavioral changes in neuronal plasticity, respectively. The results indicate that in normal rats, numerous COX and SIRT1 positive‐labeled neurons with strong staining intensities were found in hippocampal pyramidal and granular cell layers. Following TSD, both COX and SIRT1 reactivities were drastically decreased as revealed by reduced staining pattern and labeling frequency. Behavioral data corresponded well with morphological findings in which spatial memory test in water maze was significantly impaired after TSD. However, in rats receiving different doses of melatonin, both COX and SIRT1 expressions were successfully preserved. Considerably better performance on behavioral testing further strengthened the beneficial effects of melatonin. These findings suggest that melatonin may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy directed for preventing the memory deficits resulting from TSD, possibly by effectively preserving the metabolic function and neuronal plasticity engaged in maintaining cognitive activity.
Mycobacterial interaction with innate receptors: TLRs, C-type lectins, and NLRs

Purpose of review The recent discovery of novel classes of receptors, including toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors is challenging the crucial role of the innate immune system in the recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The present review is to focus on the roles and mechanisms of specific pattern-recognition receptor–microbial interaction for the host defense against mycobacterial infections. Recent findings Toll-like receptors, key players in innate immunity, are now known to be important for the initiation and coordination of host responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with toll-like receptors triggers intracellular signaling cascades that culminate in a proinflammatory response, but can also trigger signals that dampen the innate immune response. Other membrane-bound pattern-recognition receptors, including the mannose receptor, DC-SIGN, and Dectin-1, contribute to the propagation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis inflammatory signals, and Nod-like receptors (cytosolic pattern-recognition receptors) also act in modulating host recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Interactions between toll-like receptors and other pattern-recognition receptors are also evident in responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as are possible mechanisms for coordination of innate and adaptive immunity. Summary The complexity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis–pattern-recognition receptor interactions and their effects on host cell responses suggest key roles for innate immunity in controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the possibility of developing novel therapeutics for tuberculosis that target Mycobacterium tuberculosis-regulated innate immunity pathways.
Functional fitness gain varies in older adults depending on exercise mode.

UNLABELLED Various exercise modes are available to improve functional fitness (FF) in older adults. However, information on the comparative capability of different exercise modes to improve FF is insufficient. PURPOSE To compare the effects of aerobic, resistance, flexibility, balance, and Tai Chi programs on FF in Japanese older adults. METHODS FF was evaluated using a chair stand, arm curl, up and go, sit and reach, back scratch, functional reach, and 12-min walk. One hundred thirteen older adults (73 +/- 6 yr, 64 men, 49 women) volunteered for one of five exercise groups: aerobic (AER), resistance (RES), balance (BAL), flexibility (FLEX), and Tai Chi (T-CHI), or they were assigned to the wait-list control group (CON). Programs were performed for 12 wk, 2 d x wk(-1) (RES, BAL, FLEX, T-CHI) or 3 d x wk(-1) (AER), and 90 min x d(-1). RESULTS Improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness was limited to AER (16%). Improvements in upper- and lower-body strength and balance/agility were outcomes of RES, BAL, and T-CHI. RES elicited the greatest upper-body strength improvement (31%), whereas BAL produced the greatest improvement in lower-body strength (40%). Improvements in balance/agility were similar across RES (10%), BAL (10%), and T-CHI (10%). Functional reach improved similarly in AER (13%), BAL (16%), and RES (15%). There were no improvements in flexibility. CONCLUSION Results suggest that a single mode with crossover effects could address multiple components of fitness. Therefore, a well-rounded exercise program may only need to consist of two types of exercise to improve the components of functional fitness. One type should be aerobic exercise, and the second type could be chosen from RES, BAL, and T-CHI.
Agricultural management explains historic changes in regional soil carbon stocks

Agriculture is considered to be among the economic sectors having the greatest greenhouse gas mitigation potential, largely via soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. However, it remains a challenge to accurately quantify SOC stock changes at regional to national scales. SOC stock changes resulting from SOC inventory systems are only available for a few countries and the trends vary widely between studies. Process-based models can provide insight in the drivers of SOC changes, but accurate input data are currently not available at these spatial scales. Here we use measurements from a soil inventory dating from the 1960s and resampled in 2006 covering the major soil types and agricultural regions in Belgium together with region-specific land use and management data and a process-based model. The largest decreases in SOC stocks occurred in poorly drained grassland soils (clays and floodplain soils), consistent with drainage improvements since 1960. Large increases in SOC in well drained grassland soils appear to be a legacy effect of widespread conversion of cropland to grassland before 1960. SOC in cropland increased only in sandy lowland soils, driven by increasing manure additions. Modeled land use and management impacts accounted for more than 70% of the variation in observed SOC changes, and no bias could be demonstrated. There was no significant effect of climate trends since 1960 on observed SOC changes. SOC monitoring networks are being established in many countries. Our results demonstrate that detailed and long-term land management data are crucial to explain the observed SOC changes for such networks.
A protein encoded by a new family of mobile elements from Euryarchaea exhibits three domains with novel folds

We present here the 2. 6Å resolution crystal structure of the pT26‐6p protein, which is encoded by an ORF of the plasmid pT26‐2, recently isolated from the hyperthermophilic archaeon, Thermococcus sp. 26,2. This large protein is present in all members of a new family of mobile elements that, beside pT26‐2 include several virus‐like elements integrated in the genomes of several Thermococcales and Methanococcales (phylum Euryarchaeota). Phylogenetic analysis suggested that this protein, together with its nearest neighbor (organized as an operon) have coevolved for a long time with the cellular hosts of the encoding mobile element. As the sequences of the N and C‐terminal regions suggested a possible membrane association, a deletion construct (739 amino acids) was used for structural analysis. The structure consists of two very similar β‐sheet domains with a new topology and a five helical bundle C‐terminal domain. Each of these domains corresponds to a unique fold that has presently not been found in cellular proteins. This result supports the idea that proteins encoded by plasmid and viruses that have no cellular homologues could be a reservoir of new folds for structural genomic studies.
Quantitative membrane proteomics reveals a role for tetraspanin enriched microdomains during entry of human cytomegalovirus

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) depends on and modulates multiple host cell membrane proteins during each stage of the viral life cycle. To gain a global view of the impact of HCMV-infection on membrane proteins, we analyzed HCMV-induced changes in the abundance of membrane proteins in fibroblasts using stable isotope labeling with amino acids (SILAC), membrane fractionation and protein identification by two-dimensional liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. This systematic approach revealed that CD81, CD44, CD98, caveolin-1 and catenin delta-1 were down-regulated during infection whereas GRP-78 was up-regulated. Since CD81 downregulation was also observed during infection with UV-inactivated virus we hypothesized that this tetraspanin is part of the viral entry process. Interestingly, additional members of the tetraspanin family, CD9 and CD151, were also downregulated during HCMV-entry. Since tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEM) cluster host cell membrane proteins including known CMV receptors such as integrins, we studied whether TEMs are required for viral entry. When TEMs were disrupted with the cholesterol chelator methyl-β-cylcodextrin, viral entry was inhibited and this inhibition correlated with reduced surface levels of CD81, CD9 and CD151, whereas integrin levels remained unchanged. Furthermore, simultaneous siRNA-mediated knockdown of multiple tetraspanins inhibited viral entry whereas individual knockdown had little effect suggesting essential, but redundant roles for individual tetraspanins during entry. Taken together, our data suggest that TEM act as platforms for receptors utilized by HCMV for entry into cells.
INITIATION OF ANTIBODY RESPONSES BY DIFFERENT CLASSES OF LYMPHOCYTES

The life-span and migratory characteristics of rat thoracic duct cells which initiate the adoptive primary and secondary antibody response to diphtheria toxoid (DT) and horse spleen ferritin (HSF) were investigated. The experimental results show that thoracic duct lymphocytes from normal (unimmunized) donors are able to restore the adoptive response of irradiated hosts to HSF. Thoracic duct cells passaged through an intermediate host (intravenous injection and subsequent collection in the thoracic duct lymph) showed a marked reduction in their restorative action as compared with unpassaged cells. In addition, the restorative action of cells from donors treated with thymidine-3H for 48 hr before cannulation of the thoracic duct was markedly decreased. This indicates that a population of lymphocytes involved in the adoptive primary response is unable to recirculate from the blood to the lymph and is turning over rapidly (short lived). The nonrecirculating, short-lived lymphocytes are proably "B" cells, since a combination of spleen cells from neonatally thymectomized rats and passaged or thymidine-3H-treated cells restores a vigorous response to HSF. On the other hand, passaged or thymidine-3H-treated thoracic duct cells from donors immunized to DT or HSF are able to restore a vigorous adoptive secondary antibody response. Experiments with the hapten-protein conjugate, DNP-DT, show that the majority of both helper ("T") and precursor ("B") cells are able to recirculate and are slowly turning over (long lived). The findings suggest that T lymphocytes involved in both the primary and secondary antibody response are recirculating, long-lived cells. However, B lymphocytes involved in the primary response are nonrecirculating, short-lived cells ("B1" cells) which undergo a fundamental physiological change to recirculating, long-lived cells ("B2" cells) involved in the secondary antibody response.
Use of avian retroviral vectors to introduce transcriptional regulators into mammalian cells for analyses of tumor maintenance

A key issue in cancer biology is whether genetic lesions involved in tumor initiation or progression are required for tumor maintenance. This question can be addressed with mouse models that conditionally express oncogenic transgenes, i.e., under the control of tetracycline (tet)-dependent transcriptional regulators. We have developed a system for studying tumor maintenance by using avian retroviral [i.e., replication-competent avian leukosis virus long terminal repeat with splice acceptor (RCAS)] vectors to deliver the reverse tet transcriptional transactivator (rtTA) gene to somatic mammalian cells. rtTA can regulate any transgene in which the protein coding sequence is preceded by a tet-operator (tet-o); RCAS viruses infect only cells engineered to express ectopically the avian retroviral receptor, TVA. One vector, RCAS-rtTA-IRES-GFP, also encodes GFP to identify infected cells. Infection of cells from β-actin TVA transgenic mice with this vector permits efficient regulation of tet-responsive transgenes. Sarcomas arise when p53-deficient murine embryonic fibroblasts carrying β-actin TVA and tet-o-K-ras4bG12D transgenes are infected with RCAS-rtTA-IRES-GFP and introduced into nude mice treated with the tet analog, doxycycline (dox); when dox is withdrawn, K-ras4bG12D levels fall, cells undergo apoptosis, and tumors regress. Regression can be prevented by means of a genetic complementation assay in which tumors are superinfected before dox withdrawal with other RCAS viruses, such as those carrying an active allele of K-ras. Many TVA and tet-regulated transgenic mice have been generated; thus, this method for somatic cell-specific and temporally controlled gene expression may have broad applications for the study of oncogenesis and tumor maintenance, as well as other cell functions and development.
Frameshifting by transcriptional slippage is involved in production of MxiE, the transcription activator regulated by the activity of the type III secretion apparatus in Shigella flexneri

Bacteria of Shigella spp. are responsible for shigellosis in humans. They use a type III secretion (TTS) system encoded by a 200 kb virulence plasmid to enter epithelial cells and trigger apoptosis in macrophages. This TTS system comprises a secretion apparatus, translocators and effectors that transit through this apparatus, cytoplasmic chaperones and specific transcription regulators. The TTS apparatus assembled during growth of Shigella flexneri in broth is activated upon contact with epithelial cells. Transcription of ≈ 15 genes encoding effectors, including IpaH proteins, is regulated by the TTS apparatus activity and controlled by MxiE, a transcription activator of the AraC family, and IpgC, the chaperone of the translocators IpaB and IpaC. We present evidence that MxiE is produced by a frameshift between a 59‐codon open reading frame (ORF) (mxiEa) containing the translation start site and a 214‐codon ORF (mxiEb) encoding the DNA binding domain of the protein. The mxiEa encoded N‐terminal part of MxiE is required for MxiE function. Frameshifting efficiency was ≈ 30% during growth in broth and was not modulated by the activity of secretion or the coactivator IpgC. Frameshifting involves slippage of RNA polymerase during transcription of mxiE, which results in the incorporation of one additional nucleotide in the mRNA and places mxiEa and mxiEb in the same reading frame. Frameshifting might represent an additional means of controlling gene expression under specific environmental conditions.
Interspecific variability of stem photosynthesis among tree species.

The photosynthetic characteristics of current-year stems of six deciduous tree species, two evergreen tree species and ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) were compared. Gas exchange, chlorophyll concentration, nitrogen concentration and maximum quantum yield of PSII were measured in stems in summer and winter. A light-induced decrease in stem CO(2) efflux was observed in all species. The apparent gross photosynthetic rate in saturating light ranged from 0.72 micromol m(-2 )s(-1) (ginkgo, in winter) to 3.73 micromol m(-2) s(-1) (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. , in summer). Despite this variability, a unique correlation (slope = 0.75), based on our results and those reported in the literature, was found between gross photosynthetic rate and dark respiration rate. Mass-based gross photosynthetic rate decreased with stem mass per area and correlated to chlorophyll concentration and nitrogen concentration, both in summer and winter. The radial distribution of stem chlorophyll differed among species, but all species except ginkgo had chlorophyll as deep as the pith. In summer, the maximum quantum yield of stem PSII (estimated from the ratio of variable to maximal fluorescence; F (v)/F (m)) of all species was near the optimal value found for leaves. By contrast, the values were highly variable in winter, suggesting large differences in sensitivity to low-temperature photoinhibition. The winter values of Fv/Fm were only 31-60% of summer values for the deciduous species, whereas the evergreen conifer species maintained high F (v)/F (m) in winter. The results highlight the interspecific variability of gross photosynthesis in the stem and its correlation with structural traits like those found for leaves. The structural correlations suggest that the selection of photosynthetic traits has operated under similar constraints in stems and leaves.
Virus inactivation under the photodynamic effect of phthalocyanine zinc(II) complexes

Abstract Various metal phthalocyanines have been studied for their capacity for photodynamic effects on viruses. Two newly synthesized water-soluble phthalocyanine Zn(II) complexes with different charges, cationic methylpyridyloxy-substituted Zn(II)- phthalocyanine (ZnPcMe) and anionic sulfophenoxy-substituted Zn(II)-phthalocyanine (ZnPcS), were used for photoinactivation of two DNA-containing enveloped viruses (herpes simplex virus type 1 and vaccinia virus), two RNA-containing enveloped viruses (bovine viral diarrhea virus and Newcastle disease virus) and two nude viruses (the enterovirus Coxsackie B1, a RNA-containing virus, and human adenovirus 5, a DNA virus). These two differently charged phthalocyanine complexes showed an identical marked virucidal effect against herpes simplex virus type 1, which was one and the same at an irradiation lasting 5 or 20 min (Δlog=3.0 and 4.0, respectively). Towards vaccinia virus this effect was lower, Δlog=1.8 under the effect of ZnPcMe and 2.0 for ZnPcS. Bovine viral diarrhea virus manifested a moderate sensitivity to ZnPcMe (Δlog=1.8) and a pronounced one to ZnPcS at 5- and 20-min irradiation (Δlog=5.8 and 5.3, respectively). The complexes were unable to inactivate Newcastle disease virus, Coxsackievirus B1 and human adenovirus type 5.