Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Grammar Engineering for Linguistic Hypothesis Testing

In this paper , I argue that the tools and techniques of grammar engineeringpro vide a means to tak e the de velopment and evaluation of syntactic hypoth-esis testing to a new level. Grammar engineering is the process of creatingmachine-readable implementations of formal grammars. T raditionally , lin-guistic hypotheses are encoded as statements within a grammatical theory andtested by collecting rele vant examples and manually verifying that the gram-mars correctly predict the grammaticality and linguistic structure of thoseexamples. Computerized implementations of their grammars allo w linguiststo more efÞ ciently and effecti vely test hypotheses, for tw o reasons: First, lan-guages are made up of man y subsystems with comple x interactions. Linguistsgenerally focus on just one subsystem at a time, yet the predictions of an yparticular analysis cannot be calculated independently of the interacting sub-systems. W ith implemented grammars, the computer can track the effects ofall aspects of the implementation while the linguist focuses on de veloping justone. Second, automated application of grammars to test suites and naturallyoccurring data allo ws for much more thorough testing of linguistic analysesNagainst thousands as opposed to tens of examples and including examples notanticipated by the linguist.This w ork is situated within the Montago vian tradition of the Omethodof fragmentsO (Montague, 1974, P artee, 1979, Gazdar et al., 1985). In thismethodology ,theoretical ideas are validated (and extended) through the de-velopment of explicit grammars which can relate strings from some fragment
Power attack resistant cryptosystem design: a dynamic voltage and frequency switching approach

A novel power attack resistant cryptosystem is presented. Security in digital computing and communication is becoming increasingly important. Design techniques that can protect cryptosystems from leaking information have been studied by several groups. Power attacks, which infer program behavior from observing power supply current into a processor core, are important forms of attack. Various methods have been proposed to counter the popular and efficient power attacks. However, these methods do not adequately protect against power attacks and may introduce new vulnerabilities. We address a novel approach against power attacks, i.e., dynamic voltage and frequency switching (DVFS). Three designs, naive, improved and advanced implementations, have been studied to test the efficiency of DVFS against power attacks. A final advanced realization of our novel cryptosystem is presented; it achieves enough high power trace entropy and time trace entropy to block all kinds of power attacks, with 27% energy reduction and 16% time overhead for DES encryption and decryption algorithms.
111Indium-labeled ultrafine carbon particles; a novel aerosol for pulmonary deposition and retention studies

Continuous environmental or occupational exposure to airborne particulate pollution is believed to be a major hazard for human health. A technique to characterize their deposition and clearance from the lungs is fundamental to understand the underlying mechanisms behind their negative health effects. In this work, we describe a method for production and follow up of ultrafine carbon particles labeled with radioactive 111Indium (111In). The physicochemical and biological properties of the aerosol are described in terms of particle size and concentration, agglomeration rate, chemical bonding stability, and human lung deposition and retention. Preliminary in vivo data from a healthy human pilot exposure and 1-week follow up of the aerosol is presented. More than 98% of the generated aerosol was labeled with Indium and with particle sizes log normally distributed around 79 nm count median diameter. The aerosol showed good generation reproducibility and chemical stability, about 5% leaching 7 days after generation. During human inhalation, the particles were deposited in the alveolar space, with no central airways involvement. Seven days after exposure, the cumulative activity retention was 95.3%. Activity leaching tests from blood and urine samples confirmed that the observed clearance was explained by unbound activity, suggesting that there was no significant elimination of ultrafine particles. Compared to previously presented methods based on Technegas, 111In-labelled ultrafine carbon particles allow for extended follow-up assessments of particulate pollution retention in healthy and diseased lungs.
Gendered Religious Organizations

This article examines how organizational context shapes the way gender is socially constructed in two non-Judeo-Christian religious organizations in the United States, one Theravada Buddhist organization founded by immigrants and one started by converts. People at the two organizations disagree with each other about what Theravada Buddhism teaches about women in teaching and leadership positions but agree that outside of these positions, women and men are equally able to gain access to and practice the tradition. Despite these understandings, women and men have distinct gender roles and responsibilities at each organization that are in tension with what the leaders and attendees understand the tradition to teach. The extent to which teachers and attendees recognize these tensions and the ways they respond to them are explored, and their implications for each organization and for studies of gender and religious organizations are discussed.
Neuronal Mechanisms Underlying Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Neuropsychological and imaging studies indicate that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with alterations in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and its connections to striatum and cerebellum. Research in animals, in combination with observations of patients with cortical lesions, has shown that the PFC is critical for the regulation of behavior, attention, and affect using representational knowledge. The PFC is important for sustaining attention over a delay, inhibiting distraction, and dividing attention, while more posterior cortical areas are essential for perception and the allocation of attentional resources. The PFC in the right hemisphere is especially important for behavioral inhibition. Lesions to the PFC produce a profile of distractibility, forgetfulness, impulsivity, poor planning, and locomotor hyperactivity. The PFC is very sensitive to its neurochemical environment, and either too little (drowsiness) or too much (stress) catecholamine release in PFC weakens cognitive control of behavior and attention. Recent electrophysiological studies in animals suggest that norepinephrine enhances “signals” through postsynaptic α2A adrenoceptors in PFC, while dopamine decreases “noise” through modest levels of D1 receptor stimulation. α2A‐Adrenoceptor stimulation strengthens the functional connectivity of PFC networks, while blockade of α2 receptors in the monkey PFC recreates the symptoms of ADHD, resulting in impaired working memory, increased impulsivity, and locomotor hyperactivity. Genetic alterations in catecholamine pathways may contribute to dysregulation of PFC circuits in this disorder. Medications may have many of their therapeutic effects by optimizing stimulation of α2A adrenoceptors and D1 receptors in the PFC, thus strengthening PFC regulation of behavior and attention.
Quadtree Construction on the GPU : A Hybrid CPU-GPU Approach

We introduce a method for fast quadtree construction on the G raphics Processing Unit (GPU) using a level-by-level approach to quadtree c onstruction. The algorithm is designed to build each subsequent level from th e parent nodes of the previous level and thus is suitable for parallelization. Ou r work is motivated by the use of quadtrees for spactial segmentation of LIDAR data points for grid digital elevation models (DEM) and the need to reduce total compu tation time in grid DEM construction. We introduce an algorithm suitable for qu adtree construction on the GPU which reduces the construction problem to a sortin g task of the data points. We then describe three possible implementations of the algorithm: a purely GPU-based implementation, a CPU-based sequential impleme ntation, and a hybrid approach, which builds the first several levels on the CP U before transferring the data to the GPU to construct the remaining levels. We find t hat the hybrid implementation outperforms all other implementations on suf ficiently large datasets and provides significant speedup over our two sequential qua dtree implementations.
Reeking hypocrisy? New Labour and widening participation in higher education

Education must be a force for opportunity and social justice, not for the entrenchment of privilege. We must make certain that the opportunities that higher education brings are available to all those who have the potential to benefit from them, regardless of their background (DfES, 2003 : 67). We will continue to widen participation in higher education and encourage students of all backgrounds with academic potential to go to university (Queen’s Speech, 15 November 2006).
Global Competency and Intercultural Sensitivity

How do educators enhance their global competencies and intercultural communication skills so they can better educate students in our increasingly diverse society? In Spring 2000, the authors conducted a survey of 52 New Jersey City University faculty and staff to assess the relationships between their international experience, global competencies, and levels of intercultural sensitivity. The survey drew on Milton Bennett’s Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity and definitions of global competency from Wilson, Stohl, Singer, and Hanvey. The authors of this article found that both second-language proficiency and substantive experience abroad independently increase the likelihood that an educator will be more advanced on the Bennett Intercultural Sensitivity Scale. This survey provides directional information about the relationship between second-language acquisition, experience abroad, and ethnorelativism. The findings suggest that we need global, intercultural, and professional development for faculty and staff that is ongoing, substantial, and inclusive of work in another language and culture.
The Notions of Dar Al-Harb and Dar Al-Islam in Islamic Jurisprudence with Special Reference to the Hanafi School

The article argues that the bifurcation of the world into two domains-Dar al-Islam and Dar al-Harb is essentially an affirmation of the principle of territorial jurisdiction. This principle was enunciated with a high degree of clarity and its implications were worked out with rigour and consistency by the Muslim jurists, especially those of the Hanafi school. Among the reasons that have mainly led to confusion and misgiving on the question are: (i) The use of the term Dar al-Harb gave rise to the impression that hostility should inform the relations between Dar al-Islam and all other entities. (ii) The firmness shown by the Prophet (peace be on him) during the last years of his life to root out the forces actively inimical to Islam and establish a secure foothold for Islam in the Arabian peninsula has at times been detached from its space-time context and considered to be the norm for the Muslims in their relationship with all non-Muslim entities. The paper argues that seventh century Arabia was a very special case and Muslim jurists, especially Hanafi jurists, consider it sui generis which may not be extended beyond its space-time context. The general principle guiding Muslims in their relationship with non-Muslim entities remains that the Muslims may engage in fighting against the non-Muslims who are belligerent towards them, rather than against non Muslims qua non-Muslims.
The Polyphonic Self: Interactivism and the Examination of Culture in Clinical Sport Psychology

Despite valuable research regarding multicultural encounters in sport psychology settings, the mechanisms by which culture operates, including the ways that it is transmitted and learned, and the specific processes though which it exerts influence upon behavior, remain poorly understood. Research also has not addressed how a dimension of experience that is so fundamental could remain so transparent and reside so consistently outside the awareness of researchers, clinicians, and clients. Recent contributions to cultural psychology using an interactivist model provide a theoretical perspective through which clinical sport psychologists could conceptualize these challenging issues and address the complex behaviors observed in cross-cultural contexts. Interactivism offers a framework for investigating the internally inconsistent “polyphonic,” or multivoiced, nature of the self. In doing so, it highlights the need for investigative methods that can account for frequent discrepancies between implicit attitudes .
Book Review: Improving Intergroup Relations

The title of this review, as the knowledgeable reader will realize, is a paraphrase on the late Kurt Lewin’s (1943/1951) famous dictum, “There is nothing so practical as a good theory. ”Walter Stephan, the senior author of this book, provided it as a motto for a previous book that dealt with reducing intergroup conflicts in schools (Stephan, 1999). The book reviewed here deserves to be considered themost comprehensive and systematic presentation to date of the different uses of intergroup approaches through intervention programs aimed to improve intergroup relations. Walter Stephan and Cookie Stephan (see Stephan, 1985, 1999; Stephan& Stephan, 1996), who have devoted their careers to research, study, and intervention in this important domain of applied social psychology, are the most appropriate scholars to write such a book. When dealing with the history of interventions to improve intergroup relations in the United States, the authors overlooked the pioneering and very significant role that the late Kurt Lewin, his students, and his colleagues played in initiating, for the first time since the SecondWorldWar, research and action in this social psychological field. Marrow (1969), in his biography on Lewin, writes in detail about Lewin’s forming of the Committee on Community Interrelationship (CCI), which served as the steering organization to initiate action research projects in the field of intergroup relations in America. And it has not been only the action component of Lewin’s contribution to the domain of intergroup relations but his theoretical contributions to it as well. After all, he coined the phrase about the practicality of theory to research and action. To mention only a few of his theoretical concepts relevant for intergroup relations (Bargal & Bar, 1992), “majority andminority relations,” “ethnic identity,” “reeducation (resocialization),” “phases of change (unfreezing, moving,
Community Detection in Random Networks

We formalize the problem of detecting a community in a network into testing whether in a given (random) graph there is a subgraph that is unusually dense. We observe an undirected and unweighted graph on N nodes. Under the null hypothesis, the graph is a realization of an Erdos-Renyi graph with probability p0. Under the (composite) alternative, there is a subgraph of n nodes where the probability of connection is p1 > p0. We derive a detection lower bound for detecting such a subgraph in terms of N, n, p0, p1 and exhibit a test that achieves that lower bound. We do this both when p0 is known and unknown. We also consider the problem of testing in polynomial-time. As an aside, we consider the problem of detecting a clique, which is intimately related to the planted clique problem. Our focus in this paper is in the quasi-normal regime where n p0 is either bounded away from zero, or tends to zero slowly.
A knowledge-based database system for visual rating of fMRI activation patterns for brain language networks

This paper describes a novel multimedia tool to facilitate visual assessment of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) activation patterns by human experts. A great effort is placed by radiologists and neurologists to present a consistent methodology to provide assessment for brain activation map images. Since each radiologist has his own way to perform the visual analysis on the images and present the findings, rating a large and heterogeneous group of images is a hard task. Although this tool is focused on assessing fMRI activation patterns related to brain language network paradigms, the tool can be extended to other brain activation maps, such as motor, reading, and working memory. Moreover, the same tool can be used for assessing images acquired using different recording modalities as long as these images are saved in standard image formats such as JPEG, BMP, or PNG. The use of this tool is independent of the methodology used to generate the brain activation map, which can be done using specialized software tools such as Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) or fMRI Software Library (FSL). The main benefits of using this tool for brain activation image scoring are the systematic approach for rating the activation maps, the automatic descriptive statistics applied to the results and the reduction of assessment time from several minutes to seconds. For each study, the proposed system presents the activation pattern image, based on which the rater is asked to indicate the level and type of activation observed in general, and in specific on the following areas: frontal, temporal, and supplemental motor area.
Interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-1 beta in preterm and term human parturition.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been implicated in the mechanism of human parturition in the setting of infection. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of labor (term and preterm) and microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity on amniotic fluid (AF) concentrations IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta. AF was retrieved by transabdominal amniocentesis from the following groups of women: midtrimester genetic amniocentesis (16 to 18 wk) (N = 15), preterm labor with intact membranes (21 to 36 wk) with or without infection (N = 72), preterm premature rupture of membranes (PROM) (N = 88), and term not in labor or in active labor with or without infection (N = 58). AF was cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria as well as Mycoplasmas. IL-1 was measured with a commercially available immunoassay validated for AF (sensitivity: IL-1 alpha, 157 pg/ml; IL-1 beta, 50 pg/ml). All women at midtrimester had undetectable AF IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta. Among women in preterm labor with positive AF cultures, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta were detectable in the AF in 86.6% (13/15) and 100% (15/15), respectively. In contrast, all women with negative AF cultures without labor (N = 36) had undetectable AF IL-1 alpha concentrations and 52.7% (19/36) had undetectable AF IL-1 beta concentrations. Histopathological chorioamnionitis was present in 92.8% (13/14) of patients who had positive AF cultures and detectable IL-1 in the AF. IL-1 was significantly higher in patients with preterm PROM, labor, and positive AF cultures than in the other subgroups of patients with preterm PROM. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Time-delay neural networks embedding time alignment: a performance analysis

Multi-State Time Delay Neural Networks (MS-TDNNs), using a new connectionist architecture with embedded time aligne ment, have been successfully applied to speaker-dependent continuous spoken letter recognition[lj. This shows the value of extending the classification capabilities of connectionist net works up to the word level in recognizing confusable vocabu laries. This paper describes the application ofMS-TDNNs to a very different task: speaker independent telephone-quality iso lated digit recognition. The resulting 1.6% error rate demon strates the value of embedded time alignement, since multi feature TDNNs, which do not implement time alignement, have a 6.5% error rate on the same task. Comparisons with HMMs are also provided.
Health action process approach

Abstract. Health Psychology at the Freie Universitat Berlin is devoted to research and teaching in the entire field of health psychology, including stress, coping, social support, self-efficacy, personality, quality of life, and health behavior change. In this article, we briefly describe one theory that represents our line of thinking (the Health Action Process Approach), followed by examples of longitudinal and experimental studies on health behavior change. A major finding is that interventions to improve physical activity, healthy nutrition, and dental hygiene are most effective when matched to three stages of change. Moreover, we address the field of health self-regulation across the life span: We are involved in the consortium Autonomy Despite Multimorbidity in Old Age (AMA), co-investigating the project Health Behaviors and Multiple Illnesses in Old Age (PREFER), and we are the home institution of the project Fostering Lifelong Autonomy and Resources in Europe: Behaviour and Successful Aging (FLARE.
Immortalization of Human CD8+ T Cell Clones by Ectopic Expression of Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase1

Replicative senescence of T cells is correlated with erosion of telomere ends. Telomerase plays a key role in maintaining telomere length. Therefore, it is thought that telomerase regulates the life span of T cells. To test this hypothesis, we have over-expressed human telomerase reverse transcriptase in human CD8+ T cells. Ectopic expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase led to immortalization of these T cells, without altering the phenotype and without loss of specificity or functionality. As the T cells remained dependent on cytokines and Ag stimulation for their in vitro expansion, we conclude that immortalization was achieved without malignant transformation.
Synaptotagmin VII Is Targeted to Dense-core Vesicles and Regulates Their Ca2+-dependent Exocytosis in PC12 Cells*

It has recently been proposed that synaptotagmin (Syt) VII functions as a plasma membrane Ca2+ sensor for dense-core vesicle exocytosis in PC12 cells based on the results of transient overexpression studies using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Syt VII; however, the precise subcellular localization of Syt VII is still a matter of controversy (plasma membrane versus secretory granules). In this study we established a PC12 cell line “stably expressing” the Syt VII-GFP molecule and demonstrated by immunocytochemical and immunoelectron microscopic analyses that the Syt VII-GFP protein is localized on dense-core vesicles as well as in other intracellular membranous structures, such as the trans-Golgi network and lysosomes. Syt VII-GFP forms a complex with endogenous Syts I and IX, but not with Syt IV, and it colocalize well with Syts I and IX in the cellular processes (where dense-core vesicles are accumulated) in the PC12 cell line. We further demonstrated by an N-terminal antibody-uptake experiment that Syt VII-GFP-containing dense-core vesicles undergo Ca2+-dependent exocytosis, the same as endogenous Syt IX-containing vesicles. Moreover, silencing of Syt VII-GFP with specific small interfering RNA dramatically reduced high KCl-dependent neuropeptide Y secretion from the stable PC12 cell line (∼60% of the control cells), whereas the same small interfering RNA had little effect on neuropeptide Y secretion from the wild-type PC12 cells (∼85–90% of the control cells), indicating that the level of endogenous expression of Syt VII molecules must be low. Our results indicate that the targeting of Syt VII-GFP molecules to specific membrane compartment(s) is affected by the transfection method (transient expression versus stable expression) and suggested that Syt VII molecule on dense-core vesicles functions as a vesicular Ca2+ sensor for exocytosis in endocrine cells.