Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Expert relevance and the use of context-driven heuristic processes in risk perception

The effectiveness of a medical treatment should not predict its risk (highly effective treatments can be either safe or risky), however, people’s use of heuristic shortcuts may lead them to judge a link between effectiveness and risk, typically a negative correlation. A particular concern is that experts might use such a strategy and that this is unlikely to provide an accurate judgement. This large-scale field-based experiment compares expert-relevant and non-expert-relevant contexts, for both expert and public judgements of risk and effectiveness in the context of blood transfusion medicine. Postal questionnaires were distributed to anaesthetists (experts, N = 123) and a general public (non-expert) comparison group (N = 1153); half of the participants were cued with accompanying general information about genetically-modified (GM) biotechnology and half received specific information about blood product technologies. The blood-focussed information served to emphasise the medical relevance of the questionnaire to the expert group. Regression analyses showed that generally perceived effectiveness predicted perceived risk for both experts and non-experts, which suggests heuristic processing. However, although experts appeared to engage in heuristic processing for risk perceptions in certain circumstances, this processing is strongly affected by context. Experts who received the medically relevant context rated perceptions of effectiveness independently of perceptions of risk, unlike those who received the GM context. This indicates a reduced reliance on a low-effort heuristic for experts given an expertise-relevant context. The results are considered in light of dual-process (rational-associative) accounts of reasoning.
‘To give an imagination to the listeners’: The neglected poetics of Navajo ideophony

Abstract Ideophony is a neglected aspect of investigations of world poetic traditions. This article looks at the use of ideophony in a variety of Navajo poetic genres. Examples are given from Navajo place-names, narratives, and songs. A final example involves the use of ideophony in contemporary written Navajo poetry. Using the work of Woodbury, Friedrich, and Becker it is argued that ideophones are an example of form-dependent expression, poetic indeterminacy, and the inherent exuberances and deficiencies of translation and thus strongly resists translation. This fact becomes more relevant when understood in light of the current language shift from Navajo to English.
Mental health implications of sexual orientation.

Abstract The findings of a study designed to examine relationships among four measures of clinical psychopathology (depression, self‐esteem, marital discord, sexual discord), a measure of sexual attitudes, and measures of both sexual activities and sexual preferences are reported. These relationships are examined in relation to a four‐group typology of sexual orientation based on self‐report preference measures. Individuals are categorized as either predominantly heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, or asexual in their preferred sexual orientation. The sample (N = 689) consists largely of younger, well‐educated individuals who are predominantly single and come from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Analysis of variance and both simple and multiple regression analyses were used to control for the effects of background characteristics of respondents. Significant mean differences among sexual orientation groups were obtained, but the prediction or explanation of clinical psychopathology based on these differences p.
sQualNet : A Scalable Simulation and Emulation Environment for Sensor Networks

Although there is growing interest in the use of physical testbeds to evaluate the performance of applications and protocols for sensor platforms, such studies also encounter significant challenges that include the lack of scalability and repeatability, as well as the inability to represent a diverse set of operational scenarios. On the other hand, simulators can typically address the preceding problems but often lack the high degree of fidelity available to the analysts with physical testbeds. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of sQualNet an accurate and scalable evaluation framework for sensor networks that effectively addresses the preceding challenges. In particular, sQualNet integrates sensor network operating systems with a very high-fidelity simulation of wireless networks such that sensor network applications and protocols can be executed, without modifications, in a repeatable manner under a diverse set of scalable environments. sQualNet extends beyond the existing suite of simulators and emulators in four key aspects: first it supports emulation of sensor network applications and protocols in an efficient and flexible manner; second, it provides an efficient set of models of diverse sensing phenomena; third, it provides accurate models of both battery power and clock drift effect which have been shown to have a significant impact on sensor network studies; and finally it provides an efficient kernel that allows it to run experiments that provide substantial scalability in both the spatial and temporal contexts. We demonstrate these advantages, both qualitatively and quantitatively, by means of various case studies including a study that evaluates an experiment with up to 1000 nodes running networking application like Surge faster than real time.
The effects of television advertising execution on recall, comprehension, and persuasion

The present study fills a gap in the advertising effects literature for a large-sample comprehensive study of the impact of general message factors on recall and persuasion measures of advertising performance. An analysis of executional factors in 1059 television commercials revealed that the presence of a brand differentiating message accounted for more variance in persuasion than other executional factors. Recall and persuasion performance were more closely related for new products than for established products. A brand differentiating claim in the commercial was the most important single executional factor affecting advertising effectiveness.
Genetic Diversity and Differentiation of Dromedarian Camel of India

Estimation of genetic variability and relationship among different livestock breeds is important for management of genetic resources for their sustainable utilization and conservation. This is more important when the livestock species, like camel, have shown a sharp decline in head count during the last decade. In the present study we estimated genetic variability and relationship among four camel breeds of India using 23 microsatellite loci. A total of 252 alleles were observed across all the four populations with mean number of alleles per locus as 8.04, 7.30, 6.39, and 7.43 for Bikaneri, Jaisalmeri, Kutchi, and Mewari breeds, respectively. The mean observed heterozygosity of the four breeds were 0.58, 0.57, 0.56, and 0.60 for Bikaneri, Jaisalmeri, Kutchi, and Mewari breeds, respectively and were lower than expected heterozygosity values. The mean estimates of F statistics were 0.227±0.044 (FIT), 0.157±0.038 (FIS), and 0.082±0.019 (FST). The values were significantly different from zero for all the three measures and point towards the existence of population structure and moderate differentiation in four camel breeds. The exact test also indicated significant population differentiation (P < 0.001). The analysis of molecular variance revealed 12% of the variation attributed to among populations and 88% within populations. Sixty-nine percent of the individuals could be correctly assigned using “leave one out” procedure. All the individuals of Mewari and 42 out of 44 Jaisalmeri were correctly assigned. The existence of strong population structure in Jaisalmeri and Mewari camel was further substantiated by Nei's standard genetic distance as well as interindividual allele sharing distance. Thus these two breeds owing to selection for specific traits are distinct from other camel breeds.
The Gender Affirmative Model: What We Know and What We Aim to Learn

in which he stated: ‘‘Cur-rently experts can’t tell apart kids who outgrow gender dysphoria (desisters) from those who do not (persisters), and how to treat them is controversial’’ [Drescher, 2013, p. 1]. As members of a four-site child gender clinic group, we concur with Dr. Drescher regarding the controversy, but take issue with his assessment of experts and their inability to differentially assess ‘‘persisters’’ and ‘‘desisters’’ in childhood. We would like to take this opportunity to outline the gender affirmative model from which we practice, dispel myths about this model, and briefly outline the state of knowledge in our field regarding facilitators of healthy psychosocial development in gender-nonconforming children. The major premises informing our modes of prac-tice include: (a) gender variations are not disorders; (b) gender presentations are di-verse and varied across cultures, therefore requiring our cultural sensitivity; (c) to the best of our knowledge at present, gender involves an interweaving of biology, devel-opment and socialization, and culture and context, with all three bearing on any in-dividual’s gender self; (d) gender may be fluid, and is not binary, both at a particular time and if and when it changes within an individual across time; (e) if there is pathol-ogy, it more often stems from cultural reactions (e.g., transphobia, homophobia, sex-ism) rather than from within the child.Our goals within this model are to listen to the child and decipher with the help of parents or caregivers what the child is communicating about both gender identity and gender expressions. We define gender identity as the gender the child articulates
Reproductive Value and the Stochastic Demography of Age‐Structured Populations

The dynamics of an age‐structured population in a fluctuating environment is determined by the stochastic individual contributions from annual survival and fecundity to the total reproductive value of the population the next year. All parameters required to describe the population dynamics are simple properties of the distribution of these individual demographic contributions, which we call individual reproductive value. The asymptotic population growth rate in the average environment and the demographic and environmental variances are respectively the mean individual reproductive value over individuals through time and the variance within and between years. Our approach leads to an intuitive understanding of demographic and environmental variances in age‐structured populations and their decomposition into additive age‐specific components due to survival and reproduction. We show how to apply this approach to estimate the demographic and environmental variances and their components. The estimates are based on yearly random samples of individual vital rates and require no information about the total population size.
Specificity and function of a human autologous reactive T cell

Normal human peripheral blood contains a population of T cells (autologous reactive cells [ARC]) capable of proliferating in response to signals from autologous B cells and monocytes. Selective suicide of proliferating ARC with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine and light demonstrated that this ARC was responsive to signals coded for by genes more closely linked to the HLA-DR, than to the HLA-A, or HLA-B, loci. Density- gradient fractionation of T cells indicated that populations enriched in ARC reactivity were also enriched for helper influences required for Ig synthesis by autologous B cells. In contrast, populations negatively selected for proliferating ARC were deficient in helper activity. These studies indicate that the ARC is responsive, at least in part, to products of genes closely linked to the HLA-DR locus and can function as a helper cell.
A Qualitative Evaluation of the Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher Program

Research and evaluations on social programs often fail to consider the clients’ perspective, yet such perspectives are critical to ensure that the programs and policies best meet clients’ needs. Through individual interviews, this qualitative evaluation of the implementation of the Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher program, in a Midwestern city, USA, explored the recipients’ perspectives in relation to the program’s implementation and ability to meet their needs. The data analysis revealed detailed experiences in regard to program rules and priorities, stigma, and recipients’ outcomes, and recommendations in regard to customer service, understanding recipients’ circumstances, and program rules. Implications for social work practice and housing administrators are discussed, and evidence for clients’ experiences and perspectives in program evaluation is provided.
CLex: A Lexicon for Exploring Color, Concept and Emotion Associations in Language

Existing concept-color-emotion lexicons limit themselves to small sets of basic emotions and colors, which cannot capture the rich pallet of color terms that humans use in communication. In this paper we begin to address this problem by building a novel, color-emotion-concept association lexicon via crowdsourcing. This lexicon, which we call CLEX, has over 2,300 color terms, over 3,000 affect terms and almost 2,000 concepts. We investigate the relation between color and concept, and color and emotion, reinforcing results from previous studies, as well as discovering new associations. We also investigate cross-cultural differences in color-emotion associations between US and India-based annotators.
Scaling up the ALIAS duplicate elimination system: a demonstration

Duplicate elimination is an important stage in integrating data from multiple sources. The challenges involved are finding a robust deduplication function that can identify when two records are duplicates and efficiently applying the function on very large lists of records. In ALIAS the task of designing a deduplication function is eased by learning the function from examples of duplicates and nonduplicates and by using active learning to spot such examples effectively [1]. Here we investigate the issues involved in efficiently applying the learnt deduplication system on large lists of records. We demonstrate the working of the ALIAS evaluation engine and highlight the optimizations it uses to significantly cut down the number of record pairs that need to be explicitly materialized.
Learning Graphical Concepts

How can machine learning techniques be used to solve problems whose solutions are best represented as computer programs? For example, suppose a researcher wants to design a probabilistic graphical model for a novel domain. Searching the space of probabilistic models automatically is notoriously difficult, especially difficult when latent variables are involved. However, researchers seem able to easily adapt commonly used modeling motifs to new domains. In doing so, they draw on abstractions such as trees, chains, grids and plates to constrain and direct the kinds of models they produce. This suggests that before we ask machine learning algorithms to discover parsimonious models of new domains, we should develop techniques that enable our algorithms to automatically learn these “graphical concepts” in much the same way that researchers themselves do, by seeing examples in the literature. One natural way to think of these graphical concepts is as programs that take sets of random variables and produce graphical models that relate them. In this work, we describe the CEC algorithm, which attempts to learn a distribution over programs by incrementally finding program components that commonly help to solve problems in a given domain, and we show preliminary results indicating that CEC is able to discover the graphical concepts that underlie many of the common graphical model structures.
Adaptation to nutrient starvation in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli: analysis of survival, stress resistance, and changes in macromolecular synthesis during entry to and exit from stationary phase

The nitrogen-fixing bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli often has to survive long periods of starvation in the soil, when not in a useful symbiotic relationship with leguminous plants. We report that it can survive carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus starvation for at least 2 months with little loss of viability. Upon carbon starvation, R. leguminosarum cells were found to undergo reductive cell division. During this period, they acquired the potential for long-term starvation-survival, levels of protein, DNA, and RNA synthesis were decreased to base levels, and pool mRNA was stabilized. The starved cells are ready to rapidly restart growth when nutrients become available. Upon addition of fresh nutrients, there is an immediate increase in the levels of macromolecular synthesis, pool mRNA destabilizes, and the cultures enter exponential growth within 5 to 8 h. The starved cells were cross-protected against pH, heat, osmotic, and oxidative shock. These results provide evidence for a general starvation response in R. leguminosarum similar to that previously found in other bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Vibrio sp.
Modulation of major histocompatibility complex class II expression in retinas with age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE To investigate antigenic and morphologic features of microglial and vascular elements in the neural retina associated with age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) compared with those features in age-matched normal and young adult retinas. METHODS Adult eyes (n = 97) were classified histopathologically into normal and ARMD-associated groups. Peroxidase imunohistochemical examination of retinal flatmounts was used to visualize major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) immunoreactivity; the intensity and distribution of labeling were quantified by image analysis. In histochemical investigation, reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase and glial fibrillary acidic protein or MHC-II double labeling were used to detect vascular changes in some preparations. RESULTS An increase in the proportion of the retina (percentage of total area) expressing MHC-II immunoreactivity was observed in age-matched retinas compared with that seen in normal retinas. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in the percentage of area immunoreactive for MHC-II was observed, primarily on vascular elements, in retinas with incipient ARMD compared with the area affected in the age-matched group. Increased MHC-II immunoreactivity on vessels in the normal-aged group observed with confocal microscopy was associated with irregularities in the organization of astrocytes. Hypertrophy of retinal microglia was also apparent, although the intensity of microglial MHC-II immunoreactivity was not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that an increase in MHC-II immunoreactivity on retinal vascular elements is associated with normal aging. A further increase in MHC-II immunoreactivity on vascular elements and morphologic changes in microglia was associated with incipient ARMD. Immunologic responses in neural retinal microglia and vascular elements appear to be related to early pathogenetic changes in retinal pigment epithelium pigmentation and drusen formation.
Lin-5 Is a Novel Component of the Spindle Apparatus Required for Chromosome Segregation and Cleavage Plane Specification in Caenorhabditis elegans

Successful divisions of eukaryotic cells require accurate and coordinated cycles of DNA replication, spindle formation, chromosome segregation, and cytoplasmic cleavage. The Caenorhabditis elegans gene lin-5 is essential for multiple aspects of cell division. Cells in lin-5 null mutants enter mitosis at the normal time and form bipolar spindles, but fail chromosome alignment at the metaphase plate, sister chromatid separation, and cytokinesis. Despite these defects, cells exit from mitosis without delay and progress through subsequent rounds of DNA replication, centrosome duplication, and abortive mitoses. In addition, early embryos that lack lin-5 function show defects in spindle positioning and cleavage plane specification. The lin-5 gene encodes a novel protein with a central coiled-coil domain. This protein localizes to the spindle apparatus in a cell cycle- and microtubule-dependent manner. The LIN-5 protein is located at the centrosomes throughout mitosis, at the kinetochore microtubules in metaphase cells, and at the spindle during meiosis. Our results show that LIN-5 is a novel component of the spindle apparatus required for chromosome and spindle movements, cytoplasmic cleavage, and correct alternation of the S and M phases of the cell cycle.
Beta and Return: Implications of Australia's Dividend Imputation Tax System

US studies have consistently reported that the relationship between beta and return is less steeply sloped than that implied by the simple CAPM. The introduction of a dividend imputation tax system in Australia and other tax law differences suggest the relationship between beta and return may be more steeply sloped in this country. Empirical evidence subsequent to the introduction of the dividend imputation tax system in July 1987 supports this hypothesis. Further, it is found that no such change occurs in the US market over this time period, which strengthens the conclusion that the finding is tax-driven.
Fluid Dynamics of the Heart and its Valves

Blood is a viscous incompressible fluid which is propelled through the arteries, capillaries, and veins of the circulation by a collection of elastic and contractile fibers known as the heart. The left side of the heart receives bright red oxygenated blood from the lungs, and it pumps this blood into the aorta through which it is distributed to all of the tissues of the body, including the heart muscle (via the coronary arteries). As it flows through these various tissues, part of the oxygen is removed, and the color changes from bright red to bluish red. At the same time, carbon dioxide that has been generated by tissue metabolism is picked up by the blood. The deoxygenated blood returns to the right side of the heart, which pumps it through the pulmonary arterial tree to the lungs, where the carbon dioxide is removed and the blood becomes once more saturated with oxygen. Each side of the heart has two chambers, an atrium and a ventricle. Each ventricle has an inflow (atrioventricular) and an outflow (arterial) valve. The valves are primarily passive structures that move in response to the flow of blood, although the atrioventricular valves are supported by muscles that prevent prolapse when those valves are closed. Both types of valves are constructed in such a way that they open freely to allow forward flow but close to prevent backflow. When the ventricles are relaxed (diastole), their inflow valves are open and their outflow valves are closed: during this time period the ventricular pressures are low, and each ventricle fills with blood from the corresponding atrium. When the ventricles contract (systole), the inflow valves close first, and then the outflow valves open as the ventricular pressures rise. Once the outflow valves are open, each ventricle ejects blood into its corresponding artery. The familiar heart sounds are associated with the closure of the valves and the subsequent vibration of the cardiac and arterial chambers. The lower pitch “Lub” is associated with the nearly synchronous closure of the two atrioventricular valves, and the higher pitched “Dup” is associated with the nearly synchronous closure of the two arterial valves. Valve opening is normally silent but may produce sounds in disease states. Heart murmurs are associated with turbulence that may be generated by jets of fluid that form when valves fail to open fully or fail to close properly. For further detail concerning the physiology of the heart, see Guy-