Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DESC: Energy-efficient data exchange using synchronized counters

Increasing cache sizes in modern microprocessors require long wires to connect cache arrays to processor cores. As a result, the last-level cache (LLC) has become a major contributor to processor energy, necessitating techniques to increase the energy efficiency of data exchange over LLC interconnects. This paper presents an energy-efficient data exchange mechanism using synchronized counters. The key idea is to represent information by the delay between two consecutive pulses on a set of wires, which makes the number of state transitions on the interconnect independent of the data patterns, and significantly lowers the activity factor. Simulation results show that the proposed technique reduces overall processor energy by 7%, and the L2 cache energy by 1.81 × on a set of sixteen parallel applications. This efficiency gain is attained at a cost of less than 1% area, overhead to the L2 cache, and a 2% delay overhead to execution time.
Cryptanalysis of a Remote User Authentication Protocol Using Smart Cards

Remote user authentication using smart cards is a method of verifying the legitimacy of remote users accessing the server through insecure channel, by using smart cards to increase the efficiency of the system. During last couple of years many protocols to authenticate remote users using smart cards have been proposed. But unfortunately, most of them are proved to be unsecure against various attacks. Recently this year, Yung-Cheng Lee improved Shin et al.'s protocol and claimed that their protocol is more secure. In this article, we have shown that Yung-Cheng-Lee's protocol too has defects. It does not provide user anonymity; it is vulnerable to Denial-of-Service attack, Session key reveal, user impersonation attack, Server impersonation attack and insider attacks. Further it is not efficient in password change phase since it requires communication with server and uses verification table.
Redundancy among phospholipase D isoforms in resistance triggered by recognition of the Pseudomonas syringae effector AvrRpm1 in Arabidopsis thaliana

Plants possess a highly sophisticated system for defense against microorganisms. So called MAMP (microbe-associated molecular patterns) triggered immunity (MTI) prevents the majority of non-adapted pathogens from causing disease. Adapted plant pathogens use secreted effector proteins to interfere with such signaling. Recognition of microbial effectors or their activity by plant resistance (R)-proteins triggers a second line of defense resulting in effector triggered immunity (ETI). The latter usually comprises the hypersensitive response (HR) which includes programmed cell death at the site of infection. Phospholipase D (PLD) mediated production of phosphatidic acid (PA) has been linked to both MTI and ETI in plants. Inhibition of PLD activity has been shown to attenuate MTI as well as ETI. In this study, we systematically tested single and double knockouts in all 12 genes encoding PLDs in Arabidopsis thaliana for effects on ETI and MTI. No single PLD could be linked to ETI triggered by recognition of effectors secreted by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. However, repression of PLD dependent PA production by n-butanol strongly inhibited the HR following Pseudomonas syringae effector recognition. In addition some pld mutants were more sensitive to n-butanol than wild type. Thus, the effect of mutations of PLDs could become detectable, and the corresponding genes can be proposed to be involved in the HR. Only knockout of PLDδ caused a loss of MTI-induced cell wall based defense against the non-host powdery mildew Erysiphe pisi. This is thus in stark contrast to the involvement of a multitude of PLD isoforms in the HR triggered by AvrRpm1 recognition.
Min Common / Max Crossing Duality : A Geometric View of Conjugacy in Convex Optimization

Abstract We provide a unifying framework for the visualization and analysis of duality, and other issues in convex optimization. It is based on two simple optimization problems that are dual to each other: the min common point problem and the max crossing point problem. Within the insightful geometry of these problems, several of the core issues in convex analysis become apparent and can be analyzed in a unified way. These issues are related to conditions for strong duality in constrained optimization and zero sum games, existence of dual optimal solutions and saddle points, existence of subgradients, and theorems of the alternative. The generality and power of our framework is due to its close connection with the Legendre/Fenchel conjugacy framework. However, the two frameworks offer complementary starting points for analysis and provide alternative views of the geometric foundation of duality: conjugacy emphasizes functional/algebraic descriptions, while min common/max crossing emphasizes set/epigraph descriptions. The min common/max crossing framework is simpler, and seems better suited for visualizing and investigating questions of strong duality and existence of dual optimal solutions. The conjugacy framework, with its emphasis on functional descriptions, is more suitable when mathematical operations on convex functions are involved, and the calculus of conjugate functions can be brought to bear for analysis or computation.
Learning for Longer Life: A Guide to Aging Education for Developers of K-12 Curriculum & Instructional Materials.

Educators increasingly realize that longer life expectancies and changing demographics require literacy about the why's and how's of aging across the lifespan. While other contemporary issues are routinely addressed in schools, aging-related issues are often ignored or presented in stereotypical ways. This reference book suggests practical ways to prepare young people for long lives in an aging society; serves as a content outline for developers of curriculum and instructional materials; and shows how to avoid common implementation pitfalls with instruction about aging. Following the "Foreword" (Robert N. Butler), there are five chapters: (1) "Why Education for Longer Life? "; (2) "What Content Should Be Included? "; (3) "How Should Content on Aging Be Presented? "; and (4) "Who Is Supporting Education for Longer Life? " Contains an extensive list of references, organized by chapters. There are five appendices which contain: a glossary of common terms related to aging; general learning objectives about aging; sample classroom activities for elementary and secondary levels; additional references; and questions for reflection and discussion. (BT) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Learning for Longer Life: A Guide to Aging Education for Developers of K-12 Curriculum and Instructional Materials. Donna P. Couper Fran Pratt National Academy for Teaching and Learning about Aging, Denton, TX. PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 1 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 2 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) Or This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points nt view or opinions stated in this dog:47mq do not necessarily represent ,affici4PRI:Position or policy.
Enriched Web-services to Facilitate the Creation of User-tailored User Interfaces

This paper presents a new approach to augment web-services to facilitate the creation of user-tailored user interfaces. Our proposal is based on the ISO/IEC 24752-6: 2014 "Universal remote console -- Part 6: Web service integration" standard. This standard defines how to embed an abstract user interface layer called "user interface socket" in a web service description to allow the development of pluggable user interfaces for any type of user. Besides, a prototype of the proposed architecture has been built. In this prototype, the URC Target Kit (UTK) has been used as the URC framework implementation, deploying the framework in the same web server as the pre-existing web service. Taking advantage of the resource and grouping sheets technology of the URC framework, personalized user interfaces can be developed. The introduced method has been implemented within a remote health follow-up platform, which gives patients access to their health records and provides them with a set of health monitoring services.
A Web Document Classification Method Based on Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm

To efficiently deal with Web document classification problem, a novel document classification algorithm based on shuffled frog leaping (SFL) algorithm is proposed in this paper. The SFL algorithm combines the benefits of the genetic-based memetic algorithms and the social behavior-based particle swarm optimization algorithms. The experimental results indicate that the proposed SFL algorithm yields much better performance than other conventional algorithms.
New perspectives about human laryngeal muscle: single-fiber analyses and interspecies comparisons.

BACKGROUND In companion studies on canine and rodent laryngeal muscle, we observed that (1) muscle fibers in both the canine and rodent posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles have a slower myosin heavy-chain (MyHC) isoform profile than those in the thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle; (2) the muscle fiber composition of PCA and TA muscles in canines and rodents is complex given the presence of so-called hybrid fibers (fibers coexpressing various combinations of MyHC isoforms); (3) the types and proportions of hybrid fibers are both muscle specific and, in some cases, region specific; and (4) the MyHC isoform profile of canine laryngeal muscle appears to be slower than that of rodent laryngeal muscle, suggesting the possibility that larger mammals have a slower MyHC isoform profile. OBJECTIVES Given the findings of these companion studies and the fact that very little is known about the MyHC isoform composition of laryngeal muscle fibers, the primary objectives of this study were to determine (1) the types of MyHC isoforms found in the human PCA and TA muscles, (2) if there were regional differences in MyHC isoform composition, (3) if hybrid fibers commonly occur in human laryngeal muscle, and (4) if the MyHC isoform profile of human laryngeal muscle is slower than that of canine and rodent laryngeal muscle. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study clearly demonstrate that both the PCA and TA muscles in humans express 3 types of MyHC isoforms (ie, slow type I, fast type IIA, and fast type IIX MyHC isoforms). At the single-fiber level, there were distinct regional differences and hybrid fibers were a common occurrence. Finally, the data demonstrate that the PCA and TA muscles of humans have a slower MyHC profile than that found in either canine or rodent laryngeal muscle.
High mortality due to sepsis in Native Hawaiians and African Americans: The Multiethnic Cohort

Background/Objectives Sepsis is a severe systemic response to infection with a high mortality rate. A higher incidence has been reported for older people, in persons with a compromised immune system including cancer patients, and in ethnic minorities. We analyzed sepsis mortality and its predictors by ethnicity in the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC). Subjects/Methods Among 191,561 white, African American, Native Hawaiian, Japanese American, and Latino cohort members, 49,347 deaths due to all causes and 345 deaths due to sepsis were recorded during follow-up from 1993–96 until 2010. Cox proportional hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and adjusted for relevant confounders. In addition, national death rates were analyzed to compare mortality by state. Results Age-adjusted rates of sepsis death were 5-times higher for Hawaii than Los Angeles (14.4 vs. 2.7 per 100,000). By ethnicity, Native Hawaiians had the highest rate in Hawaii (29.0 per 100,000) and African Americans in Los Angeles (5.2 per 100,000). In fully adjusted models, place of residence was the most important predictor of sepsis mortality (HR = 7.18; 95%CI: 4.37–11.81 Hawaii vs. Los Angeles). African Americans showed the highest risk (HR = 2.08; 95% CI: 1.16–3.75) followed by Native Hawaiians (HR = 1.88; 95% CI: 1.34–2.65) as compared to whites. Among cohort members with cancer (N = 49,794), the 2-fold higher sepsis mortality remained significant in Native Hawaiians only. The geographic and ethnic differences in the MEC agreed with results for national death data. Conclusions The finding that African Americans and Native Hawaiians experience a higher mortality risk due to sepsis than other ethnic groups suggest ethnicity-related biological factors in the predisposition of cancer patients and other immune-compromising conditions to develop sepsis, but regional differences in health care access and death coding may also be important.
MYB98 Is Required for Pollen Tube Guidance and Synergid Cell Differentiation in Arabidopsisw⃞

The synergid cells of the female gametophyte play a role in many steps of the angiosperm fertilization process, including guidance of pollen tube growth to the female gametophyte. However, the mechanisms by which the synergid cells become specified and develop their unique features during female gametophyte development are not understood. We identified MYB98 in a screen for Arabidopsis thaliana genes expressed in the female gametophyte. MYB98 is a member of the R2R3-MYB gene family, the members of which likely encode transcription factors. In the context of the ovule, MYB98 is expressed exclusively in the synergid cells, and mutations in this gene affect the female gametophyte specifically. myb98 female gametophytes are affected in two unique features of the synergid cell, pollen tube guidance and the filiform apparatus, but are otherwise normal. MYB98 also is expressed in trichomes and endosperm. Homozygous myb98 mutants exhibit no sporophytic defects, including trichome and endosperm defects. Together, these data suggest that MYB98 controls the development of specific features within the synergid cell during female gametophyte development.
A Multifrontal QR Factorization Approach to Distributed Inference Applied to Multirobot Localization and Mapping

QR factorization is most often used as a "black box" algorithm, but is in fact an elegant computation on a factor graph. By computing a rooted clique tree on this graph, the computation can be parallelized across subtrees, which forms the basis of so-called multifrontal QR methods. By judiciously choosing the order in which variables are eliminated in the clique tree computation, we show that one straightforwardly obtains a method for performing inference in distributed sensor networks. One obvious application is distributed localization and mapping with a team of robots. We phrase the problem as inference on a large-scale Gaussian Markov Random Field induced by the measurement factor graph, and show how multifrontal QR on this graph solves for the global map and all the robot poses in a distributed fashion. The method is illustrated using both small and large-scale simulations, and validated in practice through actual robot experiments.
Non-stationary signal classification using joint frequency analysis

Time-varying short-term spectral estimates have been successfully applied in many classification tasks. However, they are still insufficient for many non-stationary signals where time-varying information is useful. We propose to improve the deficiencies of current short-term feature analysis by adding information to describe the time-varying behavior of the signals. Our proposed method, which is motivated by the human auditory system, can be applied to several non-stationary signal types. Real world communication signals were used for experimental verification. These experimental results, assessed with a conventional probabilistic classifier, showed significant improvement when the new features were added to short-term spectral estimates.
Illumination invariant measurement of mechanical dimensions using a multiple segmentation method

In many industrial processes the need for better quality assurance leads to a higher degree of process automation which often includes an optical inspection system. In our case the mechanical dimensions of printed micro structures on ceramic substrates have to be evaluated. Therefore an optical inspection system providing high resolution images with 12288 pixel × 14000 pixel was developed. The segmentation task in this setup is challenging caused by the huge amount of data and the different appearances of the micro structures depending on size, material, and humidity. For this purpose we present a multiple segmentation method and evaluate the results against common used segmentation methods on a number of different real images. Experimental results show that the proposed optical inspection system and algorithms can achieve an illumination invariant high resolution measurement of the micro structures.
Anterior endoscopically assisted bone grafting for iatrogenic distraction of odontoid fracture after percutaneous anterior screw fixation

Rationale: The complication of iatrogenic distraction of odontoid fracture after anterior screw fixation has not been reported in the literature. We treated the patient with endoscopically assisted bone grafting with good results. The new technique was not reported in the management of odontoid fracture or nonunion before. Patient concerns: A 22-year-old man presented with neck pain after a motorcycle crash. The cervical spine radiograph and computed tomographic scan demonstrated the base of dens displaced 2 mm anteriorly. Diagnoses: Radiographic images showed a type II odontoid fracture. Interventions: The patient was treated by percutaneous anterior screw fixation. The postoperative radiograph and CT demonstrated an iatrogenic distraction of the odontoid with a gap of 6 mm.The follow-up radiograph did not show any sign of bone union 1 month and a half later. A revision surgery was given by anterior endoscopically assisted bone grafting. The patient was encouraged to sit out of bed immediately after the surgery with the protection of a soft cervical collar for 3 months. Outcomes: No complications such as neural structures or vascular injuries were found. Bone union was achieved at the 1-year follow-up CT scans. Physical examination showed a full range of motion in the neck. Lessons: We reported a case of iatrogenic odontoid distraction that was managed by anterior endoscopically assisted bone grafting. It is a technically feasible and minimally invasive procedure.
ERCC1 and ERCC2 Polymorphisms Predict Clinical Outcomes of Oxaliplatin-Based Chemotherapies in Gastric and Colorectal Cancer: A Systemic Review and Meta-analysis

Purpose: Nucleotide excision repair (NER) modulates platinum-based chemotherapeutic efficacy by removing drug-produced DNA damage. To summarize published data on the association between polymorphisms of NER genes (ERCC1 and ERCC2) and responses to oxaliplatin-based chemotherapies, we carried out a meta-analysis of gastric and colorectal cancer for commonly studied polymorphisms ERCC1 rs11615C>T and ERCC2 rs13181T>G. Patients and Methods: In 17 previously published studies, 1,787 cancer patients were treated with the oxaliplatin-based regimen. Primary outcomes included therapeutic response (TR; i.e., complete response + partial response vs. stable disease + progressive disease), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). We calculated OR or HR with 95% CIs to estimate the risk or hazard. Results: We found consistent and clinically substantial risk or hazard for TR, PFS, and OS in the oxaliplatin-treated gastric and colorectal cancer patients with an ethnic discrepancy. For ERCC1 rs11615C>T, the T allele was associated with reduced response and poor PFS and OS in Asians (TR: OR = 0.53 and 95% CI = 0.35–0.81; PFS: HR = 1.69 and 95% CI = 1.05–2.70; and OS: HR = 2.03 and 95% CI = 1.60–2.59). For ERCC2 rs13181T>G, the G allele was associated with reduced response and poor PFS and OS in Caucasians (TR: OR = 0.56 and 95% CI = 0.35–0.88; PFS: HR = 1.41 and 95% CI = 1.02–1.95; and OS: HR = 1.42 and 95% CI = 1.11–1.81). Conclusions: NER ERCC1 rs11615C>T and ERCC2 rs13181T>G polymorphisms are useful prognostic factors in oxaliplatin-based treatment of gastric and colorectal cancer. Larger studies and further clinical trials are warranted to confirm these findings. Clin Cancer Res; 17(6); 1632–40. ©2011 AACR.
How the Ocean Personality Model Affects the Perception of Crowds

This approach extends the HiDAC (High-Density Autonomous Crowds) system by providing each agent with a personality model based on the Ocean (openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) personality model. Each personality trait has an associated nominal behavior. Specifying an agent's personality leads to an automation of low-level parameter tuning.
A Tool for Ground-Truthing Text Lines and Characters in Off-Line Handwritten Chinese Documents

Annotating the regions, text lines and characters of document images is an important, but tedious and expensive task. A ground-truthing tool may largely alleviate the human burden in this process. This paper describes an automated recognition-based tool GTLC for finding the best alignment between the text transcript and the connected components of unconstrained handwritten document image. The alignment process is formulated as an optimization problem involving candidate character segmentation and recognition. We have validated the effectiveness of this tool and have used it for annotating a large number of handwritten Chinese documents.
Classification of computer viruses from binary code using ensemble classifier and recursive feature elimination

This paper proposes a supervised machine learning model for detecting (unseen) viruses files. Our main focus is on static analysis approach. To find the best method, we experiment with difference types of feature extraction and three classifier algorithms including extreme gradient boosting, random forest and multilayer perceptron. Our data set contains 6,319 executable files. Each file is extracted with objdump and sorted with TF-IDF score to find best features. The F1 score shows slightly better performance than those of the baselines. Random forest with 20 attributes yields 0.9379758 F1 score which is 0.0316167 more than that of the baseline. The extreme gradient boosting method with 500 attributes achieve 0.9628991 F1 score, 0.0418642 more than that of the baseline. We conclude that our approach can improve the precision and recall of the classification.
Combine sentiment lexicon and dependency parsing for sentiment classification

With the rapid development of internet technology and e-commerce sites, there are more and more products review in the network. People are willing to make a survey on the internet before purchasing the products. The automatic identification of the sentiment of comments is necessary. We propose a method, which combines sentiment lexicon and dependency parsing to determine the sentiment orientation and the positive or negative attitudes of the topic. The dependency parsing is used to get the objects and sentiment words. Then the allocation of weights is done, and finally the positive and negative results of the products evaluation are concluded. Experiments show that the validity and efficiency of the proposed method.