Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The barriers to clinical coding in general practice: A literature review

Clinical coding is variable in UK general practice. The reasons for this remain undefined. This review explains why there are no readily available alternatives to recording structured clinical data and reviews the barriers to recording structured clinical data. Methods used included a literature review of bibliographic databases, university health informatics departments, and national and international medical informatics associations. The results show that the current state of development of computers and data processing means there is no practical alternative to coding data. The identified barriers to clinical coding are: the limitations of the coding systems and terminologies and the skill gap in their use; recording structured data in the consultation takes time and is distracting; the level of motivation of primary care professionals; and the priority within the organization. A taxonomy is proposed to describe the barriers to clinical coding. This can be used to identify barriers to coding and facilitate the development of strategies to overcome them.
Performance Enhancement of Continuous-Phase Modulation Based OFDM Systems Using Chaotic Interleaving

In this paper, we propose a chaotic interleaving scheme for continuous-phase modulation based orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (CPM-OFDM) systems. The idea of chaotic maps randomization (CMR) is exploited in this scheme. CMR generates permuted sequences from the sequences to be transmitted with lower correlation among their samples, and hence a better bit error rate (BER) performance can be achieved. The proposed CMR-CPM-OFDM system combines the advantages of frequency diversity and power efficiency from CPM-OFDM and performance improvement from chaotic interleaving. The BER performance of the CPM-OFDM system with and without chaotic interleaving is evaluated by computer simulations. Also, a comparison between chaotic interleaving and block interleaving is performed. Simulation results show that, the proposed chaotic interleaving scheme can greatly improve the performance of CPM-OFDM systems. Furthermore, the results show that the proposed chaotic interleaving scheme outperforms the traditional block interleaving scheme for CPM-OFDM systems. The results show also that, the proposed CMR-CPM-OFDM system provides a good trade-off between system performance and bandwidth efficiency. Key-Words: Chaotic interleaving, Frequency-Domain Equalization (FDE), Continuous-Phase Modulation (CPM), OFDM.
Context Dependent Reasoning for Semantic Documents in Sindice (cid:63)

The Sindice Semantic Web index provides search capabilities over today more than 30 million documents. A scalable reasoning mechanism for real-world web data is important in order to increase the precision and recall of the Sindice index by inferring useful information (e.g. RDF Schema features, equality, property characteristic such as inverse functional properties or annotation properties from OWL). In this paper, we introduce our notion of context dependent reasoning for RDF documents published on the Web according to the linked data principle. We then illustrate an eﬃcient methodology to perform context dependent RDFS and partial OWL inference based on a persistent TBox composed of a network of web ontologies. Finally we report preliminary evaluation results of our implementation underlying the Sindice web data index.
Tumor Invasion of Extralobar Soft Tissue Beyond the Hilar Region Does Not Affect the Prognosis of Surgically Resected Lung Cancer Patients

Introduction: Visceral pleural invasion, which is defined as tumor extension beyond the elastic lamina, is one of the most important prognostic factors in patients who have undergone curative resection for non-small cell lung cancer. However, in pathologic slides, pleural elastic lamina could not be found in the hilar region in which the pleura is reflected. Till date, when cancer cells are seen in this region, a basical agreement dealing with T factor is controversial among pathologists. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the significance of tumor invasion of that region as a prognostic factor. Methods: We reviewed 91 cases of surgically resected lung cancer in which invasion of the hilar region was visible macroscopically. By microscopic examination, we divided them into three groups: a group in which no cancer cells are seen in the soft tissue beyond the hilar region (group A), a group in which cancer cells are seen in the soft tissue beyond the hilar region (group B), and a group in which cancer cells could not be seen in the soft tissue beyond the hilar region but invade into the mediastinal visceral pleura at some other site (group C). We then evaluated the clinicopathologic characteristics of the patients and their outcome. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the 5-year overall survival rate or disease-free survival rate between group A and group B (overall: 55 versus 48%; disease free: 43 versus 42%), but disease-free survival of group C was significantly lesser than that of group A and group B (A versus C: p = 0.022; B versus C: p = 0.040). Conclusion: Tumor invasion of the soft tissue beyond hilar region would not be a prognostic factor in patients who have undergone curative resection for primary lung cancer, although investigation of larger number of cases will be needed to confirm the validity of our conclusion.
ERK activation is required for hydrostatic pressure‐induced tensile changes in engineered articular cartilage

The objective of this study was to identify ERK 1/2 involvement in the changes in compressive and tensile mechanical properties associated with hydrostatic pressure treatment of self‐assembled cartilage constructs. In study 1, ERK 1/2 phosphorylation was detected by immunoblot, following application of hydrostatic pressure (1 h of static 10 MPa) applied at days 10–14 of self‐assembly culture. In study 2, ERK 1/2 activation was blocked during hydrostatic pressure application on days 10–14. With pharmacological inhibition of the ERK pathway by the MEK1/ERK inhibitor U0126 during hydrostatic pressure application on days 10–14, the increase in Young's modulus induced by hydrostatic pressure was blocked. Furthermore, this reduction in Young's modulus with U0126 treatment during hydrostatic pressure application corresponded to a decrease in total collagen expression. However, U0126 did not inhibit the increase in aggregate modulus or GAG induced by hydrostatic pressure. These findings demonstrate a link between hydrostatic pressure application, ERK signalling and changes in the biomechanical properties of a tissue‐engineered construct. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Metamorphic Testing to Improve Dynamic Symbolic Execution

Dynamic symbolic execution (DSE) is an approach for automatically generating test inputs from source code using constraint information. It is used in fuzzing: the execution of tests while monitoring for generic properties such as buffer overflows and other security violations. Limitations of DSE for fuzzing are two-fold: (1) only generic properties are checked: many deviations from specified behaviour are not found, and (2) many programs are not entirely amenable to DSE because they give rise to hard constraints, so that some parts of a program remain uncovered. In this paper, we discuss how to mitigate these problems using metamorphic testing (MT). Metamorphic testing uses domain-specific properties about program behaviour, relating pairs of inputs to pairs of outputs. From a given test suite, follow-up tests inputs are generated, and their outputs are compared to outputs from the original tests, using metamorphic relations. Our hypothesis is that using metamorphic testing increases the ability of a DSE test suite to find faults, and that the follow-up tests execute some previously-uncovered segments. We have experimented with seven small but non-trivial libraries, comparing DSE test suites with DSE+MT test suites, demonstrating that DSE+MT test suites improve coverage marginally, but find more faults.
Defining the South African Internet ‘Addict’: Prevalence and Biographical Profiling of Problematic Internet Users in South Africa

Recent research findings indicate that some users of the Internet spend so much time on the Internet that their personal and/or professional lives suffer. The term Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD) has been used to describe a psychological disorder where individuals cannot resist engaging with the Internet, although an argument is made to use the term problematic Internet use in this study. This article reports on a descriptive, exploratory study to assess the extent of problematic Internet use in the South African population as well as an exploratory look at the biographical characteristics and Internet behaviours most closely associated with problematic Internet use in the South African environment. The article also explores the associations that users most at risk of problematic Internet use have of the Internet. The results show that the prevalence of problematic Internet use is relatively low (between 1.67% and 5.29%), compared to prevalence rates in other countries. The demographic profile of the South African problematic Internet user was found to be similarto demographic profiles from other international studies (i.e., young, males, who spend a considerable amount of time online, using interactive Internet applications). However, the associations with online activities for the high-risk problematic Internet use group were different when compared to psychological correlates from other studies. The associations indicate that the high-risk group experiences feelings of excitement, friendship and control when online. The implications of these results are discussed in line with previous studies and the theory on problematic Internet use.
Image Compression by Discrete Curvelet Wrapping Technique with Simplified SPHIT

The proposed paper is to develop an efficient compression scheme and to obtain better quality and higher compression ratio through discrete curvelet transform and embedded coding of curvelet coefficients through improved Set Partitioning In Hierarchical Trees algorithm (SPIHT) algorithm. The paper demonstrates a significant improvement in visual quality and faster encoding and decoding than the wavelet with SPHIT compression. The SPHIT with wavelet compression fail to represents discontinuous along the curves. The curvelet transform is a multiscale directional transform, which allows an almost optimal non adaptive sparse representation of objects with edges. By using improved SPHIT with Curvelets model the transform coefficients based on probability of significance, at a fixed threshold of the offspring. As far as objective quality assessment of the image compression of the proposed work will gives improved Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and high compression ratio (CR) compared with the existing wavelet transform with SPHIT image compression.
An information-theoretic algorithm to data-driven genetic pathway interaction network reconstruction of dynamic systems

High-throughput technologies for biomolecular measurements and computational methods generate vast amounts of data. Quantitative analysis of such datasets is a key goal of systems biology that aims to understand the underlying processes and structures of complex biological systems. While several techniques have been developed to identify biological networks from steady-state data, only a few of them work well for dynamic networks. Development of computational algorithms to reconstruct biological networks from time-series measurements remains an important challenge in bioinformatics and systems biology. We propose an information-theoretic algorithm to reconstruct networks from microarray time-course data by identifying the topology of functional sub-networks. We employ our approach to reconstruct genetic pathway interaction network of yeast cell-cycle.
DISCOURSE PROCESSING ABILITIES IN AGEING: INFLUENCE OF WORKING MEMORY CAPACITY ON REFERENCE RESOLUTION

Maintaining health and quality of life into old age is a critical issue facing society today. Language, and in particular language comprehension, is vulnerable to the processes of ageing (Au, Albert, & Obler, 1989; Kynette & Kemper, 1986; Nicholas, Obler, Albert, & Goodglass, 1985; Shewan & Henderson, 1988). An improved understanding of language processing and ageing will assist in distinguishing language difficulties in normal ageing from those in pathological ageing and aphasia (Maxim & Bryan, 1994) and, potentially, optimises communication throughout life. The current thesis focuses on a specific component of language comprehension—anaphora resolution. Anaphora resolution occurs frequently in everyday discourse and has been reported to decline with ageing (Cohen, 1979; Light & Capps, 1986; Ulatowska, Hayashi, Cannito, & Fleming, 1986). This thesis explored anaphora resolution relative to two key variables: ageing and working memory. Ageing was chosen as a variable as anaphora resolution has been shown to be affected by age (Cohen, 1979; Light & Capps, 1986; Ulatowska et al., 1986). Working memory was chosen as working memory is thought to underlie key aspects of discourse comprehension such as building a mental structure of discourse and updating the information (Brebion, 2003; Hasher & Zacks, 1988; Radvansky, Copeland, & Hippel, 2010; Radvansky, Lynchard, & von Hippel, 2009). 1 Anaphora resolution is the process of finding what/whom an anaphora refers to in a discourse. Anaphora is the most common type of reference in English that is used to refer to discourse entities that have been previously mentioned in the discourse. For example, in the sentence I bought a sandwich and ate it immediately, it is an anaphoric pronoun referring back to sandwich. Sandwich is the referent of the anaphora. Further information about anaphoric references and anaphora resolution can be found on page 28.
A novel training scheme for multilayered perceptrons to realize proper generalization and incremental learning

The response of a multilayered perceptron (MLP) network on points which are far away from the boundary of its training data is generally never reliable. Ideally a network should not respond to data points which lie far away from the boundary of its training data. We propose a new training scheme for MLPs as classifiers, which ensures this. Our training scheme involves training subnets for each class present in the training data. Each subnet can decide whether a data point belongs to a certain class or not. Training each subnet requires data from the class which the subnet represents along with some points outside the boundary of that class. For this purpose we propose an easy but approximate method to generate points outside the boundary of a pattern class. The trained subnets are then merged to solve the multiclass classification problem. We show through simulations that an MLP trained by our method does not respond to points which lies outside the boundary of its training sample. Also, our network can deal with overlapped classes in a better manner. In addition, this scheme enables incremental training of an MLP, i.e., the MLP can learn new knowledge without forgetting the old knowledge.
Exact tracking analysis of the NLMS algorithm for correlated Gaussian inputs

This work presents an exact tracking analysis of the Normalized Least Mean Square (NLMS) algorithm for circular complex correlated Gaussian inputs. Unlike the existing works, the analysis presented neither uses separation principle nor small step-size assumption. The approach is based on the derivation of a closed form expression for the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of random variables of the form (∥u∥D12)(∥u∥D22)-1 where u is a white Gaussian vector and D1 and D2 are diagonal matrices and using that to derive the first and second moments of such variables. These moments are then used to evaluate the tracking behavior of the NLMS algorithm in closed form. Thus, both the steady-state mean-square-error (MSE) and mean-square-deviation (MSD )tracking behaviors of the NLMS algorithm are evaluated. The analysis is also used to derive the optimum step-size that minimizes the excess MSE (EMSE). Simulations presented for the steady-state tracking behavior support the theoretical findings for a wide range of step-size and input correlation.
Efficacy of nikkomycin Z against experimental pulmonary blastomycosis

Nikkomycin Z is a chitin synthetase inhibitor. In vitro, nikkomycin Z had good activity against Blastomyces dermatitidis, with an MIC of 0.78 microg/ml and a minimal fungicidal concentration of 3.1 microg/ml. The efficacies of various treatment durations (3, 5, or 10 days) and doses (200, 400, or 1,000 mg/kg of body weight) of nikkomycin Z given twice daily were compared with those of itraconazole at 200 mg/kg given twice daily and amphotericin B at 6.25 mg/kg in a murine model of pulmonary blastomycosis. All treatments prolonged survival compared with untreated controls (P < 0.05 to 0.01); 100% survival was achieved with 5 or 10 days of any nikkomycin Z dose or with amphotericin B. Amphotericin B and nikkomycin Z, but not itraconazole, reduced infection compared with controls. Amphotericin B and the 10-day regimens of all nikkomycin Z doses were equivalent and superior to itraconazole or nikkomycin Z for < or = 5 days at any dose (P < 0.05 to 0.01). Increased duration and/or dosage improved the efficacy of nikkomycin Z, with 10 days of each dose curing 50 to 90% of the animals. Only a 1,000-mg/kg/day dose of nikkomycin Z was curative when treatment lasted less than 10 days. In contrast, itraconazole cured no mice, while amphotericin B cured all mice. Based on the total amount of drug given, amphotericin B was estimated to be 32 times as active as nikkomycin Z and nikkomycin Z was estimated to be 3 times as active as itraconazole. Overall, nikkomycin Z given orally was well tolerated, had good activity against blastomycosis, and could result in biological cure, thus producing results equivalent to those of parenteral amphotericin B.
In Pursuit of Congruence: A Personal Reflection on Methods and Philosophy in Applied Practice

The chosen methods of applied sport psychology practitioners should be underpinned by their personal core beliefs and values (Poczwardowski, Sherman, & Ravizza, 2004). However, many novice practitioners unquestioningly adopt the dominant method of the field (Fishman, 1999), and thus might find themselves incongruent in terms of their professional philosophy (Tudor & Worrall, 2004). This article aims to highlight questions that practitioners might reflect on to achieve greater congruence in terms of their philosophy of practice. Autoethnographic accounts of consultancies by a recently qualified practitioner are used to explore one practitioner’s journey toward congruence in professional philosophy. Insights arising from these consultancies for the practitioner are provided, and the wider implications for the training and certification and accreditation of practitioners are considered.
Is Marriage a Panacea? Union Formation among Economically Disadvantaged Unwed Mothers

Current U.S. government policy views marriage as an economic panacea for disadvantaged unwed mothers. In this article, we use retrospective family life history data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth to examine marital histories of at-risk women. First, we examine current marital behavior and poverty of women from disadvantaged family backgrounds. Second, we evaluate the role of unwed childbearing in linking poverty and welfare dependence between childhood and adulthood. Third, we document the extent to which marriage is associated with economic well-being among socially and economically disadvantaged women, and the extent to which unwed mothers ultimately benefit from marriage. Our results indicate that disadvantaged women who have had children out of wedlock have substantially lower rates of subsequent marriage than other women. Poverty and welfare receipt are substantially lower for those who married and stayed married than for those who never-married or were divorced. The economic benefits of marriage are especially strong among women from disadvantaged families. However, for women who marry, but later divorce, poverty rates exceed those of never-married women. Marriage alone will not offset the long-term deleterious effects associated with unwed childbearing, nor will it eliminate the existing disparity in poverty and welfare receipt among various racial and ethnic groups.
Stress and coping strategies in a sample of South African managers involved in post-graduate managerial studies

To examine the relationships between stress levels and, respectively, stressor appraisal, coping strategies and bio- graphical variables, 107 managers completed a biographical questionnaire. Experience of Work and Life Circumstances Questionnaire, and Coping Strategy Indicator. Significant negative correlations were found between stress levels and appraisal scores on all work-related stressors. An avoidant coping strategy explained significant variance in stress levels in a model also containing social support-seeking and problem-solving coping strategies. It was concluded that an avoidant coping strategy probably contributed to increased stress levels. Female managers experienced significantly higher stress levels and utilized a social support-seeking coping strategy significantly more than male managers did. Opsomming Om die verband tussen stresvlakke en, onderskeidelik, taksering van stressors, streshanteringstrategiee en biografiese veranderlikes te ondersoek, het 107 bestuurders n biografiese vraelys, Ervaring vanWerk- en Lewensomstandighedevraelys en Streshanteringstrategieskaal voltooi. Beduidende negatiewe korrelasies is aangetref tussen stresvlakke en takseringtellings ten opsigte van alle werkverwante stressors. 'nVermydende streshantermgstrategie het beduidende variansie in stresvlakke verklaar in n model wat ook sosiale ondersteuningsoekende en pro-bleemoplossende streshanteringstrategiee ingesluit het. Die gevolgtrekking is bereik dat n vermydende stres- hanteringstrategie waarskynlik bygedra het tot verhoogde stresvlakke. Vroulike bestuurders het beduidend hoer stresvlakke ervaar en het n sosiale ondersteuningsoekende streshanteringstrategie beduidend meer gebnnk as manlike bestuurders.
Institutions and Trust

Institutions matter - but how? This article employs experiments to examine whether institutions only affect trust and trustworthiness behavior by changing constraints and thereby the beliefs people hold about others' behavior, as commonly assumed in a rational choice framework, or also by influencing preferences. In a within-subject design, we confront people with an anonymous one-shot trust game, a one-shot game with pre-play communication, post-play communication and a post-play punishment option and a finitely repeated game. Institutions increasing the cost of betrayal as compared to an anonymous one-shot game affect people's beliefs and enhance their willingness to trust and be trustworthy. However, all settings that offer tighter institutional constraints compared to the anonymous one-shot game decrease intrinsically motivated trust. They do not influence trustworthiness. Thus, institutions may also affect preferences. The ‘crowding-out’ of intrinsic trust is of concern as it has been found to be associated with economic performance and democracy.