Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparable Entity Mining from Comparative Questions

Comparing one thing with another is a typical part of human decision making process. However, it is not always easy to know what to compare and what are the alternatives. In this paper, we present a novel way to automatically mine comparable entities from comparative questions that users posted online to address this difficulty. To ensure high precision and high recall, we develop a weakly supervised bootstrapping approach for comparative question identification and comparable entity extraction by leveraging a large collection of online question archive. The experimental results show our method achieves F1-measure of 82.5 percent in comparative question identification and 83.3 percent in comparable entity extraction. Both significantly outperform an existing state-of-the-art method. Additionally, our ranking results show highly relevance to user's comparison intents in web.
Diagnosers and Diagnosability of Succinct Transition Systems

Reasoning about the knowledge of an agent is an important problem in many areas of AI. For example in diagnosis a basic question about a system is whether it is possible to diagnose it, that is, whether it is always possible to know whether a faulty behavior has occurred. In this paper we investigate the complexity of this diagnosability problem and the size of automata that perform diagnosis. There are algorithms for testing diagnosability in polynomial time in the number of states in the system. For succinct system representations, which may be exponentially smaller than the state space of the system, the diagnosability problem is consequently in EXPTIME. We show that this upper bound is not tight and that the decision problem is in fact PSPACE-complete. On-line diagnosis can be carried out by diagnosers which are automata that recognize faulty behavior. We show that diagnosers in the worst case have a size that is exponential in the number of states, both for explicit and succinct system representations. This is a consequence of the diagnoser having to maintain beliefs about the state of the system.
Power-Aware Scalable Pipelined Booth Multiplier

An energy-efficient power-aware design is highly desirable for DSP functions that encounter a wide diversity of operating scenarios in battery-powered wireless sensor network systems. Addressing this issue, this letter presents a low-power power-aware scalable pipelined Booth multiplier that makes use of dynamic-range detection unit, sharing common functional units, ensemble of optimized Wallace-trees and a 4-bit array-based adder-tree for DSP applications.
Differential dynamics of neurofilament-H protein and neurofilament-L protein in neurons

Neurofilaments (NFs) are composed of triplet proteins, NF-H, NF-M, and NF-L. To understand the dynamics of NFs in vivo, we studied the dynamics of NF-H and compared them to those of NF-L, using the combination of microinjection technique and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. In the case of NF-L protein, the bleached zone gradually restored its fluorescence intensity with a recovery half time of approximately 35 min. On the other hand, recovery of the bleached zone of NF-H was considerably faster, taking place in approximately 19 min. However, in both cases the bleached zone was stationary. Thus, it was suggested that NF-H is the dynamic component of the NF array and is interchangeable, but that it assembles with the other neurofilament triplet proteins in a more exchangeable way, implying that the location of NF-H is in the periphery of the core NF array mainly composed of NF- L subunits. Immunoelectron microscopy investigations of the incorporation sites of NF-H labeled with biotin compounds also revealed the lateral insertion of NF-H subunits into the preexisting NF array, taking after the pattern seen in the case of NF-L. In summary, our results demonstrate that the dynamics of the L and H subunit proteins in situ are quite different from each other, suggesting different and separated mechanisms or structural specialization underlying the behavior of the two proteins.
DART: A DISTRIBUTED ANALYSIS OF REPUTATION AND TRUST FRAMEWORK

Artificial societies—distributed systems of autonomous agents—are becoming increasingly important in open distributed environments, especially in e‐commerce. Agents require trust and reputation concepts to identify communities of agents with which to interact reliably. We have noted in real environments that adversaries tend to focus on exploitation of the trust and reputation model. These vulnerabilities reinforce the need for new evaluation criteria for trust and reputation models called exploitation resistance which reflects the ability of a trust model to be unaffected by agents who try to manipulate the trust model. To examine whether a given trust and reputation model is exploitation‐resistant, the researchers require a flexible, easy‐to‐use, and general framework. This framework should provide the facility to specify heterogeneous agents with different trust models and behaviors.
Manipulation of fatty acid amide hydrolase functional activity alters sensitivity and dependence to ethanol

The aim of this study was to examine the role of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) on ethanol sensitivity, preference, and dependence. The deletion of FAAH gene or the inhibition of FAAH by carbamoyl‐biphenyl‐3‐yl‐cyclohexylcarbamate (URB597) (0.1 mg/kg) markedly increased the preference for ethanol. The study further reveals that URB597 specifically acts through FAAH and that cannabinoid‐1 (CB1) receptor is critical for N‐arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA) mediated ethanol‐reinforced behavior as revealed by lack of URB597 effect in both FAAH and CB1−/− mice compared with vehicle‐treated −/− mice. The FAAH −/− mice displayed a lower sensitivity to hypothermic and sedative effects to acute ethanol challenge. The FAAH −/− mice also exhibited a reduction in the severity of handling‐induced convulsions following withdrawal from chronic ethanol exposure. The CB1 receptor and proenkephalin gene expressions, and CB1 receptor and μ‐opioid (MO) receptor‐mediated G‐protein activation were found to be significantly lower in the caudate‐putamen, nucleus accumbens core and shell of FAAH −/− than +/+ mice. Interestingly, the MO receptor‐stimulated G‐protein signaling was greater in the striatum of FAAH −/− than +/+ mice following voluntary ethanol consumption. These findings suggest that an elevation in the AEA content and its action on the limbic CB1 receptor and MO receptor might contribute to ethanol‐reinforced behavior. Treatment with drugs that decrease AEA tone might prove useful in reducing excessive ethanol consumption.
Para o uso pragmático, ético e moral da razão prática

Até os dias de hoje, as discussões teóricas sobre a moral são determinadas pelo confronto entre três posições: as argumentações transcorrem entre Aristóteles, Kant e o utilitarismo. Apenas as éticas da compaixão fazem valer um motivo diverso. Outras teorias, mesmo a hegeliana, podem ser entendidas como tentativas de síntese de iniciativas conhecidas. A ética do discurso (Diskursethik), que se põe como tarefa salientar o conteúdo normativo de um uso lingüístico orientado para a compreensão, não é a referida síntese. Ao tentar demonstrar, com os meios da análise da linguagem, que o ponto de vista do julgamento imparcial de questões prático-morais — o ponto de vista moral — surge em geral dos pressupostos pragmáticos inevitáveis da argumentação, ela se filia à tradição fundada pela Crítica da razão prática. Com essa tomada de partido em favor de Kant, ela não adota, porém, aquelas premissas que forçam a ressaltar unilateralmente a iniciativa deontológica, ou seja, excluindo as intuições nas quais, com um certo direito, se concentram as iniciativas concorrentes. No que se segue, importa para mim o direito relativo daqueles três aspectos sob os quais podemos fazer um uso, a cada momento diferençado, da razão prática. Gostaria de mostrar isso pela via de uma análise dos tipos de argumentação a eles correspondentes.
Thermal design and verification of the large-temperature-difference space optical system

The Wide-field Aurora Imaging Camera (WAIC) with a large-temperature-difference (LTD) optical system is to provide an opportunity to obtain the light intensity map of the aurora. And thus an appropriate thermal design for the compact LTD space optical system is necessary. Depending on the character of the optics, several optical components temperature indexes were achieved. The temperature level of the BaF2 filter should be high at 107–140 degree Celsius, but the best temperature of the mirrors is just at 20–40 degree Celsius. These present a challenging thermal control problem. We introduced thermal design for all optical components in details. Especially, the thermal design for the high temperature BaF2 filter took the great thermal resistance design approach to maintain the BaF2 filter within allowable temperature limits and minimize the influence on the temperature of the other optics. Subsequently, the camera finite element thermal model was established and the thermal test was also carried on. The results indicated that under the cold and hot extreme cases the filter average temperature could reach 106.5 degree Celsius and 139.0 degree Celsius, the control temperature precision was less than 2.5 degree Celsius and the temperature stability was less than 1.5 degree Celsius/2min. The temperature index of the mirrors and detector window also could be satisfied. Thermal design of the LTD space optical system with a large temperature difference is feasible and reasonable.
Age effects and gender differences on post-conflict reconciliation in preschool children

[We studied conflict management and post-conflict affiliative interactions (reconciliation) in 3-to-6 year-old preschool children. We found development in reconciliatory proficiency with age for boys, but girls reconciled at similar levels throughout the age span. After peer conflict, 3-year-old boys were less likely to reconcile than same-aged girls, or as boys aged 4–6 years. Gender differences were not manifested in older same-age-groups (4–6-year olds). Younger boys (3–4-year olds) experienced higher reconciliation rates in conflicts with older boys (5–6-year olds) than in conflicts with same aged boys. We found no significant age or gender effects in distribution of reconciliatory repertoire or frequency of non-affiliative conflict management strategies (aggression and displacement activities, indicative of stress responses). However, 6-year-old children were more likely than younger children to mediate in conflicts in which they were not opponents, but had witnessed. Though not confirmed statistically, this phenomenon appeared more pronounced in girls than boys. Together, our results suggest that at 3 years of age, preschool children employ sophisticated behaviours to resolve conflicts, displaying remarkable receptiveness and responsiveness to reconciliatory behaviours exhibited by older opponents. , We studied conflict management and post-conflict affiliative interactions (reconciliation) in 3-to-6 year-old preschool children. We found development in reconciliatory proficiency with age for boys, but girls reconciled at similar levels throughout the age span. After peer conflict, 3-year-old boys were less likely to reconcile than same-aged girls, or as boys aged 4–6 years. Gender differences were not manifested in older same-age-groups (4–6-year olds). Younger boys (3–4-year olds) experienced higher reconciliation rates in conflicts with older boys (5–6-year olds) than in conflicts with same aged boys. We found no significant age or gender effects in distribution of reconciliatory repertoire or frequency of non-affiliative conflict management strategies (aggression and displacement activities, indicative of stress responses). However, 6-year-old children were more likely than younger children to mediate in conflicts in which they were not opponents, but had witnessed. Though not confirmed statistically, this phenomenon appeared more pronounced in girls than boys. Together, our results suggest that at 3 years of age, preschool children employ sophisticated behaviours to resolve conflicts, displaying remarkable receptiveness and responsiveness to reconciliatory behaviours exhibited by older opponents. ]
The KIT English-French translation systems for IWSLT 2011

This paper presents the KIT system participating in the English! French TALK Translation tasks in the framework of the IWSLT 2011 machine translation evaluation. Our system is a phrase-based translation system using POS-based reordering extended with many additional features. First of all, a special preprocessing is devoted to the Giga corpus in order to minimize the effect of the great amount of noise it contains. In addition, the system gives more importance to the in-domain data by adapting the translation and the language models as well as by using a wordcluster language model. Furthermore, the system is extended by a bilingual language model and a discriminative word lexicon. The automatic speech transcription input usually has no or wrong punctuation marks, therefore these marks were especially removed from the source training data for the SLT system training.
Participation in research: Reference, or advisory, groups involving disabled people: reflections from three contrasting research projects

Increasingly in recent years, the involvement of disabled people as co-researchers has been regarded as ‘good practice’. This has been informed by growing participatory and emancipatory research paradigms as well as user-focused policy imperatives. The benefits of these shifts apply to the research itself (improved definition, direction, applicability and impact), to non-disabled researchers (personal growth and enhanced understanding of the reflexive research process), to people with disabilities involved as researchers or collaborators (personal growth and enhanced opportunities), and (if externally funded) to the funder whose ways of operating are likely to be challenged profoundly. In this paper, Ann Lewis, Sarah Parsons and Christopher Robertson (based at the University of Birmingham), Anthony Feiler, Beth Tarleton and Debby Watson (based at the University of Bristol) and Richard Byers, Jill Davies, Ann Fergusson and Claire Marvin (based at the University of Cambridge) discuss the work of three independent research teams carrying out concurrent projects. The authors share their experiences of trying to take seriously the participation of disabled people in research. All three projects were informed, to a significant degree, by their respective reference groups of disabled people. The work of these groups in each of the three projects is outlined and then discussed in relation to five common themes: formal contracts with members of reference groups; considerations concerning drawing on an established reference group; planning for reference group involvement; style of reference group involvement; and building on good practice.
How school counselors perceive students’ underachievement

Although providing support to underachievers has always been an important domain of activities of school counselors in school, there are almost no studies in our country that focus on the opinion of school counselors on the problem of underachievement. The aim of our research was to get acquainted with the meanings that school counselors ascribe to underachievement. The points of our interest were how school counselors define this phenomenon, how they describe an underachiever and what their experiences in working with these students are. The research sample was convenient and included 34 school counselors from 24 secondary schools in Serbia. We used a semi-structured interview, and qualitative thematic analysis was performed on the collected material. Research findings indicate that the majority of school counselors define underachievement as the lack of ability or readiness of individuals to respond to the demands set by school. When describing an underachiever a number of school counselors speak only about his/her behaviour, while a small number also mention the mechanisms underlying such behaviour. When it comes to their experience in working with underachievers, a considerable number of school counselors pointed to the complexity and delicacy of their own role in the process of selection of adequate support strategies. The obtained findings, among other things, suggest that it is necessary that school counselors re-examine those personal beliefs about underachieve­ment which can be a serious impediment to solving this problem. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 47008: Unapređivanje kvaliteta i dostupnosti obrazovanja u procesima modernizacije Srbije i br. 179034: Od podsticanja inicijative, saradnje i stvaralastva u obrazovanju do novih uloga i identiteta u drustvu]
Clinical diagnoses and disability in cognitively impaired older persons

A sample of 126 elderly persons with cognitive impairment who were living in the community were clinically assessed for severity on a range of illnesses: somatic, psychiatric, neurodegenerative. At the same time, their disability was examined by self‐report and via informant report. The domains of disability that were investigated were personal care, instrumental activities and social functioning. The key findings were that most of the variation in disability in each domain was accounted for by the clinical diagnoses. Analysis of informant data (N = 90) showed that social functioning was affected by behavioural impairment and depression, performance in instrumental activities was affected by extrapyramidal gait disorder, cognitive impairment, behavioural impairment and depression, while personal care was affected by extrapyramidal gait disorder, cognitive impairment, depression and arthritis. Similar results were obtained with subject data (N = 126) on scales of instrumental activities and personal care: disability in instrumental activities was associated with diagnoses of extrapyramidal gait disorder, cognitive impairment, behavioural impairment and stroke, while personal care was affected by extrapyramidal gait disorder, peripheral vascular disease and stroke. In this population, neuropsychiatric disturbances (disorders of cognition, behaviour and mood) and extrapyramidal gait disorders are major independent predictions of disability. Somatic disorders have a lesser impact.
Some Examinations of Intrinsic Methods for Summary Evaluation Based on the Text Summarization Challenge (TSC)

Computer-produced summaries have traditionally been evaluated by comparing them with human-produced summaries using the Fmeasure. However, the F-measure is not appropriate when alternative sentences are possible in a human-produced extract. In this paper, we examine some evaluation methods devised to overcome the problem, including utility-based evaluation. By giving scores for moderately important sentences that does not appear in the human-produced extract, utility-based evaluation can resolve the problem. However, the method requires much effort from humans to provide data for evaluation. In this paper, we first propose a pseudo-utilitybased evaluation that uses human-produced extracts at different compression ratios. To evaluate the effectiveness of pseudo-utility-based evaluation, we compare our method and the F-measure using the data of the Text Summarization Challenge (TSC), and show that pseudoutility-based evaluation can resolve this problem. Next, we focus on content-based evaluation. Instead of measuring the ratio of sentences that match exactly in the extract, the method evaluates extracts by comparing their content words to those of human-produced extracts. Although the method has been reported to be effective in resolving the problem, it has not been examined in the context of comparing two extracts produced from different systems. We evaluated computer-produced summaries by content-based evaluation, and compared the results with a subjective evaluation. We found that the evaluation by content-based measure matched those by subjective evaluation in 93% of the cases, if the gap in content-based scores between two summaries is more than 0.2.
ALUMINUM ADJUVANT LINKED TO GULF WAR SYNDROME INDUCES MOTOR NEURON DEATH IN MICE

Gulf War Syndrome (GWS) affects a high percentage of veterans of the 1991 conflict, but its origins remain unknown. One neurological complication of GWS is an increased incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). While many environmental factors have been linked to GWS, the role of the anthrax vaccine administered to deployed troops has come under increasing scrutiny. Among the vaccine's potentially toxic components are the adjuvant aluminum hydroxide and squalene. To examine whether these materials might contribute to neurologic toxicity, we injected young male colony CD-1 mice with these adjuvants at doses equivalent to those given to service personnel. Mice were subjected to a battery of motor and cognitive behavioral tests over a six month period. Following sacrifice, CNS tissue was examined using immunohistochemistry for evidence of neural death. Behavioral testing showed both motor and cognitive functions were impacted by the tested adjuvants to differing degrees. Apoptotic neurons were identified in lumbar spinal cord and motor cortex in the groups receiving the adjuvants. Aluminum injected animals also showed a significant increase of astrocytes in the lumbar spinal cord. Our findings suggest a possible role for either or both compounds in some neurological features associated with GWS.
Visualizing the Yield Pattern for Multi Class Classification

This research attempts to generate an automatic prediction model in a hard disk media manufacturing process. This is to be done without human visual interpretation. Our research demonstrates that it can be achieved by visualizing the historical temporal data pattern generated from the inspection machine. From there, the data pattern is transformed and mapped into machine learning algorithm for training. In this paper, we have introduced the pattern visualization technique with trinary and quinary number and compared them with our previous binary pattern visualization technique. This is to deal with multi class classification. The result implied that, the performance of the multi class classification can be improved when all class instances were made higher in quantity and balance. Quinary pattern visualization techniques performed better compared with binary and trinary patterns when the multi class instances were made balanced and were significantly at higher quantity.