Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Selective conversion of syngas to light olefins

Small olefins from syngas The conversion of coal or natural gas to liquid fuels or chemicals often proceeds through the production of CO and H2. This mixture, known as syngas, is then converted to hydrocarbons with Fischer-Tropsch catalysts. For the light olefins (ethylene to butylenes) needed for chemical and polymer synthesis, conventional catalysts are mechanistically limited to <60% conversion and deactivate through carbon buildup. Jiao et al. developed a bifunctional catalyst that achieves higher conversions and avoids deactivation (see the Perspective by de Jong). A zinc-chromium oxide creates ketene intermediates that are then coupled over a zeolite. Science, this issue p. 1065, see also p. 1030 A composite catalyst circumvents conventional limitations on the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of light olefins from syngas. [Also see Perspective by de Jong] Although considerable progress has been made in direct synthesis gas (syngas) conversion to light olefins (C2=–C4=) via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS), the wide product distribution remains a challenge, with a theoretical limit of only 58% for C2–C4 hydrocarbons. We present a process that reaches C2=–C4= selectivity as high as 80% and C2–C4 94% at carbon monoxide (CO) conversion of 17%. This is enabled by a bifunctional catalyst affording two types of active sites with complementary properties. The partially reduced oxide surface (ZnCrOx) activates CO and H2, and C−C coupling is subsequently manipulated within the confined acidic pores of zeolites. No obvious deactivation is observed within 110 hours. Furthermore, this composite catalyst and the process may allow use of coal- and biomass-derived syngas with a low H2/CO ratio.
Atypical bronchopulmonary carcinoids show a tendency toward increased apoptotic and proliferative activity

Bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors can be divided into typical and atypical carcinoids according to their histologic and clinical features. Atypical carcinoids tend to have less predictable biologic behavior and are associated with a worse prognosis than typical carcinoids. The authors examined apoptosis and the expression of apoptosis regulating proteins Bcl‐2, Bax, Bak, and Mcl‐1 in 21 typical and 10 atypical bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors. To find features distinguishing the growth of these types of tumors, the expression of p53 protein and the proliferation marker Ki‐67 were also investigated. Finally, the parameters were compared with clinical follow‐up data.
Alternatives for cardiac rehabilitation patients unable to return to a hospital-based program.

OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of a home exercise program using transtelephonic exercise monitoring (TEM). DESIGN Prospective, two-group experimental, random assignment. SETTING Urban centered hospital and surrounding community. SUBJECTS Twenty cardiac rehabilitation patients entering a Phase II cardiac rehabilitation program. OUTCOME MEASURES Maximal oxygen consumption, blood pressure, pressure-rate product, workload. INTERVENTION Twenty male cardiac patients were randomly enrolled in either a 12-week home- or hospital-based exercise program. Maximal exercise tolerance tests were conducted, before and after exercise intervention, on a computer-driven bicycle ergometer. Subjects trained 3 days per week for 12 weeks on a bicycle ergometer for a maximum of 35 minutes at 75% of maximum heart rate reserve or functional capacity. RESULTS Posttraining results showed significant improvement in cardiac function for both groups. Two patients in the TEM group developed new arrhythmias while exercising that required medication changes; however, no medical emergencies arose in either exercise group. Independent Student t test showed no significant difference between groups before or after training. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that TEM is an effective alternative for the rehabilitation of patients who are unable to return to a hospital-based program.
Application of a faith-based integration tool to assess mental and physical health interventions

Background To build on current research involving faith-based interventions (FBIs) for addressing mental and physical health, this study a) reviewed the extent to which relevant publications integrate faith concepts with health and b) initiated analysis of the degree of FBI integration with intervention outcomes. Methods Derived from a systematic search of articles published between 2007 and 2017, 36 studies were assessed with a Faith-Based Integration Assessment Tool (FIAT) to quantify faith-health integration. Basic statistical procedures were employed to determine the association of faith-based integration with intervention outcomes. Results The assessed studies possessed (on average) moderate, inconsistent integration because of poor use of faith measures, and moderate, inconsistent use of faith practices. Analysis procedures for determining the effect of FBI integration on intervention outcomes were inadequate for formulating practical conclusions. Conclusions Regardless of integration, interventions were associated with beneficial outcomes. To determine the link between FBI integration and intervention outcomes, additional analyses are needed.
Estimación cuantitativa de la economía sumergida en España

En este trabajo se presentan estimaciones de la economia sumergida en Espana para el periodo 1973-1996. El trabajo es una continuacion de trabajos anteriores del primer autor, y se fundamenta en el enfoque denominado currency demand approach, o de demanda de efectivo. Los resultados fundamentales son: 1) el tamano de la economia sumergida es aproximadamente un 16% de la contabilizada, aunque la variabilidad de la estimacion es considerable; 2) los aumentos de la presion fiscal no se traducen en aumentos equivalentes de la recaudacion, pues parte de la economia legal pasa a sumergirse, como resultado del incremento de la presion fiscal, y, 3) la tasa de variacion del PIB legal, es una medida adecuada del crecimiento de la economia total, legal y sumergida.
Effects of Gradual-Elastic Compression Stockings on Running Economy, Kinematics, and Performance in Runners

Varela-Sanz, A, España, J, Carr, N, Boullosa, DA, and Esteve-Lanao, J. Effects of gradual-elastic compression stockings on running economy, kinematics and performance in runners. J Strength Cond Res 25(10): 2902–2910, 2011—We investigated the effect of gradual-elastic compression stockings (GCSs) on running economy (RE), kinematics, and performance in endurance runners. Sixteen endurance trained athletes (age: 34.73 ± 6.27 years; &OV0312;O2max: 62.83 ± 9.03 ml·kg−1·min−1; 38 minutes in 10 km; 1 hour 24 minutes in half marathon) performed in random order 4 bouts of 6 minutes at a recent half-marathon pace on a treadmill to evaluate RE with or without GCSs. Subsequently, 12 athletes were divided into 2 equal groups matched by their &OV0312;O2max, and they performed a time limit test (Tlim) on a treadmill at 105% of a recent 10-km pace with or without GCSs for evaluation of physiological responses and running kinematics. There were no significant differences in the RE test in all of the variables analyzed for the conditions, but a moderate reproducibility for some physiological responses was detected in the condition with GCSs. In the Tlim, the group that wore GCSs reached a lower % of maximum heart rate (HRmax) compared with the control group (96.00 ± 2.94 vs. 99.83 ± 0.40) (p = 0.01). Kinematics did not differ between conditions during the Tlim (p > 0.05). There were improvement trends for time to fatigue (337 vs. 387 seconds; d = 0.32) and a lower &OV0312;O2peak (≈53 vs. 62 ml·kg−1·min−1; d = 1.19) that were detected with GCSs during the Tlim. These results indicate that GCSs reduce the % of HRmax reached during a test at competition pace. The lower reproducibility of the condition with GCSs perhaps suggests that athletes may possibly need an accommodation period for systematically experiencing the benefits of this garment, but this hypothesis should be further investigated.
Dietary Patterns and Levels of Blood Pressure and Serum Lipids in a Japanese Population

Background Associations between dietary patterns and cardiovascular disease risk factors remain unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between dietary patterns derived from factor analysis and the levels of blood pressure and serum lipids in a Japanese population. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis among 6886 (in the analysis on blood pressure) and 7641 (in the analysis on serum lipids) Japanese subjects aged 40-69 years. Dietary patterns were identified from a food frequency questionnaire by factor analysis. Associations between dietary patterns and blood pressure and serum lipids were examined after taking potential confounders into account. Results Three dietary patterns were identified: vegetable, meat, and Western. In men, the meat pattern was associated with higher total, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. The Western pattern was associated with higher total and LDL cholesterol. In women, the vegetable pattern was associated with lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse pressure, and higher HDL cholesterol. The meat pattern was associated with higher total and HDL cholesterol. The Western pattern was associated with higher total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol, and the least intake pattern of Western diet was associated with higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Conclusions Dietary patterns of a Japanese population were related to cardiovascular disease risk factors, especially in women.
A hybrid bidirectional DC-DC converter for dual-voltage automotive systems

With the increasing power demand of automotive systems, a 42V power system has the trend to coexist with the traditional 14V system in order to decrease the system current stress. In the dual-voltage and dual-battery architecture, a compact, high efficient and bidirectional DC/DC converter is typically needed. In this paper, a hybrid bidirectional DC-DC converter for 42/14V dual-voltage automotive systems is presented. This converter is a hybrid combination of a switched-capacitor converter and an inductor-based converter with low number of components, whose input current ripple and peak charging current are small with the help of the inductor. The nominal duty cycle for the 42/14V system is 0.5, so it will not go to extreme values even if the battery is overcharged to a higher voltage value or is depleted to a lower voltage value, therefore increasing the voltage-gain range and ensuring high efficiency. A comprehensive analysis of steady-state operation, small signal model and component stress is given. A 42/14V prototype rated at 20∼120W with a peak efficiency of 97.8% in boost mode and 98.3% in buck mode was built to verify the analyses.
Molecular Basis of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Evasion of the Innate Immune Response in the Bladder

ABSTRACT In the urinary tract, the innate immune system detects conserved bacterial components and responds to infection by activating the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-κB, resulting in cytokine secretion and neutrophil recruitment. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), however, has been shown to evade the host innate immune response by suppressing NF-κB activation in urothelial cells, which results in decreased cytokine secretion and increased urothelial apoptosis. To understand the molecular basis of UPEC modulation of inflammation, we performed a genetic screen with UPEC strain NU14 to identify genes which are required for modulation of urothelial cytokine secretion. Disruption of ampG (peptidoglycan permease), waaL (lipopolysaccharide O antigen ligase), or alr (alanine racemase) resulted in increased urothelial interleukin-8 (IL-8) and IL-6 release from urothelial cell cultures. Targeted deletion of these genes also resulted in elevated urothelial cytokine production during UPEC infection. Conditioned media from bacterial cultures of NU14 ΔampG and NU14 ΔwaaL contained a heat-stable factor(s) which stimulated greater urothelial IL-8 secretion than that in NU14-conditioned medium. In a mouse model of urinary tract infection, NU14 ΔampG, NU14 ΔwaaL, and NU14 Δalr were attenuated compared to wild-type NU14 and showed reduced fitness in competition experiments. Instillation of NU14 ΔampG or NU14 ΔwaaL increased bladder neutrophil recruitment, indicating that enhanced urothelial cytokine secretion during urinary tract infection results in an altered host response. Thus, UPEC evasion of innate immune detection of bacterial components, such as lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan fragments, is likely an important factor in the ability of UPEC to colonize the urinary tract.
What can prevalence studies tell us about female sexual difficulty and dysfunction?

INTRODUCTION Many recent studies have investigated the prevalence of female sexual difficulty/dysfunction. AIM Investigate female sexual difficulty/dysfunction using data from prevalence studies. METHODS We reviewed published prevalence studies excluding those that had not included each category of sexual difficulty (desire, arousal, orgasm, and pain), were based on convenience sampling, or had a response rate <50% or a sample size <100. Main Outcome Measures. For each study we used the prevalence of any sexual difficulty as the denominator and calculated the proportion of women reporting each type of difficulty. For each category of sexual difficulty we used the prevalence of that difficulty lasting 1 month or more as the denominator and calculated the proportion of difficulties lasting several months or more and 6 months or more. RESULTS Only 11 of 1,248 studies identified met our inclusion criteria. These studies used different measures of sexual dysfunction, so generating a simple summary prevalence was not possible. However, we observed consistent patterns in the published data. Among women with any sexual difficulty, on average, 64% (range 16-75%) experienced desire difficulty, 35% (range 16- 48%) experienced orgasm difficulty, 31% (range 12-64%) experienced arousal difficulty, and 26% (range 7-58%) experienced sexual pain. Of the sexual difficulties that occurred for 1 month or more in the previous year, 62-89% persisted for at least several months and 25-28% persisted for 6 months or more. Two studies investigated distress. Only a proportion of women with sexual difficulty were distressed by it (21-67%). CONCLUSIONS Desire difficulty is the most common sexual difficulty experienced by women. While the majority of difficulties last for less than 6 months, up to a third persist for 6 months or more. Sexual difficulties do not always cause distress. Consequently, prevalence estimates will vary depending on the time frame specified by researchers and whether distress is included in these estimates.
Geometric Data of Hallux Valgus Feet

The aim of this study is to find basic quantitative geometric data that may contribute to the understanding of the etiology of hallux valgus. Embalmed specimens with existing hallux valgus (N = 39) were dissected; 28 variables were measured with a Vernier caliper gauge and toe goniometer. Correlations between pairs of independent variables were calculated. Linear dependency of the hallux angle, varus angle, and the width of the forefoot on a number of independent variables was analyzed by multiple linear regression. A least squares method and a stepwise procedure were used. The distance from the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus muscle to the head of the first metatarsal bone explains more than other variables the variation in hallux angle and width of the forefoot. A widened forefoot is significantly correlated with both hallux and varus angles. The interrelation of the predictor parameters illustrates the complicated hallux valgus phenomenon.
Sleep to find your way: The role of sleep in the consolidation of memory for navigation in humans

Although a large body of evidence indicates that sleep plays an important role in learning and memory processes, the actual existence of a sleep‐dependent spatial memory consolidation has been not firmly established. Here, by using a computerized 3D virtual navigation tool, we were able to show that topographical orientation in humans largely benefits from sleep after learning, while 10 h of wakefulness during the daytime do not exert similar beneficial effects. In particular, navigation performance enhancement needs sleep in the first post‐training night, and no further improvements were seen after a second night of sleep. On the other hand, sleep deprivation hinders any performance enhancement and exerts a proactive disruption of spatial memory consolidation, since recovery sleep do not revert its effects. Spatial memory performance does not benefit from the simple passage of time, and a period of wakefulness between learning and sleep does not seem to have the role of stabilizing memory traces. In conclusion, our results indicate that spatial performance improvement is observed only when learning is followed by a period of sleep, regardless of the retention interval length. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two colinear and spliced viral transcripts are present in non-virus-producing benign and malignant neoplasms induced by the shope (rabbit) papilloma virus

The nature of Shope virus-specific RNA was investigated in non-virus-producing Shope (rabbit) papilloma virus-induced benign and malignant domestic rabbit tumors and in a cell line derived from the VX-7 transplantable carcinoma. RNA transfer (Northern) blot analysis of polyadenylated RNA isolated from whole cell extracts of all three sources was resolved into two major bands of 1.3 and 2.0 kilobases. Two additional minor bands of 3.5 and 4.8 kilobases could be seen in some analyses. RNA of the VX-7 cell line was further separated into nuclear, cytoplasmic, and polysomal fractions. The cytoplasmic fraction only contained the 1.3- and 2.0-kilobase species, and virus-specific RNA was found to be associated with polysomes. The two major transcripts present in VX-7 cells were mapped by hybridization of RNA transfer blots with subgenomic probes, and the results indicated that both transcripts are spliced and are most likely colinear. Our results are consistent with the suggestion that the two viral transcripts are necessary for induction and maintenance of the neoplasms.
Dynamic behavior of surface charge on double-layer oil-paper insulation under pulse voltage

Oil-paper insulation system is an extraordinarily essential system of converter transformers as well as HVDC bushings. When the system changes its state, such as switching the thyristors, operating over-voltage appears, and the charge will deform the dielectric internal electric field, thus easily leading to the occurrence of discharge or insulation failure, so charge accumulation and dissipation on oil-paper insulation under pulse voltage need more investigation. This paper studies the surface charge behavior on double-layer oil-paper insulation under pulse voltage and inducing electrification was used to charge the oil-paper composite. Studies of various voltage amplitudes, pulse frequencies, numbers and polarities showed that the decay is fast initially, and then becomes slower with the time. Eventually the dissipation of charge behaviors tends to be flat. With the increase of voltage amplitudes, the surface potential rises, and less positive charges are accumulated on the surface than negative charges. The increase of the pulse frequency causes the initial values of surface potential a little smaller and the charge to dissipate more quickly. Also, with the increase of pulse numbers, the initial value gets bigger and the surface charge would be slowly dissipated. From the tdV/dt and decay time curves, the figures of positive voltage usually have two peaks, while there is only one peak in most of the curves under the negative one. With the increase of voltage amplitudes, the charge will dissipate more quickly. Additionally, the peak value and the characteristic time increase with the reduction of pulse frequency and the addition of numbers.
Nectin-Like Interactions between Poliovirus and Its Receptor Trigger Conformational Changes Associated with Cell Entry

ABSTRACT Poliovirus infection is initiated by attachment to a receptor on the cell surface called Pvr or CD155. At physiological temperatures, the receptor catalyzes an irreversible expansion of the virus to form an expanded form of the capsid called the 135S particle. This expansion results in the externalization of the myristoylated capsid protein VP4 and the N-terminal extension of the capsid protein VP1, both of which become inserted into the cell membrane. Structures of the expanded forms of poliovirus and of several related viruses have recently been reported. However, until now, it has been unclear how receptor binding triggers viral expansion at physiological temperature. Here, we report poliovirus in complex with an enzymatically partially deglycosylated form of the 3-domain ectodomain of Pvr at a 4-Å resolution, as determined by cryo-electron microscopy. The interaction of the receptor with the virus in this structure is reminiscent of the interactions of Pvr with its natural ligands. At a low temperature, the receptor induces very few changes in the structure of the virus, with the largest changes occurring within the footprint of the receptor, and in a loop of the internal protein VP4. Changes in the vicinity of the receptor include the displacement of a natural lipid ligand (called “pocket factor”), demonstrating that the loss of this ligand, alone, is not sufficient to induce particle expansion. Finally, analogies with naturally occurring ligand binding in the nectin family suggest which specific structural rearrangements in the virus-receptor complex could help to trigger the irreversible expansion of the capsid. IMPORTANCE The cell-surface receptor (Pvr) catalyzes a large structural change in the virus that exposes membrane-binding protein chains. We fitted known atomic models of the virus and Pvr into three-dimensional experimental maps of the receptor-virus complex. The molecular interactions we see between poliovirus and its receptor are reminiscent of the nectin family, by involving the burying of otherwise-exposed hydrophobic groups. Importantly, poliovirus expansion is regulated by the binding of a lipid molecule within the viral capsid. We show that receptor binding either causes this molecule to be expelled or requires it, but that its loss is not sufficient to trigger irreversible expansion. Based on our model, we propose testable hypotheses to explain how the viral shell becomes destabilized, leading to RNA uncoating. These findings give us a better understanding of how poliovirus has evolved to exploit a natural process of its host to penetrate the membrane barrier.