Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multiple correlates of cigarette use among high school students.

A cross-sectional survey research design measured factors related to cigarette use among 2,212 senior high school students. Results showed 14.3% of the sample smoked cigarettes at least occasionally, with 5.3% reporting they were daily smokers. About 12.8% indicated they were ex-smokers. Males and females smoked at almost equal rates, and the percentage of 10th grade student smokers was slightly higher (16.4%) than the percentage of juniors and seniors who smoked. Approximately 22% of Hispanic students, 15% of Caucasian students, and 4.5% of African-American students reported smoking cigarettes at least occasionally. An initial regression analysis used 21 variables to predict cigarette smoking. A more parsimonious regression model (R2 = .28), using variables from the initial regression analysis with significance levels of . 01 or less, indicated the most important predictors of cigarette use were ethnic group, attitude toward females who smoke, close friends' use of cigarettes, personal use of marijuana, best friend's use of cigarettes, personal use of alcohol, and school self-esteem. Implications for school health programs are addressed.
Neuro-Physiologically-Driven Adaptive Automation to Improve Decision Making Under Stress

The advent of netted communications and a wide array of battlefield sensors is enabling real-time information streaming and asset management. However, the burden of information management is placed solely on the receiver of the information. Honeywell Laboratories developed a Communications Scheduler (CoS), an adaptive information management system for the dismounted Soldier, driven by an assessment of the individual's current cognitive capacity to process incoming information, in order to improve decision making under high task load conditions. An evaluation was conducted to demonstrate whether cognitive capacity to perform under differing task loads could be detected using neuro-physiological sensors and then if the adaptive automation would appropriately regulate information flow. Results revealed an improvement in primary task performance, no degradation in concurrent secondary tasks, and lower subjective workload ratings while performing cognitively challenging working memory tasks with the CoS, although a slight loss in situation awareness of lower priority message was found. The appropriate allocation of cognitive resources is key to managing multiple tasks, focusing on the most important ones, and maintaining overall situation awareness.
UCLog+ : A Security Data Management System for Correlating Alerts, Incidents, and Raw Data From Remote Logs

Source data for computer network security analysis takes different forms (alerts, incidents, logs) and each source may be voluminous. Due to the challenge this presents for data management, this has often lead to security stovepipe operations which focus primarily on a small number of data sources for analysis with little or no automated correlation between data sources (although correlation may be done manually). We seek to address this systemic problem. In previous work we developed a unified correlated logging system (UCLog) that automatically processes alerts from different devices. We take this work one step further by presenting the architecture and applications of UCLog+ which adds the new capability to correlate between alerts and incidents and raw data located on remote logs. UCLog+ can be used for forensic analysis including queries and report generation but more importantly it can be used for near-real-time situational awareness of attack patterns in progress. The system, implemented with open source tools, can also be a repository for secure information sharing by different organizations.
Impacts of nitrogen application rates on the activity and diversity of denitrifying bacteria in the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment

Bacterial denitrification results in the loss of fertilizer nitrogen and greenhouse gas emissions as nitrous oxides, but ecological factors in soil influencing denitrifier communities are not well understood, impeding the potential for mitigation by land management. Communities vary in the relative abundance of the alternative dissimilatory nitrite reductase genes nirK and nirS, and the nitrous oxide reductase gene nosZ; however, the significance for nitrous oxide emissions is unclear. We assessed the influence of different long-term fertilization and cultivation treatments in a 160-year-old field experiment, comparing the potential for denitrification by soil samples with the size and diversity of their denitrifier communities. Denitrification potential was much higher in soil from an area left to develop from arable into woodland than from a farmyard manure-fertilized arable treatment, which in turn was significantly higher than inorganic nitrogen-fertilized and unfertilized arable plots. This correlated with abundance of nirK but not nirS, the least abundant of the genes tested in all soils, showing an inverse relationship with nirK. Most genetic variation was seen in nirK, where sequences resolved into separate groups according to soil treatment. We conclude that bacteria containing nirK are most probably responsible for the increased denitrification potential associated with nitrogen and organic carbon in this soil.
Logarithmic Sobolev inequality for diffusion semigroups

Through the main example of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck semigroup, the Bakry-Emery criterion is presented as a main tool to get functional inequalities as Poincar\'e or logarithmic Sobolev inequalities. Moreover an alternative method using the optimal mass transportation, is also given to obtain the logarithmic Sobolev inequality.
RECENT CHANGES IN METHODS OF TEACHING POLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

In his discussion of the latest Polish language textbooks available in the United States, A. Gorski1 notes an interesting similarity in their methods, even though they come from three different countries: the U.S.A. , Poland, and Great Britain. This similarity consists in a gradual departure from and modification of the grammatical program, which has until recently domi nated teaching of Polish as a foreign language. Gorski's ascertainment, cited in the introduction to his article, seems to be correct, even more so from a Polish viewpoint, where new material in this field (textbooks, scholarly works and articles) which is usually unavailable in America, can also be considered. This article will discuss changes which have occurred between 1978 and 1983 in the teaching of Polish to foreigners. An attempt will be made to explain the changes in scholarship and teaching methodology which have occurred in this field, including some work unknown outside Poland. We will begin with an explanation of the dates defining this period in Pol ish teaching. If we acknowledge the year 1983 as incidental, since it marks the time this article was written (early 1984), 1978 certainly is not: Organi zational decisions made in 1976 led to the initiation of "centrally guided" research (funded by various ministries and the Polish Academy of Sciences), with two specific themes: the teaching of Polish to students of Polish de scent, and the teaching of Polish as a foreign language. Scholarship was coordinated around two centers: Jagellonian University's Polonia Research Institute (Instytut Badan Polonijnych), and Warsaw University's Institute of Applied Linguistics and Department of Polish Philology. This research, for which a considerable amount of funding was allocated, began showing re sults from 1978, including a steady increase in the number of publications during the following years. It should be noted, however, that organizational changes and progress in research and teaching methodology were accompanied by only partial changes in the publishing process: As before 1978, completed works are published by university presses in small
Supplier Selection in Textile Industry Using Fuzzy MADM

Supplier selection, Inventory control and economy order quantity is always 1 of the most important issues in manufacturing industries and textile industry is no exception. Unfortunately traditional performances of some managers in this industry have led to bankrupting and closuring of some factories. In this study, we use fuzzy Delphi, fuzzy AHP and VIKOR under fuzzy environment as a decision tool to supplier selection. The aim of this study is develop a model with high reliability for supplier selection in textile industry. From fuzzy Delphi we extracted five essential criteria and with fuzzy AHP we weight these criteria and with VIKOR under fuzzy environment we choose the best suppliers. We construct a questionnaire for fuzzy AHP and VIKOR that it's not needed to notice cost orientation or benefit orientation of criteria. Our finding shows that five criteria; quality, location, cost, trust and delivery are the most effective criteria in textile supplier selection area. According to our proposed method suppliers s9, s15, s16, s4, s5 are the best supplier.
Working Memory and Hearing Aid Processing: Literature Findings, Future Directions, and Clinical Applications

Working memory—the ability to process and store information—has been identified as an important aspect of speech perception in difficult listening environments. Working memory can be envisioned as a limited-capacity system which is engaged when an input signal cannot be readily matched to a stored representation or template. This “mismatch” is expected to occur more frequently when the signal is degraded. Because working memory capacity varies among individuals, those with smaller capacity are expected to demonstrate poorer speech understanding when speech is degraded, such as in background noise. However, it is less clear whether (and how) working memory should influence practical decisions, such as hearing treatment. Here, we consider the relationship between working memory capacity and response to specific hearing aid processing strategies. Three types of signal processing are considered, each of which will alter the acoustic signal: fast-acting wide-dynamic range compression, which smooths the amplitude envelope of the input signal; digital noise reduction, which may inadvertently remove speech signal components as it suppresses noise; and frequency compression, which alters the relationship between spectral peaks. For fast-acting wide-dynamic range compression, a growing body of data suggests that individuals with smaller working memory capacity may be more susceptible to such signal alterations, and may receive greater amplification benefit with “low alteration” processing. While the evidence for a relationship between wide-dynamic range compression and working memory appears robust, the effects of working memory on perceptual response to other forms of hearing aid signal processing are less clear cut. We conclude our review with a discussion of the opportunities (and challenges) in translating information on individual working memory into clinical treatment, including clinically feasible measures of working memory.
Shifting Quaternary migration patterns in the Bahamian archipelago: Evidence from the Zamia pumila complex at the northern limits of the Caribbean island biodiversity hotspot.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY The Bahamas archipelago is formed by young, tectonically stable carbonate banks that harbor direct geological evidence of global ice-volume changes. We sought to detect signatures of major changes on gene flow patterns and reconstruct the phylogeographic history of the monophyletic Zamia pumila complex across the Bahamas. METHODS Nuclear molecular markers with both high and low mutation rates were used to capture two different time scale signatures and test several gene flow and demographic hypotheses. KEY RESULTS Single-copy nuclear genes unveiled apparent ancestral admixture on Andros, suggesting a significant role of this island as main hub of diversity of the archipelago. We detected demographic and spatial expansion of the Zamia pumila complex on both paleo-provinces around the Piacenzian (Pliocene)/Gelasian (Pleistocene). Populations evidenced signatures of different migration models that have occurred at two different times. Populations on Long Island (Z. lucayana) may either represent a secondary colonization of the Bahamas by Zamia or a rapid and early-divergence event of at least one population on the Bahamas. CONCLUSIONS Despite changes in migration patterns with global climate, expected heterozygosity with both marker systems remains within the range reported for cycads, but with significant levels of increased inbreeding detected by the microsatellites. This finding is likely associated with reduced gene flow between and within paleo-provinces, accompanied by genetic drift, as rising seas enforced isolation. Our study highlights the importance of the maintenance of the predominant direction of genetic exchange and the role of overseas dispersion among the islands during climate oscillations.
Older Chinese women immigrants and their leisure experiences: before and after emigration to the United States

The concept of leisure has generally focused on men. This is especially true in Chinese society where women seldom have the right to speak about leisure or mention leisure activities. For many Chinese women, the integration of household and leisure has been necessary to find meaning in life. Based on this concept, we explored older Chinese women immigrants' leisure experiences before and after their emigration to the United States and barriers that they faced in the United States. The researchers used an in-depth interview approach to discover how 9 older Chinese women immigrants interpreted their leisure. Following the in-depth interviews six themes emerged: 1. women's leisure experiences (e.g., watching TV, walking, shopping, exercising, attending church and gardening) after emigration; 2. barriers (e.g., language, transportation and cultural differences) the women experienced in the United States; 3. traditional Chinese values and their effect on the women; 4. religious activities as an important social link; 5. free time or leisure not a problem, and 6. satisfaction with life and positive attitudes toward the future. The findings are useful because more and more Chinese people are emigrating to the United States, and the number of Chinese older immigrants is increasing. In addition, the results give insight into barriers Chinese women face. This information will allow recreation, tourism and resource managers and researchers to think about how they need to market and manage their resources for this ethnic group. As for the marketing aspect, managers and planners may create promotional pieces in Chinese and hold activities for the women in parks and other recreational areas. In terms of management, they should recognize the women's unique language and cultural barriers and recruit bilingual and bicultural professionals to understand the women's needs for adequate leisure activities or programs.
Optimization of Log-Likelihood Ratio Test Based Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks

In spectrum sensing for cognitive radio networks, the secondary users should detect whether the primary user is present as soon as possible to improve the throughput of the secondary system. This paper investigates the problem of minimizing the detection time of log-likelihood ratio test based cooperative spectrum sensing under the constraints on accuracy metrics. We show that the minimum detection time can be achieved by choosing an optimum sample number. Closed-form expressions for the minimum detection time as well as the optimum sample number are deduced. Simulation results are provided to verify the validity of these expressions.
School Programs for At-Risk Children and Youth: A Review.

The present paper reviews and evaluates the available literature regarding programs that assist the at-risk student. Literature was gathered using computer searches of the ERIC, CIJE, and Psych Lit data bases, as well as manual searches from the reference sections of the journal articles and papers found regarding the topic. The programs developed to assist at-risk children consisted of both pull-out and in-class models. Effective pull-out programs to assist at-risk children, such as Chapter 1 and special education programs, were reviewed. The common elements of pull-out programs included a wide range of services such as tutoring, skill-based structured instruction, homework hot lines, and computer tracking of pupil progress. Additional findings indicated that such in-class procedures as classwide peer tutoring, direct instruction, precision teaching, cooperative learning, computer-assisted instruction, behaviorally based interventions, personalized systems of instruction, and career development were also effective models to assist the education of at-risk children and youth. From the literature reviewed, early intervention with populations identified at risk is highly recommended. Dissemination of data-based and effective procedures needs to occur at the pre-and inservice levels to assist educators in remediating academic and social deficits, as well as to prevent at-risk children from dropping out of school. Language: en
Dissociable neural effects of stimulus valence and preceding context during the inhibition of responses to emotional faces

Socially appropriate behavior requires the concurrent inhibition of actions that are inappropriate in the context. This self‐regulatory function requires an interaction of inhibitory and emotional processes that recruits brain regions beyond those engaged by either processes alone. In this study, we isolated brain activity associated with response inhibition and emotional processing in 24 healthy adults using event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a go/no‐go task that independently manipulated the context preceding no‐go trials (ie, number of go trials) and the valence (ie, happy, sad, and neutral) of the face stimuli used as trial cues. Parallel quadratic trends were seen in correct inhibitions on no‐go trials preceded by increasing numbers of go trials and associated activation for correct no‐go trials in inferior frontal gyrus pars opercularis, pars triangularis, and pars orbitalis, temporoparietal junction, superior parietal lobule, and temporal sensory association cortices. Conversely, the comparison of happy versus neutral faces and sad versus neutral faces revealed valence‐dependent activation in the amygdala, anterior insula cortex, and posterior midcingulate cortex. Further, an interaction between inhibition and emotion was seen in valence‐dependent variations in the quadratic trend in no‐go activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus and left posterior insula cortex. These results suggest that the inhibition of response to emotional cues involves the interaction of partly dissociable limbic and frontoparietal networks that encode emotional cues and use these cues to exert inhibitory control over the motor, attention, and sensory functions needed to perform the task, respectively. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic stress disorder in Veterans

One in six Army and Marine veterans of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) meet the criteria for PTSD, depression, and generalized anxiety disorder following return from combat (Hoge et al., 2004). Active Army troops and National Guardsmen together had a PTSD prevalence rate of 30.5% at 12 months following deployment, up from 20.7% at three months following deployment (Thomas et al., 2010). Combat exposure is a key risk factor as it is positively correlated (between r=.25 and .29, p PTSD is an anxiety disorder that is triggered by a psychologically distressing event that elicits intense fear, terror, and helplessness in victims (DSM-IV-TR, 2000). Individuals with PTSD find themselves persistently reliving the traumatic event, avoiding stimuli associated with the event, and experiencing a consistently high level of arousal. These symptoms must be present for at least a month before a diagnosis can be made and significantly impair social and occupational functioning (DSMIV-TR, 2000). PTSD symptom severity has been found to be highly associated with emotional numbing, confusion, altered time sense, liability of mood, and impulsivity (Halligan, Michael, Clark, & Ehlers, 2003). On the other hand, Posttraumatic Growth (PTG) is defined as positive psychological changes in response to a trauma (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1995). PTG, like PTSD, has also been found to be positively correlated (r=.29, p Specific characteristics have been identified in individuals who have experienced growth after trauma. High levels of any of five character traits are likely to be associated with PTG development: (1) interpersonal traits including humor, kindness, and leadership; (2) cognition, such as creativity and curiosity; (3) fortitude, such as honesty, bravery, and judgment; (4) temperance, such as forgiveness, modesty, and fairness; and (5) transcendence, including gratitude, hope, and zest (Peterson, Park, Pole, D'Andrea, & Seligman, 2008). Other personality characteristics including extraversion, openness, and agreeableness are positively associated with PTG development (Linley & Joseph, 2004). Particularly in veterans, effort and perseverance were positively associated with PTG development (Pietrzak et al., 2010). Greater levels of perceived harm, threat, and uncontrollability during a traumatic event are associated with higher levels of growth in survivors of trauma (Dekel et al. …
Grapheme-to-phoneme conversion based on TBL algorithm in Mandarin TTS system

Grapheme-to-phoneme (G2P) conversion is an important component in a Text-to-Speech (TTS) system. The difficulty in Chinese G2P conversion is to pick out one correct pronunciation from several candidates according to the context information. By evaluating the distribution of polyphones in a corpus with manually corrected pinyin transcriptions, this paper pointed out that the overall error rate of G2P conversion was greatly decreased after processing 78 key polyphones. This paper proposed a transformation-based error-driven learning (TBL) algorithm to solve G2P conversion for polyphones. The correct rates of G2P for polyphones, which originally have high accuracy or low accuracy, are both improved. Besides, two additional experiments show that the capacity of the TBL algorithm has great relationships with initial status and TBL algorithm is more suitable than decision tree to solve polyphones’ G2P problem.
MPC-Friendly Symmetric Key Primitives

We discuss the design of symmetric primitives, in particular Pseudo-Random Functions (PRFs) which are suitable for use in a secret-sharing based MPC system. We consider three different PRFs: the Naor-Reingold PRF, a PRF based on the Legendre symbol, and a specialized block cipher design called MiMC. We present protocols for implementing these PRFs within a secret-sharing based MPC system, and discuss possible applications. We then compare the performance of our protocols. Depending on the application, different PRFs may offer different optimizations and advantages over the classic AES benchmark. Thus, we cannot conclude that there is one optimal PRF to be used in all situations.