Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Metabolism of drugs.

The recognition that the body can cause marked structural changes on a foreign chemical dates back more than a hundred years ago when hippuric acid was identified in the urine of animals that had ingested benzoic acid. Even before the beginning of the present century, there were records in chemical archives testifying that the body can introduce a hydroxyl group on the aromatic ring of a fraudulent molecule and oxidize a side chain methyl group to an alcohol and, further, to a carboxylic acid. It was established that the body can also form additional products by attaching sulfate, glucuronic acid, N-acetyl-cystein, or methyl and acetyl groups. These discoveries came early because body chemistry was a part of the early development of organic chemistry, with the former serving to give the latter much of its early momentum. The introduction of a few drugs with interesting new structures at the time of World War I caused a shift of emphasis away from research on the metabolism of general organic molecules to the study of the metabolism of these new agents. The drug industry was remarkably succesful in discovering new drugs after World War II and during the 1950's. This high productivity provided additional fodder to nourish the science of drug metabolism and saw its emergence as a recognized subspeciality of drug research. Today, the study of drug metabolism is a major scientific discipline that holds the attention of a team of pharmacologists, organic chemists, biochemists, and clinicians in most pharmaceutical company research laboratories and in medical schools. An appreciation for the extent of their activities comes from the realization that over 500 papers were published on some aspect of research performed in this field last year. Drug metabolism is not confined to measuring drug absorption and excretion rates and determining the chemical structure of the metabolites. It has been broadened into a consideration of the nature of the special enzyme systems that catalyze chemical changes on drugs and the many factors that influence this activity. There are many objectives in drug metabolism research. It is the purpose of this paper to sketch in more detail the various aspects of this fascinating new science.
Environmental Noise and Annoyance in Adult Population of Skopje: A Cross-Sectional Study

Environmental Noise and Annoyance in Adult Population of Skopje: A Cross-Sectional Study The aim of this study was to identify noise exposure indicators during day and night in the city of Skopje and to see if there is an association between these noise exposure indicators and annoyance. We have performed noise measurements and interviewed 510 adult subjects, using a questionnaire, prepared according to the ISO/TS-15666 standard. Average noise level over the day (Lday) was (62±6.45) dB(A) and over night (Lnight) (56±6.52) dB(A). Thirteen percent of subjects reported a high level, and 33.5% moderate level of annoyance. The most annoying noise sources were construction activities (34% of the subjects), road traffic (24%), and leisure/entertainment activities (18%). We found a significant association between exposure to Lday in the range 61 dB(A) to 65 dB(A) and annoyance in the exposed population (chi-square = 86.14; p<0.001; Spearman's R=0.45; p<0.05). During the night time annoyance was reported with exposure to Lnight above 46 dB(A). Levels of annoyance in Macedonia are similar to levels in developed European countries. Differences are in the source of noise. This study has shown that environmental noise is a significant hazard in urban environments, and assessment of annoyance may prove a useful tool for town planners and public health policy makers. Utjecaj buke u okolišu na uzrujanost odraslih stanovnika Skopja: presječno istraživanje Cilj ovog ispitivanja bio je utvrditi dnevne i noćne razine buke u Skopju te njihovu povezanost s osjećajem uzrujanosti u izloženoj populaciji. Provedena su mjerenja buke te razgovori s 510 odraslih ispitanika s pomoću upitnika sastavljenog prema normi ISO/TS-15666. Prosječna dnevna razina buke iznosila je (62±6,45) dB(A), a noćna (56±6,52) dB(A). Trinaest posto ispitanika iskazalo je izrazitu, a 33,5 % umjerenu uzrujanost. Ispitanicima je najviše smetala buka s gradilišta (34 %), prometna buka (24 %) te buka proizišla iz aktivnosti u slobodnome vremenu (18 %). Utvrdili smo statistički značajnu povezanost između dnevne izloženosti buci u rasponu od 61 dB(A) do 65 dB(A) i uzrujanosti (hi-kvadrat=86,14; p<0,001) te statistički značajnu korelaciju (R=0,45; p<0,05). Povezanost između izloženosti noćnoj buci i uzrujanosti utvrđena je već pri 46 dB(A), a napose pri >56 dB(A), uz značajnu korelaciju (R=0,04; p<0,05). Razine uzrujanosti stanovnika Skopja zbog buke slične su onima u razvijenim europskim zemljama. Postoje međutim razlike u izvorima buke, koji su u našem ispitivanju ponajviše građevinske djelatnosti, cestovni promet te buka proizišla iz aktivnosti u slobodno vrijeme. Istraživanje je pokazalo da je procjena uzrujanosti stanovništva vrijedan podatak koji može poslužiti kod izrade urbanističkih planova i javnozdravstvene politike.
Joint proprioception acquisition strategy based on joints-muscles topological maps for musculoskeletal humanoids

Many humanoids have been developed, but more complicated and flexible humanoids must be developed, in order to realize more natural and various motions like humans. However, it is difficult to measure directly joint posture in the multi-dofs joint of such robots (e.g. a hip spherical joint) because of its complicated structure. This paper describes an estimation method for tendon-driven joint postures of these complicated multi-dofs joints, only based on information of muscles' length relative displacement data during joints movement. We regard this posture estimation problem as a pattern matching problem in the mapping space from joint posture to muscle lengths and solve this problem by using very simple searching algorithms. Furthermore, this paper describes a strategy for deciding muscles motor command to acquire its joint proprioception by the proposed joint posture estimation method only based on information of muscles' length relative displacement data. Finally, we confirmed the feasibility of the proposed estimation method by applying this algorithm to the real tendon-driven musculoskeletal humanoid Kojiro.
Novel Genetic Resources in the Genus Vigna Unveiled from Gene Bank Accessions

The genus Vigna (Fabaceae) consists of five subgenera, and includes more than 100 wild species. In Vigna, 10 crops have been domesticated from three subgenera, Vigna, Plectrotropis, and Ceratotropis. The habitats of wild Vigna species are so diverse that their genomes could harbor various genes responsible for environmental stress adaptation, which could lead to innovations in agriculture. Since some of the gene bank Vigna accessions were unidentified and they seemed to be novel genetic resources, these accessions were identified based on morphological traits. The phylogenetic positions were estimated based on the DNA sequences of nuclear rDNA-ITS and chloroplast atpB-rbcL spacer regions. Based on the results, the potential usefulness of the recently described species V. indica and V. sahyadriana, and some wild Vigna species, i.e., V. aconitifolia, V. dalzelliana, V. khandalensis, V. marina var. oblonga, and V. vexillata, was discussed.
Multiple Sclerosis: Associated Speech and Language Disorders

A sample of 23 Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients were administered a battery of tests in order to determine the type, frequency and severity of their speech and language problems. Deficits were found in all aspects of speech production, including respiration, phonation, prosody, articulation and resonance. Observed speech deviations were most often mild. The speech deviation which contributed the most to variations in overall intelligibility of speech was precision of consonant production. Impaired respiratory support for speech occurred in all subjects and was found to be highly associated with deviations in vocal quality, volume control and articulation.Subtests of the Neurosensory Centre Comprehensive Examination for Aphasia and the Wiig-Semel Test of Linguistic Concepts were administered to 20 patients. The majority of MS patients showed a severe deficit on the word fluency and sentence construction subtests. A dysfunction in the comprehension of logico-grammatical constructions was also evident in mos.
Context-Assisted Sentiment Analysis Paper Identification Number : IAR-168

This paper explores how information regarding the context can assist in improving sentiment analysis performance. We postulate that context affects sentiment at two different levels: first at the domain level of the comment, and second, at the sentence-structure level. Noting this, we explore three ways of utilizing context in sentiment analysis. First, we study contextual assistance with respect to the domain through ontology support for a class of sentiment analysis approaches, namely, sentiment dictionary based methods, which are primarily domain-context-free. Here, an architecture is proposed to build a domain ontology, by automatically mapping comment sentences to objects in the ontology and construct sentiment analysis based on the ontology. Second, we introduce a new method of utilizing sentence structure context in sentiment analysis and use this method to assist machine-learning approaches. Third, we also propose two architectures to combine multiple sentiment methods where the rationale for the combination is context-driven. Finally, experiments show that our solutions improve performance over baseline approaches.
Dissociation Among Women in Prostitution

ABSTRACT The authors summarize four studies on dissociation among women in prostitution, and discuss clinical aspects of the relationship between trauma, dissociation and prostitution. Dissociative disorders are common among those in escort, street, massage, strip club and brothel prostitution, and are frequently accompanied by posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and substance abuse. These in turn are linked to high rates of childhood physical and sexual abuse, and to violent victimization while in prostitution. The existing data suggest that almost all who are in prostitution suffer from at least one of the following types of disorders; dissociative, posttraumatic, mood or substance abuse. Further research to refine and replicate these findings is warranted.
Preemptive Weighted Completion Time Scheduling of Parallel Jobs

We present a new algorithm for the preemptive offline scheduling of independent jobs on a system consisting of m identical machines. The jobs can be parallel; that is, they may need the concurrent availability of several machines for their execution. To this end, we introduce a machine model which is based on existing multiprocessors and accounts for the penalty of preemption. After examining the relation between makespan and total weighted completion time costs for the scheduling of parallel jobs, we show that our new algorithm achieves an approximation factor of 2.37 for total weighted completion time scheduling if no preemption penalty is considered. This compares favorably to the thus far best approximation factor of 8.53 for the nonpreemptive case. To fine-tune the algorithm with respect to different preemption penalties, we use a fairly simple numerical optimization problem. Further, we present an algorithm to transform the preemptive schedule into a nonpreemptive one. This leads to an improved approximation factor of 7.11 for the nonpreemptive weighted completion time scheduling.
Filtered Out

In this work, we sought to understand the experiences and disability disclosure preferences of adults with and without disabilities who have dated online. Our 91 survey respondents expressed varying opinions about the need for potential partners to disclose disability status when online dating depending on the nature or perceived severity, with "visible" disabilities carrying a higher expectation of upfront disclosure than "invisible" disabilities. Many disabled respondents also described proactively disclosing as a technique to filter potential connections. Our findings suggest that individuals with disabilities must perform additional labor and navigate complex group norms in pursuit of personal connection. We advocate that the social computing research community consider how these processes are driven by both societal expectation and the constraints of online dating platforms. We then offer design considerations and open questions as a means to extend social computing study at the intersection of online dating and disability studies.
Survey of the educational backgrounds and specialty training of instructors of clinical neuropsychology in APA-approved graduate training programs.

Abstract This report is a replication of a survey conducted a decade ago that examined the graduate training and postdoctoral experiences of the instructors of clinical neuropsychology within American Psychological Association-accredited doctoral programs in clinical psychology. The orginal findings indicated that the formal background and clinical experiences of most of the instructors of clinical neuropsychology fell short of the minimum level of training guidelines proposed by the International Neuropsychology Society (INS) Task Force on Education, Accreditation, and Credentialing. In the present survey, data from 61 doctoral training programs revealed that instructors are more closely approximating the minimal educational standards than they were a decade earlier. Specifically, respondents to the current survey indicated more training in both the neurosciences and clinical neuropsychology and involvement in more research activities than did respondents to the past survey. Despite the significant improvements in the background training of current instructors, many still do not report educational and clinical experiences that are consistent with the INS minimal level training guidelines.
Intrusion analysis with deep packet inspection: Increasing efficiency of packet based investigations

Cloud computing's distributed architecture helps ensure service resilience and robustness. However, cloud architectures also increase dynamic data communications which inherently increases security risks. Examination of industry practice has revealed that increased data volume, as a result of increased communication, diminishes the efficiency of deep packet inspections (DPI). DPI is essential in protecting the cloud against malicious threats such as web exploits, zeroday attacks, data exfiltration, and malware based botnets. In this paper, we evaluate the effectiveness of a new utility that was developed to improve retrospective packet analysis which was tested against actual data center traffic from a large regional Internet Access Provider providing cloud services. Blitzdump is a lightning fast network data packet capture utility developed to improve network intrusion detection through deep packet inspection analysis. Implementation results indicate it outperformed existing techniques, in terms of query function performance, that ultimately improved efficiency in query responses by up to 6000%. Blitzdump reduces security risks by increasing the technical performance of intrusion detection to improve the security practitioner's productivity and effectiveness.
Operational information systems: an example from the airline industry

Our research is motivated by the scaleability, availability, and extensibility challenges in deploying open systems based, enterprise operational applications. We present Delta's mid-tier Operational Information Systems (OIS) as an approach for leveraging its legacy operational OLTP infrastructure, to participate in the emerging world of electronic commerce, as well as enable new applications. The approach is to place minimally intrusive 'taps' into the legacy OLTP systems to capture transactions as they occur for consistent replay in the mid-tier OIS. One important issue addressed by our work is the processing, and dissemination of information in the mid-tier system itself, potentially serving hundreds of thousands of access and display points, distributed across a highly geographically distributed system (e.g. airports world wide), and also involving large 'working sets' of operational data, used by applications that require rapid response and also rapid recovery from failures. To address the scaleability, availability, and cost of this OIS infrastructure, we are researching cluster computing techniques, as well as, devising replication and failover techniques. To address the communications scaleability requirements, we are experimenting with novel event-based implementations of information transport and processing, that include reliable multicast variations.
A new class of oxidosqualene cyclases directs synthesis of antimicrobial phytoprotectants in monocots

Many plants synthesize antimicrobial secondary metabolites as part of their normal program of growth and development, often sequestering them in tissues where they may protect against microbial attack. These include glycosylated triterpenoids (saponins), natural products that are exploited by man for a variety of purposes including use as drugs [Hostettmann, K. & Marston, A. (1995) Saponins (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K.)]. Very little is known about the genes required for the synthesis of this important family of secondary metabolites in plants. Here we show the novel oxidosqualene cyclase AsbAS1 catalyzes the first committed step in the synthesis of antifungal triterpenoid saponins that accumulate in oat roots. We also demonstrate that two sodium azide-generated saponin-deficient mutants of oat, which define the Sad1 genetic complementation group, are defective in the gene encoding this enzyme and provide molecular genetic evidence indicating a direct link between AsbAS1, triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis, and disease resistance. Orthologs of AsbAS1 are absent from modern cereals and may have been lost during selection, raising the possibility that this gene could be exploited to enhance disease resistance in crop plants.
Newspapers and Protest: An Examination of Protest Coverage from 1960 to 1999

This paper examines newspaper coverage of protests from 1960 to 1999. Initial findings indicated protests received consistent levels of support over that time. In light of this, we expected little change in the extent to which these protests challenged the status quo. However, there was a steady decline, with protest coverage becoming less deviant throughout this study. Further analyses suggest disparities in coverage of different protest-types were apparent during the Vietnam War. The most drastic change in treatment of different protest-types was directly after the height of the anti-war movement followed by gradual change thereafter.
A critical analysis of the relationship between southern non-government organizations and northern non-government organizations in Bolivia

This article examines the relationship between southern non-government organizations (SNGOs) and northern non-government organizations (NNGOs) in Bolivia. The term ‘partnership’ for many years now has been a buzzword within the development debate, particularly in reference to the relationship between SNGOs and NNGOs. The term is ubiquitous in development literature in the North but is invariably absent from similar literature in the South. According to Fowler (1992. Building partnerships between northern and southern development NGOs: Issues for the nineties. Development Journal of the Society for International Development 1: 16–23), ‘the distinctive feature of a partnership is that it involves sharing, with a sense of mutuality and equality of the parties involved’. This suggests that a partnership involves associates on an equal footing, within a horizontal structure of mutual respect, where resources are distributed equitably and decisions made jointly. It is also well known that one of the underlying problems of development which emerges not only in the literature but in practice is the unequal relationship between the south and north. I will argue that the relationship between SNGOs and NNGOs continues to be entrenched within a power structure based on western hegemony and a form of neo-colonialism. I will support my argument by highlighting data collected during a research study which was carried out in Bolivia.1 The main findings included that in spite of all the rhetoric which surrounds the topic, the situation has changed very little. SNGOs work by strategic plans but often have to resort to other sectors and activities to take advantage of possible funding opportunities. In relation to accountability, SNGOs are fully aware who they need to be accountable to but tend to prioritize accountability to donors; NNGOs were found to be weak in being accountable to their partners and client groups. There needs to be some clarity of the roles of the NGOs, especially NNGOs, and an analysis of their changing role. Shared values are insufficient on their own to build effective partnerships; obstacles such as the inequitable distribution of resources and unequal power relations hinder effective partnerships. Finally, in reality, partnerships between SNGOs and NNGOs rarely exist in the true sense of the word. This unequal relationship between SNGOs and NNGOs translates into an underlying problem of development; how the dichotomy of the south and north can be destructive and counterproductive to effective development.
The Role Of Figurative Language in Psychotherapy: A Methodological Examination

This investigation was undertaken to identify the role of figurative language in a single session of psychotherapy. To accomplish this task, a method of structured content analysis was developed, which was effective in clarifying the thematic structure of the session. This structure was then used to identify specific functions of metaphor in the text. This analysis offers clear evidence for the central role of metaphor in encompassing and explicating key issues in psychotherapy. The content of the session also provided evidence of distinct roles for novel and frozen figures of speech.
Activity-Dependent Dynamic Microtubule Invasion of Dendritic Spines

Dendritic spines are the primary sites of contact with presynaptic axons on excitatory hippocampal and cortical neurons. During development and plasticity spines undergo marked changes in structure that directly affect the functional communication between neurons. Elucidating the cytoskeletal events that induce these structural changes is fundamental to understanding synaptic biology. Actin plays a central role in the spine cytoskeleton, however the role of microtubules in spine function has been studied little. Although microtubules have a prominent role in transporting material throughout the dendrite that is destined for spines, they are not thought to directly influence spine structure or function. Using total internal reflectance fluorescent microscopy we discovered that microtubules rapidly invade dendritic protrusions of mature CNS neurons (up to 63 d in vitro), occasionally being associated with marked changes in spine morphology in the form of transient spine head protrusions (tSHPs). Two microtubules can occupy a spine simultaneously and microtubule targeting can occur from both the proximal and distal dendrite. A small percentage of spines are targeted at a time and all targeting events are transient, averaging only a few minutes. Nevertheless, over time many spines on a dendrite are targeted by microtubules. Importantly, we show that increasing neuronal activity enhances both the number of spines invaded by microtubules and the duration of these invasions. This study provides new insight into the dynamics of the neuronal cytoskeleton in mature CNS neurons and suggests that microtubules play an important, direct role in spine morphology and function.