Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Two Convergence Criteria for the Variable-Assignment Lopsided Lovasz Local Lemma

The Lopsided Lovász Local Lemma (LLLL) is a probabilistic tool which is a cornerstone of the probabilistic method of combinatorics, which shows that it is possible to avoid a collection of "bad" events as long as their probabilities and interdependencies are sufficiently small. The strongest possible criterion that can be stated in these terms is due to Shearer (1985), although it is technically difficult to apply to constructions in combinatorics. The original formulation of the LLLL was non-constructive; a seminal algorithm of Moser & Tardos (2010) gave an efficient constructive algorithm for nearly all applications of it, including applications to $k$-SAT instances with a bounded number of occurrences per variables. Harris (2015) later gave an alternate criterion for this algorithm to converge, which appeared to give stronger bounds than the standard LLL. Unlike the LLL criterion or its variants, this criterion depends in a fundamental way on the decomposition of bad-events into variables. In this note, we show that the criterion given by Harris can be stronger in some cases even than Shearer's criterion. We construct $k$-SAT formulas with bounded variable occurrence, and show that the criterion of Harris is satisfied while the criterion of Shearer is violated. In fact, there is an exponentially growing gap between the bounds provable from any form of the LLLL and from the bound shown by Harris.
Use of opportunistic sightings and expert knowledge to predict and compare Whooping Crane stopover habitat

Predicting a species’ distribution can be helpful for evaluating management actions such as critical habitat designations under the U.S. Endangered Species Act or habitat acquisition and rehabilitation. Whooping Cranes (Grus americana) are one of the rarest birds in the world, and conservation and management of habitat is required to ensure their survival. We developed a species distribution model (SDM) that could be used to inform habitat management actions for Whooping Cranes within the state of Nebraska (U.S.A.). We collated 407 opportunistic Whooping Crane group records reported from 1988 to 2012. Most records of Whooping Cranes were contributed by the public; therefore, developing an SDM that accounted for sampling bias was essential because observations at some migration stopover locations may be under represented. An auxiliary data set, required to explore the influence of sampling bias, was derived with expert elicitation. Using our SDM, we compared an intensively managed area in the Central Platte River Valley with the Niobrara National Scenic River in northern Nebraska. Our results suggest, during the peak of migration, Whooping Crane abundance was 262.2 (90% CI 40.2−3144.2) times higher per unit area in the Central Platte River Valley relative to the Niobrara National Scenic River. Although we compared only 2 areas, our model could be used to evaluate any region within the state of Nebraska. Furthermore, our expert‐informed modeling approach could be applied to opportunistic presence‐only data when sampling bias is a concern and expert knowledge is available.
Continuous Region-based Processing of Spatiotemporal Saliency

This paper describes a region-based attention approach on motion saliency, which is important for systems that perceive and interact with dynamic environments. Frames are collected to create volumes, which are sliced into stacks of spatiotemporal images. Color segmentation is applied to these images. The orientations of the resulting regions are used to calculate their prominence in a spatiotemporal context. Saliency is projected back into image space. Tests with different inputs produced results comparable with other state-of-the-art methods. We also demonstrate how top-down influence can affect the processing in order to attend objects that move in a particular direction. The model constitutes a framework for later integration of spatiotemporal and spatial saliency as independent streams, which respect different requirements in resolution and timing.
Implementing mathematics with the Nuprl proof development system

In undergoing this life, many people always try to do and get the best. New knowledge, experience, lesson, and everything that can improve the life will be done. However, many people sometimes feel confused to get those things. Feeling the limited of experience and sources to be better is one of the lacks to own. However, there is a very simple thing that can be done. This is what your teacher always manoeuvres you to do this one. Yeah, reading is the answer. Reading a book as this implementing mathematics with the nuprl proof development system and other references can enrich your life quality. How can it be?
This information is current as Host T Cell Antitumor Response Requires CD40-Apc Signaling to Boost the Vaccine Synergizes with GM-CSF and OX40 Ligand-Transduced Tumor Cell

Mario P. ColomboGiorgia Gri, Elena Gallo, Emma Di Carlo, Piero Musiani andhttp://www.jimmunol.org/content/170/1/99J Immunol€2003; 170:99-106; ;Referenceshttp://www.jimmunol.org/content/170/1/99.full#ref-list-1This article cites 47 articles, 31 of which you can access for free at: Subscriptionshttp://jimmunol.org/subscriptionsInformation about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: Permissionshttp://www.aai. org/ji/copyright.htmlSubmit copyright permission requests at: Email Alertshttp://jimmunol.org/cgi/alerts/etocReceive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at:
Chlamydial Infection Induces Pathobiotype-Specific Protein Tyrosine Phosphorylation in Epithelial Cells

ABSTRACT Members of the genus Chlamydia are strict obligate intracellular pathogens that exhibit marked differences in host range and tissue tropism despite sharing a remarkable level of genomic synteny. These pathobiotype differences among chlamydiae are also mirrored in their early interactions with cultured mammalian host cells. Chlamydial attachment and entry is known to trigger protein tyrosine phosphorylation. In this study, we examined the kinetics and pattern of protein tyrosine phosphorylation induced by infection with a comprehensive collection of chlamydial strains exhibiting diversity in host, tissue, and disease tropisms. We report new findings showing that protein tyrosine phosphorylation patterns induced by infection directly correlate with the pathobiotype of the infecting organism. Patterns of protein tyrosine phosphorylation were induced following early infection that unambiguously categorized chlamydial pathobiotypes into four distinct groups: (i) Chlamydia trachomatis trachoma biovars (serovars A to H), (ii) C. trachomatis lymphogranuloma venereum biovars (serovars L1 to L3), (iii) C. muridarum, and (iv) C. pneumoniae and C. caviae. Notably, chlamydia-infected murine and human epithelial cells exhibited the same protein tyrosine phosphorylation patterns; this is indirect evidence suggesting that the phosphorylated protein(s) is of chlamydial origin. If our hypothesis is correct, these heretofore-uncharacterized proteins may represent a novel class of bacterial molecules that influence pathogen-host range or tissue tropism.
Developing a subgrid scale noise model for use with large-eddy simulation

In the aeroacoustic calculation of turbulent flows using large-eddy simulation (LES), the temporal frequency range of the predicted sound is a direct function of the available resolution; a more resolved simulation will have a wider range of acoustic frequencies. In the prediction of jet noise, for example, Bodony & Lele (2005) found their acoustic spectra to be limited to Strouhal numbers of St = fUj/Dj ≤ 1.2 due to the resolution. Such limitations are unacceptable for engineering predictions as the ‘missing noise’ may be important. Again using the example of jet noise, when scaled to realistic dimensions the missing noise with St > 1.2 corresponds to those frequencies which are most sensitive to the human ear (Pierce 1994) and which are weighted most heavily during the noise certification process (Huff 2001). Therefore, a need exists to develop techniques for recovery or for estimation of this missing noise. The needs of a subgrid scale noise model are different from those of usual subgrid scale stress closures. Typical subgrid scale models used in LES, for example in the Smagorinsky model (Smagorinsky 1963), in its dynamic variant (Germano et al. 1991), or in the scale similarity model (Bardina et al. 1980), give an expression for the unclosed stress
A critical review of the drag force on a sphere in the transition flow regime

Improvements in micro‐fabrication techniques are enabling Micro‐Electro‐Mechanical‐Systems to be constructed with sub‐micron feature sizes. At this scale, even at standard atmospheric conditions, the flow is in the transition regime. This paper considers the range 0.1 < Kn < 1, where non‐equilibrium effects can be appreciable, and specifically illustrates problems involving non‐planar surfaces by analyzing the drag force for low speed, incompressible flow past an unconfined microsphere. A critical comparison is made between experimental data, analytical solutions derived from kinetic theory, Grad’s thirteen‐moment equations, and the Navier‐Stokes equations with first‐ and second‐order treatment of the slip boundary. The results, even for this simple geometry, highlight major problems in predicting the drag in the transition flow regime for non‐kinetic schemes.
Cost Comparison of Different TSV Implementation Options

Through-silicon vias (TSVs) are one of the fundamental technologies that enable vertical stacking of active dies. In this paper the integration cost of TSVs is investigated for different integration options: TSV middle and TSV last processing. Each processing step in the TSV integration flows is analyzed and the impact of processing options on cost is evaluated. Different TSV geometries are also considered that introduce challenges in the processing and require different implementation approaches. Furthermore, the TSV scaling trends are also investigated and the implementation of TSV structures with tighter pitch while controlling the integration cost is demonstrated.
Induction of Cellular Immune Responses to Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Gag by Two Recombinant Negative-Strand RNA Virus Vectors

ABSTRACT A recombinant Newcastle disease virus (rNDV) expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag protein (rNDV/SIVgag) was generated. The rNDV/SIVgag virus induced Gag-specific cellular immune responses in mice, leading to a specific anti-Gag antiviral immunity. This was evidenced by the inhibition of growth of recombinant vaccinia virus expressing an identical Gag antigen (rVac/SIVgag) but not of wild-type vaccinia virus in rNDV/SIVgag-immunized mice. Among intravenous, intraperitoneal, or intranasal immunization routes, intranasal administration induced the strongest protective response against challenge with rVac/SIVgag. We further demonstrated that these immune responses were greatly enhanced after booster immunization with recombinant influenza viruses expressing immunogenic portions of SIV Gag. The magnitude of the protective immune response correlated with the levels of cellular immune responses to Gag, which were still evident 9 weeks after immunization. These results suggest that rNDV and influenza virus vectors are suitable candidate vaccines against AIDS as well as against other infectious diseases.
The Endogenous Calcium Buffer and the Time Course of Transducer Adaptation in Auditory Hair Cells

Mechanoelectrical transducer currents in turtle auditory hair cells adapt to maintained stimuli via a Ca2+-dependent mechanism that is sensitive to the level of internal calcium buffer. We have used the properties of transducer adaptation to compare the effects of exogenous calcium buffers in the patch electrode solution with those of the endogenous buffer assayed with perforated-patch recording. The endogenous buffer of the hair bundle was equivalent to 0.1–0.4 mm BAPTA and, in a majority of cells, supported adaptation in an external Ca2+concentration of 70 μm similar to that in turtle endolymph. The endogenous buffer had a higher effective concentration, and the adaptation time constant was faster in cells at the high-frequency end than at the low-frequency end of the cochlea. Experiments using buffers with different Ca2+-binding rates or dissociation constants indicated that the speed of adaptation and the resting open probability of the transducer channels could be differentially regulated and imply that the endogenous buffer must be a fast, high-affinity buffer. In some hair cells, the transducer current did not decay exponentially during a sustained stimulus but displayed damped oscillations at a frequency (58–230 Hz) that depended on external Ca2+ concentration. The gradient in adaptation time constant and the tuned transducer current at physiological levels of calcium buffer and external Ca2+ suggest that transducer adaptation may contribute to hair cell frequency selectivity. The results are discussed in terms of feedback regulation of transducer channels mediated by Ca2+ binding at two intracellular sites.
Diversity of host species and strains of Pneumocystis carinii is based on rRNA sequences

We have amplified by PCR Pneumocystis carinii cytoplasmic small-subunit rRNA (variously referred to as 16S-like or 18S-like rRNA) genes from DNA extracted from bronchoalveolar lavage and induced sputum specimens from patients positive for P. carinii and from infected ferret lung tissue. The amplification products were cloned into pUC18, and individual clones were sequenced. Comparison of the determined sequences with each other and with published rat and partial human P.carinii small-subunit rRNA gene sequences reveals that, although all P. carinii small-subunit rRNAs are closely related (approximately 96% identity), small-subunit rRNA genes isolated from different host species (human, rat, and ferret) exhibit distinctive patterns of sequence variation. Two types of sequences were isolated from the infected ferret lung tissue, one as a predominant species and the other as a minor species. There was 96% identity between the two types. In situ hybridization of the infected ferret lung tissue with oligonucleotide probes specific for each type revealed that there were two distinct strains of P. carinii present in the ferret lung tissue. Unlike the ferret P. carinii isolates, the small-subunit rRNA gene sequences from different human P. carinii isolates have greater than 99% identity and are distinct from all rat and ferret sequences so far inspected or reported in the literature. Southern blot hybridization analysis of PCR amplification products from several additional bronchoalveolar lavage or induced sputum specimens from P. carinii-infected patients, using a 32P-labeled oligonucleotide probe specific for human P. carinii, also suggests that all of the human P. carinii isolates are identical. These findings indicate that human P. carinii isolates may represent a distinct species of P. carinii distinguishable from rat and ferret P. carinii on the basis of characterization of small-subunit rRNA gene sequences.
Rule quality for multiple-rule classifier: Empirical expertise and theoretical methodology

A rule-inducing learning algorithm may yield either an ordered or unordered set of decision rules. The latter seems to be more understandable by humans and directly applicable in most expert systems or decision-supporting ones. However, classification utilizing the unordered-mode decision rules may be accompanied by some conflict situations, particularly when several rules belonging to different classes match ('fire' for) an input to-be-classified (unseen) object. One of the possible solutions to this conflict is to associate each decision rule induced by a learning algorithm with a numerical factor which is commonly called the rule quality. The paper first surveys empirical and statistical formulas of the rule quality and compares their characteristics. Statistical tools such as contingency tables, measures of association, measures of agreement are introduced as suitable vehicles for depicting a behaviour of a decision rule. The above formulas as well as schemes for their combinations are experimentally tested on several well-known AI databases and compared. The covering learning algorithm CN4, a large extension of CN2, is used as an inductive vehicle. After that, theoretical methodology for defining rule qualities and schemes for their combination is acquainted. The general definitions of the notions of a Designer, Learner, and Classifier are presented in a formal matter, including parameters that are usually attached to these concepts such as rule consistency, completeness, quality, matching rate, etc. Hence, we provide the minimum-requirement definitions as necessary conditions for the above concepts. Any designer (decision-system builder) of a new multiple-rule system may start with these minimum requirements. We conclude with a general flow chart for a decision-system builder. He/she can just pursue it and select parameters of a Learner and Classifier, following the minimum characteristics provided.
Detection of low-volume blood loss: Compensatory reserve versus traditional vital signs

BACKGROUND Humans are able to compensate for low-volume blood loss with minimal change in traditional vital signs. We hypothesized that a novel algorithm, which analyzes photoplethysmogram (PPG) wave forms to continuously estimate compensatory reserve would provide greater sensitivity and specificity to detect low-volume blood loss compared with traditional vital signs. The compensatory reserve index (CRI) is a measure of the reserve remaining to compensate for reduced central blood volume, where a CRI of 1 represents supine normovolemia and 0 represents the circulating blood volume at which hemodynamic decompensation occurs; values between 1 and 0 indicate the proportion of reserve remaining. METHODS Subjects underwent voluntary donation of 1 U (approximately 450 mL) of blood. Demographic and continuous noninvasive vital sign wave form data were collected, including PPG, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, cardiac output, and stroke volume. PPG wave forms were later processed by the algorithm to estimate CRI values. RESULTS Data were collected from 244 healthy subjects (79 males and 165 females), with a mean (SD) age of 40.1 (14.2) years and mean (SD) body mass index of 25.6 (4.7). After blood donation, CRI significantly decreased in 92% (&agr; = 0.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 88–95%) of the subjects. With the use of a threshold decrease in CRI of 0.05 or greater for the detection of 1 U of blood loss, the receiver operating characteristic area under the curve was 0.90, with a sensitivity of 0.84 and specificity of 0.86. In comparison, systolic blood pressure (52%; 95% CI, 45–59%), heart rate (65%; 95% CI, 58–72%), cardiac output (47%; 95% CI, 40–54%), and stroke volume (74%; 95% CI, 67–80%) changed in fewer subjects, had significantly lower receiver operating characteristic area under the curve values, and significantly lower specificities for detecting the same volume of blood loss. CONCLUSION Consistent with our hypothesis, CRI detected low-volume blood loss with significantly greater specificity than other traditional physiologic measures. These findings warrant further evaluation of the CRI algorithm in actual trauma settings. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Diagnostic study, level II.
SPATIAL-TEMPORAL STOCHASTIC FRONTIER MODELS

The stochastic frontier model with heterogeneous technical efficiency explained by exogenous variables is augmented with a sparse spatial autoregressive component for a crosssection data, and a spatial-temporal component for a panel data. An estimation procedure that takes advantage of the additivity of the model is proposed, computational advantages over simultaneous maximum likelihood estimation of all parameters is exhibited. The technical efficiency estimates are comparable to existing models and estimation procedures based on maximum likelihood methods. A spatial or spatial-temporal component can improve estimates of technical efficiency in a production frontier that is usually biased downwards.
Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) associated with changing patterns in the transmission of the human cutaneous leishmaniasis in French Guiana.

Between March 2000 and December 2001 a survey of the sand flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae) of French Guiana was carried out during 14 nights of captures with CDC light-traps and Malaise traps, and resulted in the collection of 2245 individuals of 38 species. The most abundant species were Lutzomyia (Trichophoromyia) ininii Floch & Abonnenc, Lu. (Psychodopygus) squamiventris maripaensis Floch & Abonnenc, and Lu . (Nyssomyia) flaviscutellata Mangabeira. Half of the collected sand flies females were dissected under field conditions and five species were found harboring Leishmania-like parasites. The Leishmania (Kinetoplastidae: Trypanosomatidae) species were identified by molecular typing, and for the first time Lu. (Nys.) flaviscutellata was found harboring Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis and Lu. (Tri) ininii harboring unknown Leishmania. The first record for French Guiana of Lu. (Psy.) squamiventris maripaensis harboring L. (V.) naiffi, was also reported. The patterns of diversification of the human cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission in French Guiana are discussed.
Analysis of Irregularly Shaped Texture Regions

Four different texture classification methods (wavelet-based, co-occurrence matrices-based, 1D-histograms-based, and 1D Boolean model-based) are systematically compared and evaluated with respect to their performance in identifying textures from small and irregular samples. Two sets of 135 complex shape masks (symmetric and nonsymmetric) are created using Fourier shape descriptors, and used to clip out regions of images that must be classified. Two main series of experiments are carried out: one in which the clipped test image is from the same full image included in the database, and one where the clipped test image is from a different realization of the full image included in the database. In both occasions the best performing method was the 1D sum and difference histogram-based method.
A tool for effective extraction of synsets and semantic relations from BabelNet

Evaluation experiments in natural language processing often involve construction of samples from large lexical semantic resources, such as WordNet, Wiktionary, and OmegaWiki for evaluation and training purposes. The two most recurrent tasks are extraction of synsets and semantic relations between words. BabelNet is a resource which combines and interlinks all main lexical resources providing a unified assess to them. In this paper, we present BabelNet Extract, an open source tool which helps in addressing these two recurrent extraction tasks effectively in a parallelized manner from the large-scale multilingual BabelNet semantic network. The tool extracts individual word senses and the synsets they form as well as the semantic relations established between the synsets. We show its architecture, describe the output format, and discuss the use cases of the tool.