Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Environmental protection in Taiwan: Is it too much too fast?

Abstract This article examines the industrial climate in Taiwan as a result of environmental regulation and activism through a survey analysis of 35 petrochemical firms on the island. The research finds first that the regulatory climate is resulting in economic uncertainty among firms as to if and when to comply with regulations leading to continued pollution control mismanagement. Furthermore, the research finds that the character of much of the environmental activism is detrimental not only to further industrial development, but also to environmental protection.
An Exploration of Neural Sequence-to-Sequence Architectures for Automatic Post-Editing

In this work, we explore multiple neural architectures adapted for the task of automatic post-editing of machine translation output. We focus on neural end-to-end models that combine both inputs mt (raw MT output) and src (source language input) in a single neural architecture, modeling \{mt, src\} \rightarrow pe directly. Apart from that, we investigate the influence of hard-attention models which seem to be well-suited for monolingual tasks, as well as combinations of both ideas. We report results on data sets provided during the WMT-2016 shared task on automatic post-editing and can demonstrate that dual-attention models that incorporate all available data in the APE scenario in a single model improve on the best shared task system and on all other published results after the shared task. Dual-attention models that are combined with hard attention remain competitive despite applying fewer changes to the input.
Towards Scalable Security : On the Scalability of Security in Large-Scale Software Systems

As networked computer systems become ever more pervasive, so too does the field of computer security. Very largescale networked systems are now commonplace, and these systems demand protection from adversaries. However, there is a fundamental friction between an increase in system complexity and the effort, resources, and techniques required to protect the system. This survey presents an overview of the major issues relating to the feasibility and scalability of employing security techniques in software systems of increasing scale. In doing so, the body of research in related fields is synthesized into a cohesive whole and some conclusions are drawn regarding theoretical scalability of security as a paradigm.
The Rate of Obsolescence of Technical Knowledge-A Note

A NUMBER of attempts to assess the size of the stock of technical knowledge have been made in recent years. Estimates of the U.K. stock are reported in Schott [I9, pp. 48-50], [20, pp. 90-7], based on a similar approach to that used by Wagner [22] and Kendrick [9]. The calculations not only require information about the rate at which new knowledge becomes available, but also about the rate at which existing knowledge becomes obsolete. While quite detailed data on the additions to the stock were available to previous authors, they possessed little or no information about the decay in the usefulness of existing knowledge. Schott [20, p. 96], for example, was forced to draw attention to 'our state of ignorance concerning the obsolescence rate of technical knowledge'. This note attempts to provide estimates of the rates of obsolence of existing technical knowledge for the U.K. The results reported below bring into question the assumptions adopted in other studies about the size of the annual rate and its constancy over time.
Competition for a better future? Effects of competition on child care quality

Little is known about how competition affects child care centersâ€™ quality. This paper examines the impact of competition on the quality of Dutch child care centers. The results show that high density of child care centers in an area improves scores in quality assessment measures. The positive relationship persists when either the density of primary schools or births in the area are used to instrument the density of child care centers. The effects of competition are exclusive to child care centers that operate in a private market. Despite concerns about the parentsâ€™ ability to distinguish between low and high quality child care, market competition in the Dutch child care sector appears to improve quality.
Théorie du choix social et aide multicritère à la décision

L'objet de cet article est de présenter demanì ere simple quelques résultats importants en théorie de choix social et de discuter leur impact pour l'aide multicritèrè a la décision. En nous appuyant sur des exemples classiques issus deprobì emes de vote (section 2) nous montrerons quelques difficultés fondamentales liéesà l'agré-gation des préférences. Nous présenterons ensuite quelques résultats théo-riques permettant de mieux comprendre la nature et l'ampleur de ces diffi-cultés (section 3). Nous tenterons ensuite d'analyser les conséquences de ces résultats pour l'aide multicritèrè a la décision (section 4). Une abondante liste de références permettra au lecteur d'approfondir ces questions.
Options for Reforming the Finnish Tax System

This paper reviews the Finnish tax system and the scope for further tax reform. Finland is among the most egalitarian countries in the OECD and a high tax burden is required to finance the associated public spending. Nevertheless, capital and corporate income taxation was substantially and effectively reformed in the early 1990s, through significant rate cuts cum base broadening measures. But, despite income tax cuts since the mid-1990s, high taxes, especially on labour income, still hamper growth potential and distort economic behaviour. In this respect, the poor performance of the Finnish labour market is revealing. Tax reforms have a major role to play in improving the long-term performance of the Finnish economy. Though the scope is limited, the tax burden should be shifted as much as possible from labour to property and consumption, while the earned-income tax allowance should play a smaller role, enabling cuts in statutory rates. Redesigning social security contributions to .
Improvements in the clustering validity indexes of the load profiling methodology

In the recent years the utilization of the load profiling tool for tracking the demand patterns is gathering momentum. There is variety of different clustering algorithms for the formation of daily load curve clusters. Their effectiveness is tested by a set of validity indexes or adequacy measures. This paper examines the behavior of all the adequacy measures that have been proposed in the related literature. We propose an alternative form of the measures that involves a weighting factor that refers to the variance of each element of the vector that represents the demand pattern. This fact increases the accuracy of the dissimilarity measures within and among the clusters. The data sample refers to the daily load curves of an existing high voltage industry within the Greek region and the period of study is the years 2003-2011. This vast amount of data is sufficient for assessing the load profiling methodology.
LONG-TERM ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD MEASUREMENT AND ASSESSMENT FOR A SHOPPING MALL

As a result of the dense deployment of wireless devices and base stations, measuring and evaluating the electromagnetic (EM) exposure levels they emit have become important to human health especially if they exceed the limits defined in the standards. Base stations, Wi-Fi equipment and other electronic devices are used heavily, especially in densely crowded places like shopping centers. In this study, electric field strength (E) measurements were conducted at one of the largest shopping malls in Turkey. Broadband E measurements were performed using PMM 8053 EM field strength meter for 24 h a day for the duration of one week while frequency selective measurements were carried out with SRM-3006 EM field strength meter. It is concluded from the measurements that the mean measured total E in the band between 100 kHz and 3 GHz is 0.59 V/m while the maximum E is 7.88 V/m, which are both below the limit determined by International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. Evolutions show that E can increase by up to 55% during the daytime. Analyses demonstrate that 71.3% of total E is caused by UMTS2100, 16.3% is produced by GSM900, 6.2% by LTE, 3.5% by Wi-Fi, and 2.7% is generated by devices that use the remaining frequency bands. Based on the detailed statistical analysis of long-term E measurement results, it can be concluded that the measured E levels are not in normal distribution and that they are statistically different with respect to days. Furthermore, distribution of E can be best modeled with the non-parametric approach.
Effectiveness of local anaesthetic pain catheters for abdominal donor site analgesia in patients undergoing free lower abdominal flap breast reconstruction: A meta-analysis of comparative studies

Abstract The use of an infusion pain pump with local wound catheters has increased among different surgical specialities. Autologous breast reconstruction with deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) and transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flaps may cause severe abdominal donor site morbidity, and infusion devices delivering local anaesthetic are suggested to improve postoperative analgesia. This study performed a meta-analysis comparing pain pump use vs control to evaluate this issue. A systematic literature search was performed. Primary outcome was the amount of opioid use. Secondary outcomes were the amount of antiemetic drugs and the length of hospital stay. Five studies involving 248 patients were retrieved and included in the present analysis. A significantly decreased use of opioids was observed after using pain pump vs control (MD = −15.13, 95% CI = −24.20, −6.06, p = 0.001). Although not statistically significant, the pooled results showed a trend toward reduction of antiemetic medicament use (MD = −0.71, 95% CI = −2.14, 0.72, p = 0.33) and hospital stay time (MD = −0.53, 95% CI = −1.18, 0.11, p = 0.10). The use of local anaesthetic pain catheters for abdominal donor sites in microsurgical breast reconstruction might be associated with a decreased use of narcotics and antiemetic medicaments and shorter hospital stay. Further studies are needed to validate this promising treatment modality.
Exponentially Converging NystrÖm Methods Applied to the Integral-Integrodifferential Equations of Oblique Scattering/Hybrid Wave Propagation in Presence of Composite Dielectric Cylinders of Arbitrary Cross Section

Systems of singular integral-integrodifferential equations are studied that pertain to 2-D oblique scattering and to hybrid-wave propagation in presence of a dielectric cylinder with arbitrarily shaped smooth boundary. These systems, having the tangential to the surface of the cylinder components of the electric and magnetic fields as the unknowns, are solved via fast, highly accurate algorithms that rely on the Nystrom method (NM). Because of our specialized treatment, the present solution technique has the following characteristics: (1) it fully accounts for the singular nature of the kernels, (2) it appears to converge exponentially, and (3) it yields simple closed-form expressions for all matrix elements. In addition, an extension of the analysis is presented to account for composite dielectric cylinders that contain arbitrarily shaped dielectric or conducting cylindrical inclusions. Numerical examples and case studies illustrate the simplicity, flexibility, and efficiency of the algorithms. Exhaustive comparisons with available results for several special cases serve to test the correctness of the implementation and bring to light the extremely high accuracy of our algorithms.
Altered functional neuroanatomy of response inhibition in adolescent males who were born very preterm

Event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to investigate the hypothesis that males who were born very preterm may show differences in relative strength of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signals in selective brain areas during performance of a simple response inhibition task compared with term‐born controls. Participants were eight males (mean gestational age at birth 28wks, [SD 2]; mean age at testing 16y, [SD 1] and 14 controls matched for sex, age (mean age 17y, [SD 1]), and IQ. A ‘go‐no‐go’ task was used to assess response selection and motor response inhibition in response to a visual stimulus. When the ‘no‐go’ condition was contrasted with an attentional control condition, preterm participants showed reduced BOLD signal response bilaterally in the cerebellum, right caudate nucleus, and thalamus, and prefrontal areas including left inferior prefrontal and left anterior cingulate gyri. They also showed increased response mainly in temporal regions. These results suggest that despite good task performance, individuals who were born very preterm exhibit different BOLD signal responses in selective brain areas compared with controls which may underline the use of alternative strategies when challenged with motor response inhibition processing.
Understanding Recent Developments in UK External Trade

The sterling effective exchange rate depreciated by around 25% between mid-2007 and early 2009. That has encouraged a shift towards UK exports and away from imports, contributing to a significant narrowing in the United Kingdom’s real trade deficit. This article explains these developments in more detail. It shows that the depreciation has induced considerable switching of expenditure by overseas companies and households towards UK goods exports, and by UK residents away from travel services imports. But financial services exports appear to have suffered from the financial crisis. And there seems to have been less of a response to the exchange rate depreciation in other services exports and non-travel imports. Looking ahead, both the level of sterling and developments in the rest of the world are likely to be crucial to the United Kingdom’s trade performance.
Theory of mind, schizotypy, and persecutory ideation in young adults

Introduction. Previous studies of the relation between theory of mind (ToM) and schizotypy have suggested that ToM deficits may be associated with positive signs (e.g., hallucination- and delusion-like experiences). Good theoretical reasons exist to suggest that this relation may be largely due to ToM deficits being predominantly associated with the occurrence of persecutory delusion-like beliefs. This study set out to test this hypothesis and address limitations of previous research. Method. Online administration of measures to a large nonclinical sample of young adults (N=828) was used to examine schizotypy, assessed by a new 30-item version of the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (Mason, Claridge, & Jackson, 1995), persecutory delusion-like beliefs, assessed by the Persecutory Ideation Questionnaire (McKay, Langdon, & Coltheart, 2006), and ToM, indexed by the Hinting task (Corcoran, Mercer, & Frith, 1995) and a cartoon comprehension task (Corcoran, Cahill, & Frith, 1997). Results. No relations with ToM were found for global, positive, or negative schizotypy, nor persecutory delusion-like beliefs. This was the case both for whole group correlations and in analyses comparing groups formed by fifth-centile (top–bottom) splits by schizotypy scores. Scores on the two ToM tasks were not strongly correlated. Conclusion. Our findings point to no correlations with ToM for either schizotypy or persecutory ideation. These findings are discussed in relation to previous research.
The entrepreneurial university's influence on commercialisation of academic research : The illustrative case of Chalmers University of Technology

The aim of this paper is to describe how the development of an entrepreneurial university contributes to the commercialisation of research. This is illustrated with the case of Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden. The findings show the importance of early pioneers creating a favourable culture from the very beginning of the university's existence. It also shows the influence of a few key individuals for the developed best practice in the innovation support system, which is to commercialise research by match-making researchers with complementing competences like entrepreneurship students as well as using alumni.
Social inclusion for young people: breaking down the barriers

Social exclusion, the polarisation of the types of chances life offers to different groups of young people, is increasing, it is spatially concentrated in some regions and neighbourhoods and is arguably linked to social class. Race and gender can also contribute to this phenomenon, as can other inequalities such as disability. Social inclusion is therefore one of the central goals of European policies towards young people, especially in relation to employment, lifelong learning and vocational guidance. This book presents key findings from a research seminar organised by the European Youth Partnership on the theme of "Social inclusion and Young People" The articles included give a picture of the forms of social exclusion affecting young people nowadays and provide evidence of the progress of strategies to promote social inclusion. As part of the framework partnership agreement on youth between the Council of Europe and the European Commission, the research seminar and this publication support efforts in the fields of youth policy, education and training to build a more inclusive society for all.
Wavelet transform of SAR images for internal wave detection and orientation

An efficient computational framework for the extraction of mesoscale features, i.e. internal waves, present in SAR images is discussed. A method for coastline detection based on a sequence of basic-processing procedures followed by a contour tracing algorithm is also introduced in order to obtain sea-land separation to enhance the internal wave detection problem. The utility of wavelet analysis as a tool for automatic oceanic internal wave detection and orientation from SAR images is examined using the 2-D wavelet transform based on the local modulus maxima. We show that the evolution of wavelet local maxima across scales characterize the local shape of these quasi-linear structures. The results from this study show that wavelet analysis is an excellent tool to detect internal waves from satellite images against internal wave lookalikes.
A novel three-way decision based on linguistic evaluation

Three-way decision method is a kind of new developed uncertain decision theory, in which a set of objects can be divided into three regions, called the acceptance, rejection and uncertainty regions, respectively. However, seldom researches that involve the fusion of linguistic information and three-way decisions are found. In this paper, we propose a novel decision method, called linguistic three-way decisions, in which the alternatives are rated in linguistic forms and divided into acceptance, rejection and uncertainty regions. The alternatives in the uncertainty region are especially discussed. The linguistic terms are transformed into fuzzy numbers and then aggregated. Finally, a linguistic recommendation example is provided to illustrate the practicality and validity of the proposed methods.
Trans-infection but Not Infection from within Endosomal Compartments after Cell-to-cell HIV-1 Transfer to CD4+ T Cells*

Background: Endocytosis has been postulated as a route of HIV entry into cells. Results: Endocytosed virus led to productive infection of cells, except when cells were cultured with the anti-gp120 antibody IgGb12. Conclusion: Endocytosis may serve as a virus reservoir capable of inducing trans-infection. Significance: The route of HIV transmission is important for understanding pathogenesis and drug therapy. Cellular contacts between HIV-1-infected donor cells and uninfected primary CD4+ T lymphocytes lead to virus transfer into endosomes. Recent evidence suggests that HIV particles may fuse with endosomal membranes to initiate a productive infection. To explore the role of endocytosis in the entry and replication of HIV, we evaluated the infectivity of transferred HIV particles in a cell-to-cell culture model of virus transmission. Endocytosed virus led to productive infection of cells, except when cells were cultured in the presence of the anti-gp120 mAb IgGb12, an agent that blocks virus attachment to CD4, suggesting that endocytosed virus was recycled to the outer cell surface. Confocal microscopy confirmed the colocalization of internalized virus antigen and the endosomal marker dynamin. Additionally, virus transfer, fusion, or productive infection was not blocked by dynasore, dynamin-dependent endosome-scission inhibitor, at subtoxic concentrations, suggesting that the early capture of virus into intracellular compartments did not depend on endosomal maturation. Our results suggest that endocytosis is not a mechanism of infection of primary CD4 T cells, but may serve as a reservoir capable of inducing trans-infection of cells after the release of HIV particles to the extracellular environment.
When sharing female identity is not enough: coalition building in the midst of political polarisation in Zimbabwe

This article examines diversity in the women's movement in Zimbabwe, focusing on the Women's Coalition, which was set up in 1999. It traces the development of the women's movement in relation to political developments in Zimbabwe, and highlights how the depoliticised language of development can obscure inequality between women, as well as between women and men, ethnic groups, and rural and urban people. The Women's Coalition emerged from an awareness that coalition building is necessary if civil society is to be a strong political force. But diversity of values and core beliefs must be acknowledged if coalitions are to operate effectively, and we must understand coalitions as political institutions which face internal and external challenges. How well a coalition navigates this political terrain influences its survival.
The applicability of information criteria for neural network architecture selection

In most of the empirical research on capital markets, stock market indexes are used as proxies for the aggregate market development. In previous work we found that a particular market segment of the Vienna stock exchange might be less efficient than the whole market and hence easier to forecast. Extending the focus of investigation in the paper, we use feedforward networks and linear models to predict the all share index WBI as well as various subindexes covering the highly liquid, semi-liquid, and initial public offering (IPO) market segment. In order to shed some light on network construction principles, we compare different models as selected by hold-out cross-validation (HCV), Akaike's (1974) information criterion (AIC), and Schwartz' (1978) information criterion (SIC). The forecasts are subsequently evaluated on the basis of hypothetical trading in the out-of-sample period.