Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
External and Internal Pricing in Multidivisional Firms

Multidivisional firms frequently rely on external market prices in order to value internal transactions across profit centers. This paper examines market-based transfer pricing when an upstream division has monopoly power in selling a proprietary component both to a downstream division within the same firm and to external customers. When internal transfers are valued at the prevailing market price, the resulting transactions are distorted by double marginalization. The imposition of intracompany discounts will always improve overall firm profits provided the supplying division is capacity constrained. Under certain conditions it is then possible to design discount rules so that the resulting prices and sales quantities are efficient from the corporate perspective. In contrast, the impact of intracompany discounts remains ambiguous when the capacity of the selling division is essentially unlimited. It is then generally impossible to achieve fully efficient outcomes by means of market-based transfer pricing unless the external market for the component is sufficiently large relative to the internal market. Copyright University of Chicago on behalf of the Institute of Professional Accounting, 2006.
Cortical Source Localization of Infant Cognition

Neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission topography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have been utilized with older children and adults to identify cortical sources of perceptual and cognitive processes. However, due to practical and ethical concerns, these techniques cannot be routinely applied to infant participants. An alternative to such neuroimaging techniques appropriate for use with infant participants is high-density electroencephalogram (EEG) recording and cortical source localization techniques. The current article provides an overview of a method developed for such analyses. The method consists of four steps: (1) recording high-density (e.g., 128-channel) EEG. (2) Analysis of individual participant raw segmented data with independent component analysis (ICA). (3) Estimation of equivalent current dipoles (ECDs) that represent cortical sources for the observed ICA component clusters. (4) Calculation of component activations in relation to experimental factors. We discuss an example of research applying this technique to investigate the development of visual attention and recognition memory. We also describe the application of “realistic head modeling” to address some of the current limitations of infant cortical source localization.
The Structural Basis of DKK-Mediated Inhibition of Wnt/LRP Signaling

Structural analysis indicates that the binding sites on a receptor for a ligand and an inhibitor partially overlap. Low-density lipoprotein receptor–related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5/6) mediate canonical Wnt–β-catenin signaling by forming a complex with the co-receptor Frizzled, which binds to Wnt proteins. Dickkopf (DKK)–related proteins inhibit the Wnt signaling pathway by directly binding to the ectodomains of LRP5/6. However, the mechanism for DKK-mediated antagonism has not been fully understood as of yet. Crystal structures of the LRP6 ectodomain in complex with DKK1, along with mutagenesis studies, provide considerable insights into the molecular basis for DKK-mediated inhibition and Wnt signaling through LRP5/6.
Seasonality of reproduction in a neotropical rain forest bird.

Tropical wet forests are commonly perceived as stable and constant envi- ronments. However, many rain forest organisms reproduce seasonally. To understand the proximate regulation of life history events in tropical organisms, we asked three questions: (1) How predictable are seasonal changes in the tropical rain forest? (2) Can tropical organisms anticipate environmental seasonality, despite the presumed lack of long-term environmental cues in near-equatorial areas? (3) What environmental cues can tropical organisms use? We studied Spotted Antbirds, monogamous understory insectivores, which started breeding in Panama (9? N) in May (wet season) and continued until September/ October. Breeding patterns were consistent between years, indicating that tropical seasons were as predictable for Spotted Antbirds (predictability 70%) as they are for many north temperate birds. Individual Spotted Antbirds shut down reproductive capacity (i.e., de- creased gonad size) from October until February. In March, during the height of the dry season and about six weeks ahead of the wet season, gonads started to grow again. The growth rate of gonads was influenced by the amount of rainfall, which has been shown to correlate with food abundance. Gonad growth was paralleled by changes in luteinizing hormone, but not in testosterone, which remained at very low plasma levels year-round. The latter contrasts with the pattern for most migratory temperate-zone birds. Seasonal changes in reproductive activity correlated strongly with changes in the tropical photoperiod, but weakly with light intensity and rainfall, and not with temperature. Thus, Spotted Ant- birds likely anticipated rain forest seasonality using long-term cues (tropical photoperiod) and fine-tuned their reproductive activities using short-term cues (food/rainfall). The use of long-term environmental information could apply to most vertebrate species that live in the tropics.
A new model of care collaboration for community-dwelling elders: findings and lessons learned from the NORC-Health Care linkage evaluation

Introduction and background Few financial incentives in the United States encourage coordination across the health and social care systems. Supportive Service Programs (SSPs), operating in Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORCs), attempt to increase access to care and enhance care quality for aging residents. This article presents findings from an evaluation conducted from 2004 to 2006 looking at the feasibility, quality and outcomes of linking health and social services through innovative NORC-SSP and health organization micro-collaborations. Methods Four NORC-SSPs participated in the study by finding a health care organization or community-based physicians to collaborate with on addressing health conditions that could benefit from a biopsychosocial approach. Each site focused on a specific population, addressed a specific condition or problem, and created different linkages to address the target problem. Using a case study approach, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative methods, this evaluation sought to answer the following two primary questions: 1) Have the participating sites created viable linkages between their organizations that did not exist prior to the study; and, 2) To what extent have the linkages resulted in improvements in clinical and other health and social outcomes? Results Findings suggest that immediate outcomes were widely achieved across sites: knowledge of other sector providers’ capabilities and services increased; communication across providers increased; identification of target population increased; and, awareness of risks, symptoms and health seeking behaviors among clients/patients increased. Furthermore, intermediate outcomes were also widely achieved: shared care planning, continuity of care, disease management and self care among clients improved. Evidence of improvements in distal outcomes was also found. Discussion Using simple, familiar and relatively low-tech approaches to sharing critical patient information among collaborating organizations, inter-sector linkages were successfully established at all four sites. Seven critical success factors emerged that increase the likelihood that linkages will be implemented, effective and sustained: 1) careful goal selection; 2) meaningful collaboration; 3) appropriate role for patients/clients; 4) realistic interventions; 5) realistic expectations for implementation environment; 6) continuous focus on outcomes; and, 7) stable leadership. Focused, micro-level collaborations have the potential to improve care, increasing the chance that organizations will undertake such endeavors.
Steganography - Messages Hidden in Bits

Steganography is the process of hiding one medium of communication (text, sound or image) within another. This paper will discuss the tools used to both hide and unhide (know as Steganalysis) information. A look at the history starting with Herodotus in ancient Greece describing secret messages written in wax on stone tablets, to world war two’s secret double meaning Nazi messages and British Intelligences invisible ink. Most recently the techniques have been accredited with Osama Bin Laden's Al-Qa’eda terrorist network. Not all of Steganography involves some kind of subterfuge, I will also cover the area of digital watermarking, a method to try to protect the copyright of image. The goal of this paper it to provide an overview of the Steganography. The word Steganography comes from the Greek steganos (covered or secret) and graphy (writing or drawing) and means, literally, covered writing [2]. We will look at history of Steganography through to current day uses and advancements in the area, explaining how the digital age has seen the possible rebirth of Steganography and Steganlysis, the process of finding the hidden information. I will begin to explain the common misconception that Steganography involves cryptography. Following through with some uses (and there respective tools) of hiding information in image and audio files. This will include areas on digital watermarking and the idea of the ‘dead drop’ a method of passing on secretive information in an anonymous way. Tools for hiding information using Steganography will also be discussed. Steganalysis, the process of finding hidden information will be described, again using some existing software to debunk the tools described in the previous section. Finally I will look at possible future developments in the area
The Conditions of Permeability: How Shared Cyberworlds Turn into Laboratories of Possible Worlds

Numerous simultaneous paths open in front of the cybernaut, whose person is reflected in the various windows opened on the screen like many fragments of mirror. Yet, the fragmentarity of the online persona does not necessarily imply a disintegration of the self. This paper conducts a philosophical critique of the conditions under which cyberworlds can constitute a psychosocial moratorium virtually always available, where the subject can experience possible realities and dialog with the other within and outside the self. Virtual worlds can afford a condition of semitransparency that could represent an important opportunity to a new relationship between the individual and the community: a third way beyond the objectivation to a communitarian identity of traditional society and the derealization of impersonalism of bureaucratic society.
Natural deduction systems for Nelson's paraconsistent logic and its neighbors

Firstly, a natural deduction system in standard style is introduced for Nelson's para-consistent logic N4, and a normalization theorem is shown for this system. Secondly, a natural deduction system in sequent calculus style is introduced for N4, and a normalization theorem is shown for this system. Thirdly, a comparison between various natural deduction systems for N4 is given. Fourthly, a strong normalization theorem is shown for a natural deduction system for a sublogic of N4. Fifthly, a strong normalization theorem is proved for a typed λ-calculus for a neighbor of N4. Finally, it is remarked that the natural deduction frameworks presented can also be adapted for Wansing's basic connexive logic C.
Research on a Naive Bayesian Based Short Message Filtering System

There are many researches on junk e-mail filtering but few on junk SMS filtering. This paper introduces a distributed SMS filtering system which is applicable on mobile network. This system has self-learning and knowledge updating capability and it can find junk SMS sender with a proper high credibility. The main algorithm used in this system is the naive Bayesian classification algorithm. Some attributes such as the length of the SMS and rules found by statistics are added to attribute set, and experiments show that it results a better performance than the traditional word based Bayesian approach. This paper also gives an approach to rank the suspicious SMS senders on their probabilities to be real junk SMS senders according to some measures
Graphene-supported CoPc/TiO2 synthesized by sol-gel–hydrothermal method with enhanced photocatalytic activity for degradation of the typical gas of landfill exhaust

This work was focused on the enhanced photocatalytic activity of cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc)/TiO2 under visible light irradiation supported on reduced graphene oxide (RGO). A series of RGO/CoPc/TiO2 nanocomposites were synthesized via sol-gel–hydrothermal method. The photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, BET surface area, Scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectra, UV–Vis spectra and Photoluminescence spectra. The results demonstrated that the TiO2 existed as anatase phase both of CoPc/TiO2 and RGO/CoPc/TiO2 composites, and the absorption range in visible light of RGO/CoPc/TiO2 composites were broadened further. The photodegradation results of diethyl sulfide, the typical gas of landfill exhaust, under visible light revealed that RGO/CoPc/TiO2 nanocomposites exhibited much higher photocatalytic activity than CoPc/TiO2 and pure TiO2, indicating the ideal amount of RGO was 7.5wt. %, the optimal amount of 7.5% RGO/CoPc/TiO2 composite on each plat was 0.3g and the degradation efficiency of diethyl sulfide was about 90%. Implications: Over the past decades, air pollution has become more and more serious, many countries have reported that the complaints of odor problems related to urban garbage and industry are increasing. This study is beneficial for the exhaust governance of some landfills. Moreover, the process doesn’t involve any expensive oxidizing chemicals and can be performed under normal conditions of temperature and pressure.
93G, a novel sporadic strain of hepatitis E virus in South China isolated by cell culture

The nucleotide sequence of Hepatitis E virus (HEV) serous isolates (G‐9 and G‐20) from Guangzhou, South China, which has been reported previously, are divergent significantly from those of other reported HEV isolates. In order to investigate more extensively the Guangzhou isolate, the 93G strain was isolated from the faecal sample of the same individual as G‐9 by A549 cell culture and identified immunologically and by molecular biological techniques. The results showed that strain 93G could be propagated in an A549 cell line causing cytopathic effects. The viral particles were aggregated by a specific antibody to HEV Chinese Xinjiang strain (87A) observed using immunoelectron microscopy and were similar morphologically to HEV from other sources. In this study, an indirect fluorescent antibody assay was first developed to examine HEV antigen in the infected cells, by immunofluorescence in the cytoplasm and on the surface membrane of the cells. The 58‐kDa and 82‐kDa native structural proteins of HEV were also identified in this study by Western blotting. The 93G genome showed high homology (93%) with G‐9 previously reported but was also as divergent from the Burmese, Mexican, Chinese Xinjiang isolates and the recently reported US‐1 isolate, as was G‐9. The data presented indicate that 93G propagated in A549 cells, together with its related serum isolate G‐9, represents another HEV strain circulating in China and is responsible for some sporadic hepatitis E infections. J. Med. Virol. 61:311–318, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of nano silver on the growth of banana (Musa spp.) cultured in vitro

Nano silver has positive effects on the growth and development of in vitro plants. In this study, shoots of in vitro banana with 1 cm in length were cut off the tip which was cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 30 g.L-1 sucrose, 15% coconut water (v/v), 5 mg. L-1 6-Benzyladenine (BA), 8 g.L-1 agar and nano silver (1, 3, 5, 7 ppm). After twenty days cultured, shoots in the medium supplemented with 1 ppm nano silver have grown well with 8.4 times multiplication and total chlorophyll content (2.05 mg.g-1), three-fold higher than in the control experiment. All new shoot samples were cultivated in a new medium with same component and supplemented with 1 mg. L-1 active charcoal to study root formation. The results showed that the best medium for root development was the one with 3 ppm nano silver. In this treatment, the height of shoots, number of leaves, number of roots, root length, fresh weight, dry weight and total chlorophyll content were 2.90 cm, 4.40 leaves per explant, 7.10 roots per explant, 7.7 cm per explant, 1.47 g per explant, 0.136 g and 3.17 mg.g-1, respectively. In vitro healthy seedlings with equal size were grown in nurseries. Different concentrations of nano silver (5, 10, 15 ppm) were sprayed on once a week. After 30 days, the highest quality result was observed at concentration 5 ppm with shoot of 4.86 cm in length, 5.20 leaves per shoot, 4.60 roots per explant, root of 4.87 cm in length and 3.07 g per explant in fresh weight. Nano bạc có tác động tích cực lên quá trình sinh trưởng và phát triển của một số loài thực vật nuôi cấy in vitro. Trong nghiên cứu này, chồi non in vitro có chiều cao 1 cm đã cắt bỏ đỉnh được nuôi cấy trên môi trường MS có bổ sung 30 g/L đường, 15% nước dừa (v/v), 5 mg/L BA, 8 g/L agar và nano bạc ở nồng độ 1, 3, 5, 7 ppm. Sau 20 ngày nuôi cấy, mẫu cấy phát triển tốt trên môi trường bổ sung nano bạc nồng độ 1 ppm với hệ số nhân chồi 8,4 lần, hàm lượng chlorophyll tổng số đạt 2,05 mg/g, cao gấp ba lần so với mẫu đối chứng. Mẫu cấy được chuyền sang môi trường mới có thành phần tương tự và bổ sung thêm 1 mg/L than hoạt tính để khảo sát sự tạo rễ. Kết quả cho thấy mẫu cấy trên môi trường có nồng độ nano bạc 3 ppm phát triển tốt nhất với chiều cao cây 2,90 cm/mẫu; số lá 4,40/ mẫu; số rễ 7,10/ mẫu; chiều dài rễ 7,7 cm/mẫu; khối lượng tươi 1,47 g/mẫu, khối lượng khô 0,136 g/mẫu và hàm lượng chlorophyll tổng đạt 3,17 mg/g. Những cây con in vitro phát triển tốt được trồng ngoài vườn ươm. Các dung dịch nano bạc có nồng độ 5, 10, 15 ppm được dùng để phun lên cây 1 lần/ tuần. Sau 30 ngày, kết quả cao nhất ghi nhận ở dung dịch có nồng độ 5 ppm với chiều cao chồi đạt 4,86 cm, 5,20 lá/chồi, 4,60 rễ/mẫu, chiều dài rễ đạt 4,87 cm và khối lượng tươi đạt 3,07 g/mẫu.
A comparative investigation of acknowledgment mechanisms for data transport in space internet

As the Internet is changing the world dramatically, an initiative is being proposed within NASA and in the military to expand the Internet into space and for network-centric warfare using network protocols. An end-to-end effective data transport protocol is critical to the reliable transfer of information in space and for a battlefield environment. Consequently, a reliable and efficient acknowledgment mechanism is required to accommodate these unreliable communication conditions. In this article we conduct a comparative investigation of existing data transport acknowledgment mechanisms for possible adoption in the unreliable environment of space or a similarly stressed communication environment. We also introduce the selective negative acknowledgment (SNACK), which is designed as a reliable retransmission mechanism for space and stressed tactical communications, followed by a brief performance evaluation of the effectiveness of SNACK compared to the standard SACK mechanism.
Resident-to-resident violent incidents in nursing homes.

CONTEXT Little is known about nursing home residents' injuries that are inflicted by other residents. OBJECTIVE To assess risk factors for violent injury to nursing home residents by other residents. DESIGN, SETTING, AND SUBJECTS Case-control study using data from the Massachusetts Department of Public Health's Complaint and Incident Reporting System and from Minimum Data Set assessments for Massachusetts nursing home residents. Cases had an injury sustained from an incident with another nursing home resident between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2000, which left visible evidence (ie, fracture, dislocation, bruise or hematoma, laceration, and reddened area) (median age, 81 years). Controls were randomly selected from all residents who had a Minimum Data Set assessment completed in 2000 (n = 101 429) and no injury report (median age, 83 years). A total of 1994 controls were included in the analyses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Injury type and risk of being injured by resident-to-resident aggressive physical behaviors based on the specific characteristics of the injured resident. RESULTS During the first incident, 294 residents sustained fractures (n = 39), dislocations (n = 6), bruises or hematomas (n = 105), lacerations (n = 113), and reddened areas (n = 31). Injured residents (cases) were more likely to be cognitively impaired, exhibit symptoms of wandering, be verbally abusive, and have socially inappropriate behavior than the controls. Residents who were classified as needing extensive assistance (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.2-0.6) and being severely dependent (AOR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.05-0.27) had a significant reduction in being injured. Residents in an Alzheimer disease unit were almost 3 times as likely to be injured than those living in other units (AOR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.4-7.5). CONCLUSIONS Injured residents were more likely, perhaps unknowingly, to "put themselves in harm's way," be verbally aggressive, and be cognitively impaired. Interventions to prevent these incidents should focus on the behavior of the injured persons.
Contribution of Epigenetic Modifications to the Decline in Transgene Expression from Plasmid DNA in Mouse Liver

Short-term expression of transgenes is one of the problems frequently associated with non-viral in vivo gene transfer. To obtain experimental evidence for the design of sustainable transgene expression systems, the contribution of epigenetic modifications to the decline in transgene expression needs to be investigated. Bisulfite sequencing and reactivation by hydrodynamic injection of isotonic solution were employed to investigate methylation statues of CpG in transiently expressing plasmid, pCMV-Luc, in mouse liver after hydrodynamic delivery. The cytosines of CpGs in the promoter region of pCMV-Luc were methylated in mouse liver, but the methylation was much later than the decline in the expression. The expression from pre-methylated pCMV-Luc was insensitive to reactivation. Neither an inhibitor of DNA methylation nor an inhibitor of histone deacetylation had significant effects on transgene expression after hydrodynamic injection of pCMV-Luc. Partial hepatectomy, which reduces the transgene expression from the non-integrated vector into the genome, significantly reduced the transgene expression of human interferon γ from a long-term expressing plasmid pCpG-Huγ, suggesting that the CpG-reduced plasmid was not significantly integrated into the genomic DNA. These results indicate that the CpG-reduced plasmids achieve prolonged transgene expression without integration into the host genome, although the methylation status of CpG sequences in plasmids will not be associated with the prolonged expression.