Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bibliometric Characteristics of a "Paradigm Shift": The 2012 Nobel Prize in Medicine

This research-in-progress paper reports bibliometric characteristics that illustrate and give credence to the claim of the Nobel Prize committee that its 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded for a “paradigm shift”. An all-author co-citation analysis (ACA) of stem cells research 2004-2009 provides an interesting characterization of this paradigm shift, which was triggered by a mid-2006 publication by the younger of the two 2012 laureates. In particular, while ACAs of 2-year time slices for the period consistently indicate the presence of a single cohesive subfield in which the “paradigm shift” occurred, with some fluctuation in membership throughout the period, an ACA of the entire six year period shows instead a closely interlinked pair of subfields, which on closer inspection turn out to represent the preand post-paradigm shift states of the same subfield. This bibliometric characterization also correctly identifies the name of the researcher primarily responsible for the paradigm shift, namely, Shinya Yamanaka, as that of the dominant post-shift cited author in that subfield. The relative lack of dominant figures in the subfield in the pre-shift period also underlines the area’s preparadigmatic state of multiple conflicting and relatively unsuccessful research directions attempting to address a fundamental crisis in that field at that point. Conference Topics Mapping and Visualization; Citation and Co-citation Analysis; Methods and Techniques
Layered space-time receiver for downlink multiple-input multiple-output multi-carrier code division multiple access systems

Multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) allows multiuser communication with frequency diversity. To increase the system data rates, spatial multiplexing for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) MC-CDMA has been investigated. This study proposes a chip level layered space–time (LST) receiver architecture for coded downlink MIMO MC-CDMA systems. As the conventional chip level ordered successive interference cancellation (OSIC) receiver is unable to overcome multiple access interference and performs poorly in multiuser scenarios, the proposed receiver cancels both spatial and multiuser interference in an ordered LST detection process by requiring only the knowledge of the desired user's spreading sequence. Simulation results show that the proposed receiver not only performs better than the existing linear detectors but also outperforms both the chip and symbol level OSIC receivers. In this study the authors also compare the error rate performance between the proposed system and MIMO orthogonal frequency division multiple access (MIMO OFDMA) system and they justify the comparisons by deriving and analysing the pairwise error probability (PEP) for both systems. MIMO MC-CDMA demonstrates a better performance over MIMO OFDMA under low system load. If all users’ spreading sequences are known, multiuser interference can be reduced and MIMO MC-CDMA performs better than MIMO OFDMA at all system loads.
A Geography of Global Change: Cities and Services, 2000-20011

Comparing the office networks of selected global service firms in 2000 with 2001 reveals 1,074 changes. Despite the period being one of world economic slowdown, approximately two-thirds of the changes were expansions. Legal services were the most expansionary; banking/finance and advertising grew the slowest. The geography of these changes is described in two ways. First, regional patterns are examined which show Pacific Asia as the leading growth region. Second, strata of world cities defined by their connectivity show that the ratio of expansion to retraction increases with the importance of cities. A map of change featuring 123 cities across the world confirms these regional and hierarchical geographies. Thus in a period of world economic slowdown, financial and business services are becoming more concentrated within the world city network.
Thrombin and NAD(P)H Oxidase–Mediated Regulation of CD44 and BMP4-Id Pathway in VSMC, Restenosis, and Atherosclerosis

To characterize novel signaling pathways that underlie NAD(P)H oxidase–mediated signaling in atherosclerosis, we first examined differences in thrombin-induced gene expression between wild-type and p47phox−/− (NAD[P]H oxidase–deficient) VSMC. Of the 9000 genes analyzed by cDNA microarray method at the G1/S transition point, 76 genes were similarly and significantly modulated in both the cell types, whereas another 22 genes that encompass various functional groups were regulated in NAD(P)H oxidase–dependent manner. Among these 22 genes, thrombin-induced NAD(P)H oxidase–mediated regulation of Klf15, Igbp1, Ak4, Adamts5, Ech1, Serp1, Sec61a2, Aox1, Aoh1, Fxyd5, Rai14, and Serpinh1 was shown for the first time in VSMC. The role of NAD(P)H oxidase in the regulation of a subset of these genes (CD44, BMP4, Id1, and Id3) was confirmed using modulators of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, a ROS scavenger and in gain-of-function experiments. We then characterized regulation of these genes in restenosis and atherosclerosis. In both apoE−/− mice and in a mouse vascular injury model, these genes are regulated in NAD(P)H oxidase–dependent manner during vascular lesion formation. Based on these findings, we propose that NAD(P)H oxidase–dependent gene expression in general, and the CD44 and BMP4-Id signaling pathway in particular, is important in restenosis and atherosclerosis.
Economic Modelling of Suicide Under Income Uncertainty: For Better Understanding of Middle-Aged Suicide

This paper formalises an individual's decision about suicide within a framework of lifetime utility maximisation models. This is in line with the literature on economic modelling of suicide. The novelty of the paper is to take into account income uncertainty. Income uncertainty reduces a risk-averse individual's expected utility, making them more likely to commit suicide. On the other hand, income uncertainty creates a value to postponing suicide even when their income gets sufficiently low. This is because income uncertainty means that if things go well, they will get higher income in the future. Thus, income uncertainty has two opposite effects on suicidal behaviour. The main objective of this paper is to construct an economic model of suicide for investigating net impacts of income uncertainty on suicidal behaviour. For this purpose, it is assumed that the wage evolves according to a stochastic process. Then, the threshold wage, below which an individual commits suicide, is derived as a function of the parameters of the stochastic process assumed for the wage evolution. Impacts of changes in these parameters on the threshold wage are calculated. With the result, the paper shows how income uncertainty affects suicidal behaviour.
A Delphi investigation into future trends in e-learning in Israel

The purpose of this study is to investigate the views and opinions of e-learning experts regarding future trends in the e-learning arena. The Delphi technique was chosen as a method of study. This technique is an efficient and effective group communication process designed to systematically elicit judgments from experts in their selected area of expertise. The 35 experts who participated in this study were asked to rate 16 statements according to what they think will probably happen (probability) and what they would like to see happen (desirability). Findings show that participants believe that the use of new technologies will change current educational theories and methodologies and will have impact on instructor skills, effort, feedback, and interaction as well as on the process of learning assessment. Concerning the future of e-learning, participants view a future tendency toward the provision of full online degrees, yet they are skeptical, stating that the e-learning setting will not completely replace the frontal educational setting. Regarding the impact of social and mobile technologies on e-learning, experts seem to view the role of social and mobile technologies as facilitators in the transfer and sharing of information in e-learning settings.
Histamine receptors of cones and horizontal cells in Old World monkey retinas

In primates the retina receives input from histaminergic neurons in the posterior hypothalamus that are active during the day. In order to understand how this input contributes to information processing in Old World monkey retinas, we have been localizing histamine receptors (HR) and studying the effects of histamine on the neurons that express them. Previously, we localized HR3 to the tips of ON bipolar cell dendrites and showed that histamine hyperpolarizes the cells via this receptor. We raised antisera against synthetic peptides corresponding to an extracellular domain of HR1 between the 4th and 5th transmembrane domains and to an intracellular domain near the carboxyl terminus of HR2. Using these, we localized HR1 to horizontal cells and a small number of amacrine cells and localized HR2 to puncta closely associated with synaptic ribbons inside cone pedicles. Consistent with this, HR1 mRNA was detected in horizontal cell perikarya and primary dendrites and HR2 mRNA was found in cone inner segments. We studied the effect of 5 μM exogenous histamine on primate cones in macaque retinal slices. Histamine reduced Ih at moderately hyperpolarized potentials, but not the maximal current. This would be expected to increase the operating range of cones and conserve ATP in bright, ambient light. Thus, all three major targets of histamine are in the outer plexiform layer, but the retinopetal axons containing histamine terminate in the inner plexiform layer. Taken together, the findings in these three studies suggest that histamine acts primarily via volume transmission in primate retina. J. Comp. Neurol. , 2012;520:528–543. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unconditionally stable solution for wave equations of the second order

This paper reports an unconditionally stable and implicit method to solve the electromagnetic wave equations of the second order numerically without the Courant limit. By using the Crank-Nicolson (CN) scheme with the Douglas-Gunn (DG) algorithm, the numerical solution is second order accurate in both space and time. Two schemes are introduced and compared, and the numerical dispersion relations are given. Numerical experiments agree with the numerical dispersion predicted in theory.
The Role of Money During the Recession in Australia in 1990-92

What role did money play during the severe recession in Australia in 1990–92? A multivariate time-series model of the Australian economy is developed and the influence of each variable–including money–on real GDP is determined. A dramatic fall in the rate of monetary expansion during 1989 accounts for the severity of the recession. Indeed, the recession would have been even more serious without mitigating foreign factors. The Reserve Bank readjusted monetary policy in 1990 and there were no further adverse monetary shocks during the downward phase of the business cycle. The time-series technique employed is known as historical decomposition.
AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF SOCIAL ACCOUNTS FOR AN ECONOMY OF THE YUGOSLAV TYPE

The system of social accounts described in this article is based on the following five principles: (1) Producers of goods and services are working organizations which represent groups of people or individuals organized for the purpose of earning a living by producing goods and services that satisfy individual or collective needs. Business, government, profit and nonprofit, corporate and unincorporated working organizations are treated in a uniform way. (2) Since the behaviors of the market and non-market sectors differ considerably, these two sectors are consistently separated throughout the accounting system. (3) There are four basic activities: (a) production, (b) consumption, (c) investment, and (d) income redistribution. These call for four separate accounts: (a) Working Organizations, (b) Households, (c) Community, including government and certain non-government institutions, and (d) Accumulation. The fifth account, Rest of the World, serves for balancing purposes. (4) The same classifications of transactions are used for activities and institutions, making possible complete matching of social product and financial flows accounts. (5) The system strives to achieve the maximum analytical flexibility. Some of its possibilities are visible from the classification of industries: A. Market (Material) Sector: 1. Agriculture, II. Forestry, III. Mining and Manufacturing, IV. Construction, V. Transportation, VI. Trade and Catering, VII. Handicrafts; B. Non-Market (Non-Material) Sector: VIII. Housing and Communal Economy, IX. Education, Culture, and Social Welfare, X. Public Services Social Organizations (Political, Religious, etc.), Finance and Insurance, Public Administration and Judiciary, National Defence. Sector A corresponds to the material definition of social product. Sectors A + B correspond to the SNA definition. Sectors A + B minus Industry × reflects the welfare definition. Further, Industries I-IV produce goods, V-VII market services, VIII and IX non-market services with welfare content, X intermediate nonmarket services, V-X all services.
New Binary and Ternary LCD Codes

LCD codes are linear codes with important cryptographic applications. Recently, a method has been presented to transform any linear code into an LCD code with the same parameters when it is supported on a finite field with cardinality larger than 3. Hence, the study of LCD codes is mainly open for binary and ternary fields. Subfield subcodes of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$J$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-affine variety codes are a generalization of BCH codes which have been successfully used for constructing good quantum codes. We describe binary and ternary LCD codes constructed as subfield subcodes of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$J$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-affine variety codes and provide some new and good LCD codes coming from this construction.
Declaration of Partial Copyright Licence

The Philips DAP SCD510, SCD520, SCD530, and SCD540 1.8GHz/1.9GHz DECT Digital Wireless Baby Monitors are part of the next generation digital baby monitor products that emphasize on small form factor, innovative feature set, and cost effective bill of materials. New product features include wideband audio, ambient relative humidity measurement, and carbon monoxide detection. The objectives of this project are to design and develop these four baby monitor products and begin mass production for the 1 model within the ten-month time frame. The scope of this project includes baseband hardware design, battery charging algorithm design, and carbon monoxide detection algorithm design. This project report presents the baseband hardware design and implementation, outlines battery charging considerations, describes the battery charging algorithm implementation, examines carbon monoxide detection requirements, and presents the carbon monoxide detection implementation in detail.
The Product Cycle and International Production: U.K. Pharmaceutials

The inability of traditional trade theory to explain actual trade patterns has led to increasing interest in new, more dynamic explanations of international commercial relationships [3]. Interest in new accounts of the pattern of international trade has been followed by explanations of 'non-trade' commitments by multinational enterprise in various national markets [5, 2]. The product life cycle approach to international trade and international investment provides a useful framework within which to examine the nature of international production undertaken by multinational enterprise. ' In this paper we briefly set out the main features of the product cycle model of international trade and investment and examine certain possible conflicts with the usually accepted view of multinational-enterprise production. A simple empirical test of the significance of product cycle influences is based on the international production of a number of ethical pharmaceutical products by six U.K.-owned multinational pharmaceutical firms.
The control of upper body segment speed and velocity during the golf swing

Understanding the dynamics of upper body motion during the downswing is an important step in determining the control strategies required for a successful and repeatable golf swing. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between head, thorax, and pelvis motion, during the downswing of professional golfers. Three-dimensional data were collected for 14 male professional golfers (age 27 ± 8 years, golf-playing experience 13.3 ± 8 years) using an optical motion analysis system. The amplitude and timing of peak speed and peak velocities were calculated for the head, thorax, and pelvis during the downswing. Cross-correlation analysis was used to examine the strength of coupling and phasing between and within segments. The results indicated the thorax segment had the highest peak speeds and peak velocities for the upper body during the downswing. A strong coupling relationship was evident between the thorax and pelvis (average R 2 = 0.92 across all directions), while the head and thorax showed a much more variable relationship (average R 2 = 0.76 across all directions). The strong coupling between the thorax and pelvis is possibly a method for simplifying the motor control strategy used during the downswing, and a way of ensuring consistent motor patterns.
Joint Position and Velocity Bounds in Discrete-Time Acceleration/Torque Control of Robot Manipulators

This letter deals with the problem of controlling a robotic system whose joints have bounded position, velocity, and acceleration/torque. Assuming a discrete-time acceleration control, we compute tight bounds on the current joint accelerations that ensure the existence of a feasible trajectory in the future. Despite the clear practical importance of this issue, no complete and exact solution has been proposed yet, and all existing control architectures rely on hand-tuned heuristics. We also extend this methodology to torque-controlled robots, for which joint accelerations are only indirectly bounded by the torque limits. Numerical simulations are presented to validate the proposed method, which is computationally efficient and hence suitable for high-frequency control.
CD63 Is Not Required for Production of Infectious Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Human Macrophages

ABSTRACT During the assembly of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles, the tetraspanin CD63 can be incorporated into the viral membrane. Indeed, cell surface tetraspanin microdomains that include CD63 have been proposed as sites for virus release. In addition, antibodies against CD63 can inhibit HIV infection of macrophages. In this cell type, HIV assembles into intracellularly sequestered plasma membrane domains that contain several other tetraspanins, including CD81, CD9, and CD53. CD63 is recruited to this domain following HIV infection. Together, these observations suggest that CD63 may have some function in the assembly of infectious virus particles and/or the infectivity of assembled virions. Here we have used RNA interference to knock down CD63 expression in monocyte-derived primary macrophages. We show that in the absence of CD63, HIV assembly is quantitatively comparable to that seen in CD63-expressing macrophages and that virus assembly occurs on compartments positive for CD81, CD9, and CD53. Moreover, the infectivity of macrophage-derived virus is unaffected by the loss of CD63. Together, our results indicate that at least in tissue culture, CD63 expression is not required for either the production or the infectivity of HIV-1.
Globalisation and Africa's Economic Recovery: a Case Study of the European Union–South Africa Post-Apartheid Trading Regime

The European Union–South Africa Trade, Development and Cooperation Agreement, signed in October 1999, is an important symbol of South Africa's formal reintegration into the world economy after many years of debilitating isolation. However, the negotiations to establish the most important component of this Agreement, the free trade area, were protracted and acrimonious. This article examines the key issues at the heart of these negotiations. A central contention of the paper is that the multilateral regulatory environment governing the world economy had a determining influence over the content and character of this Agreement and, in so doing, acted to reinforce a profoundly unfair trading relationship. This case study is a microcosm of events taking place on a larger scale, with many African states being integrated into the global economy on unequal and disadvanta geous terms.
Raphé grafts and 3,4-diaminopyridine-evoked overflow of serotonin in the rat hippocampus after 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine lesions: evidence for 5-HT1A autoreceptors

A first experiment verified that the overflow of 5-HT evoked by 75 μM 3,4-diaminopyridine in superfused hippocampal slices was calcium-dependent, tetrodotoxin-sensitive and modulable by drugs acting on 5-HT1B autoreceptors. Subsequently, the technique was used in rats to investigate the effects of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine lesions and intrahippocampal serotonergic grafts. The lesions reduced the accumulation (−81%) and relative evoked overflow (−23%; absolute evoked overflow −86%) of [3H]5-HT, but increased the relative baseline overflow (+23%; absolute baseline overflow −78%). Grafts partially compensated for these effects. In slices from grafted rats, the evoked overflow was reduced by application of a 5-HT1A receptor agonist (8-OH-DPAT), a response not found in sham-operated and lesion-only rats. Although the graft-induced effects were less marked than in previous studies, they were beneficial and modulated by a mechanism that normally does not operate in the intact hippocampus.
A diffusion tensor imaging study of structural dysconnectivity in never-medicated, first-episode schizophrenia

Background Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can be used to investigate cerebral structural connectivity in never-medicated individuals with first-episode schizophrenia. Method Subjects with first-episode schizophrenia according to DSM-IV-R who had never been exposed to antipsychotic medication (n=25) and healthy controls (n=26) were recruited. Groups were matched for age, gender, best parental socio-economic status and ethnicity. All subjects underwent DTI and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Voxel-based analysis was performed to investigate brain regions where fractional anisotropy (FA) values differed significantly between groups. A confirmatory region-of-interest (ROI) analysis of FA scores was performed in which regions were placed blind to group membership. Results In patients, FA values significantly lower than those in healthy controls were located in the left fronto-occipital fasciculus, left inferior longitudinal fasciculus, white matter adjacent to right precuneus, splenium of corpus callosum, right posterior limb of internal capsule, white matter adjacent to right substantia nigra, and left cerebral peduncle. ROI analysis of the corpus callosum confirmed that the patient group had significantly lower mean FA values than the controls in the splenium but not in the genu. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for independent ROI measurements was 0.90 (genu) and 0.90 (splenium). There were no regions where FA values were significantly higher in the patients than in the healthy controls. Conclusions Widespread structural dysconnectivity, including the subcortical region, is already present in neuroleptic-naive patients in their first episode of illness.