Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
P1 Amplitude Across Replicates: Does Measurement Method Make a Difference?

Purpose: Most cortical auditory evoked potentials instruments provide a “default” peak-to-baseline (P-B) amplitude and a means for obtaining a peak-to-trough (P-T) measure. This study investigated the sensitivity of these two measures in assessing the effects of repeated runs on the P1 component of the electrophysiological response. Methods: Cortical auditory evoked potentials were recorded on 30 normal hearing young adults. Three stimuli were used: an 80-millisecond synthetic /da/ and a 1 kHz tone burst of 40- and 80-millisecond durations. Stimuli were presented at 60 dB normal hearing level in a counterbalanced order. Three serial replicates were obtained for each stimulus. P1 amplitude and latency were measured. Results: The P-T amplitudes diminished significantly (P < 0.01) from replicate 1 to replicate 3 for each of the three stimulus types, but P-B amplitudes did not. P1 latency findings were consistent with effects shown by diminished P-T amplitude data in which latency increased significantly (P = 0.024) from replicate 1 to replicate 3 for one stimulus (40-millisecond tone). Conclusions: The P-T amplitude measurement method identified significant decrements in amplitude because repeated runs were obtained, whereas the P-B method did not. These findings suggest that a P-T method is more sensitive to some P1 electrophysiological activity than is a P-B measure.
The carcinogenic activities in mice of compounds related to 3‐methylcholanthrene

A number of derivatives of 3‐methylcholanthrene have been tested for carcinogenic action by injection into C57 black mice. 1‐ and 2‐Hydroxy‐3‐methylcholanthrene and 3‐methylcholanthrene‐1‐ and 2‐one were active carcinogens, but cis‐1,2‐dihydroxy‐3‐methylcholanthrene showed only weak activity. The hydrocarbon, 3‐methylcholanthrylene (1,2‐dehydro‐3‐methylcholanthrene). was an active carcinogen. 11,12‐Epoxy‐11,12‐dihydro‐3‐methylcholanthrene showed weak carcinogenic activity whereas cis‐11,12‐dihydro‐11,12‐dihydroxy‐3‐methylcholanthrene was inactive.
A Verifiable and Traceable Secondhand Digital Media Market Protocol

As used product transactions are currently on the rise, the demand for transactions of secondhand digital content will grow in the future; thus, learning to make secure transactions while avoiding cyber attacks becomes an important issue. In this paper, we combine the new buyer’s secret key, the new buyer’s watermark to embed in resold digital content, and the reseller’s encrypted watermark, which can prove legal ownership of the reseller. Using the privacy homomorphism property of RSA and exponential calculus, the original seller of digital content can verify the legality of the reseller and the new buyer. We also reduced the load of encryption/decryption digital content using a partial encryption/decryption algorithm to make our protocol more efficient and practical. In the proposed protocol, the seller is not able to conduct piracy and easily frame any other innocent secondhand buyer when a case of piracy is found. In fact, piracy can be clearly traced using the privacy homomorphism property of RSA and the embedded watermark mechanism. Further, in the proposed protocol, the seller himself can trace the piracy using exponential calculus. Since it is unnecessary to trust third party participation, the conspiracy problem is resolved and the new buyer is not required to participate in the dispute. Moreover, the seller, reseller and new buyer can simultaneously benefit from the secondhand transaction.
Die Berichterstattung über alliierte Kriegsgefangene

Wie Ludes & Schutte (1991b) in einer Untersuchung der Golfkriegsberichterstattung in "Tagesschau" und "heute" festgestellt haben, blieben Zahlen und Bilder von irakisehen Opfern des Golfkrieges bis Kriegsende so gut wie ausgeblendet. Als dann die ersten Schatzungen von uber 80.000 bis 150.000 im Krieg gefallenen irakisehen Soldaten kamen, wurden diese immer erst nach "den etwa I Promille hiervon betragenden Zahlen der Opfer unter den Alliierten gebracht". 1 Die Autoren sehen darin ein Ergebnis von Adams (1985) bestatigt, welcher (allerdings im Kontext der Berichterstattung uber Naturkatastrophen) festgestellt hatte, das in Abhangigkeit von ihrer nationalen Herkunft ein erheblicher Unterschied zwischen der Nachrichtenwurdigkeit von Todesopfern besteht. Wahrend hier noch davon ausgegangen werden kann, das die Ursachen der ungleichen Berichterstattung mit den gebrauchlichen Kriterien fur die Auswahl internationaler Nachrichten erschopfend beschrieben sind, ist dies im Falle der Berichterstattung uber die Kriegsopfer am Golf jedoch nicht mehr der Fall. Internationale Nachrichten werden laut Kunczik (1990, S.17) nach ahnlichen Kriterien ausgewahlt wie nationale bzw. lokale Nachrichten, wobei das Ungewohnliche (z.B. Katastrophen, Unruhen oder Staatsstreiche) besonders beachtet wird. Fur das Ungleichgewicht der Berichterstattung uber an sich vergleichbare Ereignisse kann dabei u.a. der in allen Mediensystemen aufzufindende Regionalismus verantwortlich gemacht werden: die eigene Region wird am starksten beachtet. Ranghohere Staaten (z.B. Grosmachte) sowie geographisch oder kulturell nahere Staaten werden von den Medien mehr beachtet und wirtschaftliche, bUDdnispolitische oder ideologische Beziehungen fuhren ebenfalls zu einer intensiveren Berichtersatattung uber ein anderes Land. Im vorliegenden Fall der Berichterstattung uber die Golfkriegsopfer ist jedoch noch ein weiterer Gesichtspunkt hinzuzufugen, welchen Herman & Chomsky (1988) herausgearbeitet haben, und der ebenfalls erklaren soll, warum bestimmte Themen von den Medien aufgegriffen werden, wahrend andere unter den Tisch fallen und keine Beachtung finden: der Gesichts-
Pressure Transient Analysis of the Low Permeability Composite Reservoir with Threshold Pressure Gradient

A mathematical model of effective radius for low velocity non-Darcy flow in low permeability composite reservoir with two different zones is established and the threshold pressure gradients of the two zones in low permeability composite reservoir are taken into consideration. The solution of bottomhole pressure is obtained, the type curves of pressure behavior for low velocity non-Darcy flow in composite reservoir are plotted, and the effects of parameter on the pressure behavior, such as threshold pressure gradients, diffusivity ratio, mobility ratio, and interfacial radius, are discussed. It is shown in the study that the type curve of pressure derivative is no longer horizontal line at the period of radial flow in the inner and outer zones, but it tends to be upward gradually for the effect of threshold pressure gradient. This characteristic is different from the traditional composite reservoir with two zones. The model is used to interpret the actual well test data of low permeability reservoir, and interpretation results are in good accordance with the actual pressure behavior, indicating that it is practical for studying the characteristics of low permeability reservoir.
Towards Enhancing Skin Reflection Removal and Image Focusing Using a 3-D Breast Surface Reconstruction Algorithm

Suppressing skin reflection is vital for successful tumor detection in radar breast imaging systems. In this communication, a novel skin reflection removal (SRR) algorithm is presented based on a previously-proposed breast surface reconstruction algorithm. This skin reflection removal algorithm is validated using numerical MRI-derived breast models. This communication also investigates how the same skin location information can be used to enhance the delay-and-sum algorithm.
The transcriptional repressor Blimp 1 is expressed in rare luminal progenitors and is essential for mammary gland development

Mammary glandmorphogenesis depends on a tight balance between cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, to create a defined functional hierarchy within the epithelia. The limited availability of stem cell/progenitor markers has made it challenging to decipher lineage relationships. Here, we identify a rare subset of luminal progenitors that express the zinc finger transcriptional repressor Blimp1, and demonstrate that this subset of highly clonogenic luminal progenitors is required for mammary gland development. Conditional inactivation experiments using K14-Cre andWAPi-Cre deleter strains revealed essential functions at multiple developmental stages. Thus, Blimp1 regulates proliferation, apoptosis and alveolar cell maturation during puberty and pregnancy. Loss of Blimp1 disrupts epithelial architecture and lumen formation both in vivo and in threedimensional (3D) primary cell cultures. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Blimp1 is required to maintain a highly proliferative luminal subset necessary for mammary gland development and
Neuroprotection in Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia by Combination Drug Therapy and Mild Hypothermia: Comparison With Customary Therapeutic Regimen

Background and Purpose— A combined therapeutic approach has been advocated repeatedly for treatment of focal cerebral ischemia. A clinical example of combined therapy is administration of nimodipine, mannitol, dexamethasone, and barbiturates during temporary occlusion of a cerebral artery in neurovascular surgery. We have recently demonstrated outstanding neuroprotective properties of a combination therapy with magnesium (calcium antagonist and glutamate antagonist), tirilazad (antioxidant), and mild hypothermia (MTH). In this study we compared this treatment strategy with the customary treatment options in a rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia. Methods— Sprague-Dawley rats (n=120) were subjected to 90 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion by an intraluminal filament (n=10 per group). In experiment 1, the customary treatment options (nimodipine, mannitol, dexamethasone, methohexital) were evaluated as monotherapy and in combination. In experiment 2, the customary and the new combination therapy (MTH) were compared. Mild hypothermia (33°C) was maintained for 2 hours. Neurological examinations were performed daily. Infarct size was assessed histologically after 7 days. Results— In experiment 1, infarct volume was attenuated by 34% at maximum, with mannitol and methohexital being the most effective drugs given as monotherapy. In experiment 2, combined administration of the customary treatment options had no additive effect (infarct volume −36%). Combination therapy with MTH reduced total infarction by 73% and almost completely abolished cortical infarction (−91%). None of the animals of this group had any residual neurological deficit at the end of the observation period (P <0.05 versus all other groups). Conclusions— The efficacy of drugs (monotherapy or in combination) most commonly used for neuroprotection during neurovascular surgery is limited. The newly proposed combination therapy (magnesium, tirilazad, and mild hypothermia), which is based on pathophysiological considerations, seems to be a promising alternative for neuroprotection in cerebrovascular surgery.
Recombinant PAI‐1 therapy restores myoendothelial junctions and erectile function in PAI‐1‐deficient mice

Myoendothelial junctions are specialised projections of cell : cell contact through the internal elastic lamina between endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. These junctions allow for endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells to make direct membrane apposition and are involved in cell : cell communication. In this study, we evaluated for the presence of myoendothelial junctions in murine corporal tissue and used plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)‐1‐deficient mice, which lack myoendothelial junctions, to determine whether myoendothelial junctions affect erectile function. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of myoendothelial junctions in the corporal tissue of wild‐type mice and confirmed the decreased junction numbers in the tissue of PAI‐1−/− mice. A potential role for myoendothelial junctions in tumescence was established; in that, PAI‐1−/− mice demonstrated a significantly longer time to achieve maximal intracavernous pressure. Treatment of PAI‐1−/− mice with recombinant PAI‐1 restored the number of myoendothelial junctions in the corporal tissue and also induced a significant decrease in time to maximal corporal pressures. Myoendothelial junctions were similarly identified in the human corporal tissue. These results suggest a critical role for myoendothelial junctions in erectile pathophysiology and therapies aimed at restoring myoendothelial junction numbers in the corporal tissue may provide a novel therapy for erectile dysfunction.
Nut consumption and risk of cancer and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

CONTEXT The identification of foods that can decrease the risk of cancer and type 2 diabetes may be helpful in reducing the burden of these diseases. Although nut consumption has been suggested to have a disease-preventive role, current evidence remains inconsistent. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to clarify the association between nut consumption and risk of cancer or type 2 diabetes. DATA SOURCES Six databases were searched for relevant studies from the time of database inception to August 2014. Reference lists of relevant review articles were hand searched, and authors were contacted when data were insufficient. STUDY SELECTION Eligible studies included epidemiological studies (case-control and cohort) or clinical trials that reported an association between nut consumption and the outcome of type 2 diabetes or specific cancers. DATA EXTRACTION Two investigators independently extracted descriptive, quality, and risk data from included studies. DATA SYNTHESIS Random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool relative risks from the included studies. The I(2) statistic was used to assess heterogeneity. A total of 36 eligible observational studies, which included 30,708 patients, were identified. The studies had fair methodological quality, and length of follow-up ranged between 4.6 years and 30 years. Comparison of the highest category of nut consumption with the lowest category revealed significant associations between nut consumption and decreased risk of colorectal cancer (3 studies each with separate estimates for males and females, RR 0.76, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.61-0.96), endometrial cancer (2 studies, RR 0.58, 95%CI 0.43-0.79), and pancreatic cancer (1 study, RR 0.68, 95%CI 0.48-0.96). No significant association was found with other cancers or type 2 diabetes. Overall, nut consumption was significantly associated with a reduced risk of cancer incidence (RR 0.85, 95%CI 0.76-0.95). CONCLUSIONS Nut consumption may play a role in reducing cancer risk. Additional studies are needed to more accurately assess the relationship between nut consumption and the prevention of individual types of cancer, given the scarcity of available data.
Passages to power : legislative recruitment in advanced democracies

1. Introduction: theories of recruitment Pippa Norris 2. Australia Ian McAllister 3. Canada Lynda Erickson 4. Finland Voitto Helander 5. Germany Bernhard Wessels 6. Japan Haruhiro Fukui 7. The Netherlands Monique Leijenaar and Kees Niemoller 8. New Zealand Helena Catt 9. United Kingdom Pippa Norris and Joni Lovenduski 10. United States Paul S. Herrnson 11. Conclusions: comparing passages to power Pippa Norris.
How to do a systematic review

High quality up-to-date systematic reviews are essential in order to help healthcare practitioners and researchers keep up-to-date with a large and rapidly growing body of evidence. Systematic reviews answer pre-defined research questions using explicit, reproducible methods to identify, critically appraise and combine results of primary research studies. Key stages in the production of systematic reviews include clarification of aims and methods in a protocol, finding relevant research, collecting data, assessing study quality, synthesizing evidence, and interpreting findings. Systematic reviews may address different types of questions, such as questions about effectiveness of interventions, diagnostic test accuracy, prognosis, prevalence or incidence of disease, accuracy of measurement instruments, or qualitative data. For all reviews, it is important to define criteria such as the population, intervention, comparison and outcomes, and to identify potential risks of bias. Reviews of the effect of rehabilitation interventions or reviews of data from observational studies, diagnostic test accuracy, or qualitative data may be more methodologically challenging than reviews of effectiveness of drugs for the prevention or treatment of stroke. Challenges in reviews of stroke rehabilitation can include poor definition of complex interventions, use of outcome measures that have not been validated, and poor generalizability of results. There may also be challenges with bias because the effects are dependent on the persons delivering the intervention, and because masking of participants and investigators may not be possible. There are a wide range of resources which can support the planning and completion of systematic reviews, and these should be considered when planning a systematic review relating to stroke.
Towards hybrid microrobots using pH- and photo-responsive hydrogels for cancer targeting and drug delivery

This work is towards targeted drug delivery using microrobots functionalized to navigate towards naturally occurring pH gradients caused by cancer cells, and to release a payload in response to a light stimulus. Stimuli-responsive microrobots for the localization of specific cell types and targeted drug delivery could provide a new and promising therapy to prevent and treat the spread of cancer. In this work, we present two novel biocompatible photoresists for the fabrication of hybrid microrobots using two-photon polymerization (TPP) for medical applications. One biomarker for cancerous cells is that they exhibit lower pH compared to surrounding healthy tissue. In this work, a pH-responsive resist was developed and demonstrated to automatically seek a low-pH solid in a microfluidic channel, simulating metastatic cells within a vessel. The second resist, a hydrogel-based photoresist, was created to contract in response to light. The two resists were combined together in a two-step printing process to create a microswimmer with potential for tumor localization and drug release capabilities in the human circulatory system.
Different neuronal populations of the rat median preoptic nucleus express c‐fos during sleep and in response to hypertonic saline or angiotensin‐II

The median preoptic nucleus (MnPN) of the hypothalamus contains sleep‐active neurones, and sleep‐related Fos‐immunoreactivity (IR) in this nucleus is primarily expressed in GABAergic cells. The MnPN also contains cells responsive to hypertonic saline and to angiotensin‐II (Ang‐II). To clarify functional relationships between MnPN neurones involved in the regulation of sleep and body fluid homeostasis, we examined c‐fos expression in the MnPN after administration of hypertonic saline and Ang‐II in both spontaneously sleeping and sleep‐deprived rats. Systemic administration of hypertonic saline and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of Ang‐II increased Fos‐IR in both spontaneously sleeping and sleep‐deprived rats, compared to control animals. To determine if the population of MnPN neurones activated in response to osmotic and hormonal stimuli is similar to or different from neurones activated during sleep, we quantified Fos‐IR in MnPN GABAergic neurones in spontaneously sleeping hypertonic saline‐ and Ang‐II‐treated rats versus respective control rats. Fos‐IR evoked by these treatments occurred primarily (80–85%) in non‐GABAergic neurones. Findings of the present study provide evidence that separate populations of MnPN neurones are involved in the regulation of sleep and body fluid homeostasis.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress and Hypoxia Response Pathways Interact to Potentiate Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1) Transcriptional Activity on Targets Like Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)*

Background: The UPR and HIF signaling pathways are cytoprotective responses activated by inadequate cellular environments. Results: These pathways can cooperate to increase the expression of shared targets like VEGF. Conclusion: The UPR enhances HIF-1 transcriptional activity. Significance: The simultaneous activation of both pathways in tumors may result in greater vascularization. Cells respond to suboptimal microenvironments by activating stress signaling pathways, like the unfolded protein response and hypoxia-induced transcription factors HIF-1/2, to restore homeostasis. Both cytoprotective pathways have been well studied in isolation at the biochemical and molecular levels. Mounting evidence reveals that they can be activated simultaneously in tumor cells and, likely, in other tissues experiencing inadequate microenvironments and that they share some transcriptional targets, like the proangiogenic factor VEGFA. However, the potential interaction between these pathways is poorly understood. Cell culture experiments revealed that as a consequence of unfolded protein response activation, ATF4 bound to the human VEGFA promoter and activated its transcription, whereas HIF-1 did so in response to hypoxia. When both pathways were activated together, VEGFA transcripts were induced to a higher level than when either stress was applied alone. Surprisingly, this was not due to the combined actions of the stress pathway-specific transcription factors. Instead, we found that endoplasmic reticulum stress potentiated HIF-1 activity to transactivate VEGF expression as well as another well characterized target, BNIP3. These data reveal an unexpected interaction between two important cytoprotective responses that are likely to have significant consequences in environmentally compromised tissues and tumor cells.
POINT-FREE GEOMETRY, OVALS, AND HALF-PLANES

Abstract In this paper we develop a point-free system of geometry based on the notions of region, parthood, and ovality, the last one being a region-based counterpart of the notion of convex set. In order to show that the system we propose is sufficient to reconstruct an affine geometry we make use of a theory of a Polish mathematician Aleksander Śniatycki from [15], in which the concept of half-plane is assumed as basic.
Non-homogeneous AR model based prior for multiresolution fusion

In this paper we propose a model based approach for multiresolution fusion of remotely sensed images. Given a high spatial resolution & low spectral resolution PAN (Panchromatic) image and a low spatial resolution & high spectral resolution MS (Multispectral) images of the same geographical area, the objective is to enhance the spatial resolution of the MS images to that of the PAN image i.e. to obtain a high spatial and spectral resolution images. A proper regularization technique is required to address this ill posed problem and get a better solution. We first segment the PAN image using GMM (Gaussian Mixture Model) and extract AR (auto-regressive) parameters for each of the regions. We use a non-homogeneous AR model based prior for each of the fused MS images. The AR parameters, estimated from the PAN image are used in minimizing the cost function to obtain the high spatial resolution MS images. Experimental results are illustrated for Landsat-7 data set.