Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
X-ray standing wave simulations based on Fourier vector analysis as a method to retrieve complex molecular adsorption geometries

We present an analysis method of normal incidence x-ray standing wave (NIXSW) data that allows detailed adsorption geometries of complex molecules to be retrieved. This method (Fourier vector analysis) is based on the comparison of both the coherence and phase of NIXSW data to NIXSW simulations of different molecular geometries as the relevant internal degrees of freedom are tuned. We introduce this analysis method using the prototypical molecular switch azobenzene (AB) adsorbed on the Ag(111) surface as a model system. The application of the Fourier vector analysis to AB/Ag(111) provides, on the one hand, detailed adsorption geometries including dihedral angles, and on the other hand, insights into the dynamics of molecules and their bonding to the metal substrate. This analysis scheme is generally applicable to any adsorbate, it is necessary for molecules with potentially large distortions, and will be particularly valuable for molecules whose distortion on adsorption can be mapped on a limited number of internal degrees of freedom.
Analyzing the Weighted Nuclear Norm Minimization and Nuclear Norm Minimization based on Group Sparse Representation

Rank minimization methods have attracted considerable interest in various areas, such as computer vision and machine learning. The most representative work is nuclear norm minimization (NNM), which can recover the matrix rank exactly under some restricted and theoretical guarantee conditions. However, for many real applications, NNM is not able to approximate the matrix rank accurately, since it often tends to over-shrink the rank components. To rectify the weakness of NNM, recent advances have shown that weighted nuclear norm minimization (WNNM) can achieve a better matrix rank approximation than NNM, which heuristically set the weight being inverse to the singular values. However, it still lacks a sound mathematical explanation on why WNNM is more feasible than NNM. In this paper, we propose a scheme to analyze WNNM and NNM from the perspective of the group sparse representation. Specifically, we design an adaptive dictionary to bridge the gap between the group sparse representation and the rank minimization models. Based on this scheme, we provide a mathematical derivation to explain why WNNM is more feasible than NNM. Moreover, due to the heuristical set of the weight, WNNM sometimes pops out error in the operation of SVD, and thus we present an adaptive weight setting scheme to avoid this error. We then employ the proposed scheme on two low-level vision tasks including image denoising and image inpainting. Experimental results demonstrate that WNNM is more feasible than NNM and the proposed scheme outperforms many current state-of-the-art methods.
Performance parameters and post exercise heart rate recovery in Warmblood sports horses of different performance levels.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Standardised exercise tests are used for fitness evaluation of sports horses. Standards are described for Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds; however, limited information is available for Warmbloods. OBJECTIVES To establish normative standards of performance parameters and heart rate recovery (HRR) in Warmblood riding horses of different levels of fitness using a submaximal incremental exercise test (SIET) performed on a treadmill. METHODS A SIET was carried out with 29 healthy and treadmill-accustomed Warmbloods: eleven 3-day event horses (TDE) and 18 horses from the National Equestrian Centre (NEC) competing in amateur jumping and/or dressage events. After a warm-up phase, horses performed 2 stages at trot and 3-5 stages at gallop at 6% incline. The first stage lasted 120 s, all others 90 s. Velocity (V) and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously and blood lactate concentration (LAC) at the end of each exercise stage. V at HR 150 and 200 beats/min (V(150), V(200)), V and HR at 2 and 4 mmol/l LAC (V(2), V(4) and HR(2), HR(4), respectively) were calculated and compared between discipline groups. For reference values, horses were divided on the basis of the V(4) -results in good (GP) and average performers (AP) (performance groups). Five minute passive HRR was compared between performance groups. Fifteen NEC horses were retested within 1-3 months. Groups were compared with t tests and P < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS Three-day event horses had higher V(150), V(2) and V(4) values than NEC. GP had higher values in all performance parameters compared to AP. No differences were found between test and retest. GP mean recovery HR was different from that of AP from 120 s of recovery onwards. CONCLUSION Treadmill SIETs are suitable to objectify aerobic capacity in Warmblood riding horses. Normative standards were assessed for well and averagely-trained horses. The results can be referred to when diagnosing patients with exercise intolerance.
Weakly Supervised Action Detection

The detection of human action in videos of busy natural scenes with dynamic background is of interest for applications such as video surveillance. Taking a conventional fully supervised approach, the spatio-temporal locations of the action of interest have to be manually annotated frame by frame in the training videos, which is tedious and unreliable. In this paper, for the first time, a weakly supervised action detection method is proposed which only requires binary labels of the videos indicating the presence of the action of interest. Given a training set of binary labelled videos, the weakly supervised learning (WSL) problem is recast as a multiple instance learning (MIL) problem. A novel MIL algorithm is developed which differs from the existing MIL algorithms in that it locates the action of interest spatially and temporally by globally optimising both interand intra-class distance. We demonstrate through experiments that our WSL approach can achieve comparable detection performance to a fully supervised learning approach, and that the proposed MIL algorithm significantly outperforms the existing ones.
An efficient algorithm for video shot boundary detection

An heuristic algorithm is proposed in this paper that detects video shot boundaries. In this algorithm, adaptive thresholds are automatically selected for a given video; the effects of flashlight, object motion, and temporal shot on abrupt shot boundary detection are filtered by the thresholds, and separation of fade in, fade out temporal cut from object motion is done by a Robert operator-based edge-detection method. This technique was tested on a few types of different videos. The experimental results show that this method is efficient both in accuracy and speed.
Testing Protocols for the Internet of Things on the EuWIn Platform

Several approaches have been considered by research community as possible enablers for the Internet of Things (IoT) implementation. This paper presents the results obtained by testing and comparing three different solutions. In particular, we compare a centralized solution based on software defined network (SDN), called software defined wireless networking (SDWN), with two standard and distributed solutions, that are ZigBee and IPv6 over low-power wireless personal area networks (6LoWPAN). SDWN uses a centralized network layer protocol, where routing policies are defined by an external controller that can be positioned anywhere in the network. The other two solutions are actually the most common protocol stacks for wireless sensor networks, and they both use a distributed routing protocol. The comparison is achieved by experimentations performed on the European Laboratory of Wireless Communications for the Future Internet (EuWIn) platform developed within the network of excellence, NEWCOM#. Results show that SDWN is the best solution in static or quasi-static environments, while the performance degrades in highly dynamic conditions. However, ZigBee has a good reactivity to environmental changes. This paper reports the evaluation of several performance metrics, including packet loss rate, round-trip-time, and overhead generated in the network, under different conditions and considering different kinds of traffic.
The Neural Correlates of Persuasion: A Common Network across Cultures and Media

Persuasion is at the root of countless social exchanges in which one person or group is motivated to have another share its beliefs, desires, or behavioral intentions. Here, we report the first three functional magnetic resonance imaging studies to investigate the neurocognitive networks associated with feeling persuaded by an argument. In the first two studies, American and Korean participants, respectively, were exposed to a number of text-based persuasive messages. In both Study 1 and Study 2, feeling persuaded was associated with increased activity in posterior superior temporal sulcus bilaterally, temporal pole bilaterally, and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. The findings suggest a discrete set of underlying mechanisms in the moment that the persuasion process occurs, and are strengthened by the fact that the results replicated across two diverse linguistic and cultural groups. Additionally, a third study using region-of-interest analyses demonstrated that neural activity in this network was also associated with persuasion when a sample of American participants viewed video-based messages. In sum, across three studies, including two different cultural groups and two types of media, persuasion was associated with a consistent network of regions in the brain. Activity in this network has been associated with social cognition and mentalizing and is consistent with models of persuasion that emphasize the importance of social cognitive processing in determining the efficacy of persuasive communication.
Micromagnetic Studies of Ultrahigh Resolution Magnetic Force Microscope Tip Coated by Soft Magnetic Materials

Magnetic force microscope (MFM) tips coated by soft magnetic materials can achieve a spatial resolution above 10 nm. It is interesting to analyze why tips coated with soft magnetic materials can achieve such a high resolution. In experiment, an MFM tip coated by amorphous FeB can achieve a resolution of 8 nm; therefore, we chose an FeB tip as an example and establish a micromagnetic model to understand the measurement mechanism of the soft magnetic MFM tip. In the FeB film simulation, the random crystalline anisotropy results in a soft magnetic loop with an in-plane coercivity of 0.2 Oe, and the film surface roughness will raise the coercivity to the order of 1 Oe. In the tip simulation, it is found that the FeB-coated tip can be switched in a uniform field of the order of 100 Oe, but can remain near a remanent state in a stray field resulting from media. A simple model is set up to analyze the MFM images of bits in hard disk drivers using the simulated magnetic properties of the tip and resolution ~10 nm is confirmed.
Normative Data and Interrater Reliability of the Design Fluency Test

This study generated normative data for the free and fixed conditions of the Design Fluency Test (DFT; Jones-Gotman & Milner, 1977) and investigated its interrater reliability. Three raters independently scored DFT protocols from 66 normal adults according to criteria that have only recently been published (Jones-Gotman, 1990; see Spreen & Strauss, 1998 for summary). Interrater reliability was good to excellent for novel output scores and perseverative errors, but nameable errors and designs with the incorrect number of lines yielded lower reliability coefficients. Overall, interrater reliability of the DFT appears to be relatively good, especially for the free condition and, therefore, clinical use with adequate normative data may be justified.
Control of actin polymerization in live and permeabilized fibroblasts

We have investigated the spatial control of actin polymerization in fibroblasts using rhodamine-labeled muscle actin in; (a) microinjection experiments to follow actin dynamics in intact cells, and (b) incubation with permeabilized cells to study incorporation sites. Rhodamine-actin was microinjected into NIH-3T3 cells which were then fixed and stained with fluorescein-phalloidin to visualize total actin filaments. The incorporation of newly polymerized actin was assayed using rhodamine/fluorescein ratio-imaging. The results indicated initial incorporation of the injected actin near the tip and subsequent transport towards the base of lamellipodia at rates greater than 4.5 microns/min. Furthermore, both fluorescein- and rhodamine-intensity profiles across lamellipodia revealed a decreasing density of actin filaments from tip to base. From this observation and the presence of centripetal flux of polymerized actin we infer that the actin cytoskeleton partially disassembles before it reaches the base of the lamellipodium. In permeabilized cells we found that, in agreement with the injection studies, rhodamine-actin incorporated predominantly in a narrow strip of less than 1-microns wide, located at the tip of lamellipodia. The critical concentration for the rhodamine-actin incorporation (0.15 microM) and its inhibition by CapZ, a barbed-end capping protein, indicated that the nucleation sites for actin polymerization most likely consist of free barbed ends of actin filaments. Because any potential monomer-sequestering system is bypassed by addition of exogenous rhodamine-actin to the permeabilized cells, these observations indicate that the localization of actin incorporation in intact cells is determined, at least in part, by the presence of specific elongation and/or nucleation sites at the tips of lamellipodia and not solely by localized desequestration of subunits. We propose that the availability of the incorporation sites at the tips of lamellipodia is because of capping activities which preferentially inhibit barbed-end incorporation elsewhere in the cell, but leave barbed ends at the tips of lamellipodia free to add subunits.
Glutamate dehydrogenase is essential to sustain neuronal oxidative energy metabolism during stimulation

The enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH; Glud1) catalyzes the (reversible) oxidative deamination of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate accompanied by a reduction of NAD+ to NADH. GDH connects amino acid, carbohydrate, neurotransmitter and oxidative energy metabolism. Glutamine is a neurotransmitter precursor used by neurons to sustain the pool of glutamate, but glutamine is also vividly oxidized for support of energy metabolism. This study investigates the role of GDH in neuronal metabolism by employing the Cns-Glud1−/− mouse, lacking GDH in the brain (GDH KO) and metabolic mapping using 13C-labelled glutamine and glucose. We observed a severely reduced oxidative glutamine metabolism during glucose deprivation in synaptosomes and cultured neurons not expressing GDH. In contrast, in the presence of glucose, glutamine metabolism was not affected by the lack of GDH expression. Respiration fuelled by glutamate was significantly lower in brain mitochondria from GDH KO mice and synaptosomes were not able to increase their respiration upon an elevated energy demand. The role of GDH for metabolism of glutamine and the respiratory capacity underscore the importance of GDH for neurons particularly during an elevated energy demand, and it may reflect the large allosteric activation of GDH by ADP.
The search queries that took Australian Internet users to Wikipedia

Introduction. This exploratory study analyses the content of the search queries that led Australian Internet users from a search engine to a Wikipedia entry. Method. The study used transaction logs from Hitwise that matched search queries with data on the lifestyle of the searcher. A total sample of 1760 search terms, stratified by search term frequency and lifestyle, was drawn. Analysis. Each search term was coded to indicate the subject of the query and weighted according to its position in the long tail distribution. Quantitative analysis was carried out using the statistical package SPSS. Results. The results of the study suggest that Wikipedia is used more for lighter topics than for those of a more academic or serious nature. Significant differences among the various lifestyle segments were observed in the use of Wikipedia for queries on popular culture, cultural practice and science. Conclusions. The analysis provides some analytical purchase on the complex nature of information search and the difficulties inherent in assuming a valid distinction between information search and entertainment. It is suggested that the term leisure search be used to identify information search that is in itself a leisure activity and not a search for particular information.
Characterization of Human Thymic Exosomes

Exosomes are nanosized membrane-bound vesicles that are released by various cell types and are capable of carrying proteins, lipids and RNAs which can be delivered to recipient cells. Exosomes play a role in intercellular communication and have been described to mediate immunologic information. In this article we report the first isolation and characterization of exosomes from human thymic tissue. Using electron microscopy, particle size determination, density gradient measurement, flow cytometry, proteomic analysis and microRNA profiling we describe the morphology, size, density, protein composition and microRNA content of human thymic exosomes. The thymic exosomes share characteristics with previously described exosomes such as antigen presentation molecules, but they also exhibit thymus specific features regarding surface markers, protein content and microRNA profile. Interestingly, thymic exosomes carry proteins that have a tissue restricted expression in the periphery which may suggest a role in T cell selection and the induction of central tolerance. We speculate that thymic exosomes may provide the means for intercellular information exchange necessary for negative selection and regulatory T cell formation of the developing thymocytes within the human thymic medulla.
Selective fluorescent imaging of superoxide in vivo using ethidium-based probes

The putative oxidation of hydroethidine (HE) has become a widely used fluorescent assay for the detection of superoxide in cultured cells. By covalently joining HE to a hexyl triphenylphosphonium cation (Mito-HE), the HE moiety can be targeted to mitochondria. However, the specificity of HE and Mito-HE for superoxide in vivo is limited by autooxidation as well as by nonsuperoxide-dependent cellular processes that can oxidize HE probes to ethidium (Etd). Recently, superoxide was shown to react with HE to generate 2-hydroxyethidium [Zhao, H. , Kalivendi, S. , Zhang, H. , Joseph, J., Nithipatikom, K. , Vasquez-Vivar, J. & Kalyanaraman, B. (2003) Free Radic. Biol. Med. 34, 1359–1368]. However, 2-hydroxyethidium is difficult to distinguish from Etd by conventional fluorescence techniques exciting at 510 nm. While investigating the oxidation of Mito-HE by superoxide, we found that the superoxide product of both HE and Mito-HE could be selectively excited at 396 nm with minimal interference from other nonspecific oxidation products. The oxidation of Mito-HE monitored at 396 nm by antimycin-stimulated mitochondria was 30% slower than at 510 nm, indicating that superoxide production may be overestimated at 510 nm by even a traditional superoxide-stimulating mitochondrial inhibitor. The rate-limiting step for oxidation by superoxide was 4 × 106 M−1·s−1, which is proposed to involve the formation of a radical from Mito-HE. The rapid reaction with a second superoxide anion through radical–radical coupling may explain how Mito-HE and HE can compete for superoxide in vivo with intracellular superoxide dismutases. Monitoring oxidation at both 396 and 510 nm of excitation wavelengths can facilitate the more selective detection of superoxide in vivo.
Topology control for MANETs

We deal with the problem of topology control for mobile ad hoc networks. Based on an asymptotic result on k-connectivity, a simple scheme for topology control is proposed. The scheme is used to generate several topologies under highly mobile conditions. Through simulation and analysis we show that this scheme results in high connectivity even under mobile conditions as the number of nodes increase. We also show that even though the scheme uses varying transmit power, the overall power consumption in the network remains relatively the same, and is less than using constant transmit power as the number of nodes increases. In order to use the scheme, the nodes need to he uniformly distributed. We prove that under periodic boundary conditions the stationary distribution of nodes, moving according to (a variant of) the random waypoint model, is uniform.
A Comparison Study for Novelty Control Mechanisms Applied to Web News Stories

In this paper we evaluate several novelty control mechanisms for ranking Web news articles depicting a story. These mechanisms rank individual news items based on a novelty measure using as context the items which have been previously reviewed. An evaluation within the Hermes news personalization framework is performed for pair wise and non-pair wise novelty control mechanisms based on various distance measures and vector-based news representations. On average, the most effective distance measure is Kullback-Leibler and the best performing news representation vector uses named entities.
Speech Language Engineering System for Automatic Generation of Web based User Forms

Designing user forms for dynamic web pages is a time consuming task for experts and tricky job for novel users. Natural language processing provides an easy interface to the novel users to handle the cumbersome computer applications. The designed system incorporates this vigorous ability of natural language processing based automated system. User forms basically allow the user to input information and also get back the particular response. User interacts with a web system by using various parts of a user form. A web page not actually needs the visual components but a well-designed form with good scripts for processing the business data. A well designed form is a tool for collecting and distributing information for user. The designed system helps to automatically generate some desired web user forms. User only provides his particular business related requirements in the form of simple English text. The designed system bases on a rule based algorithm which reads the user requirements, understand the scenario, extracts the required information and then at the last automatically generates some sample web user forms. User can use them with proper adjustments. This automated system can really save the time of the user and web designer to design the user forms.
ConvAMR: Abstract meaning representation parsing for legal document

Convolutional neural networks (CNN) have recently achieved remarkable performance in a wide range of applications. In this research, we equip convolutional sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) model with an efficient graph linearization technique for abstract meaning representation parsing. Our linearization method is better than the prior method at signaling the turn of graph traveling. Additionally, convolutional seq2seq model is more appropriate and considerably faster than the recurrent neural network models in this task. Our method outperforms previous methods by a large margin on both the standard dataset LDC2014T12. Our result indicates that future works still have a room for improving parsing model using graph linearization approach.