Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Hierarchical Dirichlet Process Model for Joint Part-of-Speech and Morphology Induction

In this paper we present a fully unsupervised nonparametric Bayesian model that jointly induces POS tags and morphological segmentations. The model is essentially an infinite HMM that infers the number of states from data. Incorporating segmentation into the same model provides the morphological features to the system and eliminates the need to find them during preprocessing step. We show that learning both tasks jointly actually leads to better results than learning either task with gold standard data from the other task provided. The evaluation on multilingual data shows that the model produces state-of-the-art results on POS induction.
An analysis of short-term fairness in wireless media access protocols (poster session)

We analyze the fairness of decentralized, randomized MAC protocols and introduce two metrics for measuring short-term fairness. Unlike past efforts tha t studied fairness over long t ime scales, we focus on the distribution of accesses of different s tat ions to a shared channel over short t ime scales. Our first metric uses a slidingwindow analysis of packet traces, while the second is an analytical approach tha t uses the renewal reward theory of Markov chains to model the MAC protocol. • To see why shor t term fairness is impor tant , we examined typical packet sequence traces of multiple stations contending for a wireless channel using Lucent WaveLAN's CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Avoidance) protocol. We observed tha t each stat ion tends to monopolize the channel for several packet transmission times before it is captured by the other station, which in turn monopolizes the channel for a long time, even though at each point in t ime the other stat ion has packets waiting to be sent. An example of such a trace can be found in [Koksal00]. This behavior greatly degrades the performance of applications and t ranspor t protocols. For example, realt ime audio and video are delay-sensitive and perform be t te r when j i t ter is low. T C P performance degrades greatly when MAC protocols exhibit shor t term unfairness, as shown in Fig. 1. Here, acknowledgments (ACKs) sent from the receiver do not reach the sender in a t imely manner , resulting in large transmission bursts. Thus we observe a severe form of ACK compression. We analyze the reasons for such behavior by certain MAC protocols and formalize the notion of shor t term unfairness. We build on the intuition tha t a shor t term
A serological test for granuloma inguinale.

OBJECTIVES--An indirect immunofluorescence technique applied to paraffin embedded tissue sections of lesions containing Donovan bodies was evaluated as a serological test for the diagnosis of granuloma inguinale. METHODS--Sera from patients with proven granuloma inguinale, other sexually acquired genital ulcerations and blood donors from areas where granuloma inguinale is rarely encountered as well as from disease-endemic regions were tested. Sera were tested either unabsorbed or following absorption with whole Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria. RESULTS--Using unabsorbed sera at a dilution of 1:160 the test was found to have a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 98%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 89% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 100%. There proved to be no advantage in preabsorbing sera with K. pneumoniae antigen. CONCLUSIONS--In the absence of culture methods for Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, an indirect immunofluorescence technique may prove valuable for the diagnosis of individual cases of granuloma inguinale and as an epidemiological tool in studies of the disease.
Southern ocean winter mixed layer

Austral winter 1986 observations from the Polarstern along the Greenwich meridian from the ice edge to the Antarctic margin show the mixed layer beneath the winter sea ice cover to be significantly depressed in oxygen saturation. Incorporation of Weddell Deep Water (WDW) into the winter mixed layer, responsible for this undersaturation, also introduces heat and salinity into the surface layer which strongly influences the mixed layer, sea-air exchanges and sea ice formation processes. The total WDW transfer into the mixed layer averages 45 myr−1, implying a residence time for the surface water of 2.5 years. The associated winter heat flux is 41 W m−2, which limits ice thickness to about 0.55 m, agreeing quite well with observations. The air temperatures during the cruise are just sufficient to remove the WDW heat input in the presence of observed ice thickness and concentration. This suggests that the sea ice cover and WDW heat input into the mixed layer are in approximate balance by midwinter. The annual heat flux from WDW to the surface layer, and hence into the atmosphere, is estimated as 16 W m−2. Extrapolation of the Greenwich meridian WDW entrainment value to the full circumpolar 60°–70°S belt yields total up welling of 24×106 m3 s−1. Similar extrapolation of the heat flux value gives a circumpolar total of 2.8 × 1014 W. As a consequence of circulation/topography interaction, the Maud Rise water column stands out as an anomaly relative to the surrounding region, with a significantly more saline and dense mixed layer. Below the mixed layer the water column over the crest of the rise is identical to that over the flanks if the latter water column is upwelled by 400 m. This uplifting is believed to be a response of the upstream flow encountering the rise. Increased upstream flow would be expected to increase Maud Rise upwelling and the dependent salinity (density) of the mixed layer. Slight increases in the mixed layer density could trigger a convective mode and generation of a polynya. It is hypothesized that spin-up of the Weddell Gyre's barotropic circulation induced by an increase of the regional wind stress curl would enhance the probability of polynya development over Maud Rise.
Partial Functional Complementation between Human and Mouse Cytomegalovirus Chemokine Receptor Homologues

ABSTRACT The human cytomegalovirus (CMV) proteins US28 and UL33 are homologous to chemokine receptors (CKRs). Knockout of the mouse CMV M33 protein (UL33 homologue) results in substantial attenuation of salivary gland infection/replication and reduced efficiency of reactivation from tissue explants. M33-mediated G protein-coupled signaling is critical for the salivary gland phenotype. In this report, we demonstrate that US28 and (to a lesser degree) UL33 restore reactivation from tissue explants and partially restore replication in salivary glands (compared to a signaling-deficient M33 mutant). These studies provide a novel small animal model for evaluation of therapies targeting the human CMV CKRs.
IV.—The Rotiform Bryozoa of the Isle of Wight

A Small fossil with a wheel-shaped body borne on a narrow stem has long been known from the base of the Holaster planus zone in the Isle of Wight. It has been recognized as one of the Bryozoa, but has not been described, although once recorded as “near Defrancia diadema, Hag. ” It has also been recorded by Dr. A. W. Rowe as “the beautiful little rotiform Bryozoon. ” The following diagnosis has been lying unpublished for eight years in the manuscript of the second volume of the Catalogue of Cretaceous Bryozoa in the British Museum. A preliminary account of the species is now issued, as the name is wanted for reference in the course of Dr. A. W. Rowe's forthcoming memoir on the Chalk of the Isle of Wight. A fuller account of the species with illustrations, on plates drawn in 1900, will be given in the Catalogue, which it is hoped will be issued during this Winter. Blcavea Rotaformis, n.Sp. Diagnosis. —Zoarium simple or compound, with a narrow cylindrical stem, attached in a circular concavity in the lower part of the body. The body of the zoarium is discoid, or wheel-shaped, and has on the margin a series of vertical radial projections like cog-wheels. The cogs usually project for a distance nearly equal to the radius of the disc. The cogs may be prolonged at their upper, outer corner into spike-like fasciculi. The upper surface between the bases of the fasciculi is depressed, and occupied by the small, crowded, irregular apertures of the intermediate, subordinate zoœcia.
OpenSky − Using A Large−Scale Sensor Network for Air Traffic Research

Due to increasing congestion of the commercial airspace more efficient air traffic management methods are required. The world’s aviation authorities are currently undertaking a major upgrade from conventional air-traffic management to the Next Generation Air Transportation (NextGen) system. The Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) protocol is at the heart of NextGen and is currently being rolled out in most countries. Traditional air traffic control technologies such as Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR) and Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) use ground-based antennas to independently measure the range and bearing of airborne objects. With ADS-B, on the other hand, aircraft determine their own position using Global Navigation Satellite Systems and broadcast it periodically over the 1090 MHz radio frequency to ground stations or other aircraft in the proximity (see Fig. 1a) for a graphical overview). Thus, one of the main advantages of ADS-B is being able to continuously broadcast exact information about altitude, heading, velocity, and other flight data, decreasing the dependence on expensive and less accurate PSR and SSR technologies. Besides lowering separation requirements between aircraft (and thus enabling more efficient higher-density airspaces), this improves the overall situational awareness of pilots and air traffic controllers significantly while reducing the costs of air traffic surveillance [3]. Whereas ADS-B strongly enhances the capabilities of air traffic surveillance systems, there are many facets of the technology that need further evaluation to ensure a quick and safe adoption. As various concerns with the ADS-B protocol such as security vulnerabilities and problems with the capacity of the wireless channel have emerged over the past years [2], it is important that these and other issues are thoroughly investigated.
THE LICK AGN MONITORING PROJECT: THE MBH–σ* RELATION FOR REVERBERATION-MAPPED ACTIVE GALAXIES

To investigate the black hole mass versus stellar velocity dispersion (MBH–σ*) relation of active galaxies, we measured the velocity dispersions of a sample of local Seyfert 1 galaxies, for which we have recently determined black hole masses using reverberation mapping. For most objects, stellar velocity dispersions were measured from high signal-to-noise ratio optical spectra centered on the Ca ii triplet region (∼8500 Å), obtained at the Keck, Palomar, and Lick Observatories. For two objects, in which the Ca ii triplet region was contaminated by nuclear emission, the measurement was based on high-quality H-band spectra obtained with the OH-Suppressing Infrared Imaging Spectrograph at the Keck-II telescope. Combining our new measurements with data from the literature, we assemble a sample of 24 active galaxies with stellar velocity dispersions and reverberation-based black hole mass measurements in the range of black hole mass 106 < MBH/M☉ < 109. We use this sample to obtain reverberation-mapping constraints on the slope and intrinsic scatter of the MBH–σ* relation of active galaxies. Assuming a constant virial coefficient f for the reverberation-mapping black hole masses, we find a slope β = 3.55 ± 0.60 and the intrinsic scatter σint = 0.43 ± 0.08 dex in the relation log(MBH/M☉) = α + β log(σ*/200 km s−1), which are consistent with those found for quiescent galaxies. We derive an updated value of the virial coefficient f by finding the value which places the reverberation masses in best agreement with the MBH–σ* relation of quiescent galaxies; using the quiescent MBH–σ* relation determined by Gültekin et al., we find log f = 0.72+0.09−0.10 with an intrinsic scatter of 0.44 ± 0.07 dex. No strong correlations between f and parameters connected to the physics of accretion (such as the Eddington ratio or line-shape measurements) are found. The uncertainty of the virial coefficient remains one of the main sources of the uncertainty in black hole mass determinations using reverberation mapping, and therefore also in single-epoch spectroscopic estimates of black hole masses in active galaxies.
Notice of RetractionEffects of international production fragmentation

It is of firm evidence that international production fragmentation has improving effects on the industrial productivity of China. Based on the appropriate indicators and indices, this paper adopts fixed effects and the first-order difference method to explore the efficiency of international production fragmentation on different industries. The research shows international production fragmentation has different-level of effects on the industrial productivity. The conclusion is that international production fragmentation brings the most obvious impacts on the low-and middle-tech industries, next high-tech industries, last primary products, labor-and resource-intensive industries.
Effects of splenectomy on antibody-independent immunity to Plasmodium chabaudi adami malaria

Splenectomy of B-cell-deficient mice and immunologically intact mice before infection with Plasmodium chabaudi adami led to the development of significant parasitemias which eventually resolved in the latter mice. Whereas both eusplenic B-cell-deficient mice and immunologically intact mice resolved their acute P. chabaudi adami infection, only B-cell-deficient mice subsequently developed chronic low-grade malaria. Splenectomy of B-cell-deficient mice with chronic malaria led to recrudescing infections, suggesting that the expression of antibody-independent immunity to reinfection was spleen dependent. When dispersed spleen cells were injected into splenectomized mice before challenge with P. chabaudi adami, the kinetics of the resulting infection resembled that seen in splenectomized mice which had not been grafted with normal spleen cells. This finding indicates that immunity to P. chabaudi adami requires the presence of an architecturally intact spleen.
Regulation of Vitamin C Homeostasis during Deficiency

Large cross-sectional population studies confirm that vitamin C deficiency is common in humans, affecting 5%–10% of adults in the industrialized world. Moreover, significant associations between poor vitamin C status and increased morbidity and mortality have consistently been observed. However, the absorption, distribution and elimination kinetics of vitamin C in vivo are highly complex, due to dose-dependent non-linearity, and the specific regulatory mechanisms are not fully understood. Particularly, little is known about how adaptive mechanisms during states of deficiency affect the overall regulation of vitamin C transport in the body. This review discusses mechanisms of vitamin C transport and potential means of regulation with special emphasis on capacity and functional properties, such as differences in the Km of vitamin C transporters in different target tissues, in some instances demonstrating a tissue-specific distribution.
The micrometeoroid mass flux into the upper atmosphere: Arecibo results and a comparison with prior estimates

Radar micrometeor observations at Arecibo Observatory have enabled direct estimates of the meteoroid mass flux into the upper atmosphere. We report mass flux determinations from November 1997/1998 observations that are based on the observed number of meteor events per day in the 300‐m diameter Arecibo beam and on particle mass determinations from that fraction of all particles for which deceleration is measured. The average mass of the Arecibo micrometeoroids that manifest observable deceleration is ∼0.32/0.76 µgm/particle with a resultant annual whole‐Earth mass flux of 1.6 × 106/2.7 × 106 kg/yr over the ∼10−5−10² µgm mass range for 1997/1998, respectively. The annual whole‐earth mass flux per decade of particle mass is calculated and compared with that of Ceplecha et al. [1998] (3.7 × 106 kg/yr) and with that derived by Love and Brownlee [1993] (LB) from small particle impact craters on the orbital Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF). We also give the LDEF results as significantly modified using the Arecibo‐determined average particle velocity of ∼50 km/sec—much larger than the effective value of 12 km/sec used by LB. This modification results in a net LDEF mass flux of 1.8×106 kg/yr—7% of the value we determined from reanalysis of the LB data using their original 12 km/sec mean impact speed. These results may provoke some debate.
Migrate or not? Exploring virtual machine migration in roadside cloudlet‐based vehicular cloud

Vehicle Ad‐Hoc Networks (VANET) enable all components in intelligent transportation systems to be connected so as to improve transport safety, relieve traffic congestion, reduce air pollution, and enhance driving comfort. The vision of all vehicles connected poses a significant challenge to the collection, storage, and analysis of big traffic‐related data. Vehicular cloud computing, which incorporates cloud computing into vehicular networks, emerges as a promising solution. Different from conventional cloud computing platform, the vehicle mobility poses new challenges to the allocation and management of cloud resources in roadside cloudlet. In this paper, we study a virtual machine (VM) migration problem in roadside cloudlet‐based vehicular network and unfold that (1) whether a VM shall be migrated or not along with the vehicle moving and (2) where a VM shall be migrated, in order to minimize the overall network cost for both VM migration and normal data traffic. We first treat the problem as a static off‐line VM placement problem and formulate it into a mixed‐integer quadratic programming problem. A heuristic algorithm with polynomial time is then proposed to tackle the complexity of solving mixed‐integer quadratic programming. Extensive simulation results show that it produces near‐optimal performance and outperforms other related algorithms significantly. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
QUANTIFYING CLIMATE CHANGE AND DETERMINING FUTURE COASTAL DESIGN STORMS FOR EASTERN AUSTRALIA

Coastal inundation has both potential marine and inland contributions. Using a suite of Global Circulation Models, their skill in representing the key fundamental coastal engineering design forcings (mean sea level pressure, wind and precipitation) has been quantified at the 20 year ARI. Skill is assessed by comparison with measured and assembled data along the temperate east Australian coast. Clear extreme distributions are available from GCM output which show no sign of saturation within the tails of extreme distributions. Extreme surface pressures and winds are comparable with the available data giving confidence to the coastal engineering community that GCMs provide data that is suitable for coastal engineering design. GCMs also provide much longer and more detailed data than is available from equivalent measured records. When changes under the A2 scenario are considered, the consensus of the models is that little change in 20 year extreme surface pressures and rainfall are anticipated over the next 100 years with an accompanying 10% decrease in design wind.
Stability of grid-connected PV inverters with large grid impedance variation

Photovoltaic (PV) inverters used in dispersed power generation of houses in the range of 1-5 kW are currently available from several manufacturers. However large grid impedance variation is challenging the control and the grid filter design in terms of stability. In fact the PV systems are well suited for loads connected in a great distance to the transformer (long wires) and the situation becomes even more difficult in low-developed remote areas characterized by low power transformers and long distribution wires with high grid impedance. Hence a theoretical analysis is needed because the grid impedance variation leads to dynamic and stability problems both in the low frequency range (around the current controller bandwidth frequency) as well as in the high frequency range (around the LCL-filter resonance frequency). In the low frequency range the possible variation of the impedance challenges the design of resonant controllers adopted to mitigate the effect of the grid harmonic distortion on the grid current. In the high frequency range the grid impedance influence the frequency characteristic of the filter and the design of passive or active damping (to ensure stability) becomes more difficult. In this paper both topics are addressed and discussed with simulation and experimental results.
The implications of the National Norms and Standards for school funding policy on equity in South African public schools

The government’s educational reforms since 1994 have focused on equity and redress. Redressing historical imbalances and achieving equity are fundamental policy mechanisms in attempts to restructure South African education. This aspiration is demonstrated in many education policies including the National Norms and Standards for School Funding (NNSSF) policy. While inequalities in resource allocation from the state have been removed, inequalities persist due to the inability of the state to provide free education to all, parents’ inability to pay user-fees, the unavailability of qualified teachers in rural schools and unfavourable learner-teacher ratios. A quantitative research was conducted to investigate the implications of the NNSSF policy on equity in public schools in the Tshwane West District of the Gauteng Province. Based on the three first order factors derived from the first analytic procedure, namely, “The effective financial management”, “The management of equity issues” and “Access to educational resources”, it was found that despite substantial government interventions in the education system, equity has not been fully realised. Keywords : access, equity, financial management, funding, inequality, National Norms and Standards, no-fee schools, policy, school fees, social justice
Mortal Multi-Armed Bandits

We formulate and study a new variant of the k-armed bandit problem, motivated by e-commerce applications. In our model, arms have (stochastic) lifetime after which they expire. In this setting an algorithm needs to continuously explore new arms, in contrast to the standard k-armed bandit model in which arms are available indefinitely and exploration is reduced once an optimal arm is identified with near-certainty. The main motivation for our setting is online-advertising, where ads have limited lifetime due to, for example, the nature of their content and their campaign budgets. An algorithm needs to choose among a large collection of ads, more than can be fully explored within the typical ad lifetime. We present an optimal algorithm for the state-aware (deterministic reward function) case, and build on this technique to obtain an algorithm for the state-oblivious (stochastic reward function) case. Empirical studies on various reward distributions, including one derived from a real-world ad serving application, show that the proposed algorithms significantly outperform the standard multi-armed bandit approaches applied to these settings.
The Use of Condition Types to Restrict Search in an AI Planner

Condition satisfaction in planning has received a great deal of experimental and formal attention. A "Truth Criterion" lies at the heart of many planners and is critical to their capabilities and performance. However, there has been little study of ways in which the search space of a planner incorporating such a Truth Criterion can be guided. The aim of this document is to give a description of the use of condition "type" information to inform the search of an AI planner and to guide the production of answers by a planner's truth criterion algorithm. The authors aim to promote discussion on the merits or otherwise of using such domain-dependent condition type restrictions as a means to communicate valuable information from the domain writer to a general purpose domain-independent planner.