Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Arm to Leg Coordination in Elite Butterfly Swimmers

This study proposed the use of four time gaps to assess arm-to-leg coordination in the butterfly stroke at increasing race paces. Fourteen elite male swimmers swam at four velocities corresponding to the appropriate paces for, respectively, the 400-m, 200-m, 100-m, and 50-m events. The different stroke phases of the arm and leg were identified by video analysis and then used to calculate four time gaps (T1: time gap between entry of the hands in the water and the high break-even point of the first undulation; T2: time gap between the beginning of the hands' backward movement and the low break-even point of the first undulation; T3: time gap between the hands' arrival in a vertical plane to the shoulders and the high break-even point of the second undulation; T4: time gap between the hands' release from the water and the low break-even point of the second undulation), the values of which described the changing relationship of arm to leg movements over an entire stroke cycle. With increases in pace, elite swimmers increased the stroke rate, the relative duration of the arm pull, the recovery and the first downward movement of the legs, and decreased the stroke length, the relative duration of the arm catch phase and the body glide with arms forward (measured by T2), until continuity in the propulsive actions was achieved. Whatever the paces, the T1, T3, and T4 values were close to zero and revealed a high degree of synchronisation at key motor points of the arm and leg actions. This new method to assess butterfly coordination could facilitate learning and coaching by situating the place of the leg undulation in relation with the arm stroke.
Alliance Portfolios and Patent Output: The Case of Biotechnology Alliances

This paper explores how firmspsila alliance portfolios are related to patent output in the biotechnology industry. We propose that patent output is related to the composition of the firm's alliance portfolio, including the diversity of technologies, depth and scope of technologies, extent of alliance partner cospecialization, entry stage of technology development, and extent of prior alliance partner experience. We draw from real-options-based and knowledge-based views to develop a typology of alliance portfolios, arguing that each portfolio type differs in its effects on intra- and interorganizational dynamics, and thus, on patent output. Our proposed typology suggests that biotechnology firms follow four types of alliance portfolio strategies: focus, hedge, enable, and combine. Using secondary data provided by the ReCap, Delphion, and Compustat databases on 827 biotechnology alliances among 353 firms from 1995 to 2003, we found support for our proposed typology. Empirical results showed that firms with focus and hedge alliance portfolios had greater patent output than firms with enable or combine portfolios, and firms with focus alliance portfolios had the greatest patent output. We conclude with a discussion of our key findings along with implications for theory, future research, and management practice.
`How Many of Us Are There?': Group Size Uncertainty and Social Value Orientations in Common Resource Dilemmas

In two studies, we investigate the effects of group size (un)certainty and social value orientations in common resource dilemmas. By focusing on this largely unexplored type of environmental uncertainty, we show that, in contrast to the often replicated finding that resource size uncertainty leads to over-harvesting in common resource dilemmas, group size uncertainty is not necessarily detrimental to the collective interest. Furthermore, we argue and show that whereas under group size certainty people base their individual harvests on the equal division rule, under group size uncertainty they base their harvests on their own social value orientations: whereas under group size certainty both proselfs and pro-socials harvest about an equal share of the common resource, under uncertainty prosocials show self-restraint in order to further their group's outcomes.
Language Design with the Spoofax Language Workbench

IDEs are essential for programming language developers, and state-of-the-art IDE support is mandatory for programming languages to be successful. Although IDE features for mainstream programming languages are typically implemented manually, this often isn't feasible for programming languages that must be developed with significantly fewer resources. The Spoofax language workbench is a platform for developing textual programming languages with state-of-the-art IDE support. Spoofax is a comprehensive environment that integrates syntax definition, name binding, type analysis, program transformation, code generation, and declarative specification of IDE components. It also provides high-level languages for each of these aspects. These languages are highly declarative, abstracting over the implementation of IDE features and letting engineers focus on language design.
Control simulation of a six DOF parallel-serial robot for femur fracture reduction

In femur fracture surgeries, medical personnel are exposed to large amount of X-ray radiation, which is harmful to human health. Robot-assisted fracture reduction of the femur is believed to be a good way to increase surgery accuracy and increase surgical efficiency. A parallel-serial surgical robot has been developed, named Dcros by the authors for such applications. This paper introduces the motion control of the robot and its control simulation. In motion control, we describe the structure of the robot and propose three angles defining the end-effectors orientation in 3D space and two Cartesian coordinates, one of which is for surgeons to input the end-effectors positions and define its orientations and the other is used to control motors for end-effectors movement. Determination of trajectory, translation velocities and angular velocities are also presented. In the simulation section, the snapshots of the simulation animation of the end-effectors motion are demonstrated by the MATLAB software and the software interfaces, motors displacements and velocities are shown as well.
Bovine tuberculosis in an Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinerea) in the Republic of Korea

Bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis has a wide range of hosts including cattle and humans, but its incidence in otters is very rare. Our report describes a case of bovine tuberculosis in an Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinerea). A deceased female otter ~2–3 years of age that was raised in an aquarium was submitted to the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (Anyang, Republic of Korea) for autopsy in June 2013. Following gross pathological examination, many white nodules were observed in the lungs and mesentery. The nodules showed central necrosis infiltrated with lymphocytes and macrophages and surrounded by fibrous tissue. Acid-fast bacteria were detected in the necrotic foci, but no fungi were observed. Molecular analysis led to the detection of M. bovis, which is identified in otters in some European countries such as Spain and France.
Necrolytic acral erythema: a cutaneous marker of viral hepatitis C.

BACKGROUND Necrolytic acral erythema (NAE) is a distinctive skin lesion that was found to affect the dorsa of the feet of seven patients having active viral hepatitis C. Necrolytic acral erythema occurs in the form of well circumscribed dusky erythematous areas that develop flaccid blisters in their early stages and a hyperkeratotic surface in their chronic form. Microscopically, lesions of NAE are similar to those of other necrolytic erythemas such as necrolytic migratory erythema, pellagra, and zinc deficiency. METHOD Seven patients with NAE were included in this study. These patients underwent microscopic examination of punch biopsy specimens of the affected skin, abdominal sonography, CT scan of pancreas, and a liver biopsy. Blood samples were obtained for complete blood picture, serum glucose, zinc, amino acids, liver function tests, and markers of hepatitis. RESULTS All patients with NAE were found to have hepatitis C by ELISA and PCR. CONCLUSIONS Necrolytic acral erythema is a distinctive type of necrolytic erythemas that was observed to occur almost exclusively with viral hepatitis C. Therefore, it should be considered an important cutaneous marker of hepatitis C, particularly in areas showing a high incidence of this form of hepatitis.
Enhanced Voc in InAs quantum-dot Based p-i-n solar cells using a non-alternating strain-balancing epitaxial growth method

A newly devised misfit management method was used to deftly balance the lattice strain in an InAs quantum dot (QD) based In0.15Ga0. 85As p-i-n device. The photovoltaic behavior under AM0 conditions exhibited higher Voc and lower Jsc in the QD-based device as compared to a control p-n device without quantum dots. To our knowledge, both of these observations are new and seemingly conflict with some of the current understanding of quantum-dot-based PV device physics. The PV behavior under infrared illumination confirms that the quantum-confined carriers of the InAs islands in the intrinsic region contribute to the photocurrent.
Factors Associated with Household Internet Use in Canada, 1998-2000

New developments in information and communication technology (ICT) such as the growth of Internet use, have been portrayed as an innovative medium of information exchange and thus providing new opportunities to rural Canadians. However, recent studies have shown that fewer rural Canadians were using the Internet compared to urban Canadians (Thompson-James, 1999; McLaren, 2002). The purpose of this study is to estimate and to analyze the determinants of Internet use by Canadians in order to understand the factors associated with lower Internet use in rural Canada with specific emphasis on whether "rurality" acts as an independent factor on Internet use. A logit model using the "Household Internet Use Survey" (HIUS) from 1998 to 2000 is used to analyze various socioeconomic determinants such as age, household income, location, self-employment and education. Our research indicates that although factors such as low income and an older population restrict Internet use by rural Canadians, "rurality" per se also appears to be a constraint on Internet use in Canada. It is necessary to analyze and understand the determinants of Internet use since this can help public and private agencies in customizing and altering information infrastructure, which can help in increasing Internet use among rural Canadians.
Novel Delivery Strategies for Glioblastoma

AbstractBrain tumors—particularly glioblastoma multiforme—pose an important public health problem in the United States. Despite surgical and medical advances, the prognosis for patients with malignant gliomas remains grim: current therapy is insufficient with nearly universal recurrence. A major reason for this failure is the difficulty of delivering therapeutic agents to the brain: better delivery approaches are needed to improve treatment. In this article, we summarize recent progress in drug delivery to the brain, with an emphasis on convection-enhanced delivery of nanocarriers. We examine the potential of new delivery methods to permit novel drug- and gene-based therapies that target brain cancer stem cells and discuss the use of nanomaterials for imaging of tumors and drug delivery.
CDS and Credit: After the Bangs Cheaper Credit Insurance, More Lending and Hedging

Does hedging motivate CDS trading and does that affect the availability of credit? To answer these questions we couple comprehensive bank-firm level CDS trading data from the Depository Trust and Clearing Corporation with the German credit register containing bilateral bank-firm credit exposures. We find that following the Small Bang in the European CDS market, extant credit relationships with riskier firms increase banks' CDS trading and hedging of these firms. Properly hedged banks holding more CDS contracts of riskier firms supply relatively more credit to these firms. Our results are overall stronger for firm CDSs experiencing larger improvements in liquidity.
Government's (In)Ability to Precommit, and Strategic Trade Policy: The 'Third Market' Versus the 'Home Market' Setup

We shift the usual perspective of strategic trade policy – the “third market setup” – to the “home market” framework in order to reconsider the consequences of government (in)ability to precommit to its policy and compare these findings with those analogous from the “third market setup”. In addition, we also analyze how robust the sign is of particular policy instruments (R&D subsidies) within the home market setup, as opposed to the third market setup, when there is a shift from “second–best” to the “first–best” policy. For that purpose, we apply a standard dynamic Cournot duopoly where the firm’s strategic variable is investment in cost reduction whereas policy instruments are import tariffs and R&D subsidies.
Battery ripple current reduction in a three-phase interleaved dc-dc converter for 5kW battery charger

This paper proposes a battery ripple current reduction method and design of three-phase interleaved dc-dc converter for 5kW battery charger, which is applied for stabilizing a wind-power generating system. The charger consists of three-phase interleaved dc-dc converter, which is the interface of batteries and DC link, and a grid connected inverter. Lead-acid battery is modeled in the first order R-C model by MATLAB/Simulink and battery parameters are measured by the pulsed current and constant current discharge test. The battery is connected to the three-phase interleaved dc-dc converter in order for reduction of ripple current to 8% from 32.5%, increase of battery lifetime and reduction of total size of inductors. The ripple current is further reduced to 2% from 8% by connecting a filter capacitor and design rule of filter capacitor is analyzed. The controller for charging and discharging mode is designed and the proposed reduction methods of battery ripple currents are verified in a 5kW charger.
Identifying Combinatorial Transcription Factor Interactions with Microarray Data and ChIP-Chip Data

Combinatorial interactions of transcription factors play a key role in modulating transcriptional regulatory mechanisms in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we apply correlation analysis to search potential combinatorial TF interactions with the integration of microarray data and ChlP- chip data. Our results find that (i) eight significant cell cycle activators {Ace2, Fkhl, Fkh2, Mbpl, Nddl, Swi4, Swi5, Swi6} are calculated to positively correlate with their respective targets; (h) seven TF pairs in nine important pairs have statistical correlation with their targets and three TF triplets in five triplets predicted by literature statistically correlate with shared targets. These results may highlight the enrichment of combinatorial TF interactions with statistical correlation. Besides, twenty-two TFs including the eight cell cycle activators are inferred to potentially interact with other TFs to regulate gene transcription in S. cerevisiae.
SIMULATION ANALYSIS ON THE STRENGTH AND ACOUSTIC EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF JOINTED ROCK MASS

Original scientific paper To analyse the influence of joint angle, number and spacing on the strength and acoustic emission (AE) characteristics of rock mass, the uniaxial compression model of rock specimens was established using the micro particle flow PFC2D software platform. The intact rock parameters were determined via trial and error, joints with different angles, numbers and spacing were prefabricated in the model, and a compression test was performed using the displacement control method. The compressive strength, elastic modulus, and AE time characteristics of the rock specimens increased, decreased, and then increased again along with increasing joint angle. The AE characteristics at joint angles 0°, 15°, 30° and 90° were consistent with those of the intact rock specimens, while the 45° ÷ 75° joint angle showed relatively discrete AE characteristics. A larger number of joints corresponded to lower uniaxial compressive strength, elastic modulus, and AE intensity. However, the time and strain range of the obvious AE were not significant. The compressive strength and AE signal intensity of the rock specimens increased along with joint spacing, but the AE triggering time did not show obvious changes. Uniaxial compression tests were performed via numerical simulation to avoid the non-homogeneous and discrete effects from the indoor test and to reflect accurately the influence of joint angle, number, and spacing on the strength and AE characteristics of rock mass. The results can help in generating reliable criteria for predicting the instability of engineering rock mass.
A Tax on Work for the Elderly: Medicare as a Secondary Payer

Medicare as a Secondary Payer (MSP) legislation requires employer-sponsored health insurance to be a primary payer for Medicare-eligible workers at firms with 20 or more employees. While the legislation was developed to better target Medicare services to individuals without access to employer-sponsored insurance, MSP creates a significant implicit tax on working beyond age 65. This implicit tax is approximately 15-20 percent at age 65 and increases to 45-70 percent by age 80. Eliminating this implicit tax by making Medicare a primary payer for all Medicare-eligible individuals could significantly increase lifetime labor supply due to the high labor supply elasticities of older workers. The extra income tax receipts from such a policy would likely offset a large percentage of the estimated costs of making Medicare a primary payer.
Which Banks Recover from Large Adverse Shocks?

We analyze the fate of 110 Italian banks that experienced abrupt drops in profitability, from which about 1/3 recover. Recovery depends primarily on post-shock adjustments made by the banks, particularly to their loan portfolios. Matched bank-borrower data shows that recovering banks are significantly more aggressive in managing their riskiest clients. The risk management differences are consistent with some banks cutting credit to very riskiest clients while others appear to be gambling for reclamation by continuing to extend credit to high risk borrowers.
Associations Between Self-Regulation, Exercise Participation, and Adherence Intention Among Korean University Students

The social cognitive theory model of physical activity is useful in understanding and promoting exercise. Self-regulation, as an element of the social cognitive theory model, is key to success in regular exercise participation. Existing research suggests that intrinsic motivation and positive emotion are associated with exercise participation and adherence. This study examined the relationships between self-regulation and exercise participation and adherence intention in university students when these two variables were controlled. Participants included 418 students enrolled in universities in Seoul (244 men, M age = 23.5 year, SD = 0.8; 174 women, M age = 22.8 year, SD = 1.0). The measures included the Self-Control Scale, exercise participation level, the Korea Exercise Adherence Intention Scale, the Korean Sport Participation Motivation scale, and the Korean Positive and Negative Affect Scale. Results showed that self-regulation ability was significantly associated with exercise participation level and adherence intention, when intrinsic motivation and positive emotion were controlled.
Mandatory Disclosure About Environmental and Employee Matters in Italian Listed Corporate Groups' Reports

This paper analyzes the impact of a new specific regulation on the disclosure of environmental and employee matters in both consolidated-annual reports and social-environmental reports. It represents the first comprehensive attempt, as far as we are aware, at evaluating the impact of the 2.2. 2007 Italian legislative decree n.32, following the 51/2003/CE directive, in both the consolidated-annual and social-environmental reports. All the Italian corporate groups which have drawn up stand-alone social-environmental reports both in 2005 and in 2010 have been selected: for each one of them also the consolidated-annual reports have been analyzed according to the dictate of the examined regulation. The results show the differences in corporate disclosure between the reports issued in 2005 (i.e. IAS first year of adoption and before the examined regulation) and those issued in 2010 (i.e. after the implementation of D.Lgs. 32/2007 which imposed to apply the Directive 51/2003/CE): there is a twofold increase, both in the number of groups which have a section dedicated to environmental and employee matters in the report on operations and in the value relevance assigned to non-financial indicators.
Maternal viral load, zidovudine treatment, and the risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from mother to infant. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS A placebo-controlled trial has shown that treatment with zidovudine reduces the rate at which human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is transmitted from mother to infant. We present data from that trial showing the number of infected infants at 18 months of age and the relation between the maternal viral load, the risk of HIV-1 transmission, and the efficacy of zidovudine treatment. Viral cultures were obtained, and HIV-1 RNA was measured by two assays in samples of maternal blood obtained at study entry and at delivery. RESULTS In 402 mother-infant pairs, the rate of transmission of HIV-1 was 7.6 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 4.3 to 12.3 percent) with zidovudine treatment and 22.6 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 17.0 to 29.0 percent) with placebo (P<0.001). In the placebo group, a large viral burden at entry or delivery or a positive culture was associated with an increased risk of transmission (the transmission rate was greater than 40 percent in the highest quartile of the RNA level). In both groups, transmission occurred at a wide range of maternal plasma HIV-1 RNA levels. Zidovudine reduced plasma RNA levels somewhat (median reduction, 0.24 log). Zidovudine was effective regardless of the HIV-1 RNA level or the CD4+ count at entry. In the zidovudine group, however, after we adjusted for the base-line HIV-1 RNA level and CD4+ count, the reduction in viral RNA from base line to delivery was not significantly associated with the risk of transmission of HIV-1. CONCLUSIONS A high maternal plasma concentration of virus is a risk factor for the transmission of HIV-1 from an untreated mother to her infant. The reduction in such transmission after zidovudine treatment is only partly explained by the reduction in plasma levels of viral RNA. To prevent HIV-1 transmission, initiating maternal treatment with zidovudine is recommended regardless of the plasma level of HIV-1 RNA or the CD4+ count.