Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fast support for unstructured data processing: The unified automata processor

We propose the Unified Automata Processor (UAP), a new architecture that provides general and efficient support for finite automata (FA). The UAP supports a wide range of existing finite automata models (DFAs, NFAs, A-DFAs, JFAs, counting-DFAs, and counting-NFAs), and future novel FA models. Evaluation on realistic workloads shows that UAP implements all models efficiently, achieving line rates 94.5% of ideal. A single UAP lane delivers line rates 50× greater than software approaches on CPUs and GPUs. Scaling UAP to 64 lanes achieves FA transition throughputs as high as 295 Gbps, more than 100× higher than CPUs and GPUs, and even exceeding ASIC approaches such as IBM's RegX by 6×. With efficient support for multiple input streams, UAP achieves throughputs that saturate even high speed stacked DRAM memory systems. The UAP design and implementation is efficient in instructions executed, memory references, and energy. UAP achieves a 1.2 Ghz clock rate (32nm TSMC CMOS), and a 64-lane UAP requires only 2.2 mm2 and 563 mW. At these levels of performance and energy-efficiency, UAP is a promising candidate for integration into general-purpose computing architectures.
Model Formulation: Methodologic Issues in Health Informatics Trials: The Complexities of Complex Interventions

OBJECTIVE All electronic health (e-health) interventions require validation as health information technologies, ideally in randomized controlled trial settings. However, as with other types of complex interventions involving various active components and multiple targets, health informatics trials often experience problems of design, methodology, or analysis that can influence the results and acceptance of the research. Our objective was to review selected key methodologic issues in conducting and reporting randomized controlled trials in health informatics, provide examples from a recent study, and present practical recommendations. DESIGN For illustration, we use the COMPETE III study, a large randomized controlled clinical trial investigating the impact of a shared decision-support system on the quality of vascular disease management in Ontario, Canada. RESULTS We describe a set of methodologic, logistic, and statistical issues that should be considered when planning and implementing trials of complex e-health interventions, and provide practical recommendations for health informatics trialists. CONCLUSIONS Our recommendations emphasize validity and pragmatic considerations and would be useful for health informaticians conducting or evaluating e-health studies.
PCMAIL: A distributed mail system for personal computers

This document is a preliminary discussion of the design of a personal- computer-based distributed mail system. Pcmail is a distributed mail system that provides mail service to an arbitrary number of users, each of which owns one or more personal computers (PCs). The system is divided into two halves. The first consists of a single entity called the "repository". The repository is a storage center for incoming mail. Mail for a Pcmail user can arrive externally from the Internet or internally from other repository users. The repository also maintains a stable copy of each user's mail state. The repository is therefore typically a computer with a large amount of disk storage. It is published for discussion and comment, and does not constitute a standard. As the proposal may change, implementation of this document is not advised. See RFC-993.
A wearable public key infrastructure (WPKI)

We describe the design and implementation of public key infrastructure for the Bristol University Cyberjacket and three initial applications. The first one removes the need for the user to remember passwords, the second application provides an authentic record that a meeting took place, the third provides an authentic record of a conversation. The wearable public key infrastructure (WPKI) we develop uses very small communication, whilst also providing a balanced and low computational overhead on both the 'client' and 'server' sides.
Improved Acoustic Modeling for Continuous Speech Recognition

We report on some recent improvements to an HMM-based, continuous speech recognition system which is being developed at AT&T Bell Laboratories. These advances, which include the incorporation of inter-word, context-dependent units and an improved feature analysis, lead to a recognition system which achieve better than 95% word accuracy for speaker independent recognition of the 1000-word, DARPA resource management task using the standard word-pair grammar (with a perplexity of about 60). It will be shown that the incorporation of inter-word units into training results in better acoustic models of word juncture coarticulation and gives a 20% reduction in error rate. The effect of an improved set of spectral and log energy features is to further reduce word error rate by about 30%. We also found that the spectral vectors, corresponding to the same speech unit, behave differently statistically, depending on whether they are at word boundaries or within a word. The results suggest that intra-word and inter-word units should be modeled independently, even when they appear in the same context. Using a set of sub-word units which included variants for intra-word and inter-word, context-dependent phones, an additional decrease of about 10% in word error rate resulted.
Inducible and Reversible Clock Gene Expression in Brain Using the tTA System for the Study of Circadian Behavior

The mechanism of circadian oscillations in mammals is cell autonomous and is generated by a set of genes that form a transcriptional autoregulatory feedback loop. While these “clock genes” are well conserved among animals, their specific functions remain to be fully understood and their roles in central versus peripheral circadian oscillators remain to be defined. We utilized the in vivo inducible tetracycline-controlled transactivator (tTA) system to regulate Clock gene expression conditionally in a tissue-specific and temporally controlled manner. Through the use of Secretogranin II to drive tTA expression, suprachiasmatic nucleus– and brain-directed expression of a tetO::ClockΔ19 dominant-negative transgene lengthened the period of circadian locomotor rhythms in mice, whereas overexpression of a tetO::Clockwt wild-type transgene shortened the period. Low doses (10 μg/ml) of doxycycline (Dox) in the drinking water efficiently inactivated the tTA protein to silence the tetO transgenes and caused the circadian periodicity to return to a wild-type state. Importantly, low, but not high, doses of Dox were completely reversible and led to a rapid reactivation of the tetO transgenes. The rapid time course of tTA-regulated transgene expression demonstrates that the CLOCK protein is an excellent indicator for the kinetics of Dox-dependent induction/repression in the brain. Interestingly, the daily readout of circadian period in this system provides a real-time readout of the tTA transactivation state in vivo. In summary, the tTA system can manipulate circadian clock gene expression in a tissue-specific, conditional, and reversible manner in the central nervous system. The specific methods developed here should have general applicability for the study of brain and behavior in the mouse.
Coupled plasma filtration adsorption for the treatment of a patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute kidney injury: a case report

Coupled plasma filtration adsorption (CPFA) is an extracorporeal blood purification therapy based on non-specific pro- and anti-inflammatory mediator adsorption on a special resin cartridge coupled with continuous veno-venous haemofiltration or continuous veno-venous haemodiafiltration and is one of the emerging treatments for septic patients. However, in the literature, there are limited data about its efficacy in treating patients with acute diseases but without the traditional criteria for sepsis. We describe the case of a 43-year-old male who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to pneumonia and acute kidney injury, whose clinical conditions rapidly improved after early CPFA therapy.
Adding Semantics to Email Clustering

This paper presents a novel algorithm to cluster emails according to their contents and the sentence styles of their subject lines. In our algorithm, natural language processing techniques and frequent itemset mining techniques are utilized to automatically generate meaningful generalized sentence patterns (GSPs) from subjects of emails. Then we put forward a novel unsupervised approach which treats GSPs as pseudo class labels and conduct email clustering in a supervised manner, although no human labeling is involved. Our proposed algorithm is not only expected to improve the clustering performance, it can also provide meaningful descriptions of the resulted clusters by the GSPs. Experimental results on open dataset (Enron email dataset) and a personal email dataset collected by ourselves demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the K-means algorithm in terms of the popular measurement Fl. Furthermore, the cluster naming readability is improved by 68.5% on the personal email dataset.
Shame, Internalized Homonegativity, and Religiosity: A Comparison of the Stigmatization Associated with Minority Stress with Gay Men in Australia and Malaysia

ABSTRACT In this study we explore aspects of minority stress by comparing Malaysian (n = 234) and Australian (n = 123) gay men on internalized homonegativity (IH) and internalized shame (IS) in a 2 × 2 multivariate analysis (country × relationship status). Religious motivation (RM) was also included as a variable because of the importance of religion in Malaysia as compared to Australia. Malaysian gay men scored higher on IH, IS, and RM. Single men reported higher levels of IS than did those in relationships. These results are discussed in terms of the minority stress model (Meyer, 2003).
The participation and decision making of ‘at risk’ youth in community music projects: an exploration of three case studies

In the UK, recent years have witnessed a considerable growth in youth participation activities that seek to involve children and young people in various forms of decision-making. One such form of youth participation to benefit from increased government support since the late 1990s concerns community arts activities, especially those targeting young people considered to be ‘at risk’. While there exists a developing international literature exploring youth participation in community arts activities, to date relatively little attention has been paid to issues surrounding young people's decision-making within participatory arts projects. Through an exploration of three community music projects based in the North of England, this article considers the nature of young people's participation in project-related decision-making before proposing the need for greater attention to this aspect of community music activity, especially in the case of projects which seek to engage with ‘at risk’ youth.
Challenging the Image: The involvement of young people with disabilities in volunteering and campaigning

Much of the debate about young people with disabilities focuses on the difficulties these young people experience and their needs in terms of service provision. Rarely is there a focus on the positive contribution that disabled young people themselves make to society. The paper describes research which aimed to highlight the contribution that young people with disabilities make to their communities, by focusing on their participation in volunteering and campaigning. A national survey of disabled young people's participation was undertaken, as well as two case studies of particular projects. The paper describes the range of voluntary and campaigning activities being undertaken by young people with disabilities, highlights the effects of participation on the young people and those around them, and identifies issues for organisations wishing to enable more young people with disabilities to participate in this way.
Distributed Resource Sharing using Self-Organized Peer-to-Peer Networks and Languages from Information Retrieval∗

A useful computational problem that can be solved effectively and efficiently through self-organization techniques is distributed resource sharing in the Web. The architecture we envision supports both query and publish/subscribe functionality using languages from Information Retrieval. We propose to approach this problem using ideas from selforganized peer-to-peer networks and especially distributed hash tables like Chord. This paper concentrates only on how to offer the envisaged publish/subscribe functionality and discusses our current results.
Stepwise Modification of a Modular Enhancer Underlies Adaptation in a Drosophila Population

Degrees of Darkness Fruit flies in Africa have a tendency to be darker, the higher the altitude at which they live, because melanization offers a selective advantage. The dark pigmentation seen in some populations of Ugandan Drosophila melanogaster is owing to a lack of expression of the ebony gene, and expression results in yellow cuticle. Rebeiz et al. (p. 1663; see the News story by Pennisi) show that mutations in cis regulatory elements, rather than in the coding region, are responsible for the dark color. A series of five mutations in a modular enhancer element influences the level of ebony expression: Three mutations already existed in fly populations with light cuticle color and a further two, more recently acquired dark-specific substitutions, together have created an allele of large effect, which has been swept to high frequency in this population of flies. A combination of new and previously existing mutations in gene regulatory sequences can drive morphological evolution. The evolution of cis regulatory elements (enhancers) of developmentally regulated genes plays a large role in the evolution of animal morphology. However, the mutational path of enhancer evolution—the number, origin, effect, and order of mutations that alter enhancer function—has not been elucidated. Here, we localized a suite of substitutions in a modular enhancer of the ebony locus responsible for adaptive melanism in a Ugandan Drosophila population. We show that at least five mutations with varied effects arose recently from a combination of standing variation and new mutations and combined to create an allele of large phenotypic effect. We underscore how enhancers are distinct macromolecular entities, subject to fundamentally different, and generally more relaxed, functional constraints relative to protein sequences.
Goal orientations and conceptions of the nature of sport ability in children: A social cognitive approach

Two studies investigated the links between goal orientations and conceptions of sport ability. In Study 1, 194 English children (aged 11-12 yrs) completed a psychological inventory which included questions on achievement goal choice and perceptions of the nature of sport ability. In Study 2, 304 French children (aged 11-17 yrs) completed questionnaires, including the French version of the Perception of Success Questionnaire and the Conception of the Nature of Athletic Ability Questionnaire. Clear relationships were observed between a social comparison goal and a conception of athletic ability as a "gift" and being "general," and between a task mastery goal and the conception of athletic ability as being incremental and determined by learning. The measuring of the causal links that unite goals and ability conceptions, as well as the likely impact of such conceptions on motivation were developed and discussed.
Is Self‐worth Protection Best Regarded as Intentional Self‐handicapping Behaviour or an Outcome of Choking Under Pressure?

Self‐worth protective students characteristically perform poorly when they anticipate that poor performance is likely to reveal low ability, yet perform well in situations that involve little threat to self‐worth. The present study sought a further understanding of this variable pattern of achievement, assessing two possibilities: (1) that the poor performance of students high in self‐worth protection in situations of high evaluative threat is appropriately viewed as self‐handicapping behaviour in the form of strategic withdrawal of effort, and (2) that the poor performance of students high in self‐worth protection is an outcome of anxiety or “choking under pressure”. Participants were 72 undergraduate students, either high or low in self‐worth protection, assigned to one of three performance feedback conditions: humiliating failure, failure allowing face‐saving, and success. They subsequently completed 20 anagrams and 12 remote associates tasks, assessing performance, followed by 16 unicursal tasks during what was believed to be a practice period, providing an assessment of behavioural self‐handicapping in the form of intentional low effort. Students high in self‐worth protection performed poorly on the anagrams and remote associates following humiliating failure. They also reported greater anxiety across experimental conditions and claimed greater anxiety impairment than students low in self‐worth protection. These outcomes provide little support for an interpretation of self‐worth protection as self‐handicapping behaviour, instead supporting an interpretation of self‐worth protection as an outcome of choking under pressure, fuelled by evaluative threat.
Partially Sighted Children: The Visual Processing of Words and Pictures.

Reading is normally by eye and by ear, but what happens if eyesight is severely impaired? The hypothesis put forward in the first part of this thesis is that partially sighted children adopt a predominantly nonlexical word recognition and production strategy. This is likely to be because of the reading tuition they receive, which emphasises individual letters and letter patterns in words in relation to pronunciation. This study explores the word and picture processing abilities of a small group of partially sighted children, using a series of experimental tasks. Surprisingly, the analysis of oral reading errors in Study 1 revealed that the partially sighted children were using the same salient graphic cues as young fully sighted readers were normally found to be using. Further experiments using lexical decision tasks were carried out in Study 2 to investigate more closely the strategies used by partially sighted and matched fully sighted children in relation to lexical and nonlexical processing. Although there was clear evidence of nonlexical processing on the part of partially sighted children, there were also signs of lexical processing, too. Additional evidence was provided by their spellings presented in Study 3. The investigations described here suggest that the compensatory reading tuition experienced by the PS children led to a dominant nonlexical processing strategy, though not to the exclusion of lexical processing. Impaired eyesight was not associated inevitably with poor reading and spelling levels. The second hypothesis is that impaired eyesight is associated with poor visual recognition and recall of pictures, because of difficulty in accurate identification and slow processing. However, under the favourable conditions provided, which included a relatively lengthy exposure time, this was not entirely the case. The ability of the PS children to recognise pictures was remarkably good. Greater difficulty by them with the recall of pictures suggested partial specification of internal representations. These studies were set alongside comparable work with blind children. They contribute to the very sparse literature on PS children and confirm that these children can overcome severe visual handicap to present a profile of skilled accomplishment.
Structure of donor side components in photosystem II predicted by computer modelling.

Thirty‐one and eleven sequences for the photosystem II reaction centre proteins D1 and D2 respectively, were compared to identify conserved single amino acid residues and regions in the sequences. Both proteins are highly conserved. One important difference is that the lumenal parts of the D1 protein are more conserved than the corresponding parts in the D2 protein. The three‐dimensional structures around the electron donors tyrosineZ and tyrosineD on the oxidizing side of photosystem II have been predicted by computer modelling using the photosynthetic reaction centre from purple bacteria as a framework. In the model the tyrosines occupy two cavities close to the lumenal surface of the membrane. They are symmetrically arranged around the primary donor P680 and the distances between the centre of the tyrosines and the closest Mg ion in P680 are around 14 A. Both tyrosineZ and tyrosineD are suggested to form a hydrogen bond with histidine 190 from the loop connecting helices C and D in the D1 and D2 proteins, respectively. The Mn cluster in the oxygen evolving complex has been localized by using known and estimated distances from the tyrosine radicals. It is suggested that a binding region for the Mn cluster is constituted by the lumenal ends of helices A and B and the loop connecting them in the D1 protein. This part of the D1 protein contains a large number of strictly conserved carboxylic acid residues and histidines which could participate in the Mn binding. There is little probability that the Mn cluster binds on the lumenal surface of the D2 protein.
Models for nearly every occasion: Part IV – Two-box decreasing emission models

ABSTRACT New two-box “well-mixed room” decreasing emission (DE) models are introduced for scenarios that involve local controls, such as some form of local exhaust or local exhaust with filtered return. In addition, these models allow for the recirculation of a filtered (or cleaned) portion of the general room ventilation. For each control device scenario, a steady state and transient near and far field model is presented. The transient equations predict the concentration at time t after the application of the substance. The steady state equations can be use to predict the steady, unvarying “average concentration per application” whenever there are continuous applications of a substance and sufficient time has elapsed. The steady state equations can also be used to calculate the TWA for a task (or a series of tasks) whenever the beginning and end concentrations for the task (or task series) are expected to be zero (or near zero). The transient equations should be used to predict TWA exposures whenever these criteria cannot be met, or it is necessary to predict short-term exposures or peak concentrations. A structured calibration procedure, based on a mass balance approach, is proposed for each model. Depending upon the model, one or more calibration measurements are collected. Rearranged versions of the steady state equations are used to calculate estimates of the mass applied during each application, the near field flowrate, and (depending upon the model) the various efficiencies (e.g., local exhaust capture efficiency and the recirculation filtration efficiency). The emission rate constant must be determined using either a published approximation algorithm or experimentally.
Scaffolding for second language writers: producing an academic essay

This paper describes how a group of intermediate learners of English were guided through the process of producing their first academic essays in English. The approach applied the concept of scaffolding to the academic writing process by providing flexible support for the learners throughout the writing of their essays. Scaffolding included a number of features, each of which is discussed in the paper. The writers argue that the approach they adopted promotes learner autonomy by focusing on an authentic task, making the expectations of the task explicit, and providing flexible support for the learners as they approximate the target performance.