Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Market Structures and Liquidity: A Transactions Data Study of Exchange Listings

This paper examines the change in trading costs for firms that choose to move from a dealer market to a specialist system. Using transactions data, our empirical results reveal structurally induced average trading cost reductions of 4.7 (5.2) cents per share for firms that moved from the NASDAQ/NMS to the NYSE (Amex) in 1990. For NYSE listed stocks, the trading costs reductions are equally divided between quote improvements and the routing of trades to the NYSE. Trading costs improvements vary inversely with trade sizes and positively with dollar spreads. Finally, the greatest liquidity benefits from listing accrue to the less liquid stocks.
Using Whole Mount in situ Hybridization to Link Molecular and Organismal Biology

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) is a common technique in molecular biology laboratories used to study gene expression through the localization of specific mRNA transcripts within whole mount specimen. This technique (adapted from Albertson and Yelick, 2005) was used in an upper level undergraduate Comparative Vertebrate Biology laboratory classroom at Syracuse University. The first two thirds of the Comparative Vertebrate Biology lab course gave students the opportunity to study the embryology and gross anatomy of several organisms representing various chordate taxa primarily via traditional dissections and the use of models. The final portion of the course involved an innovative approach to teaching anatomy through observation of vertebrate development employing molecular techniques in which WISH was performed on zebrafish embryos. A heterozygous fibroblast growth factor 8 a (fgf8a) mutant line, ace, was used. Due to Mendelian inheritance, ace intercrosses produced wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous ace/fgf8a mutants in a 1:2:1 ratio. RNA probes with known expression patterns in the midline and in developing anatomical structures such as the heart, somites, tailbud, myotome, and brain were used. WISH was performed using zebrafish at the 13 somite and prim-6 stages, with students performing the staining reaction in class. The study of zebrafish embryos at different stages of development gave students the ability to observe how these anatomical structures changed over ontogeny. In addition, some ace/fgf8a mutants displayed improper heart looping, and defects in somite and brain development. The students in this lab observed the normal development of various organ systems using both external anatomy as well as gene expression patterns. They also identified and described embryos displaying improper anatomical development and gene expression (i.e., putative mutants). For instructors at institutions that do not already own the necessary equipment or where funds for lab and curricular innovation are limited, the financial cost of the reagents and apparatus may be a factor to consider, as will the time and effort required on the part of the instructor regardless of the setting. Nevertheless, we contend that the use of WISH in this type of classroom laboratory setting can provide an important link between developmental genetics and anatomy. As technology advances and the ability to study organismal development at the molecular level becomes easier, cheaper, and increasingly popular, many evolutionary biologists, ecologists, and physiologists are turning to research strategies in the field of molecular biology. Using WISH in a Comparative Vertebrate Biology laboratory classroom is one example of how molecules and anatomy can converge within a single course. This gives upper level college students the opportunity to practice modern biological research techniques, leading to a more diversified education and the promotion of future interdisciplinary scientific research.
Ethyl 2-amino-6-(4-bromophenyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylate

In the title compound, C21H19BrFNO2, two independent molecules crystallize in the asymmetric unit. The cyclohexa-1,3-diene ring is in a slightly distorted screw-boat conformation. The dihedral angles between the mean planes of the 4-bromophenyl and 4-fluorophenyl rings are 81.0 (3) and 76.4 (2)° in the two independent molecules. In the crystal, N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into [100] chains.
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 Induces the Expression of Cementum Attachment Protein in Human Periodontal Ligament Clones

Cementum is continuously formed during the lifetime of a tooth. The paravascular zones in the adult periodontal ligament (PL) comprise the progenitors for the fibroblastic (Fb) lineage and mineralized tissue-forming (MTF) cell lineages--the osteoblastic (Ob) and cementoblastic (Cb) lineages. Recent studies indicate that cementum attachment protein (CAP) is related to the differentiation of the Cb lineage and is instrumental in differentiating between the three periodontal cell lineages. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) on the expression of cementum attachment protein (CAP) and on the differentiation of cloned PL progenitors. The effect of BMP2 on CAP expression and on the differentiation of cloned Fb and MTF progenitors was tested by assessing the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), CAP, and bone sialoprotein (BSP) by immunochemistry and by determining the CAP-binding capacity of these clones. Untreated Fb clones were negative for all tested markers and had low CAP-binding capacity. Untreated MTF clones had a high CAP-binding capacity and were positive for the three markers. BMP2 enhanced the CAP-binding potential of both Fb and MTF clones. BMP2 induced the expression of CAP, ALP, and BSP in the Fb clones and enhanced the expression of CAP and BSP in the MTF clones. These results indicate for the first time that BMP2 can recruit progenitors to the Cb lineage and regulate the differentiation of the Cb lineage by inducing and enhancing the expression of CAP, a cell lineage-specific regulator. Furthermore, the results suggest that the MTF and Fb lineages may originate from a common early progenitor cell.
Effectiveness of screening for breast cancer in women under 50 years at entry: The Kotka pilot project in Finland

It is still uncertain whether mammography is beneficial to women under 50 years of age. We report a follow‐up of 4 I ‐year birth cohorts in 13 Finnish municipalities subjected to service screening. The women in these cohorts were born in even calendar years and they were 40–47 years old at the time of first screening, which was repeated every other year. At the beginning, 4, 163 women were invited and 86% attended. Women were screened with mammography, physical breast examination and information on detection and early diagnosis of breast cancer by breast self‐examination (BSE) was given. Incident cases of breast cancer and breast‐cancer deaths were recorded. The expected numbers of incident breast‐cancer cases and deaths from breast cancer were derived from control women who were residents of the same municipalities but who were born in adjacent calendar years (odd years) to those screened. In the screened cohorts 13 cancers were screen‐detected, 32 cancers were interval cases and 8 cases were diagnosed among the non‐attenders, while in the controls 85 cancers were detected during a 9‐year follow‐up from 1982 to 1990. One death from breast cancer occurred in the screened cohorts among cases diagnosed between 1982 and 1990, against 10 expected breast‐cancer deaths during a 10‐year follow‐up from 1982 to 1991 of women initially free of breast cancer. Breast‐cancer mortality in the screened cohorts was significantly lower than in the controls (Rate Ratio 0.11), but it is not clear how much of the reduction in mortality could be accounted for by the mammography itself and how much to other activities included in the screening programme (especially training in BSE) or to chance variation. It is unlikely that a programme sensitivity of 25% (13/53) would have resulted in 89% (100‐11) effectiveness or reduction in the risk of death from breast cancer.
FISCAL INCIDENCE AT THE LOCAL LEVEL

THIS PAPER REPRESENTS an attempt to make Aaron and McGuire's [1] approach to incidence operational.2 The tax paid by any individual is interpreted by Aaron and McGuire as the sum of two components. The first is a Lindahl tax equal to the individual's marginal rate of substitution between the public good and income times the amount of the public good provided. The second component is a negative or positive transfer equal to the Lindahl tax minus the tax the individual has actually paid. This second component is used to measure the incidence or redistributional impact of a particular budget program. Empirically, Aaron and McGuire found that the computation of Lindahl taxes is highly sensitive to the choice of individual utility functions. Under certain assumptions that sensitivity is reflected in the value of a coefficient related to the marginal rate of substitution between the public good and income. Maital [16], later on, used three separate identical estimates of this coefficient to reduce the ambiguity in the computation of Lindahl taxes. This paper offers an alternative computational approach to Aaron and McGuire's. The key information on Lindahl tax prices or marginal rates of substitution is obtained from individual demand curves for public goods which are estimated using the median voter model (see [5]). An advantage of this approach over Aaron and McGuire's is that it does not assume separability of the public good and income in taxpayers' preferences. The present approach also permits the study of the incidence of a budget policy on groups defined by socio-demographic characteristics other than income. On the other hand, and because of empirical reasons which will become apparent below, the present approach is useful for the study of incidence at the local level only. Section 1 of the paper restates the measure for the simultaneous incidence of taxes and one public good, henceforth called fiscal incidence, in the context of a formalized political process. This section also discusses some of the theoretical difficulties involved in extending the case with one public good to the multi
Socioeconomic Diversity, Political Engagement, and the Density of Nonprofit Organizations in U.S. Counties

This study examines the hypothesis that a community’s heterogeneous demands for public service, represented by a community’s income inequality and racial-ethnic diversity, together with its level of political engagement, help explain the density of nonprofits in a local area. Using data on more than 3,000 U.S. counties, empirical analyses reveal that communities with a higher level of income inequality and political engagement tend to have more nonprofits per resident than otherwise similar communities. This pattern holds for the nonprofit sector overall and for 6 of the 10 major subsectors examined. These findings suggest that nonprofit organizations may fill a gap in the delivery of public services, especially when a community has a great variety of social and economic needs. This study thus highlights the role of income inequality as a factor in explaining the density of nonprofit organizations at the local level. Implications for public policy and administration are discussed.
A deteriorating inventory model for quadratic demand and constant holding cost with partial backlogging and inflation

In most of the deteriorating items inventory model, demand rate has considered as a constant function. But in realistic situation these cost varying according to time. So in this paper, we developed a deterministic deteriorating inventory model with inflation in which demand rate are quadratic function of time, deterioration rate is constant, backlogging rate is variable and depend on the length of the next replenishment, shortages are allowed and partially backlogged. The model is solved numerically by minimizing the total inventory cost for cycle. Keywords: inventory, deteriorating items, shortages, time dependent demand, partial backlogging, constant holding cost and inflation.
Use of Web and In-Person Survey Modes to Gather Data From Young Adults on Sex and Drug Use

In a randomized test of mixed-mode data collection strategies, 386 participants in the Raising Healthy Children (RHC) Project were either (a) asked to complete a survey via the Internet and later offered the opportunity to complete the survey in person or (b) first offered an in-person survey, with the Web follow-up. The Web-first condition resulted in cost savings although the overall completion rates for the 2 conditions were similar. On average, in-person-first condition participants completed surveys earlier in the field period than Web-first condition participants. Based on intent-to-treat analyses, little evidence of condition effects on response bias, with respect to rates or levels of reported behavior, was found.
The Majority of Children and Adolescents With Acute Myeloid Leukemia Have Detectable Anti-DT388-GMCSF IgG Concentrations, but at Concentrations That Should Not Preclude In Vivo Activity

Purpose As a novel approach for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the authors are developing a fusion toxin (DT388-GMCSF) consisting of a truncated diphtheria toxin (DT388) linked to human granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF). A critical step in the development of DT388-GMCSF for clinical use in childhood and adolescent AML is to determine whether children and adolescents have preexisting antibodies to DT388-GMCSF due to childhood immunizations against diphtheria toxoid. Patients and Methods Sera from 33 children and adolescents with AML and one with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia were collected. The median age was 11.8 years. All scheduled diphtheria toxoid vaccinations were current except for the child diagnosed at 4 months of age. Anti-DT388-GMCSF antibody concentrations were detected by an enzymoimmunoassay and by an in vitro bioassay. Results Thirty of 34 (88%) children and adolescents had detectable anti-DT388-GMCSF IgG antibody concentrations. The median concentration was 1.5 &mgr;g/mL, with a range from undetectable to 191.4 &mgr;g/mL. There was a positive correlation between the enzymoimmunoassay and bioassay. There was no difference between the anti-DT388-GMCSF IgG concentrations in these children and adolescents with AML and in 43 adults with AML. Preliminary results of the phase 1 trial of DT388-GMCSF in adults with AML indicate that patients with baseline anti-DT388-GMCSF IgG concentrations of less than 2 &mgr;g/mL can achieve circulating DT388-GMCSF concentrations and can exhibit antileukemic activity. Twenty-three of 34 (67.6%) children and adolescents had anti-DT388-GMCSF IgG concentrations less than 2 &mgr;g/mL. Conclusions Despite routine diphtheria toxoid vaccinations, most children and adolescents with AML do not have anti-DT388-GMCSF IgG concentrations that preclude in vivo activity of DT388-GMCSF.
Optimization on decoding graphs by discriminative training

The three main knowledge sources used in the automatic speech recognition (ASR), namely the acoustic models, a dictionary and a language model, are usually designed and optimized in isolation. Our previous work [1] proposed a methodology for jointly tuning these parameters, based on the integration of the resources as a finite-state graph, whose transition weights are trained discriminatively. This paper extends the training framework to a large vocabulary task, the automatic transcription of French broadcast news. We propose several fast decoding techniques to make the training practical. Experiments show that a reduction of 1% absolute of word error rate (WER) can be obtained. We conclude the paper with an appraisal of the potential of this approach on large vocabulary ASR tasks.
Accurate emitter positioning using an adaptive method with Lagrange interpolation based on a simple MIMO system

An adaptive Recursive algorithm based on a simple two sensor system for accurate estimation of the incident angle of a radar reflecting object or alternatively an active emitter is proposed. The overall objective is to find a low complexity method, which provides high resolution estimates and which is capable of adapting to a time varying scenario. Time delay estimation is followed by calculation of the actual incident angle. The considered simple system, comprised of two sensors only, is less complex and requires less computational power than does an array based receiver with possibly several antenna elements. An adaptive Lagrange interpolator is incorporated in order to obtain time delay estimates with a high resolution, in fractions of a sample. The possible performance of the proposed scheme is compared to time-varying lower CRB's, which are also derived here.
Differential coreceptor expression allows for independent evolution of non-syncytium-inducing and syncytium-inducing HIV-1

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High-fat diet-induced impairment of skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity is not prevented by SIRT 1 overexpression

Amanda T. White, Andrew Philp, Heidi N. Fridolfsson, Jan M. Schilling, Anne N. Murphy, D. Lee Hamilton, Carrie E. McCurdy, Hemal H. Patel, and Simon Schenk Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom; Health and Exercise Sciences Research Group, School of Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom; and Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
Knowledge, power, and international policy coordination

The increasing complexity of the world's problems has escalated both the need for international policy co-ordination and the difficulty of achieving it. With that in mind, the contributors to this volume assess what happens to the distribution of power when policymakers rely on the counsel of technical experts to make decisions of international importance. Because the way states identify and respond to problems depends not only on how policymakers understand the issues but also on how the issues are represented by their advisers, the contributors examine the growing role that epistemic communities play in several areas: facilitating governmental learning; articulating the cause-and-effect relationships of global problems; helping to discern state interests; framing the issues for collective debate; proposing specific policies; and identifying salient points for international negotiation.
Deletion of Mbtps1 (Pcsk8, S1p, Ski-1) Gene in Osteocytes Stimulates Soleus Muscle Regeneration and Increased Size and Contractile Force with Age*

Conditional deletion of Mbtps1 (cKO) protease in bone osteocytes leads to an age-related increase in mass (12%) and in contractile force (30%) in adult slow twitch soleus muscles (SOL) with no effect on fast twitch extensor digitorum longus muscles. Surprisingly, bone from 10–12-month-old cKO animals was indistinguishable from controls in size, density, and morphology except for a 25% increase in stiffness. cKO SOL exhibited increased expression of Pax7, Myog, Myod1, Notch, and Myh3 and 6-fold more centralized nuclei, characteristics of postnatal regenerating muscle, but only in type I myosin heavy chain-expressing cells. Increased expression of gene pathways mediating EGF receptor signaling, circadian exercise, striated muscle contraction, and lipid and carbohydrate oxidative metabolism were also observed in cKO SOL. This muscle phenotype was not observed in 3-month-old mice. Although Mbtps1 mRNA and protein expression was reduced in cKO bone osteocytes, no differences in Mbtps1 or cre recombinase expression were observed in cKO SOL, explaining this age-related phenotype. Understanding bone-muscle cross-talk may provide a fresh and novel approach to prevention and treatment of age-related muscle loss.
New hypothesis testing-based rapid change detection for power grid system monitoring

The vulnerability of power grid systems to malicious attacks is one of the most pressing problems faced concerning power grid systems. Based on the dynamics of the generators, we show that the time evolution of the power grid system can be modelled by a discrete-time linear state-space model. We employ approaches based on hypothesis testing for failure and intrusion detection of the monitored power grid system. We develop a new locally optimum unknown direction (LOUD) test to detect changes in matrices or vectors and apply this approach to power grid failure and intrusion detection problems. We provide numerical results which show that, unlike the standard generalised likelihood ratio-based approach, the LOUD test is able to produce decisions right after the change has occurred without waiting to collect additional data while it performs nearly as good, within a few percent in the case considered, as the optimum but unachievable likelihood ratio test for the known change. We employ realistic simulations of the IEEE 14 bus system to more fully evaluate the LOUD test.
Perceptions of family criticism and warmth and their link to symptom expression in racially/ethnically diverse adolescents and young adults at clinical high risk for psychosis

Little is known about the role of expressed emotion (EE) in early symptom expression in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis. In patients with established schizophrenia, the effects of EE on clinical outcomes have purportedly varied across racial/ethnic groups, but this has not yet been investigated among CHR patients. Furthermore, studies have traditionally focused upon caregiver levels of EE via interview‐based ratings, whereas the literature on patient perceptions of caregiver EE on psychosis symptoms is relatively limited.
Extending the Environment–Strategy–Performance Framework: The Roles of Multinational Corporation Network Strength, Market Responsiveness, and Product Innovation

The purpose of this study is to extend the traditional environment–strategy–performance framework by including network theory to examine when a foreign firm can use its multinational corporation (MNC) network strength to buffer market turbulence and technological turbulence and when the foreign firm can deploy it to support the influences of marketing strategic postures (i.e., market responsiveness and product innovation) on firm performance. The author tests the hypotheses on data collected from 140 foreign firms in China. Although prior research has demonstrated that firms often use multiple strategies and resources to cope with environmental forces, the findings illustrate that different environmental segments have unequal bearings on market responsiveness, product innovation, and MNC network strength. In addition, despite the direct positive influences of individual marketing strategic postures and MNC network strength on firm performance, their combined effects are mixed. The author concludes with a discussion of the implications of these results for research and practice.