Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measuring Program Similarity: Experiments with SPEC CPU Benchmark Suites

It is essential that a subset of benchmark programs used to evaluate an architectural enhancement, is well distributed within the target workload space rather than clustered in specific areas. Past efforts for identifying subsets have primarily relied on using microarchitecture-dependent metrics of program performance, such as cycles per instruction and cache miss-rate. The shortcoming of this technique is that the results could be biased by the idiosyncrasies of the chosen configurations. The objective of this paper is to present a methodology to measure similarity of programs based on their inherent microarchitecture-independent characteristics which will make the results applicable to any microarchitecture. We apply our methodology to the SPEC CPU2000 benchmark suite and demonstrate that a subset of 8 programs can be used to effectively represent the entire suite. We validate the usefulness of this subset by using it to estimate the average IPC and L1 data cache miss-rate of the entire suite. The average IPC of 8-way and 16-way issue superscalar processor configurations could be estimated with 3.9% and 4.4% error respectively. This methodology is applicable not only to find subsets from a benchmark suite, but also to identify programs for a benchmark suite from a list of potential candidates. Studying the four generations of SPEC CPU benchmark suites, we find that other than a dramatic increase in the dynamic instruction count and increasingly poor temporal data locality, the inherent program characteristics have more or less remained the same
Diagnostic delays in access to tuberculosis care in counties with or without the National Tuberculosis Control Programme in rural China.

SETTING A county covered by the National Tuberculosis Control Programme (NTP) (Jianhu) and a nonprogramme county (Funing) in Jiangsu Province, China. OBJECTIVE To compare diagnostic delays among tuberculosis (TB) patients between counties with and without the NTP, and to study the impact of demographic, socioeconomic and policy factors on the delays. DESIGN A cohort study of 493 newly diagnosed TB patients registered in the study sites during 2002 was conducted using a structured questionnaire interview. RESULT The median total diagnostic delay was longer in Jianhu County, 31 (14-68) days, compared to Funing County, 19 (12-34) days, with a shorter patient's delay (10 vs. 16 days, P < 0.05) but a longer doctor's delay (6 vs. 0 days, P < 0.01) in Jianhu than in Funing. Smear-positive TB accounted for 86% of patients in Jianhu, compared to 37% in Funing. Less educated and uninsured patients had longer patient's or doctor's delays in Jianhu, while in Funing poor patients and farmers had both longer patient's and doctor's delays. CONCLUSION The subsidised NTP leads to a shorter patient's delay, but a longer doctor's delay, with a substantially higher proportion of smear-positive TB diagnosis. Education, medical insurance, poverty and the system of TB control can influence patients' access to TB care.
Relative contributions of CA3 and medial entorhinal cortex to memory in rats

The hippocampal CA1 field processes spatial information, but the relative importance of intra- vs. extra-hippocampal sources of input into CA1 for spatial behavior is unclear. To characterize the relative roles of these two sources of input, originating in the hippocampal field CA3 and in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC), we studied effects of discrete neurotoxic lesions of CA3 or MEC on concurrent spatial and nonspatial navigation tasks, and on synaptic transmission in afferents to CA1. Lesions in CA3 or MEC regions that abolished CA3-CA1, or reduced MEC-CA1 synaptic transmission, respectively, impaired spatial navigation and unexpectedly interfered with cue response, suggesting that in certain conditions of training regimen, hippocampal activity may influence behavior otherwise supported by nonhippocampal neural networks. MEC lesions had milder and temporary behavioral effects, but also markedly amplified transmission in the CA3-CA1 pathway. Extensive behavioral training had a similar, but more modest effect on CA3-CA1 transmission. Thus, cortical input to the hippocampus modulates CA1 activity both directly and indirectly, through heterosynaptic interaction, to control information flow in the hippocampal loop. Following damage to hippocampal cortical input, the functional coupling of separate intra- and extra-hippocampal inputs to CA1 involved in normal learning may initiate processes that support recovery of behavioral function. Such a process may explain how CA3 lesions, which do not significantly modify the basic features of CA1 neural activity, nonetheless impair spatial recall, whereas lesions of EC input to CA1, which reduce the spatial selectivity of CA1 firing in foraging rats, have only mild effects on spatial navigation.
Using the Number of Faults to Improve Fault-Proneness Prediction of the Probability Models

The existing fault-proneness prediction methods are based on unsampling and the training dataset does not contain the information on the number of faults of each module and the fault distributions among these modules. In this paper, we propose an oversampling method using the number of faults to improve fault-proneness prediction. Our method uses the information on the number of faults in the training dataset to support better prediction of fault-proneness. Our test illustrates that the difference between the predictions of oversampling and unsampling is statistically significant and our method can improve the prediction of two probability models, i.e. logistic regression and naïve Bayes with kernel estimators.
Essays on diffusion and categories

Essay’ derives from the French ‘to try’. Accordingly, in this book, I try three new interpretations of diffusion and categories. That is, I try to divide observations into groups in a new way. Some ways of dividing lead to confusion and frustration. For example, people’s default division seems to be ‘good’ and ‘bad’, or ‘like’ and ‘dislike’. Observations such as, for instance, high rates of domestic violence in marriages of American football players are confusing given this division, because people like football but dislike violence. The fact that the same person is in both of these opposing categories causes cognitive dissonance. In contrast, a meaningful division, such as ‘aggressive people’ and ‘timid people’, leads to consistency and peace of mind; football players are selected for their aggressiveness and domestic violence is an expression of aggressiveness. Likewise, each chapter tries a new way of grouping observations about organizations. Trying an interpretation involves describing what that interpretation means. The meaning of an interpretation is anchored in less abstract observations that are associated with it (e.g. examples). Practically, this means I make hypotheses about what we would observe if the interpretation were true. For example, in the third chapter I try to interpret industries as being divided into two groups: ‘generic categories are salient’ and ‘specific categories are salient’. Observations such as high correlation between subcategory density and entries in industries with many subcategories are consistent with the associations of the grouping; many subcategories makes specific categories more salient and specific category saliency is expressed in subcategory density’s correlation with entries. If the observations are in line with what the interpretation means, then the interpretation I try is meaningful
Draft Genome Sequence of Lactobacillus delbrueckii Strain #22 Isolated from a Patient with Short Bowel Syndrome and Previous d-Lactic Acidosis and Encephalopathy

ABSTRACT d-Lactic acidosis with associated encephalopathy caused by overgrowth of intestinal lactic acid bacteria is a rarely diagnosed neurological complication of patients with short bowel syndrome. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of Lactobacillus delbrueckii strain #22 isolated from a patient with short bowel syndrome and previous d-lactic acidosis/encephalopathy.
The Medusa Distributed Stream-Processing System

There is a large class of emerging applications in which data, generated in a distributed environment, is pushed asynchronously to servers for processing. Some example applications for which this “push” model for data processing is appropriate include financial services (e.g., price feeds), assettracking services (e.g., reporting the status of objects and equipment in real-time), fabrication line management (e.g., real-time monitoring and control of manufacturing systems), network management (e.g., intrusion detection), medical applications (e.g., monitoring devices and sensors attached to patients), environmental sensor/actuator systems (e.g., climate, traffic, building, bridge monitoring), and military applications (e.g., missile or target detection). Several characteristics distinguish stream-processing applications from more classical data processing applications. First, unlike a traditional database management system (DBMS) where queries made by “active” human users operate on “passive” stored data, stream processing requires “active” streaming data to be processed by “passive” continuous queries that run for long periods of time. Second, stream processing applications require large volumes of data to be processed, with rates varying with time and often exceeding tens of thousands of messages a second. It is possible to model the bulk of the processing required in these applications in terms of standard well-defined streaming operators, such as filters, windowed aggregates, windowed joins, etc. Third, stream processing applications are naturally distributed. Many applications including weather monitoring, traffic management, and financial feed analysis process data from either geographically distributed sources or different autonomous organizations. Early efforts in stream-oriented processing have focused on designing new operators and new languages [1, 15], as well as building high-performance engines operating at a single site [2, 5, 9]. More recently, the attention has
Application of Hough Transform for Seed rows Localisation using Machine vision

1. Abstract This paper compares two methods based on machine vision to provide driver assistance in seed drill guidance in order to improve spacing accuracy during contiguous passages. The first case consisted of following the furrow created at the preceding passage by a special marker disc attached to the seed drill. A camera was located on the tractor and detected this furrow. In the second case, the seed rows themselves were detected by the camera without making use of the marker disc. In both cases, several video sequences were acquired in various situations, including different soil textures and various illumination conditions (375 sequences were acquired during three years). A pre-treatment of these sequences was performed and included a background subtraction in order to remove shadows and other wide unevenness. In the first case, the best results were obtained by using an image treatment based on the Hough transform coupled to a recursive filter. The search of the maximum of the Hough transform was performed using a mean shift algorithm. In the second case, where several parallel rows were simultaneously present on the images, an adapted Hough transform was proposed which took into account the a priori knowledge of the rows spacing. The trueness and precision in row detection were superior in the second case. The results are compatible with the application, since the trueness was smaller than 30 mm. This suggested that it can be possible to assist the manual guidance of a seed drill by an automatic system consisting in a 2 camera detecting the seed rows. The guidance of the seed drill is obtained by steering the tractor. A furrow created by a disc in the soil, during a previous passage have to be followed to ensure a correct lateral position. Currently, this guidance is entirely undertaken by the tractor driver therefore some variation in the spacing between two contiguous passages may occur. Historically, the harmonisation of the sugar beet production leaded to machines of six row widths or of multiples of six rows. The seed drill often comprises twelve rows and the harvesting machines six rows. The development of height-row harvesting machines would increase the productivity and reduce the harvesting costs. These new versions of harvesters must therefore operate within plant rows corresponding to adjacent passages of the seed drill with slightly varying spacing. The current solution consists of mounting pairs of harvest shares on independent frames …
Solar irradiance during the last 1200 years based on cosmogenic nuclides

Based on a quantitative study of the common fluctuations of 14C and 10Be production rates, we have derived a time series of the solar magnetic variability over the last 1200 years. This record is converted into irradiance variations by linear scaling based on previous studies of sun-like stars and of the sun’s behavior over the last few centuries. The new solar irradiance record exhibits low values during the well-known solar minima centered at about 1900, 1810 (Dalton) and 1690 ad(Maunder). Further back in time, a rather long period between 1450 and 1750 ad is characterized by low irradiance values. A shorter period is centered at about 1200 ad, with irradiance slightly higher or similar to present day values. It is tempting to correlate these periods with the so-called “little ice age” and “medieval warm period” respectively An accurate quantification of the climatic impact of this new irradiance record requires the use of coupled atmosphere−ocean general circulation models (GCMs). Nevertheless, our record is already compatible with a global cooling of about 0.5-1°C during the “little ice age”, and with a general cooling trend during the past millenium followed by global warming during the 20th century (Mann et al., 1999).
From Isolation to Involvement: Adapting Machine Creativity Software to Support Human-Computer Co-Creation

This paper investigates how to transform machine creativity systems into interactive tools that support human-computer co-creation. We use three case studies to identify common issues in this transformation, under the perspective of User-Centered Design. We also analyse the interactivity and creative behavior of the three platforms in terms of Wiggins’ formalization of creativity as a search. We arrive at the conclusion that adapting creative software for supporting human-computer cocreation requires redesigning some major aspects of the software, which guides our on-going project of building an interactive poetry composition tool.
The American Street Gang: Its Nature, Prevalence, and Control.@@@The Youth Gang Problem: A Community Approach.

When the Soviet Union collapsed, the White House announced with great fanfare that 100 FBI counterintelligence agents would be reassigned. Their new target: street gangs. Americans--filled with fear of crack-dealing gangs--cheered the decision, as did many big-city police departments. But this highly publicized move could be an experience in futility, suggests Malcolm Klein: for one thing, most street gangs have little to do with the drug trade. The American Street Gang provides the finest portrait of this subject ever produced--a detailed accounting, through statistics, interviews, and personal experience, of what street gangs are, how they have changed, their involvement in drug sales, and why we have not been able to stop them. Klein has been studying street gangs for more than thirty years, and he brings a sophisticated understanding of the problem to bear in this often surprising book. In contrast to the image of rigid organization and military-style leadership we see in the press, he writes, street gangs are usually loose bodies of associates, with informal and multiple leadership. Street gangs, he makes clear, are quite distinct from drug gangs--though they may share individual members. In a drug-selling operation tight discipline is required--the members are more like employees--whereas street gangs are held together by affiliation and common rivalries, with far less discipline. With statistics and revealing anecdotes, Klein offers a strong critique of the approach of many law enforcement agencies, which have demonized street gangs while ignoring the fact that they are the worst possible bodies for running disciplined criminal operations--let alone colonizing other cities. On the other hand, he shows that street gangs do spur criminal activity, and he demonstrates the shocking rise in gang homicides and the proliferation of gangs across America. Ironically, he writes, the liberal approach to gangs advocated by many (assigning a social worker to a gang, organizing non-violent gang activities) can actually increase group cohesion, which leads to still more criminal activity. And programs to erode that cohesion, Klein tells us from personal experience, can work--but they require intensive, exhausting effort. Street gangs are a real and growing problem in America--but the media and many law enforcement officials continue to dispense misleading ideas about what they are and what they do. In The American Street Gang, Malcolm Klein challenges these assumptions with startling new evidence that must be understood if we are to come to grips with this perceived crisis.
Characterisation of flower colouration in 30 Rhododendron species via anthocyanin and flavonol identification and quantitative traits.

Floral colour is a key reproductive character, often associated with environmental adaptation, and subject to human intervention. A large number of Rhododendron species differ widely in flower colour, providing a good model for flower colouration. The chromatic features and anthocyanin compositions of 30 species from seven subgenera were systematically analysed. The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart and CIE L*a*b* system were employed to describe and investigate flower colours. The UPLC-PDA/ESI-MSn system was used to identify and quantify anthocyanins in petal extracts. The flower colours of 30 Rhododendron species were categorised into four groups - red, purplish pink, purple and white. Seven anthocyanins were identified and quantified in petals: delphinidin, cyanidin and malvidin 3-O-arabinoside-5-O-glucosides, cyanidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside, 3-O-galactoside and 3-O-arabinoside, and delphinidin 3-O-glucoside. The red-flowered species mainly contained cyanidin monoglycosides and had much higher total anthocyanin content than purplish pink- and purple-flowered species. Purplish pink- and purple-flowered species had similar anthocyanin types and content. The chromatic differences were significant among groups, except the purplish pink and purple groups. Statistical analysis showed that Cy3Gal and Cy3Arb are characteristic for red-flowered species, and Mv3Arb5G and Dp3Arb5G play important roles in purple colouration; their contents were major components that greatly affected the chromatic parameters. In total, 21 flavonol derivates were identified. However, total flavonol content and co-pigmentation index showed no significant difference or correlation among/with colour groups, suggesting that flavonols might not play a major role in colouration. These results enhance our knowledge of the biochemical basis of flower colouration in Rhododendron species, and provide a foundation for genetic variation studies and aid in breeding cultivars with novel flower colours.
Treatment potential of the GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review

ABSTRACT Over the last decade, the discovery of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) has increased the treatment options for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). GLP-1 RAs mimic the effects of native GLP-1, which increases insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon secretion, increases satiety and slows gastric emptying. This review evaluates the phase III trials for all approved GLP-1 RAs and reports that all GLP-1 RAs decrease HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, and lead to a reduction in body weight in the majority of trials. The most common adverse events are nausea and other gastrointestinal discomfort, while hypoglycaemia is rarely reported when GLP-1 RAs not are combined with sulfonylurea or insulin. Treatment options in the near future will include co-formulations of basal insulin and a GLP-1 RA.
New Alleles of SIR2 Define Cell-Cycle-Specific Silencing Functions

The establishment of transcriptional silencing in yeast requires cell-cycle progression, but the nature of this requirement is unknown. Sir2 is a protein deacetylase that is required for gene silencing in yeast. We have used temperature-sensitive alleles of the SIR2 gene to assess Sir2's contribution to silencing as a function of the cell cycle. When examined in vivo, these conditional alleles fall into two classes: one class exhibits a loss of silencing when raised to the nonpermissive temperature regardless of cell-cycle position, while the second class exhibits a mitosis-specific silencing defect. Alleles of the first class have a primary defect in protein deacetylase activity, while the alleles of the second class are specifically defective in Sir2–Sir4 interactions at nonpermissive temperatures. Using a SIR2 temperature-sensitive allele, we show that silencing can be established at the HML locus during progression through the G2/M–G1 interval. These results suggest that yeast heterochromatin undergoes structural transitions as a function of the cell cycle and support the existence of a critical assembly step for silent chromatin in mitosis.
Chronic cardiotoxicity studies in rabbits with 7-con-O-methylnogarol, a new anthracycline antitumor agent.

Abstract 7- con-O -Methylnogarol (7-OMEN), a new analog of the anthracycline antibiotic, nogalamycin, has chemotherapeutic activity in several experimental mouse tumor systems. As part of the preclinical development of 7-OMEN, the cardiotoxic potential was evaluated in chronically dosed rabbits. Groups of 4 rabbits were dosed twice weekly i.v. with 11 or 33 mg/sq m/week for 12 weeks, 110 sq m/mg/week for 12 or 24 weeks, or 154 mg/sq m/week for 24 weeks to give cumulative doses of 132, 396, 1319, 2640, or 3700 mg/sq m, respectively. Histological studies showed minimal evidence of cardiotoxicity in rabbits which received 1319 mg/sq m or lower doses of 7-OMEN. However, the characteristic anthracycline-induced cardiac lesions (vacuolization, myocytolysis, and fibrosis) were present in mild to marked amounts in 8 of 8 rabbits which received cumulative doses of 2640 or 3700 mg/sq m. One rabbit in the 3700 mg/sq m group exhibited excess pericardial fluid; no other gross symptoms of cardiac toxicity were present. None of the 7-OMEN-treated rabbits died from cardiotoxicity. Four Adriamycin-treated control rabbits died of drug-induced cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure at 222 to 277 mg/sq m. Thus, 7-OMEN was less than one-fifteenth as potent as was Adriamycin in inducing cardiotoxicity in rabbits. 7-OMEN given at 220 mg/sq m/week for 3 to 4 weeks caused lethal bone marrow depression in 4 of 4 rabbits. At lower doses, 7-OMEN caused a mild to moderate, dose-related, regenerative, macrocytic anemia which was most severe approximately halfway through the 24-week study and then improved despite continuous twice-weekly dosing.