Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Conflicts and paradoxes in economic development

Papua New Guinea (PNG) relied heavily on exploitation of mineral wealth in the past for achieving economic growth. Although in terms of macroeconomic indicators, growth performance is not entirely unsatisfactory, the government failed to redistribute the benefits of this limited growth, and the beneficiaries have been localized and narrow. As a result, in terms of standard of living of its population, PNG remained one of the poorest nations in the world. In recent years, the new development strategy to a greater extent stresses renewable sources such as agriculture, fisheries, processing and downstream activities, and tourism. With its unique and pristine physical and cultural diversity, tourism can conveniently become the mainstream economic activity of this island nation. However, PNG tourism is entirely based on its natural, environmental and cultural resources. So any economic activity which disturbs these infrastructures is most likely to affect the tourism potential adversely. Development of agricultural activities, fisheries, forestry and mining, while undertaken indiscriminately (as it is done today), is actually affecting the potentiality of tourism growth and creating conflicts of economic interests. As a result, neither tourism nor other activities are being developed properly and the wellbeing of the country’s population remained unchanged. More importantly, these conflicts are often generating significant and far‐reaching social and political tensions. Unless controlled at this initial stage of development, the process can lead to a very unbalanced situation from where a turnaround would be extremely difficult.
Optimal transmission reconfiguration through line switching and bus splitting

In this paper, optimal transmission reconfiguration (OTR) through substation switching, including line and busbar switching is presented as a means of relieving congestion in transmission systems. The proposed method is formulated using Benders decomposition and the N-1 security criterion is considered as well. Also, the computation time is significantly reduced by introducing some tightening bounds that restrict the search space of the optimization problem. The results of applying the method to the IEEE 14-bus system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for removing congestion and are compared to those of previously proposed schemes.
A Bayesian Approach to Subgroup Identification

This article discusses subgroup identification, the goal of which is to determine the heterogeneity of treatment effects across subpopulations. Searching for differences among subgroups is challenging because it is inherently a multiple testing problem with the complication that test statistics for subgroups are typically highly dependent, making simple multiplicity corrections such as the Bonferroni correction too conservative. In this article, a Bayesian approach to identify subgroup effects is proposed, with a scheme for assigning prior probabilities to possible subgroup effects that accounts for multiplicity and yet allows for (preexperimental) preference to specific subgroups. The analysis utilizes a new Bayesian model selection methodology and, as a by-product, produces individual probabilities of treatment effect that could be of use in personalized medicine. The analysis is illustrated on an example involving subgroup analysis of biomarker effects on treatments.
After Enron: Auditor Conservatism and Ex-Andersen Clients

This study examines whether after Arthur Andersen's demise, successor auditors required more conservative accounting for their ex‐Andersen clients in order to minimize litigation risk. We use unadjusted and performance‐adjusted measures of abnormal accruals, and we examine the level of and changes in the abnormal accruals of ex‐Andersen clients in 2002 relative to a control sample of clients that were audited by a Big 4 auditor in 2001 and 2002. We conduct univariate and multivariate tests. In our multivariate tests, we control for other factors that may affect litigation risk crosssectionally. Our results indicate that the ex‐Andersen clients had lower levels of and larger decreases in abnormal accruals in 2002. This is consistent with auditor conservatism and suggests the successor auditors viewed an Andersen audit as a unique source of litigation risk.
Comparing the Strength of Nations

The political capacity of advanced societies is measured. We show that politically capable governments can mobilize vast resources from the society under the stress of war, but totalitarian, democratic and authoritarian regimes do not determine the level of performance. The absolute political capacity of rich nations is higher than that of poorer ones, but surprisingly, poor nations can increase their political capacity more effectively under stress. Finally, Power, constructed by combining total resources with the political capacity of governments, is used to postdict accurately the outcome of major wars since 1900.
Conceptualising entrepreneurship as economic 'explanation' and the consequent loss of 'understanding'

This paper examines how entrepreneurship has become conceptualised as an economic phenomenon. We explain how the outcomes, the admirable results of entrepreneurship, have led to this position. An understandable concern for the economic benefits from enterprise, and the appeal of measurability, has led to a focus on explaining entrepreneurship. This has been matched by a relative neglect of examining the processes that would help us to understand entrepreneurship. Explanations of entrepreneurship best fit a systems view, where entrepreneurship is a mechanism for adjustment to change, as for example in Kirznerian alertness. But such a view cannot take full account of how entrepreneurship produces change. In homogenising entrepreneurship's idiosyncratic nature, we miss the nuanced understanding of how the entrepreneurial self fits into context to create, as well as employ, change. The instrumentality of explanation obscures the subjectivity of entrepreneurial practices.
Leadership as a Spiritual Practice

Abstract Religious educators commonly come to volunteer leadership roles from a sense of parental duty or as a form of service to the congregation, and lament the fact that while doing so they are missing out on the sermon and their own spiritual practice. This study contends that religious educators’ volunteer leadership can, by design, be experienced as a spiritual practice in and of itself. In-depth interviews with religious education (RE) volunteers, following a two-year period of intentional focus on volunteer leadership as spiritual practice, reveal that key elements, purposefully introduced, contributed to fundamental shifts in taken-for-granted ways of viewing the religious education experience and acted as support for transformation. This study suggests that the practice of being mindful in approaching RE leadership as a spiritual practice not only gave greater meaning to volunteer roles but the effect often extended into everyday life.
The Kindleberger‐Aliber‐Minsky paradigm and the global subprime mortgage meltdown

Purpose – This paper sets out to analyze the current global financial crisis that originated in the US subprime mortgage market through the lens of the Kindleberger‐Aliber‐Minsky (KAM) paradigm as set forth in Kindleberger and Aliber's Manias, Panics and Crashes, to first examine the bubble's origins in the displacement caused by the internet collapse, the subsequent US recession, and the aggressive lowering of US interest rates. It shows how these events, combined with other technological and regulatory factors, resulted in a US housing bubble fueled by the aggressive securitization of mortgages by many large financial institutions, a reduction in their credit standards, and a lack of regulatory oversight. In this way it assesses the prime players in the process in terms of motivation and performance.Design/methodology/approach – The paper explores how the process peaked and began to unravel as cash flows at the base of the financial pyramid built through securitization slowed. Once the supporting cash f.
Towards a new requirements' definition methodology using ontologies for Pervasive Games Based Learning Systems

Since a Pervasive Games Based Learning System (PGBLSs) is considered as technology enhanced learning system, it becomes important to enhance the development process. Despite the growing presence of mobile devices and the wireless network communication technologies, users needs satisfaction is particularly challenging due to problems arising from the highly dynamic environments in which services will operate. We propose, in this paper, a semantic model driven requirements engineering process in order to improve the development of PGBLSs. This model is based on an ontology of requirements (RO) as a powerful formalism to assist requirements' analysts for fulfilling changing requirements in PGBLSs dynamic contexts. In such environments, analysts have to establish the relative priorities of requirements for resolving conflicting requests. For this issue, a requirements analysis technique is also proposed.
Association between economic growth and injury mortality among seniors in Colombia

Background Injuries among seniors are recognised as an important public health problem not only in developed countries but also in middle-income countries. There is ample epidemiological literature that relates economic growth to the reduction of infectious and childhood diseases. Less evidence exists to document if economic growth alone is enough to reverse the increasing trends of injury mortality and morbidity among seniors in a middle-income country. Aim To investigate the association between economic growth and injury deaths among older people in Colombia. Method Using data from Colombia, 1979–2006 (n=28), time-series models were used to ascertain if the variation over time in injury mortality among seniors is related to short-term oscillations in economic performance. Four empirical specifications usually used in the analysis of such data were implemented. Models were run by type of injury and gender. Results A negative but moderate effect of economic growth was found on injury deaths among older people. The reported elasticity was between −0.98 and −1.26. Men benefit from economic growth more than women. Economic growth seems to reduce traffic injuries, suicides and homicides. A positive association was also found between falls and growth in gross domestic product. Conclusions The results indicate a non-homogeneous association between economic growth and injury deaths among seniors in Colombia. This association is usually stronger in a negative direction among children and younger adults. Although more research is needed to understand the causal relationship between economic growth and injury, the association found may suggest that economic growth may not be sufficient to reverse injury deaths among older people; therefore, additional health policies need to be in place to reduce mortality due to preventable injuries in seniors.
Pricing options with Green's functions when volatility, interest rate and barriers depend on time

We derive the Green's function for the Black–Scholes partial differential equation with time-varying coefficients and time-dependent boundary conditions. We provide a thorough discussion of its implementation within a pricing algorithm that also accommodates American style options. Greeks can be computed as derivatives of the Green's function. Generic handling of arbitrary time-dependent boundary conditions suggests our approach to be used with the pricing of (American) barrier options, although options without barriers can be priced equally well. Numerical results indicate that knowledge of the structure of the Green's function together with the well-developed tools of numerical integration make our approach fast and numerically stable.
Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants: Myriad Roles of Ascorbate Peroxidase

One of the most significant manifestations of environmental stress in plants is the increased production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). These ROS, if allowed to accumulate unchecked, can lead to cellular toxicity. A battery of antioxidant molecules is present in plants for keeping ROS levels under check and to maintain the cellular homeostasis under stress. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) is a key antioxidant enzyme of such scavenging systems. It catalyses the conversion of H2O2 into H2O, employing ascorbate as an electron donor. The expression of APX is differentially regulated in response to environmental stresses and during normal plant growth and development as well. Different isoforms of APX show differential response to environmental stresses, depending upon their sub-cellular localization, and the presence of specific regulatory elements in the upstream regions of the respective genes. The present review delineates role of APX isoforms with respect to different types of abiotic stresses and its importance as a key antioxidant enzyme in maintaining cellular homeostasis.
Electronically steerable antenna using a circular patch surrounded by a reconfigurable circular mushroom-like substrate

In this work, a novel technique for designing electronically steerable antennas by using a circular patch incorporated with a reconfigurable mushroom-like substrate has been proposed. The mushroom-like substrate is composed of a periodic structure of metallic rings and of a periodic structure of vias. The beam steering is obtained by controlling the connection of the vias to the ground. The gain, beam direction and return loss have been analyzed for different configurations using a full-wave method. These results show that the proposed antenna is able to steer a beam in two planes with a more than 10 dB gain. Experimental results have been presented to validate the proposed concept.
Catenary-based visual servoing for tethered robots

Tethers are used to supply power and transfer data for teleoperated robots. They are known to limit the robot's workspace and could have the effect of hampering its motion. What if we could take advantage of the tether? In this paper a new visual servoing scheme for catenary shaped deformable objects is introduced in order to control the tether parametric shape by properly moving its fixation point. In most of the visual servoing approaches the target object is rigid and distant from the controlled robot. On the contrary, in this paper, the object is deformable and attached to the robot, thus its 3D shape changes while the robot is moving. The experimental system is composed of two terrestrial mobile robots of the same motion capabilities linked with a slack rope. Simulation and real experiments validate the proposed control scheme for proper tether handling.
Validation of the Non-communicating Children's Pain Checklist–Postoperative Version

Background This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Non-communicating Children's Pain Checklist–Postoperative Version (NCCPC-PV) when used with children with severe intellectual disabilities. Methods The caregivers of 24 children with severe intellectual disabilities (aged 3–19 yr) took part. Each child was observed by one of their caregivers and one of the researchers for 10 min before and after surgery. They independently completed the NCCPC-PV and made a visual analog scale rating of the child's pain intensity for those times. A nurse also completed a visual analog scale for the same observations. Results The NCCPC-PV was internally reliable (Cronbach &agr; = 0.91) and showed good interrater reliability. A repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated NCCPC-PV total and subscale scores were significantly higher after surgery and did not differ by observer. Postoperative NCCPC-PV scores correlated with visual analog scale ratings provided by caregivers and researchers, but not with those of nurses. A score of 11 on the NCCPC-PV, by caregivers, provided 0.88 sensitivity and 0.81 specificity for classifying children with moderate to severe pain. Conclusions The NCCPC-PV displayed good psychometric properties when used for the postoperative pain of children with severe intellectual disabilities and has the potential to be useful in a clinical setting. The results suggest familiarity with an individual child with intellectual disabilities is not necessary for pain assessment.
A stochastic method for claims reserving in general insurance

The paper addresses the problem of estimating future claim payments from the ‘run-off’ of past claim payments. A model of the claim payment process is postulated. Results from risk theory are applied to give a model for the incremental paid claims data by development period. A fitting method is developed which takes account of the error structure of the data implied by the underlying model of the claim payment process. The application of a similar method to incremental incurred data is considered. A numerical example is given.
Methodological issues in new institutional economics

After a long wait on the runway, with Coase in the cockpit, New Institutional Economics took o¡ spectacularly over the last two decades and is now evolving as a very progressive research programme. A coherent set of concepts has been elaborated, with transactions and their costs at the core, and empirical tests and applications have proliferated at a pace rarely observed in economics. As with any innovative research programme, New Institutional Economics has its  aws and weaknesses. Most critics have focused on methodological issues. Heterodox economists attack primarily the assumptions made, particularly the idea that economic agents are in some way calculative, although in a more restrictive sense than in standard models since they are assumed to have a bounded rationality, and that they tend to  nd solutions that minimize costs. Mainstream economists criticize the lack of mathematical models to support the reasoning and contribute to testable predictions, an implausible critique in light of the remarkable set of empirical tests and analysis already available in New Institutional Economics. While these crit iques are at the background of this paper, I will set in the foreground several issues of major signi cance for the future development of New Institutional Economics. In doing so, I rely on a representation of scienti c activity in which progress depends on the simultaneous support of three legs. It requires: (i) a theory, i.e. sets of questions and concepts to explore these questions; (ii) models, i.e. tools rooted in theory and designed to generate predictions about a class of phenomena; and (iii) tests, which usually involve measurement, to determine whether facts behave according to predictions. In the next sections, I develop these three aspects. My views are in part a dialogue with Uskali M äki (1999), who deals with similar questions.
Decreased cerebrospinal fluid levels of substance P in patients with Rett syndrome

To clarify the mechanism of brain and spinal cord impairment in Rett syndrome (RS), we measured the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of substance P in 20 patients with RS including 16 childhood patients and 4 adult patients. Findings were compared with those obtained in age‐matched controls and diseased controls. The CSF level of substance P was significantly lower in patients with RS compared with controls. The alteration in the CSF level of substance P may be related to the neurological impairment, especially autonomic dysfunction, and neuropathological involvement of dorsal root ganglia and peripheral nerve observed in RS.
Dominant research interests of pediatric dentists: dental materials, craniofacial biology and cariology.

p ediatric dentistry has been defined as the specialty that encompasses all facets of dentistry limited to a specific age. 10lsen in 1959 stated that it is "quite difficult to determine objectively the limitations or scope of research activity that should be included in or excluded from a report to the members of the profession. "1 Reports on the many different aspects of research in pediatric dentistry have been presented by different investigators. Olsen ~ reported on selected research papers in pediatric dentistry presented by several investigators in the dental literature concerning aspects of dentistry such as oral habits and pulp therapy. Massler ~
Lags and Leads in Life Satisfaction in Korea: When Gender Matters

ABSTRACT Using detailed longitudinal data from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS) from 1998 to 2008, this paper finds significant gender differences in impacts as well as adaptation patterns to major life and labor market events in Korea. Men remain on a higher happiness level throughout marriage, while women return to their baseline happiness within only two years. Consequently, men suffer more from divorce and the death of a spouse. This marital gender happiness gap is equivalent to a (husband only) increase of annual per capita household income of approximately US$17,800. The study further finds that men suffer more from unemployment. Results are robust to the inclusion of multiple simultaneous events and the use of different estimators.
Innovation agendas: the ambiguity of value creation

Innovation is said to be the key to future markets, business development and economic growth, yet the concept of innovation remains abstract and ambiguous. This paper suggests any value creation intentions need to recognise that innovation is a context-dependent process which is implicitly and fundamentally informed through the social agendas and consensus of those involved. To inform this social perspective of innovation value creation, we ask, how does the ‘sociology of innovation’ influence value creation? Using a ‘sociology of innovation’ standpoint, a qualitative study of participants in Australian bioindustry research and development (R&D) was undertaken to explore how the various socio-contextual frameworks and dominant outcome intentions were involved in value creation in the development of new biotechnological innovations. Through the two themes of context and community, we reveal how value creation was shaped by dynamic social processes involving multiple stakeholders and diverse perspectives of innovation. This research improves our understanding of how those involved in innovation development negotiate a complex social milieu of interpretive schemas to leverage various aspects of value creation. These findings present insights to managers and policy makers seeking to advance innovation value and advantages.
An exact method for the double TSP with multiple stacks

The double travelling salesman problem (TSP) with multiple stacks (DTSPMS) is a pickup and delivery problem in which all pickups must be completed before any deliveries can be made. The problem originates from a real-life application where a 40-foot container (configured as 11 rows of three columns) is used to transport 33 pallets from a set of pickup customers to a set of delivery customers. The pickups and deliveries are performed in two separate trips, where each trip starts and ends at a depot and visits a number of customers. The aim of the problem is to produce a packing plan for the pallets that minimizes the total transportation cost given that the container cannot be repacked at any stage. In this paper we present an exact solution method based on matching k-best tours to each of the separate pickup and delivery TSPs. The approach is shown to outperform the only known previous exact method for this problem in that solutions can be obtained faster and previously unsolved instances containing as many as 18 customers can now be solved to optimality.