Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
AIAA 2004 – 1758 Design of a Low-Boom Supersonic Business Jet Using Evolutionary Algorithms and an Adaptive Unstructured Mesh Method

The purpose of this study is to establish the feasibility of using constrained, multi-objective, evolutionary algorithms for the design of supersonic, low-boom aircraft in combination with high-fidelity modeling of the external aerodynamic flow. The objective functions that we attempt to minimize simultaneously are the aircraft coefficient of drag at a fixed lift coefficient, and two different measures of the noise level generated by the sonic boom signature at the ground. As part of this work we have developed an analysis tool, BOOM-UA, which fully automates the process of CAD geometry and mesh generation, solution adaptation, and signature extraction and propagation. BOOM-UA is based on the AirplanePlus unstructured tetrahedral solver for the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations. In previous work we have conducted a careful study regarding the number of solution adaptive refinement levels and mesh density that are required to accurately predict the sonic boom signature at the ground. Since the cost of driving BOOM-UA directly for reasonable design problems (> 20 design variables) with even the most efficient GAs is beyond the capabilities of modern day supercomputers, Kriging approximation models were constructed from a database of CFD analyses and used in conjunction with the GAs in order to minimize the cost of the computation. This procedure is able to generate a set of Pareto-optimal solutions for the sonic boom and drag objectives that are also forced to satisfy the specified constraints. Optimized shapes for both minimum initial pressure jump, ∆p, and preceived noise level, PNdB, are discussed and their boom signatures are compared. The result of this effort shows that the current generation of computer clusters is able to treat significant design problems (between 20 and 50 design variables) with reasonable accuracy, cost, and turnaround time.
Banks Interconnectivity and Leverage

In the period that preceded the 2008 crisis, US financial intermediaries have become more leveraged (measured as the ratio of assets over equity) and interconnected (measured as the share of liabilities held by other financial intermediaries). This upward trend in leverage and interconnectivity sharply reversed after the crisis. To understand the factors that could have caused this dynamic, we develop a model where banks make risky investments in the non-financial sector and sell part of their investments to other banks (diversification). The model predicts a positive correlation between leverage and interconnectivity which we explore empirically using balance sheet data for over 14,000 financial intermediaries in 32 OECD countries. We enrich the theoretical model by allowing for Bayesian learning about the likelihood of a bank crisis (aggregate risk) and show that the model can capture the dynamics of leverage and interconnectivity observed in the data.
Fiscal Policy, Consumption Risk, and Stock Returns: Evidence from US States

We find that consumption risk is lower in states that implement counter-cyclical fiscal policies. Moreover, firms whose investor base are concentrated in counter-cyclical states have lower stock returns, along with firms that relocate their headquarters to a counter-cyclical state. Therefore, counter-cyclical fiscal policies lower the consumption risk of investors and consequently their required equity return premium. This conclusion is confirmed by smaller declines in market participation during recessions in counter-cyclical states. Overall, the location of a firm's investor base enables state-level fiscal policy to influence stock returns.
PAR Sheets, probabilities, and slot machine play: Implications for problem and non-problem gambling

Through the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, we obtained design documents, called PAR Sheets, for slot machine games that are in use in Ontario, Canada. From our analysis of these PAR Sheets and observations from playing and watching others play these games, we report on the design of the structural characteristics of Ontario slots and their implications for problem gambling. We discuss characteristics such as speed of play, stop buttons, bonus modes, hand-pays, nudges, near misses, how some wins are in fact losses, and how two identical looking slot machines can have very different payback percentages. We then discuss how these characteristics can lead to multi-level reinforcement schedules (different reinforcement schedules for frequent and infrequent gamblers playing the same game) and how they may provide an illusion of control and contribute in other ways to irrational thinking, all of which are known risk factors for problem gambling.
Modeling interannual dense shelf water export in the region of the Mertz Glacier Tongue (1992–2007)

Ocean observations around the Australian-Antarctic basin show the importance of coastal latent heat polynyas near the Mertz Glacier Tongue (MGT) to the formation of Dense Shelf Water (DSW) and associated Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). Here, we use a regional ocean/ice shelf model to investigate the interannual variability of the export of DSW from the Adelie (west of the MGT) and the Mertz (east of the MGT) depressions from 1992 to 2007. The variability in the model is driven by changes in observed surface heat and salt fluxes. The model simulates an annual mean export of DSW through the Adelie sill of about 0.070. 06 Sv. From 1992 to 1998, the export of DSW through the Adelie (Mertz) sills peaked at 0.14 Sv (0.29 Sv) during July to November. During periods of mean to strong polynya activity (defined by the surface ocean heat loss), DSW formed in the Adelie depression can spread into the Mertz depression via the cavity under the MGT. An additional simulation, where ocean/ice shelf thermodynamics have been disabled, highlights the fact that models without ocean/ice shelf interaction processes will significantly overestimate rates of DSW export. The melt rates of the MGT are 1.20. 4 m yr(-1) during periods of average to strong polynya activity and can increase to 3.81. 5 m/yr during periods of sustained weak polynya activity, due to the increased presence of relatively warmer water interacting with the base of the ice shelf. The increased melting of the MGT during a weak polynya state can cause further freshening of the DSW and ultimately limits the production of AABW.
Spatial correlation of self-assembled isotopically pure Ge/Si(001) nanoislands

Satoru Miyamoto,1,* Oussama Moutanabbir,1,2,† Eugene E. Haller,3 and Kohei M. Itoh1,‡ 1School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan 2Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany 3University of California at Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA Received 24 December 2008; revised manuscript received 11 February 2009; published 9 April 2009
Capacity Bounds and High-SNR Capacity of MIMO Intensity-Modulation Optical Channels

The capacity of the intensity modulation direct detection multiple-input-multiple-output channel is studied. Therein, the nonnegativity constraint of the transmit signal limits the applicability of classical schemes, including precoding. Thus, new ways are required for deriving capacity bounds for this channel. To this end, capacity lower bounds are developed in this paper by deriving the achievable rates of two precoding-free schemes: channel inversion and orthogonal-upper triangular matrix product decomposition. The achievable rate of a dc-offset singular-value decomposition-based scheme is also derived as a benchmark. Then, capacity upper bounds are derived and compared against the lower bounds. As a result, the capacity at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is characterized for the case where the number of transmit apertures is not larger than the number of receive apertures, and is shown to be achievable by the QR decomposition scheme. This is shown for a channel with average intensity or peak intensity constraints. Under both constraints, the high-SNR capacity is approximated within a small gap. Extensions to a channel with more transmit apertures than receive apertures are discussed, and capacity bounds for this case are derived.
Full-Swing Local Bitline SRAM Architecture Based on the 22-nm FinFET Technology for Low-Voltage Operation

The previously proposed average-8T static random access memory (SRAM) has a competitive area and does not require a write-back scheme. In the case of an average-8T SRAM architecture, a full-swing local bitline (BL) that is connected to the gate of the read buffer can be achieved with a boosted wordline (WL) voltage. However, in the case of an average-8T SRAM based on an advanced technology, such as a 22-nm FinFET technology, where the variation in threshold voltage is large, the boosted WL voltage cannot be used, because it degrades the read stability of the SRAM. Thus, a full-swing local BL cannot be achieved, and the gate of the read buffer cannot be driven by the full supply voltage (VDD), resulting in a considerably large read delay. To overcome the above disadvantage, in this paper, a differential SRAM architecture with a full-swing local BL is proposed. In the proposed SRAM architecture, full swing of the local BL is ensured by the use of cross-coupled pMOSs, and the gate of the read buffer is driven by a full VDD, without the need for the boosted WL voltage. Various configurations of the proposed SRAM architecture, which stores multiple bits, are analyzed in terms of the minimum operating voltage and area per bit. The proposed SRAM that stores four bits in one block can achieve a minimum voltage of 0.42 V and a read delay that is 62.6 times lesser than that of the average-8T SRAM based on the 22-nm FinFET technology.
Nectar‐feeding bats fuel their high metabolism directly with exogenous carbohydrates

Summary 1Mammals usually derive energy from metabolizing fat and glycogen stores combined with exogenous food. Nectarivorous bats mostly consume a diet low in both fat and proteins but rich in simple carbohydrates. Metabolizing exogenous carbohydrates directly to fuel their high mass-specific metabolic rate would save the energetic costs of lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis for nectarivorous bats. Therefore, we expected nectarivorous bats to switch to exogenous carbohydrates rapidly when available and use them predominantly instead of fat or glycogen. 2We first investigated the rate of fractional incorporation of dietary sugars into the pool of metabolized substrates in Glossophaga soricina by measuring the change in 13C enrichment of exhaled CO2 (δ13Cbreath) when animals were fed glucose, fructose or sucrose that was isotopically distinct from their normal diet. Second, we performed a diet-switch experiment to estimate the turnover rate of fat tissue. 3When fed with sugars, the δ13Cbreath converged quickly on the isotope signature of the ingested sugars, indicating an almost exclusive use of dietary carbohydrates. The time for a 50% carbon isotope exchange in exhaled CO2 equalled 9, 13 and 14 min for fructose, glucose and sucrose, respectively. Nectarivorous bats fuelled 82% of their metabolism with exogenous carbohydrate when fed with fructose, 95% when fed with glucose and 77% when fed with sucrose. Bats depleted 50% of their fat stores each day. 4Although nectarivorous bats consumed most of their body fat each day, this was still barely enough to sustain their diurnal metabolism. The fractional incorporation rates of dietary sugars into the pool of metabolized substrates in G. soricina are the fastest rates ever found in a mammal.
The emergence and institutional co-determination of sustainability as a teaching topic in interdisciplinary science teacher education

Abstract This paper takes an institutional perspective on the topic of sustainability in order to analyse how this ‘idea’ enters science teacher education through an interdisciplinary approach. It shows how the development and implementation of a course for Danish pre-service teachers was conditioned and constrained by a complex web of interactions in and among the teaching disciplines of biology, geography and physics/chemistry and among the institutions of school, teacher college and university. The data collected are used to identify influences among the disciplines as well as disciplinary differences, conceptualised through a new reference model that separates the analysis from the usual sustainability dimensions. The findings reveal how sustainability as a teaching topic can be a unifying idea in an interdisciplinary setting. Disciplinary differences evidently impact course planning and implementation significantly, but not exclusively. By elaborating on the interactions between these circumstances, the paper provides insight into the processes of developing interdisciplinary teacher education.
Seasonal stage differences overwhelm environmental and individual factors as determinants of energy expenditure in free-ranging red squirrels

Summary 1. Despite the central importance of the rate of energy expenditure in the lives of animals, the major drivers of within-species variation in energy expenditure remain uncertain, largely because most intraspecific studies focus on one or only a few potential determinants of expenditure. 2. Here, we examine the determinants of daily energy expenditure (DEE) in free-ranging female North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Erxleben) occupying a highly seasonal environment. By relating variation in 260 measurements of DEE from 176 individuals to key sources of seasonal (reproductive and foraging stages), environmental (resources and air temperature) and individual (body mass and individual identity) variation, our comprehensive analysis examines the relative importance of DEE predictors that have been more commonly examined in isolation. 3. Red squirrels demonstrated extensive variation in DEE with 5th (177 kJ per day) and 95th (660 kJ per day) percentile DEE levels that would correspond to mammals on an interspecific scale ranging in mass from 148 to 1120 g. 4. Seasonal stage differences accounted for most variation in DEE, with high expenditure during lactation and autumn hoarding, and very low expenditure during winter. Contrary to interspecific studies, energy expenditure increased with increasing ambient temperature and it was weakly related to body mass in all seasons except for winter. High resource availability was associated with reduced energy expenditure in winter, but elevated expenditure during lactation and hoarding. 5. Collectively, these results highlight substantial intraspecific variation in energy expenditure, most of which can be explained by a combination of seasonal stages and environmental conditions, and fundamental differences in the importance and direction of determinants of energy expenditure when examined at the intra- versus the interspecific level.
Hardware architecture for lossless image compression based on context-based modeling and arithmetic coding

In this paper we present a novel hardware architecture for context-based statistical lossless image compression, as part of a dynamically reconfigurable architecture for universal lossless compression. A gradient-adjusted prediction and context modeling algorithm is adapted to a pipelined scheme for low complexity and high throughput. Our proposed system improves image compression ratio while keeping low hardware complexity. This system is designed for a Xilinx Virtex4 FPGA core and optimized to achieve a 123 MHz clock frequency for real-time processing.
Dynamin-2 and ATG 9 A trafficking

Trafficking of mammalian ATG9A between the Golgi apparatus, endosomes and peripheral ATG9A compartments is important for autophagosome biogenesis. Here, we show that the membrane remodelling protein SNX18, previously identified as a positive regulator of autophagy, regulates ATG9A trafficking from recycling endosomes. ATG9A is recruited to SNX18-induced tubules generated from recycling endosomes and accumulates in juxtanuclear recycling endosomes in cells lacking SNX18. Binding of SNX18 to Dynamin-2 is important for ATG9A trafficking from recycling endosomes and for formation of ATG16L1and WIPI2-positive autophagosome precursor membranes. We propose a model where upon autophagy induction, SNX18 recruits Dynamin-2 to induce budding of ATG9A and ATG16L1 containing membranes from recycling endosomes that traffic to sites of autophagosome formation.
Understanding the bias of call detail records in human mobility research

ABSTRACT In recent years, call detail records (CDRs) have been widely used in human mobility research. Although CDRs are originally collected for billing purposes, the vast amount of digital footprints generated by calling and texting activities provide useful insights into population movement. However, can we fully trust CDRs given the uneven distribution of people’s phone communication activities in space and time? In this article, we investigate this issue using a mobile phone location dataset collected from over one million subscribers in Shanghai, China. It includes CDRs (~27%) plus other cellphone-related logs (e.g., tower pings, cellular handovers) generated in a workday. We extract all CDRs into a separate dataset in order to compare human mobility patterns derived from CDRs vs. from the complete dataset. From an individual perspective, the effectiveness of CDRs in estimating three frequently used mobility indicators is evaluated. We find that CDRs tend to underestimate the total travel distance and the movement entropy, while they can provide a good estimate to the radius of gyration. In addition, we observe that the level of deviation is related to the ratio of CDRs in an individual’s trajectory. From a collective perspective, we compare the outcomes of these two datasets in terms of the distance decay effect and urban community detection. The major differences are closely related to the habit of mobile phone usage in space and time. We believe that the event-triggered nature of CDRs does introduce a certain degree of bias in human mobility research and we suggest that researchers use caution to interpret results derived from CDR data.
Current Clinical and Pharmaceutical Applications of Microarrays: From Disease Biomarkers Discovery to Automated Diagnostics

Microarrays used for measuring chromosomal aberrations in genomic DNA and for defining gene expression patterns have become almost routine. A microarray consists of an arrayed series of microscopic spots each containing either DNA or protein molecules known as feature reporters. Advances in microarray fabrication and in feature detection systems, such as highresolution scanners and their associated software, lead to high-throughput screening of the genome or the transcriptome of a cell or a group of cells in only few days. Despite the potential of high-density microarrays, several problems about data interpretation are still to be solved. In addition, targeted microarrays are shown to be useful tools for rapid and accurate diagnosis of diseases. The aim of this review was to discuss the impact of microarrays on different application levels from the definition of disease biomarkers to pharmaceutical and clinical diagnostics. ( JALA 2010;15:405–13)
Energy Efficient Consecutive Packet Transmissions in Receiver-Initiated Wake-Up Radio Enabled WSNs

In wake-up radio (WuR)-enabled wireless sensor networks, data communication among nodes is triggered in an on-demand manner, by either a sender or a receiver. For receiver-initiated WuR (RI-WuR), a receiving node wakes up sending nodes through a wake-up call. Correspondingly sending nodes transmit packets in a traditional way by competing with one another multiple times in a single operational cycle. In this paper, we propose a receiver-initiated consecutive packet transmission WuR (RI-CPT-WuR) medium access control (MAC) protocol, which eliminates multiple competitions to achieve higher energy efficiency. Furthermore, we develop two associated discrete time Markov chains (DTMCs) for evaluating the performance of RI-CPT-WuR and an existing RI-WuR MAC protocol. Using the solutions from the DTMC models, closed-form expressions for network throughput, average delay, packet reliability ratio, energy consumption and lifetime, and energy efficiency for both protocols are obtained. Numerical results demonstrate the superiority of the RI-CPT-WuR protocol.
A Study of the Evaluator Effect in Usability Testing

ABSTRACT The evaluator effect names the observation that usability evaluators in similar conditions identify substantially different sets of usability problems. Yet little is known about the factors involved in the evaluator effect. We present a study of 50 novice evaluators' usability tests and subsequent comparisons, in teams and individually, of the resulting usability problems. The same problems were analyzed independently by 10 human–computer interaction experts. The study shows an agreement between evaluators of about 40%, indicating a substantial evaluator effect. Team matching of problems following the individual matching appears to improve the agreement, and evaluators express greater satisfaction with the teams' matchings. The matchings of individuals, teams, and independent experts show evaluator effects of similar sizes; yet individuals, teams, and independent experts fundamentally disagree about which problems are similar. Previous claims in the literature about the evaluator effect are challenged by the large variability in the matching of usability problems; we identify matching as a key determinant of the evaluator effect. An alternative view of usability problems and evaluator agreement is proposed in which matching is seen as an activity that helps to make sense of usability problems and where the existence of a correct matching is not assumed.
Mindfulness in sport: A proposed intervention for choking susceptible athletes

MINDFULNESS IN SPORT: A PROPOSED INTERVENTION FOR CHOKING SUSCEPTIBLE ATHLETES by Jenna Kaitlin Hussey Although antecedents of choking under pressure have been studied, prevention efforts have been unsuccessful. Current choking susceptibility (CS) criteria includes trait anxiety (TA), selfconsciousness (SC), and coping style. This study implemented a sport specific mindfulness (MF) intervention to reduce levels of TA, SC, and alter coping to reduce CS. Two CS athletes completed the 6 week Mindful Sport Performance Enhancement (MSPE) program. Anxiety direction, trait, and state MF were assessed throughout the program, with a follow-up 5-6 weeks post intervention to gain further insight into the continuing effects of the MF training. Visual analysis demonstrated increases in MF levels, and changes in TA, SC and coping, resulting in both participants failing to meet the CS criteria post-intervention, inferring a reduced likelihood of choking in future performances. Enhanced MF levels promoted greater awareness and acceptance, along with anxiety directional changes, which may help counter the negative effects of stressful sport performances. MINDFULNESS IN SPORT: A PROPOSED INTERVENTION FOR CHOKING SUSCEPTIBLE ATHLETES