Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automatic Detecting/Correcting Errors in Chinese Text by an Approximate Word-Matching Algorithm

An approximate word-matching algorithm for Chinese is presented. Based on this algorithm, an effective approach to Chinese spelling error detection and correction is implemented. With a word tri-gram language model, the optimal string is searched from all possible derivation of the input sentence using operations of character substitution, insertion, and deletion. Comparing the original sentence with the optimal string, spelling error detection and correction is realized simultaneously.
Defining and Measuring Midden Catchment

The settlement area that encompasses all the refuse-generating activities that contribute to a single midden may be referred to as a midden's "catchment. " Two related issues are explored with respect to the problem of measuring midden catchment: 1) the relation between settlement density, midden size, and distribution, and midden catchment; and 2) the relation between the heterogeneity of a midden's contents and its catchment.
Effective vascular therapeutics for critical limb ischemia: a role for registry-based clinical investigation.

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is one of the most common cardiovascular diseases and is associated with high short-term morbidity and mortality.1,2 It is the primary cause of lower extremity amputation throughout the world and is a powerful marker of advanced systemic atherosclerosis. Chronic critical limb ischemia (CLI) represents the most advanced clinical manifestation of PAD and is defined by the presence of ischemic rest pain, nonhealing wounds, or tissue loss (gangrene). CLI does not represent a single pathophysiologic process (ie, progressive leg arterial atherosclerosis), but is caused by multiple pathogenetic mechanisms, including native artery atherosclerosis, cardioembolic events, inflammatory arteritides (eg, thromboangiitis obliterans), hypercoagulable states, or leg bypass graft failure. Article see p 68 CLI syndromes are currently classified by the clinical stages III and IV of the Fontaine classification, and this equates to the Rutherford categories 4, 5, and 6.1,2 Although there is no consensus regarding the precise level of objective malperfusion that should be required to define CLI, the Second European Consensus Document3 defined CLI by 2 criteria: persistent recurring ischemic rest pain requiring regular adequate analgesia for >2 weeks, with an ankle systolic pressure ≤50 mm Hg, or a toe systolic pressure of ≤30 mm Hg; or ulceration or gangrene of the foot or toes, with an ankle systolic pressure of ≤50 mm Hg, or a toe systolic pressure of ≤30 mm Hg. These definitions remain in widespread use in CLI clinical research. The current incidence and prevalence of CLI, and thus the public health impact of this syndrome, is incompletely defined. Population-based study of this syndrome is hampered by the inability of field surveys to measure incident cases, use of varying CLI definitions, and due to the lack of consistent coding in administrative billing databases. Yet, it has been estimated …
An Outbreak of Community-Onset Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infections in Southwestern Alaska

Abstract Objective: We investigated a large outbreak of community-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in southwestern Alaska to determine the extent of these infections and whether MRSA isolates were likely community acquired. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Rural southwestern Alaska. Patients: All patients with a history of culture-confirmed S. aureus infection from March 1, 1999, through August 10, 2000. Results: More than 80% of culture-confirmed S. aureus infections were methicillin resistant, and 84% of MRSA infections involved skin or soft tissue; invasive disease was rare. Most (77%) of the patients with MRSA skin infections had communityacquired MRSA (no hospitalization, surgery, dialysis, indwelling line or catheter, or admission to a long-term-care facility in the 12 months before infection). Patients with MRSA skin infections were more likely to have received a prescription for an antimicrobial agent in the 180 days before infection than were patients with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus skin infections. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the epidemiology of MRSA in rural southwestern Alaska has changed and suggest that the emergence of community-onset MRSA in this region was not related to spread of a hospital organism. Treatment guidelines were developed recommending that beta-lactam antimicrobial agents not be used as a first-line therapy for suspected S. aureus infections.
CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY AND DRUG METABOLISM

Drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters are key determinants of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of many antineoplastic agents. Metabolism and transport influence the cytotoxic effects of antineoplastic agents in target tumor cells and normal host tissues. This article summarizes several state-of-the-art approaches to enhancing the effectiveness and safety of cancer therapy based on recent developments in our understanding of antineoplastic drug metabolism and transport. Advances in four interrelated research areas presented at a recent symposium sponsored by the Division for Drug Metabolism of the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Experimental Biology 2004; Washington D.C., April 17–21, 2004) are discussed: 1) interactions of anthracyclines with drug-metabolizing enzymes; 2) use of hypoxia-selective gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) in combination with bioreductive prodrugs; 3) synergy between glutathione conjugation and conjugate efflux in conferring resistance to electrophilic toxins; and 4) use of cytochromes P450 as prodrug-activating enzymes in GDEPT strategies. A clear theme emerged from this symposium: drug metabolism and transport processes can be modulated and exploited in ways that may offer distinct therapeutic advantages in the management of patients with cancer.
Exponential difference method for perfectly matched layer in ADI-FDTD

A perfectly matched layer (PML) absorber for the alternating-direction implicit (ADI) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is discussed. The PML is computed by using exponential difference method. Numerical result shows the method with characteristic of electromagnetic wave decayed very soon. Some new equations have been derived. Numerical experiments verify the algorithm not only keeping stability but also getting absorb effect.
Distribution of Gal alpha 1----3Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc residues on secreted mammalian glycoproteins (thyroglobulin, fibrinogen, and immunoglobulin G) as measured by a sensitive solid-phase radioimmunoassay.

The study of the expression of Gal alpha 1----3Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc residues on mammalian glycoconjugates is of particular interest since as many as 1% of circulating IgG antibodies in man (the natural anti-Gal antibody) interact specifically with this carbohydrate residue. In recent studies, we have found that Gal alpha 1----3Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc residues are abundant on red cells and nucleated cells of nonprimate mammals, prosimians, and New World monkeys, but their expression is diminished in Old World monkeys, apes, and humans. In the present work, we have analyzed the expression of these residues on secreted mammalian glycoproteins. For this purpose, we have developed a radioimmunoassay (RIA) which enables the quantification of Gal alpha 1----3Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc residues on the secreted glycoproteins. Purified biotinylated anti-Gal was used as the antibody in the RIA, and bovine thyroglobulin enriched for Gal alpha 1----3Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc residues served as a solid-phase antigen. In this study, it is reported for the first time that the evolutionary pattern of Gal alpha 1----3Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc residue distribution in in vivo secreted glycoproteins is similar to that observed in membranes of cell lines and of red cells. Thyroglobulin, fibrinogen, or IgG molecules from nonprimate mammals and from New World monkeys express varying amounts of Gal alpha 1----3Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc residues ranging between 0.01 and 11 residues per molecule, whereas no such residues are present on any of these glycoproteins of human or Old World monkey origin. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
3D magnetization prepared elliptical centric fast gradient echo imaging

3D magnetization‐prepared fast gradient echo MR sequences, such as MP‐RAGE and IR‐SPGR, provide good spatial resolution and gray‐white contrast. The efficiency and image quality of these techniques can be further improved with an interleaved, recessed elliptical centric view order. It is shown that this novel acquisition strategy, along with skipping the acquisition of views in k‐space corners can provide images with higher signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR), while reducing artifact level and scan time compared to standard MP‐RAGE. Magn Reson Med, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
English Reduced Auxiliaries Really are Simple Clitics

I wish that I could directly evoke the late Tanya Reinhart’s work in this paper, but it has been some years since our research actually overlapped. e analysis developed below, however, is essentially a matter of characterizing an interface and some of the phenomena associated with that interface, and I think that was the kind of investigation that was of great interest to her. I wish to claim that a rather traditional account is actually correct, despite the efforts that have been made over the years to replace it with something more complicated. A great deal has been written about the properties of reduced Auxiliary verbs in English, and especially about their presumed interaction with syntactic structure and processes, but I want to argue that our first impressions are accurate: the only property of these elements that is distinctive is the fact that they are phonologically reduced forms. Everything else about their distribution follows from independently motivated principles. If this is true, they fall into the class to which Zwicky () suggested thirty years ago they belong: they are “Simple Clitics. ”
Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of liver metastases in potential candidates for resection

Some surgeons have advocated delaying resection of liver metastases to allow additional metastases which may be present, but are undetected, to be identified. This “test‐of‐time” approach can limit the number of resections performed on patients who ultimately will develop additional metastases. The current study evaluated the potential role and possible advantages of performing radiofrequency (RF) ablation during the interval between diagnosis and hepatic metastasectomy as part of a test‐of‐time management approach.
Standard Reference Material ® 1976 b Instrument Response Standard for X-Ray Powder Diffraction

This Standard Reference Material (SRM) consists of a sintered alumina disc intended for use in calibration of X-ray powder diffraction equipment with respect to line position and intensity as a function of 2 angle. The solid form of the SRM eliminates any variability in intensity measurements introduced by the sample loading procedure. A unit of SRM 1976b consists of a sintered alumina disc approximately 25.6 mm in diameter by 2.2 mm in thickness.