Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Male breast cancer: a population-based comparison with female breast cancer.

PURPOSE Because of its rarity, male breast cancer is often compared with female breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS To compare and contrast male and female breast cancers, we obtained case and population data from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program for breast cancers diagnosed from 1973 through 2005. Standard descriptive epidemiology was supplemented with age-period-cohort models and breast cancer survival analyses. RESULTS Of all breast cancers, men with breast cancer make up less than 1%. Male compared with female breast cancers occurred later in life with higher stage, lower grade, and more estrogen receptor-positive tumors. Recent breast cancer incidence and mortality rates declined over time for men and women, but these trends were greater for women than for men. Comparing patients diagnosed from 1996 through 2005 versus 1976 through 1985, and adjusting for age, stage, and grade, cause-specific hazard rates for breast cancer death declined by 28% among men (P = .03) and by 42% among women (P approximately 0). CONCLUSION There were three intriguing results. Age-specific incidence patterns showed that the biology of male breast cancer resembled that of late-onset female breast cancer. Similar breast cancer incidence trends among men and women suggested that there are common breast cancer risk factors that affect both sexes, especially estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Finally, breast cancer mortality and survival rates have improved significantly over time for both male and female breast cancer, but progress for men has lagged behind that for women.
Corrosion process study of Zn-30Sn high-temperature lead-free solder

The corrosion process of Zn-30Sn high-temperature solder alloy was investigated in neutral 0.5 M NaCl solution at room temperature (25 ± 0.5 °C) by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surface observation by SEM indicates that the surface morphology of Zn-30Sn evolves from the dense particle structure to porous structure, and finally converts to platelet-like structure. Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDXA) shows that Zn phase is corroded preferentially due to no Sn compound was observed. The outer surface of corrosion product was confirmed as Zn(OH)<inf>2</inf> by XPS. Dominant corrosion products were characterized as a mixture of ZnO, Zn(OH)<inf>2</inf> and Zn<inf>5</inf>(OH)<inf>8</inf>Cl<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O. The corrosion process was further discussed in detail.
Repair of DNA studied with a nuclease specific for UV-induced lesions.

The loss of pyrimidine dimers from the DNA of UV-irradiated organisms is a necessary part of the processes of dark repair.1 2 The availability of a nuclease which had specificity for such pyrimidine dimers would make it possible to ascertain the state of irradiated DNA and to determine the extent of recovery. Previous that an extract of Micrococcus lysodeikticus might paper we show that the extract does indeed act like an endonuclease specific for DNA which contains radiation-induced lesions, most probably pyrimidine dimers. Sensitivity to this extract is lost on incubation of UV-irradiated cells prior to extraction and this loss of sensitivity can serve as a measure of repair from UV-induced damage. Materials and Methods. -The UV-sensitive (uvr-) and methyl methanesulfonate-sensitive (mms-) strains of Bacillus subtilis were those described previously.6, I Thymine-requiring deriva-tives were isolated using the ind -thy- derivative of strain 168 as a recipient in transformation. We wish to thank Dr. Frank Rothman for providing this strain. DNA labeled with either C14 or H3 was prepared by growing cultures of the thymine-requiring strains in CHT50 medium6 containing unlabeled thymine or thymidine carrier and either 1 /Ac/ml of H'-methyl thymidine or 0.25 ,Mc/ml of thymine 2-C14. Cultures were grown overnight with isotope or, where indicated, for 4 hr starting with a 1:10 dilution of an overnight culture. Cells were harvested and lysed as described previously.6 Crude lysates for centrifugation were prepared by adding 500 ,g of lyso- zyme (0.05 ml) to 2 ml of cell suspension in 0.01 M tris buffer plus 0.1 M EDTA, pH 8.3. After 10 min at 37°C, 500 jug (0.05
Information Frictions, Inertia, and Selection on Elasticity: A Field Experiment on Electricity Tariﬀ Choice ∗

We develop a discrete-continuous choice model to characterize the link between plan choice, switching frictions, and subsequent continuous choice of service utilization. We then test the model predictions by using a randomized controlled trial in electricity tariﬀ choice. We ﬁnd that both information frictions and inertia prevent consumers from switching to a tariﬀ that is privately and socially beneﬁcial. While interventions to mitigate these frictions increased overall switching rates, they also incentivized relatively price-inelastic consumers to switch. We characterize this phenomenon by selection on elasticity and show how it aﬀects the optimal rate design in the presence of switching frictions.
Frobenius norm based receive Antenna Subarray Formation for MIMO systems

Antenna Subarray Formation (ASF) has been recently proposed as an alternative method to Antenna Selection that reduces hardware complexity while offering increased data rates. With this method each RF chain is not allocated to a single element but instead to the combined and weighted output of a subarray of elements and thus achieves decreased receiver hardware complexity, since less downconverters and analog-to-digital converters are required with respect to the full system. In this paper, we introduce a suboptimal analytical algorithm for receive antenna subarray formation that maximizes capacity through the maximization of an upper bound on the Frobenius norm of the effective channel.
Evaluation of Portability and Cost of a Fluorescent PCR Ribotyping Protocol for Clostridium difficile Epidemiology

ABSTRACT Clostridium difficile is the most commonly identified pathogen among health care-associated infections in the United States. There is a need for accurate and low-cost typing tools that produce comparable data across studies (i.e., portable data) to help characterize isolates during epidemiologic investigations of C. difficile outbreaks and sporadic cases of disease. The most popular C. difficile-typing technique is PCR ribotyping, and we previously developed methods using fluorescent PCR primers and amplicon sizing on a Sanger-style sequencer to generate fluorescent PCR ribotyping data. This technique has been used to characterize tens of thousands of C. difficile isolates from cases of disease. Here, we present validation of a protocol for the cost-effective generation of fluorescent PCR ribotyping data. A key component of this protocol is the ability to accurately identify PCR ribotypes against an online database (http://walklab.rcg.montana.edu) at no cost. We present results from a blinded multicenter study to address data portability across four different laboratories and three different sequencing centers. Our standardized protocol and centralized database for typing of C. difficile pathogens will increase comparability between studies so that important epidemiologic linkages between cases of disease and patterns of emergence can be rapidly identified.
Mechanism of Caffeine-Induced Checkpoint Override in Fission Yeast

ABSTRACT Mitotic checkpoints restrain the onset of mitosis (M) when DNA is incompletely replicated or damaged. These checkpoints are conserved between the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe and mammals. In both types of organisms, the methylxanthine caffeine overrides the synthesis (S)-M checkpoint that couples mitosis to completion of DNA S phase. The molecular target of caffeine was sought in fission yeast. Caffeine prevented activation of Cds1 and phosphorylation of Chk1, two protein kinases that enforce the S-M checkpoint triggered by hydroxyurea. Caffeine did not inhibit these kinases in vitro but did inhibit Rad3, a kinase that regulates Cds1 and Chk1. In accordance with this finding, caffeine also overrode the G2-M DNA damage checkpoint that requires Rad3 function. Rad3 coprecipitated with Cds1 expressed at endogenous amounts, a finding that supports the hypothesis that Rad3 is involved in direct activation of Cds1.
Local and Systemic Complications in a Cat after Poorly Performed Dental Extractions

This case report describes a cat that was presented with infected oral tissues and signs of systemic inflammatory response. Incomplete dental extractions had been performed 10-days earlier. During a second dental procedure, 22 tooth root remnants were removed. Diabetic ketoacidosis and possible thromboembolism complicated the cat's recovery period. After 13-days of hospitalization, the patient was stable enough to be sent home. Postoperative examinations at 1,3,6,12,16,24, and 52-weeks indicated continued improvement with moderate glycemic control and chronic but stable renal failure. The patient died from further complications of diabetic ketoacidosis 20-months following root remnant extractions.
On the compact modeling of double gate p-n-i-n tunneling field-effect transistors

An analytical model on the potential distribution and drain current characteristics for double gate p-n-i-n tunnel field-effect- transistor (TFET) is developed. In this model, the effect of channel inversion charge was taken into account and potential distribution was approximated by dividing the source, drain and channel regions into several parts so as to facilitate the analytical solution to the Poisson's equation near the tunneling junction. Then generation rate and total tunneling current are obtained using the Kane's model. This model is verified by comparing the results with TCAD simulation and good agreement is obtained.
Generating Text via Adversarial Training

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have achieved great success in generating realistic synthetic real-valued data. However, the discrete output of language model hinders the application of gradient-based GANs. In this paper we propose a generic framework employing Long short-term Memory (LSTM) and convolutional neural network (CNN) for adversarial training to generate realistic text. Instead of using standard objective of GAN, we match the feature distribution when training the generator. In addition, we use various techniques to pre-train the model and handle discrete intermediate variables. We demonstrate that our model can generate realistic sentence using adversarial training
Analysis of event-driven controllers for linear systems

Most research in control engineering considers periodic or time-triggered control systems with equidistant sample intervals. However, practical cases abound in which it is of interest to consider event-driven control in which the sampling is event-triggered. Although there are various benefits of using event-driven control like reducing resource utilization (e.g., processor and communication load), their application in practice is hampered by the lack of a system theory for event-driven control systems. To provide a first step in developing an event-driven system theory, this paper considers an event-driven control scheme for perturbed linear systems. The event-driven control scheme triggers the control update only when the (tracking or stabilization) error is large. In this manner, the average processor and/or communication load can be reduced significantly. The analysis in this paper is aimed at the control performance in terms of practical stability (ultimate boundedness). Several examples illustrate the theory.
Functional analysis of a simian virus 40 super T-antigen

The SV3T3 C120 line of simian virus 40-transformed mouse cells synthesizes no large T-antigen of molecular weight 94,000 but instead a super T-antigen of molecular weight 145,000. In the accompanying paper (Lovett et al., J. Virol. 44:963-973, 1982), we showed that the integrated viral DNA segment SV3T3-20-K contains a perfect, in-phase, tandem duplication of 1.212 kilobases within the large T-antigen coding sequences. Our data suggested that this integrated template encodes mRNAs of 3.9 and 3.6 kilobases, the smaller of which directs the synthesis of the super T-antigen of molecular weight 145,000. We transfected the DNA segment SV3T3-20-K into nonpermissive rat cells and into TK- mouse L cells and analyzed the T-antigens and viral mRNAs in the transfectants; these data prove directly the coding assignments suggested previously. The super T-antigen retained the ability to induce morphological transformation, and may even transform better than the wild-type protein. It also retained the ability to bind to the cell-coded p53 protein. Transfection into permissive CV-1 cells showed that the super T-antigen encoded by SV3T3-20-K was incapable of initiating DNA replication at the viral origin. The duplication in SV3T3-20-K thus defines a mutation which separates the transformation and DNA replication functions of large T-antigen. We discuss why such mutations may be selected in transformed cells.
Evaluation of agar gel immunodiffusion and indirect fluorescent antibody assays as supplemental tests for dourine in equids.

The agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) assays were evaluated as supplemental tests to the complement-fixation (CF) test, the official US importation certification test for dourine in equids. The American stabilate (n = 10 animals) or the Canadian stabilate (n = 6 animals) of Trypanosoma equiperdum cultured in rat blood was administered by catheterization and infusion in the urogenital tract of 16 equids. To assess parasitemia and serologic responses by use of the CF, AGID, and IFA tests, a total of 787 serum and blood samples were obtained from equids before exposure and 3 times a week after exposure to T equiperdum. Results of the IFA and AGID tests were compared with the CF test results. The disease was diagnosed earlier by the IFA test than by the AGID test, regardless of antigen preparation or exposure group. The mean number of days between exposure and positive result by the CF and IFA tests was the same when either homologous or heterologous antigen was used in the IFA test. In general, the IFA test was more sensitive than the AGID test in diagnosing dourine, regardless of the antigen preparation used in the test or exposure group. Differences in test specificity were observed among both groups of exposed equids when either antigen was used (P < 0.05). The AGID test, using the American antigen, was more specific than the IFA test for sera from both groups of equids. When the Canadian antigen was used, the IFA test was a more specific test than the AGID test (P < 0.01). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mitochondrial DNA mutations in iPS cells: mtDNA integrity as standard iPSC selection criteria?

Somatic cells harbor random heteroplasmic mitochondrial DNA mutations, which are considered to contribute to aging. In this issue of The EMBO Journal, Perales‐Clemente et al ( ) show that mtDNA mutations, present at low levels in the starting fibroblasts, become enriched in iPS cells and lead to functional defects in iPS‐derived cells. In another recent study, Kang et al ( ) demonstrated that accumulation of mtDNA mutations of somatic origin in iPSCs is age related.
The molecular theory of polyelectrolyte solutions with applications to the electrostatic properties of polynucleotides

Although the importance of the polyelectrolyte character of DNA has been recognized for some time (Felsenfeld & Miles 1967), few of the implications have been explored, primarily because of a lag in translating the breakthroughs in polyelectrolyte theory of the last decade into a form that is well adapted to the analysis of the specialized problems of biophysical chemistry. Perhaps an analogous situation existed in the field of protein chemistry during the period after the formulation and confirmation of the Debye—Hückel theory of ionic solutions but before Scatchard's incorporation of the theory into his analysis of the binding properties of proteins. An achievement for polynucleotide solutions parallel to Scatchard's was recently presented by Record, Lohman, & de Haseth (1976) and further developed and reviewed by Record, Anderson & Lohman (1978).
3-D inversion of gravity data

We present two methods for inverting surface gravity data to recover a 3-D distribution of density contrast. In the first method, we transform the gravity data into pseudomagnetic data via Poisson's relation and carry out the inversion using a 3-D magnetic inversion algorithm. In the second, we invert the gravity data directly to recover a minimum structure model. In both approaches, the earth is modeled by using a large number of rectangular cells of constant density, and the final density distribution is obtained by minimizing a model objective function subject to fitting the observed data. The model objective function has the flexibility to incorporate prior information and thus the constructed model not only fits the data but also agrees with additional geophysical and geological constraints. We apply a depth weighting in the objective function to counteract the natural decay of the kernels so that the inversion yields depth information. Applications of the algorithms to synthetic and field data produce density models representative of true structures. Our results have shown that the inversion of gravity data with a properly designed objective function can yield geologically meaningful information.
Multilocus Sequence Typing as an Approach for Population Analysis of Medicago-Nodulating Rhizobia

ABSTRACT Multilocus sequence typing (MLST), a sequence-based method to characterize bacterial genomes, was used to examine the genetic structure in a large collection of Medicago-nodulating rhizobial strains. This is the first study where MLST has been applied in conjunction with eBURST analysis to determine the population genetic structure of nonpathogenic bacteria recovered from the soil environment. Sequence variation was determined in 10 chromosomal loci of 231 strains that predominantly originated from southwest Asia. Genetic diversity for each locus ranged from 0.351 to 0.819, and the strains examined were allocated to 91 different allelic profiles or sequence types (STs). The genus Medicago is nodulated by at least two groups of rhizobia with divergent chromosomes that have been classified as Sinorhizobium meliloti and Sinorhizobium medicae. Evidence was obtained that the degree of genetic exchange among the chromosomes across these groups is limited. The symbiosis with Medicago polymorpha of nine strains placed in one of these groups, previously identified as S. medicae, ranged from ineffective to fully effective, indicating that there was no strong relationship between symbiotic phenotype and chromosomal genotype.
Noninvasive Imaging of Liver Repopulation following Hepatocyte Transplantation

Near infrared fluorescence (NIRF) optical imaging is a technique particularly powerful when studying in vivo processes at the molecular level in preclinical animal models. We recently demonstrated liver irradiation under the additional stimulus of partial hepatectomy as being an effective primer in the rat liver repopulation model based on hepatocyte transplantation. The purpose of this study was to assess optical imaging and the feasibility of donor cell expansion tracking in vivo using a fluorescent probe. Livers of dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPPIV)-deficient rats were preconditioned with irradiation. Four days later, a partial hepatectomy was performed and wild-type (DPPIV+) hepatocytes were transplanted into recipient livers via the spleen. Repopulation by transplanted DPPIV+ hepatocytes was detected in vivo with Cy5.5-conjugated DPPIV antibody using the eXplore Optix™ System (GE HealthCare). Results were compared with nontransplanted control animals and transplanted animals receiving nonspecific antibody. Optical imaging detected Cy5.5-specific fluorescence in the liver region of the transplanted animals, increasing in intensity with time, representing extensive host liver repopulation within 16 weeks following transplantation. A general pattern of donor cell multiplication emerged, with an initially accelerating growth curve and later plateau phase. In contrast, no specific fluorescence was detected in the control groups. Comparison with ex vivo immunofluorescence staining of liver sections confirmed the optical imaging results. Optical imaging constitutes a potent method of assessing the longitudinal kinetics of liver repopulation in the rat transplantation model. Our results provide a basis for the future development of clinical protocols for suitable fluorescent dyes and imaging technologies.
Weighted label propagation algorithm for overlapping community detection

Overlapping community detection algorithm research is one of hot topics in current social network analysis. In this paper, we applied the idea of weighted label propagation to overlapping community detection algorithm design, and propose a weighted label propagation algorithm (WLPA). Moreover, in order to evaluate the performance results of various overlapping community detection algorithms, we put forward a series of evaluation criteria based on error distribution curve of overlapping vertices. The experiment results show that the algorithm has a faster speed and better community detection results, and the evaluation criteria is in line with the inherent characteristics of the social network overlapping community structure.