Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Undecidability in Binary Tag Systems and the Post Correspondence Problem for Five Pairs of Words

Since Cocke and Minsky proved 2-tag systems universal, they have been extensively used to prove the universality of numerous computational models. Unfortunately, all known algorithms give universal 2-tag systems that have a large number of symbols. In this work, tag systems with only 2 symbols (the minimum possible) are proved universal via an intricate construction showing that they simulate cyclic tag systems. Our simulation algorithm has a polynomial time overhead, and thus shows that binary tag systems simulate Turing machines in polynomial time. We immediately find applications of our result. We reduce the halting problem for binary tag systems to the Post correspondence problem for 4 pairs of words. This improves on 7 pairs, the previous bound for undecidability in this problem. Following our result, only the case for 3 pairs of words remains open, as the problem is known to be decidable for 2 pairs. As a further application, we find that the matrix mortality problem is undecidable for sets with five $3\times 3$ matrices and for sets with two $15\times 15$ matrices. The previous bounds for the undecidability in this problem was seven $3\times 3$ matrices and two $ 21\times 21$ matrices.
Walking on gravel with soft soles using linear inverted pendulum tracking and reaction force distribution

Soft soles absorb impacts and cast ground unevenness during locomotion on rough terrains. However, they introduce passive degrees of freedom (deformations under the feet) that complexify the tasks of state estimation and overall robot stabilization. We address this problem by developing a control loop that stabilizes humanoid robots when walking with soft soles on flat and uneven terrain. Our closed-loop controller minimizes the errors on the center of mass (COM) and the zero moment point (ZMP) with an admittance control of the feet based on a simple deformation estimator. We demonstrate its effectiveness in real experiments on the HRP-4 humanoid.
Constructing Semantic Representations From a Gradually Changing Representation of Temporal Context

Computational models of semantic memory exploit information about cooccurrences of words in naturally-occurring text to extract information about the meaning of the words that are present in the language. Such models implicitly specify a representation of temporal context. Depending on the model, words are said to have occurred in the same context if they are presented within a moving window, within the same sentence or within the same document. The temporal context model (TCM), a specific quantitative specification of temporal context has proved useful in the study of episodic memory. The predictive temporal context model (pTCM) uses the same definition of temporal context to generate semantic memory representations. Taken together pTCM and TCM may prove to be part of a general model of declarative memory.
Software by Numbers - Low-Risk, High-Return Development

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ff ect of elevated carbon dioxide on shoal familiarity and metabolism in a coral reef fi sh

Atmospheric CO2 is expected to more than double by the end of the century. The resulting changes in ocean chemistry will affect the behaviour, sensory systems and physiology of a range of fish species. Although a number of past studies have examined effects of CO2 in gregarious fishes, most have assessed individuals in social isolation, which can alter individual behaviour and metabolism in social species. Within social groups, a learned familiarity can develop following a prolonged period of interaction between individuals, with fishes preferentially associating with familiar conspecifics because of benefits such as improved social learning and greater foraging opportunities. However, social recognition occurs through detection of shoal-mate cues; hence, it may be disrupted by near-future CO2 conditions. In the present study, we examined the influence of elevated CO2 on shoal familiarity and the metabolic benefits of group living in the gregarious damselfish species the blue-green puller (Chromis viridis). Shoals were acclimated to one of three nominal CO2 treatments: control (450 μatm), mid-CO2 (750 μatm) or high-CO2 (1000 μatm). After a 4–7 day acclimation period, familiarity was examined using a choice test, in which individuals were given the choice to associate with familiar shoal-mates or unfamiliar conspecifics. In control conditions, individuals preferentially associated with familiar shoal-mates. However, this association was lost in both elevated-CO2 treatments. Elevated CO2 did not impact the calming effect of shoaling on metabolism, as measured using an intermittent-flow respirometry methodology for social species following a 17–20 day acclimation period to CO2 treatment. In all CO2 treatments, individuals exhibited a significantly lower metabolic rate when measured in a shoal vs. alone, highlighting the complexity of shoal dynamics and the processes that influence the benefits of shoaling.
Design and evaluation of novel PET and SPECT tracers for imaging the monoamine system and the P-gp transporter

SPECT and PET are non-invasive imaging techniques in which radiotracers are used to study biochemical and physiological functions in the living brain. In vivo brain mapping with PET or SPECT can be of great importance in drug development as well as in the effective diagnosis, treatment and management of neurological and psychiatric disorders and substance abuse. Therefore, the development of new and more specific and selective radiotracers is of great importance in neuroimaging. In this thesis, new SPECT or PET radioligands directed towards two different brain elements, being the monoamine system and the P-gp transporter, were developed and evaluated in vivo. The first objective of this thesis was the design of radiotracers for the monoamine system more specifically, the norepinephrine transporter, monoamine oxidase and dopamine transporter which are all responsible for neurotransmitter inactivation. The synthesis, radiosynthesis and preliminary evaluation of [123I]-(S,S)-IPBM, an iodinated reboxetine analogue aimed to visualize the norepinephrine transporter is reported. In a following section, the radiolabelling as well as the in vivo characterization of two [11C]-labelled pyrrole-2-carboxamide derivatives are described. In vitro, they were both potent inhibitors of monoamine oxidase-A. The synthesis along with the radiolabelling and in vivo evaluation of [123I]-FMIP as a selective radiotracer for the dopamine transporter is reported. FMIP has nanomolar affinity for the dopamine transporter and better selectivity over the other monoamine transporters compared to the already existing ligands for dopamine transporter imaging with SPECT. In the last part of this thesis, the focus was redirected towards imaging of the P-glycoprotein transporter. The contribution of P-gp to the low brain uptake of [123I]-FMIP along with its potential as P-gp imaging agent are investigated. Finally, the radiolabelling of an in vitro characterized substrate (MC80) of the P-gp pump with 11C and the evaluation of this tracer in vivo for its potential to image P-gp function or expression is described.
Stroke, High Blood Pressure and The Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System – New Developments

This review considers whether a case can be made for a protective effect of inhibitors and blockers of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) on the cerebral circulation. It first looks at whether there exists a preferential effect on the cerebral circulation during a drug-induced lowering of high arterial blood pressure and cardiovascular morbi-mortality. It then goes on to consider background studies on the relationship between inhibition of the RAAS and stroke. This is followed by exploration of possible new directions in the inhibition of the RAAS and its effect on stroke.
A novel antithrombin domain dictates the journey's end of a proteinase

Antithrombin (AT) is an anticoagulant serpin that irreversibly inactivates the clotting proteinases factor Xa and thrombin by forming covalent complexes with them. Mutations in its critical domains, such as those that impair the conformational rearrangement required for proteinase inactivation, increase the risk of venous thrombosis. Águila et al. characterize for the first time the destabilizing effects of mutations in the region of AT that makes contact with the proteinase in the final acyl-enzyme complex. Their work adds new insight into the unique structural intricacies of the inhibitory mechanism.
A comparison study of electromigration performance of Pb-free flip chip solder bumps

The electromigration of flip chip solder joints is an ongoing reliability concern for manufacturers of integrated circuit (IC) components and electronic systems. As power levels of ICs continue to increase, current densities within individual solder bumps often increase, along with the operation temperatures of the die surface. Both of these factors have detrimental impact on the electromigration (EM) performance of the solder bumps, as they provide increased driving forces for the diffusion and dissolution of the under bump metallization (UBM) into the solder bumps. Additionally, these changes are occurring concurrently with the transition to Pb-free solder bumps for the next technology node. Compared to commonly used high-Pb bumps, Pb-free bumps typically have reduced lifetime with similar under bump metallization. In this study, a specially designed test vehicle was used to assess the EM performance of Pb-free solder bumps. Electroplated Sn2.6Ag solder bumps were tested with a variety of current density and temperature combinations. Lifetime data were collected for each of the conditions and a prediction model is established using Black's equation. The results were also compared with previous work done on high-Pb and eutectic SnPb bumps using the same test vehicle. From this work, Pb-free solder bumps are shown to have slightly decreased lifetime compared to high-Pb bumps, but still significantly higher than eutectic SnPb solder bumps. With the correct design strategies, including optimized via opening sizes and under bump metallization materials, SnAg Pb-free bumps can provide sufficient reliability for a majority of application conditions.
Interim Report IR-07-023 Optimal Pollution and Optimal Population

There is emerging evidence that environmental degradation increases human mortality. This paper provides a long-run consumer maximization model where population growth is endogenous to emissions that are generated in production. There is a trade-off between consumption and population growth; large consumption calls for large production, thus leading to high environmental mortality and low population growth. It may be optimal to end up with negative population growth implying that demographic sustainability fails as consumption increases excessively. We provide a theoretical model and suggest its calibrated version using European air pollution data. Our exercise illustrates the functioning of the theoretical model and discusses related methodological problems. Journal of Economic Literature: Q01, Q53, Q54, J11
Riemann-Roch for Quotients and Todd Classes of Simplicial Toric Varieties

Abstract In this paper we give an explicit formula for the Riemann-Roch map for singular schemes which are quotients of smooth schemes by diagonalizable groups. As an application we obtain a simple proof of a formula for the Todd class of a simplicial toric variety. An equivariant version of this formula was previously obtained for complete simplicial toric varieties by Brion and Vergne (Brion M. and Vergne M. ([1997]). An equivariant Riemann-Roch theorem for complete simplicial toric varieties. J. Reine. Agnew. Math.482:67–92) using different techniques. Dedicated to Steven L. Kleiman on the occasion of his 60th birthday.
Effects of TMS on Different Stages of Motor and Non-Motor Verb Processing in the Primary Motor Cortex

The embodied cognition hypothesis suggests that motor and premotor areas are automatically and necessarily involved in understanding action language, as word conceptual representations are embodied. This transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) study explores the role of the left primary motor cortex in action-verb processing. TMS-induced motor-evoked potentials from right-hand muscles were recorded as a measure of M1 activity, while participants were asked either to judge explicitly whether a verb was action-related (semantic task) or to decide on the number of syllables in a verb (syllabic task). TMS was applied in three different experiments at 170, 350 and 500 ms post-stimulus during both tasks to identify when the enhancement of M1 activity occurred during word processing. The delays between stimulus onset and magnetic stimulation were consistent with electrophysiological studies, suggesting that word recognition can be differentiated into early (within 200 ms) and late (within 400 ms) lexical-semantic stages, and post-conceptual stages. Reaction times and accuracy were recorded to measure the extent to which the participants' linguistic performance was affected by the interference of TMS with M1 activity. No enhancement of M1 activity specific for action verbs was found at 170 and 350 ms post-stimulus, when lexical-semantic processes are presumed to occur (Experiments 1–2). When TMS was applied at 500 ms post-stimulus (Experiment 3), processing action verbs, compared with non-action verbs, increased the M1-activity in the semantic task and decreased it in the syllabic task. This effect was specific for hand-action verbs and was not observed for action-verbs related to other body parts. Neither accuracy nor RTs were affected by TMS. These findings suggest that the lexical-semantic processing of action verbs does not automatically activate the M1. This area seems to be rather involved in post-conceptual processing that follows the retrieval of motor representations, its activity being modulated (facilitated or inhibited), in a top-down manner, by the specific demand of the task.
Approximation Algorithms for Budget Constrained Network Upgradeable Problems

We study budget constrained network upgradeable problems. We are given an undirected edge weighted graph $G=(V,E)$ where the weight an edge $e \in E$ can be upgraded for a cost $c(e)$. Given a budget $B$ for improvement, the goal is to find a subset of edges to be upgraded so that the resulting network is optimum for $B$. The results obtained in this paper include the following. Maximum Weight Constrained Spanning Tree We present a randomized algorithm for the problem of weight upgradeable budget constrained maximum spanning tree on a general graph. This returns a spanning tree $\mathcal{T}^{'}$ which is feasible within the budget $B$, such that $\Pr [ l(\mathcal{T}^{'}) \geq (1-\epsilon)\text{OPT}\text{ , } c(\mathcal{T}^{'} ) \leq B] \ge 1-\frac{1}{n}$ (where $l$ and $c$ denote the length and cost of the tree respectively), for any fixed $\epsilon >0$, in time polynomial in $|V|=n$, $|E|=m$. Our results extend to the minimization version also. Previously Krumke et. al. \cite{krumke} presented a$(1+\frac{1}{\gamma}, 1+ \gamma)$ bicriteria approximation algorithm for any fixed $\gamma >0$ for this problem in general graphs for a more general cost upgrade function. The result in this paper improves their 0/1 cost upgrade model. Longest Path in a DAG We consider the problem of weight improvable longest path in a $n$ vertex DAG and give a $O(n^3)$ algorithm for the problem when there is a bound on the number of improvements allowed. We also give a $(1-\epsilon)$-approximation which runs in $O(\frac{n^4}{\epsilon})$ time for the budget constrained version. Similar results can be achieved also for the problem of shortest paths in a DAG.
Transition-Age Youths with Visual Impairments in Vocational Rehabilitation: A New Look at Competitive Outcomes and Services

Introduction Given the low rate of closure of cases for employment, the study presented here analyzed the characteristics of consumers and services that predict competitive employment for youths with visual impairments who are making the transition from secondary education to employment in the vocation rehabilitation program. Methods Using data from the Rehabilitation Services Administration on 2,282 consumers aged 22 or younger whose cases were closed after they received services, we conducted descriptive and logistic regression analyses to determine which client and service factors predicted competitive employment. Results Gender; race; education; disability; the severity of visual impairment, receipt of Supplemental Security Income, earnings at the time of application, which are indicative of early work experiences; and four of five service clusters were significantly related to employment outcomes. Discussion This research provided new knowledge regarding influences, “risk factors,” and predictors of competitive employment—what works—for youths with visual impairments. Implications for practitioners We make recommendations for the provision of vocational rehabilitation services, transition programs, policy regarding groups “at-risk” for poor employment outcomes, and future research.
Leader Follower Formation Control of Ground Vehicles Using Camshift Based Guidance

Autonomous ground vehicles have been designed for the purpose of that relies on ranging and bearing information received from forward looking camera on the Formation control . A visual guidance control algorithm is designed where real time image processing is used to provide feedback signals. The vision subsystem and control subsystem work in parallel to accomplish formation control. A proportional navigation and line of sight guidance laws are used to estimate the range and bearing information from the leader vehicle using the vision subsystem. The algorithms for vision detection and localization used here are similar to approaches for many computer vision tasks such as face tracking and detection that are based color-and texture based features, and non-parametric Continuously Adaptive Mean-shift algorithms to keep track of the leader. This is being proposed for the first time in the leader follower framework. The algorithms are simple but effective for real time and provide an alternate approach to traditional based approaches like the Viola Jones algorithm. Further to stabilize the follower to the leader trajectory, the sliding mode controller is used to dynamically track the leader. The performance of the results is demonstrated in simulation and in practical experiments.
A dual-layer CRFs based method for Chinese nested named entity recognition

While substantial studies have been performed on named entity recognition to date, nested named entity recognition as a research issue has not been well studied, especially for Chinese. In this paper, we take Chinese nested named entity recognition as a cascaded chunking problem on a sequence of words. To approach this problem, we first make a corpus-based investigation of nested structures for Chinese entities and thus propose a dual-layer conditional random fields (CRFs) based solution. To exploit more informative clues for nested named entity recognition, we employ a hybrid chunking scheme to represent the nest structures in Chinese named entities. Moreover, we have also examined the performance of different dual-layer models. Experimental results on different data sets show that the dual-layer CRFs with a hybrid chunk scheme achieve the best performance.
A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study on the effects of a herbal toothpaste on gingival bleeding, oral hygiene and microbial variables.

INTRODUCTION Different systems of traditional medicine of the Indian subcontinent, have used Acacia chundra Willd, Adhatoda vasica Nees. , Mimusops elengi L. , Piper nigrum L. , Pongamia pinnata L. Pirerre, Quercus infectoria Olivier. , Syzygium aromaticum L. , Terminalia chebula Retz. , Zingiber officinale Roscoe. , individually or in combinations, to cure oral diseases. OBJECTIVE To investigate the oral hygiene and gingival health benefits of toothpaste formulated with a mixture of the above herbs (15% w/w). METHODS Sixty participants (test n = 30, control n = 30, mean age 23.6 +/- 2.25 vs 23.9 +/- 3.2 years) who fulfilled the selection criteria and had similar plaque (1.734 +/- 0.29 vs 1.771 +/- 0.33) and percentage of sites with gingival bleeding (19.6 +/- 7 vs 20.7 +/- 8) were studied in a double blind randomised clinical trial. Brushing instructions to all and a scaling for those with calculus were provided two weeks before baseline examination. One ml of resting saliva was collected to ascertain anaerobic (SAnB) and aerobic (SAB) bacterial counts, plaque index (PI), percentage sites with bleeding on probing (BOP) and pocket depth (PD) (at 6 sites/tooth) were recorded at baseline, followed by home use of the allocated toothpaste (test or placebo) twice a day for 12 weeks. Measurements were repeated at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. RESULTS PI, BOP and SAnB decreased significantly in the test group at 4, 8, and 12 weeks compared to baseline measurements (Wilcoxon-Signed Rank Test, p < 0.01). There was no statistically significant improvement in PI, BOP, and SAnB in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates the beneficial effects of this herbal toothpaste (Sudantha) on oral hygiene and gingival health variables when compared with the placebo. Further clinical trials using patients with gingivitis are necessary to confirm the therapeutic benefits of this herbal toothpaste.