Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An effective algorithm for inverse problem of SVM based on MM algorithm

This paper investigates an effective algorithm for inverse problem of support vector machines. The inverse problem is how to split a given dataset into two clusters such that the margin between the two clusters attains maximum. However the training time for inverse problem of SVM is incredible. Clustering is a feasible way to simplify the process of it, but it is difficult to estimate the number of the clusters. In this paper, we design a margin-merging cluster algorithm to solve this problem. We compare our approach with the k-means solution in terms of accuracy loss and training time. Simulations show that the proposed algorithm can solve it efficiently.
Fear avoidance and prognosis in back pain: a systematic review and synthesis of current evidence.

OBJECTIVE Fear of pain, which is hypothesized to result in avoidance behavior, has been described as an obstacle to recovery in populations of patients with low back pain. However, the evidence to support the link between high levels of fear at early stages of pain and poor prognosis has yet to be systematically assessed. We undertook this review to explore current evidence and to propose further development of theoretical models. METHODS We performed a systematic literature review of all prospective inception cohorts of patients with acute low back pain that measured fear of pain (often described as fear avoidance) at baseline. RESULTS We reviewed 9 studies reported between 2001 and 2006. Several of these had acceptable/good methodology. Three studies, of which at least 1 had excellent methodology, showed no link between measures of fear at baseline and poor prognosis in the short term (3 months) or the long term (12 months). Three studies with acceptable methodology showed weak evidence for such a link, but the effect sizes were small. The only study with acceptable methodology to find a clear link suggested that fear of movement was linked to long-term pain. CONCLUSION Despite the prevalent focus on fear of pain at early stages of back pain, there is little evidence to link such fear states with poor prognosis. There is some evidence to suggest that fear may play a role when pain has become persistent. There is a growing consensus that distress/depression plays an important role at early stages, and clinicians should focus on these factors.
The target cell plasma membrane is a critical interface for Salmonella cell entry effector–host interplay

Salmonella species trigger host membrane ruffling to force their internalization into non‐phagocytic intestinal epithelial cells. This requires bacterial effector protein delivery into the target cell via a type III secretion system. Six translocated effectors manipulate cellular actin dynamics, but how their direct and indirect activities are spatially and temporally co‐ordinated to promote productive cytoskeletal rearrangements remains essentially unexplored. To gain further insight into this process, we applied mechanical cell fractionation and immunofluorescence microscopy to systematically investigate the subcellular localization of epitope‐tagged effectors in transiently transfected and Salmonella‐infected cultured cells. Although five effectors contain no apparent membrane‐targeting domains, all six localized exclusively in the target cell plasma membrane fraction and correspondingly were visualized at the cell periphery, from where they induced distinct effects on the actin cytoskeleton. Unexpectedly, no translocated effector pool was detectable in the cell cytosol. Using parallel in vitro assays, we demonstrate that the prenylated cellular GTPase Cdc42 is necessary and sufficient for membrane association of the Salmonella GTP exchange factor and GTPase‐activating protein mimics SopE and SptP, which have no intrinsic lipid affinity. The data show that the host plasma membrane is a critical interface for effector–target interaction, and establish versatile systems to further dissect effector interplay.
Loss of Cbl‐b Increases Osteoclast Bone‐Resorbing Activity and Induces Osteopenia

Cbl proteins are multifunctional adaptor molecules that modulate cellular activity by targeting the ubiquitylating system, endocytic complexes, and other effectors to a wide variety of regulatory proteins, especially activated receptor and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. Cbl and Cbl‐b perform unique functions in various cells, in addition to redundant functions that are required for embryonic development. We previously showed that eliminating Cbl impaired osteoclast motility, which modestly delayed embryonic bone development. We now report that Cbl‐b−/− mice are osteopenic, because of increased bone resorption with little compensating increase in bone formation. In vitro bone‐resorbing activity and differentiation of osteoclast‐like cells (OCLs) were increased, as were some RANKL‐induced signaling events (activation of NF‐κB and the mitogen‐activated protein kinases extracellular signal‐regulated kinase [ERK] and p38), suggesting that specific RANKL‐activated mechanisms contribute to the increased rate of differentiation and bone‐resorbing activity. Re‐expressing Cbl‐b in Cbl‐b−/− OCLs normalized the increased bone‐resorbing activity and overexpressing Cbl‐b in wildtype OCLs inhibited bone resorption. Cbl was without effect in either wildtype or Cbl‐b−/− OCLs. Functional tyrosine kinase binding (TKB) and RING finger domains were required for the rescue by Cbl‐b. Thus, both Cbl and Cbl‐b perform regulatory functions in osteoclasts that are unique to one or the other protein (i.e., functions that cannot be compensated by the other homolog). One of Cbl‐b's unique functions in osteoclasts is to downregulate bone resorption.
Spatial turnover in the global avifauna

Despite its wide implications for many ecological issues, the global pattern of spatial turnover in the occurrence of species has been little studied, unlike the global pattern of species richness. Here, using a database on the breeding distributions of birds, we present the first global maps of variation in spatial turnover for an entire taxonomic class, a pattern that has to date remained largely a matter of conjecture, based on theoretical expectations and extrapolation of inconsistent patterns from different biogeographic realms. We use these maps to test four predictions from niche theory as to the form that this variation should take, namely that turnover should increase with species richness, towards lower latitudes, and with the steepness of environmental gradients and that variation in turnover is determined principally by rare (restricted) species. Contrary to prediction, we show that turnover is high both in areas of extremely low and high species richness, does not increase strongly towards the tropics, and is related both to average environmental conditions and spatial variation in those conditions. These results are closely associated with a further important and novel finding, namely that global patterns of spatial turnover are driven principally by widespread species rather than the restricted ones. This complements recent demonstrations that spatial patterns of species richness are also driven principally by widespread species, and thus provides an important contribution towards a unified model of how terrestrial biodiversity varies both within and between the Earth's major land masses.
The Impact of Fossil and Renewable Energy Consumption on the Economic Growth in Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa

The energy consumption of the developing countries such as Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) continues to rise as the economic growth increases. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the consumption of the fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, and natural gas) and the renewable energy to the economic growth in the five BRICS countries. The analysis tool used was multiple linear regression using Fixed Effect Model (FEM) Method and panel data on time series from 1995 to 2014.The results showed that the consumption of fossil energy, especially coal energy, positively and significantly affects the economic growth in the BRICS countries. However the renewable energy consumption a negatively affects the economic growth in the BRICS countries.
Health-Related Quality of Life and Healthcare Resource Utilization in Taiwanese Women With Menopausal Symptoms: A Nation-Wide Survey

Background: Menopausal experience differs among women with different cultural and ethnic backgrounds and may impact quality of life. Some women with severe menopausal symptoms seek medical help to alleviate menopause-related symptoms. Purpose: This study examined the demographic characteristics and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of Taiwanese women experiencing menopausal symptoms and examined associations between menopausal symptoms and, respectively, poor HRQOL and healthcare resource utilization. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from the 2005 National Health Interview Survey in Taiwan, which used a multistaged stratified systematic sampling scheme. A total of 4,437 women aged 35–64 years were analyzed. We used multivariable logistic regression models to identify variables significantly and independently associated with the presence of menopausal symptoms. We also used the model to assess the odds of poor HRQOL and healthcare resource utilization in women with menopausal symptoms compared with those without. Results: Eight hundred and forty-six women (19.1%) reported experiencing menopausal symptoms. Age, religion, smoking, exercise, and comorbidity were independently associated with the presence of such symptoms. The propensity score-adjusted odds ratio of poor physical HRQOL, poor mental HRQOL, use of outpatient, traditional Chinese medicine and emergency room services, and hospitalization for women with menopausal symptoms were 1.85 (95% CI [1.54, 2.21]), 1.66 (95% CI [1.40, 1.97]), 1.39 (95% CI [1.18, 1.63]), 1.73 (95% CI [1.37, 2.18]), 1.44 (95% CI [1.15, 1.81]), and 1.36 (95% CI [1.02, 1.81]), respectively, compared with those without symptoms. Conclusions: Nearly one fifth of women aged 35–64 years in Taiwan experience menopausal symptoms. The presence of menopausal symptoms increases the likelihood of poor HRQOL and healthcare resource utilization even after controlling for possible confounders.
Differential Outcome of IL-2/Anti–IL-2 Complex Therapy on Effector and Memory CD8+ T Cells following Vaccination with an Adenoviral Vector Encoding EBV Epitopes

IL-2/anti–IL-2 complex-based therapy has been proposed as a potential adjunct therapeutic tool to enhance in vivo efficacy of T cell-based immunotherapeutic strategies for chronic viral infections and human cancers. In this study, we demonstrate that IL-2 complex therapy can have discerning effects on CD8+ T cells depending on their stage of differentiation. To delineate the underlying mechanism for these opposing effects on CD8+ T cells, we examined the effects of IL-2 therapy during early priming, effector, and memory phases of T cell responses generated following immunization with an adenoviral vector encoding multiple EBV CD8+ epitopes. IL-2 complex treatment during the early priming phase, which coincided with low levels of IL-2Rβ (CD122) and higher levels of IL-2Rα (CD25) on CD8+ T cells, did not induce the expansion of effector T cells. In contrast, IL-2 complex treatment following the establishment of memory enhanced the expansion of Ag-specific T cells. Additionally, central memory T cells preferentially expanded following treatment at the expense of effector memory T cell populations. These studies demonstrate how differentiation status of the responding CD8+ T cells impacts on their responsiveness to IL-2 complexes and highlight that timing of treatment should be considered before implementing this therapy in a clinical setting.
Cerebellar afferents in teleost catfish (lctaluridae)

The cerebellar afferents in the bullhead catfish (Teleostei) were labeled by relying on the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Retrogradely labeled neurons were seen in: spinal cord, lateral cuneate nucleus, inferior olive, reticular nuclei, vestibular nuclei, nucleus subeminentialis, n. lateralis valvulae, locus coeruleus, n. mesencephalicus dorsalis, the basal optic nuclei, and a nucleus at the isthmic level which may be equivalent to the pontine nuclei of birds and mammals. Inputs to the molecular layer arise from the inferior olive, locus coeruleus and n. lateralis valvulae in addition to subjacent granule cells.
Pharmacoeconomic assessment of propofol 2% used for prolonged sedation

ObjectiveTo demonstrate that the use of propofol 2% is comparable to propofol 1% in effectiveness and in the wake-up time used for prolonged sedation. DesignOpen-label, case cohort study with a cohort of historical controls, phase IV clinical trial. SettingMedical and surgical intensive care unit (ICU) in a community hospital. PatientsFifty-one consecutive patients (medical, surgical, and trauma) admitted to our ICU requiring mechanical ventilation for >24 hrs. MethodsAll patients received propofol 2% (1–6 mg·kg−1·hr−1, starting with the lowest dose) and morphine chloride (0.5 mg·kg−1·24 hrs−1). A 4–5 level of sedation (Ramsay scale) was recommended. When weaning was indicated clinically, sedation and analgesia were interrupted abruptly, mechanical ventilation was discontinued, and the patient was connected to a T-bridge. Outcome Measurements Inability to attain the desired level of sedation with the highest dose rate of proposal, and hypertriglyceridemia >500 mg/dL, were considered therapeutic failure. The time between discontinuation of mechanical ventilation and extubation was measured. Those variables, as well as different items related to ICU cost, were compared between the study group and two historical groups sedated with propofol 1% and midazolam. ResultsThe duration of sedation was 122.4 ± 89.2 (sd) hrs for the propofol 2% group. The frequency of hypertriglyceridemia was 3.9% and 20.4% for the propofol 2% and the propofol 1% groups, respectively (p = .016). Therapeutic failure rates were 19.6% and 33.4% for the propofol 2% and propofol 1% groups, respectively (p = .127). The lower frequency of hypertriglyceridemia was associated with a higher number of patients reaching weaning. Weaning time was similar in the two propofol groups, 32.3 hrs ($1,744) for the propofol 2% group vs. 97.9 hrs ($5,287) for the midazolam group. Cost of sedation was $2.68 per hour for the midazolam group and $7.69 per hour for the propofol group. There was a favorable cost-benefit ratio for the propofol group, attributable to the shorter weaning time, although benefit was less than expected because higher doses of propofol 2% than propofol 1% were required during the first 48 hrs (p < .05). ConclusionsThe new propofol 2% preparation is an effective sedative agent and is safe because of the low frequency of associated hypertriglyceridemia. The shorter weaning time associated with the use of propofol 2% as compared with midazolam compensates for its elevated cost. The economic benefit of propofol 2% is less than expected because higher doses of propofol 2% than propofol 1% are required over the first 48 hrs.
Justice for the average Joe: The role of envy and the mentalizing network in the deservingness of others’ misfortunes

The misfortunes of enviable individuals are met by observers with pleasure whereas those of “average”, non-enviable individuals elicit pain. These responses are mirrored in deservingness judgments, as enviable individuals’ misfortunes are perceived as deserved and those of non-enviable individuals perceived as undeserved. However, the neural underpinnings of these deservingness disparities remain unknown. To explore this phenomenon, we utilized fMRI to test the hypotheses that (A) non-enviable targets’ misfortunes would be associated with activation of brain regions that mediate empathic responding (pain matrix, mentalizing network) and not for enviable targets and (B) that activation of those regions would predict decreases in deservingness judgments. Supporting our first hypothesis, the misfortunes of non-enviable targets (as opposed to good fortunes) were associated with activation of the mentalizing network: medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, temporal–parietal junction, and anterior temporal lobes. Supporting our second hypothesis, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex activation from this contrast was negatively correlated with subsequent reports of how much the non-enviable target deserved his/her misfortune. These findings suggest that non-enviable individuals’ misfortunes are perceived as unjust due, in part, to the recruitment of the mentalizing network.
Developmental changes in neural corticosteroid receptor binding capacity in altricial nestlings

Altricial nestlings typically do not show an adrenocortical response during the early post‐hatch period. This may be a result of an immature hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis, or an enhanced control of the axis by negative feedback. To examine whether the dampened adrenocortical response is due to higher receptor densities in hypothalamus and hippocampus, the major sites for negative feedback and tonic inhibition, we explored the ontogenetic changes in glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) binding capacities in the brain of white‐crowned sparrow nestlings. During the 10‐day nestling period, MR binding capacity decreased with age, whereas GR capacity was not affected. In addition, this overall decline in MR levels was driven entirely by a decline in cerebellar MR. No age‐related changes were observed in hippocampal or hypothalamic areas. Our findings suggest that enhanced negative feedback does not play a major role in the attenuated adrenocortical responses seen in white‐crowned sparrow nestlings. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 70: 853–861, 2010
Rigged-Election Rhetoric: Coverage and Consequences

ABSTRACT Using content analysis and original survey data, we investigated the news coverage and consequences of Donald Trump’s “rigged-election” claims during the 2016 presidential election. We added to previous literature by showing that the effects of such claims were highly contingent on individual partisan affiliation. Republicans and Independents who believed that the elections were rigged via voter fraud or media bias were more likely to report that they intended to vote or had already voted. Democrats and Independents who believed that Hillary Clinton would benefit from voter fraud or media bias were more likely to vote for Donald Trump.
Childhood health-care practices among Italians and Jews in the United States, 1910-1940*

This paper examines attitudes toward childhood health-care practices among urban Italian and Jewish families in the United States in the first part of the twentieth century. Although women in both groups were concerned about their children’s health, Italian and Jewish respondents differed in their attitudes toward home remedies, doctors, and medical advice literature. Jewish women were more likely to turn rapidly to professional medical assistance, typically from Jewish doctors, whereas Italian women were more likely to rely longer on common sense before eventually seeking professional medical intervention outside the family and ethnic group. These differences are evident both in the respondents’ recollections of their mothers’ and their own child-care practices, and suggest persistent ethnic cultures. That differences in child care are consistent with the mortality differences documented in other sources supports previous speculations about the importance of child care, and thus the role of culture in health transitions.
Do State Affordable Housing Appeals Systems Backfire? A Natural Experiment

Abstract Several U.S. states have supplemented traditional judicial review of local land-use regulation with a state affordable housing appeals system (SAHAS). Empirical evidence indicates that a SAHAS can increase the proportion of housing that is affordable to low- and moderate-income households. But some scholars have suggested that an effective SAHAS will ultimately backfire, by producing incentives to prohibit market-rate development, thereby rendering a state’s housing stock less affordable overall. We test this “backfire” hypothesis with a longitudinal comparison of single-family housing development from 1980 through 2007 in municipalities located in adjacent areas of Connecticut (which adopted a SAHAS in 1989) and New York State (which did not have a SAHAS during the study period). Contrary to the predictions of the backfire hypothesis, our fixed effects regression indicates that Connecticut's SAHAS was associated with increased single-family development relative to the New York State jurisdictions in our sample. This result suggests that a SAHAS can increase below-market rate and mixed-income development without impeding market-rate development.
Repulsive guidance of axons of spinal sensory neurons in Xenopus laevis embryos: Roles of Contactin and notochord‐derived chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans

An immunoglobulin superfamily neuronal adhesion molecule, Contactin, has been implicated in axon guidance of spinal sensory neurons in Xenopus embryos. To identify the guidance signaling molecules that Contactin recognizes in tailbud embryos, an in situ binding assay was performed using recombinant Contactin‐alkaline phosphatase fusion protein (Contactin‐AP) as a probe. In the assay of whole‐mount or sectioned embryos, Contactin‐AP specifically bound to the notochord and its proximal regions. This binding was completely blocked by either digestion of embryo sections with chondroitinase ABC or pretreatment of Contactin‐AP with chondroitin sulfate A. When the spinal cord and the notochord explants were co‐cultured in collagen gel, growing Contactin‐positive spinal axons were repelled by notochord‐derived repulsive activity. This repulsive activity was abolished by the addition of either a monoclonal anti‐Contactin antibody, chondroitin sulfate A or chondroitinase ABC to the culture medium. An antibody that recognizes chondroitin sulfate A and C labeled immunohistochemically the notochord in embryo sections and the collagen gel matrix around the cultured notochord explant. Addition of chondroitinase ABC into the culture eliminated the immunoreactivity in the gel matrix. These results suggest that the notochord‐derived chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan acts as a repulsive signaling molecule that is recognized by Contactin on spinal sensory axons.
The internal autonomy of the firm

ABSTRACT Banks and financial institutions have been excoriated in recent years for having bad firm cultures. However, when faced with the prospect of regulation of the culture of their organisation, banks and financial institutions frequently claim that their internal organisation should be free from outside interference – that they should be autonomous. Government reports echo this claim. This article interrogates it. The article suggests that such claims rest on political liberalism, economic theory or legal impossibility. On examination, none of these bases survives as unassailable although they are conceded to have seized the debate. From this point, the essay moves to consider how the policy debate might be reconceived to make a more sophisticated discussion possible.