Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Theory for Electromagnetic Force Formulas in Continuous Media

An energy-based theory for electromagnetic forces in continuous media is presented. The aim is to provide a guide and a complete toolbox for their numerical computation. In an Euclidean space, the electromechanical coupling is shown to be realized by a stress tensor, in terms of which the classical electromagnetic force formulas can be reinterpreted, unified, and generalized
Vibration reduction method in SRM with a smoothing voltage commutation by PWM

Vibration and acoustic noise generated by the excitation force at radial direction (radial force) of Switched Reluctance Motors are the most critical issue. Due to these unfavorable characteristics of SR motors, the application for the industry machine has been delayed. The main factor of the vibration in the driving condition is caused by an electromagnetic force in the radial direction. The radial force is generated when the voltage instantly turned off, this instantaneous voltage change makes all of resonant frequency of the motor excite. This paper considers that a relationship between a variation of the input voltage and the generated vibration to establish a low vibration and low acoustic noise driving method. A new method to reduce them by adding a smoothing voltage modulated by PWM is proposed in this paper, the method is compared with the conventional single pulse operation by experimental results.
Quantitative Risk Assessment in Iran’s Natural Gas Distribution Network

Natural gas (NG) is one of the widely used domestic fuels in most of the countries, and because of economical and environmental advantages, its consumption is continuously increasing. As a result, complex piping systems are being installed to transport and distribute the gas for end users. Pipelines carrying NG are a significant source of hazard for their adjacent society. The risk of this hazard could be high especially in distribution network and urban areas where the population density is high. The common causes of accident in NG distribution network are: third party interference, corrosion, fatigue, stress corrosion cracking (SCC), etc. Accident in network leads to leakage and release of NG and consequent injuries and losses. To prevent these adverse outcomes, the risks should be identified and assessed carefully, so that they can be controlled and managed properly. In this work, risk assessment of NG distribution pipelines was surveyed and quantitative methods were recommended for assessing the individual and societal risks of distribution network.
Outcomes of a preclinical rural medicine elective at an urban medical school.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The University of Louisville School of Medicine Trover Campus (ULTC) was established in rural west Kentucky in 1998 with the purpose of increasing the number of rural physicians. Utilizing the affinity model, a primary goal of the ULTC is to encourage rural students to pursue a medical education and return to rural Kentucky for practice. One aspect of this geographically separate clinical campus includes a Rural Medicine Elective (RME) offered during the basic science years. We report here the effect of the RME on student opinions and knowledge concerning rural practice, as well as initial effects on specialty and rural practice choice. METHODS Opinion responses and knowledge on a written exam using a pre-RME and post-RME survey for the 2004-2009 classes were analyzed. Pre-RME opinion items were examined descriptively (n=36). Pre-and post-opinion responses (n=23) and summation scores of 11 domains on exam questions (n=50) were compared using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test. The proportion of students choosing family medicine and subsequent practice site choice were also measured. RESULTS RME student opinions about rural practice indicated improved agreement with information as presented in the course material. Similarly, on 11 knowledge examination summation scores, pre- and post-exam results showed significant increases in 10 domains. The pre-test answers provided an interesting baseline of beliefs. RME students were far more likely to choose family medicine than their classmates, and initial results show an increased likelihood of subsequent rural practice. CONCLUSIONS The initial outcomes of the RME are encouraging and indicate such an elective can maintain positive opinions about rural practice among rural students attending an urban medical school. The RME is also successful in increasing students' knowledge about rural practice and may maximize the likelihood that they will choose rural practice.
Discourses on ICT and Development

Research on ICT and development (ICTD) involves assumptions on the nature of ICT innovation and on the way such innovation contributes to development. In this article I review the multidisciplinary literature on ICTD and identify two perspectives regarding the nature of the ICT innovation process in developing countries - as transfer and diffusion and as socially embedded action - and two perspectives on the development transformation towards which ICT is understood to contribute - progressive transformation and disruptive transformation. I then discuss the four discourses formed by combining the perspectives on the nature of IS innovation and on the development transformation. My review suggests that ICTD research, despite its remarkable theoretical capabilities to study technology innovation in relation to socio-economic context, remains weak in forming convincing arguments on IT-enabled socio-economic development.
Long‐Term Earnings Inequality, Earnings Instability and Temporary Employment in Spain: 1993–2000

This paper provides a longitudinal perspective on changes in Spanish male earnings inequality for the period 1993-2000, by decomposing the earnings covariance structure into its permanent and transitory parts. According to the Spanish sample of the European Community Household Panel, cross-sectional earnings inequality of male full-time employees falls over the second half of the Nineties. The longitudinal analysis shows that such decline was determined by a decrease in earnings instability and an increase of the permanent earnings component. Given the marked decline in temporary employment over the sample period, we also examine the effect of the type of contract on earnings variance components, and we find that workers with fixed-term contract have on average more instability than workers with permanent contract. This evidence suggests that the decline in temporary employment is responsible for the decreasing earnings instability.
Factor structure and normative data of the Sinhalese version of self reported Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) for adolescents.

OBJECTIVES To describe the normative data, factor structure and the internal consistency of the Sinhalese, self reported version of SDQ for adolescents. METHODS The present study was carried out in eight provinces in Sri Lanka. A sample of school going adolescents aged 12-16 years were selected from Sinhalese medium schools using a multi stage cluster sampling technique with probability proportionate to size. The component structure of the SDQ was examined using principal component analysis. Normative banding and the cut off values were determined, based on the distribution of raw data in this non-clinical sample. RESULTS The study sample consisted of 535 (45.3%) boys and 645 (54.5%) girls. Mean total difficulty score for girls (10.66±5.440) was significantly (p=0.014) higher than that for boys (9.93±4.671). Mean scores for emotional (2.97±2.009), conduct (2.11±1.755) and peer (2.24±1.760) subscales were also significantly higher among girls than that of boys (2.7±1.915, 1.78±1.406 and 2.04±1.383 respectively). In the factor analysis, only factor that was loaded with all five items in the original subscale was "emotional" and the loading values were more than . 445 for all five items. None of the other extracted factors contained more than 3 items from one subscale. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) for total difficulties was satisfactory in the total sample as well as in boys and girls separately (>.71). However, in all five subscales, Chrobach's alpha was less than six, showing a low homogeneity. CONCLUSIONS Factor structure and internal consistency of the current Sinhalese version of the self reported SDQ is not satisfactory. Revalidation of this version of SDQ is recommended to capture the intended objectives of the SDQ.
Diffusion in Congress: Measuring the Social Dynamics of Legislative Behavior*

While there is a substantial literature highlighting the presence of social dynamics in legislatures, we know very little about the precise processes that generate these social dynamics. Yet, whether social dynamics are due to peer pressure, frequency of interaction, or genuine learning, for example, has important implications for questions of political representation and accountability. We demonstrate how a recent innovation can be used to study the diffusion of behavior within legislatures. In particular, we study diffusion within the US House of Representatives by looking at the dynamic process underlying discharge petitions. The discharge procedure shares many characteristics with other forms of legislative behavior, yet it has one important advantage when it comes to studying social dynamics: we can observe when members decide to sign petitions. Based on data from 1995 to 2014, we find that the social dynamics underlying the discharge procedure tend to involve the rational evaluation of information conveyed by the behavior of previous petition signatories.
Early beta-blocker therapy for acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients.

BACKGROUND Despite the evidence supporting the importance of early beta-blocker therapy, this intervention has received little attention as an indicator of quality of care. OBJECTIVES To determine how often beta-blockers are administered as early treatment of acute myocardial infarction in patients 65 years of age or older, to identify predictors of the decision to use beta-blockers, and to evaluate the association between the early use of beta-blockers and in-hospital mortality. DESIGN Observational study. SETTING Nongovernment, acute care hospitals in the United States. PATIENTS Medicare beneficiaries who were 65 years of age or older, were hospitalized with an acute myocardial infarction in 1994 and 1995, and did not have a contraindication to beta-blocker therapy. MEASUREMENTS Medical chart review to obtain information about the use of beta-blockers, contraindications to these drugs, patient demographics, and clinical factors. RESULTS Of the 58 165 patients (from a total of 4414 hospitals), 28 256 (49%) received early beta-blocker therapy. Patients with the highest risk for in-hospital death were the least likely to receive therapy. Patients who received beta-blockers had a lower in-hospital mortality rate than patients who did not receive beta-blockers (odds ratio, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.75 to 0.87]), even after adjustment for baseline differences in demographic, clinical, and treatment characteristics between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Early beta-blocker therapy was not used for 51% of elderly patients who were hospitalized with an acute myocardial infarction and did not have a contraindication to this therapy. Increasing the early use of beta-blockers for these patients would provide an excellent opportunity to improve their care and outcomes.
Countercurrent Chromatographic Separation of Lipophilic Ascorbic Acid Derivatives and Extract from Kadsura coccinea Using Hydrophobic Organic-Aqueous Two-Phase Solvent Systems

Abstract Countercurrent chromatographic (CCC) separation of lipophilic ascorbic acid derivatives and the crude extract from Kadsura coccinea was performed using the type-J multilayer coil planet centrifuge with a hydrophobic organic-aqueous two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane/ethyl acetate/ethanol/aqueous 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid at the volume ratio of 5:5:6:2. The lipophilic ascorbic acid derivatives were separated in the order of L-ascorbyl 2,6-dibutyrate, L-ascorbyl 6-palmitate and L-ascorbyl 6-stearate by eluting the lower phase as the mobile phase, and L-ascorbyl 2,6-dipalmitate was separated by eluting the upper phase at the opposite direction. The above solvent system was then applied to the CCC separation of the extract prepared from K. coccinea. With lower phase mobile, the extract was mainly separated into two peaks corresponding to lignans and triterpenoids accordingly. The HPLC analysis of the fractions showed that the former peak contained Kadsulignan N, Schizandrin H and Neokadsuranin as lignans, and the latter peak, Micranoic acid A, Neokadsuranic acid B and beta-Sitosterol as triterpenoids. The overall results indicate that the hydrophobic organic-aqueous two-phase solvent system used in the present studies was useful for the CCC separation of lignans and triterpenoids present in the natural products.
AUTOMATIC MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS FOR RUSSIAN : A COMPARATIVE STUDY

In this paper we present a comparison of ten systems for automatic morphological analysis: TreeTagger, TnT, HunPos, Lapos, Citar, Morfette, Mystem, Pymorhy, Stanford POS tagger and SVMTool. Different training and tagging approaches are discussed together with the strengths and weaknesses of each system. Probabilistic taggers were trained and tested on the Russian National Disambiguated Corpus and achieved accuracy scores as high as 96,94% on POS tags and 92,56% on the whole tagset. However, most of the existing taggers cannot resolve various cases of morphological ambiguity and show a better performance for morphologically rich languages. We believe that the detailed examination of errors caused by homonymy can help to solve the disambiguation problem and to improve tagging results.
Sparse Bayesian Learning for DOA estimation in MIMO radar with unknown nonuniform noise

In this paper, a sparse Bayesian learning framework for DOA estimation in multiple input multiple output (MIMO) radar is proposed with unknown nonuniform noise. In the proposed method, the redundant elements of MIMO radar can be eliminated by using the reduced dimensional (RD) transformation. Then a sparse Bayesian model of covariance vector is formulated by assuming that the prior source power is independent zero-mean Gaussian distributed with hyperparameters for its unknown variance. The hyperparameters and nonuniform noise variances are estimated by utilizing the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm and least squares (LS) criterion, respectively. Finally, the spectrum of hyperparameters is used to estimate the coarse DOA, and a high-precision DOA estimation is achieved by using a refined 1-D searching procedure based on the reconstruction result. Simulation results have demonstrated that the proposed method can work well with different nonuniform noise and achieve better performance.
Foreshortening, Convergence and Drawings from a Blind Adult

Esref is a congenitally totally blind man, practiced in drawing. He was asked to draw solid and wire cubes situated in several places around his vantage point. He used foreshortening of receding sides and convergence of obliques, in approximate one-point perspective. We note that haptics provides information about the direction of objects—the basis of perspective.
Dynamic Visual Perception of Dyslexic Children

This study describes the capacity of children to detect fast changes of a small visual pattern. Three visual detection tasks for a group of normally reading (N = 140) and another group of dyslexic children (N = 366) in the age range of 7 to 16 years have been used. All three tasks require the detection of the fast changing orientation of a small pattern before it disappears. In one task, stationary fixation was required, because the orientation changes took place always at the same location. In the saccade condition, the pattern was displaced suddenly to one or the other side and a saccade was required to detect the orientation. In a third condition, a distractor was presented at one side shortly before the oriented pattern appeared at the opposite side. In this case, an antisaccade with respect to the distractor was required. In all three conditions, the dyslexic group as a whole performed significantly below the level of the control group. The performance improved with age in both groups. The differences between the test and control group were largest in the distractor condition. When compared with eye-movement performance in an antisaccade task, a parallel development of the performance of both tasks was observed in both groups. The study shows that a certain percentage of dyslexic children has difficulties in the perception of fast changing stimuli, a task presumably challenging the magnocellular system.
Association between Glucose Metabolism and Sleep-disordered Breathing during REM Sleep.

RATIONALE Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) has been associated with impaired glucose metabolism. It is possible that the association between SDB and glucose metabolism is distinct for non-REM versus REM sleep because of differences in sleep-state-dependent sympathetic activation and/or degree of hypoxemia. OBJECTIVES To characterize the association between REM-related SDB, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance in a community-based sample. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis that included 3,310 participants from the Sleep Heart Health Study was undertaken (53% female; mean age, 66.1 yr). Full montage home-polysomnography and fasting glucose were available on all participants. SDB severity during REM and non-REM sleep was quantified using the apnea-hypopnea index in REM (AHIREM) and non-REM sleep (AHINREM), respectively. Fasting and 2-hour post-challenge glucose levels were assessed during a glucose tolerance test (n = 2,264). The homeostatic model assessment index for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated (n = 1,543). Linear regression was used to assess the associations of AHIREM and AHINREM with fasting and post-prandial glucose levels and HOMA-IR. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS AHIREM and AHINREM were associated with fasting glycemia, post-prandial glucose levels, and HOMA-IR in models that adjusted for age, sex, race, and site. However, with additional adjustment for body mass index, waist circumference, and sleep duration, AHIREM was only associated with HOMA-IR (β = 0.04; 95% CI, 0.1-0.07; P = 0.01), whereas AHINREM was only associated with fasting (β = 0.93; 95% CI, 0.14-1.72; P = 0.02) and post-prandial glucose levels (β = 3.0; 95% CI, 0.5-5.5; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS AHIREM is associated with insulin resistance but not with fasting glycemia or glucose intolerance.
Forty years of software reuse

Forty years of software reuse This paper is an overview of software reuse, its origins, research areas and main historical contributions. Reuse as the process of using existing software artefacts and knowledge has more than 40-year long history, and is currently recognized as an important mechanism to improve software quality and development productivity. Main attention is paid to retrospective analysis of key researches in the area of software reuse. Starting from the seminal paper and the other earliest contributions the survey discusses important milestones in the evolution of initial ideas of component sub-industry to mature field of research in software engineering. Active areas of past researches being overviewed by this paper include reuse libraries, asset classification and selection, measurement and experimentation, design patterns and studies of systematic reuse. Separate attention is paid to consolidation of main benefits and obstacles of software reuse. The paper concludes important ideas emerging from the historical experience about multidisciplinary nature of reuse, necessity of software reuse process and the role of domain engineering. Overview of key aspects (organizational, technical and economic) important for establishing software reuse programs is given.
Foot positioning instruction, initial vertical load position and lifting technique: effects on low back loading

This study investigated the effects of initial load height and foot placement instruction in four lifting techniques: free, stoop (bending the back), squat (bending the knees) and a modified squat technique (bending the knees and rotating them outward). A 2D dynamic linked segment model was combined with an EMG assisted trunk muscle model to quantify kinematics and low back loading in 10 subjects performing 19 different lifting movements, using 10.5 kg boxes without handles. When lifting from a 0.05 m height with the feet behind the box, squat lifting resulted in 19.9% (SD 8.7%) higher net moments (p < 0.001) and 17.0% (SD 13.2%) higher compression forces (p < 0.01) than stoop lifting. This effect was reduced to 12.8% (SD 10.7%) for moments and a non-significant 7.4% (SD 16.0%) for compression forces when lifting with the feet beside the box and it disappeared when lifting from 0.5 m height. Differences between squat and stoop lifts, as well as the interaction with lifting height, could to a large extent be explained by changes in the horizontal L5/S1 intervertebral joint position relative to the load, the upper body acceleration, and lumbar flexion. Rotating the knees outward during squat lifts resulted in moments and compression forces that were smaller than in squat lifting but larger than in stoop lifting. Shear forces were small ( < 300 N) at the L4/L5 joint and substantial (1100 – 1400 N) but unaffected by lifting technique at the L5/S1 joint. The present results show that the effects of lifting technique on low back loading depend on the task context.
The relationship of neighborhood demographic characteristics to point-of-sale tobacco advertising and marketing

Objectives. Exposure to tobacco marketing has been associated with an increased likelihood that youth start smoking and may interfere with tobacco cessation. We aimed to describe the prevalence, placement, and features of tobacco advertising at the point of sale by race, ethnicity, and other neighborhood demographics, as well as by store type. Design. A cross-sectional assessment of the advertising environment in establishments that held tobacco licenses in our study region (a metropolitan area in the Midwest USA) was conducted in 2007. Stores were geocoded and linked with block group demographic data taken from the Year 2000 US census. We calculated associations between our hypothesized predictors, race, ethnicity, and other neighborhood demographics, and two types of outcomes (1) amount and (2) characteristics of the advertising. Results. Tobacco advertising at the point of sale was most common in gas stations/convenience stores, liquor stores, and tobacco stores. A 10% difference in a block group's African-American/Black population was associated with 9% (95% confidence interval [CI]=3%, 16%) more ads as well as a greater likelihood that ads would be close to the ground (prevalence ratio [PR]=1.15 [95% CI=1.04, 1.28]). Block groups with greater African-American/Black, Asian, people on public assistance or below 150% of the poverty threshold, or people under the age of 18 years had more ads for menthol brands. Block groups with greater proportions of Whites were more likely to have ads that used health words, such as ‘light’ or ‘natural’ (PR for 10% difference in White population=1.41 [95% CI=1.17–1.70]). Chain stores were more likely to have greater amounts of advertising, ads close to the ground, ads for price deals, or ads that use words that imply health. Conclusion. Tobacco advertising targets communities with various racial and ethnic profiles in different ways. Now that US Food and Drug Administration has the authority to regulate the marketing and sale of tobacco products, there is new opportunity to reduce the harmful impact of tobacco advertising.