Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pseudosuccinea columella: experimental co-infections of juvenile and pre-adult snails with the digeneans Calicophoron daubneyi and Fasciola hepatica

Abstract Experimental co-infections of juvenile and pre-adult Pseudosuccinea columella with Calicophoron daubneyi and Fasciola hepatica (five miracidia of each digenean per snail) were carried out to determine the aptitude of this lymnaeid to ensure complete larval development of the former parasite, the latter or both. Snails infected with F. hepatica were found in the two groups of juveniles, i.e. 1 and 2 mm at exposure, and the four groups of pre-adults, i.e. 3–6 mm. The highest frequency of F. hepatica, i.e. 37.3%, was noted in the 4 mm group. Low frequencies were noted for C. daubneyi and co-infections of both digeneans in the 3, 4 and 5 mm groups. Two other groups of P. columella, measuring 3 and 4 mm at exposure, were also constituted to study the characteristics of these co-infections. Compared to controls infected only with F. hepatica, the frequency of this digenean infection and the mean number of metacercariae were significantly lower in co-infected snails, while the patent period was significantly shorter. In snails harbouring C. daubneyi only or both digeneans, lower values were noted for prevalence, the patent period and the number of metacercariae. Pre-adult P. columella (3–5 mm in shell height at exposure) were able to sustain larval development of C. daubneyi if they were co-infected with the sequence C. daubneyi +F. hepatica. Low values noted for the prevalence of C. daubneyi infection and the number of metacercariae would be in favour of a still incomplete adaptation between the snail population and the miracidial isolate.
Gender Disparities in Employment and Earnings in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Swaziland

In this paper we provide first systematic evidence on the gender disparities in the labor market in Swaziland, drawing on the country's first two (2007 and 2010) Labor Force Surveys. We find that even though the global financial crisis had a less severe effect on the labor market outcomes of women than those of men, women continue to have lower employment and labor force participation rates. Utilizing the Heckman probit selection model shows that while women account for a disproportionate share of the self-employed, they are more often than men involved in low-productivity activities and rely less on formal finance. We conclude with policies that could help Swaziland – and other middle income countries in Sub-Saharan Africa – narrow these disparities and embark on a more inclusive growth path.
Conformational changes at the highly reactive cystein and lysine regions of skeletal muscle myosin induced by formation of transition state analogues.

Myosin forms stable ternary complexes with Mg2+-ADP and phosphate analogues of aluminum fluoride (AlF4-), beryllium fluoride (BeFn), and scandium fluoride (ScFn). These complexes are distinct from each other and may mimic different transient states in the ATPase cycle [Maruta et al. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 7093-7100]. Regions of skeletal muscle myosin containing the highly reactive residues Cys 707 (SH1), Cys 697 (SH2), and lysine 83 (RLR) dramatically alter their local conformation when myosin hydrolyzes ATP, and these changes may reflect formation of a series of transient intermediates during ATP hydrolysis. We used the fluorescent probes 4-fluoro-7-sulfamoylbezofurazan, 2-(4'-maleimidylanilino)naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid, and trinitrobenzene-sulfonate, which bind to SH1, SH2, and RLR, respectively, to examine differences in local conformations within myosin.ADP. phosphate analogue (BeFn, Vi, AlF4-, and ScFn) complexes. It was observed that the ternary complexes had SH1 conformations similar to those seen on S-1 in the presence of ATP. In contrast, local conformations in the SH2 and RLR regions of S-1.ADP. BeFn were different from those in corresponding regions of S-1.ADP. AlF4- or ScFn. These results suggest that SH1 and SH2 move distinctly during ATP hydrolysis and that the local conformations of the SH2 and RLR regions more sensitively reflect different transient states.
Opioids for neonates receiving mechanical ventilation.

BACKGROUND Mechanical ventilation is a potentially painful intervention widely used in neonatal intensive care units. Since newborn babies (neonates) demonstrate increased sensitivity to pain, which may affect clinical and neurodevelopmental outcomes, the use of drugs which reduce pain might be very important. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of opioid analgesics (pain-killing drugs derived from opium e.g. morphine), compared to placebo, no drug, or other non-opioid analgesics or sedatives, on pain, duration of mechanical ventilation, mortality, growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes in newborn infants on mechanical ventilation. SEARCH STRATEGY Electronic searches included: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 3, 2004); MEDLINE (1966 to June 2004); EMBASE (1974 to June 2004); and CINAHL (1982 to 2003). Previous reviews and lists of relevant articles were cross-referenced. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials or quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing opioids to a control, or to other analgesics or sedatives in newborn infants on mechanical ventilation. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data were extracted by two reviewers independently. Categorical outcomes were analysed using relative risk and risk difference; and continuous outcomes with weighted mean difference or standardised mean difference. A fixed effect model was used for meta-analysis except where heterogeneity existed, when a random effects model was used. MAIN RESULTS Thirteen studies on 1505 infants were included. Infants given opioids showed reduced premature infant pain profile (PIPP) scores compared to the control group (weighted mean difference -1.71; 95% confidence interval -3.18 to -0.24). Differences in execution and reporting of trials mean that this meta-analysis should be interpreted with caution. Heterogeneity was significantly high in all analyses of pain, even when lower quality studies were excluded and analysis limited to very preterm newborns. Meta-analyses of mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation, and long and short term neurodevelopmental outcomes showed no statistically significant differences. Very preterm infants given morphine took significantly longer to reach full enteral feeding than those in control groups (weighted mean difference 2.10 days; 95% confidence interval 0.35 to 3.85). One study compared morphine with a sedative: the treatments showed similar pain scores, but morphine had fewer adverse effects. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine use of opioids in mechanically ventilated newborns. Opioids should be used selectively, when indicated by clinical judgment and evaluation of pain indicators. If sedation is required, morphine is safer than midazolam. Further research is needed.
Electoral rules, corruption, inequality and evaluations of democracy

Features of electoral systems have been found to have positive effects on evaluations of democracy. This article proposes that there are larger social forces that must be accounted for in such analyses. Using European Social Survey measures of democratic expectations and the ‘satisfaction with democracy’ item, this study tests for effects of electoral rules on perceptions of democracy. It is found that multipartyism/proportionality and preferential ballot structure appear to correspond with positive evaluations of elections and parties, and with greater satisfaction with how democracy is functioning. However, these relationships dissipate when corruption and income inequality are accounted for. This suggests substantial limits to the capacity of electoral reforms to enhance democratic legitimacy. It also suggests that studies of mass perceptions of democratic performance may over-estimate effects of electoral rules if country-level corruption and income inequality are not accounted for.
‘To observe things as they are without regard to their origin’: Henry Sweet's general writings on language in the 1870s

Abstract From 1870 to 1877, in a series of articles and review articles on general linguistics alongside his work in Old English and phonetics, Henry Sweet waged a campaign against prejudice in language study. The time was right for such an enterprise: the world of the Education Act (1870), the reform of Latin teaching, the debate on spelling reform, the popularization of science by Huxley and Tylor. Sweet sought to persuade the world of the errors of the ‘visual conception of language’ maintained by educated people in his own time, and he argued for the phonetic observation of the natural sentence as the foundation of language study. In these years Sweet developed new approaches to the phonology of medieval English (1872, 1874), the close description of the sounds of foreign languages such as Danish (1873), the most efficient methods for the ‘synthetic’ study of a foreign language (1877). Most radical, perhaps, is his attempt ‘to upset some of the conventional dogmas of philology, logic, grammar, partly by means of a consistent phonetic analysis, and to explain the real meaning of the parts of speech’ (Sweet, ‘Words, Logic and Grammar’, 1876). In short, scientific observation must triumph: we must learn ‘to observe things as they are without regard to their origin’.
A PER prediction based cross-layer MAC/PHY interface for CDMA ad hoc networks

Variable environments in ad hoc networks require a joint control of physical (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layers resources in order to optimize performance. In this paper, we propose a framework to perform such cross-layer control and optimization. The PHY layer and cross-layer engine estimate and predict the channel variations to evaluate the linkpsilas future packet error rate (PER), for MAC layer optimization. We consider high capacity code division multiple access (CDMA) ad hoc networks where nodes are equipped with matched filter receivers.
Feature extracted sentiment analysis of customer product reviews

Online shopping is more and more common nowadays. The growth in its popularity has led to increase in customer reviews that a product receives. A customer who has to choose the right product among the huge varieties of products, depends heavily on the product reviews to make a purchase decision. With great volume of product reviews, it become difficult for customers to wade through all reviews to make an informed product choice. Nowadays customers look for features that can serve them specifically. But from the thousands of reviews, it is practically impossible for customers to identify the reviews which speak about the specific product feature. As a solution to these problems, in this work we aim to analyze a product at feature level, from the customer product reviews. The proposed system, follows a semantic based approach to extract product features. An algorithm, which employ typed dependencies, is introduced for this purpose. Recursive Deep model is used to identify sentiment orientation of review sentences. A review matrix is constructed to find the importance and polarity of each product feature. The experimental results show that the method proposed is effective and has achieved the desired objective.
Analysis of necessary sensor spatial resolution for reliable plant detection

This paper considers theoretical prerequisites for a sensor or sensor system that provides data for reliable single plant detection. The goal of the paper is to close the gap between state of the art sensor technology and the theoretical “ideal” sensor to fulfill one and only purpose: providing single plant detection data in cluttered and disordered environments. Through analysis of artificial leaf forms, the paper determines expectations of the sensor spatial resolution and its maximum noise level, and is supported by the results of a theoretical primer on predefined (artificial) shape analysis. Each shape is analyzed by elliptic Fourier descriptor invariants obtained from the shape boundary, which allow translation, rotation and scale invariant of each object. This paper analyzes the statistical significance of each descriptor and its separability from other features. Finally an approximation formula developed here can be used to compute required resolution of such sensor for the plant detection.
Young adult perceptions of Australia's physical activity recommendations for adults.

ISSUES ADDRESSED Physical activity recommendations for adults worldwide advise participation in moderate-intensity physical activity, such as walking, on most days of the week. Younger adults report the lowest prevalence of walking. This mixed-methods study explores the salience of Australia's activity recommendations around moderate-intensity physical activity, particularly walking, for young Australian adults. METHODS Semistructured interviews were conducted with 24 young Australians aged 17-25 years. During interviews, Australia's physical activity recommendations for adults were explained to participants, highlighting the inclusion of moderate-intensity physical activity such as walking. Participants were asked to comment on the recommendations and walking for physical activity and exercise. Data from interviews underwent an iterative thematic form of analysis. Participants also completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and were asked to complete a pedometer diary. RESULTS No participant was classified as sedentary; twenty three participants reported walking for transport and nine for leisure (IPAQ). During interviews, the majority of participants (n=20) did not identify walking as physical activity or exercise. Participants focussed on the cardiorespiratory (fitness) benefits associated with physical activity and believed walking was of insufficient intensity to achieve these benefits at their age. CONCLUSIONS Walking was considered an everyday activity and of insufficient intensity to achieve any health or fitness benefits. SO WHAT? : The belief that only vigorous physical activity conveys any fitness benefits may act as a barrier to participation in moderate-intensity physical activity such as walking, particularly among sedentary young people.
The Economic Effects of Adopting a Right-to-Work Law

While considerable efforts have been made by legislators, business associations, and political organizations to pass right-to-work (RTW) laws in states across the country, the empirical evidence on the effect of adopting an RTW law on labor market outcomes and state budgets is both varied and mixed. This article provides a forecast on the effect of RTW laws on important labor market outcomes—including earnings, employment, unionization, and inequality. It also investigates RTW’s impacts on two particularly affected industries (manufacturing and construction) and three demographic groups (African-American, Latino/a, and female workers). The findings are subsequently applied to the state of Illinois to project the potential law’s impact on Illinois workers and on the state’s tax revenues. By and large, as a policy prescription, RTW would generate harmful effects to Illinois’ economy, lower its capacity to provide essential public services and degrade the quality and condition of the state’s labor force.
Assessment of Multiple Risk Outcomes, Strengths, and Change with the START:AV: A Short-Term Prospective Study with Adolescent Offenders

The Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability: Adolescent Version (START:AV; Nicholls, Viljoen, Cruise, Desmarais, & Webster, 2010; Viljoen, Cruise, Nicholls, Desmarais, & Webster, in preparation) is a clinical guide designed to assist in the assessment and management of adolescents’ risk for adverse events (e.g., violence, general offending, suicide, victimization). In this initial validation study, START:AV assessments were conducted on 90 adolescent offenders (62 male, 28 female), who were prospectively followed for a three-month period. START:AV assessments had good to excellent inter-rater reliability and strong concurrent validity with Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth assessments (SAVRY; Borum, Bartel, & Forth, 2006). START:AV risk estimates and Vulnerability total scores predicted multiple adverse outcomes, including violence towards others, offending, victimization, suicidal ideation, and substance abuse. In addition, Strength total scores inversely predicted violence, offending, and street drug use. During the three-month follow-up, risk estimates changed in at least one domain for 92% of youth, and 27% of youth showed reliable changes in Strength and/or Vulnerability total scores (reliable change index, 90% confidence interval; Jacobsen & Truax, 1991). While these findings are promising, a strong need exists for further research on the START:AV, the measurement of change, and on the role of strengths in risk assessment and treatment planning.
Eliciting patient and caregiver perspectives to improve the public reporting of rehabilitation quality measures

Purpose: To evaluate patients' and caregivers' abilities to comprehend information on rehabilitation quality measures, and select high‐quality rehabilitation facility. Design: We used exploratory, qualitative study using cognitive interviewing. Setting: Three Outpatient rehabilitation facilities in metropolitan Chicago, Illinois, USA. Participants: The study participants included 27 patients or three caregivers, 63% female; 36.7% white, 43.3% African American, 10% Asian, 10% missing/other; health literacy: 59% at the 8th grade level or lower; age range: 33–94. Main Outcome Measure(s): Patient and caregiver comprehension of quality measures. Results: Respondents understood some rehabilitation quality terms, but had difficulty with medical terminology; linking quality measures to hospital quality; explaining choice of “better” quality facility; and reading tables. The research team simplified terminology, definitions, layout, and design; added an introduction to provide a framework for understanding quality. Conclusions: Quality measure information can be difficult to understand and use. When reporting quality measures, use plain language, avoid medical jargon, follow logically sequenced content, easy‐to‐read layout, provide framework for understanding quality, and solicit consumer feedback. Clinical Implications: Not applicable.
Effect of prolonged exposure to oestradiol on subsequent LH secretion in ewes.

Abnormal follicles can produce oestradiol continuously for up to 20 days and this inhibits the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The present experimental series was designed to determine the minimum exposure to high or low follicular phase concentrations of oestradiol that were required to exert inhibitory effects on LH surge secretion induced by additional oestradiol administered at the end of continuous exposure to oestradiol. Experiments were also included to establish whether the inhibitory effects of prolonged oestradiol were mediated at the pituitary, and whether the failure of response to the oestradiol challenge could be corrected by exposure to normal luteal phase patterns of progesterone. Treatment of ewes between 2 and 12 days with 1, 2 or 4 oestradiol implants (3 cm) totally blocked the subsequent normal LH surge in response to an oestradiol challenge in 45 of 52 ewes pretreated with oestradiol. In the seven ewes that did have an increase in LH, the response occurred at the expected time but was greatly reduced (14 versus 40 ng ml-1), and occurred only in ewes pretreated with oestradiol implants for 2 or 4 days. We were unable to establish a robust linear time-dose relationship, i.e., when ewes were treated with lower doses of oestradiol (one or two implants) for a reduced time (2, 4 or 8 days), there was random distribution of the 7 of 32 animals that had a reduced LH surge after oestradiol challenge (with four implants or 50 micrograms injection). The present study is the first to show that exposure for only 2-4 days to continuous oestradiol at late follicular phase concentrations can disrupt LH surge release. However, in oestradiol-treated ewes, LH secretion was provoked by high or low doses (0.5 mg or 0.5 microgram) of GnRH, although it was reduced by 50%, and a GnRH self-priming effect was still evident. All of these results suggest that inhibitory effects occur at the pituitary and hypothalamus. It remains to be confirmed whether the major effect is at the pituitary by reducing GnRH receptor or LH synthesis, or at the hypothalamus via inhibition of GnRH secretion.
GDRI DREEM - GDR Développement et transition Le Caire, 13-14 décembre 2010 Human capital, structural change and growth: the role of export discoveries and entrepreneurship

Human capital measures (schooling) are poorly significant in explaining growth for developing countries. An explanation is that increases in human capital have no significant effect on growth if this human capital is misallocated and underemployed. In a simple two-sector model of a small open economy, we show that the effect of education on growth is more significant if the country has entered into the structural change that raises the demand for skilled labour. We give a special attention to the role of entrepreneurs in the increase in the demand for skills in the modern sector and propose to link it to the literature on export discoveries. We then derive an econometric specification from a simple two-sector model of growth with structural change and different levels of skills. From a sample of emerging economies including five MENA countries, we provide econometric evidence that the reduction in the traditional share of GDP and an increased amount of discoveries in export both have a positive influence on growth rates. We also show that if the drop in traditional activities is to matter for growth, it is less through the skill reallocation from traditional to modern activities, even though export diversification is a factor of higher growth, than through the enhancement of the effect human capital has on the growth of GDP. Then, if the reallocation of skills is to matter, it is more probably through shifts among the industrial sector, from the older to the newer activities than across sectors, from the traditional to the modern.
A novel algorithm SF for mining attack scenarios model

Large volume of security data can overwhelm security managers and keep them from performing effective analysis and initiating timely response. Therefore, it is important to develop an advanced alert correlation system to reduce alert redundancy, intelligently correlate security alerts and detect attack strategies. In our system, we introduced statistical filtering method in attack plan recognition. We apply statistical-based techniques to filter out separated and scattered attack behavior and mining frequent attack sequence patterns from the remainder. We use correlativity between two elements in frequent attack sequences to correlate the attack behavior and identify potential attack intentions based on it. We evaluate our approaches using DARPA 2000 data sets. The experiment shows that our approach can effectively discover attack scenarios in reality, provide a quantitative analysis of attack scenarios