Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Republic of Korea

1.2 Recent major disasters Description of recent major disasters and response activities A. Heavy Snow from March 4 to March 6, 2005 Eastern part of the Korean peninsula was damaged with agriculture and fishery facilities causing $21.5 million property damage. B. Torrential Rains from August 2nd to 3rd and from August 8 to 11, 2005 Localized hourly precipitation was recorded from 15 to 71 mm in the central and western part of Korea. 15 people were dead and $456.8 million property damage was occurred. Most of the people died because of slope-stability related disasters such as landslide. Affected people were 7,340 in 2,815 households. C. 14th Typhoon “Nabi” from Sept. 6 to 8, 2005 The accumulative precipitation was recorded as 622.5 mm causing 6 dead and $115.4 million property damage.
The Effect of Worksite Physical Activity Intervention on Physical Capacity, Health, and Productivity: A 1-Year Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective: To investigate the effect of two contrasting physical activity worksite interventions versus a reference intervention (REF) on various health outcomes. Methods: A 1-year randomized controlled trial was conducted with specific resistance training (SRT), all-round physical exercise (APE), and REF. Results: SRT and APE compared with REF showed significant reductions in systolic blood pressure (∼6 mm Hg), body fat percentage (∼2.2 body fat%), as well as shoulder and back pain (∼30% reduction in duration). Muscle strength (APE and SRT) and maximal oxygen uptake (APE) increased approximately 10%. Conclusions: Worksite intervention with both SRT as well as APE is recommended, since these activities compared with REF resulted in clinically relevant reductions of cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome-related risk factors as well as musculoskeletal pain symptoms, in combination with minor increases in physical capacity.
Rate constants for the reactions of ATP- and ADP-actin with the ends of actin filaments

I measured the rate of elongation at the barbed and pointed ends of actin filaments by electron microscopy with Limulus sperm acrosomal processes as nuclei. With improvements in the mechanics of the assay, it was possible to measure growth rates from 0.05 to 280 s-1. At 22 degrees C in 1 mM MgCl2, 10 mM imidazole (pH 7), 0.2 mM ATP with 1 mM EGTA or 50 microM CaCl2 or with EGTA and 50 mM KCl, the elongation rates at both ends have a linear dependence on the ATP-actin concentration from the critical concentration to 20 microM. Consequently, over a wide range of subunit addition rates, the rate constants for association and dissociation of ATP-actin are constant. This shows that the nucleotide composition at or near the end of the growing filament is either the same over this range of growth rates or has no detectable effect on the rate constants. Under conditions where polymerization is fastest (MgCl2 + KCl + EGTA) the rate constants have these values: (table; see text) Compared with ATP-actin, ADP-actin associates slower at both ends, dissociates faster from the barbed end, but dissociates slower from the pointed end. Taking into account the events at both ends, these constants and a simple Oosawa-type model account for the complex three-phase dependence of the rate of polymerization in bulk samples on the concentration of ATP-actin monomers observed by Carlier, M. -F. , D. Pantaloni, and E. D. Korn (1985, J. Biol. Chem., 260:6565-6571). These constants can also be used to predict the reactions at steady state in ATP. There will be slow subunit flux from the barbed end to the pointed end. There will also be minor fluctuations in length at the barbed end due to occasional rapid dissociation of strings of ADP subunits but the pointed end will be relatively stable.
The File Mover: high‐performance data transfer for the grid

The exploration in many scientific disciplines (e.g. High‐Energy Physics, Climate Modeling, and Life Sciences) involves the production and the analysis of massive data collections, whose archival, retrieval, and analysis require the coordinated usage of high‐capacity computing, network, and storage resources. To obtain satisfactory performance, these applications require the availability of a high‐performance, reliable data transfer mechanisms, able to minimize the data transfer time that often dominates their execution time. In this paper we present the File Mover, an efficient data transfer system specifically tailored to the needs of data‐intensive applications, that exploits the overlay networks paradigm to provide superior performance with respect to conventional file transfer systems. An extensive experimental evaluation, carried out by means of a proof‐of‐concept implementation of the File Mover for a variety of network scenarios, shows the ability of the File Mover to outperform alternative data transfer systems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Authentication of quantum messages

Authentication is a well-studied area of classical cryptography: a sender A and a receiver B sharing a classical secret key want to exchange a classical message with the guarantee that the message has not been modified or replaced by a dishonest party with control of the communication line. In this paper we study the authentication of messages composed of quantum states. We give a formal definition of authentication in the quantum setting. Assuming A and B have access to an insecure quantum channel and share a secret, classical random key, we provide a non-interactive scheme that enables A to both encrypt and authenticate an m qubit message by encoding it into m+s qubits, where the error probability decreases exponentially in the security parameter s. The scheme requires a secret key of size 2m+O(s). To achieve this, we give a highly efficient protocol for testing the purity of shared EPR pairs. It has long been known that learning information about a general quantum state will necessarily disturb it. We refine this result to show that such a disturbance can be done with few side effects, allowing it to circumvent cryptographic protections. Consequently, any scheme to authenticate quantum messages must also encrypt them. In contrast, no such constraint exists classically. This reasoning has two important consequences: It allows us to give a lower bound of 2m key bits for authenticating m qubits, which makes our protocol asymptotically optimal. Moreover, we use it to show that digitally signing quantum states is impossible.
Neuramanteau: A Neural Network Ensemble Model for Lexical Blends

The problem of blend formation in generative linguistics is interesting in the context of neologism, their quick adoption in modern life and the creative generative process guiding their formation. Blend quality depends on multitude of factors with high degrees of uncertainty. In this work, we investigate if the modern neural network models can sufficiently capture and recognize the creative blend composition process. We propose recurrent neural network sequence-to-sequence models, that are evaluated on multiple blend datasets available in the literature. We propose an ensemble neural and hybrid model that outperforms most of the baselines and heuristic models upon evaluation on test data.
An exactly solvable coarse-grained model for species diversity

We present novel analytical results concerning ecosystem species diversity that stem from a proposed coarse-grained neutral model based on birth–death processes. The relevance of the problem lies in the urgency for understanding and synthesizing both theoretical results from ecological neutral theory and empirical evidence on species diversity preservation. The neutral model of biodiversity deals with ecosystems at the same trophic level, where per capita vital rates are assumed to be species independent. Closed-form analytical solutions for the neutral theory are obtained within a coarse-grained model, where the only input is the species persistence time distribution. Our results pertain to: the probability distribution function of the number of species in the ecosystem, both in transient and in stationary states; the n-point connected time correlation function; and the survival probability, defined as the distribution of time spans to local extinction for a species randomly sampled from the community. Analytical predictions are also tested on empirical data from an estuarine fish ecosystem. We find that emerging properties of the ecosystem are very robust and do not depend on specific details of the model, with implications for biodiversity and conservation biology.
Complexity measures of supervised classifications tasks: A case study for cancer gene expression data

Machine Learning algorithms have been widely used for gene expression data classification, despite the fact that these data have often intrinsic limitations, such as high dimensionality and a small number of examples. Few studies try to characterize to which extent these aspects can influence the performance of the classification models induced. In this paper we compute different measures characterizing the complexity of gene expression data sets for cancer diagnosis. We then investigate how these measures relate to the classification performances achieved by support vector machines, a popular Machine Learning technique usually employed in the analysis of gene expression data. The results obtained indicate that some of the complexity indices utilized are indeed successful in explaining the difficulty involved in the classification of cancer gene expression data.
Surface inspection of web materials using the self-organizing map

A surface inspection problem is divided into three parts, into an image acquisition part, into a defect detection part that is suitable for hardware implementation, and into a defect classification part that is done in a user's terminal. In the defect detection part extraction of texture features is done and potential defect areas are marked. The proposed scheme is taught only with examples of fault-free surface. In the defect classification part features describing the shape and internal structure of defects are extracted and defects are classified into different defect classes. Examples of defects are used to train the classification system. Use of the self-organizing map in defect detection and in defect classification makes the proposed method adaptable to different types of surfaces and to different types of defects. Only reselection of features may be necessary to cope with different surface and defect characteristics. The results of experiments with base paper samples are encouraging.
Water Absorption and Thickness Swelling of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) and Seaweed Composite for Soil Erosion Mitigation

Sedimentation in river triggered by soil erosion has an impact on the ecosystem services. Application of natural biomass on residual as biodegradable material has been of great attention due to its environmental friendliness. In this study, oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) and seaweed are applied as a composite to evaluate the water holding capacity and thickness swelling as soil stabiliser. The alkaline treatment is introduced to improve the surface bonding of fibres with binder. The dimensional stability test was conducted according to standard ASTM D 5229 to obtain average water absorption and thickness swelling. The average water absorption and thickness swelling for the nontreated composite are 297.07% (± 6.47) and 7.78% (± 3.34) respectively, while for the alkaline treated composite, it demonstrates lower water absorption (222.60% (± 4.38)) but higher thickness swelling 18.23% (± 4.23). This showed that both of the composites have high water content mainly due to dimensional stability. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs display better interface adhesion between OPEFB fibre and seaweed after alkaline treatment compare to non-treated composite. Fibre breakage was observed for the non-treated composite, suggesting that it is incapable to withstand the tension created by water during the immersion.
Conditional Dose‐Response Relationships for Microorganisms: Development and Application

1. Only one viable microorganism is required to initiate the infection process in vivo. 2. Individuals ingest a number of microorganisms representing a random sample from a Poisson distribution (with a mean of d). 3. The survival of any microorganism within a single host is independent of the survival of any other microorganism within that host. 4. In the case of the exponential model, the probability of survival of each of the microorganisms in any host is equal to ‘‘r. ’’ 5. In the case of the beta-Poisson model, the distribution of microorganism-host survival probabilities is given by a beta distribution with parameters of a and b.
Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease

Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) is the most common proximate mechanism of ischemic stroke worldwide. Approximately half of those affected are Asians. For diagnosis of ICAD, intra-arterial angiography is the gold standard to identify extent of stenosis. However, noninvasive techniques including transcranial ultrasound and MRA are now emerging as reliable modalities to exclude moderate to severe (50%–99%) stenosis. Little is known about measures for primary prevention of the disease. In terms of secondary prevention of stroke due to intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis, aspirin continues to be the preferred antiplatelet agent although clopidogrel along with aspirin has shown promise in the acute phase. Among Asians, cilostazol has shown a favorable effect on symptomatic stenosis and is of benefit in terms of fewer bleeds. Moreover, aggressive risk factor management alone and in combination with dual antiplatelets been shown to be most effective in this group of patients. Interventional trials on intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis have so far only been carried out among Caucasians and have not yielded consistent results. Since the Asian population is known to be preferentially effected, focused trials need to be performed to establish treatment modalities that are most effective in this population.
An Array Layout Methodology for VLSI Circuits

A new methodology for the layout design of several classes of useful VLSI structures is proposed. The approach produces a structured layout for commonly found computation structures, using regular elements called layout slices. Algorithms for optimal array realization are described that offer several significant advantages over existing layout schemes. Any network that can be decomposed into instances of these structures can therefore be realized using layout slices. Algorithms for the array realization of a class of arbitrary networks are also described. Several well-known structures such as trees, carry-save adders and cube-connected cycles can be realized using the proposed array layout methodology, not only with optimal area but also with several features necessary for practical implementation, e.g., access to key nodes, high area utilization and global signal routing. The proposed methodology is illustrated with actual layouts of useful circuits.
Conventional Microscopy Versus Molecular and Immunological Methods in the Diagnosis of Amoebiasis

Dear Editor, Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of intestinal amoebiasis affects more than 50 million people worldwide. Amoebiasis is considered to be the most common parasitic infection particularly in the tropics and subtropics. [1] It is the second leading cause of the death from parasitic diseases worldwide. [2] Humans are the primary reservoir and infection happens to be by ingestion of mature quadri-nucleate cyst through contaminated food and water. [3] Treatment and management of infection with E. histolytica has been considerably affected since 90% of the infected individuals remain asymptomatic. Clinical diagnosis of amoebiasis also remains elusive in most of the cases due to contrasting illness course in different communities, varied clinical presentations and unavailability of infrastructures in the developing countries.
Extended EMF observer for wide speed range sensorless control of salient-pole synchronous motor drives

This paper presents an observer-based position sensorless control method with signal injection. An extended electromotive force (EEMF) observer is suitable for salient-pole synchronous motors, because position information of EMF and saliency are both included. Signal injection is needed to make use of the position information of saliency at low speed. However, observer consists of a low-pass filter. Therefore, position information of saliency has not been used enough for the EEMF observer. In this paper, signal injection method without torque ripple is applied to make effective use of the EEMF observer at low speed. The signal frequency can be selected in a bandwidth of the observer. Then, position estimation method based on heterodyne detection with the filter of the EEMF observer is proposed. The proposed technique makes it possible to expand the operating range of the EEMF observer to lower speed. The validity of the proposed control is confirmed by experiments.
On Real-Time Requirements in Specification-Le vel UML Models

The designof software systemsusually advancesfrom abstractto more concerete.Unfortunately, properspecificationof real-timerelatedissues hasoftenbeenpostponedto theimplementationphase,potentiallyleadingto increasedcomplexity in design.This hasat leastpartly beendue to the lack of suitableabstractionsand notationsfor expressingreal-timerequirementsat an abstractlevel,usinge.g. usecases. In thispaper , weintroduceanapproach, where use-caselevel behavioral specificationscanbeaugmentedwith real-timeproperties.We alsoshow that thesepropertiescanbe treatedasa separateissuefrom theunderlyingbehavior for e.g.easedreasoning.In addition,we will briefly discusstheverificationandvalidationof suchspecificationsfrom theviewpoint of automatedtool support.
A new biphenyl from Clusia melchiorii and a new tocotrienol from C. obdeltifolia

Chromatographic purification of the dichloromethane extract of Clusia melchiorii trunk leading to the isolation of a new biphenyl, 2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxi-7-phenylchromene, along with the known compounds 2,2-dimethyl-5,10-dihydro-2H-benzo[g]chromene-5,10-dione (xyloidone), betulinic acid, friedelin, friedelinol, euphol, sitostenone, stigmastenone and a mixture of b-sitosterol and stigmasterol. The hexane extract of Clusia obdeltifolia trunk yielded, after chromatographic fractionation, a new d-tocotrienilic alcohol 2Z, 6E, 10E-13-(6-hydroxy-2,8-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H,2-chromenyl)-2,6,10-trimethyl-2,6, 10-tridecatrien-1-ol, along with 2Z and 2E-d-tocotrienoloic acids, betulinic acid, betulonic acid, betunilic aldehyde, glutinol, friedelin, sitostenone and a mixture of b-sitosterol and stigmasterol. Their structures were determined from spectral data and comparison with data from previously reported compounds.
Impact of Commercial Strain Use on Saccharomyces cerevisiae Population Structure and Dynamics in Pinot Noir Vineyards and Spontaneous Fermentations of a Canadian Winery

Wine is produced by one of two methods: inoculated fermentation, where a commercially-produced, single Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) yeast strain is used; or the traditional spontaneous fermentation, where yeast present on grape and winery surfaces carry out the fermentative process. Spontaneous fermentations are characterized by a diverse succession of yeast, ending with one or multiple strains of S. cerevisiae dominating the fermentation. In wineries using both fermentation methods, commercial strains may dominate spontaneous fermentations. We elucidate the impact of the winery environment and commercial strain use on S. cerevisiae population structure in spontaneous fermentations over two vintages by comparing S. cerevisiae populations in aseptically fermented grapes from a Canadian Pinot Noir vineyard to S. cerevisiae populations in winery-conducted fermentations of grapes from the same vineyard. We also characterize the vineyard-associated S. cerevisiae populations in two other geographically separate Pinot Noir vineyards farmed by the same winery. Winery fermentations were not dominated by commercial strains, but by a diverse number of strains with genotypes similar to commercial strains, suggesting that a population of S. cerevisiae derived from commercial strains is resident in the winery. Commercial and commercial-related yeast were also identified in the three vineyards examined, although at a lower frequency. There is low genetic differentiation and S. cerevisiae population structure between vineyards and between the vineyard and winery that persisted over both vintages, indicating commercial yeast are a driver of S. cerevisiae population structure. We also have evidence of distinct and persistent populations of winery and vineyard-associated S. cerevisiae populations unrelated to commercial strains. This study is the first to characterize S. cerevisiae populations in Canadian vineyards.
Burden of USA hospital charges for traumatic brain injury

ABSTRACT Objectives: This study sought to estimate charges associated with USA hospital visits for traumatic brain injury (TBI), compare charges from 2006–2010 and evaluate factors associated with higher charges. Methods: The Nationwide Emergency Department Sample database, 2006–2010, was used to estimate charges for emergency department visits and inpatient hospital stays associated with TBI and trends in charges over time were compared. Multivariable linear regression was used to evaluate factors associated with visit charges. Results: In 2010, there were $21.4 billion (95% confidence interval (CI) = $17.7–$25.2 billion) in charges for TBI-related admissions, an increase of 22% from 2006. Charges for ED visits resulting in discharge or transfer were $8.2 billion (95% CI = $7.4–$8.9 billion), an increase of 94% from 2006. The proportion of charges for TBI-related visits was disproportionately higher than the proportion of visits for TBI across all years of the study (p < 0.001). Patient age and gender, West region, trauma centre status, non-paediatric hospital designation, metropolitan location and hospital ownership were independently associated with higher charges. Conclusions: There was a substantial charge burden from TBI-related hospital visits and charges increased disproportionately to visit volume. There are patient and hospital factors independently associated with higher charges. These findings, as well as methods to reduce the charge burden and charge disparities, deserve further study.
Therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of cytomegalovirus infection

Introduction: CMV remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients, particularly following allogeneic haematopoietic transplantation. This reflects the inability of depressed host immunity to contain viral replication, principally through the loss of T-cell function. There is a clear rationale for the restoration of CMV-specific immunity using adoptive T-cell immunotherapy. Areas covered: This review analyses current treatment strategies for prophylaxis and preemptive treatment of CMV with a particular focus on patients following allogeneic haematopoietic transplantation. The main emphasis of this review is the role of adoptive T-cell therapy, particularly some of the newer direct selection technologies that allow the rapid generation of a GMP-compliant cellular product. Relevant studies were selected from PubMed. Search terms: allogeneic transplant, cytomegalovirus, multidrug-resistant virus, adoptive T-cell therapy. Expert Opinion: A number of early studies showed that T-cell therapies can be delivered safely and are efficacious. However, they relied on culture techniques that make wider application difficult. Newer direct selection techniques have allowed production of cellular products more rapidly, cheaply, and to GMP standards. Clinical trials will help define the role of these cellular products, which have the potential to alter our entire approach to the treatment of CMV infection.