Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the $3$-representations of groups and the $2$-categorical Traces

To $2$-categorify the theory of group representations, we introduce the notions of the $3$-representation of a group in a strict $3$-category and the strict $2$-categorical action of a group on a strict $2$-category. We also $2$-categorify the concept of the trace by introducing the $2$-categorical trace of a $1$-endomorphism in a strict $3$-category. For a $3$-representation $\rho$ of a group $G$ and an element $f$ of $G$, the $2$-categorical trace $\mathbb{T}r_2 \rho_f $ is a category. Moreover, the centralizer of $f$ in $G$ acts categorically on this $2$-categorical trace. We construct the induced strict $2$-categorical action of a finite group, and show that the $2$-categorical trace $ \mathbb{T}r_2$ takes an induced strict $2$-categorical action into an induced categorical action of the initia groupoid. As a corollary, we get the $3$-character formula of the induced strict $2$-categorical action.
Supporting customized failure models for distributed software

The cost of employing software fault tolerance techniques in distributed systems is strongly related to the type of failures to be tolerated. For example, in terms of the amount of redundancy required and execution time, tolerating a processor crash is much cheaper than tolerating arbitrary (or Byzantine) failures. This paper describes an approach to constructing configurable services for distributed systems that allows easy customization of the type of failures to tolerate. Using this approach, it is possible to configure custom services across a spectrum of possibilities, from a very efficient but unreliable server group that does not tolerate any failures, to a less efficient but reliable group that tolerates crash, omission, timing, or arbitrary failures. The approach is based on building configurable services as collections of software modules called micro-protocols. Each micro-protocol implements a different semantic property or property variant, and interacts with other micro-protocols using an event-driven model provided by a runtime system. In addition to facilitating the choice of failure model, the approach allows service properties such as message ordering and delivery atomicity to be customized for each application.
Baclofen Protects Primary Rat Retinal Ganglion Cells from Chemical Hypoxia-Induced Apoptosis Through the Akt and PERK Pathways

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) consume large quantities of energy to convert light information into a neuronal signal, which makes them highly susceptible to hypoxic injury. This study aimed to investigate the potential protection by baclofen, a GABAB receptor agonist of RGCs against hypoxia-induced apoptosis. Cobalt chloride (CoCl2) was applied to mimic hypoxia. Primary rat RGCs were subjected to CoCl2 with or without baclofen treatment, and RNA interference techniques were used to knock down the GABAB2 gene in the primary RGCs. The viability and apoptosis of RGCs were assessed using cell viability and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assays, Hoechst staining, and flow cytometry. The expression of cleaved caspase-3, bcl-2, bax, Akt, phospho-Akt, protein kinase RNA (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK), phospho-PERK, eIF2α, phospho-eIF2α, ATF-4 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) were measured using western blotting. GABAB2 mRNA expression was determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. Our study revealed that CoCl2 significantly induced RGC apoptosis and that baclofen reversed these effects. CoCl2-induced reduction of Akt activity was also reversed by baclofen. Baclofen prevented the activation of the PERK pathway and the increase in CHOP expression induced by CoCl2. Knockdown of GABAB2 and the inactivation of the Akt pathway by inhibitors reduced the protective effect of baclofen on CoCl2-treated RGCs. Taken together, these results demonstrate that baclofen protects RGCs from CoCl2-induced apoptosis by increasing Akt activity and by suppressing the PERK pathway and CHOP activation.
X-ray outburst of 4U 0115+634 and ROTSE observations of its optical counterpart V635 Cas

ROTSE IIId (The Robotic Optical Transient Experiment) observations of the X-ray binary system 4U 0115+634/V635 Cas obtained during 2004 June and 2005 January make it possible, for the first time, to study the correlation between optical and type II X-ray outbursts. The X-ray outburst sharply enhanced after periastron passage where the optical brightness was reduced by 0.3 mag for a few days. We interpret the sharp reduction of optical brightness as a sign of mass ejection from the outer parts of the disc of the Be star. After this sharp decrease, the optical brightness rose again and reached the pre-X-ray outburst level. Afterwards, a gradual decrease of the optical brightness followed until a minimum then a gradual increase started again. Qualitatively, the change of the optical lightcurve suggests a precession of the Be star disc of around a few hundred days. We also investigate the periodic signatures from the archival RXTE-ASM (Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer – All Sky Monitor) light curve covering a time span of ∼ 9 years. We find significant orbital modulation in the ASM light curve during the type I X-ray outburst.
Post-traumatic growth 2.5 years after the 2011 Joplin, Missouri tornado

ABSTRACT In 2011 a major tornado struck Joplin, Missouri, killing 158 and injuring 1,150 individuals. Approximately 2.5 years after this disaster, an online survey of Joplin adult residents (N = 438) was conducted to examine the relationship between disaster experience, post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptoms, communication with family, friends, and neighbors, and post-traumatic growth (PTG). Results indicate that more tornado exposure and tornado PTS symptoms were related to more PTG. In addition, engaging in more communication about the tornado with family, friends, and neighbors was related to more perceived PTG. Implications for social work practice in long-term post-disaster communities include building upon areas of growth and promoting positive interpersonal connections among survivors.
Bitext Name Tagging for Cross-lingual Entity Annotation Projection

Annotation projection is a practical method to deal with the low resource problem in incident languages (IL) processing. Previous methods on annotation projection mainly relied on word alignment results without any training process, which led to noise propagation caused by word alignment errors. In this paper, we focus on the named entity recognition (NER) task and propose a weakly-supervised framework to project entity annotations from English to IL through bitexts. Instead of directly relying on word alignment results, this framework combines advantages of rule-based methods and deep learning methods by implementing two steps: First, generates a high-confidence entity annotation set on IL side with strict searching methods; Second, uses this high-confidence set to weakly supervise the model training. The model is finally used to accomplish the projecting process. Experimental results on two low-resource ILs show that the proposed method can generate better annotations projected from English-IL parallel corpora. The performance of IL name tagger can also be improved significantly by training on the newly projected IL annotation set.
Mining Stack Overflow for discovering error patterns in SQL queries

Constructing complex queries in SQL sometimes necessitates the use of language constructs and the invocation of internal functions which inexperienced developers find hard to comprehend or which are unknown to them. In the worst case, bad usage of these constructs might lead to errors, to ineffective queries, or hamper developers in their tasks. This paper presents a mining technique for Stack Overflow to identify error-prone patterns in SQL queries. Identifying such patterns can help developers to avoid the use of error-prone constructs, or if they have to use such constructs, the Stack Overflow posts can help them to properly utilize the language. Hence, our purpose is to provide the initial steps towards a recommendation system that supports developers in constructing SQL queries. Our current implementation supports the MySQL dialect, and Stack Overflow has over 300,000 questions tagged with the MySQL flag in its database. It provides a huge knowledge base where developers can ask questions about real problems. Our initial results indicate that our technique is indeed able to identify patterns among them.
Context-Dependent Dual Role of SKI8 Homologs in mRNA Synthesis and Turnover

Eukaryotic mRNA transcription and turnover is controlled by an enzymatic machinery that includes RNA polymerase II and the 3′ to 5′ exosome. The activity of these protein complexes is modulated by additional factors, such as the nuclear RNA polymerase II-associated factor 1 (Paf1c) and the cytoplasmic Superkiller (SKI) complex, respectively. Their components are conserved across uni- as well as multi-cellular organisms, including yeast, Arabidopsis, and humans. Among them, SKI8 displays multiple facets on top of its cytoplasmic role in the SKI complex. For instance, nuclear yeast ScSKI8 has an additional function in meiotic recombination, whereas nuclear human hSKI8 (unlike ScSKI8) associates with Paf1c. The Arabidopsis SKI8 homolog VERNALIZATION INDEPENDENT 3 (VIP3) has been found in Paf1c as well; however, whether it also has a role in the SKI complex remains obscure so far. We found that transgenic VIP3-GFP, which complements a novel vip3 mutant allele, localizes to both nucleus and cytoplasm. Consistently, biochemical analyses suggest that VIP3–GFP associates with the SKI complex. A role of VIP3 in the turnover of nuclear encoded mRNAs is supported by random-primed RNA sequencing of wild-type and vip3 seedlings, which indicates mRNA stabilization in vip3. Another SKI subunit homolog mutant, ski2, displays a dwarf phenotype similar to vip3. However, unlike vip3, it displays neither early flowering nor flower development phenotypes, suggesting that the latter reflect VIP3's role in Paf1c. Surprisingly then, transgenic ScSKI8 rescued all aspects of the vip3 phenotype, suggesting that the dual role of SKI8 depends on species-specific cellular context.
Identifying the challenges and facilitators of implementing a COPD care bundle

Background Care bundles have been shown to improve outcomes, reduce hospital readmissions and reduce length of hospital stay; therefore increasing the speed of uptake and delivery of care bundles should be a priority in order to deliver more timely improvements and consistent high-quality care. Previous studies have detailed the difficulties of obtaining full compliance to bundle elements but few have described the underlying reasons for this. In order to improve future implementation this paper investigates the challenges encountered by clinical teams implementing a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) care bundle and describes actions taken to overcome these challenges. Methods An initial retrospective documentary analysis of data from seven clinical implementation teams was undertaken to review the challenges faced by the clinical teams. Three focus groups with healthcare professionals and managers explored solutions to these challenges developed during the project. Results Documentary analysis identified 28 challenges which directly impacted implementation of the COPD care bundle within five themes; staffing, infrastructure, process, use of improvement methodology and patient and public involvement. Focus groups revealed that the five most significant challenges for all groups were: staff too busy, staff shortages, lack of staff engagement, added workload of the bundle and patient coding issues. The participants shared facilitating factors used to overcome issues including: shifting perceptions to improve engagement, further education sessions to increase staff participation and gaining buy-in from managers through payment frameworks. Conclusions Maximising the impact of a care bundle relies on its successful and timely implementation. Teams implementing the COPD care bundle encountered challenges that were common to all teams and sites. Understanding and learning from the challenges faced by previous endeavours and identifying the facilitators to overcoming these barriers provides an opportunity to mitigate issues that waste time and resources, and ensures that training can be tailored to the anticipated challenges.
Effective communication of software development knowledge through community portals

Knowledge management plays an important role in many software organizations. Knowledge can be captured and distributed using a variety of media, including traditional help files and manuals, videos, technical articles, wikis, and blogs. In recent years, web-based community portals have emerged as an important mechanism for combining various communication channels. However, there is little advice on how they can be effectively deployed in a software project. In this paper, we present a first study of a community portal used by a closed source software project. Using grounded theory, we develop a model that characterizes documentation artifacts along several dimensions, such as content type, intended audience, feedback options, and review mechanisms. Our findings lead to actionable advice for industry by articulating the benefits and possible shortcomings of the various communication channels in a knowledge-sharing portal. We conclude by suggesting future research on the increasing adoption of community portals in software engineering projects.
Modeling of iron losses of permanent-magnet synchronous motors

Permanent-magnet (PM) motors offer potential energy savings as compared with induction motors because of the virtual elimination of rotor loss and the reduction of stator loss from operation near unity power factor. In PM machines, iron losses form a significant fraction of the total loss partly due to the nonsinusoidal flux density distribution. Design optimization therefore requires good means of predicting these iron losses. Finite-element analysis can be employed but this approach is cumbersome and costly when used in the many iterations needed in optimizing the design. This paper presents a set of improved approximate models for the prediction of iron loss. They can be used in design optimization programs and, since they are directly related to machine dimensions and material properties, they also provide quick insight into the effects of design changes. A time-stepped finite-element method is employed to evaluate the iron losses in a range of typical PM machines and the results are used to evaluate the adequacy of the models. The predictions of overall iron losses are then compared with measurements made on two PM motors.
Identifier-Based Context-Dependent API Method Recommendation

Reuse recommendation systems support the developer by suggesting useful API methods, classes or code snippets based on code edited in the IDE. Existing systems based on structural information, such as type and method usage, are not effective in case of general purpose types such as String. To alleviate this, we propose a recommendation system based on identifiers that utilizes the developer's intention embodied in names of variables, types and methods. We investigate the impact of several variation points of our recommendation algorithm and evaluate the approach for recommending methods from the Java and Eclipse APIs in 9 open source systems. Furthermore, we compare our recommendations to those of a structure-based recommendation system and describe a metric for predicting the expected precision of a recommendation. Our findings indicate that our approach performs significantly better than the structure-based approach.
Spirituality and psychological pain: the mediating role of social support

ABSTRACT Spirituality is a multifaceted construct, and often studied as a one- or two-dimensional variable. Recent work has resulted in the development of the RiTE model of spirituality. While preliminarily supported as a useful approach to measuring spirituality, little is known regarding its associations with other outcomes. Past studies have shown inverse associations between spirituality and psychological distress, which appears to be partially a function of social support derived from spiritual beliefs or practices. As such, the present study tested the relationship between the RiTE dimensions and psychache as mediated by multiple types of social support. Parallel mediation results from an undergraduate sample (N = 1994) showed that all three RiTE dimensions were indirectly associated with psychache via multiple forms of social support. Ritualistic and existential spirituality also displayed direct associations with psychache. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of past literature, applicable theoretical constructs, and treatment considerations.
Identification of opinions in Arabic newspapers

Identification of opinions is a set of techniques which is a part of the natural language processing, especially in the information research area. This consists in developing systems able to extract and explore the opinions existing in corpuses. The presence of important textual mass of Arabic newspapers in an electronic format requires a particular exploration technique. We intend to present in this paper a system of opinions identification, based on the model of Aila Rosà [1], representing the opinion as an object composed of four elements : predicate, source, topic and content. Two properties: polarity and intensity which are inspired from the work of Plantié Mathieu [2] and are added to this model to establish relationships between the different opinions present in the text according to their different degrees of intensity and polarity. In presenting its general architecture, our system uses several techniques such as: XML representation of opinions, semantic expansion of opinions as explained by Nicolas B [3] and finally a statistical representation of the opinions in occurrences matrix format to facilitate the calculation of the similarity between the opinions in the classification phase.
A novel approach combining recurrent neural network and support vector machines for time series classification

Echo state network (ESN) is a relatively recent type of recurrent neural network that has proved to achieve state-of-the-art performance in a variety of machine-learning tasks. This robust performance that incorporates the simplicity of ESN implementation has led to wide adoption in the machine-learning community. ESN's simplicity stems from the weights of the recurrent nodes being assigned randomly, known as the reservoir, and weights are only learnt in the output layer using a linear read-out function. In this paper, we present a novel approach that combines ESN with support vector machines (SVMs) for time series classification by replacing the linear read-out function in the output layer with SVMs with the radial basis function kernel. The proposed model has been evaluated with an Arabic digits speech recognition task. The well-known Spoken Arabic Digits Dataset, which contains 8800 instances of Arabic digits 0-9 spoken by 88 different speakers (44 males and 44 females) was used to develop and validate the suggested approach. The result of our system can be compared to the state-of-the-art models introduced by Hammami et al. (2011) and P. R. Cavalin et al. (2012) , which are the best reported results found in the literature that used the same dataset. The result shows that ESN and ESNSVMs can both provide superior performance at a 96.91% and 97.45% recognition accuracy, respectively, compared with 95.99% and 94.04% for other models. The result also shows that when using a smaller reservoir size significant differences exist in the performance of ESN and ESNSVMs, as the latter approach achieves higher accuracy by more than 15% in extreme cases.
EVOLUTION AND EXTINCTION IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT: A QUANTITATIVE‐GENETIC ANALYSIS

Because of the ubiquity of genetic variation for quantitative traits, virtually all populations have some capacity to respond evolutionarily to selective challenges. However, natural selection imposes demographic costs on a population, and if these costs are sufficiently large, the likelihood of extinction will be high. We consider how the mean time to extinction depends on selective pressures (rate and stochasticity of environmental change, and strength of selection), population parameters (carrying capacity, and reproductive capacity), and genetics (rate of polygenic mutation). We assume that in a randomly mating, finite population subject to density‐dependent population growth, individual fitness is determined by a single quantitative‐genetic character under Gaussian stabilizing selection with the optimum phenotype exhibiting directional change, or random fluctuations, or both. The quantitative trait is determined by a finite number of freely recombining, mutationally equivalent, additive loci. The dynamics of evolution and extinction are investigated, assuming that the population is initially under mutation‐selection‐drift balance. Under this model, in a directionally changing environment, the mean phenotype lags behind the optimum, but on the average evolves parallel to it. The magnitude of the lag determines the vulnerability to extinction. In finite populations, stochastic variation in the genetic variance can be quite pronounced, and bottlenecks in the genetic variance temporarily can impair the population's adaptive capacity enough to cause extinction when it would otherwise be unlikely in an effectively infinite population. We find that maximum sustainable rates of evolution or, equivalently, critical rates of environmental change, may be considerably less than 10% of a phenotypic standard deviation per generation.
Retention-Aware DRAM Assembly and Repair for Future FGR Memories

Refresh operations consume substantial energy and bandwidth in high-density dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) memory. The trend of increasing refresh overhead limits the scalability of DRAM memory that refreshes all cells at the same rate, because the refresh rate setting depends on the worst-case weak cell manufactured in unstable process technology. To cope with this issue, fine-grained refresh (FGR) is proposed to eliminate the unnecessary refresh operations caused by minor weak cells. Even JEDEC’s DDR4 DRAM specification announces the support of FGR, which is likely to evolve and become a standard in future DRAM. Unfortunately, according to our key observation, the effectiveness of FGR is greatly confined by the procedure of refresh-oblivious device integration because all memory devices within a module have to be controlled and refreshed in a lockstep way after the step of assembly. In this paper, we are the first to propose a holistic FGR-oriented DRAM optimization framework, retention-aware DRAM assembly and repair (RADAR), to enhance the effectiveness of FGR in DRAM modules. RADAR includes two novel techniques applicable at the stage of DRAM assembly. The first one is retention-aware device clustering that integrates the “compatible” devices to achieve low refresh rate through a preassembly testing and retention-aware matching method. The second technique, Microfix, exploits the hierarchical DRAM array structure and its redundancy to fix critical weak DRAM rows through fine-grained row and subarray remapping. With this optimization architecture, RADAR, the refresh overhead of DRAM dual in-line memory modules can be dramatically reduced as implied in the experiments.