Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What Does Brain Response to Neutral Faces Tell Us about Major Depression? Evidence from Machine Learning and fMRI

Introduction A considerable number of previous studies have shown abnormalities in the processing of emotional faces in major depression. Fewer studies, however, have focused specifically on abnormal processing of neutral faces despite evidence that depressed patients are slow and less accurate at recognizing neutral expressions in comparison with healthy controls. The current study aimed to investigate whether this misclassification described behaviourally for neutral faces also occurred when classifying patterns of brain activation to neutral faces for these patients. Methods Two independent depressed samples: (1) Nineteen medication-free patients with depression and 19 healthy volunteers and (2) Eighteen depressed individuals and 18 age and gender-ratio-matched healthy volunteers viewed emotional faces (sad/neutral; happy/neutral) during an fMRI experiment. We used a new pattern recognition framework: first, we trained the classifier to discriminate between two brain states (e.g. viewing happy faces vs. viewing neutral faces) using data only from healthy controls (HC). Second, we tested the classifier using patterns of brain activation of a patient and a healthy control for the same stimuli. Finally, we tested if the classifier’s predictions (predictive probabilities) for emotional and neutral face classification were different for healthy controls and depressed patients. Results Predictive probabilities to patterns of brain activation to neutral faces in both groups of patients were significantly lower in comparison to the healthy controls. This difference was specific to neutral faces. There were no significant differences in predictive probabilities to patterns of brain activation to sad faces (sample 1) and happy faces (samples 2) between depressed patients and healthy controls. Conclusions Our results suggest that the pattern of brain activation to neutral faces in depressed patients is not consistent with the pattern observed in healthy controls subject to the same stimuli. This difference in brain activation might underlie the behavioural misinterpretation of the neutral faces content by the depressed patients.
Introduction to Cryptanalysis : Attacking Stream Ciphers

This article contains an elementary introduction to the cryptanalysis of stream ciphers. Initially, a few historical examples are given to explain the core aspects of cryptography and the various properties of stream ciphers. We define the meaning of cryptographic strength and show how to identify weaknesses in a cryptosystem. Then, we show how these cryptographic weaknesses can be exploited and attacked by a number of cryptanalytic techniques. The academic literature includes many articles there use complex mathematical notations to represent trivial cryptanalytic techniques. Contrarily, this paper tries to put forward the most commonly used cryptanalytic techniques by using only simplistic and comprehensible examples. The addressed techniques are used in several scientific articles to mount practical attacks on real cryptosystems.
Rapid Nuclear Responses to Target-Derived Neurotrophins Require Retrograde Transport of Ligand–Receptor Complex

Target-derived neurotrophins initiate signals that begin at nerve terminals and cross long distances to reach the cell bodies and regulate gene expression. Neurotrophin receptors, Trks, themselves serve as retrograde signal carriers. However, it is not yet known whether the retrograde propagation of Trk activation reflects movement of Trk receptors from neurites to cell bodies or reflects serial activation of stationary Trk molecules. Here, we show that neurotrophins selectively applied to distal neurites of sensory neurons rapidly induce phosphorylation of the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and also cause a slower increase in Fos protein expression. Both nuclear responses require activation of neurotrophin receptors (Trks) at distal nerve endings and retrograde propagation of Trk activation to the nerve cell bodies. Using photobleach and recovery techniques to follow biologically active, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged BDNF receptors (TrkB-GFP) in live cells during retrograde signaling, we show that TrkB-GFP moves rapidly from neurites to the cell bodies. This rapid movement requires ligand binding, Trk kinase activity, and intact axonal microtubules. When they reach the cell bodies, the activated TrkB receptors are in a complex with ligand. Thus, the retrograde propagation of activated TrkB from neurites to cell bodies, although rapid, reflects microtubule-dependent transport of phosphorylated Trk–ligand complexes. Moreover, the relocation of activated Trk receptors from nerve endings to cell bodies is required for nuclear signaling responses. Together, these data support a model of retrograde signaling whereby rapid vesicular transport of ligand–receptor complex from the neurites to the cell bodies mediates the nuclear responses.
A Topological Approach for Handling Triangle Insertion and Removal into Two-Dimensional Unstructured Meshes

Several algorithms for generating two-dimensional unstructured meshes use triangle insertion and removal as their basic operations. This work presents a robust mathematical framework, based on Morse Theory, which allows full control of the topological changes caused by the insertion or removal of triangles into 2D meshes. Topological control is ensured by a set of Morse operators and simplifies both the maintenance of the data structures representing the meshes and the implementation of algorithms based on triangle insertion and removal. A new topological data structure for use in connection with Morse operators, capable of handling singular vertices and multiple boundary curves is also introduced.
Um panorama analítico-comportamental sobre os transtornos de ansiedade

This work aims to present an analysis from the standpoints of Skinner's radical behaviorism about the variables involved in the psychiatric problems denominated as anxiety disorder. At first, anxiety is defined as a clinical phenomenon and as a theoretical construct. The behavioral literature emphasizes avoidance and elimination responses, and the selection of standardized therapeutic procedures due to that emphasis. They are then discussed considering the current non-observance of other environmental relevant variables. The article suggests that other functional relationships than avoidance can be detected, as focus of the intervention. Respondent and operant relationships that compose the client's behavior repertoire that is diagnosed as anxiety disorder are analyzed, including the interaction among operant and respondent contingencies, aversive control, stimuli control, superior order response classes and establishing operations such as privation and aversive stimulation. At last, a model that integrates the relationships involved in the clinical patterns in focus is presented and possible therapeutic strategies are suggested.
THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NUCLEOLUS IN MERISTEMATIC PLANT CELLS

The architecture of the nucleolus in Allium porum and Triticum vulgare meristematic cells has been investigated by means of digestions with various enzymes. After staining with azure B at pH4, plant nucleoli exhibit lighter regions which, under electron microscopy, correspond to the fibrillar zones characterizing these organelles. Evidence is presented indicating that these latter zones contain coarse convoluted filaments quite similar to the loops first demonstrated by La Cour (24) and which are assumed to originate from the nucleolar-organizing chromosomes. These coarse, 0. 2µ wide filaments are remarkably resistant to the action of deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease, pepsin, trypsin, or of various combinations of these enzymes and, moreover, they show insignificant incorporation of labeled thymidine even after long exposure to this DNA precursor. The clearing action of pepsin on different regions of the nucleolus lends support to the hypothesis that an amorphous material or matrix pervades the mass of this organelle. This effect is particularly striking within the particulate nucleolar zones themselves. Both ribonuclease and trypsin disorganize the RNP (ribonucleoprotein) nucleolar particles. The effect of the latter enzyme on the RNP particles is taken to indicate that they contain proteins particularly susceptible to trypsin which are essential for maintenance of their morphological integrity. Trypsin also interferes with azure B-staining of the nucleolar mass as a whole and, according to radioautographic data, extracts RNA throughout this organelle. Accordingly, the hypothesis is considered that RNA is complexed with proteins not only within the particulate nucleolar portions, as is already well known, but also in the fibrillar zones.
Immunogenicity28 and 35 Has Multiple Effects on T Cell Type I IFN Induced by Adenovirus Serotypes

Recombinant adenovirus (rAd) vectors are being investigated as vaccine delivery vehicles in preclinical and clinical studies. rAds constructed from different serotypes differ in receptor usage, tropism, and ability to activate cells, aspects of which likely contribute to their different immunogenicity proﬁles. In this study, we compared the infectivity and cell stimulatory capacity of recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5), recombinant adenovirus serotype 28 (rAd28), and recombinant adenovirus serotype 35 (rAd35) in association with their respective immunogenicity proﬁles. We found that rAd28 and rAd35 infected and led to the in vitro maturation and activation of both human and mouse dendritic cells more efﬁciently compared with rAd5. In stark contrast to rAd5, rAd28 and rAd35 induced production of IFN- a and stimulated IFN-related intracellular pathways. However, the in vivo immunogenicity of rAd28 and rAd35 was signiﬁcantly lower than that of rAd5. Deletion of IFN- a signaling during vaccination with rAd28 and rAd35 vectors increased the magnitude of the insert-speciﬁc T cell response to levels induced by vaccination with rAd5 vector. The negative impact of IFN- a signaling on the magnitude of the T cell response could be overcome by increasing the vaccine dose, which was also associated with greater polyfunctionality and a more favorable long-term memory phenotype of the CD8 T cell response on immunogenicity, be in the design of rAd vaccine vectors. The Journal of Immunology , 2012, 188: 000–000.
Inflated Applicants: Attribution Errors in Performance Evaluation by Professionals

When explaining others' behaviors, achievements, and failures, it is common for people to attribute too much influence to disposition and too little influence to structural and situational factors. We examine whether this tendency leads even experienced professionals to make systematic mistakes in their selection decisions, favoring alumni from academic institutions with high grade distributions and employees from forgiving business environments. We find that candidates benefiting from favorable situations are more likely to be admitted and promoted than their equivalently skilled peers. The results suggest that decision-makers take high nominal performance as evidence of high ability and do not discount it by the ease with which it was achieved. These results clarify our understanding of the correspondence bias using evidence from both archival studies and experiments with experienced professionals. We discuss implications for both admissions and personnel selection practices.
A MULTI-CHANNEL/MULTI-SPEAKER ARTICULATORY DATABASE FOR CONTINUOUS SPEECH RECOGNITION RESEARCH

The goal of this research is to improve the performance of a speaker-independent Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) system by using directly measured articulatory parameters in the training phase. This paper examines the need for a multi-channel/multi-speaker articulatory database and describes the design of such a database and the processes involved in its creation.
Transient Overexpression of adh8a Increases Allyl Alcohol Toxicity in Zebrafish Embryos

Fish embryos are widely used as an alternative model to study toxicity in vertebrates. Due to their complexity, embryos are believed to more resemble an adult organism than in vitro cellular models. However, concerns have been raised with respect to the embryo's metabolic capacity. We recently identified allyl alcohol, an industrial chemical, to be several orders of magnitude less toxic to zebrafish embryo than to adult zebrafish (embryo LC50 = 478 mg/L vs. fish LC50 = 0.28 mg/L). Reports on mammals have indicated that allyl alcohol requires activation by alcohol dehydrogenases (Adh) to form the highly reactive and toxic metabolite acrolein, which shows similar toxicity in zebrafish embryos and adults. To identify if a limited metabolic capacity of embryos indeed can explain the low allyl alcohol sensitivity of zebrafish embryos, we compared the mRNA expression levels of Adh isoenzymes (adh5, adh8a, adh8b and adhfe1) during embryo development to that in adult fish. The greatest difference between embryo and adult fish was found for adh8a and adh8b expression. Therefore, we hypothesized that these genes might be required for allyl alcohol activation. Microinjection of adh8a, but not adh8b mRNA led to a significant increase of allyl alcohol toxicity in embryos similar to levels reported for adults (LC50 = 0.42 mg/L in adh8a mRNA-injected embryos). Furthermore, GC/MS analysis of adh8a-injected embryos indicated a significant decline of internal allyl alcohol concentrations from 0.23-58 ng/embryo to levels below the limit of detection (< 4.6 µg/L). Injection of neither adh8b nor gfp mRNA had an impact on internal allyl alcohol levels supporting that the increased allyl alcohol toxicity was mediated by an increase in its metabolization. These results underline the necessity to critically consider metabolic activation in the zebrafish embryo. As demonstrated here, mRNA injection is one useful approach to study the role of candidate enzymes involved in metabolization.
Generalized Modeling of Multilink Cable-Driven Manipulators With Arbitrary Routing Using the Cable-Routing Matrix

Multilink cable-driven manipulators offer the compactness of serial mechanisms while benefitting from the advantages of cable-actuated systems. One major challenge in modeling multilink cable-driven manipulators is that the number of combinations in the possible cable-routing increases exponentially with the number of rigid bodies. In this paper, a generalized model for multilink cable-driven serial manipulators with an arbitrary number of links that allow for arbitrary cable routing is presented. Introducing the cable-routing matrix (CRM), it is shown that all possible cable routing can be encapsulated into a single representation. The kinematics and dynamics for the generalized model are derived with respect to the CRM. The advantages of the proposed representation include the simplicity and convenience in modeling and analysis, where all cable routing is inherently considered in a single model. To illustrate this, the inverse dynamics analysis is performed for two example systems: a 2-link 4-DoF manipulator that is actuated by 6 cables and an 8-link 24-DoF mechanism actuated by 76 cables. The results show the validity and scalability of the generalized formulation, allowing for complex systems with arbitrary cable routing to be modeled and analyzed.
A behavioral approach to human-robot communication

Robots are increasingly capable of co-existing with human beings in the places where we live and work. I believe, however, for robots to collaborate and assist human beings in their daily lives, new methods are required for enhancing human-robot communication. In this dissertation, I focus on how a robot can acquire and refine expressive and receptive communication skills with human beings. I hypothesize that communication has its roots in motor behavior and present an approach that is unique in the following aspects: (1) representations of humans and the skills for interacting with them are learned in the same way as the robot learns to interact with other “objects,” (2) expressive behavior naturally emerges as the result of the robot discovering new utility in existing manual behavior in a social context, and (3) symmetry in communicative behavior can be exploited to bootstrap the learning of receptive behavior. Experiments have been designed to evaluate the approach: (1) as a computational framework for learning increasingly comprehensive models and behavior for communicating with human beings and, (2) from a human-robot interaction perspective that can adapt to a variety of human behavior. Results from these studies illustrate that the robot successfully acquired a variety of expressive pointing gestures using multiple limbs and eye gaze, and the perceptual skills with which to recognize and respond to similar gestures from humans. Due to variations in human reactions over the training subjects, the robot developed a preference for certain gestures over others. These results support the experimental hypotheses and offer insights for extensions of the computation framework and experimental designs for future studies.
A power management architecture for fast per-core DVFS in heterogeneous MPSoCs

This paper presents a power management architecture for MPSoCs that allows fast switching between multiple onchip supply voltage levels per core. Operation is based on distinct scenarios for power-up and supply level change, with individual numbers of pre-charge switches for supply noise reduction. The power management controller is highly configurable for adaption to a wide range of supply network parasitics in heterogeneous MPSoCs. This architecture has been validated by measurements in 65nm CMOS technology. Power-up and DVFS level changes can be performed in less than 20ns with reduced parasitic voltage drop of active cores.
Fractionalization and localization of distinct frontal lobe processes: Evidence from focal lesions in humans

This chapter summarizes a decade or more of research on the functions of the frontal lobes through the study of patients with pathology restricted to that region. It begins with one assumption: there is no unitary frontal lobe process, no central executive. Evidence is presented to demonstrate that different cognitive processes can be related to distinct regions of the frontal lobes. A very brief review of the relation of less cognitive human abilities, such as humor appreciation and theory of mind, provides some support that even higher human abilities depend on the interaction of more distinct localizable functions. The chapter then moves from the location of distinct processes to the interaction of these in networks and cognitive systems. Finally, it presents the implications of the review.
Abordagens atuais do programa etnomatemática : delineando um caminho para a ação pedagógica.

In this article, we present approaches for ethnomathematics as a program founded on current research in ethnomathematics as directed towards ethnographic, anthropological, and pedagogical actions studies of distinct cultural groups. In the current context, there is a great necessity for ethnomathematics-based programs to identify and seek teaching-learning practices directed towards pedagogical action. The great challenge for researchers in ethnomathematics is to further elaborate studies and pedagogical practices that are in accordance with the philosophical-theoretical objectives of this program. As well, we outline a curriculum proposal based on the “trivium” literacy, matheracy, and technocracy that permits the development of school-based activities based on an ethnomathematics perspective. Key Words: Pedagogical Action. Ethnomathematics. Pedagogical Practices. Curriculum. Mathematization.
Portal Access to Parallel Visualization of Scientific Data on the Grid

Visualizing extremely large and time-variant data presents a challenge in overcoming slow disk and network access. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, used to model mesoscale weather phenomena, generates large amounts of storm system information that is visualized to better understand storm formation. WRF faces these caveats in disk and network bandwidth limitations. Using the open-source Visualization ToolKit (VTK) and the additional functionality of ParallelVTK, we devised an effective solution to view these data sets at a visually pleasing frame rate. In addition to viewing the data sets in real-time, it is also feasible to render off-screen and create a movie for reusable viewing. These remote jobs can be formed and launched from a remote portal environment using grid tools.
Shift toward prior knowledge confers a perceptual advantage in early psychosis and psychosis-prone healthy individuals

Significance Perceiving things that are not there and holding unfounded, bizarre beliefs (hallucinations and delusions, respectively) are psychotic symptoms that occur in particular syndromes including affective psychoses, paranoid states, and schizophrenia. We studied the emergence of this loss of contact with reality based on current models of normal brain function. Working with clinical individuals experiencing early psychosis and nonclinical individuals with high levels of psychosis proneness, we show that their visual perception is characterized by a shift that favors prior knowledge over incoming sensory evidence. Given that these alterations in information processing are evident early on in psychosis and even in association with subtle perceptual changes indicating psychosis proneness, they may be important factors contributing to the emergence of severe mental illnesses. Many neuropsychiatric illnesses are associated with psychosis, i.e., hallucinations (perceptions in the absence of causative stimuli) and delusions (irrational, often bizarre beliefs). Current models of brain function view perception as a combination of two distinct sources of information: bottom-up sensory input and top-down influences from prior knowledge. This framework may explain hallucinations and delusions. Here, we characterized the balance between visual bottom-up and top-down processing in people with early psychosis (study 1) and in psychosis-prone, healthy individuals (study 2) to elucidate the mechanisms that might contribute to the emergence of psychotic experiences. Through a specialized mental-health service, we identified unmedicated individuals who experience early psychotic symptoms but fall below the threshold for a categorical diagnosis. We observed that, in early psychosis, there was a shift in information processing favoring prior knowledge over incoming sensory evidence. In the complementary study, we capitalized on subtle variations in perception and belief in the general population that exhibit graded similarity with psychotic experiences (schizotypy). We observed that the degree of psychosis proneness in healthy individuals, and, specifically, the presence of subtle perceptual alterations, is also associated with stronger reliance on prior knowledge. Although, in the current experimental studies, this shift conferred a performance benefit, under most natural viewing situations, it may provoke anomalous perceptual experiences. Overall, we show that early psychosis and psychosis proneness both entail a basic shift in visual information processing, favoring prior knowledge over incoming sensory evidence. The studies provide complementary insights to a mechanism by which psychotic symptoms may emerge.