Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Women and tobacco in Indonesia

OBJECTIVES To present a broad exploration of the relationship of women and tobacco in Indonesia and to describe action on tobacco and health specific to women taken by government and non-government agencies. DATA SOURCES Published and unpublished prevalence surveys, official documents, vernacular newspapers, secondary sources, unstructured interviews, and personal observations. STUDY SELECTION Data on smoking prevalence among women was primarily sought from official household surveys but several smaller scale local surveys were also examined. The only representative national household data on smoking prevalence from 1995 suggested a national prevalence for occasional and regular smoking of 2.6% for women aged 20 years or older. Smaller, local level surveys had reported rates varying from 4% for junior high school girls, and 2.9% for women undergraduates at a provincial university, to 6.4% of women in a representative sample in Jakarta. Claims that the incidence of female smoking is increasing cannot be confirmed due to an absence of comparable national longitudinal data. CONCLUSION Although Indonesian women are conspicuous in growing and processing tobacco, their rates of smoking are low in comparison with their male compatriots and internationally. Anecdotal evidence suggests that their disinclination to smoke is commonly attributed to cultural values, which stigmatise women smokers as morally flawed, while at the same time sanctioning smoking by men. Although there is little evidence of tobacco advertising directly targeting women, Indonesian health activists interviewed by the author felt that women are increasingly taking up smoking due to a weakening of stigma and to Western cultural influences. Cultural factors in the low rates of smoking among Indonesian women deserve closer investigation as they have proved to be a major source of health protection, albeit within a stigmatising context. More also needs to be known about the dynamics of female tobacco use in Indonesia and the factors contributing to marked geographical variations in smoking prevalence.
E-government in outlying regions: A manager's perspective

Governments are providing their citizens with more and more electronic services. However, little is known about how e-government services are appropriated in outlying regions. In this paper, we analyze the needs and barriers to e-government through the lenses of managers in these regions. To this end, an exploratory research is undertaken in four outlying regions of Quebec, Canada. The focus is on the adoption of e-government services through a "bottom-up" approach. We describe how these services are perceived by public and parapublic organizations in order to offer solutions designed for outlying regions. In general, when designing online services, a range of social, economic, and demographic factors need to be taken into account. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Remodeling of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Elite Athletes After Long-Term Deconditioning

Background—The clinical significance and long-term consequences of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy associated with intensive athletic conditioning remain unresolved. Methods and Results—We prospectively evaluated 40 elite male athletes who had shown marked LV cavity enlargement of ≥60 mm, wall thickness of ≥13 mm, or both in a longitudinal fashion with serial echocardiograms, initially at peak training (age 24±4 years) and subsequently after a long-term deconditioning period (1 to 13 years; mean, 5.6±3.8). After detraining, LV cavity dimension decreased by 7% (61.2±2.9 to 57.2±3.1 mm;P <0.001), maximum wall thickness by 15% (12.0±1.3 to 10.1±0.8 mm;P <0.001), and mass normalized to height by 28% (194±25 to 140±21 g/m;P <0.001). However, individual subject analysis showed persistent substantial cavity dilatation (≥60 mm) in 9 athletes (22%); in contrast, wall thickness returned to normal in each athlete. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that approximately 50% of the incomplete reduction in cavity dimension was explained by increased body weight and recreational physical activity performed during the follow-up period. No athlete had developed cardiac symptoms, impaired exercise performance, or evidence of LV dysfunction. Conclusions—LV remodeling was evident after long-term detraining, with significant reduction in cavity size and normalization of wall thickness. Resolution of cavity enlargement was, however, incomplete in most cases, and substantial chamber dilatation persisted in >20% of athletes. The possibility that this residual LV hypertrophy, apparently part of the athlete’s heart syndrome, may have future long-term clinical implications in some individuals cannot be excluded with certainty.
Augmenting Approximate Similarity Searching with Lexical Information

Accurately representing synonymy using distributional similarity requires large volumes of data to reliably represent infrequent words. However, the naive nearest-neighbour approach to compare context vectors extracted from large corpora scales poorly. The Spatial Approximation Sample Hierarchy (SASH) is a data-structure for performing approximate nearest-neighbour queries, and has been previously used to improve the scalability of distributional similarity searches. We add lexical semantic information from WordNet to the SASH in an attempt to improve the accuracy and efficiency of similarity searches.
Damuri , Atje , and Gaduh 1 Integration and Specialization in East Asia

The 1990s saw East Asia becoming more integrated as trade barriers fell, trade intensity and intra-industry trade increased, and production networks formed. This greater integration has resulted in changing patterns of trade specialization in the region, as different economies adjust. Some economies (especially resource-rich economies) maintain their top trade-specialty products, while others move towards higher-productivity manufacturing goods. Nonetheless, we observe in all East Asian countries in our study a trend towards specializing in products with higher sophistication and technological intensity. Meanwhile, our examination of the product specialization mobility and our empirical analysis suggest no indication of East Asian countries being in a "low-productivity specialization trap" which would disable them from shifting their specialization towards higher-productivity and higher-value goods.
Automatically generated patches as debugging aids: a human study

Recent research has made significant progress in automatic patch generation, an approach to repair programs with less or no manual intervention. However, direct deployment of auto-generated patches remains difficult, for reasons such as patch quality variations and developers' intrinsic resistance. In this study, we take one step back and investigate a more feasible application scenario of automatic patch generation, that is, using generated patches as debugging aids. We recruited 95 participants for a controlled experiment, in which they performed debugging tasks with the aid of either buggy locations (i.e., the control group), or generated patches of varied qualities. We observe that: a) high-quality patches significantly improve debugging correctness; b) such improvements are more obvious for difficult bugs; c) when using low-quality patches, participants' debugging correctness drops to an even lower point than that of the control group; d) debugging time is significantly affected not by debugging aids, but by participant type and the specific bug to fix. These results highlight that the benefits of using generated patches as debugging aids are contingent upon the quality of the patches. Our qualitative analysis of participants' feedback further sheds light on how generated patches can be improved and better utilized as debugging aids.
한국형 기업의 사회적 책임활동 측정을 위한 척도 개발 연구

그 동안 기업의 사회적 책임활동에 대한 척도개발이 국·내외적으로 일부 연구자들에서 수행되어져 왔지만, 기업의 사회적 책임활동을 측정하고 있는 구성개념(측정항목)들에 대한 이론적 배경의 결핍과 기업의 네 가지 사회적 책임활동 차원이 과연 서로 이질적인 차원인지에 대한 의문이 제기 되었다. 또한, 기업의 사회적 책임활동과 관련된 지난 30년간 발표된 정량적 분석에 의하면, 대부분의 연구들이 측정항목과 방법론 측면에서 많은 문제점을 보이고 있다. 이처럼 기업의 사회적 책임활동 (CSR)에 대한 학문적 관심은 오래 지속되고 있지만, 기업의 사회적 책임차원 (경제적, 법률적, 윤리적, 자선적 책임)에 대하여 소비자들이 어떻게 바라보는지, 혹은 어떻게 인지하는지에 대해 측정할 수 있는 척도가 미흡한 실정이다. 특히 기업의 사회적 책임활동에 대한 척도가 서구사회 위주로 개발되어 국내에서 인용되다 보니, 국내 특성에 맞는 기업의 사회적 책임활동을 측정할 수 있는 척도가 미흡하였다. 이에 본 연구는 다양한 이해관계들을 대상을 집단면접(FGI)을 실시하여 국내 상황에 맞는 척도를 개발하였고, 본 연구에서 개발된 새로운 척도가 기존 척도에 비하여 더 높은 예측력을 지니는지를 간접적으로 증명하였다. 본 연구결과를 통해 새롭게 개발된 기업의 사회적 책임활동에 대한 척도는 다음과 같다. 우선, 경제적 책임은 ‘제품의 품질개선 노력’, ‘고객의 불평처리에 대한 체계구축’, ‘이윤창출을 통한 국가 경제발전 이바지’, ‘고용창출 노력’, 법률적 책임으로는 ‘법적 기준 준수’, ‘직원들의 복지추구와 고용관련법 준수’, ‘명시된 계약적 책임이행’, ‘기업경영 관련법 준수’, ‘소비자보호법 준수’, 윤리적 책임으로는 ‘윤리강령 지침마련’, ‘과장광고나 허위광고’, ‘투명경영’, ‘사업파트너와의 공정한 거래’, 자선적 책임으로는 ‘지역사회와의 협력사업’, ‘스포츠 및 문화활동 지원’, ‘지역사회 봉사’, ‘사회환원’등이다. 본 연구결과는 국내 기업들에게 경제적 책임활동의 중요성을 다시 한 번 인지시키고 있으며, 특히 국내 기업들에게 자사의 사회적 책임활동을 진단하는데 중요한 실무적인 시사점을 제시할 것이다.
Language models for automatic speech recognition : construction and complexity control

The language model is one of the key components of a large vocabulary continuous speech recognition system. Huge text corpora can be used for training the language models. In this thesis, methods for extracting the essential information from the training data and expressing the information as a compact model are studied. The thesis is divided in three main parts. In the first part, the issue of choosing the best base modeling unit for the prevalent language modeling method, n-gram language modeling, is examined. The experiments are focused on morpheme-like subword units, although syllables are also tried. Rule-based grammatical methods and unsupervised statistical methods for finding morphemes are compared with the baseline word model. The Finnish cross-entropy and speech recognition experiments show that significantly more efficient models can be created using automatically induced morpheme-like subword units as the basis of the language model. In the second part, methods for choosing the n-grams that have explicit probability estimates in the n-gram model are studied. Two new methods specialized on selecting the n-grams for Kneser-Ney smoothed n-gram models are presented, one for pruning and one for growing the model. The methods are compared with entropy-based pruning and Kneser pruning. Experiments on Finnish and English text corpora show that the proposed pruning method gives considerable improvements over the previous pruning algorithms for Kneser-Ney smoothed models and also is better than entropy pruned GoodTuring smoothed model. Using the growing algorithm for creating a starting point for the pruning algorithm further improves the results. The improvements in Finnish speech recognition over the other Kneser-Ney smoothed models were significant as well. To extract more information from the training corpus, words should not be treated as independent tokens. The syntactic and semantic similarities of the words should be taken into account in the language model. The last part of this thesis explores, how these similarities can be modeled by mapping the words into continuous space representations. A language model formulated in the state-space modeling framework is presented. Theoretically, the state-space language model has several desirable properties. The state dimension should determine, how much the model is forced to generalize. The need to learn long-term dependencies should be automatically balanced with the need to remember the short-term dependencies in detail. The experiments show that training a model that fulfills all the theoretical promises is hard: the training algorithm has high computational complexity and it mainly finds local minima. These problems still need further research. Siivola, V. (2007): Kielimallit automaattisessa puheentunnistuksessa: luonti ja kompleksisuuden hallinta. Tohtorin vaitoskirja, Teknillinen Korkeakoulu, Dissertations in Computer and Information Science, raportti D21, Espoo, Suomi.
The distribution of water‐monitoring organizations across states

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to draw upon concepts in community‐oriented policing in order to explore the distribution of citizen water‐monitoring organizations and their role in community environmental policing, in order to address the issue of environmental justice. The empirical portion of the analysis examines the distribution of these organizations across states, and the relationship of this distribution to social inequity.Design/methodology/approach – This study design is cross‐sectional in nature and examines the distribution and density of 1,308 citizen water‐monitoring organizations across states. Ordinary least squares regression is used to examine the relationship between the density and social disadvantage while controlling for environmental enforcement patterns, rates of non‐compliance, water quality, region of the country, water area, and coastal states.Findings – Race and ethnicity are negatively correlated with the density of water‐monitoring organizations across states. Median h.
Enriching a Thai Lexical Database with Selectional Preferences

A statistical corpus-based approach for acquiring selectional preferences of verbs is proposed. By parsing through text corpora, we obtain examples of context nouns that are considered to be the selectional preferences of a given verb. The approach is to generalize initial noun classes to the most appropriate levels on a semantic hierarchy. We present an iterative algorithm for generalization by combining an agglomerative merging and a model selection technique called the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). In our experiments, we consider the Web as the large corpora. We also propose approaches for extracting examples from the Web. Preliminarily experimental results are given to show the feasibility and effectiveness of our approach.
Characterization of Inhibitory Effect of Carbapenem Antibiotics on the Deconjugation of Valproic Acid Glucuronide

Serum concentrations of valproic acid (VPA) are markedly decreased by coadministration of carbapenem antibiotics (CBPMs). Although inhibition of deconjugation of VPA-glucuronide (VPA-G) to VPA by CBPMs has been proposed as one of the mechanisms to account for this drug-drug interaction, little information is available on the mode of inhibition. In the present study, we characterized the enzyme involved in the deconjugation of VPA-G by using human and rat liver cytosol. It is suggested that 1) deconjugation activity inhibited by CBPMs may be selective for VPA-G, 2) deconjugation of VPA-G may be mediated by enzyme(s) other than β-glucuronidase, and 3) the irreversible inactivation may be responsible for the inhibition of deconjugation of VPA-G by CBPMs. Finally, the kinetic parameters for inactivation (K′app and kinact) were determined for four CBPMs of diverse structure from in vitro experiments. Based on the results of simulation analyses with these parameters and the degradation rate constant of the putative VPA-G deconjugation enzyme obtained from experiments using rats, it is probable that the deconjugation enzyme for VPA-G in the liver is rapidly and mostly inactivated by these CBPMs under clinical situations.
Interactive contour deformation of an object using Graph cut

This paper presents the possibility of deformation of the object contours using Graph cut method. The user interactively defines the contour of the object based on own requirements for segmentation. The procedure proposed in this article seeks global optimal solution Graph cut segmentation for local parts of the input image versus finding a global optimal solution for the whole input image in classical Graph cut segmentation. On the basis of local segmentation the contour of the object was deformed, which was defined by the user. The advantage of local processing in this process is rapid implementation of Graph cut segmentation even if the input resolution of the image is high. Higher speed is achieved by the local segmentation determined only on the vicinity of the route initialization contour and the segmentation is not performed on the entire input image. The size of the vicinity of the initialization contour which is taken into account by the processing of the image is determined interactively by the user. Terminals of the object and background in this procedure are determined automatically from initialization contours specified by the user. The paper presents the experimental results and comparison with the classical procedure using Graph cut segmentation.
Quantitative Multicolor Super-Resolution Microscopy Reveals Tetherin HIV-1 Interaction

Virus assembly and interaction with host-cell proteins occur at length scales below the diffraction limit of visible light. Novel super-resolution microscopy techniques achieve nanometer resolution of fluorescently labeled molecules. The cellular restriction factor tetherin (also known as CD317, BST-2 or HM1.24) inhibits the release of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) through direct incorporation into viral membranes and is counteracted by the HIV-1 protein Vpu. For super-resolution analysis of HIV-1 and tetherin interactions, we established fluorescence labeling of HIV-1 proteins and tetherin that preserved HIV-1 particle formation and Vpu-dependent restriction, respectively. Multicolor super-resolution microscopy revealed important structural features of individual HIV-1 virions, virus assembly sites and their interaction with tetherin at the plasma membrane. Tetherin localization to micro-domains was dependent on both tetherin membrane anchors. Tetherin clusters containing on average 4 to 7 tetherin dimers were visualized at HIV-1 assembly sites. Combined biochemical and super-resolution analysis revealed that extended tetherin dimers incorporate both N-termini into assembling virus particles and restrict HIV-1 release. Neither tetherin domains nor HIV-1 assembly sites showed enrichment of the raft marker GM1. Together, our super-resolution microscopy analysis of HIV-1 interactions with tetherin provides new insights into the mechanism of tetherin-mediated HIV-1 restriction and paves the way for future studies of virus-host interactions.
Energy-QoS Trade-Offs in Mobile Service Selection

An attractive advantage of mobile networks is that their users can gain easy access to different services. In some cases, equivalent services could be fulfilled by different providers, which brings the question of how to rationally select the best provider among all possibilities. In this paper, we investigate an answer to this question from both quality-of-service (QoS) and energy perspectives by formulating an optimisation problem. We illustrate the theoretical results with examples from experimental measurements of the resulting energy and performance.
Candidate Searching and Key Coreference Resolution for Wikification

Wikification is the task to link textual mentions in a document to articles in Wikipedia. It comprises three main steps, namely, mention recognition, candidate generation, and entity linking. For candidate generation, existing methods use hyperlinks in Wikipedia or match a mention of discourse to Wikipedia article titles. They may miss the correct target entity and thus fail to link the mention to Wikipedia. In this paper, we propose to use a mention as a query and Wikipedia own search engine to look for additional candidate articles. Moreover, for entity linking, we introduce new coreference heuristics and apply the incremental liking approach. The conducted experiments show that our proposed method outperforms or achieves competitive results in comparison to some state-of-the-art systems, but is simpler and uses less features.
Bridging the Semantic Gap Between Ontology Versions

Ontologies evolve over time, when they are altered to correct errors, to accommodate new information or to adjust the representation of the domain. Hence there is a need for methods and means to manage the ontology evolution in order to ensure that applications using different versions of an ontology remain compatible with respect each other and metadata annotated. In this paper an ontology versioning framework is presented to enable ontology versioning. The presented approach aims to provide means for expressing the relations between modified concepts after a change has occurred, and in this way to enable compatibility and reasoning based on an ontology version history. We propose change bridges to be used as mappings between resources in successive ontology versions.
Battery-aware transformations in mobile applications

We present an adaptive binary transformation system for reducing the energy impact of advertisements and analytics in mobile applications. Our approach accommodates both the needs of mobile app developers to obtain income from advertisements and the desire of mobile device users for longer battery life. Our technique automatically identifies recurrent advertisement and analytics requests and throttles these requests based on a mobile device's battery status. Of the Android applications we analyzed, 75% have at least one connection that exhibits such recurrent requests. Our automated detection scheme classifies these requests with 100% precision and 80.5% recall. Applying the proposed battery-aware transformations to a representative mobile application reduces the power consumption of the mobile device by 5.8%, without the negative effect of completely removing advertisements.
Locating Guatemala in Global Counterinsurgency

Abstract Guatemala, a country that during the 1980s experienced one of the most lethal counterinsurgency (COIN) campaigns during the Cold War, is currently witnessing a revival of counterinsurgent order-making within the context of the global renaissance of COIN. Against this background, this article locates Guatemala within the context of the ‘global counterinsurgency’. It highlights how contemporary COIN, through depoliticizing and criminalizing forms of counterinsurgent knowledge production that frame Guatemala as a country facing a transnational ‘criminal insurgency’, becomes increasingly integrated into externally supported and community-centered ‘democratic’ police reform and neoliberal development agendas, promoted within the context of the Central America Regional Security Initiative. This integration, the article highlights, increasingly blurs the boundaries between war-making, law enforcement, peacebuilding, and development, thereby contributing to the reappearance of counterinsurgent order-making in post-conflict Guatemala.