Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A History of Macroeconometric Model-Building

This major book presents, for the first time, an authoritative history of developments in macroeconometric modelling since the 1930s. It focuses in particular on the construction of mathematico-statistical models of entire economies, estimated from national accounts and other macroeconomic data. International and comparative in scope, the book contains chapters prepared by specialists from the different countries concerned. This landmark book is indispensable to an understanding of the history and development of large scale econometric models of modern economies.
Reducing Failure Probability of cloud storage services using Multi-Clouds

Any information is valuable as long as it has related data. If related data are not put together, the information is meaningless as unrelated data has no value. The mapped information is required only by authenticated users. So there is no necessity to store related information together. If the relations of a database are fragmented into chunks and these chunks are stored at different cloud service providers, it could prevent from any privacy breach and the data stored will be secure. It would also reduce the data transfer costs as the entire data is not always required, for e.g. during updates. Also, instead of storage of chunks at a single CSP, if each chunk or fragment is stored at multiple CSPs it ensures availability and also permits concurrent access. Additionally, it would prevent financial loss during cloud outages and also prevent data lock-in. Replicating data chunks at multiple clouds situated at geographically different locations would also have an additional decrease in response time. The work attempts to select multiple cloud service providers within a given budget so as to ensure maximum availability of data. The entire data can be stored at each of the data centers selected depending on the budget when there is no security or privacy issue. Data can also be stored in chunks by replicating each data chunk at two or more cloud service providers. Different chunks can be replicated at different service providers. The work also attempts to select various cloud service providers to ensure maximum valid data chunks within a given budget.
Mechanism of ATPase-mediated Cu+ Export and Delivery to Periplasmic Chaperones

Background: It is unknown how soluble chaperones acquire Cu+ for delivery to metalloproteins and transporters. Results: Cu+ transfer from a Cu+ efflux ATPase to a periplasmic chaperone was observed. Conclusion: Specific transfer occurs after protein-protein recognition and interaction. Significance: These findings explain the requirement of multiple homologous transporters and chaperones for specificity in Cu+ delivery to alternative protein targets. Cellular copper homeostasis requires transmembrane transport and compartmental trafficking while maintaining the cell essentially free of uncomplexed Cu2+/+. In bacteria, soluble cytoplasmic and periplasmic chaperones bind and deliver Cu+ to target transporters or metalloenzymes. Transmembrane Cu+-ATPases couple the hydrolysis of ATP to the efflux of cytoplasmic Cu+. Cytosolic Cu+ chaperones (CopZ) interact with a structural platform in Cu+-ATPases (CopA) and deliver copper into the ion permeation path. CusF is a periplasmic Cu+ chaperone that supplies Cu+ to the CusCBA system for efflux to the extracellular milieu. In this report, using Escherichia coli CopA and CusF, direct Cu+ transfer from the ATPase to the periplasmic chaperone was observed. This required the specific interaction of the Cu+-bound form of CopA with apo-CusF for subsequent metal transfer upon ATP hydrolysis. As expected, the reverse Cu+ transfer from CusF to CopA was not observed. Mutation of CopA extracellular loops or the electropositive surface of CusF led to a decrease in Cu+ transfer efficiency. On the other hand, mutation of Met and Glu residues proposed to be part of the metal exit site in the ATPase yielded enzymes with lower turnover rates, although Cu+ transfer was minimally affected. These results show how soluble chaperones obtain Cu+ from transmembrane transporters. Furthermore, by explaining the movement of Cu+ from the cytoplasmic pool to the extracellular milieu, these data support a mechanism by which cytoplasmic Cu+ can be precisely directed to periplasmic targets via specific transporter-chaperone interactions.
The Associations Between Substance Use, Sexual Behaviors, Bullying, Deviant Behaviors, Health, and Cyber Dating Abuse Perpetration

Dating violence is an important public health concern and is considered to be a form of school violence. While digital technologies have enabled perpetrators of dating violence to target their victims online (cyber dating abuse), little is known about how this form of perpetration relates to specific adolescent risk behaviors. This brief research report focuses on the associations between substance use, sexual behaviors, deviant behaviors, self-reported health, and cyber dating abuse perpetration. Participants included 705 ethnically diverse adolescents (n = 408; 57.9% female) in Southeast Texas. Having had sexual intercourse or using alcohol or drugs before having sex was significantly linked with cyber dating abuse perpetration, as was poor physical health, and substance use. Consistent with limited research, we found a link between cyber dating abuse and engagement in bullying behaviors. The discussion section includes suggestions for school nurse practice and further research.
Intraocular production of a cytokine (CINC) responsible for neutrophil infiltration in endotoxin induced uveitis.

AIMS/BACKGROUND: The subcutaneous injection of bacterial endotoxin in Lewis rats produces an acute intraocular inflammation evolving over a 24 hour period. This endotoxin induced uveitis (EIU) is characterised by a biphasic protein exudation and a cellular infiltrate composed of macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). This model was used to study the mechanism of cellular infiltration in ocular inflammation. METHODS: EIU was induced by a subcutaneous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (S typhimurium) at 350 micrograms/kg. The levels of cytokine induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) were measured every 2 hours in the serum and in the aqueous humour by ELISA. The intraocular inflammation was quantified by protein measurement and leucocyte counting. RESULTS: The kinetics of CINC production in the systemic circulation showed a rapid rise, peaking 2 hours after LPS injection, followed by a progressive decline over the next 8 hours. In the eye, the CINC levels increased above the serum levels 10 hours after EIU induction corresponding to the time of cellular infiltration. When leucocyte entry in the eye was inhibited by 56% and 64% with an antiadhesion molecule antibody, there was only a slight reduction in the aqueous humour CINC levels of 9% and 16%, respectively, indicating that CINC was produced by ocular tissue cells. The specific effect of CINC in the eye was confirmed when a direct intraocular injection of 250 ng of purified CINC was followed by significant PMN infiltration, in the absence of protein exudation. CONCLUSION: The data indicate that the production of the CINC chemotactic factor by ocular tissue participates in the inflammatory reaction in EIU.
Confidentiality Enforcement Using Dynamic Information Flow Analyses

With the intensification of communication in information systems, interest in security has increased. The notion of noninterference is typically used as a baseline security policy to formalize confidentiality of secret information manipulated by a program. This notion, based on ideas from classical information theory, has first been introduced by Goguen and Meseguer (1982) as the absence of strong dependency (Cohen, 1977). "information is transmitted from a source to a destination only when variety in the source can be conveyed to the destination" Cohen (1977) Building on the notion proposed by Goguen and Meseguer, a program is typically said to be noninterfering if the values of its public outputs do not depend on the values of its secret inputs. If that is not the case then there exist illegal information flows that allow an attacker, having knowledge about the source code of the program, to deduce information about the secret inputs from the public outputs of the execution. In contrast to the vast majority of previous work on noninterference which are based on static analyses (especially type systems), this PhD thesis report considers dynamic monitoring of noninterference. A monitor enforcing noninterference is more complex than standard execution monitors. "the information carried by a particular message depends on the set it comes from. The information conveyed is not an intrinsic property of the individual message. " Ashby (1956) The work presented in this report is based on the combination of dynamic and static information flow analyses. The practicality of such an approach is demonstrated by the development of a monitor for concurrent programs including synchronization commands. This report also elaborates on the soundness with regard to noninterference and precision of such approaches.
AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NİN TÜRK KAMU YÖNETİMİNDEN DEMOKRATİKLEŞME BEKLENTİLERİ: İLERLEME RAPORLARI ÜZERİNDEN BİR ANALİZ (1998-2012)

Makalenin amaci, Avrupa Birligi’nin Turk Kamu Yonetimi’nden demokratiklesme beklentilerini ortaya koymaktir. Amac dogrultusunda Avrupa Birligi tarafindan Turkiye hakkinda yazilan, on bes ilerleme raporundaki demokratiklesme beklentileri analiz edilmistir. Beklentilerin, Turkiye’nin yonetiminde askeri burokrasinin etkililiginin azaltilarak yerine basta hukumet ve yasama olmak uzere sivillerin etkililiginin arttirilmasi; sivillerin etkililiginin artmasiyla dogru orantili olarak sivillere yonelik izleme ve denetleme mekanizmalarinin arttirilmasi; onerilen mekanizmalarin yonetisim olcutleri kullanilarak yapilandirilmasinin istendigi; beklentilere paralel donusumlerin yeni yapilarin kurulmasinin yani sira eski yapilardan bazilarinin tasfiyesiyle sonuclandigi; yapisal donusumlerin baskent teskilatinda yogunlastigi sonuclarina ulasilmistir.
A Hidden Markov Model-Based Approach with an Adaptive Threshold Model for Off-Line Arabic Handwriting Recognition

In contrast to the mainstream HMM-based approaches dedicated for the recognition of offline handwritten Arabic, this paper proposes an HMM-based approach that built upon an explicit segmentation module. And shape representative based rather than sliding window based features, are extracted and used to build a reference as well as a confirmation model for each letter in each handwritten form. Additionally, we constructed an HMM-based threshold model by ergodically connecting all letter models, in order to detect false segmentation as well as nonletter segments. IESK-arDB and IFN/ENIT databases are used for testing and evaluation of the proposed approach respectively, and satisfactory results are achieved.
Estimating Credit Spread Risk Using Extreme Value Theory

In 1998, many fixed-income investors grossly underestimated the extent of credit spread risk. The main reasons were a failure to take heavy tails into account when estimating risk, and a failure to incorporate a sufficiently long history of credit spreads into the statistic estimation process. In this article, the author provides a non-technical presentation that shows how longer-term daily data, combined with extreme value analysis, can be used to generate more accurate and more robust quintile estimates for credit spread shifts.
Evaluation of Feature Extraction Methods on Software Cost Estimation

This research investigates the effects of linear and non-linear feature extraction methods on the cost estimation performance. We use principal component analysis (PCA) and Isomap for extracting new features from observed ones and evaluate these methods with support vector regression (SVR) on publicly available datasets. Our results for these datasets indicate there is no significant difference between the performances of these linear and non-linear feature extraction methods.
Pitch Accent Use in Appalachian English

Researchers have been studying variation in the pronunciation of consonants and vowels for decades, but until recently they have given little attention to variation in prosody. When Beckman and Ayers (1994, 1997) developed the MAE ToBI (Mainstream American English Tones and Break Indices) system for analyzing intonation and phrasing, linguists gained a powerful tool for exploring this aspect of variation in American English. However, most work on intonational variation to date has focused on British English (Vizcaino-Ortega 2002, Fletcher, Grabe and Warren 2004) or Australian and New Zealand English (Fletcher, Grabe and Warren 2004). Although research has begun to be conducted on prosody in regional varieties of American English (Arvaniti and Garding 2004), this remains an area highly in need of study. In this project, I used conversational speech to analyze prosody in Appalachian English (AE), one of the most divergent, yet least described, varieties of American English (Wolfram and Christian 1976), and compare it with MAE and SAE (Southern American English). AE is spoken in the central part of the Appalachian mountain region, including parts of West Virginia, Eastern Kentucky, Eastern Tennessee, Western North Carolina, and Western Virginia. It is closely related to Southern American English (SAE) but it also shows influences of a distinctively Scots-Irish-influenced heritage. I used one-hour interviews with AE speakers from Elliott County, Kentucky, and I used data from the Switchboard Corpus for MAE and SAE speech (Godfrey et al. 1992). In closely examining the intonational patterns of AE and comparing them with those of MAE and SAE, I determined that AE overall uses a different proportion of pitch accents than the other two varieties (see Figure 1). Pierrehumbert and Hirschberg (1990) describe H* (H*) L-L% as the simple declarative tune in American English. My data suggest that this is indeed true for MAE and SAE speakers but not for AE speakers. Four of the AE speakers commonly use L+H* where others use H*, and several AE speakers use increased numbers of L* in that position. Therefore I suggest that the simple declarative tune in AE may be more nuanced and variable than in MAE or SAE, and needs further analysis.
Revisiting software-based soft error mitigation techniques via accurate error generation and propagation models

Radiation-induced soft errors are growing reliability concerns, especially in mission- and safety-critical systems. A variety of software-based fault tolerant techniques have widely been proposed and used to mitigate soft errors at the application-level. Such techniques are typically evaluated using statistical fault injection at software-visible variables of the system as fault injection at higher levels of abstraction is much faster than logic-level or Register Transfer Level (RTL). Recent studies revealed that software-based fault injection techniques are not accurate for analyzing soft errors originating in flip-flops. However, the effectiveness of such techniques for evaluation of the entire processor including register-files and cache arrays are not studied yet. In this paper, we comprehensively study the soft error rate of several workloads and their protected version using software-based fault tolerance by performing detailed error generation and propagation analysis at hardware-level. Our detailed experimental analysis shows that there is no significant correlation between the results of hardware- and software-based fault injection for the effectiveness of software-based fault tolerance. Furthermore, software-based fault injection cannot accurately model the relative improvement provided by fault tolerant software implementation, and hence, its results could be misleading.
Are Smaller Turbines the Way Forward for Wind Energy in Herefordshire

This study set out to determine the social and economic viability of a proposal that smaller turbines are 'better' for wind energy in the county of Herefordshire. The study is in two parts, an opinion poll and a technical desk study. The opinion poll was to discover variations in attitude to three sizes of turbines. Data gathered to allow sample verification also allowed investigation of how attitude varied with demographic factors. Additional questions gave estimates of public perception of WECS effectiveness related to size; and some basic findings on issues of ownership and investment. A random stratified sample of 500 county residents yielded results showing strong correlation between size and attitudes. Questions were designed to also test the 'conditional' supporter model proposed by Bell and others, which was confirmed. Older and better off groups are significantly more likely to be opposed to any size of WECS; but strongest support also includes younger better off people. Respondents over estimated output of smallest and under estimated output of largest turbines. A considerable sub population supports the technology and local ownership, appearing willing to invest. Some methodological issues remain unresolved, but the results given are considered sufficiently robust for this scale of study. The economic analysis was heavily dependant on a few meta-studies, backed up with calculations from primary data for calibration. The proposal to develop arrays of small turbines in place of large machines is revealed as unviable in energy and financial terms. A model of sub urban or industrial locations for medium and large scale WECS is proposed. In addition a community ownership model for projects at this scale is advanced as a pathway to local energy resilience, supportive participation, and energy equity.
'Exploration' in the open innovation front–end: the role of technologies

The burgeoning discussion in open and collaborative innovation has revitalised fi rms' interest in purposive infl ows and outfl ows of knowledge. This questions our understanding of 'explorative innovation' and the role of technologies in explorative innovation search. This paper aims to enhance our conceptual understanding of 'explorative' innovation strategies. On the basis of a systematic literature review, we synthesise the existing literature on explorative innovation. We identify six groups of conceptualisations that refl ect the diverse perspective towards explorative innovation. These groups differ in terms of the level of analysis, the dominating theoretical perspectives, the underlying dimensions describing how fi rms explore and search, and the relevance of external and internal conditioning factors. Overall, we found that the role of technology in explorative search varies, and has slightly changed over time. We propose a multidimensional perspective towards exploration. We highlight that technologies may serve a range of functions in the fi rm's business model.
A randomized, controlled, single-blind, 6-month pilot study to evaluate the efficacy of MS-Line!: a cognitive rehabilitation programme for patients with multiple sclerosis

Background: MS-Line! was created to provide an effective treatment for cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Objective: To assess the efficacy of MS-Line! Methods: A randomized, controlled, single-blind, 6-month pilot study. Patients were randomly assigned to an experimental group (cognitive rehabilitation with the programme) or to a control group (no cognitive rehabilitation). Randomization was stratified by cognitive impairment level. Cognitive assessment included: selective reminding test, 10/36 spatial recall test (10/36 SPART), symbol digit modalities test, paced auditory serial addition test, word list generation (WLG), FAS test, subtests of WAIS-III, Boston naming test (BNT), and trail making test (TMT). Results: Forty-three patients (22 in the experimental group, 21 in the control group) were analyzed. Covariance analysis showed significant differences in 10/36 SPART (P=0.0002), 10/36 SPART delayed recall (P=0.0021), WLG (P=0.0123), LNS (P=0.0413), BNT (P=0.0007) and TMT-A (P=0.010) scores between groups. Conclusions: The study showed a significant improvement related to learning and visual memory, executive functions, attention and information processing speed, and naming ability in those patients who received cognitive rehabilitation. The results suggest that MS-Line! is effective in improving cognitive impairment in MS patients.
Selling Costs and Switching Costs: Explaining Retail Gasoline Margins

Recent theoretical work has shown that price discrimination can take place in imperfectly competitive, as well as monopoly, markets. The persistence of higher retail margins on unleaded than on leaded gasoline during the 1980s suggests that discrimination may occur even in very competitive markets. This article studies a number of cost-based explanations for such gasoline pricing, as well as the possibility of price discrimination. The analysis indicates that gas stations discriminate against groups of customers who are less likely to switch to another station. The conclusions highlight the influence of shopping or search costs on pricing decisions, even in markets thought to be quite competitive.
Vascular imaging with positron emission tomography

Joshi F, Rosenbaum D, Bordes S, Rudd JHF (University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Groupe Hospitalier Pitié‐Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; and Instituto Cardiovascular, Madrid, Spain). Vascular imaging with positron emission tomography (Review). J Intern Med 2011; 270: 99–109.
Implementation of PSO tuned robust 2DOF PID controller for AVR system

In Power system, as the load changes the terminal voltage of the generator will also change. Automatic voltage regulator plays a major role in maintaining the constancy of the voltage. Automatic voltage regulator regulates the voltage with the help of controller to maintain the voltage stability of the power system. Two degree of Freedom Controller optimized by Particle Swarm Optimization will help to adjust the exciter voltage to ensure stable and efficient response due to transient changes in load. The controller used is robust over wide range of operating conditions and it is simple in its structure and easy to implement. The gains of the controller is optimized by the Particle Swarm Optimization to achieve a better dynamic performance, to reject the disturbance due to load and to improve the robustness with respect to parameter uncertainties which may be caused due to load variation, aging of the equipment, dielectric losses etc.
An Analysis of Thirty-Five Years of Rape Reform: A Frustrating Search for Fundamental Fairness

This article will analyze the most significant changes in the manner in which individuals who are charged with the crime of rape are prosecuted for that offense. In the last thirty five years, there has been a steady erosion of the due process rights of those accused of rape. I have designated the first stage of “reforms,” which affected the arrest, pre-trial, and trial phases of rape prosecutions, as the First Wave of rape reform. The Second Wave are the more recent changes in the law that have focused on measures, such as sexual registry or civil commitment statutes, that restrict the freedoms of those convicted of sexual assault in the hope of enhanced community safety. A thorough understanding of the rather remarkable revamping of our rape laws demands scrutiny, not only of the initial reforms, but also of the changes that have taken place in recent years such as the enactment of the Louisiana statute providing for the death penalty for aggravated rape and the eliminations of any statute of limitations requirements for the crime of rape in New York and Connecticut.