Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Will We Connect Again? Machine Learning for Link Prediction in Mobile Social Networks

In this paper we examine link prediction for two types of data sets with mobility data, namely call data records (from the MIT Reality Mining project) and location-based social networking data (from the companies Gowalla and Brightkite). These data sets contain location information, which we incorporate in the features used for prediction. We also examine different strategies for data cleaning, in particular thresholding based on the amount of social interaction. We investigate the machine learning algorithms Decision Tree, Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machine, and Logistic Regression. Generally, we find that our feature selection and filtering of the data sets have a major impact on the accuracy of link prediction, both for Reality Mining and Gowalla. Experimentally, the Decision Tree and Logistic Regression classifiers performed best.
Trauma Theory and Trauma-Informed Care in Substance Use Disorders: A Conceptual Model for Integrating Coping and Resilience

National data of children’s exposure to traumatic experiences are alarming. Research asserts the interconnectedness between experiencing childhood trauma (CT) or adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and developing substance use disorders (SUDs) in later adulthood. Trauma definition and contemporary trauma theory (CTT) provide the foundation for trauma informed care (TIC) in social work practice with co-occurring trauma and SUDs. TIC re-conceptualizes SUDs as a mechanism to cope with the effects of trauma. Coping and resilience are relevant factors to the ramifications of CT on SUDs, and are the manifestation of key TIC principles. Integrating TIC practices aimed at enhancing coping and resilience into treatment for co-occurring trauma and SUDs is needed in order to negate the devastating impact of trauma and propel recovery. Conclusions and implications to social work practice are discussed.
U.S.–Pakistan intelligence liaison in South Asia’s age of terror: a realist analysis

ABSTRACT In an effort to contextualise the concept of intelligence liaison within the framework of International Relations theories, the paper argues that the genesis of liaison arrangements is driven by necessity and convenience – key tenets of realism. Specifically, the paper investigates U.S.–Pakistan intelligence liaison spanning over a period of three decades, from early 1980s – a time when religious terrorism spread its tentacles in the Indian subcontinent under the aegis of Pakistan’s Inter Services Intelligence and occasionally, indirect support from the Central Intelligence Agency – till the killing of Osama Bin Laden in 2011. The question that is attempted to answer is: under what conditions do intelligence liaisons sustain? What drives cooperation or confrontation among intelligence services? The case study serves as an illustration of the realpolitik character of intelligence liaisons where interests and practicality-driven actions dominate moral and ethical considerations. Finally, using Randall Shweller’s model of analysis of international alliances, the paper concludes that, more than honouring the purpose of the liaison arrangement, the complex adversarial liaison between the two intelligence agencies served as a medium for each other to balance their interests.
Extracellular Matrix Deposition in Engineered Micromass Cartilage Pellet Cultures: Measurements and Modelling

This article explores possible mechanisms governing extracellular matrix deposition in engineered cartilaginous cell pellets. A theoretical investigation is carried out alongside an experimental study measuring proteoglycan and collagen volume fractions within murine chondrogenic (ATDC-5) cell pellets. The simple mathematical model, which adopts a nutrient-dependent proteoglycan production rate, successfully reproduces the periphery-dominated proteoglycan deposition, characteristic of the growth pattern observed experimentally within pellets after 21 days of culture. The results suggest that this inhomogeneous proteoglycan production is due to nutrient deficiencies at the pellet centre. Our model analysis further indicates that a spatially uniform distribution of proteoglycan matrix could be maintained by initiating the culture process with a smaller-sized pellet. Finally, possible extensions are put forward with an aim to improve the model predictions for the early behaviour, where different mechanisms appear to dominate the matrix production within the pellets.
Intrinsic Circadian Period and the Melatonin Rhythm in Men and Women: Predictors of Sleep during the Weekend and in the Laboratory

Sleep complaints and irregular sleep patterns, such as curtailed sleep during workdays and longer and later sleep during weekends are common. It is often implied that differences in circadian period and in entrained phase contribute to these patterns but few data are available. We assessed parameters of the circadian rhythm of melatonin at baseline and in a forced desynchrony protocol in 35 participants (18 women) with no sleep disorders. Intrinsic circadian period varied between 23h50min and 24h31min and correlated positively (n=31, rs=0.43, P=0.017) with the timing of the melatonin rhythm relative to habitual bedtime. This phase of the melatonin rhythm correlated with the insomnia severity score (n=35, rs=0.47, P=0.004). Self-reported time in bed (TIB) during free days also correlated with the timing of the melatonin rhythm (n=35, rs=0.43, P=0.01) as well as with circadian period (n=31, rs=0.47, P=0.007) such that individuals with a more delayed melatonin rhythm or a longer circadian period reported longer sleep during the weekend. The increase in TIB during the free days correlated positively with circadian period (n=31, rs=0.54, P=0.002). Polysomnographically-assessed latency to persistent sleep (n=34, rs=0.48, P=0.004) correlated with the timing of the melatonin rhythm when participants were sleeping at their habitual bedtimes in the laboratory. This correlation was significantly stronger in women than in men (Z=2.38, P=0.017). The findings show that individual differences in period and phase of the circadian melatonin rhythm associate with differences in sleep and imply that individuals with a long circadian period are at risk of developing sleep problems.
The Abundance Evolution of Oxygen, Sodium, and Magnesium in Extremely Metal Poor Intermediate-Mass Stars: Implications for the Self-Pollution Scenario in Globular Clusters

We present full stellar evolution and parametric models of the surface abundance evolution of 16O, 22Ne, 23Na, and the magnesium isotopes in an extremely metal poor intermediate-mass star (ℳZAMS = 5 ℳ☉, where ZAMS stands for the zero-age main sequence, and Z = 0.0001). 16O and 22Ne are injected into the envelope by the third dredge-up following thermal pulses on the asymptotic giant branch. These species and the initially present 24Mg are depleted by hot bottom burning (HBB) during the interpulse phase. As a result, 23Na, 25Mg, and 26Mg are enhanced. If the HBB temperatures are sufficiently high for this process to deplete oxygen efficiently, 23Na is first produced and then depleted during the interpulse phase. Although the simultaneous depletion of 16O and enhancement of 23Na is possible, the required fine-tuning of the dredge-up and HBB casts some doubt on the robustness of this process as the origin of the O-Na anticorrelation observed in globular cluster stars. However, a very robust prediction of our models are low 24Mg/25Mg and 24Mg/26Mg ratios whenever significant 16O depletion can be achieved. This seems to be in stark contrast to recent observations of the magnesium isotopic ratios in the globular cluster NGC 6752.
Distributed data usage control for web applications: a social network implementation

Usage control is concerned with how data is used after access to it has been granted. Respective enforcement mechanisms need to be implemented at different layers of abstraction in order to monitor or control data at and across all these layers. We present a usage control enforcement mechanism at the application layer. It is implemented for a common web browser and, as an example, is used to control data in a social network application. With the help of the mechanism, a data owner can, on the grounds of assigned trust values, prevent data from being printed, saved, copied&pasted, etc., after this data has been downloaded by other users.
The Self and the Other: An Attachment Perspective for Uncovering Dyadic Patterns of Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Distress

Evidence suggests that both intrapersonal factors, as well as interpersonal factors serve as predictors of psychological distress (Frey, Tobin, Beesley, 2004; Leibert, 2010; Rice, Richardon, & Clark, 2012). Although researchers have conducted studies to understand contributing factors, few have investigated a comprehensive model of psychological distress grounded in attachment theory spanning across the period from young to later adulthood. As such, one theoretical model was studied by assessing whether low self-esteem mediated the relationship between insecure romantic attachment and the experience of psychological distress within two samples from different populations. The first study was comprised of 485 young adult Canadian university students in romantic relationships (i.e., ranging from 17 to 25 years old), and the second study was comprised of 35 Canadian heterosexual couples from the community in later adulthood (i.e., 25 years old and up) who are parents. All participants completed the same battery of questionnaires. For the young adult student sample, results showed that low self-esteem mediated the relationship between insecure romantic attachment and high psychological distress in men and women. Using an actor-partner interdependence model, we found that lower self-esteem partially explained the relationship between high attachment anxiety in men and women and their own higher psychological distress, whereas high self-esteem helped explain the relationship between high attachment avoidance in women and their own lower psychological distress. Unexpectedly, two interesting partner effects were found, shedding more light on predictors of male psychological distress.
Fast bilateral filtering using motion detection

In this paper, considering the information redundancy in video, a new fast bilateral filtering based on motion detection is proposed. The main idea of the method is using frame difference to detect the change area between two consecutive frames in the video, and then only filter the changed area; the unchanged part can directly use the filtering result of the previous frame at the corresponding position. Unlike traditional fast bilateral filtering, the algorithm in this paper focuses on how to accelerate in the time domains in video. Previous methods concentrated on accelerating in the space domain in single-frame. Experimental results show that the method proposed can greatly accelerate bilateral filtering while achieving high quality in video processing.
Changes in the composition of brain interstitial ions control the sleep-wake cycle

Sleep induction through ion changes How do we switch from sleep to arousal and back? Ding et al. found that a combination of modulatory neurotransmitters influenced the levels of extracellular ions in the brain (see the Perspective by Landolt and Holst). This influence was not driven by changes in local neuronal firing, suggesting direct effects of the neuromodulators on extracellular ion composition. However, these changes in interstitial ion levels could switch a brain from wakefulness to sleep. Changes in extracellular ions may thus be a cause, rather than a consequence, of sleep/wake-dependent changes in neuronal activity. Science, this issue p. 550; see also p. 517 In mice, extracellular ion concentrations in the brain can change quickly and induce switches from sleep to wakefulness. Wakefulness is driven by the widespread release of neuromodulators by the ascending arousal system. Yet, it is unclear how these substances orchestrate state-dependent, global changes in neuronal activity. Here, we show that neuromodulators induce increases in the extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]e) in cortical slices electrically silenced by tetrodotoxin. In vivo, arousal was linked to AMPA receptor–independent elevations of [K+]e concomitant with decreases in [Ca2+]e, [Mg2+]e, [H+]e, and the extracellular volume. Opposite, natural sleep and anesthesia reduced [K+]e while increasing [Ca2+]e, [Mg2+]e, and [H+]e as well as the extracellular volume. Local cortical activity of sleeping mice could be readily converted to the stereotypical electroencephalography pattern of wakefulness by simply imposing a change in the extracellular ion composition. Thus, extracellular ions control the state-dependent patterns of neural activity.
Superstitious perception by humans and convolutional neural networks

The advent of complex Hierarchical Convolutional Neural Networks (HCNNs) has led to great progress in the field of computer vision, with modern implementations of HCNNs rivalling human performance in object recognition tasks. The design of HCNNs was inspired by current understanding of how the neurons of the human visual system are organized to support object recognition. There are researchers who claim that the computations undertaken by HCNNs are approximating those of the human visual system, because of their high accuracy in predicting the neural activity of regions of the brain involved in object classification (Cichy, Khosla, Pantazis, Torralba, & Oliva, 2016; Khaligh-Razavi & Kriegeskorte, 2014; Yamins et al., 2014). However, there has been little investigation of how HCNNs and humans compare on other tasks that HCNNs have not been trained on. Our study compared the similarity of one HCNN, AlexNet, and humans on a superstitious perception task that involves falsely recognizing a learned object in the absence of strong evidence for its presence. We began by validating a new technique that quantifies human performance on the superstitious perception task. The first phase of the research revealed that human behaviour in the task is dependent on whether participants employed an active or passive task strategy. Next, the responses of our HCNN to the same images were analyzed in a similar manner. The results showed that HCNNs behaved similarly to humans in some ways and differently in others. Specifically, the classification images generated for the HCNN were similar to those derived from human participants, but the HCNN was also more consistent in its responses than humans. A second finding was that the differences in human participants classification images (created by adopting active versus passive strategies) could not be accounted for by simply altering the proportion of false alarm
CSI Feedback Reduction for MIMO Interference Alignment

Interference alignment (IA) is a linear precoding strategy that can achieve optimal capacity scaling at high SNR in interference networks. Most of the existing IA designs require full channel state information (CSI) at the transmitters, which induces a huge CSI signaling cost. Hence it is desirable to improve the feedback efficiency for IA and in this paper, we propose a novel IA scheme with a significantly reduced CSI feedback. To quantify the CSI feedback cost, we introduce a novel metric, namely the feedback dimension. This metric serves as a first-order measurement of CSI feedback overhead. Due to the partial CSI feedback constraint, conventional IA schemes can not be applied and hence, we develop a novel IA precoder/decorrelator design and establish new IA feasibility conditions. Via dynamic feedback profile design, the proposed IA scheme can also achieve a flexible tradeoff between the degree of freedom (DoF) requirements for data streams, the antenna resources and the CSI feedback cost. We show by analysis and simulations that the proposed scheme achieves substantial reductions of CSI feedback overhead under the same DoF requirement in MIMO interference networks.
Tumor Imaging with 2 -Receptor Ligands, 18 F- FE-SA5845 and 11 C-SA4503: A Feasibility Study

Our objective was to study 2 radioligands for visualization of -receptors with PET. Methods: Two radioligands—1-selective 11C-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine ( 11 C-SA4503) and nonsubtype-selective 1-(4–2- 18 F-fluoroethoxy-3-methoxyphenethyl)-4-(3-(4-fluorophenyl)propyl)piperazine ( 18 F-FE-SA5845)—were evaluated for tumor imaging. Results: Binding studies to rat glioma cells (C6) and human nonsmall cell lung cancer cells (N417) indicated interaction of 18 F-FE-SA5845 with 2 sites and interaction of 11C-SA4503 with a single site. Specific binding of 18 F-FE-SA5845 was 93% 2% and that of 11C-SA4503 was 78% 6% of the total cellular uptake of radioactivity. Uptake of the 18 F-labeled ligand, but not that of the 11C-labeled ligand, appeared to be related to the growth phase of the cells. Biodistribution experiments in C6 tumor-bearing nude rats (Ham HSD RNU rnu) indicated tumor-to-plasma ratios of 13.3 for 11 C-SA4503 and 8.0 for 18 F-FE-SA5845 and tumorto-muscle ratios of 5.0 for 11C-SA4503 and 4.9 for 18F-FESA5845, 60 min after injection, which were reduced to values ranging from 1.4 to 2.0 after pretreatment of animals with haloperidol (2 mol/kg). Tumor uptake of 18 F-FE-SA5845 showed a negative correlation with tumor size (P 0.0001), in contrast to that of 11 C-SA4503, suggesting that tissue binding of the former ligand is related to cellular proliferation. A study with 11CSA4503 in a human volunteer indicated high uptake in liver, kidney, and heart but relatively low background in thorax and lower abdomen. Conclusion: Both 18 F-FE-SA5845 and 11 CSA4503 demonstrate specific binding to -receptors in vivo and may be useful for the detection of pulmonary and abdominal tumors. However, the 18F-labeled compound may be better for tumor staging than the 11 C-labeled drug.
Toward full restoration of synaptic and terminal function of the dopaminergic system in Parkinson's disease by stem cells

New therapeutic nonpharmacological methodology in Parkinson's disease (PD) involves cell and synaptic renewal or replacement to restore function of neuronal systems, including the dopaminergic (DA) system. Using fetal DA cell therapy in PD patients and laboratory models, it has been demonstrated that functional motor deficits associated with parkinsonism can be reduced. Similar results have been observed in animal models with stem cell‐derived DA neurons. Evidence obtained from transplanted PD patients further shows that the underlying disease process does not destroy transplanted fetal DA cells, although degeneration of the host nigrostriatal system continues. The optimal DA cell regeneration system would reconstitute a normal neuronal network capable of restoring feedback‐controlled release of DA in the nigrostriatal system. The success of cell therapy for PD is limited by access to preparation and development of highly specialized dopaminergic neurons found in the A9 and A10 region of the substantia nigra pars compacta as well as the technical and surgical steps associated with the transplantation procedure. Recent laboratory work has focused on using stem cells as a starting point for deriving the optimal DA cells to restore the nigrostriatal system. Ultimately, understanding the cell biological principles necessary for generating functional DA neurons can provide many new avenues for better treatment of patients with PD. Ann Neurol 2003;53 (suppl 3):S135–S148
EINVis: A Visualization Tool for Analyzing and Exploring Genetic Interactions in Large‐Scale Association Studies

Epistasis (gene‐gene interaction) detection in large‐scale genetic association studies has recently drawn extensive research interests as many complex traits are likely caused by the joint effect of multiple genetic factors. The large number of possible interactions poses both statistical and computational challenges. A variety of approaches have been developed to address the analytical challenges in epistatic interaction detection. These methods usually output the identified genetic interactions and store them in flat file formats. It is highly desirable to develop an effective visualization tool to further investigate the detected interactions and unravel hidden interaction patterns. We have developed EINVis, a novel visualization tool that is specifically designed to analyze and explore genetic interactions. EINVis displays interactions among genetic markers as a network. It utilizes a circular layout (specially, a tree ring view) to simultaneously visualize the hierarchical interactions between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), genes, and chromosomes, and the network structure formed by these interactions. Using EINVis, the user can distinguish marginal effects from interactions, track interactions involving more than two markers, visualize interactions at different levels, and detect proxy SNPs based on linkage disequilibrium. EINVis is an effective and user‐friendly free visualization tool for analyzing and exploring genetic interactions. It is publicly available with detailed documentation and online tutorial on the web at http://filer.case. edu/yxw407/einvis/.
A Methodology for the Analysis of Spontaneous Reactions in Automated Hearing Assessment

Audiology is the science of hearing and auditory processes study. The evaluation of hearing capacity is commonly performed by an audiologist using an audiometer, where the patient is asked to show some kind of sign when he or she recognizes the stimulus. This evaluation becomes much more complicated when the patient suffers some type of cognitive decline that hinders the emission of visible signs of recognition. With this group of patients, a typical question-answer interaction is not applicable, so the audiologist must focus his attention on the patient's spontaneous gestural reactions. This manual evaluation entails a number of problems: it is highly subjective, difficult to determine in real time (since the expert must pay attention simultaneously to the audiological process and the patient's reactions), etc. Considering this, in this paper, we present an automatic methodology for processing video sequences recorded during the performance of the hearing test in order to assist the audiologist in the detection of these spontaneous reactions. This screening method analyzes the movements that occur within the eye area, which has been pointed out by the audiologists as the most representative for these patients. By the analysis of these movements, the system helps the audiologist to determine when a positive gestural reaction has taken place increasing the objectivity and reproducibility.