Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic analysis of the ballistosporous anamorphic genera Udeniomyces and Bullera, and related basidiomycetous yeasts, based on 18S rDNA sequence.

The small subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) sequence was determined for twelve species of basidiomycetous anamorphic yeasts, i.e. three species of Udeniomyces, seven species of Bullera, Cryptococcus albidus and Phaffia rhodozyma. For phylogentic analysis, these sequences were aligned with published sequences for 36 other fungal species. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of maximum likelihood and parsimony showed that the 44 species of basidiomycetes analysed were divided into three major lineages. The ballistosporous yeast genera Udeniomyces and Bullera were clearly separated. On the phylogenetic tree, Udeniomyces megalosporus, U. puniceus and U. piricola showed a very close relationship with one another, and composed a lineage with Mrakia frigida, P. rhodozyma and Cystofilobasidium capitatum at high bootstrap confidence level. On the other hand, eight species of Bullera made lineages with selected species of Tremella (Tremellaceae), Filobasidium and Filobasidiella (Filobasidiaceae), Cryptococcus albidus and Trichosporon cutaneum. The molecular phylogeny deduced from the 18S rDNA sequence showed a possibility of heterogeneity among the species of Bullera at the generic level.
Neural Network-Based Early Warning System for Debris Flow Disaster in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region

The key techniques of building a real-time forecast model for debris flow disaster using neural network (NN) method are explained in detail in this paper, including the determination of neural nodes at the input layer, the output layer and the implicit layer, the construction of knowledge source and the initial weight values and so on. The neural network-based real-time forecast model for debris flow disaster is built using the rainfall parameters of 40 historical debris flow disasters as training data, which included multiple rainfall factors such as the rainfall of the day disaster happening, the rainfalls of 15 days before the disaster, the maximal rainfall intensity of one hour and ten minutes. Based on the torrent classification and hazard zone mapping of the study region, combined with the rainfall monitoring in the rainy season and real-time weather forecast models, the NN-based early-warning system for debris flow disaster ran well. In this system, GIS technique, advanced international software and hardware were applied, which made performance of the system steady and its applicability wide. It can forecast some most important indices, the probability, the critical rainfall, the warning rainfall, and the refuge rainfall of debris flow occurring, and reduce the direct disserve in the debris flow disasters through the real-time monitoring of rainfall or local weather forecast. As it was a visual information system, we could monitor the variation of the torrent types and hazardous zones, and the torrent management through it, so it could serve the local management and decision-making on the debris flow disaster warning and prevention.
In vitro studies of the effect of antiseptic‐containing mouthwashes on the formation and viability of Streptococcus sanguis biofilms

The aims of this study were to evaluate the growth of Streptococcus sanguis on hydroxyapatite, bovine enamel and polytetrafluoroethylene substrata in a constant depth film fermentor, and to determine the effects of three antimicrobial‐containing mouthwashes on biofilm formation and bacterial viability on hydroxyapatite and enamel. There was little difference in the final cell density (5 × 104 cfu mm−2) of the Strep. sanguis biofilm on the three substrata. When hydroxyapatite‐grown biofilms were exposed to the mouthwashes for 1 min, the one containing triclosan (T) proved the most effective. The chlorhexidine‐containing mouthwash (CX) also achieved significant kills. The T‐containing mouthwash was the most effective at killing biofilms grown on enamel. Pre‐treatment of hydroxyapatite with CX, cetylpyridium chloride (CPC) or T for 1 min resulted in undetectable biofilm formation after 8 h. After 8 h of growth, only biofilms grown on enamel discs pre‐treated with CX showed a reduction in the number of viable organisms. In conclusion, the results of this study have shown that while growth of Strep. sanguis on hydroxyapatite and enamel were similar, the ability of antimicrobial agents to prevent the accumulation of viable bacteria depended on the nature of the substratum.
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF DETERMINANTS OF CHILD LABOUR

The objective of the study is to analyse the nature and magnitude of the problem and determinants of child labour and their participation in the workforce at an early age in Cuttack City of Odisha on the basis of primary data. The regression results reveal that family income has significant negative impact on the working hour of the child labour. Family size is a non economic factor which affect the working hour of child labour significantly. Children's desire to work has a positive and significant influence on employment of working children. Child labours are from poor and larger families who are forced to join labour force to supplement the family income. Free basic facilities and education to extreme poor, community participation, awareness among the people, parents and particularly women's education and active participation of the citizens and local bodies can reduce incidence of child labour in India.
The Cross-section of Managerial Ability, Incentives, and Risk Preferences

I estimate a dynamic investment model for mutual managers to study the cross-sectional distribution of ability, incentives, and risk preferences. The manager's compensation depends on the size of the fund, which fluctuates due to fund returns and due to fund flows that respond to the fund's relative performance. The model provides an economic interpretation of time-varying coefficients in performance regressions in terms of the structural parameters. I document that the estimates of fund alphas are precise and virtually unbiased. I find substantial heterogeneity in ability, risk preferences, and pay-for-performance sensitivities that relates to observable fund characteristics.
An Improved Binomial Method using Cell Averages for Option Pricing

We present an improved binomial method for pricing financial deriva-tives by using cell averages. After non-overlapping cells are introduced around each node in the binomial tree, the proposed method calculates cell averages of payoffs at expiry and then performs the backward valuation process. The price of the derivative and its hedging parameters such as Greeks on the valuation date are then computed using the compact scheme and Richardson extrapolation. The simulation results for European and American barrier options show that the pro-posed method gives much more accurate price and Greeks than other recent lattice methods with less computational effort.
RECENT TREND OF FINANCIAL DEEPENING AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM NIGERIA’S DATA

Financial systems all over the world play fundamental roles in the growth and development of the economy. Given the profound changes in the Nigerian financial system over the recent years, this study aims at assessing the performance of Nigeria’s financial sector deepening and unveiling its implications on the economic growth and development of the country in recent times. By basing the study on the Harrod-Domar Growth Model and using qualitative and quantitative methods of analyses, it was found that while the recent trend in Nigeria’s financial deepening in terms of credit allocation to the private sector increased steadily, annual market capitalization dwindled and the outcomes in terms of economic growth and development were grossly insignificant, implying that the deepening of the financial system in the country in itself was insignificant as its impact on the economy was found to be majorly negative. The Granger Causality Test result shows that independence exists between economic growth and broad money supply in Nigeria; and that independence is suggested between credit to the private sector and economic growth as well as between annual market capitalisation and economic growth-implying that financial deepening does not cause economic growth. The OLS result corroborates the evidence revealed by the analysis of the trend of financial deepening and economic growth in Nigeria as its impact on the economy is disappointing. The study therefore, recommends that in credit allocation to the private sector, key sectors such as manufacturing and agriculture should be highly favoured through improved lending to investors, the monetary authority should encourage lenders of funds to bias the maturity period of loans towards the long end and devise reliable means of punishing chronic debtors in banks through legislation to ensure that public funds are not subjected to waste by unscrupulous borrowers, the public should be enlightened more on financial markets operation and the anti graft agencies as well as the regulatory authority should closely monitor the markets to avoid manipulations and encourage private sector participation; and poverty and unemployment in the country must be sincerely tackled by making funds available to young entrepreneurs who are willing to venture into small and medium scale businesses if the financial sector must deepen enough to cause economic growth.
Characteristics and Impact of Methamphetamine Use in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C

Objectives:Methamphetamine (MA) use has increased in the United States in the last 20 years and is a risk factor for hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics and HCV infection outcomes of patients with a history of MA use. Methods:Subjects consisted of newly entered patients in the Veterans Affairs (VA) HCV registry at a single VA medical center from January 1, 2004, to June 30, 2004, and from January 1, 2007, to June 30, 2007. Univariate and multivariate analyses related to HCV infection antiviral treatment outcomes through 2010 was performed. Results:A total of 198 consecutive eligible HCV registry patients were analyzed, and 40% had a history of MA use. Of patients with MA use history, 46% (36/79) had active use (within 6 months) at initial contact. Active MA users were significantly younger (mean age, 45.5 years), with more concomitant drug use (86%), compared with patients without MA use (mean age, 53.5 years; 42% minority; 29% other drug use). Overall, 71% of the 198 patients reported a history of problematic alcohol use, and 47% of those reported active abuse. Logistic regression analyses indicated that MA use did not significantly adversely affect antiviral treatment initiation, completion, or sustained virological response rates compared with that in patients without MA use. Active alcohol users had lower treatment initiation than patients without alcohol use. Conclusions:MA use is common in recent US veterans with HCV infection and occurs in younger patients with polysubstance use. Prior history or active MA use does not seem to adversely affect HCV infection clinic treatment compared with that in HCV-infected patients without MA use.
Skills for managing human resources in a complex environment: the perceptions of human resource managers in Singapore

This paper analyses some of the difficulties that human resource (HR) managers have in responding to problems of labour turnover and labour shortages.It provides a brief overview of the complex environments in which Singaporean HR managers operate. This paper suggests that, when the roles of management and personnel are ambiguous or when there is tremendous change, line managers and executives take over some of the functions of HR managers, a practice which is seen as a problem for HR managers. However, content analysis of interviews with HR managers shows that this encroachment becomes a problem only when the HR managers lack the skills necessary to perform their duties competently. Thus, it is suggested that HR managers should adopt an HRM approach which focuses on roles and skills necessary to manage ambiguity. In this respect, a more inclusive model should involve roles such as: reconciliation, recruitment and retention, employee relations, planning and internal management.
Measurement of failure rate in widely distributed software

In the history of empirical failure rate measurement, one problem that continues to plague researchers and practitioners is that of measuring the customer perceived failure rate of commercial software. Unfortunately, even order of magnitude measures of failure rate are not truly available for commercial software which is widely distributed. Given repeated reports on the criticality of software, and its significance, the industry flounders for some real baselines. The paper reports the failure rate of a several million line of code commercial software product distributed to hundreds of thousands of customers. To first order of approximation, the MTBF reaches around 4 years and 2 years for successive releases of the software. The changes in the failure rate as a function of severity, release and time are also provided. The measurement technique develops a direct link between failures and faults, providing an opportunity to study and describe the failure process. Two metrics, the fault weight, corresponding to the number of failures due to a fault and failure window, measuring the length of time between the first and last fault, are defined and characterized. The two metrics are found to be higher for higher severity faults, consistently across all severities and releases. At the same time the window to weight ratio, is invariant by severity. The fault weight and failure window are natural measures and are intuitive about the failure process. The fault weight measures the impact of a fault on the overall failure rate and the failure window the dispersion of that impact over time. These two do provide a new forum for discussion and opportunity to gain greater understanding of the processes involved. <<ETX>>
Developing Indicators to Inform Local Economic Development in England

Based on a conceptual framework of 11 factors that are widely perceived to be the major determinants of local economic development (LED), 29 indicators were identified to measure these factors. Principal component analysis was first used to examine the structure of relationships among the compiled LED indicators for local authority districts in England and to explore the spatial patterns that emerge from the analysis. A series of multiple regression models were then calibrated to investigate the relative strengths of relationship between the LED indicators and various performance variables. The final section concludes with the key issues revealed by the findings of these multivariate analyses.
Incremental vs . symmetric accounts of presupposition projection : an experimental approach

The presupposition triggered by an expression E is generally satisfied by information that comes before rather than after E in the sentence or discourse. In Heim’s classic theory (1983), this left-right asymmetry is encoded in the lexical semantics of dynamic connectives and operators. But several recent analyses offer a more nuanced approach, in which presupposition satisfaction has two separate components: a general principle (which varies from theory to theory) specifies under what conditions a presupposition triggered by an expression E is satisfied; and an ‘incremental’ component specifies that the principle must be checked on the basis of information that comes before E. Several researchers take this incremental component to be a processing bias, which can be overcome at some cost. If so, it should be possible, though costly, to satisfy presuppositions ‘symmetrically’, i.e. by taking into account linguistic material that comes both before and after the presupposition trigger. We test this claim with experimental means. Using inferential (and to some extent acceptability) tasks involving the anaphoric trigger aussi (‘too’) in French, we argue that symmetric readings are indeed possible (albeit degraded) in environments involving the connectives if, or, and unless.
Liquidity constraints and the hedging role of futures spreads

This paper examines the behavior of the competitive firm under price uncertainty in general and the hedging role of futures spreads in particular. The firm has access to a commodity futures market where unbiased nearby and distant futures contracts are transacted. A liquidity constraint is imposed on the firm such that the firm is forced to prematurely close its distant futures position whenever the net interim loss due to its nearby and distant futures positions exceeds a threshold level. This paper shows that the liquidity constrained firm optimally opts for a long nearby futures position and a short distant futures position should the firm be prudent, thereby rendering the optimality of using futures spreads for hedging purposes. This paper further shows that the firm's production decision is adversely affected by the presence of the liquidity constraint. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 24:909–921, 2004
Mathematical models for assessing the role of airflow on the risk of airborne infection in hospital wards

Understanding the risk of airborne transmission can provide important information for designing safe healthcare environments with an appropriate level of environmental control for mitigating risks. The most common approach for assessing risk is to use the Wells–Riley equation to relate infectious cases to human and environmental parameters. While it is a simple model that can yield valuable information, the model used as in its original presentation has a number of limitations. This paper reviews recent developments addressing some of the limitations including coupling with epidemic models to evaluate the wider impact of control measures on disease progression, linking with zonal ventilation or computational fluid dynamics simulations to deal with imperfect mixing in real environments and recent work on dose–response modelling to simulate the interaction between pathogens and the host. A stochastic version of the Wells–Riley model is presented that allows consideration of the effects of small populations relevant in healthcare settings and it is demonstrated how this can be linked to a simple zonal ventilation model to simulate the influence of proximity to an infector. The results show how neglecting the stochastic effects present in a real situation could underestimate the risk by 15 per cent or more and that the number and rate of new infections between connected spaces is strongly dependent on the airflow. Results also indicate the potential danger of using fully mixed models for future risk assessments, with quanta values derived from such cases less than half the actual source value.
Current and Desired Employee Communication Patterns in Sub-Saharan Africa: Empirical Evidence on Four Ghanaian Organizations

In this study, the author explores employees' expectations of organizational communication patterns including internal communication behavior in organizations. In-depth interviews of employees and managers were used as data from four Ghanaian organizations. Results show that employees want a change from the current pattern of overcentralized communication system in organizations to a more horizontal interpersonal communication. Findings also show the importance of effective and interpersonal communication as processes that can affect employees' attitude to work. Additionally, results show that aspects of national culture, structures and systems, and management practices influence the pattern of communication in organizations. The results suggest that work organizations would thrive only if both managers and employees work collectively as a team and understand each other through effective communication media institutionalized in the various organizations.
The Representativeness Heuristic and Asset Price Reaction to New Information

In the existing literature, the representativeness heuristic is commonly viewed as a cause of asset price overreaction to new information. This article proves that the representativeness heuristic can cause asset price underreaction to new information in a competitive securities market. Specifically, there is one risk-free asset and one risky asset. Both rational and heuristic traders trade can against each other or against noise traders, whose demand is random. The payoff of the risky asset is unknown but all traders receive an informational signal about the risky asset’s payoff before any trading takes place. Due to the representativeness heuristic, the updated mean of the risky asset’s payoff for heuristic traders is higher (lower) than that for rational traders when the realization of the informational signal is above (below) the expected payoff of the risky asset. The results of this study suggest that regardless of noise traders being net buyers or sellers, the representativeness heuristic causes the asset price to overreact to new information close to the expected payoff of the risky asset and causes the asset price to underreact to new information far above or below the expected payoff of the risky asset.
Abdominal Ultrasound for the Evaluation of Gastric Emptying Revisited.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Disorders of gastrointestinal transit and motility are frequently found in the general population, impacting the quality of life and increasing the costs of health care services. Ultrasonographic assessment of gastric emptying is a method introduced in the early 1980s for the evaluation of dyspepsia. The aim of this paper was to assess the current role of abdominal ultrasound in the evaluation of gastric emptying. METHOD Using the keywords "ultrasound and gastric emptying", "echography and gastric emptying", "3D and gastric emptying" and "strain rate imaging and gastric emptying" the PubMed database was screened for publications on ultrasonography evaluating gastric emptying in adults from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2014. RESULTS 281 papers were identified, of which only 21 randomized studies, 18 comparative and 18 non-comparative studies met the inclusion criteria. Most studies were conducted on healthy subjects for research purposes. Thirteen studies were performed on patients with functional dyspepsia, of which 6 studies assessed treatment efficacy. Other indications for ultrasound gastric emptying evaluation were: diabetes mellitus, scleroderma, metabolic syndrome, asthma, Parkinson's disease, and obesity. Using abdominal ultrasound, delayed gastric emptying was found in 10% of patients with functional dyspepsia, 48.5% of patients with longstanding diabetes and 65-70% of patients with systemic sclerosis with a disease duration of more than 10 years. CONCLUSION Functional ultrasonography is a non-invasive method used for research or practical purposes that brings an insight into gastric emptying in healthy individuals, and in individuals with functional and motility gastrointestinal disorders.
Checking Out: The Effects of Bank Overdrafts on the 1992 House Elections

The revelation that hundreds of House members had regularly overdrawn their checking accounts with the House bank without penalty injected a new and unanticipated issue into the 1992 elections. The consequences were profound. The scandal was a major reason for the unusually high turnover of House seats in 1992. Bank overdrafts contributed significantly to exit by all routes: retirement, defeat in the primary election, and defeat in the general election. Overdrafts did not automatically spell disaster for incumbents, however; a record of bad checks was far more damaging when exploited by an experienced, well-financed challenger.
Recursively enumerable sets which are uniform for finite extensions

Let W0, W1 … be one of the usual enumerations of recursively enumerable (r.e.) subsets of the set N of nonnegative integers. (Background information will be given later.) Suggestions of Anil Nerode led to the following Definitions. Let B be a subset of N and let ψ be a partial recursive function.