Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Disgust – the forgotten emotion of psychiatry

What are emotions? Dualist, or 'feeling', theories proposed by Descartes and later by James (1890) describe emotions as epiphenomena, or non-functional feelings, derived from physiological changes or behaviour in response to provoking stimuli. Behaviourists, such as Skinner (1974) define emotions in terms of reinforced patterns of behaviour. However, ever since Aristotle, others have emphasised the importance of cognitions (thoughts, memories) as causal to emotions, with theorists such as Lyons (1992) describing the appraisal or interpretation of events, which then leads to physiological changes, as central to the formation of an emotion. An emotion could be defined as the value ascribed to events. Ekman (1992), has described emotions as "having evolved through their adaptive value in dealing with fundamental lifetasks". He argues that there are a finite number of emotions, each characterised by a distinctive facial expression, physiology, antecedents and presence in other primates. H o w many different emotions are there? One theory (Lyons, 1992) argues against separate emotions, but instead suggests that a general level of arousal will be interpreted or 'coloured' by the individual in terms of the events and evaluations with which it is associated. Davidson (1992) has proposed a single emotion dimension built upon primitive adaptive responses: approach (positive) through to withdrawal (negative). The other type of theory (Darwin, 1872; Ekman, 1992) argues for the existence of separate, basic emotions, proposing six: sadness, happiness, anger, surprise, fear and disgust. In psychiatry, fear and sadness have been considered important as underlying several disorders, including specific and generalised anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and affective disorders, respectively. Evidence for abnormal perception of disgust as important in the genesis of specific psychiatric conditions is beginning to emerge and will be discussed below. We will firstly describe the defining characteristics of this otherwise neglected basic emotion.
The Influence of Distributed Leadership on Teachers’ Organizational Commitment: A Multilevel Approach

ABSTRACT In the present study the effects of a cooperative leadership team, distributed leadership, participative decision-making, and context variables on teachers’ organizational commitment are investigated. Multilevel analyses on data from 1522 teachers indicated that 9% of the variance in teachers’ organizational commitment is attributable to differences between schools. The analyses revealed that especially the presence of a cooperative leadership team and the amount of leadership support played a significantly positive key role in predicting teachers’ organizational commitment. Also, participative decision-making and distribution of the supportive leadership function had a significant positive impact on teachers’ organizational commitment. In contrast, distribution of the supervisory leadership function and teachers’ job experience had a significant negative impact.
Microcystic inner nuclear layer abnormalities and neuromyelitis optica.

IMPORTANCE Microcystic abnormalities involving the inner nuclear layer of the retina occurs in a subset of patients with multiple sclerosis, most commonly in eyes previously affected by symptomatic optic neuritis. Acute optic neuritis is a cardinal manifestation of neuromyelitis optica (NMO). To our knowledge, microcystic inner nuclear layer abnormalities have not been investigated in NMO. OBJECTIVE To establish whether microcystic inner nuclear layer abnormalities occur in NMO. DESIGN Observational, retrospective study. SETTING University of California at San Francisco Multiple Sclerosis Center (academic specialty clinic). PATIENTS Twenty-five consecutive patients with NMO based on 2006 diagnostic criteria or with NMO spectrum disease (defined by seropositivity for anti-aquaporin 4 IgG in the context of a single episode of transverse myelitis or optic neuritis). EXPOSURE Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Identification of microcystic inner nuclear layer pathology on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine associations between microcystic changes and measures of retinal structure and function. The hypothesis was generated prior to the data being reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS Microcystic changes were identified in 5 of 25 patients with NMO (20%) and 7 of 48 total eyes, including 7 of 29 eyes (24%) previously affected by optic neuritis. Microcystic changes occurred exclusively in eyes with a history of acute symptomatic optic neuritis (100% of eyes with microcystic changes had experienced prior optic neuritis compared with 71% of NMO eyes without microcystic abnormalities). There were no significant differences between patients with NMO with and without microcystic changes in terms of age, sex, and aquaporin 4-IgG antibody status. The mean age in this cohort was 44 years (range, 13-81 years); 84% were women; 80% were aquaporin 4-IgG seropositive; and the median Expanded Disability Status Scale score was 4.0 (interquartile range, 3.0-6.5). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Microcystic inner nuclear layer pathology occurs in a proportion of patients with NMO in eyes previously affected by acute optic neuritis. Additional research is needed to understand the cause of this retinal pathology and determine whether it contributes to persistent visual disability in patients with NMO following optic neuritis.
Longitudinal shifts in exercise stages of change in college students.

AIM The protective health benefits of regular physical activity are well established. To date, few studies have assessed the prevalence of exercise behavior and factors influencing exercise adoption and maintenance among college students. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of exercise self-efficacy, social support, and sedentary behavior and longitudinal shifts in stage of exercise behavior change among a sample of college students without intervention. METHODS A cross-sectional design was used to examine demographic characteristics, stage of exercise behavior change, exercise self-efficacy, social support (family and friend) and sedentary behavior. One hundred and sixty-one students at a large Midwestern university completed a valid and reliable written mailed questionnaire during baseline assessment and again 6 months later (follow-up). RESULTS Changes in exercise self-efficacy, social support, and sedentary behavior were not observed among students who maintained their stage of exercise behavior change from baseline to follow-up. Exercise relapsers experienced significant decreases in exercise self-efficacy and peer social support from baseline to follow-up. CONCLUSION These findings have important implications for further research on exercise adoption and maintenance among college students. From an applied perspective, it would be valuable for the practitioner to understand that different predictors are likely to influence exercise adoption and relapse.
Design and implementation of a low cost modularsensor

On the financial side, a key factor for the success of a smart-city initiative is the low cost of the sensors. On the technical side, the units need to be flexible enough to cover different roles, and to be reconfigurable for a distinct target. The capability to interact with an already deployed infrastructure, like a preexistent web-server, is a favorable feature from both the financial and technical point of view. In this paper we exploit an overlooked feature of the ESP8266 WiFi chip, i.e. the AT commands interpreter, to implement a sensor/actuator that meets the above specifications. To test our design, we implement a library that provides a transparent wrapper for AT commands. Using a prototype consisting of a board hosting an ESP01 coupled with an Arduino Nano, of which the cost is around 10 Euros, we evaluate the static properties and the operational stability.
A maximum-entropy chinese parser augmented by transformation-based learning

Parsing, the task of identifying syntactic components, e.g., noun and verb phrases, in a sentence, is one of the fundamental tasks in natural language processing. Many natural language applications such as spoken-language understanding, machine translation, and information extraction, would benefit from, or even require, high accuracy parsing as a preprocessing step. Even though most state-of-the-art statistical parsers were initially constructed for parsing in English, most of them are not language-specific, in that they do not rely on properties of the language that are specific to English. Therefore, construction of a parser in a given language becomes a matter of retraining the statistical parameters with a Treebank in the corresponding language. The development of the Chinese treebank [Xia et al. 2000] spurred the construction of parsers for Chinese. However, Chinese as a language poses some unique problems for the development of a statistical parser, the most apparent being word segmentation. Since words in written Chinese are not delimited in the same way as in Western languages, the first problem that needs to be solved before an existing statistical method can be applied to Chinese is to identify the word boundaries. This is a step that is neglected by most pre-existing Chinese parsers, which assume that the input data has already been pre-segmented. This article describes a character-based statistical parser, which gives the best performance to-date on the Chinese treebank data. We augment an existing maximum entropy parser with transformation-based learning, creating a parser that can operate at the character level. We present experiments that show that our parser achieves results that are close to those achievable under perfect word segmentation conditions.
Computerised prescribing: assessing the impact on prescription repeats and on generic substitution of some commonly used antibiotics

Objectives: To assess the impact of two interventions on computer‐generated prescriptions for antibiotics — (i) an educational intervention to reduce automatic computerised ordering of repeat antibiotic prescriptions, and (ii) a legislative change prohibiting the “no brand substitution” box being checked as a default setting in prescribing software — and to compare these findings with those of a similar survey we conducted in 2000.
School Choice by Default? Understanding the Demand for Private Tutoring in Canada

This article links the demand for private tutoring to mounting desires for school choice. The number of private tutoring businesses is rapidly growing in Canada, even though its educational system lacks characteristics that spark a demand for those services in other countries. Testing ideas derived from the school choice literature, I examine which kinds of parents hire and desire private tutors and how this demand is linked to other educational preferences. Using data from a national survey, I find that parents who hire or desire tutoring do not generally differ from other parents in their demographics or political ideology. However, though parents who employ tutors are generally satisfied with public education, they are less satisfied than other parents and tend to be more involved in their children’s schooling. The largest effect is that parents who employ tutors are greatly more desiring of private schooling than other parents. I conclude that for many parents, private tutoring represents a “school choice by default,” an affordable alternative to private schools.
Cysteine-Rich Protein 61 Plays a Proinflammatory Role in Obstructive Kidney Fibrosis

Cysteine-rich protein 61 (Cyr61) is a secreted matrix-associated protein that regulates a broad spectrum of biological and cellular activities. This study aimed to investigate the role of Cyr61 in progressive kidney fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) surgery in mice. The expression of Cyr61 transcripts and proteins in the obstructed kidneys were increased from day 1 and remained high until day 10 after surgery. Immunohistochemistry indicated that Cyr61 was expressed mainly in renal tubular epithelial cells. The upregulated Cyr61 in UUO kidneys was reduced in mice treated with pan-transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) antibody. The role of TGF-β in tubular Cyr61 upregulation after obstructive kidney injury was further supported by experiments showing that TGF-β1 stimulated Cyr61 expression in cultured tubular epithelial cells. Notably, the upregulation of Cyr61 in UUO kidneys was followed by a marked increase in monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) transcripts and macrophage infiltration, which were attenuated in mice treated with anti-Cyr61 antibodies. This proinflammatory property of Cyr61 in inducing MCP-1 expression was further confirmed in tubular epithelial cells cultured with Cyr61 protein. The anti-Cyr61 antibody in UUO mice also reduced the levels of collagen type 1-α1 transcripts, collagen fibril accumulation evaluated by picrosirius red staining, and the levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) transcripts and proteins on day 4 after surgery; however, the antifibrotic effect was not sustained. In conclusion, the TGF-β-mediated increase in tubular Cyr61 expression involved renal inflammatory cell infiltration through MCP-1 induction during obstructive kidney injury. The Cyr61 blockade attenuated kidney fibrosis in the early phase, but the antifibrotic effect could not be sustained.
Psychological Predictors of Condom Use to Prevent HIV Transmission Among Zimbabwean Students

Abstract Psychologists have much to contribute to HIV prevention. It is important to identify predictors of HIV preventive behaviour and to incorporate this information in AIDS education. The Health Belief Model is an established model of health behaviour that has recently been applied to AIDS prevention. It originally posited that perceptions of susceptibility to, severity of, and solutions to, illness predicted health behaviour. It thus emphasized “disease” dimensions of illness. It was expanded to include barriers to, cues to, and social support for, health behaviour. The enlarged model thus incorporated “social” dimensions of health behaviour. Because preventing AIDS involves a partner and considerable social risks and skills, inclusion of social components may improve the capacity of the Health Belief Model to predict HIV preventive behaviour. An inventory measuring condom use and the enlarged Health Belief Model was completed by 181 male and 171 female teacher-trainees. Data were analysed using mult.
The Statistical Inefficiency of Sparse Coding for Images (or, One Gabor to Rule them All)

Sparse coding is a proven principle for learning compact representations of images. However, sparse coding by itself often leads to very redundant dictionaries. With images, this often takes the form of similar edge detectors which are replicated many times at various positions, scales and orientations. An immediate consequence of this observation is that the estimation of the dictionary components is not statistically efficient. We propose a factored model in which factors of variation (e.g. position, scale and orientation) are untangled from the underlying Gabor-like filters. There is so much redundancy in sparse codes for natural images that our model requires only a single dictionary element (a Gabor-like edge detector) to outperform standard sparse coding. Our model scales naturally to arbitrary-sized images while achieving much greater statistical efficiency during learning. We validate this claim with a number of experiments showing, in part, superior compression of out-of-sample data using a sparse coding dictionary learned with only a single image.
On-Board Object Detection: Multicue, Multimodal, and Multiview Random Forest of Local Experts

Despite recent significant advances, object detection continues to be an extremely challenging problem in real scenarios. In order to develop a detector that successfully operates under these conditions, it becomes critical to leverage upon multiple cues, multiple imaging modalities, and a strong multiview (MV) classifier that accounts for different object views and poses. In this paper, we provide an extensive evaluation that gives insight into how each of these aspects (multicue, multimodality, and strong MV classifier) affect accuracy both individually and when integrated together. In the multimodality component, we explore the fusion of RGB and depth maps obtained by high-definition light detection and ranging, a type of modality that is starting to receive increasing attention. As our analysis reveals, although all the aforementioned aspects significantly help in improving the accuracy, the fusion of visible spectrum and depth information allows to boost the accuracy by a much larger margin. The resulting detector not only ranks among the top best performers in the challenging KITTI benchmark, but it is built upon very simple blocks that are easy to implement and computationally efficient.
Quality lies in the eyes of the beholder: A mismatch between student evaluation and peer observation of teaching

Abstract The study described in this article was prompted by the poor performance of students in an ‘at risk subject’ in a science faculty at a university in South Africa. Teacher performance could contribute to poor performance among students, therefore the performance of one of the science teachers whose students were performing poorly was evaluated by his students and through peer observation of his teaching. The article draws on a merger between Bernstein's ideas on framing as well as deep and surface approaches to learning to form a theoretical framework that underpinned the study. Peer observation showed that the teacher employed predominantly teacher-centred, passive approaches to teaching, and the facilitation of active learning was minimal, that is, framing was strong. Students, however, evaluated their teacher positively, indicating that he was an ‘effective’ teacher. Therefore, the perception of what constitutes ‘quality teaching’ is viewed differently by peers and students. This is most likely due to the incompatibility between peers' conception of teaching and students' conception of learning. Therefore, students' feedback on teaching is not necessarily accurate or useful.
Multi-document multilingual summarization and evaluation tracks in ACL 2013 MultiLing Workshop

The MultiLing 2013 Workshop of ACL 2013 posed a multi-lingual, multidocument summarization task to the summarization community, aiming to quantify and measure the performance of multi-lingual, multi-document summarization systems across languages. The task was to create a 240–250 word summary from 10 news articles, describing a given topic. The texts of each topic were provided in 10 languages (Arabic, Chinese, Czech, English, French, Greek, Hebrew, Hindi, Romanian, Spanish) and each participant generated summaries for at least 2 languages. The evaluation of the summaries was performed using automatic and manual processes. The participating systems submitted over 15 runs, some providing summaries across all languages. An automatic evaluation task was also added to this year’s set of tasks. The evaluation task meant to determine whether automatic measures of evaluation can function well in the multi-lingual domain. This paper provides a brief description related to the data of both tasks, the evaluation methodology, as well as an overview of participation and corresponding results.
Reconstruction of thermal property distributions - thermal conductivity, diffusivity, capacity

In this report, we propose to reconstruct thermal properties such as thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity in addition to the mechanical properties for diagnosis and treatment (planning). Temperature distribution can be measured by ultrasonic imaging and MRI. Provided that the reference values of thermal properties are given in the ROI as initial conditions, by solving the simultaneous first order partial differential equations (PDEs) having the temperature distributions as inhomogeneous coefficients, we can determine the thermal property distributions. Simulations and phantom experiments were conducted.
Cystatin C is a strong predictor of survival in patients with cirrhosis: is a cystatin C‐based MELD better?

The model of end stage liver disease (MELD) includes serum creatinine, which is a poor surrogate marker of renal function in patients with cirrhosis. Especially in women and patients with advanced disease creatinine underestimates true renal function. Our objective was to assess whether or not the substitution of creatinine by cystatin C improves the prognostic performance of the model.
Aurora A Is Critical for Survival in HPV-Transformed Cervical Cancer

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the causative agent in cervical cancer. HPV oncogenes are major drivers of the transformed phenotype, and the cancers remain addicted to these oncogenes. A screen of the human kinome has identified inhibition of Aurora kinase A (AURKA) as being synthetically lethal on the background of HPV E7 expression. The investigational AURKA inhibitor MLN8237/Alisertib selectively promoted apoptosis in the HPV cancers. The apoptosis was driven by an extended mitotic delay in the Alisertib-treated HPV E7–expressing cells. This had the effect of reducing Mcl-1 levels, which is destabilized in mitosis, and increasing BIM levels, normally destabilized by Aurora A in mitosis. Overexpression of Mcl-1 reduced sensitivity to the drug. The level of HPV E7 expression influenced the extent of Alisertib-induced mitotic delay and Mcl-1 reduction. Xenograft experiments with three cervical cancer cell lines showed Alisertib inhibited growth of HPV and non-HPV xenografts during treatment. Growth of non-HPV tumors was delayed, but in two separate HPV cancer cell lines, regression with no resumption of growth was detected, even at 50 days after treatment. A transgenic model of premalignant disease driven solely by HPV E7 also demonstrated sensitivity to drug treatment. Here, we show for the first time that targeting of the Aurora A kinase in mice using drugs such as Alisertib results in a curative sterilizing therapy that may be useful in treating HPV-driven cancers. Mol Cancer Ther; 14(12); 2753–61. ©2015 AACR.