Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pure Administrative Adjudication: an Introduction

ALTHOUGH the Attorney General's Committee on Administrative Pro/ cedure clearly emphasized the importance of informal administrative adjudication, scholarship in administrative law has generally ignored the importance and vitality of the informal administrative process. Today the conclusions of the Attorney General's Committee with regard to this area have even greater validity than in 1941. The Committee emphasized that "informal procedures constitute the vast bulk of administrative adjudication and are truly the lifeblood of the administrative process. No study of administrative procedure can be adequate if it fails to recognize this fact and focus attention upon improvement at these stages. "' The purpose of this article is to introduce the reader to the concept of "pure" administrative adjudication, which falls within the informal realm, and is farthest removed from the individuals directly affected. The significance of this process today will be emphasized through reference to one of the most important administrative agencies in the pure adjudicative area, the Veterans' Administration.
Notes on Options, Hedging, Prudential Reserves and Fair Values

ABSTRACT In this paper we present many investigations into the results of simulating the process of hedging a vanilla option at discrete times. We consider mainly a ‘maxi’ option (paying Max(A, B)), though calls, puts and ‘minis’ are also considered. We show the sensitivity of the variability of the hedging error to the actual investment strategy adopted, and to the many ways in which the simulated real world can diverge from the assumed option pricing model. We show how prudential reserves can be calculated, using conditional tail expectations, and how net premiums or fair values (which we present as the same) can be calculated, allowing for the necessary prudential reserves. We use two bond models, the very simple Black-Scholes one and a less unrealistic one. We also use the Wilkie model as an even more realistic real-world model, allowing for many complications in it to make it more realistic. We make observations on the important difference between real-world models and option pricing models, and emphasise the latter as the way of getting hedging quantities, and not just option prices.
Role of Zooplankton Diversity in Vibrio cholerae Population Dynamics and in the Incidence of Cholera in the Bangladesh Sundarbans

ABSTRACT Vibrio cholerae, a bacterium autochthonous to the aquatic environment, is the causative agent of cholera, a severe watery, life-threatening diarrheal disease occurring predominantly in developing countries. V. cholerae, including both serogroups O1 and O139, is found in association with crustacean zooplankton, mainly copepods, and notably in ponds, rivers, and estuarine systems globally. The incidence of cholera and occurrence of pathogenic V. cholerae strains with zooplankton were studied in two areas of Bangladesh: Bakerganj and Mathbaria. Chitinous zooplankton communities of several bodies of water were analyzed in order to understand the interaction of the zooplankton population composition with the population dynamics of pathogenic V. cholerae and incidence of cholera. Two dominant zooplankton groups were found to be consistently associated with detection of V. cholerae and/or occurrence of cholera cases, namely, rotifers and cladocerans, in addition to copepods. Local differences indicate there are subtle ecological factors that can influence interactions between V. cholerae, its plankton hosts, and the incidence of cholera.
OLAP query suggestion and discovery driven analysis

Interactive analysis of datacube, in which a user navigates a cube with a sequence of queries to ﬁnd and understand unexpected data, is often tedious. To better support this process, we propose in this paper to connect two techniques proposed earlier in this domain. These techniques are, on the one hand, discovery driven analysis, that guides the user towards regions of the cube they will ﬁnd of interest, and on the other hand, query recommendation, that takes advantage of what the other users did during former analyses. Beneﬁt-ing from these techniques we propose a framework for recommending OLAP queries to the user by taking into account what previous users found of interest and the explanation they worked out.
OGA-UCT: On-the-Go Abstractions in UCT

Recent work has begun exploring the value of domain abstractions in Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) algorithms for probabilistic planning. These algorithms automatically aggregate symmetric search nodes (states or state-action pairs) saving valuable planning time. Existing algorithms alternate between two phases: (1) abstraction computation forcomputing node aggregations, and (2) modified MCTS that use aggregate nodes. We believe that these algorithms do not achieve the full potential of abstractions because of disjoint phases – e.g., it can take a while to recover from erroneous abstractions, or compute better abstractions based on newly found knowledge.In response, we propose On-the-Go Abstractions (OGA), a novel approach in which abstraction computation is tightlyintegrated into the MCTS algorithm. We implement these on top of UCT and name the resulting algorithm OGA-UCT.It has several desirable properties, including (1) rapid use of new information in modifying existing abstractions, (2) elimination of the expensive batch abstraction computationphase, and (3) focusing abstraction computation on important part of the sampled search space. We experimentally compare OGA-UCT against ASAP-UCT, a recent state-of-the-art MDP algorithm as well as vanilla UCT algorithm. We find that OGA-UCT is robust across a suite of planning competition and other MDP domains, and obtains up to 28 % quality improvements.
Visible light communication beacon system for internet of things

The article describes an application of VLC (Visible Light Communication) for IoT (Internet of Things) nodes authentication and metadata exchange in the field of augmented reality. A practical use-case of presented communication system is provided and benefits of using such technique are explained. A smartphone camera based platform and advanced image processing is used for data reception and as a proof of concept implementation of presented communication technique. The future direction of the research is provided.
Challenges of Tourism in a Dynamic Island Destination: The Case of Cuba

Abstract Shifting political and economic structures have put Cuban tourism on a fluctuating course of economic development. With the fall of the Soviet Union, Cuba has turned again to tourism – an economic partner reminiscent of the pre-revolutionary era – to generate foreign exchange and stimulate investment The study analyses tourism in a non-market economy by examining Cuba's historic relationship with tourism. A literature review clusters Cuban tourism development issues and a destination audit and visitors' satisfaction survey evaluates Cuba's tourism product and key service issues. The rise of Cuban tourism is associated with a thriving black market, supply shortages, absent employee incentives, poor quality service delivery, resident apartheid, prostitution and telecommunication shortfalls. Regardless of these problems, Cuba maintains an exotic appeal due to its natural and cultural resources, its politics and its people. The case study raises questions regarding Cuba's long-term viability as a non-market economy in a competitive global and service-minded marketplace.
Leveraging university research to serve economic development: an analysis of policy dynamics in and across three US states

As economic competition becomes more global and knowledge-based, US states have independently pursued initiatives in research and development (R&D) and science and technology (S&T). Policy efforts often entwine government, universities, and industry, aiming to stimulate socially optimal levels of innovation and economic growth. Partnerships in this arena are well documented, but few studies foreground first-person accounts of policy dynamics. Through comparative case study of Georgia, Missouri, and Texas, we present perspectives of government, university, and industry leaders, who form and negotiate boundaries and roles for collaboration. We find that (1) S&T competition has been distinct from national initiatives and more domestic than global; (2) the three states feature similar policies but have evolved ‘new economy’ approaches idiosyncratically; and (3) universities in these states have driven endeavours, evincing specific industry/corporate perspectives. Themes suggest competition – not collaboration – within a national-innovation system and intriguing yet challenging opportunities for academic leaders and managers.
CALIPSO-AERONET Combined Application for Weather and Climate Research

In this paper, a new method is proposed, which combine CALIPSO lidar data with AERONET data to acquire the unstable aerosol information in Taiwan. First, introduce a CALIPSO retrieval arithmetic to obtain the aerosol optical depth, and then compare the differences between CALIPSO and AERONET. By combining these two techniques we could not only have the precise site data from AERONET, but also own the change information of aerosol in southeast China from CALIPSO. Different from AERONET, we can also display the spatial properties of aerosol from CALIPSO lidar backscatter data, such as, the strength of aerosol in each layer and their change with time in the aerosphere.
The LiMA technology: measurement of ATP on a nucleic acid testing platform.

Detection of bacterial growth is used in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious disease, blood screening, food safety, product quality assurance, and life science research. The measurement of intracellular ATP content has long been the standard for rapid bacterial growth and viability measurement (1)(2)(3). The current methods used to detect ATP include luminescence generated by the enzyme system firefly luciferase/luciferin. The chemistry involved in this process is simple and can be used with a wide range of luminescence equipment, from handheld devices to sophisticated, laboratory-based instruments for high-throughput applications(4). We have developed an alternative, quantitative assay method for ATP based on a nucleic acid testing (NAT) format. During the past decade NAT has become the method of choice for bacterial identification (5). NAT hardware, such as thermal cyclers, isothermal instruments, and real-time/kinetic product detection systems, are now commonplace laboratory equipment. The new method, LiMA (Ligase Mediated ATP Amplification Assay)(6), uses DNA ligase, an ATP-requiring enzyme(7), to join 2 oligonucleotides in a nicked-DNA substrate and create a template that can be amplified in a DNA amplification reaction (Fig. 1⇓ ). Before the LiMA process, the ligase is treated with pyrophosphate to ensure that all the enzyme molecules are in the deadenylated form. Thus the ligase is inactive until it binds a molecule of ATP, which leads to the loss of the pyrophosphate moiety from ATP and the formation of a covalent enzyme—AMP intermediate linked to a lysine side-chain in the enzyme. In this reaction the enzyme becomes charged by an ATP molecule; essentially, a sample is scavenged for its ATP content. In the next step of the reaction the AMP nucleotide is transferred to the 5′ phosphate of the nicked-DNA strand, followed by attack on the AMP-DNA bond by the 3′-OH of …
Marital Timing and Earnings over the Life Course

Gary R. Lee, Advisor Married people are consistently found to be better off economically than all categories of unmarried people. It is clear marital decisions have economic consequences. However, the decision of when to marry also appears to have economic consequences. Past scholarship reveals that marrying early puts one at risk of low educational attainment, lower average income, holding lower-status jobs, and a higher probability of divorce. While considerable attention has been given to the consequences of early marriage, the consequences of late marriage have hardly been studied. The term marital timing has been used interchangeably with the term early marriage and as a by-product research on the effects of late marriage has been neglected. It is also important not to confuse the economic consequences of marital timing with consequences of its antecedents. Using twenty waves of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, spanning twenty-four years, this study examines the economic antecedents of marital timing and the effect of marrying early, on-time, or late on individual earnings over time separately by gender. Indeed, I find different levels of economic resources influence marital timing; however, men’s probability of an early or late marriage is not affected by the same types of resources that affect women’s probability of an early or late marriage. Additionally, marital timing significantly affects men and women’s yearly earnings over time. Furthermore, I find the effect of marital timing on earnings is influenced by multiple levels of resources. However, gender differences in the nature of these relationships exist. In addition, while the resource measures examined explain the earnings differentials by marital timing among women, they do not do so for men.
Mergers and Long-Term Corporate Performance: Evidence from Cross-Border Bank Acquisitions

We provide evidence on operating performance changes at a sample of U.S. banks acquired by non-U.S. banking organizations over the 1980-2001 period. Our sample allows us to compare directly the preacquisition performance of the targets with their postacquisition performance, a comparison that has not been possible in prior studies. We find that these cross-border acquisitions produce improved target performance. Cash flow profitability at the target increases, labor utilization improves, and loan losses do not rise. We also find evidence that the improvement in target operating performance primarily takes place for those acquisitions that occur following passage of the Reigle-Neal interstate branching legislation. Copyright (c) 2009 The Ohio State University.
Measurement and Torque Calculation of Magnetic Spur Gear Based on Quasi 3-D Analytical Method

This paper presents the torque characteristics analysis and torque measurement of a magnetic spur gear with a three-segment Halbach array based on the Quasi Three-Dimension (3-D) Analytical Method. It analyzes a magnetic spur gear that uses a Halbach array by employing an analytical method for torque calculation. In the analytical method, from the magnetic vector potential and a coordinate system conversion, analytical solutions are obtained for magnetic fields produced by source magnets. By using the derived magnetic field solutions, an analytical solution is obtained for the external magnetic flux density. The drive magnet is next reduced to the equivalent current densities, and the torque is computed from these currents in the external magnetic field, which is obtained from the second process. Finally, the leakage flux in the z-direction occurring in the magnetic gear is considered using the 3-D analytical method. Thus, an analytical result can be obtained. These results are validated by comparison with the finite element method.
Capital flows to developing economies: Implications for saving, investment, and growth (a comment)

Comment: This paper by Barry Bosworth and Susan Collins is a welcome contribution to the capital flows literature in that it investigates whether there are important behavioral differences across types of flows and their effects on economic activity, saving, and investment. Previous studies examining the links between growth and capital flows had largely ignored distinctions among the different types of flows, despite evidence of very different characteristics as regards volatility.
Notes on the Mechanics of Growth and Debt

This paper grew out of an exploration of the way in which inflow of capital from abroad affects the growth of an economy, if there is a return flow of interest payments on the debt thereby created. There are two sides to this coin. The obverse is to suppose that the creditor country or countries supplies a given amount of capital on certain terms; what then happens to the growth of the recipient country? The reverse is to set a target rate of growth for the recipient country; what then is required of the donor countries in the way of aid to the recipient country? Models which answer some of these questions, on certain assumptions, exist already of course. The answer will be different according to the dominant constraints on the economy i.e. whether there is a balance of payments or a savings gap. In this paper the author shall only be concerned with the savings gap, not out of a conviction that the other gap can be ignored, but only because there is an advantage in taking one thing at a time. Most such models end up with rather long mathematical expressions, whether they are in exponential form or in compound interest form. This is of course not very surprising. Growth, if one assumes a constant rate, introduces one element of compound interest. The interest on the debt itself introduces another. If one supposes that the inflow of capital is the generating factor, and that it is increasing at a particular rate, then one has a third rate of growth to contend with.
A model to calculate the capacity distribution of correlated MIMO channels and interferers

The use of multi-antenna arrays has been predicted to provide substantial throughput gains for wireless communication systems. However, these predictions have to be assessed in realistic situations, such as correlated channels and in the presence of interference. We present a model which provides expressions for the average and the variance of the distribution of the mutual information of multi-antenna systems with arbitrary correlations and interferers. This model, even though it is based on analytic calculations in the limit of large antenna numbers, produces extremely accurate results, even for small arrays. We use this model to optimize over the input signal covariance with channel covariance feedback and thus to calculate closed-loop capacities We analyze in detail two specific examples and also compare simulations to establish its validity. This method provides a simple tool to analyze the statistics of throughput for arrays of any size.
The exploratory power of sleep effort, dysfunctional beliefs and arousal for insomnia severity and polysomnography‐determined sleep

Differences between subjective sleep perception and sleep determined by polysomnography (PSG) are prevalent, particularly in patients with primary insomnia, indicating that the two measures are partially independent. To identify individualized treatment strategies, it is important to understand the potentially different mechanisms influencing subjective and PSG‐determined sleep. The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent three major components of insomnia models, i.e. sleep effort, dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep, and presleep arousal, are associated with subjective insomnia severity and PSG‐ determined sleep. A sample of 47 patients with primary insomnia according to DSM‐IV criteria and 52 good sleeper controls underwent 2 nights of PSG and completed the Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale, the Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep Scale, the Pre‐Sleep Arousal Scale and the Insomnia Severity Index. Regression analyses were conducted to investigate the impact of the three predictors on subjective insomnia severity and PSG‐ determined total sleep time. All analyses were adjusted for age, gender, depressive symptoms and group status. The results showed that subjective insomnia severity was associated positively with sleep effort. PSG‐determined total sleep time was associated negatively with somatic presleep arousal and dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep. This pattern of results provides testable hypotheses for prospective studies on the impact of distinct cognitive and somatic variables on subjective insomnia severity and PSG‐determined total sleep time.
Euro Area Inflation Differentials: Unit Roots and Nonlinear Adjustment

This article examines the time-series properties of inflation differentials in 12 economic and monetary union (EMU) countries. The evidence from standard linear unit root tests indicates that inflation differentials are highly persistent in the majority of countries. However, when one allows for the possibility that inflation differentials can be characterized by a nonlinear mean reverting process, one finds evidence of stationarity in all cases. The empirical results suggest that once nonlinearity is accounted for, inflation differentials do not consistently intensify real divergence in the euro area.
Parallel evolution of larval morphology and habitat in the snail‐killing fly genus Tetanocera

In this study, we sequenced one nuclear and three mitochondrial DNA loci to construct a robust estimate of phylogeny for all available species of Tetanocera. Character optimizations suggested that aquatic habitat was the ancestral condition for Tetanocera larvae, and that there were at least three parallel transitions to terrestrial habitat, with one reversal. Maximum likelihood analyses of character state transformations showed significant correlations between habitat transitions and changes in four larval morphological characteristics (cuticular pigmentation and three characters associated with the posterior spiracular disc). We provide evidence that phylogenetic niche conservatism has been responsible for the maintenance of aquatic‐associated larval morphological character states, and that concerted convergence and/or gene linkage was responsible for parallel morphological changes that were derived in conjunction with habitat transitions. These habitat–morphology associations were consistent with the action of natural selection in facilitating the morphological changes that occurred during parallel aquatic to terrestrial habitat transitions in Tetanocera.
Labor Markets and Institutions: An Overview

This paper reviews the issues and papers presented at the VII Annual Conference of the Central Bank of Chile on Labor Market and Institutions, that will soon be compiled in a book by the same name. It discusses the origins of labor regulations, which are many times not associated to specific market failures. It measures its effects on labor markets, growth and inequality. Effects that vary by type of regulation, the context in which they are applied and the degree of enforcement. Finally, the paper presents work how regulations should be designed in order to generate the appropriate incentives for both firms and workers. The papers reviewed are potentially very useful in the understanding the type of regulation that should be implemented, when and how.
Salient object detection with fixation priori

There are two main areas in saliency detection: fixation prediction and salient object detection. Researchers always use bottom-up low-level features and straightforward rules for salient object detection. However these rules are unreliable in common scenes. As a result, most salient object detection technologies can gain a fine performance in limited situation. While in a more complex scene (such as PASCAL-S dataset), they may miss the really wanted salient objects. Fixation prediction is a technology of predicting the regions which can attract human's attention. Most fixation prediction technologies are based on the discoveries of neuroscience and cognitive psychology. Their rules for fixation prediction more accord with human's sensory mechanism. Thus, fixation map can provide a more reliable salient priori. Based on above reasons, we propose a novel salient object detection method with fixation priori. We refine fixation map to gain a reliable priori, and conduct salient object detection based on the priori. We perform experiment on two datasets, and find that our method outperforms the comparative state-of-art salient object detection technologies.