Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Glycolytic gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: nucleotide sequence of GCR1, null mutants, and evidence for expression

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the gcr mutation is known to have a profound effect on the levels of most glycolytic enzymes, reducing them to 5% of normal or less in growth on noncarbohydrates. Here I report the preparation of chromosomal gcr insertion and deletion mutations. The null mutations were recessive, were not lethal, and caused a pattern of glycolytic enzyme deficiency similar to that seen earlier for the gcr1-1 allele, including the partial inducibility by glucose of the residual enzyme activities. DNA sequence analysis showed that GCR1 encoded a protein of molecular weight 94,414, with a very low codon bias index, characteristic of several S. cerevisiae regulatory genes; adjacent 5' and 3' sequences contained elements suggesting that it was transcribed, polyadenylated, and translated. RNA gel transfer hybridization experiments with purified polyadenylated RNA and a probe complementary to the 5' portion of the open reading frame showed that Ger was expressed as a polyadenylated transcript. Together with previous work, the present results suggest that the Gcr product may be a transcriptional factor necessary specifically for the high-level transcription of a limited set of genes whose products, the enzymes of glycolysis, constitute a substantial fraction of cell proteins and are responsible for the primary metabolic flux in many cells.
A study of mainstream education opportunities for disabled children and youth and early childhood development in Iraq

This report presents the major findings from the UNICEF commissioned research into mainstream educational opportunities for disabled children and young people and early childhood development in Iraq together with recommendations arising from the research and forms Volume 1 of the full report. It is supported by evidence in Volume 2 which contains seven appendices. A model for training primary school teachers and providing professional development for qualified and practicing teachers is presented in Volume 3. The training model for teachers is entitled: Inclusive schools for Iraq.This report is the final stage of our consultation and analysis strategy. The report not only aims to describe the research findings and table recommendations for consideration and action, but it is also offered to:o Encourage further support to those working on the ground in Iraq consistent with the key findings of the research;o Encourage those in decision-making positions in government and community organisations to act on the recommendations given the urgency of the issues for establishing mainstream opportunities for those disabled children and youth who are excluded from education in Iraq;o Sustain the engagement of those who will continue to address the issues identified in this research.
Exploring the quantitative relationship between metabolism and enzymatic phenotype by physiological modeling of glucose metabolism and lactate oxidation in solid tumors

Molecular imaging using PET or hyperpolarized MRI can characterize tumor phenotypes by assessing the related metabolism of certain substrates. However, the interpretation of the substrate turnover in terms of a pathophysiological understanding is not straightforward and only semiquantitative. The metabolism of imaging probes is influenced by a number of factors, such as the microvascular structure or the expression of key enzymes. This study aims to use computational simulation to investigate the relationship between the metabolism behind molecular imaging and the underlying tumor phenotype. The study focused on the pathways of glucose metabolism and lactate oxidation in order to establish the quantitative relationship between the expression of several transporters (GLUT, MCT1 and MCT4), expression of the enzyme hexokinase (HK), microvasculature and the metabolism of glucose or lactate and the extracellular pH distribution. A computational model for a 2D tumor tissue phantom was constructed and the spatio-temporal evolution of related species (e.g. oxygen, glucose, lactate, protons, bicarbonate ions) was estimated by solving reaction-diffusion equations. The proposed model was tested by the verification of the simulation results using in vivo and in vitro literature data. The influences of different expression levels of GLUT, MCT1, MCT4, HK and microvessel distribution on substrate concentrations were analyzed. The major results are consistent with experimental data (e.g. GLUT is more influential to glycolytic flux than HK; extracellular pH is not correlated with MCT expressions) and provide theoretical interpretation of the co-influence of multiple factors of the tumor microenvironment. This computational simulation may assist the generation of hypotheses to bridge the discrepancy between tumor metabolism and the functions of transporters and enzymes. It has the potential to accelerate the development of multi-modal imaging strategies for assessment of tumor phenotypes.
CRL4-like Clr4 complex in Schizosaccharomyces pombe depends on an exposed surface of Dos1 for heterochromatin silencing

Significance The CLRC complex is essential for heterochromatin formation in the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Its well-known role in placing methyl marks on histone H3 lysine 9 at heterochromatic loci is attributed to one of its components, cryptic loci regulator 4. However, it also contains an E3 ubiquitin ligase, a less understood activity of this complex. Here, we describe the organization of this seven-component complex and determine the crystal structure of delocalization of Swi6 1 (Dos1), a key subunit involved in targeting CLRC. We identify Dos2 as the central component of the complex and point of contact with Stc1, which bridges CLRC to the RNAi-induced transcriptional silencing complex, and show that heterochromatin formation is dependent on an exposed surface of Dos1. These results provide an unprecedented, high-resolution functional annotation of CLRC. Repressive histone H3 lysine 9 methylation (H3K9me) and its recognition by HP1 proteins are necessary for pericentromeric heterochromatin formation. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, H3K9me deposition depends on the RNAi pathway. Cryptic loci regulator 4 (Clr4), the only known H3K9 methyltransferase in this organism, is a subunit of the Clr4 methyltransferase complex (CLRC), whose composition is reminiscent of a CRL4 type cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL) including its cullin Cul4, the RING-box protein Pip1, the DNA damage binding protein 1 homolog Rik1, and the DCAF-like protein delocalization of Swi6 1 (Dos1). Dos2 and Stc1 have been proposed to be part of the complex but do not bear similarity to canonical ubiquitin ligase components. CLRC is an active E3 ligase in vitro, and this activity is necessary for heterochromatin assembly in vivo. The similarity between CLRC and the CRLs suggests that the WD repeat protein Dos1 will act to mediate target recognition and substrate specificity for CLRC. Here, we present a pairwise interaction screen that confirms a CRL4-like subunit arrangement and further identifies Dos2 as a central component of the complex and recruiter of Stc1. We determined the crystal structure of the Dos1 WD repeat domain, revealing an eight-bladed β-propeller fold. Functional mapping of the putative target-binding surface of Dos1 identifies key residues required for heterochromatic silencing, consistent with Dos1’s role as the specificity factor for the E3 ubiquitin ligase.
Constructing a true LCSH tree of a science and engineering collection

The Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) is a subject structure used to index large library collections throughout the world. Browsing a collection through LCSH is difficult using current online tools in part because users cannot explore the structure using their existing experience navigating file hierarchies on their hard drives. This is due to inconsistencies in the LCSH structure, which does not adhere to the specific rules defining tree structures. This article proposes a method to adapt the LCSH structure to reflect a real-world collection from the domain of science and engineering. This structure is transformed into a valid tree structure using an automatic process. The analysis of the resulting LCSH tree shows a large and complex structure. The analysis of the distribution of information within the LCSH tree reveals a power law distribution where the vast majority of subjects contain few information items and a few subjects contain the vast majority of the collection. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interplay between regional and industrial aspects in the R&D–productivity link: evidence from Europe

ABSTRACT Interplay between regional and industrial aspects in the R&D–productivity link: evidence from Europe. Regional Studies. The paper tests the effect of the interplay between regional and sectoral dimensions in the firm-level research and development (R&D)–productivity link. Using a longitudinal database of innovative publicly traded European companies between 1991 and 2008, the following main results arise. First, the elasticity of value added with respect to R&D is larger in regions characterized by a higher innovation performance (knowledge hubs versus industrial zones). Second, in knowledge hubs, industry affiliation mediates the gains from R&D: high-tech manufacturing firms profit more from R&D than low-tech ones. This evidence suggests that an innovative regional environment increases the capacity to translate R&D investments into productivity for European high-tech industries. This virtuous circle is not at work in services and in low-tech manufacturing industries.
Effects of continuous and intermittent administration and inhibition of resorption on the anabolic response of bone to parathyroid hormone

The role of resorption in the anabolic response of bone to parathyroid hormone (PTH) is not well understood. In contrast to the increase in bone mass induced by intermittent PTH in intact rats, continuous infusion of PTH into thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats failed to increase bone volume. The objectives of this study were to determine if continuous infusions of low doses of PTH were anabolic in intact rats and if inhibition of resorption would enhance or block an anabolic action of PTH. Young male rats were treated with either continuous infusion or intermittent injections of hPTH‐(1‐34) for 12 days. In experiment 1, PTH, infused daily at 4 μg per 100 g, increased femur calcium and dry weight. Unlike infusion of 8 μg PTH, which did not alter bone mass, intermittent PTH at 8 μg was anabolic and increased bone mass by increasing trabecular thickness and number. Infusion of 16 μg induced hypercalcemia and death. In experiment 2, lower dose daily infusions of 0.25–4 μg PTH per 100 g did not increase bone mass. In experiment 3, in rats pretreated with dichloromethylene diphosphonate (CI2MDP) to inhibit resorption and subsequently exhibiting decreased bone formation, PTH, irrespective of the method of administration, reversed the inhibitory effects of Cl2MDP on bone formation. Thus, intermittent and continuous PTH increase bone formation independently of effects on bone resorption, but only intermittent PTH increases bone mass consistently.
A Systemic Perspective on Innovation from Energy Efficiency Policy efforts

When new energy efficient products are struggling with their commercialisation and diffusion into widespread applications you would typically expect policy-makers and green lead-users to guide the way. This paper examines the case of the hot water circulator pump industry in Europe, where parts of the industry envisioned and worked for a voluntary energy label, bringing technological innovation, new business and energy savings of approx. 85% for each new circulator pump. The case study explores the complexities of innovation processes where technology, market, actors and policy co-evolve over time to transform an existing socio-technical regime. The paper highlights the importance of policies to reduce barriers towards innovation and energy efficiency and shows that it is not always policy-makers that establish the crucial policies that change the innovation dynamics for the benefit of the environment and the industry. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A method for evaluating the selectivity of electrodes implanted for nerve simulation

The authors describe a method based on the compound action potential (CAP) that provides a precise measurement of the selectivity of an electrode array and yet is relatively simple to use. The method uses the refractory interaction of the CAPs elicited by a stimulus pulse pair, along with high-resolution recording of those potentials, to achieve measurements of the selectivity of stimulation down to the scale of a few axon diameters. The feasibility of this technique is demonstrated in sciatic nerves of frogs (Rana Catesbiana) acutely implanted with a sapphire electrode array. The high-resolution recording of the compound action potential provides a method for evaluating dense neurostimulation electrode arrays. The refractory interaction of these CAP responses provides a simple method for studying current spread and electrode interaction down to a spatial resolution of about 25 mu m, depending upon the particular nerve used. <<ETX>>
LC3B, a Protein That Serves as an Autophagic Marker, Modulates Angiotensin II-induced Myocardial Hypertrophy

Abstract: LC3B is a marker of autophagic activity, and growing evidence supports its importance in myocardial hypertrophy. Thus, regulating LC3B expression may provide an important avenue to inhibit autophagy and protect against or inhibit pathological myocardial hypertrophy. To address this question, we investigated the effects of altering LC3B mRNA expression and autophagic activity in the setting of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. In an in vitro angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy model, LC3B mRNA and protein expression was increased and there was activation of cardiomyocyte autophagy, which was assessed by transmission electron microscopy and flow cytometry. LC3B cDNA transfection also resulted in an upregulation of autophagic activity, whereas downregulation of autophagic activity was observed with knockdown of LC3B expression. Induction of LC3B expression was shown to further exacerbate Ang II-stimulated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, whereas inhibition of LC3B expression inhibited the Ang II-stimulated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy (as assessed through cardiomyocyte morphology and expression of ANP and &bgr;-MHC). This study demonstrated that LC3B modulates the Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in cultured neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes.
Ozone, oxidant defense genes, and risk of asthma during adolescence.

RATIONALE Although oxidative stress is a cardinal feature of asthma, the roles of oxidant air pollutants and antioxidant genes heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX-1), catalase (CAT), and manganese superoxide dismutase (MNSOD) in asthma pathogenesis have yet to be determined. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that the functional polymorphisms of HMOX-1 ([GT](n) repeat), CAT (-262C>T -844C>T), and MNSOD (Ala-9Val) are associated with new-onset asthma, and the effects of these variants vary by exposure to ozone, a potent oxidant air pollutant. METHODS We assessed this hypothesis in a population-based cohort of non-Hispanic (n = 1,125) and Hispanic white (n = 586) children who resided in 12 California communities and who were followed annually for 8 years to ascertain new-onset asthma. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Air pollutants were continuously measured in each of the study communities during the 8 years of study follow-up. HMOX-1 "short" alleles (<23 repeats) were associated with a reduced risk for new-onset asthma among non-Hispanic whites (hazard ratio [HR], 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.41-0.99). This protective effect was largest in children residing in low-ozone communities (HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.25-0.91) (interaction P value = 0.003). Little evidence for an association with HMOX-1 was observed among Hispanic children. In contrast, Hispanic children with a variant of the CAT-262 "T" allele (CT or TT) had an increased risk for asthma (HR, 1.78; P value = 0.01). The effects of these polymorphisms were not modified by personal smoking or secondhand-smoke exposure. CONCLUSIONS Functional promoter variants in CAT and HMOX-1 showed ethnicity-specific associations with new-onset asthma. Oxidant gene protection was restricted to children living in low-ozone communities.
Market integration in Brazilian shrimp markets

ABSTRACT Shrimp comprise a large share of Brazilian aquaculture production. Since 2003, producers have increasingly targeted the domestic market, and now most of the farmed shrimp production is consumed domestically. However, the domestic market has traditionally been supplied by shrimp from fisheries, mainly seabob and redspotted shrimp, creating the potential for competition between wild and farmed shrimp. The fact that these fisheries are generally considered overexploited may limit the impact of the competition. The degree of competition will be investigated by testing the degree of market integration between farmed and wild shrimp species in the domestic Brazilian market. The results indicate that the domestic markets for shrimp are integrated, as the price of shrimp supplied by fisheries and aquaculture form part of a system of shrimp prices.
Droop gains selection methodology for offshore multi-terminal HVDC networks

This paper presents a methodology for selecting the droop gains of the voltage source converters (VSCs) in multi-terminal high-voltage direct current (MT HVDC) transmission system. The droop gains are selected to improve the DC voltage transient and steady state dynamics performance. The proposed methodology relies on improving the small signal stability of the HVDC network, which is performed by selecting the droop gains values that increase minimize the real part of the system critical eigenvalues, while maintaining the steady state voltage deviation within limits. The proposed methodology has been tested on the CIGRE B4 DC grid test system. Furthermore, the simulation results confirm the effects of selecting the proper droop gains on the DC voltage dynamics.
CSR, organizational identification, normative commitment, and the moderating effect of the importance of CSR

Commitment results from an assessment of situations found at the work place linking employees to their organization, and their effort towards achieving goals. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is management's obligation, not solely to maximize economic profit, but also represent humanitarian social causes. CSR has been linked employee organizational identification (EOI) and to commitment. This research examines the moderating effect of the perceived importance of corporate social responsibility (ICSR) on the relationships among CSR, EOI and commitment. The constructs were numerically measured and the model was analyzed using partial least square structural equation modeling. Cross-sectional data was collected through convenience sampling targeting employees working at different organizations within Lebanon (a country in the Middle East and North Africa region). 287 participants fully completed the survey. The questionnaire contains 15 items measuring CSR, 5 questions relating to EOI, 8 items measuring the normative commitment, a 5-item scale to measure the importance of ethics and social responsibility to employees, and demographics. Based on previous research, all scales used are valid and reliable.Empirical evidence indicate that employee identification mediate the relationship between CSR and normative commitment. Also, ICSR was found to moderate some of these relationships. These findings were obtained by first, demonstrating the reliability and validity of the measurement model, and then by calculating the structural model path coefficients and determining their significance. Also, cluster analysis was used to partition the respondents into two groups on the bases of whether or not they view CSR as important. Multi-group analysis was then conducted to determine the moderating effects of ICSR on the relationship between CSR, EOI, and normative commitment. In particular, significant effects were found between CSR towards customer, employees, and stakeholders on employee identification. Additionally, results show that employee identification moderates the relationship between the employees and stakeholders' components of CSR and normative commitments. It is recommended when formulating CSR initiatives, companies take into consideration what employees value and perceive as important, so that their company identification is enhanced leading to increased commitment. As such, companies ought to align their corporate values and interests with that of employees when determining CSR activities.
Handedness in Great Britain

Two large British databases of handedness assessed by writing hand at 10–11 years of age were analysed by geographical region. Left-handedness was found to vary significantly across regions according to one survey but not the other. In both data sets, left-handed writing was significantly more frequent in England than in Scotland and Wales combined. Possible reasons for this difference are discussed.
Evoked EMG-based torque prediction under muscle fatigue in implanted neural stimulation

In patients with complete spinal cord injury, fatigue occurs rapidly and there is no proprioceptive feedback regarding the current muscle condition. Therefore, it is essential to monitor the muscle state and assess the expected muscle response to improve the current FES system toward adaptive force/torque control in the presence of muscle fatigue. Our team implanted neural and epimysial electrodes in a complete paraplegic patient in 1999. We carried out a case study, in the specific case of implanted stimulation, in order to verify the corresponding torque prediction based on stimulus evoked EMG (eEMG) when muscle fatigue is occurring during electrical stimulation. Indeed, in implanted stimulation, the relationship between stimulation parameters and output torques is more stable than external stimulation in which the electrode location strongly affects the quality of the recruitment. Thus, the assumption that changes in the stimulation–torque relationship would be mainly due to muscle fatigue can be made reasonably. The eEMG was proved to be correlated to the generated torque during the continuous stimulation while the frequency of eEMG also decreased during fatigue. The median frequency showed a similar variation trend to the mean absolute value of eEMG. Torque prediction during fatigue-inducing tests was performed based on eEMG in model cross-validation where the model was identified using recruitment test data. The torque prediction, apart from the potentiation period, showed acceptable tracking performances that would enable us to perform adaptive closed-loop control through implanted neural stimulation in the future.
Comparison of principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis for face recognition (March 2007)

In this paper two face recognition techniques, principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), are considered and implemented using a nearest neighbor classifier. The performance of the two techniques is then compared in facial recognition and detection tasks. The comparisons are done using a facial recognition database captured for the project that contains images captured over a range of poses, lighting conditions and occlusions.