Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Parameterization of subgrid-scalestress by the velocity gradient tensorBy

In large eddy simulation (LES), the large scale motions are directly computed and the eeects of the small scales are modeled. The term to be modeled is the subgrid-scale stress tensor, ij = u i u j ? u i u j ; (1) which arises when the Navier-Stokes equations are spatially ltered (denoted by overbar) to remove the small scale information. Most large eddy simulations make use of the Smagorinsky (1963) eddy-viscosity model, ij ? 1 3 kk ij = ? 2(C 2 j Sj) S ij ; (2) where C is a non-dimensional constant, is the grid spacing, and S ij is the resolved strain-rate. Although the Smagorinsky model has been in use for nearly thirty years, for roughly half that period it has been known that the model provides only a crude estimate for the stresses. This fact was rst demonstrated by Clark et al. (1979), where direct numerical simulation (DNS) data for homogeneous isotropic turbulence was used to evaluate model predictions. Clark et al. found a correlation coeecient of approximately 0:2 when comparing predictions of the Smagorinsky model with the exact stresses. McMillan et al (1979) found that the correlation coeecient was even lower in homogeneous shear ow, being close to 0:1. Later, Piomelli et al. (1988) found similar results in turbulent channel ow. When contemplating these extremely low correlations, it may seem striking that the Smagorinsky model is successful when used in a large eddy simulation. The reason for the seemingly unwarranted accuracy is that, by construction, the Smagorin-sky model insures a net drain of energy from the large scales to the subgrid-scale motions. This is the primary objective of the subgrid-scale model, and as long as this requirement is met, reasonable results are evidently obtained. On the other hand, the Smagorinsky model provides poor predictions of the individual elements of the stress tensor. It is natural to expect that superior results could be obtained with a model that predicts the stress tensor more accurately. The aim of this work is to seek out potentially more accurate models. The Smagorinsky model is based on a molecular transport analogy where the stress is proportional to the rate of strain. The molecular analogy is a rather crude
Choline Uptake into Renal Phospholipids following Renal Ischemia in Rats

Renal phospholipid metabolism was studied after ischemia was induced by occlusion of the left renal artery in the rat. There was no change in the rate of cellular [14C]choline uptake after 25 or 80 minutes of ischemia. However, [14C]choline incorporation into phospholipid was two to three times greater in slices from the ischemic kidney than in slices from the contralateral control kidney. The increase occurred after 25 minutes of ischemia plus 15 minutes of reflow, and after 60 minutes of ischemia with or without reflow. When 14C]choline was injected into rats after a 60-minute period of renal ischemia, the rate of incorporation into phospholipid in the ischemic kidney was almost twice that of the control kidney. These results were similar to those of the in vitro experiments. Since virtually all of the cellular phospholipids of the kidney are present in cellular membranes, renal ischemia affects membrane metabolism. The mean distribution ratio of α-aminoisobutyric acid in slices of kidneys ischemic for 60 minutes was similar to that of control slices: 4.11 ± 0.2 (SEM) VS. 4.30 ± 0.30. The normal uptake of α-aminoisobutyric acid indicates that the increased incorporation of choline is associated with functional integrity of the membrane. cire Reg 44: 62-67, 1979
Neuregulin-ErbB Signaling Promotes Microglial Proliferation and Chemotaxis Contributing to Microgliosis and Pain after Peripheral Nerve Injury

A key component in the response of the nervous system to injury is the proliferation and switch to a “proinflammatory” phenotype by microglia (microgliosis). In situations where the blood–brain barrier is intact, microglial numbers increase via the proliferation and chemotaxis of resident microglia; however, there is limited knowledge regarding the factors mediating this response. After peripheral nerve injury, a dorsal horn microgliosis develops, which directly contributes to the development of neuropathic pain. Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) is a growth and differentiation factor with a well characterized role in neural and cardiac development. Microglia express the NRG1 receptors erbB2, 3, and 4, and NRG1 signaling via the erbB2 receptor stimulated microglial proliferation, chemotaxis, and survival, as well as interleukin-1β release in vitro. Intrathecal treatment with NRG1 resulted in microglial proliferation within the dorsal horn, and these cells developed an activated morphology. This microglial response was associated with the development of both mechanical and cold pain-related hypersensitivity. Primary afferents express NRG1, and after spinal nerve ligation (SNL) we observed both an increase in NRG1 within the dorsal horn as well as activation of erbB2 specifically within microglia. Blockade of the erbB2 receptor or sequestration of endogenous NRG after SNL reduced the proliferation, the number of microglia with an activated morphology, and the expression of phospho-P38 by microglia. Furthermore, consequent to such changes, the mechanical pain-related hypersensitivity and cold allodynia were reduced. NRG1-erbB signaling therefore represents a novel pathway regulating the injury response of microglia.
Tregs in infection and vaccinology: heroes or traitors?

The development of effective vaccines against life‐threatening pathogens in human diseases represents one of the biggest challenges in biomedical science. Vaccines traditionally make use of the body's own immune armoury to combat pathogens. Yet, while our immune system is mostly effective in eliminating or controlling a diverse range of microorganisms, its responses are incomplete or somewhat limited in several other cases. How immune responses are restrained during certain infections has been a matter of debate for many years. The discovery of regulatory T cells (Tregs), an immune cell type that plays a central role in maintaining immune homeostasis and controlling appropriate immune responses, has shed light into many questions. Indeed, it has been proposed that while Tregs might be beneficial in preventing excessive tissue damage during infection, they might also favour pathogen persistence by restraining effector immune responses. In addition, Tregs are believed to limit immune responses upon vaccination. Different strategies have been pursued to circumvent Treg activity during immunization, but the lack of specific tools for their study has led sometimes to controversial conclusions. With the advent of novel mouse models that allow specific depletion and/or tracking of Treg populations in vivo, novel aspects of Treg biology during infection have been unravelled. In this review, we describe the new advances in understanding Treg biology during infection and evaluate Treg depletion as a novel adjuvant strategy for vaccination.
Approximate Geometric Query Structures

Specialized data structures are essential for answering geometric problems. In general one wishes to preprocess a data set so as to efficiently answer certain geometric problems quickly. Of considerable importance is identifying the nearest neighbor to a query point and counting or reporting the number of objects from the data set within a given region. The literature is full of theoretical results on many of these problems. Unfortunately , there are several drawbacks in the theoretical nature of many of these structures. In many cases, the optimal running time or storage requirements are extremely inefficient. For example, Chazelle and Welzl [7] showed that triangle range queries can be solved in O(√ n log n) time using linear space but this holds only in the plane. In higher dimensions, the dependency goes up dramatically. In general, the time needed to perform an exact simple range query and still use small linear space is roughly Ω(n 1−1/d), ignoring logarithmic factors [6]. For specialized queries like orthogonal queries, some improvement is given if space is sacrificed. Range trees solve orthogonal range queries in O(log d−1 n) time but use O(n log d−1 n) space [17]. Besides the space requirement, this structure only works well for orthogonal range queries. As a result, many applied researchers have turned to more practically efficient, if not theoretically efficient, structures. A compromise between theoretical and practical algorithms is often obtained by trying to solve the problem approximately. In recent years several data structures have emerged that efficiently solve several geometric queries approximately. Arya et al. [1] introduced the idea of efficiently approximating nearest-neighbor queries in low-dimensional space. Their work developed a new structure known as the balanced box decomposition (BBD) tree. The BBD tree is a variant of the quadtree and octree [14] but is most closely related to the fair-split tree, see [5]. In [3], Arya and Mount extend the structure to the analysis of approximate range queries. Another structure capable of efficiently answering approximate geometric queries is the balanced aspect ratio tree [11, 12, 13], which is similar in nature to the k-d tree [16]. Extremely popular in practice k-d trees have long been known to exhibit excellent performance bounds in practice but little theoretical results had been known.
SLC NAND Flash in Embedded Systems

There are two primary types of NAND flash technology: Single-level cell and multilevel cell. Multi-level cell was developed more recently, to achieve higher bit density, so that a much higher capacity flash chip could be created for a given die size. MLC might allow you to save cost for flash chips and save board space by reducing the number of chips you need. But before you rush to design MLC into your embedded system, there are a few things you should know, and other options you can consider.
Detecting Molecular Fingerprints in Single Molecule Force Spectroscopy Using Pattern Recognition

Single molecule force spectroscopy has given experimental access to the mechanical properties of protein molecules. Typically, less than 1% of the experimental recordings reflect true single molecule events due to abundant surface and multiple-molecule interactions. A key issue in single molecule force spectroscopy is thus to identify the characteristic mechanical “fingerprint” of a specific protein in noisy data sets. Here, we present an objective pattern recognition algorithm that is able to identify fingerprints in such noisy data sets.
Journal of Graph Algorithms and Applications on the Cutting Edge: Simplified O(n) Planarity by Edge Addition

We present new O(n)-time methods for planar embedding and Kura-towski subgraph isolation that were inspired by the Booth-Lueker PQ-tree implementation of the Lempel-Even-Cederbaum vertex addition method. In this paper, we improve upon our conference proceedings formulation and upon the Shih-Hsu PC-tree, both of which perform comprehensive tests of planarity conditions embedding the edges from a vertex to its descendants in a 'batch' vertex addition operation. These tests are simpler than but analogous to the templating scheme of the PQ-tree. Instead, we take the edge to be the fundamental unit of addition to the partial embedding while preserving planarity. This eliminates the batch planarity condition testing in favor of a few localized decisions of a path traversal process, and it exploits the fact that subgraphs can become biconnected by adding a single edge. Our method is presented using only graph constructs , but our definition of external activity, path traversal process and theoretical analysis of correctness can be applied to optimize the PC-tree as well.
Are Factor Shares Constant ? An Empirical Assessment from a New Perspective

The relative stability of the aggregate labour share of income has almost acquired the condition of a "stylized fact" of economic growth. However, new as old contributions to the empirical literature on the constancy of the factor shares of income (see Solow (1958) and Young (2005)) have recognized that this “fact” does not prove to be true if one evaluates the constancy of the US aggregate labour share relative to what one would expect given industrial labour shares variability. Both these authors find that the US aggregate labour share fluctuates just as much —not lessas any of its underlying components. I confirm this apparently puzzling finding using data for the Spanish economy from 1955 to 2005 and data for the US economy over 1958-1996. I show that the factor shares, aggregate and industrial, have not been constant. I also show that movements in the aggregate labour share are the result of systematic changes in the sectorial composition of output and also systematic changes in the industrial labour shares. I claim that both industrial and aggregate labour shares’ movements can be explained in terms of well established economic principles. Thus, the main contribution of this paper is to offer an empirically testable hypothesis of the non-constancy of the factor shares of income. In the face of a persistent increase in the labour share of income, firms/sectors may reallocate resources to sectors whose labour shares are lower and/or adopt different (new or existing) labour saving technologies, whose effects are to reduce —internallythe labour share of income. If such an hypothesis is accepted, it would open challenging new horizons both for models of business cycles and growth. In particular, fights over the distribution of income could be at the core of output fluctuations; endogenous and biased technical progress could be the main engine of long-term growth, and may be not at a constant growth rate. ∗I thank Michele Boldrin for his valuable suggestions and discussion of previous drafts. I am also grateful to seminar participants at Carlos III Macroeconomics Workshop for their constructive comments, which led to a significant improvement in the presentation. Financial support by Comunidad de Madrid and European Union Social Fund is gratefully acknowledged.
The effects of framing and goal orientation on upward goal revision

THE EFFECTS OF FRAMING AND GOAL ORIENTATION ON UPWARD GOAL REVISION By Brandon J. Whitman Goal setting and goal revision have a long history in both the fields of Industrial and Organizational Psychology as well as Education. Research in these unique fields has identified several relationships involving goal setting. For example, setting higher or more difficult goals tends to lead to better performance. The idiosyncratic effects of these relationships, however, have not been investigated in a single study. In order to do so, a laboratory experiment was designed. The goal for individuals in this study was to maximize the number of tickets they earned to be placed into a drawing for $50. Participants earned tickets through a series of timed puzzles presented to them in either a positive or negatively framed situation. Larger puzzles represented a chance to either gain more tickets, or avoid losing more tickets depending on the framing of the situation. Failure to complete puzzles, however, resulted in the loss of all tickets. Results indicated a significant main effect for message framing such that individuals in a negatively framed situation made riskier decisions, and set higher goals. Participants in the positively framed situation were more risk averse and chose smaller sized puzzles. THE EFFECTS OF FRAMING AND GOAL ORIENTATION ON UPWARD GOAL REVISION
Thinking About the Joneses?: Decreasing Rumination About Social Comparison Increases Well-Being

Social comparison and rumination are associated with lower levels of subjective well-being. We expected that an intervention to change the appraisal of social comparison situations would improve well-being among young adults (n = 74). A 9-week online training program was designed, combining elements of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and positive psychology. A pre-post assessment of subjective well-being, affect, social comparison orientation, rumination, and an appraisal of personal negatively perceived social situations served as dependent variables. Results indicate that the training led to an increase in subjective well-being and positive affect, and a decrease in negative affect and rumination. Initially unhappier individuals benefited slightly more from the training. The negative affective response toward personal social situations decreased, while positive affect increased. The overall level of social comparison orientation remained stable. Change in rumination was the strongest predictor of increased well-being, indicating that not social comparison per se, but ruminating about social comparison affects well-being.
Argus: An accurate and agile system to detecting IP prefix hijacking

The de facto inter-domain routing protocol, Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), plays a critical role in the Internet routing reliability. Invalid routes generated by mis-configurations or malicious attacks will devastate the Internet routing system. In the near future, deploying a secure BGP in the Internet to completely prevent hijacking is impossible. As a result, lots of hijacking detection systems have emerged. However, they have more or less weaknesses such as long detection delay, high false alarm rate or deploy hardness. This paper proposes Argus, an agile system to fast and accurate detect prefix hijacking. Argus already keeps on running in the Internet for two months and identified several possible hijackings. Initial results show that it usually discovers a hijacking in less than ten seconds, and can significantly decrease the false alarm rate.
How unitary cosmology generalizes thermodynamics and solves the inflationary entropy problem

We analyze cosmology assuming unitary quantum mechanics, using a tripartite partition into system, observer, and environment degrees of freedom. This generalizes the second law of thermodynamics to ``The system's entropy cannot decrease unless it interacts with the observer, and it cannot increase unless it interacts with the environment. '' The former follows from the quantum Bayes theorem we derive. We show that because of the long-range entanglement created by cosmological inflation, the cosmic entropy decreases exponentially rather than linearly with the number of bits of information observed, so that a given observer can reduce entropy by much more than the amount of information her brain can store. Indeed, we argue that as long as inflation has occurred in a non-negligible fraction of the volume, almost all sentient observers will find themselves in a post-inflationary low-entropy Hubble volume, and we humans have no reason to be surprised that we do so as well, which solves the so-called inflationary entropy problem. An arguably worse problem for unitary cosmology involves gamma-ray-burst constraints on the ``big snap,'' a fourth cosmic doomsday scenario alongside the ``big crunch,'' ``big chill,'' and ``big rip,'' where an increasingly granular nature of expanding space modifies our life-supporting laws of physics. Our tripartite framework also clarifies when the popular quantum gravity approximation ${G}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}\ensuremath{\approx}8\ensuremath{\pi}G⟨{T}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}⟩$ is valid, and how problems with recent attempts to explain dark energy as gravitational backreaction from superhorizon scale fluctuations can be understood as a failure of this approximation.
Aligning job redesign with leadership training to improve supervisor support: a quasi-experimental study of the integration of HR practices

ABSTRACT In this quasi-experimental study, we examine the alignment of a job redesign initiative with leadership training aimed at increasing supervisors’ opportunities for providing support to employees. In addition, we examine intervention-mediated effects on climate for innovation through increases in perceived supervisor support. To test the hypothesized process, we used employee ratings (N = 524) of perceived supervisor support and climate for innovation collected at three time points over 2 years in the home help services in seven Swedish municipalities. Results of latent growth curve analyses showed that employees in the intervention group had a stronger and positive slope of perceived supervisor support relative to the comparison group. Further, the growth trajectories of perceived supervisor support were positively associated with climate for innovation at the 24-month follow-up. The study contributes to the human resource management literature by showing that alignment of employment practices such as training with work practices such as job redesign may be a promising strategy for achieving positive outcomes at multiple levels in organizations.
Sources of evidence for vertical selection

Web search providers often include search services for domain-specific subcollections, called verticals, such as news, images, videos, job postings, company summaries, and artist profiles. We address the problem of vertical selection, predicting relevant verticals (if any) for queries issued to the search engine's main web search page. In contrast to prior query classification and resource selection tasks, vertical selection is associated with unique resources that can inform the classification decision. We focus on three sources of evidence: (1) the query string, from which features are derived independent of external resources, (2) logs of queries previously issued directly to the vertical, and (3) corpora representative of vertical content. We focus on 18 different verticals, which differ in terms of semantics, media type, size, and level of query traffic. We compare our method to prior work in federated search and retrieval effectiveness prediction. An in-depth error analysis reveals unique challenges across different verticals and provides insight into vertical selection for future work.
Classifying accelerometer data via Hidden Markov Models to authenticate people by the way they walk

Promising results have been obtained when using Hidden Markov Models for accelerometer-based biometric gait recognition. So far, the used testing data contains only walking straight on a flat floor, which is not a realistic scenario. This paper shows the results when using a more realistic data set containing walking around corners, upstairs and downstairs etc. It is analyzed to which extent the biometric performance is degraded when this more demanding data set is used. To show practical results the cross-day performance is analyzed and compared with the same-day results. Error rates will be given depending on the amount of training data and after a voting scheme is applied. We obtain an Equal Error Rate (EER) of 6.15% which is less than a third of the EER obtained when applying a cycle extraction method to the same data set.
Lateral motorcycle dynamics and rider action estimation: An LPV unknown input observer approach

In this paper the design of observer under the presence of unknown inputs for linear parameters varying transportation systems is considered. The main idea consists in getting a set of conditions to design an observer, which estimates a part of the motorcycle dynamics states independently of some inputs (rider torque) and/or other states (zeros dynamics: roll angle) taken into account the variation of the longitudinal velocity. The observer design conditions for this new representation are expressed as LMI constraints. The effectiveness of the proposed observer is illustrated on motorcycle dynamics state estimation.