Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Technology Transition: A Model for Infusion and Commercialization

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration has as part of its charter the mission of transferring technologies developed for the space program into the private sector for the purpose of affording back to the American people the economical and improved quality of life benefits associated with the technologies developed. In recent years considerable effort has been made to use this program for not only transitioning technologies out of the NASA Mission Directorate Programs, but also to transfer technologies into the Mission Directorate Programs and leverage the impact of government and private sector innovation. The objective of this paper is to outline an approach and the creation of a model that brings together industry, government, and commercialization strategies. When these elements are integrated, the probability of successful technology development, technology infusion into the Mission Programs, and commercialization into the private sector is increased. This model primarily addresses technology readiness levels between TRL 3 and TRL 6. This is typically a gap area known as the valley of death. This gap area is too low for commercial entities to invest heavily and not developed enough for major programs to actively pursue. This model has shown promise for increasing the probably of TRL advancement to an acceptable level for NASA programs and/or commercial entities to afford large investments toward either commercialization or infusion.
The Effect of Motive on Public Perceptions of the Seriousness of Murder in Israel

Previous research has consistently shown that the public considers murder to be the most serious of criminal offences and that it evaluates the seriousness of such cases on the basis of criminal intent. These findings are widely reflected in formal criminal codes and, therefore, provide support for the consensus model of the criminal law. Pursuant to the consensus-conflict controversy, the aim of this study was to examine whether lack of formal recognition of motive in assessing the seriousness of murders in most criminal codes also reflects the public will. Using a factorial-survey approach, a national sample of the Israeli population evaluated the seriousness of hypothetical murder scenarios, varying randomly with regard to their main characteristics, including underlying motive. As expected, criminal intent significantly affected public perceptions, hence supporting the consensus perspective. However, some homicide motives, such as prolonged domestic abuse and mercy considerations, also had a significant effect. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Cyclohexenyl nucleic acids: conformationally flexible oligonucleotides

Cyclohexenyl nucleic acid (CeNA) is a nucleic acid mimic, where the (deoxy)ribose sugar has been replaced by cyclohexenyl moieties. In order to study the conformation of cyclohexenyl nucleosides by NMR, the HexRot program was developed to calculate conformations from scalar coupling constants of cyclohexenyl compounds, analogous to the methods applied for (deoxy)ribose nucleosides. The conformational equilibria and the values of the thermodynamic parameters are very similar between a cyclohexenyl nucleoside [energy difference between 2H3 (N-type) and 2H3 (S-type) is 1.8 kJ/mol and equilibrium occurs via the eastern hemisphere with a barrier of 10.9 kJ/mol] and a natural ribose nucleoside (energy difference between N-type and S-type is 2 kJ/mol and equilibrium occurs via the eastern hemisphere with a barrier of 4–20 kJ/mol). The flexibility of the cyclohexenyl nucleoside was demonstrated by the fast equilibrium between two conformational states that was observed in a CeNA-U monomer, combined with the 2H3 conformation of the cyclohexene moiety when incorporated into a Dickerson dodecamer and the 2H3 conformation when incorporated in a d(5′-GCGT*GCG-3′)/d(5′-CGCACGC-3′) duplex, as determined by the NMR spectroscopy. This represents the first example of a synthetic nucleoside that adopts different conformations when incorporated in different double-stranded DNA sequences.
Home Literacy Experiences of Preschool Children with Single and Multiple Disabilities

The purpose of the present study was to compare the home-based literacy experiences of children with single disabilities with those of children who have multiple disabilities. Written surveys were completed by the parent or primary guardian of 168 preschool children enrolled in early childhood special education programs. The completed surveys were sorted into two groups: one representing children with a single disability and one representing children with two or more disabilities. Respondents also provided information about the materials, activities, and interactions in the home that engaged their children with print, reading, writing, or drawing. Overall, less than half of the children in either group were read to daily or engaged in writing or drawing activities on a weekly basis. Fewer respondents for children with multiple disabilities reported sitting beside their child while reading, encouraging their child during attempts to write or draw, or exposing their child to a full range of printed materials in the home. In addition, the relative priorities given to learning to read and write and the expectations for potential reading and writing abilities were lower for the children with multiple disabilities. Implications for early childhood special education personnel are discussed relative to the promotion of literacy skills in children with multiple disabilities.
Semi-supervised learning is observed in a speeded but not an unspeeded 2 D categorization task

Recent empirical studies of semi-supervised category learning—where learners only occasionally receive information about a given item’s category membership—have yielded contradictory results, with some studies showing strong effects of unlabeled experience and others little or no effect. We report two experiments designed to help understand this heterogeneity. In both, participants performed a two-category classification task with novel stimuli varying along two psychologically separable dimensions. In semi-supervised conditions, participants categorized and received feedback on 32 “labeled” items intermixed with a large number of “unlabeled” items. In the supervised-only condition, participants viewed the same labeled trials intermixed with a large number of filler trials. Without time pressure participants learned the task equally well in both conditions. When required to respond very rapidly, however, participants performed substantially better in the semi-supervised condition. The discrepant results may indicate a role for selective attention in human semi-supervised learning.
Power Efficient Resource Allocation for Full-Duplex Radio Distributed Antenna Networks

In this paper, we study the resource allocation algorithm design for distributed antenna multiuser networks with full-duplex (FD) radio base stations (BSs), which enable simultaneous uplink and downlink communications. The considered resource allocation algorithm design is formulated as an optimization problem taking into account the antenna circuit power consumption of the BSs and the quality of service (QoS) requirements of both uplink and downlink users. We minimize the total network power consumption by jointly optimizing the downlink beamformer, the uplink transmit power, and the antenna selection. To overcome the intractability of the resulting problem, we reformulate it as an optimization problem with decoupled binary selection variables and nonconvex constraints. The reformulated problem facilitates the design of an iterative resource allocation algorithm, which obtains an optimal solution based on the generalized Bender's decomposition (GBD). For this algorithm, we also propose a simple technique to improve the speed of convergence. Furthermore, to strike a balance between computational complexity and system performance, a suboptimal resource allocation algorithm with polynomial time complexity is proposed. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed GBD-based iterative algorithm converges to the globally optimal solution and the suboptimal algorithm achieves a close-to-optimal performance. Our results also demonstrate the tradeoff between power efficiency and the number of active transmit antennas when the circuit power consumption is taken into account. In particular, activating an exceedingly large number of antennas may not be an efficient approach for reducing the total system power consumption. In addition, our results reveal that FD systems facilitate significant power savings compared to traditional half-duplex systems, despite the nonnegligible self-interference.
Internet self-efficacy does not predict student use of Internet-mediated educational technology

Two studies tested the hypothesis that use of learning technologies among undergraduate psychology students was associated with higher Internet self-efficacy (ISE). In Study 1, the ISE scores of 86 students were found not to be associated with either attitudes towards, or measured use of, blogs and wikis as part of an IT skills course. ISE was associated with time spent online, and positive attitudes to wikis were associated with higher use. Study 2 measured 163 students’ ISE scores at the beginning and end of the same course. ISE was again not correlated with attitudes towards, or actual measured use of, learning technologies used in the course. However, ISE was shown to increase during the course. Positive attitudes towards wikis and discussion boards were associated with higher use of each. Overall, ISE scores did not influence measured use of a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE, including blogs, wikis and a discussion board), or attitudes towards those technologies. This implies that while ISE is linked to aspects of online behaviour (time spent online) and can be modified by online activity or training, it does not predict student use of educational Internet technologies. Keywords: Internet self-efficacy; student; blog; wiki; VLE (Published: 19 August 2014) Citation : Research in Learning Technology 2014, 22 : 19585 - http://dx.doi. org/10.3402/rlt.v22. 19585
ON THE POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION OF ULTRA HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS WITH NEARBY ACTIVE GALAXIES

Data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory (Auger) provide evidence for anisotropy in the arrival directions of cosmic rays (CRs) with energies higher than 57 EeV, which suggests a correlation with the positions of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) located within ∼ 75 Mpc and 3. °2 of the arrival directions. This analysis, however, does not take into account AGN morphology. A detailed study of the sample of AGNs whose positions are located within 3. °2 of the CR events (and extending our analysis out to ∼ 150 Mpc) shows that most of them are classified as Seyfert 2 and low-ionization nuclear emission-line region galaxies whose properties do not differ substantially from other local AGNs of the same type. Therefore, if the production of the highest energy CRs is persistent in nature, i.e., operates in a single object on long (≳ Myr) timescales, the claimed correlation between the CR events observed by Auger and the local active galaxies should be considered as resulting from a chance coincidence. In addition, most of the selected sources do not show significant jet activity, and hence, in most conservative scenarios, there are no reasons for expecting them to accelerate CRs up to the highest energies, ∼1020 eV. If the extragalactic magnetic fields and the sources of these CRs are coupled with matter, it is possible that the deflection angle is larger than expected in the case of a uniform source distribution due to effectively larger fields. A future analysis has to take into account AGN morphology and may yield a correlation with a larger deflection angle and/or more distant sources. We further argue that the nearby radio galaxy NGC 5128 (Cen A) alone could be associated with at least four events due to its large radio extent, and PKS 1343–60 (Cen B), another nearby radio galaxy, can be associated with more than one event due to its proximity to the Galactic plane and, correspondingly, the stronger Galactic magnetic field the ultra-high-energy CRs (UHECRs) encounter during propagation to the Earth. If the UHECRs associated with these events are indeed accelerated by Cen A and Cen B, their deflection angles may provide information on the structure of the magnetic field in the direction of these putative sources. Future γ-ray observations (e.g., Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope formerly Gamma-Ray Large Area Space Telescope, and High Energy Stereoscopic System in the Southern hemisphere) may provide additional clues to the nature of the accelerators of the UHECRs in the local universe.
A survey of haplotype variants at several disease candidate genes: the importance of rare variants for complex diseases

Background: The haplotype based association method offers a powerful approach to complex disease gene mapping. In this method, a few common haplotypes that account for the vast majority of chromosomes in the populations are usually examined for association with disease phenotypes. This brings us to a critical question of whether rare haplotypes play an important role in influencing disease susceptibility and thus should not be ignored in the design and execution of association studies. Methods: To address this question we surveyed, in a large sample of 1873 white subjects, six candidate genes for osteoporosis (a common late onset bone disorder), which had 29 SNPs, an average marker density of 13 kb, and covered a total of 377 kb of the DNA sequence. Results: Our empirical data demonstrated that two rare haplotypes of the parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH related peptide receptor type 1 and vitamin D receptor genes (PTHR1 and VDR) with frequencies of 1.1% and 2.9%, respectively, had significant effects on osteoporosis phenotypes (p = 4.2 × 10−6 and p = 1.6 × 10−4, respectively). Large phenotypic differences (4.0∼5.0%) were observed between carriers of these rare haplotypes and non-carriers. Carriers of the two rare haplotypes showed quantitatively continuous variation in the population and were derived from a wide spectrum rather than from one extreme tail of the population phenotype distribution. Conclusions: These findings indicate that rare haplotypes/variants are important for disease susceptibility and cannot be ignored in genetics studies of complex diseases. The study has profound implications for association studies and applications of the HapMap project.
Synergistic Effects of COMT and TPH2 on Social Cognition

Whether genetic factors affect social cognition, particularly emotion management, requires elucidation. This study investigates whether social cognition varies with genetic variations of COMT and tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2), which modulate dopamine and serotonin neurotransmissions respectively, and thereby emotion regulation. NIMH-recommended “managing emotions branch and 2 subtasks” of MSCEIT and six neurocognition domains, and genotypes of COMT Val158Met and TPH2 G703T were measured in 150 Han-Chinese healthy adults. Subjects carrying the M allele (M group) of COMT exceeded Val/Val homozygotes (V group) in managing emotions branch (p = 0.032) and emotional relation subtask (p = 0.037). TPH2 T/T homozygotes (T group) excelled those with the G allele (G group) in emotional management subtask (p = 0.025). Subjects with M+T variation surpassed the other 3 groups (M+G, V+T and V+G) in managing emotion branch (p = 0.002), emotional relation subtask (p = 0.023), and emotional management subtask (p = 0.002). The findings remained after control for gender, age, education, and neurocognitive functions. Synergistically, the effect size of COMT–TPH2 combination surmounted the sum of separate effect sizes of COMT and TPH2. The findings suggest that genetic variations of COMT and TPH2 have synergistic effects on social cognition in the general population.
OntoBuilder: fully automatic extraction and consolidation of ontologies from Web sources

Ontologies, formal specifications of domains, have evolved in recent years as a leading tool in representing and interpreting Web data. The OntoBuilder project supports the extraction of ontologies from Web search interfaces, ranging from simple search engine forms to multiple-pages, complex reservation systems. OntoBuilder enables fully-automatic ontology matching. The use of ontologies, as opposed to relational schema or XML, as an underlying data model allows a flexible representation of metadata, that can be tailored to many different types of applications. OntoBuilder was developed using Java, which makes it portable to various platforms and operating system environments. We demonstrate OntoBuilder using an easy-to-follow example of matching car rental ontologies. The system creates ontologies of car rental Web sites on-the-fly, and combine them into a global ontology. The benefits of OntoBuilder in resolving, in an automatic manner, semantic heterogeneity, including synonyms and designer errors are highlighted.
Immunoglobulin Fc Heterodimer Platform Technology: From Design to Applications in Therapeutic Antibodies and Proteins

The monospecific and bivalent characteristics of naturally occurring immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies depend on homodimerization of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) regions of two identical heavy chains (HCs) and the subsequent assembly of two identical light chains (LCs) via disulfide linkages between each HC and LC. Immunoglobulin Fc heterodimers have been engineered through modifications to the CH3 domain interface, with different mutations on each domain such that the engineered Fc fragments, carrying the CH3 variant pair, preferentially form heterodimers rather than homodimers. Many research groups have adopted different strategies to generate Fc heterodimers, with the goal of high heterodimerization yield, while retaining biophysical and biological properties of the wild-type Fc. Based on their ability to enforce heterodimerization between the two different HCs, the established Fc heterodimers have been extensively exploited as a scaffold to generate bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) in full-length IgG and IgG-like formats. These have many of the favorable properties of natural IgG antibodies, such as high stability, long serum half-life, low immunogenicity, and immune effector functions. As of July 2016, more than seven heterodimeric Fc-based IgG-format bsAbs are being evaluated in clinical trials. In addition to bsAbs, heterodimeric Fc technology is very promising for the generation of Fc-fused proteins and peptides, as well as cytokines (immunocytokines), which can present the fusion partners in the natural monomeric or heterodimeric form rather than the artificial homodimeric form with wild-type Fc. Here, we present relevant concepts and strategies for the generation of heterodimeric Fc proteins, and their application in the development of bsAbs in diverse formats for optimal biological activity. In addition, we describe wild-type Fc-fused monomeric and heterodimeric proteins, along with the difficulties associated with their preparations, and discuss the use of heterodimeric Fc as an alternative scaffold of wild-type Fc for naturally monomeric or heterodimeric proteins, to create Fc-fusion proteins with novel therapeutic modality.
Scalable backoff language models

When a trigram backoff language model is created from a large body of text, trigrams and bigrams that occur few times in the training text are often excluded from the model in order to decrease the model size. Generally, the elimination of n-grams with very low counts is believed to not significantly affect model performance. This project investigates the degradation of a trigram backoff model's perplexity and word error rates as bigram and trigram cutoffs are increased. The advantage of reduction in model size is compared to the increase in word error rate and perplexity scores. More importantly, this project also investigates alternative ways of excluding bigrams and trigrams from a backoff language model, using criteria other than the number of times an n-gram occurs in the training text. Specifically, a difference method has been investigated where the difference in the logs of the original and backed off trigram and bigram probabilities is used as a basis for n-gram exclusion from the model. We show that excluding trigrams and bigrams based on a weighted version of this difference method results in better perplexity and word error rate performance than excluding trigrams and bigrams based on counts alone.
Screening and Surveillance for Autism Spectrum Disorder in Research and Practice

Several research studies have attempted to prospectively identify children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) using screening instruments. While it has been possible to pick up unrecognised cases using screens, no instrument has yet proved sufficiently robust to recommend universal screening. However, autism screens can play an important role in improved surveillance for ASD and other developmental disorders. There are important differences between the development of screening instruments in research studies and the use of screens as part of routine clinical surveillance. Screening for a developmental disorder raises clinical issues for parents and professionals, including those relating to the concept of 'risk status', certainty of diagnosis, advice about management and the availability of appropriate services. One positive by-product of screening studies will be improvements in the training and knowledge of primary care health practitioners about early signs of ASD, hopefully leading to improved clinical decision-making about appropriate referral. Future developments in the field should include consideration of a broader approach to the identification of children with developmental and language disorders alongside the identification of children with ASD, and appropriate research designs to test the specific benefits of early intervention.
A new scheme for ID-based cryptosystem and signature

A novel ID-based cryptographic scheme for implementing a public-key cryptosystem and signature is proposed. Instead of generating and publishing a public key for each user, the ID-based scheme permits each user to choose his/her name or network address as his/her public key. This eliminates the needs of a large public field and the exchange of private or public keys. The major advantage of the ID-based cryptosystem based on this scheme over other published ID-based cryptosystems is that the number of users can be extended to t*L users without degrading the system's security even when users conspire, where L is the number of the system's secrets, and t is the number of factors in p-1, where p is a large prime number. <<ETX>>
The Fuel and Energy Balance of the USSR

The development of our economy during its present stage is characterized by a steady and very rapid increase in consumption of fuel and energy resources. Fuel and energy costs are one of the most important factors determining profitability in a number of branches of industry. Specifically, in 1975 over half the production costs at fuel-powered electric power stations and nearly a fourth in the cement industry went for fuel.