Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Causal reasoning in a prediction task with hidden causes

Correctly assessing the consequences of events is essential for a successful interaction with the world. It not only requires a causal understanding of the world but also the ability to distinguish whether a given event is the result of an agent’s own action (intervention) or simply the consequence of the world being in action (observation). Previous studies have shown that humans can learn causal structures, and that they can distinguish interventions from observations. These studies almost exclusively focused on structures where interventions led to a simple forward conditioned inference problem. We tested human subjects in a prediction game that required the integration over hidden causes, using a betting mechanism that allowed us to monitor subjects’ beliefs. Subjects learned the causal structure and the conditional probabilities with appropriate feedback. Once learned, all but one were immediately able to correctly predict the causal effects of their interventions according to optimal causal reasoning.
The Impact of International Outsourcing on Labour Market Dynamics in Germany

Using an administrative data set containing daily information on individual workers' employment histories, we investigate how workers' labour market transitions are affected by international outsourcing. In order to do so, we estimate hazard rate models for match separations, as well as for worker flows from employment to another job, to unemployment, and to nonparticipation. Outsourcing has a positive but small impact on overall job stability in the manufacturing sector, and considerably increases job stability in the service sector. However, the effect of outsourcing varies strongly across skill levels and age groups, with negative effects for some workers. This is especially the case in the manufacturing sector, where the hazard of transiting to nonemployment rises with international outsourcing for medium-skilled and older workers.
Effects of age and limb dominance on upper and lower limb muscle function in healthy males and females aged 40–80 years

Abstract This study investigated the effects of gender, age, and dominance on upper and lower limb muscle function. One hundred and fifty-two males and females aged 20–30 and 40–80 years were recruited. Maximal voluntary isometric strength (MVC) and rate of force development (RFD) of the knee extensor muscles, and handgrip MVC were measured bilaterally as indicators of lower and upper limb muscle function, respectively. In both sexes, significant main effects were found for age (knee extension MVC, RFD, and handgrip MVC) and limb dominance (handgrip MVC). Men exhibited a steeper age-related decline in muscle function than women, particularly in the lower limb [dominant limb: knee extension MVC −56% (men) vs. −35% (women); handgrip MVC −30% (men) vs. −26% (women); RFD −67% (men) vs. −47% (women); non-dominant limb: knee extension MVC −49% (men) vs. −36% (women); handgrip MVC −26% (men) vs. −24% (women); RFD −62% (men) vs. −44% (women)]. Although men showed a higher rate of decline in muscle function, in absolute terms they demonstrated better muscle function than women in all age groups, which has important implications for independence and quality of life. A clear asymmetry in muscle function was evident in both sexes only for handgrip MVC.
Adaptive mode control: a static-power-efficient cache design

Lower threshold voltages in deep sub-micron technologies cause store leakage current, increasing static power dissipation. This trend, combined with the trend of larger/more cache memories dominating die area, has prompted circuit designers to develop SRAM cells with low-leakage operating modes (e.g., sleep mode). Sleep mode reduces static power dissipation but data stored in a sleeping cell is unreliable or lost. So, at the architecture level, there is interest in exploiting sleep mode to reduce static power dissipation while maintaining high performance. Current approaches dynamically control the operating mode of large groups of cache lines or even individual cache lines. However, the performance monitoring mechanism that controls the percentage of sleep-mode lines, and identifies particular lines for sleep mode, is somewhat arbitrary. There is no way to know what the performance could be with all cache lines active, so arbitrary miss rate targets are set (perhaps on a per-benchmark basis using profile information) and the control mechanism tracks these targets. We propose applying sleep mode only to the data store and not the tag store. By keeping the entire tag store active, the hardware knows what the hypothetical miss rate would be if all data lines were active and the actual miss rate can be made to precisely track it. Simulations show an average of 73% of I-cache lines and 54% of D-cache lines are put in sleep mode with an average IPC impact of only 1.7%, for 64KB caches.
A Spectral Regularization Framework for Multi-Task Structure Learning

Learning the common structure shared by a set of supervised tasks is an important practical and theoretical problem. Knowledge of this structure may lead to better generalization performance on the tasks and may also facilitate learning new tasks. We propose a framework for solving this problem, which is based on regularization with spectral functions of matrices. This class of regularization problems exhibits appealing computational properties and can be optimized efficiently by an alternating minimization algorithm. In addition, we provide a necessary and sufficient condition for convexity of the regularizer. We analyze concrete examples of the framework, which are equivalent to regularization with Lp matrix norms. Experiments on two real data sets indicate that the algorithm scales well with the number of tasks and improves on state of the art statistical performance.
A Clinical Comparison of Calculated versus Direct Measurement of Low‐Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level

Study Objectives. To determine if, and to what extent, the low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) level is underestimated when it is calculated by the Friedewald formula compared with the LDL level measured by a direct method. A secondary objective was to determine and compare the percentages of patients meeting LDL goal using each of these two methods.
Precoding by Pairing Subchannels to Increase MIMO Capacity With Discrete Input Alphabets

We consider Gaussian multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels with discrete input alphabets. We propose a non diagonal precoder based on the X-Codes in to increase the mutual information. The MIMO channel is transformed into a set of parallel subchannels using singular value decomposition (SVD) and X-Codes are then used to pair the subchannels. X-Codes are fully characterized by the pairings and a 2 × 2 real rotation matrix for each pair (parameterized with a single angle). This precoding structure enables us to express the total mutual information as a sum of the mutual information of all the pairs. The problem of finding the optimal precoder with the above structure, which maximizes the total mutual information, is solved by: i) optimizing the rotation angle and the power allocation within each pair and ii) finding the optimal pairing and power allocation among the pairs. It is shown that the mutual information achieved with the proposed pairing scheme is very close to that achieved with the optimal pre coder by Cruz et al., and is significantly better than Mercury/waterfllling strategy by Lozano et al. Our approach greatly simplifies both the precoder optimization and the detection complexity, making it suitable for practical applications.
DisGeNET: a Cytoscape plugin to visualize, integrate, search and analyze gene-disease networks

UNLABELLED DisGeNET is a plugin for Cytoscape to query and analyze human gene-disease networks. DisGeNET allows user-friendly access to a new gene-disease database that we have developed by integrating data from several public sources. DisGeNET permits queries restricted to (i) the original data source, (ii) the association type, (iii) the disease class or (iv) specific gene(s)/disease(s). It represents gene-disease associations in terms of bipartite graphs and provides gene centric and disease centric views of the data. It assists the user in the interpretation and exploration of the genetic basis of human diseases by a variety of built-in functions. Moreover, DisGeNET permits multicolouring of nodes (genes/diseases) according to standard disease classification for expedient visualization. AVAILABILITY DisGeNET is compatible with Cytoscape 2.6. 3 and 2.7. 0, please visit http://ibi.imim. es/DisGeNET/DisGeNETweb.html for installation guide, user tutorial and download.
A Small Molecule Inhibitor of ITK and RLK Impairs Th1 Differentiation and Prevents Colitis Disease Progression

In T cells, the Tec kinases IL-2–inducible T cell kinase (ITK) and resting lymphocyte kinase (RLK) are activated by TCR stimulation and are required for optimal downstream signaling. Studies of CD4+ T cells from Itk−/− and Itk−/−Rlk−/− mice have indicated differential roles of ITK and RLK in Th1, Th2, and Th17 differentiation and cytokine production. However, these findings are confounded by the complex T cell developmental defects in these mice. In this study, we examine the consequences of ITK and RLK inhibition using a highly selective and potent small molecule covalent inhibitor PRN694. In vitro Th polarization experiments indicate that PRN694 is a potent inhibitor of Th1 and Th17 differentiation and cytokine production. Using a T cell adoptive transfer model of colitis, we find that in vivo administration of PRN694 markedly reduces disease progression, T cell infiltration into the intestinal lamina propria, and IFN-γ production by colitogenic CD4+ T cells. Consistent with these findings, Th1 and Th17 cells differentiated in the presence of PRN694 show reduced P-selectin binding and impaired migration to CXCL11 and CCL20, respectively. Taken together, these data indicate that ITK plus RLK inhibition may have therapeutic potential in Th1-mediated inflammatory diseases.
A cache management object oriented simulation for mobile environments

Cache management in a real world mobile user system is too complex to allow for an analytical evaluation through a realistic mobility model. The recently proposed location-dependent applications request the design of simulation and the development of internet benchmarks. This paper presents the design of a random walk simulator that captures the movement of mobile users in Personal Communications Services (PCS) networks. A novel mathematical model is used and the validity of the data fetched from the server to identify a reduced subset of neighboring cells used to simulate the data caching computing paradigm for mobile computing. We demonstrate the capabilities of the simulator by simulating three key cache management replacement policies and measure the cache hit ratio performance.
MIT Sloan School of Management

This paper studies the optimal investment strategy of an investor who can access not only the bond and the stock markets, but also the derivatives market. We consider the investment situation where, in addition to the usual diffusive price shocks, the stock market experiences sudden price jumps and stochastic volatility. The dynamic portfolio problem involving derivatives is solved in closed-form. Our results show that derivatives are important in providing access to the risk and return tradeoffs associated with the volatility and jump risks. Moreover, as a vehicle to the volatility risk, derivatives are used by non-myopic investors to exploit the time-varying opportunity set; and as a vehicle to the jump risk, derivatives are used by investors to dis-entangle their simultaneous exposure to the diffusive and jump risks in the stock market. In addition, derivatives investing also affects investors’ stock position because of the interaction between the two markets. Finally, calibrating our model to the S&P 500 index and options markets, we find sizable portfolio improvement for taking advantage of derivatives. ∗Liu is with the Anderson School at UCLA, jliu@anderson.ucla. edu. Pan is with the MIT Sloan School of Management, junpan@mit.edu. We benefited from discussions with Darrell Duffie, and comments from David Bates, Luca Benzoni, Harrison Hong, Andrew Lo, Alex Shapiro, and seminar participants at Duke, NYU, and U of Mass. We thank the participants at the NBER 2002 winter conference, especially Michael Brandt (the discussant), for helpful comments. We also thank an anonymous referee for very helpful comments that gave the paper its current form.
Extreme Extraction: Only One Hour per Relation

Information Extraction (IE) aims to automatically generate a large knowledge base from natural language text, but progress remains slow. Supervised learning requires copious human annotation, while unsupervised and weakly supervised approaches do not deliver competitive accuracy. As a result, most fielded applications of IE, as well as the leading TAC-KBP systems, rely on significant amounts of manual engineering. Even "Extreme" methods, such as those reported in Freedman et al. 2011, require about 10 hours of expert labor per relation. This paper shows how to reduce that effort by an order of magnitude. We present a novel system, InstaRead, that streamlines authoring with an ensemble of methods: 1) encoding extraction rules in an expressive and compositional representation, 2) guiding the user to promising rules based on corpus statistics and mined resources, and 3) introducing a new interactive development cycle that provides immediate feedback --- even on large datasets. Experiments show that experts can create quality extractors in under an hour and even NLP novices can author good extractors. These extractors equal or outperform ones obtained by comparably supervised and state-of-the-art distantly supervised approaches.
Using Sequential Pattern Mining in Protein Sequences Discovery with Gap

Sequences are one of the most important types of data. Recently, mining and analysis of sequence data has been studied in several fields. in a protein sequence may exist other characters then not exist in alphabet. It is related to a function of the protein that has been preserved in the evolutionary process of an organism. Discovery of protein sequences dataset that contains gap is very hard job for algorithms. we present an algorithm that discovery this protein sequences in datasets. our algorithm used sequential pattern mining method for in problems.
New parameters for automatic speech recognition based on the mammalian cochlea model using resonance analysis

Undoubtedly the compact representation by a set of Mel Frequency Cepstrum Coefficients (MFCC) has been used satisfactorily for ASR [9]. The cochlea is an organ, in humans or mammalians that converts the frequency perceived by the ear in punctual stimulation to excite the nerve auditory that receives a set of stimulus that comes from speech sound pressure. A new approach is proposed that considers this phenomenon to construct the bank filter in our parametric representation. Then we substitute the distribution of the bank filter in the Mel scale function for a different distribution that depends of the inner ear response to the stimulus that it receives. The place theory is used which achieves a 99.8% performance. Finally, this paper compares the performance of different acoustic representations in Continuous Automatic Speech Recognition system (CASRs) based on words. The cochlea operation is explained that permits obtaining a model and we will show that one alternative solution to the model based on fluid mechanical proposed by Lesser and Berkley [19], can be obtained if resonance analysis weather Fourier series is used as a solution.
XVI CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL DE INGENIERÍA GRÁFICA CURVED PHOTON MAPPING : BEYOND THE CURVED RAY TRACING ALGORITHM

Several natural phenomena, such as mirages, are owed to inhomogeneous media in which the index of refraction is not constant, and therefore light travels a curved path. One way to simulate Global Illumination in inhomogeneous media is using a curved ray tracing algorithm, but this approach presents some problems that need to be solved. This paper introduces both a curved ray tracing algorithm plus a new approach to overcome its shortcomings, based on photon mapping techniques. The result is an algorithm that we call curved photon mapping, capable of providing a full solution to the Global Illumination problem.
Sensitivity Analysis of the Minimum Task Period for Arbitrary Deadline Real-Time Systems

The most important character of real-time systems is that they have stringent timing deadlines that must be guaranteed. A hard real-time system is required to complete its operations before all its timing deadlines. For a given task set, it is useful in an engineering context to know what changes to period can be made to a task that will deliver a schedulable system. In this paper, we develop the sensitivity analysis of task period for EDF scheduled systems on a uniprocessor. We prove that a minimum task period can be determined by a single pass of the QPA algorithm, an improved scheme is presented by using different initial values of the period. The approaches developed for sensitivity analysis of task period are therefore as efficient as QPA, and are easily incorporated into a system design support tool.
A Retrospective on Behavioral Approaches to Human Language--and Some Promising New Developments

Frame construction for a pressure grinding machine of press type, which frame construction comprises a gastight, pressure-proof grinding chamber, bearing housings for a grinder member revolving in the grinding chamber, as well as at least one press chamber for the pulpwood and a press device limiting the press chamber on one side. The frame construction consists of two separate parts, namely a pressure frame, which constitutes the said grinding chamber and press chamber and which substantially receives the pressure forces resulting from the positive pressure prevailing in the grinding chamber, and a power frame, which connects the press device and the bearing housings of the grindstone to each other and which substantially receives the tensile and circumferential forces resulting from the grinding and from the pressing of the wood against the grindstone.
Reminiscences on four decades of struggle and progress in softening damage and size effect

Four decades ago, when I started working as a bridge engineer in Prague, the material models and methods of structural analysis for concrete, as well as rocks, ice, fiber composites and other materials that are now called quasibrittle, were from today's viewpoint rather simplistic. The progressive softening damage due to distributed cracking was either ignored or misrepresented as plasticity. The size effect on the strength and ductility of structures made of these materials was mostly unknown or disregarded, and when its existence was admitted it was perceived as solely statistical and thus appropriate for being buried in the safety factors. The advent of computers and the finite element method changed everything. It put the entire field of material modeling in flux. In January 1969, I arrived at Boris Bresler's invitation to the University of California in Berkeley, to join what was at that time the leading center for structural engineering. As I learned, the finite element method captivated everybody's mind. Being already curious about the fracturing of concrete and laminates, thanks to my previous fellowship under L'Hermite, my mentor in Paris, I became fascinated by Rashid's idea to simulate by finite elements the cracking in a nuclear reactor vessel in a smeared manner through the stress-strain relation. I discovered, however, that all this excitement in Davis Hall was not shared in Etcheverry Hall across the street. I think I was the only one from Davis hall to frequent the seminars in that separate world of the mechanics department. Professor Naghdi, the chairman and one of the gurus of continuum mechanics at that time, noticed me and asked: "By the way, what's your interest? " "Strain-softening, to model distributed cracking of concrete and rock", I replied. Then, in a mildly sarcastic tone, he advised me: "Young man, taking such a controversial path, you will never achieve tenure. A tangential moduli tensor whose matrix is not positive definite is not a sound concept. Materials with such a property do not exist; they would be unstable and could not propagate waves. " Soon I realized that Prager and other continuum mechanics giants thought likewise, and that there were classical works beginning with Hadamard to support this viewpoint. So I decided to play it safe and focused my efforts at Berkeley on thermodynamics of creep and nano-pore water in concrete, another big issue for concrete reactor vessels. In the faculty group at Northwestern University, which I joined after Berkeley, the major thrust of research was not finite elements. Rather, it was fracture mechanics. So I tried to educate myself on the subject. In 1972, while browsing in our library, one paper in the Indian Concrete Journal caught my eye. P.F. Walsh, a young Australian, then unknown to me, reported
Observing graphene and graphite by nitrogen ion beam microscopy

E-mail: schmidtm@jaist.ac. jp Introduction The recent development of a gas field ion source (GFIS) based microscope is used for helium and, more recently, neo ion beam microscopy. With the former, nanometer scale milling of suspended graphene has been demonstrated [1]. The latter is being developed to increase the milling rate, thus bridging the large gap between helium GFIS-focused ion beam (FIB) and gallium FIB. The GFIS-FIB based nanofabrication system, recently developed by us, uses nitrogen or helium source gas [2]. During nanofabrication on exfoliated graphene devices, we observed different visibilities of the graphene on silicon dioxide in imaging mode when using nitrogen or helium source gas. Method Graphene was exfoliated from Kish graphite onto the silicon/SiO2 samples (300 nm) with pre-patterned Ti/Au markers for easy location of graphene and graphite flakes. Then, graphene was patterned (O2 RIE, PMMA etch mask) and contacted (Ti/Au lift-off using PMMA resist). The commercial sample with transferred CVD graphene was processed with a similar PMMA based fabrication process to pattern Ti/Au structures on it, but CVD graphene was partially peeled during lift-off. The nitrogen GFIS-FIB uses an acceleration voltage of 25 kV and secondary electron (SE) images (800x800 pixels) are acquired using an Everhart-Thornley detector with an 8 bit analog to digital converter (ADC). Results and Discussion SE images of an up to 50 nm thick exfoliated graphite flake are shown for nitrogen and helium ion beam in Fig. 1a and b, respectively. Different imaging ion doses were used to limit the damage to structures on the sample. As can be seen, the graphite flake clearly visible in Fig. 1b is barely visible in Fig 1a. The SE image of CVD graphene on a very similar sample is shown in Fig 1c, with good visibility. The exact reason for the low visibility of exfoliated graphene and graphite on SiO2 is not yet understood, but we will discuss several effects of relevance. This includes fundamental principles that cannot be influenced by the experiment such as stopping power, ion velocity, energy distribution of SE, SE escape depth and charging. Furthermore, we will discuss experiment related effects, such as imaging dose, PMMA contamination and the effect of increasing the ADC resolution. Acknowledgements This research was supported through the JSPS Postdoctoral Fellowship for Overseas Researchers and Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S) No. 25220904 from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. References [1] D. Pickard and L. Scipioni, “Graphene Nano-Ribbon Patterning in the ORION® PLUS,” Zeiss Appl. Note, 2009. [2] F. Aramaki, T. Kozakai, O. Matsuda, O. Takaoka, Y. Sugiyama, H. Oba, K. Aita, and A. Yasaka, “Photomask repair technology by using gas field ion source,” 2012, vol. 8441, p. 84410D–84410D–6.