Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
LASAR: Spectrum aware routing protocol for cognitive radio wireless networks

Cognitive radio technology is a new design paradigm for next-generation wireless networks which aims to provide dynamic utilization of the scarce radio spectrum. The cognitive radio technology enables temporary use of unused licensed spectrum by the secondary (unlicensed) users without causing interference to the primary (licensed) users thereby improving spectrum utilization. The dynamic spectrum access requires spectrum aware routing scheme which can sense the spectrum dynamically while calculating the new routes to the destination node. This work presents LASAR, a location aided spectrum aware routing protocol that allows users to exploit the geographic location information and discover the local spectrum access opportunities to improve the performance at each hop. The secondary user (SU) uses location information and channel usage characteristics to select the next hop relay from the available neighbor relays in the network. A novel routing metric is introduced which captures channel usage characteristics and location information in order to select the best route available to the destination node. The proposed routing protocol is simulated using event driven simulator (NS2) under cognitive radio scenario. The simulation results shows that the proposed routing protocol performs better under cognitive radio scenario and results in better end-to-end performance.
LEGAL SYSTEM AND RULE OF LAW EFFECTS ON US CROSS-LISTING TO BOND BY EMERGING-MARKET FIRMS.

An emerging "bonding hypothesis" holds that a firm's geographic domicile may not determine its corporate governance destiny. Firms from countries with weaker corporate governance regimes can internationalize their legal (but not necessarily operational) presence by cross-listing their securities on overseas financial markets. They can "bond" with legal systems and enforcement policies in foreign corporate governance regimes providing stronger investor protection. Cross-listing to bond increases firm value by decreasing corporate misconduct, broadening the investor base, and lowering the cost of capital. We document evidence of cross-listing to bond with stronger legal systems and rule of law by more than 700 firms from 23 emerging-market countries cross-listing their securities on US financial markets from 1996-2002. We find that: 1) US cross-listing levels are lower for firms from Common Law countries providing stronger investor protection, but only in Common Law countries with weaker rule of law; and 2) US cross-listing levels are higher for firms from Civil Law countries providing weaker investor protection, but only in Civil Law countries with stronger rule of law. Emerging-market firms exhibit behavior consistent with bonding hypothesis considerations and cross-list as a commitment to a more rigorous corporate governance regime, but the behavior is contingent and depends on examination of both legal system and rule of law effects individually and in interaction. Our empirical results highlight the importance of broadening investigating of firm internationalization to consider legal dimensions. Firms have discretion to choose foreign corporate governance regimes with less or no regard to where their operations are located.
Em Ail the Author

With the increasing use of software products, software ecosystems have emerged. Software ecosystems not only include the same type of products, but also include other related products that they support or depend on. Software marketplace diversity and the symbiotic relations between software products are important properties of a software ecosystem. They have great impact on the popularity and evolution of a software product. This paper presents an empirical study of a software marketplace ecosystem, which is formed by operating systems, Web browsers, and Web servers: (1) Using the concept of market share entropy, we analyze the diversity of the marketplace; and, (2) Using correlation tests, we analyze the symbiotic relations between products. Based on the results of these two studies, we analyze the relation between marketplace diversity and symbiosis in a software ecosystem.
Training Stochastic Grammars From Unlabelled Text Corpora

The paper describes various aspects and practicalities of applying the "Hidden Markov" approach to train parameters of regular and contextfree stochastic grammars. The approach enables grammars to be trained from unlabelled text corpora, providing flexibility in the choice of syntactic categories and text domain. Part-of-speech tagging and parsing are discussed as applications. Linguistic considerations can be used to develop constrained grammars, providing appropriate higher-order context for disamhiguation. Unconstrained grammars provide the opportunity to capture patterns that are not covered by a specific grammar. Experimental results are discussed for these alternatives.
Developing Argumentation Skills in Mid-School Students

In another article in this issue of Word of Mouth, I reviewed a study that investigated the development of persuasion in young elementary children. By middle school, students are expected to be able to engage in coherent arguments. Persuasive or argumentative discourse requires higher-order thinking skills—critical thinking. Developing persuasive discourse might be particularly problems for students with language/literacy impairments or students from poverty backgrounds where education may focus on basic skills. Crowell and Kuhn (2014) describe a 3-year curriculum designed to foster argumentative skills in young adolescents. The core component of the curriculum consists of peer dialogues conducted via instant messaging software. The advantage of this methodology was that it provided a written transcript of the dialogue which gave students an opportunity to review and reflect on the arguments they generated. Student pairs conducted e-dialogues with an opposing pair, agreeing in advance on what would be communicated to the opposing pair. The authors claim this approach fostered a metacognitive awareness of argumentation competence, which contributed to students’ developing persuasive skills. Furthermore, they noted evidence indicates that skills gained in electronic communication within this kind of intervention transfer to a verbal, face-to-face context (Iordanou, 2013). In this study, students began the 3-year intervention as sixth graders (all 11 or 12 years old) attending an academically challenging urban public middle school in an ethnically diverse low-income neighborhood. Eighty percent were Hispanic or African American, and 60% qualified for free or reduced-price lunch. The school randomly assigned students to one of three classes of about 30 students, equated for gender, ethnicity, and standardized test scores. Two classes were randomly selected as the intervention group and the third served as the within-school comparison group. As an additional comparison group, at the end of Year 3, A newsletter dedicated to speech & language in school-age children
Settler colonialism and (re)conciliation: frontier violence, affective performances, and imaginative refoundings

It is the exorcising of these “negative emotions” that is satire’s greatest function. Allowing such explosions in print, online, on stage, or on television (or at mass rallies via placard) short-circuits emotions that might otherwise be turned to more violent acts (261). Satire “does make things happen”, and while the “Boss Tweeds” or Nick Cleggs of the world may have cause to fear it, it will probably not be able to stop the Hitlers or the Trumps. Nor should it be expected to. At the conclusion of her Preface, Milner Davis can almost be felt to cringe as she apologises that—in addition to this one—“yet another book on humour” may be forthcoming (xviii). Given the standard of Satire and Politics and the demonstrable contribution it has made to an under-researched field, there is definitely no need to apologise. The next one is keenly awaited, but in the meantime, there is plenty in Satire and Politics to go on with.
Comparative Study Of The Effect Of Different Incubation Temperature On The Spontaneous Activity Of Auditory Neurons In Chicken Embryo And Post Hatch Chicken

Many birds, mammals and other animals altruistic, and they spend the first several days as neonates before perceptible hearing sensitivity develops. During this prehearing period, the projection of auditory neuron cells in statoacoustic organ undergo refinement is essential for vital function, the effects of the incubation period and incubation temperature on various aspects of this organ of chicken during incubation when birds transfer heat to eggs. For optimum development, egg temperature must be maintained at about 3738 °C (Gill 1995). It is widely argued (Friauf and Lohmann 1999; Rubel and Fritzsch 2002; Rübsamen and Lippe 1998; Sanes and Walsh 1998) that hearing begins very early in the chicken, commencing on or about day 12 of incubation (E12) shortly after the formation of afferent synapses (Cohen and Fermin 1978; Hirokawa 1978; Rebillard and Pujol 1983; Whitehead Abstract: In the present study physiological and morphological effects of different incubation temperature of artificial incubator on the auditory neurons of chick embryo and post hatch chicken (Gallus domesticus) has been studied. The experiments were carried out for the embryonic day E12, E16, E21 (E= embryo) and P4 (post hatch chicken), two groups of eggs were incubated at a different incubation temperature; the temperature was 33.5 ± 1.5 and 36.5 ± 1.5 respectively for the group first and second. We recorded the response of auditory neurons to the foot plate stimulus and ambient sound (see table-1), for both groups of embryo and post hatch chicken was varied. The spikes rate of responses of auditory neurons on histogram was very poor for the group first then group second at the same age but incubation temperature was dissimilar. The extended period of the response for the group first may be depended on the temperature and duration of incubation; even spontaneous neural activity has been recorded of the auditory nerves of chick embryo and postnatal. The results showed to increases the period of response by synaptic and auditory neurons when eggs are incubated on 33.5 ± 1.5 °C, and the Formation of synaptic neurons and auditory neurons mostly depended on incubation period and temperature. A significant refinement of the auditory neurons occurs during postnatal; Spike rates in neonate were low (see table-1). The purpose of the present study was to characterize refinement of spontaneous discharge patterns in the synaptic neurons and auditory neurons of the late chicken embryo and compare embryonic discharge characteristics with those of hatchlings aged P4.
Excursion set approach to the clustering of dark matter haloes in Lagrangian space

We present a stochastic approach to the spatial clustering of dark matter haloes in Lagrangian space. Our formalism is based on a local formulation of the ‘excursion set’ approach by Bond et al., which automatically accounts for the ‘cloud-in-cloud’ problem in the identification of bound systems. Our method allows us to calculate correlation functions of haloes in Lagrangian space using either a multidimensional Fokker–Planck equation with suitable boundary conditions, or an array of Langevin equations with spatially correlated random forces. We compare the results of our method with theoretical predictions for the halo autocorrelation function considered in the literature, and find good agreement with the results recently obtained within a treatment of halo clustering in terms of ‘counting fields’ by Catelan et al. Finally, the possible effect of spatial correlations on numerical simulations of halo merger trees is discussed.
Rheological Characterization of Polymeric Frustrated Lewis Pair Networks

Conventional Lewis acids and Lewis bases will react with each other to form thermodynamically stable Lewis adducts which are inherently unreactive. Sterically encumbered Lewis acids and Lewis bases are prevented from forming such adducts, resulting in the formation of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) with latent reactivity. Extending this concept to polymer science permits the development of a new class of responsive, functional, self-healing materials. Here, we report the rheology of fully macromolecular FLPs based on both styrene and methyl methacrylate (MMA) backbones. When reacted with small molecule cross-linkers, a dynamic network is formed which is both heat-responsive and self-healing. The effect of the polymer backbone and cross-linking density on the formed networks is significant. First generation polymeric FLPs behave in a similar way to the noncovalently linked supramolecular assemblies, where switching from styrene to MMA co-monomers creates stiffer polymer networks as the likelihood of chain e.
Resection of the Medial Temporal Lobe Disconnects the Rostral Superior Temporal Gyrus from Some of its Projection Targets in the Frontal Lobe and Thalamus

Auditory memory in the monkey does not appear to extend beyond the limits of working memory. It is therefore surprising that this ability is impaired by medial temporal lobe (MTL) resections, because such lesions spare working memory in other sensory modalities. To determine whether MTL ablations might have caused the auditory deficit through inadvertent transection of superior temporal gyrus (STG) projections to its downstream targets, and, if so, which targets might have been compromised, we injected anterograde tracer (biotinylated dextran amine) in the STG of both the normal and MTL-lesioned hemispheres of split-brain monkeys. Interhemispheric comparison of label failed to show any effect of the MTL ablation on efferents from caudal STG, which projects to the inferior prefrontal convexity. However, the ablation did consistently interrupt the normally dense projections from rostral STG to both the ventral medial prefrontal cortex and medial thalamic nuclei. The findings support the possibility that the auditory working memory deficit after MTL ablation is due to transection of downstream auditory projections, and indicate that the candidate structures for mediating auditory working memory are the ventral medial prefrontal cortical areas, the medial thalamus, or both.
Hierarchical Aligned Cluster Analysis ( HACA ) for Temporal Segmentation of Human Motion

Temporal segmentation of human motion into plausible motion primitives is central to the understanding and building computational models of human motion. Several issues contribute to the challenge of temporal segmentation of human motion. These include the large variability in the temporal scale and periodicity of human actions, the complexity of representing articulated motion, and the exponential nature of all possible movement combinations. We formulate the temporal segmentation problem as an extension of standard kernel k-means clustering, and derive an unsupervised hierarchical bottom-up framework called Hierarchical Aligned Cluster Analysis (HACA). HACA extends standard kernel kmeans clustering in three ways: (1) allows the cluster means contain a variable number of features, (2) introduces a generalized dynamic time warping (DTW) kernel as temporal metric between sequences, and (3) incorporates parameters that enable the user to specify the time granularity of the motion primitive in the hierarchical decomposition. Experimental results on motion capture data and video demonstrate the effectiveness of HACA for decomposing complex human motions.
A dynamic processor allocation policy for multiprogrammed shared-memory multiprocessors

We propose and evaluate empirically the performance of a dynamic processor-scheduling policy for multiprogrammed shared-memory multiprocessors. The policy is dynamic in that it reallocates processors from one parallel job to another based on the currently realized parallelism of those jobs. The policy is suitable for implementation in production systems in that: —It interacts well with very efficient user-level thread packages, leaving to them many low-level thread operations that do not require kernel intervention. —It deals with thread blocking due to user I/O and page faults. —It ensures fairness in delivering resources to jobs. —Its performance, measured in terms of average job response time, is superior to that of previously proposed schedulers, including those implemented in existing systems. It provides good performance to very short, sequential (e.g., interactive) requests. We have evaluated our scheduler and compared it to alternatives using a set of prototype implementations running on a Sequent Symmetry multiprocessor. Using a number of parallel applications with distinct qualitative behaviors, we have both evaluated the policies according to the major criterion of overall performance and examined a number of more general policy issues, including the advantage of “space sharing” over “time sharing” the processors of a multiprocessor, and the importance of cooperation between the kernel and the application in reallocating processors between jobs. We have also compared the policies according to other criteia important in real implementations, in particular, fairness and respone time to short, sequential requests. We conclude that a combination of performance and implementation considerations makes a compelling case for our dynamic scheduling policy.
On the Energy Efficiency of Hybrid-ARQ Protocols in Fading Channels

As the distance between terminals in modern wireless networks tends to decrease, the energy consumption issue, conventionally assumed to be exclusively dominated by the transmission power, needs to be revaluated. In particular, retransmission (ARQ) protocols that typically reduce the transmission energy required to obtain a given error probability on the channel (at the expense of a larger delay), also increase the energy consumed by the circuitry other than the power amplifier. In this paper, the energy efficiency of hybrid-ARQ type I, chase combining and incremental redundancy protocols in Rayleigh fading channels, is analyzed by accounting for the energy consumed by the transmitting and receiving electronic circuitry. It is shown that the advantages of hybrid-ARQ protocols in terms of energy consumption strictly depend on the transmission range.
Reflectarray antennas for near-field focused radiation: Numerical modeling, synthesis and realistic realization

We present the mathematic modeling and synthesis of reflectarray antenna to radiate fields with an optimum field distribution within a target area in the near zone of antenna aperture. An EM modeling and synthesis procedure using SDM was developed with efficient closed-formulations to synthesize the required phases of reflecting elements. The antenna was realized for the 2.4GHz RFID applications. Numerical results and experimental measurement have validated the feasibility of the presented design technique and the characteristics of antenna as a near-field focusing antenna.
Performance Modeling of a Web Server with a Dynamic Pool of Service Processes

This paper considers the multi-processing module Prefork in the Unix version of Apache, one of the most widely applied software solutions for Web servers in todays Internet. It analyzes its dynamic pool size behavior. For the first time, we propose a queueing model to approximate the performance of the latter. Numerical results computed by advanced matrix-analytic methods are compared with measurement results. They clearly indicate that the proposed analytic model can indeed accurately predict the performance of the dynamic pool size behavior of an Apache Web server.
Power Spectral Density Analysis of Purkinje Cell Tonic and Burst Firing Patterns From a Rat Model of Ataxia and Riluzole Treated

Introduction: Purkinje Cell (PC) output displays a complex firing pattern consisting of high frequency sodium spikes and low frequency calcium spikes, and disruption in this firing behavior may contribute to cerebellar ataxia. Riluzole, neuroprotective agent, has been demonstrated to have neuroprotective effects in cerebellar ataxia. Here, the spectral analysis of PCs firing in control, 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP), neurotoxin agent, treated alone and riluzole plus 3-AP treated were investigated to determine changes in the firing properties. Difference in the power spectra of tonic and burst firing was assessed. Furthermore, the role of calcium-activated potassium channels in the power spectra was evaluated. Methods: Analysis was performed using Matlab. Power spectral density (PSD) of PCs output were obtained. Peak frequencies were extracted from the spectrum and statistical comparisons were done. In addition, a multi-compartment computational model of a Purkinje cell was used. This computational stimulation allowed us to study the changes in the power spectral density of the PC output as a result of alteration in ion channels. Results: Spectral analysis showed that in the spectrum of tonic and burst firing pattern only high sodium frequency and low calcium frequency was seen, respectively. In addition, there was a significant difference between the frequency components of PCs firing obtained from normal, ataxia and riluzole treated rats. Results indicated that sodium firing frequency of normal, ataxic and treated PCs occurred in approximate frequency of 22.53±5.49, 6.46±0.23, and 31.34±4.07 Hz, respectively; and calcium frequency occurred in frequency of 4.22±2.02, 1.52±1.19, and 3.88±1.37 Hz, respectively. The simulation results demonstrated that blockade of calcium-activated potassium channels in the PC model changed the PSD of the PC model firing activity. This change was similar to PSD changes in ataxia condition. Conclusion: These alterations in the spectrum of PC output may be a basis for developing possible new treatment strategies to improve cerebellar ataxia.
A Resource Management Framework for Central Servers

Proportional-share resource management is becoming increasingly important in today’s computing environments. In particular, the growing use of the computational resources of central service providers argues for a proportional-share approach that allows clients to obtain resource shares that reflect their relative importance. In such environments, clients must be isolated from one another to prevent the activities of one client from impinging on the resource rights of others. However, such isolation limits the flexibility with which resource allocations can be modified to reflect the actual needs of clients. We present extensions to the lottery-scheduling resource-management framework that increase its flexibility while preserving its ability to provide secure isolation. To demonstrate how this extended framework safely overcomes the limits imposed by existing proportional-share schemes, we have implemented a prototype system that uses the framework to manage CPU time, physical memory, and disk bandwidth. We present the results of experiments that evaluate the prototype, and we show that our framework enables clients of central servers to achieve significant improvements in
Combining Distributional and Paradigmatic information in a lexical substitution task

This paper describes an unsupervised approach to the Lex- ical Substitution task as applied to the Evalita 2009 competition. The applied approach builds on an extended Latent Semantic Analysis model that combines distributional and paradigmatic evidence in a unied vec- tor space. All the systems employed in the ART laboratory are based on two main steps: 1) selection of a set of candidate substitute words and 2) ranking of each candidate according to combination of similarity metrics in extended LSA spaces. Comparative validation is reported in this paper.