Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Cognitive Process Model of Document Indexing

Classification, indexing and abstracting can all be regarded as summarisations of the content of a document. A model of text comprehension by indexers (including classifiers and abstractors) is presented, based on task descriptions which indicate that the comprehension of text for indexing differs from normal fluent reading in respect of: operational time constraints, which lead to text being scanned rapidly for perceptual cues to aid gist comprehension; comprehension being task oriented rather than learning oriented, and being followed immediately by the production of an abstract, index, or classification; and the automaticity of processing of text by experienced indexers working within a restricted range of text types. The evidence for the interplay of perceptual and conceptual processing of text under conditions of rapid scanning is reviewed. The allocation of mental resources to text processing is discussed, and a cognitive process model of abstracting, indexing and classification is described.
Codominant mixtures of viruses in reference strains of influenza virus due to host cell variation.

Influenza viruses grown in chicken eggs may comprise mixtures of variants, creating problems in establishing international reference strains and in preparing high growth reassortants. We therefore analyzed representative reference strains of H3N2 viruses from 1987 to 1989 by direct sequencing of HA1. Three of seven reference strains had different nucleotides at the same position in nucleotide gels, indicating the presence of codominant mixtures. These nucleotide duplications occurred at residues previously shown to code for amino acids associated with egg adaptation (156, 186, and 193 of HA1). Cloning of these viruses in chicken eggs permitted separation of the mixtures, and the majority of these cloned viruses could be distinguished with monoclonal antibodies. The remaining four reference strains were homogeneous and contained one of the two amino acids usually found at these residues in HA1 (e.g., 145 Glu or Lys, 186 Ser or Ile). Analysis of epidemic H3N2 isolates, for which mammalian cell and egg isolates are available for sequence analysis from the same patient, confirmed that multiple nucleotide changes can occur at residues associated with egg adaptation. When reference or epidemic strains containing codominant mixtures were passaged in eggs one to five times, one of the codominant strains usually became dominant. Similar results were obtained with Madin Darby Canine kidney (MDCK) cells, although the dominant virus usually differed from that in eggs. Attempts to reselect an influenza virus possessing sequence changes in HA1 characteristic of mammalian cells or the original human isolate (i.e., 156 Glu, 158 Glu, 186 Ser) by multiple passages in MDCK cells were not successful, but evidence was obtained that MDCK cells can provide a selective growth advantage. Thus, variants that are dominant in eggs are not necessarily dominant in MDCK cells. To preserve the original genotype of viruses used as reference strains, we recommend the following procedure: (i) cloning in chicken eggs of the candidate virus at a very early passage, (ii) selection and analysis of multiple clones with the same ferret polyclonal and/or monoclonal antibodies used in the initial screening, and (iii) selection of the isolate whose hemagglutinin molecule most closely resembles the clinical isolate.
A Molecular Model of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein

Abstract: Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a protein on the surface of myelin sheaths. It is a putative target of the autoimmune attack in the inflammatory and demyelinating CNS disease multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. MOG belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), and its extracellular N‐terminal domain contains many conserved IgSF consensus residues seen in immunoglobulin variable region folds. The aim of the present study was to create a molecular model of the extracellular N‐terminal domain of mouse MOG. No crystal structure is yet available of MOG, and thus a molecular model would be useful in providing insight into its structure and binding characteristics. Molecular graphics techniques and molecular dynamics with secondary structure‐based restraints were used in the construction and refinement of the MOG model. Regions of high prediction confidence were identified, and possible glycosylation, dimerization, complement binding, and antibody‐binding regions in MOG were mapped and analyzed.
Network Externalities and Critical Mass in the Mobile Telephone Network: a Panel Data Estimation

This paper develops a simple demand model with network externalities which allow us to identify the shape of the network externalities function in the mobile telephone market and to estimate the critical mass. If the mobile telephone network exhibits positive network externalities, we expect that the demand curve is not downward sloping everywhere but it has an increasing part, the critical mass of the installed base of subscribers. Once the critical mass is reached, the growth of the network is self-sustaining. We use a panel data of the 30 OEDC Countries from 1989 to 2006 for estimating the relationship between price of 3-minute cellular call and the installed base of subscribers; we find strong network externalities effects in mobile telephone market which drive the demand curve for this network good to be an inverted U function. Moreover, given that the concavity of the demand curve depends on the extent of network externalities, the idea is to identify some variables which could affect the intensity of network effects in the mobile telephone market, because the more concave the demand curve is, sooner the critical mass is reached for any price. This may have important implications for producers in terms of initial investment and marketing strategies which they have to do to attain the critical mass.
Optimal Design of a Ferromagnetic Yoke for Reducing Crosstalk in Optical Image Stabilization Actuators

In this study, we propose the optimal shape of a ferromagnetic yoke intended to reduce the crosstalk that occurs because of fringe effects at the edge of the magnet used in optical image stabilization (OIS) actuators. Topology optimization was performed with finite element (FE) analysis to determine the optimal shape of the ferromagnetic yoke without degrading the performance of the actuator. To promote the effective use of the topology optimization, the problem was simplified into a 2-D FE analysis, and finite difference approximation was used in the sensitivity analysis. The closest objective function to the special reference value was defined to minimize both the standard deviation and the average magnetic flux density in the y-direction for the Hall effect sensor. Consequently, the optimal shape of the ferromagnetic yoke, obtained by using topology optimization under various volume fraction constraints, was verified using 3-D FE analysis. The results demonstrate that the suggested design method is useful and effective.
A method for measuring chemotaxis and use of the method to determine optimum conditions for chemotaxis by Escherichia coli.

SUMMARY: Chemotaxis of a bacterium such as Escherichia coli is assayed by measuring the number of organisms attracted into a capillary tube containing an attractant. Rate of bacterial accumulation in capillaries and a concentration-response curve for l-aspartate taxis are presented and interpreted, and the effect of bacterial concentration is reported. Other parameters of the assay were studied, such as the volume of fluid in the capillary and the size of the capillary opening. The concentration gradient of chemical was also described. Escherichia coli chemotaxis requires EDTA to allow motility, a buffer to maintain the pH at its optimum near neutrality, and l-methionine if it cannot be synthesized. Under certain conditions there is stimulation by inorganic ions, either by K+ or, less effectively, by Na+. Chemotaxis is dependent on temperature, there being a 20-fold increase in the number of bacteria accumulating in a capillary when the temperature is raised from 20 to 30 °C.
An application study on collaborative filtering in e-commerce

Driven by information technology, e-commerce has made rapid development on a global scale, particularly in China. However, while the rapid development of e-commerce continues to meet people's needs shopping online, it also puts people into the information ocean. Therefore, e-commerce platforms need an automated shopping assistant to help people reduce the cost of shopping, decrease the time spent on shopping and make it interesting. Recommender system is undoubtedly the best option. In this paper, we first summarize the present literature of recommender system and the main technical aspects of it, Mainly include the technology used in recommender system, the main recommendation technology, systems evaluation method and collaborative filtering algorithm, and then present the current problems and present solutions to the comb, with the wish that it can promote future research.
Receive antenna selection for MIMO flat-fading channels: theory and algorithms

This correspondence discusses the problem of the receive antenna subset selection in multiple-element antenna (MEA) transmission systems. The antennas are selected so as to maximize the channel capacity. A set of near-optimal selection algorithms is presented. The first algorithm in particular allows statistical analysis of selection gains. We present tight analytic lower bounds on the outage capacity achievable through antenna selection. Extensive simulations validating analysis and illustrating performance of the selection algorithms are also presented.
Peripheral tolerance of antigen-specific Th cells induced with polyethylene glycol-conjugate of protein antigen

It has long been known that protein antigen conjugated with polyethylene glycol (PEG), a nonimmunogenic artificial polymer, induces immune tolerance of antigen-specific Th cells. However, the mechanism of this tolerance induction remains unknown. In this study, the response and differentiation of ovalbumin (OVA)-specific CD4+ Th cells upon exposure to tolerogenic PEG conjugate of OVA (PEG-OVA) were studied. Na? ve OVA-specific Th cells from OT-II mice were labeled with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE), transferred into histocompatible C57BL/6 mice, and then subsequently stimulated with either tolerogenic PEG-OVA or with OVA. Upon stimulation with tolerogenic PEG-OVA in vivo, these cells showed a robust proliferative response comparable to that observed by stimulation with OVA. Nevertheless, upon prolonged exposure to PEG-OVA, OVA-specific Th cells became anergic, showing a markedly reduced capacity to respond, and to produce IL-2 and other cytokines when stimulated with antigenic OVA323-339 peptide in vitro. There was also a significant reduction of the frequency of clonotypic TCR Vα2+CD4+ T cells in the spleens of OT-II mice treated with PEG-OVA. These features of response of na? ve OVA-specific Th cells upon sustained exposure to PEG-OVA were quite analogous to those reported for the same cells transferred into mice with systemic expression of the transgenic OVA gene. The highly enhanced stability in the circulation that was observed for PEG-OVA was likely the basis of its tolerogenic capacity.
Impact of Renal Dysfunction and Peripheral Arterial Disease on Post-Operative Outcomes After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

In-hospital and long-term outcomes after Coronary artery Bypass grafting (CABG) are im‐ pacted by various factors including age, gender and various co-morbidities including chron‐ ic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, diabetes Mellitus, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease (CKD), Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and even connective tissue disor‐ ders such as systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis. Both CKD and PAD have been considered a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality postCABG [1]. Therefore, both are always considered as a variable when calculating risk for perioperative mortality in patients undergoing CABG in the popular EUROSCORE and society of Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Cardiac Surgery Database scoring system [1,2]. We will discuss the degree of importance of these co-morbidities along with the epidemiolo‐ gy, underlying proposed pathogenetic mechanisms, significant associated co-factors, and al‐ so highlight the pertinent existing data on these parameters.
Maternal encouragement of infant locomotion in pigtail macaques,
 Macaca nemestrina
 


Abstract This study investigated whether pigtail macaque mothers encourage their infants' independent locomotion by increasing distance from them and displaying a retrieval signal, the pucker face. Fifteen mother–infant pairs living in a large captive social group were focally observed during the first 12 weeks of infant life. Mothers puckered to their infants only when out of contact with them, and the pucker was followed by reduction in distance by the mother or the infant. The pucker was significantly associated with an increase in distance initiated by the mother, and mothers that frequently puckered to their infants were also those that frequently left them. Multiparous mothers puckered to their infants more than primiparous mothers. The infant's initiative in reducing distance after the pucker increased with its age, and the latency of its response gradually decreased in the first 6–7 weeks of life. Infants that received more puckers from their mothers spent less time in contact with them and approached and left them more frequently than infants that received fewer puckers. The evidence is insufficient to assess unequivocally whether developmental changes in infant responses to the pucker reflect social learning or maturation of motor skills.
Understanding convolutional neural networks using a minimal model for handwritten digit recognition

The contribution of this paper is to bridge the gap on understanding the mathematical structure and the computational implementation of a convolutional neural network (CNN) using a minimal model (Minimal CNN). The proposed minimal CNN is presented using a layering approach. This approach provides a concise and accessible understanding of the main mathematical operations of a CNN. Hence, it benefits beginners and non-mathematical prolific learners to acquire foundational knowledge that informs a principled understanding of CNNs without having an intimidating experience. A handwritten digit recognition using MNIST handwritten digit dataset is used to experiment the performance of the proposed minimal CNN with other neural networks.
Effects of River‐Flow Regulation on Anuran Occupancy and Abundance in Riparian Zones

Abstract: The natural flow regimes of rivers worldwide have been heavily altered through anthropogenic activities, and dams in particular have a pervasive effect on riverine ecosystems. Flow‐regulation effects of dams negatively affect species diversity and abundance of a variety of aquatic animals, including invertebrates and fishes. However, the effects on semiaquatic animals are relatively unknown. We conducted anuran calling surveys at 42 study locations along the Broad and Pacolet Rivers in South Carolina to address the potential effects of flow regulation by damming on anuran occupancy and abundance. We estimated occupancy and abundance with Program PRESENCE. Models incorporated distance upstream and downstream from the nearest dam as covariates and urbanization pressure as an alternative stressor. Distance from dam was associated with occupancy of 2 of the 9 anuran species in our analyses and with abundance of 6 species. In all cases, distance downstream from nearest dam was a better predictor of occupancy and abundance than distance upstream from nearest dam. For all but one species, distance downstream from nearest dam was positively correlated with both occupancy and abundance. Reduced occupancy and abundance of anurans likely resulted from downstream alterations in flow regime associated with damming, which can lead to reduced area of riparian wetlands that serve as anuran breeding habitat. Our results showed that damming has a strong negative effect on multiple anuran species across large spatial extents and suggest that flow regulation can affect semiaquatic animals occupying riparian zones.
Prognostic significance of LKB1 promoter methylation in cutaneous malignant melanoma

Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) loss is a common occurrence in various types of human cancer, and promoter methylation has been hypothesized to be a major mechanism of LKB1 inactivation. The association between LKB1 gene promoter methylation status and tumor progression in cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) remains unknown. In the present study, the methylation status of the LKB1 promoter region was examined in 57 human cutaneous malignant melanomas and 50 benign skin lesion controls by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. Consequently, 12 (12/57) melanoma tissues exhibited LKB1 promoter methylation, while only 2 (2/50) benign lesions presented with LKB1 hypermethylation. The frequency of LKB1 promoter methylation in melanoma was significantly increased compared with the benign controls (P<0.05). Additional statistical analysis demonstrated that hypermethylation of the LKB1 gene was correlated with Breslow's thickness, presence of ulceration and American Joint Committee on Cancer stage (P<0.05). Additionally, Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that LKB1 hypermethylation was significantly associated with poorer survival (P<0.01). Multivariate COX regression analysis indicated that LKB1 promoter methylation was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with melanoma.
Who Can Buy Happiness?

The present research tested whether the Big Five personality dimensions—extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience—moderate the effects of income on life satisfaction. The authors analyzed data from three large-sample, nationally representative, longitudinal studies: the British Household Panel Survey, the German Socio-Economic Panel Study, and the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey. Neuroticism consistently moderated the effects of both stable between-person income differences and within-person income fluctuations on life satisfaction. Specifically, income predicted satisfaction more strongly for highly neurotic individuals than for their emotionally stable peers. These findings illustrate that the effects of life circumstances on subjective well-being can vary considerably across individuals, depending on their basic personality traits.
A modified test for small‐study effects in meta‐analyses of controlled trials with binary endpoints

Publication bias and related bias in meta‐analysis is often examined by visually checking for asymmetry in funnel plots of treatment effect against its standard error. Formal statistical tests of funnel plot asymmetry have been proposed, but when applied to binary outcome data these can give false‐positive rates that are higher than the nominal level in some situations (large treatment effects, or few events per trial, or all trials of similar sizes). We develop a modified linear regression test for funnel plot asymmetry based on the efficient score and its variance, Fisher's information. The performance of this test is compared to the other proposed tests in simulation analyses based on the characteristics of published controlled trials. When there is little or no between‐trial heterogeneity, this modified test has a false‐positive rate close to the nominal level while maintaining similar power to the original linear regression test (‘Egger’ test). When the degree of between‐trial heterogeneity is large, none of the tests that have been proposed has uniformly good properties. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using fuzzy inference method to automatically detect and identify intruders from the security system

A home security system is designed to detect the illegal intruders and to warn the homeowner. When a homeowner is about to sleep or leave the house, the security system can be turned on to monitor the house and trigger the alarm if there were illegal intruders. Most security systems send alarm messages to users when the sensors are triggered, but cannot identify what the intruder is. If security systems often make false alarms when triggered by animals, people may relax their vigilance as time passes. To solve those common problems of traditional home security systems, we combine image recognition, motion detection, image processing and fuzzy inference to identify whether the illegal intruder is human, cat or dog. We use a camera to capture the images and analyze those incoming images. After obtaining the foreground object from those incoming images, we can derive its characters and then apply the fuzzy inference model to recognizing the identified object. We design the fuzzy rules to identify whether the object is human or animal. Another advantage in our model is that if we want to add more functions, we can expand the rule base. Experimental results show that the proposed fuzzy model can effectively identify the intruders.
Attack Graph Based Network Risk Assessment: Exact Inference vs Region-Based Approximation

Quantitative risk assessment is a critical first step in risk management and assured design of networked computer systems. It is challenging to evaluate the marginal probabilities of target states/conditions when using a probabilistic attack graph to represent all possible attack paths and the probabilistic cause-consequence relations among nodes. The brute force approach has the exponential complexity and the belief propagation method gives approximation when the corresponding factor graph has cycles. To improve the approximation accuracy, a region-based method is adopted, which clusters some highly dependent nodes into regions and messages are passed among regions. Experiments are conducted to compare the performance of the different methods.
Internal and external attentional focus imagery related differences on dynamical balance in ADHD children

The purpose of the current study was to examine the effect of imagery in improving the dynamic balance in ADHD children and then examine internal and external attention focus imagery in dynamic balance in them. 43 male children with ADHD disease (9-12 years, average age: 10.72 years, SD: 3.12; average weight: 31.90 kg, SD: 4.12; average height: 129.12 cm, SD: 8.02) participated in this study. Participants were randomly divided to four groups. (Internal attention focus imagery, external attention focus imagery, and traditional imagery and control groups ) . Timed Get up and Go test was used to evaluate the functional mobility and postural balance. Study design consisted of pre-test, training, posttest and the retention test. A one-way ANOVA was used to compare TUG scores on the pre test to ensure the four groups were not different at the initiation of practice. A one-way ANOVA was also used to compare post test and follow up test performances. The results of this study showed that compared to other situations (internal attention focus imagery, traditional imagery and control groups), external attention focus imagery causes further improvement of children ADHD dynamic balance. According to current study results, it seems external attention focus imagery is a practical and effective method for improving the dynamic balance of ADHD children and this way we can improve balance controlling and motor skills in occupational therapy.