Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Orofacial clefts in Africa: Methodological challenges in ascertainment

Background: To carry out a systematic review of the birth prevalence of cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CLP) and cleft palate (CP) in Africa based on available published data. Method: Using the Cochrane search strategy and the following keywords words “cleft palate”, “prevalence”, “incidence”, “cleft lip” and “Africa” to screen Ovid Medline {1966 to March 2007), Cinahl {1982-March 2007}, Pub Med, Scopus, and Web-Google. All identified published, prospective and retrospective studies on the birth prevalence of CLP and CP in Africa were included. The dates, location, sources, number of births (live births, still births, number of cleft cases, prevalence rates, sex ratio, cleft types, and clefts with associated anomalies were extracted. Results: Ascertainment of cases was through the hospitals. Overall there were 57 CL/P, 56 CL and 36 CP reported from all the studies. From seven studies combined, 21 males and 20 females had CL, 10 males and 22 females with CP and 26 males and 24 females with CL/P. There were 3 cases with CL/P, 2 with CP and 2 with CL from the three studies that reported clefts with associated anomalies. Conclusion: For an improved ascertainment of cleft cases, there is a need to set up a birth defects surveillance system in the form of a national birth registry. Future studies should then aim to include the entire population in geographically defined regions. Reliable data on incidence is an essential pre-requisite for studies into aetiology and prevention.
Evidence That Phenylalanine Hydroxylation Rates Are Overestimated in Neonatal Subjects Receiving Total Parenteral Nutrition with a High Phenylalanine Content

Recent publications have indicated that the parenterally fed neonate has a substantial ability to hydroxylate phenylalanine. Examination of these data suggests that, at high phenylalanine intakes, estimated rates of hydroxylation exceed rates of intake. This implies significant net tissue breakdown. However, the quantitative validity of the estimates of phenylalanine hydroxylation cannot be assessed without nitrogen balance data. We have recently developed a parenterally fed neonatal piglet model and have used this to study aromatic amino acid metabolism in piglets fed different amino acid solutions. Reappraisal of the data from these studies has allowed us to estimate both phenylalanine hydroxylation and tissue protein accretion. Piglets were parenterally fed Vamin (292 μmol of Phe·kg-1·h-1, 26 μmol of Tyr·kg-1·h-1), Vaminolact + Phe (VLP, 277 μmol of Phe·kg-1·h-1, 26 μmol Tyr·kg-1h-1), or Vaminolact + glycyl-L-tyrosine (VLGT, 152 μmol of Phe·kg-1·h-1, 159 μmol of Tyr·kg-1·h-1) for 8 d. Nitrogen balance was measured over the last 5 study d, and aromatic amino acid kinetics were determined using a primed continuous infusion of L-[1-14C]phenylalanine on d 8. Average body protein gain, derived from nitrogen balance, was 11 g·kg-1·d-1. For the Vamin and VLP groups, the rates of phenylalanine hydroxylation were estimated to be 139 and 90% of intake, respectively. However, phenylalanine hydroxylation was only 16% of intake for the VLGT group. In view of the tissue protein accretion data, it appears that the rate of phenylalanine hydroxylation may be overestimated in neonates fed high phenylalanine parenteral nutrition. The extent to which the parenterally fed neonate can adapt to a high phenylalanine intake, by increasing the rate of phenylalanine hydroxylation, remains to be determined.
Experiences of poststroke fatigue: qualitative meta-synthesis.

AIM To interpret and synthesize stroke survivors' experiences of poststroke fatigue. BACKGROUND Several studies have found fatigue to be a common and distressing difficulty experienced after stroke. This review has synthesized qualitative findings of stroke survivors' experiences of poststroke fatigue with the aim of guiding practice and further research. DATA SOURCES A computer-aided search of the PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Embase databases was performed up to April 2012. DESIGN AND REVIEW METHODS: Interpretive qualitative meta-synthesis. Of 167 papers identified, 12 were included. FINDINGS Three main themes of the experience of poststroke fatigue were identified. First, five characteristics were identified and interpreted as core characteristics of poststroke fatigue. These did not seem to be influenced by the context. Two additional, distressing characteristics were identified. These were interpreted as being more responsive to the context. Second, we found that the acknowledgement of poststroke fatigue by stroke survivors and their significant others were important for the experience of poststroke fatigue. This theme appeared to be consistent across studies and was interpreted as having a major impact on the third theme identified; coping with poststroke fatigue. Two main coping patterns appeared: one taking the fatigue into account and the other struggling to cope. Lack of acknowledgement of poststroke fatigue complicates the coping process and invokes additional emotional distress. CONCLUSION Poststroke fatigue is a complex phenomenon. Acknowledging its presence and impact is important to cope well with it. Lack of acknowledgement from significant others increases add to the burden. [Correction added after online publication 3 September 2012: Instances of the word 'statistically' have been removed from the Findings and Conclusion in the abstract section. ].
Cannabis use and Social Identity

Cannabis use has become common, but we still understand little about how and why people use cannabis. This paper theorises the relationship between cannabis use and social identity, suggesting that cannabis use is an important aspect of many people's identities, and that the reasons for, or meaning, of cannabis use change and vary, over time and by situation. If cannabis use is important to people's identities, then this needs to be understood in the context of a dynamic theory of social identity. Also, issues related to social identity need to be properly understood if we are to formulate rational social policies dealing with cannabis use.
Good practice for pupils learning English as an additional language: Lessons from effective literacy teachers in inner-city primary schools

This article presents observations and discussion of the successful teaching of English to pupils, in English primary schools, for whom English is an additional language (EAL). It draws on research in Year 2 (6—7-year old) classes in three inner-city primary schools carried out in 2003 and 2005. Three recognized, effective teachers of literacy were selected for case study; all worked in successful schools where results for literacy, measured by national tests, were in line with or better than national averages. Following analyses of lesson observations and interviews with the teachers, their head teachers and the EAL coordinators in the schools, a number of common elements in their practice emerged. Discussion centres on how these pedagogical features supported effective learning environments for the early literacy development of bilingual children, and on the implications for the practice of teaching English to all pupils.
Retinal hemangioblastoma in von Hippel-Lindau disease: a clinical and molecular study.

PURPOSE To assess the natural history of retinal manifestations in von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease and to study the genotype-phenotype correlation. METHODS Data concerning 103 patients with VHL retinal manifestations and 108 patients without VHL retinal manifestations were extracted from the French VHL database. A retrospective study was performed by questionnaire. Patients were classified into three visual morbidity groups. Molecular analysis of the VHL gene was performed in 196 patients. RESULTS The mean age of ocular manifestations detection was 24.8 years. In half of the cases, the ocular manifestations revealed the disease. Half of the cases had bilateral involvement. Visual morbidity was significantly associated with the retinal hemangioblastoma count but not with other ocular or general characteristics. One third of the patients were classified in the worst visual morbidity group at the end of follow-up. Mutations were detected in 81% of patients with retinal hemangioblastomas and in 71% of patients without retinal involvement. Using a Poisson model and a marginal approach, the number of hemangioblastomas, age-adjusted, was 2.1 times higher in patients who had a substitution than in patients with a truncation (95% CI, 1.05-4.44; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Visual loss remains one of the major complications of VHL disease, confirming the importance of early ophthalmologic screening. Visual morbidity was not related to the type of extraocular manifestation but appeared to be related to the type of germline mutation. However, only further genetic and clinical studies in a larger series of patients will clearly determine the genotype-phenotype relationship.
Using Data Triangulation of Mother and Daughter Interviews to Enhance Research about Families

Qualitative researchers use the term triangulation to describe the use of multiple strategies to study the same phenomenon. Although it is endorsed in social work research textbooks and contested in the literature, qualitative social work researchers are left on their own to determine how to ‘do’ triangulation. This article discusses triangulation, including recent debates around the concept. It describes two methods of data triangulation and illustrates them with examples from the study of mothers and daughters coping with a daughter’s religious intensification. From the first method, a comparative analysis of mother-daughter dyads, the authors identify and provide examples of five types of triangulated data: (1) same story, same meaning; (2) same story, different interpretations; (3) missing pieces; (4) unique information; and (5) illuminating. The second method, triangulation within groups and between groups, makes visible perspectives that are common and distinct to mothers and daughters as members of different cultural groups. The article discusses the advantages of systematic data triangulation for qualitative research and draws implications for social work research and practice.
Historical Development of Hong Kong Sign Language

This article traces the origins of Hong Kong Sign Language (hereafter HKSL) and its subsequent development in relation to the establishment of Deaf education in Hong Kong after World War II. We begin with a detailed description of the history of Deaf education with a particular focus on the role of sign language in such development. We then compare the use of sign language among Deaf students in the first two Deaf schools in Hong Kong in the postwar period, and how both signing varieties contributed to the later development of HKSL. We maintain that the modern form of HKSL is a mixture of the Nanjing/Shanghai variety of Chinese Sign Language and the signing varieties developed locally among Deaf people in Hong Kong. This finding supports Woodward's (1993) hypothesis that some form of signing must have existed in Hong Kong before Nanjing/Shanghai signs were introduced in 1948 and 1949 by a Deaf signing couple who set up the first signing school.
The Effects of Scholarship Amount on Yield and Success for Master's Students in Education

Abstract The amount of merit-based scholarship support for graduate students in the United States has increased dramatically. Given this increased investment, does increasing the size of scholarships awarded to the most academically able admitted students substantially increase their probability of enrollment? We found no support for a positive answer to the question. Our study is unique in the literature in two important ways. First, the design randomly assigned admitted students to size of scholarship. Second, the size of scholarship varied from substantial ($10,000) to substantially larger ($18,500). The applicants in the study were the most academically able applicants to master's programs in a graduate school of education at an elite university. It may be that the difference between no scholarship support and some scholarship support (e.g., $10,000) might have a positive effect on yield. Natural variation data from the same site supported this conclusion. It may be that dramatically larger amounts of scholarship support would have a positive effect on yield as well (e.g., the full cost of tuition).
Training Feedforward Neural Networks Using Symbiotic Organisms Search Algorithm

Symbiotic organisms search (SOS) is a new robust and powerful metaheuristic algorithm, which stimulates the symbiotic interaction strategies adopted by organisms to survive and propagate in the ecosystem. In the supervised learning area, it is a challenging task to present a satisfactory and efficient training algorithm for feedforward neural networks (FNNs). In this paper, SOS is employed as a new method for training FNNs. To investigate the performance of the aforementioned method, eight different datasets selected from the UCI machine learning repository are employed for experiment and the results are compared among seven metaheuristic algorithms. The results show that SOS performs better than other algorithms for training FNNs in terms of converging speed. It is also proven that an FNN trained by the method of SOS has better accuracy than most algorithms compared.
ISSLS Prize Winner: Smudging the Motor Brain in Young Adults With Recurrent Low Back Pain

Study Design. Cross-sectional design. Objective. To investigate whether recurrent low back pain (LBP) is associated with changes in motor cortical representation of different paraspinal muscle fascicles. Summary of Background Data. Fascicles of the lumbar paraspinal muscles are differentially activated during function. Human studies indicate this may be associated with a spatially separate array of neuronal networks at the motor cortex. Loss of discrete control of paraspinal muscle fascicles in LBP may be because of changes in cortical organization. Methods. Data were collected from 9 individuals with recurrent unilateral LBP and compared with 11 healthy participants from an earlier study. Fine-wire electrodes selectively recorded myoelectric activity from short/deep fascicles of deep multifidus (DM) and long/superficial fascicles of longissimus erector spinae (LES), bilaterally. Motor cortical organization was investigated using transcranial magnetic stimulation at different scalp sites to evoke responses in paraspinal muscles. Location of cortical representation (center of gravity; CoG) and motor excitability (map volume) were compared between healthy and LBP groups. Results. Individuals with LBP had a more posterior location of LES center of gravity, which overlapped with that for DM on both hemispheres. In healthy individuals, LES center of gravity was located separately at a more anterior location to that for DM. Map volume was reduced in LBP compared to healthy individual across muscles. Conclusion. The findings highlight that LBP is associated with a loss of discrete cortical organization of inputs to back muscles. Increased overlap in motor cortical representation of DM and LES may underpin loss of differential activation in this group. The results further unravel the neurophysiological mechanisms of motor changes in recurrent LBP and suggest motor rehabilitation that includes training of differential activation of the paraspinal muscles may be required to restore optimal control in LBP.
Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Core and Magnet Loss Modeling in a Radial Flux and a Transverse Flux PM Traction Motor

Analytical estimations and verified simulation models both in two dimension (2-D) and three dimension (3-D) are used to compare loss calculations of a radial flux machine (RFM) and a transverse flux machine (TFM) for a traction application. The analysis highlights the importance of a dense mesh and a high number of time steps when calculating core and magnet loss with an finite element method (FEM) program. It also shows the practical handling of loss modeling in 2-D and 3-D, including a stacking factor for the core lamination and magnet segmentation, and it is recommended that one is careful when comparing losses from 2-D and 3-D models. The TFM is shown to have much higher magnet loss compared with the RFM, although the TFM magnet design (with ring magnets) makes segmentation very effective.
Succession in the Family Firm: A Cognitive Categorization Perspective

Using cognitive categorization as a foundation, this paper develops a theory of leadership succession in the family firm. We specify a general leadership succession model that includes the process by which both the parentqleader and childqsuccessor evaluate each other and themselves through the cognitive categorization process, and we develop testable propositions from the parentqleader and childqsuccessor classifications. This paper posits that these classifications influence the succession process as the parentqleader prepares the childqsuccessor for leadership, and that the childqsuccessor determines both the desirability of assuming leadership and his or her readiness to accept succession.
Getting Active in the Large Lecture

The benefits of active learning are well documented; nonetheless, the implementation of active learning strategies can be challenging in large lecture environments. The project will examine the research supporting active learning, present the implementation of simple active learning techniques in large lecture classes, and provide evidence to test the effectiveness of the techniques on both student learning outcomes and student attitudes. The purpose is to investigate the concern that adding active learning to large lecture classes reduces the amount of time available to teach content in class, resulting in less student learning. The expectation is that incorporating active learning techniques will not harm student learning and will lead to positive student attitudes. The active learning techniques of question-based outlines, discussion-question prompts, small group discussions, and exam preparation will be investigated using exam grade comparisons, pre- and posttest analyses, and student surveys. The findings demonstrate that active learning does not lead to less student learning and instead that it can have a positive impact.
The Sociomateriality of IT Surveillance: A Dramaturgical Model of IT Adoption

Information technology adoption in organizations is a process where managers and employees attempt to use and adapt information technology to carry out their everyday work. Given the different requirements of managers and employees, these adaptations often generate tensions around IT uses. We outline an alternative model of information technology based on the theatrical idea of performance where people use information systems not to resist but to project an image of compliance. Thus doing, they are able to erect an electronic facade that hides the improvised information systems needed to achieve their goals. We specify this model from a sociomaterial perspective on information systems use to highlight the role that the material properties of IT artifacts have in the adoption of prescribed information systems. Our dramaturgical model of IT adoption contributes to this emerging stream of research by exploring the social dynamics in sociomaterial performances of information systems.
Automatic implementation system of security protocols based on formal description techniques

We present an automatic implementation system of security protocols based in formal description techniques. A sufficiently complete and concise formal specification that has allowed us to define the state machine that corresponds to a security protocol has been designed to achieve our goals. This formal specification makes it possible to incorporate in a flexible way the security mechanisms and functions (random numbers generation, timestamps, symmetric-key encryption, public-key cryptography, etc). Our solution implies the incorporation of an additional security layer LEI (Logical Element of Implementation) in the TCP/IP architecture. This additional layer be able both to interpret and to implement any security protocol from its formal specification. Our system provides an applications programming interface (API) for the development of distributed applications in the Internet like the e-commerce, bank transfers, network management or distribution information services that makes transparent to them the problem of security in the communications.
Validity of Myocardial Infarction Diagnoses in Administrative Databases: A Systematic Review

Background Though administrative databases are increasingly being used for research related to myocardial infarction (MI), the validity of MI diagnoses in these databases has never been synthesized on a large scale. Objective To conduct the first systematic review of studies reporting on the validity of diagnostic codes for identifying MI in administrative data. Methods MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched (inception to November 2010) for studies: (a) Using administrative data to identify MI; or (b) Evaluating the validity of MI codes in administrative data; and (c) Reporting validation statistics (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value, or Kappa scores) for MI, or data sufficient for their calculation. Additonal articles were located by handsearch (up to February 2011) of original papers. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers; article quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool. Results Thirty studies published from 1984–2010 were included; most assessed codes from the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9th revision. Sensitivity and specificity of hospitalization data for identifying MI in most [≥50%] studies was ≥86%, and PPV in most studies was ≥93%. The PPV was higher in the more-recent studies, and lower when criteria that do not incorporate cardiac troponin levels (such as the MONICA) were employed as the gold standard. MI as a cause-of-death on death certificates also demonstrated lower accuracy, with maximum PPV of 60% (for definite MI). Conclusions Hospitalization data has higher validity and hence can be used to identify MI, but the accuracy of MI as a cause-of-death on death certificates is suboptimal, and more studies are needed on the validity of ICD-10 codes. When using administrative data for research purposes, authors should recognize these factors and avoid using vital statistics data if hospitalization data is not available to confirm deaths from MI.
A Tweaking Principle for Executive Control: Neuronal Circuit Mechanism for Rule-Based Task Switching and Conflict Resolution

A hallmark of executive control is the brain's agility to shift between different tasks depending on the behavioral rule currently in play. In this work, we propose a “tweaking hypothesis” for task switching: a weak rule signal provides a small bias that is dramatically amplified by reverberating attractor dynamics in neural circuits for stimulus categorization and action selection, leading to an all-or-none reconfiguration of sensory-motor mapping. Based on this principle, we developed a biologically realistic model with multiple modules for task switching. We found that the model quantitatively accounts for complex task switching behavior: switch cost, congruency effect, and task-response interaction; as well as monkey's single-neuron activity associated with task switching. The model yields several testable predictions, in particular, that category-selective neurons play a key role in resolving sensory-motor conflict. This work represents a neural circuit model for task switching and sheds insights in the brain mechanism of a fundamental cognitive capability.