Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Temporal and spatial patterns of the interannual variability of total ozone in the tropics

The recently constructed gridded Merged Ozone Data (MOD) set, combining the monthly mean column abundances collected by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV and SBUV/2) instruments, provides a nearly continuous record from late 1978 to 2000 on a 5° × 10° latitude-longitude grid. The precision of these measurements and their calibration allow very small signals, ∼1% of total column ozone, to be clearly seen. Using MOD, we have carried out an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) study of the temporal and spatial patterns of the interannual variability of total column ozone in the tropics. The first four EOFs of our study capture over 93% of the variance of the deseasonalized data. The leading two EOFs of our study, respectively accounting for 42% and 33% of the variance, display structures attributable to the quasi-biennial oscillation(QBO), with influence from a decadal oscillation. The third EOF (15% of the variance) represents an interaction between the QBO and an annual cycle. The fourth EOF (3% of the variance) is related to the El Nino - Southern Oscillation. This EOF decomposition is robust; nearly identical patterns occur in the decomposition of various equatorial latitude bands of MOD and similar patterns occur in the analysis of the deseasonalized TOMS data set, a shorter record with a more finely resolved spatial grid. For comparison, similar decompositions were performed for dynamical fields from the reanalysis product from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the National Center for Atmospheric Research. Using these analyses, we found possible connections between the deduced patterns in ozone and the climate variables.
Moral Vitalism : Seeing Good and Evil as Real , Agentic Forces

Article This is a transcendent evil that wants to destroy everything we stand for and believe in. When Senator McCain invoked the concept of evil to explain the threat posed by Islamic extremists, he was using the term as more than a mere description or label. Instead, he envisioned a metaphysically real, agentic force that could produce palpable consequences. We suggest that such remarks reflect a belief in " moral vitalism, " a mode of thinking that assumes that good and evil are active forces that can exert a profound influence on people and events. In introducing the concept of moral vitalism, our broad aim is to uncover an important dimension of moral understanding that manifests itself within everyday moral cog-nition. We aim to show that people's metaphysical lay theories about the nature of good and evil provide important insights into moral reasoning and provide a theoretical framework from which to generate a range of novel research questions. Furthermore, we suggest that although moral vitalism is independent of religious and political beliefs, it may be reinforced or reified within certain religious or political contexts, thus offering new insights into religious and political cognition. Moral vitalism embraces the dual beliefs that forces of good and evil (a) actually exist and (b) may cause moral and immoral events to occur. Moral vitalistic thinking is attractive because it provides a convenient explanation for why good and bad things happen, as well as what makes people good or bad (cf. or heuristic for navigating the complex world of moral judgment and behavior. Like other lay theories, moral vitalism may often be largely implicit and poorly articulated. As such, vitalistic thinkers may impute power, force, and intentionality to good and evil, yet be unable to justify why or how this is the case. They may assume that good and evil are actual objective phenomena that are manifested in the world, yet remain incapable of specifying where. Furthermore, vitalistic thinkers may rely on assumptions regarding the agentic nature of good and evil in their moral reasoning, yet lack insight into how these assumptions shape their moral understanding. Our moral vitalism formulation shares similarities with work on the role of imperceptible agentic forces in human Abstract Moral vitalism refers to a tendency to view good and evil as actual forces that can influence people and events. We introduce a scale designed to assess the belief in moral …
Mentoring for school leadership in South Africa: diversity, dissimilarity and disadvantage

In South Africa, until recently, mentoring has not been formalized as part of school leadership induction programmes or of leadership professional development. However, the South African government identified mentoring as a distinctive aspect of its pilot leadership development programme for school principals. This programme signalled a shift from ad hoc and informal mentoring to building mentorship into school leadership development programmes. However, there is still no clear understanding about what constitutes effective mentoring models and the significance of similarity and diversity in a mentoring relationship. In this paper I draw from two dissimilar datasets to explore mentoring from an identity (gender and race) perspective. Using similarity-attraction theory, the paper highlights the complexity of mentoring models and suggests that higher levels of dissimilarity in a mentoring relationship may lead to disadvantage.
Conservation of DNA methylation in dipteran insects

DNA methylation is a central mechanism of epigenetic regulation. Whereas vertebrate DNA methylation requires at least four different DNA methyltransferases, Drosophila melanogaster only utilizes a single, Dnmt2‐like enzyme. This profound difference has raised the question of the evolutionary significance of the Drosophila methylation system. We have now identified Dnmt2‐like open reading frames in the genome sequences of Drosophila pseudoobscura and Anopheles gambiae. These genes represent the only candidate DNA methyltransferases in their respective genomes. Consistent with a catalytic activity of Dnmt2 proteins, we could also demonstrate low but significant levels of DNA methylation in genomic DNA from these species. Lastly, we were also able to detect highly conserved Dnmt2‐like open reading frames and concomitant DNA methylation in several additional Drosophila species, which suggests that Dnmt2‐mediated DNA methylation has been conserved over a considerable evolutionary distance.
On line emotion detection using retrainable deep neural networks

This paper presents a new methodology for detecting deterioration in performance of deep neural networks when applied to on line visual analysis problems and enabling fine-tuning, or retraining, of the network to the current data characteristics. Pre-trained deep neural networks which have a satisfactory performance on the problem under study constitute the basis of the approach, with efficient transfer learning being performed whenever drift is detected in network operation. The method is applied and validated on the problem of emotion detection using line facial expression analysis based on a dimensional emotion representation.
Turnover decisions of women accountants: using personal histories to understand the relative influence of domestic obligations

Studies of accountants' turnover intentions have been unable to demonstrate a clear link between conventional job-related antecedents and women's higher rates of turnover. This study utilizes narrative histories of three women, including the author herself, who have exhibited actual turnover behaviour to examine the factors underpinning their turnover decisions. The findings demonstrate that while the study participants did identify job related factors, their turnover decisions were more significantly influenced by a complex interaction of job and domestic factors. This article thus recommends that an understanding of women's turnover decisions must first utilize research methods such as narrative history that allow the complexity of factors influencing their decisions to be identified and second, must incorporate greater consideration of specific domestic drivers of the cumulative workload/stresses of both job and domestic factors.
Iran's Multiple Indicator Demographic and Health Survey - 2010: Study Protocol

Background: There is an international emphasis on providing timely and high quality data to monitor progress of countries toward Millennium Development Goals. Iran's Multiple Indicator Demographic and Health Survey (IrMIDHS) aimed to provide valid information on population and health outcomes to monitor progress in achieving national priorities and health programs and to assist policy makers to design effective strategies for improving health outcomes and equity in access to care. Methods: A cross-sectional multi-stage stratified cluster-random survey is conducted through face-to-face household interviews. The sampling frame is developed using Iran's 2006 population and housing census. Provincial samples ranging are from a minimum of 400 households per province to 6400 households in Tehran province. Cluster size is 10 households. The target sample includes 3096 clusters: 2187 clusters in urban and 909 clusters in rural areas. IrMIDHS instruments include three questionnaires: Household questionnaire, women aged 15-54 questionnaire, children under five questionnaire, supervision and quality assessment checklists and data collection sheets and standard weight and height measurement tools for under-five children. A cascading decentralized training method is used for training data collection and supervision teams. Quality assurance procedures are defined for the five steps of conducting the survey including: Sampling, training data collection and training teams, survey implementation, data entry and analysis. A multi-layer supervision and monitoring procedure is established. All the questionnaires are double entered. Conclusions: IrMIDHS will provide valuable data for policymakers in Iran. Designing and implementation of the study involve contributions from academics as well as program managers and policy makers. The collaborative nature of the study may facilitate better usage of its results.
A quantitative analysis of interactions between photoreceptors in the salamander (Ambystoma) retina.

A quantitative description of the electrical properties of the photoreceptor layer in the salamander retina was obtained from earlier data on the characteristics of isolated rods and cones and on rod‐rod coupling, and from new data on rod‐cone and cone‐cone coupling and on the rod photocurrent. Injecting ‐1 nA current into a rod elicits hyperpolarizations of about 20 mV in an adjacent rod and 4 mV in an adjacent cone. Responses of more distant receptors are smaller. Injecting ‐1 nA into a cone elicits hyperpolarizations of about 4 mV in an adjacent rod and 0.4 mV in a nearby cone. Depolarizing current evokes smaller responses. Assuming, in agreement with anatomical evidence, that each rod is electrically coupled to four rods and to four cones around it, and that there is no direct electrical coupling between cones, we found these results could be predicted from the properties of isolated rods and cones if adjacent rods are coupled by a resistance of 300 M omega and adjacent rods and cones are coupled by a resistance of 5000 M omega. The small cone‐cone coupling seen is due to coupling via intervening rods. The two halves of double cones are not electrically coupled. The spectral sensitivity of both halves is a maximum around 620 nm wave‐length. The rod photocurrent has been characterized by voltage‐clamping rods isolated from the retina. In agreement with Bader, MacLeish & Schwartz (1979) we found the time course of the photocurrent to be approximately independent of voltage between ‐35 and ‐85 mV. The voltage responses of rods, single cones and double cones isolated from the retina obey the principle of univariance. Responses of receptors in the retina do not obey univariance. The main deviations from univariance observed can be explained if adjacent rods and cones are coupled by a resistance of 5000 M omega. Our data demonstrate that rod‐cone coupling is relatively weak. We simplified our description of the photoreceptor network, by omitting cones, to investigate the spatiotemporal processing that the rod network is capable of. Computer simulations predict, as is found experimentally, that the rod voltage response to a large spot of bright light should show a much more pronounced initial transient hyperpolarization than the response to a small spot of light of the same intensity. This difference is produced by the combination of electrical coupling of the rods with the existence of a voltage‐gated current, IA, in the rod membrane. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Design of S-Band Erbium-Doped Concentric Dual-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber Amplifiers With ASE Suppression

In this paper, we theoretically design and numerically demonstrate a large mode area and single-mode erbium-doped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) amplifier operating in the S-band with a complete suppression of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) and very low Raman gain coefficient at 980-nm pump. The proposed fiber design is based on a dual-concentric core refractive index profile and is solved through full-vectorial finite-element method. Numerical simulations reveal that more than 50 dB of gain can be achieved with a mean gain value of 27 dB over 70-nm bandwidth in a 7.2-m-long fiber. The effect of bending on the amplification characteristics has been noted. It has been shown that by a proper choice of the PCF profile parameters, the fiber amplifier can be made bend-insensitive for a bending radius as small as 5 cm. Further, our design guidelines should be useful to achieve a functional bend-insensitive fiber amplifier, where rack space is a premium and tight bending radius becomes inevitable.
Organizational Impasse: Diagnosis and Intervention

Serves a dual purpose: (1) to clarify the nature and occurrence of impasse in groups towards defining and categorizing it: and (2) to use these findings as a means for diagnosing impasse and providing intervention to resolve it. It is a partial report of findings from a research project which contributed to the field of Organizational Gestalt and supported a paradoxical perspective to group life. This qualitative study used direct observation, surveys and interview methods. The weekly decision‐making meetings of nine senior managers of a mental health facility provided its data. Impasse situations were identified and analysed. From this a definition and five categories of impasse emerged. Also offers an approach for intervention design following a case study which illustrates impasse.
Negotiating Continuity: Family and Religious Socialization for Second-Generation Asian Americans

This article examines second-generation Asian Americans' explanations of the significant influences on their own religious identities. Data include interviews (N = 73) with college-aged Asian Americans from different religious traditions and ethnic backgrounds. Respondents viewed families as the most significant influence on current religiosity. Mothers and fathers were mentioned most often, followed by extended kin, siblings, and relatives, who acted as what we call “reinforcers,” “substitutes,” or “contrasts” to the roles that parents played in religious socialization. These roles occurred along two religious configurations within families: heterogeneous or homogeneous degrees of religious commitment and religious affiliation. Directions for future research and contributions to the religious transmission literature follow.
Vertical E × B drift velocity variations and associated low-latitude ionospheric irregularities investigated with the TOPEX and GPS satellite data

Abstract. With a well-selected data set, the various events of the vertical E × B drift velocity variations at magnetic-equator-latitudes, the resultant ionospheric features at low-and mid-latitudes, and the practical consequences of these E × B events on the equatorial radio signal propagation are demonstrated. On a global scale, the development of a equatorial anomaly is illustrated with a series of 1995 global TOPEX TEC (total electron content) maps. Locally, in the Australian longitude region, some field-aligned TOPEX TEC cross sections are combined with the matching Guam (144.86° E; 13.59° N, geographic) GPS (Global Positioning System) TEC data, covering the northern crest of the equatorial anomaly. Together, the 1998 TOPEX and GPS TEC data are utilized to show the three main events of vertical E × B drift velocity variations: (1) the pre-reversal enhancement, (2) the reversal and (3) the downward maximum. Their effects on the dual-frequency GPS recordings are documented with the raw Guam GPS TEC data and with the filtered Guam GPS dTEC/min or 1-min GPS TEC data after Aarons et al. (1997). During these E × B drift velocity events, the Port Moresby (147.10° E; - 9.40° N, geographic) virtual height or h'F ionosonde data (km), which cover the southern crest of the equatorial anomaly in the Australian longitude region, show the effects of plasma drift on the equatorial ionosphere. With the net ( D ) horizontal (H) magnetic field intensity parameter, introduced and called D H or Hequator-Hnon-equator (nT) by Chandra and Rastogi (1974), the daily E × B drift velocity variations are illustrated at 121° E (geographic) in the Australian longitude region. The results obtained with the various data show very clearly that the development of mid-latitude night-time TEC increases is triggered by the westward electric field as the appearance of such night-time TEC increases coincides with the E × B drift velocity reversal. An explanation is offered with the F-region dynamo theory and electrodynamics, and with the ionospheric-plasmaspheric coupling. A comparison is made with the published model results of SUPIM (Sheffield University Plasmasphere-Ionosphere Model; Balan and Bailey, 1995) and experimental results of Park (1971), and the good agreement found is highlighted. Key words. Ionosphere (electric fields; equatorial ionosphere; mid-latitude ionosphere)
The effect of moral reconation therapy on adolescents in a group home setting

A variety of risk factors have been found to contribute to juvenile delinquency and offending; it is important to consider these factors in prevention and intervention. Rehabilitation and treatment is one approach for addressing the growing concern of juvenile offending. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a promising treatment approach for offenders. Moral Reconation Therapy (MRT) is a cognitive-behavioral group therapy, designed to rehabilitate offenders and reduce recidivism. The current study explores the effects of Moral Reconation Therapy on adolescents in a group home setting. Participants included 15 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 17, residing in a group home in the Southeastern region of the United States. The Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2) was used as a pre-test and post-test measure to assess participants’ self-reported changes in Locus of Control, Social Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Sense of Inadequacy, Sensation Seeking, Relations with Parents, Interpersonal Relations, Self-Esteem and Self-Reliance. Overall results indicated that significant changes existed between pre-test and post-test measures in the areas of Locus of Control, Depression and Relations with Parents. Significant changes were also noted in the areas of Anxiety, Sense of Inadequacy and Self-Reliance, based on factors including the number of MRT Steps completed, type of offense committed, family disagreement factors, length of time spent in the program, and reported family problems. Recidivism data was available on 8 of the 15 participants; rates were found to be significantly below the state average for juvenile recidivism.
Participatory Workplace Interventions Can Reduce Sedentary Time for Office Workers—A Randomised Controlled Trial

Background Occupational sedentary behaviour is an important contributor to overall sedentary risk. There is limited evidence for effective workplace interventions to reduce occupational sedentary time and increase light activity during work hours. The purpose of the study was to determine if participatory workplace interventions could reduce total sedentary time, sustained sedentary time (bouts >30 minutes), increase the frequency of breaks in sedentary time and promote light intensity activity and moderate/vigorous activity (MVPA) during work hours. Methods A randomised controlled trial (ANZCTR number: ACTN12612000743864) was conducted using clerical, call centre and data processing workers (n = 62, aged 25–59 years) in 3 large government organisations in Perth, Australia. Three groups developed interventions with a participatory approach: ‘Active office’ (n = 19), ‘Active Workstation’ and promotion of incidental office activity; ‘Traditional physical activity’ (n = 14), pedometer challenge to increase activity between productive work time and ‘Office ergonomics’ (n = 29), computer workstation design and breaking up computer tasks. Accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X, 7 days) determined sedentary time, sustained sedentary time, breaks in sedentary time, light intensity activity and MVPA on work days and during work hours were measured before and following a 12 week intervention period. Results For all participants there was a significant reduction in sedentary time on work days (−1.6%, p = 0.006) and during work hours (−1.7%, p = 0.014) and a significant increase in number of breaks/sedentary hour on work days (0.64, p = 0.005) and during work hours (0.72, p = 0.015); there was a concurrent significant increase in light activity during work hours (1.5%, p = 0.012) and MVPA on work days (0.6%, p = 0.012). Conclusions This study explored novel ways to modify work practices to reduce occupational sedentary behaviour. Participatory workplace interventions can reduce sedentary time, increase the frequency of breaks and improve light activity and MVPA of office workers by using a variety of interventions. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTN12612000743864.
Intelligent Systems Validation Tool Based on Bi-Directional Many-Sided Explanation Typed Multi-Step Validation Method

A bi-directional many-sided explanation typed multi-step validation method including its implementation architecture has been proposed to diminish validation loads for busy experts. This paper presents a validation tool based on this method. This tool supports the multi-step, bi-directional validation by experts, KEs (Knowledge Engineers) and computers on the Intra/lnternet environment. Particularly this tool anonymously supports efficient validation and its process management for preventing validation delays of busy experts. Our experimental evaluation indicated that this tool could diminish experts’ validation loads to less than 20% compared to when the tool not employed. proposed. This paper presents the validation tool based on these validation methods. Using this tool, experts effectively and anonymously shares validation loads with KEs and computers. Thus, experts’ load on validating intelligent systems validation tasks can be lessened and the difficulties of experts’ cooperation in validation tasks can be smoothed away. Section 2 describes the previously proposed validation method and the problems in developing the tool based on this method. In section 3, the newly proposed tool and its human interface arc described. In section 4, the validation tool is evaluated and in section 5, the tool is compared with others and the results are concluded.