Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Framework for Obtaining the Ground-Truth in Architectural Recovery

Architectural recovery techniques analyze a software system's implementation-level artifacts to suggest its likely architecture. However, different techniques will often suggest different architectures for the same system, making it difficult to interpret these results and determine the best technique without significant human intervention. Researchers have tried to assess the quality of recovery techniques by comparing their results with authoritative recoveries: meticulous, labor-intensive recoveries of existing well-known systems in which one or more engineers is integrally involved. However, these engineers are usually not a system's original architects or even developers. This carries the risk that the authoritative recoveries may miss domain-, application-, and system context-specific information. To deal with this problem, we propose a framework comprising a set of principles and a process for recovering a system's ground-truth architecture. The proposed recovery process ensures the accuracy of the obtained architecture by involving a given system's architect or engineer in a limited, but critical fashion. The application of our work has the potential to establish a set of "ground truths" for assessing existing and new architectural recovery techniques. We illustrate the framework on a case study involving Apache Hadoop.
Amyloid Precursor-like Protein 1 Influences Endocytosis and Proteolytic Processing of the Amyloid Precursor Protein*

Ectodomain shedding of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a key regulatory step in the generation of the Alzheimer disease amyloid β peptide (Aβ). The molecular mechanisms underlying the control of APP shedding remain little understood but are in part dependent on the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP), which is involved in APP endocytosis. Here, we show that the APP homolog APLP1 (amyloid precursor-like protein 1) influences APP shedding. In human embryonic kidney 293 cells expression of APLP1 strongly activated APP shedding by α-secretase and slightly reduced β-secretase cleavage. As revealed by domain deletion analysis, the increase in APP shedding required the NPTY amino acid motif within the cytoplasmic domain of APLP1. This motif is conserved in APP and is essential for the endocytosis of APP and APLP1. Unrelated membrane proteins containing similar endocytic motifs did not affect APP shedding, showing that the increase in APP shedding was specific to APLP1. In LRP-deficient cells APLP1 no longer induced APP shedding, suggesting that in wild-type cells APLP1 interferes with the LRP-dependent endocytosis of APP and there by increases APP α-cleavage. In fact, an antibody uptake assay revealed that expression of APLP1 reduced the rate of APP endocytosis. In summary, our study provides a novel mechanism for APP shedding, in which APLP1 affects the endocytosis of APP and makes more APP available for α-secretase cleavage.
The chicken left right organizer has nonmotile cilia which are lost in a stage-dependent manner in the talpid3 ciliopathy

Motile cilia are an essential component of the mouse, zebrafish, and Xenopus laevis Left Right Organizers, generating nodal flow and allowing the reception and transduction of mechanosensory signals. Nonmotile primary cilia are also an important component of the Left Right Organizer's chemosensory mechanism. It has been proposed in the chicken that signaling in Hensen's node, the Left Right Organizer of the chicken, is independent of cilia, based on a lack of evidence of motile cilia or nodal flow. It is speculated that the talpid3 chicken mutant, which has normal left–right patterning despite lacking cilia at many stages of development, is proof of this hypothesis. Here, we examine the evidence for cilia in Hensen's node and find that although cilia are present; they are likely to be immotile and incapable of generating nodal flow. Furthermore, we find that early planar cell polarity patterning and ciliogenesis is normal in early talpid3 chicken embryos. We conclude that patterning and development of the early talpid3 chicken is normal, but not necessarily independent of cilia. Although it appears that Hensen's node does not require motile cilia or the generation of motile flow, there may remain a requirement for cilia in the transduction of SHH signaling. genesis 52:600–613, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. Genesis Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of Taste Quality on Affective State

Much of the research exploring the relationship between taste quality and affective state suggests that sweet-tasting foods are associated with pleasant feelings, and sour- and spicy-tasting foods are associated with unpleasant feelings. The findings of arousal response as a component of overall affective state are less clear with respect to taste quality. The present study investigated the relationship between taste quality and affective state by comparing arousal and pleasantness ratings of neutral images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). Participants (N = 55) recorded these ratings during consumption of sprays which varied in taste quality (sweet, sour, or spicy). As hypothesized, sweet sprays elicited significantly higher ratings of pleasantness than sour or spicy sprays ( η 2 p = .14) on the neutral images. However, arousal ratings did not differ among the three taste quality conditions. Implications of the findings in a broader framework and suggestions for future research are discussed.
The Relationship Between Female Holocaust Child Survivors' Unresolved Losses and Their Offspring's Emotional Well-Being

The relationship between Holocaust child survivors' (n = 178) intrusive memories and their eldest offspring's (n = 178) well-being was examined. Results showed that survivors' intrusive memories were related to the loss of parents in the Holocaust and their symptoms of distress. The latter was related to offspring's perceived transmission of trauma of the mothers, which was associated with more symptoms of distress among offspring. These findings suggest that due to female survivors' uncompleted mourning processes and their subsequent suffering of intrusive memories, the emotional burden of the Holocaust was transmitted to the eldest offspring and caused them more symptoms of distress.
Técnicas léxico-sintácticas para el reconocimiento de Implicación Textual

Esta investigacion ha sido parcialmente financiada bajo los proyectos QALL-ME, dentro del Sexto Programa Marco de Investigacion de la Union Europea con referencia FP6-IST-033860, y CICyT numero TIN2006-15265-C06-01.
Anti-racist White Hero, the Sequel: Intersections of Race(ism), Gender, and Social Justice

In 1999, Kelly Madison identified and assessed the “anti-racist-white-hero” (ARWH) film genre, describing how it sustains systemic racism even as it purports to expose and eradicate it. In this paper, I examine the film The Help in order to assess whether and how it evinces rhetorical strategies similar to or different from those identified by Madison. I argue that although the film accomplishes the same ends as the ARWH genre, it does so in notably distinctive ways, especially to the extent that representations of race and racism intersect with those of gender.
Experimental Evidence of Chaos from Memristors

Until now, most memristor-based chaotic circuits proposed in the literature are based on mathematical models which assume ideal characteristics such as piece-wise linear or cubic nonlinearities. The idea, illustrated here and originating from the experimental approach for device characterization, is to realize a chaotic system exploiting the non-linearity of only one memristor with a very simple experimental set-up using feedback. In this way a simple circuit is obtained and chaos is experimentally observed and is confirmed by the calculation of the largest Lyapunov exponent. Numerical results using the Strukov model support the existence of robust chaos in our circuit. This is the first experimental demonstration of chaos in a real memristor circuit and suggests that memristors are well placed for hardware encryption.
INEXTENSIBLE FLOWS OF PARTIALLY NULL AND PSEUDO NULL CURVES IN SEMI-EUCLIDEAN 4-SPACE WITH INDEX 2

In this paper, we consider the inextensible ows in semi-Euclidean4-space with index 2 ($E^{4}_{2}$). We give the necessary and su¢ cient conditions tobe inextensible ows and we nd the evolution equations for the inextensibleows in semi-Euclidean 4-space with index 2 ($E^{4}_{2}$).
Spatial distribution of Ca currents in molluscan neuron cell bodies and regional differences in the strength of inactivation

The spatial distribution of Ca current in molluscan neuron cell bodies was studied using a large patch method in combination with 2- microelectrode voltage clamp. The method has a spatial resolution equal to about 0.1% of the cell body area. Ca current is not uniformly distributed. The current density varies between patches, changing by as much as a factor of 2.5 over a distance of 20 micron, and there is evidence that Ca current occurs in “hot spots” involving a few hundred channels. The current density increases in a moderately steep gradient from the soma cap, opposite the axon, toward the axon hillock. Ca currents in patches from different regions of the soma are qualitatively different. Currents near the soma cap do not inactivate or inactivate weakly during depolarization, while currents of equal density nearer the axon hillock exhibit pronounced inactivation. The strength of inactivation increases in parallel with the gradient in current density, but local differences in current density, or in the number of active Ca channels, do not explain the variability in inactivation. Inactivating and noninactivating Ca currents could not be distinguished on the basis of activation or deactivation kinetics, voltage dependence of activation, or sensitivity to hyperpolarizing conditioning pulses. Also, the amplitude of noninactivating current near the soma cap is reduced by intracellular Ca injection showing that, like the whole-cell current, Ca current in this region is subject to Ca-dependent inactivation. The data favor the hypothesis that these cells express only one type of Ca channel. Differences in the strength of inactivation may result from local differences in cytoplasmic Ca buffering, local modification of Ca channels in a way that changes their sensitivity to Ca-dependent inactivation, or local differences in the availability of cytoplasmic factors or enzymes that are necessary for inactivation.
Role of SNX16 in the Dynamics of Tubulo-Cisternal Membrane Domains of Late Endosomes

In this paper, we report that the PX domain-containing protein SNX16, a member of the sorting nexin family, is associated with late endosome membranes. We find that SNX16 is selectively enriched on tubulo-cisternal elements of this membrane system, whose highly dynamic properties and formation depend on intact microtubules. By contrast, SNX16 was not found on vacuolar elements that typically contain LBPA, and thus presumably correspond to multivesicular endosomes. We conclude that SNX16, together with its partner phosphoinositide, define a highly dynamic subset of late endosomal membranes, supporting the notion that late endosomes are organized in distinct morphological and functional regions. Our data also indicate that SNX16 is involved in tubule formation and cholesterol transport as well as trafficking of the tetraspanin CD81, suggesting that the protein plays a role in the regulation of late endosome membrane dynamics.
What value assessment rubrics in shaping students' engagement in asynchronous online discussions?

In recognition of the power of a rubric as an assessment tool, a range of rubrics for assessing asynchronous online discussions have emerged in the literature over recent years. The assessment criteria used may have as their basis an underlying conceptual model of online discourse, or they may have emerged more pragmatically. Irrespective, one intention of the rubrics is to make explicit and transparent the sorts of engagement expected of students in discussions, in the hope that students will take on board the advice and act accordingly. This paper explores the purported value of rubrics in the light of research into factors that influence students’ engagement in online discussions, in particular students’ conceptions of the place of discussions in their learning. Value would seem to be there, but that value is qualified by considerations of fundamental course design.
Antibacterial activity of fusion from biosynthesized acidocin/silver nanoparticles and its application for eggshell decontamination

Bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are useful to control the persistent development of pathogenic microorganisms in food and medicine fields. The bacteriocin acidocin was extracted from Lactobacillus acidophilus M1 that was isolated from fermented milk, purified using ammonium sulphate fractionation, and gel filtration column chromatography using Sephadex matrix and applied as a potential antibacterial agent. The molecular weight of the purified acidocin was estimated using SDS–PAGE to be 6.6 kDa. The acidocin was compared with silver nanoparticles (SNPs), biosynthesized by Aspergillus brasiliensis (niger) ATCC 16404, against two bacterial strains Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Both acidocin and SNPs showed significance antibacterial effects using disc and well diffusion methods; the maximum antibacterial activity was proved against B. cereus from acidocin/SNPs composite using a ratio of 1/1 from each agent. The application of acidocin/SNPs composite as immersion solution, for disinfecting chicken eggshells, resulted in remarkable reduction in microbial load on the shells of 5.53 log10 CFU/eggshell. Results could provide an eco‐friendly approach for potential antimicrobial composites to be used in food preservation and other health protection researches.
Road-sign detection and tracking

In a visual driver-assistance system, road-sign detection and tracking is one of the major tasks. This study describes an approach to detecting and tracking road signs appearing in complex traffic scenes. In the detection phase, two neural networks are developed to extract color and shape features of traffic signs from the input scenes images. Traffic signs are then located in the images based on the extracted features. This process is primarily conceptualized in terms of fuzzy-set discipline. In the tracking phase, traffic signs located in the previous phase are tracked through image sequences using a Kalman filter. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method performs well in both detecting and tracking road signs present in complex scenes and in various weather and illumination conditions.
A Critical Introduction

This chapter begins by helping the reader to grasp the comprehensive nature of Nathaniel Berman's work, and the subtle perspective that he brings to the legal world when it is confronted by the passions to which nationalism and colonialism give rise. In his work, cultural Modernism interacts with the international law of Danzig; the fantasies surrounding Jerusalem with the concrete political and legal projects for that city; internationalist dreams with the institutional programs for Bosnia and Palestine; and the most industrious international bureaucracy with the most creative and audacious legal imagination. Berman makes use of all of the notions in the course of his work on "imperial ambivalences". His goal is to show that we cannot interpret the international law of the interwar period without understanding it as a site of Modernist cultural construction and contestation - rather than as a mere adjunct to, or reflection of, cultural developments external to it. Keywords:colonialism; cultural Modernism; imperial ambivalences; international law; Nathaniel Berman; nationalism
Assessing surrogacy from the joint modelling of multivariate longitudinal data and survival: Application to clinical trial data on chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

In clinical research, we are often interested in assessing how a biomarker changes with time, and whether it could be used as a surrogate marker when evaluating the efficacy of a new drug. However, when the longitudinal marker is correlated with survival, linear mixed models for longitudinal data may be inappropriate. By contrast, it may be possible to recover information from the so‐called informative censoring by modelling both the longitudinal information and the survival process. The objective of this work is to jointly model longitudinal and survival data to assess surrogacy. Two competitive modelling strategies were used, either a multistate model summarizing the course of longitudinal data and occurrence of disease progression or death, or a joint longitudinal‐survival model. We present both analyses based on a case study from two randomized clinical trials that enrolled patients with stage A chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) in order to obtain further insights into these different approaches. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive Flight Control Experiments using RAVEN

This paper discusses a new flight test facility at MIT known as the Real-time indoor Autonomous Vehicle test ENvironment (RAVEN) which enables the exploration of aggressive aerobatic flight with relatively low risk. A key feature of this work is that the control algorithms are often the limiting factor because the flight dynamics are highly nonlinear and not well known, and they can change with the flight mode and over time. This paper discusses the RAVEN facility and presents some initial experimental results using fixed wing UAVs. These results demonstrate some of the key advantages of using RAVEN; illustrate the types of performance limitations typically faced when executing aggressive aerobatic maneuvers; and motivate the current research on adaptive flight control.
Institutional Trust Related EDI Lessons for eMarketplaces

Organizations around the world are capitalizing on a proliferation of new technologies and applications over the Internet and World Wide Web to develop e-business. Despite the interest in e-marketplaces, there are still many open questions about e-marketplaces and how they differ from other B2B e-commerce applications. This paper examines the lessons learned from EDI adoption to explain the success or failure of e-marketplace participation. Building upon the notion of institutional trust that develops through situational, structural and procedural factors, we propose a model which identifies facilitating conditions that favor e-marketplace participation. We conclude the paper with implications to theory, practice and directions for future research.
Green Proxy-Based Approaches for BitTorrent

Energy efficiency in P2P systems has become a prominent issue due to significant portions of the Internet traffic devoted to P2P protocols. In this paper, we address the approaches for energy efficiency in BitTorrent Protocol. First, we provide a classification of the existing energy efficient BitTorrent studies, and then propose multi-proxy and private proxy approaches to minimize energy consumption. We develop energy cost formulations for our proposed protocols as well as the legacy BitTorrent. The performance of multi-proxy and private proxy BitTorrent is analyzed through a comprehensive set of simulations performed on Peersim for the energy consumption and average download time metrics. For the multi-proxy protocol, we investigate the effect of increasing the number of proxies on the overlay. We also present preliminary experimental results on large-scale scenarios revealing that the proxy-based schemes reduce the energy consumption up to 80% without any performance degradation in comparison to the legacy BitTorrent.
`If she's left with books she'll just eat them': Considering inclusive multimodal literacy practices

This article reports on aspects of a small-scale study conducted in the south of England that explored the learning experiences of three four-year-old children with identified special educational needs, who attended a combination of early education settings — one `more special' and one `more inclusive' (Nind et al., 2007). The article reflects on the concept of inclusive literacy, and proposes that a model of literacy as social practice can provide an enabling framework for understanding how young children with learning difficulties interpret and use a range of shared sign systems. Drawing on an ethnographic, video case study of one girl, Mandy,1 the article gives an overview of her observed literacy experiences at home and in the two educational settings she attended, and then focuses on the collaborative, multimodal nature of the literacy events and practices she encountered. Detailed multimodal analysis of a selected literacy event highlights the salience of embodied action and the shapes of inclusive learning spaces, and points to the importance of valuing individuals' idiosyncratic and multimodal meaning-making. The article concludes with discussion of how opportunities for literacy learning can be generated effectively in an inclusive learning environment for young children with learning difficulties. The study was funded by Rix Thompson Rothenberg Foundation (RTR).
Comprehensive allelotype study of hepatocellular carcinoma: Potential differences in pathways to hepatocellular carcinoma between hepatitis B virus–positive and –negative tumors

To examine the role of the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in hepatitis‐related carcinogenesis, we performed a genome‐wide scan of LOH in 44 tumors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using 216 microsatellite markers throughout all human chromosomes. A high frequency of LOH (>30% of informative cases) was observed at 33 loci on chromosome arms 4q, 6q, 8p, 8q, 9p, 9q, 13q, 16p, 16q, 17p, and 19p. LOH on 19p has not yet been reported, and that appears to be a new candidate in the search for tumor suppressor genes. High rates of LOH are correlated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) positivity, poorly differentiated tumors, vascular invasion, and intrahepatic metastasis (P < .0001). LOH on 13q and 16q occurred more frequently in HBV(+) patients (P < .0001), and LOH on 6q occurred more frequently in virus‐negative patients (P < .001). The frequency of LOH on 4q and 13q was significantly lower in well‐differentiated tumors than in moderately and poorly differentiated tumors (P < .01). In contrast, LOH on 6q was frequently detected in well‐differentiated tumors compared with other histological subclasses (P < .001). Our results suggest that LOH on 6q may play an important role in the early stage of hepatocarcinogenesis in virus‐negative patients, but different mechanisms might underlie the initial step to carcinogenesis in HBV(+) patients. LOH on 13q and 16q may play an essential role in the progression of HBV(+) tumors. Further studies of fine deletion mapping on chromosomes 13q and 16q are required to define the genomic segments on which putative tumor suppressor genes responsible for HBV(+) tumors exist.