Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Nomenclature and Classification of the Actinomycetes

Since the publication by one of us (Waksman, 1940) of a system of classification of actinomycetes, considerable criticism was expressed in regard to the designation and position of the anaerobic pathogenic species, the cause of common actinomycosis in man and "lumpy jaw" in cattle. This type of organism was placed in the genus Cohnistreptothrix Pinoy, the generic name Actinomyces being reserved for the aerobic species forming aerial mycelium-bearing spores. This could be justified on the ground that the organism seen by Harz was so poorly described and illustrated that it is unrecognizable by present day standards, and that therefore a new name could well be applied to the organism of actinomycosis in cattle; that further the name Actinomyces was the first one applied to cultivated, aerobic, spore-forming species which can be recognized by present day standards. This has been the attitude of a number of recent medical mycologists, especially the Italian workers (Ciferri and RedaeUi, 1929; Baldacci, 1939). Critics of Waksman's classification have, however, maintained that while Harz' description of his organism is perhaps vague, there is no question concerning the nature of the disease he studied, and that the chances are overwhelmingly in favor of his having actually observed the anaerobic pathogenic filamentous organism first described by Israel. Further, under the Botanical Code, the name Actinomyces must be applied either to the organism of "lumpy jaw" or not used at all. This problem became particularly significant in view of the need for the revision of the Actinomycetaes for the sixth edition of Bergey's Manual which is being undertaken by the authors of this paper. We have been reluctant to deviate from Waksman's classification because we have felt that to abandon the name Actinomyces for the large group of aerobic spore-forming species would cause more confusion than to adopt the name Cohnistreptothrix, already in wide usage, for the anaerobic, pathogenic species. It appears, however, that under the code we have no such choice open to us. We believe that, to avoid similar dilemmas in the future, the code should be modified to permit generic names in wide usage based upon type cultures to have priority over names based merely upon morphologic descriptions.
An improved trajectory of biped robot for walking along slope

A bipedal robot should be robust and able to move in various directions on slope or stairs. However, up to date many research studies have been focussing on walking in the up or down direction only. Therefore, a strategy to realize walking along slope is investigated. In conventional methods, CoM is moved up and down during walking in this situation. In this paper, a method named as dual length linear inverted pendulum method with Newton-Raphson is proposed in order to move CoM always in horizontal. Different lengths of pendulums are applied at left and right legs in order to represent the CoM height. By using the proposed method, maximum impact forces are reduced as verified via the simulation results.
The rise of ethnic politics in Latin America

section title. In that sense, the structure of Defining and re-defining diaspora mimics the unwieldy matter that it takes as its object of study, the consequences of which are twofold: one, this volume is less likely to be of value as an introductory text to those whose pedagogical style dictates complexity, diversity and nuance to be possible only in advanced courses. Two, this volume will not contribute to a progressive understanding of diaspora, only a supple and deep one. In that sense, this volumemay be ofmost use to those who are less interested in defining and re-defining, so much as undefining the category of diaspora.
On Vertex Offsets of Polyhedral Surfaces

Planar-faced mesh surfaces, also known as polyhedral surfaces, that possess vertex-offsets are useful in architectural design for constructing supporting structures, and also of interest in discrete differential geometry. We consider the existence and computation of vertex-offset meshes of general polyhedral surfaces and, specifically, study how the existence of vertex offsets is dictated by the face shape, mesh surface geometry and mesh surface topology. This extends the study in [Pottmann et al. 2007; Pottmann and Wallner 2008] on vertex-offset meshes of simply-connected circular quad meshes.
Music in Research and Rehabilitation of Disorders of Consciousness: Psychological and Neurophysiological Foundations

According to a prevailing view, the visual system works by dissecting stimuli into primitives, whereas the auditory system processes simple and complex stimuli with their corresponding features in parallel. This makes musical stimulation particularly suitable for patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC), because the processing pathways related to complex stimulus features can be preserved even when those related to simple features are no longer available. An additional factor speaking in favor of musical stimulation in DoC is the low efficiency of visual stimulation due to prevalent maladies of vision or gaze fixation in DoC patients. Hearing disorders, in contrast, are much less frequent in DoC, which allows us to use auditory stimulation at various levels of complexity. The current paper overviews empirical data concerning the four main domains of brain functioning in DoC patients that musical stimulation can address: perception (e.g., pitch, timbre, and harmony), cognition (e.g., musical syntax and meaning), emotions, and motor functions. Music can approach basic levels of patients’ self-consciousness, which may even exist when all higher-level cognitions are lost, whereas music induced emotions and rhythmic stimulation can affect the dopaminergic reward-system and activity in the motor system respectively, thus serving as a starting point for rehabilitation.
“Asian Culture” and Asian American Identities in the Television and Film Industries of the United States

“Asian” culture has long been fodder for films and television shows produced in the United States. Four main stereotypes of Asians and Asian Americans emerged from the imagination of primarily white cultural producers in Hollywood: “Yellow Peril,” “Dragon Lady,” “Charlie Chan,” and “Lotus Blossom. ” These images can be understood as “controlling images” in the sense that negative stereotypes provide justifications for social control and positive stereotypes provide normative models for Asian thought and behavior. Resistance to these images became substantial in the 1960s when Asian American filmmakers developed “triangular cinema,” a strategy for Asian American community building, political mobilization, and the creation of an Asian American film aesthetic. The films of triangular cinema are “liberating images” that stake out a position for independence and autonomy for Asian American communities.
CLARITY: INFERRING DISCOURSE STRUCTURE FROM SPEECH

The goal of the CLARITY project is to explore the use of discourse structure in the understanding of conversational speech. Within project CLARITY we aim to develop automatic classifiers for three levels of discourse structure in Spanish telephone conversations: speech acts, dialogue games, and discourse segments. This paper presents our first results and research plans in three areas: definition of discourse structure units and manual annotation of CALLHOME SPANISH, speech recognition, and automated segmentation and labeling of speech acts.
Subcellular compartmentalization of saccharide moieties in cultured normal and malignant cells

We studied subcellular localization of saccharide moieties in cultured normal and malignant cells fixed in paraformaldehyde and treated with a nonionic detergent, using lectins specific for various surgar residues as probes in fluorescence microscopy. In normal cells, concanavalin A and Lens culinaris agglutinin, specific for mannose-rich carbohydrate cores in glycoproteins, labeled the endoplasmic reticulum as a wide perinuclear region. Other lectins, on the other hand, stained the Golgi apparatus as a juxtanuclear reticular structure. A similar compartmentalization was also seen in all malignant cells studied, although the Golgi apparatus in these cells was distinctly vesicular in appearance. Our results indicate that saccharide moieties in both normal and malignant cells are similarly compartmentalized, and thus speak in favor of a unidirectional subcellular flow for both membrane and secreted glycoconjugates.
Discovering Latent Behavioral Roles in Dynamic Social Networks

A new method to identify latent behavioral roles in dynamic social networks is proposed. Instead of assuming homogeneous behavior of all actors in an event-based social networks data set, the new approach analyzes the individual choice patterns of actors and clusters them based on their behavioral similarity. The new method is applied to a cell phone communication network. In this data set, three significantly different behavioral roles are identified. The choice patterns and the relations between actors of different roles are explored and discussed.
A Dual Reporter Mouse Model of the Human β-Globin Locus: Applications and Limitations

The human β-globin locus contains the β-like globin genes (i.e. fetal γ-globin and adult β-globin), which heterotetramerize with α-globin subunits to form fetal or adult hemoglobin. Thalassemia is one of the commonest inherited disorders in the world, which results in quantitative defects of the globins, based on a number of genome variations found in the globin gene clusters. Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) also caused by similar types of genomic alterations can compensate for the loss of adult hemoglobin. Understanding the regulation of the human γ-globin gene expression is a challenge for the treatment of thalassemia. A mouse model that facilitates high-throughput assays would simplify such studies. We have generated a transgenic dual reporter mouse model by tagging the γ- and β-globin genes with GFP and DsRed fluorescent proteins respectively in the endogenous human β-globin locus. Erythroid cell lines derived from this mouse model were tested for their capacity to reactivate the γ-globin gene. Here, we discuss the applications and limitations of this fluorescent reporter model to study the genetic basis of red blood cell disorders and the potential use of such model systems in high-throughput screens for hemoglobinopathies therapeutics.
Gene Prioritization for Imaging Genetics Studies Using Gene Ontology and a Stratified False Discovery Rate Approach

Imaging genetics is an emerging field in which the association between genes and neuroimaging-based quantitative phenotypes are used to explore the functional role of genes in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology in the context of healthy function and neuropsychiatric disorders. The main obstacle for researchers in the field is the high dimensionality of the data in both the imaging phenotypes and the genetic variants commonly typed. In this article, we develop a novel method that utilizes Gene Ontology, an online database, to select and prioritize certain genes, employing a stratified false discovery rate (sFDR) approach to investigate their associations with imaging phenotypes. sFDR has the potential to increase power in genome wide association studies (GWAS), and is quickly gaining traction as a method for multiple testing correction. Our novel approach addresses both the pressing need in genetic research to move beyond candidate gene studies, while not being overburdened with a loss of power due to multiple testing. As an example of our methodology, we perform a GWAS of hippocampal volume using both the Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA2) and the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative datasets. The analysis of ENIGMA2 data yielded a set of SNPs with sFDR values between 10 and 20%. Our approach demonstrates a potential method to prioritize genes based on biological systems impaired in a disease.
Predicting blood donation behaviour: further application of the theory of planned behaviour

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test whether, in the context of blood donation, the predictive ability of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) extends from behavioural intention to actual donation behaviour, and whether extended versions of the TPB perform better than the standard version.Design/methodology/approach – Intentions to donate blood predicted by the TPB are compared with an accurate measure of blood donation behaviour obtained following a mobile blood drive by the New Zealand Blood Service.Findings – When the observed outcome is donation behaviour rather than behavioural intention, the TPB model's performance drops. Extending the variables in the model to include moral obligation and past behaviour does not improve its predictive ability, and neither does the use of belief‐based variables.Practical implications – The TPB is much less effective in predicting blood donation behaviour than it is in predicting intentions to donate blood. But only actual donation behaviour yields medical.
A 2 . 5 mA Wearable Positioning System ∗

In this paper we present a wearable positioning system that requires 2.5 mA to operate. The system consists of an infrastructure of ultrasonic transmitting devices, and a receiver device on the wearable. The receiver comprises an ultrasonic pick-up, an op-amp, and a PIC. The PIC implements a particle filter for estimating X and Y positions. The transmitter layout has been chosen to simplify the maths in the PIC so that the particle filter reduces to just two multiplication operations per particle. We have modified the traditional particle filter to operate in an environment with limited memory capabilities. The advantage of using a particle filter over other filtering techniques is that a particle filter is robust in environments with limited precision; all our data is stored as 8-bit. The number of particles is only limited by the amount of memory on the PIC; we only use 10% of the PIC’s computational power.
Clinical Annotation. TREATMENT OF REFRACTORY IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA IN ADULTS

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a relatively common clinical problem attributable to an antiplatelet antibody, usually of the IgC class, which coats autologous platelets and leads to their phagocytosis and destruction by the mononuclear-macrophage system (Karpatkin. 198 5). In the majority of adults ITP is a chronic disease with a predominance in females. Therapy is seldom necessary for patients with a platelet count of > S O X 10y/l and few spontaneous bleeding episodes. In adults with severe ITP conventional treatment with corticosteroids and/or splenectomy gives complete response rates of 60-70X (Thompson et al, 1972: Ji J i ~t al. 1973: DeFino et al. 1980). but this may be lower in older patients: a complete response rate of only 3 0 % was reported in one series of 4 0 patients over 4 5 years of age (Guthrie et ul. 1988). In adults with uncontrolled ITP, morbidity and mortality related to bleeding may be appreciable, particularly in older patients where Guthrie et a1 (1 988) found an adjusted actuarial 1 0-year survival of 45%. Patients who are refractory to treatment with corticosteroids and splenectomy thus pose a major clinical problem. as do those who are considered unsuitable for these modalities (e.g. those with preexisting hypertension or hyperglycaemia, or residence in countries where tuberculosis or malaria are endemic). Current therapeutic options for patients with refractory ITP include: ( i ) high-dose methylprednisolone: ( i i ) immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide or azathioprine: ( i i i ) targetted-immunosuppression with vinca alkaloids, colchicine or etoposide: (iv) high dose intravenous gamma-globulin therapy. and low dose IgC anti-Kho (D) therapy: (v) danazol; (vi) immunomodulation with interferon or cyclosporine: (vii) removal of anti-platelet antibody by apheresis or staphylococcal protein A plasmapheresis: and (viii) ascorbate. ( i ) High-dose ntefh~{lprrdnisolone (HDMP). HDMP has been found to be very effective in childhood ITP (Ozsoylu et al, 1989) and as an emergency treatment in adults with chronic ITP (Von dem Borne el ul. 1988). A recent study by Akoglu et a1 ( 1991 ) has also demonstrated the efficacy of HDMP in adults as a second or third line treatment: all nine patients treated with HDMP (30 mg/kg daily for 3 d. 2 0 mg/kg daily for 4 d and then 10, 5 . 2 and 1 mg/kg daily, each administered weekly) showed complete recovery of platelet counts in 3-5 d: the rise, however. was transient (mean 3 weeks) in all but two patients. ( i i ) Irnrttuflosuppressive therapy (Bouroncle & Doan, 1969: Laros & Penner. 1971: Finch et nl. 1974: Lacey & Penner, 1977). Cyclophosphomide, at a daily dose of 2-4 mg/kg/d, has been shown to be effective in about 500/, of adults with
Blind Image Quality Assessment Using Semi-supervised Rectifier Networks

It is often desirable to evaluate images quality with a perceptually relevant measure that does not require a reference image. Recent approaches to this problem use human provided quality scores with machine learning to learn a measure. The biggest hurdles to these efforts are: 1) the difficulty of generalizing across diverse types of distortions and 2) collecting the enormity of human scored training data that is needed to learn the measure. We present a new blind image quality measure that addresses these difficulties by learning a robust, nonlinear kernel regression function using a rectifier neural network. The method is pre-trained with unlabeled data and fine-tuned with labeled data. It generalizes across a large set of images and distortion types without the need for a large amount of labeled data. We evaluate our approach on two benchmark datasets and show that it not only outperforms the current state of the art in blind image quality estimation, but also outperforms the state of the art in non-blind measures. Furthermore, we show that our semi-supervised approach is robust to using varying amounts of labeled data.
Pharmacogenomics of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Importance of the field: Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) represents one of the best examples of progress in disease treatment and improved outcome based in part upon the incorporation of the principles of pharmacogenomics. Throughout the past several decades, clinical scientists have continued to refine risk stratification in clinical trials with the understanding that individual patients have different subtypes of pediatric ALL that will respond to therapy in different, but predictable ways. Areas covered in this review: Discussed in this review are the most significant findings from pharmacogenomic studies of pediatric ALL from 1989 to the present. Pharmacogenomic studies related to the drugs commonly used to treat pediatric ALL are covered in detail, including an emphasis on both genome-wide and candidate gene/pathway approaches. What the reader will gain: Readers of this paper will acquire a detailed understanding of how pharmacogenomic studies can be integrated into clinical trials, in addition to some of the discrepancies still present in the field. Take home message: The outcome for children with pediatric ALL has improved greatly, and this is in part due to the successful integration of data from pharmacogenomic studies into clinical trials.
Proteomic analysis revealed the altered tear protein profile in a rabbit model of Sjögren's syndrome‐associated dry eye

Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease that results in pathological dryness of mouth and eye. The diagnosis of SS depends on both clinical evaluation and specific antibodies. The goal of this study was to use quantitative proteomics to investigate changes in tear proteins in a rabbit model of SS‐associated dry eye, induced autoimmune dacryoadenitis (IAD). Proteomic analysis was performed by iTRAQ and nano LC‐MS/MS on tears collected from the ocular surface, and specific proteins were verified by high resolution MRM. It was found that in the tears of IAD rabbits at 2 and 4 weeks after induction, S100 A6, S100 A9, and serum albumin were upregulated, whereas serotransferrin (TF), prolactin‐inducible protein (PIP), polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), and Ig gamma chain C region were downregulated. High resolution MRM with mTRAQ labeling verified the changes in S100 A6, TF, PIP, and pIgR. Our results indicated significant changes of tear proteins in IAD rabbits, suggesting these proteins could potentially be used as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of dry eye. Several of these proteins were also found in the tears of non‐SS dry eye patients indicating a common basis of ocular surface pathology, however, pIgR appears to be unique to SS.
Sparse Instrumental Variables (SPIV) for Genome-Wide Studies

This paper describes a probabilistic framework for studying associations between multiple genotypes, biomarkers, and phenotypic traits in the presence of noise and unobserved confounders for large genetic studies. The framework builds on sparse linear methods developed for regression and modified here for inferring causal structures of richer networks with latent variables. The method is motivated by the use of genotypes as "instruments" to infer causal associations between phenotypic biomarkers and outcomes, without making the common restrictive assumptions of instrumental variable methods. The method may be used for an effective screening of potentially interesting genotype-phenotype and biomarker-phenotype associations in genome-wide studies, which may have important implications for validating biomarkers as possible proxy endpoints for early-stage clinical trials. Where the biomarkers are gene transcripts, the method can be used for fine mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) detected in genetic linkage studies. The method is applied for examining effects of gene transcript levels in the liver on plasma HDL cholesterol levels for a sample of sequenced mice from a heterogeneous stock, with ~ 105 genetic instruments and ~ 47 x 103 gene transcripts.
A Novel P2P Traffic Identification Scheme Based on Support Vector Machine Fuzzy Network

With the rapid development of the Internet, the P2P (Peer-to-Peer) technology which is characterized by no utilization of any servers with centralized functions has kept advancing apace. However, how to improve the accuracy of the P2P traffic identification efficiently is still a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose a new approach for P2P traffic identification, which uses a novel Support Vector Machine Fuzzy Network (SVMFN) to make the identification more suitable and accurate in various network environments with different rates. The experimental results show that the generalization performance and the accuracy of identification are improved significantly compared to that of the traditional methods, and adapt to engineering applications.
The Development of a Functional Rating Scale to Measure the Treatment Outcome of Chronic Spinal Patients

A Functional Rating Scale (FRS) was developed to quantify behavioral changes in chronic pain patients relative to six subcategories. The aim was to demonstrate its validity, test the instrument's reliability, and determine its value in measuring treatment outcome. Five sample populations were examined: a test group of 58 pain clinic patients; a medical control group comprising 29 outpatients with arthritis; and a three-part, healthy control group of 98 subjects. The validation and reliability of the scale were affirmed by clearly differentiating healthy from infirm subjects and through a test-retest check of the four control groups. The difference between means of the test group, before and after treatment, was of high statistical significance, which indicates the practical value of the FRS in measuring relative changes.