Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Detection Performance for Several Track-before-Detect Algorithms

A typical sensor data processing sequence uses a detection algorithm prior to tracking to extract point measurements from the observed sensor data. Track before detect (TBD) is a paradigm which combines target detection and estimation by removing the detection algorithm and supplying the sensor data directly to the tracker. Various different approaches exist for tackling the TBD problem. This article compares the ability of several different approaches to detect low amplitude targets. The following algorithms are considered in this comparison: Bayesian estimation over a discrete grid, dynamic programming, particle filtering methods, and the histogram probabilistic multihypothesis tracker. Algorithms are compared on the basis of detection performance and computation resource requirements.
Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: A general linear approach

Statistical parametric maps are spatially extended statistical processes that are used to test hypotheses about regionally specific effects in neuroimaging data. The most established sorts of statistical parametric maps (e.g., Friston et al. [1991]: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 11:690–699; Worsley et al. [1992]: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 12:900–918) are based on linear models, for example ANCOVA, correlation coefficients and t tests. In the sense that these examples are all special cases of the general linear model it should be possible to implement them (and many others) within a unified framework. We present here a general approach that accomodates most forms of experimental layout and ensuing analysis (designed experiments with fixed effects for factors, covariates and interaction of factors). This approach brings together two well established bodies of theory (the general linear model and the theory of Gaussian fields) to provide a complete and simple framework for the analysis of imaging data.
Leibniz algebra deformations of a Lie algebra

In this note we compute Leibniz algebra deformations of the three-dimensional Heisenberg Lie algebra n3 and compare it to its Lie deformations. It turns out that there are three extra Leibniz deformations. We also describe a versal Leibniz deformation of n3 with the versal base.
Treewidth and Hyperbolicity of the Internet

We study the measurement of the Internet according to two graph parameters: tree width and hyper bolicity. Both tell how far from a tree a graph is. They are computed from snapshots of the Internet released by CAIDA, DIMES, AQUALAB, UCLA, Rocket fuel and Strasbourg University, at the AS or at the router level. On the one hand, the tree width of the Internet appears to be quite large and being far from a tree with that respect, reflecting some high degree of connectivity. This proves the existence of a well linked core in the Internet. On the other hand, the hyper bolicity (as a graph parameter) appears to be very low, reflecting a tree-like structure with respect to distances. Additionally, we compute the tree width and hyper bolicity obtained for classical Internet models and compare with the snapshots.
Synaptogyrins Regulate Ca2+-dependent Exocytosis in PC12 Cells*

Synaptogyrins constitute a family of synaptic vesicle proteins of unknown function. With the full-length structure of a new brain synaptogyrin isoform, we now show that the synaptogyrin family in vertebrates includes two neuronal and one ubiquitous isoform. All of these synaptogyrins are composed of a short conserved N-terminal cytoplasmic sequence, four homologous transmembrane regions, and a variable cytoplasmic C-terminal tail that is tyrosine-phosphorylated. The localization, abundance, and conservation of synaptogyrins suggest a function in exocytosis. To test this, we employed a secretion assay in PC12 cells expressing transfected human growth hormone (hGH) as a reporter protein. When Ca2+-dependent hGH secretion from PC12 cells was triggered by high K+ or α-latrotoxin, co-transfection of all synaptogyrins with hGH inhibited hGH exocytosis as strongly as co-transfection of tetanus toxin light chain. Synaptophysin I, which is distantly related to synaptogyrins, was also inhibitory but less active. Inhibition was independent of the amount of hGH expressed but correlated with the amount of synaptogyrin transfected. Inhibition of exocytosis was not observed with several other synaptic proteins, suggesting specificity. Analysis of the regions of synaptogyrin required for inhibition revealed that the conserved N-terminal domain of synaptogyrin is essential for inhibition, whereas the long C-terminal cytoplasmic tail is largely dispensable. Our results suggest that synaptogyrins are conserved components of the exocytotic apparatus, which function as regulators of Ca2+-dependent exocytosis.
“Ecoterrorism”: Terrorist Threat or Political Ploy?

This article examines the phenomenon of “ecoterrorism” from a conceptual and empirical perspective. We explore the political and academic debates over the meaning and use of the term ecoterrorism, and assess the validity of the concept of “ecoterrorism” and of the alleged threat of the Radical Environmentalist and Animal Rights (REAR) movement by analyzing the characteristics of both the movement and its actions. Our analysis shows that the term ecoterrorism should only be used for a small proportion of the actions of REAR movement. Consequently, counterterrorist measures should only target these terrorist minorities, rather than all groups and the broader movement.
Left "Hemi" ADL Learning and Outcome: Limiting Factors

Forty consecutive cerebrovascular diseased left hemiparetic patients were prospectively evaluated for the ability to master activity of daily living (ADL) skills and for their outcome during a rehabilitation center hospitalization. Specifically, the influence of left spatial and body awareness on this learning process was assessed. Left hemianopsia was only a significant limitation for rehabilitation outcome if the patients could not learn self or verbal cuing compensation. All of these latter patients started and remained totally dependent. Patients with poor left body awareness also remained dependent. There was a large group of patients demonstrating significant improvement who, however, required the longest rehabilitation hospitalization. This was believed due to a gradual heightening of left awareness of compensatory spatial-body techniques. This enabled these patients to acquire the ADL skills to attain either a minimal assist or standby outcome status. Those patients not having left spatial or body awareness deficits, but having poor outcome, were limited by age-related systemic problems and poor psychological adaptation to their illness. The poorer outcome groups averaged a decade older than the better outcome patients.
Probing the Metabolic Network in Bloodstream-Form Trypanosoma brucei Using Untargeted Metabolomics with Stable Isotope Labelled Glucose

Metabolomics coupled with heavy-atom isotope-labelled glucose has been used to probe the metabolic pathways active in cultured bloodstream form trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma brucei, a parasite responsible for human African trypanosomiasis. Glucose enters many branches of metabolism beyond glycolysis, which has been widely held to be the sole route of glucose metabolism. Whilst pyruvate is the major end-product of glucose catabolism, its transamination product, alanine, is also produced in significant quantities. The oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway is operative, although the non-oxidative branch is not. Ribose 5-phosphate generated through this pathway distributes widely into nucleotide synthesis and other branches of metabolism. Acetate, derived from glucose, is found associated with a range of acetylated amino acids and, to a lesser extent, fatty acids; while labelled glycerol is found in many glycerophospholipids. Glucose also enters inositol and several sugar nucleotides that serve as precursors to macromolecule biosynthesis. Although a Krebs cycle is not operative, malate, fumarate and succinate, primarily labelled in three carbons, were present, indicating an origin from phosphoenolpyruvate via oxaloacetate. Interestingly, the enzyme responsible for conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, was shown to be essential to the bloodstream form trypanosomes, as demonstrated by the lethal phenotype induced by RNAi-mediated downregulation of its expression. In addition, glucose derivatives enter pyrimidine biosynthesis via oxaloacetate as a precursor to aspartate and orotate.
Persistent and Compartmentalised Disruption of Dendritic Cell Subpopulations in the Lung following Influenza A Virus Infection

Immunological homeostasis in the respiratory tract is thought to require balanced interactions between networks of dendritic cell (DC) subsets in lung microenvironments in order to regulate tolerance or immunity to inhaled antigens and pathogens. Influenza A virus (IAV) poses a serious threat of long-term disruption to this balance through its potent pro-inflammatory activities. In this study, we have used a BALB/c mouse model of A/PR8/34 H1N1 Influenza Type A Virus infection to examine the effects of IAV on respiratory tissue DC subsets during the recovery phase following clearance of the virus. In adult mice, we found differences in the kinetics and activation states of DC residing in the airway mucosa (AMDC) compared to those in the parenchymal lung (PLDC) compartments. A significant depletion in the percentage of AMDC was observed at day 4 post-infection that was associated with a change in steady-state CD11b+ and CD11b− AMDC subset frequencies and significantly elevated CD40 and CD80 expression and that returned to baseline by day 14 post-infection. In contrast, percentages and total numbers of PLDC were significantly elevated at day 14 and remained so until day 21 post-infection. Accompanying this was a change in CD11b+and CD11b− PLDC subset frequencies and significant increase in CD40 and CD80 expression at these time points. Furthermore, mice infected with IAV at 4 weeks of age showed a significant increase in total numbers of PLDC, and increased CD40 expression on both AMDC and PLDC, when analysed as adults 35 days later. These data suggest that the rate of recovery of DC populations following IAV infection differs in the mucosal and parenchymal compartments of the lung and that DC populations can remain disrupted and activated for a prolonged period following viral clearance, into adulthood if infection occurred early in life.
Event detection: Exploiting socio-physical interactions in physical spaces

This paper investigates how digital traces of people's movements and activities in the physical world (e.g., at college campuses and commutes) may be used to detect local, short-lived events in various urban spaces. Past work that use occupancy-related features can only identify high-intensity events (those that cause large-scale disruption in visit patterns). In this paper, we first show how longitudinal traces of the coordinated and group-based movement episodes obtained from individual-level movement data can be used to create a socio-physical network (with edges representing tie strengths among individuals based on their physical world movement & collocation behavior). We then investigate how two additional families of socio-physical features: (i) group-level interactions observed over shorter timescales and (ii) socio-physical network tie-strengths derived over longer timescales, can be used by state-of-the-art anomaly detection methods to detect a much wider set of both high & low intensity events. We utilize two distinct datasets-one capturing coarse-grained SMU campus-wide indoor location data from hundreds of students, and the other capturing commuting behavior by millions of users on Singapore's public transport network-to demonstrate the promise of our approaches: the addition of group and socio-physical tie-strength based features increases recall (the percentage of events detected) more than 2-folds (to 0.77 on the SMU campus and to 0.73 at sample MRT stations), compared to pure occupancy-based approaches.
Basic emotions: Theory and measurement

Abstract There have been new conceptualisations and new evidence bearing on the question of whether or not some emotions are basic. There has been innovation in work on cognitive appraisals of emotions, in cross-cultural research, and in developmental psychology. We introduce some of these ideas, and in introducing the contributors to this volume, we lay out four considerations that affect understanding of whether or not some emotions are basic. These considerations are the separability of components of emotion, the differences of definitions, and indicators used by different theorists of basic emotions, questions about whether some emotions are derived from others, and mappings between elicitors, accompaniments, and consequences of emotions.
The Problems Experienced by Young Firms

PROFESSOR STANLEY CROMIE IS director of the Centre for Management Education at Ulster Business School, Northern Ireland. In this paper he surveys the literature on the failure of small firms and argues that there is a need to focus attention on those factors which contribute to the demise of male and female owned firms in the 'demarrage' phase of the development. To add to knowledge of this topic he interviewed 34 male and 34 female proprietors of four year old firms and questioned them on the problems they encountered in their early years. Results indicate that problems occur principally in the areas of finance, marketing and the management of human resources. In addition, entrepreneurs experience some difficult personal problems. Women incur a few gender specific problems during the launch of their firms but thereafter gender ceases to be a specific issue; both sexes face the same kind of problems. The paper concludes by noting that while training interventions, which focus on finance, marketing and the management of people, may well improve the chances of survival of young organisations, attention must focus on organisational diagnosis to determine where interventions are likely to succeed and on the process by which trainers assist entrepreneurs.
Dietary Intake of Nutrients and Lifestyle Affect the Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment in the Chinese Elderly Population: A Cross-Sectional Study

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a pre-clinical stage of Alzheimer’s disease afflicting a large number of the elderly throughout the world. However, modifiable risk factors for the onset and progression of MCI remain unclear. A cross-sectional study was performed to explore whether and how daily dietary nutrients intake and lifestyle impacted the risk of MCI in the Chinese elderly. We examined 2,892 elderly subjects, including 768 MCI patients and 2,124 subjects with normal cognition in three different Provinces of China. Dietary intake of nutrients were collected by using a 33-item food frequency questionnaire and calculated based on the Chinese Food Composition database. The MCI patients were first screened by Montreal Cognitive Assessment and then diagnosed by medical neurologists. Multivariate logistic regression and exploratory factor analyses were applied to identify and rank the risk factors. Three dietary nutrient intake combination patterns were identified as the major protective factors of MCI, with eigenvalues of 14.11, 2.26, and 1.51 and adjusted odds ratios (OR) of 0.77, 0.81, and 0.83 (P < 0.05), respectively. The most protective combination was featured with eight vitamins and six minerals, and OR for the third and fourth quartiles of these nutrients intake ranged from 0.48 to 0.74 (P < 0.05). Carotenoids, vitamin C, and vitamin B6 exhibited the highest protective factor loadings of 0.97, 0.95, and 0.92 (P < 0.05), respectively. Education, computer use, reading, and drinking represented the most protective lifestyle factors (OR = 0.25 to 0.85, P < 0.05), whereas smoking and peripheral vascular diseases were associated with higher (OR = 1.40 and 1.76, P < 0.05) risk of MCI. Adequate dietary intake of monounsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol were significantly associated with decreased risk of MCI. In conclusion, adequate or enhanced intake of micronutrients seemed to lower the risk of MCI in the Chinese elderly. In addition, improving education and lifestyle such as reading, computer use and moderate drinking might also help to decrease the risk of MCI.
Probabilistic model for main melody extraction using Constant-Q transform

Dimension reduction techniques such as Nonnegative Tensor Factorization are now classical for both source separation and estimation of multiple fundamental frequencies in audio mixtures. Still, few studies jointly addressed these tasks so far, mainly because separation is often based on the Short Term Fourier Transform (STFT) whereas recent music analysis algorithms are rather based on the Constant-Q Transform (CQT). The CQT is practical for pitch estimation because a pitch shift amounts to a translation of the CQT representation, whereas it produces a scaling of the STFT. Conversely, no simple inversion of the CQT was available until recently, preventing it from being used for source separation. Benefiting from advances both in the inversion of the CQT and in statistical modeling, we show how recent techniques designed for music analysis can also be used for source separation with encouraging results, thus opening the path to many crossovers between separation and analysis.
Alternative models in precipitation analysis.

Precipitation time series intrinsically contain important information concerning climate variability and change. Well-fit models of such time series can shed light upon past weather related phenomena and can help to explain future events. The objective of this study is to investigate the application of some conceptually different methods to construct models for large hydrological time series. We perform a thorough statistical analysis of the time series, which covers the identification of the change points in the time series. Then, the subseries delimited by the change points are modeled with classical Box-Jenkins methods to construct ARIMA models and with a computational intelligence technique, gene expression programming, which produces non-linear symbolic models of the series. The combination of statistical techniques with computational intelligence methods, such as gene expression programming, for modeling time series, offers increased accuracy of the models obtained. This affirmation is illustrated with examples.
The Geography of Compassion in Volunteer Tourism

Abstract Volunteer tourism is at the center of new concerns over the ethical consumption of tourism experiences. As one link in a broader chain of expansion of neoliberal moral economies in the West, volunteer tourism participants coproduce a ‘geography of compassion’ that maps onto the ‘Third World’ and the children who live there. Drawing on 15 months of ethnographic fieldwork in Chiang Mai, Thailand, I examine the widespread sentiment that Thailand is an ideal starting point for international volunteer tourists who intend to seek out subsequent volunteer opportunities in Africa – where ‘real’ volunteer experiences are to be had. I also highlight the Third World child as the primary object of Western volunteer tourists’ benevolence. Finally, I examine the impetus and implications of these popular sentiments and argue that similar to the broader expansion of neoliberal moral economies, the geography of compassion in volunteer tourism is reflective of the larger – albeit inadvertent – depoliticization of global justice agendas.
Tissue‐ and cell‐specific activity of a phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase promoter in transgenic plants.

Phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) catalyses the first step in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, which form a wide variety of plant secondary products. The transcription of PAL is regulated in response to various factors that induce the accumulation of flavonoids, lignin and compounds thought to be involved in plant defence reactions. The 5′ upstream sequence of a PAL gene from Phaseolus vulgaris was fused to the coding region of the reporter gene encoding beta‐glucuronidase (GUS), and transformed into potato and tobacco plants. Histochemical analysis of GUS expression showed that the PAL promoter was active in specific cell types that accumulated phenylpropanoid derivatives in response to mechanical wounding, and also during normal development of the xylem and flower. In xylem that had undergone secondary thickening, GUS activity occurred in rays of cells thought to be the xylem parenchyma. It was postulated that PAL activity in these cells could provide intermediates for lignin synthesis in xylem vessels that had terminally differentiated.
A joint segmentation-registration framework based on weighted total variation and nonlinear elasticity principles

In this paper, we address the issue of designing a theoretically well-motivated joint segmentation-registration method capable of handling large deformations. Motivated by the fine properties of Saint Venant-Kirchhoff materials, we propose to view the shapes to be matched as such materials and introduce a variational model combining a measure of dissimilarity based on weighted total variation and a regularizer based on the stored energy function of a Saint Venant-Kirchhoff material. We derive a relaxed problem associated to this initial one for which we are able to provide a result of existence of minimizers. A description and analysis of a numerical method of resolution based on a decoupling principle is then provided including a theoretical result of Γ-convergence. Applications on biological images are provided.
Graphemes Sharing Phonetic Features Tend to Induce Similar Synesthetic Colors

Individuals with grapheme-color synesthesia experience idiosyncratic colors when viewing achromatic letters or digits. Despite large individual differences in grapheme-color association, synesthetes tend to associate graphemes sharing a perceptual feature with similar synesthetic colors. Sound has been suggested as one such feature. In the present study, we investigated whether graphemes of which representative phonemes have similar phonetic features tend to be associated with analogous synesthetic colors. We tested five Korean multilingual synesthetes on a color-matching task using graphemes from Korean, English, and Japanese orthography. We then compared the similarity of synesthetic colors induced by those characters sharing a phonetic feature. Results showed that graphemes associated with the same phonetic feature tend to induce synesthetic color in both within- and cross-script analyses. Moreover, this tendency was consistent for graphemes that are not transliterable into each other as well as graphemes that are. These results suggest that it is the perceptual—i.e., phonetic—properties associated with graphemes, not just conceptual associations such as transliteration, that determine synesthetic color.
Sizing up Helen: Nonviolent physical risk-taking enhances the envisioned bodily formidability of women

Men are more prone than women to both commit physical violence and engage in nonviolent activities entailing the risk of injury or death. The Crazy Bastard Hypothesis (Fessler et al. 2014a) addresses this conjunction, arguing that nonviolent physical risk-taking communicates information about the actor’s agonistic formidability, as individuals who are indifferent to the possibility of harm are more likely to enter conflicts, and more difficult to repel, than those who are more sensitive to harm. Reflecting the use of bodily size in representations that summarize formidability, previous work demonstrates that risk-prone men are envisioned to be larger than are risk-averse men. Though less violent than men, particularly in highly competitive environments, women too sometimes benefit from engaging in violence. Correspondingly, observers should draw similar inferences regarding formidability when assessing physically risk-prone women. Results from both a large online experiment in the U.S. and a follow-up stu.