Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis of scrub typhus

Scrub typhus is an acute febrile illness that, if untreated, can result in considerable morbidity and mortality. One of the primary reasons for delays in the treatment of this potentially fatal infection is the difficulty in diagnosing the condition. Diagnosis is often complicated because of the combination of non-specific symptoms that overlap with other infections commonly found in endemic areas and the poor available diagnostics. In the majority of the endemic settings, diagnosis still relies on the Weil–Felix test, which is neither sensitive nor specific. Other methods of testing have become available, but at this time, these remain insufficient to provide the rapid point-of-care diagnostics that would be necessary to significantly change the management of this infection by providers in endemic areas. This article reviews the currently available diagnostic tools for scrub typhus and their utility in the clinical setting.
A catalytic metal ion interacts with the cleavage Site G.U wobble in the HDV ribozyme.

The HDV ribozyme self-cleaves by a chemical mechanism involving general acid-base catalysis to generate 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and 5'-hydroxyl termini. Biochemical studies from several laboratories have implicated C75 as the general acid and hydrated magnesium as the general base. We have previously shown that C75 has a pK(a) shifted >2 pH units toward neutrality [Gong, B. , Chen, J. H. , Chase, E. , Chadalavada, D. M. , Yajima, R. , Golden, B. L. , Bevilacqua, P. C. , and Carey, P. R. (2007) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 13335-13342], while in crystal structures, it is well-positioned for proton transfer. However, no evidence for a hydrated magnesium poised to serve as a general base in the reaction has been observed in high-resolution crystal structures of various reaction states and mutants. Herein, we use solution kinetic experiments and parallel Raman crystallographic studies to examine the effects of pH on the rate and Mg(2+) binding properties of wild-type and 7-deazaguanosine mutants of the HDV ribozyme. These data suggest that a previously unobserved hydrated magnesium ion interacts with N7 of the cleavage site G.U wobble base pair. Integrating this metal ion binding site with the available crystal structures provides a new three-dimensional model for the active site of the ribozyme that accommodates all available biochemical data and appears competent for catalysis. The position of this metal is consistent with a role of a magnesium-bound hydroxide as a general base as dictated by biochemical data.
Traditional knowledge and genetic diversity ofopuntia pilifera (cactaceae) in the tehuacán-cuicatlán valley, Mexico

Traditional Knowledge and Genetic Diversity of Opuntia pilifera (Cactaceae) in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, Mexico. Economic Botany 59(4)366-376, 2005. Most studies of the genusOpuntia have focused on economically important species, and therefore more knowledge concerning the genetic diversity among wild and locally managedOpuntia species is needed for an expanded use of cacti in the future. The present study is part of ongoing ethnobotanical work in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley of Mexico and focuses on six traditionally classified forms ofOpuntia pilifera used as food by the indigenous Popoloca people in San Juan Atzingo. Traditional knowledge of how to distinguish these forms based on fruit flavor, color, size, and number of spines on the fruits and cladodes is preserved in the local community. Genetic fingerprinting with 129 AFLPs did not correlate with this traditional morphological classification of 67 cacti. Yet, these AFLPs distinguished the analyzed 67Opuntia pilifera cacti easily from the out-group comprising 17 wildOpuntia velutina. RésuméConocimiento Tradicional y Diversidad Genética de Opuntia piLIfera(Cactaceae) en El Valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán, Mexico. La mayoría de los estudios sobre genética de poblaciones del géneroOpuntia (Cactaceae) se han enfocado en las especies ecóndmicamente importantes, por lo que es necesario un mayor conocimiento de la diversidad genética cuando se compara entre las especies silvestres y las especies cultivadas localmente, esto con elfin de ampliar a futuro el uso de las cactáceas. El presente trabajo forma parte de un estudio etnobotánico más amplio llevado a cabo en el Valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán, México, y se centra en seis formas tradicionales de clasificar aOpuntia pilifera, cactácea usada como alimento por los indígenas Popolocas de San Juan Atzingo. El método tradicional para distinguir entre dichas formas es parte del conocimiento tradicional de la comunidad Popoloca y está basado en el sabor del fruto, el color, el tamaño y en el número de espinas del fruto y de los cladodios. Las huellas genéticas con 129 AFLPs no están correlacionadas con la clasificación morfológica tradicional. No obstante, los AFLPs distinguieron fácilmente entre los 67 individuos deOpuntia pilifera y los 17 individuos silvestres deOpuntia velutina que conformaron al grupo externo.
Making It Happen: Beyond Theories of the Firm to Theories of Firm Design

Current theories of the firm provide no explanation for entrepreneurial success except in terms of firm success. Even when the focus is on the entrepreneur, s/he is entirely cast as a bundle of traits/behaviors or heuristics/biases that serves to explain firm performance. In this article, I suggest putting the entrepreneur center stage, adopting an instrumental view of the firm. Drawing upon the work of Simon in symbolic cognition and Lakoff in semantic cognition, I explore how we can go beyond explanations based on economic forces and evolutionary adaptation to entrepreneurial effectuation; I end with specific research questions pertaining to firm design.
Vaccine Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer: As a Novel Therapeutic Approach?

Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest human malignancies and little progress has been achieved in its treatment over the past decades. Historically, chemotherapy or radiotherapy did not provide significant survival benefit in advanced pancreatic cancer. Thus, new therapeutic approaches are needed. As there is strong evidence that pancreatic cancer elicits antitumor immune responses, scientists have tried to stimulate the antitumour activities of the immune system to fight against pancreatic cancer, but has not reached to expected result. Pancreatic cancer activates both antitumor immune responses and immunosuppressive mechanisms leading to tumor development and progression. This action is achieved through mobilization and activation of immune suppressive cells (CAFs), tolerogenic DCs, MDSCs, TAMs, Treg cells and cancer cellsderived soluble factors that promote the induction of tolerance through the generation of CD4+a chain of IL-2R (CD25)+ fork head box P3 (Foxp3) subset. Vaccine therapy relies on the administration of biological preparations that include an antigen that is specifically expressed by malignant cells, boosting the natural ability of the immune system to react against neoplastic cells. Potent vaccines stimulate antigen presentation by dendritic cells, hence driving the expansion of antigen-specific effector and memory T cells. In this paper we analyze recent preclinical and clinical efforts towards vaccine therapy for pancreatic cancer designed to target pancreatic cancer-associated antigens and to elicit an antitumor response in vivo.
Verification of transient response of linear analog circuits

With the introduction of complex analog designs the need to verify the circuit behavior completely and efficiently cannot be overemphasized. Recognizing the limitation of circuit simulation to achieve this goal, we present a novel approach based on formal techniques developed for digital circuits. Given a transfer function (specification) and its implementation using operational amplifier macro circuits, we verify the correctness of the transient behavior of the implementation over all possible input waveforms. Transforming the specification and the extracted state equations of the implementation from the s-domain to the Z-domain facilitates a digital representation in terms of adders, multipliers and delay elements. These two digitized circuits are then compared using techniques for checking compatibility of states in finite state machines. An example that illustrates the technique is presented.
Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class

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The Law and Labor Strife in the United States, 1881–1894

This article examines the effect of state-level legal innovations governing labor disputes in the late 1800s. This was a period of legal ferment in which worker organizations and employers actively lobbied state governments for changes in the rules governing labor disputes. Cross-state heterogeneity in the legal environment provides an unusual opportunity to investigate the effects of these laws. We use a unique data set with information on 12,965 strikes to show that most of these law changes had surprisingly little effect on strike incidence or outcomes. Important exceptions were maximum hours laws and the use of injunctions.
A critical review of the application of TCE in the interpretation of risk allocation in PPP contracts

Along with the rise of public–private partnerships (PPPs) as a mainstream procurement system, we have seen a growing interest in studies of risk allocation in these projects. One of the serious academic endeavours is to apply both transaction cost economics (TCE) and the resource-based view (RBV) to explain risk allocation patterns found in PPP projects. The existing literature along these lines is deficient in three aspects: inappropriate choice of unit of analysis; poor specification of governance structure; and misinterpretation of asset specificity. A way for improvement is to analyse risk allocation in the context of PPP procurement in its entirety.
Modeling Consumer Preference for Roasted Peanuts and Products Containing Roasted Peanuts

Abstract Factors affecting the consumption of roasted peanuts and products containing roasted peanuts were evaluated. A questionnaire was self-administered to 606 students and staff at Auburn and North Carolina A&T Universities. Fifty-six percent of respondents consumed roasted peanuts less than once per week while 31 percent consumed products containing roasted peanuts between once and twice weekly. Factors influencing the weekly consumption of roasted peanuts were age, gender, the use of the product as a side dish, crunchiness, convenience, and allergenicity (p < 0.05), whereas age, gender, the use of product as a side dish, crunchiness, convenience, and product fat perception affected consumption of products of roasted peanuts.
ANN based SVC switching at distribution level for minimal injected harmonics

Electrical distribution system suffers from various problems like reactive power burden, unbalanced loading, voltage regulation and harmonic distortion. Though DSTATCOMS are ideal solutions for such systems, they are not popular because of the cost and complexity of control involved. Phase wise balanced reactive power compensations are required for fast changing loads needing dynamic power factor correcting devices leading to terminal voltage stabilization. Static Var compensators (SVCs) remain ideal choice for such loads in practice due to low cost and simple control strategy. These SVCs, while correcting power factor, inject harmonics into the lines causing serious concerns about quality of the distribution line supplies at PCC. This paper proposes to minimize the harmonics injected into the distribution systems by the operation of TSC-TCR type SVC used in conjunction with fast changing loads at LV distribution level. Fuzzy logic system and ANN is used to solve this nonlinear problem, giving optimum triggering delay angles used to trigger switches in TCR. The scheme with artificial neural network (ANN) is attractive and can be used at distribution level where load harmonics are within limits.
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Humans From Rural Western Amazon, Brazil

Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii were assayed in sera of 266 humans from 71 farms located at Rondônia State, Western Amazon, Brazil, by the modified agglutination test (MAT) and the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Antibodies were found in 195 humans (73.3%), with MAT titers of 1:25 in 11, 1:50 in 11, 1:100 in 16, 1:200 in 27, 1:400 in 38, 1:800 in 37, 1:1,600 in 22, and 1:3,200 or higher in 33. From the 71 farms visited, 69 had seropositive humans. Prevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies increased with age of the people (P < 0.05), and no difference was observed in the occurrence by gender (P > 0.05). A sanitary questionnaire was applied in each farm, and statistical association between the serologic status and several variables were analyzed. Home-grown vegetable consumption and origin of drinking water (well or river) were the independent variables that displayed significant association (P = 0.002 and 0.02, respectively). Higher values of occurrence were found in people with consumption of home-grown vegetables (76.1%) and people that drink well water (75.4%) compared with people that did not consume this type of food (61.9%) and drink river water (55.2%). By IFAT (≥1:16), 194 of 266 (73%) humans were seropositive and there was a good correlation between MAT and IFAT.
Informal Institutions and Democracy: Lessons from Latin America

This volume analyzes the function of informal institutions in Latin America and how they support or weaken democratic governance. Drawing from a wide range of examples-including the Mexican dedazo, clientelism in Brazil, legislative "ghost coalitions" in Ecuador, and elite power-sharing in Chile-the contributors examine how informal rules shape the performance of state and democratic institutions, offering fresh and timely insights into contemporary problems of governability, "unrule of law," and the absence of effective representation, participation, and accountability in Latin America. The editors present this analysis within a fourfold conceptual framework: complementary institutions, which fill gaps in formal rules or enhance their efficacy; accommodative informal institutions, which blunt the effects of dysfunctional formal institutions; competing informal institutions, which directly subvert the formal rules; and substitutive informal institutions, which replace ineffective formal institutions.
Efficient Resource Allocation for OFDMA-Based Two-Hop Relay Systems

We propose an efficient resource allocation scheme for the downlink of orthogonal frequency-division multiple-access (OFDMA)-based two-hop relay systems. The proposed scheme reuses the subchannels within a single cell in the frequency-selective fading environment by allocating a subchannel to multiple links simultaneously. We first formulate a preliminary subchannel allocation problem in consideration of the quality-of-service (QoS) requirements for both real-time traffic and nonreal-time traffic. We also design an efficient postprocessing algorithm that modifies the solution obtained by solving the preliminary problem so that it can be used in practical OFDMA systems. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme can significantly improve system performance.
The Chimera Reified: Design, Meaning and the Post-consumerism Object

ABSTRACT The design and production of short-lived electronic consumer goods are not only creating enormous environmental and social damage, their very transience indicates that, as objects, they possess little enduring value. This paper considers the design of these goods within contemporary society and suggests a direction that is more consistent not only with the priorities of sustainability but also with more profound understandings of meaning. A brief overview of electronic products is given in terms of their instrumental, social and positional attributes, along with some of their social and environmental consequences, and a simple conceptual ‘post-consumerism’ electronic object is presented that encapsulates various aspects of contemporary critique. This is followed by a consideration of the meanings of contemporary electronic goods, and the changes needed in our approaches to design, production and disposal to address concerns linked to deeper notions of human purpose. Based on this examination, which draws upon philosophical and environmental critiques of technology, new priorities for design practice are developed that are in accord with theoretical arguments for comprehensive reform of design and manufacturing. The potential implications for electronic goods are demonstrated through a second conceptual object.
Reactivation of Epstein‐Barr virus from latency

The general problem in cancer treatment centres on finding agents that specifically affect cancer cells without damaging normal cells. The differences between cancer cells and normal cells are usually very subtle but about 15% of all human cancers involve a virus infection, for example the Epstein‐Barr virus associated cancers. In these cancers, every tumour cell carries the virus in a latent infection but the number of normal cells infected is very low. So a treatment that could somehow cause the elimination of EBV infected cells would be very specific for the cancer in such cases. One potential approach could involve finding ways to reactivate the latent virus in cancer cells into the early part of the lytic cycle, impeding cell proliferation, targeting chemotherapeutic agents to the cancer and causing the cancer cells to become targets for immune surveillance. This review considers the mechanisms by which EBV reactivation is controlled and discusses possible therapeutic approaches. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel non-contrast-enhanced MRA using silent scan for evaluation of brain arteriovenous malformation

Rationale: Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are congenital vascular abnormalities involving abnormal connections between arteries and veins. In clinical practice, imaging studies help evaluate feeding arteries, niduses, draining venous systems, and coexisting complications in patients with brain AVM. They also have an impact on decision-making regarding clinical management. We applied a novel non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography (MRA) technique, termed “silent MRA,” for evaluating an incidental brain AVM. Here, we describe the clinical case with radiological review and highlight the technical background and clinical usefulness of silent MRA. Patient concerns: A 60-year-old woman underwent neuroimaging study including MRA to evaluate intracranial cause of headache. Diagnoses: The brain AVM, including its nidus and draining veins, was conspicuously delineated on silent MRA images; these findings correlated well with conventional angiographic findings. Interventions: The patient did not receive interventional or surgical treatment. Outcomes: The patient is being followed up regularly at the outpatient department. Lessons: The silent MRA can be a suitable imaging modality for repeated follow-up evaluation for not only brain AVMs but also various intracranial vascular diseases without the use of contrast materials.
Guilt causes equal or unequal division in alternating-offer bargaining

Parties in a bargaining situation may perceive guilt, a utility loss caused by receiving the larger share that is modeled in some social preferences. I extend Rubinstein (1982)'s solution of the open-ended alternating-offer bargaining problem for self-interested bargainers to a game with equally patient bargainers that exhibit a similar degree of guilt. The bargaining parties still reach agreement in the first period. If guilt is strong, they split the bargaining surplus equally. In contrast, if guilt is weak, the bargaining outcome is tilted away from the Rubinstein division towards a more unequal split. As both bargainers sensation of guilt diminishes, the bargaining outcome converges to the Rubinstein division.
Propriospinal afferent and efferent connections of the lateral and medial areas of the dorsal horn (laminae I‐IV) in the rat lumbar spinal cord

The different subdivisions along the mediolateral extent of the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord are generally regarded as identical structures that execute the function of sensory information processing without any significant communication with other regions of the spinal gray matter. In contrast to this standing, here we endeavor to show that neural assemblies along the mediolateral extent of laminae I‐IV cannot be regarded as identical structures. After injecting Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and biotinylated dextran amine into various areas of the superficial dorsal horn (laminae I‐IV) at the level of the lumbar spinal cord in rats, we have demonstrated that the medial and lateral areas of the superficial dorsal horn show the following distinct features in their propriospinal afferent and efferent connections: 1) A 300‐ to 400‐μm‐long section of the medial aspects of laminae I‐IV projects to and receives afferent fibers from a three segment long compartment of the spinal dorsal gray matter, whereas the same length of the lateral aspects of laminae I‐IV projects to and receives afferent fibers from the entire rostrocaudal extent of the lumbar spinal cord. 2) The medial aspects of laminae I‐IV project extensively to the lateral areas of the superficial dorsal horn. In contrast to this, the lateral areas of laminae I‐IV, with the exception of a few fibers at the segmental level, do not project back to the medial territories. 3) There is a substantial direct commissural connection between the lateral aspects of laminae I‐IV on the two sides of the lumbar spinal cord. The medial part of laminae I‐IV, however, does not establish any direct connection with the gray matter on the opposite side. 4) The lateral aspects of laminae I‐IV appear to be the primary source of fibers projecting to the ipsi‐ and contralateral ventral horns and supraspinal brain centers. Projecting fibers arise from the medial subdivision of laminae I‐IV in a substantially lower number. The findings indicate that the medial and lateral areas of the superficial spinal dorsal horn of rats may play different roles in sensory information processing. J. Comp. Neurol. 422:312–325, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.