Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigation of vibration‐induced artifact in clinical diffusion‐weighted imaging of pediatric subjects

It has been reported that mechanical vibrations of the magnetic resonance imaging scanner could produce spurious signal dropouts in diffusion‐weighted images resulting in artifactual anisotropy in certain regions of the brain with red appearance in the Directionally Encoded Color maps. We performed a review of the frequency of this artifact across pediatric studies, noting differences by scanner manufacturer, acquisition protocol, as well as weight and position of the subject. We also evaluated the ability of automated and quantitative methods to detect this artifact. We found that the artifact may be present in over 50% of data in certain protocols and is not limited to one scanner manufacturer. While a specific scanner had the highest incidence, low body weight and positioning were also associated with appearance of the artifact for both scanner types evaluated, making children potentially more susceptible than adults. Visual inspection remains the best method for artifact identification. Software for automated detection showed very low sensitivity (10%). The artifact may present inconsistently in longitudinal studies. We discuss a published case report that has been widely cited and used as evidence to set policy about diagnostic criteria for determining vegetative state. That report attributed longitudinal changes in anisotropy to white matter plasticity without considering the possibility that the changes were caused by this artifact. Our study underscores the need to check for the presence of this artifact in clinical studies, analyzes circumstances for when it may be more likely to occur, and suggests simple strategies to identify and potentially avoid its effects. Hum Brain Mapp 36:4745–4757, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Logic, Epistemology, and the Unity of Science

Logic, Epistemology, and the Unity of Science aims to reconsider the question of the unity of science in light of recent developments in logic. At present, no single logical, semantical or methodological framework dominates the philosophy of science. However, the editors of this series believe that formal techniques like, for example, independence friendly logic, dialogical logics, multimodal logics, game theoretic semantics and linear logics, have the potential to cast new light on basic issues in the discussion of the unity of science. This series provides a venue where philosophers and logicians can apply specific technical insights to fundamental philosophical problems. While the series is open to a wide variety of perspectives, including the study and analysis of argumentation and the critical discussion of the relationship between logic and the philosophy of science, the aim is to provide an integrated picture of the scientific enterprise in all its diversity. For inquiries and submissions of proposals, authors can contact Christi Lue at christi.lue @ springer. com
myExperiment: a repository and social network for the sharing of bioinformatics workflows

myExperiment (http://www.myexperiment.org) is an online research environment that supports the social sharing of bioinformatics workflows. These workflows are procedures consisting of a series of computational tasks using web services, which may be performed on data from its retrieval, integration and analysis, to the visualization of the results. As a public repository of workflows, myExperiment allows anybody to discover those that are relevant to their research, which can then be reused and repurposed to their specific requirements. Conversely, developers can submit their workflows to myExperiment and enable them to be shared in a secure manner. Since its release in 2007, myExperiment currently has over 3500 registered users and contains more than 1000 workflows. The social aspect to the sharing of these workflows is facilitated by registered users forming virtual communities bound together by a common interest or research project. Contributors of workflows can build their reputation within these communities by receiving feedback and credit from individuals who reuse their work. Further documentation about myExperiment including its REST web service is available from http://wiki.myexperiment.org. Feedback and requests for support can be sent to bugs@myexperiment.org.
Sensor scheduling for multiple target tracking and detection using passive measurements

An algorithm for scheduling and control of passive sensors is proposed. This algorithm is based on a partially observed Markov decision process and an expected short- or long-term reward given by the sum of Renyi information divergences between Gaussian densities. This allows effective and efficient implementations and is demonstrated on simulations of situation scenarios of practical interest. The different situations scenarios are composed of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), equipped with passive radar sensors, and multiple unknown targets using active radars. The rewards, in terms of measurement information gains, are then maximized to achieve the objectives of scheduling different sensors and trajectory controls.
Opacity-Enforcing Supervisory Strategies via State Estimator Constructions

State-based notions of opacity, such as initial-state opacity and infinite-step opacity, emerge as key properties in numerous security applications of discrete event systems. We consider systems that are modeled as partially observed nondeterministic finite automata and tackle the problem of constructing a minimally restrictive opacity-enforcing supervisor (MOES), which limits the system's behavior within some prespecified legal behavior while enforcing initial-state opacity or infinite-step opacity requirements. We characterize the solution to MOES, under some mild assumptions, in terms of the supremal element of certain controllable, normal, and opaque languages. We also show that this supremal element always exists and that it can be implemented using state estimators. The result is a supervisor that achieves conformance to the pre-specified legal behavior while enforcing initial-state opacity by disabling, at any given time, a subset of the controllable system events, in a way that minimally restricts the range of allowable system behavior. Although infinite-step opacity cannot be easily translated to language-based opacity, we show that, by using a finite bank of supervisors, the aforementioned approach can be extended to enforce infinite-step opacity in a minimally restrictive way.
An Improved Approximation Algorithm for the Edge-Disjoint Paths Problem with Congestion Two

In the maximum edge-disjoint paths problem, we are given a graph and a collection of pairs of vertices, and the objective is to find the maximum number of pairs that can be routed by edge-disjoint paths. An r-approximation algorithm for this problem is a polynomial-time algorithm that finds at least OPT/r edge-disjoint paths, where OPT denotes the maximum possible number of pairs that can be routed in a given instance. For a long time, an O(n1/2-approximation algorithm has been best known for this problem even if a congestion of two is allowed, that is, each edge is allowed to be used in at most two of the paths. In this article, we give a randomized O(n3/7 ċ poly(log n))-approximation algorithm with congestion two. This is the first result that breaks the O(n1/2)-approximation algorithm. In particular, we prove the following: (1) If we have a (randomized) polynomial-time algorithm for finding Ω(OPT1/p /polylog(n)) edge-disjoint paths for some p > 1, then we can give a randomized O(n1/2-α)-approximation algorithm for the edge-disjoint paths problem by using Rao-Zhou’s algorithm for some α > 0. (2) Based on the Chekuri-Khanna-Shepherd well-linked decomposition, we show that there is a randomized algorithm for finding Ω(OPT1/4 /(log n)3/2) edge-disjoint paths connecting given terminal pairs with congestion two. Our framework for this algorithm is more general in the following sense. Indeed, the above two ingredients also work for the maximum edge-disjoint paths problem (with congestion one) if there is a (randomized) polynomial-time algorithm for finding Ω(OPT1/p) edge-disjoint paths connecting given terminal pairs for some p > 1.
Identification of the Cystic Fibrosis Gene : Chromosome Walking and Jumping Author ( s ) :

Author(s): Johanna M. Rommens, Michael C. Iannuzzi, Bat-sheva Kerem, Mitchell L. Drumm, Georg Melmer, Michael Dean, Richard Rozmahel, Jeffery L. Cole, Dara Kennedy, Noriko Hidaka, Martha Zsiga, Manuel Buchwald, John R. Riordan, Lap-Chee Tsui, Francis S. Collins Source: Science, New Series, Vol. 245, No. 4922 (Sep. 8, 1989), pp. 1059-1065 Published by: American Association for the Advancement of Science Stable URL: http://www.jstor. org/stable/1704304 Accessed: 28/07/2009 14:30
Chapter in Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

unit of computation) and a processor (a piece of physical hardware). In addition to reading to and writing from local memory, a process can send and receive messages by making calls to a library of message passing routines. The coordinated exchange of messages has the e ect of synchronizing processes. This can be achieved by the synchronous exchange of messages in which the sending operation does not terminate until the receive operation has begun. A di erent form of synchronization occurs when a message is sent asynchronously but the receiving process must wait (or \block") until the data arrives. Processes can be mapped to physical processors in various ways; the mapping employed does not a ect the semantics of a program. In particular, multiple processes may be mapped to a single processor. The message passing model provides a mechanism for talking about locality; data contained in the local memory of a process are \close" and other data are \remote. " We now examine some other properties of the message passing programming model: performance, mapping independence, and modularity.
Microsatellite instability in oral cancer

Generalized genomic instability, detected as somatic changes in allele sizes at microsatellite loci in tumors compared to peripheral lymphocyte DNA, is a recently recognized mechanism of mutation in cancer. Such instability results from the Somatic loss of DNA mismatch repair capability. Germ‐line mutations at DNA mismatch repair loci confer susceptibility to colon cancer in hereditary non‐polyposis colorectal cancer. Somatic loss of DNA mismatch repair has been reported in a large variety of other tumor types. Our goal was to determine the frequency of microsatellite instability in a large series of oral tumors. Out of 91 tumors analyzed for microsatellite instability, 6 (7%) showed microsatellite instability. Instability was observed at multiple loci with a range of 50‐74% of loci affected. Alterations include both increase (74%) and decrease (26%) in allele sizes. The proportion of alleles affected ranged from 30‐58% of all alleles. Our data suggest that somatic genomic instability plays a role in the pathogenesis of a small subset of oral tumors. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variations of UV irradiance at Antarctic station Concordia during the springs of 2008 and 2009

Abstract The features of solar UV irradiance measured at the Italian-French Antarctic Plateau station, Concordia, during the springs of 2008 and 2009 are presented and discussed. In order to study the impact of the large springtime variations in total ozone column on the fraction of ultraviolet B (UV-B) irradiance (from c. 290–315 nm) reaching the Earth surface, irradiance datasets corresponding to fixed solar zenith angles (SZAs = 65°, 75° and 85°) are correlated to the daily ozone column provided by different instruments. For these SZAs the radiation amplification factor varied from 1.58–1.94 at 306 nm and from 0.68–0.88 at 314 nm. The ultraviolet index reached a maximum level of 8 in the summer, corresponding to the typical average summer value for mid latitude sites. The solar irradiance pertaining to the ultraviolet A (UV-A, 315–400 nm) spectral band was found to depend closely on variations of atmospheric transmittance characteristics as reported by previous studies. Model simulations of UV-B irradiance showed a good agreement with field measurements at 65° and 75° SZAs. For SZA = 85° the ozone vertical distribution significantly impacted model estimations. Sensitivity analysis performed by hypothetically varying the ozone distribution revealed some features of the ozone profiles that occurred in the period studied here.
A Hubble Space Telescope Transit Light Curve For GJ 436B

We present time series photometry for six partial transits of GJ 436b obtained with the Fine Guidance Sensor instrument on the Hubble Space Telescope(HST). Our analysis of these data yields independent estimates of the host star’s radius R⋆ = 0.505 +0.029 −0.020 R⊙, and the planet’s orbital period P = 2.643882 +0.000060 −0.000058 d, orbital inclination i = 85.80 ◦ +0.21 ◦ −0.25 ◦ , mean central transit time Tc = 2454455.279241 +0.00026 −0.00025 HJD, and radius Rp = 4.90 +0.45 −0.33 R⊕. The radius we determine for the planet is larger than the previous findings from analyses of an infrared light curve obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope. Although this discrepancy has a 92% formal significance (1.7σ), it might be indicative of systematic errors that still infl uence the analyses of even the highest-precision transit li ght curves. Comparisons of all the measured radii to theoretical models suggest that GJ 436b has a H/He envelope of∼ 10% by mass. We point out the similarities in structure between this planet and Uranus and Neptune and discuss possible parallels between these planets’ formation environments and dynamical evolution. We also fin d that the transit times for GJ 436b are constant to within 10 s over the 11 planetary orbits that the HST data span. However, the ensemble of published values exhibits a long-term drift and our mean transit time is 128 s later than that expected from the Spitzer ephemeris. The sparseness of the currently available data hinders distinguishing between an error in the orbital period or perturbations aris ing from an additional object in the system as the cause of the apparent trend. Assuming the drift is due to an error in the orbital per iod we obtain an improved estimate for it of P = 2.643904± 0.000005 d. This value and our measured transit times will serve as important benchmarks in future studies of the GJ 436 system.
1) What are the critical considerations for successful interaction design in general

There are two competing schools of thought about what considerations should be used to determine if an interaction design is successful. The first, an analytical perspective, is related to usability engineering. The second, an aesthetic perspective, is related to visual design. While in agreement about some attributes of successful interaction design, they disagree on what aspects are most important. An affective perspective is a synthesis of these analytical and aesthetic concerns.
A fully integrated 1.7–2.5GHz 1mW fractional-N PLL for WBAN and WSN applications

This paper presents a wide-range low-power fully integrated fractional-N PLL. The PLL consumes 1.13mW to 1mW at 1.2V supply voltage, in a wide frequency range from 1.7GHz to 2.5GHz. It achieves up to -115 dBc/Hz phase noise at 1MHz offset and up to 2.5 degrees RMS phase error. The settling time is 40μs. The PLL is implemented in 90nm CMOS. The PLL can be used for low power wireless body area network (WBAN) and wireless sensor network (WSN) applications at 433MHz, 900MHz and 2.4 GHz.
Limited feedback precoding for spatial multiplexing systems

Spatial multiplexing multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless systems are of both theoretical and practical importance because they can achieve high spectral efficiencies by demultiplexing the incoming bit stream into multiple substreams. It has been shown that sending fewer substreams than the number of transmit antennas by linear precoding can provide improved error rate performance. Methods for designing linear precoders using perfect channel knowledge have previously been proposed. In many wireless systems, the assumption of complete channel knowledge is unrealistic because of the lack of forward and reverse channel reciprocity. To overcome this difficulty, we propose a precoding scheme that does not require transmit channel knowledge. The precoder is designed at the receiver and conveyed to the transmitter using a limited number of bits. The limited feedback represents an index within a finite set, or codebook, of precoding matrices. The receiver selects one of these codebook matrices using a modified version of a previously proposed full channel knowledge precoder selection criterion. A precoder codebook design method for maximizing the average effective channel power is shown to relate to chordal distance Grassmannian subspace packing. Simulation results show this technique outperforms antenna subset selection spatial multiplexing.
Submicrosecond intercomparison of radiation fields and currents in triggered lightning return strokes based on the transmission-line model

The “transmission-line model” of return-stroke radiation, proposed by Uman and McLain (1970), has been tested on rocket-triggered lightning. Simultaneous measurements are reported of electric radiation field, current at the channel base, and stroke-propagation velocity. Agreement between model and measurements is generally good during the first few microseconds, although several anomalies are pointed out. Truncation of the sharp initial peak in many of the field waveforms, motivated by the hypothesis that the return stroke begins a short distance above the ground, leads to an average apparent velocity (derived from the ratio of peak field to peak current) of (1.51±0.17) × 108 m/s for 28 strokes, in excellent agreement with the average, photographically measured two-dimensional velocity of (1.52±0.17) × 108 m/s for 18 of these same strokes. Although the correlation between apparent and photographic velocities for these 18 strokes is poor, the uncertainty in the photographic velocity determinations could explain most of the scatter. The best formula for estimating peak currents (ip) in subsequent return strokes from remotely measured, truncated peak electric fields (E′p) at range D appears to be ip = −3.9 × 10−2 DE′p − 2.7 × 103, where all variables are in MKS units and the electric field polarity of return strokes lowering negative charge is considered negative.
Classification of Incomplete Pattern Vectors Using Modified Discrminant Functions

The problem of classifying incomplete pattern vectors with the discriminant function classifier designed using the MSE criterion design approach is considered. A method for modifying the complete space parameter matrix of the discriminant functions is developed. The method allows the classifier to maintain MSE optimality for operating in any subspace of the pattern space. For full flexibility, only the inverse of the covariance matrix of the data in the Φ-space need be stored in addition to storing the parameters of the complete space discriminant functions.
Trends and variability in atmospheric precipitable water over the Tibetan Plateau for 2000–2010

The trends and variations in precipitable water (PW) over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) from 2000 to 2010 are analysed using the monthly mean PW datasets from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and ERA‐Interim reanalysis of European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Three different methods (including linear fit, non‐parametric and non‐linear) are used to estimate PW trends and their significance. The trend patterns derived from MODIS and ECMWF are very similar except for the magnitude. Increasing trends are found in the eastern and western TP; with decreasing trends in the middle. Atmospheric water vapour is more changeable compared to the surrounding areas and large PW anomalies occur frequently in July and August over the TP. Regression analysis between monthly mean anomalies of ECMWF PW and ECMWF surface air temperature (SAT) indicates reanalyses data show larger regression slope (7.36 ± 0.75 % K–1) over the TP than the MODIS observations (4.81 ± 0.72 % K–1) mainly in the non‐monsoon season. The comparison of the vertically integrated moisture flux and its divergence between the wettest and driest monsoon seasons indicates that the PW spatial variability in monsoon seasons over the TP is affected by the large‐scale atmospheric circulation. Although the TP region is under the influence of one large‐scale circulation pattern (the monsoon) and the consistent warming background, the PW trends and the relation of PW and temperature are spatially heterogeneous, which is particularly important for predicting hydrological changes in this region.
Do You Know the Way to SNA ? : A Process Model for Analyzing and Visualizing Social Media Data

Traces of activity left by social media users can shed light on individual behavior, social relationships, and community efficacy. Tools and processes to analyze social traces are essential for enabling practitioners to study and nurture meaningful and sustainable social interaction. Yet such tools and processes remain in their infancy. We conducted a study of 15 graduate students who were learning to apply Social Network Analysis (SNA) to data from online communities. Based on close observations of their emergent practices, we derived the Network Analysis and Visualization (NAV) process model and identified stages where intervention from peers, experts, and an SNA tool were most useful. We show how the NAV model informs the design of SNA tools and services, education practices, and support for social media practitioners. Author
The origin and limits of the near proportionality between climate warming and cumulative CO2 emissions.

AbstractThe transient climate response to cumulative CO2 emissions (TCRE) is a useful metric of climate warming that directly relates the cause of climate change (cumulative carbon emissions) to the most used index of climate change (global mean near-surface temperature change). In this paper, analytical reasoning is used to investigate why TCRE is near constant over a range of cumulative emissions up to 2000 Pg of carbon. In addition, a climate model of intermediate complexity, forced with a constant flux of CO2 emissions, is used to explore the effect of terrestrial carbon cycle feedback strength on TCRE. The analysis reveals that TCRE emerges from the diminishing radiative forcing from CO2 per unit mass being compensated for by the diminishing ability of the ocean to take up heat and carbon. The relationship is maintained as long as the ocean uptake of carbon, which is simulated to be a function of the CO2 emissions rate, dominates changes in the airborne fraction of carbon. Strong terrestrial carbon c.
A longitudinal examination of factors associated with social support satisfaction among HIV-positive young Black men who have sex with men

ABSTRACT This study examined the long-term predictors of social support satisfaction among HIV-positive young Black men who have sex with men (YBMSM). Data were collected across three waves between October 2012 and November 2014 as part of the baseline assessment from Project nGage, a preliminary efficacy randomized control study examining the role of social support in improving HIV care among YBMSM. The sample included 92 YBMSM aged 18–29. Major results controlling for age, education and intervention effects indicated that psychological health, social network size, and education at baseline predicted differences in social support satisfaction at Wave 3, with no significant effects based on length of HIV diagnosis. Therefore, interventions that are intended to promote the quality of life for YBMSM and their engagement and retention in HIV care must focus on their psychological health concerns and network size.