Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Social rights and care responsibility in the French welfare state

Although the French welfare state is characterised as a conservative corporatist welfare regime in most research comparing social protection systems in Europe, it differs from the other corporatist welfare states when social care is taken into account. Following the Esping-Andersen classification (1990), conservative welfare regimes build on corporatism and rely on families taking responsibility for providing care for children, older and disabled people. However, the French welfare state differs from other corporatist-conservative countries in that the state has responsibility for providing social care. However, is it a woman-friendly welfare state? Social care services have a real impact on the social integration of women, but what about the impact on gender equality? While caring for older people remains an important issue, the focus of this chapter is childcare and family policies. Recognition of care work by the French welfare state is associated with strong support for the family as a fundamental social institution. The social security system is still based on the family unit and not the individual. The legitimacy of state action in this domain is not questioned. Family policies receive widespread support and are constantly a subject of public debate (Hantrais and Letablier, 1996). First, this chapter reviews the historical background to the state–family relationship in France to provide an understanding of the place of social care in the French welfare state. Then, it looks at the extent to which the rights of families to provision for care are written into labour law, the tax and social security systems. Legal recognition of family rights to care has an impact on women’s employment patterns and on women’s social rights as well. They also impact on the management of childcare. In this field, state support for childcare is both generous and diversified. Childcare benefits and services form a complex system in which responsibilities are shared
Distributed Slot Allocation in Capillary Gateways for Internet of Things Networks

The applications and usage of the internet is expanding on a daily basis and the Internet of Things (IoT) is fast becoming the new approach for incorporating the internet into our personal, professional and social lives. IoT enables a wide variety of devices to inter-operate through the existing internet infrastructure. Capillary networks are proposed as a fundamental part of loT development, and will enable local sensor and devices to connect efficiently with other ubiquitous communication networks such as cellular systems. In this paper, we apply the Q-learning algorithm for the scheduling of capillary gateways for (M2M) communication in IoT networks. Q-learning algorithm is used to select conflict- free slot assignment for these gateways in a self-organizing manner. We analyze the performance of the proposed algorithm with respect to learning rates and rewards.
Methadone treatment protects against HIV infection: two decades of experience in the Bronx, New York City.

OBJECTIVE We undertook a study of the role of methadone maintenance in protecting injecting drug users (IDUs) from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection from the earliest days of the HIV epidemic in New York City to the present. The historical context of the epidemic in the Bronx is discussed. METHODS For close to two decades, we have been tracking changes in injecting drug use and HIV infection levels in a Bronx cohort study of IDUs. An initial sample of 622 IDUs was recruited from a methadone treatment program in 1985, with historical data going back to 1978. Behavioral interviews and HIV testing were performed and methadone treatment program records (urine toxicology and methadone dose history) were reviewed. We examined both prevalent and incident HIV infections. The sample included African Americans (24.3%), Latinos (50.3%), and white non-Latinos (24.4%). The average methadone dose was 64 milligrams (mg) per day with an average time in treatment of five and a half years. RESULTS We found a very low rate of incident infection of 1.7 per 100 person-years observation since 1986. Because of this low rate of infection, we were unable to determine the association between methadone treatment factors and HIV seroincidence. We found that our prevalence data on the 622 IDUs enrolled from 1985 to 1988 yielded strong findings on the role of methadone maintenance in a period when most infections occurred in this population. HIV seroprevalence was 42.9%. Logistic regression analysis revealed associations of methadone dose > or = 80 mg (adjusted odds ratio = 3.07/yr, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.23-7.68) and last year entered methadone treatment (adjusted odds ratio = 1.22/yr, 95% CI: 1.06-1.41) to HIV infection, independent of year of last cocaine injection, needle sharing in shooting galleries, number of IDU sex partners, low income, and African American of Latino ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS Properly dosed, long-term methadone treatment was found to be a central protective factor in preventing HIV infection from the earliest days of the epidemic in New York City. It is crucial to have high quality drug treatment programs in place before an epidemic draws our attention to the inadequacies through excess and unnecessary morbidity and mortality.
A solution to the ill-conditioned GPS accuracy classification problem: Context based classifier

GPS localization has been attracting significant attention recently in many areas. Intelligent transportation systems, navigation systems, road tolling, and collision avoidance systems, are examples of applications that utilize the GPS technology for localization. However, localization accuracy remains a key issue that prevents such applications from delivering on their ultimate promise. The localization accuracy of any GPS system depends heavily on the methodology it uses to compute locations as well as the measurement conditions in its surrounding. The impact of the measurement conditions on the localization accuracy in itself is an intricate ill-conditioned problem due to the incongruent nature of the measurement process. This paper proposes a novel scheme to address localization accuracy. The scheme involves three steps, namely, classify instantaneous GPS accuracy based on measurement conditions, consolidate the consecutive classifications of the GPS Accuracy, and enhance the robustness of classifying the GPS accuracy for the following measurements. Real life comparative experiments are conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed scheme in classifying the GPS accuracy under various measurement conditions.
Notice of RetractionField emission induced platinum nanoparticles synthesis

This paper reported a synthesis method of platinum nanoparticles, and platinum nanoparticles covered by carbon capsules via field emission. A multiple-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) was invested for emitter. At the counter position, a tungsten micro-probe which was etched to 1 μm in diameter and cover a palylene layer of 400 nm. The gap between emitter and tungsten probe was control to 1 μm by nanorobotic manipulation system. Constant current of 1 A is applied to synthesis the platinum nanoparticles. The nanoparticle was observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) for crystal structure, and selected area diffraction pattern. Single crystal and polycrystal platinum nanoparticles have been discovered.
A one‐parameter Budyko model for water balance captures emergent behavior in darwinian hydrologic models

Hydrologic models can be categorized as being either Newtonian or Darwinian in nature. The Newtonian approach requires a thorough understanding of the individual physical processes acting in a watershed in order to build a detailed hydrologic model based on the conservation equations. The Darwinian approach seeks to explain the behavior of a hydrologic system as a whole by identifying simple and robust temporal or spatial patterns that capture the relevant processes. Darwinian‐based hydrologic models include the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) curve number model, the “abcd” model, and the Budyko‐type models. However, these models were developed based on widely differing principles and assumptions and applied to distinct time scales. Here, we derive a one‐parameter Budyko‐type model for mean annual water balance which is based on a generalization of the proportionality hypothesis of the SCS model and therefore is independent of temporal scale. Furthermore, we show that the new model is equivalent to the key equation of the “abcd” model. Theoretical lower and upper bounds of the new model are identified and validated based on previous observations. Thus, we illustrate a temporal pattern of water balance amongst Darwinian hydrologic models, which allows for synthesis with the Newtonian approach and offers opportunities for progress in hydrologic modeling.
Cybernetic human HRP-4C

The development of cybernetic human HRP-4C is presented in this paper. The word “Cybernetic Human” is a coinage for us to explain a humanoid robot with a realistic head and a realistic figure of a human being. HRP-4C stands for Humanoid Robotics Platform-4 (Cybernetic human). Standing 158 [cm] tall and weighting 43 [kg] (including batteries), with the joints and dimensions set to average values for young Japanese females, HRP-4C looks very human-like. This paper introduces the design process, mechanical features, and electrical features with specifications of HRP-4C.
Efficiency of live attenuated and inactivated rabies viruses in prophylactic and post exposure vaccination against the street virus strain.

Rabies remains an enigmatic and widely discussed global infectious disease and causes an increasing number of deaths. The currently used highly effective prophylactic and post exposure (p.e.) vaccination depends solely upon inexpensive, effective and safe vaccines to counteract the spread of the disease. In this study, the potential of an attenuated Chinese rabies vaccine (SRV9) strain in prophylactic and p.e. vaccination against the street strain of rabies virus (RV) was evaluated in mice. Prophylactic vaccination consisting of one intramuscular (i.m.) dose of SRV9 protected 100% of mice from intracerebral (i.c.) challenge with a lethal dose of the street virus. The latter was detected in the brain of mice at day 6 post challenge by RT-PCR. Post exposure vaccination was performed at days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 post infection (p.i.) with either SRV9 or inactivated rabies vaccine. The survival rates after i.m. inoculation of SRV9 at the indicated days were 70%, 50%, 30%, 20%, 10%, and 0%, respectively; the corresponding survival rates for the inactivated rabies vaccine were 30%, 20%, 10%, 0%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. However, 100%, 90%, 70%, 50%, 20%, 10%, and 10% of mice survived after i.c. inoculation of SRV9 at the indicated days. The increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier and the infiltration of CD19+ B cells into the central nervous system after i.c. inoculation of SRV9 are regarded as prerequisites for the clearance of the street virus. The obtained data suggest that SRV9 is a promising candidate for prophylactic and p.e. vaccination against rabies infection and that it exhibits a potential for the control of rabies in China.
ForceEdge: Controlling Autoscroll on Both Desktop and Mobile Computers Using the Force

Operating systems support autoscroll to allow users to scroll a view while in dragging mode: the user moves the pointer near the window's edge to trigger an "automatic" scrolling whose rate is typically proportional to the distance between the pointer and the window's edge. This approach suffers from several problems, especially when the window is maximized, resulting in a very limited space around it. Another problem is that for some operations, such as object drag-and-drop, the source and destination might be located in different windows, making it complicated for the computer to understand user's intention. In this paper, we present ForceEdge, a novel autoscroll technique relying on touch surfaces with force-sensing capabilities to alleviate the problems related to autoscroll. We report on the results of three controlled experiments showing that it improves over macOS and iOS systems baselines for top-to-bottom select and move tasks.
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Modeling Open-ocean Deep Convection

Abstract : LONG-TERM GOALS. To understand the convective process in the ocean, develop numerical models to study it, and so improve the representation of convection in ocean circulation models. OBJECTIVES. To understand the relative importance of vertical mixing by convection and lateral advection by geostrophic eddies in setting the volume and properties of water-masses formed by intense winter storms blowing over the open ocean. The insights gained will inform and improve parametric representations of convection used in large-scale ocean models. APPROACH. We are interpreting data gathered in the ONR Labrador Sea Convection Experiment, making use of process models of convection and a high-resolution model of the Labrador Sea developed at MIT. We have developed non-hydrostatic, hydro-dynamical models exploiting parallel computational architectures and languages (see publications Marshall et al. [1997 a, b], Hill and Marshall [1996], Adcroft et al. [1997], Marshall et al. [1998]) that are capable of explicitly resolving the convective scale in the ocean. The model has been used to study convection modified by rotation in idealized settings; these have led to much insight into the nature of the convective process, have provided input to the planning of the field program, and are helping in the interpretation of the measurements that have been taken.
First-derivative ultraviolet spectrophotometric and high performance liquid chromatographic determination of ketoconazole in pharmaceutical emulsions

First-derivative ultraviolet spectrophotometric (Method I) and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic (Method II) methods were developed. The validated methods were applied for quantitative determination of ketoconazole in commercial and simulated emulsion formulations. Quantitative first-derivative UV spectrophotometric determinations were made using the zero-crossing method at 257 nm, with methanol as background solvent. Liquid chromatographic analysis was carried out on a LiChrospher® 100 RP-18 (5µm) column. A mixture of triethylamine in methanol (1:500 v/v) and 0.5% ammonium acetate solution (75:25 v/v) was used as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with UV detection at 225 nm. The retention time of ketoconazole and terconazole were 3.9 min and 5.9 min, respectively, the later being used as internal standard. Analytical curves were linear within a concentration range from 5.0 to 30.0 µg/mL for Method I and 20.0 to 80.0 µg/mL for Method II, with correlation coefficients of 0.9997 and 0.9981, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 0.56% and 0.41% for simulated and commercial emulsion formulations, respectively, using Method I. The corresponding values were 2.13% and 1.25%, respectively, using Method II. The percentage recoveries were above 100% for both methods. The excipients did not interfere in the analysis. The results showed that either method can be used for rapid ketoconazole determination in pharmaceutical emulsions with precision, accuracy and specificity.
A role for autophagy in long‐term spatial memory formation in male rodents

A hallmark of long‐term memory formation is the requirement for protein synthesis. Administration of protein synthesis inhibitors impairs long‐term memory formation without influencing short‐term memory. Rapamycin is a specific inhibitor of target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) that has been shown to block protein synthesis and impair long‐term memory. In addition to regulating protein synthesis, TORC1 also phosphorylates Unc‐51‐like autophagy activating kinase‐1 (Ulk‐1) to suppress autophagy. As autophagy can be activated by rapamycin (and rapamycin inhibits long‐term memory), our aim was to test the hypothesis that autophagy inhibitors would enhance long‐term memory. To examine if learning alters autophagosome number, we used male reporter mice carrying the GFP‐LC3 transgene. Using these mice, we observed that training in the Morris water maze task increases the number of autophagosomes, a finding contrary to our expectations. For learning and memory studies, male Long Evans rats were used due to their relatively larger size (compared to mice), making it easier to perform intrahippocampal infusions in awake, moving animals. When the autophagy inhibitors 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA) or Spautin‐1 were administered bilaterally into the hippocampii prior to training in the Morris water maze task, the drugs did not alter learning. In contrast, when memory was tested 24 hours later by a probe trial, significant impairments were observed. In addition, intrahippocampal infusion of an autophagy activator peptide (TAT‐Beclin‐1) improved long‐term memory. These results indicate that autophagy is not necessary for learning, but is required for long‐term memory formation.
An intelligent system based on fuzzy probabilities for medical diagnosis– a study in aphasia diagnosis*

BACKGROUND: Aphasia diagnosis is particularly challenging due to the linguistic uncertainty and vagueness, inconsistencies in the definition of aphasic syndromes, large number of measurements with imprecision, natural diversity and subjectivity in test objects as well as in opinions of experts who diagnose the disease. METHODS: Fuzzy probability is proposed here as the basic framework for handling the uncertainties in medical diagnosis and particularly aphasia diagnosis. To efficiently construct this fuzzy probabilistic mapping, statistical analysis is performed that constructs input membership functions as well as determines an effective set of input features. RESULTS: Considering the high sensitivity of performance measures to different distribution of testing/training sets, a statistical t-test of significance is applied to compare fuzzy approach results with NN results as well as author's earlier work using fuzzy logic. The proposed fuzzy probability estimator approach clearly provides better diagnosis for both classes of data sets. Specifically, for the first and second type of fuzzy probability classifiers, i.e. spontaneous speech and comprehensive model, P-values are 2.24E-08 and 0.0059, respectively, strongly rejecting the null hypothesis. CONCLUSIONS: The technique is applied and compared on both comprehensive and spontaneous speech test data for diagnosis of four Aphasia types: Anomic, Broca, Global and Wernicke. Statistical analysis confirms that the proposed approach can significantly improve accuracy using fewer Aphasia features.
The Relative Effectiveness of Educational and Behavioral Instruction Programs for Patients With NIDDM: A Randomized Trial

In this randomized trial patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes were allocated to one of four programs: a minimal instruction program (n=59). an education program of individual visits (n=57), an education program incorporating a group education course (n=66), and a behavioral program (n=59). Individual and group education programs had higher attrition rates than the behavioral and minimal programs. The four programs, which involved different amounts of patient contact time, delivery format, and instructional strategies. all produced reductions in HbA atid BMI, with no significant differences between the programs. There were no differences between groups over three time periods in total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, or proportion of patients consulting an ophthalmologist. The behavioral program ploduced a greater reduction in diastolic blood pressure over 12 months that the education programs and a greater reduction in the cholesterol risk ratio over 3 months than the other programs. The behavioral program patients were more likely to have visited a podiatrist after 6 months and reported higher satisfaction.
Achieving the capacity of the N-relay Gaussian diamond network within logn bits

We consider the N-relay Gaussian diamond network where a source node communicates to a destination node via N parallel relays. We show that several strategies can achieve the capacity of this network within O(log N) bits independent of the channel configurations and the operating SNR. The first of these strategies is partial decode-and-forward: the source node broadcasts independent messages to the relays at appropriately chosen rates, which in turn decode and forward these messages to the destination over a MAC channel. The same performance can be also achieved by compress-and-forward, quantize-map-and-forward or noisy network coding if relays quantize their observations at a decreasing resolution with N, instead of quantizing at the noise-level. The best capacity approximations currently available for this network are within O(N) bits which follow from the corresponding capacity approximations for general Gaussian relay networks.
Standardizing measurement of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Reliability and validity of a patient-reported diary.

RATIONALE Although exacerbations are an important problem in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and a target of intervention, there is no valid, standardized tool for assessing their frequency, severity, and duration. OBJECTIVES This study tested the properties of the Exacerbations of Chronic Pulmonary Disease Tool (EXACT), a new patient-reported outcome diary. METHODS A prospective, two-group, observational study was conducted in patients with COPD. The acute group (n = 222) was enrolled during a clinic visit for exacerbation with follow-up visits on Days 10, 29, and 60. The stable group (n = 188), recruited by telephone or during routine visits, was exacerbation free for at least 60 days. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Acute patients completed the diary on Days 1-29 and 60-67; stable patients for 7 days. All patients provided stable-state spirometry and completed the St. George Respiratory Questionnaire-COPD (SGRQ-C). Acute patient assessments included clinician and patient global ratings of exacerbation severity and recovery. Mean age of the sample (n = 410) was 65 (± 10) years; 48% were male; stable FEV₁ was 51% predicted (± 20). Internal consistency (Pearson separation index) for the EXACT was 0.92, 1-week reproducibility (stable patients; intraclass correlation) was 0.77. EXACT scores correlated with SGRQ-C (r = 0.64; P < 0.0001) and differentiated acute and stable patients (P < 0.0001). In acute patients, scores improved over time (P < 0.0001) and differentiated between degrees of clinician-rated exacerbation severity (P < 0.05). EXACT change scores differentiated responders and nonresponders on Day 10, as judged by clinicians or patients (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest the EXACT is reliable, valid, and sensitive to change with exacerbation recovery.