Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Human oestrus

For several decades, scholars of human sexuality have almost uniformly assumed that women evolutionarily lost oestrus—a phase of female sexuality occurring near ovulation and distinct from other phases of the ovarian cycle in terms of female sexual motivations and attractivity. In fact, we argue, this long-standing assumption is wrong. We review evidence that women's fertile-phase sexuality differs in a variety of ways from their sexuality during infertile phases of their cycles. In particular, when fertile in their cycles, women are particularly sexually attracted to a variety of features that likely are (or, ancestrally, were) indicators of genetic quality. As women's fertile-phase sexuality shares with other vertebrate females' fertile-phase sexuality a variety of functional and physiological features, we propose that the term oestrus appropriately applies to this phase in women. We discuss the function of women's non-fertile or extended sexuality and, based on empirical findings, suggest ways that fertile-phase sexuality in women has been shaped to partly function in the context of extra-pair mating. Men are particularly attracted to some features of fertile-phase women, but probably based on by-products of physiological changes males have been selected to detect, not because women signal their cycle-based fertility status.
Multiple Shooting in Rational Expectations Models

This note describes an algorithm for the solution of rational expectations models with saddlepoint stability properties. The algorithm is based on the method of multiple shooting, which is widely used to solve mathematically similar problems in the physical sciences. Potential applications to economics include models of capital accumulation and valuation, money arid growth, exchange rate determination, and macroeconomic activity. In general, whenever an asset price incorporates information about the future path of key variables, solution algorithms of the type we consider are applicable.
Invited Commentary---Motion Pictures: Consumers, Channels, and Intuition

The author offers commentary on an article about research in the motion picture industry in this issue of "Marketing Science. " Topics discussed include consumer behavior among moviegoers, the motion picture industry as a marketing channel consisting of distributors and exhibitors, and the value placed on intuition and creativity in this particular industry. The author focuses on combining professional intuition with data analysis models in making decisions about marketing in the motion picture industry.
Whole Blood Processing for Measurement of Signaling Proteins by Flow Cytometry

Signal transduction pathways link external stimuli with cellular responses, which normally regulate cell proliferation, death, and differentiation. The study of signal transduction was revolutionized through the development of phospho‐specific antibodies that recognize proteins only when they are phosphorylated at specific sites. As discussed by Nolan and co‐workers (UNIT ), one of the unique features of flow cytometry is its ability to perform correlated measurements of multiple phosphorylation states at the single cell level. This provides insight into the complexity of signaling networks that is not obtained by standard biochemical techniques. Furthermore, in combination with other phenotypic markers, flow cytometry can measure alterations in signaling pathways in subpopulations of cells. This clearly has wide potential for studying disorders of the hematopoietic and immune systems. Curr. Protocol. Cytom. 46:9.27. 1‐9.27. 19. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Minimizing the bullwhip effect in a supply chain using genetic algorithms

This paper presents a computational intelligence approach, which addresses the bullwhip effect in supply chains (SCs). A genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to reduce the bullwhip effect and cost in the MIT beer distribution game. The GA is used to determine the optimal ordering policy for members of the SC. The paper shows that the GA can reduce the bullwhip effect when facing deterministic and random customer demand combined with deterministic and random lead times. The paper then examines the effect of sales promotion on the ordering policies and shows that the bullwhip effect can be reduced, even when sales promotions occur in the SC.
Emergency Response Coordination and IT Support: Contingency and Strategies

This article explores the emergency response coordination phenomena and discusses the response contingency that impacts coordination performance. The authors synthesize the prior literature and examine the critical issues of coordination task analysis, coordinator relationship management, response pre-planning, psychological coping, and information system designs. The multi-dimension lens highlights the interactions and dynamics between tasks, actors, and technologies and suggests the importance of contingency in determining the emergency coordination performance. The paper contributes to the theory development and information system design in the research of emergency response.
LEADERSHIP SKILLS AND COMPETENCIES FOR EXTENSION DIRECTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS

The primary purpose of this study was to identify the major leadership skill areas and specific leadership competencies within each skill area needed by Extension leaders. A purposive sample of administrative heads of agriculture from 1862 and 1890 land-grant institutions was selected to participate in qualitative interviews. Seven individuals participated in long interviews (Creswell, 1998; McCracken, 1988) designed to identify leadership skills necessary to be a leader within the CSREES. Participants identified six major leadership skill areas needed by Extension leaders: human, conceptual, technical, communication, emotional intelligence, and industry knowledge skills. A total of 80 specific leadership competencies were developed and clustered under one of the six leadership skill areas.
Occurrence of mammary tumors in beagles given radium-226.

A total of 128 primary mammary tumors (66 of them malignant) occurred in 35 female beagles injected with 226Ra at eight dose levels ranging from 0.2 to 440 kBq/kg body mass as young adults, while a total of 156 mammary tumors (57 of them malignant) were seen in 46 female control beagles not given any radioactivity. Sixty-three of 65 control dogs and 59 of 61 dogs given 226Ra survived the minimum age for diagnosis of mammary tumors of 3.75 years. Based on the observed age-dependent tumor incidence rates in the controls and on the corresponding number of dog-years at risk, the total number of observed malignant tumors in the radium group was statistically greater than the number of expected malignant tumors (66 observed vs 34 expected, P < 0.005). There was no such difference for the benign tumors. Cox regression analysis indicated no increased risk for the first tumor occurrence in irradiated dogs. Cox regression analysis of the multivariate risk sets showed no significantly increased risk for the occurrence of benign tumors but a statistically higher risk of 1.66 with a confidence interval of 1.15-2.40 for the occurrence of malignant tumors. The increased risk was dependent on dose, but a dependence on the frequency of previous occurrence of mammary tumors could not be confirmed. Censoring ovariectomized dogs at time of surgery decreased the relative risks slightly but did not alter the significance. Exposure to diagnostic X rays with cumulative exposures below 0.2 Gy had no effect on tumor formation. It is unknown whether the increased risk for malignant mammary tumors was due to some initial deposition of radium in sensitive tissue, a possible irradiation of fatty mammary tissue from transient radon-->polonium deposition, or a general effect of the overall radium deposition on the immune system of the dogs that lowered their resistance to formation of mammary tumors. Results of this study are potentially useful in understanding risks of radium-induced breast cancers in humans.
EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON PLASMA ADRENOMEDULLIN AND NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE LEVELS IN MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

1. We investigated the effect of exercise on plasma adreno‐medullin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentrations and studied the relationship between these peptides and haemodynamic parameters in nine patients with old myocardial infarction (MI) and in eight normal subjects.
Method of Auxiliary Sources for Analyzing Half-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide

A new numerical method based on the method of auxiliary sources (MAS) is presented for analyzing the propagation characteristics of the EH1 mode of a half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW). A set of filament auxiliary sources are located on a cylinder surface inside the shorting-via of the HMSIW for representing the current in the shorting-via, and matching points are located on the surface of the shorting-via. Due to the periodicity of the HMSIW, only one period needs to be concerned, and the field resulting from the auxiliary sources in one period is expanded into a series of space harmonics. A transverse equivalent network is introduced to represent the transverse wave of each space harmonic inside the HMSIW, and then the Green's function is deduced. Hence, the propagation wavenumber is calculated accurately and efficiently. The calculated results agree very well with those obtained with other methods.
Europe's Second Markets for Small Companies

European stock exchanges have repeatedly opened second markets to list small companies. We explain the motivation for the creation of these second markets, and the reasons why many of them have failed. We find that the average long-run performance of initial public offerings (IPOs) on second markets is dramatically worse than for main market IPOs. However, the second markets have provided firms with the opportunity to raise funds at the IPO and in follow-on offerings. The relative success of London’s AIM, which is an exchange-regulated market with minimal regulations, has led other European stock exchanges to establish similar non-EU regulated second markets. Most of the IPOs on these exchange-regulated markets are offered exclusively to institutional investors, and are equivalent to private placements. These IPOs, which frequently raise only a few million euros, rarely develop liquid trading.
A transaction model for supporting mobile collaborative works

This paper presents a mobile transaction model for supporting mobile collaborative works. The mobile transaction processing system supports data sharing among mobile hosts via the concept of mobile affiliation workgroups. Data sharing among mobile transactions in a mobile affiliation workgroup is supported by export and import transactions in an export-import repository, which is a mobile sharing workspace. This means that the data sharing process is divided into smaller transaction processes and separated from the main transactions. The mobile transaction system also distinguishes two different mechanisms for supporting data sharing in mobile environments, which are sharing data states and sharing data status.
Development of gerbil medial superior olive: integration of temporally delayed excitation and inhibition at physiological temperature

The sensitivity of medial superior olive (MSO) neurons to tens of microsecond differences in interaural temporal delay (ITD) derives in part from their membrane electrical characteristics, kinetics and timing of excitatory and inhibitory inputs, and dendrite structure. However, maturation of these physiological and structural characteristics are little studied, especially in relationship to the onset of auditory experience. We showed, using brain slices at physiological temperature, that MSO neurons exhibited sensitivity to simulated temporally delayed (TD) EPSCs (simEPSC), injected through the recording electrode, by the initial phase of hearing onset at P10, and TD sensitivity was reduced by block of low threshold potassium channels. The spike generation mechanism matured between P10 and P16 to support TD sensitivity to adult‐like excitatory stimuli (1–4 ms duration) by P14. IPSP duration was shorter at physiological temperature than reported for lower temperatures, was longer than EPSP duration at young ages, but approached the duration of EPSPs by P16, when hearing thresholds neared maturity. Dendrite branching became less complex over a more restricted time frame between P10 and P12. Because many physiological and structural properties approximated mature values between P14 and P16, we studied temporal integration of simEPSCs and IPSPs at P15. Only a narrow range of relative onset times (< 1 ms) yielded responses showing sensitivity to TD. We propose that shaping of excitatory circuitry to mediate TD sensitivity can begin before airborne sound is detectable, and that inhibitory inputs having suboptimal neural delays may then be pruned by cellular mechanisms activated by sensitivity to ITD.
Expression and characterization of the ponA (ORF I) gene of Haemophilus influenzae: functional complementation in a heterologous system

The coding sequence of the Haemophilus influenzae ORF I gene was amplified by PCR and cloned into different Escherichia coli expression vectors. The ORF I-encoded protein was approximately 90 kDa and bound 3H-benzyl-penicillin and 125I-cephradine. This high-molecular-weight penicillin-binding protein (PBP) was also shown to possess transglycosylase activity, indicating that the ORF I product is a bifunctional PBP. The ORF I protein was capable of maintaining the viability of E. coli delta ponA ponB::spcr cells in transcomplementation experiments, establishing the functional relevance of the significant amino acid homology seen between E. coli PBP 1A and 1B and the H. influenzae ORF I product. In addition, the physiological functioning of the H. influenzae ORF I (PBP 1A) product in a heterologous species established the ability of the enzyme not only to recognize the E. coli substrate but also to interact with heterologous cell division proteins. The affinity of the ORF I product for 3H-benzylpenicillin and 125I-cephradine, the MIC of beta-lactams for E. coli delta ponA ponB::spcr expressing the ORF I gene, and the amino acid alignment of the PBP 1 family of high-molecular-weight PBPs group the ORF I protein into the PBP 1A family of high-molecular-weight PBPs.
Will Preferential Agreements Undermine the Multilateral Trading System?

Is bilateralism bad? This question was the title of Paul Krugman's provocative paper on regionalism (Krugman, 1991 a), and the pursuit of an answer has spawned the regionalism versus multilateralism debate. The answer to this question turns largely on how one answers the related question posed by Jagdish Bhagwati (Bhagwati, 1991): will regional agreements or more accurately, preferential agreements undermine the multilateral trading system? On one side of the debate are those who argue that preferential agreements can complement existing multilateral efforts to foster greater economic integration among countries, and should therefore be encouraged. On the other side are those who see such agreements as a threat to the multilateral system. But what is 'the multilateral system' that may or may not be threatened by preferential agreements? Much of the literature treats it as a 'black box' synonymous with the goal of 'multilateral free trade', and proceeds to ask whether preferential agreements contribute to or interfere with the attainment of this goal. Introductory references are typically made to the GATT/ WTO, but the analysis is often carried out with little or no reference to the structure of this multilateral institution. In this paper we argue that understanding GATT's structure is vital to the debate over regionalism versus multilateralism. There are three components that together comprise the cornerstones of the GATT system: the principles of reciprocity and non-discrimination, which are regularly identified as the 'pillars' of the GATT architecture, and the enforcement mechanisms, which Dam (1970, p. 81) calls the 'heart' of the GATT system. Below we describe how preferential agreements may be expected to interact with the multilateral system in light of each of its three principle components. We approach the question posed at the outset in two parts. We first ask, will preferential agreements undermine a multilateral trading system that is built on the pillars of reciprocity and non-discrimination? A remaining question is then, how do preferential agreements affect the enforcement provisions of the GATT? To lay the foundation for an answer to the first question, we describe a framework within which the pillars of reciprocity and non-discrimination can themselves be interpreted and understood. From this perspective, we then
When is privatization better facilitated? Global evidence from the telecom sector

This paper attempts to identify the telecom-sector performance indicators, relevant economic variables, and institutional characteristics of a country that affect the process of privatization of state-owned telecom enterprises. Using standard duration analysis of a panel data, it is demonstrated that the privatization incentives are not only shaped by a country's fiscal conditions but are also influenced by the degree of competitiveness of private sector participation in policy-making process. The empirical results also reveal the significant impact of efficiency in telecom service provision on its course to privatization.
A novel method of measuring volume changes of mesophyll cell protoplasts and the effect of mercuric chloride on their osmotically-induced swelling

it is not always easy to prepare healthy, viable ones, and also it is not easy to measure the kinetics of their changing A quick and accurate method of monitoring changes dimensions in response to an osmotic gradient. Recent of volume of mesophyll cell protoplasts (MCP) of pea studies used vesicles prepared from root cells of wheat was devised using the difference in absorbance of the (Niemietz and Tyerman, 1997) or from suspension-cultured protoplasts at 440 nm and 750 nm (OD 440‐750); when tobacco cells (Maurel et al., 1997) and indirectly measured protoplasts expanded in response to changing the changes in volume by monitoring light scattering of a external medium from 0.4 M sorbitol to 0.3 M sorbitol suspension of vesicles with stopped-flow spectrofluorimetry. OD 440‐750 values increased and, conversely, when Such a system is diYcult to use with protoplasts since they protoplasts were transferred from 0.4 to 0.5 M sorbitol, sediment relatively quickly. In this study, however, a protoplasts contracted. The kinetics of expansion or method of indirectly measuring volume changes of protocontraction of the protoplasts could also be monitored plasts is described and the eVects of mercuric chloride and using this method and the half-time for water exchange mercaptoethanol on the volume changes induced by for expanding protoplasts (about 10 s) was slightly osmotic gradients are reported in order to investigate the higher than that for contracting protoplasts. A study involvement of water channels in such phenomena. of the effects of the water channel blocker, mercuric Mercury ions are reported to inhibit water movement chloride, on swelling protoplasts showed that 500 mM through water channels (aquaporins) while sulphydryl irreversibly damaged protoplasts, 5‐10 mM had a neg- reagents, such as mercaptoethanol, are reported to reverse ligible inhibitory effect on swelling while 100 mM had the inhibition (Steudle and Henzler, 1995). a large inhibitory effect often completely inhibiting swelling. A preliminary study indicated that mercaptoethanol reversed the inhibitory effect of mercuric Materials and methods chloride on protoplast swelling. Plant material and protoplast preparation
Managing Passenger Satisfaction

ABSTRACT This paper presents and analyses a set of short case studies of meal service experiences during journeys by air. It focuses on two situations in which passengers experienced dissatisfaction with their meal, and investigates the ensuing responses of airline staff to their difficulties. A methodology was developed to assist airline managers in understanding the customers' perceptions of their experiences of the service aspects of meal delivery. The theoretical grounding of the consumerist gap concept and the method of analysis are briefly described. The model forms the basis for a comparison of passenger experiences, which distinguishes effective responses to meal service problem situations from those which exacerbate the dissatisfaction customers initially experienced.
A robust approach for analyzing a heterogeneous structural ensemble

Intrinsically unstructured proteins (IUP) are widespread in eukaryotes and participate in numerous cellular processes, but a structural explanation of the mechanisms they use to recognize and bind their diverse targets has proved elusive. Transcriptional activator domains are one class of IUP that function by recruiting other factors into basal transcription complexes. Transcriptional activator domains are known to use electrostatic interactions for recognition, but it is unclear how this could be accomplished by a structurally heterogeneous ensemble. To investigate this question, we performed principal component analysis on the atomic contact maps of an experimentally restrained ensemble of the human p53 transcriptional activator domain. This analysis revealed that the ensemble is conspicuously nonrandom and permitted a straightforward identification of persistent structural features and their relative probabilities. It was observed that six predominant long‐range contacts are combinatorially arranged in 13 clusters of structures. Potential surfaces of the aligned clusters showed that these contacts uniformly organize the negative charges of the highly acidic p53 transcriptional activator domain on one face of the clusters. This observation provides a structural basis for the recruitment of other factors into basal transcription complexes and further supports the hypothesis that the structural ensembles of IUPs are not random and instead have evolved under selection to maintain specific structural features. Proteins 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SME Entry Mode Choice and Performance: A Transaction Cost Perspective

Although small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) account for a significant portion of international trade, little is know about how they make international entry mode decisions. Transaction cost theory has been widely used to study entry mode selection for large firms. Here we apply the theory to SME mode choices. Further, we set out to determine if SME transaction cost mode choices provide superior performance to other mode choices. We found that transaction cost theory did a good job of explaining SME mode choice and that SMEs that used transaction cost–predicted mode choices performed significantly better than firms using other modes.
Effect of service climate on service quality: an integrative model

Service employees create 'moments of truth', which lead customers to make judgements about service quality. This study examined an integrated model of the relationship between management practices, employees' service behaviours and service capability, and service quality. Results indicate that management practices had a significant impact on service behaviours and service capabilities of employees. Employee service behaviours in turn affected both employee and customer perceptions of service quality. Implications of this study for research and practitioners are offered.