Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Macrophages Present Pinocytosed Exogenous Antigen Via MHC Class I Whereas Antigen Ingested by Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis Is Presented Via MHC Class II

Macrophages present exogenous Ag either via MHC class I or MHC class II molecules. We investigated whether the mode of hemagglutinin (HA) uptake influences the class of MHC molecule by which this Ag is presented. Normally, HA is ingested by receptor-mediated endocytosis, but this may be switched to macropinocytosis and pinocytosis by adding phorbol esters to the cells. This switch resulted in altered intracellular routing of ingested Ag and a transition from Ag presentation via MHC class II molecules to presentation via MHC class I molecules. Similarly, inhibition of receptor-mediated HA endocytosis, by treating the cells with the HA receptor destroying enzyme neuraminidase, abrogated Ag presentation via MHC class II molecules and induced presentation via MHC class I molecules. If, however, under these conditions, receptor-mediated uptake of HA was restored, by virtue of HA/anti-HA Ab interaction and subsequent uptake of HA via the Fc receptor, presentation via MHC class II was restored as well, whereas presentation of HA via MHC class I molecules was no longer detectable. We conclude that in macrophages the mode of Ag uptake is decisive in determining via which class of MHC molecules Ag is presented: pinocytosis and macropinocytosis produce exclusive presentation of exogenous Ag via MHC class I molecules whereas receptor-mediated endocytosis leads exclusively to presentation via class II molecules.
Real-time dynamic cloud modeling and rendering

Cellular automaton and multiple scattering are the more important technologies for generating cloud in the phase of modeling and rendering. Cellular automaton model gets a balance between physical model and procedural model, which can make high speed and high quality clouds. Multiple scattering simulates the cloud scattering even more truly. In this paper, we will supply an algorithm which combines the above two technologies together to generate the real-time dynamic clouds. We hope using their strong suit to generate the real-time dynamic clouds. And through the cell's state-changing equation we model the cloud's movement by wind. Impostor is used to accelerate the rendering. All above get a better result of cloud's real-time movement and realization.
Object Working Memory Performance Depends on Microstructure of the Frontal-Occipital Fasciculus

Re-entrant circuits involving communication between the frontal cortex and other brain areas have been hypothesized to be necessary for maintaining the sustained patterns of neural activity that represent information in working memory, but evidence has so far been indirect. If working memory maintenance indeed depends on such temporally precise and robust long-distance communication, then performance on a delayed recognition task should be highly dependent on the microstructural integrity of white-matter tracts connecting sensory areas with prefrontal cortex. This study explored the effect of variations in white-matter microstructure on working memory performance in two separate groups of participants: patients with multiple sclerosis and age- and sex-matched healthy adults. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed to reveal cortical regions involved in spatial and object working memory, which, in turn, were used to define specific frontal to extrastriate white-matter tracts of interest via diffusion tensor tractography. After factoring out variance due to age and the microstructure of a control tract (the corticospinal tract), the number of errors produced in the object working memory task was specifically related to the microstructure of the inferior frontal-occipital fasciculus. This result held for both groups, independently, providing a within-study replication with two different types of white-matter structural variability: multiple sclerosis-related damage and normal variation. The results demonstrate the importance of interactions between specific regions of the prefrontal cortex and sensory cortices for a nonspatial working memory task that preferentially activates those regions.
On the Lefschetz properties

The Lefschetz properties of strong type (SLP) and of weak type (WLP) are algebraic abstractions associated to the Hard Lefschetz Theorem for the cohomology ring of complex smooth projective varieties. These properties have a deep link with questions of commutative algebra, combinatorics and projective geometry. I deal with the SLP and WLP for artinian graded Gorenstein K-algebras. I study the class of the GNP- polynomials of type (m, n, k, e), introduced by R. Gondim; in particular I study the Hilbert vector of a GNP- algebra and the annihilator of the GNP-polynomial of type (m, n, k, k + 1) via the use of an associated simplicial complex. In the end I examine the geometric structure of the GNP- hypersurfaces of type (m, n, k, e).
The survival of ancient medicine in modern French psychiatry

Modern French psychiatry was born at the end of the eighteenth century. This medical speciality, which was separating from general medicine, had a foundation in ancient medicine. Ancient theories died slowly but not so surely. These strange theories will be considered useless and even dangerous by the modern reader but they enabled modern psychiatry to understand that madness existed, that it was a disease and a subject for research. So the insane person was no longer considered a criminal or possessed by the devil: he was, at last and at least, a patient.
A positive allosteric modulator of α7 nAChRs augments neuroprotective effects of endogenous nicotinic agonists in cerebral ischaemia

Activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) can be neuroprotective. However, endogenous choline and ACh have not been regarded as potent neuroprotective agents because physiological levels of choline/ACh do not produce neuroprotective levels of α7 activation. This limitation may be overcome by the use of type‐II positive allosteric modulators (PAMs‐II) of α7 nAChRs, such as 1‐(5‐chloro‐2,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐3‐(5‐methylisoxazol‐3‐yl)‐urea (PNU‐120596). This proof‐of‐concept study presents a novel neuroprotective paradigm that converts endogenous choline/ACh into potent neuroprotective agents in cerebral ischaemia by inhibiting α7 nAChR desensitization using PNU‐120596.
Employer Industry Classification Using Job Postings

In the recruitment domain, knowing the employer industry of jobs is important to get an insight about the demand in each industry. The existing system at CareerBuilder uses an employer name normalization system and an employer knowledge base to infer the employer industry of a job. However, errors may occur during the computation of the job employer and in the construction of the employer knowledge base with the industry attributes. Since the knowledge base is huge, it is not possible to manually detect the errors. Therefore, in this paper we use Machine Learning techniques to automatically detect the errors. With the observation that the main jobs posted by an employer often relate to the employer industry, e.g., truck driver jobs often correspond to employers belonging to the transportation industry, we develop a system that classifies the industry of an employer using job posting data. We aggregate job postings from an employer and use job titles and employer names as features for predicting the industry of the employer. We used two models for classification: (1) Support Vector Machine, and (2) Gradient Boosted Decision Trees, and observed that while both the models perform similarly in classifying job employers that were correctly computed, GBDT is more effective than SVM in identifying job employers that were wrongly computed. We also show the utility of our system in detecting normalization errors and knowledge base errors.
Algorithm simulation with automatic assessment

Visualization is a useful aid for understanding the working of algorithms. Therefore many interactive algorithm animation tools have been developed. However, students may misinterpret the visualization and therefore the correctness of their interpretation should be confirmed by tests supplemented with feedback.In this paper, a learning environment for data structures and algorithms is presented. The combination of algorithm animation and simulation with automatic assessment provides a way to give meaningful feedback to the students. Our experience shows that this combination is of great value for the students studying algorithms.
How delayed treatment benefits and harms would impact the optimal timing of statin initiation for cardiovascular primary prevention

Background Genetic studies suggest that the relative risk reduction (RRR) of statins may increase over time, potentially resulting in much greater long-term benefit if statins are started before cardiovascular (CV) risk is high. Methods We used a nationally representative sample of American adults to estimate effects of initiating a statin when 10-year CV risk reaches 5%, 10% or 15%. We examined scenarios in which a statin’s initial RRR (30%) gradually doubles over 10 to 30 years of treatment. Results Initiating a statin when 10-year CV risk is 5% resulted in a mean of 20.1 years on a statin before age 75 (8 years more than starting when CV risk reaches 10%). If a statin’s RRR doubles over 20 years, starting when CV risk is 5% would save about 5.1 to 6.1 additional QALYs per 1000 additional treatment years than starting when CV risk is 10%. Most of this additional benefit was accrued by those who reach a 5% risk at a younger age. Due to the prolonged treatment period, however, early treatment could also result in net harm if the treatment slowly increased a major complication of aging, such as muscular or neurological aging. Conclusions In a thought experiment exploring the impact of delayed effects, we found that if the relative effectiveness of statin therapy gradually doubles over a 10 to 30 year period, starting a statin when 10-year CV risk is 5% could have much more long-term benefit than starting a statin when CV risk is 10%. Most of the additional benefit occurred in those at elevated age-adjusted CV risk. Unfortunately, given the long duration of treatment, substantial delayed statin harms, if present, could outweigh these potential benefits and result in substantial net harm.
Stochastic goal programming approach to determine the side effects to be labeled on pharmaceutical drugs

Abstract Pharmaceutical companies constantly face the challenge of providing high-quality products that maximize benefits while minimizing risks to patients. Recent years have witnessed an increase in drug-reaction-related lawsuits driving pharmaceutical companies to declare more side effects on the product label, which may negatively influence the product sales because patients or prescribing physicians may perceive the drug to be unsafe. Clearly, the objectives of minimizing lawsuit cost and potential customer loss are conflicting in nature, and therefore, it is necessary to determine the side effects to report on the label such that the best compromise is achieved between the two. A stochastic multiple criteria mathematical programming (SMCMP) model is developed to serve as a decision support system in assisting pharmaceutical companies with labeling decisions. A non-preemptive stochastic goal programming technique is used to solve the SMCMP model to attain a tradeoff solution between the two objectives. We verify the model with sample datasets and conduct sensitivity analysis by varying the lawsuit costs and number of customers lost. The results indicate that when the target value for lawsuit cost increases, fewer drug-related reactions are declared, while more side effects are labeled with an increase in target customer loss.
The x-ray microcalorimeter spectrometer onboard of IXO

One of the instruments on the International X-ray Observatory (IXO), under study with NASA, ESA and JAXA, is the X-ray Microcalorimeter Spectrometer (XMS). This instrument, which will provide high spectral resolution images, is based on X-ray micro-calorimeters with Transition Edge Sensor thermometers. The pixels have metallic X-ray absorbers and are read-out by multiplexed SQUID electronics. The requirements for this instrument are demanding. In the central array (40 x 40 pixels) an energy resolution of < 2.5 eV is required, whereas the energy resolution of the outer array is more relaxed (≈ 10 eV) but the detection elements have to be a factor 16 larger in order to keep the number of read-out channels acceptable for a cryogenic instrument. Due to the large collection area of the IXO optics, the XMS instrument must be capable of processing high counting rates, while maintaining the spectral resolution and a low deadtime. In addition, an anti-coincidence detector is required to suppress the particle-induced background. In this paper we will summarize the instrument status and performance. We will describe the results of design studies for the focal plane assembly and the cooling systems. Also the system and its required spacecraft resources will be given.
EEG Microstate Analysis in Drug-Naive Patients with Panic Disorder

Patients with panic disorder (PD) have a bias to respond to normal stimuli in a fearful way. This may be due to the preactivation of fear-associated networks prior to stimulus perception. Based on EEG, we investigated the difference between patients with PD and normal controls in resting state activity using features of transiently stable brain states (microstates). EEGs from 18 drug-naive patients and 18 healthy controls were analyzed. Microstate analysis showed that one class of microstates (with a right-anterior to left-posterior orientation of the mapped field) displayed longer durations and covered more of the total time in the patients than controls. Another microstate class (with a symmetric, anterior-posterior orientation) was observed less frequently in the patients compared to controls. The observation that selected microstate classes differ between patients with PD and controls suggests that specific brain functions are altered already during resting condition. The altered resting state may be the starting point of the observed dysfunctional processing of phobic stimuli.
The impacts and outcomes of implementing head injury guidelines: clinical experience in Thailand

Objective: To describe the impact of implementing clinical practice guidelines (CPG) for head injury in a trauma referral system in Songkla province, Thailand. Methods: The CPG was developed by a local multidisciplinary team and implemented using multi-faceted methods. The outcome of patients with head injury from three community hospitals and a university hospital (Songklanagarind Hospital) was reported in terms of “talk and deteriorate” patients and a “poor” outcome for patients with severe head injury. Changes to clinical practice were observed where the guidelines were implemented. Results: 1000 patients with head injury were enrolled from 1st August 2005 to 15th January 2006. The incidence of “talk and deteriorate” patients was 10.5% and a poor outcome was noted in 35.5% of patients with severe head injury, similar to the results of a previous study in Songklanagarind Hospital (p>0.05). Following implementation of the guidelines, 19.8% of patients underwent CT scanning with similar outcomes for alert patients with and without basal skull fracture (p>0.05). The clinician—nurse relationship also improved and there was closer collaboration between hospitals. Short observation in community hospitals for repeat neurological examination may be an appropriate strategy for management of some patients with minor head injury. Conclusions: Local ownership, an appropriate implementation strategy and working as a multidisciplinary team are key factors for success in implementing the CPG. Basal skull fracture may not be an absolute criterion for CT imaging of the head. Further initiatives will be developed in response to the incidence of “talk and deteriorate” patients.
Estimating rate constants in hidden Markov models by the EM algorithm

The EM algorithm, e.g., the Baum-Welch (1970) re-estimation, is an important tool for parameter estimation in discrete-time hidden Markov models. We present a direct re-estimation of rate constants for applications in which the underlying Markov process is continuous in time. Previous estimation of discrete-time transition probabilities is not necessary.
SEX‐LIMITED MUTATIONS AND THE EVOLUTION OF SEXUAL DIMORPHISM

Abstract. — Although the developmental and genetic mechanisms underlying sex differences are being elucidated in great detail in a number of species, there remains a breach between proximate and evolutionary studies of sexual dimorphism. More precisely, the evolution of sex‐limited gene expression at autosomal loci has not been well reasoned using either theoretical or empirical methods. Here, I show that a Mendelian genetic model including elementary details of sexual differentiation provides novel insight into the evolution of sex differences via sex limitation. This model indicates that the nature of allelic effects and the pattern of selection must be known in both sexes to predict the evolution of sex differences. That is, selection interacts with genetic variation for sexual dimorphism to produce unanticipated patterns of trait divergence or convergence between the sexes. Ultimately, this model may explain why previous models for the evolution of sexual dimorphism do not predict the erratic behavior of the sex difference during artificial selection experiments.
Single state elastoplastic friction models

For control applications involving small displacements and velocities, friction modeling and compensation can be very important. In particular, the modeling of presliding displacement (motion prior to fully developed slip) can play a pivotal role. In this paper, it is shown that existing single-state friction models exhibit a nonphysical drift phenomenon which results from modeling presliding as a combination of elastic and plastic displacement. A new class of single state models is defined in which presliding is elastoplastic: under loading, frictional displacement is first purely elastic and then transitions to plastic. The new model class is demonstrated to substantially reduce drift while preserving the favorable properties of existing models (e.g., dissipativity) and to provide a comparable match to experimental data.
Modeling the online health information seeking process: Information channel selection among university students

This study investigates the influence of individual and information characteristics on university students' information channel selection (that is, search engines, social question & answer sites, online health websites, and social networking sites) of online health information (OHI) for three different types of search tasks (factual, exploratory, and personal experience). Quantitative data were collected via an online questionnaire distributed to students on various postgraduate programs at a large UK university. In total, 291 responses were processed for descriptive statistics, Principal Component Analysis, and Poisson regression. Search engines are the most frequently used among the four channels of information discussed in this study. Credibility, ease of use, style, usefulness, and recommendation are the key factors influencing users' judgments of information characteristics (explaining over 62% of the variance). Poisson regression indicated that individuals' channel experience, age, student status, health status, and triangulation (comparing sources) as well as style, credibility, usefulness, and recommendation are substantive predictors for channel selection of OHI.
Efficient dynamic dispatching with type slicing

A fundamental problem in the implementation of object-oriented languages is that of a frugal implementation of dynamic dispatching, that is, a small footprint data structure that supports quick response to runtime dispatching queries of the following format: which method should be executed in response to a certain message sent to a given object. Previous theoretical algorithms for this problem tend to be impractical due to their conceptual complexity and large hidden constants. In contrast, successful practical heuristics lack theoretical support. The contribution of this article is in a novel type slicing technique, which results in two dispatching schemes: TS and CTd. We make the case for these schemes both practically and theoretically. The empirical findings on a corpus of 35 hierarchies totaling some 64 thousand types from eight different languages, demonstrate improvement over previous results in terms of the space required for the representation, and the time required for computing it. The theoretical analysis is with respect to ι, the best possible compression factor of the dispatching matrix. The results are expressed as a function of a parameter κ, which can be thought of as a metric of the complexity of the topology of a multiple inheritance hierarchy. In single inheritance hierarchies κ = 1, but although κ can be in the order of the size of the hierarchy, it is typically a small constant in actual use of inheritance; in our corpus, the median value of κ is 5, while its average is 6.4. The TS scheme generalizes the famous interval containment technique to multiple inheritance. TS achieves a compression factor of ι/κ, that is, our generalization comes with an increase to the space requirement by a small factor of κ. The pay is in the dispatching time, which is no longer constant as in a naive matrix implementation, but logarithmic in the number of different method implementations. In practice, dispatching uses one indirect branch and, on average, only 2.5 binary branches. The CT schemes are a sequence of algorithms CT1, CT2, CT3, …, where CTd uses d memory dereferencing operations during dispatch, and achieves a compression factor of 1/dι1−1/d in a single inheritance setting. A generalization of these algorithms to a multiple inheritance setting, increases the space by a factor of (2κ)1−1/d. This trade-off represents the first bounds on the compression ratio of constant-time dispatching algorithms. We also present an incremental variant of the CTd suited for languages such as Java.
Baseline health and public healthcare costs five years on: a predictive analysis using biomarker data in a prospective household panel

We investigate the utilisation of primary and secondary public healthcare services and the consequent public costs, using data from the British Understanding Society household panel. We use a sample of 2,314 adults who, at baseline in 2010/11, reported no history of diagnosed long-lasting health conditions and for whom a set of objective biomarkers were observed. Five years later, their utilisation of GP and hospital outpatient and inpatient services was observed. We develop an econometric technique for count data observed within ranges and a method of combining NHS episode cost data with Understanding Society data without exact individual-level matching. This allows us to estimate the impact of differences in personal characteristics and socio-economic status (SES) on cost outcomes. WeÂ find that a composite biomarker index approximating allostatic load is a powerful predictor of realised costs: among the group who are at least 1 standard deviation (SD) above mean allostatic load, we estimate that a reduction of 1 SD at baseline reduces GP, outpatient and inpatient cost outcomes by around 18%. In addition to the expected strong effect of ageing on cost, we also find a large gender difference: on average women experience costs at least 20% higher than comparable men, because of their greater utilisation of GP and outpatient services. There is a strong SES gradient in healthcare costs: the average impact of moving from no educational qualifications to intermediate or from intermediate to degree level is approximately 16%. Income differences, on the other hand, have negligible impact on future costs.