Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Connrmation, Revision, and Sensitivity Analysis of the 1994 Scientiic Committee Assessment of the Bering-chukchi-beaufort Seas Stock of Bowhead Whales

Results from the approximate reweighting method used by the Scientiic Committee for its 1994 assessment of the Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort Seas stock of bowhead whales are connrmed using the full Bayesian synthesis approach. Sensitivity trials are examined to investigate several areas of interest identiied during this assessment. The results show that the full analysis gives results which are very close to those obtained by the Scientiic Committee in 1994, and which are not very sensitive to changing the distributions of model parameters in ways which are reasonable for bowheads. The Scientiic Committee obtained an estimated 5 th percentile for replacement yield of 104 whales; four independent runs of the full analysis give values of 104, 108, 104, and 115. The results show no reason to question the conclusions of the 1994 Scientiic Committee assessment. In its 1994 bowhead assessment, the Scientiic Committee agreed to use a stock abundance estimate based on data from 1988 because the estimate from the more recent 1993 data was preliminary at that time. Analyses of these recent data have now been revised to produce updated population abundance and trend estimates. We present a revised assessment, like that completed by the SC in 1994, but using these revised abundance and trend estimates. The updated results show little change from the 1994 assessment. Borel's paradox has been identiied as a concern in Bayesian synthesis analyses. Simple sensitivity analysis methods, like those in this paper, can be used to examine the degree to which the problem may occur in an application. We show how analysis of sensitivity to alternative priors can be reinterpreted as investigations of sensitivity to alternative reparameterisations and to Borel's paradox.
NUT-NTT Statistical Machine Translation System for IWSLT 2005

In this paper, we present a novel distortion model for phrase-based statistical machine translation. Unlike the previous phrase distortion models whose role is to simply penalize nonmonotonic alignments[1, 2], the new model assigns the probability of relative position between two source language phrases aligned to the two adjacent target language phrases. The phrase translation probabilities and phrase distortion probabilities are calculated from the N-best phrase alignment of the training bilingual sentences. To obtain Nbest phrase alignment, we devised a novel phrase alignment algorithm based on word translation probabilities and N-best search. Experiments show that the phrase distortion model and phrase translation model improve the BLEU and NIST scores over the baseline method.
Hubble Space Telescope spectra of the type Ia supernova SN 2011fe: a tail of low-density, high-velocity material with Z < Z⊙

Hubble Space Telescope spectroscopic observations of the nearby Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) SN 2011fe, taken on 10 epochs from −13.1 to +40.8 d relative to B-band maximum light, and spanning the far-ultraviolet (UV) to the near-infrared (IR) are presented. This spectroscopic coverage makes SN 2011fe the best-studied local SN Ia to date. SN 2011fe is a typical moderately luminous SN Ia with no evidence for dust extinction. Its near-UV spectral properties are representative of a larger sample of local events (Maguire et al.). The near-UV to optical spectra of SN 2011fe are modelled with a Monte Carlo radiative transfer code using the technique of ‘abundance tomography’, constraining the density structure and the abundance stratification in the SN ejecta. SN 2011fe was a relatively weak explosion, with moderate Fe-group yields. The density structures of the classical model W7 and of a delayed detonation model were tested. Both have shortcomings. An ad hoc density distribution was developed which yields improved fits and is characterized by a high-velocity tail, which is absent in W7. However, this tail contains less mass than delayed detonation models. This improved model has a lower energy than one-dimensional explosion models matching typical SNe Ia (e.g. W7, WDD1; Iwamoto et al.). The derived Fe abundance in the outermost layer is consistent with the metallicity at the SN explosion site in M101 (∼0.5 Z_⊙). The spectroscopic rise-time (∼19 d) is significantly longer than that measured from the early optical light curve, implying a ‘dark phase’ of ∼1 d. A longer rise-time has significant implications when deducing the properties of the white dwarf and binary system from the early photometric behaviour.
Roles of UV light strength and auxiliary electric field in the photocatalytic degradation effect of organic contaminant

The accumulation of contaminants on the electrical devices could adversely affect the operation. The present work used photocatalytic functional material to coat on the surface of the electrical devices to prevent the influence of organic contamination. This kind of material was mainly composed of TiO 2 that can remove the contamination by the effect of photooxidation. The photocatalysis was affected by the strength of UV light and electric field. In the experiment, methyl orange (MO) was used as the organic contaminant. The effect of UV light and auxiliary electric field were analysed based on the theoretical simulation. With the stronger UV light, more electron–hole pairs were generated, photocatalytic effect became more pronounced. With the auxiliary electric field, the recombination of electron and hole could be restrained that would increase the productive rate of hole; therefore, more hydroxyl radical will be produced to degrade MO.
Speech Recognition in noise in children with cochlear implants while listening in bilateral, bimodal, and FM-system arrangements.

PURPOSE Speech recognition performance in noise was examined in children with cochlear implants (CIs) when using (a) a second CI (bilateral group), (b) a hearing aid (HA) on the nonimplant ear (bimodal group), and (c) a frequency modulation (FM) system on 1 or both sides. METHOD While always maintaining use of the first CI, 2 groups participated in 6 conditions each using various listening arrangements with the second CI, HA, or FM system. Speech-in-noise thresholds were determined using simple phrases, classroom noise, and a method-of-limits approach. RESULTS No group differences were detected across any conditions. In the no-FM-system conditions, no significant benefit of bilateral or bimodal input was found relative to a single CI. In the FM-system conditions, thresholds were significantly lower (up to 20 dB) relative to all other conditions when FM-system input was provided to the first-implanted side or to both sides simultaneously. CONCLUSIONS Children's speech-in-noise thresholds did not improve when providing input to the second side with a CI or an HA relative to a single CI. However, children with CIs had better speech recognition in noise with the use of an FM system on one or both sides relative to the conditions with no FM system. Binaural conditions with a single FM receiver on the second CI or HA yielded significantly poorer performance than any other FM condition.
An Improved Flexible Access Control Scheme for JPEG2000 Codestreams

JPEG2000 is the newest image coding standard which provides flexible scalability. Designing an encryption system for scalable JPEG200 codestream is becoming a new challenge. Wu et al. (2007) proposed a flexible access control scheme for JPEG2000 codestream. However, it needs key regeneration whenever users change the preferred progression order. In this paper, we propose an improved flexible access control scheme for JPEG2000 codestreams based on multi-dimensional hash chains (MDHC), in which the keys need not to be regenerated whenever different progression order of packets is required. In particular, we employ multiple hash chains to generate a series of keys to encrypt each packet in the codestream. Furthermore, users can access the encrypted codestream according to any authorized combinations of resolution, quality layer and precinct with as few as possible keys. Also, our proposed scheme is secure against collusion attack as well as unauthorized access.
Detection of synonyms in specification documents

Recently, the document information managed in companies becomes complex and various more and more. Specification documents are used for the technical transfer and inheritance of manufactures and services. However, the description and the meaning of the component words in specifications are often inconsistent or multiple, because a specification document is made by the persons in charge of various parts. Then the readers may misunderstand the contents of specifications by its inconsistency. This paper focuses on synonyms, multiple description of words for a meaning or a word, in specification documents and proposes an extraction method of them considering the co-occurrence words of each morpheme in compound words. This paper applies the proposed method to a test data, in which some words in an actual specification document are replaced with words, and studies the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Relationship between pain and medial knee joint loading in mild radiographic knee osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE The relationship between knee pain and radiographic evidence of knee osteoarthritis (OA) is notoriously imperfect. In particular, conditions that distinguish individuals with symptoms from those with comparable radiographic involvement who remain asymptomatic are unclear. We investigated dynamic loading across the knee in individuals with mild radiographic OA who were distinguished by the presence or absence of knee pain. METHODS Subjects were recruited into 3 groups: symptomatic with a Kellgren/Lawrence (K/L) grade of 2 (n = 52), asymptomatic with a K/L grade of 2 (n = 19), and asymptomatic with a K/L grade of 0 or 1 (n = 37), the latter representing a normal comparator group. Dynamic knee loading was assessed with gait analysis, and both the peak external knee adduction moment and the knee adduction angular impulse were determined. RESULTS Peak knee adduction moment and knee adduction angular impulse were 19% and 30% higher, respectively, in symptomatic K/L grade 2 individuals than in asymptomatic individuals with the same radiographic grade (P < 0.05). Conversely, the asymptomatic K/L grade 2 group did not differ from the K/L grade 0-1 normal comparator group (P = 1.00). CONCLUSION Among individuals with mild radiographic knee OA (K/L grade 2), those who are symptomatic have significantly higher medial compartment loads than those who are asymptomatic, whereas those who are asymptomatic do not differ from normal controls (asymptomatic K/L grade 0 or 1). These findings suggest a biomechanical component to the distinction between asymptomatic and symptomatic radiographic OA, which may be pathophysiologically important.
Bone marrow nitric oxide production and development of anemia in Trypanosoma brucei-infected mice

Mice infected with Trypanosoma brucei rapidly develop anemia, with the number of circulating erythrocytes reduced by 50% within a week after infection. The present study investigated the relationship between anemia and bone marrow nitric oxide (NO) production. Bone marrow cell populations from T. brucei-infected mice exhibited elevated levels of NO synthase activity which was inhibitable by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. NO production was found to coincide with suppressed bone marrow T-cell proliferation in response to stimulation with the mitogen concanavalin A both in vitro and in vivo. As this indicated that NO may inhibit proliferation in other cell types, particularly hemopoietic precursors, we examined the role of NO in anemia during trypanosome infection. NO production correlated directly with the development of anemia, and treatment of infected mice with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester in vivo to systemically inhibit NO synthesis led to a significant reduction in the anemia. Thus, elevated NO production in the bone marrow of T. brucei-infected mice is likely to play a significant role in the anemia resulting from T. brucei infection.
Modelling of mercury with the Danish Eulerian Hemispheric Model

A new 3-D mercury model has been developed within the Danish Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP). The model is based on the Danish Eulerian Hemi-spheric Model, which in the original version has been used to study the transport of SO 2 , SO 2− 4 and Pb into the Arctic. It was developed for sulphur in 1990 and in 1999 5 also lead was included. For the current study a chemical scheme for mercury has been included and the model is now applied to the mercury transport problem. Some experiments with the formulation of the mercury chemistry during the Polar Sunrise are carried out in order to investigate the observed depletion. Some of the main conclusions of the work described in this paper are that atmospheric transport of mercury is 10 a very important pathway into the Arctic and that mercury depletion in the Arctic tropo-sphere during the Polar Sunrise contributes considerably to the deposition of mercury in the Arctic.
Motion Perception, Elementary Mechanisms

Visual motion is essential for many aspects of biological function, including rapidly detecting predators and prey, navigating through the visual environment, and constructing a three-dimensional visual representation from two-dimensional retinal input. However, motion information is not provided by the instantaneous retinal signal, but has to be computed from temporal variations in luminance over the image. Although the neural mechanisms that achieve this vary considerably throughout the animal kingdom, the underlying principles of the algorithms seem to be very similar.
mlCAF: Multi-Level Cross-Domain Semantic Context Fusioning for Behavior Identification

The emerging research on automatic identification of user’s contexts from the cross-domain environment in ubiquitous and pervasive computing systems has proved to be successful. Monitoring the diversified user’s contexts and behaviors can help in controlling lifestyle associated to chronic diseases using context-aware applications. However, availability of cross-domain heterogeneous contexts provides a challenging opportunity for their fusion to obtain abstract information for further analysis. This work demonstrates extension of our previous work from a single domain (i.e., physical activity) to multiple domains (physical activity, nutrition and clinical) for context-awareness. We propose multi-level Context-aware Framework (mlCAF), which fuses the multi-level cross-domain contexts in order to arbitrate richer behavioral contexts. This work explicitly focuses on key challenges linked to multi-level context modeling, reasoning and fusioning based on the mlCAF open-source ontology. More specifically, it addresses the interpretation of contexts from three different domains, their fusioning conforming to richer contextual information. This paper contributes in terms of ontology evolution with additional domains, context definitions, rules and inclusion of semantic queries. For the framework evaluation, multi-level cross-domain contexts collected from 20 users were used to ascertain abstract contexts, which served as basis for behavior modeling and lifestyle identification. The experimental results indicate a context recognition average accuracy of around 92.65% for the collected cross-domain contexts.
Common species link global ecosystems to climate change: dynamical evidence in the planktonic fossil record

Common species shape the world around us, and changes in their commonness signify large-scale shifts in ecosystem structure and function. However, our understanding of long-term ecosystem response to environmental forcing in the deep past is centred on species richness, neglecting the disproportional impact of common species. Here, we use common and widespread species of planktonic foraminifera in deep-sea sediments to track changes in observed global occupancy (proportion of sampled sites at which a species is present and observed) through the turbulent climatic history of the last 65 Myr. Our approach is sensitive to relative changes in global abundance of the species set and robust to factors that bias richness estimators. Using three independent methods for detecting causality, we show that the observed global occupancy of planktonic foraminifera has been dynamically coupled to past oceanographic changes captured in deep-ocean temperature reconstructions. The causal inference does not imply a direct mechanism, but is consistent with an indirect, time-delayed causal linkage. Given the strong quantitative evidence that a dynamical coupling exists, we hypothesize that mixotrophy (symbiont hosting) may be an ecological factor linking the global abundance of planktonic foraminifera to long-term climate changes via the relative extent of oligotrophic oceans.
Towards intuitive speech interaction by the integration of emotional aspects

In this paper new results in instantaneous recognition of emotion in non-verbal speech are presented. As classification method dynamic programming with dynamic time warp or Bakis-hidden-Markov-models with vector quantization or Gaussian mixtures are used to analyze the pitch and energy contour of a speech signal. As emotional states joy, anger, fear, sadness, disgust, irritation, and an additional neutral user state have been evaluated. As rather unusual innovative user states the influences of tiredness and alcohol consumption of a speaker on his speech have been analyzed by use of the same methods. One of the main goals of the presented work is to keep the models applicable for new users and to keep recognition simple for real-time evaluation. Finally the observed results are presented and discussed.
Lateral vehicle dynamics control based on tyre utilization coefficients and tyre force measurements

In assessing and controlling vehicle dynamics, tyre forces are the most important variables as they are the only point of interaction with the road. Estimating tyre forces is difficult for their nonlinear characteristics and most vehicle dynamics controllers are therefore based on indirect measurements as yaw rate. With the invention of tyre force sensors, direct measurement of tyre forces is possible. In this work, a tyre force based lateral vehicle dynamics controller is proposed. The controller, applying an independent steering correction, controls the lateral tyre forces so to better distribute the force on the four tyres. This is obtained equating the tyre utilization coefficients. The proposed controller is tested in a simulation environment using CarSim and Simulink.
Attachment style, relationship satisfaction, intimacy, loneliness, gender role beliefs, and the expression of authentic self in romantic relationships

Title of Dissertation: ATTACHMENT STYLE, RELATIONSHIP SATISFACTION, INTIMACY, LONELINESS, GENDER ROLE BELIEFS, AND THE EXPRESSION OF AUTHENTIC SELF IN ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS Vanessa Lynn Downing, Doctor of Philosophy, 2008 Dissertation Directed By: Professor Ruth Fassinger Department of Counseling and Personnel Services The current study sought to explore the possible facilitators and inhibitors of the expression of authentic self in heterosexual romantic relationships, and specifically, to increase understanding about the possible influence of gender role attitudes. Additionally, the study sought to assess the factor structure of the Authenticity in Relationships Scale (AIRS; Lopez & Rice, 2006)—initially normed on a college population—in a sample of post-college adults involved in a range of romantic attachments. A non-experimental field survey explored how variables of interest related to each other in a sample 241 male and female heterosexuals between the ages of 25 and 38. Analyses revealed strong associations between authenticity and attachment style, relationship satisfaction, intimacy, loneliness, and egalitarianism. Findings also included significant differences in regards to authenticity, relationship satisfaction, intimacy, and loneliness among participants depending on relationship type. Exploratory factor analysis suggested that Lopez & Rice’s two-factor solution did not hold for this non-college sample, and suggested a one-factor solution for the AIRS. Implications of the study and suggestions for future research building upon the findings are discussed. ATTACHMENT STYLE, RELATIONSHIP SATISFACTION, INTIMACY, LONELINESS, GENDER ROLE BELIEFS, AND THE EXPRESSION OF AUTHENTIC SELF IN ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS By Vanessa Lynn Downing Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2008
Pricing and competition in mobile app markets

With the fast growth in smart phones, tablets and apps markets, the competition is increasing between market platform such as Android and iOS. And the growth numbers of apps available and downloaded, the competition between app market platforms are also very intensive. The economic behaviours of participants are determined by market factors, such as the effects of the number of apps available in the market and the number of users purchasing mobile platform devices and download apps. In this research, we analyse the pricing issues (subscription fee and revenue sharing ratio) in apps market under the scenarios of monopolistic and duopolistic apps markets.
The biochemistry of the metabolic poison propionate 3‐nitronate and its conjugate acid, 3‐nitropropionate

3‐Nitropropionate (3‐NPA) is a nitro aliphatic compound found in numerous plants and fungi. The nitro compound exists in equilibrium with its conjugate base, propionate 3‐nitronate (P3N) and has a pKa approaching the physiological range of 9.1. Since 1920, more than 30 species of plant and fungi have been identified as producing 3‐NPA as a means of defense from herbivores. Glycoside products containing moieties of 3‐NPA found in parts of the plants most accessible to herbivores can be easily hydrolyzed to free 3‐NPA by bacterial enzymes in the gut of animals. In addition to providing a defense mechanism, the nitro compound is an intermediate in the nitrification process of leguminous plants. The synthesis of 3‐NPA in these plants and fungi is poorly understood. P3N, which readily forms from 3‐NPA at physiological pH, is a potent inhibitor of the key enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. Inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase in humans and livestock causes neurotoxicity and in some cases death. Several enzymes catalyze the oxidation of 3‐NPA or P3N; all contain a noncovalently bound flavin cofactor and are found in the organisms that produce 3‐NPA. With kcat/Km values of >106 M−1 s−1, nitronate monooxygenases can quickly and efficiently oxidize P3N to malonic semialdehyde as a means of protecting the organism from killing itself. Although it was discovered almost a century ago, the biochemistry and physiological role of 3‐NPA/P3N are just emerging. © 2013 IUBMB Life, 65(9):759–768, 2013
Forest characterisation by means of TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X (polarimetric and) interferometric data

Tandem-X - successfully launched in June 2010 - forms with TerraSAR-X the first single-pass (single- dual- and quad-) polarimetric interferometer in space. This allows for the first time the acquisition and analysis of Pol-InSAR data in X-band from space without the disturbing effect of temporal decorrelation. In this paper TerraSAR-X - TanDEM-X datasets are analyzed using Pol-InSAR techniques [1][2] in order to demonstrate the potential of the TanDEM-X mission for forest parameter inversion and forest characterisation. For this purpose dual-polarimetric (HH/VV) and single-pol datasets (HH) acquired during the pursuit monostatic and the bistatic commissioning phase are used. Estimated forest heights are validated against ground and airborne LIDAR measurements.