Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On double access, cessation and parentheticality ∗

Arguably the biggest challenge in analyzing English tense is to account for the double access interpretation, which arises when a present tensed verb is embedded under a past attitude—e.g., John said that Mary is pregnant . Present-under-past does not always result in a felicitous utterance, however—cf. # John believed that Mary is pregnant . While such oddity has been noted, the contrast has never been explained. In fact, English grammars and manuals generally prohibit present-under-past. Work on double access, on the other hand, has either disregarded the oddity (e.g., Abusch 1997: 39) or treated it as a reﬂex of a particular dialect (e.g., Kratzer 1998: 14). The goal of the paper is to argue—based on a corpus study—that a present-under-past sentence is grammatical, but modulated by two, interacting pragmatic phenomena: cessation and parentheticality .
Longitudinal Links Between Maladaptive Anger Regulation, Peer Problems, and Aggression in Middle Childhood

This study examined the prospective links between maladaptive anger regulation and aggressive behavior in middle childhood over a 10-month period, analyzing the mediating influence of peer problems. Participants were 599 elementary-school children in Germany, aged 6–10 years at Time 1 (T1) and 7–11 years at Time 2 (T2). Anger regulation at T1 was assessed via a structured behavioral observation in an anger-eliciting situation. Aggression was measured using a teacher-report questionnaire that assessed the frequency as well as the functions (reactive and proactive) of aggressive behavior at T1 and T2. Peer problems were assessed through parent reports, teacher reports, and self-reports at both data waves. At T1, maladaptive anger regulation was associated with peer problems, the frequency of aggressive behavior, and reactive but not proactive aggression. Latent structural equation modeling revealed that, longitudinally, maladaptive anger regulation indirectly predicted the frequency and functions of aggression through eliciting peer problems.
Adaptive relay selection in cooperative communication based on space time block code

Wireless cooperative communication technology share resources with each other, can get space diversity gain and improve the system transmission performance, so that in recent years it has received the extensive attention of many scholars in the field of wireless communications. In view of the flat fading channel, adaptive relay node selection and transmission strategy based on space time block code under decode forward mode is put forward and closed expressions of average outage probability and bit error rate are given under the Rayleigh channel. This strategy applies the opportunistic relay scheme in collaborative space-time coding system, which can get diversity gain and coding gain. The experiment results show that the proposed relay transmission scheme has better performance than fixed relay node transmission strategy.
Superfamilies of Evolved and Designed Networks

Complex biological, technological, and sociological networks can be of very different sizes and connectivities, making it difficult to compare their structures. Here we present an approach to systematically study similarity in the local structure of networks, based on the significance profile (SP) of small subgraphs in the network compared to randomized networks. We find several superfamilies of previously unrelated networks with very similar SPs. One superfamily, including transcription networks of microorganisms, represents “rate-limited” information-processing networks strongly constrained by the response time of their components. A distinct superfamily includes protein signaling, developmental genetic networks, and neuronal wiring. Additional superfamilies include power grids, protein-structure networks and geometric networks, World Wide Web links and social networks, and word-adjacency networks from different languages.
Pronunciation assessment based upon the compatibility between a learner's pronunciation structure and the target language's lexical structure

Native-sounding vs. intelligible. This has been a controversial issue for a long time in language learning and many teachers claim that the intelligible pronunciation should be the goal. What is the physical definition of the intelligibility? The current work shows a very good candidate answer to this question. The author proposed a new paradigm of observing speech acoustics based upon structural phonology, where all the kinds of speech events are viewed as an entire structure and this structure was shown to be mathematically invariant with any static non-linguistic features such as age, gender, size, shape, microphone, room, line, and so on. This acoustic structure is purely linguistic and the phoneme-level structure is regarded as the pronunciation structure of individual students. This structure is matched with another linguistic structure, the lexical structure of the target language, and degree of compatibility between the two different levels of structures is calculated, which is defined as the intelligibility in this work. To increase the intelligibility, different instructions should be prepared for different students because no two students are the same. The proposed method can show the order of phonemes to learn, which is appropriate to a student and different from that of the others.
Token and Type Constraints for Cross-Lingual Part-of-Speech Tagging

We consider the construction of part-of-speech taggers for resource-poor languages. Recently, manually constructed tag dictionaries from Wiktionary and dictionaries projected via bitext have been used as type constraints to overcome the scarcity of annotated data in this setting. In this paper, we show that additional token constraints can be projected from a resource-rich source language to a resource-poor target language via word-aligned bitext. We present several models to this end; in particular a partially observed conditional random field model, where coupled token and type constraints provide a partial signal for training. Averaged across eight previously studied Indo-European languages, our model achieves a 25% relative error reduction over the prior state of the art. We further present successful results on seven additional languages from different families, empirically demonstrating the applicability of coupled token and type constraints across a diverse set of languages.
ConTeXtualized local ontology specification via CTXML

In many application areas, such as the semantic web, knowledge management, distributed databases, it’s been recognized that we need an explicit way to represent meanings. A major issue in all these efforts is the problem of semantic interoperability, namely the problem of communication between agents using languages with different semantic. Following (Bonifacio, Bouquet, & Traverso 2002), we claim that a technological infrastructure for semantic interoperability between “semantically autonomous” communities must be based on the capability of representing local ontologies and mappings between them, rather than on the attempt of creating a global, supposedly shared, conceptualization. The goal of this paper is to define a theoretical framework and a concrete language for the specification of local ontologies and mappings between them.
A comparative study on different techniques for Thai part-of-speech tagging

The natural language processing (NLP) for Thai language is rather complicated using in the real tasks because it has a complex sequential structure of the sentence. The POS tagging can improve the accuracy of syntactic analysis so it can support the improvement of many NLP tasks. We present the supervised machine learning that is suitable for annotate the POS type for Thai language by comparison between the Support Vector Machine (SVM) and the Conditional Random Fields (CRFs). The BEST 2012 News and Entertainments corpus is utilized in our experiments. However, the sequential characteristic of Thai language is the interesting point and we use it as our feature in training set. Our sequential features contain forward 3-gram, backward 3-gram and 5-gram. The best accuracy of our experiments is 93.638% from SVMs POS tagging that learning by word of forward 3-gram when the size of training data is ten thousand tokens. Moreover, with the same training data, the best accuracy of CRFs is very close with SVM that is 93.254% when the learning form is the word with POS of 5-gram.
Finding discriminative features for Raman spectroscopy

To identify microorganisms is of utmost importance in various applications such as medical science and pharmaceutical industry. The technique of Raman spectroscopy is particularly useful in this scenario, since it extracts a high-dimensional molecular fingerprint from samples at hand. Instead of using the complete spectrum, it is often sensible to concentrate on a small number of discriminative dimensions. Apart from providing important molecular insights, this can be beneficial in terms of speed and accuracy. This work studies several state-of-the-art machine learning techniques suitable for feature ranking, many of which have not been used before in the context of Raman spectra classification. Experiments on three different bacteria classification problems show that boosting-based methods and zero-norm support vector machines are especially suited for this challenging task.
Hempel's Raven Paradox: A Lacuna in the Standard Bayesian Solution

According to Hempel's paradox, evidence (E) that an object is a nonblack nonraven confirms the hypothesis (H) that every raven is black. According to the standard Bayesian solution, E does confirm H but only to a minute degree. This solution relies on the almost never explicitly defended assumption that the probability of H should not be affected by evidence that an object is nonblack. I argue that this assumption is implausible, and I propose a way out for Bayesians. 1. Introduction2. Hempel's paradox, the standard Bayesian solution, and the disputed assumption3. Attempts to defend the disputed assumption4. Attempts to refute the disputed assumption5. A way out for Bayesians6. Conclusion Introduction Hempel's paradox, the standard Bayesian solution, and the disputed assumption Attempts to defend the disputed assumption Attempts to refute the disputed assumption A way out for Bayesians Conclusion
Randomized Iterative Reconstruction for Sparse View X-ray Computed Tomography

With the availability of more powerful computers, iterative reconstruction algorithms are the subject of an ongoing work in the design of more efficient reconstruction algorithms for X-ray computed tomography. In this work, we show how two analytical reconstruction algorithms can be improved by correcting the corresponding reconstructions using a randomized iterative reconstruction algorithm. The combined analytical reconstruction followed by randomized iterative reconstruction can also be viewed as a reconstruction algorithm which, in the experiments we have conducted, uses up to $35\%$ less projection angles as compared to the analytical reconstruction algorithms and produces the same results in terms of quality of reconstruction, without increasing the execution time significantly.
Calcium Channel Blocker Azelnidipine Reduces Glucose Intolerance in Diabetic Mice via Different Mechanism Than Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Olmesartan

The potential combined effect and mechanism of calcium channel blockers (CCB) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARB) to improve insulin resistance were investigated in type 2 diabetic KK-Ay mice, focusing on their antioxidative action. Treatment of KK-Ay mice with a CCB, azelnidipine (3 mg/kg/day), or with an ARB, olmesartan (3 mg/kg/day), for 2 weeks lowered the plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin in the fed state, attenuated the increase in plasma glucose in the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and increased 2-[3H]deoxy-d-glucose (2-[3H]DG) uptake into skeletal muscle with the increase in translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane. Both blockers also decreased the in situ superoxide production in skeletal muscle. The decrease in plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin in the fed state and superoxide production in skeletal muscle, as well as GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane, after azelnidipine administration was not significantly affected by coadministration of an antioxidant, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (tempol). However, those changes caused by olmesartan were further improved by tempol. Moreover, olmesartan enhanced the insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 induced in skeletal muscle, whereas azelnidipine did not change it. Coadministration of azelnidipine and olmesartan further decreased the plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin, improved OGTT, and increased 2-[3H]DG uptake in skeletal muscle. These results suggest that azelnidipine improved glucose intolerance mainly through inhibition of oxidative stress and enhanced the inhibitory effects of olmesartan on glucose intolerance, as well as the clinical possibility that the combination of CCB and ARB could be more effective than monotherapy in the treatment of insulin resistance.
Imaging Changes in Synaptic Acetylcholine Availability in Living Human Subjects

In vivo estimation of β2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor availability with molecular neuroimaging is complicated by competition between the endogenous neurotransmitter acetylcholine and the radioligand 123I-3-[2(S)-2-azetidinylmethoxy]pyridine (123I-5-IA). We examined whether binding of 123I-5-IA is sensitive to increases in extracellular levels of acetylcholine in humans, as suggested in nonhuman primates. Methods: Six healthy subjects (31 ± 4 y) participated in a 123I-5-IA SPECT study. After baseline scans, physostigmine (1–1.5 mg) was administered intravenously over 60 min, and 9 additional scans were obtained. Results: We observed a significant reduction in the total volume of distribution after physostigmine administration (29% ± 17% in the cortex, 19% ± 15% in the thalamus, 19% ± 15% in the striatum, and 36% ± 30% in the cerebellum; P < 0.05). This reduction reflected a combination of a region-specific 7%–16% decrease in tissue concentration of tracer and a 9% increase in plasma parent concentration. Conclusion: These data suggest that increases in acetylcholine compete with 123I-5-IA for binding to β2-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Additional validation of this paradigm is warranted, but it may be used to interrogate changes in extracellular acetylcholine.
LEF-1 Regulates Tyrosinase Gene Transcription In Vitro

TYR, DCT and MITF are three important genes involved in maintaining the mature phenotype and producing melanin; they therefore participate in neural crest cell development into melanocytes. Previous studies have revealed that the Wnt signaling factor lymphoid enhancer-binding factor (LEF-1) can enhance DCT and MITF gene expression. However, whether LEF-1 also affects TYR gene expression remains unclear. In the present study, we found that LEF-1 regulated TYR transcription in vitro. LEF-1 overexpression increased TYR gene promoter activity, whereas LEF-1 knockdown by RNA interference significantly decreased TYR expression. Moreover, the core GTTTGAT sequence (-56 to -50) within the TYR promoter is essential for the effect of LEF-1 on TYR expression, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay indicated that endogenous LEF-1 interacts with the TYR promoter. In addition, we observed a synergistic transactivation of the TYR promoter by LEF-1 and MITF. These data suggest that Wnt signaling plays an important role in regulating melanocyte development and differentiation.
Modeling the Evolution of Generativity and the Emergence of Digital Ecosystems

Recent literature on sociotechnical systems has employed the concept of generativity to explain the remarkable capacity for digital artifacts to support decentralized innovation and the emergence of rich business ecosystems. In this paper, we propose agent-based computational modeling as a tool for studying the evolution of generativity, and offer a set of building blocks for constructing agent-based models in which generativity evolves. We describe a series of models that we have created using these building blocks, and summarize the results of our computational experiments to date. We find in several different settings that key features of generative systems can themselves evolve endogenously, including “core” components and reusable parts. Moreover, we find that boundedly rational designers without coordination or foresight can evolve business ecosystems that satisfy a diverse range of consumer preferences and exhibit robustness to changes in these preferences over time.
Specularity and Shadow Interpolation via Robust Polynomial Texture Maps

Polynomial Texture Maps (PTM)[SIGGRAPH 2001] form an alternative method for apprehending surface colour and albedo that extends a simple model of image formation from the Lambertian variant of Photometric Stereo (PST) to more general reflectances. Here we consider solving such a model in a robust version, not to date attempted for PTM. But the main upshot of utilizing robust regression is in the identification of both shadows and specularities automatically, without the need for any thresholds, in a tripartite set of weights for pixels that are labelled as matte, shadow, or specularity. Original images are captured using a hemispherical set of lights, and pixel values across the lighting directions are then labelled as inliers, or outliers of two types. A per-pixel robust regression on luminance is carried out using Least Median of Squares, and automaticallyidentified outlier pixels are labelled as shadows if they are darker than matte and correspondingly, specular outliers are too bright. Inlier identification generates correct values for chromaticity and for surface albedo and thus matte luminance and colour. Then a robust version of PST, using only PTM inliers, improves estimates of normal vectors and albedo recovered. With specular pixel values over the lights in hand we model specularity using a radial basis function (RBF) regression, and non-specular pixel departures from matte using a second RBF set. Then for a new lighting direction, we can readily interpolate both specular content as well as shadows.
Transfer student analysis and retention: a collaborative endeavor

Purpose This paper aims to describe a multifaceted campus-wide initiative to retain transfer students that was undertaken when it was recognized that their retention rates were lower than those of first-time, full-time students. Design/methodology/approach The Enhancing Student Experience (ESE) Working Group at the University at Albany (UAlbany) brought together key parties from Student Affairs and academic units, including the University Libraries, and provided an energizing arena in which existing student engagement and retention endeavors were discussed and coordinated, and new initiatives were inspired. Findings This paper reflects the work of a subcommittee of the ESE group that focused on developing strategies to increase the retention rate of students who transferred to UAlbany, and identifying characteristics of those first-time, full-time students who transferred from UAlbany. The efforts discussed in this paper, which were guided by professional experiences, institutional data and published reports, resulted in a 2 per cent increase in the student retention rate in the past two years. Research limitations/implications The data collection and analysis, and the initiatives, are specific to one public research university. Practical implications Initiatives undertaken to address the retention of transfer students have begun to have an impact. Originality/value The “all-hands-on-deck” approach described in this paper demonstrates how strategic collaborations among the many institutional stakeholders at a public research university were marshalled to have a significant and positive impact on student retention.
Fostering the Motivation to Share Knowledge

Electronic knowledge bases sometimes are regarded as easy-to-achieve knowledge management tools. In practice, however, they are rarely used as extensively as anticipated. We identify two potential reasons why electronic knowledge bases fail: For one, due to the nature of knowledge, it is difficult if not impossible to codify implicit knowledge with reasonable effort. And secondly, individuals are not willing to provide their knowledge in an anonymous database voluntarily for several reasons which are discussed in detail. We introduce neoinstitutional economics theory to analyze the reluctance of employees to share their knowledge. We suggest to associate a price to knowledge that is to be shared in an electronic knowledge base and to reimburse the author/owner of a knowledge object for his expenses to generate and share his knowledge. Also, we identify several means to reduce transaction cost incurred by the process of finding and sharing knowledge in an electronic knowledge base. 1 Oliver Sukowski =mcminstitute for Media and Communication Management University of St. Gallen Müller-Friedberg-Strasse 8 CH-9000 St. Gallen Switzerland Tel. : +41-71-224-2794 Fax: +41-71-224-2771 Oliver.Sukowski@unisg.ch 1. FAILURES OF ELECTRONIC KNOWLEDGE BASES
A study on the scale adjustment in video encoder in the temporal domain in micro-manipulation

For observing the changing process of the micro objects in biomedicine area, micro image sequences need to be developed by extending the three-dimensional microscopic images in the temporal domain. Due to the slow changing rate of the micro object, micro image sequences have a large number of temporal redundancies. In order to improve the tracking efficiency, a novel scale adjustable frame mapping algorithm based on a three-dimensional wavelet transform was put forward, which achieves a much rapid scale adjustment of the micro video in the temporal domain and provides a novel resolution for the study of adjustable algorithm in micro-manipulation.
A Static Friction Model for Elastic-Plastic Contacting Rough Surfaces

A model that predicts the static friction for elastic-plastic contact of rough surfaces is presented. The model incorporates the results of accurate finite element analyses for the elastic-plastic contact, adhesion and sliding inception of a single asperity in a statistical representation of surface roughness. The model shows strong effect of the external force and nominal contact area on the static friction coefficient in contrast to the classical laws of friction. It also shows that the main dimensionless parameters affecting the static friction coefficient are the plasticity index and adhesion parameter The effect of adhesion on the static friction is discussed and found to be negligible at plasticity index values larger than 2. It is shown that the classical laws of friction are a limiting case of the present more general solution and are adequate only for high plasticity index and negligible adhesion. Some potential limitations of the present model are also discussed pointing to possible improvements. A comparison of the present results with those obtained from an approximate CEB friction model shows substantial differences, with the latter severely underestimating the static friction coefficient.