Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Contributions of the different water sources to the Elqui river runoff (northern Chile) evaluated by H/O isotopes

We present the results of an isotope (2H and18O) and hydrogeochemical study in order to constrain the origin, recharge, and evolution of the surface and groundwater in the arid Andean realm of the Elqui watershed. The results of2H and18O analyses of water samples obtained during our summer and winter campaigns indicate a generally meteoric origin of the river and spring waters of the watershed. The isotope signature of water of the Elqui river and its tributaries as well as that of groundwater in the coastal region fits the2H‒18O relation of δ2H=7. 61δ18O+6.1. A relatively fast discharge and a quasi-closed catchment area can be asserted for water along the river flow path. The tributaries from the more arid coastal area, north of the Elqui river, differ in their isotopic signature due to evaporation and hydrochemically due to interactions with the strongly altered and fractured volcanic rocks of the basement. In the Andean zone, the18O-enriched hydrothermal spring of Baños del Toro exhibits the influence of water–rock interaction processes. The chemistry of the river water changes from sulphate- to chloride-rich along the river course from the high Andean mountains to the coast. The sulphate-rich character of these Andean waters reflects their passage through sulphide-rich rock massifs that were subjected to strong oxidation processes in the near superficial environment. This sulphate signature is enforced by past and present mining of precious metal epithermal deposits (e.g. those of El Indio-Tambo Au–Cu–As district), in which mineralised zones were developed during a series of Miocene magmatic-hydrothermal episodes in the Andean realm. Owing to the proximity of the lower Elqui river waters and its tributaries to the Pacific coast, the chloride character may be induced by agricultural and marine (sea spray, fog) sources. Generally, the main source of the Elqui river water is mainly attributed to surface runoff and less to contributions from the basement fractured aquifer.
Aesthetic Development in Music: An Experiment in the Use of Personal Construct Theory

This paper examines Kelly's Personal Construct Theory (PCT) as a means of researching the development of the aesthetic response to the perception of music. It takes the techniques of association and construct elicitation derived from PCT as a means of investigating pupil responses, and attempts to shed some light both on the way pupils perceive their peer groups' compositions and on the role of the teacher/researcher in the assessment process.
Frobenius maps of Abelian varieties and finding roots of unity in finite fields

"If 'twere done when 'tis done, then 'twere well/ It were done quickly. "-Macbeth. Abstract. We give a generalization to Abelian varieties over finite fields of the algorithm of Schoof for elliptic curves. Schoof showed that for an elliptic curve E over F , given by a Weierstrass equation, one can compute the number of Q F -rational points of E in time 0((log<? ) ). Our result is the following. Let A be an Abelian variety over F. Then one can compute the characteristic polynomial of the Frobenius endomorphism of A in time 0((\o? q) ), where A and the implied constant depend only on the dimension of the embedding space of A , the number of equations defining A and the addition law, and their degrees. The method, generalizing that of Schoof, is to use the machinery developed by Weil to prove the Riemann hypothesis for Abelian varieties. By means of this theory, the calculation is reduced to ideal-theoretic computations in a ring of polynomials in several variables over F. As applications we show how to count the rational points on the reductions modulo primes p of a fixed curve over Q in time polynomial in logp ; we show also that, for a fixed prime /, we can compute the /th roots of unity mod p , when they exist, in polynomial time in logp . This generalizes Schoof s application of his algorithm to find square roots of a fixed integer x mod p . In this paper we generalize to Abelian varieties over finite fields the algorithm of Schoof ( 19) for elliptic curves over finite fields, and the application given by Schoof for his algorithm. Schoof showed that for an elliptic curve E over a finite field F , given by a Weierstrass equation, one can compute the number of F -rational points of F in time polynomial in log q . The algorithm computes the characteristic polynomial P(t) G Z(t) of the Frobenius endomorphism of F. For an elliptic curve, P(t) is a monic, quadratic polynomial with constant term q , and the number of Fq-rational points of E is F(l). Our result is the following. Theorem A. Let A be an Abelian variety over a finite field F? , given explicitly as a projective variety with an explicit addition law. Then one can compute
A Comparison of Certain Oral Reading Tests

We have attempted to reduce the various types of norms given for several oral reading tests to a common denominator. If the results of these tests can be expressed in comparable terms, it may be pos sible to discover whether there is any great similarity among them, whether there are any biases caused by variations in difficulty o r other factors and perhaps, whether certain of the tests may be used interchangeably in successive testings during the course of remedial work. It will also be possible to detect trends in the norms of any particular test which would lead the examiner to make unsound inter pretations of a pupil's oral reading skill. The norms for the Oral Reading Test and the Oral Reading, Un aided Oral R ecall Test of the Durrell Analysis of Reading Difficulty Kit*, and Gray 's Oral Check Test^ were those selected for this study. These are used extensively for diagnostic purposes particularly i n elementary school testing and information concerning their validity and comparability should be useful to diagnosticians and remedial teachers. Durrell's Oral Reading Test is composed of eight para graphs roughly corresponding in difficulty to reading materials used in each grade of the elementary school. Each child is expected to read at least three paragraphs beginning with the paragraph equal to his estimated reading level or his grade placement. Norms are giv en in terms of number of seconds for reading each paragraph. These standards correspond to the second, fifth, and eighth months of the school year. The child's performance on each of the three para graphs is graded according to these norms and the median score of the three ratings used as an estimate of the child's oral reading level. The child's comprehension is checked by a series of four to seven
Immobilization of Trichoderma harzianum α-Amylase on Treated Wool: Optimization and Characterization

α-Amylase from Trichoderma harzianum was covalently immobilized on activated wool by cyanuric chloride. Immobilized α-amylase exhibited 75% of its initial activity after 10 runs. The soluble and immobilized α-amylases exhibited maximum activity at pH values 6.0 and 6.5, respectively. The immobilized enzyme was more thermally stable than the soluble one. Various substrates were hydrolyzed by immobilized α-amylase with high efficiencies compared to those of soluble α-amylase. The inhibition of the immobilized α-amylase by metal ions was low as compared with soluble enzyme. On the basis of the results obtained, immobilized α-amylase could be employed in the saccharification of starch processing.
The Nijmegen Modification of the Bethesda Assay for Factor VIII:C Inhibitors: Improved Specificity and Reliability

Summary Antibodies against factor VIII coagulant activity can appear in haemophiliacs who are treated with factor VIII preparations but also spontaneously in non-haemophiliacs. The Bethesda assay is the most commonly used method to detect these antibodies, but it lacks specificity especially in the lower range resulting in unreliable data. Two modifications are proposed and tested to resolve the imperfections: 1. Buffering the normal plasma used in the assay- and control mixture with 0.1 M imidazole to pH 7.4. Replacing the imidazole buffer in the control mixture by immunodepleted factor VIII deficient plasma. These modifications allow better discrimination between positive and negative samples and improve reliability.
Ego-object discovery

Lifelogging devices are spreading faster everyday. This growth can represent great benefits to develop methods for extraction of meaningful information about the user wearing the device and his/her environment. In this paper, we propose a semi-supervised strategy for easily discovering objects relevant to the person wearing a first-person camera. Given an egocentric video/images sequence acquired by the camera, our algorithm uses both the appearance extracted by means of a convolutional neural network and an object refill methodology that allows to discover objects even in case of small amount of object appearance in the collection of images. An SVM filtering strategy is applied to deal with the great part of the False Positive object candidates found by most of the state of the art object detectors. We validate our method on a new egocentric dataset of 4912 daily images acquired by 4 persons as well as on both PASCAL 2012 and MSRC datasets. We obtain for all of them results that largely outperform the state of the art approach. We make public both the EDUB dataset and the algorithm code.
A testbed for evaluation and analysis of stepping stone attack attribution techniques

This paper describes a testbed for experimentally evaluating stepping stone attack attribution techniques. There is a lack of comprehensive experimental evaluation of many different stepping stone attack detection schemes. Therefore, there are no objective, comparable evaluation results on the effectiveness and limitations of these schemes. In this research, we designed and built a scalable testbed environment that can evaluate all existing stepping stone attack attribution schemes reproducibly, provide a stable platform for further research on this area and be easily reconfigured, expanded, and operated with user-friendly interface. This testbed environment has been established in a dedicated stepping stone attack attribution research laboratory. An evaluation of proposed stepping stone techniques is currently underway
Numerical Study of Two-Dimensional Stratified Turbulence

In an effort to gain further insight into phenomena associated with dispersive wave turbulence, numerical simulations are used to study homogeneously stratified, two-dimensional turbulence forced randomly at small scales. Consistent with what has been observed in simulations of rotating turbulence, the flow characteristics change dramatically when the Froude number passes through the value one, where the Froude number is defined in terms of the energy input rate and peak wavenumber of the force. For Froude numbers less than approximately one, the transfer of energy from small to large scales is anisotropic, leading to population of the slow manifold only, which in this case corresponds to vertically sheared, horizontal motions. There is evidence that resonant triads play an indirect but crucial role in the anistropic transfer to the slow modes.
Radius of Trust

Countries in which people believe that “most people can be trusted” and where citizens belong to a larger number of different voluntary associations are more individualistic, emphasizing the importance of independence and freedom to choose one's own goals. The present study examines the relationship between social capital and individualism/collectivism using a measure that distinguishes between familism and institutional collectivism. Familism correlated negatively with social capital, whereas institutional collectivism practices exhibited positive associations with social capital, especially with trust and participation in voluntary organizations such as church or religious organizations and labor unions. It is concluded that in societies where trust is limited to the nuclear family or kinship alone, people have lower levels of social capital. Social capital increases as the radius of trust widens to encompass a larger number of people and social networks among whom norms of generalized reciprocity are operative.
Reconstruction by site-directed mutagenesis of the transition state for the activation of tyrosine by the tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase: a mobile loop envelopes the transition state in an induced-fit mechanism.

Site-directed mutagenesis of the tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase followed by kinetic studies has shown that residues which are distant from the active site of the free enzyme are brought into play as the structure of the enzyme changes during catalysis. Positively charged side chains which are in mobile loops of the enzyme envelope the negatively charged pyrophosphate moiety during the transition state for the formation of tyrosyl adenylate in an induced-fit mechanism. Residues Lys-82 and Arg-86, which are on one side of the rim of the binding site pocket, and Lys-230 and Lys-233, which are on the other side, have been mutated to alanine residues and also to asparagine or glutamine. The resultant mutants still form 1 mol of tyrosyl adenylate/mol of dimer but with rate constants up to 8000 times lower. Construction of difference energy diagrams reveals that all the residues specifically interact with the transition state for the reaction and with pyrophosphate in the E.Tyr-AMP.PPi complex. Yet, the epsilon-NH3+ groups of Lys-230 and Lys-233 in the crystalline enzyme are at least 8 A too far away to interact with the pyrophosphate moiety in the transition state at the same time as do Lys-82 and Arg-86. Binding of substrates must, therefore, induce a conformational change in the enzyme that brings these residues into range. Consistent with this proposal is the observation that all four residues are in flexible regions of the protein. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Partial Etiology and Sequelae of Discriminative Disability: Bandwagons and Beliefs

The research to practice debate persists, reflecting continued concerns that teachers in classrooms often ignore or give lesser priority to empirically based effective interventions in favor of other interventions that are less effective or adopted on the basis of popularity, intuitive appeal, or by rhetorical influence. A key distinction related to the selection of effective classroom interventions resides in the teacher's ability to discriminate between effective and ineffective classroom practices. In this article, I discuss discriminative ability and disability in terms of some etiological macrosystem influences (empirical evidence vs. bandwagons, beliefs) and possible sequelae in practice that determine likely outcomes for teaching children and youth with disabilities.
Adaptive minimum symbol-error-rate decision feedback equalization for multilevel pulse-amplitude modulation

The design of decision feedback equalizers (DFEs) is typically based on the minimum mean square error (MMSE) principle as this leads to effective adaptive implementation in the form of the least mean square algorithm. It is well-known, however, that in certain situations, the MMSE solution can be distinctly inferior to the optimal minimum symbol error rate (MSER) solution. We consider the MSER design for multilevel pulse-amplitude modulation. Block-data adaptive implementation of the theoretical MSER DFE solution is developed based on the Parzen window estimate of a probability density function. Furthermore, a sample-by-sample adaptive MSER algorithm, called the least symbol error rate (LSER), is derived for adaptive equalization applications. The proposed LSER algorithm has a complexity that increases linearly with the equalizer length. Computer simulation is employed to evaluate the proposed alternative MSER design for equalization application with multilevel signaling schemes.
A ride of passage: Connecting a spiritual journey to the works of Parker J. Palmer, Rachael Kessler and John P. Miller

This thesis explores the journals written by the author during a 16,000 km solo bicycle journey around the Unites States, seven years ago, upon his graduation from university. This was his attempt at a spiritual quest. In this thesis, upon revisiting his journals, he argues that the original framework he used for this quest was flawed, leading to unsatisfactory results. Seven years ago, he was convinced that self-discovery was best attained through solitude. Instead, a new reading of his journals demonstrated that he learnt and benefitted most in contexts of social engagement, meaningful relationships and mutual exploration, all major themes in the works of Parker J. Palmer, Rachael Kessler and John P. Miller. He then argues that had he been guided to follow the successive phases described in Kessler‘s structured rite of passage (preparation, severance, threshold and ordeal, and reincorporation) the intended and anticipated outcomes of the experience would have been more beneficial. He suggests that he was missing three of Kessler‘s essential phases during his ordeal (solo bicycle journey) he had planned for himself: preparation, severance, and reincorporation. The author concludes that it was possible to reflect anew on his experience by using Kessler‘s theory and this process provided a more accurate interpretation of his journey, allowing for spiritual development seven years later. This is encouraging for teachers lacking the opportunity to lead their students through a rite of passage in Kessler‘s prescribed manner. They can build upon ordeals students have experienced independently, to create anew conditions for reflection, revelation, learning and reintegration.
Methylation regulates the intracellular protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions of FMRP

FMRP, the fragile X mental retardation protein, is an RNA-binding protein that interacts with ∼4% of fetal brain mRNA. We have recently shown that a methyltransferase (MT) co-translationally methylates FMRP in vitro and that methylation modulates the ability of FMRP to bind mRNA. Here, we recapitulate these in vitro data in vivo, demonstrating that methylation of FMRP affects its ability to bind to FXR1P and regulate the translation of FMRP target mRNAs. Additionally, using double-label fluorescence confocal microscopy, we identified a subpopulation of FMRP-containing small cytoplasmic granules that are distinguishable from larger stress granules. Using the oxidative-stress induced accumulation of abortive pre-initiation complexes as a measure of the association of FMRP with translational components, we have demonstrated that FMRP associates with ribosomes during initiation and, more importantly, that methylation regulates this process by influencing the ratio of FMRP-homodimer-containing mRNPs to FMRP-FXR1P-heterodimer-containing mRNPs. These data suggest a vital role for methylation in normal FMRP functioning.
Probabilistic Models of the Brain: Perception and Neural Function

Neurophysiological, neuroanatomical, and brain imaging studies have helped to shed light on how the brain transforms raw sensory information into a form that is useful for goal-directed behavior. A fundamental question that is seldom addressed by these studies, however, is why the brain uses the types of representations it does and what evolutionary advantage, if any, these representations confer. It is difficult to address such questions directly via animal experiments. A promising alternative is to use probabilistic principles such as maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference to derive models of brain function. This book surveys some of the current probabilistic approaches to modeling and understanding brain function. Although most of the examples focus on vision, many of the models and techniques are applicable to other modalities as well. The book presents top-down computational models as well as bottom-up neurally motivated models of brain function. The topics covered include Bayesian and information-theoretic models of perception, probabilistic theories of neural coding and spike timing, computational models of lateral and cortico-cortical feedback connections, and the development of receptive field properties from natural signals.
Article Title: Folding-competent and Folding-defective Forms of Ricin a Chain Have Different Fates following Retrotranslocation from the Endoplasmic Reticulum Publisher Statement: Li, S. Et Al. (2010). Folding-competent and Folding-defective Forms of Ricin a Chain Have Different Fates following Retr

This paper is made available online in accordance with publisher policies. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item and our policy information available from the repository home page for further information. To see the final version of this paper please visit the publisher's website. Access to the published version may require a subscription. We report that a toxic polypeptide retaining the potential to refold upon dislocation from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cytosol (ricin A chain; RTA) and a misfolded version that cannot (termed RTA ⌬), follow ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that substantially diverge in the cytosol. Both polypeptides are dislocated in a step mediated by the transmembrane Hrd1p ubiquitin ligase complex and subsequently degraded. Canonical polyubiquitylation is not a prerequisite for this interaction because a catalytically inactive Hrd1p E3 ubiquitin ligase retains the ability to retrotranslocate RTA, and variants lacking one or both endogenous lysyl residues also require the Hrd1p complex. In the case of native RTA, we established that dislocation also depends on other components of the classical ERAD-L pathway as well as an ongoing ER–Golgi transport. However, the dislocation pathways deviate strikingly upon entry into the cytosol. Here, the CDC48 complex is required only for RTA ⌬ , although the involvement of individual ATPases (Rpt proteins) in the 19S regulatory particle (RP) of the proteasome, and the 20S catalytic chamber itself, is very different for the two RTA variants. We conclude that cytosolic ERAD components, particularly the proteasome RP, can discriminate between structural features of the same substrate. INTRODUCTION Misfolded and orphan polypeptides in the endoplasmic re-ticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells are detected and dispatched to the cytosol for proteasomal elimination via ER quality control pathways known collectively as ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Usually, they are extracted from the ER membrane by a p97/Cdc48p complex (Bays et al., polyubiquitylated by membrane bound dislocation complexes (Carvalho et al., 2006; Denic et al., 2006), and degraded by 26S proteasomes. Although a large number of components required for ERAD in yeast and mammalian cells has now been identified for a range of substrates (Meusser et al., 2005; Nakatsukasa and Brodsky, 2008), it is not clear whether a given cell will handle different forms of the same soluble substrate in exactly the same way. To investigate this, we have used the protein cytotoxin ricin. Native holotoxin normally traffics …