Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Histopathology of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis

For the histopathologic purist the term primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a misnomer in that cirrhosis, with loss of normal liver architecture and regenerative nodule formation, occurs late in the disease process. The early and precirrhotic phases of this disease have not been separately defined, as have, for example the precirrhotic lesions of alcoholic hepatitis and chronic active hepatitis. Instead, the precirrhotic lesions of PBC have been described as various stages in PBC, a practice which we think is of only limited value. Essentially, the pathologic features of PBC comprise (a) destructive bile duct lesions, and (b) subsequent parenchymal destruction with inflammatory and fibrous septa formation which, usually over a prolonged period, progresses to an established biliary cirrhosis. The histopathology of PBC has been the subject of a number of reports [ l 1 ,18,20,25,28,30,3 I]. In this review we shall describe the bile duct lesions in PBC and the evolution of an established cirrhosis. The account is based on an experience of some 200 cases of PBC, details of some of which have already been published [21]. We shall evaluate the usefulness of histologic staging in PBC, and finally enumerate other diseases in which there is destruction of bile ducts and briefly outline the differential diagnosis.
Attention Shifts Recruit the Monkey Default Mode Network

A unifying function associated with the default mode network (DMN), which is more active during rest than under active task conditions, has been difficult to define. The DMN is activated during monitoring the external world for unexpected events, as a sentinel, and when humans are engaged in high-level internally focused tasks. The existence of DMN correlates in other species, such as mice, challenge the idea that internally focused, high-level cognitive operations, such as introspection, autobiographical memory retrieval, planning the future, and predicting someone else's thoughts, are evolutionarily preserved defining properties of the DMN. A recent human study demonstrated that demanding cognitive shifts could recruit the DMN, yet it is unknown whether this holds for nonhuman species. Therefore, we tested whether large changes in cognitive context would recruit DMN regions in female and male nonhuman primates. Such changes were measured as displacements of spatial attentional weights based on internal rules of relevance (spatial shifts) compared with maintaining attentional weights at the same location (stay events). Using fMRI in macaques, we detected that a cortical network, activated during shifts, largely overlapped with the DMN. Moreover, fMRI time courses sampled from independently defined DMN foci showed significant shift selectivity during the demanding attention task. Finally, functional clustering based on independent resting state data revealed that DMN and shift regions clustered conjointly, whereas regions activated during the stay events clustered apart. We therefore propose that cognitive shifting in primates generally recruits DMN regions. This might explain a breakdown of the DMN in many neurological diseases characterized by declined cognitive flexibility. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Activation of the human default mode network (DMN) can be measured with fMRI when subjects shift thoughts between high-level internally directed cognitive states, when thinking about the self, the perspective of others, when imagining future and past events, and during mind wandering. Furthermore, the DMN is activated as a sentinel, monitoring the environment for unexpected events. Arguably, these cognitive processes have in common fast and substantial changes in cognitive context. As DMN activity has also been reported in nonhuman species, we tested whether shifts in spatial attention activated the monkey DMN. Core monkey DMN and shift-selective regions shared several functional properties, indicating that cognitive shifting, in general, might constitute one of the evolutionarily preserved functions of the DMN.
Generalized extended state observer–based repetitive control for systems with mismatched disturbances

A generalized extended state observer (GESO) is devised to improve the disturbances rejection performance in a repetitive‐control system (RCS) for a class of single‐input, single‐output nonlinear plants with nonintegral chain form and mismatched disturbances. By appropriately choosing a disturbance compensation gain and incorporating the disturbance estimate into a repetitive control law, a GESO‐based RCS is established. In this system, the repetitive controller ensures tracking of a periodic reference input, and the incorporation of the disturbance compensation into the control input enables attenuating the lumped disturbance from the system output. Stability criteria and design algorithms have been developed for the system. A case study on the speed control of a rotational control system exhibits that the GESO‐based RCS delivers not only a promising disturbance rejection performance but also a superior property of tracking performance.
Symptomatic carotid artery occlusion: flow territories of major brain-feeding arteries.

PURPOSE To prospectively investigate the extent of flow territories of the contralateral internal carotid artery (ICA) and vertebrobasilar arteries in patients with symptomatic ICA occlusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethics committee approval and informed consent were obtained. Flow territory mapping of the ICA contralateral to the occluded ICA and mapping of the vertebrobasilar arteries were performed by using selective arterial spin-labeling magnetic resonance imaging in 23 functionally independent patients (22 men, one woman; mean age, 58 years +/- 8 [standard deviation]) with symptomatic ICA occlusion. The control group consisted of 68 subjects (57 men, 11 women; mean age, 59 years +/- 9) without hemodynamically significant ICA obstruction. Voxel-based chi(2) testing with Bonferroni correction was performed to analyze significant differences in the extent of the flow territories. RESULTS Flow territory maps in patients with symptomatic ICA occlusion showed significant differences in the flow territories of the contralateral ICA and vertebrobasilar arteries compared with those in control subjects (P < .05). CONCLUSION In functionally independent patients with symptomatic ICA occlusion, the middle cerebral artery flow territory ipsilateral to the occluded ICA is mainly supplied by the vertebrobasilar arteries, whereas the anterior cerebral artery flow territory on the occluded side is mainly supplied by the contralateral ICA.
Shared Teaching in Health Care Ethics: A Report on the Beginning of an Idea

In the majority of academic institutions nursing and medical students receive a traditional education, the content of which tends to be specific to their future roles as health care professionals. In essence, each curriculum design is independent of each course. Over the last decade, however, interest has been accumulating in relation to interprofessional and multiprofessional learning at student level. With the view that learning together during their student training would not only encourage and strengthen future collaboration in practice settings but also enhance patient care, the University of Dundee decided to run a pilot study to explore shared teaching in ethics between medical and nursing students. This article presents a report on the reasons for selecting health care ethics as a precursor for shared teaching, the educational tool used for the sessions, and the results of student and facilitator evaluation of the short course. Overall, despite problems such as poor attendance by some students, and facilitation and timetable difficulties, most of the feedback from students and facilitators has been positive. In essence the ‘idea’ has gone from strength to strength and there are now three levels of shared teaching in ethics between nursing and medical students, with plans to include further sessions with students from other disciplines. Within the text, ‘health care ethics’ will be referred to as ‘ethics’; nursing students/nurses encompasses midwifery students/midwives.
Religious Private High School Students' Perceptions of Effective Teaching.

This study investigates private high school students’ perceptions of effective teaching. Data were gathered from high school students (N=178) in six high schools who wrote their perceptions of effective teaching on an open-ended questionnaire, as well as, from students (N=45) who participated in six focus group interviews. Questionnaire and focus group interview results were analyzed from a qualitative perspective. Data show that six effective teaching categories emerge: teaching techniques, classroom environment, teacher qualities, classroom management, content knowledge, and other elements. Ultimately, student perceptions expand knowledge of effective teaching, validate research findings, broaden educators’ perspectives, and inform practice. These perspectives will help identify teachers’ strengths and weaknesses, ultimately increasing the use of best practices in classrooms (Cochran-Smith, 2003; Kauchak & Eggen, 1993) and provide an avenue for teachers to reflect more accurately on their experiences, thus benefitting teacher education and the educational community.
Prospective and retrospective memory are differentially related to self-rated omission and commission errors in medication adherence in multimorbidity

ABSTRACT We investigated the relations of self-rated omission errors (i.e., forgetting to take one’s medication) and commission errors (i.e., unnecessary repetitions of medication intake because of forgetting that it has already been taken) in medication adherence in multimorbidity to prospective and retrospective memory performance. Moreover, we examined whether these relations were moderated by the number of medications that had to be taken. Eighty-four patients with multimorbidity (aged 28–84 years, M = 62.4) reported medication adherence regarding the last seven days and the number of medications they had to take. In addition, we administered psychometric tests on prospective memory (PM) and retrospective memory performance. We found that reported omission errors in medication adherence were related significantly to lower PM performance. This relationship was increased in individuals with a lower number of medications. In comparison, reported commission errors in medication adherence were related significantly to lower retrospective memory performance. This relationship was increased in individuals with a larger number of medications. Present data suggest that omission errors in medication adherence in multimorbidity may reflect primarily PM errors, particularly if few medications have to be taken, while commission errors may reflect mainly retrospective memory failures, especially with a large number of medications that need to be taken as prescribed. From an applied neuropsychological perspective, these results underline the importance of trying to enhance PM and retrospective memory performance in patients with multimorbidity.
Asset Price Bubbles and Rational Investment Psychology in the Korea Residential Property Market

In this paper, we use a brand-new approach for detecting multiple bubbles of time series data called BSADF test to analyze the Korea residential property market. The approach has implications on investment psychology (proxy of minimum required rate of return) and real price of assets in the market separately. The results of bubble detection tests show that bubbles exist in some time periods on the price but not on the investment psychology. This suggests that people aspect rational returns on residential properties even though asset price in the bubble sentences.
Plerixafor and granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) in patients with lymphoma and multiple myeloma previously failing mobilization with G‐CSF with or without chemotherapy for autologous hematopoietic stem cell mobilization: the Austrian experience on a named patient program

BACKGROUND: Plerixafor in combination with granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) has been shown to enhance stem cell mobilization in patients with multiple myeloma, non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease who demonstrated with previous mobilization failure. In this named patient program we report the Austrian experience in insufficiently mobilizing patients.
An Improved Single-Phase Direct PWM Inverting Buck–Boost AC–AC Converter

A single-phase inverting buck-boost ac-ac converter is proposed in this paper. The proposed converter has no shoot-through and dead-time problems and, like conventional dc-dc converters, it can be operated with simple pulse width modulation (PWM) control. It offers high frequency and high efficiency operation because high speed mosfet can be used as switching device without the reverse recovery issues and losses of its body diode. The proposed converter features quasi-continuous input and output currents, high input power factor, low total harmonic distortion of input and output currents, and high efficiency. A 460 W laboratory prototype was constructed and tested with interleaved and complementary PWM controls using a resistive and inductive load. Detailed experimental results are provided to show the novelty of the proposed converter. Experimental results confirmed that the proposed converter can obtain 93.8% efficiency at 60 kHz switching frequency.
Myriad and the mass media: the covering of a gene patent controversy

Purpose: We explore how the print media in four jurisdictions framed the controversy surrounding Myriad Genetic's BRCA patents and consider the possible influence of media on public perceptions and policy reform.Method: We used a broad search strategy to collect newspaper articles from Factiva and Lexis/Nexis on Myriad Genetics and the BRCA gene and identified the main triggers for those articles. We then selected articles on the BRCA gene patents for coding. The coding frame queried the presence or absence of either positive or negative statements about gene patenting and a subjective assessment of the tone of the article. We compared the differences in tone and number of positive and negative statements between jurisdictions (Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, and United States). Results: Myriad Genetic's BRCA1/2 gene patents sparked significant international newspaper coverage in comparison to other stories on gene patenting controversies. Only 55.9% of 143 articles presented a variety of perspectives. The majority of articles (77.6%) had a negative overall tenor; only 6.29% had a positive overall tenor, whereas 16.1% were neutral. There were significant differences in the overall tenor between jurisdictions, with Canadian coverage being overwhelmingly negative in comparison with the other three jurisdictions. The main triggers for news coverage were largely local licensing deals, actions at regional patent offices, and statements and publications by prominent figures.Conclusion: Myriad's patents were largely portrayed as a negative story, except in Utah where Myriad Genetics is located, and as an example of the problems associated with gene patents. The story was primarily framed as a social dilemma that needed to be addressed. In Canada there was a disproportionate level of coverage of the political response to the threat of patent infringement action against government testing laboratories and potential impacts on public health care. In Europe and elsewhere in the United States, the opposition to gene patenting at the European Patent Office predominated. In these contexts, our data provide some support that the media coverage helped to drive the policy agenda, although the resultant policy response received almost no media attention.
Do Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for a Courtship Song Difference Between Drosophila simulans and D. sechellia Coincide With Candidate Genes and Intraspecific QTL?

The genetic architecture of traits influencing sexual isolation can give insight into the evolution of reproductive isolation and hence speciation. Here we report a quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of the difference in mean interpulse interval (IPI), an important component of the male courtship song, between Drosophila simulans and D. sechellia. Using a backcross analysis, we find six QTL that explain a total of 40.7% of the phenotypic variance. Three candidate genes are located in the intervals bounded by two of the QTL and there are no significant QTL on the X chromosome. The values of mean IPI for hybrid individuals imply the presence of dominant alleles or epistasis. Because unisexual hybrid sterility prevents an F2 analysis, we cannot distinguish dominant from additive genetic effects at the scale of QTL. A comparison with a study of QTL for intraspecific variation in D. melanogaster shows that, for these strains, the QTL we have identified for interspecific variation cannot be those that contribute to intraspecific variation. We find that the QTL have bidirectional effects, which indicates that the genetic architecture is compatible with divergence due to genetic drift, although other possibilities are discussed.
The moderating effects of environmental risk of the industry on the relationship between corporate environmental and financial performance

Purpose - – Industries differ in their environmental impacts, such as emissions, water and energy use, fuel consumption and hazardous wastes, which will have implications for how environmental performance translates to operating performance and market value at company level. By incorporating industry-specific differences of environmental impacts, this paper includes industry-level environmental risk as a moderating factor on the relationship between two indicators of corporate environmental performance (CEP) (management and policy) and corporate financial performance (profitability and market value). The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach - – Using panel data of US companies across all industries, the paper empirically tests a regression model, which includes an interaction effect representing both the form and strength of dependency of CEP on the environmental risk of the industry. The paper adopts the natural resource based theory to argue that financial returns are a decreasing function of CEP in high environmental impact industries, where environmental spending beyond compliance is costly and there is not much opportunity for consumer orientation. Findings - – The results show that environmental management has different impacts on operating performance at high and low environmental risk of the industry (form of relationship) while environmental policy (reporting) has a stronger signal on market premium in industries with low rather than high environmental risk (strength of relationship). Differences in both form and strength of moderating effects are demonstrated. Research limitations/implications - – Further research can introduce other industry-specific moderating factors, such as the disclosure maturity of the industry and the institutionalization of environmental disclosures across boarders in the industries, in order to explore the complexity of the relationship. Practical implications - – The results of the paper are relevant to investors, company managers and a broad group of stakeholders when considering both industry- and company-level environmental risks. Originality/value - – Previous studies have relied on controlling for industry membership. This paper uses an industry-specific environmental variable, environmental risk of the industry, to examine the form and strength of moderating effects.
Gene Editing in One‐Cell Embryos by Zinc‐Finger and TAL Nucleases

Gene targeting by sequence‐specific nucleases in one‐cell embryos provides an expedited mutagenesis approach in rodents. This technology has been recently established to create knockout and knockin mutants through sequence deletion or sequence insertion. This article provides protocols for the preparation and microinjection of nuclease mRNA and targeting vector DNA into fertilized mouse eggs. Furthermore, we provide guidelines for genotyping the desired mouse mutants. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 2:347‐364 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Iptakalim Ameliorates Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Rats

Objectives: We sought to investigate the experimental therapeutic effects and mechanisms of iptakalim, a new adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) opener, on monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and right heart ventricle remodeling in rats. Methods: Rats were injected with a single dose (50 mg/kg, ip) of MCT and given iptakalim (1, 3, and 9 mg/kg·per d, orally [po]) or saline for 28 days. The hemodynamic and morphometric parameters were assessed. Tissue and plasma samples were collected for histological and molecular analysis. Results: Treatment with iptakalim at daily oral doses of 1, 3, and 9 mg/kg from the day of MCT injection attenuated the high right ventricle systolic pressure (RVSP) and the increased weight ratio of right ventricle (RV) to left ventricle (LV) plus septum (S) (RV/(LV+S)), decreased heart rate (HR) and decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP), inhibited the RV myocardial tissue cell apoptosis, and the RV myocardial cell B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) protein expression. Iptakalim also decreased the serum levels of nitric oxide (NO), endothelin 1 (ET-1), BNP, and the levels of NO, ET-1, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the lung tissue. Conclusion: These results indicate that iptakalim prevents MCT-induced PAH and RV remodeling and its mechanisms are related to inhibiting the pathological increases in NO, ET-1, BNP, and TNF-α, and Iptakalim may be a promising candidate for the treatment of PAH.
Using Load Shedding to Fight Tail-Latency on Runtime-Based Services

Servicos HTTP escritos em linguagens baseadas em runtime sao muito populares nos dias de hoje. Por se basearem em uma runtime, estes servicos podem usufruir de beneficios como codigo mais seguro, multiplataforma e etc. Todavia, e bem conhecido que pausas da runtime devido a coleta de lixo aumentam o tempo de resposta. Como servicos modernos frequentemente se baseiam em diversas chamadas remotas, o desempenho total do sistema acaba sendo determinado pela cauda da distribuicao de latencia, ao inves da sua media. Como solucao para esse problema, propomos uma combinacao de prevencao de carga e controle das intervencoes causadas por coletores de lixo. Nos implementamos um prototipo em Java e avaliamos o seu desempenho diante de workloads sinteticas. Os resultados mostram uma reducao de aproximadamente 40% na cauda de latencia, mantendo praticamente a mesma vazao e utilizacao de CPU.
The innate immune system: friend and foe.

Advancing age is associated with diminished immune function. This is true for adaptive immunity, which is mediated by T and B lymphocytes (1), and for some aspects of innate immunity, which include the activity of phagocytic cells such as macro-phages (2). Although aspects of innate immunity may be com-promised by age, aging is often associated with increases in systemicmarkersofinflammation.Suchmarkersincludeplasmaconcentrationsoftumornecrosisfactor (cid:1) (TNF- (cid:1) ) and interleu-kin 6 (IL-6) (3), which suggest an increased activity of the innate