Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learning something from nothing: Leveraging implicit human feedback strategies

In order to be useful in real-world situations, it is critical to allow non-technical users to train robots. Existing work has considered the problem of a robot or virtual agent learning behaviors from evaluative feedback provided by a human trainer. That work, however, has treated feedback as a numeric reward that the agent seeks to maximize, and has assumed that all trainers will provide feedback in the same way when teaching the same behavior. We report the results of a series of user studies that indicate human trainers use a variety of approaches to providing feedback in practice, which we describe as different “training strategies. ” For example, users may not always give explicit feedback in response to an action, and may be more likely to provide explicit reward than explicit punishment, or vice versa. If the trainer is consistent in their strategy, then it may be possible to infer knowledge about the desired behavior from cases where no explicit feedback is provided. We discuss a probabilistic model of human-provided feedback that can be used to classify these different training strategies based on when the trainer chooses to provide explicit reward and/or explicit punishment, and when they choose to provide no feedback. Additionally, we investigate how training strategies may change in response to the appearance of the learning agent. Ultimately, based on this work, we argue that learning agents designed to understand and adapt to different users' training strategies will allow more efficient and intuitive learning experiences.
Optimal Parameters of Electrical Impulses for Defibrillation by Condenser Discharges

The defibrillation threshold for various wave forms of condenser discharge, using capacitors from 4 to 200 μF, has been measured. Condenser discharge alone was used, or condenser discharge 0.25 henry (20 ohms) with an iron core series inductance, or condenser discharge, 0.29 henry (27 ohms) inductance, but without the iron core. Statistical analysis of the results showed that the last of these three circuits gave the lowest threshold voltage values. Optimal parameters of inductance-altered discharges are obtained with values of 24, 32, and 50 μF. Detailed analysis of the separate physical parameters of the discharge show that optimal pulse duration is 8.5 to 16.6 msec. Further increase of duration does not decrease the voltage or current for threshold shocks, but merely increases the energy delivered. Pulse duration appears to be one of the more important parameters for successful defibrillation, and for this reason, a series inductance is also important.
In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Measurement of Deoxymyoglobin During Exercise in Patients With Heart Failure: Demonstration of Abnormal Muscle Metabolism Despite Adequate Oxygenation

Skeletal muscle metabolic abnormalities have been described in patients with heart failure that are independent of total limb perfusion, histochemical changes, and muscle mass. However, these skeletal muscle metabolic abnormalities may result from tissue hypoxia caused by maldistribution of flow. Myoglobin is an 02 binding protein that can indirectly assess tissue hypoxia. Methods and ResultsIn vivo measurement of deoxymyoglobin was performed by use of proton (1H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 16 heart failure (HF) (left ventricular ejection fraction=20±6%; &OV0622;o2=14.5±5.1 mL/kg per minute) and 7 healthy (Nl) subjects. Simultaneous phosphorus (31P) magnetic resonance spectroscopy and near-infrared spectroscopy also were obtained to examine muscle metabolism and oxygenation. Supine calf plantarflexion was performed every 4 seconds. Incremental steady-state work was performed. A second exercise protocol studied rapid incremental (RAMP) exercise with plantarflexion every 2 seconds. Arterial occlusion at end exercise provided physiological calibration for myoglobin and hemoglobin signals.With steady-state exercise, the work slope, ie, inorganic phosphorus to phosphocreatine ratios versus work, was significantly greater in patients with heart failure (Nl: 0.18±0.08; HF: 0.40±0.32 W−1; P < .05). Intracellular pH was reduced significantly at end exercise in patients but not healthy subjects. Despite these metabolic abnormalities, muscle oxygenation derived from 760- to 850-nm absorption was comparable in both groups throughout exercise. The relation of inorganic phosphorus/phosphocreatine (P1/PCr) ratio and muscle oxygenation was shifted upward in patients with heart failure such that at the same muscle oxygenation, Pi/PCr ratio in these patients was increased. No deoxymyoglobin signals were observed at rest. At maximal exercise, 4 of the healthy subjects and 3 of the patients exhibited deoxymyoglobin (P=NS). With RAMP exercise, the work slope was again significantly greater in patients with heart failure (N1: 0.21±0.10; HF: 0.57±0.32 W−1; P < .05). Intracellular pH again was significantly decreased at end exercise in patients but not healthy subjects. Five of the healthy subjects and 3 of the heart failure patients had deoxymyoglobin signal (P=NS). With arterial occlusion, deoxymyoglobin was seen in all subjects. ConclusionsAbnormal skeletal muscle metabolism in patients with heart failure usually occurs in the absence of myoglobin deoxygenation, suggesting that the abnormalities are not a result of cellular hypoxia during exercise with minimal cardiovascular stress.
Evaluation of Targeted Influenza Vaccination Strategies via Population Modeling

Background Because they can generate comparable predictions, mathematical models are ideal tools for evaluating alternative drug or vaccine allocation strategies. To remain credible, however, results must be consistent. Authors of a recent assessment of possible influenza vaccination strategies conclude that older children, adolescents, and young adults are the optimal targets, no matter the objective, and argue for vaccinating them. Authors of two earlier studies concluded, respectively, that optimal targets depend on objectives and cautioned against changing policy. Which should we believe? Methods and Findings In matrices whose elements are contacts between persons by age, the main diagonal always predominates, reflecting contacts between contemporaries. Indirect effects (e.g., impacts of vaccinating one group on morbidity or mortality in others) result from off-diagonal elements. Mixing matrices based on periods in proximity with others have greater sub- and super-diagonals, reflecting contacts between parents and children, and other off-diagonal elements (reflecting, e.g., age-independent contacts among co-workers), than those based on face-to-face conversations. To assess the impact of targeted vaccination, we used a time-usage study's mixing matrix and allowed vaccine efficacy to vary with age. And we derived mortality rates either by dividing observed deaths attributed to pneumonia and influenza by average annual cases from a demographically-realistic SEIRS model or by multiplying those rates by ratios of (versus adding to them differences between) pandemic and pre-pandemic mortalities. Conclusions In our simulations, vaccinating older children, adolescents, and young adults averts the most cases, but vaccinating either younger children and older adults or young adults averts the most deaths, depending on the age distribution of mortality. These results are consistent with those of the earlier studies.
G3-PLC field trials in U.S. distribution grid: Initial results and requirements

In order to address the energy needs of tomorrow, powerline communication as one of the enabling technologies for smart grid is gaining a lot of momentum. In Particular, the U.S. distribution grid in the rural area is a great fit for powerline communication. In this paper we discuss the U.S. distribution grid topology and demonstrate how a PLC network can be deployed. We also show some field trial results along with data showing the noise and interference sources in the grid. The field trial results demonstrate that crossing the transformer is key for smart grid PLC deployment in the U.S. Moreover, it is shown that the channel conditions are often very poor requiring very robust mode of operation. We conclude by showing that a G3-PLC system is capable of handling such severe conditions including crossing transformers due to its robust mode of operation and its adaptive tone mapping capabilities.
A Note on Antenna Selection in Gaussian MIMO Channels: Capacity Guarantees and Bounds

We consider the problem of selecting $k_t \times k_r$ antennas from a Gaussian MIMO channel with $n_t \times n_r$ antennas, where $k_t \leq n_t$ and $k_r \leq n_r$. We prove the following two results that hold universally, in the sense that they do not depend on the channel coefficients: (i) The capacity of the best $k_t \times k_r$ subchannel is always lower bounded by a fraction $\frac{k_t k_r}{n_t n_r}$ of the full capacity (with $n_t \times n_r$ antennas). This bound is tight as the channel coefficients diminish in magnitude. (ii) There always exists a selection of $k_t \times k_r$ antennas (including the best) that achieves a fraction greater than $\frac{\min(k_t ,k_r)}{\min(n_t,n_r)}$ of the full capacity within an additive constant that is independent of the coefficients in the channel matrix. The key mathematical idea that allows us to derive these universal bounds is to directly relate the determinants of principle sub-matrices of a Hermitian matrix to the determinant of the entire matrix.
Subjective Sleep Measures in Children: Self-Report

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) recently published a consensus statement on the recommended number of hours of sleep in infants and children. The AASM expert panel identified seven health categories in children influenced by sleep duration, a component of sleep quality. For optimal health and general function, children require a certain number of hours of sleep each night. Limited data exist to subjectively assess sleep in this population. Practitioners must evaluate overall sleep quality not simply sleep duration. The purpose of this article is to provide a mini-review of the self-report sleep measures used in children. The authors individually completed a review of the literature for this article via an independent review followed by collaborative discussion. The subjective measures included in this mini-review have been used in children, but not all measures have reported psychometrics. Several tools included in this mini-review measure subjective sleep in children but with limited reliabilities or only preliminary psychometrics. Accurate measurement of self-reported sleep in children is critical to identify sleep problems in this population and further detect associated health problems. Ongoing studies are warranted to establish reliable and valid measures of self-reported sleep in children to accurately detect health problems associated with poor sleep quality. This mini-review of the literature is an important first step to identify the most reliable subjective sleep measures in children.
Self-Organizing Maps of Document Collections: A New Approach to Interactive Exploration

Powerful methods for interactive exploration and search from collections of free-form textual documents are needed to manage the ever-increasing flood of digital information. In this article we present a method, WEBSOM, for automatic organization of full-text document collections using the self-organizing map (SOM) algorithm. The document collection is ordered onto a map in an unsupervised manner utilizing statistical information of short word contexts. The resulting ordered map where similar documents lie near each other thus presents a general view of the document space. With the aid of a suitable (WWW-based) interface, documents in interesting areas of the map can be browsed. The browsing can also be interactively extended to related topics, which appear in nearby areas on the map. Along with the method we present a case study of its use.
Prevalence of Frequent Headache in Young Finnish Adults Starting a Family

A questionnaire study on pre-pregnancy headache and its predictors was carried out in a representative sample of young adults expecting their first baby. The study was part of a major project on the competence of Finnish families. It included 1322 women and 1257 men, either married or cohabiting (in total, 1262 families), followed from their first contact with a maternity health care unit. A questionnaire was given separately to the women and men inquiring about their health and health behaviour, as well as about sociodemographic and psychosocial factors. The prevalence of frequent headache (at least one episode per month) was 34.3% in women, 19.3% in men and 47.1% in families. On multivariate analysis, after age-adjustment, the independent predictors of headache occurrence in women were depression, menstrual pain, responsibilities at work and psychosocial stress. The predictors in men were nervousness, psychosocial stress, lack of or irregular physical exercise and long-term disease, depression, responsibilities at work and insomnia.
Microspectrophotometry of visual pigments and oil droplets in a marine bird, the wedge-tailed shearwater Puffinus pacificus: topographic variations in photoreceptor spectral characteristics

SUMMARY Microspectrophotometric examination of the retina of a procellariiform marine bird, the wedge-tailed shearwater Puffinus pacificus, revealed the presence of five different types of vitamin A1-based visual pigment in seven different types of photoreceptor. A single class of rod contained a medium-wavelength sensitive visual pigment with a wavelength of maximum absorbance (λmax) at 502 nm. Four different types of single cone contained visual pigments maximally sensitive in either the violet (VS, λmax 406 nm), short (SWS, λmax 450 nm), medium (MWS, λmax 503 nm) or long (LWS,λ max 566 nm) spectral ranges. In the peripheral retina, the SWS, MWS and LWS single cones contained pigmented oil droplets in their inner segments with cut-off wavelengths (λcut) at 445 (C-type), 506 (Y-type) and 562 nm (R-type), respectively. The VS visual pigment was paired with a transparent (T-type) oil droplet that displayed no significant absorption above at least 370 nm. Both the principal and accessory members of the double cone pair contained the same 566 nm λmax visual pigment as the LWS single cones but only the principal member contained an oil droplet, which had a λcut at 413 nm. The retina had a horizontal band or `visual streak' of increased photoreceptor density running across the retina approximately 1.5 mm dorsal to the top of the pecten. Cones in the centre of the horizontal streak were smaller and had oil droplets that were either transparent/colourless or much less pigmented than at the periphery. It is proposed that the reduction in cone oil droplet pigmentation in retinal areas associated with high visual acuity is an adaptation to compensate for the reduced photon capture ability of the narrower photoreceptors found there. Measurements of the spectral transmittance of the ocular media reveal that wavelengths down to at least 300 nm would be transmitted to the retina.
Visual, Log-Based Causal Tracing for Performance Debugging of MapReduce Systems

The distributed nature and large scale of MapReduce programs and systems poses two challenges in using existing profiling and debugging tools to understand MapReduce programs. Existing tools produce too much information because of the large scale of MapReduce programs, and they do not expose program behaviors in terms of Maps and Reduces. We have developed a novel non-intrusive log-analysis technique which extracts the native logs of Hadoop MapReduce systems, and it synthesizes these views to create a unified, causal view of MapReduce program behavior. This technique enables us to visualize MapReduce programs in terms of MapReduce-specific behaviors, aiding operators in reasoning about and debugging performance problems in MapReduce systems. We validate our technique and visualizations using a real-world workload, showing how to understand the structure and performance behavior of MapReduce jobs, and diagnose injected performance problems reproduced from real-world problems.
Field effect in silicon nanostructure fabricated by Atomic Force Microscopy nano lithography

The electrical property of silicon nano-structure is highly considered in nanoelectronics. In this context we investigate the field effect in nanostructure Junctionless p-type silicon nanowire transistor under the lateral gate voltage. The device fabricated by means of Atomic Force microscopy (AFM) nano lithography on Silicon on Insulator (SOI) wafer. I-V characteristic and the Drain/Source current under the lateral gate voltage investigated. The subthreshold swing measured and hysteresis effect observed for the old sample compared to new one.
Triplet-Based Chinese Word Sense Induction

This paper describes the implementation of our system at CLP 2010 bake-oﬀ of Chinese word sense induction. We ﬁrst extract the triplets for the target word in each sentence, then use the intersection of all related words of these triplets from the Internet. We use the related word to construct feature vectors for the sentence. At last we discriminate the word senses by clustering the sentences. Our system achieved 77 : 88 % F-score under the of-ﬁcial evaluation.
Exploiting Object Hierarchy: Combining Models from Different Category Levels

We investigated the computational properties of natural object hierarchy in the context of constellation object class models, and its utility for object class recognition. We first observed an interesting computational property of the object hierarchy: comparing the recognition rate when using models of objects at different levels, the higher more inclusive levels (e.g., closed-frame vehicles or vehicles) exhibit higher recall but lower precision when compared with the class specific level (e.g., bus). These inherent differences suggest that combining object classifiers from different hierarchical levels into a single classifier may improve classification, as it appears like these models capture different aspects of the object. We describe a method to combine these classifiers, and analyze the conditions under which improvement can be guaranteed. When given a small sample of a new object class, we describe a method to transfer knowledge across the tree hierarchy, between related objects. Finally, we describe extensive experiments using object hierarchies obtained from publicly available datasets, and show that the combined classifiers significantly improve recognition results.
The power of evolutionary rescue is constrained by genetic load

The risk of extinction faced by small isolated populations in changing environments can be reduced by rapid adaptation and subsequent growth to larger, less vulnerable sizes. Whether this process, called evolutionary rescue, is able to reduce extinction risk and sustain population growth over multiple generations is largely unknown. To understand the consequences of adaptive evolution as well as maladaptive processes in small isolated populations, we subjected experimental Tribolium castaneum populations founded with 10 or 40 individuals to novel environments, one more favorable, and one resource poor, and either allowed evolution, or constrained it by replacing individuals one‐for‐one each generation with those from a large population maintained in the natal environment. Replacement individuals spent one generation in the target novel environment before use to standardize effects due to the parental environment. After eight generations we mixed a subset of surviving populations to facilitate admixture, allowing us to estimate drift load by comparing performance of mixed to unmixed groups. Evolving populations had reduced extinction rates, and increased population sizes in the first four to five generations compared to populations where evolution was constrained. Performance of evolving populations subsequently declined. Admixture restored their performance, indicating high drift load that may have overwhelmed the beneficial effects of adaptation in evolving populations. Our results indicate that evolution may quickly reduce extinction risk and increase population sizes, but suggest that relying solely on adaptation from standing genetic variation may not provide long‐term benefits to small isolated populations of diploid sexual species, and that active management facilitating gene flow may be necessary for longer term persistence.
Design on Precoder in Cooperative Spatial Multiplexing Systems with Amplify-and-Forward Relaying

Simple half-duplex repetition-based relaying protocols can achieve spatial diversity at the expense of additional relaying signals in the time domain. In this paper, a linear unitary precoder based on a singular vector for cooperative systems with the amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying protocol is proposed in order to improve spectral efficiency. An exact expression of the precoder design is first derived for the case of equal power allocation. Then, water-filling power allocation is used in conjunction with the precoder to further increase the system capacity, where the precoder matrix is generated with an iterative process. From the implementation point of view, the channel state information (CSI) has to be estimated and quantized in systems, the detail of which is described in the sequel. The adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) technique with the proposed precoder is also discussed to achieve high throughput performance. Finally, numerical and simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique in improving capacity and throughput.
Laban for actors and dancers : putting Laban's movement theory into practice : a step-by-step guide

A handbook complete with graded exercises for teachers and students wanting a practical introduction to Laban's famous system of movement. Rudolf Laban is to movement what Stanislavski is to acting. He devised the first wholly successful system for recording human movement, a system which is increasingly influential in the training of actors and dancers.
Distributed Collaborative Filtering Protocol Based on Quasi-homomorphic Similarity

We study the problem of predicting the rating for an unseen item based on distributed dataset by two honest-but-curious parties without revealing each private dataset. Our proposed idea uses a new similarity measure such that similarity aggregated with two local similarities is approximately equal to the global similarity. We show the accuracy reduction and the performance gain given by our proposed scheme based on an experimental implementation, and claim that our scheme allows parties to estimate prediction in a practical model with negligible accuracy reduction.