Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
In vivo muscle amino acid transport involves two distinct processes.

We have tested the hypothesis that transit through the interstitial fluid, rather than across cell membranes, is rate limiting for amino acid uptake from blood into muscle in human subjects. To quantify muscle transmembrane transport of naturally occurring amino acids, we developed a novel 4-pool model that distinguishes between the interstitial and intracellular fluid compartments. Transport kinetics of phenylalanine, leucine, lysine, and alanine were quantified using tracers labeled with stable isotopes. The results indicate that interstitial fluid is a functional compartment insofar as amino acid kinetics are concerned. In the case of leucine and alanine, transit between blood and interstitial fluid was potentially rate limiting for muscle amino acid uptake and release in the postabsorptive state. For example, in the case of leucine, the rate of transport between blood and interstitial fluid compared with the corresponding rate between interstitial fluid and muscle was 247 +/- 36 vs. 610 +/- 95 nmol.min(-1). 100 ml leg(-1), respectively (P < 0.05). Our results are consistent with the process of diffusion governing transit from blood to interstitial fluid without selectivity, and of specific amino acid transport systems with varying degrees of efficiency governing transit from interstitial fluid to muscle. These results imply that changes in factors that affect the transit of amino acids from blood through interstitial fluid, such as muscle blood flow or edema, could play a major role in controlling the rate of muscle amino acid uptake.
Achieving Data Consistency by Contextualization in Web-Based Collaborative Applications

Recent years have witnessed the emergence and rapid development of collaborative Web-based applications exemplified by Web-based office productivity applications. One major challenge in building these applications is maintaining data consistency while meeting the requirements of fast local response, total work preservation, unconstrained interaction, and customizable collaboration mode. These requirements are important in determining users’ experiences in interaction and collaboration, and in meeting users’ diverse needs under complex and dynamic collaboration and networking environments; but none of existing solutions is able to meet all of them. In this article, we present a data consistency maintenance solution capable of meeting these requirements for collaborative Web-based applications. Major technical contributions include an efficient sequence-based operation transformation control algorithm based on the concept of contextualization, an operation broadcast protocol for supporting a variety of collaboration modes, an operation replaying algorithm for ensuring fast local response and efficient remote operation replay, and a set of communication protocols for managing the integrity of collaborative Web-based sessions. The proposed solution has been implemented in a prototype collaborative Web-based editor WRACE and the correctness of the solution is formally verified in the article.
An Approach to Detect Executable Content for Anomaly Based Network Intrusion Detection

Since current Internet threats contain not only malicious codes like Trojan or worms, but also spyware and adware which do not have explicit illegal content, it is necessary to have a mechanism to prevent hidden executable files downloading in the network traffic. In this paper, we present a new solution to identify executable content for anomaly based network intrusion detection system (NIDS) based on file byte frequency distribution. First, a brief introduction to application level anomaly detection is given, as well as some typical examples of compromising user computers by recent attacks. In addition to a review of the related research on malicious code identification and file type detection in section 2, we will also discuss the drawback when applying them for NIDS. After that, the background information of our approach is presented with examples, in which the details of how we create the profile and how to perform the detection are thoroughly discussed. The experiment results are crucial in our research because they provide the essential support for the implementing. In the final experiment simulating the situation of uploading executable files to a FTP server, our approach demonstrates great performance on the accuracy and stability.
A Micro-Physical Box Model for EASOE: Preliminary Results for the January/February 1990 PSC Event over Kiruna

First results of a trajectory box model designed for the European Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Experiment (EASOE) are presented. The model contains a comprehensive description of both types of polar stratospheric particles, NAT on aerosol (Type-I) and ice on NAT (Type-II), including nucleation, growth/evaporation, and sedimentation of particles. The performance of the model is tested for the case of the polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) event January 31–February 1, 1990 over Kiruna (north Sweden). Comparison of the model results with measurements from two stratospheric balloon flights shows that the theory can reproduce the data provided the following two conditions are satisfied: (a) a strong lee wave activity was present at the time of the ballon flights; (b) the nucleation of NAT on H2SO4 is either governed by a high barrier energy or delayed due to insufficient freezing of the background aerosol. These results indicate an urgent need for both, the implementation of lee wave effects into the existing trajectory models and a better understanding of the NAT nucleation on the background aerosol.
On the Decoder Error Probability of Rank Metric Codes and Constant-Dimension Codes

Rank metric codes and constant-dimension codes (CDCs) have been considered for error control in random network coding. Since decoder errors are more detrimental to system performance than decoder failures, in this paper we investigate the decoder error probability (DEP) of bounded distance decoders (BDDs) for rank metric codes and CDCs. For rank metric codes, we consider a channel motivated by network coding, where errors with the same row space are equiprobable. Over such channels, we establish upper bounds on the DEPs of BDDs, determine the exact DEP of BDDs for maximum rank distance (MRD) codes, and show that MRD codes have the greatest DEPs up to a scalar. To evaluate the DEPs of BDDs for CDCs, we first establish some fundamental geometric properties of the projective space. Using these geometric properties, we then consider BDDs in both subspace and injection metrics and derive analytical expressions of their DEPs for CDCs, over a symmetric operator channel, as functions of their distance distributions. Finally, we focus on CDCs obtained by lifting rank metric codes and establish two important results: First, we derive asymptotically tight upper bounds on the DEPs of BDDs in both metrics; Second, we show that the DEPs for KK codes are the greatest up to a scalar among all CDCs obtained by lifting rank metric codes.
A bit-serial approximate min-sum LDPC decoder and FPGA implementation

We propose a bit-serial LDPC decoding scheme to reduce interconnect complexity in fully-parallel low-density parity-check decoders. Bit-serial decoding also facilitates efficient implementation of wordlength-programmable LDPC decoding which is essential for gear shift decoding. To simplify the implementation of bit-serial decoding we propose a new approximation to the check update function in the min-sum decoding algorithm. The new check update rule computes only the absolute minimum and applies a correction to outgoing messages if required. We present a 650-Mbps bit-serial (480, 355) RS-based LDPC decoder implemented on a single Altera Stratix EP1S80 FPGA device. To our knowledge, this is the fastest FPGA-based LDPC decoder reported in the literature
Music Cut and Paste: A Personalized Musical Medley Generating System

A musical medley is a piece of music that is composed of parts of existing pieces. Manually creating medley is time consuming because it is not easy to find out proper clips to put in succession and seamlessly connect them. In this work, we propose a framework for creating personalized music medleys from users’ music collection. Unlike existing similar works in which only low-level features are used to select candidate clips and locate possible transition points among clips, we take song structures and song phrasing into account during medley creation. Inspired by the musical dice game, we treat the medley generation process as an audio version of musical dice game. That is, once the analysis on the songs of user collection has been done, the system is able to generate various medleys with different probabilities. This flexibility brings us the ability to create medleys according to the user-specified conditions, such as the medley structure or some must-use clips. The preliminary subjective evaluations showed that the proposed system is effective in selecting connectable clips that preserved chord progression structure. Besides, connecting the clips at phrase boundaries acquired more user preference than previous works did.
Design and evaluation of a four-port data cache for high instruction level parallelism reconfigurable processors

This paper explores high-bandwidth data cache designs for a coarse-grained reconfigurable architecture processor family capable of achieving a high degree of instruction level parallelism. To meet stringent power, area and time-to-market constraints, we take an architectural approach rather than circuit-level multi-porting approaches. We closely examine two design choices: single-level banked cache (SLC) and two-level cache (TLC). A detailed simulation study using a set of microbenchmarks and industry-strength benchmarks finds that both SLC and TLC offer a reasonably competitive performance at a small implementation cost compared with a hypothetical cache with perfect ports and a multi-bank scratchpad memory.
Abnormal Distracter Processing in Adults with Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder

Background Subjects with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are overdistractible by stimuli out of the intended focus of attention. This control deficit could be due to primarily reduced attentional capacities or, e. g. , to overshooting orienting to unexpected events. Here, we aimed at identifying disease-related abnormalities of novelty processing and, therefore, studied event-related potentials (ERP) to respective stimuli in adult ADHD patients compared to healthy subjects. Methods Fifteen unmedicated subjects with ADHD and fifteen matched controls engaged in a visual oddball task (OT) under simultaneous EEG recordings. A target stimulus, upon which a motor response was required, and non-target stimuli, which did not demand a specific reaction, were presented in random order. Target and most non-target stimuli were presented repeatedly, but some non-target stimuli occurred only once (‘novels’). These unique stimuli were either ‘relative novels’ with which a meaning could be associated, or ‘complete novels’, if no association was available. Results In frontal recordings, a positive component with a peak latency of some 400 ms became maximal after novels. In healthy subjects, this novelty-P3 (or ‘orienting response’) was of higher magnitude after complete than after relative novels, in contrast to the patients with an undifferentially high frontal responsivity. Instead, ADHD patients tended to smaller centro-parietal P3 responses after target signals and, on a behavioural level, responded slower than controls. Conclusion The results demonstrate abnormal novelty processing in adult subjects with ADHD. In controls, the ERP pattern indicates that allocation of meaning modulates the processing of new stimuli. However, in ADHD such a modulation was not prevalent. Instead, also familiar, only context-wise new stimuli were treated as complete novels. We propose that disturbed semantic processing of new stimuli resembles a mechanism for excessive orienting to commonly negligible stimuli in ADHD.
A systematic design of high-rate full-diversity space-frequency codes for MIMO-OFDM systems

This paper presents a systematic construction of high-rate and full-diversity space-frequency block codes for MIMO-OFDM systems. While all prior constructions offer only a maximum rate of one complex symbol per channel use, our construction yields rate equal to the number of transmit antennas and simultaneously achieves full-diversity. The proposed construction works for arbitrary number of transmit antennas and arbitrary channel power delay profile. A key step in this construction is the generalization of the stacked matrix code design criteria given by Bolcskei et al., (IEEE WCNC 2000). Explicit equivalence of our generalized code design criteria with the Hadamard-product based criteria of W. Su et al., (IEEE Trans. Sig. Proc. Nov 2003) is established and new high-rate codes are constructed using our criteria
An Analytical Model of Multi-rate Channel for IEEE 802.11e EDCAF

IEEE 802.11e provides the guaranteed quality of service (QoS) by providing different transmission priorities. IEEE 802.11e improves the media access control layer of IEEE 802.11 to satisfy the different QoS requirements by introducing two channel access functions: the enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) and HCF controlled channel access (HCCA). Therefore, most devices support different transmission rates in wireless network. Generally a station using a lower transmission rate will occupy communication channel for a longer time and degrade system performance, which causes bandwidth waste and unfairness and cannot provide the guaranteed QoS for the stations with higher transmission rates. This paper proposes an multi-rate discrete Markov chain model to analyze the performance of EDCAF.
Why a Single-Star Model Cannot Explain the Bipolar Nebula of η Carinae

I examine the angular momentum evolution during the 1837-1856 Great Eruption of the massive star η Carinae. I find that the new estimate of the mass blown during that eruption implies that the envelope of η Car substantially spun down during the 20 yr eruption. Single-star models, most of which require the envelope to rotate at close to the break-up velocity, cannot account for the bipolar nebula—the Homunculus—formed from matter expelled in that eruption. The kinetic energy and momentum of the Homunculus further constrain single-star models. I discuss how η Car can fit into a unified model for the formation of bipolar lobes in which two oppositely ejected jets inflate two lobes (or bubbles). These jets are blown by an accretion disk, which requires stellar companions in the case of bipolar nebulae around stellar objects.
0 N ov 2 00 8 AREA DEPENDENCE IN GAUGED GROMOV-WITTEN THEORY

We study the variation of the moduli space of symplectic vortices on a fixed holomorphic curve with respect to the area form. For compact, convex varieties we define gauged Gromov-Witten invariants and prove a wall-crossing formula for them. As an application, we prove a vortex version of the abelianization (or quantum Martin) conjecture of Bertram, Ciocan-Fontanine, and Kim [4], which relates Gromov-Witten invariants of geometric invariant theory quotients by a group and its maximal torus, for vortices on non-trivial bundles.
Accelerated Reconstruction of Perfusion-Weighted MRI Enforcing Jointly Local and Nonlocal Spatio-temporal Constraints

Perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an imaging technique that allows one to measure tissue perfusion in an organ of interest through the injection of an intravascular paramagnetic contrast agent (CA). Due to a preference for high temporal and spatial resolution in many applications, this modality could significantly benefit from accelerated data acquisitions. In this paper, we specifically address the problem of reconstructing perfusion MR image series from a subset of k-space data. Our proposed approach is motivated by the observation that temporal variations (dynamics) in perfusion imaging often exhibit correlation across different spatial scales. Hence, we propose a model that jointly penalizes the voxel-wise deviations in temporal gradient images obtained based on a baseline, and the patch-wise dissimilarities between the spatio-temporal neighborhoods of entire image sequence. We validate our method on dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC)-MRI and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI brain perfusion datasets acquired from 10 tumor patients in total. We provide extensive analysis of reconstruction performance and perfusion parameter estimation in comparison to state-of-the-art reconstruction methods. Experimental results on clinical datasets demonstrate that our reconstruction model can potentially achieve up to 8-fold acceleration by enabling accurate estimation of perfusion parameters while preserving spatial image details and reconstructing the complete perfusion time-intensity curves (TICs).
Invariant chain and DM edit self-peptide presentation by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules

We have studied the consequences of invariant chain (Ii) and DM expression on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II function. Ii has a number of discrete functions in the biology of class II, including competitive blocking of peptide binding in the endoplasmic reticulum and enhancing localization in the endocytic compartments. DM is thought to act primarily in endosomes to promote dissociation of the Ii-derived (CLIP) peptide from the class II antigen-binding pocket and subsequent peptide loading. In this study, we have evaluated the functional role of Ii and DM by examining their impact on surface expression of epitopes recognized by a large panel of alloreactive T cells. We find most epitopes studied are influenced by both Ii and DM. Most strikingly, we find that surface expression of a significant fraction of peptide-class II complexes is extinguished, rather than enhanced, by DM expression within the APC. The epitopes antagonized by DM do not appear to be specific for CLIP. Finally, we found that DM was also able to extinguish recognition of a defined peptide derived from the internally synthesized H-2Ld protein. Thus, rather than primarily serving in the removal of CLIP, DM may have a more generalized function of editing the array of peptides that are presented by class II. This editing can be either positive or negative, suggesting that DM plays a specifying role in the display of peptides presented to CD4 T cells.
A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Researching the Intertidal and Marine Archaeology in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland

ABSTRACT The Outer Hebrides Coastal Community Marine Archaeology Pilot Project (OHCCMAPP) was developed to test practical approaches to intertidal and marine archaeological site investigation by incorporating coastal, geoarchaeological, and aerial and underwater archaeological specialists with a strong focus on community engagement and public outreach. The OHCCMAPP's thematic objectives were not temporally constrained, but sought information on submerged prehistoric landscapes, marine resource exploitation, and maritime transportation related to the Outer Hebrides Maritime Historic Environment. The project was designed to start broadly with the entire archipelago under consideration, before study areas were narrowed down to medium-scale, and eventually, following an evidence-based approach, investigations undertaken at the site level. Consideration was given to working within optimal tidal conditions to ensure a maximum area of coverage in the intertidal zones. A phased approach was taken over two field seasons, with desk-based assessments of landscapes and previously recorded material forming the foundations from which to build original field surveys in under-represented areas, mainly centered around the coasts of sea lochs (fjords) around the Outer Hebrides. This article presents a simplified methodology and results of the 2011–2012 field campaigns with associated discussion and a more detailed case study site.
Improving MT System Using Extracted Parallel Fragments of Text from Comparable Corpora

In this article, we present an automated approach of extracting English-Bengali parallel fragments of text from comparable corpora created using Wikipedia documents. Our approach exploits the multilingualism of Wikipedia. The most important fact is that this approach does not need any domain specific corpus. We have been able to improve the BLEU score of an existing domain specific EnglishBengali machine translation system by 11.14%.
Hierarchical Codebook Design for Beamforming Training in Millimeter-Wave Communication

In millimeter-wave communication, large antenna arrays are required to achieve high power gain by steering toward each other with narrow beams, which poses the problem to efficiently search the best beam direction in the angle domain at both Tx and Rx sides. As the exhaustive search is time consuming, hierarchical search has been widely accepted to reduce the complexity, and its performance is highly dependent on the codebook design. In this paper, we propose two basic criteria for the hierarchical codebook design, and devise an efficient hierarchical codebook by jointly exploiting sub-array and deactivation (turning-off) antenna processing techniques, where closed-form expressions are provided to generate the codebook. Performance evaluations are conducted under different system and channel models. Results show superiority of the proposed codebook over the existing alternatives.
Multisensory five-finger dexterous hand: The DLR/HIT Hand II

This paper presents a new developed multisensory five-fingered dexterous robot hand: the DLR/HIT Hand II. The hand has an independent palm and five identical modular fingers, each finger has three DOFs and four joints. All the actuators and electronics are integrated in the finger body and the palm. By using powerful super flat brushless DC motors, tiny harmonic drivers and BGA form DSPs and FPGAs, the whole fingerpsilas size is about one third smaller than the former finger in the DLR/HIT Hand I. By using the steel coupling mechanism, the phalanx distalpsilas transmission ratio is exact 1:1 in the whole movement range. At the same time, the multisensory dexterous hand integrates position, force/torque and temperature sensors. The hierarchical hardware structure of the hand consists of the finger DSPs, the finger FPGAs, the palm FPGA and the PCI based DSP/FPGA board. The hand can communicate with external with PPSeCo, CAN and Internet. Instead of extra cover, the packing mechanism of the hand is implemented directly in the finger body and palm to make the hand smaller and more human like. The whole weight of the hand is about 1.5Kg and the fingertip force can reach 10N.
On the Impact of P 2 P Incentive Mechanisms on User Behavior

In this paper we report on the results of a largescale measurement study of two popular peer-to-peer systems, namely BitTorrent and eMule, that use practical and lightweight incentive mechanisms to encourage cooperation between users. We focus on identifying the strategic behavior of users in response to those incentive mechanisms. Our results illustrate a gap between what system designers and researchers expect from users in reaction to an incentive mechanism, and how users react to those incentives. In particular, we observe that the majority of BitTorrent users appear to cooperate well despite the existence of known ways to tamper with the incentive mechanism; while users engaging in behavior that could be regarded as cheating comprised around 10% of BitTorrent’s population. In the eMule system, we identify two distinct classes of users based on their behavior. The first class contains users who appear to perceive cooperation as a good strategy, and openly share all the files they obtained. The second class comprises users who engage in more subtle strategic choices, by actively optimizing the number and types of files they share in order to improve their standing in eMule’s waiting queues; they tend to remove files for which downloading is complete and keep a limited total volume of files shared.