Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rapid uptake of tyrphostin into A431 human epidermoid cells is followed by delayed inhibition of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated EGF receptor tyrosine kinase activity

Treatment of A431 human epidermoid cells with epidermal growth factor (EGF; 20 nM) results in decreased proliferation. This is associated with blockage of the cells in the S and/or G2 phases of the cell cycle. We found that tyrphostin, a putative tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in the range of 50 to 100 microM, partially reversed the growth-inhibitory and cell cycle changes induced by EGF. By using high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, we found that tyrphostin was readily incorporated into A431 cells, reaching maximal levels within 1 h. Although tyrphostin (50 to 100 microM) had no effect on high-affinity binding of EGF to its receptor in A431 cells for up to 24 h, the compound partially inhibited EGF-stimulated EGF receptor tyrosine kinase activity. However, this effect was evident only after prolonged treatment of the cells (4 to 24 h) with the drug. When the peak intracellular concentration of tyrphostin occurred (1 h), no inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity was observed. After both 1 and 24 h, tyrphostin was a less effective inhibitor of tyrosine kinase activity than the potent tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate, which almost completely blocked EGF receptor autophosphorylation. On the basis of our data, we hypothesize that tyrphostin is not a competitive inhibitor of the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase in intact cells and that it functions by an indirect mechanism.
Real-time Reflection using Ray Tracing with Geometry Field

A novel method for accurate reflections in real time is introd uced using ray tracing in geometry fields, which combine light fields with geometry images. The geometry fieldof a surface is defined ray space, mapping a ray to its intersection point with the surface, represented as t he uv coordinates on the geometry image. It makes intersection tests much more efficient using lookups withina fragment shader, and allows conventional textures to be applied, such as normal maps, to enhance geometric subtle ties. Our method can be generalized to also handle refraction and self-reflection. Experimental results demo nstrate its capability for accurate reflection for complex scenes in real-time.
Study of hydrodynamics in microcarrier culture spinner vessels: A particle tracking velocimetry approach

Three‐dimensional particle tracking velocimetry (3‐D PTV), a modern, quantitative, visualization tool, has been applied to the characterization of the flow field in the impeller region of cell culture reactor vessels. The experimental system used here is a 250‐mL microcarrier spinner vessel. The studies were conducted at three different agitation rates, 90, 150, and 210 rpm, corresponding to healthy, mildly damaging, and severely damaging shear intensities, respectively. The flow can be classified into three regions: a predominantly tangential (azimuthal) flow generated by the impeller; a trailing vortex region coming off the impeller tip; and a converging flow region close to the center of the vessel. The latter two are the regions of highest velocity gradients. Energy dissipation rates due to mean velocity gradients were also calculated to characterize the impeller stream. Local specific energy dissipation rates > 10,000 erg/(cm3sec) · have been measured. It is proposed that the critical regions for microcarrier culture damage due to impeller hydrodynamics are the trailing vortex region and the high energy converging flow region. Graphical representation of the mean velocity flow fields and the distribution of energy dissipation rates in the impeller region are also presented here. The merits of using the dissipation function (measure of specific energy dissipation rate) as a possible scale‐up parameter are also discussed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Multimodality Stroke Prevention

Background:Prevention harbors the greatest potential for reducing the societal burden from stroke. As evidence accumulates on the multifactorial pathogenesis of vascular disease and the impact of novel combination therapies targeted at reducing recurrent vascular events, a new paradigm is emerging, which is that of multimodality vascular prevention. Knowledge of the evidence behind this strategy and the effective means for implementing it could be useful to the practicing neurologist taking care of stroke patients. Review Summary:Our review presents the evidence behind the broadening therapeutic options for recurrent vascular event prevention in ischemic stroke patients whose underlying stroke pathophysiologic mechanism is either presumed to be due to atherosclerosis or who have prior evidence of systemic atherosclerosis. We elaborate on conventional and novel vascular risk factors, as well as risk factor prediction models. Therapies discussed include antithrombotics, statins, antihypertensives, surgical/endovascular treatments, and lifestyle modification. Basis for evidence (or the lack thereof), national guideline recommendations, areas of controversy, and avenues of future focus for these treatments are also discussed in this paper. Furthermore, the knowledge-treatment gap as it pertains to optimal vascular risk-factor control and appropriate initiation and maintenance of evidence-based preventive therapies is explored, and an effective hospital-based intervention involving the in-hospital initiation of these treatments prior to discharge, that may help bridge this gap, is detailed. Conclusions:Neurologists should be aware that a timely, systematic, evidence-based multimodal preventive approach to atherothrombotic disease in stroke patients that transcends the continuum of care across points of service will likely increase treatment rates and improve clinical outcomes.
Availability and characteristics of nonbeverage alcohols sold in 17 Russian cities in 2007.

BACKGROUND It is known that a range of nonbeverage alcohols including eau-de-colognes and medicinal tinctures are consumed by sections of the Russian population. Research conducted in a city in the Urals (2003 to 2005) showed that consumption of such products is associated with very high mortality from a wide range of causes. However, there have been no systematic attempts to investigate the extent to which such products are available in other cities of the Russian Federation. There is particular interest in establishing this following the introduction of new federal regulations in January 2006 aimed at restricting the availability of these products. METHODS In the first half of 2007, we conducted a survey in 17 cities that spanned the full range of city types in the Russian Federation excluding those in the Far East. In each city, fieldworkers visited pharmacies and other types of retail outlets and purchased samples of nonbeverage alcohols. These were defined as being typically 10 to 15 roubles per bottle, with an ethanol concentration of at least 60% by volume. RESULTS We were able to purchase samples of nonbeverage alcohols in each of the 17 cities we investigated. The majority of the 271 products included were a cheaper and more affordable source of ethanol than standard Russian vodka. Medicinal tinctures, sold almost exclusively in pharmacies, were particularly common with an average concentration of 78% ethanol by volume. Most importantly, the majority of the products were of a sort that our previous research in 2004 to 2005 had established were drunk by working-age men. CONCLUSIONS While the 2006 federal regulations introduced in part to reduce the availability and consumption of nonbeverage alcohols may have had some effect on certain classes of nonmedicinal products, up until June 2007 at least, medicinal tinctures as well as some other nonbeverage alcohols that are consumed appear to have been readily available.
Disability disclosure: A case of understatement?

Limited companies have a responsibility, under the Companies Act 1985, to report upon their relationship with their employees, but previous research (Day and Woodward, 2004) suggests that although the requirements of the Act cannot be described as onerous, there is a large degree of non-compliance by the largest listed UK companies. Additionally, information in respect of disabled persons was required following the issue in 1980 of a Statutory Instrument (SI 1980/1160) which introduced the requirement for larger companies to disclose information regarding the employment, training, career development and promotion of disabled persons. This requirement was later incorporated into the 1985 Companies Act. The fact that the Disability Discrimination Act of 1995 made it unlawful for employers to discriminate against the employment or advancement of disabled persons should perhaps suggest that this dimension of employee reporting would have achieved greater compliance than that found for general employee reporting. In order to investigate if this is indeed the case, the present study uses content analysis to examine the extent of compliance by analysing the Directors’ Reports of a sample of large listed companies in 1995 and 2000. Also considered are positive actions taken by the companies as evidenced by their membership of organisations concerned with disability, and compares the disclosures made in the annual report with such actions. The findings demonstrate decreasing compliance with CA requirements over the period studied despite evidence of increasing corporate action and commitment to the disabled through memberships of organisations such as the Employers Forum on Disability. Disability Disclosure: Changes and Reality
Optimizing for what matters: The top grasp hypothesis

In this paper, we consider the problem of robotic grasping of objects when only partial and noisy sensor data of the environment is available. We are specifically interested in the problem of reliably selecting the best hypothesis from a whole set. This is commonly the case when trying to grasp an object for which we can only observe a partial point cloud from one viewpoint through noisy sensors. There will be many possible ways to successfully grasp this object, and even more which will fail. We propose a supervised learning method that is trained with a ranking loss. This explicitly encourages that the top-ranked training grasp in a hypothesis set is also positively labeled. We show how we adapt the standard ranking loss to work with data that has binary labels and explain the benefits of this formulation. Additionally, we show how we can efficiently optimize this loss with stochastic gradient descent. In quantitative experiments, we show that we can outperform previous models by a large margin.
Statistical Classification Methods for Estimating Ancestry Using Morphoscopic Traits ,

Ancestry assessments using cranial morphoscopic traits currently rely on subjective trait lists and observer experience rather than empirical support. The trait list approach, which is untested, unverified, and in many respects unrefined, is relied upon because of tradition and subjective experience. Our objective was to examine the utility of frequently cited morphoscopic traits and to explore eleven appropriate and novel methods for classifying an unknown cranium into one of several reference groups. Based on these results, artificial neural networks (aNNs), OSSA, support vector machines, and random forest models showed mean classification accuracies of at least 85%. The aNNs had the highest overall classification rate (87.8%), and random forests show the smallest difference between the highest (90.4%) and lowest (76.5%) classification accuracies. The results of this research demonstrate that morphoscopic traits can be successfully used to assess ancestry without relying only on the experience of the observer.
Evidence for Direct Involvement of the Capsid Protein in HIV Infection of Nondividing Cells

HIV and other lentiviruses can productively infect nondividing cells, whereas most other retroviruses, such as murine leukemia virus, require cell division for efficient infection. However, the determinants for this phenotype have been controversial. Here, we show that HIV-1 capsid (CA) is involved in facilitating HIV infection of nondividing cells because amino acid changes on CA severely disrupt the cell-cycle independence of HIV. One mutant in the N-terminal domain of CA in particular has lost the cell-cycle independence in all cells tested, including primary macrophages. The defect in this mutant appears to be at a stage past nuclear entry. We also find that the loss of cell-cycle independence can be cell-type specific, which suggests that a cellular factor affects the ability of HIV to infect nondividing cells. Our data suggest that CA is directly involved at some step in the viral life cycle that is important for infection of nondividing cells.
Accurate Boundary Location from Motion

The ability to monitor a visual scene containing animals and to draw intelligent conclusions automatically would have a significant impact on agricultural practice. For example, if the gait of an animal could be objectively measured, early detection of lameness would be possible. If the motion of a sow and piglets could be analysed, a stockman could be alerted if the piglets were in danger of being crushed or were not feeding properly.
A Small World of Neuronal Synchrony

A small-world network has been suggested to be an efficient solution for achieving both modular and global processing—a property highly desirable for brain computations. Here, we investigated functional networks of cortical neurons using correlation analysis to identify functional connectivity. To reconstruct the interaction network, we applied the Ising model based on the principle of maximum entropy. This allowed us to assess the interactions by measuring pairwise correlations and to assess the strength of coupling from the degree of synchrony. Visual responses were recorded in visual cortex of anesthetized cats, simultaneously from up to 24 neurons. First, pairwise correlations captured most of the patterns in the population's activity and, therefore, provided a reliable basis for the reconstruction of the interaction networks. Second, and most importantly, the resulting networks had small-world properties; the average path lengths were as short as in simulated random networks, but the clustering coefficients were larger. Neurons differed considerably with respect to the number and strength of interactions, suggesting the existence of “hubs” in the network. Notably, there was no evidence for scale-free properties. These results suggest that cortical networks are optimized for the coexistence of local and global computations: feature detection and feature integration or binding.
Physiology of microglia.

Microglial cells are the resident macrophages in the central nervous system. These cells of mesodermal/mesenchymal origin migrate into all regions of the central nervous system, disseminate through the brain parenchyma, and acquire a specific ramified morphological phenotype termed "resting microglia. " Recent studies indicate that even in the normal brain, microglia have highly motile processes by which they scan their territorial domains. By a large number of signaling pathways they can communicate with macroglial cells and neurons and with cells of the immune system. Likewise, microglial cells express receptors classically described for brain-specific communication such as neurotransmitter receptors and those first discovered as immune cell-specific such as for cytokines. Microglial cells are considered the most susceptible sensors of brain pathology. Upon any detection of signs for brain lesions or nervous system dysfunction, microglial cells undergo a complex, multistage activation process that converts them into the "activated microglial cell. " This cell form has the capacity to release a large number of substances that can act detrimental or beneficial for the surrounding cells. Activated microglial cells can migrate to the site of injury, proliferate, and phagocytose cells and cellular compartments.
Influence of polyvascular disease on cardiovascular event rates. Insights from the REACH Registry

Cardiovascular event rates have been shown to increase substantially with the number of symptomatic disease locations. We sought to assess the risk profile, management and subsequent event rates of polyvascular disease patients. Consecutive outpatients were assessed for atherosclerotic risk factors and medications in the REACH Registry. A total of 19,117 symptomatic patients in Europe completed a 2-year follow-up: 77.2% with single arterial bed disease (coronary artery or cerebrovascular or peripheral arterial disease) and 22.8% with polyvascular disease (≥ 1 disease location). Polyvascular disease patients were older (68.5 ± 9.4 vs 66.3 ± 9.9 years, p < 0.0001), more often current or former smokers (64.9% vs 58.7%, p < 0.0001), and more often suffered from hypertension (59.5% vs 46.6%, p < 0.0001) and diabetes (34.5% vs 25.9%, p < 0.0001) than single arterial bed disease patients. Despite more intense medical therapy, risk factors (smoking, hypertension, low fasting glucose, and low fasting total cholesterol) were less often controlled in polyvascular disease patients. This was associated with substantially more events over 2 years compared with single arterial bed disease patients (cMACCE [cardiovascular death/non-fatal stroke/non-fatal MI] odds ratio, 1.63 [95% CI, 1.45—1.83], p < 0.0001). In conclusion, polyvascular disease patients have more cardiovascular risk factors, and the prognosis for these patients is significantly worse than for patients with single arterial bed disease. This suggests a need to improve detection and consequent medical treatment of polyvascular disease.
An essentialism perspective on intercultural processes

Essentialist theories are the beliefs that there are immutable essences underlying observed differences between social groups (e.g. racial group, cultural group). This paper reviews the intergroup dynamics and intrapersonal processes associated with essentialism. It also explores the interplay between the two. By explicating the intricate relationship between these psychological processes, the current paper aims to advance our understanding of intergroup relations and identify their implications for the study of multiculturalism. We posit that although the commonly observed negative intergroup outcomes, such as prejudices and biases, can be the byproducts of basic cognitive processes associated with essentialist theories, the social power dynamics in a given society also play important roles in shaping the relationships between essentialism and intergroup outcomes. We then discuss the implications of this understanding to our increasingly multicultural world.
A framework for constructing peer-to-peer overlay networks in Java

Peer-to-peer emerges as a better way for building applications on the Internet that require high scalability and availability. Peer-to-peer systems are usually organized into structured overlay networks, which provide key-based routing capabilities to eliminate flooding in unstructured ones. Many overlay network protocols have been proposed to organize peers into various topologies with emphasis on different networking properties. However, applications are often stuck to a specific peer-to-peer overlay network implementation, because different overlay implementations usually provide very different interfaces and messaging mechanisms. In this paper, we present a framework for constructing peer-to-peer overlay networks in Java. First, networking is abstracted by the interfaces that use URIs to uniformly address peers on different underlying or overlay networks. Then, asynchronous and synchronous messaging support is built upon these interfaces. Finally, overlay networking interfaces are sketched to handle specific issues in overlay networks. We have constructed several overlay networks in this framework, and built peer-to-peer applications which are independent of overlay implementations.
Aggregate Asset Pricing with Labor Market Frictions

Even though labor income represents about two thirds of disposal income to household, its role has largely been neglected by asset pricing models. In this paper, we solve a general equilibrium model which can both rationalize important feature of labor markets as well as financial markets. To this end, we embed labor market search frictions into a business cycle model where the representative household has recursive Epstein-Zin preferences. We find that the model is consistent with the cyclical behavior of the unemployment rate. The model also replicates the volatility of labor market tightness seen in the data. Crucially, for asset prices, aggregate employment and output react progressively to innovations and the model delivers a high degree of persistence in the growth rate of aggregate output and consumption. This endogenous persistence in combination with recursive Epstein-Zin preferences increase the equity risk premium considerably.
Absence of CD34 on Murine Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells Marks a Reversible State of Activation during Acute Injury

Background Skeletal muscle satellite cells are myogenic progenitors that reside on myofiber surface beneath the basal lamina. In recent years satellite cells have been identified and isolated based on their expression of CD34, a sialomucin surface receptor traditionally used as a marker of hematopoietic stem cells. Interestingly, a minority of satellite cells lacking CD34 has been described. Methodology/Principal Findings In order to elucidate the relationship between CD34+ and CD34- satellite cells we utilized fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate each population for molecular analysis, culture and transplantation studies. Here we show that unless used in combination with α7 integrin, CD34 alone is inadequate for purifying satellite cells. Furthermore, the absence of CD34 marks a reversible state of activation dependent on muscle injury. Conclusions/Significance Following acute injury CD34- cells become the major myogenic population whereas the percentage of CD34+ cells remains constant. In turn activated CD34- cells can reverse their activation to maintain the pool of CD34+ reserve cells. Such activation switching and maintenance of reserve pool suggests the satellite cell compartment is tightly regulated during muscle regeneration.
Electrical Characterization and Source-Drain Voltage Dependent Mobility of P-Channel Organic Field-Effect Transistors Using MATLAB Simulation

We demonstrate fabrication of bottom gate/top source-drain contacts for p-channel (small molecule) organic field-effect transistor (OFET) using pentacene as an active semiconductor layer and silicon dioxide (SiO2) as gate dielectric. The device exhibits a typical output curve of a field-effect transistor (FET). Furthermore, analysis of electrical characterization was done to investigate the source-drain voltage (Vds) dependent mobility. The mobility which calculated using MATLAB simulation exhibited a range from 0.0234 to 0.0258 cm2/Vs with increasing source-drain voltage (average mobility was 0.0254 cm2/Vs). This work suggests that the mobility increase with increasing source-drain voltage similar to the gate voltage dependent mobility phenomenon.