Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fine Distinctions within Cognitive Style Predict Forecasting Accuracy

Leveraging data from over 1,000 users in the System for Prediction, Aggregation, Display and Elicitation (SPADE) research program, we present preliminary data on the factor structure of individual variation in decision making ability and the associations of this variance with errors in cognitive reasoning and accuracy in making socio-political forecasts. Generally, prior research has identified two factors, or styles—intuitive and analytic—that account for significant variance in how individuals reach solutions to complex numerical and logical problems. Though sometimes named differently across research programs, an intuitive style is a tendency to use instincts, experiential knowledge, and intuition to solve problems, where an analytic style is a tendency to apply formal logic, methods of inquiry and theory to confront problems. Within a large research sample, factor analytic techniques define finer distinctions among these styles. In particular, we find distinctions within the analytical style, such that certain measures of analytic style (REI; Norris, Pacini, & Epstein, 1998) capture variance related to tendencies to express a deep interest in complex problem solving and openness to new information. In contrast, other measures (CSI; Allinson et al., 1996) capture variance related to tendencies to solve problems that are driven by a need for closure and conscientiousness. Subsequent correlation analysis suggests that the latter tendency covaries with susceptibility to commit errors in logical reasoning and poor performance on socio-economic forecasts elicited through the iSPADE system. Future work will clarify the relationship between cognitive styles and errors in reasoning and forecasting behavior through multi-level modeling techniques.
Personality assessments and outcomes in medical education and the practice of medicine: AMEE Guide No. 79

In a paradigm of physician performance we propose that both “cognitive” and “noncognitive” components contribute to the performance of physicians-in-training and in-practice. Our review of the relevant literature indicates that personality, as an important factor of the “noncognitive” component, plays a significant role in academic and professional performances. We describe findings on 14 selected personality instruments in predicting academic and professional performances. We question the contention that personality can be validly and reliably assessed from admission interviews, letters of recommendation, essays, and personal statements. Based on conceptual relevance and currently available empirical evidence, we propose that personality attributes such as conscientiousness and empathy should be considered among the measures of choice for the assessment of pertinent aspects of personality in academic and professional performance. Further exploration is needed to search for additional personality attributes pertinent to medical education and patient care. Implications for career counseling, assessments of professional development and medical education outcomes, and potential use as supplementary information for admission decisions are discussed.
Regional scale gradients of climate and nitrogen deposition drive variation in ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associated with native Scots pine

Ectomycorrhizal fungi commonly associate with the roots of forest trees where they enhance nutrient and water uptake, promote seedling establishment and have an important role in forest nutrient cycling. Predicting the response of ectomycorrhizal fungi to environmental change is an important step to maintaining forest productivity in the future. These predictions are currently limited by an incomplete understanding of the relative significance of environmental drivers in determining the community composition of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi at large spatial scales. To identify patterns of community composition in ECM fungi along regional scale gradients of climate and nitrogen deposition in Scotland, fungal communities were analysed from 15 seminatural Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests. Fungal taxa were identified by sequencing of the ITS rDNA region using fungal‐specific primers. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling was used to assess the significance of 16 climatic, pollutant and edaphic variables on community composition. Vector fitting showed that there was a strong influence of rainfall and soil moisture on community composition at the species level, and a smaller impact of temperature on the abundance of ectomycorrhizal exploration types. Nitrogen deposition was also found to be important in determining community composition, but only when the forest experiencing the highest deposition (9.8 kg N ha−1 yr−1) was included in the analysis. This finding supports previously published critical load estimates for ectomycorrhizal fungi of 5–10 kg N ha−1 yr−1. This work demonstrates that both climate and nitrogen deposition can drive gradients of fungal community composition at a regional scale.
Immobilized Clostridium acetobutylicum P262 Mutants for Solvent Production

The production of acetone, butanol, and ethanol by two immobilized, sporulation-deficient (spo) Clostridium acetobutylicum P262 mutants which were held in the solventogenic phase was investigated. The spoA2 mutant, which was an early-sporulation mutant and did not form a forespore septum, produced higher solvent yields than did the spoB mutant which was a late-sporulation mutant and was blocked at a stage after forespore septum formation. The spoA2 mutant was also granulose and capsule negative. In a conventional batch fermentation, the wild-type strain produced 15.44 g of solvents per liter after 50 h at a productivity of 7.41 g of solvents per liter per day. The spoA2 mutant produced 15.42 g of solvents per liter at a productivity of 72.4 g of solvents per liter per day, with a retention time of 2.4 h in a continuous immobilized cell system employing a fluidized bed reactor. This represents a major advance, since the immobilization of wild-type cells showed similar increases in productivity but a ca. fivefold reduction in final product concentrations.
Instability of the Gravitational N-Body Problem in the Large-N Limit

We use a systolic N-body algorithm to evaluate the linear stability of the gravitational N-body problem for N up to 1.3 × 105, 2 orders of magnitude greater than in previous experiments. For the first time, a clear N-dependence of the perturbation growth rate is seen, μe ~ ln N. The e-folding time for N = 105 is roughly 1/20 of a crossing time.
Levels of fatigue in Chinese women with breast cancer and its correlates: A cross‐sectional questionnaire survey

Purpose: To identify the intensity of fatigue among Chinese women with breast cancer and to evaluate the relationships between fatigue, social support, anxiety, depression, clinical factors, and demographic data. Data sources: Two hundred fifty‐two Chinese women with breast cancer were recruited by consecutive convenience sampling from four hospitals in Shanghai, China. Participants completed a demographic survey, the Revised Piper Fatigue Scale—Chinese Version (RPFS‐CV), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS); clinical data about cancer stage, treatment, and side effects were extracted from medical records. Conclusions: Seventy percent of subjects reported experiencing a moderate level of fatigue, 12% a high level of fatigue. Pearson bivariate correlations indicated significant total fatigue scores and a strong correlation with anxiety (r = .580, p < .01) and depression (r = .572, p < .01). No patients reported high levels of social support; 57 (23%) patients received low levels of social support; and 195 (77%) patients reported moderate social support. Overall, fatigue was significantly predicted by anxiety, depression, and pain. Subjective support, income per month, and employment status were negatively correlated with fatigue scores. Implications for practice: These results yielded a profile of women who are at increased risk for heightened fatigue and suggest ways to intervene clinically to prevent or reduce fatigue in this patient population.
The Development of Locke’s Mechanism in the Drafts of the Essay

John Locke’s attitude to mechanism and his distinction between primary and secondary qualities are perhaps the most widely discussed aspects of his philosophy. Commentators agree that Locke adopted the mechanical philosophy as a result of reading the work of Robert Boyle. But they disagree as to whether Locke employed a positive argument for mechanism and if so, what the nature of this argument is. Scant attention has been paid to the manuscript evidence we have concerning the development of Locke’s natural philosophy. From his earliest work in Oxford, through the collaboration with Sydenham and the writing of the Essay , there is much that can inform our understanding of Locke’s natural philosophical thinking. There are three extant drafts of the Essay and two, known as Draft’s B and C, present positive arguments for the mechanical philosophy. Draft C presents an argument for the primary and secondary quality distinction. This paper will show how Locke’s thought regarding mechanism evolved in the writing of the Drafts and will illustrate how and why Locke drew the distinction between primary and secondary qualities.
Attitudes and lifestyle changes following Jog your Mind: results from a multi-factorial community-based program promoting cognitive vitality among seniors

This study examined the effects on attitudes and lifestyle behavior of Jog your Mind, a multi-factorial community-based program promoting cognitive vitality among seniors with no known cognitive impairment. A quasi-experimental study was conducted. Twenty-three community organizations were assigned either to the experimental group (offering the program) or to the control group (creating a waiting list). They recruited 294 community-dwelling seniors. The aims of the study were to verify the effects of the program on attitudes and behaviors related to cognitive vitality and to explore its effects on cognitive vitality. Data was collected at baseline and after the program. Regression analyses revealed that, following their participation in the program, experimental group participants reported: (i) in terms of attitudes, having a greater feeling of control concerning their cognitive capacities, (ii) in terms of behaviors, using significantly more memory strategies and practicing more physical activity and stimulating activities than control group participants. However, the program had no significant effects on measures of cognitive vitality. This study supports the fact that a multi-factorial community-based program can have significant effects on seniors' attitudes and lifestyle behaviors related to cognitive vitality but at short term, no effects on cognitive vitality it-self were found.
Traces of Traditional Lule Sámi Childhood in Tysfjord, Norway

Abstract The aim of the project is to find traces of Lule Sámi traditions which still might be embedded in the ways children – girls and boys – are brought up in Tysfjord within the last sixty years. Interviews of both females and males, ranging in age between fifteen and seventy-nine years, were undertaken for the purposes of addressing this aim. Participant observation was used as a research strategy. Traditional knowledge is still central in the upbringing of girls and boys. It is argued that it strengthens ties between parent and child. Traces of traditional rituals were searched for, but the documentation is meager, and primarily associated with childbirth and naming. Girls are generally given more responsibility at an early age than boys. Today there is a rather strong awareness of Lule Sámi cultural traditions, and this is generally supplemented with a wish to penetrate deeper into their own history.
The importance of inner transformation in the activity process

The importance of the inner world of the patients in occupational therapy has not been studied in recent occupational therapy literature. The activity process in this paper is seen as a complex mixture of internal and external transformations which occur as part of the patient's relationship with the therapist. Pertinent psychoanalytic theories are reviewed and their usefulness to occupational therapy is described. Specific sequences of therapy sessions in two case examples are presented to illustrate the dynamics of the relationship of patient, therapist and activity, and to start to identify inner transformations during activity participation. The authors consider basic research on the meaning of activity as a fundamental part of the profession.
Sociological perspectives on black-white inequalities in American schooling

This article discusses sociological contributions to an understanding of black and white inequality in education over the past several decades. It outlines political, cultural, and ideological perspectives on black-white inequality that are seen as guiding empirical research on access to schooling, educational opportunities in schools, and outcomes of schooling. These perspectives are also related to educational policy decisions aimed at reducing racial inequalities. The extant body of scholarship on schooling provides a solid foundation for sociological research on racial inequality in the 21st century
ESTmapper: efficiently aligning DNA sequences to genomes

With improvements in technology, scientists are able to sequence the full DNA (genome) of an increasing number of organisms. One way biologists can take advantage of this genomic sequence data is to use it in conjunction with expressed sequence tag (EST) information to find genes and their splice sites. We describe how ESTmapper uses an eager write-only top-down (WOTD) suffix tree to efficiently align DNA sequences against genomes, and compare its precision and performance against popular techniques for DNA alignment (BLAT, sim4, Spidey, BLAST, megaBLAST) and EST clustering (TGICL and PaCE). Experimental results show that ESTmapper is 3 to 1000 times faster than current techniques for aligning and clustering DNA sequences, and produces alignments of comparable or better quality.
Synopsis data structures for massive data sets

Massive data sets with terabytes of data are becoming common place There is an increasing demand for algorithms and data structures that provide fast response times to queries on such data sets In this paper we describe a context for algorithmic work relevant to massive data sets and a framework for evaluating such work We consider the use of synopsis data structures which use very little space and provide fast typically approxi mated answers to queries The design and analysis of e ective synopsis data structures o er many algorithmic challenges We discuss a number of concrete examples of synopsis data structures and describe fast algorithms for keeping them up to date in the presence of online updates to the data sets
A device for continuous recording of weight change suitable for physiological measurements.

A strain gauge torsion balance suitable for recording weight changes in organs in vivo is described. The device consists of a beam (5/16 x 30 in. steel rod) suspended at mid-point with a strip of Phosphor bronze (frac12 x 3 x .040 in.). In a balanced condition the beam assumes a horizontal position and the bronze strip is subjected only to vertical forces. When the balanced condition is disturbed, horizontal forces exist which cause the bronze strip to assume a bowed configuration. A pair of strain gauges cemented to the surfaces of the strip allows quantitation of the strains with electrical recording. This device has proved practical in estimating weight changes in the intestine and liver of the dog, in vivo and in the isolated perfused, canine lung, liver and hind leg. Performance characteristics demonstrate stability, sensitivity and linearity adequate for many physiological studies. Submitted on April 2, 1956
Expectation of outgroup behaviour: can you trust the outgroup?

Outgroups are usually viewed with suspicion and expected to discriminate against the ingroup. The present study demonstrated that ingroup members attributed past discriminatory behaviour committed by individuals of unknown group membership more to outgroup members than to either ingroup members or members of a neutral group. In contrast, past egalitarian behaviour was attributed less to outgroup members than to members of a neutral group. Ingroup members also expected more discrimination from a future outgroup allocator than from a future neutral group allocator. Finally, the study showed that ingroup members' own behaviour in allocating money became more biased in favour of ingroup members vis-a-vis outgroup members when the future allocator was from an outgroup rather than from a neutral group and when they had witnessed the discriminatory behaviour of an allocator in the past.
A Social-Pragmatic Account of the Development of Planned Discourse

This article presents a social-pragmatic account of the emergence of planned discourse in development. The central claim is that planned discourse is a product of interactive emergence, arising in development from the creation of discourse themes, and that these in turn are dependent on language, especially on the linguistic subsystem of cohesion. I propose that the emergence of discourse themes relies on children’s use and elaboration, in spontaneous speech, of cohesive terms that are at first borrowed from adult sources. The extrasentential processes proposed to account for the development of discourse themes are parallel to those that have been proposed at an intrasentential level. The persistent influence of adult discourse patterns is illustrated with examples from a young child’s spontaneous crib talk, especially from culturally packaged sources such as nursery rhymes, story books, and fairy tales.
Effect of Respiratory CO2 Changes on the Temporal Dynamics of the Hemodynamic Response in Functional MR Imaging

Increasing end-expiratory CO(2) levels (PETCO(2)) increases the dispersion and the time of maximum of the hemodynamic response curve in human primary visual cortex. This was demonstrated using event-related multislice functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with short repetition time and 3-s flicker light stimulation. Measurements were performed at 5 different PETCO(2) levels between 20 and 60 mmHg using hyperventilation or by adding CO(2) to the inspired air. Between 30 and 60 mmHg the full-width-at-half-maximum of the hemodynamic response curve induced by visual stimulation increased nearly linearly at 130 ms per mmHg PETCO(2). Consistent with previous studies a concomitant decrease of the signal amplitude was observed at PETCO(2) values below 40 mmHg and above 50 mmHg. The relevance of these findings for the temporal resolution of fMRI and especially of event-related methods is discussed.
The Effects of Type I Error Rate and Power of the ANCOVA F Test and Selected Alternatives Under Nonnormality and Variance Heterogeneity

Abstract The authors sought to identify through Monte Carlo simulations those conditions for which analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) does not maintain adequate Type I error rates and power. The conditions that were manipulated included assumptions of normality and variance homogeneity, sample size, number of treatment groups, and strength of the covariate-dependent variable relationship. Alternative tests studied were Quade's procedure, Puri and Sen's solution, Burnett and Barr's rank difference scores, Conover and Iman's rank transformation test, Hettmansperger's procedure, and the Puri-Sen-Harwell-Serlin test. For balanced designs, the ANCOVA F test was robust and was often the most powerful test through all sample-size designs and distributional configurations. With unbalanced designs, with variance heterogeneity, and when the largest treatment-group variance was matched with the largest group sample size, the nonparametric alternatives generally outperformed the ANCOVA test. When sample size and variance ratio were inversely coupled, all tests became very liberal; no test maintained adequate control over Type I error.
The Moral Dimension in Political Assessments of the Social Impact of Technology

Technology assessment is defined as an activity to provide information about, and systematic analyses of, the internal and external consequences (short, medium and long term) for a society of the application and diffusion of a technological capability into its physical, social, economic, and political systems. This information and systematic analysis is to be so structured and presented as to aid the decision makers charged with the responsibility of operating those systems (Gibbons and Voyer, 1974, pp. 26-7).
Repetitive mammalian dwarfing during ancient greenhouse warming events

Ancient mammals dwarf in size during multiple episodes of extreme global warming. Abrupt perturbations of the global carbon cycle during the early Eocene are associated with rapid global warming events, which are analogous in many ways to present greenhouse warming. Mammal dwarfing has been observed, along with other changes in community structure, during the largest of these ancient global warming events, known as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum [PETM; ~56 million years ago (Ma)]. We show that mammalian dwarfing accompanied the subsequent, smaller-magnitude warming event known as Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 [ETM2 (~53 Ma)]. Statistically significant decrease in body size during ETM2 is observed in two of four taxonomic groups analyzed in this study and is most clearly observed in early equids (horses). During ETM2, the best-sampled lineage of equids decreased in size by ~14%, as opposed to ~30% during the PETM. Thus, dwarfing appears to be a common evolutionary response of some mammals during past global warming events, and the extent of dwarfing seems related to the magnitude of the event.
Dictyostelium Cells Migrate Similarly on Surfaces of Varying Chemical Composition

During cell migration, cell-substrate binding is required for pseudopod anchoring to move the cell forward, yet the interactions with the substrate must be sufficiently weak to allow parts of the cell to de-adhere in a controlled manner during typical protrusion/retraction cycles. Mammalian cells actively control cell-substrate binding and respond to extracellular conditions with localized integrin-containing focal adhesions mediating mechanotransduction. We asked whether mechanotransduction also occurs during non-integrin mediated migration by examining the motion of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, which is thought to bind non-specifically to surfaces. We discovered that Dictyostelium cells are able to regulate forces generated by the actomyosin cortex to maintain optimal cell-surface contact area and adhesion on surfaces of various chemical composition and that individual cells migrate with similar speed and contact area on the different surfaces. In contrast, during collective migration, as observed in wound healing and metastasis, the balance between surface forces and protrusive forces is altered. We found that Dictyostelium collective migration dynamics are strongly affected when cells are plated on different surfaces. These results suggest that the presence of cell-cell contacts, which appear as Dictyostelium cells enter development, alter the mechanism cells use to migrate on surfaces of varying composition.