Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Continuing Value of Electron Microscopy in Surgical Pathology

For decades, transmission electron microscopy has played a valuable diagnostic role in surgical pathology. The continuing importance of electron microscopy, however, can be debated, given the major advances that have occurred in immunohistochemistry and other techniques. Electron microscopy retains excellent educational potential and broad research applicability, and it continues to be a necessity for the evaluation of a small subset of surgical pathology cases, such as renal biopsies and cilia specimens. The real controversy, then, centers on the contribution of electron microscopy in the evaluation of neoplasms. The opinion of many experts indicates that electron microscopy is still vital in the diagnostic assessment of some neoplasms, and that both electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry are more powerful when viewed as complementary rather than competitive techniques. For electron microscopy to be used to its potential, however, electron microscopists must function effectively as consultants. When optimally applied, electron microscopy remains an essential diagnostic tool.
The effect of coping strategies on the relief of pain following surgical intervention for lower back pain.

&NA; Subjects' use of coping strategies was assessed by use of the Coping Strategy Questionnaire in a sample of 50 back pain patients prior to undergoing a laminectomy procedure. Three factors—Self‐Reliance, Loss of Control, and Active Coping and Suppression—accounted for a large proportion of variance in questionnaire responses. Two of these factors—Self‐Reliance and Loss of Control—were found to be predictive of postsurgical adjustment above and beyond what may be predicted on the basis of either patients' presurgical medical status (type of disc and disability status) or their tendency to somaticize. This study also replicates previous findings in the literature regarding the effect of type of disc and one's tendency to somaticize on surgical outcome.
Electromagnetic analysis of outer rotor permanent magnet flux switching machine for downhole application

Permanent magnet flux exchanging machine (PMFSM) with every single active part situated on the stator has a few appealing elements contrasted with customary induction machine because of its high torque and power density, better efficiency, simple and vigorous rotor structure, however, less were developed for downhole application due to harsh environmental conditions. In the past, a large portion of designed PMFSMs for downhole applications were mainly focused on inward rotor design, and hard to discover research work on external rotor design. Therefore, this paper presents the electromagnetic examination of PMFSM with outer rotor configuration for downhole application. Basically, the principle of operation is described briefly then the geometric topology of proposed configuration is portrayed in detail. Finally, the no-load and load examination are actualized keeping in mind the end goal to research the underlying performance of the proposed design.
Diminished and irregular thyrotropin secretion with preserved diurnal rhythm in patients with active acromegaly.

CONTEXT The hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis in acromegaly may be altered. Previous studies report diminished serum TSH concentrations in patients with active acromegaly and decreased response to TRH. On the other hand, most patients have normal thyroid hormone concentrations. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to analyze serum TSH profiles in relation to GH profiles in patients with untreated acromegaly, in order to delineate aberrations in the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid system. INTERVENTION Twenty-one patients with active acromegaly and matched controls underwent a 24-h, 10-min blood sampling study. GH and TSH data were analyzed with a newly developed automated deconvolution program, approximate entropy, and cosinor regression. RESULTS Basal (10.4 +/- 2.0 vs. 13.8 +/- 1.4 mU/liter . 24 h; P = 0.02) and pulsatile (11.4 +/- 1.7 vs. 18.6 +/- 1.6 mU/liter . 24 h; P = 0.002) TSH secretion was decreased in patients. TSH secretory regularity was diminished with loss of pattern synchrony between TSH and GH. Total TSH secretion correlated with TSH increase after TRH (R = 0.75; P = 0.0001), negatively with the log-transformed GH secretion rate (R = -0.52; P = 0.001), but not with adenoma size. The diurnal TSH rhythm was preserved. Total and free T4 concentrations were similar in patients and controls. CONCLUSION Basal and pulsatile TSH secretion is decreased in active acromegaly, although T4 levels are unaffected. Diminished TSH secretion is compatible with enhanced restraint by tumoral GH feedback-driven somatostatin outflow, explaining also the reduced regularity of TSH secretion. Unchanged T4 concentrations might reflect decreased sympathetic function in GH excess states, heightening responsiveness of the thyroid gland to TSH.
Notch signaling functions in lymphatic valve formation

Collecting lymphatic ducts contain intraluminal valves that prevent backflow. In mice, lymphatic valve morphogenesis begins at embryonic day 15.5 (E15.5). In the mesentery, Prox1 expression is high in valve-forming lymphatic endothelial cells, whereas cells of the lymphatic ducts express lower levels of Prox1. Integrin α9, fibronectin EIIIA, Foxc2, calcineurin and the gap junction protein Cx37 are required for lymphatic valve formation. We show that Notch1 is expressed throughout the developing mesenteric lymphatic vessels at E16.5, and that, by E18.5, Notch1 expression becomes highly enriched in the lymphatic valve endothelial cells. Using a Notch reporter mouse, Notch activity was detected in lymphatic valves at E17.5 and E18.5. The role of Notch in lymphatic valve morphogenesis was studied using a conditional lymphatic endothelial cell driver either to delete Notch1 or to express a dominant-negative Mastermind-like (DNMAML) transgene. Deletion of Notch1 led to an expansion of Prox1high cells, a defect in Prox1high cell reorientation and a decrease in integrin α9 expression at sites of valve formation. Expression of DNMAML, which blocks all Notch signaling, resulted in a more severe phenotype characterized by a decrease in valves, failure of Prox1high cells to cluster, and rounding of the nuclei and decreased fibronectin-EIIIA expression in the Prox1high cells found at valve sites. In human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells, activation of Notch1 or Notch4 induced integrin α9, fibronectin EIIIA and Cx37 expression. We conclude that Notch signaling is required for proper lymphatic valve formation and regulates integrin α9 and fibronectin EIIIA expression during valve morphogenesis.
Salary sacrificing in Australia: are patterns of uptake and benefit different in the not‐for‐profit sector?

Australia's tax arrangements enable employers to offer salary sacrificing as a way to increase levels of remuneration on offer, and to attract, motivate and retain staff. This article discusses the role of salary sacrificing in the not-for-profit sector, and contributes new evidence about who uses it, who benefits, and who might be missing out. Based on a large national household panel survey, we show that within the not-for-profit sector and across the workforce more broadly, salary sacrificing is unequally accessed by employees, with higher income earners reaping greater benefits. On the basis of uneven patterns of uptake and benefit, salary sacrificing offers only a limited strategy for addressing problems of low remuneration. Human resource practitioners in the not-for-profit sector should develop broader strategies to attract and retain staff, especially in lower paid positions, where salary sacrificing is both less likely to be utilised and less beneficial.
Reachability-Based Robustness of Network Controllability under Node and Edge Attacks

In real world applications, control is always performed without perfect knowledge, perfect models, and often, under changing conditions. Such circumstances are particularly true of complex systems. As a result, application of control theory to complex systems requires the development and implementation of control policies that are robust to unexpected and potentially malicious changes to the underlying network. This paper makes three important contributions along this direction. First, we introduce a new definition of robustness which captures realistic constraints imposed by many control problems. Second, we develop a novel algorithm for computing this robustness measure. Third, we conduct a thorough assessment of the control robustness of different synthetic networks to a wide array of attacks/network perturbations. We find that our robustness measure is behaviorally different from other robustness measurements in the literature and that the attacks considered highlight a number of ways in which network properties correlate with control robustness.
Incidence and clinical significances of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy with T2 hyperintensity on spinal magnetic resonance images.

OBJECTIVE To clarify the incidence and clinical significance of HTLV-I associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) showing T2 hyperintensity in the spinal cord on magnetic resonance images (MRI). PATIENTS AND METHODS We reviewed the spinal cord MRI of 38 HAM/TSP patients and analyzed them in relation to clinical and laboratory findings. Analyzed data were: age at onset, disease duration, disability status, responsiveness to interferon therapy, brain abnormalities on MRI, serum anti-HTLV-I titers, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings. RESULTS MRI findings of the spinal cord were classified into 3 types, "normal" (n=22, 57.9%), "atrophy" (n=13, 34.2%) and "T2-hyperintensity" (n=3, 7.9%). Patients in the normal and atrophy types showed slowly progressive paraparesis. Significant differences were not found between the normal and atrophy types in any clinical or laboratory data, including disease duration, disability status and responsiveness to interferon-alpha therapy. Meanwhile, all patients showing T2-hyperintensity had severe paraparesis of a rapid progressive nature, with CSF IgG elevation. CONCLUSION HAM/TSP with T2-hyperintensity on spinal MRI shows a rapid progressive clinical course with severe motor impairment. The incidence of this malignant form of HAM/TSP is estimated to be around 7.9%.
Contention based fast beam switching scheme in millimeter-wave cellular systems

Millimeter wave (mmWave) cellular system has recently been introduced as an attractive approach for 5G mobile broadband communications. In the mmWave beamforming cellular systems, the user equipment (UE) can experience frequent service disruptions due to frequent switching among a plurality of beams if the UE follows the network controlled LTE handover procedures. In this paper, we shows how the mmWave beamforming cellular system can operate and which kind of new handovers UEs can experience. And we propose UE controlled beam switching mechanism based on contention based uplink channels. In this mechanism, UEs switch the serving beam to the target beam without random access delay using the pre-acquired contention based channels.
AGING CHANGES IN THE AORTIC AND MITRAL VALVES. HISTOLOGIC AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES, WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF CALCIFIC AORTIC STENOSIS AND CALCIFICATION OF THE MITRAL ANNULUS.

The pathogenesis of calcific aortic stenosis has been a subject of controversy since its original description by M'onckeberg in I904.1 One school of thought,24 led by Karsner and Koletsky,2 has favored a rheumatic background because of the almost invariable presence of so-called rheumatic stigmas in the hearts of patients with this form of aortic valve disease. Others,7-11 however, have found little or no evidence of healed rheumatic fever in cases of isolated calcific aortic stenosis; the significance of rheumatic stigmas was minimized by the report of Hall and Anderson 12 who detected microscopic alterations compatible with healed rheumatic fever in 90 per cent of hearts free of valvular lesions at necropsy. Those who have denied a rheumatic etiology have generally subscribed to Monckeberg's early concept of the valvular disorder as degenerative in nature. Hultgren i8 marshalled the most convincing evidence in favor of a degenerative background, when, in a microscopic investigation of the aortic valve in ioo unselected necropsies, he observed that lipid accumulation and calcification increased progressively with age, resulting in aortic stenosis when excessive. He concluded further that although calcification of the aortic valve can occur in the absence of prior rheumatic infection, their frequent coexistence is evidence that rheumatic inflammation may accelerate the degenerative process leading to calcification. Calcification of the annulus fibrosus of the mitral valve, although a frequent finding in older patients at necropsy and an exceptional cause of significant valvular dysfunction and abnormal cardiac conduction,14 has received comparatively little attention in the literature. Its pathologic features were first described by Dewitsky,15 who noted a similarity
Overview of flow studies for recycling metal commodities in the United States

Metal supply consists of primary material from a mining operation and secondary material, which is composed of new and old scrap. Recycling, which is the use of secondary material, can contribute significantly to metal production, sometimes accounting for more than 50 percent of raw material supply. From 2001 to 2011, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists studied 26 metals to ascertain the status and magnitude of their recycling industries. The results were published in chapters A–Z of USGS Circular 1196, entitled, “Flow Studies for Recycling Metal Commodities in the United States. ” These metals were aluminum (chapter W), antimony (Q), beryllium (P), cadmium (O), chromium (C), cobalt (M), columbium (niobium) (I), copper (X), germanium (V), gold (A), iron and steel (G), lead (F), magnesium (E), manganese (H), mercury (U), molybdenum (L), nickel (Z), platinum (B), selenium (T), silver (N), tantalum (J), tin (K), titanium (Y), tungsten (R), vanadium (S), and zinc (D). Each metal commodity was assigned to a single year: chapters A–M have recycling data for 1998; chapters N–R and U–W have data for 2000, and chapters S, T, and X–Z have data for 2004. This 27th chapter of Circular 1196 is called AA; it includes salient data from each study described in chapters A–Z, along with an analysis of overall trends of metals recycling in the United States during 1998 through 2004 and additional upto-date reviews of selected metal recycling industries from 1991 through 2008. In the United States for these metals in 1998, 2000, and 2004 (each metal commodity assigned to a single year), 84 million metric tons (Mt) of old scrap was generated. Unrecovered old scrap totaled 43 Mt (about 51 percent of old scrap generated, OSG), old scrap consumed was 38 Mt (about 45 percent of OSG), and net old scrap exports were 3.3 Mt (about 4 percent of OSG). Therefore, there was significant potential for increased recovery from scrap. The total old scrap supply was 88 Mt, and the overall new-to-old-scrap ratio was 36:64. On a weighted-average basis, the recycling rate overall for these metals was 40 percent, and the estimated efficiency of recovery was 63 percent. New scrap consumed was 21 Mt. The United States was a net exporter of most scrap metals, and the net exports of 3.3 Mt were valued at $2 billion in constant 1998 dollars. Metals show a wide range of recycling rates, recycling efficiency, and new-to-old-scrap ratios. Recycling rates cluster in the range from 15 to 45 percent, whereas efficiencies are fairly evenly distributed over a range from 7 to 97 percent.
Integrating critical realist and feminist methodologies: ethical and analytical dilemmas

This paper reflects on research carried out with a group of women receiving intensive family support aimed at addressing the cause of their family’s ‘anti-social behaviour’. The methodological approach to the research was underpinned by the philosophical principles of critical realism. It was also informed by the ethical and political concerns of feminist scholarship. The paper reports on the potential points of tension that arise between feminism and critical realism in empirical research. In particular, attention is centred on the process of trying to marry approaches which stress the central role of participants’ knowledge, particularly those who are ‘labelled’ and whose voices are not readily heard, with the principle that some accounts of ‘reality’ are better than others.
The Law and Economics of First-Party Insurance: Bad Faith Liability

States differ in the legal avenues available to policyholders to pursue actions against their insurers for bad faith in claims settlement. This article discusses the various approaches to first-party insurance bad faith law that have been taken by the states, and discusses the potential benefits and costs of different approaches. Regimes that are likely to grant large damages awards to aggrieved policyholders provide the greatest deterrent to insurer bad faith; but such regimes may also create incentives for fraudulent insurance claiming and disincentives for rigorous claims investigations by insurers. The article evaluates the empirical relevance of these potential incentive distortions through an analysis of automobile insurance claim settlement data in states with different bad faith regimes. The data show that claim characteristics and claim investigations differ significantly in states that permit tort-based bad faith from those in other states, in ways consistent with the hypothesized effects.
Small-Term Distribution for Disk-Based Search

A disk-based search system distributes a large index across multiple disks on one or more machines, where documents are typically assigned to disks at random in order to achieve load balancing. However, random distribution degrades clustering, which is required for efficient index compression. Using the GOV2 dataset, we demonstrate the effect of various ordering techniques on index compression, and then quantify the effect of various document distribution approaches on compression and load balancing. We explore runtime performance by simulating a disk-based search system for a scaled-out 10xGOV2 index over ten disks using two standard approaches, document and term distribution, as well as a hybrid approach: small-term distribution. We find that small-term distribution has the best performance, especially in the presence of list caching, and argue that this rarely discussed distribution approach can improve disk-based search performance for many real-world installations.
Impactos dos programas de transferência de renda Benefício de Prestação Continuada (BPC) e Bolsa Família sobre a economia brasileira: uma análise de equilíbrio geral

In this paper we analyze the economic impacts of two important direct income transfer programs in Brazil, the Bolsa Familia and the Beneficio de Prestacao Continuada programs, using a CGE model of Brazil, the TERM-BR. The real value of those transfers between 2005 and 2012 were calculated and the shocks imposed to the model as shocks to household consumption. Three scenarios were analyzed, with different closures. Results show a fall in GDP when the transfers have to be funded by taxes on the domestic economy. Real household consumption increases in all simulations, as well as GDP in the poorest regions, what shows an income redistribution effect associated to those programs. The paper concludes that transfer programs can t be regarded as economic growth programs, but as poverty alleviation programs only.
Actin-rich Spherical Extrusion Induced in Okadaic Acid-treated K562 Cells by Crosslinking of Membrane Microdomains

Interconnection between surface microdomains and the actin cytoskeleton is vital to various cellular activities. We studied the responses of okadaic acid (OKA)-treated K562 leukemia cells to crosslinking of membrane microdomains. Although OKA alone induced clustering of surface-bound F-actin, addition of a biotinylated poly(ethylene glycol) derivative of cholesterol (bPEG-Chol) and subsequent binding of streptavidin (SA) further induced accumulation of the clusters, resulting in the formation of a spherical cell extrusion. This extrusion was also induced by direct crosslinking of a raft marker, CD59, and ganglioside GM1. In addition, we found that knockout of the gene encoding Fyn kinase inhibited formation of the spherical extrusion in murine T-cells. In bPEG-Chol/SA-treated cells, CD59, ganglioside GM1, and clathrin/AP-2 were all accumulated on the surface of the actin-rich extrusion, whereas dynamin and transferrin receptors were unaffected. Intermediate filaments, mitochondria, and other vesicles also accumulated. These results suggest that crosslinking of membrane domains exaggerates the linkage between actin and a defined set of membrane proteins in OKA-treated cells.
Involvement of ezrin/moesin in de novo actin assembly on phagosomal membranes

The current study focuses on the molecular mechanisms responsible for actin assembly on a defined membrane surface: the phagosome. Mature phagosomes were surrounded by filamentous actin in vivo in two different cell types. Fluorescence microscopy was used to study in vitro actin nucleation/polymerization (assembly) on the surface of phagosomes isolated from J774 mouse macrophages. In order to prevent non‐specific actin polymerization during the assay, fluorescent G‐actin was mixed with thymosin β4. The cytoplasmic side of phagosomes induced de novo assembly and barbed end growth of actin filaments. This activity varied cyclically with the maturation state of phagosomes, both in vivo and in vitro. Peripheral membrane proteins are crucial components of this actin assembly machinery, and we demonstrate a role for ezrin and/or moesin in this process. We propose that this actin assembly process facilitates phagosome/endosome aggregation prior to membrane fusion.
The Deterrence Effects of U.S. Merger Policy Instruments

We estimate the deterrence effects of U.S. merger policy instruments with respect to the composition and frequency of future merger notifications. Data from the Annual Reports by the U.S. DOJ and FTC allow industry based measures over the 1986-1999 period of the conditional probabilities for eliciting investigations, challenges, prohibitions, court-wins and court-losses: deterrence variables akin to the traditional conditional probabilities from the economics of crime literature. We find the challenge-rate to robustly deter future horizontal (both relative and absolute) merger activity; the investigation-rate to slightly deter relative-horizontal merger activity; the court-loss-rate to moderately affect absolute-horizontal merger activity; and the prohibition-rate and court-win-rate to not significantly deter future horizontal mergers. Accordingly, the conditional probability of eliciting an antitrust challenge (i.e., remedies and prohibitions) involves the strongest deterrence effect from amongst the different merger policy instruments.