Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Drosophila yolk protein produced in E. coli is accumulated by mosquito ovaries

Despite similar functions, the yolk proteins of the higher dipteran flies and the vitellogenins found in other insects are unrelated at the sequence level and have evolved from different genes. Both are selectively endocytosed into the ovary via receptors belonging to the LDLR receptor subfamily. We cloned the Drosophila yp1 gene into an E. coli expression vector and showed that the yolk protein produced by E. coli is taken up into ovaries of both Drosophila melanogaster and the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae, which normally uses vitellogenin.
Experimental autoimmune hepatitis: Disease induction, time course and t‐cell reactivity

This study describes a murine model of autoimmune hepatitis: experimental autoimmune hepatitis. Experimental autoimmune hepatitis could be induced most effectively in male C57BL/6 mice by intraperitoneal immunization with the 100,000 g superantant of syngeneic liver homogenate (S‐100) in complete Freund's adjuvant. BALB/C and C3H mice were less susceptible than C57BL/6 mice. Experimental autoimmune hepatitis could not be induced in Lewis rats. Intraperitoneal immunization was more effective than intramuscular or subcutaneous injections, and the amount of protein administered above a threshold was of little influence. A single intraperitoneal injection of S‐100 in complete Freund's adjuvant resulted in hepatitis of at least 6 mo duration. Histological changes were most marked 4 wk after disease induction. The histological findings were characterized mainly by perivascular inflammatory infiltrates and hepatocyte necroses. The histological changes were accompanied by biochemical evidence of liver cell death. Passive transfer of experimental autoimmune hepatitis with concanavalin. A–activated splenocytes was possible. Specific T‐cell reactivity against fractions of S‐100 could be demonstrated in vitro. Thus experimental autoimmune hepatitis is a murine model of autoimmune hepatitis probably mediated by autoreactive T cells. It will allow studies of the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis. (HEPATOLOGY 1990; 11: 24–30.)
The subprime crisis and Islamic stock markets integration

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of the current global crisis on the integration and co-movements of selected Islamic stock markets. Design/methodology/approach - Time series techniques of cointegration were used over the period spanning from February 15, 2006 to December 31, 2008. In order to explore changes in the stock market integration and co-movement, following Majid and Kassim, we divide the period of analysis into two periods, namely the pre-crisis period (February 15, 2006-July 25, 2007) and during crisis period (July 26, 2007-December 31, 2008). Findings - No evidence was found of cointegration among the Islamic stock markets in both periods. Accordingly, the 2007 subprime crisis does not seem to affect the long-run co-movements among the Islamic stock markets. Practical implications - The Islamic stock markets provide opportunity for the potential benefits from international portfolio diversification, even after the subprime crisis. The prohibition of Originality/value - Using the Islamic stock indices, to the best of the authors' knowledge, goes clearly beyond the existing literature on the subject matter.
What is the effect of the financial crisis on venture capital financing? Empirical evidence from US Internet start-ups

Employing a large dataset of venture capital investments in US Internet firms, we analyse the effect of the current financial crisis on the venture capital market. Using regression analysis, we find that the financial crisis is associated with a 20% decrease in the average amount of funds raised per funding round. This effect, however, can only be found in later funding rounds. We argue that firms in later financing rounds that need capital to survive cannot avoid a deduction induced by the financial crisis, whereas firms that seek initial funding postpone their funding and expansion plans until the capital markets have stabilized. Furthermore, firms in later phases of the venture cycle are more likely to be negatively affected by the weak IPO market than firms seeking initial funding. Our results suggest that the financial crisis can lead to a severe ‘funding gap’ in the financing of technological development and innovation.
Perceived Firm Transparency: Scale and Model Development

iv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . 1 When Transparency May be Especially Important . 4 Scope of Transparency . 8 Research questions and objectives . 9 Organization of Dissertation . 10 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW . 11 Transparency Definitions . 11 Article Selection . 13 Marketing Literature . 27 Information Technology Literature . 34 Political Science Literature . 36 Management Literature . 38 Public Health Literature . 39 Communications Literature . 40 Transparency Themes Emerging from Literature: An Integrated View . 44 Working Definition . 50 Constructs Related to Transparency . 51 Chapter Summary . 59 CHAPTER 3: THEME VALIDATION AND FINAL TRANSPARENCY DEFINITION . 61 Theme Coding . 61 Interviews, Focus Groups, and Surveys . 62 Findings from Qualitative Data . 66 Summary of Qualitative Research . 71 Final Definition . 71 CHAPTER 4: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF TRANSPARENCY. 72 When are perceptions of transparency formed in the minds of consumers? 74 Disconfirmation of Expectations and Transparency Salience . 77 Systematic-Heuristic Processing . 81 Attribution Theory, Persuasion Knowledge Model, and Motives . 87 Proposed Theoretical Model . 88 Antecedents of Transparency . 90 Consequences of Transparency . 94 CHAPTER 5: SCALE DEVELOPMENT . 107 Study 1 . 108 Study 2 . 135 Chapter Summary . 146 CHAPTER 6: HYPOTHESIS TESTING: METHODOLOGY, DATA ANALYSIS & RESULTS147 Study 3 . 147 Study 4 . 170 Chapter Summary . 188 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION . 189 General Discussion . 189 The Meaning of Firm Transparency . 193 Implications of Firm Transparency . 194 Managerial Implications . 197 Limitations . 200 Future Research . 200 REFERENCES . 202 APPENDICES . 211 Survey for Study 1, Phases 2 and 3 . 212 Study 3, Supplemental Analysis . 223 Study 4, Supplemental Analysis . 226 ABOUT THE AUTHOR . 232
When the State Takes Over a Life: The Public Guardian as Public Administrator

Public guardians are appointed by the state to meet the needs of incapacitated citizens when no other willing or responsible surrogate decision maker exists. These public administrators, who live the decisional life of another citizen, need meaningful controls and accountability because of the great private and public authority that is entrusted to them. A review of program documents, interviews with public guardians and their program supervisors, and participant observations revealed complex roles for the public guardian: service monitor, service broker, client advocate, surrogate decision maker, and relationship architect. Because of the multiplicity of roles and few controls on their actions, public guardians' accountability should first be drawn from mechanical mechanisms (for instance, thorough audits and sanctions for infractions), but a second and necessary control is the principles of public administration, which are grounded in normative values and democratic governance.
International Conference on Information Systems ( ICIS ) 2010 BYPASSING TRUST IN ONLINE PURCHASE DECISIONS BY ESTABLISHING COMMON GROUND

Revenue from ecommerce represents a multi-billion dollar industry in rapid expansion. Old and new players in this burgeoning market must foster purchase intentions in potential consumers in order to stay afloat. Until now, trust has acted as the lone gatekeeper to purchase intentions. In this study we suggest an alternative gate through establishing common ground with product reviewers. Common ground is a multidimensional construct from the fields of cognitive science that refers to the mutual knowledge, beliefs, and assumptions shared during communication (Clark 1996; Clark et al. 1983). Using PLS to analyze results from 102 online surveys, we distinguish between common ground and homophily (similarity of attributes), and show what role each plays in ecommerce. Our findings support our recommendation to measure common ground and homophily separately. Lastly, we find that purchase intentions can be fostered in potential customers through establishing common ground—regardless of levels of trust.
Timing and fragmentation of daily working hours arrangements and income inequality – An earnings treatment effects approach with German time use diary data

Traditional well-being analyses based on money income needs to be broadened by its time dimension. In the course of time the traditional full-time work is diminishing and new labour arrangements are discussed (keyword: flexible labour markets) with consequences on the daily work arrangements. Our study is contributing to the research on economic well-being and working hours arrangements by adding insights into particular daily work effort characteristics and its resulting income distribution. The work effort characteristics we regard is about labour market flexibility with focus on relations between the daily timing of work and its fragmentation, and its consequences on the income distribution. Whereas the first part of our study is describing the distribution of timing and fragmentation of daily work time and its resulting income based on more than 35.000 diaries of the most recent German Time Budget Survey 2001/2002, the second part of our study quantifies determinants of arrangement specific earnings functions detecting significant explanatory patterns of what is behind. The related economic theory is a human capital approach in a market and non-market context, extended by non-market time use, the partner’s working condition, social networking as well as household and regional characteristics. The econometrics use a treatment effects type interdependent estimation of endogenous participation in a daily working hour pattern (self-selection) and pattern specific earnings function explanation. The overall result: Individual earnings in Germany are dependent on and significant different with regard to the daily working hours arrangement capturing timing and fragmentation of work. Market and non-market factors are important and significant in explaining participation and earnings thereof.
Forecasting daily volatility with intraday data

The aim of this paper is to assess to what extent intraday data can explain and predict end-of-the-day volatility. Using a realized volatility measure as proposed by Andersen, T. , T. Bollerslev, F. Diebold, and P. Labys. 2001. The distribution of realized exchange rate volatility. Journal of the American Statistical Association 96: 42–55, we hypothesize that volatility generated at the start of the day is an important predictor of daily volatility either on its own accord or in conjunction with information about the seasonal pattern characterizing intraday volatility. We address the question of how much information needs to arrive to the market before a good predictor can be formed. Using data from a specialist market (NYSE), a dealer market (Nasdaq) and a continuous auction market (Paris Bourse), we investigate how different trading structures may affect intraday volatility formation. As a preview to our results, we find that the explanatory power of first-hour volatility for daily volatility is as high as 68%, whereas the average volatility generated during this first hour is <30%. Comparison to a standard GARCH model shows that the forecasts based on the intraday data are generally highly informative both on their own accord and in combination with the GARCH forecasts.
The Exchange Rate Exposure Puzzle

Purpose - Based on basic financial models and reports in the business press, exchange rate movements are generally believed to affect the value of nonfinancial firms. In contrast, the empirical research on nonfinancial firms typically produces fewer significant exposures estimates than researchers expect, independent of the sample studied and the methodology used, giving rise to a situation known as “the exposure puzzle”. To this end, this paper aims to systematically analyze the existing empirical evidence of the exposure phenomenon and to attempt to understand the possible source of the exposure puzzle. Design/methodology/approach - The paper provides a survey of the existing research on the exposure phenomenon for nonfinancial firms. A simple model of exposure elasticity is also used to demonstrate the substantial impact of operational hedging on exposure elasticities. Furthermore, the evidence on the nature of firms’ financial derivative usage is considered. Findings - It is suggested that the exposure puzzle may not be a problem of empirical methodology or sample selection as previous research has suggested, but is simply the result of the endogeneity of operative and financial hedging at the firm level. Given that empirical tests estimate exchange exposures net of corporate hedging, both firms with low gross exposures that do not need to hedge and firms with large gross exposures that employ one or several forms of hedging, may exhibit only weak exchange rate exposures net of hedging. Consequently, empirical tests yield only small percentages of firms with significant stock price exposures in almost any sample. Originality/value - If firms react rationally to their exposures, most firms will either have no exposure to start with, or reduce their exposure to levels that may be too small to detect empirically. Consequently, the exposure puzzle may not be a problem with methodology or theory, but mainly the result of endogeneity of operative and financial hedging at the firm level.
Optimal trading range and firm value around the Asian financial crisis

The cross-sectional share price variation in eight East Asian markets before, during and after the 1997 Asian financial crisis is examined. The paper also studies whether firms in these markets correct their share prices to the optimal trading range using stock splits. The results vary across countries, across firms and across periods. Although some anomalies in some markets are found, most results are consistent with Merton's (1987) investor recognition hypothesis in an incomplete information market. Small firms as less-recognised firms choose low prices to attract small shareholders, thus increasing their shareholder base and the firm's value. Ownership concentration and corporate governance are found to be very important in explaining cross-sectional stock price variation. Specifically, small firms in Hong Kong, Malaysia and Thailand made stock splits to maintain their preferred share prices.
Housing affordability and children's well‐being: Evidence from the national survey of America's families

Abstract Affordability is a major housing problem for many families. However, no research has documented the harmful effects of unaffordable housing on children. It could hurt poor children by restricting the consumption of other basic necessities or stressing parents’ emotional reserves. This article takes a first look at whether poor children living in areas with more affordable housing fare better than their counterparts in less affordable areas. Results suggest that they do. But some models also suggest that the best educational outcomes are found in the most and least affordable housing markets, the latter likely because of unmeasured variables. Affordable housing has a stronger impact on older children than on younger ones, indicating that the effects may be cumulative. Consistent with studies on the effects of income, affordability appears to affect poor children's well‐being primarily through its impact on the material consumption of basic necessities when they are young.
Elevated ferric, calcium and magnesium ions in the brain induce protein aggregation in brain mitochondria.

OBJECTIVE Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are two of several neurodegenerative disorders that affect the elderly. Although their aetiology remains uncertain, studies suggest that elevated aluminium or other metal ions in the brain directly influence the development of the histological abnormalities normally associated with these diseases; other investigations suggest that metal-ion-induced-dysfunction of mitochondria might be a critical factor. METHODS In this study, the impact of elevated aluminum (Al3+), ferric (Fe3+), calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) ions on brain histology and on the protein composition of brain mitochondria were evaluated. Rabbits were injected intra-cerebrally with 1.4% solutions of either aluminium chloride (AlCl3), ferric chloride (FeCl3), calcium chloride (CaCl2) or magnesium chloride (MgCl2) and sacrificed 10 days later RESULTS Histological analysis revealed that Al3+ but not the other ions induced neurofibrillary degeneration within the midbrain and medulla. Alternatively, SDS-PAGE revealed that Fe3+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ but not Al3+ induced alterations to the distribution of brain mitochondrial proteins. Both Fe3+ and Ca2+ triggered decreased concentration of three low molecular weight proteins (-7-14 kd) but Ca2+ precipitated their total absence. Both ions led to increased concentration of a high molecular weight protein (-110 kd). In contrast, Mg2 led to the total absence of the protein of lowest molecular weight (-7 kd) and increased concentration of a -36 kd protein. CONCLUSION These results suggest that elevation of some metal ions in the brain induces protein aggregation with the nature of the aggregation being highly ion dependent. The results also point toward major differences between the histopathological effect of Al3+ and other ions.
Approaching rural firm growth: a literature review

Purpose - – This review investigates the extent and content of research into rural firm growth, and identifies and describes various approaches to studying firm growth. Design/methodology/approach - – The paper is guided by the systematic literature review framework which, combined with a qualitative assessment, ensures a rigorous review. An initial set of 200 peer reviewed articles was included in the review. During the quality assessment stage this set was reduced to 50 articles which were analysed in depth. Findings - – Three approaches to firm growth are identified and explored, focusing on the output, process and context of firm growth. The results further indicate increasing interest in rural firm growth and identify six themes constituting the research field. Originality/value - – Firm growth is advocated as a solution to development challenges, especially in rural settings. However, the firm growth literature is dominated by outcome-based research, often focused on technology-based businesses in dynamic urban regions, whose results are not easily transferable to rural contexts. This review contributes by mapping the current state of knowledge in the field, by articulating and discussing taken-for-granted assumptions with regard to firm growth and by identifying three approaches to firm growth, of which the context approach is the least common but which may prove valuable to further increase in the understanding of rural firm growth.
A Far-View Intensive Care Unit Monitoring Display Enables Faster Triage

Although nurses perform the majority of the clinical tasks in an intensive care unit, current patient monitors were not designed to support a nurse's workflow. Nurses constantly triage patients, deciding which patient is currently in the most need of care. To make this decision, nurses must observe the patient's vital signs and therapeutic device information from multiple sources. To obtain this information, they often have to enter the patient's room. This study addresses 3 hypotheses. Information provided by far-view monitoring displays (1) reduces the amount of time to determine which patient needs care first, (2) increases the accuracy of assigning priority to the right patient, and (3) reduces nurses mental workload. We developed 2 far-view displays to be read from a distance of 3 to 5 m without entering the patient's room. Both display vital signs, trends, alarms, infusion pump status, and therapy support indicators. To evaluate the displays, nurses were asked to use the displays to decide which of 2 patients required their attention first. They made 60 decisions: 20 with each far-view display and 20 decisions with a standard patient monitor next to an infusion pump. Sixteen nurses (median age of 27.5 years with 2.75 years of experience) participated in the study. Using the 2 far-view displays, nurses more accurately and rapidly identified stable patients and syringe pumps that were nearly empty. Median decision times were 11.3 and 12.4 seconds for the 2 far-view displays and 17.2 seconds for the control display. The 2 far-view displays reduced median decision-making times by 4.8 to 5.9 seconds, increased accuracy in assignment of priority in 2 of 7 patient conditions, and reduced nurses' frustration with the triaging task. In a clinical setting, the proposed far-view display might reduce nurses' mental workload and thereby increase patient safety.
Energy markets, capital inertia and economic instrument impacts

Despite the importance of emissions trading and energy taxes to the EU and national climate strategies, limited research exists on their impact on emissions from the perspective of industry sectors targeted by economic instruments. This article contributes to redressing this deficit by critically analysing whether economic instruments applied within the UK provide sufficiently strong price incentives to overcome barriers to investment in energy-intensive sectors created by the capital and finance costs of replacing ‘legacy’ infrastructure and fluctuating base energy prices. Results from a survey of 189 companies from the cement, aluminium and chemicals sectors and 23 interviews with sector associations and businesses from these and other energy-intensive industries indicate that economic instruments have raised awareness of energy efficiency but have had a minimal impact on investment decisions. EU-wide economic instruments such as the EU emissions trading scheme have yet to be fully tested but may encounter similar difficulties. On this basis, we argue that economic instruments may need to be complemented by more interventionist programmes focusing on large-scale investment in energy modernization and we also discuss how economic instruments can contribute to this agenda.