Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Location Characteristics of Inner-City Neighborhoods and Employment Accessibility of Low-Wage Workers

Studies that examine spatial characteristics of urban unemployment are often based on some simplistic measures of employment accessibility. In this paper a refined methodological framework for measuring accessibility is presented, which enables the researcher (1) to improve the measurement by accounting for job competition among workers commuting by different modes, and (2) to understand the outcome more thoroughly by distinguishing the effect of location from that of workers' auto ownership. This refined framework is applied to a case study of employment accessibility of low-wage workers living in Boston's inner-city neighborhoods, with primarily 1990 Census demographic and journey-to-work data. The empirical results show clearly that, although the central location of inner-city residence still gives the low-wage workers some advantage, auto ownership is the more important determinant. Low-wage workers living in inner-city neighborhoods on average do not have high employment accessibility because a large percentage of them do not own any motor vehicle and hence have limited spatial mobility. Implications of the findings are discussed and qualified in light of the limitation of the research.
Ir)rational Voters

Social scientists have long speculated about the extent of agents' rationality, especially in the context of voting. However, existing attempts at classifying voters as (ir)rational have been hampered by the fact that preference orderings and, thus, optimal strategies are generally unobserved. Exploiting the incentive structure of Germany's electoral system, this paper develops a novel set of empirical tests in order to pit the canonical rational choice model against behavioral theories according to which voters simply choose their most preferred candidate. The results indicate that neither approach can rationalize the most-salient features of the data. The findings are consistent, however, with a simple hybrid model in which boundedly rational agents suffer a small psychic cost from acting strategically.
Basic evaluation on soccer inside-kick proficiency

To propose evaluation methodology of proficiency of human actions, we have analyzed soccer inside-kick as the basic stage of research. We analyzed the differences between beginners and experts with appearance-based approach using Dense Trajectories (DT) and clarified valid features in DT to discriminate beginners from experts appropriately. After extraction of features using DT, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed. The first and second-order principal components were adopted to draw a two-dimensional scatter diagram for visualization. HOF and MBHy were selected as effective features compared with HOG and MBHx.
The ableist Othering of disability in the classroom: an experiential investigation of academic adjustments in higher education

Due to a rising interest for degrees in higher education, more students with disabilities have enrolled in the university system. Still, accessibility issues on campuses suggest institutions are not meeting the needs of students in the classroom or through curricula. This study examines current academic adjustments and the lived experiences of students with disabilities in order to understand the ableist Othering phenomenon in higher education. Qualitative research methods have been commonly used to investigate the “disabled voice”; however, triangulation of such methodologies has been criticized for reinforcing Otherness. This study used a phenomenological design implementing rhetorical agency for disabled students to answer openended questions in semi-structured interviews about their lived experiences. Consequently, such interviews created a platform for social change. The author also reflects on his own lived experiences as a deaf student in higher education. Findings include major themes such as a percolation of institutional hegemony, a re-appropriation of stigma through “voice,” and a call for inclusive strategies. Results indicate disabled students experience discrimination likely due to organizational tension in their university institution. Further, this study elaborates on proposed policy changes to college classrooms on large university campuses. Contributions of this study lie in implications for the future of qualitative inquiry, including how current research practices could undergo methodological reinvention to examine the ableist Othering phenomenon.
Adolescents' motivation to select an academic science-related career: the role of school factors, individual interest, and science self-concept

Many researchers consider a lacking interest in science and the students' belief that science is too demanding as major reasons why young people do not strive for science-related careers. In this article, we first delineated a theoretical framework to investigate the importance of interest, self-concept, and school factors regarding students' career preferences. Then, we tested the expected effects on a sample of German 9th-grade students (N = 7,813). We focused on two school factors: the amount of (additional) science activities and the real-life applications in science classes. The multi-level analysis showed that school factors were highly relevant for the students' interest in science and science self-concept. In turn, interest in science and science self-concept affect the students' interest in science-related careers. We conclude that focusing on the link between individual and school characteristics is important for the understanding of students' interest in science-related careers.
Comparative characterization of a temperature responsive gene (lactate dehydrogenase-B, ldh-b) in two congeneric tropical fish, Lates calcarifer and Lates niloticus

The characterization of candidate loci is a critical step in obtaining insight into adaptation and acclimation of organisms. In this study of two non-model tropical (to sub-tropical) congeneric perciformes (Lates calcarifer and Lates niloticus) we characterized both coding and non-coding regions of lactate dehydrogenase-B (ldh-b), a locus which exhibits temperature-adaptive differences among temperate and sub-tropical populations of the North American killifish Fundulus heteroclitus. Ldh-b was 5,004 and 3,527 bp in length in L. calcarifer and L. niloticus, respectively, with coding regions comprising 1,005 bp in both species. A high level of sequence homology existed between species for both coding and non-coding regions of ldh-b (> 97% homology), corresponding to a 98.5% amino acid sequence homology. All six known functional sites within the encoded protein sequence (LDH-B) were conserved between the two Lates species. Ten simple sequence repeat (SSR) motifs (mono-, di-, tri- and tetranucleotide) and thirty putative microRNA elements (miRNAs) were identified within introns 1, 2, 5 and 6 of both Lates species. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were also identified within miRNA containing intron regions. Such SNPs are implicated in several complex human conditions and/or diseases (as demonstrated by extensive genome-wide association studies). This novel characterization serves as a platform to further examine how non-model species may respond to changes in their native temperatures, which are expected to increase by up to 6°C over the next century.
GB toxicity reassessed using newer techniques for estimation of human toxicity from animal inhalation toxicity data: New method for estimating acute human toxicity (GB)

Estimated human inhalation toxicity values for Sarin (GB) were calculated using a new two independent (concentration, exposure time), one dependent (toxic response), non‐linear dose response (toxicity) model combined with re‐evaluated allometric equations relating to animal and human respiration. Historical animal studies of GB toxicity containing both exposure and fractional animal response data were used to test the new process. The final data set contained 6621 animals, 762 groups, 37 studies and 7 species. The toxicity of GB for each species was empirically related to exposure concentration (C; mg m−3) and exposure time (T; min) through the surface function Y = b0 + b1 Log10C + b2 Log10T or Y = b0 + b2 Log10CnT where Y is the Normit, b0, b1 and b2 are constants and n is the ‘toxic load exponent’ (Normit is PROBIT − 5). Between exposure times of 0.17 and 30 min, the average value for n in seven species was 1.35 ± 0.15. The near parallel toxic load equations for each species and the linear relationship between minute volume/body weight ratio and the inhalation toxicity (LCt50) for GB were used to create a pseudo‐human data set and then an exposure time/toxicity surface for the human. The calculated n for the human was 1.40. The pseudo‐human data had much more variability at low exposure times. Raising the lower exposure limit to 1 min, did not change the LCt50 but did result in lower variability. Raising the lower value to 2 min was counterproductive. Based on the toxic load model for 1–30 min exposures, the human GB toxicities (LCt01, LCt05, LCt50 and LCt95) for 70 kg humans breathing 15 l min−1 were estimated to be 11, 16, 36 and 83; 18, 25, 57 and 132 and 24, 34, 79 and 182 mg.min m−3 for 2, 10 and 30 min exposures, respectively. These values are recommended for general use for the total human population. The empirical relationships employed in the calculations may not be valid for exposure times >30 min. Copyright © 2005 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning linear transformations between counting-based and prediction-based word embeddings

Despite the growing interest in prediction-based word embedding learning methods, it remains unclear as to how the vector spaces learnt by the prediction-based methods differ from that of the counting-based methods, or whether one can be transformed into the other. To study the relationship between counting-based and prediction-based embeddings, we propose a method for learning a linear transformation between two given sets of word embeddings. Our proposal contributes to the word embedding learning research in three ways: (a) we propose an efficient method to learn a linear transformation between two sets of word embeddings, (b) using the transformation learnt in (a), we empirically show that it is possible to predict distributed word embeddings for novel unseen words, and (c) empirically it is possible to linearly transform counting-based embeddings to prediction-based embeddings, for frequent words, different POS categories, and varying degrees of ambiguities.
Male analysts are overconfident while female analysts are not

To study gender di¤erences in overcon dence, we use a two-stage decision model. This model allows for the coexistence of an overcon dence bias and a strategicallydriven bias in the forecasting process. Our results con rm the gender stereotype that male analysts are overcon dent, while female analysts are not. Male nancial analysts overweigh the precision of their private information by about 3%, believing too much in their own abilities. Female analysts, on the other hand, do not attach a weight to their personal information that is too high compared to the rational Bayesian weight. Moreover, both male and female analysts strategically inate their earnings forecasts, but this strategic behavior disappears after the implementation of the new analyst regulation 2002. This version: December 17, 2009. We thank Bertrand Melenberg and seminar participants at Tilburg University for their comments. yCatholic University of Leuven, AFI, Naamsestraat 69, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Email: katrien.bosquet@econ.kuleuven. be, tel: (+) 32 (0)16 326675, fax: (+) 32 (0)16 326732. Part of this research is done while Katrien Bosquet was visiting Tilburg University. zTilburg University, Department of Finance and CentER for Economic Research, P.O. Box 90153, 5000LE Tilburg, The Netherlands, email: p.c. degoeij@uvt.nl, phone: (+) 31 (0)13 4662083, fax: (+) 31 (0)13 4662875. xCatholic University of Leuven, AFI, Naamsestraat 69, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Email: kristien.smedts@econ.kuleuven. be, tel: (+) 32 (0)16 326739, fax: (+) 32 (0)16 326732.
PENGGUNAAN KOMIK SEBAGAI MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN TERHADAP UPAYA MENINGKATKAN MINAT MATEMATIKA SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR (SD/MI)

Abstract The condition of Mathematics, whose image is a non-enjoyable subject for students, must be taken into endless reflection by all concerned parties, especially for teachers whose responsibility is to deliver the learning material to the students. Tedious learning material presentation should be anticipated by providing means of material presentation which are innovative, fun, and able to draw students’ interest.One of the alternatives in providing innovative material presentation is by using comic as a media. Considering the tendency students posse in having interest toward comic, it can be argued that comic is usable as learning media. By inserting mathematics concepts into comics or explaining learning material in form of comics, it is expected that students’ emotional factor and interest are drawn into activities in effort to learn the material. In addition, comic being a visual media is assumed as able to give influence toward the acqusition of knowledge because it can draw students’ attention and interest when the information is delivered. Comic is also one of the alternatives in choosing fun and interractive learning media. The writer argues that the use of comic as media can motivate students to learn, so that the negative image of mathematics that students have in their mind as dificult and non-enjoyable subject can be replaced by mathematics as an enjoyable subject which will draw students attention and interest. In result, students achievement in learning mathematics is expected to improve. Moreover, the use of comic as a media can be combined with various learning models as an additional touch in delivering learning material and it can be twisted by inserting small games in the learning process. As a teacher, we are expected to embed good character values into the comics character we make and use.
Designing transition networks for multimodal VR-interactions using a markup language

This article presents one core component for enabling multimodal-speech and gesture-driven interaction in and for virtual environments. A so-called temporal Augmented Transition Network (tATN) is introduced. It allows to integrate and evaluate information from speech, gesture, and a given application context using a combined syntactic/semantic parse approach. This tATN represents the target structure for a multimodal integration markup language (MIML). MIML centers around the specification of multimodal interactions by letting an application designer declare temporal and semantic relations between given input utterance percepts and certain application states in a declarative and portable manner. A subsequent parse pass translates MIML into corresponding tATNs which are directly loaded and executed by a simulation engines scripting facility.
Multiphoton gradient index endoscopy for evaluation of diseased human prostatic tissue ex vivo

Abstract. Multiphoton microscopy can instantly visualize cellular details in unstained tissues. Multiphoton probes with clinical potential have been developed. This study evaluates the suitability of multiphoton gradient index (GRIN) endoscopy as a diagnostic tool for prostatic tissue. A portable and compact multiphoton endoscope based on a 1-mm diameter, 8-cm length GRIN lens system probe was used. Fresh ex vivo samples were obtained from 14 radical prostatectomy patients and benign and malignant areas were imaged and correlated with subsequent H&E sections. Multiphoton GRIN endoscopy images of unfixed and unprocessed prostate tissue at a subcellular resolution are presented. We note several differences and identifying features of benign versus low-grade versus high-grade tumors and are able to identify periprostatic tissues such as adipocytes, periprostatic nerves, and blood vessels. Multiphoton GRIN endoscopy can be used to identify both benign and malignant lesions in ex vivo human prostate tissue and may be a valuable diagnostic tool for real-time visualization of suspicious areas of the prostate.
Keyword Spotting Based on Syllable Confusion Network

Keyword spotting becomes a very important branch of speech recognition. But the acoustic mismatch between training and testing environments often causes a severe degradation in the recognition performance. This paper presents an improved keyword spotting strategy. A fuzzy search algorithm is proposed to extract keyword hypotheses from a syllable confusion network (SCN). SCN is linear and naturally suitable for indexing. To accelerate search process, SCN are pruned to feasible sizes. As a post-processing method, minimum classification error (MCE) optimized confidence measure is adopted to reject false accepts. On Mandarin conversational telephone speech (CTS), the proposed algorithms reduce the equal error rate (EER) by 7.2% relative.
Evidências de validade de instrumentos de reações no ensino superior à distância

Com a crescente implantacao de cursos superiores oferecidos via internet, os estudos na area de avaliacao de acoes educacionais a distância assumem grande relevância, ao propor instrumentos de medida para atestar a eficacia e a qualidade de cursos desta natureza. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se verificar as evidencias de validade de dois instrumentos de medida: Reacao aos Procedimentos Instrucionais e Reacao ao Desempenho do Tutor. Alunos de graduacao de uma universidade particular no interior paulista, que realizavam cursos a distância ou disciplinas hibridas, responderam a questionarios que avaliaram o nivel de satisfacao com os procedimentos instrucionais adotados e a atuacao profissional do tutor. Foram realizadas Analises Fatoriais Exploratorias e de consistencia interna. Os escores analisados apontam para as evidencias de validade estrutural em ambas escalas, que apresentam estruturas empiricas unifatoriais: 1) "Procedimentos Instrucionais em EAD" (17 itens, α=0,96 e cargas fatoriais entre 0,60 e 0,86); e 2) "Desempenho do Tutor" (27 itens, α=0,98 e cargas fatoriais entre 0,67 e 0,88). As estruturas de fator unico ja foram encontradas em estudos existentes com as medidas, que devem ser aplicadas em contextos e amostras diferentes, em futuras pesquisas.
Generalized Laplacians and First Transit Times for Directed Graphs

In this paper, we extend previous results on average commute-times for undirected graphs to fully-connected directed graphs, corresponding to irreducible Markov chains. We introduce an unsymmetrized generalized Laplacian matrix and show how its pseudo-inverse directly yields the one-way first-transit times and round-trip commute times with formulas almost matching those for the undirected graph case. We show that the results are equivalent to similar formulas in terms of the Fundamental Matrix for recurrent irreducible Markov chains. We show that the unsymmetrized generalized Laplacian and its pseudo-inverse are positive semi-definite, leading to a natural embedding of the graph in Euclidean space which preserves the round-trip commute times.
Leukoaraiosis on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Correlates With Worse Outcomes After Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose— Leukoaraiosis (LA) is associated with dementia, ischemic stroke, and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), but there are few data on how LA might impact outcomes after acute ICH. We tested the hypothesis that the severity of LA on magnetic resonance imaging is related to worse functional outcomes after spontaneous ICH. Methods— We prospectively identified patients with spontaneous acute ICH. LA was identified on magnetic resonance imaging and its severity was graded using the Fazekas method to include a score for the deep white matter and periventricular regions. Outcomes were obtained at 14 days, 28 days, and 3 months with the modified Rankin Scale (mRS; a validated scale from 0 [no symptoms] to 6 [dead]) and analyzed with multivariate logistic regression. Results— Higher Fazekas total (periventricular plus deep white matter) score correlated with higher mRS score at 14 days (P=0.02) and 3 months (P=0.02). This relationship was driven by the periventricular score, for which higher score (more severe disease) correlated with higher National Institute of Health Stroke Scale at 14 days (P=0.03), and higher mRS score at 14 days (P<0.001), 28 days (P=0.004), and 3 months (P=0.005). A higher (more severe) Fazekas periventricular score was associated with dependence or death at 3 months (odds ratio, 1.8 per point; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–3.1; P=0.04) after correction for the ICH score. Conclusions— Increased LA is an independent predictor of worse functional outcomes in patients after spontaneous ICH. The pathophysiology associating LA with worse outcomes requires further study. These data may improve prognostication and selection for clinical trials.
The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Severity Grade is valid and generalizable in adhesive small bowel obstruction

BACKGROUND The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) anatomic severity grading system for adhesive small bowel obstruction (ASBO) was validated at a single institution. We aimed to externally validate the AAST ASBO grading system using the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma multi-institutional small bowel obstruction prospective observational study. METHODS Adults (age ≥ 18) with (ASBO) were included. Baseline demographics, physiologic parameters (heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate), laboratory tests (lactate, hemoglobin, creatinine, leukocytosis), imaging findings, operative details, length of stay, and Clavien-Dindo complications were collected. The AAST ASBO grades were assigned by two independent reviewers based on imaging findings. Kappa statistic, univariate, and multivariable analyses were performed. RESULTS There were 635 patients with a mean (±SD) age of 61 ± 17.8 years, 51% female, and mean body mass index was 27.5 ± 8.1. The AAST ASBO grades were: grade I (n = 386, 60.5%), grade II (n = 135, 21.2%), grade III (n = 59, 9.2%), grade IV (n = 55, 8.6%). Initial management included: nonoperative (n = 385; 61%), laparotomy (n = 200, 31.3%), laparoscopy (n = 13, 2.0%), and laparoscopy converted to laparotomy (n = 37, 5.8%). An increased median [IQR] AAST ASBO grade was associated with need for conversion to an open procedure (2 [1–3] vs. 3 [2–4], p = 0.008), small bowel resection (2 [2–2] vs. 3 [2–4], p < 0.0001), postoperative temporary abdominal closure (2 [2–3] vs. 3 [3–4], p < 0.0001), and stoma creation (2 [2–3] vs. 3 [2–4], p < 0.0001). Increasing AAST grade was associated with increased anatomic severity noted on imaging findings, longer duration of stay, need for intensive care, increased rate of complication, and higher Clavien-Dindo complication grade. CONCLUSION The AAST ASBO severity grading system has predictive validity for important clinical outcomes and allows for standardization across institutions, providers, and future research focused on optimizing preoperative diagnosis and management algorithms. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic, level III.
(R)-[1-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl][2-(thiophen-2-yl)ethyl]ammonium (+)-camphor-10-sulfonate acetone monosolvate

The title compound, C15H17ClNO2S+·C10H15O4S−·C3H6O, was synthesized by N-alkylation of α-amino-(2-chlorophenyl)acetate with 2-thienylethyl p-toluenesulfonate, followed by reaction with (+)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid. In the crystal, the cations and anions are linked through N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The thiophene ring of the cation was found to be disordered over two sites, with refined occupancies of 0.798 (4) and 0.202 (4).