Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Bernoulli mixture model for word categorisation

The problem of word categorisation is formulated as one of unsupervised mixture modelling where Bernoulli distributions capture contextual information. We detail how the free parameters of the mixture models can be estimated through an EM procedure. A deterministic word-to-class mapping is derived from this model using a hierarchical clustering algorithm. Categorisation plays an important role in language modelling. It let us reduce the number of free parameters to be estimated and allow us to easily increase the vocabulary of the task without the need for retraining. In this paper, we try to solve the word-class selection problem by means of a non-supervised method which uses contextual information of the words in the training set together with an adequate distance measure. This paper describes a technique to build a word hierarchical structure through an efficient agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm, in a syntax-constrained task. This way, assigning words to categories seems to be an easy job since breaking this structure wherever you want gives you a division of the vocabulary words into categories. We call this algorithm efficient becauses it uses minheaps in order to avoid an extensive search of the nearest neighbour of each sample. Methods for a good codification of the words, based on the words usually around them in the sentences of the task, are described and experiments in order to tune some essential representation and algorithm-dependent parameters were carried out. Finally, subjectively good results were achieved and the reason for calling them subjective is that the only way to evaluate the results is looking at the obtained structure and giving her a mark.
Acaulospara colossica sp . nov . from an old field in North Carolina and morphological comparisons with similar species , A . lacvis and

A new arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species, Acaulospora colossica, ( Glomales, Acaulosporaceae) is described, and its distribution and seasonality discussed. Spores of A. colossica develop from saccules that empty their contents in the developing spores. Spore wall structure consists of 3 layers, all originating from the subtending hyphae. The two inner layers are laminated. The outermost spore wall layer is typically sloughed off before the spores mature. Two inner walls arise sequentially. Both inner walls are comprised of two layers. The outer layer of the innermost wall is beaded. Acaulospora colossica is described from a population in Durham, North Carolina. Its name refers to the relatively large size of the spores. Finally, the morphology of the new species A. colossica is compared and contrasted to two closely related species A. laevis and A. koskei.
Two-Stage, In Silico Deconvolution of the Lymphocyte Compartment of the Peripheral Whole Blood Transcriptome in the Context of Acute Kidney Allograft Rejection

Acute rejection is a major complication of solid organ transplantation that prevents the long-term assimilation of the allograft. Various populations of lymphocytes are principal mediators of this process, infiltrating graft tissues and driving cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Understanding the lymphocyte-specific biology associated with rejection is therefore critical. Measuring genome-wide changes in transcript abundance in peripheral whole blood cells can deliver a comprehensive view of the status of the immune system. The heterogeneous nature of the tissue significantly affects the sensitivity and interpretability of traditional analyses, however. Experimental separation of cell types is an obvious solution, but is often impractical and, more worrying, may affect expression, leading to spurious results. Statistical deconvolution of the cell type-specific signal is an attractive alternative, but existing approaches still present some challenges, particularly in a clinical research setting. Obtaining time-matched sample composition to biologically interesting, phenotypically homogeneous cell sub-populations is costly and adds significant complexity to study design. We used a two-stage, in silico deconvolution approach that first predicts sample composition to biologically meaningful and homogeneous leukocyte sub-populations, and then performs cell type-specific differential expression analysis in these same sub-populations, from peripheral whole blood expression data. We applied this approach to a peripheral whole blood expression study of kidney allograft rejection. The patterns of differential composition uncovered are consistent with previous studies carried out using flow cytometry and provide a relevant biological context when interpreting cell type-specific differential expression results. We identified cell type-specific differential expression in a variety of leukocyte sub-populations at the time of rejection. The tissue-specificity of these differentially expressed probe-set lists is consistent with the originating tissue and their functional enrichment consistent with allograft rejection. Finally, we demonstrate that the strategy described here can be used to derive useful hypotheses by validating a cell type-specific ratio in an independent cohort using the nanoString nCounter assay.
How lexical ambiguity distributes activation to semantic neighbors: Some possible consequences within a computational framework

The role which the diversity of a word’s contexts plays in lexical access is currently the object of research. Vector-space models such as Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) are useful to examine this role. Having an objective, discrete model of lexical representation allows us to objectify parameters in order to define contextual focalization in a more measurable way. In the first part of our study, we investigate whether certain empirical data on ambiguity can be modeled by means of an exclusively symbolic single representation model such as LSA and an excitatory-inhibitory mechanism such as the Construction-­Integration framework. Our observations support the idea that some ambiguity effects could be explained by the contextual distribution using such a model. In the second part, we put abstract and concrete words to the test. Our LSA model (exclusively symbolic) and the excitatory-inhibitory mechanism can also explain the penalty paid by abstract words as they activate other words through semantic similarity and the advantage of concrete words in naming and semantic judgments, though it does not account for the advantage of concrete words in lexical decision tasks. The results of this second part are then discussed within the framework of the embodied/symbolic view of the language process.
A Signal Analysis Design Based on LabVIEW

This paper presents a new system of oscilloscope offline signal analysis based on Lab VIEW. It can capture various waveform signals by the oscilloscope, and then provide easy viewing, analyzing, storing and sharing. This software runs on computer where there is no need for real-time. It has a greater throughput, faster measurement speed, more accurate measurement results and more user-friendly data processing. It also reduces the reliance of the test environment. Besides, owing to its extensibility, this system can increase the required functions to suit different application environment in the future. As results can prove, the above mentioned functions are well performed.
A comparison of regional trends in 1979–1997 depth-averaged tropospheric temperatures

This study examines regional temperature trends during the period 1979–1997 from the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) 2r satellite measurements and compares them with the same trends in depth-averaged tropospheric temperatures derived from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis, in an attempt to determine whether regional trends exist which are larger than known inhomogeneities in the data. Large, statistically significant regional trends were found in both the NCEP and the MSU data that are of both signs and have larger magnitude than documented biases in the data. The datasets have overall agreement on the location and strength of these significant regional trends at mid and high latitudes but agreement decreases in the tropics. A global annual average of the significant regional trends with larger amplitudes than reported data biases and areally weighted over the globe yields −0.02°C over the 19-year period of the record in the MSU 2r Version C dataset, and −0.05°C/19 years in the NCEP data in the 1000–500 mb layer. Increasing the bias threshold by as much as five times still results in an average cooling in both datasets. Subjecting the surface temperature record to the same regional analysis yields a regionally significant trend of 0.17°C/19 years, approximately halving the trend obtained when all regions, regardless of significance, are considered. In addition, many regions with significant warming trends in the surface network occur in areas with limited observations over oceans and are not confirmed by the other datasets. Discrepancies between significant regional trends in the surface record and the upper-air observations are not systematic. In no case are regionally significant, tropical, warming trends at the surface magnified at higher levels in the MSU and NCEP tropospheric data. In the case of the NCEP reanalysis, both warming and cooling trends on average become larger, more significant, and cover larger areas in shallower tropospheric layers. These results suggest that the disparity between global trends in satellite/rawinsonde/reanalysis datasets and those of the surface record are not simply the result of large-scale changes in the vertical structure of the atmosphere or to large-scale biases in the satellite observations, but instead are linked to processes which are regional in nature. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Infrastructure and the marginal cost of public funds

La these traite : du cout marginal des fonds publics en Afrique ; de la decision de privatiser les infrastructures, en fonction du cout marginal des fonds publics ; de la regulation des gazoducs en prenant en compte le non-renouvellement des ressources de gaz ; de la vitesse d'extraction du gaz naturel par un monopole utilisant des prix non-lineaires
CALPAN: Countermeasure against Leakage Power Analysis attack by normalized DDPL

This paper proposes novel techniques against Leakage Power Analysis (LPA) attack on Dual-Rail Precharge Logic (DDPL) which is a Differential Power Analysis (DPA) resistant logic style. DDPL is first applied with sleep transistors technique and second with Normalization technique by which the Cryptosystem is made LPA resistant. Security metrics used for assessing the proposed logic styles are the leakage power and Coefficient of Deviation (CoD). By analyzing the leakage power traces secret key can be extracted, as the leakage power is data dependent. The leakage power dissipated by the Cryptosystem cannot be avoided completely but it can be reduced by which LPA attack can be avoided. To avoid LPA attack, leakage power should be made independent of data that is getting processed in the Cryptosystem. This paper concentrates on leakage power analysis of DDPL NAND applied with novel techniques and defines the leakage power and CoD. The logic styles are implemented and analyzed using Cadence© GPDK 45nm technology node. In the proposed method sleep transistor technique is applied to DDPL by which the power consumption is double the normal DDPL but the data dependency CoD has been reduced by 20% and with the novel Normalized DDPL technique, power consumption is reduced by 30% and the CoD has been reduced by 89.4% which implies that the power traces are made equal for all the input combinations by which LPA attack can be avoided. The power traces are measured at various temperatures by which dependency of Logic style on temperature i.e., thermal Stability is also studied.
Text data mining beyond the open data paradigm: Perspectives at the intersection of intellectual property and ethics

This poster highlights outcomes from an IMLS‐funded National Forum project on text data mining with content that is subject to use conditions due to intellectual property rights. It argues that developing strong frameworks for conducting text mining with IP‐limited data is an urgent priority for supporting responsible, sustainable research in the twenty‐first century.
Transdermal Delivery of Gabapentin: Effect of Cosolvent and Microemulsion on Permeation through the Rat Skin

The objective of the present study was to examine the influence of cosolvent system and micro-emulsion formulation on in-vitro skin permeation of gabapentin, furthermore, to characterize the physicochemical properties of drug-loaded oil-in-water (o/w) and water-in-oil (w/o) cremophor 40-based microemulsions in comparison to the blank counterparts. The cosolvent system prepared by homogenous mixing is composed of ethanol-water and propylene glycol-water mixture (90:10, 80:20, 70:30 v/v) respectively. The microemulsion consisted of coconut oil, water and mixture of cremophor 40 (surfactant) and ethanol (cosurfactant) and was prepared by aqueous phase titration method. Physicochemical properties of microemulsions were determined using reported procedures. Transdermal flux for gabapentin was studied in-vitro using modified Franz diffusion cells. The physicochemical properties of drug-loaded microemulsions and their blank counterparts were generally alike, however, slight variation in pH and viscosity was observed probably due to the intrinsic properties of the drug. The ethanol-water system (70:30 v/v) gave higher flux for gabapentin when compared to propylene glycol-water system (70:30 v/v). The w/o microemulsion formulations resulted in, higher flux for gabapentin when compared to o/w formulations. FTIR spectra of the untreated stratum corneum, when compared to cosolvent system and microemulsion treated stratum corneum, suggest the mechanism of permeation to be disruption of lipid bilayers and keratin denaturation of the stratum corneum. The results show that incorporation of gabapentin into microemulsions did not change the microemulsion type. The in vitro permeation data obtained from experimental work suggest that the cosolvent system (ethanol-water 70:30 v/v) and w/o microemulsion formulations respectively, can be successfully used as potential vehicles in developing transdermal therapeutic systems for gabapentin.
H2 Clearance Measurement of Blood Flow: A Review of Technique and Polarographic Principles

H2 clearance is a powerful method for monitoring blood flow. Simple and inexpensive to implement, the method allows multiple in situ determinations of blood flow from any tissue in which a small electrode can be implanted. There is, however, evidence to suggest that H2 clearance is neither as accurate nor as local a measure of blood flow as generally supposed. Both in theory and practice, it probably cannot accurately determine blood flow rates greater than 100 ml/100 gm/min or localize blood flow to tissue volumes of less than 5 ml. Moreover, its experimental application is complicated by many technical problems hitherto largely ignored by workers in the field. Some of these problems arise from the limitations of the steady state polarographic technique used to measure tissue H2 concentrations. Other problems stem from the failure to consider possible sources of error in H2 clearance monitoring; these include interference with the H2 signal by spurious electrode and tissue currents, and contributions from tissue ascorbate and O2. Nevertheless, with the appropriate safeguards and qualifications, H2 clearance is a valid and important approach to measuring blood flow.
Barcode detection with morphological operations and clustering

Barcode detection has many applications and detection methods. Each application has its own requirements for speed and detection accuracy. Fine-tuning, upgrading or combining existing methods gives fast and robust solutions for detection. Modern computer vision techniques help the whole process to be fully automated. Diﬀerent detection approaches are examined in this paper
A Real-Time Access Control of Patient Service in the Outpatient Clinic

With the increasing demand of patients for limited healthcare services, e.g., expert physicians in general hospitals and the long on-site waiting time of patients, a real-time admission control (AC) policy was developed considering both distinction and fairness among heterogeneous patients. The AC policy chooses the customer for the next service from the waiting area to minimize the expected total disutility according to the current system state. A continuous-time Markov decision process in a finite horizon was developed, and a myopic optimal policy was derived using a switching curve to discriminate patient admission based on patient types and waiting time. The effect of each parameter on the switching curve is analyzed, and managerial insights are discussed. In the numerical experiment, an empirical case in the Pediatric Department of Peking University Third Hospital is conducted using simulation models. Three commonly used scheduling policies and the myopic policy (MP) are tested in both Markovian settings and a real-world scenario. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the MP, because the total disutility of patients is significantly alleviated. Furthermore, the service experience of patients is expected to improve with the application of the AC policy.
Improvement in multiple access channel allocation for sensor node configuration based on RFID communication

Wireless sensors are expected to be low cost and to reduce their power consumption so that a large number of sensors can be installed for collecting real-world information. Passive radio-frequency identification (RFID) is proposed to assign communication channels to sensors that only send analog sensing signals for their multiple access control. In this method, the RFID reader-writer assigns channels to all sensors by writing channel numbers to the RFIDs attached to the sensors. We propose a method that more efficiently assigns a multiple access channel to the controlled sensor by using passive RFID. We determine the channel by using the electronic product code (EPC) of the RF tags. This approach results in a large reduction in the number of writes. However, it is shown that there is a tradeoff between the reduction in the number of writes and the total number of channels. In addition, our method has a tradeoff between the reduction in the number of writes and the spectral efficiency.
To implement the LBGK model on parallel system

The LBGK method based on microcosmic model is a numerical method which can be used to solve partial differential equation and simulate fluid flow phenomena. It has these virtues such as parallel computing, easy disposal for geometry boundaries and simple arithmetic. By simulating the liquid-gas variation, this paper introduces in detail the steps of realizing Boltzmann model by calling the parallel MPI library functions, studies the parallel efficiency of Boltzmann model when we use different communication models and different region partitions.
Intravitreal Injection of Ranibizumab and CTGF shRNA Improves Retinal Gene Expression and Microvessel Ultrastructure in a Rodent Model of Diabetes

Therapeutic modalities targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have been used to treat neovascularization and macular edema. However, anti-VEGF treatment alone may cause up-regulation of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in the retina, increasing the risk of fibrosis and tractional retinal detachment. Therefore, in this study, we employ a novel dual-target intervention that involves intravitreal injection of the VEGF inhibitor ranibizumab and a transfection reagent-treated non-viral vector carrying anti-CTGF short hairpin RNA (shRNA) driven by human RNA polymerase III promoter U6. The effects of the dual-target intervention on the expression of VEGF and CTGF and on microvessel ultrastructure were examined in retina of streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. CTGF was significantly up-regulated at week 8 after diabetic induction, whereas VEGF was not up-regulated until week 10. The high expression of both genes was maintained at week 12. Transmission electron microscopy also revealed progressive exacerbation of microvessel ultrastructure during the same period. In addition, ranibizumab significantly lowered VEGF but elevated CTGF mRNA, whereas CTGF shRNA significantly reduced the mRNA levels of both CTGF and VEGF in diabetic retinas. Importantly, dual-target intervention normalized the transcript levels of both target genes and ameliorated retinal microvessel ultrastructural damage better than either single-target intervention. These results suggest the advantages of dual-target over single-target interventions in diabetic retina and reveal a novel therapeutic modality for diabetic retinopathy.
Mechanistic Insights into the Neutralization of Cytotoxic Abrin by the Monoclonal Antibody D6F10

Abrin, an A/B toxin obtained from the Abrus precatorius plant is extremely toxic and a potential bio-warfare agent. Till date there is no antidote or vaccine available against this toxin. The only known neutralizing monoclonal antibody against abrin, namely D6F10, has been shown to rescue the toxicity of abrin in cells as well as in mice. The present study focuses on mapping the epitopic region to understand the mechanism of neutralization of abrin by the antibody D6F10. Truncation and mutational analysis of abrin A chain revealed that the amino acids 74–123 of abrin A chain contain the core epitope and the residues Thr112, Gly114 and Arg118 are crucial for binding of the antibody. In silico analysis of the position of the mapped epitope indicated that it is present close to the active site cleft of abrin A chain. Thus, binding of the antibody near the active site blocks the enzymatic activity of abrin A chain, thereby rescuing inhibition of protein synthesis by the toxin in vitro. At 1∶10 molar concentration of abrin:antibody, the antibody D6F10 rescued cells from abrin-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis but did not prevent cell attachment of abrin. Further, internalization of the antibody bound to abrin was observed in cells by confocal microscopy. This is a novel finding which suggests that the antibody might function intracellularly and possibly explains the rescue of abrin’s toxicity by the antibody in whole cells and animals. To our knowledge, this study is the first report on a neutralizing epitope for abrin and provides mechanistic insights into the poorly understood mode of action of anti-A chain antibodies against several toxins including ricin.
A First Report on Emergent Phonology

This paper contains a description of two experiments that have been done to test self organisation and cultural evolution as possible mechanisms for explaining the origins of language in general and the origins of phonological systems in particular. Using computer simulations of agents that try to communicate using speech sounds, together with a selectionist algorithm where successful phonemes are kept and unsuccessful ones discarded, an adaptive and open-ended phonology is created. The first experiment involves a rather abstract model of human speech, while the second experiment involves a (simpli fied) physical model. In both experiments the same selectionist algorithm was used. The first experiment was meant to test the basic idea of self-organisation and cultural evolution, while the second one was meant to test these ideas in a more complex and realistic setting. Both have shown that communicative success can increase while communicative co mplexity also increases. The implications of this for linguistics are discussed, as well as possible and necessary future research.