Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Differential Evolution Based Multiclass Vehicle Detector and Classifier for Urban Environments

Video﻿analytics﻿is﻿emerging﻿as﻿a﻿high﻿potential﻿area﻿supplementing﻿intelligent﻿transportation﻿systems﻿ (ITSs)﻿with﻿wide﻿ranging﻿applications﻿from﻿traffic﻿flow﻿analysis﻿to﻿surveillance. ﻿Object﻿detection﻿ and﻿classification,﻿as﻿a﻿sub﻿part﻿of﻿a﻿video﻿analytical﻿system,﻿could﻿potentially﻿help﻿transportation﻿ agencies﻿to﻿analyze﻿and﻿respond﻿to﻿traffic﻿incidents﻿in﻿real﻿time,﻿plan﻿for﻿possible﻿future﻿cascading﻿ events,﻿or﻿use﻿the﻿classification﻿data﻿to﻿design﻿better﻿roads. ﻿This﻿work﻿presents﻿a﻿specialized﻿vehicle﻿ classification﻿ system﻿ for﻿urban﻿ environments. ﻿The﻿ system﻿ is﻿ targeted﻿ at﻿ the﻿ analysis﻿ of﻿ vehicles,﻿ especially﻿trucks,﻿in﻿urban﻿two﻿lane﻿traffic,﻿to﻿empower﻿local﻿transportation﻿agencies﻿to﻿decide﻿on﻿the﻿ road﻿width﻿and﻿thickness. ﻿The﻿main﻿thrust﻿is﻿on﻿the﻿accurate﻿classification﻿of﻿the﻿vehicles﻿detected﻿ using﻿an﻿evolutionary﻿algorithm. ﻿The﻿detector﻿is﻿backed﻿by﻿a﻿differential﻿evolution﻿(DE)﻿based﻿discrete﻿ parameter﻿optimizer. ﻿The﻿authors﻿show﻿that,﻿ though﻿employing﻿DE﻿proves﻿expensive﻿in﻿ terms﻿of﻿ computational﻿cycles,﻿it﻿measurably﻿improves﻿the﻿accuracy﻿of﻿the﻿classification﻿system. KEywoRDS Differential Evolution, Hough Transform, Vehicle Classification, Video Analytics
The equilibrium real exchange rate and macroeconomic performance in developing countries

ABSTRACT This article presents first estimates of the growth impact of the equilibrium real exchange rate (ERER) for a sample of 63 developing countries over 1970–2007. The results suggest that real exchange rate misalignment, not the level of the ERER, matters for macroeconomic performance in these countries.
Fundamental Indexation in European Emerging Markets

Fundamental indexation for common stocks refers to weighting portfolio constituents on the basis of fundamental variables. We examine the cost efficiency of this approach in the three largest European emerging markets: Poland, Russia, and Turkey. We form portfolios based net profits, sales, book values, and dividends, and evaluate their performance in the 2002-2015 period. The fundamentally weighted portfolios deliver higher risk-adjusted returns than standard capitalization-weighted portfolios, but the differences are predominantly statistically insignificant. The abnormal performance remains positive after controlling for trading costs. As a result, the study offers a cost- effective portfolio construction method that could be implemented by international investment managers with a focus on emerging markets.
The Impact Of Climate Change On The United States Economy

Thank you for reading the impact of climate change on the united states economy. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have search hundreds times for their chosen novels like this the impact of climate change on the united states economy, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some infectious virus inside their laptop.
A Selaginella moellendorffii Ortholog of KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 Functions in Arabidopsis Development but Cannot Mediate Responses to Karrikins or Strigolactones[OPEN]

The function of a putative hormone receptor protein that controls seed germination, seedling growth, and leaf development is conserved between angiosperms and lycophyte ferns. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the α/β-fold hydrolase KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 (KAI2) is essential for normal seed germination, seedling development, and leaf morphogenesis, as well as for responses to karrikins. KAI2 is a paralog of DWARF14 (D14), the proposed strigolactone receptor, but the evolutionary timing of functional divergence between the KAI2 and D14 clades has not been established. By swapping gene promoters, we show that Arabidopsis KAI2 and D14 proteins are functionally distinct. We show that the catalytic serine of KAI2 is essential for function in plants and for biochemical activity in vitro. We identified two KAI2 homologs from Selaginella moellendorffii and two from Marchantia polymorpha. One from each species could hydrolyze the strigolactone analog GR24 in vitro, but when tested for their ability to complement Arabidopsis d14 and kai2 mutants, neither of these homologs was effective. However, the second KAI2 homolog from S. moellendorffii was able to complement the seedling and leaf development phenotypes of Arabidopsis kai2. This homolog could not transduce signals from exogenous karrikins, strigolactone analogs, or carlactone, but its activity did depend on the conserved catalytic serine. We conclude that KAI2, and most likely the endogenous signal to which it responds, has been conserved since the divergence of lycophytes and angiosperm lineages, despite their major developmental and morphogenic differences.
Advances in   $\hbox{CO}_{2}$ Observations From AIRS and ACOS

NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) archives and distributes pioneering collections of data on atmospheric greenhouse gases. In September of 2012, the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) marked a decade of tropospheric observations of carbon dioxide (CO2). Most recently, the Atmospheric CO2 Observations from Space (ACOS) project and GES DISC released CO2 retrievals derived from radiances observed by the Japanese Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) satellite, launched in 2009. In this letter, we present the most recent estimates of decadal mid-tropospheric trends of CO2 from AIRS, as well as the most recent status of the total column-average distribution of CO2 from ACOS. We also demonstrate that significant discrepancies still exist in the global distribution of observed and modeled column amounts of CO2 using the CO2 retrievals from the ACOS project.
XBP1 mRNA Splicing Triggers an Autophagic Response in Endothelial Cells through BECLIN-1 Transcriptional Activation*

Background: Apoptosis and autophagy are two closely related systems that induce cell death. Results: X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) mRNA splicing regulates BECLIN-1 transcriptional activation, a fundamental player in the initiation of autophagy. Conclusion: XBP1 splicing induces an autophagic response in endothelial cells. Significance: XBP1 could be used as an important pharmacological target that can regulate the autophagic machinery and endothelial cell death. Sustained activation of X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) results in endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis and atherosclerosis development. The present study provides evidence that XBP1 mRNA splicing triggered an autophagic response in ECs by inducing autophagic vesicle formation and markers of autophagy BECLIN-1 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3β (LC3-βII). Endostatin activated autophagic gene expression through XBP1 mRNA splicing in an inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α)-dependent manner. Knockdown of XBP1 or IRE1α by shRNA in ECs ablated endostatin-induced autophagosome formation. Importantly, data from arterial vessels from XBP1 EC conditional knock-out (XBP1eko) mice demonstrated that XBP1 deficiency in ECs reduced the basal level of LC3β expression and ablated response to endostatin. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays further revealed that the spliced XBP1 isoform bound directly to the BECLIN-1 promoter at the region from nt −537 to −755. BECLIN-1 deficiency in ECs abolished the XBP1-induced autophagy response, whereas spliced XBP1 did not induce transcriptional activation of a truncated BECLIN-1 promoter. These results suggest that XBP1 mRNA splicing triggers an autophagic signal pathway through transcriptional regulation of BECLIN-1.
Detection of [1,6‐13C2]‐glucose metabolism in rat brain by in vivo 1H‐[13C]‐NMR spectroscopy

Localized, water‐suppressed 1H‐[13C]‐NMR spectroscopy was used to detect 13C‐label accumulation in cerebral metabolites following the intravenous infusion of [1,6‐13C2]‐glucose (Glc). The 1H‐[13C]‐NMR method, based on adiabatic RF pulses, 3D image‐selected in vivo spectroscopy (ISIS) localization, and optimal shimming, yielded high‐quality 1H‐[13C]‐NMR spectra with optimal NMR sensitivity. As a result, the 13C labeling of [4‐13C]‐glutamate (Glu) and [4‐13C]‐glutamine (Gln) could be detected from relatively small volumes (100 μL) with a high temporal resolution. The formation of [n‐13C]‐Glu, [n‐13C]‐Gln (n = 2 or 3), [2‐13C]‐aspartate (Asp), [3‐13C]‐Asp, [3‐13C]‐alanine (Ala), and [3‐13C]‐lactate (Lac) was also observed to be reproducible. The 13C‐label incorporation curves of [4‐13C]‐Glu and [4‐13C]‐Gln provided direct information on metabolic pathways. Using a two‐compartment metabolic model, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux was determined as 0.52 ± 0.04 μmol/min/g, while the glutamatergic neurotransmitter flux equaled 0.25 ± 0.05 μmol/min/g, in good correspondence with previously determined values. Magn Reson Med 49:37–46, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characteristics of the low-energy reporters in a longitudinal national dietary survey

Abstract The aim of the present study was to establish whether the characteristics of members of a large national birth cohort study who submitted diet diaries with implausibly low-energy intake differed from those whose recorded energy intake was more plausible. Survey members (n 1898) recorded their diets in a 7d diary in household measures. Those whose reported energy intake (EI) as 'a fraction of their estimated BMR was less than 1·10, here termed low-energy reporters (LER) but often called under-reporters, constituted 20·6% of the study population. None of the variables describing dietary, smoking or exercise behaviour bore a significant relationship with low EI/BMR (<1·10), neither did those describing region of residence, subjective adequacy of income, current social class, social relations or the social environment of the subjects. Results of logistic regression analysis showed that the only independently significant characteristic for men was higher BMI. In women, in addition to higher BMI, having been overweight or obese as an adult independently, but less significantly, predicted low EI/BMR, while membership as a child of social class III (non-manual), having more children in the household and having a paid job marginally but independently decreased the probability of reporting low EI/BMR. Submission of a diary with EI/BMR < 1·10 7 years earlier in the same survey was an even more powerful predictor of current low EI/BMR than higher BMI in both sexes. The average reported diet-composition of LER was more micronutrient- and protein-rich than that of the others, indicating different dietary, or diet-recording, behaviour in this group of subjects. LER are not a random sample of the survey population, and their characteristics, definable to some extent, put them at risk for lower health status. Although EI/BMR cut-off points can be used to identify LER, the problem of how to use their data is still unresolved.
Ice Bucket Challenge, Butterfly Effect, and Hotels’ Strategic Configurations – The Case of the Hotel Industry in China

ABSTRACT This study aims to construct a typology of hotels’ strategic configurations based on the Butterfly Effect in the event of the Ice Bucket Challenge in the Chinese hotel industry. We employed the BDS test and analogy inference method to infer the strategic configurations and strategic configuration matrix of the hotel industry based on the chaos theory. The strategic configurations and configuration matrix of the hotel industry were identified through the Ice Bucket Challenge and Butterfly Effect, which correspond to the chaotic and deep regularities/attractors of the chaos theory. The implication for hotel operations is to survive and surpass this complex system and dynamic competition under the strategic configurations and configuration matrix, which entails cooperation in the industry structure and pursuit of the blue-ocean strategy, a way to work in a marketplace that is free of competitors, through a strategy of service innovation.
In Vitro Evolution of Preferred Topoisomerase II DNA Cleavage Sites*

Topoisomerase II is an essential enzyme that is the target for several clinically important anticancer drugs. Although this enzyme must create transient double-stranded breaks in the genetic material in order to carry out its indispensable DNA strand passage reaction, the factors that underlie its nucleotide cleavage specificity remain an enigma. Therefore, to address the critical issue of enzyme specificity, a modified systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) protocol was employed to select/evolve DNA sequences that were preferentially cleaved by Drosophila melanogastertopoisomerase II. Levels of DNA scission rose substantially (from 3 to 20%) over 20 rounds of SELEX. In vitro selection/evolution converged on an alternating purine/pyrmidine sequence that was highly AT-rich (TATATATACATATATATA). The preference for this sequence was more pronounced for Drosophila topoisomerase II over other species and was increased in the presence of DNA cleavage-enhancing anticancer drugs. Enhanced cleavage appeared to be based on higher rates of DNA scission rather than increased binding affinity or decreased religation rates. The preferred sequence for topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage is dramatically overrepresented (∼10,000-fold) in the euchromatic genome of D. melanogaster, implying that it may be a site for the physiological action of this enzyme.
Increasing datasets discoverability in an engineering data platform using keyword extraction

In this paper we describe the use of keyword extraction in a data management platform for the storage, publication, and sharing of scientific and engineering datasets primarily related to the stress of concrete structures under earthquake conditions. To improve discoverability of datasets and assist scientists who upload data, we designed an automated keyword extraction system that will propose keywords for uploaded datasets.
Global Dysrhythmia of Cerebro-Basal Ganglia–Cerebellar Networks Underlies Motor Tics following Striatal Disinhibition

Motor tics, a cardinal symptom of Tourette syndrome (TS), are hypothesized to arise from abnormalities within cerebro-basal ganglia circuits. Yet noninvasive neuroimaging of TS has previously identified robust activation in the cerebellum. To date, electrophysiological properties of cerebellar activation and its role in basal ganglia-mediated tic expression remain unknown. We performed multisite, multielectrode recordings of single-unit activity and local field potentials from the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and primary motor cortex using a pharmacologic monkey model of motor tics/TS. Following microinjections of bicuculline into the sensorimotor putamen, periodic tics occurred predominantly in the orofacial region, and a sizable number of cerebellar neurons showed phasic changes in activity associated with tic episodes. Specifically, 64% of the recorded cerebellar cortex neurons exhibited increases in activity, and 85% of the dentate nucleus neurons displayed excitatory, inhibitory, or multiphasic responses. Critically, abnormal discharges of cerebellar cortex neurons and excitatory-type dentate neurons mostly preceded behavioral tic onset, indicating their central origins. Latencies of pathological activity in the cerebellum and primary motor cortex substantially overlapped, suggesting that aberrant signals may be traveling along divergent pathways to these structures from the basal ganglia. Furthermore, the occurrence of tic movement was most closely associated with local field potential spikes in the cerebellum and primary motor cortex, implying that these structures may function as a gate to release overt tic movements. These findings indicate that tic-generating networks in basal ganglia mediated tic disorders extend beyond classical cerebro-basal ganglia circuits, leading to global network dysrhythmia including cerebellar circuits.
Symbolic A* Search with Pattern Databases and the Merge-and-Shrink Abstraction

The efficiency of heuristic search planning crucially depends on the quality of the search heuristic, while succinct representations of state sets in decision diagrams can save large amounts of memory in the exploration. BDDA* - a symbolic version of A* search - combines the two approaches into one algorithm. This paper compares two of the leading heuristics for sequential-optimal planning: the merge-and-shrink and the pattern databases heuristic, both of which can be compiled into a vector of BDDs and be used in BDDA*. The impact of optimizing the variable ordering is highlighted and experiments on benchmark domains are reported.
Continuous Performance Tests Are Sensitive to ADHD in Adults but Lack Specificity

Abstract: Historically, the focus for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been on children, with considerable research and many opinions available in this area. More recently, the focus has been expanded to include ADHD in adults. Assessment of ADHD in adults is complicated by the high rate of co‐occurring disorders as well as symptom overlap with a number of disorders. One popular family of measures for the assessment of attention and executive control is the continuous performance test (CPT). A review of the available research on CPTs reveals that they are quite sensitive to CNS dysfunction. This is both a strength and a limitation of CPTs in that multiple disorders can result in impaired performance on a CPT. The high sensitivity of CPTs is further complicated by the multiple variations of CPTs available, some of which may be more sensitive or demonstrate better specificity to ADHD in adults than others. If CPTs are to be used clinically, further research will be needed to answer the questions raised by this review.
Advances in the Diagnosis and Therapy of Helicobacter pylori

Background: Helicobacter pylori infection infects approximately 50% of the world’s population, and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. H. pylori infection is associated with large expenditures for diagnostic testing and prescription medication. Summary: The C13-urea breath test remains the non-invasive test with the highest sensitivity and specificity, and is the test-of-choice to confirm eradication following treatment. Although the stool antigen test is an acceptable alternative, care should be taken to only use kits with a documented accuracy >90%. Due to the increasing resistance to clarithromycin, the efficacy of standard clarithromycin-based triple therapy is now below 75%. Current guidelines recommend that such treatment only be used in regions where H. pylori resistance to clarithromycin is below 20%. Concomitant therapy and bismuth-based quadruple therapy yield superior eradication rates compared to standard triple therapy and sequential therapy. First line therapy tailored to cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) phenotype and clarithromycin susceptibility may increase treatment success, however large, randomized controlled trials are lacking. Salvage therapy with fluoroquinalones is effective in about three quarters of patients, and is superior to bismuth-based quadruple therapy in this setting. Key messages: Clinicians must consider local antibiotic resistance patterns before choosing a particular regimen. In the absence of such information, clinicians should balance the need for a prolonged four-drug regimen against adverse effects and costs.
Kinetic parameters of 5 alpha-reductase activity in stroma and epithelium of normal, hyperplastic, and carcinomatous human prostates.

To study the influence of 5 alpha-reductase on the concentration of dihydrotestosterone in prostatic tissue, we measured the activity of this enzyme in stroma and epithelium from 15 normal, 50 hyperplastic, and 20 carcinomatous prostates. Maximum velocity (Vmax) and Km parameters based on the Lineweaver-Burk and Eadie-Hofstee transformations of the Michaelis-Menten equation were related to the stromal and epithelial concentrations of dihydrotestosterone. On the basis of relative Vmax values, there was 6-15 times more 5 alpha-reductase activity in stroma than in epithelium regardless of the histology of the prostate. Stromal enzyme activity also was unique in having a 2- to 5-fold larger mean Km value and greater resistance to competitive and noncompetitive inhibition. Despite the enrichment of 5 alpha-reductase activity in stroma, the dihydrotestosterone concentrations in the stromal and epithelial fractions were very similar. In addition, similar concentrations were found in the stromal fractions of hyperplastic and carcinomatous tissues, notwithstanding a 4-fold difference in the mean Vmax values. This anomaly occurred in association with a large disparity in mean Km values, i.e. 68.3 +/- 1.6 (+/- SE) nmol/L in hyperplasia vs. 23.0 +/- 2.9 nmol/L in carcinoma. The dissociation between parameters of 5 alpha-reductase activity and tissue dihydrotestosterone concentrations was apparent to some extent in benign prostatic hyperplasia, in which the lowest stromal androgen concentrations were found in prostates with the largest Vmax and Km values; also, a rise in stromal Km was almost invariably associated with a proportional increase in Vmax (correlation coefficient = 0.95). These data strongly suggest that the stromal and epithelial forms of 5 alpha-reductase are separate isoenzymes, and that the excess of 5 alpha-reductase in stroma does not promote accumulation of an abnormal amount of dihydrotestosterone. They also imply that both the augmentation of 5 alpha-reductase activity in hyperplastic stroma and the condition of benign hyperplasia of the prostate are mutual consequences of a primary increase in Km.
Modelling Determinants of Tourism Demand as a Five-Stage Process: A Discrete Choice Methodological Approach

In the tourists' destination choice there are multiple factors involved in their decision. Individuals or families with exactly the same socio-economic and demographic characteristics may choose very different destinations. The paper deals with this heterogeneity problem, recognising that there are taste differences among tourists and that final destination choice is not an independent decision, but the last decision of a set of choices that are determining it. In this sense, it is argued that tourists face a five-stage decision process. First of all, people have to decide whether or not to travel within a period of time. Secondly, those who expect to travel need to estimate a budget for tourism expenses. Thirdly, given the budget, they need to determine the frequency and length of stay of their trip. Fourthly, once a date and the length of stay are proposed, tourists need to choose which kind of tourist destination to visit. Finally, from among all the available destinations that satisfy a tourist's conditions, final destination and mode of transportation are chosen. It is the purpose of this paper to propose a methodological framework for modelling each of these stages and their relationship.