Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Applied and Computational Measurable Dynamics

Until recently, measurable dynamics has been held as a highly theoretcal mathematical topic with few generally known obvious links for practitioners in areas of applied mathematics. However, the advent of high-speed computers, rapidly developing algorithms, and new numerical methods has allowed for a tremendous amount of progress and sophistication in efforts to represent the notion of a transfer operator discretely but to high resolution. This book connects many concepts in dynamical systems with mathematical tools from areas such as graph theory and ergodic theory. The authors introduce practical tools for applications related to measurable dynamical systems, coherent structures, and transport problems. The new and fast-developing computational tools discussed throughout the book allow for detailed analysis of real-world problems that are simply beyond the reach of traditional methods. Audience: Applied and Computational Measurable Dynamics is intended for advanced undergraduate and graduate students and researchers in applied dynamical systems, computational ergodic theory, geosciences, and fluid dynamics. Contents Chapter 1: Dynamical Systems, Ensembles, and Transfer Operators; Chapter 2: Dynamical Systems Terminology and Definitions; Chapter 3: Frobenius-Perron Operator and Infintesimal Generator; Chapter 4: Graph Theoretic Methods and Markov Models of Dynamical Transport; Chapter 5: Graph Partition Methods and Their Relationship to Transport in Dynamical Systems; Chapter 6: The Topological Dynamics Perspective of Symbol Dynamics; Chapter 7: Transport Mechanism, Lobe Dynamics, Flux Rates, and Escape; Chapter 8: Finite Time Lyapunov Exponents; Chapter 9: Information Theory in Dynamical Systems; Appendix A: Computation, Codes, and Computational Complexity; Bibliography; Index
Towards an Automatic Validation of Answers in Question Answering

Question answering (QA) aims at retrieving precise information from a large collection of documents. Different techniques can be used to find relevant information, and to compare these techniques, it is important to evaluate QA systems. The objective of an Answer Validation task is thus to judge the correctness of an answer returned by a QA system for a question, according to the text snippet given to support it. We participated in such a task in 2006. In this article, we present our strategy for deciding if the snippets justify the answers: a strategy based on our own QA system, comparing the answers it returned with the answer to judge. We discuss our results, then we point out the difficulties of this task.
Enhancing effectiveness of motor rehabilitation using kinect motion sensing technology

Serious games and their use in healthcare applications are rapidly growing areas of interest for researchers and practitioners. It has been observed that the physically disabled persons typically lack enthusiasm for rehabilitation. This hinders their recovery and ability to care for themselves. Using research and recommendations from therapists, we developed a product, Kinect-o-Therapy, that involved implementation of exercise routines targeting different parts of the body and aided people with motor disabilities stemming from cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, post stroke and hereditary muscle ailments amongst others. Kinect-o-Therapy incorporates serious games that process 3D input using the Microsoft Kinect motion sensor to build an effective rehabilitation system. It is a plug-and-play type product that gives feedback to the patient and the doctors to monitor performance. The game environment and feedback mechanism ensure patients involvement and high motivation to carry out these exercise routines regularly. Real-life testing of Kinect-o-Therapy shows that patients and physiotherapists both find it quite engaging, easy-to-use and a motivational alternative of rehabilitation.
Quantitative Permittivity Measurements of Nanoliter Liquid Volumes in Microfluidic Channels to 40 GHz

We describe the design, fabrication, and evaluation of a new on-wafer measurement platform for the rapid and quantitative determination of the complex permittivity of nanoliter fluid volumes over the continuous frequency range from 45 MHz to 40 GHz. Our measurement platform integrates micrometer-scale poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based microfluidic channels with high-frequency coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission lines to accurately place small fluid volumes at well-defined locations within planar measurement structures. We applied new on-wafer calibration techniques to accurately determine the scattering parameters of our integrated devices, and we developed a transmission-line model to extract the distributed circuit parameters of the fluid-loaded transmission line segment from the response of the overall test structure. All the necessary model parameters were experimentally determined directly from a single set of measurements without requiring a reference fluid of known permittivity. We extracted the complex permittivity of the fluid under test from the distributed capacitance and conductance per unit length of the fluid-loaded transmission line segment using finite-element analysis of the transmission line cross section. Our measurements show excellent agreement with bulk fluid permittivity determinations for methanol at room temperature and yield consistent results for the extracted fluid permittivity for the same microfluidic channel embedded in multiple CPW transmission lines of different dimensions.
The circulation of the small bowel mucosa.

Absorption, secretion and motility, the three major functions of the small intestine, are localized in different parts of the intestinal wall and have nutritional demands of different magnitudes. 'Active' absorption across the intestinal epithelium and secretion which, according to the classical concepts, occurs mainly in the crypts, are processes consuming considerable amounts of oxygen. The motility of the muscularis, on the other hand, requires comparatively little oxygen. It is generally believed that the magnitude of the blood supply to a tissue is closely adjusted to its current demand for oxygen and that regulatory mechanisms exist which increase blood flow to an organ in situations of enhanced metabolism1. It seems therefore reasonable to assume that blood flow is unevenly distributed within the intestinal wall. Moreover, changes in flow may only occur in a certain wall layer, eg, a vasodilatation may be restricted to the muscularis during intestinal motility. From the discussion above it seems clear that it would be interesting to be able to study, eg, mucosal blood flow separately. However, few investigations have until recently been devoted to the study of intestinal intramural flow distribution. One aim of this article is to summarize the recent progress in this field and to discuss the relationship between villous blood flow and intestinal absorption.
Long-Distance Dispersal via Ocean Currents Connects Omani Clownfish Populations throughout Entire Species Range

Dispersal is a crucial ecological process, driving population dynamics and defining the structure and persistence of populations. Measuring demographic connectivity between discreet populations remains a long-standing challenge for most marine organisms because it involves tracking the movement of pelagic larvae. Recent studies demonstrate local connectivity of reef fish populations via the dispersal of planktonic larvae, while biogeography indicates some larvae must disperse 100–1000 s kilometres. To date, empirical measures of long-distance dispersal are lacking and the full scale of dispersal is unknown. Here we provide the first measure of long-distance dispersal in a coral reef fish, the Omani clownfish Amphiprion omanensis, throughout its entire species range. Using genetic assignment tests we demonstrate bidirectional exchange of first generation migrants, with subsequent social and reproductive integration, between two populations separated by over 400 km. Immigration was 5.4% and 0.7% in each region, suggesting a biased southward exchange, and matched predictions from a physically-coupled dispersal model. This rare opportunity to measure long-distance dispersal demonstrates connectivity of isolated marine populations over distances of 100 s of kilometres and provides a unique insight into the processes of biogeography, speciation and adaptation.
Functional constipation in children: challenges and solutions

This review intends to update what is known about and what is still a challenge in functional constipation (FC) in children regarding epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Although FC is a common childhood problem, its global burden remains unknown as data from parts of the world are missing. Another problem is that there is a large variation in prevalence due to differences in study methods and defining age groups. The pathophysiology of FC remains unclear to date but is probably multifactorial. Withholding behavior is likely to be the most important factor in toddlers and young children. Genetics may also play a role since many patients have positive family history, but mutations in genes associated with FC have not been found. Over the past years, different diagnostic criteria for FC in infants and children have been proposed. This year, Rome IV criteria have been released. Compared to Rome III, it eliminates two diagnostic criteria in children under the age of 4 who still wear diapers. Physical examination and taking a thorough medical history are recommended, but other investigations such as abdominal radiography, transabdominal recto-ultrasonography, colonic transit time, rectal biopsies, and colon manometry are not routinely recommended. Regarding treatment, guidelines recommend disimpaction and maintenance therapy with polyethylene glycol (PEG) with or without electrolytes. But experience shows that acceptability, adherence, and tolerance to PEG are still a challenge. Counseling of parents and children about causes of FC is often neglected. Recent studies suggest that behavior therapy added to laxative therapy improves the relief of symptoms. Further homogeneous studies, better-defined outcomes, and studies conducted in primary care are needed.
Crystal structure of N-[(E)-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)methylidene]-4-chloroaniline

In the title compound, C14H10ClNO2, obtained by the condensation of 4-chloroaniline and piperonal, the five-membered ring is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.023 Å) and the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 43.22 (14)°. In the crystal, a short O⋯Cl contact of 3.173 (2) Å is observed. The molecules are arranged into corrugated (010) layers.
Molecular genetics of development studied in the transgenic mouse.

PROTO-ONCOGENES AND ONCOGENES . 183 HOMEOBOX, PAIRED BOX, AND FINGER STRUCTURE ENCODING GENES 186 Gain of Function Mutants 187 Loss of Function Mutants 188 INSERTIONAL MUTAGENESIS . 190 TRANSGENES AND GENOMIC IMPRINTING 193
The dependence on extent of shortening of the extra energy liberated by rapidly shortening frog skeletal muscle.

1. Pairs of frog sartorius muscles were stimulated for 2 sec at 0 degrees C, after 1 sec of isometric contraction, were released at a constant velocity. The total excess heat (shortening heat) and work associated with the release were determined by comparison with isometric control tetani. 2. Shortening heat and work production were non‐linearly related to the distance shortened. There was proportionally more energy liberation for smaller releases. 3. The dependence of shortening heat on muscle length was investigated within the sarcomere length range 2.1‐‐2.6 micrometer (as measured in resting muscle) and was found to be similar to that of isometric tension. 4. A simple model in which heat and work are produced in a two‐state cycle can describe these and previous results concerning the energetics of rapidly shortening muscle.
Self-test method and recovery mechanism for high frequency TSV array

In this paper, through-silicon via (TSV) array in the form of one signal and four grounds (1S4G) are proposed to achieve high-frequency vertical connectivity for various three dimensional (3D) IC applications. Self-test method is developed to detect the conductor open and insulator short defects of TSV by capacitive and resistive measuring. Further a recovery mechanism for such a TSV array is introduced to enhance the TSV reliability. Test results will be configured to the TSV chain circuits by the central control logic and be used to determine the connection jumping between signal and redundant TSVs. This way, the failure TSVs could be replaced by the redundant ones. Simulation results demonstrate that the self-test circuit and central control logic could detect and recover the broken TSVs correctly. Moreover, the efficiency and area cost of the recovery mechanism is discussed, and it turns out that in a typical case of 96 signal TSVs, the chip yield could reach 90% with TSV failure rate equal to 5%, in exchange for less than 4% area cost of self-test circuit in the whole TSV area.
Review tree: An unsupervised method to autogenerate visual summary of online reviews

in an online review and rating portal, summarization of the text review is important as it provides a detailed glimpse of what is working and what is not. Usual techniques of text summarization do not work well in this domain due to unstructured nature of such reviews. In the case when the reviews are about services that do not have well-defined entity and aspects, doing aspect based opinion analysis is also a challenge. This paper is about summarization of online review in such domains. Additionally, extractive summarization sometimes fails to represent all the important topics due to its constraint of using sentences as information units. Such summaries also do not depict linkages between topics and building that is left to the reader. In our work, we have used sentiment analysis to extract the subjective part of the reviews and then adopted an unsupervised graph theoretical approach to extract the key phrases. Finally, semantic similarities between these key phrases are calculated to discover the interlinkages and a tree like review summary is generated using standard graph theory techniques.
Homology between hydroxybutyryl and hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase enzymes from Clostridium acetobutylicum fermentation and vertebrate fatty acid beta-oxidation pathways

The enzymes NAD-dependent beta-hydroxybutyryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (BHBD) and 3-hydroxyacetyl coenzyme A (3-hydroxyacyl-CoA) dehydrogenase are part of the central fermentation pathways for butyrate and butanol production in the gram-positive anaerobic bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum and for the beta oxidation of fatty acids in eucaryotes, respectively. The C. acetobutylicum hbd gene encoding a bacterial BHBD was cloned, expressed, and sequenced in Escherichia coli. The deduced primary amino acid sequence of the C. acetobutylicum BHBD showed 45.9% similarity with the equivalent mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation enzyme and 38.4% similarity with the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase part of the bifunctional enoyl-CoA hydratase:3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase from rat peroxisomes. The pig mitochondrial 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase showed 31.7% similarity with the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase part of the bifunctional enzyme from rat peroxisomes. The phylogenetic relationship between these enzymes supports a common evolutionary origin for the fatty acid beta-oxidation pathways of vertebrate mitochondria and peroxisomes and the bacterial fermentation pathway.
Widening the Field of View of Information Extraction Through Sentential Event Recognition

Event-based Information Extraction (IE) is the task of identifying entities that play specific roles within an event described in free text. For example, given text documents containing descriptions of disease outbreak events, the goal of an IE system is to extract event role fillers, such as the disease, the victims, the location, the date, etc., of each disease outbreak described within the documents. IE systems typically rely on local clues around each phrase to identify their role within a relevant event. This research aims to improve IE performance by incorporating evidence from the wider sentential context to enable the IE model to make better decisions when faced with weak local contextual clues. To make better inferences about event role fillers, this research introduces an "event recognition" phase, which is used in combination with localized text extraction. The event recognizer operates on sentences and locates those sentences that discuss events of interest. Localized text extraction can then capitalize on this information and identify event role fillers even when the evidence in their local context is weak or inconclusive. First, this research presents PIPER, a pipelined approach for IE incorporating this idea. This model uses a classifier-based sentential event recognizer, combined with a pattern-based localized text extraction component, cascaded in a pipeline. This enables the pattern-based system to exploit sentential information for better IE coverage. Second, a unified probabilistic approach for IE, called GLACIER, is introduced to overcome limitations from the discrete nature of the pipelined model. GLACIER combines the probability of event sentences, with the probability of phrasal event role fillers into a single joint probability, which helps to better balance the influence of the two components in the IE model. An empirical evaluation of these models shows that the use of an event recognition phase improves IE performances, and it shows that incorporating such additional information through a unified probabilistic model produces the most effective IF system.
Acute effects of smoking and food consumption on breath condensate pH in healthy adults

ABSTRACT Acute effects of food and cigarette consumption on exhaled breath condensate (EBC) acidity are insufficiently explored. The study aimed to evaluate potential changes in EBC pH within 2 hours following cigarette or food consumption. In 15 healthy smokers, samples were obtained after 10 hours of abstinence from smoking and then 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after smoking 1 cigarette. In 19 healthy nonsmoking adults, EBC samples were obtained in the morning after an overnight fast, and then 30, 60, and 120 minutes following standardized breakfast. Smoking of 1 cigarette after overnight tobacco abstinence induced significant increase in EBC pH during the 2-hour observation period, for approximately 0.60 logarithmic units (repeated-measures analysis of variance [ANOVA], P < .0001). The average presmoking pH value in smokers (7.00 ± 0.50) was significantly lower than average value in nonsmokers (7.62 ± 0.31; P = .0001). No effect of food consumption was found. These results show that cigarette smoking acutely increases EBC pH in healthy smokers. Smoking status and abstinence from smoking before EBC sampling seems to be important in studies evaluating EBC pH and should be standardized or at least stated in the methodology. Acute effects of food were not found under described study conditions in healthy adults.
Work Limitations and Productivity Loss Are Associated with Health-Related Quality of Life but Not with Clinical Severity in Patients with Psoriasis

Background: According to current guidelines the cost of productivity loss should be considered in pharmacoeconomic analyses. The cost of health-related productivity loss in psoriasis patients is unknown. Objective: To estimate the cost of productivity loss in psoriasis and its association with health-related quality of life and clinical disease severity. Methods: Cross-sectional study, recruitment of adult participants through Internet advertisements. 201 (72.3%) out of 278 eligible participants completed the study. Health-related work productivity loss, quality of life and clinical severity of psoriasis were assessed by standardized instruments. Results: Indirect costs of productivity loss clearly exceed the total direct cost. In contrast to objective clinical disease severity, health-related quality of life (measured by the Dermatology Life Quality Index) is an independent predictor of work productivity. Conclusions: There is good reason to believe that intervention can reduce health-related productivity loss by improving patients’ quality of life. Savings from increased work productivity might offset comparatively high acquisition costs of biological agents.
Surface Passivation of Silicon Solar Cells using Amorphous Silicon Carbide Layers

Dielectric layers for the passivation of solar cell surfaces are a crucial component of future cell generations. Not only their electrical and optical properties are of importance but also the implementation into an industrial cell process. In this regard an easy preconditioning of the surface, low process temperature and high thermal stability are essential. Therefore, we have developed a new passivation process based on PECVD deposited SiCx. The cleaning of the surface was performed in-situ in the plasma chamber. Excellent passivation quality (S<5 cm/s) was achieved even though no additional wet chemistry cleaning was applied. Although the deposition temperature is in the range of 300-400 degC, high thermal stability could be demonstrated. A solar cell structure with SiCx as rear surface passivation exhibited an implied open-circuit voltage of 679 mV after a firing step of 800 degC. Cells using a single SiCx layer and laser-fired contacts as rear surface structure have shown very high efficiencies of 20.2%
Semi-supervised geometric mean of Kullback-Leibler divergences for subspace selection

Subspace selection is widely adopted in many areas of pattern recognition. A recent result, named maximizing the geometric mean of Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergences of class pairs (MGMD), is a successful method for subspace selection, which can significantly reduce the class separation problem. However, in many applications, labeled data are very limited while unlabeled data can be easily obtained. The estimation of divergences of class pairs is unstable using inadequate labeled data. To take advantage of unlabeled data for subspace selection, semi-supervised MGMD (SSMGMD) is proposed using graph Laplacian as normalization. Quasi-Newton method is adopted to solve the optimization problem. Experiments on synthetic data and real image data show the validity of SSMGMD.