Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
FEM Analysis of Solid Particle Erosion-Wear of 45 Steel

Solid particle erosion-wear behavior under different working conditions was simulated by FEM. A three-dimensional finite element model of erosion-wear of solid particle was established, and Johnson-Cook material model and failure criterion were adopted to define the mechanical property of sample material. The process of spherical particle impacting 45 steel from different angles and under different impact velocity was simulated, respectively. Material deformation and strain condition were analyzed . The relationship between erosion-wear degree , impact angle and impact velocity was investigated. The results showed that, maximum plastic strain occurs on the surface of material when impacting from low angle and on subsurface while vertical impacting. The wear degree of material increases until reach the peak value at 40° and deformation volume increases with the vertical impact velocity，and there is significant accumulation of material around pit.
Multiple object representations

In the object-oriented paradigm, objects are instances of the conceptual entities that describe their structure and behavior i.e, the classes. Recent applications of object-oriented programming languages and databases in areas like engineering design and genetics have demonstrated the limits of this assumption. Object instances cannot always conform to [heir class definitions. They may evolve during the application lifetime. Further, a class may be only one specific object representation among several others required by the users. This paper relaxes some constraints usually associated with instantiation mechanisms. An object instance is no longer considered as a perfect representative of a specific class. [t ctin bear distortions with its class definition. This is called here tlexible instantiation. An instance can also belong simultaneously to different classes. These classes need not be related by any direct or indirect specialization relationship, “l’his is called here multiple instantiation, II is shown how classifiuauon mechanisms complement adequatly multiple instantiation. The characteristics of such LI clitssitication mechanism are described. It is implemented for tin object-based knowledge representation model called
Importance Weighted Autoencoders with Random Neural Network Parameters

Deep generative models for unsupervised learning have recently received considerable attention [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. These models can find a set of low-dimensional representative latent features that can accurately describe observed data. Furthermore, they can also infer the underlying mechanism that generates, from these features, new data instances similar to the observed ones. In general, these models need to perform posterior inference during learning, a task that is carried out by training, in addition to the top-down generative network, a bottom-up recognition network. This recognition network is used to predict the posterior distribution of the latent variables given the observed ones.
Protein–protein interaction networks and subnetworks in the biology of disease

The main goal of systems medicine is to provide predictive models of the patho‐physiology of complex diseases as well as define healthy states. The reason is clear—we hope accurate models will ultimately lead to more specific and sensitive markers of disease that will help clinicians better stratify their patient populations and optimize treatment plans. In addition, we expect that these models will define novel targets for combating disease. However, for many complex diseases, particularly at the clinical level, it is becoming increasingly clear that one or a few genomic variations alone (e.g., simple models) cannot adequately explain the multiple phenotypes related to disease states, or the variable risks that attend disease progression. We suggest that models that account for the activities of many interacting proteins will explain a wider range of variability inherent in these phenotypes. These models, which encompass protein interaction networks dysregulated for specific diseases and specific patient sub‐populations, will be constructed by integrating protein interaction data with multiple types of other relevant cellular information. Protein interaction databases are thus playing an increasingly important role in systems biology approaches to the study of disease. They present us with a static, but highly functional view of the cellular state, and thus give us a better understanding of not only the normal phenotype, but also the overall disease phenotype at the level of the whole organism when certain interactions become dysregulated. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2011 3 357–367 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.121
An Overview of the EDR Electronic Dictionary and the Current Status of Its Utilization

In this paper we present the specification and the structure of EDR Electronic Dictionary which was developed in a nine-year project. The first version of EDR dictionary (V1.0) and its revised version (VI.5) are already released and are now utilized at many sites for both academic and commercial purposes. We also describe the current status how the EDR dictionary is utilized. Finally we will give the outline of the new R&D project which EDR will launch in fiscal 1996.
Design and Characterization of Optofluidic Photonic Crystal Structures for the Detection of Fluorescent-Labeled Biomolecules

Nanoscale photonic crystal (PhC) materials enable the application of optical bandgap engineering in optofluidic systems, further enhancing their utility and range of function [1]. A photonic bandgap can be formed in a photonic crystal material by periodically varying the refractive index in 1, 2, or 3 dimensions, creating a nanoscale lattice structure that is analogous to the atomic structure found in homogenous crystalline materials. The design and fabrication of this engineered lattice, as well as the controlled introduction of lattice defects [2], allows the unique properties of 2-dimensional PhC structures to be exploited in a variety of optical biosensor designs [3],[4].
Contention avoidance in optical burst switching

Optical burst switching (OBS) is a proposed new communications technology that seeks to expand the use of optical technology in switching systems. However, many challenging issues have to be solved in order to pave the way for an effective implementation of OBS. Contention, which may occur when two or more bursts compete for the same wavelength on the same link is a critical issue. Many contention resolution methods have been proposed in the literature but many of them are very vulnerable to network load and may suffer severe loss in case of heavy traffic. Basically, this problem is due to the lack of information at the edges and the absence of global coordination between the edge routers. This may result in increased network load and hence increased burst contention. In this work we propose another approach to avoid contention and decrease the loss. In this scheme the intermediate nodes report the loss observed to the edges so that they can adjust the traffic at the sources to meet an optimal network load. Furthermore, this new approach achieves fairness among all the edge nodes and enhances the robustness of the network. We also show through simulation that the proposed protocol is a viable solution for effectively reducing the conflict and increasing the bandwidth utilization for optical burst switching.
Reconstruction of bidirectional predicted residual for stereoscopic video based on compressed sensing

As an effective method applied in video processing, compressed sensing(CS)[1] has gained wide interests. As we known, in traditional methods, if we want to recover a signal accurately from the samples, then the sampling rate has to be at least twice the maximum frequency present in the signal, which known as the Nyquist sampling rate. However, the sampling rate under the framework of compressed sensing can be much lower than the Nyquist sampling rate. As we will see in the remainder of this paper, CS asserts that we can recover certain signals from far few samples or measurements than traditional ways use. So as to save costs and improve efficiency, based on compressed sensing，we propose a reconstruction method for stereoscopic video codec. In our method, sparse residuals obtained by the block-based stereoscopic video processing and bidirectional prediction, are coded and reconstructed based on compressed sensing. Compared with other methods through simulation experiments, the proposed method reduces the sampling rate, and improves the quality of the reconstructed stereoscopic videos.
Regulation of lactate production at the onset of ischaemia is independent of mitochondrial NADH/NAD+: insights from in silico studies

Ischaemia decreases mitochondrial NADH oxidation, activates glycolysis, increases the NADH/NAD+ ratio, and causes lactate production. The mechanisms that regulate anaerobic glycolysis and the NADH/NAD+ ratio during ischaemia are unclear. Although continuous measurements of metabolic fluxes and NADH/NAD+ in cytosol and mitochondria are not possible in vivo with current experimental techniques, computational models can be used to predict these variables by simulations with in silico experiments. Such predictions were obtained using a mathematical model of cellular metabolism in perfused myocardium. This model, which distinguishes cytosolic and mitochondrial domains, incorporates key metabolic species and processes associated with energy transfer. Simulation of metabolic responses to mild, moderate and severe ischaemia in large animals showed that mitochondrial NADH/NAD+ was rapidly reset to higher values in proportion to the reduced O2 delivery and myocardial oxygen consumption . Cytosolic NADH/NAD+, however, showed a biphasic response, with a sharp initial increase that was due to activation of glycogen breakdown and glycolysis, and corresponded with lactate production. Whereas the rate of glycolysis and the malate–aspartate shuttle had a significant effect on the cytosolic NADH/NAD+, their effects on the mitochondrial NADH/NAD+ were minimal. In summary, model simulations of the metabolic response to ischaemia showed that mitochondrial NADH/NAD+ is primarily determined by O2 consumption, while cytosolic NADH/NAD+ is largely a function of glycolytic flux during the initial phase, and is determined by mitochondrial NADH/NAD+ and the malate–aspartate shuttle during the steady state.
Accurate measurement of the time delay in the response of the LIGO gravitational wave detectors

We present a method to precisely calibrate the time delay in a long baseline gravitational-wave interferometer. An accurate time stamp is crucial for data analysis of gravitational wave detectors, especially when performing coincidence and correlation analyses between multiple detectors. Our method uses an intensity-modulated radiation pressure force to actuate on the mirrors. The time delay is measured by comparing the phase of the signal at the actuation point with the phase of the recorded signal within the calibrated data stream used for gravitational wave searches. Because the signal-injection path is independent of the interferometer's control system, which is used for the standard calibration, this method can be an independent verification of the timing error in the system. A measurement performed with the 4 km interferometer at the LIGO Hanford Observatory shows a 1 µs relative accuracy when averaging over 50 min. Our understanding of the systematic time delay in the detector response has reached the level of 10 µs.
Aquaporin-facilitated water uptake in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) roots

It is not known to what degree aquaporin-facilitated water uptake differs between root developmental regions and types of root. The aim of this study was to measure aquaporin-dependent water flow in the main types of root and root developmental regions of 14- to 17-d-old barley plants and to identify candidate aquaporins which mediate this flow. Water flow at root level was related to flow at cell and plant level. Plants were grown hydroponically. Hydraulic conductivity of cells and roots was determined with a pressure probe and through exudation, respectively, and whole-plant water flow (transpiration) determined gravimetrically in response to the commonly used aquaporin inhibitor HgCl2. Expression of aquaporins was analysed by real-time PCR and in situ hybridization. Hydraulic conductivity of cortical cells in seminal roots was largest in lateral roots; it was smallest in the fully mature zone and intermediate in the not fully mature ‘transition’ zone along the main root axis. Adventitious roots displayed an even higher (3- to 4-fold) cortical cell hydraulic conductivity in the transition zone. This coincided with 3- to 4-fold higher expression of three aquaporins (HvPIP2;2, HvPIP2;5, HvTIP1:1). These were expressed (also) in cortical tissue. The largest inhibition of water flow (83–95%) in response to HgCl2 was observed in cortical cells. Water flow through roots and plants was reduced less (40–74%). It is concluded that aquaporins contribute substantially to root water uptake in 14- to 17-d-old barley plants. Most water uptake occurs through lateral roots. HvPIP2;5, HvPIP2;2, and HvTIP1;1 are prime candidates to mediate water flow in cortical tissue.
Wide-Scale Data Stream Management

This paper describes Mortar, a distributed stream processing platform for building very large queries across federated systems (enterprises, grids, datacenters, testbeds). Nodes in such systems can be queried for distributed debugging, application control and provisioning, anomaly detection, and measurement. We address the primary challenges of managing continuous queries that have thousands of wide-area sources that may periodically be down, disconnected, or overloaded, e.g., multiple data centers filled with cheap PCs, Internet testbeds such as Planetlab, or country-wide sensor installations. Mortar presents a clean-slate design for best-effort in-network processing. For each query, it builds multiple, static overlays and leverages the union of overlay paths to provide resilient query installation and data routing. Further, a unique data management scheme mitigates the impact of clock skew on distributed stream processing, reducing result latency by a factor of 8, and allows users to specify custom in-network operators that transparently benefit from multipath routing. When compared to a contemporary distributed snapshot querying substrate, Mortar uses a fifth of the bandwidth while providing increased query resolution, responsiveness, and accuracy during failures.
Similarity Measurement for Speaker Identification Using Frequency of Vector Pairs

Similarity measurement is an important part of speaker identification. This study has modified the similarity measurement technique performed in previous studies. Previous studies used the sum of the smallest distance between the input vectors and the codebook vectors of a particular speaker. In this study, the technique has been modified by selecting a particular speaker codebook which has the highest frequency of vector pairs. Vector pair in this case is the smallest distance between the input vector and the vector in the codebook. This study used Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC) as feature extraction, Self Organizing Map (SOM) as codebook maker and Euclidean as a measure of distance. The experimental results showed that the similarity measuring techniques proposed can improve the accuracy of speaker identification. In the MFCC coefficients 13, 15 and 20 the average accuracy of identification respectively increased as much as 0.61%, 0.98% and 1.27%.
Modulation of myo-[3H]inositol uptake by glucose and sorbitol in cultured bovine lens epithelial cells. II. Characterization of high- and low-affinity myo-inositol transport sites.

Myo-[3H]inositol accumulation in cultured bovine lens epithelial cells (BLECs) occurred by high- and low-affinity, Na(+)-dependent transport sites. The high- and low-affinity transport systems had a Km of 27 +/- 4 and 157 +/- 22 mumol/l, respectively, and Vmax of 652 +/- 35 and 2952 +/- 308 pmol/mg protein/hr, respectively. The uptake of myo-[3H]inositol was lowered after chronic (20 hr) incubation of cultured cells in 40 mmol/l glucose throughout the concentration range for 1.5-400 mumol/l myo-inositol. The coadministration of sorbinil (0.1 mmol/l) to 40 mmol/l glucose partially prevented the inhibitory effect of glucose on myo-[3H]inositol uptake. Although the aldose reductase inhibitor prevented the inhibitory effect of glucose on the low-affinity transport site, a glucose-sensitive process for myo-[3H]inositol uptake on the high-affinity transport site was uncovered by Lineweaver-Burk analysis. Acute exposure (3 hr) of cultured BLECs maintained in physiologic medium (Eagle's minimal essential medium, 5.5 mmol/l glucose) to a range of 5.5-44 mmol/l glucose plus sorbinil also caused a decrease in myo-[3H]inositol uptake. Dixon plot analysis confirmed that the acute effect of glucose was the result of competitive inhibition of the high-affinity myo-inositol transport site. Acute exposure of cultured cells to 10-40 mmol/l sorbitol also diminished the accumulation of myo-[3H]inositol. Dixon plot analysis established that the acute effect of exogenous sorbitol was the result of competitive inhibition of the low-affinity myo-inositol transport site. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Fabrication of Silica Monoliths with Hierarchically Porous Structure from Freeze-Drying

This paper provides a novel route to prepare silica monoliths with hierarchical porous structure via freeze drying. In this method, macroporous silica monoliths were first produced by freeze-drying and calcination. By adjusting the concentration of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in ethylsilicate, a layer of mesoporous thin film was attached on the macroporous silica monolith. The structural characterization of the hierarchical porous monoliths were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy, mercury porosimeter and nitrogen adsorption-desorption techniques (BET). It turned out that the pore distribution of the obtained monoliths was ranged from 3.72 nm to 23.21nm and the maximum specific surface area calculated from BET was about 288 m2/g, which indicated the existence of hierarchical structure in the obtained material.
Cardiopulmonary Consequences of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts: Role of Increased Pulmonary Artery Pressure

Goals: To determine whether increased pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) following transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting (TIPSS) results in short-term mortality or cardiorespiratory complications. Background: TIPSS is frequently performed for complications of cirrhosis. PAP increases following TIPSS; however consequences of this phenomenon are unknown. Study: Demographics, disease severity and etiology were recorded among patients undergoing TIPSS. PAP before and following TIPSS were measured and the relationship between PAP before and after TIPSS, and subsequent cardiorespiratory complications and mortality was examined. Results: Thirty-one patients were enrolled (mean age 53 years, 74% men, 55% Child-Pugh class C cirrhosis). TIPSS was performed for variceal bleeding in 84% of cases. Ten patients (32%) died 5–20 days following TIPSS. PAP increased significantly following TIPSS (mean 20.8 mm Hg pre-TIPSS (95% CI 18.2–23.4) to 26.9 mm Hg post-TIPSS (95% CI 24.2–29.6, P = 0.0016). Congestive heart failure developed in 4 patients (13%), sepsis in 4 (13%), and ARDS in 8 (26%). Increased PAP following TIPSS was not associated with early mortality (P = 0.13), CHF (P = 0.31), or ARDS (P = 0.43). ARDS was the only significant predictor of short-term mortality following TIPSS (OR 18.7, P = 0.02 (95% CI: 1.5–232). Conclusion: PAP increases after TIPSS and cardiorespiratory complications are common, yet unrelated to increased PAP. ARDS is independently associated with increased risk of mortality after TIPSS.
Dynamics of Local Input Normalization Result from Balanced Short- and Long-Range Intracortical Interactions in Area V1

To efficiently drive many behaviors, sensory systems have to integrate the activity of large neuronal populations within a limited time window. These populations need to rapidly achieve a robust representation of the input image, probably through canonical computations such as divisive normalization. However, little is known about the dynamics of the corticocortical interactions implementing these rapid and robust computations. Here, we measured the real-time activity of a large neuronal population in V1 using voltage-sensitive dye imaging in behaving monkeys. We found that contrast gain of the population increases over time with a time constant of ∼30 ms and propagates laterally over the cortical surface. This dynamic is well accounted for by a divisive normalization achieved through a recurrent network that transiently increases in size after response onset with a slow swelling speed of 0.007–0.014 m/s, suggesting a polysynaptic intracortical origin. In the presence of a surround, this normalization pool is gradually balanced by lateral inputs propagating from distant cortical locations. This results in a centripetal propagation of surround suppression at a speed of 0.1–0.3 m/s, congruent with horizontal intracortical axons speed. We propose that a simple generalized normalization scheme can account for both the dynamical contrast response function through recurrent polysynaptic intracortical loops and for the surround suppression through long-range monosynaptic horizontal spread. Our results demonstrate that V1 achieves a rapid and robust context-dependent input normalization through a timely push–pull between local and lateral networks. We suggest that divisive normalization, a fundamental canonical computation, should be considered as a dynamic process.
A Factored Language Model of Quantized Pitch and Duration

This paper investigates a novel statistical approach to music classification that utilizes recent technology developed in the domain of natural language processing. Specifically, we investigate the use of factored language models (FLMs) for the task of producing conditional probability distributions to model origin-specific folk songs. In our model, pitch cluster and quantized duration are employed as the two fundamental factors in a musical unit. The structure of our FLM is empirically chosen from data to minimize perplexity. We apply this collection of FLMs to the task of folk song classification. Our experiments show classification accuracy of 72.5% on a data set of European folk songs from 6 different regions.