Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Young FSU Migrants in Germany: Educational Attainment and Early Labor Market Outcomes

This study analyzes the educational attainment and early labor market outcomes of young migrants from the Former Soviet Union (FSU) who arrived in Germany between 1989 and 1994. The results reveal that migrants have lower educational attainments than natives, and that within the group of migrants, Jewish migrants perform better than ethnic German migrants. A decomposition analysis reveals that this competitive edge can, for the most part, be explained by a higher socioeconomic background. In the labor market, migrants cannot compensate for their educational disadvantage and have poorer labor market outcomes than natives. The results of this study stress the importance of an early educational integration of migrants for a successful labor market integration in the long run.
Modeling and Correspondence of Topologically Complex 3D Shapes

3D shape creation and modeling remains a challenging task especially for novice users. Many methods in the field of computer graphics have been proposed to automate the often repetitive and precise operations needed during the modeling of detailed shapes. This report surveys different approaches of shape modeling and correspondence especially for shapes exhibiting topological complexity. We focus on methods designed to help generate or process shapes with large number of interconnected components often found in man-made shapes. We first discuss a variety of modeling techniques, that leverage existing shapes, in easy to use creative modeling systems. We then discuss possible correspondence strategies for topologically different shapes as it is a requirement for such systems. Finally, we look at different shape representations and tools that facilitate the modification of shape topology and we focus on those particularly useful in free-form 3D modeling.
Minimizing Detection Probability Routing in Ad Hoc Networks Using Directional Antennas

In a hostile environment, it is important for a transmitter to make its wireless transmission invisible to adversaries because an adversary can detect the transmitter if the received power at its antennas is strong enough. This paper defines a detection probability model to compute the level of a transmitter being detected by a detection system at arbitrary location around the transmitter. Our study proves that the probability of detecting a directional antenna is much lower than that of detecting an omnidirectional antenna if both the directional and omnidirectional antennas provide the same Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) in the direction of the receiver. We propose a Minimizing Detection Probability (MinDP) routing algorithm to find a secure routing path in ad hoc networks where nodes employ directional antennas to transmit data to decrease the probability of being detected by adversaries. Our study shows that the MinDP routing algorithm can reduce the total detection probability of deliveries from the source to the destination by over 74%.
Birthweight and Academic Achievement in Childhood

Research has shown that birth weight has a lasting impact on later-life outcomes such as educational attainment and earnings. This paper examines the role of health at birth in determining academic achievement in childhood, which may provide the link between birth weight and adult outcomes. Using three waves of the Child Development Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics data over 1997-2007, we build on the literature by employing the fetal growth rate as a proxy for net nutritional intake in utero and propose a nested error-component two-stage least squares estimator that draws on internal instruments from alternative dimensions of the multilevel panel data set. In particular, this alternative estimator allows us to exploit the information on children with no siblings in the sample, which comprise over 40% of the observations in our sample, as well as to obtain coefficient estimates for the time-invariant variables such as race and maternal education. This would not be feasible with the usual mother fixed effects estimation. We obtain modest but significant effects of both birth weight and the fetal growth rate on math and reading scores, with the effects concentrated in the low birth weight range. Infant health measures appear to explain little of the well-documented racial disparity in test scores.
Determination of Planck ’ s Constant Using the Photoelectric Effect

Together with my partner, Pablo Solis, we demonstrate the particle-like nature of light as characterized by photons with quantized and distinct energies each dependent only on its frequency (ν) and scaled by Planck’s constant (h). Using data obtained through the bombardment of an alkali metal surface (in our case, potassium) by light of varying frequencies, we calculate Planck’s constant, h to be 1.92 × 10 ± 1.08 × 10eV · s.
Athlete profile: Basic anthropometry, physical fitness and specific skill of the Icelandic female youth national teams

2 Acknowledgments . 3 List of figures . 6 List of tables . 7 List of abbreviations . 8 Introduction . 9 1. Theoretical background . 10 1.1 Physical demands of match play in female elite football . 10 1.2 Physical fitness of female elite football players . 11 1.3 Power in female football . 13 1.4 Endurance . 20 1.5 Specific skill . 26 1.6 Summary. 27 2. Methods . 30 2.1 Study design . 30 2.1.1 Testing variables . 30 2.2 Participants . 31 2.3 Procedure and materials . 33 2.3.1 Location and testing frequency . 33 2.3.2 Inclusion criteria for data analysis . 33 2.3.3 Ethical considerations. 34 2.4 Test battery and testing procedure . 35 2.4.1 Test-session set up . 35 2.5 Basic anthropometry . 37 2.5. 1 Height, weight and body mass index (BMI) . 37 2.6 Physical fitness . 37 2.6. 1 Power . 37 2.6. 2 Agility . 40 2.6. 3 Anaerobic and aerobic (Capacity and Power) . 42 2.6. 3.1 5 x 30 meter repeated sprinting ability . 42 5 2.6. 3.2 The Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance test level 2 . 43 2.7 Technical abilities . 45 2.7. 1 Kicking velocity . 45 2.8 Statistical analysis . 46 3. Results . 47 3.1 Physical characteristics of participants . 47 3.2 Results by playing-position . 47 3.3 Physical characteristics by age . 49 3.4 Test performance by age . 49 3.4.1 Countermovement jump and modified Abalakov jump test . 49 3.4.2 The Illinois Agility test. 49 3.4.3 5 x 30 m repeated sprinting ability . 50 3.4.4 The Yo-Yo Intermittent endurance test level 2 . 50 3.4.5 Kicking velocity . 50 4. Discussion . 52 4.1 Physical characteristics by playing position . 52 4.1.1 Basic anthropometry . 53 4.1.2 Extension leg power . 53 4.1.2.1 Countermovement Jump and modified Abalakov Jump . 53 4.1.2.2 Agility . 54 4.1.2.3 Sprinting . 55 4.1.3 Endurance . 55 4.1.4 Kicking velocity . 56 4.2 Development of physical characteristics across age groups . 56 4.2.1 Basic anthropometry and power . 57 4.2.2 Agility . 57 4.2.3 Endurance . 58 4.2.4 Kicking velocity . 58 4.3 Limitations . 59 4.4 Conclusion . 60 4.5 Future research and practical application . 61 Bibliography . 62 6 List of figures Figure 1 – Order of tests and test session set-up.36 Figure 2 – Setup for the Countermovement jump test and Kinovea video analysis.38 Figure 3 – Setup for the modified Abalakov jump test and Kinovea video analysis.40 Figure 4 – Setup of the Illinois Agility test.41 Figure 5 – Setup of the 5 x 30 m repeated sprint ability test.43 Figure 6 – Setup of the Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance test level 2.44 Figure 7 – Set
Regulatory Roles of Anoctamin-6 in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells

Purpose Trabecular meshwork (TM) cell volume is a determinant of aqueous humor outflow resistance, and thereby IOP. Regulation of TM cell volume depends on chloride ion (Cl−) release through swelling-activated channels (ICl,Swell), whose pore is formed by LRRC8 proteins. Chloride ion release through swelling-activated channels has been reported to be regulated by calcium-activated anoctamins, but this finding is controversial. Particularly uncertain has been the effect of anoctamin Ano6, reported as a Ca2+-activated Cl− (CaCC) or cation channel in other cells. The current study tested whether anoctamin activity modifies volume regulation of primary TM cell cultures and cell lines. Methods Gene expression was studied with quantitative PCR, supplemented by reverse-transcriptase PCR and Western immunoblots. Currents were measured by ruptured whole-cell patch clamping and volume by electronic cell sizing. Results Primary TM cell cultures and the TM5 and GTM3 cell lines expressed Ano6 3 to 4 orders of magnitude higher than the other anoctamin CaCCs (Ano1 and Ano2). Ionomycin increased cell Ca2+ and activated macroscopic currents conforming to CaCCs in other cells, but displayed significantly more positive mean reversal potentials (+5 to +12 mV) than those displayed by ICl,Swell (−14 to −21 mV) in the same cells. Nonselective CaCC inhibitors (tannic acid>CaCCinh−A01) and transient Ano6 knockdown strongly inhibited ionomycin-activated currents, ICl,Swell and the regulatory volume response to hyposmotic swelling. Conclusions Ionomycin activates CaCCs associated with net cation movement in TM cells. These currents, ICl,Swell, and cell volume are regulated by Ano6. The findings suggest a novel clinically-relevant approach for altering cell volume, and thereby outflow resistance, by targeting Ano6.
An introduction to biometrics

Summary form only given. Biometrics refers to the automatic identification (or verification) of an individual (or a claimed identity) by using certain physical or behavioral traits associated with the person. By using biometrics it is possible to establish an identity based on `who you are? , rather than by `what you possess? (e.g., an ID card) or `what you remember? (e.g., a password). Therefore, biometric systems use fingerprints, hand geometry, iris, retina, face, vasculature patterns, signature, gait, palmprint, or voiceprint to determine a person? s identity. The purpose of this tutorial is two-fold: (a) to introduce the fundamentals of biometric technology from a pattern recognition and signal processing perspective by discussing some of the prominent techniques used in the field; and (b) to convey the recent advances made in this field especially in the context of security, privacy and forensics. To this end, the design of a biometric system will be discussed from the viewpoint of four commonly used biometric modalities - fingerprint, face, hand, and iris. Various algorithms that have been developed for processing these modalities will be presented. Methods to protect the biometric templates of enrolled users will also be outlined. In particular, the possibility of performing biometric matching in the cryptographic domain will be discussed. The tutorial will also introduce concepts in biometric fusion (i.e., multibiometrics) in which multiple sources of biometric information are consolidated. Finally, there will be a discussion on some of the challenges encountered by biometric systems when operating in a real-world environment and some of the methods used to address these challenges.
Tokyo-TECH 100 N Hand : Three-fingered eight-DOF hand with a force-magnification mechanism

This paper presents Tokyo-TECH 100 N Hand, a three-fingered eight-degree of freedom hand that can generate a large grasp force of 100N. All fingers are 90 mm in length and the weight of the hand is 941 g. The hand can generate a large grasp force with a force-magnification mechanism whereas all joints can perform a high speed motion of over 200 deg/s with a high-speed driving mechanism. The high-speed driving mechanism consists of a feed screw and nut with a low reduction ratio. We propose a simple and small three-dimensional toggle mechanism for the force-magnification mechanism. The toggle mechanism thrusts the feed screw and nut of the high-speed driving mechanism when the finger is in contact with an object. It can maintain a large grasp force without energy consumption. We experimentally verify the force and speed performances.
Labor and Economic Growth in Zimbabwe

The study investigates the impact of labour on economic growth in Zimbabwe. The research uses a simple Ordinary Least Squares regression modeling method. The results suggest that labour and capital impact positively on Zimbabwe’s economic growth. The study recommends the government to pursue an employment-intensive strategy. It also recommends the government to develop an education and training system geared towards employment creation.
The Inverse Cascade and Nonlinear Alpha-Effect in Simulations of Isotropic Helical Hydromagnetic Turbulence

A numerical model of isotropic homogeneous turbulence with helical forcing is investigated. The resulting flow, which is essentially the prototype of the α2 dynamo of mean field dynamo theory, produces strong dynamo action with an additional large-scale field on the scale of the box (at wavenumber k = 1; forcing is at k = 5). This large-scale field is nearly force free and exceeds the equipartition value. As the magnetic Reynolds number Rm increases, the saturation field strength and the growth rate of the dynamo increase. However, the time it takes to build up the large-scale field from equipartition to its final superequipartition value increases with magnetic Reynolds number. The large-scale field generation can be identified as being due to nonlocal interactions originating from the forcing scale, which is characteristic of the α-effect. Both α and turbulent magnetic diffusivity ηt are determined simultaneously using numerical experiments where the mean field is modified artificially. Both quantities are quenched in an Rm-dependent fashion. The evolution of the energy of the mean field matches that predicted by an α2 dynamo model with similar α and ηt quenchings. For this model an analytic solution is given that matches the results of the simulations. The simulations are numerically robust in that the shape of the spectrum at large scales is unchanged when changing the resolution from 303 to 1203 mesh points, or when increasing the magnetic Prandtl number (viscosity/magnetic diffusivity) from 1 to 100. Increasing the forcing wavenumber to 30 (i.e., increasing the scale separation) makes the inverse cascade effect more pronounced, although it remains otherwise qualitatively unchanged.
The influence of poverty on the development and maintenance of conduct disorder and perpetuation of crime and violence

Jamaica has one of the highest murder rates per cap ita in the world, as well as a high rate of other crimes. With this study, I examined h ow factors such as income, socialecological factors of poverty (S-E factors of pover ty), and symptoms of conduct disorder (CD) were related to criminality in a sample of 79 male Jamaican parolees and probationers. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 74 years old and were all of African descent. I interviewed participants using the World Health Org anization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WHO-CIDI), a survey to assess S-E factors associated with poverty, and the Historical/Clinical/Risk Management (HCR-20 ). My results indicate that my measure of respondents’ income was not associated with prop ensity for crime. However, severity of CD and an increased number of S-E factors of povert y were positively associated with propensity for crime in adulthood. Results also ind icate that S-E factors of poverty mediate the relationship between severity of CD and propens ity for crime. These findings provide evidence that psychologists should pay attention to S-E factors when diagnosing and treating CD. They also suggest that Jamaican officials worki ng to reduce the level of crime in Jamaica may make greater strides by focusing their effo ts on developing policies to eliminate social and environmental risk factors.
Performance Evaluation of Adhoc Networks with Different Multicast Routing Protocols and Mobility Models

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a network consisting of a set of wireless mobile nodes that communicate with each other without centralized control or established infrastructure. The mobility model should represent the realistic behavior of each mobile node in the MANET. Routing protocols for ad hoc networks are typically evaluated using simulation, since the deployment of ad hoc networks is still relatively rare. However, past evaluations of multicast routing protocols have utilized a single, simple Random way point mobility model, and thus do not capture the variety of mobility patterns likely to be exhibited by ad hoc applications. In this paper, the results on the simulation study of the impact of different mobility models on Multicast Routing Protocols are presented. The performance of On Demand multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP) and Adhoc demand Driven Multicast Routing(ADMR) protocol under different mobility scenario is evaluated. The results show that the throughput of ADMR is higher than of ODMRP at high mobility. This is achieved at the cost of increase in delay and transmission over head. Under low mobility, ODMRP has higher throughput than AMDR. Among the three mobility models considered, the throughput of ODMRP is the highest at low mobility. The results show that the protocols performances vary widely across the different mobility models.
Fish Oil Enhances Recovery of Intestinal Microbiota and Epithelial Integrity in Chronic Rejection of Intestinal Transplant

Background The intestinal chronic rejection (CR) is the major limitation to long-term survival of transplanted organs. This study aimed to investigate the interaction between intestinal microbiota and epithelial integrity in chronic rejection of intestinal transplantation, and to find out whether fish oil enhances recovery of intestinal microbiota and epithelial integrity. Methods/Principal Findings The luminal and mucosal microbiota composition of CR rats were characterized by DGGE analysis at 190 days after intestinal transplant. The specific bacterial species were determined by sequence analysis. Furthermore, changes in the localization of intestinal TJ proteins were examined by immunofluorescent staining. PCR-DGGE analysis revealed that gut microbiota in CR rats had a shift towards Escherichia coli, Bacteroides spp and Clostridium spp and a decrease in the abundance of Lactobacillales bacteria in the intestines. Fish oil supplementation could enhance the recovery of gut microbiota, showing a significant decrease of gut bacterial proportions of E. coli and Bacteroides spp and an increase of Lactobacillales spp. In addition, CR rats showed pronounced alteration of tight junction, depicted by marked changes in epithelial cell ultrastructure and redistribution of occuldin and claudins as well as disruption in TJ barrier function. Fish oil administration ameliorated disruption of epithelial integrity in CR, which was associated with an improvement of the mucosal structure leading to improved tight junctions. Conclusions/Significance Our study have presented novel evidence that fish oil is involved in the maintenance of epithelial TJ integrity and recovery of gut microbiota, which may have therapeutic potential against CR in intestinal transplantation.
Enhancing Students' Understanding of What Ideas Are for Knowledge Building

This study investigated the effects of knowledge building activities on college students’ understanding of the concept of ‘idea’. Participants were 41 undergraduates. Data came from a pre-post survey with open-ended questions that asked students to define what idea is and why it is important, etc. Findings indicate that engaging in knowledge building was likely to enhance students’ understanding of ideas as what Bereiter (1994) called ‘conceptual artifacts’ or what Popper (1972) called ‘World 3’ objects that have a social life of their own and their continual improvement leads to knowledge advancement. The need for new knowledge in our societies is ever increasing. Accordingly, how to cultivate students with the capacity for creating new ideas for solving pressing societal problems has become ever more important. Ideas are essential for creating new knowledge and humans are by nature capable of generating ideas. The challenge for most learners, however, is to maintain sustained effort of improving ideas (Scardamalia & Bereiter, 2006). Traditional education tends to highlight the importance of acquiring existing knowledge (e.g., textbook knowledge), while neglecting the importance of providing students with opportunities to generate and keep improving ideas. Papert (2000) argue that most learning environments are anti-ideas. As such, students do not have a chance to work with ideas, let along developing strong sense of the importance of ideas for constructing knowledge. To change this, in his study, we directly engaged students in Knowledge Forum (KF), a CSCL environment designed based on knowledge building (KB) theory. KB is defined as a social process focused on the production and continual improvement of ideas of value to a community (Scardamalia & Bereiter, 2003). A theoretical basis underlying KB pedagogy is Popper’s (1972) construct of World 3. Other than World 1 (the physical world) and World 2 (the world inside the mind), Popper argues that World 3 is comprised of ideas that are critical for KB. Bereiter (1994) argue ideas should be viewed as conceptual objects that, once created, has a social life of their own in that they can be continually improved. The purpose of this study is to figure out whether engaging students in KB would help them cultivate a World 3 view of ideas.
The Effect of Post-Reproductive Lifespan on the Fixation Probability of Beneficial Mutations

Post-reproductive lifespan is a common trait among mammals and is usually considered to be neutral; i.e. with no influence on population dynamics. Here, we explore the role of post-reproductive lifespan in the fixation probability of beneficial genetic variation. We compare two separate, stationary populations living in a constant environment that are equivalent except for the average time their respective members spend in the post-reproductive stage of life. Using a recently derived approximation, we show that fixation of a beneficial mutation is more likely in the population with greater post-reproductive longevity. This finding is surprising, as the population with more prolonged post-reproductive lifespan has smaller effective size and the classic population-genetic model would suggest that decreasing effective size reduces fixation chances of beneficial mutations. Yet, as we explain, in the age-structured case, when effective size gets smaller because of longer post-reproductive lifespan but census size is kept equal, a beneficial mutation has a higher likelihood to get fixed because it finds itself at higher initial frequency.