Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On building a more effcient grammar by exploiting types

Modern grammar development platforms often support multiple devices for representing properties of a natural language, giving the grammar writer some freedom in implementing analyses of linguistic phenomena. These design alternatives can have dramatic consequences for efficiency both in processing and in grammar building. In this paper I report on three experiments in making systematic modifications to a broad-coverage grammar of English in order to gain efficiency without loss of linguistic elegance. While the experiments are to some degree both platform-dependant and theory-bound, the kinds of modifications reported should be applicable to any unification-based grammar which makes use of types. The results make a strong case for a more visible role for the linguist in the collaborative effort to achieve greater processing efficiency.
SDICN: A software defined deployable framework of information centric networking

The Information-Centric Networking (ICN) paradigm is proved to have the advantages of decreasing data delivery latency, enhancing user mobility, etc. However, current implementations of ICN require changing the infrastructure of Internet, which hinders its deployment and development. Meanwhile, Software Defined Networking (SDN) emerges as a viable solution to facilitate the deployment of new network paradigm without disrupting production traffic by decoupling the control plane from data forwarding plane. In this paper, the essential properties which reflect ICN working principles are summarized, and a framework called SDICN is designed in accordance to the SDN philosophy. The algorithmic frameworks of SDICN which can satisfy the essential properties are designed based on the program-mability and virtualization functions of SDN. Based on OpenFlow and data center technology, a prototype of SDICN is implemented. By comparing the performance with the CCNx, the SDICN is proved to be feasibility and availability.
The challenges of improving revenue-recognition standard for multiple -element firms: Evidence from the software industry (SOP 97-2)

I investigate whether implementing SOP 97-2, the revenue-recognition standard for the software industry, reduces earnings informativeness. This standard is particularly important for two reasons: First, its provisions coincide with provisions of SAB 101, the current general revenue-recognition standard. Second, the software industry provides a laboratory setting for examining multiple-element firms, whose revenue-recognition challenges keep mounting as more and more firms bundle multiple products and services. I find that implementing SOP 97-2 leads to additional revenue deferrals and a decline in earnings informativeness. However, the market prices these deferrals as revenues, as if these amounts had not been deferred. Moreover, the proforma earnings, which I calculate by undoing the revenue deferrals, more strongly correspond with market returns than do the reported earnings. My findings indicate that the accounting numbers calculated using the pre-SOP 97-2 revenue-recognition rules more strongly correspond with market returns than do those calculated using SOP 97-2. My findings should interest FASB in its project on developing a new revenue-recognition standard. I thank my dissertation committee Ekkehart Boehmer, Mary Lea McAnally, Edward. P. Swanson (Chair), and Senyo Y. Tse for their guidance and comments. I also thank Anwer Ahmed, Michael Drake, Thomas Omer, James Myers, Linda Myers, Nate Sharp, Elizabeth Tebeaux, Connie Weaver, and the workshop participants at Texas A&M University for helpful comments. † E-mail: asrivastava@mays.tamu. edu. Tel. (979) 845-9401.
A rank-based nonparametric method for mapping quantitative trait loci in outbred half-sib pedigrees: application to milk production in a granddaughter design.

We describe the development of a multipoint nonparametric quantitative trait loci mapping method based on the Wilcoxon rank-sum test applicable to outbred half-sib pedigrees. The method has been evaluated on a simulated dataset and its efficiency compared with interval mapping by using regression. It was shown that the rank-based approach is slightly inferior to regression when the residual variance is homoscedastic normal; however, in three out of four other scenarios envisaged, i.e., residual variance heteroscedastic normal, homoscedastic skewed, and homoscedastic positively kurtosed, the latter outperforms the former one. Both methods were applied to a real data set analyzing the effect of bovine chromosome 6 on milk yield and composition by using a 125-cM map comprising 15 microsatellites and a granddaughter design counting 1158 Holstein-Friesian sires.
The role of corporate governance in earnings management: experience from US banks

Purpose - The purpose of this research paper is to investigate the role of corporate governance in earnings management behaviour by US listed banks during the era of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2003-2008). Design/methodology/approach - The paper examines the issue of accounting quality and corporate governance within banking corporations through the use of two different measures of earnings management, namely small positive net income and the difference between discretionary realized security gains and losses and discretionary loan loss provisions (LLPs), by applying a corporate governance index estimated from 63 governance provisions. Findings - The research found convincing evidence that banks with efficient corporate governance mechanisms report small positive income to a lesser extent than banks with weak governance efficiency. Also well-governed banks engage less in aggressive earnings management behaviour through the use of discretionary loan loss provisions and realized security gains and losses. Practical implications - The findings could prove to be valuable to investors since they must take into consideration the efficiency of each bank's corporate governance and demand supplementary information in order to reach a better investment decision when earnings are not highly informative. Social implications - The findings could prove to be useful for regulators since they are responsible for the acceptable level of corporate governance standards. Thus, they must consider strengthening governance mechanisms either though new legislation or stronger enforcement where earnings management is of such magnitude to that serious impedes information transparency and quality. Originality/value - The present study aims to bridge a gap in the literature by investigating corporate governance and earnings management behaviour during a period of transition to an intensively legalized governance environment (SOX Act). The results contribute further evidence to the ongoing debate about the effectiveness of established corporate governance mechanisms.
Taxonomy of Directing Semantics for Film Shot Classification

The immense indexing potential of motion cues has hitherto been realized only in domains with more apparent structure (e.g., sport videos). To address the lack of theoretical attention and to realize the potential of motion-based indexing in the subtler film domain, we propose a systematic approach to build taxonomy for film directing semantics. These motion-related semantics are grounded upon cinematography and are thus more appealing to users. In order to automate the classification of these semantics, we have developed a novel Markov random field based motion segmentation algorithm with an integral foreground/background identification capability based on edge occlusion reasoning. This algorithm is sufficiently robust and fast for film domain conditions, and allows us to formulate salient and novel motion descriptors capable of mapping to the proposed directing semantics. We demonstrate the validity of the framework and effectiveness of the motion-based descriptors by classifying shots from Hollywood domain movies according to the proposed taxonomy with satisfactory results.
Financial Dollarization and Dedollarization

Financial dollarization is a key factor behind systemic financial fragility in Latin America. The experience shows that dedollarization can be achieved but can just as easily be missed, and worse: blunt dedollarization measures repressing dollarization may easily fail to solve fragility and, instead, foster risky short-term debt or provoke massive financial disintermediation and crisis. This paper analyzes the sources of liability dollarization in a portfolio framework and identifies the failures leading to excessive dollarization meriting policy intervention as well as the reasons why dedollarization policy often goes awry. It then derives an analytically sound multipronged domestic dedollarization program that takes into account the risks of misdiagnosis and the experience, both successful and failed. This program centers around the development of good local currency substitutes for dollar debt, such as CPI-indexed debt, rather than the repression of dollar debt.
Green Production Human Resource Management: the electro-acoustic industry as an example

Green Production Human Resource Management (GPHRM) is the concept and application of green technologies, so that the recruitment, replacement, upgrade, performance evaluation and development of manpower in production planning can be achieved in a more efficient or effective way, which is a novel concept. In this study, several issues on GPHRM are explored. An example in the electro-acoustic industry is used to illustrate the proposed methodology. Obviously, GPHRM can reduce personnel transportation and communication costs, and solve family separation issues and the problems of managing people from different cultural backgrounds.
Optimal Spectrum Access and Energy Supply for Cognitive Radio Systems With Opportunistic RF Energy Harvesting

We consider an energy-harvesting cognitive radio (CR) system coexisting with an unslotted primary user (PU) system. The secondary user (SU) either harvests energy from the PU transmissions or transmits when the PU is sensed to be idle. In this paper, we optimize the sensing intervals to balance between energy harvesting and spectrum access, considering the PU traffic statistics that affects both the energy arrival and consumption in addition to the opportunistic spectrum access. We propose to use different sensing intervals if the SU decides to transmit or harvest energy. The harvesting and transmission durations can be used to optimize the tradeoff between maximizing the utilization of PU spectrum opportunities and harvesting sufficient energy to transmit. We determine a closed-form expression for the probability of SU being active as a function of the PU traffic statistics and SU's access and harvest durations. Optimal transmission and harvesting durations have been found to maximize the CR throughput while protecting the PU. Furthermore, we enhance the system capability by considering that the SU can choose to purchase energy from the PU during the discovered PU idle periods in addition to the energy harvested opportunistically. It can further exploit the difference in the PU busy and idle durations as per its energy needs. The average energy cost spent in a time slot is minimized to achieve a given SU transmission rate while adhering to the PU collision constraint.
Kinase signaling pathways as targets for intervention in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer related mortality in the United States. The prognosis of patients with PDAC is extremely poor with a median survival of 6 months, in part due to the advanced stage at the time of diagnosis and early metastatic spread. A considerable body of evidence points to the involvement of the tyrosine kinase and serine/threonine kinase pathways as major effectors in pancreatic cancer development and as potential targets for intervention. These pathways regulate multiple cellular processes including cell growth, proliferation, migration, invasion and resistance to apoptosis. The relatively recent introduction of novel therapies targeting tyrosine kinase and serine/threonine kinase pathways have yielded dramatic results in certain hematological malignancies, and have resulted in significant advances in our ability to treat patients with melanoma, breast, lung and colon cancer, thereby leading to improved survival and quality of life. Unfortunately, similar therapeutic improvements have not occurred in PDAC. Thus, despite encouraging phase I/II studies, the vast majority of phase-III studies have failed to demonstrate improved efficacy in PDAC. This review will provide an overview on the different kinase signaling pathways in PDAC and the supporting data on targeted therapies available from pre-clinical and clinical studies.
Efficient and scalable exact inference algorithms for Bayesian networks

With the proliferation of data, and the increased use of Bayesian networks as a statistical modelling technique, the expectations and demands on Bayesian networks have increased substantially. In this text we explore novel techniques for performing exact inference with Bayesian networks, in an efficient, stable and scalable manner. We consider not only discrete variable Bayesian networks but also those with continuous variables, and Dynamic Bayesian networks for modelling time series/sequential data. We first examine how existing algorithms can be decomposed into a library of techniques which can then be used when constructing novel algorithms or extending existing algorithms. We then go on to develop novel techniques, including an algorithm for the efficient and scalable manipulation of distributions during inference and algorithms for performing numerically stable inference. Additionally we develop a technique for performing fixed memory inference, which can be used to extend existing algorithms, and we also identify an inference mechanism which has similar performance to the polytree algorithm, but can operate on classes of networks that are not trees. Finally, we explore how nodes with multiple variables can lead to both graphical simplicity and performance gains.
Impact of the Section 179 tax deduction on machinery investment

Purpose - – The purposes of this paper are to determine the financial, structural, and tax policy factors that influence the probability of buying machinery and the intensity of the machinery purchases on North Dakota farming operations. Design/methodology/approach - – A double hurdle model was used to estimate the two decisions: purchasing machinery and the intensity of the machinery purchase. Data were collected from the North Dakota Farm and Ranch Management Business Association Annual Summaries for 1993-2011. Findings - – Results demonstrated that the tax incentive provided by Section 179 deduction had the largest positive effect on machinery purchases when compared to operating profit margin, leverage ratio, producer type, and experience of the principal operator of the farm. Originality/value - – Section 179 deductions have changed substantially over the 19-year period studied and have not been analyzed in previous machinery investment work. This analysis puts a numerical value on the effect of Section 179 deductions over time and demonstrates the large effect tax incentives have on machinery purchase decisions and levels.
Does trade matter for stock market integration

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to re-examine the stock market integration and short-run dynamic interactions between the Malaysian stock market and the stock markets of its major trading partners (the USA, Japan, Singapore, China and Thailand). Design/methodology/approach - Weekly stock indices spanning from January 1992 to May 2008 is analysed using autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound testing approach and vector autoregression (VAR) framework. Findings - Stock markets of Malaysia and its major trading partners are found to be integrated. To some extent, it is found that trade does matter for stock market integration. Additional, geographical proximity and close relationship between the countries further contributes towards a greater integration between them. To move forward to a greater financial integration among these countries, trade liberalisation, including reduction or removal of trade and investment barriers would be necessary. Originality/value - This paper is among the first attempts to use ARDL and VAR frameworks to examine integration among the stock markets of Malaysia and its major trading partners. The findings of the study would shed some empirical lights for the purpose of policy making.
Establishing the reliability and validity of measurements of walking time using the Emory Functional Ambulation Profile.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The Emory Functional Ambulation Profile (E-FAP) measures time to walk in different environments and accounts for use of assistive devices. This study assessed the reliability and validity of walking time measurements using these components. SUBJECTS Twenty-eight subjects who had strokes and 28 subjects without impairment were recruited. METHODS The E-FAP, Berg Balance Test, Functional Reach Test, and Timed 10-Meter Walk Test were administered in random order during a single data collection session. RESULTS Interrater reliability for the total E-FAP was > or = . 997. Subjects without impairment performed better on all 4 tests than did subjects who had strokes. Increased times on the E-FAP correlated with poor performance on the Berg Balance Test and slow gait speeds on the Timed 10-Meter Walk Test in the subjects who had strokes. The E-FAP scores and the Functional Reach Test scores were not correlated. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION The E-FAP can be administered easily and inexpensively. Because the E-FAP scores differentiated subject groups and correlated with known measures of function, the E-FAP may be a clinically useful measure of ambulation.
Putting the Group Back into Unions: A Social Psychological Contribution to Understanding Union Support

Industrial relations research that attempts to grapple with individuals’ union-related sentiments and activities often draws on one of two traditions of psychological research—the individual-level factors tradition (for example, personality and attitude-behaviour relations) and the social context tradition (for example, frustration-aggression and relative deprivation). This paper provides an overview of research conducted from within these traditions to explain union-related phenomena and identifies some of the limitations that arise as a consequence of a shared tendency to treat people in an atomistic fashion. The paper argues for an understanding of the psychological processes that underpin group-based action. To this end, it elaborates a theoretical framework based on social identity theory and self-categorisation theory that would allow us to examine the dynamic interplay between the individual, their cognitions and their environment. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of a specific case of union mobilisation, to indicate how this theoretical framework might aid empirical analysis.
Exports, Imports and Industrial Production: Evidence from Advanced and Newly Industrializing Countries

Using a cointegration analysis and a vector autoregressive model to examine the relationship among exports, imports and industrial production for both advanced and newly industrializing countries between 1957-1991, we found that these three variables for many countries are cointegrated. The results of the Granger-causality tests suggest that there is a distinct difference in their relationship among these three variables for the two groups of countries. [F43, O11]
Implicit and explicit attitudes to sponsors and ambushers

Abstract There is increasing evidence that unconscious processing of sponsorship messages predominates over conscious processing. Ambushers may profit from this because sport spectators are often not aware that brands associate themselves with events without purchasing sponsorship rights. This research aims to assess differences in implicit and explicit measures of the success of a sponsorship strategy compared with ambushing. Study 1 uses the Implicit Association Test to show that the implicit brand-event linkage, measured via behavioral reaction times that cannot be cognitively controlled, is closer for sponsors (versus ambushers) of global sporting events. Study 2 shows that sponsors (versus ambushers) generate higher long-term brand awareness. Spectators' attitude to the protection of sponsorship rights is determined by both attitude to commercialization in sports and attitude to event organizers; however, it does not negatively affect explicit brand attitudes to ambushers. The study derives theoretical and practical implications for both sponsorship and ambush marketing strategies.
Nitroarginine and tetrahydrobiopterin binding to the haem domain of neuronal nitric oxide synthase using a scintillation proximity assay.

Nitric oxide synthases (NOS) have a bidomain structure comprised of an N-terminal oxygenase domain and a C-terminal reductase domain. The oxygenase domain binds haem, (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l-biopterin (tetrahydrobiopterin) and arginine, is the site where nitric oxide synthesis takes place and contains determinants for dimeric interactions. A novel scintillation proximity assay has been established for equilibrium and kinetic measurements of substrate, inhibitor and cofactor binding to a recombinant N-terminal haem-binding domain of rat neuronal NOS (nNOS). Apparent Kd values for nNOS haem-domain-binding of arginine and Nomega-nitro-L-arginine (nitroarginine) were measured as 1.6 microM and 25 nM respectively. The kinetics of [3H]nitroarginine binding and dissociation yielded an association rate constant of 1.3x10(4) s-1.M-1 and a dissociation rate constant of 1.2x10(-4) s-1. These values are comparable to literature values obtained for full-length nNOS, suggesting that many characteristics of the arginine binding site of NOS are conserved in the haem-binding domain. Additionally, apparent Kd values were compared and were found to be similar for the inhibitors, L-NG-monomethylarginine, S-ethylisothiourea, N-iminoethyl-L-ornithine, imidazole, 7-nitroindazole and 1400W (N-[3-(aminomethyl) benzyl] acetamidine). [3H]Tetrahydrobiopterin bound to the nNOS haem domain with an apparent Kd of 20 nM. Binding was inhibited by 7-nitroindazole and stimulated by S-ethylisothiourea. The kinetics of interaction with tetrahydrobiopterin were complex, showing a triphasic binding process and a single off rate. An alternating catalytic site mechanism for NOS is proposed.
When cosmology meets property: indigenous people’s innovation and intellectual property

The protection of traditional knowledge by means of intellectual property rights is one of the major concerns of international organizations. Less attention has been paid to the relationship between systems of indigenous innovation and intellectual property. Using Australia as a case study, the paper argues that indigenous innovation systems are located within a connectionist cosmological framework. The distinctive institutional features of this innovation system are identified. Key is that innovation in systems maintains the health of other systems. The commodity-based nature of intellectual property systems does not suit this kind of innovation. Property rights in land matter to this innovation system far more than intellectual property. Forms of intellectual property based on the right to distinguish one’s product in the market will generally be more useful to indigenous innovation than commodity regimes such as the patent system. Voluntary certification systems can probably be harnessed to much greater effect by indigenous business enterprises.