Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Information Fusion by Human and Machines 1.2 Fusion from Diierent Biological Sensors

Performance of current pattern-recognition systems often rapidly deteriorates when deployed in unpredictable and dynamic environments. In this paper we rst discuss how biological systems may deal with dynamic environments. We argue that a promising approach consists of partitioning input signal into subsets of features, interpreting each subset, and then nonlinearly combining the individual results. We describe applications of the proposed strategy in speech recognition. 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation Biological sensory systems that provide critical information for survival in the complex and unpredictable world must balance two tasks: 1) maximizing sensitivity to relevant information and 2) rejecting irrelevant stimuli. We argue that the perceptual system can accomplish this task in two steps: 1. The front end, sensitive to a range of stimuli, selects several subsets of features, and attempts to interpret the stimuli for each subset (component). 2. The system estimates the amount of useful information , e.g., the reliability of each component, and combines (fuses) the partial results from the diierent sensory components in accordance with their reliability. Examples where robust perception is achieved by fusion of information from diierent sensors include pairs of ears, pairs of eyes, eyes with ears, etc. Two ears for auditory input and two eyes for visual input can, under normal conditions, extract information about direction of the sound and about depth in the image. However, when the environmental conditions deteriorate , (e.g. due to acoustic noise) the auditory signals are combined so as to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio or to suppress the less desirable (reliable) ear. Similarly, when one eye is partially obstructed, or when it cannot focus, its input is suppressed rather than fused. Thus the spatial sensitivity may be sacriiced in order to deliver more reliable information about the outside world. Finally, there are numerous examples where visual information can aid in interpreting unreliable auditory stimuli and vice versa. Even within a single sensor, the available spectrum of the input stimulus is subdivided into a number of sub-channels. Thus, the auditory system, whose task include early warning of obscured sources and speech communication , is sensitive to changes in acoustic pressure within about 20 Hz to 20 kHz. This range is further analyzed into narrower frequency bands. Extensive work of Fletcher and his followers suggests that the process of decoding speech signals is distributed over a number of frequency channels 1, 2], and that the auditory system is capable of selecting those …
Temporal regulation of ephrin/Eph signalling is required for the spatial patterning of the mammalian striatum

Brain structures, whether mature or developing, display a wide diversity of pattern and shape, such as layers, nuclei or segments. The striatum in the mammalian forebrain displays a unique mosaic organization (subdivided into two morphologically and functionally defined neuronal compartments: the matrix and the striosomes) that underlies important functional features of the basal ganglia. Matrix and striosome neurons are generated sequentially during embryonic development, and segregate from each other to form a mosaic of distinct compartments. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie this time-dependent process of neuronal segregation remain largely unknown. Using a novel organotypic assay, we identified ephrin/Eph family members as guidance cues that regulate matrix/striosome compartmentalization. We found that EphA4 and its ephrin ligands displayed specific temporal patterns of expression and function that play a significant role in the spatial segregation of matrix and striosome neurons. Analysis of the striatal patterning in ephrin A5/EphA4 mutant mice further revealed the requirement of EphA4 signalling for the proper sorting of matrix and striosome neuronal populations in vivo. These data constitute the first identification of genes involved in striatal compartmentalization, and reveal a novel mechanism by which the temporal control of guidance cues enables neuronal segregation, and thereby the generation of complex cellular patterns in the brain.
Stochastic Integration via Error-Correcting Codes

We consider the task of summing a non-negative function f over a discrete set Ω, e.g., to compute the partition function of a graphical model. Ermon et al. have shown that in a probabilistic approximate sense summation can be reduced to maximizing f over random subsets of Ω defined by parity (XOR) constraints. Unfortunately, XORs with many variables are computationally intractable, while XORs with few variables have poor statistical performance. We introduce two ideas to address this problem, both motivated by the theory of error-correcting codes. The first is to maximize f over explicitly generated random affine subspaces of Ω, which is equivalent to unconstrained maximization of f over an exponentially smaller domain. The second idea, closer in spirit to the original approach, is to use systems of linear equations defining Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) error-correcting codes. Even though the equations in such systems only contain O(1) variables each, their sets of solutions (codewords) have excellent statistical properties. By combining these ideas we achieve dramatic speedup over the original approach and levels of accuracy that were completely unattainable.
Feeding goals sought by mothers of 3-5-year-old children.

OBJECTIVES One means through which children learn eating behaviours is the feeding strategies used by parents. Although research has studied the effects of parental feeding strategies on consumption, choice, and liking, little is known about the goals parents themselves seek. The study aimed to explore the feeding goals sought by parents of preschool children. DESIGN An exploratory qualitative study using in-depth, semi-structured interviews was undertaken. Data were analysed using thematic and interpretative techniques. METHODS A snowballing sample of 12 mothers of children aged 3-5 years was used. Mothers were asked to recall and talk through their feeding experiences with this child. Probe questions were used to explore the reasoning behind the actions described. Data were transcribed and subjected to concurrent coding and interpretation. RESULTS Mothers spontaneously classified their child as a 'good' or a 'bad' eater. Consumption emerged as the dominant feeding goal. For 'bad' eaters, a short-term goal of consuming any food, rather than no food, was adopted. For 'good' eaters, a long-term goal of consuming a varied, well-balanced diet was favoured. Liking as a feeding goal was not mentioned. CONCLUSIONS Although the literature suggests that liking is the most appropriate feeding goal for the establishment of long-term healthy eating behaviours, parents do not knowingly, repeatedly and consistently target food likes as a direct outcome of their feeding strategies. Interventions that focus on 'how' parents feed their children, as well as 'what', are recommended.
Structural Shifts of Mucosa-Associated Lactobacilli and Clostridium leptum Subgroup in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis

ABSTRACT To understand the role of mucosa-associated microbiota in the pathogenicity of ulcerative colitis (UC), paired biopsies were obtained during colonoscopy from the ulcerated and nonulcerated gut mucosa of 24 patients with UC. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis was employed to profile the composition of the dominant bacteria (16S rRNA gene V3 region) and three important groups: lactobacilli, the Clostridium leptum subgroup, and Bacteroides spp. The Pearson coefficient was used to estimate similarities between the bacterial communities of the paired biopsies for each patient. The average similarity values of bacterial composition between the paired samples were 94.8 ± 3.8% for dominant bacteria, 59.9 ± 26.1% for lactobacilli, 79.2 ± 22.6% for the Clostridium leptum subgroup, and 88.7 ± 16.4% for Bacteroides spp. The data revealed that lactobacilli and the Clostridium leptum subgroup were significantly different between the ulcerated and the nonulcerated regions. It also was noted that for lactobacilli, the composition varied significantly between biopsy sites irrespective of the location of UC in the gut but that the composition of the Clostridium leptum subgroup showed significant differences between paired samples from UC in the rectum and not in the left colon. Localized dysbiosis of the mucosa-associated intestinal microflora, especially for lactobacilli and the Clostridium leptum subgroup, may be closely related to UC.
Nonlocal hysteresis function identification and compensation with neural networks

This paper discusses the on-line identification of nonlocal static hysteresis functions, which are encountered in mechanical friction, magnetic materials, and piezoelectric actuators and cause problems in the design of controllers. In this article a new compensation method for friction in presliding regime is introduced that is based on the simplified Leuven Friction Model and on technology borrowed from neural networks. We present a solution how to identify the hysteresis caused by the friction and how to use this identified model for the compensation of the friction effects. The solution can be used for on-line identification and compensation. Results from both simulations and experiments will be shown.
The Genomic Signature of Population Reconnection Following Isolation: From Theory to HIV

Ease of worldwide travel provides increased opportunities for organisms not only to colonize new environments but also to encounter related but diverged populations. Such events of reconnection and secondary contact of previously isolated populations are widely observed at different time scales. For example, during the quaternary glaciation, sea water level fluctuations caused temporal isolation of populations, often to be followed by secondary contact. At shorter time scales, population isolation and reconnection of viruses are commonly observed, and such events are often associated with epidemics and pandemics. Here, using coalescent theory and simulations, we describe the temporal impact of population reconnection after isolation on nucleotide differences and the site frequency spectrum, as well as common summary statistics of DNA variation. We identify robust genomic signatures of population reconnection after isolation. We utilize our development to infer the recent evolutionary history of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) in Asia and South America, successfully retrieving the successive HIV subtype colonization events in these regions. Our analysis reveals that divergent HIV-1 subtype populations are currently admixing in these regions, suggesting that HIV-1 may be undergoing a process of homogenization, contrary to popular belief.
Feeding ecology in apes and other primates : ecological, physical, and behavioral aspects

Preface Introduction: Primate feeding ecology: an integrative approach Martha M. Robbins and Gottfried Hohmann Part I. Field Studies: Introduction Peter S. Rodman 1. Variability of the feeding ecology of eastern gorillas Martha M. Robbins, John Bosco Nkurunungi and Alastair McNeilage 2. Sympatric western gorilla and mangabey diet: reexamination of ape and monkey foraging strategies Diane M. Doran-Sheehy, Natasha F. Shah and Lisa A. Heimbauer 3. Effects of fruit scarcity on foraging strategies of sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees Juichi Yamagiwa and Augustin Kanyunyi Basabose 4. Chimpanzee feeding ecology and comparisons with sympatric gorillas in the Goualougo Triangle, Republic of Congo David Morgan and Crickette Sanz 5. Frugivory and gregariousness of Salonga bonobos and Gashaka chimpanzees: the abundance and nutritional quality of fruit Gottfried Hohmann, Andrew Fowler, Volker Sommer and Sylvia Ortmann 6. Feeding ecology of savanna chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Fongoli, Senegal Jill D. Pruetz 7. Food choice in Tai chimpanzees: are cultural differences present? Christophe Boesch, Zoro Bertin Gone Bi, Dean Anderson and Daniel Stahl 8. The effects of food size, rarity, and processing complexity on white-faced capuchins' visual attention to foraging conspecifics Susan Perry and Juan Carlos Ordonez Jimenez Part II. Testing Theories: Introduction Richard W. Wrangham 9. Primate foraging adaptations: two research strategies Stuart A. Altmann 10. The predictive power of socioecological models: a reconsideration of resource characteristics, agonism, and dominance hierarchies Andreas Koenig and Carola Borries 11. Hunger and aggression in capuchin monkeys Charles Janson and Erin Vogel 12. How does food availability limit the population density of white-bearded gibbons? Andrew J. Marshall and Mark Leighton 13. Influence of fruit availability on Sumatran orangutan sociality and reproduction Serge A. Wich, Martine L. Geurts, Tatang Mitra Setia and Sri Suci Utami-Atmoko 14. Central place provisioning: the Hadza as an example Frank W. Marlowe Part III. Analyzing nutritional ecology: Introduction Katharine Milton 15. Estimating the quality and composition of wild animal diets - a critical survey of methods Sylvia Ortmann, Brenda J. Bradley, Caroline Stolter and Joerg U. Ganzhorn 16. The possible application of novel marker methods for estimating dietary intake and nutritive value in primates Robert W. Mayes 17. Energy intake by wild chimpanzees and orangutans: methodological considerations and a preliminary comparison Nancy Lou Conklin-Brittain, Cheryl D. Knott and Richard W. Wrangham 18. The role of sugar in diet selection in redtail and red colobus monkeys Lisa Danish, Colin A. Chapman, Mary Beth Hall, Karyn D. Rode and Cedric O'Driscoll Worman 19. Primate sensory systems and foraging behavior Nathaniel J. Dominy, Peter W. Lucas and Nur Supardi Noor.
Learning to Generate a Sinewave with a Recurrent Two-Neuron Network

Not enough is known about learning temporal patterns with recurrent neural networks. A bench mark task is to train a network to generate a sinewave in the time domain or a limit cycle in a state space [1][2][3]. Neural oscillators have been shown to able to produce several complex waveforms (including chaotic signals) when a control parameter is changed [4]. Therefore the problem is not one of being able to generate a sinewave with a recurrent neural network, but how to harness this power. Understanding what is the role of each one of the processing units may lead to parsimonious neural architectures, and also to faster ways to train recurrent systems, which are on going research goals in the theory of nonlinear recurrent systems.
Élaboration et mise en oeuvre d'un modèle organisationnel favorisant l'open innovation: contribution à l'innovation collaborative

L’avenement du concept d’Open Innovation a ete percu par les industriels comme une formidable opportunite pour ameliorer leur processus d’innovation et augmenter leur marge. En effet, ce concept pronant la large distribution des connaissances, suggere que les entreprises doivent solliciter leur environnement pour acquerir de nouvelles technologies par le biais de collaborations et que la valorisation des technologies internes a l’entreprise peut se faire de divers manieres, comme le licensing. Alors les frontieres de l’entreprise deviennent poreuses pour permettre une forte interaction avec des partenaires externes. Malgre toutes les promesses de ce concept, celui-ci a apporte un certain nombre de problematiques allant de la propriete intellectuelle a la culture d’entreprise en passant par les freins cognitifs. En accord avec le partenaire industriel de cette these, notre observation terrain et les constats bibliographiques, nous nous sommes concentres sur les aspects organisationnels a mettre en œuvre pour mener une politique d’Open Innovation. Ainsi, cette these propose un premier modele conceptuel pour ancrer une organisation dans son environnement et prendre pleinement en compte le paradigme d’Open Innovation. Ce modele se base sur l’hypothese que l’environnement est compose de facteurs d’influence qui ont un impact sur les projets de l’entreprise et que ceux-ci doivent posseder un capital competence adequate pour maitriser ces facteurs et atteindre les objectifs. Fort de ce cadre conceptuel, nous avons modelise mathematiquement une organisation avec une approche cout/benefice pour comprendre le fonctionnement d’une organisation en mode « open ». Cela nous a permis de mettre en evidence le role de la structure organisationnelle et de la strategie pour une politique d’Open Innovation. Enfin, en accord avec notre posture epistemologique d’action-recherche, nous avons developpe un outil d’aide a l’orientation de l’action, RO²I (Relevant Organization for Open Innovation). L’objectif de cet outil est de propose aux porteurs de projets, a t=0 du projet, une aide pour prendre en compte les aspects collaboratifs afin de mener leurs projets a bien et de choisir le bon modele organisationnel pour inclure les competences des partenaires. Nous avons pu tester la pertinence de notre proposition sur plusieurs projets passes d’une equipe d’innovation de rupture. Une fois valide, nous avons souhaite verifier que notre outil etait utilisable par les porteurs de projet, eux-memes, donc nous avons effectue une experimentation sur deux projets en phase de demarrage dans les services supports de Solvay. Ce travail conclue sur la necessite de posseder une organisation adaptee aux activites de collaboration et sur la necessite d’un outil permettant de prendre en compte l’Open Innovation. Nous proposons, en perspective, d’utiliser cet outil pour mesurer la capacite a Open Innover d’une entreprise
Hybrid Multilingual Parsing with HPSG for SRL

In this paper we present our syntactic and semantic dependency parsing system submitted to both the closed and open challenges of the CoNLL 2009 Shared Task. The system extends the system of Zhang, Wang, & Uszkoreit (2008) in the multilingual direction, and achieves 76.49 average macro F1 Score on the closed joint task. Substantial improvements to the open SRL task have been observed that are attributed to the HPSG parses with handcrafted grammars.
Endogenous melatonin protects L‐DOPA from autoxidation in the striatal extracellular compartment of the freely moving rat: potential implication for long‐term L‐DOPA therapy in Parkinson's disease

Abstract: We previously showed, using microdialysis, that autoxidation of exogenous L‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (l‐DOPA) occurs in vivo in the extracellular compartment of the freely moving rat, with a consequent formation of l‐DOPA semiquinone (l‐DOPA‐SQ). In the present study, intrastriatal infusion of l‐DOPA (1.0 μm for 200 min) increased dialysate l‐DOPA concentrations (maximum increases up to 116‐fold baseline values); moreover, l‐DOPA‐SQ was detected in dialysates. Individual dialysate concentrations of l‐DOPA were negatively correlated with those of l‐DOPA‐SQ. Co‐infusion of N‐acetylcysteine (100 μm) or melatonin (50 μm) increased l‐DOPA (up to 151‐ and 246‐fold, respectively) and decreased l‐DOPA‐SQ (by about 53% and 87%, respectively) dialysate concentrations. Systemic l‐DOPA [25 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.) twice in a 12‐h interval] significantly increased striatal baseline dialysate concentrations of l‐DOPA and decreased dopamine (DA) and ascorbic acid (AsAc) concentrations, when compared with controls. Following systemic l‐DOPA, l‐DOPA‐SQ was detected in dialysates. Endogenous melatonin was depleted in rats maintained on a 24‐h light cycle for 1 wk. In melatonin‐depleted rats, systemic l‐DOPA induced a smaller increase in dialysate l‐DOPA, a greater increase in l‐DOPA‐SQ formation, and a greater reduction in DA and AsAc dialysate concentrations. Co‐administration of melatonin (5.0 mg/kg, i.p., twice in a 12‐h interval) with l‐DOPA, in control as well as in light‐exposed rats, significantly increased dialysate l‐DOPA concentrations, greatly inhibited l‐DOPA‐SQ formation, and restored up to the control values dialysate DA and AsAc concentrations. These findings demonstrate that endogenous melatonin protects exogenous l‐DOPA from autoxidation in the extracellular compartment of the striatum of freely moving rats; moreover, systemic co‐administration of melatonin with l‐DOPA markedly increases striatal l‐DOPA bioavailability in control as well as in melatonin‐depleted rats. These results may be of relevance to the long‐term l‐DOPA therapy of Parkinson's disease.
Joint ML Channel Tracking and Decoding for MIMO Channels

In this paper, a joint tracking and decoding algorithm is proposed for MIMO channels. This algorithm is based on a super trellis structure which calculates new estimations of the channel matrix; moreover to calculation of a new metric for each node of the trellis. This algorithm for each branch of the trellis diagram of convolutional encoder, calculate matrix estimation by ML channel tracking algorithm. The proposed algorithm is simulated for 1/2 rate convolutional code and 2x2 MIMO channel for different values of Doppler frequencies and Eb/N0. Bit error rate (BER) and channel tracking error are considered as comparison criteria and it is shown that its performance is good and channel tracking curves have always negative slope even in blind mode of the operation. The more simulations with more efficient channel models will be presented in full version of the paper.
Helping Children to Improve their Communication Skills: Therapeutic Activities for Teachers, Parents and Therapists

Acknowledgements. Part 1. Theoretical and practical background. 1. Introduction: Developing a therapeutic imagination. 2. Communication well-being. 3. Play as a therapeutic tool for communication. 4. Structuring the emotional environment. 5. Working in different settings. Part 2. Activities and games. 6. Beyond the beanbag! 7. Big space activities and games. 8. Being creative with paper and pencil activities. 9. Role play, story-telling and guided imagery. 10. Conversation games. 11. Thinking skills activities. 12. Construction activities. 13. Parachute games. 14. Music and movement activities. Appendix. Keeping it all going: The transfer and maintenance of skills. Activities index. References.
KikuNavi: Real-time pedestrian navigation based on social networking service and collective intelligence

We present KikuNavi, a real-time pedestrian navigation system as a social networking service operating on a mobile phone. A user who becomes lost can use our system to easily find someone (the navigator) who knows how to reach the user's destination. The navigator can sketch the route, which appears on the lost user's mobile phone. The navigator can also choose to lead the user; the lost user's phone displays an arrow pointing toward the navigator. Most existing navigation systems rely on digital maps and GPS geospatial information, but our system is based on the fact that we often become lost in situations when the combination of digital maps and GPS does not work well. Our concept is to support pedestrian navigation even in such an environment by relying on the collective intelligence of people nearby, connected by mobile phones.