Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Strength Design of Toroidal Tank for LPG 3kg

In order to reduce the consumtion of kerosine in Indonesian household, the goverment of Indonesia initiate a program of kerosine to LPG conversion in 2007. The target of that program is to reduce the kerosine consumtion by 9.9 million kilo liters in 2012. The current design for storage tank is cylindrical shape with semi-elliptical head at both ends. However, from mechanical engineering point of view, the strength of a toroidal shape could be twice the strength of cylindrical shape as used for LPG 3kg nowadays. If the program to be continued beyond the year of 2012, the author would like to propose a change of storage tank to be in toroidal shape. To choose the best design, the author carried out a finite element parametric study to find the limit pressure. The volume and thickness of the tank was kept constant and the radius of toroidal was varied from 2 to 10 times the cross-section radius. For every change of radius ratio, the radius of cross-section was also changed because the volume was kept constant. It was found that the best design, indicated by the highest limit pressure, was toroidal tank having radius ratio of four. To take the difficulties in manufacturing into account, the ovality was introduced in the parametric studi. The study showed that ovality maximum of 0.4 for in-plane flattening and 0.3 for out-of-plane flattening are still acceptable, indicated by the value of limit pressure above the pressure to yield.
Impact of preoperative endoscopic ultrasound on non-small cell lung cancer staging.

AIM To determine if the addition of preoperative endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) to non-small cell lung cancer staging can reduce the proportion of patients in whom malignant mediastinal lymph nodes (inoperable disease) are discovered at surgery. METHODS All patients with lung cancer who underwent mediastinoscopy or thoracotomy for cancer diagnosis, staging, or treatment from 1999 to 2005 were identified. Patients who had undergone preoperative EUS were designated as the EUS group. The control group was composed of similar patients who had not undergone preoperative EUS, and were frequency matched to those in the EUS group in a 3:1 ratio by preoperative cancer stage. The proportion of patients in whom malignant mediastinal lymph nodes were diagnosed at surgery was the primary outcome. RESULTS Forty-four patients (average age, 67.8 years) met criteria for the EUS group, and 132 patients (average age, 67.4 years) were selected as control subjects. Overall, in the EUS group, 3 of 44 patients (6.8%) were found to have malignant mediastinal lymph nodes at surgery, compared with 41 of 132 patients (31.1%) in the control group (p = 0.003). In patients undergoing thoracotomy for cancer resection, 3% in the EUS group, compared with 20% in the control group, were found to have malignant mediastinal lymph nodes at surgery (p = 0.01). There was also a trend toward lower yield of mediastinoscopy done for cancer diagnosis or staging in the EUS group (p = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS Preoperative EUS in lung cancer patients may reduce unnecessary surgery at which advanced inoperable disease is discovered.
Numerical Model Validation and Sensitivity Study of a Transmission-Line Insulator Failure Using Full-Scale Test Data

This paper presents the validation of a numerical model based on the full-scale broken insulator tests on a 138-kV high-voltage steel transmission line. The University of Wisconsin and the Electric Power Research Institute performed these tests in 1978. A finite-element model of the line is developed to perform incremental nonlinear dynamic analysis, carried out in the time domain. Upon validation of the numerical model with the test results, a sensitivity study is carried out for various insulator lengths, ice thicknesses, and initial tensions to determine the effects of these parameters on the impact loads on the tower cross arm. Results of the study show that the impact loads are less sensitive to the change in insulator length but they do vary significantly when the ice loads and the initial tensions are increased. Studies of this type are now possible and are cost effective because of the use of commercial software not available at the time of the original research.
Concepts and Methods in Evolutionary Biology

Introduction Part I: 1. Adaptation and evolutionary theory 2. Biological teleology: questions and explanations 3. A structural description of evolutionary theory 4. The levels of selection Part II: 5. Phenotypic plasticity, cultural transmission and human sociobiology 6. From icons to symbols: some speculations on the origins of language 7. Individuality, pluralism, and the phylogenetic species concept 8. The levels of selection: a hierarchy of interactors Part III: 9. Theory and experiment in evolutionary biology 10. The co-evolution of organism and environment 11. Reductionism versus holism versus mechanism References Index.
Nrf2-Mediated Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Glycogen Metabolism

ABSTRACT Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor 2) contributes to the maintenance of glucose homeostasis in vivo. Nrf2 suppresses blood glucose levels by protecting pancreatic β cells from oxidative stress and improving peripheral tissue glucose utilization. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which Nrf2 contributes to the maintenance of glucose homeostasis, we generated skeletal muscle (SkM)-specific Keap1 knockout (Keap1MuKO) mice that express abundant Nrf2 in their SkM and then examined Nrf2 target gene expression in that tissue. In Keap1MuKO mice, blood glucose levels were significantly downregulated and the levels of the glycogen branching enzyme (Gbe1) and muscle-type PhKα subunit (Phka1) mRNAs, along with those of the glycogen branching enzyme (GBE) and the phosphorylase b kinase α subunit (PhKα) protein, were significantly upregulated in mouse SkM. Consistent with this result, chemical Nrf2 inducers promoted Gbe1 and Phka1 mRNA expression in both mouse SkM and C2C12 myotubes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that Nrf2 binds the Gbe1 and Phka1 upstream promoter regions. In Keap1MuKO mice, muscle glycogen content was strongly reduced and forced GBE expression in C2C12 myotubes promoted glucose uptake. Therefore, our results demonstrate that Nrf2 induction in SkM increases GBE and PhKα expression and reduces muscle glycogen content, resulting in improved glucose tolerance. Our results also indicate that Nrf2 differentially regulates glycogen metabolism in SkM and the liver.
Determination of the conformation of the key intermediate in an enantioselective palladium-catalyzed allylic substitution from residual dipolar couplings.

Transition-metal-catalyzed enantioselective C C bond-forming reactions such as allylic substitution are of great importance in academic research and industrial processes. In investigating the origin of the stereoselection of such a reaction knowledge about the spatial relationships between the ligand(s), the transition metal, and the substrate is a crucial step. If an intermediate can be isolated, the spatial structure of the intermediate can in principle be obtained either by X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy. However, it should be pointed out here that the equilibrium conformation of the intermediate does not necessarily lead to conclusive insights on reactivity and selectivity, since that depends on whether an early or late transition state is involved in the formation of the product. 4] Extensive studies have been devoted to probing the origin of stereoselection in allylic substitutions with bidentate ligands, of which only few can be mentioned here. For systems with monodentate ligands, as is the case in the present study (see 1), several X-ray structures of catalyst–substrate complexes exist, but to our knowledge no detailed NMR spectroscopic study in solution has yet been performed. The conformation of an intermediate complex in solution might not necessarily resemble that determined crystallographically. Furthermore, the solution conformation and in particular the dynamics of the intermediate species might be important for insight into the stereoselective step. Unfortunately, determining the predominant conformation in solution is not always straightforward, especially if organometallic species are considered. Conventional NMR parameters such as J couplings and NOEs might fail either because of missing links between spins (for both J couplings and NOEs), missing parametrizations (for J couplings especially for organometallic species), or conformational flexibility. This was also the case for the complex described herein. In contrast to the short-range information content of J couplings and NOEs, residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) provide long-range structural information and can also be used to relate non-interacting spins in biomolecular and recently also in organic compounds. The complex investigated here by means of RDCs was reported by Helmchen et al. to be a self-organizing palladium catalyst system bearing two monodentate ligands 1 and showing high activity and enantioselectivity in allylic alkylation reactions (Scheme 1). As the ligands are monodentate, considerable flexibility in the corresponding substrate– catalyst complex can be expected. It is thus very important to obtain information about the conformational behavior of the catalyst–substrate complex 2 in solution.
sept7b is essential for pronephric function and development of left–right asymmetry in zebrafish embryogenesis

ABSTRACT The conserved septin family of filamentous small GTPases plays important roles in mitosis, cell migration and cell morphogenesis by forming scaffolds and diffusion barriers. Recent studies in cultured cells in vitro indicate that a septin complex of septin 2, 7 and 9 is required for ciliogenesis and cilia function, but septin function in ciliogenesis in vertebrate organs in vivo is not understood. We show that sept7b is expressed in ciliated cells in different tissues during early zebrafish development. Knockdown of sept7b by using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides caused misorientation of basal bodies and cilia, reduction of apical actin and the shortening of motile cilia in Kupffer's vesicle and pronephric tubules. This resulted in pericardial and yolk sac edema, body axis curvature and hydrocephaly. Notably, in sept7b morphants we detected strong left–right asymmetry defects in the heart and lateral plate mesoderm (situs inversus), reduced fluid flow in the kidney, the formation of kidney cysts and loss of glomerular filtration barrier function. Thus, sept7b is essential during zebrafish development for pronephric function and ciliogenesis, and loss of expression of sept7b results in defects that resemble human ciliopathies.
Variation in hospital mortality in an Australian neonatal intensive care unit network

Background Studying centre-to-centre (CTC) variation in mortality rates is important because inferences about quality of care can be made permitting changes in practice to improve outcomes. However, comparisons between hospitals can be misleading unless there is adjustment for population characteristics and severity of illness. Objective We sought to report the risk-adjusted CTC variation in mortality among preterm infants born <32 weeks and admitted to all eight tertiary neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in the New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory Neonatal Network (NICUS), Australia. Methods We analysed routinely collected prospective data for births between 2007 and 2014. Adjusted mortality rates for each NICU were produced using a multiple logistic regression model. Output from this model was used to construct funnel plots. Results A total of 7212 live born infants <32 weeks gestation were admitted consecutively to network NICUs during the study period. NICUs differed in their patient populations and severity of illness. The overall unadjusted hospital mortality rate for the network was 7.9% (n=572 deaths). This varied from 5.3% in hospital E to 10.4% in hospital C. Adjusted mortality rates showed little CTC variation. No hospital reached the +99.8% control limit level on adjusted funnel plots. Conclusion Characteristics of infants admitted to NICUs differ, and comparing unadjusted mortality rates should be avoided. Logistic regression-derived risk-adjusted mortality rates plotted on funnel plots provide a powerful visual graphical tool for presenting quality performance data. CTC variation is readily identified, permitting hospitals to appraise their practices and start timely intervention.
Hedonistic Theories From Aristippus To Spencer

A series of essays on the hedonism of the Sophists, Aristippus, Epicurus, Hobbes, Locke, Hume, Bentham, J.S. Mill and Spencer. The first part of each essay consists of a summary of the theory discussed while the second part is in each case a criticism of the theory from the standpoint of the ethics of "self-realization". The author's general objection to hedonism, as stated in the Preface, is that it cannot "plausibly explain morality without assuming ideas inconsistent with its asserted principle".
Design strategy for a national integrated personal health record

This paper addresses the timely and internationally relevant problem of designing a national integrated personal health record. Health care reforms around the world are changing the way health-related activities are performed. The goal is to empower patients to gain control of their healthcare information and foster health care team collaboration through integrated national health information systems. To accomplish this goal it is urgent to engage users in the use of these platforms. We present the process for creating a meaningful design strategy for a citizen portal that incorporates an integrated personal health record. This portal is part of a national health data platform cross-channel experience, connecting health care providers with patients, counting over 750,000 users. We applied a user experience design process to create an effective design solution for an integrated PHR and prototype that can be extended to the development of this new type of PHR.
A complex four-gene operon containing essential cell division gene pbpB in Bacillus subtilis

We have cloned and sequenced the promoter-proximal region of the Bacillus subtilis operon containing the pbpB gene, encoding essential penicillin-binding protein PBP2B. The first two genes in the operon, designated yllB and yllC, are significantly similar to genes of unknown function similarly positioned upstream of pbpB in Escherichia coli. Both B. subtilis genes are shown to be nonessential. The third B. subtilis gene, yllD, is essential, as is the correspondingly positioned ftsL gene of E. coli. The predicted product of yllD is similar to FtsL in size and distribution of charged residues but is not significantly related in primary amino acid sequence. The major promoter for the cluster lies upstream of the first gene, yllB, but at least one minor promoter lies within the yllC gene. The operon is transcribed throughout growth at a low level.
Mass shootings: a meta-analysis of the dose-response relationship.

A meta-analysis was conducted to examine the dose-response theory as it relates to posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSSs) following mass shootings. It was hypothesized that greater exposure to a mass shooting would be associated with greater PTSSs. Trauma exposure in the current study was broadly defined as the extent to which a person experienced or learned about a mass shooting. The meta-analysis identified 11 qualifying studies that included 13 independent effect sizes from a total of 8,047 participants. The overall weighted mean effect size, based on a random effects model, was r = . 19, p < . 001, 95% CI [. 13, . 25]. Maximum likelihood meta-regressions revealed no significant linear effects of participant gender, participant age, or time elapsed since the shooting on the relationship between exposure and PTSSs. Because so few studies satisfied the inclusion criteria, the present study also documents that this area of the literature is underresearched.
Use of Ti Plasmid DNA Probes for Determining Tumorigenicity of Agrobacterium Strains

Probes consisting of T-DNA genes from the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens were used for determining tumorigenicity of strains. Two 32P-labeled probes hybridized with 28 of 28 tumorigenic strains of the pathogen but not with 20 of 22 nontumorigenic strains. One probe, pTHE17, consists of all but the far left portion of the T-DNA of strain C58. Probe SmaI7 consists of SmaI fragment 7 of pTiC58, including onc genes 1, 4, and 6a and most of 2. Another probe, pAL4044, consisting of the vir region of strain Ach-5, hybridized with several nontumorigenic as well as tumorigenic strains. Colony hybridizations were done with 28 tumorigenic and 22 nontumorigenic Agrobacterium strains. About 106 CFU of the different tumorigenic strains were detectable with this method. Southern analyses confirmed the presence or absence of Ti plasmids in strains for which tumorigenicity was questioned. Colony hybridization with the T-DNA probes provides a rapid and sensitive means for determining the tumorigenic nature of Agrobacterium strains.
On the stability of polydisperse colloidal crystals

Le formalisme de la fonctionnelle de la densite est applique a l'etude de la stabilite mecanique et thermodynamique de cristaux colloidaux polydisperses. Les particules colloidales sont assimilees a des spheres dures avec une distribution continue, p(σ), de diametres additifs. On montre que de telles solutions solides cessent d'etre stables au-dela d'un degre de polydispersite critique, qui depend de la forme de p(σ), mais est toujours de l'ordre de 20%. Le probleme de la determination de la courbe de coexistence fluide-solide est brievement evoque
The Ubiquitin Ligase SCFFbw7 Antagonizes Apoptotic JNK Signaling

Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are essential for neuronal microtubule assembly and apoptosis. Phosphorylation of the activating protein 1 (AP1) transcription factor c-Jun, at multiple sites within its transactivation domain, is required for JNK-induced neurotoxicity. We report that in neurons the stability of c-Jun is regulated by the E3 ligase SCFFbw7, which ubiquitinates phosphorylated c-Jun and facilitates c-Jun degradation. Fbw7 depletion resulted in accumulation of phosphorylated c-Jun, stimulation of AP1 activity, and neuronal apoptosis. SCFFbw7 therefore antagonizes the apoptotic c-Jun–dependent effector arm of JNK signaling, allowing neurons to tolerate potentially neurotoxic JNK activity.
Morality and the Theory of Rational Choice

What is the relationship between morality and rationality? The answer to this question depends, of course, on how we characterize "rationality" and "morality. " We can begin with the definition of rationality found in contemporary microeconomics: rationality is utility maximization. ' The rational actor seeks to maximize his net, expected, utility. Defining rationality in this way enables us to give a simple and minimal definition of morality: morality is constrained utility maximization.2 The moral actor sometimes acts so as to constrain his utility-maximizing behavior. Given these definitions, rationality and morality are incompatible. The purely rational individual, at least sometimes, must act immorally; the purely moral individual, at least sometimes, must act irrationally. Recent work in the theory of rational choice, however, purports to demonstrate not only that rationality and morality are compatible but, moreover, that moral principles are derivable from rationality, once that concept is correctly analyzed. It is common to distinguish between the substantive and motivational aspects of a moral theory. The substantive component specifies the content of the principles of morality; the motivational component explains why a rational person would comply with the principles specified by the sub-
In vitro measurement of carcinogen‐resistant liver cells during hepatocarcinogenesis

Following the transfer of rat liver cells from 2‐acetylaminofluorene‐induced, grey‐white hyper‐plastic nodules to a primary, monolayer cell culture system, the proportion of the nodule cells which were resistant to the cytotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1 was determined The proportion of the resistant nodule cells was expressed as a percentage of the number of attached, viable nodule cells remaining after aflatoxin B1 treatment divided by the number of attached, viable nodule cells remaining without aflatoxin B1 treatment. In each experiment, the results were compared with the proportion of resistant liver cells derived from normal, untreated rats. Following a 3‐h attachment period, nodule and normal cell cultures were exposed to aflatoxin B1 concentrations of 10−7 mol/l to 10−5 mol/l for either 24 h or 48 h. Trypan blue was added directly to the culture flasks and viability was scored as the number of attached cells that would not stain with trypan blue. The resistant nodule cell populations demonstrated a remarkable insensitivity to increasing concentrations of aflatoxin B1 compared with resistant normal cell populations. At all doses of aflatoxin B1 tested, the size of the resistant nodule population remained comparatively constant for periods of treatment varying from 24 to 48 h, whereas the size of the resistant normal population diminished greatly over periods from 24 h to 48 h. Morphologic differences between normal and nodule hepatocytes were great following aflatoxin B1 treatment. Aflatoxin B1 treatment inhibited the spreading of normal hepatocytes, whereas the highly resistant nodule hepatocytes continued to spread out on the plastic substratum. Supplementation of the culture medium with dexamethasone routinely increased the proportion of resistant normal cells exposed to some concentrations of aflatoxin B1 but did not significantly increase the size of the resistant nodule cell population.
A novel subtype of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus genotype 1 detected uniquely in patients with hemophilia in Japan

GB virus C (GBV‐C) or hepatitis G virus (HGV) has been transmitted to Japanese patients with hemophilia through the frequent use of unheated blood products. Sequence analysis showed that most of the viruses isolated from these patients belonged to GBV‐C/HGV genotype 1, which is usually found in persons from Africa. This may point to the origin of this virus in Japanese patients with hemophilia. The phylogeny of 11 GBV‐C/HGV isolates from Japanese patients with hemophilia was investigated by a detailed analysis with a fragment spanning from the 5′ non‐coding region to part of the E1 gene. Except for one that belonged to the genotype 3 cluster, all isolates were GBV‐C/HGV type 1. Five main clades exist within the GBV‐C/HGV genotype 1 sequences. These isolates are grouped in 2 defined clades. Three of the isolates are clustered in subtype 1c clade whereas the other 7 strains formed a new statistically well‐supported monophyletic group (named subtype 1e). Our results suggest that GBV‐C/HGV type 1 can at present be classified into at least 5 clades and in this group a majority of Japanese patients with hemophilia was infected with a GBV‐C/HGV of a unique and newly described subtype within genotype 1. J. Med. Virol. 71:385–390, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Equivalent stator slot model of temperature field for high torque-density permanent magnet synchronous in-wheel motor

This paper mainly investigates the equivalent stator slot model used in temperature field of high torque-density permanent magnet synchronous in-wheel motor. Analytical model of winding temperature shows that the conventional equivalent stator slot model has two drawbacks which increase the calculation error, especially for high torque-density motor. Based on the law of heat transfer in stator slot, a new layered winding model is put forward in this paper. The model is applicable to not only steady-state temperature field but also transient temperature field. The accuracy of this new method has been verified experimentally.