Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Conspicuous by its absence : Domestic violence intervention in South African pre-hospital emergency care

Domestic violence (DV) is common globally. In South Africa, emergency care providers (ECPs) lack a clear policy framework and the necessary training to identify DV and intervene when it is encountered. We investigate the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of ECPs towards DV, and identify factors affecting early identification and its appropriate management in South Africa. A survey of 154/266 registered operational ECPs of different qualification levels and employed by a provincial emergency medical service was conducted. Each participant voluntarily and anonymously self-completed a customised questionnaire. Some 75 (49%) ECPs had an acceptable understanding of DV, although those with higher level qualifications were significantly more knowledgeable (p = 0.017). Most (147,97%) identified that alcohol and drugs were the main cause of DV. A few ECPs (15, 10%) reported having had experience of safety-focused and appropriate gender-sensitive handling of DV victims. The ECPs’ qualification levels were not significantly associated with their knowledge of the legislation about DV or with whether they had referred victims of DV. Only 49 (22%) ECPs reported having occasionally referred victims. By their own admission these ECPs expressed inadequate ability to assess and manage DV cases in current ECP practices. There was poor understanding of the extent, nature, detection and referral of DV cases by ECPs relative to their incidence. This may be due to incorrect beliefs or myths about DV, inadequate training and problematic emergency system design. Our findings support the need for a comprehensive emergency care response to guide and standardise DV management with better understanding of gender-based violence in order for the emergency medical service to play a more preventive and holistic role in its responses. 1 Please direct all correspondence to: Mr Navindhra Naidoo, Department of Emergency Medical Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, 7535, South Africa; Email: naidoon@cput.ac. za
Results after replantation and revascularization in the upper extremity in children.

The rates of survival of the amputated part and the functional outcomes were studied retrospectively after seventy-three replantations and eighty-nine revascularizations in the upper extremity in 120 children. All operations were performed between January 1974 and December 1988 after partial and complete amputations at various levels. The ages of the patients ranged from three days to sixteen years. The average duration of follow-up was thirty-six months (range, fourteen months to seven years) for the patients who had had a replantation and thirty months (range, fourteen months to eight years) for the patients who had had a revascularization. The rate of survival of the amputated part was significantly higher (p < 0.0002) after revascularization (seventy-eight parts [88 per cent]) than after replantation (forty-six parts [63 per cent]). There was no association, for either group, between survival and the preoperative duration of ischemia, the level of the injury, the digit that had been injured, the number of arteries that had been repaired, or the use of venous grafts. The rate of survival after replantation of completely amputated parts was 72 per cent (twenty-eight of thirty-nine parts) when the amputation had resulted from a laceration injury and 53 per cent (eighteen of thirty-four parts) when the amputation had resulted from a crush or an avulsion injury. The rate of survival after revascularization of incompletely amputated parts was 100 per cent (all forty-five parts) when the injury had been the result of a laceration and 75 per cent (thirty-three of forty-four parts) when it had been the result of a crush or an avulsion. We did not find any relationship between the age of the patient and the rate of survival of the amputated part after revascularization; however, there was a significantly higher rate of survival (p , 0.02) after replantation in children who were less than nine years old (77 per cent [twenty-four of thirty-one parts]) compared with the rate in those who were nine to sixteen years old (52 per cent [twenty-two of forty-two parts]). The viability of the digit was in jeopardy after twenty-nine (40 per cent) of the seventy-three replantations and nineteen (21 per cent) of the eighty-nine revascularizations. Immediate reoperation resulted in the salvage of only two of the twenty-one replanted parts and six of the twelve revascularized parts that had a reoperation. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Heuristic Evaluation of eNote: an Electronic Notes System

eNote is an electronic health record (EHR) system based on semi-structured narrative documents. A heuristic evaluation was conducted with a sample of five usability experts. eNote performed highly in: 1)consistency with standards and 2)recognition rather than recall. eNote needs improvement in: 1)help and documentation, 2)aesthetic and minimalist design, 3)error prevention, 4)helping users recognize, diagnosis, and recover from errors, and 5)flexibility and efficiency of use. The heuristic evaluation was an efficient method of evaluating our interface.
EARLY RADIO AND X-RAY OBSERVATIONS OF THE YOUNGEST NEARBY TYPE Ia SUPERNOVA PTF 11kly (SN 2011fe)

On 2011 August 24 (UT) the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) discovered PTF11kly (SN 2011fe), the youngest and most nearby Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) in decades. We followed this event up in the radio (centimeter and millimeter bands) and X-ray bands, starting about a day after the estimated explosion time. We present our analysis of the radio and X-ray observations, yielding the tightest constraints yet placed on the pre-explosion mass-loss rate from the progenitor system of this supernova. We find a robust limit of from sensitive X-ray non-detections, as well as a similar limit from radio data, which depends, however, on assumptions about microphysical parameters. We discuss our results in the context of single-degenerate models for SNe Ia and find that our observations modestly disfavor symbiotic progenitor models involving a red giant donor, but cannot constrain systems accreting from main-sequence or sub-giant stars, including the popular supersoft channel. In view of the proximity of PTF11kly and the sensitivity of our prompt observations, we would have to wait for a long time (a decade or longer) in order to more meaningfully probe the circumstellar matter of SNe Ia.
A Temporal Study of the Effects of Online Opinions: Information Sources Matter

Abstract This study examines when and why online comments from different sources and platforms influence a movie’s box office receipts over time. Premised on the theory of information search, we hypothesize that consumers are more likely to engage in active search in the early stages of a movie’s release due to greater choice uncertainty, and passive attention is more likely to kick in for later stages of a movie’s release, as uncertainty decreases. To test the proposed hypotheses, we tracked over 1,500 sources of online expert and consumer reviews for cinematic movies released for an entire year and continuously monitored major social media sites (e.g., Twitter) for comments. We text-mined the comments to elucidate the sentiments and analyzed the data. Confirming our hypotheses, the results showed that expert reviews and pull-based peer comments have a significant influence in early stages of a movie’s release, and the effects decrease over time. In contrast, the volume of comments from push-based microblog platforms have a significant influence on later box office receipts. Our research demonstrates that online opinions are not always persuasive and useful, and our findings provide insights into when consumers are likely to pay attention to which types of online opinions.
The NS3/4A proteinase of the hepatitis C virus: unravelling structure and function of an unusual enzyme and a prime target for antiviral therapy

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major causative agent of transfusion‐acquired and sporadic non‐A, non‐B hepatitis worldwide. Infections most often persist and lead, in ≈ 50% of all patients, to chronic liver disease. As is characteristic for a member of the family Flaviviridae, HCV has a plus‐strand RNA genome encoding a polyprotein, which is cleaved co‐ and post‐translationally into at least 10 different products. These cleavages are mediated, among others, by a virally encoded chymotrypsin‐like serine proteinase located in the N‐terminal domain of non‐structural protein 3 (NS3). Activity of this enzyme requires NS4A, a 54‐residue polyprotein cleavage product, to form a stable complex with the NS3 domain. This review will describe the biochemical properties of the NS3/4A proteinase, its X‐ray crystal structure and current attempts towards development of efficient inhibitors.
Clinically identified maternal depression before, during, and after pregnancies ending in live births.

OBJECTIVE This study estimated the prevalence of diagnosed depression and treatment among women before, during, and after pregnancies ending in live births. METHOD A previously validated algorithm identified health plan members with at least one pregnancy between Jan. 1, 1998, and Dec. 31, 2001. Women with a pregnancy ending in one or more live births and continuously enrolled from 39 weeks before pregnancy through 39 weeks after pregnancy were eligible. Maternal depression was identified from the medical records. Depression treatment included antidepressant medication and/or mental health visits. The authors examined the prevalence of depression and treatments received. RESULTS Among 4,398 continuously enrolled women with eligible pregnancies ending in live births, 678 (15.4%) had depression identified during at least one pregnancy phase; 8.7%, 6.9%, and 10.4% had depression identified before, during, and/or after pregnancy, respectively. Among women with identified depression during the 39 weeks before pregnancy, 56.4% also had a depression diagnosis during pregnancy. Of women identified with depression during the 39 weeks following pregnancy, 54.2% had depression diagnoses either during or preceding pregnancy. Most women diagnosed with depression received antidepressant medications and/or had at least one mental health visit. Having at least one mental health visit did not vary before, during, or after pregnancy; however, antidepressant use was lower during pregnancy than before or after pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Approximately one in seven women was identified with and treated for depression during 39 weeks before through 39 weeks after pregnancy, and more than half of these women had recurring indicators for depression.
Adaptive Metric Learning and Probe-Specific Reranking for Person Reidentification

In this letter, we introduce an adaptive metric learning (AML) method for person reidentification. Different from conventional metric learning approaches, which treat all the negative samples equally, AML adaptively classifies the negative samples into three groups and pays different attention to them. By emphasizing the influence of hard negative samples, AML can better mine the discriminative information between positive and negative samples, and thus generate a more effective metric. Furthermore, we also propose a probe-specific reranking (PSR) algorithm to refine the initial ranking list measured by the learned metric. For each probe, PSR constructs a corresponding hypergraph to capture the neighborhood relationship between the probe and its top 100 ranked gallery images. Then, these images are reranked based on their neighborhood affinity in the hypergraph. Extensive experiments on three challenging datasets demonstrate the superiority of both AML and PSR.
Interleukin-15 combined with an anti-CD40 antibody provides enhanced therapeutic efficacy for murine models of colon cancer

IL-15 has potential as an immunotherapeutic agent for cancer treatment because it is a critical factor for the proliferation and activation of natural killer (NK) and CD8+ T cells. Administration of anti-CD40 antibodies has shown anti-tumor effects in vivo through a variety of mechanisms. Furthermore, activation of CD40 led to increased expression of IL-15 receptor-α by dendritic cells, an action that is critical for trans-presentation of IL-15 to NK and CD8+ T cells. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of the combination regimen of murine IL-15 (mIL-15) with an agonistic anti-CD40 antibody (FGK4.5) in murine lung metastasis models involving CT26 and MC38, which are murine colon cancer cell lines syngeneic to BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, respectively. Treatment with mIL-15 or the anti-CD40 antibody alone significantly prolonged survival of both CT26 and MC38 tumor-bearing mice compared with the mice in the PBS solution control group (P < 0.01). Furthermore, combination therapy with both mIL-15 and the anti-CD40 antibody provided greater therapeutic efficacy as demonstrated by prolonged survival of the mice compared with either mIL-15 or the anti-CD40 antibody-alone groups (P < 0.001). We found that NK cells isolated from the mice that received the combination regimen expressed increased levels of intracellular granzyme B and showed stronger cytotoxic activity on the target cells. The findings from this study provide the scientific basis for clinical trials using the combination regimen of IL-15 with an anti-CD40 antibody for the treatment of patients with cancer.
The role of the self in smoking initiation and smoking cessation: A review and blueprint for research at the intersection of social-cognition and health

The self-concept is recognized as important to both smoking initiation and cessation. However, most of the extant research has viewed the self-concept as a static, monolithic construct. It has not drawn on contemporary social-cognitive theories of the self-concept, which view the self-concept as a dynamic, multi-faceted cognitive structure that regulates behavior in context. This paper discusses a contemporary social cognitive framework that can be used to understand the role of the self-concept in smoking.
P.W.S. Andrews and the unsuccessful revolution

This thesis examines Philip Andrews’ attempt to replace the theories of imperfect competition with his own theory of competitive oligopoly. It is argued that a proposed alternative to an existing theory will not be accepted unless it can be interpreted to fit into the current methodology of the discipline’s research programme. A new theory that would involve the rejection of the whole programme and not just the replacement of a sub-theory within the programme cannot succeed without a change in the goals of the discipline. To challenge the hard core of a research programme as Andrews did when he rejected the notion of equilibrium could be regarded as an attack on the discipline’s claim to being a science. To develop this argument the thesis looks first at some alternative views of the way in which a discipline such as economics develops historically. Secondly it looks at neoclassical economics in its philosophical and epistemological framework, and then at the progressive elimination from economic theory of its non-Cartesian elements. The theories of imperfect competition are examined in the light of Andrews’ criticism and then there is a discussion of the reactions to Andrews' theory and to his critique. The reactions were varied and the interpretations of his ideas by different writers were contradictory. There appears to have been no agreement about what he was trying to do. The thesis then considers Andrews’ theory in some detail, beginning with a discussion of its Marshallian origins and going on to consider the way he uses concepts such as the industry, competition,
Upregulation of &bgr;-amyloid precursor protein expression in glioblastoma multiforme

Glioma and glioblastoma multiforme constitute rapidly proliferating glial cell tumors whose pathogenic mechanisms are not well understood. This study examined proinflammatory and neurodegenerative gene expression in five American Tissue Culture Collection glioma and glioblastoma multiforme tumor cell lines and in 14 glioma and glioblastoma samples obtained from human brain biopsy. Expression of the low-abundance cyclooxygenase-1 and the high-abundance cytoskeletal element &bgr;-actin were found not to significantly change in any cells or tissues studied and were used as internal controls. In contrast, proinflammatory cyclooxygenase-2, cytosolic phospholipase A2, IL-1&bgr;, and &bgr;-amyloid precursor protein expression levels were found to be significantly upregulated. These studies suggest that glioma and glioblastoma exhibit robust upregulation of proinflammatory and neurodegenerative genetic markers that may contribute to the pathobiology, phenotype, and proliferation of glial cell growth.
Incorporation of correlated structural images in PET image reconstruction

Reports on a new method in which spatially correlated magnetic resonance (MR) or X-ray computed tomography (CT) images are employed as a source of prior information in the Bayesian reconstruction of positron emission tomography (PET) images. This new method incorporates the correlated structural images as anatomic templates which can be used for extracting information about boundaries that separate regions exhibiting different tissue characteristics. In order to avoid the possible introduction of artifacts caused by discrepancies between functional and anatomic boundaries, the authors propose a new method called the "weighted line site" method, in which a prior structural image is employed in a modified updating scheme for the boundary variable used in the iterative Bayesian reconstruction. This modified scheme is based on the joint probability of structural and functional boundaries. As to the structural information provided by CT or MR images, only those which have high joint probability with the corresponding PET data are used; whereas other boundary information that is not supported by the PET image is suppressed. The new method has been validated by computer simulation and phantom studies. The results of these validation studies indicate that this new method offers significant improvements in image quality when compared to other reconstruction algorithms, including the filtered backprojection method and the maximum likelihood approach, as well as the Bayesian method without the use of the prior boundary information.
A micro-particle positioning technique combining an ultrasonic manipulator and a microgripper

The acoustic radiation force acts on particles suspended in a fluid in which acoustic waves are present. It can be used to establish a force field throughout the fluid volume capable of positioning the particles in predictable locations. Here, a device is developed which positions the particles in a single line by the sequential use of two excitation frequencies which have been identified by a finite element model of the system. The device is designed such that at one end there is an opening which allows the fingers of a microgripper to enter the fluid chamber. Hence the gripper can be used to remove the last particle in the line. The high accuracy of the positioning of the particles prior to gripping means that the microgripper needs just to return to a fixed position in order to remove subsequent particles. Furthermore, the effects of the microgripper fingers entering the fluid volume whilst the ultrasound field is excited are examined. One result being the release of a particle stuck to a gripper finger. It is believed that this combination of techniques allows for considerable scope in the automation of microgripping procedures.
Targeting of Immune Cells by Dual TLR2/7 Ligands Suppresses Features of Allergic Th2 Immune Responses in Mice

Background TLR ligands can promote Th1-biased immune responses, mimicking potent stimuli of viruses and bacteria. Aim To investigate the adjuvant properties of dual TLR2/7 ligands compared to those of the mixture of both single ligands. Methods Dual TLR2/7 ligands: CL401, CL413, and CL531, including CL264 (TLR7-ligand) and Pam2CysK4 (TLR2-ligand), were used. Immune-modulatory capacity of the dual ligands with the individual ligands alone or as a mixture in mouse BMmDCs, BMmDC:TC cocultures, or BMCMCs was compared and assessed in naïve mice and in a mouse model of OVA-induced intestinal allergy. Results CL413 and CL531 induced BMmDC-derived IL-10 secretion, suppressed rOVA-induced IL-5 secretion from OVA-specific DO11.10 CD4+ TCs, and induced proinflammatory cytokine secretion in vivo. In contrast, CL401 induced considerably less IL-10 secretion and led to IL-17A production in BMmDC:TC cocultures, but not BMCMC IL-6 secretion, or IL-6 or TNF-α production in vivo. No immune-modulating effects were observed with single ligands. All dual TLR2/7 ligands suppressed DNP-induced IgE-and-Ag-specific mast cell degranulation. Compared to vaccination with OVA, vaccination with the mixture CL531 and OVA, significantly suppressed OVA-specific IgE production in the intestinal allergy model. Conclusions Based on beneficial immune-modulating properties, CL413 and CL531 may have utility as potential adjuvants for allergy treatment.
Dysregulation of pretend play and communication development in children with autism

We hypothesized that the difficulties of the child with autism originate from disorders of organization and regulation of actions according to environmental changes. Autism impoverishes general mental representation skills, which are the basis of symbolic play and the development of communication. Twenty-one children with autism were compared with 14 children with global intellectual impairment and 15 matched typically developing children, on both regulation of play activities and communication development. Regulation of play was very disordered in children with autism, with breaking off, dissociation and instability of actions. However, in directed play their actions were more structured and corresponded to a better developmental level. In addition, dysregulation was associated with delayed, heterogeneous development of communication skills. The results of this study are in line with our hypotheses and emphasize the role of symbolic play in differential diagnosis and the value of therapies based on regulation processes and symbolic play.
The Provincial Organization of Inka Ceramic Production

The Inka empire was supported by goods and services provided by both generalized and specialized labor. To gain insight into how goods were produced and distributed in the imperial economy, 173 sherds from Cuzco, Lake Titicaca, the upper Mantaro Valley, and Tarma were analyzed (INAA) for materials composition. Results show that production and consumption of Inka ceramics were focused within regions, although two plates probably made in Cuzco were among the Titicaca and Mantaro samples. Inka ceramics from the upper Mantaro were made from at least two sources of raw materials, both distinct from those used in local Wanka ceramics. Evidence suggests that the Inka provincial capital (Hatun Xauxa) and two Wanka towns obtained most of their Inka pots from either one or the other source. These results imply that the state controlled production of its ceramics regionally, starting at the source of the raw materials, and distributed the products of separate sources selectively.