Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Theories of priming. I : associative distance and lag

Automatic associative priming occurs in a large number or memory retrieval tasks, including semantic categorization, lexical decisions, item recognition, naming, and judgments or spatial location. Priming has been commonly attributed to one or the other of 2 alternative mechanisms: spreading activation or construction or compound retrieval cues. This article reports the results or 3 experiments that were designed to test spreading-activation and non-spreading-activation models or priming. The findings were consistent with the spreading-activation models, but inconsistent with the non-spreading-activation models. These results suggest that a rejection of spreading-activation mechanisms is premature
An Instrument for the Measurement of Job Satisfaction

Summary The construction of a 99 item job satisfaction questionnaire is described as covering the following work areas: physical and mental exertion; relations with associates; relations with employer; security, advancement, and finances; interest in, liking for, and emotional involvement in the job; job information and status; physical surroundings and work conditions; future, goals, and progress toward goals; and evaluation in retrospect. The test-retest reliability coefficient over a three-week interval with 98 teachers was . 90, while individual items averaged 91.4 per cent complete agreement between the two questionnaires. Internal consistence was indicated by item analysis, comparing the most and least satisfied 27 per cent of 844 female teachers and 242 male teachers respectively. Biserial correlations were significant for 97 of the 99 items for the female group, and for 87 out of 99 for the smaller male group. The average magnitude of the biserial correlations obtained was . 45 for each sex group when all items were considered together, and ranged from . 33 to . 55 when items were grouped into the various work categories represented. Validity was inferred from the nature of the construction of the instrument, ratings of the individual items by ten judges, ratings of work characteristics for importance to job satisfaction by 1184 teachers, a correlation of . 64 between self-estimates of satisfaction and job satisfaction scores for 98 teachers and a correlation of . 61 between paired-comparison ratings of job satisfaction and scores for 18 teachers. Such an instrument should be of value in studying and diagnosing job satisfaction in both applied and research situations.
Higher contagion and weaker ties mean anger spreads faster than joy in social media

Increasing evidence suggests that, similar to face-to-face communications, human emotions also spread in online social media. However, the mechanisms underlying this emotional contagion, for example, whether different feelings spread in unlikely ways or how the spread of emotions relates to the social network, is rarely investigated. Indeed, because of high costs and spatiotemporal limitations, explorations of this topic are challenging using conventional questionnaires or controlled experiments. Because they are collection points for natural affective responses of massive individuals, online social media sites offer an ideal proxy for tackling this issue from the perspective of computational social science. In this paper, based on the analysis of millions of tweets in Weibo, surprisingly, we find that anger is more contagious than joy, indicating that it can spark more angry follow-up tweets. Moreover, regarding dissemination in social networks, anger travels easily along weaker ties than joy, meaning that it can infiltrate different communities and break free of local traps because strangers share such content more often. Through a simple diffusion model, we reveal that greater contagion and weaker ties function cooperatively to speed up anger’s spread. The diffusion of real-world events with different dominant emotions provides further testimony to the findings. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that quantitative long-term evidence has been presented that reveals a difference in the mechanism by which joy and anger are disseminated. Our findings shed light on both personal anger management in human communications and on controlling collective outrage in cyberspace.
Health, (body) image, and primary schooling: ‘Why do they have to be a certain weight?’

This paper examines the findings from part of a larger project concerned with well-being and outdoor pedagogies. It considers data collected from interviews with primary teachers of 8- to 9-year-old pupils, who had recently attended a three-day residential at an outdoor education centre and these children's parents. It draws upon aspects of the data, which refer to ‘health related education’, body image and teachers’ and parents’ perceptions. The data suggests that not only are notions of healthy life-style and healthy eating embedded in the primary school's curriculum and in teachers’ professional consciousness, but also parents are imbued with body discourses conveyed through the popular media. For the most part, whilst the teachers express and respond to policy and popular discourses on health and body image largely uncritically, some parents are seen to question dominant understandings of health and body size for their children.
Optimal Beliefs in the Long Run

People have the natural tendency to be optimistic and believe that good outcomes in the future are more likely, but also want to avoid overestimation that could result in bad decision-making. Brunnermeier and Parker (2005, 2007) established an optimal beliefs framework that balances these two incentives. This paper follows and extends the optimal beliefs framework to consider optimal beliefs in the long run after successive generations. Assuming no short-selling, result shows that in almost all cases there does not exist a stable and interior long-term optimal belief.
Time-dependent backgrounds from supergravity with gauged non-compact R-symmetry

We obtain a general class of time-dependent, asymptotically de Sitter backgrounds which solve the first-order bosonic equations that extremize the action for supergravity with gauged non-compact R-symmetry. These backgrounds correspond only to neutral matter in vector superfields which have the correct sign of the kinetic energy. We provide examples of five-dimensional multi-centred charged black holes in asymptotic de Sitter space, whose spatial part is given by a time-dependent hyper-Kahler space. Reducing these backgrounds to four dimensions yields asymptotically de Sitter multi-centred charged black-hole backgrounds and we show that they are related to an instanton configuration by a massive T-duality over time. Applying the procedure to N = 2 gauged supergravity in four (and five) dimensions with hypermultiplets, should result in neutral cosmological backgrounds that are regular and correspond to the different de Sitter spaces at early and late times.
Trends in Intergenerational Class Mobility in England and Wales, 1972-1983

Results on trends in intergenerational class mobility in England and Wales obtained from the Nuffield inquiry of 1972 are updated to 1983 on the basis of material derived from the British General Election Study of that year. Overall, a marked continuity in trends in absolute mobility rates and in associated patterns of social fluidity and structural change is revelaed. The most important new development in the context of far more adverse economic conditions is for the mobility chances of men of working-class origins to polarise - a continuing improvement in opportunities for upward mobility into service-class positions going together with increasing risks of downward mobility via unemployment. The results reported are shown to be ones that do not readily accord with current theories, whether Marxist or liberal, of the development of the class structures of modern western societies.
Robot self-localization using only view-to-view registration

Mobile robot often requires to locate itself in the work environment so as to determine how far or close it is away from the goal position. There have been a number of solutions proposed, but most of them require 3D model of the environment for referencing. However, such 3D model is often inconvenient and sometimes impossible to acquire. This work addresses how a robot could locate itself by using only one view of the environment for reference. More precisely, the robot captures from its current, unknown location an image of the surroundings, and matches this view to a reference view of the environment for determining its current location. The required view-to-view registration could be greatly aided by placing distinct, easy-to-match landmarks in various places of the work environment. However, landmarks are often required to be small to minimize their visual disturbance to the environment, and that would compromise the localization accuracy. This work focuses on a mechanism that allows correspondences be extended from some initial ones over the landmark to a bigger set which are over parts of the scene next to the landmark, thereby increasing the physical span of the correspondences and improving the localization accuracy. In a way, the mechanism allows the scene itself to be used as a huge landmark for robot localization. Synthetic data and real image experiments are shown to illustrate the performance of the mechanism
On the Unusual Depletions toward Sk 155, or What Are the Small Magellanic Cloud Dust Grains Made Of?

The dust in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), an ideal analog of primordial galaxies at high redshifts, differs markedly from that in the Milky Way by exhibiting a steeply rising far-ultraviolet extinction curve, an absence of the 2175 Å extinction feature, and a local minimum at ~12 μm in its infrared emission spectrum, suggesting the lack of ultrasmall carbonaceous grains (i.e., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules), which are ubiquitously seen in the Milky Way. While current models for the SMC dust all rely heavily on silicates, recent observations of the SMC line of sight toward Sk 155 have indicated that Si and Mg are essentially undepleted and that the depletions of Fe range from mild to severe, suggesting that metallic grains or iron oxides, instead of silicates, may dominate the SMC dust. However, here we apply the Kramers-Kronig relation to demonstrate that neither metallic grains nor iron oxides are capable of accounting for the observed extinction; silicates remain as an important contributor to the extinction, consistent with current models for the SMC dust.
An E-Learning Investigation into Learning Style Adaptivity

Traditional e-learning systems are typically designed for generic learners irrespective of individual requirements. In contrast, adaptive e-learning systems take into account learner characteristics such as learning style and level of knowledge in order to provide more personalised learning. The contribution of this paper is threefold. First, a generic adaptive framework aimed at enhancing learning is proposed. Second, a specific approach to adaptivity based on learning style is put forward within the framework. Third, the framework is validated and the approach is evaluated in order to determine their effectiveness in learning provision in an adaptive e-learning system. An experiment conducted with 60 participants produced positive results. They indicate that adapting instructional material according to learning style yields significantly better learning outcome and learner satisfaction than without adaptation.
Planning with an Adaptive World Model

We present a new connectionist planning method [TML90]. By interaction with an unknown environment, a world model is progressively constructed using gradient descent. For deriving optimal actions with respect to future reinforcement, planning is applied in two steps: an experience network proposes a plan which is subsequently optimized by gradient descent with a chain of world models, so that an optimal reinforcement may be obtained when it is actually run. The appropriateness of this method is demonstrated by a robotics application and a pole balancing task.
Role of Protein O-Mannosyltransferase Pmt4 in the Morphogenesis and Virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans

ABSTRACT Protein O mannosylation is initiated in the endoplasmic reticulum by protein O-mannosyltransferases (Pmt proteins) and plays an important role in the secretion, localization, and function of many proteins, as well as in cell wall integrity and morphogenesis in fungi. Three Pmt proteins, each belonging to one of the three respective Pmt subfamilies, are encoded in the genome of the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Disruption of the C. neoformans PMT4 gene resulted in abnormal growth morphology and defective cell separation. Transmission electron microscopy revealed defective cell wall septum degradation during mother-daughter cell separation in the pmt4 mutant compared to wild-type cells. The pmt4 mutant also demonstrated sensitivity to elevated temperature, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and amphotericin B, suggesting cell wall defects. Further analysis of cell wall protein composition revealed a cell wall proteome defect in the pmt4 mutant, as well as a global decrease in protein mannosylation. Heterologous expression of C. neoformans PMT4 in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae pmt1pmt4 mutant strain functionally complemented the deficient Pmt activity. Furthermore, Pmt4 activity in C. neoformans was required for full virulence in two murine models of disseminated cryptococcal infection. Taken together, these results indicate a central role for Pmt4-mediated protein O mannosylation in growth, cell wall integrity, and virulence of C. neoformans.
A Profile of Canadian Correctional Workers

A random sample of front-line workers in the Canadian federal prison system was asked in interviews to provide examples of stressful situations in their lives, and to report how they coped with these situations. A variety of other measures was obtained, including demographic information, lifestyle and health-related behaviors, personal dispositions, coping efficacy, and several adaptational outcomes, including job performance, health, and personal satisfaction. Results showed that subjects experienced a wide array of significant stressors both on and off the job, yet demonstrated high levels of coping efficacy. Scores on several standardized questionnaire measures of personal disposition were similar to those from comparable samples in the general population. Subjects were not particularly dissatisfied with their jobs, and appeared to be performing them well. The majority enjoyed good health and appeared moderately satisfied with their lives. Thus, in contrast to some previous reports, this contemporary sample of correctional workers seems to be reasonably effective and adaptive, with little evidence of unusual stress problems.
Three ways to mount distinguishing attacks on irregularly clocked stream ciphers

Many stream ciphers use irregular clocking to introduce non-linearity to the keystream. We present three distinguishers on irregularly clocked linear feedback shift registers. The general idea used is to find suitable linear combinations of keystream bits, here called samples, that are drawn from a biased distribution. We describe how to place windows around the estimated positions around members of the linear combinations, and very efficiently create many samples with low computational complexity. We also describe ideas based on constructing samples consisting of vectors of bits (words) instead of single binary samples. These vectors based methods can distinguish the cipher using fewer keystream bits but sometimes require a higher computational complexity.
Adaptive Resource Allocation with Proportional Rate Constraints for OFDMA Based Next Generation Networks

primary objective of the Next Generation Networks, which are based on Multiuser Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MU-OFDM) is to increase the network efficiency by maximizing the total throughput of the system and minimizing the overall transmit power for a give quality of service (QOS). MU-OFDM is one of the promising techniques for achieving high downlink capacities in future cellular and wireless networks. The sum capacity of MU- OFDM is maximized when each subchannel is assigned to the user with the best channel-to-noise ratio for that subchannel, with power subsequently distributed. Ever increasing demand for high throughput, low delay and low Outage probability can be met by using Adaptive Resource Allocation in OFDM Technology. Optimal solution to the constrained fairness problem of Adaptive Resource Allocation is extremely computationally complex to obtain, a low-complexity suboptimal algorithm that separates subchannel allocation and power allocation is proposed. In the proposed algorithm, subchannel allocation is first performed by assuming an equal power distribution. Power allocation is done later to maximizes the sum capacity. KeywordsAdaptive Resource Allocation; sum capacity.
Global regulator Anr represses PlcH phospholipase activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa when oxygen is limiting.

Haemolytic phospholipase C (PlcH) is a potent virulence and colonization factor that is expressed at high levels by Pseudomonas aeruginosa within the mammalian host. The phosphorylcholine liberated from phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin by PlcH is further catabolized into molecules that both support growth and further induce plcH expression. We have shown previously that the catabolism of PlcH-released choline leads to increased activity of Anr, a global transcriptional regulator that promotes biofilm formation and virulence. Here, we demonstrated the presence of a negative feedback loop in which Anr repressed plcH transcription and we proposed that this regulation allowed for PlcH levels to be maintained in a way that promotes productive host-pathogen interactions. Evidence for Anr-mediated regulation of PlcH came from data showing that growth at low oxygen (1%) repressed PlcH abundance and plcH transcription in the WT, and that plcH transcription was enhanced in an Δanr mutant. The plcH promoter featured an Anr consensus sequence that was conserved across all P. aeruginosa genomes and mutation of conserved nucleotides within the Anr consensus sequence increased plcH expression under hypoxic conditions. The Anr-regulated transcription factor Dnr was not required for this effect. The loss of Anr was not sufficient to completely derepress plcH transcription as GbdR, a positive regulator of plcH, was required for expression. Overexpression of Anr was sufficient to repress plcH transcription even at 21 % oxygen. Anr repressed plcH expression and phospholipase C activity in a cell culture model for P. aeruginosa-epithelial cell interactions.
Significance of flagella in colonization resistance of rabbits immunized with Campylobacter spp

Cross-protection among different Lior and Penner serogroups of Campylobacter spp. was studied. Rabbits were orally immunized by gastric feeding with Campylobacter spp. , and 27 to 30 days later, they were challenged with matched or unmatched serogroups by the removable intestinal tie adult rabbit diarrhea (RITARD) procedure. When immunized animals were challenged with different Lior serotypes, no protection against colonization was seen; however, when challenged with homologous Lior serogroups, protection was demonstrated. Immune animals were colonized for an average of 1 day or less versus at least 6 days for nonimmune animals. Rabbits challenged with matched Penner-unmatched Lior strains showed only marginal protection. Our study also demonstrated that flagella are important in initiating colonization and eliciting protective immunity. Campylobacter coli VC167B3, an isogenic, nonflagellated mutant, did not colonize rabbits regardless of the route of administration. Single feeding of the mutant strain did not protect the host, whereas three feedings, 48 h apart, resulted in complete protection against the flagellated parent strain. When mutant strain immunized rabbits were challenged with other strains of the same Lior serotype, marginal protection was obtained. Immunogold labeling indicated that there is one or more antigens on the cell surface of the nonflagellated mutant which reacts with a polyclonal antiserum from organisms of the same Lior serogroup. These data implicated the flagellum as the cross-strain protective component of the Lior antigen complex.
Individual, Family, and Peer predictors of Violence Among Samoan Adolescents

This study explored individual, family, and peer predictors of involvement and psychological investment in fights among Samoan youth. Participants were 310 adolescents ages 13 through 19 living in Samoa. MANCOVAs compared those involved in fights with those not, and those more investing in fighting with those less invested. In terms of individual predictors, for both of the independent variables groups differed on school engagement, religiosity, proactive aggression, reactive aggression, moral disengagement, and social dominance but not self-regulation, empathy, or moral identity. Groups also differed on all peer variables: proactive aggression, reactive aggression, fight investment, and fight involvement. For involvement, groups differed on maternal and paternal psychological control and disrespect, but not parental monitoring. For investment, there were no differences on family variables. Path models found proactive aggression and peer fight involvement predictive of involvement, and proactive aggression, moral disengagement, peer investment, and maternal psychological control predictive of investment.
Social Service Delivery and Access to Financial Innovation. The Impact of Oportunidades’ Electronic Payment System in Mexico

This paper follows a quasi-experimental research design to assess the impact of the electronic payment system of Mexico’s Oportunidades programme. The switch from cash payments to electronic payments delivered via a bank account is found to have implications in terms of reallocation between saving portfolio choices, transaction costs, and coping strategies. The study shows that, following the intervention, participation in informal saving arrangements was reduced, the frequency of remittance reception increased and, when hit by idiosyncratic shocks, beneficiaries of bank accounts were more likely to use savings rather than contracting loans or reducing consumption to cope with the events. The study also reveals impact heterogeneity between rural and urban areas, with important implications for policy and replicability of similar financial innovations in other developing country contexts.
Educational Psychology and Technology: A Matter of Reciprocal Relations

Technology and instruction have recently entered an alliance of reciprocal influences. Technology serves instruction and at the same time opens up novel opportunities. Concerning the former, a major justification for the employment of computers is the acceptance of constructivist conceptions and a growing understanding of learning as a social process. Technology thus comes to facilitate the realization of the learning environments that emanate from constructivist conceptions. Concerning technology's influence on education, ever-newer technological affordances pull instruction in new and promising directions. However, many of these lack purpose or rationale. Why, for example, should students design their own wWeb sites? New questions arise that need to be answered, such as whether hypermedia programs offer frail and casual webs of information that lead to the cultivation of similarly flimsy mental networks (the “Butterfly Defect”), or whether computer-mediated communication (CMC) might create virtual, faceless learning environments. It also becomes evident that the new learning environments rely more heavily than their predecessors on students’ proclivity for self-regulated and mindful learning. Can technology facilitate the cultivation of these? Educational psychology and technology are now engaged in an intensive duet that, if seriously studied, explored, and evaluated, may offer novel and improved instruction.