Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Retrieving Passages and Finding Answers

Retrieving topically-relevant text passages in documents has been studied many times, but finding non-factoid, multiple sentence answers to web queries is a different task that is becoming increasingly important for applications such as mobile search. As the first stage of developing retrieval models for "answer passages", we describe the process of creating a test collection of questions and multiple-sentence answers based on the TREC GOV2 queries and documents. This annotation shows that most of the description-length TREC queries do in fact have passage-level answers. We then examine the effectiveness of current passage retrieval models in terms of finding passages that contain answers. We show that the existing methods are not effective for this task, and also observe that the relative performance of these methods in retrieving answers does not correspond to their performance in retrieving relevant documents.
Apoptosis after traumatic human spinal cord injury.

OBJECT Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death seen in a variety of developmental and disease states, including traumatic injuries. The main objective of this study was to determine whether apoptosis is observed after human spinal cord injury (SCI). The spatial and temporal expression of apoptotic cells as well as the nature of the cells involved in programmed cell death were also investigated. METHODS The authors examined the spinal cords of 15 patients who died between 3 hours and 2 months after a traumatic SCI. Apoptotic cells were found at the edges of the lesion epicenter and in the adjacent white matter, particularly in the ascending tracts, by using histological (cresyl violet, hematoxylin and eosin) and nuclear staining (Hoechst 33342). The presence of apoptotic cells was supported by staining with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridinetriphosphate nick-end labeling technique and confirmed by immunostaining for the processed form of caspase-3 (CPP-32), a member of the interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme/Caenorhabditis elegans D 3 (ICE/CED-3) family of proteases that plays an essential role in programmed cell death. Apoptosis in this series of human SCIs was a prominent pathological finding in 14 of the 15 spinal cords examined when compared with five uninjured control spinal cords. To determine the type of cells undergoing apoptosis, the authors immunostained specimens with a variety of antibodies, including glial fibrillary acidic protein, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase (CNPase), and CD45/68. Oligodendrocytes stained with CNPase and a number of apoptotic nuclei colocalized with positive staining for this antibody. CONCLUSIONS These results support the hypothesis that apoptosis occurs in human SCIs and is accompanied by the activation of caspase-3 of the cysteine protease family. This mechanism of cell death contributes to the secondary injury processes seen after human SCI and may have important clinical implications for the further development of protease inhibitors to prevent programmed cell death.
Mild Aggression : A new approach for improving TCP Performance in Asymmetric Networks

An asymmetric network is one in which there is a mismatch between the characteristics of the forward and reverse channel. Typically, the forward channel is capable of high transmission rates and the reverse channel has lesser bandwidth. Cable modem networks and satellite networks are some technologies that exhibit network asymmetry. TCP, due to its widespread acceptance, is also used in asymmetric networks. However, the reverse channel being a bottleneck causes many problems in the behavior of traditional TCP protocols. The TCP protocol is heavily dependent on ACKs. The variation in the ACK arrival rate, caused due to network asymmetry, results in slower initial window growth and burstiness on the forward channel. Existing approaches to improve the performance of TCP in asymmetric networks use techniques such as reduction in number of ACKs. However, these approaches do not take into consideration the high bandwidth availability in the forward direction for early ramp up of TCP window. In this paper, we present a new approach, Mild Aggression which exploits the high forward channel bandwidth, by modifying the RTT estimate and incrementing the cwnd by Mild Aggression factors, to improve the performance of TCP in an asymmetric environment.
Variable Selection and Model Choice in Geoadditive Regression Models

Summary Model choice and variable selection are issues of major concern in practical regression analyses, arising in many biometric applications such as habitat suitability analyses, where the aim is to identify the influence of potentially many environmental conditions on certain species. We describe regression models for breeding bird communities that facilitate both model choice and variable selection, by a boosting algorithm that works within a class of geoadditive regression models comprising spatial effects, nonparametric effects of continuous covariates, interaction surfaces, and varying coefficients. The major modeling components are penalized splines and their bivariate tensor product extensions. All smooth model terms are represented as the sum of a parametric component and a smooth component with one degree of freedom to obtain a fair comparison between the model terms. A generic representation of the geoadditive model allows us to devise a general boosting algorithm that automatically performs model choice and variable selection.
MATHEMATICS IN PRIMARY EDUCATION IN THE STATE OF PARÁ (BRAZIL), BETWEEN 1890 AND 1930: ON RULES, REGULATIONS AND TEXTBOOKS

The article describes and comments on the trajectories of mathematics (arithmetic, geometry and design) of the primary school in the state of Para (Brazil), between 1890 and 1930, based on rules, regulations and textbooks of the time. In this sense, we make a synthesis of regulations and legislation, as well as the official programs and textbooks for primary teaching of mathematics in primary schools of Para in the mentioned period. Our main focus was to understand the scenario offered by the historical sources for the construction of a historiographical narrative on the subject. Our research was based on the cultural history as proposed by Roger Chartier (2002), Dominique Julia (2001), Peter Burke (2005), Michel de Certeau (1982) and the concepts of Andre Chervel (1990). We made a documentary survey on the Rare Books Section of the Arthur Vianna Library, at the Para State Cultural Foundation, in search of answers to the following questions: What did these teaching programs and textbooks prescribe for teaching math? What are the pedagogical concepts underlying the mathematics teaching process in primary schools of the state of Para? We note that the contents were arithmetic, problems, fractions, metric system, proportions, rule of three and interest, practical geometry, square and square root, cube and cubic root, practical notions of bookkeeping and practical rudiments of trigonometry, design and surveying. On the pedagogical conceptions we found that they were based on the thoughts of Greard (1886) based on the method of Calkins (1886), obeying a systematic distribution, logic, with use of assets or intuitive methods. We conclude that the primary school in Para was heavily influenced by the pedagogical ideas and concepts from the French school culture of the time, which were incorporated into the primary school of Para in the late nineteenth century.
Extracting Protostrongylus spp. Larvae from Bighorn Sheep Feces

First-stage larvae of Protostrongylus spp. were more numerous in the core of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadiensis canadiensis) pellets than near the surface. As a result, only 22% could be extracted from whole pellets and the numbers collected did not reflect the total number of larvae present in samples. Crushing semi-dried pellets yielded seven times as many larvae and numbers collected were correlated with totals present. The use of tissue, in addition to a screen filter in a beaker extraction method, produced a cleaner sample and did not affect larval collection or the correlation. By comparison, most first-stage larvae of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were near the surface of fecal pellets where they may be removed readily by water.
Tele-Supervised FES-Assisted Exercise for Hemiplegic Upper Limb

Stroke survivors often have upper limb (UL) hemiparesis, limiting their ability to perform activities of daily life (ADLs). Intensive, task-oriented exercise therapy (ET) can improve UL function, but motivation to perform sufficient ET is difficult to maintain. Here, we report on a trial in which a workstation was deployed in the homes of chronic stroke survivors to enable tele-coaching of ET in the guise of computer games. Participants performed six weeks of 1 h/day, five days/week ET. Hand opening and grasp were assisted with functional electrical stimulation (FES). The primary outcome measure was the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT). Secondary outcome measures included a quantitative test of UL function performed on the workstation, grasp force measurements and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Improvements were seen in the functional tests, but surprisingly, not in the TMS responses. An important finding was that participants commencing with intermediate functional scores improved the most. Conclusions: 1) Daily, tele-supervised FES-ET in chronic stroke survivors is feasible with commercially-available technology. 2) The intervention can significantly improve UL function, particularly in people who start with an intermediate level of function. 3) Significant improvements in UL function can occur in the absence of changes in TMS responses.
Nano-Assemblies of Modified Cyclodextrins and Their Complexes with Guest Molecules: Incorporation in Nanostructured Membranes and Amphiphile Nanoarchitectonics Design

A variety of cyclodextrin-based molecular structures, with substitutions of either primary or secondary faces of the natural oligosaccharide macrocycles of α-, β-, or γ-cyclodextrins, have been designed towards innovative applications of self-assembled cyclodextrin nanomaterials. Amphiphilic cyclodextrins have been obtained by chemical or enzymatic modifications of their macrocycles using phospholipidyl, peptidolipidyl, cholesteryl, and oligo(ethylene oxide) anchors as well as variable numbers of grafted hydrophobic hydrocarbon or fluorinated chains. These novel compounds may self-assemble in an aqueous medium into different types of supramolecular nanoassemblies (vesicles, micelles, nanorods, nanospheres, and other kinds of nanoparticles and liquid crystalline structures). This review discusses the supramolecular nanoarchitectures, which can be formed by amphiphilic cyclodextrin derivatives in mixtures with other molecules (phospholipids, surfactants, and olygonucleotides). Biomedical applications are foreseen for nanoencapsulation of drug molecules in the hydrophobic interchain volumes and nanocavities of the amphiphilic cyclodextrins (serving as drug carriers or pharmaceutical excipients), anticancer phototherapy, gene delivery, as well as for protection of instable active ingredients through inclusion complexation in nanostructured media.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 detected in all seropositive symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals

Between February 1987 and October 1988, peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMC) from 409 adult individuals antibody positive by Western (immuno-)blot for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) (56 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS] patients, 88 patients with AIDS-related complex, and 265 asymptomatic individuals) were consecutively cultured for HIV-1 or tested for the presence of HIV-1 DNA sequences by a polymerase chain reaction assay (PCR). We isolated HIV-1 or detected HIV-1 DNA sequences from the PBMC of all 409 HIV-1 antibody-positive individuals. None of 131 healthy HIV-1 antibody-negative individuals were HIV-1 culture positive, nor were HIV-1 DNA sequences detected by PCR in the blood specimens of 43 seronegative individuals. In addition, HIV-1 PCR and HIV-1 culture were compared in testing the PBMC of 59 HIV-1 antibody-positive and 20 HIV-1 antibody-negative hemophiliacs. Both methods were found to have sensitivities and specificities of at least 97 and 100%, respectively. In contrast, the sensitivities of serum HIV-1 antigen testing in AIDS patients and asymptomatic seropositive patients were 42 and 17%, respectively. Our ability to directly demonstrate HIV-1 infection in all HIV-1 antibody-positive individuals provides definitive support that HIV-1 antibody positivity is associated with present HIV-1 infection. Moreover, the sensitivities and specificities of PCR and culture for the detection of HIV-1 appear to be equivalent, and both methods are superior to testing for HIV-1 antigen in serum for the direct detection of HIV-1.
Explicit Formulas for a Continuous Stochastic Maturation Model: Application to Anticancer Drug Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics

We present a continuous time model of maturation and survival, obtained as the limit of a compartmental evolution model when the number of compartments tends to infinity. We establish in particular an explicit formula for the law of the system output under inhomogeneous killing and when the input follows a time-inhomogeneous Poisson process. This approach allows the discussion of identifiability issues which are of difficult access for finite compartmental models. The article ends up with an example of application for anticancer drug pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics.
Sin recombinase from Staphylococcus aureus: synaptic complex architecture and transposon targeting

The Sin recombinase from Staphylococcus aureus builds a distinctive DNA‐protein synaptic complex to regulate strand exchange. Sin binds at two sites within an 86 basepair (bp) recombination site, resH. We propose that inverted motifs at the crossover site, and tandem motifs at the regulatory site, are recognized by structurally disparate Sin dimers. An essential architectural protein, Hbsu, binds at a discrete central site in resH. Positions of Hbsu‐induced DNA deformation coincide with natural targets for Tn552 integration. Remarkably, Sin has the same topological selectivity as Tn3 and γδ resolvases. Our model for the recombination synapse has at its core an assembly of four Sin dimers; Hbsu plays an architectural role that is taken by two resolvase dimers in models of the Tn3/γδ synapse.
Isolation and characterization of two hemolytic phenotypes of Vibrio damsela associated with a fatal wound infection

Two hemolytic phenotypes of Vibrio damsela, isolated from the tissue of a patient with a fatal wound infection, were characterized. The patient had underlying disease, and the wound was associated with an injury inflicted during the handling of a catfish. The phenotypes were morphologically and biochemically similar except for their lecithinase, lipase, and hemolytic activities. When grown on rabbit blood agar, one phenotype (LZ) produced a large zone of hemolysis (10 mm) around the colony, whereas the other type (SZ) produced only a small zone (1 to 2 mm). On sheep blood agar, the differences in hemolytic activity were more subtle. By a modified CAMP test in which V. damsela was streaked perpendicularly to Staphylococcus aureus, it was determined that a factor elaborated by the LZ phenotype (but not the SZ phenotype) protected sheep erythrocytes from the hemolysis normally caused by S. aureus toxins. Cell-free filtrates of broth cultures of each phenotype had the same effects on erythrocytes as did the organisms themselves.
Mining Spatio-temporal Patterns in the Presence of Concept Hierarchies

In the past, approaches to mining spatial and spatio-temporal data for interesting patterns have mainly concentrated on data obtained through observations and simulations where positions of objects, such as areas, vehicles, or persons, are collected over time. In the past couple of years, however, new datasets have been built by automatically extracting facts, as subject-predicate-object triples, from semi structured information sources such as Wikipedia. Recently some approaches, for example, in the context of YAGO2, have extended such facts by adding temporal and spatial information. The presence of such new data sources gives rise to new approaches for discovering spatio-temporal patterns. In this paper, we present a framework in support of the discovery of interesting spatio-temporal patterns from knowledge base datasets. Different from traditional approaches to mining spatio-temporal data, we focus on mining patterns at different levels of granularity by exploiting concept hierarchies, which are a key ingredient in knowledge bases. We introduce a pattern specification language and outline an algorithmic approach to efficiently determine complex patterns. We demonstrate the utility of our framework using two different real-world datasets from YAGO2 and the Website eventful.com.
Is the GDP growth rate in NIPA a welfare measure ?

The permanent decline of equipment prices relative to nondurable consumption prices rendered fixed-base quantity indexes obsolete, because of the well-known substitution bias. National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) responded by switching to a flexible-base quantity index to measure GDP growth. We argue this is a welfare measure of output growth. In a two-sector endogenous growth model, we use the Bellman equation to explicitly represent preferences on consumption and investment, we apply a Fisher-Shell true quantity index to the this utility representation and show it is equal to the Divisia index, well approximated by the flexible-base quantity index used by NIPA.
Video-Based Face Association and Identification

In this paper, we present a new video-based face identification algorithm, where the target (i.e., person of interest) in the probe video is only annotated once with a face bounding box in a frame and the video may consist of multiple shots. Most video face identification techniques assume that the video is of single shot, and thus the bounding boxes of the target face can be extracted by tracking a face across the video frames. Nevertheless, such automatic annotation is vulnerable to the drifting of the face tracker, and the face tracking algorithm is inadequate to associate the face images of the target across multiple shots. In this paper, we propose a target face association (TFA) technique that retrieves a set of representative face images in a given video that are likely to have the same identity as the target face. These face images are then utilized to construct a robust face representation of the target face for searching the corresponding subject in the gallery. Since two faces that appear in the same video frame cannot belong to the same person, such cannot-link constraints are utilized for learning a target-specific linear classifier for establishing the intra/inter-shot face association of the target. Experimental results on the newly released JANUS challenge set 3 (JANUS CS3) dataset show that our method generates robust representations from target-annotated videos and demonstrates good performance for the task of video-based face identification problem.
Modelling contexts in the Or-BAC model

As computer infrastructures become more complex, security models must provide means to handle more flexible and dynamic requirements. In the organization based access control (Or-BAC) model, it is possible to express such requirements using the notion of context. In Or-BAC, each privilege (permission or obligation or prohibition) only applies in a given context. A context is viewed as an extra condition that must be satisfied to activate a given privilege. We present a taxonomy of different types of context and investigate the data the information system must manage in order to deal with these different contexts. We then explain how to model them in the Or-BAC model.
(E)-4-Bromo-N′-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)benzohydrazide monohydrate

In the title compound, C15H13BrN2O3·H2O, the dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 13.92 (6)°. The methoxy group of the 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl is almost coplanar with its bound benzene ring, as seen by the Cmethyl—O—C—C torsion angle of −0.35 (16)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked into a three-dimensional network by N—H⋯O, O—H⋯N and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and also weak C—H⋯O interactions. A short C⋯O contact of 3.0191 (15) Å is also present.
Parallelization of Two Three-Phase Converters by Using Coupled Inductors Built on a Single Magnetic Core

This paper describes the parallelization of three-phase converters by using coupled inductors. The device allows to parallelize two three phase converters by using a single magnetic core and it is equivalent to use three Inter-Phase Transformers (IPT). Two versions of the three- phase IPT are presented and the differences between them are explained. The first one consists of a 5 limbs magnetic core whereas the second one is based on a 3 limbs magnetic core. The analytical model of the three-phase IPT is obtained. It has been simulated in Saber and the simulation results have been validated with experimental results. Streszczenie. W artykule przedstawiono mozliwą konfiguracje do pracy rownoleglej przeksztaltnikow trojfazowych poprzez zastosowanie sprzezenia dlawikami. Proponowane urządzenie pozwala na wykorzystanie pojedynczego rdzenia magnetycznego oraz jego odpowiednika w postaci trzech dlawikow wyrownawczych. Przedstawiono porownanie znanych rozwiązan. Zbudowano model symulacyjny w programie Saber i wykonano badania weryfikacyjne. (Praca rownolegla dwoch trojfazowych przeksztaltnikow napiecia z wykorzystaniem dlawikow sprzezonych na pojedynczym rdzeniu magnetycznym).
Reconstructing a herbivore’s diet using a novel rbcL DNA mini-barcode for plants

US forests are plagued by chronic deer feeding on native plants and the invasion of exotic plants. One possible synergy of these issues is that white-tailed deer preferentially consume native plants and ignore exotic plants. This issue is difficult to test due to the inability to closely measure deer feeding. We used a DNA barcoding protocol to examine the plant DNA found in deer feces at a Virginia site. We identified most plant species and found exotics, as well as native plants, in the feces examined. Deer apparently avoid some exotic plants but are not the sole reason for the abundance of most exotics.
Feed-Forward versus Feedback Inhibition in a Basic Olfactory Circuit

Inhibitory interneurons play critical roles in shaping the firing patterns of principal neurons in many brain systems. Despite difference in the anatomy or functions of neuronal circuits containing inhibition, two basic motifs repeatedly emerge: feed-forward and feedback. In the locust, it was proposed that a subset of lateral horn interneurons (LHNs), provide feed-forward inhibition onto Kenyon cells (KCs) to maintain their sparse firing—a property critical for olfactory learning and memory. But recently it was established that a single inhibitory cell, the giant GABAergic neuron (GGN), is the main and perhaps sole source of inhibition in the mushroom body, and that inhibition from this cell is mediated by a feedback (FB) loop including KCs and the GGN. To clarify basic differences in the effects of feedback vs. feed-forward inhibition in circuit dynamics we here use a model of the locust olfactory system. We found both inhibitory motifs were able to maintain sparse KCs responses and provide optimal odor discrimination. However, we further found that only FB inhibition could create a phase response consistent with data recorded in vivo. These findings describe general rules for feed-forward versus feedback inhibition and suggest GGN is potentially capable of providing the primary source of inhibition to the KCs. A better understanding of how inhibitory motifs impact post-synaptic neuronal activity could be used to reveal unknown inhibitory structures within biological networks.