Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Incremental Approaches for Network Anomaly Detection: Existing Solutions and Challenges

As the communication industry has connected distant corners of the globe using advances in netw ork technology, intruders or attackers have also increa sed attacks on networking infrastructure commensurately. System administrators can attempt to prevent such attacks using intrusion detection tools and systems. There are ma ny commercially available signature-based Intrusion De tection Systems (IDSs). However, most IDSs lack the capability to detect novel or previously unknown attacks. A speci al type of IDSs, called Anomaly Detection Systems, develop models based on normal system or network behavior, with the goal of detecting both known and unknown attacks. Anomaly detection systems face many problems including high rate of f alse alarm, ability to work in online mode, and scalability. Th is paper presents a selective survey of incremental approach es for detecting anomaly in normal system or network traffic. The technological trends, open problems, and challenges over anomaly detection using incremental approach are al so discussed.
Synaptic and Intrinsic Balancing during Postnatal Development in Rat Pups Exposed to Valproic Acid in Utero

Valproic acid (VPA) is among the most teratogenic of commonly prescribed anticonvulsants, increasing the risk in humans of major malformations and impaired cognitive development. Likewise, rats exposed prenatally to VPA exhibit a variety of neuroanatomical and behavioral abnormalities. Previous work has shown that pyramidal neuron physiology in young VPA-exposed animals is marked by two strong abnormalities: an impairment in intrinsic neuronal excitability and an increase in NMDA synaptic currents. In this study, we investigated these abnormalities across postnatal development using whole-cell patch recordings from layer 2/3 neurons of medial prefrontal cortex. We found that both abnormalities were at a peak soon after birth but were gradually corrected as animals matured, to the extent that normal excitability and NMDA currents had been restored by early adolescence. The manner in which this correction happened suggested coordination between the two processes. Using computational models fitted to the physiological data, we argue that the two abnormalities trade off against each other, with the effects on network activity of the one balancing the effects of the other. This may constitute part of the nervous system's homeostatic response to teratogenic insult: an attempt to maintain stability despite a strong challenge.
Questionnaires do not discriminate motor imagery ability of people with different motor expertise

Questionnaires are presented as reliable measure of motor imagery (MI), i.e. the ability to mentally simulate a movement in an internal perspective. Although there is some evidence that MI is domain-specific (i.e., i.e., higher scores for motor imagery may be generated by people with extensive real-world experience and practice), MI studies have typically employed fixed and generic movements as items. Thus, we investigated the content validity of the movement items of the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire–2 (VMIQ-2). Sixty participants were divided in groups of athletes (competitive and not-competitive, with an extensive motor experience) and not-athletes (with a reduced motor experience) and analysed by means of a mixed factorial MANOVA. The three MI modalities, external visual, internal visual and kinesthetic imagery, did not result in significantly different scores between the groups. We recommend caution in using MI generic questionnaires in studies that compare people with different motor experiences. Moreover, we suggest that the structure of the questionnaires should be redesigned, in order to make them adaptable to the specific needs of professionals and researchers.
A Video Objects Classification Method Based on GLDM and SVDD

In order to classify specific objects extracted from videos, an improved algorithm is proposed in this paper. Firstly it extracts characters of proportion of skin color, ratio of area to perimeter, ratio of height to width and the statistical features of gray level dependence matrices (GLDM) to distinguish person, vehicle, crowd and the other class. It trains three kinds of support vector data description (SVDD) with features synthesized by the extracted characters. A decision tree is built with three nodes corresponding to the trained SVDDs. The experiments show that the features are properly to discriminate objects from each other and the decision tree classifier built by SVDD achieves an improved performance.
Distributions of different parts of speech in different parts of a text and in different texts

The present work is an attempt in the direction of predicting sequences of building blocks of communication, the parts of speech, in any text. Five novels and five short stories of English language have been tagged under four differ ent treatments and then statistical distributions of the parts of speech have been obta ined. The goodness of fit of the distributions has been testified by χ2 -test while the validation of the four different treatments has been done by the application of rand om block design and completely randomized design of experiments, under the assumpt ion that the mean of distribution scores for applied treatments is same for different par s and sub-parts of the POS. The mean scores of distributions of different POS have be n also compared by random block design.
Impaired Activity-Dependent Plasticity of Quantal Amplitude at the Neuromuscular Junction of Rab3A Deletion and Rab3A Earlybird Mutant Mice

Rab3A is a small GTPase associated with synaptic vesicles that is required for some forms of activity-dependent plasticity. It is thought to regulate the number of vesicles that fuse through an effect on docking, vesicle maturation, or mobilization. We recently showed that at the neuromuscular junction, loss of Rab3A led to an increase in the occurrence of miniature endplate currents (mepcs) with abnormally long half-widths (Wang et al., 2008). Here we show that such events are also increased after short-term activity blockade, and this process is not Rab3A-dependent. However, in the course of these experiments we discovered that the homeostatic increase in mepc amplitude after activity blockade is diminished in the Rab3A deletion mouse and abolished in the Rab3A Earlybird mouse which expresses a point mutant of Rab3A. We show that homeostatic plasticity at the neuromuscular junction does not depend on tumor necrosis factor α, is not accompanied by an increase in the levels of VAChT, the vesicular transporter for ACh, and confirm that there is no increase in ACh receptors at the junction, three characteristics distinct from that of CNS homeostatic plasticity. Activity blockade does not produce time course changes in mepcs that would be consistent with a fusion pore mechanism. We conclude that Rab3A is involved in a novel presynaptic mechanism to homeostatically regulate the amount of transmitter in a quantum.
Incorporating constituent structure constraint into discriminative word alignment

We introduce an approach to incorporate the constituent structure constraint into a discriminative word alignment model by presenting the constituent constraint in an explicit way and using three operations to ensure the constraint when search the best word alignment. In this way, we will be able to make use of the weak order constraint induced by the inversion transduction grammars (ITG), as well as the flexibility of the discriminative word alignment framework to incorporating any other useful features.
The Forecast Quality of Cboe Implied Volatility Indexes

We examine the forecast quality of Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) implied volatility indexes based on the Nasdaq 100 and Standard and Poor's 100 and 500 stock indexes. We find that the forecast quality of CBOE implied volatilities for the S&P 100 (VXO) and S&P 500 (VIX) has improved since 1995. Implied volatilities for the Nasdaq 100 (VXN) appear to provide even higher quality forecasts of future volatility. We further find that attenuation biases induced by the econometric problem of errors in variables appear to have largely disappeared from CBOE volatility index data since 1995. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 25:339–373, 2005
Preprotein recognition and translocation by the Toc complex

Preproptein recognition and translocation across the outer envelope membrane of plastids is catalysed by a proteinaceous machinery, called Toc translocon. The Toc core complex is composed of the pore forming Toc75 and the two GTP-regulated receptors Toc159 and Toc34. A main issue of this work is the nature of preprotein recognition and transfer by this Toc apparatus. It is still under debate, whether Toc34 or Toc159 is the initial receptor. Here, using proteoliposomes with reconstituted either Toc core complex or Toc159 and Toc75 and several in vitro binding analysis Toc34 was shown to act upstream of Toc159. Moreover, a certain set of preproteins engages Toc64 before passing the Toc core complex. The receptor function and the dynamic association with the Toc core complex of this protein are established. Toc64 is the central component of the intermembrane space translocon. This complex migrates at approximately 700 kDa in a BN-PAGE and contains Toc64, Tic22, Toc12 and isHsp70. Toc12 is a novel identified Toc component, which exposes a J-domain toward the intermembrane space. This domain recruits isHsp70 to the intermembrane space translocon in an ATP and preprotein dependent manner. Finally, the work addresses the molecular identity of this isHsp70. Therefore, isHsp70 was purified by chromatographic approaches and analysed by mass spectroscopy. Several peptide masses were obtained, which reveal high similarity of P. sativum isHsp70 to S. oleracea Com70.
Optimizing H1 cavities for the generation of entangled photon pairs

We report on the theoretical investigation of photonic crystal cavities etched on a suspended membrane for the generation of polarization entangled photon pairs using the biexciton cascade in a single quantum dot. The implementation of the spontaneous emission enhancement effect increases the entanglement visibility, while the concomitant preferential funneling of the emission in the cavity mode increases the collection of both entangled photons. We demonstrate and quantify that standard cavity designs present a polarization-dependent emission diagram, detrimental to entanglement. The optimization of H1 cavities allows us to obtain both high collection efficiencies and polarization-independent emission, while keeping the high Purcell factors necessary for high-quality entangled photon sources.
Loose-fit polypseudorotaxanes constructed from γ-CDs and PHEMA-PPG-PEG-PPG-PHEMA

A pentablock copolymer was prepared via the atom transfer radical polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) initiated by 2-bromoisobutyryl end-capped PPO-PEO-PPO as a macroinitiator in DMF. Attaching PHEMA blocks altered the self-assembly process of the pentablock copolymer with γ-CDs in aqueous solution. Before attaching the PHEMA, the macroinitiator was preferentially bent to pass through the inner cavity of γ-CDs to give rise to tight-fit double-chain stranded polypseudorotaxanes (PPRs). After attaching the PHEMA, the resulting pentablock copolymer was single-chain stranded into the interior of γ-CDs to form more stable, loose-fit PPRs. The results of 1H NMR, WXRD, DSC, TGA, 13C CP/MAS NMR and FTIR analyses indicated that γ-CDs can accommodate and slip over PHEMA blocks to randomly distribute along the entire pentablock copolymer chain. This results in unique, single-chain stranded PPRs showing no characteristic channel-type crystal structure.
Diffuse continuum gamma rays from the Galaxy observed by COMPTEL

The diffuse Galactic continuum gamma-ray emission has been studied using the full Sky Survey from COMPTEL on the Compton Observatory CGRO. The diffuse emission appears to be visible in the whole 0.75-30 MeV range covered by the instrument, although a considerable contribution from unresolved point sources cannot be excluded. A correlation analysis using HI and CO surveys of the Galaxy is used to derive the Galactic emissivity spectrum, and this is consistent with a smooth continuation to the spectrum at higher energies derived by a similar analysis of COS-B data. The apparent conversion factor from integrated CO temperature to molecular hydrogen column density can also be determined from the correlation analysis. The value obtained is consistent with results from COS-B and other non-gamma-ray methods. Calculations of the emissivity spectrum from bremsstrahlung from a cosmic-ray electron spectrum based on propagation models are compared with the observations.
Circadian Rhythms in Murine Pups Develop in Absence of a Functional Maternal Circadian Clock

A genetic approach was used to investigate whether the emergence of circadian rhythms in murine pups is dependent on a functional maternal clock. Arrhythmic females bearing either the mPer1Brdm1/Per2Brdm1 or mPer2Brdm1/Cry1-/- double-mutant genotype were crossed with wild-type males under constant darkness. The heterozygous offspring have the genetic constitution for a functional circadian clock. Individual pups born to arrhythmic mPer1Brdm1/Per2Brdm1 and mPer2Brdm1/Cry1-/- mothers in constant darkness without external zeitgeber developed normal circadian rhythms, but their clocks were less synchronized to each other compared to wild-type animals. These findings indicate that development of circadian rhythms does not depend on a functional circadian clock in maternal tissue, extending previous findings obtained from pups born to SCN-lesioned mothers.
Unit-Based de novo Drug Design Using a Library of Protein-Ligand Interaction Sites

Under the Human Genome Project, a rough draft of the human genome will be sequenced in 2000, and almost all in 2003. The next step is to obtain functions of the genes in the genome. Structural genomics and pharmacogenomics are among the promising approaches to elucidate them. A gene function is regarded as the protein function and thus the atomic configurations in functional sites of the protein. The functional sites usually include specific binding sites of ligands, especially small molecules. Therefore the collection and organization of local structural knowledge, including atomic locations of ligands and interacting sites of proteins and ligands, must be a precious resource for computational drug design. We have constructed a library of protein-ligand interaction sites and a scoring system for compounds [1]. We report here an improvement of the library, which now contains the information on substructures and functional groups (functional units) of ligand. We also report the improved scoring scheme. We believe this scoring system can be applied to the drug design by combining the predefined functional units.
Spatial Attention and the Latency of Neuronal Responses in Macaque Area V4

The effects of attention on neuronal responses in visual cortex have been likened to a change in stimulus contrast. Attention and stimulus contrast both modulate the magnitude of neuronal responses. However, changes in stimulus contrast also affect the latency of visual responses. Although many neurophysiological studies have examined how attention affects the strength of neuronal responses, few have considered whether attention affects neuronal latencies. To compare directly the effects of stimulus contrast and attention, we recorded responses from individual neurons in area V4 of macaque monkeys while they performed a task that independently controlled spatial attention and stimulus contrast. As expected, changes in stimulus contrast affected both the magnitude and latency of neuronal responses. Although attention had the expected effects on the magnitudes of neuronal responses, we did not detect statistically reliable changes in neuronal latency. A direct comparison of the effects of contrast and attention revealed a reliable difference. When a shift in spatial attention decreased response magnitude, response latency increased much less than when the same magnitude change was caused by reducing stimulus contrast. Thus, attention is distinct from contrast in the way it affects the relationship between neuronal response magnitude and latency.
Information Content Based Semantic Similarity Measure for Concepts Subsumed By Multiple Concepts

Semantic Similarity relates to computing the similarity between different ontological concepts . Various categories of semantic similarity measures have been proposed to determine how similar are they between any two concepts within ontology. Information Content (IC) measure is one such among the category of measures. We analyze different methods of calculating the IC value for any concept in ontology and discuss the similarity measures which use this IC value. We select the best performing measure based on the previous work done on these measures and present its limitations. We then propose new Information Content based Semantic Similarity Measure which applied on two datasets proving that it performs better and provides more improved similarity value.
Enhanced Rice Blast Resistance by CRISPR/Cas9-Targeted Mutagenesis of the ERF Transcription Factor Gene OsERF922

Rice blast is one of the most destructive diseases affecting rice worldwide. The adoption of host resistance has proven to be the most economical and effective approach to control rice blast. In recent years, sequence-specific nucleases (SSNs) have been demonstrated to be powerful tools for the improvement of crops via gene-specific genome editing, and CRISPR/Cas9 is thought to be the most effective SSN. Here, we report the improvement of rice blast resistance by engineering a CRISPR/Cas9 SSN (C-ERF922) targeting the OsERF922 gene in rice. Twenty-one C-ERF922-induced mutant plants (42.0%) were identified from 50 T0 transgenic plants. Sanger sequencing revealed that these plants harbored various insertion or deletion (InDel) mutations at the target site. We showed that all of the C-ERF922-induced allele mutations were transmitted to subsequent generations. Mutant plants harboring the desired gene modification but not containing the transferred DNA were obtained by segregation in the T1 and T2 generations. Six T2 homozygous mutant lines were further examined for a blast resistance phenotype and agronomic traits, such as plant height, flag leaf length and width, number of productive panicles, panicle length, number of grains per panicle, seed setting percentage and thousand seed weight. The results revealed that the number of blast lesions formed following pathogen infection was significantly decreased in all 6 mutant lines compared with wild-type plants at both the seedling and tillering stages. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between any of the 6 T2 mutant lines and the wild-type plants with regard to the agronomic traits tested. We also simultaneously targeted multiple sites within OsERF922 by using Cas9/Multi-target-sgRNAs (C-ERF922S1S2 and C-ERF922S1S2S3) to obtain plants harboring mutations at two or three sites. Our results indicate that gene modification via CRISPR/Cas9 is a useful approach for enhancing blast resistance in rice.
Correlation-powered Information Engines and the Thermodynamics of Self-Correction

Information engines can use structured environments as a resource to generate work by randomizing ordered inputs and leveraging the increased Shannon entropy to transfer energy from a thermal reservoir to a work reservoir. We give a broadly applicable expression for the work production of an information engine, generally modeled as a memoryful channel that communicates inputs to outputs as it interacts with an evolving environment. The expression establishes that an information engine must have more than one memory state in order to leverage input environment correlations. To emphasize this functioning, we designed an information engine powered solely by temporal correlations and not by statistical biases, as employed by previous engines. Key to this is the engine's ability to synchronize-the engine automatically returns to a desired dynamical phase when thrown into an unwanted, dissipative phase by corruptions in the input-that is, by unanticipated environmental fluctuations. This self-correcting mechanism is robust up to a critical level of corruption, beyond which the system fails to act as an engine. We give explicit analytical expressions for both work and critical corruption level and summarize engine performance via a thermodynamic-function phase diagram over engine control parameters. The results reveal a thermodynamic mechanism based on nonergodicity that underlies error correction as it operates to support resilient engineered and biological systems.
Nervous System-Specific Expression of a Novel Serine Protease: Regulation in the Adult Rat Spinal Cord by Excitotoxic Injury

A full-length cDNA clone of a previously unidentified serine protease, myelencephalon-specific protease (MSP), has been isolated by using a PCR cloning strategy and has been shown to be expressed in a nervous system and spinal cord-specific pattern. Sequence analysis demonstrated that MSP is most similar in sequence to neuropsin, trypsin, and tissue kallikrein and is predicted to have trypsin-like substrate specificity. MSP mRNA was found to be ∼10-fold greater in the CNS of the rat and human, as compared with most peripheral tissues, and within the CNS was found to be highest by a factor of four in the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. Levels of mRNA encoding tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) also were elevated in the spinal cord but were more widespread in peripheral tissues as compared with MSP. In the adult rat lumbosacral spinal cord, in situlocalization of MSP mRNA demonstrated 2-fold higher levels in the white, as compared with the gray, matter. MSP mRNA expression was shown to increase 3-fold in the white matter and 1.5-fold in the gray laminae at 72 hr after intraperitoneal injection of the AMPA/kainate glutamate receptor-specific agonist, kainic acid (KA). MSP mRNA remained elevated in the ventral gray matter, including expression associated with the motor neurons of lamina IX, at 7 d after the initial excitotoxic insult. Together, these observations indicate that MSP is in a position to play a fundamental role in normal homeostasis and in the response of the spinal cord to injury.
Teaching Video Analytics Based on Student Spatial and Temporal Behavior Mining

In this paper, we propose to mine the class videos and analyze the behaviors of students to obtain the information on the focus of the students during one class. As a methodological contribution, we investigate face detection, tracking, and verification techniques to measure student engagement from the video records. We also analyze several behaviors of a single student or groups of students, such as temporal behaviors and spatial behaviors. Furthermore, we mine the relationship between students' behaviors and grades throughout the whole semester, including 16 weeks. This work can help teachers to improve the quality of class, find students who tend to get bad grades and give these students timely help. Experimental results on the test videos of different kinds of classes demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Memory consistency models

This paper discusses memory consistency models and their influence on software in the context of parallel machines. In the first part we review previous work on memory consistency models. The second part discusses the issues that arise due to weakening memory consistency. We are especially interested in the influence that weakened consistency models have on language, compiler, and runtime system design. We conclude that tighter interaction between those parts and the memory system might improve performance considerably.