Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Role of luminal anion and pH in distal tubule potassium secretion.

Potassium secretory flux (J(K)) by the distal nephron is regulated by systemic and luminal factors. In the present investigation, J(K) was measured with a double-barreled K(+) electrode during paired microperfusion of superficial segments of the rat distal nephron. We used control solutions (100 mM NaCl, pH 7.0) and experimental solutions in which Cl(-) had been replaced with a less permeant anion and/or pH had been increased to 8.0. J(K) increased when Cl(-) was replaced by either acetate ( approximately 37%), sulfate ( approximately 32%), or bicarbonate ( approximately 62%), and also when the pH of the control perfusate was increased ( approximately 26%). The majority (80%) of acetate-stimulated J(K) was Ba(2+) sensitive, but furosemide (1 mM) further reduced secretion ( approximately 10% of total), suggesting that K(+)-Cl(-) cotransport was operative. Progressive reduction in luminal Cl(-) concentration from 100 to 20 to 2 mM caused increments in J(K) that were abolished by inhibitors of K(+)-Cl(-) cortransport, i.e., furosemide and [(dihydroindenyl)oxy]alkanoic acid. Increasing the pH of the luminal perfusion fluid also increased J(K) even in the presence of Ba(2+), suggesting that this effect cannot be accounted for only by K(+) channel modulation of K(+) secretion in the distal nephron of the rat. Collectively, these data suggest a role for K(+)-Cl(-) cotransport in distal nephron K(+) secretion.
Neurobiological Pathways Involved in Fear, Stress, and PTSD

This chapter examines current findings relating to the molecular neuropharmacology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Studies consistently show that neurochemical alterations after trauma exposure are associated with the development of PTSD and reflect in part stress sensitization in PTSD. We also review neuroendocrine, neurotransmitter, neuropeptide, and related molecular features that reflect preexisting vulnerability factors for the development of PTSD. In this chapter, we provide an overview of recent neuroendocrine findings mainly with regard to the influence of the hypothalamic-pituitary-axis. We also review recent neurochemical findings including the influence of different neurotransmitters such as catecholamines, serotonin, amino acids, neuropeptides, neurotrophins, and lipids. We incorporate these new and established neurobiological findings into a proposed integrative model of the neurobiology of PTSD.
An iterative procedure for removing random-valued impulse noise

This work proposes a two-stage iterative method for removing random-valued impulse noise. In the first phase, we use the adaptive center-weighted median filter to identify pixels which are likely to be corrupted by noise (noise candidates). In the second phase, these noise candidates are restored using a detail-preserving regularization method which allows edges and noise-free pixels to be preserved. These two phases are applied alternatively. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method is significantly better than those using just nonlinear filters or regularization only.
A Novel Spectrum Sharing Algorithm Based on the Throughput in Cognitive Radio Networks

Spectrum sharing is of special significance among all the key technologies in cognitive radio (CR), such as spectrum sensing, spectrum management and power allocation etc. Since all the efforts in CR directly aim at enhancing spectrum utilization and spectrum sharing is the final step of all these key technologies, spectrum sharing completely determines whether CR is just a theoretical topic or a practically feasible technology. In this paper, a novel spectrum sharing strategy based on the throughput model in a cognitive radio network (CRN) is proposed, in which maximum theoretical throughput is taken into account on the research of spectrum sharing in CR. And then an optimization problem in the form of binary integer linear programming (BILP) to describe this model is formulated and a directional search (DS) algorithm to solve this BILP problem is designed. Finally, numerical results show that this strategy is quite feasible.
DNA Microarray Analysis of Plastid Gene Expression in an Arabidopsis Mutant Deficient in a Plastid Transcription Factor Sigma, SIG2

The plastid genome of higher plants contains more than one hundred genes for photosynthesis, gene expression, and other processes. Plastid transcription is done by two types of RNA polymerase, PEP and NEP. PEP is a eubacteria-type RNA polymerase that is essential for chloroplast development. In Arabidopsis thaliana, six sigma factors (SIG1-6) are encoded by the nuclear genome, and postulated to determine the transcription specificity of PEP. In this study, we constructed a DNA microarray for all of the plastid protein-coding genes, and analyzed the effects of the sig2 lesion on the global plastid gene expression. Of the 79 plastid protein genes, it was found that only the psaJ transcript was decreased in the mutant, whereas transcripts of 47 genes were rather increased. Since many of the up-regulated genes are under the control of NEP, it was suggested that the NEP activity was increased in the sig2-1 mutant.
Bounding the graviton mass with binary pulsar observations

By comparing the observed orbital decay of the binary pulsars PSR B1913+16 and PSR B1534+12 to that predicted by general relativity due to gravitational-wave emission, we are able to bound the mass of the graviton to be less than 7.6 × 10−20 eV/c2 at 90% confidence. This is the first such bound to be derived from dynamic gravitational fields. It is approximately two orders of magnitude weaker than the static-field bound from solar system observations, and will improve with further observations.
SONATA: Service programming and orchestration for virtualized software networks

In conventional large-scale networks, creation and management of network services are costly and complex tasks that often consume a lot of resources, including time and manpower. Network softwarization and network function virtualization have been introduced to tackle these problems, aiming at decreasing costs and complexity of implementing new services, maintaining the implemented services, and managing available resources in service provisioning platforms and underlying infrastructures. To experience the full potential of these approaches, innovative development support tools and service provisioning environments are needed. To answer these needs, we introduce the architecture of the open-source SONATA system, a service programming, orchestration, and management framework. We present a development toolchain for virtualized network services, fully integrated with a service platform and orchestration system. We introduce the modular and flexible architecture of our system and discuss its main components and features, such as function- and service-specific managers that allow fine-grained service management, slicing support to facilitate multi-tenancy, recursiveness for improved scalability, and full-featured DevOps support.
Random Walks on the Reputation Graph

The identification of reputable entities is an important task in business, education, and many other fields. On the other hand, as an arguably subjective, multi-faceted concept, quantifying reputation is challenging. In this paper, instead of relying on a single, precise definition of reputation, we propose to exploit the transference of reputation among entities in order to identify the most reputable ones. To this end, we propose a novel random walk model to infer the reputation of a target set of entities with respect to suitable sources of reputation. We instantiate our model in an academic search setting, by modeling research groups as reputation sources and publication venues as reputation targets. By relying on publishing behavior as a reputation signal, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our model in contrast to standard citation-based approaches for identifying reputable venues as well as researchers in the broad area of computer science. In addition, we demonstrate the robustness of our model to perturbations in the selection of reputation sources. Finally, we show that effective reputation sources can be chosen via the proposed model itself in a semi-automatic fashion.
Adaptive spectrum searching in cognitive radio networks

The channel sensing order in cognitive radio networks is very important and has a significant impact on the cognitive users operation. In this paper, we propose four adaptive spectrum searching schemes to determine the channel sensing order taking into consideration the primary users activities. These schemes use previous sensing results to generate a criterion to find the channel sensing sequence that guarantees the fast discovery of a free channel. Two main parameters are estimated and used to sequence the channels: the probability of a channel to be free, and how long the channel will be free. The simulation results show that the delay associated with finding free channel is reduced. Moreover, the number of triggered spectrum search processes is reduced when taking the period of the opportunity into consideration.
New Digital Multispeed Method for Indirect Measurement of Transient Electrical and Shaft Torques

This paper presents characteristics and solutions to some practical problems concerning the new digital Generalized Indirect Multispeed Method (GIMSM), for measurement of transient electrical and shaft torques occurring in a complex serial multimachine AC drive system. The method indirectly includes torsion and internal machine and shaft damping. It is based on the measurement of the transient speeds, using high resolution digital tachometers, of every lumped inertia component. Obtaining the torque values requires digital filtering, followed by numerical differentiation and integration. This procedure depends on the type of the transients and the electrical and mechanical characteristics of the drive. The measurement of transient torques using the proposed method is realized in the laboratory on a two-machine induction motor (IM) drive. The results of the measurements of the electrical and shaft torques during the acceleration and speed reversal are presented in this article. The article further recommends the choice of optimum sampling rate and the algorithm for digital filter selection based on time–frequency analysis.
Super-Resolution Texture Mapping from Multiple View Images

This paper presents an artifact-free super resolution texture mapping from multiple-view images. The multiple-view images are upscaled with a learning-based super resolution technique and are mapped onto a 3D mesh model. However, mapping multiple-view images onto a 3D model is not an easy task, because artifacts may appear when different upscaled images are mapped onto neighboring meshes. We define a cost function that becomes large when artifacts appear on neighboring meshes, and our method seeks the image-and mesh assignment that minimizes the cost function. Experimental results with real images demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.
Interactive local clustering operations for high dimensional data in parallel coordinates

In this paper, we propose an approach of clustering data in parallel coordinates through interactive local operations. Different from many other methods in which clustering is globally applied to the whole dataset, our interactive scheme allows users to directly apply attractive and repulsive operators at regions of interests, taking advantages of an electricity interaction metaphor, for clutter reduction and cluster detection. Our design enables users to interact directly with the parallel coordinate plots and provides great flexibility in exploring and revealing underlying patterns. With instant feedback, our work allows users to dynamically adjust the clustering parameters to reach an optimum. We also supply the user with a graph indicating the logical relationship between clusters. Our experiments show that our scheme is more efficient than traditional methods in performing visual analysis tasks.
Subject Reduction and Minimal Types for Higher Order Subtyping

We define the typed lambda calculus Fω ∧ , a natural generalization of Girard’s system F with intersection types and bounded polymorphism. A novel aspect of our presentation is the use of term rewriting techniques to present intersection types, which clearly splits the computational semantics (reduction rules) from the syntax (inference rules) of the system. We establish properties such as Church-Rosser for the reduction relation on types and terms, and Strong Normalization for the reduction on types. We prove that types are preserved by computation (Subject Reduction property), and that the system satisfies the Minimal Types property. On the way to establishing these results, we define algorithms for type inference and subtype checking.
Envelope Emission in Young Stellar Systems: A Subarcsecond Survey of Circumstellar Structure

We present modeling results for 6 of the 11 deeply embedded systems from our subarcsecond λ = 2.7 mm continuum interferometric survey. The modeling, performed in the u-v plane, assumes dust properties, allows for a power-law density profile, uses a self-consistent, luminosity-conserving temperature profile, and has an embedded point source to represent a circumstellar disk. Even though we have the highest spatial resolution to date at these wavelengths, only the highest signal-to-noise ratio systems can adequately constrain the simple self-similar collapse models. Of the six sources modeled, all were fitted with a density power-law index of 2.0; however, in half of the systems, those with the highest signal-to-noise ratio, a density power-law index of 1.5 can be rejected at the 95% confidence level. Further, we modeled the systems using the pure Larson-Penston (LP) and Shu solutions, with only age and sound speed as parameters. Overall, the LP solution provides a better fit to the data, in both likelihood and providing the observed luminosity, but the ages of the systems required by the fits are surprisingly low (1000-2000 yr). We suggest that either there is some overall time scaling of the self-similar solutions that invalidates the age estimates or, more likely, we are at the limit of the usefulness of these models. With our observations we have begun to reach the stage at which models need to incorporate more of the fundamental physics of the collapse process, probably including magnetic fields and/or turbulence. In addition to constraining collapse solutions, our modeling allows the separation of large-scale emission from compact emission, enabling the probing of the circumstellar disk component embedded within the protostellar envelope. Typically, 85% or more of the total emission is from the extended circumstellar envelope component. Using HL Tauri as a standard candle, the range of circumstellar disk masses allowed in our models is 0.0-0.12 M☉; our Class 0 systems do not have disks that are significantly more massive than those in Class I/II systems. This implies that the disk in Class 0 systems must quickly and efficiently process ~1 M☉ of material from the envelope onto the protostar.
Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Organic and Black Carbon Mass Concentrations in Lithuania

Both organic carbon (OC) and black carbon (BC) mass concentrations were measured in Lithuania at coastal/marine (Preila), rural (Rūgsteliskis), and urban background (Vilnius) environments have been analyzed to infer the spatial and temporal distributions of the OC/BC ratios from May 2013 to October 2014. OC/BC ratios reflected the location of the different sites, as well as possible different sources influencing air quality. The results from an industrialized and populated urban background area indicated that biomass combustion for heating contributed to BC and OC mass concentration. Typically, BC mean concentrations (±st.deviation) were higher in urban areas (1.72(±1.22 μg·m−3)) than in rural (0.40(±0.35 μg·m−3)) and coastal/marine (0.53(±0.43 μg·m−3)) during warm and cold (2.34(±2.15); 0.77(±0.52) and 0.84(±0.50) μg·m−3, respectively) periods, while OC concentrations were higher in urban backgrounds (5.91(±1.99 μg·m−3)) and rural areas (4.56(±3.98 μg·m−3)) during warm periods. The air mass backward trajectory analysis indicated influence of local sources in urban environment and strong influence of long-range transport in rural environment. A clear seasonal dependence of OC/BC ratios was observed at rural and urban environments. The highest OC/BC ratios were calculated in coastal/marine (6.3) and rural (9.5) environments in summer.
The Structure of Production in Irish Agriculture: A Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Analysis

The production structure of Irish agriculture is analysed empirically via a multiple-input multiple-output translog cost function model. As earlier work in this area was restricted to singleoutput, constant-returns-to-scale models, the current study extends this work by investigating empiri­ cally non-constant returns to scale and cost complementarity between products in a multiple-output context, as well as providing hypothesis tests for homotheticity, for constant returns to scale, and for quasi-fixity of outputs. The cost model also provides estimates of the annual elasticities of substitution between inputs, the annual ownand cross-price elasticities of factor demand, and the annual rate of Hicks-neutral technical change. D the past three decades there have been important changes in the composition of agricultural output in Ireland. Over this period there has been increased specialisation in "livestock and livestock products" (with the major increase being in cattle and milk production), accompanied by a decline in the output of tillage crops. This substitution, however, has been somewhat reversed throughout the 1980s. In addition, technological developments and the high rate of outmigration of labour from agriculture have encouraged the use of larger-scale, capital-intensive units in the production of both "livestock and livestock products" and tillage crops. The objective of this study is to utilise a multiple-input multiple-output cost function to analyse empirically the production structure of Irish agricul­ ture. In particular, the study is concerned with extending Boyle's pioneering *The authors would like to acknowledge the helpful comments of the referees. Any remaining errors are our responsibility.
Using Interactive Machine Learning to Support Interface Development Through Workshops with Disabled People

We have applied interactive machine learning (IML) to the creation and customisation of gesturally controlled musical interfaces in six workshops with people with learning and physical disabilities. Our observations and discussions with participants demonstrate the utility of IML as a tool for participatory design of accessible interfaces. This work has also led to a better understanding of challenges in end-user training of learning models, of how people develop personalised interaction strategies with different types of pre-trained interfaces, and of how properties of control spaces and input devices influence people's customisation strategies and engagement with instruments. This work has also uncovered similarities between the musical goals and practices of disabled people and those of expert musicians.
The Impact of Rigorous Curriculum in Transitional Kindergarten and Kindergarten Classrooms

Educators across the world are being asked to teach academic skills to increasingly younger students. The purpose of this research project was to examine the impact that using rigorous curriculum had on transitional kindergarten and kindergarten educators as well as how rigorous curriculum affected the self-esteem of students. A particular shortcoming in the available literature is the lack of research discussing rigorous curriculum used in early elementary classrooms that contain mostly English language learners and how that affects the teachers and students. This project used a mixed methods approach in order to collect qualitative data from detailed interviews using open-ended questions and close-ended quantitative data from survey questions. The findings from the research show that rigorous curriculum is failing to serve the majority of students, but especially English language learners in transitional kindergarten and kindergarten. While much of the literature examined the importance of play-based learning, participants mentioned that their students were struggling with the rigorous curriculum mostly due to the lack of social emotional learning opportunities in the curriculum. The findings also show that the impact of rigorous curriculum depends on how the curriculum is selected and implemented. When teachers are not involved in the process of choosing curriculum, teachers may have negative feelings about their profession as well as a loss of efficacy. THE IMPACT OF RIGOROUS CURRICULUM 7
Type Destructors

We study a variant of System F that integrates and generalizes several existing proposals for calculi with structural typing rules. To the usual type constructors (! , , All, Some, Rec) we add a number of type destructors, each internalizing a useful fact about the subtyping relation. For example, in F with products every closed subtype of a product S T must itself be a product S T with S<:S and T<:T. We internalise this observation by introducing type destructors . 1 and . 2 and postulating an equivalence T = T.1 T.2 whenever T <: U V (including, for example, when T is a variable). In other words, every subtype of a product type literally is a product type, modulo -conversion. Adding type destructors provides a clean solution to the problem of polymorphic update without introducing new term formers, new forms of polymorphism, or quanti cation over type operators. We illustrate this by giving elementary presentations of two well-known encodings of objects, one based on recursive record types and the other based on existential packages. The formulation of type destructors poses some tricky meta-theoretic problems. We discuss two di erent variants: an \ideal" system where both constructors and destructors appear in general forms, and a more modest system, F , which imposes some restrictions in order to achieve a tractable metatheory. The properties of the latter system are developed in detail.
Las Ontologías para la detección automática de aspectos en el Análisis de Sentimientos

En este articulo se analiza el papel de las ontologias en los sistemas de Analisis de Sentimientos a nivel de aspectos. El objetivo de la investigacion es indagar sobre las tecnicas que se han aplicado en sistemas de analisis de sentimientos donde se hayan utilizado ontologias ya sea para la extraccion de los aspectos o determinacion del sentimiento. Para lograr lo planeado se seleccionaron los trabajos mas representativos de la literatura a traves de una revision sistematica en donde se identificaron algunos criterios comunes que permitieron un analisis comparativo de los trabajos versus los criterios. Los resultados obtenidos permiten dar las bases necesarias para el desarrollo de un modelo de analisis de sentimientos a nivel de aspectos para el espanol basado en ontologias.