Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
RETHINKING THE GREAT EARTHWORK OF TIKAL: A HYDRAULIC HYPOTHESIS FOR THE CLASSIC MAYA POLITY

Abstract The earthworks of Tikal have long been understood as the most extensive example of defensive architecture in the Maya Lowlands, with the ditch and embankment seen as part of a system of defense anchoring the north and south territorial limits of Tikal to impassable bajos on its flanks. New survey and excavation data suggest that the extent and course of the earthworks are not consistent with the demarcation of the north and south limits of the polity, and that the morphology of the feature is not consistent with a well-conceived or finished defensive construction. Here we present a hypothetical model of the earthworks as a limestone filtration trench that could have been used to collect subsurface water to mitigate the effects of canicular drought or to support off-season agriculture.
2 Load Estimation Based on Pattern Recognition Method 2 . 1 Previous Research in Pattern Recognition Methods

Load estimation is crucial information for every type of war-ships because it is the necessary base for a series of studies and operations, such as economic operation of electric generators, load shedding and power management systems. In this paper a pattern recognition methodology is presented, which consists of four steps: (a) data selection, (b) data pre-processing, in order to modify or exclude obviously incorrect values, (c) the application of pattern recognition algorithm, (d) load estimation. The clustering algorithm used in this paper is a modified k-means algorithm, which is properly calibrated by using the ratio of within cluster sum of squares to between cluster variation (WCBCR). This methodology is indicatively applied to a Hellenic Navy MEKO type frigate for the estimation of its total load demand while the usefulness of the obtained results for the power system design and operation is proved as well.
Crystal structure of 4-bromoanilinium 4-methylbenzenesulfonate

In the crystal of the title molecular salt, C6H7BrN+·C7H7O3S−, the anions and cations are linked via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds forming layers, enclosing R 2 2(4) ring motifs, lying parallel to (001). Within the layers there are short O⋯O contacts of 2.843 (2) Å.
A global analysis of peptide fragmentation variability

Understanding the fragmentation process in MS/MS experiments is vital when trying to validate the results of such experiments, and one way of improving our understanding is to analyze existing data. We here present our findings from an analysis of a large and diverse data set of MS/MS‐based peptide identifications, in which each peptide has been identified from multiple spectra, recorded on two commonly used types of electrospray instruments. By analyzing these data we were able to study fragmentation variability on three levels: (i) variation in detection rates and intensities for fragment ions from the same peptide sequence measured multiple times on a single instrument; (ii) consistency of rank‐based fragmentation patterns; and (iii) a set of general observations on fragment ion occurrence in MS/MS experiments, regardless of sequence. Our results confirm that substantial variation can be found at all levels, even when high‐quality identifications are used and the experimental conditions as well as the peptide sequences are kept constant. Finally, we discuss the observed variability in light of ongoing efforts to create spectral libraries and predictive software for target selection in targeted proteomics.
Reduced-energy cranberry juice increases folic acid and adiponectin and reduces homocysteine and oxidative stress in patients with the metabolic syndrome

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) comprises pathological conditions that include insulin resistance, arterial hypertension, visceral adiposity and dyslipidaemia, which favour the development of CVD. Some reports have shown that cranberry ingestion reduces cardiovascular risk factors. However, few studies have evaluated the effect of this fruit in subjects with the MetS. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of reduced-energy cranberry juice consumption on metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with the MetS, and to verify the effects of cranberry juice concomitantly on homocysteine and adiponectin levels in patients with the MetS. For this purpose, fifty-six individuals with the MetS were selected and divided into two groups: control group (n 36) and cranberry-treated group (n 20). After consuming reduced-energy cranberry juice (0·7 litres/d) containing 0·4 mg folic acid for 60 d, the cranberry-treated group showed an increase in adiponectin (P= 0·010) and folic acid (P= 0·033) and a decrease in homocysteine (P< 0·001) in relation to baseline values and also in comparison with the controls (P< 0·05). There was no significant change in the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6. In relation to oxidative stress measurements, decreased (P< 0·05) lipoperoxidation and protein oxidation levels assessed by advanced oxidation protein products were found in the cranberry-treated group when compared with the control group. In conclusion, the consumption of cranberry juice for 60 d was able to improve some cardiovascular risk factors. The present data reinforce the importance of the inverse association between homocysteine and adiponectin and the need for more specifically designed studies on MetS patients.
High-dimensional indexing with oriented cluster representation for multimedia databases

Rapidly growing multimedia databases have made efficient content-based search an indispensable operation to fast retrieve similar multimedia objects of users' interests. Typically, multimedia objects are represented by high-dimensional feature vectors in the databases. High-dimensional indexing is a primary approach to achieve quick retrieval. In this paper, we present an optimal one-dimensional indexing method which can maximally preserve the original inter-distance between two high-dimensional feature vectors. Such a transformation enables B+-tree to achieve its optimal performance. We study a new cluster bounding model called Oriented Minimum Bounding Rectangle (OMBR) which aligns the directions of the rectangle with respect to the orientations of the cluster to achieve a much tighter cluster bound than Minimum Bounding Sphere (MBS) and Minimum Bounding Rectangle (MBR). Obviously, the tighter the cluster bound, the lower the probability for the cluster to intersect with the query search range. Our experiments on real multimedia databases prove the effectiveness of our proposals.
1H‐HRMAS NMR study of smoked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

High‐resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) NMR spectroscopic data of smoked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were fully assigned by combination of one‐ and two‐dimensional‐HRMAS experiments. Complete representative spectra, obtained after few minutes of analysis time, revealed a large number of minor and major compounds in the sample. The methodology is limited by the low sensitivity of NMR, and therefore HRMAS only enables the determination of the most relevant components. These were fatty acids (FAs), carbohydrates, nucleoside derivatives, osmolytes, amino acids, dipeptides and organic acids. For the first time, spectra were resolved sufficiently to allow semiquantitative determination in intact muscle of the highly polyunsaturated FA 22:6 ω‐3. Additionally, the feasibility of 1H‐HRMAS NMR metabolite profiling was tested to identify some bioactive compounds during storage. This profiling was carried out by the non‐destructive and direct analysis (i.e. without requiring sample preparation and multiple step procedures) of intact salmon muscle. The proposed procedure can be applied to a large number of samples with high throughput due to the short time of analysis and quick evaluation of the data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Normative Data for Vascular Density in Superficial and Deep Capillary Plexuses of Healthy Adults Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.

PURPOSE To establish a normative database for vascular density (VD) and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) at the superficial (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) in healthy subjects with optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography. METHODS The study was a retrospective chart review of healthy patients who had undergone OCT angiography imaging. A 3- × 3-mm area, centered on the fovea, was scanned for all the study eyes. The automated segmentation allowed separate analysis of the SCP, the DCP, and a comprehensive C-scan including both vascular layers. On the obtained images, VD and FAZ measurements were computed. Interobserver reproducibility and intraobserver repeatability were also assessed. RESULTS A total of 135 eyes of 70 subjects (51% male) were analyzed. The mean age was 48.3 ± 17.5. We divided patients into group 1, from 20 to 39 years of age; group 2, from 40 to 59 years; and group 3, age 60 years or older. At the level of the SCP, mean VD and mean FAZ ± SD were, respectively, 52.58 ± 3.22% and 0.28 ± 0.1 mm2. At the level of the DCP, mean VD and mean FAZ were 57.87 ± 2.82% and 0.37 ± 0.12 mm2, respectively. The mean VD was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in DCP compared with SCP in all Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) sectors and in all age groups. Vascular density was higher in women than in men after 60 years (P < 0.01). After adjustment on the signal strength index (SSI), the mean VD remained directly correlated with the age range and sex. The mean FAZ area was lower in group 3 (P < 0.05). Interobserver reproducibility was 0.78 to 0.99 in SCP and 0.67 to 0.92 in DCP, and intraobserver repeatability was 0.64 to 0.93 in SCP and 0.63 to 0.87 in DCP. CONCLUSIONS Our study has provided, for the first time, age-related VD mapping data using OCT angiography in healthy subjects. The prototype software used in this study may help to improve the concept of VD grading with high inter- and intraexaminer repeatability and interexaminer reproducibility.
Automated identification of extreme-risk events in clinical incident reports

OBJECTIVES To explore the feasibility of using statistical text classification to automatically detect extreme-risk events in clinical incident reports. METHODS Statistical text classifiers based on Naïve Bayes and Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms were trained and tested on clinical incident reports to automatically detect extreme-risk events, defined by incidents that satisfy the criteria of Severity Assessment Code (SAC) level 1. For this purpose, incident reports submitted to the Advanced Incident Management System by public hospitals from one Australian region were used. The classifiers were evaluated on two datasets: (1) a set of reports with diverse incident types (n=120); (2) a set of reports associated with patient misidentification (n=166). Results were assessed using accuracy, precision, recall, F-measure, and area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS The classifiers performed well on both datasets. In the multi-type dataset, SVM with a linear kernel performed best, identifying 85.8% of SAC level 1 incidents (precision=0.88, recall=0.83, F-measure=0.86, AUC=0.92). In the patient misidentification dataset, 96.4% of SAC level 1 incidents were detected when SVM with linear, polynomial or radial-basis function kernel was used (precision=0.99, recall=0.94, F-measure=0.96, AUC=0.98). Naïve Bayes showed reasonable performance, detecting 80.8% of SAC level 1 incidents in the multi-type dataset and 89.8% of SAC level 1 patient misidentification incidents. Overall, higher prediction accuracy was attained on the specialized dataset, compared with the multi-type dataset. CONCLUSION Text classification techniques can be applied effectively to automate the detection of extreme-risk events in clinical incident reports.
Selection of features for detection of Obstructive Sleep Apnea events

Generalization performance of a classifier depends primarily, on the selection of good features, i.e., features that represent maximum separation between the classes. So, the optimum number of features are to be identified that maximizes the classifier performance. In the present paper, two different feature selection methods i.e. F-score and Support Vector Machine based Recursive Feature Elimination technique (SVMRFE) are evaluated to find the optimum set of features extracted from short segment overlapping windows of respiration signal, which will help to identify the abnormal breathing events occur during sleep. The extracted features are from time domain, frequency domain and non-linear analysis of the window wise segmented respiration signal. The SVM-RFE based feature selection method technique found to be better in comparison with F-score based feature selection method. The present evaluation is based on the study of total 14 records of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) subjects collected from MIT-BIH database.
FLOWTRACE, a computer program for flowcharting programs

The FLOWTRACE system produces flowcharts of programs written in “almost any” programming language. One must describe the syntax of the control statements in his language; for this purpose a metalanguage is available. The resultant object deck is used to flowchart any programs in the language described. Several examples of FAP and SNOBOL flowcharts are given. However, it is not necessary to confine one's scope to existing languages. One may define his own language in any “well-structured” manner. This feature is particularly useful when it is desirable to chart only comments within a program. Such an approach permits the documentation of descriptive remarks and avoids the inclusion of coding details.
Absolute Pitch

Absolute Pitch (AP) is the ability to identify or categorize musical pitches accurately without an external reference. Although AP is generally thought to be rare, music psychology research in the past few decades has debated on every aspect of the phenomenon. This chapter will review the theories, methods, and findings on Absolute Pitch from the cognitive psychology and neuroscience literature, with the goal of elucidating some of the following controversies on AP: its identification and prevalence, its genetic and environmental origins, its psychological and neural underpinnings, and the degree to which it may be informative as a scientific model of brain function.
Grazing‐activated production of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) by two clones of Emiliania huxleyi

Emiliania huxleyi clones CCMP 370 and CCMP 373 produced similar amounts of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) during axenic exponential growth, averaging 109 mM internal DMSP. Both clones had detectable DMSP lyase activity, as measured by production of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) during in vitro assays of crude cell preparations, but activities and conditions differed considerably between clones. Clone 373 had high activity; clone 370 had low activity and required chloride. For both strains, enzyme activity per cell was constant during exponential growth, but little DMS was produced by healthy cells. Rather, DMS production was activated when cells were subjected to physical or chemical stresses that caused cell lysis. We propose that DMSP lyase and DMSP are segregated within these cells and reaction only under conditions that result in cell stress or damage. Such activation occurs during microzooplankton grazing. When these clones were grazed by the dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina, DMS was produced; ungrazed cells, as well as those exposed to grazer exudates and associated bacteria, generated no DMS. Grazing of clone 373 produced much more DMS than grazing of clone 370, consistent with their relative in vitro DMSP lyase activities. DMS was only generated when cells were actually being grazed, indicating that ingested cells were responsible for the DMS formation. We suggest that even low levels of grazing can greatly accelerate DMS production.
A new human lung adenocarcinoma cell line harboring the EML4-ALK fusion gene.

OBJECTIVE The echinoderm microtubule associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion gene was identified in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. To the best of our knowledge, there are only three cell lines harboring the EML4-ALK fusion gene, which have contributed to the development of therapeutic strategies. Therefore, we tried to establish a new lung cancer cell line harboring EML4-ALK. METHODS A 61-year-old Japanese female presented with chest discomfort. She was diagnosed with left lung adenocarcinoma with T4N3M1 Stage IV. Although she was treated with chemotherapy, her disease progressed with massive pleural effusion. Because the EML4-ALK rearrangement was found in a biopsied specimen using fluorescence in situ hybridization, she was treated with crizotinib. She did well for 3 months. RESULTS Tumor cells were obtained from the malignant pleural effusion before treatment with crizotinib. Cells continued to proliferate substantially for several weeks. The cell line was designated ABC-11. The EML4-ALK fusion protein and genes were identified in ABC-11 cells using fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, respectively. ABC-11 cells were sensitive to crizotinib and next-generation ALK inhibitors (ceritinib and AP26113), as determined by a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Phosphorylated ALK protein and its downstream signaling were suppressed by treatment with crizotinib in western blotting. Furthermore, we could transplant ABC-11 cells subcutaneously into BALB/c nu/nu mice. CONCLUSIONS We successfully established a new lung adenocarcinoma cell line harboring the EML4-ALK fusion gene. This cell line could contribute to future research of EML4-ALK-positive lung cancer both in vivo and in vitro.
The production of tolerance to human erythrocytes in the rat with cytosine arabinoside or cyclophosphamide.

Selective immunologic tolerance to human O, Rh positive, erythrocytes was produced in Sprague-Dawley rats with cytosine arabinoside or cyclophosphamide. One method consisted of administering a suppressive course of drug and a high dose of antigen (1.7 × 1010 cells) after which intraperitoneal injections of antigen (1.7 × 109 cells) were given every 5 days. Alternatively, complete and long-lasting tolerance may be induced simply by suppressing the immune response to the high dose of the antigen three times at monthly intervals. Repeated stimulation in the presence of profound inhibition of DNA synthesis may have eliminated the specific clones capable of responding to the antigen, including memory cells provoked into DNA synthesis. Besides measurement of serum hemagglutinins, tolerance was confirmed by examining individual spleen cells using the immunocytoadherence (ICA) method. Specificity of the unresponsiveness was demonstrated by a normal response to sheep red blood cells. Tolerance to a strong cellular antigen can thus be achieved regularly with an antimetabolite or an alkylating agent.
Laboratory and Field Evaluation of SS220 and Deet Against Mosquitoes in Queensland, Australia4

Abstract Laboratory and field efficacy trials comparing deet (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) and SS220 [(1S, 2′S)-2-methylpiperindinyl-3-cyclohexen-1-carboxamide] against mosquitoes in Queensland, Australia, were conducted. In the laboratory, both compounds provided between 150 and 195 min of protection against Aedes aegypti and between 18 and 80 min of protection against Anopheles farauti. In laboratory tests against Culex annulirostris, 20% SS220 provided 3 h of protection and 20% deet provided >6 h of protection. A field efficacy test was conducted at Redcliffe, Queensland in January 2008 and the predominant mosquito species collected was Cx. annulirostris (84.4% of collection). In the field, 20% SS220 provided significantly better protection against mosquitoes than 20% deet. Seven hours after application, SS220 provided greater than 96.0% protection against all mosquitoes, whereas 20% deet provided 58.9% protection.
BODY MASS INDEX OF MARRIED BANGLADESHI WOMEN: TRENDS AND ASSOCIATION WITH SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS

Summary Body mass index (BMI) is a good indicator of nutritional status in a population. In underdeveloped countries like Bangladesh, this indicator provides a method that can assist intervention to help eradicate many preventable diseases. This study aimed to report on changes in the BMI of married Bangladeshi women who were born in the past three decades and its association with socio-demographic factors. Data for 10,115 married and currently non-pregnant Bangladeshi women were extracted from the 2007 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS). The age range of the sample was 15–49 years. The mean BMI was 20.85±3.66 kg/m2, and a decreasing tendency in BMI was found among birth year cohorts from 1972 to 1992. It was found that the proportion of underweight females has been increasing in those born during the last 20 years of the study period (1972 to 1992). Body mass index increased with increasing age, education level of the woman and her husband, wealth index, age at first marriage and age at first delivery, and decreased with increasing number of ever-born children. Lower BMI was especially pronounced among women who were living in rural areas, non-Muslims, employed women, women not living with their husbands (separated) or those who had delivered at home or non-Caesarean delivery.
Fine-Grained Indoor Localization Using Single Access Point With Multiple Antennas

We propose a single access point-based fine-grained indoor localization system in multipath environments using 802.11ac Wi-Fi signals. The physical layer of 802.11ac supports orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing modulation (OFDM) scheme, more antennas, and multiuser multiple-input multiple-output. Angle-of-arrival (AOA) of the paths can be obtained using the phase difference among all the antennas. Similarly, time of arrival (TOA) information is estimated from the phase difference among all the subcarriers of the OFDM signal. After obtaining the AOA and TOA information of the dominant paths, an auto paring approach is proposed to identify the line-of-sight (LOS) path. Mobile device can be localized using the estimated AOA and TOA information of the LOS path. Performance analysis of the proposed method is provided. Numerical simulations are carried out to evaluate the performance. Based on the simulation results, meter or submeter level accuracy is obtained for the proposed method.
Log‐gamma linear‐mixed effects models for multiple outcomes with application to a longitudinal glaucoma study

Glaucoma is a progressive disease due to damage in the optic nerve with associated functional losses. Although the relationship between structural and functional progression in glaucoma is well established, there is disagreement on how this association evolves over time. In addressing this issue, we propose a new class of non‐Gaussian linear‐mixed models to estimate the correlations among subject‐specific effects in multivariate longitudinal studies with a skewed distribution of random effects, to be used in a study of glaucoma. This class provides an efficient estimation of subject‐specific effects by modeling the skewed random effects through the log‐gamma distribution. It also provides more reliable estimates of the correlations between the random effects. To validate the log‐gamma assumption against the usual normality assumption of the random effects, we propose a lack‐of‐fit test using the profile likelihood function of the shape parameter. We apply this method to data from a prospective observation study, the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study, to present a statistically significant association between structural and functional change rates that leads to a better understanding of the progression of glaucoma over time.