Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chronotype regulates the neural basis of response inhibition during the daytime

ABSTRACT Studies have elucidated the various modulatory effects of chronotype and time-of-day on task-dependent brain activity, but it is unclear how chronotype and time-of-day regulate brain activity in response inhibition tasks. To address this question, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore the effects of chronotype and time-of-day on response inhibition in normal day-night conditions. Morning-type (MT) and evening-type (ET) participants conducted the stop-signal task in morning (08:00–12:00 hours) and evening (19:00–23:00 hours) sessions. The results showed that inhibition-related cerebral responses in the medial frontal gyrus (MFG), middle cingulate cortex (MCC), thalamus and other typical regions for the execution of response inhibition significantly decreased from morning to evening in MT participants, whereas activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)/insula, MFG, MCC and thalamus remained stable or increased in ET participants. The chronotypical differences in homeostatic sleep pressure may explain the observed individual differences in maintaining cognition-related cortical activation. These results suggest the importance of considering chronotype and time-of-day in the design and analysis of cognitive neuroscience studies.
Sequence Requirements in the Catalytic Core of the “10-23” DNA Enzyme*

A systematic mutagenesis study of the “10-23” DNA enzyme was performed to analyze the sequence requirements of its catalytic domain. Therefore, each of the 15 core nucleotides was substituted separately by the remaining three naturally occurring nucleotides. Changes at the borders of the catalytic domain led to a dramatic loss of enzymatic activity, whereas several nucleotides in between could be exchanged without severe effects. Thymidine at position 8 had the lowest degree of conservation and its substitution by any of the other three nucleotides caused only a minor loss of activity. In addition to the standard nucleotides (adenosine, guanosine, thymidine, or cytidine) modified nucleotides were used to gain further information about the role of individual functional groups. Again, thymidine at position 8 as well as some other nucleotides could be substituted by inosine without severe effects on the catalytic activity. For two positions, additional experiments with 2-aminopurine and deoxypurine, respectively, were performed to obtain information about the specific role of functional groups. In addition to sequence-function relationships of the DNA enzyme, this study provides information about suitable sites to introduce modified nucleotides for further functional studies or for internal stabilization of the DNA enzyme against endonucleolytic attack.
Life-long battle: Perceptions of Type 2 diabetes in Thailand

Background The number of people in Thailand who have Type 2 diabetes has increased dramatically making it one of the country’s major health problems. The rising prevalence of diabetes in Thailand is associated with dietary changes, reduced physical activity and health education. Although there is much research about health education programmes, the most effective methods for promoting sustainability and adherence to self-management among diabetics remains unclear. Objectives To examine the perceptions of participants in Thailand regarding Type 2 diabetes and to utilize the findings to formulate a model for patient education. Methods A grounded theory approach was selected and semi-structured face to face interviews and focus group were used to gather data from 33 adults with Type 2 diabetes. Results Five explanatory categories emerged from the data: causing lifelong stress and worry, finding their own ways, after a while, still cannot and wanting a normal life. Conclusion A new approach to patient education about Type 2 diabetes in Thailand is needed to give patients a better understanding, provide recommendations that they can apply to their daily lives, and include information about alternative medication. The Buddhist way of thinking and effective strategies enhancing self-efficacy should be applied to patient education to promote sustainability and adherence to self-management.
The Effect of Liquidity on Non-Marketable Securities

Abstract We generalize the prevailing theoretical models that estimate the discount on securities for lack of marketability, by considering the discrete trading frequency of the securities. The generalization shows that accounting for the illiquidity of securities may significantly reduce their non-marketability discount. Further, the method reconciles the approaches of Longstaff (1995) and Finnerty (2012a), which are special solutions of our method.
An Essential Role for LEDGF/p75 in HIV Integration

Chromosomal integration enables human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to establish a permanent reservoir that can be therapeutically suppressed but not eradicated. Participation of cellular proteins in this obligate replication step is poorly understood. We used intensified RNA interference and dominant-negative protein approaches to show that the cellular transcriptional coactivator lens epithelium–derived growth factor (LEDGF)/p75 (p75) is an essential HIV integration cofactor. The mechanism requires both linkages of a molecular tether that p75 forms between integrase and chromatin. Fractionally minute levels of endogenous p75 are sufficient to enable integration, showing that cellular factors that engage HIV after entry may elude identification in less intensive knockdowns. Perturbing the p75-integrase interaction may have therapeutic potential.
Development of handwriting skill in children with unilateral cerebral palsy (CP)

Aim. To investigate the development of handwriting, fine motor skills and school marks in children with unilateral cerebral palsy (CP) and relate the performance in handwriting skill to age and IQ at a 16-month follow-up. Method. Data from 16 children (5 females, 11 males; mean age 11 years 4 months, SD 1 year 6 months, range 8–13 years) with left-sided hemiplegia were collected. The Minnesota Handwriting Assessment (MHA) for handwriting skill, the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) for fine motor skills, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Revised (WISC-R) for IQ, the Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) and school marks of children were used. Results. Handwriting quality, handwriting speed and fine motor skills improved over 16 months but the children with unilateral CP still performed below their peers. School marks did not change. The regression model (Adj. R2 == 0.76) revealed that age and IQ were negatively correlated and good predictors for the improvement in handwriting quality. No relationship was found between handwriting speed and age or IQ. Conclusion. Children with unilateral CP continued to develop handwriting skill over a longer time period than expected. Age and IQ predicted the rate of development in handwriting quality. Children kept up school marks despite the increasing demands of the succeeding grade.
New Approach to Economic Convergence in the EU: A Multilevel Analysis from the Spatial Effects Perspective

The β-convergence model is based on the neoclassical framework in which the spatial level of analysis is not relevant. These levels will result in decreasing returns. However, local processes of agglomeration, spillover effects, or other forces could operate differently depending on the level of spatial disaggregation. The primary objective of this article is to observe whether different local, regional, and national convergence behaviors are possible in the European Union (EU). To capture the differences among spatial scales, a multilevel and spatial effects extension of the Solow–Swan theoretical growth model is proposed. The estimations of this model are made using consistent information from Eurostat and Cambridge Econometrics for the period of 2000–2014. A multilevel spatial Durbin model estimator is applied to evaluate the spatial interactions of the regions. The results indicate that a general process of convergence in the EU coexists with intranational processes of divergence, highlighting the relevance of the spatial level of analysis. A final analysis of the impact of the economic crisis over the general behavior has been included verifying that the economic crisis strongly reinforce the weakness of the EU convergence.
Social and economic burden of patients with influenza-like illness and clinically diagnosed flu treated at various health facilities in Vietnam

Influenza is a malady related to the human respiratory system, and its influenza-like illness (ILI) can cause an economic and social burden, especially among children and the elderly. This study was conducted to estimate the cost of illness based on a social perspective of ILI cases. A prospective study was conducted between February and March of 2016 in pharmacies, private clinics at Khanh Hoa, Lam Dong, Tay Ninh, Dong Nai Province, and Ho Chi Minh City, and Hospital of Tropical Diseases. Demographic and clinical information were collected by face-to-face interview. Direct costs (e.g., diagnosis and therapeutics) and indirect costs (e.g., cost of day loss) are included as treatment costs. The average cost of treatment associated with ILI was US$ 88.09 per case for all age groups; direct non-medical cost was higher compared to direct medical cost: 39.5% in pharmacies, 71.1% in clinics, and 64.2% in hospital. The indirect cost was US$27.49 per episode. The average total cost for children below 14 years old was much higher than that for the other age groups. The cost of illness of ILI was, therefore, the reason for the economic burden of influenza patients and their families. This study provides a database for future research and programs, and policies that can be adopted for influenza or ILI in Vietnam.
A Closed-Form Formula for propagation characteristics of substrate integrated waveguide

An analytical simple method is developed to calculate dispersion characteristics of substrate integrated waveguide (SIW). The complex propagation constant is derived as a closed-form equation which is a function of geometrical parameters. The periodic structure of an SIW can be considered as two consecutive rectangular waveguide with specific difference in widths. Each section is modeled by a transmission (ABCD) matrix. Propagation constant of the SIW is extracted by applying the Floquet theorem to the overall transmission matrix of a single unit cell. The results of this simple analytic expression agree well with numerical techniques and empirical equations.
Tourism forecasting: A review of methodological developments over the last decade

This study reviewed 72 studies in tourism demand forecasting during the period from 2008 to 2017. Forecasting models are reviewed in three categories: econometric, time series and artificial intelligence (AI) models. Econometric and time series models that have already been widely used before 2007 remained their popularity and were more often used as benchmark models for forecasting performance evaluation and comparison with respect to new models. AI models are rapidly developed in the past decade and hybrid AI models are becoming a new trend. And some new trends with regard to the three categories of models have been identified, including mixed frequency, spatial regression and combination and hybrid models. Different combination components and combination techniques have been discussed. Results in different studies proved superiority of combination forecasts over average single forecasts performance.
The reliability of the wolf motor function test for assessing upper extremity function after stroke.

OBJECTIVE To examine the reliability of the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) for assessing upper extremity motor function in adults with hemiplegia. DESIGN Interrater and test-retest reliability. SETTING A clinical research laboratory at a university medical center. PATIENTS A sample of convenience of 24 subjects with chronic hemiplegia (onset >1yr), showing moderate motor impairment. INTERVENTION The WMFT includes 15 functional tasks. Performances were timed and rated by using a 6-point functional ability scale. The WMFT was administered to subjects twice with a 2-week interval between administrations. All test sessions were videotaped for scoring at a later time by blinded and trained experienced therapists. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Interrater reliability was examined by using intraclass correlation coefficients and internal consistency by using Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS Interrater reliability was.97 or greater for performance time and.88 or greater for functional ability. Internal consistency for test 1 was.92 for performance time and.92 for functional ability; for test 2, it was.86 for performance time and.92 for functional ability. Test-retest reliability was.90 for performance time and.95 for functional ability. Absolute scores for subjects were stable over the 2 test administrations. CONCLUSION The WMFT is an instrument with high interrater reliability, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and adequate stability.
Interactions between PE2, E1, and 6K required for assembly of alphaviruses studied with chimeric viruses

During the assembly of alphaviruses, a preassembled nucleocapsid buds through the cell plasma membrane to acquire an envelope containing two virally encoded glycoproteins, E2 and E1. Using two chimeric viruses, we have studied interactions between E1, E2, and a viral peptide called 6K, which are required for budding. A chimeric Sindbis virus (SIN) in which the 6K gene had been replaced with that from Ross River virus (RR) produced wild-type levels of nucleocapsids and abundant PE2/E1 heterodimers that were processed and transported to the cell surface. However, only about 10% as much chimeric virus as wild-type virus was assembled, demonstrating that there is a sequence-specific interaction between 6K and the glycoproteins required for efficient virus assembly. In addition, the conformation of E1 in the E2/E1 heterodimer on the cell surface was different for the chimeric virus from that for the wild type, suggesting that one function of 6K is to promote proper folding of E1 in the heterodimer. A second chimeric SIN, in which both the 6K and E1 genes, as well as the 3' nontranslated region, were replaced with the corresponding regions of RR also resulted in the production of large numbers of intracellular nucleocapsids and of PE2/E1 heterodimers that were cleaved and transported to the cell surface. Budding of this chimera was severely impaired, however, and the yield of the chimera was only approximately 10(-7) of the SIN yield in a parallel infection. The conformation of the SIN E2/RR E1 heterodimer on the cell surface was different from that of the SIN E2/SIN E1 heterodimer, and no interaction between viral glycoproteins and nucleocapsids at the cell plasma membrane could be detected in the electron microscope. We suggest that proper folding of the E2/E1 heterodimer must occur before the E2 tail is positioned properly in the cytoplasm for budding and before heterodimer trimerization can occur to drive virus budding.
Enterprise inefficient investment behavior analysis based on regression analysis

Inefficient investment will affect enterprise's survival and long-term development, and ultimately lead to the decline in corporate value. In order to promote the efficiency of the enterprise investment, in this paper, we aim to effectively analyze enterprise inefficient investment behavior, which has great significance in both enterprise management and social resources allocation. Firstly, we propose and analyze some typical enterprise investment theories, such as 1) MM enterprise investment theory, 2) Jorgensen investment theory, and 3) Tobin's q theory. Secondly, we propose a novel enterprise inefficient investment behavior analysis method based on regression analysis. Finally, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, we conduct a series of experiments based on the CCER database. Experimental results show that the economy fluctuates across states due to the aggregate cash-flow shock driving the level of aggregate liquidity. Furthermore, we also can see that the particular sample path starts with a series of positive shocks, which can increase the capital value and decrease the cash value.
Down‐regulation of protein l‐isoaspartyl methyltransferase in human epileptic hippocampus contributes to generation of damaged tubulin

Protein l‐isoaspartyl methyltransferase (PIMT) repairs the damaged proteins which have accumulated abnormal aspartyl residues during cell aging. Gene targeting has elucidated a physiological role for PIMT by showing that mice lacking PIMT died prematurely from fatal epileptic seizures. Here we investigated the role of PIMT in human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Using surgical specimens of hippocampus and neocortex from controls and epileptic patients, we showed that PIMT activity and expression were 50% lower in epileptic hippocampus than in controls but were unchanged in neocortex. Although the protein was down‐regulated, PIMT mRNA expression was unchanged in epileptic hippocampus, suggesting post‐translational regulation of the PIMT level. Moreover, several proteins with abnormal aspartyl residues accumulate in epileptic hippocampus. Microtubules component β‐tubulin, one of the major PIMT substrates, had an increased amount (two‐fold) of l‐isoaspartyl residues in the epileptic hippocampus. These results demonstrate that the down‐regulation of PIMT in epileptic hippocampus leads to a significant accumulation of damaged tubulin that could contribute to neuron dysfunction in human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.
Biologia Plantarum Xx (x): Xxx-xxx, 20xx Molecular Characterization and Subcellular Localization of Salt-inducible Lipid Transfer Proteins in Rice

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a salt-sensitive species. Salt stress can cause injury to plant cellular membrane. Plant lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are abundant lipid binding proteins that are important in membrane vesicle biogenesis and trafficking, however, the biological importance of LTPs on salt-stress response in rice remains unclear. Therefore, salt-responsive rice LTPs were identified and characterized in this study. Microarray analysis showed seven genes positively regulated by salinity, including five Ltp genes (LtpII.3, LtpII.5, LtpII.6, LtpV.1, and LtpV.2) and two Ltp-like (LtpL; LtpL1 and LtpL2) genes. Amino acid alignment revealed that all these Ltp and LtpL genes contained the N-terminal signal peptide. Apart from LtpL1, all salt-inducible Ltp genes have the conserved eight cysteine residue motifs backbone. Verification of gene expression to different stimuli in rice seedlings revealed that salt-regulated Ltp genes differentially responded to drought, cold, H 2 O 2, abscisic acid (ABA) and CaCl 2. Furthermore, the expression of Ltp and LtpL genes was tissue-specifically regulated by ABA-dependent and independent pathway. In silico analysis of an 1.5-kb 5'-upstream region of these genes showed regulatory cis-elements associated with ABA, calcium, and cold/drought responses. Three LtpII subfamily genes, including LtpII.3, LtpII.5, and LtpII.6, were strictly expressed in flowers and seeds, and LtpIII.1 mRNA strongly accumulated in stem tissue. Subcellular localization analysis of LTP-DsRed fusion proteins revealed that the five LTPs and two LTPLs localized at the endoplasmic reticulum. The results provide new clues to further understand the biological functions of Ltp genes.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Relationship Between Educational Mobility and Crime

Increases in postsecondary enrollment among minorities, decreases among Whites, and the growing concern of downward intergenerational mobility in the United States suggest potentially meaningful variation in the role of education on well-being across the life course. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, the present study examines the relationship between intergenerational educational mobility (i.e., a comparison of one’s educational achievements to those of one’s parents’) and crime, as well as the degree to which this association is moderated by race and ethnicity. Results suggest that upward mobility particularly when one completes a 4-year degree is associated with decreases in crime. Downward mobility, however, is associated with increases in crime only among Whites. Moreover, and consistent with theories of social mobility, strain, and social control, these associations are partially mediated by familial and socioeconomic attainments as well as social–psychological measures. Findings are discussed as they relate to the subjective and objective meaning of education across generations for Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics.
Brain response to visceral aversive conditioning: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Brain-imaging studies to date have confounded visceral pain perception with anticipation. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging of the human brain to study the neuroanatomic network involved in aversive conditioning of visceral pain and, thus, anticipation. METHODS Eight healthy volunteers (5 male) participated in the study. We used a classic conditioning paradigm in which 3 neutral stimuli (differently colored circles) that acted as conditioned stimuli were paired with painful esophageal distention, air puff to the wrist, or nothing, which acted as unconditioned stimuli. Neural activity was measured during learning, anticipation (pairing only 50% of conditioned stimuli with their unconditioned stimuli), and extinction (unpaired conditioned stimuli) phases. For magnetic resonance imaging, axial slices depicting blood oxygen level-dependent contrast were acquired with a 1.5-T system. RESULTS Neural responses during the learning phase included areas commonly associated with visceral pain (anterior cingulate cortex, insula, and primary and secondary somatosensory cortices) and innocuous somatosensory perception (primary and secondary somatosensory cortices and insula). During the anticipation and extinction phases of aversive stimulation, brain activity resembled that seen during actual painful esophageal stimulation. In contrast, anticipation and extinction of the innocuous somatic stimulus failed to show that effect. CONCLUSIONS We have shown that actual and anticipated visceral pain elicit similar cortical responses. These results have implications for the design and interpretation of brain-imaging studies of visceral pain. They not only contribute to our understanding of the processing of visceral pain, but also have clinical implications for the management of chronic pain states.