Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
VISIBLE COLLEGES: THE SOCIAL AND CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE OF SOCIOLOGY SPECIALTIES*

We examine the structure of sociology using data on overlapping memberships in the disci- pline's "visible colleges, " the specialty sections of the American Sociological Association. Hypotheses about the structure of joint specialization in sociology are derived fr-om four general theories of professional and scientific specialization: ideational theory, political- economic theory, professional power theory, and intellect tual ciriclelnetwork theory. We an- alyze joint specialty section memberships using multidimensional scaling techniques and produce a spatial model of the discipline's specialty structure. The tightest clusters of spe- cialties arisefrom the confluence of ideational aspects (like shared concepts or subject mat- ter), professional power interests, and social characteristics of members. Although a major division in the discipline is embedded in the political-economic environment of sociology, three cross-cutting dimensions are required to adequately represent the discipline's struc- ture. The main dimensions of differentiation are: (I) "conflict" versus "applied" perspec- tives, (2) micro versus macro units of analysis, and (3) ascriptive characteristics of mem- bers. These three dimensions support the validity of political-economic, ideational, and pro- fessional power theories, respectively. Sociologists have described the structure of their discipline and have attributed its per- ceived structural weaknesses to various intellec- tual and social sources (Ad Hoc Committee on ASA 1989; Blalock 1984; Collins 1986; Friedrichs 1970, p. 85; Freidson 1986; Gouldner 1970; Ritzer 1980; Turner and Turner 1990). They have done so despite the paucity of empirical work analyzing sociology's actual structure or the sources of its structure. We describe the structure of sociology through an empirical analysis of overlapping specializations within the discipline. Using joint memberships in the various sections of the American Sociological Association (ASA), we construct visual representations of the struc- ture of sociology. We then interpret this struc- ture, drawing on independent measures of sec-
Apoptotic signaling through CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) activates an acidic sphingomyelinase

Intracellular pathways leading from membrane receptor engagement to apoptotic cell death are still poorly characterized. We investigated the intracellular signaling generated after cross-linking of CD95 (Fas/Apo-1 antigen), a broadly expressed cell surface receptor whose engagement results in triggering of cellular apoptotic programs. DX2, a new functional anti-CD95 monoclonal antibody was produced by immunizing mice with human CD95-transfected L cells. Crosslinking of CD95 with DX2 resulted in the activation of a sphingomyelinase (SMase) in promyelocytic U937 cells, as well as in other human tumor cell lines and in CD95-transfected murine cells, as demonstrated by induction of in vivo sphingomyelin (SM) hydrolysis and generation of ceramide. Direct in vitro measurement of enzymatic activity within CD95- stimulated U937 cell extracts, using labeled SM vesicles as substrates, showed strong SMase activity, which required pH 5.0 for optimal substrate hydrolysis. Finally, all CD95-sensitive cell lines tested could be induced to undergo apoptosis after exposure to cell-permeant C2-ceramide. These data indicate that CD95 cross-linking induces SM breakdown and ceramide production through an acidic SMase, thus providing the first information regarding early signal generation from CD95, and may be relevant in defining the biochemical nature of intracellular messengers leading to apoptotic cell death.
Object detection via foreground contour feature selection and part-based shape model

In this paper, we propose a novel approach for object detection via foreground feature selection and partbased shape model. It automatically learns a shape model from cluttered training images without need to explicitly given bounding box on objects. Our approach commences by extracting a set of feature descriptors, and iteratively selects the foreground features using Earth Movers Distances based matching. This leads to a part-based shape model that can be used for object detection. Experimental results show that the proposed method has comparable performance with the state-ofthe-art shape-based detection methods but with less requirements on the data at the training stage.
Reference as an Interactive Achievement: Sequential and Longitudinal Analyses of Labeling Interactions in Shared Book Reading and Free Play

The present study examines how young children and their caregivers establish reference by jointly developing stable patterns of bodily, perceptual, and interactive coordination. Our longitudinal investigation focuses on two mother–child dyads engaged in picture-book reading and play. The dyads were videotaped at home once every 6 weeks while the children aged from 9 to 24 months. Inspired by conversation analysis and multimodal analysis, our developmental approach builds on the insight that the situated and embodied production of reference is fundamentally an interactive achievement. To examine the acquisition of reference, we developed a descriptive instrument that takes account of not only the dyad's joint accomplishment but also each participant's contributions to it. The instrument is based on the sequential reconstruction of the jobs that both participants have to accomplish jointly in order to achieve reference: establishing visual perception as a relevant resource, constituting a domain of scrutiny, locating a target, and construing the (meaning of the) referent. Methodologically, these jobs serve as a tertium comparationis for the longitudinal comparison of both the adult's as well as the child's contributions to establishing reference. We used this instrument to examine (1) what bodily and verbal resources the participants employed, and (2) how their contributions to accomplishing the jobs changed over time. Findings showed that the acquisition of reference was closely related to the child's increasing ability to recognize, fulfill, and set up conditional relevancies. We conclude that the adult's dynamic and contextualized use of conditional relevancies, recipient design, and observability is a crucial driving force in the acquisition of reference.
SEGMENTATION OF COLOR IMAGES USING A COMBINATION BETWEEN MARKOW RANDOM FIELDS AND GRAPHS

The goal of image segmentation is partitioning the images into homogeneous and interpretable regions. Image interpretation is part of scene understanding. It can be viewed as the process of giving meaning to a 2D image by identifying and labeling significant objects or segments in the image. For example, we may first segment an image and then interpret each segment as being a road, river, building etc.
On estimating freezing times during tissue rapid freezing

For the study of morphological changes that are associated with fast physiological processes, it is important to know the times at which the surface regions of specimens are frozen during rapid freezing. A simple physical model has been used to estimate the freezing times and the cooling rates at 10 μm depths in specimens. The calculations indicate that cooling rates in excess of 4 × 104 K s−1 are associated with freezing times of less than 0.5 ms. Using the same model, experimental measurements of freezing times at much larger depths have been extrapolated to a depth of 10 μm, the times obtained are 0.1‐0.6 ms for freezing by rapid immersion in cryogenic liquids, and 0.1 ms or less for freezing on a metal block. It is concluded that the delay time between contact with a cryogenic source and specimen freezing is less than 0.5 ms. The uncertainty in the time of freezing may be larger than this, because of an uncertainty of about ± 0.5 ms in determining the exact time of contact and, for freeze fracture studies, because of an uncertainty of up to 0.5 ms due to imprecision in the depth of fracture. At the same time it is estimated that the time during which freezing takes place may be as high as 250 μs, which can be taken as an upper limit for the resolution time for rapid freezing.
Anti-Müllerian hormone-tailored stimulation protocols improve outcomes whilst reducing adverse effects and costs of IVF.

Sir, We would like to comment on our recently published article in your journal (Yates et al., 2011). Since the publication of that article, it has emerged that there was a change in the embryological culture media used during the fertilization and preimplantation incubation of oocytes, from Medicult media to the use of Vitrolife media. This change occurred just before the introduction of antiMüllerian hormone (AMH)-tailored protocols in the unit (1 December 2008). Alongside this change, there were a number of organizational and protocol changes in the embryology laboratory. Given the pre–post design of the study, it is not possible to differentiate these two coincident contributions and some of the effects noted may not just be related to the AMH protocol but also to the changes in embryology. It is plausible to speculate that the change in culture media may have contributed to the increase in some of the outcomes seen in the AMH group. There is some evidence in the literature that the use of Vitrolife media can improve the quality of cleavage embryos (Van Langendonckt et al., 2001; Zollner et al., 2004); however, the translation of this into increased fertilization and clinical pregnancy rates is less clear cut. A higher pregnancy rate was observed when oocytes/ embryos were incubated in Vitrolife media when compared with those incubated in Cook media (Dumoulin et al., 2010). Conversely, other researchers (Zollner et al., 2004; Sifer et al., 2009) observed enhanced morphology of Day 3 embryos in Vitrolife media compared with Medicult media, but this was not reflected in an increased fertilization rate in either study. Despite this added caveat, we remain confident that the main outcomes from our study, namely increased safety and cost-effectiveness, are attributable to the introduction of AMH-tailored stimulation regimens. We have clearly shown significant reductions in cost of medications and in the incidence and cost of treating ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). The number of women who reached embryo transfer was higher in the AMH-tailored group compared with conventionally treated women, an observation logically in line with a . 50% reduction in cycle cancellation/freeze all and hospital admissions for OHSS (Table II). These improvements are all attributable to the pre-embryology phase of the assisted reproductive technology process, and as such are not influenced by the change in embryology media. In conclusion, we apologize for this omission from the original article, but nevertheless we believe that the main end-points of our study, namely improved safety and cost-effectiveness, remain a consequence of the AMH-tailored stimulation protocol.
Formation of Magnetically Supported Disks during Hard-to-Soft Transitions in Black Hole Accretion Flows

We carried out three-dimensional global resistive magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the cooling instability in optically thin hot black hole accretion flows by assuming bremsstrahlung cooling. General relativistic effects are simulated using the pseudo-Newtonian potential. The cooling instability grows when the density of the accretion disk becomes sufficiently large. We found that as the instability grows the accretion flow changes from an optically thin, hot, gas pressure-supportedstate (low/hard state) to acooler, magnetically supported, quasi-steady state. During this transition, the magnetic pressure exceeds the gas pressure because the disk shrinks in the vertical direction while almost conserving the toroidal magnetic flux. Since further vertical contraction of the disk is suppressed by magnetic pressure, the cool disk stays in an optically thin, spectrally hard state. The magnetically supported disk exists for a time scale much longer than the thermal time scale, and comparable to the accretion time scale. We examined the stability of the magnetically supported disk analytically, assuming that the toroidal magnetic flux is conserved, and found it to be thermally and secularly stable. Our findings may explain why black hole candidates stay in luminous, hard state even when their luminosity exceeds the threshold for the onset of the cooling instability.
Improving the Interplay between Usability Evaluation and User Interface Design

This paper provides an overview of a full-day workshop that was held on October 23 2004 in connection with the Third Nordic Conference on Human Computer Interaction (Nordichi 2004). The proceedings from the workshop are available from http://www.cs. aau.dk/~jans/events.html. The ideas and theme of the workshop are motivated and an outline of the contents of the papers that were presented in the workshop is given. In addition we summarize some challenges to the interplay between usability evaluation and user interface design agreed upon at the workshop, as well as some solutions that were debated.
Information extraction efficiency of business documents captured with smartphones and tablets

Businesses and large organizations currently prefer scanners to incorporate paper documents into their electronic document archives. While cameras integrated into mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets are commonly available, it is still unclear how using a mobile device for document capture influences document content recognition. This is especially important for information extraction carried out on documents captured in a mobile scenario. Therefore this paper presents a set of experiments to compare automatic index data extraction from business documents in a static and in a mobile case. The paper shows which decline in extraction one can expect, explains the reasons and gives a short overview over possible solutions.
Scaring or pleasing: exploit emotional impact of an image

Automatic image emotion analysis has emerged as a hot topic due to its potential application on high-level image understanding. Considering the fact that the emotion evoked by an image is not only from its global appearance but also interplays among local regions, we propose a novel affective image classification system based on bilayer sparse representation (BSR). The BSR model contains two layers: The global sparse representation (GSR) is to define global similarities between a test image and all the training images; and the local sparse representation (LSR) is to define similarities of local regions' appearances and their co-occurrence between a test image and all the training images. The experiments on real data sets demonstrate that our system is effective on image emotion recognition.
Bidding Strategies in QoS-Aware Cloud Systems Based on N-Armed Bandit Problems

In this paper we consider a set of Software as a Service (SaaS) providers, that offer a set of Web services using the Cloud facilities provided by an Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) provider. We assume that the IaaS provider offers a pay only what you use scheme similar to the Amazon EC2 service, comprising flat, on demand, and spot virtual machine instances. We propose a two-stage provisioning scheme. In the first stage, the SaaS providers determine the number of required flat and on demand instances by means of standard optimization techniques. In the second stage, the SaaS providers compete by bidding for the spot instances which are instantiated using the unused IaaS capacity. We put our focus on the bidding decision process by the SaaS providers, which takes place during the second stage, and apply N-armed bandit problems, in which the player is faced repeatedly with a choice among N different options, and every time he submits his decision evaluating past feedbacks. Through numerical experiments, we analyze proposed strategies under different scenarios and prove the SaaS providers ability to refine their behavior round by round and to determine the best bid so to maximize their revenue and achieve as many spot resources as possible, also addressing the importance of a trade-off between exploration and exploitation, i.e., among greedy and non-greedy actions.
Knowledge management and the occasional links with performance

This paper argues that current research into knowledge management fails to recognize and offer a detailed understanding about the role of knowledge in improving firm performance. Instead of focusing, exclusively, on the nature and attributes of knowledge, and the management of learning, research should also direct attention to the factors that enable knowledge to contribute to performance. To aid in this, this paper suggests that the concept of knowledge management is divided into three instances; development, utilization and capitalization, based on the assumption that knowledge is not always utilized, and that utilized knowledge does not always result in improved performance. The paper also identifies challenges and solutions in relation to each of the instances. Empirical findings are based on empirical study of three knowledge ventures within a European manufacturing MNC.
Modeling subjective evaluation of music similarity using tolerance

In order to improve the automated retrieval of similar songs, we need to develop an estimation method which can measure their subjective similarity. In this study, we assume that subjective similarity of songs is determined by both the acoustical similarity of the songs and the individuality of the listener. We focus mainly on the individuality of listeners, and use knowledge about this individuality to develop a subjective similarity estimation model. The results of our previous study suggest that the likelihood of someone judging two songs (a musical pair) as “similar” is influenced by the individual characteristics (individuality) of the listener. In this paper we refer to the likelihood of judging songs to be similar as the “tolerance” of the listener, and propose a model of subjective similarity evaluation which takes individual tolerance into account. In our experiment, we estimate listeners' tolerance using subjective musical similarity evaluation data. We also conduct an experiment using a much smaller amount of similarity evaluation data to estimate tolerance, as this would be desirable for practical applications.
Psychology Research and Behavior Management Dovepress a Phenomenological Study on Resilience of the Elderly Suffering from Chronic Disease: a Qualitative Study

you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms Background: Resilience is a key factor in improving health and attenuating problems caused by chronic diseases in the elderly. Having a clear understanding of its meaning in a specific population can be of great help in taking efficient steps toward better health services. Given the lack of information in this regard, the aim of this study was to understand the meaning of resilience for hospitalized older people who experience chronic conditions. Methods: The study was carried out as a qualitative work based on a descriptive phenom-enological approach. The participants were selected purposefully, so that 22 elderly with chronic disease were interviewed in 24 sessions. The collected data were recorded and analyzed through Colaizzi's method. Results: Four themes were extracted from the interviews as follows: 1) " meaning of resilience in the participants' experiences " with subthemes of " the art of overcoming pain and suffering " , " adapt to health problem of senescence " , " accepting life with the chronic disease " , and " patience and trust in God " ; 2) " growth context as a prologue of resilience " with subthemes of " growth background " ; 3) " external factors contributing to resilience " with subthemes of " welfare " , " received support " , " deprivation and shortage " , and " attitudes toward an elderly with health problem " ; and 4) " personal factors to overcome illness " with subthemes of " enthusiasm for following up the treatment program " , " aversion to physical dependence " , " hope for improvement " , " motivation and purpose " , and " being content with one's belongings and blessings ". Conclusion: Improvement in resilience is associated with a patient-oriented approach. Providers of health services might make proper interventions based on unique needs of patients to improve their resilience and ability to overcome health problems. This can be performed by family members, health team, and related organizations and bodies.
Factors Affecting Antenatal Care Attendance: Results from Qualitative Studies in Ghana, Kenya and Malawi

Background Antenatal care (ANC) is a key strategy to improve maternal and infant health. However, survey data from sub-Saharan Africa indicate that women often only initiate ANC after the first trimester and do not achieve the recommended number of ANC visits. Drawing on qualitative data, this article comparatively explores the factors that influence ANC attendance across four sub-Saharan African sites in three countries (Ghana, Kenya and Malawi) with varying levels of ANC attendance. Methods Data were collected as part of a programme of qualitative research investigating the social and cultural context of malaria in pregnancy. A range of methods was employed interviews, focus groups with diverse respondents and observations in local communities and health facilities. Results Across the sites, women attended ANC at least once. However, their descriptions of ANC were often vague. General ideas about pregnancy care – checking the foetus’ position or monitoring its progress – motivated women to attend ANC; as did, especially in Kenya, obtaining the ANC card to avoid reprimands from health workers. Women’s timing of ANC initiation was influenced by reproductive concerns and pregnancy uncertainties, particularly during the first trimester, and how ANC services responded to this uncertainty; age, parity and the associated implications for pregnancy disclosure; interactions with healthcare workers, particularly messages about timing of ANC; and the cost of ANC, including charges levied for ANC procedures – in spite of policies of free ANC – combined with ideas about the compulsory nature of follow-up appointments. Conclusion In these socially and culturally diverse sites, the findings suggest that ‘supply’ side factors have an important influence on ANC attendance: the design of ANC and particularly how ANC deals with the needs and concerns of women during the first trimester has implications for timing of initiation.
Ebl²: An Approach to Automatic Lexical Acquisition

A method for automatic lexical acquisition is out lined. An existing lexicon that, in addition Io ordinary ]exical entries, contains prototypical cntrips for various non-exclusive paradigms of open-cl~,. ss words, is extended by inferring new lexical entries from texts containing unknown words. This is done by comparing the constraints placed on the unknown words hy the natural language system's grammar with the prototypes and a number of hand-coded phras(, templates specific for each paradigm. Once a sufficient number of observations of the word in different contexts have been made, a lexical entry is constructed for the word by assigning it to one or sew~ral paradigm(s), Parsing sentences with ullknown words is normally very time-consuming due to the large nmnber of grammatically possible analyses. To cir~ cumvent this problem, other ilhrase templates are extracted automatically from tim gramlnal and domain-specific texts using an explanation based learning method. These templates represent grammatically correct, sentence patterns. When a selltence matches a template, the original I)arsing component can be bypassed, reducing parsing times dramatically.