Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deeper, broader, longer transitional justice

Transitional justice has an expectation management problem. International law imposes a right to justice and an obligation to defeat impunity from crimes against humanity. Yet there has not been a war where a substantial proportion of criminals against humanity have been convicted. Nor is one likely. The theoretical solution considered in this paper is to broaden, deepen, and lengthen our conception of justice so that more survivors might be vindicated by some kind of justice, even if a partial kind of justice. We broaden justice with a more holistic, yet multidimensional conception of what justice means, so that, for example, restorative justice, Islamic justice and indigenous justice can be embraced among many alternatives to impunity. Deepening justice means deeper survivor and citizen opportunities to shape a more responsive justice and to shape remedies through participation. Lengthening justice means giving less priority to speedy trial and closure as transitional justice values. It might mean a permanent Truth and Reconciliation Commission that keeps its doors open to victims decades on.
A Novel, Real-Time, In Vivo Mouse Retinal Imaging System.

PURPOSE To develop an efficient, low-cost instrument for robust real-time imaging of the mouse retina in vivo, and assess system capabilities by evaluating various animal models. METHODS Following multiple disappointing attempts to visualize the mouse retina during a subretinal injection using commercially available systems, we identified the key limitation to be inadequate illumination due to off axis illumination and poor optical train optimization. Therefore, we designed a paraxial illumination system for Greenough-type stereo dissecting microscope incorporating an optimized optical launch and an efficiently coupled fiber optic delivery system. Excitation and emission filters control spectral bandwidth. A color coupled-charged device (CCD) camera is coupled to the microscope for image capture. Although, field of view (FOV) is constrained by the small pupil aperture, the high optical power of the mouse eye, and the long working distance (needed for surgical manipulations), these limitations can be compensated by eye positioning in order to observe the entire retina. RESULTS The retinal imaging system delivers an adjustable narrow beam to the dilated pupil with minimal vignetting. The optic nerve, vasculature, and posterior pole are crisply visualized and the entire retina can be observed through eye positioning. Normal and degenerative retinal phenotypes can be followed over time. Subretinal or intraocular injection procedures are followed in real time. Real-time, intravenous fluorescein angiography for the live mouse has been achieved. CONCLUSIONS A novel device is established for real-time viewing and image capture of the small animal retina during subretinal injections for preclinical gene therapy studies.
Meal size and starch content affect gastric emptying in horses.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Feeding practices have been associated with colic in horses. If meal size and composition have an effect on gastric emptying, this could be one of the mechanisms by which feeding practices are related to the occurrence of colic. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of meal size and starch content on solid phase gastric emptying. METHODS Solid phase gastric emptying of 3 different radiolabelled meals, small low-starch (SmLS), small high-starch (SmHS) and large high-starch (LgHS) meals, was measured in 5 horses by scintigraphy using 99mTc-disofenin. Data were compared among meals using nonlinear mixed-effects models and paired t tests. RESULTS On a percentage basis, SmHS emptied significantly faster than LgHS and SmLS emptied significantly faster than SmHS meals. However, when meals of unequal size were compared by emptying rate in g/min and Kcal/min, LgHS emptied significantly faster than SmHS. CONCLUSIONS Meal size and composition affect gastric emptying. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Further work needs to be performed in order to substantiate the possibility of a relationship between digestive functions and occurrence of colic and gastric ulcers.
Counterfactual Learning to Rank using Heterogeneous Treatment Effect Estimation

Learning-to-Rank (LTR) models trained from implicit feedback (e.g. clicks) suffer from inherent biases. A well-known one is the position bias -- documents in top positions are more likely to receive clicks due in part to their position advantages. To unbiasedly learn to rank, existing counterfactual frameworks first estimate the propensity (probability) of missing clicks with intervention data from a small portion of search traffic, and then use inverse propensity score (IPS) to debias LTR algorithms on the whole data set. These approaches often assume the propensity only depends on the position of the document, which may cause high estimation variance in applications where the search context (e.g. query, user) varies frequently. While context-dependent propensity models reduce variance, accurate estimations may require randomization or intervention on a large amount of traffic, which may not be realistic in real-world systems, especially for long tail queries. In this work, we employ heterogeneous treatment effect estimation techniques to estimate position bias when intervention click data is limited. We then use such estimations to debias the observed click distribution and re-draw a new de-biased data set, which can be used for any LTR algorithms. We conduct simulations with varying experiment conditions and show the effectiveness of the proposed method in regimes with long tail queries and sparse clicks.
FEEDER RECONFIGURATION AND CAPACITOR PLACEMENT IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS: AN APPROACH FOR SIMULTANEOUS SOLUTION USING A GENETIC ALGORITHM

Este trabajo presenta una metodologia para la solucion simultanea de los problemas de ubicacion de condensadores y reconfiguracion de alimentadores en sistemas electricos de distribucion radiales, con el fin de mejorar el perfil de voltaje de la red y, al mismo tiempo, reducir los costos asociados a las perdidas de energia y potencia. Considerando un perfil de carga dado, se propone un metodo de optimizacion usando un algoritmo genetico para determinar el tamano optimo, ubicacion, tipo y numero de condensadores fijos o conmutables, asi como los estados abierto/cerrado de las llaves (switches) seccionadoras y de interconexion. La formulacion del problema considera la minimizacion de los costos totales, incluyendo costos fijos y variables de los bancos de condensadores. El metodo propuesto se ha probado en diversas redes y los resultados muestran que considerando ambos problemas simultaneamente los costos debidos a las perdidas se pueden minimizar hasta un 10% mas que tomando dichos problemas por separado. Se presentan los resultados obtenidos en un sistema IEEE de 16 barras y una red de distribucion real de 733 barras
Cirrhosis and dysbiosis: New insights from next‐generation sequencing

scriptomic analysis as potentially important in viral clearance were from juvenile mice with productive HDV infection. Would the same genes be important for viral clearance in adult mice? Additionally, how are the pathways that inhibit HDV replication triggered? As noted by the investigators, it is possible that HDV may induce production of cytokines and other soluble factors in nonparenchymal murine cells, thus antagonizing HDV replication in murine, but not human, hepatocytes. The lack of cross-talk between mouse and human factors may also explain the differences observed between HDV monoinfection in humanized mice and hNTCP transgenic mice. Furthermore, what are the mechanisms involved in clearing HDAg-bearing cells? He et al. mention that HDAg-bearing cells show signs of apoptosis. This murine model with inbred susceptibility to HDV infection now opens avenues for applying mouse genetics to deciphering the mechanisms of viral clearance. hNTCP transgenic mice deficient in hepatic apoptosis or necrosis pathways could be used to interrogate whether HDV clearance from mouse livers is a result of the death of the HDV-replicating hepatocytes. Another caveat is that the RNA sequencing data were performed on RNA isolated from whole tissue—not just infected hepatocytes. Investigating the genes upregulated specifically in the small population of HDAg1 cells would present valuable information on viral clearance. These above comments are not to detract from the importance of the hNTCP transgenic mouse model that He et al. have developed. The creation of this model is an important step in understanding both HDV and HBV viral infection in vivo. Undoubtedly, additional refinements are needed to model HDV pathogenesis, but host immune responses can now be studied in largely immunocompetent mice with inheritable susceptiblity to HDV infection. Thus, this hNTCP transgenic mouse nicely complements previously established human liver chimeric mice.
A follow-up study of patients with subjective symptoms related to dental materials.

OBJECTIVES The extent to which substances released from dental materials cause adverse health effects and whether removal of dental materials results in improvement of health is a matter of dispute. The aim of the study was to investigate changes in the intensity of subjective symptoms after replacement of dental materials in patients referred for adverse reactions related to dental materials, and to compare the profiles of symptoms with those found in the general population. METHODS Information was obtained from 142 patients referred to the Dental Biomaterials Adverse Reaction Unit in Bergen, Norway. At the time of examination, all patients completed a questionnaire regarding a range of subjective symptoms. A follow-up questionnaire was sent to all patients 1 to 2 years later. Similar questionnaires were sent to a reference group of 800 persons drawn from the general population. RESULTS The follow-up questionnaires were completed and returned by 84 patients, and 441 persons in the reference group. The patient group presented higher symptom indices than the reference group (P<0.001). Generally, there was some decrease in the intensity of different symptoms in patients who had replaced dental materials. The decrease was evident regarding intraoral symptoms (P=0.022) and total symptom index (P=0.041). The group of patients who had replaced materials still had significantly higher symptom indices than those of the reference group. Patients who had not replaced dental materials did not present any reduction in symptom indices. CONCLUSION The pattern of symptoms was similar for the groups investigated. At the group level, the intensity of local and some general subjective symptoms was reduced after replacement of the materials, but not to the level found in the general population.
Biological and Ecological Consequences of Diolcogaster sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Parasitizing Agaraea minuta (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) and the Effects on Two Costus (Costaceae) Plant Species in Brazil

ABSTRACT Costus spicatus (Jacq.) Sw. and Costus spiralis (Jacq.) Roscoe var. spiralis (Costaceae) are economically important plants due to their pharmacological and medicinal properties and ornamental value. These plants are natives from the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest and are fed upon by Agaraea minuta Schaus, 1892 (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). This study describes the damage done by A. minuta on C. spicatus and C. spiralis and the biological and ecological aspects of parasitism of A. minuta by Diolcogaster sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Twenty stems of C. spicatus and C. spiralis with 100 last-instar caterpillars of A. minuta, were collected per plant in each of 2 years. The stem heights (F, P > 0.05), leaf lengths (F, P > 0.05), leaf widths (F, P > 0.05) and the number of leaves per stem (F, P > 0.05) of both plant species; number of pupae obtained from caterpillars of A. minuta (F, P > 0.05), adult emergence of this defoliator (F, P > 0.05) and of Diolcogaster sp. (F, P > 0.05) were similar during the 2 study periods. Agaraea minuta fed on C. spicatus and C. spiralis, and Diolcogaster sp. was shown to be a parasitoid suppressor of populations of this defoliator.
[Hypobaric interval hypoxia as a tool for improving tolerance of harmful occupational factors].

The method of hypobaric interval hypoxia (HIH) has been developed and approved for application in aerospace, military, prophylactic and rehabilitative medicine. A course of H1H included 10 one-hour daily sessions of hypobaria and interval hypoxia simulating ascent to an altitude from 3 to 5 km a.s. l. Each session comprised a 7 minute exposure to hypoxia (breathing rarified air) alternating with a 3 minute exposure to hyperoxia (breathing oxygen) without a change of the altitude simulated in the low-pressure chamber. The first session included ascent to 3 km, in each of the following sessions (from 2nd to 4th) the altitude was successively increased by 500 m and reached 5 km in sessions 5-10. HIH was shown to be highly efficacious in improving the functional state of the organism and its resistance to unfavourable environmental conditions; also it can be used to correct changes of these parameters.
Filamentous Hemagglutinin of Bordetella bronchiseptica Is Required for Efficient Establishment of Tracheal Colonization

ABSTRACT Adherence to ciliated respiratory epithelial cells is considered a critical early step in Bordetella pathogenesis. ForBordetella pertussis, the etiologic agent of whooping cough, several factors have been shown to mediate adherence to cells and cell lines in vitro. These putative adhesins include filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), fimbriae, pertactin, and pertussis toxin. Determining the precise roles of each of these factors in vivo, however, has been difficult, due in part to the lack of natural-host animal models for use with B. pertussis. Using the closely related species Bordetella bronchiseptica, and by constructing both deletion mutation and ectopic expression mutants, we have shown that FHA is both necessary and sufficient for mediating adherence to a rat lung epithelial (L2) cell line. Using a rat model of respiratory infection, we have shown that FHA is absolutely required, but not sufficient, for tracheal colonization in healthy, unanesthetized animals. FHA was not required for initial tracheal colonization in anesthetized animals, however, suggesting that its role in establishment may be dedicated to overcoming the clearance action of the mucociliary escalator.
Induced pluripotent stem cells in infections

regenerative medicine has an exciting role in the treatment of disorders and conditions where there is an irreversible damage to a tissue or an organ or in immunodeficient state. stem cells which have the potential to differentiate into specific types of cells, offers a new concept of regenerative medicine to treat spectrum of diseases including infections. Infections are one of the cause of high morbidity during injuries and in immunodeficient states. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPscs) are generated by genetically reprogramming the adult cells to an embryonic stem cell (Esc)-like state by being forced to express genes and factors essential for maintaining the defining properties of Esc. In infections, eosinophils play an important role as they are potent source of cytotoxic mediators such as eosinophil cationic protein (EcP) and major basic proteins (MbP). these substances play an important role in immune response to infections caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites and in
Effective Choice of Consumer-Oriented Environmental Policy Tools for Reducing GHG Emissions

Due to the perceived and expected environmental impacts of climate change there is an urgent need to reduce Greenhouse Gasses (GHG) at each and every point of emission (see World Research Institute, 2010). The ongoing efforts of governments to establish and implement policies include investigating changes in consumer behaviour and attitudes towards sustainability. The often very high costs of measures makes economic analysis necessary in order to find out which technologically feasible abatement options are capable of realizing the largest emission reductions at least social cost (Csutora and Zilahy 1998, Urge-Vorsatz and Fule 1999, Creyts et al. 2007, Stern 2008). According to recent studies there is even space for “win-win” solutions as a number of options exist which can result in huge GHG reductions at a “negative cost”, meaning that those solutions are both beneficial from environmental and economic points of view. However, organisations often ask for external governmental support in order to implement those measures (Zilahy 2004) and individuals also regularly seem slow and inconsistent in transforming their positive environmental attitudes into environmentally aware consumption habits and reducing their levels of consumption (Rubik et al., 2009, Thogersen and Crompton, 2009, Nemcsicsne Zsoka, 2005).
Mutual Information Based Watermarking Detection in Wavelet Domain for Copyright Protection

A new robust watermarking approach is proposed in wavelet domain in this paper. It is robust to both compressive and geometric attacks. The watermark is embedded into the wavelet transform modulus maxima (WTMM) of the host image, which is shift-invariant compared to the other wavelet domain watermarking approaches. On the other hand, scale and rotation invariants are achieved by the geometric normalization during watermark detection. Mutual Information approach is proposed to improve the robustness of watermark detection, which can capture higher order statistics of image than that of the correlation detection. Case studies involve various attacks such as shifting, lossy compression, scaling, rotation and median filtering on the watermark are presented and discussed on their effectiveness.
Non-parametric reconstruction of the cosmological \textit{jerk} parameter

The cosmological jerk parameter $j$ is reconstructed in a non-parametric way from observational data independent of a fiducial cosmological model. From this kinematical quantity, the equation of state parameter for composite matter distribution is also found out. The result shows that there is a deviation from the $\Lambda$CDM model close to $z=1.5$, at the $3\sigma$ confidence level.
Early Developing Celiac Disease in Children With Cerebral Palsy

Objectives: We have reported on increased levels of antibodies against gliadin and/or transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in children with cerebral palsy (CP) but without having increased prevalence of celiac disease (CD). The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether these children have mucosal signs of early developing CD, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ2/DQ8, and antibodies against deamidated gliadin peptides (DGP). Patients and Methods: Stored blood samples from 16 children with CP were analyzed regarding HLA-DQ2/DQ8 and anti-DGP antibodies. HLA-DQ2/DQ8 were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes. Anti-DGP antibodies were analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Small-bowel biopsies from 15 of these children were available for immunohistochemistry regarding IgA colocalized with TG2, densities of &agr;/&bgr;+ and &ggr;/&dgr;+ intraepithelial lymphocytes. Results: Mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) deposits colocalized with TG2 were found in the small-bowel biopsy from 1 patient with serum IgA-class anti-TG2 antibodies, HLA-DQ2, and gastrointestinal complaints. Another 2 children had slightly increased numbers of mucosal &agr;/&bgr;+ and/or &ggr;/&dgr;+ intraepithelial lymphocytes. In total, 10 of 16 children were HLA-DQ2 and/or DQ8-positive. Anti-DGP antibodies were detected in sera from 4 of 16 children. Conclusions: In the present study, 1 child with CP had IgA colocalizing with TG2 in the small-bowel mucosa, suggesting CD at an early stage. Although the majority of children with CP and elevated levels of CD-related seromarkers are HLA-DQ2 and/or DQ8-positive, they have neither classical nor early developing CD.
The Principle of Simplicity

1. The Scientific Principle of Simplicity. We are all acquainted with persons who seem to have a talent for making things over-complex, persons who invent exceedingly devious explanations for what can be simply explained. Such individuals strike us as hardened violators of Occam's Razor: Entities are not to be multiplied unnecessarily. We shall say briefly that such persons goroptse. To goropise. The word has never come into use, though it should, since it fulfills a need. It was invented by Leibniz under interesting circumstances. Goropius, a scholar of the sixteenth century, maintained that Adam spoke a dialect of German. He tried to prove that all other languages were derived from their Teutonic prototype. Goropius' hypothesis was not unlike another widespread view according to which all languages originated from Hebrew. Leibniz regarded all such theories as virtual nonsense; they led into "strange and often ridiculous etymologies", with "too many leaps from one nation to another far distant without having good verifications. " He added that these extremely complicated etymologies were without "concurrent evidence. " Goropius' name became to Leibniz synonymous with a type of scientific malpractice (12, p. 303). To multiply auxiliary hypotheses is to goropise.
Projeto informacional e conceitual de uma máquina para aplicação localizada de fertilizantes em pomares

O cultivo do pessegueiro (Prunus L.) possui grande importância social e economica no Rio Grande do Sul, tendo sido produzidos no ano de 2012 cerca de 132.874 toneladas deste. Esta atividade e em grande parte executada em propriedades agricolas familiares, demandando elevada mao de obra o que acaba auxiliando a fixacao do homem no campo. A producao do pessego utiliza uma serie de ferramentas e maquinas bastante simples para a implantacao da lavoura. O pessegueiro e uma planta exigente em adubacao em todo seu ciclo de vida, a absorcao dos nutrientes e realizada majoritariamente pelas raizes. Uma vez que a area de adsorcao e menor do que a area de deposicao realizada pelas maquinas convencionais, na adubacao de um pomar podem ocorrer desperdicios e tornar a atividade onerosa. Existem no mercado tecnologias capazes de solucionar o problema, porem ainda estao distantes da realidade da agricultura familiar de pequena e media escala, assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi desenvolver o projeto informacional e conceitual de um sistema mecanizado com a finalidade de aplicar fertilizante granulado de forma localizada, direcionado as necessidades dos agricultores familiares produtores de pessego. A base da metodologia de projeto utilizada encontra-se fundamentada em um modelo de fases o qual divide-se em: projeto informacional, projeto conceitual, projeto preliminar e projeto detalhado, sendo que neste trabalho executaram-se as duas primeiras. Na primeira fase, projeto informacional foram identificadas as necessidades dos clientes de acordo com as funcoes que desenvolvem dentro de cada fase do ciclo de vida do produto para estabelecimento das especificacoes de projeto, totalizando 18 requisitos. Na fase de projeto conceitual verificou-se o escopo do problema, estabelecendo-se tres estruturas funcionais viaveis para o atendimento das especificacoes de projeto. Realizaram-se pesquisas por principios de solucao, selecionando as combinacoes mais promissoras a fim de escolher a mais adequada para o atendimento das necessidades encontradas. O escopo do problema encontrado foi: Aplicar regularmente no alvo, fertilizante granular dosado uniformemente. Desta forma encontrou-se a estrutura funcional que mais se adequou ao atendimento dos requisitos de projeto. Obtiveram-se quatro concepcoes da maquina uma das quais foi selecionada.