Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A new Method of Weighting Scores in a True-False Test

The experiment herein reported involved the giving of a mid-quarter examination in a course in Extra-Curricular Activities to a class of 62 graduate and undergraduate students at the University of Minnesota during the summer session of 1935. The test was composed of 75 true false items and was so constructed as to call for the weighting of his responses by the examinee himself according to the degree of assurance with which he made those responses. Thus the examination was calcu lated to test not only knowledge as such but also the certainty with which that knowledge was held. The instructions to the student were as follows : "Mark a statement + if you judge it to be true and O if false. You may claim credit up to 4 points for each of your responses if you wish. Before your responses encircle 4, 3, or 2, depending on the credit you want. If your answer is wrong, the penalty will be double the amount of credit you claim. (It is advisable to claim 4 credits if you are sure your answer is correct.) ' ' If you claim no special credit as described above, you should, never theless, answer all questions, even if you have to guess. All such answers will be scored in the ordinary way, right-minus-wrong. ' Item No. 52 of the test is quoted below to illustrate how each of the 75 questions appeared in the test : "52. 4-3-2Investigations of actual practice indicate that school administrators and teachers have had little to say relative to the content of assembly programs. ' ' Because the penalty for a wrong answer was double the credit claimed, the examinee was actually in a position of having to offer odds of 2 to 1 that his answers were correct. It was thought that such large odds would be a better test of the degree of conviction with which the examinee made his responses than the ordinary true-false test situation, and would dis courage more guessing than is done by the latter. As the instructions further indicate every question was to be answered, even if no special credit was claimed. This was required in order to per mit a comparison of scores obtained in the ordinary way (right-minus wrong) with the weighting method. Thus the test was first scored by 290
Perturbation of eigenvalues due to gaps in two-dimensional boundaries

Motivated by problems involving diffusion through small gaps, we revisit two-dimensional eigenvalue problems with localized perturbations to Neumann boundary conditions. We recover the known result that the gravest eigenvalue is O(|ln ε|−1), where ε is the ratio of the size of the hole to the length-scale of the domain, and provide a simple and constructive approach for summing the inverse logarithm terms and obtaining further corrections. Comparisons with numerical solutions obtained for special geometries, both for the Dirichlet ‘patch problem’ where the perturbation to the boundary consists of a different boundary condition and for the gap problem, confirm that this approach is a simple way of obtaining an accurate value for the gravest eigenvalue and hence the long-term outcome of the underlying diffusion problem.
Co-training of feature extraction and classification using partitioned convolutional neural networks

There are an increasing number of neuromorphic hardware platforms designed to efficiently support neural network inference tasks. However, many applications contain structured processing in addition to classification. Being able to map both neural network classification and structured computation onto the same platform is appealing from a system design perspective. In this paper, we perform a case study on mapping the feature extraction stage of pedestrian detection using Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HoG) onto a neuromophic platform. We consider three implementations: one that approximates HoG using neuromorphic intrinsics, one that emulates HoG outputs using a trained network, and one that allows feature extraction to be absorbed into classification. The proposed feature extraction methods are implemented and evaluated on neuromorphic hardware (IBM Neurosynaptic System). Our study shows that both a designed approximation and a “parroted” emulation can achieve similar accuracy, and that the latter appears to better capitalize on limited training and resource budgets, compared to the absorbed approach, while also being more power efficient than the programmed approach by a factor of 6.5×–208×.
Carbon‐cycle feedbacks increase the likelihood of a warmer future

Positive carbon‐cycle feedbacks have the potential to reduce natural carbon uptake and accelerate future climate change. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach to incorporating carbon‐cycle feedbacks into probabilistic assessments of future warming. Using a coupled climate‐carbon model, we show that including carbon‐cycle feedbacks leads to large increases in extreme warming probabilities. For example, for a scenario of CO2 stabilization at 550 ppm, the probability of exceeding 2°C warming at 2100 increased by a factor of between 1.7 and 3, while the probability of exceeding 3°C warming increased from a few percent to as much as 22%. CO2 fertilization was found to exert little influence on the amount of future warming, since increased carbon uptake was partially offset by fertilization‐induced surface albedo changes. The effect of positive carbon‐cycle feedbacks on the likelihood of extreme future warming must be incorporated into climate policy‐related decision making.
Inverse problems for time harmonic electrodynamics

We study the inverse boundary value and inverse scattering problems for time-harmonic Maxwell’s equations. The goal is to recover electromagnetic material parameters (permittivity, conductivity and permeability) in an unaccessible region of space from field measurements outside this region. We review the known results concerning the isotropic material parameters. Maxwell’s equations are formulated here using differential forms. This representation is found particularly useful when anisotropies are allowed. Introduction In his famous article A Dynamical Theory of Electromagnetic Field of 1864 James Clerk Maxwell wrote down differential equations that describe the laws of electromagnetism in full generality. The four equations of Maxwell, ∇ · D(x, t) = ρ(x, t), (0–1) ∇ · B(x, t) = 0, (0–2) ∂B(x, t) ∂t + ∇× E(x, t) = 0, (0–3) − ∂D(x, t) ∂t + ∇× H(x, t) = J(x, t), (0–4) describe the dynamics of the five vector fields E, D, B, H and J . Here E(x, t) is the electric field, D(x, t) the electric displacement, B the magnetic induction or magnetic flux density, H(x, t) is the magnetic field and, finally, J(x, t) is the electric current density. Since modern vector calculus was unknown to Maxwell, he formulated these equations as twenty scalar equations. The present form of these equations originates from Oliver Heaviside from the 1880’s. Equation (0–1) is Gauss’ law and it says that infinitesimally the total flux of the electric displacement is equal to the density of free charges. The scalar field ρ here is the free charge density. Equation (0–2) is the magnetic analogue
- 1-A Particle Visualization Framework for Clustering and Anomaly Detection

Non-hierarchical clustering is used extensively in data mining for tasks such as segmentation and anomaly detection. Visualizing the output of a clustering exercise can help assimilate the extensive information produced and can provide insights that are not evident from text descriptions. We propose a general framework for visualizing clustering results that can be specialized for specific clustering tasks. We describe our three-dimensional information visualization in which the clustered data points are represented as particles that are affected by gravitational forces. We map the cluster centers into a three-dimensional space while attempting to maintain their respective distances that occur in the instance space. This results in clusters that are similar being adjacent and those that are different being far apart. We then place the particles amongst the centers according to the gravitational effect exerted by the centers. The gravitational effect of the cluster centers on a particle is given by the particle’s degree of belonging to the clusters. We show that visualizations based on the general framework convey much of the information that a clustering solution contains. However, in some situations we wish to emphasize specific information that is important for the task at hand. We describe a variation of our framework that is particularly useful for anomaly detection and suggest that other variations maybe useful for different tasks that make use of clustering. The variations consist of changing the visualization parameters such as the gravitational law used.
On the stability of periodic orbits for differential systems in Rn.∗

We consider an autonomous differential system in Rn with a periodic orbit and we give a new method for computing the characteristic multipliers associated to it. Our method works when the periodic orbit is given by the transversal intersection of n − 1 codimension one hypersurfaces and is an alternative to the use of the first order variational equations. We apply it to study the stability of the periodic orbits in several examples, including a periodic solution found by Steklov studying the rigid body dynamics.
Chymotrypsin-Like Protease (Chymase) Mediates Endothelial Activation by Factors Derived From Preeclamptic Placentas

Endothelial cells (EC) activation is an important inflammatory phenotypic change in the vascular system in women with preeclampsia (PE). In PE, maternal vessel chymotrypsin-like protease (CLP)/chymase expression was increased. Chymase is an inflammatory protease. In this study, we specifically examined whether placental-derived CLP could induce EC activation and whether EC activation is associated with increased cellular protease expression. Human uterine microvascular endothelial cells (UtMVECs) were used. Endothelial activation was determined by endothelial adhesion molecule P-selectin, E-selectin, inter-cellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) expressions and by extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) activity. Activation of endogenous CLP/chymase associated with ERK phosphorylation was further examined by CLP/chymase short interfering RNA (siRNA). Our results showed that cells treated with PE placental conditioned medium revealed increased P-selectin, E-selectin, and VCAM-1 expressions and increased ERK phosphorylation. Increased endothelial adhesion molecule expression and phosphorylated ERK (pERK) induction could be attenuated or abolished by depletion of CLP in the conditioned medium or by transfecting ECs with CLP/chymase siRNA. These observations suggest that placental-derived CLP/chymase is responsible for inducing endothelial inflammatory phenotypic changes possibly by upregulation of cell adhesion molecule expressions, activation of cellular protease, and induction of ERK phosphorylation. We speculate that activation of endothelial CLP/chymase may directly relate to the increased inflammatory phenotypic changes in the vascular system in women with PE.
European mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and metabolic changes during antiretroviral therapy in AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5142*

Background:Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) influences metabolic diseases and perhaps antiretroviral therapy (ART) complications. We explored associations between European mtDNA haplogroups and metabolic changes among A5142 participants. Methods:Seven hundred and fifty-seven ART-naive patients were randomized to one of three class-sparing ART regimens including efavirenz and/or lopinavir/ritonavir with or without nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Nonrandomized NRTIs included stavudine, tenofovir, or zidovudine, each with lamivudine. Fasting lipid profiles and whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) were performed. Nine European mtDNA haplogroups were determined for 231 self-identified non-Hispanic white individuals. Metabolic changes from baseline to 96 weeks were analyzed by haplogroup. Results:Median age was 39 years, 9% were women, and 37, 32, and 30 were randomized to NRTI-containing regimens with either efavirenz or lopinavir/ritonavir, and an NRTI-sparing regimen, respectively. Among NRTI-containing regimens, 51% included zidovudine, 28% tenofovir, and 21% stavudine. Compared with other haplogroups, mtDNA haplogroup I (N = 10) had higher baseline non-HDL cholesterol [160 mg/dl (interquartile range 137–171) vs. 120 mg/dl (104–136); P = 0.005], a decrease in non-HDL cholesterol over 96 weeks [−14% (−20 to 6) vs. +25% (8 to 51); P < 0.001], tended to have more baseline extremity fat, and had more extremity fat loss by DEXA [−13% (−13 to 12) vs. +9% (−13 to 26); P = 0.08] and lipoatrophy (50 vs. 20%; P = 0.04). Haplogroup W (N = 5; all randomized to NRTI-sparing regimens) had the greatest increase in extremity fat [+35.5% (26.8 to 54.9); P = 0.02]. Conclusions:Lipids and extremity fat were associated with European mtDNA haplogroups in this HIV-infected population. These preliminary results suggest that mitochondrial genomics may influence metabolic parameters before and during ART.
Reducing effort to protect perceived ability: they'd do it but I wouldn't

Researchers have proposed that when students expect a failure that will indicate their incompetence, they intentionally reduce effort so that failure can be attributed to low effort, rather than low ability. Impaired performance has been found when students anticipate feedback that would indicate incompetence, but there is not clear evidence that the impairment results from a calculated reduction in effort. It was hypothesized that this self-protective mechanism makes better sense to observers than to people in a position to use it
sielers : Feature Analysis and Polarity Classification of Expressions from Twitter and SMS Data

In this paper, we describe our system for the SemEval-2013 Task 2, Sentiment Analysis in Twitter. We formed features that take into account the context of the expression and take a supervised approach towards subjectivity and polarity classification. Experiments were performed on the features to find out whether they were more suited for subjectivity or polarity Classification. We tested our model for sentiment polarity classification on Twitter as well as SMS chat expressions, analyzed their F-measure scores and drew some interesting conclusions from them.
User-Centered Design for Interactive Maps: A Case Study in Crime Analysis

In this paper, we address the topic of user-centered design (UCD) for cartography, GIScience, and visual analytics. Interactive maps are ubiquitous in modern society, yet they often fail to “work” as they could or should. UCD describes the process of ensuring interface success—map-based or otherwise—by gathering input and feedback from target users throughout the design and development of the interface. We contribute to the expanding literature on UCD for interactive maps in two ways. First, we synthesize core concepts on UCD from cartography and related fields, as well as offer new ideas, in order to organize existing frameworks and recommendations regarding the UCD of interactive maps. Second, we report on a case study UCD process for GeoVISTA CrimeViz, an interactive and web-based mapping application supporting visual analytics of criminal activity in space and time. The GeoVISTA CrimeViz concept and interface were improved iteratively by working through a series of user→utility→usability loops in which target users provided input and feedback on needs and designs (user), prompting revisions to the conceptualization and functional requirements of the interface (utility), and ultimately leading to new mockups and prototypes of the interface (usability) for additional evaluation by target users (user… and so on). Together, the background review and case study offer guidance for applying UCD to interactive mapping projects, and demonstrate the benefit of including target users throughout design and development.
Molecular phylogenetics of Calamus (Palmae) and related rattan genera based on 5S nrDNA spacer sequence data.

Phylogenetic relationships among the rattan palm genera Calamus, Daemonorops, Ceratolobus, Calospatha, Pogonotium, and Retispatha were investigated using DNA sequences from the nontranscribed spacer of 5S nrDNA. Moderate levels of intragenome polymorphism were identified, indicating that concerted evolution is not completely homogenizing the multiple copies of the 5S nrDNA repeat present in the nuclear genome. The existence of intragenome polymorphism did not excessively interfere with phylogeny reconstruction because, in the majority of cases, multiple clones obtained from individual species were resolved as monophyletic groups. The highly speciose genus Calamus was found to be nonmonophyletic with all five remaining genera being embedded within it. A number of major lineages within Calamus were resolved, one of which included the monotypic genus Calospatha, another included the monotypic genus Retispatha, and a third included a monophyletic group comprising Daemonorops, Ceratolobus, and Pogonotium. While the findings indicate that generic circumscriptions require revision, a nomenclatural solution was not sought at this stage because inadequate sampling and lack of support at basal nodes suggested that the topologies obtained might not be entirely reliable. Under these circumstances, name changes to such an important group would be both unhelpful and irresponsible.
Further Explorations into the Conundrum of Flow Process

Abstract This study builds on previous research that has aimed to clarify uncertainties regarding what happens before, during and after a ‘flow’ experience, a psychological state that appears to arise during optimal human experience. A phenomenological approach was taken to examine the flow experiences of seven participants. The method included participants keeping journals and semi‐structured interviews. The flow process seemed to vary between challenge‐skills, enjoyment, positive distraction and mindfulness experiences. These experiences had similarities, as all participants described them as positive psychological states that were a consequence of being absorbed in an occupation, but differed in relation to prior affect and the degree of challenge an occupation presented. This research has highlighted the importance of meaning and the essential role occupation may have in protecting well‐being. Occupations may lead to optimal experience when they lead to altered and ordered states of consciousness.
Asynchronous two-step physical-layer network coding scheme for broadband two-way Relaying

In two-way OFDM relay, carrier frequency offsets (CFOs) between relay and terminal nodes introduce severe intercarrier interference (ICI) which degrades the performance of traditional physical-layer network coding (PLNC). Moreover, traditional algorithm to compute the posteriori probability in the presence of ICI would incur prohibitive computational complexity at the relay node. In this paper, we proposed a two-step asynchronous PLNC scheme at the relay to mitigate the effect of CFOs. In the first step, we intend to reconstruct the ICI component, in which space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization (SAGE) algorithm is used to jointly estimate the needed parameters. In the second step, a channel-decoding and network-coding scheme is proposed to transform the received signal into the XOR of two terminals' transmitted information using the reconstructed ICI. It is shown that the proposed scheme greatly mitigates the impact of CFOs with a relatively lower computational complexity in two-way OFDM relay.
Time estimation: Musical training and emotional content of stimuli

In this study we investigated the effect of musical training and emotional content of stimuli on time estimation. Eighty students aged 12 to 15 years were equally divided into two main groups (musicians, non-musicians) based on whether they had formal music education or not. The participants took part in a music listening task and were asked to estimate the duration of a happy or a sad song. The results showed that: musical training affects temporal perception by allowing individuals to make more accurate estimations of time durations; the emotional content of the song affects time estimation, especially in the case of non-musicians; non-musicians overestimate the duration of sad songs while they underestimate the duration in the case of happy songs. These results emphasize the close relationship between time estimation, musical training, and emotion.
fMRG Verilerinde Temel Bileşenler Analizi ve Özyinemeli Boyut Eliminasyonu Kullanarak Boyut Küçültme

In this study, dimension reduction analysis is done on the Functional Magnetic Resonance Imagining (fMRI) data. The reduction of voxels which are the dimension in our case is the fundamental step in developing of a generalized model. To reach this goal, two different methods have been applied. In the first one Principle Component Analysis (PCA) is used to reduce the effect of curse of dimensionality. On the other hand, the method known as Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) is used to drop the voxels with less discriminative information. RFE ranks the voxels according to their weights in the model obtained from Support Vector Machine, then eliminate the voxels with low rank. The obtained result showed the outperforming of PCA over RFE. But, due to the transformation of new space, the obtained dimensions at the output of PCA do not contain the 3D coordinate information. Therefore, RFE can useful when the selected voxels are interested such as neuroscientifical and psychology studies.
Structural Damage Induced by Peroxidation May Account for Functional Impairment of Heavy Synaptic Mitochondria

Coenzyme Q distribution, as well as respiratory chain features, in rat brain mitochondria depend on mitochondrial subpopulation, brain region and age. Heavy mitochondria (HM) usually display the lowest content of respiratory components and the lowest enzymatic activities and it has been suggested that they represent the oldest mitochondrial population. In this study, we confirmed that HM are considerably compromised in their structure. In fact, HM showed to have the highest hydroperoxide content and the most consistent modifications in their fatty acid pattern with wide loss of fatty acids (or part of them) in the phospholipid moiety. Such situation could explain the typical impairment of HM and could support the hypothesis that they represent an old mitochondrial population.
Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia psittaci in sputum samples by PCR.

AIMS--To use the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia psittaci in sputum samples. METHODS--A nested PCR was developed, the first stage of which amplified DNA from both C pneumoniae and C psittaci while the second stage targeted specifically at C pneumoniae, allowing the two species to be differentiated. The primers were designed not to amplify sequences from C trachomatis. A panel of 26 sputum samples from patients with community acquired pneumonia evaluated previously by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), direct immunofluorescence (DIF), and culture was tested blind by PCR. Most of these specimens also had accompanying serial serum samples which were tested for species specific antibodies using microimmunofluorescence (micro-IF). RESULTS--PCR detected C pneumoniae DNA in 10 of the 26 samples and C psittaci DNA in four. There was good concordance between ELISA, DIF, micro-IF and PCR in the C pneumoniae group. Two of the C psittaci identified by PCR were labelled C pneumoniae by DIF but the PCR results were supported by serology or a history of bird contact. Of the PCR negative group: six were true negative results; two contained C trachomatis. There were four discrepant results. CONCLUSIONS--The data suggest that PCR is effective in the detection of C pneumoniae. The sensitivity for C psittaci is inevitably lower due to the strategy taken but specificity seemed to be good.