Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Female-Perpetrated Child Sex Abuse: Definitional and Categorisational Analysis

Arecent series of court cases in Australia in which teachers have been convicted of sexual crimes against children and adolescents has brought to attention the fact that females are capable of, and do commit, such crimes. However, the nature of the crimes does not reflect the range of sexually abusive behaviours females may perpetrate, nor the kinds of women who may engage in such behaviour. We consider definitional problems in identifying female-perpetrated sexual abuse, and note that apart from one attempt to describe the range of sexual abuse perpetrated by mothers, there is little to guide researchers or clinicians in relation to female perpetrated offences more generally. We then consider approaches to categorising female sex offenders, and conclude that, although there a several such approaches that overlap in some ways, a multidimensional approach that combines aspects of each taxonomy may be more useful.
Imprint of Inhomogeneous Reionization on the Power Spectrum of Galaxy Surveys at High Redshifts

We consider the effects of inhomogeneous reionization on the distribution of galaxies at high redshifts. Modulation of the formation process of the ionizing sources by large-scale density modes makes reionization inhomogeneous and introduces a spread to the reionization times of different regions with the same size. After sources photoionize and heat these regions to a temperature ≳104 K at different times, their temperatures evolve as the ionized intergalactic medium (IGM) expands. The varying IGM temperature makes the minimum mass of galaxies spatially nonuniform with a fluctuation amplitude that increases toward small scales. These scale-dependent fluctuations modify the shape of the power spectrum of low-mass galaxies at high redshifts in a way that depends on the history of reionization. The resulting distortion of the primordial power spectrum is significantly larger than changes associated with uncertainties in the inflationary parameters, such as the spectral index of the scalar power spectrum or the running of the spectral index. Future surveys of high-redshift galaxies will offer a new probe of the thermal history of the IGM but might have a more limited scope in constraining inflation.
Impact of Design Features for Cross-Classified Logistic Models When the Cross-Classification Structure Is Ignored

In education and other social science research, researchers often encounter data with multilevel structures. Over the past two decades, hierarchical linear models (HLMs) have rapidly developed and been applied to model these structures. However, many datasets involve a cross-classified structure, instead of a purely hierarchical structure for which an HLM may not be appropriate. Given that cross-classified data structures are often ignored in many studies, this proposal intends to: (1) explore the consequences of ignoring a cross-classified structure in a cross-classified dataset with a dichotomous outcome; (2) examine differences due to estimation method; and (3) clarify the conditions under which there is a need to use the cross-classified random effects logistic model. Also, this proposal provides a demonstration of the cross-classified random effects logistic model and focuses on investigating possible recidivism predictors for incarcerated youth. This methodological study will contribute to the literature on hierarchical generalized linear modeling and cross-classified random-effect logistic modeling. In addition, it will explore the importance of incarcerated youth’s reading ability and the effectiveness of an in-prison reading program on their recidivism. The effect of the county where the youth come from and the facility where the youth are retained on incarcerated youth’s recidivism will also be addressed.
A phase II study of sequential methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil in metastatic pancreatic cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIMS Sequential administration with methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (sequential MTX/5-FU) has synergistic cytotoxic activity for several malignant diseases, but its activity in pancreatic cancer has not been fully evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antitumor activity and toxicity of sequential MTX/5-FU in metastatic pancreatic cancer. METHODOLOGY All patients were required to have a pathologic diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma with measurable metastatic lesions, and no prior chemotherapy. Sequential MTX/5-FU was administered weekly as followed; MTX 100 mg/m2 intravenous bolus infusion was given, followed 3 h later by 5-fluorouracil 600 mg/m2 intravenous infusion over 30 min. RESULTS Thirty-one patients were enrolled and assessable for response and toxicity. There were no complete responses, 4 partial responses, 10 no change and 17 progressive disease. The response rate was 12.9% (95% confidence interval: 1.1-24.7%) and the duration of response was 7.1 months (range: 5.5-9.1 months). The median survival was 4.0 months. Chemotherapy was well tolerated, although grade 3-4 toxicities such as neutropenia and diarrhea were seen infrequently. CONCLUSIONS The sequential MTX/5-FU had marginal antitumor activity with mild toxicity against metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic evaluation of anti-infective agents

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling has become an extremely important tool in evaluating and optimizing anti-infective therapy. By systematically linking the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the anti-infective agent, it is possible to make educated decisions about the correct drug to be used, correct dosing regimen and to estimate the probability of success with the selected dose regimen. This article gives an overview of the current pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic approaches for anti-infective agents and discusses their use in optimizing drug therapy.
Airway pressure release ventilation requires spontaneous breathing for full benefits.

I read with great interest the article by Batchinsky et al (1) in the October issue of Critical Care Medicine comparing airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) to conventional mechanical ventilation utilizing a porcine smokeinhalation model of acute respiratory distress syndrome. The authors should be encouraged to continue to critically investigate this devastating condition and the potential use of APRV, but there is a major flaw with this study that negates any solid conclusions. The authors acknowledge that the APRV group did not have a significant percentage of spontaneous respirations and attribute this to the use of sedation and analgesia. Without spontaneous respirations, APRV is essentially pressure control ventilation with an extreme inverse inspiratory/ expiratory ratio. The benefits of APRV, such as improved lung recruitment (particularly in the posterior basilar segments), better ventilation/perfusion matching leading to a higher PaO2/FIO2, and decreased pleural pressures, are all dependent on spontaneous breathing (2–4). I understand the need for the humane treatment of experimental animals and certainly would not want any to suffer pain or discomfort/anxiety. I disagree with the authors’ attempt to extrapolate their findings to the clinical use of APRV with surgical/trauma patients. The authors apparently believe that since patients would receive analgesia for their injuries or postoperative pain, they would not have a significant percentage of spontaneous respirations. When pain is adequately controlled but excessive sedation is not induced by the opiate analgesia, and other sedatives with respiratory depressant effects are avoided, postoperative and post-trauma patients receiving mechanical ventilation with APRV will breathe spontaneously. Furthermore, it is this population of patients who can benefit from APRV as potentially protective for preventing the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (5). Experimental models of APRV utilizing animals need to be finely managed to ensure that the animals do not suffer discomfort but still breathe spontaneously. The author has not disclosed any potential conflicts of interest.
Study on Training System and Continuous Improving Mechanism for Mechanical Engineering

In view of the Zhejiang province industry characteristics and the demand for talents in the field of mechanical engineering, combined with our advantages, we put forward the orientation for training talent with the coordinated development of "knowledge, ability and quality". This paper analyzes the training target and plan in the mechanical engineering, sets the practice links to cultivate the students' engineering consciousness, practical ability and innovation ability, and establishes the quality monitoring and evaluation system. On the basis of the intelligent manufacturing system, the intelligent plant experimental system based on industry 4.0 is developed. Taking the training target as the starting point, the complete system with the closed loops is formed, which is composed of students, graduation requirements, continuous improvements, curriculum programs, and supporting conditions. A mechanism for continuous improvement is developed, and a healthy cycle is entered into. So, the quality of engineering education is continuously improved.
Cerebral Arterial Occlusion Did Not Promote the Prevalence of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy.

BACKGROUND An impairment of amyloid-β (Aβ) clearance has been suggested in Alzheimer's disease. Perivascular drainage along cerebrovascular vessels is considered an important amyloid clearance pathway. OBJECTIVE This study examined the effect of reduced arterial pulsation that could cause an impairment in cerebral amyloid drainage on the prevalence of cortical microbleeds (CMBs), a surrogate marker for cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). METHODS Patients who lost depiction of either side of the carotid artery or the middle cerebral artery on magnetic resonance angiography were studied. Those who showed acute cerebral infarction or a previous cortical cerebral infarction were excluded. The number of CMBs was counted on the occluded and non-occluded sides of the brain in each subject. The number of subjects who showed more CMBs on the occluded side of the brain was compared with the number of subjects who showed more CMBs on the non-occluded side of the brain. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients were studied. The extent of lacunar infarction and white matter lesions was not different, irrespective of the occluded vessels or the distribution of CMBs. The prevalence of CMBs was not different between the occluded and non-occluded sides of the brain. CONCLUSION In this cross-sectional study, reduction of arterial pulsation was not associated with a higher prevalence of CAA. Therefore, reduced arterial pulsation alone may not be enough to promote CAA.
English SLT and MT system description for the IWSLT 2013 evaluation

This paper gives a description of the University of Edinburgh’s (UEDIN) systems for IWSLT 2013. We participated in all the MT tracks and the German-to-English and Englishto-French SLT tracks. Our SLT submissions experimented with including ASR uncertainty into the decoding process via confusion networks, and looked at different ways of punctuating ASR output. Our MT submissions are mainly based on a system used in the recent evaluation campaign at the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation [1]. We additionally explored the use of generalized representations (Brown clusters, POS and morphological tags) translating out of English into European languages.
Assessment of Compression strength of Concrete Columns Confined with Basalt Fibre Reinforced Polymer

Columns are the main load bearing element of a structure. Therefore, columns have an important function in many structures and can be vulnerable to exceptional loads. As structures age, the columns often have a lack of transverse reinforcement, which is unable to provide sufficient confinement to the concrete core or to prevent buckling of the longitudinal reinforcement which causes premature strength degradation of the column. The primary objectives of this research are to investigate the behaviour of axially loaded concrete columns confined with an obscure material in civil engineer for strengthening, basalt fibre reinforced polymer jacket (BFRP). This paper presents a test program that was done on concrete blocks confined with basalt fibre reinforced polymer (BFRP) and examination of its compression strength. The test results show that the strength enhancement of the concrete blocks consists of more ductile behaviour.
Perspective Taking as Political Disagreement: Cross-Pressures and Political Behavior in the Catalan Independence Cleavage

This study presents an innovative approach to the study of cross-pressures and political disagreement as a relevant factor in explaining participation. It deals with disagreement between opposing sides in the highly divisive issue of Catalan Independence in order to consider the dynamics between challengers and defenders of the statu-quo. The concept of perspective taking is adopted from studies in intergroup interaction and it is used to study political disagreement by considering cross-pressures from the issue context and national identity. Using a probability sample survey in Catalonia which took place in May 2012, a low issue saliency period, I find that holding a role as challenger or defender of the statu-quo has different implications for understanding disagreement; perspective taking makes no significant differences on the intention to demonstrate or on the certainty to vote in a referendum for supporters of Catalan independence, while opposers significantly reduce their intention when considering opposing claims. The effect of perspective taking acts independently from sources of cross-pressures and is stronger for those who consider themselves to be only Spanish. These results are relevant to the study of political disagreement and contentious politics as they provide new evidence for research on the relation between attitudes and political behavior by dealing with an understudied attitude object such as political adversaries.
Mean Amplitude of Glycemic Excursions, a Measure of Diabetic Instability

Three normal, three stable diabetic, and eight unstable diabetic subjects were investigated, with continuous automated blood glucose analysis for forty-eight-hour periods, during metabolic balance studies of six days' duration under near normal conditions (fed and ambulatory) after the attainment of clinically optimal diabetic regulation. The studies on unstable diabetics were performed during constant dietary intake, with one or two daily injections of intermediate-acting insulin and then repeated with four daily injections of short-acting insulin. A characteristic of blood glucose behavior, the mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE), was measured. MAGE was small for normals (range, 22 to 60 mg./100 ml.), larger for stable diabetics (67 to 82 mg./100 ml.), and largest for unstable diabetics (119 to 200 mg./100 ml.). Associated with a significant decrease (p = 0.004) in the mean diurnal glycemic level (from 146 to 244 mg,/100 ml. to 101 to 152 mg./100 ml.) achieved through the use of four daily doses of short-acting insulin there was a significant increase (p = 0.006) in hypoglycemic episodes (from 0 to 4/48 hr. to 3 to 6/48 hr.) without significant change in MAGE. The persistently large value of MAGE despite therapy with multiple injections of short-acting insulin appears to be a characteristic of unstable diabetes.
Quality prediction model of object-oriented software system using computational intelligence

Effective prediction of the fault-proneness plays a very important role in the analysis of software quality and balance of software cost, and it also is an important problem of software engineering. Importance of software quality is increasing leading to development of new sophisticated techniques, which can be used in constructing models for predicting quality attributes. In this paper, we use fuzzy c-means clustering (FCM) and radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) to construct prediction model of the fault-proneness, RBFNN is used as a classificatory, and FCM is as a cluster. Object-oriented software metrics are as input variables of fault prediction model. Experiments results confirm that designed model is very effective for predicting a class's fault-proneness, it has a high accuracy, and its implementation requires neither extra cost nor expert's knowledge. It also is automated. Therefore, proposed model was very useful in predicting software quality and classing the fault-proneness.
Comparison of the risk difference, risk ratio and odds ratio scales for quantifying the unadjusted intervention effect in cluster randomized trials

This paper evaluates methods for unadjusted analyses of binary outcomes in cluster randomized trials (CRTs). Under the generalized estimating equations (GEE) method the identity, log and logit link functions may be specified to make inferences on the risk difference, risk ratio and odds ratio scales, respectively. An alternative, ‘cluster‐level’, method applies the t‐test to summary statistics calculated for each cluster, using proportions, log proportions and log odds, to make inferences on the respective scales. Simulation was used to estimate the bias of the unadjusted intervention effect estimates and confidence interval coverage, generating data sets with different combinations of number of clusters, number of participants per cluster, intra‐cluster correlation coefficient ρ and intervention effect. When the identity link was specified, GEE had little bias and good coverage, performing slightly better than the log and logit link functions. The cluster‐level method provided unbiased point estimates when proportions were used to summarize the clusters. When the log proportion and log odds were used, however, the method often had markedly large bias for two reasons: (i) bias in the modified summary statistic used for cluster‐level estimation when a cluster has zero cases with the outcome of interest (arising when the number of participants sampled per cluster is small and the outcome prevalence is low) and (ii) asymptotically, the method estimates the ratio of geometric means of the cluster proportions or odds, respectively, between the trial arms rather than the ratio of arithmetic means. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Redundant Function for the N-Terminal Tail of Ndc80 in Kinetochore–Microtubule Interaction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The N-terminal tail of Ndc80 is essential for kinetochore–microtubule binding in human cells but is not required for viability in yeast. We show that the yeast Ndc80 tail is required for timely mitotic progression and accurate chromosome segregation. The tail is essential when cells are limited for Dam1, demonstrating a redundant function for the Ndc80 and Dam1 complexes in vivo.
The diversity of Klebsiella pneumoniae surface polysaccharides

Klebsiella pneumoniae is considered an urgent health concern due to the emergence of multi-drug-resistant strains for which vaccination offers a potential remedy. Vaccines based on surface polysaccharides are highly promising but need to address the high diversity of surface-exposed polysaccharides, synthesized as O-antigens (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and K-antigens (capsule polysaccharide, CPS), present in K. pneumoniae. We present a comprehensive and clinically relevant study of the diversity of O- and K-antigen biosynthesis gene clusters across a global collection of over 500 K. pneumoniae whole-genome sequences and the seroepidemiology of human isolates from different infection types. Our study defines the genetic diversity of O- and K-antigen biosynthesis cluster sequences across this collection, identifying sequences for known serotypes as well as identifying novel LPS and CPS gene clusters found in circulating contemporary isolates. Serotypes O1, O2 and O3 were most prevalent in our sample set, accounting for approximately 80 % of all infections. In contrast, K serotypes showed an order of magnitude higher diversity and differ among infection types. In addition we investigated a potential association of O or K serotypes with phylogenetic lineage, infection type and the presence of known virulence genes. K1 and K2 serotypes, which are associated with hypervirulent K. pneumoniae, were associated with a higher abundance of virulence genes and more diverse O serotypes compared to other common K serotypes.
Opposite effects of interferon‐γ and prostaglandin E2 on tumor necrosis factor and interleukin‐10 production in microglia: A regulatory loop controlling microglia pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory activities

Following brain injury, microglial cells produce pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin‐10 (IL‐10). IL‐10 provides an efficient autocrine mechanism for controlling microglia activation. To elucidate the mechanisms that regulate the cytokine profile of microglia, we examined the effects of several immunomodulators on IL‐10 and TNF production by cultured mouse microglia. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was the only inducer of IL‐10 and TNF gene expression and secretion. The T helper 1‐type cytokine interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) induced TNF transcripts, but not TNF secretion, and suppressed LPS‐induced IL‐10 mRNA and secretion by microglia. Opposite to IFN‐γ, the lipid mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) enhanced the LPS‐induced production of IL‐10 and inhibited that of TNF. The effects of PGE2 on cytokine gene expression and secretion were antagonized by IFN‐γ. Agents that increase cAMP levels mimicked the action of PGE2 on cytokine secretion, indicating the involvement of cAMP‐coupled prostaglandin receptors. In conclusion, IFN‐γ and PGE2, two mediators released at inflammatory sites, differentially regulate the production of a proinflammatory and an anti‐inflammatory cytokine in microglia. We suggest that the activity and role of microglia in the damaged CNS could be finely tuned by the local concentration ratio of these mediators. J. Neurosci. Res. 56:571–580, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does Infants' Socially-guided Attention Uniquely Predict Language Development?

The purpose of this study was to examine whether infants’ social attention, as well as their joint attention behaviors uniquely predicted emerging language abilities. This longitudinal study examined attention regulation skills, joint attention behaviors, infants’ expressive/receptive language (current), emerging communication abilities at 16and 17-month-old (time 1); expressive/receptive language (subsequent) at 1819-month-old (time 2). Infants’ sustained attention was measured by their attention control to a central stimulus in the presence of a distracter competing for their attention. Dynamic human face (upright, inverted) and abstract display with their matched voice tracks were used to separately measure infants’ attention regulation to different types of events. Infants’ sustained attention was estimated by their latencies away from central stimuli to distracters, as well as their fixation duration and gaze count on central events and distracters. It was found that infants’ latency away from the abstract figure toward the distracter was the only variable that significantly negatively predicted current expressive vocabulary. Initiating joint attention was observed to significantly predict infants’ abilities in current receptive vocabulary. The emerging language communication ability predicted expressive vocabulary at two times. In addition, infants’ fixation and count to the upright speaker’s face and eyes contributed significant amount of variance in initiating joint attestation. The fixation and gaze count on the distracter in the upright condition significantly predicted infants’ emerging language skills.