Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
victims and offenders: accounts of paybacks, invulnerability, and financial gain among homeless youth

Previous research has suggested that “victim” and “offender” are not mutually exclusive categories but rather represent a homogeneous pool in which offenders are victimized and victims also offend. Little is known, however, about the specifics of the victim and offender process. The current study formally addresses the following research questions: why are some individuals at higher risk for victimization compared to others; why do some young people offend while others do not; and finally, why are criminal victims likely to retaliate? Given that homeless young people generally have high rates of offending and are also exceedingly vulnerable to crime, they represent an ideal sample for examining this process. The purpose of this investigation is to examine, in depth, the victimization and offending experiences of 40 homeless males and females in the Midwest and to place such experiences in a larger context by including an examination of both their early life histories and their current street exposure.
High-Precision Fast-Spiking Basket Cell Discharges during Complex Events in the Human Neocortex

Abstract In the human neocortex, solitary action potentials in some layer 2–3 pyramidal cells (PCs) trigger brief episodes of network activity known as complex events through strong excitatory synapses that specifically innervate GABAergic interneurons. Yet, how these “master PCs” configure the local network activity is not well understood. We report that single spikes in the PCs, studied here in synaptically connected cell pairs in frontal or temporal neocortical areas of both males and females, elicit firing of fast-spiking basket cells (FSBCs) with a short delay (on average 2.7 ms). The FSBC discharge is triggered by 13 mV (on average) monosynaptic EPSPs, and the action potential is time locked to the master PC spike with high temporal precision, showing little jitter in delay. In the complex events, the FSBC discharge occurs in the beginning of the activity episode, forming the first wave of the complex event activity. Firing of FSBCs generates GABAergic IPSCs with fast kinetics in layer 2–3 PCs, and similar IPSCs regularly occur time locked to master PC spikes in the beginning of the complex events with high probability and short (median 4.1 ms) delay with little jitter. In comparison, discharge of nonfast spiking interneurons (non-FSINs) investigated here appears inconsistently in the complex events and shows low probability. Thus, firing of layer 2–3 FSBCs with high temporal fidelity characterizes early phase of the complex events in the human neocortex.
Topographic anatomy of the fetal inferior vena cava, coronary sinus, and pulmonary veins: Variations in Chiari's network

To understand anomalies in Chiari's network better, we assessed the topographical anatomy of the fetal inferior vena cava (IVC), coronary sinus, and atria. We examined sagittal serial paraffin sections of 15 human fetuses of crown–rump length 24–36 mm, corresponding to a gestational age of 8 weeks. Although their outflow tract morphologies were similar, these 15 specimens could be classified into two groups. In eight specimens, the left common cardinal vein reached the body wall, whereas in the other seven the vein was obliterated near the left pulmonary vein. Irrespective of the group in which the specimen was included, the anteroposterior arrangement of the coronary sinus, the sinus septum (septum), and the right sinus valve (right valve) could be classified into three types: the right valve–septum–coronary sinus arrangement in seven specimens; the right valve–coronary sinus–septum arrangement in five; and the coronary sinus–right valve–septum arrangement in three. Depending on differences in topographical anatomy, the sinus septum separated the coronary sinus opening from either the right or the left atrium. Likewise, the coronary sinus opening was either adjacent to or distant from the IVC terminal. Rather than the counter‐side position of the right valve being at the IVC terminal, the left sinus valve protruded leftward, forming an incomplete interatrial septum. Fetal variations seemed to be closely connected with individual variations and a high frequency of Chiari's network anomalies in adults. Clin. Anat. 28:627–637, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Roles of CfxA, CfxB, and external electron acceptors in regulation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase expression in Rhodobacter sphaeroides

The Rhodobacter sphaeroides genome contains two unlinked genetic regions each encoding a series of proteins involved in CO2 fixation which include phosphoribulokinase (prkA and prkB) and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcLS and rbcR) (P. L. Hallenbeck and S. Kaplan, Photosynth. Res. 19:63-71, 1988; F. R. Tabita, Microbiol. Rev. 52:155-189, 1988). We examined the effect of CO2 in the presence and absence of an alternate electron acceptor, dimethyl sulfoxide, on the expression of rbcR and rbcLS in photoheterotrophically grown R. sphaeroides. The expression of both rbcR and rbcLS was shown to depend on the CO2 concentration when succinate was used as the carbon source. It was also demonstrated that CO2 fixation is critical for photoheterotrophic growth but could be replaced by the alternative reduction of dimethyl sulfoxide to dimethyl sulfide. Dimethyl sulfoxide severely depressed both rbcR and rbcLS expression in cells grown photoheterotrophically at CO2 concentrations of 0.05% or greater. However, cells grown photoheterotrophically in the absence of exogenous CO2 but in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide had intermediate levels of expression of rbcL and rbcR, suggesting partially independent control by limiting CO2 tension. We also present evidence for the existence of two gene products, namely, CfxA and CfxB, which are encoded by genes immediately upstream of rbcLS and rbcR, respectively. Strains were constructed which contained null mutations in cfxA and/or cfxB. Each mutation eliminated expression of the linked downstream rbc operon. Further, studies utilizing these strains demonstrated that each form of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase plays an essential role in maintaining the cellular redox balance during photoheterotrophic growth at differing CO2 concentrations.
Sensitive detection of Porcine circovirus-2 by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction

Sensitive detection of Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2) is very important for surveillance of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) is novel PCR method that can achieve high precision. Our study aimed to develop a sensitive assay utilizing ddPCR to detect PCV-2. Specificity of the assay was confirmed by the failure of amplification of DNA of other relevant viruses. The detection limit for ddPCR was 25 copies/μL, a 4-fold greater sensitivity than TaqMan real-time PCR. Both methods showed a high degree of linearity (R2 = ~1), although TaqMan real-time PCR showed less sensitivity than ddPCR for clinical detection. Our findings indicate that ddPCR might represent a promising platform for detecting PCV-2 viral loads.
Molecular Characterization of the Vasculature of Patients with Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma Generates a Gene Signature Predictive of Breast Cancer Survival

Targeting of the tumor vasculature has evolved into an integral part of existing standard anti-cancer therapies. However, recent pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown that the efficacy of these treatments is often temporary and frequently followed by renewed tumor growth. In an attempt to overcome this problem we transcriptionally profiled laser capture micro dissected micro vessels from both tumor and matching adjacent normal breast tissue obtained from patients diagnosed with infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC). Vascular enrichment of the LCM samples was confirmed by Q-PCR of CD31 and transcription profiles were generated and analyzed using the Genespring software and the WebGestalt Toolkit. Hierarchical two-dimensional clustering of the transcriptome data identified 219 significantly up-regulated transcripts in at least 4/8 patient samples (cut-off >1.3-fold, p<0.05). Several of these genes (i.e. AGRN, FLNA and ILR4) were selected and their over expression was confirmed at the protein level in tumor versus normal tissue. However, the overall heterogeneity we observed in the vascular gene expression patterns pose a significant problem for individual genes/ proteins to be used as a robust breast cancer vascular specific marker or validated therapeutic target. We therefore mined our data set further by applying an in-house developed bioinformatics network method incorporating clinical information of the patient. This approach generated a 15-gene ‘Vascular-Derived Prognostic Predictor’ which, using six publicly available datasets, robustly identified those patients with an increased risk of recurrence.
Encyclopedia of social psychology

Not long ago, social psychology was a small field consisting of creative, energetic researchers bent on trying to study a few vexing problems in normal adult human behaviour with rigorous scientific methods. In a few short decades, the field has blossomed into a major intellectual force, with thousands of researchers worldwide exploring a stunningly diverse set of fascinating phenomena with an impressive arsenal of research methods and ever-more carefully honed theories. The Encyclopedia of Social Psychology is the first resource to present state-of-the-art research and ready-to-use facts from this fascinating field. These two volumes include more than 600 entries chosen by a diverse team of experts to comprise an exhaustive list of the most important concepts. The Encyclopedia is written for students who may be encountering concepts such as social loafing, deindividuation, base rate fallacy, ego depletion and self-handicapping for the first time and want a simple, clear, jargon-free explanation of what they mean. Key Themes " Action Control " Antisocial Behaviors " Attitude " Culture " Emotions " Evolution " Groups " Health " History " Influence " Interpersonal Relationships " Judgment and Decision Making " Methods " Personality " Prejudice " Problem Behaviors " Prosocial Behaviors " Self " Social Cognition " Subdisciplines
Isolation and characterization of the cytoplasmic droplet in the rat.

A method for isolating mature and immature cytoplasmic droplets from rat sperm in the epididymis has been developed by taking advantage of the preferential adherence of sperm flagella to dry glass wool. Acid and alkaline phosphatase, 13-galactosidase, 13-glucosidase, aryl sulfatase A and B, DNAase, acid and alkaline protease, and hyaluronidase activities were investigated in both the immature and the mature droplets. In all cases, the activity in the immature droplets was greater than in the mature droplets. Both mature and immature droplets were able to synthesize inositol from glucose with considerably greater synthesis taking place in the immature droplet. These observations are consistent with the suggestion that the droplet is important in sperm maturation in the epididymis, possibly through its role in inositol synthesis and metabolism.
Appearance-Order-Based Schema Matching

Schema matching is widely used in many applications, such as data integration, ontology merging, data warehouse and dataspaces. In this paper, we propose a novel matching technique that is based on the order of attributes appearing in the schema structure of query results. The appearance order embodies the extent of the importance of an attribute for the user examining the query results. The core idea of our approach is to collect statistics about the appearance order of attributes from the query logs, to find correspondences between attributes in the schemas to be matched. As a first step, we employ a matrix to structure the statistics around the appearance order of attributes. Then, two scoring functions are considered to measure the similarity of the collected statistics. Finally, a traditional algorithm is employed to find the mapping with the highest score. Furthermore, our approach can be seen as a complementary member to the family of the existing matchers, and can also be combined with them to obtain more accurate results. We validate our approach with an experimental study, the results of which demonstrate that our approach is effective, and has good performance.
Human Neuroscience

and the executive functions of the frontal cortex (Denckla, 1996). In an actual study of Krauel et al. (2010) using transcranial sonogra-phy an increased vulnerability of the nigrostriatal system in ADHD children was found. Furthermore there was a hyperechogenicity of the substantia nigra which they interpreted to be a possible correlate of a specific subgroup of ADHD. As another explanation the hyper-echogenicity may be functionally related to differences in reward processing, learning, and motor function. This model could be another possible explanation for the symptoms of ADHD patients. As far as we know, no studies have dealt directly with recognition in an event-related potential (ERP) task with ADHD adults. In the current study we address the question of whether there are significant differences between adult patients who suffer from ADHD and healthy controls with respect to the neural correlates of recognition, as quantified by ERPs in a continuous word recognition memory task. This topic is of great interest because most of the research work conducted so far has concentrated on children and did not have recognition as the main research theme. Event-related potentials are small voltage fluctuations that can be recorded non-invasively from the human scalp. Different components have been described that are related to certain cognitive functions. Changes in these components can be used to specify cog-nitive dysfunctions in neuropsychiatric disorders (Münte, 2000). Consequently, ERPs have been shown to be sensitive to memory processes (Johnson, 1995; Rugg, 1995b). Explicit memory processes for words have been examined by presenting and repeating words after some intervening items, with the subjects' task being to discriminate between newly presented and repeated words. Rugg and Nagy (1989) and Rugg et al. (1992) have shown that under these conditions, words evoke a series of negative and positive ERP
A combinative method for decision tree construction

The selection of the splitting attribute in decision tree construction process is the key point for the size and quality of the tree. Although several criteria have been proposed and there are good papers that compare their results, no consensus have been adopted regarding the best method. In this paper we present a new approach in which each candidate attribute is evaluated using a set of available criteria and the attribute voted the best by most of the criteria will be selected as the winning splitting attribute. Each criterion will be evaluated based on the contingency table created at each splitting node. An approach based on OLAP is used for faster contingency table aggregation.
DeFer: Deferred decision making enabled fixed-outline floorplanner

In this paper, we present DeFer - a fast, high-quality and non-stochastic fixed-outline floorplanning algorithm. DeFer generates a non-slicing floorplan by compacting a slicing floorplan. To find a good slicing floorplan, instead of searching through numerous slicing trees by simulated annealing as in traditional approaches, DeFer considers only one single slicing tree. However, we generalize the notion of slicing tree based on the principle of deferred decision making (DDM). When two subfloorplans are combined at each node of the generalized slicing tree, DeFer does not specify their orientations, the left-right/top-bottom order between them, and the slice line direction. DeFer even does not specify the slicing tree structures for small subfloorplans. In other words, we are deferring the decisions on these factors, which are specified arbitrarily at an early step in traditional approaches. Because of DDM, one slicing tree actually corresponds to a huge number of slicing floorplan solutions, all of which are efficiently kept in one single shape curve. With the final shape curve, it is straightforward to choose a good floorplan fitting into the fixed outline. Several techniques are also proposed to further optimize the wirelength. Experimental results on benchmarks with only hard blocks and with both hard and soft blocks show that DeFer achieves the best success rate, the best wirelength and the best runtime on average compared with other state-of-the-art floorplanners.
Barriers to implementation of comprehensive behavior support planning in schools

approved: ______________________________________! Teri Lewis Student problem behavior continues to be a primary concern in schools and, as resources decrease and greater burden is placed upon teachers, schools are pursuing better ways to mange student behavior. Researchers have continually found that when correctly implemented, Positive Behavior Supports (PBS) is an effective system for mitigating problem behavior. However, individualized student supports within PBS are often poorly designed and implemented, and practitioners lack tools to assess the efficacy of these particular interventions. The present research evaluates the usefulness of an interview process for evaluating barriers to correctly implementing individualized supports. Researchers have coded previously conducted semi-structured interviews with school administrators, behavior specialists, and teachers about barriers they have experienced when implementing individualized supports. Researchers have analyzed the data through a theme analysis and through Gilbert’s (1978) Performance Engineering framework to elucidate systems-wide challenges and areas for improvement. The present research
Two distinct and independent sites on IL‐6 trigger gp 130 dimer formation and signalling.

The helical cytokine interleukin (IL) 6 and its specific binding subunit IL‐6R alpha form a 1:1 complex which, by promoting homodimerization of the signalling subunit gp130 on the surface of target cells, triggers intracellular responses. We expressed differently tagged forms of gp130 and used them in solution‐phase binding assays to show that the soluble extracellular domains of gp130 undergo dimerization in the absence of membranes. In vitro receptor assembly reactions were also performed in the presence of two sets of IL‐6 variants carrying amino acid substitutions in two distinct areas of the cytokine surface (site 2, comprising exposed residues in the A and C helices, and site 3, in the terminal part of the CD loop). The binding affinity to IL‐6R alpha of these variants is normal but their biological activity is poor or absent. We demonstrate here that both the site 2 and site 3 IL‐6 variants complexed with IL‐6R alpha bind a single gp130 molecule but are unable to dimerize it, whereas the combined site 2/3 variants lose the ability to interact with gp130. The binding properties of these variants in vitro, and the result of using a neutralizing monoclonal antibody directed against site 3, lead to the conclusion that gp130 dimer is formed through direct binding at two independent and differently oriented sites on IL‐6. Immunoprecipitation experiments further reveal that the fully assembled receptor complex is composed of two IL‐6, two IL‐6R alpha and two gp130 molecules. We propose here a model representing the IL‐6 receptor complex as hexameric, which might be common to other helical cytokines.
Recognition of Genuine Polish Suicide Notes

In this article we present the result of the recent research in the recognition of genuine Polish suicide notes (SNs). We provide useful method to distinguish between SNs and other types of discourse, including counterfeited SNs. The method uses a wide range of word-based and semantic features and it was evaluated using Polish Corpus of Suicide Notes, which contains 1244 genuine SNs, expanded with manually prepared set of 334 counterfeited SNs and 2200 letter-like texts from the Internet. We utilized the algorithm to create the class-related sense dictionaries to improve the result of SNs classification. The obtained results show that there are fundamental differences between genuine SNs and counterfeited SNs. The applied method of the sense dictionary construction appeared to be the best way of improving the model.
Features extraction in spatial hearing based on nonlinear manifold learning algorithm

In spatial hearing, head related transfer function (HRTF) play an important role. However, when modeling HRTF, the issue how to store mass data of HRTF or reduce computational complexity often be confronted, real-time is not accomplished effectively. In order to resolve the issue, we proposed a scheme. High dimensionality mapped into low dimensionality using nonlinear manifold learning and, data reduced dimensionality then are classified into several representative HRTF through unsupervised cluster algorithm. Features on sound directional information are extracted. Others HRTF can be reconstructed through modified interpolation using representative HRTF. In this paper, we provided simulation results. The results show that the scheme is effective to reducing data and degrading complexity and the performance of nonlinear manifold learning is better than PCA's.
Machine Learning of Hierarchical Clustering to Segment 2D and 3D Images

We aim to improve segmentation through the use of machine learning tools during region agglomeration. We propose an active learning approach for performing hierarchical agglomerative segmentation from superpixels. Our method combines multiple features at all scales of the agglomerative process, works for data with an arbitrary number of dimensions, and scales to very large datasets. We advocate the use of variation of information to measure segmentation accuracy, particularly in 3D electron microscopy (EM) images of neural tissue, and using this metric demonstrate an improvement over competing algorithms in EM and natural images.
Behind the scenes of knowledge sharing in a Japanese bank

This exploratory study discusses the way in which knowledge is shared in one of Japan's commercial banks. In particular, it highlights the social factors which act as catalysts in the knowledge-sharing process, and considers the impact of HRM practices and the low level of interaction with outside institutions. It acknowledges the embeddedness of knowledge in social relations by adapting the community model of knowledge sharing. Contrary to the belief that traditional bureaucratic people management practices have a limited ability to support knowledge management, this study reveals an HRM system that is able to strike a balance between those practices and a 'paternalistic adhocracy' approach to sharing knowledge through collaborative task sharing, trust building and personal social networking.
Quantum phase estimation algorithms with delays: effects of dynamical phases

The unavoidable finite time intervals between the sequential operations needed for performing practical quantum computing can degrade the performance of quantum computers. During these delays, unwanted relative dynamical phases are produced due to the free evolution of the superposition wavefunction of the qubits. In general, these coherent 'errors' modify the desired quantum interferences and thus spoil the correct results, compared to the ideal standard quantum computing that does not consider the effects of delays between successive unitary operations. Here, we show that, in the framework of the quantum phase estimation algorithm, these coherent phase 'errors', produced by the time delays between sequential operations, can be avoided by setting up the delay times to satisfy certain matching conditions.