Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Formation of resonantly stabilised free radicals via the reactions of atomic carbon, dicarbon, and tricarbon with unsaturated hydrocarbons: theory and crossed molecular beams experiments

Resonance stabilised free radicals (RSFRs) play an important role in the growth of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and ultimately in the production of soot and carbonaceous particles in combustion flames, in the interstellar medium, and in planetary atmospheres. This article reviews extensive experimental crossed molecular beams and theoretical ab initio/Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus studies in the last two decades of the reactions of atomic carbon, C(3P), dicarbon, C2(X1Σg+/a3Πu), and tricarbon, C3(X1Σg+), with unsaturated hydrocarbons, from acetylene to benzene, showing that the reactions form various types of RSFR via Cn(n = 1–3)-for-H, Cn-for-CH3, and Cn-for-CxHy exchange mechanisms. The RSFRs produced in these reactions include CxH (x = 1–8), propargyl (C3H3) and its substituted analogues, 2,4-pentadiynyl-1 (i-C5H3) and 1,4-pentadiynyl-3 (n-C5H3) together with their methyl substituted counterparts, butatrienyl (i-C4H3) and its substituted analogues, and hexenediynyl, i-C6H3, as well as cyclic five-, six-, and seven-member ring radicals including aromatic phenyl, benzyl, and tolyls. The reactions of atomic carbon and dicarbon proceed by barrierless additions to double, triple, or ‘aromatic’ bonds of the unsaturated hydrocarbons, form highly exothermic products, and are fast even at very low temperatures, whereas the reactions of singlet tricarbon require high barriers to be overcome, often leading to endothermic products, and can occur only at high temperatures. The paper summarises typical reaction mechanisms for small carbon species (C, C2, and C3) with unsaturated hydrocarbons and describes implications of the considered reactions in combustion chemistry and astrochemistry.
Blood Platelet’s Behavior on Nanostructured Superhydrophobic Surface

Regular arrays of micro-pillars and nano-grooves structures on the silicon wafer are fabricated by using soft lithography, and the three dimension morphology of textured surface is observed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). The static water contact angles are measured by using contact angle meter to characterize the wettabilities of these surfaces. To investigate how the presence of topography and the variations of wettability affect the haemocompatibility of textured surface contacted with blood, different patterned surfaces are designed and fabricated, and blood platelet adhesion test is carried out on these surfaces. The adhesion and coagulation of platelets are inspected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Experimental data presented in this paper indicate that different surface roughness and wettability are the important factors for blood platelet adhesion. The amount of adsorbed blood platelet is low on textured surfaces, compared with that on the flat surface. Especially, there is no coagulation and activation on the surface with nanometer grooves. That is to say, the superhydrophobic surface is apt to decrease blood platelet adhesion. The study suggests that surface with suitable wettabililty and textured structures exhibits superior blood compatibility.
How to Perform and Interpret a High-resolution Anorectal Manometry Test

High-resolution anorectal manometry (HR-ARM) and high-definition anorectal manometry (HD-ARM) catheters have closely spaced water-perfused or solid state circumferentially-oriented pressure sensors that provide much better spatiotemporal pressurization than non-high resolution catheters. This is a comprehensive review of HR-ARM and HD-ARM anorectal manometry catheter systems, the methods for conducting, analyzing, and interpreting HR-ARM and HD-ARM, and a comparison of HR-ARM with non-high resolution anorectal manometry. Compared to non-high resolution techniques, HR-ARM and HD-ARM studies take less time and are easier to interpret. However, HR-ARM and HD-ARM catheters are more expensive and fragile and have a shorter lifespan. Further studies are needed to refine our understanding of normal values and to rigorously evaluate the incremental clinical utility of HR-ARM or HD-ARM compared to non-high resolution manometry.
Incorporating physical knowledge about the formation of nitric oxides into evolutionary system identification

Genetic programming (GP) is an evolutionary optimization method that has already been used successfully for solving data mining problems in the context of several scientific domains. For example, the identification of models describing the nitric oxides (NOx) emissions of diesel engines has been investigated intensively, very promising results were obtained using GP. In the standard GP process, all model structures (as well as parameter settings) of models are created during an evolutionary process; populations of models are evolved using the genetic operators crossover, mutation and selection. In this paper we discuss several possibilities how a priori knowledge can be integrated into the GP process; we have used physical knowledge about the formation of NOx emissions in a BMW diesel engine, test results are given in the empirical tests section.
Mutual Benefit: How Vocational Training Programs Utilize Employer Engagement and Refugee Strengths to Facilitate Integration

Successful integration of newly arriving refugees requires the engagement of the receiving community and active facilitation of integration through provision of employment, access to housing, and protection of basic rights. Understanding how local entities effectively facilitate integration is important for policymakers and scholars interested in identifying best practices and replicating outcomes. This study examines the integration outcomes of refugees who participated in a vocational hospitality training program in Chicago, Illinois between 2008 and 2012. In particular, we explore the integration experiences—using employment, housing, and homeownership—of Bhutanese origin refugees who represented the largest country of origin group in the hospitality course. We find that the Bhutanese refugees who participated in the course had high rates of homeownership, stable employment, higher wages and experienced socioeconomic upward mobility—positive indicators of integration. In our analysis, we identify three reasons the program is successful in facilitating integration: a practice of selective enrollment, active employer engagement, and informed industry selection. Importantly, our findings suggest a positive benefit for employers in addition to refugee employees.
Episodic hypoxia in the western basin of Lake Erie

Hypoxic conditions continue to be an environmental concern in lakes, including those with shallow and well‐mixed basins, such as the western basin of Lake Erie, in which hypoxia is not anticipated. We investigated the dynamics and causes of hypoxia using field measurements at two locations in the western basin during the late summer of 2017. Two hypoxic events (dissolved oxygen [DO] concentrations < 2 mg L−1) were recorded that were caused by upwelling of hypolimnetic water from the central basin of the lake following winds from the south and southwest. In this case, instantaneous stratification occurred when cool central basin water (i.e., 15.7°C) intruded as a 2.5‐m‐thick layer above the bottom under the warm western basin waters (i.e., 23.9°C). A third hypoxic event, which was associated with more typical thermal stratification from atmospheric warming, occurred during a calm and warm period near the end of the deployment. In this case, we observed a continuous decline in hypolimnetic DO from ≈ 8 to < 5 mg L−1, which likely declined to < 2 mg L−1 in 14 d using a one‐dimensional model. Interbasin exchange flows generated instantaneous hypoxia multiple times within a year and were the dominate cause (63% of 11 cases) of hypoxia identified during August fishing trawls in the study area over the past 30 yr. Results of this work should help with the prediction and understanding of hypoxia in lakes with multiple basins, which will be informative for water quality and fisheries management.
EFFECTS OF APOCYNIN AND ETHANOL ON INTRACEREBRAL HAEMORRHAGE‐INDUCED BRAIN INJURY IN RATS

1 In the present study, we investigated whether the administration of apocynin, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, provided brain protection in a rat model of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). 2 Rats were divided into sham, ICH untreated, ICH treated with vehicle (ethanol) and ICH treated with apocynin groups. Intracerebral haemorrhage was induced by collagenase injection. Neurological function, haemorrhage volume and brain oedema were measured 24 h after ICH. 3 Intracerebral haemorrhage caused significant neurological deficit associated with brain oedema. Apocynin (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg) failed to reduce brain injury after ICH. Low dose ethanol (0.2 g/kg) improved neurological function and reduced brain oedema (ICH‐vehicle vs ICH‐untreated, P < 0.05). 4 In conclusion, apocynin has no neuroprotective effect when administered intraperitoneally after ICH.
Closed-loop production and automation scheduling in RMSs

Highly reconfigurable and agile production systems are selected to operate in production contexts often characterized by changes of the production requirements or changes of the part family demand. The operational level for such system architecture is expected to manage the short term production planning while guaranteeing the automation layer enables physical devices to exploit logic control tasks within the specific time buckets. The proposed work outlines an integrated approach supporting the operational level for RMSs in which the scheduling of production jobs and the scheduling of corresponding automation tasks are dynamically coupled. Connections with consolidated constraint-based representation and solving techniques are also discussed. The integrated scheduling approach has been validated with reference to a Finishing Robotic Cell (FRC) operating in a pilot assembly line.
Transformation Products of Aqueous Sulfamethoxazole by 60 Co Gamma Irradiation-A Combined Computational and Experimental Study

Radiolysis of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was investigated in aqueous samples with different initial conditions: [SMX]0 (20 μM ÷ 140 μM), pH0 (2.0 ÷ 11.0), [H2O2]0 (0 ÷ 10 mM) and absorbed doses (D, 0.3 kGy ÷ 5.0 kGy). Five transformation products (TPs) of SMX were experimentally identified and evaluated using HPLC/UV and LC-QTOF-MS, respectively. Compared to the precursor SMX, they possess higher polarities as well as molar masses (m/z = 270304) with –OH group preferentially attached to the benzene ring. The calculated hydrophobicity abilities of SMX and its products showed a linear correlation with the corresponding chromatographic retention times. Under the considered experimental conditions, no significant effects of the initial sample compositions on the TPs’ identities were observed. It was found that the abundances of all 5 TPs increased with the increase of the absorbed doses up to about 1.0 kGy. Higher absorbed doses resulted in the decrease of their abundances, reaching the non-detectable levels at D = 5.0 kGy. Based on the combined experimental and computational results, possible transformation schemes of SMX are briefly proposed and compared to the literature.
Dynamic Resource Allocation for Cooperative Spectrum Sharing in LTE Networks

Conventional spectrum sharing approaches assume that an unlicensed user accessing a licensed spectrum band autonomously operates by sensing (or detecting) the presence of the primary user, which is licensed to use the given band, with minimal coordination from the primary user. However, in this case, incorrect sensing decisions and resource allocation on the unlicensed secondary users' (SU) part can lead to undesired degradation of the primary users' performance. Therefore, there has been a recent paradigm shift to enable cooperative spectrum sharing, in which interaction is allowed between the primary and the secondary network for efficient spectrum utilization while limiting the interference experienced by a primary user. In this paper, we consider a cooperative spectrum sharing architecture in which the SU is assumed to be a cellular network. We then propose a novel fractional-frequency-reuse-based dynamic resource allocation (DRA) algorithm at the secondary (cellular) network. The joint DRA optimization involves simultaneous spectrum allocation across different base stations and then across users within a base station. It is an NP-hard problem and is prohibitively complex to solve for a large cellular network. Therefore, to reduce the complexity of the joint problem and offer a tractable solution, we formulate layered scheduling algorithms for cross-layer resource allocation. Furthermore, the feedback overhead between the layers is kept minimal. Finally, using simulations, we compare our proposed DRA scheme with other resource allocation schemes for sum system throughput, as well as for fairness in allocation. We also present the result for the case when the available primary spectrum varies over time and locations of SUs.
Comparative analysis of plant‐produced, recombinant dimeric IgA against cell wall β‐glucan of pathogenic fungi

Immunoglobulins A (IgA) are crucially involved in protection of human mucosal surfaces from microbial pathogens. In this work, we devised and expressed in plants recombinant chimeric antifungal antibodies (Abs) of isotype A (IgA1, IgA2, and scFvFcA1), derived from a murine mAb directed to the fungal cell wall polysaccharide β‐glucan which had proven able to confer protection against multiple pathogenic fungi. All recombinant IgA (rIgA) were expressed and correctly assembled in dimeric form in plants and evaluated for yield, antigen‐binding efficiency and antifungal properties in vitro, in comparison with a chimeric IgG1 version. Production yields and binding efficiency to purified β‐glucans showed significant variations not only between Abs of different isotypes but also between the different IgA formats. Moreover, only the dimeric IgA1 was able to strongly bind cells of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans and to restrain its adhesion to human epithelial cells. Our data indicate that IgG to IgA switch and differences in molecular structure among different rIgA formats can impact expression in plant and biological activity of anti‐β‐glucans Abs and provide new insights for the design of recombinant IgA as anti‐infective immunotherapeutics, whose potential is still poorly investigated.
Verified Generation of Glue Code for ROS-based Control Systems ∗

The paper considers the problem of automatic generation of platform-specific glue code for platform-independent controller code. We present a code generator, ROSGen that generates the glue code based on a declarative specification of platform interfaces. Our implementation targets the popular Robot Operating System (ROS) platform. We demonstrate the code generation process is amenable to formal verification. The code generator is implemented in Coq and relies on the infrastructure provided the CompCert and VST tool. We prove that the generated code always correctly connects the controller function to sensors and actuators in the robot. We use ROSGen to implement a cruise control system on the LandShark robot.
Ertragsphysiologie von Biogaspflanzen: Vergleich von Durchwachsener Silphie, Mais und Luzernegras

In einem Bewasserungsfeldversuch in Braunschweig wurden die Biogaskulturen Durchwachsene Silphie, Mais und Luzernegras hinsichtlich Ertragsleistung sowie Aufnahme- und Nutzungseffizienz fur Wasser und Strahlung verglichen. Daruber hinaus wurden in Silphie- und Maisbestanden an sechs Standorten mit stark unterschiedlichen Bodenbedingungen Bohrkerne fur Wurzeluntersuchungen entnommen. In Braunschweig lag der uber Jahre und Wasserregime gemittelte Trockenmasseertrag von Silphie mit 13,5 t ha–1 auf demselben Niveau wie der von Luzernegras (13,2 t ha–1) aber signifikant unter dem von Mais (19,7 t ha–1). Auch hinsichtlich der Wassernutzungseffizienz war die Silphie mit Luzernegras vergleichbar, dem Mais aber deutlich unterlegen. Das in den Blattbechern aufgefangene Tauwasser stellte mit einem Anteil von bestenfalls 0,3% am Gesamtwasserverbrauch der Silphie keine fur die Ertragsbildung relevante Grose dar. Der Effekt von Trockenheit auf die Methanausbeute (–6%) war nicht so stark wie erwartet. Wahrend die unteren Blatter bei Mais bis zur Ernte photosynthetisch aktiv blieben, starben sie bei der Silphie aufgrund von Lichtmangel als Folge des hohen Blattflachenindex vorzeitig ab. Die Silphie wurzelte tiefer als der Mais und erreichte auf einem tiefgrundigen Losstandort eine maximale Wurzeltiefe von 2,7 m. Auch wenn sich nicht alle Erwartungen erfullt haben (z.B. Trockentoleranz und mit Mais vergleichbare Ertrage), erhohen Silphie-Dauerkulturen die Agrobiodiversitat und tragen durch Zufuhr groser Mengen an organischer Substanz sowie durch eine lange Begru- nung zum Boden- und Wasserschutz bei.
Sparse Unmixing of Hyperspectral Data with Noise Level Estimation

Recently, sparse unmixing has received particular attention in the analysis of hyperspectral images (HSIs). However, traditional sparse unmixing ignores the different noise levels in different bands of HSIs, making such methods sensitive to different noise levels. To overcome this problem, the noise levels at different bands are assumed to be different in this paper, and a general sparse unmixing method based on noise level estimation (SU-NLE) under the sparse regression framework is proposed. First, the noise in each band is estimated on the basis of the multiple regression theory in hyperspectral applications, given that neighboring spectral bands are usually highly correlated. Second, the noise weighting matrix can be obtained from the estimated noise. Third, the noise weighting matrix is integrated into the sparse regression unmixing framework, which can alleviate the impact of different noise levels at different bands. Finally, the proposed SU-NLE is solved by the alternative direction method of multipliers. Experiments on synthetic datasets show that the signal-to-reconstruction error of the proposed SU-NLE is considerably higher than those of the corresponding traditional sparse regression unmixing methods without noise level estimation, which demonstrates the efficiency of integrating noise level estimation into the sparse regression unmixing framework. The proposed SU-NLE also shows promising results in real HSIs.
Correction of myocardial artifact due to limited spatial resolution in PET

A kind of artifact in myocardial positron emission tomography (PET) is the count loss due to the limited spatial resolution of PET, which is also named as partial volume effect (PVE). A deconvolution method was developed to correct for the artifact, in which the counts were evaluated as a parameter in the convolution. One-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) models were used to create the convolution equation. Counts, background, myocardial wall position and thickness were parameters of the equation. The method needs non-linear fitting by an iterative process. Computer simulated myocardial images, PET image of phantoms and patient's myocardial PET images were used for evaluating the method. For simulated images, the corrected recovery coefficient is between 0.97 and 1.10 for 2D model and is near 0.9 for 1D model. 2D model can be applied for myocardium as thin as 0.25 times of the system spatial resolution while 1D model is only for 1.5 times of it. For phantom images, the recovery coefficient of 2D is near 1.0 for different thickness of the myocardium. The iterating process converges for a wide range of different size of myocardium and noise levels. 2D model allows correction for PVE exactly even for very thin myocardium.
Performance Analysis of MB-OFDM System using SVD aimed LMMSE Channel Estimation.

A low rank LMMSE(linear minimum mean square error) channel estimation with variable rank is proposed for MB-OFDM(multi-band OFDM) system in this paper. A comparison is performed with an LS(least square), LMMSE channel estimation, respectively. In the real time system, it is difficult to implement LMMSE channel estimation because of its high complexity though which superior channel estimation performance. On the other hand by using the low rank LMMSE algorithm with proper rank size, we can reduce the complexity of the LMMSE but without channel estimation performance degradation. We have analyzed the system performance of LS, LMMSE and low rank LMMSE with variety of the number of rank under the IEEE 802.15. 3a channel model. The performance analysis provides an appropriate number of rank depending on the channel characteristics. Low rank LMMSE can be implemented in the real time with obtained number of rank without performance degradation, which is shown by our simulation results.
A novel approach for large-disturbance stability control

This paper presents a novel practical approach for large-disturbance stability control. Firstly, the relation between large-disturbance stability region OmegaLDSR and small-signal stability region OmegaSSSR is investigated. Then, a method to approximately identify OmegaLDSR through shrinking the OmegaSSSR of the corresponding post-disturbance, is proposed in terms with several rational assumes. Finally, a scheme of large-disturbance stability control based on the strategy of optimal bifurcation control (OBC) is presented combined with the method of shrinking OmegaSSSR. WSCC 9-bus and NewEngland 39-bus system are use to illustrate and test the proposed approach.
The adaptive immune response to sporadic cancer

Summary: Most of the current experimental cancer models do not reflect the pathophysiology of real‐life cancer. Cancer usually occurs sporadically and is clonal in origin. Between tumor initiation and progression, clinically unapparent pre‐malignant cells may persist for years or decades in humans. Recently, mouse models of sporadic cancer have been developed. The mouse germ‐line can be engineered with high precision so that defined genes can be switched on and off in the adult organism in a targeted manner. Analysis of the immune response against sporadic tumors requires the knowledge of a tumor antigen. Ideally, a silent oncogene, for which the mice are not tolerant, is stochastically activated in individual cells. This approach offers the opportunity to analyze the adaptive immune response throughout the long process of malignant transformation and most closely resembles cancer in humans. In such a model with the highly immunogenic SV40 large T antigen as a dormant oncogene, we discovered that sporadic cancer is recognized by the adaptive immune system at the pre‐malignant stage, concomitant with the induction of tumor antigen‐specific tolerance. These results demonstrated that even highly immunogenic sporadic tumors are unable to induce functional cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Based on this model, we conclude that immunosurveillance plays little or no role against sporadic cancer and that tumors must not escape immune recognition or destruction.
Recognition of heat shock protein 60 epitopes in children with type 1 diabetes

Treatment with a specific HSP60 epitope in new onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients has been shown to preserve endogenous insulin production. Previously, recognition of pan HLA‐DR‐binding HSP60 epitopes in various autoimmune diseases was found; this study investigated recognition of these epitopes in newly diagnosed T1D patients and correlated findings to the occurrence of a partial remission.
Dermoid cyst.

CLINICAL HISTORY A 22-year-old man with a medical history significant for tobacco abuse presents to the emergency department with a submental neck mass. The mass had been present for 2 to 3 years, beginning at a time of significant weight gain. However, despite weight reduction, the mass increased in size. The patient also noted that he was experiencing increased snoring and difficulty breathing at night and was subsequently sent to the emergency department by his primary care physician for evaluation, as there was concern for airway compression.