Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Improved Flux and Torque Estimators of a Direct Torque Controlled Interior PM Machine with Compensations for Dead-time Effects and Forward Voltage Drops

The performance of direct torque controlled (DTC) interior permanent magnet (IPM) machines is poor at low speeds due to a few reasons, namely limited accuracy of stator voltage acquisition and the presence of offset and drift components in the acquired signals. Due to factors such as forward voltage drop across switching devices in the three phase inverter and dead-time of the devices, the voltage across the machine terminals differ from the reference voltage vector used to estimate stator flux and electromagnetic torque. This can lead to instability of the IPM drive during low speed operation. Compensation schemes for forward voltage drops and dead-time are proposed and implemented in real-time control, resulting in improved performance of the space vector modulated DTC IPM drive, especially at low speeds. No additional hardware is required for these compensators.
Secure and Reliable Multisource Multipath Routing in Clustered Wireless Sensor Networks

Multisource multipath data routing to a remote sink node is an effective way to cope with unreliable and/or malicious nodes in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this paper we analyze the optimal amount of redundancy in terms of the number of source sensors sensing the same physical phenomena and the number of paths through which data are routed to a remote sink node in the presence of unreliable and malicious nodes so that the query success probability is maximized while maximizing the sensor network lifetime. We consider this optimization problem in the case in which a voting-based distributed intrusion detection algorithm is applied to remove malicious nodes from the sensor network. Our model-based analysis results indicate that the optimal multisource multipath redundancy and intrusion detection settings for query-based clustered WSNs exist and such optimal settings evolve dynamically in response to changing environment conditions.
Neuronal correlates of emotional processing in patients with major depression

Affective facial processing is an important component of interpersonal relationships, which is altered in patients with major depression. The study was designed to examine differences in functional brain activity between patients with major depression and healthy controls using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Twelve patients with major depression and 12 age-, gender- and handedness-matched healthy controls were studied using fMRI. Subjects had to match facial emotional expressions in explicit trials, and gender of the presented faces in implicit trials. Patients showed higher blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) responses to implicit emotional stimuli than healthy controls in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the left precentral gyrus. Patients show a failure of deactivation in ACC, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and right superior frontal cortex. Moreover, they exhibited smaller differences in BOLD responses in the left superior temporal lobe for the implicit contrasted to the explicit task, and in the cerebellum for the explicit contrasted to the implicit task compared to those of controls. Altered activation of the prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulum during emotion processing is a key feature of major depression.
Modeling medical texts for distributed representations based on Skip-Gram model

Medical text is complex while its semantic expression is variable. Producing a vector for each medical word to encode its semantic information, as the cornerstone of medical semantic understanding, is quite different from the tasks of natural language processing. In this paper, we focus on the vectorization of Chinese medical text words. To recognize Chinese medical entities, a framework is constructed for Chinese word segmentations by jointly using a built medical dictionary and a trained hidden Markov model. Then, each medical text word is learned by Skip-Gram model into a 128 dimension vector for the distributed representation, and the robustness of the vectorization model is strengthened by negative sampling. Comparing with the one-hot method, the word vectorization method based on Skip-Gram model can improve the performance of the CNN classifier significantly due to the data sparsity and vector dimension decreased. The accuracy is also improved about 15% than that of the one-hot method.
Performance characterization of a closed-loop chaotic communication system including fiber transmission in dispersion shifted fibers

The transmission performance of an all-optical closed-loop chaotic communication system is numerically studied, assuming various span lengths of dispersion shifted fiber between transmitter and receiver. Calculation of the mean synchronization error and Q-factor values obtained from the corresponding eye diagrams has been carried out for two encoding methods (chaotic modulation and chaos shift keying) and two repetition rates (2.4 and 5 Gbps). It is shown that transmission impairments including chromatic dispersion, fiber nonlinearity, fiber losses, and amplified spontaneous emission noise of the inline amplifiers degrade significantly the synchronization quality especially when high-bit-rate message encoding is applied. The influence of key system parameters such as launched optical power, amplifier spacing, positive or negative dispersion, etc., to the transmission performance has been investigated. Acceptable system performance can be achieved for approximately 200 km at 2.4 Gbps.
Rac1 Is Essential for Platelet Lamellipodia Formation and Aggregate Stability under Flow*

The role of Rac family proteins in platelet spreading on matrix proteins under static and flow conditions has been investigated by using Rac-deficient platelets. Murine platelets form filopodia and undergo limited spreading on fibrinogen independent of Rac1 and Rac2. In the presence of thrombin, marked lamellipodia formation is observed on fibrinogen, which is abrogated in the absence of Rac1. However, Rac1 is not required for thrombin-induced aggregation or elevation of F-actin levels. Formation of lamellipodia on collagen and laminin is also Rac1-dependent. Analysis of platelet adhesion dynamics on collagen under flow conditions in vitro revealed that Rac1 is required for platelet aggregate stability at arterial rates of shear, as evidenced by a dramatic increase in platelet embolization. Furthermore, studies employing intravital microscopy demonstrated that Rac1 plays a critical role in the development of stable thrombi at sites of vascular injury in vivo. Thus, our data demonstrated that Rac1 is essential for lamellipodia formation in platelets and indicated that Rac1 is required for aggregate integrity leading to thrombus formation under physiologically relevant levels of shear both in vitro and in vivo.
Elevated HbA 1 c and Fasting Plasma Glucose in Predicting Diabetes Incidence AmongOlder Adults Are two better than one ?

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSdFrom the Health, Aging and Body Composition study, we selected individuals without diabetes, and we defined IFG (100–125 mg/dL) and elevated HbA1c (5.7–6.4%) per American Diabetes Association guidelines. Incident diabetes was based on self-report, use of antihyperglycemic medicines, or HbA1c $6.5% during 7 years of follow-up. Logistic regression analyses were adjusted for age, sex, race, site, BMI, smoking, blood pressure, and physical activity. Discrimination and calibration were assessed for models with IFG and with both IFG and elevated HbA1c.
Antisense oligonucleotide containing an internal, non-nucleotide-based linker promote site-specific cleavage of RNA.

We have designed and synthesized a series of novel antisense methylphosphonate oligonucleotide (MPO) cleaving agents that promote site-specific cleavage on a complementary RNA target. These MPOs contain a non- nucleotide-based linking moiety near the middle of the sequence in place of one of the nucleotide bases. The region surrounding the unpaired base on the RNA strand (i.e. the one directly opposite the non-nucleotide-linker) is sensitive to hydrolytic cleavage catalyzed by ethylenediamine hydrochloride. Furthermore, the regions of the RNA comprising hydrogen bonded domains are resistant to cleavage compared with single-stranded RNA alone. Several catalytic moieties capable of supporting acid/base hydrolysis were coupled to the non-nucleotide-based linker via simple aqueous coupling chemistries. When tethered to the MPO in this manner these moieties are shown to catalyze site-specific cleavage on the RNA target without any additional catalyst.
High Power Fiber Lasers: A Review

In this paper, we summarize the fundamental properties and review the latest developments in high power fiber lasers. The review is focused primarily on the most common fiber laser configurations and the associated cladding pumping issues. Special attention is placed on pump combination techniques and the parameters that affect the brightness enhancement observed in single-mode and multimode high power fiber lasers. The review includes the major limitations imposed by fiber nonlinearities and other parasitic effects, such as optical damage, transverse modal instabilities and photodarkening. Finally, the paper summarizes the power evolution in continuous-wave and pulsed ytterbium-doped fiber lasers and their impact on industrial applications.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of sibutramine in the treatment of binge-eating disorder.

BACKGROUND Although antidepressants are the pharmacological agents most often studied in the treatment of binge-eating disorder (BED), preliminary evidence from an open trial suggests that the antiobesity agent sibutramine hydrochloride may be effective. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of sibutramine in obese patients with BED. METHODS After a 2-week run-in period, 60 obese outpatients (body mass index [calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters] 30-45), who met DSM-IV criteria for BED were randomly assigned to receive sibutramine hydrochloride (n = 30), 15 mg/d, or placebo (n = 30) in a 12-week double-blind study at 2 centers. The primary outcome measure was binge frequency, expressed as the number of days with binge-eating episodes during the past week. Secondary outcome measures included Binge Eating Scale, Beck Depression Inventory scores, weight, and treatment responder status (remission and response). For each efficacy outcome, an intent-to-treat analysis was performed using random regression methods. RESULTS There was a significant reduction in the number of days with binge episodes in the sibutramine group compared with the placebo group (t203 = 2.14; P =.03); this was associated with an important and significant weight loss (-7.4 kg) compared with a small weight gain in the placebo group (1.4 kg) (t147 = 4.88; P<.001). Sibutramine was also associated with a significantly greater rate of reduction in Binge Eating Scale (t202 = 3.64; P<.001) and Beck Depression Inventory (t201 = 3.72; P<.001) scores. Dry mouth (P =.01) and constipation (P<.001) were more common adverse reactions with sibutramine than placebo. CONCLUSIONS Sibutramine is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of obese patients with BED. Its effects address 3 main domains of the BED syndrome, ie, binge eating, weight, and related depressive symptoms.
Proteolytic processing of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus spikes expands virus tropism

Significance Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) can cause lethal pneumonia by infecting lung epithelial cells. Infection requires viral “spike” proteins, which catalyze virus–cell membrane fusion during cell entry. Fusion catalysis requires that spikes be first cleaved by cellular proteases. MERS-CoV spikes are cleaved in virus-producing cells before subsequent virus-cell entry, whereas other human coronaviruses have spikes that are cleaved in virus-infecting cells during virus-cell entry. Here, we found that the early MERS-CoV cleavages are required for the subsequent infection of human lung-like cells, but are dispensable for infection of several other cell types. Our findings demonstrate that the spike cleavage status of MERS-CoVs dictates cell tropism, and points to spike proteolytic processing as a correlate of MERS-CoV virulence. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infects humans from zoonotic sources and causes severe pulmonary disease. Virions require spike (S) glycoproteins for binding to cell receptors and for catalyzing virus–cell membrane fusion. Fusion occurs only after S proteins are cleaved sequentially, first during their secretion through the exocytic organelles of virus-producing cells, and second after virus binding to target-cell receptors. To more precisely determine how sequential proteolysis contributes to CoV infection, we introduced S mutations obstructing the first cleavages. These mutations severely compromised MERS-CoV infection into human lung-derived cells, but had little effect on infection into several other cell types. These cell type-specific requirements for proteolysis correlated with S conformations during cell entry. Without the first cleavages, S proteins resisted cell receptor-induced conformational changes, which restricted the second, fusion-activating cleavages. Consistent with these findings, precleaved MERS viruses used receptor-proximal, cell-surface proteases to effect the second fusion-activating cleavages during cell entry, whereas the more rigid uncleaved MERS viruses trafficked past these cell-surface proteases and into endosomes. Uncleaved viruses were less infectious to human airway epithelial and Calu3 cell cultures because they lacked sufficient endosomal fusion-activating proteases. Thus, by sensitizing viruses to receptor-induced conformational changes, the first S cleavages expand virus tropism to cell types that are relevant to lung infection, and therefore may be significant determinants of MERS-CoV virulence.
Early Mortality Rates in Older Kidney Recipients With Comorbid Risk Factors

Background. There are over 60,000 candidates on the deceased donor kidney wait-list and the percentage of candidates over age 50 years continues to grow each year. National data have not previously been used to evaluate the association of comorbidities with mortality in older patients. Methods. A multivariate analysis of 30,262 deceased donor primary kidney recipients aged 18–59 years and 8,895 aged ≥60 years evaluated the association of six recipient comorbidities on 90- and 365-day patient mortality rates. The additional effects of expanded criteria donors (ECD) and development of delayed graft function (DGF) were also evaluated. Results. The 365-day mortality rate for recipients aged ≥60 years (10.5%) was more than twice that of recipients aged 18–59 years (4.4%) and comorbidities significantly increased mortality rates even higher (10.6–21.4%). The 365-day mortality rate for recipients aged ≥60 years who received an ECD kidney was 14.4% and who developed DGF was 15.9% while recipients with comorbidities but no DGF and no ECD ranged from 16.0 to 42.3%. The 365-day transplant mortality rate of recipients aged ≥60 years with comorbidities is higher than the 365-day wait-list mortality for patients with the same comorbidities, suggesting a lack of survival benefit from transplantation. Conclusions. Mortality rates for patients aged ≥60 years with comorbidities are higher than for those without comorbidities, significantly higher than for younger patients, and higher than for wait-listed patients. Thus, utility may be poorly served by allocating kidneys to older patients with comorbidities, and perhaps discussion of exclusionary listing criteria is warranted.
An Authorization Model for a Distributed Hypertext System

Digital libraries support quick and efficient access to a large number of information sources that are distributed but interlinked. As the amount of information to be shared grows, the need to restrict access only to specific users or for specific usage will surely arise. The protection of information in digital libraries, however, is difficult because of the peculiarity of the hypertext paradigm which is generally used to represent information in digital libraries, together with the fact that related data in a hypertext are often distributed at different sites. We present an authorization model for distributed hypertext systems. Our model supports authorizations at different granularity levels, takes into consideration different types of data and the relationships among them, and allows administrative privileges to be delegated.
Association between interleukin 1‐β promoter (−511) polymorphism and depressive symptoms in Alzheimer's disease

Depressive symptoms have been associated with raised interleukin 1‐β (IL‐1β) plasma levels. The presence of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in Alzheimer's disease, including depressive symptoms, have been shown to be influenced by common genetic polymorphisms. A common polymorphism in the promoter region of IL‐1β has been linked to altered synthesis of IL‐1β. We hypothesize that this common genetic polymorphism is a risk factor for the appearance of depressive symptoms in AD. A total of 133 subjects, diagnosed as probable AD and 156 controls were genotyped for the −511 variant of IL‐1β. Neither genotype or allele frequencies differed between the AD and control group. However, an allelic association was found between the T variant and the symptoms of depression in AD subjects. Genotypic analysis showed that heterozygotes were three times more likely to develop depressive symptoms than CC homozygotes. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gender-Specific Developmental Trajectories of Anxiety during Adolescence: Determinants and Outcomes. The TRAILS Study.

OBJECTIVE To identify developmental trajectories of anxiety symptoms for adolescent girls and boys. Trajectories were compared with regard to early-adolescent risk factors and psychiatric outcomes during adolescence and in young adulthood. METHOD A community sample of 2,230 adolescents was assessed three times across a six-year interval (10-17 years). Symptom scores of anxiety were analyzed with growth mixture models, stratified by gender. RESULTS Three gender-specific anxiety trajectories were identified for both girls (93.3% low, 4.1% mid-adolescence limited, 2.6% mid-adolescence increasing) and boys (84.4% low, 9.5% mid-adolescence limited, 6.1% early-adolescence decreasing). Child, family and peer factors at baseline predicted group membership of the mid-adolescence limited anxiety trajectory and the early-adolescence decreasing anxiety trajectory in boys. Parental emotional problems predicted the early-adolescence anxiety increase trajectory in girls. Prevalence of anxiety disorders and depression during adolescence and in early adulthood was higher in both the mid-adolescence limited and the mid-adolescence anxiety increase trajectory. CONCLUSIONS The longitudinal course of anxiety symptoms during adolescence was characterized by three distinct gender-specific developmental trajectories. The most at-risk trajectory in girls was the mid-adolescence anxiety increase trajectory, and in boys the mid-adolescence limited trajectory. None of the environmental (i.e., child, family and peer) factors distinguished the at-risk trajectories from the other trajectories.
Designing multichannel, multidimensional, arbitrary flip angle RF pulses using an optimal control approach

The vast majority of parallel transmission RF pulse designs so far are based on small‐tip‐angle (STA) approximation of the Bloch equation. These methods can design only excitation pulses with small flip angles (e.g., 30°). The linear class large‐tip‐angle (LCLTA) method is able to design large‐tip‐angle parallel transmission pulses through concatenating a sequence of small‐excitation pulses when certain k‐space trajectories are used. However, both STA and LCLTA are linear approximations of the nonlinear Bloch equation. Therefore, distortions from the ideal magnetization profiles due to the higher order terms can appear in the final magnetization profiles. This issue is addressed in this work by formulating the multidimensional multichannel RF pulse design as an optimal control problem with multiple controls based directly on the Bloch equation. Necessary conditions for the optimal solution are derived and a first‐order gradient optimization algorithm is used to iteratively solve the optimal control problem, where an existing pulse is used as an initial “guess. ” A systematic design procedure is also presented. Bloch simulation and phantom experimental results using various parallel transmission pulses (excitation, inversion, and refocusing) are shown to illustrate the effectiveness of the optimal control method in improving the spatial localization or homogeneity of the magnetization profiles. Magn Reson Med 59:547–560, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The clinical aspects of Helicobacter heilmannii infection in children with dyspeptic symptoms.

UNLABELLED Helicobacter heilmannii (H. heilmannii) infection is a relatively rare causative agent of gastroduodenal diseases in children. However, H. heilmannii frequently colonizes gastric mucosa of animals, mainly cats and dogs, from where it can be transmitted to humans. The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence of H. heilmannii infection in children with dyspeptic symptoms treated in our clinic. A number of 13,124 esophagogastroduodenoscopies in children aged 4 to 18 years were conducted from 1992 to 2010. The indications for examination were: chronic abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, anaemia, disturbances of intestinal absorption and other. In 11,023 cases microbiologic studies and cultures toward Helicobacter infection were carried out and in 22 children H. heilmannii infection was confirmed. H. heilmannii infection was diagnosed based on morphologic examination in direct microscopy of biopsy specimens from gastric mucosa. In children with H. heilmannii infection clinical symptoms, contact with animals, endoscopic findings of the upper gastrointestinal tract and results of diagnostic tests for Helicobacter pylori infection were assessed. In our studies H. heilmannii infection was diagnosed in 22 children. The rate of H. heilmannii infection was 0.2% in examination of gastric mucosa specimens. No sex-dependent difference in the rates was observed. Most of the children lived in cities and 54.5% had contact with dogs and/or cats. Children complained of chronic epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting and heartburn. Endoscopic studies most often revealed nodular gastritis and gastric or duodenal ulcer in two children. In three children result of the endoscopic study was normal. CONCLUSIONS H. heilmannii infection in children is rare. However, it may be one of the causes of gastroduodenal diseases in children.
Prototheca sp. outbreak of bovine mastitis.

Prototheca sp. , a colourless algae, is quite common in dairy environments, particularly in wet areas contaminated with manure. The main purpose of this paper is to describe an outbreak of clinical bovine mastitis in an 86-cow dairy herd in the State of Säo Paulo, Brazil. Prototheca sp. , an achlorophyllous algae, were isolated on blood agar (incubated for 24 h at 37 degrees C) from 11 quarters of seven lactating Holstein cows, and from one quarter of a cow at the end of the dry period. Treatments were applied, but there was only a microbiological cure, not a functional one. Diagnosis of Prototheca sp. in any of the cows in the herd indicates a herd problem. Infected animals usually have markedly reduced milk production and granulomatous changes often occur in the mammary gland. All sources of contact between the teat ends and drainage water or damp areas should be corrected. An all-out effort for strict sanitation, including during milking, should be made so that the teat ends will not become contaminated.