Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mining unit test cases to synthesize API usage examples

Software developers study and reuse existing source code to understand how to properly use application programming interfaces (APIs). However, manually finding sufficient and adequate code examples for a given API is a difficult and a time‐consuming activity. Existing approaches to find or generate examples assume availability of a reasonable set of client code that uses the API. This assumption does not hold for newly released API libraries, non‐widely used APIs, nor private ones.
Diagnosis of a posterior fossa dural arteriovenous fistula in a neonate by cranial ultrasonography.

Received November 12, 1996, from the Deparbnent of Radiology, University of Califomia, San Francisco, Medical Center, San Francisco, California. Revised manuscript accepted for publication March 10, 1997. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Roy A. Filly, MD, Deparbnent of Radiology, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628. infant had an elevated respiratory rate and a loud bruit heard over the anterior fontanelle. Chest radiography revealed cardiomegaly and increased pulmonary vascu· larity. Echocardiography showed normal cardiac anatomy. The pediatrician instituted diuretic and digitalis therapy to relieve the congestive heart failure. We performed cranial sonography through both the anterior and posterolateral fontanelles as well as the base of the neck using a phased array sonographic system employing both vector and linear 7 MHz, variable focus transducers (Acuson, Mountain View, CA). A 5 x 2.5 x 3 cm hypoechoic mass filled the periphery of the right posterior fossa (Fig. 1). Color Doppler imaging showed the mass to be a high flow vascular fistula (Fig. 2A), in addition to demonstrating feeding and draining vessels from the neck (Fig. 28) and an enlarged transverse sinus. We made a preliminary diagnosis of dural AVF on the basis of these findings. Noncontrast CT demonstrated a large peripheral posterior fossa mass. Cerebral angiography performed on day 9 of life confirmed the diagnosis of a dural AVF that drained into a markedly enlarged transverse sinus (Fig. 3). The anterior divisions of the right and left middle meningeal arteries predominantly supplied the fistula (Fig. 4). Supply from both occipital arteries, with smaller contributions from the posterior divisions of the middle cerebral arteries and branches of the meningohypophyseal trunk, was also present. Of note, pial arteries (branches of the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries) were not enlarged (Table 1). 1 The feeding vessels were embolized for palliative treatment of congestive heart failure. After embolization, the infant's respiratory status improved with continued medical management. He was discharged at 2 weeks of life. He required readmission to
Signal processing for playing videos on electrophoretic displays

The electrophoretic display (EPD) has been popularly applied on electronic readers (E-Readers), but its response time is still a bottleneck such that none of commercial E-Readers can play videos on the EPD smoothly. In this paper, the detailed issues regarding the response time of the EPD are well addressed. An image processing tool based on the measured response speed under different image retention time has been proposed. Although the response time of the EPD is still lower than liquid crystal displays, the tool can automatically optimize the video quality under the specified data frame rate.
The importance of earnings management detection models to identify fraud: a case from Italian listed firms

Markets can get the confidence of investors enhancing the quality of governance and audit systems surrounding a firm. Financial reporting is a main component of them, being the basis for information necessary to investors’ decisions. Managers have a chance to manipulate information provided in financial statements, in order to offer a better image of a firm to its potential and effective investors. The objective of this study is to evaluate the possibility of detecting extreme cases of earnings management and to check the predictive ability of the discretionary accruals models on the event of fraudulent earnings restatement. Through the abuse of reporting incentives, a manager gives out false information that should be averted and punished by regulators in a fair market system. The authors check the efficacy of different earnings management detection models in predicting discretionary manipulations and study the correlation between the frequency of manipulation and the event of fraud.
In-parameter-order: a test generation strategy for pairwise testing

Pairwise testing (or 2-way testing) is a specification-based testing criterion, which requires that for each pair of input parameters of a system, every combination of valid values of these two parameters be covered by at least one test case. Empirical results show that pairwise testing is practical and effective for various types of software systems. We show that the problem of generating a minimum test set for pairwise testing is NP-complete. We propose a test generation strategy, called in-parameter-order (or IPO), for pairwise testing. For a system with two or more input parameters, the IPO strategy generates a pairwise test set for the first two parameters, extends the test set to generate a pairwise test set for the first three parameters, and continues to do so for each additional parameter. The IPO strategy allows the use of local optimization techniques for test generation and the reuse of existing tests when a system is extended with new parameters or new values of existing parameters. We present practical, IPO-based test generation algorithms. We describe the implementation of an IPO-based test generation tool and show some empirical results.
Introduction: The Evolution of the Incubator Concept

Science-based businesses are nothing new. In the late nineteenth century the emerging chemical industry was based on the application of science (Landau and Rosenberg, 1992). However, what was new in the latter part of the twentieth century was the seemingly spontaneous rise of agglomerations of small science/ technology-based businesses. It was in the 1970s that the existence of newly created clusters of high-technology businesses in the USA – in Silicon Valley, south of San Francisco and Route 128 in the suburbs of Boston – first attracted public attention. They were in fact neither new, having originated in the early 1950s, nor entirely spontaneous, as they were the product of Cold War defence spending by the US government. Nevertheless, they caught the public imagination and appeared to offer a glimpse of the new high-growth industries of the twenty-first century (Oakey, 2012). These businesses, as Castells and Hall (1994) note, differ markedly from those in the industrial economy they superseded. They often do not manufacture products, and their raw material is knowledge rather than physical material. The apparent rapid rise of these agglomerations led planners and policy makers to attempt to replicate the physical conditions in which they had arisen, so as to reproduce the phenomenon in other locations. Thus was born the era of science parks and technopoles, described by Castells and Hall (1994, p 1) as ‘the mines and foundries of the information economy’. Latterly, in a similar vein, incubators have emerged that typically specialize in particular scientific and technical fields. Whatever the term used to describe them, the principle was broadly similar – the planned provision of an appropriate physical environment that would stimulate the setting up of small science/technology businesses, spurred on by proximity to an appropriate source of knowledge, such as a university. There are those who are critical of such developments, wary of the speed with which politicians and policy makers have rushed to embrace this form of industrial renovation. Not only do the critics question the efficacy of attempts to replicate spontaneous developments with planned ones; they also point out that they tend to have much longer gestation periods than is commonly assumed (Saxenian, 1986). They note too that links with universities are often weak (Aernoudt, 2004) and that the profitability of science-based startups, certainly in biotechnology, may be overrated (Pisano, 2006). Nevertheless, science parks and technology incubators remain major policy instruments for local and national governments throughout the developed and developing world (Oakey, 2012), keen to promote technology-based economic development through the commercialization of intellectual property (Link and Siegel, 2007).
Cultural Leadership in Organizations

Although there is general recognition that leadership is important for organizational cultures, the issue of how leadership affects culture has received only scattered attention. Existing analyses have tended to focus on how leaders create or change cultures, ignoring the role that leadership plays in maintaining cultures. This paper focuses on how cultural leadership that innovates, by either creating or changing organizational cultures, is likely to differ from that which maintains organizational cultures. Hypothesized linkages are advanced between nine elements of cultural leadership—drawn from the literature on charisma—and its consequences. The predictions made are derived from a synthesis of existing theory and insights gained from descriptions of leadership in the scholarly and popular literatures. Both descriptions and theoretical considerations suggest that, while cultural innovation and maintenance leadership differs in some ways, the behaviors of effective cultural leaders do not. Cultural lead.
Consumer Inertia Matter in the Context of Online Shopping:Social Identity Approach

This empirical study is based on social identity theory, and aims to highlight the potential impact of customer’s inertia in the context of online service recovery. Analyses of the data from China, results demonstrate that consumer inertia influences on the relationship of consumer-brand identification to brand personality and repurchase intention. The results demonstrate that the perception of service fairness is important to construct customer attitude on service recovery fairness to an online shop. The managerial implications that the identity marketing would not effective in online-shopping market, due to most of online shops have not established a distinguish brand personality. Instead of, well service recovery processing can increase consumers’ identification and repurchase intention, also facilitates the brand personality building. The most importance of consumer inertia decreases the effect of self-concept in online context.
Winning Consumers through Experience: Competition between Domestic and International Businesses

Retail internationalization has received increasing attention due to its popularity as a business practice. Previous studies have focused on two main factors in the process of retail internationalization: resources and environment. In the resources category, one of the key factors that has been extensively studied is social capital [1]. And in the environment category, one of the most influential environmental factors is cultural distance and its consequence, psychic distance [2]. However, few studies have investigated social capital from the consumers’ perspective and considered the influence of psychic distance perceived by international retailers’ targeted consumers in the host market on their acceptance. This study aims to investigate how to decrease consumers’ psychic distance to obtain initial acceptance from the targeted consumers in the host country. Previous studies have found that perception is shaped through experience [3,4]. Therefore, the main argument in our study is that international businesses should focus on experiential marketing to reduce consumers’ psychic distance. In order to understand this argument in the host market competition, experiential marketing strategies in the domestic businesses framework, as well as in the international businesses framework, will be compared.
Value chain analysis in consumer focus improvement: A case study of the UK red meat industry

Purpose – A key vision of tomorrow's industry is creating supply chains which collaboratively strive on enhancing the value to the end‐consumer. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the food value chain analysis (FVCA) methodology for improving consumer focus in the agri‐food sector based on the lean paradigm, value stream mapping and value chain analysis (Porter, 1985). Design/methodology/approach – This contribution presents a case‐study of a UK red meat supply chain explaining how the FVCA method enabled a team of researchers and practitioners to identify the misalignments of both product attributes and supply chain activities with the consumer needs.Findings – This paper explains how the FVCA methodology potentially realigned the processes along the supply chain with the true consumer requirements and why the supply chain effectiveness was improved; this follows with a description of the subsequent efficiency gains from application of the FVCA methodology.Originality/value – This paper further def.
Designs of Helix Metamaterials for Broadband and High-Transmission Polarization Rotation

Artificial optical activity can be realized using chiral metamaterials, in which chirality is normally implemented with rotationally stacked planar structures. However, such geometries usually suffer from great loss and limited operation bandwidth, which may hinder their usage in many applications. In this study, by incorporating genetic algorithm for geometry optimization, we present designs of helix metamaterials that exhibit high transmission above 95% and a broad bandwidth with low ellipticity. The optical characteristics are described, and the nature behind the high transmission and broad bandwidth is discussed.
Poultry Farmers' Willingness to Participate in Energy Audits

Farmers' willingness to participate in energy audits of their poultry operations is influenced by a variety of farm characteristics and farmer demographics. Data from a 2008 survey of Tennessee poultry farmers were used in a logit regression to investigate factors influencing willingness to participate in energy audits. Size of operation, energy costs, use of propane, farm income, use of energy efficiency measures, and share of acreage in row crops influenced willingness to participate. Farmer demographics, including farming experience, educational attainment and use of Extension services, also influenced willingness to participate.
Speech Recognition using HMMs

This report presents an overview of speech recognition technology, software, development and applications. It begins with a description of how such systems work, and the level of accuracy that can be expected. A brief comparison of the most common systems is presented. This project deals with the study of the practical difficulties in implementing HMMs for speech recognition and how HTK ToolKit can be used to model HMMs to recognize speech samples to give excellent results for both isolated words as well as connected words.HMMs have been used for recognition as speech samples contain observation vectors of variable length which are best modeled by Hidden Marchov Models.
(E)-4-[(4-Nitrophenyl)diazenyl]phenyl anthracene-9-carboxylate

In the title compound, C27H17N3O4, the azo group displays a trans conformation and the dihedral angles between the central benzene ring and the pendant anthracene and nitrobenzene rings are 82.94 (7) and 7.30 (9)°, respectively. In the crystal structure, weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, likely associated with a dipole moment present on the molecule, help to consolidate the packing.
Characteristics of product/service process and customer needs of geographical accessibility in electronic commerce

The necessity of geographical accessibility between service provider and the customer has been essential for face‐to‐face contact in many service industries. However, the emergence of electronic commerce (EC) and new technologies has altered the concept of location and geographical accessibility of service industries in a traditional economy. This study developed factors representing characteristics of product/service processes and verified that those factors are significantly related to customer needs of geographical accessibility in the transactions of EC. In addition, it investigated the relationships with the reasons for customer needs of geographical accessibility. Data for analyses were collected through customer surveys and statistically analyzed through exploratory factor analysis, multiple regression analysis, and canonical correlation analysis.
Segment selection by relationship strength

Relationship management is becoming more important in direct marketing. Measuring the strength of relationships is important, since relationship strength can be used as a segmentation variable. However, in measuring relationship strength, usually one or more behavioral indicators are used (e.g., the R/F/M formula), so that these indicators measure customer quality instead of relationship quality, which is mainly determined by customer perceptions. This paper shows some preliminary results of a relationship audit, which is dependent on customer attitudes towards the relationship.
Endogenous and Environmental Determinants of Water Pricing Policy in Italy

A water pricing policy (WPP) should accomplish many purposes. Due to the growing importance of efficient water management, it has become crucial to understand the endogenous and environmental factors affecting water pricing, so as to provide guidance to policy makers in defining a suitable water management framework and in entrusting the service to those water utilities that are better inclined to fulfill the purposes of the WPP. Using multiple linear regression model with robust standard errors, this paper analyzes if and how some relevant variables affect the tariff levied by water utilities. Italy is considered a particularly appropriate case study, since the country characterized by diverse geographical features and is home to water utilities with differing characteristics. The results show a positive relationship between the tariff level and the realized investment per inhabitant. Furthermore, the paper shows a negative relationship between the tariff level and the average annual rainfall. Consistent with the environmental characteristics, the data show that tariffs are lowest in the north of Italy. Significantly, publicly owned companies levy lower tariffs than mixed and private utilities. Finally, neither firm size and diversification strategies show a significant relationship with the tariff level.
Time-Separable Utility, Leisure and Human Capital Accumulation: What New Implications for the Environment-Growth Nexus?

Using a time-separable utility function where leisure is introduced through the disutility of working time and is adjusted for quality, as measured by human capital to capture home production, we demonstrate that the environmental policy is harmful for growth. A tighter environmental tax reduces the incentives to educate by increasing leisure time and lowers the steady-state growth rate and lifetime welfare, whatever the source of pollution. We also demonstrate that the intertemporal elasticity of substitution in labor supply plays a crucial role in the marginal impact of the environmental tax on growth and welfare. When the positive influence of human capital is added into preferences (by explicitly modelling the home production sector), we find that the environmental policy promotes steady-state growth. This result challenges the finding by Hettich (1998) according to which, in the presence of leisure, the environmental tax does not affect human capital accumulation if the source of pollution is output.
Suggesting a More Effective Way to Use the Promotional Mix in Services

The purpose of this research is: (a) to examine the persuasive effects of a message presented either as a webpage, advertising, or publicity, (b) to study whether sequencing (i.e., advertising then publicity) matters in marketing. Four dependent variables are studied: message strength, perceived credibility, attitude, and purchase intent. Lack of significance for a webpage was unexpected. Several paired comparisons emerged significant for message strength but only one for purchase intent. Results have application for marketing mix allocations and promotional scheduling. New questions are raised for future research that may potentially challenge some well-established concepts.
Laser ion source with solenoid field

Pulse length extension of highly charged ion beam generated from a laser ion source is experimentally demonstrated. The laser ion source (LIS) has been recognized as one of the most powerful heavy ion source. However, it was difficult to provide long pulse beams. By applying a solenoid field (90 mT, 1 m) at plasma drifting section, a pulse length of carbon ion beam reached 3.2 μs which was 4.4 times longer than the width from a conventional LIS. The particle number of carbon ions accelerated by a radio frequency quadrupole linear accelerator was 1.2 × 1011, which was provided by a single 1 J Nd-YAG laser shot. A laser ion source with solenoid field could be used in a next generation heavy ion accelerator.
Exploiting heterogeneous scientific literature networks to combat ranking bias: Evidence from the computational linguistics area

It is important to help researchers find valuable papers from a large literature collection. To this end, many graph‐based ranking algorithms have been proposed. However, most of these algorithms suffer from the problem of ranking bias. Ranking bias hurts the usefulness of a ranking algorithm because it returns a ranking list with an undesirable time distribution. This paper is a focused study on how to alleviate ranking bias by leveraging the heterogeneous network structure of the literature collection. We propose a new graph‐based ranking algorithm, MutualRank, that integrates mutual reinforcement relationships among networks of papers, researchers, and venues to achieve a more synthetic, accurate, and less‐biased ranking than previous methods. MutualRank provides a unified model that involves both intra‐ and inter‐network information for ranking papers, researchers, and venues simultaneously. We use the ACL Anthology Network as the benchmark data set and construct the gold standard from computer linguistics course websites of well‐known universities and two well‐known textbooks. The experimental results show that MutualRank greatly outperforms the state‐of‐the‐art competitors, including PageRank, HITS, CoRank, Future Rank, and P‐Rank, in ranking papers in both improving ranking effectiveness and alleviating ranking bias. Rankings of researchers and venues by MutualRank are also quite reasonable.