Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Old Japanese: A Phonetic Reconstruction

List of Figures List of Tables Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations, Symbols, and Conventions Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Early Transcriptions of Japanese 2.1 Sinographs, Semantograms, and (Ongana) Phongrams 2.2 Transcriptions of Pre-Old Japanese in Chinese Histories 2.2.1 'Wo ren zhuan' of the Wei zhi 2.2.2 Other Chinese Histories 2.2.3 Were the Japanese Literate in the Third Century? 2.3 Pre-Suiko Period Transcriptions 2.3.1 The Coming of the Paekche Scholars 2.3.2 Sino-Paekche 2.3.3 Pre-Suiko Inscriptions 2.3.4 'Systems' of Sinographic Readings: Systems A and B 2.3. 5 System B-Based Transcription (SBBT) 2.4 Suiko Period Transcriptions 2.4.1 Suiko Period Inscriptions 2.4.2 System C 2.4.3 System C-Based Transcription (SCBT) 2.5 Post-Suiko Period Transcriptions 2.5.1 Early Post-Suiko Transcriptions 2.5.2 Senmyogaki 2.5.3 Kojiki 2.5.4 Fudoki 2.5.5 Bussokuseki no uta 2.5.6 Man 'yoshu 2.5.7 Other Post-Suiko Transcriptions 2.5. 8 The Decline of Phonogram Transcription 2.5. 9 System D 2.5.10 System D-Based Transcription (SDBT) 2.5.11 Other Types of Transcription 2.5.11.1 Semantograms 2.5.11.2 Kungana Phonograms 2.5.11.3 Gisho (Tawamuregaki) 2.5.11.3.1 Graphemograms 2.5.11.3.2 Onomatograms 2.5.11.3.3 Arithmograms 2.5.11.3.4 Assessment of Gisho 2.5.12 The Term 'Man 'yogana' 2.6 The Transcriptions of Nihon shoki 2.6. 1 The Text of Nihon shoki 2.6. 2 The Poetry of Nihon shoki 2.6. 3 System E (Chang'an Late Middle Chinese) 2.6. 4 System E-Based Transcription (SEBT) 2.7 Summary Chapter 3: Previous Research on Phonograms 3.1 Overview 3.2 Premodern Research 3.3 Modern Research 3.4 Summary Chapter 4: Japanese Phonology Through Time 4.1 Overview 4.2 Consonants 4.2.1 Pre-OJ Consonants 4.2.2 Post-OJ Consonants 4.3 Vowels 4.3.1 Pre-OJ Vowels 4.3.2 Post-OJ Vowels 4.4 Summary Chapter 5: Old Chinese, Middle Chinese, and Sinoxenic 5.1 Overview 5.1.1 Old Chinese (OC) 5.1.2 Early Middle Chinese (EMC) 5.1.3 Late Middle Chinese (LMC) 5.2 Internal Sources for Earlier Chinese 5.2.1 Internal Sources for Old Chinese 5.2.2 Internal Sources for Early Middle Chinese 5.2.3 Internal Sources for Late Middle Chinese 5.3 Sinoxenic (SX) Sources for Earlier Chinese 5.3.1 Sino-Japanese (SJ) 5.3.1.1 Go-on 5.3.1.2 Kan-on 5.3.1.3 Other Strata 5.3.2 Sino-Korean (SK) 5.3.2.1 Old Sino-Korean (OSK) 5.3.2.2 Sino-Korean Proper (SK) 5.3.3 Sino-Vietnamese (SV) 5.3.3.1 Old Sino-Vietnamese (OSV) 5.3.3.2 Sino-Vietnamese Proper (SV) 5.3.3.3 Chae Nom 5.4 Other External Sources for Earlier Chinese 5.4.1 Sino-Tibetan Sources 5.4.2 Non-Sino-Tibetan Sources 5.5 The Reconstruction of Old Chinese 5.5.1 Post-Karlgrenian OC Reconstructions 5.5.2 Proposed Revisions to Sarostin (1989) 5.6 The Reconstruction of Early Middle Chinese 5.6. 1 Post-Karlegrian EMC Reconstructions 5.6. 2 Proposed Revisions to Pulleyblank (1984, 1991) 5.7 The Reconstruction of Late Middle Chinese 5.7. 1 Post-Karlegrian LMC Reconstructions 5.7. 2 Th
Pleistocene climatic cycling and diversification of the Andean treefrog, Hypsiboas andinus

Our understanding of the causes of diversification of Neotropical organisms lags behind that of Northern Hemisphere biota, especially for montane and temperate regions of southern South America. We investigated the mitochondrial DNA genealogical patterns in 262 individuals of the frog Hypsiboas andinus from 26 sites across the eastern ranges of the Andes Mountains in Argentina and Bolivia. Our phylogenetic analyses indicate at least three distinct lineages: one representing H. andinus from Northwestern Argentina and southern Bolivia, at least one H. andinus lineage from northern Bolivia, and one clade containing both H. andinus (from the southern portion of the species range) and its putative sister taxon Hypsiboas riojanus. Hypsiboas andinus samples from northern Bolivia are well differentiated and may represent distinct species. The northern Argentine H. andinus lineage and southern H. andinus /H. riojanus lineage likely diverged between 2 and 6 million years ago; their current sympatry may be the result of secondary contact due to range expansion after isolation during Andean uplift or may reflect cryptic species. Within the geographically extensive northern H. andinus clade, we found significant geographical structuring consistent with historical fragmentation and subsequent range expansion. The timing of this fragmentation and range expansion coincide with the Pleistocene, a time of extensive climatic cycling and vegetational shifts. Average divergence among clades is lower than those found for other Neotropical taxa, highlighting the potential importance of recent climatic history in diversification in the southern Andes.
Carbonyl-carbonyl interactions and amide π-stacking as the directing motifs of the supramolecular assembly of ethyl N-(2-acetylphenyl)oxalamate in a synperiplanar conformation.

The title compound, C12H13NO4, is one of the few examples that exhibits a syn conformation between the amide and ester carbonyl groups of the oxalyl group. This conformation allows the engagement of the amide H atom in an intramolecular three-centred hydrogen-bonding S(6)S(5) motif. The compound is self-assembled by C=O.C=O and amide-π interactions into stacked columns along the b-axis direction. The concurrence of both interactions seems to be responsible for stabilizing the observed syn conformation between the carbonyl groups. The second dimension, along the a-axis direction, is developed by soft C-H.O hydrogen bonding. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory were performed to support the experimental findings.
Event-related fMRI of word classification and successful word recognition in subjects at genetically enhanced risk of schizophrenia

Background. Verbal declarative memory is a core deficit in schizophrenia patients, seen to a lesser extent in unaffected biological relatives. Neuroimaging studies suggest volumetric differences and aberrant function in prefrontal and temporal regions in schizophrenia patients compared to controls. These deficits are also reflected in the small number of similar investigations in unaffected biological relatives. However, it is unclear the extent to which dysfunction is genetically mediated or a feature of the established illness. Method. Event-related blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure brain activation in 68 biological relatives of schizophrenia patients (of whom 27 experienced transient or isolated psychotic symptoms) and 21 controls during verbal classification and recognition. Results. During word classification, the high-risk group showed a greater response relative to controls in the right inferior frontal gyrus. During correct recognition (relative to correct rejection), the high-risk group showed significantly greater response relative to controls in the right cerebellum. When the high-risk group was split into those with (HR+) and without (HR−) psychotic symptoms, the increased response in the right inferior frontal gyrus was only seen when the HR+ were compared to controls. The greater cerebellar response was seen when both HR groups were compared to controls. Conclusions. Activation increases in the right inferior frontal gyrus and cerebellum in high-risk subjects compared to controls during a relatively low-load memory task are likely to represent compensation for genetically mediated abnormalities. This is consistent with a leftward shift of the inverted ‘U’ load–response model of cognitive function in schizophrenia.
Physical Performance Tests After Stroke: Reliability and Validity

ObjectiveTo evaluate the reliability and validity of the modified physical performance tests for stroke survivors who live in a community. DesignThe subjects included 40 stroke survivors and 40 apparently healthy independent elderly persons. The physical performance tests for the stroke survivors comprised two physical capacity evaluation tasks that represented physical abilities necessary to perform the main activities of daily living, e.g., standing-up ability (time needed to stand up from bed rest) and walking ability (time needed to walk 10 m). ResultsRegarding the reliability of tests, significant correlations were confirmed between test and retest of physical performance tests with both short and long intervals in individuals after stroke. Regarding the validity of tests, the authors studied the significant correlations between the maximum isometric strength of the quardriceps muscle and the time needed to walk 10 m, centimeters reached while sitting and reaching, and the time needed to stand up from bed rest. ConclusionsThe authors confirmed that there were significant correlations between the instrumental activity of daily living and the time needed to stand up from bed rest, along with the time needed to walk 10 m for the stroke survivors. These physical performance tests are useful guides for evaluating a level of activity of daily living and physical frailty of stroke survivors living in a community.
3D from arbitrary 2D video

In this paper, we present methods to synthesize 3D video from arbitrary 2D video. The 2D video is analyzed by computing frame-by-frame motion maps. For this computation, several methods were tested, including optical flow, segmentation and correlation based target location. Using the computed motion maps, the video undergoes analysis and the frames are segmented to provide object-wise depth ordering. The frames are then used to synthesize stereo pairs. This is performed by resampling frames on a grid that is governed by a corresponding depth-map. In order to improve the quality of the synthetic video, as well as to enable 2D viewing where 3D visualization is not possible, several techniques for image enhancement are used. In our test case, anaglyph projection was selected as the 3D visualization method, as the method is mostly suited to standard displays. The drawback of this method is ghosting artifacts. In our implementation we minimize these unwanted artifacts by modifying the computed depth-maps using non-linear transformations. Defocusing of one anaglyph color component was also used to counter such artifacts. Our results show that the suggested methods enable synthesis of high quality 3D videos.
An efficient event handling protocol for Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks

A critical issue dealt with in Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks (WSANs) is the real time response of actors to events occurring in the network area. The fast notification of actors from Sensor Nodes (SNs) about the events as well as the effective coordination of actors for prompt event handling is most important in these networks. In this paper, we introduce a distributed protocol for effective event handling in a WSAN. Existing approaches mainly favoring actors near the current event for handling it, may lead to highly ineffective solutions for certain worst-case scenarios. Through a randomized approach, our solution also selects distant actors for handling events, and guarantees fast average responsiveness to events and a balanced energy distribution among actors. In addition, it features efficient distributed algorithms for sensor to actor and actor to actor coordination which are of independent interest.
On cost function synthesis for multi-objective design decisions in complex real-time systems

Engineering of modern complex real time systems is driven by a host of design objectives, often differing not only in nature, importance, and form, but also in dimensional units and range, and themselves interacting in complex ways. These objectives influence design decisions throughout the entire system life cycle. We consider the problem of formulating the cost of a design decision driven by multiple objectives. We start by discussing issues and relationships among non functional objectives, their decomposition, and attribute cost functions used to quantify them. We then describe a hierarchical model along with an equational form for system cost function synthesis. Finally, examples are given to show how the model applies to actual multi objective problems in the design of complex real time systems.
Amplification of a GC-rich heterochromatin in the freshwater fish Leporinus desmotes (Characiformes, Anostomidae)

This is the first description of the karyotype of Leporinus desmotes. The diploid female number was 2n = 54 meta- and submetacentric chromosomes. The nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) were studied by silver nitrate staining and rDNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and were found to be located in the telomeric region of the long arm of the 9th pair. C-banding revealed centromeric and telomeric heterochromatin segments in most chromosomes. Intercalar blocks of heterochromatin were observed in the long arm of six chromosome pairs. Besides a NOR-adjacent heterochromatin, all of the intercalar heterochromatic segments were brightly fluorescent by mithramycin staining. These data suggest that a unique amplification of a primordial GC-rich heterochromatin, probably NOR-associated, may have taken place in the karyotype diversification of this Leporinus species.
Retinoic acid receptor‐related orphan receptor RORα regulates differentiation and survival of keratinocytes during hypoxia

Low O2 pressures present in the microenvironment of epidermis control keratinocyte differentiation and epidermal barrier function through hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) dependent gene expression. This study focuses on investigating relations of the retinoic acid receptor‐related orphan receptor alpha (RORα) to HIF‐1α in keratinocytes under hypoxic conditions. The expression level of RORα is significantly elevated under hypoxia in both human and murine keratinocytes. Gene silencing of RORA attenuates hypoxia‐stimulated expression of genes related to late differentiation and epidermal barrier function, and leads to an enhanced apoptotic response. While the hypoxic induction of RORα is dependent on HIF‐1α, RORα is in turn critical for nuclear accumulation of HIF‐1α and activation of HIF transcriptional activity. These results collectively suggest that RORα functions as an important mediator of HIF‐1α activities in regulating keratinocyte differentiation/survival and epidermal barrier function during the oxygen sensing stage.
Temperature dependence of elastic properties and piezoelectric applications of BaTeMo2o9 single crystal [Correspondence]

BaTeMo2O9 (BTM) single crystal, as a lead-free piezoelectric material, belongs to the monoclinic system, space group P21. We report the temperature dependence of the elastic constants by the transmission method over the range -50°C to 150°C. The first-order temperature coefficients of the elastic constant s44 is about 180 × 10-6/°C. Piezoelectric resonators based on BTM crystal using the thickness-stretching vibration and the shear vibration modes were designed and evaluated, which eliminated or minimized the influence of the off-principal axis coefficients. The Qm of one of the resonators is about 600. Our results show that the elastic constants have good temperature stability, and the resonators have already met the requirements for some piezoelectric applications. This study on the BTM crystal has revealed the application for the low-symmetry crystal.
An agent-based model of the IL-1 stimulated Nuclear Factor-kappa B signalling pathway

The transcription factor NF-κB is a biological component that is central to the regulation of genes involved in the innate immune system. Dysregulation of the pathway is known to be involved in a large number of inflammatory diseases. Although considerable research has been performed since its discovery in 1986, we are still not in a position to control the signalling pathway, and thus limit the effects of NF-κB within promotion of inflammatory diseases. We believe that computational modelling and simulation of the NF-κB signalling pathway will complement wet-lab experimental approaches, and will facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of this example of a complex biological system. In this study, we have developed an agent-based model of the IL-1 stimulated NF-κB signalling pathway, which has been calibrated to wet- lab data at the single-cell level. Through rigorous software engineering, which followed a principled approach to design and development by adherence to the CoSMoS process, we believe our model provides an abstracted view of the underlying real-world system, and can be used in a predictive capacity through in silico experimentation. A novel approach to domain modelling has been presented, which uses linear and multivariate statistical techniques to complement the Unified Modelling Language. Furthermore, in silico experimentation with the newly developed agent-based model, has confirmed the robust yet fragile nature of the signalling pathway. We have discovered that the pathway is robust to perturbations of cell membrane receptor component number, intermediate component number, and the temporal lag between cell membrane receptor activation and subsequent activation of IKK. Conversely however, in silico experimentation predicts that the pathway is sensitive to changes in the ratio of free IκBα to NF-κB, and fragile to basal dissociation of NF-κB-IκBα outside of a narrow range of probabilities.
Spatial Composition Grading of Binary Metal Alloy Gate Electrode for Short-Channel SOI/SON MOSFET Application

An overall performance comparison analysis based on 2-D Poisson's equation solution has been presented here both for silicon-on-insulator (SOI) and silicon-on-nothing (SON) MOSFET structures. In this paper, for the first time, an idea of work function engineering with continuous horizontal mole fraction variation in a binary alloy gate has been proposed and implemented analytically to reduce rolloff in threshold voltage for SON MOSFET, thereby improving its performance over single-gate SON structures. Analytical model-based simulation verified that SON is superior over SOI MOSFET due to its higher immunity to different short-channel effects and increased current driving capability. Our results are found to be in good agreement with simulation results, thereby verifying the accuracy of the proposed analytical model.
Male-Specific Region of the Y Chromosome and Cardiovascular Risk: Phylogenetic Analysis and Gene Expression Studies

Objective—Haplogroup I of male-specific region of the human Y chromosome is associated with 50% increased risk of coronary artery disease. It is not clear to what extent conventional cardiovascular risk factors and genes of the male-specific region may explain this association. Approach and Results—A total of 1988 biologically unrelated men from 4 white European populations were genotyped using 11 Y chromosome single nucleotide polymorphisms and classified into 13 most common European haplogroups. Approximately 75% to 93% of the haplotypic variation of the Y chromosome in all cohorts was attributable to I, R1a, and R1b1b2 lineages. None of traditional cardiovascular risk factors, including body mass index, blood pressures, lipids, glucose, C-reactive protein, creatinine, and insulin resistance, was associated with haplogroup I of the Y chromosome in the joint inverse variance meta-analysis. Fourteen of 15 ubiquitous single-copy genes of the male-specific region were expressed in human macrophages. When compared with men with other haplogroups, carriers of haplogroup I had ≈0.61- and 0.64-fold lower expression of ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat, Y-linked gene (UTY) and protein kinase, Y-linked, pseudogene (PRKY) in macrophages (P=0.0001 and P=0.002, respectively). Conclusions—Coronary artery disease predisposing haplogroup I of the Y chromosome is associated with downregulation of UTY and PRKY genes in macrophages but not with conventional cardiovascular risk factors.
Psychometric Properties of the German Translation of the QOLIE-31

The purpose of this work was to assess the psychometric properties of the German Translation of the Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory, QOLIE-31. Internal consistency, construct and criterion validity, and responsiveness were tested in 509 patients with epilepsy who were administered the questionnaires at application or at admittance to the epilepsy center Bethel. Construct validity was tested in patients with different seizure frequencies and different degrees of tolerability of antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy (adverse effects). The scales Epilepsy-Related Fears und Restrictions in Daily Life due to Epilepsy were used as criterion measures. Test-retest reliability (long-term stability) and responsiveness of the questionnaire were analyzed in subgroups of patients who responded to the questionnaires a second time (n = 256). Cronbach's alpha of the QOLIE-31 was 0.94 and varied between 0.76 and 0.90 for the seven subscales. The correlations of the QOLIE with Epilepsy-Related Fears and Restrictions in Daily Life revealed high correlations between Epilepsy-Related Fears and the QOLIE subscale Seizure Worry (r = 0.81, P < 0.01) and the total score (r = 0.62, P < 0.01) and between Restrictions in Daily Life and the QOLIE subscale Social Functioning (r = 0.71) and the total score (r = 0.70, P < 0.01). Seizure frequency had a significant effect especially on the QOLIE subscales Social Functioning, Seizure Worry, and Overall QOL, whereas tolerability of AED therapy affected especially the subscales Medication Effects, Overall QOL, and Energy-Fatigue. The test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient) was 0.79 for the overall score and varied between 0.59 and 0.78 for the seven subscales. The German Translation of QOLIE-31 is a reliable and valid questionnaire with which to assess QOL in patients with epilepsy and is conceptually similar to the English version. It is a sensitive questionnaire with respect to seizure frequency and tolerability of antiepileptic drug treatment.
SIS Mixer Fabrication for ALMA Band10

Band10 of the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) is a planned heterodyne receiver covering the frequency range 790 GHz-950 GHz. The waveguide mixers are superconductor insulator superconductor (SIS) Nb/Al-AlOx/Nb junctions integrated with NbTiN/SiO2/Al tuning circuits. Our junction definition process has been greatly simplified by introducing an inductively-coupled-plasma (ICP) etcher to the fabrication. The etching process, which employs a low-pressure CF4/O2 plasma, allows to remove the entire Nb/Al-AlOx/Nb tri-layer in a single step. SIS mixers with current densities up to 10 kA/cm2 and quality factor above 15 have been fabricated with good reproducibility. Minimum receiver noise temperature, corrected for optical losses, is 210 K at 860 GHz. With the goal to further improve the performance, optimization of circuit design and fabrication technology are discussed.