Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identifying Identity: A Semantic History

Today we could hardly do without the word identity in talking about immigration and ethnicity. Those who write on these matters use it casually; they assume the reader will know what they mean. And readers seem to feel that they do-at least there has been no clamor for clarification of the term. But if pinned down, most of us would find it difficult to explain just what we do mean by identity. Its very obviousness seems to defy elucidation: identity is what a thing is! How is one supposed to go beyond that in explaining it? But adding a modifier complicates matters, for how are we to understand identity in such expressions as "ethnic identity," "Jewish identity," or "American identity"? This is a question to which the existing writings on ethnicity do not provide a satisfactory answer. There are helpful discussions, to be sure, but none seems altogether adequate, at least not from the historian's viewpoint. The historically minded inquirer who gains familiarity with the literature, however, soon makes an arresting discovery-identity is a new term, as well as being an elusive and ubiquitous one. It came into use as a popular socialscience term only in the 1950s. The contrast between its handling in two standard reference works dramatizes its novelty. The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, published in 1968, carries a substantial article on "Identity, Psychosocial," and another on "Identification, Political. " The original Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, published in the early 1930s, carries no entry at all for identity, and the entry headed "Identification" deals with fingerprinting and other techniques of criminal investigation. '
The myth of the foolproof script: can paraprofessionals effectively improve kindergarten student achievement using a scripted phonics program?

This study examined the implementation of a scripted phonics program taught by paraprofessionals in kindergarten classrooms in a local school district. Two research questions were investigated: (a) Can paraprofessionals with no prior training in phonics effectively implement a scripted phonics program for struggling kindergartners? and (b) Did fidelity to the script predict higher student test scores at the end of the teaching cycle? After 96 observations, researchers found that paraprofessionals did not demonstrate fidelity to the script, often supplying students with erroneous phonetic examples, and that, overall, students’ phonemic knowledge scores did not correlate with fidelity to the scripted program.
Presynaptic m1 muscarinic receptors are necessary for mGluR long-term depression in the hippocampus

To investigate the role of M1 muscarininc acetylcholine receptors (m1 receptors) in metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-mediated long-term depression (LTD), we produced mouse lines in which deletion of the m1 gene is restricted to the forebrain (FB–m1KO) or hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons (CA3–m1KO). Stimulation in FB–m1KO hippocampal slices resulted in excitatory postsynaptic potentials and long-term synaptic plasticity (long-term potentiation and LTD) similar to controls. The mice were deficient in (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine hydrate (DHPG)-induced mGluR LTD, which correlated with a presynaptic increase in the release of neurotransmitters. Protein kinase C (PKC) activity, which is downstream from both mGluRs and m1 receptors, was reduced in CA3 but not in CA1. The presynaptic requirement of m1 receptors was confirmed by the lack of DHPG-induced mGluR LTD in the CA1 of slices from CA3–m1KO mice. mGluR LTD was rescued by stimulating PKC activity pharmacologically in CA3–m1KO mice. These data confirm a role for PKC activation in presynaptic induction of mGluR LTD and distinguish between the roles of mGluRs and m1 receptors.
Coordinated multi-robot exploration using a segmentation of the environment

This paper addresses the problem of exploring an unknown environment with a team of mobile robots. The key issue in coordinated multi-robot exploration is how to assign target locations to the individual robots such that the overall mission time is minimized. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to distribute the robots over the environment that takes into account the structure of the environment. To achieve this, it partitions the space into segments, for example, corresponding to individual rooms. Instead of only considering frontiers between unknown and explored areas as target locations, we send the robots to the individual segments with the task to explore the corresponding area. Our approach has been implemented and tested in simulation as well as in real world experiments. The experiments demonstrate that the overall exploration time can be significantly reduced by considering our segmentation method.
P2P Botnet Detection Based on Irregular Phased Similarity

Botnets provide a botmaster infrastructure of management and use of cyber attack capabilities and have become one of the most significant threats to the Internet. The emergence of P2P botnets, which are more stealthy, robust and hazardous, has posed great challenges to botnet detection researches. The paper proposes a novel common P2P botnet detection approach that is able to identify unknown P2P botnets, even in the case that the target network had only a single bot. The traffic generated by a P2P bot has phased similar patterns, which occur at irregular intervals. This feature is called Irregular Phased Similarity (IPS) in the paper. The proposed approach detects P2P bots by identifying IPS characteristic. The experimental evaluation shows the efficiency of the approach on detecting the Storm and Waledac botnets.
Using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator to Study Managers: A Literature Review and Research Agenda

This paper provides a review of research into the relationships between psychological types, as measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), and managerial attributes, behaviors and effectiveness. The literature review includes an examination of the psychometric properties of the MBTI and the contributions and limitations of research on psychological types. Next, key findings are discussed and used to advance propositions that relate psychological type to diverse topics such as risk tolerance, problem solving, information systems design, conflict management and leadership. We conclude with a research agenda that advocates: (I) the exploration of potential psychometric refinements of the MBTI, (2) more rigorous research designs, and (3) a broadening of the scope of managerial research into type.
S3K: seeking statement-supporting top-K witnesses

Traditional information retrieval techniques based on keyword search help to identify a ranked set of relevant documents, which often contains many documents in the top ranks that do not meet the user's intention. By considering the semantics of the keywords and their relationships, both precision and recall can be improved. Using an ontology and mapping keywords to entities/concepts and identifying the relationship between them that the user is interested in, allows for retrieving documents that actually meet the user's intention. In this paper, we present a framework that enables semantic-aware document retrieval. User queries are mapped to semantic statements based on entities and their relationships. The framework searches for documents expressing these statements in different variations, e.g., synonymous names for entities or different textual expressions for relations between them. The size of potential result sets makes ranking documents according to their relevance to the user an essential component of such a system. The ranking model proposed in this paper is based on statistical language-models and considers aspects such as the authority of a document and the confidence in the textual pattern representing the queried information.
Real Options in Information Technology Risk Management: An Empirical Validation of Risk-Option Relationships

Recently, an option-based risk management (OBRiM) framework has been proposed to control risk and maximize value in information technology investment decisions. While the framework is prescriptive in nature, its core logic rests on a set of normative risk-option mappings for choosing which particular real options to embed in an investment in order to control specific risks. This study tests empirically whether these mappings are observed in practice. The research site is a large Irish financial services organization with well established IT risk management practices not tied to any real options framework. Our analysis of the risk management plans developed for a broad portfolio of 50 IT investments finds ample empirical support for OBRiM's risk-option mappings. This shows that IT managers follow the logic of option-based risk management, although purely based on intuition. Unfortunately, reliance on this logic based on intuition alone could lead to suboptimal or counterproductive risk management practices. We therefore argue that managerial intuition ought to be supplemented with the use of formal real option models, which allow for better quantitative insights into which risk mitigations to pursue and combine in order to effectively address the risks most worth controlling.
Stereochemical control of nucleosome targeting by platinum-intercalator antitumor agents

Platinum-based anticancer drugs act therapeutically by forming DNA adducts, but suffer from severe toxicity and resistance problems, which have not been overcome in spite of decades of research. And yet defined chromatin targets have generally not been considered in the drug development process. Here we designed novel platinum-intercalator species to target a highly deformed DNA site near the nucleosome center. Between two seemingly similar structural isomers, we find a striking difference in DNA site selectivity in vitro, which comes about from stereochemical constraints that limit the reactivity of the trans isomer to special DNA sequence elements while still allowing the cis isomer to efficiently form adducts at internal sites in the nucleosome core. This gives the potential for controlling nucleosome site targeting in vivo, which would engender sensitivity to epigenetic distinctions and in particular cell type/status-dependent differences in nucleosome positioning. Moreover, while both compounds yield very similar DNA-adduct structures and display antitumor cell activity rivalling that of cisplatin, the cis isomer, relative to the trans, has a much more rapid cytotoxic effect and distinct impact on cell function. The novel stereochemical principles for controlling DNA site selectivity we discovered could aid in the design of improved site discriminating agents.
Analysis of a Mixed-Signal Circuit in Hybrid Process Algebra ACPsrt

— ACP srths is a hybrid process algebra obtained by extending a combination of two existing extensions of Algebra of Communicating Processes (ACP), namely the process algebra with continuous relative timing and the process algebra with propositional signals, for the formal speciﬁcation and analysis of hybrid systems. In addition to equational axioms, this hybrid process algebra has rules to derive equations with the help of real analysis. ACP srths is also closely related to the theory of hybrid automata, so ACP srths can be reasonable easily translated to hybrid automata. This enables automatic veriﬁcation of ACP srths speciﬁ-cations using existing hybrid automaton-based veriﬁcation tools (e.g. PHAVer and HyTech). Since ACP srt hs is a well-developed algebraic theory from the ﬁeld of hybrid process algebras with the above-mentioned features, it seems to allow rigorous the formal speciﬁcation and analysis of digital/analog/mixed-signal circuits. In order to explore this fact, in this paper, we study a mixed-signal circuit: a half wave rec-tiﬁer in ACP srths . Some basic properties of the half wave rectiﬁer are analysed in a formal way and some correctness requirements are also proven to be satisﬁed.
Cashing in on Shame: How the Popular “Tradition vs. Modernity” Dualism Contributes to the “HIV/AIDS Crisis” in Africa

Orthodox descriptions and treatment of Africa's HIV/AIDS crisis are subject to robust controversy among research experts and clinicians who raise questions about the tests used to define the crisis, the statistics used to document the crisis, and the drugs marketed to curtail it. Despite this critical scientific corpus, fanciful misconceptions about chronic illness and mortality in Africa are sustained by ahistorical and apolitical analyses misrepresenting Africans’ contemporary morality, social reality, and public health care needs.
The Role of Knowledge of Racist History and Identity in Perception of Racism

European Americans tend to perceive less racism in America, and see ongoing racism as a less likely source of existing racial disparities, than do African Americans. Most research that investigates group differences in perception of racism has focused primarily on motivational explanations for observed differences: specifically, that African Americans or European Americans experience ego-defensive motivations to perceive or deny racism, respectively (Adams et al, 2006) Without denying identity-relevant motivations as a source of differences in perception of racism, this study considers the additional hypothesis that differences in perception of racism can also reflect a difference in knowledge of racism in U.S. History. In the present study, African American and European American participants (N=309) indicated their knowledge of American history (positive and racist), perception of racism (isolated and systemic), and identity (ethnic and national collective self esteem). I used a signal detection measurement paradigm that included both consensually "true" events and fabricated (but plausible) events to distinguish accuracy from racism-expectant or other schema-driven responding. This study was successful at illustrating that even with a new, more stringent measure, racial differences in perception of racism can be accounted for by racial differences in knowledge of racist history. Results also support my secondary hypotheses that racial differences in perception of racism are particularly strong for perception of racism in systemic manifestations compared to isolated, individual events and that ethnic identity moderates the relationship between race and perception of systemic racism.
Gender Differences in the Perceived Severity of Boot Camp

Abstract We analyze survey data from 181 male and 224 female inmates serving brief prison terms for nonviolent offenses to examine offenders' perceptions of the severity of boot camp compared to prison. Building on the limited work in this area, we present reasons those offenders feel are important to both avoid and participate in alternative sanctions. Results show that men are more likely than women to choose prison over any duration of boot camp, men identify more strongly than women with reasons to avoid alternatives, and women will serve more boot camp than will men. Binary logistic and OLS regression analyses for the total sample, and by gender, reveal that prior experience serving boot camp increases the likelihood that offenders will enroll in boot camp to avoid one year of imprisonment, as well as the amount of boot camp that offenders are willing to serve. In addition, controlling for potentially relevant factors, women will serve more boot camp than men to avoid imprisonment, and being a parent has a significant, positive impact on the amount of boot camp that women (but not men) are willing to endure to avoid one year of prison. Findings have implications for the use of alternative sanctions (particularly boot camp) in corrections, and for understanding “rational choice” processes among male and female offenders.
Do Laboratory Findings on Test Expectancy Generalize to Classroom Outcomes?

We conducted a meta-analysis of both classroom and laboratory studies of the effects of expecting a recall, recognition, essay, multiple-choice or true-false test on students’ subsequent achievement. In laboratory studies, studying with a recall set produced strong positive effect sizes for both discrete and prose materials. However, studying with a recognition set produced no effects with discrete materials and small negative effects with prose materials. In contrast, results from classroom studies indicated that students achieved most when preparing for the type of test they received. These results run counter to standard wisdom in the college study skills area and lead us to challenge the assumption that laboratory studies on expecting tests of recall and recognition provide a useful analog to test expectancy effects involving essay and multiple-choice tests in the classroom.
Lethality, accumulation and toxicokinetics of aluminum in some tissues of male albino rats

In the present work, the lethality percentiles including median lethal doses (LD50), accumulation, distribution and toxicokinetics of aluminum in the liver, kidney, intestine, brain and serum of male albino rats, following a single oral administration were studied throughout 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days. The estimated LD50 at 24 h was 3.45 g Al/kg body weight (b.wt.). The utilized dose of Al was 1/50 LD50 (0.07 g Al/kg b.wt.). Aluminum residues, in Al-treated rats, were significantly decreased in response to the experimental periods and were negatively correlated with time. In addition, the hepatic, renal, intestinal, brain and serum Al contents were significantly higher than the corresponding controls at all experimental periods, except the brain that showed significant depletion when compared with its corresponding control after 28 days. Kinetically, the highest average of Al area under concentration − time curves (AUCtotal, μg/g day) and area under moment concentration − time curves (AUMCtotal, µg/g day2) recorded in the brain followed by kidney, serum, intestine and liver. The longest elimination half-life time (t 1/2, day) and the mean residence time (MRT, day) were recorded in the brain followed by the liver, kidney, serum and intestine. On the other hand, the slowest clearance rates (Cls, L/day) of Al, in order, were recorded in brain, kidney, serum, intestine and the liver. The elimination rate constant (Lz, day− 1) of Al from the brain was less than that in the intestine and serum was less than that in the liver and kidney. The computed maximum concentrations (C max) of Al in the intestine > kidney > serum > brain > liver were recorded after 3, 3.8, 2.2, 5.4 and 3.8 days, respectively. The computed starting concentration (C 0, μg) of Al in serum was higher than its level in the intestine followed by the brain, kidney and liver.
Clinical Neuropsychology of Attention

1. Introduction 2. Theories and concepts of attention 3. Anatomy and physiology of attention 4. Closed head injury 5. Dementia of the Alzheimer type 6. Parkinson's disease 7. Epilepsy 8. The assessment of attention 9. Behavioral and social consequences of attentional deficits 10. Rehabilitation of attentional impairments
Collaboration or Contention? Decentralised Marine Governance in Berau

Conservation of marine space is a new frontier in environmentalists’ involvement with resource governance in Indonesia. The coastal and marine area of Berau was established as a District Marine Conservation Area (MCA) based on District Head Regulation No. 31/2005. The total MCA of 1.27 million ha was expected to become part of the wider MCA networks of the East Borneo Seascape and the Sulu Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion, as well as of the Coral Triangle international network of conservation areas in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. The Berau MCA was developed in collaboration between the Berau district government and international environmental non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). They claimed to use a new concept of partnership with the decentralised district government as the principal institutional partner. However, the governance framework is full of legal disconnects due to decentralisation of resource management, and its implementation faces the real-life challenges of political-economic and historical valuations of the marine environment producing conflicts of interest between the multi-scalar actors involved. Following the very process of establishing the Berau MCA over a five-year period (2005–2010), this paper shows why it is necessary to understand how collaboration and contention are constructed and in turn construct actors' perceptions and perspectives on marine conservation and resource extraction in decentralised coastal governance.
A Strategy-Aware Technique for Learning Behaviors from Discrete Human Feedback

This paper introduces two novel algorithms for learning behaviors from human-provided rewards. The primary novelty of these algorithms is that instead of treating the feedback as a numeric reward signal, they interpret feedback as a form of discrete communication that depends on both the behavior the trainer is trying to teach and the teaching strategy used by the trainer. For example, some human trainers use a lack of feedback to indicate whether actions are correct or incorrect, and interpreting this lack of feedback accurately can significantly improve learning speed. Results from user studies show that humans use a variety of training strategies in practice and both algorithms can learn a contextual bandit task faster than algorithms that treat the feedback as numeric. Simulated trainers are also employed to evaluate the algorithms in both contextual bandit and sequential decision-making tasks with similar results.
High-throughput, cost-effective verification of structural DNA assembly

DNA ‘assembly’ from ‘building blocks’ remains a cornerstone in synthetic biology, whether it be for gene synthesis (∼1 kb), pathway engineering (∼10 kb) or synthetic genomes (>100 kb). Despite numerous advances in the techniques used for DNA assembly, verification of the assembly is still a necessity, which becomes cost-prohibitive and a logistical challenge with increasing scale. Here we describe for the first time a comprehensive, high-throughput solution for structural DNA assembly verification by restriction digest using exhaustive in silico enzyme screening, rolling circle amplification of plasmid DNA, capillary electrophoresis and automated digest pattern recognition. This low-cost and robust methodology has been successfully used to screen over 31 000 clones of DNA constructs at <$1 per sample.
Blood Rheology: Effect of Fibrinogen Deduced by Addition

Viscometric measurements near zero shear stress were made on human blood and on suspensions of red cells in saline solutions of dialysed and nondialysed fibrinogen at 37°C at an hematocrit of 40. The principal viscometric parameter studied was the yield shear stress. The higher the value of yield stress, the greater is the viscosity defined as the ratio of shear stress to shear rate, in the region near zero flow, and the greater is the variation of viscosity with shear rate. The yield stress, zero in suspensions containing no fibrinogen, was found to increase with the fibrinogen concentration. At a given concentration of clottable fibrinogen (up to 1.20 g/100 ml) the yield shear stress was substantially greater in suspensions of red cells in their original plasma than in saline solutions of fractionated fibrinogen. Dialysis of the fractionated fibrinogen had no significant effect on the viscosity characteristics. For a given concentration of fibrinogen added to saline solutions, a higher yield stress was produced in the presence of A+ cells than in the presence of O+cells.