Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Algorithm : Finding an Optimal Fuzzy Cluster Scheme for Proximity Data

In order to find an optimal fuzzy cluster scheme for proximity data, where just pairwise distances among objects are given, two conditions are necessary: A good cluster validity function, which can be applied to proximity data for evaluation of the goodness of cluster schemes for varying number of clusters; a good cluster algorithm that can deal with proximity data and produce an optimal solution for a fixed number of clusters. To satisfy the first condition, a new validity function is proposed, which works well even when the number of clusters is very large. For the second condition, we give a new algorithm called multi-step maxmin and merging algorithm (3M algorithm). Experiments show that, when used in conjunction with the new cluster validity function, the 3M algorithm produces satisfactory results.
Collaborative Research between Epidemic Diffusion Network and Emergency Rescue Network in Anti-bioterrorism System

To research the collaborative relationship between the epidemic diffusion network and the emergency rescue network, the SIR model with pulse vaccination is introduced, in which the quantity of vaccinated individuals can be calculated if the vaccinated rate is established. Based on the SIR model, the rescue model is formulated for the purpose of satisfying the demand and reducing the total rescue cost in the limited time. As a result, the distance threshold, which is related to the rescue time and cost, is used as a standard to choose vaccine supply points. Then the vaccine amount is calculated by simulation. Numerical study with several affected areas is conducted, and the corresponding results indicate that the proposed model is available and vaccinated rate is vital for collaborating between the two networks. To sum up, the novel method can be employed by decision-makers to coordinate in an actual accident.
Simulating Action Potential as a Linear Combination of Gating Dynamics

In this research we show that the dynamics of an action potential in a cell can be modeled with a linear combination of the dynamics of the gating state variables. It is shown that the modeling error is negligible. Our findings can be used for simplifying cell models and reduction of computational burden i.e. it is useful for simulating action potential propagation in large scale computations like tissue modeling. We have verified our finding with the use of several cell models.
A fuzzy logic based reputation model against unfair ratings

Reputation systems have become more and more important in facilitating transactions in online systems. However, the accuracy of reputation systems has always been a concern for the users due to the existence of unfair ratings. Though many approaches have been proposed to mitigate the adverse effect of unfair ratings, most of them use the credibility of the rating provider alone to decide whether the rating is unfair without considering other aspects of the rating itself. Models that do consider multiple aspects often combine them through arbitrarily set weights. Therefore, they cannot work well when the credibility is not evaluated accurately or when the weights are not set properly. To resolve this problem, in this paper, we propose a reputation model which considers and combines the temporal, similarity and quantity aspects of the user ratings based on fuzzy logic to improve the accuracy of reputation evaluation. Experimental results based on a set of real user data from a cyber competition show that the proposed model is more robust against unfair ratings than the existing approaches, especially under Sybil attack conditions.
The low incidence of diversity-generating retroelements in sequenced genomes

The insertion of a retrotransposable element is usually associated with adverse or, at best, neutral effects on the host. Diversity-generating retroelements (DGRs) are the first elements that seem to offer a direct selective advantage to their phage or prokaryote host by exact replacement of a short, defined region of a host gene with a hypermutated variant. In a previous study, we presented the software DiGReF for identification of DGRs in genome sequences, and compiled the first comprehensive set of diversity-generating retroelements in public databases. We identified 155 elements in more than 6000 prokaryotic and phage genomes, which was a surprisingly low number. In this commentary, we will discuss the low incidence of these elements and speculate about the biological role of bacterial DGRs.
An ATN Treatment Wh-Movement

An ATN-Parser is presented with emphasis on the treatment of those phenomena which in the framework of transformational grammar are subsumed under the concept of WH-movement. The approach taken tries to embed these constructions into an ATN grammar in a general, linguistically motivated and in terms of the ATN grammar formalism descriptive way. To accomplish this goal the approach described incorporates the basic principles governing such constructions as formulated in the framework of the trace theory proposed in the development of the Extended Standard Theory (EST). Thus a unified treatment for both relative clauses and wh-questions is achieved.
Towards Probabilistic Program Slicing

This paper outlines the concept of probabilistic program slicing. Whereas conventional slicing removes statements that cannot affect the slicing criterion, probabilistic slicing also removes statements that are unlikely to affect the criterion. The paper presents a simple example before describing some algorithmic concerns. Then three motivating applications are described. Finally it highlights existing work that may be built upon, and future work that needs immediate attention if this idea is to succeed.
Stixmentation - Probabilistic Stixel based Traffic Scene Labeling

The detection of moving objects like vehicles, pedestrians or bicycles from a mobile platform is one of the most challenging and most important tasks for driver assistance and safety systems. For this purpose, we present a multi-class traffic scene segmentation approach based on the Dynamic Stixel World, an efficient super-pixel object representation. In this approach, each Stixel is assigned either to a quantized maneuver motion class like oncoming, or left-moving or to static background. The formulation integrates multiple 3D and motion features as well as spatio-temporal prior knowledge in a probabilistic conditional random field (CRF) framework. The real-time capable method is evaluated quantitatively in various challenging, cluttered urban traffic scenes. The experimental results yield highly accurate segmentation of urban traffic scenarios without the need for any manual parameter adjustments.
Design of a humidity sensor with PVT variations using AMI C5 CMOS technology

Humidity sensor can be defined as a device, which consists of plastic material whose characteristics change as per the amount of humidity present in the air. Its various application areas include controlling of the climate, storage of food articles, domestic applications etc. The reference paper implemented the humidity sensor uses post-CMOS processing of CMOS fabricated chips to obtain suspended and thermally isolated diodes. However, the paper does not include the read out circuit and the design of op-amp. Industry however always considers the design under PVT (process, voltage & temperature) variations to make it commercial. This paper aims in designing op-amp, which is used in the read out circuit of the CMOS humidity sensor based on PVT variation (process, voltage and temperature variation). The design issues for switch capacitor used in the humidity sensor are also described. The thermal design equations for the sensor diode model have also been considered and presented.
Child-to-Adult Liver Transplantation With Donation After Cardiac Death Donors

AbstractDevelopment of organ transplantation is restricted by the discrepancy between the lack of donors and increasing number of patients. The outcome of pediatric donors transplanted into adult recipients especially with donation after circulatory death (DCD) pattern has not been well studied. The aim of this paper is to describe our experience of 3 successful DCD donor child-to-adult liver transplantations lately.Three DCD donors were separately 7, 5, and 8 years old. The ratio between donor graft weight and recipient body weight was 1.42%, 1.00%, and 1.33%, respectively. Ratio between the volume of donor liver and the expected liver volume was 0.65, 0.46, and 0.60. Splenectomy was undertaken for the second recipient according to the portal vein pressure (PVP) which was observed during the operation.Two out of 3 of the recipients suffered with acute kidney injury and got recovered after renal replacement therapy. The first recipient also went through early allograft dysfunction and upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The hospital course of the third recipient was uneventful. After 1 year of follow-up visit, the first and second recipients maintain good quality of life and liver function. The third patient was followed up for 5 months until now and recovered well.DCD child-to-adult liver transplantation should only be used for comparatively matched donor and recipient. PVP should be monitored during the operation. The short-term efficacy is good, but long-term follow-up and clinical study with large sample evaluation are still needed.
2D similarity transformations on multi-touch surfaces

We present and comparatively evaluate two new object transformation techniques for multi-touch surfaces. Specifying complete two-dimensional similarity transformations requires a minimum of four degrees of freedom: two for position, one for rotation, and another for scaling. Many existing techniques for object transformation are designed to function with traditional input devices such as mice, single-touch surfaces, or stylus pens. The challenge is to map controls appropriately for each of these devices. A few multi-touch techniques have been proposed in the past, but no comprehensive evaluation has been presented. XNT is a new three-finger object transformation technique, designed for multi-touch surfaces. It provides a natural interface for two-dimensional manipulation. XNT and several existing techniques were evaluated in a user study. The results show that XNT is superior for all tasks that involve scaling and competitive for tasks that involve only rotation and positioning.
Design of Horizontal Axis Micro Wind Turbine for Low Wind Speed Areas

Micro wind turbines play an important role in becoming the alternative technology in the generation of electricity because of the increase in fossil fuel prices and the increase in demand for renewable energy sources. Similarly, Wind energy is becoming one of the best renewable sources of energy for generation of electricity because of the fact that wind is a clean and unbounded source of renewable energy. This paper presents the ideas of designing a horizontal axis small-sized wind turbine or horizontal axis micro wind turbine for low wind speed areas to produce electricity. A small-sized wind turbine or micro wind turbine is a type of turbine that converts the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy and it is used to generate power for small power needs. It can also be used in many applications like homes, villages, and so on, requiring a very low cost for installation and maintenance.
Statistical Inference on Errorfully Observed Graphs

Statistical inference on graphs is a burgeoning field in the applied and theoretical statistics communities, as well as throughout the wider world of science, engineering, business, etc. In many applications, we are faced with the reality of errorfully observed graphs. That is, the existence of an edge between two vertices is based on some imperfect assessment. In this article, we consider a graph G = (V, E). We wish to perform an inference task—the inference task considered here is “vertex classification,” that is, given a vertex v with unknown label Y(v), we want to infer the label for v based on the graph G and the given labels for some set of vertices in G not containing v. However, we do not observe G; rather, for each potential edge we observe an “edge feature” that we use to classify uv as edge/not-edge. Thus, we errorfully observe G when we observe the graph as the edges in arise from the classifications of the “edge features,” and are expected to be errorful. Moreover, we face a quantity/quality trade-off regarding the edge features we observe—more informative edge features are more expensive, and hence the number of potential edges that can be assessed decreases with the quality of the edge features. We studied this problem by formulating a quantity/quality trade-off for a simple class of random graphs model, namely, the stochastic blockmodel. We then consider a simple but optimal vertex classifier for classifying v and we derive the optimal quantity/quality operating point for subsequent graph inference in the face of this trade-off. The optimal operating points for the quantity/quality trade-off are surprising and illustrate the issue that methods for intermediate tasks should be chosen to maximize performance for the ultimate inference task. Finally, we investigate the quantity/quality tradeoff for errorful observations of the C. elegans connectome graph.
Sampling Theorems of Band-limited Signals in the Linear Canonical Transform Domain

The linear canonical transform(LCT) has become a very active area in signal processing community in recent years, with many applications in optics, radar system analysis, filter design, phase retrieval, pattern recognition, etc. Many well-known transforms such as the Fourier transform,the fractional Fourier transform,and the Fresnel transform can be seen as special cases of the linear canonical transform. In this paper, the band-limited sampling theorems and reconstruction formulas for linear canonical transformed signals are derived . The previously developed sampling theorems in Fourier domain or fractional Fourier domain are shown to be special cases of the achieved results.Finally, an example of sampling a chirp signal is given, which demonstrate that a signal can be sampled without aliasing at a rate less than the Nyquist rate by using the sampling theorem for the LCT. Index Terms—Linear canonical transform(LCT), Wigner distribution, Sampling theorem, Band-limited signal
Passive Multi-sensor Maneuvering Target Tracking Based on UKF-IMM Algorithm

For effectively improving the accuracy of tracking a maneuvering target by passive sensors, a novel passive multi-sensor maneuvering target tracking algorithm based on unscented Kalman filter-interacting multiple model(UKF-IMM) is proposed. In this algorithm UKF is used by all models. UKF can avoid linearization of the highly nonlinear equations, and achieve accuracy at least to the second order. This algorithm use Markov process to describe switching probability among the models, while weighting means of inputs and outputs of UKF. Simulation results in passive maneuvering target tracking using three infrared sensors show that the proposed algorithm is more stable and effective.
Physical Activity and Coronary Heart Disease in Men: The Harvard Alumni Health Study

BackgroundThe quantity and intensity of physical activity required for the primary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) remain unclear. Therefore, we examined the association of the quantity and intensity of physical activity with CHD risk and the impact of other coronary risk factors. Methods and ResultsWe followed 12 516 middle-aged and older men (mean age 57.7 years, range 39 to 88 years) from 1977 through 1993. Physical activity was assessed at baseline in kilojoules per week (4.2 kJ=1 kcal) from blocks walked, flights climbed, and participation in sports or recreational activities. During follow-up, 2135 cases of incident CHD, including myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, revascularization, and coronary death, occurred. Compared with men expending <2100 kJ/wk, men expending 2100 to 4199, 4200 to 8399, 8400 to 12 599, and ≥12 600 kJ/wk had multivariate relative risks of 0.90, 0.81, 0.80, and 0.81, respectively (P for trend=0.003). When we considered the independent effects of specific physical activity components, only total sports or recreational activities (P for trend=0.042) and vigorous activities (P for trend=0.02) were inversely associated with the risk of CHD. These associations did not differ within subgroups of men defined by coronary risk factors. Finally, among men with multiple coronary risk factors, those expending ≥4200 kJ/wk had reduced CHD risk compared with men expending <4200 kJ/wk. ConclusionsTotal physical activity and vigorous activities showed the strongest reductions in CHD risk. Moderate and light activities, which may be less precisely measured, showed nonsignificant inverse associations. The association between physical activity and a reduced risk of CHD also extends to men with multiple coronary risk factors.
A New Perspective on Delusional States – Evidence for Claustrum Involvement

Delusions are a hallmark positive symptom of schizophrenia, although they are also associated with a wide variety of other psychiatric and neurological disorders. The heterogeneity of clinical presentation and underlying disease, along with a lack of experimental animal models, make delusions exceptionally difficult to study in isolation, either in schizophrenia or other diseases. To date, no detailed studies have focused specifically on the neural mechanisms of delusion, although some studies have reported characteristic activation of specific brain areas or networks associated with them. Here, we present a novel hypothesis and extant supporting evidence implicating the claustrum, a relatively poorly understood forebrain nucleus, as a potential common center for delusional states.
Assessing the Role of Selection Bias in the Protective Relationship Between Caregiving and Mortality: the Caregiver-Study of Osteoporotic Fractures.

Caregivers have lower mortality rates than non-caregivers in population-based studies, which contradicts the caregiver-stress model and raises speculation about selection bias influencing these findings. We examined possible selection bias due to 1) sampling decisions and 2) selective participation among women (baseline mean age=79 years) in Caregiver-SOF (1999-2009), an ancillary study to the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF). Caregiver-SOF includes 1,069 SOF participants (35% caregivers) from Baltimore, Maryland; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Monongahela Valley, Pennsylvania; and Portland, Oregon. Participants were identified by screening all SOF participants for caregiver status (1997-99; n=4,036; 23% caregivers) and rescreening a subset of caregivers and non-caregivers matched on sociodemographic factors 1-2 years later. Adjusted hazards ratios (aHR) related caregiving to 10-year mortality in all women initially screened, subsamples representing key points in constructing Caregiver-SOF, and Caregiver-SOF. Caregivers had better functioning than non-caregivers at each screening. The association between caregiving and mortality in women invited to participate in Caregiver-SOF (41% died; aHR=0.74, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.61, 0.89) was slightly more protective than that in all initially screened women (37% died; aHR=0.83, 95% CI: 0.73, 0.95), indicating little evidence of selection bias due to sampling decisions; and similar to that in Caregiver-SOF (39% died; aHR=0.71, 95% CI: 0.57, 0.89), indicating no participation bias. These results add to a body of evidence that informal caregiving may impart health benefits.
A functional model of similarity

In the first chapters, the prevalent conception of the nature of similarity is shown to be too narrow, and the argument is developed that models of similarity must encompass both analytic and synthetic components. Some general problems of measurement and the testing of psychological models are also discussed. A review of the philosophical treatment of the concept of similarity is made in order to understand the origins of the models found in the present psychological literature. These are then analysed in terms of their implicit object representations and cognitive processes. The distinction between the'class inclusion' and 'distance relation' models of similarity is shown tobe qualitative in nature, and to correspond to the analytic-synthetic distinction in terms of cognitive process. A functional model of the psychological processes and object representations involved in similarity judgements is then proposed. The fundamental idea involved in this model is that the global properties of referents are synthetically evaluated in terms of their contextual relations, whilst an analytic 'pattern matching' of local properties is made. Various theoretical aspects of the model are examined experimentally, and its general applicability is indicated in a series of applied studies. The scope of the argument is finally broadened to encompass a development of Torgerson's (196.5) conception of the nature of the dimensions resulting from MDS analysis. Dimensions may be considered as 'virtual' artifacts of the experimental task and the individual's conception of it. This possibility allows the methodology to escape the dominating influence of its psychophysical tradition, and become a conceptually deeper tool for cognitive psychology.
NUMERICAL GALAXY CATALOG -I. A SEMI-ANALYTIC MODEL OF GALAX Y FORMATION WITH N -BODY SIMULATIONS

We construct theNumerical Galaxy Catalog(νGC), based on a semi-analytic model of galaxy formation combined with high-resolution N -body simulations in aΛ-dominated flat cold dark matter ( ΛCDM) cosmological model. The model includes several essential ingred ients for galaxy formation, such as merging histories of dark halos directly taken fromN -body simulations, radiative gas cooling, star formation, heating by supernova explosions (supernova feedback), mergers of galaxies , population synthesis, and extinction by internal dust and intervening HI clouds. As the first paper in a series using this model, we focu s n basic photometric, structural and kinematical properties of galaxies at prese nt and high redshifts. Two sets of model parameters are examined, strong and weak supernova feedback models, wh ich are in good agreement with observational luminosity functions of local galaxies in a range of observa tional uncertainty. Both models agree well with many observations such as cold gas mass-to-stellar luminos ity ratios of spiral galaxies, HI mass functions, galaxy sizes, faint galaxy number counts and photometric re dshift distributions in optical pass-bands, isophotal angular sizes, and cosmic star formation rates. In parti cular, the strong supernova feedback model is in much better agreement with near-infrared ( K -band) faint galaxy number counts and redshift distributio n han the weak feedback model and our previous semi-analytic mode ls based on the extended Press-Schechter formalism. Observed Tully-Fisher relations for bright galaxi es and color-magnitude relations for dwarf elliptical galaxies in clusters of galaxies are broadly reproduced, bu t no agreement with observations is obtained over whole ranges. Nevertheless, they are improved compared wit h results produced by other semi-analytic models. A direction for overcoming the remaining problems is discus sed. We also find that the resolution of N -body simulations, which is down to3 × 10M⊙ for the minimum mass of dark halos consisting of ten dark matt er particles in our model, plays a significant role in galaxy for mation, and that merging histories of dark halos directly taken fromN -body simulations produce results different from models ba ed on the extended PressSchechter model even if the mass function of dark halos at pre sent is set to be the same as that obtained by the sameN -body simulations used here. Subject headings: cosmology: theory – galaxies: evolution – galaxies: format ion – large-scale structure of universe