Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Attacks and Countermeasures

EM is a side-channel with a long history of rumors and leaks associated with its use for espionage. It is well known that defense organizations across the world are paranoid about limiting EM emanations from their equipment and facilities and conduct research on EM attacks and defenses in total secrecy. In the United States, such work is classified under the codename “TEMPEST” which is believed to be an acronym for “transient electromagnetic pulse emanation standard”. In January 2001, in response to a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request, some documents related to TEMPEST such as NACSIM 5000 tempest fundamentals, NACSEM 5112 NONSTOP evaluation techniques and NSTISSI no. 7000 TEMPEST countermeasures for facilities were released in redacted form and can be downloaded from the website http://www.cryptome. org. In the public domain, the significance of the EM side-channel was first demonstrated by van Eck in 1985 [11]. He showed that EM emanations from computer monitors could be captured from a distance and used to reconstruct the information being displayed. Figures 15.1 and 15.2 show a modern day recreation of this attack, where the contents of the computer monitor displaying a Word document in Figure 15.1 have been reconstructed in Figure 15.2 using only the EM emanations from that monitor. As a defense against this attack, Kuhn and Anderson in 1998 [8] developed special fonts which have substantially reduced EM leakage characteristics which make them difficult to reconstruct. The first openly published works on EM analysis of ICs and CPUs performing cryptographic operations by Quisquater and Samyde [9] and by Gandolfi, Mourtel and Olivier [5] in 2001 were quite limited. These attacks were performed on chip cards and required tiny antennas to be placed in very close proximity to the IC being attacked. In fact, the best attacks were semi-invasive, requiring the decapsulation
Resolving ambiguities of a gaze and speech interface

The recognition ambiguity of a recognition-based user interface is inevitable. Multimodal architecture should be an effective means to reduce the ambiguity, and contribute to error avoidance and recovery, compared with a unimodal one. But does the multimodal architecture always perform better than the unimode at any time? If not, when does it perform better than unimode, and when is it the optimum? Furthermore, how can modalities best be combined to gain the advantage of synergy? Little is known about these issues in the literature available. In this paper we try to give the answer through analyzing integration strategies for gaze and speech modalities, together with an evaluation experiment verifying these analyses. The approach involves studying the mutual correction cases and investigating when the mutual correction phenomena will occur. The goal of this study is to gain insights into integration strategies, and develop an optimum system to make error-prone recognition technologies perform at a more stable and robust level within a multimodal architecture.
Nonverbal behaviours improving a simulation of small group discussion

This paper reports on the development of a multi-agent simulation of small group discussion that focusses on the interaction and the coordination of turn-taking. We describe the addition of nonverbal behaviours, such as gaze, gestures, posture shifts and head and facial expression, to the model; how the agents in the simulation take these behaviours into account in their decisions to speak, to stop, or to give feedback. The simulation is to be evaluated comparing its statistical profile against the statistics generated by a simpler, base model, one without the nonverbal behaviours, to show that it better approximates the statistics of a real group discussion. The properties to be assessed include mean transition intervals, turn lengths, relation of gaze to speaking order, frequency of simultaneous starts, and of feedback.
Predictors of adherence to low support, computerised, cognitive remediation training in psychosis

ABSTRACT Aim: To 1) establish adherence rates to a computerised, low support cognitive remediation (CR) training programme and 2) delineate clinical, cognitive and psychological factors that predict adherence to CR. Method: A total of 48 participants with psychosis were asked to complete eight weeks of CR training following a comprehensive baseline assessment including clinical, cognitive and psychological factors. Rates of adherence were analysed and factors predicting adherence were established. Results: 54.4% of participants completed a meaningful amount of CR training (>300 min) and five key variables were observed to correlate with adherence: Full Scale IQ, age of onset of illness, positive symptoms (SAPS), therapeutic alliance (WAI) and computer literacy. WAI and SAPS were shown to be the most important of those factors; combined they explained 25.7% of variance in adherence, 20.1% of which was accounted for by WAI alone. Discussion: The current study provides a patient profile of those most likely to adhere to low-support CR. It also highlights the importance of the therapeutic alliance, despite the majority of training occurring in the absence of a therapist. As such, it may well be the quality of the alliance, and not the quantity of contact, that best predicts intervention adherence and success.
Evaluating Construct Validity of the Middle School Self-Efficacy Scale With High School Adolescents

This study presents an exemplar for psychometric evaluation and modification of established measures when applied to new populations. Specifically, we describe the use of two subscales (Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale and Math/Science Self-Efficacy Scale) from the Middle School Self-Efficacy Scale (MSSES) as outcome measures in an intervention study of high school students. Several researchers have utilized the MSSES with high school students since it was developed by Fouad, Smith, and Enochs 20 years ago, but few studies have examined it for construct validity with a high school sample, even though the measure was designed for a middle school population. Our findings demonstrated that the MSSES required modification for high school students in order to meet the standards of reliability and validity in a counseling intervention study. The discussion focuses on implications for career counseling and research, limitations of the findings, and suggestions for future research.
Weaker Axioms, More Ranges

In the family of many-valued modal languages proposed by M. Fitting in 1992, every modal language is based on an underlying Heyting algebra which provides the space of truth values. The lattice of truth values is explicitly represented in the language by a set of special constants and this allows for forming weak, generalized, many-valued analogs of all classical modal axioms. Weak axioms of this kind have been recently investigated from the canonicity, completeness and correspondence perspective. In this paper, we provide some results on the effect of adopting weak versions of the axioms D, T, 4, 5 and w5 in the family of many-valued modal nonmonotonic logics, a la McDermott and Doyle, introduced in [4] and further investigated in [7]. For many-valued modal languages built on finite chains, we extend the results of [7] by proving two quite general range theorems. We then hint on the relation between the modal non-monotonic logics obtained: we prove that there exist ranges which selectively pick out some of the expansions produced by the many-valued autoepistemic logics introduced in [4, 9], actually the ones with a confidence-bounded set of beliefs. However, an exact charactelization of the relation between the various ranges created by the weak many-valued modal axioms still remains to be explored.
Advanced oxidation protein products as prognostic biomarkers for recovery from acute kidney injury after coronary artery bypass grafting

Recovery from acute kidney injury (AKI) is related to long-term prognosis. This study, involving 56 patients with AKI and 56 controls from a prospective cohort undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), investigated the prognostic performance of serum levels of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) for predicting non-recovered AKI and non-completely recovered AKI. AOPP levels increased significantly 7 days after surgery in patients with non-recovered or non-completely recovered AKI. Increased AOPP levels were associated with both types of poor recovery from AKI. Results from receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves demonstrated that AOPP levels had good prognostic value for predicting non-recovered and non-completely recovered AKI.
Performance measurement in healthcare: part II--state of the science findings by stage of the performance measurement process.

OBJECTIVE This paper summarizes findings of a comprehensive, systematic review of the peer-reviewed and grey literature on performance measurement according to each stage of the performance measurement process--conceptualization, selection and development, data collection, and reporting and use. It also outlines implications for practice. METHODS Six hundred sixty-four articles about organizational performance measurement from the health and business literature were reviewed after systematic searches of the literature, multi-rater relevancy ratings, citation checks and expert author nominations. Key themes were extracted and summarized from the most highly rated papers for each performance measurement stage. RESULTS Despite a virtually universal consensus on the potential benefits of performance measurement, little evidence currently exists to guide practice in healthcare. Issues in conceptualizing systems include strategic alignment and scope. There are debates on the criteria for selecting measures and on the types and quality of measures. Implementation of data collection and analysis systems is complex and costly, and challenges persist in reporting results, preventing unintended effects and putting findings for improvement into action. CONCLUSION There is a need for further development and refinement of performance measures and measurement systems, with a particular focus on strategies to ensure that performance measurement leads to healthcare improvement.
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Humidity Microsensors Integrated with Circuitry on-a-Chip

A humidity microsensor integrated with a readout circuit on-a-chip fabricated using the commercial 0.18 μm CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) process was presented. The integrated sensor chip consists of a humidity sensor and a readout circuit. The humidity sensor is composed of a sensitive film and interdigitated electrodes. The sensitive film is titanium dioxide prepared by the sol-gel method. The titanium dioxide is coated on the interdigitated electrodes. The humidity sensor requires a post-process to remove the sacrificial layer and to coat the titanium dioxide. The resistance of the sensor changes as the sensitive film absorbs or desorbs vapor. The readout circuit is employed to convert the resistance variation of the sensor into the output voltage. The experimental results show that the integrated humidity sensor has a sensitivity of 4.5 mV/RH% (relative humidity) at room temperature.
On the Bandstructure Velocity and Ballistic Current of Ultra-Narrow Silicon Nanowire Transistors as a Function of Cross Section Size, Orientation, and Bias

A 20 band sp3d5s∗ spin-orbit-coupled, semiempirical, atomistic tight-binding model is used with a semiclassical, ballistic field-effect-transistor model, to theoretically examine the bandstructure carrier velocity and ballistic current in silicon nanowire (NW) transistors. Infinitely long, uniform, cylindrical, and rectangular NWs, of cross sectional diameters/sides ranging from 3–12 nm are considered. For a comprehensive analysis, n-type and p-type metal-oxide semiconductor (NMOS and PMOS) NWs in [100], [110], and [111] transport orientations are examined. In general, physical cross section reduction increases velocities, either by lifting the heavy mass valleys or significantly changing the curvature of the bands. The carrier velocities of PMOS [110] and [111] NWs are a strong function of diameter, with the narrower D=3 nm wires having twice the velocities of the D=12 nm NWs. The velocity in the rest of the NW categories shows only minor diameter dependence. This behavior is explained through features i.
Automotive Alternator Synchronous Rectificaton Via Self-Sensing Method for Improved Vehicle Fuel Consumption

This paper presents the improvement in fuel consumption which results when the standard diode rectification scheme is compared to synchronous rectification for a standard automotive alternator. These two alternator rectification methods are compared when the alternator is installed in a 'small' vehicle and run over a standard federal urban driving cycle. This paper shows that a more efficient rectification scheme will have a measurable impact on fuel consumption for a smaller vehicle. Accessory loads are more significant for small vehicles since these loads are a greater percentage of total power needed to propel the vehicle. A simple rotor position self-sensing method is used to determine when to switch the synchronous rectifiers and thereby emulate the operation of standard diodes.
MEASURING ICT DIFFUSION IN OECD COUNTRIES Dirk Pilat, Nadim Ahmad & Paul Schreyer 1

This paper examines the measurement of ICT diffusion, with a particular focus on investment. It explores the problems that exist in producing reliable measures of ICT investment and comparing them across countries. Particular attention is also given to issues associated with the measurement and comparison of ICT prices. The paper also points to work that is currently underway, at the OECD and elsewhere, to further improve the interna- tional comparability of measures of ICT investment.
Cocaine-Induced Behavioral Sensitization Is Associated With Changes in the Expression of Endocannabinoid and Glutamatergic Signaling Systems in the Mouse Prefrontal Cortex

Background: Endocannabinoids modulate the glutamatergic excitatory transmission by acting as retrograde messengers. A growing body of studies has reported that both signaling systems in the mesocorticolimbic neural circuitry are involved in the neurobiological mechanisms underlying drug addiction. Methods: We investigated whether the expression of both endocannabinoid and glutamatergic systems in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were altered by an acute and/or repeated cocaine administration schedule that resulted in behavioral sensitization. We measured the protein and mRNA expression of the main endocannabinoid metabolic enzymes and the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1). We also analyzed the mRNA expression of relevant components of the glutamate-signaling system, including glutamate-synthesizing enzymes, metabotropic receptors, and ionotropic receptors. Results: Although acute cocaine (10mg/kg) produced no significant changes in the endocannabinoid-related proteins, repeated cocaine administration (20mg/kg daily) induced a pronounced increase in the CB1 receptor expression. In addition, acute cocaine administration (10mg/kg) in cocaine-sensitized mice (referred to as cocaine priming) induced a selective increase in the endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). These protein changes were accompanied by an overall decrease in the ratios of endocannabinoid synthesis/degradation, especially the N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D/FAAH and diacylglycerol lipase alpha/MAGL ratios. Regarding mRNA expression, while acute cocaine administration produced a decrease in CB1 receptors and N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D, repeated cocaine treatment enhanced CB1 receptor expression. Cocaine-sensitized mice that were administered priming injections of cocaine mainly displayed an increased FAAH expression. These endocannabinoid changes were associated with modifications in glutamatergic transmission-related genes. An overall decrease was observed in the mRNA expression of the glutamate-synthesizing gene kidney-type glutaminase (KGA), the metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR3 and GluR), and subunits of NMDA ionotropic receptors (NR1, NR2A, NR2B and NR2C) after acute cocaine administration, while mice repeatedly exposed to cocaine only displayed an increase in NR2C. However, in cocaine-sensitized mice primed with cocaine, this inhibition was reversed and a strong increase was detected in the mGluR5, NR2 subunits, and both GluR1 and GluR3. Conclusions: These findings indicate that cocaine sensitization is associated with an endocannabinoid downregulation and a hyperglutamatergic state in the PFC that, overall, contribute to an enhanced glutamatergic input into PFC-projecting areas.
PSync: Visible light-based time synchronization for Internet of Things (IoT)

Time synchronization is an enabling service that allows devices to share a consistent notion of time and thus makes it easier to build efficient and robust collaborative services. However, existing synchronization protocols based on wireless packet transmissions are not energy efficient because powering the radio often consumes a significant fraction of the energy budget. In this paper, we propose PSync, a visible light-based time synchronization protocol that relies on an LED light source and is highly energy efficient for the receivers. The key novelty in our protocol is the use of a De Bruijn sequence to provide a rough estimate of time using a minimum amount of information. Experiments show that our scheme achieves an average synchronization error of 1.3 timer ticks (32 μs per clock tick). In addition, the additional energy consumed for one round of synchronization based on PSync can be as low as 19% of the energy needed to receive a small packet (1 byte) using IEEE 802.15. 4 radio.
Inhibition of Mitochondrial Complex II by the Anticancer Agent Lonidamine*

The antitumor agent lonidamine (LND; 1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid) is known to interfere with energy-yielding processes in cancer cells. However, the effect of LND on central energy metabolism has never been fully characterized. In this study, we report that a significant amount of succinate is accumulated in LND-treated cells. LND inhibits the formation of fumarate and malate and suppresses succinate-induced respiration of isolated mitochondria. Utilizing biochemical assays, we determined that LND inhibits the succinate-ubiquinone reductase activity of respiratory complex II without fully blocking succinate dehydrogenase activity. LND also induces cellular reactive oxygen species through complex II, which reduced the viability of the DB-1 melanoma cell line. The ability of LND to promote cell death was potentiated by its suppression of the pentose phosphate pathway, which resulted in inhibition of NADPH and glutathione generation. Using stable isotope tracers in combination with isotopologue analysis, we showed that LND increased glutaminolysis but decreased reductive carboxylation of glutamine-derived α-ketoglutarate. Our findings on the previously uncharacterized effects of LND may provide potential combinational therapeutic approaches for targeting cancer metabolism.
Ultrathin Strained-Ge Channel P-MOSFETs With High-$K$ /Metal Gate and Sub-1-nm Equivalent Oxide Thickness

Surface-channel strained-Ge (s-Ge) p-MOSFETs with high-K/metal gate stack and ozone surface passivation are fabricated, for the first time. The channel is ultrathin (approximately 3-6 nm thick) s-Ge (approximately 2.2%, biaxial compression) epitaxially grown on a relaxed Si0.56Ge0. 44 virtual substrate. Split capacitance-voltage measurements along with quantum-mechanical simulations demonstrate a capacitance-equivalent thickness of 1.3 nm and sub-1-nm equivalent oxide thickness. The effective hole mobility of these devices was extracted and exhibits 3× and 2.2× mobility enhancement over universal Si hole mobility, for s-Ge channel thicknesses of ~6 and ~3 nm, respectively.
NoSE: Efficient Maintenance and Initialization of Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are used for longterm observation and monitoring. Such long-lasting deployments require different maintenance tasks, such as the replacement of nodes and the most critical initial installation of the sensor nodes. During maintenance, the actual node placement is modified resulting in temporary topology fluctuations, which are very expensive in terms of energy. We propose the NoSE protocol stack enhancement for WSNs to target maintenance tasks. NoSE provides the functionality for switching the network between an operational state and a deep sleep state. The deep sleep state allows for switching the network to energy savings, while performing maintenance. The network may be woken up at any given time. During the time bounded start-up, a comprehensive neighborhood assessment provides a solid basis for the subsequent network topology setup. Thus the success of a maintenance task, e.g., the initial deployment of the nodes, can be instantly validated. We present NoSE on a case study focusing on the initialization of a fire-detector WSN validated on a testbed and in simulation.
Design of mobile robot for real world application in path planning using ZigBee localization

This paper proposes a new path planning algorithm for a mobile robot applicable for realistic uses in farmland, which utilizes ZigBee localization, GPS and simple path learning from the GPS-Tractor tracking. The aim of this work is to verify a possibility in applying the ZigBee localization with GPS to estimate the tracking position of a mobile robot working in a farmland. To enhance robot mobility in a large area, human-supervised decision is implicitly incorporated into the path guiding using tracking data from the GPS tractor. Such development combining other systems to help in path guiding instead of operating only the standalone software on mobile robot could reduce the complexity of the path planning in complex farmland. We have applied this technology in a real-world situation at GranMonte Vineyard and Winery, Thailand.
The study of hidden habitats sheds light on poorly known taxa: spiders of the Mesovoid Shallow Substratum

Abstract The scarce and biased knowledge about the diversity and distribution of Araneae species in the Iberian Peninsula is accentuated in poorly known habitats such as the Mesovoid Shallow Substratum (MSS). The aim of this study was to characterize the spiders inventory of the colluvial MSS of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park, and to assess the importance of this habitat for the conservation of the taxon. Thirty-three localities were selected across the high peaks of the Guadarrama mountain range and they were sampled for a year using subterranean traps specially designed to capture arthropods in the MSS. Species accumulation curves were built both for the observed species richness and for the non-parametric richness estimators. The literature was reviewed in order to update the distributional maps of the rarest species. Forty-two species were collected, of which four were species new to science. More than half were represented by one or two individuals which caused the accumulation curves to rise slowly and to end without reaching an asymptote. Almost half of the species showed significant increases in their Iberian distribution ranges. Two species were recorded for the first time in the Iberian Peninsula and 32 species were new additions to the spider checklist of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park.