Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biogeochemical indices of phosphorus retention and release by wetland soils and adjacent stream sediments

Eutrophication is still a water quality problem within many watersheds. The Lake Okeechobee Basin, Florida, USA, like many watersheds is impacted by eutrophication caused by excess phosphorus (P). To meet water quality criteria to reduce this impairment, several levels of information on P dynamics within the Basin are required. The use of biogeochemical indices to help determine P retention/release of different landscape units such as wetlands and streams provides useful information on P dynamics. The objective of our study was to determine P retention/release indices for a range of wetland soils and their adjacent stream sediments. We sampled several wetlands and adjacent streams within Okeechobee’s Basin, which represented a range of P impacted systems. Regression analyses suggest that a single incubation of sediment/soil equilibrated at 1000 mg P kg-1 was sufficient (> 96% of the time) to estimate maximum P sorption capacity (Smax). Using this single incubation, sampled wetlands had nearly twice the P sorption capacity (238 ± 21 mg P kg−1) of stream sediments (146 ±14 mg P kg−1). Stream sediments also had a greater P saturation ratio (PSR) than wetland soils, indicating that sediment had a greater potential to release P. Phosphorus sorption under ambient P conditions (soil equilibrated with ambient site water) covaried best with P concentrations in site surface water and, as concentrations increased, P sorption also increased. Finally, we used soil P storage capacity (SPSC) to help estimate the ability of soils and sediments to retain additional P loadings and found that wetland soils had a greater ability to retain P. Phosphorus sorption was predicted equally well (> 73%) using either ammonium oxalate or 1 M HC1 extractable Fe and Al. The use of indices to quantify P dynamics of different landscape units can inform watershed management and policies aimed at reducing P loads to receiving water bodies.
Statistical Mechanics for States with Complex Eigenvalues and Quasi-stable Semiclassical Systems

Statistical mechanics for states with complex eigenvalues, which are described by Gel'fand triplet and represent unstable states like resonances, are discussed on the basis of principle of equal ${\it a priori}$ probability. A new entropy corresponding to the freedom for the imaginary eigenvalues appears in the theory. In equilibriums it induces a new physical observable which can be identified as a common time scale. It is remarkable that in spaces with more than 2 dimensions we find out existence of stable and quasi-stable systems, even though all constituents are unstable. In such systems all constituents are connected by stationary flows which are generally observable and then we can say that they are semiclassical systems. Examples for such semiclassical systems are constructed in parabolic potential barriers. The flexible structure of the systems is also pointed out.
Hierarchical power analysis attack for falsification detection cipher

The risk of IoT devices to be attacked by external networks has been reported. Therefore, falsification detection ciphers that can realize encryption and authentication simultaneously have attracted the attention of many researchers as a measure to prevent these attacks. Many studies have been reported on power analysis against AES. However, there are very few studies on power analysis against falsification detection ciphers. The present study proposes a method of power analysis against Minalpher, a falsification detection cipher. Experiments using an actual device prove the validity of the proposed method.
A New STC Structure to Achieve Generalized Optimal Diversity with a Reduced Design Complexity

We propose a new space-time code (STC) structure that can achieve generalized optimal diversity (GOD) with a reduced design complexity, and also provide an increased coding gain. As a class of GOD STC structure, the new structure achieves the full diversity and an optimized coding gain with minimum delay irrespective of the number of transmit antennas (Nt) and the rate (R ), if the rate is less than or equal to the rank of the channel matrix. In the new structure, only R transmit antennas at a time slot are engaged in signal transmission, and a different set of R transmit antennas at a different time slot is used. Nt data symbols are combined together using complex weights for each antenna at a time slot. The same set of data symbols is repeated at all the remaining time slots in a code block, but is transmitted through different transmit antennas using different sets of combining weights at different time slots. In particular, the above structure eliminates cross-code product terms in the determinant of codeword difference matrices when R < Nt, thus increasing the coding gain. In addition, we propose a simplified code structure to facilitate the code design, in which a higher-rate GOD STC can be obtained by coupling R rate-one codes using different rotations. We apply two design constraints such as the power and orthogonality constraints, and provide some guidelines to reduce further the design complexity. In conclusion, the proposed structure provides a higher coding gain as compared with the original GOD structure [ 1 ] and the existing linear dispersion STCs (LD-STCs), when R < Nt and can reduce significantly the design complexity when the rate becomes higher and/or the number of transmit antennas gets larger.
A Discourse-based Approach to Generating Why-Questions from Texts

We address the subtask of generating whyquestions from texts and propose the use of causal relations annotated in the Penn Discourse TreeBank for evaluating contentselection methods for why-question generation. Our initial experiments show that 71% of an independently developed data set of whyquestions can be correlated with causal relations annotated in the PDTB.
Protein zero, a nervous system adhesion molecule, triggers epithelial reversion in host carcinoma cells

Protein zero (P(o)) is the immunoglobulin gene superfamily glycoprotein that mediates the self-adhesion of the Schwann cell plasma membrane that yields compact myelin. HeLa is a poorly differentiated carcinoma cell line that has lost characteristic morphological features of the cervical epithelium from which it originated. Normally, HeLa cells are not self-adherent. However, when P(o) is artificially expressed in this line, cells rapidly aggregate, and P(o) concentrates specifically at cell-cell contact sites. Rows of desmosomes are generated at these interfaces, the plasma membrane localization of cingulin and ZO-1, proteins that have been shown to be associated with tight junctions, is substantially increased, and cytokeratins coalesce into a cohesive intracellular network. Immunofluorescence patterns for the adherens junction proteins N-cadherin, alpha-catenin, and vinculin, and the desmosomal polypeptides desmoplakin, desmocollin, and desmoglein, are also markedly enhanced at the cell surface. Our data demonstrate that obligatory cell-cell adhesion, which in this case is initially brought about by the homophilic association of P(o) molecules across the intercellular cleft, triggers pronounced augmentation of the normally sluggish or sub-basal cell adhesion program in HeLa cells, culminating in suppression of the transformed state and reversion of the monolayer to an epithelioid phenotype. Furthermore, this response is apparently accompanied by an increase in mRNA and protein levels for desmoplakin and N-cadherin which are normally associated with epithelial junctions. Our conclusions are supported by analyses of ten proteins we examined immunochemically (P(o), cingulin, ZO-1, desmoplakin, desmoglein, desmocollin, N-cadherin, alpha-catenin, vinculin, and cytokeratin-18), and by quantitative polymerase chain reactions to measure relative amounts of desmoplakin and N-cadherin mRNAs. P(o) has no known signaling properties; the dramatic phenotypic changes we observed are highly likely to have developed in direct response to P(o)-induced cell adhesion. More generally, the ability of this "foreign" membrane adhesion protein to stimulate desmosome and adherens junction formation by augmenting well-studied cadherin-based adhesion mechanisms raises the possibility that perhaps any bona fide cell adhesion molecule, when functionally expressed, can engage common intracellular pathways and trigger reversion of a carcinoma to an epithelial-like phenotype.
Morphological and immunocytochemical characteristics indicate the yield of early progenitors and represent a quality control for human mesenchymal stem cell culturing

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) are a heterogeneous cell population, which is reflected in varying morphological and biological properties. Three subpopulations with intrinsic characteristics can be distinguished: small rapidly self‐renewing cells, spindle‐shaped cells and large, flattened cells. Unfortunately, it has neither been possible to morphologically define these distinct cells consistently, nor to relate them to specific surface marker features. Here, the primary hMSC subpopulations of three donors are clearly defined by maximum cell diameter and area. Furthermore, these cells were stained for the putative hMSC surface markers CD105, CD90 as well as CD73, and evaluated by three‐colour flow cytometry and simultaneous multicolour immunocytochemistry. Interestingly, cell cultures with a high rate of triple‐positive hMSC featured a higher content of rapidly self‐renewing cells. On the other hand, a higher fraction of flattened cells correlated with a loss of one or more hMSC surface markers. The expression of CD73 showed the highest heterogeneity. Immunocytochemistry further confirmed that flattened cells mainly lack CD73 expression, whereas rapidly self‐renewing cells were steadily positive for all three hMSC markers. In the literature, hMSC properties are especially conceded to rapidly self‐renewing cells, whereas flattened cells have been suggested to represent early stages of lineage‐specific progenitors. We reveal that among the recently suggested surface markers, CD73 is the most sensitive, as it seems to be down‐regulated in the early stages of differentiation. Our morphological and immunocytochemical characterization of hMSC subpopulations indicates the yield of early multipotent hMSC and thereby provides a quality control approach for hMSC culturing.
FERMI-LAT OBSERVATIONS OF HIGH-ENERGY γ-RAY EMISSION TOWARD THE GALACTIC CENTER

The Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) has provided the most detailed view to date of the emission toward the Galactic center (GC) in high-energy γ-rays. This paper describes the analysis of data taken during the first 62 months of the mission in the energy range 1–100 GeV from a 15° × 15° region about the direction of the GC. Specialized interstellar emission models (IEMs) are constructed to enable the separation of the γ-ray emissions produced by cosmic ray particles interacting with the interstellar gas and radiation fields in the Milky Way into that from the inner ∼1 kpc surrounding the GC, and that from the rest of the Galaxy. A catalog of point sources for the 15° × 15° region is self-consistently constructed using these IEMs: the First Fermi-LAT Inner Galaxy Point Source Catalog (1FIG). The spatial locations, fluxes, and spectral properties of the 1FIG sources are presented, and compared with γ-ray point sources over the same region taken from existing catalogs. After subtracting the interstellar emission and point-source contributions a residual is found. If templates that peak toward the GC are used to model the positive residual the agreement with the data improves, but none of the additional templates tried account for all of its spatial structure. The spectrum of the positive residual modeled with these templates has a strong dependence on the choice of IEM.
Mining Anonymity: Identifying Sensitive Accounts on Twitter

We explore the feasibility of automatically finding accounts that publish sensitive content on Twitter. One natural approach to this problem is to first create a list of sensitive keywords, and then identify Twitter accounts that use these words in their tweets. But such an approach may overlook sensitive accounts that are not covered by the subjective choice of keywords. In this paper, we instead explore finding sensitive accounts by examining the percentage of anonymous and identifiable followers the accounts have. This approach is motivated by an earlier study showing that sensitive accounts typically have a large percentage of anonymous followers and a small percentage of identifiable followers. To this end, we first considered the problem of automatically determining if a Twitter account is anonymous or identifiable. We find that simple techniques, such as checking for name-list membership, perform poorly. We designed a machine learning classifier that classifies accounts as anonymous or identifiable. We then classified an account as sensitive based on the percentages of anonymous and identifiable followers the account has. We applied our approach to approximately 100,000 accounts with 404 million active followers. The approach uncovered accounts that were sensitive for a diverse number of reasons. These accounts span across varied themes, including those that are not commonly proposed as sensitive or those that relate to socially stigmatized topics. To validate our approach, we applied Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic analysis to the tweets in the detected sensitive and non-sensitive accounts. LDA showed that the sensitive and non-sensitive accounts obtained from the methodology are tweeting about distinctly different topics. Our results show that it is indeed possible to objectively identify sensitive accounts at the scale of Twitter.
Model Checking Timing Requirements

Model checking has been used successfully to analyze concurrent nite state systems The behavioral speci cation of the system is transformed into a nite representation of the speci cation s reachability graph System properties to be veri ed are expressed as temporal logic formulae A model checker accepts a system s reachability graph and a system property and through exhaustive analysis determines whether or not the property holds in the system In this paper we extend the Software Cost Reduction SCR requirements notation to specify systems timing requirements We describe an analysis tool that transforms timed SCR speci cations into timed reachability graphs and show how some real time properties can be veri ed with a model checker for branching time temporal logic In addition we compare our system for analyzing SCR requirements with other model checkers that verify properties of real time systems
Detection and localization of emitters in the presence of multipath using a uniform linear antenna array

In this paper, we present a new application of the likelihood ratio test to solve the problem of enumeration and localization of multiple emitters (sources) with a uniform linear antenna array in a multi-path environment. First, spatial smoothing is applied to the antenna array data to decorrelate signals corresponding to each path in the estimated correlation matrix and the number of paths is then counted using an information theoretic criterion. Then, MUSIC is applied with this correlation matrix to estimate the angle of arrival of all possible incident paths. In our signal model, we assume that the correlation between signals from two paths is one if they originate from the same source but zero if they are from different sources. The likelihood ratio test is then applied to each path pair using this correlation model and the angles of arrival estimated by MUSIC in order to find out if the path pair originates from the same emitter, and hence the number of emitters and their angles of arrival are estimated. The proposed algorithm on the likelihood ratio test is compared with the correlation coefficient algorithm based on minimum variance beamforming with a performance analysis.
Automated Building Extraction from High-Resolution Satellite Imagery Using Spectral and Structural Information Based on Artificial Neural Networks

Automatic building extraction remains an open research area in digital photogrammetry. While many algorithms have been proposed for building extraction, none of them solve the problem completely. This paper proposes a system for increasing the degree of automation in extraction of building features with different rooftops from high resolution Multispectral satellite images (e.g., IKONOS and Quickbird) in Middle East countries. Following on, the implementation and functionality of software developed on the basis of neural networks approach are also explained. As known, neural networks have capabilities as pattern recognition and object extraction for remotely sensed data. The software has been designed and developed in C# programming environment and it is rather user friendly due to the fact that little knowledge is required for the users about neural networks theory. The proposed system works in two different phases: the first phase is learning, and the second phase is application. In the first phase, the presented neural network in the system is trained with the aid of test data, and in the second phase, the system will be used for detection and extraction of buildings from satellite images. Fused images from IKONOS sensor (1m resolution) from urban area of Kashan in Iran were selected for testing this system. The building extraction results are compared with manually delineated ones. The comparison illustrates the efficiency of the proposed algorithm in which it can extract approximately 80% of buildings in the image properly. * Corresponding author
Streaming Velocities as a Dynamical Estimator of Ω

It is well known that estimating the mean pairwise velocity of galaxies v12 from the redshift space galaxy correlation function is difficult because this method is highly sensitive to the assumed model of the pairwise velocity dispersion. Here we propose an alternative method to estimate v12 directly from peculiar velocity samples, which contain redshift-independent distances as well as galaxy redshifts. In contrast to other dynamical measures which determine β≡Ω0. 6σ8, this method can provide an estimate of Ω0. 6σ28 for a range of σ8, where Ω is the cosmological density parameter, while σ8 is the standard normalization for the power spectrum of density fluctuations. We demonstrate how to measure this quantity from realistic catalogs.
IL-6 Contributes to the Expression of RAGs in Human Mature B Cells1

Mature B cells acquire the capacity to revise rearranged Ig V region genes in secondary lymphoid organs. In previous studies, we demonstrated that cross-linking the BCR and the CD40 induces the expression of the RAG1 and RAG2 enzymes and, thereby, secondary rearrangements. We examine herein the mechanism that underpins RAG1 and RAG2 expression in peripheral and tonsil B cells. Coordinated engagement of the BCR and CD40 promoted the synthesis of IL-6 and, thereby, up-regulation of its receptor on activated B lymphocytes. Furthermore, we provide evidence that IL-6 initiates the expression of RAGs in circulating B cells, and extends those in tonsil B cells. Thus, neutralization of IL-6 or blocking of its receptor inhibits RAG expression. Moreover, we demonstrate that IL-6 impedes BCR-mediated termination of RAG gene expression in both population of B cells. The recovered inhibition of RAG gene transcription by IL-6 receptor blockade supports the notion that once recombination is launched, its termination is also regulated by IL-6. Taken together, these studies provide new insight into the dual role of IL-6 in inducing and terminating expression of the recombinase machinery for secondary rearrangements in mature human B cells.
Attentional cueing improves vision restoration therapy in patients with visual field defects

Background: In patients with postgenicular lesions of the visual system, areas of residual vision (ARVs) are the main predictor of recovery induced by vision restoration therapy (VRT). In these partially defective regions, the elevated perceptual thresholds can be acutely reduced by attentional cueing. Objective: To examine whether directing attention to ARVs using a visuospatial cue also increases long-term neural plasticity and thus enhances permanent training outcome. Methods: In a prospective, randomized clinical trial, treatment outcome was compared in patients with postgenicular visual system lesions who received either standard VRT (control group [CG]; n = 10) or VRT with attentional cueing (experimental group [EG]; n = 9). Visual field size was determined before and after a 6-month treatment period using Tübingen Automated Perimetry and computer-based high-resolution perimetry (HRP) and in regular intervals throughout this period by HRP and detection performance in VRT. Results: In the area of the cue, restoration of vision was significantly greater than during VRT without cueing: cued patients showed a much more pronounced shift of the visual field border toward the blind area than that observed in the CG or in uncued regions of the EG. Focusing attention at ARVs during treatment changed topographic and temporal patterns of recovery as compared with uncued regions of the visual field. Conclusions: Use of a visuospatial cue to focus attention at areas of residual vision amplifies long-term neuronal plasticity. The authors propose that top-down signals preactivate partially damaged areas of V1, thus linking visual and attentional neuronal networks, with the effect of permanently increasing conscious visual perception.
Immigrant students’ achievements in light of their educational aspirations and academic motivation

ABSTRACT Despite their often-reported tendency to ‘aim high’, children of immigrants frequently demonstrate lower school achievement than children of non-immigrants. We address this attitude-achievement paradox by proposing a conditional view that contends that exposure to the destination country's language is essential for transforming favourable educational orientations into achievement. Based on German data from the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS), we study the role of educational attitudes in terms of both sociological measures of educational aspirations and psychological measures of academic motivation. The attitude-achievement paradox is reflected in a weaker link between educational orientations and reading achievement among students from certain migrant groups than among their majority peers. Regarding the sources of these discrepancies, we find that immigrant students who use the destination language in their everyday interactions experience greater benefits from higher levels of educational aspirations and academic motivation than do those with less exposure to the language. In this manner, we can account for some of the observed group differences in the link between educational attitudes and achievement and, thus, for part of the attitude-achievement paradox.