Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Predictors and prediction trees for lossless imagecompression

In this paper, we propose two methods of lossless images compression: predictors and prediction trees. In the rst method, we replace each pixel in the image by its predicted pixel ; we use various schemes to predict the value of a pixel. The errors image corresponding to the diierence between the original image and the predicted image is sent to the encoder, i.e. to the arithmetic coding, which will be used to make the nal step of the compression. The second method consists of two algorithms : we breaks the image into 4 4 blocks, and compute from each block an optimal spanning tree. The rst algorithm is based on the calculation of a minimal spanning tree ; in this algorithm we take into account the small diierences. The second algorithm is based on the calculation of maximal spanning tree which takes into account the high frequency. In the 2 algorithms, we encode the spanning trees with arithmetic coding. We thus obtain a gain in the compression that reaches 52% of the size of the image. This gain is observed in the loss-less image compression. The results obtained are higher than those obtained with the algorithms of general compression, and often higher than those obtained with existing methods of lossless compression specialized in images. These algorithms are applied on medical images or on satellites' images.
When and where do infants follow gaze?

Infants' processing of adult social cues develops late in the first year. Sensitivity before 6 months is limited to nonspecific motion-cuing by lateral eye movements. Results from naturalistic and experimental studies show that learning is sensitive to factors including target location, target salience, gaze-cue salience, and the presence of distractors or non-gaze social cues. Those results are consistent with models in which incremental learning processes gradually learn to predict interesting events in allocentric space, and spatial attention networks learn to integrate predictive cues and memory traces to plan searches in complex environments.
Do Children Have the Same Vulnerability to Metabolic Drug–Drug Interactions as Adults? A Critical Analysis of the Literature

Many drug–drug interactions (DDIs) in the pediatric population are managed based on data generated in adults. However, due to developmental changes in elimination pathways from birth to adolesence, and variable weight‐adjusted dose of interacting drugs, the assumption of DDIs being similar in adults and pediatrics might not be correct. This study compares the magnitude of reported DDIs in pediatric and adult populations. A systematic literature review was undertaken to identify reports of DDIs in pediatric subjects. A total of 145 reports of DDIs were identified over the age range of birth to 20 years. The magnitude of DDIs for 24 drug pairs from 31 different pediatric studies could be assessed and compared with those in adults where corresponding data existed. The magnitude of the DDI, as measured by a relevant parameter (e.g., AUC, CL) in the presence and absence of inhibitor, were higher (>1.25‐fold), similar (0.8‐ to 1.25‐fold) or lower (<0.8‐fold) than the corresponding ratio in adults in 10, 15, and 8 cases respectively. An age‐related trend in the magnitude of DDIs could not be established. However, the study highlighted the clear paucity of the data in children younger than 2 years. Care should be exercised when applying the knowledge of DDIs from adults to children younger than 2 years of age.
Latent Variable Analysis: A New Approach to University Ranking

This study applies a Bayesian latent variable analysis to the task of determining rankings of universities in the UK and US, on the basis of a set of quality‐related measures. It estimates the degree of uncertainty in the rankings and permits the assessment of statistically significant differences across universities. It also provides a methodology for determining the weighting of various measures that is based on the patterns embedded in the data and compares the latent variable rankings with traditional weight‐and‐sum rankings. Overall, the methodology contributes to a better understanding of ranking efforts and illustrates the need for caution in interpreting distinctions published in traditional ranking systems. 1. The authors performed this work in RAND Education, a unit of RAND Corporation. The research activity was funded from a contract from the State of Qatar Supreme Education Council. The authors wish to express their appreciation for this support. The present article derives from a research pro.
Development and Stem Cells Research Article 2681

INTRODUCTION Epigenetic mechanisms that regulate access to the genetic material govern cell differentiation and embryonic development. This epigenetic control is mainly mediated by covalent modifications of histones and DNA (Kouzarides, 2007). Recently, histone methylation has received special attention as an essential regulator of gene expression. In particular, methylation of lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3) has been found to be an important regulator of embryonic development and cell homeostasis (Margueron and Reinberg, 2010; Morey and Helin, 2010). The enzymes responsible for this activity are enhancer of zeste homologs 1 and 2 (EZH1/2) (Cao et al., 2002; Czermin et al., 2002; Kuzmichev et al., 2002). H3K27me3 is recognized by the chromodomain of the polycomb protein that forms part of PRC1 (Cao et al., 2002; Lois et al., 2010). The recruitment of PRC1 leads to final transcriptional repression (Cao et al., 2002), a state that can be reversed by the removal of H3K27me3 marks by Jumonji C (JmjC) domain-containing proteins, JMJD3 and UTX histone demethylases (Agger et al. The importance of the balance between methyltransferase and demethylase activity is reflected by the fact that many key developmental promoters are often marked by
An allosteric transport mechanism for the AcrAB-TolC multidrug efflux pump

Bacterial efflux pumps confer multidrug resistance by transporting diverse antibiotics from the cell. In Gram-negative bacteria, some of these pumps form multi-protein assemblies that span the cell envelope. Here, we report the near-atomic resolution cryoEM structures of the Escherichia coli AcrAB-TolC multidrug efflux pump in resting and drug transport states, revealing a quaternary structural switch that allosterically couples and synchronizes initial ligand binding with channel opening. Within the transport-activated state, the channel remains open even though the pump cycles through three distinct conformations. Collectively, our data provide a dynamic mechanism for the assembly and operation of the AcrAB-TolC pump. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.24905. 001
Smooth Globally Warp Locally: Video Stabilization Using Homography Fields

Conceptually, video stabilization is achieved by estimating the camera trajectory throughout the video and then smoothing the trajectory. In practice, the pipeline invariably leads to estimating update transforms that adjust each frame of the video such that the overall sequence appears to be stabilized. Therefore, we argue that estimating good update transforms is more critical to success than accurately modeling and characterizing the motion of the camera. Based on this observation, we propose the usage of homography fields for video stabilization. A homography field is a spatially varying warp that is regularized to be as projective as possible, so as to enable accurate warping while adhering closely to the underlying geometric constraints. We show that homography fields are powerful enough to meet the various warping needs of video stabilization, not just in the core step of stabilization, but also in video inpainting. This enables relatively simple algorithms to be used for motion modeling and smoothing. We demonstrate the merits of our video stabilization pipeline on various public testing videos.
The Aids Pandemic, the Prophet Billy Chisupe, and the Democratization Process in Malawi

Cet article presente le cas de Billy Chisupe, fermier du sud Malawi qui fit un reve en 1994 dans lequel des esprits d'ancetres lui designaient un arbre dont l'ecorce etait censee contenir la guerison definitive du SIDA. Au bout de quelques mois des dizaines de milliers de personnes se rendaient chez lui pour y recevoir ce medicament nomme «Mchape». Apres presentation de ce cas, l'A. propose une interpretation de ses images sous-jacentes et conclut avec une evaluation de ce que cela nous dit sur la comprehension locale a la fois du SIDA et du processus de democratisation de ce pays.
Coevolution of strategies and partnerships in adaptive social networks

This paper studies the coupled effects of two important processes in social networks: the evolution of cooperative behavior and the evolution of the structure of interactions. Although in the course of their development these processes mutually affect each other, very few models consider their coevolution. In this paper the evolution of cooperation is studied in an adaptive network of agents, that is, strategies and partnerships coevolve in the model. Interaction between connected agents (neighbors, partners) is modeled by the Prisoner’s Dilemma game, with agents adopting one of the two strategies: cooperate or defect. Partnerships are defined as an initially random network, which evolves as agents change their partners depending on the partners’ strategies. Extensive numerical simulations show the following results: (1) Asynchronous strategy updating improves cooperation: when agents’ strategies are updated gradually instead of updating all agents at the same time, the frequency of cooperation becomes gradually higher. Moreover, slower time scale of the strategy updating process further improves cooperation when the network of interactions is directed as opposed to undirected. (2) The connectedness of the network also affects the amount of cooperation in a non-trivial way: a socially optimal degree of connectedness can be observed, at which cooperation is the highest, and deviation from this degree leads to gradually reduced cooperation. That is, too dense or too loose connectedness can have some harmful effects on the amount of cooperation. (3) Using a directed instead of an undirected network as the model of interaction structure generally results in improved cooperation. However, it is surprising that when the speed of strategy updating is synchronized and extremely fast, cooperation is slightly lower in a directed network. When the speed of strategy updating is within the broad range of asynchronous, slower updating as opposed to synchronized, extremely fast updating, cooperation is increasingly higher in a directed network.
Conversational discourse analysis: appropriate and useful sample sizes

The time required to transcribe and analyse lengthy conversation puts conversational discourse analysis (CDA) out of reach for most practising clinicians. However, standards have not been established for appropriate conversation sample size. Data are presented supporting the use of conversation samples 5-10 minutes when studying conversation repair, speaking rate, and utterance length. Ten minute samples adequately represented 'parent' conversations from which they were derived when measuring conversation repair for six of eight cases. For measuring speaking efficiency (length of utterance and speaking rate) 5 minutes was adequate for all eight cases. For variables occurring once per minute, 10 minute samples were adequate, and for variables occurring three times per minute, 5 minute samples were adequate.
Poisson Image Analogy: Texture-Aware Seamless Cloning

Synthesizing two images with seamless boundaries, i.e. seamless image cloning, is important and has many useful applications in CG. Previous approaches do not produce realistic results if texture details of the two images are different. We propose a novel texture-aware seamless cloning framework based on separately processing the details and base image colors. The proposed framework provides realistic cloning results with seamless texture details. Categories and Subject
On the relationship between criminal victimization and fear of crime

Abstract Past research has failed to detect consistent relationships between criminal victimization and fear of crime. For women and elderly people higher levels of fear have been reported in spite of lower risks of victimization when compared to other subgroups. These findings are supposed to be mainly artefacts, resulting from the violation of re-search requirements: an adequate specification of fear indicators, the symmetry of victimization and fear indicators, the distinction of fear of actual as opposed to fictitious victimization, the definition of non-victims, the correction for restriction of range of correlations, the control of moderator effects, and the consideration of different variances within subgroups. The relevance of these requirements is demonstrated, using data from a representative German survey: First, correlational analyses of different fear indicators confirmed that fear of crime should not be treated as a homogeneous phenomenon. Second, in applying different assessment strategies,.
The application of fuzzy clustering in the analysis of community structure

Community structure is a common nature which most practical networks have. Community detecting has great significance for describing the network structure characters. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed which combines the idea of optimized modular function Q, spectral relaxation and fuzzy c-mean clustering methods in order to uncover the overlapping community structure and the Zachary's karate club network is given as demonstration.
Object-oriented Software for the Analysis of Longitudinal Data in

Object-oriented Software for the Analysis of Longitudinal Data in S David M. Smith, Bill Robertson and Peter J. Diggle September, 1997 Legal notice: This document and the accompanying software is Copyright c 1997 David M. Smith and Lancaster University. Verbatim copies of this document may be made without charge. The OSWALD software is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but without any warranty; without even the implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. See the license in the accompanying file COPYINGfor more details.
Physiotherapy treatment of children with cerebral palsy: The complexity of communication within sessions and over time

Physiotherapy involves complex communication and interaction. The purpose of the present study was to conduct in-depth analyses of communication during treatment for children with cerebral palsy within sessions and over time. Treatment took place at the children's educational settings. Subjects were participants in three long-term therapy courses. A multiple case synthesis of the cases was carried out on the basis of in-depth interviews with physiotherapists and teachers and repeated video-recordings. In order to compare processes of communication within and over sessions, a three-step procedure was applied: identification of main communicative patterns, identification of variability and stability of patterns, and detailed analysis of selected part-processes. Four main communicative patterns were identified: two divergent patterns labelled “Different and competing perspectives” and “Insecurity and confusion” and two convergent, labelled “Actively searching for common ground” and “Shared and effortless dialogue”. The variability of communication was considerable, within and over sessions, and also within the selected part-processes. The findings can be described and understood within a dynamic systems framework, capturing the complex dynamics of communication within and over sessions, as well as during specific moments.
Canadian Academy of Geriatric Psychiatry Survey of Brief Cognitive Screening Instruments

Background The use of brief cognitive screening instruments is essential in the assessment of dementia. The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of use and perceived characteristics of cognitive screening instruments among Canadian psychogeriatric clinicians. Methods Members of the Canadian Academy of Geriatric Psychiatry (CAGP) and attendees to the 2010 Annual Scientific Meeting were asked to complete a computerized survey. This survey assessed the perceived characteristics and frequency of use of 14 instruments. Results The survey had a 55% response rate, with a total of 155 respondents. The most commonly used instruments are the Clock Drawing Test (CDT), Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Delayed Word Recall. Effectiveness, ease of administration, and speed of administration were the perceived characteristics of instruments most correlated with frequency of use. Conclusions Consistent with previous surveys, a small number of cognitive screening instruments are used by the majority of clinicians. Use of the CDT and the MMSE were comparable. To our knowledge, this is the first survey demonstrating that the MMSE is not the most commonly used tool, and other, newer instruments like the MoCA, are gaining prominence.
A Protein Interaction Map of the Kalimantacin Biosynthesis Assembly Line

The antimicrobial secondary metabolite kalimantacin (also called batumin) is produced by a hybrid polyketide/non-ribosomal peptide system in Pseudomonas fluorescens BCCM_ID9359. In this study, the kalimantacin biosynthesis gene cluster is analyzed by yeast two-hybrid analysis, creating a protein–protein interaction map of the entire assembly line. In total, 28 potential interactions were identified, of which 13 could be confirmed further. These interactions include the dimerization of ketosynthase domains, a link between assembly line modules 9 and 10, and a specific interaction between the trans-acting enoyl reductase BatK and the carrier proteins of modules 8 and 10. These interactions reveal fundamental insight into the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. This study is the first to reveal interactions in a complete biosynthetic pathway. Similar future studies could build a strong basis for engineering strategies in such clusters.
Modulation of flight muscle power output in budgerigars Melopsittacus undulatus and zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata: in vitro muscle performance

SUMMARY The pectoralis muscles are the main source of mechanical power for avian flight. The power output of these muscles must be modulated to meet the changing power requirements of flight across a range of speeds. This can be achieved at the muscle level by manipulation of strain trajectory and recruitment patterns, and/or by intermittent flight strategies. We have measured the in vitro power outputs of pectoralis muscle fascicles from budgerigars Melopsittacus undulatus and zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata under conditions replicating those previously measured in vivo during flight. This has allowed us to quantify the extent to which different power modulation mechanisms control flight muscle power output. Intermittent flight behaviour is a more important determinant of flight power in zebra finches than budgerigars. This behaviour accounts for 25–62% of power modulation relative to the maximum available mechanical power output in zebra finch, compared to 0–38% in budgerigars. Muscle level changes in fascicle strain trajectory and motor unit recruitment, rather than intermittent flight behaviours, are the main determinants of pectoralis muscle power output in budgerigars at all speeds, and in zebra finch at speeds below 14 m s–1.
Drivers of Time-Activity Budget Variability during Breeding in a Pelagic Seabird

During breeding, animal behaviour is particularly sensitive to environmental and food resource availability. Additionally, factors such as sex, body condition, and offspring developmental stage can influence behaviour. Amongst seabirds, behaviour is generally predictably affected by local foraging conditions and has therefore been suggested as a potentially useful proxy to indicate prey state. However, besides prey availability and distribution, a range of other variables also influence seabird behavior, and these need to be accounted for to increase the signal-to-noise ratio when assessing specific characteristics of the environment based on behavioural attributes. The aim of this study was to use continuous, fine-scale time-activity budget data from a pelagic seabird (Cape gannet, Morus capensis) to determine the influence of intrinsic (sex and body condition) and extrinsic (offspring and time) variables on parent behaviour during breeding. Foraging trip duration and chick provisioning rates were clearly sex-specific and associated with chick developmental stage. Females made fewer, longer foraging trips and spent less time at the nest during chick provisioning. These sex-specific differences became increasingly apparent with chick development. Additionally, parents in better body condition spent longer periods at their nests and those which returned later in the day had longer overall nest attendance bouts. Using recent technological advances, this study provides new insights into the foraging behaviour of breeding seabirds, particularly during the post-guarding phase. The biparental strategy of chick provisioning revealed in this study appears to be an example where the costs of egg development to the female are balanced by paternal-dominated chick provisioning particularly as the chick nears fledging.
Effect of Steric Restriction on the Intracortical Distribution of Microspheres in the Dog Kidney

The effect on the intracortical distribution of micro-spheres and radioactivity caused by steric hindrance of the free movement of spheres into afferent arterioles are described by two mathematical models. The results are compared with corresponding experimental data obtained in six kidneys from normotensive dogs. The first model (A) assumes that spheres are distributed as blood flow, regardless of their size, except for those having diameters greater than that of an afferent arteriole and which do not enter this vessel. The second model (Bl includes the Ferry correction. The experimental data show that the percent recovery of spheres with diameters of 20–,25 μm was significantly greater in the outer cortex and signiflcantly less in the juxtamedullary cortex than recovery of the smaller spheres, and that the distribution of spheres with diameters of 10 μm to about 17 μm seems uninfluenced by the sphere size. The experimental results we have obtained fit best with model A. We found that according to both models steric restriction is a factor of major importance in relation to the intracortical distribution of spheres, and the analysis shows that the blood flow in the inner part of the renal cortex is grossly underestimated by the method of isotope labeled microspheres when diameters of 15 ± 5 μm are used in the dog. Furthermore we found that dilation of the afferent arterioles will change the steric hindrance so that a redistribution of spheres and radioactivity may occur without any redistribution of blood flow. It is suggested that the results interpreted as redistribution of blood flow can be explained as due to altered steric hindrance alone, i.e., as a methodological artifact.