Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Building a TOCFL Learner Corpus for Chinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis

This study describes the construction of a TOCFL learner corpus and its usage for Chinese grammatical error diagnosis. We collected essays from the Test Of Chinese as a Foreign Language (TOCFL) and annotated grammatical errors using hierarchical tagging sets. Two kinds of error classifications were used simultaneously to tag grammatical errors. The first capital letter of each error tags denotes the coarse-grained surface differences, while the subsequent lowercase letters denote the fine-grained linguistic categories. A total of 33,835 grammatical errors in 2,837 essays and their corresponding corrections were manually annotated. We then used the Standard Generalized Markup Language to format learner texts and annotations along with learners’ accompanying metadata. Parts of the TOCFL learner corpus have been provided for shared tasks on Chinese grammatical error diagnosis. We also investigated systems participating in the shared tasks to better understand current achievements and challenges. The datasets are publicly available to facilitate further research. To our best knowledge, this is the first annotated learner corpus of traditional Chinese, and the entire learner corpus will be publicly released.
An Econometric Model of the Joint Production and Consumption of Residential Space Heat

The demand for residential energy arises from the desire for basic amenities, such as heated or cooled living space, hot water, and cooked food. These amenities are nonmarket goods; they are simultaneously produced and consumed within the household. Conceptually, production and consumption are separable. The production decision involves the optimal choice of factor inputs, given the desired amenity; the consumption decision involves the choice of the level of amenity, given the price of that amenity relative to other goods. This study focuses on residential demand for space heat. This focus was chosen for the following reasons: 1. Space heat accounts for over half the energy consumed in a typical household [17]. An increase in the price of primary heating fuel may have noticeable impact on disposable income, particularly in poor households; and 2. Energy demand for space heat can be controlled in the short run, by changing final demand for space heat (i.e., adjusting the thermostat) and in the long run by changing production technology (i.e., substituting capital for energy through energy conservation or changing the heating system and/or space heating fuel.) The econometric literature has used several alternative approaches to model the residential demand for energy. Dynamic models have been used to derive estimates of long-run and short-run elasticities of demand for energy in the residential sector from aggregate time-series or pooled cross-section/time-series data [9; 12]. The availability of household survey data makes it possible to model appliance choice and energy use conditioned on that choice in a joint discrete/continuous choice framework. McFadden, Puig, and Kirshner [14]; Hausman [11]; and Dubin and McFadden [7] model jointly the discrete choice of energy-using appliances with the continuous demand for energy. Cameron [4] focuses on energy conservation as the discrete choice, again with energy demand as the joint continuous decision. Household production theory has been applied to several recent studies that relate the production of household services to the derived demand for energy, capital, land, and labor [16; 19]. This approach is similar to that found in the industrial energy demand literature [2; 10].
Discrete synchronism methods for polluted single phase and unbalanced three-phase systems

Due to the proliferation of distributed power systems, renewable energy sources and systems working in islanding mode, the issue of grid frequency variations has come to be an important topic. In this paper, two single-phase and one three-phase phase-locked loop methods are studied. The resulting PLLs algorithms are completely developed in the discrete plane in order to be directly applied on digitals systems as DSPs or FPGAs. The objective is to get PLLs as simple as it can be accomplished, with the purpose to reduce the computing time. Weak network supply systems and systems working in islanding mode have usually poor short circuit capacity. In addition, the source impedance leads to a much polluted voltage supply signal in the presence of nonlinear loads. In order to get an appropriate synchronization, a Rectangular Windows Filter (RWF) is employed as a noise rejecter. For unbalanced systems, two approaches to get synchronism are presented, where the unbalanced system can be due to sensors failures or power problems in the grid voltage.
Better diet quality relates to larger brain tissue volumes

Objective To investigate the relation of diet quality with structural brain tissue volumes and focal vascular lesions in a dementia-free population. Methods From the population-based Rotterdam Study, 4,447 participants underwent dietary assessment and brain MRI scanning between 2005 and 2015. We excluded participants with an implausible energy intake, prevalent dementia, or cortical infarcts, leaving 4,213 participants for the current analysis. A diet quality score (0–14) was calculated reflecting adherence to Dutch dietary guidelines. Brain MRI was performed to obtain information on brain tissue volumes, white matter lesion volume, lacunes, and cerebral microbleeds. The associations of diet quality score and separate food groups with brain structures were assessed using multivariable linear and logistic regression. Results We found that better diet quality related to larger brain volume, gray matter volume, white matter volume, and hippocampal volume. Diet quality was not associated with white matter lesion volume, lacunes, or microbleeds. High intake of vegetables, fruit, whole grains, nuts, dairy, and fish and low intake of sugar-containing beverages were associated with larger brain volumes. Conclusions A better diet quality is associated with larger brain tissue volumes. These results suggest that the effect of nutrition on neurodegeneration may act via brain structure. More research, in particular longitudinal research, is needed to unravel direct vs indirect effects between diet quality and brain health.
Who can I trust? Extended fear during and after the Utøya terrorist attack.

OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate specific peritraumatic reactions among adolescent and young adult survivors of the 2011 terrorist attack on Utøya Island, Norway. The authors focused specifically on a phenomenon that has so far not been thoroughly investigated: fear of nondangerous stimuli ("extended fear") during and immediately after the traumatic event. METHOD In total, 325 survivors of the shooting on Utøya Island were interviewed 4-5 months after the attack and provided a free narrative of the event. Posttraumatic stress symptoms were assessed using the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index; depression and anxiety were assessed using HSCL-8. For the purpose of the current study, the authors chose participants who were under the age of 26 at the time of the terrorist attack (M = 18.4 years), which constituted the vast majority of the total sample (93%). RESULTS The authors found that 54% of the sample felt threatened during and immediately after the attack, not only by the perpetrator himself, but by other people as well; in most cases by people who came to help them (medical personnel, policemen, volunteers). The participants who mentioned experiencing extended fear in their trauma narratives had significantly higher scores of posttraumatic stress symptoms, anxiety, and depression 5 months after the attack than participants who did not peritraumatically experience extended fear. CONCLUSIONS Early detection of extended fear can help in identifying individuals who will later develop symptomatology. In addition, knowledge of the phenomenon could help policemen and medical personnel understand survivors' seemingly irrational reactions. (PsycINFO Database Record
A Dynamic Hidden Forwarding Path Planning Method Based on Improved Q-Learning in SDN Environments

Currently, many methods are available to improve the target network’s security. The vast majority of them cannot obtain an optimal attack path and interdict it dynamically and conveniently. Almost all defense strategies aim to repair known vulnerabilities or limit services in target network to improve security of network. These methods cannot response to the attacks in real-time because sometimes they need to wait for manufacturers releasing corresponding countermeasures to repair vulnerabilities. In this paper, we propose an improved Q-learning algorithm to plan an optimal attack path directly and automatically. Based on this path, we use software-defined network (SDN) to adjust routing paths and create hidden forwarding paths dynamically to filter vicious attack requests. Compared to other machine learning algorithms, Q-learning only needs to input the target state to its agents, which can avoid early complex training process. We improve Q-learning algorithm in two aspects. First, a reward function based on the weights of hosts and attack success rates of vulnerabilities is proposed, which can adapt to different network topologies precisely. Second, we remove the actions and merge them into every state that reduces complexity from to . In experiments, after deploying hidden forwarding paths, the security of target network is boosted significantly without having to repair network vulnerabilities immediately.
Occurrence of Struthiopterolichus bicaudatus ( Acari ; Pterolichidae ) in Southeastern Brazil

The farm is located in the county of Caratinga, State of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil The diagnosis of parasitism was done during husbandry practices that include monthly handle of the birds for weighting and general physical examination. In September, 2004, all birds of the farm were examined and classified according to their age: 0 to 3 month-old (15 birds), 4 to 12 month-old (45 birds), 13 a 24 month-old (224 birds), older than 24 months (61 birds), totaling 345 birds.
Molecular phylogeny of Planaltina Böhlke (Characidae: Stevardiinae) and comments on the definition and geographic distribution of the genus, with description of a new species

A molecular phylogeny of Planaltina, including the three previously described species and an undescribed species, is presented. The monophyly of the genus, included in Diapomini, is strongly supported. Its sister group, the remaining Diapomini, includes only species without modified caudal-fin squamation in the present analysis (species of Diapoma with caudal organs were not sampled). Creagrutus is sister to Planaltina plus remaining Diapomini instead of Planaltina being sister to Creagrutus plus Diapomini, as a previous analysis had suggested. Species of Planaltina form two clades: P. britskii plus the new species, with low support (< 50%); and P. myersi plus P. glandipedis, with higher support. Planaltina is rediagnosed from all Characidae based on the morphology of the caudal organ, the absence of a humeral spot and the presence of a complete lateral line. Comments on the caudal-fin squamation of Diapoma and Lepidocharax burnsi, on the type-series of L. burnsi and on the geographic distribution of Planaltina and Lepidocharax species are provided. Finally, a formal description of the aforementioned new species and a novel identification key to Planaltina are presented.
Mineral identification and geological mapping using near-infrared spectroscopy analysis

In recent years, the near-infrared spectroscopy measurement technology in China has made considerable progress; it has been widely used in the fields of agriculture, chemistry, geology, and medicine measurement. The near-infrared spectroscopy is very sensitive to the characteristics of C-H (methyl, a methylene group, a methoxy group, a carboxyl group, an aryl group, etc.), hydroxy O-H, mercapto S-H, and amino N-H. So, it can distinguish the crystallinity of single mineral (clay minerals, chlorite, serpentine, etc.), containing hydroxy silicate minerals (epidote, amphibole, etc.), sulfate minerals (alunite, pyritepotassium alum, gypsum, etc.), and carbonate minerals (calcite, dolomite, etc.) in the layered silicate. The character of near-infrared spectroscopy is one of the important guarantees for the instrument development of the small portable near-infrared mineral analyzer, and for its fast, accurate identification of rock samples. In this paper, we focus on the near-infrared spectral characteristics, identification method, and quantitative analysis method for the low-temperature alteration minerals; at the same time, a portable near infrared spectrometer and its principle were presented. In the experiment, spectral parameters were acquired from the characteristic spectra of altered minerals, and the relationship between altered minerals and ore-forming were established. The measured spectral data from the drilling rock cores in Zijinshan Mine in Fujian province was used as an example to illustrate the credibility of the proposed method.
Web-based Annotation Tool for Inflectional Language Resources

We present Wasim, a web-based tool for semi-automatic morphosyntactic annotation of inflectional languages resources. The tool features high flexibility in segmenting tokens, editing, diacritizing, and labelling tokens and segments. Text annotation of highly inflectional languages (including Arabic) requires key functionality which we could not see in a survey of existing tools. Wasim integrates with morphological analysers to speed up the annotation process by selecting one from their proposed analyses. It integrates as well with external POS taggers for kick-start annotation and adaptive predicting based on annotations made so far. It aims to speed up the annotation by completely relying on a keyboard interface, with no mouse interaction required. Wasim has been tested on four case studies and these features proved to be useful. The source-code is released under the MIT license.
Impact of interpatient variability on organ dose estimates according to MIRD schema: Uncertainty and variance‐based sensitivity analysis

Purpose Variance‐based sensitivity analysis (SA) is described and applied to the radiation dosimetry model proposed by the Committee on Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) for the organ‐level absorbed dose calculations in nuclear medicine. The uncertainties in the dose coefficients thus calculated are also evaluated. Methods A Monte Carlo approach was used to compute first‐order and total‐effect SA indices, which rank the input factors according to their influence on the uncertainty in the output organ doses. These methods were applied to the radiopharmaceutical (S)‐4‐(3‐18F‐fluoropropyl)‐L‐glutamic acid (18F‐FSPG) as an example. Since 18F‐FSPG has 11 notable source regions, a 22‐dimensional model was considered here, where 11 input factors are the time‐integrated activity coefficients (TIACs) in the source regions and 11 input factors correspond to the sets of the specific absorbed fractions (SAFs) employed in the dose calculation. The SA was restricted to the foregoing 22 input factors. The distributions of the input factors were built based on TIACs of five individuals to whom the radiopharmaceutical 18F‐FSPG was administered and six anatomical models, representing two reference, two overweight, and two slim individuals. The self‐absorption SAFs were mass‐scaled to correspond to the reference organ masses. Results The estimated relative uncertainties were in the range 10%–30%, with a minimum and a maximum for absorbed dose coefficients for urinary bladder wall and heart wall, respectively. The applied global variance‐based SA enabled us to identify the input factors that have the highest influence on the uncertainty in the organ doses. With the applied mass‐scaling of the self‐absorption SAFs, these factors included the TIACs for absorbed dose coefficients in the source regions and the SAFs from blood as source region for absorbed dose coefficients in highly vascularized target regions. For some combinations of proximal target and source regions, the corresponding cross‐fire SAFs were found to have an impact. Conclusion Global variance‐based SA has been for the first time applied to the MIRD schema for internal dose calculation. Our findings suggest that uncertainties in computed organ doses can be substantially reduced by performing an accurate determination of TIACs in the source regions, accompanied by the estimation of individual source region masses along with the usage of an appropriate blood distribution in a patient's body and, in a few cases, the cross‐fire SAFs from proximal source regions.
Theoretical investigation of Banert cascade reaction

Computational inside of Banert cascade reaction for triazole formation is studied with B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. The reaction proceeds mainly by SN2 initial chloride displacement rather than SN2′-type attack. Furthermore, according to the rate of reaction calculation, SN2 displacement is much faster than SN2′ displacement in the order of 8. The [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement for the conversion of propargyl azide into triazafulvene has been proved as the rate-determining step having highest activation energy parameter. Solvent effect on total course of reaction has been found negligible. Furthermore, effects of different density functional theory functionals and functional groups on activation energies of [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of propargyl azide were also studied. BHHLYP, ωB97XD, M062X and BMK calculated ΔG‡ are consistent with B3LYP.
Implementation of super-resolution scaler for Full HD and 4K video

The hardware implementation of a sophisticated scaling algorithm for `super-resolution' is described, which can scale up from a given lower-resolution image to a high-resolution image with more accurate depiction of edges and details than those of the conventional interpolation algorithms. Specifically, the devised algorithm can enlarge a given image to arbitrary sizes without "jaggy" artifacts or blurring characteristics incurred in the conventional methods. The scaling process is executed through the following four steps; 1) calculating edge orientation, 2) calculating average edge orientation, 3) edge pattern detection, and 4) interpolation; which are pipelined to achieve efficient hardware implementation. Experimental results are shown in terms of the SSIM (Structural SIMilarity) index, to reveal the attainability of much improved image quality in comparison with conventional interpolation and super-resolution algorithms. In addition, FPGA implementation results are also shown to demonstrate that the devised scaler can process Full HD and 4K video frames in realtime.
Diffie-Hellman Type Key Exchange, ElGamal Like Encryption/Decryption and Proxy Re-encryption Using Circulant Matrices

New methods for Diﬃe-Hellman type key exchange, ElGa-mal like encryption decryption and proxy re-encryption, using circulant integer matrices as the private keys, are described. Arithmetic operations are carried out using modular arithmetic to provide secrecy as well as to limit the size of the elements of the key matrices. Here Bidi-rectional proxy re-encryption is realized using circulant matrices. In the proposed proxy re-encryption technique, we use only matrix multiplication and inversion. Here, the proxy re-encryptors can be easily cascaded. Our scheme is eﬃcient and simple to implement.
Increased expression of MUC 3 A is associated with poor prognosis in localized clear-cell renal cell carcinoma

MUC3A is a membrane-associated mucin that recent evidence reveals the role of MUC3A in pathogenesis and progression of cancers. To evaluate the association between MUC3A expression with overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in patients with localized clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), we retrospectively detected MUC3A expression in samples of 384 postoperative localized ccRCC patients by immunohistochemistry. Median follow-up was 73 months (range: 42 – 74 mo). Overall, 41 patients died, 47 experienced recurrence. High MUC3A expression occurred in 45.8% of localized ccRCC cases, which was significantly associated with high pT-stage, high Fuhrman grade, high frequency of necrosis and LVI, and increased risk of recurrence and death (Logrank test P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). By multivariate analysis, MUC3A expression was confirmed as an adverse independent prognostic factor for OS and RFS. The prognostic accuracy of UISS, SSIGN, Leibovich models was significantly increased when MUC3A expression was integrated. Meanwhile, MUC3A was enrolled into a newly built nomogram with other factors selected by multivariate analysis. Calibration curves revealed optimal consistency between observations and prognosis. In conclusion, high MUC3A expression is an adverse prognostic biomarker for OS and RFS in postoperative localized ccRCC patients.
Subjective Norms and Information Systems Implementation: A Case of Higher Education Institutions in a developing country

The implementation of Information Systems (IS) raises important challenges to organizations. One of the constructs of the implementation context in the process is subjective norms. A study of selected Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Kenya focuses on subjective norms to validate its relationship with Information Systems (IS) implementation process. In this study, data was collected from identified respondents in some selected HEIs that have implemented IS or are in the implementation process, analyzed and the outcomes presented, thereby validating relationships in an adopted framework. Judgmental and convenience sampling design was used to select HEIs. A questionnaire based on a seven point Likert scale was administered to different participants of IS implementation in selected HEIs in Kenya and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) used to determine regression coefficients between constructs of interest. The Chi-square goodness-of-fit test was used to test model adequacy together with other goodness of fit statistics. To test the hypothesis, correlation coefficients were found, hypothesis tested and coefficient of determination calculated for explanation purposes. The paper illustrates that the relationship between subjective norms and implementation process is valid as indicated on the Organizational Implementation of Information Systems Innovations (OIISI) framework.
A Repository of Corpora for Summarization

Summarization corpora are numerous but fragmented, making it challenging for researchers to efﬁciently pinpoint corpora most suited to a given summarization task. In this paper, we introduce a repository containing corpora available to train and evaluate automatic summarization systems. We also present an overview of the main corpora with respect to the different summarization tasks, and identify various corpus parameters that researchers may want to consider when choosing a corpus. Lastly, as the recent successes of artiﬁcial neural networks for summarization have renewed the interest in creating large-scale corpora for summarization, we survey which corpora are used in neural network research studies. We come to the conclusion that more large-scale corpora for summarization are needed. Furthermore, each corpus is organized differently, which makes it time-consuming for researchers to experiment a new summarization algorithm on many corpora, and as a result studies typically use one or very few corpora. Agreeing on a data standard for summarization corpora would be beneﬁcial to the ﬁeld.