Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Time to scrap creatinine clearance?

serum creatmie concentratons within groups of normal men and women has shown no relation with lean body mass.3 Through infancy and childhood serum creatinine values are reasonably well established,4 Unlike those for creane arance. In pregnncy there are more complete reference data for serum creatinine concentmtion than for creatinine clearance.5 I do not understand Dr Gabriel's statement that I implied that serum creatinine concentraton should be "adjusted" for renal failure. It seems an odd thing to do with a meas:ure that is used to detect and monitor the condition. Dr Gabriel resurrected the old argument that creatinine clearance is more useful than serum creatmine concentration because in early renal failure it shows a greater change, a consequence of the curvilinear relation between the two measures. However,creatinineclearanceismuchmoreimprecise because it incorporates the errors of two crea.tinne measurements, a urine volumemeasurement, and the timing of a urine collection. When renal function deteriorates serum creatinine concentration becomes abnormal first more often than creatinine clearance; fasting serum creatinine concentration, because it is less imprecise, is also more sensitive than creatinine clearance for detecting changing functiion in the individual.6 Dr Gabriel expressed surprise that I did not mention the inaccuracies of urine collection. In fact, I pointed out that even when patients in a nephrology clinic were carefully instructed-by a nurse how to collect urine the mean day to day coefficient of variation of creatinine clearance in those with normal or only mildly impaired renal function was as high as 27% (± 54%)'; I added that the auos agreed with de Wardener that an accurately timed urine collection is incredibly difficult to obtain. ' What ofDr Gabriel's argument that an overnight urine collection should be used for clearance measurements because it is likely to be timed more accuratelythan a24 hour collection? Most people take their major meat containing meal during the evening, and dietary meat is a major determinant ofurine creatinine.9 The serum creatinine concentration of a sample taken in the morningfasting or after a light breakfast is unlikely to be affected by meat eaten in the evening. Perhaps the most telling argument against creatinine clearance is that, even when it is measured in fasting, recumbent, hydrated subjects under controlled experimental conditions using replicate short accuratelytimedurne collections, it is no better than fasting serum creatinine concentration alone in predicting inulin clearance (table).
An improved RP-HPLC method for the quantitative determination ofcapecitabine in bulk and pharmaceutical tablet dosage form

A simple, specific, accurate, and precise reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the estimation of Capecitabine in tablet dosage forms. A Welchrom C18column having 250 × 4.6 mm i.d. , 5 μm particle size in isocratic mode, with mobile phase containing Methanol:Acetonitrile:Water (50:30:20,v/v, pH adjusted to 4.6 using Triethylamine) was used. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min and effluents are monitored at 245 nm. The retention time of Capecitabine is 4.123 min. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of quantification, limit of detection, robustness in accordance with ICH guidelines. Limit of detection and limit of quantification for estimation of Capecitabine found to be 0.169247 μg/mL and 0.512872 μg/mL. Recovery of Capecitabine in tablet formulation was found to be 99.88 %. Proposed method was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of Capecitabine in commercially available tablet dosage forms.
Myocardial kinetics of potassium-38 in humans and comparison with copper-62-PTSM.

UNLABELLED The aim of this study was to define the kinetics of 38K and its suitability to evaluate myocardial blood flow at rest and during pharmacological vasodilation in normal subjects. Potassium-38's kinetic characteristics were also compared to those of a 62Cu-pyruvaldehyde bis(n4-methyl-thio-semicarbazone) copper (II) (PTSM) flow tracer. METHODS Potassium-38 and 62Cu-PTSM were injected at rest and after pharmacological vasodilation in six healthy volunteers. Dynamic PET acquisition was performed over 20 min and myocardial tracer retention calculated. Homogeneity of regional myocardial tracer distribution was also evaluated. RESULTS High image quality of the heart was observed at rest and after dipyridamole with both tracers. Potassium-38 demonstrated prolonged myocardial retention with minimal lung and liver accumulation. In contrast to 38K, 62Cu-PTSM demonstrated high liver uptake which may hinder observation of the inferior wall of the myocardium. Copper-62-PTSM dipyridamole-to-rest retention ratio was 1.49. CONCLUSIONS Potassium-38 and 62Cu-PTSM display suitable kinetics for the qualitative evaluation of blood flow and flow reserve in the human heart. Compared to 62Cu-PTSM, potassium-38, which does not show high liver uptake, may more accurately estimate blood flow in the inferior wall of the heart. However, accurate quantification of myocardial blood flow using 38K or 62Cu-PTSM retention appears to be limited to decreasing retention fraction at hyperhemic states.
Pedestrian Injuries: Viscoelastic Properties of Human Knee Ligaments at High Loading Rates

Objective. Accidents involving pedestrians are very common, and often lead to severe injuries to the lower extremities. In a large portion of pedestrian-automobile collisions, knee ligament injuries are sustained. In this study, the viscoelastic properties of the four major human knee ligaments were investigated at loading rates representative for pedestrian-automobile collisions. Methods. Bone-ligament-bone specimens were tested in knee distraction loading. The collateral ligaments and the separate functional bundles of the cruciate ligaments were tested in the anatomical position corresponding to a fully extended knee. A series of step-and-hold tests and ramp tests at different rates were conducted to characterize the time-dependent behavior of the knee ligaments for deformation rates associated with the pedestrian impact loading environment. The quasi linear viscoelastic (QLV) theory was used to describe the structural response of the knee ligaments and averaged parameters for this model were determined. Results. The QLV theory was found to be applicable for the time range that is relevant for pedestrian-automobile collisions. The structural behavior of the knee ligaments was found to be particularly rate-sensitive for high elongation rates, as occur during these collisions. The ligament stiffness was found to increase with age for both the collateral ligaments and with weight for the medial collateral ligament. Conclusions. For the loading conditions that are relevant for pedestrian-automobile collisions, the use of the QLV model for the description of the mechanical behavior of knee ligaments is appropriate. The rate-sensitivity is particularly important for these extreme loading conditions. The relaxation behavior was found to be consistent between different ligament types and samples. Variations due to donor anthropometry were found predominantly for the instantaneous elastic behavior.
Trust in building high-performing teams : conceptual approach

Team building is one of the key factors of success in business. This study highlights the key elements of building winning teams, where trust is one essential building block and top-level sports teams serve as instructive examples. This study highlights earlier findings that revealed a strong connection between trust and high-performing teams. High-performing teams need talented people but also constant trust-based cooperation. Trust supports cooperative behaviour. Studies of top-level sports teams also emphasize the role of trust when building high-performing teams. This study is implemented using conceptual research in order to organize information related to the complex phenomenon of highperforming teams. The conceptual approach was chosen instead of empirical research due the lack of prior holistic research into high-performing teams including perspectives on trust and sports teams. A theoretical framework is proposed by analysing key characteristics and defining highperforming teams and related concepts. The framework highlights dimensions such as clear vision, trust and communication. Team member skill, motivation and responsibilities were highlighted, and respect and support were also addressed. Leadership is a critical dimension that includes clear roles, standards and goals. The proposed framework for building highperforming teams offers the basis for subsequent empirical research.
2-Methoxycarbonyl-6-nitrobenzoic acid

In the title compound, C9H7NO6, the dihedral angles between the benzene ring and its three substituents are 29.99 (8)° for the nitro, 67.09 (8)° for the carboxy and 32.48 (10)° for the methoxycarbonyl group. In the crystal, one classical O—H⋯O and two nonclassical C—H⋯O contacts link adjacent molecules, forming a three-dimensional structure.
Allegorising: The relevance of an old method of interpretation

The question about what texts mean for us in the present as distinct from the question what they originally meant has again come into the focus of attention. This broadening of the focus is very important for understanding religious texts as texts about God’s transforming relationship to people. This article considers the Biblical interpretation of the Church Fathers, and particularly their use of allegory, as this may inspire us to develop ways of interacting with the Biblical texts as religious texts meant to speak to our times.
Joint Production Planning and Product Delivery Commitments with Random Yield

We consider a producer who turns a raw material into a product. Before embarking upon production, the producer has to consider the quantity of raw material to order and the finished product delivery commitments; the actual amount produced is a random multiple of the amount of raw material ordered. A concave expected profit function is introduced which gives rise to simple formulas for determining the optimal quantities to order and to commit for delivery. We also analyze the relations between the optimal quantities to order and to commit, the expected amount received and production capacity. We show that among several vendors of the raw material, there exists a preferred one, no matter what the producer's cost parameters, if and only if the random multiple associated with that vendor is dominant in the sense of the second-degree stochastic order.
Repeatability for Gaussian and non‐Gaussian data: a practical guide for biologists

Repeatability (more precisely the common measure of repeatability, the intra‐class correlation coefficient, ICC) is an important index for quantifying the accuracy of measurements and the constancy of phenotypes. It is the proportion of phenotypic variation that can be attributed to between‐subject (or between‐group) variation. As a consequence, the non‐repeatable fraction of phenotypic variation is the sum of measurement error and phenotypic flexibility. There are several ways to estimate repeatability for Gaussian data, but there are no formal agreements on how repeatability should be calculated for non‐Gaussian data (e.g. binary, proportion and count data). In addition to point estimates, appropriate uncertainty estimates (standard errors and confidence intervals) and statistical significance for repeatability estimates are required regardless of the types of data. We review the methods for calculating repeatability and the associated statistics for Gaussian and non‐Gaussian data. For Gaussian data, we present three common approaches for estimating repeatability: correlation‐based, analysis of variance (ANOVA)‐based and linear mixed‐effects model (LMM)‐based methods, while for non‐Gaussian data, we focus on generalised linear mixed‐effects models (GLMM) that allow the estimation of repeatability on the original and on the underlying latent scale. We also address a number of methods for calculating standard errors, confidence intervals and statistical significance; the most accurate and recommended methods are parametric bootstrapping, randomisation tests and Bayesian approaches. We advocate the use of LMM‐ and GLMM‐based approaches mainly because of the ease with which confounding variables can be controlled for. Furthermore, we compare two types of repeatability (ordinary repeatability and extrapolated repeatability) in relation to narrow‐sense heritability. This review serves as a collection of guidelines and recommendations for biologists to calculate repeatability and heritability from both Gaussian and non‐Gaussian data.
Morphology, Attenuation, Size, and Structure (MASS) criteria: assessing response and predicting clinical outcome in metastatic renal cell carcinoma on antiangiogenic targeted therapy.

OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to evaluate response assessment and predict clinical outcome in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) receiving antiangiogenic targeted therapy. Target lesions were assessed on routine contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) images obtained during the portal venous phase using new response criteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS Standard CECT examinations of patients with metastatic clear cell RCC on first-line sunitinib or sorafenib therapy (n = 84) were retrospectively evaluated using Mass, Attenuation, Size, and Structure (MASS) Criteria; Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST); Size and Attenuation CT (SACT) Criteria; and modified Choi Criteria. The objective response to therapy was compared with clinical outcomes including time to progression (TTP) and disease-specific survival. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate survival functions. RESULTS A favorable response according to MASS Criteria had a sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 100% in identifying patients with a good clinical outcome (i.e., progression-free survival of > 250 days) versus 17% and 100%, respectively, for RECIST partial response. The objective categories of response used by MASS Criteria-favorable response, indeterminate response, and unfavorable response-differed significantly from one another with respect to TTP (p < 0.0001, log-rank test) and disease-specific survival (p < 0.0001, log-rank test). CONCLUSION Assessment of metastatic RCC target lesions on CECT for changes in morphology, attenuation, size, and structure by MASS Criteria is more accurate than response assessment by SACT Criteria, RECIST, or modified Choi Criteria. Furthermore, the use of MASS Criteria for imaging response assessment showed high interobserver agreement and may predict disease outcome in patients with metastatic RCC on targeted therapy.
High Throughput Screening against the Peroxidase Cascade of African Trypanosomes Identifies Antiparasitic Compounds That Inactivate Tryparedoxin*

Background: Hydroperoxide detoxification in African trypanosomes relies on a cascade composed of trypanothione, trypanothione reductase, tryparedoxin, and tryparedoxin peroxidases. Results: A library screening against the peroxidase system unraveled trypanocidal compounds that inactivate tryparedoxin in vitro and in the intact parasite. Conclusion: Tryparedoxin is a druggable target. Significance: Detection of novel target molecules is a crucial step to overcome the unsatisfactory chemotherapy of sleeping sickness. In African trypanosomes, the detoxification of broad spectrum hydroperoxides relies on a unique cascade composed of trypanothione (T(SH)2), trypanothione reductase, tryparedoxin (Tpx), and nonselenium glutathione peroxidase-type enzymes. All three proteins are essential for Trypanosoma brucei. Here, we subjected the complete system to a high throughput screening approach with nearly 80,000 chemicals. Twelve compounds inhibited the peroxidase system. All but one carried chloroalkyl substituents. The detailed kinetic analysis showed that two compounds weakly inhibited trypanothione reductase, but none of them specifically interacted with the peroxidase. They proved to be time-dependent inhibitors of Tpx-modifying Cys-40, the first cysteine of its active site WCPPC motif. Importantly, gel shift assays verified Tpx as a target in the intact parasites. T(SH)2, present in the in vitro assays and in the cells in high molar excess, did not interfere with Tpx inactivation. The compounds inhibited the proliferation of bloodstream T. brucei with EC50 values down to <1 μm and exerted up to 83-fold lower toxicity toward HeLa cells. Irreversible inhibitors are traditionally regarded as unfavorable. However, a large number of antimicrobials and anticancer therapeutics acts covalently with their target protein. The compounds identified here also interacted with recombinant human thioredoxin, a distant relative of Tpx. This finding might even be exploited for thioredoxin-based anticancer drug development approaches reported recently. The fact that the T(SH)2/Tpx couple occupies a central position within the trypanosomal thiol metabolism and delivers electrons also for the synthesis of DNA precursors renders the parasite-specific oxidoreductase an attractive drug target molecule.
Review of test methods used for the measurement of hermeticity in packages containing small cavities

— This paper presents a critical review of the traditional and newly proposed test methods used for the measurement of hermeticity in packages with very small cavity volumes. Closed form expressions of the minimum and maximum true leak rates achievable are derived for the helium fine leak test method. These expressions are shown to provide practical guidelines for the accurate testing of hermeticity for ultra-small packages. A portfolio of hermeticity test methods is also presented outlining the limitations and advantages of each method.
Histology and histochemical enzyme‐staining patterns of major immune organs in Epinephelus malabaricus

The histological architecture of major immune organs in the Malabar grouper Epinephelus malabaricus was investigated. The novel characteristics such as melanomacrophage centres (MMCs) appeared in the thymus and lymphopoietic tissue formed as foci in the head kidney. Leukocyte distribution in organs was identified by enzyme histochemistry. β-glucuronidase (BG) reactive cells in the cortex region of the thymus were botryoidally aggregated. Both acid phosphatase (AcP) and BG reactive cells concentrated within the specialized lymphopoietic foci in the head kidney, suggesting that the foci might be functional. Primitive histological characters of immunity were observed in the spleen. Although leukocyte aggregation was demonstrated in the spleen, additional enzyme histochemistry indicated that the aggregate might not be the equivalent of white pulp found in other vertebrates. The histological evidence did not support intestinal involvement in the immune system: there was no demonstrable gut associated lymphoid tissue. The limited distribution in the cortex and medulla boundary and the condensed format of the lymphocytes suggests a functional role for the MMC in the thymus of E. malabqaricus. The MMC appearance in the thymus of a teleost was unusual.
Two-Transformer Current-Fed Converter With a Simple Auxiliary Circuit for a Wide Duty Range

Till now, various types of current-fed converters have been developed, and they exhibit good performance in isolated step-up applications. However, they have a common limitation in that the duty cycle must be larger than 0.5 for a proper operation, which guarantees a conducting path for the boost-inductor current. The limited duty cycle causes an inrush current at start-up and it makes it difficult to regulate the output voltage in a light-load condition. Although various auxiliary circuits have been developed that can be solutions for a duty cycle below 0.5, they increase the size and complexity of the total circuit. To relieve these problems, a new two-transformer current-fed (TTCF) converter, which can be operated along a wide duty cycle range with a simple structure, is proposed in this paper. In the TTCF converter, a magnetizing inductor of the transformer acts as a boost inductor, thus no additional boost inductor is needed. Moreover, only one auxiliary diode is employed for operation with a duty cycle below 0.5. Therefore, the proposed converter can be promising for isolated step-up applications with a simple structure.
Optimizing Modeled ECC Media Structures for MAMR

We present micromagnetic simulations at various grain sizes of four-layer exchange-coupled composite microwave-assisted magnetic recording (MAMR) systems that have maximized areal density capability using the Nelder-Mead simplex algorithm. We restrict our media to have crystalline KuV/kT > ~100. Our optimized MAMR designs show roughly 120 Gb/in2 areal density growth per nanometer of grain pitch reduction and achieve an areal density of 37% larger than a publicly available 700 Gb/in2 conventional perpendicular recording reference at a similar grain size and write width. We analyze all 26 optimization variables to identify common trends indicative of high-performance MAMR media. Our principle goal is to help media designers optimize media for MAMR performance, and to project how this optimization changes with the grain size. Balancing write-ability, noise performance, thermal stability, and resonance-matching characteristics is most important.
Dietary genistein negates the inhibitory effect of tamoxifen on growth of estrogen-dependent human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells implanted in athymic mice.

The use of dietary isoflavone supplements by postmenopausal women with breast cancer is increasing. We investigated interactions between the soy isoflavone, genistein, and an antiestrogen, tamoxifen (TAM), on the growth of estrogen (E)-dependent breast cancer (MCF-7) cells implanted in ovariectomized athymic mice. We hypothesized that weakly estrogenic genistein negate/overwhelm the inhibitory effect of TAM on the growth of E-dependent breast tumors. Six treatment groups were used: control (C); 0.25 mg estradiol (E2) implant (E); E2 implant + 2.5 mg TAM implant (2.5 TE); E2 implant + 2.5 mg TAM implant + 1000 ppm genistein (2.5 TEG); E2 implant + 5 mg TAM implant (5 TE), and E2 implant +5 mg TAM implant +1000 ppm genistein (5 TEG). Treatment with TAM (2.5 TE and 5 TE) suppressed E2-stimulated MCF-7 tumor growth in ovariectomized athymic mice. Dietary genistein negated/overwhelmed the inhibitory effect of TAM on MCF-7 tumor growth, lowered E2 level in plasma, and increased expression of E-responsive genes (e.g., pS2, PR, and cyclin D1). Therefore, caution is warranted for postmenopausal women consuming dietary genistein while on TAM therapy for E-responsive breast cancer.
Human motion generation with multifactor models

To generate human motions with various specific attributes is a difficult task because of high dimensionality and complexity of human motions. This paper presents a novel human motion model for generating and editing motions with multiple factors. A set of motions performed by several actors with various styles was captured for constructing a well‐structured motion database. Subsequently, MICA (multilinear independent component analysis) model that combines ICA and conventional multilinear framework was adopted for the construction of a multifactor model. With this model, new motions can be synthesized by interpolation and through solving optimization problems for the specific factors. Our method offers a practical solution to edit stylistic human motions in a parametric space learnt with MICA model. We demonstrated the power of our method by generating and editing sideways stepping, reaching, and striding over obstructions using different actors with various styles. The experimental results show that our method can be used for interactive stylistic motion synthesis and editing. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.