Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Global Interannual Trends and Amplitude Modulations of the Sea Surface Height Anomaly from the TOPEX/Jason-1 Altimeters

Abstract This study uses the global Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX)/Jason-1 altimeters’ time series to estimate the 13-yr trend in sea surface height anomaly. These trends are estimated at each grid point by two methods: one fits a straight line to the time series and the other is based on the difference between the average height between the two halves of the time series. In both cases the trend shows large regional variability, mostly where the intense western boundary currents turn. The authors hypothesize that the regional variability of the sea surface height trends leads to changes in the local geostrophic transport. This in turn affects the instability-related processes that generate mesoscale eddies and enhances the Rossby wave signals. This hypothesis is verified by estimates of the trend of the amplitude of the filtered sea surface height anomaly that contains the spectral bands associated with Rossby waves and mesoscale eddies. The authors found predominantly positive tendency in the amplit.
Light extraction analysis of AlGaInP based LED with surface texture

A Monte Carlo ray tracing method is applied to analyze the light extraction characteristics of AlGaInP based LED with various shapes of surface texture. Regular, periodic arranged structures were fabricated on p-side-up AlGaInP LEDs through dry etching. The dimension of the structures was optimized by Monte Carlo ray tracing simulation. Compared to the conventional LED, it significantly improved the performance of the chip, the light extraction efficiency was increased more than 11.5%. the enhancement is attributed to the appearance of an additional escape cone for light extraction enabled by surface texture. And it is also easy to extend the Monte Carlo ray tracing method to develop LED lamps, consisting a reflector dish and an epoxy lens.
Most of the Abundant Protein Fractions of Embryonic Cerebrospinal Fluid are Produced Out of the Brain Anlagen

The microenvironment of the central nervous system is important for neuronal function and development. Dur- ing the early stages of embryo development the cephalic vesicles are filled by embryonic cerebrospinal fluid, a complex fluid containing different protein fractions, which contributes to the regulation of the survival, proliferation and neuro- genesis of neuroectodermal stem cells. The protein content of embryonic cerebrospinal fluid from chick and rat embryos at the start of neurogenesis has already been determined. Most of the identified gene products are thought to be involved in the regulation of developmental processes during embryogenesis. However, due to the crucial roles played by embry- onic cerebrospinal fluid during brain development, the embryological origin of the gene products it contains remains an intriguing question. According to the literature most of these products are synthesised in embryonic tissues other than the neuroepithelium. In this study we examined the embryological origin of the most abundant embryonic cerebrospinal fluid protein fractions by means of slot-blot analysis and by using several different embryonic and extraembryonic protein ex- tracts, immunodetected with polyclonal antibodies. This first attempt to elucidate their origin is not based on the proteins identified by proteomic methods, but rather on crude protein fractions detected by SDS-PAGE analysis and to which polyclonal antibodies were specifically generated. Despite some of the limitations of this study, i.e. that one protein frac- tion may contain more than one gene product, and that a specific gene product may be contained in different protein frac- tions depending on post-translational modifications, our results show that most of the analysed protein fractions are not produced by the cephalic neuroectoderm but are rather stored in the egg reservoir; furthermore, few are produced by em- bryo tissues, thus indicating that they must be transported from their production or storage sites to the cephalic cavities, most probably via embryonic serum. These results raise the question as to whether the transfer of proteins from these two embryo compartments is regulated at this early developmental stage.
Cooperative communications for sleep monitoring in wireless body area networks

This paper investigates the performance of cooperative receive diversity, for the wireless body area network (WBAN) radio channel, compliant with the IEEE 802.15. 6 Standard, in the case of monitoring a sleeping person. Extensive WBAN measurements near the 2.4 GHz ISM band were used. Up to 7 dB and 20% improvement for two-hop communications with the use of relays are empirically demonstrated with respect to outage probability and outage duration, with 3-branch cooperative selection combining and 3-branch cooperative switch-and-examine combining.
Sea level at the last glacial maximum, constrained by oxygen isotopic curves of planktonic foraminifera in the Japan Sea

The Japan Sea is connected with the Okhotsk Sea and Northwest Pacific through three straits, viz. Mamiya (Tartarskiy), Soya and Tsugaru, and with the East China Sea through Tsushima Strait, all having sill depths of <140 m. Therefore, the Japan Sea was almost isolated from the surrounding seas during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ca. 20 ka). As a result of nearly broken communication with the surrounding seas and strengthened surface stratification due to locked fresh water in the basin during the LGM, it became an anoxic basin. This major shift in the surface water properties of the basin left its imprint in the oxygen isotopic composition (δ18OPF) of the planktonic foraminifera. The δ18OPF exhibits extremely low values (∼0.5‰ vs. Belemnite from Pedee formation, South Carolina: PDB) during the last two glacial maxima, ca. 20 ka (Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2.2) and ca. 140 ka (MIS 6.2). These decreases are in contrast to the expected generally high glacial values of >3‰ recorded in the MIS 3–4 sections of the studied cores. This observation indicates nearly similar surface water conditions in the Japan Sea during both the previous glacial maxima, and hence suggests negligible effect of strait tectonics on the sea level since the last 140 ka. Low δ18OPF values with small amplitude are also observed at the cold stage MIS 6.4, but not observed at another cold stage MIS 4.2. This observation suggests that the low‐salinity surface water in the Japan Sea started to develop at the sea level between MIS 4.2 and 6.4. Judging from the cross‐section of the Tsushima Strait and the sea floor topography of the East China Sea, the sea level between MIS 4.2 and 6.4 must have been between 90 m and 100 m below the present. From a proportional relationship between the standard δ18O curve (LR04) in deep‐sea cores and globally averaged sea‐level change, the eustatic sea level obtained for the LGM is 120 ± 7 m below the present. Thus the Japan Sea, in a far‐field location from the continental ice sheets, provides an important clue for estimation of the eustatic sea level at the LGM. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real-Time Market Valuation of Options Based on Web Mining and Neurosimulation

Today’s theoretic, i.e. stochastic, option valuation models, inherently base on unrealistic assumptions. Especially the adequate estimation of a volatility measure is discussed controversially. Several studies show that the issuer’s individual volatility measure is used to exploit the consumer surplus. Moreover, not only the well-known inputs but also "hidden" inputs affect option market prices significantly. Therefore alternative options pricing approaches use artificial neural networks to learn market prices models from observed market data. The core question is: Are time-varying artificial neural networks (ANN) based on a high amount of automatically collected market data more accurate and more realistic than classical methods like, e. g. , the ones of Black/Scholes or Cox/Ross/Rubinstein? To answer this question the software suite WARRANT-PRO-1 is used which incorporates the web mining agent PISA (Partially Intelligent Software Agent) and the neurosimulator FAUN (Fast Approximation with Universal Neural Networks). In real-time WARRANT-PRO-1 synthesizes ANN market valuation functions of Internet-available data or other (semi-)structured text sources. FAUN trains ANN, e. g. , market prices for standard and user defined so called OTC (over the counter) options. Statistical analyses and examples including German DAX warrants and OTC options presented in this article indicate the feasibility of this approach.
Coupling explosive energy to rock

Two types of explosive‐to‐rock coupling were investigated—geometrical and impedance. Strain amplitudes generated by an explosion in a borehole are shown to vary with charge and hole dimensions. Strain amplitudes and strain energy in the rock also are shown to be dependent on the properties of the explosive and the medium surrounding the shothole. Deviations from acoustic theory predictions are noted.
PRICING EQUITY-LINKED DEBT USING THE VASICEK MODEL

We consider equity-linked debt where the holder receives both interest payments and payments linked to the performance of an equity index. We use a Green's function approach to value such instruments under the assumption that the equity index obeys a lognormal random walk and the risk-free interest rate is given by the Vasicek model. the price of the bond is split into two pieces, with a portion of the price being the present value of the payment streams from the bond-like element while the other portion is the value of the option. Equity-linked debt can also involve a put option rather than a call option, in which case the pay-o from the option-like element will be linked to the shortfall of the index relative to the strike price. In the case where these securities are in the form of CDs targetted at retail investors, they are frequently referred to as bull CDs (for the call) and bear CDs (for the put). Equity-linked notes are attractive to investors because they combine the conservative aspects of fixed income investing with the aggressive nature of options, they have the attraction that, if issued by a US federally chartered bank, they may be insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or FDIC, and they can provide equity exposure for entities restricted from investing directly in equities, whether by legislation or by investment mandate. They are attractive to issuers because they enable the issuer to lower their funding costs or attract new sources of funds.
Gas/liquid two-phase flow regime recognition by combining the features of wavelet transform energy with the improved Elman network

This paper investigates a new method for gas/liquid two-phase flow recognition by combining the features of wavelet energy and the recurrent artificial neural networks. The information of the method that provided by Cross-Sectional Measured Resistance Information (CSMRI) is the measured data in horizontal pipe. The feature vector of wavelet transform energy that can express the essential information of gas/liquid two-phase flow is constructed. The improved recurrent Elman neural network is brought forward to recognize the Gas/Liquid Two-Phase flow regime. The architecture of an Elman neural networks with the context units that memorize the past input feature value can express the time series. The obtained results indicate that the method is suitable to estimate the flow regime and the higher recognizing rate of the flow regime is obtained.
Enhanced Loss of Magnetic Mirror Trapped Fast Electrons by a Shear Alfven Wave

Laboratory observations of enhanced loss of magnetic mirror trapped fast electrons irradiated by a shear Alfven Wave (SAW) are reported. The experiment is performed in the quiescent after-glow plasma in the Large Plasma Device [Gekelman et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62(12), 2875–2883 (1991)]. A trapped energetic electron population (>100 keV) is generated in a magnetic mirror section (mirror ratio ≈ 2, length = 3.5 m) by an X-mode high power microwave pulse, and forms a hot electron ring due to the grad-B and curvature drift. SAWs of arbitrary polarization are launched externally by a Rotating Magnetic Field source (δB/B0 ≈ 0.1%, λ∥ ≈ 9 m). Irradiated by a right-handed circularly polarized SAW, the loss of electrons, in both the radial and the axial direction of the mirror field, is significantly enhanced and is modulated at fAlfven. The periodical loss continues even after the termination of the SAW. Experimental observations suggest that a spatial distortion of the ring is formed in the SAW field and creat.
Differential responses of cord and adult blood‐derived dendritic cells to dying cells

Normal turnover of body tissues yields apoptotic cells while infections cause tissue injuries and cell necrosis. The interaction of these dying cells with dendritic cells (DCs) may provide immunological instructions leading to either immune tolerance or activation. We hypothesize that neonatal and adult DCs differ in their responses to dying cells, thereby contributing to the observed differences in immune responses between neonates and adults. We compare the outcome of interaction of cord and adult blood‐derived DCs with dying Epstein–Barr‐virus‐transformed lymphoblastoid cells (LCLs) and the responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide. While cord DCs were able to phagocytose both apoptotic and necrotic LCLs, the subsequent responses differed significantly from those of adult DCs. Interaction of adult DCs with necrotic but not early apoptotic LCLs resulted in high expression of DC costimulatory molecules (CD80/CD86) and activation markers (CD83), production of both proinflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐10), and strong T‐cell‐stimulating activities. In contrast, in response to either necrotic or apoptotic LCLs, cord DCs had minimal up‐regulation of those DC functional markers, little cytokine production and poor stimulation on T‐cell proliferation. In response to lipopolysaccharide, however, both adult and cord DCs produced comparable levels of tumour necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐10, but only adult DCs produced interleukin‐12(p70). Taken together, these results suggest that neonatal DCs generally favour immune tolerance with minimal activation and cytokine production, except in extremely dangerous situations, such as bacterial sepsis, when neonatal DCs may produce certain types of cytokines and stimulate T‐cell proliferation.
A Case Study: Detecting Counselor Reflections in Psychotherapy for Addictions using Linguistic Features

Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a goal-oriented psychotherapy, employed in cases such as addiction, which helps clients (i.e., patients) explore and resolve their ambivalence about the problem at hand in a dialog setting. Measuring the counselor’s proficiency with MI has typically been assessed via behavioral coding a time consuming, non-technological approach. This paper examines a computational approach to assessing the quality of MI. Specifically, we focus on a particular aspect of the counselor behavior – reflections – believed to be a critical indicator of MI therapy quality. We automatically tag reflection instances in a maximum entropy Markov modeling framework using several linguistic features with rich contextual information obtained from the session transcripts. We achieve an Fscore of over 80% while gaining insight about the information sources as perceived by the trained annotators.
Watersheds-based segmentation integrated with edge detection

Image segmentation refers to the process of partitioning a digital image into multiple segments. The goal of segmentation is to simplify and/or change the representation of an image into something that is more meaningful and easier to analysis [1]. These advantages of this process make it be widely used to find out the interesting objects in high resolution remote sensing images. Watershed algorithm is based on the topology of the image, although it can easily split images into homogenous partitions, it also leads to over-segment in practical implementation. Some solutions were proposed to solve this problem in the past few years [2][3]. Using pre-defined seeds and extracting the pixels clusters which are grown from these seeds is a reasonable method to overwhelm the obscure of over-segmentation. In this paper; we present a novel framework to improve the results of watersheds segmentation by using edge detection to find out the position of seed points. Then the immersion simulations suggested by Vicent has been used to segment the image. The algorithm consists of four steps: a) Edge detection with embedded confidence, b) Thinning processing on the previous results, c) Label the seed points on each side of the thinned edges, d) Detection of watersheds on gradient magnitude image using immersion simulations. At last, we use high resolution remote sensing image to qualify the framework and the experimental results are presented. It shows that reasonable results which preserve the edge could be gotten by applying this framework.
An efficient data-subspace inversion method for 2-D magnetotelluric data

There are currently three types of algorithms in use for regularized 2-D inversion of magnetotelluric (MT) data. All seek to minimize some functional which penalizes data misfit and model structure. With the most straight‐forward approach (exemplified by OCCAM), the minimization is accomplished using some variant on a linearized Gauss‐Newton approach. A second approach is to use a descent method [e.g., nonlinear conjugate gradients (NLCG)] to avoid the expense of constructing large matrices (e.g., the sensitivity matrix). Finally, approximate methods [e.g., rapid relaxation inversion (RRI)] have been developed which use cheaply computed approximations to the sensitivity matrix to search for a minimum of the penalty functional. Approximate approaches can be very fast, but in practice often fail to converge without significant expert user intervention. On the other hand, the more straightforward methods can be prohibitively expensive to use for even moderate‐size data sets. Here, we present a new and much m.
Water quality of the Neuse River, North Carolina - Variability, pollution loads, and long-term trends

From abstract: This report presents "a water-quality study of the Neuse River, based on data collected during 1956-77 at the U.S. Geological Survey stations at Clayton and Kinston, employs statistical trend analysis techniques that provide a framework for river-quality assessment. " It includes maps, graphs, and tables.
Assessing Changes in Travel Behavior Induced by Modified Travel Times: A Stated Adaptation Survey and Modeling Approach

The paper reports on research exploring a stated adaptation approach for analyzing changes in travel behavior brought about by changes in travel times. A sample of respondents returned a five-day travel diary, from which one day was selected for further analysis. The conditions of the reported day were modified using predefined heuristics to attain significant changes in the travel time of the reported trips. The respondents were then presented with these hypothetical scenarios in faceto-face interviews and asked to state how the implied changes would have affected their activity scheduling on the specified day and then to adapt their reported schedule. The data was used to estimate models of scheduling adaptations. A series of models was used to assess the adaptations stated by the respondents. At the core is a Multiple Discrete-Continuous Extreme Value (MDCEV) model, which is used to predict how the respondents compensate for the gained or lost time. The adaptations to the respondents' schedule were surprisingly sparse despite the substantial changes in generalized costs imposed by the scenarios. The most frequent adaptations were changes in departure time from the home location, and mode or destination changes to recover the lost time. The expected changes, concerning the number of conducted trips and activities and their combination into home-tohome tours, were extremely rare. Respondents were very selective when making adaptations to their routine, even under extreme circumstances. The paper describes the survey approach, which is to the best of our knowledge novel in its application, and reports the model results of the respondents' reactions to the changes implied in the household interviews and provides an example of the potential application of the results.
Interplay between Antibiotic Efficacy and Drug-Induced Lysis Underlies Enhanced Biofilm Formation at Subinhibitory Drug Concentrations

ABSTRACT Subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics have been shown to enhance biofilm formation in multiple bacterial species. While antibiotic exposure has been associated with modulated expression of many biofilm-related genes, the mechanisms of drug-induced biofilm formation remain a focus of ongoing research efforts and may vary significantly across species. In this work, we investigate antibiotic-induced biofilm formation in Enterococcus faecalis, a leading cause of nosocomial infections. We show that biofilm formation is enhanced by subinhibitory concentrations of cell wall synthesis inhibitors but not by inhibitors of protein, DNA, folic acid, or RNA synthesis. Furthermore, enhanced biofilm is associated with increased cell lysis, increases in extracellular DNA (eDNA) levels, and increases in the density of living cells in the biofilm. In addition, we observe similar enhancement of biofilm formation when cells are treated with nonantibiotic surfactants that induce cell lysis. These findings suggest that antibiotic-induced biofilm formation is governed by a trade-off between drug toxicity and the beneficial effects of cell lysis. To understand this trade-off, we developed a simple mathematical model that predicts changes in antibiotic-induced biofilm formation due to external perturbations, and we verified these predictions experimentally. Specifically, we demonstrate that perturbations that reduce eDNA (DNase treatment) or decrease the number of living cells in the planktonic phase (a second antibiotic) decrease biofilm induction, while chemical inhibitors of cell lysis increase relative biofilm induction and shift the peak to higher antibiotic concentrations. Overall, our results offer experimental evidence linking cell wall synthesis inhibitors, cell lysis, increased eDNA levels, and biofilm formation in E. faecalis while also providing a predictive quantitative model that sheds light on the interplay between cell lysis and antibiotic efficacy in developing biofilms.
Structural Opinion Mining for Graph-based Sentiment Representation

Based on analysis of on-line review corpus we observe that most sentences have complicated opinion structures and they cannot be well represented by existing methods, such as frame-based and feature-based ones. In this work, we propose a novel graph-based representation for sentence level sentiment. An integer linear programming-based structural learning method is then introduced to produce the graph representations of input sentences. Experimental evaluations on a manually labeled Chinese corpus demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.