Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experimental and timing analysis comparison of FPGA trivium implementations and their vulnerability to clock fault injection

The security of cryptocircuits is today threatened not only by attacks on algorithms but also, and above all, by attacks on the circuit implementations themselves. These are known as side channel attacks. One variety is the Active Fault Analysis attack, that can make a circuit vulnerable by changing its behavior in a certain way. This article presents an experimental fault insertion attack on an FPGA implementation of the Trivium stream cipher. It also compares the faults introduced with the faults expected after a timing analysis. The results show that this implementation is vulnerable to such attacks, and also that it is not possible to estimate the position of the inserted faults by means of timing analysis.
POS error detection in automatically annotated corpora

Recent work on error detection has shown that the quality of manually annotated corpora can be substantially improved by applying consistency checks to the data and automatically identifying incorrectly labelled instances. These methods, however, can not be used for automatically annotated corpora where errors are systematic and cannot easily be identified by looking at the variance in the data. This paper targets the detection of POS errors in automatically annotated corpora, so-called silver standards, showing that by combining different measures sensitive to annotation quality we can identify a large part of the errors and obtain a substantial increase in accuracy.
Knock knock: who's there? package delivery at the right address

Address Cleansing is a very challenging problem, in particular, for geographies where there is a lot of variability in address nomenclature. This paper explains how a machine learning classifier is used to build a model that not only identifies a valid address, but also assigns a confidence score to it. This confidence score is then used to perform address cleansing and correction. The experiments have been conducted using Mallet API in Java and experimental analysis shows 75% accuracy.
In Vivo Cancer Dual-Targeting and Dual-Modality Imaging with Functionalized Quantum Dots

Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), after surface modification to provide water solubility and biocompatibility, have a promising future in biomedical applications. In this study, a dual receptor–targeting dual-modality PET/near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) probe was developed for accurate assessment of the pharmacokinetics and tumor-targeting efficacy of QDs. Methods: QDs were modified by β-Glu-RGD-BBN (RGD is arginine-glycine-aspartate acid, and BBN is bombesin) peptides and then labeled with 18F via the 4-nitrophenyl-2-18F-fluoropropionate prosthetic group. Cytotoxicity and cell-binding assay of QD-RGD-BBN were performed with PC-3 cells. In vivo dual-modality PET/NIRF imaging of prostate tumor–bearing mice was investigated using QD-RGD-BBN and 2-18F-fluoropropionyl-QD-RGD-BBN (18F-FP-QD-RGD-BBN). An in vivo biodistribution study of 18F-FP-QD-RGD-BBN was performed on normal mice. Results: QD-RGD-BBN exhibited strong red luminescence (600–800 nm) with the same maximum fluorescence wavelength (705 nm) as QD705 and slightly lower toxicity than that of QD705 in PC-3 cells at concentrations of greater than 30 μg/mL. Uptake of QD-RGD-BBN in PC-3 cells showed no significant decrease in the presence of an excess amount of dimer arginine-glycine-aspartate acid (RGD2) or bombesin(7–14) (BBN) peptide but was blocked significantly in the presence of an excess amount of NH2-RGD-BBN. Dual-function PET/NIRF imaging is able to accurately assess the biodistribution and tumor-targeting efficacy of the 18F-labeled functionalized QDs. Conclusion: The functionalized QD probe has great potential as a universal dual-targeting probe for detecting tumors in living subjects, opening up a new strategy for the development of multitargeting multimodality 18F-labeled QD probes with improved tumor-targeting efficacy.
Why Does Behavioral Confirmation Occur? A Functional Perspective on the Role of the Target

The authors performed a functional analysis of the target's role in behavioral confirmation to determine the motivational function(s) being served by the target. Perceivers engaged in getting-acquainted telephone conversations with targets believed to be either obese or of normal weight. Targets were given standard instructions (i.e., no motivation explicitly engaged), adjustive-function instructions (i.e., ensure a smooth and pleasing interaction by being responsive to one's partner's interpersonal style), or knowledge-function instructions (i.e., acquire stable and predictable impressions through interaction). In the standard condition and adjustive-function condition, targets behaviorally confirmed perceivers' erroneous beliefs. However, in the knowledge-function condition, behavioral confirmation was attenuated. These results suggest that targets' interactional activities are performed in the service of an adjustive function when targets behaviorally confirm perceivers' beliefs.
Rapid search for tertiary fragments reveals protein sequence–structure relationships

Finding backbone substructures from the Protein Data Bank that match an arbitrary query structural motif, composed of multiple disjoint segments, is a problem of growing relevance in structure prediction and protein design. Although numerous protein structure search approaches have been proposed, methods that address this specific task without additional restrictions and on practical time scales are generally lacking. Here, we propose a solution, dubbed MASTER, that is both rapid, enabling searches over the Protein Data Bank in a matter of seconds, and provably correct, finding all matches below a user‐specified root‐mean‐square deviation cutoff. We show that despite the potentially exponential time complexity of the problem, running times in practice are modest even for queries with many segments. The ability to explore naturally plausible structural and sequence variations around a given motif has the potential to synthesize its design principles in an automated manner; so we go on to illustrate the utility of MASTER to protein structural biology. We demonstrate its capacity to rapidly establish structure–sequence relationships, uncover the native designability landscapes of tertiary structural motifs, identify structural signatures of binding, and automatically rewire protein topologies. Given the broad utility of protein tertiary fragment searches, we hope that providing MASTER in an open‐source format will enable novel advances in understanding, predicting, and designing protein structure.
Generalized architecture for simultaneous localization, auto-calibration, and map-building

This paper discusses the design of a very general architectural framework for navigation and tracking systems that fuse dead-reckoning sensors (e.g. inertial or encoders) with environment-referenced sensors, such as ultrasonic, optical, magnetic, or RF sensors. The framework enables systems that simultaneously track themselves, construct a map of landmarks in the environment, and calibrate sensor intrinsic and extrinsic parameters. The goals of the architecture are to permit easy configuration of numerous sensor combinations including IMUs, GPS, range sensors, inside-out bearing sensors, outside-in bearing sensors, etc., and to provide compatibility with multiple sensor networking standards, distributed sensor fusion algorithms, and implementation strategies. A decentralized Kalman filter based on Carlson's federated filter algorithm (1990) is used to decouple the auto-mapping, auto-calibration and navigation filters to produce a more flexible and modular architecture.
Polyphosphate binds to human von Willebrand factor in vivo and modulates its interaction with glycoprotein Ib

Summary. Background: Polyphosphate, a phosphate polymer released by activated platelets, has recently been described as a potent modulator of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. In blood plasma, polyphosphate binds to and alters the biological functions of factor XII, fibrin(ogen), thrombin and factor VII activating protease.
An Appraisal of the Radical Animal Liberation Movement in Switzerland: 2003 to March 2007

In February 2007, the Animal Liberation Front claimed responsibility for the arson of two trucks in the Italian-speaking part of Switzerland. After analyzing this event, which triggered an unusual media response in the country, this article assesses recent and past actions of the radical animal liberation movement in Switzerland for the period from 2003 to the end of March 2007. This article also presents some features of the non-radical animal liberation movement in the German-speaking and Italian-speaking parts of the country and demonstrates possible links between the non-radical movement and the radical one.
An exploration of the gap between highest and lowest ability readers across 20 countries

The aim of the present study, based on data from 20 countries, is to identify the pattern of variables (at country, school and student levels), which are typical of students performing below the low international benchmark compared to students performing at the advanced performance benchmark, in the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) 2006. The dependent variable of the analysis is a dichotomous variable, the values of which represent the two different performance groups of students. The independent variables are two sets of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development educational indicators, variables from PIRLS 2006 Reading Curriculum Questionnaire data, variables and indices based on data obtained from questionnaires for teachers, schools, parents and students. The analysis is based on classification and regression trees, which is a full hierarchical non-parametric method suited to detecting and interpreting complex reciprocal influences between a large number of independent variables. The results show that pupils’ performance can be predicted by the relationships between country-level variables (the changes in teachers’ salaries at the top of the salary scale), school context variables (e.g. percentages of students from economically affluent home) and home educational resources and variables at student level (e.g. students’ reading self-concept).
N-ethylpyridinium bis(2-thioxo-1,3-dithiole-4,5-dithiolato)nickelate.

The title compound, (C(7)H(10)N)[Ni(C(3)S(5))(2)] or (Etpy)[Ni(dmit)(2)] (where Etpy is the N-ethylpyridinium cation, C(7)H(10)N(+), and dmit is the 2-thioxo-1,3-dithiole-4,5-dithiolate dianion, C(3)S(5)(2-)), crystallizes in the P-1 space group with two molecules in the asymmetric unit. The [Ni(dmit)(2)](-) monoanion has a planar D(2h) conformation, with the central Ni atom and the four coordinated S atoms forming an NiS(4) square plane. The six-membered ring of the Etpy cation also shows good planarity, as expected. There are two main types of disorder in the two Etpy cations. Several short intermolecular interactions are present, such as S.S, Ni.S and Ni.Ni, which help to form the enhanced three-dimensional structure of the crystal.
Ego-centric traffic behavior understanding through multi-level vehicle trajectory analysis

This study proposes a multi-level trajectory analysis method for modeling traffic behavior from an ego-centric view, where on-road vehicle trajectories are collected based on the authors' previous studies of an on-board system consisting of multiple 2D lidar sensors. From an input set of trajectories, a set of hot regions (topics) that trajectory points most frequently present are first discovered using a sticky HDP-HMM; then, the major paths of the trajectories' transitions across different hot regions are extracted by recursively mining frequent subsequences of topics; and finally, paths are modeled using a hierarchical hidden Markov model (HHMM), where the intra-path dynamics is represented using an HMM, in which each state corresponds to a hot region, while the inter-path transition is assumed to be Markovian. The model could be used for behavior prediction, i.e. whenever a vehicle is detected in a scene, predicting which route it will probably follow and how its trajectory will probably develop over time, which is essential to interpreting the potential risks for longer time horizons. Experiments are conducted using a large set of vehicle trajectories collected from motorways in Beijing, and promising results are presented.
MATHEMATICS LEARNING TRAJECTORIES: CLASS, CAPITAL AND CONFLICT

This is the story of Marie and Edward as they approach the time of transfer from the primary to the secondary school. They both consider themselves to be successful mathematicians and have shared common classroom experiences throughout their time in the primary school. However, as they approach this critical relocation point it becomes clear that their future mathematical careers are set on two distinct trajectories. This paper explores the impact of the class-formed family habitus on them as learners of mathematics, and describes how family transferred cultural capital propels one of them whilst notions of conflict threaten to restrict the progress of the other.
The hybrid web personalised recommendation based on web usage mining

Recommendation systems represent user preferences for the purpose of suggesting items to purchase or examine. They have become important applications in electronic commerce for information access and for providing suggestions that effectively prune large information spaces so that users are directed toward those items that best meet their needs and preferences. A variety of techniques have been proposed for performing recommendation, including content, collaborative and knowledge-based techniques. However, there remain many challenges in deploying traditional recommendation techniques for e-commerce. This paper addresses these key challenges and proposes new techniques that combine the content and collaborative-based filtering to capitalise on their respective strengths and thereby achieve better performance. We describe new architecture for hybrid recommendation system. The results obtained empirically demonstrate that the proposed recommendation algorithms perform better and alleviate the challenges such as data sparsity and scalability.
Representation and Integration: Combining Robot Control, High-Level Planning, and Action Learning

We describe an approach to integrated robot control, high-level planning, and action effect learning that attempts to overcome the representational difficulties that exist between these diverse areas. Our approach combines ideas from robot vision, knowledgelevel planning, and connectionist machine learning, and focuses on the representational needs of these components. We also make use of a simple representational unit called an instantiated state transition fragment (ISTF) and a related structure called an object-action complex (OAC). The goal of this work is a general approach for inducing high-level action specifications, suitable for planning, from a robot’s interactions with the world. We present a detailed overview of our approach and show how it supports the learning of certain aspects of a high-level representation from low-level world state information.
The Link between Performance Appraisal and Firm Performance

The purpose of the study was to investigate the linkage between Performance Appraisal (PA) as a Human Resource Practice and the firm performance of the Kenyan state corporations. The study hypothesized that; there was a positive relationship between PA and OP and therefore the need to investigate the specific linkage between the two variables relate. The study adopted an Explanatory research design. The target population was 232 HRM from which a sample of 142 respondents was selected. The research tool was a questionnaire which constituted structured or closed ended items, unstructured or open ended items and likert items. A pilot study was conducted to help establish the reliability and validity of the research tool. Quantitative and qualitative data was generated was analyzed using SPSS. Qualitative data was operationalized by arranging the data according to emerging themes or patterns with assigned numbers to make them measurable. As far as quantitative data is concerned, Correlation coefficients will be calculated for initial exploration of the relationships between variables. This helped to measure the size and direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The findings established that there was a significant correlation between PA and Firm’s Performance and therefore recommended to the authorities of the Corporations studied to give main focus to PA function to enhance OP.
HMG‐D complexed to a bulge DNA: An NMR model

An NMR model is presented for the structure of HMG‐D, one of the Drosophila counterparts of mammalian HMG1/2 proteins, bound to a particular distorted DNA structure, a dA2 DNA bulge. The complex is in fast to intermediate exchange on the NMR chemical shift time scale and suffers substantial linebroadening for the majority of interfacial resonances. This essentially precludes determination of a high‐resolution structure for the interface based on NMR data alone. However, by introducing a small number of additional constraints based on chemical shift and linewidth footprinting combined with analogies to known structures, an ensemble of model structures was generated using a computational strategy equivalent to that for a conventional NMR structure determination. We find that the base pair adjacent to the dA2 bulge is not formed and that the protein recognizes this feature in forming the complex; intermolecular NOE enhancements are observed from the sidechain of Thr 33 to all four nucleotides of the DNA sequence step adjacent to the bulge. Our results form the first experimental demonstration that when binding to deformed DNA, non‐sequence‐specific HMG proteins recognize the junction between duplex and nonduplex DNA. Similarities and differences of the present structural model relative to other HMG–DNA complex structures are discussed.
Evolutionary aspects of a new MyoD gene in amphioxus (Branchiostoma belcheri) and its promoter specificity in skeletal and cardiac muscles

Vertebrate MyoD family of transcription factors contains four members including MyoD, Myf5, Myogenin and MRF4. These myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) play key roles in regulating skeletal muscle development and growth. Evolutionary analysis suggests that the four vertebrate MRF genes were derived by gene duplications from a single ancestral gene during chordate evolution. Better understanding of the structure and regulation of MyoD expression in amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri may provide insight into the evolutionary history of myogenic gene duplications because of the unique position of amphioxus in evolution. We report here that isolation and characterization of a new MyoD gene, AmphiMyoD, in B. belcheri. Sequence analysis revealed that the AmphiMyoD is more closely related to myogenic transcription factors in invertebrates and vertebrates compared with the previously identified three MyoD like genes in amphioxus, suggesting that the AmphiMyoD might be the closest relative of the ancestral myogenic gene. To determine if the AmphiMyoD gene promoter controls muscle-specific expression, the AmphiMyoD promoter was linked with the green fluorescence protein (GFP) reporter and the construct was microinjected into zebrafish embryos for transient expression assay. AmphiMyoD promoter directed skeletal muscle-specific GFP expression in zebrafish embryos. In addition, it also drove GFP expression in cardiac muscles of the injected embryos, but not in other non-muscle tissues. These data demonstrated that the AmphiMyoD promoter contained regulatory elements for skeletal and cardiac muscle-specific expression. Moreover, the regulatory element(s) could function across species.
INNOVATIVE FRACTAL-BASED MODELS FOR RADAR ALTIMETER DATA

An innovative electromagnetic model for the radar echoes received by a microwave altimeter is proposed: it is based on fractal models employed both to describe the natural surface and to evaluate the surface scattering behaviour. The scattering surface is modelled by means of the fractional Brownian model (fBm) process, whose realizations are obtained by using the band-limited Weierstrass-Mandelbrot (WM) function. The scattering process is evaluated by means of the Physical Optics solution specifically derived for fractal surfaces. Rationale to apply this solution to the evaluation (in time domain) of the received echoes is provided. Dependence of the return pulse shapes on surface topography at different roughness scales is highlighted: some relevant meaningful examples are presented. Simulation results are provided to show the potential of the proposed technique that could be the fundamental element to generate an atlas of expected returns from a given radar altimeter.
Environmental tipping points significantly affect the cost−benefit assessment of climate policies

Significance Most current cost−benefit analyses of climate change suggest global climate policy should be relatively weak. However, relatively few studies account for the market or nonmarket impacts of passing environmental tipping points that cause abrupt and irreversible damages. We use a stochastic dynamic model of the climate and economy to quantify the effect of tipping points on climate change policy. We show that environmental tipping points can profoundly alter cost−benefit analysis, justifying a much more stringent climate policy, which takes the form of a higher immediate price on carbon. Most current cost−benefit analyses of climate change policies suggest an optimal global climate policy that is significantly less stringent than the level required to meet the internationally agreed 2 °C target. This is partly because the sum of estimated economic damage of climate change across various sectors, such as energy use and changes in agricultural production, results in only a small economic loss or even a small economic gain in the gross world product under predicted levels of climate change. However, those cost−benefit analyses rarely take account of environmental tipping points leading to abrupt and irreversible impacts on market and nonmarket goods and services, including those provided by the climate and by ecosystems. Here we show that including environmental tipping point impacts in a stochastic dynamic integrated assessment model profoundly alters cost−benefit assessment of global climate policy. The risk of a tipping point, even if it only has nonmarket impacts, could substantially increase the present optimal carbon tax. For example, a risk of only 5% loss in nonmarket goods that occurs with a 5% annual probability at 4 °C increase of the global surface temperature causes an immediate two-thirds increase in optimal carbon tax. If the tipping point also has a 5% impact on market goods, the optimal carbon tax increases by more than a factor of 3. Hence existing cost−benefit assessments of global climate policy may be significantly underestimating the needs for controlling climate change.