Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploration of brushing behavior among university students in Iran: a qualitative research

Abstract Background Currently, it is estimated that 40% of the Iranian population is less than 20 years old, and in the academic year of 2011–2012 about 4 million students of that age were educated. The general assessment of the outcomes of oral health programs and investigating determinants is substantial for developing future plans of oral health. This study was done with the aim of exploring brushing behavior among university students of Iran to specify and understand the important determinants of oral health behavior. Methods A qualitative research method was used. This study was conducted between August and November 2016 in Shahid Beheshti University. Maximum variation sampling was used among university attendees and 44 students with more than 2 years of study duration were selected to be included in the research. Semi-structured interviews were employed for data gathering. All of the recorded interviews and notes were accurately evaluated and data analysis was performed based on the content analysis. Results As a result of the interview analysis 16 main categories emerged: Religious Beliefs, Perceived Benefits, Perceived Barriers, Habitation, Salience of Behavior, Education, Subjective Norms, Peer Pressure, Observational Learning, Knowledge, Perceived Susceptibility, Perceived Severity, Outcome Expectation, Skills, Perceived Self-efficacy, and Perceived Behavioral Control. Codes of sub-theme and theme were identified in the study. Conclusion This present study provides additional evidence with respect to the religious beliefs and the impact of religious instructions in brushing among students. Salience of brushing behavior has been described as one of the structures in an integrated behavioral model. Despite earlier studies suggesting, that peer pressure only plays a role on children’s brushing behavior, our study showed that peer pressure is effective on adults as well.
Biomechanical analysis of the ankle anterior drawer test for anterior talofibular ligament injuries

The effect of sectioning the anterior talofibular ligament on the load‐displacemnt behavior of the ankle was evaluated in vitro during the anterior drawer test using the flexibility approach. Controlled forces were applied across the ankle joint in the anterior‐posterior direction, and the resulting displacements were measured at four flexion angles (10° of dorsiflexion, neutral, and 10° and 20° of plantar flexion). The anterior talofibular ligament then was sectioned, and the anterior‐posterior loadings were repeated at the four flexion angles. Two parameters were developed to describe the nonlinear load‐displacemnt response of the ankle joint: neutral zone laxity (joint displacement between ± 2.5 N) and flexibility (a measure of the nonlinear load‐displacement response of the ankle between 10 and 50 N of anterior drawer loading). After sectioning the anterior talofibular ligament, significant increases in neutral zone laxity were observed at all angles of ankle flexion. The largest increases in neutral zone laxity were found with the ankle in 10° of plantar flexion (76.3% increase) and 20° of plantar flexion (89.7% increase). After sectioning the ligament, a significant increase (19.3%) in flexibility of the ankle was observed at 10° of dorsiflexion, but no change in flexibility was observed with the ankle in the neutral and plantar flexed positions. These findings indicate that anterior drawer testing of the anterior talofibular ligament‐deficient ankle between 10° and 20° of plantar flexion results in the largest increase in neutral zone laxity compared with the normal ankle with intact ligaments. They also suggest that an excessive magnitude of force during clinical application of the anterior drawer examination may not be needed to diagnose disruption of the anterior talofibular ligament.
Reliability and validity of Hindi translation of the migraine disability assessment and headache impact test-6 questionnaires

Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the reliability and validity of the Hindi translation of the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) and Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6) questionnaires. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on the migraine patients. For test–retest reliability, the respondents filled the MIDAS and HIT-6 questionnaires twice, at an interval of three weeks. For validity, the same population of patients filled the headache diary for three months. After three months they filled the MIDAS and HIT-6 questionnaires again. The patients were subgrouped according to their occupation and level of education. The test–retest reliability and validity were calculated by the Pearson correlation coefficient. Internal consistency was calculated using the Cronbach alpha. Results: A total of 236 migraine patients were screened. Seventy-nine patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. A total of 69 patients completed the study. The HIT-6 questionnaire was applicable to all the subgroups of patients and had better comprehensibility than the MIDAS. Housewives missed out on the first two questions of the MIDAS and had lower mean MIDAS scores than HIT-6. The test–retest correlation coefficients for the total MIDAS and HIT-6 scores were 0.94 and 0.81, respectively. The correlation coefficients between the total score in the headache diary equivalent and the MIDAS and HIT-6 total score were 0.91 and 0.77, respectively. Cronbach alpha, a measure of internal consistency for the MIDAS questionnaire was > 0.90 at all the compilations. For the HIT-6 questionnaire, it ranged from 0.67 to 0.79. Conclusion: The Hindi versions of MIDAS and HIT-6 questionnaires were reliable and valid, but could not be interchanged. HIT-6 had better comprehensibility.
Performance Analysis with Cache-Aware Roofline Model in Intel Advisor

The recent increase in the complexity of processor architectures imposes significant challenges when designing and optimizing the execution of real-world applications, even on general-purpose hardware. To help in this process, tools for fast and insightful visualization of architecture and application execution bottlenecks are particularly useful for computer architects and application engineers, such as the recently proposed Cache-aware Roofline Model (CARM). CARM represents an insightful architecture performance model that provides a simple and intuitive way of visually representing the limits of parallel processing on contemporary multi-core processors with complex memory hierarchy. In its recent updates, Intel Advisor integrated performance CARM into its workflow. Intel Advisor is a powerful tool that helps application developers to extract the full potential performance out of a processor architecture, by analyzing applications and providing hints on parallelization, vectorization and memory access improvements. Therefore, when coupled with CARM, Intel Advisor Roofline represents a complete analysis and visualization framework for application characterization, optimization, and development. This paper focuses on introducing the CARM analysis methodology within Intel Advisor, by also showcasing the usability of other Advisor features. For this purpose, a set of 10 applications from different benchmark suits were analyzed on the state-of-the-art hardware platform in order to uncover the most critical bottlenecks and possible optimization steps to overcome them. By following the optimization guidelines given by Intel Advisor Roofline, the performance of several application kernels was improved for up to 6.43 times when compared to the unoptimized versions.
Upstream regulatory elements are necessary and sufficient for transcription of a U6 RNA gene by RNA polymerase III.

Whereas the genes coding for trimethyl guanosine‐capped snRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II, the U6 RNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase III. In this study, we have analyzed the cis‐regulatory elements involved in the transcription of a mouse U6 snRNA gene in vitro and in frog oocytes. Transcriptional analysis of mutant U6 gene constructs showed that, unlike most known cases of polymerase III transcription, intragenic sequences except the initiation nucleotide are dispensable for efficient and accurate transcription of U6 gene in vitro. Transcription of 5′ deletion mutants in vitro and in frog oocytes showed that the upstream region, within 79 bp from the initiation nucleotide, contains elements necessary for U6 gene transcription. Transcription studies were carried out in frog oocytes with U6 genes containing 5′ distal sequence; these studies revealed that the distal element acts as an orientation‐dependent enhancer when present upstream to the gene, while it is orientation‐independent but distance‐dependent enhancer when placed down‐stream to the U6 gene. Analysis of 3′ deletion mutants showed that the transcription termination of U6 RNA is dependent on a T cluster present on the 3′ end of the gene, thus providing further support to other lines of evidence that U6 genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase III. These observations suggest the involvement of a composite of components of RNA polymerase II and III transcription machineries in the transcription of U6 genes by RNA polymerase III.
Estrogen levels in peripheral plasma of immature female chickens as determined by radioimmunoassay.

The levels of estrogen in the plasma of the immature female chicken (Gallus domesticus) were estimated by a radioimmunoassay procedure. Determinations on 16 consecutive blood samples withdrawn over a period of 5 days from each of four 6-wk old birds, which were housed under continuous light, indicated that there were 4 to 5 estrogen peaks over this period. The peaks appeared every 14–34 hr. The lowest and highest levels for each bird during the S-day period averaged 188 (range 101–294) and 1190 (range 1136–1276) pg/ml plasma, respectively. (Endocrinology 94: 1168, 1974)
Lexico-grammatical Cohesion in English as a Global Lingua Franca: A Corpus-based Systemic Functional Analysis

English as a global language is now a well-established concept and there is a massive body of research and articles on its inception, development, social status, to name but a few. One of the major areas of concern in the field has been the linguistic features of English as an international English, or English as a global Lingua Franca. Key research into the common features of ELF has been conducted through the analysis of, for example, the ‘lingua franca core’ (Jenkins, 2000), and the VOICE corpus (Vienna-Oxford International Corpus of English). Seidlhofer (2004) argues, however, that it would be premature to launch into a discussion of the teaching of this lingua franca before certain prerequisites have been met. The most important of these are a conceptualization of speakers of lingua franca English as language users in their own right, and the acknowledgment of the legitimacy of, and indeed the need for, a description of salient features of English as a lingua franca (ELF), alongside English as a native language (ENL). The present study is an attempt to shed light on one of these salient features of ELF, namely, how cohesion is created through ABSTRACT
Quantitative Assessment of Peripheral Airway Obstruction on Paired Expiratory/Inspiratory Thin-section Computed Tomography in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease With Emphysema

Objectives: We examined the hypothesis that paired inspiratory/expiratory computed tomography (CT) scans in a limited-lung area that excludes emphysema may provide a more accurate evaluation of peripheral airway obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with emphysema. Materials and Methods: This study included 32 patients with COPD. The cross-sectional area between −500 and −1024 HU was segmented as whole-lung. The relative areas (RA) less than −950 HU for the whole-lung (RA<−950) were segmented as emphysema, and pixels less than −900 HU for the whole-lung (RA<−900) were segmented to evaluate air trapping. Next, the cross-sectional area between −500 and −950 HU that excludes emphysema was segmented as limited-lung, and pixels between −900 and −950 HU for the limited-lung (RA900-950) were segmented. The changes in RA<−900 (RA<−900-change) and RA900-950 (RA900-950-change) between inspiration and expiration were calculated. Correlations between CT measurements and the results of pulmonary function tests (PFT) were evaluated. Results: There was no significant difference between the mean inspiratory RA<−950 and expiratory RA<−950 (P = 0.245), but the mean expiratory RA900-950 decreased significantly compared with the mean inspiratory RA900-950 (P < 0.001). The correlation coefficients between PFT parameters and the RA900-900-change in the limited-lung without emphysema were higher than that of the RA<−900-change in the whole-lung. Conclusions: The paired inspiratory/expiratory CT measurements in the limited-lung without emphysema correlated more closely with the PFTs. Our observations suggest that paired inspiratory/expiratory CT scans in the limited-lung excluding emphysema are sensitive for the evaluation of airway obstruction in COPD with emphysema.
Mind the Gap: Revisiting the Concentration Index for Overweight

Much analysis of the socioeconomic gradient of overweight/obesity has involved the calculation of concentration indices for the incidence of these conditions. However this analysis ignores the severity of the conditions, in particular whether there is a gradient to how far are people above the relevant thresholds. Calculation of the concentration index for severity based measures for a dataset for Ireland reveals a much stronger gradient than for the incidence based measures. It is recommended that analysis of severity should always accompany analysis of the incidence of overweight/obesity.
An examination of volatility dynamics In Australian REIT futures

This study aims to examine the volatility spillover in Australian REIT futures over the study period of 2004-2008. An Exponential-Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteoskedasticity (EGARCH) model is employed to analyze the volatility series of REIT futures. The results show that REITs futures are heavily influenced by REITs and stocks, suggesting that the news originated from these markets will affect REITs futures. The results also illustrates that the equity market is more influential than REITs in affecting the volatility of REIT futures. It is also shown that REIT futures are more sensitive to negative news than positive news. These findings have provided additional insights into the volatility patterns of property futures.
Performance Comparison of Four Rule Sets: An Example for Encrypted Traffic Classification

The objective of this work is the classification of encrypted traffic where SSH is taken as an example application. To this end, four learning algorithms AdaBoost, RIPPER, C4.5 and Rough Set are evaluated using flow based features to extract the minimum features/rules set required to classify SSH traffic. Results indicate that C4.5 based classifier performs better than the other three. However, we have also identified 15 features that are important to classify encrypted traffic, namely SSH.
Impact of Future Climate Change on Wheat Production: A Simulated Case for China’s Wheat System

With regard to global climate change due to increasing concentration in greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), it is important to examine its potential impact on crop development and production. We used statistically-downscaled climate data from 28 Global Climate Models (GCMs) and the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM)–Wheat model to simulate the impact of future climate change on wheat production. Two future scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) were used for atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations during two different future periods (2031–2060 referred to as 40S and 2071–2100 referred to as 80S). Relative to the baseline period (1981–2010), the trends in mean daily temperature and radiation significantly increased across all stations under the future scenarios. Furthermore, the trends in precipitation increased under future climate scenarios. Due to climate change, the trend in wheat phenology significantly advanced. The early flowering and maturity dates shortened both the vegetative growth stage (VGP) and the whole growth period (WGP). As the advance in the days of maturity was more than that in flowering, the length of the reproductive growth stage (RGP) of spring wheat was shortened. However, as the advance in the date of maturity was less than that of flowering, the RGP of winter wheat was extended. When the increase in CO2 concentration under future climate scenarios was not considered, the trend in change in wheat production for the baseline declined. In contrast, under increased CO2 concentration, the trend in wheat yield increased for most of the stations (except for Nangong station) under future climatic conditions. Winter wheat and spring wheat evapotranspiration (ET) decreased across all stations under the two future climate scenarios. As wheat yield increased with decreasing water consumption (as ET) under the future climatic conditions, water use efficiency (WUE) significantly improved in the future period.
β−Amyloid exacerbates inflammation in astrocytes lacking fatty acid amide hydrolase through a mechanism involving PPAR‐α, PPAR‐γ and TRPV1, but not CB1 or CB2 receptors

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The endocannabinoid system may regulate glial cell functions and their responses to pathological stimuli, specifically, Alzheimer's disease. One experimental approach is the enhancement of endocannabinoid tone by blocking the activity of degradative enzymes, such as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH).
Cloning and sequence of the gene encoding a cefotaxime-hydrolyzing class A beta-lactamase isolated from Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli TUH12191, which is resistant to piperacillin, cefazolin, cefotiam, ceftizoxime, cefuzonam, and aztreonam but is susceptible to cefoxitin, latamoxef, flomoxef, and imipenem, was isolated from the urine of a patient treated with beta-lactam antibiotics. The beta-lactamase (Toho-1) purified from the bacteria had a pI of 7.8, had a molecular weight of about 29,000, and hydrolyzed beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin G, ampicillin, oxacillin, carbenicillin, piperacillin, cephalothin, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and aztreonam. Toho-1 was markedly inhibited by beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid and tazobactam. Resistance to beta-lactams, streptomycin, spectinomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim was transferred by conjugational transfer from E. coli TUH12191 to E. coli ML4903, and the transferred plasmid was about 58 kbp, belonging to incompatibility group M. The cefotaxime resistance gene for Toho-1 was subcloned from the 58-kbp plasmid by transformation of E. coli MV1184. The sequence of the gene for Toho-1 was determined, and the open reading frame of the gene consisted of 873 or 876 bases (initial sequence, ATGATG). The nucleotide sequence of the gene (DDBJ accession number D37830) was found to be about 73% homologous to the sequence of the gene encoding a class A beta-lactamase produced by Klebsiella oxytoca E23004. According to the amino acid sequence deduced from the DNA sequence, the precursor consisted of 290 or 291 amino acid residues, which contained amino acid motifs common to class A beta-lactamases (70SXXK, 130SDN, and 234KTG). Toho-1 was about 83% homologous to the beta-lactamase mediated by the chromosome of K. oxytoca D488 and the beta-lactamase mediated by the plasmid of E. coli MEN-1. Therefore, the newly isolated beta-lactamase Toho-1 produced by E. coli TUH12191 is similar to beta-lactamases produced by K. oxytoca D488, K. oxytoca E23004, and E. coli MEN-1 rather than to mutants of TEM or SHV enzymes. Toho-1 has shown the highest degree of similarity to K. oxytoca class A beta-lactamase. Detailed comparison of Toho-1 with other beta-lactamases implied that replacement of Asn-276 by Arg with the concomitant substitution of Thr for Arg-244 is an important mutation in the extension of the substrate specificity.
Free energy reconstruction from nonequilibrium single-molecule pulling experiments

Laser tweezers and atomic force microscopes are increasingly used to probe the interactions and mechanical properties of individual molecules. Unfortunately, using such time-dependent perturbations to force rare molecular events also drives the system away from equilibrium. Nevertheless, we show how equilibrium free energy profiles can be extracted rigorously from repeated nonequilibrium force measurements on the basis of an extension of Jarzynski's remarkable identity between free energies and the irreversible work.
Induction of specific changes in the surface membrane of myeloid leukemic cells by steroid hormones

Normal mature macrophages and granulocytes have surface membrane receptors for specific immunoglobulin and immunoglobulin complement, which can be detected by rosette formation with erythrocytes coated with antibody (EA) or with antibody and complement (EAC). There are three types of myeloid leukemic cells, IR+D+, IR+D− and IR−D−. IR+D+ cells were induced to form receptors for EAC but not for EA by the steroid hormones prednisolone, dexamethasone and estradiol. Induction required protein synthesis and was not inhibited by cordycepin or vinblastine. Optimum induction required the continued presence of the hormones. IR+D+ cells were also induced by these hormones to migrate in agar, attach to the surface of a Petri dish and form macrophages. IR+D− cells showed a lower inducibility by these hormones and no formation of macrophages. There was no induction of any of these changes with IR−D− cells. The steroid hormones progesterone, testosterone and cortisone did not induce these changes in any of the leukemic cells and inhibited induction by prednisolone, dexamethasone and estradiol. The results indicate that specific surface membrane changes in myeloid leukemic cells can be induced by certain steroid hormones.
Demands of Simulated Commuting Using an Electrically Assisted Bicycle

The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommends adults participate in weekly aerobic activity for a minimum of 30 minutes moderate intensity exercise 5 days per week or 20 minutes of vigorous activity 3 days per week. The electrically assisted bicycle may help individuals achieve the ACSM’s aerobic recommendations and introduce inactive individuals to physical activity. To compare the physiological requirements of riding a bicycle with electric pedal assist versus non-assist among healthy active young adults. 6 males and 6 females completed two randomized cycling trials using electric pedal assist (PAB) and non-assist (NON). Cycling trials were completed over a 3.54 km course with varying terrain. Time to completion was faster in the PAB (12.5 ± 0.3 min) than the NON (13.8 ± 0.3 min, p=0.01). Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) was lower in the PAB (12.0 ± 0.4) than the NON (14.8 ± 0.5, p < 0.001). There was no difference in mean VO2 between PAB (2.3 ± 0.1 L·min−1) and NON (2.5 ± 0.1 L·min−1, p=0.45). There was no difference in mean power output when comparing PAB (115 ± 11 Watts) to NON (128 ± 11 Watts, p=0.38). There was no difference in heart rate between PAB (147 ± 5 bpm) and NON (149 ± 5 bpm, p=0.77). Recreationally active younger (college age) individuals may self-select a similar physiological intensity of physical activity regardless of mechanical assistance, resulting in quicker completion of a commuting task with PAB. Both the PAB and NON exercise bouts met ACSM criteria for vigorous exercise.