Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Time course of sleep inertia dissipation in human performance and alertness

Alertness and performance on a wide variety of tasks are impaired immediately upon waking from sleep due to sleep inertia, which has been found to dissipate in an asymptotic manner following waketime. It has been suggested that behavioural or environmental factors, as well as sleep stage at awakening, may affect the severity of sleep inertia. In order to determine the time course of sleep inertia dissipation under normal entrained conditions, subjective alertness and cognitive throughput were measured during the first 4 h after habitual waketime from a full 8‐h sleep episode on 3 consecutive days. We investigated whether this time course was affected by either sleep stage at awakening or behavioural/environmental factors. Sleep inertia dissipated in an asymptotic manner and took 2–4 h to near the asymptote. Saturating exponential functions fitted the sleep inertia data well, with time constants of 0.67 h for subjective alertness and 1.17 h for cognitive performance. Most awakenings occurred out of stage rapid eye movement (REM), 2 or 1 sleep, and no effect of sleep stage at awakening on either the severity of sleep inertia or the time course of its dissipation could be detected. Subjective alertness and cognitive throughput were significantly impaired upon awakening regardless of whether subjects got out of bed, ate breakfast, showered and were exposed to ordinary indoor room light (≈150 lux) or whether subjects participated in a constant routine (CR) protocol in which they remained in bed, ate small hourly snacks and were exposed to very dim light (10–15 lux). These findings allow for the refinement of models of alertness and performance, and have important implications for the scheduling of work immediately upon awakening in many occupational settings.
Adaptive Backoff Synchronization Techniques

Shared-memory multiprocessors commonly use shared vari- ables for synchronization. Our simulations of real parallel applications show that large-scale cache-coherent multipro- cessors suffer significant amounts of invalidation traffic due to synchronization. Large multiprocessors that do not cache synchronization variables are often more severely impacted. If this synchronization traffic is not reduced or managed ad- equately, synchronization references can cause severe con- gestion in the network. We propose a class of adaptive back- off methods that do not use any extra hardware and can significantly reduce the memory traffic to synchronization variables. These methods use synchronization state to reduce polling of synchronization variables. Our simulations show that when the number of processors participating in a barrier synchronization is small compared to the time of arrival of the processors, reductions of 20 percent to over 95 percent in synchronization traffic can be achieved at no extra cost. In other situations adaptive backoff techniques result in a tradeoff between reduced network accesses and increased processor idle time.
Marketing to Healthy Lifestyle Consumers: An Analysis of Demographic and Social Cognitive Factors

Individuals who adopt a healthy lifestyle are excellent customers for health-related offerings. The present study represents the first attempt to examine group differences between ”high active” and ”low active” exercisers in demographic and social cognitive characteristics which aims to provide useful insights to marketers in segmenting markets, targeting promotions, and positioning products and services. Cross-sectional data was collected via self-administered surveys from general adults sample (n=512) in Malaysia. Prior to data analysis, measurement scale was validated using confirmatory factor analysis. Significant differences were found between the two exercise groups in age, occupation and all the social cognitive factors studied. The ”low active” group had less favourable instrumental and affective attitude, were less subject to social pressure, and felt less perceived control and self-efficacy over exercising compared to ”high active” exercisers. The discriminant analysis reported perceived self-efficacy to be the most important factor in discriminating between the two groups.
Competing loyalties in sports medicine: Threats to medical professionalism in elite, commercial sport

This paper explores the ways in which the environment of elite-level and, in particular, commercial sport produces expectations and pressures on sports doctors that may compromise their professional standards. Specifically, this paper addresses the pressures and demands that emerge from varying groups and individuals with whom doctors have relationships within the world of elite sport including: the athlete, coach, management, media (including broadcasters) and sponsors. Using grounded theory and drawing upon qualitative data collected from semi-structured interviews with 16 sports doctors the study explores the ethical concerns of medical practitioners working with elite athletes and teams in New Zealand. Key emerging themes include: the complex environment within which sports doctors work, including the limited control over their work environment, the pressures arising from the commercial interests of sport, the issue of competing obligations, and emerging threats to medical professionalism.
Assessment of Maternal Near Miss at Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: Five Years Experience

Maternal mortality in Ethiopia is one of the highest in the world. Data on maternal near miss cases and events among mothers who received care at health institutions is lacking. The main aim of this study was, therefore, to assess trend and correlates of maternal near miss case at a referral hospital. Case notes of clients who received care in obstetric and gynecologic ward of Debre Markos Referral Hospital from 1st January 2008 to 30th December 2012 were reviewed. Case notes were selected using systematic random sampling technique. Tailored format was data collection tool. SPSS version 16 was used to analyze the data. Logistic regression was fitted to determine possible association, and strength of associations was measured using odds ratio at 95% confidence interval. A total of 1355 case notes were reviewed. Of them, 403 (29.7%) were near miss cases. The data showed that maternal near miss ratio over the study period was decreasing (X2 = 7.4, p = 0.007). Distance from the hospital, history of difficult labor, and antenatal care (ANC) utilization were found to be major determinates of maternal near miss cases. The most common types of near miss events were obstructed labor and hemorrhage. Majority of maternal near miss cases brought referral letter to hospital. Although maternal near miss ratio is still high, it appears to decrease over the last five years period. This may reflect success of the government’s Endeavour to decrease maternal mortality. However, this effort needs to continue in a sustainable manner to avoid preventable causes of maternal mortality in Ethiopia.
Manual or electronic? The role of coding in qualitative data analysis

Data analysis is the most difficult and most crucial aspect of qualitative research. Coding is one of the significant steps taken during analysis to organize and make sense of textual data. This paper examines the use of manual and electronic methods to code data in two rather different projects in which the data were collected mainly by in-depth interviewing. The author looks at both the methods in the light of her own experience and concludes that the choice will be dependent on the size of the project, the funds and time available, and the inclination and expertise of the researcher.
A self-fertile species of Steinernema from Indonesia: further evidence of convergent evolution amongst entomopathogenic nematodes?

More than 20 species of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema have been described; to date, all reproduce exclusively by cross-fertilization of male and female individuals. Steinernema sp. strain T87 from Indonesia was found to consist largely of self-fertile hermaphrodites. Progeny were produced by morphological females both in insects (Galleria mellonella) and in hanging drops of insect haemolymph inoculated with a single infective juvenile. Sperm were present in the oviduct of unmated morphological females. Approximately 1% of infective juveniles developed into males, and males were also present in the second generation where they constituted 1–6% of the population. Under the same conditions the related species Steinernema longicaudum strain CB2B displayed typical steinernematid reproduction: cross-fertilization and a 1:1 sex ratio. It is argued that the development of hermaphroditism in Steinernema sp. T87 represents convergent evolution with Heterorhabditis, the other major genus of entomopathogenic nematode.
Improved latent concept expansion using hierarchical markov random fields

Most existing query expansion approaches for ad-hoc retrieval adopt overly simplistic textual representations that treat documents as bags of words and ignore inherent document structure. These simple representations often lead to incorrect independence assumptions in the proposed approaches and result in limited retrieval effectiveness. In this paper, we propose a novel query expansion technique that models the various types of dependencies that exist between original query terms and expansion terms within a robust, unified framework. The proposed model is called Hierarchical Markov random fields (HMRFs), based on Latent Concept Expansion (LCE). By exploiting implicit (or explicit) hierarchical structure within documents, HMRFs can incorporate hierarchical interactions which are important for modeling term dependencies in an efficient manner. Our rigorous experimental evaluation carried out using several TREC data sets shows that our proposed query expansion technique consistently and significantly outperforms the current state-of-the-art query expansion approaches, including relevance-based language models and LCE.
The Relationship in Counseling and Psychotherapy

This two-part article suggests ingredients in the therapy relationship that are common to all interventions. It then examines similarities and differences in how the relationship works within the three dominant approaches to therapy. The overall aim of the article is to restimulate research and theory on the relationship. The first part defines the relationship and proposes three components to all therapeutic relationships: a working alliance, a transference configuration, and a real relationship. Five propositions are offered about the operation of each component within and across theoretical orientations. The second part examines how views of the relationship in perspectives broadly labeled psychoanalytic, humanistic, and learning vary according to three theoretical dimensions: the centrality, real-unreal, and means-end dimensions. Central research findings are reviewed for each theoretical perspective, the current state of research is examined for each, and suggestions are offered for future directions.
Common and Unique Features of Schwartz’s and Inglehart’s Value Theories at the Country and Individual Levels

This article examines commonalities and differences in the value theories proposed by Ronald Inglehart and Shalom Schwartz. A systematic review of previous findings was conducted. Then, we showed, with a joint multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis, that Schwartz’s Embeddedness versus Autonomy dimension tends to lie at the diagonal of the Inglehart Cultural Map of the World, suggesting that in order to be autonomous/open, individuals need to have both self-expressive and secular-rational values, whereas being embedded /conservative involves both traditional and survival values. Two distinct regions of Schwartz’s values (one at each level) which are missed by Inglehart’s instrument were identified. At the same time, an MDS plot revealed that, at the individual level, Inglehart’s Survival values are not captured by the Schwartz’s items included. The obtained structures at the two levels of analysis were shown to be remarkably similar (Tucker’s Φ > .90).
Diverse antimicrobial interactions of halophilic archaea and bacteria extend over geographical distances and cross the domain barrier

The significance of antimicrobial substances, halocins, produced by halophilic archaea and bacteria thriving in hypersaline environments is relatively unknown. It is suggested that their production might increase species diversity and give transient competitive advances to the producer strain. Halocin production is considered to be common among halophilic archaea, but there is a lack of information about halocins produced by bacteria in highly saline environments. We studied the antimicrobial activity of 68 halophilic archaea and 22 bacteria isolated from numerous geographically distant hypersaline environments. Altogether 144 antimicrobial interactions were found between the strains and aside haloarchaea, halophilic bacteria from various genera were identified as halocin producers. Close to 80% of the interactions were detected between microorganisms from different genera and in few cases, even across the domain boundary. Several of the strains produced halocins with a wide inhibitory spectrum as has been observed before. Most of the antimicrobial interactions were found between strains from distant sampling sites indicating that hypersaline environments around the world have similar microorganisms with the potential to produce wide activity range antimicrobials.
Impact of VKORC1 Haplotypes on Long-Term Graft Function in Kidney Transplantation

Background. Chronic allograft injury is the major cause of renal allograft loss after the first year of transplantation. Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) haplotype combinations were found to be associated with the risk of developing vascular diseases. We aimed to study the effect of VKORC1 haplotypes on long-term graft function in a cohort of kidney transplant recipients. Method. A total of 288 renal allograft recipients participated in the study. Long-term renal graft function was measured by the estimation of the glomerular filtration rate. VKORC1 C+1173T single nucleotide polymorphism (rs9934438) was used as a tagging single nucleotide polymorphism for VKORC1*2 haplotype. Results. Patients homozygous for VKORC1*2 haplotype showed less deterioration of renal graft function compared with the other patients (hazard ratio: 0.34, 95% confidence interval: 0.26–0.87, P=0.02). The same results were obtained in a multivariate analysis, where VKORC1 haplotypes showed to be an independent predictor of long-term graft function when adjusted to other variables contributing to long-term renal graft outcome. Conclusion. Our results suggest that VKORC1 haplotypes may play a role in the long-term renal allograft function. These findings need to be replicated in prospective clinical studies.
Agroinjection of Tomato Fruits. A Tool for Rapid Functional Analysis of Transgenes Directly in Fruit1

Transient expression of foreign genes in plant tissues is a valuable tool for plant biotechnology. To shorten the time for gene functional analysis in fruits, we developed a transient methodology that could be applied to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv Micro Tom) fruits. It was found that injection of Agrobacterium cultures through the fruit stylar apex resulted in complete fruit infiltration. This infiltration method, named fruit agroinjection, rendered high levels of 35S Cauliflower mosaic virus-driven β-glucuronidase and yellow fluorescence protein transient expression in the fruit, with higher expression levels around the placenta and moderate levels in the pericarp. Usefulness of fruit agroinjection was assayed in three case studies: (1) the heat shock regulation of an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) promoter, (2) the production of recombinant IgA antibodies as an example of molecular farming, and (3) the virus-induced gene silencing of the carotene biosynthesis pathway. In all three instances, this technology was shown to be efficient as a tool for fast transgene expression in fruits.
9: Activity Learning

This review of activity learning in mathematics covers publications from January 1964 through December 1968. In the context of this article activity learning is taken to mean school learning settings in which the learner develops mathematical concepts through active participation. This process may involve the manipulation of physical materials, the use of games, or partaking in experiments with physical objects. Theory and research on the effects of this type of activity will be discussed in this article under manipulative learning.
Chapter 1 LINK PREDICTION IN SOCIAL NETWORKS Link Prediction

Link prediction is an important task for analying social networks which also has applications in other domains like, information retrieval, bioinformatics and e-commerce. There exist a variety of techniques for link prediction, ranging from feature-based classification and kernelbased method to matrix factorization and probabilistic graphical models. These methods differ from each other with respect to model complexity, prediction performance, scalability, and generalization ability. In this article, we survey some representative link prediction methods by categorizing them by the type of the models. We largely consider three types of models: first, the traditional (non-Bayesian) models which extract a set of features to train a binary classification model. Second, the probabilistic approaches which model the joint-probability among the entities in a network by Bayesian graphical models. And, finally the linear algebraic approach which computes the similarity between the nodes in a network by rank-reduced similarity matrices. We discuss various existing link prediction models that fall in these broad categories and analyze their strength and weakness. We conclude the survey with a discussion on recent developments and future research direction.
Humble Self-Enhancement

Prior research has linked religiosity to certain forms of self-enhancement. We extend this literature by three studies linking religiosity to the well-established better-than-average effect (BAE). First, a reanalysis of self-judgments of desirable characteristics in 15 nations showed that the BAE was stronger in more religious countries, even taking into account gross domestic product, interdependence, and economic inequality. Second, in two online surveys totaling 1,000 Americans, the BAE was stronger among more religious individuals. Several observations indicated that this relation was due to individuals self-stereotyping with respect to their religious in-groups. In particular, the relation was restricted to characteristics on the warmth dimension, consistent with the religious stereotype, and the average religious in-group member tended to be judged even more favorably than self. The latter phenomenon, which we term humble self-enhancement, is consistent with other studies linking stronger religiosity to greater favoritism of the religious in-group and greater derogation of religious out-groups.
An Experimental Analysis of the Impact of Survey Design on Measures and Models of Subjective Wellbeing

We analyse the results of experiments on aspects of the design of questionnaire and interview mode in the 2009 wave of the new UK Understanding Society panel survey. The randomised experiments relate to job- and life-satisfaction questions and vary the labeling of response scales, the mode of interviewing and the location of questions within the interview. We find a highly significant impact of these design features on the distributions of reported satisfaction in various life domains and some important impacts on the findings from conventional cross-section models of satisfaction.
Learning from the Web: Extracting General World Knowledge from Noisy Text

The quality and nature of knowledge that can be found by an automated knowledge-extraction system depends on its inputs. For systems that learn by reading text, the Web offers a breadth of topics and currency, but it also presents the problems of dealing with casual, unedited writing, non-textual inputs, and the mingling of languages. The results of extraction using the KNEXT system on two Web corpora - Wikipedia and a collection of weblog entries - indicate that, with automatic filtering of the output, even ungrammatical writing on arbitrary topics can yield an extensive knowledge base, which human judges find to be of good quality, with propositions receiving an average score across both corpora of 2.34 (where the range is 1 to 5 and lower is better) versus 3.00 for unfiltered output from the same sources.
Speech Perception in Quiet and in Noise Condition in Individuals with Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder.

OBJECTIVE The study investigated the effect of noise on syllable perception in individuals with Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder (ANSD) and compared that with the normal hearing individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 54 participants were considered, out of which 26 individuals were diagnosed with ANSD and 28 with normal hearing sensitivity. Syllable identification and discrimination were assessed in both the groups in quiet as well as +10 dB SNR. RESULTS All the individuals with ANSD performed poorer on syllable identification and syllable discrimination tasks compared to individuals with normal hearing. Information transfer and d-prime analyses revealed that noise affects the perception of voicing information in individuals with ANSD compared to place and manner information. Among the consonants tested, /pa/ was more resistant to noise. CONCLUSION Noise had deleterious effects on speech perception in individuals with ANSD. Low-frequency information appears to be more susceptible to the effects of noise in individuals with ANSD.
The dUTPase Enzyme Is Essential in Mycobacterium smegmatis

Thymidine biosynthesis is essential in all cells. Inhibitors of the enzymes involved in this pathway (e.g. methotrexate) are thus frequently used as cytostatics. Due to its pivotal role in mycobacterial thymidylate synthesis dUTPase, which hydrolyzes dUTP into the dTTP precursor dUMP, has been suggested as a target for new antitubercular agents. All mycobacterial genomes encode dUTPase with a mycobacteria-specific surface loop absent in the human dUTPase. Using Mycobacterium smegmatis as a fast growing model for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we demonstrate that dUTPase knock-out results in lethality that can be reverted by complementation with wild-type dUTPase. Interestingly, a mutant dUTPase gene lacking the genus-specific loop was unable to complement the knock-out phenotype. We also show that deletion of the mycobacteria-specific loop has no major effect on dUTPase enzymatic properties in vitro and thus a yet to be identified loop-specific function seems to be essential within the bacterial cell context. In addition, here we demonstrated that Mycobacterium tuberculosis dUTPase is fully functional in Mycobacterium smegmatis as it rescues the lethal knock-out phenotype. Our results indicate the potential of dUTPase as a target for antitubercular drugs and identify a genus-specific surface loop on the enzyme as a selective target.
A Response to Commentaries on “Towards Rigor in Reviews of Multivocal Literatures…”

In our article, we proposed a method for engendering rigor in reviews of what we ultimately, albeit reluctantly, termed multivocal1 literatures. Because "our purpose in proposing the method" was to "direct attention to and stimulate discussion of rigor" in reviews of these literatures, we genuinely appreciate the thoughtful, diverse, and provocative reactions contained in the Elmore, Patton, and Yin commentaries. Because the commentaries offer contrasting assessments of our proposal and emphasize different sets of issues, we summarize the central thesis of and respond to some of the major issues raised in each commentary.