Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adaptation of choice behavior in concurrent chains schedules and the role of the basolateral amygdala

When a light predicts food that is subsequently devalued by pairing its consumption with a lithium chloride injection, rats avoid the food source in the presence ofthe light, although the food itself is absent. This behavioral adaptation is blocked by lesioning the BLA before, but not after, light-food training. To evaluate the generality of this finding, and whether the BLA allows the sensory properties of reinforcers to influence preference, this thesis aimed to measure changes in choice when various attributes of the consequences ofbehavior were systematically manipulated. Rats were trained to choose between a large and a small sucrose reinforcer. The delay to reinforcer delivery included tones, the frequency of which indicated the forthcoming reinforcer magnitude. After rats' preference for the large reinforcer side was stable, the frequency of the tone preceding the large reinforcer was shifted toward that preceding the small reinforcer, its onset was delayed, or quinine was added to the large reinforcer. The rats were insensitive to these manipulations across all five levels of each independent variable. In the second experiment, reversing the reinforcer magnitudes, the tones, or both, decreased preference for the originally large reinforcer side. As in previous reports, prebut not post-training lesions of the BLA retarded behavioral adaptation to changes in reinforcer value, here measured by choice behavior and accomplished by reversing the magnitudes. The lesions did not affect preference acquisition, or the effect of reversing the magnitudes on subsequent baseline preference. The data agree with previous reports that the BLA is involved in behavioral adaptation. This role for the BLA can now be generalized to choice behavior in complex reinforcement schedules for which reinforcer
Family Day Care is for Normal Kids: Facilitators and Barriers to the Inclusion of Children with Disabilities in Family Day Care

RESEARCH ON THE INCLUSION of children with disabilities in mainstream early childhood settings suggests that inclusion has potential benefits both for children with disabilities and their peers. Family day care (FDC) is one form of mainstream early childhood setting that can potentially benefit children with disabilities, which has been under-researched. This paper reports on a study that explored barriers and facilitators to the inclusion of children with disabilities in FDC. The multi-method study gathered perceptions about factors that support and inhibit inclusion of children with disabilities in FDC, from 39 staff and 54 carers from 12 FDC schemes in the Sydney area. Findings related to five areas, including the (1) child, (2) families, (3) carers, (4) schemes, and (5) sociopolitical context, are reported and discussed. Implications for supporting the inclusion of children in FDC are drawn.
Subjective and Physiological Responses to Acute Stress in Socially Anxious Adults and Healthy Children

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is one of the most common anxiety disorders and understanding its symptoms and risk factors is vital for developing treatments and prevention strategies. Atypical physiological responses have been observed in anxious individuals and their consequences present a human and economic burden. This dissertation includes two studies that explore the subjective and physiological responses to an acute stress in the context of treatment and risk factors for SAD. The goal of the first study was to examine whether cognitive behavioural group therapy (CBGT) and a mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program differentially influenced the subjective and physiological response to a speech task. Participants in the treatment groups performed two speech tasks, before and after treatment, while a healthy control group completed it only once. Results indicated significant differences for the subjective, but not the physiological measures of stress. Patients with SAD reported higher subjective anxiety than the healthy control group and these scores were significantly reduced following treatment. Greater improvements were noted in the CBGT group; nonetheless, the study did indicate promising results for MBSR. The second study aimed to explore the effects of behavioural inhibition (BI), parental bonding variables and their interaction on the subjective and physiological responses to a similar speech task in healthy children. BI was related to subjective anxiety in a predictive manner, but was generally unrelated to the physiological measures. Parental bonding variables were not related to any of the stress responses and no interaction between BI and parental bonding was observed.
BMP1-related metalloproteinases promote the development of ventral mesoderm in early Xenopus embryos.

Bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP1) is a metalloproteinase closely related to Drosophila Tolloid (Tld). Tld regulates dorsoventral patterning in early Drosophila embryos by enhancing the activity of Dpp, a member of the TGF-beta family most closely related to BMP2 and BMP4. In Xenopus BMP4 appears to play an essential role in dorsoventral patterning, promoting the development of ventral fates during gastrula stages. To determine if BMP1 has a role in regulating the activity of BMP4, we have isolated cDNAs for Xenopus BMP1 and a novel closely related gene that we have called xolloid (xld). Whereas xbmp1 is uniformly expressed at all stages tested, the initial uniform expression of xld becomes localized to two posterior ectodermal patches flanking the neural plate and later to the inner ectoderm of the developing tailbud. xld is also expressed in dorsal regions of the brain during tailbud stages and is especially abundant in the ventricular layer of the dorsal hindbrain caudal to the otic vesicle. Overexpression of either gene inhibits the development of dorsoanterior structures in whole embryos and ventralizes activin-induced dorsal mesoderm in animal caps. Since ventralization of activin-induced animal caps can be blocked by coinjecting a dominant-inhibitory receptor for BMP2 and BMP4, we suggest a role for BMP1 and Xld in regulating the ventralizing activity of these molecules.
Identification of Genes Differentially Expressed During Heat Shock Treatment in Aedes aegypti

ABSTRACT Temperature is important for mosquito development and physiological response. Several genes of heat shock protein (HSP) families are known to be expressed in mosquitoes and may be crucial in responding to stress induced by elevated temperature. Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was used to identify target transcripts to heat shock treatment in female Aedes aegypti. Subtraction was performed in both directions enriching for cDNAs differentially expressed between a non- heat shock control and heat shock treatment. Heat shock treatment of female Ae. aegypti was carried out for 1 h at 42°C. Clones from differentially expressed genes were evaluated by sequencing. Target transcripts up-regulated by heat shock included five different HSP gene families and 27 other genes, such as cytochrome c oxidase, serine-type endopeptidase, and glutamyl aminopeptidase. Additionally, some novel genes, cytoskeleton and ribosomal genes, were found to be differentially expressed, and three novel up-regulated sequences belonging to a low-abundance class of transcripts were obtained. Up-regulated/down-regulated transcripts from heat shock treatment were further confirmed and quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). High temperatures can alter the gene expression of a vector mosquito population, and further characterization of these differentially expressed genes will provide information useful in understanding the genetic response to heat shock treatment, which can be used to develop novel approaches to genetic control.
cation of Predicates and Languages

We study the classi cation of recursive predicates and languages. In particular, we compare the classi cation of predicates and languages with the classi cation of arbitrary recursive functions and with learning. Moreover, we re ne our investigations by introducing classi cation with a bounded number of mind changes and establish a new hierarchy. Furthermore, we introduce multi{classi cation and characterize it. Finally, we study the classi cation of families of languages that have attracted a lot of attention in learning theory.
Candidate Type II Quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. I. Selection and Optical Properties of a Sample at 0.3 < Z < 0.83

Type II quasars are the long-sought luminous analogs of type 2 (narrow emission line) Seyfert galaxies, suggested by unification models of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and postulated to account for an appreciable fraction of the cosmic hard X-ray background. We present a sample of 291 type II AGNs at redshifts 0.3 < Z < 0.83 from the spectroscopic data of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. These objects have narrow (FWHM < 2000 km s-1), high equivalent width emission lines with high-ionization line ratios. We describe the selection procedure and discuss the optical properties of the sample. About 50% of the objects have [O III] λ5008 line luminosities in the range 3 × 108–1010 L⊙, comparable to those of luminous (-27 < MB < -23) quasars; this, along with other evidence, suggests that the objects in the luminous subsample are type II quasars.
The Idea of Liberty in Machiavelli

Niccolo Machiavelli definitely falls within this class of thinkers. His political writings have frequently been made an arena for the clash of political ideologies that owe their origins to later ages. These debates, carried on over the prostrate bodies of II principe and the Discorsi, show no sign of ending. Recently, however, a small number of scholars have called attention to the need for a fresh approach, which seeks to gain an understanding of Machiavelli's ideas through a precise textual and contextual analysis of his use of language.1 These scholars have stressed, plausibly enough, that the way to avoid a distorted, anachronistic interpretation of Machiavelli is to refrain from applying rigid, preconceived, and technical meanings to his still fluid, pretechnical vocabulary. They point out that such a vocabulary is none the less susceptible of systematic investigation.2 The method suggested by this approach has already borne fruit in J. H. Whitfield's study of the idea of ordini in Machiavelli's thought3 and in J. H. Hexter's two articles on Machiavelli's idea of lo stato in II principe, articles which destroy the foundations of the raison d'etat
Interferon‐α and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor differentiate peripheral blood monocytes into potent antigen‐presenting cells

The diverse roles of interferon‐α (IFN‐α) in regulating the immune response to infectious agents suggested that it might affect dendritic cell (DC) development. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured with IFN‐α and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) developed a dendritic morphology and expressed high levels of the class I and II human leukocyte antigens (HLA), B7 costimulatory molecules, adhesion proteins, and CD40. Elevated DC expression of B7‐2 and HLA‐DR was observed with increasing IFN‐α concentrations up to 5000 U/mL. The effects of IFN‐α on DC immunophenotype were not reversed by adding neutralizing antibodies against interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) or tumor necrosis factor α to the cell cultures or by eliminating lymphocytes from the cultures. The addition of IFN‐α to cultures containing optimal concentrations of IL‐4 and GM‐CSF significantly increased the B7‐2 and HLA‐DR levels above those present on DCs grown in two cytokines. The DCs generated with IFN‐α and GM‐CSF were potent antigen‐presenting cells in allogeneic mixed leukocyte reactions. They also were capable of taking up, processing, and presenting tetanus toxin to autologous T lymphocytes. These results demonstrate an important role for IFN‐α in the generation of DCs with potent antigen‐presenting capabilities from peripheral blood monocytes. J. Leukoc. Biol. 64: 358–367; 1998.
A Study of Elementary Level English as Foreign Language Students’ Attitudes towards Reading for Pleasure in English at Bangkok Christian International School, Thailand

The purpose of this study was to investigate if there is a significant positive relationship between the attitudes towards reading for pleasure in English and their academic achievement of elementary level students of English as a foreign language (EFL) at Bangkok Christian International School (BCIS), Thailand. One hundred and seven elementary level students of BCIS participated in this study in the first semester of the 2012-2013 academic year. The quantitative data acquired from the questionnaire indicated that the participants had positive attitude towards reading for pleasure in English. The data also revealed the two main barriers for the students to read for pleasure in English. First, the students had difficulty choosing/finding books that interested them. Second, they had a lack of time to read for pleasure in English. The results also indicated that there were two distinct motivation factors. Intrinsically, the students would read if better/more books were available in the library. Extrinsically, the students would read if reading would help their grades improve. There was no indication of grade or gender differences in motivation to read for pleasure. However, there was a significant positive relationship between the students’ attitudes towards reading for pleasure and their academic achievement.
Fast Downward Stone Soup : A Baseline for Building Planner Portfolios

Fast Downward Stone Soup is a sequential portfolio planner that uses various heuristics and search algorithms that have been implemented in the Fast Downward planning system. We present a simple general method for concocting “planner soups”, sequential portfolios of planning algorithms, and describe the actual recipes used for Fast Downward Stone Soup in the sequential optimization and sequential satisficing
WHAT DO CONNECTIVES AND PLURALS HAVE IN COMMON ? THE LINGUISTIC EXPRESSION OF AD HOC CATEGORIES *

The aim of this paper is to raise new questions for linguistic research, taking into account the linguistic expression of a particular type of categorization process, namely the construction of ad hoc categories. It will be shown that, based on a preliminary set cross-linguistic data, the strategies used to refer to ad hoc categories are mobilized from a variety of different grammatical areas, ranging from connectives to special plural forms and derivational affixes. It will be argued, however, that the selection of the grammatical strategies is not random, but is rather connected to the more general function of constructing sets, which is naturally close to the construction of categories. Finally some remarks on the role of context and on the role of exemplars in the construction of ad hoc categories are made.
Diaconescu ’ s Theorem and the Principle of Propositional Extensionality

A well-known result in topos theory is Diaconescu’s Theorem, which says that toposes that satisfy IAC (the Internal Axiom of Choice) are boolean. It has been suggested that PPE, the Principle of Propositional Extensionality, which says that equivalent propositions are the same (p↔ q ∈ Ω⇒ p = q) is essential for the proof. This note shows that this is correct: there are models of Higher-Order Intuitionistic Logic (triposes) that validate choice at all types, but not classical logic. The proof is essentially an application of the work of Mat́ıas Menni on exact completions and toposes [2].
Automated Segmentation of the Walkable Area from Aerial Images for Evacuation Simulation

Computer-aided evacuation simulation is a very import preliminary step when planning safety measures for major public events. We propose a novel, efficient and fast method to extract the walkable area from highresolution aerial images for the purpose of evacuation simulation. In contrast to previous work, where the authors only extracted streets and roads or worked on indoor scenarios, we present an approach to accurately segment the walkable area of large outdoor areas. For this task we use a sophisticated seeded region growing (SRG) algorithm incorporating the information of digital surface models, true-orthophotos and inclination maps calculated from aerial images. Further, we introduce a new annotation and evaluation scheme especially designed for assessing the segmentation quality of evacuation maps. An extensive qualitative and quantitative evaluation, where we study various combinations of SRG methods and parameter settings by the example of different real-world scenarios, shows the feasibility of our approach.
A Generic Framework for Top-k Pairs and Top-k Objects Queries over Sliding Windows

Top-k pairs and top-k objects queries have received significant attention by the research community. In this paper, we present the first approach to answer a broad class of top-k pairs and top-k objects queries over sliding windows. Our framework handles multiple top-k queries and each query is allowed to use a different scoring function, a different value of k, and a different size of the sliding window. Furthermore, the framework allows the users to define arbitrarily complex scoring functions and supports out-oforder data streams. For all the queries that use the same scoring function, we need to maintain only oneK-skyband. We present efficient techniques for theK-skyband maintenance and query answering. We conduct a detailed complexity analysis and show that the expected cost of our approach is reasonably close to the lower bound cost. For top-k pairs queries, we demonstrate the efficiency of our approach by comparing it with a specially designed supreme algorithm that assumes the existence of an oracle and meets the lower bound cost. For top-k objects queries, our experimental results demonstrate the superiority of our algorithm over the state-of-the-
Factors Affecting Employment and Unemployment for Fresh Graduates in China

The factors such as college reputation, major, and gender, which affect job search pros - pects of graduates from Shandong Province in China, are studied. A duration model including parametric, semiparametric, and nonparametric approaches is used and yielded several important findings. First, graduates find jobs faster if they come from the research universities. The study shows that economics and management, and engineer- ing graduates find jobs more easily. Other major graduates have no significant difference although they are not more likely to find jobs than the former. Moreover, there is no remarkable gap between female and male graduates.
Cerebral regions processing first‐ and higher‐order motion in an opposed‐direction discrimination task

Using PET, we studied the processing of different types of motion in an opposed‐direction discrimination task. We used first‐order motion and two types of higher‐order motion (presented as moving gratings with stripes defined by flickering texture and kinetic boundaries, respectively). In these experiments, we found that all types of motion activate a common set of cortical regions when comparing a direction discrimination task to a detection of the dimming of the fixation point. This set includes left hV3A, bilateral hMT/V5+ and regions in the middle occipital gyrus, bilateral activations in the posterior and anterior parts of the intraparietal sulcus, bilateral precentral gyrus, medial frontal cortex and regions in the cerebellum. No significant differences were observed between different types of motion, even at low statistical thresholds. From this we conclude that, under our experimental conditions, the same cerebral regions are involved in the processing of first‐order and higher‐order motion in an opposed‐direction discrimination task.
Enumeration of Hypergraphs

In this paper, we will study enumeration of hypergraphs. Let Spbe a symmetric group acting on ap-setX. It induces the permutation group Sp*acting on the set of all subsets ofX. Our problem is reduced to finding a good formula for the cycle index ofSp* . A crucial point is to calculate the cycle inventory of the permutation induced by a single cycle. Their formulas are given inductively. We will give the cycle index ofSp* explicitly and concretely. We will find a relation between the cycle inventory of the induced permutation and the number of convexk-gons of a given regularp-gon and obtain the formula for its cycle inventory.
MusicJacket—Combining Motion Capture and Vibrotactile Feedback to Teach Violin Bowing

We describe MusicJacket, which is a wearable system to support the teaching of good posture and bowing technique to novice violin players. The system uses an inertial motion capture system to track the following in real time: 1) whether the player is holding the violin correctly and 2) the player's bowing action and whether it deviates from a target trajectory. We provide the musicians with vibrotactile feedback about their bowing and posture using vibration motors that are positioned on their arms and torso. We describe a user study with novice violin players that compared a group who was trained using vibrotactile feedback with a control group who only received conventional teaching. We found that vibrotactile feedback is effective at improving novices' straight bowing technique and that half of these subjects continued to show improved bowing technique even when they no longer received vibrotactile feedback. None of the control subjects who received the same number of training sessions using conventional teaching techniques showed a comparable improvement.
Pathways to and from state care: The experiences of eight young people

Children enter state care because their parents are unable to care for them or because of abuse and neglect. Invariably they experience considerable distress and emotional trauma with many having clinically significant mental health problems. Few, however, receive the assessment, counselling and supportive services that they need. When they leave care, many experience extensive problems including mental health difficulties, unemployment, poverty, homelessness, drug abuse, relationship difficulties and lack of social support. This paper will discuss the findings of a qualitative study utilising in-depth interviews with young people who have been in state care. Illustrations of their pathways to and from care will highlight their experiences, and direct quotations from the participants will provide particular insights into the complex issues they have had to confront. The paper will outline key opportunities for prevention and intervention approaches at various points along these pathways.