Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Strong Correlation between Noise Features at Low Frequency and the KilohertzQuasi-Periodic Oscillations in the X-Ray Binary 4U 1728–34

We study the timing properties of the low-mass X-ray binary 4U 1728-34 using recently released data from the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer. This binary, like many others with accreting neutron stars, is known to exhibit strong quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) of its X-ray flux near 1 kHz. In addition to the kilohertz QPOs, the Fourier power spectra show a broken power-law noise component, with a break frequency between 1 and50 Hz, and a Lorentzian between 10 and 50 Hz. We find that the frequencies of the break and the low-frequency Lorentzian are well correlated with the frequencies of the kilohertz QPOs. The correlation between the frequency of the low-frequency Lorentzian and the kilohertz QPO follows a power-law relation with an index of 2.11±0.06. The recent model of Stella & Vietri interprets the Lorentzian feature as an effect of relativistic frame dragging (Lense-Thirring precession) in the inner accretion disk. The predicted scaling index is 2, which is close to the value we measure. This correlation is nearly identical to the one found in Z-sources between the well-known QPOs on the horizontal branch and the kilohertz QPOs, suggesting that the low-frequency oscillations are a similar phenomenon in these sources. The frequency of the break in the power spectra is also correlated with the frequencies of the kilohertz QPOs. As previously noted for the similar binaries 4U 1608-50 and4U 1705-44, this broken power-law component closely resembles that of black hole candidates in the low state, where the break frequency is taken as a indicator of mass accretion rate. The relation between break frequency and kilohertz QPO frequency thus provides additional proof that the frequency of the kilohertz QPOs increases with mass accretion rate.
Correlations between major risk factors and closely related Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates grouped by three current enotyping procedures: a population-based study in northeast Mexico

The characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) patients related to a chain of recent TB transmissions were investigated. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates (120) were genotyped using the restriction fragment length polymorphism-IS6110 (R), spacer oligotyping (S) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats (M) methods. The MTB isolates were clustered and the clusters were grouped according to the similarities of their genotypes. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients between the groups of MTB isolates with similar genotypes and those patient characteristics indicating a risk for a pulmonary TB (PTB) chain transmission were ana- lysed. The isolates showing similar genotypes were distributed as follows: SMR (5%), SM (12.5%), SR (1.67%), MR (0%), S (46.67%), M (5%) and R (0%). The remaining 35 cases were orphans. SMR exhibited a significant correlation (p < 0.05) with visits to clinics, municipalities and comorbidities (primarily diabetes mellitus). S correlated with drug consumption and M with comorbidities. SMR is needed to identify a social network in metropolitan areas for PTB transmission and S and M are able to detect risk factors as secondary components of a transmission chain of TB.
APL applied in music theory

There is today no formalised theory of tonality, the musical 'language' that has governed most Western music composed between 1650 and 1900 (e.g., music by Bach or Brahms) and much subsequent popular music. However, a number of respected music theorists have proposed informally how theories of tonality could be formulated. I have been concerned for a number of years to explicate two different informal theories of tonality proposed by A. F. C. Kollmann (1756-1829) and Heinrich Schenker (1868-1935) respectively.
Transmitting video surveillance sequences based on JPEG 2000 conditional replenishment

In many video surveillance applications, images are stored locally and are likely to be accessed remotely and possibly interactively upon user request. In such context, the JPEG 2000 still image compression format is attractive because it provides high coding efficiency, while supporting a highly flexible access to each individual image, in terms of spatial location, quality level, as well as resolution. However, when consecutive images constituting a video sequence have to be accessed, the fact that JPEG 2000 does not exploit the temporal redundancy inherent to the image sequence dramatically penalizes the transmission efficiency. This paper proposes a solution to mitigate this drawback when conveying a video surveillance sequence directly through JPEG 2000 codestream segments. The method is based on conditional replenishment, but is original in two main aspects. First, the proposed replenishment method exploits the specificities of the JPEG 2000 codestrea m structure to balance the size (in terms of code-blocks) and the accuracy (in terms of bit-planes) of the replenishment in a rate-distortion optimal way. Second, it takes into account the still background nature of video surveillance content by maintaining two reference images at the receiver. One reference is the last reconstructed frame, as proposed in [2]. The other is a dynamically-computed estimate of the scene background, which helps to recover the background after a moving object has left the scene. Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency and flexibility of the approach in terms of transmission resourc es allocation. As an additional contribution, we demonstrate that the embedded nature of the JPEG 2000 codestream easily supports prioritization of content that is known to be semantically relevant. An interesting aspect of JPEG 2000-based prioritization
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and International Atomic Energy Agency the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics Modulational Instability and Exact Solutions for the Discrete Complex Cubic Quintic Ginzburg-landau Equation of an Open Bose-einstein C

In this paper, we investigate analytically and numerically the modulational instability in a model of nonlinear physical systems like nonlinear periodic lattices. This model is described by the discrete complex cubic quintic Ginzburg-Landau equation with non-local quintic term. We produce characteristics of the modulational instability in the form of typical dependences of the instability growth rate (gain) on the perturbation wavenumber and the system's parameters. Excellent agreement has been obtained between analytical and numerical study. Further, we derive the periodic function and new type of solitary wave solutions for the above system. By using the extended Jacobian elliptic function approach, we obtain the exact stationary solitons and periodic wave solutions of this equation. These solutions include, Jacobian periodic wave solution, alternating phase Jacobi periodic wave solution, kink and bubble soliton solutions, alternating phase kink soliton alternating phase bubble soliton solutions.
Rapid and Sensitive Oligonucleotide Ligation Assay for Detection of Mutations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Associated with High-Level Resistance to Protease Inhibitors

ABSTRACT A sensitive, specific, and high-throughput oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA) for the detection of genotypic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) resistance to Food and Drug Administration-approved protease inhibitors was developed and evaluated. This ligation-based assay uses differentially modified oligonucleotides specific for wild-type or mutant sequences, allowing sensitive and simple detection of both genotypes in a single well of a microtiter plate. Oligonucleotides were designed to detect primary mutations associated with high-level resistance to amprenavir, nelfinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, and lopinavir, including amino acid substitutions D30N, I50V, V82A/S/T, I84V, N88D, and L90M. Plasma HIV-1 RNA from 54 infected patients was amplified by reverse transcription-PCR and sequenced by using dideoxynucleotide chain terminators for evaluation of mutations associated with drug resistance. These same amplicons were genotyped by the OLA at positions 30, 50, 82, 88, 84, and 90 for a total of 312 codons. The sensitivity of detection of drug-resistant genotypes was 96.7% (87 of 90 mutant codons) in the OLA compared to 92.2% (83 of 90) in consensus sequencing, presumably due to the increased sensitivity of the OLA. The OLA detected genetic subpopulations more often than sequencing, detecting 30 mixtures of mutant and wild-type sequences and two mixtures of drug-resistant sequences compared to 15 detected by DNA sequencing. Reproducible and semiquantitative detection of the mutant and the wild-type genomes by the OLA was observed by analysis of wild-type and mutant plasmid mixtures containing as little as 5% of either genotype in a background of the opposite genome. This rapid, simple, economical, and highly sensitive assay provides a practical alternative to dideoxy sequencing for genotypic evaluation of HIV-1 resistance to antiretrovirals.
Evaluating the effectiveness of learning interventions: an information systems case study

Currently, there is no standard instrument for evaluating learning effectiveness. While final examinations and end-of-semester course evaluation surveys can be used to do this, they are not designed for this purpose, and there are inherent problems using them in this way. This paper describes a survey instrument, called the Learning Effectiveness Survey, which can be used to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of learning interventions. Learning effectiveness is evaluated in the context of the learning goals of the course (short term learning), and in the context of the overall educational programme and future working life (long term learning). The instrument also provides feedback on the intervention and how it could be improved. A case study is described in which the instrument is used to evaluate the use of peer reviews as a learning activity in a requirements analysis course. The instrument was found to have relatively high validity, but reliability was below acceptable levels. Some interesting results were also found on the determinants of learning. In particular, attitude was found to have no effect on short term learning, but was found to be the primary determinant of long term learning.
CN Tower Lightning Parameters

Two years after its construction, observations of lightning strikes to the 553 m CN Tower commenced in 1978. Simultaneous measurements of the lightning current at the CN Tower and its generated lightning electromagnetic pulse (LEMP), 2 km north of the tower, as well as the recording of the characteristics of its associated lightning channel have been performed since 1991. In this paper, a description of the lightning measurement and recording systems is provided. Extensive cumulative statistics of visual characteristics were examined based on video (1991-2000) and high-speed digital (1996-2005) camera records. It is shown that only a high-speed camera can accurately determine the number of strokes per flash as well as the inter-stroke time. Further analysis of CN Tower video and high-speed records indicates that the tower was struck by lightning below its tip in 5% of the cases. Vigilant investigations of the lightning currents measured at the tower (1992-2001) prove the existence of two very distinguished negative current impulses, namely, impulses with fast wavefronts, representing the overwhelming majority of CN Tower lightning current impulses, and impulses with substantially slower wavefronts and larger current peaks. The slow negative impulses are found to either occur in single-stroke flashes or to represent first strokes in multiple-stroke flashes, suggesting that they belong to downward-initiated lightning to the tower. Furthermore, the lightning current statistical analysis illustrates that there is a remarkable difference in wavefront characteristics between ordinary negative impulses and the rarely measured positive impulses occurring in positive flashes.
Impact of sensitivity of human leucocyte antigen antibody detection by Luminex technology on graft loss at 1 year

Background The clinical relevance of the detection of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies in sera of renal transplant recipients by highly sensitive methods such as Luminex alone is uncertain and a matter of debate. The choice of output thresholds affects antibody detection and thus organ allocation, yet there are no internationally agreed threshold levels. This study aims at evaluating our current practice of using an MFI threshold of 1000 in antibody detection. Methods We carried out a case–control study by looking at 761 renal transplant recipients at one unit between 2000 and 2010. Of these, there were 93 cases of graft loss within 1 year and stored serum samples of 40 cases were available for testing. Controls were selected (graft function >2 years) and individually matched according to age, sex, number of transplants and date of transplant. All 40 cases and 40 controls had negative crossmatch by complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) at the time of transplant, and pre-transplant sera were re-analysed for the presence of detectable HLA and donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) using Luminex screen and single-antigen beads and MFI threshold values of 1000, 2000 and 4000. Results In nearly 48% of cases with graft loss within a year, HLA antibodies were detectable by Luminex when using a 1000 MFI threshold. This was 25% greater than in controls (P = 0.017). There was also a 15% increase in detected DSAs; however, statistical significance depends on the inclusion or exclusion of one specific case. Using MFI thresholds of 2000 and 4000, no DSAs were found in any long-term surviving grafts. Conclusions Selection of appropriate MFI cut-off values influences the detection of DSAs and, thus, organ allocation. Using a threshold of 1000 led to the detection of DSAs in 5% of long-term graft survivors in our population and should be considered too sensitive. Using a detection threshold of 2000 is sufficiently sensitive and leads to clinically relevant detection of DSA.
Emotion in Code-switching Texts: Corpus Construction and Analysis

Previous researches have focused on analyzing emotion through monolingual text, when in fact bilingual or code-switching posts are also common in social media. Despite the important implications of code-switching for emotion analysis, existing automatic emotion extraction methods fail to accommodate for the code-switching content. In this paper, we propose a general framework to construct and analyze the code-switching emotional posts in social media. We first propose an annotation scheme to identify the emotions associated with the languages expressing them in a Chinese-English code-switching corpus. We then make some observations and generate statistics from the corpus to analyze the linguistic phenomena of code-switching texts in social media. Finally, we propose a multiple-classifier-based automatic detection approach to detect emotion in the codeswitching corpus for evaluating the effectiveness of both Chinese and English texts.
Local and Global Effects of Ih Distribution in Dendrites of Mammalian Neurons

The hyperpolarization-activated cation current Ih exhibits a steep gradient of channel density in dendrites of pyramidal neurons, which is associated with location independence of temporal summation of EPSPs at the soma. In striking contrast, here we show by using dendritic patch-clamp recordings that in cerebellar Purkinje cells, the principal neurons of the cerebellar cortex, Ih exhibits a uniform dendritic density, while location independence of EPSP summation is observed. Using compartmental modeling in realistic and simplified dendritic geometries, we demonstrate that the dendritic distribution of Ih only weakly affects the degree of temporal summation at the soma, while having an impact at the dendritic input location. We further analyze the effect of Ih on temporal summation using cable theory and derive bounds for temporal summation for any spatial distribution of Ih. We show that the total number of Ih channels, not their distribution, governs the degree of temporal summation of EPSPs. Our findings explain the effect of Ih on EPSP shape and temporal summation, and suggest that neurons are provided with two independent degrees of freedom for different functions: the total amount of Ih (controlling the degree of temporal summation of dendritic inputs at the soma) and the dendritic spatial distribution of Ih (regulating local dendritic processing).
Nanoporous Au: A high yield strength material

The plastic deformation of nanoporous Au under compressive stress was studied by depth-sensing nanoindentation combined with scanning electron microscope characterization. The nanoporous Au investigated in the current study exhibits a relative density of 42%, and a spongelike morphology of interconnecting ligaments on a length scale of ∼100nm. The material is polycrystalline with a grain size on the order of 10–60nm. Microstructural characterization of residual indentation impressions reveals a localized densification via ductile (plastic) deformation under compressive stress and demonstrates the ductile behavior of Au ligaments. A mean hardness of 145(±11)MPa and a Young’s modulus of 11.1(±0.9)GPa was obtained from the analysis of the load-displacement curves. The hardness of investigated np‐Au is ∼10 times higher than the hardness predicted by scaling laws of open-cell foams thus potentially opening a door to a class of high yield strength—low-density materials.
A Dynamic Optimization Technique for Redesigning OO Software for Reusability

An effective reuse of design in software engineering can enhance the productivity, escalate quality, and ensure reliability. Adoption of design reusability can benefit the Small and Medium Organization by curtailing production cost as well as execution period. However, in the presence of requirement volatility, lower team size and skill tradeoffs, it is challenging to understand the real time constraints of Small and Medium Enterprises. The adoption of design reusability and its relation to optimization in the design process is discussed in this paper. For better formulation of the problem, our study has identified three performance parameters viz. quantity, work schedule, and cost of new development. This paper proposes a formal model known as DyRM that evaluates design reusability using Chidamber and Kemerer metrics. DyRM is an analytical formulation of design reusability mainly targeted to estimate the above three parameters for these enterprises.
Land Inequality and the Emergence of Human Capital Promoting Institutions

This research suggests that favorable geographical conditions, that were inherently associated with inequality in the distribution of land ownership, adversely affected the implementation of human capital promoting institutions (e.g., public schooling and child labor regulations), and thus the pace and the nature of the transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy, contributing to the emergence of the Great Divergence in income per capita across countries. The basic premise of this research, regarding the negative effect of land inequality on public expenditure on education is established empirically based on cross-state data from the beginning of the 20th century in the United States.
Factors Associated with Acquisition of Human Infective and Animal Infective Trypanosome Infections in Domestic Livestock in Western Kenya

Background Trypanosomiasis is regarded as a constraint on livestock production in Western Kenya where the responsibility for tsetse and trypanosomiasis control has increasingly shifted from the state to the individual livestock owner. To assess the sustainability of these localised control efforts, this study investigates biological and management risk factors associated with trypanosome infections detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in a range of domestic livestock at the local scale in Busia, Kenya. Busia District also remains endemic for human sleeping sickness with sporadic cases of sleeping sickness reported. Results In total, trypanosome infections were detected in 11.9% (329) out of the 2773 livestock sampled in Busia District. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that host species and cattle age affected overall trypanosome infection, with significantly increased odds of infection for cattle older than 18 months, and significantly lower odds of infection in pigs and small ruminants. Different grazing and watering management practices did not affect the odds of trypanosome infection, adjusted by host species. Neither anaemia nor condition score significantly affected the odds of trypanosome infection in cattle. Human infective Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense were detected in 21.5% of animals infected with T. brucei s.l. (29/135) amounting to 1% (29/2773) of all sampled livestock, with significantly higher odds of T. brucei rhodesiense infections in T. brucei s.l. infected pigs (OR = 4.3, 95%CI 1.5-12.0) than in T. brucei s.l. infected cattle or small ruminants. Conclusions Although cattle are the dominant reservoir of trypanosome infection it is unlikely that targeted treatment of only visibly diseased cattle will achieve sustainable interruption of transmission for either animal infective or zoonotic human infective trypanosomiasis, since most infections were detected in cattle that did not exhibit classical clinical signs of trypanosomiasis. Pigs were also found to be reservoirs of infection for T. b. rhodesiense and present a risk to local communities.
Low-Luminosity Seyfert Nuclei

We describe a new sample of Seyfert nuclei discovered during the course of an optical spectroscopic survey of nearby galaxies. The majority of the objects, many recognized as AGNs for the first time, have luminosities much lower than those of classical Seyferts and populate the faint end of the AGN luminosity function. A significant fraction of the nuclei emit broad H α emission qualitatively similar to the broad lines seen in classical Seyfert 1 nuclei and QSOs.
Politics and the Twitter Revolution: How Tweets Influence the Relationship between Political Leaders and the Public

Acknowledgments Chapter One: Introduction: The Importance of Twitter in Politics Chapter Two: Why People Use Twitter for Politics: The Uses and Gratifications of Following Political Leaders' Tweets Chapter Three: The Impact of Political Tweets When Used as Word-of-Mouth Communication Chapter Four: Is Following Political Leaders Good for Democracy? Examining Political Twitter Use, Selective Exposure, and Selective Avoidance Chapter Five: In their Own Words: Exploring the Roles and Value of Political Twitter Use in Followers' Lives Chapter Six: Tweets on the Campaign Trail: An Analysis of Frames Used in 2010 Campaign Tweets Conclusion: How Twitter Influences the Relationship between Political Leaders and the Public Bibliography Index About the Authors
On programming a highly parallel machine to be an intelligent technician

This paper speculates on how to program a machine that is suitable for microelectronic components to be an intelligent technician. The point of departure is from a class of machines described by J. H. Holland in a concurrent paper entitled, "On Iterative Circuit Computers Constructed of Microelectronic Components and Systems. " These machines consist of a regular lattice of active modules, each possessing both processing and memory functions. The goal is a machine with the problem solving capabilities of a smart human technical assistant, and the volume processing capabilities normally associated with digital computers. This goal is chosen because it coincides with many current developments. After discussing the eventual capabilities desired and the most striking features of Holland's machines, the speculation proceeds by considering the basic organization for information processing. This is followed by briefer treatments of the organization for problem solving, supervision, interpretation and production.