Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of microscopic modeling of skin in electrical and thermal analysis of transcranial direct current stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation scheme where a small current is delivered to the brain via two electrodes attached to the scalp. The electrode design is an important topic, not only as regards efficacy, but also from a safety perspective, as tDCS may be related to skin lesions that are sometimes observed after stimulation. Previous computational models of tDCS have omitted the effects of microscopic structures in the skin, and the different soak conditions of the electrodes, and model validation has been limited. In this study, multiphysics and multiscale analysis are proposed to demonstrate the importance of microscopic modeling of the skin, in order to clarify the effects of the internal electric field, and to examine temperature elevation around the electrodes. This novel microscopic model of the skin layer took into consideration the effect of saline/water penetration in hair follicles and sweat ducts on the field distribution around the electrodes. The temperature elevation in the skin was then computed by solving the bioheat equation. Also, a multiscale model was introduced to account for macroscopic and microscopic tissues of the head and skin, which was validated by measurement of the head resistance during tDCS. As a result, the electric field in the microscopic model of the skin was less localized when the follicles/ducts were filled with saline instead of hair or tap water. Temperature elevation was also lessened with saline, in comparison with other substances. Saline, which may penetrate the hair follicles and sweat ducts, suppressed the field concentration around the electrodes. For conventional magnitudes of current injection, and a head resistance of less than 10 kΩ, the temperature elevation in the skin when using saline–soaked electrodes was low, less than 0.1 °C, and unlikely to cause adverse thermal effects.
A Simple Closed-Form Approximation for the Packet Loss Rate of a TCP Connection Over Wireless Links

This letter presents a new and simple model for a TCP flow experiencing random packet losses due to both transmission errors and congestion events. From this model, we will derive a straightforward expression of a unified loss probability (ULP). This ULP gives the opportunity to reuse classical analytic models to analyze the performance of TCP and to size the buffer to optimize the wireless link utilization. Extensive simulations using TCP Reno in ns-2 demonstrate that our model is valid not only for the extreme cases where either transmission errors or congestion losses dominate but also in the situations where both types of losses are significant.
Integrated Services in the Internet Architecture: an Overview

This memo discusses a proposed extension to the Internet architecture and protocols to provide integrated services, i.e., to support real- time as well as the current non-real-time service of IP. This extension is necessary to meet the growing need for real-time service for a variety of new applications, including teleconferencing, remote seminars, telescience, and distributed simulation.
On Modeling the Reliability of Data Transport in Wireless Sensor Networks

Data transport is a core function for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with different applications having varied requirements on the reliability and timeliness of data delivery. While node redundancy, inherent in WSNs, increases the fault tolerance, no guarantees on reliability levels can be assured. Furthermore, the frequent failures within WSNs impact the observed reliability over time and make it more challenging to achieve the desired reliability. Unfortunately, a framework for modeling reliability of data transport protocols in WSNs is currently missing. The existence of such a framework would simplify evaluation, comparison and also adaptation of these protocols. We formulate the problem of data transport in a WSN as a set of operations carried out on raw data. The operations aim at filtering the raw data to streamline its reliable transport towards the sink. Based on this formulation we systematically define a reliability framework. This paper argues for the usefulness of the reliability framework by classifying existing transport protocols and comparing their reliability
The Role of Hand Calculations in Ground Water Flow Modeling

Most ground water modeling courses focus on the use of computer models and pay little or no attention to traditional analytic solutions to ground water flow problems. This shift in education seems logical. Why waste time to learn about the method of images, or why study analytic solutions to one‐dimensional or radial flow problems? Computer models solve much more realistic problems and offer sophisticated graphical output, such as contour plots of potentiometric levels and ground water path lines. However, analytic solutions to elementary ground water flow problems do have something to offer over computer models: insight. For instance, an analytic one‐dimensional or radial flow solution, in terms of a mathematical expression, may reveal which parameters affect the success of calibrating a computer model and what to expect when changing parameter values. Similarly, solutions for periodic forcing of one‐dimensional or radial flow systems have resulted in a simple decision criterion to assess whether or not transient flow modeling is needed. Basic water balance calculations may offer a useful check on computer‐generated capture zones for wellhead protection or aquifer remediation. An easily calculated “characteristic leakage length” provides critical insight into surface water and ground water interactions and flow in multi‐aquifer systems. The list goes on. Familiarity with elementary analytic solutions and the capability of performing some simple hand calculations can promote appropriate (computer) modeling techniques, avoids unnecessary complexity, improves reliability, and is likely to save time and money. Training in basic hand calculations should be an important part of the curriculum of ground water modeling courses.
An All-Digital Phase-Locked Loop with High-Resolution for SoC Applications

In this paper, we propose a very high-resolution all-digital phase-locked loop (ADPLL), which is designed with the cell library and described by hardware description language (HDL). The proposed ADPLL uses a novel digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) to achieve 1.06ps resolution and the proposed DCO can extend the controllable range easily. The dead zone of the proposed phase/frequency detector (PFD) is 5ps. The proposed ADPLL can be easily ported to different process as a soft intellectual property (IP) block, making it very suitable for system-on-chip (SoC) and system-level applications
Cognitive behavior therapy for functional gastrointestinal disorders: is group treatment effective?

Objective: The intention of this study was to evaluate therapy outcome of a cognitive-behavioral group treatment program for functional gastrointestinal disorders. As a particular characteristic, gastrointestinal symptoms were investigated independently from diagnostic categories on a dimensional basis, considering the persistence of symptoms as well as the aspect of severity. Methods: A total of 64 subjects participated in the 10-week treatment program, and 49 completed the study. Subjects underwent four assessments (baseline, pre-, post-treatment, 12-month follow-up), each comprising several self-rated questionnaires on gastrointestinal, somatoform, depressive, hypochondriacal and anxious symptoms, and health locus of control, as well as a diagnostic interview of functional gastrointestinal and mental disorders at the baseline assessment. Treatment effects were controlled by subjects' waiting list period before treatment. Results: Gastrointestinal symptoms, as well as comorbid psychopathology scores, decreased significantly during treatment and remained unchanged during the follow-up period, whereas no relevant changes were found in health locus of control. Largest effect sizes were found for gastrointestinal symptoms, which decreased by 30–50% of their initial number. Conclusions: The group treatment investigated was effective and particularly successful with respect to functional gastrointestinal symptoms. However, the mechanisms of treatment outcome remain indistinct. Further studies comparing different setting conditions directly are required to clarify the question of whether group treatment is significantly superior or inferior to individual therapy.
Towards on-line estimation of BTI/HCI-induced frequency degradation

This work proposes a new bottom-up approach for on-line estimation of circuit performance loss due to BTI/HCI effects. Built on the top of device-level models, it takes into account all factors that impact global circuit aging, namely, process, topology, workload, voltage and temperature variations. The proposed model is fed by voltage and temperature monitors that on-line track dynamic variations. This allows an accurate assessment of the evolution of the circuit critical path delays during its operation. Its accuracy is evaluated here on two circuits implemented in 28nm FD-SOI technology.
The Identification and Clustering Analysis of Auditory Neurons for Salicylated-Induced Rat Model

Salicylate-induced rat model is one of the animal models for tinnitus study. In this study, a radial basis function neural network for automatic identification is firstly developed due to its features of easy training and learning. From the experimental results, the recognition rate is demonstrated to be as high as 98%. Not only the recognition rate is improved, but also it is very objective in analysis. Secondly, a support vector clustering is applied to neurons distribution analysis. Based on the clustering analysis, it is found that the cluster number and distribution area for the Salicylated-induced fos-labeled neurons are very different from those of controlled group
On the effectiveness of video prefetching relying on recommender systems for mobile devices

High quality video streaming over cellular networks is expensive for users and often limited by data caps. Offloading the traffic over other cheap wireless networks, e.g. WLAN, would be beneficial however they are often not available for mobile streaming sessions. A potential solution is to load video to a mobile device before the user accesses it, which is called prefetching. Prefetching requires indicators to perform a prediction what a single user is going to watch in the future. This prediction determines which videos are loaded to the users' mobile device. We leverage recommender systems of the video sharing site YouTube to design and evaluate mobile prefetching algorithms. A user study has been performed over a month in which users' YouTube accesses were supported by our prefetching algorithms which allowed for significant reductions in data usage on mobile networks while having a low computational overhead.
LIFE STYLE: A HISTORICAL AND SYSTEMATIC REVIE'V

The term life style, which has for 40 years described a central concept of Adlerian psychology, has recently gained greatly among psychologists and sociologists in general and has even become part of the everyday vocabulary. It has now been included in the glossary of an important introductory psychology textbook (61); it is to be found in the new vVebster International Dictionary (72.); a recent newsmagazine story referred to the "hippies" as "more than a choice of life style" (40); and a whimsical newspaper headline spoke of "the life style of some favorite inhabitants of the Zoo" (52.). In view of this new importance we propose here to trace the origin and history of the term, review in outline form its various uses, show what they have in common, and conclude with observations regarding the theoretical significance of this development.
A Proposal for a Common Representation Language for MDE Settings

Empirical evidences suggest the need for a common representation language to be used in the core of a Knowledge Base (KB) for Model Driven Engineering (MDE) Settings (components, libraries, metamodels and model transformations). The absence of a common representation hampers the reuse and collaboration. The state-of-art introduces MDE in target software projects with Domain Specific Languages (DSL) for integration of MDE Settings, embedded with concepts for Model Transformation Chain (MTC), Model-Driven Integration (MDI), shared model-based tools though Web Services (WS), process patterns and others. This research abstract present a proposal for a common representation language named RAS++, intersecting existing concepts from DSLs for integration of MDE Settings and adding concepts from the Reusable Asset Specification. Thus, it is presented past and ongoing work in the RAS++ in a PHD proposal.
Suitability for professional practice: assessing and developing moral character in social work education

This article considers the importance of an explicit focus upon the ‘character’ of social work applicants and students in debates regarding suitability for professional education and practice. Drawing upon the growing body of literature concerning gate-keeping decisions and the literature exploring the relevance of virtue ethics for social work, this article examines the benefits of an approach that foregrounds the assessment and development of moral character. The discussion is located within the context of the most recent reforms to social work education within England, whilst recognising the international relevance of these debates. It is argued that incorporating an approach informed by virtue ethics has the potential to bridge traditional fault-lines within selection debates that have focused upon the tensions between a widening access perspective and a focus upon academic ability. Crucially, this article examines the curriculum and pedagogic issues arising from a commitment to provide opportunities to develop moral character and virtue. The article argues that a dual focus upon selection and pedagogic issues, with an explicit focus upon character throughout, is critical to the development of wise, effective and virtuous social workers who are able to exercise sound judgment and wisdom across a range of practice contexts.
A framework for the multimodal analysis of online news galleries: What makes a “good” picture gallery?

The development of digital technology in recent years has led to a revolution in news production and dissemination. In terms of production, we have witnessed a fundamental shift towards visual story-telling. Images dominate the verbal story space and have the potential to become the story themselves. Beyond this, they are also creating unique spaces for themselves (e.g. the online news gallery), with new multimodal genres posing challenges for practitioners and analysts alike. The potential effects of such fundamental shifts on the professional news story-telling practices of the legacy news media provide a rich research opportunity for understanding both how and whether news organisations fulfil their mandate of making sense of the plethora of information that is now available. In this paper, we concern ourselves with one particular innovation in visual news reporting – the online news gallery, or picture gallery in journalism terms. We report on a qualitative analysis of 35 galleries from 12 English-language newspapers with online presence from Europe, North America, Australia and Asia, and interrogate the choices made by institutions in composing this particular type of multimodal “text”, as it is situated in a professional, news story-telling context. In doing so, we explore how a systemic-functional semiotic approach to multimodal news discourse may help us to access the meaning potential of this emerging genre as a vehicle for multimodal digital news reporting, present a framework for the multimodal analysis of online news galleries and consider its implications for the education of media practitioners.
Making offloading decisions resistant to network unavailability for mobile cloud collaboration

Offloading is one major type of collaborations between mobile devices and clouds to achieve less execution time and less energy consumption. Offloading decisions for mobile cloud collaboration involve many decision factors. One of important decision factors is the network unavailability that has not been well studied. This paper presents an offloading decision model that takes network unavailability into consideration. Network with some unavailability can be modeled as an alternating renewal process. Then, application execution time and energy consumption in both ideal network and network with some unavailability are analyzed. Based on the presented theoretical model, an application partition algorithm and a decision module are presented to produce an offloading decision that is resistant to network unavailability. Simulation results demonstrate good performance of proposed scheme, where the proposed partition algorithm is analyzed in different application and cloud scenarios.
Walking patterns for real time path planning simulation of humanoids

We present here a detailed description of the walking algorithm that was designed for 3D simulation of locomotion and path planning of humanoid robots. The walking patterns described were implemented on NAO humanoid models that are used in the 3D simulation league of RoboCup to play soccer. The locomotion algorithm is based on the well known 3D-LIP model that consists of defining walking primitives of the center of mass, keeping its height constant and assuming no torque at the support foot. This paper proposes to detail how to connect the walking primitives, especially at the start of the walk. The second added value of this work resides in the rotation walking primitives that are generated differently from the linear translation walking primitives. This enables the robot to achieve fast rotation on the spot or about a center located on the longitudinal axis. The paper also addresses the issue of re-entrance, i.e. how to take into account a new walking request in real time without waiting for the end of the current walk.
Hemorrhagic transformation within 36 hours of a cerebral infarct: relationships with early clinical deterioration and 3-month outcome in the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study I (ECASS I) cohort.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The clinical correlates of the varying degrees of early hemorrhagic transformation of a cerebral infarct are unclear. We investigated the cohort of a randomized trial of thrombolysis to assess the early and late clinical course associated with different subtypes of hemorrhagic infarction (HI) and parenchymal hematoma (PH) detected within the first 36 hours of an ischemic stroke. METHODS We exploited the database of the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study I (ECASS I), a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase III trial of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in acute ischemic stroke. Findings on 24- to 36- hour CT were classified into 5 categories: no hemorrhagic transformation, HI types 1 and 2, and PH types 1 and 2. We assessed the risk of concomitant neurological deterioration and of 3-month death and disability associated with subtypes of hemorrhagic transformation, as opposed to no bleeding. Risks were adjusted for age and extent of ischemic damage on baseline CT. RESULTS Compared with absence of hemorrhagic transformation, HI1, HI2, and PH1 did not modify the risk of early neurological deterioration, death, and disability, whereas, in both the placebo and the recombinant tissue plasminogen activator groups, PH2 had a devastating impact on early neurological course (odds ratio for deterioration, 32.3; 95% CI, 13. 4 to 77.7), and on 3-month death (odds ratio, 18.0; 95% CI, 8.05 to 40.1). Risk of disability was also higher, but not significantly, after PH2. CONCLUSIONS Risk of early neurological deterioration and of 3-month death was severely increased after PH2, indicating that large hematoma is the only type of hemorrhagic transformation that may alter the clinical course of ischemic stroke.
Susceptibility of some clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus to bioactive column fractions from the lichen Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach.

The antimicrobial activities of two bioactive column chromatographic fractions (RF1 and RF2) from the lichen Ramalina farinacea (L.) were evaluated against 15 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. The susceptibility pattern of the isolates towards tetracycline (TCN) and ampicillin (AMP) was similarly evaluated for comparison purposes. The results show that RF1 and RF2 with an MIC90 ( minimum inhibitory concentration against 90% of the isolates) of 535.5 and 317 μg/mL respectively, performed generally better than TCN and AMP with an MIC90 of 976.5 and 357 μg/mL respectively. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water‐fat imaging with direct phase encoding

A new method is Introduced for water‐fat imaging. With three acquisitions, a general direct phase encoding (DPE) of the chemical shift information is achieved. Pixels containing both water and fat are solved directly. Pixels with only a single component are resolved with local and global orientation filters, which use phase information from neighboring pixels. The fact that a single component is more likely to be water than fat in living tissues is also useful. A second pass solution yields water and fat images with superior signal‐to‐noise ratio. Unlike other methods, DPE does not rely on the error‐prone phase unwrapping; also, it easily handles disconnected tissues. Because the magnetization vectors of water and fat are sampled not only at parallel or antiparallel, they can be not only separated but also identified respectively, which is desirable for routine clinical work. DPE has been implemented on several imagers at various field strengths and has been demonstrated in a large number of clinical cases to be useful and robust in various parts of the body.
Dynamic performance prediction of an adaptive mesh application

While it is possible to accurately predict the execution time of a given iteration of an adaptive application, it is not generally possible to predict the data-dependent adaptive behavior the application will take and therefore to predict the total execution time for a given execution. To remedy this situation we have developed an executable performance model that can be utilized dynamically at runtime directly from the application of interest. In this manner, the application itself can rapidly predict the expected execution time for its next iteration based on current information on the data layout and level of adaptivity. This enables the application itself to determine: if an optimum level of performance is being achieved (i.e. by comparing measured and predicted times); when to perform a checkpoint (if the next iteration will exceed a predefined time limit between checkpoints); or when to terminate (if the next iteration will exceed the application's system time allocation for instance). The dynamic model is shown to have high accuracy over a number of test cases, even in the presence of interference (system activities that are not a part of application activities)