Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pattern routing: use and theory for increasing predictability andavoiding coupling

Deep submicron effects, along with increasing interconnect densities, have increased the complexity of the routing problem. Whereas previously we could focus on minimizing wirelength, we must now consider a variety of objectives during routing. For example, an increased amount of timing restrictions means that we must minimize interconnect delay. But, interconnect delay is no longer simply related to wirelength. Coupling capacitance has become a dominant component of delay due to the shrinking of device sizes. Regardless, the most important objective is producing a routable circuit. Unfortunately, this often conflicts with minimizing interconnect delay as minimum delay routes create congested areas, for which an exact routing cannot be realized without violating design rules. In this work, we use the concept of pattern routing to develop algorithms that guide the router to a solution that minimizes interconnect delay - by considering both coupling and wirelength-without damaging the routability of the circuit. The paper is divided into two parts. The first part demonstrates that pattern routing can be used without affecting the routability of the circuit. We propose two schemes to choose a set of nets to pattern route. Using these schemes, we show that the routability is not hindered. The second part builds on the previous part by presenting a framework for coupling reduction using pattern routing. We develop theory and algorithms relating pattern routing and coupling. Additionally, we give suggestions on how to extend our theory and use our algorithms for both global and detailed routing.
Contribution of life events to causation of psychiatric illness

SYNOPSIS This paper discusses the magnitude of the effect of life events in the causation of psychiatric illness. It is argued that an established epidemiological concept, relative risk, provides a useful measure of association which can be approximately adapted for retrospective controlled studies. Examination of studies employing general population controls consistently indicates effects of some importance, with risks of illness increased by factors of between 2 and 7 in the 6 months after an event. Risks are greater for the more stressful types of events, greater for depression and neuroses than schizophrenia, and even greater for suicide attempts. However, similar events occur commonly and a large proportion of event occurrences are not followed by illness. Events must interact with a wide variety of background factors, and the appropriate model is one of multifactorial causation.
Targeted Memory Reactivation During Sleep, But Not Wake, Enhances Sensorimotor Skill Performance: A Pilot Study

ABSTRACT The benefits of sleep on memory consolidation have been enhanced for declarative and motor sequence learning through replaying classically conditioned auditory stimuli during sleep, known as targeted memory reactivation (TMR). However, it is unknown if TMR can influence performance of a sensorimotor skill, in the absence of the cognitive requirements of sequence learning. Here, young adults performed a nondominant arm throwing task separated by a full night of sleep or a full day of wake, with half of all participants receiving TMR between sessions. Participants who received TMR during sleep demonstrated enhanced sensorimotor performance relative to all other groups. In conclusion, this pilot study indicates that it is feasible to influence sensorimotor skill performance through TMR during sleep and may serve as a future adjunct to physical rehabilitation. Future studies will aim to confirm the present results with a larger sample size as well as investigate the effects of TMR during sleep on older adults both with and without a history of stroke.
Needed Research in Intergenerational Pathways for Strengthening Communities in Sub-Saharan Africa

This study is intended to fill the gaps that exist in the scholarship on the kind of research that would be needed now in attempts that are being made to explore intergenerational pathways for strengthening communities in Sub-Saharan Africa. It examines existing research on the subject in terms of its quantity and quality in order to find ways of promoting intergenerational policies and practices in the region and attempts to confirm the common assumption among practitioners that, in every community, intergenerational practices notably try to capture the most daunting challenges confronting the people. In the case of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), such major challenges have been well-espoused in the literature. But we can add to them the value of research. The challenge posed by sustained research is reasonable; and is probably made worse by the relative lack of visible and specific government policies for promoting intergenerational innovations in the construction of viable and resilient SSA communities. The findings depict the major themes in research and the gaps that need to be addressed so as to accelerate the growth of intergenerational pathways for strengthening communities in SSA.
Eye Contact Judgment Is Influenced by Perceivers’ Social Anxiety But Not by Their Affective State

Fast and accurate judgment of whether another person is making eye contact or not is crucial for our social interaction. As affective states have been shown to influence social perceptions and judgments, we investigated the influence of observers’ own affective states and trait anxiety on their eye contact judgments. In two experiments, participants were required to judge whether animated faces (Experiment 1) and real faces (Experiment 2) with varying gaze angles were looking at them or not. Participants performed the task in pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant odor conditions. The results from two experiments showed that eye contact judgments were not modulated by observers’ affective state, yet participants with higher levels of social anxiety accepted a wider range of gaze deviations from the direct gaze as eye contact. We conclude that gaze direction judgments depend on individual differences in affective predispositions, yet they are not amenable to situational affective influences.
Simulation of the PMSG-based wind turbine with direct torque control

With the advance of power electronic technology, direct driven permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG) have increasingly drawn interests to wind turbine manufactures. This paper mainly introduces the basic principle and several traditional control strategies of PMSG. Furthermore, the PMSG model is developed completely based on detail mathematical formulas. In this study, the three-phase electrical system was analyzed in the complex plane by Clarke direct transformation; therefore, the calculation becomes much easier and all the physical quantities are transformed into the space vectors. By using the space vector, the control strategy can be analyzed easily. The control strategy utilized in this work adopts direct torque control, and the performance of the established PMSG wind turbine system is verified according to simulation results.
Planes of Communicative Activity in Collaborative Writing

In this article I focus on the mediational role of communicative activity in the co-construction of meaning involved when pupils write collaboratively. I explore the developmental nature of peer intermental or social activity within a Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) by drawing on perspectives from sociocultural theory and the dialogical aspects of some classroom activity. Vygotsky’s concept of the ZPD is viewed as a tool used to produce forms of instruction that lead pupils’ psychological development. I identify three planes of communicative activity relating to physical, semiotic and intrapersonal tool usage in order to develop an analysis of two secondary school pupils involved in the shared activity of producing a co-constructed text.
Profiling distributed connection chains

A key challenge in network forensics arises because of 'attackers' ability to move around in the network, which results in creating a chain of connections; commonly known as connection chains. They are widely used by attackers to stay anonymous and/or to confuse the forensic process. Investigating connection chains can be further complicated when several IP addresses are used in the attack. In this paper, we highlight this challenging problem. We then propose a solution through hacker profiling. Our solution includes a novel hacker model that integrates information about a hacker's linguistic, operating system and time of activity. It also includes an algorithm to operate on the proposed model. We establish the effectiveness of the proposed approach through several simulations and an evaluation with a real attack data.
Genital appearance satisfaction in women: the development of a questionnaire and exploration of correlates

The aims of this study were to develop a new Genital Appearance Satisfaction (GAS) scale, to use this to describe genital appearance satisfaction in a general population sample, and to explore its relationship to self‐esteem, body satisfaction, and appearance schemas. This was prompted by a clinical need to respond appropriately to women requesting surgery to reduce the size of their labia minora. The questionnaire measures were completed by a general population sample of 135 women (63% response rate). Responses to individual GAS items covered the full range of the rating scale, confirming that there are measurable differences in women's reported satisfaction with all aspects of genital appearance. Principal components factor analysis revealed three factors, ‘Appearance of genitals’, ‘Impact on daily living’ and ‘Impact on sex’. Total GAS scores were very significantly correlated with appearance schemas (r = .28, p<.01), body satisfaction (r = .30, p<.01) and self‐esteem (r = −.41, p<.01), but multiple regression analysis showed that when all three variables were entered, only self‐esteem significantly predicted Genital Satisfaction (beta = −.38, p = .002). Dissatisfaction may be linked to psychosocial factors such as self‐esteem, and surgery may not appropriately address these concerns.
Speeding up bounded sequential equivalence checking with cross-timeframe state-pair constraints from data learning

A learning-and-filtering algorithm is proposed to uncover cross-timeframe state-pair constraints for speeding up SAT solving of bounded sequential equivalence checking (BSEC) problems. First, relaxed Boolean functions for flip-flop states at respective timeframes are learned from a small number of simulation data to derive the initial set of the state-pair candidates. Next, each candidate is examined and removed if both values in such a candidate have coordinately appeared during the simulation. Then, the validity of the remaining candidates is checked against the corresponding augmented circuit. Last, only the true constraints are annotated to the BSEC problems to facilitate SAT solving. All benchmark circuits are synthesized under 10 configurations to produce different BSEC problems. Experimental results show that the new SAT solving runs 2-order faster in average compared to using MiniSAT 2.0 only. Moreover, given a time bound, the total number of timeframes can increase by 8X-20X on 4 larger circuits after applying the proposed framework.
Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation for Multiuser MIMO OFDM Uplink Using CAZAC Sequences: Performance and Sequence Optimization

This paper studies carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation in the uplink of multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Conventional maximum likelihood estimator requires computational complexity that increases exponentially with the number of users. To reduce the complexity, we propose a sub-optimal estimation algorithm using constant amplitude zero autocorrelation (CAZAC) training sequences. The complexity of the proposed algorithm increases only linearly with the number of users. In this algorithm, the different CFOs from different users destroy the orthogonality among training sequences and introduce multiple access interference (MAI), which causes an irreducible error floor in the CFO estimation. To reduce the effect of the MAI, we find the CAZAC sequence that maximizes the signal to interference ratio (SIR). The optimal training sequence is dependent on the CFOs of all users, which are unknown. To solve this problem, we propose a new cost function which closely approximates the SIR-based cost function for small CFO values and is independent of the actual CFOs. Computer simulations show that the error floor in the CFO estimation can be significantly reduced by using the optimal sequences found with the new cost function compared to a randomly chosen CAZAC sequence.
The Effects of Participatory Expectations in Classroom Discussion on the Learning of Science Vocabulary

To study why discussion appears to improve vocabulary learning, children in two intact classes were divided into three subgroups and taught science vocabulary on 3 successive days. For each lesson, one subgroup was told they would not be called on and were to learn by listening. Of the other two subgroups, only one was actually called on (Called-on) and the other merely anticipated being called on (Ignored). Two additional classes served as comparison groups. Students in the treatment group generally outperformed those in the two comparison groups on the posttests, regardless of condition. Within the treatment group, students in both anticipatory conditions (Called-on and Ignored) significantly outperformed students in the Listening condition on the delayed posttest, but not on the immediate posttest. These results are discussed within the context of a generative model of vocabulary learning.
An interior-point stochastic approximation method and an L1-regularized delta rule

The stochastic approximation method is behind the solution to many important, actively-studied problems in machine learning. Despite its far-reaching application, there is almost no work on applying stochastic approximation to learning problems with general constraints. The reason for this, we hypothesize, is that no robust, widely-applicable stochastic approximation method exists for handling such problems. We propose that interior-point methods are a natural solution. We establish the stability of a stochastic interior-point approximation method both analytically and empirically, and demonstrate its utility by deriving an on-line learning algorithm that also performs feature selection via L1 regularization.
A process evaluation of individual and organizational occupational stress and health interventions

There is reason to believe that many health and stress interventions fail due to inattention to the effects of intervention implementation processes, but evaluations of these processes are found only rarely in the literature. The objective of the present study was to explore the issue of obstacles to implementation that may occur when stress and health interventions are introduced in work organizations. The study was conducted as a process evaluation of seven different individual and organizational interventions. Interviews were conducted in 22 post offices, 12 organizational units (such as care homes and local administrative units) of a Norwegian municipality, and in 10 shops in a shopping mall. The interviews took place before and after the interventions. The following key process factors were identified: (1) the ability to learn from failure and to motivate participants; (2) multi-level participation and negotiation, and differences in organizational perception; (3) insight into tacit and informal organizational behaviour; (4) clarification of roles and responsibilities, especially the role of middle management; and (5) competing projects and reorganization. For improved studies of interventions in the future we recommend that qualitative and quantitative methods be combined, that researchers build more on natural interventions that occur naturally within the organization, and that a pilot study be undertaken in order to investigate the cultural maturity of the organization.
Category specific semantic impairments

SUMMARY We report a quantitative investigation of the visual identification and auditory comprehension deficits of 4 patients who had made a partial recovery from herpes simplex encephalitis. Clinical observations had suggested the selective impairment and selective preservation of certain categories of visual stimuli. In all 4 patients a significant discrepancy between their ability to identify inanimate objects and inability to identify living things and foods was demonstrated. In 2 patients it was possible to compare visual and verbal modalities and the same pattern of dissociation was observed in both. For 1 patient, comprehension of abstract words was significantly superior to comprehension of concrete words. Consistency of responses was recorded within a modality in contrast to a much lesser degree of consistency between modalities. We interpret our findings in terms of category specificity in the organization of meaning systems that are also modality specific semantic systems.
Electrospun mats of biodegradable chitosan-based polyurethane urea

Polyurethane ureas (PUU) are segmented polymers where soft and hard segments are separated in microphases. Usually, the soft segment is derived from a polyol and the hard segment from a diisocyanate and a chain extender. The PUU properties can be tuned in order to obtain biodegradable scaffolds with suitable mechanical properties for tissue engineering applications [1]. Electrospinning is a convenient technique for the production of nanofibrous scaffolds from a polymeric solution that mimic the extracellular matrix, thereby supporting cell attachment and growth [2]. The physico-chemical properties of the material used and the scaffold's architecture both provide cells with cues. In this work, we synthetized a PUU based on PCL-diol using CS as chain extender (PUU-CS) [3]. Molecular structure was analyzed by 1H NMR and FTIR. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed to examine the thermal stability. The PUU-CS was electrospun from solutions using a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and N, N-dimethylformamide as solvent. Randomly oriented and aligned fibres were collected on a static and on a rotating collector, respectively. Morphological properties were characterized by SEM and mechanical properties evaluated through tensile tests. Hydrolytic (phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution) and enzymatic (lipase) degradation studies were carried out. The cytocompatibility of the PUU-CS fibre mats was evaluated using the extract method. A preliminary study of cell adhesion was also performed. Spectroscopic results confirmed that PUU-CS was successfully produced and is stable at least until 200 oC. Randomly oriented and aligned fibres with different mean diameters were obtained. Both types of fibre mats showed higher Young's modulus for the thinner fibres. Elongation at break was lower for the aligned fibre mats. No mass changes were observed in the mats during 3 months in PBS while significant degradation was observed in lipase. In vitro tests didn't demonstrate any toxicity of the extracts. Cells seeded on the mats were able to adhere. These properties make nanofiber mats based on PUU-CS good candidates for soft tissue engineering.
The Chloroplast Import Receptor Toc34 Functions as Preprotein-Regulated GTPase

Abstract Toc34 is a protein of the chloroplast outer envelope membrane that acts as receptor for preproteins containing a transit sequence. The recognition of preproteins by Toc34 is regulated by GTP binding and phosphorylation. The phosphorylation site of Toc34 is located at serine 113, close to the postulated triphosphate binding site. This can explain the downregulation of Toc34 by phosphorylation, resulting in the loss of GTP binding. Vice versa, GTP but not GDP binding of Toc34 influences the phosphorylation. The nucleotide specificity of Toc34 is not only determined by the classical nucleotide binding domains but by a nontypical region at the Nterminus of the protein. As a result, the GTP binding properties are unusual, since the triphosphate moiety of GTP is bound with higher affinity than the purine base. Purified Toc34 hydrolyses GTP at a low rate, which could regulate the receptor function. The rate of hydrolysis is greatly stimulated by a precursor protein.
Quadratic Vote Buying∗

A group of individuals with access to transfers seeks to make a binary collective decision. All known mechanisms they might use are either are often inefficient (e.g. voting), subject to severe collusion problems (e.g. the Vickrey-Clarke-Groves mechanism) or require the planner being informed about the distribution of valuations (e.g. the Expected Externality mechanism). I propose a simple, budget-balanced mechanism inspired by the work of Hylland and Zeckhauser (1979). Individuals purchase votes with the cost of a marginal vote being linear in the number of votes purchased; thus the total cost of votes is quadratic in the number purchased. The revenues earned from that individual are then refunded to other individuals. When there are a large number of individuals, this Quadratic Vote Buying mechanism is efficient in any Bayesian equilibrium under symmetric independent private values and is usually nearly efficient even with aggregate uncertainty. Collusion by a small group or individuals’ taking on (a small number of) multiple identities does not significantly reduce efficiency. Nota bene: Many of the results in this paper are conjectural, and full formal proofs of many results are missing. They will be added, hopefully, by mid-summer. ∗I am grateful to David Ahn, Eduardo Azevedo, Eric Budish, Drew Fudenberg, Jacob Goeree, Scott Duke Kominers, Steven Levitt, Paul Milgrom, Stephen Morris, Michael Ostrovsky, Azeem Shaikh and especially Roger Myerson, as well as seminar participants at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, for helpful comments and for the financial support of the Institut D’Économie Industrielle and the Social Sciences Division at the University of Chicago. Tim Rudnicki, Daichi Ueda and especially Joshua Bosshardt supplied excellent research assistance. All errors, and I expect there are many in this draft, are my own. †Department of Economics, University of Chicago: 1126 E. 59th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 and Toulouse School of Economics, Manufacture de Tabacs, 21 allées de Brienne, 31000 Toulouse, France; weyl@uchicago.edu, http://www.glenweyl. com.