Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lifestyle of the Tight and Frugal: Theory and Measurement

Who has not known a tightwad? Yet this pervasive consumer trait--being frugal--has been ignored in the scholarly consumer behavior literature. This research articulates the nature of this overlooked consumer trait and then develops, evaluates, and empirically applies a multi-item scale of frugality. The results from a six-study program of empirical research are reported. These studies describe (1) the psychometric properties of a frugality measure, (2) demonstrations of how frugality assists the empirical study of consumer usage and acquisition behaviors, and (3) frugality scale norms from a probability sample of the general adult population. Copyright 1999 by the University of Chicago.
The Preconditions and Consequences of Relative Deprivation: Two Field Studies1

Two field studies assessed the preconditions and behavioral consequences of relative deprivation. A sample of single mothers receiving government assistance participated in Study 1, and a sample of working women participated in Study 2. We found general support for a 2-factor model of the preconditions of relative deprivation, in which wanting the desired state and deserving the desired state were the best predictors of discontent. In both studies, discontent regarding the status of one's group (i.e., single mothers or working women) was specifically predictive of reports of group-directed protest behaviors. In Study 2, discontent regarding one's own status was specifically predictive of willingness to engage in self-improvement behaviors. Participants in both studies reported more group discontent than personal discontent. These findings provide support from naturalistic settings for the construct of relative deprivation.
Heterotrimeric G Proteins Serve as a Converging Point in Plant Defense Signaling Activated by Multiple Receptor-Like Kinases1[C][W][OA]

Arabidopsis heterotrimeric G proteins function as a converging point of plant defense signaling by mediating responses initiated by multiple receptor-like kinases, which may fulfill equivalent roles to GPCRs in fungi and animals. In fungi and metazoans, extracellular signals are often perceived by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and transduced through heterotrimeric G-protein complexes to downstream targets. Plant heterotrimeric G proteins are also involved in diverse biological processes, but little is known about their upstream receptors. Moreover, the presence of bona fide GPCRs in plants is yet to be established. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), heterotrimeric G protein consists of one Gα subunit (G PROTEIN α-SUBUNIT1), one Gβ subunit (ARABIDOPSIS G PROTEIN β-SUBUNIT1 [AGB1]), and three Gγs subunits (ARABIDOPSIS G PROTEIN γ-SUBUNIT1 [AGG1], AGG2, and AGG3). We identified AGB1 from a suppressor screen of BAK1-interacting receptor-like kinase1-1 (bir1-1), a mutant that activates cell death and defense responses mediated by the receptor-like kinase (RLK) SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1-1. Mutations in AGB1 suppress the cell death and defense responses in bir1-1 and transgenic plants overexpressing SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1-1. In addition, agb1 mutant plants were severely compromised in immunity mediated by three other RLKs, FLAGELLIN-SENSITIVE2 (FLS2), Elongation Factor-TU RECEPTOR (EFR), and CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE1 (CERK1), respectively. By contrast, G PROTEIN α-SUBUNIT1 is not required for either cell death in bir1-1 or pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity mediated by FLS2, EFR, and CERK1. Further analysis of agg1 and agg2 mutant plants indicates that AGG1 and AGG2 are also required for pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immune responses mediated by FLS2, EFR, and CERK1, as well as cell death and defense responses in bir1-1. We hypothesize that the Arabidopsis heterotrimeric G proteins function as a converging point of plant defense signaling by mediating responses initiated by multiple RLKs, which may fulfill equivalent roles to GPCRs in fungi and animals.
Discriminative articulatory models for spoken term detection in low-resource conversational settings

We study spoken term detection (STD) - the task of determining whether and where a given word or phrase appears in a given segment of speech - using articulatory feature-based pronunciation models. The models are motivated by the requirements of STD in low-resource settings, in which it may not be feasible to train a large-vocabulary continuous speech recognition system, as well as by the need to address pronunciation variation in conversational speech. Our STD system is trained to maximize the expected area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, often used to evaluate STD performance. In experimental evaluations on the Switchboard corpus, we find that our approach outperforms a baseline HMM-based system across a number of training set sizes, as well as a discriminative phone-based model in some settings.
Science and ethics in the post-political era: strategies within the Camp for Climate Action

Despite a peak in activism against climate change in the UK, new environmental direct action networks have not yet received much academic attention. Taking perhaps the most prominent of such networks – the Camp for Climate Action – which held several high-profile protest events between 2006 and 2011 as a case study, and using a theoretical framework that understands society as being distinctly ‘post-political’ in character, we ask questions about the knowledge claims that form the foundations of radical environmental politics. Drawing on published statements and press releases, as well as from our insights as active participants in the Camp, we analyse the strategy of environmental protest where climate change has become its focus. The Camp for Climate Action was a contested political arena. We argue that the Camp's strategy was characterised by ‘scientised’, ‘post-political’ politics which operated within an ethical framework that prescribed individual responsibility as the primary basis for action.
Spatially Concatenated Channel-Network Code for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Underwater environment monitoring is an important application of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). However, WSNs face challenges, such as erroneous communication, ensuring the lifetime and robustness of the network, and cost constraints. The underwater acoustic channel (UAC) is highly frequency-selective, and the channel response changes over time because of variations in the channel conditions. Therefore, designing a cooperative coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (COFDM) system that is suitable for the doubly selective UAC and has reduced power consumption is very challenging. We propose a cooperative spatial-domain coding scheme combined with the low-density parity-check-coded OFDM system, called spatially concatenated channel-network code, for underwater acoustic WSNs. The designed underwater acoustic WSN exhibits a significant advantage regarding the required number of sensors, bit error rate (BER), and power consumption over the non-cooperative COFDM communication system. We also analyze sensor deployment schemes and find out the area in which our proposed scheme can be beneficial in terms of reduced power consumption and enhanced BER.
Structure-based control of complex networks with nonlinear dynamics

Significance Many biological, technological, and social systems can be encoded as networks over which nonlinear dynamical processes such as cell signaling, information transmission, or opinion spreading take place. Despite many advances in network science, we do not know to what extent the network architecture shapes our ability to control these nonlinear systems. Here we extend a recently developed control framework that addresses this question and apply it to real networks of diverse types. Our results highlight the crucial role of a network’s feedback structure in determining robust control strategies, provide a dynamic-detail-independent benchmark for other control methods, and open up a promising research direction in the control of complex networks with nonlinear dynamics. What can we learn about controlling a system solely from its underlying network structure? Here we adapt a recently developed framework for control of networks governed by a broad class of nonlinear dynamics that includes the major dynamic models of biological, technological, and social processes. This feedback-based framework provides realizable node overrides that steer a system toward any of its natural long-term dynamic behaviors, regardless of the specific functional forms and system parameters. We use this framework on several real networks, identify the topological characteristics that underlie the predicted node overrides, and compare its predictions to those of structural controllability in control theory. Finally, we demonstrate this framework’s applicability in dynamic models of gene regulatory networks and identify nodes whose override is necessary for control in the general case but not in specific model instances.
FRT-2-Chord: A DHT supporting seamless transition between one-hop and multi-hop lookups with symmetric Routing Table

FRT-2-Chord is a DHT based on Flexible Routing Tables, a method for designing routing algorithms for overlays. DHTs should consider the following factors when constructing overlay topologies: the number of nodes, identifier distance, network proximity and node groups. Existing DHTs either do not adapt to those factors or focus on only some of them. FRT-2-Chord is more adaptable and achieves efficient routing under a variety of conditions of those factors. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show the efficiency of FRT-2-Chord.
Adaptive Secondary Range Compression Algorithm in Geosynchronous SAR

In geosynchronous synthetic aperture radar (GEO SAR), due to larger equivalent squint angle and extremely complicated geometrical relationship between satellite motion and earth rotation at equator, the Doppler parameter space-variance becomes further strained, i.e., its value gets larger and its direction becomes uncertain. Meanwhile, the large imaging area brings in additional difficulties to compensate the Doppler parameter. In addition, since the synthetic aperture time is up to hundred seconds, the assumptions of the linear trajectory model and the Fresnel approximation appear to be decreasingly effective in GEO SAR, and the range cell migration and two-dimensional coupling also become larger. In allusion to the problems mentioned above, this paper proposes an improved secondary range compression (SRC) algorithm. First, special issues of GEO SAR imaging are analyzed, such as the Doppler parameter space-variance, the error of the linear trajectory model and the Fresnel approximation. Then, the effects of Doppler parameter space-variance on GEO SAR imaging are analyzed. Finally, the core issue of GEO SAR imaging at equator, i.e., adaptive phase compensation, is discussed in detail. The direction of Doppler parameter space-variance is determined, and the effects of Doppler parameter space-variance are compensated by sub-block processing, the processing is operated along the direction of Doppler parameter space-variance at an interval of calculated scale. Simulations of point array targets and area targets at equator are performed, and the correctness of this algorithm is validated.
Automatic Glossary Extraction: Beyond Terminology Identification

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Fear Appeals, Individual Differences, and Environmental Concern

Abstract In this study, the authors examined the effect of a brief but intense antipollution message on verbal commitment (stated willingness to act) and on three forms of immediate behavioral commitment (donating money, donating time, and signing a petition). Exposure to the antipollution message produced significantly more verbal commitment and financial donations but not more time donations than did exposure to a control message. Nearly every participant signed the petition. To determine whether environmental fear appeals should be targeted at specific audiences, the authors computed correlations between seven individual difference variables and environmental concern. None of the individual difference variables were significantly related to financial or time donations. However, political orientation was significantly correlated with verbal commitment.
Physician Cross-Cultural Nonverbal Communication Skills, Patient Satisfaction and Health Outcomes in the Physician-Patient Relationship

Recent empirical findings document the role of nonverbal communication in cross-cultural interactions. As ethnic minority health disparities in the United States continue to persist, physician competence in this area is important. We examine physicians' abilities to decode nonverbal emotions across cultures, our hypothesis being that there is a relationship between physicians' skill in this area and their patients' satisfaction and outcomes. First part tested Caucasian and South Asian physicians' cross-cultural emotional recognition ability. Physicians completed a fully balanced forced multiple-choice test of decoding accuracy judging emotions based on facial expressions and vocal tones. In the second part, patients reported on satisfaction and health outcomes with their physicians using a survey. Scores from the patient survey were correlated with scores from the physician decoding accuracy test. Physicians, regardless of their ethnicity, were more accurate at rating Caucasian faces and vocal tones. South Asian physicians were no better at decoding the facial expressions or vocal tones of South Asian patients, who were also less likely to be satisfied with the quality of care provided by their physicians and to adhere to their physicians' recommendations. Implications include the development of cultural sensitivity training programs in medical schools, continuing medical education and public health programs.
CENP-A Is Required for Accurate Chromosome Segregation and Sustained Kinetochore Association of BubR1

ABSTRACT CENP-A is an evolutionarily conserved, centromere-specific variant of histone H3 that is thought to play a central role in directing kinetochore assembly and in centromere function. Here, we have analyzed the consequences of disrupting the CENP-A gene in the chicken DT40 cell line. In CENP-A-depleted cells, kinetochore protein assembly is impaired, as indicated by mislocalization of the inner kinetochore proteins CENP-I, CENP-H, and CENP-C as well as the outer components Nuf2/Hec1, Mad2, and CENP-E. However, BubR1 and the inner centromere protein INCENP are efficiently recruited to kinetochores. Following CENP-A depletion, chromosomes are deficient in proper congression on the mitotic spindle and there is a transient delay in prometaphase. CENP-A-depleted cells further proceed through anaphase and cytokinesis with unequal chromosome segregation, suggesting that some kinetochore function remains following substantial depletion of CENP-A. We furthermore demonstrate that CENP-A-depleted cells exhibit a specific defect in maintaining kinetochore localization of the checkpoint protein BubR1 under conditions of checkpoint activation. Our data thus point to a specific role for CENP-A in assembly of kinetochores competent in the maintenance of mitotic checkpoint signaling.
Joint Grammar and Treebank Development for Mandarin Chinese with HPSG

We present the ongoing development of MCG, a linguistically deep and precise grammar for Mandarin Chinese together with its accompanying treebank, both based on the linguistic framework of HPSG, and using MRS as the semantic representation. We highlight some key features of our grammar design, and review a number of challenging phenomena, with comparisons to alternative linguistic treatments and implementations. One of the distinguishing characteristics of our approach is the tight integration of grammar and treebank development. The two-step treebank annotation procedure benefits from the efficiency of the discriminant-based annotation approach, while giving the annotators full freedom of producing extra-grammatical structures. This not only allows the creation of a precise and full-coverage treebank with an imperfect grammar, but also provides prompt feedback for grammarians to identify the errors in the grammar design and implementation. Preliminary evaluation and error analysis shows that the grammar already covers most of the core phenomena for Mandarin Chinese, and the treebank annotation procedure reaches a stable speed of 35 sentences per hour with satisfying quality.
An Adaptive WLAN Interference Mitigation Scheme for ZigBee Sensor Networks

We propose an adaptive interference avoidance scheme that enhances the performance of ZigBee networks by adapting ZigBees' transmissions to measured wireless local area network (WLAN) interference. Our proposed algorithm is based on a stochastic analysis of ZigBee operation that is interfered with by WLAN transmission, given ZigBee and WLAN channels are overlaid in the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. We assume that WLAN devices have higher transmission power than ZigBee devices. Then, the high transmission power of WLAN devices causes the capture effect when WLAN and ZigBee transmit simultaneously. On the other hand, ZigBee performs backoff during clear channel assessment (CCA) operation if the WLAN is transmitting its frames on the channel. We adopt a widely used WLAN queueing/transmission model that is based on a Markov chain concept. We model a ZigBee device's operation using the Markov chain that includes WLAN interference statistically derived from the WLAN queueing/transmission model. Our proposed algorithm is evaluated in a simulated ZigBee network in the presence of varying WLAN interference. Numerical results show that our WLAN interference mitigation scheme finds the ZigBee control parameters, among a candidate set, which enhances ZigBee network performance compared to the conventional ZigBee operation.
Hydroxyethyl Starch 200/0.5 Reduces Infarct Volume After Embolic Stroke in Rats

Background and Purpose: We evaluated isovolumic hemodilution with hydroxyethyl starch 200/0.5 in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. This compound avoids the unfavorable viscosity and erythrocyte aggregation abnormalities of low molecular weight dextran during administration over a period of several days. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats, anesthetized with 0.5-1% halothane and 70% N2O3 were subjected to silicon cylinder (treated and control groups) or sham (sham group) embolization of the cerebral circulation. Thirty minutes after embolization, the treated group (n=5) was infused with 11 ml/kg of 10% hydroxyethyl starch 200/0.5, and the control (n=5) and sham (n=4) groups were infused with saline for 1 hour. In the treated group, 7.1 ml/kg of blood was withdrawn. After 24 hours, the animals were reanesthetized, and cerebral blood flow was determined with [l4C]iodoantipyrine. Alternative brain slices were either incubated with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride for infarct volume determination or frozen for ischemic volume and cerebral blood flow determination using autoradiography. Results: The hematocrit in the treated group was reduced from (mean±SEM) 46±1% to 35±2% at 1.5 hours (p<0.01). Cortical blood flow was within the normal range of 115-185 ml/min/100 g, except for the ischemic cortex in the embolized groups, treated and control. The ischemic and infarct volume of the treated group was reduced by 74% (p<0.05) and 89% (p<0.05), respectively, from the control group. The treated and sham ischemic and infarct volumes were not statistically different Conclusions: These data suggest that hydroxyethyl starch 200/0.5 could be an effective treatment for ischemic stroke when administered early, because it reduces infarct and ischemic volumes from control values to levels indistinguishable from those of the sham group.
Public Inquiry: Panacea or Placebo?

This article reviews and examines the role of the public inquiry as a mechanism for investigating disasters within the United Kingdom. A number of authors have considered the growing penetration of technology into our lives, as well as economic liberalisation, societal fragmentation and the globalisation of business, as factors that have contributed to a post modern view of the world. Within this context, this article considers the efficacy of the public inquiry as a tool for learning from disaster. Is an instrument born of the late nineteenth century suited to the demands of the early twenty-first century? Data are drawn from the football and rail industries, both of which have witnessed a sequence of large-scale accidents investigated through the public inquiry mechanism. Drawing upon literature from the fields of socio-legal studies and crisis management, three broad areas are critiqued: the process, underlying aims, and impartiality of the public inquiry process.
Meta-analysis of sex differences in presbyopia.

PURPOSE Uncorrected presbyopia is a significant cause of visual disability globally. Greater comprehension of the etiology of presbyopia and its contributing factors among medical and vision care providers could lead to changes in correction methods and account for sex differences in near-vision requirements. METHODS A meta-analysis was performed using nine cross-sectional studies that provided sufficient data to compare the prevalence and magnitude of presbyopia among men and women. This analysis was further subdivided into measurement methods to determine what differences in presbyopia might exist between men and women. RESULTS Studies of presbyopia including sex as a contributing factor were highly heterogenic (P = 0.01) but overall found female sex to be statistically significant in predicting earlier onset for presbyopia with an adjusted confidence interval (CI) using the Shore method of 95% CI [1.02, 1.45]. When limited to studies only measuring accommodative amplitude, female sex was not associated with presbyopia in a fixed effects model with a 95% CI [0.49, 1.07]. CONCLUSIONS While an association between female sex and presbyopia for subjective measurements (near spectacle prescriptions and add powers) was indicated, measurements of accommodative amplitude show a weak tendency toward the opposite. CONCLUSION This suggests that increased association of presbyopia for women is not due to a physiologic difference in accommodation but rather due to other sex differences, such as tasks performed and viewing distances. Age-based correction nomograms for presbyopia should therefore consider these sex differences when prescribing add powers for near tasks.