Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Occupational Prestige Hierarchies: A Great Empirical Invariant?

The relationship of the social structure to the value system of a society has been central to the sociological tradition. Karl Marx attempted to base the value system of any society ultimately upon the material, or technological, infrastructure. In response to late nineteenth century popularizations of Marxism which claimed that values were always the effect of antecedent technological factors, Max Weber demonstrated that values or "ideational" factors were a necessary part of any explanation of the generation of technological change. More recently, Kerr et al., developed what has been termed the "convergence thesis" that "industrialization in any country displays many of the same features"; a crucial feature of which was the development of a similar value system, despite different pre-industrial cultural traditions. Kerr states that, "the industrial society, as any established society, develops a distinctive consensus which relates individuals and groups to each other and provides a common body of ideas, beliefs and value judgments. " Upon the basis of such a theoretical explanation, it is clear that one would expect a priori a high similarity of popular evaluations of occupational prestige rankings in societies at the same stage of industrialization, despite different cultural traditions.
Backlight dimming in power-aware mobile displays

This paper presents a temporally-aware backlight scaling (TABS) technique for video streams. The goal is to maximize energy saving in the display system by means of dynamic backlight dimming subject to a user-specified tolerance on the video distortion. The video distortion itself comprises of (i) an intra-frame (spatial) distortion component due to frame-sensitive backlight scaling and transmittance function tuning and (ii) an inter-frame (temporal) distortion component due to large-step backlight dimming across multiple frames and modulated by the physiological characteristics of the human visual system. The proposed backlight scaling technique is capable of efficiently computing the flickering effect online and subsequently using a measure of the temporal distortion to appropriately adjust the slack on the intra-frame spatial distortion. The proposed technique has been implemented on the Apollo testbed II hardware platform. Actual current measurements on this platform demonstrate the superiority of TABS compared to previous backlight dimming techniques
Antecedents and consequences of extrinsic superstitious beliefs: a cross-cultural investigation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to advance the understanding of antecedents and consequences of superstitious beliefs. Design/methodology/approach – From survey data drawn from 206 South Korean and 218 US respondents, structural equation modeling is used to test the posited hypotheses. Findings – To extrinsic superstitious beliefs, both the South Korean and US models support the subjective happiness through self-esteem path and the anthropomorphism path; from these beliefs, both models support the horoscope importance path and the behavioral superstitious beliefs path. Only the US model supports the path from self-esteem to extrinsic superstitious beliefs, and only the South Korean model supports the path from intrinsic religiosity to extrinsic superstitious beliefs. Research limitations/implications – South Korean and US student data may limit generalizability. As effect sizes in this context are established, researchers have a benchmark for future quantitative superstition research. Practical imp.
A neural signature of colour and luminance correspondence in bistable apparent motion

The ‘correspondence problem’ refers to the ambiguity of apparent motion (AM) paths if several similar objects are displaced across successive displays. We investigated the effect of intrinsic object properties such as colour and luminance on AM paths, and used functional magnetic resonance imaging to localize neural correlates of correspondence matching in visual cortical regions. Human subjects looked at an AM display where two dots in diagonally opposite corners of an implicit rectangle were flashed in alternation with two dots in the other two corners, yielding spontaneous alternations between horizontal and vertical AM. The dots differed in colour or luminance, or were identical. Neural activity was analysed as a function of whether the perceived AM path matched the dots' colour or luminance, and was also compared to activity during bistable AM displays without correspondence cues. When AM paths matched colour and luminance cues, activity in early visual cortex was the same as during perception of uncued displays, whereas it was suppressed when perceived AM paths violated colour or luminance cues. Colour‐sensitive extrastriate cortex (V4 complex) transiently activated whenever AM perception switched from a pattern violating colour correspondence to one consistent with colour. We propose that the neural correlate of correspondence in early visual cortex reflects regulatory mechanisms that flexibly gate early visual feature processing in accord with an overriding perceptual decision. Conversely, activation of feature‐selective extrastriate regions depends on the type of cue used for correspondence matching and may reflect the salience of percepts that match in colour and motion.
A N E MPIRICAL STUDY OF WORD SENSE DISAMBIGUATION

Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is an important area which has an impact on improving the performance of applications of computational linguistics such as machine translation, information retrieval, text summarization, question answering systems, etc. We have presented a brief history of WSD, discussed the Supervised, Unsupervised, and Knowledge-based approaches for WSD. Though many WSD algorithms exist, we have considered optimal and portable WSD algorithms as most appropriate since they can be embedded easily in applications of computational linguistics. This paper will also provide an idea of some of the WSD algorithms and their performances, which compares and assess the need of the word sense disambiguation.
The role of Sec3p in secretory vesicle targeting and exocyst complex assembly

The exocyst has been speculated to mediate the tethering of secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane. However, there has been no direct experimental evidence for this notion. An ectopic targeting strategy is used to provide experimental support for this model and investigate the regulators of exocyst assembly and vesicle targeting.
Authentication of Online Authorship or Article Based on Hypothesis Testing Model

As a result of Internet's anonymity, openness and freedom, there have been two kinds of security problems existing extensively in the online virtual space. They are user's ID theft and article counterfeit that may cause rampant cyber crime and online deception. Therefore, application of authorship or article identification techniques across online message content is increasingly necessary. In this paper, we proposed a feature-based identification method which can automatically identify the authenticity of online authorship or article according to their unique writing style. This technique is a hypothesis testing based method that creates a function words feature set specially tailored towards Chinese online messages. To evaluate the effectiveness of this automatic recognition method, we conducted several experiments on datasets extracted from a Chinese forum web, and statistically analyzed the content of registered uses' post and reply messages. Our experimental results showed that this method has an excellent identification performance.
Fild-Dependence, Cognitive Ability, and Academic Achievement in Anglo American and Mexican American Students

This study examined the relatedness of field-dependence to tasks of cognitive ability and academic achievement. Sixty Anglo American and 60 Mexican American 4th-grade students, whose primary home language was English, served as subjects. Students completed a series of associative-memory and reasoning ability tasks. Field-dependence evidenced a strong relationship with a nonverbal test of reasoning ability as well as with measures of reading and math achievement. Ethnic differences in the field-dependence construct were not found, although ethnic differences in academic achievement were evidenced. Achievement differences between Anglo and Mexican American students became nonsignificant, however, when parental level of education was controlled statistically. Finally, the best predictor of academic achievement was found to be a three-variable combination, which consisted of a field-dependence task, a nonverbal test of reasoning ability, and the student's parental level of education. Results of this study support the hypothesis that field-dependence is better considered as a measure of reasoning ability than of cognitive style although it remains of substantial importance as a nonbiased predictor of school achievement for majority and minority students.
Chapter 6:Reducing School Violence: Strengthening Student Programs and Addressing the Role of School Organizations

Shootings in Columbine, Colorado; Santana, California; and Jonesboro, Arkansas, have ignited concern over school violence. In May 1999, a national poll showed that 52% of parents feared for their children’s safety at school (Brooks, Schiraldi, & Ziedenberg, 2000). Although a consensus exists that too much violence occurs in America’s schools, some assert that public schools are safe havens for youth (Brooks et al., 2000). In the first section of this chapter, I examine these claims by sketching the scope of school violence and assessing how schools are both safe and unsafe. High schools have responded to public concern by implementing violence prevention programs that instruct students in social-cognitive skills such as anger management, installing zero tolerance polices that expel or suspend students for being involved in fights or carrying a weapon to school, and heightening school security (Gottfredson, 2001). Evaluating and reflecting on the strengths and weakness of these initiatives has important public policy implications because the vast majority of schools operate a growing number of programs (Gottfredson, Gottfredson, & Czeh, 2000; Small et al., 2001). Although fair and consistent application of school rules and social-cognitive prevention programs can reduce school violence, the promise of these initiatives is diminished by weak implementation (Gottfredson et al., 2000; Office of the Surgeon General, 2001). Also, zero tolerance policies that were designed to exclude extremely violent students from schools are being widely applied to a range of student misbehavior and have contributed to large increases in out-of-school suspensions. The widespread use of suspensions is deeply troubling, because suspensions have not been shown to
University rankings as a zoning technology: a Taiwanese perspective on an imaginary Greater China higher education region

This paper argues that global university rankings can be understood as a mechanism upholding Taiwan's interests in light of cross-national analysis of university ranking and recent discussion on regionalisation of higher education in Asia. To draw an analytical framework, it begins by delineating a conceptualisation of university ranking, in which ranking exercises are seen as a form of institutions in the globalised field of education politics and policy. In anticipation of the emergence of the Greater China higher education region, the paper suggests that global university ranking can be used as a zoning technology to form an imaginary line of cultural and academic sovereignty, and to affect university strategies and government policies. This analysis not only explains how global university rankings can be used to uphold interests of Taiwan's higher education, but also sheds light on the way to constitute subjectivity in the process of regionalisation of worldwide higher education.
Multi-rounds of Price Automated Negotiation Model about Supplier Relationship Management

For automated negotiation scenario's characteristics on supplier Relationship Management, according to the scenes' information of the negotiating parties, such as the negotiating goals, the extent of the relationship, the concept of the goal relationship (G-R) factors was put forward, and a calculating method of the first proposal in negotiations was built by the concept; At the same time, a forecasting method of the nearest 4 steps trend about the other side' proposals was presented, and a counter-offer model of buyers was given. These methods can provide real-time support information for the negotiators in automated negotiation, improve the efficiency of the negotiations, and guide the negotiations to the benefit of the buyer, achieve better negotiating benefits. KeywordsNegotiation Model;Price Automated Negotiation; Supplier Relationship Management; Counter-offer Model; Forecast
A formal specification of java(tin) virtual machine instructions

In this paper we formally specify a large subset of Java Virtual Machine instructions based on the descriptions in the Java Virtual Machine Speciication by Lindholm and Yellin, in the Java Speciication by Gosling, Joy and Steele, and based on the behaviors of some test programs on Sun's implementation of the Java Virtual Machine. The formal speciication describes the runtime behaviors of the instructions in related memory areas as (runtime) state transitions and most structural constraints on instructions as a compile-time (or link-time) type inference system. The latter part corresponds to a core of the Bytecode Veriier and resembles dataaow analysis and abstract interpretation. We prove properties based on the formal speciication. In particular, we prove that if the type inference system can derive certain compile-time (or link-time) types for a program, then the runtime data of the program will be type-correct with respect to these types in a certain sense. Indeed, our formal speciication clariies some ambiguities and incompleteness and removes some (in our view) unnecessary restrictions in the description of the (informal) Java Virtual Machine Speciication.
Formation control of autonomous robots based on cooperative behavior

This paper considers the formation control problem for autonomous robots, where the target formation is specified as a minimally rigid formation. A distributed control law based on potential functions is derived from a directed sensor graph and relies on the graph matrices only. By methods of inverse optimality a certain class of sensor graphs is identified that is related to a cooperative behavior among the robots. These graphs are referred to as cooperative graphs, and undirected graphs, directed cycles, and directed open chain graphs can be identified as such graphs. Cooperative graphs admit a local stability result of the target formation together with a guaranteed region of attraction, that depends on the rigidity properties of the formation.
ISR-AIWALKER: Robotic Walker for Intuitive and Safe Mobility Assistance and Gait Analysis

Robotic walkers are assistive robotic devices that provide mobility assistance, in a domestic or clinical scenario, to individuals suffering from a gait disorder, being age related or due to injuries, surgery, or diseases. Walkers also provide a significant potential for lower limb rehabilitation. In this paper, we present a novel multimodal robotic walker platform, the ISR-AIWALKER, where innovative contributions were made both in the human–machine interface (HMI) and in a gait analysis system placed on board the platform. Taking into account the application potential of these devices, an effort was made to use low-cost sensors without sacrificing the overall performance of the system. A change was made in the HMI paradigm, moving from a force-sensing to a vision-based approach, while maintaining a natural user interaction and adding complementary safety features like correct gripping enforcement. To cope with the close proximity of the user's body, a multimodal sensor setup was considered. Using both RGB and depth map data, a kinematic model of the user's lower limbs is obtained, allowing the identification of a set of features that are used in a machine learning approach to discriminate gait asymmetries. Experiments made with several subjects revealed that the proposed HMI is able to correctly estimate the user intention in a natural and intuitive way. The gait analysis system was also evaluated and evidenced a good discrimination capability to distinguish between different gait patterns.
Therapist Interpretations and Client Processes in Three Therapeutic Modalities: Implications for Psychotherapy Integration.

This research investigated therapist interpretations and subsequent client actions in 3 therapeutic modalities—client-centered therapy, gestalt/existential therapies, and rational–emotive behavior therapy—by employing the coding system of the consensual qualitative research method (C. E. Hill, B. J. Thompson, & N. E. Williams, 1997). By allowing conceptual categories to emerge from these qualitatively analyzed data, the authors found that each approach had its own specific pattern of interpretation content as well as style of delivering the interpretations. Client reactions to interpretations were mostly positive. The results suggest that interpretation is a common therapeutic element and that different therapies nonetheless accentuate different aspects of interpretation. Implications for psychotherapy integration are offered, and the findings are discussed with reference to theory and clinical practice. The common factors perspective searches for fundamental similarities across therapies (Arkowitz, 1997) and suggests that the effectiveness of psychotherapy is contingent on factors other than theoretical orientation (Ahn & Wampold, 2001; Hubble, Duncan, & Miller, 1999). Although stud
Quantitative force and dissipation measurements in liquids using piezo-excited atomic force microscopy: a unifying theory

The use of a piezoelectric element (acoustic excitation) to vibrate the base of microcantilevers is a popular method for dynamic atomic force microscopy. In air or vacuum, the base motion is so small (relative to tip motion) that it can be neglected. However, in liquid environments the base motion can be large and cannot be neglected. Yet it cannot be directly observed in most AFMs. Therefore, in liquids, quantitative force and energy dissipation spectroscopy with acoustic AFM relies on theoretical formulae and models to estimate the magnitude of the base motion. However, such formulae can be inaccurate due to several effects. For example, a significant component of the piezo excitation does not mechanically excite the cantilever but rather transmits acoustic waves through the surrounding liquid, which in turn indirectly excites the cantilever. Moreover, resonances of the piezo, chip and holder can obscure the true cantilever dynamics even in well-designed liquid cells. Although some groups have tried to overcome these limitations (either by theory modification or better design of piezos and liquid cells), it is generally accepted that acoustic excitation is unsuitable for quantitative force and dissipation spectroscopy in liquids. In this paper the authors present a careful study of the base motion and excitation forces and propose a method by which quantitative analysis is in fact possible, thus opening this popular method for quantitative force and dissipation spectroscopy using dynamic AFM in liquids. This method is validated by experiments in water on mica using a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer, which can measure the actual base motion. Finally, the method is demonstrated by using small-amplitude dynamic AFM to extract the force gradients and dissipation on solvation shells of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (OMCTS) molecules on mica.
Penetration of cefpiramide and cefazolin into peritoneal capsular fluid in rabbits

Penetration of cefpiramide and cefazolin into a specific extravascular fluid was measured with rabbits bearing capsules in the peritoneal cavity. A general feature of slow accumulation and elimination of drugs from extravascular sites having low surface area/volume ratios has also been observed in this study. The capsular concentration-time profiles were well expressed by the following equation: C(CF) = A(CF)[e-kel(CF)(t-to)-e-kp(CF)(t-to)], where C(CF), A(CF), kp(CF), kel(CF), and to indicate capsular concentration at time t, constant for the dimension of concentration, capsule penetration rate constant, capsule elimination rate constant, and lag time before penetration occurs, respectively. The kp(CF), kel(CF), and to were 0.139 h-1, 0.059 h-1, and 0.45 h, respectively, for cefpiramide, and 0.448 h-1, 0.0145 h-1, and 0.14 h, respectively, for cefazolin. A(CF) was 22.7 micrograms/ml for cefpiramide and 4.53 micrograms/ml for cefazolin, being parallel to the area under the plasma concentration-time curve for free drug from to to infinity (20.1 micrograms.h/ml for cefpiramide and 3.43 micrograms.h/ml for cefazolin). In conclusion, it is suggested that as well as kp(CF) and kel(CF), the area under the plasma concentration-time curve for free drug from to to infinity may play an important role regarding the circulating reservoir of drugs in determining capsular concentration-time profiles in experimental models for particular extravascular sites of infection, like abscesses into which drugs cannot easily penetrate.
A methodological note about the measurement of the false‐consensus effect

Although the existence of the false consensus effect is beyond all doubt, its interpretation as a judgemental bias is still a matter of debate. Krueger recently proposed a new measure for this phenomenon, called the truly false consensus effect (TFCE). This measure consists of correlating the subject's endorsement of each item with the error he or she made in estimating the popularity of that same item. I question the validity of this measure, arguing that it could be negative even in cases where false consensus is at work. I present an inter-group study where participants made percentage estimates for various behaviours. The results yielded a significantly negative TFCE, although other measures of false consensus demonstrate that the phenomenon is present. I discuss the differences between Krueger's studies and my own, and suggest that a better measure of false consensus might be the particle correlation between endorsement and estimated popularity, controlling for true popularity. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The potential of domiciliary care service in the Czech Republic to promote ageing in place

Due to population ageing, the need for long-term care is increasing. In many European countries, there is now a firm policy preference for care in the home as opposed to institutional care and policies at the local level support this preference. The purpose of this study is to report on the position of domiciliary care service within the Czech social services for the elderly and to explore its potential to promote ‘ageing in place’. The aim of the research was to perceive this issue from the viewpoint of the different parties: service users, service workers, service managers as well as policy-makers. Therefore, the qualitative methodology (case study method) was used. The results revealed that users considered domiciliary care as the only service in the Czech Republic that allowed them to remain at home despite their worsening capacity to manage the activities of daily living. On the part of the domiciliary care service, however, we found that this was strong in the provision of practical help, as well as assistance with users' self-maintenance, whereas their supervision and care management were not explicitly included either in the concept or the practice of this type of service.