Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Towards human-robot interaction: A framing effect experiment

Decision making is a critical issue for humans operating unmanned vehicles. However, it is well admitted that many cognitive biases affect human judgments, leading to suboptimal or irrational decisions. The framing effect is a typical cognitive bias causing people to react differently depending on the context, the probability of the outcomes and how the problem is presented (loss vs. gain). There is a need to better understand the effects of these biases in operational contexts to optimize human-robot interactions. We therefore conducted an experiment involving a framing paradigm in a search and rescue mission (earthquake) and in a Mars rock sampling mission. We manipulated the framing (positive vs. negative) and the probability of the outcomes. Our findings revealed that the way the problem was presented (positively or negatively framed) and the emotional commitment (saving lives vs. collecting the good rock) statistically affected the choices made by the human operators.
Normal primitive haemopoietic progenitors are more frequent than their leukaemic counterpart in newly diagnosed patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia but rapidly decline with time

We carried out studies to quantify Ph‐negative progenitors both in steady state and during regeneration after chemotherapy and G‐CSF in 23 newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) patients (group A) and in 14 individuals more than a year from diagnosis (nine in chronic and five in accelerated phase, group B). In steady‐state bone marrow, Ph‐negative long‐term culture initiating cells (LTC‐IC) and Ph‐negative colony‐forming‐cells (CFC) were detected in 18/23 and 14/23 patients of group A versus 3/14 and 3/14 patients of group B (P < 0.001 and P < 0.02, respectively). The absolute number of mobilized Ph‐negative progenitors was markedly higher in group A versus group B (P < 0.02 for LTC‐IC, P < 0.003 for CFC). 12/16 newly diagnosed patients mobilized Ph‐negative LTC‐IC only and the yield was in the range of normal allogeneic donors. Overall the frequency of Ph‐negative LTC‐IC in the bone marrow predicted the yield of Ph‐negative LTC‐IC mobilized into peripheral blood (P < 0.001). The bone marrow frequency of Ph‐positive LTC‐IC was considerably lower than the normal counterpart. Taken together, these findings suggest that normal progenitors are relatively well preserved in newly diagnosed CML patients, but tend to rapidly decline with time. This observation helps in the understanding of the pathogenesis of CML and has potential implications for autografting. The optimal time for a successful collection of Ph‐negative circulating progenitors would appear to be soon after diagnosis.
Cognitive Discriminative Mappings for Rapid Learning

Humans can learn concepts or recognize items from just a handful of examples, while machines require many more samples to perform the same task. In this paper, we build a computational model to investigate the possibility of this kind of rapid learning. The proposed method aims to improve the learning task of input from sensory memory by leveraging the information retrieved from long-term memory. We present a simple and intuitive technique called cognitive discriminative mappings (CDM) to explore the cognitive problem. First, CDM separates and clusters the data instances retrieved from long-term memory into distinct classes with a discrimination method in working memory when a sensory input triggers the algorithm. CDM then maps each sensory data instance to be as close as possible to the median point of the data group with the same class. The experimental results demonstrate that the CDM approach is effective for learning the discriminative features of supervised classifications with few training sensory input instances.
WWP-1 Is a Novel Modulator of the DAF-2 Insulin-Like Signaling Network Involved in Pore-Forming Toxin Cellular Defenses in Caenorhabditis elegans

Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are the single largest class of bacterial virulence factors. The DAF-2 insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling pathway, which regulates lifespan and stress resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans, is known to mutate to resistance to pathogenic bacteria. However, its role in responses against bacterial toxins and PFTs is as yet unexplored. Here we reveal that reduction of the DAF-2 insulin-like pathway confers the resistance of Caenorhabditis elegans to cytolitic crystal (Cry) PFTs produced by Bacillus thuringiensis. In contrast to the canonical DAF-2 insulin-like signaling pathway previously defined for aging and pathogenesis, the PFT response pathway diverges at 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK-1) and appears to feed into a novel insulin-like pathway signal arm defined by the WW domain Protein 1 (WWP-1). In addition, we also find that WWP-1 not only plays an important role in the intrinsic cellular defense (INCED) against PFTs but also is involved in innate immunity against pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and in lifespan regulation. Taken together, our data suggest that WWP-1 and DAF-16 function in parallel within the fundamental DAF-2 insulin/IGF-1 signaling network to regulate fundamental cellular responses in C. elegans.
TYPE ENVIRONMENTS IN OBJECT ORIENTED PROCESS FUNCTIONAL LANGUAGE

SUMMARY The state of a system is expressed using PFL, a process functional language, in an easily understandable manner. The paper presents PFL environment variable - our basic concept of the state manipulation in the process functional language. The concept of the process functional language has been extended with an object-oriented paradigm features. The paper presents an abstract syntax of the object-oriented PFL and describes the syntax of types and type environments. In the paper main ideas of object-oriented PFL type checking and program translation in a compiler are explained. Finally the paper presents an example where type environments are inferred as a result of PFL program translation. Presented results described in this paper were implemented in PFL compiler.
Investigating the Underachievement of University Students in Turkey: Exploring Subscales

This study extends the work of Baslanti and McCoach (2006), which aimed to identify the characteristics of gifted underachievers at the university level and the reasons for their underachievement using the School Attitude Assessment Survey-Revised (SAAS-R). In this study, underachievement refers to a discrepancy between outstanding achievement shown on a standardized test and low performance in school-related tasks compared to students of the same age (Clark, 1997). The present study was conducted with 30 underachievers using a semi-structured interview with 44 questions. The interview questions addressed five factors of underachievement: academic self-perceptions, attitudes toward teachers, attitudes toward school, goal valuation, and motivation/selfregulation. Data were analyzed using content analysis and frequencies were obtained for all items. Results from the interviews indicated that the findings paralleled those obtained in the original study.
Entanglement production with Bose atoms in optical lattices

A method of entanglement production is suggested, based on the resonant generation of topological modes in systems with Bose-Einstein condensates trapped in optical or magnetic lattices. The method makes it possible to regulate the strength of entanglement production as well as to govern its time variation. This method can serve as a practical tool for quantum information processing and quantum computing.
Psychotherapy Supervisor Ethical Practices

The overall purpose of this article is to present a review of the literature that identifies the salient ethical guidelines related to the practice of supervision and to discuss the results of a study that examined supervisor ethical practices. In terms of our investigation, we examined supervisee perceptions of their supervisors’ adherence to ethical guidelines, supervisee reactions to ethical violations, and the relationships among supervisor ethical behaviors, the supervisory working alliance, and supervisee satisfaction. The results indicated that 51% of the 151 beginning to intern-level supervisees sampled reported at least one ethical violation by their supervisors. The most frequently violated guidelines involved adequate performance evaluation, confidentiality issues relevant to supervision, and ability to work with alternative perspectives. Greater nonadherence to ethical guidelines was significantly related to a weaker supervisory alliance and lower supervisee satisfaction. Limitations and implications for psychotherapy supervision theory, research, and practice are addressed.
Elaborating the conceptual space of information-seeking phenomena

Introduction. The article contributes to conceptual studies of information behaviour research by examining the conceptualisations of information seeking and related terms such as information search and browsing. Method. The study builds on Bates' integrated model of information seeking and searching, originally presented in 2002. The model was slightly elaborated, resulting in the identification of four main modes of information seeking: (i) active seeking and searching, (ii) browsing and scanning, (iii) passive monitoring, and (iv) incidental acquisition of information. The study draws on the conceptual analysis of fifty-two key articles or books characterizing the constituents of the above modes. Results. The main activities constituting active seeking and searching are the identification, selection, location and accessing of information. The mode of browsing and scanning is based on the selection and sampling of information sources. The core activity of passive monitoring is the recognition of potentially relevant sources, while the mode of incidental acquisition of information is based on passive reception of information in certain events or situations. Conclusions. Information seeking is a multifaceted phenomenon, the research of which has led to conceptual multiplicity. The present study helps to create an overview of the multiple viewpoints by specifying the conceptual space of information seeking phenomena.
Circulating Adipokines and Inflammatory Markers and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk.

BACKGROUND Adipokines and inflammation may provide a mechanistic link between obesity and postmenopausal breast cancer, yet epidemiologic data on their associations with breast cancer risk are limited. METHODS In a case-cohort analysis nested within the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study, a prospective cohort of postmenopausal women, baseline plasma samples from 875 incident breast cancer case patients and 839 subcohort participants were tested for levels of seven adipokines, namely leptin, adiponectin, resistin, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, hepatocyte growth factor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and for C-reactive protein (CRP), an inflammatory marker. Data were analyzed by multivariable Cox modeling that included established breast cancer risk factors and previously measured estradiol and insulin levels. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS The association between plasma CRP levels and breast cancer risk was dependent on hormone therapy (HT) use at baseline (P interaction = .003). In a model that controlled for multiple breast cancer risk factors including body mass index (BMI), estradiol, and insulin, CRP level was positively associated with breast cancer risk among HT nonusers (hazard ratio for high vs low CRP levels = 1.67, 95% confidence interval = 1.04 to 2.68, P trend = .029). None of the other adipokines were statistically significantly associated with breast cancer risk. Following inclusion of CRP, insulin, and estradiol in a multivariable model, the association of BMI with breast cancer was attenuated by 115%. CONCLUSION These data indicate that CRP is a risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer among HT nonusers. Inflammatory mediators, together with insulin and estrogen, may play a role in the obesity-breast cancer relation.
Exploring Genome Rearrangements using Virtual Hybridization

Genomes evolve with both mutations and large scale events, such as inversions, translocations, duplications and losses, that modify the structure of a set of chromosomes. In order to study these types of large-scale events, the first task is to select, in different genomes, sub-sequences that are considered “equivalent”. Many approaches have been used to identify equivalent sequences, either based on biological experiments, gene annotations, or sequence alignments. These techniques suffer from a variety of drawbacks that often result in the impossibility, for independent researchers, to reproduce the datasets used in the studies, or to adapt them to newly sequenced genomes. In this paper, we show that carefully selected small probes can be efficiently used to construct datasets. Once a set of probes is identified ‐ and published ‐, datasets for whole genome comparisons can be produced, and reproduced, with elementary algorithms; decisions about what is considered an occurrence of a probe in a genome can be criticized and reevaluated; and the structure of a newly sequenced genome can be obtained rapidly, without the need of gene annotations or intensive computations.
A memory-effective routing strategy for regular interconnection networks

Massively parallel computing systems have been or are being built with thousands of nodes. In such systems, high-performance interconnection networks are crucial to achieve the maximum performance. Routing is one of the most important design issues of interconnection networks. Routing strategies can be mainly classified as source and distributed routing. Source routing has been used in some networks because routers are very simple. On the other hand, distributed routing allows more flexibility, but the routers are more complex. Distributed routing can be implemented by a fixed hardware specific to a routing function on a given topology, or by using forwarding tables that are very flexible but suffer from a lack of scalability. In this paper, we propose a distributed routing strategy for commercial switches, flexible interval routing, that is scalable for the most widely used regular topologies (tori and meshes) because it is not based on tables. At the same time, the strategy is easy to reconfigure to deal with changes in the topology or in the routing algorithm for a given topology, being able to implement the most commonly-used routing algorithms in regular topologies.
Recognizing actions from still images

In this paper, we approach the problem of understanding human actions from still images. Our method involves representing the pose with a spatial and orientational histogramming of rectangular regions on a parse probability map. We use LDA to obtain a more compact and discriminative feature representation and binary SVMs for classification. Our results over a new dataset collected for this problem show that by using a rectangle histogramming approach, we can discriminate actions to a great extent. We also show how we can use this approach in an unsupervised setting. To our best knowledge, this is one of the first studies that try to recognize actions within still images.
A General SIMD-Based Approach to Accelerating Compression Algorithms

Compression algorithms are important for data-oriented tasks, especially in the era of “Big Data. ” Modern processors equipped with powerful SIMD instruction sets provide us with an opportunity for achieving better compression performance. Previous research has shown that SIMD-based optimizations can multiply decoding speeds. Following these pioneering studies, we propose a general approach to accelerate compression algorithms. By instantiating the approach, we have developed several novel integer compression algorithms, called Group-Simple, Group-Scheme, Group-AFOR, and Group-PFD, and implemented their corresponding vectorized versions. We evaluate the proposed algorithms on two public TREC datasets, a Wikipedia dataset, and a Twitter dataset. With competitive compression ratios and encoding speeds, our SIMD-based algorithms outperform state-of-the-art nonvectorized algorithms with respect to decoding speeds.
Patterns of gene expression in atrophying skeletal muscles: response to food deprivation

During fasting and many systemic diseases, muscle undergoes rapid loss of protein and functional capacity. To define the transcriptional changes triggering muscle atrophy and energy conservation in fasting, we used cDNA microarrays to compare mRNAs from muscles of control and food‐deprived mice. Expression of >94% of genes did not change, but interesting patterns emerged among genes that were differentially expressed: 1) mRNAs encoding polyubiquitin, ubiquitin extension proteins, and many (but not all) proteasome subunits increased, which presumably contributes to accelerated protein breakdown; 2) a dramatic increase in mRNA for the ubiquitin ligase, atrogin‐1, but not most E3s; 3) a significant suppression of mRNA for myosin binding protein H (but not other myofibrillar proteins) and IGF binding protein 5, which may favor cell protein loss; 4) decreases in mRNAs for several glycolytic enzymes and phosphorylase kinase subunits, and dramatic increases in mRNAs for pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 and glutamine synthase, which should promote glucose sparing and gluconeogenesis. During fasting, metallothionein mRNA increased dramatically, mRNAs for extracellular matrix components fell, and mRNAs that may favor cap‐independent mRNA translation rose. Significant changes occurred in mRNAs for many growth‐related proteins and transcriptional regulators. These transcriptional changes indicate a complex adaptive program that should favor protein degradation and suppress glucose oxidation in muscle. Similar analysis of muscles atrophying for other causes is allowing us to identify a set of atrophy‐specific changes in gene expression. —Jagoe, R. T. , Lecker, S. H. , Gomes, M. , Goldberg, A. L. Patterns of gene expression in atrophying skeletal muscles: response to food deprivation. FASEB J. 16, 1697–1712 (2002)
Physiological and morphological development of the rat cerebellar Purkinje cell

Cerebellar Purkinje cells integrate multimodal afferent inputs and, as the only projection neurones of the cerebellar cortex, are key to the coordination of a variety of motor‐ and learning‐related behaviours. In the neonatal rat the cerebellum is undeveloped, but over the first few postnatal weeks both the structure of the cerebellum and cerebellar‐dependent behaviours mature rapidly. Maturation of Purkinje cell physiology is expected to contribute significantly to the development of cerebellar output. However, the ontogeny of the electrophysiological properties of the Purkinje cell and its relationship to maturation of cell morphology is incompletely understood. To address this problem we performed a detailed in vitro electrophysiological analysis of the spontaneous and intracellularly evoked intrinsic properties of Purkinje cells obtained from postnatal rats (P0 to P90) using whole‐cell patch clamp recordings. Cells were filled with neurobiotin to enable subsequent morphological comparisons. Three stages of physiological and structural development were identified. During the early postnatal period (P0 to ∼P9) Purkinje cells were characterized by an immature pattern of Na+‐spike discharge, and possessed only short multipolar dendrites. This was followed by a period of rapid maturation (from ∼P12 to ∼P18), consisting of changes in Na+‐spike discharge, emergence of repetitive bursts of Na+ spikes terminated by Ca2+ spikes (Ca2+–Na+ bursts), generation of the trimodal pattern, and a significant expansion of the dendritic tree. During the final stage (> P18 to P90) there were minor refinements of cell output and a plateau in dendritic area. Our results reveal a rapid transition of the Purkinje cell from morphological and physiological immaturity to adult characteristics over a short developmental window, with a close correspondence between changes in cell output and dendritic growth. The development of Purkinje cell intrinsic electrophysiological properties further matches the time course of other measures of cerebellar structural and functional maturation.
Liver Transplantation Versus Liver Resection in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Background A number of cohort studies have compared the outcomes of liver transplantation (LT) and liver resection (LR) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. However, the effects of LT versus LR remain unclear. We searched electronic databases and reference lists for relevant articles published before February 2013. Methods The primary endpoints were pooled using random-effects models to model potential heterogeneity, including overall survival (OS), disease-free survival, and recurrence rate. Results We found similar 1-year OS (odds ratio [OR], 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.81–1.43; P=0.61) yet significantly better 3-year OS (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.18–1.84; P<0.001) and 5-year OS (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.45–2.16; P<0.001) after LT compared with LR with relative risk differences of 9% (P<0.001) and 14% (P<0.001), respectively. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year difference-free survival were 13%, 29%, and 39% higher (P<0.001 in all) in LT recipients than LR patients. Additionally, recurrence rate was 30% less (P<0.001) in LT than LR. Furthermore, better 5-year difference-free survival (P<0.001) and recurrence rates (P<0.05) were yielded after LT when patients from the entire HCC population were included. Conclusions When including all the 62 previous studies comparing LT and resection, LT provides increased survival and lower recurrence rates than LR for HCC patients. These results of disease-free survival and recurrence rate are similar among early HCC patients with Child-Turcotte-Pugh class A cirrhosis. However, summary ORs and risk differences cannot be interpreted as causal effects of LT versus LR.
The Optimal Number of Sentinel Lymph Nodes for Focused Pathologic Examination

Abstract: The sentinel lymph node (SLN) procedure provides an alternative method for assessing the axillary lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer. The SLN is typically subjected to a focused pathologic examination involving the examination of multiple tissue levels and/or keratin immunohistology. The number of SLNs submitted may vary widely, in some cases rivaling that of a complete axillary dissection (CAD). We examined our experience over the last 2 years in order to determine the optimal number of SLNs for focused pathologic evaluation. All SLN cases for the years 2000 and 2001 were retrieved from the files of the Pathology Department at Magee‐Womens Hospital and were tabulated to determine the average number of SLNs per case, the number of SLNs submitted, the actual SLN that was positive for each case, the type of metastasis, and the average number of SLNs per case for each surgeon. There were 662 operative cases that yielded 1576 SLN accessions and 1758 total SLNs. The range of SLNs submitted was 1 to 11. Overall there was a mean of 2.4 SLNs accessioned per case and a mean of 2.7 SLNs per case. A study of the statistics of SLNs submitted by seven surgeons yielded two distinct groups, with one group submitting virtually all of the cases where there were consistently more than four SLNs per case. Ninety‐seven percent of positive SLNs were discovered in the first three SLNs submitted, regardless of surgeon identity. The SLNs beyond numbers one to three yielded positive results by keratin in only four cases. Focused pathologic examination of SLNs was most effective for the first three SLNs submitted for any given case. The variation in the number of SLNs submitted per case was different based upon the different practice patterns of surgeons. It is suggested that for more than three SLNs submitted, simple routine lymph node examination would be appropriate.