Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hydroxocobalamin. I. Blood levels and urinary excretion of vitamin B12 in man after a single parenteral dose of aqueous hydroxocobalamin, aqueous cyanocobalamin and cyanocobalamin zinc-tannate complex.

A single intramuscular injection of 500 or 1000 µg. of hydroxocobalamin to 17 individuals resulted in a 1.8- to 4.1-times higher mean serum vitamin B12 blood level, respectively, 5 hours after injection; a 4.6- and 12.8-times higher level 24 hours after injection; a 2.4- and 5.2-times higher level 72 hours after injection, and a 1.6- and 2.4-times higher level by the 2nd through the 4th week after injection than identical doses of cyanocobalamin administered to 19 individuals. The vitamin B12 blood levels following i.m. administration of 500 or 1000 µg. of hydroxocobalamin were significantly higher during the first 24 and 48 hours, respectively, than they were after a cyanocobalamin zinc-tannate complex given to 17 individuals at identical doses. After a single i.m. injection of 500 or 1000 µg. of hydroxocobalamin, an average of only 16 per cent and 27 per cent, respectively, of the vitamin B12 was lost in the 72-hour urines, as compared to 60 per cent and 69 per cent, respectively, after identical doses of cyanocobalamin. These differences, again, were highly significant statistically. The results of these studies give evidence of a slower rate of urinary excretion of hydroxocobalamin as compared to that of cyanocobalamin, and of its ability to build up consistently higher and more prolonged vitamin B12 levels in the blood.
Risk behavior patterns for chronic diseases and associated factors among adolescents.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Simultaneous engagement in risk behaviors for chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) might exert a synergistic effect on adolescent health. This study aimed to identify risk behavior patterns for NCDs in adolescents and analyze associated factors. METHODS Cross-sectional study conducted between 2009 and 2011, with 1,716 participants aged 10-17 years of a cohort study in Central-West Region, Brazil. Demographic, economic, anthropometric, and lifestyle characteristics were collected. Risk behaviors evaluated were alcohol consumption, tobacco experimentation, insufficient physical activity, sedentary behavior, skipping breakfast, and low diet quality. Principal component analysis was used to identify patterns of risk behaviors and multiple linear regression analysis to quantify the association between independent variables and patterns of risk behavior. RESULTS Three patterns of risk behaviors were identified: "legal drugs", "diet and screens", and "silent". After adjustment, legal drugs pattern showed direct association with age (β = 0.13; 95% CI = 0.09; 0.16) and inverse association with maternal education (β = -0.07; 95% CI = -0.14; -0.01). Diet and screens pattern were directly associated with female gender (β = 0.14; 95% CI = 0.04; 0.23), age (β = 0.11; 95% CI = 0.08; 0.14), and economic class (β = 0.15; 95% CI = 0.04; 0.25). Silent pattern was directly associated with maternal education (β = 0.09; 95% CI = 0.03; 0.15), being overweight (β = 0.17; 95% CI = 0.06; 0.28), and female gender (β = 0.32; 95% CI= 0.22; 0.41). CONCLUSIONS Three risk behavior patterns were identified and the associated factors were socioeconomic status, age, and female gender.
The formation and extinction of fear memory in tree shrews

Fear is an emotion that is well-studied due to its importance for animal survival. Experimental animals, such as rats and mice, have been widely used to model fear. However, higher animals such as nonhuman primates have rarely been used to study fear due to ethical issues and high costs. Tree shrews are small mammals that are closely related to primates; they have been used to model human-related psychosocial conditions such as stress and alcohol tolerance. Here, we describe an experimental paradigm to study the formation and extinction of fear memory in tree shrews. We designed an experimental apparatus of a light/dark box with a voltage foot shock. We found that tree shrews preferred staying in the dark box in the daytime without stimulation and showed avoidance to voltage shocks applied to the footplate in a voltage-dependent manner. Foot shocks applied to the dark box for 5 days (10 min per day) effectively reversed the light–dark preference of the tree shrews, and this memory lasted for more than 50 days without any sign of memory decay (extinction) in the absence of further stimulation. However, this fear memory was reversed with 4 days of reverse training by applying the same stimulus to the light box. When reducing the stimulus intensity during the training period, a memory extinction and subsequently reinstatement effects were observed. Thus, our results describe an efficient method of monitoring fear memory formation and extinction in tree shrews.
A Maximum Power Point Tracking Method Based on Perturb-and-Observe Combined With Particle Swarm Optimization

Conventional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods such as perturb-and-observe (P&O) method can only track the first local maximum point and stop progressing to the next maximum point. MPPT methods based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) have been proposed to track the global maximum point (GMP). However, the problem with the PSO method is that the time required for convergence may be long if the range of the search space is large. This paper proposes a hybrid method, which combines P&O and PSO methods. Initially, the P&O method is employed to allocate the nearest local maximum. Then, starting from that point on, the PSO method is employed to search for the GMP. The advantage of using the proposed hybrid method is that the search space for the PSO is reduced, and hence, the time that is required for convergence can be greatly improved. The excellent performance of the proposed hybrid method is verified by comparing it against the PSO method using an experimental setup.
Myeloid Cells Contribute to Tumor Lymphangiogenesis

The formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) and lymphatic vessels (lymphangiogenesis) promotes tumor outgrowth and metastasis. Previously, it has been demonstrated that bone marrow-derived cells (BMDC) can contribute to tumor angiogenesis. However, the role of BMDC in lymphangiogenesis has largely remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate by bone marrow transplantation/reconstitution and genetic lineage-tracing experiments that BMDC integrate into tumor-associated lymphatic vessels in the Rip1Tag2 mouse model of insulinoma and in the TRAMP-C1 prostate cancer transplantation model, and that the integrated BMDC originate from the myelomonocytic lineage. Conversely, pharmacological depletion of tumor-associated macrophages reduces lymphangiogenesis. No cell fusion events are detected by genetic tracing experiments. Rather, the phenotypical conversion of myeloid cells into lymphatic endothelial cells and their integration into lymphatic structures is recapitulated in two in vitro tube formation assays and is dependent on fibroblast growth factor-mediated signaling. Together, the results reveal that myeloid cells can contribute to tumor-associated lymphatic vessels, thus extending the findings on the previously reported role of hematopoietic cells in lymphatic vessel formation.
Understanding UI Integration: A Survey of Problems, Technologies, and Opportunities

Creating composite applications from reusable components is an important technique in software engineering and data management. Although a large body of research and development covers integration at the data and application levels, little work has been done to facilitate it at the presentation level. This article discusses the existing user interface frameworks and component technologies used in presentation integration, illustrates their strengths and weaknesses, and presents some opportunities for future work
Immediate early detection of urokinase receptor after partial hepatectomy and its implications for initiation of liver regeneration

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), also known as scatter factor, is believed to play a primary role in liver regeneration. HGF is produced in an inactive single‐chain form that can be cleaved in vitro to the active two‐chain form by tissue‐type and urokinase‐type plasminogen (PLG) activators (tPA and uPA). We have now documented the de novo appearance of active uPA in livers from male Fischer F344 rats that underwent 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx) as early as 1 minute after surgery. Western blot analyses of protein extracts from liver remnants that were obtained immediately after surgery and periodically until 24 hours after PHx indicate that the quantity of uPA remains fairly constant in PHx samples. In contrast, the uPA receptor (uPAR) dramatically increases, beginning within 1 minute after PHx. This results in enhanced activity of uPA, as seen by direct zymography on cryostat sections. The uPA present in remnant liver homogenates from rats that underwent PHx is the primary agent that cleaves single‐chain HGF to its two‐chain form, because cleavage can be prevented when antibody against uPA is included in the liver homogenates. Furthermore, heterodimeric HGF, which is not present in normal liver, increases in the liver remnants from rats that underwent PHx, correlative to uPAR. The presence of active uPA is one of the earliest responses yet documented after PHx. These findings imply that both uPA and uPAR are involved in activating endogenous HGF in the regenerating livers of animals that underwent PHx.
Health and re-employment in a five-year follow-up of long-term unemployed.

OBJECTIVES To study health and re-employment in a five-year follow-up of a community sample of long-term unemployed people. METHODS A random sample registered for more than 12 weeks at the labour offices in Grenland, Norway, were given medical check-ups in 1988 and 1990, and a postal questionnaire in 1993. RESULTS Only 37% were employed five years after the first spell of long-term unemployment. Recovery after re-employment was demonstrated, indicating that unemployment causes poor mental health. Health-related selection to continuous unemployment was only found for medical diagnoses. The unemployed who might be selected to continuous unemployment because of poor health at the two-year follow-up seemed to deteriorate most. CONCLUSION The high morbidity of mental health problems among unemployed people is mostly explained by the causal hypothesis. This is a challenge to preventive medicine. Sick unemployed people should be given special attention.
Do You Trust Answers ? : Credibility Judgments in Social Search Using Social Q & A Sites

People are increasingly using social question and answer (Q&A) sites as a source of information. Asking a question on a social Q&A site is a form of social search, as it enables the site’s users to find information by utilizing social resources through interactions with other people. In social Q&A settings, people interact with online content created by other users, and also with unknown people. As a result, individuals encounter challenges in making credibility judgments. Therefore, it is important to understand how people make credibility judgments when asking and answering questions within social Q&A settings. In this paper, we first present an overview of related work regarding social Q&A, social search, and credibility assessment in social Q&A settings. This review indicates the necessity of investigating how people trust answers when using social Q&A sites. We propose a conceptual framework for examining this problem within the context of social search. Author
Role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Rab5 effectors in phagosomal biogenesis and mycobacterial phagosome maturation arrest

Phagosomal biogenesis is a fundamental biological process of particular significance for the function of phagocytic and antigen-presenting cells. The precise mechanisms governing maturation of phagosomes into phagolysosomes are not completely understood. Here, we applied the property of pathogenic mycobacteria to cause phagosome maturation arrest in infected macrophages as a tool to dissect critical steps in phagosomal biogenesis. We report the requirement for 3-phosphoinositides and acquisition of Rab5 effector early endosome autoantigen (EEA1) as essential molecular events necessary for phagosomal maturation. Unlike the model phagosomes containing latex beads, which transiently recruited EEA1, mycobacterial phagosomes excluded this regulator of vesicular trafficking that controls membrane tethering and fusion processes within the endosomal pathway and is recruited to endosomal membranes via binding to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns[3]P). Inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3'(OH)-kinase (PI-3K) activity diminished EEA1 recruitment to newly formed latex bead phagosomes and blocked phagosomal acquisition of late endocytic properties, indicating that generation of PtdIns(3)P plays a role in phagosomal maturation. Microinjection into macrophages of antibodies against EEA1 and the PI-3K hVPS34 reduced acquisition of late endocytic markers by latex bead phagosomes, demonstrating an essential role of these Rab5 effectors in phagosomal biogenesis. The mechanism of EEA1 exclusion from mycobacterial phagosomes was investigated using mycobacterial products. Coating of latex beads with the major mycobacterial cell envelope glycosylated phosphatidylinositol lipoarabinomannan isolated from the virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, inhibited recruitment of EEA1 to latex bead phagosomes, and diminished their maturation. These findings define the generation of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and EEA1 recruitment as: (a) important regulatory events in phagosomal maturation and (b) critical molecular targets affected by M. tuberculosis. This study also identifies mycobacterial phosphoinositides as products with specialized toxic properties, interfering with discrete trafficking stages in phagosomal maturation.
Cluster headache in women: clinical characteristics and comparison with cluster headache in men

OBJECTIVE To study the clinical characteristics of cluster headache in women. Cluster headache is a disorder of men (male to female ratio 6–7:1). METHODS Retrospective chart review to identify all women diagnosed with cluster headache at an academic headache centre from January 1995 through July 1998. RESULTS Thirty two women and 69 men were identified. The mean age of onset of cluster headache was 29.4 years in women versus 31.3 years in men. Two peaks of onset in women (2nd and 5th decade) were identified compared with one in men (3rd decade). Episodic cluster headache was present in 75% of women and 77% of men. Women and men had on average 3 attacks a day, but attack duration was shorter in women (67.2 minutesv 88.2 minutes). Cluster headache period duration (11.1 weeks v 10 weeks) and remission periods (21.1 months v 23.1 months) were similar in women and men. Miosis and ptosis seemed to be less common in women (miosis 13.3% v24.6%, ptosis 41.9% v 58.1%) whereas lacrimation and nasal congestion/rhinorrhoea were almost equally prevalent in women and men. Women had more nausea than men (62.5%v 43.5%, p=0.09) and significantly more vomiting (46.9% v 17.4%, p=0.003). Photophobia occurred in 75% of women and 81.2% of men, and phonophobia occurred in 50% of women and 47.8% of men. CONCLUSIONS The clinical characteristics of cluster headache in women are very similar to those in men. Women develop the disorder at an earlier age of onset and experience more “migrainous symptoms” with cluster headache, especially vomiting. Both men and women have frequent photophobia and phonophobia with cluster headache attacks. These symptoms are not included in the International Headache Society cluster headache criteria, suggesting the need for possible criteria revision.
Adaptive Disk Spin-Down Policies for Mobile Computers

Mobile computers typically spin down their hard disk after a fixed period of inactivity. If this threshold is too long, the disk wastes energy; if it is too short, the delay due to spinning the disk up again frushates the user. Usage patterns change over time, so a single fixed threshold may not be appropriate at all times. Also, different users may have varying pri- orities with respect to trading off energy conservation against performance. We describe a method for vary- ing the spin-down threshold dynamically by adapting to the user's access patterns and priorities. Adaptive spin-down can in some circumstances reduce by up to 507o the number of disk spin-ups that are deemed by the user to be inconvenient, while only moderately increasing energy consumption.
Frame-skip Convolutional Neural Networks for action recognition

Recently in the task of human action recognition, Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (ConvNets) based approaches have achieved good performance. A series of approaches employ a two-stream architecture which takes advantage of both appearance information and motion information. However there are some drawbacks of the two-stream architecture. First, it didn't fully utilize the temporal information of the video, which is very important to action recognition. Second, it lacks the maneuvers to deal with the speed variations of the action. To tackle the above obstacles, in this paper, we first propose a novel video dynamics mining strategy which takes advantage of the motion tracking in the video. Next we introduce a frame skip scheme to the ConvNets, it stacks different modalities of optical flow to build a novel motion representation. Experiments on action recognition datasets such as UCF101 and HMDB51 show that the proposed video dynamics mining together with the frame skip ConvNets can match or surpass some of the state-of-the-art alternatives in the task of action recognition.
Exploiting arm posture synergies in activities of daily living to control the wrist rotation in upper limb prostheses: A feasibility study

Although significant technological advances have been made in the last forty years, natural and effortless control of upper limb prostheses is still an open issue. Commercially available myoelectric prostheses present limited Degrees of Freedom (DoF) mainly because of the lack of available and reliable independent control signals from the human body. Thus, despite the crucial role that an actuated wrist could play in a transradial prosthesis in terms of avoiding compensatory movements, commercial hand prostheses present only manually adjustable passive wrists or actuated rotators controlled by (unnatural) sequential control strategies. In the present study we investigated the synergies between the humeral orientation with respect to the trunk and the forearm pronation/supination angles during the execution of a wide range of activities of daily living, in healthy subjects. Our results showed consistent postural synergies between the two selected body segments for almost the totality of the activities of daily living under investigation. This is a promising result because these postural synergies could be exploited to automatically control the wrist rotator unit in transradial prostheses improving the fluency and the dexterity of the amputee.
Role of The Cochlea and Efferent System in Children with Auditory Processing Disorder

Auditory processing disorder (APD) is characterized by difficulty listening in noisy environments despite normal hearing thresholds. APD was previously thought to be restricted to deficits in the central auditory system. The current work sought to investigate brainstem and peripheral mechanisms that may contribute to difficulties in speech understanding in noise in children with suspected APD (sAPD). Three mechanisms in particular were investigated: cochlear tuning, efferent function, and spatial hearing. Cochlear tuning was measured using stimulus frequency otoacoustic emission (SFOAE) group delay. Results indicate that children suspected with APD have atypically sharp cochlear tuning, and reduced medial olivocochlear (MOC) functioning. Sharper-than-typical cochlear tuning may lead to increased forward masking. On the contrary, binaural efferent function probed with a forward masked click evoked OAE (CEOAE) paradigm indicated that MOC function was not different in typically developing (TD) children and children suspected with APD. A third study with multiple OAE types sought to address this contradiction. Despite numerically smaller MOC inhibition in the sAPD group, MOC function was not significantly different between the two groups. Finally, spatial release from masking, localization-in-noise and interaural time difference thresholds were compared in TD and children with sAPD. Results indicate no significant difference in spatial hearing abilities between the two groups. Non-significant findings at group level in these studies may be related to the large heterogeneity in problems associated with APD. Fragmentation of APD into deficit specific disorders may facilitate research in identification of the specific anatomical underpinnings to listening problems in APD. Prior to conducting studies in children, three studies were conducted to optimize stimulus characteristics. Results of these studies indicate that the MOC may not be especially sensitive to 100 Hz amplitude modulation, as previously reported.
Eggplant Domestication: Pervasive Gene Flow, Feralization, and Transcriptomic Divergence.

In the context of food security, examining the genomics of domestication will help identify genes underlying adaptive and economically important phenotypes, for example, larger fruit, improved taste, and loss of agronomically inferior phenotypes. Examination of genome-scale single nucleotide polymorphisms demonstrates the relationships between wild ancestors of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), confirming that Solanum insanum L. is the wild progenitor. This species is split roughly into an Eastern (Malaysian, Thai, and Vietnamese) and Western (Indian, Madagascan, and Sri Lankan) group, with domesticates derived from the former. Additional "wild" accessions from India appear to be feral escapes, derived multiple times from domesticated varieties through admixture. Accessions with small egg-shaped fruit are generally found intermixed with East Asian Solanum insanum confirming they are primitive relative to the large-fruited domesticates. Comparative transcriptomics was used to track the loci under selection. Sequence analysis revealed a genetic bottleneck reducing variation by almost 50% in the primitive accessions relative to the wild species and a further 10% in the landraces. We also show evidence for selection on genes with a role in response to wounding and apoptosis. Genes showing a significant difference in expression between wild and primitive or between primitive and landrace genepools were mostly (>75%) downregulated in the derived populations and enriched for gene ontologies related to defense, flowering, signaling, and response to biotic and abiotic stimuli. This work reveals genomic changes involved in crop domestication and improvement, and the population genetics work explains why defining the eggplant domestication trajectory has been so challenging.
A Mus dunni cell line that lacks sequences closely related to endogenous murine leukemia viruses and can be infected by ectropic, amphotropic, xenotropic, and mink cell focus-forming viruses

A Mus dunni cell line has been developed that is permissive for all four classes of murine leukemia viruses (MuLV): ecotropic, amphotropic, xenotropic, and mink cell focus-forming viruses. The M. dunni cells contain fewer MuLV-related sequences than do feral or domestic mouse, rat, or mink cells. Infection of the line by ecotropic MuLV induces a distinct cytopathic effect, and the cells can be readily transfected by MuLV DNA. The M. dunni line has been used to isolate an endogenous MuLV from the SC-1 feral mouse cell line.