Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ON THE EUCLIDEAN STRUCTURE OF RELATIVISTIC FIELD THEORY

8 J. M. Buerger, Acta Cryst. , 3, 87-97, 1950; these PROCEEDINGS, 36, 376-382, 1950. 9 D. McLachlan, these PROCEEDINGS, 37, 115-124, 1951. 10 J. Clastre and R. Gay, Compt. rend. , 230, 1876-1877, 1950; Bull. soc. franc. , min6ral. , 73. 202-216, 1950. 11 D. McLachlan and D. Harker, these PROCEEDINGS, 37, 846-849, 1951. 12 J. Karle and H. Hauptman, Acta Cryst. , 6, 131-135, 136-141, 1953. 13 J. Karle and H. Hauptman, Monograph No. 3, American Crystallographic Association (Wilmington, Del.: The Letter Shop, 1953). 14 J. A. Goedkoop, Theoretical Aspects of X-ray Crystal Structure Analysis (doctoral thesis, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1952). 16 D. Sayre, Acta Cryst. , 5, 60-65, 1952. 16 W. H. Zachariasen, Acta Cryst. , 5, 68-73, 1952. 17 J. M. Robertson, personal communication. 18 D. McLachlan, X-Ray Crystal Structure (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1957). 19 D. McLachlan and C. L. Christ, J. Appl. Phys., 20, 829-831, 1949.
Constellation shaping for bit-interleaved polar coded-modulation

In this paper, an architecture of constellation shaping for bit-interleaved polar coded modulation (BIPCM) is proposed. Theoretically, the probability distribution of constellation points should be selected according to a continuous Gaussian distribution over Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channels, which will help to obtain shaping gain. Based on this probabilistic shaping idea, unequiprobable constellations are designed to increase the mutual information. Under the proposed BIPCM architecture, the mapping method has a larger diversity of bit channels that can help to improve the system performance. The mapping way is performed based on the prefix code, which can meet the above property. Simulation results of 16-ary pulse amplitude modulation (16-PAM) over AWGN channels show that the nonequiprobable constellations provide 0.5dB shaping gain compared to the traditional equiprobable constellations.
The impact of conflicting spatial representations in airborne unmanned aerial system sensor control

Abstract : The purpose of this study is to extend the basic research findings on spatial representations to a unique application area and extend the small number of applied research studies in this general area to a more robust, Navy-specific application set (i.e., Unmanned Aerial Systems). In this study, participants assumed the role of a sensor operator for an unmanned aerial system (UAS) simulation while riding in the fuselage of an airborne Lockheed P-3 Orion. The P-3 flew a flight profile of intermittent ascending, descending, and turning profiles (in strict accordance with an emphasis on safety of flight) to induce a maximum level of spatial discordance to the sensor operator screen where the participant tracked simulated targets. Participants also performed trials on the ground with the laptop-based UAS sensor operator simulation to establish baseline performance. In a counterbalanced design, the participants performed trials while airborne and on the ground. The multiple frames of reference for the participant induced spatial discordance and an overall decrease in tracking performance compared to trials during straight and level flight and ground baseline trials.
Product Ontology Construction from Engineering Documents

Ontology provides a base framework for knowledge representation, and the methodology of ontology construction is one of the most important research topics in the ontology community. There have been many methodologies proposed, and some of them have been along with constructing engineering ontology. However, the previous methodologies are mostly top-down approaches which do not maximize the benefits of bottom-up approaches. There are few bottom-up approaches, but they do not utilize the full resources of knowledge such as engineering documents. This study proposes the systematic methodology to develop the ontology in a bottom-up style from engineering documents, called DocOnto (document-based ontology). The methodology is mainly composed of three phases such as defining ontology for terms in engineering documents, integrating the ontology with semantic networks for both a single document and a focused document group, and pruning the ontology for practically usage. In this approach, first-order logic (FOL) and semantic networks (SN) are used for formal and visual representation of ontology, and semantic mapping with similarity evaluation is used in integrating ontology. This approach can be computerized for structured engineering documents. Through the methodology description, a comprehensive example is utilized to show the methodology in every detailed step.
Peptide transporter (TAP-1 and TAP-2)-independent endogenous processing of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 2A: implications for cytotoxic T-lymphocyte control of EBV-associated malignancies

Major histocompatibility [correction of histocampatability] complex (MHC) class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) recognizing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent antigens play a pivotal role in restricting the proliferation of EBV-infected normal B cells. However, it is now well established that most of the EBV-associated malignancies escape this potent CTL response in vivo. This resistance to immune surveillance is not due to an obvious CTL dysfunction but has been partly attributed to the down-regulation of the peptide transporters, TAP-1 and TAP-2, thus restricting the endogenous loading of MHC class I molecules with peptides derived from viral nuclear antigens. In the present study we have explored the possibility that EBV latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A), which is often expressed in many of the EBV-associated malignancies, such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Hodgkin's disease tumors, can be endogenously processed through an alternative, TAP-1- and TAP-2-independent pathway. The data presented in this study clearly demonstrate not only that LMP2A can be processed by a TAP-independent mechanism but also that tumor cells with down-regulated TAP expression can be efficiently recognized by LMP2A-specific T cells following infection with recombinant vaccinia virus encoding this protein. We propose that since LMP2A is a membrane protein, it is directly translocated into the secretory pathway and the processing enzymes present in the endoplasmic reticulum are capable of generating the relevant peptide epitopes for MHC binding. The present finding of TAP-1- and TAP-2-independent presentation of LMP2A epitopes suggests a novel mechanism for immune targeting of EBV-positive malignancies, such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Hodgkin's disease tumors.
Impact of prenatal cold stress on placental physiology, inflammatory response, and apoptosis in rats

Prenatal cold stress is one of the earliest factors affecting mammalian health, and is associated with neonatal growth retardation and immune dysfunction, thus increasing disease susceptibility. The mechanisms underlying these observations remain unclear; hence, the objective of this study was to elucidate placental responses to cold stress. 60 maternal rats were randomly allocated to either stressed (n = 30) or non-stressed (control, n = 30) treatment conditions and 30 pubs (n=15) were used for the pups analysis. We found that maternal exposure to cold stress resulted in decreased body temperature, increased food intake without body weight gain, and a high level of plasma corticosterone (CORT) between gestational day (GD) 14 and GD21. In addition, gestation cold stress induced the placental expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), IκBα, glucocorticoid receptor (GR), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11β-HSD2), interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), Caspase-3 proteins and altered the ratio of B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL) to Bcl-associated x (Bax) proteins on gestational GD15, GD17, GD19, and GD21, also resulted in the production of interleukin (IL)-1β. Next, gestational cold stress provoked a decrease in plasma GH levels of 21-day-old offspring, and the body weights of offspring were have no differences from postnatal day (PD) 1–21. Taken together, our results indicate that gestational cold stress induces placental apoptosis and the activation of NF-kB via HSP70/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways in the placenta, these changes may affect placental function and fetus development.
Homologous RIG-I–like helicase proteins direct RNAi-mediated antiviral immunity in C. elegans by distinct mechanisms

Significance Retinoic acid inducible gene I-like RNA helicases (RLHs) act as virus sensors in mammalian antiviral immunity. RLHs also play an essential role in antiviral RNAi in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans through a currently unknown mechanism. Here, we show that the retinoic acid inducible gene I domains involved in virus sensing functionally replace the corresponding domain of Dicer-related RNA helicase 1 (DRH-1), one of the worm RLHs, suggesting that DRH-1 contributes to antiviral RNAi by acting as a virus sensor. Consistent with this observation, virus-derived primary siRNAs were significantly reduced in drh-1 mutants. We further show that DRH-3, another worm RLH that shares domain structure with DRH-1, is required for the biogenesis of virus-derived secondary, but not primary, siRNAs, suggesting that DRH-1 and DRH-3 contribute to antiviral RNAi through distinct mechanisms. RNAi-mediated antiviral immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans requires Dicer-related helicase 1 (DRH-1), which encodes the helicase and C-terminal domains homologous to the mammalian retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like helicase (RLH) family of cytosolic immune receptors. Here we show that the antiviral function of DRH-1 requires the RIG-I homologous domains as well as its worm-specific N-terminal domain. We also demonstrate that the helicase and C-terminal domains encoded by either worm DRH-2 or human RIG-I can functionally replace the corresponding domains of DRH-1 to mediate antiviral RNAi in C. elegans. Notably, substitutions in a three-residue motif of the C-terminal regulatory domain of RIG-I that physically interacts with viral double-stranded RNA abolish the antiviral activity of C-terminal regulatory domains of both RIG-I and DRH-1 in C. elegans. Genetic analysis revealed an essential role for both DRH-1 and DRH-3 in C. elegans antiviral RNAi targeting a natural viral pathogen. However, Northern blot and small RNA deep sequencing analyses indicate that DRH-1 acts to enhance production of viral primary siRNAs, whereas DRH-3 regulates antiviral RNAi by participating in the biogenesis of secondary siRNAs after Dicer-dependent production of primary siRNAs. We propose that DRH-1 facilitates the acquisition of viral double-stranded RNA by the worm dicing complex for the subsequent processing into primary siRNAs. The strong parallel for the antiviral function of RLHs in worms and mammals suggests that detection of viral double-stranded RNA may activate completely unrelated effector mechanisms or, alternatively, that the mammalian RLHs have a conserved activity to stimulate production of viral siRNAs for antiviral immunity by an RNAi effector mechanism.
Exogenous Thrombin Delivery Promotes Collateral Capillary Arterialization and Tissue Reperfusion in the Murine Spinotrapezius Muscle Ischemia Model

Please cite this paper as: Bruce AC and Peirce SM. Exogenous Thrombin Delivery Promotes Collateral Capillary Arterialization and Tissue Reperfusion in the Murine Spinotrapezius Muscle Ischemia Model. Microcirculation 19: 143–154, 2012.
Acute Tryptophan Depletion. Part I: Rationale and Methodology

Objective: Acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) is an experimental technique that has been widely used over the last decade to investigate the role of serotonin (5-HT) in a variety of disorders. This review, the first of two articles, describes the rationale behind this technique and provides detail on how it is applied in research settings. Method: The authors outline the development of this technique with reference to the seminal literature and more recent findings from neuroimaging and neuroendocrine studies. This is supplemented by the authors' clinical experience of over 5 years of continuous experimental work with this paradigm in over 50 subjects. Results: Acute tryptophan depletion is a method that significantly reduces central 5-HT in human subjects. Non-serotonergic explanations of the effects of ATD have not been confirmed, supporting the specificity of this method. Conclusions: The ATD technique is a valid method of manipulating central 5-HT levels. The second article in this series will review the application of ATD in depression, anxiety and other psychiatric conditions.
Rapid Neutrophil Destruction following Phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus

Mechanisms underlying the enhanced virulence phenotype of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) are incompletely defined, but presumably include evasion of killing by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs or neutrophils). To better understand this phenomenon, we investigated the basis of rapid PMN lysis after phagocytosis of USA300, a prominent CA-MRSA strain. Survival of USA300 clinical isolates after phagocytosis ultimately resulted in neutrophil lysis. PMNs containing ingested USA300 underwent morphological changes consistent with apoptosis, but lysed rapidly thereafter (within 6 h), whereas cells undergoing FAS-mediated apoptosis or phagocytosis-induced cell death remained intact. Phagosome membranes remained intact until the point of PMN destruction, suggesting lysis was not caused by escape of S. aureus from phagosomes or the cytolytic action of pore-forming toxins. Microarray analysis of the PMN transcriptome after phagocytosis of representative community-associated S. aureus and healthcare-associated MRSA strains revealed changes unique to community-associated S. aureus strains, such as upregulation of transcripts involved in regulation of calcium homeostasis. Collectively, the data suggest that neutrophil destruction after phagocytosis of USA300 is in part a form of programmed necrosis rather than direct lysis by S. aureus pore-forming toxins. We propose that the ability of CA-MRSA strains to induce programmed necrosis of neutrophils is a component of enhanced virulence.
Adaptive Metric Learning in Local Distance Comparison for People Re-identification

A local distance comparison for multiple-shot people re-identification based on a new adaptive metric learning method is introduced in this paper. There exist two intrinsic issues in multiple-shot person re-identification: Large variances in view point, illumination, and non-rigid deformation are included in the image set of the same person, only a few training data for learning tasks are available in a realistic re-identification scenario. We deal with the multimodal property of people's appearance distribution caused by the first issue by using a local distance comparison approach. Since the capability of the local distance comparison highly depends on the choice of distance metric, we also introduce an adaptive learning method to learn an appropriate distance metric and use it to find and compute local neighbors effectively. This adaptive learning method is able to solve the over fitting problem caused by the second issue, through leveraging the generic knowledge of re-identification together with the specific information of the target task. We evaluated our approach on public benchmark datasets, and confirmed its superiority as compared to conventional approaches.
A film detection method for tritium-labelled proteins and nucleic acids in polyacrylamide gels.

A simple method is described for detecting 3H in polyacrylamide gels by scintillation autography (fluorography) using X-ray film. The gel is dehydrated in dimethyl sulphoxide, soaked in a solution of 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) in dimethylsulphoxide, dried and exposed to RP Royal “X-Omat” film at -70 °C. Optimal conditions for each step are described. β-particles from 3H interact with the 2,5-diphenyloxazole emitting light which causes local blackening of an X-ray film. The image produced resembles that obtained by conventional autoradiography of isotopes with higher emission energies such as 14C. 3000 dis. 3H/min in a band in a gel can be detected in a 24-h exposure. Similarly 500 dis. /min can be detected in one week. When applied to the detection of 35S and 14C in polyacrylamide gels, this method is ten times more sensitive than conventional autoradiography. 130 dis. 35S or 14C/min in a band in a gel can be detected in 24 h.
MR lymphography with superparamagnetic iron nanoparticles in rats: pathologic basis for contrast enhancement.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study in rodents was to determine the pathologic basis for enhancement patterns of hyperplastic and tumours lymph nodes shown by MR lymphography after IV injection of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (AMI-227). MATERIALS AND METHODS Hyperplastic and tumorous lymph nodes were imaged in vivo at 1.5 T 1 day after IV administration of AMI-227 (40-200 mumol Fe/kg) to rats. Inguinal and axillary lymph nodes were surgically resected, and in vitro imaging was done by using the same magnet with a prototype coil that allowed a pixel size of 70 x 230 microns. Imaging findings were correlated with histologic findings and iron staining of the nodes. RESULTS With all sequences, at doses of 80 mumol Fe/kg or higher, the signal intensity of hyperplastic nodes was lower than on unenhanced images. The same pattern was seen in the remaining normal tissue of tumourous lymph nodes. This T2* effect was a result of clustered particles inside macrophages in the lymphatic sinuses. At doses of 200 mumol/kg, the tumor itself consistently showed an increase in signal intensity on T1-weighted images. This T1 effect probably resulted from particles leaking into the interstitial spaces of the tumor. CONCLUSION After IV injection of superparamagnetic nanoparticles, a decrease in signal intensity indicates active uptake of particles into macrophages, whereas an increase in signal intensity indicates altered capillary permeability in tumor. These findings in rats may prove to be clinically useful in the future for differentiating benign from malignant enlarged lymph nodes.
Suppressors of clathrin deficiency: overexpression of ubiquitin rescues lethal strains of clathrin-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Clathrin-mediated vesicular transport is important for normal growth of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Previously, we identified a genetic locus (SCD1) that influences the ability of clathrin heavy-chain-deficient (Chc-) yeast cells to survive. With the scd1-v allele, Chc- yeast cells are viable but grow poorly; with the scd1-i allele, Chc- cells are inviable. To identify the SCD1 locus and other genes that can rescue chc1 delta scd1-i cells to viability, a multicopy suppressor selection strategy was developed. A strain of scd1-i genotype carrying the clathrin heavy-chain gene under GAL1 control (GAL1:CHC1) was transformed with a YEp24 yeast genomic library, and colonies that could grow on glucose were selected. Plasmids from six distinct genetic loci, none of which encoded CHC1, were recovered. One of the suppressor loci was shown to be UBI4, the polyubiquitin gene. UBI4 rescues only in high copy number and is not allelic to SCD1. The conjugation of ubiquitin to intracellular proteins can mediate their selective degradation. Since UBI4 is required for survival of yeast cells under stress and is induced during starvation, ubiquitin expression in GAL1:CHC1 cells was examined. After a shift to growth on glucose to repress synthesis of clathrin heavy chains, UBI4 mRNA levels were elevated > 10-fold, whereas the quantity of free ubiquitin declined severalfold relative to that of Chc+ cells. In addition, novel higher-molecular-weight ubiquitin conjugates appeared in clathrin-deficient cells. We suggest that higher levels of ubiquitin are required for turnover of mislocalized or improperly processed proteins that accumulate in the absence of clathrin and that ubiquitin may play a general role in turnover of proteins in the secretory or endocytic pathway.
Power spectral density of unevenly sampled heart rate data

This work studies the frequency behavior of the Lomb method to estimate the power spectral density (PSD) of heart rate (HR) unevenly sampled (UNS) signals. When the UNS can be modeled as uniform plus a random deviation (approximation well satisfied in HR signals), this spectra results in a periodic repetition of the original continuous time spectrum at the mean Nyquist frequency, with a low pass effect affecting the upper bands that depends on the sampling dispersion. In this case the estimation at the base band is unbiased with practically no dispersion. The performance has been tested with real HR signals corroborating the theoretical results. The authors have found that the Lomb method avoids the classical methods problem of low pass effect due to resampling. They conclude that the Lomb method is more suitable than classical methods for PSD estimation of UNS signals.
The Joint Efficient Dark-energy Investigation (JEDI): measuring the cosmic expansion history from type Ia supernovae

JEDI (Joint Efficient Dark-energy Investigation) is a candidate implementation of the NASA-DOE Joint Dark Energy Mission (JDEM). JEDI will probe dark energy in three independent methods: (1) type Ia supernovae, (2) baryon acoustic oscillations, and (3) weak gravitational lensing. In an accompanying paper, an overall summary of the JEDI mission is given. In this paper, we present further details of the supernova component of JEDI. To derive model-independent constraints on dark energy, it is important to precisely measure the cosmic expansion history, H(z), in continuous redshift bins from z ~ 0-2 (the redshift range in which dark energy is important). SNe Ia at z > 1 are not readily accessible from the ground because the bulk of their light has shifted into the near-infrared where the sky background is overwhelming; hence a space mission is required to probe dark energy using SNe. Because of its unique near-infrared wavelength coverage (0.8-4.2 μm), JEDI has the advantage of observing SNe Ia in the rest frame J band for the entire redshift range of 0 < z <2, where they are less affected by dust, and appear to be nearly perfect standard candles. During the first year of JEDI operations, spectra and light curves will be obtained for ~4,000 SNe Ia at z < 2. The resulting constraints on dark energy are discussed, with special emphasis on the improved precision afforded by the rest frame near-infrared data.
IDMP-VLC: IoT device management protocol in visible light communication networks

The Internet of Things (IoT) can be used to help a variety of things connected to the network in home, building, factory, city, and so on. In the meantime, the Visible Light Communication (VLC) based on Light Emitting Diode (LED) has been focused as future communication facility. In this paper, we propose the IoT Device Management Protocol (IDMP) with VLC, named IDMP-VLC, which can be used to manage IoT devices in VLC networks. The IDMP-VLC protocol is a simple and self-configurable device management protocol. It provides device initialization and management operations, and data transmission operation. The IDMP-VLC will use IPv6 with IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN). In the proposed scheme, the two different transmission schemes are used for communication between lighting device and IoT device: VLC for downstream from lighting to IoT device and WPAN (ZigBee or Bluetooth) for upstream from IoT device to lighting device. The proposed protocol is implemented and experimented with various devices on top of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). From the experimentation, it is shown that the proposed IDMP-VLC can be effectively used for initialization, management, and data transmission with IoT devices over VLC networks.