Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inspiratory work of breathing is not decreased by flow-triggered sensing during spontaneous breathing in children receiving mechanical ventilation: A preliminary report

Objective: To determine the effect of pressure-trigger (PT) and flow-trigger (FT) sensing on the work of breathing (WOB) during spontaneous, unsupported breathing in children receiving mechanical ventilation. Design: Prospective clinical trial. Setting: Pediatric intensive care unit at a tertiary care children's hospital. Patients: Infants and children receiving mechanical ventilation for >24 hrs who were ready for extubation. Interventions: During synchronized mandatory ventilation, WOB values for spontaneous, unsupported, non–synchronized mandatory ventilation patient breaths were measured using an esophageal balloon and FT or PT sensing on Servo 300 and PT sensing on Servo 900C ventilators assigned in random order. Measurements and Main Results: Sixteen patients with a median age of 12.8 mos (25th–75th quartile [IQR], 8.1–38.2 mos), weight of 11.0 kg (IQR, 8.9–18.8 kg), and duration of mechanical ventilation of 7.5 days (IQR, 5.0–18.0 days) participated in the study. WOB for patient breaths using the Servo 300 FT sensing (0.8 J/L [IQR, 0.5–1.0]) was not significantly lower than WOB for PT sensing on Servo 300 (0.9 J/L [IQR, 0.4–1.3 J/L]) or the Servo 900C (0.9 J/L [IQR, 0.5–1.3 J/L]). However, when lung compliance was <0.75 mL·kg−1·cm H2O−1, WOB using the Servo 300 FT sensing (0.8 J/L [IQR, 0.6–1.1 J/L]) mechanism was significantly lower than those for PT sensing on both the Servo 300 (1.1 J/L [IQR, 0.9–1.3 J/L]) and Servo 900C (1.2 J/L [IQR, 1.1–1.5 J/L]) ventilators (p ≤ .017). Conclusions: FT may not decrease WOB compared with PT for unsupported spontaneous breathing in children receiving mechanical ventilation. However, when lung compliance is decreased, FT sensing may be advantageous in decreasing the WOB.
Multi-month prescriptions, fast-track refills, and community ART groups: results from a process evaluation in Malawi on using differentiated models of care to achieve national HIV treatment goals

Introduction: In order to facilitate scale‐up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Malawi, innovative and pragmatic models have been developed to optimize the efficiency of HIV service delivery. In particular, three models of differentiated care have emerged for stable patients: adjusted appointment spacing through multi‐month scripting (MMS); fast‐track drug refills (FTRs) on alternating visits; and community ART groups (CAGs) where group members rotate in collecting medications at the facility for all members. This study aimed to assess the extent to which ART patients in Malawi are differentiated based on clinical stability and describe the characteristics and costs associated with the models of differentiated care offered.
Eyeing the eyes in social scenes: Evidence for top-down control of stimulus selection in simultanagnosia

Simultanagnosia is a disorder of visual attention resulting from bilateral parieto-occipital lesions. Healthy individuals look at eyes to infer people's attentional states, but simultanagnosics allocate abnormally few fixations to eyes in scenes. It is unclear why simultanagnosics fail to fixate eyes, but it might reflect that they are (a) unable to locate and fixate them, or (b) do not prioritize attentional states. We compared eye movements of simultanagnosic G.B. to those of healthy subjects viewing scenes normally or through a restricted window of vision. They described scenes and explicitly inferred attentional states of people in scenes. G.B. and subjects viewing scenes through a restricted window made few fixations on eyes when describing scenes, yet increased fixations on eyes when inferring attention. Thus G.B. understands that eyes are important for inferring attentional states and can exert top-down control to seek out and process the gaze of others when attentional states are of interest.
Characterization of the mechanical properties of actual solder joints using DIC

This paper presents the characterization of the elasto-plastic behavior of actual Sn-1.0wt. %Ag-0.5wt. %Cu (SAC105), Sn-3.0wt. %Ag-0.5wt. %Cu (SAC305) and Sn-4.0wt. %Ag-0.5wt. %Cu (SAC405) solder joints. Several actual ChipArray® BGA (CABGA) packages were cross-sectioned, polished and used as the test vehicles. Several testers were specially designed and fabricated for the characterization of the material properties using the customized test vehicle. Compressive and drop tests were performed to generate elastic and inelastic deformations, respectively, in the solder joints. Images of the cross-sectioned solder joints were recorded using microscope during the tests. The recorded images were then processed by using a digital image correlation (DIC) program to calculate the displacement and strain fields on the solder joints. Finite element method (FEM) modeling was used to extract the material properties.
Decoding algorithm for interference patterns in phase shifting interferometry without a priori shift knowledge

Interferogram's decoding methods based on the step-by-step shift are widely used in creation of interference measuring systems. The phase-shifting method is based on obtaining several interferograms when the phase of reference wave is changed to known values. Accuracy of existing decoding algorithms depends on a setting of values of inserted phase shifts. However, it is difficult to determine an exact value of the phase shift in practice because of errors of devices performing a phase shift. In this paper an algorithm based on the step phase-shifting without a priori knowledge of phase shift is considered. This algorithm uses three interferograms obtained with arbitrary phase shifts.
SHAPE AND SIZE DEPENDENCE OF RADIATIVE, NON-RADIATIVE AND PHOTOTHERMAL PROPERTIES OF GOLD NANOCRYSTALS

Driven by the search for new materials with interesting and unique properties and also by the fundamental question of how atomic and molecular physical behaviour develops with increasing size, the ® eld of nanoparticle research has grown immensely in the last two decades. Partially for these reasons, colloidal solutions of metallic (especially silver and gold) nanoparticles have long fascinated scientists because of their very intense colours. The intense red colour of colloidal gold nanoparticles is due to their surfaceplasmon absorption.This article describes the physical origin of the surface plasmon absorption in gold nanoparticles with emphasis on the Mie and also the Maxwell-Garnett theory and reviews the eŒects of particle size and shape on the resonance condition.A better understandingof the relationship between the optical absorption spectrum (in particular, the plasmon resonance) and such particle properties as its dimensions or surrounding environment can prove fruitful for the use of the plasmon absorption as an analytical tool. The plasmon resonance has also had a great impact on the Raman spectrum of surface-adsorbed molecules and a large enhancement of the ̄ uorescence quantum yield of gold nanorods is observed. Furthermore, following the changes in the plasmon absorption induced by excitation (heating) with ultrashort laser pulses allows one to monitor the electron dynamics (electron± electron and electron± phonon interactions) in real time, which is important in understanding such fundamental questions regarding the thermal and electrical conductivity of these nanoparticles. Very intense heating with laser pulses leads to structural changes of the nanoparticles (nuclear rearrangements in the form of melting and fragmentation).
Preventing and managing perioperative pulmonary complications following cardiac surgery

Purpose of review To provide an update of research findings on the mechanisms underlying respiratory complications after cardiac surgery, especially acute respiratory distress syndrome, transfusion-related lung injury and ventilation-associated pneumonia. The article will review some of the preventive and therapeutic measures that can be implemented to reduce these complications, focusing on the use of protective invasive ventilation and postextubation noninvasive ventilation. Recent findings The development of postoperative pulmonary complications is related to various perioperative factors. The most effective preventive measures are a correct preoperative preparation and an uneventful surgery. The implementation of nosocomial pneumonia prevention bundles, or early extubation in a fast-track program, has proven to be effective in reducing the complication rate. The application of protective invasive ventilation, with low tidal volumes, has been found to reduce lung injury and mortality in patients with lung injury or healthy lungs. The use of noninvasive ventilation as a preventive postextubation approach in patients at risk and rescue noninvasive ventilation in those developing respiratory failure remains under debate and is subject to ongoing research. Summary Postoperative pulmonary complications are common, but severe complications are infrequent. Their reduction requires measures to prevent infection and mechanical ventilation-associated lung injury through the use of low tidal volumes and early extubation. Noninvasive ventilation after extubation can be utilized to avoid reintubation and the associated increased morbidity and mortality. However, noninvasive ventilation should be done under rigorous conditions and by following strict criteria.
Interpolation Using Wavelet Bases

Efficient solutions to regularization problems can be obtained using orthogonal wavelet bases for preconditioning. Good approximate solutions can be obtained in only two or three iterations, with each iteration requiring only O(n) operations and O(n) storage locations. Two- and three-dimensional examples are shown using both synthetic and real range data. >
Characterization of c-myc-transformed rat fibroblasts resistant to apoptosis induced ny growth factor deprivation.

Under appropriate conditions (e.g., growth factor withdrawal), the deregulated expression of c-myc in rodent fibroblasts leads to substantial cell death due to apoptosis. To better understand this process, we selected for c-myc-transformed Rat1A fibroblasts that were resistant to growth factor deprivation-induced cell death. One clonal isolate exhibited prolonged survival in serum-free medium and displayed reduced levels of apoptosis-related DNA fragmentation. These cells were also resistant to induction of apoptosis by the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine. They retained a transformed cell phenotype and expressed the proviral human c-myc allele in an unaltered fashion, strongly indicating that the mutation of a cellular gene other than c-myc accounts for the apoptosis-resistant phenotype. The results of somatic cell hybrid analysis of this cell line are consistent with a recessive mutation. Our findings suggest a novel mechanism for abrogation of apoptosis in neoplastic cells and provide a model system for the study of its role in tumorigenesis and resistance to antineoplastic therapy.
A simple planar high-directivity Yagi-Uda antenna with a concave parabolic reflector

A simple planar Yagi-Uda antenna with a single director and a concave parabolic reflector on a thin dielectric substrate is proposed. Through the innovative design, the simple Yagi-Uda antenna can achieve the high directivity of 9.0 dBi, front-to-back ratio of 14.5 dB, cross-polarization level of −38.7 dB, bandwidth of 6.0%, and the radiation efficiency of 85.1%, i.e., better than −1 dBi in terms of the 3D average gain. This proposed antenna is especially suitable for the mobile devices with GPS functions.
Bioavailability of sediment-associated PCDD/Fs and PCDEs: relative importance of contaminant and sediment characteristics and biological factors.

Factors that determine accumulation of sediment-associated polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans and polychlorinated diphenyl ethers into semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and benthic oligochaete worms (Lumbriculus variegatus) were examined. These factors included both physical-chemical and structural characteristics of the contaminants (water solubility, lipophilicity, dipole moment, molecular size, and conformation) and sediment characteristics (organic carbon content, particle size, aromaticity, and polarity of organic carbon). The results of partial least squares regression analysis indicated that lipophilicity alone is not a sufficient predictor for contaminant bioaccumulation potential, even though it is a significant contributor. It was shown that contaminant molecular size and conformation (specifically planarity/nonplanarity) as well as sediment characteristics also have a significant role. The studied factors contributed up to 63-88% of the variation in accumulation data for SPMDs and 50-65% for oligochaetes. Comparison of (bio)accumulation factors (BAF28d for oligochaetes and AF28d for SPMDs) revealed that accumulation of contaminants in oligochaetes is largely influenced by biological factors (e.g., feeding habits), while the physical-chemical nature of the process is emphasized for SPMDs.
Analysis and design of a High Voltage Active Electric Accumulator

In more electrified vehicular and aerospace applications, higher voltage and energy battery systems are being used which employ large number of cells in parallel and series combinations. This may lead to: a) single point of failures, and b) safety and charge equalization issues that demand complex control and costly battery management methods. Furthermore, the output voltages of such batteries remain unregulated complicating the overall distribution and utilization of the electrical power system. To address these issues, this paper investigates the feasibility and limitations of a high voltage active electric accumulator with integrated power electronics for safe charge and dis-charge of energy for use in aerospace starter/generator systems.
On constructing low interference topology in multihop wireless sensor networks

In this paper, we study interference-efficient topology control for wireless sensor networks. A node is said to be interfered by communication link if it can receive a transmission transmissions which are not intended for it. We account for the number of communication links contributing interference to each node in the generated topology, and define such a number as the interference load of a node the maximum interference load among all node is then defined as the network interference load. The objective of the problem is find a connected topology which results in lower network interference load. We prove that this problem is NP hard and then. Our objective is to find a connected topology with lower interference load. We prove that finding a topology with minimum interference load is NP-hard and propose a heuristic algorithm, called Low Interference-Load Topology (LILT), to find a polynomial time solution to this problem. Simulation results show that LILT can significantly reduce the interference load in the resulting topology while not increasing the total interference load and the transmission range of each node.
CleanM: An Optimizable Query Language for Unified Scale-Out Data Cleaning

Data cleaning has become an indispensable part of data analysis due to the increasing amount of dirty data. Data scientists spend most of their time preparing dirty data before it can be used for data analysis. At the same time, the existing tools that attempt to automate the data cleaning procedure typically focus on a specific use case and operation. Still, even such specialized tools exhibit long running times or fail to process large datasets. Therefore, from a user's perspective, one is forced to use a different, potentially inefficient tool for each category of errors. This paper addresses the coverage and efficiency problems of data cleaning. It introduces CleanM (pronounced clean'em), a language which can express multiple types of cleaning operations. CleanM goes through a three-level translation process for optimization purposes; a different family of optimizations is applied in each abstraction level. Thus, CleanM can express complex data cleaning tasks, optimize them in a unified way, and deploy them in a scaleout fashion. We validate the applicability of CleanM by using it on top of CleanDB, a newly designed and implemented framework which can query heterogeneous data. When compared to existing data cleaning solutions, CleanDB a) covers more data corruption cases, b) scales better, and can handle cases for which its competitors are unable to terminate, and c) uses a single interface for querying and for data cleaning.
Motor neuron disease: systematic reviews of treatment for ALS and SMA.

INTRODUCTION There is no curative treatment for the common motor neuron diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy. Nevertheless, there is an increasing volume of published studies. This review assesses the current evidence for treatment of these conditions. SOURCES OF DATA Primarily, the systematic reviews of the Cochrane Collaboration, with additional reference to other systematic reviews and online sites. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Riluzole remains the only medication with demonstrated efficacy and regulatory approval for the treatment of ALS. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY, GROWING POINTS, AND AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH: The design of clinical trials and the publication of unsatisfactory studies, in both human and animal models, continue to cause confusion in advising on patient management. Improvements in trial design, critical assessment of studies for publication and avoidance of bias towards publication of positive results are needed. A better understanding of pathogenesis should lead to more potent interventions.
Effects of external strain on electronic and optical properties of β-SnSe: a first-principle study

Abstract Strain effects on magnetic and optical properties of β-SnSe have been investigated by the density functional theory (DFT) approach. Under the compressive strain, the band gap of β-SnSe disappears and becomes metal-like system. By comparison, under the tensile strain, the band gap firstly changes from 2.32 to 1.24 eV, and then it rises to 1.92 eV. We further find that the Sn-p and Se-p states at the bottom of conduction band contribute to the variations of the band structures. Moreover, due to the application of the external strain, the absorption strength in visible light might be enhanced.
Postreactivation Glucocorticoids Impair Recall of Established Fear Memory

Pavlovian fear conditioning provides one of the best rodent models of acquired anxiety disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder. Injection of a variety of drugs after training in fear-conditioning paradigms can impair consolidation of fear memories. Indeed, early clinical trials suggest that immediate administration of such drugs after a traumatic event may decrease the risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder in humans (Pitman et al., 2002; Vaiva et al., 2003). The use of such a treatment is limited by the difficulty of treating every patient at risk and by the difficulty in predicting which patients will experience chronic adverse consequences. Recent clinical trials suggest that administration of glucocorticoids may have a beneficial effect on established posttraumatic stress disorder (Aerni et al., 2004) and specific phobia (Soravia et al., 2006). Conversely, glucocorticoid administration after training is known to enhance memory consolidation (McGaugh and Roozendaal, 2002; Roozendaal, 2002). From a clinical perspective, enhancement of a fear memory or a reactivated fear memory would not be desirable. We report here that when glucocorticoids are administered immediately after reactivation of a contextual fear memory, subsequent recall is significantly diminished. Additional experiments support the interpretation that glucocorticoids not only decrease fear memory retrieval but, in addition, augment consolidation of fear memory extinction rather than decreasing reconsolidation. These findings provide a rodent model for a potential treatment of established acquired anxiety disorders in humans, as suggested by others (Aerni et al., 2004; Schelling et al., 2004), based on a mechanism of enhanced extinction.
An Efficient Mechanism for 3 D Model Retrieval

Shape matching is one of the crucial problems in 3D model retrieval system. A usual approach is to exhaustively search through the database comparing each database model with the query model. This approach is inefficient especially for a large database. In this paper, an efficient mechanism for 3D model retrieval is proposed. In the preprocessing stage, a set of reference models are selected from the database using cluster analysis, and distances between database models and reference models are computed and stored. Then in the query stage, for a certain query model, searching is accelerated by reducing the large amount of model comparisons using triangle inequality based on the reference distances computed before. The proposed retrieval mechanism is implemented and experiment result shows that retrieval efficiency is greatly improved than the usual approach without any precision loss.
Tensile properties of the inferior glenohumeral ligament

The tensile properties of the inferior glenohumeral ligament have been determined in 16 freshly frozen cadaver shoulders. The inferior gleno‐humeral ligament was divided into three anatomical regions: a superior band, an anterior axillary pouch, and a posterior axillary pouch. This yielded 48 bone‐ligament‐bone specimens, which were tested to failure in uniaxial tension. The superior band was consistently the thickest region, averaging 2.79 mm. The thickness of the inferior glenohumeral ligament decreased from antero‐superiorly to postero‐inferiorly. The resting length of all three anatomical regions was not statistically different. Total specimen strain to failure for all bone‐ligament‐bone specimens averaged 27%. Variations occurred between the three regions, with the anterior pouch specimens failing at a higher strain (34%) than those from the superior band (24%) or the posterior pouch (23%). Strain to failure for the ligament midsubstance (11%) was found to be significantly less than that for the entire specimen (27%). Thus, larger strain must occur near the insertion sites of the inferior glenohumeral ligament. Stress at failure was found to be nearly identical for the three regions of the ligament, averaging 5.5 MPa. These values are lower than those reported for other soft tissues, such as anterior cruciate ligament and patellar tendon. The anterior pouch was found to be less stiff than the other two regions, perhaps suggesting that it is composed of more highly crimped collagen fibers. Three failure sites were seen for the inferior glenohumeral ligament: the glenoid insertion (40%), the ligament substance (35%), and the humeral insertion (25%). In addition, significant capsular stretching occurred before failure, regardless of the failure mode.
Effect of experience on Chinese assimilation and identification of English consonants

Two groups of Chinese listeners with different English experience participated in an English to Chinese consonant assimilation experiment and an English consonant identification experiment. The results show that listeners with high English experience had a more concentrated assimilation pattern than low experience listeners. However, the goodness ratings did not differ much between the two groups. These results support the idea of “rephonologization” raised by the theoretical model PAM-L2. The results also demonstrate that there was significant high correlation between assimilation overlap and confusion for the low experience group but not for the high experience group, indicating the assimilation pattern of the high experience group may not truthfully reflect the perceptual similarity between the two language sounds.