Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
White matter maturation reshapes structural connectivity in the late developing human brain

From toddler to late teenager, the macroscopic pattern of axonal projections in the human brain remains largely unchanged while undergoing dramatic functional modifications that lead to network refinement. These functional modifications are mediated by increasing myelination and changes in axonal diameter and synaptic density, as well as changes in neurochemical mediators. Here we explore the contribution of white matter maturation to the development of connectivity between ages 2 and 18 y using high b-value diffusion MRI tractography and connectivity analysis. We measured changes in connection efficacy as the inverse of the average diffusivity along a fiber tract. We observed significant refinement in specific metrics of network topology, including a significant increase in node strength and efficiency along with a decrease in clustering. Major structural modules and hubs were in place by 2 y of age, and they continued to strengthen their profile during subsequent development. Recording resting-state functional MRI from a subset of subjects, we confirmed a positive correlation between structural and functional connectivity, and in addition observed that this relationship strengthened with age. Continuously increasing integration and decreasing segregation of structural connectivity with age suggests that network refinement mediated by white matter maturation promotes increased global efficiency. In addition, the strengthening of the correlation between structural and functional connectivity with age suggests that white matter connectivity in combination with other factors, such as differential modulation of axonal diameter and myelin thickness, that are partially captured by inverse average diffusivity, play an increasingly important role in creating brain-wide coherence and synchrony.
A G ] 6 M ar 2 00 6 A note on embeddings of S 4 and A 5 into the Cremona group and versal

In this article, we prove that two versal Galois covers for S4 and A5 introduced in [17], [18] and [19] are birationally distinct to each other. As a corollary, we obtain two non-conjugate embeddings of S4 and A5 into Cr2(C). Introduction Let X and Y be normal projective varieties defined over C, the field of complex numbers. A finite surjective morphism π : X → Y is called Galois, if the induced field extension C(X)/C(Y ) of the field of rational functions is Galois. Given a finite group G, we simply call π : X → Y a G-cover if it is Galois and Gal(C(X)/C(Y )) ∼= G. In [17] and [19], a notion called “versal Galois covers” is introduced, of which definition is as follows: Definition 0.1 Let G be a finite group. A G-cover ̟ : X → Y is called a versal Galois cover for G or a versal G-cover if it satisfies the following property: For any G-cover π : W → Z, there exists a G-equivariant rational map μ : W 99K X such that μ(W ) 6⊂ Fix(X,G), where Fix(X,G) := {x ∈ X | the stabilizer group at x, Gx 6= {1}}. Remark 0.1 The rational map μ induces a rational map μ : Z 99K Y . Concerning this rational map μ, there exists a Zariski open set U such that (i) U ⊂ dom(μ), dom(•) being the domain of a rational map •, and (ii) π(U) is birationally equivalent to U ×Y X over U . (see [18], Proposition 1.2). ∗
Characterization of toponym usages in texts

Toponyms in texts and search queries are often used figuratively and do not directly refer to the locations they reference in their literal sense. Different usage kinds and stylistic devices characterize toponym usages in texts. It is thus crucial for a Geographic Information Retrieval (GIR) system to precisely distinguish these different toponym usages at indexing and at query time in order to best address a given information need and the geospatial footprint of a document. For that purpose, we analyze which of the classic stylistic devices such as allegories, metaphors, or metonymies are used together with toponyms. We use these categories as a foundation for a systematic approach towards the characterization of toponym usages in texts which we believe is necessary to further boost retrieval effectiveness of future GIR systems. A prototype implements this characterization exemplary for texts written in German. We evaluate the effectiveness of our approach against a reference corpus to show the general feasibility. Our approach provides a basis for a wide range of more sophisticated applications such as for example text genre detection.
Discretization Behaviors of Sliding Mode Control Systems with Matched Uncertainties

In this paper, discretization behaviors of sliding mode control (SMC) systems with matched uncertainties are studied. Some inherent dynamical properties of discretized second-order systems are explored. Upper bounds for system steady states are established. The analysis for the second-order systems is then extended to higher-order systems. Simulations are presented to verify the theoretical results
Identification of cyst nematode B-type CLE peptides and modulation of the vascular stem cell pathway for feeding cell formation

Stem cell pools in the SAM (shoot apical meristem), RAM (root apical meristem) and vascular procambium/cambium are regulated by CLE-receptor kinase-WOX signaling modules. Previous data showed that cyst nematode CLE-like effector proteins delivered into host cells through a stylet, act as ligand mimics of plant A-type CLE peptides and are pivotal for successful parasitism. Here we report the identification of a new class of CLE peptides from cyst nematodes with functional similarity to the B-type CLE peptide TDIF (tracheary element differentiation inhibitory factor) encoded by the CLE41 and CLE44 genes in Arabidopsis. We further demonstrate that the TDIF-TDR (TDIF receptor)-WOX4 pathway, which promotes procambial meristem cell proliferation, is involved in beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii parasitism. We observed activation of the TDIF pathway in developing feeding sites, reduced nematode infection in cle41 and tdr-1 wox4-1 mutants, and compromised syncytium size in cle41, tdr-1, wox4-1 and tdr-1 wox4-1 mutants. By qRT-PCR and promoter:GUS analyses, we showed that the expression of WOX4 is decreased in a clv1-101 clv2-101 rpk2-5 mutant, suggesting that WOX4 is a potential downstream target of nematode CLEs. Exogenous treatment with both nematode A-type and B-type CLE peptides induced massive cell proliferation in wild type roots, suggesting that the two types of CLEs may regulate cell proliferation during feeding site formation. These findings highlight an important role of the procambial cell proliferation pathway in cyst nematode feeding site formation.
Visual Perception in Realistic Image Synthesis

Realism is often a primary goal in computer graphics imagery, and we strive to create images that are perceptually indistinguishable from an actual scene. Rendering systems can now closely approximate the physical distribution of light in an environment. However, physical accuracy does not guarantee that the displayed images will have authentic visual appearance. In recent years the emphasis in realistic image synthesis has begun to shift from the simulation of light in an environment to images that look as real as the physical environment they portray. In other words the computer image should be not only physically correct but also perceptually equivalent to the scene it represents. This implies aspects of the Human Visual System (HVS) must be considered if realism is required. Visual perception is employed in many different guises in graphics to achieve authenticity. Certain aspects of the visual system must be considered to identify the perceptual effects that a realistic rendering system must achieve in order to reproduce effectively a similar visual response to a real scene. This paper outlines the manner in which knowledge about visual perception is increasingly appearing in state‐of‐the‐art realistic image synthesis. After a brief overview of the HVS, this paper is organized into four sections, each exploring the use of perception in realistic image synthesis, each with slightly different emphasis and application. First, Tone Mapping Operators, which attempt to map the vast range of computed radiance values to the limited range of display values, are discussed. Then perception based image quality metrics, which aim to compare images on a perceptual rather than physical basis, are presented. These metrics can be used to evaluate, validate and compare imagery. Thirdly, perception driven rendering algorithms are described. These algorithms focus on embedding models of the HVS directly into global illumination computations in order to improve their efficiency. Finally, techniques for comparing computer graphics imagery against the real world scenes they represent are discussed.
Gender Differences in Continuance Intention of On-line Shopping Services

Given the extensive role of IS in everyday life and the increasing presence of women in IS users, understanding gender differences in individual technology continuance usage decisions is an important issue. Nevertheless, much of the large body of research on gender differences has just examined mean differences between women and men in terms of abilities, usage habit, and traits. Even though lots of psychology studies have shown that women, more than men, were influenced by affective factors, gender-affection-continuance use linkage has not been examined in the context of on-line shopping services. Therefore, the primary purpose of this paper is to seek to examine gender differences in terms of influence of affective factor in the context of IS continuance use. Meanwhile, IS continuance has been an important subject of study in the IT research area. To date, to explain why and how users are motivated to continue to use on-line shopping services, lots of theory-based research such as expectation-confirmation model (ECM) has been proposed. In particular, various affective factors have been proposed to explain continuance use of on-line shopping services recently. Affective factors have been regarded as essential factors for increasing relational strength and satisfaction. Several affective factors have been studied by prior IS adoption and continuance studies. Among them are enjoyment and anxiety. In IS continuance research, positive affect has been commonly and narrowly conceptualized and measured as the enjoyment which a person derives from using computers. Hence, in this study, we introduced intimacy factor, which was conceptually related to the quality of interactions and relationships in previous research. It also has been regarded as essential factors for strengthening human relationships. As a result, we have observed gender effect while examining intimacy-continuance bond. As expected based on the previous literatures, women seem to be more sensitive in affective factors. The con-
Simulation-based learning of invasive procedures skills: A critical appraisal of its organization in undergraduate medical education

ABSTRACT Aims: Critically appraise the organization (teachers, resources, pedagogy) of simulation-based learning of invasive procedures skills (venipuncture, establishing peripheral intravenous access, subcutaneous and intramuscular injections, male and female urinary catheterization) according to the literature and create a theoretical framework for different contexts of undergraduate medical education. Background: In different countries, requirements for graduates of medical schools include performance of invasive procedures skills. Teaching approaches to training students in simulation settings are considered in the literature. However, there is no information about the organization of such training. Main results: A unified methodology of skills performance teaching/assessment at least at national level is not fixed; there is a tendency of ‘task shifting’ the training from teachers to student peers, who can play the role of simulated patients; video recording is a helpful option for educational processes; students’ opinions are important for evaluating the organization of simulation-based training. A theoretical framework was developed. Conclusion: The framework offers a generic template to complete and improve simulation-based learning in a specific context. Organizational aspects should be considered in any research on simulation-based education to better understand context and adapt delivery in other educational establishments.
Time course of neuroprotection induced by in vivo normobaric hyperoxia preconditioning and angiogenesis factors

Objective(s): Every year, a large number of people lose their lives due to stroke. Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Surprisingly, recent studies have shown that preconditioning with hyperoxia (HO) increases tissue tolerance to ischemia, ultimately reducing damages caused by stroke. Addressed in this study are beneficial contributions from HO preconditioning into reduced harm to be incurred by the attack, as well as its effect on the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endostatin. Materials and Methods: A set of experiments was conducted where a number of rats were divided into three groups. The animals in the first group received 90% oxygen for 4 hr a day, for 6 days. The second group was housed in room air and the third group was a sham (surgical stress). After 60 min of ischemia, 24 hr blood flow, neurological deficit score (NDS) and infarct volume (IV) in the group MCAO (Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion) were investigated. Immediately following a 48 hr HO pre-treatment, sampling was performed to measure the expression levels of VEGF and endostatin. Results: Preconditioning with alternating HO led to reduced infarct volume and NDS. Moreover, pre-treatment with HO resulted in increased VEGF expression while decreasing endostatin. Conclusion: Although further studies are deemed necessary to clarify the mechanisms of ischemic tolerance, apparently, somewhat intermittent hyperoxia can be associated with positive impacts by increasing VEGF and decreasing expression of endostatin.
Detectability of internal bridging faults in scan chains

Scan chains contain a high percentage of the transistors in logic parts of VLSI designs. Nevertheless, faults inside scan cells are not directly targeted by scan based tests currently used, and they are assumed to be detected by what are called flush tests. Recently we investigated the detectability of stuck-at, stuck-on and stuck-open faults internal to scan chains using existing tests. We also proposed new flush tests and appropriate ordering of flush tests to achieve higher fault coverage. In this paper, we investigate detection of a set of scan cell internal bridging faults extracted from layout. We show that the detection of some zero-resistance non-feedback bridging faults requires two-pattern tests. Half-speed flush tests we proposed earlier to improve the coverage of stuck-at, stuck-on and stuck-open faults also detect additional bridging faults. We classify the undetectable faults based on the reasons for their undetectability. We observe that the driver strengths of the scan cell inputs can be optimized to improve the bridging fault coverage. Both zero-resistance and nonzero-resistance bridging fault models are considered in this work. A low power supply voltage based test method and IDDQ testing are examined for resistive bridging fault detection.
Comparing the Effect of Phenytoin Syrup and Triamcinolone Acetonide Ointment on Aphthous Ulcers in Patients with Behcet’s Syndrome

Background Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) appears to be the most common type of oral ulcers. The lesion is usually self limited but its painful presentation results in some difficulties. Therefore, an efficient therapeutic strategy is required and currently existing therapies seem to be inadequate because of its unclear etiology. Here the therapeutic effect of triamcinolone acetonide ointment as a relatively expensive medication has been compared with phenytoin syrup on aphthous ulcers in patients with Behcet’s syndrome. Methods Thirty out of 60 our patients with Behcet’s syndrome were randomly treated by phenytoin syrup and the remaining were advised to use 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide ointment. After a week, they were visited again to determine the status of aphthous ulcers. Result Positive response in the triamcinolone acetonide group and phenytoin group was 86.7% and 53.3%, respectively. Conclusion The effectiveness of triamcinolone acetonide ointment was more than phenytoin on aphthous ulcers in patients with Behcet’s syndrome.
Deformed integrable σ-models, classical R-matrices and classical exchange algebra on Drinfel’d doubles

We describe a unifying framework for the systematic construction of integrable deformations of integrable σ-models within the Hamiltonian formalism. It applies equally to both the ‘Yang–Baxter’ type as well as ‘gauged WZW’ type deformations which were considered recently in the literature. As a byproduct, these two families of integrable deformations are shown to be Poisson–Lie T-dual of one another.
A Compact Memory-Merged Vector-Matching Circuitry for Neuron-MOS Associative Processor (Special Issue on Integrated Electronics and New System Paradigms)

A new vector-matching circuit technology has been developed aiming at compact implementation of maximum likelihood search engine for neuron-MOS associative processor. The new matching cell developed in this work possessed the template information in the form of an analog mask ROM and calculates the absolute value of difference between the template vector and the input vector components. The analog-mask ROM merged matching cell is composed of only five transistors to be compared with our earlier-version memory separated matching cell of 13 transistors. In addition, the undesirable cell-to-cell data interference through the common floating node (“boot-strap effect”) has been eliminated without using power-consuming current source loads in source followers. As a result, dc-current-free matching cell operation has been established, making it possible to build a low-power, high-density search engine. Test circuits were fabricated by a 0.8-μm double-polysilicon double-metal nwell CMOS process, and the circuit operation has been experimentally verified. key words: νMOS, absolute value of di erence, Manhattan dis-
A stereo pairs disparity matching algorithm by mean-shift segmentation

A stereo pair reconstruction algorithm is proposed which utilizes color mean-shift segmentation on the reference image and local matching based on windows is employed. The scene structure is modeled by a set of planar surface patches, which are needed to be stored for each segment rather than each pixel. Instead of assigning a disparity value to each pixel, a disparity plane is assigned to each segment by which it can be reduce complexity of computing. Test results show that the presented algorithm can reconstruct the scene depths efficiently.
Medical Mistrust, HIV-Related Conspiracy Beliefs, and The Need for Cognitive Closure among Urban-Residing African American Women: An Exploratory Study

Despite advances regarding access to care and overall treatment, medical mistrust remains an important factor regarding clinical research participation as well as prevention/treatment-seeking behaviors among African American women. Such attitudes may be a result of psychosocial variables such as HIV-related conspiracy endorsement as well as a need for cognitive closure (NFCC) that reinforces their beliefs of interpersonal and institutional discrimination. To explore how well these psychosocial factors predict medical mistrust, thirty-five urban-residing African American women completed a demographics survey, the Medical Mistrust Index (MMI), a HIVrelated conspiracy beliefs survey, and the Need for Closure Scale (NFCS). Results showed that the overall model of age, HIV-related conspiracy beliefs, and NFCC accounted for 25.9% of variance in medical mistrust among participants. This suggests that medical mistrust among African American women may stem from the need to have clinical and health-related expectations in-line with historical and personal experiences of prejudice and mistreatment in order to avoid similar situations. Future studies should examine this dynamic within a larger population to determine possible strategies for addressing factors concerning medical mistrust among African American women and subsequently reduce persistent health disparities such as HIV.
Detecting Malicious Web Servers with Honeyclients

Using malicious sites to launch attacks against client user applications is a growing threat in recent years. This led to emergence of new technologies to counter and detect attacks against end user. One of these technologies is honeyclient (aka client honeypot). Honeyclients crawl the Internet to find and identify web servers that exploit client-side vulnerabilities. In this paper, we address honeyclients by studying and analyzing low - interaction and high-interaction honeyclients. We introduce a comparison attributes to evaluate honeyclients by comparing between the two types . Moreover, we present techniques can be used by malicious websites to evade and fingerprint honeyclients, and we make recommendations to overcome these evasion techniques. By analyzing characteristics of honeyclients, we introduce factors to define and measure honeyclients effectiveness. Using malicious sites to launch attacks against client user applications is a growing threat in recent years. This led to emergence of new technologies to counter and detect attacks against end user. One of these technologies is honeyclient (aka client honeypot). Honeyclients crawl the Internet to find and identify web servers that exploit client-side vulnerabilities. In this paper, we address honeyclients by studying and analyzing low-interaction and high-interaction honeyclients. We introduce a comparison attributes to evaluate honeyclients by comparing between the two types. Moreover, we present techniques can be used by malicious websites to evade and fingerprint honeyclients, and we make recommendations to overcome these evasion techniques. By analyzing characteristics of honeyclients, we introduce factors to define and measure honeyclients effectiveness.
Generating composite behavior of embedded software components based on UML behavioral model and process algebra

This paper defines formally the composite behavior of two main embedded software components; application software and platform. The two typical embedded software components interact with one another continuously to achieve the purpose of system, but they have different computation characteristics; application software is oriented to data-flow for implementing software's functionalities, whereas the platform is oriented to control-ow for the control of software's executions. Hence, it is not easy to represent those capabilities in one behavioral model to analyze their composite behaviors. Thus, this paper presents a formal modeling framework, in which application software and platforms are defined in appropriate specification language suited to their own characteristics, and their behaviors in models are composed to capture their interactive and composite behaviors in their composite executions. In particular, we focus here on defining their composite behaviors in formal way.