Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spectral- and energy-efficient analysis for multi-cell downlink MU-MIMO systems

In this paper, we analyze the spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE) of multi-user (MU) multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) in multi-cell downlink networks. We first analyze the achievable sum-rate, i.e., the SE, of MU-MIMO systems with maximal ratio transmission (MRT) and zero-forcing (ZF) precoders in downlink cellular networks. Different from the conventional analysis, we derive the achievable sum-rate under the assumption that the number of the BS antennas is huge but limited. Based on the analytical results, we obtain the system EE and further analyze the effect of the number of BS antennas and scheduled users on system EE. The computer simulation results show that the analytical results is accurate and there exists an optimal relationship between the BS antennas and the scheduled users.
How Prudent are Consumers?

Using data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey, this paper presents a simple test that provides an explicit estimate of the parameter in the utility function that reflects the strength of the precautionary saving motive, the coefficient of relative prudence. The test yields a fairly precise estimate of a small precautionary motive; in fact, the estimate is too small to be consistent with widely accepted beliefs about risk aversion. The presence of liquidity-constrained households does not appear to explain this finding, and there is some evidence that self-selection of households into risky environments also cannot explain the results.
Biological variation of high sensitivity cardiac troponin-T in stable dialysis patients: implications for clinical practice

Abstract Background: Changes in high sensitivity cardiac troponin-T (hs-cTnT) concentrations may reflect either acute myocardial injury or biological variation. Distinguishing between these entities is essential to accurate diagnosis, however, the biological variation of hs-cTnT in dialysis population is currently unknown. We sought to estimate the within- and between-person coefficients of variation of hs-cTnT in stable dialysis patients, and derive the critical difference between measurements needed to exclude biological variation with 99% confidence. Methods: Fifty-five prevalent haemo- and peritoneal-dialysis patients attending two metropolitan hospitals were assessed on 10 consecutive occasions; weekly for 5 weeks then monthly for 4 months. Assessments were conducted at the same dialysis cycle time-point and entailed hs-cTnT testing, clinical review, electrocardiography, and bioimpedance spectroscopy. Patients were excluded if they developed clinical or physiological instability. Results: In total 137 weekly and 114 monthly hs-cTnT measurements from 42 stable patients were analysed. Respective between- and within-person coefficients of variation were 83% and 7.9% for weekly measurements, and 79% and 12.6% for monthly measurements. Within-person variation was unaffected by dialysis modality or cardiac co-morbidity. The bidirectional 99% reference change value was –25% and +33% for weekly measurements, and –37% and +58% for monthly measurements. Conclusions: The between-person variation of hs-cTnT in the dialysis population is markedly greater than within-person variation indicating that hs-cTnT testing is best applied in this population using a relative change strategy. An increase of 33% or a reduction of 25% in serial hs-cTnT concentrations measured at weekly intervals excludes change due to analytical and biological variation alone with 99% confidence.
How the bending kinematics of swimming lampreys build negative pressure fields for suction thrust

ABSTRACT Swimming animals commonly bend their bodies to generate thrust. For undulating animals such as eels and lampreys, their bodies bend in the form of waves that travel from head to tail. These kinematics accelerate the flow of adjacent fluids, which alters the pressure field in a manner that generates thrust. We used a comparative approach to evaluate the cause-and-effect relationships in this process by quantifying the hydrodynamic effects of body kinematics at the body–fluid interface of the lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, during steady-state swimming. We compared the kinematics and hydrodynamics of healthy control lampreys to lampreys whose spinal cord had been transected mid-body, resulting in passive kinematics along the posterior half of their body. Using high-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV) and a method for quantifying pressure fields, we detail how the active bending kinematics of the control lampreys were crucial for setting up strong negative pressure fields (relative to ambient fields) that generated high-thrust regions at the bends as they traveled all along the body. The passive kinematics of the transected lamprey were only able to generate significant thrust at the tail, relying on positive pressure fields. These different pressure and thrust scenarios are due to differences in how active versus passive body waves generated and controlled vorticity. This demonstrates why it is more effective for undulating lampreys to pull, rather than push, themselves through the fluid. Highlighted Article: A comparison of the swimming and hydrodynamics of control lampreys to lampreys whose spinal cord was transected mid-body reveals the hydrodynamic advantage of actively controlled swimming.
Association of HLA-DQB1 alleles with risk of follicular lymphoma

In a recent genome-wide association study of follicular lymphoma (FL), we identified novel risk alleles on chromosome 6p21.33 that appeared to be part of an extended haplotype including HLA-DRB1*0101, DQA1*0101, and DQB1*0501. To follow up on these findings, we obtained 2–4 digit HLA-DQB1 allelotypes on a subset of 265 cases of FL and 757 controls using a novel assay that applies multiplexed ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). We confirmed a positive association between FL and the HLA-DQB1*05 allele group (OR = 1.70, 95% CI 1.28–2.27; adjusted p-value = 0.013) and also identified an allele group inversely associated with FL risk, HLA-DQB1*06 (OR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.38–0.69; adjusted p-value = 4.46 × 10−5). Although these findings require verification, the role of HLA class II proteins in B-cell survival and proliferation makes this a biologically plausible association.
Identifying and mapping stakeholders: an industry case study

Purpose – The paper seeks to identify and map groups, organizations, and individuals chief executive officers refer to in annual report letters, and propose a method for identifying those appearing to be stakeholders. Identifying who those stakeholders are could provide clues to competitors' corporate strategies or other issues drawing the attention of executive managers.Design/methodology/approach – Annual report letters of all 19 public restaurant franchisors on the 2007 Franchise Times top 200 list were analyzed with concordance software. Stakeholders were identified and mapped according to their linkages with franchisors.Findings – Significant differences were found between international and domestic franchisors. An industry‐specific approach was used.Research limitations/implications – A small sample, focused on a single industry, was used. The study could be replicated using the procedures discussed.Practical implications – Groups, organizations, and individuals referred to in annual reports are ide.
Collagenase-1 and collagenase-3 synthesis in normal and early experimental osteoarthritic canine cartilage: an immunohistochemical study.

OBJECTIVE The coexistence of different collagenases in cartilage suggests the possibility of specific roles for these enzymes in the degradation of the collagen network in osteoarthritis (OA). We investigated the in situ synthesis and distribution of collagenase- and collegenase-3 in normal and early experimental OA cartilage. METHODS The OA model was created on 12 mongrel dogs by sectioning the anterior cruciate ligament of the right stifle joint with a stab wound. Dogs were divided into 3 groups of 4 animals each, and sacrificed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks, respectively. A 4th group (n = 4) of unoperated dogs was used as control. Articular cartilage from femoral condyles and tibial plateaus was examined histologically to grade severity of lesions, and immunohistochemical and morphometric analyses were performed to detect the presence of chondrocytes producing collagenase-1 and -3. RESULTS In OA dogs, the histologic severity of lesions increased with time, being most severe at 8 and 12 weeks after surgery. In cartilage from OA compared to unoperated dogs, the immunoreactivity was 5-9 times higher (p < 0.0002) for collagenase-1, and 3-6 times higher (p < 0.0002) for collagenase-3, in both femoral condyles and tibial plateaus. Although the cell score increased throughout the cartilage, comparison of the superficial and upper intermediate layers (superficial) with the lower intermediate and deep layers (deep) revealed a significantly higher level for collagenase-1 (p < 0.007) in the superficial layers, contrary to the collagenase-3 data, which indicated a higher level (p < 0.007) in the deep layers. For collagenase- , the cell score increased steadily up to the 12th week, and for collagenase-3, the elevation peaked at 8 weeks. Correlation between the histologic severity and cell score in cartilage specimens from unoperated and OA dogs revealed the highest coefficient for collagenase- at the superficial layers (r = 0.69, p < 0.0001), while for collagenase-3, this was noted at the deep layers (r = 0.65, p < 0.0004). CONCLUSION The number of chondrocytes involved in the synthesis of collagenase-1 and collegenase-3 increases dramatically in the early phase of OA. However, the difference in the topographic distribution of these enzymes, as well as the variation in their correlation pattern, may reflect a different function allocated for each collagenase in the OA cartilage degradation process.
Locating brain structures. Extensions to the impedance method.

THE PRESENT experiment was undertaken to investigate those extensions to the impedance method of locating brain structures necessary to permit its use safely on humans. In previous reports1-3it was shown that a wide variety of brain structures can be identified with a roving electrode if the impedance of the tissue surrounding the electrode tip is monitored as the electrode is inserted into and through the brain. Before use on man, several factors relating to the necessarily high requirements of safety and of accuracy required systematic investigation. These factors are given below along with the results of the investigation. Method Animals and Tracks. —Data were obtained from 60 electrode tracks in tenMacaca mulatta. Six areas for exploration were selected and were the same for each brain, facilitating comparisons. Of the ten animals, six were anesthetized with 50 mg/kg pentobarbital. The other four were killed with an overdose of
First Come, First Served: An Economic Analysis of "Coming to the Nuisance"

been adequately studied. To the extent that it has been considered at all by economists, "first come, first served" has been thought of as an inferior method of allocation in comparison to the price system; philosophers have, for the most part, ignored the issue entirely; whereas the judicial system, which is forced to confront the issues involved in being first, has often been confused. In this paper, I analyze the appropriate role of being first in determining the allocation of property rights and the distribution of liability within the context of nuisance law. '
HOXB7 constitutively activates basic fibroblast growth factor in melanomas

Homeobox (HOX) genes control axial specification during mammalian development and also regulate skin morphogenesis. Although selected HOX genes are variably expressed in leukemias and kidney and colon cancer cell lines, their relationship with the neoplastic phenotype remains unclear. In both normal development and neoplastic transformation, HOX target genes are largely unknown. We investigated the expression and function of HOXB cluster genes in human melanoma. The HOXB7 gene was constitutively expressed in all 25 melanoma cell lines and analyzed under both normal and serum-starved conditions, as well as in in vivo primary and metastatic melanoma cells; conversely, HOXB7 was expressed in proliferating but not quiescent normal melanocytes. Treatment of melanoma cell lines with antisense oligomers targeting HOXB7 mRNA markedly inhibited cell proliferation and specifically abolished expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) mRNA. Band shift and cotransfection experiments showed that HOXB7 directly transactivates the hFGF gene through one out of five putative homeodomain binding sites present in its promoter. These novel findings indicate a key role for constitutive HOXB7 expression in melanoma cell proliferation via bFGF. The results also raise the possibility that growth factor genes are critical HOX target genes in other developmental and/or neoplastic cell systems.
Using a multiple imputation technique to merge data sets

Surprisingly, despite the fact that the information needed to address a research question is often spread across separate surveys, there is not a well established method for merging data sets prior to analysis. This letter presents a relatively straightforward method for merging information from separate surveys of representative samples drawn from the same population. It uses a multiple imputation technique that was originally developed to correct for missing values on items from survey data. The advantage of the process is that it accounts for the variance related to merging separate data sets, as well as the sample variance present in any sample survey. This provides more accurate estimates of the precision of the coefficients of interest than ad hoc alternatives.
The expectations theory of the term structure: a cointegration/causality analysis of US interest rates

This study analyses monthly US Treasury short and long term interest rate data over the period 1950-82. We test for Granger causality between the short and long rate series in the context of an appropriately formulated vector autoregression which takes account of the non-stationarity of the data, and possible cointegration between the series. Unlike earlier studies, an allowance is also made for the seasonality of the monthly data, and special attention is paid to the presence of a major structural break in the data. Bootstrap simulation techniques are used to obtain critical values for unit root and cointegration tests which allow for this structural change. We find strong evidence that long rates caused short rates over the sample period, and some evidence of causality in the reverse direction. This supports the expectations theory of the term structure.
Protein lmport into and Sorting inside the Chloroplast Are lndependent Processes

Plastocyanin is a nuclear-encoded chloroplast thylakoid lumen protein that is synthesized in the cytoplasm with a large N-terminal extension (66 amino acids). Transport of plastocyanin involves two steps: import across the chloroplast envelope into the stroma, followed by transfer across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen. During transport the N-terminal extension is removed in two parts by two different processing proteases. In this study we examined the functions of the two cleaved parts, C1 and C2, in the transport pathway of plastocyanin. The results show that C1 mediates import into the chloroplast. C1 is sufficient to direct chloroplast import of mutant proteins that lack C2. It is also sufficient to direct import of a nonplastid protein and can be replaced functionally by the transit peptide of an imported stromal protein. C2 is a prerequisite for intraorganellar routing but is not required for chloroplast import. Deletions in C2 result in accumulation of intermediates in the stroma or on the outside of the thylakoids. The fact that C1 is functionally equivalent to a stromal-targeting transit peptide shows that plastocyanin is imported into the chloroplast by way of the same mechanism as stromal proteins, and that import into and routing inside the chloroplasts are independent processes.
What factors inspire the high entry flow in Taiwan's manufacturing industries–A count entry model approach

Why is the entry flow of the manufacturing sector extremely high in Taiwan, and does it contribute to the prevailing entrepreneurship? This article aims to explore what factors inspire potential entrants to go into an industry. Based on a theoretical formulation of the Poisson probability entry model, a count data model is employed to investigate the determinants of entry flows. The empirical results reveal that traditional entry barriers indeed lower the entry flow. The entry incentives, including price cost margin and industry growth, play a lesser role at attracting new firms, while alternatively the market size acts as a better proxy of an entry incentive in explaining entry flows. Incumbents’ responses to entry, R&D and advertising intensity are found to be associated with a significant negative impact on entry flows. This article also finds that there is a higher bound of covariate of entry, about 10%, that can be attributed to the immeasurable personality of entrepreneurs–entrepreneurship. Rather be the chicken's beak than be the cow's behind. 1 1 This proverb explains in terms the concept of choosing jobs as how one would like to be a leader of a small firm rather than an employee in a large enterprise. The trade that might cause life hazard will be dealt, while the trade that might cause a loss will not be dealt. Two traditional Chinese proverbs
Impact of Low Birth Weight Child on Maternal Labour Force Participation: Evidence from Taiwan

This paper examines the impact of having a low birth weight child on maternal labour force participation. We use the instrumental variable technique, the sister fixed-effects model and the propensity score matching method to control for the endogeneity of child health. Using a unique national merged parent–child data set from Taiwan, the within-sister estimates indicate that having a low birth weight child reduces female employment during the first 3 years after the birth, by 1–2 percentage points. Furthermore, the adverse employment effect is found to be particularly strong for those mothers who have an illegitimate child with low birth weight.
Reduced 4‐hydroxynonenal degradation in hearts of spontaneously hypertensive rats during normoxia and postischemic reperfusion

4‐Hydroxynonenal (HNE) degradation was investigated in isolated perfused rat hearts of the WKY and SHR strains before and after ischemia. HNE (10 μmoles l−1) were infused and the concentration of HNE in the effluent was determined. The rate of initial consumption was about 50 nmoles min−1 g−1 wet weight in hearts of both the WKY and SHR rats. In the WKY rat hearts, this rate of HNE degradation did not change during several minutes of HNE infusion and also remained constant during postischemic reperfusion. In the hearts of the SHR rats the HNE degradation rate declined within 5 min to 25 nmoles min−1 g−1 wet weight. Also during postischemic reperfusion, there was a lower HNE degradation rate in the SHR rat hearts than in the WKY rat hearts. The influence of hypertrophy on the rate of HNE degradation is discussed. It is suggested that the low degradation of the cytotoxic lipid peroxidation product, HNE, in hypertrophic hearts may contribute to reduced antioxidant defence in those hearts.
LOW VIRIAL PARAMETERS IN MOLECULAR CLOUDS: IMPLICATIONS FOR HIGH-MASS STAR FORMATION AND MAGNETIC FIELDS

Whether or not molecular clouds and embedded cloud fragments are stable against collapse is of utmost importance for the study of the star formation process. Only “supercritical” cloud fragments are able to collapse and form stars. The virial parameter α = Mvir/M, which compares the virial mass to the actual mass, provides one way to gauge stability against collapse. Supercritical cloud fragments are characterized by α ≲ 2, as indicated by a comprehensive stability analysis considering perturbations in pressure and density gradients. Past research has suggested that virial parameters α ≳ 2 prevail in clouds. This would suggest that collapse toward star formation is a gradual and relatively slow process and that magnetic fields are not needed to explain the observed cloud structure. Here, we review a range of very recent observational studies that derive virial parameters ≪2 and compile a catalog of 1325 virial parameter estimates. Low values of α are in particular observed for regions of high-mass star formation (HMSF). These observations may argue for a more rapid and violent evolution during collapse. This would enable “competitive accretion” in HMSF, constrain some models of “monolithic collapse,” and might explain the absence of high-mass starless cores. Alternatively, the data could point at the presence of significant magnetic fields ∼1 mG at high gas densities. We examine to what extent the derived observational properties might be biased by observational or theoretical uncertainties. For a wide range of reasonable parameters, our conclusions appear to be robust with respect to such biases.
Psychological Constructs Underlying Farmers’ Decisions to Diversify or Specialise their Businesses – An Application of Theory of Planned Behaviour

We use the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to explain how underlying psychological constructs influence farmers’ decisions to extend their farm businesses to income-generating ventures outside conventional agricultural production. The analysis contrasts the influence of psychological constructs on this decision with those on decisions to specialise in a single farm enterprise or to have multiple farm enterprises. This is one of the first studies to introduce psychological constructs into the study of farm diversification. It is based on a sample of 929 Swedish farms participating in the official Swedish Farm Economic Survey. These data are supplemented with a detailed postal questionnaire to the participating farmers, generating a response rate of 73% and an effective sample size of 679 farmers and their businesses. Data are analysed with factor and multinomial logistic regression analyses. Results show that psychological constructs in TPB (attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control) influence farmers’ decisions regarding the strategy they adopt. Attitude and subjective norm are found to be especially influential in these decisions. Given the prominent role agriculture still has in rural development policy, where the development of new ventures in farm businesses is perceived as the engine for rural economic growth and employment, these findings have clear policy implications.
Poly[tetraaqua(5-hydroxypyridin-1-ium-3-carboxylato-κO 3)tris(μ-oxalato-κ4 O 1,O 2:O 1′,O 2′)dieuropium(III)]

In the title compound, [Eu2(C6H5NO3)2(C2O4)3(H2O)4]n, the EuIII atom is bonded to one O atom from a monodentate 5-hydroxypyridin-1-ium-3-carboxylate ligand, six O atoms from three oxalate ligands and two water molecules, exhibiting a highly distorted tricapped trigonal geometry. Three independent oxalate ligands, each lying on an inversion center, bridge the EuIII atoms, forming a brickwall-like layer parallel to (001), which is stabilized by intralayer O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The layers are further linked through interlayer O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions between the pyridine rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.5741 (14) Å] into a three-dimensional supramolecular network.