Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pobreza y dualismo en el sector urbano de las economías en desarrollo : El caso de Colombia

El articulo se encuentra dividido por secciones, la primera seccion describe la informacion sobre la cual se basa el estudio. Segunda seccion ataca el problema de la pobreza y trata de probar su difusion relativa en la estructura economica urbana. Tercera seccion define la dicotomia moderna tradicional y analiza su relacion con la pobreza. Cuarta Seccion se hara una comparacion mas general de los sectores moderno y tradicional donde, asi mismo, comparara el caso colombiano con el de otros paises latinoamericanos. Entonces, tratara de probar las dos hipotesis fundamentales de la teoria dualista del desarrollo urbano. Quinta seccion relacion competitiva entre los dos sectores y la existencia de diferenciales significativos en los ingresos de trabajo; por un lado, el sector moderno, donde las firmas capitalistas suministran a sus empleados ingresos relativamente altos y regulares gracias a una organizacion eficiente y a una tecnologia avanzada; por otro, el sector residual, donde las personas apenas sobreviven, vinculadas a actividades tradicionales y de baja productividad.
Creating generic text summaries

We propose two generic text summarization methods that create text summaries by ranking and extracting sentences from the original documents. The first method uses standard information retrieval methods to rank sentence relevances, while the second method uses the latent semantic analysis technique to identify semantically important sentences, for summary creations. Both methods strive to select sentences that are highly ranked and different from each other. This is an attempt to create a summary with a wider coverage of the document's main content and less redundancy. Performance evaluations on the two summarization methods are conducted by comparing their summarization outputs with the manual summaries generated by three independent human evaluators.
A Means to an End: Slim Hopes and Cigarette Advertising

Alarming increases in the number of women smokers have focused attention on the tobacco industry's efforts to appeal to women who are likely to try and/or adopt tobacco products. The authors discuss the past 30 years of Virginia Slim advertisements and explore the link between consumers' values such as beauty and independence and tobacco use. A brief history of tobacco advertising efforts to appeal to women is followed by an exploratory study of Phillip Morris's advertising campaign for Virginia Slims. The authors use a means-end interpretation to explain the success of the advertisements and then discuss how a means-end framework can be used to create more effective antismoking messages.
Cortico‐muscular synchronization during isometric muscle contraction in humans as revealed by magnetoencephalography

1 Magnetoencephalographic (MEG) and electromyographic (EMG) signals were recorded from six subjects during isometric contraction of four different muscles. 2 Cortical sources were located from the MEG signal which was averaged timelocked to the onset of motor unit potentials. A spatial filtering algorithm was used to estimate the source activity. Sources were found in the primary motor cortex (M1) contralateral to the contracted muscle. Significant coherence between rectified EMG and M1 activity was seen in the 20 Hz frequency range in all subjects. 3 Interactions between the motor cortex and spinal motoneuron pool were investigated by separately studying the non‐stationary phase and amplitude dynamics of M1 and EMG signals. 4 Delays between M1 and EMG signals, computed from their phase difference, were found to be in agreement with conduction times from the primary motor cortex to the respective muscle. The time‐dependent cortico‐muscular phase synchronization was found to be correlated with the time course of both M1 and EMG signals. 5 The findings demonstrate that the coupling between the primary motor cortex and motoneuron pool is at least partly due to phase synchronization of 20 Hz oscillations which varies over time. Furthermore, the consistent phase lag between M1 and EMG signals, compatible with conduction time between M1 and the respective muscle with the M1 activity preceding EMG activity, supports the conjecture that the motor cortex drives the motoneuron pool.
Application of a decision support mechanism to the business rules lifecycle

Decision structures have been proposed in a number of contexts an knowledge-based software engineering as an important mechanism for recording and reasoning about the information needed to make decisions during the software lifecycle. We apply decision structures to a new domain, namely that of the business rules of an enterprise. Given the dynamic nature of business rules, decision structures are seen to be an appropriate framework to record and evolve business rules. The paper describes how to combine decision structures and business rules within a conceptual modeling framework. An architecture is presented that addresses business rules throughout the operational lifetime of the systems they govern.
Prognostics of Chromaticity State for Phosphor-Converted White Light Emitting Diodes Using an Unscented Kalman Filter Approach

Phosphor-converted white light-emitting diodes (pc-white LEDs) utilize a blue LED chip converted by the phosphor to obtain white light emission. Pc-white LEDs have become one of the most popular white LEDs. The reliability concerns of pc-white LEDs involve both lumen maintenance and chromaticity state. However, previous research on the health of LEDs has not taken chromaticity state shift into consideration. Therefore, this paper investigates the chromaticity state shift of pc-white LEDs during an aging test using a data-driven prognostic approach. The chromaticity coordinates (u', v') in the CIE 1976 color space are used to define the states of chromaticity. The Euclidean distance measures between two different chromaticity states represent the chromaticity state shift of LED after aging. A nonlinear dual-exponential model is selected to describe the chromaticity state shift process. Usually, the LED industry used an extrapolating approach to project future states of LED lighting sources, which relies on the nonlinear least square method to fit the obtained data and extrapolates the fitting curve to get the future state. In this paper, a recursive nonlinear filter (an unscented Kalman filter) is used to track the future chromaticity state. The result shows that the unscented Kalman filter approach can improve the prognostic accuracy more compared with the conventional extrapolating approach.
Density changes at the proximal tibia after medial meniscectomy

Trabecular bone density changes at the proximal tibia were studied after total and partial meniscectomy using quantitative computerized tomography. Thirty‐seven medially meniscectomized patients (5‐and 10‐year followup) and 10 control persons were included. In the partially and the totally meniscectomized knees, the area of maximal density in the medial tibial condyle was displaced ∼4 mm in a posteromedial direction relative to the position in the intact knees. In both partially and totally meniscectomized knees, the density in the region of tibiofemoral contact in the medial tibial condyle was higher compared with the density in the same region in the contralateral intact knees. This difference was of the same order in the 5‐ and 10‐year follow‐up groups. The density difference between the meniscectomized and the intact knees in the region of tibiofemoral contact in the medial condyle was significantly higher in totally than in partially meniscectomized patients. It is concluded that not only total but also partial medial meniscectomy is followed by density changes, occurring within the first 5 years after meniscectomy. The results emphasize the importance of the utmost conservatism in surgery on the meniscus.
Inferring genetic causal effects on survival data with associated endo‐phenotypes

Age‐at‐onset phenotypes are important traits in genetic association analyses. Often, intermediate phenotypes that are related to the age‐at‐onset phenotype are also associated with the marker loci that are associated with the age‐at‐onset phenotype. In order to understand the genetic etiology of the observed associations, statistical methodology is needed to distinguish between a direct genetic effect on the age‐at‐onset phenotype and an indirect effect induced by the genetic association with the endo‐phenotype that is correlated with the age‐at‐onset phenotype. In this communication, we introduce a new statistical approach to detect causal genetic effects on survival data in the presence of genetic associations with secondary phenotypes that might influence survival as well and thereby induce seemingly causal relationships. Derived using causal inference methodology, the proposed method is based on standard statistical methodology and can be implemented straight‐forwardly, using standard software. Using simulation studies, the theoretical properties of the approach are verified and the power is assessed under realistic scenarios. The practical relevance of the approach is illustrated by an application to survival after cardiac surgery, where genetic components of myocardial infarctions are determined to not influence post‐surgery hospital duration except through the MI‐pathway. Genet. Epidemiol. 32:119‐124, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Force Spectroscopy of Metal-Crown Ether Multivalency: Effect of Local Environments on Energy Landscape and Sensing Kinetics.

Sandwich complexation involving alkali or alkaline-earth metals, multivalency, and effects associated with local environments is widely encountered in biological and synthetic systems yet the mechanic properties remain unexplored. Herein, AFM (atomic force microscopy)-based single-molecule force spectroscopy is employed to investigate a classical model of M(n+)[15C5]2, a metal cation hosted jointly by two 15-crown-5 moieties immobilized on both the substrate and the AFM tip. Factors reportedly promoting the recognition performance are examined. The rupture force required to break apart M(n+)[15C5]2 is found to be in the order of tens of pico-Newton, e.g., f(β)=31 pN for K(+)[15C5]2. The presence of a second functional group, carboxylate, confers K(+)[15C5]2 with a longer lifetime (from 13 to 16 ms), faster association (from 0.4 to 1.3×10(6) M(-1) s(-1)), and slower dissociation (from 77 to 62 s(-1)). The effect of local environments is significant on association yet less critical on dissociation pathways.
Cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling the migration of melanocytes and melanoma cells

During embryonic development in vertebrates, the neural crest‐derived melanoblasts migrate along the dorsolateral axis and cross the basal membrane separating the dermis from the epidermis to reach their final location in the interfollicular epidermis and epidermal hair follicles. Neoplastic transformation converts melanocytes into highly invasive and metastatic melanoma cells. In vitro, these cells extend various types of protrusions and adopt two interconvertible modes of migration, mesenchymal and amoeboid, driven by different signalling molecules. In this review, we describe the major contributions of natural mouse mutants, mouse models generated by genetic engineering and in vitro culture systems, to identification of the genes, signalling pathways and mechanisms regulating the migration of normal and pathological cells of the melanocyte lineage, at both the cellular and molecular levels.
Desastres naturales y ocupación del territorio en Hispanoamérica (siglos XVI al XX)

Dentro del contexto de la historiografia occidental de los ultimos cincuenta anos, el estudio de los desastres naturales en la larga duracion ha sido descuidado por los historiadores y dejado casi en exclusividad a los ambitos de la geografia, la geofisica y de la geologia. Sin embargo, desde la decada de los setenta del siglo XX han ido surgiendo esporadicas investigaciones que han demostrado la importante labor que los historiadores pueden y deben desarrollar en estas materias. Se debe destacar que la mayoria de estos innovadores trabajos se han desarrollado en el seno de los medievalistas; este es el caso de Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie con sus estudios del clima y del medio rural, y de Robert Delort y sus propuestas sobre la "eco-historia". Estos planteamientos han marcado ciertas pautas metodologicas que han sido consideradas en posteriores estudios que han llevado a efecto investigadores de las epocas moderna y contemporanea en el ambito europeo.
The Fate of Nitrate Entering a NITREX TM Permeable Reactive Barrier

Anthropogenic nitrogen loading to Waquoit Bay is causing eutrophication. A NITREX permeable reactive barrier was installed in 2005 to provide a carbon source for denitrifying microbes. However, other processes may account for the disappearance of nitrate. A push-pull experiment was conducted to investigate the percent nitrate removal and the proportion of the nitrate removal attributable to denitrification to N2, DNRA, and production of N2O. A 500 μM 15NO3 and 40 mM Br tracer solution was injected into the barrier and into a nearby control site and samples were collected before the experiment and at five times during the first 26 hours after the injections. Between 88 and 95% of the injected nitrate was removed and a negligible amount in the control. Of the nitrate removed, 15 to 20% was denitrified to N2. N2O concentrations in the barrier were low, suggesting that little nitrate was released as N2O. Modeled conversion of the nitrate to ammonium accounted for 0 to 27% of the nitrate removal. The three processes combined still do not account for the majority of nitrate removal. Future push-pull experiments at the Waquoit Bay barrier might use a different tracer not present in saltwater and sample more frequently to confirm this experiment’s results and to more precisely estimate the production of ammonium.
Fast and accurate inference on gravitational waves from precessing compact binaries

Inferring astrophysical information from gravitational waves emitted by compact binaries is one of the key science goals of gravitational-wave astronomy. In order to reach the full scientific potential of gravitational-wave experiments, we require techniques to mitigate the cost of Bayesian inference, especially as gravitational-wave signal models and analyses become increasingly sophisticated and detailed. Reduced-order models (ROMs) of gravitational waveforms can significantly reduce the computational cost of inference by removing redundant computations. In this paper, we construct the first reduced-order models of gravitational-wave signals that include the effects of spin precession, inspiral, merger, and ringdown in compact object binaries and that are valid for component masses describing binary neutron star, binary black hole, and mixed binary systems. This work utilizes the waveform model known as “IMRPhenomPv2. ” Our ROM enables the use of a fast reduced-order quadrature (ROQ) integration rule which allows us to approximate Bayesian probability density functions at a greatly reduced computational cost. We find that the ROQ rule can be used to speed-up inference by factors as high as 300 without introducing systematic bias. This corresponds to a reduction in computational time from around half a year to half a day for the longest duration and lowest mass signals. The ROM and ROQ rules are available with the main inference library of the LIGO Scientific Collaboration, LALInference.
A note on bias of measures of explained variation for survival data

Papers evaluating measures of explained variation, or similar indices, almost invariably use independence from censoring as the most important criterion. And they always end up suggesting that some measures meet this criterion, and some do not, most of the time leading to a conclusion that the first is better than the second. As a consequence, users are offered measures that cannot be used with time‐dependent covariates and effects, not to mention extensions to repeated events or multi‐state models. We explain in this paper that the aforementioned criterion is of no use in studying such measures, because it simply favors those that make an implicit assumption of a model being valid everywhere. Measures not making such an assumption are disqualified, even though they are better in every other respect. We show that if these, allegedly inferior, measures are allowed to make the same assumption, they are easily corrected to satisfy the ‘independent‐from‐censoring’ criterion. Even better, it is enough to make such an assumption only for the times greater than the last observed failure time τ, which, in contrast with the ‘preferred’ measures, makes it possible to use all the modeling flexibility up to τ and assume whatever one wants after τ. As a consequence, we claim that some of the measures being preferred as better in the existing reviews are in fact inferior. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rate control vs rhythm control in patients with nonvalvular persistent atrial fibrillation: the results of the Polish How to Treat Chronic Atrial Fibrillation (HOT CAFE) Study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES The relative risks and benefits of strategies of rate control vs rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) remain to be fully explored. DESIGN The How to Treat Chronic Atrial Fibrillation (HOT CAFE) Polish trial was designed to evaluate in a randomized, multicenter, and prospective manner the feasibility and long-term outcomes of rate control vs rhythm control strategies in patients with persistent AF. PATIENTS Our study population comprised 205 patients (134 men and 71 women; mean [+/- SD] age, 60.8 +/- 11.2 years) with a mean AF duration of 273.7 +/- 112.4 days. The mean observation period was 1.7 +/- 0.4 years. One hundred one patients were randomly assigned to the rate control group and received rate-slowing therapy guided by repeated 24-h Holter monitoring. Direct current cardioversion and atrioventricular junctional ablation with pacemaker placement were alternative nonpharmacologic strategies for patients with tachycardia that was resistant to medical therapy. One hundred four patients were randomized to sinus rhythm restoration and maintenance using serial cardioversion supported by a predefined stepwise antiarrhythmic drug regimen (ie, disopyramide, propafenone, sotalol, and amiodarone). In both groups, thromboembolic prophylaxis followed current guidelines. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS At the end of follow-up, 63.5% of patients in the rhythm control arm remained in sinus rhythm. No significant differences in the composite end point (ie, all-cause mortality, number of thromboembolic events, or major bleeding) were found between the rate control group and the rhythm control group (odds ratio, 1.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.28 to 22.3; p > 0.71). The incidence of hospital admissions was much lower in the rate control arm (12% vs 74%, respectively; p < 0.001). New York Heart Association functional class improved in both study groups, while mean exercise tolerance, as measured by the maximal treadmill workload, improved only in the rhythm control group (5.2 +/- 5.1 vs 7.6 +/- 3.3 metabolic equivalents, respectively; p < 0.001). The rhythm control strategy led to an increased mean left ventricular fractional shortening (29 +/- 7% vs 31 +/- 7%, respectively; p < 0.01). One episode of pulmonary embolism occurred in the rate control group despite oral anticoagulation therapy, while three patients in the rhythm control arm of the study experienced ischemic strokes (not significant). CONCLUSIONS The Polish HOT CAFE study revealed no significant differences in major end points between the rate control group and the rhythm control group.
Improving quality of life for people with dementia in care homes: making psychosocial interventions work.

BACKGROUND Psychosocial interventions can improve behaviour and mood in people with dementia, but it is unclear how to maximise their effectiveness or acceptability in residential settings. AIMS To understand what underlies the successful implementation of psychosocial interventions in care homes. METHOD Systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative research. RESULTS The synthesis of 39 qualitative papers revealed that beneficial psychosocial interventions met the needs of people with dementia to connect with others, make a meaningful contribution and reminisce. Successful implementation rested on the active engagement of staff and family and the continuing provision of tailored interventions and support. This necessitated staff time, and raised issues around priorities and risk, but ultimately helped redefine staff attitudes towards residents and the caregiving role. CONCLUSIONS The findings from the meta-synthesis can help to inform the development and evaluation of psychosocial interventions in care homes and support their widespread implementation in clinical settings.
Early chest radiography and CT in the diagnosis, management and outcome of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.

PURPOSE We report the chest radiographic and CT findings in 21 immunocompromised patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) and describe the outcome when the early diagnosis was linked to treatment with liposomal amphotericin B. MATERIAL AND METHODS Chest radiographs and CT examinations were analyzed retrospectively in 53 consecutive neutropenic patients with suspected early IPA. RESULTS Twenty-one of 244 patients admitted for chemotherapy of hematologic malignancy fulfilled the definition for IPA - incidence of 8.6%. The incidence of normal and non-specific chest radiographic findings was high (29% and 71%, respectively) during the early stages of IPA. The CT halo sign was seen in 20 of the 21 patients (95%), and occurred within 5 days of neutropenic fever that was unresponsive to antibiotics in 5 patients. Crescent signs or cavitations were seen in 7 patients (33%). Treatment with liposomal amphotericin B was associated with an attributable mortality of 9.5%. Two patients died from IPA having a high fungal burden. CONCLUSION Early chest CT in neutropenic patients at risk for IPA is an important diagnostic and management tool and should be included in the investigative protocol even when chest radiographs are normal or non-specific.