Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Corpus-based Extraction of Chinese Historical Term Translation Equivalents

By closely examining the translation data of Chinese historical terms in some widely acclaimed English versions of Chinese historical classics, this paper has discovered a multi-equivalence phenomenon in term translation due to the polysemy of a source term and the synonymy of its potential equivalent concept in the target language as well as the different translation orientations by different translators in accordance with their considerations for the semantic and pragmatic dimensions of the translated term in its context for a particular readership. These findings exert a great challenge to the widely accepted basic assumptions underlying many statistical automatic terminological alignment models and the greedy algorithm applied to extract a valid translation pair from a bilingual parallel corpus. Therefore, this paper proposes to allow for the possibility of a multi-equivalent relationship between a source term and its potential target translation in the extraction algorithm design so that valid equivalent pairs would not be ruled out due to the exclusiveness of the algorithm.
UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES IN THE PROTECTION OF THE ELEMENTS OF A COUNTRY’S CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE – SELECTED DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT

Th is paper explores the directions for the application of unmanned aerial vehicles in the provision of security to vital elements of a country’s critical infrastructure. Th e analysis focuses on two paths of development: the fi rst one refers to the transportation system, the latter is related to the gas supply network – the basic components of a country’s critical infrastructure. Th e fi rst section of this paper will examine the current state of knowledge in the fi eld, and is designed as a reference of terminology pertaining to unmanned aerial vehicles (defi nitions and classifi cation). Th e section shall furthermore provide a basis for and a contribution to the developed conceptual-semantic framework for UAV research. Th e fi rst direction of development is described in terms of the characteristics and assumptions of the system; this includes an overview of the specifi c requirements of the unmanned platform itself, as well as the elements of the system, such as a local monitoring centre and other components. Furthermore, this section provides the overview of the designated mobile application, whose development is expected to improve the effi ciency of system operation, which is a conceptual novelty considering similar developments. Th e second
Method validation of amlodipine and atorvastatin by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) method in human plasma

Abstract A rapid and selective liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) method was developed for the evaluation of amlodipine and atorvastatin in human plasma. Detection of analytes was assigned by tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization interface in positive ion mode was applied under the multiple-reaction monitoring mode (MRM). Analytes were extracted from plasma by simple liquid–liquid extraction technique using ethyl acetate. The reconstituted samples were chromatographed on C18 column by pumping acetonitrile–water (10 mM CH3COONH4, pH 3.0) = 70:30 (v/v) at a flow rate of 0.15 mL/min. The standard curves were assigned to be linear in the range of 0.2–20 ng/mL for atorvastatin and 0.1–10 ng/mL for amlodipine with mean correlation coefficient of ≥0.999 for each analyte. The intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy results were well within the acceptable limits. The urbanized evaluate method was successfully applied to validation of amlodipine and atorvastatin in human plasma.
Genetic Inhibition of Na+-Ca2+ Exchanger Current Disables Fight or Flight Sinoatrial Node Activity Without Affecting Resting Heart Rate

Rationale: The sodium–calcium exchanger 1 (NCX1) is predominantly expressed in the heart and is implicated in controlling automaticity in isolated sinoatrial node (SAN) pacemaker cells, but the potential role of NCX1 in determining heart rate in vivo is unknown. Objective: To determine the role of Ncx1 in heart rate. Methods and Results: We used global myocardial and SAN-targeted conditional Ncx1 knockout (Ncx1−/−) mice to measure the effect of the NCX current on pacemaking activity in vivo, ex vivo, and in isolated SAN cells. We induced conditional Ncx1−/− using a Cre/loxP system. Unexpectedly, in vivo and ex vivo hearts and isolated SAN cells showed that basal rates in Ncx1−/− (retaining ≈20% of control level NCX current) and control mice were similar, suggesting that physiological NCX1 expression is not required for determining resting heart rate. However, increases in heart rate and SAN cell automaticity in response to isoproterenol or the dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel agonist BayK8644 were significantly blunted or eliminated in Ncx1−/− mice, indicating that NCX1 is important for fight or flight heart rate responses. In contrast, the pacemaker current and L-type Ca2+ currents were equivalent in control and Ncx1−/− SAN cells under resting and isoproterenol-stimulated conditions. Ivabradine, a pacemaker current antagonist with clinical efficacy, reduced basal SAN cell automaticity similarly in control and Ncx1−/− mice. However, ivabradine decreased automaticity in SAN cells isolated from Ncx1−/− mice more effectively than in control SAN cells after isoproterenol, suggesting that the importance of NCX current in fight or flight rate increases is enhanced after pacemaker current inhibition. Conclusions: Physiological Ncx1 expression is required for increasing sinus rates in vivo, ex vivo, and in isolated SAN cells, but not for maintaining resting heart rate.
Genetic analysis of Escherichia coli K1 gastrointestinal colonization

Strains of Escherichia coli expressing the K1 polysaccharide capsule colonize the large intestine of newborn infants, and are the leading cause of Gram‐negative septicaemia and meningitis in the neonatal period. We used signature‐tagged mutagenesis (STM) to identify genes that E. coli K1 requires to colonize the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. A total of 2140 mTn5 mutants was screened for their capacity to colonize the GI tract of infant rats, and 16 colonization defective mutants were identified. The mutants have transposon insertions in genes affecting the synthesis of cell surface structures, membrane transporters, transcriptional regulators, enzymes in metabolic pathways, and in genes of unknown function, designated dgc (defective in GI colonization). Three dgcs are absent from the whole genome sequence of E. coli K‐12, although related sequences are found in other pathogenic strains of E. coli and in Shigella flexneri. Additionally, immunohistochemistry was used to define the nature of the colonization defect in five mutants including all dgc mutants. STM was successfully applied to examine the factors involved in E. coli K1 colonization, and the findings are relevant to the pathogenesis of other enteric infections.
Technical trade-offs of IoT platforms

As the Internet of Things hype train continues to gather steam, there are a number of solution platforms that are vying for mindshare. Both the commercial and industrial/medical IoT are rich with different offerings. Some of them are open, and some are totally proprietary. In this paper, we will try to highlight the different dimensions of many of these platforms so the reader can make an informed decision as to which platform may be best for their applications.
The Impact of Major Terrorist Attacks on Stock Prices: The Case of Karachi Stock Exchange

Terrorist attacks tend to happen concomitantly, begetting widespread violence, perturb individual routine life, bring dire effect on the economy and ultimately cause volatility in stock prices. This research tries to assess the impact of substantial terrorist incidents that took place in the last five years in Pakistan on returns of major stock indices. We divide the methodology section into two segments: Event study is used in the first part to analyze the effect of three baleful terrorist attacks by employing secondary data of stock prices of KSE 100-index and ten major sectors of Karachi Stock Exchange. EGARCH model is employed to model volatility in the second segment of this paper for estimating the impact of eleven major terrorist incidents. With regards to the result obtained, it is concluded that out of eleven terrorist attacks, three prominent terrorist incidents that claimed more than a hundred deaths have significant negative impact on stock returns, however, the eight-minor type of terrorist activities don? t impact stock returns of KSE 100-index in a significant way.
Zymolyase Treatment Exposes p55 Antigen of Pneumocystis carinii

Rats exposed to Pneumocystis carinii mount antibody responses to a broad band migrating on western blot with an apparent molecular weight of 45‐55 kDa. One antigen within this band, designated p55, is uniformly recognized by P. carinii exposed rats. Although the gene encoding the p55 antigen had been previously cloned, the location of this antigen within the organism was unknown. Prior attempts to localize the protein were unsuccessful. A monospecific polyclonal antiserum raised against a carboxyl‐terminai 15‐oligomer peptide yielded specific reactivity with a single 55 kDa band on a western blot of P. carinii. Using this antiserum, little to no reactivity could be detected with P. carinii organisms by immunofluorescence assay (IIFA). However, zymolyase treatment of P. carinii dramatically increased the intensity and proportion of organisms reactive by IFA. Zymolyase, an enzyme with β‐1,3 glucanase activity, has previously been shown to remove the electron dense outer layer of the P. carinii cell wall, exposing an electron lucent layer. Immunoelectron microscopy performed on zymolyase treated organisms showed the majority of labeling occurs within the cell wall.
Atividade antimicrobiana de extrato bruto e de frações de flores de Vernonia polyanthes Less (assa-peixe).

Vernonia polyanthes, known as “assa-peixe”, is a plant native to Brazil, and the decoction or infusion of its flowers, roots and leaves are used in folk medicine, being considered sources of diuretic, balsamic, anti-rheumatic substances, and are used in cases of bronchitis and persistent cough. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the extract/fractions obtained by methanol maceration and infusion of V. polyanthes flower, also including qualitative identification of flower compounds, through phytochemical evaluation, using colorimetric tests. Identification tests for the presence of anthraquinones, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids were performed. Microbiological evaluation was made through agar diffusion assay, using Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonasaeruginosa as test organisms. From the performed colorimetric tests it was possible to verify the presence of tannins and flavonoids in both extracts. Alkaloids were also observed in the macerated extract. The ethyl acetate fraction from the agar diffusion assay, from both extracts, presented microbial activity over Staphylococcus aureus. It was possible to qualitatively identify the floral compounds, and to show the differences between extraction methods, being methanol considered the best solvent to the extraction.
Evidence for an autonomous 5′ target recognition domain in an Hfq-associated small RNA

The abundant class of bacterial Hfq-associated small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) parallels animal microRNAs in their ability to control multiple genes at the posttranscriptional level by short and imperfect base pairing. In contrast to the universal length and seed pairing mechanism of microRNAs, the sRNAs are heterogeneous in size and structure, and how they regulate multiple targets is not well understood. This paper provides evidence that a 5′ located sRNA domain is a critical element for the control of a large posttranscriptional regulon. We show that the conserved 5′ end of RybB sRNA recognizes multiple mRNAs of Salmonella outer membrane proteins by ≥7-bp Watson–Crick pairing. When fused to an unrelated sRNA, the 5′ domain is sufficient to guide target mRNA degradation and maintain σE-dependent envelope homeostasis. RybB sites in mRNAs are often conserved and flanked by 3′ adenosine. They are found in a wide sequence window ranging from the upstream untranslated region to the deep coding sequence, indicating that some targets might be repressed at the level of translation, whereas others are repressed primarily by mRNA destabilization. Autonomous 5′ domains seem more common in sRNAs than appreciated and might improve the design of synthetic RNA regulators.
A Novel Approach to Measure Executive Functions in Students: An Evaluation of Two Child-Friendly Apps

Interest in measurement of children’s executive functions has shown a major increase over the past two decades. The present study evaluates two new apps (EYT and eFun) for measuring executive functions in children. The results of this study show that children (aged 5–8) enjoy executive function assessment in the form of games on an iPad. However, only one executive function, EYT working memory, showed significant positive correlations with several types of grades (e.g., English and maths) in primary school students. New, self-assessed, child-friendly executive function measurement tools have the potential to provide future possibilities for teachers to integrate information on cognitive ability into student learning plans.
Lung Involvement in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome—An Under-Diagnosed Entity

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) represents a frequent extra-glandular manifestation of primary Sjögren's Syndrome (pSS). Limited published data regarding phenotyping and treatment exists. Advances in managing specific ILD phenotypes have not been comprehensively explored in patients with coexisting pSS. This retrospective study aimed to phenotype lung diseases occurring in a well-described pSS-ILD cohort and describe treatment course and outcomes. Between April 2018 and February 2020, all pSS patients attending our Outpatient clinic were screened for possible lung involvement. Clinical, laboratory and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings were analyzed. Patients were classified according to HRCT findings into five groups: usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP), combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE), and non-specific-ILD. Lung involvement was confirmed in 31/268 pSS patients (13%). One-third (10/31) of pSS-ILD patients were Ro/SSA antibody negative. ILD at pSS diagnosis was present in 19/31 (61%) patients. The commonest phenotype was UIP n = 13 (43%), followed by NSIP n = 9 (29%), DIP n = 2 (6 %), CPFE n = 2 (6 %), and non-specific-ILD n = 5 (16%). Forced vital capacity (FVC) and carbon monoxide diffusion capacity (DLCO) appeared lower in UIP and DIP, without reaching a significant difference. Treatment focused universally on intensified immunosuppression, with 13/31 patients (42%) receiving cyclophosphamide. No anti-fibrotic treatments were used. Median follow-up was 38.2 [12.4–119.6] months. Lung involvement in pSS is heterogeneous. Better phenotyping and tailored treatment may improve outcomes and requires further evaluation in larger prospective studies.
Structure and function of signal-transducing GTP-binding proteins.

1. PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARy . 350 II . INTRODUCTION. 35 1 III. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS . 354 Tra nslational Factors . 354 Heterotrimeric G Protein s . 356 Ras Protein s . 357 Structu ral Simi/aritie s Be t ween Vari ou s G TP-Binding Protein s. 359 IV . MAMMALIAN G PRO TEINS . 363 M olecular Entitie s and Gene Organizations of G P rotein s . 363 O verall Stru ctu re of G P rotein a-Su bunits . 368 Structu re -Function Relation s hip of G P rotein a-Subunits . 368 Structure of fly-Subunits of G Protein . 376
β-III Tubulin Fragments Inhibit α-Synuclein Accumulation in Models of Multiple System Atrophy*

Background: Neuronal and oligodendrocytic aggregation of insoluble α-synuclein contributes to neuropathology in multiple system atrophy. Results: α-Synuclein binds directly to β-III tubulin. A fragment carrying the α-synuclein-binding site inhibited α-synuclein·β-III tubulin complex formation and intracellular α-synuclein accumulation. Conclusion: Inhibition of α-synuclein binding to β-III tubulin may be an effective strategy for preventing α-synuclein accumulation. Significance: Small β-III tubulin fragments may inhibit neurodegeneration in multiple system atrophy. Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by α-synuclein aggregation in oligodendrocytes and neurons. Using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human α-synuclein in oligodendrocytes, we previously demonstrated that oligodendrocytic α-synuclein inclusions induce neuronal α-synuclein accumulation and progressive neuronal degeneration. α-Synuclein binds to β-III tubulin, leading to the neuronal accumulation of insoluble α-synuclein in an MSA mouse model. The present study demonstrates that α-synuclein co-localizes with β-III tubulin in the brain tissue from patients with MSA and MSA model transgenic mice as well as neurons cultured from these mice. Accumulation of insoluble α-synuclein in MSA mouse neurons was blocked by the peptide fragment β-III tubulin (residues 235–282). We have determined the α-synuclein-binding domain of β-III tubulin and demonstrated that a short fragment containing this domain can suppress α-synuclein accumulation in the primary cultured cells. Administration of a short α-synuclein-binding fragment of β-III tubulin may be a novel therapeutic strategy for MSA.
Faithful Virtualization on a Real-Time Operating System

The combination of a real-time executive and off-the-shelf time-sharing operating systems has the potential of providing both predictability and the comfort of a large application base. Isolation between the components is required to protect the real-time subsystem from a significant class of faults in the (ever-growing) time-sharing operating systems but also to protect real-time applications from each other. Recent commodity computer hardware significantly improved the ability of these machines to support faithful virtualization. Virtual machines provide the strong isolation required for security reasons. But questions regarding the temporal isolation remain open. In this paper we analyze how and to which degree recent x86 virtualization extensions influence the interrupt-response times of a real-time operating system hosting virtual machines.
Effective Preparation of Bamboo Cellulose Fibers in Quaternary Ammonium/DMSO Solvent

A novel, efficient, and direct blend of solvents, tetrabutylammonium acetate/dimethyl sulfoxide (TBAA/DMSO), was used for the dissolution and regeneration of bamboo pulp. Regenerated fibers were successfully prepared by a wet spinning process. The bamboo pulp without any pretreatment was readily soluble in the solvent under mild conditions. The dissolution process was observed using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Rheological properties of the cellulose solutions at various concentrations were investigated. The regenerated fibers prepared by coagulation in ethanol were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and an electronic tensile tester. The SEM images showed that the regenerated fibers possessed a smooth surface and circular cross-section, and the XRD and FT-IR results revealed that the fibers exhibited a cellulose II structure. The thermostability and mechanical properties of the fibers was also investigated.
Spectrophotometric Method for Hydrogen Peroxide Determination through Oxidation of Organic Dyes

Hydrogen peroxide is an important mild oxidant which is widely used in various applications including remediation of waste waters and drinking water resources. The safe level of H2O2 residue has to be controlled through accurate and precise measurement methods. A facile spectrophotometric method for the determination of hydrogen peroxide is based on the reaction of iodine solution with toluidine blue (TB). To increase the applicability, accuracy and sensitivity of the method, direct reactions of hydrogen peroxide and iodine solution with TB, methylene blue (MeB), methyl blue (MB) and a diazo derivative of 1,3-diamino benzene (MADA) were studied. Based on the results of this study, the method was modified using MB instead of TB. The reasons concerned single peak visible spectrum, higher extinction coefficient, linear spectrophotometric responses at three different wavelengths during its oxidation by iodine and stability at low pH(s) and higher temperatures.
Size distribution and mixing state of black carbon particles during a heavy air pollution episode in Shanghai

Abstract. A Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (SPAMS), a Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) and various meteorological instruments were employed to investigate the chemical and physical properties of black carbon (BC) aerosols during a regional air pollution episode in urban Shanghai over a 5-day period in December 2013. The refractory black carbon (rBC) mass concentrations measured by SP2 averaged 3.2 µg m−3, with the peak value of 12.1 µg m−3 at 04:26 LT on 7 December. The number of BC-containing particles captured by SPAMS in the size range 200–1200 nm agreed very well with that detected by SP2 (R2 = 0.87). A cluster analysis of the single particle mass spectra allowed for the separation of BC-containing particles into five major classes: (1) Pure BC; (2) BC attributed to biomass burning (BBBC); (3) K-rich BC-containing (KBC); (4) BC internally mixed with OC and ammonium sulfate (BCOC-SOx); (5) BC internally mixed with OC and ammonium nitrate (BCOC-NOx). The size distribution of internally mixed BC particles was bimodal. Detected by SP2, the condensation mode peaked around ∼ 230 nm and droplet mode peaked around ∼ 380 nm, with a clear valley in the size distribution around ∼ 320 nm. The condensation mode mainly consisted of traffic emissions, with particles featuring a small rBC core (∼ 60–80 nm) and a relatively thin absolute coating thickness (ACT, ∼ 50–130 nm). The droplet mode included highly aged traffic emission particles and biomass burning particles. The biomass burning particles had a larger rBC core (∼ 80–130 nm) and a thick ACT (∼ 110–300 nm). The highly aged traffic emissions had a smaller core (∼ 60–80 nm) and a very thick ACT (∼ 130–300 nm), which is larger than reported in any previous literature. A fast growth rate (∼ 20 nm h−1) of rBC with small core sizes was observed during the experiment. High concentrations pollutants like NO2 likely accelerated the aging process and resulted in a continuous size growth of rBC-containing particles from traffic emission.
The efficiency of systematic sampling in stereology — reconsidered

In the present paper, we summarize and further develop recent research in the estimation of the variance of stereological estimators based on systematic sampling. In particular, it is emphasized that the relevant estimation procedure depends on the sampling density. The validity of the variance estimation is examined in a collection of data sets, obtained by systematic sampling. Practical recommendations are also provided in a separate section.