Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Whole-Body Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Nutlin-3a in Mice after Intravenous and Oral Administration

Nutlin-3a is an MDM2 inhibitor that is under investigation in preclinical models for a variety of pediatric malignancies, including retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, and leukemia. We used physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to characterize the disposition of nutlin-3a in the mouse. Plasma protein binding and blood partitioning were assessed by in vitro studies. After intravenous (10 and 20 mg/kg) and oral (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) dosing, tissue concentrations of nutlin-3a were determined in plasma, liver, spleen, intestine, muscle, lung, adipose, bone marrow, adrenal gland, brain, retina, and vitreous fluid. The PBPK model was simultaneously fit to all pharmacokinetic data using NONMEM. Nutlin-3a exhibited nonlinear binding to murine plasma proteins, with the unbound fraction ranging from 0.7 to 11.8%. Nutlin-3a disposition was characterized by rapid absorption with peak plasma concentrations at approximately 2 h and biphasic elimination consistent with a saturable clearance process. The final PBPK model successfully described the plasma and tissue disposition of nutlin-3a. Simulations suggested high bioavailability, rapid attainment of steady state, and little accumulation when administered once or twice daily at dosages up to 400 mg/kg. The final model was used to perform simulations of unbound tissue concentrations to determine which dosing regimens are appropriate for preclinical models of several pediatric malignancies.
(E)-1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one monohydrate

In the title compound, C15H12O4·H2O, the two benzene rings are not coplanar, making a dihedral angle of 7.24 (16)°. An intramolecular hydroxy–carbonyl O—H⋯O hydrogen bond occurs. In the crystal, four intermolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the hydroxy residues, the carbonyl group and the water molecule lead to the formation of a three-dimensional network. The supramolecular structure is further stabilized by weak C—H⋯O interactions.
Learning to be Fun : Real-Time Interactive Story Making Midterm Project Report

This document is intended to inform the reader of the progress that has been made in developing the Real-Time Interactive Story Maker (ARTISM), and serves an extension of [1] and [2]. The development of ARTISM will henceforth be referred to as "the Project". In the following, an expanded problem definition is presented, a more refined solution is proposed, and a more detailed architecture is explained. Additionally, the work completed thus far is described, and an updated set of expected challenges is given.
HIV‐1 compartmentalization in diverse leukocyte populations during antiretroviral therapy

CD4+ T lymphocytes are the primary target of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1), but there is increasing evidence that other immune cells in the blood, including CD8+ T lymphocytes and monocytes, are also productively infected. The extent to which these additional cellular reservoirs contribute to ongoing immunodeficiency and viral persistence during therapy remains unclear. In this study, we conducted a detailed investigation of HIV‐1 diversity and genetic structure in CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and monocytes of 13 patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Analysis of molecular variance and nonparametric tests performed on HIV‐1 envelope sequences provided statistically significant evidence of viral compartmentalization in different leukocyte populations. Signature pattern analysis and predictions of coreceptor use provided no evidence that selection arising from viral tropism was responsible for the genetic structure observed. Analysis of viral genetic variation in different leukocyte populations demonstrated the action of founder effects as well as significant variation in the extent of genetic differentiation between subpopulations among patients. In the absence of evidence for leukocyte‐specific selection, these features were supportive of a metapopulation model of HIV‐1 replication as described previously among HIV‐1 populations in the spleen. Compartmentalization of the virus in different leukocytes may have significant implications for current models of HIV‐1 population genetics and contribute to the highly variable way in which drug resistance evolves in different individuals during HAART.
Graph-based Semi-supervised Learning: Realizing Pointwise Smoothness Probabilistically

As the central notion in semi-supervised learning, smoothness is often realized on a graph representation of the data. In this paper, we study two complementary dimensions of smoothness: its pointwise nature and probabilistic modeling. While no existing graph-based work exploits them in conjunction, we encompass both in a novel framework of Probabilistic Graph-based Pointwise Smoothness (PGP), building upon two foundational models of data closeness and label coupling. This new form of smoothness axiomatizes a set of probability constraints, which ultimately enables class prediction. Theoretically, we provide an error and robustness analysis of PGP. Empirically, we conduct extensive experiments to show the advantages of PGP.
Potential Cost Savings of Contrast-Enhanced Digital Mammography.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to discuss whether the sensitivity and specificity of contrast-enhanced digital mammography (CEDM) render it a viable diagnostic alternative to breast MRI. CONCLUSION That CEDM couples low-energy images (comparable to the diagnostic quality of standard mammography) and subtracted contrast-enhanced mammograms make it a cost-effective modality and a realistic substitute for the more costly breast MRI.
Sampling of Social Information: Decisions from Experience in Bargaining

Whenever people depend on others, information about how those around them are likely to behave is important for the pursuit and achievement of goals. We investigated how the way such social information is learned, by description or experience, affects offers in a bargaining situation. Participants learned how often each offer had previously been accepted or rejected, either as probability information or by experiencing others’ responses. When participants had to draw a representative sample of responses, the proportion of risky offers decreased under social experience, resulting in a gap to the description condition. When participants could terminate sampling whenever they wanted, however, no description– experience gap was observed. The sampling pattern suggests that participants disregarded probability information and instead relied on the allocation as proxy for risk. Accordingly, a certain amount of social experience seems necessary to overwrite people’s initial expectations and change their behavior. Under what conditions people search for social information is crucial for understanding how and when it impacts behavior.
Fear of Offshoring

One thing you should never predict is the future. That is generally sage advice, which I try to live by. Futurology is a loser? s game. Nonetheless, I am going to ignore this wise canon in this essay and throw caution to the wind. Why? Because one aspect of our economic future seems to me so certain, and its implications so far-reaching and yet non-obvious, that serious thinking about it is imperative--and yet very little attention has been devoted to it to date. I refer to the phenomenon that has been clumsily dubbed offshoring, meaning the migration of certain jobs (but not the people performing them) from rich countries to poor ones.
Logic based switching H2/H∞ controller design: An intelligent supervisor approach

In this article, synthesis of switching H2/H∞ controller is considered which results in the minimum bounds on H2 and H∞ performance levels. The fuzzy supervisor manages the controllers and results in the structure that benefits from the advantages of them. The suggested structure guarantees the desired performance in transient and steady state modes and is solvable through linear matrix inequalities approach. By means of multi- Lyapunov functions the stability has been approved and despite the structure changing, the system remains global stable. The suggested intelligent synthesis is less complicated in comparison with common approaches based on common Lyapunov function due to using separate controllers and eliminating the constraint of common Lyapunov function. The results of those methods of H2/H∞ control can simply be calculated from the suggested approach.
An Examination of Variability as a Function of Passage Variance in CBM Progress Monitoring

Abstract This study examined the effects of controlling the level of difficulty on the sensitivity of repeated curriculum-based measurement (CBM). Participants included 99 students in Grades 2 through 5 who were administered CBM reading passage probes twice weekly over an 11-week period. Two sets of CBM reading progress monitoring materials were compared: (a) grade level material that was controlled for difficulty, and (b) uncontrolled randomly selected material from graded readers. Students' rate of progress in each progress monitoring series was summarized for slope, standard error of estimate, and standard error of slope. Results suggested that controlled reading passages significantly reduced measurement error as compared to uncontrolled reading passages, leading to increased sensitivity and reliability of measurement.
Blade -- A Timing Violation Resilient Asynchronous Template

Resilient designs offer the promise to remove increasingly large margins due to process, voltage, and temperature variations and take advantage of average-case data. However, proposed synchronous resilient schemes have either suffered from metastability or require modifying the architecture to add replay-based logic that recovers from timing errors, which leads to high timing error penalties and poses a design challenge in modern processors. This paper presents an asynchronous bundled-data resilient template called Blade that is robust to metastability issues, requires no replay-based logic, and has low timing error penalties. The template is supported by an automated design flow that synthesizes synchronous RTL designs to gate-level asynchronous Blade designs. The benefits of this flow are illustrated on Plasma, a 3-stage Open Core MIPS CPU. Our results demonstrate that a nominal area overhead of the asynchronous template of less than 10% leads to a 19% performance boost over the synchronous design due to average-case data and a 30-40% improvement when synchronous PVT margins are considered.
Adult macronutrient intake and physical capability in the MRC National Survey of Health and Development

Background: poor physical capability is associated with higher subsequent risk of disability and mortality in older people. Energy and macronutrient intakes may play a role in the maintenance of physical capability. This analysis aimed to examine the role of intakes of energy and the macronutrients, protein, carbohydrate and fat in early and mid-adulthood on objective measures of physical capability in later adulthood in the MRC National Survey of Health and Development (1946 British birth cohort). Methods: adult diet assessed by a 5-day diary at 36 years (1982) and 43 years (1989). Physical capability was assessed at 53 years. Objective measures were height, weight and three measures of physical capability: grip strength, standing balance time and chair rises. Results: using multiple linear regression analysis, modest positive associations were found between energy intake at 36 and 43 years and grip strength at 53 years. Results for macronutrients were mixed although there was some indication of relationships of protein intake with grip strength and standing balance time. Conclusions: higher energy intake in midlife may play a role in the prevention of muscle weakness in later life. Higher protein intakes may also be related to physical capability but further research is needed.
Automated 2D Measuring of Interiors using a Mobile Platform

This paper presents an approach for a fully automated measuring of a self-contained indoor scene in 2D using a mobile platform. A novel sensor is used, designed for the acquisition of precise floor plan scans, mounted on an ordinary mobile robot. The software framework is configured to optimize the accuracy and the completeness of the acquired data. Therefore an exploration strategy is presented that finds gaps in the data and determines the next best view in an explorative way. The scene is presented to the system as continuous line segments. Data management builds up the gathered point cloud in a homogeneous density, using the relevant and most accurate available information. Existing scan matching techniques are modified in a way to work robust and precise in the scenarios expected. The framework is tested in an exemplary indoor scene. Additionally, the scene is surveyed with a referencing system to build ground truth data and to enable an accuracy evaluation of the developed system.
The challenge of multispeaker lip-reading

In speech recognition, the problem of speaker variability has been well studied. Common approaches to dealing with it include normalising for a speaker's vocal tract length and learning a linear transform that moves the speaker-independent models closer to to a new speaker. In pure lip-reading (no audio) the problem has been less well studied. Results are often presented that are based on speaker-dependent (single speaker) or multispeaker (speakers in the test-set are also in the training-set) data, situations that are of limited use in real applications. This paper shows the danger of not using different speakers in the trainingand test-sets. Firstly, we present classification results on a new single-word database AVletters 2 which is a high-definition version of the well known AVletters database. By careful choice of features, we show that it is possible for the performance of visual-only lip-reading to be very close to that of audio-only recognition for the single speaker and multi-speaker configurations. However, in the speaker independent configuration, the performance of the visual-only channel degrades dramatically. By applying multidimensional scaling (MDS) to both the audio features and visual features, we demonstrate that lip-reading visual features, when compared with the MFCCs commonly used for audio speech recognition, have inherently small variation within a single speaker across all classes spoken. However, visual features are highly sensitive to the identity of the speaker, whereas audio features are relatively invariant.
Studies on the mite fauna of house dust in Scotland with special reference to that of bedding.

A survey was made of the mite fauna of house dust collected from private houses in Scotland, mainly from the Glasgow area. Sampling was carried out largely with the aid of a suction device developed to enable discrete samples of dust to be taken from specific substrates. The Pyroglyphid Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Trt.) was the most abundant and widespread species encountered, its relative Euroglyphus maynei (Cooreman) being second in abundance. Other mites found were species of Gohieria, Glycyphagus, Acarus, Tyrophagus, Cheyletus, Tarsonemus and undetermined Labidophorids. Beds showed much higher infestations than did carpets or other sites [cf. RAE/B 58, 372] and their importance as centres of infestation is stressed. They were sampled layer by layer; the highest populations occurred in blankets but the number of layers present did not influence the level of infestation. Beds of bronchial asthmatics, of patients with papular urticaria and of healthy patients had similar infestations, but beds in ill-kept houses were more heavily infested than those in well-kept ones. New beds were free of mites, whereas hospital beds had low infestations and, possibly due to frequent disinfestation, so had beds in common lodging houses. Differing distributions of the sexes and immature stages of D. pteronyssinus and of E. maynei in beds suggested that these species and their development forms may have differing ecological requirements. A more thorough knowledge of the physiology of these mites and of bed microclimates seems a necessary prelude to ecological control.
The in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Achillea biebersteini Afan. (Asteraceae)

The essential oil and methanol extracts from A. biebersteinii Afan. (Asteraceae) were evaluated for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities in vitro. The oil showed stronger antimicrobial activity than the extracts. Their antioxidant features were also evaluated using diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), inhibition of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals and inhibition of the lipid peroxidation assays. Particularly, polar subfraction of the methanol extract showed antioxidant activity. The GC‐MS analysis of the oil has resulted in the identiﬁcation of 23 components; piperitone, eucalyptol, camphor, chrysanthenone and borneol were the main components. Antimicrobial activity tests carried out with the fractions of the oil showed that the activity was mainly observed in those containing eucalyptol and camphor, in particular, followed by borneol and piperitone. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagnostic assays for identification of anaplastic lymphoma kinase‐positive non–small cell lung cancer

In series dominated by adenocarcinoma histology, approximately 5% of non–small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) harbor an anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangement. Crizotinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor with significant activity against ALK, has demonstrated high response rates and prolonged progression‐free survival in ALK‐positive patients enrolled in phase 1/2 clinical trials. In 2011, crizotinib received accelerated approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of proven ALK‐positive NSCLC using an FDA‐approved diagnostic test. Currently, only break‐apart fluorescence in situ hybridization testing is FDA approved as a companion diagnostic for crizotinib; however, many other assays are available or in development. In the current review, the authors summarize the diagnostic tests available, or likely to become available, that could be used to identify patients with ALK‐positive NSCLC, highlighting the pros and cons of each. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Debugging Invariant Issues in Pseudo Embedded Program: an Analytical Approach

Debugging is an unavoidable and most crucial aspect of software development life cycle. Especially when it comes the turn of embedded one. Due to the requirements of low code size and less resource consumption, the embedded softwares need to be upgraded all the time involving obvious change of code during development phase. This leads the huge risk of intrusion of bugs into the code at production time. In this paper we propose an approach of debugging embedded program in pseudo format, incorporating invariant analysis. Our methodology works on top of Daikon, a popular invariant analyzer. We have experimented with a simplified code snippet [1], used during debugging a reported error in BusyBox which is a de-facto standard for Linux in embedded systems.
Sensorimotor Learning in Three Cerebellar Mutant Mice

Cerebellar damage occurs during developmental stages in three mutant mice (staggerer, hot-foot, and lurcher), causing disturbances in posture and equilibrium. During three tests of motor coordination, the performances of staggerer mutants was inferior to that of normal mice and did not improve with extended practice for up to 7 days of training. The sensorimotor performance of hot-foot mutants and of lurcher mutants was also lower than that of normal mice. Nevertheless, hot-foot mutants showed evidence of learning in two of the three tests and lurcher mutants in all three tests. Cerebellar atrophy in the latter two mutants did not prevent sensorimotor learning, but instead impaired their ability to reach the same level of performance as that of normal mice.
Tropospheric Ozone Column Retrieval From ESA-Envisat SCIAMACHY Nadir UV/VIS Radiance Measurements by Means of a Neural Network Algorithm

Spaceborne measurements may significantly support monitoring the concentration of atmospheric constituents affecting air quality, such as ozone. However, retrieving tropospheric ozone concentration information from nadir satellite data is an arduous task, given the weak sensitivity of the earth's radiance to ozone variations in the lower part of the atmosphere. We propose a new methodology, based on neural networks (NN), for retrieving the tropospheric ozone column from SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) nadir UV/VIS measurements. The design of the NN algorithm is based on an analysis of the information content of measurements in both UV and VIS bands, carried out by a combined radiative transfer model and NN extended pruning procedure. The NN was trained and tested with simulated data and with matching World Ozone and Ultraviolet radiation Data Centre ozonesonde data sets and validated by independent data taken over two test sites. A significant improvement of the retrieval capabilities is observed when VIS wavelengths are included into the input vector. Finally, an example of tropospheric ozone map generated automatically by the methodology at a continental scale is provided and critically discussed.
Sensor Networks : An Overview

Sensor networks are dense wireless networks of small, low-cost sensors, which collect and disseminate environmental data. Wireless sensor networks facilitate monitoring and controlling of physical environments from remote locations with better accuracy. They have applications in a variety of fields such as environmental monitoring, military purposes and gathering sensing information in inhospitable locations. Sensor nodes have various energy and computational constraints because of their inexpensive nature and adhoc method of deployment. Considerable research has been focused at overcoming these deficiencies through more energy efficient routing, localization algorithms and system design. Our survey attempts to provide an overview of these issues as well as the solutions proposed in recent research literature
The Shape of Things: The Origin of Young Children’s Knowledge of the Names and Properties of Geometric Forms

How do toddlers learn the names of geometric forms? Previous work suggests that preschoolers have fragmentary knowledge and that defining properties are not understood until well into elementary school. The current study investigated when children first begin to understand shape names and how they apply those labels to unusual instances. We tested 25- and 30-month-old children’s (N = 30 each) understanding of names for canonical shapes (commonly encountered instances, e.g., equilateral triangles), noncanonical shapes (more irregular instances, e.g., scalene triangles), and embedded shapes (shapes within a larger picture, e.g., triangular slices of pizza). At 25 months, children knew very few names, including those for canonical shapes. By 30 months, however, children had acquired more shape names and were beginning to apply them to some of the less typical instances of the shapes. Possible mechanisms driving this initial development of shape knowledge and implications of that development for school readiness are explored.