Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Growth and Structural Change in a Dynamic Lagakos-Waugh Model

This paper proposes a dual growth model built on a mechanism of self-selection whereby heterogeneous workers choose their optimal sectors based on comparative advantage. It shows that economic growth shifts workers’ comparative advantage, and this shift induces rural-urban structural change. Following this mechanism, the model shows that average individual productivity in agriculture increases, while that in the non-agriculture sector decreases during structural change. Findings from simulations suggests an inverse correlation between the speed of structural change and dispersion of productivity across workers, and present improved predictions on transitional dynamics compared to the standard neoclassical growth model. The analysis of wage dynamics suggests that inequality over time does not necessarily follow an inverted-U curve when structural transformation takes place.
Heterogeneity of brain glucose metabolism in mild cognitive impairment and clinical progression to Alzheimer disease.

BACKGROUND Subjects with amnesic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) may include patients at high risk for progression to Alzheimer disease (AD) and a population with different underlying pathologic conditions. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the potential roles of positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose F 18 (18FDG-PET) and memory scores in identifying subjects with aMCI and in predicting progression to dementia. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Sixty-seven patients at European centers for neurologic and AD care who were diagnosed as having aMCI each underwent an extensive clinical and neuropsychological examination and an 18FDG-PET study. Forty-eight subjects were followed up periodically for at least 1 year, and progression to dementia was evaluated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Brain glucose metabolism and memory scores. RESULTS Fourteen subjects with aMCI who converted to AD within 1 year showed bilateral hypometabolism in the inferior parietal, posterior cingulate, and medial temporal cortex. Subjects with "stable" aMCI presented with hypometabolism in the dorsolateral frontal cortex. The severity of memory impairment, as evaluated by the California Verbal Learning Test-Long Delay Free Recall scores, correlated with the following brain metabolic patterns: scores less than 7 were associated with a typical 18FDG-PET AD pattern, and scores of 7 or higher were associated with hypometabolism in the dorsolateral frontal cortex and no progression to AD. CONCLUSION These data provide evidence for clinical and functional heterogeneity among subjects with aMCI and suggest that 18FDG-PET findings combined with memory scores may be useful in predicting short-term conversion to AD.
Genomic signatures of fine‐scale local selection in Atlantic salmon suggest involvement of sexual maturation, energy homeostasis and immune defence‐related genes

Elucidating the genetic basis of adaptation to the local environment can improve our understanding of how the diversity of life has evolved. In this study, we used a dense SNP array to identify candidate loci potentially underlying fine‐scale local adaptation within a large Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) population. By combining outlier, gene–environment association and haplotype homozygosity analyses, we identified multiple regions of the genome with strong evidence for diversifying selection. Several of these candidate regions had previously been identified in other studies, demonstrating that the same loci could be adaptively important in Atlantic salmon at subdrainage, regional and continental scales. Notably, we identified signals consistent with local selection around genes associated with variation in sexual maturation, energy homeostasis and immune defence. These included the large‐effect age‐at‐maturity gene vgll3, the known obesity gene mc4r, and major histocompatibility complex II. Most strikingly, we confirmed a genomic region on Ssa09 that was extremely differentiated among subpopulations and that is also a candidate for local selection over the global range of Atlantic salmon. This region colocalized with a haplotype strongly associated with spawning ecotype in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), with circumstantial evidence that the same gene (six6) may be the selective target in both cases. The phenotypic effect of this region in Atlantic salmon remains cryptic, although allelic variation is related to upstream catchment area and covaries with timing of the return spawning migration. Our results further inform management of Atlantic salmon and open multiple avenues for future research.
Experiences of Disability Advocates and Self-Advocates in Texas

Legislative advocacy is a prime channel for disability advocates to affect civil rights and disability-related legislation and policy that leads to improved quality of life for individuals with disabilities. To highlight the current status of disability legislative advocacy, this study examined advocacy experiences based on recent data from one state that involved 113 disability advocates and self-advocates. Analyses were conducted to examine the characteristics of advocates, the causes advocated, leadership positions, level of engagement, and frequency of engagement in the legislative advocacy process. Relations among advocates’ characteristics and advocacy experiences were also examined. Results revealed that individuals with disabilities mostly relied on their peers in the advocacy process, and the type of disability was associated with the causes advocated. In addition, holding a leadership position was associated with engagement in the legislative advocacy process.
Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) Spectroscopy of New Copolymers of Acrylic Resin Denture Base Materials

Aims: Analyze and characterize the structure of new copolymers by Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopy. Materials & Methods: Specimens of new copolymers were made by adding Meth Acrylic Acid (MAA), Butyl Meth Acrylate (BMA), and Ethyl Acrylate (EA) with 5%, 10%, and 15% concentrations to Vertex heat cured acrylic resin. FTIR spectra of the specimens were recorded by CL Alpha–P FTIR spectroscopy and viewed on computer device. Results: The C=C band from the methacrylate group disappeared. A new band appeared at 2358 cm −1 . The remaining stretching vibrations are similar to the control group. Conclusions: The modification of heat cured acrylic resin denture base material resulted in the formation of new copolymers.
Supporting Information Tailoring Vacancies Far Beyond Intrinsic Levels Changes the Carrier Type and Optical Response in Monolayer MoSe 2x Crystals

Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA 2 Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA. Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 305-340, Korea Department of Nano Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-350, Korea Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA Computer Science & Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge national Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
Verifying Resource Bounds of Programs with Lazy Evaluation and Memoization EPFL-REPORT-215783

We present a new approach for specifying and verifying resource utilization of higher-order functional programs that use lazy eval- uation and memoization. In our approach, users can specify the desired resource bound as templates with numerical holes e.g. as steps ≤ ? ∗ size(l) + ? in the contracts of functions. They can also express invariants necessary for establishing the bounds that may depend on the state of memoization. Our approach operates in two phases: first generating an instrumented first-order program that ac- curately models the higher-order control flow and the effects of memoization on resources using sets, algebraic datatypes and mu- tual recursion, and then verifying the contracts of the first-order program by producing verification conditions of the form ∃∀ using an extended assume/guarantee reasoning. We use our approach to verify precise bounds on resources such as evaluation steps and number of heap-allocated objects on 17 challenging data struc- tures and algorithms. Our benchmarks, comprising of 5K lines of functional Scala code, include lazy mergesort, Okasaki’s real-time queue and deque data structures that rely on aliasing of references to first-class functions; lazy data structures based on numerical rep- resentations such as the conqueue data structure of Scala’s data- parallel library, cyclic streams, as well as dynamic programming algorithms such as knapsack and Viterbi. Our evaluations show that when averaged over all benchmarks the actual runtime resource consumption is 80% of the value inferred by our tool when esti- mating the number of evaluation steps, and is 88% for the number of heap-allocated objects.
The importance of nutrient co-limitation in regulating algal community composition, productivity and algal-derived DOC in an oligotrophic marsh in interior Alaska

Summary 1. Compared to lakes and streams, we know relatively little about the factors that regulate algae in freshwater wetlands. This discrepancy is particularly acute in boreal regions, where wetlands are abundant and processes related to climate change (i.e. increased permafrost collapse and soil weathering) are expected to increase nutrient inputs into aquatic systems. To investigate how accelerated nutrient inputs might affect algal structure and function in northern boreal wetlands, we added nitrogen, phosphorus and silica to mesocosms in an oligotrophic marsh in interior Alaska. 2. We conducted two in situ mesocosm enrichment experiments during consecutive summer growing seasons, each lasting 24 days. In 2007, we investigated the effects of +N, +P, +Si and +N+P+Si enrichment on benthic algal biomass (chlorophyll-a, ash-free dry mass, biovolume), chemistry (N : P ratio) and community composition. In 2008, we expanded our first experiment to investigate the effects +N+P, +N+Si, +P+Si and +N+P+Si on the same algal parameters as well as productivity (mg C m−2 h−1). 3. In both experiments, we measured water-column dissolved organic carbon (DOC) inside treatment enclosures and related changes in DOC to standing algal biomass. 4. Benthic algal accrual did not increase following 24 days of enrichment with any nutrient alone or with P and Si together (+P+Si), but increased significantly with the addition of N in any combination with P and Si (+N+P, +N+Si, +N+P+Si). 5. Algal productivity (20 mg C m−2 h−1) increased between three- and seven-fold (57–127 mg C m−2 h−1) with the addition of N in combination with any other nutrient (+N+P, +N+Si, +N+P+Si). Water-column DOC concentration was significantly higher inside N-combination treatments compared to the control during each season, and DOC increased linearly with benthic algal biomass in 2007 (r2 = 0.89, P < 0.0001) and 2008 (r2 = 0.74, P < 0.0001). 6. Taxonomic composition of the wetland algal community responded most strongly to N-combination treatments in both seasons. In 2007, there was a significant shift from Euglena and Mougeotia in the control treatment to Chroococcus and Gloeocystis with +N+P+Si enrichment, and in 2008, a Mougeotia-dominated community was replaced by Gloeocystis in the +N+P treatment and by Nitzschia in +N+Si and +N+P+Si treatments. 7. Together, these data provide several lines of evidence for co-limitation, and the central importance of N as a co-limiting nutrient for the wetland algal community. Changes in algal dynamics with increased nutrient concentrations could have important implications for wetland food webs and suggest that algae may provide a functional link between increasing nutrient inputs and altered wetland carbon cycling in this region.
Cyanogenesis in the Australian tropical rainforest endemic Brombya platynema (Rutaceae): chemical characterisation and polymorphism.

This study examined two aspects of cyanogenesis in Brombya platynema F. Muell. (Rutaceae), a subcanopy tree endemic to tropical rainforest in far north Queensland, Australia. First, cyanogenic glycosides in foliage were fractionated and identified. The rare meta-hydroxylated cyanogenic glycoside, holocalin, was identified as the principal cyanogen, and traces of prunasin and amygdalin were detected. This is the first characterisation of cyanogenic constituents within the genus, and to the authors' knowledge, only the third within the Rutaceae, and the order Rutales. Second, variation in cyanogenic glycoside content within a population of B. platynema in lowland tropical rainforest was quantified. Both qualitative and quantitative polymorphism for cyanogenesis was identified. Interestingly, ~57% of individuals were considered acyanogenic, with concentrations of cyanogenic glycosides less than 8 μg CN g-1 DW. Among cyanogenic individuals there was substantial quantitative variation in cyanogenic glycoside concentration, which varied from 10.5 to 1285.9 μg CN g-1 DW. This high frequency of acyanogenic individuals is contrasted with the apparent absence of the acyanogenesis among populations of other tropical rainforest tree species. In the high herbivory environment of the tropical rainforest, this frequency of acyanogenesis among cyanogenic tropical tree taxa is unique.
Particle Swarm Optimization and harmony search based clustering and routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has the disadvantage of limited and non-rechargeable energy resource in WSN creates a challenge and led to development of various clustering and routing algorithms. The paper proposes an approach for improving network lifetime by using Particle swarm optimization based clustering and Harmony Search based routing in WSN. So in this paper, global optimal cluster head are selected and Gateway nodes are introduced to decrease the energy consumption of the CH while sending aggregated data to the Base station (BS). Next, the harmony search algorithm based Local Search strategy finds best routing path for gateway nodes to the Base Station. Finally, the proposed algorithm is presented.
Biochar and Biochar-based Nitrogenous Fertilizers : Short-term Effects on Chemical Properties of Soils

Because of its large surface area and rich functional groups, biochar has been used as an inhibitor to regulate the release of nitrogen from inorganic nitrogenous fertilizers. The experimental treatments included a control condition (CK; no nitrogen and no biochar), ammonium nitrate and no biochar (AN), biochar and no nitrogen (BC), blending-processed biochar-based nitrogenous fertilizer (BP-BNF), adsorption-processed BNF (AP-BNF), and reaction-processed BNF (RP-BNF). The properties of biochar and BNFs and their effects on chemical properties of soils, winter wheat growth, and grain yield were investigated. The order of the nutrient-loading capabilities and quantities and retention intensities of BNFs compared to AN was RP>AP>BP-BNF. Biochar and BNFs had no significant effects on the soil nutrient indexes; however, the productive tiller, 1000-grain weight, and biomass and grain yield of winter wheat increased by 5.50, 8.46, 23.85, and 23.42%, respectively, owing to the addition of BNFs. Additionally, the quantity of nitrogen in grain increased significantly with BNF treatments. By quantifying nitrogen utilization, a conclusion was drawn that the RP-BNF treatment was the most effective of the three kinds of BNFs. © 2018 Friends Science Publishers
Phenotypes in siblings with homozygous mutations of TRAPPC9 and/or MCPH1 support a bifunctional model of MCPH1

Autosomal recessive intellectual disability (ARID) is vastly heterogeneous. Truncating mutations of TRAPPC9 were reported in 8 ARID families. Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) represents another subgroup of ARID, itself very heterogeneous, where the size of the brain is very small since birth. MCPH1 plays a role at the centrosome via a BRCT1 domain, and in DNA Damage Repair (DDR) via BRCT2 and BRCT3, and it is not clear which of these two mechanisms causes MCPH in man.
Probabilistic Schema Covering

Schema covering is the process of representing large and complex schemas by easily comprehensible common objects. This task is done by identifying a set of common concepts from a repository called concept repository and generating a cover to describe the schema by the concepts. Traditional schema covering approach has two shortcomings: it does not model the uncertainty in the covering process, and it requires user to state an ambiguity constraint which is hard to define. We remedy this problem by incorporating probabilistic model into schema covering to generate probabilistic schema cover. The integrated probabilities not only enhance the coverage of cover results but also eliminate the need of defining the ambiguity parameter. Both probabilistic schema covering and traditional schema covering run on top of a concept repository. Experiments on real-datasets show the competitive performance of our approach.
Searching for a relevant definition of sarcopenia: results from the cross-sectional EPIDOS study

The diversity of definitions proposed for sarcopenia has been rarely tested in the same population, and so far, their clinical utilities for predicting physical difficulties could not be clearly understood. Our objective is to report the prevalence of sarcopenia and the characteristics of sarcopenic community‐dwelling older women according to the different definitions of sarcopenia currently proposed. We also assessed these definitions for their incremental predictive value over currently standard predictors for some self‐reported difficulties in physical function and knee extension strength.
Disclosure of Temporary Exposures as Permanent Website Applications through the Patrimonial Survey

In a context of web application in the field of the dissemination of cultural heritage, this article advances in a methodology for the optimization of points clouds obtained through the technology of Laser Scanner (TLS). Identifying the potential of TLS surveys as interactive models that allow the cultural heritage to be perpetuated over time. This point cloud optimization is developed with free software, focusing its exploitation on an interactive web application, which has made it possible to convert two temporary museum exhibitions into permanent exhibitions in virtual format. Developed in conjunction with the Museu d’Història de la Ciutat de Barcelona. The case study focuses on the Palau Reial Major, Gothic style, formed by the chapel of Santa Àgata (built in 1302, on the Roman wall) and Saló del Tinell (built between 1359 and 1370, on the Roman remains). Located in the Plaça del Rei, in the old town of Barcelona. In this application is very important the visual impact, it requires to represent a faithful model of the interior of the building, from the point of view of color and lighting, avoiding the transparencies of the model through a dense cloud of dots, without occlusions, this requires a great quantity of positions. This implies a clear methodology, using different techniques such as photographic proyection, given the complexity of lighting of the building, as much for the artificial lighting as for the lighting of the stained glass. In this process, there were 84 positions that provide greater density of points, which are optimized with free programs. The temporary exhibitions of the case studies, elaborated by the MUHBA in the Saló del Tinell are: “Indianas, 1736-1847. The origins of industrial Barcelona” exposed from May 19, 2012 to March 3, 2013 and “El Món del 1714” exposed from December 20 to September 28, 2014. Both are based on a tour with showcases and exhibitors where different objects of a museum character are shown, such as looms, cloths, dresses, books, among others, accompanied by panels with texts and images that contain the information that each exhibition shows. Virtual applications allow such temporary exposures to become an interactive model, in which information can be permanently consulted. A virtual tour where the user can interact with the information panels and observe in detail the different objects of the exhibition. The results of this work manage to generate a powerful mechanism of diffusion and approximation to the society of the cultural heritage that, otherwise, as a whole as exhibition would disappear.
ignals Are the Principal Source of the BOLD Response in Human Visual Cortex

Jonathan Winawer,1,2,* Kendrick N. Kay,1 Brett L. Foster,2,3 Andreas M. Rauschecker,1,2,4 Josef Parvizi,2,3 and Brian A. Wandell1,2 1Department of Psychology 2Stanford Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program (SHICEP) 3Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine 4Medical Scientist Training Program and Neurosciences Program Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
Positive Crosstalk of MAMP Signaling Pathways in Rice Cells

Plants have evolved efficient defense mechanisms known as priming and synergy, both of which can mobilize defense responses more extensively against successive pathogen invasion or simultaneous stimulation by different signal molecules. However, the mechanisms underlying these phenomena were largely unknown. In the present study, we used cultured rice cells and combination of purified MAMP molecules as a model system to study the mechanisms of these phenomena. We found that the pretreatment of rice cells with a low concentration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) apparently primed the defense responses induced by successive N-acetylchitooctaose (GN8) treatment. On the other hand, simultaneous treatment with GN8 and LPS also resulted in the similar enhancement of defense responses observed for the LPS-induced priming, indicating that the synergistic effects of these MAMPs are basically responsible for such enhancement of defense responses, though the effect could be interpreted as “priming” under some experimental conditions. These results also indicate that such a positive crosstalk of signaling cascade downstream of MAMP receptors seems to occur very rapidly, probably at early step(s) of signaling pathway. Comprehensive analysis of phytohormones revealed a specific enhancement of the synthesis of jasmonic acid (JA), both in the LPS pretreatment and also simultaneous treatment, indicating a role of JA in the enhancement of downstream responses.