Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Well-Traveled Lot: A Research Note on Judicial Travel by U.S. Supreme Court Justices

ABSTRACT Today’s Supreme Court justices are said to be a “well-traveled lot,” with some scholars and policymakers wondering whether to curtail judicial travel. Absent from much of this debate, however, are data. Relying on justices’ financial disclosure statements from 2002–2012, we examine which justices travel, how often, and for what purpose. We discover that justices are indeed well traveled and that their travel patterns are not random. Certain justices have a greater propensity to travel. What is more, personal, legal, and political factors predict travel. These findings assist the normative discussion about the role of judicial travel and aim to raise broader questions about judicial motivations.
Datalog LITE: a deductive query language with linear time model checking

We present Datalog LITE, a new deductive query language with a linear-time model-checking algorithm, that is, linear time data complexity and program complexity. Datalog LITE is a variant of Datalog that uses stratified negation, restricted variable occurrences and a limited form of universal quantification in rule bodies.Despite linear-time evaluation, Datalog LITE is highly expressive: It encompasses popular modal and temporal logics such as CTL or the alternation-free μ-calculus. In fact, these formalisms have natural presentations as fragments of Datalog LITE. Further, Datalog LITE is equivalent to the alternation-free portion of guarded fixed-point logic. Consequently, linear-time model checking algorithms for all mentioned logics are obtained in a unified way.The results are complemented by inexpressibility proofs to the effect that linear-time fragments of stratified Datalog have too limited expressive power.
Clinical Outcomes Associated with Home Mechanical Ventilation: A Systematic Review

Background. The prevalence of patients supported with home mechanical ventilation (HMV) for chronic respiratory failure has increased. However, the clinical outcomes associated with HMV are largely unknown. Methods. We performed a systematic review of studies evaluating patients receiving HMV for indications other than obstructive lung disease, reporting at least one clinically relevant outcome including health-related quality of life (HRQL) measured by validated tools; hospitalization requirements; caregiver burden; and health service utilization. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, the Cochrane library, clinical trial registries, proceedings from selected scientific meetings, and bibliographies of retrieved citations. Results. We included 1 randomized control trial (RCT) and 25 observational studies of mixed methodological quality involving 4425 patients; neuromuscular disorders (NMD) (n = 1687); restrictive thoracic diseases (RTD) (n = 481); obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) (n = 293); and others (n = 748). HRQL was generally described as good for HMV users. Mental rather than physical HRQL domains were rated higher, particularly where physical assessment was limited. Hospitalization rates and days in hospital appear to decrease with implementation of HMV. Caregiver burden associated with HMV was generally high; however, it is poorly described. Conclusion. HRQL and need for hospitalization may improve after establishment of HMV. These inferences are based on relatively few studies of marked heterogeneity and variable quality.
Scenario extraction for a refined timing-analysis of automotive network topologies

In the past few years, many research groups have presented methods which are very valuable for analytically evaluating the timing behavior of automotive electric/electronic (E/E) systems. From an industrial perspective (view of an OEM), the novelty of this topic leads to a situation where the necessary input data for timing analysis is partially not specified or not available in an appropriate manner. Therefore, this paper presents a methodology for a systematic extraction of periodic and sporadic events in order to refine the input data for subsequent timing analysis. Our experimental results obtained with a real-world E/E-system points out the impact of the contribution.
Documenting research in scientific articles: Guidelines for authors: 3. Reporting multivariate analyses.

2007;131;628-632 Chest Tom Lang Multivariate Analyses Guidelines for Authors: 3. Reporting Documenting Research in Scientific Articles: http://chestjournals.org and services can be found online on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information ). ISSN: 0012-3692. http://www.chestjournal. org/misc/reprints.shtml ( of the copyright holder may be reproduced or distributed without the prior written permission Northbrook IL 60062. All rights reserved. No part of this article or PDF by the American College of Chest Physicians, 3300 Dundee Road, 2007 Physicians. It has been published monthly since 1935. Copyright CHEST is the official journal of the American College of Chest
Temporal Anomalies in Immunological Gene Expression in a Time Series of Wild Mice: Signature of an Epidemic?

Although the ecological importance of coinfection is increasingly recognized, analyses of microbial pathogen dynamics in wildlife usually focus on an ad hoc subset of the species present due to technological limitations on detection. Here we demonstrate the use of expression profiles for immunological genes (pattern recognition receptors, cytokines and transcription factors) as a means to identify, without preconception, the likelihood of important acute microbial infections in wildlife. Using a wood mouse population in the UK as a model we identified significant temporal clusters of individuals with extreme expression of immunological mediators across multiple loci, typical of an acute microbial infection. These clusters were circumstantially associated with demographic perturbation in the summertime wood mouse population. Animals in one cluster also had significantly higher individual macroparasite burdens than contemporaries with “normal” expression patterns. If the extreme transcriptional profiles observed are induced by an infectious agent then this implicates macroparasites as a possible player in mediating individual susceptibility or resilience to infection. The form of survey described here, combined with next generation nucleic acids sequencing methods for the broad detection of microbial infectious agents in individuals with anomalous immunological transcriptional profiles, could be a powerful tool for revealing unrecognized, ecologically important infectious agents circulating in wildlife populations.
An Experimental Study of Redundant Array of Independent SSDs and Filesystems

Solid state disks (SSDs) become more and more popular in personal devices and data centers. Flash chips can be packaged in Hard disk drive (HDD) form factors and provide the same interface as HDDs. This character makes SSDs easily replace HDDs in existing storage systems. PCIe-based SSD can provide a higher I/O performance, but it is still a little expensive. This paper studies the feasibility of Redundant Arrays of Independent SSDs (RAIS) with different filesystems. We comprehensively analyze the performance of RAIS constructed by SATA SSD and PCIe SSD individually. We investigate different RAIS configurations (RAIS0, 5, 6) and filesystems under various I/O access patterns. Finally, we illustrate our serval key findings and recommendations for building RAIS.
Analysis of Services, Challenges and Performance of a Grid

A system and a method for controlling a steam turbine in accordance with an exemplary embodiment are provided. The steam turbine has a first turbine subassembly and a second turbine subassembly both operably coupled to a rotor shaft for rotating the rotor shaft. The rotor shaft extends along an axis and being rotatably supported by a thrust bearing. The method includes determining a magnitude of an axial force being applied by the rotor shaft against the thrust bearing. The method further includes reducing an amount of steam being supplied to at least one of the first and second turbine assemblies when the magnitude of the axial force being applied against the thrust bearing exceeds a threshold value.
Modeling and Fast Emulation of Burst Traffic in Optical Burst-Switched Networks

In performance evaluation of optical burst-switched (OBS) networks using simulation a significant part of the simulation time, particularly in case of a network with a large number of ingress nodes, is used by the implementation of the burst assembly algorithms. This is due to the fact that each data burst is result of aggregating several short-length packets which - in a straightforward approach - have to be generated individually and afterwards "melted" into the burst. This paper presents a novel approach to fast generation of bursts based on an analytical model for both burst length and interarrival time distributions as well as an efficient generation technique (composition) supporting generation of these distributions. It is shown that the emulators developed in this work can speed up the burst generation process up to an order of magnitude while assuring a high accuracy.
Intra-cluster Nodes Scheduling Algorithm Satisfying Expected Coverage Degree of Application in Distributed Clustering WSNs

To satisfying expected coverage degree of application, we derived the smallest active node number K through node active-sleep theory. We also achieved intra-cluster active nodes scheduling algorithm. In data gathering protocol, this algorithm can make vast intra-member nodes obtain sleep, reduce data delay, lighten cluster head burden. The simulated experiment shows that the result of the algorithm in saving energy is very apparent.
Entrepreneurial Relations of Pakistani Entrepreneurs

This study aims at understanding entrepreneurial relations between Pakistani and Western entrepreneurs. It emphasizes the concept of national culture and tries to determine how Pakistani entrepreneurs are able to manage relations with their foreign clients in an economic downturn. The qualitative study consists of interviews conducted with various entrepreneurs of Pakistan. Political instability emerged as a major trial that most entrepreneurs faced, which in turn lead to reluctance, reliability, and trust issues among foreign investors. Despite cultural differences and economic challenges, Pakistani entrepreneurs are willing to work hard to maintain their relationships with foreign entrepreneurs.
Iodine assimilation by marine diatoms and other phytoplankton in nitrate‐replete conditions

Several marine phytoplankton species, primarily diatoms, were examined for the accumulation of iodide (10 species) and iodate (9 species) using radioactive iodine‐125 in f/2 artificial seawater, a nitrate‐enriched medium. Iodide accumulation (net uptake) rates were variable, and diatoms exhibited the highest rates. Emiliania huxleyi and Synechococcus sp. did not accumulate iodide. Accumulation rates ranged from 0 to 1.7 fmol cell−1 d−1. The diatom Porosira glacialis accumulated the greatest amount of iodide and was used to determine efflux rates of iodide. Iodide efflux was characterized by two distinct phases of iodide release: an initial rapid release rate of 10 amol cell−1 min−1 from the free space and a subsequent cellular release rate of 0.13 amol cell−1 min−1, which corresponds to a daily cellular release rate of 0.19 fmol cell−1 d−1. Accumulation of iodate ranged from 0 to 19 amol cell−1 d−1, with P. glacialis displaying the highest rate. Emiliania, Synechococcus, and Chaetoceros did not show significant iodate accumulation. Iodide is the preferred chemical species of iodine for uptake under nitrate‐replete conditions: iodide accumulation rates ranged from 3 to 90 times larger than those for iodate for the species studied. If the iodate accumulated is tightly coupled to its reduction to iodide, the accumulation rates suggest that phytoplankton‐mediated iodate reduction is not environmentally significant. If diatoms can reduce iodate to iodide, their overall contribution to surface‐water iodide, while living, would be further reduced because of their ability to reassimilate released iodide.
Religious Identity and Church Attendance of Sons of Religious Intermarriages

Prior investigations have suggested that offspring of religious intermarriages tend to adopt the religion of the mother. However, studies of religious identity and of the religious practices of these offspring are extremely rare. The present report focuses on both the religious identity and the church attendance of sons of Protestant-Catholic intermarriages. It is based on responses to questionnaires completed by a study population of army inductees at Fort Dix, New Jersey. Data are presented suggesting that the offspring of father-Protestant, mother-Catholic marriages are more likely to be Catholic than Protestant. However, the sons of father-Catholic, mother-Protestant marriages are almost equally divided into Protestants and Catholics. When paternal education is controlled, it appears that there are equal proportions of Protestant, Catholic, and unaffiliated respondents among offspring of college-educated men in the father-Protestant, mother-Catholic marriages. With regard to church-attendance practices, Catholic offspring of intermarriages report attending approximately as often as the men from homogeneous Catholic marriages. Protestant offspring of intermarriages present a mixed picture in church-attendance pattern. Educational level of the offspring is used in the explication of the analysis of church attendance data. Various related areas for further research are suggested.
Operating Systems Support for End-to-End Gbps Networking

This paper argues that workstation host interfaces and operating systems are a crucial element in achieving end-to-end Gbps bandwidths for applications in distributed environments. We describe several host interface architectures, discuss the interaction between the interface and host operating system, and report on an ATM host interface built at the University of Pennsylvania. Concurrently designing a host interface and software support allows careful balancing of hardware and software functions. Key ideas include use of buffer management techniques to reduce copying and scheduling data transfers using clocked interrupts. Clocked interrupts also aid with bandwidth allocation. Our interface can deliver a sustained 130 Mbps bandwidth to applications, roughly OC-3c link speed. Ninety-three percent of the host hardware subsystem throughput is delivered to the application with a small measured impact on other applications processing.
Pallidal Origin of GABA Release within the Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata during High-Frequency Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus

High-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (HFS-STN) is an effective treatment for alleviating the motor symptoms of parkinsonian patients. However, the neurochemical basis of its effects remains unknown. We showed previously that 1 h of HFS-STN in normal rats increases extracellular glutamate (Glu) level in the output nuclei of the STN, the globus pallidus (GP), and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), consistent with an increase in the activity of STN neurons. HFS-STN also increases GABA levels in the SNr, but the origin of this increase is unclear. We investigated the effectiveness of HFS-STN for improving Parkinson's disease symptoms, using intracerebral microdialysis to determine the extracellular Glu and GABA levels of the GP and SNr in response to HFS-STN in anesthetized hemiparkinsonian rats [6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc)]. Basal levels of Glu and GABA in the GP and SNr were significantly higher in hemiparkinsonian than in intact rats. HFS-STN did not affect extracellular Glu level in the SNr of hemiparkinsonian rats but doubled the level of GABA. Ibotenic acid lesion of the GP abolished the increase in GABA levels in the SNr induced by HFS-STN in SNc-lesioned rats. These results provide neurochemical confirmation of the hyperactivity of the STN after dopaminergic denervation and suggest that the therapeutic effects of HFS-STN may result partly from the stimulation of pallidonigral fibers, thereby revealing a potential role for pallidal GABA in the inhibition of basal ganglial output structures during HFS-STN.
A Comparative Study of Various Methods for Underwater Image Enhancement and Restoration

Images taken underwater usually do not possess visual quality because of degradation in visibility. The propagated light from object to the camera undergoes attenuation and scattering before reaching the camera. Hence the images suffer from blurriness and lack of contrast. These effects which degrades the visibility of underwater images can be called as haze. The haze formation in images taken underwater is mainly due to water turbidity and the differential scattering of light by suspended particles in the water. Also due to the selective absorption of color components of light by the medium, images suffer from color imbalance which causes one particular color to dominate among others. In the past few years, many approaches were put forwarded to improve the visibility of underwater images by removing haze and some color correction techniques are introduced to enhance the perception of underwater images. This paper is a review on various approaches for underwater image enhancement over the last few years.
Applying GPS to the study of primate ecology: A useful tool?

Data on the spatiotemporal distribution of resources can be collected and plotted using GPS (global positioning system) and GIS (geographical information system) technologies. By combining such data with information on foraging and ranging behavior of nonhuman primates, one can analyze the influence of resource distribution on social organization and group cohesion. We investigated the abilities of a three‐channel GPS receiver to collect location data under varying canopy densities in both temperate and tropical forests. Eighty randomly selected points were sampled in a beech–maple forest in northeast Ohio, USA; 65 points also were sampled at several tropical forests in Costa Rica and Trinidad. At each point we attempted to obtain a GPS position fix; we also determined the speed of satellite acquisition and measured canopy density using a spherical densiometer. The ability to obtain a reading differed greatly between the two forest types (χ2 = 53.79, P < 0.001). Ninety‐seven percent of all attempts were successful in the temperate forest, whereas only a 34% acquisition rate was obtained in the tropical forests. Logistic regression showed that the probability of obtaining a reading in Neotropical forests was 75% but only when canopy cover was less than 20%. Thus, these minimal‐channel GPS units may be of limited utility for behavioral ecologists working in closed‐canopy Neotropical forests. Am. J. Primatol. 46:167–172, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimal Bidding on Keyword Auctions

Pay per click (PPC) auctions are used to sell positions in search engines. These auctions have gained increasing commercial importance, and many companies offer software to bid on these auctions. We present a trading agent for PPC auctions that is the first in our knowledge to use an explicit profit objective function. The agent creates a look-ahead plan of its desired bids, which allows it to exhibit intelligent behaviour including the ability to hold back money during expensive periods. We tested the agent in the latter part of 2003 in a live Overture auction. The agent generated four times the number of visits as human managers, in addition to reducing cost and variability.
Enriching qualitative research by engaging peer interviewers: a case study

Engaging peer-interviewers in qualitative inquiry is becoming more popular. Yet, there are differing opinions as to whether this practice improves the research process or is prohibitively challenging. Benefits noted in the literature are improved awareness/acceptance of disenfranchised groups, improved quality of research, and increased comfort of participants in the research process. Challenges include larger investment in time and money to hire, train, and support peer-interviewers, and the potential to disrupt peer recovery. We illustrate, through case study, how to engage peer-interviewers, meet potential challenges, and the benefits of such engagement. We draw upon our experience from a qualitative study designed to understand men’s experiences of problem gambling and housing instability. We hired three peers to conduct semi-structured qualitative interviews with 30 men from a community-based organization. We contend, that with appropriate and adequate resources (time, financial investment), peer-interviewing produces a positive, capacity building experience for peer-interviewers, participants and researchers.
Virtual start-up of plants using formal methods

Control software of a manufacturing system is usually designed separated from the real plant or its simulation. Undesired behavior can occur after transferring software to the controller. At best, errors are recognized when starting-up, but there can exist failures that occur rarely and seemingly randomly during operation phase. This problem is of high significance, since the complexity of automated systems rises. Hence, control software bugs should be considered in early project phase. The approach presents an integrated framework that facilitates virtual start-up of a plant. It applies formal methods to simulate and even verify control software. This eases control software design and reduces plant downtimes.
Maximizing the Number of Broadcast Operations in Random Geometric Ad Hoc Wireless Networks

We consider static ad hoc wireless networks whose nodes, equipped with the same initial battery charge, may dynamically change their transmission range. When a node v transmits with range r(v), its battery charge is decreased by β r(v)2, where β > 0 is a fixed constant. The goal is to provide a range assignment schedule that maximizes the number of broadcast operations from a given source (this number is denoted by the length of the schedule). This maximization problem, denoted by Max LifeTime, is known to be NP-hard and the best algorithm yields worst-case approximation ratio Θ (log n), where n is the number of nodes of the network. We consider random geometric instances formed by selecting n points independently and uniformly at random from a square of side length √n in the euclidean plane. We present an efficient algorithm that constructs a range assignment schedule having length not smaller than 1/12 of the optimum with high probability. Then we design an efficient distributed version of the above algorithm, where nodes initially know n and their own position only. The resulting schedule guarantees the same approximation ratio achieved by the centralized version, thus, obtaining the first distributed algorithm having provably good performance for this problem.