Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differential Recruitment of Dishevelled Provides Signaling Specificity in the Planar Cell Polarity and Wingless Signaling Pathways in Drosophila, Planar Cell Polarity (pcp) Signaling Is Mediated by the Receptor Frizzled (fz) and Transduced by Dishevelled (dsh). Wingless (wg) Signaling Also Requires 

Drosophila Dishevelled (Dsh) was initially identified for its role in transducing the planar cell polarity (PCP; also known as tissue polarity) signal in developing imaginal Dsh was shown subsequently to trans-duce an additional signal mediated by Wingless (Wg) (Klingensmith et al. 1994). We have investigated how Dsh functions in PCP signaling and whether it has the same or different function in Wg signaling. PCP signaling controls the polarity of epithelial cells within a plane orthogonal to their apical–basal axis. One manifestation of this cellular polarity is the oriented organization of trichomes (cell hairs). In wild-type flies, the cell hair arising from each cell's distal vertex contributes to a parallel and specifically oriented array (Fig. 5A, below). Mutations in dsh, as well as additional genes including frizzled (fz), prickle (pk), inturned (in), fuzzy (fy), multiple wing hairs (mwh), and others all disrupt the polarity of the trichomes. The resulting mutant phenotypes include swirls and distortions of the hair polarity pattern, and in some instances, more than one trichome per cell (e.g., Fig. 5B, below). A putative signal transduc-tion pathway has been proposed (Krasnow et al. 1995), which serves to polarize cells, allowing them to distinguish one side of the cell from the other, and to propagate this information from cell to cell. In this pathway, Fz, a seven-transmembrane protein (without apparent primary sequence homology to the G-protein-coupled receptors) acts as a receptor (Vinson et al. 1989; Adler et al. 1990), functioning upstream of Dsh. Dsh then antagonizes the activities of Fy, In (both novel transmembrane proteins; Park et al. 1996; Collier and Gubb 1997), and Mwh, which are in turn proposed to regulate the cyto-skeletal apparatus responsible for control of PCP. Mutations in RhoA affect this process (Strutt et al. 1997), and experiments with dominant-negative mutants have implicated Cdc42 and Rac1 (Eaton et al. 1995, 1996) as additional effectors. Pk is proposed to function either in transmission of the signal to adjacent cells, or in interpretation of the directionality of the signal. Thus far, no ligand for the PCP pathway has been identified. Although a tentative signal transduction pathway has been proposed, the mechanism by which asymmetry is established in the responding cells is not understood.
Spiking Neurons and Synaptic Stimuli: Determining the Fidelity of Coincidence-Factor in Neural Response Comparison

Similarity between two spike trains is generally estimated using a ‘coincidence factor’. This factor relies on counting coincidences of firing-times for spikes in a given time window. However, in cases where there are significant fluctuations in membrane voltages, this uni-dimensional view is not sufficient. Results in this paper show that a two-dimensional approach taking both firing-time and the magnitude of spikes is necessary to determine similarity between spike trains. It is observed that the difference between the lower-bound limit of faithful behaviour and the reference inter-spike interval (ISI) reduces with the increase in the ISI of the input spike train. This indicates that spike trains generated by two highly-varying currents have a high coincidence factor thus indicating higher similarity – a limitation imposed due to a one-dimensional comparison approach. These results are analysed based on the responses of a Hodgkin-Huxley neuron, where the synaptic input induces fluctuations in the output membrane voltage. The requirement for a two-dimensional analysis is further supported by a clustering algorithm which differentiates between two visually-distinct responses as opposed to coincidence-factor.
Optimizing product orders using graph algorithms for improving incremental product-line analysis

The individual analysis of each product of a software product line (SPL) leads to redundant analysis steps due to the inherent commonality. Therefore, incremental SPL analyses exploit commonalities and focus on the differences between products to reduce the analysis effort. However, existing techniques are influenced by the order in which products are analyzed. The more similar subsequently analyzed products are, the greater is the potential reduction of the overall analysis effort as similar products imply less differences to be analyzed. Hence, an order of products, where the total number of differences is minimized, facilitates incremental SPL analyses. In this paper, we apply graph algorithms to determine optimized product orders. We capture products as nodes in a graph, where solution-space information defines edge weights between product nodes. We adopt existing heuristics for finding an optimal solution of the traveling salesperson problem to determine a path in the product graph with minimal costs. A path represents an optimized product order w.r. t. minimized differences between all products. We realize a prototype of our approach and evaluate its applicability and performance showing a significant optimization compared to standard and random orders.
#fukushima Five Years On: A Multimethod Analysis of Twitter on the Anniversary of the Nuclear Disaster

This article examines how the fifth anniversary of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster was commemorated on English-speaking Twitter in March 2016. By combining social network analysis and critical discourse analysis, a research design is developed that can be applied to study the structure of actors and interpretative resources invoked in the crafting of communal remembrance of a disruptive, global media event. In the study, we explore the most visible actors and the most dominant meanings in the #fukushima stream. According to our analysis, the most significant players were the mainstream media and other established organizations. While most of the retweeted messages contained a ritual element of collective memory work, grief, and observance, another prominent feature was the strongly politicized discourse surrounding the aftermath of the disaster.
Leaving-Home Patterns in Emerging Adults The Impact of Earlier Parental Support and Developmental Task Progression 1

In a longitudinal study on 93 participants, the relationships between leaving home, developmental task progression, and the amount of parental support were analyzed over a time span of 11 years. Three different leaving-home patterns emerged: on-time leavers, late leavers/returners, and those still residing with their parents at ages 21 to 25. Aspirations with respect to the attainment of develop- mental tasks specific to adolescence and emerging adulthood did not differ between individuals with different leaving-home patterns. Perceived developmental task progression during adolescence was influential, but the more recent developmental task progression during emerging adulthood was even more predictive for different leaving-home outcomes. The amounts of fathers' and mothers' support during adolescence were found to be important predictors of the timing of leaving home.
Reasonableness and Clarity of Tenure Expectations: Gender and Race Differences in Faculty Perceptions

This dissertation studies how higher education policies and practices can affect faculty retention and proposes changes that higher education institutions need to make to retain their faculty. Faculty assessment of reasonableness of tenure expectations is explored in the first manuscript and faculty perceptions of clarity of tenure expectations are explored in the second and third manuscripts. Job satisfaction data from a sample of 2438 tenure-track assistant professors at research universities is used. The first manuscript investigates the reasonableness of tenure expectations as it relates to work-life balance. The focus is on whether women’s and men’s appraisal of departmental and institutional support for family-work balance and satisfaction with family-friendly policies influence their perceptions of reasonableness of tenure expectations. Bivariate results reveal that women are less likely than men to report that tenure expectations are reasonable. Multivariate results show that for both women and men assessment of departmental and institutional support for family-work balance and satisfaction with family-friendly policies have a positive influence on their perceptions of reasonableness of tenure expectations. The second manuscript explores whether women’s and men’s assessment of tenure related departmental practices influence their perceptions of clarity of tenure expectations. Findings reveal that women are less likely than men to perceive the expectations for getting tenure as clear. Other results show that for both men and women assessment of fairness in tenure decisionmaking and in tenure evaluation, and assessment of received messages about the requirements for tenure have a significant and positive effect on their perceptions of clarity of tenure expectations. The third manuscript looks at how the intersection of gender and race influences faculty perceptions of clarity of tenure expectations. The study also seeks to identify predictors of perceptions of clarity for the intersectionality defined groups (minority women, minority men, white women, and white men). Bivariate results reveal no significant differences in minority women’s perceptions of clarity compared to all other faculty. The multivariate results show that the model does not explain minority women’s perceptions of clarity of tenure expectations as well as it explains white women’s and white men’s perceptions of clarity of tenure expectations.
A control method for one phase solar converters

This paper shows a novel control strategy for one phase solar converters to minimize the effect of the one phase power fluctuation. This fluctuation has a serious effect to the efficiency of the system: the PV does not operate in the maximum power point (MPP), the harmonic content of the output current is significant that's why compensation of the power fluctuation is needed. In this study a method is shown, which calculates the effects of the power fluctuation to the DC link voltage feedback and compensates with it. This compensation method has a good static- and dynamic behavior: The DC feedback voltage does not have significant fluctuation and can follow the changing in the grid's voltage. The results were simulated in Matlab Simulink and with a one phase solar voltage source inverter experiments were taken. The simulated and the experimental result confirm that this compensation method also has a good static- and dynamic behavior.
The phonetics of code-switched vowels

Aims and Objectives: This study investigates the effects of code-switching on vowel quality, pitch and duration among English–French bilinguals. Code-switching has been claimed to influence the morphology, syntax and lexicon, but not the phonology of the switched language. However, studies on voice-onset time have found subtle phonetic effects of code-switching, even though there are no categorical phonological effects. We investigate this further through the following three questions: (1) Are F1 and F2 influenced in the process of code-switching? (2) Are code-switched words hyper-articulated? (3) Does code-switching have an effect on vowel duration before voiced and voiceless consonants? Methodology: To address our research questions we relied on an insertional switching method where words from one language were inserted into carrier phrases of the other to simulate English–French code-switching environments. Bilingual speakers were recorded while they read code-switched sentences as well as sentences that did not involve code-switching, that is, monolingual sentences. Data and Analysis: The vowels of target words in the recorded utterances were compared – code-switched contexts against monolingual contexts – for vocalic duration, F0, F1 and F2. Findings/Conclusions: Like previous voice-onset time studies, our results indicate that code-switching does not shift the phonology to that of the embedded language. We did, however, find subtle lower level phonetic effects, especially in the French target words; we also found evidence of hyper-articulation in code-switched words. At the prosodic level, target switch-words approached the prosodic contours of the carrier phrases they are embedded in. Originality: The approach taken in this study is novel for its investigation of vowel properties instead of voice-onset time. Significance: This new approach to investigating code-switching adds to our understanding of how code-switching affects pronunciation.
Toward a Positive Explanation of Student Differences in Reading Growth

Background Education has much in common with professions that are using positive psychology and positive organizational scholarship to transform practice, yet the science behind peak human and group functioning has been slow to displace deficit-based framing of reform policies and improvement strategies in education. Purpose of the Study This study used self-determination theory to identify a general type of instructional environment that has positive consequences for learning outcomes. We hypothesized that a self-regulatory climate is related to school-level differences in student reading growth and that student perceptions of autonomy-supportive instruction are related to student differences in reading growth. Setting Data were collected during the 2013–2014 school year from a city school system, located in a metropolitan area of about 900,000 residents that serves approximately 42,000 students in 88 school sites. During the 2013–2014 school year, 80% of the students qualified for free or reduced-priced lunch (FRL); 26% were Black, 27% White, 30% Hispanic, 6% Native American, 9% multiracial, and 1% Asian. For this study, data come from students and teachers at all 51 elementary schools in the school system that have a 5th grade. Data Analysis Hypotheses were tested using a three-level linear growth analysis in HLM 7.0. The first step was to estimate the average reading growth for fifth-grade students using an unconditional growth model. The second step was to test a controlled-effects growth model, with FRL and racial/ethnic minority status included as student controls and FRL rate and percentage of White students enrolled in the school as school-level controls; self-regulatory climate was entered as a school-level predictor in this model. The final step was to add student-perceived autonomy-supportive instruction as a student-level explanatory variable. Findings Results showed that students in schools with self-regulatory climates achieved a higher reading growth rate than other students. Similar results were found with autonomy-supportive instruction: Students who experienced classroom instruction as autonomy-supportive had higher average reading growth than other students. Conclusions The aim of positive education is to develop a body of scientific evidence capable of explaining sources of exceptional teaching and learning. Self-regulatory climate and autonomy-supportive instruction appear to be two positive school conditions that enable students to flourish.
CD73 Expression Is an Independent Prognostic Factor in Prostate Cancer

Purpose: CD73 is an adenosine-generating ecto-enzyme that suppresses antitumor immunity in mouse models of cancer, including prostate cancer. Although high levels of CD73 are associated with poor prognosis in various types of cancer, the clinical impact of CD73 in prostate cancer remains unclear. Experimental Design: We evaluated the prognostic value of CD73 protein expression and CD8+ cell density in 285 cases of prostate cancer on tissue microarray (TMA). Normal adjacent and tumor tissues were evaluated in duplicates. Results: Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that high levels of CD73 in normal adjacent prostate epithelium were significantly associated with shorter biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free survival. Notably, CD73 expression in normal epithelium conferred a negative prognostic value to prostate-infiltrating CD8+ cells. Surprisingly, high levels of CD73 in the tumor stroma were associated with longer BCR-free survival in univariate analysis. In vitro studies revealed that adenosine signaling inhibited NF-κB activity in human prostate cancer cells via A2B adenosine receptors. Consistent with these results, CD73 expression in the prostate tumor stroma negatively correlated with p65 expression in the nuclei of prostate tumor cells. Conclusions: Our study revealed that CD73 is an independent prognostic factor in prostate cancer. Our data support a model in which CD73 expression in the prostate epithelium suppresses immunosurveillance by CD8+ T cells, whereas CD73 expression in the tumor stroma reduces NF-κB signaling in tumor cells via A2B adenosine receptor signaling. CD73 expression, including in normal adjacent prostate epithelium, can thus effectively discriminate between aggressive and indolent forms of prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 22(1); 158–66. ©2015 AACR.
Deterministic and Stochastic Models forCoalescence ( Aggregation , Coagulation ) : a Reviewof the Mean-Field Theory for

Consider N particles, which merge into clusters according to the rule: a cluster of size x and a cluster of size y merge at (stochastic) rate K (x; y)=N , where K is a speciied rate kernel. This Marcus-Lushnikov model of stochastic coalescence, and the underlying deter-ministic approximation given by the Smoluchowski coagulation equations , have an extensive scientiic literature. Some mathematical literature (Kingman's coalescent in population genetics; component sizes in random graphs) implicitly studies the special cases K (x; y) = 1 and K (x; y) = xy. We attempt a wide-ranging survey. General kernels are only now starting to be studied rigorously, so many interesting open problems appear.
A long-latency aversive learning mechanism enables locusts to avoid odours associated with the consequences of ingesting toxic food

SUMMARY Avoiding food that contains toxins is crucial for the survival of many animals, particularly herbivores, because many plants defend themselves with toxins. Some animals can learn to avoid food containing toxins not through its taste but by the toxins’ effects following ingestion, though how they do so remains unclear. We studied how desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria), which are generalist herbivores, form post-ingestive aversive memories and use them to make appropriate olfactory-based decisions in a Y-maze. Locusts form an aversion gradually to an odour paired with food containing the toxin nicotine hydrogen tartrate (NHT), suggesting the involvement of a long-latency associative mechanism. Pairing of odour and toxin-free food accompanied by NHT injections at different latencies showed that locusts could form an association between an odour and toxic malaise, which could be separated by up to 30 min. Tasting but not swallowing the food, or the temporal separation of odour and food, prevents the formation of these long-latency associations, showing that they are post-ingestive. A second associative mechanism not contingent upon feeding operates only when odour presentation is simultaneous with NHT injection. Post-ingestive memory formation is not disrupted by exposure to a novel odour alone but can be if the odour is accompanied by simultaneous NHT injection. Thus, the timing with which food, odour and toxin are encountered whilst foraging is likely to influence memory formation and subsequent foraging decisions. Therefore, locusts can form specific long-lasting aversive olfactory associations that they can use to avoid toxin-containing foods whilst foraging.
The Ecological Footprint of Poverty Alleviation: Evidence from Mexico's Oportunidades Program

Abstract We study the consequences of poverty-alleviation programs for environmental degradation. We exploit the community-level eligibility discontinuity for a conditional cash transfer program in Mexico to identify the impacts of income increases on deforestation and use the program's initial randomized rollout to explore household responses. We find that additional income raises consumption of land-intensive goods and increases deforestation. The observed production response and deforestation increase are larger in communities with poor road infrastructure. This suggests that better access to markets disperses environmental harm and that the full effects of poverty alleviation on the environment can be observed only where poor infrastructure localizes them.
3 ’ , S-Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate-and Ca 2 +-Calmodulin-Dependent Endogenous Protein Phosphorylation Activity in Membranes of the Bovine Chromaffin Secretory Vesicles : Identification of Two Phosphorylated Components as Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Protein Kinase Regulatory Subunit Type I 1 *

Membranes of the secretory vesicles from bovine adrenal medulla were investigated for the presence of the endogenous protein phosphorylation activity. Seven phosphoprotein bands in the molecular weight range of 250,000 to 30,000 were observed by means of the sodium dodecyl sulphate electrophoresis and autoradiography. On the basis of the criteria of molecular weight, selective stimulation of the phosphorylation by cyclic AMP (as compared with cyclic GMP) and immunoprecipitation by specific antibodies, band 5 (molecular weight 60,300) was found to represent the phosphorylated form of the secretory vesicle-bound tyrosine hydroxylase. The electrophoretic mobility, the stimulatory and inhibitory effects of cyclic AMP in presence of Mg2+ and Zn,2+ respectively, and immunoreactivity toward antibodies showed band 6 to contain two forms of the regulatory subunits of the type I1 cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, distinguishable by their molecular weights (56,000 and 52,000, respectively). Phosphorylation of band 7 (molecular weight 29,800) was stimulated about 2 to 3 times by Ca2+ and calmodulin in the concentration range of both agents believed to occur in the secretory tissues under physiological conditions.
Parents’ and Teachers’ Perceptions on the Use of Language in Early Childhood Development in Norton District

Abstract The study sought to establish the views and preferences of parents and teachers regarding the language to be used as the medium of instruction in early childhood development in Zimbabwe. A mixed research approach using semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire as instruments was conducted among 80 respondents comprising of 30 early childhood development teachers and 50 parents whose children were enrolled in early childhood education learning centers in Norton urban district, Mashonaland West Province in Zimbabwe, and an expert from the national curriculum development unit. Shona is the mother tongue predominantly spoken in the study area. The Zimbabwe education language policy stipulates that the second language should be introduced only after Grade 3. The findings of this study revealed that eighty-six percent of parents preferred the use of English as medium of instruction in early childhood development, while 66.7 percent of teachers preferred both English and Shona together. To address the mismatch between ideological and policy ideals on one hand, and practical reality on the other, the study recommends an evidence based, participatory national language policy review and development that consults parents, teachers and children among other stakeholders.