Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Developing Airline Segmentation Based on The On-time Performance

The growing demand of air travels in the United States has driven airlines to increase the number of flights. Airlines for America (A4A) projected 15.6 million passengers would travel by air during the Labor Day holiday period in 2016, a four percent increase from the 2015 Labor Day period. On average, US airlines serve 2.2 million passengers on 27 thousand flights each day [1]. In the airline business, flight on-time performance is important to the airline success since it affects both airlines and passengers. However, flight delay has become a chronical issue nationwide. Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) reported an on-time arrival rate of 75.2 percent in July 2016, decreased from the 78.1 percent ontime rate in July 2015 [5]. Flight delays have negative impacts on the airline industry, in general, and on individual airlines and passengers, in particular. Flight delays create great challenges to airlines in term of lost productivity, increased lodging and food expenses for the flight crews, passenger complaints, increased flight time, passenger loss, increased operating and fuel costs, and, most importantly, poor airline image. From the passenger perspective, flight delays may cause stress, cancelled flights, missing connected flights, disrupted schedule, and health issues. It was estimated that the per-minute-cost of delays to U.S. airlines was $65.43 per minute in 2015 [2]. Flight delays have attracted great attention from the academia. However, the majority of studies in flight delays focus on delays at airports rather than at the airline level. In addition, these studies mainly involve building a model to predict flight delay incidents and determining factors that influence the delays. A very few studies examined flight delays at the airline level, but rather focused on economic impacts of flight delays to airlines [29], or drivers to improving the flight on-time performance for individual airlines [15, 30]. Very little attention has been paid to how airlines perform differently in term of on-time arrival rates and the market segmentation based on airlines on-time performance. In this competitive market, airlines need to differentiate themselves from the competitors to survive and succeed. While causes for delays such as extreme weather, airport capacity, traffic volume, and security are not in the control of airlines, they should have some control on their own maintenance or crew problem, aircraft cleaning, baggage loading, fueling, etc.
Market and future trends for wood–polymer composites in Europe: the example of Germany

Publisher Summary This chapter describes that Wood-Plastic Composites (WPCs) have demonstrated technical and price requirements to become new mass-produced materials, similar to the use of thermoplastic recycled materials. Injection molding, thermo- forming, and possibly other technologies will gain in importance in Europe beyond the already well-developed decking sector. The injection molding technique has the biggest application potential compared with other techniques. The machines are available and can be used in many ways, both in and beyond the automotive industry. Bound by durable biopolymers, a 100% natural material can emerge from today's WPC research. Its market chances mainly depend on political frame-works: packaging ordinance, end-of-life vehicle ordinance, and many other regulations, as well as the globally increasing CO2 discussion must be mentioned as potential “catalysts. ” In view of the comprehensive experiences from North America, technical difficulties with outdoor applications should be solvable along with marketing problems, by targeted practice-oriented promotion by public authorities: optimization of the properties of WPC through wood/natural fiber mixtures, improvement of the extrusion process, and moisture absorption, as well as suitable additives, combined with a targeted market introduction of the WPC products.
The moderating role of family ecological factors (family size) on the relationships between family environment and emotional intelligence

While a huge of literature indicates that family environment influence emotional intelligence, the family size as one of the important determinants which buffers this effect received little empirical attention. The current study investigated the moderating role of family size on the relationships between family environment and emotional intelligence among 234 early adolescents (girls and boys) in grades 2 and 3 of guidance schools of Tehran, Iran. Data were collected using the Emotional Quotient Inventory Youth Version (Bar- on EQ-i; YV, 2000) and the Moos and Moos Family Environment Scale. Results revealed that family environment fostered emotional intelligence in their early adolescents. Furthermore, the findings demonstrated that family size moderated the relationship between family environment and emotional intelligence. Specifically, early adolescents tended to indicate more emotional intelligence at higher levels of family environment when family have fewer members. These findings underscore the need for continued focus on the role of family size when assessing the links between family environment and early adolescent’s emotional intelligence. Researchers have demonstrated that in family functioning related to early adolescents’ emotions, family and their characters such as family size is very important in the lives at early adolescence.
A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture

It is commonly thought that human genetic diversity in non-African populations was shaped primarily by an out-of-Africa dispersal 50–100 thousand yr ago (kya). Here, we present a study of 456 geographically diverse high-coverage Y chromosome sequences, including 299 newly reported samples. Applying ancient DNA calibration, we date the Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor (MRCA) in Africa at 254 (95% CI 192–307) kya and detect a cluster of major non-African founder haplogroups in a narrow time interval at 47–52 kya, consistent with a rapid initial colonization model of Eurasia and Oceania after the out-of-Africa bottleneck. In contrast to demographic reconstructions based on mtDNA, we infer a second strong bottleneck in Y-chromosome lineages dating to the last 10 ky. We hypothesize that this bottleneck is caused by cultural changes affecting variance of reproductive success among males.
Three-dimensional nanostructures by focused ion beam techniques: Fabrication and characterization

Three-dimensional (3D) nanostructures and nanodevices have attracted tremendous interest in the past few years due to their special mechanical and physical properties. Nanodevices using 3D nanostructures as the building blocks have been demonstrated to exhibit multifunctionality and functions that conventional planar devices cannot achieve. In this article, we report and review focused ion beam techniques for direct site-specific growth of 3D nanostructures and postgrowth shape modification of freestanding nanostructures by ion beam-induced chemical vapor deposition and ion-beam-irradiation-induced plastic bending, respectively. Such techniques have shown nanometer-scale resolution and accuracy in the fabrication of metallic nanoelectrodes, 3D pickup coils, nanogaps, and multibranched structures. Characterization of the resulting nanostructures shows that focused ion beam techniques allow conducting and superconducting freestanding 3D structures to be tailored in size, geometry, and integrated with planar electronic, mechanical, and superconducting nanodevices, potentially enabling lab-on-a-chip experiments.
Protozoan ciliate epibionts on the freshwater shrimp Caridina (Crustacea, Decapoda, Atyidae) from the Malili lake system on Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Protozoan ciliate epibionts on the freshwater shrimp Caridina (Decapoda, Atyidae), in particular from the ancient Malili lake system on Sulawesi (Indonesia), were studied. These ciliates belong to the following genera: the suctorian Acineta, and the peritrichs Thuricola, Cothurnia, Vorticella, Opercularia, and Zoothamnium. The ciliates were located on diverse areas of the surface and appendages of the shrimp. Morphological and taxonomical data of these ciliates are described, as well as the general distribution of each species on the basibiont. This is the first time that these ciliate epibiont species have been described on shrimps of the genus Caridina, where formerly only a suctorian of the genus Spelaeophrya has been found as an epibiont. Special features of the epibiont species in comparison with the species previously described are indicated.
A Review: The Use of Rituximab in Neuromuscular Diseases

Autoimmunity plays a major role in the pathogenesis of many neuromuscular disorders such as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, myasthenia gravis, Lambert Eaton syndrome, and stiff person syndrome. Although most of these disorders respond favorably to the commonly used immunomodulatory agents such as steroids, intravenous gamma globulin, plasmapheresis, and chemotherapy, some are initially refractory, whereas others gradually lose responsiveness. Therefore, alternative, selective, and novel immunosuppressive agents are used to treat these cases. Among these agents, rituximab has shown promise in some of the neuromuscular disorders with minimal side effects. Rituximab is a genetically engineered antibody that depletes CD20+ B-cells and is Food and Drug Administration- approved for treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, CD20+ CLL, and rheumatoid arthritis. It carries a favorable side effects profile. However, evidence of efficacy is limited to case series and large prospective randomized controlled trials are lacking. In this article, we review and discuss the available literature on rituximab in treatment of various autoimmune neuromuscular diseases.
A randomized controlled crossover trial with delayed-release cysteamine bitartrate in nephropathic cystinosis: effectiveness on white blood cell cystine levels and comparison of safety.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Immediate-release cysteamine bitartrate (Cystagon; Mylan Pharmaceuticals, Canonsburg, PA) may prevent or delay kidney transplantation and other serious outcomes in patients with cystinosis, but has never been subjected to a prospective clinical trial. Cystagon efficacy requires strict lifelong dosing every 6 hours. Such a dosing schedule and Cystagon-associated side effects are often cited by patients as reasons for nonadherence. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS This open-label, randomized, controlled, crossover trial was powered to show that a new delayed-release formulation of cysteamine bitartrate, RP103, taken every 12 hours, was noninferior to Cystagon for maintenance of white blood cell (WBC) cystine at levels associated with optimal outcomes in the disease. RESULTS Forty-three patients were randomized. Using a mixed-effects statistical analysis model, the least-squares mean peak value of WBC cystine level was 0.62±0.05 nmol 1/2 cystine/mg protein after 12 hours under RP103 and 0.54±0.05 nmol 1/2 cystine/mg protein after 6 hours under Cystagon, a difference of 0.08±0.04 nmol 1/2 cystine/mg protein (95.8% confidence interval, 0-0.16). The average steady-state total daily dose of RP103 was 82% of the incoming steady-state total daily dose of Cystagon. There were three-fold more gastrointestinal side effects compared with using Cystagon. CONCLUSIONS A new delayed-release Q12H formulation of cysteamine bitartrate is not inferior to the Q6H formulation (Cystagon) in maintaining low WBC cystine levels in patients with cystinosis but at a lower total daily dose.
Individual tree detection from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) derived canopy height model in an open canopy mixed conifer forest

Advances in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology and data processing capabilities have made it feasible to obtain high-resolution imagery and three dimensional (3D) data which can be used for forest monitoring and assessing tree attributes. This study evaluates the applicability of low consumer grade cameras attached to UAVs and structure-from-motion (SfM) algorithm for automatic individual tree detection (ITD) using a local-maxima based algorithm on UAV-derived Canopy Height Models (CHMs). This study was conducted in a private forest at Cache Creek located east of Jackson city, Wyoming. Based on the UAV-imagery, we allocated 30 field plots of 20 m × 20 m. For each plot, the number of trees was counted manually using the UAV-derived orthomosaic for reference. A total of 367 reference trees were counted as part of this study and the algorithm detected 312 trees resulting in an accuracy higher than 85% (F-score of 0.86). Overall, the algorithm missed 55 trees (omission errors), and falsely detected 46 trees (commission errors) resulting in a total count of 358 trees. We further determined the impact of fixed tree window sizes (FWS) and fixed smoothing window sizes (SWS) on the ITD accuracy, and detected an inverse relationship between tree density and FWS. From our results, it can be concluded that ITD can be performed with an acceptable accuracy (F > 0.80) from UAV-derived CHMs in an open canopy forest, and has the potential to supplement future research directed towards estimation of above ground biomass and stem volume from UAV-imagery.
Robust Tensor Analysis with Non-Greedy (cid:96) 1 -Norm Maximization

The (cid:96) 1 -norm based tensor analysis (TPCA-L1) is recently proposed for dimensionality reduction and feature extraction. However, a greedy strategy was utilized for solving the (cid:96) 1 -norm maximization problem, which makes it prone to being stuck in local solutions. In this paper, we propose a robust TPCA with non-greedy (cid:96) 1 -norm maximization (TPCA-L1 non-greedy), in which all projection directions are optimized simultaneously. Experiments on several face databases demonstrate the eﬀectiveness of the proposed method.
Recent advances in problem understanding: changes in the landscape a year on

This paper provides an updated survey of new literature in, and related to, the field of problem understanding which has been published or made available since January 2012. The bibliographic information from the survey is available online at http://bit.ly/ZWoY3X. The survey covers work on the topics of: Benchmark Problems; Problem Decomposition & Multiobjectivisation; Landscape Analysis; Problem Difficulty; and Algorithm Selection & Performance Prediction. In addition, special attention is drawn to three recently published and excellent topic specific surveys. A side note is also made regarding the parallels between problem understanding, and specifically landscape analysis and the work of fitness landscape analysis in theoretical, conventional and evolutionary biology.
Reasoning in the Absence of Goals

In creative industries such as design and research it is common to reason about ‘problem-finding’ before tasks or goals can be established. Problem-finding may also continue throughout the problem-solving process, so achieving goals may be an ongoing process of discovery as well as iterative improvement and refinement. This paper considers the design of cognitive systems with complementary processes for both problem-finding and problem-solving. We review a range of approaches that may complement goal-directed reasoning when an artificial system does not or cannot know precisely what it is looking for. We argue that there is a spectrum of approaches that can be used for reasoning in the absence of goals, which make progressively weaker assumptions about the definition and presence goals, and that goal-oriented behavior can be an intermediate result of problem-finding, rather than as a starting point for problem-solving. We demonstrate one such approach based on implicit motives and incentives.
C-C motif chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) is a target of the EGF-AKT-mTOR-STAT3 signaling axis in breast cancer cells

The CC motif chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) has been implicated in tumor invasion and metastasis in numerous cancers. However, the detailed mechanism of CCR1 upregulation in metastatic tumor cells is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to clarify the regulatory mechanism underlying transcriptional activation of the CCR1 gene in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation in breast cancer cells. CCR1 was highly expressed in human breast invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) compared to adjacent normal tissues. Upon EGF stimulation, CCR1 expression was upregulated at the transcriptional level. Promoter analysis showed that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is necessary for EGF-induced CCR1 promoter activation, and STAT3 silencing abrogated EGF-induced CCR1 transcription. Pharmacological inhibition and short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown experiments showed that AKT-dependent mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation was involved in the phosphorylation of serine-727 of STAT3, which in turn stimulated the transcription of the CCR1 gene. In conclusion, the AKT-mTOR-STAT3 signaling axis contributes to EGF-induced CCR1 expression, which promotes invasion and metastasis in breast cancer cells. We propose that the AKT-mTOR-STAT3 axis is a potential therapeutic target for blocking the invasion and metastasis of breast cancers.
HEMATOPOIESIS AND STEM CELLS Ncor 2 is required for hematopoietic stem cell emergence by inhibiting Fos signaling in zebra fi sh

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are capable of self-renewing and differentiating into all lineages of blood cells, thus maintaining the homeostasis of the blood system. The lack of sufficient donors to provide a source of HSCs for clinical use makes the production of HSCs urgent, in vitro or ex vivo. The iPS technology holds great promise for such purpose in regenerative medicine. For example, several studies have reported successful induction of blood cells in vitro. However, the generation of transplantable and functional HSCs in a dish has so far been unsuccessful, which is most likely attributed to the largely unknown molecular mechanism underlying HSC development during embryogenesis and adulthood in vivo. In vertebrate embryos, HSCs directly emerge from the ventral wall of the dorsal aorta (ie, hemogenic endothelium) through a process known as endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition (EHT). Many signaling pathways and genes involved in artery establishment and HSC development and function have been well studied, however, our understandingon the specification of hemogenic endotheliumhas only just begun. For example, only a few of factors involved in this process have thus far been reported, such as F2r, Gfi1, Runx1, and Scl. Nuclear receptor corepressors (Ncors) are large proteins, which coordinate with histone deacetylases (Hdacs) to exert transcriptional repression. Knocking outNcor1 inmice leads to impaired definitive erythropoiesis and arrestedT-cell development.Ncor2 is necessary for zebrafish primitive hematopoiesis but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Usually, Ncors repress transcriptional activities of target genes through recruitment of Hdacs. As a partner of Ncor2, Hdac1 is critical for HSC emergence in zebrafish and Hdac3 is known to be necessary for HSCproliferation. Considering that Ncor2 andHdacs form a multiunit complex to exert transcriptional repression and that both are involved in hematopoiesis, it is very possible that the interaction of Ncor2 with Hdacs might be required for HSC development. c-Fos (encoded by fos) has been reported to be essential for the activities of HSCs in mice and inhibition of Hdacs can lead to upregulation of fos gene expression in the nervous system. However,whether this induction is conservedduringHSCdevelopment remains unclear. Vegfd, also called c-Fos induced growth factor, usually binds to VEGFR3 or VEGFR2 to regulate lymphangiogenesis and/or angiogenesis. In zebrafish, vegfd is expressed in tail bud and its overexpression can trigger aberrant sprouting of intersegmental arteries , but its role in hematopoiesis has not yet been reported. In this study, we show that Ncor2 regulates HSC development through fos-vegfd cascade, in which Ncor2 cooperates with Hdac3 to repress fos transcription during HSC development. When ncor2 is knocked down, fos will be upregulated, which then induces the expression of vegfd to repress HSC emergence by increasing Notch signaling activity, consequently.
Pronominal Reference in Sentences about Persons or Things: An Electrophysiological Approach

German pronouns (erMALE/masculine, sieFEMALE/feminine) that refer to a person are determined by the biological gender (MALE/FEMALE) and/or syntactic gender (masculine/feminine) of the person. Pronouns (ermasculine, siefeminine) that refer to a thing are determined by the syntactic gender of this thing (Garten [garden]masculine, Tasche [hand-bag]feminine). The study aimed to investigate whether semantic integration, syntactic integration, or both are involved in establishing co-reference between pronoun and subject/antecedent in sentences. Here we focused on two event-related potential components: the SPS/P600, related to syntactic violation and reanalysis, and the N400 component, related to semantic integration problems. In one condition, a person was introduced as antecedent and later referred to by a pronoun, which either agreed in biological/syntactic gender or not (biological/syntactic gender violation). In a second condition, a thing was introduced as antecedent and the corresponding pronoun either agreed in syntactic gender or not (syntactic gender violation). Results at critical pronouns showed a P600 effect for incongruent compared with congruent pronouns in both conditions with a centro-parietal maximum. This effect was larger for the person compared to the thing condition. We interpreted this finding as reflecting a syntactic integration process that can be influenced by conceptual/semantic and syntactic information of the antecedent type. Furthermore, at the word following the pronoun, we observed an N400 for the thing but not for the person condition. We suggest, supported by the results of a control experiment, that this effect reflects continuous integration processes for things, whereas for persons the integration seems to be finished at pronoun position.
S-shaped reverse sural flap for reconstruction of tissue defect on heel

Traumatic limb injury is a prevalent lesion in Iran. Motorcycle accidents are responsible for most of these traumatic lesions. Despite various reported techniques, the coverage of the Achilles tendon, malleoli, ankle and heel is still daunting and demanding procedure. S-shaped reverse sural flap is a modified technique of reconstruction. In this report of 6 patients underwent surgical reconstruction by this modified technique we discuss about the technique as a simple and safe technique with low morbidity rate and recommend using this technique in complex injuries.