Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Individual Identity Attachments and International Conflict

This article provides some of the first individual-level evidence for the domestic salience of territorial issues. Using survey data from more than 80,000 individual respondents in 43 separate countries, we examine how conflict affects the content of individual self-identification. We find that international conflict exerts a strong influence on the likelihood and content of individual self-identification, but this effect varies with the type of conflict. Confirming nationalist theories of territorial salience, territorial conflict leads the majority of individuals in targeted countries to identify themselves as citizens of their country. However, individuals in countries that are initiating territorial disputes are more likely to self-identify as members of a particular ethnicity, which provides support for theories connecting domestic salience to ethnic politics. That conflict has variegated effects on identity formation suggests the relationship is not endogenous. Our within-case analysis of changes in Nigerian self-identifications further demonstrates that individuals are quite susceptible to the types and locations of international conflict.
Voluntary Disclosure in a Multi-Audience Setting: An Empirical Investigation

Theory suggests that voluntary disclosure decisions are a function of conflicting incentives vis‐a`‐vis multiple audiences. However, few opportunities exist to investigate this issue empirically. We identify a setting that offers us such an opportunity: the electric utility industry as it transitions toward deregulation. We consider two types of voluntary disclosures: strategies to protect the firm's existing customer base and plans to exploit emerging opportunities under deregulation. We examine these particular disclosures since they are voluntary, relevant to all sample firms, and convey positive information about the firm's prospects in a deregulated environment. We consider three target audiences: industry regulators, capital market participants, and product market competitors. We find that our disclosure index is negatively associated with the magnitude of utilities' stranded costs in jurisdictions where the stranded cost recovery issue is unresolved, consistent with our predicted regulatory incenti.
Use of instrumental variables in the analysis of generalized linear models in the presence of unmeasured confounding with applications to epidemiological research

A major, often unstated, concern of researchers carrying out epidemiological studies of medical therapy is the potential impact on validity if estimates of treatment are biased due to unmeasured confounders. One technique for obtaining consistent estimates of treatment effects in the presence of unmeasured confounders is instrumental variables analysis (IVA). This technique has been well developed in the econometrics literature and is being increasingly used in epidemiological studies. However, the approach to IVA that is most commonly used in such studies is based on linear models, while many epidemiological applications make use of non‐linear models, specifically generalized linear models (GLMs) such as logistic or Poisson regression. Here we present a simple method for applying IVA within the class of GLMs using the generalized method of moments approach. We explore some of the theoretical properties of the method and illustrate its use within both a simulation example and an epidemiological study where unmeasured confounding is suspected to be present. We estimate the effects of beta‐blocker therapy on one‐year all‐cause mortality after an incident hospitalization for heart failure, in the absence of data describing disease severity, which is believed to be a confounder. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring Over‐education

Previous work on over-education has assumed homogeneity of workers and jobs. Relaxing these assumptions, we find that over-educated workers have lower education credentials than matched graduates. Among the over-educated graduates we distinguish between the apparently over-educated workers, who have similar unobserved skills as matched graduates, and the genuinely over-educated workers, who have a much lower skill endowment. Over-education is associated with a pay penalty of 5%-11% for apparently over-educated workers compared with matched graduates and of 22%-26% for the genuinely over-educated. Over-education originates from the lack of skills of graduates. This should be taken into consideration in the current debate on the future of higher education in the UK. Copyright The London School of Economics and Political Science 2003.
AN EFFICIENT AERODYNAMIC SHAPE OPTIMIZATION FRAMEWORK FOR ROBUST DESIGN OF AIRFOILS USING SURROGATE MODELS

This paper deals with developing an efficient Robust Design Optimization (RDO) framework. The goal is to obtain an aerodynamic shape that is less sensitive to small random geometry perturbations and to uncertain operational conditions. The initial shape is the RAE2822 airfoil which is parameterized with 10 design variables. The robust design formulation used is based on an expectation measure. The goal was to minimize the sum of the mean and standard deviation of the drag coefficient of the RAE 2822 airfoil for a given nominal lift coefficient. Here, we focus on improving the methods used for computing the statistics of the aerodynamic performance of the airfoil in every optimization cycle. A relatively small number of samples is evaluated with CFD and used to construct surrogate models based on Kriging and gradient-enhanced Kriging. The aerodynamic performance statistics, which are used to evaluate the robust objective function, are estimated by using quasi Monte Carlo (QMC) sampling with many samples evaluated on the surrogate models. A large number of geometrical uncertainties is parameterized by using a truncated Karhunen-Loeve expansion, which enables a significant reduction of the dimensionality of the problem and thus of the surrogate models. By varying the number of samples used to build the surrogate model and by comparing the two types of surrogate modeling methods, it is confirmed that the robust objective function can be evaluated accurately with at most 30 CFD computations and corresponding adjoint computations.
Economic Assessment of Acquiring Water for Environmental Flows in the Murray Basin

This article is an economic analysis of reallocating River Murray Basin water from agriculture to the environment with and without the possibility of interregional water trade. Acquiring environmental flows as an equal percentage of water allocations from all irrigation regions in the Basin is estimated to reduce returns to irrigation. When the same volume of water is taken from selected low-value regions only, the net revenue reduction is less. In all scenarios considered, net revenue gains from freeing trade are estimated to outweigh the negative revenue effects of reallocating water for environmental flows. The model accounts for how stochastic weather affects market water demand, supply and requirements for environmental flows. Net irrigation revenue is estimated to be $75 million less than the baseline level for a scenario involving reallocating a constant volume of water for the environment in both wet and dry years. For a more realistic scenario involving more water for the environment in wet and less in dry years, estimated net revenue loss is reduced by 48 per cent to $39 million. Finally, the external salinity-related costs of water trading are estimated at around $1 million per annum, a quite modest amount compared to the direct irrigation benefits of trade.
Measuring Equity at the School Level: The Finance Perspective

This article explores conceptual, methodological, and empirical issues in resource allocation at the intradistrict and school levels. With increased attention focused on policies and data related to resources within districts, it is important that analytical problems and potential solutions be debated by researchers. The article develops ways that equity concepts can apply at the school level, identifies a series of methodological issues, and includes an empirical analysis of vertical equity at the intradistrict and school levels in New York City.
Towards the development of typhoon-related tweet classifiers despite the sparseness of strongly-annotated data

We employ a method for weakly annotating typhoon-related tweets in situations where there is only a small strongly-annotated dataset. The idea is that classifiers can be trained on a larger weakly-annotated dataset generated from this smaller dataset. In this research specifically, four binary classifiers were trained to detect the presence of the following themes in tweets: (1) Agonism or Engagement in Debate, (2) Celebrification, (3) Solidaristic, and (4) Tweeting about a Charity Event. The classifiers were then evaluated qualitatively on tweets about the original typhoon (Haiyan in 2013) from which the annotations came from, and on tweets about a typhoon years later (Haima in 2016). This was done by running LDA topic modelling on the positive classifications and qualitatively analyzing the resulting topics for relevance to the themes. Results suggest that the trained classifiers could be useful for the typhoon with which it was trained on, but not necessarily for other typhoons.
Serum antibody concentrations of cytotoxin, exotoxin, A, lipopolysaccharide, protease, and elastase and survival of patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia.

The relationship between survival and serum concentrations of antibody to cytotoxin, exotoxin A, lipopolysaccharide (LPS; IgM and IgG), protease, and elastase (determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) was studied in a group of 41 patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia. The lowest mean concentrations of antibody to cytotoxin (P < .05) and of IgG to LPS (P < .01) were noted in the patients who died within 48 hours of onset. The mean level of antibody to cytotoxin in patients who died 9-45 days or 5-22 months following onset was similar to that in controls, while in patients who survived > or = 24 months the level was higher than in controls (P < .01). The mean level of IgG to LPS was highest in patients who survived > or = 24 months. The mean concentrations of antibody to the other antigens (except IgM to LPS) were higher in patients than in controls (P < .01). No significant change occurred in any mean antibody concentrations over time. Administration of antipseudomonal antibodies, especially to cytotoxin and LPS, should be considered in the early stages of therapy for patients with P. aeruginosa bacteremia.
Frequency and distribution of GJB2 (connexin 26) and GJB6 (connexin 30) mutations in a large North American repository of deaf probands

Purpose: Profound hearing loss occurs with a frequency of 1 in 1000 live births, half of which is genetic in etiology. The past decade has witnessed rapid advances in determining the pathogenesis of both syndromic and nonsyndromic deafness. The most significant clinical finding to date has been the discovery that mutations of GJB2 at the DFNB1 locus are the major cause of profound prelingual deafness in many countries.1 More recently, GJB2 mutations have been shown to cause deafness when present with a deletion of the GJB6 gene. We report on the prevalence of GJB2 and GJB6 mutations in a large North American Repository of DNA from deaf probands and document the profound effects of familial ethnicity and parental mating types on the frequency of these mutations in the population.Methods: Deaf probands were ascertained through the Annual Survey of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children and Youth, conducted at the Research Institute of Gallaudet University. Educational, etiologic, and audiologic information was collected after obtaining informed consent. DNA studies were performed for the GJB2 and GJB6 loci by sequencing and PCR methods.Results: GJB2 mutations accounted for 22.2% of deafness in the overall sample but differed significantly among Asians, African-Americans and Hispanics and for probands from deaf by deaf and deaf by hearing matings, as well as probands from simplex and multiplex sibships of hearing parents. In our sample, the overall incidence of GJB2/GJB6 deafness was 2.57%. Conclusion: GJB2 mutations account for a large proportion of deafness in the US, with certain mutations having a high ethnic predilection. Heterozygotes at the GJB2 locus should be screened for the GJB6 deletion as a cause of deafness. Molecular testing for GJB2 and GJB6 should be offered to all patients with nonsyndromic hearing loss.
Valuing Changes in Mortality Risk: Lives Saved Versus Life Years Saved

This paper provides theoretical background for a symposium on whether the monetary value of changes in mortality risk resulting from environmental policy is best summarized in terms of a ‘value per statistical life’ (VSL) or ‘value per statistical life-year’ (VSLY). The relationship between VSL and VSLY may be clarified by recognizing that any change in an individual's mortality risk can be described by a corresponding shift in her survival curve, which can be summarized by the expected number of lives saved (as a function of time or within a specified time period) or by the expected number of life-years saved. An individual's willingness to pay (WTP) for a shift in her survival curve can be summarized by her average VSL or VSLY for that change. Economic theory suggests that both VSL and VSLY may depend on the individual's initial survival curve, characteristics of the shift, and individual characteristics such as health and income. Neither VSL nor VSLY is likely to be constant across changes in mortality risk. Hence, accurate valuation requires the use of scenario-specific values. The choice between VSL and VSLY summary measures is largely one of convenience.
Framing the Choice between Cash and the Courthouse: Experiences with the 9/11 Victim Compensation Fund

In this paper I report the results of a quantitative and qualitative empirical study of how those who were injured or lost a family member in the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks evaluated the tradeoff between a cash payment - available through the Victim Compensation Fund - and the pursuit of litigation. Responses make it clear that potential plaintiffs saw much more at stake than monetary compensation and that the choice to forego litigation required the sacrifice of important non-monetary, civic, values: obtaining and publicizing information about what happened, prompting public findings of accountability for those responsible, and participating in the process of ensuring that there would be responsive change to what was learned about how the attacks and deaths happened. The results shed light on the framing component of the transformation of disputes, and in particular on how potential litigants see the decision to sue, or not, as a decision as much or more about how they understand their relationship to their community and their responsibilities as a citizen as how they evaluate monetary considerations.
Mismatch of Duodenal Deliveries of Dietary Fat and Pancreatin from Enterically Coated Microspheres

Gastric emptying of dietary fat is affected by both chemical and physical factors; but when ingested as a free oil or an aqueous emulsion, fat may empty most rapidly immediately after the meal. In contrast, gastric transit of 1-to 3-mm spheres (like those of enterically coated pancreatins) is known to vary inversely with sphere diameter; and spheres leave the stomach initially slowly, if their diameter is ≥ 1.6 mm. Our objective was to determine whether 2-mm microspheres of Pancrease would empty much more slowly than free or emulsified oil and whether 1.2-mm microspheres of Creon would empty as fast as free oil. We used a γ camera to track the concurrent gastric emptying of 123I-labeled oil and 113mIn-labeled spheres of Pancrease or Creon in pancreatic-insufficient subjects with cystic fibrosis who ingested 20 g of free oil in spaghetti meals or 20 g of oil emulsified in a milk meal. We found that either type of oil emptied rapidly initially but slowed later, whereas either dosage form emptied slowly initially but rapidly later. Unexpectedly, the smaller spheres of Creon emptied about the same as Pancrease did after the spaghetti meal. For example, 50% of oil but <25% of either dosage form had left the stomach by 90 min after the meals. Both dosage forms were lipophilic, forming aggregates in vitro. We concluded that the gastric emptying of either dosage form frequently lagged behind the emptying of oil from ordinary meals. We speculated that the similar transits of the 1.2-mm Creon and the 2-mm Pancrease resulted from aggregation of these microspheres in the presence of free oil.
Eubacterial components similar to small nuclear ribonucleoproteins: identification of immunoprecipitable proteins and capped RNAs in a cyanobacterium and a gram-positive eubacterium

Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) particles play an important role in the processing of pre-mRNA. snRNPs have been identified immunologically in a variety of cells, but none have ever been observed in prokaryotic systems. This report provides the first evidence for the presence of snRNP-like components in two types of prokaryotic cells: those of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus leopoliensis and those of the gram-positive eubacterium Bacillus subtilis. These components consist of snRNP-immunoreactive proteins and RNAs, including some with the snRNP-unique 5' m2,2,7G (m3G) cap. Immunoreactivity was determined by immunoprecipitation procedures, with either antinuclear-antibody-positive (RNP- and Sm-monospecific) patient sera or a m3G monoclonal antibody, with radiolabelled cell extracts that were preadsorbed with antinuclear-antibody-negative sera. S. leopoliensis immunoprecipitates showed the presence of high-molecular-mass proteins (14 to 70 kDa) and RNAs (138 to 243 nucleotides) that are analogous in size to proteins and RNAs found in human (HEp-2) cell immunoprecipitates but absent in Escherichia coli immunoprecipitates. Thin-layer chromatography of S. leopoliensis immunoprecipitates confirmed the presence of a capped nucleotide similar to a capped nucleotide in HEp-2 immunoprecipitates; no such nucleotide was observed in E. coli immunoprecipitates. Immunoreactive RNAs (117-170 nucleotides) were identified in a second eubacterium, B. subtilis, as well. This work suggests that snRNPs or their evolutionary predecessors predate the emergence of eukaryotic cells.
A Reversal of Fortune for Korean Women: Explaining the 1983 Upward Turn in Relative Earnings

Between 1971 and 1983, Korea's mean gender earnings ration remained virtually stagnant at 47 percent. But after 1983, the earnings ration took a distinct turn upward. In other words, not until after 1983 did Korean women make any progress in closing the gender-earnings gap. when controlling for education, the analysis reveals a surprising drop in relative earning across education groups in the 1970s and early 1980s, and a recover thereafter. The author uses an extremely rich set of microdata (suitable for decomposition) to explain the trends in Korea's earnings differential. Results indicate that most of the 1983 reversal is attributable to a strong compression in market returns to skills and to narrowing gender differences in education and experience. The widening gender earnings differential across education groups before 1983 resulted primarily from a growing gender gap in unobserved characteristics. Growing gender differences in unmeasured ability or increased wage discrimination could explain this trend. After 1983, women with high school education or less benefit primarily from a dramatic narrowing in the economy's distribution of market payoffs to skills, enough for women to begin to catch up to men relative earnings. A compression in the return to skills helped only some groups. Women with college educations did not experience increased benefits from changes in the market payoff to skills. Stricter enforcement of Korea's equal-pay-for-equal-work provision could help reduce the outright discrimination against women workers that might be the underlying problem. By boosting the potential of Korea's female labor force, stronger enforcement of Korea's equal opportunity provisions would improve the country's economic productivity.
An Integrated Low-Noise Sensing Circuit With Efficient Bias Stabilization for CMOS MEMS Capacitive Accelerometers

A sensing circuit in 0.35 μm CMOS technology for CMOS MEMS capacitive accelerometers has been designed in this work with emphasis on managing noise, sensor offset, and the dc bias at input terminals. The issue of dc bias is particularly addressed and an efficient method is proposed. An example of integrating surface micromachined sensors and the designed sensing circuits on the same chip is demonstrated. Experimental results showed that the proposed circuit led to good noise performance, the random offset in the sensors was efficiently compensated, and the input dc bias voltage was well maintained. The sensitivity of the accelerometer is 457 mV/g. The output noise floor is 54 μg/√Hz, which corresponds to an effective capacitance noise floor of 0.0162 aF/√Hz. The total area of the dual-axis surface micromachined accelerometer chip is 5.66 mm2 and the current consumption is 1.56 mA under a 3.3 V voltage supply.
Information technologies and human behaviours as interacting knowledge management enablers

Today's competition demands an unprecedented learning capability from organisations. Subsequently, knowledge management has become essential. Information Technologies (IT) are one of the major knowledge management initiatives fostered by organisations, but they are not sufficient as enablers of learning capability. Knowledge resides in human minds and, therefore, employee behaviours and interpretative abilities are key factors to knowledge management. Accordingly, this paper takes a comprehensive view of knowledge management by analysing how IT must interact with specific human behaviours in order to enhance them as enablers for the development of a learning capability. Data from 111 companies are the point of departure of the empirical analysis, which is based on structural equation modelling estimation. Results imply that there is consistent evidence of the superiority of the proposed interaction. Consequently, firms need to create a fit between their technological and human systems.
Blind identification of IIR model based on output over-sampling

This paper deals with a blind problem for an IIR model in a time domain. Based on an output over-sampling scheme, the proposed algorithm can estimate parameters of an alternative multi-output model description first, then the parameters of original model can be obtained later. It can be clarified that an IIR model can be identified by using over-sampling scheme.
Regional characteristics and the location of foreign firms within Poland

This article investigates the location determinants of firms with foreign capital participation within Poland using the regional data set from 1993 to 1998. It is found that the concentration of foreign economic activity is positively related to industry and service agglomeration and the road network and negatively to the unemployment rate. Traditional regional characteristics such as GDP, wage rate and education, often regarded as important location determinants, are not robust with respect to the specification of the estimating equation. The special economic zone variable is not found to be statistically significant in any specification estimated. Geographic location dummies confirm that foreign firms prefer Central and South–Western regions over Eastern parts of Poland having controlled for their characteristics.