Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Testing Reenements by Reening Tests

One of the potential beneets of formal methods is that they ooer the possibility of reducing the costs of testing. A speciication acts as both the benchmark against which any implementation is tested, and also as the means by which tests are generated. There has therefore been interest in developing test generation techniques from formal spec-iications, and a number of diierent methods have been derived for state based languages such as Z, B and VDM. However, in addition to deriving tests from a formal speciication, we might wish to reene the speciication further before its implementation. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between testing and reenement. As our model for test generation we use a DNF partition analysis for operations written in Z, which produces a number of disjoint test cases for each operation. In this paper we discuss how the partition analysis of an operation alters upon reenement, and we develop techniques that allow us to reene abstract tests in order to generate test cases for a reenement. To do so we use (and extend existing) methods for calculating the weakest data reenement of a speciication.
SPOTTED WORDS RECOGNITION SYSTEM BASED ON HMM APPROACH

A voice command system for a robot arm is designed as a part of a research project. The methodology adopted is based on a spotted words recognition system based on a robust HMM ( Hidden Markove Model) technique with cepstral coefficients as parameters used in automatic speech recognition system. To implement the approach on a real-time application, a Personal Computer parallel port interface was designed to control the movement of a set of stepper motors. The user can control the movements of five degree of freedom (DOF) for a robot arm using a vocal phrase containing spotted words. Other applications are proposed.
ON THE APPLICABILITY OF STATE-OFTHE-ART FAULT DIAGNOSIS METHODOLOGIES TO SIMPLE AND COMPLEX SYSTEMS

This paper performs an analysis on the applicability of state-of-the-art fault diagnosis methodologies to both simple and complex systems. Here, a complex system represents a system whose global behavior, which emerges from the interactions between its usually large number of basic components, is difficult to accurately describe via a model. First, the basic notions used in fault detection and isolation, are introduced. Then, short reviews are given for the main quantitative methods, qualitative reasoning based methods, and soft computing approaches. The next section is dedicated to recent distributed approaches to fault diagnosis of complex systems. Finally, some conclusions are given.
A Layered Malware Detection Model Using VMM

Virtual machine monitor (VMM)-based anti-malware systems have recently become a popular research topic in finding ways of overcoming the fundamental limitations of traditional host-based anti-malware systems, which are likely to be deceived and attacked by malicious codes. This paper analyzes existing VMM-based models of malware detection. "Out-of-the-box" detection, active defense model, or In-VM models have the same defects: (1) on top of the VMM, two virtual machines are used, one by the user (Guest OS) and the other as monitor (Host OS), and (2) users cannot directly view the detection results nor configure detection system in the Guest OS. A layered detection model is proposed to overcome these issues, the bottom layer is responsible for security for the layers above it. Detection results can be directly displayed in the Guest OS, and users can view and configure the detection system. Furthermore, the detection model can isolate malware attacks to the detection system in the Guest OS. Experiment results show the validity of the proposed detection model.
A Typology for Community Wireless Networks Business Models

Community Wireless Networks (CWNs) are community-driven solutions that provide ubiquitous and affordable or free wireless Internet access in order to improve the well-being of the community. The escalation of this innovation and diversity of its business models have raised many concerns about the viability and sustainability of such a young innovation. Specifically, CWNs can be implemented using diverse business models that vary with respect to different social sittings, and adopting the proper business model is the key to success for these nonprofit projects. This paper proposes a typology through which we conceptualize and classify these models and discuss their advantages and disadvantages considering their social sittings. We have identified the value offering, financial aspects, business partners, infrastructure management, and target customers of these models. This work would help practitioners to choose the most suitable business model for their community and researchers to investigate the social and economic implications of this innovation.
Knowledge Representation as a Tool for Intelligence Augmentation

The goal of Intelligence Augmentation (IA) is the development of tools that improve the efficiency of human intelligence. To this end we introduce a model of human conceptualization on the basis of a cognitive theory of information processing and a Peircean theory of signs. An account of two experiments is provided. The first concerns conceptualization by individuals, the second describes how we approach problem elicitation by a team of participants. A preliminary analysis of the results shows that the proposed model is congruent with multi channel and multi purpose human information processing. This implies that the cognitive model can be used as a model for knowledge representation in various fields of human-computer interfacing such as computer aided problem solving and problem elicitation.
Robust speech recognition using singular value decomposition based speech enhancement

Speech recognition systems work reasonably well in laboratory conditions, but their performance deteriorates drastically when they are deployed in practical situations where the speech is corrupted by additive noise. One way to improve the performance of a speech recognition system in the presence of noise, is to enhance the speech prior to its recognition. Two singular value decomposition based techniques have been proposed for speech enhancement. In these techniques, singular value decomposition has been applied to an over-determined, over-extended data matrix formed from the noisy speech signal. A noise-free, low rank approximation was obtained by retaining a specific number of singular values. This technique was applied as a preprocessor for recognising speech in the presence of noise. It was found to improve the recognition performance significantly for signal-to-noise ratios less than 15 dB.
Type I interferon rapidly restricts infectious hepatitis C virus particle genesis

Interferon‐alpha (IFNα) has been used to treat chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection for over 20 years with varying efficacy, depending on the infecting viral genotype. The mechanism of action of IFNα is not fully understood, but is thought to target multiple stages of the HCV lifecycle, inhibiting viral transcription and translation leading to a degradation of viral RNA and protein expression in the infected cell. IFNα induces the expression of an array of interferon‐stimulated genes within minutes of receptor engagement; however, the impact of these early responses on the viral lifecycle are unknown. We demonstrate that IFNα inhibits the genesis of infectious extracellular HCV particles within 2 hours of treating infected cells, with minimal effect on the intracellular viral burden. Importantly, this short duration of IFNα treatment of infected cells significantly reduced cell‐free and cell‐to‐cell dissemination. The secreted viral particles showed no apparent change in protein content or density, demonstrating that IFNα inhibits particle infectivity but not secretion rates. To investigate whether particles released from IFNα‐treated cells have a reduced capacity to establish infection we used HCV lentiviral pseudotypes (HCVpp) and demonstrated a defect in cell entry. Using a panel of monoclonal antibodies targeting the E2 glycoprotein, we demonstrate that IFNα alters glycoprotein conformation and receptor utilization. Conclusion: These observations show a previously unreported and rapid effect of IFNα on HCV particle infectivity that inhibits de novo infection events. Evasion of this response may be a contributing factor in whether a patient achieves early or rapid virological response, a key indicator of progression to sustained virological response or clearance of viral infection. (Hepatology 2014;60:1890–1900)
ANTECEDENTES DO DESEMPENHO DO ESCRITÓRIO DE GERENCIAMENTO DE PROJETOS: estratégia, pessoas e operações – uma proposta de modelo conceitual

Em tempos de competicao crescente, as organizacoes tem sido levadas a se estruturarem para dar respostas rapidas, flexiveis e inovadoras, pois o ambiente no qual operam e cada vez mais complexo e competitivo. Portanto, ao instrumentalizar maneiras de promover a mudanca, o sucesso de projetos se torna critico para o sucesso do negocio. Projetos sao importantes instrumentos para promover mudancas e desenvolvimento, o que leva as empresas a perspectiva do Gerenciamento de Projetos (GP), um assunto de relevância no ambiente corporativo, que vem ganhando destaque nos ultimos cinquenta anos tambem na literatura especializada. Esta, ao longo do tempo, tem analisado e identificado os aspectos que direcionam e orientam as atividades administrativas e comportamentais em projetos. A partir da decada de 1990, intensificou-se nas empresas a criacao dos Escritorios de Gerenciamento de Projetos (EGP) que surgem como uma entidade organizacional reconhecida pelo executivo como o orgao responsavel pelos projetos e que recebe a atribuicao de todos os aspectos relacionados ao Gerenciamento de Projetos na organizacao. Sua idealizacao envolve o direcionamento estrategico de negocio, que e permanente, ao acompanhar o beneficio esperado do desenvolvimento de um projeto, e deve ser precedido da analise de viabilidade financeira consistente. De fato, projetos somente sao executados por pessoas. Entao, recorrer a literatura e propiciar treinamento sao atitudes fundamentais para que no cenario de operacoes, onde se materializa o produto do projeto, o gerente de projetos e os membros do time de projeto tenham perfeito entendimento de como contribuir efetivamente para alcancar os resultados de negocio esperados. Nesse contexto, esta pesquisa quantitativa teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho do Escritorio de Gerenciamento de Projetos (EGP), a partir dos construtos: estrategias de implantacao, capacitacao e treinamento de pessoal e controle do ambiente de operacoes em projetos, reunidos em um modelo estrutural. O modelo conceitual proposto foi avaliado com o auxilio da Modelagem de Equacoes Estruturais Partial Least Squares (MEE-PLS). Os resultados apontaram o grau de influencia da institucionalizacao de metodos combinados envolvendo o controle do ambiente e os esforcos de capacitacao e treinamento no desempenho do Escritorio de Gerenciamento de Projetos (EGP). O estudo tambem apresentou um instrumento de pesquisa validado e foi mediado por meio de survey on-line para a populacao de gerentes de projetos em uma amostra nao probabilistica. Palavras chave: Escritorio de Gerenciamento de Projetos. Desempenho. Estrategia. Pessoas. Operacoes.
Heterogeneity of Property Rights Strategies in A Global Context: The Case of Genetically Modified Soybean Seeds

The protection of property rights is a pressing strategic issue in the genetically modified soybean seed industry. Because the soybean plant is characterized by self-reproducibility, it is essential for biotechnology firms to establish strategies of property rights appropriation. To obtain new insights into this issue, we investigate in two directions. First, we propose a model of value appropriation in which property rights strategies are influenced by the institutional conditions and the monitoring technology in a given country. Second, we analyze three cases of property rights protection with respect to soybean seeds. We then present a comparative discussion of the cases and develop some propositions based on the theoretical framework and the case studies. We conclude with a discussion of our model's managerial implications.
Laser‐based rut detection and following system for autonomous ground vehicles

An important off‐road driving rule is to keep the vehicle wheels in existing ruts when possible. Rut following has the following benefits: (1) it prevents the ruts from serving as obstacles that can lead to undesirable vehicle vibrations and even vehicle instability at high speeds; (2) it improves vehicle safety on turns by utilizing the extra lateral force provided by the ruts to reduce lateral slippage and guide the vehicle through its path; (3) it improves the vehicle energy efficiency by reducing the energy wasted on compacting the ground; and (4) it increases vehicle traction when traversing soft terrains such as mud, sand, and snow. This paper first presents a set of field experiments that illustrate the improved energy efficiency and traction obtained by rut following. Then, a laser‐based rut detection and following system is proposed so that autonomous ground vehicles can benefit from the application of this off‐road driving rule. The proposed system utilizes a path planning algorithm to aid in the rut detection process and an extended Kalman filter to recursively estimate the parameters of a local model of the rut being followed. Experimental evaluation on a Pioneer 3‐AT robot shows that the proposed system is capable of detecting and following ruts in a variety of scenarios. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Structure of the Oligomerization Domain of Lsr2 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Reveals a Mechanism for Chromosome Organization and Protection

Lsr2 is a small DNA-binding protein present in mycobacteria and related actinobacteria that regulates gene expression and influences the organization of bacterial chromatin. Lsr2 is a dimer that binds to AT-rich regions of chromosomal DNA and physically protects DNA from damage by reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI). A recent structure of the C-terminal DNA-binding domain of Lsr2 provides a rationale for its interaction with the minor groove of DNA, its preference for AT-rich tracts, and its similarity to other bacterial nucleoid-associated DNA-binding domains. In contrast, the details of Lsr2 dimerization (and oligomerization) via its N-terminal domain, and the mechanism of Lsr2-mediated chromosomal cross-linking and protection is unknown. We have solved the structure of the N-terminal domain of Lsr2 (N-Lsr2) at 1.73 Å resolution using crystallographic ab initio approaches. The structure shows an intimate dimer of two ß–ß–a motifs with no close homologues in the structural databases. The organization of individual N-Lsr2 dimers in the crystal also reveals a mechanism for oligomerization. Proteolytic removal of three N-terminal residues from Lsr2 results in the formation of an anti-parallel β-sheet between neighboring molecules and the formation of linear chains of N-Lsr2. Oligomerization can be artificially induced using low concentrations of trypsin and the arrangement of N-Lsr2 into long chains is observed in both monoclinic and hexagonal crystallographic space groups. In solution, oligomerization of N-Lsr2 is also observed following treatment with trypsin. A change in chromosomal topology after the addition of trypsin to full-length Lsr2-DNA complexes and protection of DNA towards DNAse digestion can be observed using electron microscopy and electrophoresis. These results suggest a mechanism for oligomerization of Lsr2 via protease-activation leading to chromosome compaction and protection, and concomitant down-regulation of large numbers of genes. This mechanism is likely to be relevant under conditions of stress where cellular proteases are known to be upregulated.
Simulation of error sequences in a mobile communications channel with Fritchman's error generation model

A digital mobile radio channel simulator is presented. It is based on Fritchman's model (1967) with the parameter values as estimated using the gradient approximation technique. Fritchman's error generation model can be simulated by setting the simulator's parameters to the computed values; realistic error sequences can thus be generated. The implementation of the error sequences generator is straightforward and can be used to evaluate the performances of error correction and detection strategies for digital communication channels corrupted by error bursts. <<ETX>>
Wellbore Stability in Oil and Gas Drilling with Chemical-Mechanical Coupling

Wellbore instability in oil and gas drilling is resulted from both mechanical and chemical factors. Hydration is produced in shale formation owing to the influence of the chemical property of drilling fluid. A new experimental method to measure diffusion coefficient of shale hydration is given, and the calculation method of experimental results is introduced. The diffusion coefficient of shale hydration is measured with the downhole temperature and pressure condition, then the penetration migrate law of drilling fluid filtrate around the wellbore is calculated. Furthermore, the changing rules of shale mechanical properties affected by hydration and water absorption are studied through experiments. The relationships between shale mechanical parameters and the water content are established. The wellbore stability model chemical-mechanical coupling is obtained based on the experimental results. Under the action of drilling fluid, hydration makes the shale formation softened and produced the swelling strain after drilling. This will lead to the collapse pressure increases after drilling. The study results provide a reference for studying hydration collapse period of shale.
The Raster Data Management in a Spatial Data Grid

The Barn project, a spatial data grid prototype under development currently, provides a grid environment for applications of the nationwide geological survey data. In order to save and manage raster data in the grid environment, we should take many factors into account, such as massive data, multisource, index rebuilding, pyramid re-creating and etc. All these factors influence the logical and physical storage framework of the raster data. We discuss the Hilbert index to help re-create the index dynamically on partitioned tiles. Also, we present the global raster catalog framework in the grid environment.
The Near- and Mid-Infrared Continuum Emission of Seyfert Nuclei: Constraints on the Models of Obscuring Tori

For an extended sample of Seyfert galaxies we compile from the literature the infrared fluxes in the four IRAS bands, the ground-based small-beam (~5''-10'') fluxes in the standard Q, N, M, L (or L') bands, and the nuclear (nonstellar) estimated fluxes in the JHK bands. We estimate nuclear fluxes in the L band by applying a correction for stellar light. From the statistical study of the infrared colors and luminosities, we derive the typical spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of Seyfert 1 and 2 nuclei and the typical differences in luminosities between the two types of objects in the mid- and near-infrared spectral ranges. The analyses of colors and luminosities agree with the fact that in general Seyfert 2 nuclei become increasingly fainter with respect to Seyfert 1 nuclei as we go toward shorter infrared wavelengths. This behavior is consistent with growing anisotropy of a dusty torus emission toward shorter wavelengths, but the degree of anisotropy is low (the radiation appears to be substantially isotropic at λ ≳ 25 μm). For Seyfert 2 galaxies having Compton-thin obscuring structures at hard X-ray energies, we find correlations between the absorbing hydrogen columns and some infrared colors and luminosities. The observational data appear to severely challenge many models of dusty tori, which hardly account for the shapes of the SEDs and the degree of anisotropy observed in Seyfert galaxies. In particular, at variance with some earlier claims, very thick and compact tori are basically inconsistent with these observational constraints. The most successful models, though having problems in accounting for several details, can fit the major infrared observational data of both Seyfert 1 and Seyfert 2 nuclei with tori that extend up to several hundred parsecs and have fairly low optical thickness.
Sparse decoding of neural activity in a spiking neuron model of V 1

We investigate using a previously developed spiking neuron model of layer 4 of primary visual cortex (V1) [1] as a recurrent network whose activity is consequently linearly decoded, given a set of complex visual stimuli. Our motivation is based on the following: 1) Linear decoders have proven useful in analyzing a variety of neural signals, including spikes, firing rates, local field potentials, voltage sensitive dye imaging, and scalp EEG, 2) linear decoding of activity generated from highly recurrent, nonlinear networks with fixed connections has been shown to provide universal computational capabilities, with such methods termed liquid state machines (LSM) [2] and echo state networks (ESN) [3], 3) in LSMs or ESNs often little is assumed about the recurrent network architecture. However it is likely that for a given type of stimulus/input, the architecture of a biologically constrained recurrent network is important since it shapes the spatio-temporal correlations across the neuronal population, which can potentially be exploited efficiently by an appropriate decoder.
Chandelier Cells Control Excessive Cortical Excitation: Characteristics of Whisker-Evoked Synaptic Responses of Layer 2/3 Nonpyramidal and Pyramidal Neurons

Chandelier cells form inhibitory axo-axonic synapses on pyramidal neurons with their characteristic candlestick-like axonal terminals. The functional role of chandelier cells is still unclear, although the preferential loss of this cell type at epileptic loci suggests a role in epilepsy. Here we report an examination of whisker- and spontaneous activity-evoked responses in chandelier cells and other fast-spiking nonpyramidal neurons and regular-spiking pyramidal neurons in layer 2/3 of the barrel cortex. Fast-spiking nonpyramidal neurons, including chandelier cells, basket cells, neurogliaform cells, double bouquet cells, net basket cells, bitufted cells, and regular-spiking pyramidal neurons all respond to stimulation of multiple whiskers on the contralateral face. Whisker stimulation, however, evokes small, delayed EPSPs preceded by an earlier IPSP and no action potentials in chandelier cells, different from other nonpyramidal and pyramidal neurons. In addition, chandelier cells display a larger receptive field with lower acuity than other fast-spiking nonpyramidal neurons and pyramidal neurons. Notably, simultaneous dual whole-cell in vivo recordings show that chandelier cells, which rarely fire action potentials spontaneously, fire more robustly than other types of cortical neurons when the overall cortical excitation increases. Thus, chandelier cells may not process fast ascending sensory information but instead may be reserved to prevent excessive excitatory activity in neuronal networks.
Radiation Evaluation of the TPS7H3301-SP Linear Regulator for Double Data Rate (DDR) Applications

Abstract- Single Events Effect (SEE) and Total Ionizing Dose (TID) results for a new Double Data Rate (DDR) linear voltage regulator are summarized, demonstrating robust SEE performance up to LETeff=65.1 MeV-cm2/mg and TID up to 100k Rads(Si).