Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Grouping for Arithmetic Instruction in Sixth Grade

adequate. Recognized authorities in the teaching of arithmetic generally agree that providing for differences in learning ability is an essential element of a good instructional program. But these authorities differ as to the means by which we should provide for these differences. Grouping is one possibility, though not all specialists agree on procedures for grouping. Spitzer, for example, is not convinced that the threegroup method within the classroom is the answer to the problem (1). Research evidence on the effectiveness of grouping in arithmetic instruction is scanty. I found five studies, completed between 1947 and 1959, addressed to this problem at the elementary-school level. The studies include dissertations by Hamilton (2), Petty (3), and Spence (4), and, as a result of Petty's investigation, a publication in 1959 by the Cassis School faculty in Austin, Texas (5). Donald Durrell gave some attention to this area in a study on the adaptation of instruction to the needs of children in the intermediate grades (6). None of these studies produced definitive results on the benefits the children derived from grouping for arithmetic instruction.
Hypolipidaemic activity of methanol extract of Aleurites moluccana

The lipid‐lowering action of the leaves of the Aleurites moluccana methanol extract was studied in Triton W‐1339 and high‐fat‐diet fed rats. The serum lipids (total cholesterol, LDL‐ and HDL‐cholesterol and triglycerides) and body weight were found to be lowered by A. moluccana (300 mg/kg, b.w.) in rats with Triton‐induced hypercholesterolaemia and on a hyperlipaemic diet. The results suggest that the lipid lowering action of this natural product is mediated through inhibition of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis and reduction of lipid absorption in the intestine. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Knowledge Source Selection by Estimating Distance between Datasets

Most traditional machine learning methods make an assumption that the distribution of the training dataset is the same as the applied domain. Transfer learning omits this assumption and is able to transfer knowledge between different domains. It is a promising method to make machine learning technology become more practical. However, negative transfer can hurt the performance of the model, therefore, it should be avoided. In this paper, we focus on how to select a good knowledge source when there are multiple labelled datasets available. A method to estimate the divergence between two labelled datasets is given. In addition, we also provide a method to decide the mappings between features in different datasets. The experimental results show that the divergence estimated by our method is highly related to the performance of the model.
Dependency and World System Theory

World system theory (so designated by one of its major practitioners, Immanuel Wallerstein, 1975) is derived from the intellectual heritage found in the critique of the developmentalist perspective of liberal political economy. This critique was articulated in the work of Paul Baran (1957), A. G. Frank (1967, 1969), Theot6nio Dos Santos (1971), and other dependency theorists (for a recent review and effort to defend the dependency perspective, see Cardoso, 1977). Recently, dependency has achieved a new status in the attention given to the "unequal exchange" theses of Arghiri Emmanuel (1972), Samir Amin's discussion (1974) of the "accumulation of world capital," and Immanuel Wallerstein's historical interpretation (1974, 1976) of the rise of a ''single capitalist world economy. " The basic framework of a world systems theorist is strikingly elementary. The problematic to be explained is the fact that there exist different stages or levels of national development within what appears to be a unified global economy. The key to explaining this phenomenon, it is argued, is to specify the different political and economic roles which a state or geographic area plays within the overall system. This notion gives rise to the basic categories of analysis: core, semiperiphery and periphery; core and periphery; metropole and satellite. The real innovation of the world systems approach lies in the choice of the primary unit of analysis the capitalist world economy. All phenomena are to be explained in terms of their consequence for both the whole of the system and its parts. It is asserted that the internal class contradictions and political struggles of a particular state, like Rhodesia for example, can be explained as "efforts to alter or preserve a position within the world economy which is to the advantage or disadvantage of particular groups located within a particular state" (Wallerstein, 1975: 16). What is important to notice is the direction of generalization in world systems theory, for that is the key to understanding the approach. Specific events within the world system are to be explained in terms of the demands of the system as a whole. Actors are acting, not for their immediate concrete interests, but because the system dictates that they act. As Wallerstein (1975: *The author is a Professor of Sociology at the State University of New York, Binghamton.
The Association of Notch2 and NF-κB Accelerates RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis

ABSTRACT Notch signaling plays a key role in various cell differentiation processes including bone homeostasis. However, the specific involvement of Notch in regulating osteoclastogenesis is still controversial. In the present study, we show that RANKL induces expression of Jagged1 and Notch2 in bone marrow macrophages during osteoclast differentiation. Suppression of Notch signaling by a selective γ-secretase inhibitor or Notch2 short hairpin RNA suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. In contrast, induction of Notch signaling by Jagged1 or by ectopic expression of intracellular Notch2 enhances NFATc1 promoter activity and expression and promotes osteoclastogenesis. Finally, we found that Notch2 and p65 interact in the nuclei of RANKL-stimulated cells and that both proteins are recruited to the NFATc1 promoter, driving its expression. Taken together, our results show a new molecular cross talk between Notch and NF-κB pathways that is relevant in osteoclastogenesis.
Client-centered/experiential group psychotherapy with borderline clients: specific processes and challenges

In this article a person-centered/experiential (PCE) approach of group therapeutic treatment for borderline clients in out-patient and day treatment is described. First, we focus on client-centered views on borderline processes. Then, we look at the general directives that are distilled from different borderline-focused treatment models to investigate to what extent these directives can be assimilated in a PCE approach. Next, we argue for a group therapeutic approach where possible and describe the selection criteria for participation. The core of this article describes the group process from the viewpoint of a client-centered/experiential and interpersonal orientation. A number of important processes and interventions are described according to the three main phases distinguished in the treatment process (beginning, middle and termination phase). These phases varyingly come to the fore in relation to changes in group composition. Typical borderline processes and challenges for the group therapist are illustrated with clinical vignettes.
Paternal and Household Characteristics Associated With Child Neglect and Child Protective Services Involvement

ABSTRACT This study examined the association of paternal and household characteristics with household-level measures of child neglect and Child Protective Services (CPS) involvement, measured when the index child was 5 years of age. Secondary analyses of the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study were conducted using a subsample of 1,089 residential, biological fathers. Logistic regression models indicated that paternal depression was associated with greater than doubled odds of child neglect and CPS involvement. Paternal alcohol use and parenting stress were associated with approximately 50% increased odds for child neglect, and a scale measuring 13 caregiving tasks to reflect positive father involvement with the child was also associated with less risk for child neglect. However, paternal alcohol use, parenting stress, and positive involvement with the child were not associated with CPS involvement. An implication of this study is that paternal psychosocial functioning is important to consider in conjunction with sociodemographic factors when examining maltreatment risk in two-parent families.
Predicting employees' satisfaction and burnout from managers' attachment and caregiving orientations

In recent years, there have been initial attempts to apply attachment theory to account for leader–follower relationships and leaders' contribution to followers' performance. Drawing on this theoretical framework, we examined the relationships between managers' attachment orientations and subordinates' job satisfaction and burnout. Data were collected from 85 work groups from 71 organizations consisting of 483 subordinates and their 85 direct managers from a variety of job roles. Hierarchical linear modelling analyses indicated that managers' attachment insecurities predicted higher job burnout and lower job satisfaction among subordinates, and that ineffective caring orientation of the managers mediated these links. Findings further showed that subordinates' attachment insecurities were associated with burnout and job dissatisfaction. Implications for leadership research and for the design of organizational intervention as well as future research directions are discussed.
Chaste: A case study of parallelisation of an open source finite-element solver with applications to computational cardiac electrophysiology simulation

The simulation of cardiac electrophysiology is a mature field in computational physiology. Recent advances in medical imaging, high-performance computing and numerical methods mean that computational models of electrical propagation in human heart tissue are ripe for use in patient-specific simulation for diagnosis, for prognosis and for selection of treatment methods. However, in order to move in this direction, it is necessary to make efficient use of modern petascale computing resources. This paper focuses on an existing open source simulation framework (Chaste) and documents work done to improve the parallel scaling on a small range of electrophysiology benchmark problems. These benchmarks involve the numerical solution of the monodomain or bidomain equations via the finite-element method. At the beginning of this study the electrophysiology libraries within Chaste were already enabled to run in parallel and were able to solve for electrical propagation using the monodomain or bidomain equations, but parallel efficiency dropped rapidly when run on more than about 64 processors. Throughout the course of the study, improvements were made to problem definition input; geometric mesh partitioning; finite-element assembly of large, sparse linear systems; problem-specific matrix preconditioning; numerical solution of the linear system; and output of the approximate solution. The consequence of these improvements is that, at the end of the study, Chaste is able to solve a monodomain benchmark problem in close to real time. While some of the improvements made to the parallel Chaste code are specific to cardiac electrophysiology, many of the techniques documented in this paper are generic to the parallel finite-element method in other scientific application areas.
Structural prerequisites for principals' and teachers' communication about teaching and learning issues

The common view of a successful school includes a visible principal who communicates frequently about the school's pedagogical tasks, teaching and learning. In this article, a study about principals' communication with their teachers is presented. Twenty-four Swedish secondary schools are divided into four groups depending on how they meet academic and social objectives. Questionnaires about teachers' and principals' views on the structural aspects of the communication process and regarding teaching and learning issues were analysed. Principals in the successful schools used communication in a more multidimensional way and communicated more often about issues related to pedagogical tasks. However, principals in all schools conducted few classroom visits and rarely gave teachers feedback. Even though all principals attended many meetings, the organizational structures did not support communication about teaching and learning issues and student outcomes, which indicates a widespread weakness in pedagogical leadership.
Effects of Enterotoxin B on Intestinal Transport in Vitro ∗

Summary The effect of enterotoxin B on intestinal transport was tested using an everted sac of the middle section of the small intestine in rats. Severe inhibition at the toxin concentration of 2 mg/liter was observed on the net transport of water, Na, K, Cl, glucose and lactate. The degree of inhibition was, however, graded; whereas the transports of water, Na, K and glucose were reduced in the same degree the chloride transport was severely inhibited so that the normally occurring net absorption turned into a net secretion. The lactic acid transport was least affected. The metabolic indices, oxygen uptake and lactic acid production, were not influenced by enterotoxin at the concentration of 2 mg/liter as well as 20 mg/liter.
SUBCOLONY VARIATION IN BREEDING SUCCESS IN THE TUFTED PUFFIN (FRATERCULA CIRRHATA): ASSOCIATION WITH FORAGING ECOLOGY AND IMPLICATIONS

Abstract Large-scale oceanographic processes are the main drivers of seabird breeding success, but small-scale processes, though not as well understood, can also be important. We compared the success of Tufted Puffins (Fratercula cirrhata) breeding at two subcolonies only 1.5 km apart on Triangle Island, British Columbia, Canada, 2002–2005. In addition, we used stable-isotope analysis to test the hypothesis that parental foraging strategies differed between the two subcolonies, potentially underlying the variation in breeding success. Success was concordant across years at the two sites but, overall, Tufted Puffins bred more successfully at Strata Rock than at Puffin Rock. They raised chicks in all four years at Strata Rock, but in only three years at Puffin Rock; in two of those three years, Strata Rock chicks were, on average, 60 g and 100 g heavier than Puffin Rock chicks just before fledging. Discriminant analysis of carbon and nitrogen stable-isotope ratios in egg yolk and chick blood in 2004 and 2005 indicated that parental foraging differed between the two subcolonies, with both spatial (δ13C) and trophic-level (δ15N) differences involved. Thus, our study demonstrates the existence of foraging asymmetries in a pelagic seabird at a small spatial scale (between subcolonies), complementing patterns found at larger scales (between colonies). Moreover, the foraging asymmetries were associated with inequalities in fitness measures. We conclude that small-scale processes—in this case, systematic differences in the foraging ecology of local groups—can interact with large-scale oceanographic processes to determine seabird breeding success. Variation sous-coloniale du succès de reproduction de Fratercula cirrhata: Association avec l'écologie de la quête alimentaire et implications
Relationships among Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon–DNA Adducts, Proximity to the World Trade Center, and Effects on Fetal Growth

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxic pollutants released by the World Trade Center (WTC) fires and various urban combustion sources. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a representative member of the class of PAHs. PAH–DNA adducts, or BaP–DNA adducts as their proxy, provide a measure of chemical-specific genetic damage that has been associated with increased risk of adverse birth outcomes and cancer. To learn whether PAHs from the WTC disaster increased levels of genetic damage in pregnant women and their newborns, we analyzed BaP–DNA adducts in maternal (n = 170) and umbilical cord blood (n = 203) obtained at delivery from nonsmoking women who were pregnant on 11 September 2001 and were enrolled at delivery at three downtown Manhattan hospitals. The mean adduct levels in cord and maternal blood were highest among newborns and mothers who resided within 1 mi of the WTC site during the month after 11 September, intermediate among those who worked but did not live within this area, and lowest in those who neither worked nor lived within 1 mi (reference group). Among newborns of mothers living within 1 mi of the WTC site during this period, levels of cord blood adducts were inversely correlated with linear distance from the WTC site (p = 0.02). To learn whether PAHs from the WTC disaster may have affected birth outcomes, we analyzed the relationship between these outcomes and DNA adducts in umbilical cord blood, excluding preterm births to reduce variability. There were no independent fetal growth effects of either PAH–DNA adducts or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), but adducts in combination with in utero exposure to ETS were associated with decreased fetal growth. Specifically, a doubling of adducts among ETS-exposed subjects corresponded to an estimated average 276-g (8%) reduction in birth weight (p = 0.03) and a 1.3-cm (3%) reduction in head circumference (p = 0.04). The findings suggest that exposure to elevated levels of PAHs, indicated by PAH–DNA adducts in cord blood, may have contributed to reduced fetal growth in women exposed to the WTC event.
Institutionalization versus self‐regulation: a contextual analysis of responsibility among adolescent sportsmen

The present study, which sought to analyse adolescent sportsmen's representations of responsibility, was mainly guided by the philosophical literature on this topic. A body of literature suggests that the contextual factors of sport practice, particularly regarding the rules that regulate play, may have a key role in the building of such representations. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with two groups of 18 teenagers: one group of institutionalised athletes (who played soccer or basketball in a structured and official context) and one group of self‐organised athletes (who played the same sports in a self‐regulated context). The qualitative analysis showed that the institutionalised players described responsibility in functional terms; this result was explained by the rigid characteristics of their context of practice, which was based on task division and performance. In contrast, the self‐organised players described responsibility in moral terms; this result was explained by an open context of practice based on interaction. The overall results of our study raise questions about the educational capacity of institutionalised sport and the objective conditions that promote the social and moral development of young people.
Anomaly Detection in Real-Valued Multidimensional Time Series

We present a new algorithm for detecting anomalies in realvalued multidimensional time series. Our algorithm uses an exemplar-based model that is used to detect anomalies in single dimensions of the time series and a function that predicts one dimension from a related one to detect anomalies in multiple dimensions. The algorithm is shown to work on a variety of dierent types of time series as well as to detect a variety of dierent types of anomalies. We compare our algorithm to other algorithms for both one-dimensional and multidimensional time series and demonstrate that it improves over the state-of-the-art.
Biological oxidative damage by carbon nanotubes: Fingerprint or footprint?

Abstract Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have received much attention for performance and toxicity, but vary substantially in terms of impurity type and content, morphology, and surface activity. This study determined the decrease of antioxidant capacity, defined as biological oxidative damage (BOD), of CNTs-exposed serum. The variability in several physicochemical properties of CNTs and their links to BOD elicited in human serum were explored. Tremendous variation in transition metal type and content (104-fold), specific surface area (SSA, nine-fold), and BOD were observed. Mass specific BOD (mBOD) varied from 0.006–0.187 μmol TEU mg−1, whereas surface area specific BOD (sBOD) varied from 0.068–0.42 μmol TEU m−2. The sBOD increased in a stepwise fashion from ∼0.1–0.32 μmol TEU m−2 for tubes with outer diameter less than 10 nm. The mBOD and sBOD may be useful denominators of surface activity and impurity content and assist in designing safer CNTs.
On the impact of choice in multi-service P2P grids

In this paper we consider a peer-to-peer grid system which provides multiple services to its users. In this system, an incentive mechanism promotes collaboration among peers. It has been shown that the use of a reciprocation mechanism in such a system is able to prevent free riding and, at the same time, promotes the clustering of peers that have mutually profitable interactions. However, when peers are subject to a budget limitation, each peer must select a subset of all services that can possibly be offered. In this work we show that the received utility is strongly dependent of the offered services. The main contributions of this work are a methodology to evaluate the impact of service changes in the obtained utility and how much different sets of offered services impact in the peer's utility. These results indicate that further research is needed, particularly for the development of heuristics to choose the best services to offer.
Object detection using discriminative photogrammetric context

Photogrammetric context captures the relationship between object heights and camera viewpoint, and can be used to reject false detections that appear in wrong locations or scales. In this work, we address the problem of using photogram-metric constraints in object detection when camera poses are unknown. We propose a model to capture both local appearance features and global photogrammetric context, in which the camera pose is treated as a latent variable. We use latent Structural SVM to learn the model parameters. To solve the NP-hard problem in structured prediction, we propose a branch-bound-and-cut algorithm, where cuts of the latent variable are embedded into a branch-and-bound process. The model is experimentally evaluated on INRIA pedestrian dataset. The results show that our model can get significantly better detection performance than models using only appearance features or using photogrammetric context in a graphical model.