Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Single Event Effects from Ions Produced in Nuclear Reactions of CMOS with Cosmic Rays

Single Event Effects (SEEs), disruptions in a microelectronic device caused by the passage of an energetic particle through the sensitive region of the device, are an increasing problem with advances in technologies. Three technology trends are responsible for the increased number of SEEs over the last decade. First, with the reduction of the operating voltages, devices have are susceptible to smaller amounts of radiations. Secondly, the data densities (bits per device) increased dramatically to meet the demand for more memory and faster processing time. Thirdly, commercial electronics firms have lowered the priority of radiation hardness in order to reduce manufacturing costs. Memory cells have received more attention than those in latches and combinatorial logic simply because there are more memory cells than the other types of cells. However, with the continued trends in technology, analyses by Shivakumar et. al. demonstrated that by 2011 SEEs of combinatorial logic will become comparable to that of unprotected memory elements.
Streaming and Data Enrichment

Data is being created at a continuously increasing rate. Scientists are “drowning in their data”. So much so they cannot visualize the data to see the big picture. This work-in-progress paper describes a data capture and visualization problem, and the steps being undertaken to solve the problem. An overview is given of the various approaches to dealing with these large data sets that have been previously proposed and the application of such methods within a well known scientiﬁc visualization tool. The paper then goes on to propose a method that deals with large data visualization by addressing the bottlenecks in the visualization pipeline, and combining some of the approaches described herein with parallel techniques on a high performance visualization system.
Microfluidic Induced Controllable Microdroplets Assembly in Confined Channels

We report on the microfluidic induced monodispersed microdroplet generation and assembly in confined microchannels. Two and three dimensional close-packed droplet lattices were obtained in microfluidic devices by adjusting the channel geometry, the fluidic flow rates and the monodispersed droplet size. The droplet packing was mainly caused by the volumetric effect and capillarity in confined microchannels. Polymerizable fluids were also investigated to demonstrate the effect of fluidic properties on the microdroplet generation and assembly, which could find interesting applications in the future. This approach would be helpful to fundamentally understand the mechanism of self-assembly process of particles in confined microstructures, and practically be applied in sensing and energy storage devices.
Reinventing the familiar: exploring an augmented reality design space for air traffic control

This paper describes our exploration of a design space for an augmented reality prototype. We began by observing air traffic controllers and their interactions with paper flight strips. We then worked with a multi-disciplinary team of researchers and controllers over a period of a year to brainstorm and prototype ideas for enhancing paper flight strips, We argue that augmented reality is more promising (and simpler to implement) than the current strategies that seek to replace flight strips with keyboard/monitor interfaces. We also argue that an exploration of the design space, with active participation from the controllers, is essential not only for designing particular artifacts, but also for understanding the strengths and limitations of augmented reality in general.
Ion Exchange Resin Bag Method for Assessing Forest Soil Nitrogen Availability

An ion exchange resin bag technique was compared to six other methods for estimating N availability. Under a controlled greenhouse environment and with well-mixed soils, the resin technique correlated well with more traditional N-availability indices. However, resin bags on site in three forest stands yielded different Navailahility estimates than those in the greenhouse. This suggests that the resin bag method may be sensitive to on-site conditions not discerned by more widely accepted laboratory techniques. Additional Index Words: mineralization, nitrification. Binkley, p., and P. Matson. 1983. Ion exchange resin bag method for assessing available forest soil nitrogen. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 47:1050-1052. A VARIETY OF TECHNIQUES has been used to estimate the availability of N in forest soils, but none is widely accepted (Keeney, 1980). Results of various standard laboratory methods of incubation and chemical extraction typically show a high degree of correlation (Keeney and Bremner, 1966; Webster, 1978; Lea and Ballard, 1982), but the methods are not responsive to on-site variations in the environment. Buriedbag incubations are sensitive to temperature (Eno, 1960; Ellenberg, 1977) but are time consuming and expensive. In this study, we assessed forest soil N availability under greenhouse and field conditions using ion exchange resin (IER) bags similar to those used in laboratory work by Sibbesen (1977). We thought that this simple method would yield estimates correlating well with other N-availability estimates in sieved, wellmixed soils in controlled conditions but would yield different results in undisturbed forest stands. Materials and Methods
Image fusion in infrared image and visual image using normalized mutual information

In this paper, we propose an image fusion for open and unknown environments using normalized mutual information (NMI) in an infrared (IR) and visual vision system. Image fusion is a field of study of image processing, and it creates a new image to extract information from various different sensors. And also it gets effective information for a special object. This can get object types, sensitive characteristic, and information which it not to get characteristic of object from a single sensor. Image fusion in multi-sensors is two advantages. First, multi-sensor image has inherent redundancy for each sensor because it can be fused each image from a various multi-band sensor. Second, multi-sensor differs from a single sensor because it is included information of each sensor and is separated information of object easily in real environments. Proposed method consists of extraction and comparison of feature point, image registration, and pseudo color for display. Extraction of feature point is stage which it looks for a similar feature points between each sensor. Then, the extraction of a similar feature point uses a corner detector. A detected correspondence point from multi-sensor is compared feature point by using NMI. An acquired image in multi-sensor needs an image registration between two images. Because it needs transformation from reference image to a coordinated system of sensed image. And this represents each coordinated system independently between two images. Image registration use transformation of H matrix. Method for overlay between two images uses blending based on HSV. Based on experimental results, the proposed method shows high precision for fused pseudo image in multi-sensor, and can be represented image registration by using probability-based method.
Preschoolers' Perspective Taking in Word Learning

When learning new words, do children use a speaker's eye gaze because it reveals referential intent? We conducted two experiments that addressed this question. In Experiment 1, the experimenter left while two novel objects were placed where the child could see both, but the experimenter would be able to see only one. The experimenter returned, looked directly at the mutually visible object, and said either, “There's the [novel word]! ” or “Where's the [novel word]? ” Two- through 4-year-olds selected the target of the speaker's gaze more often on there trials than on where trials, although only the older children identified the referent correctly at above-chance levels on trials of both types. In Experiment 2, the experimenter placed a novel object where only the child could see it and left while the second object was similarly hidden. When she returned and asked, “Where's the [novel word]? ” 2- through 4-year-olds chose the second object at above-chance levels. Preschoolers do not blindly follow gaze, but consider the linguistic and pragmatic context when learning a new word.
Persona Linking : Matching Uploaders of Videos Across Accounts

This article presents an approach to link the uploaders of videos based on the audio track of the videos. Using a subset of the MediaEval [10] Placing Task's Flickr video set, which is labeled with the uploader's name, we conducted an experiment with a similar setup as a typical NIST speaker identification evaluation run. Based on the assumption that the audio might be matched in various ways (speaker, channel, environmental noise, etc.), we trained one of ICSI's simplified speaker identification systems on the audio tracks of the Flickr videos. Note that since the selection of videos is essentially random, the audio track can contain any sounds. We obtain an equal error rate of 36.7% on 312 videos with 11,550 trials. The result has implications for audio research and security applications, and raises privacy concerns.
Ties within Fault Localization rankings: Exposing and Addressing the Problem

Software fault localization techniques typically rank program components, such as statements or predicates, in descending order of their suspiciousness (likelihood of being faulty). During debugging, programmers may examine these components, starting from the top of the ranking, in order to locate faults. However, the assigned suspiciousness to each component may not always be unique, and thus some of them may be tied for the same position in the ranking. In such a scenario, the total number of components that a programmer needs to examine in order to find the faults may vary considerably. The greater the variability, the harder it is for a programmer to decide which component to examine first, and the harder it is to accurately compute the expected effectiveness of a fault localization technique. In this paper, we first conduct a case study, based on three fault localization techniques across four sets of programs, which reveals that the phenomenon of assigning the same suspiciousness to multiple components is not limited to any technique or program in particular. Thus, to reduce variability and alleviate this problem, four tie-breaking strategies are discussed and evaluated empirically in our second case study. Results indicate that the strategies can not only reduce the number of ties in the rankings, but also maintain the effectiveness of the fault localization techniques. We also propose a new metric for evaluating fault localization techniques called CScore, which takes the notion of ties into account. Finally, an additional slicing-based approach to breaking ties is discussed briefly, which aims to provide further insights into tie-breaking and stimulate further research in the area.
Cost-effectiveness of Essential Newborn Care Training in Urban First-Level Facilities

OBJECTIVE: To determine the cost-effectiveness of the World Health Organization (WHO) Essential Newborn Care (ENC) training of health care providers in first-level facilities in the 2 largest cities in Zambia. METHODS: Data were extracted from a study in which the effectiveness of the ENC training was evaluated (including universal precautions and cleanliness, routine neonatal care, resuscitation, thermoregulation, breastfeeding, skin-to-skin care, care of the small infant, danger signs, and common illnesses). The costs to train an ENC instructor for each first-level delivery facility and the costs of salary/benefits for 2 coordinators responsible for maintenance of the program were recorded in 2005 US dollars. The incremental costs per life gained and per disability-adjusted life-year averted were calculated. SETTING: A 5-day ENC training-of-trainers was conducted in Lusaka, Zambia, to certify 18 college-trained midwives as ENC instructors. The instructors trained all clinic midwives working in their first-level facilities as part of a before-and-after study of the effect of ENC training on early neonatal mortality conducted from Oct 2004 to Nov 2006. RESULTS: All-cause 7-day (early) neonatal mortality decreased from 11.5 per 1000 to 6.8 per 1000 live births after ENC training of the clinic midwives (relative risk: 0.59; 95% confidence interval: 0.48–0.77; P < .001; 40 615 births). The intervention costs were $208 per life saved and $5.24 per disability-adjusted life-year averted. CONCLUSIONS: ENC training of clinic midwives who provide care in low-risk facilities is a low-cost intervention that can reduce early neonatal mortality in these settings.
Application of photoinduced dynamic lens for enhancing the resolution of an optical addressing system

The method of increasing the resolution of an optical addressing system is proposed. To increase the resolution, a nonlinear element, a cell filled with dye solution, is placed in the focal plane of the focusing lens. A dynamic lens induced by a controllable light beam in a photochrome dye is used. The performance of the dynamic lens formed in the photochrome medium was investigated. The results of investigation of a reversible light-sensitive crown-bearing medium are presented. It was found experimentally that the resolution of the optical addressing system can be increased by an order of magnitude if the solution of a phitichrome crown-bearing dye is used. The article is arranged as follows. In p. 2, the principle of the new addressing system with the increased resolution is described; its main advantages compared to conventional systems are illustrated. In p. 3, a new nonlinear element is described. The prototype of the element is implemented. Its properties are investigated. In p. 4, the results of experiments are presented.
Place Disambiguation with Co-occurrence Models

In this paper we describe the geographic information retrieval system developed by the Multimedia & Information Systems team for GeoCLEF 2006 and the results achieved. We detail our methods for generating and applying co-occurrence models for the purpose of place name disambiguation, our use of named entity recognition tools and text indexing applications. The presented system is split into two stages: a batch text & geographic indexer and a real time query engine. The query engine takes manually crafted queries where the text component is separated from the geographic component. Two monolingual runs were submitted for the GeoCLEF evaluation, the first constructed from the title and description, the second included the narrative also. We explain in detail our use of co-occurrence models for place name disambiguation using a model generated from Wikipedia. The paper concludes with a full description of future work and ways in which the system could be optimised.
Learning Heterogeneous Hidden Markov Random Fields

Hidden Markov random fields (HMRFs) are conventionally assumed to be homogeneous in the sense that the potential functions are invariant across different sites. However in some biological applications, it is desirable to make HMRFs heterogeneous, especially when there exists some background knowledge about how the potential functions vary. We formally define heterogeneous HMRFs and propose an EM algorithm whose M-step combines a contrastive divergence learner with a kernel smoothing step to incorporate the background knowledge. Simulations show that our algorithm is effective for learning heterogeneous HMRFs and outperforms alternative binning methods. We learn a heterogeneous HMRF in a real-world study.
Quantifying and understanding the uncertainty of atmospheric CO2 concentrations determined from calcic paleosols

A computer program (PBUQ) that uses Monte Carlo simulations to propagate uncertainty through regression equations and the equation for the paleosol carbonate CO2 paleobarometer is presented. PBUQ includes options for all of the common approaches to determining values for input variables and incorporates several recent advancements relevant to determining values for soil‐respired CO2 concentrations, δ13C values of respired CO2, δ13C values of atmospheric CO2, and temperatures of soil carbonate formation. PBUQ is intended to improve confidence in paleoatmospheric CO2 research by helping researchers draw statistically significant conclusions. PBUQ can also be used to attribute and partition error among various sources and thereby advance this technique. Sensitivity analysis indicates that S(z) is the largest source of uncertainty for most paleosols and that uncertainty is minimized for soils in which CO2 is an evenly balanced mixture between soil‐derived and atmospheric components. Evenly balanced mixtures are most likely for paleosols formed in deserts and for weakly developed paleosols. Development of proxies for soil‐respired CO2 concentrations and δ13C values of soil‐respired CO2 specifically for such soils is perhaps the most crucial next step for improving this technique. Currently, calcic paleosols are best used to test the significance of trends and/or differences among time slices in paleoatmospheric CO2 concentration. Application to quantifying Earth System Sensitivity will require large scale averaging of determinations from individual paleosols and/or reduced uncertainty associated with input variables.
Insights into individual's online shopping continuance intention

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide insights into individual's online shopping continuance intention. The research uses the Expectation Confirmation Theory and Technology Acceptance Model as theoretical foundations to develop a model to achieve this aim. Design/methodology/approach – The research uses a cross-sectional survey research design approach. An online marketplace web site that connects buyers and sellers in Malaysia serves as the research context. Data were collected using convenience approach. Findings – Results suggest satisfaction contributes to individual online shopping continuance intention. Consistent with extant research, perceived usefulness of web site links to online shopping continuance intention. Contrary to past findings, perceived ease of web site use does not directly contribute to online shopping continuance intention. Individual's price-oriented lifestyle, perceived ease of web site use and usefulness contributed to individual's satisfaction with online shopping e.
Are we managing the risk of sharing cyber situational awareness? A UK Public Sector case study

The development of effective cyber situational awareness, that makes a significant contribution to the decision making process around information risk management, is an important goal for organizations across all sectors. The sharing of such information between and within organizations is seen as a key security enabler. This paper considers a case study of a UK Public Sector organization. The aim is to establish if the decision to share cyber situational awareness has been taken from an information risk management perspective, and to examine whether or not the organization is suitably well-placed, to manage the consequences of information loss, occurring as a result of the sharing process.
Improved biocompatibility and efficient labeling of neural stem cells with poly(L-lysine)-coated maghemite nanoparticles

Background: Cell tracking is a powerful tool to understand cellular migration, dynamics, homing and function of stem cell transplants. Nanoparticles represent possible stem cell tracers, but they differ in cellular uptake and side effects. Their properties can be modified by coating with different biocompatible polymers. To test if a coating polymer, poly(L-lysine), can improve the biocompatibility of nanoparticles applied to neural stem cells, poly(L-lysine)-coated maghemite nanoparticles were prepared and characterized. We evaluated their cellular uptake, the mechanism of internalization, cytotoxicity, viability and proliferation of neural stem cells, and compared them to the commercially available dextran-coated nanomag®-D-spio nanoparticles. Results: Light microscopy of Prussian blue staining revealed a concentration-dependent intracellular uptake of iron oxide in neural stem cells. The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay and the calcein acetoxymethyl ester/propidium iodide assay demonstrated that poly(L-lysine)-coated maghemite nanoparticles scored better than nanomag®-D-spio in cell labeling efficiency, viability and proliferation of neural stem cells. Cytochalasine D blocked the cellular uptake of nanoparticles indicating an actin-dependent process, such as macropinocytosis, to be the internalization mechanism for both nanoparticle types. Finally, immunocytochemistry analysis of neural stem cells after treatment with poly(L-lysine)-coated maghemite and nanomag®-D-spio nanoparticles showed that they preserve their identity as neural stem cells and their potential to differentiate into all three major neural cell types (neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes). Conclusion: Improved biocompatibility and efficient cell labeling makes poly(L-lysine)-coated maghemite nanoparticles appropriate candidates for future neural stem cell in vivo tracking studies.
Characteristics of tropopause folds over Arctic latitudes

[1] Characteristics of tropopause folds over Arctic latitudes have been studied using VHF radar measurements supplemented by balloon measurements. The variation of the radar parameters during the passage of tropopause folds is discussed in detail. To our knowledge, these observations constitute the first spaced antenna (SA) radar measurements during the passage of tropopause folds. This allows us to compare the parameters detectable using this mode with those observed using other configurations, such as the Doppler beam swinging (DBS) technique. In general, the structural characteristics, such as the slope of folds, seem to be similar at Arctic latitudes to that at midlatitudes; however, the height of the tropopause and the axis of the jet stream (and hence the folding) are found to be lower by 1–2 km than their counterparts in midlatitudes. In the case studies the radar-derived parameters, such as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and vertical shear of horizontal wind, clearly show the upper-air frontal zone. The frontal circulation, conceived from vertical velocity, including the warm conveyer belt flow and the dry intrusion, is clearly visible in the first case, whereas it is masked by high-amplitude mountain lee waves in the second case. Further, the frontal zone seems to be acting as a critical layer to mountain lee wave activity by absorbing/filtering the wave activity. The aspect angles derived from the present analysis agree well with those estimated by vertical beam spectral width but are small in comparison with those estimated by the power ratio method. The mean full correlation analysis (FCA) turbulent velocity is estimated using the ESRAD data obtained during the passage of 15 tropopause folds. The mean eddy diffusion coefficients, Kz, near the tropopause and in the upper portion of the fold, where strong turbulence is seen in case studies, are found to be 3.54 and 6.4 m2 s−1, respectively. Utilizing the mean Kz and the mean ozone gradient (obtained from ozonesondes) values, the ozone fluxes across the tropopause and topside of the fold due to turbulence are estimated as 0.71 m s−1 ppbv and 0.32 m s−1 ppbv, respectively. Although the flux across the tropopause is more than that occurring near the fold, the exchange occurring through folds could be more significant to the tropospheric chemical budget.