Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Molar Hypomineralisation: A Call to Arms for Enamel Researchers

Developmental dental defects (DDDs, hereafter “D3s”) hold significance for scientists and practitioners from both medicine and dentistry. Although, attention has classically dwelt on three other D3s (amelogenesis imperfecta, dental fluorosis, and enamel hypoplasia), dental interest has recently swung toward Molar Hypomineralisation (MH), a prevalent condition characterised by well-delineated (“demarcated”) opacities in enamel. MH imposes a significant burden on global health and has potential to become medically preventable, being linked to infantile illness. Yet even in medico-dental research communities there is only narrow awareness of this childhood problem and its link to tooth decay, and of allied research opportunities. Major knowledge gaps exist at population, case and tooth levels and salient information from enamel researchers has sometimes been omitted from clinically-oriented conclusions. From our perspective, a cross-sector translational approach is required to address these complex inadequacies effectively, with the ultimate aim of prevention. Drawing on experience with a translational research network spanning Australia and New Zealand (The D3 Group; www.thed3group.org), we firstly depict MH as a silent public health problem that is generally more concerning than the three classical D3s. Second, we argue that diverse research inputs are needed to undertake a multi-faceted attack on this problem, and outline demarcated opacities as the central research target. Third, we suggest that, given past victories studying other dental conditions, enamel researchers stand to make crucial contributions to the understanding and prevention of MH. Finally, to focus geographically diverse research interests onto this nascent field, further internationalisation of The D3 Group is warranted.
Revisiting default mode network function in major depression: evidence for disrupted subsystem connectivity

Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by alterations in brain function that are identifiable also during the brain's ‘resting state’. One functional network that is disrupted in this disorder is the default mode network (DMN), a set of large-scale connected brain regions that oscillate with low-frequency fluctuations and are more active during rest relative to a goal-directed task. Recent studies support the idea that the DMN is not a unitary system, but rather is composed of smaller and distinct functional subsystems that interact with each other. The functional relevance of these subsystems in depression, however, is unclear. Method Here, we investigated the functional connectivity of distinct DMN subsystems and their interplay in depression using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results We show that patients with MDD exhibit increased within-network connectivity in posterior, ventral and core DMN subsystems along with reduced interplay from the anterior to the ventral DMN subsystems. Conclusions These data suggest that MDD is characterized by alterations of subsystems within the DMN as well as of their interactions. Our findings highlight a critical role of DMN circuitry in the pathophysiology of MDD, thus suggesting these subsystems as potential therapeutic targets.
Predictive tracking controller for induction generator in variable speed wind energy conversion systems

In this paper, the problem of tracking control for variable speed wind induction generator (IG) energy conversion system (WECS) is investigated using nonlinear predictive control. A rotor speed predictive control algorithm has been designed to control the angular speed of the machine in order to allow the WECS operate with maximum power extraction. The generator torque is estimated and injected into the control law to improve the tracking performance. Simulation is carried out to verify the performance of the control system.
New serologically distinguishable type of coagulase-positive staphylococcus of canine origin

Of 150 coagulase-positive staphylococcal isolates from infections in dogs, 9 isolates with biochemical properties of human biotype were characteristically agglutinated by absorbed antiserum to staphylococcal strain 17, while only 110 of 141 isolates with biochemical properties of staphylococci of canine origin were agglutinated by absorbed antiserum to strain 61218. However, upon development of a new agglutinating serum, absorbed antiserum to strain 887, all but one of the remaining 31 isolates could be classified as being of canine biotype. Absorbed antiserum 887 should therefore aid in the comprehensive identification of staphylococci of canine origin in dogs, as well as in epidemiological studies of the interchange of staphylococci between canine pets and people.
Electron transport systems of yeast. 3. Preparation and properties of cytochrome oxidase.

Abstract Cytochrome oxidase, prepared from the electron transport particles of yeast, has been purified approximately 5- to 6-fold. The enzyme preparation contained copper, nonheme iron, "labile sulfide," and cytochromes a + a3 in approximately equimolar amounts, and 25 to 30% lipid on a dry weight basis. Difference spectra (reduced minus oxidized) of the enzyme preparation showed absorption maxima at 445 and 604 mµ and a small broad peak at 650 to 750 mµ, but no change in absorbance was found in the region 800 to 900 mµ. Yeast cytochrome oxidase was strongly inhibited by cyanide, azide, diethyldithiocarbamate, and ethylenediaminetetraacetate, but not by p-chloromercuriphenyl sulfonic acid or antimycin A.
Self-Supervised Deep Learning-Based Speech Denoising

This paper presents a self-supervised deep neural network solution to speech denoising by easing the requirement that clean speech signals need to be available for network training. This self-supervised approach is based on training a Fully Convolutional Neutral Network to map a noisy speech signal to another noisy version of the speech signal. To show the effectiveness of the developed approach, four commonly used objective performance measures are used to compare the self-supervised approach to the commonly used fully-supervised approach in which it is assumed that clean speech signals are available for training. The measures are examined for three public domain datasets of speech signals and one public domain dataset of noise signals. The results obtained indicate the self-supervised approach outperforms the fully-supervised approach. This solution is more suited for field deployment compared to the conventional deep learning-based solutions since under realistic audio conditions the only signals which are available for training are noisy speech signals and not clean speech signals.
Fuzzy k-means clustering with crisp regions

A new fuzzy k-means clustering method is proposed by introducing crisp regions of clusters. Boundaries of the regions are determined by hyperbolas and membership values are given by one or zero in each region. The area between crisp regions is a fuzzy region, where membership values are proportional to distances to crisp regions. A new method is a direct extension of the traditional hard k-means.
Implementation of a live dialectal media subtitling system

Subtitling is a useful technique to fulﬁl the information needs of deaf and hearing impaired people. Live subtitling is needed especially for live events and is not restricted to television, but can also be provided to persons on site, e.g. to a deaf politician during a parliamentary debate. Live subtitling is demanding since the audio information has to be transformed into text within a few seconds. In this demonstration we present the Fraunhofer IAIS audio and video live subtitling system for standard German and Bavarian. The system was developed in the “Live-Caption” project and consists of an online speech recognition and speaker diarisation system. We employ our entire large annotated standard German broadcast corpus for training. In addition, we apply the system to Bavarian dialect by adapting the acoustic models and the pronunciation lexicon, exploiting a Bavarian media corpus. Due to the real-time restrictions and the spontaneous character of dialectal speech, the system performance is far from perfect, but encouraging.
First molecular epidemiological study of tuberculosis in Benin.

OBJECTIVES To assess the diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in Cotonou, Benin, and the risk factors associated with clustering. METHODS We analysed one sputum sample from 194 consecutive new pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) cases using two genotyping methods: spoligotyping and the 12 loci mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR). The data obtained were compared to the SpolDB4.0 database. RESULTS We have found that spoligotype 61, highly predominant in West Africa, was also the most prevalent strain in Cotonou. We observed that the Beijing family represented 10.3% of strains and was associated with resistance to streptomycin. We also confirmed that combining spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR provided a higher discriminatory power than the two techniques used individually. CONCLUSION Spoligotype 61 and Beijing genotype are the most prevalent genotypes of M. tuberculosis in Cotonou.
Offa's Dyke: Pattern and Purpose

The great eighth-century earthwork on the frontier of Wales and England has been known for at least eleven hundred years as Offa's Dyke. Research into this work has been dominated by the need to find, or explain, the ‘missing’ stretches of the Dyke. The interpretation presented here is based on the known earthwork and does not involve the need to explain away any perceived gaps.
Brucella abortus 1119-3 O-chain polysaccharide to differentiate sera from B. abortus S-19-vaccinated and field-strain-infected cattle by agar gel immunodiffusion

Purified Brucella abortus 1119-3 and Brucella melitensis 16M lipopolysaccharide O-chain polysaccharides were not precipitated in agar gel immunodiffusion by any of 24 sera from vaccinated cattle but were precipitated by 18 of 24 sera from infected cattle. This difference can be used to differentiate sera of cattle vaccinated with B. abortus S-19 from sera of some field-strain-infected cattle.
[Study on the antibody against tetrodotoxin made by the immunogen with different carrier proteins].

OBJECTIVE To compare the immunogenity of the TTX artificial antigen with two different carrier proteins, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), and antiserum against each immunogen were well investigated. METHODS The hapten Tetrodotoxins (TTX) were linked to carrier protein BSA or KLH as immunogen, and linked ovalbumin (OVA) as coating antigen by the Mannich method. Then the 6-8 weeks Babl/c mice were immunized with TTX-BSA or TTX-KLH. And the TTX-BSA also was another coating antigen in the detection of TTX-KLH antiserum. The antiserum was detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) and indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA). RESULTS The high titer of antiserum was 1:64000 after immunizing mouse. In the detection of TTX-KLH antiserum, the A450 value with the TTX-OVA coating antigens was a little higher than the TTX-BSA coating antigen, and IC50 was 10-20 ng/ml by icELISA. CONCLUSION The artificial antigen was successfully synthesized, and the conjugate of TTX-KLH was testified to have a better immunogenity in comparison with TTX-BSA, this investigation will benefit development of TTX immunoassay.
IL28B Polymorphism, Pretreatment CXCL10, and HCV RNA Levels Predict Treatment Response in Racially Diverse HIV/HCV Coinfected and HCV Monoinfected Patients

Objective:We sought to develop a score to predict sustained virological response (SVR) in racially diverse HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV)–coinfected and HCV-monoinfected pegylated interferon/ribavirin-treated patients. Methods:We retrospectively evaluated 374 patients (259 monoinfected and 115 coinfected) treated at a single tertiary care center. The IL28B rs12979860 single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping was performed in 335 patients, and plasma CXCL10 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 171 patients. Results:Of the 374 patients, 64.9% were white, 17.2% were African American, 76.5% were HCV genotype 1 infected, and 49.3% had advanced fibrosis. Sustained virological response was achieved by 151 (40.4%) patients, 106 (40.9%) patients monoinfected, and 45 (39.1%) patients coinfected. Patients with IL28B C/C genotype were significantly more likely to achieve an SVR compared with non-C/C genotype patients, but only if they were infected with HCV genotypes 1/4 (59.1% vs 21.1%, P < 0.0001). No significant differences existed in IL28B predictive capacity between coinfected and monoinfected patients. Pretreatment CXCL10 levels were significantly higher in nonresponders, both monoinfected and coinfected, compared with SVR patients (P = 0.0018). Coinfected patients had higher CXCL10 levels compared with monoinfected patients (P = 0.03). The combination of IL28B genotype, pretreatment CXCL10 and HCV RNA levels, and HCV genotype had the best ability to predict treatment response in both patient groups (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.85). Among all patients, a cutoff score of −0.94 or more had a sensitivity of 0.93 and specificity of 0.59. In coinfected patients, a score of −0.55 or more had sensitivity of 0.81 and specificity of 0.80. Conclusions:IL28B genotype, pretreatment CXCL10, and HCV RNA levels have very good capacity to predict pegylated interferon/ribavirin–treatment outcome in both HIV/HCV coinfected and HCV monoinfected patients.
Estimating drug‐free period using a graphical method: an alternative way to monitor extended‐interval dosing of gentamicin therapy

Published nomograms to monitor extended‐interval dosing (EID) gentamicin therapy were based on a fixed dose of 5 or 7 mg/kg. However, the average dose used for EID gentamicin regimen in our setting was about 3 mg/kg per day. We developed a new method of monitoring based on the duration of drug‐free period (DFP) in a 24‐h dosing interval.
High‐Level Synthesis and Fate of Acetylcholine in Baculovirus‐Infected Cells: Characterization and Purification of Recombinant Rat Choline Acetyltransferase

Abstract: Rat choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) has been expressed at a high level in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells using a baculovirus expression system. A cDNA containing the coding sequence for ChAT was inserted into the transfer vector pAcYM1 to yield the recombinant vector pAcYM1/ChAT. Sf9 cells were then coinfected with pAcYM1/ChAT and the wild‐type Autographa californica virus. One recombinant virus particle, containing the cDNA for ChAT, was selected that expressed a protein of 68.5 kDa. Forty hours after infection of cells with the recombinant virus, the specific activity of ChAT in the cytosol was 190 nmol of acetylcholine/min/mg of protein, accounting for ∼24% of the cell cytosolic proteins as being ChAT. The apparent Km, values of the enzyme for choline and acetyl‐CoA were 299 and 221 μM, respectively, whereas the respective Vmax values were 10.6 and 11.4 μmol of acetylcholine/min/mg of protein. In addition, analysis of the protein revealed that ChAT is phosphorylated in Sf9 cells. About 0.5 mg of ChAT was obtained from a one‐step purification procedure starting with 108 infected Sf9 cells. Addition of choline to the incubation medium led to accumulation of high amounts of acetylcholine in the cytosol of the infected cells. The neurotransmitter was not released by Sf9 cells in response to membrane depolarization or on ionophore‐mediated calcium entry. Some acetylcholine, which most likely originated from cell death inherent to viral infection, accumulated in the culture medium. The infected insect cells, which synthesize and store neurotransmitter, provide a new and convenient model for analyzing synaptic transmission at the molecular level.
Impact of Visual Cues on Directional Benefit and Preference: Part II—Field Tests

Objectives: The field tests performed in the current investigation examined how visual cues impact the benefit provided by directional (DIR) microphone hearing aids in the real world. Specifically, the study tested the hypotheses that (1) the provision of visual cues would reduce the preference for DIR processing (re: omnidirectional [OMNI] microphone) and (2) laboratory audiovisual (AV) testing would predict real-world outcomes better than auditory-only testing. Design: The same 24 hearing-impaired adults enrolled in the laboratory testing of this study compared microphone modes (DIR versus OMNI processing) in their everyday activities three times a day for 4 wk using paper and pencil journals. In each comparison, the participants were asked to identify an environment that favored DIR processing (e.g., the talker standing in front of the user and noise at his or her back), listen to speech amid noise via both the DIR and OMNI microphone modes, and then record the preferred microphone mode in the journal. To further understand what the listeners based their preference on, the participants were also asked to provide the reasons for their preferences. Microphone modes were compared when the listeners' eyes were either open or closed. Results: The field results first suggested that OMNI processing was more frequently preferred over DIR processing. Visual cues were not found to have a significant effect on preference for DIR processing. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that when listeners indicated “louder” or “less internal noise” as the reasons for their microphone preference, the likelihood of preferring the OMNI mode increased significantly, suggesting that OMNI processing was preferred for its louder output and lower internal circuit noise level. Finally, the preference score obtained by the laboratory preference judgment task under the AV condition was shown to be the best predictor of microphone preference in the real world. Conclusions: The field data did not reveal the effect of visual cues on preference for DIR processing because preference was not altered by the availability of visual cues. This negative result may be due to the unsuccessful control of visual cues during the field trial. However, the finding that AV laboratory testing predicted field outcomes more accurately than did auditory-only testing demonstrates the role of visual cues in the real world and emphasizes the necessity of using AV testing in the laboratory to evaluate DIR microphone hearing aids. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the importance of factors other than DIR benefit—such as loudness and hearing aid internal noise—in determining preference for microphone mode in the real world.
High Electron Velocity Submicrometer AlN/GaN MOS-HEMTs on Freestanding GaN Substrates

AlN/GaN heterostructures with 1700-cm<sup>2</sup>/V·s Hall mobility have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy on freestanding GaN substrates. Submicrometer gate-length (L<sub>G</sub>) metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) fabricated from this material show excellent dc and RF performance. L<sub>G</sub> = 100 nm devices exhibited a drain current density of 1.5 A/mm, current gain cutoff frequency f<sub>T</sub> of 165 GHz, a maximum frequency of oscillation f<sub>max</sub> of 171 GHz, and intrinsic average electron velocity v<sub>e</sub> of 1.5 ×10<sup>7</sup> cm/s. The 40-GHz load-pull measurements of L<sub>G</sub> = 140 nm devices showed 1-W/mm output power, with a 4.6-dB gain and 17% power-added efficiency. GaN substrates provide a way of achieving high mobility, high v<sub>e</sub>, and high RF performance in AlN/GaN transistors.
Organizational Coherence in Health Care Organizations: Conceptual Guidance to Facilitate Quality Improvement and Organizational Change

Objective: We sought to improve our understanding of how health care quality improvement (QI) methods and innovations could be efficiently and effectively translated between settings to reduce persistent gaps in health care quality both within and across countries. We aimed to examine whether we could identify a core set of organizational cultural attributes, independent of context and setting, which might be associated with success in implementing and sustaining QI systems in health care organizations. Methods: We convened an international group of investigators to explore the issues of organizational culture and QI in different health care contexts and settings. This group met in person 3 times and held a series of conference calls to discuss emerging ideas over 2 years. Investigators also conducted pilot studies in their home countries to examine the applicability of our conceptual model. Results and Conclusions: We suggest that organizational coherence may be a critical element of QI efforts in health care organizations and propose that there are 3 key components of organizational coherence: (1) people, (2) processes, and (3) perspectives. Our work suggests that the concept of organizational coherence embraces both culture and context and can thus help guide both researchers and practitioners in efforts to enhance health care QI efforts, regardless of organizational type, location, or context.
A Simple Method for Security Proof of Decoy States QKD with Finite Resources

Security proof of practical quantum key distribution with finite resources has attracted a lot of attentions in recent years. We give a security analysis about finite resources QKD in this paper, our method is much simper comparing with previous security analysis in finite resources case,the simulation result shows that the security analysis is reasonable in practical QKD realizations with finite resources.
A 25Gb/s CDR in 90nm CMOS for High-Density Interconnects

A CDR for source-synchronous high-density link applications receives 25Gb/s at a BER of <10-12. The CDR is a first-order bang-bang topology employing a phase interpolator, linear half-rate phase detector, an analog filter followed by a limiter and a digital loop filter. The core CDR circuit occupies 0.09mm2 and consumes 98mW from a 1.1V supply