Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lemniscal Input to Identified Neurons of the Central Nucleus of Mouse Inferior Colliculus: an Intracellular Brain Slice Study

Intracellular recordings were performed in 34 neurons in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus in brain slice preparations of the mouse. Sixteen neurons recorded were stained intracellularly by injection of biocytin and identified as multipolar. After electrical stimulation of the lateral lemniscus, 32 of 34 neurons exhibited postsynaptic potentials (PSPs). Onset latencies of the PSPs were 5.0±2.8 ms (range 2‐12 ms), presumably reflecting the lack of a significant monosynaptic input to most of the neurons recorded. An excitatory PSP (EPSP), often followed by a late inhibitory PSP (IPSP), was present in all neurons which received synaptic input. The IPSPs usually had a reversal potential positive to the cell's resting membrane potential, thus working as shunting inhibitors. Superfusion of the slice with the GABAA antagonist bicuculline resulted in blockade of the IPSP and pronounced prolongation of the EPSP. In 50% of these cases, paroxysmal depolarizing shifts were observed in the presence of bicuculline. Blocking the non‐NMDA glutamate receptors with 6,7‐dinitroquinoxaline‐2,3‐dione resulted not only in the total disappearance of EPSPs but also of late IPSPs, indicating that the latter depend on the glutamatergic EPSPs. Furthermore, all neurons recorded must receive substantial innervation from sources within the inferior colliculus, together constituting a complex neuronal network in the inferior colliculus with an important role of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in controlling network properties.
Caching neighborhood protocol: A foundation for building dynamic Web caching hierarchies with proxy servers

In this paper we propose a Caching Neighborhood Protocol (CNP) that describes an infrastructure upon which proxy servers can build dynamic Web caching hierarchies. Such a scheme decreases the response times for the requests by increasing the availability of documents without compromising the currency of the rendered documents. Some qualitative reasonings and studies on the request accessing traces collected by a proxy server at NLANR are presented to justify CNP. A five-day trace analysis shows that the top 20% Web sites (in terms of frequency of accesses) provide 93% of the most frequently accessed top 20% documents and such top 20% documents account for 94% of the documents that have been accessed more than once. Hence, an important observation is that caching the most popular documents provided by the most popular Web sites would be a very effective approach for Web caching.
A current product signal analysis method for rotor fault diagnosis in induction motors

This paper proposes a new current based diagnosis method, which is the so called current product signal analysis method (CPSA), for rotor fault diagnosis in induction motors. The major theoretical principles of CPSA are presented in this paper and it is shown that rotor faults can be effectively detected. Extensive simulation and experimental results confirm the effectiveness and merits of the proposed diagnosis approach, especially when the motor is at very low slip.
Isolation and partial chemical characterization of a 64,000-dalton glycoprotein of human cytomegalovirus

A guanidinium chloride extract of [3H]glucosamine- and [35S]methionine-labeled virions plus dense bodies of human cytomegalovirus (Towne) was separated by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the eluate revealed the major peak to be a glycoprotein with a relative mass of 64,000. This glycoprotein (HCMVgp64) was characterized by amino acid analysis and a high-pressure liquid chromatographic map of its tryptic peptides.
Estimates of Methionine and Sulfur Amino Acid Requirements for Laying Hens using Different Models

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary methionine (Met) content on the performance of white commercial laying hens and to determine Met and total sulfur amino acids requirements (TSAA). These requirements were estimated using three statistical models (broken-line regression, exponential and second order equations) to evaluate their abilit to determine amino acid requirements. A total of 216 laying hens (23 wks of age) was used in a completely randomized design (CRD) with six treatments with four replicates of nine birds each. The basal diet contained 15.25% crude protein, 2830.16 kcal/kg ME and 0.24% Met. Synthetic DL-Met was added to the deficient (basal) diet in 0.05% increments to make the other five experimental diets (0.29, 0.34, 0.39, 0.44 and 0.49% Met). Increasing Met level from 0.24 to 0.34% significantly increased egg production, egg weight, egg mass, egg content, and feed intake and decreased feed conversion ratio (p<0.05). However, further Met increases, from 0.34 to 0.49%, no longer influenced these parameters. Out of the three models, the broken-line regression model presented better estimates of AA requirements. Based on broken-line equations, average Met and TSAA requirements of the laying hens were 0.31 and 0.60% (245.50 and 469.25 mg/hen/day) from 22 to 36 wks of age, respectively.
A Combined Ab Initio and Experimental Study on the Nature of Conductive Filaments in  ${\rm Pt}/{\rm Hf}{\rm O}_{2}/{\rm Pt}$  Resistive Random Access Memory

Through ab initio calculations, we propose that the conductive filaments in Pt/HfO2/Pt resistive random access memories are due to HfOx suboxides, possibly tetragonal, where x ≤ 1.5. The electroforming process is initiated by a continuous supply of oxygen Frenkel defect pairs through an electrochemical process. The accumulation of oxygen vacancies leads to metallic suboxide phases, which remain conductive even as ultranarrow 1-nm2 filaments embedded in an insulating HfO2 matrix. Our experiments further show that the filaments remain as major leakage paths even in the OFF-state. Moreover, thermal heating may increase the OFF-state resistance, implying that there are oxygen interstitials left in the oxide layer, which may recombine with the oxygen vacancies in the filaments at high temperature.
Citicoline enhances frontal lobe bioenergetics as measured by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Citicoline supplementation has been used to ameliorate memory disturbances in older people and those with Alzheimer's disease. This study used MRS to characterize the effects of citicoline on high‐energy phosphate metabolites and constituents of membrane synthesis in the frontal lobe. Phosphorus (31P) metabolite data were acquired using a three‐dimensional chemical‐shift imaging protocol at 4 T from 16 healthy men and women (mean ± SD age 47.3 ± 5.4 years) who orally self‐administered 500 mg or 2000 mg Cognizin® Citicoline (Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd, Ibaraki, Japan) for 6 weeks. Individual 31P metabolites were quantified in the frontal lobe (anterior cingulate cortex) and a comparison region (parieto‐occipital cortex). Significant increases in phosphocreatine (+7%), β‐nucleoside triphosphates (largely ATP in brain, +14%) and the ratio of phosphocreatine to inorganic phosphate (+32%), as well as significant changes in membrane phospholipids, were observed in the anterior cingulate cortex after 6 weeks of citicoline treatment. These treatment‐related alterations in phosphorus metabolites were not only regionally specific, but tended to be of greater magnitude in subjects who received the lower dose. These data show that citicoline improves frontal lobe bioenergetics and alters phospholipid membrane turnover. Citicoline supplementation may therefore help to mitigate cognitive declines associated with aging by increasing energy reserves and utilization, as well as increasing the amount of essential phospholipid membrane components needed to synthesize and maintain cell membranes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complex genomic rearrangement within the 12q15 multiple aberration region induced by integrated human papillomavirus 18 in a cervical carcinoma cell line

Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA is integrated into the host genome in cervical cancer. The cervical carcinoma cell line SW756 has integrated HPV‐18 DNA in chromosome region 12q15, in the papillomavirus‐associated locus‐2 (PAL2). By polymerase chain reaction and hybridization of an arrayed cosmid library with oligonucleotides from the rearranged allele, we determined the pre‐integration germline structure of the region. PAL2 was located approximately 10 kb from sequence‐tagged site marker U27131, which was the marker most proximal to the 3′ flank of the integrated viral DNA. HPV‐18 DNA integration induced a complex genomic rearrangement resulting in inversion and deletion of cellular sequences. PAL2 is within the multiple aberration region, which has been shown to be affected in several types of benign tumors of mesenchymal origin. The integrated viral DNA was located 50 kb from a CpG island and 150 kb upstream of the high‐mobility group I‐C (HMGI‐C) gene. The HMGI‐C gene and the integrated HPV‐18 DNA had opposite transcriptional orientations. No overexpression or altered message of the HMGI‐C gene was detected in three cervical carcinoma cell lines. The integrated viral DNA did not affect any other known gene in the region and may be a marker for an unknown gene associated with malignant tumor phenotypes. Mol. Carcinog. 19:114–121, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth-phase-dependent expression of the Pseudomonas putida TOL plasmid pWW0 catabolic genes

Pseudomonas putida TOL plasmid pWW0 catabolic genes are clustered into two operons. The first, the upper operon, is controlled by the xylR regulatory gene, whereas the second, the meta operon, is controlled by the xylS regulatory gene. The xylS gene itself is subjected to control by xylR. In this study, we show that the TOL catabolic operons were poorly induced in cells growing at the early-exponential-growth phase but strongly induced in cells at late-exponential-growth phase. We constructed fusions of four TOL promoters, Pm (the promoter of the meta operon), Pu (the promoter of the upper operon), Ps (the promoter of the xylS regulatory gene), and Pr (the promoter of the xylR regulatory gene) with lacZ and examined, in Escherichia coli and P. putida, the expression of these promoters in relation to the growth phase. Expression from Pm, Pu, Ps, and Pr was almost constant if the host cells did not carry either xylS or xylR. Similarly, expression of Pm and Pu in P. putida in the absence of XylS and XylR was constant during the growth of the cells. XylS-dependent transcription of Pm and XylR-dependent transcription of Ps and Pu, in contrast, varied with the growth phase. This observation suggested that the interaction of XylS and XylR with target promoters or with RNA polymerases was influenced by the growth phase. The nature of the signal which triggers the growth-phase-dependent regulation was not clear. A change in the oxygen partial pressure was not responsible for the regulation. E. coli mutants defective in relA, crp, and cya exhibited growth-phase-dependent expression of the TOL catabolic genes, indicating that cyclic AMP and relA-dependent synthesis of ppGpp are not involved in this phenomenon.
Context-aware semantics-based information retrieval

Information retrieval can benefit from contextual information to adapt the results to a users current situation and preferences. Semantics-based retrieval is especially challenging because a change in context may require modifications to the knowledge base at hand. This book introduces a novel approach for context-aware semantics-based information retrieval that covers two aspects. First, a novel measure for the impact of a contextual aspect on the query results is introduced. This measure allows for the identification of relevant contextual information during work flow and user interface design. Developers can identify which contextual aspects strongly influence the outcome of the retrieval task and should therefore be in the users focus. Second, a method for the integration of contextual information with semantics-based knowledge bases is put forward. Starting from qualitative data on the Semantic Web, the book develops a rule-based implementation for the integration of quantitative contextual information from the Sensor Web. This approach establishes an explicit link between an ontology and the dynamic sensor data.IOS Press is an international science, technical and medical publisher of high-quality books for academics, scientists, and professionals in all fields. Some of the areas we publish in: -Biomedicine -Oncology -Artificial intelligence -Databases and information systems -Maritime engineering -Nanotechnology -Geoengineering -All aspects of physics -E-governance -E-commerce -The knowledge economy -Urban studies -Arms control -Understanding and responding to terrorism -Medical informatics -Computer Sciences
Boolean modeling: a logic‐based dynamic approach for understanding signaling and regulatory networks and for making useful predictions

The biomolecules inside or near cells form a complex interacting system. Cellular phenotypes and behaviors arise from the totality of interactions among the components of this system. A fruitful way of modeling interacting biomolecular systems is by network‐based dynamic models that characterize each component by a state variable, and describe the change in the state variables due to the interactions in the system. Dynamic models can capture the stable state patterns of this interacting system and can connect them to different cell fates or behaviors. A Boolean or logic model characterizes each biomolecule by a binary state variable that relates the abundance of that molecule to a threshold abundance necessary for downstream processes. The regulation of this state variable is described in a parameter free manner, making Boolean modeling a practical choice for systems whose kinetic parameters have not been determined. Boolean models integrate the body of knowledge regarding the components and interactions of biomolecular systems, and capture the system's dynamic repertoire, for example the existence of multiple cell fates. These models were used for a variety of systems and led to important insights and predictions. Boolean models serve as an efficient exploratory model, a guide for follow‐up experiments, and as a foundation for more quantitative models. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2014, 6:353–369. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1273
Use of the Gram stain in microbiology

The Gram stain differentiates bacteria into two fundamental varieties of cells. Bacteria that retain the initial crystal violet stain (purple) are said to be ''Gram-positive,'' whereas those that are decolorized and stain red with carbol fuchsin (or safranin) are said to be ''Gram-negative. '' This staining response is based on the chemical and structural makeup of the cell walls of both varieties of bacteria. Gram-positives have a thick, relatively impermeable wall that resists decolorization and is composed of peptidoglycan and secondary polymers. Gram-negatives have a thin peptidoglycan layer plus an overlying lipid-protein bilayer known as the outer membrane, which can be disrupted by decolorization. Some bacteria have walls of intermediate structure and, although they are officially classified as Gram-positives because of their linage, they stain in a variable manner. One prokaryote domain, the Archaea, have such variability of wall structure that the Gram stain is not a useful differentiating tool.
Emergence of Macrolide-Resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae with a 23S rRNA Gene Mutation

ABSTRACT A total of 195 Mycoplasma pneumoniae strains were isolated from 2,462 clinical specimens collected between April 2002 and March 2004 from pediatric outpatients with respiratory tract infections. Susceptibilities to six macrolide antibiotics (ML), telithromycin, minocycline, levofloxacin, and sitafloxacin were determined by the microdilution method using PPLO broth. A total of 183 M. pneumoniae isolates were susceptible to all agents and had excellent MIC90s in the following order: 0.00195 μg/ml for azithromycin and telithromycin, 0.0078 μg/ml for clarithromycin, 0.0156 μg/ml for erythromycin, 0.0625 μg/ml for sitafloxacin, 0.5 μg/ml for minocycline, and 1 μg/ml for levofloxacin. Notably, 12 ML-resistant M. pneumoniae strains were isolated from patients with pneumonia (10 strains) or acute bronchitis (2 strains). These strains showed resistance to ML with MICs of ≥1 μg/ml, except to rokitamycin. Transition mutations of A2063G or A2064G, which correspond to A2058 and A2059 in Escherichia coli, in domain V on the 23S rRNA gene in 11 ML-resistant strains were identified. By pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing, these strains were classified into groups I and Vb, as described previously (A. Cousin-Allery, A. Charron, B. D. Barbeyrac, G. Fremy, J. S. Jensen, H. Renaudin, and C. Bebear, Epidemiol. Infect. 124:103-111, 2000). These findings suggest that excessive usage of MLs acts as a trigger to select mutations on the corresponding 23S rRNA gene with the resultant occurrence of ML-resistant M. pneumoniae. Monitoring ML susceptibilities for M. pneumoniae is necessary in the future.
Studies on Estimation of the Sources Number in Blind Source Separation Problems

ICA (Independent Component Analysis) can separate unknown source signals from their mixture signals without information on the transfer functions, provided that the sources are statistically independent. When the number of the source signals is equal to that of the observed signals, the original sources can be recovered except for indeterminacy of scale and permutation. However, the number of the sources is unknown in a real environment. In this paper, we propose an estimation method for the number of the sources based on the joint distribution of the observed signals under two-sensor configuration. From several simulation results, it is found that the number of the sources is coincident to that of peaks in the histogram of the distribution
A Heuristic Expansion Framework for Mapping Instances to Linked Open Data

Mapping instances to the Linked Open Data (LOD) cloud plays an important role for enriching information of instances, since the LOD cloud contains abundant amounts of interlinked instances describing the instances. Consequently, many techniques have been introduced for mapping instances to a LOD data set; however, most of them merely focus on tackling with the problem of heterogeneity. Unfortunately, the problem of the large number of LOD data sets has yet to be addressed. Owing to the number of LOD data sets, mapping an instance to a LOD data set is not sufficient because an identical instance might not exist in that data set. In this article, we therefore introduce a heuristic expansion based framework for mapping instances to LOD data sets. The key idea of the framework is to gradually expand the search space from one data set to another data set in order to discover identical instances. In experiments, the framework could successfully map instances to the LOD data sets by increasing the coverage to 90.36%. Experimental results also indicate that the heuristic function in the framework could efficiently limit the expansion space to a reasonable space. Based upon the limited expansion space, the framework could effectively reduce the number of candidate pairs to 9.73% of the baseline without affecting any performances. key words: semantic web, linked data, Linked Open Data set, expansion space, search space, heuristic function, instance matching
Evidence-based medicine teaching in the Mexican army medical school

Training of medical students must include the skills necessary to use advances in scientific research. Evidence-based medicine (EBM) has been incorporated in undergraduate programs in several countries, a process that has not been well studied in developing countries’ medical schools. An EBM course was incorporated into the curriculum of the Mexican Army Medical School. In the first year of its implementation it was given to half the fifth- and sixth-year groups. At the end of the semester, a previously validated questionnaire designed to evaluate the effectiveness of EBM teaching was administered. In total, 67 students took the course and 64 did not. A significant increase in the self-assessment of critical appraisal skills and the self-reported use of the Cochrane Library were found. There was a significant increase in the attitudes score, 22.9 ± 5.9 (mean ± SD) in the non-EBM group vs. 28.8 ± 3.2 in the EBM group (p < 0.001), and a trend towards higher scores in the knowledge domain, 1.89 ± 3.3 in the non-EBM group vs. 2.56 ± 3.6 in the EBM group (p > 0.05). EBM concepts can be taught in a developing country medical school, with a short-term gain in attitude and probably in knowledge.
Are more diverse parts of the mammalian skull more labile?

Abstract Morphological variation is unevenly distributed within the mammalian skull; some of its parts have diversified more than others. It is commonly thought that this pattern of variation is mainly the result of the structural organization of the skull, as defined by the pattern and magnitude of trait covariation. Patterns of trait covariation can facilitate morphological diversification if they are aligned in the direction of selection, or these patterns can constrain diversification if oriented in a different direction. Within this theoretical framework, it is thought that more variable parts possess patterns of trait covariation that made them more capable of evolutionary change, that is, are more labile. However, differences in the degree of morphological variation among skull traits could arise despite variation in trait lability if, for example, some traits have evolved at a different rate and/or undergone stabilizing selection. Here, we test these hypotheses in the mammalian skull using 2D geometric morphometrics to quantify skull shape and estimating constraint, rates of evolution, and lability. Contrary to the expectations, more variable parts of the skull across mammalian species are less capable of evolutionary change than are less variable skull parts. Our results suggest that patterns of morphological variation in the skull could result from differences in rate of evolution and stabilizing selection.