Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Integrating assertion stack and caching to optimize constraint solving

Although significant advances have been made over the past few years, constraint solving is still the main bottleneck in symbolic execution. In fact, it often dominates the cost in overall performance. Thus, it is important to reduce the overhead in calling a constraint solver by exploring domain specific insights. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to optimize constraint solving. Our approach integrates two existing strategies: assertion stack and caching. We implemented a proof-of-concept tool based on Symbolic Pathfinder, a popular symbolic execution framework for JAVA programs. We have evaluated the tool on a set of open source software and the results showed that our approach can significantly improve the performance of constraint solving.
The Patellofemoral Joint

Patellofemoral subluxation is one of the most common knee problems seen in the orthopedist’s office. The diagnosis can usually be made by history and physical examination. It is important to recognize that all patients with patellofemoral subluxation/dislocation do not have all the symptoms or signs that are classic to this problem. The term “anterior knee pain” has crept into the literature. I prefer not to use this term and think a specific diagnosis should be made relevant to the patella, such as a patellar tendonitis, quadriceps tendonitis, inflammation of the lateral retinaculum, or chondromalacia. The patellofemoral joint is a dynamic joint. The quadriceps move the patella approximately 2 cm in the trochlear groove of the femur. The patella is under most stress at 45 degrees at knee flexion. Therefore, the patellofemoral symptoms commonly occur with knee flexion. Growth is important when assessing the patellofemoral joint. The adolescent with genu valgum and very mobile joints who has symptoms as a child or adolescent will oftentimes outgrow the symptoms but not the anatomy. This patient will have the same symptoms as a professional athlete who is highly developed, mature, and under the same stresses. However, these patients can carry the same diagnosis relevant to the patellofemoral joint. Tears in the meniscus in children under the age of 14 are uncommon. Likewise it is common to have symptoms in both knees of patients with patellofemoral subluxation, a good diagnostic point. Symptoms may change from one knee to the other over time. This is a definite tip-off for a patellofemoral problem.
Association of common polymorphisms in the IL2RA gene with type 1 diabetes: evidence of 32,646 individuals from 10 independent studies

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the interleukin 2 receptor alpha (IL2RA) gene have been suggested to be associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) susceptibility. However, the results from individual studies are inconsistent. To explore the association of IL2RA polymorphisms with T1D, including rs11594656, rs2104286, rs3118470, rs41295061 and rs706778, a meta‐analysis involving 10 independent studies with 19 outcomes was conducted: five studies with a total of 10,572 cases and 12,956 controls were analysed for rs11594656 with T1D risk, three studies with 7300 cases and 8331 controls for rs2104286, three studies with 3880 cases and 5409 controls for rs3118470, five studies with 11,253 cases and 13,834 controls for rs41295061 and three studies with 1896 cases and 1709 controls for rs706778 respectively. Using minor allelic comparison, the five investigated SNPs were all observed to have a significant association with T1D: For rs11594656, fixed effect model (FEM) odds ratio (OR) 0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.83, 0.91; rs2104286, FEM OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.77, 0.85; rs3118470, FEM OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.16, 1.31; rs41295061, random effect model (REM) OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.60, 0.76 and rs706778 FEM OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.08, 1.33. Similar results were obtained when all the included studies were calculated by a REM. Our meta‐analysis suggests that all five SNPs in the IL2RA gene are risk factors for T1D risk, and rs11594656, rs2104286 and rs41295061 are the most associated SNPs in the populations investigated. This conclusion warrants confirmation by further studies.
Alternative Oxidase Gene Family in Hypericum perforatum L.: Characterization and Expression at the Post-germinative Phase

Alternative oxidase (AOX) protein is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and is encoded in the nuclear genome being involved in plant response upon a diversity of environmental stresses and also in normal plant growth and development. Here we report the characterization of the AOX gene family of Hypericum perforatum L. Two AOX genes were identified, both with a structure of four exons (HpAOX1, acc. KU674355 and HpAOX2, acc. KU674356). High variability was found at the N-terminal region of the protein coincident with the high variability identified at the mitochondrial transit peptide. In silico analysis of regulatory elements located at intronic regions identified putative sequences coding for miRNA precursors and trace elements of a transposon. Simple sequence repeats were also identified. Additionally, the mRNA levels for the HpAOX1 and HpAOX2, along with the ones for the HpGAPA (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase A subunit) and the HpCAT1 (catalase 1), were evaluated during the post-germinative development. Gene expression analysis was performed by RT-qPCR with accurate data normalization, pointing out HpHYP1 (chamba phenolic oxidative coupling protein 1) and HpH2A (histone 2A) as the most suitable reference genes (RGs) according to GeNorm algorithm. The HpAOX2 transcript demonstrated larger stability during the process with a slight down-regulation in its expression. Contrarily, HpAOX1 and HpGAPA (the corresponding protein is homolog to the chloroplast isoform involved in the photosynthetic carbon assimilation in other plant species) transcripts showed a marked increase, with a similar expression pattern between them, during the post-germinative development. On the other hand, the HpCAT1 (the corresponding protein is homolog to the major H2O2-scavenging enzyme in other plant species) transcripts showed an opposite behavior with a down-regulation during the process. In summary, our findings, although preliminary, highlight the importance to investigate in more detail the participation of AOX genes during the post-germinative development in H. perforatum, in order to explore their functional role in optimizing photosynthesis and in the control of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels during the process.
Concepts and Potential Future Developments for Treatment of Periprosthetic Proximal Femoral Fractures

Periprosthetic proximal femoral fractures are a major challenge for the orthopaedic surgeon, with a continuously increasing incidence due to aging populations and concordantly increasing numbers of total hip replacements. Surgical decision-making mainly depends on the stability of the arthroplasty, and the quality of bone stock. As patients final outcomes mainly depend on early mobilization, a high primary stability of the construct is of particular relevance. Osteosynthetic procedures are usually applied for fractures with a stable arthroplasty, while fractures with a loosened endoprosthesis commonly require revision arthroplasty. Osteoporotic bone with insufficient anchoring substance for screws poses one major concern for cases with well-fixed arthroplasties. Complication rates and perioperative mortality have remained unacceptably high, emphasizing the need for new innovations in the treatment of periprosthetic fractures. Transprosthetic drilling of screws through the hip stem as the most solid and reliable part in the patient might represent a promising future approach, with auspicious results in recent biomechanical studies.
Deep-Submicron CMOS Design Methodology for High-Performance Low-Power Analog-to-Digital Converters

In this paper, we present a complete design methodology for high-performance low-power Analog-to-Digital Converters in deep submicron CMOS. This methodology is demonstrated on two ADC architectures, Flash and Folding&Interpolating(F&I). The designs were implemented in 0. 18µm CMOS technology, achieving a high conversion rate of 2.6 GSamples/s for the Flash converter, and a 1 GSample/s rate for the Folding and Interpolating converter. In addition, the devices achieved a power consumption of 47 mW and 8mW respectively. Compared to previously published designs, this represents a 62.5% improvement in speed and 86% drop in power consumption for the Flash design and 3 times improved sensitivity (DNL) and 3.2 times reduction in power for the F&I design.
Arbitrage in Combinatorial Exchanges ?

Combinatorial exchanges are trading mechanisms that allow agents to specify preferences over bundles of goods. When agents’ preferences exhibit complementarity and/or substitutability, this additional expressiveness can lead to more efficient allocations than is possible using traditional exchanges. In the context of combinatorial exchanges, this paper examines arbitrage, a risk-free profit opportunity. We show that some combinatorial exchanges allow agents to perform arbitrage and thus extract a positive payment from the market while contributing nothing, something that is not possible in traditional exchanges. We analyze the extent to which arbitrage is possible and computationally feasible in combinatorial exchanges. We show that the surplus-maximizing combinatorial exchange with free disposal is resistant to arbitrage, but without free disposal arbitrage is possible. For volume-maximizing and liquidity-maximizing combinatorial exchanges, we show that arbitrage is sometimes possible and we propose an improved combinatorial exchange that achieves the same economic objective but eliminates a particularly undesirable form of arbitrage. We show that the computational complexity of detecting winning arbitraging bids is NP-complete and that the ability for an agent to submit arbitraging bids depends on the type of feedback in the exchange. We also show that a variant of combinatorial exchanges in which arbitrage is impossible becomes susceptible to arbitrage if certain side constraints are placed on the allocation or if an approximating clearing algorithm is used.
Resolving vesicle fusion from lysis to monitor calcium-triggered lysosomal exocytosis in astrocytes

Optical imaging of individual vesicle exocytosis is providing new insights into the mechanism and regulation of secretion by cells. To study calcium-triggered secretion from astrocytes, we used acridine orange (AO) to label vesicles. Although AO is often used for imaging exocytosis, we found that imaging vesicles labeled with AO can result in their photolysis. Here, we define experimental and analytical approaches that permit us to distinguish unambiguously between fusion, leakage, and lysis of individual vesicles. We have used this approach to demonstrate that lysosomes undergo calcium-triggered exocytosis in astrocytes.
Analysis of non-uniform cell destination distribution in virtual output queueing systems

We develop a discrete-time analytical queueing model for studying the performance of input-queued switches with non-uniform cell destination distribution. Virtual output queues are assumed at the ingress ports where cell arrivals are geometrically distributed and the service process is based on a work conserving random selection scheme. We consider the conditions for stability as basis for deriving closed-form expressions for the stationary queue size distributions from which the mean queue sizes and mean cell latencies are derived. We show that a very good agreement is obtained between simulation and analytical results.
UTBB FDSOI: Evolution and opportunities

As today's 28nm FDSOI technology is at the industrialization level, this paper aims to summarize the key advantages allowed by the thin BOX (Buried Oxide) of the FDSOI, through the technology evolution but also through new opportunities, wider than logic applications and extending the possibility offered by the technology.
Supersymmetric D-branes on SU(2) structure manifolds

We employ generalized complex geometry to investigate supersymmetric embeddings of D-brane probes in a large class of SU(2) structure manifolds. This class includes the gravity dual of mass deformation and marginal beta deformation of N = 4 SYM gauge theory. We find supersymmetric configurations of D-branes with different dimensionality and propose their interpretation in the dual gauge theory.
Implications of Multiple Concurrent Pay Comparisons for Top-Team Turnover

This article relies on tournament and social comparison theorizing to understand how multiple concurrent pay structures and, thus, potential for comparison to multiple referents, affect turnover in the CEO’s top team. Specifically, we explore how the concurrent effects of pay dispersion within the CEO’s top team, pay disparity between the team and the CEO, and pay level in comparison to top teams at other firms in the industry affect turnover among members of the CEO’s top team. Consistent with social comparison theorizing, we find that pay dispersion is positively associated with turnover within CEO’s top teams. We also find that pay disparity has an effect consistent with tournament theorizing in which firms with greater tournament prizes (i.e., CEO salary gap) have lower turnover within their CEOs’ top teams. Furthermore, we find that pay disparity interacts with both pay dispersion and pay level to affect turnover within CEOs’ top teams. These results have theoretical and practical implications for CEOs’ top-team pay design in organizations. Specifically, our findings imply that theoretical mechanisms associated with how firms compensate executives—and the inherent comparisons in which those pay structures result—work in concert to affect turnover within the CEO’s top team. Hence, to understand the effect that compensation has on executives’ subsequent responses, researchers and practitioners must consider multiple concurrent pay references simultaneously.
MORAL FUNCTIONALISM AND MORAL MOTIVATION

Cognitivists are on solid ground, it seems to us, when they maintain that practical evaluations - 'this is right', 'that is fair' - are expressions of judgement and belief (even if these may be massively mistaken). Their non-cognitivist opponents deny the appearances when they say that such evaluations are expressive only of feeling or desire or some such noncognitive attitude that differs from belief and its cognates in not being subject, in its own right, to the same disciplines of evidence and logic and reasoning. But while cognitivists are on the side of common sense in this respect, they have had a hard time meeting two challenges (see Blackburn 1984, 1993; Gibbard). The first challenge is to say what the cognitive content of evaluative belief is, given that the content is supposed to give direct if defeasible support to a conclusion about what should be desired and done. The second challenge is to explain why assent to such a content is not just inductively associated with forming a corresponding desire to act as the evaluation prescribes, why it is a matter of surprise, to be explained by some malaise like weakness of will, if someone sincerely assents to the positive evaluation of an option without feeling any inclination towards it (Smith 1989). The first challenge comes of the Humean assumption that matters of cognition, matters of putative fact, do not imply prescriptions: there is a gap between 'is' and 'ought'. The second comes of the assumption, equally Humean in origin, that states of cognition are motivationally inert and only lead to behaviour under the impulse of a distinct state of desire: reason, as it is said, is the slave of the passions. This paper is an attempt to sketch an answer to these two challenges. It presents what we describe as a functionalist account of the cognitive content of evaluative belief, and then shows why assent to such a content should generally be expected to involve the presence of a corresponding desire. We stress that the paper is only a sketch of our answer to the two challenges, for the matters we discuss connect with almost every issue in meta-ethics and it is not possible to do full justice to them here. We offer. the sketch in the hope that the position we identify, once it has
Do Structured Reading Programs Hamper Intellectual Development?

University of Washington Seattle, Washington At the primary level, reading instruction is likely to set the tone for the entire school day. If the content and the recommended presentation of a reading program are highly structured, will they affect a child's behavior and achievement? Does structure depress creativity? Questions like these are seldom considered in reading studies. Our study was designed to explore the influence of reading programs on several intellectual variables only secondarily related to reading programs. Measures of three intellectual abilities defined by Guilford were used in the study (1). The test battery was designed to measure cognition, convergent production, and divergent production. We compared two widely used reading programs that differ in degree of teacher direction. DISTAR (2) and Lippincott Basic Readers (3) both emphasize the decoding of sound-letter relationships. Both programs are tightly sequenced in the order of presentation. DISTAR prescribes teacher presentation, pupil-response patterns, and reinforcement: the Lippincott series does not emphasize any of these components of a teaching presentation. Hence the major difference between the two programs lies in the degree of control the teacher exerts over presentation, pupils' responses, and reinforcement. The sample consisted of 136 urban kindergarten and first-grade children from widely ranging socioeconomic backgrounds. At the time of testing the children were completing either one year or two years of consistent instruction using either the DISTAR or the Lippincott programs. At the kindergarten level, there
Is self-concealment associated with acute and chronic pain?

OBJECTIVE Self-concealment is the predisposition to hide negative personal information. The present research examined whether self-concealment was associated with acute and chronic pain. METHODS In Study 1, undergraduate students (N = 44) completed an online questionnaire packet and then completed a cold-pressor task in the laboratory. In Study 2, individuals with chronic pain (N = 85) completed an online survey. RESULTS Study 1: Trait self-concealment was negatively associated with pain tolerance. Study 2: Self-concealment of chronic pain (hiding aspects of one's chronic pain condition from others) was associated with higher levels of self-reported pain and lower psychological well-being, independent of disclosure of feelings regarding pain. Furthermore, this association was mediated by autonomy and competence needs. CONCLUSIONS Self-concealment was found to be associated with higher levels of pain in both healthy and chronic pain samples. Moreover, the findings also suggest that intervention methods using the self-determination theory framework (i.e., autonomy and competence supportive) might be effective for individuals with chronic pain.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2002 ©Macmillan Reference Ltd

E nc yclop edia of C ogni tive Sc ienceND istribut ed R epr esentations © C opy right M acm illan R eferenc e L td 29 S eptem ber, 2003 P age 1 D istribut ed representations A rticle N o 59 T his is a final dr aft. P lease cite from the publ ished version , de tails at http://w w w . cog nitivescienc e.net E N C Y C L O P E D IA O F C O G N IT IV E S C IE N C E 2002 © M acm illan R eferenc e L td
Socioeconomic Adversity, Educational Resilience, and Subsequent Levels of Adult Adaptation

The aim of this article is to determine the extent to which individual, family, and contextual resources influence the school adjustment of 16-year-old teenagers and to investigate their consequent adult attainments at age 33. Adopting a longitudinal perspective, the experiences of more than 9,000 socially advantaged and disadvantaged young people are compared. The study shows that socioeconomic adversity is a significant risk factor for educational failure and that it influences consequent adjustment in work and healthrelated outcomes. Various social-psychological factors can counterbalance such adversity. In particular, parental educational aspirations for their child are significantly associated with educational resilience among less privileged individuals. The study confirms the long-term stability of secondary school adjustment. It is concluded that the factors and processes that modify the impact of adversity are context specific and that their influences have to be studied in the context in which they operate.
NMR-based screening in drug discovery

1. Introduction 211 2. Screening methods 213 2.1 Chemical shifts 213 2.2 Diffusion 214 2.3 Transverse relaxation 218 2.4 Nuclear Overhauser effects 218 3. Strategies for drug discovery and design 221 3.1 Fragment-based methods 221 3.1. 1 Linked-fragment approach 221 3.1. 2 Directed combinatorial libraries 222 3.1. 3 Modification of high-affinity ligands 223 3.1. 4 Solvent mapping techniques 223 3.2 High-throughput NMR-based screening 224 3.3 Enzymatic assays 226 4. Discovery of novel ligands 227 4.1 High-affinity ligands for FKBP 227 4.2 Potent inhibitors of stromelysin 229 4.3 Ligands for the DNA-binding domain of the E2 protein 233 4.4 Discovery of Erm methyltransferase inhibitors 233 4.5 Phosphotyrosine mimetics for SH2 domains 236 5. Conclusions 237 6. References 237 A critical step in the drug discovery process is the identification of high-affinity ligands for macromolecular targets. Traditionally, the identification of such lead compounds has been accomplished through the high-throughout screening (HTS) of corporate compound repositories. Conventional HTS methodology has enjoyed widespread application and success in the pharmaceutical industry and, through recent technological advances in screening (Fernandes, 1998; Oldenburg et al. 1998; Silverman et al. 1998) and combinatorial chemistry (Fauchere et al. 1998; Fecik et al. 1998), these programs will continue to have a prominent role in drug discovery. However, suitable leads cannot always be found using conventional methods. This is not surprising since typical corporate libraries contain fewer than 106 compounds compared with the estimated 1050–1080 universe of compounds (Martin, 1997). In addition, most conventional assays are limited to screening libraries of compounds against proteins with known function, excluding the large number of targets becoming available from genomics research. Recently, a number of NMR-based screening methods have been employed to identify and design lead ligands for protein targets (see Table 1). These NMR-based strategies can augment ongoing conventional HTS for identifying leads and can be used to aid in lead optimization. All of these techniques take advantage of the fact that upon complex formation between a target molecule and a ligand, significant perturbations can be observed in NMR-sensitive parameters of either the target or the ligand. These perturbations can be used qualitatively to detect ligand binding or quantitatively to assess the strength of the binding interaction. In addition, some of the techniques allow the identification of the ligand binding site or which part of the ligand is responsible for interacting with the target. In this article, the current state of NMR-based screening is reviewed.