Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unsupervised Software Categorization Using Bytecode

Automatic software categorization is the task of assigning software systems or libraries to categories based on their functionality. Correctly assigning these categories is essential to ensure that relevant software can be easily retrieved by developers from large repositories. State of the art approaches either rely on the availability of the source code, or use supervised machine learning approaches, which require a set of already labeled software as training data. These restrictions make current approaches fail when such information is not available. We propose a novel approach, which overcomes these limitations by using semantic information recovered from byte code and an unsupervised algorithm to assign categories to software systems. We evaluated our approach in a study on the Apache Foundation Repository of Java libraries and the results indicate that our approach is able to correctly identify a correct category for 86% of the libraries.
Transcultural approach of depression. Comparative study of the diagnostic performance of the dexamethasone suppression test in São Paulo (Brazil) and Liège (Belgium)

Summary We compared the rate of DST non-suppression in two samples of 26 Brazilian and 26 Belgian female depressive patients, matched for age, diagnostic subtype and severity of depression. This rate was significantly lower in São Paulo than in Liège (P = 0.04). The differences observed in DST can be explained by the complexity of familial, personal and clinical factors. A role of a latitude effect through melatonin secretion on adrenocortical function of depressed patients is also suggested.
Brainstem melanocortin 3/4 receptor stimulation increases uncoupling protein gene expression in brown fat.

Central administration of melanocortin 3 and 4 receptor (MC3/4-R) agonists increases energy expenditure, with the hypothalamus commonly held as the primary site of action. It is also clear, however, that MC4-R are expressed in caudal brainstem structures of relevance to the control of energy expenditure. Three experiments investigated whether hindbrain MC-R contribute to the energy expenditure effects of central MC3/4-R agonist treatments; in each, we examined the effect of fourth intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of a MC3/4-R agonist, MTII (three injections, each separated by 12 h), on uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) gene expression in brown adipose tissue (BAT). First, we compared the effects of fourth and third i.c. v. administration of MTII and found that the hindbrain and forebrain treatments were equally effective at elevating UCP-1 mRNA expression in BAT compared with the respective vehicle-treated group results. A second experiment demonstrated that the fourth i.c. v. MTII-induced rise in UCP-1 expression was mediated by sympathetic outflow to BAT by showing that this response was abolished by surgical denervation of BAT. In the third experiment, we showed that chronic decerebrate rats, like their neurologically intact controls, elevated UCP-1 mRNA expression in response to fourth i.c. v. MTII administration. Taken together, the results indicate that: 1) there is an independent caudal brainstem MC3/4-R trigger for a sympathetically stimulated elevation in BAT UCP-1 gene expression, and 2) the MTII-induced rise in UCP-1 expression can be mediated by circuitry intrinsic to the caudal brainstem and spinal cord.
Sodium Butyrate Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagy in Colorectal Cells: Implications for Apoptosis

Purpose Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid derived from dietary fiber, inhibits proliferation and induces cell death in colorectal cancer cells. However, clinical trials have shown mixed results regarding the anti-tumor activities of butyrate. We have previously shown that sodium butyrate increases endoplasmic reticulum stress by altering intracellular calcium levels, a well-known autophagy trigger. Here, we investigated whether sodium butyrate-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress mediated autophagy, and whether there was crosstalk between autophagy and the sodium butyrate-induced apoptotic response in human colorectal cancer cells. Methods Human colorectal cancer cell lines (HCT-116 and HT-29) were treated with sodium butyrate at concentrations ranging from 0.5–5mM. Cell proliferation was assessed using MTT tetrazolium salt formation. Autophagy induction was confirmed through a combination of Western blotting for associated proteins, acridine orange staining for acidic vesicles, detection of autolysosomes (MDC staining), and electron microscopy. Apoptosis was quantified by flow cytometry using standard annexinV/propidium iodide staining and by assessing PARP-1 cleavage by Western blot. Results Sodium butyrate suppressed colorectal cancer cell proliferation, induced autophagy, and resulted in apoptotic cell death. The induction of autophagy was supported by the accumulation of acidic vesicular organelles and autolysosomes, and the expression of autophagy-associated proteins, including microtubule-associated protein II light chain 3 (LC3-II), beclin-1, and autophagocytosis-associated protein (Atg)3. The autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and chloroquine inhibited sodium butyrate induced autophagy. Furthermore, sodium butyrate treatment markedly enhanced the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated proteins, including BIP, CHOP, PDI, and IRE-1a. When endoplasmic reticulum stress was inhibited by pharmacological (cycloheximide and mithramycin) and genetic (siRNA targeting BIP and CHOP) methods, the induction of BIP, PDI, IRE1a, and LC3-II was blocked, but PARP cleavage was markedly enhanced. Discussion Taken together, these results suggested that sodium butyrate-induced autophagy was mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress, and that preventing autophagy by blocking the endoplasmic reticulum stress response enhanced sodium butyrate-induced apoptosis. These results provide novel insights into the anti-tumor mechanisms of butyric acid.
Retrieval of missing frames in a given video sequence

Reconstruction of missing frames in a video sequence is of considerable interest in recent times. In this paper we present our work on reconstruction of missing information based on local and global coherence of given video sequence such that, the missing information is visually coherent with available information. The reconstruction is based on both, the spatial and temporal domain study of the missing information. The intensive computation, due to large dimensionality of the video data, is greatly reduced by applying some preprocessing and separating the foreground and background information, and then applying the algorithm on the foreground information.
Classification of document page images based on visual similarity of layout structures

Searching for documents by their type or genre is a natural way to enhance the effectiveness of document retrieval. The layout of a document contains a significant amount of information that can be used to classify a document's type in the absence of domain specific models. A document type or genre can be defined by the user based primarily on layout structure. Our classification approach is based on 'visual similarity' of the layout structure by building a supervised classifier, given examples of the class. We use image features, such as the percentages of tex and non-text (graphics, image, table, and ruling) content regions, column structures, variations in the point size of fonts, the density of content area, and various statistics on features of connected components which can be derived from class samples without class knowledge. In order to obtain class labels for training samples, we conducted a user relevance test where subjects ranked UW-I document images with respect to the 12 representative images. We implemented our classification scheme using the OC1, a decision tree classifier, and report our findings.
Coding in optical CDMA networks with M-ary modulation: impact of selected physical imperfections

We consider optical CDMA network transmission, when M-level spreading sequences, channel coding and single-user decoding are utilized. We first explore the impact of noise from laser transmitters and photo-detectors on the spectral efficiency limits based on channel capacity calculations and consider the impact of practical laser pulse widths and wavelength separations on achievable data rates in practical OCDMA networks. Consequently, we consider the OCDMA spectral efficiency limits for power-limited fiber-optic transmission with and without the use of optical amplifiers. Finally, we present simulated BER performance results for selected coded OCDMA systems which utilize M-ary optical spreading sequences, turbo codes and Reed-Solomon codes, and can practically support hundreds of active OCDMA users at target BER of 10 -9
Automatic logo detection in document images

Recently, there is need for the automatic logo detection and document image retrieval because of the increasing requirements of intelligent document images. In this work, we proposed an automatic logo detection and extraction from the document images using discrete wavelet transform (DWT). In which spatial density is calculated using the mean of the energy and standard deviation of the wavelet coefficients. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach using a large collection of real-world documents. The detection rate of the proposed method is very promising as compared to the existing system.
Multiple Camera Considerations in a View-Dependent Continuous Level of Detail Algorithm

We introduce the Camera Aware View-dEpendent Continuous Level Of Detail (CAVECLOD) polygon mesh representation. Several techniques recently have been developed that use a hierarchy of vertex split and merge operations to achieve continuous LOD. These techniques exploit temporal coherence. However, when multiple cameras are simultaneously viewing a polygon mesh at continuous LOD, the exploitation of temporal coherence is difficult. The CAVECLOD mesh representation enables multiple cameras to simultaneously exploit temporal coherence. Texture coordinates and normal vectors are preserved and the algorithm uses Microsoft DirectX Vertex Buffers and Index Buffers for efficient rendering. Interactive frame rates are achieved on large models on commercially available hardware.
Characterizing the Importance of Carbon Stored in Wood Products

Carbon emissions and stores are increasingly important as solutions are sought to address climate change. Focusing on some forest-related carbon pools but omitting product carbon frequently results in invalid conclusions. This study examined carbon emissions and stores in the life cycle of wood products in comparison with alternative materials. Emissions were established from a sustainably managed, carbon-neutral forest through processing to wood product use in residential structures and their eventual disposal. A life-cycle inventory was developed to establish the quantity of emissions from each stage of processing, and a life-cycle assessment of a representative residential building was made of its impact on global warming potential. The carbon stored in wood products as an offset to emissions was shown to be significant. Comparison of various building materials—wood, steel, and concrete—showed that wood was more environmentally friendly because of reduced carbon emissions because of fossil fuel combustion, carbon stored in products, permanent avoidance of emissions from fossil fuel-intensive products, and use of a sustainable and renewable resource.
Promotion and Prevention Focused Feeding Strategies: Exploring the Effects on Healthy and Unhealthy Child Eating

There is a general lack of research addressing the motivations behind parental use of various feeding practices. Therefore, the present work aims to extend the current literature on parent-child feeding interactions by integrating the traditional developmental psychological perspective on feeding practices with elements of Regulatory Focus Theory (RFT) derived from the field of motivational psychology. In this paper, we seek to explain associations between parental feeding practices and child (un)healthy eating behaviors by categorizing parental feeding practices into promotion and prevention focused strategies, thus exploring parent-child feeding interactions within the framework of RFT. Our analyses partly supported the idea that (1) child healthy eating is positively associated with feeding practices characterized as promotion focused, and (2) child unhealthy eating is negatively associated with feeding practices characterized as prevention focused. However, a general observation following from our results suggests that parents' major driving forces behind reducing children's consumption of unhealthy food items and increasing their consumption of healthy food items are strategies that motivate rather than restrict. In particular, parents' provision of a healthy home food environment seems to be essential for child eating.
The Effects of Salvage Value on the Age-Replacement Policy under Renewing Warranty

This paper presents the effects of salvage value on the optimal age-replacement policy for non-repairable products sold with a renewing free-replacement warranty (RFRW). Cost models from the customer’s perspective are developed for both warranted, and non-warranted products. The corresponding optimal replacement ages are derived such that the long-run expected cost rate is minimized. Under the increasing failure rate assumption, the existence and uniqueness of the optimal age for preventive replacement are shown, and the impacts of a RFRW on the optimal age-replacement policy are investigated analytically. Finally, a numerical example is provided for the optimal policy illustrated and verification.
Hybrid indoor tracking with Bayesian sensor fusion of RF localization and inertial navigation

The reliable tracking of humans and materials in indoor scenarios is an ongoing research issue. For example, the monitoring of humans in partially hazardous environments — like the surroundings of an underground longwall mining infrastructure — is crucial to save human lives. A centroid location estimation technique based on received signal strength (RSS) readings offers a well known and low-cost tracking solution in such a rough environment where many other systems with optical, magnetical or ultrasound sensors fail. Due to signal fading the RSS values alone can not ensure a precise tracking. The sensor fusion of the RSS-based localization with an inertial navigation system (INS) leads to a more precise tracking. The longterm stability of the RSS-based localization and the good short-term accuracy of the INS are combined using a Kalman filter. The experimental results on a motion test track show that a tracking of humans in multipath environments is possible with low infrastructural costs.
The Hoare Logic of Deterministic and Nondeterministic Monadic Recursion Schemes

The equational theory of deterministic monadic recursion schemes is known to be decidable by the result of Sénizergues on the decidability of the problem of DPDA equivalence. In order to capture some properties of the domain of computation, we augment equations with certain hypotheses. This preserves the decidability of the theory, which we call simple implicational theory. The asymptotically fastest algorithm known for deciding the equational theory, and also for deciding the simple implicational theory, has a running time that is nonelementary. We therefore consider a restriction of the properties about schemes to check: instead of arbitrary equations f ≡ g between schemes, we focus on propositional Hoare assertions {p}f{q}, where f is a scheme and p, q are tests. Such Hoare assertions have a straightforward encoding as equations. For this subclass of program properties, we can also handle nondeterminism at the syntactic and/or at the semantic level, without increasing the complexity of the theories. We investigate the Hoare theory of monadic recursion schemes, that is, the set of valid implications whose conclusions are Hoare assertions and whose premises are of a certain simple form. We present a sound and complete Hoare-style calculus for this theory. We also show that the Hoare theory can be decided in exponential time, and that it is complete for this class.
Hubble Space Telescope Color‐Magnitude Data for Globular Clusters. I. Transformations between STIS LP Magnitudes and WFPC2 F606W and F814W Magnitudes

We present deep Hubble Space Telescope optical imaging observations of two Galactic globular clusters, 47 Tucanae and M15, using the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) longpass (LP) filter and the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) F606W and F814W filters. These globular clusters have very different metallicities ([Fe/H ]∼ - 0.7 dex for 47 Tuc, and [Fe/H ]∼ - 2.2 dex for M15), essentially spanning the metallicity distribution of the entire Milky Way globular cluster system, and were chosen to investigate the relationship between magnitudes in the nonstandard STIS LP system and the better characterized WFPC2 magnitudes. We determine this relationship by combining our new STIS data with archival WFPC2 data, taking care to provide a robust and reliable transformation. Examining the 47 Tuc and M15 data separately, there is no evidence for a metallicity dependence in the transformation relations. This allows us to combine the data for both clusters, and also include the stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud that lie within the field of view of the 47 Tuc images, to determine final transformations that are valid for main‐sequence stars with colors in the range 0.3≲V606− I814≲1.8. These final relations predict STIS magnitudes within 0.05 mag (1 σ) of those measured for stars in both clusters. In an , we discuss the differences between our empirical transformation relations and those predicted by synthetic photometry.
Interobserver Reliability of Four Diagnostic Methods Using Traditional Korean Medicine for Stroke Patients

Objective. The aim of this study is to evaluate the consistency of pattern identification (PI), a set of diagnostic indicators used by traditional Korean medicine (TKM) clinicians. Methods. A total of 168 stroke patients who were admitted into oriental medical university hospitals from June 2012 through January 2013 were included in the study. Using the PI indicators, each patient was independently diagnosed by two experts from the same department. Interobserver consistency was assessed by simple percentage agreement as well as by kappa and AC1 statistics. Results. Interobserver agreement on the PI indicators (for all patients) was generally high: pulse diagnosis signs (AC1 = 0.66–0.89); inspection signs (AC1 = 0.66–0.95); listening/smelling signs (AC1 = 0.67–0.88); and inquiry signs (AC1 = 0.62–0.94). Conclusion. In four examinations, there was moderate agreement between the clinicians on the PI indicators. To improve clinician consistency (e.g., in the diagnostic criteria used), it is necessary to analyze the reasons for inconsistency and to improve clinician training.
Adopting the CMU/APWG Anti-phishing Landing Page Idea for Germany

Phishing attacks still pose a significant problem and purely technical solutions cannot solve this problem. While research literature in general shows that educating users in security is hard, the Anti-Phishing Landing Page proposed by CMU researchers seems promising as it appears in the most teachable moment -- namely once someone clicked on a link and was very likely to fall for phishing. While this page is already in use and exists in many languages we show that it is not effective in Germany as most users leave the page immediately without having read any advice. We therefore explore options to adopt their ideas for Germany. We focus on which are the trustworthy institutes that could provide such a landing page on their web pages and what is an appropriate headline and design.
Machine Learning for Decision Making

Strategic decision-making over valuable resources should consider risk-averse objectives. Many practical areas of application consider risk as central to decision- making. However, machine learning does not. As a result, research should provide insights and algorithms that endow machine learning with the ability to consider decision-theoretic risk. In particular, in estimating decision-theoretic risk on short dependent sequences generated from the most general possible class of processes for statistical inference and through decision-theoretic risk objectives in sequential decision-making. This thesis studies these two problems to provide principled algorithmic methods for considering decision-theoretic risk in machine learning. An algorithm with state-of-the-art performance is introduced for accurate estimation of risk statistics on the most general class of stationary–ergodic processes ￼and risk-averse objectives are introduced in sequential decision-making (online learning) in both the stochastic multi-arm bandit setting and the adversarial full-information setting.
Local Delivery of Plasmid DNA Into Rat Carotid Artery Using Ultrasound

Background—Although viral vector systems are efficient to transfect foreign genes into blood vessels, safety issues remain in relation to human gene therapy. In this study, we examined the feasibility of a novel nonviral vector system by using high-frequency, low-intensity ultrasound irradiation for transfection into blood vessels. Methods and Results—Luciferase plasmid mixed with or without echo contrast microbubble (Optison) was transfected into cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and endothelial cells (EC) with the use of ultrasound. Interestingly, luciferase activity was markedly increased in both cell types treated with Optison. We then transfected luciferase plasmid mixed with Optison by means of therapeutic ultrasound into rat artery. Two days after transfection, luciferase activity was significantly higher in carotid artery transfected with luciferase gene with Optison and ultrasound than with plasmid alone. In addition, we transfected an anti-oncogene (p53) plasmid into carotid artery after balloon injury as a model of gene therapy for restenosis. Two weeks after transfection, the intimal-to-medial area ratio in rats transfected with wild-type p53 plasmid complexed with Optison by means of ultrasound was significantly decreased as compared with control, accompanied by a significant increase in p53 protein. No apparent toxicity such as inflammation could be detected in blood vessels transfected with plasmid DNA with ultrasound and Optison. Conclusions—Overall, we demonstrated that an ultrasound transfection method with Optison enhanced transfection efficiency of naked plasmid DNA into blood vessels without any apparent toxicity. Transfection of p53 plasmid with the use of this method should be useful for safe clinical gene therapy without a viral vector system.
Specification of Function Block Applications with UML

The concept of FB based on newly appearing standard IEC 61499 originates in automation engineering and corresponds to the distributed control structure. A FB represents an abstraction of a software functional unit comprising an individual data structure and associated operations. To support the mature of the FB-related design paradigm in this paper, we discuss the specification of FBs and FB applications in UML. The paper suggests three types of models which have the purposes of general specification, automated code generation and test case generation. The first and second models are specified in UML while the third one is to be formalised in certain formal language. We focus on the first two model specification in this paper which transform FB-related elements in UML expressions. This shows that the rich resources provided for UML can be applicable to FB paradigm. The characteristics and the potential use of the model are discussed.