Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Scalable Scheme for Causal Message Ordering

—This paper presents a scalable scheme for ensuring causal ordering of messages passing among processes in large-scale distributed systems. Previously proposed approaches, categorized as centralized or fully distributed, either place the entire processing loads on a single process or incur quadratic message overheads in the number of participating processes. These solutions perform limitedly in large-scale systems. Our scheme organizes the entire system as hierarchical clusters in which any of the previously proposed approaches can be employed. Message causality is maintained by enforcing the rules by which messages are propagated from origins to destinations. This approach incurs much less processing load on hot-spot sites than the centralized approach, or, alternatively, requires a message space overhead much less than that in the fully distributed approach. We shall show that, by setting cluster size appropriately, the message space overhead can be only a linear or even a logarithmic function of the number of processes involved. Our approach is suitable for large non-proprietary networks.
A comparison of substrate oxidation during prolonged exercise in men at terrestrial altitude and normobaric normoxia following the coingestion of 13C glucose and 13C fructose

This study compared the effects of coingesting glucose and fructose on exogenous and endogenous substrate oxidation during prolonged exercise at altitude and sea level, in men. Seven male British military personnel completed two bouts of cycling at the same relative workload (55% Wmax) for 120 min on acute exposure to altitude (3375 m) and at sea level (~113 m). In each trial, participants ingested 1.2 g·min−1 of glucose (enriched with 13C glucose) and 0.6 g·min−1 of fructose (enriched with 13C fructose) directly before and every 15 min during exercise. Indirect calorimetry and isotope ratio mass spectrometry were used to calculate fat oxidation, total and exogenous carbohydrate oxidation, plasma glucose oxidation, and endogenous glucose oxidation derived from liver and muscle glycogen. Total carbohydrate oxidation during the exercise period was lower at altitude (157.7 ± 56.3 g) than sea level (286.5 ± 56.2 g, P = 0.006, ES = 2.28), whereas fat oxidation was higher at altitude (75.5 ± 26.8 g) than sea level (42.5 ± 21.3 g, P = 0.024, ES = 1.23). Peak exogenous carbohydrate oxidation was lower at altitude (1.13 ± 0.2 g·min−1) than sea level (1.42 ± 0.16 g·min−1, P = 0.034, ES = 1.33). There were no differences in rates, or absolute and relative contributions of plasma or liver glucose oxidation between conditions during the second hour of exercise. However, absolute and relative contributions of muscle glycogen during the second hour were lower at altitude (29.3 ± 28.9 g, 16.6 ± 15.2%) than sea level (78.7 ± 5.2 g (P = 0.008, ES = 1.71), 37.7 ± 13.0% (P = 0.016, ES = 1.45). Acute exposure to altitude reduces the reliance on muscle glycogen and increases fat oxidation during prolonged cycling in men compared with sea level.
Policies of Internationalization of Higher Education in the United States:The Instrument for Strengthening the Power of Nation

The paper aims at describing the strategic goals and significances and development characteristics of internationalization of higher education in the United States.Obviously,internationalization of higher education plays a significance role in strengthening the national power and maintaining the position of the superpower.The United States has benefited from internationalization of higher education in terms of economic benefits,absorbing global talents,enhancing the competitiveness and maintaining safety.The characteristics include building legal system,institutionalization,instrumentalization and marketization.
Electric Field Energy Harvesting Powered Wireless Sensors for Smart Grid

In this paper, a new energy harvesting technology using stray electric field of an electric power line is presented. It is found that energy can be harvested and stored in the storage capacitor that is connected to a cylindrical aluminum foil wrapped around a commercial insulated 220 V power line. The average current flowing into 47 µF storage capacitor is about 4.53 µA with 60 cm long cylindrical aluminum foil, and it is possible to operate wireless sensor node to transmit RF data every 42 seconds. The harvested average power is about 47 µW in this case. Since the energy can be harvested without removing insulating sheath, it is believed that the proposed harvesting technology can be applied to power the sensor nodes in wireless ubiquitous sensor network and smart grid system.
Activation of Sonic Hedgehog Leads to Survival Enhancement of Astrocytes via the GRP78-Dependent Pathway in Mice Infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis

Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection may cause elevation of ROS and antioxidants in the CSF of infected mice. Astrocytes may protect the surrounding neurons from oxidative stress-induced cell death by secreting Sonic hedgehog (Shh) via the PI3-K/AKT/Bcl-2 pathway. This study was conducted to determine the role of the Shh signaling pathway in A. cantonensis-infected BABL/c mice by coculturing astrocytes with living fifth-stage larvae or soluble antigens. The Shh pathway was activated with corresponding increases in the level of the Shh. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Shh were increased in astrocyte cocultured with living fifth-stage larvae or soluble antigens. The survival of astrocytes pretreated with Shh was significantly elevated in cocultures with the antigens but reduced by its inhibitor cyclopamine. The expression of GRP78 and Bcl-2 was significantly higher in astrocytes pretreated with recombinant Shh. These findings suggest that the expression of Shh may inhibit cell death by activating Bcl-2 through a GRP78-dependent pathway.
Did I Pick the Right Colony? Pitfalls in the Study of Regulation of the Phase Variable Antigen 43 Adhesin

Ag43 is an abundant outer membrane autotransporter adhesin present in most commensal and pathogenic Escherichia coli. Expression of the agn43 gene is characterized by a regulated reversible switch or phase variation between the agn43 ON and agn43 OFF states. Although the agn43 regulatory switch leads to a heterogeneous population of ON and OFF bacteria, studies of Ag43 seldom consider potential biases associated with phase variation. We monitored agn43 ON/OFF phase-variation status genetically and phenotypically and we show that the use of populations with random agn43 ON or OFF status could result in misleading conclusions about Ag43 function or regulation. In particular, we demonstrate that Lrp and MqsR, previously identified as agn43 regulators, do not regulate agn43 expression or ON/OFF switch frequency. We also show that biofilm formation in dynamic flow conditions does not influence agn43 ON/OFF switching but physically selects aggregating agn43 ON cells. This indicates that misinterpretation is possible when studying gene expression within biofilms. Finally, we provide evidence that ignoring the initial agn43 ON/OFF status of the E. coli populations studied is likely to bias analyses of phenotypes associated with other E. coli adhesins. This study therefore emphasizes the importance of monitoring Ag43 phase variation and indicates that caution is required when interpreting experiments using strains that are neither deleted for agn43 nor carefully assessed for agn43 ON/OFF status.
A framework for the parallel processing of Datalog queries

This paper presents several complementary methods for the parallel, bottom-up evaluation of Datalog queries. We introduce the notion of a discriminating predicate, based on hash functions, that partitions the computation between the processors in order to achieve parallelism. A parallelization scheme with the property of non-redundant computation (no duplication of computation by processors) is then studied in detail. The mapping of Datalog programs onto a network of processors, such that the results is a non-redundant computation, is also studied. The methods reported in this paper clearly demonstrate the trade-offs between redundancy and interprocessor-communication for this class of problems.
Generalized Hough Transform: Fast Detection for Hybrid Multi-Circle and Multi-Rectangle

The solution to the issue of hybrid multi-circle and multi-rectangle detection is to firstly detect all circles from a digital image with multi-rectangle. When detecting multi-circle, this approach determined each possible circle by two random sample edge pixels and the third edge pixel searched on their perpendicular bisector. As two points are randomly picked and the third point of the possible circle is searched, invalid sample decreases because of the removing of isolated noises, half-link noises and the elimination of non-co-circle points. By affirming the possible circle for true circle in minimal area, invalid computation decreases. When rectangle is detected, any possible rectangle can be obtained by tracking close curve with rule given and can be affirmed whether it is true rectangle or not by the definition of rectangle. The experimental results demonstrate that the approach can implement well hybrid multi-circle and multi-rectangle detection and the detection speed of multi-circles is faster an order of magnitude than randomized circle detection (RCD) proposed by Chen&Chung (2001) on condition of multi-circle, multi-rectangle and/or random levels of noise
2XMM J100451.6+411627: A cool core cluster at z=0.82

- Aims: Gas cooling in the centre of massive galaxy clusters is believed to feed the most powerful active galactic nuclei in the Universe. How often clusters at high redshift show such cool cores has still to be explored by current and upcoming X-ray telescopes. - Methods: We correlated extended X-ray emissions from the second XMM-Newton source catalogue with SDSS data to particularly identify distant clusters. 2XMM J100451.6+411627 is a candidate luminous enough to obtain its redshift and temperature from the X-ray spectrum. We also determine the surface luminosity profile and estimate the temperature in a few spherical bins. The analysis is complemented by a Subaru g'r'i'-image. - Results: 2XMM J100451.6+411627 has a redshift a redshift of z=0.82+-0.02 and a temperature of k_BT = 4.2+-0.4 keV. A double-beta profile fit yields a highly concentrated surface brightness, c_SB = 0.32, i.e. the clusters hosts very likely a strong cool core. This is supported by the relaxed morphology of the cluster and an central temperature decrease.
Working Paper Series No : 2015 / 19 NETWORKS AND MISALLOCATION : INSURANCE , MIGRATION , AND THE RURAL-URBAN WAGE GAP

We provide an explanation for the large spatial wage disparities and low male migration in India based on the trade-o↵ between consumption-smoothing, provided by caste-based rural insurance networks, and the income-gains from migration. Our theory generates two key empirically-verified predictions: (i) males in relatively wealthy households within a caste who benefit less from the redistributive (surplus-maximizing) network will be more likely to migrate, and (ii) males in households facing greater rural income-risk (who benefit more from the insurance network) migrate less. Structural estimates show that small improvements in formal insurance decrease the spatial misallocation of labor by substantially increasing migration. ⇤We are very grateful to Andrew Foster for his help with the structural estimation and for many useful discussions that substantially improved the paper. Jiwon Choi and Scott Weiner provided outstanding research assistance. Viktoria Hnatkovska and Amartya Lahiri graciously provided us with the NSS wage data. Research support from NICHD grant R01-HD046940 and NSF grant SES-0431827 is gratefully acknowledged. This paper was previously circulated under the title, “Why is mobility in India so low? Social insurance, inequality, and growth. ” †University of Cambridge, Faculty of Economics, Austin Robinson Building, Cambridge CB3 9DD. munshi@econ.cam. ac.uk ‡Yale University, Department of Economics, Box 208269, New Haven, CT 06520. mark.rosenzweig@yale.edu
Deciphering the hormonal signalling network behind the systemic resistance induced by Trichoderma harzianum in tomato

Root colonization by selected Trichoderma isolates can activate in the plant a systemic defense response that is effective against a broad-spectrum of plant pathogens. Diverse plant hormones play pivotal roles in the regulation of the defense signaling network that leads to the induction of systemic resistance triggered by beneficial organisms [induced systemic resistance (ISR)]. Among them, jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) signaling pathways are generally essential for ISR. However, Trichoderma ISR (TISR) is believed to involve a wider variety of signaling routes, interconnected in a complex network of cross-communicating hormone pathways. Using tomato as a model, an integrative analysis of the main mechanisms involved in the systemic resistance induced by Trichoderma harzianum against the necrotrophic leaf pathogen Botrytis cinerea was performed. Root colonization by T. harzianum rendered the leaves more resistant to B. cinerea independently of major effects on plant nutrition. The analysis of disease development in shoots of tomato mutant lines impaired in the synthesis of the key defense-related hormones JA, ET, salicylic acid (SA), and abscisic acid (ABA), and the peptide prosystemin (PS) evidenced the requirement of intact JA, SA, and ABA signaling pathways for a functional TISR. Expression analysis of several hormone-related marker genes point to the role of priming for enhanced JA-dependent defense responses upon pathogen infection. Together, our results indicate that although TISR induced in tomato against necrotrophs is mainly based on boosted JA-dependent responses, the pathways regulated by the plant hormones SA- and ABA are also required for successful TISR development.
[16] Mallat, S. (1989) \A Theory for Multiresolution Signal Decomposition: The Wavelet Representation, " IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,

In this paper we apply wavelet analysis to the class of fractionally integrated processes to show that this class is a member of the 1=f family of processes as de ned by Wornell (1993) and to produce an alternative method of estimating the fractional di erencing parameter. Currently the method by Geweke and Porter-Hudak (1983) is used most often to estimate and test the fractional di erencing parameter. The GPH approach, however, has been shown to have poor statistical properties and su ers from subjective decisions that the users must make. The wavelet analysis estimate of the fractional di erencing parameter is shown to be more straightforward and to provide results that are more robust than the GPH method.
Solving Optimization Problems That Employ Structural Similarity As The Fidelity Measure

Many tasks in image processing are carried out by solving appropriate optimization problems. As is well known, the square of the Euclidian distance is widely used as a fitting term, even though it has been shown not to be the best choice in terms of quantifying visual quality. To overcome this problem, a number of papers have examined the use of the Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) as a fidelity term. In this paper, we propose a general framework for solving optimization problems in which the SSIM is employed as a fidelity measure. Within the context of quasi-convex optimization, an algorithm is also introduced in order to solve such optimization problems.
A Buffer Cache Algorithm Using the Characteristic of Mobile Applications based on Hybrid Memory Architecture

In general, current mobile devices employ a buffer cache mechanism which has been designed to mitigate the performance gap between CPU and storage. However, it cannot fit in mobile devices because it does not consider the characteristics of the mobile applications (e.g., foreground or background state). Therefore, existing buffer cache mechanisms can cause performance degradation by I/O interference between foreground applications and background applications. In addition, DRAM accelerates energy consumption by performing periodic refresh operations. Therefore, DRAM-based memory system can cause critical power problem due to its limited battery capacity in the mobile devices. In this paper, we propose a novel buffer cache algorithm for mobile devices based on hybrid memory architecture composed of DRAM and non-volatile PCM. Proposed algorithm is based on key observation that background applications rarely issue I/O requests and they may interfere with foreground applications. For evaluation, we implemented the proposed algorithm and compared the performance with two widely known algorithms. Our experimental results show that our algorithm reduces the elapsed time of the foreground applications by 70% on average and the power consumption by 67% on average while operating same workloads.
Intrusive gravity currents and internal gravity wave generation in stratified fluid

The excitation of internal gravity waves by fluid intrusions that propagate along the interface between a uniform upper layer and a uniformly stratified lower layer is examined by way of laboratory experiments. Intrusions are generated using a simple lock-release apparatus. Experiments are conducted in which the density gradient of the uniformly stratified layer, the density jump across the interface and the density difference between the lock fluid and the uniform upper layer are varied. In all cases, the fluid intrusions travelled at a constant speed. The forcing imparted by the generated internal gravity waves did not deform the intrusion head or significantly retard the intrusion's rate of forward advance. For a limited range of density parameters, good agreement was obtained between the experimental data and the two-layer analytical theory of J. Y. Holyer & H. E. Huppert (J. Fluid Mech. vol. 100 (1980), pp. 739–767) which provides estimates for the intrusion speed and depths of penetration into the upper and lower layers. Internal gravity wave excitation is due to the initial collapse of the lock fluid and the forcing imparted by the head of the intrusion. Waves are visualized and their amplitudes measured using ‘synthetic schlieren’. The vertical flux of horizontal momentum due to internal gravity wave excitation is related to measurable properties of the fluid intrusion. This analysis suggests that outflows produced by tall convective storms that travel along the tropopause may excite non-hydrostatic internal gravity waves in the stratosphere whose momentum flux, at least during the transient generation time, is comparable to that of waves generated by topographic forcing.
Repeatability of Corticospinal and Spinal Measures during Lengthening and Shortening Contractions in the Human Tibialis Anterior Muscle

Elements of the human central nervous system (CNS) constantly oscillate. In addition, there are also methodological factors and changes in muscle mechanics during dynamic muscle contractions that threaten the stability and consistency of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and perpherial nerve stimulation (PNS) measures. Purpose To determine the repeatability of TMS and PNS measures during lengthening and shortening muscle actions in the intact human tibialis anterior. Methods On three consecutive days, 20 males performed lengthening and shortening muscle actions at 15, 25, 50 and 80% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). The amplitude of the Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) produced by TMS was measured at rest and during muscle contraction at 90° of ankle joint position. MEPs were normalised to Mmax determined with PNS. The corticospinal silent period was recorded at 80% MVC. Hoffman reflex (H-reflex) at 10% isometric and 25% shortening and lengthening MVCs, and V-waves during MVCs were also evoked on each of the three days. Results With the exception of MEPs evoked at 80% shortening MVC, all TMS-derived measures showed good reliability (ICC = 0.81–0.94) from days 2 to 3. Confidence intervals (CI, 95%) were lower between days 2 and 3 when compared to days 1 and 2. MEPs significantly increased at rest from days 1 to 2 (P = 0.016) and days 1 to 3 (P = 0.046). The H-reflex during dynamic muscle contraction was reliable across the three days (ICC = 0.76–0.84). V-waves (shortening, ICC = 0.77, lengthening ICC = 0.54) and the H-reflex at 10% isometric MVC (ICC = 0.66) was generally less reliable over the three days. Conclusion Although it is well known that measures of the intact human CNS exhibit moment-to-moment fluctuations, careful experimental arrangements make it possible to obtain consistent and repeatable measurements of corticospinal and spinal excitability in the actively lengthening and shortening human TA muscle.
A Sequential Conic Programming Approach for the Coordinated and Robust Design of Power System Stabilizers

This paper shows that conic programming is an effective tool to solve robust power system stabilizer (PSS) design problems, namely coordinated gain tuning and coordinated phase and gain tuning. Design robustness is achieved by simultaneously considering several operating scenarios. The method is implemented through a sequence of conic programming runs that define a multivariable root locus along which the eigenvalues move. Specifically, the eigenvalues corresponding to the unstable and poorly damped modes are moved to a conic sector in the left half of the s-plane, whereas the eigenvalues corresponding to the well damped modes are constrained to stay within the boundaries of this conic sector. At each step of the solution, the PSS design parameters are restricted in a trust-region such that the computation of the eigenvalue shift based on the residue method holds valid. The proposed method is demonstrated on a 68-bus test system with nine different operating conditions. Comparisons are carried out between conic programming implementations for PSS coordinated gain tuning and for simultaneous tuning of gain and phase characteristics.
Proceedings International Workshop on Requirements Engineering for Product Lines Co-located with the Ieee Joint International Requirements Engineering Conference (re02) Organization Requirements Engineering for Product Lines -an Overview - Product Lines: Software Engineering Becomes Efficient Requir

Capturing the variations characterizing the set of products belonging to a product line is a key issue for the requirements engineering of this development philosophy. This paper describes ways to extend the well-known Use Case formalism in order to make possible the representation of these variations, in the perspective to make them suitable for an automatic analysis.