Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neolithic ‘Celtic’ Fields? A Reinterpretation of the Chronological Evidence from Céide Fields in North-western Ireland

It has long been claimed that the coaxial stone boundaries of Céide Fields, County Mayo, are a phenomenon of the Irish Early Neolithic — analogous to later prehistoric ‘Celtic’ fields in all but age. This study argues that the age disparity is an artefact of the research methods, and that the age of the main Céide Fields complex has been overestimated by as much as two-and-a-half millennia. Les limites de parcelles de Céide Fields, County Mayo ont longtemps été considérés comme un phénomène du Néolithique ancien en Irlande semblables aux parcellaires plus récents connus sous le nom de « champs celtiques ». Il ressort de cet article que cette disparité est un produit des méthodes de recherche et que la date du parcellaire principal de Céide Fields a été largement surestimée, jusqu’à deux millénaires et demi. Translation by Madeleine Hummler Seit langem hat man angenommen, dass die Feldmauern von Céide Fields in der Grafschaft Mayo ein Phänomen des irischen Neolithikums waren. Sie sind mit den den späteren “keltischen Felder” vergleichbar, nur nicht in Alter. Es wird hier vorgelegt, dass die Forschungsmethoden diese Disparität in der Datierung verursacht haben und dass das Alter des Komplexes von deutlich überschätzt worden waren, um bis zu zweieinhalb Jahrtausende. Translation by Madeleine Hummler
Ligand-Induced TCR Down-Regulation Is Not Dependent on Constitutive TCR Cycling1

TCR internalization takes place both in resting T cells as part of constitutive TCR cycling, after PKC activation, and during TCR triggering. It is still a matter of debate whether these pathways represent distinct pathways. Thus, some studies have indicated that ligand-induced TCR internalization is regulated by mechanisms distinct from those involved in constitutive internalization, whereas other studies have suggested that the ligand-induced TCR internalization pathway is identical with the constitutive pathway. To resolve this question, we first identified requirements for constitutive TCR cycling. We found that in contrast to PKC-induced TCR internalization where both CD3γ-S126 and the CD3γ leucine-based internalization motif are required, constitutive TCR cycling required neither PKC nor CD3γ-S126 but only the CD3γ leucine-based motif. Having identified these requirements, we next studied ligand-induced internalization in cells with abolished constitutive TCR cycling. We found that ligand-induced TCR internalization was not dependent on constitutive TCR internalization. Likewise, constitutive internalization and recycling of the TCR were independent of an intact ligand-induced internalization of the TCR. In conclusion, ligand-induced TCR internalization and constitutive cycling of the TCR represents two independent pathways regulated by different mechanisms.
A blood spot method for detecting fumonisin-induced changes in putative sphingolipid biomarkers in LM/Bc mice and humans

Fumonisins (FB) are mycotoxins found in maize. They are hypothesised risk factors for neural tube defects (NTDs) in humans living where maize is a dietary staple. In LM/Bc mice, FB1-treatment of pregnant dams induces NTDs and results in increased levels of sphingoid base 1-phosphates in blood and tissues. The increased level of sphingoid base 1-phosphates in blood is a putative biomarker for FB1 inhibition of ceramide synthase in humans. Collection of blood spots on paper from finger sticks is a relatively non-invasive way to obtain blood for biomarker analysis. The objective of this study was to develop and validate in an animal model, and ultimately in humans, a method to estimate the volume of blood collected as blood spots on absorbent paper so as to allow quantification of the molar concentration of sphingoid base 1-phosphates in blood. To accomplish this objective, blood was collected from unexposed male LM/Bc and FB1-exposed pregnant LM/Bc mice and humans and applied to two types of absorbent paper. The sphingoid base 1-phosphates, absorbance at 270 nm (A270), and total protein content (Bradford) were determined in the acetonitrile:water 5% formic acid extracts from the dried blood spots. The results show that in both mouse and human the A270, total protein, and blood volume were closely correlated and the volume of blood spotted was accurately estimated using only the A270 of the extracts. In mouse blood spots, as in tissues and embryos, the FB1-induced changes in sphingolipids were correlated with urinary FB1. The half-life of FB1 in the urine was short (<24 h) and the elevation in sphingoid base 1-phosphates in blood was also short, although more persistent than the urinary FB1.
A Putative Ca2+ and Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Required for Bacterial and Fungal Symbioses

Legumes can enter into symbiotic relationships with both nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia) and mycorrhizal fungi. Nodulation by rhizobia results from a signal transduction pathway induced in legume roots by rhizobial Nod factors. DMI3, a Medicago truncatula gene that acts immediately downstream of calcium spiking in this signaling pathway and is required for both nodulation and mycorrhizal infection, has high sequence similarity to genes encoding calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CCaMKs). This indicates that calcium spiking is likely an essential component of the signaling cascade leading to nodule development and mycorrhizal infection, and sheds light on the biological role of plant CCaMKs.
The Power of Preemption on Unrelated Machines and Applications to Scheduling Orders

Scheduling jobs on unrelated parallel machines so as to minimize the makespan is one of the basic, well-studied problems in the area of machine scheduling. In the first part of the paper we prove that the power of preemption, i.e., the ratio between the makespan of an optimal nonpreemptive and an optimal preemptive schedule, is exactly 4. This result is a definite answer to an important basic open problem in scheduling. The proof of the lower bound is based on a clever iterative construction while the rounding technique we use to prove the upper bound is an adaptation of Shmoys and Tardos' rounding for the generalized assignment problem. In the second part of the paper we apply this adaptation to the more general setting in which orders, consisting of several jobs, have to be processed on unrelated parallel machines so as to minimize the sum of weighted completion times of the orders. We obtain the first constant factor approximation algorithms for the preemptive and nonpreemptive case, improving and extending a recent result by Leung et. al.
Enhancement of topical 5‐aminolaevulinic acid delivery by erbium:YAG laser and microdermabrasion: a comparison with iontophoresis and electroporation

Background 5‐aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) is used as a protoporphyrin IX‐precursor for the photodynamic therapy of superficial skin cancer and cutaneous metastases of internal malignancies. However, the permeability of hydrophilic ALA across the skin is very low.
Deaf Individuals Show a Leftward Bias in Numerical Bisection

Consistent evidence suggests that deaf individuals conceive of numerical magnitude as a left-to-right-oriented mental number line, as typically observed in hearing individuals. When accessing this spatial representation of numbers, normally hearing individuals typically show an attentional bias to the left (pseudoneglect), resembling the attentional bias they show in physical space. Deaf individuals do not show pseudoneglect in representing external space, as assessed by a visual line bisection task. However, whether deaf individuals show attentional biases in representing numerical space has never been investigated before. Here we instructed groups of deaf and hearing individuals to quickly estimate (without calculating) the midpoint of a series of numerical intervals presented in ascending and descending order. Both hearing and deaf individuals were significantly biased toward lower numbers (i.e., the leftward side of the mental number line) in their estimations. Nonetheless, the underestimation bias was smaller in deaf individuals than in the hearing when bisecting pairs of numbers given in descending order. This result may depend on the use of different strategies by deaf and hearing participants or a less pronounced lateralization of deaf individuals in the control of spatial attention.
RED CELLS , IRON , AND ERYTHROPOIESIS Cell rigidity and shape override CD 47 ’ s “ self ”-signaling in phagocytosis by hyperactivating myosin-II

Factors that promote the cytoskeleton-intensive process of phagocytosis (Figure 1A, left) are opposed by several inhibitory factors that ultimately dictate whether a macrophage engulfs a target cell or particle. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) bound to a target engages the Fcg receptor on amacrophage, for example, and this stimulates the assemblyof numerous phagocytic synapse proteins, includingnonmuscle myosin-II motors that help drive uptake. If CD47 is displayed in parallel on a target, it binds the macrophage’s inhibitory receptor signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPA), which activates the immunomodulatory phosphatase Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1),which regulatesmultiple proteins, including suppression of nonmuscle myosin-IIA. Inhibition of actomyosin contractility at the phagocytic synapse could explain various observations that “marker of self” CD47 partially blocks phagocytosis of mouse red blood cells (RBCs), as well as normal white blood cells, stem cells, and cancer cells.Macrophage uptake of opsonizedRBCs is also reported to contribute to clearance ofRBCs in senescence and in various diseases, including sickle cell anemia and thalassemia. Such diseased cells and other conditions, including agingof cells, are the causeofmanydifferences fromnormal that include increased cell rigidity, increased IgG opsonization, increased phagocytosis, and invivoprocesses consistentwith increasedclearance (supplemental Table 1, available on the BloodWeb site). Remarkably, RBCs generated in culture from stem cells are phagocytosed independent of CD47 but in inverse proportion to elongation by shear, and a;50-fold increase in erythrocyte deformability during erythropoiesis had longbeenhypothesized todetermine release ofRBCs from marrow where interactions with marrow macrophages occur in a niche knownas the erythroblastic island.Cell stiffness also changes in cancers and chemotherapy, which could be important to broad anticancer efforts aiming to exploit CD47-SIRPA interactions. Particle studies indeed show that stiff gel particles are engulfed in greater numbers than soft particles, but relevance to cells with or without “self” is untested. Normal human RBCs are controllably stiffened here to assess phagocytosis of rigid self-cells under conditions that aim to preserve the interfacial biochemistry (Figure 1A, right). As RBCs senesce, aldehydes are produced, which greatly accelerates RBC clearance from the circulation, but aldehyde levels are also higher in some diseased cells. Aldehydes react primarily with amines in Lys residues, which only occur in CD47 distal to its binding site with SIRPA (Protein Data Bank ID code 2JJS). However, aldehydes can sometimes reactwithArg,whichCD47 has in its binding site (Arg103), so that marker of self interactions might be inhibited by reaction with age-generated aldehydes. Aldehyde-mediated
Determination of three-dimensional structures of proteins in solution by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Introduction Ever since the early days of biological nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) spectroscopy, it was appreciated that n.m. r. could in principle be used to determine the three-dimensional structures of proteins in solution at a resolution comparable to that afforded in the crystal state by X-ray diffraction methods. The structural information that can be extracted by n.m. r. arises from two main sources. The first and most important is the interproton nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) which can be used to demonstrate the proximity of protons in space and to determine their separation (Noggle and Schirmer, 1971). The second is the measurement of three bond coupling constants which can be used to derive approximate torsion angle restraints from Karplus (1963) type relationships. Before such information can be extracted, however, it is essential to assign the 'H-n.m. r. spectrum of the protein. This presents a formidable task and it is only in the past few years with the advent of very high field (500 MHz) n.m. r. spectrometers and new experimental techniques, in particular the whole array of two-dimensional n.m. r. experiments (Ernst et al., 1986), that this has become a feasible proposition. Once a large set of interproton distance and torsion angle restraints has been obtained, it is necessary to use computational techniques to convert this information into cartesian coordinates. This too presents a difficult problem as the n.m. r. data are limited in their number, range {<, 5 A) and accuracy. At the present time, the structures of only a few proteins have been determined by n.m. r. and a summary of these is provided in Table I. In this article, we will present an overview of the various steps involved in solving the three-dimensional structure of a protein in solution by n.m. r. as summarized by the flow chart in Table II.
Ontologies in domain specific languages : a systematic literature review

The systematic literature review conducted in this paper explores the current techniques employed to leverage the development of DSLs using ontologies. Similarities and differences between ontologies and DSLs, techniques to combine DSLs with ontologies, the rationale of these techniques and challenges in the DSL approaches addressed by the used techniques have been investigated. Details about these topics have been provided for each relevant research paper that we were able to investigate in the limited amount of time of one month. At the same time, a synthesis describing the main trends in all the topics mentioned above has been done.
Forced Degradation Study of Monoclonal Antibody Using Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography

Monoclonal antibody (mAb) products are extraordinarily heterogeneous due to the presence of a variety of enzymatic and chemical modifications, such as deamidation, isomerization, oxidation, glycosylation, glycation, terminal cyclization, aggregation, and fragmentation. Forced degradation study is a common practice to assess the potential modifications and degradation pathways of mAbs upon extreme conditions, including light exposure and extreme local pH. The degraded samples are subject to characterization using a wide array of analyses, including ion exchange chromatography (IEC) for charge variants and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) for size variants. In this proof-of-concept study, a two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) approach was successfully applied to mAb forced degradation samples for evaluation of size distribution in the IEC charge profile. The charge variant peaks in first-dimension (1D) IEC were fractioned by a heart-cutting schedule, and the integrated peak parking feature accommodated later-eluting 1D cuts when the previous ones were still under second-dimension (2D) analysis. Thus, for a singly IEC injection, all IEC fractions were acquired by the 2D for SEC analysis. This study demonstrated that 2D SEC was compatible with 1D IEC for 2D-LC analysis. The method sensitivity was sufficient to determine the aggregates and fragments in each individual IEC cut. The calculated total aggregates and fragments in the stressed mAb-1 samples were comparable to those detected by one dimensional SEC. Most importantly, the 2D IEC-SEC approach was capable of bridging the mAb charge and size variants in a real-time and efficient manner. It was observed that aggregates were enriched in the most basic region in the IEC charge profile, especially in the highly degraded samples. This is the first IEC-SEC 2D-LC application for intact antibody analysis as per the authors’ knowledge.
Modafinil enhances thalamocortical activity by increasing neuronal electrotonic coupling

Modafinil (Provigil, Modiodal), an antinarcoleptic and mood-enhancing drug, is shown here to sharpen thalamocortical activity and to increase electrical coupling between cortical interneurons and between nerve cells in the inferior olivary nucleus. After irreversible pharmacological block of connexin permeability (i.e., by using either 18β-glycyrrhetinic derivatives or mefloquine), modafinil restored electrotonic coupling within 30 min. It was further established that this restoration is implemented through a Ca2+/calmodulin protein kinase II-dependent step.
Gender Classification of Weblog Authors

In this paper, we present a Naive Bayes classification approach to identify genders of weblog authors. In addition to features employed in traditional text categorization, we use weblog-specific features such as web page background colors and emoticons. Our results in progress, although preliminary, outperform the chosen baseline. They also suggest room for significant improvement once more advanced functionalities of the classifier are implemented.
Medio siglo de atentados contra periodistas

Desde 1970, hay constancia en America Latina de mas de mil periodistas asesinados o desaparecidos forzados, por razones que han variado a lo largo del tiempo. Desde las medidas represivas propias del terrorismo de Estado, en los anos de las dictaduras militares, a la conjuncion actual de circunstancias —corrupcion politica y crimen organizado— que obstruyen la libertad de prensa mediante actividades propias, en ocasiones, de Estados fallidos. La impunidad de los atentados contra los medios y los periodistas aparecen como un incentivo para quienes recurren al silencio de la muerte como solucion autoritaria frente a las libertades publicas de la democracia. La geografia del crimen se centra hoy en la franja que une Mexico con Colombia a traves de las naciones centroamericanas, con una extension creciente de la violencia en Brasil.
Collaborative Evaluation of a Rat Caries Model in Six Laboratories

When highly controlled parallel rat caries studies were run simultaneously in six laboratories, a similar pattern of caries developed in every laboratory with a range in mean values such that the results of no investigator were significantly different from those of at least two others. These results indicate that the major factors influencing development of rat caries have been recognized and can be controlled within reasonable limits.
Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Nitric Oxide Production Contributes to Hydrogen-Promoted Stomatal Closure in Arabidopsis 1 [ W ]

The signaling role of hydrogen gas (H2) has attracted increasing attention from animals to plants. However, the physiological significance and molecular mechanism of H2 in drought tolerance are still largely unexplored. In this article, we report that abscisic acid (ABA) induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) by triggering intracellular signaling events involving H2, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and the guard cell outward-rectifying K + channel (GORK). ABA elicited a rapid and sustained H2 release and production in Arabidopsis. Exogenous hydrogen-rich water (HRW) effectively led to an increase of intracellular H2 production, a reduction in the stomatal aperture, and enhanced drought tolerance. Subsequent results revealed that HRW stimulated significant inductions of NO and ROS synthesis associated with stomatal closure in the wild type, which were individually abolished in the nitric reductase mutant nitrate reductase1/2 (nia1/2) or the NADPH oxidasedeficient mutant rbohF (for respiratory burst oxidase homolog). Furthermore, we demonstrate that the HRW-promoted NO generation is dependent on ROS production. The rbohF mutant had impaired NO synthesis and stomatal closure in response to HRW, while these changes were rescued by exogenous application of NO. In addition, both HRW and hydrogen peroxide failed to induce NO production or stomatal closure in the nia1/2 mutant, while HRW-promoted ROS accumulation was not impaired. In the GORK-null mutant, stomatal closure induced by ABA, HRW, NO, or hydrogen peroxide was partially suppressed. Together, these results define a main branch of H2-regulated stomatal movement involved in the ABA signaling cascade in which RbohF-dependent ROS and nitric reductase-associated NO production, and subsequent GORK activation, were causally involved.
The Mitochondrial Network of Human Neutrophils: Role in Chemotaxis, Phagocytosis, Respiratory Burst Activation, and Commitment to Apoptosis 1

It is commonly assumed that human neutrophils possess few, if any, functional mitochondria and that they do not depend on these organelles for cell function. We have used the fluorescent mitochondrial indicators, JC-1, MitoTracker Red, and dihydrorhodamine 123 to show that live neutrophils possess a complex mitochondrial network that extends through the cytoplasm. The membrane potential of these mitochondria was rapidly (within 2 min) disrupted by the addition of FCCP (IC50 = 20 nM), but not by the Fo-ATPase inhibitor, oligomycin (at up to 7 μg/ml). However, inhibition of mitochondrial function with both agents resulted in cell shape changes. Neither activation of the respiratory burst nor phagocytosis of either latex particles or serum-opsonized Staphylococcus aureus was affected by the addition of FCCP or oligomycin. However, FCCP inhibited chemotaxis at concentrations that paralleled disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, prolonged (2-h) incubation with oligomycin resulted in an impaired ability to activate a respiratory burst and also inhibited chemotaxis. These observations indicate that intact mitochondrial function is required to sustain some neutrophil functions, but not for the rapid initiation of the respiratory burst or phagocytosis. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential was a very early marker for commitment of neutrophils into apoptosis and preceded the appearance of phosphatidylserine on the cell surface. However, inhibition of mitochondrial function did not accelerate the rate of neutrophil apoptosis. These data shed important insights into the hitherto unrecognized importance of mitochondria in the function of neutrophils during infection and inflammation.
NF1 Tumor Suppressor Protein and mRNA in Skeletal Tissues of Developing and Adult Normal Mouse and NF1‐Deficient Embryos

NF1 is a heritable disease with multiple osseous lesions. The expression of the NF1 gene was studied in embryonic and adult rodent skeleton and in NF1‐deficient embryos. The NF1 gene was expressed intensely in the cartilage and the periosteum. Impaired NF1 expression may lead to inappropriate development and dynamics of bones and ultimately to the osseous manifestations of the disease.
Webcam Based Computerized Attendance System using Face Recognition Algorithms

An automated executive participation process, which relies on face recognition and identification measurements, identifies the understudy as it joins the classes and marks the participation by marking it Particular on going circumstances are considered for evaluating the performance of various face recognition systems. This paper provides other than the methods to be used to deal with hazards such as caricature. At the moment, which stands out from traditional engagement, this programs spares time and also Monitor the students