Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Agriculture, trade, and the WTO in South Asia

Historically, industrialized countries dominated trade negotiations from the establishment of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) through the lengthy Uruguay Round (UR) negotiations in the 1980s and 1990s. These negotiations established the World Trade Organization (WTO)-the GATT's successor organization-and formulated the UR Agreement on Agriculture (AoA). Even though developing countries possibly have the most to gain from a substantial reduction of existing export subsidies and removal of other trade impediments (Gorter, Ingco, and Ruiz 2000; Ingco 1995), these countries have been the most powerless, and the most ineffective. This is why it is imperative that developing countries, particularly those in South Asia, seize the moment to actively participate in this process of shaping a more globally integrated economic environment and to convey, for instance, their experience from implementing the reduction commitments and the effect of those commitments under the URAoA, the consequence of Special and Differential (S&D) Treatment, and their concerns regarding food security and the environment and the possible negative effects of the execution of the reform program. The new round, it is hoped, will cover broader issues, with established deadlines and room for tradeoffs.
Implementation of low Vgs (1.8V) 12V RF-LDMOS for high-frequency DC-DC converter applications

A 12V low Vgs (1.8V) RF-N/PLDMOS have been successfully implemented on the 0.18 μm analog CMOS process without thermal budget addition. N- and P-ch LDMOS needs additional body and drift implants, respectively. A short channel length and a small overlap of gate-to-drain were accomplished by the optimization of implant conditions for the source halo and the drift region which is followed by the gate formation with 30 Å gate oxide. Cut-off frequency 37.2GHz and 12.9GHz each for NLDMOS and PLDMOS were achieved with breakdown voltage of 20V. The long-term wafer level HCI test result showed Idlin shift under 10% after 150Ksec stress at Vds=12V and Vgs=1.8V.
An SD Card Flash-Memory-Based Implementation of a Multioptimal Three-Phase PWM Generator

This paper demonstrates for the first time the use of a very large secure digital card flash memory to the design of a three-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) generator and describes the hardware and software used for implementation. The new digital architecture differs from the conventional counter-based implementation, and it follows a preprogrammed optimal PWM pattern that is read from memory with magnitude and phase as coordinates. This architecture allows the inclusion of multiple optimization criteria within the PWM pattern. This digital architecture becomes valuable since the switching instants can be set in any conceivable manner, away from the rigid constraint of a repetitive sequence of states on each PWM period. Experimental results validate that the proposed new architecture allows simple and low cost implementation of complicated PWM patterns with harmonic reductions that could not otherwise be achieved for low cost.
Flow of Gas Mixtures through Micro Channel

To investigate flow of gas mixtures through micro channel in detail, the tangential momentum accommodation coefficients of each species for gaseous mixtures were determined by analyzing the Couette flow problem of a slightly rarefied gas between two walls. The molecular dynamics (MD) method for the interaction of gas molecule with the wall surface is combined with the DSMC method for the motion of gas molecules. These obtained accommodation coefficients were applied for the flow of gas mixture through the micro channel as the Maxwell‐type boundary conditions, and influence of the surface with adsorbates and the gas concentration on the flow rate of the micro channel was examined. The simulation results show that the velocity slip and the accommodation coefficients for gas mixtures differ from that for a single gas. The differences of the molar concentration of gas mixtures and wall characteristics lead to variations of the flow rate in the channel.
Drink tests in functional dyspepsia: which drink is best?

Background: Drinking capacity is often reduced in functional dyspepsia. Drink tests may therefore have diagnostic potential. A simple drink test in combination with ultrasonography was applied in this study, the aim being to find the best drink for this test. Methods: On separate days, 10 patients with functional dyspepsia (FD) and 10 healthy controls (C) drank three different test meals (Nutridrink® 150 kcal/100 mL, meat soup 4 kcal/100 mL and water) at a rate of 100 mL/min until maximal drinking capacity. Intragastric volume at maximal drinking capacity was determined using 3‐dimensional ultrasonography. Results: Drinking capacity (P < 0.05) and intragastric volume (P < 0.01) were significantly lower in patients than in the controls with the meat soup meal, but not with Nutridrink or water. Gastric emptying distinguished significantly (P < 0.05) between patients and controls only with Nutridrink. Gastric emptying of Nutridrink was significantly correlated to the rate by which nausea was induced (P = 0.02), while gastric emptying of meat soup was significantly negatively correlated to the rate by which fullness was induced (P < 0.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicated that optimal discrimination between patients and controls was obtained by the combined test results of symptoms per intragastric volume using meat soup as the test meal. Conclusion: For the non‐invasive diagnosis of functional dyspepsia by a rapid drink test in combination with ultrasonography, a meat soup meal is preferable compared to Nutridrink or water.
Design of an Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Using Analytical Method and Evolutionary Optimization

The design optimization of an axial flux permanent magnet synchronous machine with a coreless stator and double external rotor is accomplished by using evolutionary optimization with a genetic algorithm and an analytical evaluation of objective functions. On the basis of eight variable geometry parameters, five objective functions are optimized in order to determine the maximum volume torque density and weight torque density, the minimum volume and weight of permanent magnets per Newton-meter, and the minimum machine price per Newton-meter. Based on the geometric parameters for minimum machine price per Newton-meter, a prototype is built for the rated torque. Optimized and analytically evaluated machine characteristics are validated with a finite-element method (FEM) and the measurements of a prototype. Evolutionary optimization with the analytical evaluation of objective functions significantly shortens the computational time required for design optimization in comparison with the FEM.
Measuring Financial Inclusion: A Muldimensional Index

We rely on demand and supply-side information to measure the extent of financial inclusion at country level for eighty-two developed and less-developed countries. We postulate that the degree of financial inclusion is determined by three dimensions: usage, barriers and access to financial inclusion. Weights assigned to the dimensions are determined endogenously by employing a two-stage Principal Component Analysis. Our composite index offers a comprehensive measure of the degree of financial inclusion, easy to understand and compute.
The Australian Research Quality Framework: A live experiment in capturing the social, economic, environmental, and cultural returns of publicly funded research

The author regards development of Australia's ill‐fated Research Quality Framework (RQF) as a “live experiment” in determining the most appropriate approach to evaluating the extra‐academic returns, or “impact,” of a nation's publicly funded research. The RQF was at the forefront of an international movement toward richer qualitative, contextual approaches that aimed to gauge the wider economic, social, environmental, and cultural benefits of research. Its construction and implementation sent mixed messages and created confusion about what impact is, and how it is best measured, to the extent that this bold live experiment did not come to fruition. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Validation of the Histologic Grading for Ovarian Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma: A Retrospective Multi-institutional Study by the Japan Clear Cell Carcinoma Study Group

Pathologic slides from 150 patients with clear cell adenocarcinoma from the collaborating institutions were reviewed independently by 2 pathologists, and each tumor was graded histologically using the Shimizu-Silverberg and International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) grading systems. For the Shimizu-Silverberg grading system, 3 parameters—architectural pattern, nuclear pleomorphism, and mitotic activity—were assessed and scored as 1 to 3. When the summed scores of these parameters were 3 to 5, 6 to 7, and 8 to 9, grades 1, 2, and 3 were assigned, respectively. The FIGO grade was based on the ratio of glandular/papillary growth versus solid growth: grade 1, less than 5% solid tumor; grade 2, 5% to 50% solid tumor; grade 3, greater than 50% solid tumor. Interobserver agreement levels for assignment of both gradings were fair (&kgr;=0.32 and 0.24, respectively). After consensus had been acquired, 82 (55%), 56 (37%), and 12 (8%) tumors were classified as grades 1, 2, and 3 by the Shimizu-Silverberg grading system, and 88 (59%), 38 (25%), and 24 (16%) were classified as grades 1, 2, and 3 by the FIGO grading system, respectively. Survival analyses indicated that patients with grade 3 tumors, as defined by both the grading systems, tended to have a poor outcome, but any differences between them were not statistically significant. Multivariate analysis showed that only the presence of residual tumor after initial surgery was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival. These results suggest that the 2 tested grading systems have limited value for the prognostication of patients with clear cell adenocarcinoma, and that a more effective grading system for this tumor may be required.
Toward the Selection of Cell Targeting Aptamers with Extended Biological Functionalities to Facilitate Endosomal Escape of Cargoes

Over the past decades there have been exciting and rapid developments of highly specific molecules to bind cancer antigens that are overexpressed on the surfaces of malignant cells. Nanomedicine aims to exploit these ligands to generate nanoscale platforms for targeted cancer therapy, and to do so with negligible off-target effects. Aptamers are structured nucleic acids that bind to defined molecular targets ranging from small molecules and proteins to whole cells or viruses. They are selected through an iterative process of amplification and enrichment called SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment), in which a combinatorial oligonucleotide library is exposed to the target of interest for several repetitive rounds. Nucleic acid ligands able to bind and internalize into malignant cells have been extensively used as tools for targeted delivery of therapeutic payloads both in vitro and in vivo. However, current cell targeting aptamer platforms suffer from limitations that have slowed their translation to the clinic. This is especially true for applications in which the cargo must reach the cytosol to exert its biological activity, as only a small percentage of the endocytosed cargo is typically able to translocate into the cytosol. Innovative technologies and selection strategies are required to enhance cytoplasmic delivery. In this review, we describe current selection methods used to generate aptamers that target cancer cells, and we highlight some of the factors that affect productive endosomal escape of cargoes. We also give an overview of the most promising strategies utilized to improve and monitor endosomal escape of therapeutic cargoes. The methods we highlight exploit tools and technologies that can potentially be incorporated in the SELEX process. Innovative selection protocols may identify aptamers with extended biological functionalities that allow effective cytosolic translocation of therapeutics. This in turn may facilitate successful translation of these platforms into clinical applications.
Interethnic Complementarities and Decentralized Intergroup Cooperation

In political science and economics, the most prominent theories of interethnic cooperation focus exclusively on the social costs of diversity|such as the inability to identify out-group norm-violators and implement eective social sanctions. In some cases, however, ethnic diversity produces benets in the form of skill and knowledge complementarities, creating incentives for cooperation. This paper uses a game-theoretic model of decentralized intergroup cooperation to show that economic complementarities across ethnic groups, or \interethnic complementarities," can improve prospects for interethnic cooperation by increasing the rewards to cross-group exchange, thereby rationalizing the costs of social institutions that can eectively moderate problems of opportunism across ethnic boundaries. I provide evidence for the model using empirical illustrations and a dataset of inter-communal violence involving \middleman minorities" across 112 developing countries, 1940-1999.
Push-Pull Forward Three-Level Converter with Reduced Rectifier Voltage Stress

This paper proposes a push-pull forward (PPF) three-level (TL) converter, which is suitable for low and wide-range input voltage applications, such as fuel cell power system. Half of the switches sustain half of the input voltage, and the others sustain one and one-half input voltage. Input ripple current and output filter inductor ripple current can be reduced with the TL waveform of the secondary rectified voltage. However, voltage stress of the rectifier diode is high with the conventional TL control strategy in a high output-voltage situation, considering voltage spike across the rectifier diode caused by the leakage inductance. When 1/2 level of the secondary rectified voltage shows first, and 1 level of that appears later, the voltage stress of the rectifier diode can be reduced by paralleling with external capacitor. Operating principle, control strategy, and selection of the external capacitor are analyzed. Finally, experimental results verify the theoretical analysis.
Recovering Output‐Specific Inputs from Aggregate Input Data: A Generalized Cross‐Entropy Approach

For multiproduct firms, data on aggregate input usage are typically available but data on activity-specific inputs are not. The present study proposes a generalized cross-entropy approach to estimate activity-specific input allocations that are consistent with the aggregate information. The proposed method does not require behavioral assumptions (e.g., profit maximization) but does accommodate behavioral restrictions as well as nonsample information about the plausible factor shares across enterprises. Monte Carlo experiments using simulated data for multifactor-multiproduct firms are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed method.
Combination of OCR Engines for Page Segmentation Based on Performance Evaluation

In this paper we present a method to improve the performance of individual page segmentation engines based on the combination of the output of several engines. The rules of combination are designed after analyzing the results of each individual method. This analysis is performed using a performance evaluation framework that aims at characterizing each method according to its strengths and weaknesses rather than computing a single performance measure telling which is the "best" segmentation method.
Oral administration of persimmon leaf extract ameliorates skin symptoms and transepidermal water loss in atopic dermatitis model mice, NC/Nga

Summary Background We have previously shown that persimmon leaf extract and its major flavonoid constituent, astragalin, inhibited histamine release by basophils and that oral administration of these substances prior to the onset into an atopic dermatitis (AD) model mouse, NC/Nga, prevented development of dermatitis.
Maneuvering target tracking with unknown acceleration using retrospective-cost-based adaptive input and state estimation

In this paper, we apply retrospective-cost-based adaptive input and state estimation (RCAISE) to maneuvering target tracking. Conventional methods assume that the maneuvering process is a random process. In contrast, RCAISE uses an adaptive input estimator to estimate the unknown maneuvering acceleration. This estimator optimizes the retrospective performance to drive the estimated maneuvering acceleration to approximate the actual maneuvering acceleration. Using the maneuvering target tracking model, a state estimator is constructed to provide the optimal estimate of the state. Numerical simulations illustrate the effectiveness and feasibility of RCAISE with comparison to the conventional methods.
Stock market reactions to financial information

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine the response of stock prices to financial announcements.Design/methodology/approach – The method used is a computer‐based content analysis of qualitative data. The data is from a Swedish real estate firm during the period 1991‐1996. The information collected and analysed comes from the company's press releases, quarterly statements and articles in the six largest business magazines in Sweden. Annual statements were excluded from the study due to the fact that the publication of these statements occurred at a point of time when the information was already reflected in the share prices.Findings – A positive correlation was found between the stock prices and the following information categories: net asset value, occupancy rates, cash flow and overall capitalisation rate. These results are compared to other studies investigating the influence of information on stock prices. The results from this study confirm previous results.Research limitation/implications –.
User Outcomes and Children's Services Reform: Ambiguity and Conflict in the Policy Implementation Process

The reforms to children's services in the UK brought in by the Every Child Matters Green Paper and the subsequent Children Act 2004 represent the most significant change in this area of social policy since 1948. The policy approach has two distinguishing features – an ‘outcomes led’ approach rooted in the views of children and young people about what constitutes ‘wellbeing’ in their lives, and a partnership approach that recognises these outcomes can only be achieved through high levels of inter-agency and inter-professional working. This article suggests that the two features may be in tension, and that during the process of implementation there is a danger that user defined outcomes will be re-interpreted to fit in with other organisational and professional agendas. The analysis draws upon Rick Matland's framework for exploring the impact of conflict and ambiguity respectively upon the implementation process.
The Effects of Civil Gang Injunctions on Reported Violent Crime: Evidence from Los Angeles County*

Several cities have recently adopted civil injunctions as a means to reduce gang violence. To evaluate the effectiveness of such injunctions, I develop an extensive database of neighborhood‐level reported crime counts from four police jurisdictions within Los Angeles County. I construct two different comparison samples of neighborhoods not covered by injunctions to control for underlying trends that could cause one to overstate the injunctions' effects. The analysis indicates that, in the first year after the injunctions are imposed, they lead the level of violent crime to decrease by 5–10 percent.
Synthase III-dependent Chitin Is Bound to Different Acceptors Depending on Location on the Cell Wall of Budding Yeast*♦

In yeast, chitin is laid down at three locations: a ring at the mother-bud neck, the primary septum and, after cytokinesis, the cell wall of the daughter cell. Some of the chitin is free and the remainder attached to β(1–3)glucan or β(1–6)glucan. We recently reported that the chitin ring contributes to the prevention of growth at the mother-bud neck and hypothesized that this inhibition is achieved by a preferential binding of chitin to β(1–3)glucan at that site. Here, we devised a novel strategy for the analysis of chitin cross-links in [14C]glucosamine-labeled cell walls, involving solubilization in water of alkali-treated walls by carboxymethylation. Intact cell walls or their digestion products with β(1–3)glucanase or β(1–6)glucanase were carboxymethylated and fractionated on size columns, and the percentage of chitin bound to different polysaccharides was calculated. Chitin dispersed in the wall was labeled in maturing unbudded cells and that of the ring in early budding cells. The former was mostly attached to β(1–6)glucan and the latter to β(1–3)glucan. This confirmed our hypothesis and indicated that the cell has mechanisms to attach chitin, a water-insoluble substance, synthesized here through chitin synthase III, to different acceptors, depending on location. In contrast, most of the chitin synthase II-dependent chitin of the primary septum was free, with the remainder linked to β(1–3)glucan.
Options for managing the sustainable use of green turtles: Perceptions of Hammond Islanders in Torres Strait

One of the largest populations of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the world spends at least part of its life cycle in the remote Torres Strait between Australia and Papua New Guinea. This population is subjected to traditional harvests from geographically dispersed communities including along the northern and eastern coasts of Australia, Indonesia and south-western Pacific nations. In Torres Strait, green turtle hunting is classed as a traditional fishery and is guaranteed by Australian legislation (Native Title Act 1993) and the Torres Strait Treaty between Australia and Papua New Guinea that aims to protect the traditional lifestyle of the region's indigenous peoples. To investigate the Islanders' thoughts and aspirations regarding marine turtle management, we interviewed hunters and Islander Elders from the Hammond Island community in the Kaurareg nation of Kaiwalagal. Although not the Traditional Owners of the Kaiwalagal sea country in which they live and hunt, Hammond Islanders wish to be involved in the management of resources on which they depend, including marine turtles. They considered community-based processes to be important, especially the application of (1) cultural norms to the development of tools to achieve compliance and enforcement within the community, and (2) consensus-based decision-making amongst hunters and elders within the community, with regard to the use of more formal rules. However, the need for co-operation with other communities and stakeholders across scales was also recognised, particularly with regard to enforcement. Our results suggest that co-management is likely to be a more appropriate approach for managing green turtles in Torres Strait than either community-based management or government-driven management.
Bis(5-chloroquinolin-8-olato-κ2 N,O)bis(propan-2-olato-κO)titanium(IV)

The TiIV atom in the title compound, [Ti(C9H5ClNO)2(C3H7O)2], is chelated by the substituted quinolin-8-olate anions in a distorted octahedral geometry. The N-donor atoms are in a cis alignment as are the O atoms of the propan-2-olate groups; the O atoms of the quinolin-8-olate groups are trans to each other. One C atom of one propan-2-olate group is disordered over two positions with occupancies of 0.733 (8):0.267 (8).