Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Future Belongs to the Curious: Towards Automatic Understanding and Recognition of Curiosity in Children

Curiosity plays a crucial role in learning and education of children. Given its complex nature, it is extremely challenging to automatically understand and recognize it. In this paper, we discuss the contexts under which curiosity can be elicited and provide an associated taxonomy. We present an initial empirical study of curiosity that includes the analysis of co-occurring emotions and the valence associated with it, together with gender-speciﬁc analysis. We also discuss the visual, acoustic and verbal behavior indicators of curiosity. Our discussions and analysis uncover some of the underlying complexities of curiosity and its temporal evolution, which is a step towards its automatic understanding and recognition. Finally, considering the central role of curiosity in education, we present two education-centered application areas that could greatly beneﬁt from its automatic recognition.
On the locality of action domination in sequential decision making

In the field of sequential decision making and reinforcement learning, it has been observed that good policies for most problems exhibit a significant amount of structure. In practice, this implies that when a learning agent discovers an action is better than any other in a given state, this action actually happens to also dominate in a certain neighbourhood around that state. This paper presents new results proving that this notion of locality in action domination can be linked to the smoothness of the environment’s underlying stochastic model. Namely, we link the Lipschitz continuity of a Markov Decision Process to the Lispchitz continuity of its policies’ value functions and introduce the key concept of influence radius to describe the neighbourhood of states where the dominating action is guaranteed to be constant. These ideas are directly exploited into the proposed Localized Policy Iteration (LPI) algorithm, which is an active learning version of Rollout-based Policy Iteration. Preliminary results on the Inverted Pendulum domain demonstrate the viability and the potential of the proposed approach.
Dark Matter Constraints from the Sagittarius Dwarf and Tail System

2MASS has provided a three-dimensional map of the > 360◦, wrapped tidal tails of the Sagittarius (Sgr) dwarf spheroidal galaxy, as traced by M giant stars. With the inclusion of radial velocity data for stars along these tails, strong constraints exist for dynamical models of the Milky Way-Sgr interaction. N-body simulations of Sgr disruption with model parameters spanning a range of initial conditions (e.g., Sgr mass and orbit, Galactic rotation curve, halo flattening) are used to find parameterizations that match almost every extant observational constraint of the Sgr system. We discuss the implications of the Sgr data and models for the orbit, mass and M/L of the Sgr bound core as well as the strength, flattening, and lumpiness of the Milky Way potential. 1. Observational Constraints The relatively nearby Sagittarius (Sgr) dwarf galaxy offers the opportunity to explore in exquisite detail the interaction of a satellite with its parent galaxy. Moreover, the extensive Sgr tidal tail system gives sensitive leverage on the properties of the Galactic potential, much as polar ring galaxies have been exploited to determine the properties of extragalactic systems (e.g., Sparke 2002). Since Sgr’s discovery by Ibata, Gilmore & Irwin (1994), this archetype of a dwarf galaxy merger has remained difficult to study because its core (centered at [l, b] = [6,−14]◦), lies obscured by foreground dust and stars of the Galactic disk and bulge. However, the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) has opened a new
Maintenance treatment for opioid dependence with slow-release oral morphine: a randomized cross-over, non-inferiority study versus methadone

Aims To compare the efficacy of slow-release oral morphine (SROM) and methadone as maintenance medication for opioid dependence in patients previously treated with methadone. Design Prospective, multiple-dose, open label, randomized, non-inferiority, cross-over study over two 11-week periods. Methadone treatment was switched to SROM with flexible dosing and vice versa according to period and sequence of treatment. Setting Fourteen out-patient addiction treatment centres in Switzerland and Germany. Participants Adults with opioid dependence in methadone maintenance programmes (dose ≥50 mg/day) for ≥26 weeks. Measurements The efficacy end-point was the proportion of heroin-positive urine samples per patient and period of treatment. Each week, two urine samples were collected, randomly selected and analysed for 6-monoacetyl-morphine and 6-acetylcodeine. Non-inferiority was concluded if the two-sided 95% confidence interval (CI) in the difference of proportions of positive urine samples was below the predefined boundary of 10%. Findings One hundred and fifty-seven patients fulfilled criteria to form the per protocol population. The proportion of heroin-positive urine samples under SROM treatment (0.20) was non-inferior to the proportion under methadone treatment (0.15) (least-squares mean difference 0.05; 95% CI = 0.02, 0.08; P > 0.01). The 95% CI fell within the 10% non-inferiority margin, confirming the non-inferiority of SROM to methadone. A dose-dependent effect was shown for SROM (i.e. decreasing proportions of heroin-positive urine samples with increasing SROM doses). Retention in treatment showed no significant differences between treatments (period 1/period 2: SROM: 88.7%/82.1%, methadone: 91.1%/88.0%; period 1: P = 0.50, period 2: P = 0.19). Overall, safety outcomes were similar between the two groups. Conclusions Slow-release oral morphine appears to be at least as effective as methadone in treating people with opioid use disorder.
Validation of the Chinese Version of the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia and Its Applications for Clinical Research

Aim :To evaluate the Chinese version of the Cornell scale for depression in dementia (CSDD- CV) as an instrument for measuring the depression in Chinese elderly peoples with Alzheimer’s disease(AD) and investigate the risk factors for depression. Methods:60 AD patients were interviewed by scales including CSDD-CV about signs and symptoms occurring during the week prior to the interview. Results : The intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.81. The mean CSDD-CV scores is 6.84. Item-total (corrected) correlation showed significant coefficients(P0.05) for most of all items. There was a significant correlation between the CSDD-CV and NPI(rS=0.631, P0.05), and between the CSDD-CV and NPI items including irritability/lability, anxiety, depression/dysphoria, apathy/indifference, delusions, hallucinations, sleep (P0.05). The factors that influenced depression were IADL and NPI by linear step regression. Conclusion :The CSDD-CV can be said to meet some of the basic standards required for depression measures by testing the reliability and validity. Decline in function (IADL) but not in cognition precedes the episode of depressive symptoms in patients with probable AD.
Power Attack: An Increasing Threat to Data Centers

Entering the era of cloud computing, data centers are scaling in a fast pace. However, as the increasing number of servers being deployed in data centers, the data center power distribution systems have already approached peak capacities. Since the upgrades of the power systems are extremely expensive, power oversubscription has become a trend in modern data centers as a cost-effective way to handle power provisioning. Under benign workload of data centers, power oversubscription works well as servers rarely peak simultaneously. However, power oversubscription makes data centers vulnerable to malicious workload that can generate power spikes on multiple servers at the same time, which may cause branch circuit breakers to trip and lead to undesired power outages. In this paper, we introduce a new security concept called power attack and exploit the attack vectors in platform as a service (PaaS), infrastructure as a service (IaaS), and software as a service (SaaS) cloud environments, respectively. To demonstrate the feasibility of launching a power attack, we conduct series of hardware experiments and datacenter-level simulations. Moreover, we give a detailed analysis on how different power management methods can affect a power attack and how to mitigate such an attack. Our experimental results and analysis show that power attacks will pose a serious threat to modern data centers and should be taken into account while deploying new high-density servers and power management techniques.
Nitrogen incorporation in CH(4)-N(2) photochemical aerosol produced by far ultraviolet irradiation.

Nitrile incorporation into Titan aerosol accompanying hydrocarbon chemistry is thought to be driven by extreme UV wavelengths (λ<120 nm) or magnetospheric electrons in the outer reaches of the atmosphere. Far UV radiation (120-200 nm), which is transmitted down to the stratosphere of Titan, is expected to affect hydrocarbon chemistry only and not initiate the formation of nitrogenated species. We examined the chemical properties of photochemical aerosol produced at far UV wavelengths, using a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS), which allows for elemental analysis of particle-phase products. Our results show that aerosol formed from CH(4)/N(2) photochemistry contains a surprising amount of nitrogen, up to 16% by mass, a result of photolysis in the far UV. The proportion of nitrogenated organics to hydrocarbon species is shown to be correlated with that of N(2) in the irradiated gas. The aerosol mass greatly decreases when N(2) is removed, which indicates that N(2) plays a major role in aerosol production. Because direct dissociation of N(2) is highly improbable given the immeasurably low cross section at the wavelengths studied, the chemical activation of N(2) must occur via another pathway. Any chemical activation of N(2) at wavelengths >120 nm is presently unaccounted for in atmospheric photochemical models. We suggest that reaction with CH radicals produced from CH(4) photolysis may provide a mechanism for incorporating N into the molecular structure of the aerosol. Further work is needed to understand the chemistry involved, as these processes may have significant implications for how we view prebiotic chemistry on early Earth and similar planets.
Measured occupational solar UVR exposures of lifeguards in pool settings.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to measure ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposures of lifeguards in pool settings and evaluate their personal UVR protective practices. METHODS Lifeguards (n = 168) wore UVR sensitive polysulfone (PS) film badges in wrist bracelets on 2 days and completed a survey and diary covering sun protection use. Analyses were used to describe sun exposure and sun protection practices, to compare UVR exposure across locations, and to compare findings with recommended threshold limits for occupational exposure. RESULTS The measured UVR exposures varied with location, ranging from high median UVR exposures of 6.2 standard erythemal doses (SEDs) to the lowest median of 1.7 SEDs. More than 74% of the lifeguards' PS badges showed UVR above recommended threshold limits for occupational exposure. Thirty-nine percent received more than four times the limit and 65% of cases were sufficient to induce sunburn. The most common protective behaviors were wearing sunglasses and using sunscreen, but sun protection was often inadequate. CONCLUSIONS At-risk individuals were exposed to high levels of UVR in excess of occupational limits and though appropriate types of sun protection were used, it was not used consistently and more than 50% of lifeguards reported being sunburnt at least twice during the previous year.
A generic model for evaluating the usability of learning management systems

Usability of software systems is one of the most important software quality factors that has been defined by several researchers and international standards, e.g. ISO/IEC 25010, IEEE Std.610. 12. Numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the usability of Learning Management Systems using different usability evaluation methods. This paper aims at proposing a generic model for usability evaluation of Learning Management System based on ISO/IEC 25010, 9214 Standards and usability models that proposed in literature so far. The proposed model includes seven usability attributes i.e. effectiveness, efficiency, error protection, accessibility, operability, learnability, and satisfaction.
An Analysis of Children's Avoidance of Distraction within a Framework of Attention Processes. Technical Report No. 256.

A conceptual framework of attention can be organized . around three functions of. attention: determining how much capacity is to be deployed (attention:allocation), for how long (attention maintenance) :, and to which poteftialCinformataon sources (attention. dkrection). Within this framewoM, several critical distin#ions can be made between procebsex that have previously been ,reated as unitary.or example, attention maintenance can be distinguished from attestrifon allocation since attention maintenance is not a passive continuation of an initial allocation of attention to task, but rather it is an active sustained processing that,keeps cdpaciiytdeployed. AcIditional distinctions can be made. between sustained procassingkand avoidance of distraction ,and within the area of 'distraction. T istractibilit distraction pe variables, su such as devel is leads to the concept of.age-appropriate. , which encompasses'a description of avoidance of formance in terms of. interaction between task h as type of distraCtor,-and child characteristics, pmental level. A review of'the riterature'on children's attention within this framework canidentifyieveral areas where needed information is not : available. In particular, little is known about children's task analysis and -monitoring abilities in all areas of attention capacity development. The investigation of component processes of attention in special children should enable the diagnosis . Of attention problems by functional categories,, such as sustained proce'ssing or avoidance of distractionjeficits,:rattler than the current, less analytic diagnostic categokies, such as hyperactivity and learning dispbility. (HOD) **** ********************************. *****:***4****************t**** * eproductions suppliea,by EDRS are the beit that can be made * from the originil document. **********************************************-*************************
An improved TLD target tracking algorithm

Target tracking has always been a hot research topic in the field of computer vision. Tracking-Learning-Detection (TLD) is a new algorithm for online learning tracking proposed by Zdenek Kalal. In the algorithm, the computation consuming of detection module is relatively large. To solve this problem and improve the algorithm, we proposed an online learning method to adaptively update the threshold of variance classifier, which can effectively reduce the number of target boxes, improve the real-time performance and tracking accuracy. Experiments have been conducted to compare the performance of the improved TLD with the original TLD. The experimental results show that the improved TLD has better real-time performance and higher accuracy for tracking.
Point-based view synthesis from RGB-D images

This paper proposes a method generating novel views from a set of RGB-D images captured by static multiple depth cameras. The novel views were generally synthesized by back-projecting the real 3D points onto the virtual image plane located at the required viewing position. In this case, empty pixels and holes were visualized when the 3D scene is zoomed-in by the user. To solve this problem, the proposed method constructs 3D structures from point clouds converted from depth images, and renders novel views from the constructed point clouds based on RGB-D images. In the experiments, the proposed method can reduce excessively blurred images, compared with the previous point-based rendering methods.
Influence factors of probability of detection test on surveillance systems

The current surveillance systems, especially the enhanced en-route system and the advance surface movement guidance and control system (A-SMGCS), are an integration of various techniques, primary surveillance radar (PSR), secondary surveillance radar (SSR), Multilateration (MLAT), and Automatic Dependent Surveillance — Broadcast(ADS-B). The performances of these systems are often evaluated based on their compliance with the guidance document of performance specifications and test procedures for civil aviation equipment. One of the key performance parameters is Probability of Detection (PD). For a stable surveillance system, the value of PD tends to be fixed and the confidence level of the evaluation test rises as the sample size increases. However, in practice, tradeoffs have to be made between sampling time and precision of estimation. This paper discusses the impact of influence factors on the PD estimation in surveillance systems. The theoretical relations with the significance level and the deviation of measured PD from the required PD are presented. Recommended sample size tables are presented in the discussion for MLAT, ADS-B, and SSR respectively for reference.
Coordination and Multi-Tasking Using EMT

We introduce a multi-model variant of the EMT-based control algorithm. The new algorithm, MM-EMT, is capable of balancing several control tasks expressed using separate dynamic models with a common action space. Such multiple models are common in both single-agent environments, when the agent has multiple tasks to achieve, and in team activities, when agent actions affect both the local agent's task as well as the overall team's coordination. To demonstrate the behaviour that MM-EMT engenders, several experimental setups were devised. Simulation results support the effectiveness of the approach, which in the multi-agent scenario is expressed in the MM-EMT algorithm's ability to balance local and team-coordinated motion requirements.
Tremor in Parkinson's disease and serotonergic dysfunction An 11 C-WAY 100635 PET study

Background: The pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying parkinsonian tremor remain unclear. The response to dopaminergic treatment is variable and nondopaminergic mechanisms may play a role in tremor generation. Midbrain raphe 5-HT1A binding provides a functional measure of serotonergic system integrity. With PET, the aim of this study was to examine regional cerebral C-WAY 100635 binding to 5-HT1A receptors in patients with PD and to correlate it with severity of tremor. Methods: C-WAY 100635 PET was performed on 23 patients with PD and eight age-matched healthy volunteers. Brain 5-HT1A receptor binding was computed using compartmental modeling with a cerebellar reference tissue input function. Results: The authors found mean 27% reduction in the midbrain raphe 5-HT1A binding potential in patients with PD compared to healthy volunteers (p 0.001). They also showed that Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale composite tremor scores, but not rigidity or bradykinesia, correlate with 5-HT1A binding in the raphe (p 0.01). Conclusions: These findings support previous indirect evidence that serotonergic neurotransmission is decreased in PD in vivo. The authors hypothesize that the reduction in raphe 5-HT1A binding represents receptor dysfunction or loss of cell bodies due to Lewy body degeneration in PD, or both. An association between 5-HT1A receptor availability in the raphe and severity of parkinsonian tremor was also found. NEUROLOGY 2003;60:601–605 A resting tremor of 3 to 5 Hz and postural tremor of 4 to 8 Hz are both features of PD. An asymmetric resting tremor is most characteristic and around 70% of parkinsonian patients manifest this tremor type during the course of their disease.1 The response of resting tremor to dopaminergic treatment is variable.2 This argues against a purely dopaminergic origin for many parkinsonian tremors. Although focal lesions restricted to the substantia nigra compacta in animal models result in akinesia and rigidFrom the Division of Neuroscience and MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (Drs. Doder, Rabiner, Turjanski, and Brooks), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College; Institute of Neurology (Drs. Doder, Lees, and Brooks), Queen Square; and Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies (Dr. Lees), University College Medical School, London, UK. Received December 3, 2001. Accepted in final form July 14, 2002. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. M. Doder, MRC Cyclotron Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Rd, London W12 0NN, UK; e-mail:
The design of a collaboration-oriented serious game

The present paper introduces a new category of games which could be ranked among the collaborative games. This “collaboration-oriented game” has the distinction of being based on the solidarity and collaboration rather than individualism and competition. It puts forward team spirit over the individual one and serves to enhance the collaboration skills for players. The collaboration-oriented game aims at enhancing managers' capacity to manage their teams and allows them to learn collaboration skills and best practices. Such a game, as part of the panoply of serious games, allows learning and evolving through entertainment. This paper positions firstly this kind of game in the space of existing games, then, it presents its features and rules. Finally, it proposes some application scenarios in the professional context.
Analysis of asymmetric 3D DRAM architecture in combination with L2 cache size reduction

Memory is a heterogeneous complex in modern systems. Access time and bandwidth improvement of DRAM using die-stacking technology can only be evaluated by interacting with hardware components like underlying cache, CPU and software components like executed application and processed input. In this work we analyze encoding and decoding processes of JPEG2000 algorithm execution on MIPS I core for different picture sizes. Thereby we can observe that for picture sizes below particular critical value the DRAM share of execution time reaches max. 4%. Any DRAM improvement for this case would not lead to significant performance gain of whole system. Starting with particular picture size depending on last-level cache size the acceleration effect of cache falls off and DRAM influence rises up to 25% and remains for larger pictures. System-level estimation shows that our suggested 3D DRAM architecture can reduce that rise down to a third and is partially able to adopt cache functionality.