Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Network pattern for mid-distance wireless power transfer in local area

Wireless power transfer (WPT) based on magnetic resonant coupling is a novel technology by which non-radiative and mid-range power transfer can be realized via the near field. WPT inevitably leads to a small-scale regional network with a certain amount of transmitters, receivers and repeaters. There is a great lack of related analysis approaches because of its high-frequency and near-field features, which are quite different from those of microwave network and industrial frequency alternating current network. These make it difficult to establish networks with high degree of autonomy. Inversely, presented centralized supervision mode with a specialized power monitoring and management unit is expected to operate well, gathering devices parameters and service states, analysing network operating performance, such as power spatial and temporal distribution, frequency bifurcation phenomenon, and the impacts of moving and switching of the loads, etc., and then making schedules and decisions. It hence does guarantee the availability, reliability and stability of WPT local area network.
The No-U-turn sampler: adaptively setting path lengths in Hamiltonian Monte Carlo

Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) is a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm that avoids the random walk behavior and sensitivity to correlated parameters that plague many MCMC methods by taking a series of steps informed by first-order gradient information. These features allow it to converge to high-dimensional target distributions much more quickly than simpler methods such as random walk Metropolis or Gibbs sampling. However, HMC's performance is highly sensitive to two user-specified parameters: a step size {\epsilon} and a desired number of steps L. In particular, if L is too small then the algorithm exhibits undesirable random walk behavior, while if L is too large the algorithm wastes computation. We introduce the No-U-Turn Sampler (NUTS), an extension to HMC that eliminates the need to set a number of steps L. NUTS uses a recursive algorithm to build a set of likely candidate points that spans a wide swath of the target distribution, stopping automatically when it starts to double back and retrace its steps. Empirically, NUTS perform at least as efficiently as and sometimes more efficiently than a well tuned standard HMC method, without requiring user intervention or costly tuning runs. We also derive a method for adapting the step size parameter {\epsilon} on the fly based on primal-dual averaging. NUTS can thus be used with no hand-tuning at all. NUTS is also suitable for applications such as BUGS-style automatic inference engines that require efficient "turnkey" sampling algorithms.
Storing text retrieval systems on CD-ROM: compression and encryption considerations

The emergence of the CD-ROM as a storage medium for full-text databases raises the question of the maximum size database that can be contained by this medium. As an example, the problem of storing the Trésor de la Langue Fran&ccidel;aise on a CD-ROM is examined in this paper. The text alone of this database is 700 megabytes long, more than a CD-ROM can hold. In addition, the dictionary and concordance needed to access these data must be stored. A further constraint is that some of the material is copyrighted, and it is desirable that such material be difficult to decode except through software provided by the system. Pertinent approaches to compression of the various files are reviewed, and the compression of the text is related to the problem of data encryption: Specifically, it is shown that, under simple models of text generation, Huffman encoding produces a bit-string indistinguishable from a representation of coin flips.
Nonoperative Care for Hip Fracture in the Elderly: The Influence of Race, Income, and Comorbidities

Context:Hip fracture occurs in 340,000 older adults each year. Operative repair is the standard of care, maximizing the chances of functional recovery. Not receiving operative care may condemn patients to a lifetime of pain and potential immobility. Objective:To measure the incidence of nonoperative treatment for first-time hip fracture in a population-based cohort and to measure the odds of nonoperative treatment of hip fracture among patients of differing race and income. Design, Setting, and Participants:Retrospective cohort study of 165,861 Medicare beneficiaries admitted for hip fracture between March 31, 2002 and December 31, 2006 to hospitals in New York, Illinois, and Texas. Main Outcome Measures:Odds of nonoperative management of hip fracture, adjusted for fracture characteristics, comorbidities, source of admission, age, sex, race, income, and individual hospital effects. Results:Nonoperative management occurred in 6.2% of patients (N = 10,283). After adjustment, black patients had a 79% increase in the odds of nonoperative management as compared with whites (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.64–1.95). Low income itself was not associated with a change in the odds of nonoperative care. Among patients not receiving operative repair, blacks demonstrated lower mortality than whites at 7 days (7.96% vs. 20.17%, P < 0.0001) and 30 days (24.14% vs. 38.22%, P < 0.0001). Conclusions:Black race predicts an increased odds of nonoperative care for hip fracture. Among patients receiving nonoperative care, black patients demonstrated increased survival compared with whites. These results are consistent with differential selection of operative candidates by patient race.
Heuristic search for identical payoff Bayesian games

Bayesian games can be used to model single-shot decision problems in which agents only possess incomplete information about other agents, and hence are important for multiagent coordination under uncertainty. Moreover they can be used to represent different stages of sequential multiagent decision problems, such as POSGs and DEC-POMDPs, and appear as an operation in many methods for multiagent planning under uncertainty. In this paper we are interested in coordinating teams of cooperative agents. While many such problems can be formulated as Bayesian games with identical payoffs, little work has been done to improve solution methods. To help address this situation, we provide a branch and bound algorithm that optimally solves identical payoff Bayesian games. Our results show a marked improvement over previous methods, obtaining speedups of up to 3 orders of magnitude for synthetic random games, and reaching 10 orders of magnitude speedups for games in a DEC-POMDP context. This not only allows Bayesian games to be solved more efficiently, but can also improve multiagent planning techniques such as top-down and bottom-up algorithms for decentralized POMDPs.
Evaluating Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes through a Novel 3-Dimensional In Vitro System for Cartilage Tissue Engineering and Regeneration

Objective: To characterize and evaluate osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocytes, in comparison to normal chondrocytes, through a novel 3-dimensional (3-D) culture system, poly(ethylene-glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA). The cytokine interleukin 1β (IL-1β) was also used to simulate an in vitro OA model. Methods: Normal and OA chondrocytes were cultured in monolayer and analyzed for changes in cartilage-specific gene expressions due to passage number. Then, cells were encapsulated in PEGDA to evaluate phenotype and matrix production capabilities through the in vitro culture system. Characterization was conducted with polymerase chain reaction (PCR), biochemical analyses, and histological staining. 3-D encapsulated chondrocytes (human and bovine) were also treated with IL-1β to characterize how the cytokine affects gene transcription and extracellular matrix (ECM) content. Results: In 2-dimensional monolayer, anabolic genes were down-regulated significantly in both normal and OA chondrocytes. In 3-D culture, OA chondrocytes demonstrated significantly higher expressions of catabolic genes when compared to normal cells. Differentiation medium resulted in significantly more matrix production than growth medium from OA chondrocytes, indicated through histological staining. In addition, normal chondrocytes responded more significantly to exogenous administration of IL-1β than OA chondrocytes. Temporary initial stimulation of IL-1β to OA chondrocytes resulted in comparable gene expressions to untreated cells after 3 weeks of in vitro culture. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate the use of OA chondrocytes in tissue engineering and their significance for potential future cartilage regeneration research through their matrix production capabilities and the use of a hydrogel culture system.
Scene classification with improved AlexNet model

Scene classification is an important research branch of image comprehension, which gains information from images and interprets them using computer system by imitating the biological systems of human beings. AlexNet model is limited in image classification because of the large convolution kernel and stride in the first convolutional layer leading to over rapid decline of feature maps resolution and excessive compression of spatial information. This paper proposed an improved AlexNet model according to the design principle of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The large convolution kernel is decomposed into a structure cascaded by two small convolution kernels with reduced stride. Another convolutional layer is added after the first one to enhance the integration process of the low-level features or the spatial information. The asymmetric convolution kernel is applied in the last three convolutional layers. The experiments on two datasets show that the classification accuracy of the improved AlexNet model is higher than those of AlexNet model and ZFNet model for 23 categories of scene classification.
ESTIMATING THE DURATION OF SPECIATION FROM PHYLOGENIES

Speciation is not instantaneous but takes time. The protracted birth–death diversification model incorporates this fact and predicts the often observed slowdown of lineage accumulation toward the present. The mathematical complexity of the protracted speciation model has barred estimation of its parameters until recently a method to compute the likelihood of phylogenetic branching times under this model was outlined (Lambert et al. ). Here, we implement this method and study using simulated phylogenies of extant species how well we can estimate the model parameters (rate of initiation of speciation, rate of extinction of incipient and good species, and rate of completion of speciation) as well as the duration of speciation, which is a combination of the aforementioned parameters. We illustrate our approach by applying it to a primate phylogeny. The simulations show that phylogenies often do not contain enough information to provide unbiased estimates of the speciation‐initiation rate and the extinction rate, but the duration of speciation can be estimated without much bias. The estimate of the duration of speciation for the primate clade is consistent with literature estimates. We conclude that phylogenies combined with the protracted speciation model provide a promising way to estimate the duration of speciation.
Morphological analysis of the hyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide‐gated cation channel 1 (HCN1) immunoreactive bipolar cells in the rabbit retina

Hyperpolarization‐activated cation currents (Ih) have been identified in neurons in the central nervous system, including the retina. There is growing evidence that these currents, mediated by the hyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide‐gated cation channel (HCN), may play important roles in visual processing in the retina. This study was conducted to identify and characterize HCN1‐immunoreactive (IR) bipolar cells by immunocytochemistry, quantitative analysis, and electron microscopy. The HCN1‐IR bipolar cells were a subtype of OFF‐type cone bipolar cells and comprised 10% of the total number of cone bipolar cells. The axons of the HCN1‐IR cone bipolar cells ramified narrowly in the border of strata 1 and 2 of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). These cells formed a regular distribution, with a density of 1,825 cells/mm2 at a position 1 mm ventral to the visual streak, falling to 650 cells/mm2 in the ventral periphery. Double‐labeling experiments demonstrated that their axons stratified narrowly within and slightly proximal to the OFF‐starburst amacrine cell processes. In the IPL, they were presynaptic to amacrine cell processes. The most frequent postsynaptic dyads formed of HCN1‐IR bipolar cell axon terminals are pairs composed of both amacrine cell processes. These results suggest that these HCN1‐IR cone bipolar cells might be the same as the DAPI‐Ba1 bipolar population, and might therefore be involved in a direction‐selective mechanism, providing inputs to the OFF‐starburst amacrine cells and/or the OFF‐plexus of the ON–OFF ganglion cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 467:389–402, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interaction-Dependent Gene Expression in Mla-Specified Response to Barley Powdery Mildeww⃞

Plant recognition of pathogen-derived molecules influences attack and counterattack strategies that affect the outcome of host–microbe interactions. To ascertain the global framework of host gene expression during biotrophic pathogen invasion, we analyzed in parallel the mRNA abundance of 22,792 host genes throughout 36 (genotype × pathogen × time) interactions between barley (Hordeum vulgare) and Blumeria graminis f. sp hordei (Bgh), the causal agent of powdery mildew disease. A split-split-plot design was used to investigate near-isogenic barley lines with introgressed Mla6, Mla13, and Mla1 coiled-coil, nucleotide binding site, Leu-rich repeat resistance alleles challenged with Bgh isolates 5874 (AvrMla6 and AvrMla1) and K1 (AvrMla13 and AvrMla1). A linear mixed model analysis was employed to identify genes with significant differential expression (P value < 0.0001) in incompatible and compatible barley-Bgh interactions across six time points after pathogen challenge. Twenty-two host genes, of which five were of unknown function, exhibited highly similar patterns of upregulation among all incompatible and compatible interactions up to 16 h after inoculation (hai), coinciding with germination of Bgh conidiospores and formation of appressoria. By contrast, significant divergent expression was observed from 16 to 32 hai, during membrane-to-membrane contact between fungal haustoria and host epidermal cells, with notable suppression of most transcripts identified as differentially expressed in compatible interactions. These findings provide a link between the recognition of general and specific pathogen-associated molecules in gene-for-gene specified resistance and support the hypothesis that host-specific resistance evolved from the recognition and prevention of the pathogen's suppression of plant basal defense.
Primary pulmonary hypertension is not associated with scleroderma-like changes in nailfold capillaries.

STUDY OBJECTIVES To determine whether primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) is associated with scleroderma-like changes in nailfold capillaries. DESIGN Blinded, prospective, case-control study. SETTING University medical centers in Baltimore, MD. PATIENTS Thirty-seven patients with PPH, 15 patients with scleroderma, and 13 healthy control subjects. MEASUREMENTS Subjects underwent nailfold capillary videomicroscopy of the fourth digits of both hands. Capillary images were evaluated by two blinded, trained graders according to standardized criteria for the presence of scleroderma nailfold changes. RESULTS The prevalence of scleroderma-associated nailfold changes in patients with PPH (1 of 37 patients) was dramatically lower than that in patients with scleroderma (9 of 15 patients; p < 0.0001). The distribution of nailfold grades for the PPH patients was indistinguishable from that of the healthy control subjects. CONCLUSION PPH is not associated with scleroderma-like vasculopathy of nailfold capillaries.
Some regularization problems in ray tracing

Ray tracers that render CSG models should consider issues of regularization and numerical accuracy. The special case of rays originating on surfaces (shadow probes, reflections, and refractions) present a regularization problem that is significant—even in ray tracers which are not explicitly based on the CSG scheme. An analysis of this problem yields a better solution than the epsilon tests incorporated in most ray tracers.
Building Subcomponents in the Cooperative Coevolution Framework for Training Recurrent Neural Networks: Technical Report

Cooperative coevolution decomposes a large problem into its subcomponents and uses evolutionary algorithms for solving them in order to gradually solve the large problem. This paper uses cooperative coevolution framework for training recurrent neural networks for grammatical inference problems. In the past, di erent encoding schemes were used to build subcomponents from the neural network for the cooperative coevolution framework. This work proposes a new encoding scheme for building subcomponents which is based on the functional properties of a neuron and compares it with the best encoding scheme from literature. All subcomponents in their respective cooperative coevolution framework employ the G3-PCX evolutionary algorithm. The results show the the proposed encoding scheme for building subcomponents achieves better performance, although, it has a lower level of modularity when compared to the CC framework used from literature. The level of modularity of the proposed encoding scheme further enables it to have smaller number of function evaluations in the initialisation stage when compared to their previous counterparts. The approach is further used for long-term dependency problems and demonstrates to learn from strings lengths of up to 500 time lags.
Recognition of music types

This paper describes a music type recognition system that can be used to index and search in multimedia databases. A new approach to temporal structure modeling is supposed. The so called ETM-NN (explicit time modelling with neural network) method uses abstraction of acoustical events to the hidden units of a neural network. This new set of abstract features representing temporal structures, can be then learned via a traditional neural networks to discriminate between different types of music. The experiments show that this method outperforms HMMs significantly.
The Probable Extent of Minor Mental Illness in the Adult Clients of Social Workers: A Research Note

A small scale pilot study was conducted in two area teams and four part-time GP attachment schemes to test the use of a psychiatric screening instrument (GHQ28) and social assessments. The instruments were administered at case allocation and again at three months. Few clinical and social changes were observed in the short term. It was found that 27 out of 40 cases (68 %) were identified by the psychiatric screening instruments as probable cases of minor disorder, on both occasions, and that a further seven clients could have had a transient disturbance. On the basis of these results it was felt that a larger two-stage enquiry was warranted, and necessary, before definite conclusions could be drawn.
Discriminative Latent Feature Space Learning for Cross-Modal Retrieval

Cross-modal retrieval has drawn much attention in recent years due to its wide applications. Most of existing methods only focus on relevance but overlook heterogeneity and discrimination of features from different modalities, and how to capture and correlate these heterogeneous features is still challenging in this field. Therefore, we propose a general model which jointly learns a discriminative latent feature space for effective cross-modal retrieval. Concretely, a class-specific dictionary is learned to account for each modality, and all resulting sparse codes are simultaneously mapped into a common feature space that describes and associates the cross-modal data. Moreover, label information is leveraged to discriminate different classes inside the intra-modality data and also merge the same class inside the inter-modality data. Cross-modal retrieval is finally performed over the learned common feature space. The experimental results confirmed that our cross-modal method outperforms several competing methods on two public datasets.
Complex Newton algorithm for blind signal extraction of speech in diffuse noise

Several recent methods for speech enhancement in presence of diffuse background noise use frequency domain blind signal separation to estimate the diffuse noise and a nonlinear post filter to suppress this estimated noise. This paper presents a frequency domain blind signal extraction method for estimating the diffuse noise in place of the frequency domain blind signal separation. The method is based on the minimization by means of a complex Newton algorithm of a cost function depending of the modulus of the extracted component. The proposed complex Newton method is compared to the gradient descent on the same cost function and to the blind signal separation approach.
Intelligent Authoring of Gamified Intelligent Tutoring System

Intelligent Tutoring Systems can successfully complement and substitute other instructional models in many contexts. However, it is very common to students to become bored or disengaged using ITS. The inclusion of gamification capabilities (e.g., level, points and so on) in ITS design aims to engage students and to drive desired learning behaviors. Researchers have been noting that teachers are increasingly demanding to act as active users of systems with such features. In this context, the main challenge of this project is contributing to the actively participation (i.e., design) of teachers in the use of gamified intelligent tutoring systems. This challenge leads to the following research questions: (i) “how could we enable teachers to customize the construction of gamified ITS in a simple way and without requiring technical capabilities from them? ”; and (ii) “how could we also provide good design principles in order to aid teachers in the customization of gamified ITS? ”. Thus, our aim is to develop an intelligent authoring platform to enable teachers for customizing gamified ITSs. In this way, we describe in this text a set of specific objectives that must be completed to achieve this general aim.