Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Two-color phase control in tunneling ionization and harmonic generation by a strong laser field and its third harmonic.

Two-color phase control in the total ion yield of ionization is successfully demonstrated in a tunneling regime by using a 100-fs Ti:sapphire laser and its third harmonic. Adding the third harmonic with an intensity of only 10% enhances the ion yield by a factor of 7. In photoelectron spectra, above threshold ionization peaks due to the third harmonic disappear when two colors are superimposed, resulting in a continuum spectrum. This shows two-color interference clearly. The intensities of high-order harmonics in the plateau region are enhanced by an order of magnitude.
Formation of Mangala Valles outflow channel, Mars: Morphological development and water discharge and duration estimates: FORMATION OF MANGALA VALLES, MARS

[1] We infer that the morphology of the Ravi Vallis channel system is consistent with it having been eroded by water in a single flood event, and we have used the topography of the channel system to estimate the depth of water in the channel at various stages during its development. Values lie in the range 50–150 m. Measured bed slopes, estimated water depths, and corresponding channel widths are used to obtain mean water flow speeds and volume flow rates. Water flow speeds are found to lie in the range 10–25 m s , and the discharge estimates vary from a maximum volume flux of 30 10 m s 1 just after the start of the flood to less than 10 10 m s 1 in the late stages. Using assumptions about the sediment-carrying capability of the water, estimates are obtained for the minimum duration of the water release event, the minimum total volume of water involved, and the crustal erosion rate. The duration is inferred to have been between 2 and 10 weeks, and the minimum total water volume was between 11,000 and 65,000 km. The corresponding bed erosion rate was possibly as much as 100 but more likely 20–50 m/d. It is estimated that during the early stages of the flood event, flow conditions were supercritical, with maximum Froude numbers between 1.4 and 2 depending on the bed roughness.
On Their Own? A Study of Independent Versus Partner-Related Migration from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Senegal

This paper focuses on the heterogeneity of female mobility and investigates whether human and social capital play different roles in women's independent versus spousal reunification migration. Using longitudinal data from a recent survey on migration between Africa and Europe, we compare the drivers of mobility of Congolese and Senegalese women. Based on discrete-time hazard models, we find that education and access to migrant networks are especially important in the likelihood of moving independently of a partner. Furthermore, different types of ties (excluding the migrant partner) are influential in the two forms of mobility. Female networks play a crucial role in independent migration but are less instrumental in triggering reunification. The differences between the two types of moves are however, more accentuated in Senegal than in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. We relate this to the more rigid patriarchal norms restricting female autonomy in Senegal, both in terms of mobility and economic activity.
Application traffic classification using statistic signature

Networks today are becoming more complex and diverse because of the appearance of new applications and services. The importance, therefore, of application-level traffic classification is increasing daily. Application-level traffic classification has become a very popular area of study. Although many proposals have been presented, including port-based, payload-based and machine learning-based methods, the method that can manage all traffic has not yet been developed. More recently, methods based on statistical flow information have been studied. In this paper, we propose an application-level traffic classification methodology using the statistic signature. Our method creates a statistic signature using payload size, transmission order, and direction of the first N packets in the flow, and uses this to classify application traffic. Then, using a verification system, we prove the feasibility of our method and show its high accuracy.
Differential Use of Elementary Science Kits

The use of kits in elementary science classes is a growing trend in some countries. Kits provide materials and inquiry lessons in a ready-to-teach format for teachers to use in their science instruction. This study examined elementary teachers' instructional strategies, classroom practices, and assessment types in relation to the frequency of science kit use. A total of 503 elementary teachers from an urban school district received professional development, implemented kits in their classrooms for a year, and then completed a survey about science kit use and teaching practices. Despite similarities in demographic characteristics (gender, ethnicity, certification/educational level), there were significant differences in teachers' use of inquiry-based teaching and assessment practices by kit use. Teachers who reported using kits the most often were significantly more likely to report that their students designed and implemented laboratory investigations as well recorded, represented, and analyzed data. In addition, the high kit users indicated that they were more likely to use student groups, require students to use evidence to support claims, and use alternative assessments of student work including portfolios, notebooks, and long-term projects than those teachers who used kits less frequently. Those teachers who reported using kits the least often were significantly more likely to report having students practice for standardized tests. The role of kits in promoting reform-based teaching practices is discussed.
Effects of Developmentally Appropriate Practices on Social Skills and Problem Behaviors in 1st Through 3rd Grades

The guidelines published by the National Association for the Education of Young Children on the use of developmentally appropriate practices (DAP) have, over the last two decades, had an important influence on young children's educational experiences. The efficacy of these guidelines for changing children's outcomes has been examined by only a handful of studies and with mixed results. This study looks at the effects of classroom and school-level use of classroom elements of DAP in 1st, 2nd, and 3rd grades on parent ratings of children's social skills at the end of the year, controlling for ratings of the same construct at the end of the previous year, gender, and ethnicity with a sample of between 1,145 and 2,111 students each year. Differential effects of DAP for males and females and for children of different ethnic backgrounds also were examined. Despite high power, no consistent effects of DAP were observed and no interactions found, suggesting that DAP does not affect parents' ratings of social skills in 1st through 3rd grades. The importance of these results, in light of other work on the effects of DAP, is discussed.
Byzantine Fault-Tolerant Publish/Subscribe: A Cloud Computing Infrastructure

The emerging publish/subscribe communication paradigm for building large-scale distributed event notification systems, has been shown to exhibit excellent performance and scalability characteristics. Moreover, some work also focus on providing reliability and availability guarantees in the face of node crash and link failures. Such publish/subscribe systems are commonly used in cloud computing infrastructures. However, addressing the dependability concern due to malicious attacks or unintentional software errors, which can potentially corrupt the system, has largely been left untouched by researchers. In this paper, we first identify some of the potential problem areas related to Byzantine behavior in the publish/subscribe paradigm. Secondly, we propose several directions of research for designing a Byzantine fault-tolerant publish/subscribe system suitable for use as a cloud computing infrastructure.
Online group-sparse estimation using the covariance fitting criterion

In this paper, we present a time-recursive implementation of a recent hyperparameter-free group-sparse estimation technique. This is achieved by reformulating the original method, termed group-SPICE, as a square-root group-LASSO with a suitable regularization level, for which a time-recursive implementation is derived. Using a proximal gradient step for lowering the computational cost, the proposed method may effectively cope with data sequences consisting of both stationary and non-stationary signals, such as transients, and/or amplitude modulated signals. Numerical examples illustrates the efficacy of the proposed method for both coherent Gaussian dictionaries and for the multi-pitch estimation problem.
Spatially restricted patterns of expression of the homeobox-containing gene Hox 2.1. during mouse embryogenesis.

The mouse Hox 2.1 gene contains a homeobox sequence and is therefore a candidate for a vertebrate gene involved in the control of embryonic patterning or positional specification. To investigate this possibility, we have used in situ hybridization to determine the pattern of Hox 2.1 expression during mouse embryogenesis. At 8.5 days post coitum, Hox 2.1 is expressed at a low level in the posterior neuroectoderm and mesoderm, and in the neuroectoderm of the presumptive hindbrain. At 12.5 days p.c. , Hox 2.1 is expressed in an anteroposterior restricted domain extending from the hindbrain throughout the length of the spinal cord, predominantly in the dorsal region. Between 12.5 and 13.5 days p.c. the domain becomes localized to the occipital and cervical regions. We also detect Hox 2.1 RNA in the embryonic lung, stomach, mesonephros and metanephros, as well as in myenteric plexus, dorsal root ganglia and the nodose ganglion, and in mature granulocytes. The embryonic expression of Hox 2.1 in neural tissue is compared with that of Hox 3.1, which also shows anteroposterior restricted domains of gene expression. These patterns of expression are not clearly consistent with Hox 2.1 or Hox 3.1 having roles in segmental patterning. However, the data are consistent with these genes having regulatory roles in anteroposterior positional specification in the neuroectoderm and mesoderm, and suggest that Hox 2.1 may also have functions during organogenesis.
Index Calculus in Class Groups of Plane Curves of Small Degree

We present a novel index calculus algorithm for the discrete logarithm problem (DLP) in degree 0 class groups of curves over finite fields. A heuristic analysis of our algorithm indicates that asymptotically for varying q, “essentially all” instances of the DLP in degree 0 class groups of curves represented by plane models of a fixed degree d over Fq can be solved in an expected time of O(q ). A particular application is that heuristically, “essentially all” instances of the DLP in degree 0 class groups of non-hyperelliptic curves of genus 3 (represented by plane curves of degree 4) can be solved in an expected time of O(q). We also provide a method to represent “sufficiently general” (nonhyperelliptic) curves of genus g ≥ 3 by plane models of degree g+1. We conclude that on heuristic grounds the DLP in degree 0 class groups of “sufficiently general” curves of genus g ≥ 3 (represented initially by plane models of bounded degree) can be solved in an expected time of O(q).
The error exponent of zero-rate multiterminal hypothesis testing for sources with common information

We consider the multiterminal hypothesis testing problem with zero-rate constraint. For this problem, an upper bound on the optimal error exponent is given by Shalaby and Papamarcou, provided that the positivity condition holds. Our contribution is to prove that Shalaby and Papamarcou's upper bound is valid under a weaker condition: (i) two remote observations have a common random variable in the sense of Gácks and Körner, and (ii) when the value of the common random variable is fixed, the conditional distribution of remaining random variables satisfies the positivity condition.
Human skeletal muscle sympathetic nerve activity, heart rate and limb haemodynamics with reduced blood oxygenation and exercise

Acute systemic hypoxia causes significant increases in human skeletal muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), heart rate and ventilation. This phenomenon is thought to be primarily mediated by excitation of peripheral chemoreceptors sensing a fall in arterial free oxygen partial pressure (Pa,O2). We directly tested the role of Pa,O2 on MSNA (peroneal microneurography), heart rate, ventilation and leg haemodynamics (n= 7‐8) at rest and during rhythmic handgrip exercise by using carbon monoxide (CO) to mimic the effect of systemic hypoxia on arterial oxyhaemoglobin (≈20 % lower O2Hba), while normalising or increasing Pa,O2 (range 40‐620 mmHg). The four experimental conditions were: (1) normoxia (Pa,O2≈110 mmHg; carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) ≈2 %); (2) hypoxia (Pa,O2≈40 mmHg; COHb ≈2 %); (3) CO + normoxia (Pa,O2≈110 mmHg; COHb ≈23 %); and (4) CO + hyperoxia (Pa,O2≈620 mmHg; COHb ≈24 %). Acute hypoxia augmented sympathetic burst frequency, integrated MSNA, heart rate and ventilation compared to normoxia over the entire protocol (7–13 bursts min−1, 100‐118 %, 13‐17 beats min−1, 2‐4 l min−1, respectively, P < 0.05). The major new findings were: (1) CO + normoxia and CO + hyperoxia also elevated MSNA compared to normoxia (63–144 % increase in integrated MSNA; P < 0.05) but they did not increase heart rate (62–67 beats min−1) or ventilation (6.5–6.8 l min−1), and (2) despite the 4‐fold elevation in MSNA with hypoxaemia and exercise, resting leg blood flow, vascular conductance and O2 uptake remained unchanged. In conclusion, the present results suggest that increases in MSNA with CO are not mediated by activation of the chemoreflex, whereas hypoxia‐induced tachycardia and hyperventilation are mediated by activation of the chemoreflex in response to the decline in Pa,O2. Our findings also suggest that Pa,O2 is not an obligatory signal involved in the enhanced MSNA with reduced blood oxygenation.
Active Learning for Domain Adaptation in the Supervised Classification of Remote Sensing Images

This paper presents a novel technique for addressing domain adaptation (DA) problems with active learning (AL) in the classification of remote sensing images. DA models the important problem of adapting a supervised classifier trained on a given image (source domain) to the classification of another similar but not identical image (target domain) acquired on a different area. The main idea of the proposed approach is iteratively labeling and adding to the training set the minimum number of the most informative samples from the target domain, while removing the source-domain samples that do not fit with the distributions of the classes in the target domain. In this way, the classification system exploits already available information, i.e., the labeled samples of source domain, in order to minimize the number of target domain samples to be labeled, thus reducing the cost associated to the definition of the training set for the classification of the target domain. In addition, we define a convergence criterion that allows the technique to stop the iterative AL process on the target domain without relying on the availability of a test set for it. This is an important contribution, as in operational applications, it is not realistic to assume that a test set for the target domain is available. Experimental results obtained in the classification of very high resolution and hyperspectral images confirm the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Managing Malware in Higher Learning Institutions

"Malware" is an umbrella term that describes a variety of Internet-borne threats, including viruses, spyware,Trojan horses, spam, bots and more. This sophisticated and evolving security threat puts all businesses at risk, no matter how big or small. Malware creates unique challenges to Higher Learning Institutions (HLI) in protecting their information assets. This is largely due to the fact that HLI Information Technology (IT) departments must balance between enabling a highly collaborative, non-restrictive environment and ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data and computing resources. HLIs can proactively defend the network to reduce the risks associated with this threat by assessing the vulnerabilities and threats present in their networks and implementing appropriate multilayer security. A multilayer approach involves applying countermeasures at every layer of the computer network, from the perimeter routers and firewalls to users' personal computers in order to increase network security. The goal of this study is to propose a framework for network security protection against malware to increase the level of protection using non technical countermeasures.
Choice of Internet Governance Structure: a Cross-Country Study of National Level Factors

Internet's ever increasing positive and negative consequences (both intended and unintended) are leading to increased demand towards its improved design and better governance mechanisms. However, countries across the world are divided over the choice of Internet governance structure, i.e. multi-stakeholder versus multilateral form. This paper explores the role of institutional quality of countries on this choice. We base our empirical analysis on the WCIT-2012 data (of 144 countries) using the theory of legitimacy of governance forms. The analysis supports our hypothesized relationship. Further, a qualitative study of the ICT policies of 25 countries reveals the role of Internet affordances in this relationship. It also reveals how major national and international events can change the perceived affordances of Internet for countries which may have an effect on their preference for a particular governance structure.
Evaluation of an Eyes-Free Cursorless Numeric Entry System for Wearable Computers

We report on the results of a user study to investigate the utility of passive haptics for eyes-free numeric entry. This work targets cursorless user interfaces designed for use with a watch-sized wrist-worn computer. Our study compared three approaches for selecting one of a set of eight numeric parameters and entering its value, both with and without visual feedback. The three selection methods utilized physical buttons alone, buttons with a touch-sensor utilizing passive haptics, and the touch sensor with passive haptics alone. The results show that passive haptics allowed users to perform parameter selection and number entry tasks, with statistically insignificant differences in accuracy and speed when used with and without visual feedback. Furthermore, there was no statistically significant difference in accuracy and speed between the button-based methods and the purely touch-sensor-based approaches.
Bones of Contention: Thoughts on the Study of Animation

Within the academy, animation is still a relatively under-studied subject field - though, clearly, this is beginning to change. This article is a polemical response to the nascent field of animation studies. It explores some implications of the marginalization of animation and confronts what it views as significant obstacles (and cul-de-sacs) with respect to the progress and consolidation of the subject as a legitimate field of scholarship. An overall approach is suggested which - in certain respects - is at odds with what has been undertaken in the field in the past and with what is professed as legitimate and epistemologically productive in the present.
Factors Related to Parenting Practices in Taiwan

The purpose of this study was to examine factors related to authoritative and authoritarian parenting practices in Chinese mothers with preschoolers. This study not only focused on the global parenting typologies ( e.g. authoritative and authoritarian parenting), but also looked into the individual component elements of authoritative and authoritarian parenting. Belsky's (1984) ecological model was used to select potential predictors of parenting practices: 1) characteristics of the mother, 2) characteristics of the child, and 3) contextual factors. The sample consisted of 463 mothers with their preschool children in Taiwan. Mothers were administered a questionnaire which assessed their parenting practices, Chinese parenting beliefs, depression level, degree of parenting daily hassles, child's age, perception of the child's temperament, and demographic information. As expected, maternal characteristics, child characteristics, and contextual factors predicted mothers' parenting practices. The results suggested that maternal depression, child temperament, and degree of parenting daily hassles might have cross-culturally universal influences on parenting practices. However, the significant influence of culturally specific parenting beliefs on parenting was also found. Chinese parents' use of authoritative and authoritarian parenting were both in some degree embedded in traditional Chinese parenting beliefs - the concept of training.
A MULTI -LAYER ARCHITECTURE FOR SPAM -DETECTION SYSTEM

As the email is becoming a prominent mode of communication so are the attempts to misuse it to take undue advantage of its low cost and high reachability. However, as email communication is very cheap, spammers are taking advantage of it for advertising their products, for committing cybercrimes. So, researchers are working hard to combat with the spammers. Many spam detections techniques and systems are built to fight spammers. But the spammers are continuously finding new ways to defeat the existing filters. This paper describes the existing spam filters techniques and proposes a multi-level architecture for spam email detection. We present the analysis of the architecture to prove the effectiveness of the architecture.
Designing quantum adder circuits and evaluating their error performance

With the advent of efficient quantum algorithms and technological advances, design of quantum circuits has gained importance. Minimization of the gate count and the number of gate levels are the two major objectives in quantum circuit design. The peculiar nature of quantum decoherence that leads to quantum errors mandates completion of all the quantum gate operations within a time bound, hence reduction in the gate count and the number of circuit levels leads to lowering the errors and the overall cost in quantum circuits. In this paper, we propose the design of adder circuits using CNOT and CkNOT gates, with significant reduction in gate count and number of gate levels over their existing counterparts in the literature. We then present a software model for evaluating errors in quantum computing circuits and employ it for evaluating the error performance of our proposed quantum adder circuits.