Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detecting Distributed Denial of Service Attacks: Methods, Tools and Future Directions

The minimal processing and best-e↵ort forwarding of any packet, malicious or not, was the prime concern when the Internet was designed. This architecture creates an unregulated network path, which can be exploited by any cyber attacker motivated by revenge, prestige, politics or money. Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks exploit this to target critical Web services [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. This type of attack is intended to make a computer resource unavailable to its legitimate users. Denial of service attack programs have been around for many years. Old single source attacks are now countered easily by many defense mechanisms and the source of these attacks can be easily rebu↵ed or shut down with improved tracking capabilities. However, with the astounding growth of the Internet during the last decade, an increasingly large number of vulnerable systems are now available to attackers. Attackers can now employ a large number of these vulnerable hosts to launch an attack instead of using a single server, an approach which is not very e↵ective and detected easily. A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack [1, 6] is a large-scale, coordinated attack on the availability of services of a victim system or network resources, launched indirectly through many compromised computers on the Internet. The first well-documented DDoS attack appears to have occurred in August 1999, when a DDoS tool called Trinoo was deployed in at least 227 systems, to flood a single University of Minnesota computer, which was knocked down for more than two days1. The first largescale DDoS attack took place on February 20001. On February 7, Yahoo! was the victim of a DDoS attack during which its Internet portal was inaccessible for three hours. On February 8, Amazon, Buy.com, CNN and eBay were all hit by DDoS attacks that caused them to either stop functioning completely or slowed them down significantly1. DDoS attack networks follow two types of architectures: the Agent-Handler architecture and the Internet Relay Chat (IRC)-based architecture as discussed by [7]. The Agent-Handler architecture for DDoS attacks is comprised of clients, handlers, and agents (see Figure 6). The attacker communicates with the rest of the DDoS attack system at the client systems. The handlers are often software packages located throughout the Internet that are used by the client to communicate with the agents. Instances of the agent software are placed in the compromised systems that finally carry out the attack. The owners and users of the agent systems are generally unaware of the situation. In the IRC-based DDoS attack architecture, an IRC communication channel is used to connect the client(s) to the agents. IRC
Physiologic Control of Rotary Blood Pumps: An In Vitro Study

Rotary blood pumps (RBPs) are currently being used as a bridge to transplantation as well as for myocardial recovery and destination therapy for patients with heart failure. Physiologic control systems for RBPs that can automatically and autonomously adjust the pump flow to match the physiologic requirement of the patient are needed to reduce human intervention and error, while improving the quality of life. Physiologic control systems for RBPs should ensure adequate perfusion while avoiding inflow occlusion via left ventricular (LV) suction for varying clinical and physical activity conditions. For RBPs used as left ventricular assist devices (LVADs), we hypothesize that maintaining a constant average pressure difference between the pulmonary vein and the aorta (ΔPa) would give rise to a physiologically adequate perfusion while avoiding LV suction. Using a mock circulatory system, we tested the performance of the control strategy of maintaining a constant average ΔPa and compared it with the results obtained when a constant average pump pressure head (ΔP) and constant rpm are maintained. The comparison was made for normal, failing, and asystolic left heart during rest and at light exercise. The ΔPa was maintained at 95 ± l mm Hg for all the scenarios. The results indicate that the ΔPa control strategy maintained or restored the total flow rate to that of the physiologically normal heart during rest (3.8 L/m) and light exercise (5.4 L/m) conditions. The ΔPa approach adapted to changing exercise and clinical conditions better than the constant rpm and constant ΔP control strategies. The ΔPa control strategy requires the implantation of two pressure sensors, which may not be clinically feasible. Sensorless RBP control using the ΔPa algorithm, which can eliminate the failure prone pressure sensors, is being currently investigated.
Spiraling Edge: fast surface reconstruction from partially organized sample points

Many applications produce three-dimensional points that must be further processed to generate a surface. Surface reconstruction algorithms that start with a set of unorganized points are extremely time-consuming. Sometimes however, points are generated such that there is additional information available to the reconstruction algorithm. We present Spiraling Edge, a specialized algorithm for surface reconstruction that is three orders of magnitude faster than algorithms for the general case. In addition to sample point locations, our algorithm starts with normal information and knowledge of each point's neighbors. Our algorithm produces a localized approximation to the surface by creating a star-shaped triangulation between a point and a subset of its nearest neighbors. This surface patch is extended by locally triangulating each of the points along the edge of the patch. As each edge point is triangulated, it is removed from the edge and new edge points along the patch's edge are inserted in its place. The updated edge spirals out over the surface until the edge encounters a surface boundary and stops growing in that direction, or until the edge reduces to a small hole that is filled by the final triangle.
Cross talk between AT 1 receptors and Toll-like receptor 4 in microglia contributes to angiotensin II-derived ROS production in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus

Vinicia Campana Biancardi, Alexis M. Stranahan, Eric G. Krause, Annette D. de Kloet, and Javier E. Stern Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia; Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
A Review of Indoor Localization Technologies: towards Navigational Assistance for Topographical Disorientation

Indoor localization technologies hold promise for many ambient intelligence applications, including in-situ navigational assistance for individuals with wayfinding difficulties. Given that the literature on indoor localization is vast and spans many different disciplines, we conducted a comprehensive review of the dominant technologies. We propose a taxonomy of localization technologies on the basis of the measured physical quantity. In particular, we identified, radio frequency, photonic, sonic and inertial localization technologies as leading solutions in the field. For each selected technology, the fundamental scientific mechanisms for localization are explained, key recent literature appraised and the merits and limitations are discussed. Recommendations are made regarding the creation of context-aware systems that can be used to enhance a user's topographical orientation skills.
Accumulation and Toxicity of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Cells and Experimental Animals

The uptake and distribution of negatively charged superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (SPIONs) in mouse embryonic fibroblasts NIH3T3, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal influenced by SPIONs injected into experimental animals, were visualized and investigated. Cellular uptake and distribution of the SPIONs in NIH3T3 after staining with Prussian Blue were investigated by a bright-field microscope equipped with digital color camera. SPIONs were localized in vesicles, mostly placed near the nucleus. Toxicity of SPION nanoparticles tested with cell viability assay (XTT) was estimated. The viability of NIH3T3 cells remains approximately 95% within 3–24 h of incubation, and only a slight decrease of viability was observed after 48 h of incubation. MRI studies on Wistar rats using a clinical 1.5 T MRI scanner were showing that SPIONs give a negative contrast in the MRI. The dynamic MRI measurements of the SPION clearance from the injection site shows that SPIONs slowly disappear from injection sites and only a low concentration of nanoparticles was completely eliminated within three weeks. No functionalized SPIONs accumulate in cells by endocytic mechanism, none accumulate in the nucleus, and none are toxic at a desirable concentration. Therefore, they could be used as a dual imaging agent: as contrast agents for MRI and for traditional optical biopsy by using Prussian Blue staining.
Code construction and performance evaluation of Space Time Trellis Code (STTC) over Rayleigh fading channel

Space-Time Trellis Codes (STTCs) combine modulation and trellis coding to transmit information over multiple transmit antennas and MIMO channels. In this paper, code construction and performance analysis of different STTCs for various modulation schemes (e.g. BPSK, QPSK) over Rayleigh flat fading channel are presented. Improved form of STTCs using generator matrix and delay diversity is also described. Comparison of the code performance of STTCs with Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes (OSTBCs) and Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes (QOSTBCs) for two transmit antennas and one or more receive antennas are shown. The result shows that STTCs provide high coding gain and outperform OSTBCs and QOSTBCs. It is possible to improve the performance of STTCs by increasing the number of states of the trellis.
CUNI at the CLEF 2015 eHealth Lab Task 2

We present our participation as the team of the Charles University in Prague at the CLEF eHealth 2015 Task 2. We investigate performance of different retrieval models, linear interpolation of multiple models, and our own implementation of blind relevance feedback for query expansion. We employ MetaMap as an external resource for annotating the collection and the queries, then conduct retrieval at concept level rather than word level. We use MetaMap for query expansion. We also participate in the multilingual task where queries were given in several languages. We use Khresmoi medical translation system to translate the queries from Czech, French, and German into English. For the other languages we use translation by Google Translate and Bing Translator.
A logic-based approach to decision making : (extended version)

We propose a novel approach to the well-studied problem of making a finite, ordered sequence of decisions under uncertainty. Most existing work in this area concentrates on graphical representations of decision problems, and requires a complete specification of the problem. Our approach is based on a formal logic, such that the choice of an optimal decision can be treated as a problem of logical deduction. The logical formalism allows to leave unknown aspects of the problem unstated, and it lends itself to various extensions that are difficult to incorporate into graphical approaches. On the other hand, we can show that our formalism can deduce at least the same consequences as are possible with the most popular graphical approach.
Low-Coherence Reflectometry for Refractive Index Measurements of Cells in Micro-Capillaries

The refractive index of cells provides insights into their composition, organization and function. Moreover, a good knowledge of the cell refractive index would allow an improvement of optical cytometric and diagnostic systems. Although interferometric techniques undoubtedly represent a good solution for quantifying optical path variation, obtaining the refractive index of a population of cells non-invasively remains challenging because of the variability in the geometrical thickness of the sample. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of infrared low-coherence reflectometry for non-invasively quantifying the average refractive index of cell populations gently confined in rectangular glass micro-capillaries. A suspension of human red blood cells in plasma is tested as a reference. As a use example, we apply this technique to estimate the average refractive index of cell populations belonging to epithelial and hematological families.
Tablet-Based Functional MRI of the Trail Making Test: Effect of Tablet Interaction Mode

The Trail Making Test (TMT) is widely used for assessing executive function, frontal lobe abilities, and visual motor skills. Part A of this pen-and-paper test (TMT-A) involves linking numbers randomly distributed in space, in ascending order. Part B (TMT-B) alternates between linking numbers and letters. TMT-B is more demanding than TMT-A, but the mental processing that supports the performance of this test remains incompletely understood. Functional MRI (fMRI) may help to clarify the relationship between TMT performance and brain activity, but providing an environment that supports real-world pen-and-paper interactions during fMRI is challenging. Previously, an fMRI-compatible tablet system was developed for writing and drawing with two modes of interaction: the original cursor-based, proprioceptive approach, and a new mode involving augmented reality to provide visual feedback of hand position (VFHP) for enhanced user interaction. This study characterizes the use of the tablet during fMRI of young healthy adults (n = 22), with half of the subjects performing TMT with VFHP and the other half performing TMT without VFHP. Activation maps for both TMT-A and TMT-B performance showed considerable overlap between the two tablet modes, and no statistically differences in brain activity were detected when contrasting TMT-B vs. TMT-A for the two tablet modes. Behavioral results also showed no statistically different interaction effects for TMT-B vs. TMT-A for the two tablet modes. Tablet-based TMT scores showed reasonable convergent validity with those obtained by administering the standard pen-and-paper TMT to the same subjects. Overall, the results suggest that despite the slightly different mechanisms involved for the two modes of tablet interaction, both are suitable for use in fMRI studies involving TMT performance. This study provides information for using tablet-based TMT methods appropriately in future fMRI studies involving patients and healthy individuals.
Mobile based Automated Complete Blood Count (Auto-CBC) Analysis System from Blood Smeared Image

Blood cells diagnosis is becoming essential to ensure a proper treatment can be proposed to a blood related disease patient. In current research trending, automated complete blood count analysis system is required for pathologists or researchers to count the blood cells from the blood smeared images. Hence, a portable mobile-based complete blood count (CBC) analysis framework with the aid of microscope is proposed, and the smartphone camera is mounted to the viewing port of the light microscope by adding a smartphone support. Initially, the blood smeared image is acquired from a light microscope with objective zoom of 100X magnifications view the eyepiece zoom of 10X magnification, then captured by the smartphone camera. Next, the areas constitute to the WBC and RBC are extracted using combination of color space analysis, threshold and Otsu procedure. Then, the number of corresponding cells are counted using topological structural analysis, and the cells in clumped region is estimated using Hough Circle Transform (HCT) procedure. After that, the analysis results are saved in the database, and shown in the user interface of the smartphone application. Experimental results show the developed system can gain 92.93% accuracy for counting the RBC whereas 100% for counting the WBC.
GABA and glutamate mediate rapid neurotransmission from suprachiasmatic nucleus to hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in rat.

1. Intracellular sharp electrode and whole‐cell patch‐clamp recording from characterized paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurones in rat hypothalamic slices were used to study the synaptic mechanism and associated neurotransmitters that mediate their response to suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) stimulation. 2. Electrical stimulation restricted to SCN evoked short‐latency inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) or combinations of IPSPs and excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in all (n = 59) PVN neurones tested. Type I neurones (n = 18) were magnocellular and a majority (13/18) demonstrated monosynaptic IPSPs that reversed polarity at the chloride equilibrium potential and were sensitive to bicuculline. 3. Type II (n = 10) and III parvocellular (n = 13), and unclassifiable neurones (n = 18) displayed combinations of IPSPs and EPSPs following similar stimuli applied to SCN. IPSP blockade with bicuculline uncovered SCN‐evoked monosynaptic dual‐component EPSPs that were sensitive to N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) and non‐NMDA receptor antagonists. In addition, chemical microstimulation within SCN was associated with transient increases in spontaneous EPSPs recorded from these PVN neurones. 4. These data imply that the amino acids GABA and glutamate are important mediators of fast monosynaptic transmission from SCN to defined neurones in PVN, and are candidates for conveying circadian rhythmicity to PVN regulation of neuroendocrine and autonomic processes.
Carbon Nanotubes as Nanosensor for Differential Electrolytic Micropotentiometry

Carbon nanotubes as nanosensor were synthesized on the surface of the silver electrode using floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition reactor. Acetylene gas was used as a carbon source, ferrocene as a source of the iron nanocatalyst and hydrogen as a carrier and an activate agent. Several runs were performed to find the optimum conditions that produce sensitive Ag-CNTs electrodes. The electrodes obtained at each run were characterized by SEM. The optimum conditions that produce sensitive Ag-CNTs were found to be at a reaction time of 15 minutes, reaction temperature of 700°C, hydrogen flow rate of 25 ml/min and an acetylene flow rate of 75 ml/min. These optimum conditions were confirmed from the normal behavior of the resulting Ag-CNTs electrodes in the titration of 10 μL of chloride using dc differential electrolytic potentiometry. When conditions that differ from the optimum ones were applied in the preparation of the Ag-CNTs electrodes, abnormal titration curves were obtained. The superiority of the Ag-CNTs electrodes was demonstrated by the successful applications of these electrodes as an indicating system in the micro titrations of different volumes of cyanide solution with silver nitrate reach. By applying this technique a volume of 1.2 μL sample of cyanide was successfully titrated. The normal behavior of the Ag-CNts electrodes was compared to that of the normal silver electrodes which exhibit an abnormal behavior.
Unbiased Sampling and Meshing of Isosurfaces

In this paper, we present a new technique to generate unbiased samples on isosurfaces. An isosurface, F(x; y; z) = c, of a function, F, is implicitly defined by trilinear interpolation of background grid points. The key idea of our approach is that of treating the isosurface within a grid cell as a graph (height) function in one of the three coordinate axis directions, restricted to where the slope is not too high, and integrating / sampling from each of these three. We use this unbiased sampling algorithm for applications in Monte Carlo integration, Poisson-disk sampling, and isosurface meshing.
Network bursts in cortical neuronal cultures ‘Noise- versus pacemaker’- driven neural network simulations

Dissociated neuronal cultures provide a useful platform to study behavior and development of biological neural networks. Isolated from external inputs neural cultures generate electrical activity of their own, showing several features. The most striking feature is the phenomenon of, more or less regular, network bursts, i.e. simultaneous firing of many neurons in a relatively short time window. In this paper we address the issue of spontaneous bursting activity in cortical neuronal cultures and explain what might cause this collective behavior using computer simulations of two different neural network models. While the common approach to activate a passive network is done by introducing synaptic noise, we show that a small subset of pacemaker neurons can trigger network bursts which better resemble experimental bursts.
The Power of Money: Wealth Effects in Contests

The relationship between wealth and power has long been debated. Nevertheless, this relationship has been rarely studied in a strategic game. In this paper, we study wealth effects in a strategic contest game. Two opposing effects arise: wealth reduces the marginal cost of effort but it also reduces the marginal benefit of winning the contest. We consider three types of contests which vary depending on whether rents and efforts are commensurable with wealth. Our theoretical analysis shows that the effects of wealth are strongly "contestdependent". It thus does not support general claims that the rich lobby more or that low economic growth and wealth inequality spur conflicts.
The NEPTUNE Project - a cabled ocean observatory in the NE Pacific: Overview, challenges and scientific objectives for the installation and operation of Stage I in Canadian waters

NEPTUNE (North-East Pacific Undersea Networked Experiments) will be an innovative network of many sub-sea observatories linked by about 3,000 km of powered, electro-optic cable covering most of the Juan de Fuca Plate (200,000 sq km), North-East Pacific, with shore stations at Port Alberni, BC and probably Nedonna Beach, OR (www.neptunecanada.ca, www.orionprogram.org, www.neptune.washington.edu). Each observatory will host and power many scientific instruments on the surrounding seafloor, in boreholes in the seafloor, and buoyed into the water column. Remotely operated and autonomous vehicles will reside at depth, powered or recharged at observatories and directed from distant labs. Continuous near-real-time multidisciplinary measurement series will extend over 25 years. Major research themes include: structure and seismic behavior of the ocean crust; dynamics of hot and cold fluids and gas hydrates in the upper ocean crust and overlying sediments; ocean/climate change and effects on ocean biota/fisheries at all depths; deep-sea sedimentation, ecosystem dynamics and biodiversity; and engineering and computational systems research. These involve interacting processes, long-term changes, and chaotic, episodic events difficult to study and quantify by traditional means.