Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Visualizing Annotation Tool for Semi-Automatically Building a Bilingual Corpus

Bilingual corpora are critical resources for machine translation research and development since parallel corpora contain translation equivalences of various granularities. Manual annotation of word alignments is of significance to provide a gold-standard for developing and evaluating both example-based machine translation models and statistical machine translation models. The annotation process costs a lot of time and effort, especially with a corpus of millions of words. This paper presents research on using visualization for an annotation tool to build an English-Vietnamese parallel corpus, which is constructed for a Vietnamese-English machine translation system. We describe the specification of collecting data for the corpus, linguistic tagging, bilingual annotation, and the tools specifically developed for the manual annotation. An English-Vietnamese bilingual corpus of over 800,000 sentence pairs and 10,000,000 English words as well as Vietnamese words has been collected and aligned at the sentence level; and a part of this corpus containing 200 news articles was aligned manually at the word level.
Role of Specialized Conducting Fibers in the Genesis of “AV Nodal” Re‐entry Tachycardia

Recent reports have suggested that an accessory bypass tract connecting the His bundle to the atrium (His‐atrial fiber) may form the retrograde limb of “AV nodal” re‐entry tachycardia (AVNRT). We studied 12 patients with AVNRT in whom the presence of an accessory atrioventricular fiber (Kent fiber) was excluded. We investigated the possibility of a His‐atrial (H‐A) fiber by examining the nature of retrograde conduction and by assessing the necessity of the atrium as a part of the re‐entry pathway. Retrograde conduction through the A V node had characteristics similar to retrograde conduction over a Kent bundle; that is, retrograde conduction times were short and did not vary. With echo beats (Ae) evoked during antegrade refractory period determination early premature beats resulted in prolongation of the AH interval with no change in HAe interval. During AVNRT the A‘H’:H‘A’ ratios ranged from 2.0–8.0 (mean 4.0 ± 1.8) and with changes in tachycardia cycle length the H'A interval remained constant. During retrograde refractory period determination, delay occurred below the AV node without change in the H‐A interval. Estimations of retrograde conduction times by all 3 methods were not significantly different (p > 0.2). The pattern of retrograde conduction suggests anatomical or functional specialized fibers as the retrograde limb of the tachycardia. The necessity of the atria as a part of the re‐entry circuit was assessed by the introduction of atrial premature beats (APBs) in the region of the atrial septum during AVNRT in 10 patients. APBs pre‐excited the atria by 40–140 ms without changing the cycle length of the tachycardia, providing strong evidence against the participation of an extranodal His‐atrial fiber in AVNRT, In conclusion, retrograde conduction during AVNRT appears to take place over a functional or anatomical specialized fiber within the AV node and not over an extranodal H‐A fiber.
Electron transfer dissociation mass spectrometry in proteomics

Mass spectrometry has rapidly evolved to become the platform of choice for proteomic analysis. While CID remains the major fragmentation method for peptide sequencing, electron transfer dissociation (ETD) is emerging as a complementary method for the characterization of peptides and post‐translational modifications (PTMs). Here, we review the evolution of ETD and some of its newer applications including characterization of PTMs, non‐tryptic peptides and intact proteins. We will also discuss some of the unique features of ETD such as its complementarity with CID and the use of alternating CID/ETD along with issues pertaining to analysis of ETD data. The potential of ETD for applications such as multiple reaction monitoring and proteogenomics in the future will also be discussed.
A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Phase I Inactivated Vaccines to Reduce Shedding of Coxiella burnetii From Sheep and Goats From Routes of Public Health Importance

Q fever in humans and coxiellosis in livestock are both caused by Coxiella burnetii. The public health importance of vaccination against C. burnetii shedding from sheep and goats was evaluated using systematic review and meta‐analysis to provide evidence for policy direction to prevent potential zoonotic spread. Publications reporting shedding of C. burnetii in vaginal and uterine secretions, milk, placenta and faeces were included. A single observational (one goat) and seven experimental (four goat and three sheep) vaccine studies were included in the review. No relevant publications on other interventions were identified. Random effects meta‐analyses were performed for the risk of shedding in individuals in the control and vaccinated groups and for the mean difference in the level of bacterial shedding in sheep and goats stratified by age and previous exposure status. Limited data were available for further analytic evaluation. From the pooled analysis, an inactivated phase I vaccine significantly reduced the risk of shedding from uterine (RR = 0.10; 95%CI 0.05–0.20) secretions in previously sensitized goats. Individual studies reported significant risk reduction in milk (RR = 0.03; 95%CI 0.01–0.26), vaginal secretions (RR = 0.40; 95%CI 0.22–0.75) and faeces (RR = 0.79; 95%CI 0.63–0.97) from naïve goats. The pooled mean levels of bacteria shed from placental [mean difference (MD = −5.24 Log10; 95%CI −6.75 to −3.7)] and vaginal (MD = −1.78 Log10; 95%CI −2.19 to −1.38) routes were significantly decreased in vaccinated naïve goats compared with controls. Shedding through all other routes from vaccinated goats was not significantly different than shedding from control goats. No effect of vaccination was found on the risk of shedding or the mean level of shedding in vaccinated sheep compared with control sheep. Our conclusions are based on a limited amount of data with variable risk of systematic error.
Standardization within individuals: a simple method to neutralize individual differences in skin conductance.

The present paper suggests a method to neutralize individual differences in skin conductance responsivity. The method suggested is a standardization of the responses within individuals. This method was compared to the range correction transformation suggested previously. The comparison was based on data from two experiments which evaluated differences between electrodermal responses to relevant and neutral stimuli in information detection tasks. In the first experiment the range correction transformation used the maximal skin conductance response evoked by the subject to one of the regular stimuli presented in the information detection task. The second experiment included responses to unpleasant tones and the range correction transformation was defined as the skin conductance response evoked by the subject to a given stimulus, divided by the response to the unpleasant stimulus. A bootstrap analysis was carried out on five data sets gathered from the two experiments, to statistically compare the transformations. In all cases standard scores better discriminated relevant and neutral stimuli, than range corrected scores. The advantage of standardization was much more salient in the second experiment, where only standard scores produced a statistically significant difference between strong and weak experimental conditions. The analysis demonstrated that the advantage of the method of standard scores is related mainly to its reliance upon the mean, which is a more stable and reliable statistic than the maximal response.
Enhancing Autophagy with Drugs or Lung-directed Gene Therapy Reverses the Pathological Effects of Respiratory Epithelial Cell Proteinopathy*

Background: Several rare lung proteinopathies are characterized by lung fibrosis due to accumulation of misfolded proteins in epithelial cells. Results: The PiZ mouse models the pathological characteristics of these lung proteinopathies, and the pathology is ameliorated by autophagy enhancing therapies. Conclusion: Autophagy represents a key proteostasis mechanism for lung proteinopathies and a potential therapeutic target. Significance: The PiZ mouse is an attractive animal model of lung proteinopathies. Recent studies have shown that autophagy mitigates the pathological effects of proteinopathies in the liver, heart, and skeletal muscle but this has not been investigated for proteinopathies that affect the lung. This may be due at least in part to the lack of an animal model robust enough for spontaneous pathological effects from proteinopathies even though several rare proteinopathies, surfactant protein A and C deficiencies, cause severe pulmonary fibrosis. In this report we show that the PiZ mouse, transgenic for the common misfolded variant α1-antitrypsin Z, is a model of respiratory epithelial cell proteinopathy with spontaneous pulmonary fibrosis. Intracellular accumulation of misfolded α1-antitrypsin Z in respiratory epithelial cells of the PiZ model resulted in activation of autophagy, leukocyte infiltration, and spontaneous pulmonary fibrosis severe enough to elicit functional restrictive deficits. Treatment with autophagy enhancer drugs or lung-directed gene transfer of TFEB, a master transcriptional activator of the autophagolysosomal system, reversed these proteotoxic consequences. We conclude that this mouse is an excellent model of respiratory epithelial proteinopathy with spontaneous pulmonary fibrosis and that autophagy is an important endogenous proteostasis mechanism and an attractive target for therapy.
Multi-Scale Modeling and Analysis of Left Ventricular Remodeling Post Myocardial Infarction: Integration of Experimental and Computational Approaches

Progressive remodeling of the left ventricle (LV) following myocardial infarction (MI) involves spatiotemporal interactions among multiple cell types and the extracellular matrix environment. Despite the extensive experimental studies designed to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms, there is a growing recognition that the complexity of LV remodeling precludes the efficient identification of early diagnostic indicators after myocardial infarction. Currently, systemic approaches are needed to reduce this complexity. Previous studies in other systems demonstrate that establishing a multi-scale analytical model of LV remodeling response to MI will likely help in the development of prognostic therapies. In this review, we discuss the current approaches used for mathematical modeling of the LV, advantages and disadvantages of the approaches, and methods used to validate these models.
Flexibility and Anterior Knee Pain in Adolescent Elite Figure Skaters

To investigate the relationship between thigh muscle flexibility and anterior knee pain in adolescent athletes, we examined 46 skaters. We taught them flexibility exercises and later retested 28 of them. Three fourths of the skaters who improved their quadriceps flexibility eliminated their pain. Two of the three skaters who lost flexibility developed pain. Analysis of all examinations showed that skaters with pain had tighter quadriceps muscles than those without pain. Poor hamstring flexibility was correlated with patellofemoral pain. This study shows that adolescent athletes may improve their flexibility after counseling and indicates a clear relationship between thigh muscle flexibility and anterior knee pain.
Predicting Handwriting Difficulties Through Spelling Processes

This study examined whether spelling tasks contribute to the prediction of the handwriting status of children with poor and good handwriting skills in a cross-sectional study with 276 Spanish children from Grades 1 and 3. The main hypothesis was that the spelling tasks would predict the handwriting status of the children, although this influence would decrease with age due to a gradual automatization of handwriting skills. The results confirmed this hypothesis. Another interesting result was that the pattern of pseudoword and irregular word spellings as predictors of handwriting status changed from Grade 1 to Grade 3. In Grade 1, the pseudoword spelling task made a significant contribution, whereas the irregular word spelling task did not. The opposite pattern was found in Grade 3. These results may be a consequence of progressive acquisition of orthographic representations. The orthographic role of the task of writing the alphabet in order from memory in the prediction model was also analyzed. The writing of the alphabet in order from memory task made a significant contribution to the prediction of handwriting status of the children beyond the orthographic influence of spelling tasks. The additional effect of this task on the prediction of handwriting status is presumably due to the fact that this measure is based on fluency.
The Variable Step-Size Algorithm for Decision Feedback Equalizer Turbo Code DS/CDMA System Using SOVA Algorithm

In this paper a variable step-size algorithm for adaptive decision feedback equalizer (DFE) for turbo coded direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) communication systems is presented. The proposed adaptive equalizer is using a performance of the system or bit error rate to control the adaptation process of the DFE. By this technique, the performances of the proposed adaptive equalizer cooperate with the attractive soft output Viterbi algorithm (SOVA) of turbo decoder for the DS/CDMA system provides a good statistical in non-stationary channel condition scenario. The simulation results confirm that the performance of the proposed system in terms of bit error rate has been improved over the finite impulse response (FIR) equalizer.
A Programmable BIST Core for Embedded DRAM

The programmable BIST design presented here supports various test modes using a simple controller. With the March C algorithm, the BIST circuit's overhead is under 1.3% for a 1-Mbit DRAM and under 0.3% for a 16-Mbit DRAM. The BIST design presented for embedded DRAM supports built-in self-diagnosis by feeding error information to the external tester. Moreover, using a specific test sequence, it can test for critical timing faults, reducing tester time for ac parametric test. The design supports wafer test, pre-burn-in test, burn-in, and final test. It is field-programmable; the user can program test algorithms using predetermined test elements (such as march elements, surround test elements, and refresh modes). The user can optimize the hardware for a specific embedded DRAM with a set of predetermined test elements. Our design is different from the microprogram-controlled BIST described by J. Dreibelbis et al. (1998) which has greater flexibility but higher overhead. Because our design begins at the register-transfer language level, test element insertion (for higher test coverage) and deletion (for lower hardware overhead are relatively easy.
Roving STARs: an integrated approach to on-line testing, diagnosis, and fault tolerance for FPGAs in adaptive computing systems

We present an integrated approach to on-line FPGA testing, diagnosis and fault tolerance, to be used in high-reliability and high-availability hardware. The testing and diagnostic process takes place in Self-Testing AReas (STARs) of the FPGA, without disturbing the normal system operation. The entire chip is tested by roving the STARs across the FPGA. Our approach guarantees complete testing of both logic cells and interconnect with maximum diagnostic resolution. Our multi-level fault-tolerant technique allows using partially defective logic and routing resources for normal operation, providing longer mission life in the presence of faults. In addition, our dynamic fault-tolerant method ensures that spare resources are always present in the neighborhood of the located fault, thus simplifying fault-bypassing. Our complete method has been successfully implemented and demonstrated on the ORCA 2CA series FPGAs from Lucent Technologies.
Learning Cost-Effective and Interpretable Regimes for Treatment Recommendation

Decision makers, such as doctors and judges, make crucial decisions such as recommending treatments to patients, and granting bails to defendants on a daily basis. Such decisions typically involve weighting the potential benefits of taking an action against the costs involved. In this work, we aim to automate this task of learning {cost-effective, interpretable and actionable treatment regimes. We formulate this as a problem of learning a decision list -- a sequence of if-then-else rules -- which maps characteristics of subjects (eg., diagnostic test results of patients) to treatments. We propose a novel objective to construct a decision list which maximizes outcomes for the population, and minimizes overall costs. We model the problem of learning such a list as a Markov Decision Process (MDP) and employ a variant of the Upper Confidence Bound for Trees (UCT) strategy which leverages customized checks for pruning the search space effectively. Experimental results on real world observational data capturing treatment recommendations for asthma patients demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Time-dependent 3D Data Sets Rendering: an Extension of the Morphing Technique

Morphing is one of the most well-used techniques for producing intermediate images which fill the gap between two stages of a displayed data set. Several 3D morphing methods have been developed for interpolating between synthetic data sets, but none have yet been devised for interpolating between scientific data sets. One of the morphing techniques used for such data sets in 2D is the segment warping algorithm. In this paper, we show that this technique can be extended to 3D data sets. The 3D morphing technique, which is composed of three modules (tweening, warping and dissolving) is first described and then applied to digital volumes (chromosomes at different stages of the cell mitosis) recorded by confocal microscopy. From the intermediate digital volumes created by this technique, movies are produced, which can help in the understanding of the dynamical behaviour of the 3D structure.
1 ACETYLCHOLINE

Acetylcholine (ACh) is critical for communication between neurons and muscle at the neuromuscular junction, is involved in direct neurotransmission in autonomic ganglia, and has been implicated in cognitive processing, arousal, and attention in the brain (1). Cholinergic transmission can occur through muscarinic (G protein-coupled) or nicotinic (ionotropic) receptors and is terminated by the action of cholinesterases. Seventeen different subunits of the nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) (2) and five different subtypes of the muscarinic receptor (3) have been cloned to date, and a majority of those are known to be expressed in the brain. Although the anatomic locations of cholinergic cell bodies and their projections have been known for some time (Fig. 1.1), recent studies using specific cholinotoxins, electrophysiology, or molecular genetics have altered our view of the functional role of the cholinergic system in the brain. The anatomic, pharmacologic, and biochemical complexity of the cholinergic system indicates an intricate involvement in nervous system function, and new advances in this field are discussed here.
Reliability Analysis for On-chip Networks under RC Interconnect Delay Variation

Future integrated circuits are characterized by their high defect rates thereby necessitating certain degree of redundancy. In a typical network-on-chip (NoC), multiple paths exist between a source and a sink to provide the required level of fault tolerance. Consequently, a manufacturing fault on a single interconnect does not necessarily render the resulting integrated circuit useless. In this paper we quantify the fault tolerance offered by an NoC. Specifically, we (1) provide a model for determining the probability that an NoC link fails due to manufacturing variation, and (2) measure the impact of link failure on the number of cycles taken by the NoC to implement communication
Wireless Powered Sensor Networks With Random Deployments

In this letter, wireless powered sensor networks with randomly deployed power beacons (PBs) and distributed antenna elements (DAEs) are investigated. The transmission duration is divided into two phases: 1) wireless power transfer (WPT) phase and 2) information transmission (IT) phase. In the WPT phase, the sensor nodes harvest energy from the radio frequency signals radiated by the PBs. Then, the sensor nodes use their harvested energy to transmit the measured and acquired data to the central processing server via the randomly deployed DAEs in the IT phase. After modeling the locations of PBs and DAEs as independent spatial point processes, in the case that the path-loss exponent of WPT equals to 4, we derive the outage performance of a typical sensor node and show that there exist outage error floors when individually increasing PB transmit power, density of PBs, or density of DAEs. Finally, simulation results verify our analysis and show that for a target outage probability the density of PBs should be far larger than that of DAEs.
Performance of transmission line on liquid crystal polymer (LCP) from 220 GHz to 330 GHz

This paper presents the performance of microstrip line on 50 um-thick LCP substrate at the frequency bands (0-70 GHz) and (220-330 GHz). Characteristic impedance, effective dielectric constants and losses with different widths of microstrip lines are extracted from measured S-parameters and full-wave simulation. The total losses of microstrip lines are less than 0.9 dB/mm at 300 GHz. It is found that LCP substrate can be used for circuit and antenna components design at 300 GHz band.
Does the epidermal growth factor receptor play a role in the progression of thyroid cancer?

In this issue of Thyroid, Landriscina et al. (1) report a study in which they found a significant association between increased epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 1 staining by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and progression from well-differentiated to anaplastic thyroid cancers. In this commentary, the potential clinical implications and the possible role that increased expression of EGFR could play in thyroid tumor progression are briefly discussed.
Identification of Missing Norwegian World War II Soldiers, in Karelia Russia

This article presents the multidisciplinary effort in trying to identify the skeletal remains of 100 Norwegian soldiers serving in the German army, killed in Karelia Russia in 1944, from the recovery of the remains through the final identification using DNA. Of the 150 bone samples sent for DNA testing, 93 DNA profiles were obtained relating to 57 unique individuals. The relatives could not be directly contacted as the soldiers were considered as traitors to Norway; therefore, only 45 reference samples, relating to 42 cases of the missing, were donated. DNA matches for 14 soldiers and 12 additional body part re‐associations for these individuals were found. Another 24 bone samples were re‐associated with 16 individuals, but no familial match was found. More than six decades after the end of WWII, DNA analysis can significantly contribute to the identification of the remains.