Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A deep network model based on subspaces: A novel approach for image classification

In this paper, we propose a novel deep neural network based on learning subspaces and convolutional neural network with applications in image classification. Recently, multistage PCA based filter banks have been successfully adopted in convolutional neural networks architectures in many applications including texture classification, face recognition and scene understanding. These approaches have shown to be powerful, with a straightforward implementation that enables a fast prototyping of efficient image classification systems. However, these architectures employ filters based on PCA, which may not achieve high discriminative features in more complicated computer vision datasets. In order to cope with the aforementioned drawback, we propose a Hybrid Subspace Neural Network (HS-Net). The proposed architecture employs filters from both PCA and discriminative filters banks from more sophisticated subspace methods, therefore achieving more representative and discriminative information. In addition, the use of hybrid architecture enables the use of supervised and unsupervised samples, depending on the application, making the introduced architecture quite attractive in practical terms. Exsperimental results on three publicly available datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and the practicability of the proposed architecture.
Role of Structured Visual Field and Visual Reafference in Accuracy of Pointing Movements

In a visuo-motor pointing task, the accuracy of response was measured in situations which differ in the visual information available and the speed of execution of movement. Results confirm the role of visual cues received from self-produced movement in the control of the trajectory of a limb. Furthermore, it can be shown that a structured visual background is important in the treatment of sensory data concerned with the movement and in target localization. This effect is absent in rapidly executed pointing responses.
Simplified neural network architectures for a hybrid speech recognition system with small vocabulary size

Previous studies suggest that a hybrid speech recognition system based on a hidden Markov model (HMM) with a neural network (NN) subsystem as the estimator of the state conditional observation probability may have some advantages over the conventional HMMs with Gaussian mixture models for the observation probabilities. The HMM and NN modules are typically treated as separate entities in a hybrid system. This paper, however, suggests that the a priori knowledge of the HMM structure can be beneficial in the design of the NN subsystem. A case of isolated word recognition is studied to demonstrate that a substantially simplified NN can be achieved in a structured HMM by applying a Bayesian factorization and pre-classification. The results indicate a similar performance to that obtained with the classical approach with much less complexity in the NN structure.
The Core of Allosteric Motion in Thermus caldophilus l-Lactate Dehydrogenase*

Background: Allostery is one of the important but complicated properties of proteins. Results: Structural and kinetic analyses indicated the simple allosteric machinery of Thermus caldophilus l-lactate dehydrogenase (TcLDH). Conclusion: TcLDH employs a compact mobile core and electrostatic repulsion for the mediation of allosteric protein motion and allosteric equilibrium. Significance: This allosteric machinery expands the knowledge of the allostery of proteins. For Thermus caldophilus l-lactate dehydrogenase (TcLDH), fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) reduced the pyruvate S0.5 value 103-fold and increased the Vmax value 4-fold at 30 °C and pH 7.0, indicating that TcLDH has a much more T state-sided allosteric equilibrium than Thermus thermophilus l-lactate dehydrogenase, which has only two amino acid replacements, A154G and H179Y. The inactive (T) and active (R) state structures of TcLDH were determined at 1.8 and 2.0 Å resolution, respectively. The structures indicated that two mobile regions, MR1 (positions 172–185) and MR2 (positions 211–221), form a compact core for allosteric motion, and His179 of MR1 forms constitutive hydrogen bonds with MR2. The Q4(R) mutation, which comprises the L67E, H68D, E178K, and A235R replacements, increased Vmax 4-fold but reduced pyruvate S0.5 only 5-fold in the reaction without FBP. In contrast, the P2 mutation, comprising the R173Q and R216L replacements, did not markedly increase Vmax, but 102-reduced pyruvate S0.5, and additively increased the FBP-independent activity of the Q4(R) enzyme. The two types of mutation consistently increased the thermal stability of the enzyme. The MR1-MR2 area is a positively charged cluster, and its center approaches another positively charged cluster (N domain cluster) across the Q-axis subunit interface by 5 Å, when the enzyme undergoes the T to R transition. Structural and kinetic analyses thus revealed the simple and unique allosteric machinery of TcLDH, where the MR1-MR2 area pivotally moves during the allosteric motion and mediates the allosteric equilibrium through electrostatic repulsion within the protein molecule.
Tests of Repaired Reinforced Concrete Columns

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN TO DETERMINE THE LOAD-CARRYING CAPACITIES AND DEFLECTION PROPERTIES OF REPAIRED CONCRETE COLUMNS LOADED AT CONSTANT EQUAL END ECCENTRICITIES. THE COLUMNS WERE RECTANGULAR IN SECTION, AND WERE SYMMETRICALLY REINFORCED. THE ORIGINAL LOADING HISTORY OF THE COLUMNS WAS COMPLEX. IT CONSISTED OF APPROXIMATELY 4 MONTHS OF SUSTAINED LOAD FOLLOWED BY A PERIOD OF CYCLIC LOAD AND TERMINATED BY SHORT TIME DEFORMATION CONTROLLED LOADING TO MAXIMUM CAPACITY AND BEYOND. THE REPAIRED COLUMNS WERE LOADED ONLY WITH SHORT-TIME LOADING TO MAXIMUM CAPACITY AND BEYOND, AGAIN USING DEFORMATION CONTROL. REPAIR CONSISTED OF STRAIGHTENING THE COLUMNS, CHIPPING OUT CONCRETE IN ORIGINAL FAILURE ZONE, REPLACING OLD TIES AND ADDING NEW TIES IN THIS ZONE, AND THEN PLACING NEW CONCRETE. THE LOAD CAPACITIES OF THE REPAIRED COLUMNS WERE FOUND TO BE 15 TO 20 PERCENT LESS THAN THE ORIGINAL LOAD CAPACITIES. THE REPAIRED COLUMNS WERE CONSIDERABLY "SOFTER" THAN THE ORIGINAL COLUMNS, WITH LATERAL DEFLECTIONS AT SERVICE LOAD LEVEL VARYING FROM 1.4 TO 3.1 TIMES THE ORIGINAL DEFLECTIONS AT THIS LOAD LEVEL. /AUTHOR/
A Role of Eye Vergence in Covert Attention

Covert spatial attention produces biases in perceptual and neural responses in the absence of overt orienting movements. The neural mechanism that gives rise to these effects is poorly understood. Here we report the relation between fixational eye movements, namely eye vergence, and covert attention. Visual stimuli modulate the angle of eye vergence as a function of their ability to capture attention. This illustrates the relation between eye vergence and bottom-up attention. In visual and auditory cue/no-cue paradigms, the angle of vergence is greater in the cue condition than in the no-cue condition. This shows a top-down attention component. In conclusion, observations reveal a close link between covert attention and modulation in eye vergence during eye fixation. Our study suggests a basis for the use of eye vergence as a tool for measuring attention and may provide new insights into attention and perceptual disorders.
N-(4-Bromobutanoyl)-N′-phenylthiourea

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C11H13Br1N2O1S1, consists of two independent molecules, which are linked by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a dimer. Both molecules maintain the trans--cis configuration with respect to the position of the butanoyl groups and benzene rings against the thiono group across the C—N bonds. The molecule is stabilized by intramolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Intermolecular N—H⋯S, C—H⋯S and C—H⋯π interactions also occur.
Sensors and Signals: a Coactivator/ Corepressor/epigenetic Code for Integrating Signal-dependent Programs of Transcriptional Response

A decade of intensive investigation of coactivators and corepressors required for regulated actions of DNA-binding transcription factors has revealed a network of sequentially exchanged cofactor complexes that execute a series of enzymatic modifications required for regulated gene expression. These coregulator complexes possess " sensing " activities required for interpretation of multiple signaling pathways. In this review, we examine recent progress in understanding the functional consequences of " molecular sensor " and " molecular adaptor " actions of corepressor/coactivator complexes in integrating signal-dependent programs of transcriptional responses at the molecular level. This strategy imposes a temporal order for modifying programs of transcriptional regulation in response to the cellular milieu, which is used to mediate developmental/homeostatic and pathological events. The physiological state of a eukaryotic cell is determined by endogenous and exogenous signals, and often the end-point of the pathways that interpret these signals is gene transcription. In addition to regulation of the expression and activity of sequence-specific transcription factors, signaling pathways also have an impact on the epige-netic mechanisms that regulate the packaging of eukary-otic genomic DNA into a higher-ordered chromatin structure, and impart the means for memory and inheritance of information in gene promoters and their regulatory elements. Several general principles about the co-activator/corepressor network have emerged as diverse enzymatic activities in coregulator complexes have been progressively identified. First, it has become apparent that these enzymatic activities are required not only for modification of the integral components of the coregu-lator complexes but also have been shown to be involved in modifications of the components of the basic tran-scriptional apparatus and chromatin at target gene promoters. A second principle to emerge is that many regulated transcription factors use a precise sequence of functional actions by multiple coactivator complexes for mediating gene activation. These observations raise several general questions, including: What are the biological and biochemical requirements and constraints that have driven evolution of the multitude of functionally required coactivator and corepressor complexes in meta-zoan organisms? What are the mechanisms that underlie the temporal order for function of the diverse enzymatic activities in coregulator complexes? How is the coregu-lator exchange process used to integrate dynamic changes in the signaling network and transmit these changes to the chromatin? In this review, we first present a brief overview of the functional diversity of co-regulators that provide insights into the question of why so many factors have evolved to be required for transcrip-tional regulation. We …
An adapted H.261 two-layer video codec for ATM networks

An adaptive video codec which can maintain compatibility between the existing digital circuit switched networks and future ATM networks is described. It is based on two-layer coding principles, where in the base layer the H.261 standard video codec is employed. It is shown that a discrete cosine transform (DCT) in the second layer is unnecessary and can be replaced by a simple requantizer which finely quantizes the residue quantization distortions of the transform coefficients of the base layer. Characteristics of this quantizer in terms of nature of quantization and step sizes are studied. Efficient coding and addressing of residual distortions are described. Finally, a two-dimensional variable length code for the quantized residual distortions is given. >
CREWS Report 99-15 Automatically Structuring Requirement Scenarios

Scenarios are valuable for supporting communication among system developers in the initial phases of requirements engineering. But the problem of how to fruitfully deal with large informal or semi-formal scenario collections consisting of weakly structured texts is still a key research issue. In this paper we report on the application of a novel approach for automatically structuring textual document collections to scenario management. We discuss how structuring scenarios can help to support the analysis and maintenance of scenario collections. To evaluate this approach we present a case study within the CAPE-OPEN project which is concerned with a collaborative effort of standardizing simulator software for chemical engineering.
Modeling of New Spiral Inductor Based on Substrate Integrated Suspended Line Technology

This paper presents a new spiral inductor based on substrate integrated suspended line (SISL) technology. SISL is a new type of transmission line, which has many merits, such as low loss, low dispersion, and self-packaging. New series of spiral inductors based on this advanced SISL platform is proposed and modeled in this paper. SISL to microstrip transition is designed for the measurement of the SISL inductor, and an open-short deembedding method is introduced for the accurate extraction of inductor network parameters. A <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\pi$ </tex-math></inline-formula> equivalent circuit model is applied for modeling of the SISL inductor and new double-sided SISL (DSISL) inductor, and the accurate empirical expression of inductance <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$L$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, peak quality factor <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q_{\mathrm {max}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and self-resonance frequency are given. The typical relative error of each expression is less than 8%. Finally, a new DSISL inductor with patterned substrate is proposed, which can significantly improve the quality factor up to 40%. Simulation and measurement results show good agreement.
Estimation of the Number of Endmembers in a Hyperspectral Image via the Hubness Phenomenon

Estimation of the number of endmembers (NOE) is an important first step in many hyperspectral unmixing applications. We present a new method for solving this problem, based on the statistics of the indegree distribution (IDD) of the data nearest neighbor graph. It is known that this IDD shows a high dependence on the intrinsic dimensionality (ID) of the data, and becomes skewed for increasing dimensionality. This effect is known as the hubness phenomenon, and we propose a technique that exploits this effect to derive an estimate for the NOE in a hyperspectral data set. While this number should have a trivial relation with the ID of the data set, this relation is often obscured by the large correlations that exist between endmember spectra and adjacent spectral bands. The proposed technique circumvents this problem by building representative statistics based on simulated hyperspectral data sets, and therefore performs much better than alternative techniques. Also several types of nonlinearly mixed data sets can be treated by the proposed technique, which is illustrated with bilinear data sets.
Finding Least Constrained Plans and Optimal Parallel Executions is Harder than We Thought

It seems to have been generally assumed in the planning community that it is easy to compute a least-constrained partially ordered version of a total-order plan. However, it is not clear what this concept means. Five candidates for this criterion are deened in this paper, and it turns out that the only ones giving some reasonable optimality guarantee are NP-hard to compute. A related problem is to nd a shortest parallel execution of a plan, also proven NP-hard. Algorithms can be found in the literature which are claimed to solve these problems optimally in polynomial time. However, according to the NP-hardness of the problems, this is impossible unless P=NP, and it is explained in this paper why the algorithms fail. The algorithms are, instead, reconsidered as approximation algorithms, but it is shown that neither algorithm gives any constant performance guarantee. This is not surprising, however, since both problems turn out not to be approximable within a constant ratio.
Tube star: crowd-sourced experiences on public transport

Public transport information systems have been shown to positively affect passengers' usage of their city's transport infrastructure, by providing information such as the location and schedules of trains and buses. These systems, however, lack qualitative information about passengers' ongoing experiences and may be out of date. In this work, we examine how smartphones can be leveraged to provide crowd-sourced information to transit passengers. We have deployed a prototype for London, England, that merges social media with transport statuses and report on the results of a thematic analysis of the content provided by passengers. We have found that passengers readily share their positive experiences more often than reporting problems, and find evidence that crowd-sourced reporting augments the timeliness of status information, for example, via reports flagging disruptions before the transport authority announces them. We close by discussing the limitations of our prototype and how these findings may inform the design of future transport information services.
White matter tractography using diffusion tensor deflection

Diffusion tensor MRI provides unique directional diffusion information that can be used to estimate the patterns of white matter connectivity in the human brain. In this study, the behavior of an algorithm for white matter tractography is examined. The algorithm, called TEND, uses the entire diffusion tensor to deflect the estimated fiber trajectory. Simulations and imaging experiments on in vivo human brains were performed to investigate the behavior of the tractography algorithm. The simulations show that the deflection term is less sensitive than the major eigenvector to image noise. In the human brain imaging experiments, estimated tracts were generated in corpus callosum, corticospinal tract, internal capsule, corona radiata, superior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, fronto‐occipital fasciculus, and uncinate fasciculus. This approach is promising for mapping the organizational patterns of white matter in the human brain as well as mapping the relationship between major fiber trajectories and the location and extent of brain lesions. Hum. Brain Mapping 18:306–321, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Automatically Generated Layered Ontological Models for Semantic Analysis of Component-Based Control Systems

The IEC 61499 standard is designed for distributed control and proposes new visual form of programming using block diagrams with embedded state machines and unlimited hierarchical nesting and distribution across networking devices. Such visual programs require new methods of automatic syntactic and semantic analysis. This paper proposes a new approach to semantic analysis using multiple-layered ontological knowledge representation and rule-based inference engine. Its working is demonstrated on example.
Factors Associated with Shooting Accuracy and Wounding Rate of Four Managed Wild Deer Species in the UK, Based on Anonymous Field Records from Deer Stalkers

The amount of wounding during routine culling is an important factor in the welfare of wild deer. Little information exists on factors determining shooting accuracy and wounding rates under field conditions in the UK. In this study, 102 anonymous stalkers collected data on the outcomes and circumstances of 2281 shots. Using hot-deck imputation and generalised linear mixed modelling, we related the probability that a shot hit its target, and the probability that the shot killed the deer if it was hit, to 28 variables describing the circumstances of the shot. Overall, 96% of deer were hit, of which 93% were killed outright. A reduced probability of hitting the target was associated with an uncomfortable firing position, too little time available, shooting off elbows or freehand, taking the head or upper neck as point of aim, a heavily obscured target, a distant target, shooting at females, lack of shooting practice and a basic (or no) stalker qualification. An increase in the likelihood of wounding was associated with an uncomfortable firing position, shooting with insufficient time, a distant target (only when time was not sufficient), a bullet weight below 75 grains, a target concealed in thicket or on the move and an area rarely stalked. To maximise stalking success and deer welfare, we recommend that stalkers ensure a comfortable firing position, use a gun rest, aim at the chest, use bullets heavier than 75 grains, avoid taking a rushed shot, shoot a distant animal only if there is plenty of time, fire only when the target is stationary, avoid shooting at an obscured animal, take care when the ground is unfamiliar, and do shooting practice at least once a month. The high miss rate of basic-level stalkers suggests that training should include additional firing practice under realistic shooting conditions.
Non Destructive Three Dimensional Imaging of Aluminium Alloys

This paper generally presents different techniques available to image the microstructure of materials in three dimensions (3D) at different scales. It then focuses on the use of the more versatile of these techniques for aluminum alloys : X-ray tomography. The paper describes the recent improvements (spatial and the temporal resolution, grain imaging). Electron tomography is also presented as a promising technique to improve the spatial resolution.
Long-term results of a randomized trial of surgery with or without preoperative chemotherapy in esophageal cancer.

PURPOSE OEO2 is a randomized, controlled trial of preoperative chemotherapy in patients undergoing radical surgery for esophageal cancer. Random assignment was to surgery alone (S) or to two cycles of combination cisplatin and fluorouracil before surgery (CS). Initial results reported in 2002 demonstrated an advantage for both disease-free and overall survival in the CS group. The analysis has now been updated after a median follow-up of 6 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS OEO2 recruited 802 patients, 400 on CS and 402 on S. The nature of the first recurrence event and cause of death are detailed. Survival has been determined from Kaplan-Meier curves and treatment comparisons made with the log-rank test. Survival by extent of resection is presented. RESULTS There were 655 deaths, 335 for S and 320 for CS. The survival benefit has been maintained with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.84 (95% CI, 0.72 to 0.98; P = .03) which in absolute terms is a 5-year survival of 23.0% for CS compared with 17.1% for S. The treatment effect is consistent in both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The first disease-free survival event was macroscopic residual disease from incomplete resection (R2) or no resection in 26.4% of the S group versus 14.3% of the CS P < . 001. Three-year survival by type of resection was R0 42.4%, R1 was 18.0%, and R2 was 8.6%. CONCLUSION Long-term follow-up confirms that preoperative chemotherapy improves survival in operable esophageal cancer and should be considered as a standard of care.
A Corpus-Based Approach to Text Partition

A text partition model is proposed to determine the boundaries of discourse structures. It is based on association of noun-noun relations and noun-verb relations defined on discourse level and sentence level, respectively. Three factors are considered: 1) repetition of words, 2) importance of words, and 3) collocational semantics. A window is moved from the first sentence to the last one and the association norm for sentences in the current window is calculated. Finally, the peaks in the sentence position vs. association norm graph forms the potential discourse boundaries. Ten texts randomly selected from LOB corpus are used as the testing texts. The experimental results are compared with the readers' judgment and the real boundaries in the testing texts. The applications of the results to sentence alignment, topic identification, topic shift and topic abstraction are discussed.