Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Alterations in body weight and composition consequent to 20 wk of endurance training: the HERITAGE Family Study.

BACKGROUND Obesity is a major public health problem in the United States. The role of physical activity and formal exercise in controlling body weight has not been clearly determined. OBJECTIVE This study determined the magnitude of change in body weight and composition across sex, race, and age in response to 20 wk of endurance training. DESIGN Men and women (n = 557) of various ages (16-65 y) and 2 races (black and white) exercised on cycle ergometers 3 d/wk for a total of 60 exercise sessions starting at 55% of maximal oxygen consumption (VO(2)max) for 30 min/session and building to 75% of VO(2)max for 50 min/session, where it was maintained during the last 6 wk. Skinfold-thickness measurements, circumferences, body composition (by hydrostatic weighing), and body fat distribution (by computed tomography scan at L4-L5 and the waist-hip ratio) were determined before and after training. RESULTS All skinfold-thickness and circumference measures, waist-hip ratio, body mass index, total body mass, fat mass, percentage body fat, and computed tomography scan measures of total, subcutaneous, and visceral abdominal fat decreased with training, whereas total body density and fat-free mass increased. These changes were significant, but small. There were several differences in training response by sex and race, but not by age. CONCLUSIONS A short-term exercise intervention can induce favorable changes in body composition, but the magnitude of these changes is of limited biological significance. Increasing physical activity likely has a major effect on body-composition and fat distribution characteristics only when it is of a greater magnitude and sustained for much longer periods
Unintrusive eating recognition using Google Glass

Activity recognition has many health applications, from helping individuals track meals and exercise to providing treatment reminders to people with chronic illness and improving closed-loop control of diabetes. While eating is one of the most fundamental health-related activities, it has proven difficult to recognize accurately and unobtrusively. Body-worn and environmental sensors lack the needed specificity, while acoustic and accelerometer sensors worn around the neck may be intrusive and uncomfortable. We propose a new approach to identifying eating based on head movement data from Google Glass. We develop the Glass Eating and Motion (GLEAM) dataset using sensor data collected from 38 participants conducting a series of activities including eating. We demonstrate that head movement data are sufficient to allow recognition of eating with high precision and minimal impact on privacy and comfort.
Comparison of the effect of low-dose supplementation with L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate or folic acid on plasma homocysteine: a randomized placebo-controlled study.

BACKGROUND Food fortification with folic acid has been introduced in several countries for the prevention of neural tube defects. Fortification has lowered total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations in the US population, a consequence that may have health benefits. However, folic acid fortification could mask vitamin B-12 deficiency. Synthetic L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate (L-MTHF) may be more appropriate than folic acid as a fortificant because it is unlikely to mask the hematologic indicators of vitamin B-12 deficiency. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to compare the effectiveness of 100 micro g folic acid/d with that of equimolar L-MTHF in lowering tHcy in healthy volunteers. DESIGN The study was designed as a 24-wk, randomized, placebo-controlled intervention. Free-living healthy volunteers (n = 167) were randomly assigned to receive a daily supplement containing folic acid (100 microg), L-MTHF (113 microg), or placebo. Blood collected at baseline and at 8, 16, and 24 wk was analyzed for tHcy, plasma folate, and red blood cell folate (RCF) concentrations. RESULTS At 24 wk, after adjustment for baseline values, mean (95% CI) tHcy was 14.6% (9.3, 19.5%) and 9.3% (3.7, 14.6%) lower, mean plasma folate was 34% (14, 56%) and 52% (30, 78%) higher, and mean RCF was 23% (12, 35%) and 31% (19, 44%) higher in the L-MTHF and folic acid groups, respectively, than in the placebo group. L-MTHF was more effective than was folic acid in lowering tHcy (P < 0.05). At 24 wk, the increases in plasma folate and RCF concentrations did not differ significantly between the 2 supplemented groups. CONCLUSION Low-dose L-MTHF is at least as effective as is folic acid in reducing tHcy concentrations in healthy persons.
Association between dietary glycemic index and age-related macular degeneration in nondiabetic participants in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study.

BACKGROUND Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the major cause of irreversible blindness. AMD appears to share several carbohydrate-related mechanisms and risk factors with diabetes-related diseases, including retinopathy and cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, to date, only one small study has addressed this issue. OBJECTIVE The objective was to test the hypothesis that dietary glycemic index (dGI), which has been related to the risk of diabetes and CVD, is associated with the risk and severity of AMD in nondiabetic elderly populations. DESIGN Dietary information was obtained from 4099 participants aged 55-80 y (56% women) in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS). A total of 8125 eligible eyes at baseline were classified into 1 of 5 AMD groups according to the size and extent of drusen, the presence of geographic atrophy, and neovascular changes. We used a generalized estimating approach to evaluate the relations between dGI and risk and severity of AMD with eyes as the unit of analysis. RESULTS Compared with eyes in the first quintile of dGI, eyes in the fourth and fifth quintiles had a significantly or suggestively higher risk of large drusen, geographic atrophy, and neovascularization. The multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (95% CIs) for the highest quintile were 1.42 (1.09, 1.84), 1.78 (0.81, 3.90), and 1.41 (0.95, 2.08), respectively, of which only the odds ratio for large drusen was significant. A significant positive relation between dGI and severity of AMD was also noted (P for trend < 0.001). There was a 49% increase in the risk of advanced AMD (geographic atrophy plus neovascularization) for persons with a dGI higher than the sex median (women: >or=77.9; men: >or=79.3). This result indicated that 20% of prevalent cases of AMD would have been eliminated if the AREDS participants consumed diets with a dGI below the median. CONCLUSION The association between dGI and AMD from the AREDS cross-sectional analysis at baseline suggests that a reduction in the dGI, a modifiable risk factor, may provide a means of diminishing the risk of AMD.
Effect of a fortified maize-meal porridge on anemia, micronutrient status, and motor development of infants.

BACKGROUND Maize-meal porridge is used for infant feeding in many African countries, including South Africa. A low-cost, finely milled, maize-meal porridge was fortified with beta-carotene, iron, and zinc (100% of recommended dietary allowance), as well as ascorbic acid, copper, selenium, riboflavin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and vitamin E. OBJECTIVE We assessed whether the fortified porridge could reduce anemia and improve the micronutrient status and motor development of infants. DESIGN Infants aged 6-12 mo (n = 361) were randomly assigned to receive either the fortified or unfortified porridge for 6 mo. Primary outcomes were hemoglobin and serum retinol, zinc, and ferritin concentrations and motor development. Growth was assessed as a secondary outcome. Primary and secondary outcomes were assessed at baseline and 6 mo. RESULTS Two hundred ninety-two infants completed the study. The fortified-porridge group had an intervention effect of 9.4 microg/L (95% CI: 3.6, 15.1 microg/L) for serum ferritin and 9 g/L (95% CI: 6, 12 g/L) for hemoglobin concentrations. The proportion of infants with anemia decreased from 45% to 17% in the fortified-porridge group, whereas it remained >40% in the control group. The fortified-porridge group achieved on average 15.5 of the 25 motor development score items, whereas the control group achieved 14.4 items (P = 0.007). Serum retinol concentration showed an inconsistent effect, and no intervention effect was observed for serum zinc concentrations. CONCLUSIONS This low-cost fortified porridge can potentially have a significant effect in reducing anemia and improving iron status and motor development of infants in poor settings. The formulation needs some adjustment in terms of zinc fortification.
Resolution enhancement by extrapolation of coherent diffraction images: a quantitative study on the limits and a numerical study of nonbinary and phase objects

In coherent diffractive imaging, the resolution of the reconstructed object is limited by the numerical aperture of the experimental setup. We present here a theoretical and numerical study for achieving super‐resolution by postextrapolation of coherent diffraction images, such as diffraction patterns or holograms. We demonstrate that a diffraction pattern can unambiguously be extrapolated from only a fraction of the entire pattern and that the ratio of the extrapolated signal to the originally available signal is linearly proportional to the oversampling ratio. Although there could be in principle other methods to achieve extrapolation, we devote our discussion to employing iterative phase retrieval methods and demonstrate their limits. We present two numerical studies; namely, the extrapolation of diffraction patterns of nonbinary and that of phase objects together with a discussion of the optimal extrapolation procedure.
Reproducibility of Brain MRI Segmentation Algorithms: Empirical Comparison of Local MAP PSTAPLE, FreeSurfer, and FSL‐FIRST

Segmentation of human brain structures is crucial for the volumetric quantification of brain disease. Advances in algorithmic approaches have led to automated techniques that save time compared to interactive methods. Recently, the utility and accuracy of template library fusion algorithms, such as Local MAP PSTAPLE (PSTAPLE), have been demonstrated but there is little guidance regarding its reproducibility compared to single template‐based algorithms such as FreeSurfer and FSL‐FIRST.
Making neurorehabilitation fun: Multiplayer training via damping forces balancing differences in skill levels

Multiplayer environments are thought to increase the training intensity in robot-aided rehabilitation therapy after stroke. We developed a haptic-based environment to investigate the dynamics of two-player training performing time-constrained reaching movements using the ARMin rehabilitation robot. We implemented a challenge level adaptation algorithm that controlled a virtual damping coefficient to reach a desired success rate. We tested the algorithm's effectiveness in regulating the success rate during game play in a simulation with computer-controlled players, in a feasibility study with six unimpaired players, and in a single session with one stroke patient. The algorithm demonstrated its capacity to adjust the damping coefficient to reach three levels of success rate (low [50%], moderate [70%], and high [90%]) during singleplayer and multiplayer training. For the patient — tested in single-player mode at the moderate success rate only — the algorithm showed also promising behavior. Results of the feasibility study showed that to increase the player's willingness to play at a more challenging task condition, the effect of the challenge level adaptation — regardless of being played in single player or multiplayer mode — might be more important than the provision of multiplayer setting alone. Furthermore, the multiplayer setting tends to be a motivating and encouraging therapy component. Based on these results we will optimize and expand the multiplayer training platform and further investigate multiplayer settings in stroke therapy.
Making Money Out of Publicly Available Information

It is received financial wisdom that when there is free entry by speculators, it is impossible to generate net profits on publicly available information. In this paper we study a version of the standard Kyle (85) model with endogenous information acquisition and we find that equilibria exist with free entry in which speculators make positive profits. Moreover, these equilibria are robust.
MEMS ion source for mass spectrometer integrated on a chip

The paper describes silicon-glass MEMS electron impact ion source developed for miniature mass spectrometer (MS) integrated on a chip. The device consists of the field emission electron source with an electrophoretically deposited carbon nanotube cathode and ion beam formation electrodes. Ion source structure has been fabricated using MEMS technology. A complete manufacturing process of the test structures has been successfully elaborated and implemented.
The daily phenylalanine requirement of healthy Indian adults.

BACKGROUND The daily requirement for phenylalanine is not known with certainty. Earlier 24-h tracer studies have suggested that the requirement is between 30 and 40 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1). OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess the phenylalanine requirement in healthy well-nourished Indians with the use of 8 test phenylalanine intakes (19, 23, 27, 31, 35, 38, 43, and 47 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1)) and the 24-h indicator amino acid oxidation (24-h IAAO) and 24-h indicator amino acid balance (24-h IAAB) methods. DESIGN Thirty-two healthy, well-nourished Indian men were studied during each of 2 randomly assigned 6-d diet periods in which phenylalanine intakes of 19, 23, 27, 31, 35, 38, 43, and 47 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1) were supplied; the diet was devoid of tyrosine. A 24-h [13C]leucine tracer infusion was used to measure 24-h IAAO and 24-h IAAB on day 7. The breakpoint in the relation between these values and the phenylalanine intake was determined. RESULTS Two-phase linear regression of daily leucine oxidation and balance against phenylalanine intake estimated a breakpoint in the response curve at phenylalanine intakes of 37 and 38 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1) (95% CI for both: 31, >47 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1)), respectively. CONCLUSION On the basis of the 24-h IAAO and 24-h IAAB methods, a mean phenylalanine requirement of 38 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1) is proposed for healthy well-nourished Indian adults in the absence of tyrosine intake. This finding is similar to that in Western adults.
Differential effects of seasonality on preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction in rural Africans.

BACKGROUND Low birth weight (LBW) can result from prematurity or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and result in small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants. Prematurity and IUGR may have different etiologies and consequences. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to analyze seasonal patterns of prematurity and SGA in a rural African community and to compare them against variations in nutritional and ecologic variables that may provide insight into likely causative factors. DESIGN Fourier series were used to compare the seasonality of prematurity (<37 wk) and SGA (<10th percentile of the reference standard) among 1916 live infants born over 26 y in 3 Gambian villages. The resultant patterns were compared against monthly variations in birth frequency, maternal energy status, maternal work, and malaria infections. RESULTS The incidence of LBW was 13.3%, of prematurity was 12.3%, and of SGA was 25.1%. Prematurity and SGA showed divergent patterns of seasonality. Incidence of SGA was highest at the end of the annual hungry season, from August to December (peaking in November at 30.6%), with a nadir of 12.9% in June. Rates of SGA varied inversely with maternal weight changes. This pattern was not seen for rates of prematurity, which showed 2 peaks-in July (17.2%) and October (13.9%). The lowest proportion of preterm births occurred in February (5.1%). The peaks in prematurity closely paralleled increases in agricultural labor (July) and malaria infections (October). CONCLUSION We conclude that a reduction in LBW in such communities may require multiple interventions because of the variety of precipitating factors.
Biomechanical comparison of fixation systems in posterior wall fracture of acetabular by finite element analysis

Abstract Background: The use of reconstruction plates and lag screws has been recommended for fractures to the posterior wall of the acetabulum. However, little information about the rigidity of recommended forms of fracture fixation is available. This study aimed to evaluate the biomechanical difference among the fixation systems. Methods: A posterior wall fracture, which is represented by softer elements with lower elastic modulus, was created along an arc of 40–90° about the acetabular rim. Three different fixation systems: screws alone, reconstruction plate with screws, reconstruction plate with T-shaped plates were used to fix the posterior wall fractures to the acetabulum. Results: All three fixation system can be used to obtain good functional outcomes. The reconstruction plate with T-shaped plates was beneficial to increasing the effective stiffness, decreasing the stress concentration and enhancing the rigidity of fracture fixation. So this fixation system served an ideal result in the analysis. Conclusion: Theoretically, the reconstruction plate with T-shaped plates system may reduce many of the risks and limitations compared to the other fixation systems. This fixation system may result in a clinical benefit.
Folacin and iron status in low-income pregnant adolescents and mature women.

The folacin and iron status and hematocrit (HCT) levels were determined in 269 pregnant low-income subjects at their first prenatal clinic visit to the Maternity and Infant Care Project facility in Gainesville, Florida. The study included 70 adolescents (�b8 years) and 199 mature women (� 18 years). Forty percent ofall subjects had low HCT levels (1st trimester, 50 �ug/dl) for 96% of the subjectsand transferrin saturation was normal (>15%) in 88% of all subjects. The serum iron concentration (mean ± SD = 118 ± 30 �.tg/dl) in the mature women was lower (P < 0.05) than that of the adolescents (129 ± 39 �cg/dl). No differences in hematological and biochemical parameters were observed between oral contraceptive users (within 6 months of conception) and nonusers (no previous use or earlier than 6 months of conception). The data demonstrate that at the initiation of prenatal care, folacin deficiency was much more prevalent than iron deficiency in this low-inoome pregnant population group. Am. J. C/in. Nuir. 33: 0000-0000, 1980.
Personality characteristics and state mood influence individual deck selections on the Iowa Gambling Task q

0191-8869/$ see front matter 2012 Elsevier Ltd. A http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.paid. 2012.11. 019 q Funding was provided in part by the Ohio Univer and the Ohio University Department of Psychology. ⇑ Corresponding author. Tel. : +1 740 755 7808; fax E-mail addresses: buelow.11@osu.edu (M.T. Buelow The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is commonly used to assess risky decision making in clinical and nonclinical populations, and negative mood and various personality characteristics have been shown to affect the number of advantageous and disadvantageous selections on this task. Recent research has suggested that IGT data should be analyzed at the individual deck level due to differences in frequency and magnitude of losses, and the present study examined how personality characteristics and state mood may affect deck level selections on this task. Participants were 91 undergraduate students (38 male) who completed measures of impulsivity and sensation seeking, behavioral activation and inhibition, state mood, and the computerized IGT. Results indicated that negative mood, drive, impulsivity, and sensation seeking were all positively correlated with Deck B selections, but negatively correlated with Deck D selections. No differences emerged in correlations between Decks A and B or Decks A and D. Results indicate that mood and personality characteristics differentially relate to selections from the individual decks on the IGT. Results have implications for the assessment of decision making, as personality and fluctuations in state-dependent mood could mimic pathological risk-taking if analysis is conducted on the combined decks. 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
TWIST1 upregulates the MAGEA4 oncogene

Overexpression of MAGEA4 oncogene has been demonstrated in different malignancies; however, little is known about its exact mechanism for overexpression. TWIST1, as a bHLH transcription factor, activates a cell migration‐invasion program involved in both embryonic and tumor development. Since MAGEA4 overexpression was statistically correlated to TWIST1, we aimed to elucidate the probable regulatory role of TWIST1 on MAGEA4 expression in KYSE30 cells. Methods: Expression pattern of MAGEA4 and TWIST1 was analyzed in 55 ESCC patients using relative comparative real‐time PCR. In silico analysis of the MAGEA4 gene was performed. Methylation status of MAGEA4 promoter was determined by quantitative methylation specific PCR (qMSP). Using a retroviral system, KYSE30 cells were transduced to ectopically express TWIST1, followed by qRT‐PCR, Western blot analysis, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and luciferase assays to elucidate the regulatory role of TWIST1 on MAGEA4 gene expression. Results: Concomitant overexpression of MAGEA4 and TWIST1 was detected in ESCC in significant correlation with each other in different clinicopathological indices of poor prognosis (P < 0.05). The TWIST1‐expressing cells showed significantly higher MAGEA4 expression compared to control cells. ChIP and luciferase assays results confirmed indirect binding of TWIST1 to the E‐boxes of MAGEA4 promoter sequence and revealed a novel regulatory role of TWIST1 in MAGEA4 upregulation. Conclusion: Since MAGEA4 is a highly expressed oncogene in a variety of malignancies in significant correlation with tumor cell invasiveness and aggressiveness, our finding may help understand one regulatory mechanism of increased expression in tumor cells. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.