Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A functional analysis proof of the existence of Haar measure on locally compact abelian groups

A simple proof of the existence of Haar measure on locally compact abelian groups is given. The proof uses the Markov-Kakutani fixed-point theorem. It is very well known that every locally compact group has a Haar measure and that the Haar measure is unique up to a positive multiplicative constant. Several different proofs have been given, all of them somewhat difficult. (See [N] for two proofs as well as references to others). In most of these proofs, the existence and uniqueness of Haar measure are established separately. For compact groups, a simple proof of the existence and uniqueness of Haar measure was given by von Neumann [vN], and his proof can be made even simpler by using the Kakutani fixed-point theorem (see [R2]). For locally compact abelian groups, uniqueness of Haar measure is easily established (see [Ri, p. 2]). The purpose of this short note is to present a simple proof of the existence of Haar measure for these groups. The proof will make use of the Markov-Kakutani fixed-point theorem, which we recall below. It is known that this fixed-point theorem can be used to prove that every locally compact abelian group has an invariant mean (see [P, p. 1 13]). For compact groups an invariant mean and a Haar measure are the same thing, but for noncompact groups this is obviously not the case. Theorem (Markov-Kakutani). Let K be a nonempty compact convex subset of a (Hausdorff) topological vector space. Let F be a commuting family of continuous affine mappings of K into itself. Then there exists a point p E K such that Tp = p for all T E S. A proof can be found in [C, pp. 155-156]. (There the theorem is stated only for locally convex spaces, but local convexity is not needed in the proof.) We will also need two lemmas. Received by the editors November 28, 1990. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Frimary 28C10, 43A05, 22B05; Secondary 46N99.
Rhizosphere heterogeneity shapes abundance and activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in vegetated salt marsh sediments

Salt marshes are highly productive ecosystems hosting an intense sulfur (S) cycle, yet little is known about S-oxidizing microorganisms in these ecosystems. Here, we studied the diversity and transcriptional activity of S-oxidizers in salt marsh sediments colonized by the plant Spartina alterniflora, and assessed variations with sediment depth and small-scale compartments within the rhizosphere. We combined next-generation amplicon sequencing of 16S rDNA and rRNA libraries with phylogenetic analyses of marker genes for two S-oxidation pathways (soxB and rdsrAB). Gene and transcript numbers of soxB and rdsrAB phylotypes were quantified simultaneously, using newly designed (RT)-qPCR assays. We identified a diverse assemblage of S-oxidizers, with Chromatiales and Thiotrichales being dominant. The detection of transcripts from S-oxidizers was mostly confined to the upper 5 cm sediments, following the expected distribution of root biomass. A common pool of species dominated by Gammaproteobacteria transcribed S-oxidation genes across roots, rhizosphere, and surrounding sediment compartments, with rdsrAB transcripts prevailing over soxB. However, the root environment fine-tuned the abundance and transcriptional activity of the S-oxidizing community. In particular, the global transcription of soxB was higher on the roots compared to mix and rhizosphere samples. Furthermore, the contribution of Epsilonproteobacteria-related S-oxidizers tended to increase on Spartina roots compared to surrounding sediments. These data shed light on the under-studied oxidative part of the sulfur cycle in salt marsh sediments and indicate small-scale heterogeneities are important factors shaping abundance and potential activity of S-oxidizers in the rhizosphere.
An O(log p) algorithm for the discrete feedback guided dynamic loop scheduling

In this paper we investigate a new algorithm for the feedback-guided dynamic loop scheduling (FGDLS) method in the discrete case. The method uses a feedback-guided mechanism to schedule a parallel loop within a sequential outer loop. The execution times and the scheduling bounds for the current outer iteration are used to find the scheduling bounds of the next outer iteration. An O(p+log p) algorithm has been proposed for the discrete case where it was proved to achieve optimal bounds in only a few iterations. This articles introduces an O(log p) algorithm for the discrete case and presents some properties of it.
Exposure to seawater increases intestinal motility in euryhaline rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

ABSTRACT Upon exposure to seawater, euryhaline teleosts need to imbibe and desalinate seawater to allow for intestinal ion and water absorption, as this is essential for maintaining osmotic homeostasis. Despite the potential benefits of increased mixing and transport of imbibed water for increasing the efficiency of absorptive processes, the effect of water salinity on intestinal motility in teleosts remains unexplored. By qualitatively and quantitatively describing in vivo intestinal motility of euryhaline rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), this study demonstrates that, in freshwater, the most common motility pattern consisted of clusters of rhythmic, posteriorly propagating contractions that lasted ∼1–2 min followed by a period of quiescence lasting ∼4–5 min. This pattern closely resembles mammalian migrating motor complexes (MMCs). Following a transition to seawater, imbibed seawater resulted in a significant distension of the intestine and the frequency of MMCs increased twofold to threefold with a concomitant reduction in the periods of quiescence. The increased frequency of MMCs was also accompanied by ripple-type contractions occurring every 12–60 s. These findings demonstrate that intestinal contractile activity of euryhaline teleosts is dramatically increased upon exposure to seawater, which is likely part of the overall response for maintaining osmotic homeostasis as increased drinking and mechanical perturbation of fluids is necessary to optimise intestinal ion and water absorption. Finally, the temporal response of intestinal motility in rainbow trout transitioning from freshwater to seawater coincides with previously documented physiological modifications associated with osmoregulation and may provide further insight into the underlying reasons shaping the migration patterns of salmonids. Summary: Intestinal contractile activity of euryhaline teleosts dramatically increases when in seawater to optimise intestinal ion and water absorption, which is most likely necessary to maintain osmotic homeostasis.
A Speaker independent “Liveness” Te

In biometrics, it is crucial to detect impostors and thwart replay attacks. However, few researches have focused yet on the “liveness” verifi cation. This test ensures that biometric cues being acquired are actual measurements from a live person who is present at the time of capture. Here, we propose a speaker independent “liveness” verifi cation method for audiovideo identifi cation systems. It uses the correlation that exists between the lip movements and the speech produced. Two data analysis methods are considered to model this statistical link. Finally, according to tests carried out on the XM2VTS database, the best liveness verifi cation EER achieved is 14.5% .
Study of Collagen Birefringence in Different Grades of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Using Picrosirius Red and Polarized Light Microscopy

Objectives. The present study was done to evaluate birefringence pattern of collagen fibres in different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma using Picrosirius red stain and polarization microscopy and to determine if there is a change in collagen fibres between different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Materials and Methods. Picrosirius red stained 5 μm thick sections of previously diagnosed different grades of squamous cell carcinoma and normal oral mucosa were studied under polarization microscopy for arrangement as well as birefringence of collagen fibres around tumour islands. Results. It was found that thin collagen fibres increased and thick collagen fibres decreased with dedifferentiation of OSCC (P < 0.0001). It was observed that there was change in polarization colours of thick fibres from yellowish orange to greenish yellow with dedifferentiation of OSCC indicating loosely packed fibres (P < 0.0001). Conclusion. There was a gradual change of birefringence of collagen from yellowish orange to greenish yellow from well to poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, indicating that there is a change from mature form of collagen to immature form as tumour progresses. Studying collagen fibres with Picrosirius red for stromal changes around tumour islands along with routine staining may help in predicting the prognosis of tumour.
Throughput Analysis of IEEE 802.11b WLAN under a Non-saturated Condition

This paper provides a simple and accurate analysis using Markov chain modeling to compute IEEE 802.11 DCF performance, in the presence of channel errors. We extend the analytical model of IEEE 802.11 DCF from Bianchi model to study throughput performance under noisy situation, where the node’s transmit queue may be at times empty and then extension of his model to a nonsaturated environment and also we develop an expression for the nonsaturation throughput as a function of the number of stations, packet sizes, and raw channel error rates. The derived analysis, which takes into account packet retry limits, is validated by comparison with NS-2 simulation results. Numerical results and simulations are provided to validate the accuracy of our model and is verified by previous work.
A risk and control-oriented study of the practices of spreadsheet application developers

Australian spreadsheet application developers and their development practices in the field were surveyed. The developer population was mainly of graduate level but otherwise varied. Their development practices exhibited a high level of risk with a very low level of managerial, IT department or auditor control. Few of the developers surveyed were aware of a spreadsheet control policy within their organisation and even less had a documented copy available to them. The applications in the study were of significant status and most were developed in relatively uncontrolled environments. Most applications were large and of moderate or high importance. The majority involved corporate rather than purely private data and the output of nearly one third was distributed beyond the organisation where it was developed. The developers usage of design, formula, input, output, review testing, documentation and security controls is reported together with developer opinions as to each control's appropriateness for their particular application. The significance to the management of end-user computing of tolerating a high level of risk is discussed and the need for an end-user spreadsheet control model is established. Suitable metrics to measure spreadsheet complexity, importance and developer expertise are required.
OnGIS: Semantic Query Broker for Heterogeneous Geospatial Data Sources

Querying geospatial data from multiple heterogeneous sources backed by different management technologies poses an interesting problem in the data integration and in the subsequent result interpretation. This paper proposes broker techniques for answering a user's complex spatial query: finding relevant data sources (from a catalogue of data sources) capable of answering the query, eventually splitting the query and finding relevant data sources for the query parts, when no single source suffices. For the purpose, we describe each source with a set of prototypical queries that are algorithmically arranged into a lattice, which makes searching efficient. The proposed algorithms leverage GeoSPARQL query containment enhanced with OWL 2 QL semantics. A prototype is implemented in a system called OnGIS.
Operating System Support for Hot-pluggable Memory

The purpose of this project is to explore operating system memory manager design considerations specifically for dynamically managing the adjustment of physical memory resources during runtime without requiring a system reset. Traditionally, operating system memory management design research has focused on effectively dealing with virtual to physical mappings for processes as well as details associated with managing page usage within the confines of a static system memory map. Instead of taking a similar fixed view of physical memory resources, this project views the initial memory map provided upon operating system initialization as a starting point of memory it needs to manage. Thus this project will focus on the fact that the operating system needs increased flexibility to deal with the possibility that memory regions may be added, thus increasing the overall capacity of the system, or memory may be removed, thus requiring current in-use pages in the affected range must be accounted for appropriately. Because the memory manager constitutes the core of the operating system and is relied upon by all subsystems for proper operation, all changes must be scrutinized for correctness, performance, and suitability of design. This project will result in a paper detailing the VM design changes necessary to support systems that require flexible memory resource management at a system software level as well as prototype code patches to the Linux kernel to demonstrate correct functionality through implementation of the design.
SAR Reduction in Human Head from Mobile Phone Radiation using Single Negative Metamaterials

In this paper, we use single negative metamaterials to reduce the electromagnetic interaction between the mobile phone and human head. The specific absorption rate (SAR) in the head can be reduced by placing the metamaterials between the antenna and the head. We design the single negative metamaterials from periodic arrangement of split ring resonators (SRRs), spiral resonators (SRs) and open split ring resonators (OSRRs). By properly designing structural parameters of SRRs, the effective medium parameter can be trade negative around 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands. The design procedure and principle operation of resonators are explained. The performance and size comparison of resonators will be described. Numerical results of the SAR values in the human head with the presence of resonators exhibit SAR reduction. These results can provide useful information in designing safety mobile communication equipments compliant.
Gotta tell you switches only once: Toward bandwidth-efficient flow setup for SDN

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has greatly enriched the flexibility of network management. It introduces a central controller to take over most network functions that otherwise reside in distributed forwarding devices. Such a centralized design, however, tends to make control channel a bottleneck due to bandwidth fatigue. Existing work saves control channel bandwidth at the expense of losing visibility of most or mice flows. This paper proposes FastLane, a framework for bandwidth-efficient SDN flow setup without sacrificing global flow visibility. FastLane advocates that the controller inform only a flow's ingress switch of the flow's forwarding path while switches themselves cooperate to complete flow setup. This way, FastLane keeps minimum traffic for flow setup in control channel and leaves the rest to data plane. The analytical results validate FastLane's higher bandwidth efficiency over traditional SDN, especially for relatively long forwarding paths. For a 3-switch path, FastLane can already save more than a half of bandwidth. The saved bandwidth can embrace more flow setups and thus reduces flow latency.
CHLOROPLAST RIBOSOME BIOGENESIS IN CHLAMYDOMONAS

Chloroplast protein synthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is dispensable when cells are provided acetate as a carbon source. Mutants defective in synthesis, assembly, or function of chloroplast ribosomes are therefore conditionally viable. Positive selection of nonphotosynthetic cells on arsenate has been combined with a simple screening procedure to isolate mutants with a broad spectrum of defects in chloroplast protein synthesis. Eight new mutants deficient in chloroplast ribosomes have been isolated. Three of these have been characterized genetically and phenotypically, and compared with two previously described ribosome mutants, ac-20 and cr-1. A working model of ribosome assembly is proposed which suggests possible biochemical roles for these five Mendelian gene loci.
A Model of a Multi-Agent Web System for Integration in Expert Systems

The goal of this project is to model a MAS - multi-agent Web system - which integrates other expert systems, represented in this application as agents, through a web server. To this end, we developed a prototype of a MAS called CLIDENP - virtual clinic for the diagnosis and education of pediatric nutrition. CLIDENP allows the diagnosis of nutritional states and suggests diets for children up to two years of age. The results demonstrate that the application of a MAS is capable of facilitating the exchange of messages and services between the original expert systems, by means of a dynamic and autonomous communication language similar to knowledge query and manipulation language - KQML. In this way, the proposed model permits a set of expert systems to work in a distributed fashion and solve problems in a complex domain.
Simulated Data Experiments for Time Series Classification Part 1: Accuracy Comparison with Default Settings

There are now a broad range of time series classification (TSC) algorithms designed to exploit different representations of the data. These have been evaluated on a range of problems hosted at the UCR-UEA TSC Archive (this http URL), and there have been extensive comparative studies. However, our understanding of why one algorithm outperforms another is still anecdotal at best. This series of experiments is meant to help provide insights into what sort of discriminatory features in the data lead one set of algorithms that exploit a particular representation to be better than other algorithms. We categorise five different feature spaces exploited by TSC algorithms then design data simulators to generate randomised data from each representation. We describe what results we expected from each class of algorithm and data representation, then observe whether these prior beliefs are supported by the experimental evidence. We provide an open source implementation of all the simulators to allow for the controlled testing of hypotheses relating to classifier performance on different data representations. We identify many surprising results that confounded our expectations, and use these results to highlight how an over simplified view of classifier structure can often lead to erroneous prior beliefs. We believe ensembling can often overcome prior bias, and our results support the belief by showing that the ensemble approach adopted by the Hierarchical Collective of Transform based Ensembles (HIVE-COTE) is significantly better than the alternatives when the data representation is unknown, and is significantly better than, or not significantly significantly better than, or not significantly worse than, the best other approach on three out of five of the individual simulators.
Positive Catch & Economic Benefits of Periodic Octopus Fishery Closures: Do Effective, Narrowly Targeted Actions ‘Catalyze’ Broader Management?

Overview Eight years of octopus fishery records from southwest Madagascar reveal significant positive impacts from 36 periodic closures on: (a) fishery catches and (b) village fishery income, such that (c) economic benefits from increased landings outweigh costs of foregone catch. Closures covered ~20% of a village’s fished area and lasted 2-7 months. Fishery Catches from Each Closed Site Octopus landings and catch per unit effort (CPUE) significantly increased in the 30 days following a closure’s reopening, relative to the 30 days before a closure (landings: +718%, p<0.0001; CPUE: +87%, p<0.0001; n = 36). Open-access control sites showed no before/after change when they occurred independently of other management (“no ban”, n = 17/36). On the other hand, open-access control sites showed modest catch increases when they extended a 6-week seasonal fishery shutdown (“ban”, n = 19/36). The seasonal fishery shutdown affects the entire region, so confound all potential control sites. Fishery Income in Implementing Villages In villages implementing a closure, octopus fishery income doubled in the 30 days after a closure, relative to 30 days before (+132%, p<0.001, n = 28). Control villages not implementing a closure showed no increase in income after “no ban” closures and modest increases after “ban” closures. Villages did not show a significant decline in income during closure events. Net Economic Benefits from Each Closed Site Landings in closure sites generated more revenue than simulated landings assuming continued open-access fishing at that site (27/36 show positive net earnings; mean +$305/closure; mean +57.7% monthly). Benefits accrued faster than local fishers’ time preferences during 17-27 of the 36 closures. High reported rates of illegal fishing during closures correlated with poor economic performance. Broader Co-Management We discuss the implications of our findings for broader co-management arrangements, particularly for catalyzing more comprehensive management.
Therapeutic Window for Cycloheximide Treatment after Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in Neonatal Rats

We have previously shown that cycloheximide significantly inhibited apoptosis, and reduced ensuing cerebral infarction in a newborn rat model of cerebral hypoxia-ischemia. This study was performed to determine the therapeutic window for cycloheximide therapy. Seven day-old newborn rat pups were subjected to 100 min of 8% oxygen following a unilateral carotid artery ligation, and cycloheximide was given at 0, 6, 12 and 24 hr after hypoxia-ischemia (HI). Apoptosis or necrosis was identified by performing flow cytometry with a combination of fluorescinated annexin V and propidium iodide, and the extent of cerebral infarction was evaluated with triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) at 48 hr and 72 hr after HI, respectively. With cycloheximide treatment at 0 hr after HI, both apoptotic and necrotic cells by flow cytometry were significantly reduced, only necrotic cells were significantly reduced at 6 and 12 hr, and no protective effect was seen if administration was delayed until 24 hr after HI compared to the HI control group. Infarct volume, measured by TTC, was significantly reduced by 92% and 61% when cycloheximide was given at 0 or 6 hr after HI respectively; however, there was an insignificant trend in infarct reduction if cycloheximide was administered 12 hr after HI, and no protective effect was observed when administration was delayed until 24 hr after HI. In summary, cycloheximide was neuroprotective when given within 6 hr after HI in the developing newborn rat brain.
A Novel Automatic Framework for Scoliosis X-Ray Image Retrieval

The paper proposed a novel automatic scoliosis X-ray image retrieval framework based on the global statistical feature of edge, edge co-occurrence matrix (ECM) and the local geometrical feature set of the whole spine, angle of each spine curve. The ECM is based on the statistical feature attained from the edge detection operators which applied on the image. The eigenvectors obtained from principle component analysis (PCA) of the ECM can preserve the high spatial frequencies components, so they are well suited for shape as well as texture representation. The geometrical feature like the Cobb's angle of each spine curve could be derived from the image segmentation based on the Intersecting Cortical Model, which is elicitation of the Eckhorn's model. The experiment shows that the framework shows good accuracy for the input query X-ray image in our work.