Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Combination photo and electron beam lithography with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resist

We describe techniques for performing photolithography and electron beam lithography in succession on the same resist-covered substrate. Larger openings are defined in the resist film through photolithography whereas smaller openings are defined through conventional electron beam lithography. The two processes are carried out one after the other and without an intermediate wet development step. At the conclusion of the two exposures, the resist film is developed once to reveal both large and small openings. Interestingly, these techniques are applicable to both positive and negative tone lithographies with both optical and electron beam exposure. Polymethyl methacrylate, by itself or mixed with a photocatalytic cross-linking agent, is used for this purpose. We demonstrate that such resists are sensitive to both ultraviolet and electron beam irradiation. All four possible combinations, consisting of optical and electron beam lithographies, carried out in positive and negative tone modes have been described. Demonstration grating structures have been shown and process conditions have been described for all four cases.
300-GHz InAlN/GaN HEMTs With InGaN Back Barrier

This letter reports lattice-matched In<sub>0.17</sub>Al<sub>0.83</sub>N/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors on a SiC substrate with a record current gain cutoff frequency (f<sub>T</sub>) of 300 GHz. To suppress the short-channel effects (SCEs), an In0.15Ga<sub>0.85</sub>N back barrier is applied in an InAlN/GaN heterostructure for the first time. The GaN channel thickness is also scaled to 26 nm, which allows a good immunity to SCEs for gate lengths down to 70 nm even with a relatively thick top barrier (9.4-10.4 nm). In a 30-nm-gate-length device with an on-resistance (R<sub>on</sub>) of 1.2 Ω · mm and an extrinsic transconductance (g<sub>m.ext</sub>) of 530 mS/mm, a peak fa of 300 GHz is achieved. An electron velocity of 1.37-1.45 × 10<sup>7</sup> cm/s is extracted by two different delay analysis methods.
An ultra wideband low complexity circuit transceiver architecture for sensor networks

The architecture of a low-power, low-complexity ultra wideband (UWB) impulse radio (IR) transceiver circuit, aimed for low data rate, low-cost applications, is presented. The UWB-ER receiver is based on a non-coherent, energy-based approach, which makes it largely independent of the shape of the transmit waveform and robust to multipath channels. Both transmitter and receiver functionalities are included in the circuit presented. The circuits are designed for 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS IC technology, and the top-level layout of the transmitter is given. The UWB pulse generator produces a Gaussian monocycle of 340 ps typical width. The UWB-IR transmitter IC occupies a total area of 0.16 mm/sup 2/, and consumes 20 mW with a 3.3 V supply.
Knowing What It Makes: How Product Transformation Salience Increases Recycling

Recycling campaigns abound, but do consumers think about what becomes of those recyclables? This research proposes that product transformation salience (thinking about recyclables turning into new products) increases recycling. The authors theorize that consumers are inspired by the transformation of recyclables into new products and that this inspiration motivates them to recycle. The authors demonstrate the effect of product transformation messages on recycling behavior using a recycling campaign (Study 1) and advertisements for products made from recycled plastic (Study 2). Study 3 demonstrates the mediating role of inspiration. Then, three field studies provide robust support for the transformation salience effect through click-through rates for recycling advertisements (Study 4), recycling rates during pre–football game tailgating (Study 5), and a reduction in the amount of recyclable materials incorrectly placed in the landfill bin by students in a university residence hall (Study 6). The authors discuss implications for the design of recycling campaigns and positioning of recycled products in the marketplace as well as theoretical contributions regarding the roles of transformation salience and inspiration in encouraging recycling and other sustainable behaviors.
Human tracking of a mobile robot with an onboard LRF (Laser Range Finder) using human walking motion analysis

Nowadays, human-following is becoming one of the key issues of a human-robot interaction. An LRF (Laser Range Finder) might be the appropriate sensor in dealing with a human-following since it gives accurate information on a distance. Both extracting leg images from an LRF and interpreting those images over a time period as a same person are important. In this paper, we propose how to group legs into a person from laser scanned images and how to track a target person robustly over a time period using attributes we defined. The proposed methods were successfully verified through an experiment.
Birth Order and Health of Newborns: What Can We Learn from Danish Registry Data?

Research has shown a strong negative correlation between birth order and cognitive test scores, IQ, and educational outcomes. We ask whether birth order differences in health are present at birth using matched administrative data for more than 1,000,000 children born in Denmark between 1981 and 2010. Using family fixed effects models, we find a positive and robust birth order effect; lower parity children are less healthy at birth. Looking at the potential mechanisms, we find that during earlier pregnancies women have higher labor market attachment, behave more risky in terms of smoking, receive more prenatal care, and are diagnosed with more medical pregnancy complications. Yet, none of these factors explain the birth order differences at birth. This positive birth order effect at birth stands in stark contrast to a negative birth order effect in educational performance. Once we control for health at birth, the negative birth order effect in educational performance further increases.
Envisat Ocean Altimetry Performance Assessment and Cross-calibration

Nearly three years of Envisat altimetric observations over ocean are available in Geophysical Data Record (GDR) products. The quality assessment of these data is routinely performed at the CLS Space Oceanography Division in the frame of the CNES Segment Sol Altimétrie et Orbitographie (SSALTO) and ESA French Processing and Archiving Center (F-PAC) activities. This paper presents the main results in terms of Envisat data quality: verification of data availability and validity, monitoring of the most relevant altimeter (ocean1 retracking) and radiometer parameters, assessment of the Envisat altimeter system performances. This includes a cross-calibration analysis of Envisat data with Jason-1, ERS-2 and T/P. Envisat data show good general quality. A good orbit quality and a low level of noise allow Envisat to reach the high level of accuracy of other precise missions such as T/P and Jason-1. Some issues raised in this paper, as the gravity induced orbit errors, will be solved in the next version of GDR products. Some others, as the Envisat Mean Sea Level in the first year, still need further investigation.
Behavioural biases, demographics, investment strategy and portfolio performance of individual investors at the Nairobi securities exchange.

xvii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Background of the Study . 1 1.1.1 Behavioural Biases.3 1.1. 2 Investment Strategy.5 1.1. 3 Individual Demographics.6 1.1. 4 Portfolio Performance.7 1.1. 5 Individual Investors at the Nairobi Securities Exchange.8 1.1. 6 Research Problem.10 1.1. 7 Research Objectives . 13 1.1. 8 Value of the Study . 14 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW . 16 2.1Introduction . 16
Free for Children? Patient Cost-Sharing and Healthcare Utilization

This study exploits over 5,000 variations in subsidy generosity across ages and municipalities in Japan to examine how children respond to healthcare prices. We find that free care significantly increases outpatient spending, with price elasticities considerably smaller than for adults. Price responses are substantially larger when small copayments are introduced, indicating more elastic demand around a zero price. We also find that increased utilization primarily reflects low-value and costly care: increased outpatient spending neither reduces subsequent hospitalization by “avoidable” conditions nor improves short- or medium-term health outcomes. By contrast, inappropriate use of antibiotics and costly after-hours visits increase.
Experimental Evaluation of Novel Composites for Use in Transport of Explosive Materials

This report describes research activities undertaken to determine the blast resistance of novel materials proposed as an alternative to materials in current use in the transportation industry. The focus of the current study is a 3D woven S-2 glass fabric manufactured by 3TEX, Inc. The project was first initiated with the design and construction of a shock tube facility. The designed shock tube is cable of producing blasts in excess of the energy output of black powder. In addition, the relative performance of three-dimensional panels from 3TEX, Inc. was initiated. Post-mortem evaluations performed on those panels indicate that the use of superimposed lighter weight plies is preferable to using heavy weight multiple plies, and by far exceeds the performance of heavy single plies of the same thickness.
Contribution à la simulation du mouvement en 3D avec la méthode des éléments finis, appliquée à la modélisation des machines électriques

La methode des elements finis est couramment utilisee pour la modelisation des dispositifs electromagnetiques, Cependant, la prise en compte du mouvement, principalement en 3D, n'est pas completement resolue et de nombreux travaux sont encore publies aujourd'hui. Dans ce travail, nous avons etudie, developpe et compare sept methodes de prise en compte du mouvement. Nous proposons une classification des ces methodes en deux familles: celles qui s'appuient sur une surface ou bien sur un volume de recollement. Pour valider ces techniques, nous avons verifie la continuite des grandeurs locales sur un exemple academique, ainsi que les grandeurs globales issues de la modelisation d'une machine a aimants permanents, Enfin, la modelisation d'un turboalternateur est abordee dans ce travail. Pour un maillage 2D extrude, les resultats des essais a vide et en charge sont compares avec les differentes techniques du mouvement. En 3D, en tenant compte des tetes de bobines, nous avons developpe une methode hybride pour le mouvement. Les resultats sont compares avec les resultats experimentaux.
Functions of a local controller to coordinate distributed resources in a smart grid

This paper describes requirements for an intelligent local controller for smart grids. The controller manages the operation of a portion of the power system to achieve customer-configured preferences for reliability and power quality through the combined use of local generation and storage sources, responsive load, power conditioning, and standby electric service from the supply system. The controller coordinates the set points for local distributed generation and storage devices and provides an interface to the supply system for electricity market participation. Through ongoing optimization and information exchange, the controller coordinates local response to actual system and market conditions. Enabling automation of end-use customer preferences for electric service, the local controller represents a key technology component for smart grids.
Avoidance Learning and " Personality " in the Guppy ( Poecilia reticulata )

The authors examined the relationships between 2 "personality" dimensions (Approach and Fear Avoidance) and 2-way active avoidance learning performance in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Contrary to expectations (based on prior rodent studies), higher fearfulness facilitated both earlier appearance and acquisition of the shuttlebox avoidance responses, especially in the less exploratory and active fish. However, the overall maximum level of performance was not much affected by the 2 personality dimensions studied. Thus, the results emphasized the species-specific and interactional effect of fearfulness on the 2-way avoidance learning performance.
Alteration of Leptin and Adiponectin in Multistep Colorectal Tumorigenesis.

BACKGROUND There is an established link between obesity related metabolic derangement and colorectal cancer development. Recently, we developed a metabolic-colorectal cancer risk score. In this follow-up study, we studied its association with colorectal neoplasm by measuring two major metabolic syndrome biomarkers, leptin and adiponectin. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the serum levels of leptin and adiponectin in patients with colorectal polyps and colorectal cancer and to determine any correlation with metabolic risk score. RESULTS In total, 130 individuals were studied: 30 controls without colonic pathology, 18 with colonic adenoma (CAP), and 82 with colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC, 17 cases of T1-2 and 65 cases of T3-4). The metabolic risk scores in CAP and T1-2 CRC were higher than those in the controls and T3-4 CRC cases. There were no statistically significant differences in leptin levels among CAPs, CRCs, and controls. Both leptin and adiponectin levels reflected differences in body mass index and metabolic risk scores. Cases in the CAP group and early T-stage CRC groups had lower adiponectin levels (14.03 and 13.01 mg/ml, respectively) than the no polyps group (19.5mg/ml, p = 0.03). The average serum adiponectin level in the invasive cancer group (18.5 ng/ml) was comparable with that of the control group. CONCLUSIONS The level of serum adiponectin was positively correlated with the metabolic risk score. Decreased serum adiponectin was significantly associated with the development of colorectal adenoma and early stage colorectal carcinoma.
On the use of pseudocontact shifts in the structure determination of metalloproteins

The utility of pseudocontact shifts in the structure refinement of metalloproteins has been evaluated using a native, paramagnetic Cu2+ metalloprotein, plastocyanin from Anabaena variabilis (A.v.), as a model protein. First, the possibility of detecting signals of nuclei spatially close to the paramagnetic metal ion is investigated using the WEFT pulse sequence in combination with the conventional TOCSY and 1H–15N HSQC sequences. Second, the importance of the electrical charge of the metal ion for the determination of correct pseudocontact shifts from the obtained chemical shifts is evaluated. Thus, using both the Cu+ plastocyanin and Cd2+‐substituted plastocyanin as the diamagnetic references, it is found that the Cd2+‐substituted protein with the same electrical charge of the metal ion as the paramagnetic Cu2+ plastocyanin provides the most appropriate diamagnetic reference signals. Third, it is found that reliable pseudocontact shifts cannot be obtained from the chemical shifts of the 15N nuclei in plastocyanin, most likely because these shifts are highly dependent on even minor differences in the structure of the paramagnetic and diamagnetic proteins. Finally, the quality of the obtained 1H pseudocontact shifts, as well as the possibility of improving the accuracy of the obtained structure, is demonstrated by incorporating the shifts as restraints in a refinement of the solution structure of A.v. plastocyanin. It is found that incorporation of the pseudocontact shifts enhances the precision of the structure in regions with only few NOE restraints and improves the accuracy of the overall structure. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of pathogenic DJ‐1 mutations in Parkinson's disease

Mutations in DJ‐1 (PARK7) have been reported in two consanguineous families with young‐onset Parkinson's disease (YOPD). This study aims to confirm the presence of pathogenic DJ‐1 mutations and determine their contribution in young‐onset and more typical later onset Parkinson's disease (PD). The entire open reading frame of the DJ‐1 gene was screened by direct sequencing in 185 unrelated YOPD patients and a separate cohort of 190 pathologically proven cases of PD. Ethnically matched controls were screened for all mutations identified. We report a low frequency of pathogenic DJ‐1 mutations in our cohort of patients. One homozygous missense mutation and one heterozygous mutation were found in two YOPD samples. In addition, several variants were found in the coding sequence of the gene, which are likely to represent polymorphisms. In one case, the polymorphism was population specific. The reported 14Kbp deletion was not found in any of our samples or controls. We confirm the presence of pathogenic DJ‐1 mutations in YOPD and estimate their frequency at approximately 1%. No mutations were found in our cohort of later onset sporadic pathologically confirmed cases, suggesting that DJ‐1 mutations may only rarely contribute to the cause of this more typical sporadic form of the disease.
Use of deep nasopharyngeal swabs as a predictive diagnostic method for natural respiratory infections in calves

K. S. Godinho, BSc, PhD, N. Tilt MSc, CSTAT, T. G. Rowan, BVSc, PhD, MIBiol, MRCVS, S. J. Sunderland, BAgrSc, MAnSc, PhD, Pfizer Animal Health – Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Pfizer, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, P. Sarasola, DVM, PhD, ONDAX Scientific SL, Aptdo 336, 20280 Hondarribia, Gipuzkoa, Spain E. Renoult, DMV, Reseau Cristal, 40330 Amou, France S. Keane, AIBMS, Leeds Veterinary Laboratories, Yeadon, Leeds LS19 7XY G. D. Windsor, BSc, PhD, Mycoplasma Experience, Reigate, Surrey RH2 9BY Short Communications
Feature Topic for ORM: “Templates in Qualitative Research Methods”

One of the core strengths of qualitative research methods is that there is much variety among different approaches, for example, with regard to the underlying epistemological and ontological traditions (Bansal, Smith, & Vaara, 2018, Gephart, 2004), the data and materials that can be analyzed (e.g., text, numbers, pictures, graphs, audio files, movies, objects, etc.), the content that is assessed (e.g., the discourse between people or in the media, team dynamics and processes, narratives of people’s life or experiences, etc.), or the way in which the data are treated and coded. In addition, qualitative research methods are flexible and adaptable. Qualitative research tradition norms encourage researchers to engage in bricolage and adapt the methods to their respective research question, the sample, or the context in which they collect data (e.g., Denzin & Lincoln, 2017; Gehman et al. 2018; Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Yin, 2017). This can entail adaptations in data collection procedures or differences in data analysis (e.g., the specific coding approach chosen). In that way, qualitative research methods represent a very powerful tool for researchers because the researcher can mold them to the needs of the data and the sample. However, recent trends in the field of management have been worrisome. One of the core concerns expressed by journal editors (e.g., Michael Pratt, Bill Harley, Bob Gephart, Mikko Ketokivi, Pratima Bansal, Wendy Smith, and Eero Vaara) is that the field seems to be coming to some form of convergence on a template for qualitative research. This means that there now seems to be an expectation of what qualitative research methods should look like, what they should entail, and how they should be written up. This greatly limits the power of qualitative research methods for discovery, exploration, and refinement. Part of the underlying issues is that when it comes to qualitative research, many researchers and reviewers are unable to clearly articulate what rigor means, how it should be operationalized, and how trustworthiness in the application of the method can be established. Worse, many researchers seem to assume that rigor in qualitative research should follow the same definitions and
Integrating list heuristics into genetic algorithms for multiprocessor scheduling

In the multiprocessor scheduling problem a given program is to be scheduled in a multiprocessor system such that the program's execution time is minimized. This problem being very hard to solve exactly, many heuristic methods for finding a suboptimal schedule exist. The authors propose a new combined approach, where a genetic algorithm is improved with the introduction of some knowledge about the scheduling problem represented by the use of a list heuristic in the crossover and mutation genetic operations. This knowledge-augmented genetic approach is empirically compared with a "pure" genetic algorithm and with a "pure" list heuristic, both from the literature. Results of the experiments carried out with synthetic instances of the scheduling problem show that the genetic algorithm produces much better results in terms of quality of solutions, although being slower in terms of execution time.
Cerebellar Modulation of Cortically Evoked Complex Movements in Rats

Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) delivered to the motor cortex (M1) via long- or short-train duration (long- or short-duration ICMS) can evoke coordinated complex movements or muscle twitches, respectively. The role of subcortical cerebellar input in M1 output, in terms of long- and short-duration ICMS-evoked movement and motor skill performance, was evaluated in rats with bilateral lesion of the deep cerebellar nuclei. After the lesion, distal forelimb movements were seldom observed, and almost 30% of proximal forelimb movements failed to match criteria defining the movement class observed under control conditions. The classifiable movements could be evoked in different cortical regions with respect to control and many kinematic variables were strongly affected. Furthermore, movement endpoints within the rat's workspace shrunk closer to the body, while performance in the reaching/grasping task worsened. Surprisingly, neither the threshold current values for evoking movements nor the overall size of forelimb movement representation changed with respect to controls in either long- or short-duration ICMS. We therefore conclude that cerebellar input via the motor thalamus is crucial for expressing the basic functional features of the motor cortex.
The once and future internet: infrastructural tragedy and ambiguity in the case of IPv6

ABSTRACT The Internet as we currently recognise it was institutionally established in 1983 when all hosts connected to the then ARPANET were required to have adopted the relatively new Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) technologies. Thirteen years later, in 1996, a replacement standard was established for the IP protocol, to resolve key anticipated technical problems. More than 20 years later, those technical problems have indeed arisen, and yet the “new” protocol, IPv6, is still not widely deployed. This paper explores technical and institutional aspects of this case in order to examine how the evolving contexts of infrastructure use may turn technological solutions into infrastructural problems.