Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Vergence Adaptation on Convergence-Accommodation: Model Simulations

Several theoretical control models depict the adaptation effects observed in the accommodation and vergence mechanisms of the human visual system. Two current quantitative models differ in their approach of defining adaptation and in identifying the effect of controller adaptation on their respective cross-links between the vergence and accommodative systems. Here, we compare the simulation results of these adaptation models with empirical data obtained from emmetropic adults when they performed sustained near task through + 2D lens addition. The results of our experimental study showed an initial increase in exophoria (a divergent open-loop vergence position) and convergence-accommodation (CA) when viewing through +2D lenses. Prolonged fixation through the near addition lenses initiated vergence adaptation, which reduced the lens-induced exophoria and resulted in a concurrent reduction of CA. Both models showed good agreement with empirical measures of vergence adaptation. However, only one model predicted the experimental time course of reduction in CA. The pattern of our empirical results seem to be best described by the adaptation model that indicates the total vergence response to be a sum of two controllers, phasic and tonic, with the output of phasic controller providing input to the cross-link interactions.
Hybrid mobile ad hoc network support for Proxy Mobile IPv6

Supporting for mobile node communications, lots of technologies are researched. They are categorized as infrastructure and infrastructureless : Mobile IP and ad hoc network. Basically, the ad hoc technology is able to the mobile nodes data exchanging within closed group communication. However due to the desire of open network connectivity, the ad hoc networks researches are extended to Internet connective ad hoc networks technology. Existing researches are usually focused on the Internet connective ad hoc with mobile node based mobility support mechanism. On the contrary, the network based mobility support mechanisms with Internet connective ad hoc are rarely researched. In our paper, we will describe problems to Internet connective ad hoc network based on network based mobility support mechanisms. Then, we show the solution using ad hoc network prefix information.
Development and validation of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory

Background: Anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders are highly prevalent among elderly people, although infrequently the subject of systematic research in this age group. One important limitation is the lack of a widely accepted instrument to measure dimensional anxiety in both normal old people and old people with mental health problems seen in various settings. Accordingly, we developed and tested of a short scale to measure anxiety in older people. Methods: We generated a large number of potential items de novo and by reference to existing anxiety scales, and then reduced the number of items to 60 through consultation with a reference group consisting of psychologists, psychiatrists and normal elderly people. We then tested the psychometric properties of these 60 items in 452 normal old people and 46 patients attending a psychogeriatric service. We were able to reduce the number of items to 20. We chose a 1-week perspective and a dichotomous response scale. Results: Cronbach's α for the 20-item Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) was 0.91 among normal elderly people and 0.93 in the psychogeriatric sample. Concurrent validity with a variety of other measures was demonstrated in both the normal sample and the psychogeriatric sample. Inter-rater and test–retest reliability were found to be excellent. Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated a cut-point of 10/11 for the detection of DSM-IV Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) in the psychogeriatric sample, with 83% of patients correctly classified with a specificity of 84% and a sensitivity of 75%. Conclusions: The GAI is a new 20-item self-report or nurse-administered scale that measures dimensional anxiety in elderly people. It has sound psychometric properties. Initial clinical testing indicates that it is able to discriminate between those with and without any anxiety disorder and between those with and without DSM-IV GAD.
Forecasting the UK/EU and JP/UK trading signals using Polynomial Neural Networks

This rese arch investigates the use of Ridge Polynomial Neural Network (RPNN) as non-linear prediction model to forecast the future trends of financial time series. The network was used for the prediction of one step ahead and five steps ahead of two exchange rate signals; the British Pound to Euro and the Japanese Yen to British Pound. In order to deal with a dynamic behavior which exists in time series signals, the functionality and architecture of the ordinary feedforward RPNN were extended to a novel recurrent neural network architecture called Dynamic Ridge Polynomial Neural Network (DRPNN). Simulation results indicate that the proposed DRPNN offers significant advantages over feedforward RPNN and Multilayer Perceptron including such increment in profit return, reduction in network complexity, faster learning, and smaller prediction error.
Scan array solution for testing power and testing time

Details a novel power estimation algorithm based on rate of bit propagation (RBP). Considering the reduction of RBP an advanced scan array architecture is proposed in which a wrapper and two dimensional scan chain is adopted. Estimated results based on RBP and experimental results of industrial circuits both show that testing power was reduced to the level of the functional power. Furthermore pseudo-BIST is integrated with the wrapper to reduce the test time.
Length and Sequence Heterozygosity Differentially Affect HRAS1 Minisatellite Stability During Meiosis in Yeast

Minisatellites, one of the major classes of repetitive DNA sequences in eukaryotic genomes, are stable in somatic cells but destabilize during meiosis. We previously established a yeast model system by inserting the human Ha-ras/HRAS1 minisatellite into the HIS4 promoter and demonstrated that our system recapitulates all of the phenotypes associated with the human minisatellite. Here we demonstrate that meiotic minisatellite tract-length changes are half as frequent in diploid cells harboring heterozygous HRAS1 minisatellite tracts in which the two tracts differ by only two bases when compared to a strain with homozygous minisatellite tracts. Further, this decrease in alteration frequency is entirely dependent on DNA mismatch repair. In contrast, in a diploid strain containing heterozygous minisatellite tract alleles differing in length by three complete repeats, length alterations are observed at twice the frequency seen in a strain with homozygous tracts. Alterations consist of previously undetectable gene conversion events, plus nonparental length alteration events seen previously in strains with homozygous tracts. A strain containing tracts with both base and length heterozygosity exhibits the same level of alteration as a strain containing only length heterozygosity, indicating that base heterozygosity-dependent tract stabilization does not affect tract-length alterations occurring by gene conversion.
Calcium‐Activated Muscle from Hypertrophied Rabbit Hearts: Mechanical and Correlated Biochemical Changes

A chemically skinned ventricular preparation was used to investigate the contribution of altered crossbridge kinetics to the depressed rate of shortening associated with cardiac hypertrophy. Hypertrophy was produced by sustained pulmonary constriction. Multicellular bundles from control and hypertrophied right ventricles of rabbit hearts were treated with Brij-58 (a non-ionic detergent) and directly activated with solutions containing calcium. Bundles obtained from control (C) hearts did not differ significantly from bundles taken from hypertrophied (H) hearts in stiffness or in response to Ca2+ under isometric conditions. Mean activation range was approximately 10−6 to 10−4 M Ca, with half-maximal activation at 5 x 10−6 M Ca2+. Isometric tension P o of H bundles (4.1 ± 1.8 g/mm 1, at 10-4 M Ca2+, 22 ± 1°C) was not significantly different from that of C bundles. In contrast, the isotonic shortening rate (following a damped release from P o to a given load) of H bundles was significantly lower than that of C bundles. Mean unloaded velocity of shortening Vo, extrapolated from the linearized form of the Hill hyperbolic equation, was 1.87 muscle lengths/sec for C bundles and 1.24 muscle lengths/sec for H bundles, a 34% reduction. Chemical studies also were carried out in ventricles used for the mechanical experiments. The Ca2+- and actin-stimulated ATPase activities of H myosin were significantly depressed (by 39% and 33%, respectively) compared with the C values, whereas there was no observed difference in (K+)EDTA-stimulated ATPase activity. We conclude that the 34% reduction in shortening velocity of H bundles as well as the depression in Ca 2+- and actin-activated ATPase activity of myosin from these same hearts probably reflect a decrease in the rate of myosin crossbridge cycling during shortening. Circ Res 44: 279-287, 1979
Scintigraphic Cerebral Spinal Fluid Leak Study in a Child With Recurrent Meningitis After Resection of a Frontal Meningocele

An In-111 DTP A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) teak study was performed on a 3-year-old boy admitted with recurrent meningitis. He was born with a congenital encephalocele that was surgically resected at 7 days-of-age. A residual skull floor defect with a recurrent tumor of the nasal radix was clinically suspected. Computed tomography and MRI scans could not confirm or rule out the presence of a CSF leak. The scintigraphic study clearly demonstrated a teak into the left naris. A large leptomenin-geal cyst extending down into the left nares was resected and a defect in the left frontal calvarlum, identified as the source of the CSF leak, was repaired at surgery.
Hierarchical design of an electro-hydraulic actuator based on robust LPV methods

The paper proposes a hierarchical control design of an electro-hydraulic actuator, which is used to improve the roll stability of vehicles. The purpose of the control system is to generate a reference torque, which is required by the vehicle dynamic control. The control-oriented model of the actuator is formulated in two subsystems. The high-level hydromotor is described in a linear form, while the low-level spool valve is a polynomial system. These subsystems require different control strategies. At the high level, a linear parameter-varying control is used to guarantee performance specifications. At the low level, a control Lyapunov-function-based algorithm, which creates discrete control input values of the valve, is proposed. The interaction between the two subsystems is guaranteed by the spool displacement, which is control input at the high level and must be tracked at the low-level control. The spool displacement has physical constraints, which must also be incorporated into the control design. The robust design of the high-level control incorporates the imprecision of the low-level control as an uncertainty of the system.
Plasma production from helicon waves

Experimental measurements taken in a large magnetoplasma show that a simple double half‐turn antenna will excite m=1 helicon waves with wavelengths from 10–60 cm. Increased ionization in the center of the downstream plasma is measured when the axial wavelength of the helicon wave becomes less than the characteristic length of the system, typically 50–100 cm. A sharp maximum in the plasma density downstream from the source is measured for a magnetic field of 50 G, where the helicon wave phase velocity is about 3×108 cm s−1. Transport of energy away from the source to the downstream region must occur to create the hot electrons needed for the increased ionization. A simple model shows that electrons in a Maxwellian distribution most likely to ionize for these experimental conditions also have a velocity of around 3×108 cm s−1. This strong correlation suggests that the helicon wave is trapping electrons in the Maxwellian distribution with velocities somewhat slower than the wave and accelerating them into a quasibeam with velocity somewhat faster than the wave. The nonlinear increase in central density downstream as the power is increased for helicon waves with phase velocities close to the optimum electron velocity for ionization lends support to this idea.
Adapting predominant and novel sense discovery algorithms for identifying corpus-specific sense differences

Word senses are not static and may have temporal, spatial or corpus-specific scopes. Identifying such scopes might benefit the existing WSD systems largely. In this paper, while studying corpus specific word senses, we adapt three existing predominant and novel-sense discovery algorithms to identify these corpus-specific senses. We make use of text data available in the form of millions of digitized books and newspaper archives as two different sources of corpora and propose automated methods to identify corpus-specific word senses at various time points. We conduct an extensive and thorough human judgement experiment to rigorously evaluate and compare the performance of these approaches. Post adaptation, the output of the three algorithms are in the same format and the accuracy results are also comparable, with roughly 45-60% of the reported corpus-specific senses being judged as genuine.
Metropolis sampling in pedigree analysis

This paper reviews and develops the applications of Markov chain Monte Carlo methods in pedigree analysis, with particular stress on the Metropolis algorithm. In likelihood based genetic analyses, standard deterministic algorithms often fail because of the computational complexity of the observed pedigree data under a proposed genetic model. The new Monte Carlo methods permit approximate maximum likelihood estimation in the presence of such complexity. Monte Carlo implementation of the EM algorithm is the key to successful maximum likelihood analysis. Gibbs sampling and the Metropolis algorithm are alternative ways of defining Markov chains for performing the E step of the EM algorithm. Two applications illustrate the power and simplicity of the Metropolis algorithm. One of these applications involves a discrete model for variance component analysis of quantitative traits; the other application involves a Monte Carlo version of location scores for multipoint linkage analysis.
Kinetics of baculovirus replication and release using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

The study of viral-based processes is hampered by (a) their complex, transient nature, (b) the instability of products, and (c) the lack of accurate diagnostic assays. Here, we describe the use of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to characterize baculoviral infection. Baculovirus DNA content doubles every 1.7 h from 6 h post-infection until replication is halted at the onset of budding. No dynamic equilibrium exists between replication and release, and the kinetics are independent of the cell density at the time of infection. No more than 16% of the intracellular virus copies bud from the cell.
State-of-Health Monitoring and Prediction of Lithium-Ion Battery Using Probabilistic Indication and State-Space Model

In this paper, a battery health prognostics system is developed based on Bayesian-inference probabilistic (BIP) indication and state-space model (SSM) that integrates logistic regression (LR) and particle filtering (PF). In this system, generative topographic mapping is constructed to model distribution of multisensor data from healthy battery under an assumption that predictable fault patterns are not available. BIP is developed as a quantification indication of battery state-of-health. BIP is capable of offering failure probability for the monitored batteries, which has intuitionist explanation related to health degradation state. SSM is used for modeling health propagation of battery on the time flow, where LR and PF are integrated to predict remaining useful life of the battery. The experimental results on a lithium-ion battery testbed illustrate the potential applications of the proposed system as an effective tool for battery health prognostics.
Fast estimation of 2D individual HRTFs with arbitrary head movements

Head-related transfer functions (HRTF) play an important role for 3D audio reproduction over headphones, which highly depend on an individual's anatomy. Therefore, it is necessary to measure personal HRTFs. This paper presents a measurement system for fast estimation of 2D individual HRTFs in both azimuth and elevation with a head tracker. The subject can rotate its head arbitrarily during the measurement and get visual feedback on its current and already visited positions. Variable step-size activation based normalized least mean square (VSA-NLMS) and progressive based NLMS (VSP-NLMS) adaptive filtering algorithms are used for extracting the 2D individual HRTFs. Measured results show that the proposed measurement system works well for arbitrary head movements.
A distributed authentication mechanism for sharing an overlay network among multiple organizations

In this paper, we propose a distributed authentication mechanism for sharing an overlay network among multiple organizations in order to establish secure connections among members for each organization. By combining a layer 2 virtual private network technology with a method for transmitting authenticated frames like Point-to-point protocol over Ethernet, we can avoid the threat of spoofing attack or phishing on network layer. We have implemented the prototypes both for the Internet Applications over IP and for the voice switching networks that support organization / communities.
Ion-Beam-Induced Epitaxial Recrystallization Method and Its Recent Applications

The transition from amorphous Silicon to crystalline Silicon is a process of great technological importance and has raised an enormous interest also from a purely scientific perspective. Ion irradiation through an amorphous/crystalline interface may stimulate recrystallization or layer-by-layer amorphization depending on the sample temperature and ion beam parameters. In this chapter, we address some key features of this recrystallization phenomenon. The recrystallization/amorphization process will be discussed in relation to its dependence on the energy deposited during the ion beam irradiation, the sample temperature, and the presence of impurities, such as iron atoms dissolved within an amorphous silicon layer. Also it will be discussed the specific experimental condition under which a metastable phase of the FeSi2 binary compound is trapped within a region of the recrystallized Silicon, in the form of nanoparticles. Theses nanoparticles, with different orientations and morphologies, are shown to cause interesting distortions in the surrounding Si crystal lattice. This effect reflects an important application of the ion-beam induced recrystallization process, as a method that could be used to synthesize ordered nanoparticles within a Silicon matrix.
The econometrics of inequality and poverty Chapter 5 : Modelling the income distribution

5 Sampling properties of kernel estimates 13 5.1 Assumptions and notations . 13 5.2 Bias and variance of a kernel estimate . 14 5.3 Approximating the bias and the variance . 14 5.4 What are the ideal kernel and window size? 15
LITHIUM IN THE UPPER CENTAURUS LUPUS AND LOWER CENTAURUS CRUX SUBGROUPS OF SCORPIUS–CENTAURUS

We utilize spectroscopically derived model atmosphere parameters and the Li i λ6104 subordinate line and the λ6708 doublet to derive lithium abundances for 12 members of the Upper Centaurus Lupus and Lower Centaurus Crux subgroups of the Scorpius–Centaurus OB Association. The results indicate any intrinsic Li scatter in our 0.9–1.4 M☉ stars is limited to ∼0.15 dex, consistent with the lack of dispersion in ⩾1.0 M☉ stars in the 100 Myr Pleiades and 30–50 Myr IC 2391 and 2602 clusters. Both ab initio uncertainty estimates and the derived abundances themselves indicate that the λ6104 line yields abundances with equivalent or less scatter than is found from the λ6708 doublet as a result of lower uncertainties for the subordinate feature, a result of low sensitivity to broadening in the subordinate feature. Because non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) corrections are less susceptible to changes in surface gravity and/or metallicity for the 6104 Å line, the subordinate Li feature is preferred for deriving lithium abundances in young Li-rich stellar association stars with Teff ⩾ 5200 K. At these temperatures, we find no difference between the Li abundances derived from the two Li i lines. For cooler stars, having temperatures at which main-sequence dwarfs show abundance patterns indicating overexcitation and overionization, the λ6104-based Li abundances are ∼0.4 dex lower than those derived from the λ6708 doublet. The trends of the abundances from each feature with Teff suggest that this difference is due to (near)UV photoionization, which in NLTE preferentially ionizes Li atoms in the subordinate 2p state relative to the 2s resonance line state due to opacity effects. Consequently, this overionization of Li in the 2p state, apparently not adequately accounted for in NLTE corrections, weakens the λ6104 feature in cooler stars. Accordingly, the λ6708-based abundances may give more reliable estimates of the mean Li abundance in cool young stars. Our mean Li abundance, log N(Li) =3.50 ± 0.07 is ∼0.2 dex larger than the meteoritic value. While stellar models suggest that Li depletion of at least 0.4 dex, and possibly much larger, should have occurred in our lowest mass star(s), our Li abundances show no decline with decreasing mass indicative of such depletion.
Reflections on the NASA MDP data sets

Background: The NASA metrics data program (MDP) data sets have been heavily used in software defect prediction research. Aim: To highlight the data quality issues present in these data sets, and the problems that can arise when they are used in a binary classification context. Method: A thorough exploration of all 13 original NASA data sets, followed by various experiments demonstrating the potential impact of duplicate data points when data mining. Conclusions: Firstly researchers need to analyse the data that forms the basis of their findings in the context of how it will be used. Secondly, the bulk of defect prediction experiments based on the NASA MDP data sets may have led to erroneous findings. This is mainly because of repeated/duplicate data points potentially causing substantial amounts of training and testing data to be identical.
Norovirus outbreaks in nursing homes: the evaluation of infection control measures

SUMMARY Effective infection control measures during norovirus outbreaks are urgently needed in places where vulnerable individuals gather. In the present study, the effect of a number of measures was investigated in daily practice. Forty-nine Dutch nursing homes were monitored prospectively for norovirus outbreaks during two winter seasons. A total of 37 norovirus outbreaks were registered. Control measures were most effective when implemented within 3 days after onset of disease of the first patient. Measures targeted at reduced transmission between persons, via aerosols, and via contaminated surfaces reduced illness in staff and in residents. Reducing illness in staff results in fewer costs for sick leave and substitution of staff and less disruption in the care of residents. The effect of control measures on outbreak duration was limited. This is the first intervention study examining the effect of control measures. Further research is needed to extend and refine the conclusions.