Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Corticothalamic 5–9 Hz oscillations are more pro‐epileptogenic than sleep spindles in rats

Absence‐related spike‐and‐wave discharges (SWDs) occur in the thalamocortical system during quiet wakefulness or drowsiness. In feline generalized penicillin epilepsy, SWDs develop from sleep spindles. In contrast, in genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERS), SWDs develop from wake‐related 5–9 Hz oscillations, which are distinct from spindle oscillations (7–15 Hz). Since these two oscillation types share common frequency bands and may contribute to SWD genesis, it is important to compare their thalamic cellular mechanisms. Under neuroleptic analgesia, in GAERS and control non‐epileptic rats barbiturates abolished both SWDs and 5–9 Hz oscillations but increased the incidence of spindle‐like oscillations. Within the thalamocortical circuit 5–9 Hz oscillations occurred more coherently than spindle‐like oscillations. Intracellular events associated with 5–9 Hz and spindle‐like oscillations were distinctively different in both thalamic relay and reticular neurons. In both cell types, SWDs and 5–9 Hz oscillations emerged from a significantly more depolarized membrane potential than spindle‐like oscillations. In relay neurons, 5–9 Hz oscillations were mainly characterized by a rhythmic depolarization, which occurred during a tonic hyperpolarization and which could trigger an apparent low‐threshold Ca2+ potential, whereas spindle‐like oscillations were characterized by a rhythmic hyperpolarization. In reticular cells, SWDs and 5–9 Hz oscillations occurred during a tonic hyperpolarization, whereas spindle‐like oscillations occurred during a long‐lasting depolarizing envelope. The difference in the intracellular events between 5–9 Hz and spindle‐like oscillations and similarities between 5–9 Hz oscillations and SWDs indicate that in GAERS, 5–9 Hz oscillations are more pro‐epileptogenic than spindle‐like oscillations. In conclusion, the present study strongly supports the hypothesis that SWDs in GAERS are generated by a wake‐related corticothalamic resonance, and not by sleep‐related, hypersynchronous, spindle‐like activity originating in the thalamus.
Blue-Green Algae: Fine Structure of the Gas Vacuoles

The gas vacuoles seen in several species of blue-green algae under the light microscope are shown by electron microscopy to correspond to packed arrays of cylindrical, electron-transparent vesicles. Single vesicles average 75 millimicrons in diameter, range from 0.2 micron to 1.0 micron in length, have conical ends, and are bounded by a single membrane 2 millimicrons wide. The reversible disappearance of gas vacuoles induced by sudden application of pressure is accompanied by a reversible collapse of the individual gas vesicles.
Activation of the IGF1R pathway potentially mediates acquired resistance to mutant-selective 3rd-generation EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in advanced non-small cell lung cancer

Mutant-selective, 3rd-generation EGFR-TKIs were recently developed to control lung cancer cells harboring T790M-mediated resistance. However, the development of resistance to these novel drugs seems inevitable. Thus, we investigated the mechanism of acquired resistance to the mutant-selective EGFR-TKI WZ4002. We established five WZ4002-resistant cells, derived from cells harboring both EGFR and T790M mutations by long-term exposure to increasing doses of WZ4002. Compared with the parental cells, all resistant cells showed 10–100-folds higher resistance to WZ4002, as well as cross-resistance to other mutant-selective inhibitors. Among them, three resistant cells (HCC827/WR, PC-9/WR and H1975/WR) showed dependency on EGFR signaling, but two other cells (PC-9/GR/WR and PC-9/ER/WR) were not. Notably, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) was aberrantly activated in PC-9/GR/WR cells in phospho-receptor tyrosine kinase array, consistently accompanied by loss of IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP3). Down-regulation of IGF1R by shRNA, as well as inhibition of IGF1R activity either by AG-1024 (a small molecule IGF1R inhibitor) or BI 836845 (a monoclonal anti-IGF1/2 blocking antibody), restored the sensitivity to WZ4002 both in vitro and xenograft. Taken together, these results suggest that activation of the IGF1R pathway associated with IGFBP3 loss can induce an acquired resistance to the mutant-selective EGFR-TKI, WZ4002. Therefore, a combined therapy of IGF1R inhibitors and mutant-selective EGFR-TKIs might be a viable treatment strategy for overcoming acquired resistance.
Load-balanced energy efficient clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks

This paper introduces an innovative clustering protocol of load balancing which divides the whole network to the virtual circle with variable radiuses. The authors' protocol uses an innovative architecture in intra cluster communication. In this protocol, radius of each virtual circle and the size of each cluster will increase with the increasing distance from the base station, in such way that cluster size of each circle will be different with the clusters of the other circles. In each cluster, leader nodes are responsible for collecting and compressing data from their ordinary neighbour nodes and sending them to head cluster. Simulation results demonstrate that proposed protocol increases network lifetime in comparison with protocols LEACH, TCAC and DSBCA by 73, 52 and 21%, respectively. It also makes energy efficiency and load balancing across the network.
Floating limb behaviors and self‐biting are associated in laboratory monkeys

Early descriptions of floating limb behaviors in monkeys were associated with isolation rearing, a practice that ended more than two decades ago. The present authors named various forms of behaviors in which a leg is elevated for no apparent reason: “Floating Limb Suite” (FLS). Floating limb behaviors, identified in laboratory monkeys at the Washington National Primate Research Center (WaNPRC), consist of two subcategories distinguished by whether monkeys seem to react to the elevated leg or ignore it. Given the past association of isolation rearing with both self‐biting (SB) and floating limb, the investigators predicted that SB and FLS would be associated in monkeys not reared in isolation. The investigators tracked, over a period of 3 years, the presence of FLS and SB in macaques (Macaca nemestrina, M. fascicularis, M. mulatta) and Papio cynocephalus at WaNPRC. SB and both subcategories of FLS occurred in mother‐reared and surrogate‐peer‐nursery‐reared monkeys. We analyzed presence of FLS, the two subcategories of FLS, and SB in 1,117 macaques monitored for up to 3 years, and 781 macaques observed for 8 min of structured data collection. The Papio sample size was insufficient for statistical analysis. Both sampling methodologies found FLS and FLS subcategories to be associated with SB. Nearly half the monkeys only engaging in seemingly harmless nonreactive forms of FLS also performed the potentially injurious behavior of self‐biting. The positive association between FLS and SB suggests that monkeys exhibiting one of these behaviors are at a heightened risk for developing the other. One impediment to studying floating limb behaviors is lack of consensus on definitions. This study defined seven forms of apparently functionless elevated limb behaviors. Continued research on factors associated with floating limb behaviors across demographic groups and settings may provide insights into the etiology and treatment of self‐biting. Am. J. Primatol. 72:725–733, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modelling Mixed Types of Outcomes in Additive Genetic Models

Abstract: We present a general statistical modelling framework for handling multivariate mixed types of outcomes in the context of quantitative genetic analysis. The models are based on the multivariate covariance generalized linear models, where the matrix linear predictor is composed of an identity matrix combined with a relatedness matrix defined by a pedigree, representing the environmental and genetic components, respectively. We also propose a new index of heritability for non-Gaussian data. A case study on house sparrow (Passer domesticus) population with continuous, binomial and count outcomes is employed to motivate the new model. Simulation of multivariate marginal models is not trivial, thus we adapt the NORTA (Normal to anything) algorithm for simulation of multivariate covariance generalized linear models in the context of genetic data analysis. A simulation study is presented to assess the asymptotic properties of the estimating function estimators for the correlation between outcomes and the new heritability index parameters. The data set and R code are available in the supplementary material.
A Putative Association of COMT Val(108/158)Met with Impulsivity in Binge Eating Disorder.

OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the influence of the COMT Val(108/158)Met polymorphism on trait and behavioural impulsivity in binge eating disorder (BED). COMT Val(108/158)Met has been related to impulsivity in previous studies, but so far no study has investigated the role of this polymorphism in the context of BED. METHOD Impulsivity was assessed via a questionnaire (trait) and on a behavioural level via the antisaccade task in a sample of 69 participants classified into one out of three age-matched groups: (1) obese individuals with BED according to DMS-IV (BED+); (2) obese individuals without BED, matched with the BED+ sample according to body weight (OBED-); and (3) normal-weight healthy controls (NWC). The COMT Val(108/158)Met polymorphism was genotyped in all samples. RESULTS As expected, the BED+ sample showed higher trait and behavioural impulsivity. Furthermore, within the BED+ group, COMT Met/Met homozygous individuals showed stronger deficits in inhibitory control. DISCUSSION COMT Met/Met homozygous individuals with BED might represent a specific group in the BED spectrum, which shows a higher behavioural impulsivity. The association between COMT Val(108/158)Met with inhibitory control should be interpreted with caution because of the small sample size. Larger replication studies are needed to further elucidate the role of the COMT Val(108/158)Met polymorphism in the regulation of disordered eating behaviour.
ATTITUDES AND EXPERIENCES OF CLASSROOM SCIENCE: CHILDREN'S VOICES

This article draws on two studies that examined primary children’s attitudes towards science in the classroom and their experiences of science. Through the data drawn from semi-structured interviews, it was evident that the children were mostly positive about science, but their experiences of science in the classroom were not always how they would prefer their science learning to proceed. The findings highlight aspects of their experiences that enhanced or detracted from their interest in science. In particular, the students stated the importance of being taught relevant and meaningful science in a collaborative context. Children’s out-of-school contexts also became important in their learning of science. These findings are discussed, and suggestions are made for ways in which teachers can make changes to their planning and teaching in order to support positive attitudes to science within the classroom.
Operational Experience of the Superconducting Ring Cyclotron at RI Beam Factory (RIBF) and Upgrade Plans for RIBF Accelerators

The RIKEN Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory (RIBF) has successfully operated since the first beam was produced at the end of 2006 (more than six years). The aim of this project is to access the unexplored regions on the nuclear chart, those far from β-stability. Continuous effort over the past six years has improved the performance of the RIBF accelerator complex. The world's first superconducting ring cyclotron (SRC) is the final booster in the RIBF accelerator complex; it is able to accelerate heavy ions of any element to a speed of approximately 70% of the speed of light. The ring cyclotron consists of six major superconducting sector magnets, each with a maximum field of 3.8 T. The total stored energy is 240 MJ. The overall size of the cyclotron is 19 m in diameter and 8 m in height with a weight of 8300 tons. Reliable standby power supply systems and accurate control systems are necessary for long-term, stable operation of the cryogenic cooling system. For these purposes, a 6.5-MW co-generation system was installed, and the control system for the cryogenic cooling system was improved on the basis of operational experience. Despite our efforts to achieve long-term, stable operation, we have had some problems such as failure of the He compressors and refrigerators and coil discharge. We learned that any small component could easily disrupt the entire cooling system. The two biggest problems were liquid He leakage thorough a crack in a feedthrough into the thermal insulation vacuum on November 8th, 2005 and oil contamination in the He refrigerator found in February of 2008. Overcoming such big problems has resulted in the present, stable operation of the cryogenic cooling system of the SRC. One option for upgrading the RIBF accelerator includes the construction of another SRC (SRC2) to skip the charge strippers (which decrease the beam intensity by approximately one fifth). Our study shows that the design of the sector magnets of the SRC2 is not much more difficult than that of the first SRC.
Measuring social capital in online communities

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Simple bandwidth estimates for Sievenpiper mushroom surfaces as related to relative dimensions

The scalable analytical model given above could be quite useful in the design of a mushroom FSS, as a preliminary estimate. A bandwidth can then be defined for these surfaces, which is a function of dimensions and relative permittivity. However, translating the resulting bandwidth to that of an antenna used in conjunction with a FSS is not always straightforward.
Daily Experiences and Challenges Among Children and Adolescents With Celiac Disease: Focus Group Results

Objectives: Maintaining a restrictive gluten-free diet is the only treatment for celiac disease (CD). Adherence among children and adolescents presents unique challenges and is often inadequate. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: Children and Youth version (ICF-CY) model encompasses all aspects of human health and daily function while dealing with a disease and interacting with the environment. The purpose was to explore everyday life experiences and challenges as perceived by children and adolescents with CD and their parents in light of the ICF-CY concepts to identify the most crucial components in management challenges. The present study was the first stage in developing a standardized questionnaire to assess these needs. Methods: Children and adolescents diagnosed with CD for more than 6 months and their parents participated in 4 separate focus group interviews: 12 children (8–12 years) and 13 of their parents, and 10 adolescents (13–16 years) and 10 of their parents. Results: The ICF-CY body functions component that includes higher-level cognitive functions, such as organization, planning, and problem solving was largely reflected. Food-related activities in and out of the home were discussed, yet thorough activity analysis was lacking in the available literature. Conclusions: The focus groups revealed a wide scope of coping issues that contribute to a deeper understanding of specific CD characteristics including daily management, participation in food-related activities, roles, strategies, and supporting or hindering factors in everyday life with CD.
Time-Varying Arbitrage and Dynamic Price Discovery

We introduce time-varying measures of price discovery based on underlying profit maximizing behavior by combining the heterogeneous agent modelling literature with the market microstructure literature. We set up a heterogeneous agent model with arbitrageurs and trend chasers (chartists), and allow agents to switch between the strategies conditional on recent forecasting performance. Estimation of the model on Canadian-US cross-listed stocks on high-frequency data shows that there is significant heterogeneity and switching, causing ample variation in the information processing capacity of markets.
Use of honeypots for mitigating DoS attacks targeted on IoT networks

Every day, a new technology comes up and the primary reason why it fails to attract many people in this era is the concern of privacy and security. Each day, along with the new technology comes a load of vulnerabilities waiting to be exploited. IoT (Internet of Things) is the latest trend and like all technology, it is open for exploitation. The most common attack which is used to bring down a whole network, without even finding a loophole in the security — DoS can be used to pull down any IoT network as well. In this paper, we propose a honeypot model for mitigating DoS attacks launched on IoT devices. Honeypots are commonly used in online servers as a decoy to the main server so that the attack is mitigated to the decoy instead of the main server. Here a similar methodology is used to avoid the whole IoT system from being shut down due to a DoS attack.
Anterior cingulate cortical volumes and treatment remission of geriatric depression

Structural abnormalities of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) may interfere with the interaction of cortical and limbic networks involved in emotional regulation and contribute to chronic depressive syndromes in the elderly. This study examined the relationship of regional anterior cingulate cortical volumes with treatment remission of elderly depressed patients. We hypothesized that patients who failed to remit during a 12‐week controlled treatment trial of escitalopram would exhibit smaller anterior cingulate gray matter volumes than patients who remitted.
Fast analysis of microwave integrated circuits using preconditioned SMCG method

The analysis and design of planar structures such as microwave monolithic integrated circuits (MMIC) has become a very important topic. Full-wave electromagnetic analysis of microstrip structures is especially significant. Due to the complexity of this scheme, efficient numerical tools are required for their analysis. For these arbitrarily-shaped planar structures, a mixed-potential integral equation (MPIE) formulation with RWG triangular discretization is solved by the method of moments (MoM). One of the most popular techniques for analyzing this scheme is the sparse-matrix/canonical grid (SMCG) method. The impedance matrix of the SMCG method can be decomposed into near-interaction and far-interaction portions. During the iterative process, the near-interaction portion of the matrix-vector multiplication is computed directly as the conventional MPIE formulation. The far-interaction portion of the matrix-vector multiplication is achieved by a Taylor series expansion of the Green's function about the grid point of a uniformly-spaced canonical grid overlaying the triangular discretization (Chan, C.H. et al., 1992). We propose two preconditioned schemes for accelerating iteration of the SMCG method. One method is the inner-outer flexible generalized minimal residual (FGMRES), the other is the approximate inverse of near-interaction.
Applying Particle Swarm Optimization to Prioritizing Test Cases for Embedded Real Time Software Retesting

In recent years, complex embedded systems are used in every device that is infiltrating our daily lives. Since most of the embedded systems are multi-tasking real time systems, the task interleaving issues, dead lines and other factors needs software units retesting to follow the subsequence changes. Regression testing is used for the software maintenance that revalidates the old functionality of the software unit. Testing is one of the most complex and time-consuming activities, in which running of all combination of test cases in test suite may require a large amount of efforts. Test case prioritization techniques can take advantage that orders test cases, which attempts to increase effectiveness in regression testing. This paper proposes to use particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to prioritize the test cases automatically based on the modified software units. Regarding to the recent investigations, PSO is a multi-object optimization technique that can find out the best positions of the objects. The goal is to prioritize the test cases to the new best order, based on modified software components, so that test cases, which have new higher priority, can be selected in the regression testing process. The empirical results show that by using the PSO algorithm, the test cases can be prioritized in the test suites with their new best positions effectively and efficiently.
Quantification of the Adenylate Cyclase Toxin of Bordetella pertussis In Vitro and during Respiratory Infection

ABSTRACT Whooping cough results from infection of the respiratory tract with Bordetella pertussis, and the secreted adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) is essential for the bacterium to establish infection. Despite extensive study of the mechanism of ACT cytotoxicity and its effects over a range of concentrations in vitro, ACT has not been observed or quantified in vivo, and thus the concentration of ACT at the site of infection is unknown. The recently developed baboon model of infection mimics the prolonged cough and transmissibility of pertussis, and we hypothesized that measurement of ACT in nasopharyngeal washes (NPW) from baboons, combined with human and in vitro data, would provide an estimate of the ACT concentration in the airway during infection. NPW contained up to ∼108 CFU/ml B. pertussis and 1 to 5 ng/ml ACT at the peak of infection. Nasal aspirate specimens from two human infants with pertussis contained bacterial concentrations similar to those in the baboons, with 12 to 20 ng/ml ACT. When ∼108 CFU/ml of a laboratory strain of B. pertussis was cultured in vitro, ACT production was detected in 60 min and reached a plateau of ∼60 ng/ml in 6 h. Furthermore, when bacteria were brought into close proximity to target cells by centrifugation, intoxication was increased 4-fold. Collectively, these data suggest that at the bacterium-target cell interface during infection of the respiratory tract, the concentration of ACT can exceed 100 ng/ml, providing a reference point for future studies of ACT and pertussis pathogenesis.