Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the spinal cord of turtles

A 5‐bromo‐3′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) pulse administered to juvenile turtles resulted in cell labeling throughout the gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) of the spinal cord. One and twenty‐four hours postinjection, larger densities of BrdU‐labeled nuclei (LN) occurred within the GM, with a density peak localized in the central region (CR). Seven days later, density differences between GM and WM disappeared, accompanying a more uniform distribution of LN in the GM (absence of the central peak). Multiple injection experiments also showed similar evolution in the distribution of LN. Morphometric studies revealed that the size of LN had undergone time‐related increments: Larger nuclei appeared at protracted fixation time points. Double‐labeling experiments indicated that BrdU‐labeled cells expressed neuroactive substances, such as γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), neuron‐specific nuclear protein (NeuN), and the cytoplasmic early postmitotic neuronal marker (TUC‐4). Other BrdU‐labeled cells expressed the glial‐specific protein (GFAP). GABA‐BrdU, TUC‐4‐BrdU, and GFAP‐BrdU double‐labeled cells were recognized 6 days after the first BrdU injection. NeuN‐BrdU double‐labeled cells were found at 50 days postinjection. Three‐dimensional transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of synapses and typical kinocilia in putative immature nerve cells. Kinocilia were also found in putative immature glial cells. In consideration of the scattered distribution pattern of BrdU‐labeled cells, in animals fixed 1 hour postinjection, the existence of a single proliferating center was discarded. The CR, including the ependymal epithelium, showed the highest density of LN. J. Comp. Neurol. 453:131–144, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Persistence of genital human papillomavirus infection in a long-term follow-up study of female university students.

BACKGROUND Little is known about the epidemiology of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections that persist for more than a few years. METHODS Four to 12 years after participation in a longitudinal study of incident HPV infection, a cohort of former university students returned for a follow-up visit that included HPV genotyping of cervical and vulvovaginal swab specimens and collection of colposcopy-directed biopsy specimens. RESULTS Of 147 women with HPV infection detected during their undergraduate years, 24 (16.3%) were positive for 1 or more of the same HPV types at follow-up. Overall, 27 (4.8%) of 567 type-specific HPV infections persisted, and DNA sequence analyses of a subset revealed that all were variant specific. Long-term HPV persistence was positively associated with frequent but sporadic detection of the same HPV type early during the course of the infection and with abnormal Pap tests and genital warts; it was negatively associated with marriage and was not associated with the number of intercurrent sex partners. CONCLUSIONS HPV variant and behavioral risk factor analyses indicated that long-term detection of the same HPV type was more consistent with viral persistence than with reinfection. Although long-term persistence was not common, it was associated with detection of HPV-related pathologies.
Toward Understanding Short‐Selling Activity: Demand and Supply

We investigate the demand and supply sides of short‐selling activity in the US from 2003 to 2015. We construct four types of demand‐side variables from fundamentals, and three types of supply‐side variables from institutional ownership (IO) and stock loan data. The supply‐side variables play a more important role in determining short selling than the demand‐side variables. The IO of quasi‐indexer type is the most important supply‐side variable, while the arbitrage and hedging with options market is the most important demand‐side variable. Finally, a portfolio sorting approach confirms the same results.
The Contextual Effects of Gender Norms, Communication, and Social Capital on Family Planning Behaviors in Uganda: A Multilevel Approach

This study hypothesized a multilevel model to examine the contextual effects of gender norms, exposure to health-related radio programs, interpersonal communication, and social capital on family planning behavior in Uganda. The results of hierarchical linear modeling showed that all of the four variables were significant predictors of family planning behavior. The authors found that gender norms as a contextual factor significantly interacted with the individual-level perceived benefit. The significant cross-level interaction effect was also observed between individuals' interpersonal communication and contextual variation in listening to a health-related radio program. Practical implications for family planning communication campaigns are discussed.
Moderate alcohol consumption lowers the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies.

OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis was undertaken to obtain insight regarding the shape and strength of the relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes, the effects of adjustment for confounders, and the effect of modification by type 2 diabetes definition, sex, and BMI. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The 15 original prospective cohort studies that were included comprise 11,959 incident cases of type 2 diabetes in 369,862 individuals who, on average, were followed for 12 years. RESULTS After pooling the data, a U-shaped relationship was found. Compared with nonconsumers, the relative risk (RR) for type 2 diabetes in those who consumed </=6 g/day alcohol was 0.87 (95% CI 0.79-0.95). For the moderate consumption ranges of 6-12, 12-24, and 24-48 g/day, RRs of 0.70 (0.61-0.79), 0.69 (0.58-0.81), and 0.72 (0.62-0.84) were found, respectively. The risk of type 2 diabetes in heavy drinkers (>/=48 g/day) was equal to that in nonconsumers (1.04 [0.84-1.29]). In general, nonsignificant trends for larger RR reduction associated with moderate alcohol consumption were observed for women compared with men, for crude compared with multivariate-adjusted analyses, and for studies that used self-reports instead of testing for type 2 diabetes definition. No differences in RR reductions were found between individuals with low or high BMI. CONCLUSIONS The present evidence from observational studies suggests an approximately 30% reduced risk of type 2 diabetes in moderate alcohol consumers, whereas no risk reduction is observed in consumers of >/=48 g/day.
Would-Be Warriors: Incidents of Jihadist Terrorist Radicalization in the United States Since September 11, 2001

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Definition and mapping of epitopes recognized by specific monoclonal antibodies to Schistosoma bovis 28 kDa glutathione S‐transferase: relation with anti‐egg viability immunity

Monoclonal antibodies to the 28kDa glutathione S‐transferase of Schistosoma bovis have been constructed in mice and used to characterize the epitope(s) potentially implied in the induction of anti‐fecundity and anti‐egg viability immune responses. Among the MoAbs produced three were particularly studied: Sb4‐50 (IgG2a) and Sb4‐56 (IgG1) which inhibited Sb28GST activity and Sb4‐10 (IgG1) which did not. The use of overlappting peptides covering the entire amino acid sequence of Sb28GST, allowed us to define the linear epitopes recognized by these anti‐Sb28GST MoAbs. Amino acid residues 202‐211 were recognized by both MoAbs Sb4‐50 and Sb4‐56 and MoAb Sb4‐10 recognized amino acid residues 58‐67. Their capacity to inhibit GST activity suggested binding to the active site or to neighbouring regions, which include the C‐terminal domain (a.a. 190‐211) of the protein. When passively transfered into BALB/c mice MoAbs induced a significant reduction in egg hatching and an increase in immature eggs. Effects on worm burdens were, however, variable and no clear‐cut association between the inhibition of enzyme activity and anti‐fecundity or anti‐viability activities was recorded. Our data indicate that beside the anti‐fecundity and anti‐viability immunity related to the impairment of GST activity, immune response to epitopes located in other regions of the molecule also contribute to the reduction of egg viability.
Characterization of backward reachable set and positive invariant set in polytopes

The paper studies reachability problems of autonomous affine systems in polytopes. Our goal is to find in a given polytope both the largest positive invariant set and backward reachable sets (or attraction domains) of facets. Special attention is paid to the stable invariant affine subspace. After presenting several useful properties of these sets, a partition procedure is given so that the polytope is divided into a positive invariant set and several backward reachable sets.
Understanding encountering of story leads: A case of newspaper reporting behavior at Midwestern metropolitan-area newspapers

An interdisciplinary approach explores how journalists embrace the unexpected as part of their reporting routines using Erdelez’s framework of information encountering from the study of human information behavior and the concepts of news routines and story ideation from journalism studies. This paper provides a fresh perspective on the sociology of news in finding that the participating journalists embraced the unexpected by routinizing encountering of story leads and opening themselves to the opportunities they provide.
The effects of quarry mining on the epidemiology of Schistosoma haematobium in schoolchildren, in Ishiagu, south–eastern Nigeria

Abstract Over the last two decades there has been a noticeable increase in the activities of quarry-mining companies in the Ishiagu area of south–eastern Nigeria. These activities have produced an ever-growing number of abandoned quarry pits that usually quickly fill with water and appear to become suitable habitats for the freshwater snails that may act as intermediate hosts of Schistosoma haematobium. To examine the potential role of quarry mining on the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis caused by S. haematobium, urine samples were collected from 1819 schoolchildren in northern Ishiagu (an area with intense mining activities and many quarry pits) and from 252 schoolchildren in southern Ishiagu (an area with no mining activity or quarry pits). When these 2071 samples were checked for schistosome eggs, 1005 (48.5%) were found positive and 252 (25.1%) of the infected children showed visible haematuria. The children from northern Ishiagu were much more likely to be infected than the children from the south (53.3% v. 13.9%; P<0.001). Curiously, only the children from northern Ishiagu showed a gender-related difference in prevalence that was statistically significant, with boys more likely to be infected than girls (60.9% v. 38.5%; P<0.001). Although the 'children' investigated varied in age from 5 to 20 years, no statistically significant increase or decrease in prevalence with age was apparent. Four species of snails (Bulinus globosus, B. rohlfsi, B. forskalii and B. senegalensis) were found in the overall study area but B. globosus was only found in the quarry pits in northern Ishiagu and never in the water bodies of southern Ishiagu. It does appear that quarry-mining activity in the Ishiagu area is a factor in the local epidemiology of urinary schistosomiasis, with the water bodies that form in the abandoned quarry pits serving as the principal foci of transmission.
Parenteral amino acid and metabolic acidosis in premature infants.

BACKGROUND Aggressive parenteral nutrition (PN) including amino acids is recommended for low-birth-weight infants to prevent energy and protein deficit. Their impact on acid-base homeostasis has not been examined. METHODS We investigated the impact of dose and duration of parenteral amino acids, with cysteine, on acid-base parameters in 122 low-birth-weight infants. Premature infants <or=32 weeks, <or=1850 g, and receiving parenteral amino acids at 1.5 g/kg/d for an extended period (>24 hours), or 3 g/kg/d for a short (5 hour), extended (24 hour), or prolonged (3-5 days) duration were included in the study. Data were obtained at age 0-3 days (n = 43) or, when clinically stable, age 3-5 days (n = 49). Data from 30 infants, matched for birth weight and gestational age, receiving PN during the first 5 days after birth were also obtained. Acidosis was defined as pH <7.25. RESULTS Acidosis was evident in all infants between 2 and 5 days after birth. Infants with large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) exhibited significantly (p < .05) lower pH early, had higher blood urea nitrogen levels (26 +/- 9 vs 18 + 8 mg/dL; p < .05), and had greater weight loss ( approximately 17% of birth weight) when compared with infants without PDA. Gestational age, weight loss, and patent ductus arteriosus accounted for 65% of variance in acidosis. CONCLUSIONS Low-birth-weight infants develop metabolic acidosis between 2 and 5 days after birth, irrespective of dose and duration of parenteral amino acid administration. Careful management of parenteral fluids and comorbidities may lower the incidence of acidosis and promote protein accretion.
Pharmacoeconomic and clinical implications of sequential therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients in Central and Eastern Europe

Introduction: The incidence and mortality rates of kidney cancer in the Central and Eastern European (CEE) region are among the highest in the world. Access to second and subsequent lines of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) therapies is highly varied in the region. Despite the increasing body of evidence supporting the clinical benefit of multiple lines of treatment, access to treatment beyond first line is restricted in many of these countries. Areas covered: The adoption of targeted therapies for the first-line treatment of mRCC in the region was slow and faced many obstacles. In order to evaluate the current status of treatment beyond the first-line setting in the CEE region, this review examines the availability and reimbursement of mRCC drugs and clinical practice in institutions that treat patients with mRCC. Expert opinion: This review highlights the need to raise awareness among physicians, payers and regulators on clinical trial and cost-effectiveness data regarding the treatment of mRCC beyond the first line. The obstacles to mRCC drug access highlighted in this review need to be overcome to ensure that patients are receiving the best treatment available.
Does development assistance for health buy better results in maternal health in Tanzania? evidence from Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model

This paper establishes whether development assistance for health buy better results in maternal health in Tanzania using annual time series data for the period between 1995 and 2014 based on Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) and Error Correction Model. A long run cointegration relationship exists between GDP per capita, maternal mortality, unemployment and development assistance for health over examined period of time. The results show that in the long run Development Assistance for Health (DAH) and Economic growth (measured by real GDP per capita) was significant in reducing maternal mortality in Tanzania. In the short run, unemployment was statistically significant on increasing maternal mortality in Tanzania between 1995 and 2014. Furthermore, the short run results show that both DAH and real GDP per capita reduces maternal mortality between 1995 and 2014. The results imply that Development Assistance for Health (DAH) channeled to the health sector is an important component in improvements of maternal health in Tanzania. The findings are robust to sensitivity analyses and estimation methods.
An Analysis of the Relationship between Land Use and Weekend Travel: Focusing on the Internal Capture of Trips

Weekend travel has not been duly considered in academics and practice regarding its relationship with land use. A lack of consideration is notable in terms of how land use internalizes weekend travel. Thus, by separating the internal and external travel of the traffic analysis zone, this study analyzes the land use effect on weekend travel in comparison with that on weekday travel. Two structural equation models, each of which is specified for weekday and weekend travel, construct the same sample and their results become comparable. At the travel variable level, the models find consistent results: Stronger effects are made on internal travel than on external travel and particularly, on trip frequency than on travel time. This implies that compact land use causes a stronger addition of internal trips and a less strong reduction of external trips, that is, changes in destinations rather than in total travel time. At the factor level, unlike the weekday model in which the sociodemographic factor exerts a stronger effect, the weekend model presents that land use more strongly affects travel patterns. This magnitude difference is explained by the different flexibility of compulsory weekday travel and discretionary weekend travel in relation to the choice of trip destination and frequency.
Overeducation among graduates in developing countries: What impact on economic growth?

This article analyzes the impact of graduates' overeducation on economic growth in thirty-eight developing countries. A combination of macro data from the World Bank and micro data from the the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series International (IPUMSI) is employed. To deal with unobserved heterogeneity between countries and endogeneity of overeducation, two-stage least squares regression with country �fixed effects is estimated. Results highlight that a high rate of overeducated graduates is estimated to have a negative impact on economic growth at both short and medium terms. The expansion of higher education sector in developing countries should be realized with a deep attention on the education-job matching process among graduates.
Design of a novel mode-based energy storage controller for residential PV systems

This paper presents a novel mode-based controller design approach to control energy storage devices (ESDs) for residential PV applications. Different from the traditional controller design approach, the mode-based approach assumes that an ESD is equipped with a set of predetermined real-time control modes. Thus, the control objective becomes choosing the best operation mode of the ESD to achieve the best performance at the lowest cost instead of the charging and discharging power levels. As a result, a two-stage algorithm is developed. In the first stage, an economic model predictive control (EMPC) algorithm is used to determine the optimal charging or discharging power. In the second stage, based on the EMPC result, the controller eliminates unsuitable modes and selects the best operation modes among the suitable modes. Residential electricity consumption data collected in the PECAN Street Project are used for testing and validation of the proposed algorithms. Simulation results show that the performance of the mode-based controller is robust and consistent across different residential load patterns.
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-&agr; Receptor Expression Supports the Growth of Conventional Chondrosarcoma and Is Associated With Adverse Outcome

Bone cells are important targets of platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) because they stimulate proliferation of osteoblasts and chondrocytes. In this study we wanted to determine the expression of PDGF-AA and PDGF-&agr; receptor in conventional chondrosarcomas and to compare the results with those obtained from benign enchondromas and non-neoplastic cartilage tissue. Sixty-seven chondrosarcomas, 20 enchondromas, and 5 specimens of healthy cartilage as well as 7 specimens of hypertrophic callus cartilage were immunohistochemically analyzed for the expression of PDGF-AA and PDGF-&agr; receptor, respectively. Additionally, the proliferation activity was examined with the MIB-1 antibody. Clinical follow-up data were available from 53 patients. A significant overexpression of receptor and factor was found in chondrosarcomas as compared with enchondromas (PDGF-AA p = 0.013, PDGF-&agr; receptor p <0.001). MIB-1 values were significantly higher in chondrosarcomas (p <0.001). In healthy joint cartilage no staining was detectable, whereas reactive cartilage of callus formation showed high expression levels. PDGF-&agr; receptor expression was significantly higher in grade 3 chondrosarcomas compared with grade 2 (p = 0.022) and grade 1 tumors (p = 0.002). Survival analysis documented a significantly shorter overall survival for patients with high PDGF-&agr; receptor expression (p = 0.0172, log-rank test). Because PDGF-&agr; receptor expression positively correlates with the aggressiveness of chondrosarcoma, it may be considered as a possible target for novel therapeutic strategies.
Factors Influencing Corn Fungicide Treatment Decisions

Fungal disease management in U.S. corn production has undergone a major shift in the last 2 decades. The decision to apply fungicide, a management practice that was once rarely considered, is now contemplated annually by many U.S. corn producers. We investigate potential factors underlying the fungicide treatment decision. We use economics, agronomy, and plant pathology literature to develop a conceptual model of the fungicide treatment decision and test the model using a survey of Midwest corn producers. We find the treatment decision is positively related to perceived economic gains, but heuristic factors also have a strong influence.
Using Immune Algorithm to Optimize Anomaly Detection Based on SVM

In anomaly detection based on support vector machine, kernel parameter and error penalty c of support vector machine (SVM) determine generalization performance, and superfluous features of training samples affect classification performance. Thus, this paper presents a hybrid optimization selection method for SVM parameters and sample features using immune algorithm. Immune algorithms not only can convergence to global optimum, avoiding get in local optimum, but also can improve convergence rate. The experimental results show that our method can improve the classification accuracy and reduce the training time
Control of degenerate Hopf bifurcations in three-dimensional maps.

A feedback control method is proposed to create a degenerate Hopf bifurcation in three-dimensional maps at a desired parameter point. The particularity of this bifurcation is that the system admits a stable fixed point inside a stable Hopf circle, between which an unstable Hopf circle resides. The interest of this solution structure is that the asymptotic behavior of the system can be switched between stationary and quasi-periodic motions by only tuning the initial state conditions. A set of critical and stability conditions for the degenerate Hopf bifurcation are discussed. The washout-filter-based controller with a polynomial control law is utilized. The control gains are derived from the theory of Chenciner's degenerate Hopf bifurcation with the aid of the center manifold reduction and the normal form evolution.