Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Functional Consequences of Relative Substrate Specificity in Complex Biochemical Systems

A biochemical activity, that is, enzymatic reaction or molecular interaction, frequently involves a molecule, for example, an enzyme, capable of interacting with numerous substrates or partners. Specificity is a fundamental property of biochemical activities, and relative specificity refers to the situation whereby a molecule interacts with multiple substrates or partners but with different affinities. Here, a hypothesis is proposed that any molecule, such as an enzyme, would have a range of preferences or relative specificity for its many native substrates, which differentially impacts the phenotypes of these substrates and hence shapes the relevant biological processes in vivo. While the mechanisms underlying the specific recognition between enzymes and individual substrates have been studied extensively, whether any enzyme exhibits intrinsic selectivity toward its ensemble of substrates is often overlooked, and whether this selectivity has any functional consequences is much less appreciated. There are, however, several lines of evidence in the literature that are consistent with the hypothesis and reviewed here. Furthermore, this hypothesis is supported by our analyses of a number of diverse biochemical systems at a large scale. Thus, the human microRNA processing machinery possesses relative specificity toward its hundreds of substrates, which might contribute to differential microRNA biogenesis; the promoter binding affinity of the transcription factor Ndt80 might regulate Ndt80 target mRNA expression in the budding yeast; Cdk1 kinase specificity might lead to variable substrate phosphorylation in vivo; and the density of HuR deposition to its thousands of RNA targets might partly explain differential RNA expression in human cells. It is proposed, therefore, that relative specificity is a universal property of complex biochemical systems and that the hypothesis could denote a general principle in biology.
Information geometric approach for nonlinear filtering

In this paper, we consider the nonlinear filtering by using information geometric approach. Under the principle of Bayesian, the filtering problem has been converted to Bayesian estimation. Based on the estimation conditional on the measurement, the posterior probability density functions (PDFs) have constructed a statistical manifold. With the information geometric approach, the nonlinear characteristic has been convert to the Riemannian metric tensor, and the Bayesian estimation has been obtained by the natural gradient descent technique. Further, the information geometric nonlinear filtering has been induced. For the linear and Gaussian case, the metric tensor is constant, and the proposed method will be equivalent to the traditional Kalman filter. While the nonlinear case, the metric tensor is variable in which need be computed at each point on the statistical manifold, and the proposed method will be convergence along the optimal direction. The numerical experiment will show the better performance of our proposed method.
A Comparison of Maternal Parenting Style Attitudes of Grandmothers and Mothers of Young Children in Taiwan: Development of a New Measure of Parenting Style.

Noting that previous study of child rearing patterns among Chinese parents has ignored the importance of the instrument measuring parenting style, this study used an instrument incorporating Chinese concepts of parenting and based on well-established parenting concepts to examine differences in the child rearing attitudes of mothers and grandmothers of 3to 6-year-olds in Taiwan. Participating in the study were 53 grandmothers and 448 mothers randomly selected from 12 Taiwan kindergartens. The instrument used was the Maternal Parenting Style Questionnaire developed for this study and based on the constructs identified in Baumrind Parent Behavior Ratings. The findings revealed that although there were significant differences between the attitudes of grandmothers and mothers on parenting style, the attitudes of most grandmothers and mothers favored an authoritative parenting style over the authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved styles. Grandmothers' parenting style was identified as more responsive than mothers' style. There were no generational differences in demandingness. A small sample size for the grandmothers may have contributed to the results of this study. (Contains 47 references.) (KB) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. A Comparison of Maternal Parenting Style Attitudes of Grandmothers N 00 and Mothers of Young Children in Taiwan: Development of 71a New Measure of Parenting Style
Evaluation of a Usable Hybrid Authentication System

increase in the use of automated systems has brought about an increase in the amount of personal information in electronic form; and as a result there is need for confidentiality. A good system must be able to identify "who" is accessing "what". Several authentication systems use password (text) as an authentication means while in modern computing, graphical password is beginning to gain ground due to its advantage in the area of usability. This paper studies graphical password with the view of merging its strength with the strengths of text password to produce what is known as a hybrid authentication system.
Fully-simulatable multiparty computation

We introduce and realize the notion of fully simulatable multiparty computation. Unlike any of the previous models, our notion simultaneously enjoys the following features: • Main feature: The simulator does not have any extra power over the “real-life” adversary. In particular, it cannot program any public parameters or run in super-polynomial time. Thus, our implementation is fully deniable for tasks such as authentication and zero-knowledge (unlike the previous solutions in the common reference string model). • Universal composability (in particular, straight-line simulation). • No PKI (although there exists one “non-programmable” public key; see below). • Adaptive security. We remark that it might seem impossible to realize all (or even the main) of the above features, even for relatively simple tasks such as zero-knowledge [10]. The way we overcome this apparent contradiction is by introducing a polynomial-time, fully off-line trusted party T to our model. T publishes a single certified public key pk and never has to participate again in any of the protocols. However, any party P has an option of contacting T and requesting an identity-based secret key skP . We stress, though, that no honest party actually needs to (and correspondingly will not) contact T , while the security will hold even against corrupted parties who do contact T . We believe that the addition of fully off-line T is a minimal and very realistic way to overcome the impossibility results in the “standard” model. Additionally, the introduction of T could naturally support other desirable properties impossible in the standard model (such as optimistic fairness with faulty majority). The main building block of our construction is the notion of identity-based chameleon hash functions [1]. We give an elegant, generic construction of such hash functions from any signature scheme possessing a certain Σ-protocol. By showing several efficient implementations of such protocols, we give the first constructions of identity-based chameleon hash functions without random oracles, which is of independent interest.
CDN-Supported Collaborative Media Streaming Control

We propose a system called Comodin, based on a content distribution network (CDN), that provides collaborative media playback services. Specifically, the system enables an Internet-based interactive media service for e-learning and e-entertainment, allowing an explicitly formed group of clients to view and cooperatively control a shared remote media playback
Academic motivation and misconduct in two cultures: A comparative analysis of US and Ukrainian undergraduates

The present study explored differences between United States (US) and Ukrainian undergraduates ( N =378) in terms of their academic motivation and its relation to their beliefs and behaviours related to academic misconduct. Specifically, this study investigated differences between US and Ukrainian students' task value, goal orientations, moral beliefs about cheating and engagement in cheating behaviour. Results revealed several significant differences between US and Ukrainian students. While similar in their level of academic task value and mastery goal orientation, Ukrainian students had reported being less performance goal oriented than their US counterparts. Ukrainian students also reported lower judgments about the wrongness of cheating and higher levels of engagement in cheating behaviour than US students. Finally, regression analyses revealed a significant culture x task value interaction on both cheating beliefs and behaviours: among Ukrainian undergraduates, increases in task value both strengthen beliefs about the wrongness of cheating and reduce engagement in it. These results and their theoretical and educational significance are discussed.
The role of elevations in intracellular [Ca2+] in the development of low frequency fatigue in mouse single muscle fibres.

1. Intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and force were measured in isolated single skeletal muscle fibres from mice. The aim was to determine the extent to which elevations in [Ca2+]i during various stimulation protocols affected subsequent muscle performance. 2. A protocol of repeated tetanic stimulation which elevated [Ca2+]i and caused a large decline in force (fatigue) had a [Ca2+]‐time integral of 36.4 +/‐ 8.1 microM s. A protocol of repeated tetani at a lower duty cycle (stimulation) caused only a small decline in force (9‐16%) but elevated the [Ca2+]‐time integral to 16.7 +/‐ 2.8 and 24.9 +/‐ 1.6 microM s in the absence and presence of 10 mM caffeine, respectively. Caffeine alone raised the [Ca2+]‐time integral to 20.3 +/‐ 3.4 microM s. 3. Following the fatigue protocol there was a proportionately greater loss of force at low stimulation frequencies (30 and 50 Hz) compared with high frequencies (100 Hz) which persisted for up to an hour. This pattern of force loss could be attributed to a uniform reduction in [Ca2+]i at all frequencies. Similar effects were observed after elevating [Ca2+]i with the caffeine + stimulation protocol but were not observed after stimulation or caffeine alone. The higher [Ca2+]‐time integrals during the fatigue and caffeine + stimulation protocols suggest that some threshold for [Ca2+]i must be reached before these effects are observed. 4. The reductions in low frequency force induced by the fatigue and caffeine + stimulation protocols were not due to decreased Ca2+ sensitivity or to decreases in maximum force‐generating capacity of the contractile proteins and therefore are due to a failure of Ca2+ release. 5. The Ca(2+)‐activated neutral protease (calpain) inhibitor calpeptin was not effective in preventing the effects of caffeine + stimulation indicating that the reduction in Ca2+ release was not due to calpain‐mediated hydrolysis of the Ca2+ release channel. 6. Our findings indicate that low frequency fatigue results from increases in [Ca2+]i during fatigue and that these elevations in [Ca2+]i activate some process which leads to failure of excitation‐contraction (E‐C) coupling and Ca2+ release.
Transformations in a civil discourse public speaking class: speakers' and listeners' attitude change

Learning to engage in civil discourse requires students to maintain an openness to new points of view and attitude change. In a public speaking course based on principles of civil discourse, classroom procedures were designed to foster subjective reframing by engaging students in the disorienting exercise of supporting multiple perspectives on the same topic. Based on extensive coding of listeners' journals, speakers' videotaped reports, and pre‐/postassessments of attitudes toward controversial topics, results warranted the conclusion that public speaking courses may be better designed for speaker transformation than for listener transformation. Overall results have implications for educators designing public speaking courses and those interested in preparing students to participate in civil, robust, and effective public discourse. In particular, more potent methods for engaging students as listeners need to be implemented.
Dopamine release from interplexiform cells in the retina: effects of GnRH, FMRFamide, bicuculline, and enkephalin on horizontal cell activity

In teleost fish, dopaminergic interplexiform cells provide an intraretinal centrifugal pathway from the inner to the outer plexiform layer, where they make abundant synapses on cone-related horizontal cells. The interplexiform cells receive all their input in the inner plexiform layer from centrifugal fibers and amacrine cells. In fish, centrifugal fibers contain gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone (GnRH)-like and FMRFamide-like peptides (Munz et al., 1982; Stell et al., 1984), whereas amacrine cells contain a variety of neuroactive substances, including a number of peptides. In this study, we examined the effects of GnRH, FMRFamide, bicuculline, and enkephalin on horizontal cell activity in the white perch retina in an attempt to understand the synaptic inputs to the interplexiform cells. When the retina was superfused with Ringer's solution containing GnRH, horizontal cells depolarized (approximately 10 mV), and their responses to small spots increased, whereas their responses to full-field lights decreased. Thus, GnRH closely mimicked the effects of dopamine on horizontal cells. The GnRH antagonist [D-Phe2, Pro3, D-Phe6]-GnRH blocked the effects of GnRH, as did haloperidol. GnRH also had no effect on horizontal cells in retinas treated with 6-hydroxydopamine. The results indicate that GnRH acts by stimulating the release of dopamine from interplexiform cells. FMRFamide alone produced no changes on either the membrane potential or light responses of horizontal cells, but it did suppress the effects of GnRH on horizontal cells in some experiments. FRMFamide also reversed the effects of prolonged darkness on horizontal cell responses. When bicuculline was applied to the retina, horizontal cells also depolarized (approximately 10 mV), responses to full-field illumination decreased, and responses to small spots increased. Most of the effects of bicuculline were suppressed by haloperidol, indicating that bicuculline also stimulates the release of dopamine from interplexiform cells. Similar results were obtained when [D-Ala2]-met-enkephalinamide was applied to the retina; horizontal cells depolarized (approximately 10 mV), responses to full-field stimuli decreased, and responses to the light spots increased. On the other hand, [D-Ala2]-leuenkephalinamide and [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin had no effects on horizontal cells. Both haloperidol and naloxone blocked the effects of [D-Ala2]-met-enkephalinamide on horizontal cells, indicating that [D-Ala2]-met-enkephalinamide stimulates dopamine release from interplexiform cells via specific opiate receptors.
Starch Biosynthesis and Intermediary Metabolism in Maize Kernels. Quantitative Analysis of Metabolite Flux by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance1

The seeds of cereals represent an important sink for metabolites during the accumulation of storage products, and seeds are an essential component of human and animal nutrition. Understanding the metabolic interconversions (networks) underpinning storage product formation could provide the foundation for effective metabolic engineering of these primary nutritional sources. In this paper, we describe the use of retrobiosynthetic nuclear magnetic resonance analysis to establish the metabolic history of the glucose (Glc) units of starch in maize (Zea mays) kernels. Maize kernel cultures were grown with [U-13C6]Glc, [U-13C12]sucrose, or [1,2-13C2]acetate as supplements. After 19 d, starch was hydrolyzed, and the isotopomer composition of the resulting Glc was determined by quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. [1,2-13C2]Acetate was not incorporated into starch. [U-13C6]Glc or [U-13C12]sucrose gave similar labeling patterns of polysaccharide Glc units, which were dominated by [1,2,3-13C3]- and [4,5,6-13C3]-isotopomers, whereas the [U-13C6]-, [3,4,5,6-13C4]-, [1,2-13C2]-, [5,6-13C2], [3-13C1], and [4-13C1]-isotopomers were present at lower levels. These isotopomer compositions indicate that there is extensive recycling of Glc before its incorporation into starch, via the enzymes of glycolytic, glucogenic, and pentose phosphate pathways. The relatively high abundance of the [5,6-13C2]-isotopomer can be explained by the joint operation of glycolysis/glucogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway.
A Novel Explorative Visualization Tool for Financial Time Series Data Analysis

Analyzing high dimensional time series data can be challenging, especially when the data consists of a large number of long time series. The task involves supporting interactive analysis of the data in both global and local fashion. In this paper we introduce a novel visual data analysis tool, which facilitates such type of tasks. The tool advances existing visualization techniques by integrating a pixel based visualization technique, which can display a large volume of data without overlaps, and line graph visualization, which provides an intuitive understanding of patterns and trends in the time series data.
Structural Heterogeneity or Asymmetric Shocks? Poland and the Euro Area Through the Lens of a Two-Country DSGE Model

This paper presents a two-country model linking Poland and the euro area and applies it for assessment of heterogeneity across these two regions. Overall, our results can be seen as rather inconclusive about the differences in parameters describing agents' decision-making in Poland and in the euro area. On the contrary, we find strong evidence for heterogeneity in terms of volatility and synchronization of shocks hitting both economies. Our results may be viewed as a step towards estimating the costs of Poland's entry to the European Monetary Union, associated with giving up the monetary autonomy and losing benefits from stabilizing movements of the exchange rate.
Adaptación y validación del Faces-20-ESP: Re-conociendo el funcionamiento familiar en Chillán, Chile

espanolEn este articulo presentamos el proceso de adaptacion y validacion al contexto local de la Escala Breve de Evaluacion Familiar Faces 20 ESP realizada en la ciudad de Chillan, Chile. Los resultados obtenidos nos demostraron una semejanza altamente significativa frente a los encontrados en la version original, lo que da cuenta de la fiabilidad y validez del instrumento para el estudio del funcionamiento familiar, sentando importantes precedentes academicos para posteriores investigaciones. Con base en el analisis comparativo, pudimos observar que en las familias estudiadas no existen diferencias estadisticamente significativas tanto en cohesion como en adaptabilidad, entre los tipos ensambladas y nucleares. Esto evidencia empiricamente que no es posible atribuir un tipo de funcionamiento determinado a una configuracion familiar especifica, lo que posiblemente contenga implicancias teoricas futuras. EnglishThis article examines the process of adaptation and validation to the local context of the Short Scale of Family Evaluation Faces 20 ESP carried out in Chillan, a Chilean central southern city. Results showed a highly significant resemblance with those of the original version, which accounts for the reliability and validity of the study instrument for the study of family functioning, thus setting an important precedent for future research. Based on the comparative analysis of the results, we found that among the families studied there are no statistically significant differences in cohesion and adaptability, something that applies both for assembled and nuclear families. This provides empirical evidence that it is not possible to attribute a specific type of functioning to a specific family setting, something that might have theoretical implications in the future. portuguesEste artigo apresenta o processo de adaptacao e validacao ao contexto local da Escala Breve de Avaliacao Familiar � Faces 20 ESP, realizada na cidade de Chillan, Chile. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram uma semelhanca altamente significativa aos encontrados na versao original, o que atesta a confiabilidade e validade do instrumento para o estudo do funcionamento familiar. Tambem, apresenta importantes precedentes academicos para posteriores investigacoes. A analise comparativa dos dados aponta que nas familias estudadas nao existem diferencas estatisticamente significativas nos aspectos coesao e adaptabilidade entre familias rearranjadas e nucleares. Isto evidencia que nao e possivel atribuir um tipo de funcionamento determinado a uma configuracao familiar especifica, o que pode resultar em implicacoes teoricas futuras.
Variable dietary management of methylmalonic acidemia: metabolic and energetic correlations.

BACKGROUND Isolated methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is managed by dietary protein restriction and medical food supplementation. Resting energy expenditure (REE) can be depressed in affected individuals for undefined reasons. OBJECTIVE The objective was to document the spectrum of nutritional approaches used to treat patients with MMA, measure REE, and analyze the dependence of REE on body composition, biochemical, and nutritional variables. DESIGN Twenty-nine patients with isolated MMA (22 mut, 5 cblA, 2 cblB; 15 males, 14 females; age range: 2-35 y) underwent evaluation. REE was measured with open-circuit calorimetry and compared with predicted values by using age-appropriate equations. RESULTS Nutritional regimens were as follows: protein restriction with medical food (n = 17 of 29), protein restriction with medical food and supplemental isoleucine or valine (n = 5 of 29), or the use of natural protein alone for dietary needs (n = 7 of 29). Most mut patients had short stature and higher percentage fat mass compared with reference controls. Measured REE decreased to 74 ± 13.6% of predicted (P < 0.001) in the ≤ 18-y group (n = 22) and to 83 ± 11.1% (P = 0.004) in patients aged >18 y (n = 7). Linear regression modeling suggested that age (P = 0.001), creatinine clearance (P = 0.01), and height z score (P = 0.04) accounted for part of the variance of measured REE per kilogram of fat-free mass (model R² = 0.66, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS There is wide variation in the dietary treatment of MMA. Standard predictive equations overestimate REE in this population primarily due to their altered body composition and decreased renal function. Defining actual energy needs will help optimize nutrition and protect individuals from overfeeding. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00078078.
A Improved Anti-Collision Algorithm in RFID System of Internet of Things

the anti-collision problem is one of the difficulties of RFID in IOT. In the IOT system, there may be more than one tag in the working range of one reader. When the reader start these tags, all of them will transmit data to the reader at the same time, it will cause the reader can not read the data from the tags correctly. Use the anti-collision technology the IOT can prevent multiple tags simultaneously transmit data which causes collision. The current anti-collision algorithms are mainly Slotted ALOHA method and Binary Search method. The basic ALOHA algorithm has high current efficiency, but with the increase of the tags, the efficiency of the system will decrease greatly. This paper presented an improved ALOHA algorithm. In the proposed algorithm, the number of tags was estimated dynamically, with which a suitable size of window can be chosen to get higher system efficiency. At the same time, grouping strategy was introduced into the algorithm. The simulation results have shown that the proposed algorithm has higher system efficiency and lower working time.