Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Semi-Supervised Dynamic Classification for Intrusion Detection

In this paper, a new framework to build an adaptive classifier is introduced. At first, a clustering algorithm, Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) is applied to a set of sample data to form initial set of clusters. The clusters are represented as classes. Using support vector machine (SVM), a classifier model is generated. In real world application, data comes in continuously. Therefore, if the model does not learn from the new data, the model may not perform as well with the new data especially when the model's training data is different from the test data. The new framework proposed in this paper rebuilds the classifier model using selected data from test data set to improve the accuracy of the model. A case study on intrusion detection data set has been performed to evaluate our methodology. The result shows that this approach lead to have more accurate classification models over time.
Does the Market for CEO Talent Explain Controversial CEO Pay Practices?

Benchmarking, pay for luck, and the large compensation packages given to CEOs in recent years are three major controversial compensation practices. We examine the extent to which variation in the market for CEO talent explains these practices. We find that CEO compensation is benchmarked against other firms only in industries where CEO talent is not firm-specific, and that pay for luck is more prevalent there also. These findings are consistent with theories based on the market for CEO talent. However, CEO compensation levels do not depend on whether CEO talent is firm-specific, which seems inconsistent with the talent competition argument.
Women and sustainable development.

Gender issues in sustainable development focuses on constraints, the policy environment, land rights, the division of labor, reproductive rights, human resource development, productive energy, care of children, education, politics, security, social norms, and women's initiatives. African women's participation in the development process has been limited by the policy environment, sociocultural setting, and women's initiatives. African policy has not recognized the different roles that men and women play. There is unequal division of labor, legal discrimination against women, and abuse of women's basic human rights. Women's subordinate position in society and their concrete needs are ignored. Land tenure and credit systems are based on discriminatory policies. Women share a major portion and in some cases all of the agricultural labor with few tools or equipment. The operating assumption is that women's labor supply is inelastic. In order to fully participate in the development process, women need to be able to determine the number of children needed, the spacing between children, and the timing and the method of contraception. Human resource development in Africa has focused on training men. Women must contribute a major portion of time and labor to processing and cooking food in addition to caring for children. Access to higher education is limited. Political accords have been reached without women when women have contributed significantly to political struggles. Social security is compromised during violence and civil strife. There is sexual harassment in the work place. Culture can subordinate women. Women have been unable to change policy making, planning, and patriarchal ideology. Women are marginal contributors to the labor force. Income-generating projects are primarily confined to the informal sector. The governments impose the women's programs. Political influence is highly desired if change in women's stature is to be accomplished.
Protective roles of intestinal microbiota derived short chain fatty acids in Alzheimer’s disease-type beta-amyloid neuropathological mechanisms

ABSTRACT Background: Dietary fibers are metabolized by gastrointestinal (GI) bacteria into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). We investigated the potential role of these SCFAs in β-amyloid (Aβ) mediated pathological processes that play key roles in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. Research design and methods: Multiple complementary assays were used to investigate individual SCFAs for their dose-responsive effects in interfering with the assembly of Aβß1-40 and Aβ1-42 peptides into soluble neurotoxic Aβ aggregates. Results: We found that several select SCFAs are capable of potently inhibiting Aβ aggregations, in vitro. Conclusion: Our studies support the hypothesis that intestinal microbiota may help protect against AD, in part, by supporting the generation of select SCFAs, which interfere with the formation of toxic soluble Aβ aggregates.
Isolation and Characterization of Heparin From Tuna Skins

This study characterized heparin isolated from tuna skins. Glycosaminoglycans were isolated from tuna skin after digestion using anion exchange resin. Heparin was eluted from the resin by sodium chloride gradient and was further fractionated by acetone fractionation. Anticoagulant activity was determined using the activated partial thromboplastin time and Heptest assays. Potency was determined using amidolytic antifactor IIa and antifactor Xa assays. The presence of heparin in the extracted tuna skin glycosaminoglycans was confirmed using 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance. The activated partial thromboplastin time and Heptest clotting times were doubled at concentrations of about 4 and 1 µg/mL, respectively. The clotting time prolongation and antiprotease activity induced by tuna heparin was readily neutralized by 25 µg/mL protamine sulfate. These results demonstrate that biologically active heparin with properties similar to clinical grade heparin can be derived from tuna skin, a raw material with otherwise relatively little economic value.
Multidrug resistance of DNA-mediated transformants is linked to transfer of the human mdr1 gene

Mouse NIH 3T3 cells were transformed to multidrug resistance with high-molecular-weight DNA from multidrug-resistant human KB carcinoma cells. The patterns of cross resistance to colchicine, vinblastine, and doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin; Adria Laboratories Inc.) of the human donor cell line and mouse recipients were similar. The multidrug-resistant human donor cell line contains amplified sequences of the mdr1 gene which are expressed at high levels. Both primary and secondary NIH 3T3 transformants contained and expressed these amplified human mdr1 sequences. Amplification and expression of the human mdr1 sequences and amplification of cotransferred human Alu sequences in the mouse cells correlated with the degree of multidrug resistance. These data suggest that the mdr1 gene is likely to be responsible for multidrug resistance in cultured cells.
Reporting bad news about software projects: impact of organizational climate and information asymmetry in an individualistic and a collectivistic culture

The reluctance of people to report bad news can be a major contributor to the phenomenon of runaway software projects. If senior managers receive bad news sooner, they may be able to prevent runaway software projects through corrective action. Two factors that are known to impact predisposition to report bad news are organizational climate (whether reporting bad news is likely to result in reward or punishment) and information asymmetry (whether hiding bad news is likely to be possible over time). Using matching experiments in an individualistic (United States) and a collectivistic culture (Singapore), this study investigates how the individualism-collectivism dimension of national culture may moderate the impact of organizational climate and information asymmetry on human predisposition to report bad news. The results revealed that individualism appeared to amplify the impact of organizational climate on predisposition to report bad news (compared to collectivism) whereas collectivism appeared to amplify the impact of information asymmetry on predisposition to report bad news (compared to individualism). When deciding on whether to report bad news about software projects, people from an individualistic culture seemed to be more sensitive to organizational climate whereas people from a collectivistic culture seemed to pay greater attention to information asymmetry. These results have useful implications for practice and research involving cross-cultural software project teams. Beyond these implications, these results add a cultural dimension to our existing knowledge on software project management.
Pseudo-Urbanization? Competitive government behavior and urban sprawl in China

Urban population size is a slippery indicator of China's urbanization level. Urban sprawl through infrastructure construction, the setting up of development zones and administrative adjustments, expands urban space and in turn inflates urban population size without necessarily urbanizing the overall landscape or economy. This article seeks to distinguish urbanization from urban sprawl. It aims to uncover why and how local governments have spurred urban sprawl and shaped urbanization in today's China. It suggests that urban sprawl is a land-centered process engineered by the government primarily to generate revenue for local coffers. City building has become a competitive enterprise for local governments who seek to outdo each other in ‘place-making’, both to attract investments and to conjure up highly visible trophy projects. The implications of these findings on China's urbanization and how urban sprawl may be further studied are addressed at the end of the article.
Structure of sexual networks determines the operation of sexual selection

Significance Sexual selection is a powerful evolutionary force, but debate persists over its strength and quantification. We argue that current approaches ignore the structure of the sexual network. We capture this network structure with a metric we call “mating assortment” that precisely and exhaustively captures the indirect as well as direct relationship between a male’s promiscuity and that of his sexual partners. We show that mating assortment is highly variable in nature and use simulations to reveal that such variation plays a key—but so far unappreciated—role in determining the strength of sexual selection on males. Our results provide a clear and quantitative method for studying sexual selection in the many mating systems in which both polygyny and polyandry co-occur. Sexual selection is a fundamental evolutionary process but remains debated, particularly in the complexity of polyandrous populations where females mate with multiple males. This lack of resolution is partly because studies have largely ignored the structure of the sexual network, that is, the pattern of mate sharing. Here, we quantify what we call mating assortment with network analysis to specify explicitly the indirect as well as direct relationships between partners. We first review empirical studies, showing that mating assortment varies considerably in nature, due largely to basic properties of the sexual network (size and density) and partly to nonrandom patterns of mate sharing. We then use simulations to show how variation in mating assortment interacts with population-level polyandry to determine the strength of sexual selection on males. Controlling for average polyandry, positive mating assortment, arising when more polygynous males tend to mate with more polyandrous females, drastically decreases the intensity of precopulatory sexual selection on male mating success (Bateman gradient) and the covariance between male mating success and postcopulatory paternity share. Average polyandry independently weakened some measures of sexual selection and crucially also impacted sexual selection indirectly by constraining mating assortment through the saturation of the mating network. Mating assortment therefore represents a key—albeit overlooked—modulator of the strength of sexual selection. Our results show that jointly considering sexual network structure and average polyandry more precisely describes the strength of sexual selection.
Extensive and intensive margins of India's exports: Comparison with China

Should India's export promotion policies be targeted at accelerating export growth at the extensive (new trading relationships) or at the intensive margin (increase in trade of existing relationships)? To help answer this question, we undertake a comparative study of exports from India and China by analysing the role of extensive and intensive margins in the export market penetration of the two countries during 1995-2011. We further decompose intensive margin into quantity and price margins. As far as extensive margin is concerned, our results show that the gap between the two countries is getting narrower as India is clearly catching up with China. By contrast, India lags significantly behind China in terms of intensive margin due to an abysmally low and stagnant quantity margin. Intensification, rather than diversification, has been the crucial driving force of China's export success. India's exports of capital-intensive products performed better compared to labour intensive products. The lacklustre performance in labour-intensive exports is entirely due to a lack of depth inIndia's market presence even as it expanded the range of its products and markets. Our analysis suggests that India can reap rich dividends by adopting policies aimed at accelerating export growth at the intensive margin. Contrary to the general perception, there exist a great potential for India to expand and intensify its export relationships with the traditional developed country partners.
DNA and Chromatin Modification Networks Distinguish Stem Cell Pluripotent Ground States*

Pluripotent stem cells are capable of differentiating into all cell types of the body and therefore hold tremendous promise for regenerative medicine. Despite their widespread use in laboratories across the world, a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the pluripotent state is currently lacking. Mouse embryonic (mESC) and epiblast (mEpiSC) stem cells are two closely related classes of pluripotent stem cells, derived from distinct embryonic tissues. Although both mESC and mEpiSC are pluripotent, these cell types show important differences in their properties suggesting distinct pluripotent ground states. To understand the molecular basis of pluripotency, we analyzed the nuclear proteomes of mESCs and mEpiSCs to identify protein networks that regulate their respective pluripotent states. Our study used label-free LC-MS/MS to identify and quantify 1597 proteins in embryonic and epiblast stem cell nuclei. Immunoblotting of a selected protein subset was used to confirm that key components of chromatin regulatory networks are differentially expressed in mESCs and mEpiSCs. Specifically, we identify differential expression of DNA methylation, ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling and nucleosome remodeling networks in mESC and mEpiSC nuclei. This study is the first comparative study of protein networks in cells representing the two distinct, pluripotent states, and points to the importance of DNA and chromatin modification processes in regulating pluripotency. In addition, by integrating our data with existing pluripotency networks, we provide detailed maps of protein networks that regulate pluripotency that will further both the fundamental understanding of pluripotency as well as efforts to reliably control the differentiation of these cells into functional cell fates.
Public-Private Partnerships: A Review of Theory and Practice of Performance Measurement

Purpose - – This paper reviews the normative literature of performance measurement within the context of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). The purpose of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of current ex post evaluations of PPPs and identify a feasible direction to comprehensively and effectively measure the performance of PPP infrastructure projects. Design/methodology/approach - – An in-depth literature review is conducted in this paper. The focus of the review is associated with the general performance measurement and performance measurements of PPPs. Findings - – This paper identifies that conventional ex post evaluation is not robust enough to measure the performance of PPP projects. Based on the characteristics of PPPs, the life-cycle (process-based) evaluation under performance measurement system is a promising approach to comprehensive and effective PPP performance measurement. Practical implications - – The outcomes of this paper can be used as a theoretical base for the development of PPP performance measurement framework. Originality/value - – Performance measurement is essential to business success, whether it is at the organisation or project level. Limitations on public funds have encouraged more and more governments across the world to use PPPs to procure economic and social infrastructure projects. Similar to traditional procurement,
Forecasting spatially dependent origin and destination commodity flows

We explore origin–destination forecasting of commodity flows between 15 Spanish regions, using data covering the period from 1995 to 2004. The 1-year-ahead forecasts are based on a recently introduced spatial autoregressive variant of the traditional gravity model. Gravity (or spatial interaction models) attempt to explain variation in $$N = n^2$$N=n2 flows between $$n$$n origin and destination regions that reflect a vector arising from an $$n$$n by $$n$$n flow matrix. The spatial autoregressive variant of the gravity model used here takes into account spatial dependence between flows from regions neighboring both the origin and destinations during estimation and forecasting. One-year-ahead forecast accuracy of non-spatial and spatial models are compared.
Single Cell Analysis Reveals Concomitant Transcription of Pluripotent and Lineage Markers During the Early Steps of Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells

The differentiation of embryonic stem cells is associated with extensive changes in gene expression. It is not yet clear whether these changes are the result of binary switch‐like mechanisms or that of continuous and progressive variation. Here, I have used immunostaining and single molecule RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to assess changes in the expression of the well‐known pluripotency‐associated gene Pou5f1 (also known as Oct4) and early differentiation markers Sox1 and T‐brachyury in single cells during the early steps of differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. I found extensive overlap between the expression of Pou5f1/Sox1 or Pou5f1/T‐brachyury shortly after the initiation of differentiation towards either the neuronal or the mesendodermal lineage, but no evidence of correlation between their respective expression levels. Quantitative analysis of transcriptional output at the sites of nascent transcription revealed that Pou5f1 and Sox1 were transcribed in pulses and that embryonic stem cell differentiation was accompanied by changes in pulsing frequencies. The progressive induction of Sox1 was further associated with an increase in the average size of individual transcriptional bursts. Surprisingly, single cells that actively and simultaneously transcribe both the pluripotency‐ and the lineage‐associated genes could easily be found in the differentiating population. The results presented here show for the first time that lineage priming can occur in cells that are actively transcribing a pluripotent marker. Furthermore, they suggest that this process is associated with changes in transcriptional dynamics. Stem Cells 2015;33:2949–2960
The Productivity of UK Universities

There is increasing recognition in the UK and other OECD countries of the importance of scientific research in providing the foundations for both innovation and competitiveness. This has resulted in increased public funding for research in the UK and elsewhere. At the same time, there is a lack of systematic evidence on how such investments can lead to increasing levels of scientific output and, ultimately, to better economic performance. Much of the available literature concentrates on the effects of public funding of basic research on either firms' innovative activities (see among others COHEN, NELSON AND WALSH [2002]; KLEVORICK, LEVIN, NELSON AND WINTER [1995]; JAFFE [1989]; NARIN, HAMILTON AND OLIVASTRO [1997]) or firm performance (Adams [1990]), bypassing the question of how to measure scientific output. The reasons for this are the difficulty of identifying a stable causal relationship between the resources spent on the science budget and 'intermediate' scientific outputs. This difficulty originates from the dynamic nature of this relationship. There is a persistent and therefore recursive feedback between inputs and outputs, which is exacerbated by lack of appropriate information for analysis. Among the few studies that have attempted to address the problem, are ADAMS AND GRILICHES [1996] and JOHNES AND JOHNES [1995]. This study is based on and further develops Adams and Griliches's methodology.
Healthy psychological functioning and incident coronary heart disease: the importance of self-regulation.

CONTEXT Studies have documented effects of positive and negative emotion on the risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD), leading investigators to speculate about the importance of effective self-regulation for good health. Little work has directly assessed the role of self-regulation in risk of incident CHD. OBJECTIVE To examine whether self-regulation is associated with reduced risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Secondary aims were to consider whether the effects are independent of other measures of psychological functioning and how they may occur. DESIGN A prospective population-based cohort study. SETTING The Normative Aging Study, an ongoing cohort study of community-dwelling men in the Boston area. PARTICIPANTS One thousand one hundred twenty-two men aged 40 to 90 years without CHD or diabetes mellitus at baseline, followed up for an average of 12.7 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Measures of incident CHD obtained from hospital records, medical history, physical examination, and death certificates. During follow-up, 168 cases of incident CHD occurred, including 56 cases of incident nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), 44 cases of fatal CHD, and 68 cases of angina pectoris. RESULTS In 1986, 1122 men completed the revised Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, from which we derived a measure of self-regulation. Compared with men with lower levels, those reporting higher levels of self-regulation had an age-adjusted hazard ratio of 0.38 (95% confidence interval, 0.22-0.64) for combined nonfatal MI and CHD death. Moreover, a dose-response relation was evident, as each 1-SD increase in self-regulation level was associated with a 20% decreased risk of combined angina, nonfatal MI, and CHD death. Significant associations were also found after adjusting for anxiety, anger, or depression and after controlling for positive affect. The association could not be explained by known demographic factors, health behaviors, or biological factors. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that self-regulation may protect against risk of CHD in older men.
Design for OLED microdisplay

In this paper, a 160×120 microdisplay based on organic light emitting diode (OLED) is implemented and analysed. Current driving scheme is employed due to the requirement of extremely small driving current in the microdisplay application. 16 levels gray scale is realized with a current mode digital to analog converter (DAC). The OLED microdisplay can provide compact structure and extremely low power display solutions.