Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Structure of Passive Circumstellar Disks: Beyond the Two-Temperature Approximation

The structure and spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of externally irradiated circumstellar disks are often computed on the basis of the two-temperature model of Chiang & Goldreich. We refine these calculations by using a more realistic temperature profile that is continuous at all optical depths and thus goes beyond the two-temperature model. It is based on the approximate solution of the radiation transfer in the disk obtained from the frequency-integrated moment equations in the Eddington approximation. We come up with a simple procedure ("constant gz approximation") for treating the vertical structure of the disk in regions where its optical depth to stellar radiation is high. This allows us to obtain expressions for the vertical profiles of density and pressure at every point in the disk and to determine the shape of its surface. Armed with these analytical results, we calculate the full radial structure of the disk and demonstrate that it favorably agrees with the results of direct numerical calculations. We also describe a simple and efficient way of the SED calculation based on our adopted temperature profile. Resulting spectra provide very good matches (especially at short wavelengths) to the results of more detailed (but also more time-consuming) SED calculations that solve the full frequency- and angle-dependent radiation transfer within the disk.
Search Results Clustering Algorithm Based on the Suffix Tree

The STC algorithm clusters the documents based on shared phrases and it is a linear time algorithm. Directed against the insufficiency of the existing STC algorithm such as the quality of clustering results and the screening of the clustering labels, the paper improves STC algorithm, respectively perfecting the choice of the base cluster, the similarity calculation formula used to merge the base clusters and the scoring function for the clustering labels. Finally entropy is taken as the evaluation criterion for the clustering results. Compared with the original algorithm there are a better effect which is attested by experiments and more readability, descriptive and distinguishable clustering labels.
A Methodology for Social Book Search

A general overview of our methodology and results for the INEX 2014 Social Book Search Suggestion Task are presented in this paper. This is our first entry in the Social Book Search Track, which started in 2011. Our methodology and experiments are inspired by background research on the Social Book Search Track [5, 6, 7, 8, and 9]. We originally submitted six runs to the INEX 2014 competition and subsequently expanded our experiments as time allowed. Results, though preliminary, indicate some positive directions for future examination.
A Polynomial Column-wise Rescaling von Neumann Algorithm

Recently Chubanov proposed a method which solves homogeneous linear equality systems with positive variables in polynomial time. Chubanov’s method can be considered as a column-wise rescaling procedure. We adapt Chubanov’s method to the von Neumann problem, and so we design a polynomial time column-wise rescaling von Neumann algorithm. This algorithm is the first variant of the von Neumann algorithm with polynomial complexity.
MEASURING TO UNDERSTAND INTANGIBLE PERFORMANCE DRIVERS 1

The present qualitative study explores what 11 Swedish organizations have systematically worked at to increase the understanding of the importance of intangibles as performance drivers. The present analysis is accomplished using a combination of evolutionary theory, knowledge-based theory and organizational learning. The results indicate that assets in an accounting sense seem to be of less interest than perceptions of activities that enable future performance. These 'enablers' are often customer and employee perceptions of individual, organizational, and relational competence. The way for the firms to ascertain a continuous organizational learning process with respect to the value creation chain is to measure intangibles as well as to maintain organizational routines that ensure the transformation of measurement results into action. Measuring and Managing Intangibles – Eleven Swedish Qualitative Explanatory Case Studies. Stockholm University, School of Business Johanson, U. , Mårtensson, M. , & Skoog, M. 3
The impact of research design on the half-life of the Wikipedia category system

The Wikipedia category system has shown a phenomenon of life or obsolescence similar as periodical literatures do, so this paper aims to investigate how the factors related to study design and research process, involving the observation points and the time span, play an impact on the obsolescence of the Wikipedia category system. For the impact of different observation points, we make use of the datasets at different time points under the same time span and the results show that the observation points do have an obvious influence on the category cited half-life; And for the impact of time span, we use the datasets with different intervals at the same time point and the results indicate that the time span has a certain impact on the categories' obsolescence. Based on the deep analysis, the paper further proposes some useful suggestions for the similar studies on information obsolescence in the future.
Fairness Motivations and Procedures of Choice between Lotteries as Revealed through Eye Movements

Eye tracking is used to investigate decision makers’ motivations and procedures in choice problems. Patterns of eye movements in problems where the deliberation process is easily discernable are used to understand the deliberation in other problems. We find that in problems which involve the distribution of income between the participant and another individual, participants who behave selfishly nevertheless take into consideration the size of the payment to the other person. In problems that involve choice between two simple lotteries, eye movements indicate that many participants based their decision on a comparison of prizes and probabilities rather than making an expected utility calculation.
Energy Efficiency and Spectral Efficiency Tradeoff in Device-to-Device (D2D) Communications

In this letter, we investigate the tradeoff between energy efficiency (EE) and spectral efficiency (SE) in device-to-device communications underlaying cellular networks with uplink channel reuse. The resource allocation problem is modeled as a noncooperative game, in which each user equipment is self-interested and wants to maximize its own EE. Given the SE requirement and maximum transmission power constraints, a distributed energy-efficient resource allocation algorithm is proposed by exploiting the properties of the nonlinear fractional programming. The relationships between the EE and SE tradeoff of the proposed algorithm and system parameters are analyzed and verified through computer simulations.
N-Acetyl Cysteine Protects against Methamphetamine-Induced Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration via Modulation of Redox Status and Autophagy in Dopaminergic Cells

Methamphetamine- (MA-) induced neurotoxicity is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and enhanced oxidative stress. Our previous study demonstrated that MA induces autophagy in a dopaminergic neuronal cell model (N27 cells). The cellular mechanisms underlying MA-induced autophagy and apoptosis remain poorly characterized. In the present study we sought to investigate the importance of GSH redox status in MA-induced neurotoxicity using a thiol antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Morphological and biochemical analysis revealed that MA-induced autophagy in N27 dopaminergic cells was associated with pronounced depletion of GSH levels. Moreover, pretreatment with NAC reduced MA-induced GSH depletion and autophagy, while depletion of GSH using L-buthionine sulfoximine (L-BSO) enhanced autophagy. Furthermore, treatment with NAC significantly attenuated MA-induced apoptotic cell death as well as oxidative stress markers, namely, 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). Together, these results suggest that NAC exhibits significant protective effects against MA-induced dopaminergic cell death, presumably via modulation of the GSH level and autophagy. Collectively, our data provide mechanistic insights into the role of cellular GSH redox status in MA-induced autophagy and apoptotic cell death, and additional studies are needed to determine the therapeutic effectiveness of cellular redox modifiers in attenuating dopaminergic neurodegeneration in vivo.
New perspectives on the Kalahari debate: a tale of two 'genomes'

While the ‘Great Kalahari Debate’ hinged almost exclusively on the interpretation of sparse and confusing archaeological and historical data, abundant and convincing genetic evidence from the realm of biological anthropology has been largely ignored, while equally compelling cultural evidence drawn from the musical traditions of the populations in question has been overlooked entirely. In this paper, I attempt to demonstrate how genetic and musicological research can be combined to provide a compelling case for the ‘traditionalist’ position in this ongoing controversy. To this end, I draw upon an important but little known musical ‘genome’, the Cantometric database, compiled under the direction of the late Alan Lomax, at the Columbia University Bureau of Applied Social Research.
Noradrenaline from Locus Coeruleus Neurons Acts on Pedunculo-Pontine Neurons to Prevent REM Sleep and Induces Its Loss-Associated Effects in Rats

Visual Abstract Normally, rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) does not appear during waking or non-REMS. Isolated, independent studies showed that elevated noradrenaline (NA) levels inhibit REMS and induce REMS loss-associated cytomolecular, cytomorphological, psychosomatic changes and associated symptoms. However, the source of NA and its target in the brain for REMS regulation and function in health and diseases remained to be confirmed in vivo. Using tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-siRNA and virus-coated TH-shRNA in normal freely moving rats, we downregulated NA synthesis in locus coeruleus (LC) REM-OFF neurons in vivo. These TH-downregulated rats showed increased REMS, which was prevented by infusing NA into the pedunculo-pontine tegmentum (PPT), the site of REM-ON neurons, normal REMS returned after recovery. Moreover, unlike normal or control-siRNA- or shRNA-injected rats, upon REMS deprivation (REMSD) TH-downregulated rat brains did not show elevated Na-K ATPase (molecular changes) expression and activity. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first in vivo findings in an animal model confirming that NA from the LC REM-OFF neurons (1) acts on the PPT REM-ON neurons to prevent appearance of REMS, and (2) are responsible for inducing REMSD-associated molecular changes and symptoms. These observations clearly show neuro-physio-chemical mechanism of why normally REMS does not appear during waking. Also, that LC neurons are the primary source of NA, which in turn causes some, if not many, REMSD-associated symptoms and behavioral changes. The findings are proof-of-principle for the first time and hold potential to be exploited for confirmation toward treating REMS disorder and amelioration of REMS loss-associated symptoms in patients.
Measurement of retinal injury in the rat after optic nerve transection: an RT-PCR study.

PURPOSE In the current study, a non-histological approach, namely semi-quantitative RT-PCR, was used to provide information on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) injury and survival after optic nerve transection (ONT). The levels of mRNAs synthesized by RGCs and glial components were initially measured at defined time points after ONT. Subsequently, a comparison was made between the levels of these mRNAs in the ONT retinas of rats treated with the neuroprotectant BDNF and in rats which received vehicle. METHODS Wistar rats received an ONT in one eye, while the fellow eye served as a control. ONT was performed 1-2 mm from the optic disc without damaging the retinal blood supply. In the first experiment, rats were killed at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 21 days after ONT. In the second experiment, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF; 5 microg) or vehicle was injected intravitreally at the same time as the ONT and animals were killed after 7 days. RESULTS After ONT, mRNA levels of RGC markers (NF-L and Thy-1) decreased substantially, while levels of GFAP and certain trophic factors mRNAs increased significantly. Administration of BDNF resulted in a substantial, but not complete, preservation of the levels of the RGC specific mRNAs, while ONT induced increases in GFAP and trophic factor mRNAs were not reduced to any great extent by BDNF. CONCLUSIONS The present studies show that measurement of NF-L and Thy-1 mRNAs provides a sensitive and reliable index of RGC injury after ONT, while measurement of GFAP and trophic factors mRNAs provides more general information on the effect of the injury on the retina.
PairMotif+: A Fast and Effective Algorithm for De Novo Motif Discovery in DNA sequences

The planted (l, d) motif search is one of the most widely studied problems in bioinformatics, which plays an important role in the identification of transcription factor binding sites in DNA sequences. However, it is still a challenging task to identify highly degenerate motifs, since current algorithms either output the exact results with a high computational cost or accomplish the computation in a short time but very often fall into a local optimum. In order to make a better trade-off between accuracy and efficiency, we propose a new pattern-driven algorithm, named PairMotif+. At first, some pairs of l-mers are extracted from input sequences according to probabilistic analysis and statistical method so that one or more pairs of motif instances are included in them. Then an approximate strategy for refining pairs of l-mers with high accuracy is adopted in order to avoid the verification of most candidate motifs. Experimental results on the simulated data show that PairMotif+ can solve various (l, d) problems within an hour on a PC with 2.67 GHz processor, and has a better identification accuracy than the compared algorithms MEME, AlignACE and VINE. Also, the validity of the proposed algorithm is tested on multiple real data sets.
Single molecule profiling of tau gene expression in Alzheimer’s disease

Tau is a microtubule‐associated protein that is important for establishing and maintaining neuronal morphology. In addition to its role in normal cells, tau protein is involved in many neurodegenerative diseases, e.g. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia, as the main component of intraneuronal aggregates. Alternative splicing of tau gene in the brain can give rise to at least six protein variants. A causative role of skewed tau exon 10 inclusion has been defined in frontotemporal dementia; however, no link was established between the aberrant splicing of tau and AD. Here, we applied a single‐molecule‐based technology, polymerase colony or polony, to simultaneously monitor tau splicing variant and haplotype profile in sporadic AD and normal brains. We found that the coordinated expression of tau exons 2 and 10 is altered in AD. Additional investigations of cis and trans mechanisms of this observation revealed a decreased protein expression of a known tau splicing factor, htra2‐beta‐1 in AD, thereby implicating a trans mechanism. Our results demonstrate that dysregulation of combinatorial splicing might serve as a signature for aging‐related diseases, and the polony assay could be widely adapted for the study of other tauopathies. Furthermore, splicing‐based therapeutics is an emerging area of drug development, and a well‐defined and quantitative assay for monitoring single‐gene transcriptome will be relevant for such development.
SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE OF CLOUDS IN MULTIPLE-RESOLUTION SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING IMAGES

ABSTRACT: Cloud microphysical, radiative and optical properties, are important parameters influencing the radiation budget of Earth. The high reflective nature of clouds, is responsible for reflecting a large part of the Sun’s energy back into space and therefore having a direct impact on Earth’s climate. Although clouds are generally not desired from a remote sensing perspective, they can be useful as reference parameters for other radiometric calculations since they exhibit high reflectance and a rather flat spectral response. In this paper, we analyze the spectral properties of clouds, such as reflectance, spectral shape and variability, inferred from images captured by several remote sensing satellites.
Reuse Consumption: A Behavioral Model of Individual Reuse of Pre-Built Software Components

As organizations implement software reuse programs to improve productivity and software quality, they face the challenge of how best to encourage reuse. This study describes a behavioral model that attempts to explain the influence of a reuse consumer’s perception of the trustworthiness of the producer, the technical characteristics of the component, and the organizational reuse norms on a reuse consumer’s intention to reuse a component.
Fertilizers, Pills, And Magnetic Strips: The Fate Of Public Education In America

"We shape our tools and then they shape us. " With these words, Kenneth Boulding captured one of the great truths of the modern world. In Fertilizers, Pills, and Magnetic Strips, Gene V Glass analyzes how a few key technological inventions changed culture in America and how public education has changed as a result. Driving these changes are material self-interest and the desire for comfort and security, both of which have transformed American culture into a hyper-consuming, xenophobic society that is systematically degrading public education. Glass shows how the central education policy debates at the start of the 21st century (vouchers, charter schools, tax credits, high-stakes testing, bilingual education) are actually about two underlying issues: how can the costs of public education be cut, and how can the education of the White middle-class be "quasi-privatized" at public expense? Working from the demographic realities of the past thirty years, he projects a challenging and disturbing future for public education in America. Fertilizers, Pills, and Magnetic Strips is attracting the attention of the nation's foremost education scholars. Reviews: "This is the first credible book of the 21st century to anticipate the future of public education. " David C. Berliner ". a wake up call to America about the disastrous consequences of current policies that shortchange the education of the coming majorityLatinos and other 'minority' studentson whom the very future of the nation rests. " Patricia Gandara "The book makes such impressive sense that one has to believe that its clarity, command of the facts, eye for absurdity, and concern for justice will garner greater support for public education as a common and noble cause. " John Willinsky "This is the most original book about education in years. " Ernest R. House
Configuration development of robot controller with UML

A hot research issue of robot is the opening and easy implementation to program of the robot controller recently. To achieve this target, it is necessary to study the architecture of robot controller. The paper presented the architecture of robot controller based on software engineering methods with the target of function independence. This paper is to research the features of robot controller at higher abstract level without concrete application platform. And then the definition “configuration of robot controller” is represented.
Enhanced Collaborative Filtering to Recommender Systems of Technology Enhanced Learning

Recommender Systems (RSs) are largely used nowadays in many ar- eas to generate items of interest to users. Recently, they are applied in the Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL) field to let recommending relevant learning resources to support teachers or learners' need. In this paper we pro- pose a novel recommendation technique that combines a fuzzy collaborative fil- tering algorithm with content based one to make better recommendation, using learners' preferences and importance of knowledge to recommend items with different context in order to alleviate the Stability vs. Plasticity problem of TEL Recommender Systems. Empirical evaluations show that the proposed tech- nique is feasible and effective.
Existence of obligately oligotrophic bacteria as a dominant population in the South China Sea and West Pacific Ocean

The distribution of obligate oligotrophs in the South China Sea and the West Pacific Ocean was investigated by the I4C-MPN method with a medium containing 0.2 mg organic carbon I-'. In surface waters at all stations except Singapore harbour, the total number of heterotrophic bacteria ranged from 1.3 X 10' to 2 . 5 ~ 103 cells ml-l, and 45 to 98% of the total heterotrophs were obligate oligotrophs and the rest facultative oligotrophs. Protein hydrolysate-utilizing oligotrophs and glucoseutilizing oligotrophs were dominant, while acetate-utilizing bacteria were minor components. Bacterial numbers determined by the I4C-MPN method were more than an order of magnitude higher than those obtained by the plate count method. The heterotrophic activities (V,,) of glutamate were remarkably hlgh in the open ocean, while uptake of acetate was undetectable. These results emphasize the importance of obligate oligotrophs in the open ocean.
Transmissions and transitions: a study of two common assumptions in multi-band ASR

Is multi-band automatic speech recognition (ASR) inherently inferior to a full-band approach because phonetic information is lost due to the division of the frequency space into sub-bands? Do the phonetic transitions in sub-bands occur at different times? The first statement is a common objection of the critics of multi-band ASR, and the second, a common assumption by multi-band researchers. This paper is dedicated to finding answers to both these questions. To study the first point, we calculate phonetic feature transmission for sub-bands. Not only do we fail to substantiate the above objection, but we observe the contrary. We confirm the second hypothesis by analyzing the phonetic transition lags in each sub-band. These results reinforce our view that multi-band speech analysis provides useful information for ASR, particularly when band merging takes place at the end state for a phonetic or syllabic model, allowing sub-bands to be independently time-aligned within the model.
Incentives' Effect in Influenza Vaccination Policy

In the majority of developed countries, the level of influenza vaccination coverage in all age groups is suboptimal. Hence, the authorities offer different kinds of incentives for people to become vaccinated such as subsidizing immunization or placing immunization centers in malls to make the process more accessible. We built a theoretical epidemiological game model to find the optimal incentive for vaccination and the corresponding expected level of vaccination coverage. The model was supported by survey data from questionnaires about people's perceptions about influenza and the vaccination against it. Results suggest that the optimal magnitude of the incentives should be greater when less contagious seasonal strains of influenza are involved and greater for the nonelderly population rather than the elderly, and should rise as high as $57 per vaccinated individual so that all children between the ages of six months and four years will be vaccinated. This paper was accepted by Yossi Aviv, operations management.