Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Functionality of the Token Filtering Technique in Filtering Denial of Service Packets Using a New Formal Evaluation Model

Denial of Service (DoS) attacks can cause significant financial damages, and flooding is one kind of DoS attacks. Some formal models have been proposed to evaluate the functionality of DoS filtering techniques, however, there is no formal model that comprehensively evaluates the effectiveness and efficiency of these techniques. This paper proposes a formal model which can be used for evaluating the performance of protocols and solutions for filtering flooding packets. This model has been used in this paper to evaluate the Token Filter Technique (TFT), a packet filtering technique, as an example. The analysis results show that the TFT offers higher network client scalability and higher performance in packet filtering.
The circumstellar material around SN IIn 1997eg: another detection of a very narrow P Cygni profile

We report the detection of a very narrow P Cygni profile on top of the broad emission Hα and Hβ lines of the Type IIn Supernova 1997eg. A similar feature has been detected in SN 1997ab, SN 1998S and SN 1995G. The detection of the narrow P Cygni profile indicates the existence of a dense circumstellar material (CSM), into which the ejecta of the supernova is expanding. From the analysis of the spectra of SN 1997eg we deduce (i) that such CSM is very dense (n≳5×107 cm-3), (ii) that it has a low expanding velocity of about 160 km s−1. The origin of such dense CSM can be either a very dense progenitor wind (M˙∼10-2 M⊙ yr-1) or a circumstellar shell product of the progenitor wind expanding into a high-pressure environment.
The EUV variability of the luminous QSO HS 1700+6416

We report on the first observations of variations in UV (intrinsic EUV 330 A) flux of the luminous QSO HS 1700+6416 (z=2.72) over a decade. The amplitude of variations increases from +/-0.1 mag in the optical (R) to up to a factor of 3 at 1250 A. This is apparently an extension of the increase in amplitude of variations towards shorter wavelengths observed with IUE in low z AGN (Paltani & Courvoisier, 1996) to the EUV. The time-scale for variations with the largest amplitudes is >= 1/2 yr to years. We briefly discuss the consequences of the observed variations on the ionizing metagalactic UV background.
A micro power management system and maximum output power control for solar energy harvesting applications

A micro power management system is presented for solar energy harvesting applications. An inductor-less solution is proposed which facilitates on-chip integration of the system. We target at applications working in different lighting environments ranging from strong sunlight to dim indoor lighting where the output voltage from the photovoltaic (PV) cells is low. A charge pump is used to step the PV voltage up to charge a battery or directly operate the circuit. The power management system behavior is theoretically analyzed and the control strategy is derived to transfer maximum power from the PV cells to the battery or the circuit. Circuit design and low power techniques for the maximum output power control are proposed for the system. The system was implemented using 0. 35μm CMOS process. With the measured PV cells output characteristics, HSPICE simulations for the power management system were carried out to verify the control strategy and to demonstrate the system operation.
Explicating Individual Relationships with IS/IT and Uncovering Techno-identities Using Repertory Grid and Laddering to Core Constructs

This research-in-progress paper illustrates how technoidentologists can explicate relationships with IS/IT and uncover techno-identities in a single interview. The power of this approach lies in the ability to paint a more complete picture of users’ preferences for various IS/IT. This includes beginning with concrete IS/IT and ending with core constructs that represent purpose and/or meaning in life. Although prominent in Personal Construct Psychology, this approach is embryonic and not well understood in Information Systems. This paper seeks to pave a methodological way forward for technoidentologists by explicating this process, as doing so allows researchers the ability to link concrete IS/IT and core motivations, as well as to hone in on areas of divergence and convergence. Preliminary findings hold immense implications for IS subfields that may be backgrounding key aspects, that if understood, could have a ‘table turning’ effect on relations between industry and the academy.
Socioeconomic status, blood pressure progression, and incident hypertension in a prospective cohort of female health professionals.

AIMS The aim of this study was to examine the association between socioeconomic status, blood pressure (BP) progression, and incident hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS We included 27 207 female health professionals free of hypertension and cardiovascular disease at baseline. Participants were classified into five education and six income categories. The main outcome variables were BP progression at 48 months of follow-up and incident hypertension during the entire study period. At 48 months, 48.1% of women had BP progression. The multivariable adjusted relative risks [95% confidence intervals (CIs)] for BP progression were 1.0 (referent), 0.96 (0.92-1.00), 0.92 (0.88-0.96), 0.90 (0.85-0.94), and 0.84 (0.78-0.91) (P for trend <0.0001) across increasing education categories and 1.0 (referent), 1.01 (0.94-1.08), 0.99 (0.93-1.06), 0.97 (0.91-1.04), 0.96 (0.90-1.03), and 0.89 (0.83-0.96) across increasing income categories (P for trend = 0.0001). During a median follow-up of 9.8 years, 8248 cases of incident hypertension occurred. Multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) were 1.0 (referent), 0.92 (0.86-0.99), 0.85 (0.79-0.92), 0.87 (0.80-0.94), and 0.74 (0.65-0.84) (P for trend <0.0001) across increasing education categories and 1.0 (referent), 1.07 (0.95-1.21), 1.07 (0.95-1.20), 1.06 (0.94-1.18), 1.04 (0.93-1.16), and 0.93 (0.82-1.06) (P for trend 0.08) across increasing income categories. In joint analyses, education but not income remained associated with BP progression and incident hypertension. CONCLUSION Socioeconomic status, as determined by education but not by income, is a strong independent predictor of BP progression and incident hypertension in women.
Coordinated Energy Conservation for Ad hoc Networks

Existing ad hoc routing protocols assume all nodes within the network to participate in the routing process. By conditionally selecting a subset of nodes is an appropriate approach to limiting the number of nodes participating in routing such that nodes not selected may be turned off to conserve energy and extend network lifetime. However, not all non-routing-related nodes will be able to be turned off (suspended) at the same time. Sufficient bandwidth and forwarding capacity are still necessary in case of changing network topology and environment. In this paper, we describe the Coordinated Energy Conservation (CEC) algorithm to facilitate energy conservation for ad hoc networks. The algorithm constructs a backbone infrastructure to have CEC servers running on backbone nodes to coordinate suspending schedules among their local non-backbone nodes running CEC clients. Simulation results demonstrate that CEC-enabled ad hoc networks exhibit performance closely equivalent to ad hoc networks without CEC, while consuming less energy.
Register allocation for software pipelined loops

Software pipelining is an important instruction scheduling technique for efficiently overlapping successive iterations of loops and executing them in parallel. This paper studies the task of register allocation for software pipelined loops, both with and without hardware features that are specifically aimed at supporting software pipelines. Register allocation for software pipelines presents certain novel problems leading to unconventional solutions, especially in the presence of hardware support. This paper formulates these novel problems and presents a number of alternative solution strategies. These alternatives are comprehensively tested against over one thousand loops to determine the best register allocation strategy, both with and without the hardware support for software pipelining.
Effect of traffic splitting on link and path restoration planning

Link restoration and path restoration are the two major techniques used for telecom network restoration in DCS (digital cross-connect system) mesh networks. For rerouting to be possible, sufficient spare capacity must exist in the links of the chosen alternate paths. Path restoration results in lower additional cost compared to link restoration. Traffic splitting can be used to further reduce the additional cost. There are several methods of performing traffic splitting. We have chosen to study even-splitting and best-splitting methods. We have evaluated traffic splitting techniques by enhancing the link and path restoration modules of the Restoration Network Planning Tool developed by Alcatel Network Systems. We have observed, through several experiments, that traffic splitting results in significant reduction in the spare capacity and the corresponding augmentation cost.
Images from the Field: How Directors View Their Organizations, Their Roles, and Their Jobs.

This study examined the perceptions of early childhood center directors regarding their organizations, their roles, and their specific jobs. Data were obtained from 257 directors completing the Directors' Role Perceptions Questionnaire. The metaphoric images used in the directors' responses were analyzed to generate dominant themes in the way directors viewed their world of work and the discrepancy between their current and ideal conditions. From the directors' descriptions of their centers, several metaphorical themes surfaced (e.g., caring and nurturing, making connections, uniqueness and diversity), with no one theme characterizing more than 22 percent of the directors' responses. The metaphors directors used to describe their administrative role reflected a set of idealized expectations about their positions, their beliefs about the importance of the role, and their summary judgment about the nature of the position. Forty percent of directors referred to the multifaceted nature of the position that requires the balancing of multiple tasks and responsibilities (e.g., juggler); another 29 percent referred to the leading/guiding functions of the director's role (e.g., orchestra conductor, lighthouse). Among the metaphors describing the specific job, 50 percent related to pace and dealing with the unexpected. The most frequently cited metaphor combining these two elements was "roller coaster. " The findings of the study confirm that examining the metaphors that directors use to describe their organizations, their administrative role, and their specific job is a powerful way to gain insight into the assumptions, beliefs, expectations, and personal visions individuals have for themselves and for their organizations. (Contains 26 references 10 figures, and 3 tables.) (Author/KB) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office ot Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) X:41-his document has been reproduced as eceived from the person or organization originating it. 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. IMAGES FROM THE FIELD: HOW DIRECTORS VIEW THEIR ORGANIZATIONS, THEIR ROLES, AND THEIR JOBS PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY riN TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) Paula Jorde Bloom, Ph.D. Professor of Early Childhood Education The Center for Early Childhood Leadership National-Louis University 1000 Capitol Drive Wheeling, Illinois 60090 847-475-1100, ext. 5551 pblo@wheeling1.nl. edu Preconference presentation, National Association for the Education of Young Children annual conference, November 18, 1998, Toronto, Canada
E cient Decomposition of Associative Algebras over Finite Fields

We present new, e cient algorithms for some fundamental computations with nite dimensional (but not necessarily commutative) associative algebras over nite elds. For a semisimple algebra A we show how to compute a complete Wedderburn decomposition of A as a direct sum of simple algebras, an isomorphism between each simple component and a full matrix algebra, and a basis for the centre of A. If A is given by a generating set of matrices in Fm m then our algorithm requires about O(m3) operations in F, in addition to the cost of factoring a polynomial in F[x] of degree O(m), and the cost of generating a small number of random elements from A. We also show how to compute a complete set of orthogonal primitive idempotents in any associative algebra over a nite eld in this same time.
How to prevent type-flaw and multi-protocol attacks on cryptographic protocols under Exclusive-OR

Type-flaw attacks and multi-protocol attacks on security protocols have been frequently reported in the literature. Heather et al. and Guttman et al. have proven that these could be prevented by tagging encrypted components with distinct constants in a standard protocol model with free message algebra and perfect encryption. However, most "real-world" protocols such as SSL 3.0 are designed with the Exclusive-OR (XOR) operator that possesses algebraic properties, breaking the free algebra assumption. These algebraic properties induce equational theories that need to be considered when analyzing protocols that use the operator. This is the problem we consider in this paper: We prove that, under certain assumptions, tagging encrypted components still prevents type-flaw and multi-protocol attacks even in the presence of the XOR operator and its algebraic properties.
Increased astrocyte expression of IL-6 or CCL2 in transgenic mice alters levels of hippocampal and cerebellar proteins

Emerging research has identified that neuroimmune factors are produced by cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and play critical roles as regulators of CNS function, directors of neurodevelopment and responders to pathological processes. A wide range of neuroimmune factors are produced by CNS cells, primarily the glial cells, but the role of specific neuroimmune factors and their glial cell sources in CNS biology and pathology have yet to be fully elucidated. We have used transgenic mice that express elevated levels of a specific neuroimmune factor, the cytokine IL-6 or the chemokine CCL2, through genetic modification of astrocyte expression to identify targets of astrocyte produced IL-6 or CCL2 at the protein level. We found that in non-transgenic mice constitutive expression of IL-6 and CCL2 occurs in the two CNS regions studied, the hippocampus and cerebellum, as measured by ELISA. In the CCL2 transgenic mice elevated levels of CCL2 were evident in the hippocampus and cerebellum, whereas in the IL-6 transgenic mice, elevated levels of IL-6 were only evident in the cerebellum. Western blot analysis of the cellular and synaptic proteins in the hippocampus and cerebellum of the transgenic mice showed that the elevated levels of CCL2 or IL-6 resulted in alterations in the levels of specific proteins and that these actions differed for the two neuroimmune factors and for the two brain regions. These results are consistent with cell specific profiles of action for IL-6 and CCL2, actions that may be an important aspect of their respective roles in CNS physiology and pathophysiology.
Community Participation in the Real World: Opportunities and Pitfalls in New Governance Spaces

The shift from government to governance in recent years has created significant new opportunities for people from disadvantaged communities to participate in the decisions that affect them. However, the weight of evidence over the years suggests that these communities have remained on the margins in partnerships and other initiatives. Governmentality theory helps to explain the ways in which state power persists even when governing is increasingly devolved; however, it also allows for the possibility of 'active subjects', who can shape and influence the new spaces into which they have been invited. This article draws on a range of evidence from the literature and from the author's own research in the UK to consider the challenges for communities of 'governing beyond the state'.
A comparison of statistical methods for meta‐analysis

Meta‐analysis may be used to estimate an overall effect across a number of similar studies. A number of statistical techniques are currently used to combine individual study results. The simplest of these is based on a fixed effects model, which assumes the true effect is the same for all studies. A random effects model, however, allows the true effect to vary across studies, with the mean true effect the parameter of interest. We consider three methods currently used for estimation within the framework of a random effects model, and illustrate them by applying each method to a collection of six studies on the effect of aspirin after myocardial infarction. These methods are compared using estimated coverage probabilities of confidence intervals for the overall effect. The techniques considered all generally have coverages below the nominal level, and in particular it is shown that the commonly used DerSimonian and Laird method does not adequately reflect the error associated with parameter estimation, especially when the number of studies is small. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inside NGOs : managing conflicts between headquarters and the field offices in non-governmental organizations

Development literature has tended to ignore the internal dynamics of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), instead treating them as single, coherent organizations. Inside NGOs acknowledges that NGOs are complex entities consisting of diverse offices staffed by diverse members who hold diverse values. It concentrates on the tension that arises between headquarters and field offices and suggests ways to resolve areas of conflict. The author addresses the major areas of tension existing between headquarters and field offices, which will be familiar to those working for NGOs, including flexibility and consistency in administrative practice, diversity and similarity of NGO staff, and field-orientated and organizationally-oriented attitudes of those staff. The author concludes that NGO effectiveness will increase as staff assess organizational processes carefully, take long term perspectives, become willing and able to take risks, make use of mistakes, and seek new understandings of their problems. This thoroughly researched book draws upon the vast experiences of NGO practitioners and fieldworkers to provide valuable solutions for headquarters and field offices as they relate to each other and to donors as well. It will be a valuable tool for anyone involved in NGO management or working for an NGO.
A Fast Dynamic Optimization Approach for Transient Stability Emergency Control

The transient stability emergency control is able to select the proper strategy of generator tripping or load shedding to maintain power system transient stability after a large disturbance. It can be modeled as a dynamic optimization problem, which is computationally expensive. In this paper, a constraint aggregation based dynamic optimization approach is proposed to solve the problem. In this approach, the differential algebra equations (DAEs) are solved outside the optimization problem and the resulting nonlinear programming (NLP) problem is solved by interior point method. The constraint aggregation technique is employed to preprocess the transient stability inequality constraint, and the adjoint sensitivity analysis is adopted to evaluate constraint. Based on the two layered bordered block diagonal (BBD) structure in the Jacobian matrix, a parallel algorithm is developed to improve the computational efficiency. Numerical experiment indicates the efficiency and practicality of the proposed approach.
Grid Based Multiple Features Based On Image Mosaicing

Image mosaicing is an effective means of constructing a single panoramic image from a series of snapshots taken in different viewing angles.Image mosaicing has been practiced in several computer vision and scientific research areas.Various image mosaicing algorithms have been developed to solve problems like misregisteration of image. Furthermore, a majority of the previous evaluation methodologies lack a sufficient number of performance metrics, while others suffer from complication. Therefore, this paper proposes an evaluation method Grid based multiple features (GBMF) to assess the performance of previous mosaicing algorithms. Firstly we divide image into grid or matrix form. This method involves five methods. It includes feature extraction with geometrical portions of image, object oriented features, texture features, homographic features and SIFT feature extraction methods.Later, image features are matched and redrawn where a verifier algorithm checks the various features registration. Then Image stitching is performed using RANSAC algorithm. Such a Panoramic image is more accurate and less complex in comparison to previous techniques.
Position Paper for the Workshop on “ Beyond GreenField Software Development : Strategies for Reengineering and Evolution ” at OOPSLA 2003 Large Refactorings in Agile Software Development

Refactoring is a key part of many agile software development methods. Where most developers associate small design changes with the term refactoring (as described by Martin Fowler or Bill Opdyke), the daily programming in mediumto large-sized projects needs more than fine-grained refactoring. More complex refactorings appear in such projects, running for more than hours or days, consisting of a number of small steps. This position paper focuses on characterizing those large refactorings, the work with them, talking about why they are not avoidable and arguing why they cannot be automated in the sense small refactorings are. Instead first ideas are described that allow agile teams to integrate large refactorings into their daily work.