Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An intrusion detection method for securing in-vehicle CAN bus

Controller area network (CAN) bus has become the most used protocol in automotive network since its robustness and efficiency. However, CAN bus does not have enough security prosperities to protect the whole automotive system even to protect its network. So, security mechanism to protect CAN bus became an emergency need. One of the efficient methods for securing CAN bus, is Intrusion Detection System (IDS). In this work, a simple intrusion detection method for CAN bus is proposed. Our algorithm does not require any modification in standard procedure of CAN bus nor to be implemented in each calculators of network.
A Note on the Leverage Effect on Portfolio Performance Measures

In a recent article, Modigliani and Pogue [2] raised the issue of “leverage bias” in portfolio performance measures. Specifically, they contended that the value of the Jensen's alpha (α) could be affected by borrowing or lending at the risk-free rate, while the Treynor index (TI) does not suffer from this shortcoming. They illustrated this effect through the use of a graphical example similar to the one in Exhibit I where A and B are two unlevered portfolios with the same α's but different TI's. Modigliani and Pogue argued that by leveraging, i.e., borrowing at Rf, the portfolio with the greater slope (TI), A, could attain a levered portfolio AL which clearly dominates portfolio B. In other L words, the line with the higher TI will dominate the line with a lower TI regardless of α values. This seems to imply that, in general, TI is a better measure of ex post portfolio performance, and that ranking based on TI's is consistent and invariant to the leverage effect, while ranking based on a's is not.
A Practical Method for Valuing Real Options: The Boeing Approach

The Datar Mathews (DM) method is simple, transparent, allows for more insightful strategic planning and valuation and helps firms in reducing risks while improving outcomes. The different sources of uncertainty in a project are not considered properly in the NPV method. The DM method can do so more effectively. The method can give structure to early scenario based decisions and provide a way of introducing quantitative analysis.
Workforce development, higher education and productive systems

Workforce development partnerships between higher education institutions and employers involve distinctive social and technical dynamics that differ from dominant higher education practices in the UK. The New Labour government encouraged such partnerships in England, including through the use of funding that aimed to stimulate reform to institutional processes and build capacity. In the broader policy context, greater workforce development activity had the objective of supporting national skills policy targets and increasing industrial productivity. In this article, the notion of the productive system is used to identify factors influencing the outcomes of this policy, using three models of the production of higher education provision. Attention is paid both to the structure in which these productive processes are situated, and the stages that result in new higher education programmes. To evaluate the sustainability of the productive systems, the development of mutual interests between participants is examined, in addition to the norms that structure culture and relationships and the distribution of power and influence. The role of the institution in respect of the employer and the student is also addressed, with reference to uncertainty regarding the value of workforce development provision in economic and political contexts of perpetual change.
IT for Creativity in Problem Formulation

Creativity is fostered by distributed cognitive activity as individuals interact with artifacts and with each other, often with the aid of artifacts. In this design science research-in-progress, we describe a software artifact known as Theory Garden that was developed to facilitate distributed cognitive activity. We detail an experimental process through which we are assessing the potential for this artifact to facilitate creative outcomes in the context of problem formulation. The experiment involves two different phases: one that addresses managerial problem definition, and one that deals with the requirements processes of software development teams. We conclude with potential implications of this research, should we find evidence that Theory Garden software does support more creative outcomes.
Religious NGOs and the Politics of International Aid: The Norwegian Experience

Abstract Against the background of recent literature and debate about the role of religious NGOs in international aid the article presents a historical survey of the Norwegian experience in the field, from early missionary history to the link-up with the Norwegian Agency for International Development after 1960 and the emergence of independent local churches as partners. The tension between devotion to evangelism and concern for practical work is evident throughout the story. On the basis of case studies from Madagascar, Nepal and Tanzania the conclusion is drawn that the missions and the local churches, with their strategy of small steps, limited capital, a long-term view and an emphasis on moral improvement, represent an interesting alternative to the prevalent state aid strategy. The question is raised as to whether political correctness and what Gunnar Myrdal called ‘diplomatic considerations’ in development research have prevented a full analysis of the cultural factor.
Bullying at school--an indicator of adolescents at risk for mental disorders.

A number of 14-16 year old Finnish adolescents taking part in the School Health Promotion Study (n=8787 in 1995, n=17643 in 1997) were surveyed about bullying and victimization in relation to psychosomatic symptoms, depression, anxiety, eating disorders and substance use. A total of 9 per cent of girls and 17 per cent of boys were involved in bullying on a weekly basis. Anxiety, depression and psychosomatic symptoms were most frequent among bully-victims and equally common among bullies and victims. Frequent excessive drinking and use of any other substance were most common among bullies and thereafter among bully-victims. Among girls, eating disorders were associated with involvement in bullying in any role, among boys with being bully-victims. Bullying should be seen as an indicator of risk of various mental disorders in adolescence.
Evaluation of the Sceptor microdilution antibiotic susceptibility testing system: a collaborative investigation

A multiwell, dried antimicrobial agent susceptibility test system, Sceptor (BBL Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, Md.), was tested. The system was compared directly with a reference microdilution method by using two collections of stock cultures and 305 fresh clinical isolates. Sceptor was found to be in agreement (+/- log2 dilution) with the reference microdilution method in 96.9 to 98.3% of 9,840 minimal inhibitory concentration determinations performed on stock strains and 95.0% of 7,308 minimal inhibitory concentrations obtained from the clinical isolates. The intralaboratory and interlaboratory reproducibility on stock strains was 97.6 and 97.2%, respectively. The intralaboratory reproducibility for the clinical isolates was 96.9%. Sceptor accurately categorized representative challenge strains of methicillin-resistant staphylococci, beta-lactamase-producing bacteria, organisms producing other antimicrobial agent-inactivating enzymes, and permeability mutants as resistant. Only 0.2% very major errors (false-sensitive minimal inhibitory concentrations by Sceptor) were identified among the clinical isolate test results, the majority being clinically insignificant. The product is accurate and reliable, has a long shelf life, and seems applicable for routine use in clinical laboratories.
Clinical Features and Surgical Treatment of Cardiac Myxoma: Report of 18 Cases

Myxomas are the most common benign primary cardiac tumors. As many patients with cardiac myxoma suffer from cerebral or systemic embolism, which are serious complications, diagnosis of the tumor is vital. Between 1990 and 2000, 18 patients (6 males, 12 females), aged 24 to 73 years (mean, 55.3 years), were operated on for cardiac myxoma. The most common location of the myxoma was the left atrium (78%), and the transseptal surgical approach was preferred (78%) as it allows total resection of the left atrial myxoma along with its pedicle. Carney complex, a familial autosomal dominant form of atrial myxoma, was not found in any of the patients. There had been no operative or postoperative mortality and morbidity. The mean postoperative follow-up period was 5 years (mean, 1 to 10 years). No recurrence had been seen. We believe that the transseptal approach, in allowing total resection of the myxoma, prevents recurrence.
Recognition of Phosphodegron Motifs in Human Cyclin E by the SCFFbw7 Ubiquitin Ligase*

Turnover of cyclin E is controlled by SCFFbw7. Three isoforms of Fbw7 are produced by alternative splicing. Whereas Fbw7α and -γ are nuclear and the β-isoform is cytoplasmic in 293T cells, all three isoforms induce cyclin E destruction in an in vivo degradation assay. Cyclin E is phosphorylated on Thr62, Ser88, Ser372, Thr380, and Ser384 in vivo. To examine the roles of phosphorylation in cyclin E turnover, a series of alanine point mutations in each of these sites were analyzed for Fbw7-driven degradation. As expected, mutation of the previously characterized residue Thr380 to alanine led to profound defects of cyclin E turnover, and largely abolished association with Fbw7. Mutation of Thr62 to alanine led to a dramatic reduction in the extent of Thr380 phosphorylation, suggesting an indirect effect of this mutation on cyclin E turnover. Nevertheless, phosphopeptides centered at Thr62 associated with Fbw7, and residual binding of cyclin ET380A to Fbw7 was abolished upon mutation of Thr62, suggesting a minor role for this residue in direct association with Fbw7. Mutation of Ser384 to alanine also rendered cyclin E resistant to degradation by Fbw7, with the largest effects being observed with Fbw7β. Cyclin ES384A associated more weakly with Fbw7α and -β isoforms but was not defective in Thr380 phosphorylation. Analysis of the localization of cyclin E mutant proteins indicated selective accumulation of cyclin ES384A in the nucleus, which may contribute to the inability of cytoplasmic Fbw7β to promote turnover of this cyclin E mutant protein.
Policy Advocacy Organizations: A Framework Linking Theory and Practice

The practice of policy advocacy by organizations has outpaced its theoretical development. Yet the importance of a theoretical grounding for advocacy campaigns has increased with the need for accountability and an understanding of advocates' contributions to policy development. This article synthesizes practitioner and academic literature on policy advocacy and proposes a conceptual framework of policy advocacy inputs, activities, and outcomes. Five distinct advocacy strategies are hypothesized: enhancing a democratic environment, applying public pressure, influencing decision makers, direct reform, and implementation change. This framework provides guidelines for organizations to strategically engage policy processes, while directing a research agenda on advocacy organizations.
The Potential for Effective Regional Development Agencies in Turkey: A Comparative Analysis

Legislation passed in 2006 by the Turkish Parliament provided an opportunity to transition toward regionalized economic development through the establishment of a national system of semi-private Regional Development Agencies (RDA). This reform strategy is complicated by Turkey's highly centralized state tradition and the country's low level of economic development; characteristics which are seen as significant obstacles to vibrant regional economies. This paper uses the establishment of these RDAs as an opportunity to analyse the potential for successful regional economic development in Turkey and to further the general discussion of regional economic development in underdeveloped countries. First, the Turkish agencies are placed in an analytical context, based in European Union Regional Policy and the New Regionalism literature, and a relevant model of regional economic development effectiveness is defined. Secondly, cases of development agency establishment in comparable national contexts are identified in Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic between 1993 and 1998. The final section analyses the Turkish RDAs and makes some predictions about factors that will either enable or inhibit their effectiveness. The paper concludes that in comparison to the regional development initiatives in Central and Eastern Europe, the Turkish RDAs have a unique potential to encourage regional economic growth.
Calculating abnormal returns in event studies: controlling for non‐synchronous trading and volatility clustering in thinly traded markets

Reviews previous research based on event study methodology, pointing out that events can influence returns in many ways, and applies the method to a sample of mergers and acquisitions in the thinly traded Norwegian market 1983‐1994. Explains how the classic market model can be adjusted to control for non‐synchronous trading and changing/asymmetric volatility; and how the event and non‐event periods can be combined into a single model. Applies two different models to the data, compares the results and finds the ARMA‐GARCH approach superior to the OLS. Discusses the implications of this for researchers.
Thermal sensitivity and flexibility of the Cϵ3 domains in immunoglobulin E

The C  3 domains of IgE are the most susceptible to thermally induced unfolding, determined by differential scanning fluorimetry. The C  3 domains are responsible for the characteristically low melting temperature of IgE. The C  3 domains exhibit the greatest intrinsic flexibility. The quaternary structural diversity of the C  3 domains is compared across all (34) known structures using a simplified single parameter. Human IgE-Fc and Fc  3-4 domain structures are determined at the highest resolutions yet reported (1.75Å and 2.0Å respectively). Abstract Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is the antibody that plays a central role in the mechanisms of allergic diseases such as asthma. Interactions with its receptors, Fc  RI on mast cells and CD23 on B cells, are mediated by the Fc region, a dimer of the C  2, C  3 and C  4 domains. A sub-fragment lacking the C  2 domains, Fc  3-4, also binds to both receptors, although receptor binding almost exclusively involves the C  3 domains. This domain also contains the N-linked glycosylation site conserved in other isotypes. We report here the crystal structures of IgE-Fc and Fc  3-4 at the highest resolutions yet determined, 1. 75Å and 2. 0Å respectively, revealing unprecedented detail regarding the carbohydrate and its interactions with protein domains. Analysis of the crystallographic B factors of these, together with all earlier IgE-Fc and Fc  3-4 structures, shows that the C  3 domains exhibit the greatest intrinsic flexibility and quaternary structural variation within IgE-Fc. Intriguingly, both well-ordered carbohydrate and disordered polypeptide can be seen within the same C  3 domains. A simplified method for comparing the quaternary structures of the C  3 domains in free and receptor-bound IgE-Fc structures is presented, which clearly delineates the Fc  RI and CD23 bound states. Importantly, differential scanning fluorimetric analysis of IgE-Fc and Fc  3-4 identifies C  3 as the domain most susceptible to thermally-induced unfolding, and responsible for the characteristically low melting temperature of IgE. Here we report two new crystal forms of Fc  3-4 (at 2.26Å and 2.2Å resolution) together with one of the earlier forms now solved at the highest resolution yet reported (2.0Å) and IgE-Fc also solved at the highest resolution yet reported (1.75Å); new details concerning carbohydrate/protein interactions are revealed. We compare these with all previous structures, and propose a simplified, single-parameter descriptor for the quaternary structure of the C  3 and C  4 domains. An analysis of B-factors for all IgE-Fc and Fc  3-4 structures is also reported, and correlated with experimental data from differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF), which reveals the C  3 domains to be responsible for the thermal sensitivity of IgE.
Energy Price Shocks, Monetary Policy and China's Economic Fluctuations

type="main"> This paper develops a New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with energy factors to study various channels through which China's economic fluctuations are linked to energy price shocks and to search for the optimal monetary policy to cope with energy price shocks. We conclude that there are channels through which changes in energy prices will have the following cause–effect relationships. First, a rise in energy price as a negative technology shock will raise the costs of providing capital services per unit of capital, thereby reducing output. Second, a rising energy price distorts the intertemporal choices of households and firms, creating downward pressure on the expected future return on capital. Third, an energy price shock places upward pressure on the marginal costs associated with an increase in inflation. Numerical simulation results show that a positive energy price shock has a positive effect on energy technology improvements. In addition, the effects of energy price shocks can be mitigated by nominal rigidities, and interest rate rules will determine the magnitude of those effects. Using the efficient frontier method, we also show that optimal monetary policy in China should help control energy price volatility.
Tumor angiogenesis as a prognostic factor in early oral tongue cancer.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between tumor angiogenesis and the subsequent development of cervical node metastases in patients with stage 1 carcinoma of the oral tongue. METHODS The study group consisted of 25 patients with T1 carcinoma with no evidence of neck disease at presentation. Paraffin blocks from 10 patients, in whom neck node metastases were found shortly after surgery, were stained for factor VIII and compared with those from 10 randomly chosen patients in whom no evidence of recurrent disease was observed during prolonged followup. Microvessels were counted in each group. RESULTS The microvessel counts correlated with metastatic disease. The mean +/- SD count was 103.41 +/- 40.72 per X 250 field in the patients with positive lymph node metastases and 50.03 +/- 13.74 per X 250 field in those with no lymph node metastases during follow-up (P < or = .05). CONCLUSIONS The number of microvessels per X 250 field in the area of most intensive neovascularization in early oral tongue carcinoma may be an independent predictor of nodal metastases. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis may therefore prove valuable in selecting patients with early oral tongue carcinoma for aggressive therapy.
Measuring Stock Illiquidity: An Investigation of the Demand and Supply Schedules at the Tase

We show that estimating the demand and supply elasticity at the opening stage at the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange is highly sensitive to which of the reasonable measures is used. We compare the estimated elasticity of excess demand at the opening to the elasticity measured during the continuous trading. Though the elasticity of excess demand increases throughout the day, we find the largest elasticity at the opening. We document a demand schedule that is more elastic than the supply schedule. Our measure of price impact in call auctions is larger for buys than for sells and its reversal is smaller.
Rotation-invariant local binary pattern texture classification

Texture analysis and classification is a well researched topic in computer vision. Since textures are captured at arbitrary angles, the derivation of rotation-invariant texture descriptors has received much attention. A group of high performing texture algorithms are based on the concept of local binary patterns (LBP). These algorithms are very efficient as they typically rely solely on local comparison operations and can also be readily extended (and in fact simplified) to be rotation invariant. In this paper, we provide an overview of eleven LBP-based texture algorithms and benchmark them on a set of rotated Brodatz textures.
Detection of mass tumors in mammograms using SVD subspace analysis

In this paper, we propose a new region-based method for detecting mass tumors in digital mammograms. Our method uses principal component analysis (PCA) techniques to reduce the image data into a subspace with significantly reduced dimensionality using an optimal linear transformation. After the transformation, classification in the subspace is performed using a nearest neighbor classifier. We consider the detection of only mass abnormalities in this study. Micro calcifications, spiculated lesions, and other abnormalities are not considered. We implemented our method and achieved a 93% correct detection rate for mass abnormalities in our tests.
The Trial Penalty and Jury Sentencing: A Study of Air Force Courts-Martial

The sentencing empirical literature generally supports the notion that most defendants plead guilty because judges impose more severe sentences for those who assert their Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial. Whether this trial penalty effect is present in jury sentencing jurisdictions has been rarely investigated. King and Noble (2004, 2005) presented evidence suggesting that in practice, jury sentencing assists prosecutors and judges in maintaining a trial penalty or plea discount system. The present study investigates whether a trial penalty exists in the militarya jury sentencing jurisdiction that offers jury sentencing after a guilty plea as well as a trial. Using Air Force court-martial data from 2005-2006, the study finds no trial penalty effect and that juries are less likely to impose severe types of punishment compared to judges. The study discusses implications for public policy, theory, and future research.
Moderate Emissions Grandfathering

Emissions grandfathering holds that a history of emissions strengthens an agent's claim for future emission entitlements. Though grandfathering appears to have been influential in actual emission control frameworks, it is rarely taken seriously by philosophers. This article presents an argument for thinking this an oversight. The core of the argument is that members of countries with higher historical emissions are typically burdened with higher costs when tran-sitioning to a given lower level of emissions. According to several appealing views in political philosophy (utilitarianism, egalitarianism, prioritarianism and sufficientarianism) they are therefore entitled to greater resources, including emission entitlements, than those in similar positions but with lower emissions. This grandfathering may play an especially important role in allocating emission entitlements among rich countries.
From knowledge ecology to innovation systems: Agricultural innovations and their diffusion in Uzbekistan

Abstract This paper offers an insight into Uzbekistan’s innovation system by adopting an inductive approach and studying the system along the example of altogether five different agricultural innovations (five case studies) entered into the national system of innovation screening for potential outscaling. The data suggest that there are missing linkages and a weak institutional infrastructure in the field of innovation diffusion in Uzbekistan and thus we argue that there is ‘knowledge ecology’ (to use Foray’s term) rather than ‘innovation systems’ in place. Nevertheless, this bears the potential to support the development of a future national innovation system.