Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anomaly based intrusion detection in wireless networks using Bayesian classifier

Ad hoc wireless network with black hole attacks, denial of service attacks and malicious attacks are investigated to study if we can detect harmful activities in a timely manner. A popular simulator NS2 was used to create a controlled wireless network environment. The network was built with 33 nodes with AODV protocol and traffic data was collected from the network. The probability based Naïve Bayesian classifier was used with 10 attributed derived from the traffic data. The classification rates obtained is over 97% when numeric attribute values are discretized in Naïve Bayesian classifier. It is observed that in our network simulation, denial-of-service attacks and black hole attacks are always correctly detected while malicious attacks and normal traffic are not.
The rise of the furbaby : investigating the psychological reasons behind owner’s attachment to their dogs

The aim of this study was to explore the psychological reasons behind owner’s attachment to their dogs by investigating whether dogs are being used to fulfil an absent maternal/ paternal need, whether an owner’s personal attachment style affects how attached they become to their dog and also whether owners are developing attachment to their dog as a way to cope with certain types of psychological stress. This was a mixed method correlational study employing snowball, convenience and self-selecting sampling in order to recruit participants who were required to fill out a five part online questionnaire. 172 participants took part in this study. Inferential statistical analysis reported no significant results for all hypotheses although descriptive statistics showed small nonsignificant trends that lend support to each hypothesis. Qualitative analysis was also performed to get a deeper understanding into attitudes held by people with and without children in relation to pet attachment.
Loss of Glial Neurofascin155 Delays Developmental Synapse Elimination at the Neuromuscular Junction

Postnatal synapse elimination plays a critical role in sculpting and refining neural connectivity throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems, including the removal of supernumerary axonal inputs from neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). Here, we reveal a novel and important role for myelinating glia in regulating synapse elimination at the mouse NMJ, where loss of a single glial cell protein, the glial isoform of neurofascin (Nfasc155), was sufficient to disrupt postnatal remodeling of synaptic circuitry. Neuromuscular synapses were formed normally in mice lacking Nfasc155, including the establishment of robust neuromuscular synaptic transmission. However, loss of Nfasc155 was sufficient to cause a robust delay in postnatal synapse elimination at the NMJ across all muscle groups examined. Nfasc155 regulated neuronal remodeling independently of its canonical role in forming paranodal axo–glial junctions, as synapse elimination occurred normally in mice lacking the axonal paranodal protein Caspr. Rather, high-resolution proteomic screens revealed that loss of Nfasc155 from glial cells was sufficient to disrupt neuronal cytoskeletal organization and trafficking pathways, resulting in reduced levels of neurofilament light (NF-L) protein in distal axons and motor nerve terminals. Mice lacking NF-L recapitulated the delayed synapse elimination phenotype observed in mice lacking Nfasc155, suggesting that glial cells regulate synapse elimination, at least in part, through modulation of the axonal cytoskeleton. Together, our study reveals a glial cell-dependent pathway regulating the sculpting of neuronal connectivity and synaptic circuitry in the peripheral nervous system.
Hidden Markov Models for Longitudinal Comparisons

Medical researchers interested in temporal, multivariate measurements of complex diseases have recently begun developing health state models, which divide the space of patient characteristics into medically distinct clusters. The current state of the art in health services research uses k-means clustering to form the health states and a first-order Markov chain to describe transitions between the states. This fitting procedure ignores information from temporally adjacent observations and prevents uncertainty from parameter estimation and cluster assignments from being incorporated into the analysis. A natural way to address these issues is to combine clustering and longitudinal analyses using a hidden Markov model. We fit hidden Markov models to longitudinal data using Bayesian methods that account for all of the uncertainty in the parameters, conditional only on the underlying correctness of the model. Potential lack of time homogeneity in the Markov chain is accounted for by embedding transition probabilities into a hierarchical model that provides Bayesian shrinkage across time. We illustrate this approach by developing a hidden Markov health state model for comparing the effectiveness of clozapine and haloperidol, two antipsychotic medications for schizophrenia. We find that clozapine outperforms haloperidol and identify the types of patients in whom clozapine's advantage is greatest and weakest. Finally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of hidden Markov models in comparison with the current methodology.
Adrenergic Enhancement of Inhibitory Transmission in the Accessory Olfactory Bulb

Noradrenergic modulation of dendrodendritic synapses between the mitral and granule cells in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) is postulated to play a key role in the formation of memory in olfactory-mediated behaviors. Current models propose that noradrenaline (NA) increases excitation of mitral/tufted cells (M/TCs) by decreasing the release of GABA from granule cells. However, surprisingly little is known about the actions of NA at the cellular level in the AOB. Here, in recordings from AOB slices, we show that NA decreases the firing frequency of M/TCs in response to stimulation. This effect is attributable to an increase in the GABA inhibitory input to M/TCs. Application of NA (10 μm) produced an ∼20-fold increase in the frequency of GABA-induced miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs) without changing their amplitude. A pharmacological analysis indicated that the increase in mIPSCs frequency results from activation of α1 adrenergic receptors. In addition to increasing the mIPSC frequency, NA also potentiated GABA inhibitory currents induced by direct stimulation of granule cells. Together, our results suggest that NA increases the release of GABA from granule cells by acting on presynaptic receptors. Thus, the role of the noradrenergic activity in the AOB may be opposite than suggested previously: we find that the overall effect of NA in the AOB is inhibition of M/TCs.
E-learning in developing countries: suggesting a methodology for enabling computer-aided assessment

Traditional education has shifted towards new methods of teaching and learning through the proliferation of information and communication technologies (ICT). The continuous advances in technology enable the realisation of a more distributed structure of knowledge transfer. This becomes critically important for developing countries that lack the resources and infrastructure for implementing cutting-edge education practices. The two main themes of technology in education for developing countries focus either on aspects of technological support for traditional methods and localised processes, or on the investigation of how such technologies may assist distance learning. Commonly such efforts are threefold, relating to content delivery, assessment and provision of feedback. This paper focuses on issues regarding the implementation of e-learning in developing countries and particularly those aspects of computer-aided assessment (CAA) that could be tailored to satisfy the needs of a limited educational infrastructure. The primary contribution of this paper is a proposed methodology for supporting both formative and summative CAA.
High school experiences and climate change beliefs of first year college students in the United States

Abstract Climate change has not been well understood by high school students in the US and the topic is often connected to misconceptions, which is especially damaging since accurate understandings of the concepts are strongly predictive of intent to do something about it. We use data from a national (US) survey of first year college students to identify high school experiences which correlate with the belief that climate change is caused by human activities. In-class coverage of climate change is less predictive of belief than time spent on science homework or science-themed extracurricular activities. These correlations suggest that simply covering climate change in class may not necessarily lead to greater belief in the scientific consensus. While deeper understanding is a worthy goal, the results indicate that, when it comes to high school science education, social factors such as the process and culture of education are also important for belief in climate change. These finding aligns with previous research about college students, which suggest student activities are more strongly correlated with student viewpoints than professor beliefs. Given the potential for curricula to become politicized these finding suggests an alternative route to achieve climate change education goals.
Indirect cues of nest predation risk and avian reproductive decisions

Current life-history theory predicts that increased mortality at early stages of life leads to reduced initial investment (e.g. clutch size) but increased subsequent investment during the reproduction attempt. In a field experiment, migratory pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca perceived differences in mammalian nest predation risk and altered their reproductive strategies in two respects. First, birds avoided nest sites manipulated to reflect the presence of a predator. Second, birds breeding in risky areas nested 4 days earlier and laid 10 per cent larger clutches than those in safe areas, a result that runs counter to the prevailing life-history paradigm. We suggest that the overwhelming importance of nest predation to individual fitness reduces the value of collecting other information on habitat features leading to expedited onset of nesting, and, consequently, to larger clutch size.
WiGest demo: A ubiquitous WiFi-based gesture recognition system

This demo presents WiGest: a system that leverages changes in WiFi signal strength to sense in-air hand gestures around the user's mobile device. Compared to related work, WiGest is unique in using standard WiFi equipment, with no modifications, and no training for gesture recognition. The system identifies different signal change primitives, from which we construct mutually independent gesture families. These families can be mapped to distinguishable application actions. We integrate WiGest with applications and demonstrate how WiGest enables users to use gestures and control different applications using off-the-shelf WiFi-enabled devices.
Subspace classifier in reproducing kernel Hilbert space

To improve the performance of subspace classifier, it is effective to reduce the dimensionality of the intersections between subspaces. For this purpose, the feature space is mapped implicitly to a high dimensional reproducing kernel Hilbert space and the subspace classifier is applied in this space. As a result of Hiragana recognition experiment, our classifier outperformed the conventional subspace classifier.
Evaluation of Load Balancing in Multicore Processor for AnT

Operating systems (OSes) that is based on micro kernel architecture have high adaptability and toughness. In addition, multicore processors have been developed along with the progress of LSI technology. By running a micro kernel OS on a multicore processor and distributing the OS server to multiple cores, it is possible to realize load balancing of the OS processing. In this method, transaction processing, which requires a large amount of OS processing, can be provided effectively in a multicore environment. This paper presents evaluations of distributed OS processing performances for various scenarios for AnT operating system that is based on the micro kernel architecture in a multicore environment. In these evaluations, we describe the differences in performance by distribution forms when referring the data in a block. Moreover, we use the Post Mark and Bonnie benchmark tools to evaluate the effects of load balancing for the distribution forms.
The oncoprotein HBXIP activates transcriptional coregulatory protein LMO4 via Sp1 to promote proliferation of breast cancer cells

Hepatitis B X-interacting protein (HBXIP) is an important oncoprotein that plays critical role in the development of cancer. In this study, we report that HBXIP activates LIM-only protein 4 (LMO4), a transcriptional coregulatory protein, in promotion of cell proliferation. We observed that the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of HBXIP were positively associated with those of LMO4 in clinical breast cancer tissues. We further identified that HBXIP upregulated LMO4 at the levels of promoter, mRNA and protein in MCF-7 and LM-MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. The expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin E, downstream effectors of LMO4, could be upregulated by HBXIP through LMO4. Then, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay revealed that HBXIP was able to interact with the promoter region of LMO4. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that HBXIP occupied the -237/-206 region of LMO4 promoter containing Sp1 binding element. The mutant of Sp1 binding site in the LMO4 promoter impeded the interaction of HBXIP with the promoter. Co-immunoprecipitation, ChIP and luciferase reporter gene assays showed that HBXIP activated LMO4 promoter through binding to Sp1. In function, flow cytometry, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assays and animal transplantation assays demonstrated that HBXIP-enhanced cell proliferation of breast cancer through upregulating LMO4 in vitro and in vivo. Thus, we concluded that oncoprotein HBXIP is able to activate the transcriptional coregulatory protein LMO4 through transcription factor Sp1 in promotion of proliferation of breast cancer cells. HBXIP may serve as a driver gene to activate transcription in the development of cancer.
ANALISIS YURIDIS PEMAKNAAN KONSEP DALAM PASAL 16 UNDANG-UNDANG RUMAH SUSUN BAGI MASYARAKAT BERPENGHASILAN RENDAH

Abstract The purpose of this research is to determine the concept of Article 16(2) of Apartment Act in favor of the LIC in terms of ownership of an apartment unit, and also the elaboration of this concept that provide convenience to the LIC. This is a normative legal research using the legislation and conceptual approach. The results is that the meaning of the concept of 20% in the provisions of Article 16(2) of the Apartment Act was the construction of general apartment at least 20% of the total floor area of commercial apartment is a legal obligation of the perpetrator development of this commercial, in which the liability asserted in Article 97 followed the criminal sanctions under Article 109. 20% should be interpreted according to the political law and balanced composition between the number of simple, medium and luxury homes (3: 2: 1). More detailed settings of Article 16(2) of Apartment Act are necessary because it takes certain assertions, among others: a. Executive Agency affirmation by government formation, incentives given to construction of general apartment actors, and to provide support and services to the ownership of the apartment unit for the LIC ; b. affirmation of the maximum limit for the commencement and completion of construction of general apartment as the implementation of the obligations of Article 16 (2); and, c. LIC classification affirmation made by Government Regulation. Abstrak Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis makna konsep pasal 16 ayat (2) UU Rumah Susun tentang kewajiban menyediakan rumah susun umum sekurang-kurangnya 20% (duapuluh persen) dari total luas lantai rumah susun komersial, dan bagaimana penjabaran konsep pasal 16 (2) UU Rumah Susun yang memberi kemudahan bagi MBR.Penelitian hukum normatif ini dengan menggunakan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Hasil penelitiannya adalah bahwa makna konsep 20% dari ketentuan Pasal 16 ayat (2) UU Rumah Susun yaitu pembangunan rumah susun umum sekurangnya-kurangnya 20% dari total luas lantai rumah susun komersial yang dibangun merupakan kewajiban hukum dari pelaku pembangunan rumah susun komersial, di mana kewajiban ini dipertegas dalam Pasal 97 yang diikuti ancaman pidana dalam Pasal 109 Pengertian 20% itu seharusnya ditafsirkan menurut politik hukum tentang komposisi jumlah rumah yang berimbang antara rumah rumah sederhana, rumah menengah, dan rumah mewah (3 : 2 : 1). Penjabaran konsep pasal 16 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Rumah Susun diperlukan karena dibutuhkan penegasan-penegasan tertentu, antara lain: a. penegasan pembentukan Badan Pelaksana oleh pemerintah, pemberian insentif kepada pelaku pembangunan rumah susun serta memberikan bantuan dan kemudahan untuk pemilikan sarusun bagi MBR; b. penegasan tentang jangka waktu dan selesainya pembangunan rumah susun umum sebagai pelaksanaan kewajiban dari Pasal 16 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Rumah Susun; dan, c. penegasan klasifikasi MBR dilakukan melalui Peraturan Pemerintah.
Perception of emotional expressions is independent of face selectivity in monkey inferior temporal cortex

The ability to perceive and differentiate facial expressions is vital for social communication. Numerous functional MRI (fMRI) studies in humans have shown enhanced responses to faces with different emotional valence, in both the amygdala and the visual cortex. However, relatively few studies have examined how valence influences neural responses in monkeys, thereby limiting the ability to draw comparisons across species and thus understand the underlying neural mechanisms. Here we tested the effects of macaque facial expressions on neural activation within these two regions using fMRI in three awake, behaving monkeys. Monkeys maintained central fixation while blocks of different monkey facial expressions were presented. Four different facial expressions were tested: (i) neutral, (ii) aggressive (open-mouthed threat), (iii) fearful (fear grin), and (iv) submissive (lip smack). Our results confirmed that both the amygdala and the inferior temporal cortex in monkeys are modulated by facial expressions. As in human fMRI, fearful expressions evoked the greatest response in monkeys—even though fearful expressions are physically dissimilar in humans and macaques. Furthermore, we found that valence effects were not uniformly distributed over the inferior temporal cortex. Surprisingly, these valence maps were independent of two related functional maps: (i) the map of “face-selective” regions (faces versus non-face objects) and (ii) the map of “face-responsive” regions (faces versus scrambled images). Thus, the neural mechanisms underlying face perception and valence perception appear to be distinct.
Correlated Multi-Jittered Sampling

Image synthesis techniques requiringMonteCarlo integration frequentlyneed to generate uniformly distributed samples within the unit hypercube. The ideal sample generation method will maximize the variance reduction as the numberof samples increases. Strati cationvia jittering is one simple, tractable, R. L. Cook. Stochastic sampling in computer graphics. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 5(1):51–72, January 1986. well known and well understood technique for generating samples, though there are other methods. Of these, low-discrepancy quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) sequences such as Sobol’s (0,2) sequence and the Larcher-Pillichshammer sequence have beI. M. Sobol’. On the distribution of points in a cube and the approximate evaluation of integrals. USSR Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Physics, 7(4):86–112, 1967.
Missing Value Imputation in Time Series Using Top-k Case Matching

In this paper, we present a simple yet effective algorithm, called the Top-k Case Matching algorithm, for the imputation of miss- ing values in streams of time series data that are similar to each other. The key idea of the algorithm is to look for the k situations in the historical data that are most similar to the current situation and to derive the missing value from the measured values at these k time points. To efficiently identify the top-k most similar historical situations, we adopt Fagin’s Threshold Algorithm, yielding an al- gorithm with sub-linear runtime complexity with high probability, and linear complexity in the worst case (excluding the initial sort- ing of the data, which is done only once). We provide the results of a first experimental evaluation using real-world meteorological data. Our algorithm achieves a high accuracy and is more accurate and efficient than two more complex state of the art solutions.
Prolonged Induction Activates Cebpα Independent Adipogenesis in NIH/3T3 Cells

Background 3T3-L1 cells are widely used to study adipogenesis and insulin response. Their adipogenic potential decreases with time in the culture. Expressing exogenous genes in 3T3-L1 cells can be challenging. This work tries to establish and characterize an alternative model of cultured adipocytes that is easier to work with than the 3T3-L1 cells. Methodology/Principal Findings Induced cells were identified as adipocytes based on the following three characteristics: (1) Accumulation of triglyceride droplets as demonstrated by oil red O stain. (2) Transport rate of 2-deoxyglucose increased after insulin stimulation. (3) Expression of fat specific genes such as Fabp4 (aP2), Slc2a4 (Glut4) and Pparg (PPARγ). Among the cell lines induced under different conditions in this study, only NIH/3T3 cells differentiated into adipocytes after prolonged incubation in 3T3-L1 induction medium containing 20% instead of 10% fetal bovine serum. Rosiglitazone added to the induction medium shortened the incubation period from 14 to 7 days. The PI3K/AKT pathway showed similar changes upon insulin stimulation in these two adipocytes. C/EBPα mRNA was barely detectable in NIH/3T3 adipocytes. NIH/3T3 adipocytes induced in the presence of rosiglitazone showed higher 2-deoxyglucose transport rate after insulin stimulation, expressed less Agt (angiotensinogen) and more PPARγ. Knockdown of C/EBPα using shRNA blocked 3T3-L1 but not NIH/3T3 cell differentiation. Mouse adipose tissues from various anatomical locations showed comparable levels of C/EBPα mRNA. Conclusions/Significance NIH/3T3 cells were capable of differentiating into adipocytes without genetic engineering. They were an adipocyte model that did not require the reciprocal activation between C/EBPα and PPARγ to differentiate. Future studies in the C/EBPα independent pathways leading to insulin responsiveness may reveal new targets to diabetes treatment.