Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The logic of distributive bilattices

Bilattices, introduced by Ginsberg (1988, Comput. Intell., 265–316) as a uniform framework for inference in artificial intelligence, are algebraic structures that proved useful in many fields. In recent years, Arieli and Avron (1996, J. Logic Lang. Inform., 5, 25–63) developed a logical system based on a class of bilattice-based matrices, called logical bilattices, and provided a Gentzen-style calculus for it. This logic is essentially an expansion of the well-known Belnap–Dunn four-valued logic to the standard language of bilattices. Our aim is to study Arieli and Avron’s logic from the perspective of abstract algebraic logic (AAL). We introduce a Hilbert-style axiomatization in order to investigate the properties of the algebraic models of this logic, proving that every formula can be reduced to an equivalent normal form and that our axiomatization is complete w.r. t. Arieli and Avron’s semantics. In this way, we are able to classify this logic according to the criteria of AAL. We show, for instance, that it is non-protoalgebraic and non-self-extensional. We also characterize its Tarski congruence and the class of algebraic reducts of its reduced generalized models, which in the general theory of AAL is usually taken to be the algebraic counterpart of a sentential logic. This class turns out to be the variety generated by the smallest non-trivial bilattice, which is strictly contained in the class of algebraic reducts of logical bilattices. On the other hand, we prove that the class of algebraic reducts of reduced models of our logic is strictly included in the class of algebraic reducts of its reduced generalized models. Another interesting result obtained is that, as happens with some implicationless fragments of well-known logics, we can associate with our logic a Gentzen calculus which is algebraizable in the sense of
Reliability of Radiographic Assessment of Distraction Osteogenesis Site

The presence of three of four continuous cortices on anteroposterior and lateral radiographs has been stated to be an indication of bony healing of distraction osteogenesis. In this study the authors assessed the level of agreement of radiographic assessment of bony union. Forty-two lower extremity radiographs of consolidating distraction gaps were reviewed by nine examiners on two occasions for number of cortices and whether fixator removal was indicated. For number of cortices, the kappa coefficients for interobserver and intraobserver variability were 0.127 and 0.290. For fixator removal, the interobserver and intraobserver coefficients were 0.352 and 0.461. Variation in assessment of number of cortices was slightly better than chance, indicating an inadequate measure of healing. The clinicians used radiographic criteria other than three of four cortices for fixator removal. The decision to remove an external fixation device based on radiographic assessment alone resulted in intraobserver and interobserver variability moderately above chance.
A 3-dimensional absorbed dose calculation method based on quantitative SPECT for radionuclide therapy: evaluation for (131)I using monte carlo simulation.

UNLABELLED A general method is presented for patient-specific 3-dimensional absorbed dose calculations based on quantitative SPECT activity measurements. METHODS The computational scheme includes a method for registration of the CT image to the SPECT image and position-dependent compensation for attenuation, scatter, and collimator detector response performed as part of an iterative reconstruction method. A method for conversion of the measured activity distribution to a 3-dimensional absorbed dose distribution, based on the EGS4 (electron-gamma shower, version 4) Monte Carlo code, is also included. The accuracy of the activity quantification and the absorbed dose calculation is evaluated on the basis of realistic Monte Carlo-simulated SPECT data, using the SIMIND (simulation of imaging nuclear detectors) program and a voxel-based computer phantom. CT images are obtained from the computer phantom, and realistic patient movements are added relative to the SPECT image. The SPECT-based activity concentration and absorbed dose distributions are compared with the true ones. RESULTS Correction could be made for object scatter, photon attenuation, and scatter penetration in the collimator. However, inaccuracies were imposed by the limited spatial resolution of the SPECT system, for which the collimator response correction did not fully compensate. CONCLUSION The presented method includes compensation for most parameters degrading the quantitative image information. The compensation methods are based on physical models and therefore are generally applicable to other radionuclides. The proposed evaluation methodology may be used as a basis for future intercomparison of different methods.
Safety and Tolerability Assessment of Intrastriatal Neural Allografts in Five Patients with Huntington's Disease

This study describes issues related to the safety and tolerability of fetal striatal neural allografts as assessed in five patients with Huntington's disease. Huntington's disease (HD) is characterized by motor, cognitive, and behavioral disturbances. The latter include psychological disturbances and, as a consequence, we took particular care to analyze behavioral changes, in addition to the usual "safety" follow-up. We conducted multidisciplinary follow-up at least 2 years before and 1 year after grafting. Psychological care extended to close relatives. The grafting procedure itself was altogether safe and uneventful, and there were no apparent clinical deleterious effects for 1 year. The immunosuppressive treatment, however, was complicated by various problems (irregular compliance, errors of handling, side effects). Direct psychological consequences of the transplantation procedure were rare and not worrisome, although mood alteration requiring treatment was observed in one patient. Indirectly, however, the procedure required patients and relatives to accept constraints that tended to complicate familial situations already marred by aggressivity and depression. All patients and close relatives expressed major expectations, in spite of our strong and repeated cautioning. It is clearly important to be aware of these particular conditions since they may eventually translate into psychological difficulties in coping with the long-term clinical outcome of the procedure, if not beneficial. Despite an overall good tolerance, therefore, this follow-up calls for caution regarding the involvement of HD patients in experimental surgical protocols.
Kinematic analysis of translational 3-DOF micro parallel mechanism using matrix method

We apply the matrix method to kinematic analysis of our translational 3-DOF micro parallel mechanism for an instance of general flexure mechanisms. The matrix method has been well developed in architecture to analyze a frame structure. We found that this method is well applicable to such a flexure mechanism with circular notched hinges as our micro parallel mechanism because it is approximate to the Rahmen structure. Our matrix method can calculate a compliance matrix with less nodes of matrix than conventional finite element method. First, the compliance matrices of a circular notched hinge and some other beams are defined and the coordinate transformations of compliance matrix are introduced. Next, an analysis of our micro parallel mechanism is demonstrated.
Data-Based System Engineering : ICDs management with SysML

System engineering best pratices are well described in handbooks and guidelines such as the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) handbook [1] and certification guidelines such as the ARP4754A Guidelines for Development of Civil Aircraft and Systems [2]. These clearly define the development and verification processes including system requirements, functional decomposition, and architecture design. The OMG (Object Management Group) has defined the Systems Modeling Language (SysML) standard [4] specifically to support the system engineering development processes through models. The benefits of models versus Documents-based processes has been highlighted in many papers; it allows in particular, automated verification of design consistency. Several tools such as Papyrus [6] from the Eclipse foundation support the SysML language. Even if, in practice, discrepencies still exist amoung tools, it allows, in principle to move, with limited efforts, models from one vendor to another one, removing the fear from users to be prisoners from proprietary languages. Despite these good arguments, the usage of SysML tools is not yet widely deployed for large industrial projects. One concern is the management of Interface Control Documents (ICDs) [4] that is at the center of most industries’ system engineering processes, and that is not supported in a straightforward way by SysML. This paper highlights the challenge in supporting ICDs by SysML tools, and demonstrates how these requests are supported by the SysML-based Esterel Technologies’ SCADE System® product [7].
Studying real-time traffic in multi-hop networks using the EMANE emulator: capabilities and limitations

In this paper, we provide an open-source software emulator setup for MANETs and study its fidelity in providing reliable performance estimates for real-time traffic. We emulate the IEEE 802.11 MAC/PHY (DCF) using the EMANE software emulator deployed on a cluster and run experiments for different multi-hop wireless scenarios. As an instance, we study the performance of real-time streaming media over a mesh network supported by OLSR. We also use the setup to analyze the impact of the wireless network on the self-similarity of the traffic.
CLUSTER MASS RECONSTRUCTION FROM WEAK GRAVITATIONAL LENSING

Kaiser & Squires have proposed a technique for mapping the dark matter in galaxy clusters using the coherent weak distortion of background galaxy images caused by gravitational lensing. We investigate the effectiveness of this technique under controlled conditions by creating simulated CCD frames containing galaxies lensed by a model cluster, measuring the resulting galaxy shapes, and comparing the reconstructed mass distribution with the original. Typically, the reconstructed surface density is diminished in magnitude when compared to the original. The main cause of this reduced signal is the blurring of galaxy images by atmospheric seeing, but the overall factor by which the reconstructed surface density is reduced depends also on the signal-to-noise ratio in the CCD frame and on both the sizes of galaxy images and the magnitude limit of the sample that is analysed. We propose a method for estimating a multiplicative compensation factor. We test our technique using a lensing cluster drawn from a cosmological N-body simulation with a variety of realistic background galaxy populations and observing conditions. We find that typically the compensation factor is appreciable, 1.4<f<2.2, and varies considerably depending on the observing conditions and sample selection. Our method yields a compensation factor which when used to correct the surface density estimates produces values that are in good agreement with those of the original cluster. Thus weak lensing observations when calibrated using this method yield not only accurate maps of the cluster morphology but also quantitative estimates of the cluster mass distribution.
A robust methodology for in vivo T1 mapping

In this article, a robust methodology for in vivo T1 mapping is presented. The approach combines a gold standard scanning procedure with a novel fitting procedure. Fitting complex data to a five‐parameter model ensures accuracy and precision of the T1 estimation. A reduced‐dimension nonlinear least squares method is proposed. This method turns the complicated multi‐parameter minimization into a straightforward one‐dimensional search. As the range of possible T1 values is known, a global grid search can be used, ensuring that a global optimal solution is found. When only magnitude data are available, the algorithm is adapted to concurrently restore polarity. The performance of the new algorithm is demonstrated in simulations and phantom experiments. The new algorithm is as accurate and precise as the conventionally used Levenberg‐Marquardt algorithm but much faster. This gain in speed makes the use of the five‐parameter model viable. In addition, the new algorithm does not require initialization of the search parameters. Finally, the methodology is applied in vivo to conventional brain imaging and to skin imaging. T1 values are estimated for white matter and gray matter at 1.5 T and for dermis, hypodermis, and muscle at 1.5 T, 3 T, and 7 T. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complex Trait Analysis of the Hippocampus: Mapping and Biometric Analysis of Two Novel Gene Loci with Specific Effects on Hippocampal Structure in Mice

Notable differences in hippocampal structure are associated with intriguing differences in development and behavioral capabilities. We explored genetic and environmental factors that modulate hippocampal size, structure, and cell number using sets of C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) mice; their F1 and F2 intercrosses (n = 180); and 35 lines of BXD recombinant inbred (RI) strains. Hippocampal weights of the parental strains differ by 20%. Estimates of granule cell number also differ by ∼20%. Hippocampal weights of RI strains range from 21 to 31 mg, and those of individual F2 mice range from 23 to 36 mg (bilateral weights). Volume and granule cell number are well correlated (r = 0.7–0.8). Significant variation is associated with differences in age and sex. The hippocampus increases in weight by 0.24 mg per month, and those of males are 0.55 mg heavier (bilateral) than those of females. Heritability of variation is ∼50%, and half of this genetic variation is generated by two quantitative trait loci that map to chromosome 1 (Hipp1a: genome-widep < 0.005, between 65 and 100 cM) and to chromosome 5 (Hipp5a, p < 0.05, between 15 and 40 cM). These are among the first gene loci known to produce normal variation in forebrain structure. Hipp1aand Hipp5a individually modulate hippocampal weight by 1.0–2.0 mg, an effect size greater than that generated by age or sex. The Hipp gene loci modulate neuron number in the dentate gyrus, collectively shifting the population up or down by as much as 200,000 cells. Candidate genes for the Hipp loci includeRxrg and Fgfr3.
Classroom incidents and the critically reflective Pre-service teacher

This research investigates the role of critical reflection in helping pre-service teachers understand and respond to classroom incidents encountered during their final professional experience before becoming fully qualified teachers. Participants in the research were pre-service teachers whose teaching degree had a strong focus on the role of critical reflection in teaching. The research focused on the extent to which participants consciously engaged in critical reflection to inform their practice, especially in relation to their responses to classroom incidents, their capacity to question their prior assumptions about teaching in light of their experiences, and their exercise of judgement in the classroom. This research is particularly relevant given the increasingly challenging nature of teachers’ work. Drawing on narrative approaches to research, a small group of nine pre-service teachers in their final teaching practice participated in one-on-one, open-ended interviews and focus group interviews that concentrated on their experiences, their responses to classroom incidents and their changing assumptions about teaching. In order to understand the different dimensions of participants’ reflections in terms of the relationships between their beliefs, cognitions, feelings and behaviours, responses were analysed using the approach developed by Furr and Carroll (2003). Analysis provided an insight into how pre-service teachers engage in the daily realities of their professional lives and deal with the different challenges of teaching. Further analysis of their experiences of classroom incidents provided understanding of how the pre-service teachers’ ways of thinking and their feelings about their experiences affected their classroom practices. The findings of this study suggest that critical reflective practice has an important role to play in teacher education in order to help pre-service teachers deal with the unexpected challenges and realities of the classroom.
New inverse method for simultaneous reconstruction of object buried beneath rough ground and the ground surface structure using SAMM forward model

A new inverse scattering method is presented to reconstruct the rough interface separating the air and ground as well as the structure of the object buried beneath this interface. Simultaneous reconstruction of the interface and object is posed as a nonlinear least-squares optimization problem for a parametric representation of the boundaries with a cost function defined by the misfit of modelled to true data. We make use of a newly-developed forward model, the Semi-Analytic Mode Matching method (SAMM), within the context of the inversion procedure where a moderately low-order superposition of cylindrical modes (in 2-D configuration) satisfying the Helmholtz wave equation are used to represent the scattered fields from the interface and object. The proposed inverse method is a combined analytical-numerical algorithm to decrease the cost function by optimizing the boundary control parameters in an iterative procedure. The shape of the object as well as the interface is defined in low-dimensional parametric form modelled by B-spline curves which are parameterized by the collection of "control points". Accuracy and reliability of this method is verified by numerical experiments.
An underwater weighing system utilizing "force cube" transducers.

AKERS, R. , AND E. R. BUSKIRK. An underwater weighing system utilizing ’ ‘force cube” transducers. J. Appl. Physiol. 26(5) : 649-652. 1969. -An underwater weighing system is described in which four electronic force cubes are used for the measurement of underwater weight, and an open-circuit procedure for nitrogen washout from the lungs is used for the measurements of residual volume. The system is relatively compact, easy to use, and could be fabricated in most laboratory shops. An important advantage of the system is that the subject retains control of the submersion procedure which reduces his apprehension and promotes cooperation. Valid and reliable underwater weights can be obtained with the system. The average standard deviation among replicate determinations of body density in four subjects was 0.0015. The intraindividual range in density for these four subjects was 0.005. Subsequent routine utilization of the underwater weighing system has proven its reliability and practicality.
Grassmannian Beamforming for MIMO-OFDM Systems with Frequency and Spatially Correlated Channels Using Huffman Coding

Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) precoding is an efficient scheme that may significantly enhance the communication link. However, this enhancement comes with a cost. Many precoding schemes require channel knowledge at the transmitter that is obtained through feedback from the receiver. Focusing on the natural common fusion of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and MIMO, we exploit the channel correlation in the frequency and spatial domain to reduce the required feedback rate in a frequency division duplex (FDD) system. The proposed feedback method is based on Huffman coding and is employed here for the single stream case. The method leads to a significant reduction in the required feedback rate, without any loss in performance. The proposed method may be extended to the multi-stream case.
A Sensitive Chemiluminescence Method for the Determination of H_2O_2 in Exhaled Breath Condensate

In this paper, a novel flow injection chemiluminescence (FI-CL) method is proposed for the determination of picomolar L^–1 levels of hydrogen peroxide (H_2O_2) in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). This method is based on the oxidation of a low concentration of luminol (10^–7 M) by H_2O_2 at a low concentration level (< 10^–8 M) in an alkaline medium catalyzed by a complex, K_5[Cu(HIO_6)_2] (DPC), which is not interfered by other metal ions or horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Under the optimum conditions, H_2O_2 was determined over the range of 1.0 × 10^–10 to 1.0 × 10^–8 mol L^–1 with a detection limit of (3 σ ) of 4.1 × 10^–11 mol L^–1. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 3.2% for 5 nmol L^–1 H_2O_2 ( n = 7). The proposed method offers the advantages of ultra-sensitivity, selectivity, simplicity and rapidity for H_2O_2 determination. It was successfully applied to directly determine trace amounts of H_2O_2 (nmol L^–1) in human’s EBC of both rheum and healthy volunteers. A statistically significant difference was found between patients with rheum ( n = 11) and control subjects without rheum ( n = 11).
RegionalGrayMatterGrowth,SexualDimorphism,and CerebralAsymmetryintheNeonatalBrain

Although there has been recent interest in the study of childhood and adolescent brain development, very little is known about normal brain development in the first few months of life. In older children, there are regional differences in cortical gray matter development, whereas cortical gray and white matter growth after birth has not been studied to a great extent. The adult human brain is also characterizedbycerebralasymmetriesandsexualdimorphisms,althoughverylittleisknownabouthowtheseasymmetriesanddimorphisms develop. We used magnetic resonance imaging and an automatic segmentation methodology to study brain structure in 74 neonates in the first few weeks after birth. We found robust cortical gray matter growth compared with white matter growth, with occipital regions growingmuchfasterthanprefrontalregions.Sexualdimorphismispresentatbirth,withmaleshavinglargertotalbraincorticalgrayand whitemattervolumesthanfemales.Incontrasttoadultsandolderchildren,thelefthemisphereislargerthantherighthemisphere,and the normal pattern of fronto-occipital asymmetry described in older children and adults is not present. Regional differences in cortical gray matter growth are likely related to differential maturation of sensory and motor systems compared with prefrontal executive functionafterbirth.Thesefindingsalsoindicatethatwhereassomeadultpatternsofsexualdimorphismandcerebralasymmetriesare presentatbirth,othersdevelopafterbirth.
Observed HIV drug resistance associated mutations amongst naïve immunocompetent children in Yaoundé, Cameroon.

Introduction The emergence of drug resistance mutations (DRMs) has been a major threat for successful lifelong combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), especially for HIV-vertically infected children within the context of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT). This study aimed to evaluate DRMs amongst immune competent treatment-naïve children in Cameroon. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between 2015 and 2016 amongst 55 proxy consented HIV-1 positive children, aged 9 months to 6 years. They were all immune competent, cART naïve and with unknown history of PMTCT. CD4 cell counts and genotypic drug resistance testing were performed using standard methods. Results Levels of DRMs to protease (PR) inhibitors (PIs), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-NRTIs were 27.6%, 3.7% and 40.7%, respectively. Only minor DRMs were observed for PR. The observed mutations for NRTI were K65R, T215I and K219E (33.0% each) and for NNRTI: V106M, Y181C and Y188H (6.0% each). Only minor accessory mutations were found in the integrase (IN) region. Conclusion Despite widely available cART we still observe naïve HIV children, especially from the rural communities. We observe that a proportion of study participants had HIV-1 drug resistance associated mutations (RAMs). Data generated could help strengthen the current PMTCT programmes within the country. There is a need to upscale approaches for drug resistance testing for children in Cameroon and many other resource-limited settings.