Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Hierarchy Theorem for Regular Languages over Free Bisemigroups

In this article a question left open in [2] is answered. In particular, we show that it is essential that in the definition of parenthesizing automata an arbitrary number of parentheses can be used. Moreover, we prove that the classes Regm of languages accepted by a parenthesizing automaton with at most m pairs of parentheses form a strict hierarchy. In fact, this hierarchy is proper for all alphabets.
3D model feature extraction method based on the projection of principle plane

With the development of computer techniques, 3D model has been used more and more widely and content-based 3D model retrieval has been a hotspot in the area of multimedia information retrieval. How to extract 3D models' feature effectively is still a difficulty. Projection based 3D model feature extraction is an important kind in feature extraction, because of its robustness against noise, simplification and its simplicity of feature extraction. Based on the theory of principle plane, a feature extraction method based on the projection of principle plane is proposed and applied to 3D model retrieval. The experiments show that the method performs well.
Inhibition of DNA damage repair by the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib delays irradiated intracranial atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor and glioblastoma xenograft regrowth.

BACKGROUND Radiation therapy is the most commonly used postsurgical treatment for primary malignant brain tumors. Consequently, investigating the efficacy of chemotherapeutics combined with radiation for treating malignant brain tumors is of high clinical relevance. In this study, we examined the cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor palbociclib, when used in combination with radiation for treating human atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) as well as glioblastoma (GBM). METHODS Evaluation of treatment antitumor activity in vitro was based upon results from cell proliferation assays, clonogenicity assays, flow cytometry, and immunocytochemistry for DNA double-strand break repair. Interpretation of treatment antitumor activity in vivo was based upon bioluminescence imaging, animal subject survival analysis, and staining of tumor sections for markers of proliferation and apoptosis. RESULTS For each of the retinoblastoma protein (RB)-proficient tumor models examined (2 ATRTs and 2 GBMs), one or more of the combination therapy regimens significantly (P < .05) outperformed both monotherapies with respect to animal subject survival benefit. Among the combination therapy regimens, concurrent palbociclib and radiation treatment and palbociclib treatment following radiation consistently outperformed the sequence in which radiation followed palbociclib treatment. In vitro investigation revealed that the concurrent use of palbociclib with radiation, as well as palbociclib following radiation, inhibited DNA double-strand break repair and promoted increased tumor cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our results support further investigation and possible clinical translation of palbociclib as an adjuvant to radiation therapy for patients with malignant brain tumors that retain RB expression.
Orthography-induced Transfer in the Production of Novice Adult English-speaking Learners of Spanish

This study provides a thorough examination of the role of orthography in promoting first language-based phonological transfer. Specifically, it analyzes the role of auditoryorthographic condition, type of grapheme-to-phoneme correspondence and aspects of phonological memory on shaping transfer. Although, there has been previous work on the role of orthography in the acquisition of second language phonology, not much is known about the factors that shape orthography-induced transfer. In addition, the role of orthography remains to be formalized in the future models of the acquisition of second
Speeding Up Big-Numbers Squaring

This paper deals with optimizations for big-numbers (multi-precision) squaring, and their efficient implementation on x86-64 platforms. Such optimizations have various usages, and a most prominent one is RSA acceleration, where big-numbers squaring consumes a significant portion of the computations. We introduce an algorithm for big-numbers squaring, that reduces the number of single precision add-with-carry operations, and trades several additions with a single left shift operation. When measured on the 2nd Generation Intel® Core™ processor, for 512-bit operands, our algorithm is roughly 1.4 times faster than the implementation of GMP library 5.0. 2. For 1024-bit operands, our implementation is 1.2 times faster than that of the GMP library 5.0. 2. Our optimization is used in a recently posted Open SSL patch [4] for accelerating modular exponentiation for RSA.
On the spatial modeling of wireless networks by random packing models

In order to represent the set of transmitters simultaneously accessing a wireless network using carrier sensing based medium access protocols, one needs tractable point processes satisfying certain exclusion rules. Such exclusion rules forbid the use of Poisson point processes within this context. It has been observed that Matérn point processes, which have been advocated in the past because of their exclusion based definition, are rather conservative within this context. The present paper confirms that it would be more appropriate to use the point processes induced by the Random Sequential Algorithm in order to describe such point patterns. It also shows that this point process is in fact as tractable as the Matérn model. The generating functional of this point process is shown to be the solution of a differential equation, which is the main new mathematical result of the paper. In comparison, no equivalent result is known for the Matérn hard-core model. Using this differential equation, a new heuristic method is proposed, which leads to simple bounds and estimates for several important network performance metrics. These bounds and estimates are evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation.
ProbSem: A Probabilistic Semistructured Database Model

Recent interest in semistructured data has led to a prolifer at on of XML-based standards which encompass applications ranging from multimedia application s a d sensor data processing applications to financial applications and myriads of other more traditional applications. When semistructured paradigms are used to store sensor data and multimedia (e.g. image) dat a, we need to be able to handle uncertainty as sensor readings and image processing methods often yield uncertain results. In this paper, we propose the concept of probabilistic semistructured (PS) databases . We propose aglobal notion of consistency as well as alocal one and show that the two coincide.
Effects of Pitching a Simulated Game on Upper Extremity Kinematics in Youth Baseball Pitchers

C l i n M e d International Library Citation: Oliver GD, Plummer HA (2015) Effects of Pitching a Simulated Game on Upper Extremity Kinematics in Youth Baseball Pitchers. Int J Sports Exerc Med 1:016 Received: July 22, 2015: Accepted: August 06, 2015: Published: August 09, 2015 Copyright: © 2015 Oliver GD. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Oliver and Plummer. Int J Sports Exerc Med 2015, 1:3
Author ' s personal copy Drosophila melanogaster recombination rate calculator

In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Recombination rate is a key evolutionary parameter that determines the degree to which sites are linked. Estimating recombination rates is thus of crucial importance for population genetic and molecular evolutionary studies. We present here a user-friendly web-based tool that can be used to retrieve recombination rate estimates for single and/or multiple loci in the Drosophila melanogaster genome given a user-defined choice of the genome release. We used the Marey map approach that is based on comparing the genetic and physical maps to infer recombination rates along the major chromosomes of the D. melanogaster genome. Our implementation of this approach is based on building third-order polynomials which are used to interpolate recombination rates at all points on the chromosome except for telomeric and centromeric regions in which such polynomials are known to provide particularly poor estimation. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Treatment of infantile hemangioma with propranolol

Hemangiomas infantis sao desordens vasculares proliferativas que ocorrem na via aerea de criancas, potencialmente causando o estreitamento das vias aereas e estresse respiratorio. Ocorre em uma de cada dez criancas, mais frequentemente em meninas. Os hemangiomas sao tumores benignos que geralmente aparecem na cabeca ou no pescoco, mas tambem podem ocorrer em orgaos profundos. Ate recentemente, a terapia medica mais comum era a ministracao de doses elevadas de corticosteroides sistemicos, que muitas vezes resultavam em efeitos adversos significativos (hipertensao, irritabilidade e condicoes "Cushing-like"). Em 2008, o propranolol, utilizado para o tratamento de doencas cardiovasculares, foi acidentalmente usado com sucesso para o tratamento de linfoangiomatose difusa intratavel. Aparentemente o propranolol induz infraregulacao da via de sinalizacao da proteina quinase mutagenica Raf-ativada, com reduzida expressao do fator de crescimento vascular endotelial. O propranolol inibe a linfo-angiogenese e reduz o crescimento de malformacoes linfaticas por inibicao do fator de crescimento vascular endotelial. Pode ter um efeito benefico sobre a malformacao linfatica e em linfoangiomatose difusa e pode exercer os seus efeitos sobre os hemangiomas por tres mecanismos moleculares distintos: vasodilatacao, inibicao da angiogenese e inducao de apoptose. Esta e uma revisao sobre a farmacologia de propranolol, focando especificamente no tratamento de hemangiomas.
Synchronous Motors on Grinding Mills: The Different Excitation Types and Resulting Performance Characteristics with VFD Control for New or Retrofit Installations

Synchronous motors (SMS) continue to be a viable alternative to induction motors because of efficiency advantages. Since SMs have long been used to provide leading kvar for power factor (PF) improvement and to help with the device switching in load-commutated inverter (LCI) drives, these machines are efficient prime movers for large mill applications. Both in motor efficiency and in low-base-speed configurations, the SM has advantages of lower current and higher efficiency. Often used in large mills in the cement and mining industry, these motors were driven by LCI variable-frequency drives (VFDs) or used with direct start with a clutch system that would synchronize the motor first to overcome low starting torques. This article reviews various mill drive configurations and improved SM characteristics when used with advanced drives. It will also review the different SM excitation types and resulting performance characteristics with VFD control for new or retrofit installations.
Comparative Performance Evaluation of Cache-Coherent NUMA and COMA Architectures

Two interesting variations of large-scale shared-memory ma- chines that have recently emerged are cache-coherent non- uniform-memory-access machines (CC-NUMA) and cache- only memory architectures (COMA). They both have distributed main memory and use directory-based cache coherence. Unlike CC-NUMA, however, COMA machines automatically migrate and replicate data at the main-memory level in cache-line sized chunks. This paper compares the performance of these two classes of machines. We first present a qualitative model that shows that the relative performance is primarily determined by two factors: the relative magnitude of capacity misses versus coherence misses, and the granularity of data partitions in the application. We then present quantitative results using simulation studies for eight parallel applications (including all six applications from the SPLASH benchmark suite). We show that COMA's potential for performance improvement is limited to applications where data accesses by different processors are finely interleaved in memory space and, in addition, where capacity misses dominate over coherence misses. In other situations, for example where coherence misses dominate, COMA can actually perform worse than CC-NUMA due to increased miss latencies caused by its hierarchical directories. Finally, we propose a new architectural alternative, called COMA-F, that combines the advantages of both CC-NUMA and COMA.
Hierarchical Modeling and Verification for High-speed Train Control Center by Time Automation

Chinese Train Control System level three (CTCS-3) is a major technical system in Chinese high-speed rail and Train Control System (TCC) is indispensable component in the CTCS-3. Current researches on TCC are mainly based on the simulation, which cannot ensure that all conditions in TCC are tested. This paper presents a hierarchical modeling method and uses time automation (TA) to model the TCC software. We take the design of the active balise telegram editing, a major part in the TCC software, as an example. At first, the process of the active balise telegram editing is analyzed to obtain a hierarchical diagram containing several layers. Then, TA is employed to build one TA model for each layer. Lastly, we use UPPAAL (a model validation tool, developed by Uppsala University and Aalborg University) to construct a network of the TA models to verify the active balise telegram editing. The verification results demonstrate that this modeling method is feasible and the model can meet the functional requirements of the TCC software.
Explicit Rate Adjustment ( ERA ) : Responsiveness , Network Utilization Efficiency and Fairness for Layered Multicast

To provide layered multicast with responsiveness, efficiency in network utilization, scalability and fairness (including interprotocol fairness, intra-protocol fairness, intra-session fairness and TCP-friendliness) for layered multicast, we propose in this paper a new multicast congestion control, called Explicit Rate Adjustment (ERA). Our protocol uses an algorithm relying on TCP throughput equation and Packet-bunch Probe techniques to detect optimal bandwidth utilization; then adjusts the reception rate accordingly. We have built ERA into a network simulator (ns2) and demonstrate via simulations that the goals are reached.
ombination of optical and LiDAR satellite imagery with forest nventory data to improve wall-to-wall assessment of growing stock n Italy

The acquisition of information about growing stock is a fundamental step in the framework of forest management planning and scenario modeling, besides being essential for assessing the amount of carbon stored within forest ecosystems. Gallaun et al. (2010) produced a pan-European map of forest growing stock by the combination of ground and remotely sensed data. The first objective of the current paper is to assess the accuracy of this map versus the ground data collected during the latest Italian National Forest Inventory (INFC). Next, a new wall-to-wall estimation of growing stock is obtained by combining ground measurements of four regional forest inventories with the CORINE land cover map of Italy and the global canopy height map derived from Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) and Moderate Resolution ODIS Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. More particularly, the growing stock measurements of the four inventories are stratified by ecosystem type and extended over all Italian forest areas through the application of locally weighted regressions to the GLAS/MODIS canopy height map. When compared to the INFC measurements, the new map shows higher accuracy than that by Gallaun et al., particularly for high growing stock values. The coefficient of determination between estimated and INFC growing stocks is improved by about 0.5, whilst the mean square error is reduced from 90 to 48 m3 ha−1.
R&D and productivity growth: evidence from firm-level data for the Netherlands

This article presents evidence on the links between R&D and productivity for manufacturing firms in the Netherlands. The study provides estimates of the output elasticity of the R&D stock and of the private rate of return to R&D. The article applies the methodology used by Hall and Mairesse (1995) to a panel dataset of R&D performing firms in the Netherlands, with some minor modifications. First, a correction for sample selection bias is used in an attempt to adjust the results for possible bias arising when the basic methodology is applied to the R&D survey for the Netherlands. Next, more complete adjustment is made to the resource input data to correct for the ’double counting’ of R&D inputs. Lastly, an attempt is made to correct for heteroskedasticity in the error term of the basic model. The study makes use of linked files of the R&D surveys and the annual production statistics collected by Statistics Netherlands for the years 1985, 1989, and 1993.
What is the Nature of Social Norm within the Context of In-Group Favouritism ? ∗ Donhatai

In this paper, we use the ‘favour game’ as developed in Harris et al (2009) to examine the nature of social norms regarding in-group favouritism behaviour. In the favour game, a decision-maker has to decide only once how to allocate a fixed amount of resource between each of the three members of her own group and each of the three members of the out-group, whilst the decision-maker’s own payoff is not affected by her decision. In this paper, we extend the game by exploring three treatments: in the first treatment, only the members of the in-group can punish the decision-maker. In the second treatment, only the members of the out-group can punish the decision-maker. Finally, in the third treatment, only an independent third-party observer can punish the decision-maker. The aim of these treatments is to test whether there is a prevailing social norm which dominates the behavioural standard within the context of in-group favouritism and whether this mechanism varies across different subject pools, namely Thailand and the UK. Compared to a baseline treatment with no punishment opportunity, we observed that among the Thai subjects in-group favouritism significantly increased once the in-group members were given the opportunity to punish the decision-maker. The threat of punishment from a third-party punisher also increased in-group favouritism in Thailand. However, when only the out-group members had the opportunity to punish, no change in in-group favouritism behaviour was observed. On the contrary, within the British subject pool, when the out-group members had the opportunity to punish the decision-maker, we observed a decline in in-group favouritism as well as a marked shift towards an equitable outcome. The threats of punishments from the in-group members and the third-party, on the other hand, did not have any impact on in-group favouritism behaviour in the UK. The results suggest that within the Thai subject pool, there appears to be a prevailing ‘in-group bias norm’ which is strongly enforced within and outside the group. Within the UK subject pool, however, it is less clear what the prevailing norm is within the context of favouritism. JEL classification: D73, C92
Obstacle avoidance in real time with Nonlinear Model Predictive Control of autonomous vehicles

A Nonlinear Model Predictive Controller (NMPC) for trajectory tracking of autonomous vehicles is presented in this paper. This controller is tested under several constrained scenarios including static obstacle avoidance and avoidance of obstacles with more complex constraints. In the latter case the real life necessary constraint of remaining on the road while performing the obstacle avoidance manoeuvers is implemented. The resulting controllers are applied and tested in a simulation environment and the required CPU time is analyzed to evaluate the ability to implement these schemes in real-time using both cold and warm starts for the embedded optimization problem. In order to simplify the vehicle dynamics, a bicycle model is used for the prediction of future vehicle states in the NMPC framework. A fully nonlinear CarSim vehicle model is used to evaluate the vehicle performance in the simulations. Results show that the NMPC controller provides satisfactory online tracking performance in a realistic scenario at normal road speeds while still satisfying the real-time constraints.
Single particle characterization using a light scattering module coupled to a time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer

Abstract. We present the first single particle results obtained with an Aerodyne time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer coupled with a light scattering module (LS-ToF-AMS). The instrument was deployed at the T1 ground site approximately 40 km northeast of the Mexico City Metropolitan Area as part of the MILAGRO field study in March of 2006. The LS-ToF-AMS acquires both ensemble average and single particle data. Over a 75-h sampling period from 27–30 March 2006, 12 853 single particle mass spectra were optically-triggered and saved. The single particles were classified based on observed vaporization histories and measured chemical compositions. The single particle data is shown to provide insights on internal AMS collection efficiencies and ambient mixing state information that augments the ensemble data. Detection of correlated light scattering and chemical ion signals allowed for a detailed examination of the vaporization/ionization process for single particles measured with the AMS instrument. Three particle vaporization event types were identified as a fraction of the total number of particles detected: (1) 23% with prompt vaporization, (2) 26% with delayed vaporization, and (3) 51% characterized as null. Internal consistency checks show that average single particle nonrefractory mass and chemical composition measurements were in reasonable agreement with ensemble measurements and suggest that delayed and null vaporization events are the dominant source of the nonunit collection efficiency of the AMS. Taken together, the simultaneous prompt single particle and aerosol ensemble measurements offer insight into the mixing state and atmospheric transformations of ambient aerosol particles.
NONLINEARITY IN THE CANADIAN AND U.S. LABOR MARKETS: UNIVARIATE AND MULTIVARIATE EVIDENCE FROM A BATTERY OF TESTS

The nonlinearity of macroeconomic processes is becoming an increasingly important issue at both the theoretical and empirical levels. This trend holds for labor market variables as well. The reallocation theory of unemployment relies on nonlinearities. At the same time there is mounting empirical evidence of business cycles asymmetries. Thus the assumption of linearity/nonlinearity becomes crucial for the corroboration of labor market theories. This paper turns the microscope on the assumption of linearity and investigates the presence of asymmetries in aggregate and disaggregate labor market variables. The assumption of linearity is tested using five statistical tests for U.S. and Canadian unemployment rates and growth rates of the employment sectoral shares of construction, finance, manufacturing, and trade. An AR(p) model was used to remove any linear structure from the series. Evidence of nonlinearity is found for the sectoral shares with all five statistical tests in the U.S. case but not at the aggregate level. The results for Canada are not clear-cut. Evidence of unspecified nonlinearity is found in the unemployment rate and in the sectoral shares. Overall, important asymmetries are found in disaggregated labor market variables in the univariate setting. The linearity hypothesis was also examined in a multivariate framework. Evidence is provided that important asymmetries exist and a linear VAR cannot capture the dynamics of employment reallocation.