Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Supervised Segmentation of Visible Human Data with Image Analogies

We present a new application of the Image Analogies algorithm to be used for image segmentation. Our approach requires supervised training data, so we apply it to the domain of labeling human anatomical data. In the Visible Human Project, expert anatomists are overwhelmed with high-resolution images to analyze. We propose that the anatomist can work in conjunction with our approach, letting the machine segment 80% of the images, and requiring that the expert segment only every fifth image.
Docovery: toward generic automatic document recovery

Application crashes and errors that occur while loading a document are one of the most visible defects of consumer software. While documents become corrupted in various ways---from storage media failures to incompatibility across applications to malicious modifications---the underlying reason they fail to load in a certain application is that their contents cause the application logic to exercise an uncommon execution path which the software was not designed to handle, or which was not properly tested. We present Docovery, a novel document recovery technique based on symbolic execution that makes it possible to fix broken documents without any prior knowledge of the file format. Starting from the code path executed when opening a broken document, Docovery explores alternative paths that avoid the error, and makes small changes to the document in order to force the application to follow one of these alternative paths. We implemented our approach in a prototype tool based on the symbolic execution engine KLEE. We present a preliminary case study, which shows that Docovery can successfully recover broken documents processed by several popular applications such as the e-mail client pine, the pagination tool pr and the binary file utilities dwarfdump and readelf.
Increased Locomotor Activity and Non-Selective Attention and Impaired Learning Ability in SD Rats after Lentiviral Vector-Mediated RNA Interference of Homer 1a in the Brain

Our previous studies found that Homer 1a, a scaffolding protein localized at the post-synaptic density (PSD) of glutamatergic excitatory synapses, is significantly down-regulated in the brain of spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR), an animal model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Furthermore, a first-line treatment drug for ADHD, methylphenidate, can up-regulate the expression of Homer 1a. To investigate the possible role of Homer 1a in the etiology and pathogenesis of ADHD, a lentiviral vector containing miRNA specific for Homer 1a was constructed in this study. Intracerebroventricular injection of this vector into the brain of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats significantly decreased Homer 1a mRNA and protein expression levels. Compared to their negative controls, these rats displayed a range of abnormal behaviors, including increased locomotor activity and non-selective attention and impaired learning ability. Our results indicated that Homer 1a down-regulation results in deficits in control over behavioral output and learning similar to ADHD.
Dynamic properties of a locomotory muscle of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta during strain cycling and simulated natural crawling

SUMMARY Caterpillars are soft-bodied terrestrial climbers that perform a wide variety of complex movements with several hundred muscles and a relatively small number of neurons. Control of movements is therefore expected to place unusual demands on the mechanical properties of the muscles. The muscles develop force slowly (1–6 s to peak) yet over a strain range extending from under 60% to more than 160% of resting length, with a length-tension relationship resembling that of supercontracting or cross-striated muscle. In passive and active sinusoidal strain cycling, muscles displayed viscoelastic qualities, with very low and stretch-velocity dependent resilience; there was a positive linear relationship between stretch velocity and the fraction of work dissipation attributable to passive muscle properties (20–80%). In linear stretches of unstimulated muscles at velocities bracketing those encountered in natural crawling, the rise in tension showed a distinct transition to a lower rate of increase, with transition tension dependent upon stretch velocity; peak force was exponentially related to stretch velocity. When stretching ceased, force decayed exponentially, with slower decay associated with lower stretch velocities; the decay time constant was exponentially related to stretch velocity. From the kinematics of caterpillars crawling horizontally we determined that the ventral interior lateral muscle (VIL) of the third abdominal segment (A3) is at or near resting length for most of the crawl cycle, with a fairly linear shortening by 25–30% and re-lengthening occupying about 45% of cycle duration. Synchronized kinematic and EMG recordings showed that during horizontal crawling A3 VIL is stimulated as the muscle shortens from about 95% to 75% of its resting length. We subjected in vitro VIL preparations to strain cycling and stimulus phase and duration similar to that of natural crawling. The resulting work loops were figure-eight shaped, with the muscle performing work during the shortest 45–65% of the strain cycle but dissipating work during the rest of the cycle. The muscle remained in the ascending limb of its length-tension relationship throughout the crawl cycle. Peak force occurred at the end of re-lengthening, nearly a full second after stimulation ceased, underscoring the importance of understanding passive muscle properties to explain caterpillar locomotion. Whether A3 VIL functions as an actuator at all during simulated natural strain cycling is highly sensitive to stimulus timing but far less so to stimulus duration. The muscle's elastomer-like properties appear to play a major role in its function.
Examining the Trend of Taiwan Primary and High School Scientific Exhibition by Using Text Mining Technique

Scientific exhibition in Taiwan has been held by National Taiwan Science Education Center for more than 55 years, more than 15,000 works has been accumulated. It also becomes a famous competition for K-12 students. In order to provide recommendation of research topic to the participating students, domain experts require the growth topic and related industry from the past works. However, with the long history of the scientific exhibition, the domain experts cannot interpret all of the works in the short term. Therefore, through the computer to explore and summarize a large number of works becomes an emerging technology. In this study, we applied text-mining technology, and designed an expert rules as a computer-enabled methodology to explore the correlation between scientific exhibition and industry in the earth science and physics category. In the result, you can observe the computer programming and real estate development industries were the most growing research topic in scientific exhibition.
A Simulation Study of IEEE 802 . 11 with Optimal Rate Control in Multi-hop Topologies

The most commonly used scheduling scheme to build wireless multi-hop networks is CSMA-CA as off-the shelf IEEE 802.11 radios can be used to easily and cheaply deploy a multi-hop network [5], [6], [24]. However, several researchers have observed that using CSMA-CA with either TCP or without any rate control and pumping data as fast as possible leads to unfair and inefficient throughouts, and even starvation for certain flows [9], [11], [16], [20], [22], [27]–[29]. Researchers have explored two different directions to allocate fair and efficient throughputs in wireless multi-hop networks. (i) New rate control protocols while retaining the scheduling protocol to be CSMA-CA [22], [27], [29]. (ii) New scheduling alternatives to CSMACA [7], [15], [18], [25]. An important question to ask here is: Which amongst the two is a better direction? And the answer to this question is dictated by the answer to the following question. Is it possible to allocate fair and efficient rates over CSMA-CA? If the answer to this question is yes, then the former approach is a better direction because of economic reasons as off-the-shelf IEEE 802.11 radios are easily available at low-cost. If the answer to this question is no, then obviously, the latter approach is the better direction. To answer the proposed question, we evaluate CSMACA with optimal rate control and compare it to optimal scheduling with optimal rate control for a number of carefully constructed multi-hop topologies. Through this exercise, we make the following contributions. (i) We propose a new, general methodology to evaluate CSMA-CA with optimal rate control. This methodology yields an important simulation benchmark to evaluate any new rate control and scheduling protocol for multihop networks. The importance of this benchmark lies in the following observation. Both TCP and no rate control yield extremely unfair and inefficient throughputs for most multi-hop topologies. Thus, any new rate control
A New Bursting X-Ray Transient: SAX J1750.8–2900

We have analyzed in detail the discovery measurements of the X-ray burster SAX J1750.8-2900 by the Wide Field Cameras on board BeppoSAX in spring 1997, at a position ~1. °2 off the Galactic center. The source was in outburst on March 13 when the first observation started and showed X-ray emission for ~2 weeks. A total of nine bursts were detected, with peak intensities varying from ≈0.4 to 1.0 crab in the 2-10 keV range. Most bursts showed a fast rise time (≈1 s), an exponential decay profile with e-folding time of ≈5 s, spectral softening during decay, and a spectrum which is consistent with few keV blackbody radiation. These features identify them as type I X-ray bursts of thermonuclear origin. The presence of type I bursts and the source position close to the Galactic center favors the classification of this object as a neutron star low-mass X-ray binary. X-ray emission from SAX J1750.8-2900 was not detected in the previous and subsequent Galactic bulge monitoring, and the source was never seen bursting again.
Multiuser MIMO Downlink Made Practical: Achievable Rates with Simple Channel State Estimation and Feedback Schemes

We consider a MIMO fading broadcast channel and compute achievable ergodic rates when channel state information is acquired at the receivers via downlink training and explicit channel feedback is performed to provide transmitter channel state information (CSIT). Both “analog” and quantized (digital) channel feedback are analyzed, and digital feedback is shown to be potentially superior when the feedback channel uses per channel coefficient is larger than 1. Also, we show that by proper design of the digital feedback link, errors in the feedback have a relatively minor effect even if simple uncoded modulation is used on the feedback channel. We extend our analysis to the case of fading MIMO Multiaccess Channel (MIMO-MAC) in the feedback link, as well as to the case of a time-varying channel and feedback delay. We show that by exploiting the MIMO-MAC nature of the uplink channel, a fully scalable system with both downlink multiplexing gain and feedback redundancy proportional to the number of base station antennas can be achieved. Furthermore, the feedback strategy is optimized by a non-trivial combination of time-division and space-division multiple-access. For the case of delayed feedback, we show that in the realistic case where the fading process has (normalized) maximum Doppler frequency shift 0 F < 1=2, a fraction 1 2F of the optimal multiplexing gain is achievable. The general conclusion of this work is that very significant downlink throughput is achievable with simple and efficient channel state feedback, provided that the feedback link is properly designed.
Heterogeneity and Uniqueness in Interaction Games

Incomplete information games, local interaction games and random matching games are all special cases of a general class of interaction games (Morris (1997)). In this paper, we use this equivalence to present a unified treatment of arguments generating uniqueness in games with strategic complementarities by introducing heterogeneity in these different settings. We also report on the relation between local and global heterogeneity, on the role of strategic multipliers and on purification in the three types of interaction game.
Radiatus : Strong User Isolation for Scalable Web Applications

Web applications are a frequent target of successful attacks. The damage is amplified by the fact that application code is responsible for security enforcement in most web frameworks. In this paper we design and implement Radiatus, a web framework where all applicationspecific computation running on the server is executed within a sandbox with the privileges of the end-user. By strongly isolating users we protect user data and service availability from application vulnerabilities. To make Radiatus practical on modern web applications, we introduce a distributed capabilities system to protect data at scale across the many distributed services that compose a modern web application. We show how this model protects applications from a large class of vulnerabilities, without compromising performance.
How effective are compression codes for reducing test data volume?

Run-length codes and their variants have recently been shown to be very effective for compressing system-on-a-chip (SOC) test data. In this paper, we analyze the Golomb code, the conventional run-length code and the FDR code for a binary memoryless data source, and compare the compression obtained in each case to fundamental entropy bounds. We show analytically that the FDR code outperforms both the conventional run-length code and the Golomb code for test resource partitioning (TRP) based on data compression. We also present a modified compression/decompression architecture for obtaining even higher compression. We demonstrate the effectiveness of these compression codes using the larger ISCAS-89 benchmark circuits and two representative circuits from industry. Finally, we show that the FDR code is almost as effective as Unix utilities gzip and compress, even though it uses a much simpler decompression algorithm.
Effects of choice opportunities between activities with high- and low-reinforcement values on self-control behavior in children with typical development: a pilot study

ABSTRACT Self-control is evident in the choice of a delayed consequence with greater magnitude over an immediate one of lesser import. Impulsivity opts for the reverse, i.e., immediate gratification. Two studies were conducted of the enhancement of self-control behavior in a 5-year-old boy with typical development. The objective of the first study was to train the participant to choose between consequences based on their comparative magnitudes and delays. The initial study involved three training phases: simple discrimination, reinforcement magnitude, and delayed reinforcement. In the first study, the participant chose the delayed consequence of greater magnitude 90% of the time. Following the first study, the participant took part in a second. Its objective was to examine the effect on self-control responses of providing choices between high- and low-preference activities. The second study comprised four phases: abrupt increase in reinforcement delay (AIRD), choice opportunity with high-preference activities (CO-HPA), no choice opportunity with high-preference activities (NCO-HPA), and no choice opportunity with low-preference activities (NCO-LPA). In the AIRD phase, the response rate to the delayed consequence of greater magnitude averaged 20%. In the CO-HPA and NCO-HPA phases, the response to the delayed consequence of greater magnitude was 100%. During the NCO-LPA phase, the response rate to the delayed consequence of greater magnitude averaged 50%. The results suggest that reinforcement values play a greater role in self-control behavior than choice opportunity.
Surrogate markers of response to cancer immunotherapy

Clinically effective cancer immunotherapy has been sought for more than 100 years and has been recently applied most successfully in strategies that passively deliver immune effectors such as monoclonal antibodies (anti-CD20 for lymphoma and anti-HER2/neu for breast cancer), donor lymphocyte infusions in chronic myelongenous leukemia and non-myeloablative allogeneic peripheral blood progenitor transplants for renal cell carcinoma. There is mounting enthusiasm for strategies employing active stimulation of antitumour immune responses. These include vaccines based on tumour antigen proteins and peptides, autologous, allogeneic or gene-modified tumour cells, dendritic cells and antigen-encoding viral vector constructs. Indeed, randomised Phase III clinical trials of autologous tumour cell vaccines for colorectal cancer demonstrated an improvement in disease free survival and a trend toward improved overall survival [1]. Despite these preliminary successes, it is clear that the many strategies under development cannot all be evaluated for survival benefit in large clinical trials that require many years, patients and resources to complete. This highlights the need to develop intermediate markers to help prioritise which agents to test in prospective randomised Phase III trials.
Change in chronic disability from 1982 to 2004/2005 as measured by long-term changes in function and health in the U.S. elderly population

Changes in the health and functioning of the Medicare-enrolled population aged 65+ are tracked by using the 1982–2004/2005 National Long-Term Care Surveys. We found a significant rate of decline in the prevalence of chronic disability that accelerated from 1982 to 2004. These declines are significant for both persons with less severe chronic disability, which might be compensated by modifying the built environment and providing assistive devices, and for persons with more serious disability, which may be affected by reductions in the incidence and severity of disease through biomedical interventions. Declines in chronic disability continued over the 22-year period at a rate fast enough (i.e., 1.52% per annum) to contribute significantly to the long-term fiscal stability of the Medicare (and Medicaid) programs. Changes in the rate and substance of disability declines seem consistent with the intentions of policy interventions in Medicare and Medicaid.
Fish-scales: representing fuzzy manifolds

We address the problem of automatically reconstructing m-manifolds of unknown topology from unorganized points in metric p-spaces obtained from a noisy measurement process . The point set is first approximated by a collection of oriented primitive fuzzy sets over a range of resolutions. Hierarchical multiresolution representation is then computed based on the relation of relative containment defined on the collection. Finally, manifold structure is recovered by establishing connectivity between these primitives based on proximity, compatibility of position and orientation and local topological constraints. The method has been successfully applied to the problem of surface reconstruction from polynocular-stereo data with many outliers.
Environmental Psychology as a Complement to Restaurant Revenue Management: Effects on Meal Duration and Table Turns

Environmental psychology complements restaurant revenue management by providing restaurant owners with information on physical cues that can affect meal duration and table turns.Thus, the effect that cues such as lighting, colors, and music can have on meal duration and table turns in restaurants is examined.The previous literature on restaurant revenue management and on environmental psychology provides the basis for the presented hypotheses. To study the effect of physical cues on restaurant revenue, a data set of full service restaurants was obtained from the New England state chapter of the National Restaurant Association.Semi-structured questionnaires were issued to 589 randomly selected restaurants, with 153 of the returned surveys deemed usable.A simple regression methodology was used to analyze the data. The results indicated that brighter lights and colors, an open kitchen, and a noisier setting did not affect average meal duration but they did decrease the range of meal duration while increasing the number of table turns.Louder, faster-paced music appeared to decrease average meal duration, while having no affect on variance of mealtime or the number of table turns.Finally, the interior layout did appear to affect the range of meal duration and the number of table turns. (AKP)
Mechanisms of Cognitive Impairment in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: Multimodal MRI Results from the St George's Cognition and Neuroimaging in Stroke (SCANS) Study

Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is a common cause of vascular cognitive impairment. A number of disease features can be assessed on MRI including lacunar infarcts, T2 lesion volume, brain atrophy, and cerebral microbleeds. In addition, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is sensitive to disruption of white matter ultrastructure, and recently it has been suggested that additional information on the pattern of damage may be obtained from axial diffusivity, a proposed marker of axonal damage, and radial diffusivity, an indicator of demyelination. We determined the contribution of these whole brain MRI markers to cognitive impairment in SVD. Consecutive patients with lacunar stroke and confluent leukoaraiosis were recruited into the ongoing SCANS study of cognitive impairment in SVD (n = 115), and underwent neuropsychological assessment and multimodal MRI. SVD subjects displayed poor performance on tests of executive function and processing speed. In the SVD group brain volume was lower, white matter hyperintensity volume higher and all diffusion characteristics differed significantly from control subjects (n = 50). On multi-predictor analysis independent predictors of executive function in SVD were lacunar infarct count and diffusivity of normal appearing white matter on DTI. Independent predictors of processing speed were lacunar infarct count and brain atrophy. Radial diffusivity was a stronger DTI predictor than axial diffusivity, suggesting ischaemic demyelination, seen neuropathologically in SVD, may be an important predictor of cognitive impairment in SVD. Our study provides information on the mechanism of cognitive impairment in SVD.
Cucurbitane Glycosides Derived from Mogroside IIE: Structure-Taste Relationships, Antioxidant Activity, and Acute Toxicity

Mogroside IIE is a bitter triterpenoid saponin which is the main component of unripe Luo Han Guo fruit and a precursor of the commercially available sweetener mogroside V. In this study, we developed an enzymatic glycosyl transfer method, by which bitter mogroside IIE could be converted into a sweet triterpenoid saponin mixture. The reactant concentration, temperature, pH and buffer system were studied. New saponins with the α-glucose group were isolated from the resulting mixtures, and the structures of three components of the extract were determined. The structure-taste relationships of these derivatives were also studied together with those of the natural mogrosides. The number and stereoconfiguration of glucose groups present in the mogroside molecules were found to be the main factor to determine the sweet or bitter taste of a compound. The antioxidant and food safety properties were initially evaluated by their radical scavenging ability and via 7 day mice survival tests, respectively. The results showed that the sweet triterpenoid saponin mixture has the same favorable physiological and safety characteristics as the natural mogrosides.