Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assigning rights to carbon: Feasible in the forests of Indonesia?

4 Chapter One: Introduction . 8 Chapter Two: Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation . 11 2.1 Earth’s changing climate . 11 2.2 Terrestrial carbon, forests and climate change. 12 2.3 Climate change and Indonesia . 15 2.4 A collective response to climate change . 18 2.5 A potential answer: REDD+ . 19 2.6 The main challenges for REDD+. 22 Design, operation, cost . 22 Governance, tenure and ownership rights . 24 Chapter Three: Property Rights to Carbon. 28 3.1 Introducing property . 28 3.2 The development of property rights . 28 3.4 The emergence of carbon property rights . 32 3.5 Different approaches to carbon property rights. 37 Australia . 37 New Zealand . 39 Ghana . 41 Mexico . 42 A varied tale . 44 Chapter Four: The Law, The Land and Forests in Indonesia . 45 4.1 The ‘imagined community’ of Indonesia . 45 4.2 Foundations of Indonesian law: Persistent tension . 46 4.3 Indonesian land law and forests . 50 4.4 Recent legal developments . 54 4.5 The lingering perception of land and forest law. 56
Future local climate unlike currently observed anywhere

The concept of spatial climate analogs, that is identifying a place with a present-day climate similar to the projections of a place of interest, is a promising method for visualizing and communicating possible effects of climate change. We show that when accounting for seasonal cycles of both temperature and precipitation, it is impossible to find good analogs for projections at many places across the world. For substantial land fractions, primarily in the tropics and subtropics, there are no analogs anywhere with current seasonal cycles of temperature and precipitation matching their projected future conditions. This implies that these places experience the emergence of novel climates. For 1.5 °C global warming about 15% and for 2 °C warming about 21% of the global land is projected to experience novel climates, whereas for a 4 °C warming the corresponding novel climates may emerge on more than a third of the global land fraction. Similar fractions of today’s climates, mainly found in the tropics, subtropics and polar north, are anticipated to disappear in the future. Note that the exact quantification of the land fraction is sensitive to the threshold selection. Novel and disappearing climates may have serious consequences for impacts that are sensitive to the full seasonal cycle of temperature and precipitation. For individual seasons, however, spatial analogs may still be a powerful tool for climate change communication.
Human Noroviruses' Fondness for Histo-Blood Group Antigens

ABSTRACT Human noroviruses are the dominant cause of outbreaks of gastroenteritis around the world. Human noroviruses interact with the polymorphic human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), and this interaction is thought to be important for infection. Indeed, synthetic HBGAs or HBGA-expressing enteric bacteria were shown to enhance norovirus infection in B cells. A number of studies have found a possible relationship between HBGA type and norovirus susceptibility. The genogroup II, genotype 4 (GII.4) noroviruses are the dominant cluster, evolve every other year, and are thought to modify their binding interactions with different HBGA types. Here we show high-resolution X-ray crystal structures of the capsid protruding (P) domains from epidemic GII.4 variants from 2004, 2006, and 2012, cocrystallized with a panel of HBGA types (H type 2, Lewis Y, Lewis B, Lewis A, Lewis X, A type, and B type). Many of the HBGA binding interactions were found to be complex, involving capsid loop movements, alternative HBGA conformations, and HBGA rotations. We showed that a loop (residues 391 to 395) was elegantly repositioned to allow for Lewis Y binding. This loop was also slightly shifted to provide direct hydrogen- and water-mediated bonds with Lewis B. We considered that the flexible loop modulated Lewis HBGA binding. The GII.4 noroviruses have dominated outbreaks over the past decade, which may be explained by their exquisite HBGA binding mechanisms, their fondness for Lewis HBGAs, and their temporal amino acid modifications. IMPORTANCE Our data provide a comprehensive picture of GII.4 P domain and HBGA binding interactions. The exceptionally high resolutions of our X-ray crystal structures allowed us to accurately recognize novel GII.4 P domain interactions with numerous HBGA types. We showed that the GII.4 P domain-HBGA interactions involved complex binding mechanisms that were not previously observed in norovirus structural studies. Many of the GII.4 P domain-HBGA interactions we identified were negative in earlier enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based studies. Altogether, our data show that the GII.4 norovirus P domains can accommodate numerous HBGA types.
An asymptotic secrecy rate analysis of a cooperative jamming strategy for physical-layer security

In this paper, we investigate a cooperative jamming strategy combined with a null-steering beamforming technique (CJ-NB strategy) for physical-layer security. To evaluate the achievable secrecy rate, the source input distribution is assumed to be Gaussian, and the achievable secrecy rate can be formulated as an optimization problem for power allocation (PA). By solving the problem, an asymptotically optimal PA is obtained with an exactly closed-form expression. In addition, we provide an asymptotic analysis of the achievable secrecy rate. The asymptotic result shows that the achievable secrecy rate is linearly proportional to the signal-to-noise ratio, but it will become saturated when the number of jammers is high enough. Therefore, we then develop a simple and efficient jammer selection algorithm to find an appropriate jamming set to achieve almost the same performance, but significantly reduce the number of jammers used compared with all the jammers performing the CJ-NB strategy. Finally, we provide simulation results to support our analyses.
Extended feature extraction technique from fingerprint

Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) currently rely only on Level 1 and Level 2 features. But these features are not much helpful for forensic experts as the experiment deals with partial to full print matching of latent fingerprint. Forensic experts takes the advantage of extended feature proposed by “Committee to Define an Extended Fingerprint Feature Set” (CDEFFS). This paper presents extraction technique of two extended features, dots and incipient ridges by tracing valleys. We have found starting points on the valley by analyzing the frequencies present in the fingerprint. Valley are traced from the starting point using first marching method ( FMM ). Then an intensity checking method is used for finding these features. Extensive simulation is carried out in MATLAB environment to show the superiority of the proposed feature extraction technique over state of art. Accuracy of the proposed feature extraction scheme also has been shown using special database 30 and IIIT Delhi database.
Looking backward, moving forward: The experiences of Indo-Fijian immigrant women in California

LOOKING BACKWARD, MOVING FORWARD: THE EXPERIENCES OF INDOFIJIAN IMMIGRANT WOMEN IN CALIFORNIA This study helps address gaps in knowledge concerning the lives of Indo-Fijian immigrant women in California and offers a space for their voices to be heard. The subsequent chapters investigate the lives of five Indo-Fijian immigrant women and their experiences upon migrating to Modesto, California. Using a qualitative research approach, data were collected through participant-observations, semi-structured in-depth interviews and informal conversations. The data are presented as anthropological silhouettes, a form of life-writing (the recording of events and experiences of a life), which explores each individual woman’s experience with life in Fiji to her eventual migration and transition to life in California. The study reveals heterogeneity amongst the women’s experiences and perspectives as well as commonalities that arise in their collective experiences as Indo-Fijian immigrant women residing in the city of Modesto. Overall, the anthropological silhouettes reveal that migration has led to shifts in the women’s identities and their prescribed gender roles. Furthermore, despite some of the challenges that came with immigrating, the women have experienced social, political and economic mobility since arriving to California. All five women have accepted the United States as their adopted homeland, and as a result, have no plans of re-migrating to Fiji.
Adrenal Suppression in Children Treated With Oral Viscous Budesonide for Eosinophilic Esophagitis

ABSTRACT We sought to determine the prevalence of adrenal suppression (AS) in children with eosinophilic esophagitis treated with oral viscous budesonide (OVB). This was a retrospective review of a quality assurance initiative, whereby all children in our center treated with OVB for ≥3 months were referred over an 18-month time frame for endocrine assessment including 1 &mgr;g adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test. Fourteen of 19 children complied with the referral; of these 14 children, 6 (43%) had suboptimal stimulated cortisol (range 343–497 nmol/L, mean [±SD] 424.7 nmol/L [±52.4], normal ≥500 nmol/L). There was no significant association to treatment duration, dose, or concomitant use of inhaled/nasal corticosteroids. This study suggests that children treated with OVB may be at risk for AS.
Emerging and potential therapies for Alzheimer's disease.

BACKGROUND The amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide is critical to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the major neurodegenerative disease of the elderly for which there is currently no cure. OBJECTIVE To review the literature on emerging treatments and potential therapeutic strategies for AD. METHODS Available published literature and information from pharmaceutical companies was utilised. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Several of the current treatments to combat AD are aimed at inhibiting the production, blocking the oligomerisation/aggregation or enhancing the degradation of Abeta. In our opinion, albeit based on limited available data, a future potential therapeutic strategy is to mimic the mechanism by which the normal cellular form of the prion protein inhibits the beta-secretase beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1), and hence the production of Abeta.
Identification of a Novel Chloroplast Protein AtNYE1 Regulating Chlorophyll Degradation during Leaf Senescence in Arabidopsis1[C][W][OA]

A dramatic increase of chlorophyll (Chl) degradation occurs during senescence of vegetative plant organs and fruit ripening. Although the biochemical pathway of Chl degradation has long been proposed, little is known about its regulatory mechanism. Identification of Chl degradation-disturbed mutants and subsequently isolation of responsible genes would greatly facilitate the elucidation of the regulation of Chl degradation. Here, we describe a nonyellowing mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), nye1-1, in which 50% Chl was retained, compared to less than 10% in the wild type (Columbia-0), at the end of a 6-d dark incubation. Nevertheless, neither photosynthesis- nor senescence-associated process was significantly affected in nye1-1. Characteristically, a significant reduction in pheophorbide a oxygenase activity was detected in nye1-1. However, no detectable accumulation of either chlorophyllide a or pheophorbide a was observed. Reciprocal crossings revealed that the mutant phenotype was caused by a monogenic semidominant nuclear mutation. We have identified AtNYE1 by positional cloning. Dozens of its putative orthologs, predominantly appearing in higher plant species, were identified, some of which have been associated with Chl degradation in a few crop species. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that AtNYE1 was drastically induced by senescence signals. Constitutive overexpression of AtNYE1 could result in either pale-yellow true leaves or even albino seedlings. These results collectively indicate that NYE1 plays an important regulatory role in Chl degradation during senescence by modulating pheophorbide a oxygenase activity.
A modified simple algorithm for detection of voltage sags and swells in practical loads

This paper presents the implementation of a modified sliding window algorithm for the detection of sag and swell, by measuring RMS voltage updated every sample. The trigger obtained can be used in conjunction with the main control system of a Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), or as a triggering function to a digital recorder or to a power line conditioner to detect the occurrence of sag and swell. The modeling of the algorithm and test of its functioning to variations in some of the parameters were carried out in a Matlab - Simulink environment. Reliability of the algorithm under conditions of noise and distortion in the input and to three different types of sags was tested on real data captured during events such as starting of induction motor, intermittent loading of welding transformer, and dynamic loading of a captive diesel generator.
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Deficiency Attenuates the Development of Skin Fibrosis in Tight-Skin Mice1

The tight-skin (TSK/+) mouse, a genetic model for systemic sclerosis, develops cutaneous fibrosis. Although a fibrillin 1 gene mutation and immunological abnormalities have been demonstrated, the roles of adhesion molecules have not been investigated. To directly assess roles of adhesion molecules in skin fibrosis, TSK/+ mice lacking L-selectin and/or ICAM-1 were generated. The deficiency of ICAM-1, but not L-selectin, significantly suppressed (∼48%) the development of skin sclerosis in TSK/+ mice. Similarly, ICAM-1 antisense oligonucleotides inhibited skin fibrosis in TSK/+ mice. Although T cell infiltration was modest into the skin of TSK/+ mice, ICAM-1 deficiency down-regulated this migration, which is consistent with the established roles of endothelial ICAM-1 in leukocyte infiltration. In addition, altered phenotype or function of skin fibroblasts was remarkable and dependent on ICAM-1 expression in TSK/+ mice. ICAM-1 expression was augmented on TSK/+ dermal fibroblasts stimulated with IL-4. Although growth or collagen synthesis of TSK/+ fibroblasts cultured with IL-4 was up-regulated, it was suppressed by the loss or blocking of ICAM-1. Collagen expression was dependent on the strain of fibroblasts, but not on the strain of cocultured T cells. Thus, our findings indicate that ICAM-1 expression contributes to the development of skin fibrosis in TSK/+ mice, especially via ICAM-1 expressed on skin fibroblasts.
Regulation of Apoptosis and Inflammatory Responses by Insulin‐like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 in Fibroblast‐like Synoviocytes and Experimental Animal Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP‐3) is known to interfere with the NF‐κB signaling pathway, and it effectively promotes apoptosis in tumor cells by a variety of mechanisms. NF‐κB activation and apoptosis resistance of fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS) play pivotal roles in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study was undertaken to evaluate whether IGFBP‐3 has antiarthritic effects.
Stage-Dependent Inhibition of HIV-1 Replication by Antiretroviral Drugs in Cell Culture

ABSTRACT Recent clinical trials have shown that the use of the HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitor raltegravir (RAL) results in drops in the viral load that are more rapid than those achieved by use of the reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor efavirenz. Previously, mathematical modeling of viral load decay that takes into account the stage of viral replication targeted by a drug has yielded data that closely approximate the clinical trial results. This model predicts greater inhibition of viral replication by drugs that act later in the viral replication cycle. In the present study, we have added drugs that target entry, reverse transcription, integration, or proteolytic processing to acutely infected cells and have shown modest viral inhibition by entry inhibitors, intermediate levels of inhibition by RT and IN inhibitors, and high levels of inhibition by protease inhibitors relative to the levels of growth for the no-drug controls. When dual or triple combinations of these drugs were added to acutely infected cells, we found that the levels of inhibition achieved by any given combination were comparable to those achieved by the latest-acting drug in the combination. In single-round infections in which the kinetics of reverse transcription and integration had been determined by quantitative PCR, addition of IN inhibitors at various times postinfection resulted in levels of inhibition equal to or greater than those achieved by addition of RT inhibitors. Collectively, our data provide in vitro evidence of the stage-dependent inhibition of HIV-1 by clinically relevant drugs. We discuss how stage-dependent inhibition helps to explain the unique viral load decay dynamics observed clinically with RAL.
Do children recall the birth of a younger sibling? Implications for the study of childhood amnesia

To establish the parameters of childhood amnesia, researchers often ask adults to recall events for which the exact date is known. One event of this kind is the birth of a sibling, but is this an event that children are likely to understand and encode at the time that it occurs? Here, we report the first examination of age-related changes in the content and accuracy of 2- to 5-year-old children's accounts of the recent birth of a sibling. The interview procedure we used was identical to that used in a prior study with adults, so we had the opportunity to compare children's recall with that of adults who were matched on age at the time of the birth. For both children and adults, the amount of information reported and the number of questions answered increased as a function of age at the time of the birth. Relative to children, adults reported more information and answered more questions. These findings suggest that the failure of adults to recall the birth of a younger sibling that occurred when they were very young may be due primarily to a failure to effectively encode the event in the first place.
Does the Uncovered Interest Parity Hold? Evidence for Central and Eastern European Countries

This study applies nonlinear quantile unit root test with Fourier function to test the validity of long-run uncovered interest parity (UIP) to assess the non-stationary properties of the interest differentials convergence for ten Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. We find that our approximation has higher power to detect U-shaped breaks and smooth breaks than linear method if the true data generating process of risk premium convergence is in fact a stationary non-liner process. We examine the validity of UIP from the non-linear point of view and provide robust evidence clearly indicate that UIP holds true for six CEE countries. Our findings point out the risk premium adjustments of the six CEE countries are mean reversion towards UIP equilibrium values in a non-linear way.
Deciphering the Magainin Resistance Process of Escherichia coli Strains in Light of the Cytosolic Proteome

ABSTRACT Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are effective antibiotic agents commonly found in plants, animals, and microorganisms, and they have been suggested as the future of antimicrobial chemotherapies. It is vital to understand the molecular details that define the mechanism of action of resistance to AMPs for a rational planning of the next antibiotic generation and also to shed some light on the complex AMP mechanism of action. Here, the antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 to magainin I was evaluated in the cytosolic subproteome. Magainin-resistant strains were selected after 10 subsequent spreads at subinhibitory concentrations of magainin I (37.5 mg · liter−1), and their cytosolic proteomes were further compared to those of magainin-susceptible strains through two-dimensional electrophoresis analysis. As a result, 41 differentially expressed proteins were detected by in silico analysis and further identified by tandem mass spectrometry de novo sequencing. Functional categorization indicated an intense metabolic response mainly in energy and nitrogen uptake, stress response, amino acid conversion, and cell wall thickness. Indeed, data reported here show that resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides possesses a greater molecular complexity than previously supposed, resulting in cell commitment to several metabolic pathways.
Improved one-class collaborative filtering for online recommendation

Recommended systems are becoming important and popular for online shopping platforms and vendors. Moreover, one-class collaborative filtering, which is based on the modeling of the feedback records of E-commercial website consumers, is one of the most widely used recommendation algorithms both academically and practically. However, one significant drawback of the existing techniques is that they typically do nor consider ratings and visual-temporal contexts, which are useful and important in modeling user behaviors. Therefore, to address this problem, we propose a new recommendation algorithm which is based on the combination of image features, user feedback ratings, and product evolution trends. The image feature can be extracted automatically using deep convolution neural network. Thus, our technique, which is essentially a time-aware visual mode, can represent the different visual feature preference of users over time. Our model is evaluated using the widely adopted Amazon online data and shown significantly improvements.
Epigenetic Control of Salmonella enterica O-Antigen Chain Length: A Tradeoff between Virulence and Bacteriophage Resistance

The Salmonella enterica opvAB operon is a horizontally-acquired locus that undergoes phase variation under Dam methylation control. The OpvA and OpvB proteins form intertwining ribbons in the inner membrane. Synthesis of OpvA and OpvB alters lipopolysaccharide O-antigen chain length and confers resistance to bacteriophages 9NA (Siphoviridae), Det7 (Myoviridae), and P22 (Podoviridae). These phages use the O-antigen as receptor. Because opvAB undergoes phase variation, S. enterica cultures contain subpopulations of opvAB OFF and opvAB ON cells. In the presence of a bacteriophage that uses the O-antigen as receptor, the opvAB OFF subpopulation is killed and the opvAB ON subpopulation is selected. Acquisition of phage resistance by phase variation of O-antigen chain length requires a payoff: opvAB expression reduces Salmonella virulence. However, phase variation permits resuscitation of the opvAB OFF subpopulation as soon as phage challenge ceases. Phenotypic heterogeneity generated by opvAB phase variation thus preadapts Salmonella to survive phage challenge with a fitness cost that is transient only.
Constrained dominant sets for retrieval

Learning new global relations based on an initial affinity of the database objects has shown significant improvements in similarity retrievals. Locally constrained diffusion process is one of the recent effective tools in learning the intrinsic manifold structure of a given data. Existing methods, which constrain the diffusion process locally, have problems - manual choice of optimal local neighborhood size, do not allow for intrinsic relation among the neighbors, fix initialization vector to extract dense neighbor - which negatively affect the affinity propagation. We propose a new approach, which alleviate these issues, based on some properties of a family of quadratic optimization problems related to dominant sets, a well-known graph-theoretic notion of a cluster which generalizes the concept of a maximal clique to edge-weighted graphs. In particular, we show that by properly controlling a regularization parameter which determines the structure and the scale of the underlying problem, we are in a position to extract dominant set cluster which is constrained to contain user-provided query. Experimental results on standard benchmark datasets show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.