Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Caught in the act: pollination of sexually deceptive trap-flowers by fungus gnats in Pterostylis (Orchidaceae).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pterostylis is an Australasian terrestrial orchid genus of more than 400 species, most of which use a motile, touch-sensitive labellum to trap dipteran pollinators. Despite studies dating back to 1872, the mechanism of pollinator attraction has remained elusive. This study tested whether the fungus gnat-pollinated Pterostylis sanguinea secures pollination by sexual deception. METHODS The literature was used to establish criteria for confirming sexual deception as a pollination strategy. Observations and video recordings allowed quantification of each step of the pollination process. Each floral visitor was sexed and DNA barcoding was used to evaluate the degree of pollinator specificity. Following observations that attraction to the flowers is by chemical cues, experimental dissection of flowers was used to determine the source of the sexual attractant and the effect of labellum orientation on sexual attraction. Fruit set was quantified for 19 populations to test for a relationship with plant density and population size. KEY RESULTS A single species of male gnat (Mycetophilidae) visited and pollinated the rewardless flowers. The gnats often showed probing copulatory behaviour on the labellum, leading to its triggering and the temporary entrapment of the gnat in the flower. Pollen deposition and removal occurred as the gnat escaped from the flower via the reproductive structures. The labellum was the sole source of the chemical attractant. Gnats always alighted on the labellum facing upwards, but when it was rotated 180 ° they attempted copulation less frequently. Pollination rate showed no relationship with orchid population size or plant density. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms for the first time that highly specific pollination by fungus gnats is achieved by sexual deception in Pterostylis. It is predicted that sexual deception will be widespread in the genus, although the diversity of floral forms suggests that other mechanisms may also operate.
Chronic and temporary aggression causes hostile false memories for ambiguous information

Chronic and temporarily aggressive people show a phenomenon known as the hostile attribution bias (HAB), in which access to hostile schemas leads them to interpret ambiguously hostile information in a hostile way. Can these people also be induced to remember unambiguously hostile, yet completely false information? To address this question, we investigated the effect of both chronic and temporary aggression on recall for a list containing words that could be interpreted as exemplars of either an aggressive (violence-related) or non-aggressive (kitchen-related) category. Subjects were exposed to five consecutive lists of associated words including the ambiguous list, but half read a list of insult words immediately before presentation of the ambiguous list, while the other half read only emotionally neutral lists. When recalling the ambiguous list, aggressive subjects and subjects who were primed with insult words were more likely to report having seen unpresented aggressive words compared with their low aggressive and not primed counterparts. We discuss our findings in line with Anderson and Bushman's (2002) General Aggression Model (GAM).
The Role of School Principals in Enhancing Teacher Professionalism

Following the initiation of educational reforms, this article reports on the different models of leadership that have emerged as being important for developing teacher professionalism in government primary schools in Karachi, Pakistan. The evidence from the case studies, reported in this article, illustrates that even within formalized government primary school structures, such as those in Pakistan, principals can make a shift from traditional leadership styles to more contemporary approaches designed to enhance teacher professionalism. The first section of the article presents the literature review and the background analysis. In the second part, information about the research project and the development of the four cases is provided. The third section utilizes the findings from the four case studies to discuss the central roles played by the school principals in enhancing teacher professionalism and the key leadership models that have emerged as important as a result of performing these roles. Finally, the article argues that the principals require training for high quality leadership in similar types of schools in Karachi.
EVALUATION OF OUTCOME IN A DYNAMICALLY ORIENTATED GROUP FOR ADULT MALES WHO HAVE BEEN SEXUALLY ABUSED IN CHILDHOOD

At a time when males abused in childhood are coming increasingly to attention of clinical services, we review the literature, describe the process and report on clinical outcomes of a slow open long-term dynamically orientated group for abused adult males. Twenty-nine men referred to the local psychotherapy service for consideration for inclusion in the group are discussed along with some of the most prevailing themes, namely identification with the aggressor, self-esteem, guilt and sexuality. Symptoms were measured using the SCL 90-R and demonstrate relatively high levels of psychological distress in this group at initial assessment. There is significant improvement in global scores, interpersonal sensitivity, depression and psychoticism in the group of 13 men who engaged in therapy for at least six months compared with those who did not. The authors conclude that symptom measurement provides evidence that group psychotherapy is a useful therapeutic approach in a group of men who might otherwise be considered unsuitable for psychotherapeutic interventions due to symptom severity and personality difficulties.
Varieties of openness in Tehran and Qom: psychological and religious parallels of faith and intellect-oriented Islamic religious reflection

This study examined whether faith and intellect-oriented religious reflection would be polarised in Iranian Muslins as they appear to be in American Christians. Iranian students at a university in Tehran and at an Islamic seminary in Qom responded to Faith and Intellect-Oriented Islamic Religious Reflection measures along with scales recording various forms of religious commitment and psychological openness. Both types of religious reflection and the Intrinsic Religious Orientation predicted greater Integrative Self-Knowledge, Openness to Experience, and Need for Cognition and also interacted in ways suggesting complexity in Muslim thought. Comparisons between Tehran and Qom students supported the same conclusion. The Quest Religious Orientation had limited relevance for understanding Muslim commitments. The Extrinsic Personal Religious Orientation predicted greater and the Extrinsic Social Religious Orientation predicted lower psychological openness. These data contrasted with previous evidence of polarisation in the religious reflection of American Christians. They also argued against any simple equation of Muslim commitments with cognitive and religious rigidity.
Evolution of Living Donor Nephrectomy at a Single Center: Long-term Outcomes With 4 Different Techniques in Greater Than 4000 Donors Over 50 Years

Background The development of minimally invasive surgical approaches to donor nephrectomy (DN) has been driven by the potential advantages for the donor, with questions remaining about long-term outcomes. Methods All living DN performed from June 1963 through December 2014 at the University of Minnesota were reviewed. Outcomes were compared among 4 DN techniques. Results We performed 4286 DNs: 2759 open DN (ODNs), 1190 hand-assisted (HA) laparoscopic DNs (LDNs), 203 pure LDN (P-LDNs), and 97 robot-assisted-LDN. Laparoscopic DN was associated with an older (P < 0.001) and heavier (P < 0.001) donor population. Laparoscopic DN was associated with a higher probability of left kidney procurement (P < 0.001). All 3 LDN modalities required a longer operative time (P < 0.001); robot-assisted-LDN took significantly longer than HA-LDN or P-LDN. Laparoscopic DN decreased the need for intraoperative blood transfusion (P < 0.001) and reduced the incidence of intraoperative complications (P < 0.001) and hospital length of stay (P < 0.001). However, LDN led to a significantly higher rate of readmissions, both short-term (<30 day, P < 0.001) and long-term (>30 day, P < 0.001). Undergoing HA-LDN was associated with a higher rate of an incisional hernia compared with all other modalities (P < 0.001). For recipients, LDN seemed to be associated with lower rates of graft failure at 1 year compared with ODN (P = 0.002). The odds of delayed graft function increased for kidneys with multiple arteries procured via P-LDN compared with HA-LDN (OR 3 [1,10]) and ODN (OR 5 [2, 15]). Conclusions In our experience, LDN was associated with decreased donor intraoperative complications and hospital length of stay but higher rates of readmission and long-term complications.
Expert System for Multiple Domain Experts Knowledge Acquisition in Software Design and Development

In the software development life cycle (SDLC), the highly complex part of developing successful software's largely depends in the initial phases, such as analysis and requirements gathering to produce right design artifacts. Today the software organization adapted many development methodologies, beginning from waterfall, scrum, v-model, iterative to agile development methodologies, different frameworks, design tools, and domain model tools. But the foremost role and deciding factor for success or failure of the software is largely depends on the Domain Experts (Architects, Business Analyst, Design Engineers and Stack Holders), in the current software realization. This paper will attempt to design and develop an expert system to assist the software developer in the complete software development life cycle with multiple domain experts' such as Telecom, Banking, Insurance, Logistics, Healthcare, Satellite and many more knowledge acquisition. The specific goals of this research include knowledge acquisition specific to the problems of using multiple domain experts, design and development of a prototype expert system for software development, and validation of the prototype expert system.
Endoscopy - An Advancement in Sinus and Skull Base Surgery

Skull base and sinus surgery has evolved dramatically throughout the past century. It is not long ago that the maxillary sinus would principally be reached via an anterior ap‐ proach through the gingivobuccal sulcus of the oral cavity. The earliest days of endos‐ copy date back to the early 1900s, when Hirschmann used a modified cystoscope to examine the sinuses. Thereafter, modern endoscopy has seen advances not only in the types of endoscopes available, but also the types of interventions amenable to the endo‐ scopic approach.
On Supervised Learning of Bayesian Network Parameters

Bayesian network models are widely used for supervised prediction tasks such as classification. Usually the parameters of such models are determined using ‘unsupervised’ methods such as likelihood maximization, as it has not been clear how to find the parameters maximizing the supervised likelihood or posterior globally. In this paper we show how this supervised learning problem can be solved efficiently for a large class of Bayesian network models, including the Naive Bayes (NB) and Tree-augmented NB (TAN) classifiers. We show that there exists an alternative parameterization of these models in which the supervised likelihood becomes concave. From this result it follows that there can be at most one maximum, easily found by local optimization methods.
Joint User Association and Downlink Beamforming for Green Cloud-RANs with Limited Fronthaul

With the explosive growth of smart devices and mobile data traffic, limited fronthaul capacity has become a notable bottleneck of green communication access networks, such as cloud radio access networks(C-RANs). In this paper, we proposed a joint user association and downlink beamforming scheme for green C-RANs to minimize the network power consumption with the limited fronthaul links. We first formulate the design problem as a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP), and then transformed the MINLP problem into a mixed integer second-order cone programming (MI-SOCP) which is a convex programming when the integer variables are fixed. By relaxing the integer variables to continuous ones, an inflation algorithm, which can be finished within polynomial time, was proposed to solve the problem. The simulation results are presented to validate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm compared with the the scheme adopted by LTE-A.
Book Review: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 2nd ed.

The second edition of this phenomenally popular work is even more sumptuous than the first, with a splendid profusion of additional photographs, cartoons, and maps, a new section on Internet English drawing on Crystal’s (2000) earlier Language and the Internet, updated tables and statistics; an expanded “Further Reading” appendix, and a more attractive typeface. This coffee-table-size book deals with English’s history, structure, and use and is organized into six major sections: history of English, the lexicon, grammar and morphology, spoken and written English; regional, social, and discoursal variation; and acquisition plus corpus study and dictionary making. Each section is broken down into chapters, twenty-six in the book, and each chapter is made up of a sequence of attractive two-page spreads on the various subtopics of the chapter. In addition, there are seven appendices. American English, which, according to Crystal, has close to four times as many mother-tongue speakers as the United Kingdom, is treated in far less detail. Nevertheless, despite its strongly British flavor, the overall coverage is laudably broad. What of its depth? Obviously, what we have is an introduction to the field, an almost hypnotically interesting one! This is not a volume intended to enlighten specialists. As its friendly, almost gossipy style suggests, it is aimed at general readers who can open the book at almost any page and find a fascinating and very lucid story carefully limited to the two pages displayed there, with attractive layout and illustrations. The topics are not trivialized, despite the compactness of their presentation. Part I, “The History of English,” starts with maps of the Germanic tribes’migrations to Britain, a sixteenth-century map of Anglo-Saxon England, a page of a Bede manuscript, and an account of the invasions and the origin of the label English. Sidebars show a medieval painting of Bede at work and a photograph of the head of a sacrificial victim of a Germanic tribe along with brief commentaries. On subsequent pages, we encounter the opening page of the Beowulf text, very compact but
Role of fibronectin deposition in cystogenesis of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells.

BACKGROUND Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells cultured within collagen I gel exhibit clonal growth and form spherical multicellular cysts. The cyst-lining epithelial cells are polarized with the basolateral surface in contact with the collagen gel and the apical surface facing the lumen. To understand whether MDCK cysts construct the basal lamina, we characterized the composition of the extracellular matrix deposited by MDCK cysts. The cyst-lining cells produced an apparently incomplete basal lamina containing a discontinuous laminin substratum. In addition, the basal cell surface of the cyst was surrounded by a thick layer of fibronectin. This study was conducted to delineate the role of fibronectin deposition in cystogenesis. METHODS MDCK cells cultured in collagen gel were employed. We first used Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides containing disintegrin rhodostomin to disturb the interaction between fibronectin and the cell surface integrin. We then established several stable transfectants expressing the fibronectin antisense RNA and with which to directly examine the role of fibronectin in cystogenesis. RESULTS Rhodostomin markedly decreased the growth rates of the MDCK cyst, suggesting the importance of a normal interaction between fibronectin and integrins. The stable transfectants overexpressing the fibronectin antisense RNA exhibited relatively lower levels of fibronectin and markedly lower cyst growth rates than the control clone. The lower growth rate was correlated with an increase in collagen gel-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the deposition of fibronectin underlying the cyst-lining epithelium serves to prevent apoptosis induced by three-dimensional collagen gel cultures, and hence facilitates cyst growth of MDCK cells.
Distinguishing tip-toe walking from normal walking using skeleton data gathered by 3D sensors

In this paper, we propose a markerless based approach to differentiate between two different human walking gaits, specifically, the normal walking versus tip toe walking. The markerless based approaches are suitable in many applications, such as screening of autistic children from normal ones based on their body movement patterns or detecting walking irregularities. We use a 3D Sensor to collect 3D skeletal data of subjects that represents their behavioral spatial data. Several features have been extracted and feature selection methods were used to determine the best subset of these features. The proposed classification approach has been implemented and tested on a group of 75 people reaching 86% CCR between tip toe walking and normal walking.
Global motion integration in the cat's lateral posterior‐pulvinar complex

Our laboratory previously showed that thalamic neurons in an extrageniculate nucleus, the lateral posterior‐pulvinar complex (LP‐pulvinar) could perform higher‐order neuronal operations that had until then only been attributed to higher‐level cortical areas. To further assess the role of the thalamus in the analysis of complex percepts, we have investigated whether neurons in the LP‐pulvinar complex can signal the direction of motion of random‐dot kinematograms wherein the individual elements of the pattern do not provide coherent motion cues. Our results indicate that a subset of LP‐pulvinar cells can integrate the displacement of individual elements into a global motion percept and that their large receptive fields permit the integration of motion for elements separated by large spatial intervals. We also found that almost all of the global motion‐sensitive neurons were not systematically pattern‐motion‐selective when tested with plaid patterns. The results indicate that LP‐pulvinar cells can perform the higher‐level spatio‐temporal integration required to detect the global displacement of objects in a complex visual scene, further supporting the notion that extrageniculate thalamic cells are involved in higher‐order motion processing. Furthermore, these results provide some evidence that there may be specialized mechanisms for processing different types of complex motion within the LP‐pulvinar complex.
Advocacy Strategies for School-Based Sex Education in Guatemala: Applying the Transtheoretical Model to Results from an Impact Evaluation

ABSTRACT. This case study explored the effectiveness of radio spots promoting school-based sex education and makes recommendations for future advocacy efforts using the transtheoretical model to analyze the populations of Sacatepéquez and Chimaltenango, Guatemala, on their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors regarding school-based sex education. An in-person community questionnaire was implemented, and a convenience sample of 329 participants was analyzed. Data showed support for school-based sex education among these populations, and this article suggests various strategies for further, more targeted advocacy efforts within these communities.
Cognitive Empowerment of African Americans and Caucasians

This study explored relationships between race, citizen participation, and three dimensions of cognitive empowerment: understandings of power through relationships, political functioning, and shaping ideology. Results revealed that, unlike emotional empowerment, cognitive empowerment was not directly related to citizen participation, and effects of participation on cognitive empowerment did not differ for African Americans and Caucasians. Importantly, a main effect of race on cognitive empowerment was found which showed that, accross levels of participation, African Americans had greater understandings of power through relationships and shaping ideology than Caucasians. Implications for empowerment theory and practice are discussed.
Some conclusions on the controllability of linear systems over F(z) in frequency domain

In this paper, the concepts of unimodular matrix and co-primeness of the polynomial matrix over the ring of F(z)[s] are defined. PBH (Popov-Belevich-Hautus) controllability criterion for the system over F(z) is stated. An illustrative example is given and the controllability conditions of a class of RFS (rational function systems) are proven. The sufficient and necessary controllability conditions of composite linear system over F(z) in frequency domain are discussed. Some conditions are extensions of the well-known results of linear systems over R in frequency domain.
Predicting social and personal attraction in task groups

Equity and market forces are examined for their influence on the formation of social and personal attraction in groups. It is hypothesized that perceptions of task and maintenance behaviors during group interactions influence individuals’ perceptions of costs and rewards in groups which, in turn, drive assessments of social and personal attraction via either equity or market forces. Results indicate that equity forces are significantly linked with perceptions of social attraction and market forces significantly predict personal attraction. Theoretical implications are discussed regarding equity theory, social exchange theory, and relational framing theory.
Brain Imaging Studies of Intelligence and Creativity: What is the Picture for Education?

The goal of this article is to summarize current brain research on intelligence and creativity that may be relevant to education in the near future. Five issues are addressed: (a) Why is there a neuroscience interest in intelligence? (b) Can intelligence be located in the brain? (c) Why are some brains smarter than others? (d) What do we know about creativity and the brain? and (e) Can information about an individual's brain structure and function be useful to benefit his or her education? As we enter the 21st century, old controversies about measurement of intelligence are less relevant. Integrating neuroscience findings into education practices is a daunting challenge that will require educators to reexamine old ideas and acquire fundamental backgrounds in new areas.
An efficient face classification method based on shared and class-specific dictionary learning

In this paper, we propose a new dictionary learning method to improve the performance of face recognition by learning a shared dictionary for all persons and a class-specific dictionary for each person. Such shared-dictionary is employed by computing the differences between samples and the centroid of neutral-samples, which improves the representation effort in the case of pose, expression and occlusion changes. Moreover, the discriminative power of learnt class-specific dictionary is further enhanced by enforcing structured dictionaries to be incoherence. Extensive experiments on three databases (AR, CMU-PIE, Extended Yale B) illustrate that the proposed framework achieves dramatic performance on face recognition even when existing big changes between training data and testing samples.