Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Acculturation Preferences of the Turkish Second Generation in 11 European Cities

This article examines acculturation preferences of the Turkish second generation in 11 European cities and compares these with expectations of national society comparison group members. Multiple classification analysis (MCA) was used to examine the effects of city of residence, exposure to national society value system, cultural distance, social exclusion and neighbourhood quality on acculturation preferences. MCA was also applied to profile respondents according to background characteristics and dominant acculturation preference style, which is useful for both theory development and design of integration policies for specific target groups. Results show that the majority of the second generation maintain integration preferences, although sub-groups with particular background characteristics such as low educational attainment, experiencing discrimination and living in a low-quality neighbourhood, maintain separation or marginalisation preferences. Contextual factors, notably city of residence, the proxy for national integration policy orientation, seemed more important in explaining acculturation preferences than individual-level factors.
Years‐identification mathematical model of paeonia lactiflora pall. based on the allometric‐scaling

The fixed number years‐identification of Chinese material medicinal was a difficulty in the process of the traditional Chinese pharmacology, the phenomenon was found in our study of telomerase that the speed of the vascular cambium outside expanding growth fluctuated in a definite value. Based on it, we put forward a hypothesis that the radial length of the vascular cambium to expand (Δb)and the radius of cross section (Δr) are constant in every activity cycle if the external environment factors unchanged every year. Therefore, We defined that the proportion (k) of Δr and Δb is constant (Δr/Δb = k). Then, each of Δb and Δr fluctuating in a fixed value in every year, because of the different rainfall, temperature, and sunniness every year. The hypothesis was proved correct within the domain of definition range, through the extrapolation of mathematical method. Hence, the telomerase experimental results just become effective evidence on mechanism. The conclusion we obtained include the following three: the telomerase experimental show that the activity gradually decreased in the Paeonia overall taproot, while, the it does not seem significantly change in the parts of the cambium cells with increasing age; Microscopy studies and mathematical models exploration gave us an identification method which can determine the growth years of Chinese medicinal materials (Refers to a kind of herbs exclusive which contains taproot), and, for example, we can use the mathematical model y = 0.02x−0.5 $ \left(P = {0.08 \over {k^2}{n}\Delta {b}}-{0.0016 \over \Delta {b }^2{ n}^2{ k}^2}\right) $ to identify the years of the Paeonia lactiflora Pall; the power function of allometric‐scaling explored at microscopic cellular‐level firstly. Ginseng, for example, more definitive proved a mathematical relationship of the allometric scaling in the taproot of plants. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
One Trial Learning and the Suppression of Interference

An experiment was made to investigate the conditions under which a subject who has learned a series of items in one order can relearn the same items in a different order in one trial. The hypothesis tested was that one-trial learning is ensured in this situation if interference between the two tasks is reduced to zero. It is shown that complete suppression of such interference, obtained by overtraining on the task which is learned first, is not sufficient to ensure the learning of the second in one trial. Comparison of the present experiment with a similar one reported by Mandler and Heinemann (1956) suggests the hypothesis that the discovery of order in the stimulus situation is necessary, in addition to the suppression of interference, if one trial learning is to occur. The relation of the results to the problem of negative transfer is also discussed.
Mitochondrial Membrane Permeabilization and Superoxide Production during Apoptosis

The temporal relationship between mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and reactive oxygen species production during apoptosis remains unknown. We analyzed the rate of superoxide production of human breast carcinoma cells expressing a cytochromec-green fluorescent protein (cyt-c-GFP) fusion protein at the single-cell level during apoptosis. In cells treated with the proapoptotic agents staurosporine (3 μm) or tumor necrosis factor-α (100 ng/ml), the release of cyt-c-GFP was individually set for each cell, and the majority of the fusion protein was released in less than 10 min. Prior to the release of the fusion protein, cells demonstrated a constant rate of superoxide production determined with the probe hydroethidine. After the release was completed, the superoxide concentration increased rapidly to a level more than 3-fold above baseline. Treatment with the broad spectrum caspase inhibitor z-Val-Ala-Asp(O-methyl)-fluoromethylketone (z-VAD-fmk; 200 μm) did not alter the kinetics of the cyt-c-GFP release but significantly reduced superoxide concentration after the release of cyt-c-GFP. Interestingly, treatment with z-VAD-fmk also reduced the increase in superoxide concentration in response to menadione in the absence of mitochondrial cyt-c-GFP release. Mitochondrial depolarization with the protonophore carbonyl cyanidep-trifluoromethoxy-phenylhydrazone per se did not trigger cyt-c-GFP release or an increase in superoxide production. Our data suggest that mitochondria increase their superoxide production during apoptosis directly after the quantitative release of soluble intermembrane proteins and demonstrate novel antioxidative effects of the commonly used caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk.
Colorectal cancer risk and nitrate exposure through drinking water and diet

Ingested nitrate leads to the endogenous synthesis of N‐nitroso compounds (NOCs), animal carcinogens with limited human evidence. We aimed to evaluate the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) associated with nitrate exposure in drinking water and diet. A case‐control study in Spain and Italy during 2008‐2013 was conducted. Hospital‐based incident cases and population‐based (Spain) or hospital‐based (Italy) controls were interviewed on residential history, water consumption since age 18, and dietary information. Long‐term waterborne ingested nitrate was derived from routine monitoring records, linked to subjects’ residential histories and water consumption habits. Dietary nitrate intake was estimated from food frequency questionnaires and published food composition databases. Odd ratios (OR) were calculated using mixed models with area as random effect, adjusted for CRC risk factors and other covariables. Generalized additive models (GAMs) were used to analyze exposure‐response relationships. Interaction with endogenous nitrosation factors and other covariables was also evaluated. In total 1,869 cases and 3,530 controls were analyzed. Average waterborne ingested nitrate ranged from 3.4 to 19.7 mg/day, among areas. OR (95% CIs) of CRC was 1.49 (1.24, 1.78) for >10 versus ≤5 mg/day, overall. Associations were larger among men versus women, and among subjects with high red meat intake. GAMs showed increasing exposure‐response relationship among men. Animal‐derived dietary nitrate was associated with rectal, but not with colon cancer risk. In conclusion, a positive association between CRC risk and waterborne ingested nitrate is suggested, mainly among subgroups with other risk factors. Heterogeneous effects of nitrate from different sources (water, animal and vegetables) warrant further research.
Infometric and statistical diagnostics to support an intelligent approach to Interpolation

Application specialists who use GIS commonly have high-level knowledge of their wider task, and low-level knowledge of the specific system commands as given in help systems or user manuals. However these users may not necessarily have the intermediate knowledge that experts in GI Science have gained from working with GI systems over several years. Focusing on interpolation functions, this paper explores the design of an ‘intelligent’ module that sits between task and GIS. To help users gain the necessary knowledge to complete their task and minimise the possibility of methodological error, we demonstrate a method that combines knowledge from multiple sources. We observe that both infometric (or cognitive) knowledge and statistical knowledge are required to find a solution that jointly meets the requirements of a particular user and data set. Our approach to providing this mix of knowledge is to construct a network of rules that assist the user to select an appropriate interpolation method according to the task-related knowledge (or “purpose”) of the user and the characteristics of the data. The network triggers exploratory diagnostics that are run on the data sets when a rule requires them to be evaluated. Following analyses of the data set in relation to the intended purpose, the user is advised which interpolation method might be and should not be considered for the data set. Any parameters required to interpolate the particular data set (e.g. distance decay parameter for Inverse Distance Weighting) are also supplied through in-built optimisation routines. The rationale of the decision process may also be examined, so the 'intelligent interpolator' also acts as a learning tool.
Understanding leader development: learning from leaders

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to integrate senior managers' personal experiences of leadership development with theory to provide insights into leadership development for aspiring and developing leaders. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative research design was adopted. Empirical data were gathered from 11 semi-structured interviews with senior leaders in the Irish public, voluntary (non-profit) and private sectors. Findings – The analysis led to the identification of development-oriented themes in the leadership literature, and the provision of insights regarding the developmental influences, core activities (vision and mobilisation) and the contextual influences (sectoral and societal) which affect appropriate leadership behaviour. Research limitations/implications – Although the study is limited by its small sample it provides a basis for further research and draws attention to personal leader development processes. In particular the importance of formative experiences on leaders' development, their struggle to attain balance, the need for advanced emotional management skills, the capacity to work with collectives of people and to adapt to contextual demands are emphasised. The study suggests that future research investigate how contextual factors influence the adoption of certain leadership styles. Practical implications – The study explores personal perspectives on fundamental leadership development themes, of pragmatic value to established and aspiring leaders interested in enhancing their capacity to lead. Originality/value – This paper considers leader development from the viewpoint of front-line actors. As such it adopts an intrapersonal focus, considering the development journeys of individual leaders. The paper extends the traditional focus on the transactional and relational dimensions of leadership behaviours to incorporate the formative experiences and contextual factors that influence leadership.
On-chip current sensing technique for CMOS monolithic switch-mode power converters

An on-chip current sensing technique, which is suitable for monolithic switch-mode power converters, is presented in this paper. This current sensing technique has been fabricated with a standard 0.6 /spl mu/m CMOS process. Experimental results show that the switching converter can operate from 300 kHz to 1 MHz with the duty-ratio ranging from 0.2 to 1. The supply voltage of this current sensing circuit is from 3 V to 4.2 V, which is suitable for lithium ion battery applications. The discrepancy between the sensed signal and the inductor current is less than 4%, corresponding to 10 mA with load current 300 mA.
Victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth in community settings

One hundred ninety-four lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth between the ages of 15 and 21 were surveyed about victimization due to their sexual orientation. Three areas were assessed: (1) the prevalence of different kinds of victimization, ranging from verbal abuse to armed assault; (2) the specific social contexts in which anti-lesbian/gay victimization occurred, including family, school, work, and the broader community; and (3) correlates of anti– lesbian/gay victimization, including age-related sexual orientation milestones, concealability of sexual orientation, sex, race/ethnicity, and safety fears. Most respondents had experienced some form of victimization, with no social environment being free from risk of harm. Particularly vulnerable for abuse were youth who self-labeled or self-disclosed at an earlier age and those whose sexual orientation was less concealed or concealable.
To enable or to relieve? Specialist lawyers' perceptions of client involvement in legal service delivery

This article provides an account of the lawyer–client relationship from the perspective of the client's co-productive role in the service process. It reports on the findings of a limited qualitative study involving accredited specialist lawyers in the areas of personal injury and family law. The interviews that formed the core of the study were designed principally to find out about both the expectations and the experiences these lawyers had of their clients' roles during the life of the lawyer–client relationship. The interviews also focussed on the question of how these lawyers viewed 'unbundled' legal service delivery arrangements, by which is meant legal services in which clients take responsibility for some of the tasks that constitute the service.
HG-RRT*: Human-guided optimal random trees for motion planning

The paper deals with the problem of designing an RRT*-based planning algorithm that allows the user to guide the tree growth in a simple and transparent way. The key idea of the proposal is to create a planning algorithm, called HG-RRT*, that minimizes an optimization function over the configuration space where a state cost function is established. This state cost is defined as the combination of several potential fields. Each of these potential fields will attract the solution path or move it away from certain areas. The planning algorithm will try to minimize the path length, the motion effort and the variations of the cost along the path. The paper presents a description of the proposed approach as well as simulation results from a conceptual and an application example, including a thorough comparison with the TRRT planning algorithm.
Chiral analysis of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid formed by calf corneal epithelial microsomes.

The production of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid by the corneal epithelium of several species has been extensively reported yet the controversy over the exclusive production of the (S) epimer (a lipoxygenase-derived metabolite) endures. Incubation of calf corneal epithelial microsomes (3 mg/ml) with arachidonic acid and NADPH resulted in the formation of 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE). The synthesis of 12-HETE was inhibited by SKF-525A and clotrimazole, selective inhibitors of cytochrome P450 dependent activities, but not by indomethacin or BW-755C, inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activities, respectively. Chiral analysis revealed the presence of both enantiomers; however, the R isomer was the predominant one, i.e., 91 +/- 5% vs. 9 +/- 5% for the R and S enantiomers, respectively. Since the R enantiomer is the product of a cytochrome P450-mediated reaction, it suggests that the major metabolic activity in these microsomes is cytochrome P450-dependent and supports the claim for cytochrome P450 reactions in this ocular tissue.
Insurance Product Design and its Effects: Trade-offs along the Managed Care Continuum

This paper uses 1996–97 Community Tracking Study data to analyze the effects of different insurance product designs on service use, access, and consumer assessments of care for nonelderly people with employer-sponsored insurance. Product types are defined by features including use of networks, gatekeeping, capitation, and group/staff model delivery systems. We found no evidence of differences across product types in unmet need or delayed care or use of hospitals, surgery, or emergency rooms. At the same time, different product designs present purchasers with a clear trade-off between paying more out of pocket and encountering more administrative barriers to care. In addition, an increasing proportion of consumers report dissatisfaction with choice of physicians and low trust in physicians as one moves along the managed care continuum from unmanaged to heavily managed products. Our findings have implications for efforts to regulate managed care. The existence of a trade-off between out-of-pocket costs and administrative barriers to care means that some forms of regulation run the risk of reducing choices available to consumers. This is particularly true of regulations that would change the nature of managed care products by prohibiting the use of specific care management tools. To the extent that the backlash against managed care targets restrictions on choice and administrative hassles among consumers who nonetheless choose more heavily managed products because of their lower cost, eliminating heavily managed products would leave those consumers worse off.
Deriving and Validating A Risk Estimation Tool for Screening Asymptomatic Chlamydia and Gonorrhea

Background There has been considerable interest in the development of innovative service delivery modules for prioritizing resources in sexual health delivery in response to dwindling fiscal resources and rising infection rates. Methods This study aims to derive and validate a risk scoring algorithm to accurately identify asymptomatic patients at increased risk for chlamydia and/or gonorrhea infection. We examined the electronic records of patient visits at sexual health clinics in Vancouver, Canada. We derived risk scores from regression coefficients of multivariable logistic regression model using visits between 2000 and 2006. We evaluated the model’s discrimination, calibration, and screening performance. Temporal validation was assessed in visits from 2007 to 2012. Results The prevalence of infection was 1.8% (n = 10,437) and 2.1% (n = 14,956) in the derivation and validation data sets, respectively. The final model included younger age, nonwhite ethnicity, multiple sexual partners, and previous infection and showed reasonable performance in the derivation (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.74; Hosmer-Lemeshow P = 0.91) and validation (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.64; Hosmer-Lemeshow P = 0.36) data sets. A risk score cutoff point of at least 6 detected 91% and 83% of cases by screening 68% and 68% of the derivation and validation populations, respectively. Conclusions These findings support the use of the algorithm for individualized risk assessment and have important implications for reducing unnecessary screening and saving costs. Specifically, we anticipate that the algorithm has potential uses in alternative settings such as Internet-based testing contexts by facilitating personalized test recommendations, stimulating health care–seeking behavior, and aiding risk communication by increasing sexually transmitted infection risk perception through the creation of tailored risk messages to different groups.
Factors Affecting Accuracy From Genomic Selection in Populations Derived From Multiple Inbred Lines: A Barley Case Study

We compared the accuracies of four genomic-selection prediction methods as affected by marker density, level of linkage disequilibrium (LD), quantitative trait locus (QTL) number, sample size, and level of replication in populations generated from multiple inbred lines. Marker data on 42 two-row spring barley inbred lines were used to simulate high and low LD populations from multiple inbred line crosses: the first included many small full-sib families and the second was derived from five generations of random mating. True breeding values (TBV) were simulated on the basis of 20 or 80 additive QTL. Methods used to derive genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) were random regression best linear unbiased prediction (RR–BLUP), Bayes-B, a Bayesian shrinkage regression method, and BLUP from a mixed model analysis using a relationship matrix calculated from marker data. Using the best methods, accuracies of GEBV were comparable to accuracies from phenotype for predicting TBV without requiring the time and expense of field evaluation. We identified a trade-off between a method's ability to capture marker-QTL LD vs. marker-based relatedness of individuals. The Bayesian shrinkage regression method primarily captured LD, the BLUP methods captured relationships, while Bayes-B captured both. Under most of the study scenarios, mixed-model analysis using a marker-derived relationship matrix (BLUP) was more accurate than methods that directly estimated marker effects, suggesting that relationship information was more valuable than LD information. When markers were in strong LD with large-effect QTL, or when predictions were made on individuals several generations removed from the training data set, however, the ranking of method performance was reversed and BLUP had the lowest accuracy.
Intrusion detection framework of cluster-based wireless sensor network

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have a huge potential to be used in critical situations like military and commercial applications. However, these applications are required often to be deployed in hostile environments, where nodes and communication are attractive targets to attackers. This makes WSNs vulnerable to a variety of potential attacks. Due to their characteristics, conventional security mechanisms are not applicable. In this context, we propose an intrusion detection framework for a cluster-based WSN (CWSN) that aims to combine the advantage of anomaly and signature detection which are high detection rate and low false positive, respectively.
Kernel Mean Shrinkage Estimators

A mean function in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS), or a kernel mean, is central to kernel methods in that it is used by many classical algorithms such as kernel principal component analysis, and it also forms the core inference step of modern kernel methods that rely on embedding probability distributions in RKHSs. Given a finite sample, an empirical average has been used commonly as a standard estimator of the true kernel mean. Despite a widespread use of this estimator, we show that it can be improved thanks to the well-known Stein phenomenon. We propose a new family of estimators called kernel mean shrinkage estimators (KMSEs), which benefit from both theoretical justifications and good empirical performance. The results demonstrate that the proposed estimators outperform the standard one, especially in a "large d, small n" paradigm.