Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Major Processes Shaping Mangroves as Inorganic Nitrogen Sources or Sinks: Insights From a Multidisciplinary Study

Mangrove wetlands support numerous ecosystem services including nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration and storage (blue carbon). Mangrove sediments may serve as a nitrogen source or sink to the hydrosphere and atmosphere at both regional and global scales. However, major mechanisms controlling the connection between the mangrove and the adjacent tidal creek (nitrogen cycling in sediments and outfluxing) remain unclear. A multidisciplinary study based on intensive investigation, incorporating detailed sediment profiling, multi‐isotopes analysis, sediment incubation, and microbiological identification was conducted in the Yunxiao mangrove reserve and Zhangjiang Estuary in southeast China. Here we show that mineralization and denitrification are major processes shaping mangroves as an ammonium source and nitrate sink. Enrichment of ammonium in pore water (10–40 cm in depth) likely resulted from strong ammonification with limited nitrification in the anaerobic sediments. Denitrification played a key role in nitrate removal from pore waters while producing N2O and N2. Decreasing δ15N‐N2O and associated δ15N:δ18O ratio suggested that most of the outgassing N2O was derived from incomplete denitrification in sediment pore water. Overall, there was a net export of dissolved inorganic nitrogen from mangroves toward the estuary in winter and spring but a net import to mangroves in summer and fall, mainly driven by tidal pumping with seasonal variation of bio‐uptake. These findings highlight the role of mangrove wetlands in regulating nutrient status and carbon budget in coastal areas.
Running Title : HERMES of GABA and GSH Word count : 3658

a. Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. b. F. M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA. c. Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. d. Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. e. Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
Adaptive flow classification in IP switching: the measurement-based approach

In this work, we first briefly introduce the concept of IP flow classification on a general conceptual level. The intention is to rise above the technological details and create a conceptual point of view on flow classification and closely related issue. Then we move on to study and compare earlier flow classification methods such as the all and selected flow classifier ad the packet count flow classifier. The comparison of these methods is done with actual network traffic and various performance metrics are presented. It is found that while the traditional methods of flow classification are found to reduce the resource usage of the network elements, they provide the user with an ambiguous traffic profile at the best. A measurement-based learning approach to flow classification is then presented. We first introduce the list based flow classification algorithm to act as the reference point to the novel approach of using learning vector quantization in flow classification. It is found that both the list classifier and the learning vector quantization algorithm, when used in flow classification, require only moderate performance from the network elements while producing an intuitive and user- comprehensible traffic profile being able to adapt to traffic profile changes. The learning vector quantization flow classifier is more sensitive to changing network traffic profiles and functions somewhat more accurately than the list classifier. While all measurement-based approaches suffer the delay of analyzing the measurement data our results indicate that measurement-based approach to flow classification is able to provide users more accurate service profiles in changing traffic environment while stating reasonable performance demands to the network equipment.
On the performance of digital detectors with dependent samples

The asymptotic performances of three digital detectors operating with dependent samples are examined. Analytic expressions for the performances when the number of dependent samples M is large are obtained. Examples are also given which indicate how the performances vary with M. It is shown that the performances of hard-limiting detectors may be improved by processing more dependent samples. The amount of the hard-limiting loss that is recoverable depends upon the detector prefilter. A simple expression is derived which gives the irretrievable hard-limiting loss as a function of the noise autocorrelation,. >
Simulating Correlated Defaults

This paper reviews some conventional and novel approaches to modeling and simulating correlated default times (and losses) on portfolios of loans, bonds, OTC derivatives, and other credit positions. We emphasize the impact of correlated jumps in credit quality on the performance of large portfolios of positions. DuÆe is with the Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, duÆe@baht.stanford. edu. Singleton is with the Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 and NBER, kenneths@future.stanford. edu. Our biggest acknowledgement is to Jun Pan for exceptional research assistance. We are grateful for conversations with Josh Danziger of CIBC and David Lando, and for motivating discussions with Gi ord Fong of Gi ord Fong Associates and Jim Vinci of PriceWaterhouseCoopers. This work is supported by PriceWaterhousCoopers Risk Institute, of which the authors are members, and by the Gi ord Fong Associates Fund at the Graduate School of Business, Stanford University. The paper is downloadable at http://www-leland.stanford. edu/ duffie/.
Newly synthesized G protein of vesicular stomatitis virus is not transported to the Golgi complex in mitotic cells

Newly synthesized G protein of vesicular stomatitis virus is not transported to the surface of cultured mammalian cells during mitosis (Warren et al., 1983, J. Cell Biol. 97:1623-1628). To determine where intracellular transport is inhibited, we have examined the post- translational modifications of G protein, which are indicators of specific compartments on the transport pathway. G protein in mitotic cells had only endo H-sensitive oligosaccharides containing seven or eight mannose residues, but no terminal glucose, and was not fatty acylated. These modifications were indicative of processing only by enzymes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Quantitative immunocytochemistry was used as an independent method to confirm that transport of G protein out of the ER was inhibited. The density of G protein in the ER cisternae was 2.5 times greater than in infected G1 cells treated similarly. Incubation of infected mitotic cells with cycloheximide, which inhibits protein synthesis without affecting transport, did not result in a decrease in the density of G protein in the ER cisternae, demonstrating that G protein cannot be chased out of the ER. These results suggest that intracellular transport stops at or before the first vesicle-mediated step on the pathway.
Specifying Quality Requirements for the Web 2.0 Applications

To specify quality requirements for Web 2.0 applications we propose an integrated approach which considers features for contents, functionalities and services. In this work we discuss how to model internal quality, external quality and quality in use views taking into account not only the software characteristics – as those specified in the ISO 9126-1 quality models- but also the own features to Web applications (WebApps). Particularly, we thoroughly discuss the modeling of the content characteristic for evaluating the quality of information – so critical for the whole Web application eras. The resulting models contribute towards a multidimensional integrated approach to evaluate WebApps at different lifecycle stages, independently of Web eras.
Choosing the First Educational Programming Language

The article describes requirements to educational programming languages and considers the use of Python as the first programming language. The issues of introduction of this programming language into teaching and replacing Pascal by Python are examined. The advantages of such approach are regarded. The comparison of popular programming languages is represented from the point of view of their convenience of use for teaching algorithmization and programming.
Predicting Transformational Leadership in Naval Cadets: Effects of Personality Hardiness and Training

The present study investigated whether personality hardiness predicts peer ratings of leadership style in Navy officer cadets. Cadets (n = 71) completed the Dispositional Resiliency (hardiness) Scale, and later rated their peers using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (full range of leadership model). Results show the hardy–commitment facet predicted peer ratings of all leadership styles covered in the model, both before and after and intensive military exercise. The challenge facet was a positive predictor of transformational and transactional leadership and was negatively related to passive-avoidant leadership. Transformational leadership predicted leader performance, as indexed by military development grades; and a partial mediation effect was found for hardiness on the relation between transformational leadership and leader performance.
Interference alignment in two-way relay networks via rank constraints rank minimization

Interference alignment (IA) is one of the promising measures for the multi-user network to manage interference. The rank constraints rank minimization means that interference spans the lowest dimensional subspace and the useful signal spans all available spatial dimensions. In order to improve the performance of two-way relay network, we can use rank constrained rank minimization (RCRM) to solve the IA problem. This paper proposes left reweighted nuclear norm minimization-γ algorithm and selective coupling reweighted nuclear norm minimization algorithm to implement interference alignment in two-way relay networks. The left reweighted nuclear norm minimization-γ algorithm is based on reweighted nuclear norm minimization algorithm and has a novel γ choosing rule. The selective coupling reweighted nuclear norm minimization algorithm weighting methods choose according to singular value of interference matrixes. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms considerably improve the sum rate performance and achieve the higher average achievable multiplexing gain in two-way relay interference networks.
Human Visual Brain

Objects in the visual scene are defined by different cues such as colour and motion. Through the integration of these cues the visual system is able to utilize different sources of information, thus enhancing its ability to discriminate objects from their backgrounds. In the following experiments, we investigate the neural mechanisms of cue integration in the human. We show, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), that both colour and motion defined shapes activate the lateral occipital complex (LOC) and that shapes defined by both colour and motion simultaneously activate the anterior-ventral margins of this area more strongly than shapes defined by either cue alone. This suggests that colour and motion cues are integrated in the LOC and possibly a neighbouring, more anterior, region. We support this result using an fMR adaptation technique,demonstratingthataregionoftheLOCadaptsonrepeated presentationsofashaperegardlessofthecuethatisusedtodefineit and even if the cue is varied. This result raises the possibility that the LOC contains cue-invariant neurons that respond to shapes regardless of the cue that is used to define them. We propose that such neurons could integrate signals from different cues, making them more responsive to objects defined by more than one cue, thus increasing the ability of the observer to recognize them.
On Optimisation of Smart Card Face Verification Systems

The optimisation of a smart card face verification system (SCFVS) design is a complex task. As the parameters involved are not independent, the search space is of exponential complexity. We investigate simplified optimisation strategies and demonstrate that both system performance and speed of access can be improved by jointly optimised parameter setting and level of probe compression. Experimental results suggest that the choice of one strategy over another is a matter of the amount of time available for the system design, system performance and response time.
Armadillo/β-catenin-dependent Wnt signalling is required for the polarisation of epidermal cells during dorsal closure in Drosophila

At the end of germband retraction, the dorsal epidermis of the Drosophila embryo exhibits a discontinuity that is covered by the amnioserosa. The process of dorsal closure (DC) involves a coordinated set of cell-shape changes within the epidermis and the amnioserosa that result in epidermal continuity. Polarisation of the dorsal-most epidermal (DME) cells in the plane of the epithelium is an important aspect of DC. The DME cells of embryos mutant for wingless or dishevelled exhibit polarisation defects and fail to close properly. We have investigated the role of the Wingless signalling pathway in the polarisation of the DME cells and DC. We find that the β-catenin-dependent Wingless signalling pathway is required for polarisation of the DME cells. We further show that although the DME cells are polarised in the plane of the epithelium and present polarised localisation of proteins associated with the process of planar cell polarity (PCP) in the wing, e.g. Flamingo, PCP Wingless signalling is not involved in DC.
Atypical neuroleptics enhance histamine turnover in brain via 5-Hydroxytryptamine2A receptor blockade.

Clozapine and olanzapine behave as weak H3-receptor antagonists in vitro with Ki values around 1 and 50 microM, respectively. Despite these modest apparent affinities, both compounds given orally to mice, nearly doubled steady-state tele-methylhistamine levels in brain, with ED50 values as low as 1 and 3 mg/kg, respectively, an effect comparable to those of potent H3-receptor antagonists. This effect corresponded to an enhancement of histamine turnover rate from 45 to 73 ng/g/h as measured in the case of olanzapine using the pargyline test. Other antipsychotics displaying, such as clozapine and olanzapine, high 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2A receptor antagonist potency, i.e., risperidone, thioridazine, seroquel, and iloperidone, also enhanced markedly tele-methylhistamine levels. This effect was 1) additive with that of a pure H3-receptor antagonist, ciproxifan, 2) mimicked by a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, ketanserin, 3) reversed by a 5-HT2A receptor agonist, DOI, 4) not shared by antipsychotics with low affinity for the 5-HT2A receptor, i.e., haloperidol, sulpiride, raclopride, or remoxipride that, on the contrary, tended to reduce tele-methylhistamine levels. We conclude that in contrast to "typical" antipsychotics, "atypical" antipsychotics stimulate histamine neuron activity via blockade of the 5-HT2A receptor in vivo. This effect does not appear to account for their reduced extrapyramidal side-effects but may underlie their pro-cognitive properties.
Dynamic Replica Management in Distributed Hash Tables

Interest in distributed storage is fueled by demand for reliability and resilience combined with decreasing hardware costs. Peer-to-peer storage networks based on distributed hash tables are an attractive solution due to their efficient use of resources and resulting performance. The placement and subse- quent efficient location of replicas in such systems remain open problems, especially (1) the requirement to update replicated content, (2) working in the absence of global information, and (3) determination of the locations in a dynamic system without introducing single points of failure. We present and evaluate a novel and versatile technique, replica enumeration, which allows for controlled replication and replica access. The possibility of enumerating and addressing individual replicas allows dynamic updates as well as superior performance without burdening the network with state informa- tion, yet taking advantage of locality information when available. We simulate, analyze, and prove properties of the system, and discuss some applications.
Finding genes and lineages under selection in speciation

What are the genes and traits that respond to selection and cause prezygotic reproductive isolation between species? This question has been hard to answer because genomes are large, the targets of selection may be scattered across the genome (Sabeti et al., ) and different genes may respond to the same selective pressure in different populations (Scheinfeldt et al., ). In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Weber et al. ( ) use a clever comparative approach and leading‐edge transcriptomic methods to identify the species and genes under positive selection for divergence between brittle stars (the echinoderm class Ophiuroidea) in the Ophioderma longicauda species complex. They found convincing evidence of positive or diversifying selection acting on two genes encoding ion channels that form part of the signal transduction cascade within the sperm in response to pheromones. Evidence for selection was concentrated in genes from one species (called C5, with internal fertilization and female parental care of brooded juveniles and not in the other species (called C3, with more conventional broadcast spawning and planktonic development of embryos and larvae). That analysis greatly extends the range of taxa, life history traits and molecules that are associated with positive selection in speciation. It also illustrates some of the current limitations on the application of RNAseq methods in the search for the targets of selection in nonmodel organisms like brittle stars. From both points of view, the new work by Weber et al. ( ) has important implications for our understanding of speciation in the ocean.
Dynamic user association for energy minimization in macro-relay network

In this paper, an energy minimization problem for users with heterogeneous locations and rate requirements in the macro-relay network is considered, in which the rate requirements of all users are strictly guaranteed and meanwhile the total energy consumption of the network is minimized. First, the energy minimization problem is formulated as an integer optimization problem, which is similar to the well-known knapsack problem and has been proven to be NP-hard. Then the complexity of the optimal exhaustive search method is analyzed and a practical and effective algorithm, macro and relay selection for energy minimization (MRSEM), is proposed. The proposed MRSEM algorithm dynamically associates users to macro or relay station according to both the radio frequency energy and circuit energy, thus to minimize the total energy consumption of the system. Extensive simulations are conducted and the results show that, the proposed MRSEM algorithm can significantly reduce the total energy consumption compared with existing schemes, while it almost achieves the optimal solution of the exhaustive search method.
COMBINED BIOCHEMICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF PARTICULATE FRACTIONS FROM RAT LIVER

Six particulate preparations isolated from rat liver under different experimental conditions were analyzed biochemically and examined in the electron microscope. The results confirm the lysosomal nature of the pericanalicular dense bodies and demonstrate that the microbodies are the bearers of urate oxidase, catalase, and D-amino acid oxidase. Catalase, representing a major component of the particles, and D-amino acid oxidase appear to be associated with the structureless "sap" of the particles, urate oxidase with their crystalloid core or with their outer membrane.
Instruction Matters: Lessons from a Mixed-Method Evaluation of Out-Of-School Time Tutoring under No Child Left Behind

Background/Context Under supplemental educational services (“supplemental services”), a parental choice provision of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), schools that have not made adequate yearly progress in increasing student achievement are required to offer low-income families free, afterschool tutoring. Existing research shows low attendance rates among eligible students and little to no aggregate effects on achievement for students who do attend. Focus of study We employ a framework grounded in examining the instructional setting, or “instructional core,” and we draw on the unique contributions of qualitative research to help explain the limited effects of supplemental services on student achievement. Specifically, we address the following research question: How can in-depth examination of the instructional core explain the impact of supplemental services on student learning? Research Design Our findings draw on data from an ongoing mixed-method and multisite study of the implementation and impact of supplemental educational services in five urban school districts located in four states. Although this paper includes quantitative data from this study, analysis focuses on qualitative data, including observations of tutoring sessions using a standardized observation instrument; semistructured interviews with district staff, provider administrators, and tutors; focus groups with parents of eligible students; and document analysis. Findings We identify two primary reasons for a lack of effects. First, there is a “treatment exposure” problem where most students receive far less than 40 hours of tutoring over the course of a school year, a critical threshold for seeing significant effects on achievement. In addition, there are discrepancies between an invoiced hour of tutoring and actual instructional time. Second, supplemental services has an instructional quality problem. Instruction lacks innovation; the curriculum typically does not align to that of the day school; programs do not meet all students’ instructional needs, especially students with disabilities and English language learners; and there can be considerable variation in quality within the same provider. Conclusions Our findings lay the foundations for being able to not only establish best practices for supplemental services, but to suggest policy changes to facilitate these best practices and offer insights to a host of other parental choice, out-of-school time (OST), and accountability-based reforms.