Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Indicators and metrics for social business: a review of current approaches

Abstract This paper aims to perform a review of different accounting frameworks, including indicators and metrics applicable to the social business sector, discussing the strengths and the weaknesses of different approaches in relationship to their ability to respond to objectives and interests of different stakeholders in the social business ecosystem. Then, the paper discusses the key role that indicators and metrics could play in the light of the transformations that the social business sector is witnessing, such as the emergence of new financial supply chains and the entrance of new relevant players.
Chronic ethanol consumption modulates myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury in murine AIDS.

AIMS The severity of cardiovascular complications in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients may be associated with acute ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Epidemiological studies suggest that moderate ethanol consumption has myocardial protective effects. However, it is unknown if chronic ethanol consumption benefits acute myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury in AIDS. The aim of this study was to determine if chronic ethanol consumption modulates myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury in murine AIDS. METHODS Four groups were studied: control, murine AIDS, ethanol, and ethanol plus murine AIDS. All mice were subjected to 30 min of left anterior descending branch (LAD) occlusion and 120 min of reperfusion. RESULTS We found that the survival from an acute myocardial infarction was reduced in advanced-stage murine AIDS mice. Although early-stage murine AIDS hearts did survive in acute myocardial infarction, the infarct size was significantly larger. Chronic ethanol consumption significantly decreased infarct size compared to the control group. Chronic ethanol consumption also improved the survival of murine AIDS mice from an acute myocardial infarction. However, chronic ethanol consumption did not significantly reduce infarct size in murine AIDS. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that multiple deleterious effects may enhance acute ischaemia-reperfusion injury in murine AIDS. The beneficial effects of chronic ethanol consumption in myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury may be due to modulation of neutrophil adhesion molecule expression and cytokine secretion.
Expected Shortfall for Discontinuous Random Variables with Application to Accounting Values

We consider the expected shortfall of accounting values, or, mathematically speaking, of random variables that are not continuous (i. e. whose cumulative distribution function is not continuous). Acerbi and Tasche show that one has to abandon the conditional expectation in order to maintain expected shortfall as a coherent risk measure. They also provide a definition of expected shortfall of discontinuous random variables which fulfills the axioms of coherence. Provided that the market values of the assets are continuous random variables, we show that the expected shortfall of the accounting values can still be interpreted as a conditional expectation, where the condition refers to the market values.
A theoretical study of the relationship between an ELM network and its subnetworks

A biological neural network is constituted by numerous subnetworks and modules with different functionalities. For an artificial neural network, the relationship between a network and its subnetworks is also important and useful for both theoretical and algorithmic research, i.e. it can be exploited to develop incremental network training algorithm or parallel network training algorithm. In this paper we explore the relationship between an Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) trained neural network and its subnetworks. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to prove a theorem that shows an ELM trained neural network can be scattered into subnetworks and its optimal solution can be constructed recursively by the optimal solutions of these subnetworks. Based on the theorem we also present two algorithms to train a large ELM neural network efficiently: one is a parallel network training algorithm and the other is an incremental network training algorithm. The experimental results demonstrate the usefulness of the theorem and the validity of the developed algorithms.
Influence of Mom and Dad: Quantitative Genetic Models for Maternal Effects and Genomic Imprinting

The expression of an imprinted gene is dependent on the sex of the parent it was inherited from, and as a result reciprocal heterozygotes may display different phenotypes. In contrast, maternal genetic terms arise when the phenotype of an offspring is influenced by the phenotype of its mother beyond the direct inheritance of alleles. Both maternal effects and imprinting may contribute to resemblance between offspring of the same mother. We demonstrate that two standard quantitative genetic models for deriving breeding values, population variances and covariances between relatives, are not equivalent when maternal genetic effects and imprinting are acting. Maternal and imprinting effects introduce both sex-dependent and generation-dependent effects that result in differences in the way additive and dominance effects are defined for the two approaches. We use a simple example to demonstrate that both imprinting and maternal genetic effects add extra terms to covariances between relatives and that model misspecification may over- or underestimate true covariances or lead to extremely variable parameter estimation. Thus, an understanding of various forms of parental effects is essential in correctly estimating quantitative genetic variance components.
Identifying Turning Points of Real Estate Cycles in Taiwan

Executive Summary. This paper applies the bivariate Markov-switching autoregressive model (MS-ARX) to identify the turning points of real estate cycles. The model with the best fit is L (1)-MSIH (2)-AR (8), of which, there 8 lags and both the intercepts and variances are subject to the influence of unobservable variables. This model confirms that the Composite Leading Index is ahead of the reference cycles by one quarter. Generally speaking, the Composite Leading Index has been producing rather accurate identifications of the four troughs and three peaks announced by the Taiwan Real Estate Research Center.
Profile of Early Occurring Spontaneous Tumors in Han Wistar Rats

It is sometimes difficult to assess the relevance of tumors that occur in treated animals in short-term studies. This report is intended to establish a general profile of tumor occurrence in young Han Wistar rats. Data were collected and evaluated from 29 rat carcinogenicity studies and from a few 2-, 4-, 13-, and 26-week studies conducted between 1995 and 2009 at Huntingdon Life Sciences, UK. The route of administration was dietary, oral gavage, or inhalation, and the analysis was confined to sporadic deaths (decedents) in carcinogenicity studies. In Han Wistar rats, the most common and earliest occurring tumor was malignant lymphoma in both sexes, the earliest being seen in the 16th and 26th week in males and females, respectively. The incidence of malignant lymphoma was slightly higher in males than in females. The second most common type of tumor was brain tumors in males and mammary tumors in females. Compared with Sprague-Dawley rats, where the most common early tumor was pituitary tumor in females, the most common early tumor in Han Wistar rats was malignant lymphoma in both sexes. These early tumor profiles are consistent with the lifetime tumor occurrence in these strains.
Herbal medicine with curcuma and fumitory in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial

Objective. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional disorder for which there is no reliable medical treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of two herbal remedies used in the treatment of IBS. Material and methods. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, IBS patients were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: 1) Curcuma xanthorriza 60 mg daily (curcuma group) (n=24), 2) Fumaria officinalis 1500 mg daily (fumitory group) (n=24) and 3) placebo (n=58). The study treatment was applied three times a day for 18 weeks. The main outcome parameters were changes in global patient ratings of IBS-related pain and distension on a visual analogue scale (0–50 mm) between baseline and at the end of treatment. Additional outcome parameters included global assessments of changes in IBS symptoms and psychosocial stress caused by IBS. Results. A total of 106 patients (mean age 48±12 years, 63% F) were included in the intention-to-treat group. IBS-related pain decreased by −0.9±11.5 (mm±SD) in the fumitory group, −0.3±9.9 in the placebo group and increased by 2.0±9.5 in the curcuma group (p=0.81). IBS-related distension decreased by −1.4±12.5 in the curcuma group, −2.1±9.2 in the placebo group and increased by 0.3±9.3 in the fumitory group (p=0.48). Additionally, the global assessment of changes in IBS symptoms and psychological stress due to IBS did not differ significantly among the three treatment groups. Conclusions. Neither fumitory nor curcuma showed any therapeutic benefit over placebo in patients with IBS. Therefore, the use of these herbs for the treatment of IBS cannot be recommended.
A New Solution Approach for Non-Linear Equation Systems with Grey Wolf Optimizer

The aim of this study is to bring a new perspective for the solutions of non-linear equation systems. So this study handles the non-linear equation systems as a constrained optimization problem, while generally is handled unconstrained optimization problem or multi objective optimization problem. The object is to minimize the sum of the squares of nonlinear equations under the nonlinear equality constraints. A recently developed heuristic optimization algorithm called Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) is proposed for the solution of nonlinear equation systems. Two results were obtained. Firstly, it has been seen that GWO can be an alternative solution technique for the solution of nonlinear equation systems. Secondly, modelling the systems of nonlinear equations as constrained optimization gives better results.
Taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships between Old World and New World members of the tribe Loteae (Leguminosae): new insights from molecular and morphological data, with special emphasis on Ornithopus

The tribe Loteae s.l. (incl. Coronilleae) comprises about 275 species distributed in Eurasia, Africa, Australia, North and South America. 47 species of Loteae are endemic to the New World, while all others are restricted to the Old World. Main centres of diversity are Mediterranean region and California. The genus Ornithopus has an unusual disjunctive distribution, with one species (O. micranthus) in subtropical regions of Eastern South America and five species in Europe, Mediterranean region, Macaronesia and the Caucasus. We have produced sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS1-2 region of six Loteae species, and have studied fruit anatomy, pollen morphology and other morphological characters in several members of the tribe, with special emphasis on Ornithopus. Our data confirm that the genus Ornithopus, in its traditional circumscription, represents a natural, monophyletic group. The ITS data strongly suggest sister group relationships between O. micranthus and Old World species of Ornithopus. We have confirmed results by ALLAN & PORTER (2000) and ALLAN et al. (2003) that Ornithopus tend to group with North American genus Hosackia on trees inferred from analyses of ITS sequences. There is little morphological support for such a grouping. For example, significant similarities between Ornithopus micranthus and Hosackia are found in pollen morphology. Our data confirmed that Ornithopus is the only genus of Loteae with native distribution on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. It is highly unlikely that Ornithopus was introduced by man and then naturalised in South America.
Constructing 3D human model from 2D images

Constructing 3D human model from 2D images provides a cost-effective approach to visualize digital human in virtual environment. This paper presents a systematic approach for constructing 3D human model using the front and side images of a person. The silhouettes of human body are first detected and the feature points on the silhouettes are subsequently identified. The feature points are further used to obtain the body dimensions that are necessary for identifying a template 3D human model. The shape of the template human model can be modified by the free-form deformation method. Moreover, the proposed approach has been applied for constructing the 3D human models of 30 subjects. The comparisons between the constructed 3D models and the 3D scanning models of the 30 subjects indicate that the proposed system for constructing 3D human model from 2D images is very effective and robust.
Cycloheximide inhibits interferon-gamma-induced class II major histocompatibility complex antigen expression in cultured rat thyroid cells.

The effects of the agents that are related to intracellular events on interferon-gamma-induced class II major histocompatibility complex antigen expression were studied using the technique of immunocytochemistry. Rat class II major histocompatibility complex antigen (RT1.B) was expressed in 88.3 +/- 3.3% (n = 3) of the functioning rat thyroid cells (FRTL-5) cultured in a medium containing 100 U/ml recombinant rat interferon-gamma (IFN gamma). Deprivation of bovine TSH had no effect on the expression of RT1.B antigen by IFN gamma. A23187 (1 nM to 2 microM) and/or 10 nM to 10 microM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate did not induce the expression of RT1.B antigen. IFN gamma-induced RT1.B expression was not inhibited by either 10 nM to 100 microM 1-(5-isoquinolysulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine or 200 nM to 200 microM 8-(N,N-dimethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate hydrochloride. It was also not inhibited by either 5-200 microM verapamil or 500 nM to 20 microM trifluoperazine. However, 0.01-10 micrograms/ml cycloheximide inhibited IFN gamma-induced RT1.B antigen expression in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that IFN gamma induces RT1.B antigen expression in FRTL-5 cells via de novo protein synthesis independent of the cAMP system, phosphatidylinositide system, and voltage-dependent calcium channel.
Positive affect, negative affect, and social interaction

Two studies explored the relations of positive and negative affect (PA and NA) to social interaction. In Study 1, unacquainted dyads were surreptitiously videotaped as they participated in a 6-min interaction. Participants then evaluated the quality of the interaction. Independent observers also rated the videotaped interactions. Trait PA was positively related to both participant and observer evaluations of interaction quality. In Study 2, undergraduates kept diaries of their social interactions for 1 week. PA was again related to interaction quality. Both PA and NA were positively related to the number of interactions in which participants engaged, and the amount of time spent engaged in social contact, although different types of social encounters produced these relations. Psychologists have long been interested in individual differences in people's self-described emotional experience. Research has revealed that some people report experiencing greater amounts of positive emotions than do others and are typically referred to as high-positive-affect (or high-PA) individuals. People who are high in positive affect are, for example, consistently more likely to describe themselves as enthusiastic, confident, and excited than are people who are low in positive affect. On the other hand, some individuals' daily lives are characterized by greater amounts of negative affective states than are others, and they are often referred to as high-negative-affect (or highNA) people. For example, people who are high in NA are more likely to describe themselves as guilty, fearful, and nervous than are low-NA individuals. Although there are fluctuations in the levels of positive or negative affect a given person experiences at different points in time, the stability of self-reports of NA and PA is impressive (e.g., Watson, 1988a, 1988b). In sum, there appear to be trait like interindividual differences in people's typical self-reported levels of NA and PA. These individual differences in trait NA and PA also seem to underlie the personality dimensions of neuroticism and extraversion. In particular, self-report measures of NA and neuroticism have been repeatedly demonstrated to be highly correlated with one another but unrelated to measures of either positive affect or extraversion. Similarly, PA and extraversion are strongly related but are uncorrelated with either NA or neurot
Superpixel based unmixing for enhanced hyperspectral denoising

Unmixing based denoising for hyperspectral images is a recent addition to the literature, and aims to reconstruct the data using noise-free and pure spectral signatures and their abundances. Unmixing based denoising has the potential of providing enhanced denoising performance by excluding the noise effects in the endmember and abundance matrices, and also enables selective elimination of effects such as cloudiness, if specific endmembers can be extracted for such effects. This paper proposes a superpixel segmentation and spectral unmixing based denoising and destriping approach for hyperspectral images. Superpixel segmentation enables integrating spatial information into the unmixing process efficiently without complex optimization procedures or a multitude of parameters, as in most spatial preprocessing approaches. The proposed methodology uses a single parameter, and provides fast and enhanced denoising performance with respect to previously proposed unmixing based denoising approaches for hyperspectral images.
Physical-aware diagnosis of multiple interconnect defects

This paper presents a physical-aware diagnosis technique for failing dies with multiple interconnect defects, including open and bridging. Our diagnosis technique considers fault masking/reinforcement and Byzantine effects. We use a section, a piece of interconnect, as the physical-aware diagnosis unit. We adopt the Single Location in a Cluster (SLIC) technique, where sections with similar simulation failure are grouped into a cluster. Simulations on benchmark circuits demonstrated that our accuracy is much higher than that of a commercial tool, with very close diagnosis resolution, when 10 defects are injected.
Task Sensitive Feature Exploration and Learning for Multitask Graph Classification

Multitask learning (MTL) is commonly used for jointly optimizing multiple learning tasks. To date, all existing MTL methods have been designed for tasks with feature-vector represented instances, but cannot be applied to structure data, such as graphs. More importantly, when carrying out MTL, existing methods mainly focus on exploring overall commonality or disparity between tasks for learning, but cannot explicitly capture task relationships in the feature space, so they are unable to answer important questions, such as what exactly is shared between tasks and what is the uniqueness of one task differing from others? In this paper, we formulate a new multitask graph learning problem, and propose a task sensitive feature exploration and learning algorithm for multitask graph classification. Because graphs do not have features available, we advocate a task sensitive feature exploration and learning paradigm to jointly discover discriminative subgraph features across different tasks. In addition, a feature learning process is carried out to categorize each subgraph feature into one of three categories: 1) common feature; 2) task auxiliary feature; and 3) task specific feature, indicating whether the feature is shared by all tasks, by a subset of tasks, or by only one specific task, respectively. The feature learning and the multiple task learning are iteratively optimized to form a multitask graph classification model with a global optimization goal. Experiments on real-world functional brain analysis and chemical compound categorization demonstrate the algorithm’s performance. Results confirm that our method can be used to explicitly capture task correlations and uniqueness in the feature space, and explicitly answer what are shared between tasks and what is the uniqueness of a specific task.
The Incidence , Determinants and Consequences of Female Headship in Rural Bangladesh ∗

Using an unusually rich dataset from rural Bangladesh, this paper explores the incidence of female headship, the characteristics of female-headed households and the effects of female headship on children’s education. The empirical analysis takes into consideration the heterogeneity in the group of female-headed households, and the possible endogeneity of the female headship variable. The endogeneity of female headship is addressed in two ways. First, female headship is instrumented using widowhood status of mothers in the sample. Next, both female headship and widowhood are treated as endogenous variables and instrumented with information on the marriage market at the time of a woman’s first marriage. The results indicate that female headship has a negative effect on children’s education. Treating female headship as exogenous however, leads to the spurious result that female headship has a positive effect on children’s education. Since women almost everywhere are disadvantaged relative to men in their access to assets, credit, employment, and education, it is often suspected that female-headed households are more vulnerable to risk, economically less viable, and less able to invest in the health and education of their children (a review of these arguments is in Folbre, 1991; UNDP, 1995; United Nations, 1996; Buvinic and Gupta, 1997; World Bank, 2001). Surprisingly, robust empirical evidence supporting these claims is scarce. Though a variety of case studies from around the world have documented the disadvantages faced by female-headed households (Mencher and Okongwu, 1993; Kumari, 1989), results from empirical studies have been far from conclusive. For example, Buvinic and Gupta (1997) review 61 studies on headship and poverty and find female-headed households to be disproportionately represented among the poor in 38 cases. Quisumbing, Haddad and Pena (2001) however, find that in their sample of 10 developing countries, the relationship between female headship and poverty is strong in only two countries, namely Ghana and Bangladesh. The literature on the effects of female-headedness on children’s welfare is similarly inconclusive. Several researchers have observed that in the United States children who grow up in female-headed households experience lower educational and occupational attainment, and, for female children, higher risks of teenage pregnancy ∗I would like to thank Paul Schultz, Chris Udry, Joseph Altonji, Andrew Foster, the participants of Yale’s Development Lunch and the participants of Yale’s Trade and Development Workshop for valuable comments and feedback. I am particularly grateful to Paul Schultz for guidance in the empirical methods used in this paper, and to Andrew Foster for giving me access to the data.