Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Semantic Slicing of Software Version Histories (T)

Software developers often need to transfer func-tionality, e.g., a set of commits implementing a new feature or a bug fix, from one branch of a configuration management system to another. That can be a challenging task as the existing configuration management tools lack support for matching high-level semantic functionality with low-level version histories. The developer thus has to either manually identify the exact set of semantically-related commits implementing the functionality of interest or sequentially port a specific subset of the change history, "inheriting" additional, unwanted functionality. In this paper, we tackle this problem by providing automated support for identifying the set of semantically-related commits implementing a particular functionality, which is defined by a set of tests. We refer to our approach, CSLICER, as semantic slicing of version histories. We formally define the semantic slicing problem, provide an algorithm for identifying a set of commits that constitute a slice, and instantiate it in a specific implementation for Java projects managed in Git. We evaluate the correctness and effectiveness of our approach on a set of open-source software repositories. We show that it allows to identify subsets of change histories that maintain the functionality of interest but are substantially smaller than the original ones.
Social Policy: the UK and Maastricht

On 7 February 1992, European Community Foreign and Finance Ministers signed the Treaty on European Union which contains only the second set of constitutional amendments to the EEC Treaty since 1957. This new Treaty merged into one text the Treaty on Economic and Monetary Union and the Treaty on Political Union which had been agreed at the European Council in Maastricht two months previously.
Rituals of Degradation: Administration as Policy in the Ontario Works Programme

After the election of a neo-liberal provincial government in 1995, Ontario was at the forefront of work-based welfare reform in Canada. Many of the sweeping reforms carried out under the banner of the “Common Sense Revolution” received widespread coverage: for example, reductions in welfare rates, the introduction of the Ontario Works programme, the adoption of a zero-tolerance policy for so-called welfare fraud, and changes to the rules relating to common-law spousal relationships. However, much less attention has focused upon significant changes to the ways welfare is delivered. This paper critically interrogates a number of key changes to the Service Delivery Model in Ontario. After the passage of federal legislation in 1995, national entitlements to welfare have been terminated, replaced with local responsibility; this decentralization is changing not only the hierarchy of the regulation of poor people, but also the form and function of provision. In particular, there is evidence of the reinvention of administration towards the micro-regulation of job search and personal behaviour and the deterrence of welfare receipt as applicants and recipients are bureaucratically disentitled. Although administrative practices have historically acted as a secondary barrier to welfare receipt, the paper suggests that the current incarnation of work-enforcing reforms could be especially significant as the worlds of welfare and work continue to change.
Power System Security Control Calculations Using Linear Programming, Part II

This is the second paper in a two-part report on linear programming (LP) applied to power system security control calculations. The advantages of an LP approach are complete computational reliability and very high speed, making it suitable for real-time or study-mode purposes. Both corrective and preventive control strategies are dealt with. Active-power control is exercised over generators, phase shifters and hvdc links. Load shedding and emergency start-up of plant are included. Part I1 presented the basic LP formulation, algorithm and computational details. Part II is concerned with applications to practical power systems.
Control of a quadrotor helicopter using a stable introspective-CMAC adaptive control

The Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller (CMAC) neural network utilizes hypercube basis function domains, called cells. Because of the local nature of the cells the CMAC exhibits more weight drift (also called parameter drift or overlearning) compared to other types of neural networks. Typical robust weight update law modifications designed to prevent drift, like deadzone or e-modification, often sacrifice performance. This paper proposes a solution to this problem by using two CMACs in the control law, referred to as a performance CMAC and a robust CMAC. The performance CMAC reduces the state error to a small value during initial training, and then turns off its weight updates according to the output of a decision algorithm in order to capture the best performance. One proposed algorithm simply turns off the training of a weight after its cell has been activated for a certain period of time. A more advanced method, deemed the introspective algorithm, stops training in a cell when it appears that the average error measured over sequential cell domains is no longer being reduced by the weight update in a cell. The robust CMAC trains in parallel using a conservative e-modification algorithm, continuing to provide robustness after the performance CMAC has stopped training. Lyapunov methods show a guarantee of uniformly ultimately bounded signals. Simulations with a quadrotor helicopter demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method over e-modification, deadzone, and a PID control.
Tariffs and Employment: An Intertemporal Approach

This paper studies the effects of tariffs in a two-period, two-good, macroeconomic model. The first period is characterized by unemployment and either nominal or real wage rigidities. In the second period, all prices are flexible and markets clear. Consumer behavior is based on intertemporal optimization. The effects of a temporary and an anticipated tariff on the exchange rate and employment are derived and discussed; both fixed and flexible exchange rate regimes are considered. Some attention is also given to alternative policies as ways of increasing employment. Copyright 1989 by Royal Economic Society.
Dynamic Flip-Flop conversion to tolerate process variation in low power circuits

A novel time borrowing method called dynamic Flip-Flop conversion is presented in this paper. A timing violation predictor detects the violations halfway in the critical path and dynamically converts the critical Flip-Flop to a latch. This way, time borrowing benefits of latches are utilized in a Flip-Flop based design which is more adaptable with Computer-Aided-Design tools. The overhead of this method is smaller than that of similar methods due to the elimination of delay elements. According to the post-synthesis simulations and Monte-Carlo analysis of Spice simulations on some ITC'99 benchmark circuits, the power overhead of the proposed method is about 15% and 19% smaller than that of Soft-Edge-Flip-Flop and Dynamic-Clock-Stretching circuits respectively in a simple case of about 40% yield improvement. This overhead would be relatively even smaller for higher performance and yield improvements.
Transportation Commissions as Accountability Structures

As of 2004, 36 of the 50 states had created, by statute, some type of external body (such as boards or commissions) to work with their departments of transportation (DOTs). The authors review the authorizing statutes that establish these boards and commissions to identify their statutorily defined responsibilities and attributes. From the literature on governance structures and accountability, three propositions are derived about their likely structure and roles. The authors propose that commissions are designed to (a) ensure broader stakeholder representation, (b) possess oversight roles and responsibilities relevant to resource allocation, and (c) encourage more open discussion and public involvement. The content analysis of the statutes and interviews with DOT officials and commission members provide support for the propositions.
Russia: Political and Institutional Determinants of Economic Reforms

The purpose of this study is to analyze the course, determinants and political economy of economic reforms in Russia conducted in the period 1985-2003. The year 1985 can be considered an important turning point in Soviet/Russian history, marked as it was by the election of Mikhail Gorbachev to the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party of Soviet Union (CPSU) and (de facto) leader of the USSR. This nomination brought an end to two decades of political consolidation of the communist regime connected with the name of General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev and his short living successors (Yurii Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko), often referred to ex post as 'the stagnation period' (vremya zastoya). Gorbachev initiated a series of important political and (to a lesser extent) economic reforms, which led eventually to the collapse of the communist regime and the disintegration of the Soviet empire in 1991. Thus, 1991 must be seen as another dramatic turning point in Russia's contemporary history. From the end of 1991 onwards political and economic reforms have been carried out by the new Russian state that emerged after the disintegration of the USSR. This paper aims to explain the political and institutional determinants of economic reforms in the Russian Federation. It has been carried out under the Global Research Project on 'Understanding Reforms' organized and financed by the Global Development Network (GDN)1 as one of 30 country studies covering a broad set of developing and transition economies. It presents the project's intermediate results and will be the subject of further discussion as well as analytical and editorial work in the near future. The case of Russia is very important and interesting from the point of view of GRP 'Understanding Reforms' goals and agenda, for many reasons. First, all transitions from communist regimes and centrally-planned economies to democratic capitalism represent a much more complex, complicated and difficult reform experience than policy reforms observed in developing countries, especially when they relate to just one or a few specific policy areas. Thus, learning the transition experience, particularly in its early phase, can provide an extremely valuable empirical input to 'understanding reform' and provide answers to the project's key questions: 'why reform? ', 'what reform? ', and 'how well did the reform perform? '
Smiles, Bid‐ask Spreads and Option Pricing

Given the evidence provided by Longstaff (1995), and Pena, Rubio and Serna (1999) a serious candidate to explain the pronounced pattern of volatility estimates across exercise prices might be related to liquidity costs. Using all calls and puts transacted between 16:00 and 16:45 on the Spanish IBEX-35 index futures from January 1994 to October 1998 we extend previous papers to study the influence of liquidity costs, as proxied by the relative bid-ask spread, on the pricing of options. Surprisingly, alternative parametric option pricing models incorporating the bid-ask spread seem to perform poorly relative to Black-Scholes.
TAKING THE FIRST STEP — WHAT DETERMINES GERMAN LASER SOURCE MANUFACTURERS ENTRY INTO INNOVATION NETWORKS?

Early access to technological knowledge embodied in an industry's innovation network can prove an important competitive advantage for firms. Surprisingly, not much is known about the determinants of their initial entry into such networks. We analyze the propensity of firms for entering the industry's innovation network and their timing in doing so. More precisely, we seek to shed some light on the factors affecting the length of the time-span between a firm's founding and its first cooperation event. We apply a unique longitudinal event history dataset based on the full population of German laser source manufacturers. Innovation network data stem from official databases providing detailed information on the organizations involved, the subject of joint research and development (R&D) efforts, as well as the start and end times of all publicly funded R&D projects between 1990 and 2010. Estimation results from an event history estimation model indicate that micro firms enter the network later than small or large firms. An in-depth analysis of the size effects for medium-sized firms provides some unexpected but highly interesting findings. The choice of cooperation type makes no significant difference to a firm's timing in entering the network. Finally, the analysis of geographical determinants shows that cluster membership can, but does not necessarily affect the timing of a firm's decision to cooperate.
The Role of State Fiscal Policy in State Economic Growth

Do state policy makers have the ability to affect a state's rate of economic growth? This article examines one possible source of growth and per capita output level disparities by studying the role that state taxation and public expenditure decisions play in fostering economic development. Using pooled annual U.S. state-level data from 1972 to 1998, a fixed-effects model is employed to examine the effects of changing tax rates on both state per capita output levels and growth rates. The results indicate that higher tax rates negatively influence short-run state economic growth, which lowers state output levels. However, long-run growth is unaffected by changes in state tax rates, even after adjusting for the effects of initial per capita output levels, state expenditures, and aid from the federal government. Nor do changes in state public spending rates and federal aid permanently alter state growth rates, implying that state fiscal policies have only transitory effects on state growth. (JEL "H71", "O40", "R11") Copyright 2004 Western Economic Association International.
Latin American Debt: I Don't Think We Are in Kansas Anymore

BLAMING VICTIMS is an appealing evasion of responsibility, especially when the victims are far from virtuous. But when sins are as heterogeneous as those of the Latin American regimes of 1980, one wonders how well the exemplary mass punishment fits the alleged individual crime. Most Latin American economies, for a variety of domestic and external reasons, in 1980-81 faced the need for reform and adjustment o the new international economic environment. However, the response was slow, and policy errors continued to be made. Yet the incompetence and torpor of policymakers do not fully explain the depth of the depression of the early 1980s in Latin America and the mediocre outlook for recovery. This paper will argue that what could have been a serious but manageable recession has turned into a major development crisis unprecedented since the early 1930s mainly because of the breakdown of international financial markets and an abrupt change in conditions and rules for international ending. The nonlinear interactions between this unusual and persistent external shock and risky or faulty domestic policies led to a crisis of severe depth and length, one that neither shocks
SWOT analysis of e-Government

E-Government is precieved as the leading form of future government. Introducing and operating this system is feasable and real in Europe. The article uses the SWOT analysis method for discussing some aspects that might appear with the implementing move. The strongest point seems to be the fact that E-Government will become the predominant type of governance of the 21 st . The weak points and the threats include perils such as: a differentiated society, distancing civil servants from common people, changing work habits of public administrators, incongruity between government and people and lack of citizens’ interest in the E-services available. On the other hand the opportinities analysis shows that E-Government, if properinstalled and operated could be the most easy and popular link between people and government. In order to fulfil these expectations and achieving positive results, government should take the following actions: 1.Establishing a user-friendly cenralized E-administrative center that will provide services to the general public. 2. Reforming the attitude and the working methods of public administrators, making them more humanistic and customer-oriented. And 3. Expanding education and training of the general public. While computers will execute the rutine assignments, government must retrain and develop its personel and citizens touse properly the service provided.
Unsupervised Segmentation of Leukocytes Images Using Thresholding Neighborhood Valley-Emphasis

Blood smear image analysis is essential to correlate the amount of leukocytes in these images with malignancies such as the leukemias. Techniques of digital image processing can be used to aid pathologists in this analysis, leading to appropriate treatments for the patient. This paper presents an unsupervised segmentation method for the nuclear structures in leukocytes. Deconvolution was used to split the Giemsa stain components and the regions of interest were selected using a thresholding algorithm called Neighborhood Valley-emphasis. A postprocessing approach based on morphological operators was applied in these detected structures. The proposed algorithm was tested on 367 images containing leukocytes and other blood structures. A performance analysis was conducted through the Jaccard and accuracy metrics featuring results of 89.89% and 99.57%, respectively. Such results were compared to other published articles and this was considered the most promising method.
Robust tests of forward exchange market efficiency with empirical evidence from the 1920s

This paper provides a robust statistical approach to testing the unbiasedness hypothesis in forward exchange market efficiency studies. The methods we use allow us to work explicitly with levels rather than differenced data. They are statistically robust to data distributions with heavy tails, and they can be applied to data sets where the frequency of observation and the futures maturity do not coincide. In addition, our methods allow for stochastic trend nonstationarity and general forms of serial dependence. The methods are applied to daily data of spot exchange rates and forward exchange rates during the 1920's, which marked the first episode of a broadly general floating exchange rate system. The tail behavior of the data is analyzed using an adaptive data-based method for estimating the tail slope of the density. The results confirm the need for the use of robust regression methods. We find cointegration between the forward rate and spot rate for the four currencies we consider (the Belgian and French francs, the Italian lira and the US dollar, all measured against the British pound), we find support for a stationary risk premium in the case of the Belgian franc, the Italian lira and the US dollar, and we find support for the simple market efficiency hypothesis (where the forward rate is an unbiased predictor of the future spot rate and there is a zero mean risk premium) in the case of the US dollar.
Benzotriazolium 4-methylbenzenesulfonate

In the title molecular salt, C6H6N3 +·C7H7O3S−, the components are linked by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into zigzag chains along [100]. These chains are further connected by weak C—H⋯O, C—H⋯π and π–π (centroid-to-centroid distances = 3.510, 3.701 and 3.754 Å) interactions into a three-dimensional network.
Applications of microsatellite‐based Y chromosome haplotyping

Y‐chromosomal microsatellites have been investigated for the purposes of application to male identification, population genetics and population history. With nine markers, every male in a German population sample (n = 70) could be identified by an individual‐specific Y microsatellite haplotype. The analysis of 474 unrelated males of nine human populations with seven markers revealed 301 different Y haplotypes. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) approach was used to detect male population characteristics of Y microsatellite haplotypes. With pairwise comparisons of inter‐population variance, most of the populations could be distinguished significantly. Sixty individuals from different male populations in Asia and Northern Europe carrying a novel Y‐chromosomal T→C transition show reduced microsatellite variability together with haplotype similarities. Microsatellite data suggest that the mutation occurred recently in Asia, supporting the hypothesis of Asian ancestry of some northern European populations.
Frequency of psychiatric disorders in blepharospasm does not differ from hemifacial spasm

Dias FM, Doyle F, Kummer A, Cardoso F, Fontenelle LF, Teixeira AL. Frequency of psychiatric disorders in blepharospasm does not differ from hemifacial spasm. Objective: To compare the frequency of psychiatric disorders and the severity of psychiatric symptoms between patients with blepharospasm (BS) and hemifacial spasm (HS). Methods: BS is a type of primary focal dystonia characterised by recurrent and involuntary eye blinking. HS is a condition with different pathophysiology but similar clinical phenotype. Twenty-two patients with BS and 29 patients with HS participated in this study. They underwent a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation that included a structured clinical interview for current psychiatric diagnosis according to Diagnostic Statistical Manual, fourth edition (DSM-IV) (MINI-Plus) and psychometric scales, including the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (YBOCS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD), the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAS) and the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS). Results: BS and HS groups did not differ in most demographic and clinical parameters, such as gender, age and length of symptoms. The frequency of psychiatric disorders and the severity of psychiatric symptoms were similar in both groups. Conclusion: BS does not seem to have more psychiatric disorders than HS.
Spatial and Technological Spillovers in European Patenting Activities: a Dynamic Count Panel Data Model

We explore the impact of spatial and technological R&D spillovers on the innovative activities in Europe. We consider a linear feedback model to explain the dynamics of count data processes relative to patents and R&D expenditures. Estimations are made on a panel data set relative to public and private sectors in 113 regions of 9 European countries over the period 1995-2002. According to the geographical and technological distances among regions, we show that spillovers effects are different.
Comparability over Time of the Human Development Index: A Shapley Value Approach

Abstract The Human Development Index of the United Nations Development Programme is not comparable over time. From 1990 to 2001, three different factors caused its variations: modifications of methodology, limits to the values of variables, and changes to the living conditions of citizens. Thus, it has been of limited value as a guide for development policy management. This paper discusses the solutions adopted so far by the UNDP and proposes an alternative based on the Shapley value approach, with an application to Cameroon.
Alternative Methods for Estimating Long-Run Responses with Application to Australian Import Demand

This paper compares and contrasts a number of single-equation and systems estimators of long-run responses with application to a three-variable import demand model. Two variants of Box and Tiao's (1977) canonical estimator are developed and associated tests for the number of cointegrating vectors are introduced. A simulation study indicates that, while both Box-Tiao estimators have empirical distributions with fatter tails than the normal, there is evidence that the incidence of extreme values is even greater with Johansen's (1988) ML procedure.