Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Deep Learning-based Framework for Conducting Stealthy Attacks in Industrial Control Systems

Industrial control systems (ICS), which in many cases are components of critical national infrastructure, are increasingly being connected to other networks and the wider internet motivated by factors such as enhanced operational functionality and improved efficiency. However, set in this context, it is easy to see that the cyber attack surface of these systems is expanding, making it more important than ever that innovative solutions for securing ICS be developed and that the limitations of these solutions are well understood. The development of anomaly based intrusion detection techniques has provided capability for protecting ICS from the serious physical damage that cyber breaches are capable of delivering to them by monitoring sensor and control signals for abnormal activity. Recently, the use of so-called stealthy attacks has been demonstrated where the injection of false sensor measurements can be used to mimic normal control system signals, thereby defeating anomaly detectors whilst still delivering attack objectives. In this paper we define a deep learning-based framework which allows an attacker to conduct stealthy attacks with minimal a-priori knowledge of the target ICS. Specifically, we show that by intercepting the sensor and/or control signals in an ICS for a period of time, a malicious program is able to automatically learn to generate high-quality stealthy attacks which can achieve specific attack goals whilst bypassing a black box anomaly detector. Furthermore, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework for conducting stealthy attacks using two real-world ICS case studies. We contend that our results motivate greater attention on this area by the security community as we demonstrate that currently assumed barriers for the successful execution of such attacks are relaxed.
Three-dimensional automatic generation magnetic equivalent circuit using mesh-based formulation

In this paper, a three-dimensional (3-D) generic magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) using mesh-based formulation was developed for the electrical engineering applications. The particularity of this model consists in a discretization with hexahedral mesh elements, which can be chosen by the designer. For example, the 3-D generic MEC has been applied to a U-cored static electromagnetic device. In order to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed technique, the semi-analytic results have been compared with those obtained using 3-D finite-element analysis (FEA). The computation time is divided by 3 with an error less than 1 %.
Association analysis of CAG repeats at the KCNN3 locus in Indian patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

Bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia are severe behavioral disorders with a lifetime risk of approximately 1% in the population worldwide. There is evidence that these diseases may manifest the phenomenon of anticipation similar to that seen in diseases caused by trinucleotide repeat expansions. A recent report has implicated a potassium channel-coding gene, KCNN3, which contains a polymorphic CAG repeat in its coding region, in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. We have tried to confirm these findings in Indian patients suffering from bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. No statistically significant evidence for the presence of an excess of longer alleles in the patient population, as compared to ethnically matched controls, was found. However, an analysis of the difference of allele sizes revealed a significantly greater number of patients with schizophrenia having differences of allele sizes > or = 5 when compared to normal controls. This finding may be of functional significance as the KCNN3 protein is thought to act as a tetramer, and a large difference in allele sizes would result in an asymmetric molecule with a different number of glutamine residues in each monomer. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 96:744-748, 2000.
THE EFFICIENCY OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE BASED ON THE APPLICATION OF VEC MODEL

This paper considers the relationship between CO 2 as the main variable of climate change and environmental policy instruments covering environmental taxes and government spending on environmental protection. By these, the effects of the gross domestic product, carbon price, final energy consumption and quality of air were considered using the Vector Error Correction Model. The analysis is based on the survey of environmental policy instruments in the Czech Republic using time series data over the period 1996-2012. The data are extracted from the Eurostat database. The research performed identified negative relationships between CO 2 and government spending on environmental protection and between CO 2 and carbon price. Furthermore, the research revealed that the government spending on environmental protection and the carbon price has a stronger effect on CO 2 than environmental taxes in the Czech Republic. This implies that environmental taxation is mainly used as a source for raising budget revenues in the Czech Republic without any effect on the level of consumption of goods producing CO 2 emissions. Therefore, it can be concluded that currently imposed environmental taxation is inefficient. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.5755/j01.ee. 27.5. 13394
Diacylglycerol kinase zeta attenuates pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy.

BACKGROUND The Gaq protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathway, which includes diacylglycerol (DAG) and protein kinase C (PKC), plays a critical role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. DAG kinase (DGK) phosphorylates DAG and controls cellular DAG levels, thus acting as a regulator of GPCR signaling. It has been previously reported that DGK inhibited GPCR agonist-induced activation of the DAG-PKC signaling and subsequent cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, so the purpose of this study was to examine whether DGK modifies the development of cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload. METHODS AND RESULTS Thoracic transverse aortic constriction (TAC) was created in transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of DGKzeta (DGKzeta-TG) and wild-type (WT) mice. Increases in heart weight at 4 weeks after TAC were attenuated in DGKzeta-TG mice compared with WT mice. Increases in interventricular septal thickness, dilatation of the left ventricular cavity, and decreases in left ventricular systolic function in WT mice were observed with echocardiography at 4 weeks after TAC surgery. However, these structural and functional changes after TAC were attenuated in DGKzeta-TG mice. In WT mice, cardiac fibrosis and up-regulation of profibrotic genes, such as transforming growth factor-beta1, collagen type I, and collagen type III, were observed at 4 weeks after TAC. However, cardiac fibrosis and gene induction of type I and type III collagens, but not transforming growth factor-beta1, were blocked in DGKzeta-TG mice. CONCLUSION These results are the first in vivo evidence that DGKzeta suppresses cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis and prevents impaired left ventricular systolic function caused by pressure overload.
Zinc metallothionein imported into liver mitochondria modulates respiration

Metallothionein (MT) localizes in the intermembrane space of liver mitochondria as well as in the cytosol and nucleus. Incubation of intact liver mitochondria with physiological, micromolar concentrations of MT leads to the import of MT into the mitochondria where it inhibits respiration. This activity is caused by the N-terminal β-domain of MT; in this system, the isolated C-terminal α-domain is inactive. Free zinc inhibits respiration at concentrations commensurate with the zinc content of either MT or the isolated β-domain, indicating that MT inhibition involves zinc delivery to mitochondria. Respiratory inhibition of uncoupled mitochondria identifies the electron transfer chain as the primary site of inhibition. The apoform of MT, thionein, is an endogenous chelating agent and activates zinc-inhibited respiration with a 1:1 stoichiometry ([zinc binding sites]/[zinc]). Carbamoylation of the lysines of MT significantly attenuates the inhibitory effect, suggesting that these residues are critical for the passage of MT through the outer mitochondrial membrane. Such an import pathway has been proposed for other proteins that also lack a mitochondrial targeting sequence, e.g., apocytochrome c, and possibly Cox17, a mitochondrial copper chaperone that is the only protein known so far to exhibit significant primary sequence homology to MT. The presence and respiratory inhibition of MT in liver, but not heart, mitochondria suggest a hitherto unknown biological modulating activity of MT in cellular respiration and energy metabolism in a tissue-specific manner.
Fluorescent detection techniques for real‐time multiplex strand specific detection of Bacillus anthracis using rapid PCR

Speed is a key area in our development of PCR assays for Bacillus anthracis. We believe that the strand specific detection of amplicons within 10 min is a realistic goal and that this will be achieved through fluorescent in‐tube assays. We have used the Idaho LightCyclerTM to study and develop candidate assays for B. anthracis. New strand specific fluorescent methods have been developed and a number of formats have been studied for speed and sensitivity. Internal controls have been developed as a method of improving our assay confidence. In this communication we will introduce the field of rapid PCR whilst discussing previous work in the areas described above, the development of our own rapid assay and a novel internal control system for B. anthracis. This work used PCR assays and hardware that are either commercially available, or have been previously described in open literature publications.
Fuzzy Multiple Goals Decision-Making Method for Enterprise's Culture Construction

This article used the multi-level fuzzy quality synthetic evaluation principles to evaluate a Beijing enterprise's culture construction. Screening a representative building of enterprise culture a total of 21 indicators of four main types of fuzzy statistics and then use the set-valued iterative method gives the weight for each indicator, using multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of the technologies on the corporate culture-building. The result proved that uses the multi-level fuzzy quality synthetic evaluation methods to have the objectivity and the validity in enterprise's cultural examination.
Hot spots of wheat yield decline with rising temperatures

Many of the irrigated spring wheat regions in the world are also regions with high poverty. The impacts of temperature increase on wheat yield in regions of high poverty are uncertain. A grain yield–temperature response function combined with a quantification of model uncertainty was constructed using a multimodel ensemble from two key irrigated spring wheat areas (India and Sudan) and applied to all irrigated spring wheat regions in the world. Southern Indian and southern Pakistani wheat‐growing regions with large yield reductions from increasing temperatures coincided with high poverty headcounts, indicating these areas as future food security ‘hot spots’. The multimodel simulations produced a linear absolute decline of yields with increasing temperature, with uncertainty varying with reference temperature at a location. As a consequence of the linear absolute yield decline, the relative yield reductions are larger in low‐yielding environments (e.g., high reference temperature areas in southern India, southern Pakistan and all Sudan wheat‐growing regions) and farmers in these regions will be hit hardest by increasing temperatures. However, as absolute yield declines are about the same in low‐ and high‐yielding regions, the contributed deficit to national production caused by increasing temperatures is higher in high‐yielding environments (e.g., northern India) because these environments contribute more to national wheat production. Although Sudan could potentially grow more wheat if irrigation is available, grain yields would be low due to high reference temperatures, with future increases in temperature further limiting production.
Effects of Disruption of Homocitrate Synthase Genes on Nostoc sp. Strain PCC 7120 Photobiological Hydrogen Production and Nitrogenase

ABSTRACT In the case of nitrogenase-based photobiological hydrogen production systems of cyanobacteria, the inactivation of uptake hydrogenase (Hup) leads to significant increases in hydrogen production activity. However, the high-level-activity stage of the Hup mutants lasts only a few tens of hours under air, a circumstance which seems to be caused by sufficient amounts of combined nitrogen supplied by active nitrogenase. The catalytic FeMo cofactor of nitrogenase binds homocitrate, which is required for efficient nitrogen fixation. It was reported previously that the nitrogenase from the homocitrate synthase gene (nifV) disruption mutant of Klebsiella pneumoniae shows decreased nitrogen fixation activity and increased hydrogen production activity under N2. The cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120 has two homocitrate synthase genes, nifV1 and nifV2, and with the ΔhupL variant of Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120 as the parental strain, we have constructed two single mutants, the ΔhupL ΔnifV1 strain (with the hupL and nifV1 genes disrupted) and the ΔhupL ΔnifV2 strain, and a double mutant, the ΔhupL ΔnifV1 ΔnifV2 strain. Diazotrophic growth rates of the two nifV single mutants and the double mutant were decreased moderately and severely, respectively, compared with the rates of the parent ΔhupL strain. The hydrogen production activity of the ΔhupL ΔnifV1 mutant was sustained at higher levels than the activity of the parent ΔhupL strain after about 2 days of combined-nitrogen step down, and the activity in the culture of the former became higher than that in the culture of the latter. The presence of N2 gas inhibited hydrogen production in the ΔhupL ΔnifV1 ΔnifV2 mutant less strongly than in the parent ΔhupL strain and the ΔhupL ΔnifV1 and ΔhupL ΔnifV2 mutants. The alteration of homocitrate synthase activity can be a useful strategy for improving sustained photobiological hydrogen production in cyanobacteria.
Myeloma, Hodgkin Disease, and Lymphoid Leukemia after Renal Transplantation: Characteristics, Risk Factors and Prognosis

Background. Hodgkin disease and myeloma were recently included in the classification of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). However, because their incidence is low, not much is known about their particular features. Methods. The incidence, characteristics, risk, and prognostic factors of myeloma, Hodgkin disease, and lymphoid leukemia using the United States Renal Data System from 1991 to 2000 among 66,159 Medicare patients were analyzed. Results. In all, 1,169 recipients developed a lymphoid disease: 823 (1.2%) non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL), 160 (0.24%) myelomas, 60 (0.1%) Hodgkin lymphomas, and 126 (0.2%) lymphoid leukemias. Older age was associated with an increased risk of myeloma and leukemia. The incidence of hepatitis C virus infection was higher in recipients with myeloma (6.9 vs. 3.9%, P=0.05). Induction therapy was associated with a greater risk of myeloma and leukemia, but not Hodgkin disease. Azathioprine was associated with a lower risk of myeloma, and tacrolimus with a lower risk of Hodgkin disease. According to the type of malignancy, ten-year survival rates were significantly different: 42, 26, 55 and 39% respectively for NHL, myeloma, Hodgkin disease, and leukemia. Conclusion. These results support specific features and risk factors related to the occurrence of each type of lymphoid-proliferation and suggest for the first time a possible association between hepatitis C virus and myeloma in kidney transplant recipients.
Multi-spectral pedestrian detection based on accumulated object proposal with fully convolutional networks

This paper presents a method for detecting a pedestrian by leveraging multi-spectral image pairs. Our approach is based on the observation that a multi-spectral image, especially far-infrared (FIR) image, enables us to overcome inherent limitations for pedestrian detection under challenging circumstances, such as even dark environments. For that task, multi-spectral color-FIR image pairs are used in a synergistic manner for pedestrian detection through deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) learning and support vector regression (SVR). For inferring the confidence of a pedestrian, we first learn CNNs between color images (or FIR images) and bounding box annotations of pedestrians, respectively. Furthermore, for each object proposal, we extract intermediate activation features from network, and learn the probability of pedestrian using SVR. To improve the detection performance, the learned probability of pedestrian for each proposal is accumulated on the image domain. Based on the pedestrian confidence estimated from each network and accumulated pedestrian probabilities, the most probable pedestrian is finally localized among object proposal candidates. Thanks to its high robustness of multi-spectral imaging in dark environments and its high discriminative power of deep CNNs, our framework is shown to surpass state-of-the-art pedestrian detection methods on multi-spectral pedestrian benchmark.
Fully parallel window decoder architecture for spatially-coupled LDPC codes

Spatially-coupled low-density parity-check (SC-LDPC) codes have been shown to be superior in performance than LDPC block codes. In order to comply with the practical constraints on latency, SC-LDPC codes are decoded using a window decoder that reduces the decoder latency and complexity compared to traditional block-wise decoding. However, so far the literature only considers the structural decoding latency of window decoder, ignoring the processing latency. Note that the processing latency directly impacts the decoder's throughput and is an important parameter in any modern communication system. The throughput of an iterative decoder is directly influenced by the number of iterations and hence in this paper we propose a fully parallel window decoder architecture for SC-LDPC codes where the decoding iterations are performed in parallel. This guarantees a high throughout while fulfilling the low latency requirements. The overall decoding latency (structural and processing latency) of the proposed window decoder architecture is compared with the classical window decoder.
Historical Techniques of Lie Detection

Since time immemorial, lying has been a part of everyday life. For this reason, it has become a subject of interest in several disciplines, including psychology. The purpose of this article is to provide a general overview of the literature and thinking to date about the evolution of lie detection techniques. The first part explores ancient methods recorded circa 1000 B.C. (e.g., God’s judgment in Europe). The second part describes technical methods based on sciences such as phrenology, polygraph and graphology. This is followed by an outline of more modern-day approaches such as FACS (Facial Action Coding System), functional MRI, and Brain Fingerprinting. Finally, after the familiarization with the historical development of techniques for lie detection, we discuss the scope for new initiatives not only in the area of designing new methods, but also for the research into lie detection itself, such as its motives and regulatory issues related to deception.
Reevaluation of Anaerobic Blood Cultures in a Veteran Population

>Background. Studies suggest that the selective use of anaerobic blood cultures may represent a more cost-effective laboratory approach when anaerobic bacterial infection is suspected. >Methods. A 5-year retrospective study was done at a Veterans' Affairs hospital to determine the utility of routinely including anaerobic blood culture when sampling for bacteremia. >Results. A total of 22,075 anaerobic blood cultures were collected from our adult population. Significant anaerobic pathogens were isolated from only 0.14% of these blood cultures. An anaerobic infection could have been suspected in 92% of our patients. Conclusions. Significant anaerobic bloodstream infections occurred in only 0.14% of blood cultures. In addition, the majority of the patients identified with anaerobic bacteremia had clinical conditions that would have suggested a high likelihood of anaerobic bacteremia. These observations suggest that selective rather than routine use of anaerobic blood cultures may be appropriate in a veteran population.
Molecular bases for the selection of the chromophore of animal rhodopsins

Significance Microbial and animal rhodopsins share several striking structural features including a seven α-helix fold and a highly conserved active-site lysine in the seventh helix. However, these protein families lack significant similarity in their amino acid sequence. In this paper we address the question of why the sequence of animal rhodopsins, featuring an 11-cis chromophore, could have diverged from a microbial ancestor incorporating the more stable all-trans chromophore. We show that, by using light-responsive computer models of a eubacterial sensory rhodopsin and of a vertebrate visual rhodopsin, it is possible to identify a distinctive electronic character of the 11-cis chromophore that could have become an effective target for natural selection. The functions of microbial and animal rhodopsins are triggered by the isomerization of their all-trans and 11-cis retinal chromophores, respectively. To lay the molecular basis driving the evolutionary transition from the all-trans to the 11-cis chromophore, multiconfigurational quantum chemistry is used to compare the isomerization mechanisms of the sensory rhodopsin from the cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC 7120 (ASR) and of the bovine rhodopsin (Rh). It is found that, despite their evolutionary distance, these eubacterial and vertebrate rhodopsins start to isomerize via distinct implementations of the same bicycle-pedal mechanism originally proposed by Warshel [Warshel A (1976) Nature 260:678–683]. However, by following the electronic structure changes of ASR (featuring the all-trans chromophore) during the isomerization, we find that ASR enters a region of degeneracy between the first and second excited states not found in Rh (featuring the 11-cis chromophore). We show that such degeneracy is modulated by the preorganized structure of the chromophore and by the position of the reactive double bond. It is argued that the optimization of the electronic properties of the chromophore, which affects the photoisomerization efficiency and the thermal isomerization barrier, provided a key factor for the emergence of the striking amino acid sequence divergence observed between the microbial and animal rhodopsins.
The Empathy Enigma: Does It Still Exist? Comparison of Empathy Using Students and Standardized Actors

Empathy is at the heart of all nurse-patient interactions. Yet empathy often declines during students’ nursing education. Nurse educators are challenged to find ways to offset this decline. A mixed-methods research design was used to assess whether an educational intervention using standardized actors influenced nursing student empathy. The results suggest that the educational intervention holds potential for improving empathy in nursing students.