Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Decisions and staging leading to definitive open management of pilon fractures: where have we come from and where are we now?

UNLABELLED Historically, the treatment and outcomes related to pilon fractures have been variable despite anatomical reduction and fixation. However, with the advent of newer implant technologies, improved surgical techniques, and the management via a staged protocol, results have indicated encouraging clinical outcomes with minimization of postoperative complications. This review focuses and outlines the current strategies, decision-making processes, and definitive treatment options regarding the notoriously difficult to treat pilon fracture. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level V. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Nitrile Pathway Involving Acyl-CoA Synthetase

Two open reading frames (nhpS and acsA) were identified immediately downstream of the previously described Pseudomonas chlororaphis B23 nitrile hydratase (NHase) gene cluster (encoding aldoxime dehydratase, amidase, the two NHase subunits, and an uncharacterized protein). The amino acid sequence deduced from acsA shows similarity to that of acyl-CoA synthetase (AcsA). The acsA gene product expressed in Escherichia coli showed acyl-CoA synthetase activity toward butyric acid and CoA as substrates, with butyryl-CoA being synthesized. From the E. coli transformant, AcsA was purified to homogeneity and characterized. The quality of the recombinant protein was verified by the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence and the results of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The apparent Km values for butyric acid, CoA, and ATP were 0.32 ± 0.04, 0.37 ± 0.02, and 0.22 ± 0.02 mm, respectively. AcsA was shown to be a short-chain acyl-CoA synthetase, according to the catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) for various acids. The substrate specificity of AcsA was similar to those of aldoxime dehydratase, NHase, and amidase, the genes of which coexist in the same orientation in the gene cluster. P. chlororaphis B23 grew when cultured in a medium containing butyraldoxime as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. The activities of aldoxime dehydratase, NHase, and amidase were detected together with that of acyl-CoA synthetase under the culture conditions used. Moreover, on culture in a medium containing butyric acid as the sole carbon source, acyl-CoA synthetase activity was also detected. Together with the adjacent locations of the aldoxime dehydratase, NHase, amidase, and acyl-CoA synthetase genes, these findings suggest that the four enzymes are sequentially correlated with one another in vivo to utilize butyraldoxime as a carbon and nitrogen source. This is the first report of an overall “nitrile pathway” (aldoxime→nitrile→amide→acid→acyl-CoA) comprising these enzymes.
Pleural dissemination in non‐small cell lung cancer: Results of radiological evaluation and surgical treatment

The aims of this study are to evaluate the diagnostic ability of chest computed tomography (CT) in the early detection of pleural disease and to analyze the results of surgical treatment for lung cancer with pleural dissemination. Twenty‐three non‐small cell lung cancer patients with pleural dissemination, but without distant metastasis, underwent pleuropulmonary resection during the past 15 years. Chest CT scans were obtained preoperatively in 21 of those patients. In eight patients without pleural effusion, small pleural nodules, about 3–5 mm in size, were found in their chest CT. However, during surgery, small nodules were more frequently observed on the parietal pleura than on the visceral pleura in five of them. Therefore, early detection of the dissemination by chest CT seemed limited to only those of the visceral pleura. In the survival curve after resection, there was no difference among the patients with n2 disease, but there was a significant difference between the patients without n2 disease and those with it (P < 0.05). The presence of n2 disease appeared to be a poor prognostic sign in this form of advanced lung cancer. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Realistic load testing of Web applications

We present a new approach for performing load testing of Web applications by simulating realistic user behaviour with stochastic form-oriented analysis models. Realism in the simulation of user behaviour is necessary in order to achieve valid testing results. In contrast to many other user models, Web site navigation and time delay are modelled stochastically. The models can be constructed from sample data and can take into account effects of session history on user behaviour and the existence of different categories of users. The approach is implemented in an existing architecture modelling and performance evaluation tool and is integrated with existing methods for forward and reverse engineering
High-dose treatment with a long-acting somatostatin analogue in patients with advanced midgut carcinoid tumours.

OBJECTIVE High-dose somatostatin analogue treatment has shown an antiproliferative effect in one study including patients with neuroendocrine tumours. To explore this therapeutic strategy further, we have studied the effect of a high-dose formula of octreotide, octreotide pamoate, in midgut carcinoid patients. DESIGN AND METHODS Twelve patients with advanced midgut carcinoid tumours with a median duration of disease of more than 5 years were included. All were in a progressive state despite several previous treatment modalities. Octreotide pamoate (160 mg) was given as an intramuscular injection every 2 weeks for 2 months and then monthly. Radiological and biochemical responses were monitored. RESULTS Tumour size and biochemical markers were stabilised for a median of 12 months in 75% of the patients. Ten patients had symptomatic improvement of flush and diarrhoea. CONCLUSION In this group of patients with advanced midgut carcinoid tumours and progressive disease, octreotide pamoate managed to improve symptoms, and stabilise hormone production and tumour growth in 75% of the patients. We believe that high-dose treatment with somatostatin analogues can be an important addition to the therapeutic arsenal for patients with advanced progressive midgut carcinoid tumours.
Grief and mid‐trimester fetal loss

Fetal loss through miscarriage or termination of pregnancy for genetic reasons often provokes the grief of bereavement. This is not fully understood, and the extent of the distress is often underestimated by professionals and family alike. We have examined elements of the normal bereavement process and have found that they may occur in specific and accentuated forms in mid‐trimester fetal loss. We discuss our findings in the light of the attachment theory—a psychodynamic model for understanding grief reactions.
A session-oriented retrieval model based on Markov random field

In this paper, we study how to use the search session information to improve the retrieval accuracy. We propose a session-oriented retrieval model based on Markov random field. This model introduces the correlations between query terms as a retrieval factor into the retrieval process. It also presents a dynamic update algorithm based on the analysis of users' search behavior. Our model implements a complete session-oriented information retrieval framework finally. We use ClueWeb09 category B dataset and TREC 2010 (2011) Session dataset to quantitatively evaluate the model. Experimental results show that our model can improve retrieval performance substantially using the search session information.
Improving the Spatial Distribution Algorithm of the Traffic-Flow Analysis

This paper investigates and improves an important algorithm that is used in the Traffic-Flow Analysis (TFA). TFA can be used for the fast and approximate (performance) analysis of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) systems. The method contains an algorithm for the spatial distribution of the traffic in the system. It is shown how the error of the spatial distribution can be measured, and the effect of the so called size of routing unit parameter ( S RU ) of the algorithm is investigated. In order to define S RU , the Aggregated Traffic Tree-Model (ATTM) is introduced. Using step-by-step Discrete-Event Simulation (DES) and appropriate statistical algorithms in ATTM a method for determination of S RU is described. A method for the refinement of the S RU – based on the metrics defined for the measurement of TFA results – is introduced. A method taking into account Quality of Service (QoS) requirements in S RU refinement is also described in an example.
Association between ADAM metallopeptidase domain 33 gene polymorphism and risk of childhood asthma: a meta-analysis

This study aimed to investigate the association between ADAM metallopeptidase domain 33 (ADAM33) gene polymorphisms and the risk of childhood asthma. The relevant studies about the relationship between ADAM33 gene polymorphisms and childhood asthma were searched from electronic databases and the deadline of retrieval was May 2016. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ADAM33 (rs511898, rs2280092, rs3918396, rs528557, rs2853209, rs44707, rs2280091 and rs2280089) were analyzed based on several models including the allele, codominant, recessive and dominant models. The results showed that the ADAM33 rs2280091 polymorphism in all four genetic models was associated with an increased risk of childhood asthma. Positive associations were also found between the polymorphisms rs2280090, rs2787094, rs44707 and rs528557 and childhood asthma in some genetic models. This meta-analysis suggested that ADAM33 polymorphisms rs2280091, rs2280090, rs2787094, rs44707 and rs528557 were significantly associated with a high risk of childhood asthma.
Efficient Vector-Based Forwarding for Underwater Sensor Networks

Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are significantly different from terrestrial sensor networks in the following aspects: low bandwidth, high latency, node mobility, high error probability, and 3-dimensional space. These new features bring many challenges to the network protocol design of UWSNs. In this paper, we tackle one fundamental problem in UWSNs: robust, scalable, and energy efficient routing. We propose vector-based forwarding (VBF), a geographic routing protocol. In VBF, the forwarding path is guided by a vector from the source to the target, no state information is required on the sensor nodes, and only a small fraction of the nodes is involved in routing. To improve the robustness, packets are forwarded in redundant and interleaved paths. Further, a localized and distributed self-adaptation algorithm allows the nodes to reduce energy consumption by discarding redundant packets. VBF performs well in dense networks. For sparse networks, we propose a hop-by-hop vector-based forwarding (HH-VBF) protocol, which adapts the vector-based approach at every hop. We evaluate the performance of VBF and HH-VBF through extensive simulations. The simulation results show that VBF achieves high packet delivery ratio and energy efficiency in dense networks and HH-VBF has high packet delivery ratio even in sparse networks.
THE KINETICS OF THE PERIODATE-SCHIFF REACTION OF HUMAN LEUKOCYTE HOMOGENATES

The periodate-Schiff (PAS) reaction of homogenized human leukocytes has been studied with a quantitative test tube method. The leukocytes contain glycogen, which gives a slow formation of chromogen during the periodate oxidation, and one or several more rapidly reacting, nonglycogen substances. The latter substances are quantitatively more important for the PAS reaction than glycogen. Nonglycogenic, rapidly reacting PAS-positive substances are present in a high concentration in the specific leukocyte granules. A considerable fraction of the rapidly reacting PAS-positive material in leukocyte homogenates can be extracted with lipid solvents.
Algorithmic Construction of Lyapunov Functions for Power System Stability Analysis

We present a methodology for the algorithmic construction of Lyapunov functions for the transient stability analysis of classical power system models. The proposed methodology uses recent advances in the theory of positive polynomials, semidefinite programming, and sum of squares decomposition, which have been powerful tools for the analysis of systems with polynomial vector fields. In order to apply these techniques to power grid systems described by trigonometric nonlinearities we use an algebraic reformulation technique to recast the system's dynamics into a set of polynomial differential algebraic equations. We demonstrate the application of these techniques to the transient stability analysis of power systems by estimating the region of attraction of the stable operating point. An algorithm to compute the local stability Lyapunov function is described together with an optimization algorithm designed to improve this estimate.
Selecting good expansion terms for pseudo-relevance feedback

Pseudo-relevance feedback assumes that most frequent terms in the pseudo-feedback documents are useful for the retrieval. In this study, we re-examine this assumption and show that it does not hold in reality - many expansion terms identified in traditional approaches are indeed unrelated to the query and harmful to the retrieval. We also show that good expansion terms cannot be distinguished from bad ones merely on their distributions in the feedback documents and in the whole collection. We then propose to integrate a term classification process to predict the usefulness of expansion terms. Multiple additional features can be integrated in this process. Our experiments on three TREC collections show that retrieval effectiveness can be much improved when term classification is used. In addition, we also demonstrate that good terms should be identified directly according to their possible impact on the retrieval effectiveness, i.e. using supervised learning, instead of unsupervised learning.
Silhouettes Preserved Simplification for Small-Screen Display

In this paper, silhouettes preserved simplification for small-screen display is proposed. Silhouettes are determined simply by the normals of adjacent faces and the viewpoint directions. Thus, three kinds of triangles on the silhouette are defined: the Vertex Silhouette Triangle, the Edge Silhouette Triangle and the Angle Silhouette Triangle. By applying new rules of collapse and adding weight factors to the cost, the approximation which has the silhouette closer to the original model can be achieved, even when it leaves few triangles. The proposed algorithm is simple and effective, so it is suitable for the applications which consider silhouettes to be more significant than whole details such as the small-screen display case.
Recrawl scheduling based on information longevity

It is crucial for a web crawler to distinguish between ephemeral and persistent content. Ephemeral content (e.g., quote of the day) is usually not worth crawling, because by the time it reaches the index it is no longer representative of the web page from which it was acquired. On the other hand, content that persists across multiple page updates (e.g., recent blog postings) may be worth acquiring, because it matches the page's true content for a sustained period of time. In this paper we characterize the longevity of information found on the web, via both empirical measurements and a generative model that coincides with these measurements. We then develop new recrawl scheduling policies that take longevity into account. As we show via experiments over real web data, our policies obtain better freshness at lower cost, compared with previous approaches.
Polymorphisms in DNA Repair Genes and MDR1 and the Risk for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

The damage caused by oxidative stress and exposure to cigarette smoke and alcohol necessitate DNA damage repair and transport by multidrug resistance-1 (MDR1). To explore the association between polymorphisms in these genes and non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk, we analyzed 15 polymorphisms of 12 genes in a population-based study in Korea (694 cases and 1700 controls). Four genotypes of DNA repair pathway genes (XRCC1 399 GA, OGG1 326 GG, BRCA1 871 TT, and WRN 787 TT) were associated with a decreased risk for NHL [odds ratio (OR)XRCC1 GA = 0.80, p = 0.02; OROGG1 GG = 0.70, p = 0.008; ORBRCA1 TT = 0.71, p = 0.048; ORWRN TT = 0.68, p = 0.01]. Conversely, the MGMT 115 CT genotype was associated with an increased risk for NHL (OR = 1.25, p = 0.04). In the MDR1 gene, the 1236 CC genotype was associated with a decreased risk for NHL (OR = 0.74, p = 0.04), and the 3435 CT and TT genotypes were associated with an increased risk (OR3435CT = 1.50, p < 0.0001; OR3435TT = 1.43, p = 0.02). These results suggest that polymorphisms in the DNA repair genes XRCC1, OGG1, BRCA1, WRN1, and MGMT and in the MDR1 gene may affect the risk for NHL in Korean patients.
Activation of Phospholipase D Signaling Pathway by Epidermal Growth Factor in Osteoblastic Cells

The receptor‐mediated activation of phospholipase D (PLD) is a major signaling pathway in several cell systems. This study determined the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on PLD activity in normal rat osteoblastic cells. Primary cultures were obtained from fetal rat calvaria by sequential collagenase digestion and seeded in BGJb media supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. PLD activity was assayed by the transphosphatidylation reaction in [H3]myristic acid (5 μCi/ml)‐labeled cells treated with EGF in the presence of 5% ethanol and measuring the production of phosphatidylethanol (PEtOH). Lipids were extracted and separated by thin‐layer chromatography, detected by iodine staining, and the areas of interest were scraped off and transferred to vials for scintillation counting. EGF significantly increased PEtOH production in a dose‐dependent manner and at short (10–60 s) and long (up to 30 minutes) incubation periods (p < 0.05). Phosphatidic acid levels were also significantly increased (p < 0.05) compared with unstimulated controls, but the levels were ∼60% less than those of PEtOH. 4b‐phorbol 12‐myristate, 13‐acetate (PMA) also produced a significant increase in PEtOH levels when compared with unstimulated control cultures, but when PMA was added together with EGF, the production of PEtOH was reduced about 30%. Pretreatment of cells with the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor H‐7 caused a significant increase in PEtOH levels, compared with cells stimulated with EGF alone. Preincubation of cells with pertussis toxin produced a partial decrease in PEtOH levels. This study demonstrates that EGF activates the PLD signaling cascade in normal rat osteoblastic cells and that the pathway appears to involve, at least in part, a PKC‐ and Gi protein‐dependent mechanism.
Early brain proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and neonatal neurology related to neurodevelopmental outcome at 1 year in term infants after presumed hypoxic–ischaemic brain injury

This study investigated the accuracy of prediction of neurodevelopmental outcome at 1 year using cerebral proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and structured neonatal neurological assessment in term infants after presumed hypoxic–ischaemic brain injury. Eighteen control infants and 28 infants with presumed hypoxic–ischaemic brain injury underwent proton MRS investigation. Studies were carried out as soon as possible after the cerebral insult, most within 48 hours. Infants had an early structured neurological assessment at a median of 19 hours (range 0 hours to 9 days) from the presumed hypoxic–ischaemic insult and a late assessment at a median of 7 days (range 3 to 25 days) during recovery. The maximum cerebral peak–area ratio lactate:N‐acetylaspartate measured by proton MRS accurately predicted adverse outcome at 1 year with a specificity of 93% and positive predictive value of 92%. Neurological assessment had a tendency for false‐positive predictions. However, both early and late neurological examination can be used as a reliable indicator for a favourable outcome at 1 year having negative predictive values of 100% and 91% respectively.
Tissue Uptake, Mortality, and Sublethal Effects of Monomethylarsonic Acid (MMA(V)) in Nestling Zebra Finches (Taeniopygia guttata)

Monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA), an arsenic-based pesticide, has been used since the mid 1980s in attempts to suppress mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreaks in British Columbia, Canada. It was previously shown that cavity nesting forest birds forage and breed in MSMA-treated pine stands. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of ecologically relevant oral exposure to MSMA, including tissue distribution, growth parameters, and general health, including survival and immune function, of a model passerine, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Nestling finches were orally dosed for 20 d from hatching to fledging with 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, or 72 μg/g bw/d of monomethylarsonic acid (MMA(V), which corresponds to MSMA at physiological pH). Preliminary trials showed complete mortality at 36 and 72 μg/g bw/d, and repeat trials also resulted in high mortality at 24 μg/g bw/d. Surviving nestlings showed dose-dependent trends in accumulation of arsenic in blood and specific tissues, and decreased tarsi and wing cord length upon fledging. There were no observed effects of dosing on measured immune function (phytohemagglutinin [PHA], hematocrit, and leukocrit). The data obtained suggest that passerine nestlings may be at risk of mortality and reduced growth due to exposure to MSMA under current environmental conditions.
Singing / Rap Classification of Isolated Vocal Tracks

In this paper, a system for the classification of the vocal characteristics in HipHop / R&B music is presented. Isolated vocal track segments, taken from acapella versions of commercial recordings, are classified into classes singing and rap. A feature-set motivated by work from song / speech classification, speech emotion recognition, and from differences that humans perceive and utilize, is presented. An SVM is used as classifier, accuracies of about 90% are achieved. In addition, the features are analyzed according to their contribution, using the IRMFSP feature selection algorithm. In another experiment, it is shown that the features are robust against utterance-specific characteristics.
End-To-End Policy-Agnostic Security for Database-Backed Applications

Protecting sensitive data often requires implementing repeated secu­ rity checks and filters throughout a program. This task is especially error-prone in web programs, where data flows between applica­ tions and databases. To reduce the opportunity for privacy leaks, we present Jacqueline, a web framework that automatically enforces se­ curity policies that restrict where sensitive data may flow. In Jacque­ line, programmers specify information flow policies separately from the rest of the program. In turn, the remainder of the program is policy-agnostic: parametric with respect to the policies. The Jacque­ line runtime differentiates outputs based on the policies and viewer by simulating simultaneous multiple executions. We demonstrate that this approach provides strong theoretical guarantees and is also practical. We formalize Jacqueline’s object-relational mapping and prove end-to-end policy compliance. Our formalism uses standard relational operations and thus allows us to implement Jacqueline as an extension of the Django Python framework using an unmodi­ fied SQL database. We demonstrate the feasibility of the approach through three application case studies: a course manager, a health record system, and a conference management system that we have deployed to run a workshop. We compare to code written with hand-implemented policies, showing that not only does Jacqueline reduce lines of policy code, but also that the Jacqueline runtime has reasonable, and often negligible, overheads.