Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The metabolic demands of endosymbiotic chemoautotrophic metabolism on host physiological capacities

Summary While chemoautotrophic endosymbioses of hydrothermal vents and other reducing environments have been well studied, little attention has been paid to the magnitude of the metabolic demands placed upon the host by symbiont metabolism and the adaptations necessary to meet such demands. Here we make the first attempt at such an evaluation, and show that moderate to high rates of chemoautotrophic or methanotrophic metabolism impose oxygen uptake and proton equivalent elimination demands upon the hosts that are much higher than is typical for the non-symbiotic annelid, bivalve and gastropod lineages to which they are related. The properties of the hosts are described and compared to determine which properties are associated with and predictive of the highest rates. We suggest that the high oxygen demand of these symbionts is perhaps the most limiting flux for the symbioses. Among the consequences of such demands has been the widespread presence of circulating and/or tissue hemoglobins in these symbioses that are necessary to support high metabolic rates in thioautotrophic endosymbioses. We also compare photoautotrophic with chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic endosymbioses to evaluate the differences and similarities in physiologies. These analyses suggest that the high demand for oxygen by chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic symbionts is likely a major factor precluding their endosymbiosis with cnidarians.
Studies on the haemotoxicity of chloramphenicol succinate in the Dunkin Hartley guinea pig

In man, chloramphenicol (CAP), induces two major haemotoxic effects. First, a reversible, dose‐related reticulocytopenia and anaemia developing during treatment. Second, a non‐dose‐related aplastic anaemia (AA), developing weeks after treatment, is often irreversible and fatal. In previous studies, we developed a mouse model of the reversible reticulocytopenia/anaemia using CAP succinate (CAPS); attempts to induce AA in the mouse with CAPS were unsuccessful; in the rat, CAPS induced only minimal haemotoxicity. We therefore wished to investigate haematological changes caused by CAPS in a third rodent, particularly in relation to the induction of significant ‘late stage’ bone marrow depression (AA). Female guinea pigs were gavaged with CAPS in three experiments. In a dose ranging study, CAPS (at 2500 and 3500 mg/kg) was administered daily for 9 days, and blood examined at 1 day post dosing. CAPS induced increased erythrocyte values (an apparent haemoconcentration effect), and reduced reticulocytes and femoral marrow nucleated cell counts (FNCC). In a second experiment, CAPS was given at 333, 666 and 1000 mg/kg (13 days); haematological changes were compared with results from the initial study, with evidence of dose‐related effects. In a final experiment, CAPS was administered (825 mg/kg, 16 days) and blood studied at 1, 12, 28 and 63 days post dosing. At day 1, erythrocyte values were decreased (NS), and reticulocytes and FNCC were reduced; the marrow was hypocellular with erythroid depletion. At 12 and 28 days, values returned towards the normal range. At 63 days, parameters were normal. Thus, CAPS (825 mg/kg for 16 days) induced changes comparable to the reversible bone marrow depression seen in man; but there was no evidence of ‘late stage’ (i.e. at 63 days) marrow depression, as would be seen in a developing or overt marrow aplasia (AA). The guinea pig (like the mouse) is a model for the early events, but is not a good model for CAP‐induced AA in man.
A Survey of Homomorphic Encryption for Outsourced Big Data Computation

With traditional data storage solutions becoming too expensive and cumbersome to support Big Data processing, enterprises are now starting to outsource their data requirements to third parties, such as cloud service providers. However, this outsourced initiative introduces a number of security and privacy concerns. In this paper, homomorphic encryption is suggested as a mechanism to protect the confidentiality and privacy of outsourced data, while at the same time allowing third parties to perform computation on encrypted data. This paper also discusses the challenges of Big Data processing protection and highlights its differences from traditional data protection. Existing works on homomorphic encryption are technically reviewed and compared in terms of their encryption scheme, homomorphism classification, algorithm design, noise management, and security assumption. Finally, this paper discusses the current implementation, challenges, and future direction towards a practical homomorphic encryption scheme for securing outsourced Big Data computation.
Preliminary Report on the Excavation of the 17th‐Century Anglo‐Dutch East‐Indiaman Avondster in Bay of Galle, Sri Lanka

The Avondster was a 17th century British ship captured by the Dutch and used by the United Dutch East India Company (VOC) trading with Asia until it was wrecked in Galle Harbour, Sri Lanka in 1659. The shipwreck was found in 1997 to be in very good condition but under threat from development in the harbour. From 2001–2004 an archaeological project was implemented by the Dutch/Sri Lankan Mutual Heritage Centre. The aims were to record and recover important cultural material as well as to build up the capacity of a Sri Lankan Maritime Archaeology Unit for implementing future work. © 2005 The Nautical Archaeology Society
Mediterranean Y-chromosome 2.0—why the Y in the Mediterranean is still relevant in the postgenomic era

Abstract Context: Due to its unique paternal inheritance, the Y-chromosome has been a highly popular marker among population geneticists for over two decades. Recently, the advent of cost-effective genome-wide methods has unlocked information-rich autosomal genomic data, paving the way to the postgenomic era. This seems to have announced the decreasing popularity of investigating Y-chromosome variation, which provides only the paternal perspective of human ancestries and is strongly influenced by genetic drift and social behaviour. Objective: For this special issue on population genetics of the Mediterranean, the aim was to demonstrate that the Y-chromosome still provides important insights in the postgenomic era and in a time when ancient genomes are becoming exponentially available. Methods: A systematic literature search on Y-chromosomal studies in the Mediterranean was performed. Results: Several applications of Y-chromosomal analysis with future opportunities are formulated and illustrated with studies on Mediterranean populations. Conclusions: There will be no reduced interest in Y-chromosomal studies going from reconstruction of male-specific demographic events to ancient DNA applications, surname history and population-wide estimations of extra-pair paternity rates. Moreover, more initiatives are required to collect population genetic data of Y-chromosomal markers for forensic research, and to include Y-chromosomal data in GWAS investigations and studies on male infertility.
Mortality and Heart Rate in the Elderly: Role of Cognitive Impairment

Mortality related to heart rate (HR) increase in the elderly has not yet been well established. To ascertain the relationships among cognitive impairment (CI), mortality, and HR increase, the authors prospectively studied a random sample of elderly subjects stratified according to presence or absence of CI. Elderly subjects randomly selected in 1991 (n = 1332) were followed up for 12 years. Mortality was established in 98.1% of the subjects. When HR was stratified in quartiles (< 69, 70–75, 76–80, and > 80 bpm), mortality was linearly associated with increased HR in all (from 47.7 to 57.0; r2 = .43, p = .019) and in subjects without (from 41.7 to 51.1%; r2 = .50, p = .043) but not in those with CI (from 57.5 to 66.1; r2 = .20, p = .363). Cox regression analysis, adjusted for several variables, shows that HR doesn't predict mortality in all subjects (RR 0.69; 95% CI = 0.27–1.73) or in those with CI (RR 0.91; 95% CI = 0.81–1.02). In contrast, HR predicts mortality in subjects without CI (RR 1.10; 95% CI = 1.00–1.22). Hence, HR increase is a predictor of mortality in elderly subjects without CI. However, when considering all elderly subjects and those with CI, HR increase seems to have no effect on mortality. Thus, CI should be considered when focusing on HR increase as risk factor for mortality in the elderly.
Prevalence of Symptomatic Pelvic Floor Disorders among JapaneseWomen

Objective: There is little epidemiological data regarding pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in Japan, despite it being recognized as a disease can be treated in the outpatient or inpatient settings. Our aim was to estimate the prevalence of symptomatic POP among Japanese women. Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated 8,407 randomly selected women (20-90 years old) who were employed at the Japanese Agriculture Group. Trained research assistants distributed a Japanese self-administered questionnaire that was specifically designed for this study. The participants were asked to provide information regarding their demographic characteristics and symptoms of POP or urinary incontinence (UI). The potential risk factors included age, body mass index, self-reported conditions or comorbid diseases, parity, heavy lifting at work, perceived health status, and occupation. Results: The weighted prevalence of POP was 5.64% (95% Cl: 5.15-6.13%), the prevalence of UI was 44.25% (95% CI: 43.19-45.31%), and at least one pelvic floor disorder was reported by 46.15% of the women (95% Cl: 45.09-47.22%). The proportion of women who reported having symptomatic POP generally increased with age and peaked at the age of 70-79 years (20-29 years old: 0.86%, 30-39 years old: 3.45%, 40-49 years old: 3.59%, 50-59 years old: 5.79%, 60-69 years old: 6.12%, 70-79 years old: 6.27%, and ≥80 years old: 5.37%; p<0.001). Conclusion: The present study provided the first population-based estimate of the prevalence of POP among Japanese women. The prevalence of symptomatic POP increased with age and peaked at 70–79 years. Approximately half of adult Japanese women reported experiencing symptoms of at least one pelvic floor disorder (POP and/or UI).
El Estatuto de Profesionalización Docente: una primera evaluación

Mejorar la calidad de la educacion publica constituye un pilar fundamental para la superacion de la pobreza y el crecimiento economico. Con este proposito, en el ano 2002 el Gobierno Nacional expidio el Estatuto de Profesionalizacion Docente mediante el cual se promueve la utilizacion de sistemas de evaluacion para mejorar el perfil profesional de los individuos que se vinculan a la docencia y estimular a los profesores a realizar un trabajo cada vez mejor. En este Cuaderno de Fedesarollo se recogen los principales hallazgos derivados de una ambiciosa agenda de investigacion realizada por Alejandro Ome como parte de su tesis doctoral en la Universidad de Chicago, en la cual se analizan con gran rigor tecnico los efectos que ha tenido el Estatuto Docente sobre el nivel educativo de los profesores y los resultados de los estudiantes. El trabajo recibio el apoyo de Fedesarrollo a traves del concurso anual del Fondo German Botero de los Rios correspondiente al ano 2011 y constituye un valioso aporte para la discusion de las politicas educativas en Colombia.
Causes and Prevalence of Unplanned Readmissions After Colorectal Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the current literature was conducted to compare the overall and cause‐specific readmission rates after colorectal surgery of older adults with those of younger individuals. Potential predictors of unplanned readmission were also identified. Estimated pooled readmission rates were calculated and reported as pooled proportions with associated 95% confidence intervals (CI) in 60,131 total readmissions; 11.0% (95% CI = 10.0–12.0) of all admissions after colorectal surgery resulted in unplanned readmission at 30 days. Older adults had a lower rate of readmission than younger individuals. Bowel obstruction was the most common cause of unplanned readmission, accounting for 33.4% of all unplanned readmissions, followed by surgical site infection (15.7%) and intraabdominal abscess (12.6%). Several age‐related predictors of unplanned readmission were identified, such as poor functional capacity, multiple comorbidities, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and discharge to a nonhome destination. The findings of this review will help guide the development of future interventions to reduce preventable readmissions after colorectal surgery in older adults.
The Blason Populaire: Slurs and Stereotypes in Irish Proverbial Material

This paper examines the concept of the blason populaire in a corpus of Irish-language proverbial material covering the period 1858–1952. It will demonstrate that the focus of these blasons populaires is primarily regional, as opposed to national or ethnic, and, furthermore, that such proverbs are usually jocular, descriptive, and benign, rarely exhibiting ethnic or racial slurs. The study identifies and analyses the most salient stereotypical characterizations, and the proverbial forms in which they appear.
Outlier Detection with Autoencoder Ensembles

In this paper, we introduce autoencoder ensembles for unsupervised outlier detection. One problem with neural networks is that they are sensitive to noise and often require large data sets to work robustly, while increasing data size makes them slow. As a result, there are only a few existing works in the literature on the use of neural networks in outlier detection. This paper shows that neural networks can be a very competitive technique to other existing methods. The basic idea is to randomly vary on the connectivity architecture of the autoencoder to obtain signiﬁcantly better performance. Furthermore, we combine this technique with an adaptive sampling method to make our approach more eﬃcient and eﬀective. Experimental results comparing the proposed approach with state-of-the-art detectors are presented on several benchmark data sets showing the accuracy of our approach.
Predetection Switched Combining in Correlated Rician Fading

The performance of dual-branch predetection switch-and-stay combining (SSC) in correlated Rician fading is considered in conjunction with several modulation formats. Analytical expressions are derived for the average symbol error rate (SER) of predetection SSC in correlated Rician fading. Switching thresholds that minimize the average SER are obtained. The impact of fading factor and the fading correlation on the performance of predetection SSC is studied. Analytical expressions for the output average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the outage probability are derived. The validity of the analytical expressions are verified using Monte Carlo simulation.
Evolution of the human lifespan and diseases of aging: Roles of infection, inflammation, and nutrition

Humans have evolved much longer lifespans than the great apes, which rarely exceed 50 years. Since 1800, lifespans have doubled again, largely due to improvements in environment, food, and medicine that minimized mortality at earlier ages. Infections cause most mortality in wild chimpanzees and in traditional forager-farmers with limited access to modern medicine. Although we know little of the diseases of aging under premodern conditions, in captivity, chimpanzees present a lower incidence of cancer, ischemic heart disease, and neurodegeneration than current human populations. These major differences in pathology of aging are discussed in terms of genes that mediate infection, inflammation, and nutrition. Apolipoprotein E alleles are proposed as a prototype of pleiotropic genes, which influence immune responses, arterial and Alzheimer’s disease, and brain development.
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering

: Software cost estimation is the way of predicting the effort required to develop a software system. In this process we include software reuse concept which provide the the amount of code reused in a product and estimated the cost to develop the software. In this concept we estimate cost of reuse code which is reduce the cost of software during development and maintenance. To measure the costs involved in reuse programs and to evaluate the impacts of reuse in software development.
Detection of transcripts for retinoic acid receptors, retinol-binding protein, and transforming growth factors during rapid trophoblastic elongation in the porcine conceptus.

Early conceptus development (Days 10-12) in the pig is characterized by rapid remodeling and elongation of the trophoblastic membrane. Endometrial synthesis and secretion of retinol-binding protein (RBP; transporter of retinol) into the uterine lumen parallels the rapid morphological transformation of the conceptus. Hence, retinoic acid, a powerful morphogen, may serve a critical function in trophoblastic remodeling and conceptus elongation through the various isoforms of retinoic acid receptor (RAR). We hypothesize that various transcripts for RAR will be expressed, possibly differentially, in the early developing porcine conceptus on Days 10-12 of gestation. Conceptuses were collected from pregnant gilts and individually frozen in liquid nitrogen after classification for morphological size. A total of 36 conceptuses (4 groups of 9) representing spherical (2-9 mm), early tubular (10-12 mm), late tubular (13-60 mm), and filamentous (> 100 mm) morphologies were assembled for qualitative assessment of mRNA for RAR alpha, RARbeta, RARgamma, RBP, and transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta)-2 and -3 with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RBP gene expression was affected by stage of conceptus development (p < 0.05) as RBP expression increased in a linear fashion from 2-mm to 8-mm spherical conceptuses, decreased slightly in the tubular stage, and increased dramatically in filamentous conceptuses. RAR alpha, RARbeta, and RARgamma gene expression was evident at all stages of conceptus development. RAR alpha gene expression increased (p < 0.05) in a linear fashion from 2- to 8-mm spherical conceptuses, and expression plateaued in the 9- to 12-mm conceptuses. Expression of RAR alpha declined slightly at the tubular stage but dramatically increased in filamentous conceptuses. RARbeta gene expression was present across all stages of conceptus development although in diminutive amounts. RARgamma gene expression was evident in all stages of conceptus development but was not affected (p > 0.05) by developmental stage. Gene expression for TGFbeta-2 was not detected by RT-PCR at any stage of conceptus development, whereas TGFbeta-3 expression increased (p < 0.05) from the 2- to 8-mm conceptuses and remained high throughout trophoblastic elongation into the filamentous stage. The presence of mRNA for the RAR alpha, RARbeta, and RARgamma in elongating porcine conceptus provides evidence that RAR, particularly RAR alpha, may function as an important acceptor for retinoic acid and possibly regulate gene expression prior to and during rapid trophoblastic elongation in the porcine conceptus.
BILATERAL SPASTIC CEREBRAL PALSY—A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN SOUTHWEST GERMANY AND WESTERN SWEDEN. I: CLINICAL PATTERNS AND DISABILITIES

The results of a collaborative study of bilateral spastic cerebral palsy (BSCP) between south‐west Germany and western Sweden are reported, comprising 249 children in south‐west Germany and 264 children in western Sweden. A severe gross motor disability was present in 65 per cent of the German and 62 per cent of the Swedish children; learning difficulties or mental retardation in 73 and 76 per cent; active epilepsy in 28 and 26 per cent; and severe visual disability in 20 and 19 per cent, respectively. Severe disabilities were especially pronounced in children with normal birthweights, in whom the most severe subtypes of BSCP were also found. Leg‐dominated BSCP was the predominant subtype among low‐birthweight children, but also occurred in more than half of the normal‐birthweight children. The authors conclude that the two series were comparable, and that reliable results between countries can be obtained if clear‐cut classifications and definitions are used.
A Single Amino Acid Mutation (I1012F) of the RNA Polymerase of Marine Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Changes In Vitro Virulence to Rainbow Trout Gill Epithelial Cells

ABSTRACT Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is separated into four different genotypes (I to IV) with different sublineages (K. Einer-Jensen, P. Ahrens, R. Forsberg, and N. Lorenzen, J. Gen. Virol. 85:1167–1179, 2004; K. Einer-Jensen, J. Winton, and N. Lorenzen, Vet. Microbiol. 106:167–178, 2005). European marine VHSV strains (of genotypes I to III) are, in general, nonpathogenic or have very low pathogenicity to rainbow trout after a waterborne challenge, and here we also show that genotype IVa is nonpathogenic to trout. Despite several attempts, it has not been possible to link genomic variation to in vivo virulence. In vitro virulence to gill epithelial cells (GECs) has been used as a proxy for in vivo virulence, and here we extend these studies further with the purpose of identifying residues associated with in vitro virulence. Genotype Ia (DK-3592B) and III (NO/650/07) isolates, which are pathogenic to rainbow trout (O. B. Dale, I. Orpetveit, T. M. Lyngstad, S. Kahns, H. F. Skall, N. J. Olesen, and B. H. Dannevig, Dis. Aquat. Organ. 85:93–103, 2009), were compared to two marine strains that are nonpathogenic to trout, genotypes Ib (strain 1p8 [H. F. Mortensen, O. E. Heuer, N. Lorenzen, L. Otte, and N. J. Olesen, Virus Res. 63:95–106, 1999]) and IVa (JF-09). DK-3592 and NO/650/07 were pathogenic to GECs, while marine strains 1p8 and JF-09 were nonpathogenic to GECs. Eight conserved amino acid substitutions contrasting high- and low-virulence strains were identified, and reverse genetics was used in a gain-of-virulence approach based on the JF-09 backbone. Mutations were introduced into the G, NV, and L genes, and seven different virus clones were obtained. For the first time, we show that a single amino acid mutation in conserved region IV of the L protein, I1012F, rendered the virus able to replicate and induce a cytopathic effect in trout GECs. The other six mutated variants remained nonpathogenic. IMPORTANCE This is the first study to clearly link in vitro virulence of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) with an amino acid residue in the L protein, a site located in conserved region IV of the L protein. In vitro virulence is documented by induction of cytopathic effects and viability studies of gill epithelial cells, and the observed cellular responses to infection are associated with increased viral replication levels. There are no previous studies addressing the importance of the L protein or the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase for virus virulence in vitro or in vivo. Therefore, the findings reported here should broaden the search for pathogenicity traits in novirhabdoviruses, and there is a possibility that the polymerase participates in defining the host species virulence of various VHSV strains.