Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A novel anti-spam scheme for image-based email

Spam has become a serious problem not only to the Internet but also to society. In past years, researchers studied the problem mainly on textual features. As the content of spam removing from text-only to multimedia-enriched, the existing text-based spam filters are no longer effective for these emails. This paper proposes a novel filter approach that focuses on the spam which contains images. The approach based on detection and counting the similar image-based emails. A special challenge-response mechanism also is introduced in this paper in order to avoid legitimate being chucked. By this mechanism, users no longer need cost time to check the spam folder.
How Does Monetary Policy Respond to Exchange Rate Movements? New International Evidence

type="main" xml:lang="en"> This article analyzes how monetary policy has responded to exchange rate movements in six open economies, paying particular attention to the two-way interaction between monetary policy and the exchange rate. We address this issue using a structural VAR model that is identified using a combination of sign and short-term (zero) restrictions. Doing so we find that, while there is a instantaneous reaction in the exchange rate following a monetary policy shock in all countries, monetary policy responds significantly on impact to an exchange rate shock in only four of the six countries.
Reexamining “To vs. Through”: What New Research Tells Us about an Old Debate

“To vs. through” has become shorthand for whether a target-date fund glide path evolves only until the target date or continues to reduce the risk level beyond the target date. This article presents a persuasive common sense case for the to approach, based on an understanding of human capital, which is depleted at retirement, and retirement risk, which is at its highest level the day retirement begins. New research adds empirical force to the argument that a flat post-retirement glide path is superior to a glide path that continues to de-risk beyond the retirement date. The article’s research attempts to create a unified framework for exploring a wide range of lifecycle investing questions and is ultimately able to produce recommendations regarding equity levels, savings rates, and retirement withdrawal strategies. It builds on a substantial body of academic work and seeks to incorporate investor preferences, validated against real-world income and spending data.
Induced clean technology adoption and international trade with heterogeneous firms

ABSTRACT This paper introduces an environmental externality and factor-biased technology adoption into a trade model with heterogeneous firms. This study explores how firms’ decisions of technology adoption and of exports are affected by openness to trade and the stringency of environmental regulations. It shows that: (1) these decisions induced by tightened environmental policies depend upon whether the upgraded technology is labor-biased or emission-biased; (2) the environmental impact of trade cost reductions on the aggregate emissions and price of emissions permits varies with the factor-biased feature; and (3) regardless of the factor-biased feature, the trade cost reduction induces firms to export and to upgrade the factor-biased technology, while it forces the least productive firms to exit the market. Moreover, the model is further calibrated to simulate policy scenarios of bilateral and unilateral variations in trade variable costs and environmental policies. The bilateral reduction of emissions cap may contribute to welfare gains in both home and foreign countries. The unilateral action of tightening environmental policy in the home country may hurt the home country, but makes the foreign country better off.
An Accurate Wide-Speed Range Control Method of IPMSM Considering Resistive Voltage Drop and Magnetic Saturation

This paper deals with the high accurate current set-points solution for interior permanent-magnet synchronous motors (IPMSM) in wide-speed range applications. Considering voltage and current constraints, the operating regions can be divided into maximum torque per ampere, maximum current, field weakening, and maximum torque per voltage regions, which requires solving different nonlinear functions in real time to obtain optimal current set-points. Traditional methods including curve-fitting methods and polynomial approximation (PA) methods are not easy to obtain these solutions, especially involving magnetic saturation problems. In this paper, Newton–Raphson algorithm for improving the control accuracy of the current set-points is proposed. Meanwhile, parameters influence including magnetic saturation and resistive voltage drop is fully investigated. Compared with PA method, the proposed method is able to converge to accurate solutions in few numbers of iterations with reduced execution time, which can be easily implemented on an off-the-shelf digital signal processor. Both simulation results and experimental results on an 8-kW IPMSM rig are conducted showing good agreement with the expected results.
Noxious‐evoked c‐fos expression in brainstem neurons immunoreactive for GABAB, µ‐opioid and NK‐1 receptors

Modulation of nociceptive transmission at the brainstem involves several neurochemical systems. The precise location and specific characteristics of nociceptive neurons activated in each system was never reported. In this study, the presence of GABAB, µ‐opioid, and neurokinin‐1 (NK‐1) receptors in brainstem nociceptive neurons was investigated by double‐immunocytochemical detection of each receptor and noxious‐evoked induction of the c‐fos proto‐oncogene. Noxious cutaneous mechanical stimulation significantly increased the proportions of neurons double‐labelled for Fos and GABAB receptors in several brainstem regions, namely, the reticular formation of the caudal ventrolateral medulla (VLMlat and VLMrf), lateral reticular nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, pars caudalis (Sp5C), nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal reticular nucleus, ventral reticular nucleus, raphe obscurus nucleus and dorsal parabrachial nucleus (DPB). For µ‐opioid receptors, the proportions of double‐labelled neurons in noxious‐stimulated animals were higher than in controls only in the VLMlat, VLMrf, Sp5C, DPB and A5 noradrenergic cell group. As for the NK‐1 receptor, no significant differences were found between control and stimulated animals. According to these results, neurons expressing GABAB, µ‐opioid and NK‐1 receptors at several pain control centres of the brainstem are differentially involved in processing nociceptive mechanical input. The data provide the definition of new supraspinal targets for selective modulation of nociceptive neurons in order to define better strategies of pain control.
A novel deletion in the low‐density lipoprotein receptor gene in a patient with familial hypercholesterolemia from Petersburg

Fifty St. Petersburg patients with type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia were screened for the presence of structural rearrangements in the low‐density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene. One novel deletion of the length about 5 kilobases (kb) was found. This deletion seems to remove completely exons 4, 5, and 6 from the LDLR gene, coding for the largest part of the receptor ligand‐binding domain. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Crystal Structure of the Globular Head of Complement Protein C1q Provides a Basis for Its Versatile Recognition Properties*

C1q is a versatile recognition protein that binds to an amazing variety of immune and non-immune ligands and triggers activation of the classical pathway of complement. The crystal structure of the C1q globular domain responsible for its recognition properties has now been solved and refined to 1.9 Å of resolution. The structure reveals a compact, almost spherical heterotrimeric assembly held together mainly by non-polar interactions, with a Ca2+ ion bound at the top. The heterotrimeric assembly of the C1q globular domain appears to be a key factor of the versatile recognition properties of this protein. Plausible three-dimensional models of the C1q globular domain in complex with two of its physiological ligands, C-reactive protein and IgG, are proposed, highlighting two of the possible recognition modes of C1q. The C1q/human IgG1 model suggests a critical role for the hinge region of IgG and for the relative orientation of its Fab domain in C1q binding.
A mobility toolbox architecture for all-IP networks: an ambient networks approach

The future Internet will need to cater to an increasing number of mobile devices and mobile networks, roaming across different access networks and trust domains. In addition, various limitations imposed by the end user, service provider, or network operator agreements and preferences will need to be considered. A plethora of mobility management protocols have been proposed to handle different and mostly limited sets of these mobility requirements. In this article we make the case for coexistence of mobility protocols in order to support the large range of mobility scenarios possible in future all-IP networks. This coexistence takes the form of a mobility toolbox that enables mobility handling mechanisms to be selected according to the context. We then present a design for the mobility toolbox as a component of the ambient networks architecture, including a simplified mobility tool interface toward protocol modules, and show how it meets the requirements of future all-IP networks. We further demonstrate the feasibility and performance gains of the mobility toolbox architecture with a prototype implementation based on network mobility.
Avocado: a distributed virtual environment framework

Building Distributed Virtual Environment (DVE) applications is a complex task. Many different technologies and algorithms from various areas of computer science need to be combined to build an application. Real-time 3D graphics, data acquisition and network communication are all active research areas that contribute basic technology to the development of DVE applications. This thesis documents research performed during the development of the Avocado framework for distributed virtual environment applications at IMK (Institut fur Medienkommunikation, GMD - Forschungszentrum Informationstechnik, Sankt Augustin), where Avocado serves as the central platform for all DVE related research projects. In this context, possible approaches to the design of a general DVE framework have been investigated and the resulting reference implementation is presented. Special attention is given to the seamless integration of distributed application semantics into the standard, stand-alone VE object and event model. Further, the limiting constraints of large-scale DVE applications are discussed and a multi-resolution approach to scalability is presented.
Ceramide catabolism critically controls survival of human dendritic cells

The regulation of dendritic cell (DC) survival is crucial for the modulation of adaptive immunity. Ceramide is a lipid mediator of the stress response, which accumulates intracellularly during DC differentiation. We found that ceramide levels are tightly regulated in human DCs and that the pharmacological inhibition of enzymes responsible for ceramide catabolism, such as ceramidases and sphingosine kinases, sensitizes DCs to ceramide‐induced cell death. It is important that inhibition of sphingosine kinases, during lipopolysaccharide stimulation, causes extensive ceramide accumulation and death of DCs. These data indicate that ceramide catabolism regulates urvival of human DCs and reveal novel potential targets for the pharmacological manipulation of the immune response.
Heterogeneity in the Intrahousehold Allocation of International Remittances: Evidence from Philippine Households

ABSTRACT This article shows that heterogeneity in the intrahousehold allocation of remittances sent by temporary international migrant workers exists among households in the Philippines, and may be attributable to the absence of the spouse, suggesting moral hazard, and to the gender and educational attainment of the household head, indicating differences in preferences. GLM estimates and post-estimation tests reveal that male heads spend more on alcohol and tobacco, that the presence of a female decision-maker in a household increases allocations to goods that improve the welfare of the children, and that household heads with less formal education allocate more to education.
Generation of Subgenomic RNA Directed by a Satellite RNA Associated with Bamboo Mosaic Potexvirus: Analyses of Potexvirus Subgenomic RNA Promoter

ABSTRACT Satellite RNA of bamboo mosaic potexvirus (satBaMV), a single-stranded positive-sense RNA encoding a nonstructural protein of 20 kDa (P20), depends on bamboo mosaic potexvirus (BaMV) for replication and encapsidation. A full-length cDNA clone of satBaMV was used to examine the sequences required for the synthesis of potexvirus subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs). Subgenomic promoter-like sequences (SGPs), 107 nucleotides (nt) upstream from the capsid protein (CP) gene of BaMV-V, were inserted upstream of the start codon of the P20 gene of satBaMV. Insertion of SGPs gave rise to the synthesis of sgRNA of satBaMV in protoplasts ofNicotiana benthamiana and leaves of Chenopodium quinoa when coinoculated with BaMV-V genomic RNA. Moreover, both the satBaMV cassette and its sgRNA were encapsidated. From analysis of the SGPs by deletion mutation, we concluded that an SGP contains one core promoterlike sequence (nt −30 through +16), two upstream enhancers (nt −59 through −31 and −91 through −60), and one downstream enhancer (nt +17 through +52), when the transcription initiation site is taken as +1. Site-directed mutagenesis and compensatory mutation to disrupt and restore potential base pairing in the core promoter-like sequence suggest that the stem-loop structure is important for the function of SGP in vivo. Likewise, the insertion of a putative SGP of the BaMV open reading frame 2 gene or a heterologous SGP of potato virus X resulted in generation of an sgRNA. The satBaMV cassette should be a useful tool to gain insight into sequences required for the synthesis of potexvirus sgRNAs.
Raising the bar (1)

Abstract In this editorial, we summarize and comment on the papers published in issue 11.1 so as to raise the bar in applied spatial economic research and highlight new trends. The first paper employs the J-test to discriminate between two economic-theoretical explanations for the wage curve. The second applies a two-step ML procedure to measure the impact of volatility on economic growth. The third tests for endogeneity in the Spatial lag of X (SLX) model and whether or not the model should be extended to contain a spatial lag. The fourth utilizes the gravity model to test whether or not grids should be merged into larger units of observations. Finally, the last adopts a time-space recursive model to test the ripple effect and (linguistic) border effect hypotheses on housing prices in Belgium.
Cryopreservation of Complement‐Coated Erythrocytes

Cells coated with complement components (C3b‐C4b and C4b cells) were prepared by various methods and stored in liquid nitrogen using a low‐glycerol, rapid freeze technique. Freshly coated cells, and cells coated and then frozen were tested versus various antiglobulin and anticomplement reagents to evaluate the reactivity of such frozen, stored, complement‐coated human red blood cells. Liquid nitrogen preservation of such coated cells proved to be feasible when such cells were compared with freshly coated control cells.
The Relationship between Carbon Dioxide Emission Intensity and Economic Growth in China: Cointegration, Linear and Nonlinear Granger Causality

Abstract: This study is to use cointegration, linear and non-linear Granger causality test to investigate the relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissionand economic growth (GDP) in China for the period 1961–2010. Our analysis shows that CO2 emission and GDP are balanced in the long-run. The results suggest that there is evidence that economic development can improve environmental degradation in the long-run. Moreover, the result of linear and non-linear Granger causality test indicates a long-run unidirectional causality running from GDP to CO2 emissions. The study suggests that in the long run, economic growth may have an adverse effect on the CO2 emissions in China. Government should take into account the environment in their current policies, which may be of great importance for policy decision-makers to develop economic policies to preserve economic growth while curbing of carbon emissions.
Factors of Public E-Procurement Adoption: an Exploratory Field Study with French Practitioners

Eight years after its legal introduction, public e-procurement in France is undeniably progressing, but its adoption remains relatively limited. Its deployment and use in French public organizations is still very tentative compare to the initial ambitions of political decision makers and compared to its level of deployment in the private sector, and even more in other countries around the world. The goal of this exploratory study is to identify the factors that, according to practitioners, determine the adoption and use of public e-procurement in France. The analysis focuses on twenty-seven nondirected interviews with public purchasers and managers working for bidder companies on public contracts. The used research method was a content analysis. The results enabled an assessment of different factors influencing the adoption behavior of public e-procurement and also identified the trust construct as one important factor. This factor has four facets—self-trust, trust in technology, trust in partners, and trust in organization—and seems prominent when analyzing the adoption behavior, particularly for trust in technology according to practitioners.
Noise cancellation by a whole-cortex SQUID MEG system

We report on the noise cancellation performance of several whole-cortex MEG systems operated under diverse noise conditions, ranging from unshielded environments to moderately shielded rooms. The noise cancellation is performed by means of spatial filtering using high order gradiometers (2nd or 3rd), which can be formed optionally either by SQUID electronics firmware or by software. The spatial dependence of the gradiometer responses was measured in an unshielded environment and compared with simulations to yield an estimate of the system common mode magnitudes relative to field, 1st, and 2nd gradients. High order gradiometers were also formed when the system was operated in moderately shielded rooms. The combination of the spatial filtering and room shielding resulted in very high combined noise rejections approaching that of high quality shielded rooms. Examples of noise cancellation under various conditions are shown. <<ETX>>
What causes infarction in ischemic brain?

Improved treatment of associated cardiovascular and hematogenous abnormalities has favorably influenced the incidence and outcome of cerebral vascular disease during the past 25 years. Strong evidence now indicates that attention to the carbohydrate content of the brain also may influence outcome from grain ischemia. With brain lactate levels above approximately 16 mmol per kilogram, ischemia produces tissue infarction; ie, the lesion includes astrocytic and endothelial necrosis as well as neuronal death. We find that equal degrees of ischemia accompanied by lower tissue lactate values produce only selective neuronal damage in predictably Vulnerable areas; astrocytes and endothelia are spared and extracellular or progressive postischemic cerebral edema fails to develop. The findings suggest that astrocytes can function to defend brain tissue against the damaging effects of acute anoxia but that during such conditions, they are potentially vulnerable to high tissue lactate levels. Initial clinical evidence suggests that scrupulous attention to blood sugar may reduce the risk of human cerebral infarction after ischemia.
Stock Returns Following Large One-Day Declines: Further Evidence on the Liquidity Explanation from a Small, Developed Market

Cox and Peterson (1994) find that market liquidity may explain, to some extent, the tendency for return reversal following large single day declines. This is evidenced by stronger reversals for: stocks in less liquid markets (ie. AMEX vs NYSE); smaller stocks; and time periods when the market was less liquid. This suggests that small, relatively illiquid markets such as that which operates in Australia should experience relatively stronger return reversals than that observed in U.S. markets. This study examines the short-term price behaviour of Australian stocks following large one day declines to assess support for the liquidity explanation of return reversal. The lack of prior Australian research on short-run return reversals also justifies this study. Consistent with U.S. research we document a statistically significant reversal over the three days following a large price decline. However, this reversal does not appear to be economically significant (exploitable) and is explained to some extent by market microstructure. The magnitude of these reversals is significantly less than that reported by Cox and Peterson offering no support to their thesis that illiquidity is a key driver of return reversal. However, we confirm some other studies that have documented a puzzling pre-event series of significant positive abnormal returns. We also examine an extended post event period and document significant, sustained under-performance which requires further investigation. EFM codes: 350 Data used in this study was provided by SIRCA from their Confidential Database and their Core Research Data. The authors wish to acknowledge the generous support of SIRCA in the completion of this study.
STAT5 Activation Underlies IL7 Receptor-Dependent B Cell Development1

Signals initiated by the IL7R are required for B cell development. However, the roles that distinct IL7R-induced signaling pathways play in this process remains unclear. To identify the function of the Raf and STAT5 pathways in IL7R-dependent B cell development, we used transgenic mice that express constitutively active forms of Raf (Raf-CAAX) or STAT5 (STAT5b-CA) throughout lymphocyte development. Both Raf-CAAX and STAT5b-CA mice exhibit large increases in pro-B cells. However, crossing the Raf-CAAX transgene onto the IL7R−/− background fails to rescue B cell development. In contrast, STAT5 activation selectively restores B cell expansion in IL7R−/− mice. Notably, the expansion of pro-B cells in STAT5b-CA mice correlated with an increase in cyclin D2, pim-1, and bcl-xL expression, suggesting that STAT5 directly affects pro-B cell proliferation and survival. In addition, STAT5 activation also restored B cell differentiation in IL7R−/− mice as determined by 1) the restoration of VH Ig gene rearrangement and 2) the appearance of immature and mature B cell subsets. These findings establish STAT5 as the key player entraining B cell development downstream of the IL7R.
Robust Turnpikes Deduced by the Minimum-Time Needed toward Economic Maturity

In the paper, a one-sector neoclassical model with stochastic growth has been constructed. The major goal of the study is to characterize relevant mathematical properties of efficient development paths for underdeveloped economies. Since economic maturity is a reasonable objective, we mainly focus on the long-run features of economic development. Indeed, the notion of economic maturity is well-defined in the model, and also a thorough characterization of the minimum time needed toward economic maturity is offered with intuitive interpretations discussed. Moreover, it is confirmed that the capital-labor ratio corresponding to the state of economic maturity provides us with a robust turnpike of the optimal path of capital accumulation.