Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Explanations for Reactivity in Self-Monitoring

Self-monitoring is the procedure by which individuals record the occurrences of their own target behaviors. In addition to providing a source of data, self-monitoring is also used as a therapeutic strategy because it often causes reactive behavior changes in response frequency. Three alternative viewpoints to account for this reactivity are presented. Kanfer's position (1970a, 1970b, 1975, 1977) is that the self-monitoring response leads to self-evaluation and self-administered consequences that alter response frequency. Rachlin (1974) holds that the self-monitoring response cues the ultimate environmental consequences that control behavior rate. In an extension of Rachlin's view, Hayes and Nelson (1977) propose that the entire self-monitoring process (therapist instructions, training, self-recording device, self-monitoring responses) prompts the external consequences that control behavior frequency. This extension provides theoretical parsimony in positing environmental antecedents as well as consequences for reactivity. The extension also best accounts for data in which reactivity is not linked to the occurrence of the self-monitoring responses (i.e., reactivity occurs despite inaccurate self-monitoring, low frequency behaviors, and unused self-monitoring devices). Similarly, this view accounts for the parallel effects produced when monitoring is done by external agents.
Mitochondrial flashes: new insights into mitochondrial ROS signalling and beyond

Respiratory mitochondria undergo stochastic, intermittent bursts of superoxide production accompanied by transient depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential and reversible opening of the membrane permeability transition pore. These discrete events were named ‘superoxide flashes’ for the reactive oxygen species (ROS) signal involved, and ‘mitochondrial flashes’ (mitoflashes) for the entirety of the multifaceted and intertwined mitochondrial processes. In contrast to the flashless basal ROS production of ‘homeostatic ROS’ for redox regulation, bursting ROS production during mitoflashes may provide ‘signalling ROS’ at the organelle level, fulfilling distinctly different cell functions. Mounting evidence indicates that mitoflash frequency is richly regulated over a broad range, and represents a novel, universal, and ‘digital’ readout of mitochondrial functional status and of the mitochondrial stress response. An emerging view is that mitoflashes participate in vital processes including metabolism, cell differentiation, the stress response and ageing. These recent advances shed new light on the role of mitochondrial functional dynamics in health and disease.
Measuring Individual Differences in Emotion Regulation: The Emotion Regulation Profile-Revised (ERP-R)

The main purpose of this study was to validate a new instrument aimed to assess emotion regulation: the Emotion Regulation Profile-Revised (ERP-R). Exploratory factor analyses yielded two theoretically meaningful factors: down-regulation of negative emotions and up-regulation of positive emotions. Internal reliability scores of the two factors were good. Findings showed evidence of convergent/discriminant validity, with ERP-R scores being independent of non verbal reasoning and verbal skills while positively related to emotional intelligence and to relevant personality dimensions. There was also preliminary evidence of criterion validity. ERP-R scores also demonstrated incremental validity to predict a number of criteria over and above emotional intelligence and emotional stability. Overall, the results show a clear 2 factors solution for the ERP-R and high correlations with convergent and divergent scales as well as good criterion and incremental validities.
Virtual bokeh generation from a single system of lenses

Since bokeh that means a blur or its shape is an attractive effect for generating natural images, various methods are proposed to synthesize bokeh by analyzing rays in the space domain [Cook et al. 1984]. Recently, based on fourier transform of light fields, a method that can treat real images is also proposed [Ng 2005]. However, it is not easy to capture wide and dense light fields in comparison with ordinary images. In this paper, we propose direct virtual bokeh generation in the frequency domain from acquired multiple differently focused images without light fields or any depth estimation.
Translation-dependent mechanisms lead to PML upregulation and mediate oncogenic K-RAS-induced cellular senescence

Expression of oncogenic K‐RAS in primary cells elicits oncogene‐induced cellular senescence (OIS), a form of growth arrest that potently opposes tumourigenesis. This effect has been largely attributed to transcriptional mechanisms that depend on the p53 tumour suppressor protein. The PML tumour suppressor was initially identified as a component of the PML‐RARα oncoprotein of acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL). PML, a critical OIS mediator, is upregulated by oncogenic K‐RAS in vivo and in vitro. We demonstrate here that oncogenic K‐RAS induces PML protein upregulation by activating the RAS/MEK1/mTOR/eIF4E pathway even in the absence of p53. Under these circumstances, PML mRNA is selectively associated to polysomes. Importantly, we find that the PML 5′ untranslated mRNA region plays a key role in mediating PML protein upregulation and that its presence is essential for an efficient OIS response. These findings demonstrate that upregulation of PML translation plays a central role in oncogenic K‐RAS‐induced OIS. Thus, selective translation initiation plays a critical role in tumour suppression with important therapeutic implications for the treatment of solid tumours and APL.
Preferential attachment alone is not sufficient to generate scale free random networks

Many networks exhibit scale free behavior where their degree distribution obeys a power law for large vertex degrees. Models constructed to explain this phenomena have relied on preferential attachment where the networks grow by the addition of both vertices and edges, and the edges attach themselves to a vertex with a probability proportional to its degree. Simulations hint, though not conclusively, that both growth and preferential attachment are necessary for scale free behavior. We derive analytic expressions for degree distributions for networks that grow by the addition of edges to a fixed number of vertices, based on both linear and non-linear preferential attachment, and show that they fall off exponentially as would be expected for purely random networks. From this we conclude that preferential attachment alone might be necessary but is certainly not a sufficient condition for generating scale free networks.
Mission Design and Trajectory Analysis for Inspection of a Host Spacecraft by a Microsatellite

The trajectory analysis and mission design for inspection of a host spacecraft by a microsatellite is motivated by the current developments in designing and building prototypes of a microsatellite inspector vehicle. A mission in which a host spacecraft is in orbit about Earth is covered in this paper. A toolset has been created, composed of both natural and forced motion trajectories. The toolset evaluates an inspection mission concept based on figures of merit over four primary operational modes: deployment mode, global inspection mode, point inspection mode, and disposal mode. Merit figures investigated include the quality of inspection through resolution, lighting conditions, viewing angles, total inspection coverage, tracking spacecraft constraints and consumables regarding telecommunications, spacecraft power, and fuel expenditure. This paper presents the design of the inspection mission design toolset and summarizes the performance of a baseline inspection mission concept of a host in Earth orbit.
Sleep Disturbances and Their Relationship to Glucose Tolerance in Pregnancy

OBJECTIVE To explore relationships among sleep disturbances, glucose tolerance, and pregnancy outcomes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Four validated sleep questionnaires were administered to 169 pregnant women at the time of 50-g oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) during the second trimester. Pregnancy outcomes were analyzed in 108 women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). RESULTS Of the participants, 41% had excessive daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS] >8); 64% had poor sleep quality; 25% snored frequently; 29% had increased risk of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB); 52% experienced short sleep (SS); 19% had both increased SDB risk and SS (SDB/SS); and 14% had daytime dysfunction. Reported sleep duration inversely correlated with glucose values from 50-g OGTT (r = −0.21, P < 0.01). Each hour of reduced sleep time was associated with a 4% increase in glucose levels. Increased likelihood of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was found in subjects with increased SDB risk (odds ratio 3.0 [95% CI 1.2–7.4]), SS (2.4 [1.0–5.9]), SDB/SS (3.4 [1.3–8.7]), and frequent snoring (3.4 [1.3–8.8], after adjustment for BMI). Among NGT subjects, preterm delivery was more frequent in those with increased ESS (P = 0.02), poor sleep quality (P = 0.02), and SS (P = 0.03). Neonatal intensive care unit admissions were associated with increased ESS (P = 0.03), SDB/SS (P = 0.03), and daytime dysfunction (P < 0.01) in mothers. CONCLUSIONS Pregnant women experience significant sleep disturbances that are associated with increased risk of GDM and unfavorable pregnancy outcomes. Pregnant women with increased SDB risk, frequent snoring, and sleep duration of <7 h/night have increased risk of developing GDM.
Subband-Based Speech Recognition in Noisy Conditions: The Full Combination Approach

In this report, we investigate and compare different subband-based Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) approaches, including an original approach, referred to as the ``full combination approach'', based on an estimate of the (noise-) weighted sum of posterior probabilities for all possible subband combinations. We show that the proposed estimate is a good approximation of the ideal, but often unpractical, solution consisting in explicitly considering all possible subband subsets. This approximation results in a nonlinear, still simple and easy to implement, combination function. As opposed to other subband-based approaches, we believe that the proposed solution is more optimal (mathematically correct) and allows us to relax some of the (subband) independence assumptions. Similarly to this full posterior combination approach, which combines the subbands after independent processing, a full feature combination approach is investigated, in which all the possible subband features are orthogonalized and combined into a single feature vector (before probability estimation). The different approaches have been tested and compared on the Numbers'95 database (free format numbers) with different levels of (Noisex'92) car noise. This was done on the basis of two different acoustic features, namely PLP and J-RASTA-PLP features, and different weighting schemes. Those experiments show that the full combination approximation yields very good estimates of the actual full combination posteriors and that both approaches yield very good recognition performance.
Children's Personality as a Function of Family Relations within and between Cultures

Relations of four family characteristics to four personality characteristics were ascertained from 1,686 high school students, their parents, and teachers in 7 communities (Hong Kong, Taipei, Osaka, Berlin, Winnipeg, Phoenix, and Canberra). Analyses based on the composite sample showed generally positive correlations between (each of) member satisfaction, nurturance, and permissiveness and (each of) self-esteem, emotional well-being, and interpersonal competence; and also generally positive correlations between parental punitiveness and children's hostility. The major exceptions were that parent-reported nurturance correlated negatively with the child's self-esteem and interpersonal competence. When sex, age, parents' education, and sample differences were included as additional predictors, the proportions of predicted variance in children's personality characteristics reported by children and parents were increased by 53%, on average, and the proportions of predicted variance in children's personality characteristics reported by teachers were increased 28.7%, on average. An attempt was made to interpret cross-cultural differences in children's personalities by substituting for sample designators in the regression equations mean sample scores on family characteristics that showed significant intrasample correlations with the respective dependent variables. These resulted in elimination of almost two-thirds of the significant intersample mean differences, thus "explaining" such differences in terms of the family characteristics investigated here as intracultural determinants of personality.
The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE)

The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE), one of the programs in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III (SDSS-III), has now completed its systematic, homogeneous spectroscopic survey sampling all major populations of the Milky Way. After a three-year observing campaign on the Sloan 2.5 m Telescope, APOGEE has collected a half million high-resolution (R ∼ 22,500), high signal-to-noise ratio (>100), infrared (1.51–1.70 μm) spectra for 146,000 stars, with time series information via repeat visits to most of these stars. This paper describes the motivations for the survey and its overall design—hardware, field placement, target selection, operations—and gives an overview of these aspects as well as the data reduction, analysis, and products. An index is also given to the complement of technical papers that describe various critical survey components in detail. Finally, we discuss the achieved survey performance and illustrate the variety of potential uses of the data products by way of a number of science demonstrations, which span from time series analysis of stellar spectral variations and radial velocity variations from stellar companions, to spatial maps of kinematics, metallicity, and abundance patterns across the Galaxy and as a function of age, to new views of the interstellar medium, the chemistry of star clusters, and the discovery of rare stellar species. As part of SDSS-III Data Release 12 and later releases, all of the APOGEE data products are publicly available.
Nonlinear Wave Equations Related to Nonextensive Thermostatistics

We advance two nonlinear wave equations related to the nonextensive thermostatistical formalism based upon the power-law nonadditive S q entropies. Our present contribution is in line with recent developments, where nonlinear extensions inspired on the q-thermostatistical formalism have been proposed for the Schroedinger, Klein–Gordon, and Dirac wave equations. These previously introduced equations share the interesting feature of admitting q-plane wave solutions. In contrast with these recent developments, one of the nonlinear wave equations that we propose exhibits real q-Gaussian solutions, and the other one admits exponential plane wave solutions modulated by a q-Gaussian. These q-Gaussians are q-exponentials whose arguments are quadratic functions of the space and time variables. The q-Gaussians are at the heart of nonextensive thermostatistics. The wave equations that we analyze in this work illustrate new possible dynamical scenarios leading to time-dependent q-Gaussians. One of the nonlinear wave equations considered here is a wave equation endowed with a nonlinear potential term, and can be regarded as a nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation. The other equation we study is a nonlinear Schroedinger-like equation.
Rotation curves and metallicity gradients from HII regions in spiral galaxies

In this paper we study long slit spectra in the region of H emission line of a sample of 111 spiral galaxies with recognizable and well defined spiral morphology and with a well determined environmental status, ranging from isolation to non-disruptive interaction with satellites or companions. The form and properties of the rotation curves are considered as a function of the isolation degree, morphological type and luminosity. The line ratios are used to estimate the metallicity of all the detected HII regions, thus producing a composite metallicity profile for dierent types of spirals. We have found that isolated galaxies tend to be of later types and lower luminosity than the interacting galaxies. The outer parts of the rotation curves of isolated galaxies tend to be flatter than in interacting galaxies, but they show similar relations between global parameters. The scatter of the Tully-Fisher relation defined by isolated galaxies is significantly lower than that of interacting galaxies. The (NII)/H ratios, used as a metallicity indicator, show a clear trend between Z and morphological type, t, with earlier spirals showing higher ratios; this trend is tighter when instead of t the gradient of the inner rotation curve, G, is used; no trend is found with the change in interaction status. The Z-gradient of the disks depends on the type, being almost flat for early spirals, and increasing for later types. The (NII)/H ratios measured for disk HII regions of interacting galaxies are higher than for normal/isolated objects, even if all the galaxy families present similar distributions of H Equivalent Width.
Punctualizing Identity

Questions of identity, the nuance of self to context or culture, continue to dominate despite a fashion to imagine ‘structures’ of class, status and ethnicity as becoming less demanding and, hence, more fluid and open to choice. In contrast to a picture of individuals suspended in fluids of their own making, this article introduces the idea of identity being punctualized: a ‘revealing’ of each specified identity within the here and now; and in response to the ‘demand’ of others. Accepting there is a positioning effect, requiring those making demands to be in a position to make their specific reading on identity, the article draws on Henry James’s novel The Ambassadors, to illustrate a timing effect, in which each ‘call’ demands a display of identity that annuls other ‘calls’ – precisely by overtaking these in the here and now. These demands arguably overlap with Heidegger’s formulation, in which the demanding relation is general and is presented as the effect of technology: technology transforms everything in nature, including ourselves, into things ‘standing in advance’. Relations are not attenuated, so much as it matters more what identity is being produced (and when).
An ${\cal H}^{2}$-Matrix-Based Integral-Equation Solver of Reduced Complexity and Controlled Accuracy for Solving Electrodynamic Problems

Using an H 2 matrix as the mathematical framework, we compactly represent a dense system matrix by a reduced set of parameters, thus enabling a significant reduction in computational complexity. The error bound of the H 2-matrix-based representation of an electrodynamic problem was derived. We show that exponential convergence with respect to the number of interpolation points can be achieved irrespective of the electric size. In addition, we show that a direct application of H 2-matrix-based techniques to electrodynamic problems would result in a complexity greater than O (N), with N being the matrix size, due to the need of increasing the rank when ascending an inverted tree in order to keep a constant order of accuracy. A rank function was hence developed to maintain the same order of accuracy in a wide range of electric sizes without compromising computational complexity. With this rank function, we demonstrate that given a range of electric sizes which lead to a range of N , the dense system of O (N 2) parameters can be compactly stored in O (N) units, and the dense matrix-vector multiplication can be performed in O (N) operations. Moreover, the same order of accuracy can be kept across this range. The method is kernel independent, and hence is suitable for any integral-equation-based formulation. In addition, it is applicable to arbitrary structures. Numerical experiments from small electric sizes to 64 wavelengths have demonstrated the performance of the proposed method.
Determinants of injection drug user (IDU) syringe sharing: the relationship between availability of syringes and risk network member characteristics in Winnipeg, Canada.

AIMS Despite the establishment of syringe exchange programmes, syringe-sharing behaviour remains common among some injection drug users (IDU). Previous studies have identified several individual- and social network-level variables associated with syringe sharing. We examine the extent to which each of these variables is related independently to this behaviour within a diverse study population. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A cross-sectional survey of 435 IDU conducted between December 2003 and September 2004 in Winnipeg, Canada. MEASUREMENTS Individual and social-network variables were obtained from a survey instrument administered through a personal interview. Syringe sharing was defined as receptive syringe sharing in the last 6 months. Logistic regression analysis with generalized estimating equations was used to determine simultaneously the role of individual-level and risk network member-level variables on the odds of syringe sharing. FINDINGS Individuals' relationship to a risk network member (sex partner, OR: 15.3 95% CI: 7.6-30.8; family member, OR: 3.4 95% CI: 1.3-9.0) and difficulty of access to syringes (OR: 3.6 95% CI: 1.3-9.9) were predictive of syringe sharing. Dyads who 'often' pooled resources to obtain drugs were at 4.9 times (95% CI: 2.1-11.6) the odds of syringe sharing, while those who 'sometimes' pooled resources were at 2.8 times (95% CI: 1.1-6.7) the odds, compared to those who 'never' pooled resources together. CONCLUSIONS Syringe sharing in this population depended on both the availability of clean syringes and social network relationships. Adopting interventions that take into account relationships and behaviours that shape social norms present in networks/dyads would be a necessary prevention strategy alongside the provision of clean syringes.
Whose side were we on? The undeclared politics of moral panic theory

This paper deals with some hidden political dimensions of moral panic theory. It concentrates on the implications of two related claims about what this battle meant: first, that moral panics are inherently normative and can be categorized as good and bad moral panics (the ones that we study are invariably bad); second, that students of moral panics have to take sides in this normative battle. There are differences in the ways this question was originally posed in the late 1960s and today.
Model-based registration of ex vivo and in vivo MRI of the prostate using elastography

Registration of histopathology to in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the prostate is an important task that can be used to optimize in vivo imaging for cancer detection. Such registration is challenging due to the change in volume and deformation of the prostate during excision and fixation. One approach towards this problem involves the use of an ex vivo MRI of the excised prostate specimen, followed by in vivo to ex vivo MRI registration of the prostate. We propose a novel registration method that uses a patient-specific biomechanical model acquired using magnetic resonance elastography to deform the in vivo volume and match it to the surface of the ex vivo specimen. The forces that drive the deformations are derived from a region-based energy, with the elastic potential used for regularization. The incorporation of elastography data into the registration framework allows inhomogeneous elasticity to be assigned to the in vivo volume. We show that such inhomogeneity improves the registration results by providing a physical regularization of the deformation map. The method is demonstrated and evaluated on six clinical cases.