Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Improving information extraction and translation using component interactions

The traditional natural language processing pipeline incorporates multiple stages of linguistic analysis. Although errors are typically compounded through the pipeline, it is possible to reduce the errors in one stage by harnessing the results of the other stages. This thesis presents a new framework based on component interactions to approach this goal. The new framework applies all stages in a suitable order, with each stage generating multiple hypotheses and propagating them through the whole pipeline. Then the feedback from subsequent stages is used to enhance the target stage by re-ranking these hypotheses, and then produce the best analysis. The effectiveness of this framework has been demonstrated by substantially improving the performance of Chinese and English entity extraction and Chinese-to-English entity translation. The inference knowledge includes mono-lingual interactions among information extraction stages such as name tagging, coreference resolution, relation extraction and event extraction, as well as cross-lingual interaction between information extraction and machine translation. Such symbiosis of analysis components allows us to incorporate information from a much wider context, spanning the entire document and even going across documents, and utilize deeper semantic analysis; it will therefore be essential for the creation of a high-performance NLP pipeline.
Genetic Programming for Julia : fast performance and parallel island model implementation

I introduce a Julia implementation for genetic programming (GP), which is an evolutionary algorithm that evolves models as syntax trees. While some abstract high-level genetic algorithm packages, such as GeneticAlgorithms.jl, already exist for Julia, this package is not optimized for genetic programming, and I provide a relatively fast implementation here by utilizing the low-level Expr Julia type. The resulting GP implementation has a simple programmatic interface that provides ample access to the parameters controlling the evolution. Finally, I provide the option for the GP to run in parallel using the highly scalable ”island model” for genetic algorithms, which has been shown to improve search results in a variety of genetic algorithms by maintaining solution diversity and explorative dynamics across the global population of solutions.
MICROVASCULAR THROMBOSIS AND SUBCHONDRAL BONE-PLATE THICKENING ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CARTILAGE DEGENERATION IN THE DUNKIN-HARTLEY GUINEA PIG MODEL OF OSTEOARTHRITIS

INTRODUCTION: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating disease that affects over 40 million people in the United States at any given time. Virtually everyone over the age of 75 is affected in at least one joint by osteoarthritis, making this disease one of the most common health conditions in the country. Several theories of OA progression have been proposed. Mow et al. have suggested a primarily cartilage-based etiology for OA progression while Radin has proposed. that initial subchondral bone changes precede cartilage degradation. While these groups have studied the different stages of cartilage degradation, early events of the disease process remain unclear. Recent work done by our group as well by Ghosh et al. suggests that thrombosis may play a role in the early etiology of OA. Our studies have shown hypercoagulability in patients with OA, suggesting a systemic contribution to local intraosseous thrombosis. Utilizing the Dunkin-Hartley guinea-pig model of spontaneous arthritis, we have shown a relationship between subchondral microthrombosis, subchondral bone plate thickness, and cartilage degeneration. We believe that such a relationship elucidates the time-course of progression of OA and furthers our understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease
EFFECTS OF DIAZEPAM SUSPENSION IN GERIATRIC PATIENTS HOSPITALIZED FOR PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESSES

Clinical experience with diazepam,l a benzodiazepine derivative, has been documented in more than 100 published papers. This drug is reported to be effective in alleviating symptoms of anxiety and tension in various psychiatric and physical disorders (1-6). Except for one study (1) which dealt specifically with geriatric patients, experience with diazepam in elderly patients has been limited. Chesrow et al. (1) found this drug to be particularly well suited for hospitalized geriatric patients, who slept better and were more willing to take part in hospital activities while taking it. Vilkin and Lomas (2) reported on 3 geriatric subjects, all of whom responded to diazepam therapy. Kelley (3) considered diazepam to be an appropriate alternative or adjunct to electroshock treatment or insulin-coma therapy in elderly patients. Our study was designed so that patients with responses which we term “covariant’l-coincident but unrelated-could be detected in an initial experiment and be excluded from a subsequent double-blind trial. The well recognized placebo reaction (whether to an inert substance or to any therapeutic measure) exhibited by some persons in every test situation is one example of such a covariant response. This type of response may also account for the “side effects” of an active medication, often interpreted as such by the observer and attributed erroneously to the item tested. To rule out such subjects because of the unreliability of the results introduced by them into a study, we employed the following procedure to evaluate the therapeutic effects of diazepam as compared with a placebo.
Cost effectiveness of haemophilia treatment: a cross-national assessment

The aim of this study was to assess the incremental cost effectiveness of on-demand versus prophylactic haemophilia therapy in Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom and The Netherlands from the third-party payers’ perspective. Using a decision tree model, the cost effectiveness of on-demand versus prophylactic therapy was analysed by extrapolating data from the European Haemophilia Economic Study to a 1-year analytic time horizon. Five hundred and six patients with severe haemophilia A and B, without inhibitors and at least 14 years of age, were enrolled in this study. Patients treated prophylactically had fewer bleeds than patients treated on-demand. With prophylactic treatment, the incremental cost per avoided bleeding ranged from &U20AC;6650 for patients 30 years of age or younger in Germany to &U20AC;14 140 for patients over 30 years old in Sweden. If quality of life was taken into account, patients receiving prophylactic treatment had higher mean utilities than patients on on-demand therapy. The incremental effectiveness ratios in Germany were &U20AC;1.2 million per quality-adjusted life year gained for patients 30 years or younger and HIV-positive and &U20AC;2.2 million for patients 30 years or younger and HIV-negative. In the group aged over 30 years and HIV-positive the on-demand treatment strategy was dominant, whereas in the over 30 years/HIV-negative group the incremental cost-utility ratio was &U20AC;4.7 million per quality-adjusted life year. Based on our decision analysis, the use of prophylactic treatment was overall more effective than on-demand therapy in young haemophiliacs, but at extremely high cost.
Altered Function of Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Adolescents with Peer Verbal Abuse History

Objective Previous studies showing the association of exposure to peer (PeVA) and parental verbal abuse in childhood with structural alterations in the young adult brain suggest functional changes in adolescence. In this functional MRI study, we investigated the effects of exposure to PeVA, during elementary and middle school periods, on brain response to emotional words, in high school students. Methods An emotional Stroop task consisting of swear, negative, positive, and neutral words was performed during functional MRI scan for 23 subjects who were divided into low- and high exposure groups to PeVA. Results High-PeVA group had a higher depression score, greater left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) activity, and higher left VLPFC-left hippocampus connectivity in swear word conditions. The VLPFC activity and left VLPFC-left hippocampus connectivity was negatively related to the severity of anxiety and depressive symptoms, respectively. Conclusion These preliminary findings support the hypothesis that exposure to PeVA, during childhood, is an aversive stimulus associated with meaningful functional change in emotional regulation network, showing hypersensitivity to swear words, at middle adolescence.
Analysis of Dengue Virus Genetic Diversity during Human and Mosquito Infection Reveals Genetic Constraints

Dengue viruses (DENV) cause debilitating and potentially life-threatening acute disease throughout the tropical world. While drug development efforts are underway, there are concerns that resistant strains will emerge rapidly. Indeed, antiviral drugs that target even conserved regions in other RNA viruses lose efficacy over time as the virus mutates. Here, we sought to determine if there are regions in the DENV genome that are not only evolutionarily conserved but genetically constrained in their ability to mutate and could hence serve as better antiviral targets. High-throughput sequencing of DENV-1 genome directly from twelve, paired dengue patients’ sera and then passaging these sera into the two primary mosquito vectors showed consistent and distinct sequence changes during infection. In particular, two residues in the NS5 protein coding sequence appear to be specifically acquired during infection in Ae. aegypti but not Ae. albopictus. Importantly, we identified a region within the NS3 protein coding sequence that is refractory to mutation during human and mosquito infection. Collectively, these findings provide fresh insights into antiviral targets and could serve as an approach to defining evolutionarily constrained regions for therapeutic targeting in other RNA viruses.
Receptor targets of amacrine cells

Abstract Amacrine cells are a morphologically and functionally diverse group of inhibitory interneurons. Morphologically, they have been divided into approximately 30 types. Although this diversity is probably important to the fine structure and function of the retinal circuit, the amacrine cells have been more generally divided into two subclasses. Glycinergic narrow-field amacrine cells have dendrites that ramify close to their somas, cross the sublaminae of the inner plexiform layer, and create cross talk between its parallel ON and OFF pathways. GABAergic wide-field amacrine cells have dendrites that stretch long distances from their soma but ramify narrowly within an inner plexiform layer sublamina. These wide-field cells are thought to mediate inhibition within a sublamina and thus within the ON or OFF pathway. The postsynaptic targets of all amacrine cell types include bipolar, ganglion, and other amacrine cells. Almost all amacrine cells use GABA or glycine as their primary neurotransmitter, and their postsynaptic receptor targets include the most common GABAA, GABAC, and glycine subunit receptor configurations. This review addresses the diversity of amacrine cells, the postsynaptic receptors on their target cells in the inner plexiform layer of the retina, and some of the inhibitory mechanisms that arise as a result. When possible, the effects of GABAergic and glycinergic inputs on the visually evoked responses of their postsynaptic targets are discussed.
Collaborative filtering recommendation based on item rating and characteristic information prediction

To deal with the sparsity and expansibility of traditional collaborative filtering algorithm, a collaborative filtering algorithm based on item rating was proposed in this paper. The method can calculation the item ratings of project that have not rated based on the analysis of the item characteristic information, and use item-based collaborative filtering algorithm to find the similar items. Moreover, the paper puts forward a new formula to compute the rating values of the item that users have not rated. The experiment results demonstrate that the new algorithm could improve the accuracy of recommendation under the condition of the extreme sparsity of user rating data.
Exact distribution of energies in the two-dimensional ising model.

This paper describes an exact determination of the lowtemperature series expansion for the partition function of the two-dimensional Ising model on a square lattice. The expansion is based on Onsager’s exact solution [1] as generalized by Kaufman [2]. The purpose of the calculation is to determine the exact distribution function of energies with which one can compare energy histograms generated by Monte Carlo simulations. Previously only loworder cumulants of the distribution were known exactly [3], so Monte Carlo tests depended on comparing the results of the simulations with only the exactly known values of the internal energy and the specific heat on finite square lattices [3]. Knowledge of the full energy distribution, however, is equivalent to knowing all cumulants for the model exactly so it potentially contains much more information than is typically used for checking the validity and convergence of new Monte Carlo methods. For example, subtle correlations in the pseudorandom numbers cause very easily discernible deviations of the energy histogram from the exact distribution. Another potential use of the exact solution for the energy distribution involves testing the range of accuracy of the histogram reweighting method [4]. Histogram reweighting is a widely used technique because of the savings in computer time that results from performing Monte Carlo simulations at one value of the applied fields (temperature, magnetic field, chemical potential, etc.) and reweighting the measured histograms to determine the thermal averages at nearby field values. The energy distribution function provides an exact benchmark for testing the evolution of statistical and systematic errors as a function of temperature. The isotropic two-dimensional Ising model with nearest-neighbor interactions on a lattice with m rows and n columns with periodic boundary conditions in zero external field is defined by the Hamiltonian
Title Left ventricular mechanics in repaired tetralogy of Fallot with and without pulmonary valve replacement: analysis by three- dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography

Background: Altered septal curvature and left ventricular (LV) geometry secondary to right ventricular (RV) dilation render two-dimensional assessment of LV mechanics difficult in repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) patients. The novel threedimensional (3D) speckle tracking echocardiography enables comprehensive evaluation of true 3D LV mechanics. Methods and Results: Seventy-six patients aged 23.668. 3 years, 55 with isolated repair (group I) and 21 with subsequent pulmonary valve replacement (group II), and 34 healthy controls were studied. Three-dimensional volume datasets were acquired for assessment of LV global and regional 3D strain, systolic dyssynchrony index (SDI), twist, twist gradient (twist/LV length), and ejection fraction. A global performance index was calculated as (global 3D strainNtwist gradient)/SDI. The septal curvature and LV eccentricity were determined from the mid-ventricular short-axis. Compared with controls, group I and II patients had significantly reduced LV global 3D strain, LV twist, twist gradient, septal curvature, and global performance index, and greater LV systolic and diastolic eccentricity and SDI (all p,0.05). All but the four apical LV segments in patients had reduced regional 3D strain compared with controls (all p,0.05). Septal curvature correlated with LV global 3D strain (r = 0.41, p,0.001), average septal strain (r = 0.38, p,0.001), twist (r = 0.32, p,0.001), twist gradient (r = 0.33, p,0.001), and global performance index (r = 0.43, p,0.001). Conclusions: Adverse 3D LV mechanics as characterized by impaired global and regional 3D systolic strain, mechanical dyssynchrony, and reduced twist is related to reduced septal curvature in repaired TOF patients with and without pulmonary valve replacement. Citation: Li S-n, Yu W, Lai CT-m, Wong SJ, Cheung Y-f (2013) Left Ventricular Mechanics in Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot with and without Pulmonary Valve Replacement: Analysis by Three-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography. PLoS ONE 8(11): e78826. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0078826 Editor: German E. Gonzalez, University of Buenos Aires, Faculty of Medicine. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Institute, Argentina Received December 18, 2012; Accepted September 17, 2013; Published November 6, 2013 Copyright: 2013 Li et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: The study was funded by Research Grants Council General Research Fund of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (Project no. HKU 763710M). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: xfcheung@hku.hk
Decomposition algorithms for multi-area power system analysis

Decomposition Algorithms for Multi-area Power System Analysis. (May 2007) Liang Min, B.S., Tianjin University, China; M.S., Tianjin University, China Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Ali Abur A power system with multiple interconnected areas needs to be operated coordinately for the purposes of the system reliability and economic operation, although each area has its own ISO under the market environment. In consolidation of different areas under a common grid coordinator, analysis of a power system becomes more computationally demanding. Furthermore, the analysis becomes more challenging because each area cannot obtain the network operating or economic data of other areas. This dissertation investigates decomposition algorithms for multi-area power system transfer capability analysis and economic dispatch analysis. All of the proposed algorithms assume that areas do not share their network operating and economic information among themselves, while they are willing to cooperate via a central coordinator for system wide analyses. The first proposed algorithm is based on power transfer distribution factors (PTDFs). A quadratic approximation, developed for the nonlinear PTDFs, is used to update tie-line power flows calculated by Repeated Power Flow (RPF). These tie-line power flows are then treated as injections in the TTC calculation of each area, as the central entity coordinates these results to determine the final system-wide TTC value. The second proposed algorithm is based on REI-type network equivalents. It uses the Continuation Power Flow (CPF) as the computational tool and, thus, the problem
Preferred orientation in an angled intercalation site of a chloro-substituted Λ-[Ru(TAP)2(dppz)]2+ complex bound to d(TCGGCGCCGA)2

The crystal structure of the ruthenium DNA ‘light-switch’ complex Λ-[Ru(TAP)2(11-Cl-dppz)]2+ (TAP=tetraazaphenanthrene, dppz=dipyrido[3,2-a′:2′,3′-c]phenazine) bound to the oligonucleotide duplex d(TCGGCGCCGA)2 is reported. The synthesis of the racemic ruthenium complex is described for the first time, and the racemate was used in this study. The crystal structure, at atomic resolution (1.0 Å), shows one ligand as a wedge in the minor groove, resulting in the 51° kinking of the double helix, as with the parent Λ-[Ru(TAP)2(dppz)]2+. Each complex binds to one duplex by intercalation of the dppz ligand and also by semi-intercalation of one of the orthogonal TAP ligands into a second symmetrically equivalent duplex. The 11-chloro substituent binds with the major component (66%) oriented with the 11-chloro substituent on the purine side of the terminal step of the duplex.
Environmentally induced reversible conformational switching in the yeast cell adhesion protein α‐agglutinin

The yeast cell adhesion protein α‐agglutinin is expressed on the surface of a free‐living organism and is subjected to a variety of environmental conditions. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy shows that the binding region of α‐agglutinin has a β‐sheet‐rich structure, with only ∼2% α‐helix under native conditions (15–40°C at pH 5.5). This region is predicted to fold into three immunoglobulin‐like domains, and models are consistent with the CD spectra as well as with peptide mapping and site‐specific mutagenesis. However, secondary structure prediction algorithms show that segments comprising ∼17% of the residues have high α‐helical and low β‐sheet potential. Two model peptides of such segments had helical tendencies, and one of these peptides showed pH‐dependent conformational switching. Similarly, CD spectroscopy of the binding region of α‐agglutinin showed reversible conversion from β‐rich to mixed α/β structure at elevated temperatures or when the pH was changed. The reversibility of these changes implied that there is a small energy difference between the all‐β and the α/β states. Similar changes followed cleavage of peptide or disulfide bonds. Together, these observations imply that short sequences of high helical propensity are constrained to a β‐rich state by covalent and local charge interactions under native conditions, but form helices under non‐native conditions.
Existence Theory for Correlated Random Walks on Bounded Domains

In this paper we present a comprehensive existence theory for linear and nonlinear reaction random walk systems. The methods are based on semigroup theory for solutions of difierential equations on Ba- nach spaces. The solution properties on a bounded domain sensitively depend on the choice of boundary conditions. For Neumann or for peri- odic boundary conditions, singularities are transported along characteris- tics and the solutions form a group. Surprisingly, for Dirichlet boundary conditions, singularities are washed out, the problem regularizes in flnite time, and the solution operator forms a semigroup. Furthermore, we study the relation to damped wave equations and reaction- telegraph equations. The relation between random walk models and tele- graph equations for Neumann and periodic boundary conditions requires a compatibility condition of the initial condition. For Dirichlet boundary conditions, however, there is no direct relation between the random walk model and the telegraph equation.
Utility of regular medical examinations of occupational divers

The utility of regular medical fitness‐for‐diving examinations of occupational divers is unknown. The aim of this audit was to investigate the impact on the employment of occupational divers of a 5‐yearly medical examination and an annual health surveillance questionnaire administered in intervening years. The medical records of all New Zealand occupational divers registered with the Department of Labour for at least 5 years were audited (n= 336). Each record included at least two full medical examinations (mean spacing of 5.6 years). An impact on career was defined as the diver being issued with either a conditional certificate of fitness or being graded as temporarily or permanently unfit for diving. The means by which the relevant medical issue was identified was recorded. Ten (3%) of 336 divers had an assessment outcome, which had a career impact. One was considered permanently unfit, four were temporarily unfit, and five were issued with conditional certification. Two were identified by respiratory function testing and eight by way of their responses to the questionnaire; none was found by the medical interview and examination process. The questionnaire system did not ‘miss’ any divers who developed a critically important health problem, and detected most of those with less important problems. Five yearly medical examinations have a low detection rate for important health problems, but remain useful for discussion of risk understanding, acceptance and mitigation.