Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploration of Tree-based Hierarchical Softmax for Recurrent Language Models

Recently, variants of neural networks for computational linguistics have been proposed and successfully applied to neural language modeling and neural machine translation. These neural models can leverage knowledge from massive corpora but they are extremely slow as they predict candidate words from a large vocabulary during training and inference. As an alternative to gradient approximation and softmax with class decomposition, we explore the tree-based hierarchical softmax method and reform its architecture, making it compatible with modern GPUs and introducing a compact tree-based loss function. When combined with several word hierarchical clustering algorithms, improved performance is achieved in language modelling task with intrinsic evaluation criterions on PTB, WikiText-2 and WikiText-103 datasets.
Cognition-Based Augmented Reality Visualization of the Geospatial Data

The achievements of computer graphics have supported the developments of augmented reality (AR), a technique of an automatic connection of additional information generated from a computer model to reality, which is offered to enhance or augment the cognition to the real world of a user. Especially due to the developments in hardware in the recent years not only visualization but also interaction with these environments has become possible. Outdoor AR system integrates the presentation of three-dimensional objects out of a database on site in a Geographical information system (GIS). It not only expands a GIS to the third dimension, also reacts to the current position and viewing field of the user. From the perspective of the theory of spatial cognition and visualization, the paper puts forward there search contents and basic structure of spatial data AR visualization by analyzing the research status and related research works, comparing there exists frameworks. Furthermore it sums up the key technologies in detail and proposes the improved approaches. By a case study, it verifies the procedure of AR visualization of geospatial data. Lastly, it discusses the significant applications and development prospects of AR visualization of geospatial data.
On-chip gain reconfigurable 1.2V 24μW chopping instrumentation amplifier with automatic resistor matching in 0.13μm CMOS

Motivated by low-voltage, low-power and small-size requirements of biomedical and energy scavenging circuits, this work introduces a fully integrated instrumentation amplifier (IA) running at 1.2V with a power consumption of only 24μW. A direct current feedback structure (DCFB) with rail-to-rail output swing is proposed along with a precision reference generation for on-chip resistor trimming. Thus, gain reconfiguration is achieved while guaranteeing low gain error over mismatch, process and temperature variations.
Early epileptic seizures after stroke are associated with increased risk of new-onset dementia

Background: Subclinical vascular or degenerative lesions occur in the brain before the clinical expression of dementia. Those lesions in a brain that just experienced a stroke may have lower thresholds for early epileptic seizures. Therefore, epileptic seizures may be a marker of subclinical brain lesions, which may lead to dementia. Objective: To test the hypothesis that patients with stroke who have epileptic seizures without dementia have an increased risk of new-onset dementia. Methods: 169 consecutive patients with stroke without pre-existing dementia recruited in the Lille Stroke/Dementia Study were investigated (90 men; 150 ischaemic strokes; median age 73 years). Pre-stroke cognitive functions were evaluated with the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE), with a cut-off of 104 for the diagnosis of dementia. The patients were followed up over a 3-year period. Dementia was diagnosed with International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision criteria in survivors who underwent neurological visits, and with the IQCODE score in those who could not. The relationship between epileptic seizures and new-onset dementia was studied within 3 years, using life-table methods. Results: 9 patients (5.3%; 95% CI 2.9 to 8.7%) had early seizures. Epileptic seizures were independent predictors of new-onset dementia within 3 years after stroke (HR 3.81; 95% CI 1.13 to 12.82), with increasing age (HR 1.04; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.08), IQCODE scores at admission (HR 1.08; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.13) and diabetes mellitus (HR 3.52; 95% CI 1.46 to 8.47). Conclusion: Patients with stroke who have epileptic seizures may be at increased risk of dementia. Whether cognitive follow-up should be systematically performed in those patients remains to be validated.
The Investigation of Die Back Edge Cracking in Flip Chip Ceramic Ball Grid Array Package (FC-CBGA)

The cracking between die back edge and top fillet for Flip Chip Ceramic Ball Grid Array (FC-CBGA) package due to thermal cycling have been investigated in this study. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) model was used to analyze the effect of fillet geometry and material properties of underfill upon stresses along the die back edge. The thermo-mechanical properties of commercial underfill were obtained by using Thermal Mechanical Analyzer (TMA) and Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA) as the input for the simulation. Die stress distribution for different fillet height and width were generated to depict variation of stress due thermal loading and the variations of tensile stress were discussed for parameter optimization. The effect of different underfill material properties were discussed as well for thermal stress reliability improvement.
Distribution of stage-specific neurite-associated proteins in the developing murine nervous system recognized by a monoclonal antibody

A monoclonal antibody, 4D7, obtained with embryonic rat brain as an immunogen, recognizes an epitope on 3 protein species of 150–160, 100– 110, and 80 kDa, present in mouse and rat brain during the fetal period. Vital immunostaining of dissociated cultures of fetal forebrain indicates that the antigen is localized largely on the external plasma membrane of a subpopulation of neurites. Immunocytochemistry reveals that the distribution of the antigen in vivo is restricted to the nervous system. Immunoreactivity is concentrated primarily in the pathways of a limited set of CNS and PNS axon systems during early stages of their development, as delineated by staining with the neurofilament antibody, C2. Depending on the particular axon system, immunoreactivity with 4D7 persists only for one to several days of prenatal or perinatal development. In the spinal cord, stage-specific- neurite-associated proteins (SNAP) expression occurs first along motor axon pathways on embryonic day (E) 10 and then within the nerve trunks of dorsal root ganglia and the commissural fiber system on E11. Immunoreactivity is detectable among most cranial nerves starting in the interval from E11 to E13. Within the brain, the onset of SNAP expression within several discrete axon tracts occurs in the interval E14–16, including the lateral olfactory tract, anterior commissure, corpus callosum, fasciculus retroflexus, and fornix. Immunoreactivity within the embryonic intermediate zones of some structures matches the location of certain other axon systems. Sites of 4D7 staining which do not correspond to the location of axon populations include the internal portion of the external granular layer of the postnatal cerebellum and the cortex of the reeler mutant mouse. The predominant localization of the 4D7 antigen among axon systems and its precisely regulated spatio- temporal pattern of expression are consistent with the possibility that the SNAP antigens play a significant role in the early stages of growth of axonal tracts in vivo.
Modeling and real-time simulation of an AC microgrid with solar photovoltaic system

With the increasing growth of renewable energy sources, it is important to understand and analyze its effect on the overall power system. The real-time simulation is a platform that allows virtual plant and controller to be thoroughly investigated before they can be implemented in an actual system. In a valid real-time simulation, the virtual model closely resembles its physical counterpart. It promotes flexibility of operation, faster simulation with no risk of component failure under any contingency analysis. This paper presents modeling and simulation of an AC microgrid with a solar photovoltaic system, in a real time environment using HYPERSIM from Opal-RT. The photovoltaic system is connected to a 15 node test distribution network to examine its interaction with the AC grid. Various case studies like steady state operation, step changes in irradiation, generation outage, and three-phase to the ground fault have been carried out in the real time simulator, HYPERSIM. This preliminary real-time electrical transients simulation with the modeled AC microgrid can be useful for beginners in this field, using HYPERSIM.
Nanoparticle-Based Modulation and Monitoring of Antigen-Presenting Cells in Organ Transplantation

Donor-specific unresponsiveness while preserving an intact immune function remains difficult to achieve in organ transplantation. Induction of tolerance requires a fine modulation of the interconnected innate and adaptive immune systems. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) predominate during allograft rejection and create a highly inflammatory context where allospecific T cells are primed. Currently, the available protocols to prevent allograft rejection include a cocktail of drugs that are efficient in the short-term, but with severe long-term side effects and considerable toxicity. Consequently, better and less burdensome strategies are needed to promote indefinite allograft survival. Targeted delivery of immunosuppressive drugs that prevent the alloimmune response may address some of these problems. Nanoparticle-based approaches represent a promising strategy to negatively modulate the alloresponse by specifically delivering small compounds to APCs in vivo. Nanoparticles are also used as integrating imaging moieties to monitor inflammation for diagnostic purposes. Therefore, nanotechnology approaches represent an attractive strategy to deliver and monitor the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy in organ transplantation with the potential to improve the clinical treatment of transplant patients.
Cognitive Role of Neurogenesis in Depression and Antidepressant Treatment

The discovery of newborn neurons in the adult brain has generated enormous interest over the past decade. Although this process is well documented in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb, the possibility of neuron formation in other brain regions is under vigorous debate. Neurogenesis within the adult hippocampus is suppressed by factors that predispose to major depression and stimulated by antidepressant interventions. This pattern has generated the hypothesis that impaired neurogenesis is pathoetiological in depression and stimulation of newborn neurons essential for effective antidepressant action. This review critically evaluates the evidence in support of and in conflict with this theory. The literature is divided into three areas: neuronal maturation, factors that influence neurogenesis rates, and function of newborn neurons. Unique elements in each of these areas allow for the refinement of the hypothesis. Newborn hippocampal neurons appear to be necessary for detecting subtle environmental changes and coupling emotions to external context. Thus speculatively, stress-induced suppression of neurogenesis would uncouple emotions from external context leading to a negative mood state. Persistence of negative mood beyond the duration of the initial stressor can be defined as major depression. Antidepressant-induced neurogenesis therefore would restore coupling of mood with environment, leading to the resolution of depression. This conceptual framework is provisional and merits evaluation in further experimentation. Critically, manipulation of newborn hippocampal neurons may offer a portal of entry for more effective antidepressant treatment strategies.NEUROSCIENTIST 14(4):326–338, 2008. DOI: 10.1177/1073858408317242
Eugenics, human genetics and human failings: The Eugenics Society, its sources and its critics in Britain

PAULINE M. H. MAZUMDAR, Eugenics, human genetics and human failings: The Eugenics Society, its sources and its critics in Britain, London and New York, Routledge, 1992, pp. x, 373, illus. , £40.00 (0-415-04424-3). Several studies have recently come out on the British eugenics movement, and this is one of the best. Displaying an impressive mastery of a range of different source materials, Pauline Mazumdar explains the statistical advances involved in human genetics by relating them to the careers and personalities of some of their main protagonists and also to the ideological and personal struggles taking place within the contemporary Eugenics Society. For human genetics, she shows, was inextricably bound up in its early years with the eugenics movement, which in turn had been shaped by the preconceptions of an earlier tradition of Victorian social reform, in which the focus of concern had been the existence of a hereditary class of paupers. Indeed, this "eugenics problematic", we are told, continued to dominate the field until it finally fell victim to the changes of social and political attitudes brought about by the Second World War-but not before its intellectual credibility had been undermined during the course of the 1930s by the work of a younger generation of scientists (among them, Lancelot Hogben, J. B. S. Haldane and Lionel Penrose), who found themselves sharply at odds with the class arrogance and political conservatism of their predecessors. The case is so persuasively argued that it is easy to overlook the fact that the Eugenics Education Society was actually founded in 1907 at the very moment at which most politicians, administrators and social scientists were breaking free from "the eugenics problematic". After all, can old-age pensions and National Insurance seriously be seen as attempts to control a "hereditary pauper class"? Certainly by the 1920s the agenda of social politics was being dominated, not by the existence of a "residuum" of the casual poor, but by the problem of mass unemployment-something not easily explicable in terms of inherited defect. Thus, when "the biologists of the left" during the 1930s mounted their attacks on the eugenics movement for its class bias and its underestimation of the importance of the environment, they were simply coming round to a viewpoint which most laymen had held for at least twenty years or more. Little wonder, then, that the eugenics movement, unlike its Victorian forerunners (the Charity Organisation Society, for example), never gained the ear of the key formulators of social policy. Most readers of this stimulating book will probably conclude that the British people have had a lucky escape!
Combining and Strengthening Program Analysis and Verification

This thesis is about methods for establishing semantic properties of programs and how those methods can be strengthened. Finding (semi-)algorithms for deciding semantic properties is a non-trivial task and such algorithms will, by necessity, give approximate answers. This means that for any property of interest, there is a spectrum of algorithms computing answers to various degrees of precision, ranging from computationally cheap, low-precision algorithms to expensive, potentially non-terminating algorithms with very high precision. Finding approximations precise enough to be useful, and that at the same time make the algorithms cheap enough, is a real challenge. In this thesis we consider program analysis and program verification, which are two approaches for establishing program properties with contrasting requirements regarding precision and cost. Common to these two approaches is the desire to move closer to the middle of the spectrum of algorithms. For algorithms formulated as program analyses, this means increasing their precision, and for algorithms formulated as program verifiers, it means making them terminate without user interaction for a larger set of programs. The work presented in this thesis can be divided into three parts. The first part investigates the impact a number of features have on the precision of a type-based program analysis for Haskell. The results presented, make it easier for a designer of a type-based program analysis to choose what features to add to the analysis in order to get sufficiently high precision. The second part concerns how program verification can be integrated with program analysis in order to make the verification cheaper and more automatic. We show how a program analysis can be embedded in the tactic language of a theorem prover to allow for a close integration of program analysis and verifi- cation. We also show, in particular, how a dependence analysis can be used in a theorem prover for Java to make the handling of loops more automatic. The third part concerns how type-based program analysis can be strengthened by plugging in additional, externally computed information. We do this by presenting a modular method for parameterizing type-based program analyses over information about the analyzed program’s execution. The parameterization is done in such a way that a modular proof of correctness is obtained, removing the need to prove correctness of each instantiation separately. We also show how our method of parameterization can be used to allow for flow-sensitive heap types by plugging in alias information.
Semi-GAPS: A Semi-supervised Clustering Method Using Point Symmetry

In this paper, an evolutionary technique for the semi-supervised clustering is proposed. The proposed technique uses a point symmetry based distance measure. Semi-supervised classification uses aspects of both unsupervised and supervised learning to improve upon the performance of traditional classification methods. In this paper the existing point symmetry based genetic clustering technique, GAPS-clustering, is extended in two different ways to handle the semi-supervised classi- fication problem. The proposed semi-GAPS clustering algorithmis able to detect any type of clusters irrespective of shape, size and convexity as long as they possess the point symmetry property. Kdtree based nearest neighbor search is used to reduce the complexity of finding the closest symmetric point. Adaptive mutation and crossover probabilities are used. Experimental results demonstrate practical performance benefits of the methodology in detecting classes having symmetrical shapes in case of semi-supervised clustering.
Identification of Meningococcal Genes Necessary for Colonization of Human Upper Airway Tissue

ABSTRACT Neisseria meningitidis is an exclusively human pathogen that has evolved primarily to colonize the nasopharynx rather than to cause systemic disease. Colonization is the most frequent outcome following meningococcal infection and a prerequisite for invasive disease. The mechanism of colonization involves attachment of the organism to epithelial cells via bacterial type IV pili (Tfp), but subsequent events during colonization remain largely unknown. We analyzed 576 N. meningitidis mutants for their capacity to colonize human nasopharyngeal tissue in an organ culture model to identify bacterial genes required for colonization. Eight colonization-defective mutants were isolated. Two mutants were unable to express Tfp and were defective for adhesion to epithelial cells, which is likely to be the basis of their attenuation in nasopharyngeal tissue. Three other mutants are predicted to have lost previously uncharacterized surface molecules, while the remaining mutants have transposon insertions in genes of unknown function. We have identified novel meningococcal colonization factors, and this should provide insights into the survival of this important pathogen in its natural habitat.
Calcineurin Inhibitor Free De Novo Immunosuppression in Liver Transplant Recipients With Pretransplant Renal Impairment: Results of a Pilot Study (PATRON07)

Background Renal impairment and high model of end-stage liver disease scores before liver transplantation (LT) are increasingly common. Patients and Methods This was a single-arm, 2-step prospective trial of bottom-up calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)–free de novo immunosuppressive treatment (mycofenolate mofetil, steroids, basiliximab) with delayed introduction of sirolimus in patients with renal impairment. Primary endpoint was immunologic safety assessed by the incidence of steroid-resistant rejection within the first 30 days after liver transplantation. Results Twenty-seven patients were included with a median age of 56 years and labMELD of 28. Baseline glomerular filtration rate was 38 (Cockroft-Gault) and 24 mL/min (modification of diet in renal disease). No steroid-resistant rejections occurred within 30 days. Incidence of biopsy proven acute rejection was 18.5%. Sirolimus was started on day 10 (range, day 1 to day 48). The rate switched to CNI treatment by 1 year was 44%; 1-year overall survival was 93%. Renal function improved significantly, reflected by a &Dgr;glomerular filtration rate of 31 mL/min from baseline to 1 year (P = 0.006). Per protocol analysis revealed freedom from CNI, but not presence of sirolimus within the first 30 days, as critical for renal recovery. Conclusions Initial de novo CNI-free immunosuppressive bottom-up treatment is safe in selected patient groups. The critical period for relevant recovery of renal function seems to be the early period (first 30 days), independent from presence of sirolimus.
Heterocyclic Aromatic Amine [HCA] Intake and Prostate Cancer Risk: Effect Modification by Genetic Variants

The association between heterocyclic aromatic amine (HCA) intake and prostate cancer (PCa) risk may be modified by genetic variation in enzymes involved in HCA metabolism. We examined this question in a case-control study nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Heidelberg cohort. The study included 204 PCa cases and 360 matched controls. At baseline, participants provided dietary and lifestyle data and blood samples that were used for genotyping. Dietary HCA intake—2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b] pyridine (PhIP), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo [4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), and 2-amino-3,4,8-dimethylimidazo [4,5-f]quinoxaline (DiMeIQx—was estimated using information on meat consumption, cooking methods, and browning degree. Risk estimates for gene × HCA interactions were calculated by unconditional logistic regression. We found inverse associations between PhIP, MeIQx, or DiMeIQx intake and PCa risk when having <2 deletions of the GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes (P interaction: 0.03, 0.01, and 0.03, respectively), which is supported by analysis of darkly browned meat consumption data. Statistically significant effect modification of both HCA (DiMeIQx) and darkly browned meat intake and PCa risk was observed for allelic variants of MnSOD (rs4880) (P interaction: 0.02). Despite limitations due to study size, we conclude that the association between HCA intake and PCa risk could be modified by polymorphisms of GSTT1, GSTM1, and MnSOD.