Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measuring Forgiveness: A Systematic Review

Forgiveness is frequently investigated, and many methods of assessment have been used. However, discerning which methods of assessment to use for which purposes has generally not been based on systematic analysis. We searched four databases: Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and PsycINFO. Forgiveness measures were grouped into Forgiveness Scales (i.e., Dispositional Forgiveness, Episodic Forgiveness, and Dyadic Forgiveness) and Other Measures of Forgiveness (i.e., implicit, behavioral, and biological measures). We reviewed original articles that describe the development of 45 measures and compiled psychometric information (including instrument language and availability, original samples, instrument composition, estimated reliabilities of scores, evidence of construct validity, and an evaluation of each measure). Also, our review suggests a nomological network of associations regarding the construct validity of interpreting scores as forgiveness. Those associations inform the concept of forgiveness, describing which and how variables are associated with this construct. We evaluate the level of sophistication of research in forgiveness assessment and offer suggestions to consider when choosing specific instruments to assess dispositional and episodic forgiveness.
Ignorance and Knowledge in Handling The Nonlinguistic Variability in ASR

The paper discusses author’s experience with applying auditory knowledge to automatic recognition of speech. It indirectly argues against blind implementing of scattered accidental knowledge which may be irrelevant to a speech recognition task. It advances the notion that the reason for applying knowledge of human auditory perception in engineering applications should be the ability of perception to suppress some parts of information in the speech message. Three properties of human speech perception: limited spectral resolution, use of information from about syllable-length segments ability to alleviate unreliable cues, are discussed in some detail. Overall, we are advocating selective use of auditory knowledge,optimized on real speechdata. Fig. I A good hard working man. Fig. II A foolish man?
Visual cortex is rescued from the effects of dark rearing by overexpression of BDNF

Visual deprivation such as dark rearing (DR) prolongs the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity and retards the maturation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inhibition in visual cortex. The molecular signals that mediate the effects of DR on the development of visual cortex are not well defined. To test the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), we examined the effects of DR in transgenic mice in which BDNF expression in visual cortex was uncoupled from visual experience and remained elevated during DR. In dark-reared transgenic mice, visual acuity, receptive field size of visual cortical neurons, critical period for ocular dominance plasticity, and intracortical inhibition were indistinguishable from those observed in light-reared mice. Therefore, BDNF overexpression is sufficient for the development of aspects of visual cortex in the absence of visual experience. These results suggest that reduced BDNF expression contributes to retarded maturation of GABAergic inhibition and delayed development of visual cortex during visual deprivation.
Iterative Discovery of Multiple AlternativeClustering Views

Complex data can be grouped and interpreted in many different ways. Most existing clustering algorithms, however, only find one clustering solution, and provide little guidance to data analysts who may not be satisfied with that single clustering and may wish to explore alternatives. We introduce a novel approach that provides several clustering solutions to the user for the purposes of exploratory data analysis. Our approach additionally captures the notion that alternative clusterings may reside in different subspaces (or views). We present an algorithm that simultaneously finds these subspaces and the corresponding clusterings. The algorithm is based on an optimization procedure that incorporates terms for cluster quality and novelty relative to previously discovered clustering solutions. We present a range of experiments that compare our approach to alternatives and explore the connections between simultaneous and iterative modes of discovery of multiple clusterings.
Global and local targeted immunization in networks with community structure

Immunization plays an important role in the field of epidemic spreading in complex networks. In previous studies, targeted immunization has been proved to be an effective strategy. However, when extended to networks with community structure, it is unknown whether the superior strategy is to vaccinate the nodes who have the most connections in the entire network (global strategy), or those in the original community where epidemic starts to spread (local strategy). In this work, by using both analytic approaches and simulations, we observe that the answer depends on the closeness between communities. If communities are tied closely, the global strategy is superior to the local strategy. Otherwise, the local targeted immunization is advantageous. The existence of a transitional value of closeness implies that we should adopt different strategies. Furthermore, we extend our investigation from two-community networks to multi-community networks. We consider the mode of community connection and the location of community where epidemic starts to spread. Both simulation results and theoretical predictions show that local strategy is a better option for immunization in most cases. But if the epidemic begins from a core community, global strategy is superior in some cases.
Abundant Dust Found in Intergalactic Space

Galactic dust constitutes approximately half of the elements more massive than helium produced in stellar nucleosynthesis. Notwithstanding the formation of dust grains in the dense, cool atmospheres of late-type stars, there still remain huge uncertainties concerning the origin and fate of galactic stardust. In this Letter, we identify the intergalactic medium (i.e., the region between gravitationally bound galaxies) as a major sink for galactic dust. We discover a systematic shift in the color of background galaxies viewed through the intergalactic medium of the nearby M81 group. This reddening coincides with atomic, neutral gas previously detected between the group members. The dust-to-H I mass ratio is high (1/20) compared to that of the solar neighborhood (1/120), suggesting that the dust originates from the center of one or more of the galaxies in the group. Indeed, M82, which is known to be ejecting dust and gas in a starburst-driven superwind, is cited as the probable main source.
Active Selection of Training Examples for Meta-Learning

Meta-learning has been used to relate the performance of algorithms and the features of the problems being tackled. The knowledge in meta-learning is acquired from a set of meta-examples which are generated from the empirical evaluation of the algorithms on problems in the past. In this work, active learning is used to reduce the number of meta-examples needed for meta-learning. The motivation is to select only the most relevant problems for meta-example generation, and consequently to reduce the number of empirical evaluations of the candidate algorithms. Experiments were performed in two different case studies, yielding promising results.
Voice Conversion Based on Weighted Frequency Warping

Any modification applied to speech signals has an impact on their perceptual quality. In particular, voice conversion to modify a source voice so that it is perceived as a specific target voice involves prosodic and spectral transformations that produce significant quality degradation. Choosing among the current voice conversion methods represents a trade-off between the similarity of the converted voice to the target voice and the quality of the resulting converted speech, both rated by listeners. This paper presents a new voice conversion method termed Weighted Frequency Warping that has a good balance between similarity and quality. This method uses a time-varying piecewise-linear frequency warping function and an energy correction filter, and it combines typical probabilistic techniques and frequency warping transformations. Compared to standard probabilistic systems, Weighted Frequency Warping results in a significant increase in quality scores, whereas the conversion scores remain almost unaltered. This paper carefully discusses the theoretical aspects of the method and the details of its implementation, and the results of an international evaluation of the new system are also included.
Type Directed Partial Evaluation for Level-1 Shift and Reset

We present an implementation in the Coq proof assistant of type directed partial evaluation (TDPE) algorithms for call-by-name and call-by-value versions of shift and reset delimited control operators, and in presence of strong sum types. We prove that the algorithm transforms well-typed programs to ones in normal form. These normal forms can not always be arrived at using the so far known equational theories. The typing system does not allow answer-type modification for function types and allows delimiters to be set on at most one atomic type. The semantic domain for evaluation is expressed in Constructive Type Theory as a dependently typed monadic structure combining Kripke models and continuation passing style translations.
Social-Task Engagement : Striking a Balance between the Robot and the Task

In this paper, we consider engagement in a triadic humanrobot-task interaction. More specifically, we discuss why we need to perform ‘online’ differentiation and balancing of task and social engagement during human-robot interactions. The results of this work will help us to progress towards uncovering novel ways to design personalised humanrobot interaction experiences. We start by defining the type of engagement that we are interested in, then we explain the methodology we are using to explore our hypothesis.
Example of a First Order Displacement Convex Functional

We present a family of first-order functionals which are displacement convex, that is convex along the geodesics induced by the quadratic transportation distance on the circle. The displacement convexity implies the existence and uniqueness of gradient flows of the given functionals. More precisely, we show the existence and uniqueness of gradient-flow solutions of a class of fourth-order degenerate parabolic equations with periodic boundary data. Moreover, positivity of the absolutely continuous part of the solutions is preserved along the flow.
Algebraic topology of spin glasses

We study the topology of frustration in d-dimensional Ising spin glasses with d ⩾ 2 with nearest-neighbor interactions. We prove the following. For any given spin configuration, the domain walls on the unfrustration network are all transverse to a frustrated loop on the unfrustration network, where a domain wall is defined to be a connected element of the collection of all the (d − 1)-cells which are dual to the bonds having an unfavorable energy, and the unfrustration network is the collection of all the unfrustrated plaquettes. These domain walls are topologically nontrivial because they are all related to the global frustration of a loop on the unfrustration network. Taking account of the thermal stability for the domain walls, we can explain the numerical results that three- or higher-dimensional systems exhibit a spin glass phase, whereas two-dimensional ones do not. Namely, in two dimensions, the thermal fluctuations of the topologically nontrivial domain walls destroy the order of the frozen spins on the unfrustration network, whereas they do not in three or higher dimensions. This may be interpreted as a global topological effect of the frustrations.
Comparison of network security tools- Firewall, Intrusion Detection System and Honeypot

With the advent of Internet, personal computers and computer networks are becoming increasingly vulnerable to various kinds of attacks. Information has become like an asset that needs to be protected from attacks. Due to attack privacy can be violated and important data can be lost. The attacks are usually caused by a failure to implement security policies and failure of using of security tools that are readily available. The various security tools that are available are Firewall, Intrusion Detection System and Honeypot. Each tool has its own features, advantages and disadvantages.
Hyperspectral image classification using a parallel implementation of the linear SVM on a Massively Parallel Processor Array (MPPA) platform

In this paper, a study of the parallel exploitation of a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier with a linear kernel running on a Massively Parallel Processor Array platform is exposed. This system joins 256 cores working in parallel and grouped in 16 different clusters. The main objective of the research has been to develop an optimal implementation of the SVM classifier on a MPPA platform whilst the architectural bottlenecks of the hyperspectral image classifier are analyzed. Experimenting with medical images, the parallelization of the SVM classification has been conducted using three strategies: i) single- and multi-core processing, ii) single- and multi-cluster analysis and iii) single- and double-buffer execution. As a result, an average core processing speedup of 11.8 has been achieved when parallelizing the SVM classification process in a single cluster. On the contrary, since data communication accounts for 34.7% of the total execution time in the sequential case, the total speedup is upper-bounded to 2.9. Using a double-buffer methodology, a total speedup of 2.84 has been achieved on a single cluster. At last, the feasibility of a portable version of a linear SVM has been demonstrated.
Alternative middle school models: An exploratory study

ABSTRACT A Midwestern state allocated grant funding to encourage more accessible alternative programming at the middle level. Seventeen schools were approved for this grant and used the funds to supplement the operation of a new or existing program. This study provides policymakers and educators with an overview of the various types of alternative middle school programs in the state, focusing on schools that met the qualifications for funding. The study revealed varying models and promising practices for meeting the needs of at-risk youth, and it identified shortcomings such as a lack of adequate funding, gaps in services, and the need for documentation and systematic data collection to determine program effectiveness and better serve students.
Research on semi-supervised Chinese relation type discovery

In this paper, we propose a novel semi-supervised model to discover those missing relation types in labeled corpus and fulfill the aim of relation extraction automatically. We combine language information and structured information to represent candidate relation instances. First, we make use of Bootstrapping and Label Propagation algorithms to label the relation instances, whose types have existed in corpus. Second, we use unsupervised method to cluster the remaining relation instances and discover the missing relation types. Evaluation on the ACE2005 corpus shows that our proposed method can achieve ideal experimental results.
Evolving a Programming Environment Into a Cooperative Software Engineering Environment

Teamwork is a prerequisite for the development of large complex software systems. In conventional software engineering coordination of teamwork is achieved by exchanging formal documents and by providing support for keeping these documents consistent while several developers are evolving them. In order to support teamwork more effectively it is either possible to provide better support for the conventional software engineering approach or to move the focus beyond coordination towards cooperation. Each of the two follow-up projects of the Sniff project take one of these approaches. The commercial SNiFF+ project lays emphasis on the seamless integration of a programming environment and configuration management systems. The research oriented Beyond-Sniff project concentrates on the search for new approaches to supporting cooperative software engineering. 1 1 Motivation and Overview Software systems tend to have a more and more complex and comprehensive view of the application domains they model. The complexity of these systems goes hand in hand with the difficulties (the amount of efforts to be invested for their development) arising during their development. This is an important reason why the implementation of even modest software systems can only be carried out effectively as an iterative and cooperative process. Communication and coordination are prerequisites to successful cooperation. Their quality strongly affects team productivity and the quality of the resulting products. Unfortunately, the costs of satisfying communication and coordination needs, quickly reach unacceptable dimensions. These costs naturally limit the size of closely cooperating teams and therefore, also the size and complexity of projects that can be carried out cooperatively. Since we have (or want) to stretch the limits created by the negative side effects of cooperation, we need methods and tools that explicitly address communication and coordination. The provision of suitable methods and tools and their application are the core of an emerging discipline that is called cooperative software engineering. The SNiFF+ and Beyond-Sniff projects are follow-up projects to the Sniff project carried out at UBILAB of Union Bank of Switzerland during 1991 and 1992. The result of the Sniff project was a working prototype of a full-featured comprehensive C++ development environment with a
Electric space heating scheduling for real-time explicit power control in active distribution networks

This paper presents a systematic approach for abstracting the flexibility of a building space heating system and using it within a composable framework for real-time explicit power control of microgrids and, more in general, active distribution networks. In particular, the proposed approach is developed within the context of a previously defined microgrid control framework, called COMMELEC, conceived for the explicit and real-time control of these specific networks. The designed control algorithm is totally independent from the need of a building model and allows exploiting the intrinsic thermal inertia for real-time control. The paper first discusses the general approach, then it proves its validity via dedicated simulations performed on specific case study composed by the CIGRE LV microgrid benchmark proposed by the Cigré TF C6.04. 02.
Levels of CD56+TIM-3- Effector CD8 T Cells Distinguish HIV Natural Virus Suppressors from Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy

Prolonged antiretroviral therapy (ART) with effective HIV suppression and reconstitution of CD4 T cells, fails to restore CD8 T cell lytic effector function that is needed to eradicate the viral reservoir. Better understanding of the phenotype and function of circulating CD8 cells in HIV patients will contribute to new targeted therapies directed at increasing CD8 T cell lytic effector function and destruction of the viral reservoir. We show that CD8 T cells from ART treated patients had sharply reduced expression of CD56 (neural cell adhesion molecule-1), a marker associated with cytolytic function whereas elite patients who control HIV in the absence of ART had CD56+ CD8 T cell levels similar to uninfected controls. The CD56+ CD8 T cells had higher perforin upregulation as well as degranulation following stimulation with HIV gag peptides compared with CD56 negative CD8 T cells. Elite patients had the highest frequencies of perforin producing CD56+ CD8 T cells among all HIV+ groups. In patients receiving ART we noted high levels of the exhaustion marker TIM-3 on CD56+ CD8 T cells, implying that defective effector function was related to immune exhaustion. CD56+ CD8 T cells from elite or treated HIV patients responded to PMA plus ionomycin stimulation, and expressed transcription factors T-bet and EOMES at levels similar to uninfected controls. Consequently, the lytic effector defect in chronic HIV disease is due to immune exhaustion and quantitative loss of CD56+ CD8 T cells and this defect is not repaired in patients where viremia is suppressed and CD4 T cells are recovered after ART. Reconstituting the cytotoxic CD56+ subset of CD8+ T cells through new interventions might improve the lytic effector capacity and contribute to reducing the viral reservoir. Our initial studies indicate that IL-15 treatment partly reverses the CD56 defect, implying that myeloid cell defects could be targeted for immune therapy during chronic HIV disease.
Towards a New Generation of Social Networks: Merging Social Web with Semantic Web

This article investigates several well-known social network applications such as Facebook, LinkedIn, Last.fm, Flickr and identifies semantics and social data portability as the main technical issues that need to be addressed in the future. We argue that these issues can be addressed by building social networks like Semantic Web applications with FOAF, SIOC, and Linked Data technologies, and show how this can be done by implementing a prototype application using Java and core Semantic Web technologies. The developed prototype shows how features from semantic websites such as Freebase and DBpedia can be reused in social applications and lead to more relevant content and stronger social connections. In addition, the article discusses a number of issues that need to be addressed in the design and implementation of semantic social networks, which could serve as a guideline in the implementation of other semantic social applications.
Preprocessing of Metrics Measurement Based on Simplifying Program Structures

In software maintenance, grasping characteristics of software systems by metrics measurement is a basic activity. However, metrics do not always represent characteristics of software systems. For example, Cyclomatic Complexity is a metric counting the number of branches in a given module, and it does not consider its content. One factor that Cyclomatic Complexity becomes large is the presence of repeated structures such as consecutive if-else structures. However, if such a structure is a repetition of simple operations, humans would not recognize a difficulty to understand the source code. In this paper, we propose performing preprocessing for metrics measurement and a methodology of the preprocessing. The proposed preprocessing simplifies repeated structures in source code. By applying the proposed preprocessing to metrics measurement, we can find low-understandability modules more efficiently. Also, we compared results of metrics measurement with and without the proposed preprocessing on open source software systems. As a result, we confirmed that metrics measurement with the proposed preprocessing was more useful to find low-understandability modules than without it.