Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Spectra of First-Order Sentences and Computational Complexity

The spectrum of a first-order sentence is the set of cardinalities of its finite models. We refine the well-known equality between the class of spectra and the class of sets (of positive integers) accepted by nondeterministic Turing machines in polynomial time. Let $\operatorname{Sp} (d\forall )$ denote the class of spectra of sentences with d universal quantifiers. For any integer $d \geqq 2$ and each set of positive integers, A, we obtain: \[ A \in \operatorname{NTIME} (n^d ) \to A \operatorname{Sp} (d\forall ) \to A \in \operatorname{NTIME} (n^d (\log n)^2 ). \] Further the first implication holds even if we use multidimensional nondeterministic Turing machines. These results hold similarly for generalized spectra. As a consequence, we obtain a simplified proof of a hierarchy result of P. Pudlak about (generalized) spectra. We also prove that the set of primes is the spectrum of a certain sentence with only one variable.
Overexpression of alcohol dehydrogenase or pyruvate decarboxylase improves growth of hairy roots at reduced oxygen concentrations.

Overexpression of Arabidopsis thaliana genes for the fermentation enzymes, alcohol dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase, improved the tolerance of A. thaliana hairy roots to low oxygen conditions. Whereas the specific growth rate of untransformed hairy roots in shake flasks and in a multiple-tube recirculation bioreactor declined significantly with decreasing oxygen tension down to 25% air saturation, growth of the transformant root lines was maintained at rates similar to those achieved with full aeration. This work demonstrates that altering the expression of selected genes involved in anaerobic metabolism can alleviate the problems of oxygen deficiency in hairy root cultures caused by poor mixing and mass transfer conditions.
catena-Poly[[[[3-(2-pyridyl)-1H-pyrazole]manganese(II)]-μ-oxalato] sesquihydrate]

In the title compound, {[Mn(C2O4)(C8H7N3)]·1.5H2O}n, the MnII ion is chelated by two O,O′-bidentate oxalate ions and an N,N′-bidentate 3-(2-pyridyl)pyrazole molecule, resulting in a distorted cis-MnN2O4 octahedral geometry for the metal ion. The bridging oxalate ions generate wave-like polymeric chains propagating in [001]. The packing is consolidated by N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. One of the water O atoms lies on a crystallographic twofold axis.
Uptake of neoglycoproteins via membrane lectin(s) of L1210 cells evidenced by quantitative flow cytofluorometry and drug targeting

The presence and the sugar specificity of membrane lectins on the cell surface of mouse L1210 leukemia cells were demonstrated by using various neoglycoproteins (glycosylated serum albumin) substituted with fluorescein or methotrexate. Neoglycoproteins were prepared by reaction of glycosidophenylisothiocyanates with bovine serum albumin. The binding of neoglycoproteins to L1210 cells depends on the nature of the carried sugar and on the number of bound sugar residues per neoglycoprotein molecule. The best results were obtained with fucosylated serum albumin containing 25 +/‐ 5 residues of fucose. The amount of cell‐associated fluorescein‐labeled neoglycoproteins was several fold higher at 37 degrees C than at 4 degrees C suggesting a specific endocytotic process. The membrane lectin‐mediated endocytosis was further demonstrated by showing that the cell‐associated fluorescence upon cell incubation in the presence of fluorescein‐labeled neoglycoproteins at 37 degrees C increased several fold after addition of monensin, a proton/sodium ionophore known to raise the pH of endosomes and lysosomes. The analysis of fluorescein‐labeled neoglycoproteins association to the L1210 cells were achieved by quantitative flow cytofluorometry after standardization with calibrated polystyrene sulfonate beads carrying various amounts of 1‐(fluoresceinylthioureido)‐4,8‐diazalicosane. In addition, the cytotoxicity of neoglycoprotein‐bound methotrexate was shown to be related to the presence and to the nature of the carried sugar: fucosylated serum albumin was shown to be the most efficient neoglycoprotein carrier, and to have a cytotoxicity close to that of anti L1210 cell IgM monoclonal antibody carrying methotrexate.
Some design considerations

Between a modern export freezing works and a rural slaughterhouse or abbatoir there is a vast difference, due chiefly to the plant required by the former for the utilization of by-products. The small operator cannot afford the necessary plant or skilled technical staff necessary for the proper processing of these by-products which represent, in themselves, a large-scale complex industry.
A Quantitative Approach to Credit Risk Management in the Underwriting Process for the Retail Portfolio

The core of this paper encloses a mathematical approach of credit risk management, based on a scorecard model used in the bankâ€™s underwriting process. The main purpose of this paper is to present how to develop, validate and apply a rating model in practice. Using 21568 loan applications provided by one of the largest banks from Romania, a scorecard is built for the underwriting purposes. The customer data used in the modeling is based on socio-demographic characteristics. The model is developed according to a set of statistical methods for parameter estimation. A real-life example of how to use such a model in the strategic decisions of a bank is presented. The cut-off score for the acceptance of the applications is calibrated to a potential risk appetite of the main four banks in Romania. From an evaluative perspective, this paper is compatible with an exploratory approach to quantitative research methodology.
Expression and clinicopathological significance of oestrogen‐responsive ezrin–radixin–moesin‐binding phosphoprotein 50 in breast cancer

Aims: Ezrin–radixin–moesin‐binding phosphoprotein 50 (EBP50) is a post synaptic density‐95/Disk‐large/ZO‐1 homologous domain‐containing protein that is involved in the linkage of integral membrane proteins to the cytoskeleton and plays an important role in cell signalling. To gain insights into its biological relevance, this study examined expression of EBP50 in two cohorts of breast carcinoma.
Cooperative Energy-harvesting Communication Systems

Cooperative Energy-Harvesting Communication Systems Arin Minasian Master of Applied Sciences Graduate Department of Electrical and Computer Engingeering University of Toronto 2014 In this thesis, we study the problem of throughput maximization in an energy-harvesting, two-hop, amplify-and-forward relay network. We obtain optimal transmission policies for offline and online settings. In the offline setting, we assume that non-causal knowledge of the harvested energy and the fading channel states is available. We propose an effective algorithm to solve the power allocation problem in this case. For the online setting, we assume that the information for the energy harvesting process and the fading channels is known causally. In this case, we cast the problem as a Markov decision process (MDP). We also consider the case where power control at the transmitting nodes is limited to on-off switching. To address the inherent complexity of the MDP formulation, we also propose a computationally simple power allocation scheme. The performance of the proposed schemes are evaluated using computer simulations and are compared to existing methods in the literature.
New approaches to the measurement of Quality of Life

This paper outlines the Office for National Statistics (ONS) approach to measuring quality of life in the United Kingdom as part of the Measuring National Well-being programme. It highlights some new approaches to measuring quality of life through household and social statistics and in particular focuses on the work that ONS has undertaken on the inclusion of subjective well-being measures in ONS surveys and engagement with citizens about what matters to them.
The Extended SPaRKy Restaurant Corpus: Designing a Corpus with Variable Information Density

Natural language generation (NLG) systems rely on corpora for both hand-crafted approaches in a traditional NLG architecture and for statistical end-to-end (learned) generation systems. Limitations in existing resources, however, make it difﬁcult to develop systems which can vary the linguistic properties of an utterance as needed. For example, when users’ attention is split between a linguistic and a secondary task such as driving, a generation system may need to reduce the information density of an utterance to compensate for the reduction in user attention. We introduce a new corpus in the restaurant recommendation and comparison domain, collected in a paraphrasing paradigm, where subjects wrote texts targeting either a general audience or an elderly family member. This design resulted in a corpus of more than 5000 texts which exhibit a variety of lexical and syntactic choices and differ with respect to average word & sentence length and surprisal. The corpus includes two levels of meaning representation: ﬂat ‘semantic stacks’ for propositional content and Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST) relations between these propositions.
Bio-signal and System Modeling: From Image Processing to System Biology

Vol 3 | Issue 1 | Jan-Mar 2013 1 Modeling is the main core of any signal and system processing and analysis. For example, an image can be seen as a matrix (mathematical/deterministic model) and in this base for a conventional processing such as denoising average operator is used. However, as we know this operator doesn’t lead to an optimum result (the produced image is usually blurry). In another point of view, the image can be seen as a random field (statistical model), and so the denoising process is converted to an estimation problem and better denoising results is achieved. Similarly, we can solve the denoising problem by modeling an image using partial differential equation (PDE), atomic representation (e.g., x-let transforms), geometric and graph-based methods, etc.[1-5] The resulted denoising process is completely depended on the proposed model for noise-free image. In this base, we can introduce various methods for modeling of biologic data, including mathematical/statistical models, PDE-based models, transform-based models, and geometric and graph-based models. In this base, new modeling frameworks can also be achieved using a rational combination of these models. For example, energy flow model[6] is a PDE-based model based on using an energy function like Sobolev or total variation norm. We can at first propose an atomic and sparse representation for image and then in the sparse domain employ energy flow model but by using L1 norm. [7] The same thing can be done by using an appropriate statistical model in sparse domain (e.g., a local bivariate mixture model can be used to capture the main statistical properties of sparse coefficients i.e., sparsity, interand intra-dependencies[8]).
On-body channel modelling: Measurements and statistical analysis

This paper investigates the propagation phenomena and the fading experienced by on-body channels at 2.45 GHz, focusing on the effect of the human body. This investigation is based on signal measurements conducted for both stationary and mobile user cases using bodyworn antennas placed in various positions on the human body. The effect of the antenna location and the human body movement on the fading characteristics of the on-body channels is extensively studied through statistical analysis of the measurement data.
Strategic orientation of SMEs: empirical research

The main objective of the paper is to identify the sources of competitive advantage of small and medium-sized enterprises in Serbia. Gaining a competitive advantage is the key priority of market-oriented enterprises regardless of their size and sector. Since business environment in Serbia is not stimulating enough for enterprises’ growth and development, the paper highlights the role of strategic orientation in business promotion and development. In order to identify the sources of competitive advantage, the empirical research is conducted by using the survey method. The research sample is created by using a selective approach, namely, the sample includes enterprises with more than ten employees, and enterprises identified to have the potential for growth and development. The research results indicate that small and medium-sized enterprises in Serbia are generally focused on costs as a source of competitive advantage, i.e., they gain competitive advantage in a selected market segment by offering low price and average quality products/services. In addition, the results of the research point out that the Serbian small and medium-sized enterprises are innovation-oriented. Organizations qualifying as middle-sized enterprises are predominantly focused on process innovations, while small businesses are primarily oriented towards product innovations. One of the limitations of the research refers to the small presence of the research sample within the category of middle-sized enterprises. The smaller sample presence than it was previously planned is mostly due to the lack of managers’ willingness to participate in the research, as well as to the fact that these enterprises account for the smaller share in the total number of enterprises in the small-and medium-sized enterprises’ sector. Taking into account that the sector of small and medium-sized enterprises generates around 30% of the country’s GDP, we consider the research results to be beneficial for both scientific and professional communities, as well as for economic policy makers in Serbia.
The relationship between CEO's transformational leadership and performance, and the mediating effect of corporate entrepreneurship in cooperative

The purpose of this study is to review the relationship between CEO's transformational leadership and performance, and the mediating effect of corporate entrepreneurship in entrepreneurs’cooperative. In order to verify and achieve the purposes mentioned above, questionnaire data were gathered and analysed from 379 employees of entrepreneurs’cooperative in Kangwon-do province. Empirical survey's findings are as follows; First, charisma and individual consideration appeared to be positively related with risk-taking and proactiveness. Also, intellectual stimulation appeared to be positively related with proactiveness only. Second, charisma and individual consideration appeared to be positively related with sales volume and employment increase, but intellectual stimulation appeared to be positively related with employment increase only. Third, corporate entrepreneurship(risk-taking, proactiveness) appeared to be positively related with sales volume and employment increase. Fourth, corporate entrepreneurship(risk-taking, proactiveness) had mediating effect on the relationship between CEO's transformational leadership and performance. But, intellectual stimulation had not mediating effect
X-ray diffraction reconstruction of the inverted hexagonal (HII) phase in lipid-water systems.

The structure of the inverted hexagonal (HII) phase in biological lipid-water systems is studied to examine the physical interactions which drive the polymorphic phase behavior and which are also thought to play a relevant role in biological membrane function. A method is derived which yields the complex phase factors of the HII phase diffraction amplitudes from examination of a single sample. This method is applied to a low-resolution Fourier reconstruction of the HII phase in dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) + water, specifically to examine deviations from the presumed circular model of the HII phase. It is found that the average radius of the water core, Rw, as determined from a Fourier reconstruction, is in good agreement with previously measured values of Rw obtained from more time-consuming traditional methods [Tate, M. W. , & Gruner, S. M. (1989) Biochemistry 28, 4245]. In addition to the average value of Rw, the Fourier reconstruction also can be used to determine the true shape of the water core. It is found that the water core is circular to within 5% of Rw when the unit cell size is less than approximately 75 A. Above 75 A, however, a definite shape deformation becomes apparent, with radial noncircularities of 5-10%, probably in response to the increased entropic cost of packing the hydrocarbon chains into the anisotropic environment of the HII unit cell [Kirk, G. L. , Gruner, S. M. , & Stein D. E. (1984) Biochemistry 23, 1093]. As a more direct probe of the packing anisotropy, Fourier reconstructions of DOPE + dodecane and DOPE + squalene systems were compared with the reconstruction of DOPE. These oils are known to promote the low temperature occurrence of the HII phase, presumably by a reduction in the hydrocarbon packing stress. In support of this hypothesis, the alkanes were observed to relax the water core to a circular shape for even large lattices. In addition, anisotropy of the electron density near the end of the lipid chains is reduced when alkane is added, implying a more uniform hydrocarbon packing environment, consistent with the results of neutron diffraction upon the addition of deuterated decane [Turner, D. C. , Gruner, S. M. , & Huang, J. (1992) Biochemistry (following paper in this issue)].
Speech based watermarking for digital images

This paper presents a novel scheme of watermarking of digital images for copyright protection and authentication. In this paper we proposed a method of embedding owner's speech signal. Speech being a biometric data, the watermark signal in this method is expected to be more meaningful and has closer correlation with copyright holder. The main issue of concern here is the capacity because the speech data has large number of samples. Linear predictive coding is used to encode the audio data. Here, speech samples are imperceptibly inserted using spread spectrum technique into the mid frequency band of wavelet transform of image which makes it robust to lossy compression. Applications for such a speech-hiding scheme include copy protection, authentication and covert communication.
Sub-dimensions of consumer confidence and outgoing tourist expenditures

ABSTRACT This paper explores the relationship between the sub-dimensions of consumer confidence (financial situation, general economic situation, unemployment expectations and savings) and the various categories of outgoing tourist expenditures (accommodation, entertainment, excursion, food, shopping and travel within the country) across 22 European countries. Due to the low frequency of national time series data, the panel data regressions are used to estimate the relationships between the variables. The findings show a positive association between consumer confidence and outgoing tourist expenditures. More specifically, we find that tourists with low levels of confidence in their employment are likely to spend less on excursion and shopping activities, while tourists with higher levels of confidence in their future savings spend more on entertainment, excursions and shopping.
Learning Orientation, Market Orientation and Organizational Performance: The Mediating Effect of Absorptive Capacity

Purpose; this paper aims to examine the mediating effect of absorptive capacity on the the relation between two construct; learning orientation (LO) and market orientation (MO) and organizational performance (OP). Design/methodology/approach; data were gathered through field survey of 190 senior managers in manufacturing organizations in Jordan. The analysis was conducted using two-stage least squares estimators for latent variable models. Findings; Results indicate that learning orientation, market orientation and absorptive capacity all have a positive and significant effect on organizational performance. Moreover, results suggest that absorptive capacity partially mediates the relationship between learning orientation and organizational performance. This study concludes that while knowledge acquisition and values of external knowledge are important, related prior knowledge, basic skills and research and development (RD For managers in manufacturing organizations, the study proposes that organizations should focus on attaining high levels of Learning orientation and market orientation while also giving attention to building internal knowledge and basic skills including RD This paper is the first to examine the mediating effect of absorptive capacity on the relationship between learning orientation, market orientation and organizational performance.
Clinical Experience With Open-Label Topiramate Use in Infants Younger Than 2 Years of Age

To assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of topiramate in infants younger than 24 months of age, we conducted an open-label, multicenter chart review study of infants who received topiramate. Twenty-eight patients were evaluated. All had refractory epilepsy. The mean age of seizure onset was 3.8 months (range 0—10 months). Refractory infantile spasms were the most common epilepsy syndrome. Among infants without infantile spasms, complex partial seizures were the prominent seizure type in eight, followed by simple partial seizures in six. Topiramate was prescribed as add-on therapy in 25 cases and as monotherapy in 3 cases. Seven of the eight infantile spasms cases improved on topiramate therapy, attaining topiramate monotherapy in three infants. Half of the infants with other seizure types responded to topiramate. The average treatment duration among topiramate responders was 11 months. Topiramate was prescribed after a mean of 3.3 antiepilepsy drugs had been used in these infants. In no case was topiramate the first prescribed antiepilepsy drug. Adverse effects occurred only in five patients, leading to topiramate discontinuation in two patients. Topiramate was efficacious and well tolerated in infants younger than 24 months of age with refractory epilepsy. Prospective data are needed to corroborate this observation. (J Child Neurol 2003;18:258—262).
Factors Influencing on E-Banking Practices: Evidence from Sri Lanka

The purpose of this paper is to explore the influencing factors of e-banking practices in Sri Lanka. A questionnaire with seven-point Likert scale is applied to 388 usable responses. The study was exploratory in nature and employed factor analysis to identify the important factors of e-banking practices. Results indicate that mainly four factors are significant with respect to the e-banking practices. Privacy & convenience, content & website layout, speed of delivery, and accessibility are the critical factors influencing the e-banking practices. In addition, factors extracted from the analysis accounted for 53.704% of the total variance. This study expected to provide a unique model in the realm of e-banking.