Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Internet in everyday life

List of Figures. List of Tables. Foreword: The Virtual Community in the Real World. (Howard Rheingold). Series Editora s Preface: The Internet and the Network Society . (Manuel Castells). Introduction: The Internet in Everyday Life. (Caroline Haythornthwaite and Barry Wellman). Part I: Moving The Internet Out Of Cyberspace. The internet in Everyday Life: An Introduction. (Caroline Haythornthwaite and Barry Wellman). Part II: The Place Of The Internet In Everyday Life. 1. Days and Nights on the Internet. (Philip Howard, Lee Rainie, and Steve Jones). 2 The Global Villagers: Comparing Internet Users and Uses Around the World. (Wenhong Chen, Jeffrey Boase and Barry Wellman). 3 Syntopia: Access, Civic Involvement and Social Interaction on the Net. (James Katz and Ronald Rice). 4 Digital Living: The Impact (or Otherwise) of the Internet in Everyday British Life. (Ben Anderson and Karina Tracey). 5 The Changing Digital Divide in Germany. (Gert Wagner, Rainer Pischner and John Haisken--DeNew). 6 Doing Social Science Research Online . (Alan Neustadtl, John Robinson and Meyer Kestnbaum). Part III: Finding Time For The Internet. 7 Internet Use, Interpersonal Relations and Sociability: A Time Diary Study. (Norman Nie, D. Sunshine Hillygus and Lutz Erbring). 8 The Internet and Other Uses of Time. (John Robinson, Meyer Kestnbaum, Alan Neustadtl and Anthony Alvarez). 9 Everyday Communication Patterns of Heavy and Light Email Users. (Janell Copher, Alaina Kanfer and Mary Bea Walker). Part IV: The Internet In The Community. 10 Capitalizing on the Net: Social Contact, Civic Engagement and Sense of Community. (Anabel Quan--Haase and Barry Wellman). 11 The Impact of Computer Networks on Social Capital and Community Involvement in Blacksburg. (Andrea Kavanaugh and Scott Patterson). 12 The Not So Global Village of Netville. (Keith Hampton and Barry Wellman). 13 Gender and Personal Relationships in HomeNet. (Bonka Boneva and Robert Kraut). 14 Belonging in Geographic, Ethnic and Internet Spaces. (Sorin Matei and Sandra Ball--Rokeach). Part V: The Internet At School, Work And Home. 15 Bringing the Internet Home: Adult distance learners and their Internet, Home and Work worlds. (Caroline Haythornthwaite and Michelle Kazmer). 16 Where Home is the Office: The New Form of Flexible Work. (Janet Salaff). 17 Kerala Connections: Will the Internet Affect Science in Developing Areas? (Teresa Davidson, R. Sooryamoorthy and Wesley Shrum). 18 Social Support for Japanese Mothers Online and Offline . (Kakuko Miyata). 19 Shopping Behavior Online. (Robert Lunn and Michael Suman). Index
A variant of the cyclic pursuit scheme for consensus in multi-agent systems

In this paper, we present a solution to the rendezvous problem using a variant of the cyclic pursuit, in which agent i follows agent i +1 modulo η and in which agent i follows agent i-1 modulo n. With the variant of the cyclic pursuit, we aim to increase the convergence rate compared to the cyclic pursuit A generalized variant of the proposed strategy is also presented to guide mobile agents to rendezvous at a desired point We provide simulation results to illustrate the key theoretical results.
Efficient and Provable Multi-Query Optimization

Complex queries for massive data analysis jobs have become increasingly commonplace. Many such queries contain common subexpressions, either within a single query or among multiple queries submitted as a batch. Conventional query optimizers do not exploit these subexpressions and produce sub-optimal plans. The problem of multi-query optimization (MQO) is to generate an optimal combined evaluation plan by computing common subexpressions once and reusing them. Exhaustive algorithms for MQO explore an O(nn) search space. Thus, this problem has primarily been tackled using various heuristic algorithms, without providing any theoretical guarantees on the quality of their solution. In this paper, instead of the conventional cost minimization problem, we treat the problem as maximizing a linear transformation of the cost function. We propose a greedy algorithm for this transformed formulation of the problem, which under weak, intuitive assumptions, provides an approximation factor guarantee for this formulation. We go on to show that this factor is optimal, unless P = NP. An- other noteworthy point about our algorithm is that it can be easily incorporated into existing transformation-based optimizers. We finally propose optimizations which can be used to improve the efficiency of our algorithm.
Sex-Based Disparities in Pretrial Release Decisions and Outcomes

This study involved an examination of sex-based differences in judicial decision making during pretrial, an understudied stage of the criminal court process. We also examined whether defendants’ sex interacted with other legal and extralegal case characteristics, or the context of the county in which defendants were processed. Analyses of data collected from 62 large urban counties for the years 1994 through 2006 revealed that overall, women were treated more leniently than men throughout the pretrial process. Results also indicated that defendants’ sex interacted with other case characteristics to influence pretrial decisions and outcomes, and that judicial decisions were shaped by the sociopolitical context of the county in which these defendants were processed.
Prototyping a pager-like device using FPGAs: design of an object finder

The use of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) devices for designing and prototyping a pager-like device is presented. The device executes the decoding tasks in a system, which also has a transceiver sending information at 1200 bit/s with a FSK modulator and a receiver/demodulator; the RF part operates in the 450 MHz range. The device was intended for "finding" and signaling, by light or sounds, objects such as cars, containers, or medical equipment in large environments. The traditional paging protocol POCSAG has been slightly modified to use minimal resources and provide new characteristics for the specific applications.
Formal and real subordination and the contemporary proletariat: Re-coupling Marxist class theory and labour-process analysis

Having seemed to offer so much in the 1970s, neo-Marxist class theory went into significant decline in the decades that followed. This paper begins with a critique of E. O. Wright's 1980s detour via a reworking of central aspects of Marx's class theory. Specifically, Marx's concepts of formal and real subordination provide the basis for a re-coupling of labour-process themes with a class analysis of contemporary capitalism.
Comprehensive Dissection of PDGF-PDGFR Signaling Pathways in PDGFR Genetically Defined Cells

Despite the growing understanding of PDGF signaling, studies of PDGF function have encountered two major obstacles: the functional redundancy of PDGFRα and PDGFRβ in vitro and their distinct roles in vivo. Here we used wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF), MEF null for either PDGFRα, β, or both to dissect PDGF-PDGFR signaling pathways. These four PDGFR genetically defined cells provided us a platform to study the relative contributions of the pathways triggered by the two PDGF receptors. They were treated with PDGF-BB and analyzed for differential gene expression, in vitro proliferation and differential response to pharmacological effects. No genes were differentially expressed in the double null cells, suggesting minimal receptor-independent signaling. Protean differentiation and proliferation pathways are commonly regulated by PDGFRα, PDGFRβ and PDGFRα/β while each receptor is also responsible for regulating unique signaling pathways. Furthermore, some signaling is solely modulated through heterodimeric PDGFRα/β.
The connectionist dual process (CDP) approach to modelling reading aloud

This paper reviews the Connectionist Dual Process (CDP) approach to modelling reading aloud, from the computational principles that motivate the model's connectionist dual-route architecture to the most recent developments guided by a nested incremental modelling strategy. New simulations based on a greatly simplified, feedforward version of the model (ffCDP+) demonstrate that the models' success in accounting for key phenomena in word naming relies on the nature of its sublexical route. The results with ffCDP+, where the parameter-heavy, interactive lexical route is turned into a simple frequency-weighted activation of lexical phonology, show that the two-layer associative network of phonological assembly is the core component in CDP+ and highlight the intrinsic modularity of the model. Further developments of the model and some directions for future research are discussed.
Separating the knowledge layers: Cognitive analysis of search knowledge through hierarchical goal decompositions

Hierarchical goal decompositions have proved to be a useful method to make explicit the knowledge required by users to perform tasks in a wide range of applications such as computer-aided drafting (CAD) systems. This analysis method progressively decomposes a given task starting from the task layer on the top of the decomposition, to the keystroke layer at the bottom. The analysis enables a close inspection of the knowledge required to perform the task at each layer of the decomposition. In this paper we show how the method of hierarchical goal decomposition can be used to understand more precisely the knowledge that is required to perform information search tasks. The analysis pinpoints: (1) the critical strategies in the intermediate layers of knowledge that are known by experts searchers; (2) why such knowledge is difficult to acquire by novice searchers; (3) how the analysis provides testable predictions of behavior based on the acquisition of different types of knowledge. We conclude by discussing the advantages provided by hierarchical goal decompositions, and how such an approach can lead to the design of systems and training.
Private and Public Schooling in the Southern Cone: A Comparative Analysis of Argentina and Chile. Occasional Paper.

Argentina and Chile have longstanding policies that give public subsidies to private schools. This paper uses data from 1997 from Argentina and Chile to compare the academic outcomes of seventh and eighth graders in public and private schools. Three types of private schools are analyzed: Catholic schools that are subsidized by the government, nonreligious schools that are subsidized, and private schools that receive no subsidies. The analyses suggest a mixed portrait of private school effectiveness. In both countries, Catholic subsidized schools are somewhat more effective than public schools in producing student outcomes, although these results are probably an upper limit to the true effects, due to selection bias. These effects may be due, in part, to the unique missions, policies, and resources characteristic of the Catholic sector, although empirical research to substantiate this is sparse. In contrast, there are few differences in outcomes between public and nonreligious subsidized schools in Chile. Enrollments in nonreligious subsidized private schools are substantially larger in Chile. The diminished effectiveness of these schools in Chile may be due, in part, to their different objectives. Again, however, research is not sufficient to explain why different types of private schools may produce different results. (Author) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Private and Public Schooling in the Southern Cone: A Comparative Analysis of Argentina and Chile. Occasional Paper No. 11.
When Muslims Are Perceived as a Religious Threat: Examining the Connection Between Desecration, Religious Coping, and Anti-Muslim Attitudes

This study examined links between the appraisal that Muslims desecrate Christian values and teachings, religious coping methods, and anti-Muslim attitudes. Of the 192 Christian undergraduate participants, between 13.7% and 28% perceived Muslims as a threat to Christian values and teachings. After controlling for demographic and personological variables (e.g., church attendance, pluralism, Christian orthodoxy, authoritarianism, fundamentalism, particularism), higher levels of viewing Muslims as desecrators of Christianity were linked to higher anti-Muslim attitudes. In contrast, positive religious coping methods that emphasized expressions of Christian love and learning from Muslim spiritual models were associated with lower anti-Muslim attitudes. However, negative religious coping methods that emphasized that Muslims were being punished by God and demonic were also tied to greater anti-Muslim attitudes. Further, religious coping methods partially mediated the associations between desecration and anti-Muslim attitudes. Higher levels of authoritarianism, religious particularism, fundamentalism, and greater exposure to messages of desecration predicted perceptions of Muslims as desecrators of Christianity. The findings demonstrate the usefulness of Pargament's religious coping theory to understand prejudice, particularly how the perception that Muslims violate Christianity may often underlie anti-Muslim attitudes.
A probabilistic visual sensor model for mobile robot localisation in structured environments

We present a technique for self-localisation of a mobile robot in structured office environments using a monocular on-board camera only. Most state of the art approaches to map building and localisation in mobile robotics are probabilistic. The majority depends on accurate proximity sensors such as laser range finders or sonar sensors. As an alternative, we have developed a probabilistic sensor model for robot vision. By matching straight-line segments extracted from the camera image with a geometrical model of the environment, it computes a probability that a given image has been obtained at a certain place in the robot's operating environment. The use of straight-line segments as features provides both computational efficiency and robustness with respect to noise and inaccuracies of the map. We have compared the performance of the sensor model with a traditional one for a laser range finder in the common framework of Monte-Carlo localisation. Given the results on robustness and accuracy of position estimation, our localisation technique is applicable for mobile robots in structured indoor environments that do not have laser sensors. Moreover, the model is appropriate for sensor fusion and object recognition.
Recursive Boolean Formula Minimization Algorithms for Implication Logic

In this paper are given two novel algorithms for minimization of recursive Boolean formula (RBF), which is adequate for implementation of N-input 1-output Boolean functions (BFs) over basis {imply, false} using two memristors. Both of our algorithms are direct consequence of necessary and sufficient conditions related to regular ordering of positive product terms within recursive formula. The results demonstrate how developed algorithms provide up to 26% gain in average number of implications and shorter recursive Boolean formula length in up to 77% of problem instances than previously published algorithms, tested on the set of all 4-input 1-output BFs.
Parallel matrix factorization for binary response

Predicting user affinity to items is an important problem in applications like content optimization, computational advertising, among others. While matrix factorization methods provide state-of-the-art performance when minimizing RMSE through a Gaussian response model on explicit ratings data, applying it to imbalanced binary response data presents additional challenges that we carefully study in this paper. Data in many applications usually consist of users' implicit response that is binary - clicking an item or not; the goal is to predict click rates (i.e., probabilities), which are often combined with other measures of utilities to rank items at runtime. Because of the implicit nature, such data is usually much larger than explicit rating data but often has an imbalanced distribution with a small fraction of click events, making accurate click rate prediction difficult. In this paper, we address two problems. First, we show previous techniques to estimate factor models with binary data are less accurate compared to our new approach based on adaptive rejection sampling, especially for imbalanced response. Second, we develop a parallel matrix factorization framework using Map-Reduce that scales to massive datasets. Our parallel algorithm is based on a “divide and conquer” strategy coupled with an ensemble approach. Through experiments on two benchmark data sets and a large Yahoo! Front Page Today Module data set that contains 8M users and 1B binary observations, we show that careful handling of binary response is needed to achieve good performance for click rate prediction, and that the proposed adaptive rejection sampler and the partitioning and ensemble techniques significantly improve performance.
The Magnetic Crusade: Science and Politics in Early Victorian Britain

D URING ONE OF THE MOST TURBULENT PERIODS in the history of British science-the 1830s-Edward Sabine, Humphrey Lloyd, John Herschel, and a small group of supporters campaigned for and eventually launched what their colleague and contemporary historian William Whewell described as "by far the greatest scientific undertaking the world has ever seen. "' The campaign, which became known as the Magnetic Crusade, typified the enthusiasm for data collecting which flourished in the early Victorian era and culminated in the establishment of a global network of geomagnetic observatories which was inaugurated by the dispatch of a geomagnetic expedition to the southern polar regions. The objectives of the whole enterprise were perhaps best expressed by William Vernon Harcourt, who told the 1839 annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science that the scheme might lead to the construction of "a theory based on a legitimate representation of known facts" which would express the hitherto-intractable variation of the earth's field as simple laws. These laws would be of immediate practical value in the field of navigation, but, as he went on to say, the project might also yield "the true cause of the phenomena-and therein a completion of what Newton began-a revelation of new cosmical laws-a discovery of the nature and connexion of imponderable forces-all these the possible results of approaching the heights of theory on what may prove to be their most accessible and measurable side. "2 Harcourt's predictions make clear the immediate scientific and practical goals of the Magnetic Crusade which appealed to both the Association's membership and the Admiralty but also reveal the longer-term theoretical objectives which motivated its sponsors. Once launched the enterprise proved to be an open-ended project, and its supporters were able to return again and again to the British Association and the Royal Society with arguments for its continuation and requests for further financial backing. This paper is an examination of the organization of the campaign which Edward Sabine came to lead within the British Association and the Royal Society to secure the necessary support for both the seaand land-based observatories and the subsequent development of the system once established. As such it owes much to the work of Susan Cannon, whose study of early Victorian science first made me aware of the intricacies of the campaign, and to that of Nathan Reingold, who has demonstrated
An evaluation of journals used in doctoral marketing programs

Studies that rank the relative quality of scholarly marketing journals have relied primarily on expert opinion surveys and citation analyses. The authors use a new approach that combines elements of these two alternatives and compile a database of 6,294 citations (representing 3,423 different articles) from 109 syllabi obtained from a broad sampling of AACSB-International-accredited schools with marketing doctoral programs. The five most citedjournals (Journal of Marketing, Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Marketing Research, Marketing Science, andJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science) account for 66.5 percent of citations in the syllabi. Rankings of journals other than the top five vary markedly from previous journal quality studies. Few articles are cited in common across programs, and the authors find considerable variation even within individual seminar types. The findings provide a new basis for assessing the quality of journals and provide new insights about the content of doctoral programs.
Daily Rhythms in Blood and Milk Lead Toxicokinetics Following Intravenous Administration of Lead Acetate to Dairy Cows in Winter

The objective was to investigate circadian variations of blood and milk lead toxicokinetics in dairy cows in winter. Twenty lactating Holstein animals were randomly assigned to 4 treatments, corresponding to different hours after onset of light (HALO): 2, 8, 14 and 20. Cows received a single intravenous administration of 2.5 mg/kg lead as lead acetate. Blood and milk samples were taken and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. For each toxicokinetic parameter, a one-way analysis of variance was performed to outline the existence of daily variations. Significant differences as a function of HALO were detected in blood for the hybrid constant of elimination (β), half-life of elimination (t1/2β), area under the curve (AUC) and clearance (Cl) (p < 0.01) and volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) (p < 0.05). Half-life of elimination was highest when lead acetatae was injected at 2 HALO, and lowest following the 14 HALO administration. Milk data showed significant differences for maximum concentration, AUC and Cl (p < 0.001), volume of distribution and Vss (p < 0.005). The ratio AUCmilk/ABCblood was utilized to estimate penetration of lead in milk. It differed significantly along the day (p < 0.01). Blood daily variations could be fitted a circadian rhythms. No circadian rhythms were detected in milk parameters or in the ratio AUCmilk/ABCblood. It was concluded that blood and milk lead toxicokinetics are distinctly affected by the time of the day.
Eyewitness Evidence: Will the United States Guide for Law Enforcement Make Any Difference?

The publication in the United States of Eyewitness Identification: A Guide for Law Enforcement Officers (TWGEYEE, 1999) is a significant development in seeking to deal with miscarriages of justice, based on erroneous identification, in all 50 states of the Union and at a Federal level. However, its development barely acknowledges the existence of more than 40 years of case law and legislation in England and Wales. In addition, the contents of the Guide are advisory only and failure to comply with them carries no sanction. This article compares the content of the Guide with the mostly mandatory requirements of English law. It argues that, in the face of some of the negative aspects of police culture and the problems associated with the external imposition of controls on policing, the Guide is not likely to be either accepted, or successful. In addition, it is argued that the parochialism of an approach that ignores both research and efforts and extant administrative controls in other comparable jurisdictions is both unwise and unscholarly.