Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A learning technique for legal document analysis

More and more law is available freely on the Internet. The growing complexity of legal rules and the necessary adaptation to user needs requires better instruments than manual browsing and searching interfaces of the past. Information reconnaissance of an unknown text corpus would provide a major help. Our research on neural networks concerns adaptive learning techniques for information reconnaissance in legal document archives. Self-organising maps offer besides successful classification a promising tool for this purpose. The neural processing elements can be labeled with the most appropriate keywords to describe the contents of the documents. Applying the tools of refinement, our novel approach describes the most interesting features of the document. The user can choose properly between the various units in order to refine the next step of research. An integration of this tool of information reconnaissance into an intelligent agent is straightforward and will bring much benefit in a practical application.
An Exploration of Formalized Information Retrieval Heuristics

Empirical studies of information retrieval methods show that good retrieval performance is closely related to the use of various retrieval heuristics, such as TF-IDF weighting. Any effective retrieval formula, no matter how it is originally motivated, also often boils down to an explicit or implicit implementation of these heuristics. One basic research question is thus what are exactly these “necessary” heuristics that seem to cause good retrieval performance. In this paper, we present a formal study of these retrieval heuristics. We formally define a set of basic desirable constraints that any reasonable retrieval function should satisfy, and check these constraints on a variety of representative retrieval functions. We find that none of these retrieval functions satisfies all the constraints unconditionally. Empirical results show that when a constraint is not satisfied, it often indicates non-optimality of the method, and when a constraint is only satisfied for a certain range of parameter values, its performance tends to be poor when the parameter is out of the range. In general, we find that the empirical performance of a retrieval formula is tightly related to how well they satisfy these constraints. Thus the proposed constraints can provide a good explanation of many empirical observations and make it possible to evaluate any existing or new retrieval formula analytically.
Development of a CAD tool for 3D-FPGAs

This paper presents a newly developed computer-aided design (CAD) tool for 3-dimensional field programmable gate arrays (3D-FPGAs). With this tool, primary inputs/outputs (I/Os) are packed in the configurable logic blocks (CLBs) and placed all over the 3D-FPGA. Moreover, rectangular parallelepiped confinement (RPC) and A-star (A∗) search algorithms are applied to perform 3D routing, which is about 9.0 times faster than the one not introducing the algorithms, without degrading the routing quality.
Fast Charging and High Efficiency Switching-Based Charger With Continuous Built-In Resistance Detection and Automatic Energy Deliver Control for Portable Electronics

The continuous built-in resistance detection (CBIRD) is proposed in the switching-based charger system to achieve fast charging. Corresponding to built-in resistance (BIR) variation of Li-ion battery and charging current limitation from input energy, the CBIRD dynamically adjusts the transition voltage at the constant current (CC) mode. As a result, the transition timing from CC mode to the constant voltage (CV) mode can be postponed. Rated large charging current and extended period in CC mode effectively reduce charging time. Besides, the proposed automatic energy deliver control (AEDC) technique considers both loading system and battery status simultaneously to manage charging current according to the loading system's requirement and input supply energy for high efficiency charging. The proposed switching-based charger system was fabricated in 0.25 μm CMOS process and occupied 3 mm2 silicon area. The charger system can save up to 40% of charging time. The charger system achieves 87% of peak power efficiency at a rated 1 A charging current.
Enhanced Out-of-Band Sensing Algorithm for Cognitive Radio Networks

In cognitive radio networks (CRN), Out-of-Band (OoB) spectrum sensing provides seamless communication. Cognitive radio (CR) users, so called secondary users (SUs), should avoid interference with primary users (PUs), the owner of the licensed band, while trying to access the unused licensed or unlicensed band, for spectrum utilization. When PUs request to access their band, SUs need to vacate the band, thus it is inconvenient to provide seamless communication without OoB sensing. In this paper, we suggest an OoB sensing algorithm to guarantee seamless communication and also minimize the interference of SUs on PUs. Also we obtain analysis-based achievable throughput by considering the OoB sensing duration. To verify our algorithm, we perform simulation and find that the effect due to OoB sensing on the aggregate throughput is insignificant.
Stereotypes of the Powerless: A Social Psychological Analysis

This paper advances a theory of stereotypes of powerless groups in terms of the psychological functions served by the stereotypes. In a coercive power relationship certain behavioral constraints are imposed on the powerless group. Members of the powerful group observe the resulting behavior and make inferences about the character of the powerless group. These observations and inferences fulfill a knowledge function by providing information and interpretations about a part of the environment. However, because of the structure of the power relationship, the powerful group is dependent on the powerless group and violates its own justice norms. These potential threats to self-esteem are defended against by attributing the behavior of the powerless group to its inherent nature and not to its powerless position. These observations and attributions are legitimated as part of a larger system of explanation, and members of the powerful group accept them, not only to satisfy the knowledge and ego defense functions, but to maintain the group's approval and their own sense of identity with the group. In short, in relationships based on coercive power, stereotypes of the powerless group simultaneously satisfy the knowledge, ego defense, and social adjustment functions for members of the powerful group.
Gender Differences in Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence Recidivism

Risk assessment measures are increasingly used to evaluate offenders charged with intimate partner violence (IPV). Scales currently available for this purpose suffer from two important limitations: First, several well-established risk factors from research with general offenders are excluded from most IPV scales, including age, deviant peer associations, and antisocial attitudes. Further research is needed to determine whether these factors should be included in the next generation of IPV risk measures. Second, all of the existing scales have been validated solely for use with males despite increased arrests among women. This study sought to investigate both of these issues using a large sample of male and female IPV offenders. The results highlight gender differences in risk factors for recidivism.
EXPLORING THE STRUCTURE OF MIXTURE MODEL COMPONENTS

Model-based cluster analysis and latent class regression are pop- ular methods for grouping observations into unobserved segments. In many applications it is of great interest to the practitioner to assess the relation- ships between those segments, especially which segments are close to each other and which are markedly di erent from the rest. We present several new tools for the R statistical computing environment that allow the user to visually explore the component structure of arbitrary mixture models and do computations using a graph representation of the model.
Organic Cation Transporter-Mediated Renal Secretion of Ipratropium and Tiotropium in Rats and Humans

Ipratropium bromide (ipratropium) and tiotropium bromide (tiotropium), anticholinergic agents with bronchodilating properties, are used to treat patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Because they are actively secreted into urine, the interaction of these agents with organic cation transporters (OCTs/Octs) was examined in rat kidney slices and in cultured cells expressing rat Oct (rOct) or human OCT (hOCT). Uptake of radiolabeled ipratropium in rat kidney slices was significantly inhibited by OCT/Oct substrates including cimetidine, imipramine, and quinidine, but not by organic anion transporter substrates (e.g., p-aminohippuric acid and estrone-3-sulfate). [3H]Tiotropium uptake showed similar characteristics. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that, in rat kidney, mRNA expression of rOct2 was the highest, followed by rOct1, but little rOct3 was detected. In vitro, rOct1 and rOct2 transported both anticholinergics, but rOct3 accepted only ipratropium. Ipratropium uptake by rat kidney slices consisted of two components with Km values of 0.114 ± 0.06 and 24.5 ± 2.21 μM. The Km value of rOct2-mediated ipratropium uptake (0.143 ± 0.03 μM) was consistent with that of the high-affinity component. The OCT/Oct inhibitor corticosterone, at a concentration of 1 μM (IC50, 1.11 ± 0.20 μM for rOct2-mediated ipratropium transport), inhibited ipratropium by 18.4%, suggesting that rOct2 is involved in renal secretion of ipratropium. In a similar manner, ipratropium and tiotropium were taken up by cultured cells expressing hOCT1 and hOCT2 but not hOCT3. We conclude that OCT2/Oct2 plays a role in renal secretion of both anticholinergics in these species. Coadministration of these anticholinergics with cationic drugs recognized by OCT2/Oct2 may decrease renal clearance, resulting in increased systemic exposure.
Mating order and reproductive success in male Columbian ground squirrels (Urocitellus columbianus)

Multiple mating by females is common in many mammalian species, often resulting in mixed paternity litters. In such mating systems, mating order, male age, and male body mass frequently play an important role in determining male reproductive success. We tested for these effects on male reproductive success in Columbian ground squirrels (Urocitellus columbianus). The mating activity of estrous females was observed, and the occurrence of sperm precedence was tested using microsatellites to determine paternity in a total of 147 litters (434 offspring), including 110 litters (334 offspring) where the mating position of individual males was determined. Females mated with up to 8 males per litter, whereas paternity analyses revealed that only the first 5 males to mate actually sired offspring. The number of offspring sired significantly decreased with position in the mating sequence, showing a strong first male advantage. The extent of this advantage diminished with an increasing number of male mating partners, indicating that sperm competition plays an important role. A male's position in the females' mating sequences was not consistent within and across seasons, suggesting that individual males did not follow distinct reproductive strategies. Rather, males of intermediate age were more successful than young and old males, when corrected for age effects; heavier males were more likely to mate first. We conclude that males gain the largest part of their seasonal reproductive output from mating first with a female due to a pronounced first male advantage but gain considerable additional fitness from mating with additional, already mated females. Copyright 2010, Oxford University Press.
Generating links to background knowledge for medical content

Automatically annotating texts with background information has recently received much attention. In this note, we outline a case study in automatically generating links from narrative radiology reports to Wikipedia. Such links are meant to help users understand the medical terminology and thereby increase the value of the reports. We discuss our findings throughout this study and the open questions left to be explored. In particular, we discuss potential extensions to the general medical domain.
Mediation of Cognitive Appraisal on Combat Exposure and Psychological Distress

Applying Cognitive Appraisal Theory (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984), this study sought to determine the mediating effect of cognitive appraisal on combat exposure and psychological distress. A total of 3,002 military personnel completed measures of combat exposure, cognitive appraisal of combat-related events, and psychological distress either during or soon after combat operations in Afghanistan. Bootstrapping was employed to test the mediation model. Cognitive appraisal mediated the relationship between combat exposure and psychological distress, suggesting that the impact of a potentially stressful event on well-being is contingent on one's appraisal of that event. Implications for future research and training are presented.
Channel coding and decoding in a relay system operated with physical-layer network coding

This paper investigates link-by-link channel-coded PNC (physical layer network coding), in which a critical process at the relay is to transform the superimposed channel-coded packets received from the two end nodes (plus noise), Y<sub>3</sub> = X<sub>1</sub>+ X<sub>2</sub>+W<sub>3</sub>, to the network-coded combination of the source packets, S<sub>1</sub> oplus S<sub>2</sub>. This is in contrast to the traditional multiple-access problem, in which the goal is to obtain both S<sub>1</sub> and S<sub>2</sub> explicitly at the relay node. Trying to obtain S<sub>1</sub> and S<sub>2</sub> explicitly is an overkill if we are only interested in S1oplusS<sub>2</sub>. In this paper, we refer to the transformation Y<sub>3</sub> rarr S<sub>1</sub> oplus S<sub>2</sub> as the channel-decoding- network-coding process (CNC) in that it involves both channel decoding and network coding operations. This paper shows that if we adopt the repeat accumulate (RA) channel code at the two end nodes, then there is a compatible decoder at the relay that can perform the transformation Y<sub>3</sub> rarr S<sub>1</sub>oplusS<sub>2</sub> efficiently. Specifically, we redesign the belief propagation decoding algorithm of the RA code for traditional point-to-point channel to suit the need of the PNC multiple-access channel. Simulation results show that our new scheme outperforms the previously proposed schemes significantly in terms of BER without added complexity.
Estimation of Driver Head Yaw Angle Using a Generic Geometric Model

Head yaw angle is an important indicator of a driver's distraction. Forward collision warning systems incorporate head yaw angle estimators for detecting driver's head-off-road glances. This paper presents a generic geometric model for head yaw estimation. The generic model is customized into 12 different models. The performance of the cylindrical and ellipsoidal models is improved by introducing nose projection and truncation. The yaw estimation problem is formulated using a single variable. This formulation provides better visualization of the cylindrical and ellipsoidal models. It is shown that the ellipsoidal model in literature is indeed a cylindrical model with nose projection. We have also proved that, under the ellipsoidal/cylindrical framework, the estimated yaw angle is independent of shifting the center of rotation along depth. Four previous works are shown as the customization of the proposed generic model. The performance of the proposed models are evaluated using four standard head pose datasets and an ADAS dataset. The proposed nose-projected truncated ellipsoidal model outperforms the state-of-the-art geometric models. Further, we have studied the impact of model parameters and inaccurate facial feature localization through simulation experiments.
Current Assessment and Classification of Suicidal Phenomena using the FDA 2012 Draft Guidance Document on Suicide Assessment: A Critical Review.

OBJECTIVE Standard international classification criteria require that classification categories be comprehensive to avoid type II error. Categories should be mutually exclusive and definitions should be clear and unambiguous (to avoid type I and type II errors). In addition, the classification system should be robust enough to last over time and provide comparability between data collections. This article was designed to evaluate the extent to which the classification system contained in the United States Food and Drug Administration 2012 Draft Guidance for the prospective assessment and classification of suicidal ideation and behavior in clinical trials meets these criteria. METHOD A critical review is used to assess the extent to which the proposed categories contained in the Food and Drug Administration 2012 Draft Guidance are comprehensive, unambiguous, and robust. Assumptions that underlie the classification system are also explored. RESULTS The Food and Drug Administration classification system contained in the 2012 Draft Guidance does not capture the full range of suicidal ideation and behavior (type II error). Definitions, moreover, are frequently ambiguous (susceptible to multiple interpretations), and the potential for misclassification (type I and type II errors) is compounded by frequent mismatches in category titles and definitions. These issues have the potential to compromise data comparability within clinical trial sites, across sites, and over time. CONCLUSION These problems need to be remedied because of the potential for flawed data output and consequent threats to public health, to research on the safety of medications, and to the search for effective medication treatments for suicidality.
Under Consideration for Publication in Theory and Practice of Logic Programming Testing and Debugging Techniques for Answer Set Solver Development

This paper develops automated testing and debugging techniques for answer set solver development. We describe a flexible grammar-based black-box ASP fuzz testing tool which is able to reveal various defects such as unsound and incomplete behavior, i.e. invalid answer sets and inability to find existing solutions, in state-of-the-art answer set solver implementations. Moreover, we develop delta debugging techniques for shrinking failure-inducing inputs on which solvers exhibit defective behavior. In particular, we develop a delta debugging algorithm in the context of answer set solving, and evaluate two different elimination strategies for the algorithm.
Identifying Telemedicine Services to Improve Access to Specialty Care for the Underserved in the San Francisco Safety Net

Safety-net settings across the country have grappled with providing adequate access to specialty care services. San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, serving as the city's primary safety-net hospital, has also had to struggle with the same issue. With Healthy San Francisco, the City and County of San Francisco's Universal Healthcare mandate, the increased demand for specialty care services has placed a further strain on the system. With the recent passage of California Proposition 1D, infrastructural funds are now set aside to assist in connecting major hospitals with primary care clinics in remote areas all over the state of California, using telemedicine. Based on a selected sample of key informant interviews with local staff physicians, this study provides further insight into the current process of e-referral which uses electronic communication for making referrals to specialty care. It also identifies key services for telemedicine in primary and specialty care settings within the San Francisco public health system. This study concludes with proposals for a framework that seek to increase collaboration between the referring primary care physician and specialist, to prioritize institution of these key services for telemedicine.
Utility-Theoretic Ranking for Semiautomated Text Classification

Semiautomated Text Classification (SATC) may be defined as the task of ranking a set D of automatically labelled textual documents in such a way that, if a human annotator validates (i.e., inspects and corrects where appropriate) the documents in a top-ranked portion of D with the goal of increasing the overall labelling accuracy of D, the expected increase is maximized. An obvious SATC strategy is to rank D so that the documents that the classifier has labelled with the lowest confidence are top ranked. In this work, we show that this strategy is suboptimal. We develop new utility-theoretic ranking methods based on the notion of validation gain, defined as the improvement in classification effectiveness that would derive by validating a given automatically labelled document. We also propose a new effectiveness measure for SATC-oriented ranking methods, based on the expected reduction in classification error brought about by partially validating a list generated by a given ranking method. We report the results of experiments showing that, with respect to the baseline method mentioned earlier, and according to the proposed measure, our utility-theoretic ranking methods can achieve substantially higher expected reductions in classification error.
Objective Evaluation of the Quality of Movement in Daily Life after Stroke

Background Stroke survivors are commonly left with disabilities that impair activities of daily living. The main objective of their rehabilitation program is to maximize the functional performance at home. However, the actual performance of patients in their home environment is unknown. Therefore, objective evaluation of daily life activities of stroke survivors in their physical interaction with the environment is essential for optimal guidance of rehabilitation therapy. Monitoring daily life movements could be very challenging, as it may result in large amounts of data, without any context. Therefore, suitable metrics are necessary to quantify relevant aspects of movement performance during daily life. The objective of this study is to develop data processing methods, which can be used to process movement data into relevant metrics for the evaluation of intra-patient differences in quality of movements in a daily life setting. Methods Based on an iterative requirement process, functional and technical requirements were formulated. These were prioritized resulting in a coherent set of metrics. An activity monitor was developed to give context to captured movement data at home. Finally, the metrics will be demonstrated in two stroke participants during and after their rehabilitation phases. Results By using the final set of metrics, quality of movement can be evaluated in a daily life setting. As example to demonstrate potential of presented methods, data of two stroke patients were successfully analyzed. Differences between in-clinic measurements and measurements during daily life are observed by applying the presented metrics and visualization methods. Heel height profiles show intra-patient differences in height, distance, stride profile, and variability between strides during a 10-m walk test in the clinic and walking at home. Differences in distance and stride profile between both feet were larger at home, than in clinic. For the upper extremities, the participant was able to reach further away from the pelvis and cover a larger area. Discussion Presented methods can be used for the objective evaluation of intra-patient differences in movement quality between in-clinic and daily life measurements. Any observed progression or deterioration of movement quality could be used to decide on continuing, stopping, or adjusting rehabilitation programs.