Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trust in virtual communities

The way we see computers is changing nowadays. Computers are being seen not only as a utility, but also as a means and mediums of communication. With the proliferation of virtual communities and various social networks, the problem of trust becomes significant. Trust in virtual settings has been mostly researched from a security perspective; however, when it comes to virtual communities sociological aspects of trust has to be taken into account since trust is one of the most important factors for a community to exist successfully. Thus, there is a need to research how trust is experienced in the virtual world and evaluate how the virtual mediums influence trust between members of virtual communities. The purpose of our research is to explore the phenomenon of trust in virtual settings. This is done by literature analysis and synthesis as well as elaborating qualitative research methodology which was inspired by phenomenological thought. Using qualitative interviews and observations, we explore how members of virtual communities experience trust. The research revealed that technological medium often camouflages the social contexts and so reduces trust atmosphere within virtual communities. Trust in virtual communities is more superficial than in real life settings as it lacks embodiment.
The Structural Motif in Chondroitin Sulfate for Adhesion ofPlasmodium falciparum-infected Erythrocytes Comprises Disaccharide Units of 4-O-Sulfated and Non-sulfated N-Acetylgalactosamine Linked to Glucuronic Acid*

An important characteristic of malaria parasitePlasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (IRBCs) is their ability to adhere to host endothelial cells and accumulate in various organs. Sequestration of IRBCs in the placenta, associated with excess perinatal and maternal mortality, is mediated in part by adhesion of parasites to the glycosaminoglycan chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) present on syncytiotrophoblasts lining the placental blood spaces. To define key structural features for parasite interactions, we isolated from CSA oligosaccharide fractions and established by electrospray mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography disaccharide composition analysis their differing chain length, sulfate content, and sulfation pattern. Testing these defined oligosaccharide fragments for their ability to inhibit IRBC adhesion to immobilized CSA revealed the importance of non-sulfated disaccharide units in combination with 4-O-sulfated disaccharides for interaction with IRBCs. Selective removal of 6-O-sulfates from oligo- and polysaccharides to increase the proportion of non-sulfated disaccharides enhanced activity, indicating that 6-O-sulfation interferes with the interaction of CSA with IRBCs. Dodecasaccharides with four or five 4-O-sulfated and two or one non-sulfated disaccharide units, respectively, comprise the minimum chain length for effective interaction with IRBCs. Comparison of the activities of CSA and CSB oligo- and polysaccharides with a similar sulfation pattern and content achieved from partial desulfation demonstrated that glucuronic acid rather than iduronic acid residues are important for IRBC binding.
Quantifying the contribution of foods with unfavourable nutrient profiles to nutritionally adequate diets

That ‘all foods can fit’ into a healthy diet is a long-standing principle of dietetic practice. The present study quantified the relative contributions of foods to encourage and foods to limit, using new techniques of individual diet optimisation and nutrient profiling. Individual foods from every food group were assigned to four nutrient profile classes based on the French SAIN,LIM system. Foods with the most favourable nutrient profiles were in class 1, and foods with the least favourable nutrient profiles were in class 4. An optimised diet that met the recommendations for thirty-two nutrients and that respected the existing eating habits was designed for each adult in the nationally representative ‘Enquête Individuelle et Nationale sur les Consommations Alimentaires 1’ dietary survey (n 1171). The relative proportions of the four nutrient profiling classes were assessed before and after the optimisation process. The contribution of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, milk and fish was significantly increased, whereas the contribution of refined grains, meats, mixed dishes, sugars and fats was decreased. The optimised diets derived more energy (30 v. 21 % in the observed diets) from class 1 foods and less energy (41 v. 56 %) from class 4 foods. They also derived a higher amount of class 1 foods (61 v. 51 %) and a lower amount of class 4 foods (22 v. 32 %). Thus, nutrient adequacy was compatible with the consumption of foods with an unfavourable nutrient profile (one-fifth the basket weight), provided that the diet also contained almost two-thirds of foods with the most favourable profile. Translating these results into concrete and quantified advice may have very tangible public health implications.
Effect of the Thyroid State on the Enzymatic Characteristics of Cardiac Myosin: A DIFFERENCE IN BEHAVIOR OF RAT AND RABBIT CARDIAC MYOSIN

The effect of thyroid state on the activity of myosin adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) was examined in the rat and the rabbit. Cardiac myosin from thyroxine-treated rabbits showed enzymatic properties characterized by high Ca2+-activated ATPase activity, low activating energy, lower rate of inactivation at alkaline pH, and no activation by Af-ethylmaleimide compared with the same properties in the normal rabbit; thyroidectomy did not affect the enzymatic properties of rabbit cardiac myosin. These findings suggest a difference in the myosin molecule at or near the active site, involving some sulfhydryl groups, between hyperthyroid and euthyroid rabbits. However, rat cardiac myosin showed a pattern of activity in the euthyroid state similar to that of the hyperthyroid rabbit and changed to the euthyroid type after thyroidectomy. These changes were specific for cardiac myosin, since no change was observed in skeletal myosin. It is unlikely that there are major differences in the myosin molecule associated with the two types of activity, since similar proportion and amino acid composition of the subunits of cardiac myosin were observed in the different thyroid states. Thus, we concluded that the administration of thyroxine to the rabbit stimulates the synthesis of new cardiac myosin with altered enzymatic properties and that synthesis of this type of cardiac myosin is maintained by the normal level of thyroid hormone in the rat.
Deficits in the pitch sensitivity of cochlear-implanted children speaking English or Mandarin

Sensitivity to complex pitch is notoriously poor in adults with cochlear implants (CIs), but it is unclear whether this is true for children with CIs. Many are implanted today at a very young age, and factors related to brain plasticity (age at implantation, duration of CI experience, and speaking a tonal language) might have strong influences on pitch sensitivity. School-aged children participated, speaking English or Mandarin, having normal hearing (NH) or wearing a CI, using their clinically assigned settings with envelope-based coding strategies. Percent correct was measured in three-interval three-alternative forced choice tasks, for the discrimination of fundamental frequency (F0) of broadband harmonic complexes, and for the discrimination of sinusoidal amplitude modulation rate (AMR) of broadband noise, with reference frequencies at 100 and 200 Hz to focus on voice pitch processing. Data were fitted using a maximum-likelihood technique. CI children displayed higher thresholds and shallower slopes than NH children in F0 discrimination, regardless of linguistic background. Thresholds and slopes were more similar between NH and CI children in AMR discrimination. Once the effect of chronological age was extracted from the variance, the aforementioned factors related to brain plasticity did not contribute significantly to the CI children's sensitivity to pitch. Unless different strategies attempt to encode fine structure information, potential benefits of plasticity may be missed.
[ITT with the penal direction].

OBJECTIVE to evaluate the knowledge and the practice of the general practitioners of the French region of Midi Pyrénées evaluation fixing of the total disablement of work (ITT). METHOD inquire of practice by anonymous self-administered questionnaire near 500 drawn general practitioners of the area Midi the Pyrenees to the fate. This questionnaire comprised four parts (profile of the doctor, self-assessment of the occupation as regards drafting of certificate of aggravated assault and fixing of the ITT, questions of theoretical knowledge concerning the ITT, evaluation of knowledge in analysis of clinical situations). RESULTS 266 questionnaires out of 500 (53.2%) answered and exploitable between March and July 2006. The sample of doctors is representative of the medical population of the area Midi Pyrénées; 91.8% of the doctors write the certificates of aggravated assault and 80% determine the total disablement of work; 20% know the significance of initials ITT to the penal direction of the term, 94% know the legal consequences of the duration of the penal ITT, 87% in the case of know the rule of the "8 days" voluntary violences. In 24% of the errors, at least one of the two victims presented in the practical case profited one duration of ITT higher than 8 days. CONCLUSION this investigation confirms the major place of the general practitioner in the drafting of the initial medical certificate of aggravated assault and in the fixing of the total disablement of work to the penal direction of the term. However, there is a margin of important progress, in terms of professional practices, between the fixation of the duration of total working incapacity and the duration of medical certificate concerning the victim. The maintenance of a continuous medical training as regards medico-legal practice appears important for all the experts in ambulatory exercise of first recourse.
An architecture for modular on-line analytical processing systems: supporting distributed and parallel query processing using co-operating CORBA objects

During the last few years, online analytical processing (OLAP) has emerged as a valuable tool for the analysis, navigation and reporting of hierarchically organized data from data warehouses. Still, it remains a challenging task to implement and deploy an OLAP system, since no standardized architecture exists, which describes the common components and functionality of OLAP systems. Additionally the formal models in use disregard the need for easily implemented and clearly defined interfaces between these components. The paper presents a model for OLAP engines, which permits the development of modular systems based on a simple data representation using sets and vectors. The functional units of the query processor are implemented in CORBA as independent modules with firm interfaces and exchange data and messages communicate across a software bus.
Closed-Form Likelihood Expansions for Multivariate Diffusions

This paper provides closed-form expansions for the transition density and likelihood function of arbitrary multivariate diffusions. The expansions are based on a Hermite series, whose coefficients are calculated explicitly by exploiting the special structure afforded by the diffusion hypothesis. Because the transition function for most diffusion models is not known explicitly, the expansions of this paper can help make maximum-likelihood a practical estimation method for discretely sampled multivariate diffusions. Examples of interest in financial econometrics are included.
Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock.

BACKGROUND Early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) has been endorsed in the guidelines of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign as a key strategy to decrease mortality among patients presenting to the emergency department with septic shock. However, its effectiveness is uncertain. METHODS In this trial conducted at 51 centers (mostly in Australia or New Zealand), we randomly assigned patients presenting to the emergency department with early septic shock to receive either EGDT or usual care. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality within 90 days after randomization. RESULTS Of the 1600 enrolled patients, 796 were assigned to the EGDT group and 804 to the usual-care group. Primary outcome data were available for more than 99% of the patients. Patients in the EGDT group received a larger mean (±SD) volume of intravenous fluids in the first 6 hours after randomization than did those in the usual-care group (1964±1415 ml vs. 1713±1401 ml) and were more likely to receive vasopressor infusions (66.6% vs. 57.8%), red-cell transfusions (13.6% vs. 7.0%), and dobutamine (15.4% vs. 2.6%) (P<0.001 for all comparisons). At 90 days after randomization, 147 deaths had occurred in the EGDT group and 150 had occurred in the usual-care group, for rates of death of 18.6% and 18.8%, respectively (absolute risk difference with EGDT vs. usual care, -0.3 percentage points; 95% confidence interval, -4.1 to 3.6; P=0.90). There was no significant difference in survival time, in-hospital mortality, duration of organ support, or length of hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS In critically ill patients presenting to the emergency department with early septic shock, EGDT did not reduce all-cause mortality at 90 days. (Funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and the Alfred Foundation; ARISE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00975793.).
Preserved fertility despite erectile dysfunction in mice lacking the nitric oxide receptor

• Erectile dysfunction may result from reduced or non‐functional nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP‐mediated signalling. Mice lacking NO synthases are fertile whereas mice deficient in cGMP‐dependent protein kinase I suffer from erectile dysfunction. • To clarify this discrepancy we performed studies on the corpus cavernosum of male mice lacking the NO receptor NO‐sensitive guanylyl cyclase (NO‐GC) either globally or specifically in smooth muscle cells. • NO released from NO donors as well as from nitrergic neurons failed to relax precontracted corpus cavernosum from mice lacking NO‐GC either globally or specifically in smooth muscle; to our surprise, males from both knockout lines were fertile. • Our data show that deletion of the NO receptor specifically in smooth muscle cells abolishes NO‐induced corpus cavernosum relaxation but does not lead to infertility.
Level-set-based artery-vein separation in blood pool agent CE-MR angiograms

Blood pool agents (BPAs) for contrast-enhanced (CE) magnetic-resonance angiography (MRA) allow prolonged imaging times for higher contrast and resolution. Imaging is performed during the steady state when the contrast agent is distributed through the complete vascular system. However, simultaneous venous and arterial enhancement in this steady state hampers interpretation. In order to improve visualization of the arteries and veins from steady-state BPA data, a semiautomated method for artery-vein separation is presented. In this method, the central arterial axis and central venous axis are used as initializations for two surfaces that simultaneously evolve in order to capture the arterial and venous parts of the vasculature using the level-set framework. Since arteries and veins can be in close proximity of each other, leakage from the evolving arterial (venous) surface into the venous (arterial) part of the vasculature is inevitable. In these situations, voxels are labeled arterial or venous based on the arrival time of the respective surface. The evolution is steered by external forces related to feature images derived from the image data and by internal forces related to the geometry of the level sets. In this paper, the robustness and accuracy of three external forces (based on image intensity, image gradient, and vessel-enhancement filtering) and combinations of them are investigated and tested on seven patient datasets. To this end, results with the level-set-based segmentation are compared to the reference-standard manually obtained segmentations. Best results are achieved by applying a combination of intensity- and gradient-based forces and a smoothness constraint based on the curvature of the surface. By applying this combination to the seven datasets, it is shown that, with minimal user interaction, artery-vein separation for improved arterial and venous visualization in BPA CE-MRA can be achieved.
Uses and gratifications of the Food Network

USES AND GRATIFICATIONS OF THE FOOD NETWORK by Cori Lynn Hemmah A significant number of cable channels today are comprised of special-topic programming. This thesis analyzes why audiences consume the Food Network and what particular satisfactions they get out of doing so. A qualitative exploratory study of 100 participants was conducted to determine specific motivations and gratifications obtained from watching the Food Network. Research revealed that information gathering, entertainment, and companionship were the gratifications most often obtained while viewing the Food Network. Programs that teach cooking skills or recipe ideas and are fun or interesting to watch are the most popular forms of Food Network content. Participants enjoy the ability to watch a Food Network program on television and then look up the recipe on the Food Network website so they can attempt to prepare a recipe themselves. The data revealed specific reasons Food Network maintains the high ratings it does, and provided insight to how further research can be applied to other specialty networks to determine what drives audiences to watch special-topic programming.
Apolipoprotein B/A‐I and total cholesterol/high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratios both predict cardiovascular events in the general population independently of nonlipid risk factors, albuminuria and C‐reactive protein

Kappelle PJWH, Gansevoort RT, Hillege JL, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Dullaart RPF on behalf of the PREVEND study group (University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands). Apolipoprotein B/A‐I and total cholesterol/high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratios both predict cardiovascular events in the general population independently of nonlipid risk factors, albuminuria and C‐reactive protein. J Intern Med 2011; 269: 232–242.
Interpreting probability

Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 2. Probability up to the twentieth century 3. R. A. Fisher and statistical probability 4. Harold Jeffreys and inverse probability 5. The Fisher-Jeffreys exchange, 1932-4 6. Probability during the 1930s 7. Epilogue and conclusions Appendices Bibliography Index.
Reevaluating the Way We Classify the Diabetic Foot

OBJECTIVE—To separately evaluate peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) and foot ulcer and amputation history in a diabetic foot risk classification to predict foot complications. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We evaluated 1,666 diabetic patients for 27.2 ± 4.2 months. Patients underwent a detailed foot assessment and were followed at regular intervals. We used a modified version of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot's (IWGDF's) risk classification to assess complications during the follow-up period. RESULTS—There were more ulcerations, infections, amputations, and hospitalizations as risk group increased (χ2 for trend P < 0.001). When risk category 2 (neuropathy and deformity and/or PAOD) was stratified by PAOD, there were more complications in PAOD patients (P < 0.01). When risk group 3 patients (ulceration or amputation history) were separately stratified, there were more complications in subjects with previous amputation (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS—We propose a new risk classification that predicts future foot complications better than that currently used by the IWGDF.
Hypoxic Repeat Sprint Training Improves Rugby Player's Repeated Sprint but Not Endurance Performance

This study aims to investigate the performance changes in 19 well-trained male rugby players after repeat-sprint training (six sessions of four sets of 5 × 5 s sprints with 25 s and 5 min of active recovery between reps and sets, respectively) in either normobaric hypoxia (HYP; n = 9; FIO2 = 14.5%) or normobaric normoxia (NORM; n = 10; FIO2 = 20.9%). Three weeks after the intervention, 2 additional repeat-sprint training sessions in hypoxia (FIO2 = 14.5%) was investigated in both groups to gauge the efficacy of using “top-up” sessions for previously hypoxic-trained subjects and whether a small hypoxic dose would be beneficial for the previously normoxic-trained group. Repeated sprint (8 × 20 m) and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 (YYIR1) performances were tested twice at baseline (Pre 1 and Pre 2) and weekly after (Post 1–3) the initial intervention (intervention 1) and again weekly after the second “top-up” intervention (Post 4–5). After each training set, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and rate of perceived exertion were recorded. Compared to baseline (mean of Pre 1 and Pre 2), both the hypoxic and normoxic groups similarly lowered fatigue over the 8 sprints 1 week after the intervention (Post 1: −1.8 ± 1.6%, −1.5 ± 1.4%, mean change ± 90% CI in HYP and NORM groups, respectively). However, from Post 2 onwards, only the hypoxic group maintained the performance improvement compared to baseline (Post 2: −2.1 ± 1.8%, Post 3: −2.3 ± 1.7%, Post 4: −1.9 ± 1.8%, and Post 5: −1.2 ± 1.7%). Compared to the normoxic group, the hypoxic group was likely to have substantially less fatigue at Post 3–5 (−2.0 ± 2.4%, −2.2 ± 2.4%, −1.6 ± 2.4% Post 3, Post 4, Post 5, respectively). YYIR1 performances improved throughout the recovery period in both groups (13–37% compared to baseline) with unclear differences found between groups. The addition of two sessions of “top-up” training after intervention 1, had little effect on either group. Repeat-sprint training in hypoxia for six sessions increases repeat sprint ability but not YYIR1 performance in well-trained rugby players.
The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality: Contents

1. Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST): introduction Philip J. Corr 2. The neuropsychology of fear and anxiety: a foundation for Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Neil McNaughton and Philip J. Corr 3. Animal cognition and human personality Neil McNaughton and Philip J. Corr 4. The behavioural activation system: challenges and opportunities Alan D. Pickering and Luke D. Smillie 5. Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory and personality Philip J. Corr and Neil McNaughton 6. Reinforcement sensitivity scales Rafael Torrubia, Cesar Avila and Xavier Caseras 7. Performance and conditioning studies Cesar Avila and Rafael Torrubia 8. Psychophysiological studies Vilfredo De Pascalis 9. Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory and mood induction studies Rapson Gomez and Andrew Cooper 10. Neuro-imaging and genetics Martin Reuter 11. Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory and psychosomatic medicine Liisa Keltikangas-Jarvinen 12. RST and clinical disorders: anxiety and depression Richard E. Zinbarg and K. Lira Yoon 13. RST and psychopathy: associations between psychopathy and the behavioral activation and inhibition systems John F. Wallace and Joseph P. Newman 14. Behavioural activation and inhibition in social adjustment Gennady G. Knyazev, Glenn D. Wilson and Helena R. Slobodskaya 15. Reinforcement sensitivity in the work-place: BIS/BAS in business Adrian Furnham and Chris Jackson 16. Formal and computational models of Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Alan D. Pickering 17. Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory: a critique from cognitive science Gerald Matthews 18. The contribution of Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory to personality theory William Revelle.