Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Journal of Software Maintenance and Evolution: Research and Practice Automatic Identification of Key Classes in a Software System Using Webmining Techniques

SUMMARY Software engineers new to a project are often stuck sorting through hundreds of classes in order to find those few classes that offer a significant insight into the inner workings of the software project. To help stimulate this process, we propose a technique which can identify the most important classes in a system, or the key classes of that system. Software engineers can use these classes to focus their understanding efforts when starting to work on a new software project. Those key classes are typically characterized with having a lot of " control " within the application. In order to find these controlling classes, we present a detection approach that is based on dynamic coupling and webmining. We demonstrate the potential of our technique using two open source software systems, which have a rich documentation set. During the case studies we use dynamically gathered coupling information and vary between a number of coupling metrics. The case studies show that we are able to retrieve 90% of the classes deemed important by the orginal maintainers of the systems, while maintaining a level of precision of around 50%.
Variance-Reduced and Projection-Free Stochastic Optimization

The Frank-Wolfe optimization algorithm has recently regained popularity for machine learning applications due to its projection-free property and its ability to handle structured constraints. However, in the stochastic learning setting, it is still relatively understudied compared to the gradient descent counterpart. In this work, leveraging a recent variance reduction technique, we propose two stochastic Frank-Wolfe variants which substantially improve previous results in terms of the number of stochastic gradient evaluations needed to achieve 1 - e accuracy. For example, we improve from O(1/e) to O(ln 1/e) if the objective function is smooth and strongly convex, and from O(1/e2) to O(1/e1.5) if the objective function is smooth and Lipschitz. The theoretical improvement is also observed in experiments on real-world datasets for a multiclass classification application.
The Actor-Topic Model for Extracting Social Networks in Literary Narrative

We present a generative model for conversational dialogues, namely the actor-topic model (ACTM), that extend the author-topic model (Rosen-Zvi, et.al , 2004) to identify actors of given conversation in literary narratives. Thus ACTM assigns each instance of quoted speech to an appropriate character. We model dialogues in a literary text, which take place between two or more actors conversing on different topics, as distributions over topics, which are also mixtures of the term distributions associated with multiple actors. This follows the linguistic intuition that rich contextual information can be useful in understanding dialogues, eventually effecting the social network construction. We propose ACTM to ideally lead our research on social network extraction in literary narratives. Our experiments on nineteenth century English novels indicate that exploiting content structure of dialogues can yield signiﬁcant improvements over a baseline using language models which is based on local context in constructing social interactions.
An ethnographic study of how Chinese students in a UK university understand and respond to emotions in their intercultural adjustment

This is an ethnographic study of a group of Chinese students in a UK university and their emotional experiences while they adjust to the host academic and sociocultural environment. The study focuses on these students’ understanding of and responses to emotions in their intercultural encounters in this context. The empirical findings show that: 1) Chinese students’ constructions of emotions: seek connections with people in the host environment; value approval in interactions with people in the host environment; pursue competence when performing academic and social tasks; promote positive self-presentation in classroom discussions; seek intimacy in intercultural friendships; and value sincerity in intercultural relationships. These constructions are centred on three aspects: encountering and engaging with the host environment; performing academic and social tasks; and developing interpersonal relationships. 2) Chinese students’ ways of responding to emotions involve: changing oneself; changing the environment; and other responses (including emotion-focused coping and the avoidance of emotion eliciting events or situations). 3) There are a variety of sociocultural and historical factors that influence the development of Chinese students’ constructions of or responses to emotions in their intercultural adjustment processes: emotional contagion, emotional coincidence, empathy, close proximity, the presence of other Chinese students, a perceived low level of host receptivity, conformity pressure from the Chinese group, being in a disadvantageous position in power imbalanced encounters, habituation with the existing Chinese network, and previous learning experiences. The findings give valuable insights into Chinese students’ affective intercultural adjustment journey, and have practical implications for prospective Chinese international students and intercultural education in higher education, especially in the context of the UK.
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Pattern recognition systems that are invariant to shape, pose, lighting and texture are never sufficiently selective; they suffer a high rate of ''false alarms''. How are biological vision systems both invariant and selective? Specifically, how are proper arrangements of sub-patterns distinguished from the chance arrangements that defeat selectivity in artificial systems? The answer may lie in the nonlinear dynamics that characterize complex and other invariant cell types: these cells are temporarily more receptive to some inputs than to others (functional connectivity). One consequence is that pairs of such cells with overlapping receptive fields will possess a related property that might be termed functional common input. Functional common input would induce high correlation exactly when there is a match in the sub-patterns appearing in the overlapping receptive fields. These correlations, possibly expressed as a partial and highly local synchrony, would preserve the selectivity otherwise lost to invariance.
An anomaly in space-time characteristics of certain programs running in a paging machine

The running time of programs in a paging machine generally increases as the store in which programs are constrained to run decreases. Experiment, however, have revealed cases in which the reverse is true: a decrease in the size of the store is accompanied by a decrease in running time. An informal discussion of the anomalous behavior is given, and for the case of the FIFO replacement algorithm a formal treatment is presented.
Novel microstrip multifunction directional couplers and filters for microwave and millimeter-wave applications

The design of a particular class of microstrip couplers and filters is presented. The synthesis functions obtained from the solution of first-order nonlinear differential equation of nonuniform lines with a loose coupling assumption are modified and validated for higher coupling values. The design employs a nonuniform coupled line configuration along which a realizable continuous coupling coefficient is obtained by modifying the reflection coefficient distribution function. This modification results in a frequency-selective coupling which minimizes the out-of-band coupling in the specified frequency range. As a result, it is possible to realize -3 dB directional couplers using double-coupled lines without the need for tandem connections or extreme photolithographic techniques. Experimental results for microwave band-pass and periodic couplers are presented together with the computed results. Potential applications of these components are discussed, and the work is extended to include millimeter-wave realization. >
Quantification and longitudinal trends of kidney, renal cyst, and renal parenchyma volumes in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

ABSTRACT. : The aims of this study were to assess the accuracy and reproducibility of volumetric determinations of total kidney, renal cyst, and renal parenchymal volumes, using fast electron-beam computerized tomography scanning, and to determine the rate of change of these volumes. Nine patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and serum creatinine < or = 1.3 mg/dl and/or an initial iothalamate clearance > or = to 60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) were imaged weekly over a 3-wk period (total of 3 times). Approximately 8 yr later, they returned for follow-up studies. The kidney volume estimation technique involved a manual segmentation (perimeter drawing) of the kidneys and a semiautomatic threshold approach, using a histogram analysis of the peak densities of renal parenchyma and renal cysts. At entry, total kidney and renal cyst volumes correlated positively with age, while renal parenchymal volumes and GFR correlated negatively with age. The average coefficient of variation values for the three initial consecutive measurements of total kidney, renal cyst (actual and as a percent of total volume), and renal parenchymal volume were 3.4, 7.2, 5.3, and 5.6%, respectively. During the 8 yr of follow-up, total kidney and renal cyst volumes increased, while renal parenchymal volumes and GFR declined. The rate of increase in total kidney and renal cyst volumes varied markedly from patient to patient. There was a significant correlation between rate of increase in renal cyst volume and the rate of decline in GFR. The patients with an initial urine protein/osmolality ratio >0.13 mg/L per mosmol per kg had a significantly higher increase in renal volume and decline in GFR than those with a lower ratio. In summary, the results of this pilot study suggest that: (1) electron-beam computerized tomography is capable of measuring total kidney, renal cyst, and renal parenchymal volumes reproducibly; (2) total kidney and renal cyst volumes increase, while parenchymal volumes decrease with time; (3) the increase in cyst volume correlates best with the decline in renal function; and (4) renal volumes appear to be good surrogate markers for disease progression in ADPKD.
Automated Synthesis of Data Paths in Digital Systems

This paper presents a unifying procedure, called Facet, for the automated synthesis of data paths at the register-transfer level. The procedure minimizes the number of storage elements, data operators, and interconnection units. A design generator named Emerald, based on Facet, was developed and implemented to facilitate extensive experiments with the methodology. The input to the design generator is a behavioral description which is viewed as a code sequence. Emerald provides mechanisms for interactively manipulating the code sequence. Different forms of the code sequence are mapped into data paths of different cost and speed. Data paths for the behavioral descriptions of the AM2910, the AM2901, and the IBM System/370 were produced and analyzed. Designs for the AM2910 and the AM2901 are compared with commercial designs. Overall, the total number of gates required for Emerald's designs is about 15 percent more than the commercial designs. The design space spanned by the behavioral specification of the AM2901 is extensively explored.
Development of a dual-cable hand exoskeleton system for virtual reality

In this paper, a hand exoskeleton system for virtual reality is proposed. As a virtual reality interface for the hand, a wearable system should be able to measure finger joint angles and apply force feedback to the fingers with a simple and light design. In the proposed system, the finger joint angles are measured by a tendon-inspired cable mechanism. Also, another cable is used for force feedback to the finger. Using the measured finger joint angles and motor currents, the cable-driven actuation system applies desired force to the fingers. That is, when the desired force is zero, the motor position is controlled to track the changed cable length; when the desired force needs to be applied, the motor current is controlled to generate the desired force. For a smooth transition between two control strategies, linearly changing proportions of each control strategy is applied in the transition range. A prototype of the proposed system was manufactured, and the proposed control algorithms were verified by experiments.
Bio-medical analysis framework

Monitoring of ECG signal is used in medicine for multiple purposes. Measurements can be taken at any stage of patient's medical care, either as a preventative, diagnostical or recovery monitoring. Current wearable technology enables users and doctors to produce so far unprecedented amount of information. Processing of such measurements is usually a laborious and time consuming manual task. Automatic processing of such measurements is neither well defined nor thoroughly tested. In this work we focused on the needs of both, health care professionals, and IT engineers developing software for processing of long term multi-sensor measurements. Taking into account future expandability of multi-sensor gadgets, we propose a new framework, which is able to show the data measured by wearable ECG monitor, process it, and compare algorithms for automatic processing. We determined possible signal sources along with their values, units and time continuity. We propose suitable file formats for storage of such measurements, keeping in mind future expandability, size demands and usage of the formats. Suggested framework can therefore be used to display, automatically process and store discrete and continuous biomedical signals beside ECG, producing additional value to gathered measurements.
Incremental learning of new classes from unbalanced data

Multiple classifier systems tend to suffer from outvoting when new concept classes need to be learned incrementally. Out-voting is primarily due to existing classifiers being unable to recognize the new class until there is a sufficient number of new classifiers that can influence the ensemble decision. This problem of learning new classes was explicitly addressed in Learn++. NC, our previous work, where ensemble members dynamically adjust their own weights by consulting with each other based on their individual and collective confidence in classifying each concept class. Learn++. NC works remarkably well for learning new concept classes while requiring few ensemble members to do so. Learn++. NC cannot cope with the class imbalance problem, however, as it was not designed to do so. Yet, class imbalance is a common and important problem in machine learning, made even more challenging in an incremental learning setting. In this paper, we extend Learn++. NC so that it can incrementally learn new concept classes even if their instances are drawn from severely imbalanced class distributions. We show that the proposed algorithm is quite robust compared to other state-of-the-art algorithms.
Multiple Methods for Identifying Outcomes of a High Challenge Adventure Activity

The purpose of this study was to provide insight into what occurs in moments of high challenge within participants during an outdoor adventure education (OAE) program. Given the inherent risk and remote locations often associated with OAE programs, it has remained challenging to measure selected psychological constructs while the program is taking place. This study utilized qualitative methods including in situ data collection techniques and quantitative inquiry methods to identify and determine what is happening to participants before, during, and after a high challenge activity—rappelling. The results of this study identified five salient themes that emerged as important constructs for OAE participants and are useful to consider as researchers and OAE practitioners design and implement high challenge activities. Further analysis and discussion about the importance of these themes are discussed at length.
Effects of theophylline on human eosinophil functions: comparative study with neutrophil functions

The understanding of theophylline as a bronchodilator has been reconsidered in recent years. We undertook to determine its immunomodulatory actions in granulocytes and elucidate their mechanism. Preincubation of neutrophils with theophylline (10‐5 to 5 × 10‐3 M) had a biphasic effect on O2− production stimulated with N‐formyl‐methionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine or C5a. Theophylline potentiates O2− production via adenosine A2A receptor antagonism induced by receptor‐linked agonists from neutrophils, but not from eosinophils. The addition of theophylline caused a significant decline in neutrophil chemotaxis at lower concentrations than those for eosinophil motility. Theophylline reduces neutrophil chemotaxis via adenosine A1 receptor antagonism. At high concentrations, with an intracellular cAMP accumulation as a result of phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibition, theophylline also exerts an inhibitory effect on the O2− production and chemotaxis of both types of cells. The difference in theophylline’s effect on neutrophils and eosinophils appears to depend on the existence of specific adenosine receptors. Theophylline thus modulates granulocyte functions in association with specific adenosine receptor antagonism and cAMP‐PDE inhibition.
Successful treatment of a nine-year case of complex regional pain syndrome type-I (reflex sympathetic dystrophy) with intravenous ketamine-infusion therapy in a warfarin-anticoagulated adult female patient.

Editor's Comment: This report of a single case study is presented in unusual detail because of the exceptional promise of the technique described, and the importance of further study. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome challenges our most informed and skillful interventions. The field is replete with reports of promising “cures” that fail to be replicated. We hope that this report will stimulate further studies of this intervention in carefully constructed studies of a larger series, with randomization, before conclusions can be drawn. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a painful and debilitating neuropathic pain disorder. CRPS is classified into two types [1]. Both types appear to occur after a traumatic event. With type-I, which is more common, no or only minor nerve damage may be detectable [2]. With type-II, however, clearly detectable nerve damage is usually evident [2]. Patients with CRPS frequently experience a devastating degree of never-ending burning pain that is life-altering [3]. The quality and intensity of the pain experienced in CRPS, in addition to the functional impairment that may ensue, often times threatens the very existence and reason to live for many individuals with this disorder. Conventional therapies are often only palliative; this is particularly true with patients who have suffered from CRPS, or whose underlying pathology remains undetected or untreated, for prolonged periods of time. The early diagnosis and treatment of CRPS is essential to the amelioration of this disorder [3]. Multidisciplinary approaches to pain relief, now strongly encouraged, include the concomitant administration of physical therapy, exercise, and behavior modification. The mainstays of therapy include the administration of anticonvulsants, antidepressants, narcotics, sympathetic blocks, and topical anesthetics. The early use of implantable spinal cord stimulators has also been advocated [4]. Despite conventional treatment strategies, many CRPS patients continue to suffer from a …
Dynamic stromal‐epithelial interactions during progression of MCF10DCIS.com xenografts

MCF10DCIS.com cells form comedo type ductal carcinoma in situ in immune‐deficient mice before forming invasive ductal carcinoma. As the lesions mature, both stromal and epithelial cells undergo phenotypic changes detected by immunohistochemistry. Myofibroblasts are present before the formation of carcinoma in situ and after development of invasive carcinoma. MCF10DCIS. com lesions develop a myoepithelial layer prior to exhibiting a basement membrane surrounding the ductal mass. TGFβ1 is initially expressed by the epithelial cells but is expressed by stroma in invasive carcinoma. Stromal derived factor‐1 is detected in epithelial cells in early carcinoma in situ but is produced in stromal cells in invasive carcinoma. The receptor CXCR4 is expressed by epithelial cells in the xenografts at all times, as is the hepatocyte growth factor receptor c‐met. MCF10DCIS.com xenografts illustrate the dynamic interplay of epithelium and stroma in the development of carcinoma in situ and subsequent invasive carcinoma. Although the phenotype of the epithelial cells may be dependent upon the stroma, the malignant epithelium induces the development of the stroma necessary for progression to the invasive stage. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multistatic Biomedical Microwave Imaging Using Spatial Interpolator for Extended Virtual Antenna Array

The accuracy of multistatic microwave imaging is highly dependent on the number of antennas used for data acquisition. The antenna size, available space for antennas, mutual coupling between antennas and acceptable hardware complexity (switching and processing) limit the usable number of antennas. To address this issue, the concept of virtual array is utilized. In this regard, a spatial interpolator is designed to predict the received signals at the location of the virtual elements using the recorded signals by a limited number of real antennas. Consequently, a frequency-based imaging algorithm is used to process the virtual-array signals and produce clear images that enable accurate detection. The presented method is tested via simulations and experiments using a multistatic-radar-based head imaging system operating using the band 1.1–3.2 GHz. The data recorded by eight antennas around the head is used to form equivalent data from an extended virtual array of 12, 16, and 32 elements. Using quantitative metrics, it is shown that the constructed images from the extended virtual array are more accurate than the images created only from the real antennas. It is also shown that a virtual array that has twice the number of elements of the real array, which meet the minimum limit of degree-of-freedom of the problem, is enough to generate an accurate image with optimized computational resources. In comparison with existing correlation-based methods, the presented approach provides more accurate images.
Using sentinels to detect intersections of convex and nonconvex polygons

We describe finite sets of points, called sentinels, which allow us to decide if isometric copies of polygons, convex or not, intersect. As an example of the applicability of the concept of sentinel, we explain how they can be used to formulate an algorithm based on the optimization of differentiable models to pack polygons in convex sets. Mathematical subject classification: 90C53, 65K05.