Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of granular anaerobic ammonium oxidation process for the disposal of pre-treated swine manure

With rising environmental concerns on potable water safety and eutrophication, increased media attention and tighter environmental regulations, managing animal waste in an environmentally responsible and economically feasible way can be a challenge. In this study, the possibility of using granular anammox process for ammonia removal from swine waste treatment water was investigated. A rapid decrease of NO2−–N and NH4+–N was observed during incubation with wastewater from an activated sludge deodorization reactor and anaerobic digestion-partial oxidation treatment process treating swine manure and its corresponding control artificial wastewaters. Ammonium removal dropped from 98.0 ± 0.6% to 66.9 ± 2.7% and nearly absent when the organic load in the feeding increased from 232 mg COD/L to 1160 mg COD/L and 2320 mg COD/L. The presence of organic carbon had limited effect on nitrite and total nitrogen removal. At a COD to N ratio of 0.9, COD inhibitory organic load threshold concentration was 727 mg COD/L. Mass balance indicated that denitrifiers played an important role in nitrite, nitrate and organic carbon removal. These results demonstrated that anammox system had the potential to effectively treat swine manure that can achieve high nitrogen standards at reduced costs.
On the Biosynthesisof Guanidinosuccinate

We report a study motivated by a report that guanidinosuccinate is formed by transamidination from arginine to aspartate by perfused liver [J. Glin. Invest 57, 807 (1976)]. We prepared viable liver cells and incubated them with [14C]arginine labeled at the guanidino carbon and aspartate labeled at the methylene groups with tritium. A diacetyl-reacting band, similar to that reported with the perfusate in the above reference, was obtained by column chromatography. This band did not give a Sakaguchi reaction and contained no measurable tritium or 14C. Thus it did not derive from aspartate or arginine. On electrophoresis at pH 5.0, the diacetyl-reacting material moves to the cathode, guanidinosuccinate to the anode. The absorption spectrum of the diacetyl-reacting band showed a double peak, with maxima at 539 and 432 nm; guanidinosuccinate has only one maximum, at 533 nm. The diacetyl reagent reacts with sulfhydryl compounds and polypyrroles (e.g., bilirubin) to produce blue colors with significant absorbance in the 432-nm range. We saw no evidence for guanidinosuccinate formation by transamidination in these experiments with viable liver cells.
Find What You Need, Understand What You Find

This article presents a framework for research and development in user interfaces that support information seeking. The information-seeking process is described, and each of the subprocesses are discussed with an eye toward making user interfaces that closely couple support mechanisms. Recent results from studies related to term suggestions for queries, coupling search and examination, and seamless interaction between overviews and previews are used to illustrate highly interactive information-seeking services.
Approximate Dynamic Programming and Its Applications to the Design of Phase I Cancer Trials

Optimal design of a Phase I cancer trial can be formulated as a stochastic optimization problem. By making use of recent advances in approximate dynamic programming to tackle the problem, we de- velop an approximation of the Bayesian optimal design. The resulting design is a convex combination of a "treatment" design, such as Babb et al.'s (1998) escalation with overdose control, and a "learning" design, such as Haines et al.'s (2003) c-optimal design, thus directly address- ing the treatment versus experimentation dilemma inherent in Phase I trials and providing a simple and intuitive design for clinical use. Com- putational details are given and the proposed design is compared to existing designs in a simulation study. The design can also be readily modified to include a first stage that cautiously escalates doses similarly to traditional nonparametric step-up/down schemes, while validating the Bayesian parametric model for the efficient model-based design in the second stage.
Fault Localization with Non-parametric Program Behavior Model

Fault localization is a major activity in software debugging. Many existing statistical fault localization techniques compare feature spectra of successful and failed runs. Some approaches, such as SOBER, test the similarity of the feature spectra through parametric self-proposed hypothesis testing models. Our finding shows, however, that the assumption on feature spectra forming known distributions is not well-supported by empirical data. Instead, having a simple, robust, and explanatory model is an essential move toward establishing a debugging theory. This paper proposes a non-parametric approach to measuring the similarity of the feature spectra of successful and failed runs, and picks a general hypothesis testing model, namely the Mann-Whitney test, as the core. The empirical results on the Siemens suite show that our technique can outperform existing predicate-based statistical fault localization techniques in locating faulty statements.
An Industrial Perspective on Wireless Sensor Networks — A Survey of Requirements, Protocols, and Challenges

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are applicable in numerous domains, including industrial automation where WSNs may be used for monitoring and control of industrial plants and equipment. However, the requirements in the industrial systems differ from the general WSN requirements. In recent years, standards have been defined by several industrial alliances. These standards are specified as frameworks with modifiable parts that can be defined based on the particular application of WSN. However, limited work has been done on defining industry-specific protocols that could be used as a part of these standards. In this survey, we discuss representative protocols that meet some of the requirements of the industrial applications. Since the industrial applications domain in itself is a vast area, we divide them into classes with similar requirements. We discuss these industrial classes, set of common requirements and various state-of-the-art WSN standards proposed to satisfy these requirements. We then present a broader view towards the WSN solution by discussing important functions like medium access control, routing, and transport in detail to give some insight into specific requirements and the classification of protocols based on certain factors. We list and discuss representative protocols for each of these functions that address requirements defined in the industrial classes. Security function is discussed in brief, mainly in relation to industrial standards. Finally, we identify unsolved challenges that are encountered during design of protocols and standards. In addition some new challenges are introduced and discussed.
Unsupervised Segmentation of Overlapping Cervical Cell Cytoplasm

Overlapping of cervical cells and poor contrast of cell cytoplasm are the major issues in accurate detection and segmentation of cervical cells. An unsupervised cell segmentation approach is presented here. Cell clump segmentation was carried out using the extended depth of field (EDF) image created from the images of different focal planes. A modified Otsu method with prior class weights is proposed for accurate segmentation of nuclei from the cell clumps. The cell cytoplasm was further segmented from cell clump depending upon the number of nucleus detected in that cell clump. Level set model was used for cytoplasm segmentation.
How to enable software isolation and boost system performance with sub-block erase over 3D flash memory

The write amplification problem deteriorates as the block size of modern flash-memory chips keeps increasing. Without the careful garbage collection, significant live-page copying might even worsen the reliability problem, that is already severe to 3D flash memory. In this work, we propose a sub-block erase design to not only alleviate the write amplification problem by reducing live-page copying but also improve the system reliability with a software isolation strategy. In particular, sub-blocks are carefully allocated to satisfy write requests so as to reduce disturbance by using free or invalid sub-blocks as isolation layers among sub-blocks, without additional hardware cost and capacity loss. A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the capability of the proposed design. The results show that the proposed design is very effective in improving the system performance by reducing garbage collection overheads and in improving the device reliability/lifetime.
Scenic discover and representation based on social media

Nowadays, travelling has been a way of relaxing. But we always can't get the fully and timely information about the objective attractions. Meanwhile, social media services and web sites, such as Flickr and YouTube, provide plenty of photos, most of which are taken during the journeys. And every photo describes a perspective of an attraction. It has become a hot topic about how to discover scenic from the scattered pictures and then provide users with panoramic display of the tourist attractions. In this paper, we presents a novel method to discover hot spots of a given area based on social media data, and show them extracted keywords and photos. First, we use the k-Means clustering algorithm to cluster geo-tagged photos, and use the event-detection method to identify scenic. Then, we propose a text denoising framework and extract the most representative keywords for each cluster by employing an improved TF-IDF approach. Finally, in order to extract a set of representative images, we cluster and sort the photos with keywords using the visual information content. We use the most representative keywords and photos to represent attractions. Experimental results show that proposed method is effective.
The Plasmin System Is Induced by and Degrades Amyloid-b Aggregates

Amyloid-b (Ab) appears critical to Alzheimer’s disease. To clarify possible mechanisms of Ab action, we have quantified Ab-induced gene expression in vitro by using Ab-treated primary cortical neuronal cultures and in vivo by using mice transgenic for the Ab precursor (AbP). Here, we report that aggregated, but not nonaggregated, Ab increases the level of the mRNAs encoding tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). Moreover, tPA and uPA were also upregulated in aged AbP overexpressing mice. Because others have reported that Ab aggregates can substitute for fibrin aggregates in activating tPA post-translationally, the result of tPA induction by Ab would be cleavage of plasminogen to the active protease plasmin. To gain insights into the possible actions of plasmin, we evaluated the hypotheses that tPA and plasmin may mediate Ab in vitro toxicity or, alternatively, that plasmin activation may lead to Ab degradation. In evaluating these conflicting hypotheses, we found that purified plasmin degrades Ab with physiologically relevant efficiency, i.e., ;1/10th the rate of plasmin on fibrin. Mass spectral analyses show that plasmin cleaves Ab at multiple sites. Electron microscopy confirms indirect assays suggesting that plasmin degrades Ab fibrils. Moreover, exogenously added plasmin blocks Ab neurotoxicity. In summation, we interpret these results as consistent with the possibility that the plasmin pathway is induced by aggregated Ab, which can lead to Ab degradation and inhibition of Ab actions.
Notice of RetractionEffects of technical and vocational school teachers' self-efficacy in creative teaching and creative teaching efficacy: Using organizational innovative climate as a mediator variable

This study aims to explore factors affecting the creative teaching efficacy of technical and vocational education teachers, and to make suggestions for creative teaching. The research method is survey research. Using “A Survey on Factors Influencing Technical and Vocational Education Teachers' Creative Teaching Efficacy” as a research tool, this study surveys 314 technical and vocational education teachers. The results find that teachers' perceived “organizational innovative climate” has significant and direct impact on “creative teaching efficacy. ” In addition, “self-efficacy for creative teaching” has significant and direct impact on “creative teaching efficacy. ” “Organizational innovative climate” has significant and indirect effects on “creative teaching efficacy. ”
Transition to A-Level Courses in England and Wales Primary and Secondary Effects in Class Differentials in Educational Attainment : The

In this article we start from Boudon’s important, but still surprisingly neglected, distinction between ‘primary’ and ‘secondary’ effects in the creation of class differentials in educational attainment. Primary effects are all those, whether of a genetic or socio-cultural kind, that are expressed via the association between children’s class backgrounds and their actual levels of academic performance. Secondary effects are those that are expressed via the educational choices that children from differing class backgrounds make within the range of choice that their previous performance allows them. We apply a method introduced by Erikson and Jonsson to represent the relationship between primary and secondary effects in analysing class differentials in one crucial transition within the English and Welsh educational system: that which children make at around age 16 and which determines whether or not they will pursue the higher-level academic qualifications – A-levels – that are usually required for university entry. We then use a development of this method that we have earlier proposed in order to produce quantitative estimates of the relative importance of primary and secondary effects as they operate within this transition. We show that secondary effects reinforce primary effects to a substantial extent, accounting for at least one quarter, and possibly up to one-half, of class differentials as measured by odds ratios. In conclusion, we consider some theoretical and policy implications of our findings. keywords: class origin ◆ educational inequality ◆ England and Wales ◆ primary effects ◆ secondary effects Acta Sociologica ◆ September 2007 ◆ Vol 50(3): 211–229 ◆ DOI: 10.1177/0001699307080926 Copyright © 2007 Nordic Sociological Association ◆ Published by SAGE (Los Angeles, London, New Delhi and Singapore) www.sagepublications. com © 2007 Scandinavian Sociological Association. All rights reserved. Not for commercial use or unauthorized distribution. at University of Haifa Library on August 27, 2007 http://asj.sagepub. com Downloaded from
Genetics‐based dynamic systems model of canopy photosynthesis: the key to improve light and resource use efficiencies for crops

Abstract Improving canopy photosynthetic light use efficiency instead of leaf photosynthesis holds great potential to catalyze the next “green revolution”. However, leaves in a canopy experience different biochemical limitations due to the heterogeneities of microclimates and also physiological parameters. Mechanistic dynamic systems models of canopy photosynthesis are now available which can be used to design the optimal canopy architectural and physiological parameters to maximize CO 2 uptake. Rapid development of modern crop genetics research now makes it possible to link such canopy models with genetic variations of crops to develop genetics‐based dynamic systems models of canopy photosynthesis. Such models can guide marker‐assisted breeding or genomic selection or engineering of crops to enhance light and nitrogen use efficiencies for different regions under future climate change scenarios.
Modeling cellular networks in fading environments with dominant specular components

Stochastic geometry (SG) has been widely accepted as a fundamental tool for modeling and analyzing cellular networks. However, the fading models used with SG analysis are mainly confined to the simplistic Rayleigh fading, which is extended to the Nakagami-m fading in some special cases. However, neither the Rayleigh nor the Nakagami-m accounts for dominant specular components (DSCs) which may appear in realistic fading channels. In this paper, we present a tractable model for cellular networks with generalized two-ray (GTR) fading channel. The GTR fading explicitly accounts for two DSCs in addition to the diffuse components and offers high flexibility to capture diverse fading channels that appear in realistic outdoor/indoor wireless communication scenarios. It also encompasses the famous Rayleigh and Rician fading as special cases. To this end, the prominent effect of DSCs is highlighted in terms of average spectral efficiency.
Linear predictive method with low-frequency emphasis

An all-pole modeling technique, Linear Prediction with Low-frequency Emphasis (LPLE), which emphasizes the lower frequency range of speech, is presented. The method is based on first interpreting conventional linear predictive (LP) analyses of successive prediction orders with parallel structures using the concept of symmetric linear prediction. In these implementations, symmetric linear prediction is preceded by simple pre-filters, which are of either low or high frequency characteristics. Combining those symmetric linear predictors that are not preceded by high-frequency pre-filters yields the LPLE predictor. It is proved that the all-pole filters computed by LPLE are always stable. The results show that the method is well-suited when low-order all-pole models with improved modeling of the lowest formants are needed.
Dissecting the Dynamics of HIV-1 Protein Sequence Diversity

The rapid mutation of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) and the limited characterization of the composition and incidence of the variant population are major obstacles to the development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine. This issue was addressed by a comprehensive analysis of over 58,000 clade B HIV-1 protein sequences reported over at least 26 years. The sequences were aligned and the 2,874 overlapping nonamer amino acid positions of the viral proteome, each a possible core binding domain for human leukocyte antigen molecules and T-cell receptors, were quantitatively analyzed for four patterns of sequence motifs: (1) “index”, the most prevalent sequence; (2) “major” variant, the most common variant sequence; (3) “minor” variants, multiple different sequences, each with an incidence less than that of the major variant; and (4) “unique” variants, each observed only once in the alignment. The collective incidence of the major, minor, and unique variants at each nonamer position represented the total variant population for the position. Positions with more than 50% total variants contained correspondingly reduced incidences of index and major variant sequences and increased minor and unique variants. Highly diverse positions, with 80 to 98% variant nonamer sequences, were present in each protein, including 5% of Gag, and 27% of Env and Nef, each. The multitude of different variant nonamer sequences (i.e. nonatypes; up to 68%) at the highly diverse positions, represented by the major, multiple minor, and multiple unique variants likely supported variants function both in immune escape and as altered peptide ligands with deleterious T-cell responses. The patterns of mutational change were consistent with the sequences of individual HXB2 and C1P viruses and can be considered applicable to all HIV-1 viruses. This characterization of HIV-1 protein mutation provides a foundation for the design of peptide-based vaccines and therapeutics.
Effects of Subjective Workload Measurement During a Workload Transition on Task Performance

EFFECTS OF SUBJECTIVE WORKLOAD MEASUREMENT DURING A WORKLOAD TRANSITION ON TASK PERFORMANCE Name: Bowers, Drew Michael University of Dayton Advisor: Dr. Susan T. Davis Vigilance research often includes measuring the observer’s subjective workload. The most commonly used NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX), requires several minutes to administer; typically at the end of an experiment. A more recently developed workload measure, the Simplified Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (S-SWAT), may provide researchers with further insights into perceived workload throughout a vigilance task. To date, no studies have measured workload using the S-SWAT in a vigilance experiment, specifically in the area of workload transitions. To date, only one study has examined perceived workload during a vigilance transition task; this study used the NASA-TLX. The goal of the present research was to explore the usefulness of the S-SWAT, determine how S-SWAT ratings compare to NASA-TLX ratings, and identify any effects on performance that the S-SWAT might create. Results showed that the S-SWAT had no impact on performance; this supports the potential of the S-SWAT as an instrument for better understanding the impact of task changes on
Cooperative communication and interference in the multi-source scenario

Cooperative communication usually shares a common model—one source, several relays and one destination. In this paper, we consider the multi-source scenario in a cell to carry on cooperative communication. However, multi-user setting might causes interference in the network, given this interference, the process of relaying selection applies SINR (signal to interference noise ratio) as a criterion. As a whole network, the system has two major tasks, one is to maximize sum-rate, and the other is to allocate power efficiently. We research several factors that affect system performance, including number of users, cooperative radius. We apply opportunistic relaying scheme in this multi-source scenario and introduce the power efficiency in order to compare the power utilization ratio. Simulation studies show that opportunistic relaying scheme has many advantages.
The Gambler’s Fallacy Is Associated with Weak Affective Decision Making but Strong Cognitive Ability

Humans demonstrate an inherent bias towards making maladaptive decisions, as shown by a phenomenon known as the gambler’s fallacy (GF). The GF has been traditionally considered as a heuristic bias supported by the fast and automatic intuition system, which can be overcome by the reasoning system. The present study examined an intriguing hypothesis, based on emerging evidence from neuroscience research, that the GF might be attributed to a weak affective but strong cognitive decision making mechanism. With data from a large sample of college students, we found that individuals’ use of the GF strategy was positively correlated with their general intelligence and executive function, such as working memory and conflict resolution, but negatively correlated with their affective decision making capacities, as measured by the Iowa Gambling Task. Our result provides a novel insight into the mechanisms underlying the GF, which highlights the significant role of affective mechanisms in adaptive decision-making.
Well Utilization of Cache-Aware Scratchpad Concerning the Influence of the Whole Embedded System

The Scratch-Pad Memory (SPM) is the hotspot in the field of embedded system and takes great impact on the performance. This paper proposes a method to well utilize the SPM taking the influence of the whole embedded system into account. Results show that our benchmarks average a 26.2% speedup and will gain better performance with larger SPM