Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Elimination of systemic risk in financial networks by means of a systemic risk transaction tax

Financial markets are exposed to systemic risk (SR), the risk that a major fraction of the system ceases to function, and collapses. It has recently become possible to quantify SR in terms of underlying financial networks where nodes represent financial institutions, and links capture the size and maturity of assets (loans), liabilities and other obligations, such as derivatives. We demonstrate that it is possible to quantify the share of SR that individual liabilities within a financial network contribute to the overall SR. We use empirical data of nationwide interbank liabilities to show that the marginal contribution to overall SR of liabilities for a given size varies by a factor of a thousand. We propose a tax on individual transactions that is proportional to their marginal contribution to overall SR. If a transaction does not increase SR, it is tax-free. With an agent-based model (ABM) (CRISIS macro-financial model), we demonstrate that the proposed ‘Systemic Risk Tax’ (SRT) leads to a self-organized restructuring of financial networks that are practically free of SR. The SRT can be seen as an insurance for the public against costs arising from cascading failure. ABM predictions are shown to be in remarkable agreement with the empirical data and can be used to understand the relation of credit risk and SR.
Mechanism of ubiquitin chain synthesis employed by a HECT domain ubiquitin ligase

Homologous to E6AP C-terminal (HECT) ubiquitin (Ub) ligases (E3s) are a large class of enzymes that bind to their substrates and catalyze ubiquitination through the formation of a Ub thioester intermediate. The mechanisms by which these E3s assemble polyubiquitin chains on their substrates remain poorly defined. We report here that the Nedd4 family HECT E3, WWP1, assembles substrate-linked Ub chains containing Lys-63, Lys-48, and Lys-11 linkages (Lys-63 > Lys-48 > Lys-11). Our results demonstrate that WWP1 catalyzes the formation of Ub chains through a sequential addition mechanism, in which Ub monomers are transferred in a successive fashion to the substrate, and that ubiquitination by WWP1 requires the presence of a low-affinity, noncovalent Ub-binding site within the HECT domain. Unexpectedly, we find that the formation of Ub chains by WWP1 occurs in two distinct phases. In the first phase, chains are synthesized in a unidirectional manner and are linked exclusively through Lys-63 of Ub. In the second phase, chains are elongated in a multidirectional fashion characterized by the formation of mixed Ub linkages and branched structures. Our results provide new insight into the mechanism of Ub chain formation employed by Nedd4 family HECT E3s and suggest a framework for understanding how this family of E3s generates Ub signals that function in proteasome-independent and proteasome-dependent pathways.
PhLP3 Modulates CCT-mediated Actin and Tubulin Folding via Ternary Complexes with Substrates*

Many ATP-dependent molecular chaperones, including Hsp70, Hsp90, and the chaperonins GroEL/Hsp60, require cofactor proteins to regulate their ATPase activities and thus folding functions in vivo. One conspicuous exception has been the eukaryotic chaperonin CCT, for which no regulator of its ATPase activity, other than non-native substrate proteins, is known. We identify the evolutionarily conserved PhLP3 (phosducin-like protein 3) as a modulator of CCT function in vitro and in vivo. PhLP3 binds CCT, spanning the cylindrical chaperonin cavity and contacting at least two subunits. When present in a ternary complex with CCT and an actin or tubulin substrate, PhLP3 significantly diminishes the chaperonin ATPase activity, and accordingly, excess PhLP3 perturbs actin or tubulin folding in vitro. Most interestingly, however, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae PhLP3 homologue is required for proper actin and tubulin function. This cellular role of PhLP3 is most apparent in a strain that also lacks prefoldin, a chaperone that facilitates CCT-mediated actin and tubulin folding. We propose that the antagonistic actions of PhLP3 and prefoldin serve to modulate CCT activity and play a key role in establishing a functional cytoskeleton in vivo.
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins

This unit describes electrophoretic separation and identification of large proteins from a complex protein mixture. Agarose gel is utilized for the electrophoretic matrix, and detection of proteins is accomplished by transfer of the proteins to a membrane that is probed with specific antibodies and chemiluminescence reagents. Alternatively the protein can be detected in the gel using radiolabeled antibodies and autoradiography.
La formación matemática del mercader catalán 1380-1521: análisis de fuentes manuscritas

A partir del siglo XIII se desarrollo en Europa el genero de las aritmeticas mercantiles, en un periodo de gran desarrollo de la economia europea. Se trataba de manuales en lengua vernacula cuyo principal objetivo era ensenar al mercader las matematicas necesarias para su profesion. Estos tratados fueron los principales transmisores del sistema de numeracion indoarabigo y los algortimos a el asociados. El contenido de las aritmeticas ha variado poco a lo largo de los siglos y podemos considerar que estas obras son las antecesoras del libro de matematica elemental moderno. Asi, resulta obvia su importancia en la Historia de la Educacion Matematica y su conocimiento puede servirnos para reflexionar sobre la didactica de contenidos fundamentales como los relativos a la proporcionalidad o al concepto de numero. Ademas, debemos senalar el papel central de estas obras en el desarrollo del algebra heredada de los arabes. Situandonos en el periodo que va desde finales del siglo XIV hasta principios del XVI, nos hemos planteado preguntas como las siguientes: ? Cuales eran los contenidos de la matematica que estudiaba el mercader catalan? , ? Cuales eran los metodos de ensenanza utilizados? , ? Que condiciones sociales y culturales actuaban sobre ella? , ? Que conexiones tenia con la matematica mercantil cultivada en otros lugares de Europa? Para abordar estas cuestiones, nos hemos basado en el analisis del contenido de cinco manuscritos de aritmetica mercantil: dos conservados en Barcelona, uno en Palma de Mallorca y dos en Siena. La primera parte de la tesis tiene como objetivo mostrar el contexto social, economico, cultural y pedagogico de la formacion matematica del mercader, para poder asi interpretar los documentos que se analizaran despues. Se tratan de: A,- La ensenanza de las matematicas en la Europa medieval, con especial atencion a las escuelas y maestros de abaco en las ciudades i
'Candidatus Odyssella thessalonicensis' gen. nov., sp. nov., an obligate intracellular parasite of Acanthamoeba species.

An intracellular bacterium, strain L13, was observed infecting an environmental isolate of an Acanthamoeba species. The bacterium could not be recovered on axenic medium but was recovered and cultivated in vitro using cultures of Acanthamoeba polyphaga. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of L13 was found to be new, sharing less than 84% similarity with other sequences in the GenBank/EMBL database. L13 was found to be a member of the alpha-Proteobacteria, sharing an evolutionary line of descent with a group of uniquely obligate intracellular organisms comprised of Caedibacter and Holospora species and the NHP bacterium. Viable bacteria appeared to be highly motile within amoebae. Ultrastructural analysis of the bacterium demonstrated that it is rod-shaped and possesses a typical Gram-negative cell wall, but has no other outstanding features except small vesicle-like structures often associated with the outer surface of each bacterium. The host range of L13 was found to be limited to the genus Acanthamoeba. In A. polyphaga, L13 infection was slow to manifest when cultures were incubated below 30 degrees C, but at higher temperatures bacteria multiplied prolifically and induced host cell lysis. The protein profile of the bacterium purified from the amoebae was assessed by SDS-PAGE and its G+C content was estimated to be 41 mol%. Although these results support the proposal of L13 as a new species, its obligate intracellular nature prevented isolation of a definitive type strain. L13 is therefore proposed as 'Candidatus Odyssella thessalonicensis' gen. nov., sp. nov.
KeyValueServe†: Design and performance analysis of a multi‐tenant data grid as a cloud service

Distributed key‐value stores have become indispensable for large‐scale cluster applications. Many cloud services have deployed in‐memory data grids for their enterprise infrastructures and support multi‐tenancy services. However, most services do not offer fine‐grained multi‐tenant resource sharing. To this front, we present KeyValueServe, a low overhead cloud service with features aiding resource management. Results based on Hazelcast, a popular open source data grid, indicate that KeyValueServe can efficiently provide services to tenants without degrading performance. Providing consistent performance to all tenants for fluctuating workloads is still difficult. Performance problems occur at scale with diverse tenant requirements. To address this, the paper provides insights to contention and performance bottlenecks. Through experimental analysis, we uncover scenarios of performance degradation and demonstrate optimized performance via coalescing multiple clients' requests. Our work indicates that a Hazelcast cluster can get congested with multiple concurrent connections when processing client requests, resulting in poor performance. KeyValueServe can reduce the number of parallel connections maintained for client requests, resulting in improved performance.
Postoperative statin use and risk of biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy : Results from the SEARCH database

Objective—• To investigate the effect of postoperative statin use on biochemical recurrence (BCR) in PC patients treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) who never used statins before surgery. Patients and Methods—• We conducted a retrospective analysis of 1,146 RP patients within the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) database. Corresponding author: Dr. Stephen J. Freedland; Mailing address: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 2626, Durham NC 27710, USA; Tel: +1 919 668 5946; Fax: +1 919 668 7093; steve.freedland@duke.edu. Conflicts of Interest statement: None of the authors have anything to disclose. NIH Public Access Author Manuscript BJU Int. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 November 01. Published in final edited form as: BJU Int. 2014 November ; 114(5): 661–666. doi:10.1111/bju.12720. N IH -P A A uhor M anscript N IH -P A A uhor M anscript N IH -P A A uhor M anscript • Multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to examine differences in risk of BCR between postoperative statin users versus nonusers. • To account for varying start dates and duration of statin use during follow-up, postoperative statin use was treated as a time-dependent variable. • In secondary analysis, models were stratified by race to examine the association of postoperative statin use with BCR among black and non-black men. Results—• After adjusting for clinical and pathological characteristics, postoperative statin use was significantly associated with 36% reduced risk of BCR (HR 0.64; 95%CI 0.47-0.87; p=0.004). • Postoperative statin use remained associated with reduced risk of BCR after adjusting for preoperative serum cholesterol levels. • In secondary analysis, following stratification by race, this protective association was significant in non-black (HR 0.49; 95%CI 0.32-0.75; p=0.001) but not black men (HR 0.82; 95%CI 0.53-1.28; p=0.384). Conclusion—• In this retrospective cohort of men undergoing RP, postoperative statin use was significantly associated with reduced risk of BCR. • Whether the association between postoperative statin use and BCR differs by race requires further study. • Given these findings, coupled with other studies suggesting that statins may reduce risk of advanced PC, randomized controlled trials are warranted to formally test the hypothesis that statins slow PC progression.
Wearable Medical Monitoring Systems Based on Wireless Networks: A Review

The last decade has witnessed a rapid increase of interest in new sensing and monitoring devices, including wireless wearable mobile devices and sensing networks for medical health applications. This paper reviews current wearable mobile medical monitoring systems (WMMMSs) with emphasis on devices based on textile and wireless sensing networks. These monitoring systems consist of various types of small physiological sensors, transmission modules, and processing capabilities. In addition, WMMMSs have a potential to change the health care model by providing inexpensive wearable unobtrusive solutions for continuous medical health monitoring. It is with the hope that the current survey is able to provide a direction for future research improvements and also serve as a reference for current achievements and their maturity level. In this review, a great number of system implementations are compared according to different classifications. Besides, these systems also act as an effective approach to identify the technological advantages and disadvantages of the current state-of-the-art in wearable devices solutions.
The dynamic trace memoization reuse technique

Dynamic Trace Memoization (DTM) is a reuse technique that employs memoization tables to skip the execution of sequences of redundant instructions. For the SPECInt95 benchmark programs, DTM delivers performance improvements from 5% to 21% with an average of 9.3%. Moreover, DTM attains twice the average speedup of two other previously proposed reuse mechanisms for a subset of the SPECInt95 benchmarks.
Statistical Post-Editing of Machine Translation for Domain Adaptation

This paper presents a statistical approach to adapt out-of-domain machine translation systems to the medical domain through an unsupervised post-editing step. A statistical post-editing model is built on statistical machine translation (SMT) outputs aligned with their translation references. Evaluations carried out to translate medical texts from French to English show that an out-of-domain machine translation system can be adapted a posteri-ori to a specific domain. Two SMT systems are studied: a state-of-the-art phrase-based implementation and an online publicly available system. Our experiments also indicate that selecting sentences for post-editing leads to significant improvements of translation quality and that more gains are still possible with respect to an oracle measure.
Ovarian reserve assessment in women with different stages of pelvic endometriosis.

INTRODUCTION Endometriosis is defined as the appearance of ectopic endometrial cells outside the uterine cavity. Ectopic cells demonstrate functional similarity to eutopic cells, but structural and molecular differences are significant and manifest themselves in gene expression of the metalloproteinase genes, integrin or the Bcl-2 gene. Pelvic pain remains to be the main symptom of the disease. Endometriosis may cause dysfunction of the reproductive system and lead to infertility. Pathogenesis of infertility in endometriosis is based on its influence on the hormonal, biochemical and immunological changes in the eutopic endometrium, as well as structural damages of the ovaries and the fallopian tubes. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to assess the ovarian reserve in patients with endometriosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 39 patients (aged 22-34 years) with different stages of endometrial changes were recruited for the study. The number of antral follicles was rated by vaginal ultrasonography and the level of FSH was measured between days 1-3 of the menstrual cycle. The stage of the disease was established after laparoscopy with the rASRM scale. RESULTS No statistically significant correlation between the number of follicles (AFC), the level of FSH and the stage of endometriosis was found. CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of the number of antral follicles and measurements of the FSH level do not allow to predict the ovarian reserve in women with endometriosis.
Vertical p-i-n polysilicon diode with antifuse for stackable field-programmable ROM

A field-programmable, stackable memory cell using 0.15-/spl mu/m technology is demonstrated. Vertical polycrystalline silicon diodes are stacked on top of one another, with tungsten (with TiN adhesion film) interconnect wires. An SiO/sub 2/ antifuse film separates the top of each diode from the TiN-W films. The cell is programmed when sufficient biasing voltage is applied to break down the antifuse, connecting the diode to tungsten. The cell is unprogrammed when the antifuse is intact. Cell fabrication and performance are described.
Editorial Comment to Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in the urinary tract of men with urethritis

In this article, the authors clearly showed that the detectionrate of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the urethra was 22%and that in urine it was 24% in patients with male urethritis.The authors concluded that the urinary tract is a commonHPV infection site in such men and that HPV infection inthe urinary tract is equivalent to that in the penis. In the eraof HPV vaccination, there have been some arguments as towhether vaccination for men is necessary or not. Therefore,the details of male HPV infection or colonization must beclariﬁed. On that point, the authors presented invaluablediscussion and suggestions.From another angle, some urologists believe that “asymp-tomatic” HPV infection must be a common disease inhumans because most cases of HPV infection are transient,even though many men and women have HPV infection orcolonization in the external genitalia due to sexual inter-course. In addition, some urologists indicate that they do notnecessarily care whether such infection develops or not.
5‐Hydroxytryptamine‐induced tachycardia in the pig: possible involvement of a new type of 5‐hydroxytryptamine receptor

1 The mechanism of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT)‐induced tachycardia is species‐dependent and is mediated directly or indirectly either by ‘5‐HT1‐like’ (cat), 5‐HT2 (rat, dog) or 5‐HT3 (rabbit) receptors, or by an action similar to tyramine (guinea‐pig). The present investigation is devoted to the analysis of the positive chronotropic effect of 5‐HT in the pentobarbitone‐anaesthetized pig. 2 Intravenous bolus injections of 5‐HT (3, 10 and 30 μg kg−1) in pigs resulted in dose‐dependent increases in heart rate of 24 ± 2, 38 ± 3 and 51 ± 3 beats min−1, respectively (n = 39). Topical application of a high concentration of 5‐HT (150 μg kg−1 in 5 ml) on the right atrium was also followed by tachycardia (38 ± 6 beats min−1, n = 4). 3 A number of drugs which antagonize responses mediated by different 5‐HT receptors ‐ phenoxybenzamine, methiothepin, metergoline, methysergide and mesulergine (‘5‐HT1‐like’ and 5‐HT2 receptors), ketanserin, cyproheptadine, pizotifen and mianserin (5‐HT2 receptors), and MDL 72222 and ICS 205–930 (5‐HT3 receptors) — did not attenuate the chronotropic responses to 5‐HT. 4 The 5‐HT‐induced tachycardia was also not affected by antagonists at α‐ and β‐adrenoceptors, muscarinic, nicotinic, histamine and dopamine receptors, and calcium channels. 5 Selective inhibitors of 5‐HT‐uptake, indalpine and fluvoxamine, themselves increased porcine heart rate and facilitated 5‐HT‐induced tachycardia both in magnitude and in duration. 6 A number of putative selective agonists at ‘5‐HT1‐like’ receptors or their possible subtypes (5‐carboxamidotryptamine (5‐CT), 8‐hydroxy‐2‐(di‐N,N‐n‐propylamino) tetralin (8‐OH‐DPAT), BEA 1654 and RU 24969), or at 5‐HT3 receptors (2‐methyl‐5‐HT), elicited no or only a weak tachycardiac response in the pig. RU 24969, but not 8‐OH‐DPAT, seemed to potentiate the responses to 5‐HT, whereas 5‐CT slightly inhibited these responses. 7 It was concluded that the tachycardia induced by 5‐HT in the pig does not involve the receptors for some common neurotransmitter substances but may be mediated by a new 5‐HT receptor type that is clearly different from ‘5‐HT1 ‐like’, 5‐HT2 or 5‐HT3 receptors.
Accuracy of implant placement with a stereolithographic surgical guide.

PURPOSE Placement of dental implants requires precise planning that accounts for anatomic limitations and restorative goals. Diagnosis can be made with the assistance of computerized tomographic (CT) scanning, but transfer of planning to the surgical field is limited. Recently, novel CAD/CAM techniques such as stereolithographic rapid prototyping have been developed to build surgical guides in an attempt to improve precision of implant placement. However, comparison of these advanced techniques to traditional surgical guides has not been performed. The goal of this study was to compare the accuracy of a conventional surgical guide to that of a stereolithographic surgical guide. MATERIALS AND METHODS CT scanning of epoxy edentulous mandibles was performed using a cone beam CT scanner with high isotropic spatial resolution, while planning for 5 implants on each side of the jaw was performed using a commercially available software package. Five surgeons performed osteotomies on a jaw identical to the initial model; on the right side a conventional surgical guide (control side) was used, and on the left side a stereolithographic guide was used (test side). Each jaw was then CT scanned, and a registration method was applied to match it to the initial planning. Measurements included distances between planned implants and actual osteotomies. RESULTS The average distance between the planned implant and the actual osteotomy was 1.5 mm at the entrance and 2.1 mm at the apex when the control guide was used. The same measurements were significantly reduced to 0.9 mm and 1.0 mm when the test guide was used. Variations were also reduced with the test guide, within surgeons and between surgeons. DISCUSSION Surgical guidance for implant placement relieves the clinician from multiple perioperative decisions. Precise implant placement is under investigation using sophisticated guidance methods, including CAD/CAM templates. CONCLUSION Within the limits of this study, implant placement was improved by using a stereolithographic surgical guide.
Response to carbamazepine in children with newly diagnosed partial onset epilepsy

Objective: The purpose of this work is to characterize the effectiveness and therapeutic doses of carbamazepine (CBZ) in children with localization-related epilepsy. Methods: Treatment to initial CBZ monotherapy and doses associated with 1-year seizure freedom were examined in 100 consecutive children with partial epilepsy. Results: Of the 100 patients studied, 55 became seizure-free on CBZ monotherapy, 10 did not tolerate CBZ within the first 3 months of therapy owing to either hypersensitivity or intolerable side effects, and 35 continued to have seizures. In children age <12, over 95% responded at doses below 17.5 mg/kg/day; in children age >12, over 95% responded at below 15 mg/kg/day. Conclusions: We suggest that other antiepileptic treatments be considered when seizures continue in children taking carbamazepine doses between 15 and 17.5 mg/kg/day even if side effects are absent.