Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
catena-Poly[[(dichloridozinc)-μ-4,4′-bis(1H-imidazol-1-yl)biphenyl-κ2 N 3:N 3′] 0.25-hydrate]

In the title one-dimensional coordination polymer, {[ZnCl2(C18H14N4)]·0.25H2O}n, the ZnII atom is coordinated by two chloride ions and two 4,4′-bis(1H-imidazol-1-yl)biphenyl ligands, generating a distorted tetrahedral ZnCl2N2 geometry. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings of the ligand is 51.0 (1)° and the dihedral angles between the benzene rings and their attached imidazole rings are 18.7 (2) and 45.9 (1)°. The bridging ligand leads to [10-1] polymeric chains in the crystal and the disordered water molecule (occupancy 0.25) forms O—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds.
Mitophagy and neurodegeneration

Autophagy is responsible for the degradation of cytoplasmic components and organelles such as mitochondria. The selective degradation of damaged mitochondria by autophagy is termed mitophagy, and is an important quality control mechanism. Neurons, being highly specialized cells, are particularly susceptible to defects of autophagy. Impairments in mitochondrial function and their dynamics are present in many neurodegenerative diseases, and modulators of both mitochondrial physiology and autophagy present themselves as promising therapeutic targets. Zebrafish are now established as a valuable tool for disease modeling. A wide variety of genetic and molecular techniques can be employed to highlight pathogenic processes and dissect disease pathways. This review will explore the role that zebrafish have so far played in our understanding of mitophagy in neurodegeneration, and will discuss how they might be used to drive the wider mitophagy field forward.
Somatic Genomic Variations in Early Human Prenatal Development

Only 25 to 30% of conceptions result in a live birth. There is mounting evidence that the cause for this low fecundity is an extremely high incidence of chromosomal rearrangements occurring in the cleavage stage embryo. In this review, we gather all recent evidence for an extraordinary degree of mosaicisms in early embryogenesis. The presence of the rearrangements seen in the cleavage stage embryos can explain the origins of the placental mosaicisms seen during chorion villi sampling as well as the chromosomal anomalies seen in early miscarriages. Whereas these rearrangements often lead to implantation failure and early miscarriages, natural selection of the fittest cells in the embryo is the likely mechanism leading to healthy fetuses.
Global convergence analysis of a discrete time nonnegative ICA algorithm

When the independent sources are known to be nonnegative and well-grounded, which means that they have a nonzero pdf in the region of zero, Oja and Plumbley have proposed a "Nonnegative principal component analysis (PCA)" algorithm to separate these positive sources. Generally, it is very difficult to prove the convergence of a discrete-time independent component analysis (ICA) learning algorithm. However, by using the skew-symmetry property of this discrete-time "Nonnegative PCA" algorithm, if the learning rate satisfies suitable condition, the global convergence of this discrete-time algorithm can be proven. Simulation results are employed to further illustrate the advantages of this theory.
SatERN: A PEP-Less Solution for Satellite Communications

In networks with very large delay like satellite IP-based networks, standard TCP is unable to correctly grab the available resource. To overcome this problem, Performance Enhancing Proxies (PEPs), which break the end-to-end connection and simulate a receiver close enough to the sender, can be placed before the links with large delay. Although splitting PEPs does not modify the transport protocol at the end nodes, they prevent the use of security protocols such as IPsec. In this paper, we propose solutions to replace the use of PEPs named SatERN. This proposal, based on Explicit Rate Notification (ERN) protocols over IP, does not split connections and is compliant with IP-in-IP tunneling solutions. Finally, we show that the SatERN solution achieves high satellite link utilization and fairness of the satellite traffic.
Statistical analysis of neural data : Continuous-space models ( First 2 / 3 )

1 Autoregressive models and Kalman filter models are Gaussian Markov and hidden Markov models, respectively 3 1.1 Example: voltage smoothing and interpolation; inferring biophysical parameters 5 1.2 We may perform inference in the Kalman model either via the forward-backwards recursion or by direct optimization methods . 9 1.3 The Kalman model is only identifiable up to linear transformations of the state variable . 15 1.4 Examples: intermittent, noisy, filtered, nonlinearly transformed voltage observations . 15 1.5 Example: spike sorting given nonstationary data using a mixture-of-Kalmanfilters model . 21
Constructing Usage Scenarios for API Redocumentation

Software development relies heavily on reusable libraries and software components. For correct use of the provided API, proper documentation is needed. API usage is often demonstrated by giving example applications and code samples. In this paper we propose an approach for mining such usage scenarios from run-time communication between sample applications and the API. This is done automatically by first monitoring the API usage of sample applications, then filtering the generated traces, and finally synthesizing the sequence diagrams and illustrating them in a well-formed way as UML2 sequence diagrams. Such usage scenarios support the software engineer in comprehending the usage of the API. With proper tool support they can also be used for validating other applications' API usage and for generating code for a new application using the same API.
Formal Analysis of Time-Dependent Cryptographic Protocols in Real-Time Maude

This paper investigates the suitability of applying the general-purpose real-time Maude tool to the formal specification and model checking analysis of time-dependent cryptographic protocols. We restrict the intruders so that they become non-Zeno, and propose a complete analysis method for finding attacks that are reachable from the initial state. Our method has been used on the benchmark wide-mouthed frog (WMF) and Kerberos protocols, on which we can find all the well known flaws in short time. We use the WMF protocol to illustrate formal specification and the use of our method to analyze timed authentication properties.
Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills: validering av den svenska översättningen och en studie av anhöriga till borderlinepatienter.

This paper has two parts. In the first part we analyse the Swedish translation of KIMS and we compare it with the American version that Baer and colleagues developed(Baer et al, 2004). Our focus is the factor structure, internal consistency, scale correlations and validity in relation to the already validated translation of the MAAS. The second part has three issues: Does a group of relatives to persons with borderline personality disorder differ from a group of university employees with respect to different aspects of mindfulness? What are the correlations between KIMS and the symptom measure BSI-GSI for the group of relatives? Has the Family Connections program had any effect on the degree of mindfulness for the group of relatives? 123 university employees answered the KIMS questionnaire. It is this material that we analyse in part one of this paper, and also in part two where we compare it with the data from the relatives. The factor analysis shows that the Swedish version of KIMS has a four-factor structure corresponding to the four mindfulness skills for which the items were written. It also corresponds closely to the factor structure in Baer et al.(2004). The result of the factor analysis should be interpreted with caution because of the low sample size. The results in this study for internal consistency and validity correspond closely to the results that Baer and colleagues presented. The group of relatives in part two of this paper consisted of 43 individuals. The mean scores were significantly lower for the group of relatives compared with the group of university employees for the KIMS full scale and for the subscales Acting with Awareness and Accepting without Judgement, but not for Observing or Describing. Correlations between the BSI and both Acting with Awareness and Accepting without Judgement was strong and negative. KIMS subscale Observing had a nearly significant positive correlation with BSI, while Describing was unrelated to the BSI. The comparison between pre- and postmeasurement indicates that Family Connection has a small but significant effect on Acting with awareness and Accepting without judgement, although these results should be seen as preliminary as there was no control group.
Best Practices and Joint Calling of the HumanExome BeadChip: The CHARGE Consortium

Genotyping arrays are a cost effective approach when typing previously-identified genetic polymorphisms in large numbers of samples. One limitation of genotyping arrays with rare variants (e.g., minor allele frequency [MAF] <0.01) is the difficulty that automated clustering algorithms have to accurately detect and assign genotype calls. Combining intensity data from large numbers of samples may increase the ability to accurately call the genotypes of rare variants. Approximately 62,000 ethnically diverse samples from eleven Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium cohorts were genotyped with the Illumina HumanExome BeadChip across seven genotyping centers. The raw data files for the samples were assembled into a single project for joint calling. To assess the quality of the joint calling, concordance of genotypes in a subset of individuals having both exome chip and exome sequence data was analyzed. After exclusion of low performing SNPs on the exome chip and non-overlap of SNPs derived from sequence data, genotypes of 185,119 variants (11,356 were monomorphic) were compared in 530 individuals that had whole exome sequence data. A total of 98,113,070 pairs of genotypes were tested and 99.77% were concordant, 0.14% had missing data, and 0.09% were discordant. We report that joint calling allows the ability to accurately genotype rare variation using array technology when large sample sizes are available and best practices are followed. The cluster file from this experiment is available at www.chargeconsortium. com/main/exomechip.
Supporting web development in the OPEN process: additional tasks

To support commercial-strength Web development, it is as important to utilize a process as it is in regular, non-Web information systems development. We evaluate the efficacy of an established OO/CBD development process (OPEN), in Web development and propose new and amended activities and tasks that should be included in OPEN to fully, support the new demands of Website construction and the delivery of business value on the Web. Sixteen new tasks are identified together with one new activity. Four subtasks of particular relevance to the interface based on usage centered design are also advocated.
Nucleation speed limit on remote fluid-induced earthquakes

Larger earthquakes unlocked by fluids are seen globally to take a predictably longer time to begin. Earthquakes triggered by other remote seismic events are explained as a response to long-traveling seismic waves that temporarily stress the crust. However, delays of hours or days after seismic waves pass through are reported by several studies, which are difficult to reconcile with the transient stresses imparted by seismic waves. We show that these delays are proportional to magnitude and that nucleation times are best fit to a fluid diffusion process if the governing rupture process involves unlocking a magnitude-dependent critical nucleation zone. It is well established that distant earthquakes can strongly affect the pressure and distribution of crustal pore fluids. Earth’s crust contains hydraulically isolated, pressurized compartments in which fluids are contained within low-permeability walls. We know that strong shaking induced by seismic waves from large earthquakes can change the permeability of rocks. Thus, the boundary of a pressurized compartment may see its permeability rise. Previously confined, overpressurized pore fluids may then diffuse away, infiltrate faults, decrease their strength, and induce earthquakes. Magnitude-dependent delays and critical nucleation zone conclusions can also be applied to human-induced earthquakes.
Study of Periodic Structures at Oblique Incidence by Radial Point Interpolation Meshless Method

This paper presents a novel split-field radial point interpolation meshless (RPIM) scheme for the study of periodic structures under oblique incidence condition. The time delay in the transverse plane is eliminated with the introduction of a set of auxiliary variables. With the application of split-field technique to the standard RPIM method, a leap-frog formulation is derived. Numerical experiment is implemented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the code and the obtained result is compared with result of split-field finite-difference time domain method.
A comparison of sinusoidal model variants for speech and audio representation

Two sinusoidal model variants for speech and audio representation are compared: the traditional constant-amplitude, constant-frequency sinusoidal model, and a generalized model where amplitudes can vary exponentially with time. Two classes of methods for estimation of model parameters are reviewed: matching pursuit (MP) and subspace based schemes. Furthermore, Newton optimized versions of these schemes are included in the study. The influence of model type and parameter estimation scheme on model performance was evaluated in simulation experiments with audio and speech signals. As expected, the exponential model outperforms the traditional sinusoidal model in segments with large signal level variations. For the non-optimized estimation schemes, the subspace method generally performs better than the MP method (an SNR gain of 2-7 dB was observed). Newton optimization improves the modeling performance significantly in all cases, and results in slightly better performance with MP (an SNR gain of 1-2 dB) compared to the subspace method.
A SCHEME FOR ADAPTIVE BIASING IN IMPORTANCE SAMPLING

This paper considers simulation of large networks. The quantities of interest, such as system failure, blocking or cell loss probability, are dependent on observations of rare events. For evaluation of such systems, previous work have shown that simulation with a speed-up technique called importance sampling is an efficient means, provided that a good biasing of the simulation parameters exists. This paper addresses the unsolved problem of parameter biasing in large networks with well balanced resources. A new algorithm for adaptive biasing of the simulation parameters is introduced. In addition, a flexible framework for modelling of both traffic and dependability aspects of the network is described. As a feasibility demonstration, the applicability of the proposed simulation framework is demonstrated by evaluation of time blocking probabilities in a network example. This network has traffic classes with different quality of service requirements, different capacity requirements, alternative routing strategies and preemptive priorities. Rerouting occurs on overloads and after link and node failures.
Exemplification and Perceived Job Insecurity Associations With Self-Rated Performance and Emotional Exhaustion

Impression management is typically seen as a means to achieve success. Little is known about potential side effects for the self, or about impression management aimed at prevention of loss. Here, we probe the relationship between exemplification (impression management aimed at acquiring the image of model employee) and performance and emotional exhaustion, accounting for the moderating role of job insecurity. We use the Resource Model of Self-regulation and the Conservation of Resources Theory to propose that the association of exemplification with performance and emotional exhaustion is more positive with increased job insecurity. Hypotheses were tested in a sample of 603 Peruvian workers using structural equation modeling (SEM). The pattern of results supported our hypotheses: Exemplification has unintended effects when workers feel insecure.
“Sister‐Groups” and Online‐Offline Linkages in Networked Collective Action: A Case Study of the Right to Information Movement in India

In this paper, the rise of hyperlinked activist communities, and their role in organizing, coordinating and supporting offline (physical) activism, is discussed as a new form of information and communication technology (ICT)‐enabled collective action. The role of networked civil society in India is examined in the context of the movement for the right to information (RTI), which is known as freedom of information (or FOI) in some Western democracies. The paper focuses on the role of RTI‐related online discussion groups, known to each other as “sister‐groups”, and their offline networks in generating collaborations towards collective actions, at least in the short term. The study assumes significance in light of attention surrounding the highly visible, ICT‐driven anti‐corruption movement of 2011, often referred to as “India's Arab Spring”. By examining a period of comparably intense collective action in the real and virtual worlds by the RTI movement during 2006, the paper takes a step back to look at the emerging connections between ICTs and civil society in India. A thematic analysis (N=959) is conducted of the email discussion messages of the premier RTI e‐group in India, the Hum Janenge (‘We Will Know’) yahoo group, in August 2006, during which sister‐groups rallied against the federal government's proposal to amend the RTI legislation. The thematic analysis reveals the types of collective actions that materialized; the role of Hum Janenge and its sister‐groups in creating a relatively unified and coordinated RTI campaign; as well as the difficulties in sustaining collective actions, despite the connecting medium of the internet. It is found that the existence of networked online communities amplifies the abilities of activists and enables greater coordination of collective actions, rather than create any new repertoires of collective action; a finding that resonates with arguments about the role of technology as amplifier.
Comparison of the new acceleration spectrum analysis with other time- and frequency-domain analyses of the signal-averaged electrocardiogram.

AIM To compare four analysis techniques of the signal-averaged-electrocardiogram, including time-domain, spectral temporal mapping, spectral turbulence analysis and the new acceleration spectrum analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied 634 subjects (77 with bundle branch block) divided into three groups. Group 1 comprised 117 post-myocardial infarction patients tested for inducibility of sustained ventricular tachycardia, and which was induced in 54 of them. Group 2 comprised 407 consecutive acute myocardial infarction survivors, followed for 1 year; 29 of them had suffered major arrhythmic events: 15 were cases of sustained ventricular tachycardia, three resuscitated ventricular fibrillation and 11 sudden cardiac death. Group 3 comprised 110 control subjects. The different analysis techniques were compared by their likelihood ratio for the prediction of ventricular tachycardia inducibility (Group 1) or major arrhythmic events (Group 2). The likelihood ratios of spectral-turbulence-analysis, acceleration spectrum analysis, spectral temporal mapping and time-domain were 8.0, 3.3, 1.7, 1.3 in Group 1, and 3.8, 2.1, 1.5, 2.6, in Group 2, while the corresponding false-positive rates in Group 3 (control) were 0.9%, 10.0%, 4.5%, and 3.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION Spectral turbulence analysis was the most accurate technique for the prediction of either ventricular tachycardia inducibility or major arrhythmic events after myocardial infarction. It also showed the highest specificity among control subjects.
Why are trials in palliative care so difficult?

The introduction of the randomized controlled trial (RCT) is normally attributed to Sir Austin Bradford-Hill.1 Since then it has become the ‘gold standard’ for much investigation in the clinical sciences. The key feature of the RCT is prospective, random allocation of patients to a treatment group and a control group. To demonstrate that an intervention works, the treatment and control groups need to be equal in all respects, apart from the intervention itself, so that any difference in outcome can be attributed to the intervention. Anything else which affects the outcome is known as a confounder. If sample sizes are large enough, random allocation will distribute all confounders equally between the groups, thereby cancelling out any differential effect they may have on outcome. The investigator can therefore infer that any differences in outcome are due to the intervention. Furthermore, in classic RCTs patients, clinicians and data collectors should be blind to whether each patient belongs to the intervention or control group, so that expectations do not bias the results of the trial. The experimental intervention and its alternative need to be clearly defined (and distinguishable), and it must be possible to measure an outcome which is (potentially) relevant to the intervention. The trialists need to enrol a sufficiently large sample to be sure that differences between the intervention and control groups can be detected. If the study is too small it may fail to detect a difference, not because the intervention has no effect, but because the study has insufficient statistical power (a so-called type II error). In practice, RCTs normally identify strict eligibility criteria so that it is clear what patient population the new treatment is being tested on. A distinction is made between explanatory trials and pragmatic trials.2 An explanatory trial seeks to determine whether a treatment is efficacious – that is, whether it works under ideal conditions. Such trials normally investigate a single causal factor, very often a drug. Pragmatic trials investigate effectiveness – whether it works in real world practice conditions – and often investigate more than one variable at a time. For example, while an explanatory trial might compare a new drug with a placebo in a professorial unit, a pragmatic trial might compare the new drug with best current practice in general practice. Trials of palliative care services are almost entirely pragmatic trials and these should be distinguished from trials of drugs in palliative medicine, which usually are not. Below we draw on examples from palliative care pragmatic trials.
Improvement of 2-EPP using quantum error correcting codes and binary search

In [6], the 2-EPPs using quantum error correcting codes (QECCs) and binary search were proposed and shown to have a high purification capability. This protocol maintains a balance between error-detection and correction capabilities by using QECCs to detect errors and binary search to correct a single error. However, when we construct a protocol from codes whose code-length is long, sharing entanglement efficiently is difficult because of an incapability to perform error correction despite an error-detection capability. In this paper, we propose a method to improve the capability of error correction by using binary search more than once. We also show the performance of the protocol, which consists of a (16, 6, 4) stabilizer code, and show that this method is useful in improving performance.
Surface/Volume Ratio: Implications for Phytoplankton Morphology

Plankton autotrophs vary greatly in size and shape. Computation of surface/volume ratios for biomass units of 27 coexisting phytoplankton species in a tropical lake indicates that these ratios are conserved within a range much narrower than expected by random choice of shapes. Conservation of surface/volume ratios suggests new explanations for the shapes of phytoplankton biomass units.