Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Look into the Latino Experience: The Process of Identity Formation for Latinos in the United States

This paper examines the educational acculturation experience of Latinos in the United States (U.S.) and the processes of identity formation. Through the historical Latino experience in the early 20th century, we can see the remaining influences of historical inequality (e.g. exploitation of labor, de jure segregation) through negative perceptions of Latinos. Negative stereotypes and incorrect assumptions presented in society (e.g. media, educational system, and justice system) perpetuate inferiority in comparison to White Americans. In the context of a school environment, Latino children begin to realize they are different. When non-native English speakers enter the classroom, immediate differences in language, cultural values, and peer interactions impact identity development and negatively influence self-perceptions. The Two-Way Immersion (TWI) approach to teaching will allow Latinos to develop their ethnic identity without interference from the dominant American culture through an integrative language approach of English and Spanish instruction. These are the beginning steps for creating stronger ethnic identity, biculturalism, and potential method to reverse institutionalized discrimination through education. LATINO IDENTITY FORMATION 5 Table of
A Study on the Reduction of Overhead based on Message Lists in DTN

After a message is arrived at the destination, it’s copies can remain in the DTN. So, we propose the duplicated message reduction scheme based on the delivered message lists. Each node in the network maintains a list of messages that already arrived at the destination. Whenever two nodes are connected, they update their delivered message lists by exchanging the lists information. By removing duplicated messages in the list, are reduced and the network traffic is reduced too. This eventually reduce network overhead and improve transmission success rate on the DTN network.
AN ARCHITECTURE FOR A STRICT MODEL-VIEW SEPARATION IN JAVA

Though the separation of a model from its visual representation (view) implies well-known benefits, available Java libraries as Swing so far do not sufficiently support this concept. The paper presents a straightforward way of how to smoothly enhance Java libraries in this direction, independent of the particular graphic user interface (GUI) library: The lean framework JGadgets, which was inspired by the Oberon Gadgets system [1], allows developers to focus on model programming only. This significantly reduces the development costs, in particular in the realm of quite simple, form-based GUIs which are common-place in commercial client-/serversystems. We first present a small case study implemented on top of JGadgets which demonstrates the benefits of a strict model/view separation. The paper goes on to sketch the reflection-based design of JGadgets itself.
Distributional Overlap: Simple, Multivariate, Parametric, and Nonparametric Tests for Alienation, Convergence, and General Distributional Difference Issues

This paper proposes a convenient measure of the degree of distributional overlap, both parametric and nonparametric, useful in measuring the degree of Polarization, Alienation, and Convergence. We show the measure is asymptotically normally distributed, making it amenable to inference in consequence. This Overlap measure can be used in the univariate and multivariate framework, and three examples are used to illustrate its use. The nonparametric Overlap Index has two sources of bias, the first being a positive bias induced by the unknown intersection point of the underlying distribution and the second being a negative bias induced by the expectation of cell probabilities being less than the conditional expected values. We show that the inconsistency problem generated by the first bias, prevalent within this class of Goodness of Fit measure, is limited by the number of intersection points of the underlying distributions. A Monte Carlo study was used to examine the biases, and it was found that the latter bias dominates the former. These biases can be diluted by increasing the number of partitions, but prevails asymptotically nonetheless.
Multi-Biomarkers for Early Detection of Type 2 Diabetes, Including 10- and 12-(Z,E)-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic Acids, Insulin, Leptin, and Adiponectin

We have previously found that fasting plasma levels of totally assessed 10- and 12-(Z,E)-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (HODE) correlated well with levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and glucose during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT); these levels were determined via liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry after reduction and saponification. However, 10- and 12-(Z,E)-HODE alone cannot perfectly detect early impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and/or insulin resistance, which ultimately lead to diabetes. In this study, we randomly recruited healthy volunteers (n = 57) who had no known history of any diseases, and who were evaluated using the OGTT, the HODE biomarkers, and several additional proposed biomarkers, including retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4), adiponectin, leptin, insulin, glycoalbumin, and high sensitivity-C-reactive protein. The OGTT revealed that our volunteers included normal individuals (n = 44; Group N), “high-normal” individuals (fasting plasma glucose 100–109 mg/dL) with IGT (n = 11; Group HN+IGT), and diabetic individuals (n = 2; Group D). We then used these groups to evaluate the potential biomarkers for the early detection of type 2 diabetes. Plasma levels of RBP4 and glycoalbumin were higher in Group HN+IGT, compared to those in Group N, and fasting levels of 10- and 12-(Z,E)-HODE/linoleic acids were significantly correlated with levels of RBP4 (p = 0.003, r = 0.380) and glycoalbumin (p = 0.006, r = 0.316). Furthermore, we developed a stepwise multiple linear regression models to predict the individuals’ insulin resistance index (the Matsuda Index 3). Fasting plasma levels of 10- and 12-(Z,E)-HODE/linoleic acids, glucose, insulin, and leptin/adiponectin were selected as the explanatory variables for the models. The risks of type 2 diabetes, early IGT, and insulin resistance were perfectly predicted by comparing fasting glucose levels to the estimated Matsuda Index 3 (fasting levels of 10- and 12-(Z,E)-HODE/linoleic acids, insulin, and leptin/adiponectin).
Experiments on Active Learning for Croatian Word Sense Disambiguation

Supervised word sense disambiguation (WSD) has been shown to achieve state-ofthe-art results but at high annotation costs. Active learning can ameliorate that problem by allowing the model to dynamically choose the most informative word contexts for manual labeling. In this paper we investigate the use of active learning for Croatian WSD. We adopt a lexical sample approach and compile a corresponding senseannotated dataset on which we evaluate our models. We carry out a detailed investigation of the different active learning setups, and show that labeling as few as 100 instances suffices to reach near-optimal performance.
The African Growth Evidence : Validity , Reliability and Measurement Bias in East-Central Africa , 1965-1995

One of the best known stylised facts about developm ent in Africa is that the quality of the data is poor. It has even been claimed that due to shortcom ings in basic data collection and insufficient resources in preparing official statistics the grow th data on African economies are little better than random numbers. Elsewhere it has been guessed that an annual growth rate of 3 percent might mean anything from 6 percent growth to no growth at all. These claims stand in glaring contrast with the widespread use of these data as reliable evidence i n accounts on African economic development. It is further surprising that there has been little or n research into how serious these data inaccuraci es are. This research paper addresses these shortcomin gs and offers concrete measures of inaccuracies among the main sources on economic growth in East C en ral Africa, 1965-1995. The paper suggests different causes of the errors in the growth data, nd ways to get around them. The myth of poor data quality has to be demystified and disentangled by real empirical research that established the extent of validity and reliability problems. There has been made unsupported claims in the literature of direction of bias in the African growth evidence . This paper shows that the bias in the growth data depends on the political economy of measuremen t, and assumptions made in the baseline estimates of national incomes. The definition and m easurement of GDP has not been stable, and it is critical to identify these changes to avoid erroneo us conclusions based on the available growth evidence.
Moving Upward from the Bottom: Headship, Gender and Household Poverty in a Western Province of Thailand

This paper seeks to explain the effect of the gender of household heads on the ability to escape from economic poverty. It utilizes panel data from the Kanchanaburi Demographic Surveillance System (KDSS) in Thailand, which had been collected every year from 2000 to 2004. A sample of 1,373 households with the same heads who were at the lowest quintile (poorest) in 2000 was followed throughout the study period. To measure poverty levels, the household poverty index was constructed by using asset based metric via a technique of Multiple Principle Component Analysis (MPCA). Logistic regression with random effect analysis was then employed. The results reveal that households with married heads are more likely to economically move upward than those of non-married heads and there is no significant difference between households with married male and female heads. However, households with non-married female heads are better off when compared with their male counterparts. Other variables, namely, age and education of head, access to credit from formal sources and geographical area of residence also help in explaining economic mobility. These findings suggest that programs aimed at reducing household poverty should target not only single female-headed households but also those with single male heads.
A series of mammalian expression vectors and characterisation of their expression of a reporter gene in stably and transiently transfected cells.

The pJfi vector series has been designed to allow easy insertion and subsequent expression of exogenous genes in a wide variety of mammalian cells. The vectors share a common structure of a mammalian transcription unit composed of a promoter flanked 3' by a polyhnker, an intron, and a transcriptional termination signal which is linked to a pBR 322 derived backbone as shown. Each of the six vectors possesses a different promoter: pJ30, the SV40 early promoter (1); pJ4fi: the Mo MuLV LTR (2); pJ5O: the MMTV LTR (3); pJ5Efl: an MSV enhancer linked 5' to the MMTV LTR (4); pJ6fl: the rat /3 actin promoter (5); and pJ70-the SCMV IE94 promoter (6). To characterise the expression capabilities of these vectors in mammalian cells, the cat gene was inserted into each of the vectors and the resultant constructs were introduced transiently and stably (with pSV2 neo as a selection marker) into NIH 3T3 and HeLa cells by calcium phosphate transfection. All vectors led to high levels of stable and transient cat activity as well as dexamethasone inducibility in the cases of pJ5fi and pJ5OE. Moreover, a striking difference in transient versus stable expression by pJ3flc<z/ and pJlQcat was noted in NIH 3T3 but not in HeLa cells. The actin promoter in pJ6fl has also been shown to be expressed efficiently in undifferentiated teratocarcinoma cells in which transcription from all other promoters mentioned here is severly repressed. For example, in contrast to drug resistance markers under control of viral promoters pJ6ilhygro can confer hygromycin resistance to these cells.
Optimizing a corba iiop protocol engine for minimal footprint multimedia systems

Communication software for hand-held devices must be flexible and efficient to deliver the necessary Quality of Service (QoS) to multimedia applications such as real-time audio and video, video on-demand, electronic mail and fax, and Internet telephony. CORBA Object Request Brokers (ORBs) are an emerging middleware standard targeted for distributed applications. The stringent memory constraints imposed by handheld device hardware necessitates a minimal footprint for ORB-based applications. This paper provides three contributions to developing efficient ORB middleware for hand-held devices. First, we describe protocol implementation optimizations we employed to develop a timeand space-efficient interpretive IIOP protocol engine. Second, we describe IDL compiler optimizations for generating efficient stubs and skeletons that use our IIOP protocol engine. Finally, we empirically compare the performance and memory footprint of interpretive marshaling versus compiled marshaling for a wide range of IDL data types. Our optimizations to the interpretive IIOP protocol engine improve its performance substantially and it is now comparable the performance of compiled marshaling. Moreover, our IDL compiler optimizations yielded stubs and skeletons whose footprint is substantially smaller than those using compiled marshaling.
MINDA: A cognitive tool for solving mathematical word problems

For many students, mathematical word problem-solving is one of the most demanding tasks in mathematics. It involves both higher and lower order thinking skills. The higher order activities in word problem-solving are the main causes of cognitive overload among students. This paper describes a cognitive tool developed for mathematical word problem-solving called MINDA which is designed to reduce the cognitive load of the students and to improve their mathematical communication skills. A model called the Cognitive-Communicative (C-C) model is formulated as the basis in designing MINDA. From a study conducted on fifty-eight Form One (7th Grade) students, we observed that there is a significant difference in the students' achievement in solving mathematical word problems.
Emissive Mechanism to Explain Spectral Variability of Blazars in High Frequencies

The new results of the evolution of the synchrotron peak for Mrk 421 are mostly likely related to the particle acceleration process. In order to account for the above results, we present a model of blazar variability during the flare in which the emission comes from accelerating electrons. A diffusion advection equation of the electron energy distribution is derived to calculate the spectrum and light curve of synchrotron radiation. We present that the observed shifts of the synchrotron peak moving to higher energies during the flare are caused by shock acceleration. The observed relation between changes in the fluxes at specified frequency ranges and shifts of the peak position is fitted to constrain the physical parameters of the dissipation region.
Functional Outcomes of Surgery in Cervical Spondylotic Radiculopathy versus Myelopathy: A Comparative Study

Background. Cervical spondylosis can cause three different categories of symptoms and signs with possible overlap in the affected patients. Aim. We aim to compare functional outcome of surgery in the patients with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy and myelopathy, regardless of their surgical type and approach. Materials and Methods. We retrospectively reviewed 140 patients with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy and myelopathy who had been operated from August 2006 to January 2011, as Group A (68 cases) and Group B (72 cases), respectively. The mean age was 48.2 and 55.7 years, while the mean followup was 38.9 and 37.3 months, respectively. Functional outcome of the patients was assessed by neck disability index (NDI) and patient satisfaction with surgery. Results. Only in Group A, the longer delay caused a worse surgical outcome (NDI). In addition, in Group B, there was no significant relationship between imaging signal change of the spinal cord and our surgical outcomes. Improvement in NDI and final satisfaction rate in both groups are comparable. Conclusions. Surgery was associated with an improvement in NDI in both groups (P < 0.001). The functional results in both groups were similar and comparable, regarding this index and patient's satisfaction score.
Application of discrete tracking differentiator to electronic control system of diesel engine

In this paper, a new method, based on tracking differentiator (TD), of control algorithm for the electronic controlled VE fuel pump is proposed. Using TD at the input port to provide the transition process for target position can effectively decrease the percent overshoot caused by step input of control variable. Using TD at the output port to track the signal of actuator can decrease the effects of disturbance caused by oil pressure in high speed rotation. Matlab simulation and the practical application results show that the algorithm is feasible and effective.
Consumer Inflation Expectations in Poland

Inflation expectations constitute a subject of particular contemporary interest to central banks, especially those pursuing a monetary policy based on a strategy of direct inflation targeting. Macroeconomic theory indicates that the transmission of monetary policy impulses bears a close relationship to properties of inflation expectations. Qualitative data on inflation expectations, as obtained from surveys, can be quantified with the use of probability or regression methods. This paper presents the results of two versions of the probability method, implemented in order to estimate numerical measures of Polish consumer inflation expectations, based on the monthly Ipsos-Demoskop survey. In addition, the unbiasedness and macroeconomic efficiency of Polish consumer inflation expectations are tested, as are the way in which these are formed. The pattern of responses to the survey question and quantified measures of Polish consumer inflation expectations are also compared with the respective findings for the euro area.
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses

Cochrane Reviews have recently started including the quantity I 2 to help readers assess the consistency of the results of studies in meta-analyses. What does this new quantity mean, and why is assessment of heterogeneity so important to clinical practice? Systematic reviews and meta-analyses can provide convincing and reliable evidence relevant to many aspects of medicine and health care.1 Their value is especially clear when the results of the studies they include show clinically important effects of similar magnitude. However, the conclusions are less clear when the included studies have differing results. In an attempt to establish whether studies are consistent, reports of meta-analyses commonly present a statistical test of heterogeneity. The test seeks to determine whether there are genuine differences underlying the results of the studies (heterogeneity), or whether the variation in findings is compatible with chance alone (homogeneity). However, the test is susceptible to the number of trials included in the meta-analysis. We have developed a new quantity, I 2, which we believe gives a better measure of the consistency between trials in a meta-analysis. Assessment of the consistency of effects across studies is an essential part of meta-analysis. Unless we know how consistent the results of studies are, we cannot determine the generalisability of the findings of the meta-analysis. Indeed, several hierarchical systems for grading evidence state that the results of studies must be consistent or homogeneous to obtain the highest grading.2–4 Tests for heterogeneity are commonly used to decide on methods for combining studies and for concluding consistency or inconsistency of findings.5 6 But what does the test achieve in practice, and how should the resulting P values be interpreted? A test for heterogeneity examines the null hypothesis that all studies are evaluating the same effect. The usual test statistic …
A Formal Model to Analyze the Permission Authorization and Enforcement in the Android Framework

This paper proposes a formal model of the Android permission scheme. We describe the scheme specifying entities and relationships, and provide a state-based model which includes the behavior specification of permission authorization and the interactions between application components. We also show how we can logically confirm the security of the specified system. Utilizing a theorem prover, we can verify security with given security requirements based on mechanically checked proofs. The proposed model can be used as a reference model when the scheme is implemented in a different embedded platform, or when we extend the current scheme with additional constraints or elements. We demonstrate the use of the verifiable specification through finding a security vulnerability in the Android system. To our knowledge, this is the first formalization of the permission scheme enforced by the Android framework.
Title: Differential Activation of an Identified Motor Neuron and Neuromodulation Provide Aplysia's Retractor Muscle an Additional Function Author Names and Affiliations: a Multifunctional Retractor Muscle Address for Correspondence: Differential Activation of an Identified Motor Neuron and Neuromodu

1 Differential Activation of an Identified Motor Neuron and Neuromodulation Provide 2 Aplysia’s Retractor Muscle an Additional Function 3 Author names and affiliations: 4 Jeffrey M. McManus, Hui Lu, Miranda J. Cullins, and Hillel J. Chiel 5 Departments of Biology, Neurosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve 6 University, Cleveland, OH 44106-7080 7 8 Running head: 9 A Multifunctional Retractor Muscle 10 11 Address for Correspondence: Hillel J. Chiel, Ph.D.; Department of Biology, 2080 Adelbert 12 Road, Cleveland, OH 44106-7080; hjc@case.edu 13 14 Articles in PresS. J Neurophysiol (May 7, 2014). doi:10.1152/jn.00148. 2014
A Sequential Quadratic Programming Algorithm Using an Incomplete Solution of the Subproblem

We analyze sequential quadratic programming (SQP) methods to solve nonlinear constrained optimization problems that are more flexible in their definition than standard SQP methods. The type of flexibility introduced is motivated by the necessity to deviate from the standard approach when solving large problems. Specifically we no longer require a minimizes of the QP subproblem to be determined or particular Lagrange multiplier estimates to be used. Our main focus is on an SQP algorithm that uses a particular augmented Lagrangian merit function. New results are derived for this algorithm under weaker conditions than previously assumed; in particular, it is not assumed that the iterates lie on a compact set.
Effective Creation of Czech Biomedical Ontologies

The paper describes procedures and a tool we have developed to simplify and speed up creating of Czech biomedical ontologies. Our method is based on searching for concepts in a corpus of medical texts and binding those concepts to an established international ontology. The new ontology will have two major advantages: it will be compatible with the international ontology and it will possibly cover all concepts used in the Czech healthcare. The tool supports an author of ontology by mechanizing some routine tasks that occur in the process of an ontology creation. It tries to learn how to identify concepts in texts and how to bind them to the ontology. The tool displays the suggestions to the user, who can correct them and add new ones. Based on this feedback the tool adjusts rules for concept finding and binding. To accomplish such behaviour we have employed some natural language processing methods and information extraction tools.