Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Early expression of antiinsulin autoantibodies of humans and the NOD mouse: evidence for early determination of subsequent diabetes.

With the development of an insulin autoantibody (IAA) assay performed in 96-well filtration plates, we have evaluated prospectively the development of IAA in NOD mice (from 4 weeks of age) and children (from 7 to 10 months of age) at genetic risk for the development of type 1 diabetes. NOD mice had heterogeneous expression of IAA despite being inbred. IAA reached a peak between 8 and 16 weeks and then declined. IAA expression by NOD mice at 8 weeks of age was strongly associated with early development of diabetes, which occurred at 16-18 weeks of age (NOD mice IAA(+) at 8 weeks: 83% (5/6) diabetic by 18 weeks versus 11% (1/9) of IAA negative at 8 weeks; P <. 01). In man, IAA was frequently present as early as 9 months of age, the first sampling time. Of five children found to have persistent IAA before 1 year of age, four have progressed to diabetes (all before 3.5 years of age) and the fifth is currently less than age 2. Of the 929 children not expressing persistent IAA before age 1, only one has progressed to diabetes to date (age onset 3), and this child expressed IAA at his second visit (age 1.1). In new onset patients, the highest levels of IAA correlated with an earlier age of diabetes onset. Our data suggest that the program for developing diabetes of NOD mice and humans is relatively "fixed" early in life and, for NOD mice, a high risk of early development of diabetes is often determined by 8 weeks of age. With such early determination of high risk of progression to diabetes, immunologic therapies in humans may need to be tested in children before the development of IAA for maximal efficacy.
Fiscal issues and central bank policy in the Czech Republic

A fiscal analysis that evaluates in more detail the effect of fiscal policy on economic and monetary developments therefore enables more effective coordination of monetary and fiscal policies. In particular, fiscal developments significantly constrain monetary policy strategy and affect the timing of the adoption of the euro. Against this background, this paper describes some of the characteristic features of fiscal policy during the Czech Republic’s economic transformation since the start of the 1990s.
Stimulation of Glucose-6-phosphatase Gene Expression by Glucose and Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate*

Glucose-6-phosphatase, a key enzyme in the homeostatic regulation of blood glucose concentration, catalyzes the terminal step in gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Glucose, the product of the glucose-6-phosphatase reaction, dramatically increases the level of glucose-6-phosphatase mRNA transcripts in primary hepatocytes (20-fold), and the maximum response is obtained at a glucose concentration as low as 11 mm. Glucose specifically increases glucose-6-phosphatase mRNA and L-type pyruvate kinase mRNA. In the rat hepatoma-derived cell line, Fao, glucose increases the glucose-6-phosphatase mRNA only modestly (3-fold). In the presence of high glucose concentrations, overexpression of glucokinase in Fao cells via recombinant adenovirus vectors increases lactate production to the level found in primary hepatocytes and increases glucose-6-phosphatase gene expression by 21-fold. Similar overexpression of hexokinase I in Fao cells with high levels of glucose does not increase lactate production nor does it change the response of glucose-6-phosphatase mRNA to glucose. Glucokinase overexpression in Fao cells blunts the previously reported inhibitory effect of insulin on glucose-6-phosphatase gene expression in these cells. Raising the cellular concentration of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, a potent effector of the direction of carbon flux through the gluconeogenic and glycolytic pathways, also stimulated glucose-6-phosphatase gene expression in Fao cells. Increasing the fructose-2,6-bisphosphate concentration over a 15-fold range (12 ± 1 to 187 ± 17 pmol/plate) via an adenoviral vector overexpression system, led to a 6-fold increase (0.32 ± 0.03 to 2.2 ± 0.33 arbitrary units of mRNA) in glucose-6-phosphatase gene expression with a concomitant increase in glycolysis and a decrease in gluconeogenesis. Also, the effects of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate concentrations on fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase gene expression were stimulatory, leading to a 5–6-fold increase in mRNA level over a 15-fold range in fructose-2,6-bisphosphate level. Liver pyruvate kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA were unchanged by the manipulation of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate level.
Dissociative multiphoton ionization of NO2 studied by time-resolved imaging.

We have studied dissociative multiphoton ionization of NO2 by time-resolved velocity map imaging in a two-color pump-probe experiment using the 400 and 266 nm harmonics of a regeneratively amplified titanium-sapphire laser. We observe that most of the ion signal appears as NO+ with approximately 0.28 eV peak kinetic energy. Approximately 600 fs period oscillations indicative of wave packet motion are also observed in the NO+ decay. We attribute the signal to two competitive mechanisms. The first involving three-photon 400 nm absorption followed by dissociative ionization of the pumped state by a subsequent 266 nm photon. The second involving one-photon 400 nm absorption to the 2B2 state of NO2 followed by two-photon dissociative ionization at 266 nm. This interpretation is derived from the observation that the total NO+ ion signal exhibits biexponential decay, 0.72 exp(-t/90+/-10)+0.28 exp(-t/4000+/-400), where t is the 266 nm delay in femtoseconds. The fast decay of the majority of the NO+ signal suggests a direct dissociation via the bending mode of the pumped state.
Linear Precoding for Multiuser Visible-Light Communication With Field-of-View Diversity

The multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) indoor visible-light communication (VLC) system with multiple users, where several light-emitting diodes (LEDs) send messages to several photodiodes (PD), is studied. To enhance the diversity, each user is assumed to be equipped with multiple PDs with a different field of view. The objective is to minimize the LEDs' maximum power consumption subject to multiple constraints, including illumination constraint and capacity constraint. Under the assumption of maximum-ratio combining at the receivers, a linear precoding method is proposed. Detailed operation of this precoding method includes two steps: First, with matrix transformation and semi-definite relaxation, the original nonconvex optimization problem is transformed into solvable convex optimization subproblems. Afterward, based on the solution of the subproblems, it is proved that a linear precoding solution can be reformulated using a rank-1 decomposition theorem. Numerical results show that our proposed scheme with different system parameters outperforms the traditional method.
Amplification of Chromosome 1 q Genes Encoding the Phosphoinositide Signalling Enzymes PI 4 KB , AKT 3 , PIP 5 K 1 A and PI 3 KC 2 B in Breast Cancer

Little is known about the possible oncogenic roles of genes encoding for the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases, a family of enzymes that regulate an early step in phosphoinositide signalling. To address this issue, the mutational status of all four human phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases genes was analyzed across 852 breast cancer samples using the COSMIC data resource. Point mutations in the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase genes were uncommon and appeared in less than 1% of the patient samples however, 62% of the tumours had increases in gene copy number for PI4KB which encodes the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIbeta isozyme. Extending this analysis to subsequent enzymes in the phosphoinositide signalling cascades revealed that the only PIP5K1A, PI3KC2B and AKT3 genes exhibited similar patterns of gene copy number variation. By comparison, gene copy number increases for established oncogenes such as EGFR and HER2/Neu were only evident in 20% of the samples. The PI4KB, PIP5K1A, PI3KC2B and AKT3 genes are related in that they all localize to chromosome 1q which is often structurally and numerically abnormal in breast cancer. These results demonstrate that a gene quartet encoding a potential phosphoinositide signalling pathway is amplified in a subset of breast cancers.
Synaptic connections between layer 4 spiny neurone‐ layer 2/3 pyramidal cell pairs in juvenile rat barrel cortex: physiology and anatomy of interlaminar signalling within a cortical column

Whole‐cell voltage recordings were obtained from 64 synaptically coupled excitatory layer 4 (L4) spiny neurones and L2/3 pyramidal cells in acute slices of the somatosensory cortex (‘barrel’ cortex) of 17‐ to 23‐days‐old rats. Single action potentials (APs) in the L4 spiny neurone evoked single unitary EPSPs in the L2/3 pyramidal cell with a peak amplitude of 0.7 ± 0.6 mV. The average latency was 2.1 ± 0.6 ms, the rise time was 0.8 ± 0.3 ms and the decay time constant was 12.7 ± 3.5 ms. The percentage of failures of an AP in a L4 spiny neurone to evoke a unitary EPSP in the L2/3 pyramidal cell was 4.9 ± 8.8 % and the coefficient of variation (c.v.) of the unitary EPSP amplitude was 0.27 ± 0.13. Both c.v. and percentage of failures decreased with increased average EPSP amplitude. Postsynaptic glutamate receptors (GluRs) in L2/3 pyramidal cells were of the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR) and the non‐NMDAR type. At −60 mV in the presence of extracellular Mg2+ (1 mm), 29 ± 15 % of the EPSP voltage‐time integral was blocked by NMDAR antagonists. In 0 Mg2+, the NMDAR/AMPAR ratio of the EPSC was 0.50 ± 0.29, about half the value obtained for L4 spiny neurone connections. Burst stimulation of L4 spiny neurones showed that EPSPs in L2/3 pyramidal cells depressed over a wide range of frequencies (1–100 s−1). However, at higher frequencies (30 s−1) EPSP summation overcame synaptic depression so that the summed EPSP was larger than the first EPSP amplitude in the train. The number of putative synaptic contacts established by the axonal collaterals of the L4 projection neurone with the target neurone in layer 2/3 varied between 4 and 5, with an average of 4.5 ± 0.5 (n= 13 pairs). Synapses were established on basal dendrites of the pyramidal cell. Their mean geometric distance from the pyramidal cell soma was 67 ± 34 μm (range, 16–196 μm). The results suggest that each connected L4 spiny neurone produces a weak but reliable EPSP in the pyramidal cell. Therefore transmission of signals to layer 2/3 is likely to have a high threshold requiring simultaneous activation of many L4 neurons, implying that L4 spiny neurone to L2/3 pyramidal cell synapses act as a gate for the lateral spread of excitation in layer 2/3.
Chi-squared statistics of association and homogeneity

In the injury field, one often obtains data that are measured in categories – either on an ordinal scale (e.g., severity of injury from mild to moderate to severe) or on a nominal scale (e.g., type of injury – fall, burn, motor vehicle related, etc.). Research questions of interest usually use a chisquared statistic to examine relationships between categorical variables. A previous Accidental Note addressed the use of exact and approximate calculations for p-values in cross-tabulations of categorical variables (Bangdiwala, 2012). This Accidental Note explains the subtle differences of the two most common hypotheses that use chi-squared statistics for two-way contingency tables.
Small perfusion defects in suspected pulmonary embolism.

UNLABELLED The purpose of this investigation was to assess the diagnostic value of 1 to 3 versus > 3 small subsegmental defects on perfusion lung scans of patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism (PE). METHODS Data from the Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis (PIOPED) were evaluated from patients with suspected acute PE. Angiograms, follow-up data and outcome classifications were used to determine PE status. The perfusion scan of included patients showed only small subsegmental defects ( < 25% of a segment) in the presence of a regionally normal chest radiograph. Findings on the ventilation scan were irrelevant. RESULTS The positive predictive value for PE of perfusion lung scans with 1-3 small subsegmental defects was 1% to 3%, depending on the group analyzed. The positive predictive value for the PE of perfusion lung scans with > 3 small subsegmental defects was 11% to 17% depending on the group analyzed. CONCLUSION Perfusion lung scans with 1-3 small subsegmental defects satisfy the criterion for a very low probability ( < 10% positive predictive value) for PE and perfusion lung scans with > 3 small subsegmental defects satisfy the criteria for a low probability ( < 20% positive predictive value) for PE.
Managerial Ownership, Corporate Monitoring and Audit Fee

We study whether managerial ownership and analyst coverage relate to audit fee. To the extent that these corporate governance factors relate to auditor assessment of the firm’s agency costs and hence various risks the auditor must consider in the development of an audit program, they will affect audit effort and hence audit fee. We find that managerial equity holdings and analyst coverage are negatively associated with audit fee and that these associations are both statistically and economically significant. On average, one percent increase in managerial ownership translates into 0.2% reduction in audit fees. In the low managerial ownership sample (i.e., less than 5% managerial ownership), one percent increase in the ownership reduces the fees by 1.4%. Similarly, one more analysts following reduces audit fees by 9.3%. These results add to the literature on the effects of corporate governance on audit fees.
Testing local-scale panmixia provides insights into the cryptic ecology, evolution, and epidemiology of metazoan animal parasites

SUMMARY When every individual has an equal chance of mating with other individuals, the population is classified as panmictic. Amongst metazoan parasites of animals, local-scale panmixia can be disrupted due to not only non-random mating, but also non-random transmission among individual hosts of a single host population or non-random transmission among sympatric host species. Population genetics theory and analyses can be used to test the null hypothesis of panmixia and thus, allow one to draw inferences about parasite population dynamics that are difficult to observe directly. We provide an outline that addresses 3 tiered questions when testing parasite panmixia on local scales: is there greater than 1 parasite population/species, is there genetic subdivision amongst infrapopulations within a host population, and is there asexual reproduction or a non-random mating system? In this review, we highlight the evolutionary significance of non-panmixia on local scales and the genetic patterns that have been used to identify the different factors that may cause or explain deviations from panmixia on a local scale. We also discuss how tests of local-scale panmixia can provide a means to infer parasite population dynamics and epidemiology of medically relevant parasites.
Central regulation of cerebellar climbing fibre input during motor learning

A forelimb‐withdrawal classical conditioning paradigm was used in awake cats (n= 4) to investigate changes in transmission in climbing fibre (CF) pathways during motor learning. The conditioned stimulus was an auditory tone, while the unconditioned stimulus was a low‐intensity, single or double (0.1 ms) electrical pulse applied to the ipsilateral superficial radial nerve. Microwires chronically implanted into the paravermal cerebellar cortex (lobule V) were used to record the CF field potentials evoked by nerve stimulation, and fields at 22 recording sites (9 C1, 7 C2 and 6 C3 zone sites) were monitored during the complete sequence of at least one training run (i.e. over a period of about 2‐3 weeks of conditioning). At 19 sites (86 %) conditioning led to a significant reduction in mean size of field. Similar reductions occurred at four sites studied over two successive training runs. At 10 sites (45 %) there was a statistically significant increase prior to the reduction. The three sites that failed to exhibit a significant reduction were all located in the C1 zone. Controls showed that the changes in CF transmission were dependent on the animal being conditioned. The mean size of CF field for trials in which a conditioned EMG response was present (in either the cleidobrachialis or biceps muscle) was not significantly different from the mean size for trials in which a conditioned response was absent. Similarly, on a trial‐by‐trial basis, CF pathway excitability was not correlated with the conditioned EMG activity in the flexor muscles under study. Overall, the results demonstrate that (1) the capacity of spino‐olivocerebellar pathways (SOCPs) to forward information to the cerebellar cortex can be altered by recent experience, (2) establishment of a conditioned forelimb flexor reflex to a tone reduces SOCP excitability at most but not all sites within a forelimb‐related region of the cerebellar cortex, (3) the extent of reductions differ at different sites and some are preceded by transient increases, and (4) the changes in transmission may not be related to the conditioned movement. The implications of these findings for some key theories of cerebellar cortical function are discussed.
An adjustable Comparator for 2-bit / step SAR ADC Configuring with multiple samples per second in 40 nm CMOS

Abstract: A low-power 2-bit/step operation technique is proposed which uses dynamic threshold configuring comparator instead of multiple digitalto-analog converters (DACs). Power and area overhead is minimized by successively activated comparators. The comparator threshold is configured by simple Vcm biased current source, which keep the ADC free from power supply variations over 10%. To implement power efficient and high performance analog-to-digital converters the designers are urged to design an optimized dual tail comparator. In this paper, It is shown that in the proposed dual tail comparator both the power and delay time is significantly reduced.
Determinant Factors of Hong Kong Stock Market

The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of equity, energy, gold and currency indicators on Hang Seng index. The results suggest that the major stock markets, and particularly the SP500, positively influence the Hong Kong stock market, a fact that is attributed to the integration and internationalization of stock markets. This study, also, provides evidence that crude oil, as a proxy for economic activity and playing a substantial role to modern portfolio formation, affect, also, positively the Hong Kong stock market. Furthermore, the results show that the volatility of the gold returns influence negatively the mean return of the Hang Seng index. Finally, our findings show that the Hang Seng index return volatility has reveals the asymmetric phenomenon as it appears to be more volatile in esponse to negative shocks caused by lower Hang Seng index prices.
New Evidence on the Pecking Order Theory for the Spanish Case

This paper analyses some of the empirical implications of the pecking order theory in the Spanish market using a panel data analysis of 1,566 firms over 1994-2000. The results show that the pecking order theory holds for most subsamples analyzed, particularly for the small and medium-sized enterprises and for the high-growth and highly leveraged companies. It is also shown that both the more and the less leveraged firms tend to converge towards more balanced capital structures. Finally, we observe that firms finance their funds flow deficits with long term debt.
Podatność Polski na szoki asymetryczne a proces akcesji do Unii Gospodarczej i Walutowej

Analiza kosztów przystąpienia Polski do Unii Gospodarczej i Walutowej wymaga oceny podatności polskiej gospodarki na szoki asymetryczne. Obserwowany w ostatnich latach wzrost cyklicznej zbieżności w Polsce i krajach strefy euro wskazuje, iż podatność ta systematycznie maleje. Przesłanką trwałości tego procesu jest jednak zwiększenie udziału handlu wewnątrzgałęziowego w wymianie towarowej pomiędzy Polską a UGiW. Stanowi to dodatkowy argument na rzecz prowadzenia w Polsce polityki makroekonomicznej sprzyjającej napływowi zagranicznych inwestycji bezpośrednich.
New Technology Policy and Social Innovations in the Firm

Introduction - Technical and Organizational Change in Western Enterprises and the Policy Environment. Part 1 New Technology Policy in Industrialized Countries: British evolving technology policy - The end of defence domination Science and technology policy in the United States - Trading in the US model Canada - A transaction cost analysis of national and provincial policy interventions. Part 2 Social Innovations in the Enterprise: Technical alliances of industrial firms - High-tech entrepreneurship and organizational choice European alliance strategy in the information processing industries Technical alliances of Japanese firms. Part 3 Adoption of New Technologies and New Productive Organization The Japanization of industry: A review of developments in the UK and Canada What about concurrent engineering? Rational calculations and information gathering systems - information technologies and educational systems in France, Germany and Italy SME competitiveness, new technology, information and formation.
A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo

FORTY-FIVE FIGURES The preparation of a series of normal stages of the chick embryo does not need justification at a time when chick ernbryos are not only widely used in descriptive and experimental embryology but are proving to be increasingly valuable in medical research, as in work on viruses and cancer. The present series was planned in connection with the preparation of a new edition of Lillie’s DeueZopmerzt of the Chick by the junior author. It is being published separately to make it accessible immediately to a large group of workers. Ever since Aristotle “discovered” the chick embryo as the ideal, object for embryological studies, the embryos have been described in terms of the length of time of incubation, and this arbitrary method is still in general use, except for the first three days of incubation during which more detailed characteristics such as the numbers of somites are applied. The shortcomings of a classification based on chronological age are obvious to every worker in this field, for enormous variations may occur in embryos even though all eggs in a setting are plmaced in the incubator at the same time. Many factors are responsible for the lack of correlation between chronological and structural age. Among these are : genetic differences in the rate of development of different breccls (eg. , the embryo of the White Leghorn breed develops more 49