Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
N′-[(E)-2,3-Dihydroxybenzylidene]-2-methoxybenzohydrazide

The title compound, C15H14N2O4 adopts an E conformation about the azomethine double bond. Intramolecular N—H⋯O and O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds generate S(6) rings and help to establish the molecular conformation. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 17.84 (10)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by O—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a two-dimensional network with a herring-bone pattern arranged parallel to the bc plane.
Impaired renal function and atherosclerosis in a Pakistani cohort

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the relationship of creatinine and calculated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) with coronary arterial disease (CAD) in Pakistani patients. Subjects: Four hundred individuals with chest pain; 200 with angiographic disease matched with 200 without occlusive disease. Design: A prospective case-control study. Setting: A tertiary referral cardiology unit in Pakistan. Results: Impaired renal function as estimated by calculated GFR was common in this population. Creatinine and glomerular filtration rate, as calculated by the Cockcroft–Gault (CG) and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formulae, were associated with CAD and atherosclerotic burden in Pakistani patients. Calculation of creatinine clearance, correcting for age, sex and body mass index, showed that clearance was 81 (17–257) mL/min/1.73 m2 in patients with CAD compared with 88 (23–167) mL/min/1.73 m2 in controls with a significant number of patients (18.5 vs. 6.5%; RR = 2.85; p < 0.001) showing significant renal impairment (< 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) by CG and more by the MDRD equation (26 vs. 9%; RR = 2.88; p < 0.001). The unadjusted odds ratios for CAD for a GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 were 3.66 (1.87–7.16) and 3.29 (1.81–6.01), respectively and, after adjustment for diabetes, smoking, insulin resistance, inflammation and apolipoprotein A1, 1.04 (1.02–1.09) and 1.04 (1.02–1.09), respectively. Conclusions: Impaired renal function is common in Pakistani patients with coronary arterial disease and is strongly associated with a risk of atherosclerosis independent of insulin resistance.
Assessment of body composition by skinfold anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance technique: a comparative study.

Both skinfold anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance are indirect, simple bedside methods to assess body composition. It is not clear, however, whether the results of these methods are comparable. In this study, body composition was determined in 449 subjects by skinfold anthropometry and by bioelectrical impedance. Percentage of body fat ranged from 8.0% to 47.5% with the skinfold technique and from 0.6% to 78.5% with bioelectrical impedance. Linear regression analysis showed a significant positive correlation (r = .84; p < .0001) between the results of both techniques. However, plot analysis showed that, in comparison with bioelectrical impedance, skinfold measurements overestimate fat mass in the lower weight range and underestimate it in obese subjects. We conclude that the results of skinfold anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance are not comparable, especially in the extreme ranges of body fat. At the present time, other, more rigorous techniques are necessary to assess body composition accurately, in the extreme ranges of body fat in particular.
La disrupción en las aulas de educación secundaria: la percepción del profesorado

Convivencia y aprendizaje pueden considerarse las dos caras del proceso educativo que tiene lugar en las escuelas, intimamente unidas, y afectadas por la mayor complejidad en las relaciones y estructuras que encontramos en la sociedad actual. Entre los numerosos problemas que afectan a la convivencia y al aprendizaje escolar se encuentra la disrupcion; un fenomeno siempre presente, conocido y sufrido por todos los agentes educativos, que parece haberse incrementado en los ultimos tiempos y cuyo efecto global es siempre negativo. La disrupcion, sin embargo, es considerada habitualmente un problema menor, cuando todos los datos de que se dispone apuntan a lo contrario. Si bien las conductas implicadas no pueden considerarse en si mismas de gravedad, su frecuencia y la dificultad para erradicarlas convierten a la disrupcion en uno de los mayores problemas a los que se enfrenta la escuela actual, pues afecta a todas las esferas del proceso educativo: los resultados academicos, las relaciones individuales y del centro en su conjunto, el malestar de los participantes del proceso educativo, por no hablar de sus efectos a corto, medio y largo plazo en las trayectorias de profesores y alumnos. En este contexto, el objetivo principal de este trabajo es conocer el fenomeno de la disrupcion, en especial (aunque no exclusivamente) desde la perspectiva de los profesores. Asi, pretendemos conocer sus opiniones sobre sus experiencias en el aula, sus sensaciones, creencias, y los aspectos que les afectan a la hora de afrontar este tipo de problemas tan cotidianos en sus aulas. A traves de este trabajo queremos profundizar en las causas y los aspectos que explican estos problemas a traves de su perspectiva, junto con el complemento imprescindible que proporcionan las opiniones, creencias y puntos de vista de los alumnos, protagonistas ambos de este escenario social que es la escuela. Para ello comenzaremos en el capitulo 1 revisando los conocimientos de que disponemos actualmente acerca de como se conceptualiza y se mide la disrupcion, que percepciones tienen de ella profesores y alumnos, asi como sus posibles causas y consecuencias. Ello servira de base para adentrarnos en los siguientes capitulos en los que, a partir de los datos sobre la convivencia en la ensenanza secundaria, obtenidos a partir de una gran muestra de profesores y alumnos a nivel nacional, se estudiaran las relaciones entre la disrupcion y diferentes aspectos de la convivencia en la escuela.
Formation and growth of tracks in nuclear track materials

This paper reviews some aspects of solid-state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs) and their applications in the radon and other research fields. Several geometrical models for the track growth given in the literature are described and compared. It is found that different models give close results for the dimensions of track openings. One of the main parameters that govern track formation is the bulk etch rate Vb. Dependences of Vb on different parameters such as the preparation procedures, etching conditions, irradiation before etching, etc. are examined. A review of existing methods for determination of the bulk etch rate and track etch rate Vt is also given. Examples of Vt functions for some detectors are presented. Some unsolved questions related to Vt and some contradictory experimental results published in the literature are also summarized in the paper. Applications of SSNTDs for radon and progeny measurements are discussed. New designs of diffusion chambers that have appeared in the last few years are portrayed. A review of analytical and Monte Carlo methods for the calculation of the calibration factors in radon measurements is presented. Particular attention has been given to methods of long-term passive measurements of radon progeny with SSNTDs. These measurements are rather difficult and there is not yet a widely accepted solution. One possible solution based on the LR 115 SSNTD is outlined here. Methods for retrospective radon measurements are also described. Various applications of SSNTDs in other fields of physics and other sciences are briefly reviewed at the end of the paper. # 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Crystal Structures of Physcomitrella patens AOC1 and AOC2: Insights into the Enzyme Mechanism and Differences in Substrate Specificity1[W][OA]

In plants, oxylipins regulate developmental processes and defense responses. The first specific step in the biosynthesis of the cyclopentanone class of oxylipins is catalyzed by allene oxide cyclase (AOC) that forms cis(+)-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid. The moss Physcomitrella patens has two AOCs (PpAOC1 and PpAOC2) with different substrate specificities for C18- and C20-derived substrates, respectively. To better understand AOC’s catalytic mechanism and to elucidate the structural properties that explain the differences in substrate specificity, we solved and analyzed the crystal structures of 36 monomers of both apo and ligand complexes of PpAOC1 and PpAOC2. From these data, we propose the following intermediates in AOC catalysis: (1) a resting state of the apo enzyme with a closed conformation, (2) a first shallow binding mode, followed by (3) a tight binding of the substrate accompanied by conformational changes in the binding pocket, and (4) initiation of the catalytic cycle by opening of the epoxide ring. As expected, the substrate dihydro analog cis-12,13S-epoxy-9Z,15Z-octadecadienoic acid did not cyclize in the presence of PpAOC1; however, when bound to the enzyme, it underwent isomerization into the corresponding trans-epoxide. By comparing complex structures of the C18 substrate analog with in silico modeling of the C20 substrate analog bound to the enzyme allowed us to identify three major molecular determinants responsible for the different substrate specificities (i.e. larger active site diameter, an elongated cavity of PpAOC2, and two nonidentical residues at the entrance of the active site).
A Link-Layer Channel Model for IEEE 802.11 Ad Hoc Networks

This paper presents a novel stochastic link-layer channel model for IEEE 802.11 ad hoc networks. The model characterizes the variations of the channel service process in a non-saturated case using a Markov-modulated Poisson process (MMPP) model. It offers a tool for distributed statistical resource allocation in ad hoc networks, which combines efficient resource utilization and quality-of-service (QoS) provisioning to a certain probabilistic limit. We also propose a distributed call admission control algorithm based on the link-layer model. Simulation results demonstrate that the model can be used efficiently in allocating resources with stochastic QoS guarantees.
Characterization of a new four‐chain coiled‐coil: Influence of chain length on stability

Limited information is available on inherent stabilities of four‐chain coiled‐coils. We have developed a model system to study this folding motif using synthetic peptides derived from sequences contained in the tetramerization domain of Lac repressor. These peptides are tetrameric as judged by both gel filtration and sedimentation equilibrium and the tetramers are fully helical as determined by CD. The four‐chain coiled‐coils are well folded as judged by the cooperativity of thermal unfolding and by the extent of dispersion in aliphatic chemical shifts seen in NMR spectra. In addition, we measured the chain length dependence of this four‐chain coiled‐coil. To this end, we developed a general procedure for nonlinear curve fitting of denaturation data in oligomeric systems. The dissociation constants for bundles that contain α‐helical chains 21, 28, and 35 amino acids in length are 3.1 × 10−12, 6.7 × 10−23, and 1.0 × 10−38 M3, respectively. This corresponds to tetramer stabilities (in terms of the peptide monomer concentration) of 180 μM, 51 nM, and 280 fM, respectively. Finally, we discuss the rules governing coiled‐coil formation in light of the work presented here.
A Target Detection Method Based on Low-Rank Regularized Least Squares Model for Hyperspectral Images

Target detection plays an important role in the field of hyperspectral image (HSI) remote sensing. In this letter, a novel matched subspace detector based on low-rank regularized least squares (LRLS-MSD) is proposed for hyperspectral target detection. As pixels in an HSI have global correlation and can be represented in subspace, the low-rank regularization is introduced in the least squares model. An effective algorithm is presented to solve the problem. Then, the detection results are generated according to the generalized likelihood ratio test with statistical hypotheses. The experimental results suggest an advantage of the low-rank regularization over other classical target detection methods.
ASPECTS OF ENTANGLED TRANSLUCENT EAVESDROPPING IN QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY

We present a mathematical physics analysis of entangled translucent eavesdropping in quantum cryptography, based on the recent work of Ekert, Huttner, Palma, and Peres @Phys. Rev. A 50, 1047 ~1994! #. The key generation procedure involves the transmission, interception, and reception of two nonorthogonal photon polarization states. At the receiving end, a positive operator valued measure ~POVM! is employed in the measurement process. The eavesdropping involves an information-maximizing von Neumann‐type projective measurement. We propose a design for a receiver that is an all-optical realization of the POVM, using a Wollaston prism, a mirror, two beam splitters, a polarization rotator, and three photodetectors. We present a quantitative analysis of the receiver. We obtain closed-form algebraic expressions for the error rates and mutual information, expressed in terms of the POVM-receiver error rate and the angle between the carrier polarization states. We also prove a significant result, namely, that in the entangled translucent eavesdropping approach, the unsafe error rate based on standard mutual information comparisons is equivalent to the maximum allowable error rate based on perfect mutual information for the eavesdropper. In this case, the above unsafe error rate is in fact not overly conservative. @S1050-2947~97! 01212-2#
Nonlinear anisotropic diffusion filters for the numerical approximation of conservation laws

This work integrates nonlinear discrete dissipation models -- namely anisotropic diffusion filters -- into the field of the numerical approximation for conservation laws is accomplished. Second-order accurate methods, namely the Lax-Wendroff scheme, are stabilised using the anisotropic dissipation filters combined with the shock detector. A new class of numerical schemes with nonlinear anisotropic dissipation models are derived. These algorithms nearly reduce all oscillations while the sharp shock resolution of the high-order scheme is maintained. Furthermore, emanating from the positivity requirement an alternative scheme is developed which is founded on the wave propagation algorithms developed by LeVeque. The corresponding dissipation model can be considered as a member of the class of anisotropic diffusion filters. The developed positive diffusion filter, based on an entropy steered coefficient correction, is nearly oscillation-free and comparable to the application of limiter functions. The class of anisotropic diffusion filters is extended to systems of conservation laws, namely the Euler equations. This is done by a characteristic splitting where the filter algorithm is applied to each characteristic field separately. Thus, it is shown that the extension of the class of anisotropic dissipation filter to systems of equations is possible in principle.
A survey on green energy harvesting applications using linear electric generators

This paper presents a comprehensive survey of the energy harvesting concept in the current social and technological context, with the intent to draw attention to linear generators, in different topologies, as competitive candidates in green energy conversion microsystems. The emerging technologies of energy scavenging are discussed, examining both the environmental sources and a selection of applications based on this concept; consequently, an insight report of appropriate linear generators based on this concept is done, outlining aspects regarding their design methodology and modeling. The portability of the harvesting system, with some implemented applications, is also a subject of concern that is taken into account in this review, intended to highlight the main advantages and disadvantages of these scavenging techniques and to validate the challenges of using linear generators in this scope.
Behaviour, cognition and epilepsy

Cognitive and behavioural impairments have been observed as a consequence even of single seizures. In individuals with high seizure frequency, such impairments may accumulate and have a much greater impact on daily life than hitherto suspected. In addition, the risk of behavioural impairments is increased for some seizure types, such as secondary generalized seizures. Moreover, for all epilepsy types, increased risk is associated with persistent or poorly controlled seizures. Clinical studies show that cognitive impairments induced by seizures are reversible for most seizure types when seizures are controlled adequately. Additionally, for some seizure types there may be a kind of time window within which impairments are reversible. Exceeding the time window may result in irreversible impairment. These studies suggest that antiepileptic drug treatment can thus protect against such secondary behavioural impairments or at least correct these when seizures are controlled. This emphasizes the need to achieve complete and early seizure control. On the contrary, all antiepileptic drugs have a detrimental effect on the central nervous system and may affect cognitive function, behaviour and mood to some extent. Some treatments may undo the beneficial effects of antiepileptic drug treatment by inducing new or other cognitive impairments. This once more illustrates the need for the emphasis of clinical practice to evolve from mere seizure control to a more comprehensive approach, in which the prevention of central cognitive effects and effects on daily life of both seizures and drugs is given due attention. Optimal management requires a careful balance between, on the one hand, the desire to reach early and maximal seizure control and, on the other, the need to avoid tolerability problems related to cognitive and behavioural impairments. This article reviews how this balance can be achieved for older and newer antiepileptic drugs.
What do the paralogous regions in the genome tell us about the origin of the adaptive immune system?

Summary: During the last decade, our understanding of the immune system of ectothermic vertebrates has advanced significantly. It is now clear that all jawed vertebrates are equipped with the adaptive immune system characterized by the MHC molecules and the rearranging receptors. In contrast, there is no molecular evidence that suggests the existence of adaptive immunity in jawless vertebrates. How did the adaptive immune system emerge? Our recent work suggests that one of the driving forces that enabled the emergence of the adaptive immune system was one or more genome‐wide or large‐scale chromosomal duplications presumed to have taken place in a common ancestor of jawed vertebrates.
Identifying Potential Area and Financial Prospects of Rooftop Solar Photovoltaics (PV)

In an urban area, the roof is the only available surface that can be utilized for installing solar photovoltaics (PV), and the active surface area depends on the type of roof. Shadows on a solar panel can be caused by nearby tall buildings, construction materials such as water tanks, or the roof configuration itself. The azimuth angle of the sun varies, based on the season and the time of day. Therefore, the simulation of shadow for one or two days or using the rule of thumb may not be sufficient to evaluate shadow effects on solar panels throughout the year. In this paper, a methodology for estimating the solar potential of solar PV on rooftops is presented, which is particularly applicable to urban areas. The objective of this method is to assess how roof type and shadow play a role in potentiality and financial benefit. The method starts with roof type extraction from high-resolution satellite imagery, using Object Base Image Analysis (OBIA), the generation of a 3D structure from height data and roof type, the simulation of shadow throughout the year, and the identification of potential and financial prospects. Based on the results obtained, the system seems to be adequate for calculating the financial benefits of solar PV to a very fine scale. The payback period varied from 7–13 years depending on the roof type, direction, and shadow impact. Based on the potentiality, a homeowner can make a profit of up to 200%. This method could help homeowners to identify potential roof area and economic interest.
Monte Carlo simulations of neutron spectral fluence, radiation weighting factor and ambient dose equivalent for a passively scattered proton therapy unit

Stray neutron exposures pose a potential risk for the development of secondary cancer in patients receiving proton therapy. However, the behavior of the ambient dose equivalent is not fully understood, including dependences on neutron spectral fluence, radiation weighting factor and proton treatment beam characteristics. The objective of this work, therefore, was to estimate neutron exposures resulting from the use of a passively scattered proton treatment unit. In particular, we studied the characteristics of the neutron spectral fluence, radiation weighting factor and ambient dose equivalent with Monte Carlo simulations. The neutron spectral fluence contained two pronounced peaks, one a low-energy peak with a mode around 1 MeV and one a high-energy peak that ranged from about 10 MeV up to the proton energy. The mean radiation weighting factors varied only slightly, from 8.8 to 10.3, with proton energy and location for a closed-aperture configuration. For unmodulated proton beams stopped in a closed aperture, the ambient dose equivalent from neutrons per therapeutic absorbed dose (H*(10)/D) calculated free-in-air ranged from about 0.3 mSv/Gy for a small scattered field of 100 MeV proton energy to 19 mSv/Gy for a large scattered field of 250 MeV proton energy, revealing strong dependences on proton energy and field size. Comparisons of in-air calculations with in-phantom calculations indicated that the in-air method yielded a conservative estimation of stray neutron radiation exposure for a prostate cancer patient.
Accurate optical flow estimation using adaptive scale-space and 3D structure tensor

Computing optical flow for image sequences is often an essential step to many image processing and computer vision applications. In this paper, a novel, unified optical flow estimation method is developed for simultaneously tackling the aperture problem and multiple motions, and consequently, yielding more accurate optical flow estimation. By integrating Gaussian scale-space with 3D structure tensor, the estimation difficulty encountered in multiple motions resulting from multiple video objects has been handled reasonably well. The obtained normal flow is then treated separately from the real flow, by further applying the least-squares estimation, with the assist of the automatic scale selection mechanism, to produce the estimated real flow. Our proposed automatic scale selection for spatial scale-space is developed from the viewpoint of numerical stability, and the condition number is exploited for adaptively choosing local scales (window sizes). For performance evaluation, we adopted the angular error as the quantitative measurement and used several benchmark image sequences. Experimental results show that the accuracy of our optical flow estimation method is superior to several leading algorithms.
The Impact of Income Adjustments in the Casen Survey on The Measurement of Inequality in Chile

The adjustment of the information obtained from household surveys to make the figures compatible with National Accounts is a non-standard and potentially questionable practice given that it alters the structure of income distribution. This paper analyzes the sensitivity of inequality and poverty indicators to the adjustments made by ECLAC so as to enable a consistency between what is reported by the CASEN survey and the National Accounts figures in Chile. The results reveal that this leads to important changes in the top-end of the distribution and to an overestimation in the main inequality indicators in Chile. Chile looks more unequal in international relative terms due to this adjustment.