Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Single Nanobelt Transistor for Gas Identification: Using a Gas-Dielectric Strategy

Despite tremendous potential and urgent demand in high-response low-cost gas identification, the development of gas identification based on a metal oxide semiconductor nanowire/nanobelt remains limited by fabrication complexity and redundant signals. Researchers have shown a multisensor-array strategy with “one key to one lock” configuration. Here, we describe a new strategy to create high-response room-temperature gas identification by employing gas as dielectric. This enables gas discrimination down to the part per billion (ppb) level only based on one pristine single nanobelt transistor, with the excellent average Mahalanobis distance (MD) as high as 35 at the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) space. The single device realizes the selective recognition function of electronic nose. The effect of the gas dielectric on the response of the multiple field-effect parameters is discussed by the comparative investigation of gas and solid-dielectric devices and the studies on trap density changes in the conductive channel. The current work opens up exciting opportunities for room-temperature gas recognition based on the pristine single device.
Uma Nova Espécie de Massetognathus (Massetognathus ochagaviae, sp.nov.) da Formação Santa Maria, Triássico do Rio Grande do Sul

O presente trabalho ocupa-se em descrever a osteologia craniana de uma nova especie do genero Massetognathus, M. ochagaviae sp. nov., ocorrente na Formacao Santa Maria, Triassico do Rio Grande do Sul. Embora com caracteristicas suficientemente diagnosticas, o material desta nova especia, por sua fossilizacao apenas sofrivel, nao permite o estudo osteologico de grande detalhe. De outra parte, a presenca de Massetognathus nos niveis mais inferiores da formacao confirma a idade Chanarense que lhes tem sido atribuida.
Calibration of omnidirectional stereo for mobile robots

This paper describes a calibration method of an omnidirectional stereo system. The system uses a pair of vertically-aligned catadioptric omnidirectional cameras, each of which is composed of a perspective camera and a hyperboloidal mirror, thus providing a single projection point. We divide the calibration into two steps. The first step estimates the image center and the aspect ratio by fitting an ellipse to the mirror boundary in the image. The second step estimates the focal length and the camera pose (position and orientation) including scale by using a calibration pattern and epipolar geometry. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed calibration method.
Seamless interaction in space

As more electronic devices enter the living room, there is a need to explore new ways to provide seamless interaction with them over a range of different distances. In this paper we describe a proximity-based interface that allows users to interact with screen content both within arm's length and at a distance. To support such a wide interaction range we combine speech and gesture input with a secondary display, and have the interface change dynamically depending on the user proximity. We conducted a user evaluation of our prototype system and found that users were impressed with the away from screen interfaces, and believed that changing the interface based on proximity would be useful for larger displays. We present the lessons learned and discuss directions for future research.
A Robust Method for the Computation of Green's Functions in Stratified Media

Closed-form Green's functions for unbounded planar stratified media are derived in terms of cylindrical and spherical waves. The methodology is based on a two-level approximation of the spectral-domain representation of Green's functions. This robust, efficient, and fully numerical approach does not call for an analytical extraction of ldquoproblematicrdquo behaviors, such as the quasi-static terms and the surface wave poles, prior to the spectrum fitting. Instead, the spatial-domain Green's functions derived in this paper provide an accurate description of both the near-field singularity in the vicinity of the source and the far-field dominant behavior of the surface waves.
CCNU , VINBLASTINE , PROCARBAZINE AND PREDNISONE

Purpose. To test the adequacy of the CVPP four-drug regimen as ancillary chemotherapy associated with extended-field radiotherapy in the treatment of early, unfavorable, clinically staged Hodgkin’s disease. Patients and Methods. The population of this prospective, multicenter study consisted of 49 patients with stage I-II disease, associated with bulky involvement or unfavorable histology (lymphocyte-depleted nodular sclerosis or lymphocyte depletion), systemic symptoms or extranodal involvement, or presenting with stage III A favorable-histology disease, with or without extranodal involvement. Results. Complete remission was achieved in 39 patients, partial remission in 2, while 8 patients did not respond. Four patients have relapsed so far (median follow-up: 43 months), all of whom were subsequently rescued with different salvage treatments. Dose intensity (mean±SD: 0.83±0.12) and hematological toxicity (including 2 deaths from infection) were higher when RT followed CT than when it was interposed in the middle of the 6 cycles. No growth factors were used. Nonhematological toxicity was very low and fully tolerable. Conclusions. Results confirmed the mild neurological and gastroenteric side effects of CVPP that make it an interesting MOPP-variant regimen. This combination seems most indicated when a regimen devoid of cardiac and pulmonary toxicity is required for association with full-dosage mediastinal radiotherapy, as is often the case in early, unfavorable Hodgkin’s disease. The optimal sequence consists of radiotherapy administered after completion of the chemotherapy program. The use of growth factors for correction (or prevention) of marked leukopenia seems appropriate.
Chinese Named Entity Recognition with Conditional Random Fields

We present a Chinese Named Entity Recognition (NER) system submitted to the close track of Sighan Bakeoff2006. We define some additional features via doing statistics in training corpus. Our system incorporates basic features and additional features based on Conditional Random Fields (CRFs). In order to correct inconsistently results, we perform the postprocessing procedure according to n-best results given by the CRFs model. Our final system achieved a F-score of 85.14 at MSRA, 89.03 at CityU, and 76.27 at LDC.
Local calibrations for minimizers of the Mumford-Shah functional with a triple junction

We prove that, if u is a function satisfying all Euler conditions for the Mumford–Shah functional and the discontinuity set of u is given by three line segments meeting at the origin with equal angles, then there exists a neighbourhood U of the origin such that u is a minimizer of the Mumford–Shah functional on U with respect to its own boundary conditions on ∂U. The proof is obtained by using the calibration method.
Optimal Power Flow Based Upon P-Q Decomposition

The optimal power flow problem is formulated based upon the decoupling principle well recognized in bulk power transmission loadflow. This principle is exploited by decomposing the OPF formulation into a P-Problem (P-¿real power model) and a Q-Problem (Q-V reactive power model); which simplifies the formulation, improves computation time and permits a certain flexibility in the types of calculations desired (i.e., P-Problem, Q-Problem or both).
Simultaneous Foreground Detection and Classification with Hybrid Features

In this paper, we propose a hybrid background model that relies on edge and non-edge features of the image to produce the model. We encode these features into a coding scheme, that we called Local Hybrid Pattern (LHP), that selectively models edges and non-edges features of each pixel. Furthermore, we model each pixel with an adaptive code dictionary to represent the background dynamism, and update it by adding stable codes and discarding unstable ones. We weight each code in the dictionary to enhance its description of the pixel it models. The foreground is detected as the incoming codes that deviate from the dictionary. We can detect (as foreground or background) and classify (as edge or inner region) each pixel simultaneously. We tested our proposed method in existing databases with promising results.
Zw 1718.1–0108: a highly disturbed galaxy cluster at low Galactic latitude

We report the discovery of highly distorted X-ray emission associated with the nearby cluster Zw 1718.1–0108, one of the dominant members of which is the powerful radio galaxy 3C353. This cluster has been missed by previous X-ray cluster surveys because of its low Galactic latitude (b=19.5°), despite its brightness in the hard X-ray band (2–10 keV flux of 1.2×10−11 erg cm−2 s−1). Our optical charge-coupled device image of the central part of the cluster reveals many member galaxies which are dimmed substantially by heavy Galactic extinction. We have measured redshifts of three bright galaxies near the X-ray emission peak and they are all found to be around z=0.028. The ASCA gas imaging spectrometer and ROSAT high-resolution imager images show three aligned X-ray clumps embedded in low surface-brightness X-ray emission extended by ∼30 arcmin. The averaged temperature measured with ASCA is kT=4.3±0.2 keV, which appears to be hot for the bolometric luminosity when compared with the temperature–luminosity correlation of galaxy clusters. The irregular X-ray morphology and evidence for a non-uniform temperature distribution suggest that the system is undergoing a merger of substructures. Since the sizes and luminosities of the individual clumps are consistent with those of galaxy groups, Zw 1718.1–0108 is interpreted as an on-going merger of galaxy groups in a dark matter halo forming a cluster of galaxies and thus is in a transition phase of cluster formation.
Folate pathway and nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate.

BACKGROUND Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCLP) is a common complex birth defect. Periconceptional supplementation with folic acid, a key component in DNA synthesis and cell division, has reduced the birth prevalence of neural tube defects and may similarly reduce the birth prevalence of other complex birth defects including NSCLP. Past studies investigating the role of two common methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), C677T (rs1801133) and A1298C (rs1801131), in NSCLP have produced conflicting results. Most studies of folate pathway genes have been limited in scope, as few genes/SNPs have been interrogated. Here, we asked whether variations in a more comprehensive group of folate pathway genes were associated with NSCLP, and were there detectable interactions between these genes and environmental exposures? METHODS Fourteen folate metabolism-related genes were interrogated using 89 SNPs in multiplex and simplex non-Hispanic white and Hispanic NSCLP families. RESULTS Evidence for a risk association between NSCLP and SNPs in NOS3 and TYMS was detected in the non-Hispanic white group, whereas associations with MTR, BHMT2, MTHFS, and SLC19A1 were detected in the Hispanic group. Evidence for over-transmission of haplotypes and gene interactions in the methionine arm was detected. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that perturbations of the genes in the folate pathway may contribute to NSCLP. There was evidence for an interaction between several SNPs and maternal smoking, and for one SNP with gender of the offspring. These results provide support for other studies that suggest that high maternal homocysteine levels may contribute to NSCLP and should be further investigated.
Culture, Environment, and the Ills of Adaptationism [and Comments and Reply]

The concept of "adaptation," properly used to describe the relation between "culture" and man's physiological needs, is commonly employed in anthropology to refer to the relationship between human sociocultural institutions and "nature. " An attempt is made here to expose the "adaptationist programme" behind this latter conception, the main components of which are (1) the notion of an all-embracing ecosystem whose evolution is subject to (2) self-regulation that is (3) teleological in character and that selects for (4) the latent functions of the sociocultural institutions within the all-embracing ecosystem. It is argued that these four components, and the adaptationist programme as a whole, are inadequate for the analysis of culture-environment relations.
Autonomic neuropathy and gallbladder motility in patients with liver cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS Impaired gallbladder motility has been suggested as a contributor to increased incidence of gallstones in patients with liver cirrhosis. The purpose of this study was to determine gallbladder function and its relation with autonomic neuropathy in liver cirrhosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gallbladder function was measured using ultrasonography in 48 patients with liver cirrhosis and in 31 controls. Autonomic neuropathy tests were applied in patients with liver cirrhosis. Patients with liver cirrhosis were analyzed in subgroups according to the severity of disease using the Child-Pugh classification. RESULTS Fasting gallbladder volume was 16.2 mL (range: 2.1 mL-71.9 mL) in patients and 17.6 mL (range: 4.9 mL-76.6 mL) in controls. There were no differences in fasting gallbladder volume among the study groups (p>0.05). Gallbladder ejection fraction was significantly higher in patients compared with controls (84% vs. 65%) (p<0.001). No correlation was found between gallbladder ejection fraction and autonomic neuropathy (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that liver cirrhosis does not impair gallbladder emptying, and that there is no association between gallbladder motility and autonomic neuropathy. Further investigations are required to explain increased gallbladder motility in liver cirrhosis.
Left-handed and right-handed metamaterials composed of split ring resonators and strip wires

It was shown that the existence of transmission peaks in the regions where the real parts of the electric permittivity and magnetic permeability are expected to be simultaneously negative is not sufficient evidence of LHM behavior. In order to properly determine the sign of the index, the insertion phase for propagation through several lengths of the structure is necessary. Alternately, the dispersion diagrams can be used to determine the sign of the index, In addition, it was shown that both the OS and SS configurations can produce LHM behavior, but that in the SS case, because of the interference between the SRR and SW, the lattice spacing must be smaller than that of the OS case. In other words, the interference between the SRR and SW in the SS case does not completely destroy the potential for LHM behavior, it weakens it.
Molecular insights into the progression of crystalline silica‐induced pulmonary toxicity in rats

Identification of molecular target(s) and mechanism(s) of silica‐induced pulmonary toxicity is important for the intervention and/or prevention of diseases associated with exposure to silica. Rats were exposed to crystalline silica by inhalation (15 mg m−3, 6 h per day, 5 days) and global gene expression profile was determined in the lungs by microarray analysis at 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 weeks following termination of silica exposure. The number of significantly differentially expressed genes (>1.5‐fold change and <0.01 false discovery rate P‐value) detected in the lungs during the post‐exposure time intervals analyzed exhibited a steady increase in parallel with the progression of silica‐induced pulmonary toxicity noticed in the rats. Quantitative real‐time PCR analysis of a representative set of 10 genes confirmed the microarray findings. The number of biological functions, canonical pathways and molecular networks significantly affected by silica exposure, as identified by the bioinformatics analysis of the significantly differentially expressed genes detected during the post‐exposure time intervals, also exhibited a steady increase similar to the silica‐induced pulmonary toxicity. Genes involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, respiratory diseases, cancer, and tissue remodeling and fibrosis were significantly differentially expressed in the rat lungs; however, unresolved inflammation was the single most significant biological response to pulmonary exposure to silica. Excessive mucus production, as implicated by significant overexpression of the pendrin coding gene, SLC26A4, was identified as a potential novel mechanism for silica‐induced pulmonary toxicity. Collectively, the findings of our study provided insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of crystalline silica‐induced pulmonary toxicity in the rat. Published 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Early childhood education teachers' iPad-supported practices in young children's learning and exploration

This paper reports on a qualitative study exploring ways teachers can adopt iPads to provide opportunities for young children’s learning and exploration in an early childhood education and care setting in Hamilton. Interviews with teachers, children and their caregivers as well as observations of teacher interactions with children and copies of children work produced on the iPad informed the study. The findings focused on two teachers’ practice to reveal the different ways teachers can make use of the iPad to expand children’s learning opportunities and foster closer home‐centre links. In particular, four key iPad-supported practices were observed ‐ use of the iPad as a relational tool, as a communicative tool, as a documentation tool, and finally, as an informational tool for supporting child-led learning. These strategies were however contingent on teachers considering the interplay between the opportunities that iPads
A Uniform Approach for Specification and Design of Interactive Systems: the B Method

We have experienced the B Method on a case study which was defined by the French working group on formalisms for interactive systems, i.e. a Post-It® Notes like collaborative application. This experience showed that the B approach allows to cover the description, the formal specification, and the design of each component of basic architecture models, i.e., the five components of the Arch model. Moreover, it has shown that the proposed approach is capable to formally handle large case studies and generate proof obligations which, when proved –automatically– allows to assert the correctness of the development, and the checking of several user requirements.
Two New Pentacyclic Triterpene Saponins from the Leaves of Akebia trifoliata

Two new pentacyclic triterpene saponins, named akebiaoside K (1) and akebiaoside N (2), were isolated from the leaves of Akebia trifoliata, together with five known triterpenoids 3–7. They were all isolated from the leaves of A. trifoliata for the first time. Their structures were established by spectral and chemical means. Triterpenes 5 and 7 were found to show moderate in vitro cytotoxicity against human tumor A549, HeLa and HepG2 cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 0.023 to 0.038 mM. Triterpenes 5–7 were further revealed to show significant in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 values from 0.040 to 0.220 mM, making them more potent than the reference compound acarbose (IC50 0.409 mM). Meanwhile, no obvious inhibitory effects were observed for the isolated triterpene saponins 1–4 in both bioactivity assays.
Reconstruction after rotational motion

Patient rotational motion during a scan causes the k‐space sampling to be both irregular and undersampled. Conventional regridding requires an estimate of the sampling density at each measured point and is not strictly consistent with sampling theory. Here, a 2D problem is converted to a series of 1D regriddings by exact interpolation along the measured readouts. Each 1D regridding, expressed in matrix form, requires a matrix inversion to gain an exact solution. Undersampled regions make the matrix ill‐conditioned but summing the matrix columns (without inversion) indicates the undersampled regions. The missing data could be reacquired, but in this study it is estimated using a Delaunay triangle‐based linear interpolation on the original 2D data. The matrix conditioning is improved, leading to images with reduced artifacts compared to other regridding schemes. Furthermore, there is no requirement to estimate a density compensation function at each of the measured points. Magn Reson Med 49:183–187, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Case Study: Test Results of a Tool and Method for In-Flight, Adaptive Control System Verification on a NASA F-15 Flight Research Aircraft

This paper presents the Confidence Tool developed at NASA Ames Research Center as a step towards providing a method to provide a metric to monitor adaptive learning algorithm performance in operating conditions for which the correct learning solution is unknown. These control systems primarily comprise learning systems utilizing neural network models, that use large overparameterized models where the true system model is unknown because of uncertainties and un-modeled parameters. The Confidence Tool is a dynamic monitor which checks all input and output values of the neural network and determines if the result of the neural network is reliable. During the operation of the system (i.e., during the flight), a metric called the confidence measure is calculated for the outputs of the neural network. This metric is based upon a statistical model of the system. This paper presents the manner in which the confidence tool can be integrated into an adaptive system, a description of the Confidence Tool, and finally a comparison of simulation and flight test data.
Questioning Yahoo! Answers

Yahoo! Answers represents a new type of community portal that allows users to post questions and/or answer questions asked by other members of the community, already featuring a very large number of questions and several million users. Other recently launched services, like Microsoft’s Live QnA and Amazon’s Askville, follow the same basic interaction model. The popularity and the particular characteristics of this model call for a closer study that can help a deeper understanding of the entities involved, their interactions, and the implications of the model. Such understanding is a crucial step in social and algorithmic research that could yield improvements to various components of the service, for instance, personalizing the interaction with the system based on user interest. In this paper, we perform an analysis of 10 months worth of Yahoo! Answers data that provides insights into user behavior and impact as well as into various aspects of the service and its possible evolution.
Betatron x-ray production in mixed gases

Betatron x-rays with multi-keV photon energies have been observed from a GeV-class laser-plasma accelerator. The experiment was performed using the 200 TW Callisto laser system at LLNL to produce and simultaneously observe GeV-class electron beams and keV Betatron x-rays. The laser was focused with two different optics (f/8 and f/20), and into various gas cells with sizes ranging from 3 to 10 mm, and containing mixed gases (He, N, CO2, Ar, Ne) to accelerate large amounts of charge in the ionization induced trapping regime. KeV betatron x-rays were observed for various concentrations of gases. Electron spectra were measured on large image plates with the two-screen method after being deflected by a large 0.42 Tesla magnet spectrometer. Betatron oscillations observed on the electron spectra can be benchmarked against a simple analytical model (Runge-Kutta algorithm solving the equation of motion of an electron in the wakefield), in order to retrieve the electron injection conditions into the wake.