Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Cartography of Syntactic Structures

1. Introduction Syntactic structures are complex objects, whose subtle properties have been highlighted and elucidated by half a century of formal syntactic studies, building on a much older tradition. Structures are interesting objects of their own, both in their internal constitution and in their interactions with various grammatical principles and processes. The cartography of syntactic structures is the line of research which addresses this topic: it is the attempt to draw maps as precise and detailed as possible of syntactic configurations. Broadly construed in this way, cartography is not an approach or a hypothesis: it is a research topic asking the question: what are the right structural maps for natural language syntax? Answers may differ, and very different maps may be, and have been, proposed, but the question as such inevitably arises as a legitimate and central question for syntactic theory. If it is a virtual truism that cartography can be construed as a topic and not as a framework, it is also the case that cartographic studies have often adopted certain methodological and heuristic guidelines, and also certain substantive hypotheses on the nature of syntactic structures, which form a coherent body of assumptions and a rather well-defined research direction; we will try to illustrate some ideas and results of this direction in the present chapter. If structures have, in a sense, always been central in generative grammar, the idea of focusing on structural maps arose around the early nineties, following a track parallel to and interacting with the Minimalist Program. Perhaps the main triggering factor was the explosion of functional heads identified and implied in syntactic analyses in the first ten years of the Principles and Parameters framework. One critical step was the full-fledged extension of X-bar theory to the functional elements of the clause (Chomsky 1986) as a CP – IP – VP structure; and the observation that other configurations, e.g. nominal expressions, were amenable to a hierarchical structure with a lexical projection embedded within a functional structure (such as Abney's DP hypothesis, Abney 1987). These advances provided a natural format for the study of the structure of phrases and clauses as hierarchical sequences of the same building block, the fundamental X-bar schema (or, later, elementary applications of Merge); the lowest occurrence of the building block typically is the projection of a lexical category, e.g. a noun or a verb, and this element is typically completed by a …
Association Among Microalbuminuria and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Aim Hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus (DM) may be one of the most important factors responsible for the development of oxidative stress, which promotes the main complications in DM patients. Therefore, this study evaluated if the hyperglycemia could be related to oxidative stress biomarkers, lipid profile, and renal function in type 2 diabetes patients without clinic complications. Methods Plasmatic malondialdehyde (MDA), serum protein carbonyl (PCO), serum creatinine levels, microalbuminuria, glycated hemoglobin, and lipid profile were analyzed in 37 type 2 diabetic patients and 25 subjects with no diabetes. Results Serum creatinine levels were within the reference values, but microalbuminuria presented increased levels in all the patients compared with controls (P < 0.05) and above of the reference values. The MDA, PCO, low-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels showed positive correlation with microalbuminuria levels. Moreover, glycated hemoglobin presented positive correlation with MDA, PCO, and microalbuminuria levels. Conclusions The hyperglycemia could be responsible for the increase of the microalbuminuria levels and for the oxidation process in lipids and proteins in DM patients. Therefore, we suggested that the microvascular lesion is a direct consequence from hyperglycemia and an indirect one from the increased oxidative stress. Malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl levels could be suggested as additional biochemical evaluation to verify tissue damage in type 2 DM patients.
Understanding Dynamic Mean Variance Asset Allocation

We provide a new portfolio decomposition formula that sheds light on the economics of portfolio choice for investors following the mean-variance (MV) criterion. We show that the number of components of a dynamic portfolio strategy can be reduced to two: the first is preference free and hedges the risk of a discount bond maturing at the investor’s horizon while the second hedges the time variation in pseudo relative risk tolerance. Both components entail strong horizon effects in the dynamic asset allocation as a result of time-varying risk tolerance and investment opportunity sets. We also provide closed-form solutions for the optimal portfolio strategy in the presence of market return predictability. The model parameters are estimated over the period 1963 to 2012 for the U.S. market. We show that (i) intertemporal hedging can be very large, (ii) the MV criterion hugely understates the true extent of risk aversion for high values of the risk aversion parameter, and the more so the shorter the investment horizon, and (iii) the efficient frontiers seem problematic for investment horizons shorter than one year but satisfactory for large horizons. Overall, adopting the MV model leads to acceptable results for medium and long term investors endowed with medium or high risk tolerance, but to very problematic ones otherwise.
mvGST : Multivariate and Directional Gene Set Testing

In a gene expression experiment (using oligo array, RNA-Seq, or other platform), researchers typically seek to characterize differentially expressed genes based on common gene function or pathway involvement. The field of gene set testing provides numerous characterization methods, some of which have proven to be more valid and powerful than others. Previous gene set testing methods have focused on experimental designs where there is a single null hypothesis (usually involving association with a continuous or categorical phenotype) for each gene. However, increasingly common experimental designs lead to multiple null hypotheses for each gene, and the characterization of these multivariately differentially expressed genes is of great interest.
Properties of the kinetochore in vitro. I. Microtubule nucleation and tubulin binding

We have isolated chromosomes from Chinese hamster ovary cells arrested in mitosis with vinblastine and examined the interactions of their kinetochores with purified tubulin in vitro. The kinetochores nucleate microtubule (MT) growth with complex kinetics. After an initial lag phase, MTs are continuously nucleated with both plus and minus ends distally localized. This mixed polarity seems inconsistent with the formation of an ordered, homopolar kinetochore fiber in vivo. As isolated from vinblastine-arrested cells, kinetochores contain no bound tubulin. The kinetochores of chromosomes isolated from colcemid- arrested cells or of chromosomes incubated with tubulin in vitro are brightly stained after anti-tubulin immunofluorescence. This bound tubulin is probably not in the form of MTs. It is localized to the corona region by immunoelectron microscopy, where it may play a role in MT nucleation in vitro.
National Seroprevalence and Trends in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in the United States, 1976–1994

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to estimate national seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), describe trends in seroprevalence, and examine correlates of infection. Goal: The goal of this study was to measure the burden of HSV-1 infection in the U.S. population. Study: We tested serum samples for HSV-1 antibody and analyzed questionnaire data collected for the second and third National Health and Nutrition Surveys (NHANES II, 1976–80; NHANES III, 1988—94). Seroprevalence estimates were weighted to represent the total U.S. population. Results: At the time of NHANES III, two thirds (68%) of the U.S. population 12 years and older had HSV-1 antibody. Prevalence increased with age and varied by race/ethnicity; the majority of persons in all race/ethnic groups were HSV-1-seropositive by age 30. Overall, the national seroprevalence of HSV-1 decreased nonsignificantly by 2% in the years between NHANES II and III; decreases in HSV-1 seroprevalence in some population subgroups were balanced by increases in other groups. Conclusions: There was no overall change in the seroprevalence of HSV-1 in the U.S. population between NHANES II and III.
Joint Precoding and RRH Selection for Green MIMO C-RAN

This paper jointly optimizes the precoding matrices and the set of active remote radio heads (RRHs) to minimize the network power consumption for a cloud radio access network (C-RAN) where both the RRHs and users all have multiple antennas. Both users' rate requirements and per-RRH power constraints are considered. Due to these conflicting constraints, this optimization problem may be infeasible. We propose to solve this problem with two phases. In Phase I, a new approach is proposed to check the feasibility of the original problem. If the feasibility is guaranteed, in Phase II, a low- complexity algorithm is proposed to solve the original optimization problem. Simulation results demonstrate the rapid convergence of the proposed algorithms and the benefits of equipping multiple antennas at the user side.
Multicomponent cellulase production by Cellulomonas biazotea NCIM‐2550 and its applications for cellulosic biohydrogen production

Among four cellulolytic microorganisms examined, Cellulomonas biazotea NCIM‐2550 can grow on various cellulosic substrates and produce reducing sugar. The activity of cellulases (endoglucanase, exoglucanase, and cellobiase), xylanase, amylase, and lignin class of enzymes produced by C. biazotea was mainly present extracellularly and the enzyme production was dependent on cellulosic substrates (carboxymethyl cellulose [CMC], sugarcane bagasse [SCB], and xylan) used for growth. Effects of physicochemical conditions on cellulolytic enzyme production were systematically investigated. Using MnCl2 as a metal additive significantly induces the cellulase enzyme system, resulting in more reducing sugar production. The efficiency of fermentative conversion of the hydrolyzed SCB and xylan into clean H2 energy was examined with seven H2‐producing pure bacterial isolates. Only Clostridiumbutyricum CGS5 exhibited efficient H2 production performance with the hydrolysate of SCB and xylan. The cumulative H2 production and H2 yield from using bagasse hydrolysate (initial reducing sugar concentration = 1.545 g/L) were approximately 72.61 mL/L and 2.13 mmol H2/g reducing sugar (or 1.91 mmol H2/g cellulose), respectively. Using xylan hydrolysate (initial reducing sugar concentration = 0.345 g/L) as substrate could also attain a cumulative H2 production and H2 yield of 87.02 mL/L and 5.03 mmol H2/g reducing sugar (or 4.01 mmol H2/g cellulose), respectively. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog. , 2010
The Assessment of the Risk of Unplanned Extubation in an Adult Intensive Care Unit

Background:In order to plan and implement nursing intervention to reduce the incidence rate of unplanned extubation problem in the intensive care unit (ICU), it is necessary to determine the risk factors of unplanned extubation and the patients under risk. Aims:This study was undertaken with the aim of evaluating the risk of unplanned extubation of endotracheal tube in adult ICU. Design:This was a case-control study. Methods:The population constituted patients hospitalized in the adult ICU during 1-year period in a university hospital. The sample from this population was composed of patients whose extubation was unplanned (30 patients) and the randomly selected patients (60 patients) who were intubated at the same time in the ICU for each patient whose extubation was unplanned. In data collection, the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale, Glasgow Coma Scale, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II were utilized. Findings:According to the findings, the variables such as sex, age, mechanical ventilation period, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II and Glasgow Coma Scale scores did not have any effect on the unplanned extubation, but variables such as internal medicine diseases and Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale did have an effect. It was also revealed that there was no extubation plan in most of the unplanned extubation group, the nurse was anticipating the unplanned extubation, the patient was intubated again, and a complication occurred. Conclusion:The patients who are provided inadequate sedation and analgesia and who have problems in their respiratory system are under risk of unplanned extubation. Relevance to Clinical Practice:In order to prevent unplanned extubation, an adequate amount of sedation and private nursing care should be provided to patients in the ICU.
Physical activity in an indigenous Ecuadorian forager‐horticulturalist population as measured using accelerometry

Minimal information on physical activity is available for non‐Western populations undergoing the transition to a market economy. This is unfortunate given the importance of these data for understanding health issues such as the global obesity epidemic. We consider the utility of using accelerometry technology to examine activity patterns and energy use regulation among indigenous Shuar, an Ecuadorian forager‐horticulturalist population undergoing economic and lifestyle change. We investigate sex differences in Shuar activity patterns and the effects of reproductive status on activity. Finally, we discuss the potential of accelerometry use in human biology research.
Information management

Information management (IM) concerns the control over how information is created, acquired, organized, stored, distributed, and used as a means of promoting efficient and effective information access, processing, and use by people and organizations. Various perspectives of IM exist. For this entry, three are presented: the organizational, library, and personal perspectives. Each deals with the management of some or all of the processes involved in the information life cycle. Each concerns itself with the management of different types of information resources. The purpose of this entry is to clearly describe what “ information management ” is and to clarify how IM differs with regard to closely related terms.
"Potential for Combined Heat and Power and District Heating and Cooling from Waste- to-Energy Facilities in the U.S. - Learning from the Danish Experience"

Executive Summary In District Heating (DH), a large number of buildings are heated from a central source by conveying steam or hot water through a network of insulated pipes. Waste-to-Energy (WTE) signifies the controlled combustion of municipal solid wastes (MSW) to generate electrical and thermal energy in a power plant. Both technologies have been developed simultaneously and are used widely in Europe. In the United States, however, WTE is used for the generation of electricity. The advantages of district heating using WTE plants are: overall fuel conservation, by increasing the thermal efficiency of WTE, and overall reduction of carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere. District heating in the United States is mainly based on the use of steam, such as the Con Edison Steam DH system in New York City and the Citizens Thermal Energy district heating and cooling system in Indianapolis. However, there are few U.S. hot water district heating systems presently, such as: Coop City in Bronx, NY, and St. Paul, MN. The United States has an estimated 5,800 district heating and cooling systems, providing 320 million MWh of thermal energy. Currently, 28 of the 88 U.S. WTE plants sell steam as an energy product. Twenty one of these WTEs co-generate approximately 470 MW of heat (1.6 million lbs of steam per hour) and 272 MW of electricity. Also, there are seven WTE plants that generate 273 MW of heat (929,000 lbs of steam per hour) exclusively. Hot water district heating systems are used widespread in Europe and gaining in popularity in the U.S. because of: cogeneration of heat and power at the power plant is achieved with a higher thermal efficiency, hot water allows the transmission of heat over long distances, with relatively low heat loss, less than 10%, the central control system for the heat supply from the power plant is more economic, the interconnection of the space heating and hot water customers to the district network is simplified, less corrosion problems, and the hot water network may provide heat storage capacity. Scandinavian countries have been very successful in promoting and increasing their hot water district heating networks. For example, Danish district heating supplies 60% of the heated floor, and 75% of the heat generation is generated in Combined Heat and Power (CHP) or cogeneration plants. In addition, European Parliament established the promotion of cogeneration based on useful heat demand in the internal energy market to …
Mice with a Severe Deficiency of the Endothelial Protein C Receptor Gene Develop, Survive, and Reproduce Normally, and Do not Present with Enhanced Arterial Thrombosis after Challenge

Summary The endothelial cell Protein C receptor (EPCR) functions to enhance activation of anticoagulant Protein C (PC) by the thrombin/ thrombomodulin (Tm) complex on the surface of the endothelium. This overall system functions in anticoagulation, profibrinolytic, and antiinflammatory responses. Mice with a severe targeted deficiency of this receptor have been generated by integration of exogenous DNA elements into the 5’-untranslated region of the EPCR gene. Despite the retention of the entire endogenous EPCR coding sequence in the altered EPCR gene locus, only very low EPCR message contents were detected in mice by quantitative RT-PCR during embryogenesis and up to at least early adulthood. Immunohistochemical analysis of various regions of the arterial tree of mice up to 4 months of age, employing an anti-murine EPCR antibody, confirmed that undetectable levels of this protein were present in arterial regions during these periods. Despite this, these mice are not more prone to arterial thrombosis after challenge in a FeCl3 carotid artery thrombosis model. Small amounts (<10% of wild-type) of this protein were found in other tissues. Matings of mice homozygous for this deficiency led to normal births and survival of the offspring, in contrast to results by others demonstrating early embryonic lethality of a total EPCR deficiency. These data further show that minimal levels of EPCR are able to support male and female virility, as well as embryonic development, birth, and survival to adulthood.
Multi-sensor image fusion and target classification for improved maritime domain awareness

In this paper, we propose a scheme for classification of maritime targets through fusion of images collected from dissimilar sensors with an objective to improve maritime domain awareness. Low- and medium-level fusion methods are applied to three types of image data-visual, thermal, multi-spectral-using features obtained from the speeded-up robust features algorithm. The goal was to implement the classification scheme using machine learning techniques. Results indicate that multi-spectral images from low-level fusion yielded the best classification performance. Artificial neural networks are used to derive the classification results and demonstrate the ability to obtain results in a timely manner that could accommodate near real-time classification.
A quality assessment of systematic reviews on telerehabilitation: what does the evidence tell us?

AIMS To evaluate the quality of systematic reviews on telerehabilitation. METHODS The AMSTAR--Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews--checklist was used to appraise the evidence related to the systematic reviews. RESULTS Among the 477 records initially identified, 10 systematic reviews matched the inclusion criteria. Fifty percent were of high quality; anyway the majority of them did not report the following aspects: i) analysis of the grey literature; ii) a list of the excluded studies and their characteristics; iii) the identification of possible source of bias and the assessment of its likehood; iv) an appropriate method to combine the findings of the included studies addressing the heterogeneity as well. From the main findings of the high-scored systematic reviews telerehabilitation resulted at least as effective as usual care: 1) in the short term treatment of mental health related to people affected by spinal cord injury; 2) in rural communities for treating patients affected by chronic conditions; 3) in treating common pathologies (mainly asthma) affecting children and adolescents. As for stroke, evidence is currently insufficient to reach conclusions about its effectiveness. As for costs, there is insufficient evidence to confirm that telerehabilitation is a cost-saving or cost-effective solution. CONCLUSIONS In the authors' knowledge this is the first attempt to evaluate the quality of systematic reviews on telerehabilitation. This work also identified the main findings related to the high-scored systematic reviews; the analysis confirms that there is a mounting evidence concerning the effectiveness of telerehabilitation, at least for some pathologies.
Explicit polymorphism and CPS conversion

We study the typing properties of CPS conversion for an extension of Fω with control operators. Two classes of evaluation strategies are considered, each with call-by-name and call-by-value variants. Under the “standard” strategies, constructor abstractions are values, and constructor applications can lead to non-trivial control effects. In contrast, the “ML-like” strategies evaluate beneath constructor abstractions, reflecting the usual interpretation of programs in languages based on implicit polymorphism. Three continuation passing style sub-languages are considered, one on which the standard strategies coincide, one on which the ML-like strategies coincide, and one on which all strategies coincide. Compositional, type-preserving CPS transformation algorithms are given for the standard strategies, resulting in terms on which all evaluation strategies coincide. This has as a corollary the soundness and termination of well-typed programs under the standard evaluation strategies. A similar result is obtained for the ML-like call-by-name strategy. In contrast, such results are obtained for the call-by-name strategy. In contrast, such results are obtained for the call-by value ML-like strategy only for a restricted sub-language in which constructor abstractions are limited to values.