Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Physical Nature of Lyman Alpha Emitting Galaxies at z=3.1

We selected 40 candidate Lyman Alpha Emitting galaxies (LAEs) at z ~=3.1 with observed frame equivalent widths>150A and inferred emission line fluxes>2.5x10^-17 ergs/cm^2/s from deep narrow-band and broad-band MUSYC images of the Extended Chandra Deep Field South. Covering 992 sq. arcmin, this is the largest ``blank field'' surveyed for LAEs at z ~3, allowing an improved estimate of the space density of this population of 3+-1x10^-4 h_70^3/Mpc^3. Spectroscopic follow-up of 23 candidates yielded 18 redshifts, all at z ~=3.1. Over 80% of the LAEs are dimmer in continuum magnitude than the typical Lyman break galaxy spectroscopic limit of R= 25.5 (AB), with a median continuum magnitude R ~=27 and very blue continuum colors, (V-z) ~=0. Over 80% of the LAEs have the right UVR colors to be selected as Lyman break galaxies, but only 10% also have R<=25.5. Stacking the UBVRIzJK fluxes reveals that LAEs have stellar masses ~=5x10^8 h_70^-2 M_sun and minimal dust extinction, A_V<~ 0.1. Inferred star formation rates are ~=6 h_70^-2 M_sun/yr, yielding a cosmic star formation rate density of 2x10^-3 h_70 M_sun/yr/Mpc^3. None of our LAE candidates show evidence for rest-frame emission line equivalent widths EW_rest>240A which might imply a non-standard IMF. One candidate is detected by Chandra, implying an AGN fraction of 2+-2% for LAE candidate samples. In summary, LAEs at z ~ 3 have rapid star formation, low stellar mass, little dust obscuration and no evidence for a substantial AGN component.
Improving software inspection process with patterns

Concrete guidelines are often helpful, when planning software process improvement activities. Especially minor companies may have difficulties in implementing full-scale SPI programs. One solution is to focus the improvement on the most effective quality methods. This work introduces a set of patterns to direct the improvement of the software inspection process. Patterns help in setting overall goals for the improvement and describe specific actions that are needed to enhance the process. The patterns have been experimented in a software company that is carrying out a process improvement project. The experiment started with an evaluation of the inspection process capability, after which the process was updated according to determined goals. The process has been performing more effectively after the improvement effort in this case. Results of the experiment show that the pattern approach provides a feasible and quick method for launching SPI activities, although some refinements are needed to fully exploit them.
Effective energy : a concept of energy utilization applied across species

An energy system is described in which, in both single-stomached and ruminant animals, the heat increment of feeding is considered to be linearly related to five measurable quantities. For both kinds of animals three of the quantities, with their heat increments in parentheses, are urinary N (wu; kJ/g), faecal organic matter (wd; kJ/g) and positive protein retention (wp; kJ/g). In ruminants the other two, with their heat increments in parentheses, are CH, energy (wm; kJ/kJ) and positive lipid retention (wI; kJ/g); in single-stomached animals they are positive lipid retention from feed lipid (wu; kJ/g), and positive lipid retention not from feed lipid (wl; kJ/g). Data from suitable experiments on steers, pigs and chickens were used to test the system and to estimate w, 29.2, w, 3.80, wp 36.5, w, 0.616, wI 16.4 and wII 4.4. The values for w,, wd, w, and (wI-wII) allow an energy scale, called effective energy, to be defined for both single-stomached animals and ruminants. On this energy scale the values of wp and wI, together with the heats of combustion of protein and lipid of 23.8 and 39.6 kJ/g respectively, allow the energy requirement to be expressed as (MH + 50PR + 56LR) for both kinds of animal, where P R and LR are the rates of positive protein and lipid retention (g/d), and MH is the maintenance heat production (kJ/d) which can be estimated as 0.96 of the fasting heat production. The effective energy (EE) yielded to a ruminant animal by a feed ingredient can be estimated as EE (MJ/kg organic matter) = 1.15ME3. 84 -4,67DCP, where M E is the metabolizable energy value (MJ/kg organic matter) and DCP is the digested crude protein content (kg/kg organic matter) with both measured at maintenance. Alternatively, EE can be estimated as EE (MJ/kg) = GE (d 0.228) 4.67DCP, where GE is the gross energy (MJ/kg) and d is the energy digestibility (MJ/MJ) also measured at maintenance. The EE yielded to a single-stomached animal can be estimated as EE (kJ/g) = 1.17ME-4.2CP-2.44, where M E (kJ/g) is measured at, or corrected to, zero N-retention and CP (g/g) is the crude protein (N x 6.25) content of the feed ingredient. The system is simpler for ruminants, and more accurate for both kinds of animal, than those now in use. As effective energy values can be tabulated for ingredients, and are additive to the extent that M E values are additive, they can be used to formulate diets using linear programming.
Career concerns, multiple tasks, and short-term contracts

We study optimal incentive contracts when commitments are limited, and agents have multiple tasks and career concerns. The agent career concerns are determined by the outside market. We show that the optimal compensation contract optimizes the combination of implicit incentives from both career concerns and ratchet effects. In contrast to existing results, implicit and explicit incentives might be complements, and the principal might want to give strongest explicit incentives for agents far from retirement to account for the fact that career concerns might induce behavior in conflict with the principal’s preferences. Furthermore, we show that maximized welfare might be decreasing in the strength of the career concerns, and that optimal incentives might be both positively and negatively correlated with various measures of uncertainty. ∗The authors thank Bård Harstad, Hans Hvide, Larry Samuelson, Steinar Vagstad, and Gaute Torsvik for comments. The paper also benefited from discussion following presentations at the University of Bergen and the Norwegian School of Business Administration. †Corresponding author. Programme for Health Economics, Department of Economics, University of Bergen. Fosswinckelsg. 6, N-5007 Bergen. Norway. Email: oddvar.kaarboe@econ.uib.no URL http://www.econ.uib.no/stab/oddvar.html ‡Department of Finance and Management Science, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, and The Norwegian Centre in Organization and Management (LOS Centre). Email: trond.olsen@nhh.no
Rethinking Early Elementary Grade Retention: Examining Long-Term Academic and Psychosocial Outcomes

Abstract Grade retention, the practice of requiring a student to remain in the same grade the following year, disproportionately affects students with sociodemographic risk and facing academic challenges. Each year, the United States spends $20 billion on retention and two million children are retained. Extant studies examining early elementary grade retention generally focus on short-term effects and academic outcomes; little is known about long-term effects on academic and psychosocial outcomes in the middle grades. The current study uses propensity score methods and a national data set to estimate the effect of first- or second-grade retention on academic achievement and psychosocial outcomes six or seven years later. By comparing students who were retained to students who were similar on observed characteristics but otherwise promoted, we generate causal estimates that show a statistically significant negative effect of retention on reading achievement. Significant and robust effects were not consistently detected for other academic or psychosocial outcomes. As grade retention is a widely used educational intervention, implications for its effectiveness from a policy and practice perspective are discussed.
More Bits – More Bucks? Measuring the Impact of Broadband Internet on Firm Performance

The paper provides empirical evidence for the causal impact of broadband Internet on the economic performance of German firms. Performance is measured in terms of labour productivity and realised process and product innovations. The analysis refers to the early phase of DSL expansion in Germany from 2001 to 2003, when roughly 60 percent of the German firms already used broadband Internet. Identification relies on instrumental variable estimation taking advantage of information on the availability of DSL broadband at the postal code level. The results show that broadband Internet has no impact on firms' labour productivity whereas it exhibits a positive and significant impact on their innovation activity.
Adaptive Time-Based Least Memory Intensive Scheduling

DRAM memory is a major resource shared in multi-core system, hence memory requests from different applications interfere with each other. Therefore, different applications running together on the same chip can experience extremely different memory system performance: one application can experience a severe slowdown or starvation while another is unfairly prioritized by the memory scheduler. Existing memory access scheduling techniques try to optimize the overall multi-core system performance and fairness. This paper proposes an effective memory access scheduler, called Adaptive Time-Based Least Memory Intensive scheduling (Adaptive TB-LMI). The goal of the proposed scheduler is to increase the overall system performance and fairness. Adaptive TB-LMI showed an average increase in performance and fairness by 2.5% and 10.2% respectively compared to Time-Based Least Memory Intensive scheduling (TB-LMI) (previous work providing the best system throughput and fairness). Adaptive TB-LMI showed a maximum increase in performance and fairness by 9.65% and 22.16% respectively compared to TB-LMI.
X-Ray Emission from Extragalactic Jets

AbstractThis review focuses on the X-ray emission processes of extragalactic jets on scales resolvable by the subarcsec resolution of the Chandra X-ray Observatory. It is divided into four parts. The introductory section reviews the classical problems for jets, as well as those associated directly with the X-ray emission. Throughout this section, we deal with the dualisms of low-powered radio sources versus high-powered radio galaxies and quasars and of synchrotron models versus inverse Compton models; and the distinction between the relativistic plasma responsible for the received radiation and the medium responsible for the transport of energy down the jet. The second section collects the observational and inferred parameters for the currently detected X-ray jets and attempts to put their relative sizes and luminosities in perspective. In the third section we first give the relevant radio and optical jet characteristics, and then examine the details of the X-ray data and how they can be related to vario.
Exploiting the solution structure knowledge to speed up non-learning planner

The modern state of the art planners are highly effective and has strong handing capability, but most of them can't learn anything from previous experiences. In the past there have been many researches on learning problem in planning and make some progress. However, the knowledge used in these methods is not easy to learn and use such that Learning can often make performance degrade, learning did not improve overall performance compared to best non-learning planners. In this paper, we present a novel knowledge, plan solution's structure knowledge, which is simple and easy to learn and use, in our methodology, each time a problem solved successfully, planner will analysis the solution and extract its structure knowledge, then save the solution's structure knowledge in the planning domain description document as prior knowledge. In the future, when meeting the same or similar problem again, the planner will firstly read prior knowledge in the domain, and reconstruct solution's structure, then the solution extraction process will be carried out to determine the final solution. We incorporate this method to GraphPlan and obtain WgraphPlan system. Experimental result shows that WgraphPlan based on this method can reduce enormously backtrack times, the efficiency enhancement is highest reaches 25%.
A MECHANISM FOR ENHANCING INTERNET CONNECTIVITY FOR MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS

: Mobile ad hoc networks are an emerging wireless technology which differs from other networking technologies in that they are infrastructureless, autonomous, stand-alone networks. Although these characteristics enable simple deployment, ad hoc networks are limited in terms of connectivity as communication is confined to the boundaries of the local network. Due to this constraint, plus the growing trend towards establishing an "all IP environment", efforts are being made to integrate ad hoc networks with Mobile IP in order to ultimately bridge ad hoc networks to the Internet. This paper focuses on the connectivity of ad hoc network hosts to the Internet and proposes a mechanism for extending the periods of reachability of these hosts from the viewpoint of external hosts. From the simulation tests conducted on the custom built network simulator used to implement this proposal, positive results were produced showing an overall increase in the reachability times of ad hoc network hosts plus a decrease in the percentage of packet loss of incoming packets to the ad hoc network.
The Importance of Mindfulness in the Achievement of Optimal Functioning: Conceptualization for Research Development

The concept of ‘ optimal functioning ’ has emerged as a major line of research development in educational psychology . Optimal functioning, which reflects the paradigm of positive psychology , is concerned with a person ’ s achievement of maximization in his/her functioning, whether it is mental, cognitive, emotional, or social. This inquiry places strong emphasis on importance of flourishing, happiness, and the proactivity of human endeavors. An important question then for consideration, from this testament, is how researchers optimize the achievement of optimal functioning. We have recently made progress by focusing on empirical research development and methodological conceptual- izations into the study of optimization. Our conceptualizations, collectively, contend that there are psychological, educational, and psychosocial variables that operate as sources of ‘ energization ’ , which then stimulate the buoyancy of motivation, personal resolve, effective functioning, strength, and effort expenditure. Energization, in its totality, from our postulation, may then arouse, intensify, and sustain a person ’ s internal state of functioning. Our cross-institutional, cross-cultural research collaboration (e.g., Australia, Malay- sia, and Taiwan), to date, has considered one notably construct that could serve as a source of internal energization for the achievement of functioning: mindfulness . We strongly believe that the totality of mindfulness, positive in nature, could play a central role in the psychological processes of human agency.
Pre-processing in Boolean Satisfiability Using Bounded -Consistency on Regions with Locally Difficult Constraint Setup

A new type of partially global consistency derived from -consistency called bounded -consistency (B2C-consistency) is presented in this manuscript. It is designed for application in Boolean satisfiability (SAT) as a building block for a pre-processing tool. Together with the new B2C-consistency a special mechanism for selecting regions of the input SAT instance with difficult constraint setup was also proposed. This mechanism is used to select suitable difficult sub-problems of which simplification by the consistency can lead to the significant reduction of the effort needed to solve the instance. A new prototype pre-processing tool preprocessSIGMA which is based on proposed techniques was implemented. As a proof of new concepts a competitive experimental evaluation on a set of relatively difficult SAT instances was conducted. It showed that our prototype pre-processor is competitive with respect to existent pre-processing tools LiVer , NiVer , HyPre , and Shatter .
Stixels estimation through stereo matching of road scenes

Recently, Stixel-world, a medium level representation of road scene components has been introduced. The existing stixels estimation approaches are separated from a depth estimation process, or they directly make use of stereo images and only compute stixels without producing per-pixel depth information. For road scenes, however, many machine vision tasks require both per-pixel depth information and the higher-level representation of it. This paper presents a combined process of stixels estimation and stereo matching process. The proposed method generates per-pixel depth information and stixels for both the ground surface and obstacles, at the same time. We have modified a multi-path line-optimization process of the stereo matching algorithm to produce multiple stixels of the ground and obstacle segments for each image column. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm estimates stixels more accurately than the existing algorithm, and it also produces high-quality dense depth information, at the same time.
On-chip immunoprecipitation for protein purification

Immunoprecipitation (IP) is one of the most widely used and selective techniques for protein puriﬁcation. Here, a miniaturised, polymer-supported immunoprecipitation ( m IP) method for the on-chip puriﬁcation of proteins from complex mixtures is described. A 4 m l PDMS column functionalised with covalently bound antibodies was created and all critical aspects of the m IP protocol (antibody immobilisation, blocking of potential non-speciﬁc adsorption sites, sample incubation and washing conditions) were assessed and optimised. The optimised m IP method was used to obtain puriﬁed fractions of afﬁnity-tagged protein from a bacterial lysate.
Vehicle localization with tightly coupled GNSS and visual odometry

Accurate localization is a key task in map based autonomous driving. While in many cases high precision differential GPS is used, more and more vision based methods gain popularity to improve positioning in GNSS denied environments and to avoid high costs in high quality GNSS receivers. However, to generate a globally referenced map, satellite based methods are still important, even in vision based mapping algorithms. In this paper we present a method for integrating locally accurate visual odometry obtained from an onboard stereo camera system with satellite observations of a low cost GNSS receiver. To account for a low number of visible satellites we directly incorporate pseudorange measurements for sensor data fusion. Hence, we present a low cost satellite and camera based positioning system and evaluate it for the usage as part of an inner city mapping system.
A study of teachers’ integration of interactive whiteboards into four Australian primary school classrooms

Interactive whiteboards (IWBs) have become increasingly available in Australian primary schools. However, little is known about how they are being integrated by teachers into their teaching practices. This paper reports on a study of the introduction of IWBs into an Australian public primary school. Data were collected for one day per week over two school terms, involving four classroom teachers. Data collected included a log of time allocation, lesson observations and a series of interviews with the teachers. The study found that participants used IWBs to a varying extent over the course of a teaching week, with lessons that integrated the use of IWBs tending to focus on literacy and numeracy. The technology was readily incorporated into the classroom environment by teachers and considered easy to use. Teachers adopted a range of pedagogical approaches when using the IWBs and these approaches were consistent with those they usually employed in their teaching.
Move it to improve it (Mitii): study protocol of a randomised controlled trial of a novel web-based multimodal training program for children and adolescents with cerebral palsy

Introduction Persons with cerebral palsy require a lifetime of costly and resource intensive interventions which are often limited by equity of access. With increasing burden being placed on health systems, new methods to deliver intensive rehabilitation therapies are needed. Move it to improve it (Mitii) is an internet-based multimodal programme comprising upper-limb and cognitive training with physical activity. It can be accessed in the client's home at their convenience. The proposed study aims to test the efficacy of Mitii in improving upper-limb function and motor planning. Additionally, this study hopes to further our understanding of the central neurovascular mechanisms underlying the proposed changes and determine the cost effectiveness of Mitii. Methods and analysis Children with congenital hemiplegia will be recruited to participate in this waitlist control, matched pairs, single-blind randomised trial. Children be matched at baseline and randomly allocated to receive 20 weeks of 30 min of daily Mitii training immediately, or waitlisted for 20 weeks before receiving the same Mitii training (potential total dose=70 h). Outcomes will be assessed at 20 weeks after the start of Mitii, and retention effects tested at 40 weeks. The primary outcomes will be the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS), the Assisting Hand Assessment (AHA) and unimanual upper-limb capacity using the Jebsen-Taylor Test of Hand Function (JTTHF). Advanced brain imaging will assess use-dependant neuroplasticity. Measures of body structure and functions, activity, participation and quality of life will be used to assess Mitii efficacy across all domains of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework. Ethics and dissemination This project has received Ethics Approval from the Medical Ethics Committee of The University of Queensland (2011000608) and the Royal Children's Hospital Brisbane (HREC/11/QRCH/35). Findings will be disseminated widely through conference presentations, seminars and peer-reviewed scientific journals. Trial registration ACTRN12611001174976
Software evolution analysis of linux (Ubuntu) OS

Now a days, software industry is growing very fast due to advancement in Information Technology. Users, in turn, are expecting more commitment from the industry, which brings large research attention into software engineering. Software engineering is facing big challenges in software evaluation and reliability techniques and it has become one of attractive research areas. “Software engineering is a process of designing, developing and maintaining the software”. Many kinds of software evaluation techniques have been proposed, but as the software complexity increases, many of them face new challenges. In this paper, we have analysis the growth and changes in `Ubuntu Linux' Operating System (OS). Ubuntu is an Open Source OS and we have performed a quantitative analysis on various distributions of Ubuntu to analyze its complexity and growth throughout the time. Additionally, typical patterns of Ubuntu's evolution and features, their main purposes are discussed.
Reusing Shares in Secret Sharing Schemes

A (t, w) threshold scheme is a method for sharing a secret among w shareholders so that the collaboration of at least t shareholders is required in order to reconstruct the shared secret. This paper is concerned with the re-use of shares possessed by shareholders in threshold schemes. We propose a simple (t, w) threshold scheme based on the use of cryptographically strong pseudo-random functions and universal hash functions. A remarkable advantage of the scheme is that a shareholder can use a single string in the share of many different secrets; in particular, a shareholder need not be given a new share each time a new secret is to be shared