Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why Professors Ignore Cheating: Opinions of a National Sample of Psychology Instructors

To understand better why evidence of student cheating is often ignored, a national sample of psychology instructors was sampled for their opinions. The 127 respondents overwhelmingly agreed that dealing with instances of academic dishonesty was among the most onerous aspects of their profession. Respondents cited insufficient evidence that cheating has occurred as the most frequent reason for overlooking student behavior or writing that might be dishonest. A factor analysis revealed 4 other clusters of reasons as to why cheating may be ignored. Emotional reasons included stress and lack of courage. Difficult reasons included the extensive time and effort required to deal with cheating students. Fear reasons included concern about retaliation or a legal challenge. Denial reasons included beliefs that cheating students would fail anyway and that the worst offenders do not get caught. The reasons why instances of academic dishonesty should be proactively confronted are presented.
High rates of comorbid depressive and anxiety disorders among women with premutation of the FMR1 gene

Phenotypic variations are emerging from investigations of carriers of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) premutation gene (55 to 200 CGG repeats). Initial studies suggest elevated psychiatric and reproductive system dysfunction, but have largely used self‐reports for assessment of psychiatric history. The present study used diagnostic psychiatric interviews and assessed reproductive and menstrual history in women with FMR1 premutation. History of psychiatric diagnoses and data on reproductive functioning were collected in 46 women with FMR1 premutation who were mothers of at least one child with the fragile X full mutation. Results showed a significantly earlier age of menopause (mean age = 45.6 years) relative to the national average age of menopause (mean age = 51 years) and a high rate (76%) of lifetime depressive or anxiety history, with 43% of the overall sample reporting a comorbid history of both diagnoses. Compared to those free of psychiatric history, significantly longer premutation length was observed among women with psychiatric history after adjusting for age, with comorbid women having the highest number of CGG repeats (mean = 95.8) compared to women free of psychiatric history (mean = 79.9). Psychiatric history did not appear significantly related to reproductive system dysfunction, though results may have been obscured by the high rates of psychiatric dysfunction in the sample. These data add to the growing evidence base that women with the FMR1 premutation have an increased risk of psychiatric illness and risk for early menopause. Future investigations may benefit from inclusion of biochemical reproductive markers and longitudinal assessment of psychiatric and reproductive functioning. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The TCH machine translation system for IWSLT 2008.

This paper reports on the first participation of TCH (Toshiba (China) Research and Development Center) at the IWSLT evaluation campaign. We participated in all the 5 translation tasks with Chinese as source language or target language. For Chinese-English and English-Chinese translation, we used hybrid systems that combine rule-based machine translation (RBMT) method and statistical machine translation (SMT) method. For Chinese-Spanish translation, phrase-based SMT models were used. For the pivot task, we combined the translations generated by a pivot based statistical translation model and a statistical transfer translation model (firstly, translating from Chinese to English, and then from English to Spanish). Moreover, for better performance of MT, we improved each module in the MT systems as follows: adapting Chinese word segmentation to spoken language translation, selecting out-of-domain corpus to build language models, using bilingual dictionaries to correct word alignment results, handling NE translation and selecting translations from the outputs of multiple systems. According to the automatic evaluation results on the full test sets, we top in all the 5 tasks.
Reformulation and sampling to solve a stochastic network interdiction problem

The network interdiction problem involves interrupting an adversary's ability to maximize flow through a capacitated network by destroying portions of the network. A budget constraint limits the amount of the network that can be destroyed. In this article, we study a stochastic version of the network interdiction problem in which the successful destruction of an arc of the network is a Bernoulli random variable, and the objective is to minimize the maximum expected flow of the adversary. Using duality and linearization techniques, an equivalent deterministic mixed integer program is formulated. The structure of the reformulation allows for the application of decomposition techniques for its solution. Using a parallel algorithm designed to run on a distributed computing platform known as a computational grid, we give computational results showing the efficacy of a sampling‐based approach to solve the problem. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2008
Heterogeneity in Assessing Self-Reports of Caffeine Exposure: Implications for Studies of Health Effects

Background. Coffee and its metabolite caffeine are widely studied for their health effects but with inconclusive results. Caffeine is particularly difficult to assess, and therefore we explore heterogeneity of caffeine exposure. Methods. We categorized caffeine exposure among 2,478 pregnant women in southern New England during 1996–2000 by the traditional laboratory-based methods of M. Bunker and M. McWilliams. A subsample was examined to ascertain caffeine levels of brewed or purchased beverages actually consumed. Results. More than half (56.6%) of women drank coffee since becoming pregnant. Serving sizes ranged from 2 to 32 oz and are considerably larger than laboratory standards, which are typically 8–10 oz, as compared with the standard of 5 to 6 oz. Conversely, caffeine content per serving of coffee was one-third the laboratory standard, eg, 100 mg caffeine compared with 300 mg for a 10-oz cup. Tea brewed more than 3 minutes contained 42 mg caffeine as compared with the standard of 94 mg. When the amount of caffeine actually consumed was measured, one-quarter (24.8%) of subjects traditionally classified as consuming 300+ gm caffeine daily were reclassified as consuming 150–299 mg. Conclusion. Misclassification of caffeine consumption increases difficulty in identifying health effects from caffeine. Some combination of more precise consumption data and a biomarker such as paraxanthine may more precisely estimate exposure.
The impact of Investors In People on Scottish Local Government Services

This paper reports on the findings of qualitative fieldwork aimed at exploring the motives, financial implications and the perceived benefits of achieving the Investors In People Standard. It examines perceptions of IIP at three different organisational levels. The research found differences between the motivation for, and perceptions of, IIP at all three levels as well as differences in the perceived benefits of the Standard. The views of senior management regarding the benefits of IIP were not generally shared at the other levels of the organisation. Indeed front‐line staff felt that IIP made little difference to them personally, the way they performed their jobs, or to the levels of satisfaction of their customers. This presents a major problem for senior management of local authority services if they are to achieve all the benefits attributed to IIP and so get beyond the “plaque on the wall”.
Multi-site ethnography, hypermedia and the productive hazards of digital methods: a struggle for liveness

This article explores the possibilities and frustrations of using digital methods in a multi-sited ethnographic research project. The project, Urban School Performances: The interplay, through live and digital drama, of local-global knowledge about student engagement, is a study of youth and teachers in drama classrooms in contexts of schooling marked as ‘disadvantaged’ in research sites in Toronto (Canada), Lucknow (India), Taipei (Taiwan) and Boston (USA). The authors first outline the place of digital methods in the research, describing how software such as Adobe Connect and Survey Monkey, as well as a project Wiki and blog, enabled some virtual communication among and within research sites. They go on to suggest that their experience with these methods exposed the significant limitations of the technology, but also that coming up against these limitations posed useful questions about the nature of specific research methods and about the overall priorities of the study. As an example, the article focuses on how digital methods have usefully complicated available conceptions of ‘liveness’, an important dimension both of live performance and of ethnographic fieldwork. Despite their skepticism about the promise of new technologies, the authors conclude that their experience valuably relocated research analysis from post-facto interpretation to an ongoing negotiation with method in the field.
Seafloor video mapping: modeling, algorithms, apparatus

This paper discusses a technique used for construction of high-resolution image mosaic from a video sequence and the synchronously logged camera attitude information. It allows one to infer geometric characteristics of the imaged terrain and hence improve the mosaic quality and reduce the computational burden. The technique is demonstrated using numerical modeling and is applied to video data collected on Rainsford Island, Mass. Calculation of the transformation relating consecutive image frames is an essential operation affecting reliability of the whole mosaicing process. Improvements to the algorithm are suggested, which significantly decrease the possibility of convergence to an inappropriate solution.
Potential Glucocorticoid Receptor Ligands with Pulmonary Selectivity Using I‐QSAR with the Signature Molecular Descriptor

We intend in this research to establish a rational method for the development of novel glucocorticoid receptor ligands to more effectively prevent respiratory inflammation. Corticosteroids, a class of steroid hormones, are naturally inclined to bind to the glucocorticoid receptor and, in this research, are the basis for exploring other novel and non‐intuitive structures. To be more effective than currently available medications, novel compounds must be highly selective toward the lungs and must be inactivated when exposed to the main circulation, thus preventing the participation of the ligand in other systems and consequently reducing systemic side‐effects. We look to use the inverse‐quantitative structure–activity relationship algorithm with the Signature molecular descriptor to generate new ligands based upon the structures and activities of 65 experimentally studied corticosteroids. Inverse‐quantitative structure–activity relationship explore many possible combinations of atom connectivity while structural filters and other scoring approaches are used to predict and identify the most promising candidates for further study. Properties explored include high receptor binding affinity, high systemic clearance, high plasma protein binding and low oral bioavailability. Among more than 300 million potential candidates generated, 84 high priority compounds with properties predicted to be at least as or more effective than currently available corticosteroids have been identified with this procedure.
Analysis of linear epitopes recognised by the primary human antibody response to a variable region of the attachment (G) protein of respiratory syncytial virus

The sites of linear epitopes in a variable region of the attachment (G) glycoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) that are recognised by the human antibody response were examined. Two sets of overlapping 12mer peptides each representing the carboxy‐terminal 84 or 85 amino acids of the G protein of two group A isolates of human RSV were synthesized. These peptides were analysed using enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assays (ELISA) for their reactions with sera obtained from infants with primary RSV infection. Four pairs of overlapping peptides were found to react variously with the sera, the reactions depending on the infecting genotype of RSV. Further 9mer peptides based on natural variants in the epitope areas were then synthesised to determine the specificity of the human antibody response and it was found that single amino acid changes could abrogate recognition by these polyclonal sera. All the linear epitopes found are involved in potential N‐glycosylation sites in at least some isolates of RSV. J. Med. Virol. 51:297–304, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cluster analysis in individual functional brain images: Some new techniques to enhance the sensitivity of activation detection methods

Low signal‐to‐noise ratio is the fundamental limit of current voxel‐based strategies for detecting activations in functional brain maps. We propose some new techniques to enhance detection sensitivity in the analysis of brain activation maps. These new techniques are: (1) a multi‐filtering strategy; and (2) the use of a hierarchical decomposition. Multi‐filtering is used to optimize detection sensitivity when multiple signals of various sizes are present, while hierarchical decomposition allows selection of activation foci on the basis of their spatial extent and magnitude. Both techniques are combined within a single testing procedure that contrals the overall type I error. This approach shows significantly higher detectioin sensitivity on both simulated and experimental single‐subject datasets. ©1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimal design of a 5kW/dm3 / 98.3% efficient TCM resonant transition single-phase PFC rectifier

In many applications single-phase PFC rectifiers should meet the demand for a high efficiency and a high power density at the same time. Depending on the weighting of these two design criteria, different topologies could be advantageous. As has been shown, with bridgeless PFC rectifiers an ultra high efficiency of 99.3% or a high power density of 5.6kW/dm3 could be realised. However, due to the hard switching operation it is not possible to achieve an exceptional efficiency and power density at the same time. Furthermore, SiC Schottky diodes are required for highly compact or highly efficient systems. Therefore, a triangular current mode (TCM), resonant-transition single phase PFC rectifier concept is presented in this paper, which overcomes both limitations. Besides a design procedure for optimising the chip area, also a simple and robust control concept, where a novel zero crossing detection concept is included, is explained and a prototype system as well as measurement results are presented for validating the concept and the design procedure.
Cross-language linking of news stories on the web using interlingual topic modelling

We have studied the problem of linking event information across different languages without the use of translation systems or dictionaries. The linking is based on interlingua information obtained through probabilistic topic models trained on comparable corpora written in two languages (in our case English and Dutch). The achieve this, we expand the Latent Dirichlet Allocation model to process documents in two languages. We demonstrate the validity of the learned interlingual topics in a document clustering task, where the evaluation is performed on Google News.
Public Nightmares and Communitarian Dreams: The Crisis of the Social in Social Welfare

This chapter examines the break-up of the welfare state as a process that involved a crisis of representation. In particular, social democratic images of the public and their embodiment in the organizational regimes of welfare bureau-professionalism were dislocated by the New Right's attack on the welfare state. The chapter argues that the attempt to reinvent the public's relationship to social welfare through the couplet of managerialism and consumerism created an impoverished conception of the public realm. Communitarianism has been presented as a response to this impoverishment. However, both lessons from history and the contemporary inflections of community suggest that communitarianism needs to be seen as an attempt to resolve the ‘crisis of the social’ in social welfare in regressive directions.
Échelles subjectives de durée obtenues par une méthode de bissection

Une suite de bissections, portant sur un total de 12 sujets, a permis de construire des echelles psychophysiques individuelles directes, dans une marge de durees allant de 1/3 de secondes a 2 seconde environ. On utilisait des sons pleins de 1 000 cs, les bissections etant realisees par une procedure combinee de production et de reglage. Toutes les echelles obtenues sont d'allure lineaire. Mais la presentation des durees en ordre croissant conduit systematiquement a des bissections plus longues qu'en ordre decroissant.
Conformational changes in the human estrogen receptor observed by (19)F NMR.

The (19)F NMR spectra of the 5F-Trp labeled glutathione-S-transferase fusion protein with residues 282-595 of the human estrogen receptor show that there is a distinct conformational change in the protein when estradiol is added to the unliganded protein. Our studies show the empty receptor to have more conformational flexibility than the liganded form. This study shows the applicability of (19)F NMR to study conformational change in large protein systems.
Amplitude modulation sensitivity as a mechanism for increment detectiona )

Detectability of a tonal signal added to a tonal masker increases with increasing duration “temporal integration” , up to some maximum duration. Initially assumed to be some form of energy integration over time, this phenomenon is now often described as the result of a statistical “multiple looks” process. For continuous maskers, listeners may also use a mechanism sensitive to changes in stimulus intensity, possibly a result of inherent sensitivity to amplitude modulation AM . In order to examine this hypothesis, change detection was investigated in the presence of AM maskers presented at either the same carrier frequency as the target signal or at a distant frequency. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that listeners detect intensity increments by using change-detection mechanisms modeled here as the outputs of a bank of modulation filters sensitive to envelope modulation at both low 4–16 Hz and high around 100 Hz rates. AM masking occurred even when the masker was at a carrier frequency more than two octaves above that of the signal to be detected. This finding is also compatible with the hypothesis that similar mechanisms underlie sensitivity to AM where across-frequency masking is commonly shown and detection of intensity increments. © 2006 Acoustical Society of America. DOI: 10.1121/1.2200136
Life events, social support and depression amongst Taiwanese housewives

Abstract Eighty-five community housewives in a Taiwanese city were surveyed. Multiple regression analysis indicated that age, life events and social support were found to relate to depression symptomatology. Younger housewives reported more depression symptoms than their older counterparts. Life events were related to depression, while social support protected women from depression.
Automatic numeric abstractions for heap-manipulating programs

We present a logic for relating heap-manipulating programs to numeric abstractions. These numeric abstractions are expressed as simple imperative programs over integer variables and have the property that termination and safety of the numeric program ensures termination and safety of the original, heap-manipulating program. We have implemented an automated version of this abstraction process and present experimental results for programs involving a variety of data structures.
An Impact of Model Parameter Uncertainty on Scheduling Algorithms

This short paper presents a preliminary analysis of the impact of model parameter uncertainty on the accuracy of solution algorithms for the scheduling problems with the learning effect. We consider the maximum completion time minimization flowshop problem with job processing times described by the power functions dependent on the number of processed jobs. To solve the considered scheduling problem we propose heuristic (NEH based) and metaheuristic (simulated annealing) algorithms. The numerical experiments show that NEH and simulated annealing are robust for this problem with respect to model parameter uncertainty.
The process and importance of systematic reviews.

The current emphasis within the NHS on clinical effectiveness involves the need to ensure that practice is based on knowledge derived from research rather than on strongly held tradition or personal experience. However, busy practitioners find it increasingly difficult to keep abreast of all available research. This is hardly surprising when one considers that there are over 20,000 biomedical journals which contain over two million articles each year ( 1 ). These articles vary greatly in quality and often are not well indexed. Practitioners involved in patient care rarely have the time, resources and skills to gather together and critically appraise relevant research in an effort to inform their practice. However, one way of pulling together unmanageable amounts of research is through a systematic review ( 2 ): 'A systematic- review is the process of systematically locating, appraising and synthesising evidence from scientific studies in order to obtain a reliable overview. '
Equivalent forwarding set evaluation in software defined networking

Network devices rely on forwarding rules to forward packets. With the latest OpenFlow standard (the de-facto software defined network standard), the rules that make up a forwarding set may be expressed in the form of a single table or multiple linked tables. This raises the question of how to reconcile the forwarding behaviour of different flow tables? In this paper we propose two approaches to convert various forwarding sets into a canonical form called equivalent forwarding set and formalise the process of evaluating equivalence between two forwarding sets in terms of networking function.
The relationships of age and length of service with job satisfaction: an examination of hotel employees in Thailand

Earlier studies suggest age is positively associated with job satisfaction, while others use length of service, or tenure, as a predictor of job satisfaction levels. This article examines whether age and tenure are individual determinants of satisfaction, or whether there is an interaction between the two. The results indicate that employee age is not significantly associated with overall job satisfaction level, but that tenure is. There is also significant relationship between tenure and facets of satisfaction (job, pay and fringe benefits), but the effect of tenure on satisfaction is significantly modified by age.
U.K. Political Parties and the Internet

This article reports the results of a study that examined the effects of U.K. political parties' use of the Internet on intraparty democracy and interparty competition. Using party official questionnaire data and content analysis of party Web sites, the study explored the extent to which parties are using the World Wide Web (WWW) and email to promote their members' views and examined whether the Internet provides minor parties with more equal access to the electorate compared with the traditional media. The findings indicate that parties do recognize the Internet's potential for increasing internal party debate; however, it is used primarily as a tool for downward information dissemination. In terms of interparty competition, minor parties are leveling the communications field in the quality of their WWW sites, although limited Internet use by the electorate prevents the medium from being exploited to its fullest extent.