Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE MONTE CARLO ASSESSMENT OF PHOTON ORGAN DOSES FROM 222RN PROGENY IN ADULT ORNL PHANTOM

Introduction The potential hazards posed by exposure to radiation from radon have been of great concern worldwide, since it is especially associated with increased risk of lung cancer. Some radioisotopes of radon progeny deposited in the human lungs emit I² particles followed by the I³ rays. While I³ rays are comparatively less damaging to the respiratory system than I± and I² particles, it is the principal deposited energy in other organs. Materials and Methods In order to establish a quantitative estimate of hazards caused by the radiation, this paper studies the photon absorbed doses from radon progeny in all major organs of the human body through a simulation of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) adult phantom using MCNPX2.4. 0 Monte Carlo code and calculations which were performed in photon/electron mode. Results Effective dose due to photons from radon progeny deposited in the human lungs was about 1.69 ÂµSvWLM-1. Based on UNSCEAR2006 reports, the effective dose of these photons per year is about 5. 76Â´10-1mSvÂ in for radon concentration of 31000 Bq/m3Â (the maximum concentration of radon in Iran). Therefore, this value is comparable with 1mSv (The annual allowable effective dose). Conclusion The dosimetry of photons particularly in areas with high levels of exposure to radon and radon's decay products is important because all organs receive the photon absorbed dose from radon progeny.
Hidden Variability of Floral Homeotic B Genes in Solanaceae Provides a Molecular Basis for the Evolution of Novel Functions[C][W]

This study examines the evolution of a duplicate regulatory system in a tobacco species and tomato. Although individual B-class genes have various functions, the overall role of these genes is to specify petal and stamen identities. Transformed organs transition into an adjacent whorl by fusion, and in response additional organs develop of which the identity is different between species. B-class MADS box genes specify petal and stamen identities in several core eudicot species. Members of the Solanaceae possess duplicate copies of these genes, allowing for diversification of function. To examine the changing roles of such duplicate orthologs, we assessed the functions of B-class genes in Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) using virus-induced gene silencing and RNA interference approaches. Loss of function of individual duplicates can have distinct phenotypes, yet complete loss of B-class gene function results in extreme homeotic transformations of petal and stamen identities. We also show that these duplicate gene products have qualitatively different protein–protein interaction capabilities and different regulatory roles. Thus, compensatory changes in B-class MADS box gene duplicate function have occurred in the Solanaceae, in that individual gene roles are distinct, but their combined functions are equivalent. Furthermore, we show that species-specific differences in the stamen regulatory network are associated with differences in the expression of the microRNA miR169. Whereas there is considerable plasticity in individual B-class MADS box transcription factor function, there is overall conservation in the roles of the multimeric MADS box B-class protein complexes, providing robustness in the specification of petal and stamen identities. Such hidden variability in gene function as we observe for individual B-class genes can provide a molecular basis for the evolution of regulatory functions that result in novel morphologies.
Quadriceps oxygenation during isometric exercise in sailing.

The aim of the present study was to investigate why blood lactate after prolonged quadriceps contraction during hiking is only marginally increased. Eight sailors performed five 3-min hiking bouts interspersed with 5-s recovery periods. Whole body oxygen uptake, heart rate and lactate were recorded, along with continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy measures of quadriceps oxygenation. The time for 50% re-oxygenation was also assessed as an indication of the degree of localized oxygen delivery stress. Hiking elicited a significant (p = 0.001) increase in mean (+/- SD) heart rate (124 +/- 10 beats . min (-1)) which was accompanied by a disproportionately low oxygen uptake (12 +/- 2 ml.kg(-1). min(-1)). Lactate was significantly (p = 0.001) increased throughout hiking manoeuvres, though post-exercise it remained low (3.2 +/- 0.9 mmol.l(-1)). During the hiking bouts mean quadriceps oxygenation was significantly (p = 0.001) reduced compared to baseline (by 33 +/- 5%), indicating an imbalance between muscle oxygen accessibility and oxygen demand. During rest intervals quadriceps oxygenation was partially restored. After the end of the final bout the time for 50 % re-oxygenation was only 8 +/- 2 s, whereas recovery of quadriceps oxygenation and oxygen uptake was completed within 3 min. We conclude that the observed low lactate could be attributed to the small oxygen and energy deficits during hiking as the muscles' oxygen accessibility is presumably partially restored during the brief rest intervals.
The outcome and analysis of different treatments for solitary plasmacytoma of bone

Solitary plasmacytoma of the bone (SPB) is a malignant proliferation of plasma cells that occurs within the axial skeleton and is characterized by destruction of the bone. SPB generally occurs in the pelvis, femur, humerus, and rib. Currently, radiation therapy remains the primary choice of treatment for SPB, as plasmacytoma is a radiosensitive tumor. In this study, a total of 12 patients diagnosed with SPB were enrolled. Surgery was performed to all patients with SPB in combination with radiation therapy or chemotherapy, or both. The clinical outcomes were recorded and compared. Based on the follow-up data, no recurrence was observed in patients who received surgery and radiation therapy, or in those who received surgery with radiation therapy and chemotherapy. In conclusion, systematic therapy (surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy) may be applied for the treatment of patients with SPB to obtain a better prognosis.
Hybrid group search optimiser with quadratic interpolation method and its application

Group Search Optimiser (GSO) is a new swarm intelligence optimiser algorithm inspired by animal social behaviours. In this paper, we proposed two variants of GSO to improve its search capability, and applied them to solving non-linear equations. Producers in the GSO are like the eyes of animals, which determine the "i¾food' position and the movement direction of scroungers. However, due to the random sample mechanism, the computational efficiency is poor. To improve its search efficiency, a new GSO based on quadratic interpolation method (QIGSO) is proposed, in which the estimated position with quadratic interpolation theory is used to replace the random point in each iteration to increase the speed of convergence. Furthermore, the steepest gradient descent method is also incorporated into QIGSO (QIGSO_SDO) to improve the local search capability. Numerical simulation and a special problem about radar detection are used to test the proposed two variants.
3D Printing Model before and after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation for a Better Understanding of the Anatomy of Aortic Root

A 71-year-old woman had severe aortic stenosis (AS) (aortic valve area, 0.6 cm2; mean valve gradient, 47 mmHg; and peak velocity, 4.2 m/s) and cardiac symptoms. She had a history of stroke and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Our multidisciplinary heart team decided to perform transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Before TAVI, computed tomography (CT) was performed, and the measurements of the aortic annulus were as follows: diameter, 25.4×19 mm; perimeter, 71.2 mm; area, 3.72 cm2; distance to the right coronary artery, 13.2 mm; and distance to the left coronary artery, 12.3 mm (Fig. 1A). Using the CT data, a 3D printing model was created (Materialise®, Luven, Belgium). 3D printing model provided the cardiologist with an intuitive perception of the cardiovascular anatomy and measurements in preparation for TAVI (Fig. 1B and C). Fig. 1 A 23-mm Edward-Sapien prosthetic valve (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, USA) was selected. TAVI was successfully performed with mild paravalvular leakage of the left coronary sinus (Fig. 1D). A post-TAVI 3D model clearly showed the position of the replaced valve (Fig. 1E), change in the aortic annulus (i.e., from an oval to a round shape) (Fig. 1F), and the site of mild paravalvular leakage (Fig. 1G). CT is essential tool for TAVI.1),2),3),4) Although CT measurements increase the success rate of TAVI, its success is highly dependent on the operator's skill and expertise. A 3D printing model may offer a greater possibility for simulating patient specific complex structural characterization procedures5) and overcome the limitation of non-invasive TAVI-poor direct visualization.
The biochemical functions of ascorbic acid.

SCOPE OF THIS REVIEW . 365 BIOSYNTHESIS AND REQUIREMENTS OF ASCORBIC ACID . 366 METABOLISM OF ASCORBATE . 367 ACTIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF ASCORBATE. 368 DOPAMINE ! 3-HYDROXYLASE . 372 PEPTIDYL GLYCINE a-AMIDATING MONOOXYGENASE. 373 4-HYDROXYPHENYLPYRUV ATE DIOXYGENASE . 374 PROL YL AND L YSYL HYDROXYLASES FOR COLLAGENS . 376 HYDROXYLATION OF OTHER PROTEINS . 383 Elastin. 383 C1q o/ Complement. 384 DIOXYGENASE REACTIONS OF PYRIMIDINES AND NUCLEOSIDES . 385 CARNITINE PATHWAY HYDROXYLASES . 386 OTHER POSSIBLE FUNCTIONS OF ASCORBATE . 391 CONCLUDING REMARKS . 391
Maculatin 1.1, an anti-microbial peptide from the Australian tree frog, Litoria genimaculata solution structure and biological activity.

The dorsal glands of Australian tree frogs from the Litoria species contain a diversity of antibiotic peptides that forms part of the defence system of the animal. Here, the antibiotic activity and structure of maculatin 1.1, a 21 amino acid peptide from Litoria genimaculata, are compared. The activity data on maculatin 1.1 and a series of its analogues imply that the mechanism of action of maculatin 1.1 involves binding to, and subsequent lysis of, the bacterial cell membrane. The structure of maculatin 1.1 was determined using NMR spectroscopy in a trifluoroethanol/water mixture and when incorporated into dodecylphosphocholine micelles. Under both conditions, the peptide adopts a very similar conformation, i.e. a helical structure with a central kink in the vicinity of Pro15. The kink allows the peptide to adopt a well-defined amphipathic conformation along its entire length. The similar structures determined under both solvent conditions imply that structures of membrane-interacting peptides in trifluoroethanol/water mixtures are representative of those adopted in a membrane environment, e.g. when incorporated into micelles. The synthetic Ala15 analogue of maculatin 1.1 has markedly reduced activity and its NMR-derived structure is a well-defined helix, which lacks the central kink and flexibility of the parent molecule. It is concluded that the kink is important for full biological activity of the peptide, probably because it allows maximum amphipathicity of the peptide to facilitate interaction with the membrane. The structure of maculatin 1.1 is compared with a related peptide, caerin 1.1 [Wong, H. , Bowie, J.H. and Carver, J.A. (1997) Eur. J. Biochem. 247, 545-557], which has an additional central proline residue and enhanced central flexibility compared with maculatin 1.1. The role of central flexibility within antibiotic peptides in their interaction with bacterial membranes is discussed.
Evaluating Lexical Substitution: Analysis and New Measures

Lexical substitution is the task of finding a replacement for a target word in a sentence so as to preserve, as closely as possible, the meaning of the original sentence. It has been proposed that lexical substitution be used as a basis for assessing the performance of word sense disambiguation systems, an idea realised in the English Lexical Substitution Task of SemEval-2007. In this paper, we examine the evaluation metrics used for the English Lexical Substitution Task and identify some problems that arise for them. We go on to propose some alternative measures for this purpose, that avoid these problems, and which in turn can be seen as redefining the key tasks that lexical substitution systems should be expected to perform. We hope that these new metrics will better serve to guide the development of lexical substitution systems in future work. One of the new metrics addresses how effective systems are in ranking substitution candidates, a key ability for lexical substitution systems, and we report some results concerning the assessment of systems produced by this measure as compared to the relevant measure from SemEval-2007.
COMMERCIALIZATION BY START-UPS

This study empirically examines the determinants of heterogeneous firm-level cooperative R&D commercialization strategies. While the volume of interfirm collaboration has increased dramatically in recent decades, the determinants of firm-level choices among alternate modes of such cooperative activity remain relatively understudied. We develop a conceptual model of factors determining collaborative mode choice at the organizational portfolio level. These factors include the firm-level appropriation environment, in which deal-level choices have portfoliolevel spillover implications, as well as governance capabilities developed by the firm over time. Using a random sample of innovating biotechnology start-ups, we assemble a firm-year panel dataset that aggregates transaction-level collaboration data to the firm-year level, allowing us to characterize firms’ portfolios of collaborative deals. We find broad empirical support for our model, suggesting that a firm’s appropriation environment and governance capabilities strongly influence portfolio-level collaboration mode choices. In addition, we explore the implications of governance capability development, finding that experience with particular modes, as well as deviations from existing capabilities, impact firm valuation. Copyright  2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automatic co-segmentation of lung tumor based on random forest in PET-CT images

In this paper, a fully automatic method is proposed to segment the lung tumor in clinical 3D PET-CT images. The proposed method effectively combines PET and CT information to make full use of the high contrast of PET images and superior spatial resolution of CT images. Our approach consists of three main parts: (1) initial segmentation, in which spines are removed in CT images and initial connected regions achieved by thresholding based segmentation in PET images; (2) coarse segmentation, in which monotonic downhill function is applied to rule out structures which have similar standardized uptake values (SUV) to the lung tumor but do not satisfy a monotonic property in PET images; (3) fine segmentation, random forests method is applied to accurately segment the lung tumor by extracting effective features from PET and CT images simultaneously. We validated our algorithm on a dataset which consists of 24 3D PET-CT images from different patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The average TPVF, FPVF and accuracy rate (ACC) were 83.65%, 0.05% and 99.93%, respectively. The correlation analysis shows our segmented lung tumor volumes has strong correlation ( average 0.985) with the ground truth 1 and ground truth 2 labeled by a clinical expert.
Comparing gravity model specifications to estimate NTBs using the GTAP framework

WTO Market access analyses are an important topic in general equilibrium modeling. Methods to calculate detailed tariff cuts, e.g., at the HS6 digit level, are well established and regularly used not least because of remarkable achievements like TASTE (Horridge and Laborde, 2008). In contrast, the detailed implementation of non-tariff barriers (NTBs) has yet received too little attention. This can be traced back to several reasons. Firstly, CGE modeling of WTO implementation has focused on the reduction and elimination of tariffs according to the commitments of the WTO agreements. Secondly, the effects of implemented NTBs (e.g., technical and sanitary regulations) are not always working in the same direction. The more NTBs are implemented the more difficult it gets to directly quantify their effects on trade mainly due to a lack of comprehensive data. Thirdly, currently available methods to estimate the effects of NTBs result in different outcomes which make it problematic to standardize a method and implement NTBs in CGE models. In recent years research has concentrated on using gravity models to estimate effects of NTBs. The gravity model explains the trade volume between two countries by the exporter’s production, the importer’s consumption and the trade barriers between the two countries. Due to the deficiency of detailed information on NTBs several indirect approaches to quantify the effects of NTBs exist. One of the most commonly used approaches is the border effect approach which shows by how much international trade is different from the intra-country trade (McCallum, 1995). Controlling for all possible trade barriers such as transport costs and tariffs in the gravity equation, the border effect thus reflects the impact of NTBs on trade (Winchester, 2009). This methodology is considerably extended over time. Anderson and van Wincoop (2003) include multilateral resistance (MR) representing unobserved relative trade barriers that a country has with all o.
Learning Random Fourier Features by Hybrid Constrained Optimization

The kernel embedding algorithm is an important component for adapting kernel methods to large datasets. Since the algorithm consumes a major computation cost in the testing phase, we propose a novel teacher-learner framework of learning computation-efficient kernel embeddings from specific data. In the framework, the high-precision embeddings (teacher) transfer the data information to the computation-efficient kernel embeddings (learner). We jointly select informative embedding functions and pursue an orthogonal transformation between two embeddings. We propose a novel approach of constrained variational expectation maximization (CVEM), where the alternate direction method of multiplier (ADMM) is applied over a nonconvex domain in the maximization step. We also propose two specific formulations based on the prevalent Random Fourier Feature (RFF), the masked and blocked version of Computation-Efficient RFF (CERF), by imposing a random binary mask or a block structure on the transformation matrix. By empirical studies of several applications on different real-world datasets, we demonstrate that the CERF significantly improves the performance of kernel methods upon the RFF, under certain arithmetic operation requirements, and suitable for structured matrix multiplication in Fastfood type algorithms.
Specificity of interpretation and judgemental biases in social phobia versus depression.

OBJECTIVES A body of studies shows that social phobia is characterized by content specific interpretation and judgmental biases. That is, they show bias in social situations but not in non-social situations. Comorbid depression, one of the major comorbid disorders in social phobia, might account for these biases in social phobia since depression also is characterized by cognitive distortions in social situations. This study hypothesized that, despite comorbid depression, patients with social phobia would suffer from contentspecific biases. DESIGN Participants filled out the Interpretation and Judgmental Questionnaire (IJQ) to assess interpretation bias (using open-ended responses and forced-interpretations) and judgmental bias in social and non-social situations. METHOD Four groups participated: social phobic patients with high (N=38) and low (N=47) depressive symptoms, depressed patients (N=22) and normal controls (N=33). RESULTS We found both social phobic groups to interpret social situations more negatively and judge social situations as more threatening than non-social situations relative to depressed patients and normal controls. As expected, depressive symptoms related to increased general interpretation and judgmental biases across social and non-social situations. In contrast to expectations, we did not find these patterns for the open-ended measure of interpretation bias. CONCLUSIONS The content-specific biases for social situations distinguished social phobic patients from depressive patients. This speaks for the importance of establishing the primary diagnosis in patients with mixed depression and social anxiety complaints.
The sexual preferences of incest offenders.

Inclusive fitness theory suggests that discriminative solicitude and inbreeding avoidance are important mechanisms regulating parent-children interactions. From an inclusive fitness perspective, sex with one's biological children is paradoxical. The authors hypothesized that incest can occur when these mechanisms are not activated (e.g., if a father is uninvolved in child rearing) or are overwhelmed by another factor, such as pedophilic interest. They predicted that biological fathers, who presumably have been the most involved in the rearing of their victims, would show greater phallometrically measured pedophilic interest than would other incest offenders against children (e.g., grandfathers, uncles, stepfathers). The prediction was not supported. A testable alternative hypothesis to explain biological father incest is presented and the importance of assessing pedophilic interest among incest offenders is discussed.
Induction of specific immunoglobulin A in the small intestine, colon-rectum, and vagina measured by a new method for collection of secretions from local mucosal surfaces

In order study patterns of local antibody responses following mucosal immunization of mice via different routes, a method for collection of secretions directly from mucosal surfaces was developed. Mice were immunized on days 0, 10, 17, and 24 by administration of cholera toxin into the oral cavity, stomach, colon-rectum, or vagina. At sacrifice on day 32, absorbent wicks were placed in the oral cavity and, via an applicator tube, into the vagina and distal colon-rectum and along the entire small intestine after flushing of luminal contents. Protein was quantitatively extracted from wicks, and specific anti-cholera toxin immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Concentrations of specific IgA in secretions at various mucosal sites were dramatically influenced by the route of immunization. Oral immunization effectively induced IgA in saliva, and the intragastric route was optimal for induction of IgA in the small intestine. High levels of specific IgA appeared on the colonic-rectal mucosal surface only after rectal delivery of antigen. Oral, gastric, and rectal immunizations also produced distant responses in the vagina. Following vaginal immunization, however, neither local nor distant IgA responses were detected. These results suggest that vaccines intended for protection of colonic-rectal and vaginal mucosal surfaces might best be administered by the rectal route.
Edge list multicoloring trees: An extension of Hall's theorem

We prove a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of edge list multicoloring of trees. The result extends the Halmos–Vaughan generalization of Hall's theorem on the existence of distinct representatives of sets. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 42: 246–255, 2003
Molecular cloning and characterization of cytochrome P450 and ferredoxin genes involved in bisphenol A degradation in Sphingomonas bisphenolicum strain AO1

Aims: To clone and characterize the genes bisdA and bisdB, encoding Ferredoxinbisd (Fdbisd) and cytochrome P450bisd (P450bisd), respectively, from the bisphenol A (BPA) degrading Sphingomonas bisphenolicum strain AO1.