Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Injection-Locked Spin Hall-Induced Coupled-Oscillators for Energy Efficient Associative Computing

In this paper, we show that the dynamics of injection-locked Spin Hall Effect Spin-Torque Oscillator (SHE-STO) cluster can be exploited as a robust primitive computational operator for non-Boolean associative computing. A cluster of SHE-STOs can be locked to a common frequency and phase with an injected ac current signal. DC input to each STO from external stimuli can conditionally unlock some of them. Based on the input dc signal, the degree of synchronization of SHE-STO cluster is detected by CMOS interface circuitry. The degree of synchronization can be used for associative computing/matching. We present a numerical simulation model of SHE-STO devices based on Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation with spin-transfer torque term and Spin Hall Effect. The model is then used to analyze the frequency and phase locking properties of injection-locked SHE-STO cluster. Results show that associative computing based on the injection locked SHE-STO cluster can be energy efficient and relatively immune to device parameter variations and thermal noise.
Objective Extraction for Many-Objective Optimization Problems: Algorithm and Test Problems

For many-objective optimization problems (MaOPs), in which the number of objectives is greater than three, the performance of most existing evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithms generally deteriorates over the number of objectives. As some MaOPs may have redundant or correlated objectives, it is desirable to reduce the number of the objectives in such circumstances. However, the Pareto solution of the reduced MaOP obtained by most of the existing objective reduction methods, based on objective selection, may not be the Pareto solution of the original MaOP. In this paper, we propose an objective extraction method (OEM) for MaOPs. It formulates the reduced objective as a linear combination of the original objectives to maximize the conflict between the reduced objectives. Subsequently, the Pareto solution of the reduced MaOP obtained by the proposed algorithm is that of the original MaOP, and the proposed algorithm can thus preserve the dominance structure as much as possible. Moreover, we propose a novel framework that features both simple and complicated Pareto set shapes for many-objective test problems with an arbitrary number of essential objectives. Within this framework, we can control the importance of essential objectives. As there is no direct performance metric for the objective reduction algorithms on the benchmarks, we present a new metric that features simplicity and usability for the objective reduction algorithms. We compare the proposed OEM with three objective reduction methods, i.e., REDGA, L-PCA, and NL-MVU-PCA, on the proposed test problems and benchmark DTLZ5 with different numbers of objectives and essential objectives. Our numerical studies show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach.
QoS Variance Aware Spectrum Sensing and Allocation Strategy for Cognitive Radio Wireless Mesh Networks

QoS (Quality of Service) aware spectrum sensing and channel allocation in cognitive radio wireless mesh networks is a continuous practice due to the divergent scope of communication in wireless mesh networks. Henceforth the current research is moving in a direction to find effective solutions towards QoS aware spectrum sensing and channel allocation. But all of these solutions are specific to one or two QoS factors. According to the real-time practices the QoS assessment by one or two factors is impractical.
Estimating the cost of compliance of AMLCTF for financial institutions in Australia

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to find out the likely compliance cost of anti‐money laundering and counter terrorism financing (AMLCTF) for financial institutions in Australia to help understand the regulatory burden of the legislation.Design/methodology/approach – The paper adopts a case study approach. Using the method of analogy, the cost of compliance is estimated.Findings – It is found that the legislation brings substantial financial regulatory burden on the financial institutions in Australia. It is also found that the compliance cost is quite substantial and stands at about A$1.02 billion for the banking industry as a whole at 2007 prices. The per capita burden has been estimated at A$50 approximately. The author's estimate compares well with other publicly available estimates.Research limitations/implications – Limitations of case study research method apply. Through this case study, prior work on regulatory cost burden on organisations is confirmed – in the context of financial instituti.
Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of the Human Tracheal Cartilage

Background: The tracheal cartilage plays an important role in maintaining the mechanical stability of the trachea, as it keeps the trachea open and prevents its collapse under the negative pressures of the respiratory cycle. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the mechanical properties of cartilage specimens from the cranial and caudal regions of the human trachea and compare the results with respect to age and sex of the subjects. Materials and Methods: After obtaining human trachea samples from brain-dead, organ-donating patients and storing them in appropriate conditions, the prepared cartilage samples from the cranial and caudal regions of the trachea were subjected to uniaxial tension and stress relaxation experiments to obtain the corresponding Young’s modulus and relaxation percentage values, respectively. The results were compared in terms of the position (cranial or caudal) in the trachea, and age and sex of the patients. Results: Based on the results, no statistically significant effect of the position in the trachea on the Young’s modulus of the human tracheal cartilage samples was observed, despite the generally stiffer behavior of cartilage samples from the cranial region compared to those from the caudal region of the trachea. For both the cranial and caudal regions, no significant effect of sex on the stiffness of the tracheal cartilage was observed; further, the cartilage samples of the human trachea (from both cranial and caudal regions) of the old subjects were significantly stiffer than those of the young subjects. Based on the stress relaxation data, no significant effect of age, sex, or position on the relaxation percentage was observed. Conclusion: The tracheal cartilage samples of the old patients are significantly stiffer than those of the young patients. Sex and position in the trachea (cranial vs caudal) do not significantly influence the mechanical properties of the human tracheal cartilage samples. The results of this study can be useful in designing tracheal tissue-engineered scaffolds, which should be mechanically compatible with the native trachea.
Effects of Welfare Reform on Educational Acquisition of Young Adult Women

Education beyond traditional ages for schooling is an important source of human capital acquisition among adult women. Welfare reform, which began in the early 1990s and culminated in the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act in 1996, has promoted work rather than educational acquisition for this group. Exploiting variation in welfare reform across states and over time and using relevant comparison groups, we undertake a comprehensive study of the effects of welfare reform on adult women's educational acquisition. We first estimate effects of welfare reform on high school drop-out of teenage girls, both to improve on past research on this issue and to explore compositional changes that may be relevant for our primary analyses of the effects of welfare reform on the educational acquisition of adult women. We conduct numerous specification checks and explore the mediating role of work. We find robust and convincing evidence that welfare reform significantly decreased the probability of college enrollment among adult women, by at least 20 %. It also appears to have decreased the probability of high school enrollment on the same order of magnitude. These results suggest that the gains from welfare reform in terms of increases in employment and reductions in caseloads have come at a cost in terms of lower educational attainment among adult women at risk for relying on welfare.
A Short Version of the Hooper Visual Organization Test: Reliability and Validity

Based on a detailed item analysis, Merten (2002) developed a 15-item short version of the Hooper Visual Organization Test (VOT) intended to resolve a number of shortcomings of the original scale. Problematic test items were eliminated, scoring rules were clarified, and new instructions and a graphic illustration of the task were introduced. This revision was aimed at reducing testing time by maintaining or even improving the scale's potential as a screener for visuospatial dysfunction. In this study, the short version was given for the first time "in its own right" to a sample of 153 neurological patients with a mean age of 60.0 years. Estimates of internal consistency for the resulting short form yielded acceptable results (.82 and .84). A retest analysis for a subsample of n = 72 at an interval of 2 to 3 days showed a mean increase in test scores of . 6 points and a test-retest correlation of . 93. Correlations with other test data are presented. The results indicate that the short version is comparable with the full scale in important psychometric aspects. With the elimination of a number of weak points, it may constitute a good substitute for the full VOT.
The determinants of business cycle correlations: a comparison between OECD and non-OECD economies.

This paper examines empirically which factors determine output correlations in a sample of 76 economies over the period 1973-1997. We split our sample between OECD and non-OECD economies and examine explicitly which factors affect specifically each group. Emphasis is given to the role of policy variables examined only in studies for OECD economies so far. We use a large range of cross section and panel estimation techniques. Although we are able to replicate results for OECD economies, we are unable to identify which channels play a major role in the case of the non-OECD economies. The main findings of this paper are: 1) The determinants between OECD and non-OECD economies are different, 2) we are able to confirm the results of previous literature on OECD economies, 3) monetary policy has an indirect effect on business cycles through fostering bilateral trade, 4) labour market rigidities do not play a significant role on business cycle correlations, 5) law and order and legal origin similarity affect directly and indirectly the correlations depending on the sample used and 6) only regional effects seem to matter in a sample where the non-OECD economies are considered.
Cyclic AMP-dependent Protein Kinase Binding to A-kinase Anchoring Proteins in Living Cells by Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer of Green Fluorescent Protein Fusion Proteins*

A-kinase anchoring proteins tether cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) to specific subcellular locations. The purpose of this study was to use fluorescence resonance energy transfer to monitor binding events in living cells between the type II regulatory subunit of PKA (RII) and the RII-binding domain of the human thyroid RII anchoring protein (Ht31), a peptide containing the PKA-binding domain of an A-kinase anchoring protein. RII was linked to enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP), Ht31 was linked to enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP), and these constructs were coexpressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Upon excitation of the donor fluorophore, Ht31·ECFP, an increase in emission of the acceptor fluorophore, RII·EYFP, and a decrease in emission from Ht31·ECFP were observed. The emission ratio (acceptor/donor) was increased 2-fold (p < 0.05) in cells expressing Ht31·ECFP and RII·EYFP compared with cells expressing Ht31P·ECFP, the inactive form of Ht31, and RII·EYFP. These results provide the first in vivo demonstration of RII/Ht31 interaction in living cells and confirm previous in vitro findings of RII/Ht31 binding. Using surface plasmon resonance, we also showed that the green fluorescent protein tags did not significantly alter the binding of Ht31 to RII. Thus, fluorescence resonance energy transfer can be used to directly monitor protein-protein interactions of the PKA signaling pathway in living cells.
The Expected Return and Exercise Time of Merton-Style Real Options

We analyse the rate of return and expected exercise time of Merton-style options (1973) employed in many real option situations where the possibility of exercise is both perpetual and American in nature. Using risk-neutral and risk-adjusted pricing techniques, Merton-style options are shown to have an expected return that is a "constant percentage" of the option value and independent of the proximity to the critical exercise boundary. Merton options thus remain at the same point on the Security Market Line, unlike European options whose position and rate of return change dynamically. We also present formulae for the expected time and discounted times to exercise and analyse the dependency of these variables on volatility. Copyright Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2002.
Incorporating tree‐thinking and evolutionary time scale into developmental biology

Phylogenetic approaches are indispensable in any comparative molecular study involving multiple species. These approaches are in increasing demand as the amount and availability of DNA sequence information continues to increase exponentially, even for organisms that were previously not extensively studied. Without the sound application of phylogenetic concepts and knowledge, one can be misled when attempting to infer ancestral character states as well as the timing and order of evolutionary events, both of which are frequently exerted in evolutionary developmental biology. The ignorance of phylogenetic approaches can also impact non‐evolutionary studies and cause misidentification of the target gene or protein to be examined in functional characterization. This review aims to promote tree‐thinking in evolutionary conjecture and stress the importance of a sense of time scale in cross‐species comparisons, in order to enhance the understanding of phylogenetics in all biological fields including developmental biology. To this end, molecular phylogenies of several developmental regulatory genes, including those denoted as “cryptic pan‐vertebrate genes”, are introduced as examples.
Using the Bhps Wave 9 Additional Questions to Evaluate the Impact of the National Minimum Wage

This paper presents evidence on the impact of the introduction of the National Minimum Wage using specially designed questions added to wave 9 of the British Household Panel Survey. New direct information on the basic hourly wage rate of hourly paid employees demonstrates the almost complete truncation and 'spike' at 3.60 GBP. The paper presents an analysis of the causes of the differences between hourly wage constructions, and of who has benefited from the introduction of the minimum wage and by how much, and a brief summary of the findings from the other minimum wage questions added to wave 9. Copyright 2003 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Automatic segmentation of the pectoral muscle in mediolateral oblique mammograms

When mammograms are analyzed through a Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) system the presence of the pectoral muscle can affect the results of the automatic detection of breast lesions. This problem is particularly evident in mediolateral oblique (MLO) view where the pectoral muscle appears as a high intensity region across the margin of the mammogram. An automatic identification of the pectoral muscle is an essential step because of its similar characteristics with the abnormal tissue that can interfere with the detection of suspicious regions or bias the estimation of breast tissue density. This paper presents a new approach for the detection of pectoral muscle in MLO view of the mammo-graphic images. It is based on a preprocessing step useful to normalize the image and highlight the boundary between the muscle and the mammary tissue. A subsequent step including edge detection and regression via RANSAC provides the final contour of the muscle area. The experiments performed on a standard data set show very encouraging results.
A CASE STUDY OF WOMEN'S EXPERIENCES IN A PRESERVICE TEACHER PREPARATION PROGRAM

Because women are underrepresented in all domains of the agricultural education profession, this case study sought to explore women’s experiences in a preservice teacher preparation program at Oklahoma State University. The study sought to discover what role, if any, the program played in contributing to the lack of women in the profession. Results indicated that women were treated equitably by teacher education faculty and staff. However, they experienced sex stereotyping and gender bias from male student peers, male secondary agricultural education teachers, and male school administrators. Teacher education faculty were reported to be sanguine in their approach to dealing with female under representation in the profession, at times suggesting that being female was an advantage in regard to securing employment as a secondary agricultural education teacher in a state where 97% of the secondary agricultural education teachers are male. Teacher education faculty should engage their students in diversity education. They should also inform female students about gender bias and work to equip them with requisite coping skills. A theory is needed to explain the role of gender and ethnicity in career entry and development in secondary agriculture education.
Performance comparison of fault tolerant PM machine for static load holding application

This paper looks in detail at a fault tolerant machine for direct drive application. The machine considered is a high pole number, concentrated wound machine developed for a safety critical aerospace application. The machine is designed to have a high p.u. inductance to limit short circuit current and negligible mutual inductance to have decoupled phase windings. Single and double layer winding configurations are compared. The machine has a heavy magnetic loading as its most onerous requirement is to hold a static load. High resulting air gap harmonics however induce substantial eddy current losses in the magnets and the solid rotor core. Due to the high thermal resistance path to these losses, the magnets may reach limiting temperatures during dynamic operation. This paper is set to analyze and compare two winding configurations and employ analytical modeling methods to evaluate the induced eddy current loss in the rotor.
A Randomized Trial of Intrapartum Versus Immediate Postpartum Treatment of Women With Intra‐Amniotic Infection

&NA; A randomized trial of intrapartum versus postpartum antibiotic treatment of women with intra‐amniotic infection was conducted. Intra‐amniotic infection was treated with ampicillin and gentamicin during labor (at the time of diagnosis) in 26 women and immediately after umbilical cord clamping in 19 women. Intrapartum treatment led to a lower incidence of neonatal sepsis (0 versus 21%; P = .03) and a shorter neonatal hospital stay (3.8 versus 5.7 days; P = .02) when compared with postpartum treatment. There were no significant differences in the microbiologic results, the gestational age, or the birth weight between the groups. Intrapartum‐treated mothers had a shorter mean postpartum stay, a lower mean number of febrile days, and a lower mean peak postpartum temperature than did postpartum‐treated mothers; these differences were all statistically significant (P = .05). The treatment of clinical intra‐amniotic infection during labor results in improved outcome.
A Knowledge Based Information System for Managing Research Programs and Value Creation in a University Environment

We describe an integrated information system for managing knowledge generated from research and innovation activities in a university environment and for the creation of economic value from the resulting knowledge and innovations by using an action research methodology. The system uses a computer ontology for defining objects and provides both a corporate memory and a distribution vehicle for the knowledge and innovations invented by professors and graduate students. It comprises a set of interrelated subsystems that include scientific publications and innovations, graduate theses, professors, students, and research units. It generates statistics of research activities, a wide variety of reports and on line consultations as well as a search engine and data mining facilities for knowledge extraction. A version of the system has been operational for about a year and has been an important tool for creating wealth from the knowledge generated by the research activities.
Investigating Evolutionary Relationships between Species through the Light of Graph Theory Based on the Multiplet Structure of the Genetic Code

Investigating evolutionary relationship between various species through similarity/dissimilarity analysis is a fundamental method. In this present work firstly 20 canonical amino acids and 3 stop codons (terminations) are classified into five different classes depending upon their frequency mapping with 64 codons of genetic table. Secondly, each DNA sequence is represented by a weighted directed multi graph based on that classification. Thirdly, the procedure has been implemented to find out the evolutionary relationship between various species of alpha globin and beta globin genes. Here a new mathematical tool has been constructed to derive similarity/dissimilarity matrix, to get suitable phylogenetic trees for each data set. It is completely alignment free approach and hence the time complexity is directly proportional to the sequence length, that is O(N). Moreover the classification rule will decrease the complexity of graph constructions.
Selectivity as well as sensitivity loss characterizes the cortical spatial frequency deficit in amblyopia

The processing deficit in amblyopia is not restricted to just high spatial frequencies but also involves low‐medium spatial frequency processing, for suprathreshold stimuli with a broad orientational bandwidth. This is the case in all three forms of amblyopia; strabismic, anisometropic, and deprivation. Here we use both a random block design and a phase‐encoded design to ascertain (1) the extent to which fMRI activation is reduced at low‐mid spatial frequencies in different visual areas, (2) how accurately spatial frequency is mapped across the amblyopic cortex. We report a loss of function to suprathreshold low‐medium spatial frequency stimuli that involves more than just area V1, suggesting a diffuse loss in spatial frequency processing in a number of different cortical areas. An analysis of the fidelity of the spatial frequency cortical map reveals that many voxels lose their spatial frequency preference when driven by the amblyopic eye, suggesting a broader tuning for spatial frequency for neurons driven by the amblyopic eye within this low‐mid spatial frequency range. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.