Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Migrant Labour in Rural Tourism: Continuity and Change

This paper considers the impact of the recession on the availability of migrant labour in the Yorkshire Dales and reassesses how the practice of employing migrant workers, previously explored by the author, has influenced current sources of recruitment. Findings suggest constantly evolving and altering patterns of migration not only shaped by economic and spatial factors but also socially constructed by the interactions of employers and migrants. In particular, results indicate how subjective experiences and judgements made around the use of social networks can recreate as well as transform the specific use of migrant labour in each establishment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring Diplomatic Crisis of Nigeria and South Africa between 1994 and 2013

Nigeria’s relations with South Africa were of double standard during the apartheid era. The post-independence Nigeria and the apartheid regime in Pretoria relations were sour and confrontational, while it was friendly between Nigeria and the liberation movements in South Africa, especially with the African National Congress (ANC). It was more so because Nigeria adopted Africa as the centerpiece of its foreign policy, and committed itself to the total liberation of the African continent from colonialism and racism. Nigeria staged untiring opposition to colonialism on the African continent, and the racism that existed in South Africa before 1994. The beginning of a new era started in the final days of apartheid in South Africa when President de Klerk visited Nigeria in April 1992 to discuss bilateral issues, mostly trade relations. The paper examines, however, Nigeria and South Africa’s diplomatic fluidity since re-establishing formal relations in 1994 in order to understand the causes of the misunderstanding and the effect on both countries’ relations and suggest better ways to foster their relations. The study argues that Nigeria plays big brother roles in Africa from 1960 but is now unable to continue with such big brother projects. South Africa on the other hand quickly recognized economic opportunities in Africa and seek to establish neo-imperial post in the continent. However, the study suggests that the two African giants can have a smooth relations but Nigeria needs to step up its development in order to create parity with South Africa to help them form alliance of strength for Africa. It also notes that South Africa is the real giant of Africa, but Nigeria covers her internal weaknesses while engaging in diplomacy, especially with South Africa. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015. v4n1p65
Disability Insurance Benefits and Labor Supply

A critical input for assessing the optimal size of disability insurance programs is the elasticity of labor force participation with respect to the generosity of benefits. Unfortunately, this parameter has been difficult to estimate in the context of the U.S. disability insurance program since all workers face an identical benefits schedule. I surmount this problem by studying the experience of Canada, which operates two distinct disability insurance programs: for Quebec and for the rest of Canada. The latter program raised its benefits by 36 percent in January 1987, whereas benefits in Quebec were constant. I find a sizable labor supply response to the policy change; my central estimates imply an elasticity of labor force nonparticipation with respect to disability insurance benefits of 0.28–0.36.
Climate extremes in multi-model simulations of stratospheric aerosol and marine cloud brightening climate engineering

Abstract. Simulations from a multi-model ensemble for the RCP4.5 climate change scenario for the 21st century, and for two solar radiation management (SRM) schemes (stratospheric sulfate injection (G3), SULF and marine cloud brightening by sea salt emission SALT) have been analysed in terms of changes in the mean and extremes of surface air temperature and precipitation. The climate engineering and termination periods are investigated. During the climate engineering period, both schemes, as intended, offset temperature increases by about 60 % globally, but are more effective in the low latitudes and exhibit some residual warming in the Arctic (especially in the case of SALT which is only applied in the low latitudes). In both climate engineering scenarios, extreme temperature changes are similar to the mean temperature changes over much of the globe. The exceptions are the mid- and high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, where high temperatures (90th percentile of the distribution) of the climate engineering period compared to RCP4.5 control period rise less than the mean, and cold temperatures (10th percentile), much more than the mean. This aspect of the SRM schemes is also reflected in simulated reduction in the frost day frequency of occurrence for both schemes. However, summer day frequency of occurrence increases less in the SALT experiment than the SULF experiment, especially over the tropics. Precipitation extremes in the two SRM scenarios act differently – the SULF experiment more effectively mitigates extreme precipitation increases over land compared to the SALT experiment. A reduction in dry spell occurrence over land is observed in the SALT experiment. The SULF experiment has a slight increase in the length of dry spells. A strong termination effect is found for the two climate engineering schemes, with large temperature increases especially in the Arctic. Globally, SULF is more effective in reducing extreme temperature increases over land than SALT. Extreme precipitation increases over land is also more reduced in SULF than the SALT experiment. However, globally SALT decreases the frequency of dry spell length and reduces the occurrence of hot days compared to SULF.
John Maynard Keynes's theories of population and the concept of “optimum”

Summary This review of Keynes' scattered writings on population, which in view of his general importance as an economist might be of interest in itself, is used to highlight the marked shift in demographic theory during the past three decades. The revival of Malthusianism during the 1920's was followed by a contrary emphasis during the following depression decade, and this change in opinion was much more violent than the one in demographic trends that it in part reflected. The current dispute over the relevance of Malthus's theory is marked by a fundamental confusion between a Malthusian and a Keynesian frame of reference. Explicitly or implicitly, various policies are set in accord with what is taken to be the optimum population of a country, but this optimum is not determinable in terms of present theory.
Competition and the Limits of Solidarity among Unionized Construction Workers

Labor unions strive to reduce competitiveness and promote solidarity among their membership, and those in the U.S. construction industry also serve as job brokers between workers and employers. In this capacity, the attempts of unions to address the temporary nature of construction work through regulating the distribution of job assignments may inadvertently promote fierce competition between laborers. As workers struggle to make sense of their own fortunes in a tightening labor market and the diminished political clout of unions overall, the organizational structuring of competition produces labor fragmentation and calls into question appeals to solidarity. This paper examines the relationship between job brokerage, labor competition, and the organization of work among unionized construction workers in the Western United States. As the focus of building trade unions shifts from protecting workers' interests against the exploitation of management to functioning essentially as staffing agencies, our study illuminates the ways in which these unions become a locus for the articulation of difference rather than solidarity. It also illustrates the challenges faced by organized labor in addressing its seemingly contradictory role in facilitating both individualist and collectivist identity formations.
Reliable microsatellite genotyping of the Eurasian badger (Meles meles) using faecal DNA

The potential link between badgers and bovine tuberculosis has made it vital to develop accurate techniques to census badgers. Here we investigate the potential of using genetic profiles obtained from faecal DNA as a basis for population size estimation. After trialling several methods we obtained a high amplification success rate (89%) by storing faeces in 70% ethanol and using the guanidine thiocyanate/silica method for extraction. Using 70% ethanol as a storage agent had the advantage of it being an antiseptic. In order to obtain reliable genotypes with fewer amplification reactions than the standard multiple‐tubes approach, we devised a comparative approach in which genetic profiles were compared and replication directed at similar, but not identical, genotypes. This modified method achieved a reduction in polymerase chain reactions comparable with the maximum‐likelihood model when just using reliability criteria, and was slightly better when using reliability criteria with the additional proviso that alleles must be observed twice to be considered reliable. Our comparative approach would be best suited for studies that include multiple faeces from each individual. We utilized our approach in a well‐studied population of badgers from which individuals had been sampled and reliable genotypes obtained. In a study of 53 faeces sampled from three social groups over 10 days, we found that direct enumeration could not be used to estimate population size, but that the application of mark–recapture models has the potential to provide more accurate results.
Cultural tourism research methods

Part 1 The Evolution of Cultural Tourism Research 1. Developments and Perspectives in Cultural Tourism Research 2. The Traditional Quantitative Approach. Surveying Cultural Tourists: Lessons from the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Research Project 3. A Comparison of Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches: Complementarities and Tradeoffs 4. Blurring Boundaries in Cultural Tourism Research Part 2 Mixed Qualitative - Quantitative Approaches 5. The Cultural Destination Experience Audit Applied to the Tourist-Historic City 6. Combining Methods for the Study of Visitor Behaviour at the Hungarian Open Air Museum 7. Employing the Grand Tour Approach to Aid Understanding of Garden Visiting 8. Multi-Method Research on Ethnic Cultural Tourism in Australia 9. Tracking the Urban Visitor: Methods for Examining Tourists' Spatial Behaviour and Visual Representations Part 3 Qualitative Approaches 10. An Application of Grounded Theory to Cultural Tourism Research: Resident Attitudes to Tourism Activity in Santiponce 11. Tales from the Field: Video and its Potential for Creating Cultural Tourism Knowledge 12. Using Photo-Based Interviews to Reveal the Significance of Heritage Buildings to Cultural Tourism Experiences 13. Measuring the Image of a Cultural Tourism Destination Through the Collage Technique Part 4 Interdisciplinary Approaches 14. Ethnographic Research on Cultural Tourism: An Anthropological View 15. From Local to Global (and Back): Towards Glocal Ethnographies of Cultural Tourism 16. Assembling the Socio-material Destination: An Actor-Network Approach to Cultural Tourism Studies 17. Methods in Cultural Tourism Research: The State of the Art.
The effect of supply and demand shocks on the non-market valuation of local public goods

For local public goods, supply or demand shocks may create periods during which it is welfare enhancing for households to undertake spatial arbitrage by relocating residentially. We point out that the magnitude and direction of the average benefit estimate obtained during such a transition period is likely to vary systematically depending upon the magnitude of the shock, the level of transaction costs and the extent to which other affected goods are substitutes or complements. We test a subset of our model's predictions using cross-sectional data on household demand for improved municipal services in post-socialist Romania. Our preliminary empirical analysis suggests that there have been substantial gains in welfare resulting from spatial adjustment following the opening up of housing markets. Furthermore, our results indicate that benefit estimates for improved water services during the transition may be substantially higher than long-run estimates. This limited evidence supports our concern that economists may recommend non-optimal levels of long-run investment, regulation, or user fees if they are unaware of the implications of future readjustment to supply or demand shocks.
In Vivo Glucose Utilization by Individual Tissues in Virgin and Pregnant Offspring of Severely Diabetic Rats

Adult offspring of diabetic rats or SDF rats are characterized by insulin resistance in the liver and extrahepatic tissues; this insulin resistance does not worsen during pregnancy. In this study, we determined the glucose metabolic index in tissues of anesthetized virgin and pregnant control and SDF rats in basal conditions and during a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. Tissues comprised insulin-sensitive tissues (five skeletal muscles, diaphragm, and periovarian white adipose tissue) and control tissues (duodenum and cerebrum). In addition, this study measured the GMI of placenta and fetuses. In basal conditions, SDF rats showed a slight decrease (9–29%) in the GMI of skeletal muscles compared with control rats; it was not altered by pregnancy in any of the tissues. During physiological hyperinsulinemia, virgin SDF rats exhibited a 25–70% decrease in the GMI of skeletal muscles compared with control rats; this decrease was not observed in diaphragm, or in adipose tissue in which the GMI was found to be increased. During pregnancy, SDF rats did not show an additional drop in the GMI of skeletal muscles, whereas the GMI of both skeletal muscles and adipose tissue was clearly diminished (25–60%) in control rats. The GMI of skeletal muscles was therefore comparable in pregnant control rats and SDF rats. The placental, but not fetal, GMI was increased by 24% during hyperinsulinemia in control rats; the placental and fetal GMIs, in basal and hyperinsulinemic conditions, were similar in control rats and SDF rats. In conclusion, skeletal muscles, but not white adipose tissue, are involved in the peripheral insulin resistance of the SDF rats. However, pregnancy does not induce a further decrease in glucose utilization by skeletal muscles in SDF rats.
Direct comparison of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy between Japan and USA: 3-year follow-up study.

OBJECTIVE Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) mimics myocardial infarction and is well defined and known to not only Japan but also western countries. However, whether or not there are differences in the characteristics of TC between Japan and USA remains unknown. PATIENTS Data for patients who had undergone urgent left heart catheterization for suspected acute coronary syndrome were retrospectively retrieved from Keio University School of Medicine (KUSM) database in Japan and Lahey Clinic Medical Center (LCMC) database in USA between 2002 and 2007. RESULTS During the study period, 626 coronary angiographies were performed in KUSM and 1,880 coronary angiographies were performed in LCMC. Twelve patients in Japan and 34 patients in USA met the inclusion criteria. Mean age of patients in Japan was 75 years where 92% were women, compared to 67 years and 94% women in USA. Although the prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus were similar between Japan and USA, there was a trend towards fewer patients in Japan displaying a history of coronary revascularization. Surprisingly, a family history of premature coronary artery disease (CAD) was present in 21% of USA patients, whereas no patients were present in Japan. There were no differences in the incidence of readmission for heart failure, cardiac death and TC recurrence during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION Patients with TC in Japan have fewer prior overt CAD and fewer family history of premature CAD, but no significant differences were found in the long-term prognosis and the recurrence rate between patients in Japan and USA.
Infection and cox 2 sequence of Pythium chondricola (Oomycetes) causing red rot disease in Pyropia yezoensis (Rhodophyta) in Korea

Copyright © 2017 The Korean Society of Phycology 155 http://e-algae.org pISSN: 1226-2617 eISSN: 2093-0860 Infection and cox2 sequence of Pythium chondricola (Oomycetes) causing red rot disease in Pyropia yezoensis (Rhodophyta) in Korea Soon Jeong Lee, Bo Young Jee, Maeng-Hyun Son and Sang-Rae Lee* Seaweed Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Mokpo 58746, Korea Aquatic Life Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Korea Marine Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
Changes in intrahousehold labor allocation to environmental goods collection

This study explores the impact of changes in environmental conditions on intrahousehold labor allocation to the collection of environmental goods such as fuelwood and leaf fodder for a sample of rural Nepali households. Using household-level panel data collected in 1982 and 1997, the study finds that household collection time significantly increases with measures of environmental resource scarcity, and that the increase appears to come almost equally from men and women. Additionally, the results of this study indicate that household collection burdens are significantly lower in 1997 than in 1982, and that women have seen the largest decrease in their time spent collecting. The picture is not an entirely rosy one, however, as consumption of environmental goods is also significantly lower in 1997 compared to 1982. The results taken together indicate that one should not hastily attribute decreases in collection labor burdens to successful forest rehabilitation in areas managed by forest user groups. In this case it appears that lower collection times are principally due to reduced consumption and increased collection from private land.
Functional Expression and Subcellular Localization of the Aflatoxin Pathway Enzyme Ver-1 Fused to Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein

ABSTRACT Aflatoxin, a mycotoxin synthesized by Aspergillus spp. , is among the most potent naturally occurring carcinogens known. Little is known about the subcellular organization of aflatoxin synthesis. Previously, we used transmission electron microscopy and immunogold labeling to demonstrate that the late aflatoxin enzyme OmtA localizes primarily to vacuoles in fungal cells on the substrate surface of colonies. In the present work, we monitored subcellular localization of Ver-1 in real time in living cells. Aspergillus parasiticus strain CS10-N2 was transformed with plasmid constructs that express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fused to Ver-1. Analysis of transformants demonstrated that EGFP fused to Ver-1 at either the N or C terminus functionally complemented nonfunctional Ver-1 in recipient cells. Western blot analysis detected predominantly full-length Ver-1 fusion proteins in transformants. Confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated that Ver-1 fusion proteins localized in the cytoplasm and in the lumen of up to 80% of the vacuoles in hyphae grown for 48 h on solid media. Control EGFP (no Ver-1) expressed in transformants was observed in only 13% of the vacuoles at this time. These data support a model in which middle and late aflatoxin enzymes are synthesized in the cytoplasm and transported to vacuoles, where they participate in aflatoxin synthesis.
A Pilot Study of Left Tracheal Pulse Oximetry

We tested the hypothesis that left tracheal pulse oximetry (Spo2) is more accurate than finger Spo2 when compared with oxygen saturation from arterial blood samples (Sao2) in anesthetized patients with normal thoracic anatomy. We also tested the hypothesis that tracheal oximetry readings are primarily derived from the tracheal mucosa. We studied 20 hemodynamically stable, well oxygenated, anesthetized patients with normal anatomy (ASA physical status I–III, 18–80 yr old). A single-use pediatric pulse oximeter was attached to the left lateral surface of a tracheal tube cuff. Tracheal and finger Spo2 (dominant index finger), and Sao2 (nondominant radial artery) were taken with the intracuff pressure at 0–60 cm H2O. Tracheal Spo2 was the same as Sao2 at an intracuff pressure of 10–60 cm H2O, but was less when the intracuff pressure was zero (P < 0.0001). Tracheal Spo2 was higher than finger Spo2 at an intracuff pressure of 10–60 cm H2O (all:P < 0.001), but was lower when the intracuff pressure was zero (P < 0.0001). Sao2 was always higher than finger Sao2 (P < 0.0001). Tracheal Spo2 was lower at an intracuff pressure of zero (P < 0.0001), but was otherwise similar over the range of intracuff pressures. Sao2 and finger Spo2 did not vary with intracuff pressure. Tracheal Spo2 agrees more closely with Sao2 than finger Spo2 at an intracuff pressure of 10–60 cm H2O (mean difference < 0.2%). We conclude that left tracheal Spo2 is feasible and provides similar readings to arterial blood samples and more accurate readings than finger oximetry in hemodynamically stable, well oxygenated, anesthetized patients with normal thoracic anatomy. Tracheal oximetry readings are not primarily derived from the tracheal mucosa. The technique merits further evaluation. Implications Tracheal oximetry is feasible and provides similar readings to arterial blood samples and more accurate readings than finger oximetry in hemodynamically stable, well oxygenated, anesthetized patients with normal thoracic anatomy. Tracheal oximetry readings are not primarily derived from the tracheal mucosa. The technique merits further evaluation.
Do Business Investment Incentives Promote Employment in Declining Areas? Evidence from EU Objective-2 Regions

To help address the large regional disparities in income that stubbornly persist across Europe, billions of euros have been invested in business investment incentives cofunded through the European Regional Development Fund. Since 1989, these incentives have been spatially targeted through various Structural Funds aimed at promoting economic and social cohesion among all European Union countries. ‘Objective 2’ of the Structural Funds aims to help revitalize those areas with persistently high unemployment and declining industrial production. Despite the continued popularity of these initiatives, no reliable ex-post empirical evidence of their impact is yet available to help EU policymakers refine future geographicallytargeted economic development policies. To begin to address the void, this article uses unique firm-specific data available for northern and central Italy to estimate a parametric difference in difference model that calculates the employment impact of the ‘Objective 2’ area business incentives net of all changes due to economic trends that are exogenous to the programme intervention. Mean impact results show that the incentives did promote positive employment growth in the target areas that would not have otherwise occurred. The analysis further finds that the incentives were most effective when targeting production in province–industry pairs that had the least severe declines during the years prior to the programme intervention.