Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The International Prognostic Index determines the outcome of patients with nodal mature T‐cell lymphomas

The World Health Organization (WHO) lymphoma classification recognises anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), angioimmunoblastic lymphoma (AIL) and peripheral T‐cell lymphoma, unspecified (PTCU) as nodal mature T‐cell lymphomas. Little is known about long‐term outcome and prognostic factors of these diseases. A retrospective analysis on 125 patients with ALCL, AIL or PTCU was performed to evaluate outcome parameters, taking into account histological subtype and the International Prognostic Index (IPI). Median age was 54 years (range 17–90 years). Complete remission (CR) was achieved in 51% of patients. Five‐year overall survival (OS) was 43%, and 5‐year relapse‐free survival was 69%. Five‐year OS was 61% for ALCL, 45% for PTCU and 28% for AIL. With regard to the IPI, 5‐year OS was 74%, 49%, 21% and 6% for the low, low‐intermediate, high‐intermediate and high risk groups, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, the IPI but not the histological subtype significantly predicted survival. To a large extent, the IPI score explains the differences in survival between histological subtypes of nodal mature T‐cell lymphomas. The IPI may therefore be used for risk stratification in clinical trials to identify patients who would benefit most from new treatment strategies, such as high‐dose chemotherapy followed by stem cell or bone marrow transplantation.
Prevalence and predictors of low vitamin D status in patients referred to a tertiary photodiagnostic service: a retrospective study

Low vitamin D levels have been associated with adverse effects on health. The primary source of vitamin D is cutaneous production during sunlight exposure. Sun avoidance can restrict vitamin D photosynthesis and is common practice amongst patients with photosensitivity. Few studies have examined vitamin D status in this population, particularly those in northern latitudes. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate the prevalence and possible predictors of low vitamin D status in patients referred to a tertiary photodiagnostic service.
Dependency-enhanced reordering model for Chinese-English SMT

This paper proposes a dependency-enhanced pre-reordering method for Chinese-English statistical machine translation (SMT). Firstly, two kinds of dependency structure-based rules are extracted based on the source-side dependency tree and corresponding word alignments between the source-side and the target-side sentences. Then a maximum entropy classifier is used to calculate the orientation probability in terms of swap or monotone between two rules. As a result, a reordering rule set is obtained. Two different ways are proposed to filter out the rule set. Afterwards, the dependency parsing trees of the training data, development set and the test set are traversed, and if the syntactic sub-tree structure matches the rules in the rule set, the word orders will be adjusted. Thus, a reordered source-side sentence is generated and then fed into an SMT system for translation. Experiments conducted on NIST Chinese-English MT data sets show that the proposed method significantly improves translation performance by 0.46 BLEU compared to the baseline system.
p.E66Q mutation in the GLA gene is associated with a high risk of cerebral small‐vessel occlusion in elderly Japanese males

GLA is the causative gene of Fabry disease, an X‐linked lysosomal storage disorder resulting from α‐galactosidase A (α‐GAL) deficiency. Stroke is an important manifestation of Fabry disease, and recent epidemiological studies have indicated that up to 4.9% of young male cryptogenic stroke patients have GLA mutations. To determine the importance of GLA mutations in the general stroke population, the frequency of GLA mutations in Japanese male ischaemic stroke (IS) patients with various risk factors and ages was measured.
Nonsurgical Management of Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction With Orthoses and Resistive Exercise: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background and Purpose: Tibialis posterior tendinopathy can lead to debilitating dysfunction. This study examined the effectiveness of orthoses and resistance exercise in the early management of tibialis posterior tendinopathy. Subjects: Thirty-six adults with stage I or II tibialis posterior tendinopathy participated in this study. Methods: Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups to complete a 12-week program of: (1) orthoses wear and stretching (O group); (2) orthoses wear, stretching, and concentric progressive resistive exercise (OC group); or (3) orthoses wear, stretching, and eccentric progressive resistive exercise (OE group). Pre-intervention and post-intervention data (Foot Functional Index, distance traveled in the 5-Minute Walk Test, and pain immediately after the 5-Minute Walk Test) were collected. Results: Foot Functional Index scores (total, pain, and disability) decreased in all groups after the intervention. The OE group demonstrated the most improvement in each subcategory, and the O group demonstrated the least improvement. Pain immediately after the 5-Minute Walk Test was significantly reduced across all groups after the intervention. Discussion and Conclusion: People with early stages of tibialis posterior tendinopathy benefited from a program of orthoses wear and stretching. Eccentric and concentric progressive resistive exercises further reduced pain and improved perceptions of function.
Cost‐effectiveness of the Norwegian breast cancer screening program

The Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Programme (NBCSP) has a nation‐wide coverage since 2005. All women aged 50–69 years are invited biennially for mammography screening. We evaluated breast cancer mortality reduction and performed a cost‐effectiveness analysis, using our microsimulation model, calibrated to most recent data. The microsimulation model allows for the comparison of mortality and costs between a (hypothetical) situation without screening and a situation with screening. Breast cancer incidence in Norway had a steep increase in the early 1990s. We calibrated the model to simulate this increase and included recent costs for screening, diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer and travel and productivity loss. We estimate a 16% breast cancer mortality reduction for a cohort of women, invited to screening, followed over their complete lifetime. Cost‐effectiveness is estimated at NOK 112,162 per QALY gained, when taking only direct medical costs into account (the cost of the buses, examinations, and invitations). We used a 3.5% annual discount rate. Cost‐effectiveness estimates are substantially below the threshold of NOK 1,926,366 as recommended by the WHO guidelines. For the Norwegian population, which has been gradually exposed to screening, breast cancer mortality reduction for women exposed to screening is increasing and is estimated to rise to ∼30% in 2020 for women aged 55–80 years. The NBCSP is a highly cost‐effective measure to reduce breast cancer specific mortality. We estimate a breast cancer specific mortality reduction of 16–30%, at the cost of 112,162 NOK per QALY gained.
Evidence for risk of bias in cluster randomised trials: review of recent trials published in three general medical journals

Abstract Objective To examine the prevalence of a risk of bias associated with the design and conduct of cluster randomised controlled trials among a sample of recently published studies. Design Retrospective review of cluster randomised trials published in the BMJ, Lancet, and New England Journal of Medicine from January 1997 to October 2002. Main outcome measures Prevalence of secure randomisation of clusters, identification of participants before randomisation (to avoid foreknowledge of allocation), differential recruitment between treatment arms, differential application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, and differential attrition. Results Of the 36 trials identified, 24 were published in the BMJ,11 in the Lancet, and a single trial in the New England Journal of Medicine. At the cluster level, 15 (42%) trials provided evidence for secure allocation and 25 (69%) used stratified allocation. Few trials showed evidence of imbalance at the cluster level. However, some evidence of susceptibility to risk of bias at the individual level existed in 14 (39%) studies. Conclusions Some recently published cluster randomised trials may not have taken adequate precautions to guard against threats to the internal validity of their design.
Our town: supporting the arts in communities throughout the United States

Why are a farm, a church, a museum, an arboretum, and a festival working together to create a new environmental arts center in rural Freeman, South Dakota? Why are a community loan fund and an office of economic and workforce development working with a local arts agency in San Francisco to secure permanent space for arts organizations? Why are a bank, an energy company, and a music organization collaborating on a series of pop-up performances in suburban Maize, Kansas? The answer: They are all working on projects funded by Our Town grants.
Rotational Thromboelastometry–Guided Hemostatic Therapy for Management of Cerebrospinal Fluid Catheter in Patients Undergoing Endovascular Aortic Repair

Objective Central neuraxial techniques are typically avoided in patients with underlying coagulopathy or abnormal coagulation tests. Vertebral canal hematoma is a rare but devastating complication of those procedures. Although the sensitivity and specificity of standard laboratory tests in predicting this event are rather poor or unknown, these tests are commonly used to allow or advise against the insertion of an epidural or spinal catheter. Furthermore, the role of viscoelastic point-of-care tests, which are widely used to monitor coagulation in the perioperative setting, is unexplored. Case Report We report a patient presenting for endovascular repair of a dissecting thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm, in which we placed a subarachnoid catheter for continuous cerebrospinal fluid drainage because of the high risk of spinal cord ischemia associated with the procedure. Unfortunately, the patient presented with an overt consumption coagulopathy that would have advised against performing any central neuraxial technique. Bedside monitoring, diagnosis, and goal-directed hemostatic therapy guided by thromboelastometry documented improved coagulation both at the time of insertion and removal of the subarachnoid device. No catheter-related complications occurred. Conclusions Thromboelastometry proved useful to guide hemostatic therapy before subarachnoid catheter placement and extraction in a patient with severe coagulopathy when standard coagulation tests were of less benefit.
Q- and E-band cryogenically-coolable amplifiers using AlInAs/GaInAs/InP HEMTs

Design, construction and performance of several cryogenically-coolable millimeter-wave amplifiers for radio astronomy applications, using AlInAs/GaInAs/InP HEMTs, are presented. The examples include a 40-50 GHz amplifier with an average noise temperature of about 15 K and a 60-80 GHz amplifier yielding a laboratory receiver noise temperature of 37 K at 60 GHz and 50 K at 75 GHz. <<ETX>>
Spirometrically-defined restrictive ventilatory defect: population variability and individual determinants.

BACKGROUND A spirometrically-defined restrictive ventilatory defect is a common finding when performing spirometry. AIMS We aimed to determine the frequency, geographical variation, individual consequences, and 'severity' of the restrictive ventilatory defect. METHODS A population-based study was conducted in Spain. The response rate from 11 participating centres was 88.9%, totalling 3,802 participants. A restrictive ventilatory defect was defined according to pre-bronchodilator spirometry as forced expiratory volume in 1s/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) >0.70 and a predicted FVC <80%, in accordance with current American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society guidelines. RESULTS The prevalence of a restrictive ventilatory defect was 12.7% (95% CI 9.7% to 15.7%), with the highest in Seville (19.4%) and Burgos (18.5%) and the lowest in Oviedo (5.2%) and Madrid-La Princesa (5.7%) (p<0.000). Although most of the participants (97.1%) with a restrictive ventilatory defect were objectively considered 'mild' by spirometry (%predicted FVC 50-80%), they reported more phlegm, dyspnoea, and wheezing than healthy control participants (p<0.000), and scored worse in all St George's Respiratory Questionnaire domains of quality of life and activities of daily living (p<0.000). Interestingly, they scored similarly to participants with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in both (p=0.102 and p=0.217). In a multivariate analysis, older age, male gender, heavy smoking, low education, and high body mass index were independently associated with having a restrictive ventilatory defect. CONCLUSIONS A restrictive ventilatory defect in spirometry is a common finding (12.7%) with a highly variable geographical distribution (range 3.7) whose population burden is important in terms of quality of life and activities of daily living and similar to that of an obstructive pattern compatible with COPD.
A study of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive (ADAS-Cog) in an Icelandic elderly population

The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS) is designed for screening of cognitive and non-cognitive dysfunctions characteristic of persons with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD). The cognitive part of the scale (ADAS-Cog) is both convenient for screening of probable AD and as a measure of cognitive functioning during drug intervention. The aim of this study was to translate the ADAS-Cognitive sub-test (ADAS-Cog) into Icelandic and to study its application in an elderly Icelandic population. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the ADAS-Cog were administered to 20 AD patients and 20 controls. Each patient was also rated on the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS). The probable AD patients were divided into two groups based on their GDS: 3-4 and 5-6 points. The patients were also divided into two groups based on their MMSE score: very mild to mild (23-30 points) and mild to moderate (15-22 points). Furthermore, the subjects were divided into two age groups: 65-76 and 77-92 years. Results revealed a highly significant difference on MMSE (22.3 - 3.4; 26.8 - 1.6; P < 0.05) and ADAS-Cog (18.4 - 7.7; 7.3 - 3.5; P < 0.05) scores for patients and controls respectively. AD patients also performed significantly worse than the elderly control group on eight of the 11 sub-tests. Thus, the present findings are mainly in line with those of previous studies. The scale exceeds other screening tests such as the MMSE in that it addresses in more detail the symptoms of AD and is valuable for early detection of the illness and staging. ADAS-Cog plays an important role in the diagnostic makeup of AD along with other detailed investigations, such as neuropsychological assessment.
II. PET Studies of Memory: Novel versus Practiced Free Recall of Word Lists

Positron emission tomography (PET) with the tracer H215O was used to measure regional cerebral blood flow in 13 healthy volunteers while they engaged in free recall of 15-item word lists from the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning task. The study was designed so that recall of well-practiced versus novel material could be compared. One week before the PET study, subjects were trained to perfect recall of List A, while they were exposed to list B only 60 s prior to PET data acquisition. As in the companion study of free recall of complex narratives, we observed that practice tended to decrease the size of activations in regions involved in the memory component of the task; we also observed that the novel recall task produced greater activation in left frontal regions, probably due to active encoding. A commonality of other regions observed in this pair of studies, as well as other studies of memory in the literature, suggests that the human brain may contain a distributed multinodal general memory system. Nodes on this network include the frontal, parietal, and temporal cortices, the thalamus, the anterior and posterior cingulate, the precuneus, and the cerebellum. There appears to be a commonality of components across tasks (e.g., retrieval, encoding) that is independent of content, as well as differentiation of some components that may be content-specific or tasks-specific. In addition, these results support a significant role for the cerebellum in cognitive functions such as memory.
Light scattering and transmission electron microscopy studies reveal a mechanism for calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II self‐association

Calmodulin (CaM)‐kinase II holoenzymes composed of either α or β subunits were analyzed using light scattering to determine a mechanism for self‐association. Under identical reaction conditions, only αCaM‐kinase II holoenzymes self‐associated. Self‐association was detected at a remarkably low enzyme concentration (0.14 µm or 7 µg/mL). Light scattering revealed two phases of self‐association: a rapid rise that peaked, followed by a slower decrease that stabilized after 2–3 min. Electron microscopy identified that the rapid rise in scattering was due to the formation of loosely packed clusters of holoenzymes that undergo further association into large complexes of several microns in diameter over time. Self‐association required activation by Ca2+/CaM and was strongly dependent on pH. Self‐association was not detected at pH 7.5, however, the extent of this process increased as reaction pH decreased below 7.0. A peptide substrate (autocamtide‐2) and inhibitor (AIP) designed from the autoregulatory domain of CaM‐kinase II potently prevented self‐association, whereas the peptide substrate syntide‐2 did not. Thus, CaM‐kinase II self‐association is isoform specific, regulated by the conditions of activation, and is inhibited by peptides that bind to the catalytic domain likely via their autoregulatory‐like sequence. A model for CaM‐kinase II self‐association is presented whereby catalytic domains in one holoenzyme interact with the regulatory domains in neighboring holoenzymes. These intersubunit–interholoenzyme autoinhibitory interactions could contribute to both the translocation and inactivation of CaM‐kinase II previously reported in models of ischemia.
Timing and Localization of Rhamnolipid Synthesis Gene Expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms

ABSTRACT Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms can develop mushroom-like structures with stalks and caps consisting of discrete subpopulations of cells. Self-produced rhamnolipid surfactants have been shown to be important in development of the mushroom-like structures. The quorum-sensing-controlled rhlAB operon is required for rhamnolipid synthesis. We have introduced an rhlA-gfp fusion into a neutral site in the P. aeruginosa genome to study rhlAB promoter activity in rhamnolipid-producing biofilms. Expression of the rhlA-gfp fusion in biofilms requires the quorum-sensing signal butanoyl-homoserine lactone, but other factors are also required for expression. Early in biofilm development rhlA-gfp expression is low, even in the presence of added butanoyl-homoserine lactone. Expression of the fusion becomes apparent after microcolonies with a depth of >20 μm have formed and, as shown by differential labeling with rfp or fluorescent dyes, rhlA-gfp is preferentially expressed in the stalks rather than the caps of mature mushrooms. The rhlA-gfp expression pattern is not greatly influenced by addition of butanoyl-homoserine lactone to the biofilm growth medium. We propose that rhamnolipid synthesis occurs in biofilms after stalks have formed but prior to capping in the mushroom-like structures. The differential expression of rhlAB may play a role in the development of normal biofilm architecture.
Conservation of water molecules in an antibody–antigen interaction

The solvation of the antibody–antigen Fv D1.3–lysozyme complex is investigated through a study of the conservation of water molecules in crystal structures of the wild‐type Fv fragment of antibody D1.3, 5 free lysozyme, the wild‐type Fv D1.3–lysozyme complex, 5 Fv D1.3 mutants complexed with lysozyme and the crystal structure of an idiotope (Fv D1.3)‐abti‐idiotope (Fv E5.2) complex. In all, there are 99 water molecules common to the wild‐type and mutant antibody–lysozyme complexes. The antibody–lysozyme interface includes 25 well‐ordered solvent molecules, conserved among the wild‐type and mutant Fv D1.3–lysozyme complexes, which are bound directly or through other water molecules to both antibody and antigen. In addition to contributing hydrogen bonds to the antibody–antigen interaction the solvent molecules fill many interface cavities. Comparison with x‐ray crystal structures of free Fv D1.3 and free lysozyme shows that 20 of these conserved interface waters in the complex were bound to one of the free proteins. Uo to 23 additional water molecules are also found in the antibody–antigen interface, however these waters do no bridge antibody and antigen and their temperature factors are much higher than those of the 25 well‐ordered waters. Fifteen water molecules are displaced to form the complex, some of which are substituted by hydrophilic protein atoms, and 5 water molecules are added at the antibody–antigen interface with the formation of the complex. While the current crystal models of the D1.3–lysozyme complex do not demonstrate the increase in bound waters found in a physico‐chemical study of the interaction at decreased water activities, the 25 well‐ordered interface water contribute a net gain of 10 hydrogen bonds to complex stability.
Effects of incomplete pulmonary gas exchange on VO2 max.

Recent evidence suggests that heavy exercise may lower the percentage of O2 bound to hemoglobin (%SaO2) by greater than or equal to 5% below resting values in some highly trained endurance athletes. We tested the hypothesis that pulmonary gas exchange limitations may restrict VO2max in highly trained athletes who exhibit exercise-induced hypoxemia. Twenty healthy male volunteers were divided into two groups according to their physical fitness status and the demonstration of exercise-induced reductions in %SaO2 less than or equal to 92%: 1) trained (T), mean VO2max = 56.5 ml.kg-1.min-1 (n = 13) and 2) highly trained (HT) with maximal exercise %SaO2 less than or equal to 92%, mean VO2max = 70.1 ml.kg-1.min-1 (n = 7). Subjects performed two incremental cycle ergometer exercise tests to determine VO2max at sea level under normoxic (21% O2) and mild hyperoxic conditions (26% O2). Mean %SaO2 during maximal exercise was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) during hyperoxia compared with normoxia in both the T group (94.1 vs. 96.1%) and the HT group (90.6 vs. 95.9%). Mean VO2max was significantly elevated (P less than 0.05) during hyperoxia compared with normoxia in the HT group (74.7 vs. 70.1 ml.kg-1.min-1). In contrast, in the T group, no mean difference (P less than 0.05) existed between treatments in VO2max (56.5 vs. 57.1 ml.kg-1.min-1). These data suggest that pulmonary gas exchange may contribute significantly to the limitation of VO2max in highly trained athletes who exhibit exercise-induced reductions in %SaO2 at sea level. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)