Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Density gradients of trans‐synaptically labeled collicular neurons after injections of rabies virus in the lateral rectus muscle of the rhesus monkey

We evaluated the two‐dimensional distribution of superior colliculus (SC) neurons visualized after retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus injected into the lateral rectus muscle of rhesus monkeys to test whether the density of projection neurons might play a role in the spatiotemporal transformation and vector decomposition. If this were the case, the number of horizontal eye movement‐related SC neurons should increase with their distance from the rostral pole of the SC and decrease with their distance from the representation of the horizontal meridian. Labeled neurons of the intermediate SC layers were counted inside a 1‐mm‐wide band that matched the horizontal meridian of the collicular motor map. Local areal densities were plotted against distance from the rostral SC pole. At 2.5 days after inoculation, there was no labeling in the SC. At 3 days, moderate labeling appeared on both sides, mostly in the intermediate layers. At 3.5 days, cell numbers substantially increased and the laminar distribution changed as cells appeared in the superficial SC layers. At 3 days, rostrocaudal density profiles were unimodal, with peaks at locations near 50 degrees (contralateral SC) and 25–30 degrees (ipsilateral SC) horizontal eccentricity. At 3.5 days, distributions were bimodal due to the appearance of a second high‐density region near the rostral pole of the SC. The distribution of SC neurons influencing the abducens nucleus, thus, was nonuniform. Caudal sites contained more neurons, but the experimentally observed density gradients were shallower than the theoretically predicted ones that would be necessary to fully account for the spatiotemporal transformation. Similarly, we studied the distributions of cell densities in the intermediate SC layers along an isoamplitude line (representing saccades of equal amplitudes but different directions). Consistent with theoretical estimates of the density gradients required for vector decomposition, we found that the concentrations of labeled cells were highest in the vicinity of the horizontal meridian but their decrease toward the periphery of the motor map was steeper than predicted. We conclude that SC cell density gradients cannot fully account for the spatiotemporal transformation and vector decomposition in the absence of an additional mechanism such as the previously demonstrated (Grantyn et al., [ 1997 ] Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 23:1295; Moschovakis et al., [ 1998 ] J. Neurosci. 18:10219–10229) locus‐dependent weighting of the strength of efferent projections to the saccade generators. J. Comp. Neurol. 451:346–361, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ability and Trait Complex Predictors of Academic and Job Performance: A Person–Situation Approach

A battery of cognitive ability, knowledge, and non-ability measures were administered to 105 college students enrolled in a cooperative school-work program and used to predict academic and job performance. Composite scores for each domain were derived from factor analyses of 11 measures of verbal, numerical, and spatial abilities, four measures of domain knowledge, and 27 measures of personality and motivational traits, vocational interests, and self-assessments. Both ability and non-ability trait composites were significant predictors of academic performance, but only the non-ability trait composites predicted job performance. Implications for the integrative assessment of individual differences and their predictive validities for performance in different active work contexts, as well as the importance of trait composites across contexts, are discussed. Un ensemble de mesures relatives aux connaissances, aux aptitudes et autres dimensions furent obtenues aupres de 105 etudiants de 1° cycle impliques dans un programme de travail scolaire cooperatif, avec pour objectif de predire les resultats universitaires et la performance au travail. Des scores composites pour chacun de ces deux domaines ont ete constitues a partir d'analyses factorielles des onze mesures des aptitudes verbale, numerique et spatiale, des quatre mesures portant sur les connaissances et des 27 mesures relevant de traits de personnalite, de la motivation, des interets professionnels et de l'auto-evaluation. Les scores des aptitudes et des traits de personnalite furent des predicteurs significatifs du succes universitaire, mais seuls ces derniers ont predit la performance au travail. On reflechit aux consequences sur l'evaluation synthetique des differences individuelles et leur validite predictive de la performance dans differents contextes de travail productif, ainsi que sur l'importance des scores composites selon les situations.
RNA Interference-Mediated Knockdown of Dynamin 2 Reduces Endocannabinoid Uptake into Neuronal dCAD Cells

The precise mechanism by which the cellular uptake of the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) occurs has been the source of much debate. In the current study, we show that neuronal differentiated CAD (dCAD) cells accumulate anandamide by a process that is inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)arachidonylamide (AM404). We also show that dCAD cells express functional fatty acid amide hydrolase, the enzyme primarily responsible for anandamide metabolism. Previous data from our laboratory indicated that anandamide uptake occurs by a caveolae-related endocytic mechanism in RBL-2H3 cells. In the current study, we show that anandamide uptake by dCAD cells may also occur by an endocytic process that is associated with detergent-resistant membrane microdomains or lipid rafts. Nystatin and progesterone pretreatment of dCAD cells significantly inhibited anandamide accumulation. Furthermore, RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of dynamin 2, a protein involved in endocytosis, blocked the internalization of the fluorescently labeled anandamide analog SKM 4-45-1 ([3′,6′-bis(acetyloxy)-3-oxospiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),9′-[9H]xanthen-5-yl]-2-[[1-oxo-5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenyl]amino]ethyl ester carbamic acid). RNAi-mediated knockdown of the β2 subunit of the clathrin-associated activator protein 2 complex had no effect on SKM 4-45-1 internalization. We were surprised to find that dynamin 2 knockdown in dCAD cells did not affect [3H]AEA uptake. However, dynamin 2 knockdown caused a significant increase in the overall levels of intact [3H]AEA associated with the cells, suggesting that trafficking of [3H]AEA to FAAH had been disrupted. This finding may be the result of an accumulation of the anandamide carrier protein in detergent-resistant membranes after dynamin 2 knockdown. Our studies provide evidence that the cellular uptake of anandamide may occur by a dynamin 2-dependent, caveolae-related endocytic process in dCAD cells.
Transformation of extended actigram star to BPMN2.0 and simulation model in the frame of model driven service engineering architecture

Cooperation between different enterprises to provide product and related services has become a must in order to set up win-win alliances and benefit better from market opportunities. This evolution has encountered several problems, like interoperability when trying to exchange data between heterogeneous systems. This paper shows how a model-driven approach can be an answer to service system implementation and interoperability problems. In particular it details the necessity to provide transformation mechanisms from conceptual description here Extended Actigram Star (EA*) models to more technical models such as BPMN 2.0 models. At the end the paper describes a last transformation to G-DEVS simulation models in order to validate, thanks to simulation, some behavioral properties of the BPMN model before going to implementation.
Low-Cost Approach Based on an Eigenfrequency Method to Obtain the Dispersion Diagram in CRLH Structures

A novel method to obtain the dispersion diagram of a composite right/left-handed (CRLH) unit-cell is presented. This method is based on CRLH transmission-line (TL) theory and on the structure eigenfrequencies. First, it is shown that computing the dispersion diagram of an M unit cell CRLH TL only needs three eigenfrequencies. Then, it is shown that this method drastically reduces the total computation time to obtain the CRLH unit cell dispersion diagram (from several hours to a few minutes). A four cell resonator has been designed and built to show the accuracy of the proposed method. Good agreement between the measured prototype and resonant frequencies provided by the dispersion diagram obtained with the eigenfrequency method has been achieved
The Impact of the National Minimum Wage on the Labour Market Outcomes of Young Workers Research Report Prepared for the Uk Low Pay Commission Executive Summary

In this report, we analyze the impact of the national minimum wage (NMW) in the UK on employment of young workers. Our methodological approach is twofold. First, we address the impact of the age-related increases in the NMW at the ages of 18 and 22: workers below these limits are subject to substantially lower rates than their older counterparts. Second, we look at the impact of the NMW on employment more broadly by considering the impact of NMW increases since its introduction in 1999. The previous literature on the employment effect of the NMW so far has found little evidence of an adverse impact on the UK labour market. In contrast, we find evidence of a negative effect using both approaches. In the first part of this report, we utilize the regression discontinuity approach to assess the effect of the age-related increases in the NMW rates that workers undergo when they reach 18 and 22 years of age. In the UK, workers aged 16-17, 18-21 and above 22 are subject to different NMW rates; turning 18 and 22 therefore implies a substantial wage increase amounting approximately to 35% and 20%, respectively. 1 Previous research by Dickens, Riley and Wilkinson (2010) suggested that the age-related increase in the NMW rate upon turning 22 in fact boosts employment of unskilled young workers. This goes against (some) international evidence on the employment effect as well as against predictions of standard economic theory; Dickens, Riley and Wilkinson explain it as a supply response to higher wages. We revisit their finding with a slightly longer data series (our data contains three additional quarters). Importantly, our approach to evaluating the effect of the regression discontinuity is different from theirs: while they only consider the effect of reaching the relevant age threshold (captured by a dummy variable distinguishing those above the threshold), we also take into account the fact that the effect of age on employment may be different before and after the threshold. Our results fail to find any effect of turning 22 on employment, whether for unskilled or skilled workers. When considering all workers, we find that the effect is negative but not significant. For unskilled workers, we estimate a positive coefficient for the dummy representing the age threshold, but the overall effect, combining the coefficient of the dummy with the changed effect of age, is not significant. Instead, we find a significant and negative …
The role of semantic relatedness in producing the revelation effect: A test of the global-matching model

The revelation effect is a robust episodic memory phenomenon where individuals are more likely to report that they recognise an item when it is judged after an interpolated task than when it is not. Westerman and Greene proposed a global-matching model explanation of the effect, according to which the recognition bias results from the interpolated task activating information in memory. It follows from this prediction that the magnitude of the revelation effect should vary linearly with the degree to which revealed and test stimuli are related. The present experiment found that the magnitude of the revelation effect varied monotonically as a function of the degree to which revealed items (words) were semantically related to test items, especially for false alarms, thereby providing empirical support for the global-matching account. The results are discussed in terms of familiarity-based and criterion-based explanations of the revelation effect.
Routing in VANETs: A fuzzy constraint Q-Learning approach

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) can be used for the purpose of driving assistance, environment monitoring and entertainment. However, due to the vehicle movement, limited wireless resources and lossy feature of wireless channel, providing a reliable multi-hop communication in VANETs is particularly challenging. In this paper, we propose a VANET routing protocol which learns the optimal route by employing a fuzzy constraint Q-Learning algorithm. The protocol uses a fuzzy logic to evaluate a wireless link is whether good or not by considering multiple metrics of signal strength, available bandwidth and relative vehicle movement. Based on the evaluation of each wireless link, the proposed protocol learns the best route using the route request messages and hello messages. Upon reception of a route request message, each node maintains an evaluation value for each possible next hop node. In this way, the protocol can choose the best route, which is difficult to acquire in a typical reactive routing protocol. We show the effectiveness of the proposed protocol by using computer simulations.
Functions of Ubiquitin and SUMO in DNA Replication and Replication Stress

Complete and faithful duplication of its entire genetic material is one of the essential prerequisites for a proliferating cell to maintain genome stability. Yet, during replication DNA is particularly vulnerable to insults. On the one hand, lesions in replicating DNA frequently cause a stalling of the replication machinery, as most DNA polymerases cannot cope with defective templates. This situation is aggravated by the fact that strand separation in preparation for DNA synthesis prevents common repair mechanisms relying on strand complementarity, such as base and nucleotide excision repair, from working properly. On the other hand, the replication process itself subjects the DNA to a series of hazardous transformations, ranging from the exposure of single-stranded DNA to topological contortions and the generation of nicks and fragments, which all bear the risk of inducing genomic instability. Dealing with these problems requires rapid and flexible responses, for which posttranslational protein modifications that act independently of protein synthesis are particularly well suited. Hence, it is not surprising that members of the ubiquitin family, particularly ubiquitin itself and SUMO, feature prominently in controlling many of the defensive and restorative measures involved in the protection of DNA during replication. In this review we will discuss the contributions of ubiquitin and SUMO to genome maintenance specifically as they relate to DNA replication. We will consider cases where the modifiers act during regular, i.e., unperturbed stages of replication, such as initiation, fork progression, and termination, but also give an account of their functions in dealing with lesions, replication stalling and fork collapse.
Deep and Hierarchical Implicit Models

Implicit probabilistic models are a flexible class for modeling data. They define a process to simulate observations, and unlike traditional models, they do not require a tractable likelihood function. In this paper, we develop two families of models: hierarchical implicit models and deep implicit models. They combine the idea of implicit densities with hierarchical Bayesian modeling and deep neural networks. The use of implicit models with Bayesian analysis has been limited by our ability to perform accurate and scalable inference. We develop likelihood-free variational inference (LFVI). Key to LFVI is specifying a variational family that is also implicit. This matches the model's flexibility and allows for accurate approximation of the posterior. Our work scales up implicit models to sizes previously not possible and advances their modeling design. We demonstrate diverse applications: a large-scale physical simulator for predator-prey populations in ecology; a Bayesian generative adversarial network for discrete data; and a deep implicit model for text generation.
Scaffolding Students’ Online Critiquing of Expert- and Peer-generated Molecular Models of Chemical Reactions

In this study, we developed online critiquing activities using an open-source computer learning environment. We investigated how well the activities scaffolded students to critique molecular models of chemical reactions made by scientists, peers, and a fictitious peer, and whether the activities enhanced the students' understanding of science models and chemical reactions. The activities were implemented in an eighth-grade class with 28 students in a public junior high school in southern Taiwan. The study employed mixed research methods. Data collected included pre- and post-instructional assessments, post-instructional interviews, and students' electronic written responses and oral discussions during the critiquing activities. The results indicated that these activities guided the students to produce overall quality critiques. Also, the students developed a more sophisticated understanding of chemical reactions and scientific models as a result of the intervention. Design considerations for effective model critiquing activities are discussed based on observational results, including the use of peer-generated artefacts for critiquing to promote motivation and collaboration, coupled with critiques of scientific models to enhance students' epistemological understanding of model purpose and communication.
Quantization Noise as Superposition of Frequency-Modulated Sinusoids

A closed-form deterministic description of the quantization noise introduced by an infinite uniform quantizer as a function of an arbitrary input signal is given. The quantization noise can be regarded as a superposition of frequency-modulated (FM) sinusoids. For a band-limited Gaussian noise input signal, the power density spectrum of the quantization noise is derived. For a discrete-time system, conditions for the quantization noise being uniformly distributed and spectrally white are given. The analytic expressions are in excellent agreement with simulation results.
The neural basis of drug craving : an ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ tive ~ sensiti ~ atiun theory of addiction

This paper presents a ~ops~holog~~l theory of drug addiction, the ‘Incentjve-Sensitization Theory’. The theory addresses three ~ndamental questions. The first is: why do addicts crave drugs? Thar is, what is the psychological. and neurobiologicat basis of drug craving? The second is: why does drug craving persist even after long periods of abstinence? The third is whether ‘wanting’ drugs (drug craving) is attributable to ‘Eking drugs (to the subjective pleasurable effects of drugs)? The theory posits the following. (13 Addictive drugs share the ability to enhance mesotelencephalic dopamine neurorransmission. (2) One psychological function of this neural system is to attribute ‘incentive salience’ to the perception and mental representation of events associated with activation of the system. Incentive salience is a psychotogicai process that transforms the perception of stimuli, imbuing them with salience, mating them attractive, ‘wanted’, incentive stimuli. (3) in some individuals the repeated use of addictive drugs produces incremental neuroadaptations in this neural system, rendering it increasingly and perhaps permanently, hypersensitive (‘sensitized’) to drugs and drug-associated stimuli. The sensitization of dopamine systems is gated by associative learning, which causes excessive incentive salience to be attributed to the act of drug taking and to stimuli associated with drug taking. It is specifically the sensitization of inmntive salience, therefore, that transforms ordinary ‘wanting’ into excessive drug craving. (41 It is further proposed that sensitJzation of the neural systems responsible for incentive salience (for ‘wanting’) can occur independently of changes in neural systems that mediate the subjective pleasurable effects of drugs <drug “Wing’) and of neural systems that mediate withdrawal. Thus, sensitization of incentive salience can produce addictive behavior (compulsive drug seeking and drug taking) even if the expectation of drug pleasure or the aversive properties of withdrawal are dimirrished and even in the face of strong disincentives, including the loss of ~e~~tat~o~, jab, hame and Family. We review evidence for this view of addiction and discuss its implicaPions for understanding the psychoiugy and neurobiology of addiction.
The Effect of Walterinnesia aegyptia Venom Proteins on TCA Cycle Activity and Mitochondrial NAD+-Redox State in Cultured Human Fibroblasts

Fibroblast cultures were used to study the effects of crude Walterinnesia aegyptia venom and its F1-F7 protein fractions on TCA cycle enzyme activities and mitochondrial NAD-redox state. Confluent cells were incubated with 10 μg of venom proteins for 4 hours at 37°C. The activities of all studied TCA enzymes and the non-TCA mitochondrial NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase underwent significant reductions of similar magnitude (50-60% of control activity) upon incubation of cells with the crude venom and fractions F4, F5, and F7 and 60-70% for fractions F3 and F6. In addition, the crude and fractions F3-F7 venom proteins caused a drop in mitochondrial NAD(+) and NADP(+) levels equivalent to around 25% of control values. Whereas the crude and fractions F4, F5, and F7 venom proteins caused similar magnitude drops in NADH and NADPH (around 55% of control levels), fractions F3 and F6 caused a more drastic drop (60-70% of control levels) of both reduced coenzymes. Results indicate that the effects of venom proteins could be directed at the mitochondrial level and/or the rates of NAD(+) and NADP(+) biosynthesis.
TCP SYN Flooding Defense

The TCP SYN ooding denial-of-service attack pointed out a weakness of then-current Internet protocols. There have since been many proposals to defend against SYN ooding, some requiring signiicant changes to TCP. Several solutions attempting to resolve the TCP weakness are now generally available. We document these existing solutions and qualitatively compare them. We reene the analysis of the random drop approach and derive a simple and general way to improve its performance. Finally we show, through both analytical and packet-level simulations, the ee-cacy of the random drop approach in a variety of operating conditions.