Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why estimates of physician supply and requirements disagree.

Objective. —To review the major forecasts of physician supply and physician requirements. Data Sources. —English-language medical literature on physician manpower published between 1980 and 1990, identified from journal articles selected through searches of the MEDLINE and Health Planning and Administration databases using the search formulations physician supply, health manpower— physicians, and physician manpower . Study Selection. —Sources were selected if they were repeatedly cited and provided quantitative projections. Data Extraction. —Each study was reviewed for its quantitative projections and to identify its methodological assumptions. Data Synthesis. —All forecasts point to a steadily increasing physician supply and, with one exception, suggest that supply will exceed requirements in the year 2000. The estimates of physician supply across studies varied primarily because of differing assumptions about entrance rates into the profession and the size and clinical work load of specific categories of physicians: researchers, teachers, administrators, residents, and women. The estimates of physician requirements were more volatile because of differences in the basic approach and assumptions about future growth and market structure. Conclusions. —Even though the measurement of entrance and exit rates from the profession is a generally accepted approach to forecasting supply, apparently minor disagreements on assumptions create large discrepancies between forecasts over time. There is no accepted approach to forecasting physician requirements. ( JAMA . 1993;269:2659-2663)
A tutorial on calculating source impedance ratios for determining line length

Classifying the length of a line is an important step in determining the transmission line protection philosophy and relay settings. The length of a line can be defined by physical distance, impedance, or its source impedance ratio (SIR). The SIR is the ratio of the source impedance, ZS, to the line impedance, ZL. The SIR is well established in the industry as the preferred method for classifying the electrical length of a line for the purpose of setting protective relays. Many references discuss setting criteria and performance specifications relative to the SIR. However, very few references define the proper method for calculating the source impedance to use in the ratio. The transmission system is a complex network with many sources and branches, and the topology of the network can have a major effect on the results, depending on the method used. This paper analyzes several methods in common usage and presents a simple method that provides a better result. The effect of the SIR on line relay settings and examples of various transmission network topologies are discussed.
Should Social Security numbers be replaced by modern, more secure identifiers?

Social Security numbers (SSNs) were originally developed as unique identifiers well before recent times when sophisticated methods of using and combining data files became available. Although the main legislated uses of SSNs are by the Social Security Administration (SSA) and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), SSNs have become ubiquitous as identifiers in both credit files and even health-related files. With many files, the SSN, along with other identifying information such as name, address, telephone number, and date-of-birth, is the primary means of corroborating that an individual from one data source is the same individual in another data source (1).
Generating functions and lower bounds on rates for limited error-correcting codes

Runlength-limited (RLL) and digital-sum-limited (DSL) codes are considered. For these codes the finite and asymptotic lower bounds on achievable rates for the given minimum Hamming distance are derived. Using generating functions and trellis diagram techniques, the authors prove the existence of RLL- and DSL-codes of rate R and minimum distance d= delta n, such that R>or=2.log lambda /sub 1/(0)-min(log lambda /sub 1/(z)- delta . log z), 0 >
Rethinking cellular network planning and optimization

To meet the ever increasing demand of wireless services for high data rates and mobility, mobile communication systems have evolved from the first generation cellular network to the current 4G one. The core purpose of a cellular network is to provide users with guaranteed QoS and seamless coverage throughout the service area. In the early stage, this task is achieved by installing cells at candidate sites and configuring their parameters as optimally as possible. Generally, each cell is assigned a dedicated operating frequency, and its adjacent cells operate on different frequencies to avoid inter-cell interference. As the evolution of the cellular network proceeds, advanced signal processing techniques, such as coordinated multipoint transmission and reception, and inter-cell interference coordination, are rising as promising solutions to improve the system performance, which on the other hand inevitably increase the CAPEX and OPEX of the cellular system. Besides, as the deployment of cells becomes denser and denser, it is more and more difficult and expensive to obtain capacity or QoS gains with these signal processing techniques. In this article, we rethink the cellular network planning issue in the context of heterogeneous networking, which is widely accepted as a cost-efficient paradigm to enhance the performance of the cellular system. We point out that the essential objectives of designing a cellular network, coverage and capacity, can also be achieved in heterogeneous networking scenarios using a cutting-edge territory division technique, which divides a service region into multiple subregions with almost equal traffic loads. We develop a dynamic cellular network planning framework that can significantly reduce the CAPEX and OPEX of the system. The QoS for users can also be enhanced while shifting away from employing complex and costly signal processing techniques.
Community Detection in Social Network with Outlier Recognition

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Received: 15 November, 2017 Accepted: 05 February, 2018 Online: 08 March, 2018 Exploring communities and outliers in Social Network is based on considering of some nodes have overlapped neighbor node within the same group as well as some nodes have no any link to the other node or have no any overlapped value. The existing approaches are based on the overlapping community detection method were only defined the overlap nodes or group of overlap nodes without thinking of which nodes might have individual communities or which nodes are outliers. Detecting communities can be used the similarity measure based on neighborhood overlapping of nodes and identified nodes so called outliers which cannot be grouped into any of the communities. This paper proposed method to detect communities and outliers from Edge Structure with neighborhood overlap by using nodes similarity. The result implies the best quality with modularity measurement which leads to more accurate communities as well as improved their density after removing outliers in the network structure.
GQ($\lambda$) Quick Reference and Implementation Guide

This document should serve as a quick reference for and guide to the implementation of linear GQ($\lambda$), a gradient-based off-policy temporal-difference learning algorithm. Explanation of the intuition and theory behind the algorithm are provided elsewhere (e.g., Maei & Sutton 2010, Maei 2011). If you questions or concerns about the content in this document or the attached java code please email Adam White (adam.white@ualberta.ca). The code is provided as part of the source files in the arXiv submission.
Sex Hormone Priming for Growth Hormone Stimulation Testing in Pre- and Early Adolescent Children Is Evidence Based

This question, challenging the conclusions of the above studies, was raised in a recent review [5] and reflects contemporary pediatric endocrinology practice; in Europe, sex steroid priming was used for boys by 50% and for girls by 41% of the survey respondents in 2001 [6] , and in the USA by only a third of the respondents in 1995 [7] . The arguments for abandoning this ‘useful and necessary adjunct’ were that ‘sex hormone priming leads to underdiagnosis of peripubertal children with transient GH deficiency that could have benefited from GH treatment’, and that, ‘[t]he increased availability of biosynthetic GH has voided the necessity for strict fulfillment of clinical and biochemical criteria before prescribing GH therapy’ [5] . There is no experimental support for these arguments. The conclusion of the review was that it would be ‘prudent to prime patients with delayed puberty, i.e. girls aged 1 11.5–12 years and boys aged 1 13–13.5 years who show only initial pubertal signs or none at all’ [5] . This recommendation is not only inconsistent with the arguments proffered against priming, but also lacks justification for the age limitation. History
Du disque a l'ecran : generation d'interfaces homme-machine pour objets persistants

Aujourd'hui, les nouvelles generations de systemes de gestion de bases de donnees proposent des modeles de donnees qui permettent aux programmeurs de representer les concepts de leurs applications sous forme d'objets complexes. Les systemes de type de ces sgbd utilisent des constructeurs n-uplet ou list et des types de base comme string, entier ou reel. La gestion par le programmeur de l'affichage et de la presentation des informations qu'il manipule est fastidieuse, complexe, et tres couteuse en temps. Afin de resoudre ce probleme, nous proposons dans cette these de faire converger deux technologies: celle des generateurs d'applications et celle des editeurs d'interfaces. Nous avons pour cela realise deux systemes. Le systeme looks offre au programmeur d'application des fonctions de haut niveau pour generer des presentations d'objets ou de valeurs. Tous les concepts manipules dans le modele de donnees sont traduits graphiquement par looks d'une maniere entierement automatique. Cependant, looks, qui genere des presentations generiques, ne peut satisfaire toutes les demandes. Afin de lever cette limitation, nous avons realise le systeme toonmaker, qui est un generateur de presentations personnalisables. Il permet a un programmeur de specifier interactivement la representation des objets d'une classe donnee
Analytical method for fast screening and confirmation of multi-class veterinary drug residues in fish and shrimp by LC-MS/MS

ABSTRACT A multi-class, multi-residue analytical method based on LC-MS/MS detection was developed for the screening and confirmation of 28 veterinary drug and metabolite residues in flatfish, shrimp and eel. The chosen veterinary drugs are prohibited or unauthorised compounds in Korea, which were categorised into various chemical classes including nitroimidazoles, benzimidazoles, sulfones, quinolones, macrolides, phenothiazines, pyrethroids and others. To achieve fast and simultaneous extraction of various analytes, a simple and generic liquid extraction procedure using EDTA-ammonium acetate buffer and acetonitrile, without further clean-up steps, was applied to sample preparation. The final extracts were analysed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The method was validated for each compound in each matrix at three different concentrations (5, 10 and 20 ng g–1) in accordance with Codex guidelines (CAC/GL 71-2009). For most compounds, the recoveries were in the range of 60–110%, and precision, expressed as the relative standard deviation (RSD), was in the range of 5–15%. The detection capabilities (CCβs) were below or equal to 5 ng g–1, which indicates that the developed method is sufficient to detect illegal fishery products containing the target compounds above the residue limit (10 ng g–1) of the new regulatory system (Positive List System – PLS).
Analyzing Music Streaming Application Adoption in Indonesia Using a Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2: A Case Study of Premium JOOX and Spotify in Indonesia

Abstract The high number of internet users in Indonesia impacts the behaviour of Indonesia’s people. Before digital technology penetrated the world of discussing, people are still using radio devices and CDs to enjoy the music. Unlike today, people can easily enjoy music anywhere and anytime without having to carry radio or CDs. People always listen to the music through online music streaming. Indonesia is one of the countries with huge growth potential of streaming music. There are two newcomers from streaming service providers who directly steal the public's attention, they are JOOX and Spotify. This study aims to examine the influence of analyse factors inside UTAUT 2 model that influence the customers on using music streaming application premium service in android mobile phone in Indonesia and to analysed age and gender affecting the influence inside UTAUT 2 model. The data were gathered from 400 respondents in Indonesia chosen by Purposive NonProbability Sampling technique. The result revealed that there are six factors in the UTAUT2 Model which significantly influence the behavioral intention of premium service of music streaming application adoption, namely Habit, Hedonic Motivation, Social Influence and Performance Expectancy. In terms of moderating factors, both Age and Gender are not moderating any influences of factors towards Behavioral Intention. The model can predict moderate the behavioral intention of consumers towards premium service of music streaming application services in Indonesia since the R² is 58.3%. Keywords: JOOX, Spotify, behavior intention, use behavior, UTAUT 2, Indonesia
Complexity and Uncertainty regarding Superannuation Do Not Explain Key Decisions Taken by Members

Superannuation in Australia represents the largest investment in the country in the managed funds industry. Yet, people without appropriate qualifications are required to make financial decisions for their future under government legislation. We capture complexity and uncertainty as a way of explaining key decisions, using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Complexity explains key decisions more than uncertainty. Based on the answers given to open-ended questions, members are at a loss to make key decisions for their future, partly due to the non-transparency of superannuation and changing government rules.
Localization of the 23-kDa subunit of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II by electron microscopy.

A dimeric photosystem II light-harvesting II super complex (PSII-LHCII SC), isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, was previously structurally characterized [Boekema, E. J., Hankamer, B. , Bald, D. , Kruip, J., Nield, J., Boonstra, A. F. , Barber, J. & Rögner, M. (1995) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 175-179]. This PSII-LHCII SC bound the 33-kDa subunit of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC), but lacked the 23-kDa and 17-kDa subunits of the OEC. Here the isolation procedure was modified by adding 1 M glycine betaine (1-carboxy-N,N,N-trimethylmethanaminium hydroxide inner salt) to the sucrose gradient mixture. This procedure yielded PSII-LHCII SC that contained both the 33-kDa and the 23-kDa subunits and had twice the oxygen-evolving capacity of the super complexes lacking the 23-kDa polypeptide. Addition of CaCl2 to PSII-LHCII SC with the 23-kDa subunit attached did not increase the oxygen-evolution rate. This suggests that the 23-kDa subunit is bound in a functional manner and is present in significant amounts. Over 5000 particle projections extracted from electron microscope images of negatively stained PSII-LHCII SC, isolated in the presence and absence of glycine betaine, were analyzed using single-particle image-averaging techniques. Both the 23-kDa and 33-kDa subunits could be visualized in top-view and side-view projections. In the side view the 23-kDa subunit is seen to protrude 0.5-1 nm further than the 33-kDa subunit, giving the PSII particle a maximal height of 9.5 nm. Measured from the centres of the masses, the two 33-kDa subunits associated with the dimeric PSII-LHCII SC are separated by 6.3 nm. The corresponding distance between the two 23-kDa subunits is 8.8 nm.
Strategic improvisation and HEIs performance: the moderating role of organizational culture

Purpose This study aims to explore the relationships between strategic improvisation, organizational culture and higher education institutions (HEIs) performance. The dynamic nature of today’s environment, increased population and demand and budget cuts have created a lot of pressure on HEIs around the world. Hence, the need for effective human resource capable of providing advanced policies for efficiency and sustainability of these institutions. Design/methodology/approach A total of 229 questionnaires were filled and returned by academic leaders from HEIs in Kano state, Nigeria. The study used partial least squares path modelling to test the hypotheses postulated. Findings The major findings indicate that both strategic improvisation and organizational culture dimensions have direct relationship with HEIs performance. However, only innovative culture moderates the relationship between strategic improvisation and HEIs, while bureaucratic culture and supportive culture fail to support the proposed hypothesis. Research limitations/implications More studies are needed to further validate the impact of strategic improvisation (SI) on other public sector performance. Also, future studies should use longitudinal approach to establish at which stage SI has more impact on performance. Also, future studies should identify the difference that exists between units, department and faculty leaders, as some are more likely to engage in SI due to the nature of their specialization. Practical implications It is obvious that HEIs performance is not only limited to organizational factors but also individual characteristics such as ability to improvise. Hence, HEIs should consider SI ability during employment to ensure efficiency, performance and sustainability. Moreover, organizational culture of HEIs needs to be updated and to be more flexible in accommodating new initiatives or failure to encourage display of such ability. Originality/value Previous studies especially in the for profit sector have demonstrated the role of SI and organizational culture on performance. Thus, the present study is one of the early studies in the non-profit sector, specifically the HEIs. Moreover, the inconsistent result of the previous findings necessitates the study to test the moderating effect of organizational culture.
Study on undercutting of electroplated micro-bumps with different etchants

With the miniaturization of electronic packages, fine pitch interconnect technology becomes increasingly important and new fabrication techniques have to be developed. For micro-bumps with diameter less than 50μm, undercutting can occur at the seed layer etching step and it will affect the bonding strength of micro-bumps. In this paper we explore a number of methods to reduce and avoid undercutting by selecting different etchants formulations and concentrations for the Ti adhesion layer and Cu seed layer. Through a series of experiments, we observed the following results. 50% solution of 1NH4OH (25%): 1H2O2 (30%) can be used as a Cu seed layer etchant. However at high concentrations the Cu pillar would be attacked. 2CH3COOH (50%): 1H2O2 can also be used to etch the Cu seed layer. And diluted 1HNO3 (50%): 1HF (40%) can be used to etch the Ti adhesion layer. Etching results are very satisfactory. By careful adjustment of etch recipe we have obtained Cu/Sn micro-bumps having a 30μm in diameter and 50μm in pitch with minimal undercutting.
Transplant Age Influences Summer Squash Growth and Yield

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to determine the influence of transplant age on growth and yield of 'Dixie' and 'Senator' summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.). Dry weight and leaf area measurements indicated that 28- to 35-day-old greenhouse-grown transplants grew more slowly after transplanting than plants that were 10,14, or 21 days old. Older transplants flowered earlier; however, earlier flowering did not result in higher early yields. Transplants of varying ages did not differ greatly in yield and yield components in the field, although all transplants had higher early yields than the directly seeded controls. Results from these experiments suggest that 21 days may be a reasonable target age for transplanting summer squash. If transplanting were delayed by adverse planting conditions, 21-day-old transplants would likely have at least a 10-day window of flexibility before yields would be reduced notably by additional aging. Transplants are used extensively in the southeastern United States to establish stands of a range of vegetable crops, including cucur-
1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene Is an Irreversible Inhibitor of Human Thioredoxin Reductase

Human thioredoxin reductase is a dimeric enzyme that catalyzes reduction of the disulfide in oxidized thioredoxin by a mechanism involving transfer of electrons from NADPH via FAD to a redox-active disulfide. 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) is an alkylating agent used for depleting intracellular GSH and also showing distinct immunomodulatory properties. We have discovered that low concentrations of DNCB completely inactivated human or bovine thioredoxin reductase, with a second order rate constant in excess of 200 M s, which is almost 10,000-fold faster than alkylation of GSH. Total inactivation of 50 nM reduced thioredoxin reductase was obtained by 100 μM DNCB after 5 min of incubation at 20°C also in the presence of 1 mM GSH. The inhibition occurred with enzyme only in the presence of NADPH and persisted after removal of DNCB, suggesting alkylation of the active site nascent thiols as the mechanism of inactivation. Thioredoxin reductase modified by DNCB lacked reducing activity with oxidized thioredoxin, 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), or sodium selenite. However, the DNCB-modified enzyme oxidized NADPH at a rate of 4.7 nmol/min/nmol of enzyme in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. This activity was not dependent on the presence of DNCB in solution and constituted a 34-fold increase of the inherent low NADPH oxidase activity of the native enzyme. DNCB is a specific inhibitor of mammalian thioredoxin reductase, which reacted 100-fold faster than glutathione reductase. The inactivation of the disulfide reducing activity of thioredoxin reductase and thioredoxin with a concomitant large increase of the NADPH oxidase activity producing reactive oxygen intermediates may mediate effects of DNCB on cells in vivo.
ANOTHER LOOK AT THE IDENTIFICATION AT INFINITY OF SAMPLE SELECTION MODELS

It is often believed that without instruments, endogenous sample selection models are identified only if a covariate with a large support is available (see, e.g., Chamberlain, 1986, Journal of Econometrics 32, 189–218; Lewbel, 2007, Journal of Econometrics141, 777–806) . We propose a new identification strategy mainly based on the condition that the selection variable becomes independent of the covariates for large values of the outcome. No large support on the covariates is required. Moreover, we prove that this condition is testable. We finally show that our strategy can be applied to the identification of generalized Roy models.