Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cooperation and competition between the dorsal hippocampus and lateral amygdala in spatial discrimination learning

The conditioned cue preference (CCP) was used to study how rats discriminate between adjacent arms on a radial maze. Chai and White ( Behav Neurosci 2004, 118:770–784 ) showed that an intact dorsal hippocampus is required to learn this discrimination and that an amygdala‐based conditioned approach response that produces an equal tendency to enter both arms is simultaneously acquired. In the present experiments, rats were preexposed to the maze with no food and trained by alternately confining them at the ends of two adjacent arms, one that contained food and one that did not. When given a choice between these arms with no food present, the rats spent more time on their food‐paired arms, suggesting they had learned to discriminate their locations. Temporary inactivation of the dorsal hippocampus with muscimol during confinement on the food‐paired arm had no effect on the discrimination, but inactivation while on the no‐food arm impaired it. This pattern of effects was reversed in rats with amygdala lesions (inactivation on the food‐paired arm impaired, but inactivation on the no‐food arm had no effect on the discrimination), showing that hippocampus‐based and amygdala‐based learning interact to influence the behavior of normal rats in this situation. The dorsal hippocampus learns about locations that contain food and about locations that do not contain food. The amygdala‐based tendency to enter the food‐paired arm cooperates with hippocampus‐based foraging for food on the food‐paired, but the amygdala‐based tendency to enter the no‐food arm competes with hippocampus‐based learning about the absence of food on that arm. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primary motor area contribution to attentional reorienting after distraction

The anatomical structures involved in distraction-related processing in the auditory domain were investigated using magnetoencephalography. Participants performed a duration-discrimination task on a sequence of 200 and 400 ms long tones. Infrequent (12%) task-irrelevant pitch changes resulted in slower discriminative responses and more errors. Event-related potentials to these changes show an increased N1, a mismatch negativity, a P3a, and a reorienting negativity. The event-related magnetic fields revealed focal activities in superior and medial temporal areas in the N1/mismatch negativity time range. No significant activity was found in the P3a interval. In the reorienting negativity interval, significant activity was located in the primary motor area. This suggests that action-selection–related activity also contributes to attentional reorientation after distraction.
Comparison of the diagnostic yield of various systematic randomized prostate biopsy protocols using prostate phantoms made of devil's tongue jelly

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic yield of five systematic randomized protocols using 12-20 biopsy cores with variably-sized phantoms. Methods A total of 100 prostate phantom models were produced by casting liquid devil’s tongue jelly using silicone molds. Sets of 20 phantoms were created with the following volumes: 20 mL, 40 mL, 60 mL, 80 mL, and 100 mL. Three focal lesions were created by injecting 0.5 mL of warm agar solution stained with red, blue, and green ink into each phantom model. The focal lesions were verified by ultrasonography. The systematic randomized biopsy protocols consisted of 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 biopsy cores. The diagnostic yield of the multiple systematic biopsy protocols was compared. Results The overall detection rates of each model set were 93.3% for 20 mL, 88.3% for 40 mL, 71.7% for 60 mL, 43.3% for 80 mL, and 30.0% for 100 mL. Statistically significant differences in the detection rate were found between 40 mL and 60 mL and between 60 mL and 80 mL. No statistically significant increase in the detection rate was observed within a given volume set even when the number of core biopsies increased from 12 to 20. Conclusion The diagnostic yield of systematic randomized biopsies is inversely proportional to the phantom volume.
Modeling Temporal Tonal Relations in Polyphonic Music Through Deep Networks With a Novel Image-Based Representation

We propose an end-to-end approach for modeling polyphonic music with a novel graphical representation, based on music theory, in a deep neural network. Despite the success of deep learning in various applications, it remains a challenge to incorporate existing domain knowledge in a network without affecting its training routines. In this paper we present a novel approach for predictive music modeling and music generation that incorporates domain knowledge in its representation. In this work, music is transformed into a 2D representation, inspired by tonnetz from music theory, which graphically encodes musical relationships between pitches. This representation is incorporated in a deep network structure consisting of multilayered convolutional neural networks (CNN, for learning an efficient abstract encoding of the representation) and recurrent neural networks with long short-term memory cells (LSTM, for capturing temporal dependencies in music sequences). We empirically evaluate the nature and the effectiveness of the network by using a dataset of classical music from various composers. We investigate the effect of parameters including the number of convolution feature maps, pooling strategies, and three configurations of the network: LSTM without CNN, LSTM with CNN (pre-trained vs. not pre-trained). Visualizations of the feature maps and filters in the CNN are explored, and a comparison is made between the proposed tonnetz-inspired representation and pianoroll, a commonly used representation of music in computational systems. Experimental results show that the tonnetz representation produces musical sequences that are more tonally stable and contain more repeated patterns than sequences generated by pianoroll-based models, a finding that is directly useful for tackling current challenges in music and AI such as smart music generation.
Tree problems of the Resource Chain trust model for P2P storage cloud

Security is one of the important P2P storage cloud issues. RCM (the Resource Chain Model) is a trust model for the security. One problem of RCM for P2P storage cloud to be considered is which the best path is for each neighbor. Usually, for each neighbor, it is possible to get more than one resource path and such resource paths can be good candidates for use. The most widely used and easiest tree is the binary tree, and thus it is appropriate to employ binary trees in RCM.
Science policy for a highly collaborative science system

The UK science system consists of institutions that produce scientific and technical knowledge and the collaborations between them. Collaboration between institutions, as measured using co-authored scientific papers, is increasing steadily. Collaboration between individuals, indicated by papers with more than one author, has been increasing for a long time. Collaboration between institutions in different countries has increased at a constant rate for over 20 years. By the turn of the century institutional collaboration will probably account for more than 50% of UK scientific output: it will become the rule not the exception, and science policy will need to accommodate this pervasive cooperation. We discuss how policy for science might have to adapt to a highly connected research system. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.
Survivability Analysis Using Probabilistic Model Checking: A Study on Wireless Sensor Networks

Survivability of a wireless sensor network (WSN) reflects the ability of the network to fulfill its mission despite the presence of abnormal events, such as failures. Given that sensor networks are receiving increasing attention due to the wide range of their applications, which include the critical areas of health, and military and security, survivability constitutes a key property for their study. This paper proposes a quantitative analysis for survivability evaluation of wireless sensors networks using probabilistic model checking. We define network survivability in line with four measures, namely, the frequency of failures, the data loss, the delay, and the compromised data due to a variety of failures. In particular, three types of failure events are considered, namely, node, link, and attack failures, which are due to power faults, communication faults, and black hole attacks, respectively. Then, we represent network's behavior with continuous-time Markov chains and randomly inject the aforementioned faults and attacks in the network to derive results that quantify the impact of them. Although the proposed study considers and provides results for a WSN architecture, it has the potential of being exploited in different networks with their own specifications.
X-linked cholestasis in mouse due to mutations of the P4-ATPase ATP11C

Transporters at the hepatic canalicular membrane are essential for the formation of bile and the prevention of cholestatic liver disease. One such example is ATP8B1, a P4-type ATPase disrupted in three inherited forms of intrahepatic cholestasis. Mutation of the X-linked mouse gene Atp11c, which encodes a paralogous P4-type ATPase, precludes B-cell development in the adult bone marrow, but also causes hyperbilirubinemia. Here we explore this hyperbilirubinemia in two independent Atp11c mutant mouse lines, and find that it originates from an effect on nonhematopoietic cells. Liver function tests and histology revealed only minor pathology, although cholic acid was elevated in the serum of mutant mice, and became toxic to mutant mice when given as a dietary supplement. The majority of homozygous mutant females also died of dystocia in a maternal genotype-specific manner. ATP11C therefore represents a multifunctional transporter, essential for adult B-cell development, the prevention of intrahepatic cholestasis, and parturition, and is a new candidate for genetically undiagnosed cases of cholestasis and dystocia in humans.
Activity of Ceftaroline against Aerobic Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Pathogens: Effect of Test Method Variability

Ceftaroline is a new cephalosporin with bactericidal activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) as well as gram-negative pathogens. Variations of in vitro test conditions were found to affect ceftaroline activity, with 5% NaCl inhibiting growth and/or reducing the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for E. coli, K. pneumoniae, M. catarrhalis, H. influenzae, and streptococci, while an inoculum of 106 CFU/mL raised MICs of some E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and M. catarrhalis strains.
Anisotropic Scattering in the (Bi, Sb)2 (Te, Se, S)3 Solid Solutions

Analysis of thermoelectric and galvanomagnetic properties is carried out for solid solutions (Bi, Sb)<sup>2</sup>(Te, Se, S)<sup>3 </sup> with various substitutions of atoms in sublattices of basic Bi <sub>2</sub>Te<sub>3</sub> compound. The increase in thermoelectric figure of merit Z is observed in the compositions with a weak anisotropy of charge carriers in mirror plane. In addition, relaxation time tensor component along trigonal direction (tau<sub>33</sub>), which is perpendicular to a direction of crystal growth, decreases in comparison with components along binary (tau<sub>11</sub>) and bisector (tau <sub>11</sub>) directions
Up or Out—or Stay Put? Product Positioning in an Evolving Technology Environment

When the development cycle for a product is longer than the development cycle for a core technology that is embedded in it, designers may need to modify the product̂s design to avail of upgrades in this core technology. We model optimal product positioning with regard to technology choice in this setting, using a stochastic dynamic programming framework. Under fairly general assumptions, we find that there are three possible optimal actions: to abandon the project, to maintain the current technology, or to reposition so as to use the best technology currently available. We characterize the optimal positioning sequence in different design environments, discussing throughout the practical implications of our model. Previous research and conventional wisdom suggest early finalization of product specifications if design flexibility is decreasing over time. In contrast, we find that in some design environments, repositioning late in the development cycle can be optimal.
Enhanced Spatial Modulation of Indoor Visible Light Communication

In this study, we consider visible light communication in an indoor line-of-sight environment. It has been proved that among the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) techniques, spatial modulation (SM) performs better than repetition coding (RC) and spatial multiplexing (SMP). On the basis of a combination of SM and pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), here, we propose an enhanced SM algorithm to improve the bit error rate. Traditional SM activates only one light-emitting diode (LED) at one time, and the proposed enhanced SM activates two LEDs at one time and reduces the intensity levels of PAM by half. Under the condition of a highly correlated channel, power imbalance is used to improve the algorithm performance. The comparison between the two schemes is implemented at the same signal-to-noise ratio. The simulation results illustrate that the enhanced SM outperforms the traditional SM in both highly correlated and lowly correlated channels. Furthermore, the proposed enhanced SM scheme can increase the transmission rate in most cases.
(Job Market Paper)

Severe economic downturns like the great depression of the 1930s take place over extended periods of time. I model an economy where rare economic disasters increase the likelihood of subsequent near term disasters. The mechanism generates more clustering of disasters than existing models. Serial correlation in disasters has important implications for asset prices. For example, it generates a larger equity premium and a lower risk free rate than similarly calibrated models without this feature. The calibrated model developed here replicates the temporal structure of severe economic downturns in OECD countries. It quantitatively explains the equity premium, the risk-free rate, excess volatility and return predictability. It also generates the implied volatility smile observed in equity index options. ∗I want to thank my dissertation committee Mark Grinblatt (chair), Antonio Bernardo, Hanno Lustig, and Pierre-Olivier Weill. I am also grateful for comments from Gurdip Bakshi, Jack Bao, Bhagwan Chowdhry, Alexander David, Jerome Detemple, Bernard Dumas, Phil Dybvig, Mark Garmaise, Robert Geske, Anisha Ghosh, Burton Holifield, Kewei Hou, Tim Johnson, Holger Kraft, Lars-Alexander Kuehn, Pete Kyle, Hong Liu, Mark Loewenstein, Andrew Lyasoff, Pascal Maenhout, Marc Martos-Vila, Emilio Osambela, Berardino Palazzo, Rodolfo Prieto, Marcel Rindisbacher, Bryan Routledge, Eduardo Schwartz, Duane Seppi, Georgios Skoulakis, René Stulz, Chris Telmer, Ingrid Werner, Lu Zhang, and seminar participants at Boston University, Carnegie Mellon University, Indiana University Bloomington, INSEAD, Ohio State University, UCLA Anderson School of Management, the University of Calgary, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the University of Maryland, and Washington University in St. Louis. All remaining errors are my own. †UCLA Anderson School of Management, 110 Westwood Plaza Los Angeles, CA 90095, michael.nowotny. 2011@anderson.ucla. edu.
EARNINGS AS AN EXPLANATORY VARIABLE FOR RETURNS

In this paper we investigate whether the level of earnings divided by price at the beginning of the stock return period is relevant for evaluating earnings/returns associations. ' The primary model motivating this research relies on the idea that book value (owners' equity) and market value are both "stock" variables indicating the wealth of the firm's equity holders. The related "flow" variables (after adjusting for dividends) are, respectively, earnings divided by price at the beginning of the return period (A/P-1) and market returns. It then follows that earnings divided by beginning of period price should be associated with stock returns. Although models based on a relation between market value and book value are used occasionally in the accounting research literature (see, for example, Landsman [1986], Harris and Ohlson [1987], and Barth
Mining of leaders in mobile telecom social networks

In the age of Big Data, the social network data collected by telecom operators are growing exponentially. How to exploit these data and mine value from them is an important issue. In this article, an accurate marketing strategy based on social network is proposed. The strategy intends to help telecom operators to improve their marketing efficiency. This method is based on mutual peers' influence in social network, by identifying the influential users (leaders). These users can promote the information diffusion prominently. A precise marketing is realized by taking advantage of the user's influence. Data were collected from China Mobile and analyzed. For the massive datasets, the Apache Spark was chosen for its good scalability, effectiveness and efficiency. The result shows a great increase of the telecom traffic, compared with the result without leaders identification.
Advances in cryopreservation of spermatogonial stem cells and restoration of male fertility

Spermatogenesis is a highly complicated process which initiated by spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). SSCs are the only cell type that can restore fertility in infertile recipient after SSCs transplantation. SSCs damage during cancer diagnosis and therapy and their depletion may be cause of male infertility in cancer survivors. In this review, used experimental methods regarding SSCs and testis tissue cryopreservation have been reviewed with a special focus on animal models and human which have generated the majority of data about SSCs and the cryopreservation process. Microsc. Res. Tech. 79:122–129, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the genesis of the Earth's magnetism

Few areas of geophysics are today progressing as rapidly as basic geomagnetism, which seeks to understand the origin of the Earth's magnetism. Data about the present geomagnetic field pours in from orbiting satellites, and supplements the ever growing body of information about the field in the remote past, derived from the magnetism of rocks. The first of the three parts of this review summarizes the available geomagnetic data and makes significant inferences about the large scale structure of the geomagnetic field at the surface of the Earth's electrically conducting fluid core, within which the field originates. In it, we recognize the first major obstacle to progress: because of the Earth's mantle, only the broad, slowly varying features of the magnetic field within the core can be directly observed. The second (and main) part of the review commences with the geodynamo hypothesis: the geomagnetic field is induced by core flow as a self-excited dynamo. Its electrodynamics define ‘kinematic dynamo theory’. Key processes involving the motion of magnetic field lines, their diffusion through the conducting fluid, and their reconnection are described in detail. Four kinematic models are presented that are basic to a later section on successful dynamo experiments. The fluid dynamics of the core is considered next, the fluid being driven into motion by buoyancy created by the cooling of the Earth from its primordial state. The resulting flow is strongly affected by the rotation of the Earth and by the Lorentz force, which alters fluid motion by the interaction of the electric current and magnetic field. A section on ‘magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) dynamo theory’ is devoted to this rotating magnetoconvection. Theoretical treatment of the MHD responsible for geomagnetism culminates with numerical solutions of its governing equations. These simulations help overcome the first major obstacle to progress, but quickly meet the second: the dynamics of Earth's core are too complex, and operate across time and length scales too broad to be captured by any single laboratory experiment, or resolved on present-day computers. The geophysical relevance of the experiments and simulations is therefore called into question. Speculation about what may happen when computational power is eventually able to resolve core dynamics is given considerable attention. The final part of the review is a postscript to the earlier sections. It reflects on the problems that geodynamo theory will have to solve in the future, particularly those that core turbulence presents.
International Financial Reporting Standards Are Coming: Are You Ready?*/LES NORMES D'INFORMATION FINANCIÈRE INTERNATIONALES ARRIVENT: PRÊTS À LA CONVERSION?

In June 2006, shortly after the Accounting Standards Board (AcSB) announced that Canada would be adopting International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), the Canadian Academic Accounting Association sponsored a session entitled “International Financial Reporting Standards Are Coming: Are You Ready? ” and invited presentations on the topic by representatives of the AcSB, practitioners, and academics with diverse teaching and research perspectives. The session included an overview of the anticipated challenges arising from the AcSB's strategy for the adoption of IFRS in Canada for the business community and the implications for accounting education and research. This paper summarizes the presentations at the forum. RESUME En juin 2006, peu apres que le Conseil des normes comptables (CNC) ait annonce l'adoption par le Canada des normes d'information financiere internationales (IFRS), l'Association canadienne des professeurs de comptabilite tenait un colloque ayant pour theme le degre de preparation des interesses aux normes d'information financiere internationales et sollicitait des exposes sur le sujet aupres des representants du CNC, des praticiens et des professeurs, envisageant la question sous les divers angles de l'enseignement et de la recherche. Le colloque comportait un tour d'horizon des defis que supposera pour les entreprises la strategie d'adoption des IFRS proposee par le CNC au Canada et des consequences qui en decouleront pour la formation et la recherche en comptabilite. Le present article contient un resume des exposes presentes a l'occasion de ce forum.
Uses, Abuses, and Alternatives to the Net-Present-Value Rule

financial academics think they have to offer CFOs, corporate treasurers, investment bankers, and practitioners of all stripes. In fact, it is not uncommon to spend a considerable amount of time in class making sure that the student understands all the wrong ways of thinking about investment decision making-from the IRR rule to the payback period. Wrong, of course, because they don't coincide with the NPV rule.
Measuring user influence in a co-reviewer network

Identifying influential people in social networks is considered an important task in marketing. These people can be employed by merchants to share reviews for their products in order to ensure that a product is exposed to a large number of people at a very low price. This technique is one of the viral marketing techniques. In this paper, we use a co-purchase network to identify influential users by considering both centrality measures as well as users' reviewing records such as the number of reviews shared, the number of votes, etc. Thus, by relying on these two considerations, we are able to extract influential users as well as identifying and determining their characteristics and how they differ from regular users. Also, we are able to conclude that most influential measures do not correlate. As a result, choosing the right measure is critical.