Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Small-Signal Modeling of Digitally Controlled Grid-Connected Inverters With $LCL$ Filters

When <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$LCL$</tex></formula> filters are applied to digitally controlled grid-connected inverters, the design of controllers is usually implemented using classic average models. The accuracy of these models in <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$s$</tex></formula>-domain is only guaranteed in low-frequency range. In order to predict the dynamic behaviors, new small-signal <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX"> $z$</tex></formula>-domain models are deduced for digitally controlled grid-connected inverters with converter current control scheme and converter current plus grid current control scheme. The proposed methods model the inverters including different delay effects under most possible circumstances, which allows direct design for controllers in <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$z$</tex></formula>-domain. The stability boundaries obtained from the root loci of the classic average models and the proposed <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$z$</tex></formula> -domain models and the discrete state-space models are compared to the simulation results, showing that the proposed <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$z$</tex></formula>-domain models are more effective in predicting instabilities. Experimental results are presented and compared to the average models predictions and <formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$z$</tex></formula>-domain models predictions, which shows the proposed models are capable of predicting the values of control variables at the true sampling instants.
Autonomous Demand Side Management of a Micro-Grid Using Arduino and Multi-agent System

This paper aims to establish an Arduino based Multi Agent System (MAS) for progressive demand side response of asolar micro-grid. High penetration of renewable energy resources needs new coordination and control approaches to meet the stochastic nature of the environment and dynamic loadings. Here, a Multi Agent System is used for an improvised and strengthened, distributed, self-governing energy management of the micro-grid to dynamically and flexibly adapt to the changes in the environment. Our micro-grid contains two solar Photo Voltaic (PV) system, local consumer, and a battery. A simulation modelis developed in Java Agent Development Environment (JADE) for dynamic and effective energy administration, which takes an informed decision and chooses the most feasible action for every one hour interval to stabilize, sustain and enhance the solar micro-grid. Moreover, environment variables are sensed through Arduino micro controller and given to agents of MAS. The resulting actions are reflected in the LED out puts which can be readily deployed in the actual field.
Antibiotic Treatment of Clostridium difficile Carrier Mice Triggers a Supershedder State, Spore-Mediated Transmission, and Severe Disease in Immunocompromised Hosts

ABSTRACT Clostridium difficile persists in hospitals by exploiting an infection cycle that is dependent on humans shedding highly resistant and infectious spores. Here we show that human virulent C. difficile can asymptomatically colonize the intestines of immunocompetent mice, establishing a carrier state that persists for many months. C. difficile carrier mice consistently shed low levels of spores but, surprisingly, do not transmit infection to cohabiting mice. However, antibiotic treatment of carriers triggers a highly contagious supershedder state, characterized by a dramatic reduction in the intestinal microbiota species diversity, C. difficile overgrowth, and excretion of high levels of spores. Stopping antibiotic treatment normally leads to recovery of the intestinal microbiota species diversity and suppresses C. difficile levels, although some mice persist in the supershedding state for extended periods. Spore-mediated transmission to immunocompetent mice treated with antibiotics results in self-limiting mucosal inflammation of the large intestine. In contrast, transmission to mice whose innate immune responses are compromised (Myd88−/−) leads to a severe intestinal disease that is often fatal. Thus, mice can be used to investigate distinct stages of the C. difficile infection cycle and can serve as a valuable surrogate for studying the spore-mediated transmission and interactions between C. difficile and the host and its microbiota, and the results obtained should guide infection control measures.
International Review of Law and Economics ocal public procurement regulations : The case of Italy

Regional and local authorities award 54% of the public works contracts submitted to the Authority for the Supervision of Public Contracts. This paper analyses the regulations adopted in the period 2000–2010 in all Italian regions and a sample of provinces and municipalities and shows how highly pervasive they are. In some cases they had positive effects that served the specific needs of the territory; in others, an anti-competitive orientation prevailed, with extra costs for the contracting authorities and less efficient allocation of resources. The paper’s policy recommendations include: (i) greater coordination of reforms between the central and the local levels; (ii) an enhanced role for the sector authorities; (iii) improvements
A Note: The CSCE cheddar cheese cash and futures price long-term equilibrium relationship revisited

In the early 1990s, after four decades of relying on government mandated minimum price supports and public stockholding to achieve price risk management, the United States dairy industry is undertaking a shift to a market clearing equilibrium system. A potentially important component of this new structure is the development of an operational futures market for selected milk and dairy products. In June of 1993 the Coffee, Sugar, & Cocoa Exchange introduced a contract on Cheddar Cheese. As the production of cheese represents over one third of the use of raw milk in the United States, this contract has the potential of serving as an important price risk management tool. Using unit root and cointegration techniques, Fortenbery and Zapata studied the cheese cash‐futures relationship over the period June 1993–July 1995. They reach the conclusion that the cash and futures markets, during the period of their analysis, had not established an economic equilibrium relationship. F&Z raise the important question as to whether the cheddar cheese market is in some sense “slow” to develop or whether there something fundamentally amiss. The work of F&Z provides an important initial step toward understanding the cash–futures relationship. This research revisits the existence of a cointegrating relation using a much longer time period and additional time‐series statistical tests. The results of this study suggest that the data support the establishment of an equilibrium relationship in the cheese markets and therefore provide support for the use of the futures market as a price risk management tool by the dairy industry. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 19: 233–244, 1999
Building cloud-ready video transcoding system for Content Delivery Networks (CDNs)

Video streaming traffic of both VoD (Video on Demand) and Live is exploding. Various types of businesses and many people are relying on video streaming to attract customers/users and for other purposes. Given the vast number of video stream formats (e.g., MP4, FLV) and transmission protocols (e.g., HTTP, RTMP, RTSP) for supporting varying types of playback terminals (particularly mobile devices such as iphone/ipad and Android phones), video content providers often need to transcode videos to multiple formats in order to stream to different types of users. Being time-sensitive and requiring high bandwidth, video streaming exerts high pressure on underlying delivery networks. Content Delivery Network (CDN) providers can help their customers quickly and reliably distribute stream contents to end users. In addition to distributing video streams, CDN providers typically allow their customers to perform video transcoding on CDN platforms. With the high volume of video streams and the bursty transcoding workload, CDN providers are eager to deploy elastic and optimized cloud-based transcoding platforms. In this paper, we design and build such a transcoding platform.
Environmental Risk Factors, Health and the Labor Market Response of Married Men and Women in the United States

Cost-benefit analyses of health and safety regulations require estimates of the benefits of reducing pollution, and hence the risks of pollution-caused illnesses. Lost work income constitutes an important component of monetized benefits. This paper examines the impact of married men and women’s health conditions potentially caused or exacerbated by environmental exposures on their labor force participation, hours of work, and weekly earnings. I focus on cancer, stroke, ischemic heart disease, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. The analysis is based on data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey for U.S. households from 1996 to 2002.
AND SUMMARIZATION BY SUB-MODULAR INFERENCE

Action recognition and video summarization are two important multimedia tasks that are useful for applications such as video indexing and retrieval, video surveillance, humancomputer interaction and home intelligence. While many approaches exist in the literature for these two tasks, to date they have always been addressed separately. Instead, in this paper we move from the assumption that these two tasks should be tackled as a joint objective: on the one hand, action recognition can drive the selection of meaningful and informative summaries; on the other, recognizing actions from a summary rather than the entire video can in principle reduce noise and prove more accurate. To this aim, we propose a novel approach for joint action recognition-summarization based on the performing latent structural SVM framework, together with an efficient algorithm for inferring the action and the summary based on the property of sub-modularity. Experimental results on a challenging benchmark, MSR DailyActivity3D, show that the approach is capable of achieving remarkable action recognition accuracy while providing appealing video summaries.
Fusion between immunoglobulin‐secreting and nonsecreting myeloma cell lines

The defects in two nonsecreting variant clones of the mouse plasmacytoma MOPC 21 (P3) were studied by tissue culture methods. The variants (NSI and NSIII) do not synthesize detectable heavy chains. NSI synthesizes, but does not secrete, light chains and NSIII does not synthesize light chain.
The NAIRU and Classical Unemployment in the OECD Countries

Using panel data for the OECD countries over the period 1960-93 this paper estimates the NAIRU, tests the restrictions implied by the NAIRU and estimates the extent to which the NAIRU is able to explain the low frequency movements in unemployment. The results indicate that the long-run restrictions imposed on the NAIRU are not satisfied for many countries and that the NAIRU is unable to account for the low frequency movements in unemployment.
A Dynamic Key Management Scheme Based on Secret Sharing for Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks

Since wireless sensor networks (WSN for short) are often deployed in hostile environments in many applications, security becomes one of the critical issues in WSN. Moreover, due to the limitation of the sensor nodes, traditional key management schemes are not suitable for it. Thereby,a feasible and efficient key management scheme is an important guarantee for WSN to communicate securely. For the moment, many protocols have been proposed and each has its own advantages. However, these protocols cannot provide sufficient security in many cases, such as node capture attack, which makes WSN more vulnerable than traditional wireless networks. Key protection and revocation issues must be considered with special attention in WSN. To address these two issues, we propose a dynamically clustering key management scheme based on secret sharing for WSN. The scheme combined the hierarchical structure of wireless sensor networks with dynamic key management scheme. The analysis results show that the scheme has strong security and resistance of captured attack, as well as low communicational overhead, and it well meets the requirement of scalability. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.11591/telkomnika.v11i3. 2300
Development and inequality revisited

Three decades after the seminal article of Kuznets (1955) and one decade after the empirical investigation of Ahluwalia (1976b) the relationship between income inequality and economic developement is still controversial. This paper examines the above relationship within a time-series/cross-section framework in a sample of countries which are representative of the non-centrally planned economies of the world. We use GDP per capita in ‘real’ UN International Comparison Project dollors as an indicator of a country's level of economic development. The results lend support to the Kuznets' inverse U-hypothesis, although other factors relfecting the institutional setting of a country are found to affect income inequality significantly during the development process as well. Similar results are obtained if we exclude developed countries from the sample.
The rise and fall of epidemic Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W135 meningitis in Burkina Faso, 2002-2005.

BACKGROUND During the period 2001-2002, Burkina Faso reported its first meningitis epidemic due to Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) serogroup W135, prompting concerns that this serogroup would persist as a cause of epidemic disease. METHODS During the period 2002-2005, hospital- and population-based surveillances were conducted in 3 districts in Burkina Faso. Etiology was determined by culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and latex agglutination. Reference laboratories determined phenotype and genotype. RESULTS Of 2004 subjects who received a lumbar puncture, 265 were identified as having Nm, including 93 who had Nm serogroup A (NmA) and 146 who had Nm serogroup W135 (NmW135). Over the study period, the proportion of cases due to NmW135 decreased by >75%, primarily because of decreased occurrence among young children and in a single district. During peak epidemic months, the annualized incidence of NmW135 decreased from 146 cases to <1 case per 100,000 population. All but 2 NmW135 isolates were phenotype W135:2a:P1.5,2 (sequence type [ST]-11 clonal complex). All NmA isolates were phenotype A:4:P1-9 (ST-2859 of the ST-5 clonal complex). We identified 1 isolate from serogroup Y (ST-11 clonal complex), 1 isolate from serogroup X that was similar to strains previously associated with epidemic disease, and 1 isolate from serogroup W135 of the newly described ST-4375 complex. CONCLUSIONS For unknown reasons, serogroup W135 achieved epidemic status, primarily among young children, and then largely disappeared over a short time period. The continued circulation of multiple strains with epidemic potential emphasizes the need for ongoing surveillance and the potential benefit of vaccines that are protective across serogroups.
The Sceptics' Challenge for Sustainable Tourism in the Southwest China Biodiversity Hotspot: A Choice Experiment Approach

To identify opportunities and challenges for sustainable tourism in southwest China, this study investigated domestic consumer attitudes and economic preferences on sustainable tourism services (STS) regarding destinations in the southwest China mountains, one of 25 global biodiversity hotspots, and a focus area of Chinese tourism development. Factor analysis revealed three main attitude dimensions: in favor of sustainability, concern for losing tourism opportunities, and sceptical attitude towards sustainable tourism services. Only sceptical attitude was (negatively) correlated with preferences for STS (p = 0.001). The supportive attitudes toward sustainable tourism currently do not translate into sustainable consumption and production opportunities, as sceptical notions regarding the effectiveness of STS prevail. Carefully targeted marketing strategies may be called for that address the scepticism regarding sustainable tourism services. 本文以中国旅游重点发展地区、全球25个生态热点地区之一的中國西南山地生态热点地区为例，研究中国消费者对可持续旅游服务的态度和经济偏好，以确定中国西南地区的旅游发展机遇和挑战。 因子分析给出了3种主要的态度维度，包括支持可持续旅游发展、担心丧失旅游机遇以及对可持续旅游服务抱怀疑态度。 三种态度中只有怀疑态度与可持续旅游服务呈（负）相关(P = 0.001)。 正因为中国人对可持续旅游服务的效度普遍抱怀疑态度，目前支持的态度仍未能转化为可持续消费和生产机会。 应实行审慎而具针对性的市场策略来消除对可持续旅游服务的疑虑。
Effects of activation of sympathetic nerves on cerebral blood flow during hypercapnia in cats and rabbits.

Effects of unilateral and bilateral activation of sympathetic nerves on cerebral blood flow (c.b.f.) and cerebrovascular resistance (c.v.r.) during hypercapnia were compared in anaesthetized cats and awake rabbits. Sympathetic nerves supplying cerebral vessels were sectioned on one or both sides in anaesthetized cats and unanaesthetized rabbits. Cerebral blood flow was measured with 15 micron radioactive microspheres. In cats, c.b. f. was greater than 110 ml/min per 100 g during hypercapnia (PCO2 greater than 65 mmHg). Unilateral section of sympathetic nerves did not change c.b. f. or c.v. r. but unilateral electrical stimulation decreased c.b. f. by 12 +/‐ 3% and increased c.v. r. by 15 +/‐ 4%. Bilateral section of sympathetic nerves decreased c.v. r. by 21 +/‐ 7% (P less than 0.005, compared with unilateral section) and electrical stimulation increased c.v. r. by 66 +/‐ 16% (P less than 0.005, compared with unilateral stimulation). In awake rabbits, c.b. f. was greater than 110 ml/min per 100 g during hypercapnia (PCO2 greater than 50 mmHg). Unilateral sympathetic denervation did not change c.v. r. but bilateral denervation decreased it by 18 +/‐ 8% (P less than 0.08, compared with unilateral section; P less than 0.03, compared with intact nerves). Thus, reflex activation of sympathetic nerves, as well as electrical stimulation, increases c.v. r. during hypercapnia. In addition, effects of bilateral stimulation or denervation of sympathetic nerves are greater than unilateral effects.
Involvement of the cyclin‐dependent kinase‐4 inhibitor (CDKN2) gene in the pathogenesis of lymphoid blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukaemia

Summary. Recent data suggest that homozygous deletion of the cyclin‐dependent kinase 4 inhibitor gene (CDKN2), a putative tumour suppressor gene located on chromosome 9p21, represents a common genetic event in human cancer. As the molecular basis of the evolution of chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) into blast crisis remains largely unknown, we decided to investigate if the occurrence of similar deletions could represent one of the mechanisms underlying the disease progression. Whereas none of 22 chronic phase CML cases examined showed alterations, we found that 3/17 total blast crisis examined (18%) showed a homozygous deletion of the CDKN2 gene. The deletions were restricted to cases of lymphoid blast crisis, being present in 3/8 (40%) of the lymphoid and in none of the nine myeloid cases examined. The fact that the chronic phase DNA obtained at diagnosis in one of the cases lacks the homozygous deletion observed in blast crisis, suggests that the final deletion event took place concomitantly with the progression of the disease. Furthermore, the analysis of polymorphic regions on chromosome 9p21 flanking at both sides the CDKN2 gene, showed that deletions at 9p21 differ between cases and are characterized by a wide range of extensions. A concomitant search for a possible involvement of the p53 tumour suppressor gene in the same series of patients showed mutations of the gene and loss of heterozygosity at 17p only in myeloid blast crisis, suggesting the presence of distinct molecular pathways in the pathogenesis of lymphoid and myeloid blast crisis.
Modeling and analysis for the coexistence of PSC I and PSC II in the IEEE 802.16e system

In wireless communication system, power saving mechanism is a key issue since a mobile station operates depending on limited power. Hence, the IEEE 802.16e system provides three types of power saving classes (PSC I, PSC II and PSC III) for the mobile station (MS) to reduce power consumption. Many models have been made to analyze the performance of power saving mechanism (PSM) of the IEEE 802.16e system. Although many researches have been studied about the PSC I and PSC II, no work has conducted the performance of PSM considering the coexistence of the PSC I and PSC II. Hence, in this paper, when the PSC I and PSC II are used simultaneously, we model the power saving mechanism (PSM) using a discrete-time Markov chain (DTMC) technique. We develop an analytical model considering the characteristics of the PSC I and PSC II. Using the model, we analyze the performance of the PSM by using several metrics such as power consumption and response delay. Then, by comparing numerical analysis with simulation results, we validate a proposed model.
How Supervisor Relationships and Protection Rules Affect Employees’ Attempts to Manage Health Information at Work

ABSTRACT This article explores the issue of health information sharing at work through the lens of Communication Privacy Management theory. As employees must often share some health information at work for various reasons (e.g., to obtain sick leave or accommodations), determining how much to share and how to manage health information is important. The leader–member exchange relationship, stigma, risk perceptions, and the degree of privacy of each individual’s health information were investigated. The results show that leader–member exchange, stigma, and privacy contribute to an individual’s willingness to disclose health information at work and that leader–member exchange impacts perceptions of risk associated with sharing health information.
Autoimmune Hepatitis in Iran: What We Know, What We Don’t Know and Requirements for Better Management

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) has been the subject of numerous studies, from the late 1940s when it first came to clinical attention, and various aspects of this disease have been analyzed throughout the world [1]. Although its clinical, laboratory and histological features, as well as demographical characteristics, have been extensively studied in many countries and in different ethnic groups, there have been no such statistics or analysis available for Iranian patients with AIH until now. The number of Iranian studies published so far about autoimmune hepatitis has been very limited. We only have two studies concerning the clinical characteristics of Iranian adult patients with AIH [2][3] and the information obtained can be summarized as follows: Iranian patients with AIH are typically women (male/female: 1:4), usually in their 30s and almost all of them have type 1 of the disease. We also have other Iranian studies regarding coeliac disease in patients with AIH [4][5], studies about cyclosporine therapy for AIH [6][7], surveys on the impact of immunosuppressive treatment on cirrhosis and liver fibrosis in AIH [8][9] and finally, some scattered studies related to the role of viruses and gene polymorphisms in AIH disease etiology [10][11][12][13]. However, there has not been any rigorous research conducted so far on the long-term outcomes of AIH in Iranian patients. In this issue of Hepatitis Monthly, Malekzadeh et al. analyzes both the clinical features and long term treatment outcomes of 102 Iranian patients diagnosed with AIH [14]. This article is both the first and the largest study detailing clinical aspects of AIH and long term outcomes based on data gathered from Iranian patients. According to the findings of this study, Iranian patients with AIH have several characteristics that are similar to other reported AIH series, these include; two age-peaks at presentation, clinical biochemical and histopathological features when AIH is first diagnosed, concurrent autoimmune diseases, and response rates to corticosteroids. We also now know that Iranian patients with AIH have an excellent 10-year survival rate of 96%, which is consistent with findings from previous studies carried out on other ethnic groups.