Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why Order Flow Explains Exchange Rates

Evans and Lyons (1999) find that order flow accounts for about two-thirds of variation in the DM/$ rate. Though never tested, the underlying cause of order flow in their model is portfolio shifts unrelated to macroeconomic information (e.g., shifts in risk preferences or shifts in hedging demands). This paper tests whether order flow is caused (in part) by macroeconomic information. Using a two-equation system— one for price and one for order flow—we examine the links between order flow and macro announcements. We find empirical support for the macro-information channel: about one-third of variation in order flow is due to macro announcements. For prices, this implies that about 20 percent of price variation is due to announcementinduced order flow. Another 10 percent of price variation is due to the direct effect of announcements on price (i.e., not involving order flow). Correspondence Richard K. Lyons Haas School of Business, UC Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720-1900 Tel: 510-642-1059, Fax: 510-643-1420 lyons@haas.berkeley.edu www.haas.berkeley.edu/~lyons ∗ Respective affiliations are Georgetown University and NBER, and UC Berkeley and NBER. We thank the following for helpful comments: Jon Faust, Antonio Mello, Andrew Rose and seminar participants at U.C. Berkeley and the Empirical Exchange Rate Models conference (Sept. 2001). Both authors thank the National Science Foundation for financial assistance.
Pneumovirus-Induced Lung Disease in Mice Is Independent of Neutrophil-Driven Inflammation

The human pneumovirus respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common pathogen causing lower respiratory tract disease in young children worldwide. A hallmark of severe human RSV infection is the strong neutrophil recruitment to the airways and lungs. Massive neutrophil activation has been proven detrimental in numerous diseases, yet in RSV the contribution of neutrophils to disease severity, and thereby, the relevance of targeting them, is largely unknown. To determine the relevance of potential neutrophil targeting therapies, we implemented antibody-mediated neutrophil depletion in a mouse pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) model. PVM is a host specific murine pneumovirus closely related to human RSV, which reproduces many of the features of RSV infection, such as high viral replication and neutrophil recruitment. Clinical disease and markers of lung inflammation and injury were studied in PVM-infected mice treated with either depleting or isotype control antibodies. To confirm our results we performed all experiments in two mice strains: C57Bl6 and BALBc mice. Neutrophil depletion in blood and lungs was efficient throughout the disease. Remarkably, in both mouse strains we found no difference in clinical disease severity between neutrophil-depleted and control arms. In line with this observation, we found no differences between groups in histopathological lung injury and lung viral loads. In conclusion, our study shows that in mice neutrophil recruitment to the lungs does not affect disease outcome or viral clearance during severe PVM infection. As such, this model does not support the notion that neutrophils play a key role in mouse pneumovirus disease.
Children ’ s Learning from Multiple Media in Informal Mathematics Education

for their support, and online producers David Hirmes and Brian Lee for building the tracking software used here. We also thank our program officers at NSF, Sue Allen and Elizabeth Vanderputten, and – most of all – the staff, teachers, and students of the participating schools for their cooperation and patience throughout a long and intensive study. Without them, the research would have been impossible. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Many informal science and mathematics education projects employ multiple media, but studies typically have investigated learning from a single medium, rather than multiple media. The present research, funded by the National Science Foundation, used Cyberchase (a multiple-media, informal mathematics project targeting 8-to 11-year-olds, produced by Thirteen/WNET) to investigate synergy among multiple media components and how they interact to yield cumulative educational outcomes. A total of 672 children, in nine public elementary schools in Michigan and Indiana, participated in the study. The research incorporated both naturalistic and experimental methods, to investigate children's use of Cyberchase media, ways in which use of one medium feeds into use of another, and the educational impact of Cyberchase on children's problem solving and attitudes toward mathematics. The study was designed to address the following research questions: 1) How does the mathematics learned from multiple media differ from mathematics learned from a single medium? 2) What outcomes derive from engagement with different types of media, and what types of synergy occur? 3) How can reliable research methods be developed to assess contributions of individual media and their interactions? 4) How can informal education projects capitalize on the strengths of each medium? 5) How can media components be designed and employed to best complement each other? Highlights of the results include the following: Patterns of Naturalistic Use • Use of each form of Cyberchase media (TV and Web site) was fairly consistent over time. Those children who watched Cyberchase on TV in one month tended to do so in subsequent months as well. A similar pattern was found for month-to-month use of the Web site. • Children's use of Cyberchase also tended to span media; each month, children who watched the Cyberchase TV series more frequently also tended to visit its Web site more often. Thus, in naturalistic use, some children do indeed use multiple media when they are available (which lends real-world validity to the question of how children learn from multiple media). • Because most users' first encounter …
Five seconds or sixty? Presentation time in expert memory

For many years, the game of chess has provided an invaluable task environment for research on cognition, in particular on the differences between novices and experts and the learning that removes these differences, and upon the structure of human memory and its paramaters. The template theory presented by Gobet and Simon based on the EPAM theory offers precise predictions on cognitive processes during the presentation and recall of chess positions. This article describes the behavior of CHREST, a computer implementation of the template theory, in a memory task when the presentation time is varied from one second to sixty, on the recall of game and random positions, and compares the model to human data. Strong players are better than weak players in both types of positions, especially with long presentation times, but even after brief presentations. CHREST predicts the data, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Strong players' superiority with random positions is explained by the large number of chunks they hold in LTM. Their excellent recall with short presentation times is explained by templates, a special class of chunks. CHREST is compared to other theories of chess skill, which either cannot account for the superiority of Masters in random positions or predict too strong a performance of Masters in such positions.
Reduced field‐of‐view MRI using outer volume suppression for spinal cord diffusion imaging

A spin‐echo single‐shot echo‐planar imaging (SS‐EPI) technique with a reduced field of view (FOV) in the phase‐encoding direction is presented that simultaneously reduces susceptibility effects and motion artifacts in diffusion‐weighted (DW) imaging (DWI) of the spinal cord at a high field strength (3T). To minimize aliasing, an outer volume suppression (OVS) sequence was implemented. Effective fat suppression was achieved with the use of a slice‐selection gradient‐reversal technique. The OVS was optimized by numerical simulations with respect to T1 relaxation times and B1 variations. The optimized sequence was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In simulations the optimized OVS showed suppression to <0.25% and ∼3% in an optimal and worst‐case scenario, respectively. In vitro measurements showed a mean residual signal of <0.95% ± 0.42 for all suppressed areas. In vivo acquisition with 0.9 × 1.05 mm2 in‐plane resolution resulted in artifact‐free images. The short imaging time of this technique makes it promising for clinical studies. Magn Reson Med 57:625–630, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human ingestion of a 'superwarfarin' rodenticide resulting in a prolonged anticoagulant effect.

IN THE past decade, several novel hydroxycoumarin anticoagulants have been developed as rodenticides. These so-called superwarfarins have been developed to deal with the serious public health problem of warfarin resistance in rodents. This genetically determined resistance appears rapidly in wild rats and mice because it is transmitted as a dominant trait. Report of a Case A 31-year-old woman with a long history of mental illness and many hospitalizations for acute psychoses ingested over a two-day period approximately thirty 50-g packages of a commercial rodenticide (Talon-G) that contains brodifacoum. She purchased the rodenticide in a hardware store. On April 18,1983, five days after the ingestion, her family had her admitted to the hospital's psychiatric unit, and she was seen in medical consultation. Her BP was 120/70 mm Hg; pulse rate, 78 beats per minute; and respirations, 18/min. There were no orthostatic changes in the vital signs. There were multiple superficial slash
Countering negative country of origin effects using imagery processing

A favorable product country of origin (e.g., an automobile made in Germany) is often considered an asset by marketers. Yet a challenge in today's competitive environment is how marketers of products from less favorably regarded countries can counter negative country of origin perceptions. Three studies investigate how mental imagery can be used to reduce the effects of negative country of origin stereotypes. Study 1 reveals that participants exposed to country of origin information exhibit automatic stereotype activation. Study 2 shows that self-focused counterstereotypical mental imagery (relative to other-focused mental imagery) significantly inhibits the automatic activation of negative country of origin stereotypes. Study 3 shows that this lessening of automatic negative associations persists when measured one day later. The results offer important implications for marketing theory and practice.
Knowledge wisdom and networks: a project management centre of excellence example

Purpose – This conceptual paper aims to explain how “project management centres of excellence (CoEs)”, a particular class of knowledge network, can be viewed as providing great potential for assisting project management (PM) teams to make wise decisions.Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a range of knowledge network types and classifies them into a matrix using dimensions of social capital formation and learning levels. Examples were used of each identified type, drawn from the literature, to illustrate and clarify the capability maturity levels, from ad hoc isolated communities of interest to integrated and strategic CoEs that serve to propagate and transfer knowledge about an organisation's advanced project management skills and tools.Findings – The paper presens a useful framework for understanding this evolution and argues that CoEs can optimise, help coordinate and enhance the effectiveness of a range of knowledge networks operating within an inter‐organisational or intra‐organisational.
Vimentin's tail interacts with actin-containing structures in vivo.

The tail domain of the intermediate filament (IF) protein vimentin is unnecessary for IF assembly in vitro. To study the role of vimentin's tail in vivo, we constructed a plasmid that directs the synthesis of a 'myc-tagged' version of the Xenopus vimentin-1 tail domain in bacteria. This polypeptide, mycVimTail, was purified to near homogeneity and injected into cultured Xenopus A6 cells. In these cells the tail polypeptide co-localized with actin even in the presence of cytochalasin. Two myc-tagged control polypeptides argue for the specificity of this interaction. First, a similarly myc-tagged lamin tail domain localizes to the nucleus, indicating that the presence of the myc tag did not itself confer the ability to co-localize with actin (Hennekes and Nigg (1994) J. Cell Sci. 107, 1019-1029). Second, a myc-tagged polypeptide with a molecular mass and net charge at physiological pH (i.e. -4) similar to that of the mycVimTail polypeptide, failed to show any tendency to associate with actin-containing structures, indicating that the interaction between mycVimTail and actin-containing structures was not due to a simple ionic association. Franke (1987; Cell Biol. Int. Rep. 11, 831) noted a similarity in the primary sequence between the tail of the type I keratin DG81A and vimentin. To test whether the DG81A tail interacted with actin-containing structures, we constructed and purified myc-tagged DG81A tail polypeptides. Unexpectedly, these keratin tail polypeptides were largely insoluble under physiological conditions and formed aggregates at the site of injection. While this insolubility made it difficult to determine if they associated with actin-containing structures, it does provide direct evidence that the tails of vimentin and DG81A differ dramatically in their physical properties. Our data suggest that vimentin's tail domain has a highly extended structure, binds to actin-containing structures and may mediate the interaction between vimentin filaments and microfilaments involved in the control of vimentin filament organization (Hollenbeck et al. (1989) J. Cell Sci. 92, 621; Tint et al. (1991) J. Cell Sci. 98, 375).
Zur klinischen Aussagekraft des SON-R 2½ - 7

Zusammenfassung. Die Aussagekraft des Snijders-Oomen Non-verbalen Intelligenztests (SON-R 2½ - 7) wird bei Kindern mit spezifischen klinischen Diagnosen untersucht (N = 625). Die Ergebnisse belegen den Einsatz des Verfahrens vor allem im sonder- und heilpadagogischen Bereich fur Kinder im Alter von drei bis sechs Jahren. Der Beitrag zeigt Ergebnisprofile u. a. fur die Diagnosen Sprachentwicklungsstorung, Allgemeine Entwicklungsverzogerung und Intelligenzminderung. Die diagnosenspezifischen Unterschiede auf Untertest- und Skalenniveau werden diskutiert. Die Fahigkeit des SON-R 2½ - 7, zwischen klinischen Gruppen mit unterschiedlicher Beeintrachtigung des Intelligenzniveaus zu differenzieren, kann belegt werden.
Supporting the professional development of teaching assistants: classroom teachers' perspectives on their mentoring role

The training of teaching assistants in the UK is undergoing considerable change linked to workforce reform in primary schools. This article examines the role that class teachers play as mentors in the training of teaching assistants on two types of programmes operating in England leading to Higher Level Teaching Assistant Professional Status. It considers the qualities required for mentoring teaching assistants compared to mentoring trainee teachers. The views and perspectives of a group of thirty-four school teachers who have carried out a mentor role for both a trainee primary teacher and a primary teaching assistant are analysed. The research aims to identify the common skills, strategies and approaches used by the school-based mentors and identify the perceived tensions and challenges facing these mentors.
Leveraging Cognitive Factors in Securing WWW with CAPTCHA

Human Interactive Proofs systems using CAPTCHA help protect services on the World Wide Web (WWW) from widespread abuse by verifying that a human, not an automated program, is making a request. To authenticate a user as human, a test must be passable by virtually all humans, but not by computer programs. For a CAPTCHA to be useful online, it must be easy to interpret by humans. In this paper, we present a new method to combine handwritten CAPTCHAs with a random tree structure and random test questions to create a novel and more robust implementation that leverages unique features of human cognition, including the superior ability over machines in recognizing graphics and reading unconstrained handwriting text that has been transformed in precise ways. This combined CAPTCHA protects against advances in recognition systems to ensure it remains viable in the future without causing additional difficulties for humans. We present motivation for our approach, algorithm development, and experimental results that support our CAPTCHA in protecting web services while providing important insights into human cognitive factors at play during human-computer interaction.
Higher-Order Occurrence Pooling for Bags-of-Words: Visual Concept Detection

In object recognition, the Bag-of-Words model assumes: i) extraction of local descriptors from images, ii) embedding the descriptors by a coder to a given visual vocabulary space which results in mid-level features, iii) extracting statistics from mid-level features with a pooling operator that aggregates occurrences of visual words in images into signatures, which we refer to as First-order Occurrence Pooling. This paper investigates higher-order pooling that aggregates over co-occurrences of visual words. We derive Bag-of-Words with Higher-order Occurrence Pooling based on linearisation of Minor Polynomial Kernel, and extend this model to work with various pooling operators. This approach is then effectively used for fusion of various descriptor types. Moreover, we introduce Higher-order Occurrence Pooling performed directly on local image descriptors as well as a novel pooling operator that reduces the correlation in the image signatures. Finally, First-, Second-, and Third-order Occurrence Pooling are evaluated given various coders and pooling operators on several widely used benchmarks. The proposed methods are compared to other approaches such as Fisher Vector Encoding and demonstrate improved results.
FISER: A Feature‐Based Detection System for Person Interactions

Discovering the interactions between the persons mentioned in a set of topic documents can help readers construct the background of the topic and facilitate document comprehension. To discover person interactions, we need a detection method that can identify text segments containing information about the interactions. Information extraction algorithms then analyze the segments to extract interaction tuples and construct a network of person interaction. In this article, we define interaction detection as a classification problem. The proposed interaction detection method, called feature‐based interactive segment recognizer (FISER), exploits 19 features covering syntactic, context‐dependent, and semantic information in text to detect intra‐clausal and inter‐clausal interactive segments in topic documents. Empirical evaluations demonstrate that FISER outperformed many well‐known relation extraction and protein–protein interaction detection methods on identifying interactive segments in topic documents. In addition, the precision, recall, and F1‐score of the best feature combination are 72.9%, 55.8%, and 63.2%, respectively.
The Inter-cluster Routing Algorithm of Clustering Data Collection Protocol in WSNs

In wireless sensor networks, clustering is considered as an effective energy-saving routing technology. In this paper, we proposed an inter-cluster routing schedule for data collection to solve inter-cluster communication problems: make sure the dominating set C produced by clustering algorithm meets the connectivity and constructs a routing pool tree, which can be got by using jump to jump transmission. For the cluster heads, we use tree¿s parent method for data structure, that is, we proposed an inter-cluster routing pool tree based on reversed spread way, and proved that as long as the cluster head¿s wireless communications radius is three times to the original one, it will be able to guarantee connectivity between cluster heads.
Improved auditory cortex imaging using clustered volume acquisitions

The effects of the noise of echo‐planar functional magnetic resonance imaging on auditory cortex responses were compared for two methods of acquiring functional MR data. Responses observed with a distributed volume acquisition sequence were compared to those obtained with a clustered volume acquisition sequence. In the former case, slices from the volume were acquired at equal intervals within the repetition time, whereas the latter acquired all slices in rapid succession at the end of the imaging period. The clustered volume acquisition provides a period of quiet during which a stimulus may be presented uninterrupted and uncontaminated by the noise of echo‐planar imaging. Both sequences were implemented on a General Electric Signa imager retrofitted for echo‐planar imaging by Advanced NMR Systems, Inc. The sequences were used to acquire 60 images per slice of a fixed volume of cerebral cortex while subjects were presented an instrumental music stimulus in an On vs. Off paradigm. Data were acquired for both sequences using TR values of 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 sec. The clustered volume acquisition sequence was found to yield greater measures of dynamic range (percent signal change, mean statistical power per unit imaging time) across the tested range of TR values. Observations of more consistent spatial extent of responses, greater mean signal changes, and higher and more consistent values of mean t‐statistic per unit imaging time demonstrate the efficacy of using a clustered volume acquisition for fMRI of auditory cortex. Hum. Brain Mapping 7:89–97, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of alternatively spliced transcripts in leukemia cell lines by minisequencing on microarrays.

BACKGROUND Recent genome-wide expression studies suggest that approximately 80% of the 25,000 human genes undergo alternative splicing. Alternative splicing may be associated with human diseases, particularly with cancer, but the molecular disease mechanisms are poorly understood. Convenient, novel methods for multiplexed detection of alternatively spliced transcripts are needed. METHODS We devised a new approach for detecting splice variants based on a tag-microarray minisequencing system, originally developed for genotyping single-nucleotide polymorphisms. We established the system for multiplexed detection of 61 alternatively spliced transcripts in a panel of 19 cancer-related genes and used it to dissect the splicing patterns in cancer and endothelial cells. RESULTS Our microarray system detected 82% of the splice variants screened for, including both simple and complex splice variants, in at least 1 of the leukemia cell types analyzed. The intraassay CV values for our method ranged from 0.01 to 0.34 (mean, 0.13) for 5 replicate measurements. Our system allowed semiquantitative comparison of the splicing patterns between the cell lines. Similar, but not identical, patterns of alternative splicing were observed among the leukemia cell lines. Size analysis of the PCR products subjected to the tag-array minisequencing system and real-time PCR with exon-junction probes verified the results from the microarray system. CONCLUSIONS The microarray-based method is a robust and easily accessible tool for parallel detection of alternatively spliced transcripts of multiple genes. It can be used for studying alternative splicing in cancer progression and for following up drug treatment, and it may be a useful tool in clinical diagnostics for cancer and other disorders.