Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interpreting error patterns in nonword repetition tasks: A commentary on Tamburelli, Jones, Gobet & Pine (2012)

Nonwords are phonological strings that conform to the phonotactic rules of a language but have no meaning. Many studies have shown that repeating nonwords is very difficult for children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI; e.g., Bishop, North, & Donlan, 1996; Conti-Ramsden & Hesketh, 2003; Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998; Edwards & Lahey, 1998; Gathercole & Baddely, 1990; inter alia). Despite the volume of work in this area, there remains considerable debate over what nonword repetition tests actually measure (for a recent review, see Coady & Evans, 2008). One of the earliest studies of nonword repetition proposed that children with SLI have a short-term phonological memory deficit, based on the finding that their repetition accuracy declines very significantly as nonword length increases (Gathercole & Baddeley, 1990). Subsequent work has revealed that lexical and phonological factors also play an important role in how accurately children, both typically developing and language-impaired, repeat nonwords (e.g., Coady & Aslin, 2004; Dollaghan, Biber, & Campbell, 1995; Edwards, Beckman, & Munson, 2004; Gallon, Harris, & van der Lely, 2007; inter alia), and indeed how deaf children who use a signed language repeat nonsense signs (Mann, Marshall, Mason, & Morgan, 2010). Researchers have recently become interested in how the phonological structure of nonwords affects their repetition, and whether phonological structure poses particular difficulties for children with SLI. Archibald and Gathercole (2007) found that children do not treat strings of syllables in nonwords in the same way as they treat strings of nonsense syllables in a serial recall task*they are more accurate at repeating syllables when they form a nonword, presumably because repetition is supported by coarticulatory and prosodic cues. Children with SLI, however, benefit less from this support than typically developing children. Further research has taken place at the level of metrical stress. Children with SLI are more likely to omit weak syllables when they occur in pre-stressed positions (i.e., fall outside a trochaic foot) than when they
Shallow semantic processing of text: Evidence from eye movements

Evidence for shallow semantic processing has depended on paradigms that required readers to explicitly report whether they noticed an anomalous noun phrase (NP) after reading text such as ‘Amanda was bouncing all over because she had taken too many tranquillizing sedatives in one day’. We replicated previous research by showing that readers frequently fail to report the anomaly, and that less-skilled readers have particular difficulty reporting locally anomalous NPs such as tranquillizing stimulants. In addition, we examined the time course of anomaly detection by monitoring readers’ eye movements for spontaneous disruptions when encountering the anomalous NPs. The eye fixation data provided evidence for on-line detection of anomalies; however, the detection was delayed. Readers who later reported the anomaly did not spend longer processing the anomalous NP when first encountering it; however, they did spend longer refixating it. Our results challenge orthodox models of comprehension that assume that semantic analysis is exhaustive and complete.
An Analysis of the Relationships of Selected Educational Variables with the Political Socialization of High School Students

The attitudes and actions of the pupil in a democratic school environment are to be transferred to the society when he becomes a citizen. In school, the pupil is exposed to, and becomes able to critically analyze and deal with, the political and social controversial issues of the day; he later uses these skills in his performance as a citizen. Such is one model of the school's function in political socialization of youth. John Patrick (1967) discusses several studies which have investigated the relationship of teacher attitudes and their "classroom styles" to the politically relevant attitudes of high school pupils. But he reflects that because of what he perceives as a predominately closed-minded and restrictive atmosphere in the high school classroom, social studies educators may not be fully exploiting the potential for democratic political education: "Perhaps high school political education programs would have a greater influence upon the formation of 'democratic' attitudes if they were conducted in an atmosphere more conducive to inquiry and openmindedness. " Our findings presented below substantially support this hypothesis. Kenneth Langton and M. Kent Jennings (1968) have reported their findings from a national sample of high school seniors, in which little or no impact of the civics curriculum upon political knowledge or attitudes can be found. The one exception to this conclusion obtains for their Negro subsample: Negroes' efficacy, political knowledge, civic tolerance and sense of loyalty to the political system do increase
Group rhythmic synchrony and attention in children

Synchrony, or the coordinated processing of time, is an often-overlooked yet critical context for human interaction. This study tests the relationship between the ability to synchronize rhythmically in a group setting with the ability to attend in 102 elementary schoolchildren. Impairments in temporal processing have frequently been shown to exist in clinical populations with learning disorders, particularly those with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Based on this evidence, we hypothesized that the ability to synchronize rhythmically in a group setting—an instance of the type of temporal processing necessary for successful interaction and learning—would be correlated with the ability to attend across the continuum of the population. A music class is an ideal setting for the study of interpersonal timing. In order to measure synchrony in this context, we constructed instruments that allowed the recording and measurement of individual rhythmic performance. The SWAN teacher questionnaire was used as a measurement of attentional behavior. We find that the ability to synchronize with others in a group music class can predict a child's attentional behavior.
Comparative performance study of several pitch detection algorithms

A comparative performance study of five pitch detection algorithms was conducted. A speech data base, consisting of eight utterances spoken by three males, three females, and one child was constructed. Both telephone and wideband recordings were made of each of the utterances. For each of the utterances in the data base a “standard” pitch contour was semiautomatically measured using a highly sophistocated interactive pitch detection program. The “standard” pitch contour was then compared with the pitch contour that was obtained from each of the five programmed pitch detectors. The algorithms used in this study were (1) a center clipping, infinite‐peak clipping, modified autocorrelation method; (2) the cepstral method; (3) the SIFT method; (4) the parallel processing time domain method; and (5) the data reduction method. A set of measurements were made on the pitch contours to quantify the various types of errors which occur in each of the above methods. Included among the error measurements were the avera.
Role of motivation in the moral and religious judgment of mathematically gifted adolescents

In this paper we investigate whether the level of motivation among mathematically gifted adolescents is related to their moral and religious judgment. The sample consists of first‐year students (N = 20) at a Finnish private and independent boarding school specializing in mathematics. We formulated the following research questions: (RQ1) Is the level of motivation related to moral judgment? (RQ2) Is the level of motivation related to religious judgment? (RQ3) Does motivation play a moderating role between moral and religious judgment? The results showed that intrinsic goal orientation was related to moral judgment (RQ1), fear of failure was related to religious judgment (RQ2), and intrinsic goal orientation played a moderating role between moral and religious judgment.
The Dilemmas of Spirituality in the Caring Professions: Care-Provider Spiritual Orientation and the Communication of Care

An analysis of 19 care-provider interviews demonstrates four different orientations toward spirituality: exclusive spirituality, inclusive spirituality, conflicted spirituality, and spirituality as separate from care. Two prominent ethical dilemmas experienced by care providers are discussed. Care providers face an internal dilemma presented by competing discourses that suggest different ways to incorporate spirituality into care. Care providers also face an interactional dilemma as they seek to balance their own spiritual needs with the needs of care recipients.
Rich-Media Tags: Battery-free wireless multichannel digital audio and image transmission with UHF RFID techniques

In this paper we present the first fully passive (battery-free) wireless transmission of multiple digital audio channels and images via modulated backscatter. We leverage a previously reported single chip, passive transponder that can digitize and uplink up to 10 analog input channels sampled at a rate of 26.1 kHz. Given a base station transceiver operating at a frequency of 915 MHz and a transmit power of +36 dBm EIRP, the transponder has a demonstrated operating range of ≈1.4 m. The transponder data uplink uses binary phase-shift key (BPSK) modulated backscatter operating at a total link throughput rate of 5 Mbps, with an uplink energy consumption of only 3.7 pJ/bit. The transponder was initially designed for biomedical telemetry of neural and EMG signals. We present a new application of this tag for multichannel, high fidelity digital audio recording, as well as color image transfer using a slow-scan television (SSTV) modulation (PD290) with a resolution of 640 by 493 pixels. Additionally, we demonstrate fully-passive digital recording of ambient sound using a microphone powered by the chip's harvested energy at an operating range of 0.72 m. The passive, digital microphone is sensitive enough to record human speech within approximately 5 m of the device. We believe these results will serve as a first step toward media-rich battery-free (wirelessly powered) devices that take advantage of the high speed, low power nature of modulated backscatter communication links.
High-Dimensional Data Stream Classification via Sparse Online Learning

The amount of data in our society has been exploding in the era of big data today. In this paper, we address several open challenges of big data stream classification, including high volume, high velocity, high dimensionality, and high sparsity. Many existing studies in data mining literature solve data stream classification tasks in a batch learning setting, which suffers from poor efficiency and scalability when dealing with big data. To overcome the limitations, this paper investigates an online learning framework for big data stream classification tasks. Unlike some existing online data stream classification techniques that are often based on first-order online learning, we propose a framework of Sparse Online Classification (SOC) for data stream classification, which includes some state-of-the-art first-order sparse online learning algorithms as special cases and allows us to derive a new effective second-order online learning algorithm for data stream classification. We conduct an extensive set of experiments, in which encouraging results validate the efficacy of the proposed algorithms in comparison to a family of state-of-the-art techniques on a variety of data stream classification tasks.
Hardware Implementations of a Variant of the Zémor-Tillich Hash Function: Can a Provably Secure Hash Function be very efficient ?

Hash functions are widely used in Cryptography, and hardware implementations of hash functions are of interest in a variety of contexts such as speeding up the computations of a network server or providing authentication in small electronic devices such as RFID tags. Provably secure hash functions, the security of which relies on the hardness of a mathematical problem, are particularly appealing for security, but they used to be too inefficient in practice. In this paper, we study the efficiency in hardware of ZT', a provably secure hash function based on the Zemor-Tillich hash function. We consider three kinds of implementations targeting a high throughput and a low area in dierent ways. We first present a high-speed implementation of ZT' on FPGA that is nearly half as efficient as state-of-the-art SHA implementations in terms of throughput per area. We then focus on area reduction and present an ASIC implementation of ZT' with much smaller area costs than SHA-1 and even than SQUASH, which was specially designed for low-cost RFID tags. Between these two extreme implementations, we show that the throughput and area can be traded with a lot of flexibility. Finally, we show that the inherent parallelism of ZT' makes it particularly suitable for applications requiring high speed hashing of very long messages. Our work, together with existing reasonably efficient software implementations, shows that this variant of the Zemor-Tillich hash function is in fact very practical for a wide range of applications, while having a security related to the hardness of a mathematical problem and significant additional advantages such as scalability and parallelism.
Hybrid Power Filter with Output Impedance Control

Next-generation microprocessors requires 150 A/0.8 V with slow rates of >70 A/ns. At 10 GHz switching frequencies, the ESL of the packaging capacitors presents more problems than the ESR. This paper highlights a unique hybrid power filter using output impedance matching to allow seamless compatibility of the VRM, packaging capacitors, microprocessor die, and active filter. This topology reduces required capacitors by roughly 90%, with simulations showing <100 mV ripple at projected slew rates. An experimental prototype is demonstrated to suppress undershoot caused by 25 A load transients at 160 A/mus with off-the-shelf components
Creative Thinking in Music

Creativity can be experienced in many roles of musicianship: performing, improvising, and composing. Yet, activities that encourage creative thought in our music classrooms can be a challenge to implement. A strong music education curriculum for middle school general music is important; as this may be the last time we reach students who do not participate in band, orchestra, or choir. This article provides information on the development of a middle school general music curriculum model where creative thinking in music through music composition activities is the focus of instruction. Students with limited experience in music were given opportunities to explore and express musical ideas in their compositions. Music fundamentals were introduced following the composition experience. The composition experiences provided fertile ground for creative thinking in music, and students in the program were highly engaged in the music-learning process. The Webster Model of Creative Thinking in Music is examined to discover the keys to success in this model.
Particle acceleration and radiation in flaring complex solar active regions modeled by cellular automata

Context. We study the acceleration and radiation of electrons and ions interacting with multiple small-scale dissipation regions resulting from the magnetic energy release process. Aims. We aim to calculate the distribution functions of the kinetic energy of the particles and the X-ray spectra and γ-ray fluxes produced by the accelerated particles. Methods. The evolution of the magnetic energy released in an active region is mimicked by a cellular automaton model based on the concept of self-organized criticality. Each burst of magnetic energy release is associated with a reconnecting current sheet (RCS) in which the particles are accelerated by a direct electric field. Results. We calculate the energy gain of the particles (ions and electrons) for three different magnetic configurations of the RCS after their interactions with a given number of RCS. We finally compare our results with existing observations. Conclusions. The results of our simulation can reproduce several properties of the observations such as variable electron and ion energy contents and γ-ray line ratio. Even if very flat X-ray spectra have been reported in a few events, the X-ray spectra produced in this model are too flat when compared to most X-ray observations.
Tag SNP Polymorphism of CCL2 and Its Role in Clinical Tuberculosis in Han Chinese Pediatric Population

Background Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 CCL2/MCP-1 is among the key signaling molecules of innate immunity; in particular, it is involved in recruitment of mononuclear and other cells in response to infection, including tuberculosis (TB) and is essential for granuloma formation. Methodology/Principal Findings We identified a tag SNP for the CCL2/MCP-1 gene (rs4586 C/T). In order to understand whether this SNP may serve to evaluate the contribution of the CCL2 gene to the expression of TB disease, we further analysed distribution of its alleles and genotypes in 301 TB cases versus 338 non-infected controls (all BCG vaccinated) representing a high-risk pediatric population of North China. In the male TB subgroup, the C allele was identified in a higher rate (P = 0.045), and, acting dominantly, was found to be a risk factor for clinical TB (P = 0.029). Homozygous TT genotype was significantly associated with lower CSF mononuclear leukocyte (ML) counts in patients with tuberculous meningitis (TBM) (P = 0.001). Conclusions/Significance The present study found an association of the CCL2 tag SNP rs4586 C allele and pediatric TB disease in males, suggesting that gender may affect the susceptibility to TB even in children. The association of homozygous TT genotype with decreased CSF mononuclear leukocyte (ML) count not only suggests a clinical significance of this SNP, but indicates its potential to assist in the clinical assessment of suspected TBM, where delay is critical and diagnosis is difficult.
The inversion of the non-Gaussian slope probability density function of the ocean waves by KuROS radar measurements

It is known that the slope probability density function (pdf) of the sea surface is non-Gaussian and can be expressed as a Gram-Charlier to fouth-order expension, including seven parameters: slope variances in upwind and crosswind direction, two skewness coefficients and three peakedness coefficients. Cox and Munk[1] had gotten all the seven parameters varying with the wind speed using optical data. However, those parameters for the sea surface at optical band and microwave band are different, and until now it is not clear for microwave band what values the seven parameters are. Wave scatterometer is a kind of microwave sensor specially designed for wave spectrum remote sensing and could provide σ0 in high resolution of the range and azimuthal direction so that it is possible to remote sense the slope pdf for a certain space-time. In this paper, firstly, the accuracy of Geometric Optical (GO) model is evaluated, which is used for confirming the valid range of incidence angle to invert; then, a two dimensional (2D) inversion method is developed for remote sensing all the seven parameters in non-Gaussian slope pdf by the wave scatterometer based on GO model; finally those parameters are inverted by the method using the Ku-band airborne wave scatterometer KuROS measurements.
Factors that affect academic performance among pharmacy students.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine factors such as academic competence, test competence, time management, strategic studying, and test anxiety, and identify whether these factors could distinguish differences among students, based on academic performance and enrollment in the experiential program. METHODS A cross-sectional study design utilizing questionnaires measuring previously validated constructs was used to evaluate the effect of these factors on students with low and high cumulative grade point averages (GPAs). Pharmacy students (N = 198) enrolled at the University of Houston participated in the study. RESULTS Academic performance was significantly associated with factors such as academic competence and test competence. Students with a cumulative GPA of 3.0 or greater significantly differed in their level of test competence than those with a GPA of less than 3.0. Students enrolled in their experiential year differed from students enrolled in their second year of curriculum on factors such as test anxiety, academic competence, test competence, and time management skills. CONCLUSION Test competence was an important factor to distinguish students with low vs. high academic performance. Factors such as academic competence, test competence, test anxiety and time management improve as students' progress in their experiential year.
HRIS Design Characteristics: Towards a General Research Frame- work

Design characteristics constitute a promising approach for supporting researchers and practitioners in developing, implementing and improving Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) to ensure the anticipated benefit for those firms which introduce and/or apply them. Constituting an intuitively appealing approach, the question how to understand and apply systematically such design characteristics is of specific interest. Hence, the paper proposes a general research framework of HRIS design characteristics which a) allows researchers to understand and apply crucial aspects relevant to HRIS design characteristics better so that b) practitioners may be supported in developing, implementing and permanently improving successful HRIS.
On noisy network coding for a Gaussian relay chain network with correlated noises

Noisy network coding, which elegantly combines the conventional compress-and-forward relaying strategy and ideas from network coding, has recently drawn much attention for its simplicity and optimality in achieving to within constant gap of the capacity of the multisource multicast Gaussian network. The constant-gap result, however, applies only to Gaussian relay networks with independent noises. This paper investigates the application of noisy network coding to networks with correlated noises. By focusing on a four-node Gaussian relay chain network with a particular noise correlation structure, it is shown that noisy network coding can no longer achieve to within constant gap to capacity with the choice of Gaussian inputs and Gaussian quantization. The cut-set bound of the relay chain network in this particular case, however, can be achieved to within half a bit by a simple concatenation of a correlation-aware noisy network coding strategy and a decode-and-forward scheme.
COMPARING PRONOUN RESOLUTION ALGORITHMS

This paper discusses the comparative evaluation of five well‐known pronoun resolution algorithms conducted with the help of a purpose‐built tool for consistent evaluation in anaphora resolution, termed the evaluation workbench. The workbench enables the evaluation and comparison of pronoun resolution algorithms on the basis of the same preprocessing tools and test data. The tool is controlled by the user who can conduct the evaluation according to a variety of parameters, with regard to the types of anaphors and the samples used for evaluation. The extensive comparative evaluation of the pronoun resolution algorithms showed that their performance was significantly lower than the figures reported in the original papers describing the algorithms. The evaluation study concluded that the main reason for this drop in performance is the fact that all algorithms operate in a fully automatic mode.