Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multiscale Algorithm for the Numerical Inversion of Elliptic Operators

This work develops an efficient and fast algorithm to invert elliptic operators associated to Lipschitz coefficients. The method is based on multiresolution analysis and uses localization properties of wavelets. The numerical inverse of the operator is defined through the coupling between a Galerkin approximation and a preconditioner based on wavelets. The inverse uses a standard residual correction method that may be applied to solve some partial differential equations. According to the algorithm the time derivation operators is approximated by a finite difference scheme. The work presents numerical simulations and provides comparisons with a standard Galerkin method. The results are quite reasonable when compared to the exact solution. Numerical examples show that the proposed method is efficient.
Holistic Contingency Management for Autonomous Unmanned Systems

Contingency Management—the problem of recognizing, assessing, and responding to unanticipated events or conditions that impact plan execution—is a key enabler for unmanned systems to become autonomous systems—that is, able to carry out assigned tasks or missions without continuous human supervision. We present a concept and technology for holistic contingency management that addresses all levels of autonomous system mission execution— from real-time flight-critical failures to long-term issues that can affect teams of vehicles. This concept features several key elements: • Multi-level assessment: Monitoring, assessment, and response occur at multiple levels.
Chemical Reaction Optimization for the Grid Scheduling Problem

Grid computing collects geographically dispersed resources ranging from laptops to supercomputers to compute tasks requested by clients. Grid scheduling, i.e., assigning tasks to resources, is an NP-hard problem, and thus, metaheuristic methods are employed to find the optimal solutions. In this paper, we propose a Chemical Reaction Optimization (CRO) algorithm for the grid scheduling problem. CRO is a population-based metaheuristics mimicking the interactions between molecules in a chemical reaction. We compare the CRO approach with four generally acknowledged metaheuristics, and show that CRO performs the best.
Cyber Warfare: A Multidisciplinary Analysis

This book is a multi-disciplinary analysis of cyber warfare, featuring contributions by leading experts from a mixture of academic and professional backgrounds. Cyber warfare, meaning interstate cyber aggression, is an increasingly important emerging phenomenon in international relations, with state-orchestrated (or apparently state-orchestrated) computer network attacks occurring in Estonia (2007), Georgia (2008) and Iran (2010). This method of waging warfare given its potential to, for example, make planes fall from the sky or cause nuclear power plants to melt down has the capacity to be as devastating as any conventional means of conducting armed conflict. Every state in the world now has a cyber-defence programme and over 120 states also have a cyber-attack programme. While the amount of literature on cyber warfare is growing within disciplines, our understanding of the subject has been limited by a lack of cross-disciplinary engagement. In response, this book, drawn from the fields of computer science, military strategy, international law, political science and military ethics, provides a critical overview of cyber warfare for those approaching the topic from whatever angle. Chapters consider the emergence of the phenomena of cyber warfare in international affairs; what cyber-attacks are from a technological standpoint; the extent to which cyber-attacks can be attributed to state actors; the strategic value and danger posed by cyber conflict; the legal regulation of cyber-attacks, both as international uses of force and as part of an on-going armed conflict, and the ethical implications of cyber warfare. This book will be of great interest to students of cyber warfare, cyber security, military ethics, international law, security studies and IR in general.
High Level Hardware/Software Embedded System Design with Redsharc

As tools for designing multiple processor systems-on-chips (MPSoCs) continue to evolve to meet the demands of developers, there exist systematic gaps that must be bridged to provide a more cohesive hardware/software development environment. We present Redsharc to address these problems and enable: system generation, software/hardware compilation and synthesis, run-time control and execution of MPSoCs. The efforts presented in this paper extend our previous work to provide a rich API, build infrastructure, and runtime enabling developers to design a system of simultaneously executing kernels in software or hardware, that communicate seamlessly. In this work we take Redsharc further to support a broader class of applications across a larger number of devices requiring a more unified system development environment and build infrastructure. To accomplish this we leverage existing tools and extend Redsharc with build and control infrastructure to relieve the burden of system development allowing software programmers to focus their efforts on application and kernel development.
Parallelized Local Volatility Estimation Using GP-GPU Hardware Acceleration

We introduce an inverse problem for the local volatility model in option pricing. We solve the problem using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm and use the notion of the Frechet derivative when calculating the Jacobian matrix. We analyze the existence of the Frechet derivative and its numerical computation. To reduce the computational time of the inverse problem, a GP-GPU environment is considered for parallel computation. Numerical results confirm the validity and efficiency of the proposed method.
Is There a Skills Crisis? Trends in Job Skill Requirements, Technology, and Wage Inequality in the United States. Working Paper No. 295.

Many economists and other social scientists and policy makers believe that the growth in inequality in the last two decades reflects mostly an imbalance between the demand for and the supply of employee skills driven by technological change, particularly the spread of computers. However, the empirical basis for this belief is not strong. The growth in inequality was concentrated in the recession years of the early 1980s and any imbalance between the supply of and demand for workers with technological skills likely did not occur until later. The growth of the supply of more-educated workers decelerated during the 1980s, but any impact of that likely would not have been felt until the late 1980s and 1990s. However, inequality actually stabilized during this latter period. On the demand side, trends in occupational composition do not suggest that upgrading was particularly rapid in the 1980s and 1990s compared to the 1970s. Computers do not seem to have greatly affected employment in a number of narrow occupations that are likely to be sensitive to technological change (e.g., computer programmers, bank tellers). Computer use itself does seem to be associated with more education, even controlling for occupation, but the causal status of this relationship is uncertain and even the magnitude of the observed association does not seem large enough to have seriously compromised the ability of supply to meet the implied growth in demand. By contrast, the recession of the early 1980s coincides with a dramatic decline of traditionally better paid blue collar workers, particularly in manufacturing. This suggests a need for a closer look at other possible causes of inequality growth, such as macroeconomic forces and the decline of institutional protections for workers.
Towards formal security analysis of GTRBAC using timed automata

An access control system is often viewed as a state transition system. Given a set of access control policies, a general safety requirement in such a system is to determine whether a desirable property is satisfied in all the reachable states. Such an analysis calls for formal verification. While formal analysis on traditional RBAC has been done to some extent, the extensions of RBAC lack such an analysis. In this paper, we propose a formal technique to perform security analysis on the Generalized Temporal RBAC (GTRBAC) model which can be used to express a wide range of temporal constraints on different RBAC components like role, user and permission. In the proposed approach, at first the GTRBAC system is mapped to a state transition system built using timed automata. Characteristics of each role, user and permission are captured with the help of timed automata. A single global clock is used to express the various temporal constraints supported in a GTRBAC model. Next, a set of safety and liveness properties is specified using computation tree logic (CTL). Model checking based formal verification is then done to verify the properties against the model to determine if the system is secure with respect to a given set of access control policies. Both time and space analysis has been done for studying the performance of the approach under different configurations.
Mycorrhiza Symbiosis Increases the Surface for Sunlight Capture in Medicago truncatula for Better Photosynthetic Production

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi play a prominent role in plant nutrition by supplying mineral nutrients, particularly inorganic phosphate (Pi), and also constitute an important carbon sink. AM stimulates plant growth and development, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, Medicago truncatula plants were grown with Rhizophagus irregularis BEG141 inoculum (AM), mock inoculum (control) or with Pi fertilization. We hypothesized that AM stimulates plant growth through either modifications of leaf anatomy or photosynthetic activity per leaf area. We investigated whether these effects are shared with Pi fertilization, and also assessed the relationship between levels of AM colonization and these effects. We found that increased Pi supply by either mycorrhization or fertilization led to improved shoot growth associated with increased nitrogen uptake and carbon assimilation. Both mycorrhized and Pi-fertilized plants had more and longer branches with larger and thicker leaves than the control plants, resulting in an increased photosynthetically active area. AM-specific effects were earlier appearance of the first growth axes and increased number of chloroplasts per cell section, since they were not induced by Pi fertilization. Photosynthetic activity per leaf area remained the same regardless of type of treatment. In conclusion, the increase in growth of mycorrhized and Pi-fertilized Medicago truncatula plants is linked to an increase in the surface for sunlight capture, hence increasing their photosynthetic production, rather than to an increase in the photosynthetic activity per leaf area.
H i power spectrum of the spiral galaxy NGC 628

We have measured the H I power spectrum of the nearly face-on spiral galaxy NGC 628 (M74) using a visibility-based estimator. The power spectrum is well fitted by a power law P(U) =AU α, with α=−1.6 ± 0.2 over the length-scale 800 pc to 8 kpc. The slope is found to be independent of the width of the velocity channel. This value of the slope is a little more than one in excess of what has been seen at considerably smaller length-scales in the Milky Way, the Small Magellanic Cloud, the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and the dwarf galaxy DDO 210. We interpret this difference as indicating a transition from three-dimensional turbulence at small scales to two-dimensional turbulence in the plane of the galaxy disc at length-scales larger than the H i scaleheight of the galaxy. The slope measured here is similar to that found at large scales in the LMC. Our analysis also places an upper limit to the galaxy scaleheight at 800 pc.
The effect of coach's task- and ego-involving climate on the changes in perceived competence, relatedness, and autonomy among girl handballers

Adolescents, especially females, have been identified as a group at risk of poor health due to their declining level of physical activity. To prevent sporting attrition, several researchers highlighted the importance of the fit between the motivational context provided by the coach and the socio-emotional needs brought by adolescents. This study concerns the role of the coach's task- and ego-involving climate on the changes in 3 fundamental perceptions underlined by the self-determination theory (8): perceived competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Contrary to the cross-sectional nature of the former studies, this one used longitudinal survey data from 236 French girl handballers. The 3 perceptions were measured by a questionnaire at the beginning and the end of one season. In the middle of the season, perceptions of coaches' motivational climate were also evaluated. Results showed that at the end of the season, feelings of competence, autonomy, and relatedness were both positively predicted by a task-involving climate and negatively predicted by an ego-involving climate, even after controlling for the level of each variable at the beginning of the season.
A Heuristic Immune-Genetic Algorithm for Multimodal Function Optimization

To avoid premature convergence and guarantee the diversity of the population, a heuristic immune-genetic algorithm (HIGA) is proposed. Rapid immune response (secondary response), adaptive mutation and density operators in the HIGA are emphatically designed to improve the searching ability, greatly increase the converging speed, and avoid locating the local maxima due to the premature convergence. The simulation results show that HIGA converges rapidly, guarantees the diversity, stability and good searching ability
Knowledge Spillovers, Search, and Creation in China's Emerging Market

Abstract Prior research and the articles included in this special issue demonstrate that in emerging markets in general and in China in particular, knowledge spillovers exist between foreign firms and domestic firms. As domestic markets become more sophisticated, and competition between domestic firms and foreign firms becomes stronger, knowledge is flowing to and being sourced in many different directions: from overseas head offices to foreign firms then on to domestic firms; from domestic firms to domestic firms; and from domestic firms to foreign firms, and back to the multinational corporations' head offices in the form of reverse spillovers and reverse innovation. We propose that knowledge spillovers, search, and creation in an emerging market are a dynamic and reciprocal process with knowledge flowing between and among foreign and domestic firms. This represents a fertile field for future research and we have identified a number of areas ripe for study.
Classifying behavior patterns of user nodes

To increase the scalability of cloud computing, utilizing resources of individual users has been widely adopted especially in video streaming services. Accurately predicting behavior of user nodes is critical to achieve a high efficiency in such a peer-assisted system. Though there have been many measurement studies on peer-to-peer systems, most of them have focused on the design and characterization of the systems. Thus the behavior patterns of individual nodes have seldom been studied. In this paper, we present new techniques for classifying behavior of nodes in terms of availability and compare them with naive manual classification. We apply a k-means clustering algorithm with various classification criteria on real trace data of a peer-to-peer system. Our analysis shows that there are three dominant time zones with respect to the availability peak time. Our study will give a useful hint to a system designer in handling churns more efficiently based on the peer classification.
Measuring and improving data quality of media collections for professional tasks

Carrying out research tasks on data collections is hampered, or even made impossible, by data quality issues of different types, such as incompleteness or inconsistency, and severity. We identify research tasks carried out by professional users of data collections that are hampered by inherent quality issues. We investigate what types of issues exist and how they influence these research tasks. To measure the quality perceived by professional users, we develop a quality metric. This allows us to measure the suitability of the data quality for a chosen user task. For a chosen task, we study how the data quality can be improved using crowdsourcing. We validate our quality metric by investigating whether professionals perform better on the chosen research task.
Whole-Genome Sequencing of Individuals from a Founder Population Identifies Candidate Genes for Asthma

Asthma is a complex genetic disease caused by a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors. We sought to test classes of genetic variants largely missed by genome-wide association studies (GWAS), including copy number variants (CNVs) and low-frequency variants, by performing whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on 16 individuals from asthma-enriched and asthma-depleted families. The samples were obtained from an extended 13-generation Hutterite pedigree with reduced genetic heterogeneity due to a small founding gene pool and reduced environmental heterogeneity as a result of a communal lifestyle. We sequenced each individual to an average depth of 13-fold, generated a comprehensive catalog of genetic variants, and tested the most severe mutations for association with asthma. We identified and validated 1960 CNVs, 19 nonsense or splice-site single nucleotide variants (SNVs), and 18 insertions or deletions that were out of frame. As follow-up, we performed targeted sequencing of 16 genes in 837 cases and 540 controls of Puerto Rican ancestry and found that controls carry a significantly higher burden of mutations in IL27RA (2.0% of controls; 0.23% of cases; nominal p = 0.004; Bonferroni p = 0.21). We also genotyped 593 CNVs in 1199 Hutterite individuals. We identified a nominally significant association (p = 0.03; Odds ratio (OR) = 3.13) between a 6 kbp deletion in an intron of NEDD4L and increased risk of asthma. We genotyped this deletion in an additional 4787 non-Hutterite individuals (nominal p = 0.056; OR = 1.69). NEDD4L is expressed in bronchial epithelial cells, and conditional knockout of this gene in the lung in mice leads to severe inflammation and mucus accumulation. Our study represents one of the early instances of applying WGS to complex disease with a large environmental component and demonstrates how WGS can identify risk variants, including CNVs and low-frequency variants, largely untested in GWAS.
STYLISTIC EXPERIMENTS IN INFORMATIONRETRIEVAL

A discussion on various experiments to utilize stylistic variation among texts for information retrieval purposes. 1. Stylistics Texts vary in many ways. Authors make choices when they write a text: they decide how to organize the material they have planned to introduce; they make choices between synonyms and syntactic constructions; they choose an intended audience for the text. Authors will make these choices in various ways and for various reasons: based on personal preferences, on their view of the reader, and on what they know and like about other similar texts. A style is a consistent and distinguishable tendency to make some of these linguistic choices. Style is, on a surface level, very obviously detectable as the choice between items in a vocabulary, between types of syntactical constructions, between the various ways a text can be woven from the material it is made of. It is the information carried in a text when compared to other texts, or in a sense compared to language as a whole. This information { if seen or detected by the reader { will impart to the reader a predisposition to understand the meaning of text in certain ways. Or, more roughly put, style is the diierence between two ways of saying the same thing. So, the variation in a text or diierences between texts that is not primarily topical, that has not to do with meaning, is stylistic. Naturally, demarcation of stylistic variation to topical variation is impossible. Certain meanings must or tend always to be expressed in certain styles: legal matters tend to be written in legal jargon rather than hexameter; car owner
Optimal Fiscal Policy in a Monetary Union

We study optimal fiscal policy in a monetary union where monetary policy is decided by an independent central bank. We consider a two-country model with trade in goods and assets, augmented with sticky prices, labor income taxes and stochastic government consumption. It is optimal to finance a shock in part by running deficits and in part by raising the labor income tax, even though the latter is distortionary. The optimal speed of adjustment of budget deficits is much higher than the benchmark adjustment of 0.5 percent of GDP per year required by the recent revision of the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP). Optimal fiscal policy does not depend on the initial level of public debt. Ramsey monetary policy allows for less aggressive and more expansionary response of fiscal policy than the monetary policy implied by an interest rates rule.
Implementation of three-phase grid-connected inverter controlled with dSPACE DS1103

In this paper, realization of three-phase grid-connected inverter controlled with dSPACE DS1103 control board is presented. Detailed information about power circuit, sensor board, signal isolation board and DS1103 is given in the paper. The inverter is controlled with DS1103 control board, programming the DSP via MATLAB/Simulink. Connection between the developed control algorithm in Simulink and experimental setup is made with installed DS1103 tools in Simulink. Space vector pulse width modulation technique in d-q synchronous reference frame is used to control the three-phase inverter. The transferred power to grid is 10 kW via three-phase inverter. The injected grid current has 3.59% THD value with 9 kHz switching frequency and 3 mH filter inductance.
Modeling the radio echo reflections inside the ice sheet at Summit, Greenland

[1] Radio echo surveys to determine the thickness of ice sheets often record reflections from inside the ice. To increase our understanding of these internal reflections, we have used synthetic seismogram techniques from early seismic modeling to construct two models. Both models were one-dimensional; the first considered only primary reflections, while the second included both primary and multiple reflections. The inputs to both models were a radio pulse and data from the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) core of length 3028 m. The ice core data consisted of a profile of the high-frequency conductivity, calculated from dielectric profile (DEP) measurements, and a smooth profile of the real permittivity. The models produced synthetic radargrams which are the energy reflected from conductivity variations as a function of the two-way travel time. Both models gave similar results, indicating that multiples do not alter the travel time of the reflections, i.e., no O'Doherty-Anstey effect at our time resolution. One of the results was then processed to simulate the reflected energy passing through the receiver circuit of a radio echo system and then compared with a recorded trace. The processed result contained many of the larger reflections recorded below about 500 m, including nearly all the features from depths greater than 1500 m, in particular, several interstadial events in the Wisconsin age ice. Since high-frequency conductivity variations are dominated by chemical changes which are caused by deposition on the surface of the ice sheet, it is possible to conclude that the reflections deep inside the Greenland ice sheet can be treated as isochrons.