Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Overestimating outcome rates: statistical estimation when reliability is suboptimal.

OBJECTIVE To demonstrate how failure to account for measurement error in an outcome (dependent) variable can lead to significant estimation errors and to illustrate ways to recognize and avoid these errors. DATA SOURCES Medical literature and simulation models. STUDY DESIGN/DATA COLLECTION Systematic review of the published and unpublished epidemiological literature on the rate of preventable hospital deaths and statistical simulation of potential estimation errors based on data from these studies. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Most estimates of the rate of preventable deaths in U.S. hospitals rely upon classifying cases using one to three physician reviewers (implicit review). Because this method has low to moderate reliability, estimates based on statistical methods that do not account for error in the measurement of a "preventable death" can result in significant overestimation. For example, relying on a majority rule rating with three reviewers per case (reliability approximately 0.45 for the average of three reviewers) can result in a 50-100 percent overestimation compared with an estimate based upon a reliably measured outcome (e.g., by using 50 reviewers per case). However, there are statistical methods that account for measurement error that can produce much more accurate estimates of outcome rates without requiring a large number of measurements per case. CONCLUSION The statistical principles discussed in this case study are critically important whenever one seeks to estimate the proportion of cases belonging to specific categories (such as estimating how many patients have inadequate blood pressure control or identifying high-cost or low-quality physicians). When the true outcome rate is low (<20 percent), using an outcome measure that has low-to-moderate reliability will generally result in substantially overestimating the proportion of the population having the outcome unless statistical methods that adjust for measurement error are used.
Acquiring User Information Needs for Recommender Systems

Most recommender systems attempt to use collaborative filtering, content-based filtering or hybrid approach to recommend items to new users. Collaborative filtering recommends items to new users based on their similar neighbours, and content-based filtering approach tries to recommend items that are similar to new users' profiles. The fundamental issues include how to profile new users, and how to deal with the over-specialization in content-based recommender systems. Indeed, the terms used to describe items can be formed as a concept hierarchy. Therefore, we aim to describe user profiles or information needs by using concepts vectors. This paper presents a new method to acquire user information needs, which allows new users to describe their preferences on a concept hierarchy rather than rating items. It also develops a new ranking function to recommend items to new users based on their information needs. The proposed approach is evaluated on Amazon book datasets. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can largely improve the effectiveness of recommender systems.
An ontology-based security framework for decision-making in industrial systems

Embedded devices based on emerging technologies of the Internet of Things (IoT) are used to provide resources, business models and opportunities to build potential industrial systems improving manufacturing systems with efficient operations. In this context, IoT networks are dynamic environments and changes are also being increasingly frequent, modifying the environment execution. Nevertheless, severe threats will increase the complexity and difficulty to protect existing vulnerabilities in smart devices of IoT network. In this context, this work proposes an architecture of the ontology-based security framework to decision-making using adaptive security model to improve secure information for the industrial systems. IoTSec ontology contributes to feed the system using queries of contextual information collected in the environment. The main contribution of this approach is validated as an integration with C2NET project to ensure security properties in some critical scenarios.
Space Efficient Streaming Algorithms for the Maximum Error Histogram

We propose new algorithms for constructing maximum error (L∞) histograms in the data stream model. Our first algorithm (Min-Merge) achieves the following performance guarantee: using O(B) memory, it constructs a 2B-bucket histogram whose approximation error is at most the error of the optimal B-bucket histogram. Our second algorithm (Min-Increment) achieves a (1 + ε)-approximation of a B-bucket histogram using O(ε-1 B log U) space, where U is the size of the domain for data values. The memory requirements of these algorithms are a significant improvement over the previous best schemes for constructing near-optimal histograms in the data stream model, making them ideal for data summary applications where memory is at a premium, such as wireless sensor networks. Our Min-Increment algorithm also extends to the sliding window model without any asymptotic increase in space. Finally, using synthetic and real-world data, we show that our algorithms are indeed as space-efficient in practice as their theoretical analysis predicts - compared to previous best algorithms, they require two or more orders of magnitude less memory for the same approximation error.
A finite element analysis of the stress distribution to the mandible from impact forces with various orientations of third molars

ObjectiveTo investigate the stress distribution to the mandible, with and without impacted third molars (IM3s) at various orientations, resulting from a 2000-Newton impact force either from the anterior midline or from the body of the mandible.Materials and methodsA 3D mandibular virtual model from a healthy dentate patient was created and the mechanical properties of the mandible were categorized to 9 levels based on the Hounsfield unit measured from computed tomography (CT) images. Von Mises stress distributions to the mandibular angle and condylar areas from static impact forces (Load I-front blow and Load II left blow) were evaluated using finite element analysis (FEA). Six groups with IM3 were included: full horizontal bony, full vertical bony, full 450 mesioangular bony, partial horizontal bony, partial vertical, and partial 450 mesioangular bony impaction, and a baseline group with no third molars.ResultsVon Mises stresses in the condyle and angle areas were higher for partially than for fully impacted third molars under both loading conditions, with partial horizontal IM3 showing the highest fracture risk. Stresses were higher on the contralateral than on the ipsilateral side. Under Load II, the angle area had the highest stress for various orientations of IM3s. The condylar region had the highest stress when IM3s were absent.ConclusionsHigh-impact forces are more likely to cause condylar rather than angular fracture when IM3s are missing. The risk of mandibular fracture is higher for partially than fully impacted third molars, with the angulation of impaction having little effect on facture risk. 摘要目的评估下颌骨在具有不同形态的第三磨牙或者没有 第三磨牙的情况下,当遭受到前部或侧部2000 N 冲击力时,其应力分布。 创新点第三磨牙的存在对下颌骨的力学性能有影响,而 且不同位置形态的第三磨牙对下颌骨的力学性 能的影响存在差异。 方法根据一个具有完整牙列的健康下颌骨的计算机断 层扫描(CT)图像构建出其三维模型,以CT 图 像上的Hounsfield 值(HU)为基础,计算出下颌 骨的力学性能参数(包括密度和杨氏模量),共 分成9 组数据。 构建出第三磨牙分别为水平向、 垂直向以及近中方向呈45 度角时的完全阻生和 部分阻生的共6 组下颌骨计算模型。 并以无第三 磨牙的下颌骨为基准模型,利用有限元方法计算 在下颌前部和侧面分别受到2000 N 的静态冲击 力的情况下Von Mises 应力分布。 结论有限元分析结果显示,相同载荷条件下,当第三 磨牙部分阻生时的下颌骨髁突颈和角部区域的 应力值比完全阻生时要大,因此具有部分阻生第 三磨牙的下颌骨具有更高的骨折风险;当具有水 平向部分阻生的第三磨牙时,下颌骨骨折的风险 最大。 对于各种计算模型,下颌骨受到侧向冲击 力时,应力最大位置均位于下颌角区;对于无第 三磨牙的下颌骨,应力最大位置位于髁突颈部区 域,此时髁突颈更容易发生骨折。
Optimizing Description Logic Subsumption

Effective optimization techniques can make a dramatic difference in the performance of knowledge representation systems based on expressive description logics. With currently-available desktop computers, systems that incorporate these techniques can effectively reason in description logics with intractable inference. Because of the correspondence between description logics and propositional modal logic, difficult problems in propositional modal logic can be effectively solved using the same techniques.
Merging equivalent contexts for scalable heap-cloning-based context-sensitive points-to analysis

A context-sensitive points-to analysis maintains separate points-to relationships for each possible (abstract) calling context of a method. Previous work has shown that a large number of equivalence classes exists in the representation of calling contexts. Such equivalent contexts provide opportunities for context-sensitive analyses based on binary decision diagrams (BDDs), in which BDDs automatically merge equivalent points-to relationships. However, the use of a BDD ``black box'' introduces additional overhead for analysis running time. Furthermore, with heap cloning (i.e., using context-sensitive object allocation sites), BDDs are not as effective because the number of equivalence classes increases significantly. A further step must be taken to look inside the BDD black box to investigate where the equivalence comes from, and what tradeoffs can be employed to enable practical large-scale heap cloning. This paper presents an analysis for Java that exploits equivalence classes in context representation. For a particular pointer variable or heap object, all abstract contexts within an equivalence class can be merged. This technique naturally results in a new non-BDD context-sensitive points-to analysis. Based on these equivalence classes,the analysis employs a last-k-substring merging approach to define scalability and precision tradeoffs. We show that small values for k can enable scalable heap cloning for large Java programs. The proposed analysis has been implemented and evaluated on a large set of Java programs. The experimental results show improvements over an existing 1-object-sensitive analysis with heap cloning, which is the most precise scalable analysis implemented in the state-of-the-art Paddle analysis framework. For computing a points-to solution for an entire program, our approach is an order of magnitude faster compared to this BDD-based analysis and to a related non-BDD refinement-based analysis.
Generation of a Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)-Deficient Mutant of Campylobacter coli: Evidence for the Significance of SOD in Campylobacter Survival and Colonization

ABSTRACT The microaerophilic nature of Campylobacter species implies an inherent sensitivity towards oxygen and its reduction products, particularly the superoxide anion. The deleterious effects of exposure to superoxide radicals are counteracted by the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). We have shown previously thatCampylobacter coli possesses an iron cofactored SOD. ThesodB gene of C. coli UA585 was insertionally inactivated by the site-specific insertion of a tetOcassette. Organisms harboring the inactivated gene failed to produce a biologically functional form of the enzyme. While the ability of this mutant to grow in aerobic conditions was unchanged relative to the parental strain, its survival was severely compromised when nongrowing cells were exposed to air. Accordingly, the SOD-deficient mutant was unable to survive for prolonged periods in model foods. Furthermore, inactivation of the sodB gene decreased the colonization potential in an experimental infection of 1-day-old chicks. In contrast, strain CK100, which is deficient in catalase activity, showed the same survival and colonization characteristics as the parental strain. These results indicate that SOD, but not catalase, is an important determinant in the ability of C. coli to survive aerobically and for optimal colonization within the chicken gut.
Multilevel Regression Modeling of Nonlinear Processes: Derivation and Applications to Climatic Variability

Abstract Predictive models are constructed to best describe an observed field’s statistics within a given class of nonlinear dynamics driven by a spatially coherent noise that is white in time. For linear dynamics, such inverse stochastic models are obtained by multiple linear regression (MLR). Nonlinear dynamics, when more appropriate, is accommodated by applying multiple polynomial regression (MPR) instead; the resulting model uses polynomial predictors, but the dependence on the regression parameters is linear in both MPR and MLR. The basic concepts are illustrated using the Lorenz convection model, the classical double-well problem, and a three-well problem in two space dimensions. Given a data sample that is long enough, MPR successfully reconstructs the model coefficients in the former two cases, while the resulting inverse model captures the three-regime structure of the system’s probability density function (PDF) in the latter case. A novel multilevel generalization of the classic regression proce.
Registering Real-Scene to Virtual Imagery Using Robust Image Features

The ability to locate objects in a real-time video and relate them to virtual objects in a database is important in a number of applications including visually-guided robotic navigation, surveillance, military training and operation. The key problem of locating objects in a video scene with 3D coordinates is to find the accurate correspondence of objects and features in the two imageries. This paper focuses on developing novel algorithms that use robust structural features to register a virtual scene with the real scene captured by a video camera. We address a number of challenging issues including finding invariant image features, structural feature extraction and matching, and extracting a reliable set of points from matched feature structures. Experiments and analysis of results are presented.
Delayed Onset of Insulin Activation of the Insulin Receptor Kinase In Vivo in Human Skeletal Muscle

During the infusion of insulin in vivo, the rate of activation of glucose disposal lags significantly behind the rate of increase in serum insulin levels. To determine whether this delay was related to transcapillary transport of insulin, we determined increments in serum insulin levels, glucose disposal rates (GDR), and insulin receptor (IR) kinase activity measured during continuous infusions of insulin (40 and 120 mU · m−2 · min−1) administered to 8 nondiabetic males; similar studies were done at 1,200 · m−2 · min−1 in 2 of the subjects. Half-maximal insulin levels were achieved at a mean of 4.9 and 7.2 min during the 40 and 120 mU · m−2 · min−1 clamps, respectively, with corresponding half-maximal GDR stimulation at a mean of 59 and 47 min. Unlike the rise in insulin levels, IR kinase activation was much slower with half-maximal activity occurring at ∼40–60 min in the 2 clamps. Thus, the rise in serum insulin levels in each clamp was much faster than the increment in either kinase activity or glucose disposal. Insulin infusion increased both IR kinase and GDR maximally ∼10-fold, with half-maximal stimulation at ∼3,600 and ∼700 pM, indicating spare kinase for glucose disposal. These results demonstrate that the delay in stimulation of glucose disposal by insulin is related to a rate-limiting step between the intravascular space and the cell-surface of skeletal muscle. This may involve delayed transendothelial transport of insulin.
Determinants of single photon response variability

The responses to single photon absorptions (quantum bumps) vary randomly in size in Limulus photoreceptors. This variability is a natural consequence of simple chemical reactions involving a small number of molecules. The measured size distributions differ significantly from the exponential distribution predicted by the simplest transduction cascade models, one feature of which is that light-activated rhodopsin (R*) is turned off in a single step process. As shown in the companion paper, the nonexponential size distributions can be accounted for if R* is turned off in a multi-step process. This would lead to a nonexponential (peaked) distribution in the number of G- protein molecules activated during a quantum bump and to a nonexponential distribution in the size of bumps. To test this possibility we measured the distribution of quantum bump size under two conditions in which the variability in the number of activated G- proteins was eliminated. eliminated. In one method, bumps were produced by direct activation of single G-proteins using GTP-gamma-S; in the second GDP-beta-S reduced the R* gain to the point where most quantal events were due to activation of a single G-protein. In both cases the size distribution of bumps became much closer to an exponential distribution than that of normal light-induced bumps. These results support the idea that the size distribution of light-induced bumps is dependent on events at the R* level and reflects to the multi-step deactivation of R*.
Vasoactive characteristics of bupivacaine and levobupivacaine with and without adjuvant epinephrine in peripheral human skin.

BACKGROUND Epinephrine is added to local anaesthetic preparations to prolong their action and reduce their systemic absorption. Bupivacaine and levobupivacaine cause vasodilatation at clinical doses, but lower doses appear to cause vasoconstriction. The aim of this study was to characterize fully the vasoactive effects of these anaesthetics, using an objective measure of blood flow, and to assess the influence of adding epinephrine. METHODS Laser Doppler imaging was used to measure the forearm skin blood flow responses to intradermal injection of eight doses of bupivacaine and levobupivacaine in 10 healthy male volunteers. The doses tested ranged from 0.008% to 0.75%, and the five highest doses were administered both with and without adjuvant epinephrine 2.5 microg ml(-1). RESULTS The cumulative responses to the lower subclinical concentrations (0.008-0.0625%) of both anaesthetics were smaller than or similar to that produced by saline alone, indicating a net vasoconstrictive effect. Higher doses caused net vasodilatation, and the levobupivacaine responses were generally lower than the corresponding bupivacaine responses (P=0.022). Epinephrine 2.5 microg ml(-1) significantly reduced the responses to clinical doses of both drugs (P<0.001), producing net vasoconstriction. CONCLUSIONS Bupivacaine and levobupivacaine have a biphasic vascular effect when injected intradermally, with subclinical doses causing net vasoconstriction. The addition of epinephrine 2.5 microg ml(-1) decreases these responses markedly.
On the structure of k-Lie algebras

We show that the structure constants of k-Lie algebras, k > 3, with a positive definite metric are the sum of the volume forms of orthogonal k-planes. This generalizes the result for k = 3 in Papadopoulos (2008 Preprint arXiv:0804.2662) and Gauntlett and Gutowski (2008 Preprint arXiv:0804.3078), and confirms a conjecture in Figueroa-O'Farrill and Papadopoulos (2002 Preprint math/0211170).
R 2 RML APIOWL-API ( OWL Parser ) Sesame API ( SPARQL Parser ) JDBC

In this paper we present Ontop, an open-source Ontology-Based Data Access (OBDA) system that allows for querying relational data sources through a conceptual representation of the domain of interest, provided in terms of an ontology, to which the data sources are mapped. Key features of Ontop are its solid theoretical foundations, a virtual approach to OBDA, which avoids materializing triples and is implemented through the query rewriting technique, extensive optimizations exploiting all elements of the OBDA architecture, its compliance to all relevant W3C recommendations (including SPARQL queries, R2RML mappings, and OWL 2 QL and RDFS ontologies), and its support for all major relational databases.
A control technique for operation of single-phase converters in stand-alone operating mode

A droop-Lyapunov based control technique using direct-quadrature (d-q) rotating frame dynamic model is presented in this paper for the frequency and voltage magnitude regulation of a stand-alone single-phase voltage-source inverter (SPVSI). Steady-state and dynamic performance of the controller are analyzed based on the d-q frame model and direct Lyapunov method respectively to satisfy control aims and system stability as operation criteria. To further clarify the operation area of the inverter, positive and negative maximum values for d-q components of inverter current are acquired by introducing a capability curve (CC) for entire operating condition. The performance of the proposed control technique is evaluated numerically in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. The simulation results validate the capability of the proposed control method in both steady-state and transient responses.
RACE: Large-scale ReAding Comprehension Dataset From Examinations

We present RACE, a new dataset for benchmark evaluation of methods in the reading comprehension task. Collected from the English exams for middle and high school Chinese students in the age range between 12 to 18, RACE consists of near 28,000 passages and near 100,000 questions generated by human experts (English instructors), and covers a variety of topics which are carefully designed for evaluating the students’ ability in understanding and reasoning. In particular, the proportion of questions that requires reasoning is much larger in RACE than that in other benchmark datasets for reading comprehension, and there is a significant gap between the performance of the state-of-the-art models (43%) and the ceiling human performance (95%). We hope this new dataset can serve as a valuable resource for research and evaluation in machine comprehension. The dataset is freely available at http://www.cs. cmu.edu/~glai1/data/race/ and the code is available at https://github.com/qizhex/RACE_AR_baselines.
Language: A Toolbox for Sharing and Influencing Social Reality

The key role of language is often neglected in explicitly formulated theories of cognition, affect, and social behavior. Implicitly, though, the relationship between language and mind is at the heart of psychological science. Two major research programs—linguistic universals and linguistic relativity—originate in opposite philosophical positions, assuming either that language reflects the mind's ideas and free will or that language differences govern and restrict the mind. However, modern psychological research was able to begin illuminating the power and richness of linguistic influences only after the priority debate was given up and language and cognition were treated as integral parts of the same process. Beyond the confines of referential communication, conceived as cooperative transfer of symbols referring to common world knowledge, some of the most intriguing phenomena are detached from referential bonds, reflecting unintended, emergent, or even random outcomes of verbal interaction. Indeed, the effectiveness of verbal priming may be actually contingent on language users failure to understand the primes referential meanings and implications.