Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Rise and Fall of the Carbonaria Form of the Peppered Moth

The evidence for change in frequency of the melanic carbonaria morph in the peppered moth Biston betularia (L.) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in England and Wales is reviewed. At mid‐20th century a steep cline of melanic phenotype frequency running from the north of Wales to the southern coast of England separated a region of 5% or less to west from 90% or more to northeast. By the 1980s the plateau of 90% frequency had contracted to northern England. The frequency has since continued to drop so that the maximum is now less than 50% and in most places below 10%. There have been similar declines in Europe and North America. Evidence from surveys and from two‐point records shows the change to require 5% to 20% selection against the melanic. The melanic is more disadvantageous in regions where its frequency was initially high than in regions where it was low. Experiments to investigate predation by birds show a net advantage to carbonaria morphs in regions where typical frequencies were low at the time of the experiment, and a disadvantage where typical frequencies were high. This would be expected if environment and frequency were associated, and selective predation played a part in generating the association. The cryptic advantage of carbonaria was large in areas of heavy pollution where typical frequencies were 20% or less. The moth usually has a low density but is relatively highly mobile. The ability of present information to explain the patterns has been tested in simulations. They indicate a system under strong selection that has always been in a dynamic state without equilibria.
Effects of growth regulators on micropropagation and callogenesis of marigold

Marigold is an annual flower which belongs to the family compositae. It has great value in our tradition and culture. This study was planned to develop a protocol for in vitro regeneration and callogenesis of two cultivars of marigold. Seeds were used to produce seedlings in vitro. Germinated seedlings was used as explants (leaves, shoot tips and nodes) for callus induction and also used for proliferation of shoots and roots on media having different levels of growth regulators such as 2,4-D (1.0 mg/L, 2.0 mg/L and 3.0 mg/L), Kinetin (0.5mg/L, 1.0mg/L and 2.0mg/L). The effect of selected growth regulators was observed on explants in the form of callus formation. Growth parameters such callus induction, callus color, callus texture, callus weight calculated. MS having concentration of BA (1.0mg/L, 2.0mg/L and 3.0 mg/L) and NAA (1.0mg/L, 2.0mg/L and 3.0 mg/L) and sucrose was dissolved at the rate of 3.0% and 6.0% (w/v). Best callus formation was seen in loose cells of leaf blade as compared to arranged
Sale or Lease? Durable-Goods Monopoly with Network Effects

This paper studies the pricing problem of a durable-goods monopolist. It finds that contrary to the existing literature, profits from selling durable goods might be higher than from leasing when the products exhibit network effects. Under the influence of network effects, there exist multiple self-fulfilling equilibria that would sustain different network sizes at the same price. By using the assumption that consumers are cautious about network growth, we find that consumption externalities among heterogeneous groups of consumers generate a discontinuous demand function, which requires a lessor to offer a low price if she wants to reach the mass market. In contrast, a seller enjoys a relative advantage in that she can build a customer base by setting a lower initial price and raise the price later in the mass market. Our finding that selling can be more profitable than leasing holds when consumers are more cautious about the prospect of the product's success, which might be the case if, for example, the technology or manufacturer is relatively unknown.
An Objective Rating Form to Evaluate Grant Proposals to the Hogg Foundation for Mental Health

The lack of support for mental health–related projects by private philanthropy, even among those that express an interest in mental health, is due in large part to the subjectivity of the grant review process. To address this problem, Whaley, Rodriguez, and Alexander developed the Grant Proposal Rating Form (GPRF) to make the grant review process more objective at the Hogg Foundation for Mental Health. The purpose of the current study is to establish the ecological validity of the GPRF by a pilot study of its implementation in the actual grant review process of the foundation. The overall results of this pilot study did not yield consistently favorable psychometric outcomes as the original study by Whaley et al. The implications of these results are discussed.
In fl uenza in hospitalized children in Ireland in the pandemic period and the 2010 / 2011 season : risk factors for paediatric intensive-care-unit admission

J. REBOLLEDO*, D. IGOE, J. O’DONNELL, L. DOMEGAN, M. BOLAND, B. FREYNE, A. McNAMARA, E. MOLLOY, M. CALLAGHAN, A. RYAN AND D. O’FLANAGAN Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Health Service Executive, Dublin, Ireland European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden Department of Public Health, Health Service Executive Dublin, Ireland National Maternity Hospital, Holles Street, Dublin, Ireland Department of Public Health, Health Service Executive Tullamore, Ireland Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland Department of Public Health, Health Service Executive Sligo, Ireland
$\hbox{HfO}_{x}/\hbox{TiO}_{x}/\hbox{HfO}_{x}/ \hbox{TiO}_{x}$ Multilayer-Based Forming-Free RRAM Devices With Excellent Uniformity

In this letter, a significantly improved uniformity of device parameters (for cycle-to-cycle uniformity within one device and device-to-device uniformity), such as set voltage, reset voltage, and HRS and LRS resistance distributions, is successfully demonstrated on HfOx/TiOx multilayer (ML)-based resistive switching devices, as compared with HfOx-based single-layer device. In addition, the reported ML devices are free from forming process, which is greatly beneficial from the viewpoint of RRAM circuit operation. It is believed that both the Ti doping effect and the confinement of conduction filament within different dielectrics layers contribute to the improvement.
Advantages and Quality Control of Orally Disintegrating Tablets

Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) are most preferred and accepted solid dosage forms by the patients. These tablets disintegrate in the saliva in the mouth within a short period of time and offer an advantage for populations who have difficulty in swallowing. Quality control of orally disintegrating tablets can be done by friability, porosity, hardness, wetting time, water absorption capacity, in vitro disintegration test and dissolution test. This article summarizes advantages and in vitro quality control tests of orally disintegrated tablets.
Recommendation system based on collaborative filtering in RapidMiner Zhihang Tang

Recommender systems facilitate decision-making processes through informed assistance and enhanced user experience. To aid in the decision-making process, recommender systems use the available data on the items themselves. Personalized recommender systems subsequently use this input data, and convert it to an output in the form of ordered lists or scores of items in which a user might be interested. These lists or scores are the final result the user will be presented with, and their goal is to assist the user in the decisionmaking process. The application of recommender systems outlined was just a small introduction to the possibilities of the extension. Recommender systems became essential in an informationand decision-overloaded world. They changed the way users make decisions, and helped their creators to increase revenue at the same time. Bringing recommender systems to a broader audience is essential in order to popularize them beyond the limits of scientific research and high technology entrepreneurship. The recommender systems will assist you in reaching quality, informed decisions.
On the existence of pseudorandom generators

Pseudorandom generators are known to exist, assuming the existence of functions that cannot be efficiently inverted on the distributions induced by applying the function iteratively polynomially many times. This sufficient condition is also necessary, but it is difficult to check whether particular functions, assumed to be one-way, are also one-way on their iterates. This raises the fundamental question of whether the mere existence of one-way functions suffices for the construction of pseudorandom generators. Progress toward resolving this question is presented. Regular functions in which every image of a k-bit string has the same number of preimages of length k are considered. It is shown that if a regular function is one-way, then pseudorandom generators do exist. In particular, assuming the intractability of general factoring, it can be proved that the pseudorandom generators do exist. Another application is the construction of a pseudorandom generator based on the assumed intractability of decoding random linear codes. <<ETX>>
Performing Musical Interaction: Lessons from the Study of Extended Theatrical Performances

The field of Human–Computer Interaction (HCI) has long been interested in how people interact with digital technologies, including—through the closely related field of Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)—how they collaborate through and around these technologies. Although initially focused on office applications and work, the spread of digital technologies into nearly every aspect of our everyday lives has led these fields to increasingly focus on emerging leisure, entertainment, and cultural applications of digital technologies in areas such as games, museum installations, interactive artwork, and, of course, playing and listening to music. In its turn, the focus of studying and designing interfaces has also shifted from issues of usability and productivity to encompass new goals such as pleasure, creativity, expression, and aesthetics. For more than a decade, research at Nottingham’s Mixed Reality Laboratory has explored the use of digital technologies in live performance. This has involved working with artists to create, tour, and study a series of theatrical experiences that mix fictional stories with real settings, virtual environments with physical sets and props, and interaction with computers with live encounters with actors and other participants. Various examples have shown how digital technologies can be embedded into extended theatrical performances, including Can You See Me Now? , a game of chase in which on-line players logged in over the Internet were chased through a 3-D virtual model of a city by actors who, equipped with handheld computers with GPS receivers, had to run through the actual city streets to catch them; Uncle Roy all Around You, in which on-line and “street” players collaborated to navigate a mixed real and virtual cityscape, encountering various actors, props, and settings on
IMPROVED TRANSFORMERLESS INVERTER WITH COMMON-MODE LEAKAGE CURRENT ELIMINATION FOR A PHOTOVOLTAIC GRID-CONNECTED POWER SYSTEM

To eliminate the common-mode leakage current in the transformer less photovoltaic grid-connected system, an improved single-phase inverter topology is presented. The improved transformer less inverter can sustain the same low input voltage as the full-bridge inverter of eliminating common-mode leakage current. Both the unipolar sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation (SPWM) as well as the double frequency SPWM control strategy can be applied to implement the three-level output in the presented inverter. The high efficiency and convenient thermal design are achieved thanks to the decoupling of two additional switches connected to the dc side. Moreover, the higher frequency and lower current ripples are obtained by adopting the double-frequency SPWM, and thus the total harmonic distortion of the grid-connected current are reduced greatly. Furthermore, the influence of the phase shift between the output voltage and current, and the influence of the junction capacitances of the power switches are analyzed in detail. Finally, a 1-kW prototype has been simulated and tested to verify the theoretical analysis of this paper.
Antigenicity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis superoxide dismutase in mice.

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (MPT) is the etiologic agent of paratuberculosis. The disease is prevalent in cattle worldwide, and exacts a heavy financial toll. Effective control requires the development of acellular vaccines offering a better protection than the current available vaccines without side effects and allowing the discrimination between infected and vaccinated animals. We studied the immune response of mice to the MPT superoxide dismutase (SOD) alone or adjuvanted by Ribi. We cloned, overexpressed and purified this antigen in Escherichia coli. Spleen cells from immunized mice, after exposure to recombinant MPT SOD (MPT rSOD), produced significant levels of IFNgamma, TNFalpha and IL-6. IFNgamma and TNFalpha production was increased by the addition of Ribi. In contrast, low levels of NO, IL-4 and IL-10 were secreted by spleen cells culture from immunized mice. The immunoglobulin isotype distribution analysis showed that Ribi adjuvant clearly induced a significantly higher anti-MPT rSOD antibody production of all classes tested and decreased the IgG1/IgG2a ratio thus improving the Th1 response. Delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in mice footpads were observed only in mice immunized with MPT rSOD emulsified in Ribi. Vaccination of MPT rSOD emulsified with Ribi induced both a Th2 and Th1 type of immune response with the later slightly more pronounced. The results presented here on the immunogenicity of MPT SOD suggest that this antigen should be further tested as a candidate antigen for a future acellular vaccine against paratuberculosis.
Dollar a Day Revisited

The article presents the first major update of the international $1 a day poverty line, proposed in world development report 1990: poverty for measuring absolute poverty by the standards of the world's poorest countries. In a new and more representative data set of national poverty lines, a marked economic gradient emerges only when consumption per person is above about $2.00 a day at 2005 purchasing power parity. Below this, the average poverty line is $1.25, which is proposed as the new international poverty line. The article tests the robustness of this line to alternative estimation methods and explains how it differs from the old $1 a day line.
A novel time-domain imaging approach for one-stationary bistatic low frequency ultra wide band SAR based on elliptical polar coordinate

A novel bistatic fast factorized back projection (BFFBP) method for one-stationary bistatic low frequency ultra wide band synthetic aperture radar (UWB SAR) imaging is proposed in this study. This method can precisely deal with azimuth-variance of range cell migrations and motion errors, and achieve computational performance in parity with frequency-domain algorithms. First, the imaging geometry with motion errors in elliptical polar coordinate is provided. Then, based on the subaperture imaging model, the analytical expressions for sampling requirements are derived from the bandwidth angle. Finally, the concrete realization and practical computational load of the BFFBP algorithm are discussed. Simulation data processing results are shown to demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach.
Feature-based transfer learning for network security

New and unseen network attacks pose a great threat to the signature-based detection systems. Consequently, machine learning-based approaches are designed to detect attacks, which rely on features extracted from network data. The problem is caused by different distribution of features in the training and testing datasets, which affects the performance of the learned models. Moreover, generating labeled datasets is very time-consuming and expensive, which undercuts the effectiveness of supervised learning approaches. In this paper, we propose using transfer learning to detect previously unseen attacks. The main idea is to learn the optimized representation to be invariant to the changes of attack behaviors from labeled training sets and non-labeled testing sets, which contain different types of attacks and feed the representation to a supervised classifier. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort to use a feature-based transfer learning technique to detect unseen variants of network attacks. Furthermore, this technique can be used with any common base classifier. We evaluated the technique on publicly available datasets, and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of transfer learning to detect new network attacks.
A Pilot Study of Applying Hierarchical Curriculum Structure Graph for Remedial Learning

"Conceptual graphs" is a conventionally adopted assisted teaching method. Conceptual graphs display the achievements of students. The framework of learning activity is based on the curriculum structure graph which is an improved conceptual graph. Before any learning activities, teachers must prepare complete curriculum structure graphs. The design of curriculum structure graph is only considering many students, not all students. This research proposes "hierarchical curriculum structure graph" to solve the problem. The system provides personalized curriculum structure graph for individual students and adjusts learning phases to fit achievement of student automatically.
Prognostic significance of tumor extension to the main bronchus in the patients with resected right upper lobe lung cancer

Amaç: Küçük hücreli dışı akciğer kanseri (KHDAK) bulunan hastalarda sağ üst lob tümörlerinin ana bronşa yayılımın prognostik önemi araştırıldı. Ça­lış­ma­ pla­nı:­1998-2007 yılları arasında sağ üst lob KHDAK ameliyatı uygulanan 302 hastanın sonuçları geriye dönük olarak incelendi. pT2 veya pT3 tümörü tamamen çıkarılmış olan ve lenf nodu yayılımı bulunmayan 169 hasta analiz edildi. Hastalar üç gruba ayrıldı; pT2 (n=82), pT3 olup ana bronş invazyonu olanlar (pT3-MB; n=41), ana bronş invazyonu bulunmayan pT3 olgular (n=46). Bul gu lar: Beş yıllık sağkalım oranları pT3-MB’li hastalar için %36.7, pT2’li hastalar için %55.1 ve pT3 tümörlü hastalar için %50.7 (p=0.28) idi. Sağkalım pnömonektomi uygulanan hastalarda diğerlerine göre daha kötü idi (p<0.01). Hiler veya interlober N1 varlığının kötü prognoz için belirleyici olduğu bulundu (p<0.001). So­nuç:­ Sağ üst lobu alınmış KHDAK-pT3-MB’li hastaların sağkalım olasılığı kötüdür. Bizim çalışmamız ekstralober N1’in sık görüldüğünü ve prognozu kötüleştirdiğini doğrulamıştır. Bu birliktelik ana bronşa T3 invazyonu bulunan hastalardaki kötü prognozun bir diğer nedeni olabilir. Anah tar söz cük ler: Adenokarsinom/patoloji/mortalite; karsinom, skuamöz hücre; pnömonektomi; prognoz; sağkalım analizi. Background:­We evaluated the prognostic role of main bronchial extension of right upper lobe tumors in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: Between 1998 and 2007, the results of surgery in 302 patients with right upper lobe NSCLC were investigated retrospectively. One-hundred-sixty-nine patients with completely resected pT2 or pT3 tumor without lymph node metastasis were analyzed. The patients were divided into three groups; patients with NSCLC staged as pT2 (n=82), pT3 with invasion of the main bronchus (pT3-MB; n=41), and pT3 patients without main bronchial involvement (n=46). Results:­The five-year survival rate of patients with pT3-MB was 36.7%, whereas it was 55.1% for patients with pT2 and 50.7% for patients with other pT3 tumor (p=0.28). Survival of the patients who had undergone pneumonectomy was poorer than that of others (p<0.01). The hilar or interlobar N1 was found to be predictive for poor prognosis (p<0.001). Conclusion:­The survival of patients with resected right upper lobe NSCLC with pT3-MB is poor. Our study confirmed that extralobar N1 is frequently seen and it worsens the prognosis. This coexistence could be the another reason of poor prognosis in patients with main bronchus invaded T3 tumor.
Bitcoin mining and its energy footprint

Bitcoin is a digital cryptocurrency that has generated considerable public interest, including both booms in value and busts of exchanges dealing in Bitcoins. One of the fundamental concepts of Bitcoin is that work, called mining, must be done in checking all monetary transactions, which in turn creates Bitcoins as a reward. In this paper we look at the energy consumption of Bitcoin mining. We consider if and when Bitcoin mining has been profitable compared to the energy cost of performing the mining, and conclude that specialist hardware is usually required to make Bitcoin mining profitable. We also show that the power currently used for Bitcoin mining is comparable to Ireland's electricity consumption.
Title : Care transitions as street-level work : Providers ’ perspectives on the dilemmas and discretions of older people ’ s transitions across acute , subacute and primary care

Purpose: The complexity of older people’s health needs often brings them into contact with a myriad of services and service providers that can extend across primary, secondary and subacute care sectors. Consequently, the right response is critical to quality and safety. This paper explores the experiences and perspectives of hospital health professionals and community service providers to provide a whole-of-system view of transition of community dwelling older people. Design: Focus groups were conducted with 23 hospital health professionals and community service providers involved in care transitions of older people across acute care, sub-acute care and primary care. A thematic analysis derived two key themes which capture critical interface issues and how front-line providers manage these. Findings: The first theme Tipping points, targets and timing exposes the possibility of critical opportunities in transitions but the chances that these will be missed due to systemic forces at particular points. In this case, system targets can be a deterrent to early intervention, while entrenched divisions between different levels of service can create displacement of responsibility across the system. The second theme, Discretionary tactics highlights the embedded nature of front-line practice and how local pressures are assimilated into practices and decisions surrounding transitions. It describes the various practices adopted by providers to manage unspecified referral pathways and complexity. Implications: The study reinforces the need for standard ways to monitor and identify critical tipping points at the interfaces, supported by systemised approaches to care coordination and capacity building across the system as a whole.