Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intracellular pH of giant salivary gland cells of the leech Haementeria ghilianii: regulation and effects on secretion.

1. Intracellular pH (pHi) and membrane potential (Em) of giant salivary gland cells of the leech, Haementeria ghilianii, were measured with double-barrelled, neutral-carrier, pH-sensitive microelectrodes. 2. Em was -51 +/- 11.2 mV and pHi was 6.98 +/- 0.1 (mean +/- S.D., N = 41) in Hepes-buffered saline (nominally HCO3(-)-free; extracellular pH, pHe = 7.4). pHi was independent of Em. 3. Amiloride (2 mmol l-1) had no effect on resting pHi or on pHi recovery from an acid load (induced by the NH4+ pre-pulse technique). Removal of external Na+ produced a progressive acidification which was blocked by amiloride, and the drug also slowed the recovery of pHi on reintroduction of Na+. The results indicate the presence of an electroneutral Na+/H+ exchanger whose access to amiloride is competitively blocked by Na+. 4. In certain smaller cells of the gland, which probably form a separate population, removal of external Na+ did not affect pHi, and recovery from an acid load was blocked by amiloride. There may, therefore, be two types of Na+/H+ exchanger, differing in reversibility and sensitivity to amiloride. 5. Recovery of pHi from NH4(+)-induced acid loading was not affected by bicarbonate-buffered saline (2% CO2; 11 mmol l-1 HCO3-) or by addition of the anion-exchange blocker SITS (10(-4) mol l-1). This suggests that there is no significant contribution of a HCO3(-)-dependent transport mechanism to pHi regulation in the gland cells. 6. Removal of external Cl- slowly reduced pHi and there was a transient increase (overshoot) in pHi when Cl- was reintroduced. These effects of Cl- are probably explained by changes in the Na+ gradient. Intracellular Na+ and Cl- activities were measured with ion-selective microelectrodes. 7. Acidification with NH4+ was difficult, probably because of the cells' poor permeability to this ion. Attempts to introduce NH4+ via the Na+ pump or Na+/Cl- transporter were not successful. The H+/K+ ionophore nigericin (1 microgram ml-1), however, produced a rapid and reversible acidification. 8. N-methylmaleimide (0.5-1 mmol l-1), which blocks proton-pumping ATPase, produced a prolonged acidification of almost 1 pH unit, well beyond the level expected for simple equilibration with pHe. The results are consistent with the presence of a vesicular proton pump, acidifying the secretory vesicles which pack the cell body. 9. NH4+ (50 mmol l-1) or trimethylamine (50 mmol l-1) increased pHi and stimulated salivary secretion, while propionate (50 mmol l-1) decreased pHi and stopped secretion. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Inequities in the Organizational Experiences of Women and Men

Women face consistent disadvantages in their experiences in organizations, as evidenced by inequities in interpersonal attractiveness, social isolation, job satisfaction, and work strain. The question raised is whether these disadvantages are due simply to differences in access to key organizational resources (expertise, professional rank, and authority), or to the advantages men have in real izing their vested interests in the face of competition from women. The vested interest interpretation receives strong inferential support, while the interpretation based on differential access to resources receives little confirmation. The concept of compartmentalized rationality is developed in.exploring the implications of the findings. Differences in the experiences of women and men in some sorts of social activity have been much studied and, as a result, are generally familiar in the discipline. Yet, in organizational research, direct comparisons between men and women are rare. The reasons for this vary. Some have speculated that women react to work in organizations in a fundamentally different way than men do (Etzioni), and this has occasionally caused women to be excluded from an analysis altogether (Shepard). Others have studied women at work but have not explored the importance of sex, per se, in determining behavior. (For a comment on this, see Acker and van Houten.) Whatever the reason for the oversight, given our ignorance on the subject there is little doubt that the interaction patterns and exchanges of rewards that develop in organizations would stand out more clearly if sexual differentiation were taken into account. With this in mind, we have investigated patterns of sexual differentiation in five small, highly professionalized organizations. Information from these organizations was used previously to explore the social-psychological implications of Weber's model of bureaucracy (Miller and Fry), but this is the first time that the possibility of sexual inequities has been directly investigated. The research proceeded in two stages. First, the differences between men and women in three areas of organizational activity were determined: 1. differences in access to organizational networks of interaction were examined, using sociometric measures of interpersonal attractiveness (specifically, friendship, perceived influence, professional respect and or*This research was sponsored in part by NIMH grant no. 23274-01 Al and by the Social Sciences Research Institute of the University of Southern California. We are grateful to Steven Bloch for his assistance in the analysis of the data, and to our colleagues, too numerous to Iist, for their perceptive comments on early versions of the paper.
A quantitative study of hair growth using mouse and rat vibrissal follicles. I. Dermal papilla volume determines hair volume.

SUMMARY The volumes of the dermal papilla, matrix and fully grown hair of vibrissal follicles of rats and mice were measured. Dermal papillae were surgically removed from rats' vibrissal follicles and a small new dermal papilla was always reformed. The lower third of rats and mice follicles, containing the whole of the dermal papilla was amputated and very small dermal papillae were reformed. Follicles containing small dermal papillae produced small hairs and a constant positive linear relationship of 7-0 was found between the volume of the dermal papilla and the volume of the full-grown hair for all cases studied.
Effects of officers' cynicism and their perception of managerial leadership on COP activities among South Korean police officers

Purpose – The purpose of the current study is to address limitations identified in the literature on officers' attitudes and their effects on community policing activity. Prior studies are limited in that attitudes toward COP strategy were treated as outcome variables and that factors affecting officers' attitudes were under‐investigated. The current study employed officers' attitudes toward individual and departmental policing as well as perception of community relationship to investigate path mechanisms among these exogenous variables and their direct and indirect effects on COP activity.Design/methodology/approach – The data utilized for structural equation modeling were collected from 206 South Korean police officers, who were designated as COP officers or who were under COP training at the time of the survey. Variables were measured by an organizational survey developed by the Michigan Regional Community Policing Institute. Based on results of the literature review, a hypothesized structural model wa.
c-Jun/c-Fos heterodimers regulate cellular genes via a newly identified class of methylated DNA sequence motifs

CpG methylation in mammalian DNA is known to interfere with gene expression by inhibiting the binding of transactivators to their cognate sequence motifs or recruiting proteins involved in gene repression. An Epstein–Barr virus-encoded transcription factor, Zta, was the first example of a sequence-specific transcription factor that preferentially recognizes and selectively binds DNA sequence motifs with methylated CpG residues, reverses epigenetic silencing and activates gene transcription. The DNA binding domain of Zta is homologous to c-Fos, a member of the cellular AP-1 (activator protein 1) transcription factor family, which regulates cell proliferation and survival, apoptosis, transformation and oncogenesis. We have identified a novel AP-1 binding site termed meAP-1, which contains a CpG dinucleotide. If methylated, meAP-1 sites are preferentially bound by the AP-1 heterodimer c-Jun/c-Fos in vitro and in cellular chromatin in vivo. In activated human primary B cells, c-Jun/c-Fos locates to these methylated elements in promoter regions of transcriptionally activated genes. Reminiscent of the viral Zta protein, c-Jun/c-Fos is the first identified cellular member of the AP-1 family of transactivators that can induce expression of genes with methylated, hence repressed promoters, reversing epigenetic silencing.
Deep extraction of manga structural lines

Extraction of structural lines from pattern-rich manga is a crucial step for migrating legacy manga to digital domain. Unfortunately, it is very challenging to distinguish structural lines from arbitrary, highly-structured, and black-and-white screen patterns. In this paper, we present a novel data-driven approach to identify structural lines out of pattern-rich manga, with no assumption on the patterns. The method is based on convolutional neural networks. To suit our purpose, we propose a deep network model to handle the large variety of screen patterns and raise output accuracy. We also develop an efficient and effective way to generate a rich set of training data pairs. Our method suppresses arbitrary screen patterns no matter whether these patterns are regular, irregular, tone-varying, or even pictorial, and regardless of their scales. It outputs clear and smooth structural lines even if these lines are contaminated by and immersed in complex patterns. We have evaluated our method on a large number of mangas of various drawing styles. Our method substantially outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of visual quality. We also demonstrate its potential in various manga applications, including manga colorization, manga retargeting, and 2.5D manga generation.
Atypical spatial working memory and task-general brain activity in adolescents with a family history of alcoholism.

BACKGROUND Altered behavioral performance and brain activation during spatial working memory (SWM) tasks have been demonstrated in individuals with an alcohol use disorder (AUD). It is possible that alterations in processing during SWM may be present prior to initiation of heavy alcohol use in adolescents with a family history of AUDs (family history positive [FHP]) and therefore represent a premorbid neural phenotype that could increase risk for developing an AUD. The goal of our study was to investigate group differences in brain activation during a SWM task between FHP adolescents and adolescents with no family history of AUDs (family history negative [FHN]), as well as examine the relationship between brain activation and individual differences in family history density (FHD) of AUDs. METHODS Eighteen FHP and 16 gender and age-matched FHN participants completed a SWM and vigilance task while undergoing a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan. RESULTS There were no group differences in task performance. The FHN group demonstrated expected greater activation during the SWM than vigilance condition in the right middle frontal gyrus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, whereas the FHP group demonstrated comparable brain activation for both the more demanding and simple task conditions. Additionally, FHD was associated with greater activation of the right superior parietal cortex and less activation of the right cerebellum during the SWM task, but not during the vigilance task. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest FHP adolescents demonstrate alterations in activation of prefrontal regions that are related more generally to the maintenance of top-down cognitive control and alterations in parietal and cerebellar regions that are specific to SWM. Alterations in top-down cognitive control may be a general risk factor for FHP adolescents, whereas SWM-specific alterations are seen as a function of family history loading.
Accelerating In-memory Cross Match of Astronomical Catalogs

New astronomy projects generate observation images continuously and these images are converted into tabular catalogs online. Furthermore, each such new table, called a sample table, is compared against a reference table on the same patch of sky to annotate the stars that match those in the reference and to identify transient objects that have no matches. This cross match must be done within a few seconds to enable timely issuance of alerts as well as shipping of the data products off the pipeline. To perform the online cross match of tables on celestial objects, we propose two parallel algorithms, zone Match and grid Match, both of which divide up celestial objects by their locations in the spherical coordinate system. Specifically, zone Match divides the observation area by the declination coordinate of the celestial sphere whereas grid Match utilizes a two-dimensional grid on the declination and the right ascension. With the reference table indexed by zones or grid, we match the stars in the sample table through parallel index probes on the reference. We implemented these algorithms on a multicore CPU as well as a desktop GPU, and evaluated their performance on both synthetic data and real world astronomical data. Our results show that grid Match is faster than zone Match at the cost of memory space and that parallelization achieves speedups of orders of magnitude.
Environmental Health: a Global Access Science Source Mortality among Us Employees of a Large Computer Manufacturing

Background: Previous studies suggested increased cancer incidence and mortality in workers exposed to solvents and other chemicals in computer manufacturing jobs. Most previous studies were of small cohorts and findings were inconsistent. A lawsuit involving a large U.S. company produced a data file for analysis. This study sought to elucidate patterns of mortality in workers who were engaged manufacturing computers and related electronic components in the largest database available to date.
Projective rectification without epipolar geometry

We present a novel algorithm performing projective rectification which does not require explicit computation of the epipolar geometry and specifically of the fundamental matrix. Instead of finding the epipoles and computing two homographies mapping the epipoles to infinity, as done in recent work on projective rectification, we exploit the fact that the fundamental matrix of a pair of rectified images has a particular, known form. This allows us to set up a minimization that yields the rectifying, homographies directly from image correspondences. Experimental results show that our method works quite robustly even in the presence of noise, and with inaccurate point correspondences. The code of our implementation will be made available at the author's web site.
A Phosphatidic Acid (PA) conveyor system of continuous intracellular transport from cell membrane to nucleus maintains EGF receptor homeostasis

The intracellular concentration of the mitogen phosphatidic acid (PA) must be maintained at low levels until the need arises for cell proliferation. How temporal and spatial trafficking of PA affects its target proteins in the different cellular compartments is not fully understood. We report that in cancer cells, PA cycles back and forth from the cellular membrane to the nucleus, affecting the function of epidermal growth factor (EGF), in a process that involves PPARα/LXRα signaling. Upon binding to its ligand, EGF receptor (EGFR)-initiated activation of phospholipase D (PLD) causes a spike in intracellular PA production that forms vesicles transporting EGFR from early endosomes (EEA1 marker) and prolonged internalization in late endosomes and Golgi (RCAS marker). Cells incubated with fluorescent-labeled PA (NBD-PA) show PA in “diffuse” locations throughout the cytoplasm, punctae (small, <0.1 μm) vesicles) and large (>0.5 μm) vesicles that co-localize with EGFR. We also report that PPARα/LXRα form heterodimers that bind to new Responsive Elements (RE) in the EGFR promoter. Nuclear PA enhances EGFR expression, a role compatible with the mitogenic ability of the phospholipid. Newly made EGFR is packaged into PA recycling vesicles (Rab11 marker) and transported back to the cytoplasm and plasma membrane. However, a PLD+PA combination impedes binding of PPARα/LXRα to the EGFR promoter. Thus, if PA levels inside the nucleus reach a certain threshold (>100 nM) PA outcompetes the nuclear receptors and transcription is inhibited. This new signaling function of PLD-PA targeting EGFR trafficking and biphasically modulating its transcription, could explain cell proliferation initiation and its maintenance in cancer cells.
Bidirectional Sequence Classification for Named Entities Recognition

With this paper is presented a system for Named Entities Recognition, based on the Perceptron Algorithm. In the proposed framework, the order of the inference is not forced into a monotonic behavior (left-to-right), but is learned together with the parameters of the local classifier. The system tested on the task of Italian NER at EVALITA 2009 obtained the second position, with an F1 measure of 81.46%.
The GREC Challenge 2008: Overview and Evaluation Results

The GREC Task at REG ’08 required participating systems to select coreference chains to the main subject of short encyclopaedic texts collected from Wikipedia. Three teams submitted a total of 6 systems, and we additionally created four baseline systems. Systems were tested automatically using a range of existing intrinsic metrics. We also evaluated systems extrinsically by applying coreference resolution tools to the outputs and measuring the success of the tools. In addition, systems were tested in a reading/comprehensionexper-iment involving human subjects. This report describes the GREC Task and the evaluation methods, gives brief descriptions of the participating systems, and presents the evaluation results.
Genistein Suppresses LPS-Induced Inflammatory Response through Inhibiting NF-κB following AMP Kinase Activation in RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Genistein, the major isoflavone in soybean, was recently reported to exert beneficial effects in metabolic disorders and inflammatory diseases. In the present study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of a dietary concentration of genistein on the inflammatory response in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Our results demonstrated that genistein effectively inhibited the LPS-induced overproduction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), as well as LPS-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation. In addition, the data also showed that genistein prevented LPS-induced decrease in adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. These effects were obviously attenuated by an AMPK inhibitor. Taken together, our results suggest that the dietary concentration of genistein is able to attenuate inflammatory responses via inhibition of NF-κB activation following AMPK stimulation. The data provide direct evidence for the potential application of low concentrations of genistein in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Centrifuge: rapid and sensitive classification of metagenomic sequences

Centrifuge is a novel microbial classification engine that enables rapid, accurate and sensitive labeling of reads and quantification of species on desktop computers. The system uses an indexing scheme based on the Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT) and the Ferragina-Manzini (FM) index, optimized specifically for the metagenomic classification problem. Centrifuge requires a relatively small index (4.2 GB for 4,078 bacterial and 200 archaeal genomes) and classifies sequences at very high speed, allowing it to process the millions of reads from a typical high-throughput DNA sequencing run within a few minutes. Together these advances enable timely and accurate analysis of large metagenomics data sets on conventional desktop computers. Because of its space-optimized indexing schemes, Centrifuge also makes it possible to index the entire NCBI non-redundant nucleotide sequence database (a total of 109 billion bases) with an index size of 69 GB, in contrast to k-mer based indexing schemes, which require far more extensive space. Centrifuge is available as free, open-source software from www.ccb. jhu.edu/software/centrifuge
Toward a text classification system for the quality assessment of software requirements written in natural language

Requirements Engineering (RE) is concerned with the gathering, analyzing, specifying and validating of user requirements that are documented mostly in natural language. The artifact produced by the RE process is the software requirements specification (SRS) document. The success of a software project largely depends on the quality of SRS documentation, which serves as an input to the design, coding and testing phases. This paper approaches the problem of the automatic quality assessment of textual requirements from an innovative point of view, namely the use of the Natural Language Processing (NLP) text classification technique. The paper proposes a quality model for the requirements text and a text classification system to automate the quality assessment process. A large study evaluating the discriminatory power of the quality characteristics and the feasibility of a tool for the automatic detection of ambiguities in requirements documentation is presented. The study also provides a benchmark for such an evaluation and an upper bound on what we can expect automatic requirements quality assessment tools to achieve. The reported research is part of a larger project on the applicability of NLP techniques to assess the quality of artifacts produced in RE.