Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Morphology of rabbit retinal ganglion cells projecting to the medial terminal nucleus of the accessory optic system

Rabbit retinal ganglion cells were retrogradely labeled following injection of rhodamine‐labeled microspheres into the medial terminal nucleus. The small fraction of rhodamine‐labeled neurons reached their peak concentration within the visual streak and then decreased with increasing eccentricity until none were encountered in the far periphery. The same rabbits also received injections of the fluorescent tracer Fast Blue into the superior colliculus. No double‐labeled neurons were observed, i.e., ganglion cells projecting to the medial terminal nucleus (MTN) had no axon collaterals to the superior colliculus. In fixed retinae rhodamine‐labeled ganglion cells were intracellularly injected with the fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow to reveal their full dendritic arborization. MTN‐projecting cells had mediumsized to large somata with thin and frequently branched dendrites. The large dendritic trees had a distinct morphology and were predominatly unistratified in a narrow band that presumably corresponded to the electrophysiologically determined on‐sublamina of the inner plexiform layer. Dendritic field sizes were inversely related to ganglion cell density, thus providing an eccentricity‐independent, constant dendritic coverage factor. Approximately five to six dendritic fields from neighboring cells cover every point of the retina. Published reports claim that the physiological class of on‐direction‐selective ganglion cells provides the sole retinal input to the MTN in the rabbit. In this context morphological features of MTN‐projecting cells and their presumed functional correlation with on‐direction‐selective ganglion cells are discussed.
Bovine NALP5, NALP8, and NALP9 Genes: Assignment to a QTL Region and the Expression in Adult Tissues, Oocytes, and Preimplantation Embryos

Abstract A 3204-bp full-length cDNA of bovine NALP9 was cloned and its genomic organization was analyzed. The 2988-bp open reading frame covers 9 exons and encodes a deduced protein of 996 amino acids containing Pyrin, Nacht and leucine-rich repeat domains like the human NALP gene family members. Mapping with the WGRH5000 panel and fluorescence in situ hybridization assigned NALP9 in close vicinity to BM2078 (LOD score 25.71; distance 0.0 cR5000) on bovine chromosome 18, BTA18q25-q26, within a previously identified QTL region for reproductive traits flanked by the bovine marker BM2078 and TGLA227. BAC contig analysis revealed that NALP9, NALP8, and NALP5 map in this QTL region. Temporospatial expression of these members of the NALP gene family was monitored. Among the adult tissues examined, transcripts of NALP8 and NALP9 were detected exclusively in testis and ovary, whereas transcripts of the NALP5 gene are limited to the ovary. The transcripts of NALP9, NALP8, and NALP5 were detected in oocytes before and after in vitro maturation and with a gradual decline from 2-cell to 8-cell stage, suggesting no reactivation at the time of bovine maternal to embryonic transition. Assignment to a QTL region for reproductive traits and preferential expression of NALP9, NALP8, and NALP5 in oocyte, germinal lineage, and gonad cells may suggest their functional relevance to reproduction and possible contribution to phenotypic variation.
Ensuring drivability of planned motions using formal methods

Motion planning of automated vehicles requires dynamical models to ensure that obtained trajectories are drivable. An often overlooked aspect is that motion planning is usually done using simplified models, which do not always sufficiently conform to the real behavior of vehicles. Thus, collision avoidance and drivability is not necessarily ensured. We address this problem by modeling vehicles as differential inclusions composed of simple dynamics and set-based uncertainty; conformance testing is used to determine the required uncertainty. To quickly provide the set of solutions for these uncertain models, we use pre-computed reachable sets (i.e., the union of all possible solutions) for pre-selected motion primitives. The reachable sets of vehicles are obtained through the novel combination of optimization techniques and reachability analysis in the controller synthesis — they enable us to guarantee safety by checking their mutual non-intersection for consecutive time intervals. The benefits of our approach are demonstrated by numerical experiments.
A Heterogeneous FPGA Architecture for Support Vector Machine Training

Support Vector Machines is a powerful supervised learning tool. Its training phase, however, is a time-consuming task and heavily dependent on the training dataset size and dimensionality. In this work, we propose a scalable FPGA architecture for the acceleration of SVM training, which exploits the heterogeneous nature of the device and the diversities of the precision requirements among the dataset attributes. The maximum parallelization potential is obtained by maintaining the usage of DSPs and logic resources at the initial ratio of the FPGA device. The results demonstrate the efficiency of the heterogeneous architecture in both homogeneous and heterogeneous datasets. The proposed architecture outperforms other proposed designs by more than 6 times, in terms of raw computational speed.
Integration of intrinsic muscle properties, feed-forward and feedback signals for generating and stabilizing hopping

It was hypothesized that a tight integration of feed-forward and feedback-driven muscle activation with the characteristic intrinsic muscle properties is a key feature of locomotion in challenging environments. In this simulation study it was investigated whether a combination of feed-forward and feedback signals improves hopping stability compared with those simulations with one individual type of activation. In a reduced one-dimensional hopping model with a Hill-type muscle (one contractile element, neither serial nor parallel elastic elements), the level of detail of the muscle's force–length–velocity relation and the type of activation generation (feed-forward, feedback and combination of both) were varied to test their influence on periodic hopping. The stability of the hopping patterns was evaluated by return map analysis. It was found that the combination of feed-forward and proprioceptive feedback improved hopping stability. Furthermore, the nonlinear Hill-type representation of intrinsic muscle properties led to a faster reduction of perturbations than a linear approximation, independent of the type of activation. The results emphasize the ability of organisms to exploit the stabilizing properties of intrinsic muscle characteristics.
The Use of Poly-d,l-lactic Acid (PDLLA) Devices for Bone Augmentation Techniques: A Systematic Review

Poly-d,l-lactic acid (PDLLA) has been proposed in dentistry for regenerative procedures in the form of membranes, screws, and pins. The aim of this review was to evaluate the efficacy of bone augmentation techniques using PDLLA devices. A literature search was carried out by two independent and calibrated reviewers. All interventional and observational studies assessing the efficacy of bone augmentation techniques using PDLLA devices were included. Six studies were included. The relevant variability of design and methods impeded any qualitative or quantitative comparison. Ease of handling, absence of a re-entry phase, moldability of foils, and good soft-tissue response were appreciated characteristics of PDLLA devices. Some drawbacks such as the risk of membrane exposition, a prolonged adsorbability, and a tendency to a fibrous encapsulation of the PDLLA devices have been described, although the clinical significance of these findings is unclear. Clinical data about PDLLA devices for bone regeneration are very scarce and heterogenous. Well-designed randomized controlled trials comparing the use of PDLLA foils and pins with conventional membranes for bone regeneration are strongly encouraged in order to understand the real clinical benefits/drawbacks of this technique.
Right Isomerism of the Brain in Inversus Viscerum Mutant Mice

Left-right (L-R) asymmetry is a fundamental feature of higher-order neural function. However, the molecular basis of brain asymmetry remains unclear. We recently reported L-R asymmetry of hippocampal circuitry caused by differential allocation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunit GluRε2 (NR2B) in hippocampal synapses. Using electrophysiology and immunocytochemistry, here we analyzed the hippocampal circuitry of the inversus viscerum (iv) mouse that has a randomized laterality of internal organs. The iv mouse hippocampus lacks L-R asymmetry, it exhibits right isomerism in the synaptic distribution of the ε2 subunit, irrespective of the laterality of visceral organs. This independent right isomerism of the hippocampus is the first evidence that a distinct mechanism downstream of the iv mutation generates brain asymmetry.
Tool use as gesture: new challenges for maintenance and rehabilitation

There are many ways to capture human gestures. In this paper, consideration is given to an extension to the growing trend to use sensors to capture movements and interpret these as gestures. However, rather than have sensors on people, the focus is on the attachment of sensors (i.e., strain gauges and accelerometers) to the tools that people use. By instrumenting a set of handles, which can be fitted with a variety of effectors (e.g., knives, forks, spoons, screwdrivers, spanners, saws etc.), it is possible to capture the variation in grip force applied to the handle as the tool is used and the movements made using the handle. These data can be sent wirelessly (using Zigbee) to a computer where distinct patterns of movement can be classified. Different approaches to the classification of activity are considered. This provides an approach to combining the use of real tools in physical space with the representation of actions on a computer. This approach could be used to capture actions during manual tasks, say in maintenance work, or to support development of movements, say in rehabilitation.
Gate Dielectrics: Process Integration Issues and Electrical Properties

|In this work we report on the process integration of crystalline praseodymium oxide (Pr 2 O 3 ) high- k gate dielectric. Key process steps that are compatible with the high- k material have been developed and were applied for realisation of MOS structures. For the (cid:12)rst time Pr 2 O 3 has been integrated successfully in a conventional MOS process with n + poly-silicon gate electrode. The electrical properties of Pr 2 O 3 MOS capacitors are presented and discussed.
Transferable landmark representation via detection and adaptation of as-is primary arising in naturally complex scenes

A transferable landmark representation is presented for over-the-horizon cooperation of maneuvering processes. By identifying chromatic diversity of naturally complex scenes with degenerated version of fractal attractors, probe vehicles detect and upload scene specific primaries to be exploited by future visitors in the re-detection of the landmarks. In many practical scenes, the as-is primary is transferable as a robust representation of landmark images.
An analytical growth model for vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes

Here we employ an in situ optical absorbance measurement technique to study the growth of vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes (VA-SWCNTs) synthesized from alcohol. We present a model that describes the growth process of the array in terms of an initial growth rate and a reaction time constant. The growth rate of the array was found to decay exponentially from an initial maximum, resulting in an effective growth time of 15-20 minutes. We also report evidence for burning of the VA-SWCNTs, which can occur if there is an appreciable leak in the CVD chamber. This burning can be accounted for in the growth model, but is found to be suppressed when the leak rate is minimized. We also present an application to accurately measuring the burning temperature of the array using a small amount of SWCNTs. ∗ Corresponding author Tel/Fax: +81-3-5800-6983 Email address: maruyama@photon.t. u-tokyo.ac. jp (Shigeo Maruyama). Preprint submitted to Carbon 10 August 2007
Signal-based user recommendation on twitter

In recent years, social networks have become one of the best ways to access information. The ease with which users connect to each other and the opportunity provided by Twitter and other social tools in order to follow person activities are increasing the use of such platforms for gathering information. The amount of available digital data is the core of the new challenges we now face. Social recommender systems can suggest both relevant content and users with common social interests. Our approach relies on a signal-based model, which explicitly includes a time dimension in the representation of the user interests. Specifically, this model takes advantage of a signal processing technique, namely, the wavelet transform, for defining an efficient pattern-based similarity function among users. Experimental comparisons with other approaches show the benefits of the proposed approach.
Comparative Epidemiology of Dependence on Tobacco , Alcohol , Controlled Substances , and Inhalants : Basic Findings From the National Comorbidity Survey

Studying prevalence of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (3rd ed., rev., American Psychiatric Association, 1987) drug dependence among Americans 15-54 years old, we found about 1 in 4 (24%) had a history of tobacco dependence; about 1 in 7 (14%) had a history of alcohol dependence; and about 1 in 13 (7.5%) had a history of dependence on an inhalant or controlled drug. About one third of tobacco smokers had developed tobacco dependence and about 15% of drinkers had become alcohol dependent. Among users of the other drugs, about 15% had become dependent. Many more Americans age 15-54 have been affected by dependence on psychoactive substances than by other psychiatric disturbances now accorded a higher priority in mental health service delivery systems, prevention, and sponsored research programs.
Experimental Studies of Elastic Properties of Dental Enamel and Photopolymer Used for early Caries Treatment

The paper is concerned with the study of the elastic properties of dental enamel and its destruction by a microindentation technique. A series of experiments were performed to find differences in the mechanical properties of healthy and diseased dental enamel. It has been found that the times of dental enamel destruction in healthy and carious areas under a constant force are different. The effect of an infiltrated photopolymer on the hardness and elastic modulus of dental enamel was investigated by microindentation testing. A comparative analysis of the features of healthy, damaged by caries and treated by photopolymer enamel was carried out.
Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acid on the Fatty Acid Content of the Erythrocyte Membrane and Proteinuria in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Dietary omega-3 fatty acid (FA) has cardioprotective effect and is associated with a slower deterioration of albumin excretion in patients with diabetic nephropathy. In this study, we evaluated the effect of omega-3 FA on proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy patients who are controlling blood pressure (BP) with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) or angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB). In addition, we identified changes in erythrocyte membrane FA contents. A total of 19 patients who were treated with ACEi or ARB for at least 6 months were treated for 12 weeks with omega-3 FA (Omacor, 3 g/day) or a control treatment (olive oil, 3 g/day). Proteinuria levels were unchanged after 12 weeks compared with baseline values in both groups. The erythrocyte membrane contents of omega-3 FA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were significantly increased, and oleic acid, arachidonic acid : EPA ratio, and omega-6 : omega-3 FA ratio were significantly decreased after 12 weeks compared with the baseline values in the omega-3 FA group. Although omega-3 FA did not appear to alter proteinuria, erythrocyte membrane FA contents, including oleic acid, were altered by omega-3 FA supplementation.
The Generalized Logistic Regression Estimator in a Finite Population Sampling without Replacement Setting with Randomized Response

The randomized response technique (RR), introduced by Warner (1965) was designed to avoid non-answers to questions about sensitive issues and protect the privacy of the interviewee. Some other randomized response techniques have been developed as the Mortons technique which was developed based on a finite population sampling without replacement. In this paper we are presenting an estimation of the population (total of individuals N) based on Mortons technique assisted for a logistic regression model and considering a specific sensitive characteristic A, with an auxiliary variable associated to the sensitive variable. Analyses were conducted assuming finite population sampling and based on the p-estimators theory through a model assisted estimator. In addition, we propose an estimator of the variance of the estimator, as well as the results of simulations showing that the model assisted estimator of the variance decreases compared with an estimator which depends of the sampling design.
Filling the reality gap: Using obstacles to promote robust gaits in evolutionary robotics

In evolutionary robotics, which concerns automatic design of robotic systems using evolutionary algorithms, the well-known reality gap phenomenon occurs when transferring results from simulation to real world robots. Several approaches have been proposed to tackle this challenge, such as improving the simulator, avoiding poorly simulated solutions, or promoting robust controllers by introducing noise in the simulation. In this paper we investigate if the addition of a set of small obstacles in the simulated environment can help promote more robust gaits when transferred to a real world robot. In total 80 robot gaits are tested in the real world, evolved using flat and obstacle-seeded ground planes, and using two different scenario difficulties. The results show that in the baseline scenario the proposed obstacle method has little impact on the reality gap of the evolved gaits, whereas there is a significant reduction for the difficult scenario: The average real world performance ratio is 2.3 times higher than the result obtained with the flat plane, and there are no null-performing gaits.
Workload and Failure Characterization on a Large-Scale Federated Testbed

Recently, a number of federated distributed computational and communication infrastructures have emerged, including the Grid, PlanetLab, and Content Distribution Networks. In these environments, mutually distrustful autonomous domains pool resources together for their mutual benefit, for instance to gain access to: unique computational resources, multiple vantage points on the network, or more computation than available locally. Key challenges for such federated infrastructures include resource allocation, scheduling, and constructing highly available services in the face of faulty end hosts and unpredictable network behavior. Developing such appropriate mechanisms and policies requires an understanding of the usage characteristics and operating environment of the target environment. In this paper, we present a detailed characterization of the actual use of the PlanetLab network testbed. PlanetLab consists of 240 nodes spread across 100 autonomous domains with over 500 active users. Using a variety of measurement tools, we present a three-month study on the network, CPU, memory and disk usage of individual PlanetLab nodes and sites. On the consumer side, we further characterize the consumption of individual users. Next, we present results on the availability and reliability of system nodes and the network interconnecting them. Finally, we discuss the implications of our measurements for emerging federated environments.
Study on Shear Properties of Rock Structural Plane by Grouting Reinforcement

In order to study the grouting reinforcement effect of structural plane in cracked rock mass under uniaxial compression test and reveal the essence and mechanisms of grouting reinforcement, the roughness of structural plane in cracked rock mass was measured and studied. The influence of grouting on strength, JRC and stiffness was analyzed through shear tests of structural plane of cracked rock samples around grouting reinforcement. Test results were back-analyzed using JRC－JCS mode. The results showed that the JRC of structural plane in artificial cracked rock of the same rock mass was similar and replicable, the JRC value was about 8-10. Stiffness, roughness, peak shear strength (PSS), residual strength (RS), shear strength parameters (SSP) and slope of upward section (SUS) of structural plane were significantly improved by grouting reinforcement. The theoretical formula of structural plane stiffness was given by theoretical analysis.
Algorithms for Kullback-Leibler Approximation of Probability Measures in Infinite Dimensions

In this paper we study algorithms to find a Gaussian approximation to a target measure defined on a Hilbert space of functions; the target measure itself is defined via its density with respect to a reference Gaussian measure. We employ the Kullback--Leibler divergence as a distance and find the best Gaussian approximation by minimizing this distance. It then follows that the approximate Gaussian must be equivalent to the Gaussian reference measure, defining a natural function space setting for the underlying calculus of variations problem. We introduce a computational algorithm which is well-adapted to the required minimization, seeking to find the mean as a function, and parameterizing the covariance in two different ways: through low rank perturbations of the reference covariance and through Schrodinger potential perturbations of the inverse reference covariance. Two applications are shown: to a nonlinear inverse problem in elliptic PDEs and to a conditioned diffusion process. These Gaussian approximations also serve to provide a preconditioned proposal distribution for improved preconditioned Crank--Nicolson Monte Carlo--Markov chain sampling of the target distribution. This approach is not only well-adapted to the high dimensional setting, but also behaves well with respect to small observational noise (resp., small temperatures) in the inverse problem (resp., conditioned diffusion).
Simulation of a Power Electronic Based Fault Current Limiter (FCL) in Case of Different Faults

The effects of a fault current limiter (FCL) on different types of faults in a three-phase network are presented in this paper. The FCL is based on a six-pulse thyristor rectifier with a freewheeling diode. Parallel to the three branches of the rectifier a further thyristor branch is added to handle faults with connection to earth. The FCL is directly connected to a transformer's neutral terminal. For the simulations in Matlab/Simulink a simple network is used