Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Cash flow on the R&D investment of Pharmaceutical Companies

본 연구는 우리나라 코스닥 제약회사를 대상으로 내·외부금융이 연구개발투자(R&D)에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 실증분석을 위한 표본은 2009년부터 2013년까지 상장된 기업들 중 코스닥 제약회사를 대상으로 하였으며 사용된 전체 표본은 5개년 자료로써 212개 관측치를 가진 불균형패널자료이다. 본 연구에 사용된 주요 변수들 중 개별기업 별 재무자료는 상장회사 협의회의 TS-2000, 금융감독원 전자공시 시스템의 각 기업 사업보고서, NICE신용평가정보의 KISVALUE-Ⅲ 등의 자료를 통해 직접 수집하였으며, 패널분석을 위해 STATA 12. 0을 사용하였다. 연구결과, 첫째 내부금융(유동비율)은 연구개발투자에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 외부금융(부채비율)은 연구개발투자에 부정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 본 연구는 자본시장에서 정보의 비대칭으로 인해 외부금융보다 내부금융이 더 선호됨을 알 수 있다. 즉, 제약기업의 연구개발투자 활성화를 위해 내부금융의 관리 및 정부의 정책적 지원이 필요함을 보여준다.
Ambiguity , the Certainty Illusion , and Gigerenzer ' s Natural Frequency Approach to Reasoning with Inverse Probabilities *

People have difficulty reasoning with information to do with uncertain situations, including when making economic decisions. This is especially true when decisions require the calculation of conditional probabilities. Putting the data in terms of natural frequencies as promoted by Gigerenzer (2002) makes it easier for people to reason in situations of uncertainty. Unfortunately, it invokes the normally false assumption that the frequency information is precise. The use of simple graphical techniques can help to resolve this problem, providing a tool that can be used for making decisions in uncertain situations when the probabilistic information is imprecise and thus ambiguity exists.
MARKETING ORIENTED STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY KENYA AIRWAYS LTD IN FOREIGN MARKETS

To the best of the researcher's knowledge, no study had been done on the foreign market strategy adopted by Kenya Airways. This was despite its success in establishing networks in many nations of the world. This study therefore sought to fill the gap in literature by investigating the foreign marketing strategies adopted by Kenya Airways. This was a case study since the unit of analysis is one organisation. This was a case study aimed at getting detailed information regarding the strategies adopted by Kenya Airways Limited in foreign markets. The researcher used both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected using self-administered drop and pick interview guides while secondary data was collected by use of desk search techniques from published reports and other documents. The respondents of this study were the senior staffs, who include top, middle and lower level managers working at Kenya Airways ltd. The interview guides were self administered to give the respondents time to respond to the questions at their convenience, the completed questionnaires were edited for completeness and consistency. A content analysis was employed. The study found that the company involved in international indirect exporting through domestic intermediary, direct exporting which involves exporting via foreign intermediary; sales and/or collaboration joint venture; sales and/or manufacturing subsidiary; and licensing and franchising. From the findings, the study concluded that the success of foreign market is influenced by export knowledge, commitment, technological superiorities of the exported products and external support programmes such as government assistance influenced. The study also concludes that the foreign market strategies employed by company are use of global marketing strategies shown, sourcing strategies, research and development, sales and customers' service, high level of market orientation, marketing research, promotion and advertising, new products development practices and manufacturing operations. This study therefore recommends that in order to ensure competitive advantage in the foreign market, Kenya Airways should ensure that they have the export knowledge, they are committed and they should have the technological superiorities of the exported products/services which in earlier studies was found to have a positive relationship with success.
Dynamically shimmed multivoxel 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy and multislice magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of the human brain

In vivo multivoxel Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) and multislice Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging (MRSI) are extremely susceptible to poor homogeneity of the static magnetic field. Existing room‐temperature (RT) shim technology can adequately optimize the B0 homogeneity of local volumes, such as single voxels. However, the widespread global homogeneity required for in vivo spectral acquisitions from multiple volumes in the human brain cannot be attained with a single RT shim setting. Dynamic shim updating (DSU) allows for use of local RT shim B0 homogeneity compensation capabilities in a global fashion. Here, by updating first‐ and second‐order shims on a voxel‐ and slice‐specific basis using a pre‐emphasized DSU system, we present multivoxel MRS and multislice MRSI of the human brain. These results demonstrate that DSU can increase multivoxel MRS acquisition capabilities and significantly improve the quality of multislice MRSI data. Magn Reson Med 57:587–591, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Scalable 3D Heterogeneous Multicore with an Inductive ThruChip Interface

The authors developed a scalable heterogeneous multicore processor. 3D heterogeneous chip stacking of a general-purpose CPU and reconfigurable multicore accelerators enables various trade-offs between performance and energy consumption. The stacked chips interconnect through a scalable 3D network on a chip (NoC). By simply changing the number of stacked accelerator chips, processor parallelism can be widely scaled. No design change is needed, and hence, no additional nonrecurring engineering (NRE) cost is required. An inductive-coupling ThruChip Interface (TCI) is applied to stacked-chip communications, forming a low-cost and robust high-speed 3D NoC. The authors developed a prototype system called Cube-1 with 65-nm CMOS test chips, and confirmed successful system operations, including 10 hours of continuous Linux OS operation. Simple filters and a streaming application were implemented on Cube-1 and performance acceleration up to about three times was achieved.
Do professors have customer-based brand equity?

This research endeavors to understand whether certain professors have customer-based brand equity (CBBE) in the minds of students. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to conceptualize, develop, and empirically test a model of customer-based professor brand equity. Survey data gathered from 465 undergraduate business students were used to test the model. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis findings indicate that certain professors do indeed have CBBE and the transference of the brand-building effort can be successfully applied to professors who are willing to be strong brands. The results show that professor brand characteristics – quality of instruction, competence, and reputation – have an influence on students' feelings of attachment to the professor and to the quality of relationships with the professor brand and therefore, professor brand equity. The ultimate goal of most professors is to inculcate lifelong student learning, but this worthy pursuit gains wings through the professor brand-building effort.
High-Accuracy InductEx Calibration Sets for MIT-LL SFQ4ee and SFQ5ee Processes

The MIT Lincoln Lab SFQ4ee and SFQ5ee process nodes, targeted at energy-efficient superconducting digital circuits, allow the fabrication of complicated multilayer circuit structures. Published per-length inductance values do not hold if ground plane (GP) and sky plane (SP) combinations are changed, or if inductance is distributed over multiple via-connected layers with current return paths determined by the specific placement of sky-to-ground vias. A three-dimensional inductance extraction tool, InductEx, can handle extraction from such complicated multilayer structures with holes in the GPs and SPs. We present calibrated parameter sets for InductEx generated from the analysis of twelve representative test structures. We show that the root-mean-squared-error (RMSE) between InductEx extractions and averaged experimental measurements of self-inductance are below 1% for several calibration sets—The lowest ever reported. The RMSE between calculations and measurements for mutual inductance is also below 1% for the best calibration set—A level also never achieved before.
The development of capabilities in new firms

This research explores evidence of corporate capabilities for conducting acquisition and alliance deals in young firms. We hypothesize that investors conjecture about the future based on information about a firm's capabilities. Each successive deal carries intrinsic value, creates experience, generates feedback, and yields information about the firm's underlying capabilities. We evaluate whether stock prices impute expectations that firms will capably pursue particular programs of acquisitions and alliances. The analysis covers how investor responses change across successive deals on the theory that firms with a concentrated program of deals may develop capabilities more intensively than those with programs that involve both acquisitions and alliances. The dataset covers the population of firms that went through an initial public offering (IPO) in the United States between 1988 and 1999. It contains information on all of their post-IPO acquisitions and alliances, and on how their stock prices changed in response to the announcement of each deal. The results suggest that within the first year after IPO, investors expect firms to execute particular streams of alliances and acquisitions that reflect their unique histories of demonstrated capabilities. We also find evidence that investors cannot fully anticipate deal programs. The findings support a capabilities-based view of the firm and also show that accurate inference using event-study methods may require digging deep into the early histories of firms.
Numerical study of multilayered nonlinear inhomogeneous waveguides in the case of TE polarization

We consider propagation of surface TE waves in a circular dielectric waveguide filled with nonlinear (Kerr non-linearity) multilayered inhomogeneous medium. Each layer is characterized by a specific value of the nonlinearity coefficient α. Analysis is reduced to solving a nonlinear transmission eigenvalue problem for an ordinary differential equation; eigenvalues of the problem correspond to propagation constants of the waveguide. For the numerical solution, a method is proposed based on solving an auxiliary Cauchy problem (a version of the shooting method). As a result of comprehensive numerical modeling, new propagation regimes are discovered.
Ultrahigh Birefringent Photonic Crystal Fiber With Ultralow Confinement Loss

A photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with circular air holes in the fiber cladding and elliptical air holes in the fiber core is proposed. According to calculation, both ultrahigh birefringence (larger than 0.01) and ultralow confinement loss (less than 0.001dB/km) can be achieved simultaneously over a large wavelength range for a PCF with only four rings of circular air holes in the fiber cladding. The confinement loss in this PCF can be effectively reduced while the birefringence almost remains the same. The proposed design of the PCF is a solution to the tradeoff between the birefringence and the confinement loss for the originally reported highly birefringent elliptical-hole PCF. Moreover, an approach to modify the effective index of fiber core is also suggested in this letter
Opinion leaders as a segment for marketing communications

Opinion leaders are important disseminators of information. Considers their relevance to the marketing of wine by assessing whether they are a reachable segment with respect to their demography and information needs. The importance of information from articles, books and television programmes is significantly associated with opinion leadership status. Furthermore, opinion leadership status is significantly associated with technical information on wines. This group, who tend to be the “heavy” buyers, is an important segment on whom producers should focus their attentions. Identifying them, however, cannot be undertaken demographically but, rather, they should be isolated by their information‐seeking behaviour. Targeting them by ensuring a constant flow of wine journalism of a more technical nature will feed their quest for information with which to impress and/or influence others.
Taxonomic relatedness between Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. odoriferum and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense subsp. nov

Pectobacterium carotovorum is a heterogeneous species consisting of two named subspecies, P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and P. carotovorum subsp. odoriferum. A third subspecies, P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliense, was previously proposed. The study aimed to confirm the subspecies status and validate the proposed name of P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliense using a novel and standard microbial taxonomy.
Leukemic lymphoblasts, a novel expression site of coagulation factor XIII subunit A

Summary Blood coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) is a protransglutaminase circulating asa tetramer formed by two types of subunits (A2B2). The intracellular dimeric form of FXIII (A2) is present in platelets, megakaryocytes, monocytes and macrophages and has been detected in mono-and megakaryocytic leukemias. The aim of our study was to investigate FXIII-A expression in newly diagnosed B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) samples. We examined 47 de novo ALL cases of B cell origin by triple color labeling with flow cytometry. FXIII-A was detected by a FITC conjugated monoclonal antibody combined with CD34 and CD45 staining. In selected cases FXIII-A was investigated on slides prepared from blasts and visualized with a fluorescent microscope. In addition, blasts were studied by Western blot analysis and FXIII-A was measured by a highly sensitive ELISA method. By flow cytometry 19 samples of the 47 cases were found to be FXIII-A positive. Antigen concentration was 3.11± 1.19 fg/blast, while normal lymphoid precursors and mature lymphocytes from B-CLL did not contain FXIII-A. In the lysate of lymphoblasts that were positive by flow cytometry, a single band (82 kDa) corresponding to FXIII-A was detected on Western blots. Confocal laser scanning microscopic examination revealed the presence of FXIII-A in the cytoplasm of these lymphoblasts. This novel expression site of FXIII-A in leukemic lymphoblasts can be utilized as a diagnostic tool and may also gain functional significance in B-lineage ALL.
Directly-Grown Hierarchical Carbon Nanotube@Polypyrrole Core-Shell Hybrid for High-Performance Flexible Supercapacitors.

A hierarchical carbon nanotube-polypyrrole (CNT-PPy) core-shell composite was fabricated by growing CNTs directly on carbon cloth (CC) as a skeleton followed by electropolymerization of PPy with controlled polymerization time. Direct fabrication of electroactive (CNT-PPy) materials on the flexible CC electrode could reduce the interfacial resistance between the electrode and electrolyte and improve the ion diffusion. The supercapacitor electrode based on optimized PPy/CNT-CC exhibits excellent electrochemical performance, with the highest gravimetric capacitance being roughly 1038 F g(-1) per active mass of PPy and up to 486.1 F g(-1) per active mass of the PPy/CNT composite. Notably, excellent flexibility and cycle stability up to 10 000 cycles with only 18 % capacitance loss was achieved. At the same time, the fabricated asymmetric supercapacitor (PPy/CNT-CC∥CNT-CC) shows the maximum power density of 10 962 W kg(-1) at an energy density of 3.9 Wh kg(-1) under the operating potential of 1.4 V. The overall high cycle stability and high performance of the fabricated PPy/CNT-CC flexible electrode is due to the novel binder-free direct growth process.
Echogenicity of liver metastases is an independent prognostic factor after potentially curative treatment.

HYPOTHESIS Intraoperative echogenic appearance of liver metastases from colorectal cancer is a prognostic factor of outcome after curative treatment. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. SETTING Department of Surgery at a university hospital. PATIENTS One hundred forty-three consecutive patients with hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer who underwent liver resection with curative intent between 1992 and 1998. INTERVENTION Curative treatment was achieved by liver resection alone, liver resection plus edge cryotherapy, or liver resection plus cryotherapy to lesions not amenable to further resection. In patients with more than 2 lesions, a hepatic artery catheter was placed for regional chemotherapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The echogenic appearance of the liver metastases was assessed by intraoperative ultrasound by a single person throughout the study using a 5-MHz ultrasound probe. The findings were prospectively entered into the database. RESULTS Fifty-four percent of patients had hyperechoic metastases. This group had significantly longer overall (log rank, P<.001) and recurrence-free survival (log rank, P =.004) compared with patients who had hypoechoic metastases (36%). A significantly higher percentage of mucin-secreting tumors were found in the hypoechoic patient group (chi(2), P =. 001). Dukes stage of the primary tumor (P =.02), echogenicity of the liver secondaries (P =.04), and diameter of the largest resected metastasis (P =.01) were independent prognostic factors for recurrence-free survival in the Cox regression model. CONCLUSION These results support the hypothesis that echogenicity of liver metastases from colorectal cancer is an independent prognostic factor of outcome after curative resection.
Monetary policy, capital requirement and lending behaviour of islamic banking in Malaysia

This paper tries to analyze the role of Islamic banks in the transmission of monetary policy and business cycle. This study will only analyse the Islamic banking in Malaysia. Previous studies such as, Keynes (1936) found that money plays an important role to economic growth. Furthermore, Gurley and Shaw (1995) began to redirect attention toward the overall interaction between financial structure and real activity, emphasizing financial intermediation, and particularly the role of financial intermediaries in the credit supply process as opposed to the money supply process. However, Bernanke and Blinder (1988) performed another view that looked into the assets side as a monetary policy channel to influence the economic activities. The changes in the monetary policy channel give an idea to regulate and strengthen the banking industry. Thus, several questions can be highlighted: how do the changes in the monetary policy tools affect the bank lending? If bank lending plays as monetary policy channel, do they affect the other portfolio? Do the current regulations (such as capital requirement) affect the Islamic bank lending? Furthermore, this analysis will be used the Generalize Least Squares approach to estimate the monetary changes toward Islamic banks portfolio. Annual data will be used from the year 1997 until 2004. The number of observations is based on the combination of time series and cross-sectional data, which is known as pooled data. Instead of that, we will use an unbalanced bank-level panel data set for Islamic banks (i.e., two full-pledged Islamic banks and thirteen Islamic windows).
Implementation of the World Health Organization Surgical Safety Checklist, Including Introduction of Pulse Oximetry, in a Resource-Limited Setting

Objective:To introduce the World Health Organization Surgical Safety Checklist into every operating room within a severely resource-limited hospital located in a developing country and to measure its impact on surgical hazards and complications. Background:The checklist has been shown to reduce surgical morbidity and mortality, but the ability to successfully implement the checklist program hospital-wide in lower income settings without basic resources is unknown. Methods:We conducted a pre- versus postintervention study of the implementation of the checklist, including the introduction of universal pulse oximetry at a hospital in Chisinau, Moldova, where only 3 oximeters were available for their 22 operating stations. We supplied data-recording oximeters for all operating stations and trained a local checklist implementation team. The primary outcomes were process adherence, major complications, and rates of hypoxemia (SpO2 <90%). Propensity score weighing was conducted to adjust process and outcome measures. Regression models were used to evaluate adherence to process measures and hypoxemia trends over time. Results:Data from 2145 pre- and 2212 postintervention cases were collected. Adherence to all safety processes increased significantly from 0.0% to 66.9% (P < 0.001). After checklist implementation, the overall complication rate decreased from 21.5% to 8.8% (P < 0.001). Infectious and noninfectious complications decreased significantly after checklist implementation from 17.7% to 6.7% (P < 0.001) and from 2.6% to 1.5% (P = 0.018), respectively. The number of hypoxemic episodes lasting 2 minutes or longer per 100 hours of oximetry decreased from 11.5 to 6.4 (P < 0.002). Conclusions:Successful hospital-wide Surgery Safety Checklist implementation can be achieved in a resource-limited setting and can significantly reduce surgical hazards and complications.
MR thermometry

Minimally invasive thermal therapy as local treatment of benign and malignant diseases has received increasing interest in recent years. Safety and efficacy of the treatment require accurate temperature measurement throughout the thermal procedure. Noninvasive temperature monitoring is feasible with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging based on temperature‐sensitive MR parameters such as the proton resonance frequency (PRF), the diffusion coefficient (D), T1 and T2 relaxation times, magnetization transfer, the proton density, as well as temperature‐sensitive contrast agents. In this article the principles of temperature measurements with these methods are reviewed and their usefulness for monitoring in vivo procedures is discussed. Whereas most measurements give a temperature change relative to a baseline condition, temperature‐sensitive contrast agents and spectroscopic imaging can provide absolute temperature measurements. The excellent linearity and temperature dependence of the PRF and its near independence of tissue type have made PRF‐based phase mapping methods the preferred choice for many in vivo applications. Accelerated MRI imaging techniques for real‐time monitoring with the PRF method are discussed. Special attention is paid to acquisition and reconstruction methods for reducing temperature measurement artifacts introduced by tissue motion, which is often unavoidable during in vivo applications. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008;27:376–390. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.