Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Korean inflation during the US military administration of 1945-1948: a further analysis

This paper investigates the dynamic process of Korean inflation under the US military administration using a structural vector autoregression (SVAR) incorporating cointegration relations among the variables. The results show that government expenditure shocks are primarily responsible for price movements together with money demand shocks having noticeable short-run impacts. The study also shows that government expenditure shocks are the most important source of fluctuations in each of the other variables investigated. The paper concludes that a reform of fiscal and monetary system is necessary to stop the sustaining process of inflation as well as fluctuations in other macro-variables.
Analysis of the Diffusion Process by pH Indicator in Microfluidic Chips for Liposome Production

In recent years, the development of nano- and micro-particles has attracted considerable interest from researchers and enterprises, because of the potential utility of such particles as drug delivery vehicles. Amongst the different techniques employed for the production of nanoparticles, microfluidic-based methods have proven to be the most effective for controlling particle size and dispersity, and for achieving high encapsulation efficiency of bioactive compounds. In this study, we specifically focus on the production of liposomes, spherical vesicles formed by a lipid bilayer encapsulating an aqueous core. The formation of liposomes in microfluidic devices is often governed by diffusive mass transfer of chemical species at the liquid interface between a solvent (i.e., alcohol) and a non-solvent (i.e., water). In this work, we developed a new approach for the analysis of mixing processes within microfluidic devices. The method relies on the use of a pH indicator, and we demonstrate its utility by characterizing the transfer of ethanol and water within two different microfluidic architectures. Our approach represents an effective route to experimentally characterize diffusion and advection processes governing the formation of vesicular/micellar systems in microfluidics, and can also be employed to validate the results of numerical modelling.
Transparency and the Response of Interest Rates to the Publication of Macroeconomic Data

The benefits of transparency - the outcome of the measures taken by the central bank to allow financial markets and economic agents to understand the factors it takes into account in formulating monetary policy - are now widely recognized. These benefits include smoother implementation of monetary policy and increased effectiveness as markets improve their ability to anticipate the Bank's policy decisions and account for them in their operations. How interest rates respond to the publication of macroeconomic data depends on the degree of transparency in monetary policy, as the rates will rise or fall as a reflection of the market's revised expectations. Before the Bank of Canada adopted initiatives to improve transparency, such as the inflation-control targets, the semi-annual publication of the Monetary Policy Report and Updates, and the fixed announcement dates, changes to the overnight rate created some volatility in interest rates, and publishing Canadian macroeconomic data did not appear to have a major impact on rates. This article shows how the Bank of Canada's steps towards greater transparency have increased the impact of Canadian data on short-term interest rates and have improved financial markets' understanding of how monetary policy decisions are taken.
Do Emerging Markets Provide Currency Diversification Benefits?

We examine the role of emerging markets in providing currency diversification benefits. We use global sectoral portfolios for developed and emerging markets. Our empirical tests based on a conditional international asset pricing model show that on average the prices of currency risks are very close to zero but they increase significantly during crisis periods. We find that the currency exposures and risk premia are lowest for the G7 portfolios augmented with a small set of eight emerging markets over most of the time period for almost all sectors. Finally, holding a most diversified portfolio of developed and emerging markets may not provide additional benefits.
Secure Orthogonal Transform Division Multiplexing (OTDM) Waveform for 5G and Beyond

In this letter, a secure waveform design for future 5G wireless system is proposed. The developed waveform referred to as secure orthogonal transform division multiplexing (OTDM) waveform, is designed to diagonalize the multi-path channel matrix of only the legitimate receiver (Bob), while degrading eavesdropper’s reception. In particular, instead of using fixed exponential basis functions, generated by IFFT and FFT as in OFDM, orthogonal transform basis functions, which are extracted from the Bob’s channel, are utilized to modulate and demodulate the data symbols securely. The simulation results prove that the proposed design provides a significant practical security gap between the Bob’s and Eve’s performance. The design is shown to be robust against channel imperfection, and it neither sacrifices communication resources nor considers any knowledge on the eavesdropper’s channel. Besides security, the scheme results in a higher SNR, leading to a 3-5-dB gain over OFDM at BER = <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${10^{-3}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>.
A methodology for user charge estimation in numeric online databanks. Part I: A review of numeric databanks and charging principles

Recent studies on user charging in information retrieval services emphasize charging on the basis of the information retrieved from the databases or its retrieval costs as being more justified and appropriate as bases for charging than the tradi tional connect-time. When these charging bases are apphed in numeric online databanks, the charges vary over a very broad range, depending on factors which the users cannot know or manage. Therefore the users cannot estimate their charges in advance, prior to query execution. This has many undesirable practical consequences on information retrieval and informa tion seeking. In order to avoid such consequences and to achieve full advantage of such charging bases, user charge estimation tools which automatically estimate the charges on the basis of user query statements must be provided in the query systems to databanks. A novel and systematic methodol ogy for user charge estimation, to be applied by the tools, is reviewed. The methodology has been developed in the context of the relational data model. By applying the methodology, user charges for the information retrieved and its retneval costs for relational algebra quenes can be estimated generally, accu rately and conveniently. In addition to the charge estimates, the methodology provides rich descriptions of the query results that essentially support query formulation. Therefore the user can concentrate on query formulation with a clear idea about the query result and his charges in mind. The architecture of the methodology is such that the methodology can be extented to further charging bases in information retneval (e.g. data communication costs). In the article, the state of the art and trends in the development and use of databanks and in the charging principles of information retrieval are first reviewed. The methodology is then descnbed and special attention is paid to the design of user interfaces of the tools based on the methodology.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens membrane-bound ferritin plays a role in protection against hydrogen peroxide toxicity and is negatively regulated by the iron response regulator.

An Agrobacterium tumefaciens membrane-bound ferritin (mbfA) mutant was generated to assess the physiological functions of mbfA in response to iron and hydrogen peroxide (H(2) O(2) ) stresses. Wild-type and the mbfA mutant strains showed similar growth under high- and low-iron conditions. The mbfA mutant was more sensitive to H(2) O(2) than wild-type strain. Expression of a functional mbfA gene could complement the H(2) O(2) -hypersensitive phenotype of the mbfA mutant and a rhizobial iron regulator (rirA) mutant, suggesting that MbfA protects cells from H(2) O(2) toxicity by sequestering intracellular free iron, thus preventing the Fenton reaction. The expression of mbfA could be induced in response to iron and to H(2) O(2) treatment. The iron response regulator (irr) also acted as a repressor of mbfA expression. An irr mutant had high constitutive expression of mbfA, which partly contributed to the H(2) O(2) -hyperresistant phenotype of the irr mutant. The data reported here demonstrate an important role of A. tumefaciens MbfA in the cellular defence against iron and H(2) O(2) stresses.
Association analyses of 249 , 796 individuals reveal 18 new loci associated with body mass index

Obesity is globally prevalent and highly heritable, but the underlying genetic factors remain largely elusive. To identify genetic loci for obesity-susceptibility, we examined associations between body mass index (BMI) and ~2.8 million SNPs in up to 123,865 individuals, with targeted follow-up of 42 SNPs in up to 125,931 additional individuals. We confirmed 14 known obesity-susceptibility loci and identified 18 new loci associated with BMI (P<5×10−8), one of which includes a copy number variant near GPRC5B. Some loci (MC4R, POMC, SH2B1, BDNF) map near key hypothalamic regulators of energy balance, and one is near GIPR, an incretin receptor. Furthermore, genes in other newly-associated loci may provide novel insights into human body weight regulation. Obesity is a major and increasingly prevalent risk factor for multiple disorders, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease1,2. While lifestyle changes have driven its prevalence to epidemic proportions, heritability studies provide evidence for a substantial genetic contribution (h2~40–70%) to obesity risk3,4. BMI is an inexpensive, non-invasive measure of obesity that predicts the risk of related complications5. Identifying genetic determinants of BMI could lead to a better understanding of the biological basis of obesity. Genome-wide association (GWA) studies of BMI have previously identified ten loci with genome-wide significant (P < 5×10−8) associations in or near FTO, MC4R, TMEM18, Speliotes et al. Page 8 Nat Genet. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 May 1. N IH PA Athor M anscript N IH PA Athor M anscript N IH PA Athor M anscript GNPDA2, BDNF, NEGR1, SH2B1, ETV5, MTCH2, and KCTD156–10. Many of these genes are expressed or known to act in the central nervous system, highlighting a likely neuronal component to the predisposition to obesity9. This pattern is consistent with results in animal models and studies of monogenic human obesity, where neuronal genes, particularly those expressed in the hypothalamus and involved in regulation of appetite or energy balance, are known to play a major role in susceptibility to obesity11–13. The ten previously identified loci account for only a small fraction of the variation in BMI. Furthermore, power calculations based on the effect sizes of established variants have suggested that increasing the sample size would likely lead to the discovery of additional variants9. To identify more loci associated with BMI, we expanded the GIANT (Genetic Investigation of ANtropometric Traits) consortium GWA meta-analysis to include a total of 249,769 individuals of European ancestry.
Technology transfer: international collaboration in Sri Lanka

The real tests for technology transfer are whether such transfers have contributed significantly to the vibrant development of the recipient industry. Technology transfer (TT) process that is knowledge driven demands a recipient industry with adequate capacity for absorbing new knowledge. International joint ventures and subcontracts employed in building material and construction can be serious vehicles of TT provided they contribute to providing higher quality inputs into the wider industry. These issues are examined through a survey of construction subcontracts during the period 1985–2002. The respondents indicated that moderately favourable conditions for TT existed in the completed projects. Nonetheless, the paper argues that negligible real productivity changes in construction in Sri Lanka in the recent decade point to stagnation in growth in local absorptive capacity. China in contrast has placed a balanced emphasis on upgrading building materials and equipment, design and construction, and built up an impressive absorptive capacity, with modernisation of the entire industry in prospect. The paper suggests advance planning for TT in foreign funded projects to ensure greater participation of local firms, together with a balanced focus on efficient and timely execution of projects, the profitability of participants, and realisation of TT goals.
Towards a reliable, automated method of individual alpha frequency (IAF) quantification

Individual alpha frequency (IAF) is a promising electrophysiological marker of interindividual differences in cognitive function. IAF has been linked with trait-like differences in information processing and general intelligence, and provides an empirical basis for the definition of individualised frequency bands. Despite its widespread application, however, there is little consensus on the optimal method for estimating IAF, and many common approaches are prone to bias and inconsistency. Here, we describe an automated strategy for deriving two of the most prevalent IAF estimators in the literature: peak alpha frequency (PAF) and centre of gravity (CoG). These indices are calculated from resting-state power spectra that have been smoothed using a Savitzky-Golay filter (SGF). We evaluate the performance characteristics of this analysis procedure in both empirical and simulated EEG datasets. Applying the SGF technique to resting-state data from n = 63 healthy adults furnished 61 PAF, and 62 CoG estimates. The statistical properties of these estimates were consistent with previous reports. Simulation analyses revealed that the SGF routine was able to reliably extract target alpha components, even under relatively noisy spectral conditions. The routine consistently outperformed a simpler method of automated peak detection that did not involve spectral smoothing. The SGF technique is fast, open-source, and available in two popular programming languages (MATLAB and Python), and thus can easily be integrated within the most popular M/EEG toolsets (EEGLAB, FieldTrip and MNE-Python). As such, it affords a convenient tool for improving the reliability and replicability of future IAF-related research.
How Can Long Memory in Volatility Be Eliminated in Portfolio Optimization: An Empirical Evidence Using Copulas

This paper focuses on the analysis of long-memory properties of copula-based time series. We empirically investigate the relation between copulas parameter modeling temporal dependence and dependence structure, using simulated and financial series. Our results prove the existence of a positive relation relying two Markov process th X + and th Y + to their dependence structure.
Polycystic ovary syndrome and early-onset preeclampsia: reproductive manifestations of increased cardiovascular risk

Objective: Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women is a major healthcare issue. Detection of premenopausal women with increased risk of CVD could enhance prevention strategies and reduce first event-related morbidity and mortality. In this study, we argue that an unfavorable metabolic constitution in women may present itself early in life as a reproductive complication, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and preeclampsia. We evaluated the cardiovascular risk of women with a history of early-onset preeclampsia and women with PCOS and assessed their need for implementation of early risk factor-reduction strategies. Methods: We performed a standardized evaluation of 240 women with a history of early-onset preeclampsia and 456 women diagnosed with PCOS for established major CVD risk factors. Metabolic syndrome characteristics were analyzed per body mass index category. Results: Mean age was 30.6 and 29.0 years for women with preeclampsia and PCOS, respectively. High percentages of metabolic syndrome were found in both groups (preeclampsia group, 14.6%; and PCOS group, 18.4%), with an incidence of greater than 50% in both groups of women if body mass index was greater than 30 kg/m2. Overall, more than 90% of the women qualified for either lifestyle or medical intervention according to the American Heart Association guideline for CVD prevention in women. Conclusions: Women with PCOS and early-onset preeclampsia already show an unfavorable cardiovascular risk profile with high need for lifestyle or medical intervention at a young age. We therefore recommend an active role of the gynecologist in routine screening and follow-up of women with reproductive conditions linked to future cardiovascular risk.
A Comprehensive Evaluation of Common Python Implementations

Python is a widely used general-purpose dynamic language. Owing to its popularity, many implementations exist for the two distinct Python 2 and Python 3 language versions. Researchers evaluated seven implementations of both language versions to facilitate the selection of one of them. For this purpose, they carefully selected 523 programs to execute in each implementation. They evaluated run-time performance and memory consumption and investigated each implementation's important qualitative characteristics.
Concussion mechanisms and activities in youth, high school, and college football

Th is p ap er h as b ee n pe er -r ev ie w ed a nd a cc ep te d fo r p ub lic at io n, b ut h as y et to u nd er go c op ye di tin g an d pr oo f c or re ct io n. T he fi na l p ub lis he d ve rs io n m ay d iff er fr om th is p ro of . Concussion mechanisms and activities in youth, high school, and college football Robert C. Lynall, PhD, ATC; Kody R. Campbell, MSc; Erin B. Wasserman, PhD; Thomas P. Dompier, PhD, ATC; and Zachary Y. Kerr, PhD, MPH. UGA Concussion Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599. Email: kcampb@live.unc. edu. Phone: 919‐962‐0409. Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, IN 46202. Email: Wasserman; ewasserman@datalyscenter.org, Dompier; tdompier@datalyscenter.org. Phone: 317‐275‐3664. Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599. Email: zkerr@email.unc. edu. Phone: 919‐962‐2986. Corresponding Author: Robert C. Lynall, PhD, ATC; Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia. 330 River Road, Athens, GA 30677; Phone: 706‐542‐9257; Email: rlynall@uga.edu. Running Title: Concussion activities Jo ur na l o f N eu ro tr au m a
Long-Run Growth of Nondefense Government Expenditures in the United States

To test a number of hypotheses regarding determinants of long-run trends Abstract in nondefense government expenditures, regression equations were estimated by the method of least squares using the following dependent variables: government purchases of goods and services (i.e., resource-using public expenditures) excluding defense; government transfer payments; and nondefense public expenditures, the sum of the first two. All were deflated for price level change and population growth. Three periods were used: 1900-1928, 1929-1969, and 1900-1969. The research tends to validate the influence of "Baumol's Disease, " which implies exponential growth of public expenditures on account of price effects due to a systematic public-private productivity-growth differential. The results cast doubt on the Peacock-Wiseman "displacement effect," which holds that public expenditures grow more rapidly than normally, immediately following wars or other "social upheavals, " because these events shift taxpayers' notions of maximum tolerable levels of taxation.
Modeling the Dynamics of Central Pattern Generators and Anesthetic Action

v Acknowledgments vi Chapter 1. General Introduction 1 Part 1. Mechanisms Underlying Locomotion in the Crayfish Swimmeret System 3 Summary 4 Chapter 2. Introduction 6 2.1. Neural mechanisms generating locomotion are complex and largely unknown 6 2.2. The crayfish locomotor neural circuit 7 2.3. Phase Response Curve (PRC) 10 2.4. Theory of Weakly Coupled Oscillators (TWCO) 13 2.5. Previous modeling work 14 2.6. Aims of Part 1 18 Chapter 3. Phase Response Properties of Half-Center Oscillators using Morris-Lecar Intrinsic Dynamics 20 3.1. Summary 30 Chapter 4. Phase Response Properties of Half-Center Oscillators using Phase Models 31 4.1. The HCO phase model 31 4.2. Derivation of map for firing times 34 4.3. PRC of HCO 38 4.4. Application to sinusoidal PRCs 43 4.5. Summary 49 -iiChapter 5. Phase Response Properties of Half-Center Oscillators using Leaky Integrate-and-Fire Models 52 5.1. General form of PRC for HCO 52 5.2. δ-function synapses 58 5.3. Exponential synapses 61 5.4. Examples 62 5.5. Summary 65 Chapter 6. Phase Locking Dynamics in a Chain of Half-Center Oscillators 66 6.1. Intersegmental Connectivity 67 6.2. Numerical simulations in a chain of HCOs 67 6.3. Applying the theory of weakly coupled oscillators (TWCO) 71 6.4. Summary 77 Chapter 7. Addendum: Analysis of HCO phase models 79 7.1. HCO phase model with standard δ-function synapses 79 7.2. HCO phase model with exponential synapses 82 7.3. The correct limit to synaptic currents with fast decay 84 7.4. Summary 87 Chapter 8. Crayfish Conclusion 88 8.1. Summary 88 8.2. Future Modeling and Experimental Work 89 Appendix A. 91 A.1. Morris Lecar Model 91 A.2. Linearization of Firing Map 93 A.3. iPRC for LIF model 94 Part 2. Dynamical and Biophysical Mechanisms of Anesthetic Action 96 Summary 97 Chapter 9. Physiological Background 98 9.1. Volatile anesthesia in the lamprey spinal cord 98 -iii9.2. Neural network underlying fictive locomotion in lamprey spinal cord 99 9.3. Isoflurane action on the isolated spinal cord preparation 102 9.4. Previous work on anesthetics 105 9.5. Isoflurane targets 108 Chapter 10. Mathematical Models and the Mechanism of Bursting Using Bifurcation Diagrams 109 10.1. The Brodin et al. model is a biophysical model of the lamprey EIN 109 10.2. The Butera et al. model is a minimal bursting model. 110 10.3. Hodgkin-Huxley formalism for neuronal models. 110 10.4. Bursting mechanisms 111 10.5. Understanding bursting through bifurcation analysis 113 Chapter 11. Results 117 11.1. Model for TREK and TASK 117 11.2. The Modified Butera et al. Model 121 11.3. The Reduced and Modified Brodin et al. Model 126 Chapter 12. Conclusion 133 12.1. Summary 133 12.2. Future Experimental Work 134 12.3. Future Modeling Work 136 Appendix B. 139 B.1. Modified Butera et al. model 139 B.2. Reduced and modified Brodin et al. model 142 Bibliography 145
Managing the Beautiful Noise: Evidence from the Neil Diamond Show!

This research identified and ranked the importance of visitors’ critical management aspects or critical success factors for a memorable and satisfactory visitor experience at a major music event in South Africa. The research specifically focussed on the Neil Diamond concerts held in South Africa during 2011. Six CSFs were identified namely (in order of importance) General Management; Venue and Technical Aspects; Marketing; Accessibility and Parking; Amenities and Catering; and Souvenirs. Successful management of these CSFs will ensure that major music events retain satisfied visitors and remain competitive over the long term.