Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bayesian Tests of Topology Hypotheses with an Example from Diving Beetles

We review Bayesian approaches to model testing in general and to the assessment of topological hypotheses in particular. We show that the standard way of setting up Bayes factor tests of the monophyly of a group, or the placement of a sample sequence in a known reference tree, can be misleading. The reason for this is related to the well-known dependency of Bayes factors on model-specific priors. Specifically, when testing tree hypotheses it is important that each hypothesis is associated with an appropriate tree space in the prior. This can be achieved by using appropriately constrained searches or by filtering trees in the posterior sample, but in a more elaborate way than typically implemented. If it is difficult to find the appropriate tree sets to be contrasted, then the posterior model odds may be more informative than the Bayes factor. We illustrate the recommended techniques using an empirical test case addressing the issue of whether two genera of diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae), Suphrodytes and Hydroporus, should be synonymized. Our refined Bayes factor tests, in contrast to standard analyses, show that there is strong support for Suphrodytes nesting inside Hydroporus, and the genera are therefore synonymized. [Bayes factor; Coleoptera; Dytiscidae; marginal likelihood; model testing; posterior odds; reversible-jump MCMC; stepping-stone sampling. ]
Influencing Organizational Identification During Major Change: A Communication- Based Perspective

This article argues that the concept of organizational identification can provide new and valuable insights into the dynamics of organizational change and its management. It introduces the notion of shift in identification, which consists of dis- and re-identification states that organizational members experience during change, and proposes a framework for the study of the communication-based influence strategies used by management to induce such shifts. The article introduces the concept of confluence, which involves providing some sense of self-consistency to members during change. Two empirical examples illustrating the influence strategies used by management are analyzed. Implications to the wider discourses on language, identification and change are addressed.
Children’s production and comprehension of politeness in requests: Relationships to behavioural adjustment, temperament and empathy

This study investigated the relationships of children’s behavioural adjustment, temperamental approach tendencies and empathy to their ability to produce and comprehend one aspect of politeness (namely level of directness) in requests, in a sample of 100 ten-and-a-half-year-old children from the Australian Temperament Project (ATP) population. The study showed that high levels of anxious fearful behaviour problems increased the likelihood of producing less direct requests to more powerful others while high levels of approaching temperament increased the likelihood of producing less direct requests to more distant others. High levels of hostile aggressive behaviour problems increased the likelihood of producing direct requests to more distant others. By comparison high levels of approaching temperament, empathy and social anxiety increased the likelihood of children judging more direct requests to more powerful others to be effective. The findings supported the view that individual differences are related to children’s use of directness in response to variation in the social context of request situations.
Preventing Acquaintance Rape Through Education

Emerging information that rape primarily occurs between acquaintances has not only exploded our understanding of this problem, but forced a reexamination of our notions of prevention. In recent years, the vast majority of rape prevention programs have taken the format of educational workshops, with the underlying assumption that change in rape-supportive ideologies will decrease the actual incidence of sexual aggression. This article critically reviews such rape prevention education with particular focus on common techniques such as: “debunking” rape mythology, generating participant interaction, providing sexuality education and a feminist orientation, and avoiding confrontational approaches. Finally, theoretical and practical concerns are discussed regarding previous experiences of sexual victimization or perpetration, the conceptualization and use of outcome measures, issues of program facilitation, and processes underlying change in rape-supportive ideologies. It is concluded that future research must seriously address these many issues through thoughtful conceptualization and rigorous experimentation, so that the promise of rape prevention can be fully realized.
A time course of orchestrated endophilin action in sensing, bending, and stabilizing curved membranes

Endophilin is a founding member of the membrane-bending protein family. It promotes rapid endocytosis on a milliseconds-to-seconds time scale. The short duration of rapid endocytosis requires endophilin to act quickly. High-resolution kinetic measurements show the sequential action that endophilin takes to quickly deform membranes.
Higher degree by research in a foreign country: a thematic analysis of the experiences of international students and academic supervisors

International students undertaking a higher degree by research may experience a range of difficulties and challenges while studying in their host country. Some of these challenges, including language and cultural difficulties, limited peer relationships and challenges in forming relationships with supervisors, have been outlined in the literature but there is less research that has considered both the experiences of international students and supervisors together to provide a cohesive overview of the issues that international higher-degree-by-research students may face. Using a qualitative interview design, this research therefore sought to examine this issue within one faculty in a single university in Australia. International higher-degree-by-research students were found to be diverse in their expectations and desires of their new host country and university. Thus, it should not be assumed that all students will have similar priorities. The article provides some suggestions for universities when developing or refining their programmes to better support international higher-degree-by-research students in settling into their new country and programme of study.
Supporting the development of electrophysiologically interactive computer systems

New interactive computing applications are continually being developed in a bid to support peopleis changing work and recreational activities. As research focuses on one particular class of interactive systems, high level models of interaction are formulated and requirements emerge that reflect shared features or common functionality among those systems. The existence of models of interaction and shared functional requirements mean that support tools can be created which ease the subsequent development of these systems. Support tools most often take the form of architectures or frameworks that describe how a system should be structured. The type of tool that interactive systems developers are most familiar with is a library of reusable code that can be used for prototyping and building interactive applications and their interfaces. Within this thesis a new class of interactive system is identified, based on shared requirements for detection, processing and presentation of human physiological information. We have named these systems electrophysiologically interactive computer systems (EPICS) and describe in this thesis both the physiological and technological details behind their operation. A review is presented of existing research and development into this exciting new area of human-computer interaction, the aim being to establish the common requirements. These have enabled us to develop a suite of software components to support the creation of future EPIC systems. It is envisaged that the work presented in this thesis will serve as a jumping off point for others interested in exploring the potential of incorporating physiological information into the human-machine relationship.
Enhancing Student Engagement via Reduction of Frustration with Programming Assignments using Machine Learning

Learning to program is often regarded as a difficult task. When selecting an appropriate programming exercise, experienced instructors gauge a studentś affective state and skills to then assign an activity with the appropriate level of difficulty. This work is focused on the prediction of the affective states of programmers with different levels of expertise when learning a new programming language. For this, an interactive webbased programming platform is proposed. The platform is designed to collect data from the studentsı́nteraction for data analysis. Current work is focused on the prediction of affective states using non-obtrusive sensors. Specifically, the aim of this research is to evaluate the use of keyboard and mouse dynamics as an appropriate sensory input for an affective recognition system. The proposed method uses feature vectors obtained by mining data generated from both keyboard and mouse dynamics of students as they work in basic Python programming assignments, which were used to train different classification algorithms to classify learners into five different affective states: boredom, frustration, distraction, relaxation and engagement. Accuracy achieved was around 75% with J48 obtaining the best results, proving that data gathered from non-obtrusive sensors can successfully be used as another input to classification models in order to predict an individualś
DO DISADVANTAGED NEIGHBORHOODS CAUSE WELL-ADJUSTED CHILDREN TO BECOME ADOLESCENT DELINQUENTS? A STUDY OF MALE JUVENILE SERIOUS OFFENDING, INDIVIDUAL RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS, AND NEIGHBORHOOD CONTEXT*

This paper presents a study of the relationship between type of neighborhood socioeconomic context, individual characteristics (individuals are classified by a set of selected key measures of individual dispositions and social situation) and serious male juvenile offending (prevalence and early and late onsets) in the city of Pittsburgh. The analytical strategy may best be described as holistic and epidemiological. The key research question is whether onset and prevalence of juvenile serious offending is invariant by neighborhood socioeconomic context when controlling for individual sets of risk and protective characteristics. The results do not support the notion that neighborhood socioeconomic context has any greater direct impact on the early onset of serious offending. However, neighborhood socioeconomic context appears to have a direct impact on the late onset of offending for those juveniles who score high on protective factors, or who have a balanced mix of risk and protective factors. No support was found for the notion that individual risk characteristics and neighborhood risk are additive. Children and adolescents with high scores on risk characteristics offend in serious crime at a similar high rate regardless of the socioeconomic context of their neighborhood.
A Tentative Definition of Emotional Immaturity Utilizing the Critical Incident Technique

The guidance worker not infrequently is confronted with the problem of differentiating between normal difficulties in assumption of adult responsibilities and arrested development in emotional and mental life. Although this research is based upon deviant behavior, it is presented here together with Maurice Lorr's comments because of its potential usefulness for the counselor in identifying emotional immaturity.
Cross-Layer Optimization for Packetized Video Communications over Wireless Mesh Networks

In this paper we propose a cross-layer optimized framework which jointly considers the video coding and transmission in wireless mesh networks. In our framework, video coding parameters, network path selection, MAC layer frame size, and modulation and coding schemes at PHY layer are systematically optimized across the entire network protocol stack. To achieve the goal of real-time video communication with high-quality and/or stringent delay requirements, the proposed framework is formulated into a minimum distortion and/or minimum delay problem. The formulated problem is efficiently solved as a Lagrange dual problem, and the solution is tested by H.264/AVC. The system performance in terms of the perceived video quality is compared between the cross-layer optimized system and the current system. Experimental results indicate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed optimization framework.
2D semi-NMF of scale-frequency map for environmental sound classification

This paper introduces a novel two dimensional feature extraction method for environmental sound classification, based on two dimensional semi-nonnegative matrix factorization (2D Semi-NMF) of scale-frequency maps. We first extract scale-frequency maps (SFMs) from the input signals, and this feature is considered preserving scale and frequency characteristics of signals. Second, a 2D Semi-NMF method is applied on SFMs to get more information of the input signals. We use the combinational coefficients extracted from 2D Semi-NMF for classification. Experimental results on an 8 class environmental sound database show that 2D Semi-NMF has better classification accuracy than traditional ID NMF and 2D NMF Also, applying 2D Semi-NMF on SFMs will get slightly improvement than SFMs features alone.
Genotypic variation in Polygonum pensylvanicum: nutrient effects on plant growth and aphid infestation

Variation in the performance of 20 genotypes of Polygonurn pensylvanicum under two nutrient treatments was studied in a garden experiment. Nutrient fertilization enhanced vegetative biomass and fruit biomass production, but did not result in significant genotype-environment interactions, suggesting that nutrient variation of the range used in the experiment has little potential as a microevolutionary factor in this species. Leaf nitrogen concentration was not affected by a nutrient pulse. The degree of transient aphid infestation that occurred during the experiment had a weak positive correlation with final reproductive biomass of plants. Mean density of aphids per leaf was negatively correlated with percent leaf nitrogen and was not affected by genotypic identity of host plants. Resum6 : Dans un jardin experimental, les auteurs ont CtudiC la variation de performance de 20 genotypes du Polygonurn pensylvanicurn, en prCsence de deux rCgimes nutritionnels. L'apport en nutriments augmente la biomasse vCgCtative et la biomasse de la production en fruits, mais ne conduit pas i des interactions gtnoype-environnement significatives, ce qui suggkre que la variation en nutriments, aux quantitCs utilisCes pour l'expkrience, comporte peu de potentiel comme facteur microtvolutionnaire chez cette espkce. La teneur en azote foliaire n'est pas affectte par un apport ponctuel en nutriments. Le degrC d'infestation transitoire par les pucerons, observte au cours de I'exptrience, montre une faible corrtlation positive avec la biomasse reproductive finale des plants. La densitt moyenne des pucerons par feuille est en correlation inverse avec le pourcentage d'azote foliaire et n'est pas influencCe par I'identitC gCnotypique des plants h6tes. Mots clds : Pol~~gonumpensylvat~icut~~, gtnotype-environnement, interaction, plasticit6 phCnotypique, pucerons, nutriments. (Traduit par la rtdaction)
The speed of visual recognition memory

Two processes are thought to support visual recognition memory (VRM): Familiarity and recollection. The former is generally considered to be faster. However, the relationship between the precise onset of the two processes is unclear. Here, we use a novel paradigm, the SAB (Speed and Accuracy Boosting procedure) that constrains participants to use their fastest strategy and provides a continuous distribution of their reaction times. We show that fast recognition occurs as early as ~370 ms, a limit that appears incompressible whatever types of stimuli were used. In a second experiment, running the SAB in conjunction with a modified version of the remember/know paradigm, we show that responses up to ~420 ms are based solely on familiarity. These time limits of 370 ms and 420 ms provide strong constraints on the neural mechanisms underlying VRM and suggest that the fastest, familiarity-based, responses could rely on the visual ventral stream only.
The effect of the melatonin on cryopreserved mouse testicular cells

Background: After improvements in various cancer treatments, life expectancy has been raised, but success in treatment causes loss of fertility in many of the survived young men. Cryopreservation of immature testicular tissues or cells introduced as the only way to preserve fertility. However, freezing has some harmful effects. Melatonin, a pineal gland hormone, has receptors in reproductive systems of different species. It is assumed that melatonin has free radical scavenger properties. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of melatonin on the cryopreserved testicular cells in mouse. Materials and Methods: Cells from 7- 10 days old NMRI mice testes were isolated using two step enzymatic digestion. The testicular cells were divided into two groups randomly and cryopreserved in two different freezing media with and without the addition of 100 µm melatonin. Finally, apoptosis of the cells was assayed by flow cytometry. Also, lactate dehydrogenase activity test was performed to assess the cytotoxicity. Results: The results of lactate dehydrogenase showed the nearly cytotoxic effect of melatonin. The results of flow cytometry showed increase in apoptosis in the cryopreserved cells in the media containing melatonin compared to the control group. Conclusion: The present study shows that melatonin has an apoptotic effect on cryopreserved mouse testicular cells.
Antimicrobial triterpenes from Ilex integra and the mechanism of antifungal action

Antimicrobial triterpenes were isolated from the fruits of Ilex integra. Their structures were elucidated by spectral data and identified as rotundic acid (1), ulsolic acid (2) and peduncloside (3). Triterpene 1 showed significantly broad antimicrobial activity against bacteria, yeast and filamentous fungi. The antifungal activity of 1 was reversed by fatty acids. Cellular constituents leaked from Candida albicans cells incubated with triterpene 1. These results suggest that the antimicrobial activity of triterpenes in I. integra is due to a change of membrane permeability arising from membrane lipid alteration. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating Situations into a Theory of Discourse

1 This paper provides an account of deenite and pronominal anaphora which draws together insights from dynamic semantics and situation semantics. The result is a dynamic semantics in which contexts consist of the parts of a scenario which have been brought to a hearer's attention. The contexts are structured by meta-level disjunction, corresponding to a set of situations where one is in attention but the hearer doesn't know which one, and meta-level conjunction corresponding to a set of situations which are simultaneously in attention. Data from bridging reference, disjunction, and telescoping is used to motivate the account, together with some of the data which has been used in the past to argue for and against situation based accounts of anaphora. 1 Theories of Discourse Anaphora It is useful to separate out three treatments of anaphora. The rst, and most traditional approach is to try to ll in the anaphor, either at the level of word string, syntax, or semantic representation. For pronominal anaphora almost all recent proposals have been at the level of semantic representation. Perhaps the most sophisticated approach is the E-type approach (original work by Evans 1980, but see e.g. Does 1994 for recent developments). Consider the following discourse. (1) A young child came in today. He sat down at the computer and started typing. The E-type approach makes the second sentence less context dependent by replacing He by a representation equivalent to The young child who came in today. There has been much valuable, but perhaps inconclusive, discussion of whether an E-type approach, in treating pronouns similar to deenites, requires that the description must refer uniquely and whether or not that is problematic (e. A rather diierent issue concerns the treatment of mutually dependent anaphora. Consider the discourses: (2) a. A colleague of mine looked after a baby last week. After 5 minutes it had driven him crazy. b. A girlfriend of a colleague of mine is a journalist. She tells him all the latest Royal gossip. In (a), it refers to a baby looked after by a colleague, him to a colleague who looked after that baby. In E-type approaches we get an interpretation along the lines of: (3) After 5 minutes the baby who was looked after by a colleague of mine last week drove the colleague of mine who looked after a baby last week crazy. For (b) we would need an interpretation along …
On the Termination of Higher-Order Positive Supercompilation

The verification of program transformation systems requires that we prove their termination. For positive supercompilation, ensuring termination requires the memoisation of expressions which are subsequently used to determine when to perform generalization and folding. For a first-order language, it is sufficient to memoise only those expressions immediately prior to a function unfolding step. However, for a higher-order language, this is not sufficient to ensure termination, so more expressions need to be memoised. Determining which additional expressions to memoise can greatly affect the results obtained. Memoising too many expressions requires a lot more expensive checking for the possibility of generalization or folding; more new functions will also be created and generalization will be performed more often, resulting in less improved residual programs. We would therefore like to memoise as few expressions as possible while still ensuring termination. In this paper, we describe a simple pre-processing step which can be applied to higher-order programs prior to transformation by positive supercompilation to ensure that in any potentially infinite sequence of transformation steps there must be function unfolding. We prove, for programs that have been pre-processed in this way, that it is only necessary to memoise expressions immediately before function unfolding to ensure termination, and we demonstrate this on a number of tricky examples.
Clinical efficacy of S-1 in pretreated metastatic breast cancer patients.

BACKGROUND S-1, an oral fluoropyrimidine carbamate, is an active and well-tolerated agent against solid cancer. However, the clinical efficacy of S-1 in patients with metastatic breast cancer has not been determined. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated the efficacy of S-1 and identified its adverse effects in patients with metastatic breast cancer who had failed to respond to prior chemotherapy regimens. All the patients were treated at the National Cancer Center Hospital and received S-1 twice daily at a dose of 80 mg/m(2) for 4 weeks, followed by a 2-week rest interval. RESULTS Between 2003 and 2007, 37 women with metastatic breast cancer received S-1 as a third line or greater chemotherapy regimen. All the patients had been previously treated with both anthracyclines and taxanes prior to S-1 chemotherapy. The median order of S-1 administration was as a fifth-line treatment, and 23 patients (62%) received S-1 as their final anticancer drug. One (3%) partial response and two (5%) stable diseases were observed. The median time to progression (TTP) was 84 days. Grade 2 adverse events, such as diarrhea, stomatitis and neutropenia occurred in 5 (16%), 1 (3%) and 1 (3%) patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS S-1 was safety administered to heavily treated metastatic breast cancer patients with limited efficacy. Further evaluation of S-1 is necessary to elucidate its clinical role in breast cancer treatment.