Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Parsing Any Domain English text to CoNLL dependencies

It is well known that accuracies of statistical parsers trained over Penn Treebank on test sets drawn from the same corpus tend to be overestimates of their actual parsing performance. This gives rise to the need for evaluation of parsing performance on corpora from different domains. Evaluating multiple parsers on test sets from different domains can give a detailed picture about the relative strengths/weaknesses of different parsing approaches. Such information is also necessary to guide choice of parser in applications such as machine translation where text from multiple domains needs to be handled. In this paper, we report a benchmarking study of different state-of-art parsers for English, both constituency and dependency. The constituency parser output is converted into CoNLL-style dependency trees so that parsing performance can be compared across formalisms. Specifically, we train rerankers for Berkeley and Stanford parsers to study the usefulness of reranking for handling texts from different domains. The results of our experiments lead to interesting insights about the out-of-domain performance of different English parsers.
Tumor immunology, immunomics and targeted immunotherapy for central nervous system malignancies

Abstract Although the brain was traditionally considered as 'immunologically privileged', recent findings have implied an involvement of immune mechanisms in neurological disease and illness, including central nervous system (CNS) malignancies. In this review, we initially focus on aspects of the immune system critical for effective antitumor immunity, as an understanding of normal immunological functions and how they relate to tumor immunology will set a foundation for understanding the unique challenges facing the integration of neuro-oncology and neuroimmunology. We summarize current knowledge of immune responses in the 'immunologically quiescent' brain and its role in tumor immunology. We will then discuss the emerging field of 'immunomics' and recent advances in molecular technologies, such as DNA microarray, which are being applied to brain tumor antigen epitope discovery and patient stratification for brain cancer immunotherapy. This, in turn, should have significant importance for ultimately designing and developing efficient and focused strategies for anticancer immunotherapy. Finally, the current state of immune-based treatment paradigms and future directions will be discussed, paying particular attention to targeted antibody strategies, adoptive cellular immunotherapy, and tumor vaccine approaches that have been studied in clinical trials for CNS neoplasms.
Schooling, networks and the labour market : explaining participation in lifelong learning in Northern Ireland

Abstract School attainment is generally believed to be correlated positively with participation in adult learning. The paper explores evidence from Northern Ireland that suggests an inverse relationship is also possible under certain circumstances. In Northern Ireland high school attainment co‐exists with low participation in adult learning. The paper considers evidence suggesting that the existence of strong social networks, shared norms and value, and a high level of trust may be a contributory factor to this divergent pattern. While there is a strong social concensus around the academic schooling of young people in Northern Ireland, this ‘social capital’ both provides an alternative to formal participation in adult learning and a legitimation for low aspirations among adults. [1] An earlier version of this article was presented at the 1998 conference of the British Educational Research Association, and I have benefited considerably from the discussion which followed.
Formulation and Evaluation of Controlled Release Floating Microballoons of Stavudine

The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate stavudine floating microballoons for controlled drug release. Initially, the drug-loaded low-density granular pellets were prepared with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E5 grade and by using isopropyl alcohol as a granulating fluid. Further, the low-density granular pellets were subjected to microencapsulation by an emulsion evaporation technique using ethyl cellulose 7 cps and Eudragit S 100 as coating polymers and 1% w/v polyethylene glycol 400 as aqueous phase. The prepared microballoons were characterized for their particle size analysis, angle of repose, and compressibility index. The in vitro release studies were performed in 0.1 N HCl as medium. The prepared microballoons were free-flowing and spherical in shape. From all the formulations, F5E and F5F can be considered as promising controlled release floating microballoons of stavudine providing first-order release over a period of 12 hours, with a minimum floating lag time of 1 minute. It was found that the ratio of the drug & polymer, stirring speed, and concentration of surfactant were the most significant variables which influenced the size of the stavudine microballoons under the applied experimental conditions.
The comparative effectiveness of dialectical inquiry and Devil's advocacy: The impact of task biases on previous research findings

Considerable debate has recently emerged concerning the comparative effectiveness of two methods of inquiry recommended for use in strategic decision making: dialectical inquiry (DI) and devil's advocacy (DA). Much of the comparative research surrounding this debate has made use of the Multiple Cue Probability Learning Paradigm (MCPLP). The equivocal nature of previous research findings using this paradigm and others, along with results from the present research indicating potential order of presentation effects, raises serious questions concerning previous operationalizations of these two methods.
Pre-handover language attitudes in Hong Kong, Beijing, and Guangzhou

In May 1997, a matched guise test was conducted on 304 college students in Hong Kong, Beijing, and Guangzhou.The stimulus material was presented in 4 guises: Cantonese, English, Putonghua, and Putonghua with Cantonese accent.Major findings: (1) What distinguished Hong Kong subjects’ sociolinguistic identity was not Cantonese, Englishor Putonghua as found in previous studies, but Putonghua with Cantonese accent. In light of Brewer’s (1991)optimal distinctiveness theory, this would suggest parallel needs of “being Chinese” and “beingHongkongers. ” (2) Guangzhou was closer to Beijing rather than to Hong Kong in language attitudes. The cuttingboundary appeared between the mainland and Hong Kong, not between Cantonese-speaking and non-Cantonese-speakingcommunities.
Prophetic Dialogue, Reflections on Christian Mission Today

What do you do to start reading prophetic dialogue reflections on christian mission today? Searching the book that you love to read first or find an interesting book that will make you want to read? Everybody has difference with their reason of reading a book. Actuary, reading habit must be from earlier. Many people may be love to read, but not a book. It's not fault. Someone will be bored to open the thick book with small words to read. In more, this is the real condition. So do happen probably with this prophetic dialogue reflections on christian mission today.
Control-flow based testing of Prolog programs

Presents test selection criteria for Prolog programs which are based on control flow. The control flow in Prolog programs is not obvious because of the declarative nature of Prolog. The authors present two types of control flow graphs to represent the hidden control flow of Prolog programs explicitly. A fault model is developed for Prolog programs for guidance on test selection. Test selection criteria are given in terms of the coverage on these control flow graphs. Under the given fault model, the effectiveness of these criteria is analyzed in terms of fault detection capability of the test cases produced with these criteria. <<ETX>>
Conservative treatment of complicated cesarean scar pregnancy

The development of a gestational sac in a cesarean section scar is a rare yet dangerous condition. Conservative management of these pregnancies has been proposed under stable clinical conditions. This includes amniotic aspiration with local KCl and/or methotrexate administration (1). However, cases of severe hemorrhage rank among possible complications of cesarean scar pregnancies. In these cases, conservative management is inherently impossible, and rapid pregnancy termination by cervical dilation and aspiration or laparotomy with uterotomy (2) is necessary. On account of the presence of the gestational sac in the scar wedge defect, cervical dilation and aspiration may be not only laborious but also complicated by the presence of residual trophoblastic tissue in the widened uterine scar. The case reported hereafter describes the successful conservative in-
Clinical chronobiology and chronotherapeutics with applications to asthma.

The concept of homeostasis (i.e., constancy of the milieu interne) has long dominated the teaching and practice of medicine. Concepts and findings from chronobiology, the scientific study of biological rhythms, challenge this construct. Biological processes and functions are not at all constant; rather, they are organized in time as rhythms with period lengths that range in duration from as short as a second or less to as long as a year. It is the body's circadian (24 h) rhythms that have been researched most intensely. The peak and trough of these rhythms are ordered rather precisely in time to support the biological requirements of activity during the day and sleep at night. The timing of the peak and trough plus the magnitude of variation (amplitude) of physiological and biochemical functions during the 24 h give rise to predictable-in-time, day-night patterns in the manifestation and exacerbation of many common medical conditions. Circadian rhythms also can influence the response of patients to diagnostic tests and therapeutic interventions according to their timing with reference to body rhythms. Rhythms in the pathophysiology of medical conditions and patient tolerance to medications constitute the basis for chronotherapeutics, the timing of treatment in relation to biological rhythm determinants as a means of optimizing beneficial effects and safety. The article discusses recent advances in medical chronobiology and chronotherapeutics and their relevance to clinical medicine in general and the management of asthma in particular. Indeed, since asthma is a disease that exhibits rather profound circadian rhythmicity, investigation of its pathophysiology and therapy necessitates a chronobiologic approach.
How do teachers prioritize the adoption of technology in the classroom?

This study examined whether teachers prioritize the use of technology. More specifically, this paper focused on how Turkish teachers think about the importance of technology and technological tools for their daily routines. The research design employed both qualitative and quantitative methods. The data were collected through document analyses, interviews, and a survey. The results showed that the following factors lead teachers to prioritize the use of technology in the classroom: (a) globalization, (b) society’s needs, (c) technological literacy, (d) student learning, and (e) practicability.
The characteristics of casual and fixed-term employment: evidence from the HILDA survey

In this working paper, data are presented from a new large national survey that collected extensive information about job characteristics and employment experiences. The paper focuses on a particular feature of these data, a self-reported measure of employment contract status that distinguishes between three types of employment arrangements: fixed-term employment contracts, casual employment and permanent or ongoing employment. These data are used to document differences in the characteristics of workers in each of these three employment categories. How and in what ways the quality of the employment experience varies for workers in the three groups is examined, with particular emphasis paid to variations across employment types in subjective measures of job satisfaction. Analysis of these data suggests that workers do not necessarily perceive non-standard employment as undesirable. Workers on fixed-term contracts are found to be much more satisfied with their jobs than other workers. Lower levels of job satisfaction among casual employees are restricted to those working full time and even then, the size of the effect is only marked among men.
Generating carbon finance through avoided deforestation and its potential to create climatic, conservation and human development benefits

Recent proposals to compensate developing countries for reducing emissions from deforestation (RED) under forthcoming climate change mitigation regimes are receiving increasing attention. Here we demonstrate that if RED credits were traded on international carbon markets, even moderate decreases in deforestation rates could generate billions of Euros annually for tropical forest conservation. We also discuss the main challenges for a RED mechanism that delivers real climatic benefits. These include providing sufficient incentives while only rewarding deforestation reductions beyond business-as-usual scenarios, addressing risks arising from forest degradation and international leakage, and ensuring permanence of emission reductions. Governance may become a formidable challenge for RED because some countries with the highest RED potentials score poorly on governance indices. In addition to climate mitigation, RED funds could help achieve substantial co-benefits for biodiversity conservation and human development. However, this will probably require targeted additional support because the highest biodiversity threats and human development needs may exist in countries that have limited income potentials from RED. In conclusion, how successfully a market-based RED mechanism can contribute to climate change mitigation, conservation and development will strongly depend on accompanying measures and carefully designed incentive structures involving governments, business, as well as the conservation and development communities.
Transmission control scheme for fast RFID object identification

There are a variety of approaches to improve the speed at which large RFID tag populations are being identified. In this paper, we present a transmission control strategy for a common class of RFID multiple access schemes. It builds on earlier work on Bayesian broadcast strategies, but has been adapted to address characteristics of the RFID domain. It has been designed for framed ALOHA and it makes no restrictive assumptions about the distribution of the number of tags in the range of the interrogator. Experimental evidence and simulation results are presented showing that the proposed transmission control scheme performs well in practise when compared to existing approaches
Interactive Dynamic Influence Diagrams for Relational Agents

Interactive Dynamic Influence Diagrams (I-DIDs) are a general decision making framework for multiple agents that are either collaborative or competitive. The framework allows for agents to plan individually at their own level in the context of other agents acting and observing in a partially observable environment. Most of the I-DID techniques focus on a simple setting of two agents in which one subject agent models the other agent. Extending the approaches to multiple (>2) agents becomes very complicated since the subject agent needs to model all other agents that themselves are modelled as the I-DIDs. In this paper, we exploit potential relations of the modelled agents and avoid to model the other agents individually from the perspective of the subject agent. We show the preliminary results from the investigation and discuss further research development on learning relations between multiple agents for new I-DID solutions.
Individual and cultural influences on uncertainty reduction

This study examined the scope of Berger and Calabrese's (1975) uncertainty reduction theory of initial interaction. Multivariate analysis of covariance was employed to examine the influence of attitude similarity (similar vs. dissimilar), cultural similarity (intracultural vs. intercultural communication), culture (Japan vs. the United States), and self‐monitoring (covariate) on intent to interrogate, intent to self‐disclose, intent to display nonverbal affiliative expressiveness, attraction, and attributional confidence. Results indicate that each of the independent variables influences the set of dependent variables. The findings support Hall's (1976) high‐low context culture distinction and prior research on self‐monitoring, as well as supporting and beginning to identify boundary conditions for uncertainty reduction theory.
Probabilistic time-frequency source-filter decomposition of non-stationary signals

Probabilistic modelling of non-stationary signals in the time-frequency (TF) domain has been an active research topic recently. Various models have been proposed, notably in the nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) literature. In this paper, we propose a new TF probabilistic model that can represent a variety of stationary and non-stationary signals, such as autoregressive moving average (ARMA) processes, uncorrelated noise, damped sinusoids, and transient signals. This model also generalizes and improves both the Itakura-Saito (IS)-NMF and high resolution (HR)-NMF models.
Measuring the Role of Greylisting and Nolisting in Fighting Spam

Spam has been largely studied in the past years from different perspectives but, unfortunately, it is still an open problem and a lucrative and active business for criminals and bot herders. While several countermeasures have been proposed and deployed in the past decade, their impact and effectiveness is not always clear. In particular, on top of the most common content-and sender-based anti-spam techniques, two minor approaches are popular among system administrators to cope with this annoying problem: greylisting and nolisting. These techniques exploit known features of the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) protocol that are not often respected by spambots. This assumption makes these two countermeasures really simple to adopt and, at least in theory, quite effective. In this paper we present the first comprehensive study of nolisting and greylisting, in which we analyze these spam countermeasures from different perspectives. First, we measure their world-wide deployment and provide insights from their distribution. Second, we measure their effectiveness against areal dataset of malware samples responsible to generate over 70% of the global spam traffic. Finally, we measure the impact of these two defensive mechanisms on the delivery of normal emails. Our study provides a unique and valuable perspective on two of the most innovative and atypical anti-spam systems. Our findings may guide system administrators and security experts to better assess their anti-spam infrastructure and shed some light on myths about greylisting and nolisting.
Optimal simultaneous detection and estimation under a false alarm constraint

This paper addresses the problem of finite sample simultaneous detection and estimation which arises when estimation of signal parameters is desired but signal presence is uncertain. In general, a joint detection and estimation algorithm cannot simultaneously achieve optimal detection and optimal estimation performance. We develop a multihypothesis testing framework for studying the tradeoffs between detection and parameter estimation (classification) for a finite discrete parameter set. Our multihypothesis testing problem is based on the worst case detection and worst case classification error probabilities of the class of joint detection and classification algorithms which are subject to a false alarm constraint. This framework leads to the evaluation of greatest lower bounds on the worst case decision error probabilities and a construction of decision rules which achieve these lower bounds. For illustration, we apply these methods to signal detection, order selection, and signal classification for a multicomponent signal in noise model. For two or fewer signals, an SNR of 3 dB and signal space dimension of N=10 numerical results are obtained which establish the existence of fundamental tradeoffs between three performance criteria: probability of signal detection, probability of correct order selection, and probability of correct classification. Furthermore, based on numerical performance comparisons between our optimal decision rule and other suboptimal penalty function methods, we observe that Rissanen's (1978) order selection penalty method is nearly min-max optimal in some nonasymptotic regimes. >
Investigation the requirements of supply and distribution emergency logistics management and categorization its sub-criteria using AHP: a case study

Article history: Received May 14, 2012 Received in Revised form June, 26, 2012 Accepted 2 August 2012 Available online August 9 2012 The management of procurement and distribution is one of the most important branches of the crisis management and events that, has great importance in the field of management. In this paper, we perform an empirical study to investigate important factors on emergency logistic emergency preparation distribution management among people who worked for governorship, hygiene and treatment, Red Crescent, electricity, water and sewage and transportation of central province of Ilam in west part of Iran. The survey distributed a questionnaire among some people and examined six hypotheses. The results of our survey indicate that employees who worked for these organizations maintained high levels of skills; they were able to access what they needed in their organization. In addition, the survey indicates that the access to the necessary information in their organizations; they are able to take care of their documentations. They could also execute their jobs based on good schedules and accomplished their tasks, properly. They survey also performed a multi-criteria decision making approach using AHP to prioritize important activities to improve logistic operations. The results indicate that having a good database is number one priority with relative weight of 0.51, followed by appropriate operating planning with relative weight of 0.295. Supply control came on the third position with relative weight of 0.134 and finally task assignment came as the last priority with relative weight of 0.061. © 2012 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved.