Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fraud Detection in Online Banking Using HMM

As online banking becomes the most popular mode of payment for both online as well as internet based Transaction, cases of fraud associated with it are also rising. In this paper We model the sequence of operations in internet banking transaction processing using a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and showing how it can be used for the detection of frauds. If an incoming online banking transaction is not accepted by the trained HMM with sufficiently high probability, it is considered to be fraudulent. At the same time, we will try to ensure that genuine transactions are not rejected.
Students-centered English Teaching Based on PBL in the Big Data Era

As an effective approach to research and to analyse public safety events, safe behaviour simulations are widely adopted in this research area. However, the complexity of safe group behaviors brings a lot of challenges to existing unitary pattern algorithms. To improve the accuracy of describing group safety behaviors in panic, this paper proposes a multi drive force model framework, which analyses stimulation factor and emotion factor in the process of group safety behavior evolutions. And to improve the efficiency of multi-agent based simulation systems, an indexed Multi-agent based algorithm is also put forward in this paper. In the end, the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed framework are verified by some experimental results.
Reduced-rank neural activity index for EEG/MEG multi-source localization

We consider the problem of electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) source localization using beamforming techniques. Specifically, we propose a reduced-rank extension of the recently derived multi-source activity index (MAI), which itself is an extension of the classical neural activity index to the multi-source case. We show that, for uncorrelated dipole sources and any nonzero rank constraint, the proposed reduced-rank multi-source activity index (RR-MAI) achieves the global maximum when evaluated at the true source positions. Therefore, the RR-MAI can be used to localize multiple sources simultaneously. Furthermore, we propose another version of the RR-MAI which can be seen as a natural generalization of the proposed index to arbitrarily correlated sources. We present a series of numerical simulations showing that the RR-MAI can achieve a more precise source localization than the full-rank MAI in the case when the EEG/MEG forward model becomes ill-conditioned, which in our settings corresponds to the case of closely positioned sources and low signal-to-noise ratio.
RAMANUJAN GRAPHS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF LDPC CODES

Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes have recently become a popular interdisciplinary area of research. Widely unknown after their in- vention by Gallager in 1965, the existence of ecient encoding and decoding algorithms coupled with performance that operates near theoretical limits has led to the rediscovery of LDPC codes. This paper will address the reason- ing and construction of LDPC codes with Ramanujan graphs. Most of the material here can be found in (1) and (5).
Characterization of Coplanar Waveguides on AlGaN / GaN HEMT on Silicon Buffer Layers up to 110 GHz

*Corresponding author email: colombo@ieee.org Abstract In the present work we report the characterization of coplanar waveguides (CPWs) implemented on AlGaN/GaN HEMT layers deposited on high-resistivity silicon (HR-Si) substrates, up to frequencies as high as 110 GHz. The topic is of interest because it is fairly widely held in the community that substrate losses could hinder the application of GaN HEMTs on silicon at millimeter-wave frequencies. We demonstrate that conventional CPWs on AlGaN/GaN on HR-Si HEMT layers show a loss of 0.8 dB/mm at 110 GHz. Furthermore, etching trenches between the CPW conductors is an effective and manufacturable method to further reduce losses, and enables attenuation levels as low as ~0.6 dB/mm at 110 GHz. This work shows that CPWs on GaN-on-Si exhibit performances that are comparable to those built on S.I. InP, clearly demonstrating the applicability of GaN-on-Si technology in mmwave applications.
The loss of multifractality as evidence of impaired Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in patients after acute myocardial infarction

Multifractal analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) has been used to discriminate healthy subjects from patients with severe health conditions. We analyzed the fractal structures of the ECG recording of 11 patients who suffered acute myocardial infarction in order to identify those with impaired Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF). Was estimated the multifractal spectrum in Matlab code from the series of RR intervals, in supine rest. The parables representing the multifractal spectrum will be closing in small arcs, as a monofractal structure to 4 these 11 patients. The change in shape of multifractal spectrum curve for this group can provide information on changes in cardiac dynamics of patients with greater impairment of the muscles of the heart. The degree of multifractality, defined as the width of multifractal spectrum, also was studied. Moreover, all patients had undergone Doppler echocardiography and a quantification of left ventricular function was done by the Simpson technique (for LVEF less than 50% the patient was classified as belonging to the group with depressed LVEF). The Mann-Whitney test (p-value <;0.01) revealed that the degree of multifractality for the group with impaired LVEF is very significantly lower than for the group with preserved LVEF. We conclude that the loss of multifractality may indicate an impairment of left ventricular ejection fraction in patients after acute myocardial infarction, but we could not measure the extent of this loss as an indication of greater or lesser severity.
Novel Role of ATPase Subunit C Targeting Peptides Beyond Mitochondrial Protein Import

Mammals have three isoforms of F1F0-ATP synthase subunit c, only differing by their mitochondrial targeting peptides. Here, we show that these isoforms are non-redundant, because of different functions conferred by the targeting peptides, which in addition to mediating protein import, play a yet undiscovered role in respiratory chain maintenance.
Testing randomness: Implementing poker approaches with h ands of four numbers

In this paper we discuss the problem of testing randomness m otivated by the need to evaluate of the quality of different random number generators which may not generate a true random numbers. Such number generators are used by many practical applications including computer simulations, cryptography, and communications industry, where the quality of the randomness of the generated numbers affects the quality of these applications. In this paper we concentrate with one of the most popular approaches for testing randomness, Poker test. In particular, two versions of Poker test are known: the classical Poker test and the approximated Poker test, where the latter has been motivated by the difficulties involved in implementing the classical approach at the time it is designed. Given a sequence of random numbers to be tested, the basic Poker approach divides this sequence into groups of five numbers, observes which of the possible patterns is matched by each quintuple, computes the occurring probability of each of these patterns, and finally applies Chi-square test to check the randomness of such sequence. In [11], we showed such approach can be implemented with no significant extra running time compared with the approximated approach. In this paper, motivated by certain practical applications such as cryptography and simulation we implement the classical Poker test (respectively, the corresponding approximated approach) that uses hands of four numbers instead of hands of five numbers. The numerical experiments applied hands of four numbers approach show that the running time is significantly less than those applied hands of five numbers approach.
Measuring the Effect Of Formalization

We present an ongoing research activity concerned with measuring the effect of an increased level of formalization in software development. We summarize the experiences from a first experimental development. Based on these experiences, we discuss a number of technical issues; in particular, problems connected to metrics based on fault reports. First of all, what is a fault? Secondly, how should the fault counting be integrated in the development process? Thirdly, any reasonable definition of fault depends on a notion of satisfaction. Hence, we must address the question: What does it mean for a specification or an implementation to satisfy a requirement imposed by a more high-level specification?
The Infrared Spectral Energy Distribution of the Seyfert 2 Prototype NGC 5252

The complete mid- to far-infrared continuum energy distribution collected with the Infrared Space Observatory of the Seyfert 2 prototype NGC 5252 is presented. ISOCAM images taken in the 3-15 μm show a resolved central source that is consistent at all bands with a region of about 1.3 kpc in size. Because of the lack of ongoing star formation in the disk of the galaxy, this resolved emission is associated with either dust heated in the nuclear active region or bremsstrahlung emission from the nuclear and extended ionized gas. The size of the mid-IR emission contrasts with the standard unification scenario envisaging a compact dusty structure surrounding and hiding the active nucleus and the broad-line region. The mid-IR data are complemented by ISOPHOT aperture photometry in the 25-200 μm range. The overall IR spectral energy distribution is dominated by a well-defined component peaking at ~100 μm, a characteristic temperature of T ≃ 20 K, and an associated dust mass of 2.5 × 107 M☉, which greatly dominates the total dust mass content of the galaxy. The heating mechanism of this dust is probably the interstellar radiation field. After the contribution of this cold dust component is subtracted, the bulk of the residual emission is attributed to dust heated within the nuclear environment. Its luminosity consistently accounts for the reprocessing of the X-ray to UV emission derived for the nucleus of this galaxy. The comparison of NGC 5252's spectral energy distribution with current torus models favors large nuclear disk structure on the kiloparsec scale.
Skyrme tensor force in heavy ion collisions

Background: It is generally acknowledged that the time-dependent Hartree-Fock (TDHF) method provides a useful foundation for a fully microscopic many-body theory of low-energy heavy-ion reactions. The TDHF method is also known in nuclear physics in the small amplitude domain, where it provides a useful description of collective states, and is based on the mean-ﬁeld formalism which has been a relatively successful approximation to the nuclear many-body problem. Currently, the TDHF theory is being widely used in the study of fusion excitation functions, ﬁssion, deep-inelastic scattering of heavy mass systems, while providing a natural foundation for many other studies. Purpose: With the advancement of computational power it is now possible to undertake TDHF calculations without any symmetry assumptions and incorporate the major strides made by the nuclear structure community in improving the energy density functionals used in these calculations. In particular, time-odd and tensor terms in these functionals are naturally present during the dynamical evolution, while being absent or minimally important for most static calculations. The parameters of these terms are determined by the requirement of Galilean invariance or local gauge invariance but their signiﬁcance for the reaction dynamics have not been fully studied. This work addresses this question with emphasis on the tensor force. Method: The full version of the Skyrme force, including terms arising only from the Skyrme tensor force, is applied to the study of collisions within a completely symmetry-unrestricted TDHF implementation. Results: We examine the eﬀect on upper fusion thresholds with and without the tensor force terms and ﬁnd an eﬀect on the fusion threshold energy of the order several MeV. Details of the distribution of the energy within terms in the energy density functional is also discussed. Conclusions: Terms in the energy density functional linked to the tensor force can play a non-negligible role in dynamic processes in nuclei.
Parametric Recovery of Line‐of‐Sight Velocity Distributions from Absorption‐Line Spectra of Galaxies via Penalized Likelihood

We investigate the accuracy of the parametric recovery of the line‐of‐sight velocity distribution (LOSVD) of the stars in a galaxy while working in pixel space. Problems appear when the data have a low signal‐to‐noise ratio or the observed LOSVD is not well sampled by the data. We propose a simple solution based on maximum penalized likelihood, and we apply it to the common situation in which the LOSVD is described by a Gauss‐Hermite series. We compare different techniques by extracting the stellar kinematics from observations of the barred lenticular galaxy NGC 3384 obtained with the SAURON integral‐field spectrograph.
Employing bloom filters for privacy preserving distributed collaborative kNN classification

Increasingly, organizations are collecting users' personal data to mine rules that describe user behavior. In addition, different organizations may want to collaborate to derive rules based on collective data. However, due to the privacy-preserving requirements, organizations may not be able to share their data directly with others. In the current work, we employ Bloom filters to hide the sensitive data while still being able to perform collaborative data mining. In particular, we experiment with the kNN classifier. Using the Euclidean distance and Jaccard similarity measures, we evaluate the efficacy of the proposed representation. Using some real data, we show that Bloom filters effectively preserve data privacy while maintaining the accuracy of classifications.
The Influence of Information Literacy on Cooperative Behaviors and Collective Actions: The Case of e-Government Development

The importance of e-government (EG) has been widely recognized. However, we know little about the civil servants’ collective actions in EG development. This paper examines the collective action problems of getting civil servants to cooperating in EG developing process, to understand the so-called “free-riding” behavior of servants. In particularly, we propose that information literacy is a critical factor that may significantly affect whether civil servants behave cooperatively. Drawing on a case study of Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, the structural dimension of collective actions is examined. The preliminary findings of the study show that the servants’ information literacies influence on the structural dimension of cooperative behaviors negatively, in turn the emerged collective action problems deleterious the efforts for EG development. The implications of the lessons learned are also discussed.
Evaluating Document Retrieval Methods for Resource Selection in Clustered P2P IR

Resource Selection (or Query Routing) is an important step in P2P IR. Though analogous to document retrieval in the sense of choosing a relevant subset of resources, resource selection methods have evolved independently from those for document retrieval. Among the reasons for such divergence is that document retrieval targets scenarios where underlying resources are semantically homogeneous, whereas peers would manage diverse content. We observe that semantic heterogeneity is mitigated in the clustered 2-tier P2P IR architecture resource selection layer by way of usage of clustering, and posit that this necessitates a re-look at the applicability of document retrieval methods for resource selection within such a framework. This paper empirically benchmarks document retrieval models against the state-of-the-art resource selection models for the problem of resource selection in the clustered P2P IR architecture, using classical IR evaluation metrics. Our benchmarking study illustrates that document retrieval models significantly outperform other methods for the task of resource selection in the clustered P2P IR architecture. This indicates that clustered P2P IR framework can exploit advancements in document retrieval methods to deliver corresponding improvements in resource selection, indicating potential convergence of these fields for the clustered P2P IR architecture.
Comparative Study of Energy Harvesting from ZnO Nanorods Using Different Flexible Substrates

Abstract The step toward the fabrication of nanodevices with low cost and improved performance is of high demand; therefore, in the present study, different flexible substrates like common paper, textile fabric, plastic and aluminum foil have been utilized to harvest electrical energy. ZnO nanorods (NRs) were grown by using low-temperature aqueous chemical growth method. The obtained ZnO NRs were highly dense, well aligned, uniformly distributed over the substrates and exhibited good crystal quality. The structural study was carried out by using X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The piezoelectric properties of ZnO NRs were investigated by the help of an atomic force microscope using contact mode. The measurements of generated piezoelectricity were around 16.2 mV, 23.2 mV, 38.5 mV and 43.3 mV for common paper, textile fabric, plastic and aluminum foil, respectively. This investigation is an important step in order to study the effect of different substrates influencing the magnitude of the output voltage under identical growth and measurement conditions. We expect that this study will help identify the most suitable flexible substrate for harvesting energy. It also offers a promising alternative powering source for the next generation nanodevices using non-conventional substrates like aluminum foil. Moreover, the use of aluminum foil as flexible and low cost substrate may pave the way to develop devices in different fields including energy harvesting.
Expanding Educational Leadership Theories through Qualitative Relational Methodologies

Educational leadership is conceptualised through a relational framework and empirically understood through qualitative relational methodologies such as relational ethics, ethics of care and narrative inquiry. Empirical data from narrative interviews revealed that in many cases where the school principals honed values such as care and relational attributes in their daily leadership practices, learners were more likely to respond to such relational and caring practices, which they witnessed and experienced. It appears that relational methodologies can elicit relational leadership styles, which set caring and supportive examples for both teachers and learners, adding much worth to a favourable educational landscape.
Initial DNA Interactions of the Binuclear Threading Intercalator Λ,Λ-[μbidppz(bipy)4Ru2]4+: An NMR Study with [d(CGCGAATTCGCG)]2

Binuclear polypyridine ruthenium compounds have been shown to slowly intercalate into DNA, following a fast initial binding on the DNA surface. For these compounds, intercalation requires threading of a bulky substituent, containing one RuII, through the DNA base-pair stack, and the accompanying DNA duplex distortions are much more severe than with intercalation of mononuclear compounds. Structural understanding of the process of intercalation may greatly gain from a characterisation of the initial interactions between binuclear RuII compounds and DNA. We report a structural NMR study on the binuclear RuII intercalator Λ,Λ-B (Λ,Λ-[μ-bidppz(bipy)4Ru2]4+; bidppz=11,11′-bis(dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazinyl, bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine) mixed with the palindromic DNA [d(CGCGAATTCGCG)]2. Threading of Λ,Λ-B depends on the presence and length of AT stretches in the DNA. Therefore, the latter was selected to promote initial binding, but due to the short stretch of AT base pairs, final intercalation is prevented. Structural calculations provide a model for the interaction: Λ,Λ-B is trapped in a well-defined surface-bound state consisting of an eccentric minor-groove binding. Most of the interaction enthalpy originates from electrostatic and van der Waals contacts, whereas intermolecular hydrogen bonds may help to define a unique position of Λ,Λ-B. Molecular dynamics simulations show that this minor-groove binding mode is stable on a nanosecond scale. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first structural study by NMR spectroscopy on a binuclear Ru compound bound to DNA. In the calculated structure, one of the positively charged Ru2+ moieties is near the central AATT region; this is favourable in view of potential intercalation as observed by optical methods for DNA with longer AT stretches. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy suggests that a similar binding geometry is formed in mixtures of Λ,Λ-B with natural calf thymus DNA. The present minor-groove binding mode is proposed to represent the initial surface interactions of binuclear RuII compounds prior to intercalation into AT-rich DNA.
To touch or not to touch?: comparing 2D touch and 3D mid-air interaction on stereoscopic tabletop surfaces

Recent developments in touch and display technologies have laid the groundwork to combine touch-sensitive display systems with stereoscopic three-dimensional (3D) display. Although this combination provides a compelling user experience, interaction with objects stereoscopically displayed in front of the screen poses some fundamental challenges: Traditionally, touch-sensitive surfaces capture only direct contacts such that the user has to penetrate the visually perceived object to touch the 2D surface behind the object. Conversely, recent technologies support capturing finger positions in front of the display, enabling users to interact with intangible objects in mid-air 3D space. In this paper we perform a comparison between such 2D touch and 3D mid-air interactions in a Fitts' Law experiment for objects with varying stereoscopical parallax. The results show that the 2D touch technique is more efficient close to the screen, whereas for targets further away from the screen, 3D selection outperforms 2D touch. Based on the results, we present implications for the design and development of future touch-sensitive interfaces for stereoscopic displays.
Pinch-off of non-axisymmetric vortex rings

Abstract The formation and pinch-off of non-axisymmetric vortex rings is considered experimentally. Vortex rings are generated using a non-circular piston–cylinder arrangement, and the resulting velocity fields are measured using digital particle image velocimetry. Three different nozzle geometries are considered: an elliptical nozzle with an aspect ratio of two, an elliptical nozzle with an aspect ratio of four and an oval nozzle constructed from tangent circular arcs. The formation of vortices from the three nozzles is analysed by means of the vorticity and circulation, as well as by investigation of the Lagrangian coherent structures in the flow. The results indicate that, in all three nozzles, the maximum circulation the vortex can attain is determined by the equivalent diameter of the nozzle: the diameter of a circular nozzle of identical cross-sectional area. In addition, the time at which the vortex rings pinch off is found to be constant along the nozzle contours, and independent of relative variations in the local curvature. A formation number for this class of vortex rings is defined based on the equivalent diameter of the nozzle, and the formation number for vortex rings of the three geometries considered is found to lie in the range of 3–4. The implications of the relative shape and local curvature independence of the formation number on the study and modelling of naturally occurring vortex rings such as those that appear in biological flows is discussed.