Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least‐squares estimation (IDEAL): Application with fast spin‐echo imaging

Chemical shift based methods are often used to achieve uniform water–fat separation that is insensitive to Bo inhomogeneities. Many spin‐echo (SE) or fast SE (FSE) approaches acquire three echoes shifted symmetrically about the SE, creating time‐dependent phase shifts caused by water–fat chemical shift. This work demonstrates that symmetrically acquired echoes cause artifacts that degrade image quality. According to theory, the noise performance of any water–fat separation method is dependent on the proportion of water and fat within a voxel, and the position of echoes relative to the SE. To address this problem, we propose a method termed “iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetric and least‐squares estimation” (IDEAL). This technique combines asymmetrically acquired echoes with an iterative least‐squares decomposition algorithm to maximize noise performance. Theoretical calculations predict that the optimal echo combination occurs when the relative phase of the echoes is separated by 2π/3, with the middle echo centered at π/2+πk (k = any integer), i.e., (–π/6+πk, π/2+πk, 7π/6+πk). Only with these echo combinations can noise performance reach the maximum possible and be independent of the proportion of water and fat. Close agreement between theoretical and experimental results obtained from an oil–water phantom was observed, demonstrating that the iterative least‐squares decomposition method is an efficient estimator. Magn Reson Med, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predicting Agents' Behavior by Measuring their Social Preferences

There are many situations in which two or more agents (e.g., human or computer decision makers) interact with each other repeatedly in settings that can be modeled as repeated stochastic games. In such situations, each agent's performance may depend greatly on how well it can predict the other agents' preferences and behavior. For use in making such predictions, we adapt and extend the Social Value Orientation (SVO) model from social psychology, which provides a way to measure an agent's preferences for both its own payoffs and those of the other agents. The original SVO model was limited to one-shot games, and assumed that each individual's behavioral preferences remain constant over time—an assumption that is inadequate for repeated-game settings, where an agent's future behavior may depend not only on its SVO but also on its observations of the other agents' behavior. We extend the SVO model to take this into account. Our experimental evaluation, on several dozen agents that were written by students in classroom projects, show that our extended model works quite well.
Optimization of Muffins Containing Dried Leek Powder Using Response Surface Methodology.

The purpose of this study was to develop a muffin containing dried leek powder. The complete analysis was conducted using the Design Expert 7 program (Stat - Easy Co., Minneapolis, MN, USA). The leek muffins were produced with varying amounts of leek powder (A), sugar (B), and butter (C). According to response surface methodology (RSM), there were 16 experimental points, including two replicates. The leek muffin formulation was optimized using rheology and sensory analyses. For the results, a quadratic model was applied in determining lightness, volume, hardness, and sensory characteristics, including flavor, texture, and overall quality; redness and height were represented by a linear model. Lightness decreased and redness increased with increasing amounts of leek powder (p<0.001). In addition, hardness displayed significant differences (p<0.001) with increasing amounts of leek powder. The sensory evaluation results showed significant differences for color, flavor, texture, and overall quality (p<0.05). Based on the numerical and graphical methods, the optimal formulation was determined as 8.30 g of leek power, 88.37 g of sugar, and 81.70 g of butter.
Impact of magnetic field generated by wireless power transfer system of electric vehicle on retinal pigment epithelium cell in vitro

This pilot study investigated the potential risk of damage to DNA of Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) cells due to the exposure of acute magnetic field (MF) of wireless power transfer (WPT) of electric vehicles (EV) at 100 kHz. In our controlled experiment, two lines of RPE cells were cultured at the same level in the incubator with 37°C and 5% CO2, while a new exposure system generating homogeneous magnetic field was designed and fabricated used for imitation of exposure of WPT systems at selected frequencies and field intensity. A group of Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) cells were exposed continuously for 24h in the derived magnetic field of 3A/m, and compared with the sham-exposed control group after the same time. The impact of derived magnetic field on the induced DNA damage was investigated by comet assay and DNA fragment concentration test in two cell lines. This study has indicated that the 24h magnetic field exposure of WPT would barely cause any impact on DNA damage in RPE cell.
Reconstruction and Visualization of Human Gastrointestinal Tract

Background: Converting the two-dimensional (2D) cross-sectional photographs into an intuitive three-dimensional (3D) model is a basic task for medical imaging data for auxiliary disease-linked diagnosis purpose. Methods: Reconstruction and visualization process of gastrointestinal cross-sectional photographs includes image preparation, image registration, image segmentation, 3D surface-rendering reconstruction, and implementation of 3D digital visualization. Results: Using the visualization toolkit (VTK), we implemented 3D digital reconstruction and visualization of gastrointestinal tract, whose visualized model can be zoomed, paned, and rotated, including the stomach, the small intestine, and the large intestine.
Quantitative basis for the structure and properties of a critically-important pressure vessel steel

A particular steel, SA508, that is critically important in the fabrication of nuclear reactor facilities is the subject of this thesis. The ally has been in use since the 1970s but current material and production methods are based largely on empirical understanding. Meeting the required mechanical properties in ever larger pressure vessels is a challenge because of the potential for scatter in properties and consequent difficulties defining a safe design. Such scatter can arise from microstructural variations but surprisingly, most studies conclude that large components made from SA508 Gr. 3 steels are, following heat treatment, fully bainitic. The research has concentrated on understanding the complex relations between processing, microstructure and mechanical properties. A methodic approach to address experimental observations in which the different stages in the multiple heat treatment, consisting of austenitising followed by water quenching and tempering, are individually investigated is undertaken. In terms of austenitisation, there is uncertainty on the physical significance of models applied to the coarsening of austenite grains of these steels. For example, some of the published activation energies for grain growth exceed by more than a factor of two, the activation energy for self diffusion of iron. As a result, new data are generated and analysed by creating theory to account for the initial austenite grain size generated when the steel becomes fully austenitic, and any growth during heating to the annealing temperature. The experimental data reflect two regimes of isothermal grain coarsening, with
Distributed Kernel Regression: An Algorithm for Training Collaboratively

This paper addresses the problem of distributed learning under communication constraints, motivated by distributed signal processing in wireless sensor networks and data mining with distributed databases. After formalizing a general model for distributed learning, an algorithm for collaboratively training regularized kernel least-squares regression estimators is derived. Noting that the algorithm can be viewed as an application of successive orthogonal projection algorithms, its convergence properties are investigated and the statistical behavior of the estimator is discussed in a simplified theoretical setting.
Reorganizing the protein space at the Universal Protein Resource (UniProt)

The mission of UniProt is to support biological research by providing a freely accessible, stable, comprehensive, fully classified, richly and accurately annotated protein sequence knowledgebase, with extensive cross-references and querying interfaces. UniProt is comprised of four major components, each optimized for different uses: the UniProt Archive, the UniProt Knowledgebase, the UniProt Reference Clusters and the UniProt Metagenomic and Environmental Sequence Database. A key development at UniProt is the provision of complete, reference and representative proteomes. UniProt is updated and distributed every 4 weeks and can be accessed online for searches or download at http://www.uniprot. org.
Distribution of Nonstructural Variation between Wheat Cultivars along Chromosome Arm 6Bp: Evidence from the Linkage Map and Physical Map of the Arm.

Metaphase I (MI) pairing of homologous chromosomes in wheat intercultivar hybrids (heterohomologous chromosomes) is usually reduced relative to that within the inbred parental cultivars (euhomologous chromosomes). It was proposed elsewhere that this phenomenon is caused by polymorphism in nucleotide sequences (nonstructural chromosome variation) among wheat cultivars. The distribution of this polymorphism along chromosome arm 6Bp (=6BS) of cultivars Chinese Spring and Cheyenne was investigated. A population of potentially recombinant chromosomes derived from crossing over between telosome 6Bp of Chinese Spring and Cheyenne chromosome 6B was developed in the isogenic background of Chinese Spring. The approximate length of the Chinese Spring segment present in each of these chromosomes was assessed by determining for each chromosome the interval in which crossing over occurred (utilizing the rRNA gene region, a distal C-band and the gliadin gene region as markers). The MI pairing frequencies of these chromosomes (only the complete chromosomes were used) with the normal Chinese Spring telosome 6Bp were determined. These were directly proportional to the length of the euhomologous segment. The longer the incorporated euhomologous segment the better was the MI pairing. This provided evidence that the heterohomologous chromosomes are differentiated from each other in numerous sites distributed throughout the arm. -The comparison of the physical map of arm 6Bp with the linkage map showed a remarkable distortion of the linkage map; no crossing over was detected in the proximal 68% of the arm. A population of 49 recombinant chromosomes was assayed for recombination within the rRNA gene region, but none was detected. No new length variants of the nontranscribed spacer separating the 18S and 26S rRNA genes were detected either.
Multiperspective panoramas for cel animation

We describe a new approach for simulating apparent camera motion through a 3D environment. The approach is motivated by a traditional technique used in 2D cel animation, in which a single background image, which we call a multiperspective panorama, is used to incorporate multiple views of a 3D environment as seen from along a given camera path. When viewed through a small moving window, the panorama produces the illusion of 3D motion. In this paper, we explore how such panoramas can be designed by computer, and we examine their application to cel animation in particular. Multiperspective panoramas should also be useful for any application in which predefined camera moves are applied to 3D scenes, including virtual reality fly-throughs, computer games, and architectural walk-throughs. CR Categories: I.3. 3 [Computer Graphics]: Picture/Image Generation. Additional
The Effects of a Mineral Supplement (Aquamin F ® ) and Its Combination with Multi-Species Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) on Bone Accretion in an Ovariectomized Rat Model

Although an adequete intake of calcium (Ca) is recommended for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis, the intake of Ca should be restricted because of its low rate of intestinal absorption. The purpose of this experiment was to identify the effect of the combined administration of Aquamin F (AQF) (a calcium agent) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on osteoporosis. Thirty ovariectomized (OVX) rats and six control rats were assigned to the following six groups, with six animals per group: sham Ca-deficient diet (Ca-D), OVX, LAB, AQF, and LAB-AQF. During the experiment, the body weight was measured; and after the experiment was completed, the serum biochemical analysis, the alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and inorganic phosphorus leves were measured. The tissue of the femur was stained and then scanned via CT. The body weight of the OVX group increased more significantly than that of the control group. The results of the bone mineral content (BMC), Bone mineral density (BMD), serum biochemical analysis and histological test on the femur epiphysis showed no difference between the OVX group and the LAB group, whereas the results of the AQF group were more significant than those of the OVX group. In particular, the LAB+AQF group showed more significant increases in the aforementioned results than the AQF group. This experiment showed that the combined administration of AQF and LAB in ovariectomized rats more significantly increased bone density than did a single administration of either AQF or LAB.
MLL fusion proteins link transcriptional coactivators to previously active CpG-rich promoters

Mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) maintains the expression of cellular memory genes during development, while leukemic MLL fusion proteins aberrantly maintain expression of hematopoietic stem cell program genes such as HOXA9 to cause leukemia. However, the molecular mechanism of gene activation is unclear. Here we show that only two functional modules are necessary and sufficient for target recognition: those that bind to non-methylated CpGs and di-/tri-methylated histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36me2/3). An artificial protein composed of the two targeting modules and an interaction domain for AF4-family coactivators can functionally substitute for MLL fusion proteins. Because H3K36me2/3 markers are indicative of active transcription, MLL fusion proteins target previously active CpG-rich genes and activate transcription by recruiting coactivators thereto. Our results indicate that such chromatin context-dependent gene activation is the fundamental mechanism by which MLL fusion proteins maintain the expression of the cellular memory/hematopoietic stem cell program genes.
Improving Classifier Performance Using Data with Different Taxonomies

We propose a framework for improving classifier performance by effectively using auxiliary samples. The auxiliary samples are labeled not in terms of the target taxonomy according to which we wish to classify samples, but according to classification schemes or taxonomies that are different from the target taxonomy. Our method finds a classifier by minimizing a weighted error over the target and auxiliary samples. The weights are defined so that the weighted error approximates the expected error when samples are classified into the target taxonomy. Experiments using synthetic and text data show that our method significantly improves the classifier performance in most cases compared to conventional data augmentation methods.
PanoSwarm: Collaborative and Synchronized Multi-Device Panoramic Photography

Taking a picture has been traditionally a one-person task. In this paper we present a novel system that allows multiple mobile devices to work collaboratively in a synchronized fashion to capture a panorama of a highly dynamic scene, creating an entirely new photography experience that encourages social interactions and teamwork. Our system contains two components: a client app that runs on all participating devices, and a server program that monitors and communicates with each device. In a capturing session, the server collects in realtime the viewfinder images of all devices and stitches them on-the-fly to create a panorama preview, which is then streamed to all devices as visual guidance. The system also allows one camera to be the host and send direct visual instructions to others to guide camera adjustment. When ready, all devices take pictures at the same time for panorama stitching. Our preliminary study suggests that the proposed system can help users capture high quality panoramas with an enjoyable teamwork experience.
Relational parametricity for references and recursive types

We present a possible world semantics for a call-by-value higher-order programming language with impredicative polymorphism, general references, and recursive types. The model is one of the first relationally parametric models of a programming language with all these features. To model impredicative polymorphism we define the semantics of types via parameterized (world-indexed) logical relations over a universal domain. It is well-known that it is non-trivial to show the existence of logical relations in the presence of recursive types. Here the problems are exacerbated because of general references. We explain what the problems are and present our solution, which makes use of a novel approach to modeling references. We prove that the resulting semantics is adequate with respect to a standard operational semantics and include simple examples of reasoning about contextual equivalence via parametricity.
How cognitive and affective trust in the leader is related to leader behaviors and effectiveness

This study examines actual leader behaviors and followers’ perceptions on cognitive and affective trust as predictors of leader effectiveness. Data was used from video-coded regular staff meetings, consisting of 14 leaders and 172 followers who are employed by a large Dutch public-sector organization. It was found that leaders who scored high on affective trust provide followers frequently with positive feedback during meetings, and are perceived as effective by their followers. Surprisingly, leaders who often articulated their vision were perceived as less effective by followers. Leaders who scored high on affective trust, showed less visioning behavior in comparison with leaders who scored low. In addition, leaders who scored high on affective trust, showed less intellectual stimulation behavior than the leaders who scored low on affective trust. Finally, monitoring behavior had a positive relationship with both leader effectiveness and affective trust. Overall, leader effectiveness had a stronger relationship with cognitive trust than with affective trust. These findings highlight the importance of further research into patterns of leader behaviors that may engender cognitive and affective trust among their followers. Such promising future research is likely to hold important implications for how leaders should behave and/or being trained in order to create cognitive and affective trust and therefore higher leader effectiveness.
Examination of Lipopolysaccharide (O-Antigen) Populations of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans from Two Mine Tailings

Net acid-generating capacities of 39.74 kg of H2SO4 per ton (ca. 0.05 kg/kg) (pH 2.68) for the Lemoine copper mine tailings (closed ca. 8 years ago; located 40 km west of Chibougamau, Quebec, Canada) and 16.07 kg of H2SO4 per ton (ca. 0.02 kg/kg) (pH 3.01) for the Copper Rand tailings (in current use and 50 km distant [east] from those of Lemoine) demonstrate that these sulfide tailings can support populations of acidophilic thiobacilli. Oxidized regions in both tailings environments were readily visible, were extremely acidic (Lemoine, pH 2.36; Copper Rand, pH 3.07), and provided natural isolates for our study. A 10% (wt/vol) oxalic acid treatment, which solubilizes both ferric sulfate and ferric hydroxide precipitates (B. Ramsay, J. Ramsay, M. deTremblay, and C. Chavarie, Geomicrobiol. J. 6:171-177, 1988), enabled the recovery of intact bacterial cells from the tailings material and from liquid synthetic medium for lipopolysaccharide analysis. No viable cells could be cultured after this oxalic acid treatment. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electro-phoretic profiles of lipopolysaccharides extracted from the Lemoine tailings were complex, indicating a heterogeneous population of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Six T. ferrooxidans subspecies as identified by lipopolysaccharide analysis (i.e., lipopolysaccharide chemotypes) were eventually isolated from a total of 112 cultures from the Lemoine tailings. Using the same isolate and lipopolysaccharide typing techniques, we identified only a single lipopolysaccharide chemotype from 20 cultures of T. ferrooxidans isolated from the Copper Rand tailings. This homogeneity of lipopolysaccharide chemotype was much different from what was found for the older Lemoine tailings and may reflect a progressive lipopolysaccharide heterogeneity of Thiobacillus isolates as tailings leach and age.
Modeling of the temperature distribution of flash sintered zirconia

Recently, the number of published papers on the sintering technologies activated by current have increased exponentially. In particular, it has been reported that the application of electric field as high as 120 V/cm permitted the instantaneous full densification of yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia at the unusual low temperature of 850°C. The mechanisms of the so called flash sintering phenomenon are elucidated by analyzing the temperature distribution of the bulk sample under the application of the electric field.
Attention-aware color theme extraction for fabric images

Color configuration plays an important role in art, design, and communication, which can influence the user’s experiences, feelings, and psychological well-being. It is laborious to manually select a color theme from scratch for handling large batches of images. Alternatively, it can inspire designers’ creations and save their time as well by leveraging the color themes in existing art works (e.g. fabric, paintings). However, it is challenging to automatically extract perceptually plausible color themes from fabric images. This paper presents a new automatic framework for extracting color themes from fabric images. A saliency map is built to help recognize the visual attention regions of the input image. Since the saliency map separates the image into visual attention regions (foreground) and non-visual attention regions (background), we respectively compute the dominant colors of these two regions, and merge them to form the initial target color theme based on certain rules. The dominant colors are extracted, accounting for the characteristics of the fabric and hue distributions of fabric images so as to acquire visually plausible results. Our method can be used to transfer colors between two fabric images for fabric color design. We tested our method thoroughly with various fabric images (e.g. cotton, silk, and linen) with different texture patterns (e.g. plain and twill). Experiments show that our method is more efficient and can generate more visually plausible results than state-of-the-art algorithms.