Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Insulin receptor isoforms and insulin-like growth factor receptor in human follicular cell precursors from papillary thyroid cancer and normal thyroid.

CONTEXT Factors involved in the biology of normal and cancer stem/precursor cells from the thyroid are unknown. Thyroid cancer cells are responsive to insulin and IGF-I and IGF-II and often overexpress the insulin receptor (IR) and the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR). OBJECTIVE We investigated the role of IR isoforms (IR-A and IR-B), IGF-IR, and their ligands in thyroid follicular cell precursors both normal and malignant. DESIGN We established cultures of follicular cell precursors as thyrospheres from three papillary thyroid cancers and the corresponding nonaffected tissues. The expression of IR, IGF-IR, and their ligands was evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR and, in one case, also by Western blot. The effects of insulin and IGFs on thyrosphere growth and self-renewal were evaluated. RESULTS Thyrospheres were characterized by the expression of stem cell markers and low/absent thyroid specific markers. Thyrospheres from normal tissue, but not from cancer tissue, could be induced to differentiate. Both IR isoforms, IGF-IR, IGF-I and IGF-II, were expressed at high levels in thyrospheres and markedly decreased in differentiating cells. IR-A was the predominant isoform in thyrospheres, especially from cancer, while IR-B was predominant in differentiating cells. Cancer thyrosphere growth was stimulated by insulin and IGFs. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that IR isoforms and IGF-IR play a role in the biology of follicular thyroid precursors. Cell differentiation is associated with marked changes in the expression of these receptors and cognate ligands. These data may provide insight for future differentiation therapies in thyroid cancer.
Latent Gaussian models to decide on spatial closures for bycatch management in the Barents Sea shrimp fishery

In the Barents Sea and adjacent water, fishing grounds are closed for shrimp fishing by the Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries Monitoring and Surveillance Service (MSS) if the expected number of juvenile fish caught are predicted to exceed a certain limit per kilogram shrimp (Pandalus borealis). Today, a simple ratio estimator, which does not fully utilize all data available, is in use. In this paper, we construct a Bayesian hierarchical spatiotemporal model for improved prediction of the bycatch ratio in the Barents Sea shrimp fishery. More predictable bycatch will be an advantage for the MSS because of more correct decisions and better resource allocation and also for the fishermen because of more predictable fishing grounds. The model assumes that the occurrence of shrimp and juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) can be modeled by linked regression models containing several covariates (including 0-group abundance estimates) and random effects modeled as Gaussian fields. Integrated nested Laplace approxi.
Presynaptic dopamine D2 and muscarine M3 receptors inhibit excitatory and inhibitory transmission to rat subthalamic neurones in vitro

1 Whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings were made from subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurones in brain slices from rats. Stimulation with bipolar electrodes evoked synaptic currents mediated by glutamate (EPSCs) and GABAA (IPSCs) receptors. 2 Dopamine reversibly reduced the amplitude of GABAA IPSCs by up to 48% with an IC50 value of 3.4 ± 0. 8μm. The dopamine D2 receptor agonist quinpirole, but not the D1 receptor agonist SKF 82958, also inhibited GABAA IPSCs. This effect was completely reversed by the D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride but not by SCH 23390, a D1 antagonist. 3 Muscarine reversibly reduced the amplitude of GABAA IPSCs by up to 70 % with an IC50 value of 0.6 ± 0. 1μm. Inhibition of IPSCs by muscarine was completely blocked by scopolamine (10 μm), a muscarinic receptor antagonist. The M3 muscarinic receptor antagonist 4‐DAMP effectively reversed muscarine‐induced inhibition of IPSCs with an IC50 of 0.11 ± 0. 03μm. Although the M1 receptor antagonist pirenzepine also reversed the inhibition of IPSCs by muscarine, this effect was only observed at relatively high concentrations (IC50=21.7 ± 9.4μm). 4 Dopamine and muscarine both increased the paired‐pulse ratio of GABAA IPSCs. Neither agent produced sustained changes in postsynaptic holding current. 5 Glutamate EPSCs were also inhibited reversibly by dopamine (by up to 29 %; IC50= 16 ± 3 μm) and muscarine (by up to 41 %; IC50=1.0 ± 0.4μm). However, both agents were more potent and efficacious for reducing GABA IPSCs compared with glutamate EPSCs. 6 These results suggest that the most significant effect of dopamine and muscarine in the STN is to reduce inhibitory synaptic input by acting at presynaptic dopamine D2 and muscarinic M3 receptors, respectively.
The Mongolic Languages

1. Juha Janhunen Proto-Mongolic2. Juha Janhunen Written Mongol3. Volker Rybatzki Middle Mongol4. Juha Janhunen Khamnigan Mongol5. Elena Skribnik Buryat6. Toshiro Tsumagari Dagur7. Jan-Olof Svantesson Khalkha8. Juha Janhunen Mongol Dialects9. Stefan Georg Ordos10. Agnes Birtalan Oirat11. Uwe Blasing Kalmuck12. Michael Weiers Moghol13. Hans Nugteren Shira Yughur14. Stefan Georg Mongghul15. Keith Slater Mangghuer16. Wu Hugjiltu Bonan17. Stephen S. Kim Santa18. Volker Rybatzki Intra-Mongolic Taxonomy19. Juha Janhunen Para-Mongolic20. Claus Schonig Turko-Mongolic Relations
Internet Denial-of-Service Considerations

This document provides an overview of possible avenues for denial-of- service (DoS) attack on Internet systems. The aim is to encourage protocol designers and network engineers towards designs that are more robust. We discuss partial solutions that reduce the effectiveness of attacks, and how some solutions might inadvertently open up alternative vulnerabilities. This memo provides information for the Internet community.
Age-related androgen secretion in healthy women and in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

The number of ovarian follicles declines with age resulting in a significant decrease of fertility by the age of 40. However, the age when follicle loss starts to affect ovarian endocrine function is not well recognized. The purpose of the present study was to investigate age-related ovarian/adrenal androgen secretion, which is crucial for estrogen biosynthesis in healthy women and in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Another aim of the study was to compare the usefulness of different serum markers in assessing ovarian aging and in diagnosing polycystic ovaries (PCOs) and PCOS. The human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) test was used to study the endocrine potential of ovaries/adrenals. The ovarian capacity to secrete and synthesize androgens was found to be decreased as early as at the age of 30 in regularly menstruating women. In women with PCOS, both basal and hCG-stimulated androgen levels were about 50% higher than in healthy women and they remained high until late reproductive age. Similarly to regularly menstruating women, the androgen secretion capacity in PCOS subjects decreased with age, and estradiol concentrations remained unchanged until the age of 44 years. Adrenal androgen synthesis was not changed during hCG-tests. Since serum antimullerian hormone (AMH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were changed significantly after the age of 25 years in regularly menstruating women, they may be considered as useful serum markers reflecting the ovarian aging process. In women with PCOS, AMH levels were continuously 2to 3-fold higher than in healthy women possibly reflecting high follicle number in these women. A decline in ovarian endocrine function before the age of 30 is one of the first signs of ovarian aging. However, in women with PCOS ovarian androgen secretion capacity is markedly increased and remain high throughout the reproductive years. The results of the present studies also indicate that LH/hCG does not play a role in adrenal androgen synthesis, since LH/hCG did not stimulate adrenal androgen synthesis. The measurement of AMH is a useful tool to estimate ovarian aging process as well as to diagnose PCOs/PCOS.
Performance analysis of E-Core hybrid excitation flux switching motorfor hybrid electric vehicle

In response to concerns about energy cost, energy dependence and environmental damage, a rekindling of interesting hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) has been obvious. To accomplish the market needs, the expansion of electric motor for HEVs will take an accelerated rapidity. The Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous motor (IPMSM)is one of successfully developed electric motor for HEV, due to its smaller size, lighter weight, and higher efficiency contributing to low battery consumption. On the other hand, IPMSM design tends to be complicated because permanent magnet (PM) is embedded in rotor core. The number of bridges around the PM and thickness are affect the mechanical strength of the machine, but high number of bridge degrades the maximum performances due to increase in leakage flux. As a result a new structure of E-Core hybrid excitation flux switching motor (HEFSM) with rugged rotor structure suitable for high-speed operation is proposed. The advantages of the E-Core HEFSM are high mechanical strength due to single piece rotor, less coil end, variable flux capabilities, less PM volume, and simpler structure for manufactured and design improvement. In this paper, preliminary study on E-Core HEFSM including armature coil test, flux enhancing, torque and power characteristics are analyzed by 2D-FEA for HEV applications.
Effects of a titin mutation on negative work during stretch–shortening cycles in skeletal muscles

ABSTRACT Negative work occurs in muscles during braking movements such as downhill walking or landing after a jump. When performing negative work during stretch–shortening cycles, viscoelastic structures within muscles store energy during stretch, return a fraction of this energy during shortening and dissipate the remaining energy as heat. Because tendons and extracellular matrix are relatively elastic rather than viscoelastic, energy is mainly dissipated by cross bridges and titin. Recent studies demonstrate that titin stiffness increases in active skeletal muscles, suggesting that titin contributions to negative work may have been underestimated in previous studies. The muscular dystrophy with myositis (mdm) mutation in mice results in a deletion in titin that leads to reduced titin stiffness in active muscle, providing an opportunity to investigate the contribution of titin to negative work in stretch–shortening cycles. Using the work loop technique, extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles from mdm and wild-type (WT) mice were stimulated during the stretch phase of stretch–shortening cycles to investigate negative work. The results demonstrate that, compared with WT muscles, negative work is reduced in muscles from mdm mice. We suggest that changes in the viscoelastic properties of mdm titin reduce energy storage by muscles during stretch and energy dissipation during shortening. Maximum isometric stress is also reduced in muscles from mdm mice, possibly due to impaired transmission of cross-bridge force, impaired cross-bridge function or both. Functionally, the reduction in negative work could lead to increased muscle damage during eccentric contractions that occur during braking movements. Summary: Active muscles from mice with a small titin deletion exhibit large deficits in net negative work, suggesting that titin contributes to energy storage and dissipation during stretch–shortening cycles.
Molecular Prevalence of Different Genotypes of Theileria orientalis Detected from Cattle and Water Buffaloes In Thailand

Abstract Here we report on an epidemiological study regarding the molecular prevalence of different genotypes of Theileria orientalis present among domestic cattle and water buffalo populations bred in Thailand. A phylogenetic analysis based on the parasitic gene encoding a major piroplasm surface protein revealed the presence of 5 genotypes (Types 1, 3, 5, 7, and N-3) in cattle and 7 genotypes (Types 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, N-2, and N-3) in water buffaloes. Types 4, 7, and N-3 of T. orientalis were reported for the first time in water buffaloes. The previously reported C and Thai types from Thailand clustered as types 7 and 6, respectively, in the present analysis. Great similarities were observed among nucleotide sequences of isolates of the same genotype from cattle and water buffaloes, and, therefore, water buffaloes were considered to serve as a reservoir for these genotypes of T. orientalis in Thailand. In conclusion, T. orientalis parasites circulating in Thailand are more diverse in their genetic characters than previously anticipated.
Persistent elimination of ErbB-2/HER2-overexpressing tumors using combinations of monoclonal antibodies: Relevance of receptor endocytosis

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to ErbB-2/HER2 or to its sibling, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), prolong survival of cancer patients, especially when combined with cytotoxic therapies. However, low effectiveness of therapeutic mAbs and the evolution of patient resistance call for improvements. Here we test in animals pairs of anti-ErbB-2 mAbs and report that pairs comprising an antibody reactive with the dimerization site of ErbB-2 and an antibody recognizing another distinct epitope better inhibit ErbB-2-overexpressing tumors than other pairs or the respective individual mAbs. Because the superiority of antibody combinations extends to tumor cell cultures, we assume that nonimmunological mechanisms contribute to mAb synergy. One potential mechanism, namely the ability of mAb combinations to instigate ErbB-2 endocytosis, is demonstrated. Translation of these lessons to clinical applications may enhance patient response and delay acquisition of resistance.
A probabilistic principal component analysis based hidden Markov model for audio-visual speech recognition

Lipreading is an efficient method among those proposed to improve the performance of speech recognition systems, especially in acoustic noisy environments. This paper proposes a simple audio-visual speech recognition (AVSR) system, which could improve the robustness and accuracy of audio speech recognition by integrating the synchronous audio and visual information. We propose a hidden Markov model (HMM) based on the probabilistic principal component analysis (PCA) for the visual-only speech recognition and the visual modality of the audio-visual speech recognition. The probabilistic PCA based HMM directly uses the images which only contain the speaker's mouth region without pre-processing (mouth corner detection, contour marking, etc), and takes probabilistic PCA as the observation probability density function (PDF). Then we integrate these two modalities information (audio and visual) together and obtain a multi-stream hidden Markov model (MSHMM). We found that, without extracting the specialized features before processing, probabilistic PCA could capture the principal components during the training and describe the visual part of the materials. It is also verified by the experiments that the integration of the audio and visual information could help to improve the recognition accuracy even at a low acoustic signal-to-noisy ratio (SNR).
Mining Users’ Important Locations and Semantics on Cellular Network Data

With the development of mobile communication technology, mobile phones play a more important role in people's daily life. The user's location and its semantic are very important to Location Based Services (LBS), and this inspires a tremendous amount of research effort on analyzing large-scale trajectory data to mine these informations in the last decade. The existing researches have achieved good results, but there are still some challenges, such as the limitation on low quality data. In this paper, firstly, we propose a novel algorithm to mine meaningful points on cellular network data, which can reduce the processing time apparently by conditional filtering original data. Then, we adopt a density based clustering method together with a naive Bayes classifier to complete the important location discovery and semantic analysis. Theoretical analysis and extensive experiments on real dataset show that: 1) The precision rate and recall rate of identifying important locations have reached more than 96%, which are improved by nearly 3% comparing with the existing algorithms. Meanwhile, the precision rate and recall rate of semantic analysis are also increased by more than 4%. 2) When applying to low quality data, the proposed approach is also robust, efficient and has a good performance.
Evolutionary stable stock markets

Summary.This paper shows that a stock market is evolutionary stable if and only if stocks are evaluated by expected relative dividends. Any other market can be invaded in the sense that there is a portfolio rule that, when introduced on the market with arbitrarily small initial wealth, increases its market share at the incumbent’s expense. This mutant portfolio rule changes the asset valuation in the course of time. The stochastic wealth dynamics in our evolutionary stock market model is formulated as a random dynamical system. Applying this theory, necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for the evolutionary stability of portfolio rules when relative dividend payoffs follow a stationary Markov process. These local stability conditions lead to a unique evolutionary stable portfolio rule according to which assets are evaluated by expected relative dividends (with respect to the objective probabilities).
Associations of age, gender and body mass with 1H MR‐observed brain metabolites and tissue distributions

Recent reports have indicated that a measure of adiposity, the body mass index (BMI), is associated with MR‐observed brain metabolite concentrations and tissue volume measures. In addition to indicating possible associations between brain metabolism, BMI and cognitive function, the inclusion of BMI as an additional subject selection criterion could potentially improve the detection of metabolic and structural differences between subjects and study groups. In this study, a retrospective analysis of 140 volumetric MRSI datasets was carried out to investigate the value of including BMI in the subject selection relative to age and gender. The findings replicate earlier reports of strong associations of N‐acetylaspartate, creatine, choline and gray matter with age and gender, with additional observations of slightly increased spectral linewidth with age and in female relative to male subjects. Associations of metabolite levels, linewidth and gray matter volume with BMI were also observed, although only in some regions. Using voxel‐based analyses, it was also observed that the patterns of the relative changes of metabolites with BMI matched those of linewidth with BMI or weight, and that residual magnetic field inhomogeneity and measures of spectral quality were influenced by body weight. It is concluded that, although associations of metabolite levels and tissue distributions with BMI occur, these may be attributable to issues associated with data acquisition and analysis; however, an organic origin for these findings cannot be specifically excluded. There is, however, sufficient evidence to warrant the inclusion of body weight as a subject selection parameter, secondary to age, and as a factor in data analysis for MRS studies of some brain regions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New microsatellite loci for Narcissus papyraceus (Amarillydaceae) and cross-amplification in other congeneric species.

UNLABELLED PREMISE OF THE STUDY Microsatellite loci from a genomic library of the species Narcissus papyraceus were optimized and characterized for studies of population genetics. • METHODS AND RESULTS Eleven markers that were successfully amplified showed polymorphism when tested on 50 individuals from two populations in southern Spain and northern Morocco. Overall, the number of alleles per locus ranged between 4 and 15. Between 8 and 11 loci successfully amplified in other eight Narcissus species. • CONCLUSIONS These markers will enable genetic diversity studies of N. papyraceus across its distribution range and conduct paternity analyses among individuals differing in flower morphology.
Bis[μ-N′-(adamantan-1-ylcarbonyl)-2-oxidobenzohydrazidato(3−)]tetrapyridinetrinickel(II) dimethylformamide monosolvate monohydrate

In the title trinuclear NiII compound, [Ni3(C18H19N2O3)2(C5H5N)4]·C3H7NO·H2O, three NiII cations are bridged by two N′-(adamantan-1-ylcarbonyl)-2-oxidobenzohydrazidate trianions. The central NiII cation has a distorted octahedral N4O2 coordination environment where a reverse torsion occurs between the two bridging ligands, whereas the two NiII cations on the sides each adopt an N2O2 square-planar coordination. Weak intramolecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯N interactions help to stabilize the molecular structure. In the crystal, the lattice water molecule links with the NiII complex and dimethylformamide solvent molecule via O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding.
Greedy-Like Algorithms for Dynamic Assortment Planning Under Multinomial Logit Preferences

We study the joint assortment planning and inventory management problem, where stock-out events elicit dynamic substitution effects, described by the Multinomial Logit (MNL) choice model. Special cases of this setting have extensively been studied in recent literature, notably the static assortment planning problem. Nevertheless, the general formulation is not known to admit efficient algorithms with analytical performance guarantees prior to this work, and most of its computational aspects are still wide open.In this paper, we devise the first provably-good approximation algorithm for dynamic assortment planning under the MNL model, attaining a constant-factor guarantee for a broad class of demand distributions, that satisfy the increasing failure rate property. Our algorithm relies on a combination of greedy procedures, where stocking decisions are restricted to specific classes of products, and the objective function takes modified forms. We demonstrate that our approach substantially outperforms state-of-the-art heuristic methods in terms of performance and speed, leading to a revenue gain of 6% to 10% on synthetic instances. In the course of establishing our main result, we develop new algorithmic ideas that may be of independent interest. These include weaker notions of submodularity and monotonicity, shown sufficient to obtain constant-factor worst-case guarantees, despite using noisy estimates of the objective function.
The Value of Paracentesis in the Acute Specific Fevers

commonly seen, and was not evidence of any middle-ear condition. A mere vibro-massage of the tympanum would cause it. Although it arose rather from the discussion than from Mr. Layton's paper, he wished to raise the point of the oneness of otitis media. There was no hard-and-fast line between the catarrhal and the suppurative ear; the pathology differed only in degree, not in kind (he was not speaking of the watery exudate). Nor was there a hard-and-fast line between " otitis media " and " mastoiditis "; in fact every otitis media was a mastoiditis.