Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Language Processing in Bilingual Children

1. Language modules and bilingual processing Michael Sharwood Smith 2. Phonological processing in two languages Ian Watson 3. Second language learning in children: a model of language learning in social context Lily Wong Fillmore 4. Interdependence of first and second language proficiency in bilingual children Jim Cummins 5. Giving formal definitions: a linguistic or metalinguistic skill? Catherine E. Snow 6. Metalinguistic dimensions of bilingual language proficiency Ellen Bialystock 7. Translation skill and metalinguistic awareness in bilinguals Marguerite Malakoff and Kenji Hakuta 8. Towards an explanatory model of the interaction between bilingualism and cognitive development Rafael M. Diaz and Cynthia Klingler 9. Constructive processes in bilingualism and their cognitive growth effects Janice Johnson 10. Language cognition, and education of bilingual children Ellen Bialystock and Jim Cummins.
Foundations of Parental Influence Upon Adolescents: An Application of Social Power Theory

a tenant inquired of him whether the HHA had an eviction board he answered, "It does, you're looking at him. " Tenants who are bluffed out do not get the protections of a hearing and do not get a chance to remain in housing by meeting the conditions of an eviction board. Cooptative methods of increasing accountability, like procedural methods, can be undermined when unsympathetic line officers are able to avoid the control structure which supports them.18
Dietary Intakes and Micronutrient Adequacy Related to the Changing Livelihoods of Two Pastoralist Communities in Samburu, Kenya

Pastoralist communities have traditionally depended on animal foods in their diets. Environmental and political pressures in recent years have led millions to agriculture and other income diversification strategies. This longitudinal study of two pastoralist communities with differing land tenure systems compared the probability of micronutrient intake adequacies in relation to livelihood transitions. Three waves of social, economic, and dietary intake data using 24-hour recalls were collected in 2000, 2005, and 2010, under different environmental conditions (n = 200). The pastoralist diet derived an average 49% of energy from maize, followed by sugar (13%), and milk (11%), and showed high probability of inadequacies for vitamins A, B12, and C. Panel regression modeling revealed income, education of household head, cattle and chicken ownership, and beans and rice consumption were positive determinants of dietary diversity (overall adjusted R2 = .33; P < .001). Livestock ownership predicted nutrient adequacy for vitamin A, B12, and zinc, while income predicted vitamin C adequacy. No differences by community, except for folate and vitamin C adequacy, were found. Future strategies to improve nutrition among pastoralists should uphold livestock production and associated milk and meat consumption; improve access to fruits, vegetables, and legumes; and offer general poverty alleviation services.
Focus on form–a myth in the making?

This article addresses a developing myth in language teaching based on Long’s (1988) focus on form. Long’s approach assumes that form-focused instruction is best provided during communicative activity, and is justified only by diaculties in communication. It also casts form-focused instruction in separate sessions—otherwise known as focus on formS—in a negative light. This article argues that the advocacy of focus on form as the most e¤ective teaching strategy is only theoretically motivated, and lacks credibility in terms of the empirical evidence available. To demonstrate this, it takes oft-cited research used to support a focus on form, and demonstrates that the supposed focus on form instruction actually entailed the contributive use of a focus on formS. Further, it shows that comparative research reveals that a focus on formS is consistently just as e¤ective, or more, than other options. The article concludes with suggestions as to how we might prevent the creation of myths.
High-frequency parameters of double-fed machine and additional frequency converter power losses

A prototype of the hydroelectric pumped storage power plant with 2.4 MW asynchronized generatormotor and frequency converter has been produced. The computer models of the system have been developed. The experimental study of high-frequency parameters of the generator-motor windings have been carried out. The assessment method of the machine additional energy losses caused by converter voltage distortions have been developed. The power loss comparison in the generator-motor caused by two-level, three-level and cascaded frequency converters has been done.
Mutations in Each of the tol Genes ofPseudomonas putida Reveal that They Are Critical for Maintenance of Outer Membrane Stability

ABSTRACT The outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria functions as a permeability barrier that protects cells against a large number of antibacterial agents. OprL protein of Pseudomonas putidahas been shown to be crucial to maintain the stability of this cell component (J. J. Rodrı́guez-Herva, M.-I. Ramos-González, and J. L. Ramos. J. Bacteriol. 178:1699–1706, 1996). In the present study we cloned and mutagenized the orf1, tolQ, tolR,tolA, and tolB genes from P. putidaKT2440, which were located upstream of the oprL gene. Polar and nonpolar mutations of the P. putida tolQ,tolR, tolA, and tolB genes were generated in vitro by using the Ω-Kmr interposon, which carries two transcriptional stop signals, or a promoterlessxylE cassette, lacking any transcriptional stop signal, respectively. The mutant constructs were used to inactivate, by reverse genetics procedures, the corresponding chromosomal copies of the genes. The phenotype of each mutant strain was analyzed and compared with those of the wild-type strain and the previously characterized P. putida oprL::xylE mutant. All mutant strains exhibited a similar phenotype: altered cell morphology, bleb formation at the cell surface, release of periplasmic and outer membrane proteins to the extracellular medium, increased sensitivity to a variety of compounds (i.e., EDTA, sodium dodecyl sulfate, deoxycholate, and some antibiotics), filament formation, and severely reduced cell motility. Altogether, these results demonstrate the importance of the Tol-OprL system for the maintenance of outer membrane integrity in P. putida and suggest a possible role of these proteins in assembling outer membrane components.
Assessing the functions of self‐harm behaviours for dangerous and severely personality disordered males in a high secure hospital

The three aims of the study reported were to investigate the functions of self‐harm in a population of patients detained in the Peaks Unit at Rampton hospital, to investigate the context and nature of this behaviour and to examine how staff respond to incidents of self‐harm. The findings indicate that there may be some functions of self‐harm specific to this population in addition to those found in other settings, namely expression of aggression and revenge. The context and nature of incidents were similar to those found in other secure settings. A range of staff responses were observed, and indicated high demand on staff time and resources. Limitations of the methods are discussed, with proposals for future research.
A generalized model for detection of demosaicing characteristics

Detection of demosaicing characteristics based on correlation at pixel level is useful for image forensic purposes. In this paper, we propose a new model to detect the demosaicing characteristics based on the second-order derivative correlation. Without the influences of the uneven DC components in the three color channels, the new model can estimate both intra-channel and cross-channel correlation. Experimental results show efficacy of the proposed model.
Is personality modulated by language?

We administered German and Spanish versions of the Neuroticism Extraversion Openness–Five-Factor Inventory personality inventory to two groups of late bilinguals (second-language learners) of these two languages. Regardless of individuals’ first language, both groups scored higher on Extraversion and Neuroticism when Spanish was the test language. In turn, scores on Agreeability were higher when German was used as the test language. The results are interpreted as evidence for cultural frame shifts consistent with cultural norms associated with the presently used language. Beyond the acquisition of linguistic skills, learning a second language seems to provide individuals with a new range of perceiving and displaying their own personality.
Closeness Counts Only in Horseshoes and Dancing

During the period in which our article (APSR vol. 68 [June 1974]) circulated in manuscript form it provoked an unusual amount of collegial reaction. Of course, we were quite prepared for a reaction from those who use decision-theoretic models in their research—they were our intended audience. More surprisingly, we also received comments from less directly involved bystanders—a medieval historian for example. All this correspondence indicates to us that nearly everyone has his own theory of how voters behave, and that most such theories do not agree with the one presented in our article. The comments of Professors Tullock, Beck, Mayer and Good, and Stephens further support this conclusion. In an appendix to this note we have responded to the imaginative point raised by Tullock. As for the traditional questions raised by our other critics, however, we adopt a different line of rebuttal. Rather than conduct an unfruitful debate over the a priori plausibility of the minimax regret model we will do something that theorists too seldom do: examine some data. Before doing so we will make an important distinction between using a model prescriptively and using it descriptively. (Decision-theoretic types tend to move a bit too easily from one usage to the other.) Then, after reviewing the major point of our article we will turn to the data.
Simple generational garbage collection and fast allocation

Generational garbage collection algorithms achieve efficiency because newer records point to older records; the only way an older record can point to a newer record is by a store operation to a previously created record, and such operations are rare in many languages. A garbage collector that concentrates just on recently allocated records can take advantage of this fact. Such a garbage collector can be so efficient that the allocation of records costs more than their disposal. A scheme for quick record allocation attacks this bottleneck. Many garbage‐collected environments do not know when to ask the operating system for more memory. A robust heuristic solves this problem.
Explorer Androgen receptor signalling in Vascular Endothelial cells is dispensable for spermatogenesis and male fertility

Background: Androgen signalling is essential both for male development and function of the male reproductive system in adulthood. Within the adult testis, Germ cells (GC) do not express androgen receptor (AR) suggesting androgen-mediated promotion of spermatogenesis must act via AR-expressing somatic cell-types. Several recent studies have exploited the Cre/lox system of conditional gene-targeting to ablate AR function from key somatic cell-types in order to establish the cell-specific role of AR in promotion of male fertility. In this study, we have used a similar approach to specifically ablate AR-signalling from Vascular Endothelial (VE) cells, with a view to defining the significance of androgen signalling within this cell-type on spermatogenesis. Findings: AR expression in VE cells of the testicular vasculature was confirmed using an antibody against AR. A Cre-inducible fluorescent reporter line was used to empirically establish the utility of a mouse line expressing Cre Recombinase driven by the Tie2-Promoter, for targeting VE cells. Immunofluorescent detection revealed expression of YFP (and therefore Cre Recombinase function) limited to VE cells and an interstitial population of cells, believed to be macrophages, that did not express AR. Mating of Tie2-Cre males to females carrying a floxed AR gene produced Vascular Endothelial Androgen Receptor Knockout (VEARKO) mice and littermate controls. Ablation of AR from all VE cells was confirmed; however, no significant differences in bodyweight or reproductive tissue weights could be detected in VEARKO animals and spermatogenesis and fertility was unaffected. Conclusions: We demonstrate the successful generation and empirical validation of a cell-specific knockout of AR from VE cells, and conclude that AR expression in VE cells is not essential for spermatogenesis or male fertility.
Quasi-Metrics and the Semantics of Logic Programs

Quasi-metrics have been used in several places in the literature on domain theory and the formal semantics of programming languages. In this paper, we consider the role of quasi-metrics in the fixed point semantics of logic programs, examining in detail a quite general process by which fixed points of immediate consequence operators can be found. This work takes as its starting point: (i) Fitting's recent application of the Banach contraction mapping theorem in logic programming; (ii) a theorem of Rutten which generalizes both the contraction mapping theorem and the Knaster-Tarski theorem; (iii) Smyth's work on totally bounded spaces and compact ordered spaces as domains of computation. Our results therefore are theoretical and to be viewed as a contribution to the mathematical foundations of computer science.
Selection of the Project Delivery Systems for China ’ s Construction Projects with Artificial Neural Network and Data Envelopment Analysis

Purpose – The suitability of the project delivery system (PDS) selected for a project greatly influences the efficiency with which the project is executed. It is not an easy task to select an appropriate PDS as a large amount of ambiguous information exists. The aim of this paper is therefore to develop a PDS selection Model to help owner’s decision-making. Design/methodology/approach – Similar projects are identified through the similarity metrics between the target project to be predicted and those in the database. Then some of the indicator values are examined and modified through DEA-BND model and then are trained by ANN model to predict an appropriate PDS for the target project. A survey was conducted by postal questionnaire to empirically validate the reliability of the model. Findings – The indicator system of the PDS selection is established. Through the comparison of predicted results from different models, it is found out that the developed PDS selection model in this paper can predict PDS more precisely and shows higher reliability than the ANN model. Originality/value – A new PDS selection model is developed by inputting project-specific data, which proves to be more accurate and less dependent on experts’ judgment. Its practical application will benefit the owner’s decision making in selecting the PDS. Key Word: Construction Project, Project Delivery System, Data Envelopment Analysis, Artificial Neural Network, China
Financial control of the evolution of autonomous non-player characters

This study prototypes a method of evolving autonomous agents that can act as non-player characters (NPCs) in a game. The agents move based on information about their local environment and have evolved weapons, armor, ability to take damage, and movement factors. The creation of the agent is divided into two phases. In the first, a population of competent movement controllers are evolved. In the second, agents start with a competent movement controller and evolve weapons, levels of armor, number of hitpoints, and numbers of movement factors. The movement controller continues to evolve in the second phase. The evolution of the agent's equipment is constrained by a budget together with a price for each type of object the agent can have. The gene specifying the agent's equipment is in the form of a “wish list” of equipment, traversed left-to-right, with the agent buying items from the list as long as its budget suffices. A agent that is a more dangerous opponent can be evolved by giving it a larger budget. A group of experiment are performed that demonstrate that the budget can be used to control an agent's toughness. Additional experiments show that changing the price list for different items can also be used to control the types of agents that evolve. Pitfalls in the selection of the fitness function for the agents are discussed.
Dynamic aspects of visual event perception and the production of pointing by human infants

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between pointing production in infants and two types of event perception factors: spatial localization (e.g. eccentricity of visual events with respect to an initial fixation point) and salience of targets (addition to visual events of sound or object translation through space). Three experiments revealed that target characteristics, such as internal movement, sound, vanishing and translation through space (including disappearance) significantly influenced the incidence and latency of pointing, whereas the main effect of target localization was to determine which hand does the gesture. In particular, there was an advantage to the right side of the visual field in eliciting pointing when there is competition between targets. Finally, for events involving auditory-visual stimulation females made more right-handed points than males. The general advantage of the right hand for pointing may offer further evidence for a specific link between pointing, cerebral dominance and the transition to speech.
Revising the ICD‐10 codes for epilepsy and seizures

The World Health Organization is currently revising the International Classification of Disease, 10th Revision (ICD‐10). A Neurology Task Force Advisory Group [TAG] has been charged with producing a revision that reflects scientific advances and new concepts of pathophysiology since 1992. The ICD codes are used globally to report mortality and morbidity statistics, and they play a vital role in health care planning, training, and allocation of health care resources in many countries. Although used by physicians and hospitals at all levels, the primary users of the ICD codes are primary health care providers, which, particularly in low income countries, include nurses, clinical assistants, and health officers. The TAG, which consists of representatives of major international subspecialty groups such as the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), has published draft codes that are available online for public comment.
Motion and Emotion: Learning to be a Railway Traveller

The daily commute is often routinized into mindless transportation, which makes it hard to study. But how have commuters acquired the skills of rail travel? This paper looks at the materialities of motion and emotion, drawing on railway travel experiences of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Using a historical perspective to develop an ethnography of the mundane and seemingly eventless, the focus is on the interplay between material infrastructures of travel and emotional mindscapes. How did feelings of anxiety and security, boredom and euphoria surface in arrivals and departures, in situations of waiting or daydreaming? New social skills in handling crowds and strangers were developed, and ideas of class materialized in everything from the choice of decoration in train compartments to patterns of segregation in the new main stations.
A New Local-Search Algorithm for Forward-Chaining Planning

Forward-chaining heuristic search is a well-established and popular paradigm for domain-independent planning. Its effectiveness relies on the heuristic information provided by a state evaluator, and the search algorithm used with this in order to solve the problem. This paper presents a new stochastic local-search algorithm for forward-chaining planning. The algorithm is used as the basis of a planner in conjunction with FF's Relaxed Planning Graph heuristic. Our approach is unique in that localised restarts are used, returning to the start of plateaux and saddle points, as well as global restarts to the initial state. The majority of the search time when using FF's 'Enforced Hill Climbing' is spent using breadth-first search to escape local minima. Our localised restarts, in conjunction with stochastic search, serve to replace this expensive breadth-first search step. We also describe an extended search neighbourhood incorporating non-helpful actions and the 'lookahead' states used in YAHSP. Making use of non-helpful actions and stochastic search allows us to restart the local-search from the initial state when dead-ends are encountered; rather than resorting to best-first search. We present analyses to demonstrate the effectiveness of our restart strategies, along with results that show the new planning algorithm is effective across a range of domains.
Cross-cultural Brokering in the Legal, Institutional and Normative Domains: Intercultural Mediators Managing Immigration in Catalonia

Intercultural mediation programs have recently been set up in Catalonia in order to manage growing foreign immigration flows. Intercultural mediators, usually immigrants working for local governmental entities and NGOs and brokering in the relationships between immigrants and their new social, cultural and legal setting, accomplish a very wide variety of roles aimed at facilitating the social inclusion of immigrant groups. This article, moving beyond classic approaches to immigrant acculturation and on the basis of ethnographic fieldwork, examines the activities of intercultural mediators as normative and institutional brokers who bridge the gaps between newcomers and the institutions, professionals and the population at large of the host society, in both conflictual and non-conflictual settings. The article examines how intercultural mediators behave as interfaces or entry points to the legal, normative and institutional systems of the host society, as transmitters and enforcers of legal and social norms, as promoters of welfare services and human rights and, more broadly stated, as mediators between different normative, institutional and cultural backgrounds. Its aim is to understand and make better known the work of these emerging actors, who, facilitating the integration of the newly arrived, provide an insightful example of cross-cultural normative brokering. The analysis of this bridging activity, in turn, provides some insights on the nature of their immigrant integration practices, their management of cross-cultural conflict, the impact of their approach to the laws and norms of the host society and the questionable suitability of the mediation label to describe their interventions.
Application of Fe(VI) in the treatment of Zn(II)‐NTA complexes in aqueous solutions

The higher oxidation state of iron, i.e. Fe(VI), was exploited to treat the synthetic wastewater containing Zn(II)‐NTA. The decomposition of Zn(II)‐NTA by Fe(VI) was investigated with the help of analytical data obtained for the change in Fe(VI) concentration, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total soluble Zn(II) concentration as a function of time at various concentrations of Zn(II)‐NTA and at constant Fe(VI) concentration. The UV‐Visible data was used to explain the reaction kinetics for redox reactions between Fe(VI) and Zn(II)‐NTA. The pseudo‐first‐order rate constant was calculated keeping the Zn(II)‐NTA concentration in excess and hence the overall second‐order‐rate constant was obtained. Fe(VI) reduction was almost unaffected with the 1000 times increase in ionic strength (NaNO3), as well as in the presence of completely oxidized background electrolytes. However, Fe(VI) reduction was greatly affected in the presence of both SO3 2− and NO2 − especially at higher concentrations, indicating a competitive reduction took place between Zn(II)‐NTA and Na2SO3 or NaNO2 in the Fe(VI) treatment. These results were again supported by the dissolved organic carbon observations since relatively very low removal of the dissolved organic carbon occurred in the presence of Na2SO3 and NaNO2.