Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lois Bloom, One word at a time . The Hague: Mouton, 1973. Pp. 261.

This is a thought-provoking book, for Bloom attempts to integrate ideas and observations from different sources. The main theme is that advances in linguistic ability depend at each point on prior cognitive achievements. In particular, Bloom argues that a great deal of the understanding necessary for the acquisition of syntax is developed by children during the so-called ' oneword stage'. Bloom maintains that this is not a unitary stage, but that during it significant changes are taking place in children's use of single words. These changes lay the necessary foundation for the later learning of syntax. Many psycholinguists have drawn on Piaget's theory of cognitive development to explain aspects of language acquisition (e.g. Donaldson 1966; Sinclair 1970; Sinha & Walkerdine 1974). Bloom contributes further stimulating suggestions to this approach.
Bias in Social Research

Accusations of bias are not uncommon in the social sciences. However, the term ‘bias’ is by no means straightforward in meaning. One problem is that it is ambiguous. Sometimes, it is used to refer to the adoption of a particular perspective from which some things become salient and others merge into the background. More commonly, ‘bias’ refers to systematic error: deviation from a true score, the latter referring to the valid measurement of some phenomenon or to accurate estimation of a population parameter. The term may also be used in a more specific sense, to denote one particular source of systematic error: that deriving from a conscious or unconscious tendency on the part of a researcher to produce data, and/or to interpret them, in a way that inclines towards erroneous conclusions which are in line with his or her commitments. In either form, the use of ‘bias’ to refer to systematic error is problematic. It depends on other concepts, such as ‘truth’ and ‘objectivity’, whose justification and role have been questioned. In particular, it seems to rely on foundationalist epistemological assumptions that have been discredited. And the various radical epistemological positions that some social scientists have adopted as an alternative either deny the validity of this concept of bias, explicitly or implicitly, or transform it entirely. We will argue, however, that while it is true that abandonment of a foundationalist conception of science has important implications for the meaning of ‘bias’ and its associated concepts, they are defensible; indeed, they form an essential framework for research as a social practice. In this context, we shall examine error as a matter of collegial accountability, and define ‘bias’ as one of several potential forms of error. We conclude by pointing to what we see as the growing threat of bias in the present state of social research.
The Heimler Scale of Social Functioning: A Partial Validation in South Africa

Summary This paper offers new information on the reliability and validity of the Heimler Scale of Social Functioning (HSSF), based on a sample of 8,561 soldiers in the South African National Defence Force. The HSSF is a 55-item questionnaire, developed in the United Kingdom, designed to measure social functioning as a whole, as well as a number of specific areas of social functioning. The HSSF shows inadequate levels of reliability (Cronbach Alpha and Standard Error of Measurement) at Subscale and Index levels, but good reliability at the whole-scale level. The HSSF also does not demonstrate adequate item-level construct (factorial) validity and criterion-related (known groups) validity, although adequate construct validity at scale-level was found. Reasons for the poor reliability and validity of the scale are explored and suggestions made for enhancing the scale's performance. The use of measurement tools in social work has burgeoned over the past several years. This has been prompted by, among other factors, the press for measuring treatment or programme outcomes (Hudson, 1982; Bloom et al., 1995), the need to demonstrate efficacy in order to secure scarce welfare funding (Faul, 1995), and the need to establish the scientific basis of our profession on a par with other professions (Dangel, 1994; Hudson and Faul, 1997).
The diagnostic validity of clinical airway assessments for predicting difficult laryngoscopy using a grey zone approach

Objectives The diagnostic validity of clinical airway assessment tests for predicting difficult laryngoscopy in patients requiring endotracheal intubation were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and a grey zone approach. Methods In this prospective observational study, patients were evaluated during a pre-anaesthetic visit. Predictive airway assessment tests (i.e. Modified Mallampati [MMT] classification; upper lip bite test [ULBT]; mouth opening; sternomental distance; thyromental distance [TMD]; neck circumference; neck mobility; height to thyromental distance [HT/TMD]; neck circumference-to-thyromental distance [NC/TMD]) were performed on each patient and LEMON, Naguib, and MACOCHA scores were also calculated. In addition, laryngeal images were acquired and assessed for percentage of glottic opening (POGO) scores. A POGO score of zero was categorized as difficult laryngoscopy. Results The incidence of difficult laryngoscopy was 14.4% (35/243). Although seven predictive airway assessments (i.e. MMT classification, ULBT, mouth opening, HT/TMD, NC/TMD, and the LEMON and Naguib models) predicted difficult laryngoscopy by ROC analyses, a grey zone approach showed that the parameters were inconclusive in approximately 70% of patients. From all the tests, the HT/TMD ratio showed the highest sensitivity (80.0%) and ULBT had the highest specificity (95.2%). Conclusion Using the grey zone approach, all predictive airway assessment tests showed large inconclusive zones which may explain previous inconsistent results in the prediction of difficult laryngoscopy. Our results suggest that the usefulness of clinical airway evaluation tests for predicting difficult laryngoscopy remains controversial. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01719848)
La valence: l'approche pronominale et son application au lexique verbal

L'article decrit le cadre methodologique de l'approche pronominale et presente la base de donnees lexicale PROTON, un dictionnaire de valence verbale pour le francais, elabore dans cette approche. La valence y est caracterisee par les paradigmes de pronoms proportionnels (dont les traits s'unifient avec ceux des constituants comportant des elements lexicaux). On presente, dans une forme actualisee, les notions-clef pour la description des constructions et des schemes de valence, ainsi que les prolegomenes a la typologie des predicateurs et de leurs actants. Ensuite on precise le contenu et les conventions formelles du lexique de valence. Une entree du lexique est commentee a titre d'exemple. Cette meme entree est ensuite comparee aux articles correspondants du dictionnaire de valence specialise de Busse et Dubost (1983).
Separating Disambiguation from Composition in Distributional Semantics

Most compositional-distributional models of meaning are based on ambiguous vector representations, where all the senses of a word are fused into the same vector. This paper provides evidence that the addition of a vector disambiguation step prior to the actual composition would be beneficial to the whole process, producing better composite representations. Furthermore, we relate this issue with the current evaluation practice, showing that disambiguation-based tasks cannot reliably assess the quality of composition. Using a word sense disambiguation scheme based on the generic procedure of Schutze (1998), we first provide a proof of concept for the necessity of separating disambiguation from composition. Then we demonstrate the benefits of an “unambiguous” system on a composition-only task.
Simultaneous Determination of Six Benzodiazepines in Spiked Soft Drinks by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultra Violet Detection (HPLC-UV)

A high performance liquid chromatographic method with ultra violet detection for simultaneous analysis of six benzodiazepines (BZDs) (chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, clonazepam, midazolam , flurazpam, and lorazepam) has been developed for forensic screening of adulterated non-alcoholic drinks. Samples were analyzed after a simple procedure for preparation using pH adjustment and filtering. Isocratic elution on a C18 column (250mm × 4.6 mm, 5μm) in the temperature 45ºC with a mobile phase consisting of 15mM phosphate buffer: methanol (50:50 v/v) at a flow rate 1.4 mL/min has been done. The column eluent was monitored with a UV detector at 245 nm. This allowed a rapid detection and identification as well as quantization of the eluting peaks. Calibration curves for all drugs in the range of 0.5- 10 µg/ mL that all the linear regression and has more than 0.996. Recovery rates for the BZDs were in the range 93.7- 108.7%. The limits of detection were calculated between 0.01- 0.02 µg/ mL. Also, the limits of quantification were 0.03- 0.05 µg/mL. Within-day and between -day coefficient of variation for all BZDs at all concentrations in the range of 0.45 - 7.69 % was calculated. The procedure can provide a simple, sensitive and fast method for the screening of six BZDs in adulterated soft drinks in forensic analysis.
Rational action theory for sociology

Rational action theory (RAT) is not a highly unified intellectual entity. In the first part of the paper, varieties of RAT are distinguished in terms of three criteria : i.e. according to whether they (i) have strong rather than weak rationality requirements; (ii) focus on situational rather than procedural rationality; (iii) claim to provide a general rather than a special theory of action. In the second part, these same criteria are applied in a consideration of which version of RAT holds out most promise for use in sociology
Perceptions of and attitudes to HIV/AIDS among young adults in cape town

Abstract Interviews conducted by university students with young adults in Cape Town, South Africa, revealed that general knowledge of HIV/AIDS transmission is good. Students and their interviewees are familiar with the principles of the South African ‘ABC campaign, yet many students report that they and their interviewees are ‘bored with AIDS education'; and ‘sick and tired’ of hearing about AIDS. Discourse about the disease is usually couched in terms of debate around ‘safe’ and ‘unsafe’ sex, where sex is defined as heterosexual, vaginally penetrative intercourse, where ‘safe sex’ means ‘protected sex’ and where ‘protection’ means use of condom. Condom‐use is negatively associated with trust in relationships. Few of the respondents had discussed HIV/AIDS with their partners, and few reported having had HIV tests. Few say that they know people with HIV/AIDS. Despite the fact that the HIV/AIDS public campaign has specifically been constructed around awareness/prevention of ‘risk behaviours’, respondents are consistent in their reference to risk groups. Respondents consistently stereotype those at risk and, in so doing, distance the possibility of personal risk.
Tactical Management in Focus: Adaptability and Information Systems

Tactical Management is an area where businesses can pursue competitive advantage. Lately, it has been under-addressed and even ingested by operational and strategic trends in Management and Information Systems. It needs adaptability as managerial way of thinking and acting along with proper information requirements recognition, in order for the person performing the tactical management function to accomplish best possible outcomes. With our research we are aiming to provide support in increasing the adaptability to changes for tactical management. At the same time, we are mapping the tactical management information system needs, to prove that they are distinctive from strategic, operational and project management information needs and should be addressed accordingly.
Remote Sensing Processing: From Multicore to GPU

As the amount of data and the complexity of the processing rise, the demand for processing power in remote sensing applications is increasing. The processing speed is a critical aspect to enable a productive interaction between the human operator and the machine in order to achieve ever more complex tasks satisfactorily. Graphic processing units (GPU) are good candidates to speed up some tasks. With the recent developments, programming these devices became very simple. However, one source of complexity is on the frontier of this hardware: how to handle an image that does not have a convenient size as a power of 2, how to handle an image that is too big to fit the GPU memory? This paper presents a framework that has proven to be efficient with standard implementations of image processing algorithms and it is demonstrated that it also enables a rapid development of GPU adaptations. Several cases from the simplest to the more complex are detailed and illustrate speedups of up to 400 times.
Properties of and improvements to time-domain dynamic thermal analysis algorithms

Temperature has a strong influence on integrated circuit (IC) performance, power consumption, and reliability. However, accurate thermal analysis can impose high computation costs during the IC design process. We analyze the performance and accuracies of a variety of time-domain dynamic thermal analysis techniques and use our findings to propose a new analysis technique that improves performance by 38–138x relative to popular methods such as the fourth-order globally adaptive Runge-Kutta method while maintaining accuracy. More precisely, we prove that the step sizes of step doubling based globally adaptive fourth-order Runge-Kutta method and Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg methods always converge to a constant value regardless of the initial power profile, thermal profile, and error threshold during dynamic thermal analysis. Thus, these widely-used techniques are unable to adapt to the requirements of individual problems, resulting in poor performance. We also determine the effect of using a number of temperature update functions and step size adaptation methods for dynamic thermal analysis, and identify the most promising approach considered. Based on these observations, we propose FATA, a temporally-adaptive technique for fast and accurate dynamic thermal analysis.
Challenges Facing Families of Sexually Abusive Youth: What Prevents Service Engagement?

Abstract Although it is becoming increasingly important to integrate families of sexually abusive youth in treatment, there are many families who resist engagement. Little is known about why families are not more involved and what factors prevent service engagement. In collaboration with a state sex offender management board, this qualitative study analyzed the perspectives of approved treatment providers (N = 19) on factors that deter family engagement. Findings revealed engagement is determined by detailed contexts and circumstances such as stress, preparedness, and subjective barriers. Pragmatic recommendations are offered to procure and sustain family engagement in treatment.
Comparison of the NAL(R) and Cambridge Formulae for the Fitting of Linear Hearing Aids

Abstract This paper describes a laboratory-based comparison of the effectiveness of two formulae for fitting linear hearing aids, the NAL(R) formula and the Cambridge formula. The formulae prescribe the desired insertion gain as a function of frequency, based on the audiometric threshold. The two formulae have a similar rationale; both are based on the goal that, for speech with a moderate level, all frequency bands should be equally loud (equal loudness per critical band) over the frequency range important for speech (400–5000 Hz), and the overall loudness should be comfortable. However, the formulae differ; generally the Cambridge formula leads to slightly more high-frequency gain (above 2 kHz) and slightly less mid-frequency gain (between 500 Hz and 2000 Hz) than the NAL(R) formula. The two formulae were implemented using an experimental digital hearing aid whose frequency-gain characteristic could be controlled very precisely. A loudness model (Moore and Glasberg, 1997) was used to adjust the overall gains for each subject and each formula so that a speech-shaped noise with an overall level of 65 dB SPL would give the same loudness as for a normally hearing person (according to the model). The adjustments were, on average, smaller for the Cambridge than for the NAL(R) formula. A condition was also used with all insertion gains set to zero, simulating unaided listening. Evaluation was based on: (1) subjective ratings of the loudness, intelligibility and quality of continuous discourse presented in quiet at levels of 45, 55, 65 and 75 dB SPL and in babble at an 0-dB speech-to-babble ratio, using speech levels of 55, 65 and 75 dB SPL; (2) measures of the speech reception threshold (SRT) in background noise for two noise levels (65 and 75 dB SPL) and four types of background noise. Neither the subjective ratings nor the measures of the SRTs revealed any consistent difference between the results obtained using the two formulae, although both formulae led to lower (better) SRTs than for simulated unaided listening. It is concluded that the differences between the NAL(R) formula and the Cambridge formula are too small to have measurable effects, at least in a laboratory setting.
New self-tuning fuzzy PI control of a novel doubly salient permanent-magnet motor drive

In a doubly salient permanent-magnet (DSPM) motor drive, it is difficult to get satisfied control characteristics by using a normal linear proportional plus integral (PI) controller due to the high nonlinearity between speed and current or torque. Hence, a new self-tuning fuzzy PI controller with conditional integral, which is performed by a single-chip N87C196KD, is proposed. The initial parameters of the controller are optimized by using genetic arithmetic. Simulation and experiments on the newly proposed 8/6-pole DSPM machine have shown that the proposed new self-tuning fuzzy PI controller offers better adaptability than the normal linear PI control and that the developed motor drive offers better steady-state and dynamic performances.
A 2.5-V 45-Gb/s decision circuit using SiGe BiCMOS logic

A 45-Gb/s BiCMOS decision circuit operating from a 2.5-V supply is reported. The full-rate retiming flip-flop operates from the lowest supply voltage of any silicon-based flip-flop demonstrated to date at this speed. MOS and SiGe heterojunction-bipolar-transistor (HBT) current-mode logic families are compared. Capitalizing on the best features of both families, a true BiCMOS logic topology is presented that allows for operation from lower supply voltages than pure HBT implementations without compromising speed. The topology, based on a BiCMOS cascode, can also be applied to a number of millimeter-wave (mm-wave) circuits. In addition to the retiming flip-flop, the decision circuit includes a broadband transimpedance preamplifier to improve sensitivity, a tuned 45-GHz clock buffer, and a 50-/spl Omega/ output driver. The first mm-wave transformer is employed along the clock path to perform single-ended-to-differential conversion. The entire circuit, which is implemented in a production 130-nm BiCMOS process with 150-GHz f/sub T/ SiGe HBT, consumes 288 mW from a 2.5-V supply, including only 58 mW from the flip-flop.
Validation of Creol Models for Routing Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks Wolfgang LeisterJoakim BjørkRudolf SchlatteAndreas Griesmayer

We validate a Creol model of AODV by evaluating functional properties using simulation and component testing. We define a structure for evaluating and validating models of wireless sensor networks, which we intend to use as a reference for future evaluations of algorithms. We use the categories of techniques, perspectives, arrangements and properties to structure the evaluation work. We show, by way of the AODV algorithm, how network simulations and component testing can be employed to evaluate a large list of properties. We also show which properties are most suited to be evaluated by which technique, perspective, and arrangement.
Detection of the anoxic depolarization of focal ischemia using manganese‐enhanced MRI

Mismatch between diffusion‐ and perfusion‐weighted MRI was used to indicate a treatable area following focal ischemia, called the penumbra. Activity‐induced manganese contrast MRI has been reported as a new visualization method for neural activation using manganese ions as a depolarization‐dependent contrast agent. It is well known that energy failure induced by cerebral ischemia produces anoxic depolarization. The purpose of this study was to detect manganese accumulation caused by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) of rat brain and to compare regional differences between manganese accumulation and decreased apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). The ratios of signal intensity of manganese‐enhanced MRI in the ipsilateral cortex to that in the contralateral cortex were 171.0 ± 17.5% in MCAO group and 108.4 ± 13.2% in the sham group. In addition, the enhanced region was much smaller than the area which was detected as having a reduced ADC. Magn Reson Med 50:7–12, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Leadership Reconsidered as Historical Subject: Sketches from the Cold War to Post-9/11

In this essay, we seek to further an understanding of leadership as the evolution of perspectives embedded within a wider historical frame. It is our contention that recovering the historical, economic, and cultural basis for leadership theories since the Second World War reveals three hidden storylines; each one of them tied to the three dominant historical eras. By hidden storylines we refer to the subtexts and the forgotten and lesser known, but no less foundational aspects of the more popularized and codified leadership theories that came to define each of those historical eras. Those three eras are the Cold War, the Post-Cold War and the Post-9/11 era. Understanding the emergence of the `dark side' of leadership in a post-9/11 environment is intricately tied to uncovering and narrating the relationship of ideas about leadership to the dominant material and ideational struggles that defined each of these eras. Recovering the `bright side' of leadership as an oppositional narrative and reversing the trend toward fundamentalism requires a new model of leadership. We offer `pragmatic complexity' as a provisional step toward that new model.
Perfectionism and the 'Yips': An Initial Investigation

The present investigation examined whether perfectionism might predict whether an athlete would suffer from the ‘yips’ (a long term movement disorder consisting of involuntary movements that affects the execution of motor skills). A sample of ‘yips’-affected individuals from golf, cricket, and darts as well as a sport-matched sample of non ’yips’-affected athletes completed the shortened version of Frost, Marten, Lahart, and Rosen- blate’s (1990) multidimensional perfectionism scale (FMPS). Results revealed that three aspects of perfection- ism (personal standards, organization, and concern over mistakes) were associated with a greater likelihood of suffering from the ‘yips’, indicating that ‘yips’ sufferers had an unhealthy perfectionism profile. The results highlight perfectionism as a possible antecedent of the ‘yips’ experience within sport.