Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Isolation of an unusually stable cis-isomer of alloxanthin from a bleached autolysed culture of Chroomonas salina grown photoheterotrophically on glycerol. Observations on cis-trans isomerization of alloxanthin.

SYNOPSIS. A new carotenoid, manixanthin, was isolated from a bleached, autolysed culture of the marine cryptomonad Chroomonas salina grown on glycerol in light, after the culture showed disappearance of the chlorophylls and carotenoids normally produced. Manixanthin lacked carbonyl, ester, and epoxy groups in chemical tests, whilst its spectroscopic properties indicated a conjugated nonaene chromophore. In its chromatographic mobility, manixanthin closely resembled alloxanthin, the major normal xanthophyll of the cryptomonad. The iodine-catalysed photostereomutation of manixanthin produced the same equilibrium mixture of cis-isomers as that given by similar treatment of alloxanthin. This mixture of isomers completely lacked the all-trans alloxanthin and contained ∼60% manixanthin. It was concluded that manixanthin is an unusually stable cis-isomer of alloxanthin, and is presumably produced in the culture medium by the action of light on alloxanthin released by autolysed cells of the cryptomonad. The unusual stability of manixanthin relative to alloxanthin was investigated by effecting partial stereoisomerizations under conditions using either of heat, light, or iodine, and evidence was obtained for a series of at least 10 isomers with a trend of stability increase from alloxanthin to manixanthin. It was inferred that manixanthin may be 9,9′-dicis-alloxanthin.
Severe life events and impaired fetal growth: a nation‐wide study with complete follow‐up

Background. To estimate the association between severe maternal life events and infants small for gestational age at different gestational ages at birth. Methods. From 1980 to 1992 all women exposed to severe life events such as death or first hospitalization for cancer or acute myocardial infarction in partners or children during pregnancy or up to 485 days before were identified through national registers. We included all 3,402 exposed pregnancies and 19,551 unexposed pregnancies randomly selected to the control cohort and performed adjusted stratified Cox proportional hazards regression analyses with time‐dependent covariates. Results. These life events were not associated with SGA in general, but exposed infants born before 32 weeks of gestation had twice the risk for being born with a birth weight ≤10% for the gestational age, (adjusted hazard rate ratio 1.99, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.26; 3.17)). Infants, whose mother had lost a child had the highest risk (adjusted hazard rate ratio 2.73, 95% CI (1.67; 4.48)). Infants whose mother had been exposed to severe life events during the year before pregnancy but not during the pregnancy had increased risks of being born as small for gestational age preterms. Conclusion. Severe life events are not in general associated with being SGA, but may be associated with SGA in preterms born before 32 weeks of gestation. Our study indicates that stress‐induced SGA may have its origin in the earliest weeks of gestation and only affects the more preterm infants.
THE PERFORMANCE OF UK CLOSED-END FUNDS: A COMPARISON OF THE VARIOUS RANKING CRITERIA

This study considers the performance of UK Investment Trusts over the ten-year period 1968 to 1977, using the major criteria suggested in the literature. The results indicate that UK closedend funds were generally inferior (ex post) to the market portfolio (FT Actuaries All-Share Index). These findings were invariant to the particular peiformance methodology selected. When the overall test period was broken up into sub-periods it was also found that the ex post performance findings were not particularly stable or consistent over time. These results highlight the problems a fund investor would face in attempting to predict future fund performance on the basis of historical results.
The usage of boundary objects for the construction of organisational innovation processes

This paper investigates how boundary objects impact sense-making, i.e. translating, negotiating, triangulating, transferring, transforming and simplifying meaning across knowledge domains in New Product Development (NPD) processes in interdisciplinary project teams. The authors ask: What is the function of boundary objects for the construction of organisational innovation processes? In what way are boundary objects accountable for the construction of organisational social reality in innovation processes? The results of a single case study add to extant literature by providing the reader with a rich description of characteristics and functions of different types of boundary objects and explanations of how they interrelate in NPD processes. They furthermore complement previous findings by describing the specific role of boundary objects in case of a crisis in innovation processes.
Breakthrough Technologies Targeted Mutagenesis , Precise Gene Editing , and Site-Speci fi c Gene Insertion in Maize Using Cas 9 and Guide RNA [ OPEN ]

Targeted mutagenesis, editing of endogenous maize (Zea mays) genes, and site-specific insertion of a trait gene using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated (Cas)-guide RNA technology are reported in maize. DNA vectors expressing maize codon-optimized Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 endonuclease and single guide RNAs were cointroduced with or without DNA repair templates into maize immature embryos by biolistic transformation targeting five different genomic regions: upstream of the liguleless1 (LIG1) gene, male fertility genes (Ms26 and Ms45), and acetolactate synthase (ALS) genes (ALS1 and ALS2). Mutations were subsequently identified at all sites targeted, and plants containing biallelic multiplex mutations at LIG1, Ms26, and Ms45 were recovered. Biolistic delivery of guide RNAs (as RNA molecules) directly into immature embryo cells containing preintegrated Cas9 also resulted in targeted mutations. Editing the ALS2 gene using either single-stranded oligonucleotides or double-stranded DNA vectors as repair templates yielded chlorsulfuron-resistant plants. Double-strand breaks generated by RNA-guided Cas9 endonuclease also stimulated insertion of a trait gene at a site near LIG1 by homology-directed repair. Progeny showed expected Mendelian segregation of mutations, edits, and targeted gene insertions. The examples reported in this study demonstrate the utility of Cas9-guide RNA technology as a plant genome editing tool to enhance plant breeding and crop research needed to meet growing agriculture demands of the future.
Quality costing: the application of the process model within a manufacturing environment

Discusses the second implementation phase of a quality costing system in a large engineering company providing capital plant for the nuclear and defence industries. Explains that the system is based on an adapted version of the process model outlined in BS 6143: Part 1: 1992, and was adapted to enable better understanding of business processes and the information provided by the system. Compares the implementation process and the results obtained from the first and second phases of system implementation. Shows that a comparison of process model results between different processes is not straightforward, and comes to a similar conclusion to the literature; that quality costing does not provide for improvement per se. Indicates, however, that the adapted version of the process model can be implemented in different types of company, but suggests that, to make comparisons between different areas, generic processes or quality cost measures must be identified.
Entry into Insular Domains: A Longitudinal Study of Knowledge Structuration and Innovation in Biotechnology Firms

We focus on the firm's decision to enter insular technology domains and its effect on the impact that its subsequent innovation has on the field. Insular domains are technical domains that rely heavily on prior innovations within the same domain for subsequent innovations. We show that the returns to entering insular domains vary with the firm's depth and breadth of knowledge. By analysing data from 128 biotechnology firms over a 20-year period, we find that the relationship between depth of technological capabilities and technology impact is nuanced: depth is necessary but not sufficient for high impact innovation. Firms whose knowledge is spread over disparate domains have negative returns from entering insular domains. The implications of these findings for theories of innovation and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities are discussed.
JIT and the Effects of Varying Process and Set‐Up Times

There is considerable interest in the Just‐in‐Time production method and the potential benefits that can be realised, particularly in a reduction in the work‐in‐progress inventory. The article reviews some of the salient prerequisites necessary for successful implementation of the JIT system. Two major factors are examined using a simulation model. Results indicated that contrary to widespread conjecture it is not necessary to maintain a balance in the process times between work stations. With the choice of a suitable scheduling rule, such as SPT/LATE, the system performance can be superior to that for constant process times. It is also found that the pull system is relatively unresponsive to a heavy imposed loading and process utilisation is generally low. Finally, smaller batches give better system effectiveness but the improvement is less significant than for the conventional push system.
Early conclusion in bicameral bargaining: Evidence from the co-decision legislative procedure of the European Union

Time choices are a neglected aspect of the bicameral bargaining literature, even though they may both affect the efficiency of decision-making and have broader democratic implications. An analytical framework is developed to explain when early conclusion occurs in the legislative process. Testing the main implications of this model on the co-decision procedure of the European Union, the results offer a more positive view of early agreements in this system than the existing literature. The findings show that these deals are unlikely to occur when the European Parliament is represented by agents with biased views of the overall legislature. The conventional wisdom that the character of the negotiated files plays a role in explaining whether legislative files are concluded early is also rejected. Instead, bargaining uncertainty and the impatience of the co-legislators matter.
A role for adhesion and degranulation‐promoting adapter protein in collagen‐induced platelet activation mediated via integrin α2β1

Summary. Background: Collagen‐induced platelet activation is a key step in the development of arterial thrombosis via its interaction with the receptors glycoprotein (GP)VI and integrin α2β1. Adhesion and degranulation‐promoting adapter protein (ADAP) regulates αIIbβ3 in platelets and αLβ2 in T cells, and is phosphorylated in GPVI‐deficient platelets activated by collagen. Objectives: To determine whether ADAP plays a role in collagen‐induced platelet activation and in the regulation and function of α2β1. Methods: Using ADAP−/− mice and synthetic collagen peptides, we investigated the role of ADAP in platelet aggregation, adhesion, spreading, thromboxane synthesis, and tyrosine phosphorylation. Results and Conclusions: Platelet aggregation and phosphorylation of phospholipase Cγ2 induced by collagen were attenuated in ADAP−/− platelets. However, aggregation and signaling induced by collagen‐related peptide (CRP), a GPVI‐selective agonist, were largely unaffected. Platelet adhesion to CRP was also unaffected by ADAP deficiency. Adhesion to the α2β1‐selective ligand GFOGER and to a peptide (III‐04), which supports adhesion that is dependent on both GPVI and α2β1, was reduced in ADAP−/− platelets. An impedance‐based label‐free detection technique, which measures adhesion and spreading of platelets, indicated that, in the absence of ADAP, spreading on GFOGER was also reduced. This was confirmed with non‐fluorescent differential‐interference contrast microscopy, which revealed reduced filpodia formation in ADAP−/− platelets adherent to GFOGER. This indicates that ADAP plays a role in mediating platelet activation via the collagen‐binding integrin α2β1. In addition, we found that ADAP−/− mice, which are mildly thrombocytopenic, have enlarged spleens as compared with wild‐type animals. This may reflect increased removal of platelets from the circulation.
Social Unrest: A Systemic Risk Perspective

In this paper we develop a framework of social unrest within a complex understanding of systemic risk. e term 'systemic' describes the extent to which any risk is embedded in the larger contexts of social and cultural aspects that shape our understanding of risk, influence our aention to causal relationships and trigger our activities for handling these risks. Social unrest can be grouped into this concept of systemic risks. It can be a cause of risk to others, it can be a consequence of experiencing risk (for example a terrorist threat) or the manifestation of such a risk (the actual terrorist aack) or it can be a promoter of a risk chain that is located in other functional systems of society (for example financial crisis). Since social unrest is more a process of escalation than a finite state of the world we have conceptualized the term in from of a step-by- step escalation scheme. Each step makes social unrest more severe. We assume that that people who will engage themselves publicly on any subject have to be dissatisfied with their situation or perceive a problem that they would like to address. Even if people are dissatisfied nothing will happen unless that dissatisfaction is displayed in some kind of public arena. Unsatisfied people have to become active (e.g. organization of protests) . If public expression of dissatisfaction and the organization of protest does not help to improve the situation the probability for further social mobilization increases. Social mobilization goes beyond expressing dissatisfaction. It comprises all activities that require an organizational effort to concentrate forces, to develop and enact a strategy for gaining public aention and for puing pressure on those who are targeted to make changes. In the course of this process, activities may get more and more radical, in particular if these collective protest actions are ignored or even oppressed (examples may be wild strikes, regional boycos or blockades). en the continuum enters the next step: violent outbreak. is can ultimately lead to civil war.
Influence of Variable-Polarization Optical Feedback on Polarization Switching Properties of Mutually Coupled VCSELs

The polarization switching (PS) properties of mutually coupled vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) subject to variable-polarization optical feedback (VPOF) are investigated numerically. Two injection schemes, parallel-polarization optical injection (PPOI), and orthogonal-polarization optical injection (OPOI) are considered. The effects of VPOF on PS properties are focused on, and the roles of feedback strength, injection strength, and frequency detuning are also discussed. The outputs in the time domain and the polarization evolution through the representation on the Poincaré sphere are further presented to explain the dynamics during the PS process. For PPOI, both VCSELs exhibit similar PS properties, abrupt PS can be observed with the variation of polarizer angle, and are hardly affected by frequency detuning. For OPOI, both VCSELs exhibit mixed polarization for all polarizer angles when without frequency detuning. In particular, frequency detuning induced PS can also be observed for a given polarizer angle, and are affected by the leader-lagged relationship in terms of injection locking effect in mutually coupled VCSELs. These results provide an effective tool to obtain controllable PS in mutually coupled VCSELs, and give more insight into the polarization dynamics.
Alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use among six culturally diverse communities in Sydney.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS A survey was conducted in 2004-2005 to investigate the risk of drug-related harm among Chinese, Vietnamese, Italian, Pasifika, Arabic-speaking and Spanish-speaking communities in Sydney. DESIGN AND METHODS A self-completion questionnaire, available in six languages, was distributed by bilingual field staff. A representative multistage clustered sampling design was used. Comparisons were made with the New South Wales general population using the results from the 2004 National Drug Strategy Household Survey. RESULTS The obtained sample was 2212 respondents; 50% completed the questionnaire in English. Daily tobacco use was higher than the general population among Vietnamese men (30%), Italian men (22%) and Pasifika men and women (25%). Reported use of alcohol and other drugs was lower than the general population in all six surveyed communities. Of the six communities, Pasifika had the highest rate of short-term risky drinking (22%). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Smoking cessation programs should prioritise communities with higher or equal rates of daily smokers compared with the wider New South Wales population. Focus areas vary between the communities, and include increasing help seeking and improving quitting success rates. Short-term risky drinking was not as prevalent among the surveyed communities; however, results suggest a need for prevention targeting Pasifika communities. Understanding the prevalence of substance use among culturally and linguistically diverse communities provides a crucial foundational component in developing culturally sensitive prevention and treatment programs. These results demonstrate the need for programs to be tailored to the needs and contexts of particular communities, rather than treating those from diverse backgrounds as one homogenous group.
On the Observational Equivalence of Managerial Contracts Under Conditions of Moral Hazard and Self-Selection

Managerial contracts often tie compensation to the performance of the firm. Two models of contracting under asymmetric information, moral hazard and self-selection, are used to explain this phenomenon. ' An important direction for research in this area will be to use data on managerial contracts to sharpen our understanding of the settings in which a given informational problem is most important. The purpose of this paper is to ask whether this is possible using static models of contracting under asymmetric information. To address this question, we compare the standard principal-agent model presented by Grossman and Hart [1983] with a plausible self-selection model, where the firm only wants to hire a manager with a particular level of productivity. We call this self-selection model a talent search.
A Survey of Player-based and Link-based Allocation Rules for Network Games

In this survey, we present recent developments in the literature on Network games. We briefly cover the literature on Communication situations and the corresponding allocation rules. This is followed by a review on the existing player- and link-based fixed and flexible allocation rules for networks. It is worth mentioning that all the allocation rules hitherto found in the literature are either player- or link-based which means that they give emphasis either on the players or on the links they form, but not both equally.
A novel 19F agent for detection and quantification of human dendritic cells using magnetic resonance imaging

Monitoring of cell therapeutics in vivo is of major importance to estimate its efficacy. Here, we present a novel intracellular label for 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐based cell tracking, which allows for noninvasive, longitudinal cell tracking without the use of radioisotopes. A key advantage of 19F MRI is that it allows for absolute quantification of cell numbers directly from the MRI data. The 19F label was tested in primary human monocyte‐derived dendritic cells. These cells took up label effectively, resulting in a labeling of 1.7 ± 0.1 × 1013 19F atoms per cell, with a viability of 80 ± 6%, without the need for electroporation or transfection agents. This results in a minimum detection sensitivity of about 2,000 cells/voxel at 7 T, comparable with gadolinium‐labeled cells. Comparison of the detection sensitivity of cells labeled with 19F, iron oxide and gadolinium over typical tissue background showed that unambiguous detection of the 19F‐labeled cells was simpler than with the contrast agents. The effect of the 19F agent on cell function was minimal in the context of cell‐based vaccines. From these data, we calculate that detection of 30,000 cells in vivo at 3 T with a reasonable signal to noise ratio for 19F images would require less than 30 min with a conventional fast spin echo sequence, given a coil similar to the one used in this study. This is well within acceptable limits for clinical studies, and thus, we conclude that 19F MRI for quantitative cell tracking in a clinical setting has great potential.
Testing for linear and nonlinear Granger Causality in the stock price–volume relation: Turkish banking firms’ evidence

In this study, the causality test, proposed by Peguin-Feissolle and Terasvirta (1999), based on a Taylor expansion of the nonlinear model, is used to examine the dynamic relationship between daily Turkish banking sector stock price and trading volume. Evidence is found of significant linear and nonlinear causality between these two series.
Preservation of C‐peptide secretion in subjects at high risk of developing type 1 diabetes mellitus – a new surrogate measure of non‐progression?

Abstract: Individuals at high risk of developing type 1 diabetes mellitus can be identified using immunologic, genetic, and metabolic parameters. In the Diabetes Prevention Trial‐1 (DPT‐1), annual intravenous infusions of low doses of regular insulin, together with daily subcutaneous injection of a single low dose of Ultralente insulin at nighttime, failed to prevent or delay the onset of type 1 diabetes in high‐risk non‐diabetic relatives. In our study, we attempted to achieve β‐cell rest by administering higher doses of neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin twice daily to high‐risk non‐diabetic subjects in an effort to prevent or delay the onset of the disease. The maximum tolerable dose was given with the dose reduced for any hypoglycemia (mean dose 0.33 ± 0.15; range 0.09–0.66 units/kg/d). We treated 26 subjects who were confirmed to have islet cell antibodies (ICAs) and a low first‐phase insulin response (FPIR) to intravenous glucose. Fourteen had normal glucose tolerance and 12 impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). The median duration of follow‐up was 5.5 yr. Diabetes occurred in 10 of 12 subjects with IGT and five of 14 subjects with normal glucose tolerance. The cumulative incidence of diabetes was the same as with that seen in a matched, observation group (subjects followed prospectively as part of the University of Florida natural history studies) (age, sex, ICA, insulin autoantibodies, duration of ICA prior to enrollment, FPIR, and glucose intolerance; p = 0.39), as was the rate of progression (p = 0.79). There was a higher rate of progression to diabetes in the group with abnormal glucose tolerance at baseline than in those with normal baseline glucose tolerance (p = 0.003). Interestingly, in non‐progressors, as opposed to progressors, there was no fall in C‐peptide (peak and area under the curve) production regardless of the type of tolerance testing (mixed meal, oral or intravenous) over time (p < 0.001). In this study, in the dose and regimen of NPH insulin used, insulin did not delay or prevent the development of type 1 diabetes. However, preservation of C‐peptide production in the prediabetic period appears to indicate non‐progression to clinical disease and may serve as a new surrogate for determining response to preventative efforts.