Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Author ' s personal copy Adaptation , evolution , and religion

Neo-Darwinian theories of religion include both nonadaptationist and adaptationist versions. Nonadaptationist versions contend that the mental architecture of the brain is wired for religious thinking but that religious concepts have piggybacked on other cognitive adaptations, especially those for agency detection. Religious concepts are not evolved biological adaptations but rather by-products of more general cognitive structures that are adaptations. Adaptationist versions concentrate on the benefits provided by religion, such as increased social cohesion and the individual benefits that stem from it, such as better physical and mental health and greater longevity. After clarifying the meaning of the terms ‘‘adaptation’’ and ‘‘adaptationism,’’ this article presents four lines of evidence in favor of the adaptationist position: (1) in the ancestral environment the role of the shaman was nearly universal and was primarily devoted to the crucial human goals of curing illness and protecting and finding vital resources; (2) religion generally has positive effects on both physical and mental health; (3) religions tend to be pro-natalist and more religious people tend to leave more offspring than less religious or nonreligious people; (4) the major world religions that evolved in the first millennium BCE during a period of major social chaos and disruption emphasized an omnipotent, transcendent God of love and mercy who offered salvation in a heavenly afterlife and released individuals from earthly suffering. None of these facts demonstrate conclusively that cognitive modules specifically oriented to supernatural agents evolved by natural selection, but they are highly suggestive and make a good inferential case. 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Multi-attribute Queries: To Merge or Not to Merge?

Users often have very specific visual content in mind that they are searching for. The most natural way to communicate this content to an image search engine is to use key-words that specify various properties or attributes of the content. A naive way of dealing with such multi-attribute queries is the following: train a classifier for each attribute independently, and then combine their scores on images to judge their fit to the query. We argue that this may not be the most effective or efficient approach. Conjunctions of attribute often correspond to very characteristic appearances. It would thus be beneficial to train classifiers that detect these conjunctions as a whole. But not all conjunctions result in such tight appearance clusters. So given a multi-attribute query, which conjunctions should we model? An exhaustive evaluation of all possible conjunctions would be time consuming. Hence we propose an optimization approach that identifies beneficial conjunctions without explicitly training the corresponding classifier. It reasons about geometric quantities that capture notions similar to intra- and inter-class variances. We exploit a discriminative binary space to compute these geometric quantities efficiently. Experimental results on two challenging datasets of objects and birds show that our proposed approach can improve performance significantly over several strong base-lines, while being an order of magnitude faster than exhaustively searching through all possible conjunctions.
Automatic detection of antecedents of Japanese zero pronouns using a Japanese-English bilingual corpus

In this paper we present a method of detecting zero pronouns in Japanese clauses and identifying their antecedents using aligned sentence pairs from a Japanese-English bilingual corpus and open resource tools. We use syntactic and semantic structures and the alignment of words and phrases in the sentence pairs to automatically detect zero pronouns and determine their antecedents using English translations. We build rules to link antecedents with zero pronouns and create filters to remove problematic sentence pairs. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of our method. The proposed method allows the construction of an annotated corpus of zero pronoun sentences in which the antecedents of the missing pronouns are flagged. This would be very useful for machine translation (MT), because zero pronoun detection is a vital problem when translating languages which allow zero pronouns.
Siphonobacter aquaeclarae gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family 'Flexibacteraceae', phylum Bacteroidetes.

A Gram-negative bacterium, designated P2(T), was isolated from the biofilm developed on the inner surface of an ultrapure cooling water system in a Hungarian power plant and was characterized by a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain P2(T) was affiliated with the family 'Flexibacteraceae' in the phylum Bacteroidetes. Its closest relative was Flectobacillus lacus CL-GP79(T) (88.7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) followed by Arcicella rosea TW5(T) (86.5 %), Arcicella aquatica NO-502(T) (86.4 %), Flectobacillus roseus GFA-11(T) (86.3 %) and Flectobacillus major DSM 103(T) (85.4 %). Cells of strain P2(T) were facultatively anaerobic, non-motile rods. The major fatty acids were C(16 : 1)ω5c (42.5 %), iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH (17.2 %), iso-C(17 : 0) 3-OH (16.1 %) and iso-C(15 : 0) (8.5 %). The major menaquinone was MK-7 and the predominant polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G+C content was 54.5 mol%. Thus, the phenotypic and genotypic analyses clearly showed that strain P2(T) is considerably different from members of other genera in the family 'Flexibacteraceae'. Based on these results, it is concluded that strain P2(T) represents a novel species in a new genus, for which the name Siphonobacter aquaeclarae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed, with type strain P2(T) (=DSM 21668(T) =NCAIM B 02328(T)).
Dependency Extraction for Knowledge-based Domain Classification

Question classification is an important part in Question Answering. It refers to classifying a given question into a category. This paper presents a learning based question classifier. The previous works in this field have used UIUC questions dataset for the classification purpose. In contrast to this, we use the Web-Questions dataset to build the classifier. The dataset consists of questions with the links to the Freebase pages on which the answers will be found. To extract the exact answer of a question from a Freebase page, it is very essential to know the domain of the answer as it narrows down the number of possible answer candidates. Proposed classifier will be very helpful in extracting answers from the Free-base. Classifier uses the questions’ features to classify a question into the domain of the answer, given the link to the freebase page on which the answer can be found.
The Characteristics of the Factors That Govern the Preferred Force in the Social Force Model of Pedestrian Movement

The social force model which belongs to the microscopic pedestrian studies has been considered as the supremacy by many researchers and due to the main feature of reproducing the self-organized phenomena resulted from pedestrian dynamic. The Preferred Force which is a measurement of pedestrian's motivation to adapt his actual velocity to his desired velocity is an essential term on which the model was set up. This Force has gone through stages of development: first of all, Helbing and Molnar (1995) have modeled the original force for the normal situation. Second, Helbing and his co-workers (2000) have incorporated the panic situation into this force by incorporating the panic parameter to account for the panic situations. Third, Lakoba and Kaup (2005) have provided the pedestrians some kind of intelligence by incorporating aspects of the decision-making capability. In this paper, the authors analyze the most important incorporations into the model regarding the preferred force. They make comparisons between the different factors of these incorporations. Furthermore, to enhance the decision-making ability of the pedestrians, they introduce additional features such as the familiarity factor to the preferred force to let it appear more representative of what actually happens in reality.
Programming with Narrowing

Narrowing is a computation implemented by some declarative program6 ming languages. Research in the last decade has produced significant results on the 7 theory and foundation of narrowing, but little is published on the use of narrowing 8 in programming. This paper introduces narrowing from a programmer viewpoint; 9 shows, by means of examples, when, why and how to use narrowing in a program; 10 and discusses the impact of narrowing on software development activities such as 11 design and maintenance. The examples are coded in the programming language 12 Curry, which provides narrowing as a first class feature. 13
Uncovering the Underlying Factors of Smart TV UX over Time: A Multi-study, Mixed-method Approach

The objective of this research is to explore and identify Smart TV user experience (UX) factors over different time periods employing multiple methods so as to overcome the weakness of a single study approach. To identify the effect of contextual dimensions on the Smart TV UX, we conducted empirical studies exploiting different methods of think-aloud and diary method under two usage conditions: laboratory and real-life in the participants' residence. The factors identified through each study were integrated into a single set and further refined through peer review resulting in a final set of 19 UX factors. Metrics for these 19 UX factors were generated and used in an online survey, in which over 300 Smart TV users participated. The empirical evidences from each study suggest that the UX factors vary with respect to product temporality. The findings indicate practical implications for Smart TV manufacturers, marketing managers, application developers, and service providers.
Inducible genetic system for the axolotl

Transgenesis promises a powerful means for assessing gene function during amphibian limb regeneration. This approach is complicated, however, by the need for embryonic appendage development to proceed unimpeded despite the genetic alterations one wishes to test later in the context of regeneration. Achieving conditional gene regulation in this amphibian has not proved to be as straightforward as in many other systems. In this report we describe a unique method for obtaining temporal control over exogenous gene expression in the axolotl. Based on technology derived from the Escherichia coli Lac operon, uninduced transgenes are kept in a repressed state by the binding of constitutively expressed Lac repressor protein (LacI) to operator sequences within the expression construct. Addition of a lactose analog, IPTG, to the swimming water of the axolotl is sufficient for the sugar to be taken up by cells, where it binds the LacI protein, thereby inducing expression of the repressed gene. We use this system to demonstrate an in vivo role for thrombospondin-4 in limb regeneration. This inducible system will allow for systematic analysis of phenotypes at defined developmental or regenerative time points. The tight regulation and robustness of gene induction combined with the simplicity of this strategy will prove invaluable for studying many aspects of axolotl biology.
CONTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUAL HARDENING PROCESS PARAMETERS ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF 6061 ALUMINUM ALLOY - TAGUCHI APPROACH

The commercial age hardening Al-Mg-Si (6061-type) alloys find a wide range of applications as structural material in automotive industrial, due to the favorable combinations of good mechanical properties, formability and excellent corrosion resistance. However, the precipitation hardening of the alloy is sluggish and its acceleration would be beneficial in improving the alloy properties. There are several ways to accelerate the precipitation process, fast quench and/or deformations (stretching) are among those processing techniques in producing excess vacancies, which may enhance the transformation rates of precipitating strengthening phases in the alloy. The individual effects of hardening process parameters on aging response and mechanical properties of Al-Mg-Si (6061-type) are carried out by employing Taguchi approach. The L9 orthogonal array (OA) is selected with 4-parameters, namely, quenching media, delay time before stretching, stretching steps and delay time after stretching, and 3-levels for each parameter to determine the most influential parameter and to optimize mechanical properties when the alloy is artificially aged. The obtained results show that the combined mechanism of precipitation hardening and strain hardening in the optimal levels improve the alloy aging response and thus the mechanical properties, for this set of experiments.
The C2 domain calcium‐binding motif: Structural and functional diversity

The C2 domain is a Ca2+‐binding motif of approximately 130 residues in length originally identified in the Ca2+‐dependent isoforms of protein kinase C. Single and multiple copies of C2 domains have been identified in a growing number of eukaryotic signalling proteins that interact with cellular membranes and mediate a broad array of critical intracellular processes, including membrane trafficking, the generation of lipid‐second messengers, activation of GTPases, and the control of protein phosphorylation. As a group, C2 domains display the remarkable property of binding a variety of different ligands and substrates, including Ca2+, phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Expanding this functional diversity is the fact that not all proteins containing C2 domains are regulated by Ca2+, suggesting that some C2 domains may play a purely structural role or may have lost the ability to bind Ca2+. The present review summarizes the information currently available regarding the structure and function of the C2 domain and provides a novel sequence alignment of 65 C2 domain primary structures. This alignment predicts that C2 domains form two distinct topological folds, illustrated by the recent crystal structures of C2 domains from synaptotagmin I and phosphoinositide‐specific phospholipase C‐δ1, respectively. The alignment highlights residues that may be critical to the C2 domain fold or required for Ca2+ binding and regulation.
Sparse Coding of Natural Images Produces Localized, Oriented, Bandpass Receptive Fields

The images we typically view, or natural scenes, constitute a minuscule fraction of the space of all possible images. It seems reasonable that the visual cortex, which has evolved and developed to eeectively cope with these images, has discovered eecient coding strategies for representing their structure. Here, we explore the hypothesis that the coding strategy employed at the earliest stage of the mammalian visual cortex maximizes the sparseness of the representation. We show that a learning algorithm that attempts to nd linear sparse codes for natural scenes will develop receptive elds that are localized , oriented, and bandpass, much like those in the visual system. These receptive elds produce a more eecient image representation for later stages of processing because sparseness reduces the entropies of individual outputs, which in turn reduces the redundancy due to complex statistical dependencies among unit activities. The spatial receptive elds of simple cells in mammalian striate cortex have been reasonably well described physiologically and can be characterized as being localized, oriented, and bandpass: Each cell responds to visual stimuli within a restricted and contiguous region of space that is organized into excitatory and inhibitory subbelds elongated along a particular direction, and the spatial frequency response is generally bandpass with bandwidths in the range of 1-2 octaves 1, 2, 3, 4]. We seek to provide a functional explanation of these spatial response properties in terms of an eecient coding strategy for natural images. An image, I(x; y), is modeled as a linear superposition of (not necessarily orthogonal) basis functions, i (x; y):
Analysis of Electrocardiograph using Perceptron Feed Forward Neural Network

This paper provides a way for analyzing the ECG reports. Currently available systems are just limited to producing the ECG report, analysis made on that reports are totally manual. Manual analysis of reports is time consuming process and generates humanoid errors. We developed the system that works on artificial neural network to analyze the ECG reports. Our results show that cardiac condition of the heart by analyzing ECG reports.
Extragalactic background light measurements and applications

This review covers the measurements related to the extragalactic background light intensity from γ-rays to radio in the electromagnetic spectrum over 20 decades in wavelength. The cosmic microwave background (CMB) remains the best measured spectrum with an accuracy better than 1%. The measurements related to the cosmic optical background (COB), centred at 1 μm, are impacted by the large zodiacal light associated with interplanetary dust in the inner Solar System. The best measurements of COB come from an indirect technique involving γ-ray spectra of bright blazars with an absorption feature resulting from pair-production off of COB photons. The cosmic infrared background (CIB) peaking at around 100 μm established an energetically important background with an intensity comparable to the optical background. This discovery paved the way for large aperture far-infrared and sub-millimetre observations resulting in the discovery of dusty, starbursting galaxies. Their role in galaxy formation and evolution remains an active area of research in modern-day astrophysics. The extreme UV (EUV) background remains mostly unexplored and will be a challenge to measure due to the high Galactic background and absorption of extragalactic photons by the intergalactic medium at these EUV/soft X-ray energies. We also summarize our understanding of the spatial anisotropies and angular power spectra of intensity fluctuations. We motivate a precise direct measurement of the COB between 0.1 and 5 μm using a small aperture telescope observing either from the outer Solar System, at distances of 5 AU or more, or out of the ecliptic plane. Other future applications include improving our understanding of the background at TeV energies and spectral distortions of CMB and CIB.
Natural Functional SNPs in miR-155 Alter Its Expression Level, Blood Cell Counts, and Immune Responses

miR-155 has been confirmed to be a key factor in immune responses in humans and other mammals. Therefore, investigation of variations in miR-155 could be useful for understanding the differences in immunity between individuals. In this study, four SNPs in miR-155 were identified in mice (Mus musculus) and humans (Homo sapiens). In mice, the four SNPs were closely linked and formed two miR-155 haplotypes (A and B). Ten distinct types of blood parameters were associated with miR-155 expression under normal conditions. Additionally, 4 and 14 blood parameters were significantly different between these two genotypes under normal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation conditions, respectively. Moreover, the expression levels of miR-155, the inflammatory response to LPS stimulation, and the lethal ratio following Salmonella typhimurium infection were significantly increased in mice harboring the AA genotype. Further, two SNPs, one in the loop region and the other near the 3′ terminal of pre-miR-155, were confirmed to be responsible for the differential expression of miR-155 in mice. Interestingly, two additional SNPs, one in the loop region and the other in the middle of miR-155*, modulated the function of miR-155 in humans. Predictions of secondary RNA structure using RNAfold showed that these SNPs affected the structure of miR-155 in both mice and humans. Our results provide novel evidence of the natural functional SNPs of miR-155 in both mice and humans, which may affect the expression levels of mature miR-155 by modulating its secondary structure. The SNPs of human miR-155 may be considered as causal mutations for some immune-related diseases in the clinic. The two genotypes of mice could be used as natural models for studying the mechanisms of immune diseases caused by abnormal expression of miR-155 in humans.
Parameter Sets for Entropy Measures in Risk Prediction for End-Stage Renal Disease Patients

Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is a non-invasive tool for assessing cardiac health. Entropy measures quantify the chaotic properties of HRV, but they are sensitive to the choice of their required parameters. Previous studies therefore have performed parameter optimization, targeting solely their particular patient cohort. In contrast, this work aimed to challenge entropy measures with recently published parameter sets, without time-consuming optimization, for risk prediction in end-stage renal disease patients. Approximate entropy, sample entropy, fuzzy entropy, fuzzy measure entropy, and corrected approximate entropy were examined. In total, 265 hemodialysis patients from the ISAR (rISk strAtification in end-stage Renal disease) study were analyzed. Throughout a median follow-up time of 43 months, 70 patients died. Fuzzy entropy and corrected approximate entropy (CApEn) provided significant hazard ratios, which remained significant after adjustment for clinical risk factors from literature if an entropy maximizing threshold parameter was chosen. Revealing results were seen in the subgroup of patients with heart disease (HD) when setting the radius to a multiple of the data’s standard deviation (r = 0.2 · σ); all entropies, except CApEn, predicted mortality significantly and remained significant after adjustment. Therefore, these two parameter settings seem to reflect different cardiac properties. This work shows the potential of entropy measures for cardiovascular risk stratification in cohorts the parameters were not optimized for, and it provides additional insights into the parameter choice.
For Personal Use. Only Reproduce with Permission from the Lancet Publishing Group

Background Soft-tissue tumours are derived from mesenchymal cells such as fibroblasts, muscle cells, or adipocytes, but for many such tumours the histogenesis is controversial. We aimed to start molecular characterisation of these rare neoplasms and to do a genome-wide search for new diagnostic markers.
Molecular Heterogeneity of Canine Cutaneous Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors: A Drawback in the Diagnosis Refinement.

BACKGROUND/AIM Peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs) belong to a very heterogeneous group of neoplasms occurring both in dogs and humans. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the histological and immunohistochemical features of canine cutaneous PNSTs contributing to further refine their diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The histopathological phenotype and biological behavior of 40 canine cutaneous PNSTs were evaluated and vimentin, S-100, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), desmin, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and Ki-67 immunoreactivity were assessed. RESULTS Respectively, 17 and 23 lesions were classified as benign and malignant PNSTs. The malignant lesions were more often positive for S-100 and presented a proliferation index significantly higher when compared to the benign ones (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The differential diagnosis of PNST on routine stained samples is difficult and the immunohistochemical examination may contribute to the final diagnosis. However, these lesions present a complex histogenesis and show very variable individual features; thus, an unequivocally immunohistochemical panel that could have supported the PNST diagnostic was not achieved. Nevertheless, we concluded that Ki-67 can be a useful marker helping to discriminate the biological behavior of canine PNST.