Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A hybrid hardware--software technique to improve reliability in embedded processors

Numerous methods have been described in research literature with methods to improve reliability of processors by the use of control-flow checking. High performance and code-size penalties cripple the proposed software approaches, while hardware approaches are not scalable and are thus rarely implemented in real embedded systems. In this article, we show that by including control-flow checking as an issue to be considered when designing as embedded processor, we are able to reduce overheads considerably and still provide a scalable solution to this problem. The technique described in this article includes architectural improvements to the processor and binary rewriting of the application. Architectural refinement incorporates additional instructions to the instruction set architecture, while the binary rewriting utilizes these additional instructions into the program flow. Applications from an embedded systems benchmark suite have been used to test and evaluate the system. Our approach increased code size by only 5.55% to 13.5% and reduced performance by just 0.54% to 2.83% for eight different industry standard benchmarks. The additional hardware overhead due to the additional instruction in the design is just 2.70%. In contrast, the state-of-the-art software-only approach required 50% to 150% additional code, and reduced performance by 53.5% to 99.5% when monitoring was inserted. Fault injection analysis demonstrates that our solution is capable of capturing and recovering from all the injected control-flow errors, while the software-only approach detected 87% of the injected control-flow errors.
From Safety To Termination And Back: SMT-Based Verification For Lazy Languages

Abstract SMT-based veriﬁers have long been an effective means of ensur-ing safety properties of programs. While these techniques are wellunderstood, we show that they implicitly require eager seman-tics; directly applying them to a lazy language is unsound due tothe presence of divergent sub-computations. We recover sound-ness by composing the safety analysis with a termination analy-sis. Of course, termination is itself a challenging problem, but weshow how the safety analysis can be used to ensure termination,thereby bootstrapping soundness for the entire system. Thus, whilesafety invariants have long been required to prove termination, weshow how termination proofs can be to soundly establish safety.We have implemented our approach in L IQUID H ASKELL , a Re-ﬁnement Type-based veriﬁer for Haskell. We demonstrate its effec-tiveness via an experimental evaluation using L IQUID H ASKELL toverify safety, functional correctness and termination properties ofreal-world Haskell libraries, totaling over 10,000 lines of code.
The human macrophage mannose receptor is not a professional phagocytic receptor

The macrophage mannose receptor (MR) appears to play an important role in the binding and phagocytosis of several human pathogens, but its phagocytic property and signaling pathways have been poorly defined. The general strategy to explore such topics is to express the protein of interest in nonphagocytic cells, but in the case of MR, there are few reports using the full‐length MR cDNA. When we searched to clone de novo the human MR (hMR) cDNA, problems were encountered, and full‐length hMR cDNA was only obtained after devising a complex cloning strategy. Chinese hamster ovary cells, which have a fully functional phagocytic machinery when expressing professional phagocytic receptors, were stably transfected, and cell clones expressing hMR at quantitatively comparable levels than human macrophages or J774E cells were obtained. They exhibited a functional hMR‐mediated endocytic capacity of a soluble ligand but failed to ingest classical particulate ligands of MR such as zymosan, Mycobacterium kansasii, or trimannoside bovine serum albumin‐coated latex beads. Transient expression of hMR in two human cell lines did not provide a phagocytic capacity either. In conclusion, we show that MR is not a professional phagocytic receptor, as it does not possess the ability to promote particle ingestion in nonphagocytic cells on its own. We propose that MR is a binding receptor, which requires a partner to trigger phagocytosis in some specialized cells such as macrophages. Our new expression vector could represent a useful tool to study the receptor and its partnership further.
Persuasive Argumentation in a Medical Diagnosis Tutoring System

An important problem in intelligent tutoring systems and decision support systems in general concern the implementation of a convincing argumentation dialog between the system and the student or the user. The requirements for a convincing argumentation dialog can vary depending on the kinds of conﬂicts that arise in the exchanges between the system and the user. In this paper we discuss an approach computing and presenting persuasive arguments in an intelligent tutoring system for medical diagnosis. Although the focus of our application is on a simulator of medical diagnosis problems intended to provide exercises to medical students, the argumentation framework we propose could also inspire other types of decision support systems.
ELECTRON–ION RECOMBINATION OF Mg6 + FORMING Mg5 + AND OF Mg7 + FORMING Mg6 +: LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS AND THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS

We have measured electron–ion recombination for C-like Mg6 + forming Mg5 +, and for B-like Mg7 + forming Mg6 +. These studies were performed using a merged electron–ion beam arrangement at the TSR heavy ion storage ring located in Heidelberg, Germany. Both primary ions have metastable levels with significant lifetimes. Using a simple cascade model we estimate the population fractions in these metastable levels. For the Mg6 + results, we find that the majority of the stored ions are in a metastable level, while for Mg7 + the metastable fraction is insignificant. We present the Mg6 + merged beams recombination rate coefficient for DR via N = 2 → N′ = 2 core electron excitations (ΔN = 0 DR) and for Mg7 + via 2 → 2 and 2 → 3 core excitations. Taking the estimated metastable populations into account, we compare our results to state-of-the-art multiconfiguration Breit–Pauli theoretical calculations. Significant differences are found at low energies where theory is known to be unreliable. Moreover, for both ions we observe a discrepancy between experiment and theory for ΔN = 0 DR involving capture into high-n Rydberg levels and where the stabilization is primarily due to a radiative transition of the excited core electron. This is consistent with previous DR experiments on M-shell iron ions which were performed at TSR. The large metastable content of the Mg6 + ion beam precludes generating a plasma recombination rate coefficient (PRRC). However, this is not an issue for Mg7 + and we present an experimentally derived Mg7 + PRRC for plasma temperatures from 400 K to 107 K with an estimated uncertainty of less than 27% at a 90% confidence level. We also provide a fit to our experimentally derived PRRC for use in plasma modeling codes.
Global Liquidity as an Early Warning Indicator of Asset Price Booms: G5 versus Broader Measures

We test the performance of various measures of global liquidity as early warning indicators of booms in house and equity prices in 20 OECD countries between 1970 and 2010. We use a panel probit approach to test the relative performance of global liquidity measures based on two aggregation schemes: the traditional measures, based on G5 data, and broader measures, based on data for up to 26 countries/currency areas. Our results show that, in the last decade, global liquidity measures outperformed domestic measures as early warning indicators. Between the two global liquidity measures, G5 aggregates often outperformed broader global liquidity measures. The search for the best early warning indicator showed that the G5 real narrow money gap performed best for booms in house prices, while the global real private credit growth gap performed best for booms in equity prices, either when aggregated over G5 or over a broader sample of countries. Nevertheless, given the rising importance of the emerging market economies and a declining share of G5 in global liquidity, the current superior performance of G5 measures may not warrant their superior performance in the future. Therefore, given the importance of global liquidity measures in warning about asset price booms, the need for constructing broader global liquidity measures is warranted.
Low-Energy Cutoffs and Hard X-Ray Spectra in High-z Radio-loud Quasars: The Suzaku View of RBS 315

We present the results from the Suzaku observation of the powerful radio-loud quasar RBS 315 (z = 2.69), for which a previous XMM-Newton observation showed an extremely flat X-ray continuum up to 10 keV (photon index Γ = 1.26) and indications of strong intrinsic absorption (NH ~ 1022 cm-2, assuming neutral gas). The instrument for hard X-rays, HXD/PIN, allows us a detection of the source up to 50 keV. The broadband continuum (0.5-50 keV) can be well modeled with a power law with slope Γ = 1.5 (definitively softer than the continuum measured by XMM-Newton) above 1 keV with strong deficit of soft photons. The low-energy cutoff can be well fitted, either with intrinsic absorption (with column density NH ~ 1022 cm-2 in the quasar rest frame) or with a break in the continuum, with an extremely hard (Γ = 0.7) power law below 1 keV. We construct the spectral energy distribution of the source, using also optical-UV measurements obtained through a quasi-simultaneous observation with UVOT on board Swift observation. The shape of the SED is similar to that of other flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) with similar power, making this source an excellent candidate for the detection in γ-rays by the Gamma-Ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST). We model the SED with the synchrotron inverse Compton model usually applied to FSRQs, showing that the deficit of soft photons can be naturally interpreted as due to an intrinsic curvature of the spectrum near the low-energy end of the IC component, rather than to intrinsic absorption, although the latter possibility cannot be ruled out. We propose that in at least a fraction of the radio-loud QSOs at high redshift, the cutoff in the soft X-ray band can be explained in a similar way. Further studies are required to distinguish between the two alternatives.
Computational modeling identifies key gene regulatory interactions underlying phenobarbital-mediated tumor promotion

Gene regulatory interactions underlying the early stages of non-genotoxic carcinogenesis are poorly understood. Here, we have identified key candidate regulators of phenobarbital (PB)-mediated mouse liver tumorigenesis, a well-characterized model of non-genotoxic carcinogenesis, by applying a new computational modeling approach to a comprehensive collection of in vivo gene expression studies. We have combined our previously developed motif activity response analysis (MARA), which models gene expression patterns in terms of computationally predicted transcription factor binding sites with singular value decomposition (SVD) of the inferred motif activities, to disentangle the roles that different transcriptional regulators play in specific biological pathways of tumor promotion. Furthermore, transgenic mouse models enabled us to identify which of these regulatory activities was downstream of constitutive androstane receptor and β-catenin signaling, both crucial components of PB-mediated liver tumorigenesis. We propose novel roles for E2F and ZFP161 in PB-mediated hepatocyte proliferation and suggest that PB-mediated suppression of ESR1 activity contributes to the development of a tumor-prone environment. Our study shows that combining MARA with SVD allows for automated identification of independent transcription regulatory programs within a complex in vivo tissue environment and provides novel mechanistic insights into PB-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis.
Neuro sliding mode control of robotic manipulators

This paper considers neuro-adaptive control of robotic manipulators based on sliding mode technique. Since robotic manipulators are inherently nonlinear systems, neural network (NN) based controllers have been proposed as a feasible technique to achieve consistent performance, owing to the adaptive nonlinear learning capabilities of NNs. Chebyshev neural network (CNN) is employed to approximate the unknown nonlinearities associated with robotic manipulators. The design basically consists of a neural controller which implements the equivalent control law associated with sliding mode technique for the manipulator with unknown dynamics and an adaptive switching gain which provides robustness and compensates for the neural approximation errors and the disturbances in the system. A single layer CNN is used to realize the proposed controller whose weights are updated online and the Lyapunov stability theory is used to prove the ultimate uniform boundedness of the tracking error. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method to achieve desired performance in the presence of bounded disturbances.
Position based balloon angioplasty

Balloon angioplasty is an endovascular procedure to widen narrowed or obstructed blood vessels, typically to treat arterial atherosclerosis. Simulating angioplasty procedure in the complex vascular structures is a challenge task since the balloon and vessels are both flexible bodies. In this paper, we proposed a position based balloon physical model to solve nonlinear physical deformation in the process of balloon inflation. Firstly, the balloon is discrete modeled by the closed triangle mesh, and the hyperelastic membrane material and continuum based formulation are combined to compute the mechanical properties in the process of balloon inflation. Then, an adaptive air mesh generation algorithm is proposed as a preprocessing procedure for accelerating the coming collision process between the balloon and blood vessels according to the characteristic of collision region which is relative fixed. The experiment results show that this physical model is feasible, which could simulate the contact and deformation process between the inflation balloon and the diseased blood vessel wall with good robustness and in real-time.
Big Gestures?: Factors that Influence Gesture Visibility

scenarios that involve digital systems, it is beneficial to maintain awareness of other people's actions. During face-to-face communication with fellow humans, this is accomplished by ges- tures. The recent interest in gestural interfaces offers the possibil- ity to transfer this paradigm to human-computer interaction. Pre- viously, researchers exclusively discussed gesture size as a con- tributing factor for awareness maintenance through gestures. However, this might be only one piece of the picture, as other factors might be equally important. We studied small (tablet- sized), medium (monitor-sized), and large (full-arm) gestures. Our study showed that, although size does have significant effects, there are other factors that influence awareness maintenance. Our results provide empirical guidance about the ways that gesture size affects awareness, show that other factors, such as gesture morphology, influence awareness, and suggest that gestural inter- action has potential for improving group awareness in co-located environments. Keywordsgroup awareness
Retinal abnormalities in human albinism translate into a reduction of grey matter in the occipital cortex

Albinism is a genetic condition associated with abnormalities of the visual system. Defects in melanin production cause underdevelopment of the fovea, reduced retinal cell numbers and abnormal routing of ganglion cell nerve fibres at the optic chiasm. We examined 19 subjects with albinism and 26 control subjects to determine whether retinal abnormalities affect the structure of the visual cortex. Whole‐brain, high‐resolution anatomical magnetic resonance imaging volumes from each subject were obtained on a 1.5‐T scanner and segmented into grey and white matter. A voxel‐wise statistical comparison of grey and white matter volumes in the occipital lobes between the two groups was performed using voxel‐based morphometry. Our analysis revealed a regionally specific decrease in grey matter volume at the occipital poles in albinism. The location of the decrease in grey matter corresponds to the cortical representation of the central visual field. This reduction is likely to be a direct result of decreased ganglion cell numbers in central retina in albinism.
Appearance and performance enhancing drug usage and psychological well-being in gay and heterosexual men

ABSTRACT The current study examined the relationship between appearance and performance enhancing drug use and the men’s sexual orientation to body image and psychological well-being in a sample of 537 heterosexual men and 146 gay men. Using objectification theory as a framework, we proposed that gay men who used appearance and performance enhancing drugs (APEDs) would report the most distress across our measures of body image, internalization, and psychological well-being. Although our results did not support our hypothesized interaction between APED use and sexual orientation, we did find significant main effects as expected. Solely considering APED use, men who used both leanness and muscle-building products reported higher levels of body shame than did those who did not use either product. Furthermore, our findings are consistent with other research that has found direct relationships between the internalization of an athletic ideal and a predilection to use legal and illicit muscle enhancing supplements. Contrary to expectations, APED use was not significantly related to the men’s psychological well-being. As expected, gay men reported higher levels of internalization and more body image concerns, compared to the heterosexual men, which may contribute to lower satisfaction with life and higher neuroticism.
A comparison of general-purpose FOSS compression techniques for efficient communication in cooperative multi-robot tasks

The efficient sharing of information is a commonly overlooked problem in methods proposed for cooperative multi-robot tasks. However, in multi-robot scenarios, especially when the communication network's quality of service is less than desirable, either in bandwidth or reliability, efficient information exchange is a key aspect for the successful deployment of coordinated robotic teams with proper exchange of information.
Dynamic sliding mode control of nonlinear systems

Dynamic sliding mode control and higher order sliding mode are studied in this paper. Dynamic sliding mode control adds additional dynamics, which can be considered as compensators. The sliding system with compensators is an augmented system. These compensators (extra dynamics) are designed for achieving and/or improving the system stability, hence obtaining desired system behaviour and performance. Higher order sliding mode control and dynamic sliding mode control yield more accuracy and also reduce and/or remove the chattering resulting from the high frequency switching of the control. It is proved that certain -trajectories reach a sliding mode in a finite time. A sliding mode control differentiator is also considered. J
Multi-agent systems applied to topological reconfiguration of smart power distribution systems

One of the various features expected for a smart power distribution system a smart grid in the power distribution level is the possibility of the fully automated operation for certain control actions. Although this is very expected, it requires various logic, sensor and actuator technologies in a system which, historically, has a low level of automation. One of the most analyzed problems for the distribution system is the topology reconfiguration. The reconfiguration has been applied to various objectives: minimization of power losses, voltage regulation, load balancing, to name a few. The solution method in most cases is centralized and its application is not in real-time. From the new perspectives of advanced distribution systems, fast and adaptive response of the control actions are required, specially in the presence of alternative generation sources and electrical vehicles. In this context, the multi-agent system, which embeds the necessary control actions and decision making is proposed for the topology reconfiguration aiming the loss reduction. The concept of multi-agent system for distribution system is proposed and two case studies with 11-Bus and 16-Bus system are presented.
Exogenous R-Spondin1 Induces Precocious Telogen-to-Anagen Transition in Mouse Hair Follicles

R-spondin proteins are novel Wnt/β-catenin agonists, which signal through their receptors leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor (LGR) 4/5/6 and substantially enhance Wnt/β-catenin activity. R-spondins are reported to function in embryonic development. They also play important roles in stem cell functions in adult tissues, such as the intestine and mammary glands, which largely rely on Wnt/β-catenin signaling. However, in the skin epithelium and hair follicles, the information about R-spondins is deficient, although the expressions and functions of their receptors, LGR4/5/6, have already been studied in detail. In the present study, highly-enriched expression of the R-spondin family genes (Rspo1/2/3/4) in the hair follicle dermal papilla is revealed. Expression of Rspo1 in the dermal papilla is specifically and prominently upregulated before anagen entry, and exogenous recombinant R-spondin1 protein injection in mid-telogen leads to precocious anagen entry. Moreover, R-spondin1 activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cultured bulge stem cells in vitro, changing their fate determination without altering the cell proliferation. Our pioneering study uncovers a role of R-spondin1 in the activation of cultured hair follicle stem cells and the regulation of hair cycle progression, shedding new light on the governance of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in skin biology and providing helpful clues for future treatment of hair follicle disorders.
Intergenerational Transfers and Inequality

Why are the rich so rich? And why are the poor so poor? This question has puzzled thinkers for millenia. Yet our understanding of the processes which generate wealth inequality is still extremely limited. Some view inequality as an inherent consequence of the necessity to provide incentives in market economies; attempts to reduce inequality may have, in this view, significantly_ deleterious effects on the level of national income. Others view inequality as resulting from monopolies (often government-granted), in which case the elimination of monopolies would both increase equality and economic efficiency. Still others view inequality as arising simply out of random processes (luck); there would neither be a gain or a loss in efficiency from reducing it. Thus, the effect of any particular policy measure designed to reduce the degree of inequality will depend on the underlying structural determinants of inequality, and it is important to obtain a better understanding of these. This task is, however, a difficult one. The data are extremely sparse and empirical work requires considerable perseverance as well as ingenuity. This paucity of evidence does of course leave the theorist a field uncluttered by too many awkward facts; he can be fairly uninhibited in his construction of models. Nonetheless, working models of inheritance are almost as rare as good data. Recently, however, there have been several attempts to remedy this deficiency; this paper attempts to survey and put into perspective a number of these attempts. Most of these models do not, at least as presently formulated, seem completely consistent with the "stylized facts" of wealth inequality. We conclude our discussion with some conjectures on why this may be so and on some suggestions for future research.