Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Welfare Economic Aspects of Land Use Planning

This paper develops a unifying framework for spatial and environmental economics, based on equilibrium considerations for population games. The main contribution of this paper consists of introducing a consistent concept for spatial welfare. Following the introduction of estimable locational sorting models for valuation methods in environmental economics, the relationship between the theoretical underpinnings of the hedonic pricing model and the bid rent concept in urban economics is re-examined. This is done along the definition of the ideal general equilibrium willingness to pay (GE-WTP) that is at the heart of most applications of locational sorting models in environmental economics. A GE-WTP should be able to account for the value of non-marginal changes in a spatially explicit distribution of local public goods. Commonly, such a GE-WTP is derived as a Hicksian WTP adjusted for endogenous prices. Endogenous prices are typically enforced by a market clearing condition, often a fixed supply, constraining the relocation of a population in response to the changes in local quality. This paper offers an alternative interpretation of a GE-WTP. It demonstrates how for a discrete choice formulation, a fixed supply generically results in a Nash equilibrium in a population game. Furthermore, it is shown that this Nash equilibrium corresponds exactly to a spatial equilibrium in urban economics. This observation allows for a novel spatially explicit approach to the evaluation of land policy options, combining current cost-benefit practice with the optimization of land use. Finally it is shown, how the GE-WTP can be adjusted for developers' decisions, based on the analogy with urban economic models. It allows this spatial welfare measure to be extended with endogenous, instead of fixed, supply. This makes the concept also suitable for comparing the social welfare implications of entirely different land use patterns.
Fundamentals and Sovereign Risk of Emerging Markets

We empirically assess the relative importance of various economic fundamentals in accounting for the sovereign credit default swap (CDS) spreads of emerging markets during 2004-2012, which encompasses the global financial crisis of 2008-2009. Inflation, state fragility, external debt, and commodity terms of trade volatility were positively associated, while trade openness and more favourable fiscal balance/GDP ratio were negatively associated with sovereign CDS spreads. Yet the relative importance of economic fundamentals in the pricing of sovereign risk varies over time. The key factors are trade openness and state fragility in the pre-crisis period, external debt/GDP ratio and inflation in the crisis period, and inflation and public debt/GDP ratio in the post- crisis period. Asian countries enjoy lower sovereign spreads than Latin American countries, and this gap widened during and after the crisis. Trade openness was the biggest factor behind Asia's lower sovereign spreads before the crisis, and inflation during and after the crisis. The results imply that external factors were paramount in pricing sovereign risk prior to the crisis, but internal factors associated with the capacity to adjust to adverse shocks gained prominence during and after the crisis.
Transition to Parent-Child Coresidence: Parental Needs and the Strategic Bequest Motive

The strategic bequest motive implies that children may want to live with their parents and provide care for them with the expectation of inheriting a larger portion of their bequest. This paper examines this hypothesis by focusing on the transition to coresidence by elderly Japanese parents and their children using underutilized Japanese panel data. Unlike previous studies, evidence for the bequest motive is generally tenuous. In addition, our use of a two-component mixture logit model identifies the minority group of families that follows the bequest motive and the majority group that does not.
The Relation Between Common Stock Returns Trading Activity and Market Value

This study examines the relation between common stock returns, trading activity and market value. Our results indicate that although firm size and trading activity are highly correlated, differences in trading activity are not the underlying reason for the firm size anomaly, the finding of systematic differences in risk adjusted returns across stocks of firms of different size. RECENT EMPIRICAL RESEARCH has revealed systematic differences in risk adjusted returns for common stocks of firms of different sizes as measured by the market value of outstanding common stock (see Banz [1] and Reinganum [5]). Roll [7], in a recent paper, has suggested that the firm size anomaly may result from errors in risk measurement. In particular, Roll suggested that because small firms trade less frequently than large firms, risk measures obtained from daily or weekly returns data may seriously underestimate the risk associated with holding a portfolio of small firms. In response to Roll's conjecture, Reinganum [6] examined the risk adjusted returns of portfolios formed on the basis of firm size, using both the Scholes-Williams [8] and the Dimson [2] aggregated coefficient method of estimating portfolio betas, and found that regardless of the beta estimation technique employed, differences in estimated betas were insufficient to account for differences observed in the returns of size ranked portfolios. If Reinganum's [6] finding is correct that the firm size effect is not attributable to a misassessment of risk and if smaller firms trade less frequently than do larger firms, then firm size may merely proxy for trading activity.1 Thus, the observed firm size effect may be explained in terms of a liquidity premium associated with inactively traded shares. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether or not the firm size anomaly is explicable in terms of differences in the trading activity of common stocks. A liquidity premium would provide a logically appealing explanation for the firm size effect. Tinic [11], Demsetz [3] and others have argued that transactions costs vary inversely with trading activity (as measured by average number of
Retirement, health, unemployment, the business cycle and automatic stabilization in the OECD

Official adjustments of the budget balance to the cycle assume that the only category of gov-ernment spending that responds automatically to the cycle is unemployment compensation. But estimates show otherwise. Payments for pensions, sickness, subsistence, invalidity, childcare and subsidies of all sorts to firms respond automatically and significantly to the cycle as well. In addition, it is fairly common to use official figures for cyclically adjusted budget balances, di-vide by potential output, and use the resulting ratios to study discretionary fiscal policy. But if potential output is not deterministic but subject to supply shocks, then apart from anything else, those ratios are inefficient estimates of the cyclically-independent ratios of budget balances di-vided by potential output. (A fortiori, they are inefficient estimates of the cyclically adjusted ratios of budget balances to observed output.) Accordingly, the paper makes use of detailed data from the OECDâ€™s Social Expenditure database to produce separate estimates of the impact of the cycle on disaggregated components of the budget balance, both in levels and in the form of their ratios to output. In addition, we discuss the relation between the two sorts of estimates. When the focus is on ratios of expenditure and revenue to output, the cyclical adjustments de-pend more on inertia in government spending on goods and services than they do on taxes (which are largely proportional to output). But they depend even still more on transfer pay-ments. Besides calling for different series for discretionary fiscal policy if ratios serve, these results also raise questions about the general policy advice to â€œlet the automatic stabilizers work. â€
Analysing a national information strategy: a critical approach

The development of ICT policies within developing countries in the past ten years has opened up a new area for study. These documents chart the ambitions of the countries for the use of ICT to promote rapid development. As such they are intercultural documents, developing at the interface between the culture of the country and western economic culture. This paper develops a critical approach to understanding these documents and studying their message. The approach involves the preparation of a critical dictionary which identifies relevant terms within the ICT policy document and reflects on their multiple meanings. The approach was applied to an Egyptian ICT policy document, Building digital bridges. A dictionary of 37 entries was developed. The dictionary, presented in full in an appendix, was used to identify critical themes in the document.
Everything Old is New Again: Fundamental Fairness and the Legitimacy of Criminal Justice

The Warren Court's work is justly celebrated, for who would not support the right to counsel for indigent defendants or the requirement that an arrested person be informed of her right to counsel, including appointed counsel if she could not afford one? Nonetheless, it is useful to recall the regime replaced by selective incorporation, the method by which the Warren Court established its body of constitutional criminal procedure. In the early days of constitutional criminal procedure, the Supreme Court relied upon notions of fundamental fairness in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to review state court criminal judgments. While it is true that those early decisions were too weak to engineer widespread reform of the state criminal justice processes, it is also true that fundamental fairness jurisprudence had notably positive features. In particular, fundamental fairness jurisprudence was replete with references to what I call a "public-regarding" vision of fairness. This notion importantly includes the public, as well as the defendant, in the articulation of constitutional values relevant to the fair operation of criminal justice. Moreover, the decisions articulating these views considered racial injustice as part and parcel of constitutional review. While the Warren Court's approach led to reform of state criminal justice, that reform came at a cost. The Warren Court's selective incorporation approach did not admit of the candid evaluation of various aspects and practices of the states that fundamental fairness analysis did. The focus on fundamental fairness captured society's normative aspirations and provided a primer on fair treatment of citizens. To illustrate the potential of fundamental fairness analysis to address lingering vestiges of racial injustice in the criminal justice system, I focus on two problem areas that often implicate race-petit jury composition and selective prosecution claims.
Mapping recovery after total hip replacement surgery: health-related quality of life after three years.

OBJECTIVE To investigate recovery from total hip replacement over a three-year period on the basis of patient perceptions of health-related quality of life, demographic (age, gender, family support) and clinical characteristics (co-morbidities, hospital admissions), use of and satisfaction with health services, unmet health needs and social re-engagement. DESIGN Telephone survey of patients' scores on the the 36 item Short Form health survey (SF 36) at three-years as a basis for comparison with scores 12 weeks after discharge; analysis of survey responses on demographic and clinical variables, health services use and satisfaction, unmet health needs and resumption of pre-operative social activities. SETTING One tertiary hospital in South East Queensland, Australia. PARTICIPANTS Sixty-two total hip replacement patients from an original cohort of 95 participants in a study three years previously to investigate these variables at one, two, four, eight and 12 weeks post-discharge. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES SF36 scores, survey responses on number and type of co-morbidities, age, family support, type and frequency of health services used, satisfaction with services, hospital admissions, resumption of social activities. RESULTS No significant differences were found on any SF-36 scores, but General Health had declined. Women's Physical Functioning scores fell below population norms, men's remained above the norms. Physical composite scores showed a decline with age, and the Mental Composite Scores increased with age. The number of co-morbidities had increased over three years, with 58% being admitted to hospital. Half reported unmet health needs, related primarily to non-hip problems. Only general practitioner services were used monthly or more, with satisfaction ratings remaining high for all services used. Participation in social activities was increased from prior to surgery for 42% of participants. CONCLUSIONS Recovery after hip replacement surgery is dramatic, especially in alleviation of pain, but for older patients, there is a subsequent decline in general health concomittant with others in this demographic group. Differences in men's and women's patterns of recovery suggests differential planning to provide more realistic expectations for recovery and aftercare.
Facing the interaction of adsorbed silicon nano-ribbons on silver

The atomic structure is one key property for any material. Despite great efforts during the last few years unveiling the internal structure of silicon nano-ribbons, analysis of the interfacial structure and bonding was neglected. We report on a comprehensive photoelectron spectroscopy and photoelectron diffraction study that reveals the weak interaction of silicon nano-ribbons with the underlying silver substrate identifying the specific locations of the individual silicon, as well as silver atoms. Furthermore, we provide unique experimental evidence that clarifies the origin of the two distinct chemically shifted components in the silicon photoelectron spectra.
Development and psychometric testing of a multidimensional instrument of perceived discrimination among African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study.

OBJECTIVE Assessing the discrimination-health disparities hypothesis requires psychometrically sound, multidimensional measures of discrimination. Among the available discrimination measures, few are multidimensional and none have adequate psychometric testing in a large, African American sample. We report the development and psychometric testing of the multidimensional Jackson Heart Study Discrimination (JHSDIS) Instrument. METHODS A multidimensional measure assessing the occurrence, frequency, attribution, and coping responses to perceived everyday and lifetime discrimination; lifetime burden of discrimination; and effect of skin color was developed and tested in the 5302-member cohort of the Jackson Heart Study. Internal consistency was calculated by using Cronbach alpha coefficient. Confirmatory factor analysis established the dimensions, and intercorrelation coefficients assessed the discriminant validity of the instrument. SETTING Tri-county area of the Jackson, MS metropolitan statistical area. RESULTS The JHSDIS was psychometrically sound (overall alpha = .78, .84 and .77, respectively, for the everyday and lifetime subscales). Confirmatory factor analysis yielded 11 factors, which confirmed the a priori dimensions represented. CONCLUSIONS The JHSDIS combined three scales into a single multidimensional instrument with good psychometric properties in a large sample of African Americans. This analysis lays the foundation for using this instrument in research that will examine the association between perceived discrimination and CVD among African Americans.
CMOS subharmonic downconverter using an LNTA front-end

To mitigate the higher noise figure (NF) of CMOS-based subharmonic mixers (SHMs) relative to their diode-based counterparts, this paper proposes the use of a low-noise transconductance amplifier (LNTA) ahead of the mixing core. The LNTA has a noise-cancelling topology that enables the mixer to have a high conversion gain and low NF over the RF input band of 4.5 GHz to 8.5 GHz. A chip was fabricated on a standard 130 nm CMOS process to validate the concept and measurement results reveal that the mixer can yield a conversion gain of 14.5±1.5 dB and a double-sideband noise figure of 9.25±1.25 dB over the RF band. The mixer's IP1dB is -10.8 dBm and its IIP3 is -3.7 dBm while its IIP3 is +6.5 dBm and its OIP3 is +13.8 dBm. The circuit core occupies an area of 0.49 mm2 on the silicon die.
The impact of settlement time on the volatility of stock market revisited: an application of the iterated cumulative sums of squares detection method for changes of variance

Volatility changes before and after a major event cannot be effectively modelled without considering the impact of other events during the sample period. This paper reexamines the impact of settlement time changes on the volatility change in the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchange by Li et al. (1997) via the iterated cumulative sums squares (ICSS) method developed by Inclán and Tiao. This study detected three other events during the sample period (two before and one after the structural break). After removing these factors, it is found that change in settlement time does not impact the volatility of the stock returns in a noticeable way.
Bacterial AvrRpt 2-Like Cysteine Proteases Block Activation of the Arabidopsis Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases , MPK 4 and MPK 111 [ OPEN ]

Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120 Germany (L.E.-L., X.J., D.S., J.L.); Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (J.M.E., G.C.); Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); and Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 (L.S.)
Competitive positioning and market orientation: two interrelated constructs

Aims to interrelate two lines of research: market orientation and strategic groups identification. Suggests that degree of market orientation of an enterprise should be connected to its competitive strategy and, also, to its final levels of performance. Identifies, in a highly competitive Spanish sector, groups of homogeneous enterprises with regard to their market orientation degree to see if the identified groups differ significantly in the competitive strategy mainly followed by their members and, also, in their economic profile. Uses cluster methodology and the analysis of variance. Also applies multidimensional scaling to visually represent the position of each enterprise in a perceptual space. Recommends some guides to get a market orientation status and also a competitive position in the competitive space.
58-kDa Microspherule Protein (MSP58) Is Novel Brahma-related Gene 1 (BRG1)-associated Protein That Modulates p53/p21 Senescence Pathway*

Background: The nucleolar MSP58 protein is a candidate oncogene implicated in cellular transformation. Results: MSP58 is associated with BRG1 and induces cellular senescence through the p53/p21 pathway. Conclusion: MSP58 has both tumor-suppressing and -promoting functions. Significance: This work reveals a novel role for MSP58 in cellular senescence and suggests that MSP58 may have further prognostic and therapeutic implications. The nucleolar 58-kDa microspherule protein (MSP58) protein is a candidate oncogene implicated in modulating cellular proliferation and malignant transformation. In this study, we show that knocking down MSP58 expression caused aneuploidy and led to apoptosis, whereas ectopic expression of MSP58 regulated cell proliferation in a context-dependent manner. Specifically, ectopic expression of MSP58 in normal human IMR90 and Hs68 diploid fibroblasts, the H184B5F5/M10 mammary epithelial cell line, HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells, primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and immortalized NIH3T3 fibroblasts resulted in induction of premature senescence, an enlarged and flattened cellular morphology, and increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity. MSP58-driven senescence was strictly dependent on the presence of functional p53 as revealed by the fact that normal cells with p53 knockdown by specific shRNA or cells with a mutated or functionally impaired p53 pathway were effective in bypassing MSP58-induced senescence. At least two senescence mechanisms are induced by MSP58. First, MSP58 activates the DNA damage response and p53/p21 signaling pathways. Second, MSP58, p53, and the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling subunit Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1) form a ternary complex on the p21 promoter and collaborate to activate p21. Additionally, MSP58 protein levels increased in cells undergoing replicative senescence and stress-induced senescence. Notably, the results of analyzing expression levels of MSP58 between tumors and matched normal tissues showed significant changes (both up- and down-regulation) in its expression in various types of tumors. Our findings highlight new aspects of MSP58 in modulating cellular senescence and suggest that MSP58 has both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive properties.
Revisiting the Analytical Modeling of the IEEE 802.11 Power Save Mode for Independent Basic Service Sets (IBSS)

Given the widespread adoption of the IEEE 802.11 standard in a number of battery-operated devices, the power save mode (PSM) defined for both Basic Service Sets (BSS), and Independent Basic Service Sets (IBSS), are key elements for an energy-efficient operation. In the IEEE 802.11 PSM for IBSS, time is divided into beacon intervals, which is further divided into a traffic announcement window and a data window. Every station who wants to transmit a data frame must first send an announcement traffic information message (ATIM) frame to the intended receiver. Only the stations who successfully exchange ATIM frames may remain active for the follwing data window, while the rest of the stations go to sleep mode. In spite of its importance to day-to-day use, very few works have addressed the analytical modeling of the IEEE 802.11 PSM for IBSS. In this paper, we revisit an analytical model previously proposed in the literature that is based on a discrete-time Markov chain for saturated networks under perfect channel conditions. Thus, rather than simplifying the solution and focus on a subset of states related to the data window only, new expressions for numerical computation of the overall steady-state solution are presented, which take into account all states of the original Markov chain explicitly, including the impact of consecutive ATIM frame retransmissions through distinct beacon intervals. Hence, different from the results previously reported, where average throughput may surprisingly increase with the number of stations, our results show the intuitive and expected behavior of lower throughput values as the number of stations increases. Moreover, it is shown that the average network throughput is typically lower than it was previously predicted. Finally, we also investigate the impact of the number of ATIM frame retransmissions between consecutive beacon intervals on the average network throughput.