Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identification of Two Classes of Somatosensory Neurons That Display Resistance to Retrograde Infection by Rabies Virus

Glycoprotein-deleted rabies virus-mediated monosynaptic tracing has become a standard method for neuronal circuit mapping, and is applied to virtually all parts of the rodent nervous system, including the spinal cord and primary sensory neurons. Here we identified two classes of unmyelinated sensory neurons (nonpeptidergic and C-fiber low-threshold mechanoreceptor neurons) resistant to direct and trans-synaptic infection from the spinal cord with rabies viruses that carry glycoproteins in their envelopes and that are routinely used for infection of CNS neurons (SAD-G and N2C-G). However, the same neurons were susceptible to infection with EnvA-pseudotyped rabies virus in tumor virus A receptor transgenic mice, indicating that resistance to retrograde infection was due to impaired virus adsorption rather than to deficits in subsequent steps of infection. These results demonstrate an important limitation of rabies virus-based retrograde tracing of sensory neurons in adult mice, and may help to better understand the molecular machinery required for rabies virus spread in the nervous system. In this study, mice of both sexes were used. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT To understand the neuronal bases of behavior, it is important to identify the underlying neural circuitry. Rabies virus-based monosynaptic tracing has been used to identify neuronal circuits in various parts of the nervous system. This has included connections between peripheral sensory neurons and their spinal targets. These connections form the first synapse in the somatosensory pathway. Here we demonstrate that two classes of unmyelinated sensory neurons, which account for >40% of dorsal root ganglia neurons, display resistance to rabies infection. Our results are therefore critical for interpreting monosynaptic rabies-based tracing in the sensory system. In addition, identification of rabies-resistant neurons might provide a means for future studies addressing rabies pathobiology.
A new tetrahydrofuran-type lignan with anti-inflammatory activity from Asarum heterotropoides Fr. Schmidt var. mandshuricum

A new tetrahydrofuran-type lignan, episesaminone (1), was isolated from Asarum heterotropoides Fr. Schmidt var. mandshuricum (Maxim.) Kitag. Its structure was established by spectroscopic techniques (HR-MS, 1D NMR, 2D NMR, and circular dichroism). The anti-inflammatory activity in RAW 264.7 macrophages was carried out on 1 and other eight known compounds, the epimer of 1 (2) and seven known furofurans-type lignan (3–9) obtained from A. heterotropoides Fr. Schmidt var. mandshuricum. Compounds 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 9 showed significant anti-inflammatory activity, particularly 50 μM compound 3 inhibited 69.2% NO production compared with the lipopolysaccharide group.
Sources of Rebellion in Western Societies: Some Quantitative Evidence

The extent, types, and causes of protest and rebel lion in twenty-one Western nations are statistically analyzed, using data on civil strife for 1961-65. Proportional measures of man-days and deaths in strife are combined in "magnitude of strife" scores. For more detailed comparisons, four com ponent strife scores are determined by distinguishing violent from nonviolent strife, and turmoil (riots, demonstrations) from rebellion (revolution, terrorism). The relative impor tance of three causes of strife is then examined: the extent of discontent, cultural justifications for strife, and the balance of social support between regimes and dissidents. Measures of these three causes, combined in multiple regression analyses, explain almost identical proportions of all forms of strife. The balance of social support is an important cause of variation in all forms of strife. Attitudes justifying strife are shown to be most important as causes of the least intense forms of strife. Most strikingly, discontent is found to be a negative cause of nonviolent protest but the strongest positive cause of rebel lion. These findings form the basis for an explanatory and predictive categorization of the Western nations according to their structural, cultural, and psychosocial potential for the several kinds of strife.
What Makes Patterns Interesting in Knowledge Discovery Systems

One of the central problems in the field of knowledge discovery is the development of good measures of interestingness of discovered patterns. Such measures of interestingness are divided into objective measures-those that depend only on the structure of a pattern and the underlying data used in the discovery process, and the subjective measures-those that also depend on the class of users who examine the pattern. The focus of the paper is on studying subjective measures of interestingness. These measures are classified into actionable and unexpected, and the relationship between them is examined. The unexpected measure of interestingness is defined in terms of the belief system that the user has. Interestingness of a pattern is expressed in terms of how it affects the belief system. The paper also discusses how this unexpected measure of interestingness can be used in the discovery process.
DNA barcoding of Caenogastropoda along coast of China based on the COI gene

DNA barcoding provides an efficient method for species‐level identifications. In this study, we have amplified partial sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene from 110 specimens of 45 species of Caenogastropoda collected from the coast along China to evaluate whether DNA barcodes can distinguish these species accurately. The average Kimura 2‐parameter (K2P) distances within species, genera and families were 0.44%, 13.96% and 22.27%, respectively. Both the neighbour‐joining tree and the Bayesian tree showed a clear discrimination of all the species in our study with highly supported clades. These results proved that the species of Caenogastropoda can be efficiently and accurately identified by DNA barcoding based on the COI gene.
Tissue Oxygen Index: Thresholds for Cerebral Ischemia Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Background and Purpose— To date, the clinical application of near infrared spectroscopy in the adult brain has been limited. The NIRO 300 (Hamamatsu Photonics) provides a continuous measurement of tissue oxygen index (TOI) using spatially resolved spectroscopy. Although TOI reflects cerebral oxygenation to a high degree of sensitivity and specificity, to become a useful clinical tool, thresholds for cerebral ischemia need to be defined. This study has attempted to identify a quantifiable TOI threshold for ischemia in the adult brain. Methods— One hundred sixty-seven patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy were studied. The NIRO 300 was incorporated into an established multimodal monitoring system enabling observations of cerebral hemodynamic changes under highly controlled conditions. Changes in TOI (&Dgr;TOI) on clamping the internal carotid artery were compared with intracranial blood flow (middle cerebral artery flow velocity) and cerebral function monitoring to identify and quantify periods of cerebral ischemia. Results— Significant correlation was seen between changes in middle cerebral artery flow velocity and &Dgr;TOI on clamping (r=0.74, P=0.0001). Thirty-one patients showed cerebral ischemia on internal carotid artery clamping as defined by a sustained fall in cerebral function monitoring. A threshold for %&Dgr;TOI of −13 was identified, above which no patients showed any evidence of ischemia on clamping. This threshold provided 100% sensitivity and 93.2% specificity for patients satisfying the preset criteria for cerebral ischemia. Conclusions— These data demonstrate the potential to identify TOI-quantified thresholds for cerebral ischemia in the adult brain and thus improve the clinical use of near infrared spectroscopy. Our observations have defined a drop in TOI (13%) that can be adopted as a threshold for severe cerebral ischemia with high sensitivity and specificity.
Semi-direct visual odometry for a fisheye-stereo camera

We present a semi-direct visual odometry algorithm for a fisheye-stereo camera. In a tracking thread, we simultaneously track oriented patches and estimate the camera pose. In a mapping thread, we estimate the coordinates and surface normal for each new patch to be tracked. Estimation of the surface normals allows us to track patches over a wide variety of viewpoints. In our algorithm, we do not make use of descriptors and robust descriptor matching to find patch correspondences. Instead, we use photoconsistency-based techniques to find patch correspondences. For tracking, we use sparse model-based image alignment to find the relative motion estimate, and feature alignment to find 2D-3D patch correspondences. For mapping, we use plane-sweeping stereo to find matching patches between stereo images. We also implement a state estimator based on the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to fuse inertial measurements and relative pose estimates from our visual odometry implementation. We run experiments in two different outdoor environments to validate our algorithm, and discuss the experimental results. Our implementation runs at an average of 42 Hz on a commodity Intel CPU. To the best of our knowledge, there is no other existing semi-direct visual odometry algorithm for a fisheye-stereo camera.
A self-assembling peptide RADA16-I integrated with spider fibroin uncrystalline motifs

Mechanical strength of nanofiber scaffolds formed by the self-assembling peptide RADA16-I or its derivatives is not very good and limits their application. To address this problem, we inserted spidroin uncrystalline motifs, which confer incomparable elasticity and hydrophobicity to spider silk GGAGGS or GPGGY, into the C-terminus of RADA16-I to newly design two peptides: R3 (n-RADARADARADARADA-GGAGGS-c) and R4 (n-RADARADARADARADA-GPGGY-c), and then observed the effect of these motifs on biophysical properties of the peptide. Atomic force microscopy, transmitting electron microscopy, and circular dichroism spectroscopy confirm that R3 and R4 display β-sheet structure and self-assemble into long nanofibers. Compared with R3, the β-sheet structure and nanofibers formed by R4 are more stable; they change to random coil and unordered aggregation at higher temperature. Rheology measurements indicate that novel peptides form hydrogel when induced by DMEM, and the storage modulus of R3 and R4 hydrogel is 0.5 times and 3 times higher than that of RADA16-I, respectively. Furthermore, R4 hydrogel remarkably promotes growth of liver cell L02 and liver cancer cell SMCC7721 compared with 2D culture, determined by MTT assay. Novel peptides still have potential as hydrophobic drug carriers; they can stabilize pyrene microcrystals in aqueous solution and deliver this into a lipophilic environment, identified by fluorescence emission spectra. Altogether, the spider fibroin motif GPGGY most effectively enhances mechanical strength and hydrophobicity of the peptide. This study provides a new method in the design of nanobiomaterials and helps us to understand the role of the amino acid sequence in nanofiber formation.
Design and implementation of a look-ahead scheduling MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks

Energy is the most important resource in wireless sensor networks. The wireless interface of sensor node consumes most of the energy and therefore many MAC protocols are adopting the periodic listen-and-sleep scheme. However, the periodic listen-and-sleep approach results in high latency and low throughput. For low latency in multi-hop forwarding without sacrificing energy efficiency, we designed a look-ahead scheduling MAC (LAS-MAC) protocol, which also works on the periodic listen-and-sleep scheme, but it reserves multi-hop packet forwarding schedules across multi-hop nodes during the listen period and forwards data packets by awaking the nodes with the reserved schedules during the sleep period. For high throughput of LAS-MAC, in addition, we add the throughput enhancement mechanism which clones the current multi-hop forwarding schedules for the subsequent data packet forwarding. Our experimental results on the MICA2 platform show that LASMAC achieves lower latency, higher throughput, and higher energy efficiency than 802.11-like MAC without sleeping.
Long-Term Prediction of Relationship Satisfaction and Stability by Stress, Coping, Communication, and Well-Being

In this 10-year longitudinal study, long-term relationship satisfaction and stability were predicted from communication behavior, stress level, physical and psychological well-being, and individual and dyadic coping skills. The predictors were assessed at the beginning of the study. Significant predictors of relationship satisfaction (n = 103 couples) for both men and women were relationship satisfaction in the beginning, and for men additionally their dyadic coping competencies. Significant predictors of relationship stability (N = 162 couples) were relationship length, relationship satisfaction of both men and women, as well as women’s positive communication. The percentage of correct classifications (stable or unstable relationship) over a period of 10 years was 80.3%. Implications for research and prevention as well as the importance of coping skills for relationship outcome are discussed.
CpG Islands: Starting Blocks for Replication and Transcription

ORI sequences. A few months ago, common features shared by large groups of ORIs were extracted from a large-scale mapping of replication origins based on the resistance of short nascent strands (SNS) to l-exonuclease digestion [5]. This study, conducted in HeLa cells and covering approximately 1% of the human genome, showed that origin density is strongly correlated with genomic landscapes, with clusters of closely spaced origins in GC-rich regions and no or only few origins in GC-poor regions. Moreover, half of the origins were mapped within or near CpG islands. In this issue of PLoS Genetics, a study by Sequeira-Mendes et al. extends this obser
Bit Error Performance of PLNC based SSK Modulated Bidirectional Relay Network in Rayleigh Fading Channel

Bidirectional relay communication has attracted the research community due to its high bandwidth efficiency. Space Shift Keying (SSK) modulation is a promising Multiple-Input– Multiple-Output (MIMO) technique in which only a single antenna is activated for transmission at any time instant and the index of this active antenna is used to convey information. In this paper, Physical Layer Network Coding (PLNC) based bidirectional relay network using SSK modulation is proposed in Rayleigh fading environment. A bidirectional Decode and Forward (DF) relay network consists of two source nodes and a relay node and it operates in a half duplex mode. Specifically, the transceiver at source nodes and relay node sends the data by employing SSK modulation and detects the signal based on the Maximum Likelihood (ML) detection criterion. The error performance of PLNC protocol in bidirectional DF relay networks for SSK is analyzed in fading environment. The Pair-wise Error Probability (PEP) is derived at the relay node and source nodes in closed form. The end-to-end PEP is also derived in closed form. The analytical results are verified using simulations. Index Terms Bidirectional DF relay network, Physical Layer Network Coding, Pair-wise Error Probability and Space Shift Keying
The Fractal Nature of Web Services

Conventional wisdom holds that the service-oriented architecture approach is the silver bullet for all IT problems nowadays. According to this view, SOA leads to near-perfect applications in which every function is implemented as a service, and a service can call any other service to implement its functionality. This includes not only services that provide business functionality, but also nonfunctional services for logging, monitoring, data transformation, and so on. Services that exist as independent concepts at design time are implemented as independent execution entities at runtime. Assuming that the conceptual system structure is equally useful during execution is a naive and potentially dangerous mistake. Instead, applying high-performance transaction system design criteria that optimize for runtime properties like performance, throughput, and resiliency should be paramount
Prospective Validation of Text Categorization Filters for Identifying High-Quality, Content-Specific Articles in MEDLINE

In prior work, we introduced a machine learning method to identify high quality MEDLINE documents in internal medicine. The performance of the original filter models built with this corpus on years outside 1998-2000 was not assessed directly. Validating the performance of the original filter models on current corpora is crucial to validate them for use in current years, to verify that the model fitting and model error estimation procedures do not over-fit the models, and to validate consistency of the chosen ACPJ gold standard (i.e., that ACPJ editorial policies and criteria are stable over time). Our prospective validation results indicated that in the categories of treatment, etiology, diagnosis, and prognosis, the original machine learning filter models built from the 1998-2000 corpora maintained their discriminatory performance of 0.97, 0.97, 0.94, and 0.94 area under the curve in each respective category when applied to a 2005 corpus. The ACPJ is a stable, reliable gold standard and the machine learning methodology provides robust models and model performance estimates. Machine learning filter models built with 1998-2000 corpora can be applied to identify high quality articles in recent years.
An analysis of network services using association rules

Log server is significant for every organization network. It generates huge amount of data every day and of different types. The data holds valuable information which is complex to be interpreted unless with the aid of web log analysis tool. Association rules is a data mining technique which is able to derived patterns from data in log server files. This paper presents the analysis of log server data particularly on the usage of network services. An Appriori algorithm is implemented in the pattern discovery and a tool named UMPNA assist in the process of derive the patterns. The results from the analysis can help network administrator increase the network performance.
Investigation of risk taking behavior and outcomes in decision making with modified BART (m-BART)

Responses to risky choices were collected and analyzed in a continuous, engaging and decomposable risk taking task; a slightly modified version of BART (Balloon Analog Risk Task [1]). Pupil dilation data throughout the experiment were collected and analyzed to understand participants' physiological expressions under risky choices. Participants were also administered a survey, prior to the experiment to monitor individual risk taking attitudes. A thorough analysis of responses indicated a dynamic system consisting of risk taking or aversive states. Participants' pupil dilation rates were predictable from this dynamical model abstracted from consecutive responses. These findings may lead to a model that fuses affective and cognitive aspects within risky uncertain decisions. Natural risk tendencies, extracted from the survey had no statistically significant effect on the results.
TWO-LEVEL NONLINEAR ELIMINATION BASED PRECONDITIONERS FOR INEXACT NEWTON METHODS WITH APPLICATION IN SHOCKED DUCT FLOW CALCULATION

The class of Newton methods is popular for solving large sparse nonlinear algebraic systems of equations arising from the discretization of partial differential equations. The method offers superlinear or quadratic convergence when the solution is sufficiently smooth and the initial guess is close to the desired solution. However, in many practical problems, the solution may exhibit some non-smoothness in part of the computational domain, due to, for example, the presence of a shock wave. In this situation, the convergence rate of Newton type methods deteriorates considerably. In this paper, we introduce a two-level nonlinear elimination algorithm, in which we first identify a subset of equations that prevents Newton from having the fast convergence and then iteratively eliminate them from the global nonlinear system of equations. We show that such implicit nonlinear elimination restores the fast convergence for problems with local non-smoothness. As an example, we study a compressible transonic flow in a shocked duct.
A HARD X-RAY STUDY OF THE ULTRALUMINOUS X-RAY SOURCE NGC 5204 X-1 WITH NuSTAR AND XMM-NEWTON

We present the results from coordinated X-ray observations of the ultraluminous X-ray source NGC 5204 X-1 performed by the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array and XMM-Newton in early 2013. These observations provide the first detection of NGC 5204 X-1 above 10 keV ? > , extending the broadband coverage to 0.3 − 20 keV ? > . The observations were carried out in two epochs separated by approximately 10 days, and showed little spectral variation with an observed luminosity of L X = ( 4.95 ± 0.11 ) × 10 39 ? > erg s−1. The broadband spectrum robustly confirms the presence of a clear spectral downturn above 10 keV ? > seen in some previous observations. This cutoff is inconsistent with the standard low/hard state seen in Galactic black hole binaries, as would be expected from an intermediate-mass black hole accreting at significantly sub-Eddington rates given the observed luminosity. The continuum is apparently dominated by two optically thick thermal-like components, potentially accompanied by a faint high-energy tail. The broadband spectrum is likely associated with an accretion disk that differs from a standard Shakura & Sunyaev thin disk.
Real-time task reallocation for large-scale UAV team in dynamic environment

To solve the problem of cooperative task reallocation for large-scale unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) team under complex dynamic environment, a method based on man in-loop consensus auction principle is proposed. Firstly, Delaunay diagram is used for environment modeling. Then, the shortest paths of UAVs to targets are obtained by using Warshall-Floyd algorithm, thus task allocation and path planning are decoupled. Finally, with man in-loop and consensus-based auction approach, the task reallocation under several sudden changes of environment is achieved. Simulation results show that, the proposed method can provide a feasible task reallocation in 1.2s for a large-scale UAV team, which proves the real-time performance of this method.
Relevance of the Kübler-Ross model to the post-injury responses of competitive athletes

Attempts to explain and/or predict the post-injury responses of competitive athletes have relied upon current models of grief. Kubler-Ross’s stage model (1969) has been particularly popular among sports psychologists and is cited frequently in sports psychology literature. Since the model was based upon a very different subject population, its relevance to the post-injury responses of competitive athletes has been questioned. This study evaluated the relevance of the model to the post-injury responses of competitive athletes. An existing database was utilised; the sample consisted of athletes (N=21) who, through injury, could not participate in sport for a minimum duration of two months. The sample represented various ethnic groups, with ages ranging from 12 to 35 years. Participation levels ranged from provincial to international. Through qualitative analysis, post-injury responses most similar to Kubler-Ross’s (1969) grief responses were identified. Results indicate the frequent existence of post-injury responses similar to the grief responses proposed by Kubler-Ross (1969), with the exception of the bargaining response. The model also proved to be relevant in the identification of underlying tendencies occurring during the post-injury rehabilitation period. Key words : Kubler-Ross; Post-injury responses; Sport injuries; Professional athletes; Grief stage model