Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Generalization for component reuse

Specification reuse is more promising than code reuse since the formal semantics makes it possible for tools to understand the reusable components and ensures their correctness. One method for enhancing the reusability of existing components is generalization which creates generic components by parameterizing specific ones. Combining formal specifications and reusable components is a promising way to solve the software crisis.Component generalization is the abstraction of an auxiliary part of a specification into a more general parameter. Therefore, a major difficulty during the generalization is determining the appropriate level of abstraction (or generality). In this paper, through a simple example, we present the syntactic and semantic generalization algorithms based on algebraic specifications, and illustrate how to control the level of abstraction in generic components using the categorized constructors.
Impression Relaxation Test, a New Relaxation Method to Determine the Time Dependent Characteristics of Salt Rock

Relaxation impression technique is a novel relaxation test in which a cylindrical flat ended indenter penetrates into a small region of sample and after keeping the displacement at a certain point, the decrease in the stress level will be recorded. Conventional relaxation test is a time consuming and expensive technique when a number of samples are needed to be tested. In contrast, impression relaxation test requires only a small amount of sample which makes this method cheaper. In this study, the impression relaxation test will be carried out on salt rock using an apparatus, which is designed and fabricated for impression relaxation test, and the results will be compared to the results of conventional compression relaxation test.
Analysis for the degradation mechanism of photovoltaic ribbon wire under thermal cycling

For assurance more than 25 year lifetime of photovoltaic module, the reliability of components and material should be guaranteed. This study draws a conclusion of ribbon wire degradation mechanism among the materials under thermal cycling. The main degradation mechanism of ribbon wire the crack caused by coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the module material and the ribbon wire solder. To demonstrate the degradation mechanism, thermal cycle test was designed and conducted with small photovoltaic module. The temperature cycle condition was (−) 45°C ∼ (+) 85°C and the dwell time was 20 minutes. Measurement was carried out every 100 cycles monitoring the series resistance (Rs) through dark I-V. The result shows that Rs increases. After 1,000 cycles, the characteristics of Dark I-V and illuminated I-V were compared and analyzed. Failure mechanism analysis was conducted for the modules which decreased 20 % of Pmax. Water-jet techniques for cross-section and SEM were used to analyze the factor of resistance change and efficiency degradation. The degradation mechanism of ribbon wire was proved.
REMOVAL OF TATTOO BY 1064 AND 532nm Q-SWITCHED Nd:YAG LASER

Background: A tattoo is made of particles of pigment injected into the skin. Although the body attempts to remove them, the particles of tattoo are too large to be removed and the body responds by encapsulating the whole tattoo in a wall of collagen that traps it within the skin permanently. Objective: to evaluate Nd-YAG laser effects for removing tattoo. Materials & Methods: The study was done on 99 tattoo lesions (in both genders) on different parts of the body (hand, foot, face and chest), ages were between 2160 years, and most common age group was between 20-30 years. In this work, tattoo were divided according to its colors, into black, blue, green, and red (The red color always shares with other colors), and each subdivided to amateur and professional tattoos. Quality-switched (Q-switched) 1064 nm, Nd: YAG laser, pulse width of 10 nanosecond and repetition rate (R.R) 5 Hz with different fluencies (energy/area) was used. These parameters were used for black, green, and blue tattoos. To red color tattoo 532nm Nd: YAG Q-switched laser, 7 ns pulse duration, R.R 10Hz, fluencies from 7.3 10.3 Joule/cm was used. The exposure time needed for treatment was from 2-5 min. according to the size of tattoo. Time interval between two sessions was from 3-4 weeks. Results: Black and blue color tattoo removed rather completely with faint shadow. Red color tattoo removed completely. For green color tattoo there was no responses. In this study the treatment with Q-switched Nd: YAG laser offers bloodless, low-risk, no permanent complication, no scarring, and no disfigurements in skin. Conclusion: Laser use is considered standard treatment for patient seeking tattoo removal. Keyword: Tattoo/ Q-switched Nd: YAG laser/ Fluencies. IRAQI J MED SCI, 2009; VOL.7 (3):66-8
Probability and Time Trade-Off

Probability and time are integral dimensions of virtually any decision. To treat them together, we consider the prospect of receiving outcome x with a probability p at time t. We define risk and time distance, and show that if these two distances are traded off linearly, then preferences are characterized by three functions: a value function, a probability discount rate function, and a psychological distance function. The concavity of the psychological distance function explains the common ratio and common difference effects. A decreasing probability discount rate accounts for the magnitude effect. The discount rate and the risk premium depend on the shape of these three functions. This paper was accepted by Peter Wakker, decision analysis.
Synthesizing plans that contain actions with context‐dependent effects 1

This paper presents a method of solving planning problems that involve actions whose effects change according to the situations in which they are performed. The approach is an extension of the conventional planning methodology in which plans are constructed through an iterative process of scanning for goals that are not yet satisfied, inserting actions to achieve them, and introducing subgoals to these actions. This methodology was originally developed under the assumption that one would be dealing exclusively with actions that produce the same effects in every situation. The extension involves introducing additional subgoals to actions above and beyond the preconditions of execution normally introduced. These additional subgoals, called secondary preconditions, ensure that the actions are performed in contexts conducive to producing the effects we desire. This paper defines and analyzes secondary preconditions from a mathematically rigorous standpoint and demonstrates how they can be derived from regression operators.
Fecal egg counts for gastrointestinal nematodes are associated with a polymorphism in the MHC-DRB1 gene in the Iranian Ghezel sheep breed

Genetic variation among sheep breeds in resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) has been demonstrated in several production environments. Relationships between the ovine major histocompatibility complex and resistance to GIN have been studied, but few studies have systematically examined this issue in less-developed and semi-arid regions. The aim of the current study was to explore associations between fecal worm egg counts (FEC) for several GIN and polymorphisms in the DRB1 gene. One hundred male lambs were selected at 4–6 months of age from weaned animals in five flocks (n = 20 per flock). Body weights were determined, FAMACHA scores based on color of the ocular mucous membranes were assigned as an indicator of anemia, and blood and fecal samples were collected twice to evaluate FEC and blood packed cell volume (PCV) and for DNA isolation. A repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to test effects of genotype on FEC. The model included fixed effects of flock, genotype, time of measurement (1 or 2), and flock × time and genoype × time interactions, and a random (repeated) effect of lamb. Two genotypes (A1A1 and A1A2) were observed following digestion of Region 1 of Ovar-DRB1 with PstI. Genotypic frequencies were 0.73 for A1A1 and 0.27 for A1A2. FEC differed between Ovar_DRB1 genotypes A1A1 and A1A2 for Marshallagia marshalli, Strongyle, and total nematode FEC. Observed FEC were 30–41% lower for genotype A1A1. Differences among genotypes were consistent across measurement times, with no effect of genotype × measurement time interaction for any parasite class (P ≥ 0.34). A significant association was observed between FAMACHA scores and lamb PCV, and the residual correlation between these two variables was -0.51 (P < 0.001). FAMACHA scores can thus be used to detect differences among lambs in PCV, and polymorphic markers of Ovar-DRB1 have potential value as an indicator of parasite resistance in applied animal breeding programs on sheep farms in this region.
A comparison of model and transform-based visual features for audio-visual LVCSR

Four different visual speech parameterisation methods are compared on a large vocabulary, continuous, audio-visual speech recognition task using the IBM ViaVoice TM audio-visual speech database. Three are direct mouth image region based transforms; discrete cosine and wavelet transforms, and principal component analysis. The fourth uses a statistical model of shape and appearance called an active appearance model, to track and obtain model parameters describing the entire face. All parameterisations are compared experimentally using hidden Markov models (HMM’s) in a speaker independent test. Visualonly HMM’s are used to rescore lattices obtained from audio models trained in noisy conditions.
Maternal Experiences in a Parenting Group Delivered in an Urban General Pediatric Clinic

Untreated perinatal mood and anxiety disorders can result in impaired maternal-infant interactions. Pediatricians have a unique opportunity to identify and support mothers with mood and anxiety disorders. A parenting intervention, Circle of Security, was delivered in a pediatric clinic targeting women with mood and anxiety disorders. A qualitative assessment of the program’s acceptability, participant engagement, and general experiences was conducted. Data collection included medical record abstraction, semistructured psychiatric diagnostic interviews, and semistructured questionnaires. Findings indicate Circle of Security is a feasible and practical approach to providing parenting support to women of young children with mood and anxiety disorders in the pediatric medical home. Additional larger studies will be helpful in tracking outcomes of participating women and infants and in further aiding pediatricians in teaching about attachment and emotions, empowering mothers to talk about their struggles, and ensuring support for mothers in reflecting on their emotions and experiences that affect parenting.
A Music Summarization Scheme using Tempo Tracking and Two Stage Clustering

In this paper, we present effective methods for music summarization which automatically extract a representative portion of the music by signal processing technology. Our proposed method uses 2-dimensional similarity matrix, tempo tracking, and clustering techniques to extract several segments which have different moods or dissimilar semantic structure in the music. The segments extracted are combined to generate a complete music summary. The three main techniques used in this paper are well-known and widely used for extracting music summary. However, we use them in a different way, and experiments show the proposed method captures the main theme of the music more effectively than conventional methods. The experimental results also show that one of the proposed methods could be used for real-time application since the processing time in generating music summary is much faster than other methods
University of Groningen Separability versus Prototypicality in Handwritten Word Retrieval

User appreciation of a word-image retrieval system is based on the quality of a hit list for a query. Using support vector machines for ranking in large scale, handwritten document collections, we observed that many hit lists suffered from bad instances in the top ranks. An analysis of this problem revealed that two functions needed to be optimised concerning both separability and prototypicality. By ranking images in two stages, the number of distracting images is reduced, making the method very convenient for massive scale, continuously trainable retrieval engines. Instead of cumbersome SVM training, we present a nearest-centroid method and show that precision improvements of up to 35 percentage points can be achieved, yielding up to 100% precision in data sets with a large amount of instances, while maintaining high recall performances.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Water-Soluble Hexavalent Chromium and Determination of Total Hexavalent Chromium Content of Portland Cement in the Presence of Iron (III) and Titanium (IV) Using Derivative Ratio Spectrophotometry

A rapid, reliable and accurate method for the determination of hexavalent chromium in Portland cement is developed. The proposed method includes direct spectrophotometric determination of Cr (VI) in Portland cement with 1, 2, 5, 8 Tetrahydroxyanthraquinone, (Quinalizarin, QINZ) at pH 1.5. The European Directive (2003/53/EC) limits the use of cements so that it contains no more than 2 mg.Kg-1 of water-soluble Cr (VI). The absorbance at 565 nm due to Cr (VI)-QINZ complex is recommended for the determination of water-soluble Cr (VI) in Portland cement. The quantification of Cr (VI) released from cement when mixed with water is performed according to TRGS 613 (Technical Rules of Hazardous Substances). The validity of the method is thoroughly examined and the proposed method gives satisfactory results. A derivative spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of total Cr (VI) in Portland cement in the presence of Fe (III) and Ti (IV). The hexavalent chromium complex formed at pH 1.5 allows precise and accurate determination of chromium (VI) over the concentration range 0.05 to 3.0 mg.L-1of chromium (VI). The validity of the method was examined by analyzing several Standard Reference Material (SRM) Portland cement samples. The MDL (at 95% confidence level) was found to be 25 ng/mL for chromium (VI) in National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) cement samples using the proposed method.
Dynamic error compensation of POS in power transmission line inspection

The inspection of power transmission line is very important to ensure the safety of our daily life, and the use of remote sensing system in power transmission line inspection is a new research area in these years. Position and orientation measurement System (POS) is a kind of equipment that is used to provide accurate attitude and position information of the remote sensing system. The dynamic error of POS is closely related to the structure of its application target. In order to improve the accuracy of POS, in this paper, we mainly discuss the dynamic error compensation of POS that is used in remote sensing system. The structure of the remote sensing system is introduced firstly, and the dynamic error analysis is presented according to the structure of the system, then experimental study is carried out on a real remote sensing system in ground to validate the effectiveness of the new dynamic error compensation method. The experiment results show that, the new method can compensate the dynamic error of POS effectively.
Tracking Long Duration Flows in Network Traffic

We propose the tracking of long duration flows as a new network measurement primitive. Long-duration flows are characterized by their long lived nature in time, and may not have high traffic volumes. We propose an efficient data streaming algorithm to effectively track long duration flows. Our basic technique is to maintain only two Bloom filters at any given time. In each time duration, only old flows that appear in the current time duration get copied to the current Bloom filter. Our basic algorithm is further enhanced by sampling. Using real network traces, we show that our tracking algorithm is very accurate with low false positive and false negative probabilities. Using multi-faceted analysis, we show that more than 50\% of hosts participating in long duration flows (duration no less than 30 minutes) are blacklisted by various public sources.
Complete versus partial preservation of mitral valve apparatus during mitral valve replacement: meta-analysis and meta-regression of 1535 patients.

OBJECTIVES To determine if there is any real difference between complete preservation (CP) and partial preservation (PP) of the mitral valve apparatus during mitral valve replacement (MVR) in terms of hard outcomes. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL/CCTR, SciELO, LILACS, Google Scholar and reference lists of relevant articles were searched for clinical studies that compared outcomes [30-day mortality, postoperative low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS), 5-year mortality or left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) before and after surgery] between MVR-CP vs MVR-PP during MVR until July 2012. The principal summary measures were odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI)--for categorical variables (30-day mortality, postoperative LCOS, 5-year mortality); difference means and standard error (SE)--for continuous variables (LVEF before and after surgery) and P values (that will be considered statistically significant when <0.05). The ORs were combined across studies using DerSimonian-Laird random effects weighted model. The same procedure was executed for continuous variables, taking into consideration the difference in means. RESULTS Eight studies (2 randomized and 6 non-randomized) were identified and included a total of 1535 patients (597 for MVR-CP and 938 for MVR-PP). There was no significant difference between MVR-CP or MVR-PP groups in the risk for 30-day mortality (OR 0.870; 95% CI 0.50-1.52; P = 0.63) or postoperative LCOS (OR 0.35; 95% CI 0.11-1.08 and P = 0.07) or 5-year mortality (OR 0.70; 95% CI 0.43-1.14; P = 0.15). Taking into consideration LVEF, neither MVR-CP nor MVR-CP demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in LVEF before and after surgery, and both strategies were not different from each other. No publication bias was observed. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence that argues against any superiority between both techniques of preservation (complete or partial) of mitral valve apparatus during MVR.
Depth extraction using adaptive blur channel selection for dual aperture camera

We introduce the Dual-aperture (DA) system which is a novel camera based on depth from defocus (DFD). However, conventional method for DA system has an object color dependency problem, which comes from color transition region between objects or textures in an object. This problem is very important because it results in errors in depth map. For this reason, we propose a 2-step process to obtain the improved depth map compared to the conventional method. First is new interpolation method to align the edge in different color channel using IR channel information. Second is the process to adaptively select suitable color channel for the depth extraction. In addition, experimental results indicate that we can obtain the improved depth map only with a small amount of additional computing time, or about 1% of the computing time for the conventional method.
Multi-level queue NVM/DRAM hybrid memory management with language runtime support

Non-volatile memory devices (NVM) devices, such as PCM, STT-MRAM, and ReRAM, enable the integration of secondary storage into main memory. This integration reduces I/O access to slow block devices; however, it is currently unrealistic to construct a large capacity main memory with a single NVM, because such devices have certain write access limitations. Combining NVM and other memory devices is necessary to overcome such disadvantages. Several researches discussed NVM/DRAM hybrid memory, combining NVM and DRAM. To use NVM/DRAM hybrid memory, the placement of data between NVM and DRAM must be determined. In particular, write-hot data should be allocated to DRAM and write-cold data to NVM. For data placement, programming language runtime supports are useful because they possess more detailed information about write access than the operating systems. A previous research proposed the individual counting method to manage NVM/DRAM hybrid memory with programming language runtime support that determine data placement based on the number of write accesses to each object. However, it is difficult to determine dynamically threshold values for data placements using the individual counting method. Here we propose a multi-level queue method to distinguish between write-hot and write-cold data. Experimental results show that the proposed method resolves the limitations of the individual counting method.
Parallel Implementation of Geodesic Distance Transform with Application in Superpixel Segmentation

This paper presents a parallel implementation of geodesic distance transform using OpenMP. We show how a sequential-based chamfer distance algorithm can be executed on parallel processing units with shared memory such as multiple cores on a modern CPU. Experimental results show a speedup of 2.6 times on a quad-core machine can be achieved without loss in accuracy. This work forms part of a C implementation for geodesic superpixel segmentation of natural images.
[Principles of classification].

Although radical hysterectomy is a traditional procedure in gynecologic oncology, with a history of almost 100 years (1), its performance is still poorly standardized. Different terminology and classifications are currently used to describe individual types of the procedure. At the same time one “universal” type of “classical” radical hysterectomy is still used in many institutions, irrespective of the size of the tumor or presence of other prognostic parameters. Even within existing classification systems, description and specification of anatomical landmarks does not allow for precise reproducibility. As a consequence, the extent of the parametria resection may vary substantially between institutions and surgeons, even if the same terminology is used. Simply saying, type X radical hysterectomy may represent very different procedure. At the same time, an accumulating knowledge in pelvic surgical anatomy helps us to better identify stable anatomical landmarks and precisely describe each type of the procedure. The detailed description and proper understanding of different types of radical hysterectomy is of utmost importance, as the extent of parametria resection determines late morbidity, especially bladder and rectal dysfunctions (2-7). Absence of uniformly accepted terminology and classification is a major limitation for sharing of results, assessment of intra-operative complications and post-operative morbidity, conducting credible multicenter surgical trials, and setting standards for postgraduate education.