Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dioxin formation in incinerators.

ed and unspecified products, respectively. In Figure 2, the pathways of the proposed mechanism are shown schematically. The rate constants assigned to the steps in the mechanism have been given values similar to rate constants which have been reported in the literature for analogous reactions. However, where there are uncertainties, the numerical values have been adjusted somewhat to bias the mechanism in favor of PCDD formation, i.e., worse case modeling. As constructed below, the mechanism is of a general nature. That is, isomer-specific kinetic rate constants are not estimated. In this regard note the following points. Unimolecular rate constants, except for resonance stabilization effects, are not sensitive to substitutions to the bond being broken at positions greater than those corresponding to a (adjacent) substitution (28-30). In addition it is expected that an increasing degree of chlorine substitution of the precursor chlorophenols will result in markedly slower rates of hydroxyl radical attack by addition reactions (30). Worse case modeling implicitly ac722 Environ. Scl. Technol. , Vol. 17, No. 12, 1983 counts for these effects in determining the overall (worse case) upper limit probability for PCDD formation as a class of molecules. The latter observation with respect to hydroxyl radical attack implies qualitatively that for gasphase processes, increasingly chlorinated PCDDs should be increasingly recalcitrant to bimolecular decomposition. That is, isomer distributions should be skewed toward higher chlorinated species. More quantitative statements regarding isomer-specific reactions require further experiments and more refined theoretical calculations. As the intent of this report is to examine the overall importance of gas-phase mechanisms for PCDD formation rather than isomer-specific differences, further refinements are not necessary here. Each of the reaction steps as given in Table I is discussed below. The assigned rate constants have been biased to favor PCDD formation. Therefore, the reader is strongly cautioned not to use these estimates out of the context of this paper, as actual values for these rates will be quite different in some cases.
Rhodizite: Structure and Composition

The mineral rhodizite could not be assigned a chemical formula on the basis of chemical analyses. The solution of the crystal structure reported here reveals that CsB12Be4Al4O28 is the ideal formula. The oxygen atoms occupy all but four sites per cell of cubic close packing whose period is �a. The boron, beryllium, and aluminum atoms occupy interstices of this array, the first two in tetrahedral coordination, the last in octahedral coordination. Together these atoms form a continuous network whose composition is B12Be4Al4O28, which should be neutral. The alkali atom is enclosed in a cage in this network and presumably is not behaving as an ion.
Factorized Linear Input Network for Acoustic Model Adaptation in Noisy Conditions

Deep neural network (DNN) based acoustic models have obtained remarkable performance for many speech recognition tasks. However, recognition performance still remains too low in noisy conditions. To address this issue, a speech enhancement front-end is often used before recognition. Such a frontend can reduce noise but there may remain a mismatch due to the difference in training and testing conditions and the imperfectness of the enhancement front-end. Acoustic model adaptation can be used to mitigate such a mismatch. In this paper, we investigate an extension of the linear input network (LIN) adaptation framework, where the feature transformation is realized as a weighted combination of affine transforms of the enhanced input features. The weights are derived from a vector characterizing the noise conditions. We tested our approach on the real data set of CHiME3 challenge task, confirming the effectiveness of our approach.
Development of an eddy-current-type magnetic floor hinge

A magnetic floor hinge is suggested to use a magnetic damping characteristic obtained by the eddy-current effect. It has a superior advantages compared to the conventional hydraulic floor hinge. First, there exists no wear in the magnetic damper since the disk rotates between the magnets without contact. Second, the deviation of the damping torque is very small in varying seasons due to the low temperature dependence of the conductivity of the disk to which the magnetic damping torque is proportional. The analytical models obtained for the damping torque and the recovering torque are experimentally investigated. The cost optimal design is carried out using the analytical models while satisfying the performance requirements. The analytical results are compared with experimental results. Finally, a prototype of the magnetic floor hinge is built.
A possible feature of thermal matter in relativistic jets of radio-loud quasars

It has been suggested that relativistic jets in quasars may contain a considerable amount of thermal matter. In this paper, we explore the possibility that the Kα line from the thermal matter may appear at tens of keV due to a high Doppler blue-shift. In the jet comoving frame, the energy density of photons originally emitted by the accretion disk and reflected off the broad line region clouds dominates over that of photons of other origin. We discuss the photoionization states of the thermal matter and find that the irons elements are neutral. The high metallicity in quasars enhances the possibility to detect the thermal matter in the relativistic jet in some radio-loud quasars. A highly Doppler blue-shifted Kα line may be detected. We make a prediction for 3C 273, in which the Kα line luminosity might be of the order 3.0 × 10 44 erg s −1 with an equivalent width of 2.4 keV. Such a line could be detected in a future mission.
A model of the visual attention to speed up image analysis

Current methods in image analysis are rather inefficient. They are too systematic and application specific. Parallel processing and learning procedures help to make up for those drawbacks. The intrinsic complexity of the visual recognition however prevents one to complete the analysis of a scene in such a parallel way. We need a smart system to guide the analysis of small regions of interest. Psychologists have suggested that it could be the role played by the attention system in the human brain. Their models are based on the extraction of basic visual features and variable magnifications. They select first isolated singular and expected objects. The model we suggest in this article is an implementation based on artificial neural networks that integrates knowledge of the physiology of the brain. We use the local geometry to build our basic feature maps. Simulation results are very promising.
Multi-speaker adaptation for robust speech recognition under ubiquitous environment

This paper presents a multi-speaker adaptation for robust speech recognition under ubiquitous environment. The goal is to adapt the speech recognition model for each speaker correctly in ubiquitous multi-speaker environment. We integrate speaker recognition and unsupervised speaker adaptation method to promote the speech recognition performances. Specifically we employ a confidence measure to reduce the possible negative adaptation caused by the environment noise or the recognition errors. The experimental results show that the proposed framework can efficiently promote the average recognition accuracy to 80∼90% for multi-speaker ubiquitous speech recognition.
The Bent Pick Ray: An Extended Pointing Technique for Multi-User Interaction

This paper presents a collaborative pointing technique for colocated multi-user interaction in projection-based virtual environments. Our approach uses bent pick rays to allow users to collaboratively work together without locking objects. Moreover, a user can manipulate distant objects in immediate reach, using a Scaled- Grab technique. The main purpose of the bent pick ray is to provide continuous visual user feedback, keeping a user informed about the collaborative manipulation.
Disparity in brain dynamics for video games played on small and large displays

In this research, we investigated the differences in brain activity while the subjects played video game. Experiment was conducted with two screen sizes; a large screen (40-inch display) and a small screen (3.5-inch handheld game). A total of 28 subjects participated in the study where two groups of 14 subjects played video games on two different screen sizes. Prior to video game play, baseline electroencephalogram (EEG) data were recorded during eyes open (EO) resting condition for five minutes. While the subjects played video game, the data were collected using a 19-channel EEG machine. The analysis was made by comparing the EEG results of subjects playing video game with that of baseline data. In order to remove artefacts like eye blinking and eye movements, a pre-processing like filtering was performed to clean the data. The analysis was made by using three measures, i.e., absolute power, coherence and phase lag. The analysis was made on four main frequency bands. It was found that the brain was active in beta band as higher absolute power was observed in occipital, parietal frontal and motor regions while playing video game as compared to baseline condition. Also, the coherence results showed that these regions are well connected. Furthermore, faster communication was observed from phase lag result for these regions.
Dietary strategies for the prevention of obesity

The rising tide of obesity has led to a resurgence of interest in dietary strategies to prevent excess weight gain. Data from controlled intervention studies is sparse, but nonetheless evidence from other diverse sources has identified a number of specific dietary factors and aspects of eating behaviour that either promote or protect against obesity. The present paper reviews the evidence in relation to energy density, the macronutrient composition of the diet, including the nature of carbohydrate foods and sugar-rich drinks, portion size and snacking habits. It concludes that there is now sufficient evidence to develop clear dietary guidelines to prevent weight gain that are largely consistent with those for the prevention of CVD and cancer. However, coordinated action across multiple stakeholders is also required if these guidelines are to be translated into sustained changes in eating habits.
Under-decimated 3D FIR space-time cone filters using DFT polyphase filter banks for attenuation of radio frequency interference

It is shown that, by employing 2D FIR spatial filters and under-decimation, the computational time of 3D space-time polyphase cone filter banks may be significantly reduced. The resultant input-output 3D transfer function is almost alias-free and, further it is shown that the proposed cone filters can be used to effectively attenuate such stopband signals as radio frequency interference in radio astronomy applications.
Disproportionate representation of KRAS gene mutation in atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, but even distribution of EGFR gene mutation from preinvasive to invasive adenocarcinomas

In the resected lung, additional small lesions are occasionally found incidentally, and include the full spectrum of preinvasive to invasive lesions under the current putative schema of the sequential development of lung cancer. In this study, we examined EGFR and KRAS gene mutations in 119 synchronous pulmonary lesions, including 40 precursor lesions (atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, AAH), 26 carcinomas in situ (non‐mucinous bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, BAC), 14 minimally invasive adenocarcinomas, 34 overt invasive adenocarcinomas, and five of other subtypes of cancer. Although the mutually exclusive nature of KRAS and EGFR gene mutations was maintained even in preinvasive lesions, the incidences of the lesions along the putative progression schema were quite different. The KRAS gene was mutated in 33% of AAH, 12% of carcinomas in situ, 8% of minimally invasive adenocarcinomas and 0% of well‐differentiated adenocarcinomas, whereas the frequencies of EGFR mutation did not fluctuate greatly, at 25%, 51%, 36%, 86% and 67%, respectively. These results are consistent with the findings of a published gene‐targeted mouse model; the mice expressing oncogenic KRAS developed AAH but not invasive adenocarcinoma, whereas a spectrum of preinvasive to invasive adenocarcinomas was observed in the mice expressing mutant EGFR. Taking these factors together, it is suggested that AAH could develop by either KRAS or EGFR gene mutation, but AAH harbouring a KRAS gene mutation might not progress further to an invasive cancer. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchical Bayesian Modeling of Spatially Correlated Health Service Outcome and Utilization Rates

Summary We present Bayesian hierarchical spatial models for spatially correlated small‐area health service outcome and utilization rates, with a particular emphasis on the estimation of both measured and unmeasured or unknown covariate effects. This Bayesian hierarchical model framework enables simultaneous modeling of fixed covariate effects and random residual effects. The random effects are modeled via Bayesian prior specifications reflecting spatial heterogeneity globally and relative homogeneity among neighboring areas. The model inference is implemented using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. Specifically, a hybrid Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm ( Neal, 1995 , Bayesian Learning for Neural Networks; Gustafson, MacNab, and Wen, 2003 , Statistics and Computing, to appear) is used for posterior sampling of the random effects. To illustrate relevant problems, methods, and techniques, we present an analysis of regional variation in intraventricular hemorrhage incidence rates among neonatal intensive care unit patients across Canada.
Comparative Study of Cluster Based Routing Protocols in MANET – A Review

Mobile Ad-hoc Network has broad impact on research area from past two eras. Its structure less establishment and flexibility increases its growth of attention in the field of Ad hoc network. MANET is defined as instant alteration in network topology and constrained energy. Clustering is useful to make network more efficient and scalable in MANET. In MANET nodes are continuously change their location due to mobility nature. Hence it became challenging task to manage them while preserving the energy. Many clustering algorithms and protocols are proposed to overcome these lacks and to make the network more stable and trusted. In this paper we describe the most prominent aspect related to the MANET . The motive of this paper compared and analyzed different clustering algorithms under different parameters such as Reputation, Misbehavior detection, Energy efficient and mobility of node. Keywords— MANET, Security, Clustering, Mobility, Efficiency, Stability, Misbehavior, Overhead.
The Additive Factor Method in Brain Imaging

Brain images of cognitive processes are often derived by subtracting activation produced by a control task from activation produced by an experimental task (Cabeza & Nyberg, 1997). If the two tasks differ only for the processing stage(s) of interest, differences in activation can be attributed to such stage(s). SM (Donders, 1868/1969) is used in mental chronometry to estimate duration of cognitive stages (Chase, 1978). SM assumes all processes do not change except for those manipulated in the stage(s) under investigation. However, there are problems that severely limit the use of SM with either behavioral (Chase, 1978) or brain activation (Friston et al., 1996; Poeppel, 1996) measures. The fallacy of pure insertion. Based on SM, if there is an experimental task containing a process that comprises several stages, it is possible to devise a control task containing a process that is identical, except for the absence of the stage(s) of interest. The fallacy consists in thinking that one can insert or delete a stage without altering the other stages. One can insert or delete a stage without affecting the whole process only if stages are additive. Assuming that behavioral additivity does hold, which seldom happens, there is an even harder problem: Functional additivity at the behavioral level does not imply neural additivity (Friston et al., 1996). The fallacy of task analysis. SM cannot be applied without a detailed and empirically proven theory of the processes and stages involved in the two tasks (task analysis). In brain imaging, very often the subtraction is applied to tasks whose components are inferred on merely intuitive grounds. The crucial flaw is that the control task is different from the experimental task. Thus, there is no guarantee that they differ solely for the relevant components.
SQCFramework: SPARQL Query Containment Benchmark Generation Framework

Query containment is a fundamental problem in data management with its main application being in global query optimization. A number of SPARQL query containment solvers for SPARQL have been recently developed. To the best of our knowledge, the Query Containment Benchmark (QC-Bench) is the only benchmark for evaluating these containment solvers. However, this benchmark contains a fixed number of synthetic queries, which were handcrafted by its creators. We propose SQCFramework, a SPARQL query containment benchmark generation framework which is able to generate customized SPARQL containment benchmarks from real SPARQL query logs. The framework is flexible enough to generate benchmarks of varying sizes and according to the user-defined criteria on the most important SPARQL features to be considered for query containment benchmarking. This is achieved using different clustering algorithms. We compare state-of-the-art SPARQL query containment solvers by using different query containment benchmarks generated from DBpedia and Semantic Web Dog Food query logs. In addition, we analyze the quality of the different benchmarks generated by SQCFramework.
Cardiovascular effects of nicotine gum and cigarettes assessed by ECG and echocardiography.

Cigarette smoking is one of the most firmly established risk factors for coronary heart disease (Kannel 1981). This risk can be dramatically reduced by discontinuation of cigarette smoking (Doll and Peto 1976; Hammond and Garfinkle 1969; Kannel 1981). Unfortunately, smoking cessation programs have low long-term success rates (Evans and Lane 1980; Raw 1978; Schwartz 1979). Several investigators attribute the maintenance of smoking behavior to a dependence upon nicotine (Gritz 1980; Jarvik 1970; Russell 1980). Nicotine induced withdrawal symptoms and nicotine seeking may account for cessation difficulty and high relapse rates. Nicotine chewing gum was introduced as a means of treating the pharmacological dependence during cessation of smoking (Ferno et al. 1973). The 4 mg dose results in blood levels of nicotine similar to a cigarette although without the “bolus” effect (see Russell and Jarvis in this volume). The 2 mg dose results in even lower blood levels. The purpose of using nicotine gum is to prevent abrupt withdrawal from nicotine and consequent symptoms and craving while supplying a substitute oral activity. Several recent studies attest to its efficacy in the alleviation of withdrawal (Hughes et al. 1984; Schneider et al. 1984; West 1984). Enhanced success rates in smoking cessation have been demonstrated in a number of recent placebo-controlled trials (Fagerstrom 1982: Hjalmarson 1984; Jarvis et al. 1982; Killen et al. 1984; Schneider et al. 1983). Since its introduction in the United States in 1984, this preparation is now widely available by prescription for the treatment of smoking dependence.
Single-mode , single-processor Giotto scheduling

This report presents a new algorithm for scheduling single-mode Giotto programs for a single processor. We extend the classical scheduling problem 1 | rj ; dj ; prec; pmtn | − to an infinite, periodic variant. We present a polynomial time algorithm for this variant that finds a feasible schedule whenever one exists. We show how to embed the problem of scheduling a class of single-mode Giotto programs for a single processor into our more general problem. The embedding yields a pseudopolynomial-time algorithm that allows more programs to be scheduled than previous techniques. Finally, we present a technique to aggregate distinct activities into the same thread, and we show how to execute Giotto programs using a single stack.
Dietary Fat–Influenced Development of Colon Neoplasia in Apc Min Mice Exposed to Benzo(a)pyrene

Colorectal cancer, responsible for 50,000 deaths per year, is a contributing factor for considerable mortalities in the United States. Consumption of well-done red meat and saturated fats rich in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may be one of the causative factors for sporadic colon cancer. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the formation of colon tumors in adult Apc Min mice was influenced by the ingestion of different types of fat containing benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P], a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compound. Treatment consisted of 50 and 100 μg B(a)P/kg body weight dissolved in peanut or coconut oil (representatives of unsaturated and saturated fats, respectively) administered daily to six-week-old male Apc Min mice via oral gavage for sixty days. At the end of exposure, mice were sacrificed; jejunum and colons were retrieved and preserved in 10% formalin for observation for gross pathological changes. An increased prevalence of adenomas in colons of mice that ingested B(a)P through saturated dietary fat compared to unsaturated fat and controls (p < .05) was noticed. Interestingly, we also observed adenomas with high-grade dysplasia in the B(a)P + saturated fat group, and these incidences were frequent at the 100 μg/kg B(a)P dose. On the other hand, the B(a)P-alone and unsaturated-fat groups did not show significant differences in the numbers of adenomas and invasive tumors in the both jejunum and the colon. Our studies established that dietary fat, especially saturated fat, potentiates the development of colon tumors caused by B(a)P in the Apc Min mouse.
Discovery of the toxic dinoflagellate Pfiesteria in northern European waters

Several dinoflagellate strains of the genus Pfiesteria were isolated by culturing techniques from sediment samples taken in the Oslofjord region of Norway. Pfiesteria piscicida, well known as a fish killer from the Atlantic coast of America, was identified by genetic methods and light microscopy. The related species Pfiesteria shumwayae was attracted from the sediment by the presence of fish, and has proved toxic. This present survey demonstrates the wide distribution of these potentially harmful species, but so far they have not been connected with fish kills in Europe.
The UNIX system UNIX operating system security

Computing systems that are easy to access and that facilitate communication with other systems are by their nature difficult to secure. Most often, though, the level of security that is actually achieved is far below what it could be. This is due to many factors, the most important of which are the knowledge and attitudes of the administrators and users of such systems. We discuss here some of the security hazards of the UNIX™ operating system, and we suggest ways to protect against them, in the hope that an educated community of users will lead to a level of protection that is stronger, but far more importantly, that represents a reasonable and thoughtful balance between security and ease of use of the system. We will not construct parallel examples for other systems, but we encourage readers to do so for themselves.