Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An integrated Approach to Virtual Tape Drawing for Automotive Design

The present paper describes a multimodal approach to authoring in immersive virtual environments. The technique for 3D curve input presented here is based on Taping, which is widely used in automotive design to create and modify characteristic lines of a model on a white board. Taping is used both at design review sessions or at model creation, in which designers fasten tape to back-projections of 3D models or on clay models. Currently, this approach requires designers to make photographs of their intended changes so they can later be transferred to the 3D CAD representation of the model. This process is time-consuming and can lead to miscommunications between designers and product engineers on how certain curves are to be interpreted. SketchAR is a multimodal immersive authoring system for Virtual Environments which uses sketching and calligraphic input as its main organizing paradigms. Within SketchAR virtual tape drawing has been integrated as a two-handed multi-modal interaction technique. Using optical tracking and multimodal interactions we have achieved a gadget-free interaction technique to input three-dimensional curves in 3D. Our approach uses passive optical tracking devices for high-precision and low latency input. Menu free interaction is accomplished through a synergistic combination of hand motion tracking and speech. (Fig. 1 Virtual Tape Drawing)
A Succinct N-gram Language Model

Efficient processing of tera-scale text data is an important research topic. This paper proposes lossless compression of N-gram language models based on LOUDS, a succinct data structure. LOUDS succinctly represents a trie with M nodes as a 2M + 1 bit string. We compress it further for the N-gram language model structure. We also use 'variable length coding' and 'block-wise compression' to compress values associated with nodes. Experimental results for three large-scale N-gram compression tasks achieved a significant compression rate without any loss.
A new parametric method based on S‐distributions for computing receiver operating characteristic curves for continuous diagnostic tests

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves provides a method for evaluating the performance of a diagnostic test. These curves represent the true positive ratio, that is, the true positives among those affected by the disease, as a function of the false positive ratio, that is, the false positives among the healthy, corresponding to each possible value of the diagnostic variable. When the diagnostic variable is continuous, the corresponding ROC curve is also continuous. However, estimation of such curve through the analysis of sample data yields a step‐line, unless some assumption is made on the underlying distribution of the considered variable. Since the actual distribution of the diagnostic test is seldom known, it is difficult to select an appropriate distribution for practical use. Data transformation may offer a solution but also may introduce a distortion on the evaluation of the diagnostic test. In this paper we show that the distribution family known as the S‐distribution can be used to solve this problem. The S‐distribution is defined as a differential equation in which the dependent variable is the cumulative. This special form provides a highly flexible family of distributions that can be used as models for unknown distributions. It has been shown that classical statistical distributions can be represented accurately as S‐distributions and that they occur in a definite subspace of the parameter space corresponding to the whole S‐distribution family. Consequently, many other distributional forms that do not correspond to known distributions are provided by the S‐distribution. This property can be used to model observed data for unknown distributions and is very useful in constructing parametric ROC curves in those cases. After fitting an S‐distribution to the observed samples of diseased and healthy populations, ROC curve computation is straightforward. A ROC curve can be considered as the solution of a differential equation in which the dependent variable is the ratio of true positives and the independent variable is the ratio of false positives. This equation can be easily obtained from the S‐distributions fitted to observed data. Using these results, we can compute pointwise confidence bands for the ROC curve and the corresponding area under the curve. We shall compare this approach with the empirical and the binormal methods for estimating a ROC curve to show that the S‐distribution based method is a useful parametric procedure. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Family Violence and Aggression and Their Associations With Psychosocial Functioning in Jamaican Adolescents

The purpose of the current study was to examine the relationships among selected family interaction variables and psychosocial outcomes in a sample of Jamaican adolescents. The authors hypothesized that adolescent psychosocial outcomes would be negatively associated with physical violence, verbal aggression would be more potent than physical violence, and the combined effect of all aggression and violence would be more detrimental than either form of aggression by itself. Overall, the results supported the authors’ hypotheses about the detrimental effects of negative family interactions on children’s well-being. All the parent–child and interadult variables were positively associated with problematic adolescents’ adjustment. However, the verbal aggression variables indicated a greater adverse effect than the physical violence variables. Additionally, the combined effect of parent–child and interadult aggression and violence indicated greater detriment to adjustment than each factor by itself. Interpretation of the findings within the Jamaican context and direction for future research are discussed.
The Office of Attorney-General

One of my famous predecessors, Francis Bacon, once said that the office of Attorney-General was “the painfullest task in the realm. ” It fell to another Attorney-General a few centuries later, Sir Patrick Hastings, to say that to be a law officer was to be in hell. I am happy to say that it is only occasionally that I feel like that about it. Although it became a great office of state, its early history is wrapped in obscurity. The basis of the office appears to have been that as the sovereign could not appear in person in his own courts to plead in any case in which he had an interest, an attorney appeared on his behalf. As early as 1243 one Lawrence Del Brok, a professional attorney, was prosecuting pleas of particular concern to the sovereign. In the year 1247 he was paid a regular fee of £20 a year for “suing the King's affairs of his pleas before him. ” As the functions of sovereignty became more complex and more extensive, and acquired a more public character, so the role and duties of the Attorney-General became wider. Already by the end of the thirteenth century the duties attaching to the King's Attorney's office had become burden-some. When Richard de Brettiville performed the duties, a medieval clerk added the postscript at the foot of a list of cases in which the King's Attorney was engaged, “Oh Lord, have pity upon Brettiville. ” In medieval times the political duties which now fall upon the Attorney-General werecompletely absent.
The Impact of a Language Learning Task on Instructional Outcomes in Two Student Populations: High-Ability and Average-Ability Students

This article examines the use of two different Spanish language learning tasks for students identified as high ability and average ability. Students were asked to read a short passage in Spanish on a computer screen and either use the glosses already provided for certain words to aid in comprehension (the control group) or create glosses for the same target words using a Spanish-English dictionary and annotation software (the experimental group). Next, they were asked to write a synopsis of the story in their own words in English and were also given an unannounced vocabulary recall test. They were retested 1 month later for vocabulary recall. High-ability students performed significantly better with the experimental task than with the control task on the vocabulary test, while average-ability learners showed no difference for recall between the two tasks. For reading comprehension, the complex nature of the experimental task seems to have created difficulties for average-ability learners, who scored substantially lower than the other groupings. Experimental average-ability students recalled significantly fewer words on the delayed recall test, as well, again suggesting a detrimental effect of the task on word retention for this group.
Radiolabeling and in vitro /in vivo evaluation of N‐(1‐adamantyl)‐8‐methoxy‐4‐oxo‐1‐phenyl‐1,4‐dihydroquinoline‐3‐carboxamide as a PET probe for imaging cannabinoid type 2 receptor

The cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptor plays an important role in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease and is therefore a very promising target for therapeutic approaches as well as for imaging. Based on the literature, we identified one 4‐oxoquinoline derivative (designated KD2) as the lead structure. It was synthesized, radiolabeled and evaluated as a potential imaging tracer for CB2. [11C]KD2 was obtained in 99% radiochemical purity. Moderate blood–brain barrier (BBB) passage was predicted for KD2 from an in vitro transport assay with P‐glycoprotein‐transfected Madin Darby canine kidney cells. No efflux of KD2 by P‐glycoprotein was detected. In vitro autoradiography of rat and mouse spleen slices demonstrated that [11C]KD2 exhibits high specific binding towards CB2. High spleen uptake of [11C]KD2 was observed in dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) studies with Wistar rats and its specificity was confirmed by displacement study with a selective CB2 agonist, GW405833. A pilot autoradiography study with post‐mortem spinal cord slices from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients with [11C]KD2 suggested the presence of CB2 receptors under disease conditions. Specificity of [11C]KD2 binding could also be demonstrated on these human tissues. In conclusion, [11C]KD2 shows good in vitro and in vivo properties as a potential PET tracer for CB2.
System identification of small-size unmanned helicopter dynamics

Abstmcf: Flight testing of a fully-instrumented model-scale unmanned helicopter (Yamaha R-SO with loft. diameter rotor) was conducted for the purpose of dynamic model identification. This paper describes the application of CIFER' system identification techniques, which have been developed for full size helicopters, to this aircraft. An accurate, high-bandwidth, linear state-space model was derived for the hover condition. The model structure includes the explicit representation of regressive rotor-flap dynamics, rigid-body fuselage dynamics, and the yaw damper. The R-50 codiguration and identified dynamics are compared with those of a dynamically scaled UH-1H. The identified model shows excellent predictive capability and is well suited for flight control design and simulation applications.
A Transdisciplinary Focus on Drug Abuse Prevention: An Introduction

This article introduces the scope of the Special Issue. A variety of scientific disciplines are brought together to establish theoretical integration of the arenas of drug use, misuse, “abuse,” and drug misuse prevention. Transdisciplinary scientific collaboration (TDSC) is utilized as a process of integration. Introductory comments regarding the strengths and limitations of TDSC are presented. Then, the relevance of genetics to substance misuse and substance misuse prevention is presented. Next, the relevance of cognition for prevention is discussed. Specifically, neurologically plausible distinctions in cognition and implicit cognition and their relevance for prevention are discussed. At a relatively molar social-level of analysis, social network theory, systems dynamic models, geographic information systems models, cultural psychology, and political science approaches to drug misuse and its prevention are introduced. The uses of both quantitative and qualitative statistical approaches to prevention are mentioned next. Finally, targeted prevention, bridging the efficacy-effectiveness gap, and a statement on overcoming disbalance round out the Special Issue. The bridges created will serve to propel drug misuse “prevention science” forward in the years to come. Advances in understanding etiological issues, translation to programs, and ecological fit of programming are desired results.
Association Between Lifetime Cigarette Smoking and Lewy Body Accumulation

Cigarette smoking has been associated repeatedly in observational studies with decreased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD), but its relationship to the risk of dementia or Alzheimer's disease (AD) is inconsistent. All of these studies have used clinical diagnoses of disease. We tested the hypothesis that lifetime cigarette use might be associated with reduced risk of neuropathologic changes of Lewy‐related pathology (LRP) in multiple brain regions or with reduced risk of consensus neuropathologic changes of AD in a prospective community‐based study of brain aging and dementia, the Adult Changes in Thought (ACT) study. We observed that heavy lifetime cigarette smoking (>50 pack years) was associated with significantly reduced relative risk (RR) for LRP, but not AD‐type pathologic changes, after correcting for selection bias, and with significantly reduced frequency of LRP in the substantia nigra. These findings are the first of which we are aware to associate reduced LRP in human brain with any exposure, and substantiate observational studies that have associated cigarette smoking with reduced risk of PD. Although cigarette smoking is too toxic to suggest as a treatment, if confirmed, these findings may guide future therapeutic strategies that attempt to suppress LRP in human brain by other means.
Structural Analysis and Destabilizing Terrorist Networks

This paper proposed structural analysis and mathematical methods for destabilizing terrorist networks. The three different approaches are discussed for example: (i) cohesion analysis (such as cliques, n-cliques, n-clans and k-plex) to determine familiarity, robustness and reachability within subgroups in 9/11 terrorist network; (ii) role analysis (such as position role index) to determine critical nodes (gatekeepers or leaders) and their removal leads to the maximum disruption of the network; (iii) power analysis (such as degree centrality, Eigenvector centrality and dependence centrality) to uncover the hidden hierarchy of terrorist networks. The methods are implemented in the software prototype known as iMiner, which may provides assistance to law enforcement agencies, indicating when the capture of a specific terrorist will likely disrupt the terrorist network.
Language Models for Enterprise Search: Query Expansion and Combination of Evidence

We describe our participation in the TREC 2006 Enterprise track. We provide a detailed account of the ideas underlying our language modeling approaches to both the discussion search and expert search tasks. For discussion search, our focus was on query expansion techniques, using additional information from the topic statement and from message threads; while the former was generally helpful, the latter mostly hurt performance. In expert search our main experiments concerned query expansion as well as combinations of expert finding and expert profiling techniques.
Graded Word Sense Assignment

Word sense disambiguation is typically phrased as the task of labeling a word in context with the best-fitting sense from a sense inventory such as WordNet. While questions have often been raised over the choice of sense inventory, computational linguists have readily accepted the best-fitting sense methodology despite the fact that the case for discrete sense boundaries is widely disputed by lexical semantics researchers. This paper studies graded word sense assignment, based on a recent dataset of graded word sense annotation.
Glucose Deprivation Results in a Lactate Preventable Increase in Adenosine and Depression of Synaptic Transmission in Rat Hippocampal Slices

Abstract: The effect of glucose deprivation on adenosine levels and on synaptic transmission was investigated in rat hippocampal slices. Incubation of hippocampal slices either in glucose‐free medium or in the presence of the glucose transport inhibitor cytochalasin B (50 μM) increased bath adenosine levels and depressed the extracellularly recorded synaptic potential or population spike. The addition of lactate (10 mM), a precursor for mitochondrial ATP generation, prevented the elevation in adenosine and the depression of the population spike. These results indicate that the neuroinhibitory modulator adenosine is elevated during glucose deprivation and contributes to the hypoglycemic depression of synaptic transmission. The increase in adenosine during glucose deprivation can be prevented by providing substrate for mitochondrial ATP generation. The present results indicate an interaction between lactate and adenosine such that an increase in lactate may contribute to a decline in adenosine production.
Enhanced Time Base Jitter Compensation of Sine Waves

The goal of this paper is to estimate the amplitude of a sine wave in the presence of time base jitter, time base drift, time base distortion and additive noise. This work is motivated by a comparative study of the amplitude distortion estimated using a nose-to-nose and electro-optic sampling based calibration of a high-frequency sampling oscilloscope. It uses the exact expression of the variance of a sine wave in the presence of normally distributed additive and jitter noise, instead of a Taylor approximation of this expression.
Materials and Methods Som Text Figs. S1 to S3 References and Notes Kinesin Moves by an Asymmetric Hand-over-hand Mechanism

28. We thank our colleagues in the laboratory for critical comments on the manuscript, W. -J. Lee for the kind gift of GNBP1 reagents, J.-M. Ubeda for suggesting the double-overexpression experiment, and M. -C. Lacombe for expert technical help. Supported by CNRS and the Ministère de l'Education Nationale de la Re-cherche et de la Technologie and by NIH. Requests for the GNBP1 osi (e03371) stock should be addressed to Exelixis. Kinesin is a double-headed motor protein that moves along microtubules in 8-nano-meter steps. Two broad classes of model have been invoked to explain kinesin movement: handover hand and inchworm. In handover hand models, the heads exchange leading and trailing roles with every step, whereas no such exchange is postulated for inchworm models, where one head always leads. By measuring the stepwise motion of individual enzymes, we find that some kinesin molecules exhibit a marked alternation in the dwell times between sequential steps, causing these motors to " limp " along the microtubule. Limping implies that kinesin molecules strictly alternate between two different conformations as they step, indicative of an asymmetric, handover hand mechanism. Results from a variety of single-molecule experiments have furnished insights into the mechanochemical properties of kinesin motor proteins. Individual kinesin dimers move pro-cessively, making discrete 8-nm steps at sto-chastic intervals, and may take a hundred or more steps before releasing from the micro-tubule surface. Processive motion persists even in the presence of sustained external loads up to several pN (1–3), suggesting that some portion of the kinesin dimer remains bound to the microtubule at all times. Kinesin molecules move on the microtubule surface lattice along paths parallel to the protofila-ments (4, 5), interacting with one binding site per tubulin dimer (6). Finally, kinesin moves in such a way as to hydrolyze exactly one adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecule per 8-nm step (1, 7, 8). Two broad classes of stepping pattern are consistent with the foregoing observations: handover hand models, in which the two heads step alternately, exchanging leading and trailing roles with each step, and inchworm models, in which a given head remains in the lead (9, 10). The active portion of the kinesin motor is formed from a dimer of identical heavy chains, which fold into twin heads attached to a single common stalk (11). The two globular heads, which carry enzymatic activity and bind ATP and microtubules, are joined to the stalk through short (ϳ13 amino acids) neck …
Do Airstream Mechanisms Influence Tongue Movement Paths?

Abstract Velar consonants often show an elliptical pattern of tongue movement in symmetrical vowel contexts, but the forces responsible for this remain unclear. We here consider the role of overpressure (increased intraoral air pressure) behind the constriction by examining how movement patterns are modified when speakers change from an egressive to ingressive airstream. Tongue movement and respiratory data were obtained from 3 speakers. The two airstream conditions were additionally combined with two levels of speech volume. The results showed consistent reductions in forward tongue movement during consonant closure in the ingressive conditions. Thus, overpressure behind the constriction may partly determine preferred movement patterns, but it cannot be the only influence since forward movement during closure is usually reduced but not eliminated in ingressive speech.
ChainTweak: Sampling from the Neighbourhood of a Protein Conformation

When searching for an optimal protein structure, it is often necessary to generate a set of structures similar, e.g., within 4A Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD), to some base structure. Current methods to do this are designed to produce only small deviations (< 0.1A RMSD) and are inefficient for larger deviations. The method proposed in this paper, ChainTweak, can generate conformations with larger deviations from the base much more efficiently. For example, in 18 seconds it can generate 100 backbone conformations, each within 1-4A RMSD of a given 45-residue conformation. Moreover, each conformation has correct bond lengths, angles and omega torsional angles; its phi-psi angles have energetically favorable values; and there are rarely any backbone steric clashes. The method uses the insight that loop closure techniques can be used to perform compensatory changes of dihedral angles so that only a part of the conformation is changed. It is demonstrated, using decoys from the Decoys 'R Us data-set, that ChainTweak can be used to construct good decoys. It also provides a novel and intuitive way of analyzing the energy landscape of a protein. In addition, ChainTweak can improve the accuracy and performance of the loop modeling program RAPPER by an order of magnitude (1.1 min. vs. 36 min. for an 8-residue chain).
The Analysis of Breach Path Problem in Wireless Sensor Networks with Blind Area

-Wireless ad-hoc sensor networks have been used widely in the physical world. One of the fundamental problems in sensor networks is the coverage in some complicated situation. In this paper, we studied the breach path problem for target in sensor networks with blind area, and defined the blind area of polygon in sensor networks. The existence of breach path and definition of maximal break path were also discussed in this paper. Considering the geometric model of sensor networks, we proposed the distributed algorithm to calculate the maximal breach path based on Clifford geometric algebra in sensor networks with blind area. The experimental results and their analyses prove the efficiency of our theory.