Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
COMMENTARY The cadherin superfamily: diversity in form and function

In the early 1980s Jacob and co-workers first described E-cadherin (uvomorulin), a cell surface glycoprotein involved in compaction (Hyafil et al., 1981; Peyrieras et al., 1983), and the mouse gene was later cloned (Schuh et al., 1986). Subsequently, a calcium-dependent transmembrane cell-cell adhesion protein with prominent expression in neural tissue, N-cadherin, was cloned and analysed (Nose et al., 1987). This molecule shared common amino acid sequences throughout its entire sequence with chicken L-CAM/E-cadherin and mouse uvomorulin/E-cadherin as well as the then recently cloned placental P-cadherin. These proteins are now all known to be part of the classical cadherin family, members of which confer calcium-dependent intercellular adhesion. Since then, the discovery of novel cadherins has exploded, and new ones are regularly reported. It is now clear that the classical cadherins are only a fraction of the cadherin-related molecules and that these constitute a cadherin superfamily that has a multitude of diverse members (see Fig. 1). Their extracellular portions, although containing conserved calcium-binding domains, show a plethora of divergent structural arrangements. They can have 5 to 34 definitive calcium-binding domain repeats of ~110 residues. The anchor to the cell membrane is usually a transmembrane region but can, as in the case of T-cadherin, be a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. A diverse array of cytoplasmic regions allows them specific interactions with their respective intracellular binding partners. Their spatial and temporal expression is complex and highly specific to the particular cell that synthesises them, even within a single tissue. So far, cadherins
Evaluation of stereo vision obstacle detection algorithms for off-road autonomous navigation

Reliable detection of non-traversable hazards is a key requirement for off-road autonomous navigation. Under the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) Collaborative Technology Alliances (CTA) program, JPL has evaluated the performance of seven obstacle detection algorithms on a General Dynamics Robotic Systems (GDRS) surveyed obstacle course containing 21 obstacles. Stereo imagery was collected from a GDRS instrumented train traveling at 1m/s, and processed off-line with run-time passive perception software that includes: a positive obstacle detector, a negative obstacle detector, a non-traversable tree trunk detector, an excessive slope detector, a range density based obstacle detector, a multi-cue water detector, and a low-overhang detector. On the 170m course, 20 of the 21 obstacles were detected, there was complementary detection of several obstacles by multiple detectors, and there were no false obstacle detections. A detailed description of each obstacle detection algorithm and their performance on the surveyed obstacle course is presented in this paper.
The Painting Fool Sees! New Projects with the Automated Painter

We report the most recent advances in The Painting Fool project, where we have integrated machine vision capabilities from the DARCI system into the automated painter, to enhance its abilities before, during and after the painting process. This has enabled new art projects, including a commission from an Artiﬁcial Intelligence company, and we report on this collaboration, which is one of the ﬁrst instances in Computational Creativity research where creative software has been commissioned directly. The new projects have advanced The Painting Fool as an independent artist able to produce more diverse styles which break away from simulating natural media. The projects have also raised a philosophical question about whether software artists need to see in the same way as people, which we discuss brieﬂy.
Analysis and Comparison of the Network Security Protocol with DoS/DDoS Attack Resistance Performance

Network security protocol design is important aspectof network security research. DoS/DDoS is very seriousattack in wired and wireless network. DoS/DDoS attack depletes memory/cpu of service provider, so legitimate user can't gain normal service. According to anti-DoS attack strategy of network security protocols, we give and discuss three mechanisms (stateless connection, Fail-together and Subset Sum Client-Puzzle) on design of a key exchange protocol against denial of service attack for ISO/IEC1170-3 key exchange protocol. Subset SumClient-Puzzle has simple structure, Non-Parallelizable speciality and fast verification. N Subset Sum Client-Puzzles' difficulties are sum of n Subset Sum Client-Puzzle's difficulty. Based on analysis of new key exchange protocol, we compare initiator and responder for computation resource, memory depletion and anti-DoS/DDoS. ISO/IEC1170-3 key exchange protocol on Subset Sum Client Puzzle, which is non-parallelizable, easy construction and verification, has the good property against DoS/DDoS attack. It provides a very good reference for network security protocol design with anti-DoS/DDoS attack.
A Game-Based Setup for Data Collection and Task-Based Evaluation of Uncertain Information Presentation

Decision-making is often dependent on uncertain data, e.g. data associated with confidence scores, such as probabilities. A concrete example of such data is weather data. We will demo a game-based setup for exploring the effectiveness of different approaches (graphics vs NLG) to communicating uncertainty in rainfall and temperature predictions (www.macs.hw.ac.uk/ InteractionLab/weathergame/ ). The game incorporates a natural language extension of the MetOffice Weather game1. The extended version of the game can be used in three ways: (1) to compare the effectiveness of different information presentations of uncertain data; (2) to collect data for the development of effective data-driven approaches; and (3) to serve as a task-based evaluation setup for Natural Language Generation (NLG).
Portal hypertension and primary biliary cirrhosis: effect of long-term ursodeoxycholic acid treatment.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Portal hypertension can complicate primary biliary cirrhosis, but studies evaluating the direct measurement of the portohepatic gradient (PHG) are rare. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and prognostic value of portal hypertension in patients treated with ursodeoxycholic acid. METHODS A total of 132 patients from a local "PBC clinic" were enrolled in this cohort study. The PHG and biochemical values were measured at inclusion and every 2 years. Factors associated with survival were analyzed. RESULTS Mean PHG at inclusion was 7.2 +/- 5.8 mm Hg. It was higher than normal (6 mm Hg) in 46 patients (34.9%) and higher than 12 mm Hg (variceal bleeding risk limit) in 26 patients (19.7%). There was a difference between the 3 subgroups in the probability of survival free of liver transplantation (P < .0003). After 2 years of treatment, a decreased or stable PHG (hazard ratio, 4.64; 95% confidence interval, 2.01-10.72) and normalization of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level (hazard ratio, 2.89; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-8.05) were predictive of better survival on multivariate analysis. "Responders" (stable or improved PHG and normalized AST level at 2 years) have a 15-year survival similar to that of a control Quebec female population. CONCLUSIONS Significant portal hypertension is a common complication of primary biliary cirrhosis. Changes in the PHG and normalized AST level after 2 years of ursodeoxycholic acid treatment can be used to identify a subgroup of responders with survival comparable to that of a control population.
Humanizing the Interface: Voice Activated Devices

Speech recognition is the process of converting spoken words into machine readable format, suitable for processing. The project aims at controlling devices by recognizing voice commands. This is achieved by developing a stand-alone, speaker-dependent speech recognition system. The system takes in speech samples as input. It converts them to corresponding control signals for operating various devices using TI's DSP Starter Kit (TMS320C6713). Controlling devices by one's speech provides a user-friendly interface. With accurate recognition algorithms and noise cancellation techniques, the system is made capable of operating devices in various environments.
New Propagation Model Optimization Approach based on Particles Swarm Optimization Algorithm

ABSTRACT Propagation models are keys components of coverage planning. With the deployment of 4G network worldwide, operators need to plan the coverage of their network efficiently, in order to minimize cost and improve the quality of service. In this paper, the standard model K factors validation of the results and comments will be provided in is taken into account to develop a method for tuning propagation models based on particle swarm optimization algorithm. The data are collected on the existing CDMA2000 1X-EVDO rev B network in the town of Yaounde, capital of Cameroon. The root mean squared error (RMSE) between actual measurements and radio data obtained from the prediction model developed is used to test and validate the technique. The values of the RMSE obtained by the new model and those obtained by the standard model of OKUMURA HATA in urban area are also compared. Through the comparison of RMSE from optimized model and OKUMURA HATA, it can be concluded that the new model developed using particle swarm optimization performs better than the OKUMURA HATA model and is more accurate. The new model is also more representative of the local environment and also similar to the optimized model obtained when using linear regression method. This method can be applied anywhere to optimize existing propagation model.
A CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR THE DRYING AND WETTING OF SOIL

A simple conceptual model is introduced which provides a framework for examining water content and volume changes produced by altering the soil suction. It is based on the concept of a 'Virgin Drying Line' (VDL). This line represents the water content-suction relationship for an initially saturated, normally consolidated soil subjected to drying with no external stresses applied. The model for drying and wetting uses similar concepts to those of normal- and over-consolidation. Soil on the VDL is called 'Normally dried'. However soil can exist at other states beneath the VDL due to re-wetting, and these states will be called 'Over-dried'. It is also possible for soil to exist beneath the VDL while still saturated due to overconsolidation. (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD 881647.
Consistent Kernel Density Estimation with Non-Vanishing Bandwidth

Consistency of the kernel density estimator requires that the kernel bandwidth tends to zero as the sample size grows. In this paper we investigate the question of whether consistency is possible when the bandwidth is fixed, if we consider a more general class of weighted KDEs. To answer this question in the affirmative, we introduce the fixed-bandwidth KDE (fbKDE), obtained by solving a quadratic program, and prove that it consistently estimates any continuous square-integrable density. We also establish rates of convergence for the fbKDE with radial kernels and the box kernel under appropriate smoothness assumptions. Furthermore, in an experimental study we demonstrate that the fbKDE compares favorably to the standard KDE and the previously proposed variable bandwidth KDE.
Integrated delay analysis of regulated ATM switch

We present an efficient and effective method to derive the worst case delay in an ATM switch. In an ATM switch, admitting a hard real-time connection requires the delays of cells belonging to the connection meeting their deadline without violating the guarantees already provided to connections that are currently active. Previous studies have shown that the real-time connection traffic and the available service can both be described by piecewise linear functions in terms of time. By utilizing the inverse of the arrival and service functions, we obtain an efficient and effective method to complete the worst case delay of a connection to an ATM switch. We analyze and compare the performance of an ATM switch with priority driven and FIFO scheduling policies under different utilization. We also compare the performance using our proposed integrated method with the traditional independent method. From simulation experiments, we found that our method always obtains a higher admission probability and a better estimation of cell delay within an ATM switch.
The ecology of action selection: insights from artificial life

The problem of action selection has two components: what is selected and how is it selected? To understand what is selected, it is necessary to distinguish between behavioural and mechanistic levels of description. Animals do not choose between behaviours per se; rather, behaviour reflects interactions among brains, bodies and environments. To understand what guides selection, it is useful to take a normative perspective that evaluates behaviour in terms of a fitness metric. This perspective, rooted in behavioural ecology, can be especially useful for understanding apparently irrational choice behaviour. This paper describes a series of models that use artificial life (AL) techniques to address the above issues. We show that successful action selection can arise from the joint activity of parallel, loosely coupled sensorimotor processes. We define a class of AL models that help to bridge the ecological approaches of normative modelling and agent- or individual-based modelling (IBM). Finally, we show how an instance of apparently suboptimal decision making, the matching law, can be accounted for by adaptation to competitive foraging environments.
Mind the Nuisance: Gaussian Process Classification using Privileged Noise

The learning with privileged information setting has recently attracted a lot of attention within the machine learning community, as it allows the integration of additional knowledge into the training process of a classifier, even when this comes in the form of a data modality that is not available at test time. Here, we show that privileged information can naturally be treated as noise in the latent function of a Gaussian process classifier (GPC). That is, in contrast to the standard GPC setting, the latent function is not just a nuisance but a feature: it becomes a natural measure of confidence about the training data by modulating the slope of the GPC probit likelihood function. Extensive experiments on public datasets show that the proposed GPC method using privileged noise, called GPC+, improves over a standard GPC without privileged knowledge, and also over the current state-of-the-art SVM-based method, SVM+. Moreover, we show that advanced neural networks and deep learning methods can be compressed as privileged information.
Comparative analysis of similarity measures in document clustering

Rapid breakthrough in science and technology paved way for the accumulation of bulk of data. Extracting useful and meaningful data from this gargantuan amount of data is a tedious process. This has resulted in the development of efficient Data mining methods to discover interesting unknown knowledge from a large amount of data. Document mining or Text mining refers to data mining techniques to extract interesting and nontrivial information and knowledge from unstructured text. Document clustering is an effective Text mining method which classifies similar documents in to a group. Similarity measures play a key role in clustering documents. In this, a comparative study on the effect of various similarity measures in clustering documents in the same data set is done.
Functional coverage measurements and results in post-Silicon validation of Core™2 duo family

Post-Silicon verification is an activity that is still maturing with respect to functional coverage methodologies. The architectural and micro-architectural feedback from silicon can be used to enhance the level of quality of the test suite, and allows monitoring the frequency of interesting micro-architectural events. For the latest Intel Corporation's multi-core processors (Intelreg CoreTM2 Duo processor, Intelreg CoreTM2 Extreme processor, Dual-Core Intelreg Xeonreg processor 5100 series, Intelreg CoreTM2 Duo mobile processor,), validation uses Random Instruction Tool (RIT) generated tests, so the need for coverage increases in importance. There are different methods that are used to understand what the RIT is exercising. In this paper, three efficient orthogonal solution and results vectors are presented: (A) Front-Side-Bus (FSB) Checker and coverage approach exploiting the re-use of mature pre-silicon tools, (B) Extended Execution Trace (EET) mechanism which uses special microcode patches for external tracking of microcode flows, and (C) Performance Monitoring Hardware used to collect frequency coverage of specific internal events. With these approaches, effective Front-Side Bus, microcode and architectural coverage was collected, analyzed and used as feedback for better tuning the RIT generation parameters. These three solutions have been put to practice in projects code named Conroe, Woodcrest, Merom, and Penryn to further improve the quality of test generated by the System Validation's (SV) RIT.
RGU-ISTI-Essex at TREC 2011 Session Track

Mining query recommendation from query logs has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. We propose to use query recommenda- tions extracted from the logs of a web search engine to solve the session track tasks. The runs are obtained by using the Search Shortcuts recom- mender system. The Search Shortcuts technique uses an inverted index and the concept of \successful sessions" present in a web search engine's query log to produce eective recommendations for both frequent and rare/unseen queries. We adapt the above technique as a query expan- sion tool and use it to expand the given queries for Session Track at TREC 2011. The expansion is generated by using a method which aims to consider all past queries in the session. The expansion terms obtained are then used to build a global, uniformly weighted, representation of the user session (RL2). Furthermore, the expansion terms are then combined with a ranked list of results in order to boost terms appearing more fre- quently in the nal results lists (RL3). Finally, we also integrate dwell times and the weighting method obtained taking both result lists and clicks into account for assigning weights to the terms to expand the nal query of the session. In addition to that, we submitted a baseline run. It is based on the observation that using the term \wikipedia" to expand the query resulted in a better retrieval performance for the tasks at last year's session track at TREC 2010.
Computer-generated Trompe l’œil

We present a computational method to generate a trompe l’œil on a paper, a 2D image depicting a virtual 3D model in such a way that the model appears to be a real 3D entity when a person views the printed image from specific viewpoint. This method is similar to augmented reality methods which show a virtual 3D model on top of a real world image captured by a camera considering photometric matching. The difficulty specific to our problem setting is that the color of a pixel sent to the printer is different from the color perceived by the person in the real world, because the perceived color is influenced by the environment such as paper and lighting conditions. We address this problem by adjusting the gray-scale color sent to the printer considering these influences. CR Categories: I.3. 3 [Computer Graphics]: Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism—Display Algorithms I.3. 6 [Computer Graphics]: Computing Methodologies—Methodology and Techniques;
Immunologic aspects of human thyroid cancer. Humoral and cell‐mediated immunity, and a trial of immunotherapy

Immunologic studies were performed on 16 patients with thyroid cancer. Circulating leukocyte counts increased, parallel to development of the terminal stage of disease, but total lymphocytes decreased. Serum immunoglobulin and complement were high, even though almost all patients showed negative antithyroid antibodies. Delayed skin hypersensitivity to bacterial and viral antigens and lymphocyte responsivity to PHA were not impaired at the initial stage of disease, but were impaired in terminal illness. Cell‐mediated immunity (CMI) to tumor antigens(s) was measured using the assays of lymphotoxin, migration inhibition factor, and peripheral leukocyte migration inhibition. A few patients showed significant response to tumor antigen, but not to homogenates of Graves' thyroid gland. Active immunotherapy was applied to three patients. Two patients, who were in the terminal stage of illness, could not develop generalized CMI; immunization did not alter the patients' rapid downhill course. One patient developed in vitro evidence of CMI against cancer tissue antigens, associated with decrease in tumor size. Four months after immunization, CMI was impaired in autologous plasma culture, but not in cultures in allogenic normal plasma.
Gas distribution, kinematics and star formation in faint dwarf galaxies

We compare the gas distribution, kinematics and the current star formation in a sample of 10 very faint ( 13.37 (0.4 1.7) × 10 21 cm 2 ) HI column density, the morphology of the Hα emission is in general not correlated with that of the high HI column density gas. Thus, while high column density gas may be necessary for star formation, in this sample at least, it is not sufficient t o ensure that star formation does in fact occur. We examine the line profiles of the HI emission, but do not find a simple relation between regions with complex line profiles and those wit h on-going star formation. Our sample includes examples of regions where there is on-going star formation, but the profiles are well fit by a single Gaussian, as well as regions where ther e is no star formation but the line profiles are complex. Finally, we examine the very fine sc ale (� 20 100 pc) distribution of the HI gas, and find that at these scales the emission ex hibits a variety of shell like, clumpy and filamentary features. The H α emission is sometimes associated with high density HI clumps, sometimes the Hα emission lies inside a high density shell, and sometimes there is no correspondence between the Hα emission and the HI clumps. In summary, the interplay between star formation and gas density in these galaxy does not seem to show the simple large scale patterns observed in brighter galaxies.
Static Types As Search Heuristics

Static analysis techniques have been studied for many years in the functional programming community, most prominently the use of inferred types to eliminate run-time checks. In analogy, if we regard checking whether an instance is useful for a proof as run-time checks and we can find types that eliminate irrelevant instances, we may also be able to prevent proof searches from checking those irrelevant instances, thereby improving the performance. This paper introduces a method that employs types as heuristics in proof search.