Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Travatar: A Forest-to-String Machine Translation Engine based on Tree Transducers

In this paper we describe Travatar, a forest-to-string machine translation (MT) engine based on tree transducers. It provides an open-source C++ implementation for the entire forest-to-string MT pipeline, including rule extraction, tuning, decoding, and evaluation. There are a number of options for model training, and tuning includes advanced options such as hypergraph MERT, and training of sparse features through online learning. The training pipeline is modeled after that of the popular Moses decoder, so users familiar with Moses should be able to get started quickly. We perform a validation experiment of the decoder on EnglishJapanese machine translation, andfind that it is possible to achieve greater accuracy than translation using phrase-based and hierarchical-phrase-based translation. As auxiliary results, we also compare different syntactic parsers and alignment techniques that we tested in the process of developing the decoder. Travatar is available under the LGPL at http://phontron.com/travatar
Entropy Bounds for Discrete Random Variables via Maximal Coupling

This paper derives new bounds on the difference of the entropies of two discrete random variables in terms of the local and total variation distances between their probability mass functions. The derivation of the bounds relies on maximal coupling, and they apply to discrete random variables which are defined over finite or countably infinite alphabets. Loosened versions of these bounds are demonstrated to reproduce some previously reported results. The use of the new bounds is exemplified for the Poisson approximation, where bounds on the local and total variation distances follow from Stein's method.
Multiple-model adaptive control with set-valued observers

This paper proposes a multiple-model adaptive control methodology, using set-valued observers (MMAC-SVO) for the identification subsystem, that is able to provide robust stability and performance guarantees for the closed-loop, when the plant, which can be open-loop stable or unstable, has significant parametric uncertainty. We illustrate, with an example, how set-valued observers (SVOs) can be used to select regions of uncertainty for the parameters of the plant. We also discuss some of the most problematic computational shortcomings and numerical issues that arise from the use of this kind of robust estimation methods. The behavior of the proposed control algorithm is demonstrated in simulation.
Automatic removal of extracardiac hotspots in technetium-99m myocardial perfusion SPECT

In Technitium-99m myocardial perfusion SPECT (MPS) tomograms, there is usually a substantial radioactive tracer uptake in the abdominal organs, especially the liver, bowel and stomach. This extracardiac activity frequently emerges as areas of intense brightness or hotspots, which hamper efforts in automatic MPS quantification. Though it would be favourable to remove the hotspots, their multitudinous appearance and proximity to the heart have made them difficult to be removed. In this paper, we propose an image processing technique to automatically remove the hotspots. Our technique uses the morphological watershed segmentation to delineate the hotspots before they are iteratively removed. The proposed technique has been applied on clinical MPS tomograms in which it has completely removed the hotspots in 90% of the test data. In addition, it has also shown to increase the success rate of an automatic left ventricle detection scheme to 100%.
Internet of Things: A system's architecture proposal

Internet of Things (IoT) is seen as the future of Internet. We will step out from typical current communication paradigm, to a much wider spectrum, where normal “things” will talk to each other, independent of human interaction. Emphasizing its importance in health industry, it can save lives and improve the ageing and disabled population's quality of living. It is not just things connected to the Internet - it is intelligent systems that we will be able to build on top of IoT that will introduce us to a better quality of life. However, IoT is facing a major problem: fragmentation and interoperability problems. If we want things to communicate with each other, intelligently and autonomously, then the new future Internet must be structured to allow such thing. The industry must adopt current standards and provide interoperability among other systems and developers must be aware of this issue too. Every new device should be IoT proof for future integration in IoT. In this article, there is a focus on these health-related use cases where they are detailed and explained how IoT could be deployed to aid in specific cases. The second part of the article takes the current IoT problem and tackles its issues, presenting a communication paradigm and proposes a new IoT system's architecture.
Change in Causes of Injury-Related Deaths in South Korea, 1996–2006

Background The aims of this study were to describe temporal patterns of injury-related mortality by sex, age group, and mechanism, and to identify changes in the leading causes of injury-related deaths in South Korea from 1996 through 2006. Methods This retrospective, descriptive study analyzed national data on all injury-related deaths reported in official death certificates from 1996–2006. Incidence rates of fatal injuries are presented as crude and age-standardized rates per 100 000 population, and percentage changes in injury-related mortalities over the 11-year period were calculated with respect to intention, sex, and age. The 4 most common mechanisms (fall, poisoning, suffocation, and drowning) were then classified as unintentional injuries or suicides. Results Overall injury-related mortality decreased 31.7% during the study period (1996–2006). Despite this overall decreasing trend, injury-related mortality increased among adults aged 65 years or older. In particular, injury-related mortality among women older than 80 years doubled since 1996. Suicide replaced transport as the leading cause of injury-related deaths between 2003 and 2006. With regard to intention, sex, and age, the most noticeable changes during the study period were increases in unintentional fall among elderly adults and suicidal fall among adolescents. Conclusions The incidence rate for all injuries generally decreased from 1996–2006. However, the incidence rate of fall injuries increased among elderly adults, and suicide increased among adolescents. These findings suggest that further investigation of the characteristics and trends of injuries is necessary to develop and implement effective interventions.
A proxy effect analyis and fair adatpation algorithm for multiple competing Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP clients

Multimedia streaming technologies based on the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) are very popular and used by many content providers such as Netflix, Hulu, and Vudu. Recently, ISO/IEC MPEG has ratified Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) which extends the traditional HTTP streaming with an adaptive component addressing the issue of varying bandwidth conditions that users are facing in networks based on the Internet Protocol (IP). Additionally, industry has already deployed several solutions based on such an approach which simplifies large scale deployment because the whole streaming logic is located at the client. However, these features may introduce drawbacks when multiple clients compete for a network bottleneck due to the fact that the clients are not aware of the network infrastructure such as proxies or other clients. This paper identifies these negative effects and the evaluation thereof using MPEG-DASH and Microsoft Smooth Streaming. Furthermore, we propose a novel adaptation algorithm introducing the concept of fairness regarding a cluster of clients. In anticipation of the results we can conclude that we achieve more efficient bottleneck bandwidth utilization and less quality switches.
Decompositions of frames and a new frame identity

We analyze a fundamental question in Hilbert space frame theory: What is the optimal decomposition of a Parseval frame? We will see that this question impacts several famous unsolved problems in different areas of mathematics. As a step towards the solution of this question, we give a new identity which holds for all Parseval frames.
Understanding Human Variation in Infectious Disease Susceptibility through Clinical and Cellular GWAS

Over the last ten years, advances in genotyping and high-throughput sequencing technologies have resulted in an explosion of genetic information. Whereas prior attempts at discovering human genetic differences affecting susceptibility to disease relied on genotyping one or a handful of candidate genetic variants, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have now become a common means of searching for susceptibility genes in an unbiased way. These studies have highlighted the relevance of particular pathways in pathogenesis of infectious and autoimmune disease. Thus, GWAS of clinical phenotypes can alert host-pathogen researchers to unexpected links between their pathway of study and human disease. Complementary to this, cellular GWAS using pathogens as probes can reveal how genetic variation affects cellular processes important for disease pathogenesis.
Distribution fitting and random number and variate generation

Discrete-event simulation programs invariably use random variates to model chance fluctuations. The basic requirement is to appropriately select probability distributions, such as the exponential or normal, and then sample variate values from these distributions to represent quantities, such as arrival and service times, needed to carry out the simulation itself. This tutorial discusses the basic techniques and the points that need to be borne in mind for both selecting distributions and generating variate values from these, once chosen.
Building an Investment Model from Field Work: Implications for Post Keynesian Theory

Competing theories of investment often end up using similar variables in empirical testing. For instance while the reliance on internal funds is a sign of information asymmetries for New Keynesian theory, it is the result of risk averse behavior by firm managers and bankers for Post Keynesians. While a sales variable captures future investment opportunities as a proxy for the marginal product of capital for neoclassicals, Keynesians use it as a measure of expected demand since the future is fundamentally uncertain and the best agents can do is to extrapolate the relevant past. Selecting among this mélange of possible empirical specifications is a minefield in which researchers from different perspectives can pick and choose among variables to get desired results. In this paper, I build an investment equation from field research. 1 Fieldwork allows us to explore the motivations behind firm‟s investment behavior, identify the constraints and impediments to investment in a realistic manner. The qualitative fieldwork presented in this paper was conducted through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with Chief Financial Officers of manufacturing firms in Turkey. The results of the interviews with key decision makers in the Turkish manufacturing firms help us choose the appropriate theoretical framework for understanding the investment behavior of these firms and how it has responded to changes in their business environment. Prior to the mid-1980s, the standard neoclassical Jorgenson model, the accelerator model, and the q model constituted the main theoretical foundations of empirical investment studies. 2
Proceedings of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Quantifying Errors in Fiber-tract Direction and Diffusion Tensor Field Maps Resulting from Mr Noise

INTRODUCTION Diffusion tensor MRI (DT-MRI) provides a discrete representation of the diffusion tensor field ofwater in living tissues. A graphical means to display the diffusion tensor field, '[\]is to construct diffusion ellipsoid maps or images (1). Moreover, from the diffusion tensor field, one can infer the fiber-tract direction field in some anisotropic tissues (1). 1n white matter and skeletal muscle, for example, the local fiber-tract direction corresponds to the major or polar axis of the ellipsoid, and is thus given by the
Cortical 5-HT2A Receptor Signaling Modulates Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Mice

Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] neurotransmission in the central nervous system modulates depression and anxiety-related behaviors in humans and rodents, but the responsible downstream receptors remain poorly understood. We demonstrate that global disruption of 5-HT2A receptor (5HT2AR) signaling in mice reduces inhibition in conflict anxiety paradigms without affecting fear-conditioned and depression-related behaviors. Selective restoration of 5HT2AR signaling to the cortex normalized conflict anxiety behaviors. These findings indicate a specific role for cortical 5HT2AR function in the modulation of conflict anxiety, consistent with models of cortical, “top-down” influences on risk assessment.
IL-33 attenuates the development of experimental autoimmune uveitis

Interleukin‐33 (IL‐33) is associated with several important immune‐mediated disorders. However, its role in uveitis, an important eye inflammatory disease, is unknown. Here, we investigated the function of IL‐33 in the development of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). IL‐33 and IL‐33 receptor (ST2) were expressed in murine retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in culture, and IL‐33 increased the expression of Il33 and Mcp1 mRNA in RPE cells. In situ, IL‐33 was highly expressed in the inner nuclear cells of the retina of naïve mice, and its expression was elevated in EAU mice. ST2‐deficient mice developed exacerbated EAU compared with WT mice, and administration of IL‐33 to WT mice significantly reduced EAU severity. The attenuated EAU in IL‐33‐treated mice was accompanied by decreased frequency of IFN‐γ+ and IL‐17+ CD4+ T cells and reduced IFN‐γ and IL‐17 production but with increased frequency of IL‐5+ and IL‐4+ CD4 T cells and IL‐5 production in the draining lymph node and spleen. Macrophages from the IL‐33‐treated mice show a significantly higher polarization toward an alternatively activated macrophage phenotype. Our results therefore demonstrate that the endogenous IL‐33/ST2 pathway plays an important role in EAU, and suggest that IL‐33 represents a potential option for treatment of uveitis.
Towards a predictive first-principles description of solid molecular hydrogen with density functional theory

We examine the influence of the main approximations employed in density functional theory descriptions of the solid phase of molecular hydrogen near dissociation. We consider the importance of nuclear quantum effects on equilibrium properties and find that they strongly influence intramolecular properties, such as bond fluctuations and stability. We demonstrate that the combination of both thermal and quantum effects make a drastic change to the predicted optical properties of the molecular solid, suggesting a limited value to dynamical, e.g., finite-temperature predictions based on classical ions and static crystals. We also consider the influence of the chosen exchange-correlation density functional on the predicted properties of hydrogen, in particular, the pressure dependence of the band gap and the zero-point energy. Finally, we use our simulations to make an assessment of the accuracy of typically employed approximations to the calculation of the Gibbs free energy of the solid, namely the quasi-harmonic approximation for solids. We find that, while the approximation is capable of producing free energies with an accuracy of $\ensuremath{\approx}10$ meV, this is not enough to make reliable predictions of the phase diagram of hydrogen from first principles due to the small free energy differences seen between several potential structures for the solid; direct free energy calculations for quantum protons are required in order to make definite predictions.
Bombesin-like peptides modulate alveolarization and angiogenesis in bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

RATIONALE The incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic lung disease of newborns, is paradoxically rising despite medical advances. We demonstrated elevated bombesin-like peptide levels in infants that later developed BPD. In the 140-day hyperoxic baboon model of BPD, anti-bombesin antibody 2A11 abrogated lung injury. OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that bombesin-like peptides mediate BPD in extremely premature baboons (born at Gestational Day 125 and given oxygen pro re nata [PRN], called the 125-day PRN model), similar to "modern-day BPD. " METHODS The 125-day animals were treated with 2A11 on Postnatal Day 1 (P1), P3, and P6. On P14 and P21, lungs were inflation-fixed for histopathologic analyses of alveolarization. Regulation of angiogenesis by bombesin was evaluated using cultured pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In 125-day PRN animals, urine bombesin-like peptide levels at P2-3 are directly correlated with impaired lung function at P14. Gastrin-releasing peptide (the major pulmonary bombesin-like peptide) mRNA was elevated eightfold at P1 and remained high thereafter. At P14, 2A11 reduced alveolar wall thickness and increased the percentage of secondary septa containing endothelial cells. At P21, 2A11-treated 125-day PRN animals had improved alveolarization according to mean linear intercepts and number of branch points per millimeter squared. Bombesin promoted tubulogenesis of cultured pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells, but cocultured fetal lung mesenchymal cells abrogated this effect. CONCLUSIONS Early bombesin-like peptide overproduction in 125-day PRN animals predicted alveolarization defects weeks later. Bombesin-like peptide blockade improved septation, with the greatest effects at P21. This could have implications for preventing BPD in premature infants.
Domain-lndependent Planner Compilation

The contrast between domain dependent and domain independent planning shares several characteristics with the contrast between interpreted and compiled programming languages. This observation has inspired an effort to construct a compiler for declarative plamfing domain descriptions which produces the code for a plamler within the target domain. Thus, domain independent planning advantages are combined with the efficiency of domain-dependent code. The compilation procedure is described, together with the target abstract machine and the process by which it is implemented in C++ and a brief sunnnary of results is provided.
CrowdPark : A Crowdsourcing-based Parking Reservation System for Mobile Phones

Parking in crowded urban areas is a precious resource that impacts driver stress levels, daily productivity, and the environment. A reservation system that enables individuals to buy parking spots prior to leaving their home would significantly ease these concerns. However, designing an infrastructure for guaranteed parking requires extensive sensor deployment and manpower, which is expensive and time-consuming proposition. In this paper, we present CrowdPark, a crowdsourcing platform that enables users to “loosely reserve” parking spots. Unlike traditional reservation platforms where sellers are usually the owners of resources, CrowdPark achieves parking reservation by crowdsourcing information about when parking resources will be available, and using this availability information to help other users find parking spots. The design of such a crowdsourcing-based parking reservation system presents several challenges including incentive design, robustness to malicious users, and handling the spatial and temporal uncertainty due to real-world vagaries. We present novel solutions to address these challenges that combine protocol design, game-theoretic and cost-benefit analysis, sensor data processing techniques, and navigation-based tools. With a combination of simulation and real-world experiments, we show that CrowdPark can 1) effectively incentivize user participation and detect malicious users with accuracy of over 95%, and 2) handle over 95% of spatial uncertainty and achieve over 90% successful parking reservation with a few minute long waiting time.
Field Notes on Field Notes: Informing Technology Support for Biologists

ABSTRACT Biology fieldwork generates a wealth of qualitative and quantitative information, an unstructured 'bag of data,' requiring substantial labor to coordinate and distill. In the interest of furthering research, we present findings from interviews with 15 biologists and analyses of 13 notebooks. We learned that biologists rely on their notebooks as the primary record of observations, plans, measurements, and results. However, a gap exists between the field tools used to collect data and the laboratory tools used to analyze that data. Our goal is to bridge this gap, bringing the field to the laboratory and the laboratory to the field. We introduce ideas to augment notebooks with two related goals: presenting notes alongside contextual information and using the notebook itself as a query interface.
The Induction of Serine/Threonine Protein Phosphorylations by a PDGFR/TrkA Chimera in Stably Transfected PC12 Cells*

Stably transfected PC12 cells expressing a chimeric receptor composed of the extracellular domain of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor BB and the transmembrane and intracellular domains of TrkA, the nerve growth factor receptor, were stimulated for 20 min with platelet-derived growth factor and the resulting phosphoproteome was determined from affinity purified tryptic peptides identified by tandem MS (MS/MS) analyses. The changes in the levels of individual phosphorylation sites in stimulated cells versus control were ascertained by the stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture technique. A total of 2035 peptides (806 proteins) were indentified and quantified in both data sets. Of these, 424 phosphopeptides on 259 proteins were found to be up-regulated and 392 sites on 206 proteins were down-regulated (1.8-fold or more). Protein kinases and phosphatases, as well as sites in many proteins involved in G-protein signaling, were prominently represented in the up-regulated group and more than half of the kinase up-regulated phosphosites could be clustered into three sequence motifs; a similar distribution was also found for the down-regulated sites. A comparison of the up-regulated motif profile observed to that calculated from a previous study of the EGFR-induced phosphoproteome in human HeLa cells at the same time point showed a considerable amount of similarity, supporting the view that RTK signal transduction pathways and downstream modifications are likely to be extensively overlapping.
Budget Allocation in a Competitive Communication Spectrum Economy

This study discusses how to adjust "monetary budget" to meet each user's physical power demand, or balance all individual utilities in a competitive "spectrum market" of a communication system. In the market, multiple users share a common frequency or tone band and each of them uses the budget to purchase its own transmit power spectra (taking others as given) in maximizing its Shannon utility or pay-off function that includes the effect of interferences. A market equilibrium is a budget allocation, price spectrum, and tone power distribution that independently and simultaneously maximizes each user's utility. The equilibrium conditions of the market are formulated and analyzed, and the existence of an equilibrium is proved. Computational results and comparisons between the competitive equilibrium and Nash equilibrium solutions are also presented, which show that the competitive market equilibrium solution often provides more efficient power distribution.