Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A new alert correlation framework based on entropy

With the development of computer networks, security devices produce a large volume of low-level alerts. Analysis and management of these intrusion alerts is troublesome and time consuming task for network supervisors and intrusion response systems. The alert correlation methods find similarity and causality relationships between raw alerts to reduce alert redundancy, intelligently correlate security alerts and detect attack strategies. Several different approaches for alert correlation have been proposed which are desired for detecting known attack scenarios. This paper presents a new alert correlation framework without using predefined knowledge. For this purpose, we define the concept of partial entropy for each alert to find the alert clusters with the same information. Then we represent the alert clusters by intelligible notation called hyper-alert. Finally a subset of hyper-alerts is selected based on the entropy maximization. The results of experiments clearly show the efficiency of the proposed framework. We achieved the promising reduction ratio of 99.83% in LLS_DDOS_1. 0 attack scenario in DARPA2000 dataset while the constructed hyper-alerts have the enough information to discover the attack scenario.
Spatial domain method based on 2D-DoA estimation against pilot contamination for multi-cell massive MIMO systems

This paper deals with the pilot contamination problem for multi-cell massive multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) mobile communication systems. The pilot contamination effect constitutes a major bottleneck for overall performance. Most of researches on pilot decontamination ignore the fact that different users can be distinguished by the direction of arrivals (DoA), even the users in different cells use the same pilots. We propose a spatial domain method based on two dimensions DoA (2D-DoA) which can distinguish the target user in 3D space. To obtain the desire signal's DoA, two type of 2D-DoA estimation methods are proposed. Utilizing the estimations to preprocess the received signals the interference can be suppressed effectively. Simulation results show the pilot contamination can be reduced obviously and the system performance can be improved significantly by the proposed method.
Temporal characteristics of event‐related BOLD response and visual‐evoked potentials from checkerboard stimulation of human V1: A comparison between different control features

This work is concerned with the temporal characteristics of event‐related blood oxygenation level‐dependent (ER‐BOLD) and visual‐evoked potential (VEP) signals produced by checkerboard stimulation of human V1. The study investigated whether different control features produce different amplitude VEPs, and if so, whether this corresponds to different ER‐BOLD responses. The results showed that there was a difference in the amplitude of the P1‐N1 components of the VEPs, and also in the magnitude and extent of the ER‐BOLD responses. These results suggest the possibility that the P1‐N1 components may be related to the difference in the magnitude and extent of the ER‐BOLD response. Magn Reson Med 45:212–216, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hash-chain based peer-peer key management and establishment of security associations in MANETS

Key management has always been an issue in ad hoc networks. These networks are infrastructure-less which gives the attackers an open chance to intrude and operate it on their will. A lot of work has been done in the area but the techniques were either less secured or require too many computations and were based on asymmetric or symmetric key management cryptographic schemes. The employment of such schemes requires a trusted third party to provide the secret keys to all nodes in the ad hoc network before network formation, which can be taken as a serious flaw. The ideal form of the ad hoc networks functions in a self-organized manner. We have a proposed a hash chain based peer to peer key management and establishing the security association, which eliminates the need for third party key initializing in all the nodes and emphasize on self-organization.
Automatic Generation Control using Interline Power Flow Controller

The Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) among the Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) is one of the most versatile devices, especially for power flow control of multiline systems. This paper presents a new utilization of IPFC in power systems. In this paper, IPFC is used as an Automatic Generation Control (AGC). In order to obtain this objective, Power Injection Model (PIM) among the other IPFC's models is chosen and implemented into the modified IEEE-14 bus test system. Power flow of the test system in presence of IPFC is done using programming with MATLAB software and the results are presented. The results indicate that IPFC can be utilized as an AGC.
Wireless local area network: a comprehensive review of attacks and metrics

Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) was once a single network solution. Yet now, it contributes to all part of business and computer industry. Thus, WLAN security measures need special attention. In order to identify WLAN networks’ vulnerability, some intrusion detection systems, architecture, and potential threats in the literature of this area is investigated. This approach is to categorize present wireless intrusion detection system (IDS) and detection technique. Several advantageous and drawbacks are presented and an in-depth critical literature review is presented. Different WLAN attack types and review some metrics in relation to operability and performance of IDS is summarized and extensively argued which can be conducted through integrating both practitioners and scholars. The future research areas are also discussed.
Influence of pastoral management on plant biodiversity in a depleted short tussock grassland, Mackenzie Basin

This study investigated the effects of different management inputs (fertiliser and seed) and grazing patterns on plant biodiversity in a short tussock grassland with a strong Hieracium pilosella component. Cover abundance of vascular and non-vascular plants and environmental variables were measured in 32 10×10-m plots located in five blocks with different management treatments. Ordination of the floristic data separated the block with the highest management inputs from other blocks. Several adventive species were significantly more abundant in this block, while several native species were either absent or uncommon, but were significantly more abundant in other study blocks. H. pilosella was significantly more abundant in blocks with lower management inputs. Diversity was significantly higher in the block with the highest management inputs. The native tussock Poa colensoi had significantly greater cover abundance while Festuca novae-zelandiae tussocks were significantly taller in this block. Our results suggest that high management inputs reduce the abundance of H. pilosella and diversity of native species, but increase the abundance of other adventive species and the cover and vigour of native tussocks. Our results highlight an interesting management conundrum for short tussock grasslands. No-input management is likely to result in a decline in native biodiversity, as well as production values, as H. pilosella mats deplete soil nutrients and restrict regeneration of native species. However, input of fertiliser and adventive seeds to enhance production values, although resulting in an increase in the vigour and abundance of some native species (mainly tussocks) and a reduction in H.pilosella abundance, will also result in a decline in overall native species richness.
Examining Associations between Self-Rated Health and Proficiency in Literacy and Numeracy among Immigrants and U.S.-Born Adults: Evidence from the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC)

This paper uses data from the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) to analyze the relationship between self-reported health (SRH) and literacy and numeracy proficiency for immigrants compared to U.S.-born respondents and for Hispanic versus Asian immigrants. The research questions were: (1) Are literacy and numeracy scores associated with adults’ SRH? (2) Are associations between SRH and literacy and numeracy proficiency moderated by immigrant status? (3) Among immigrants, are literacy and numeracy scores more strongly associated with SRH for Hispanics versus Asians? Immigrants had significantly lower literacy and numeracy scores, yet reported better health than U.S.-born respondents. Ordinal logistic regression analyses showed that literacy and numeracy were both positively related to SRH for immigrants and U.S.-born adults, and should therefore be viewed as part of the growing evidence that literacy is an independent and significant social determinant of health. Second, U.S.-born and immigrant adults accrued similarly positive health benefits from stronger literacy and numeracy skills. Third, although Hispanic immigrants were more disadvantaged than Asian immigrants on almost all socioeconomic characteristics and had significantly lower literacy and numeracy scores and worse SRH than Asian immigrants, both Hispanic and Asian immigrants experienced similar positive health returns from literacy and numeracy proficiency. These findings underscore the potential health benefits of providing adult basic education instruction, particularly for immigrants with the least formal schooling and fewest socioeconomic resources.
Molecular identification of nontuberculous mycobacteria isolated from pyogenic bovine tissues in South Darfur State and Alsabalouga slaughterhouse at Omdurman area, Sudan

This study identified nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) recovered from bovine pyogenic affections obtained at necropsy using the molecular target 16S-23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer region. Postmortem inspection of cattle was conducted at South Darfur State abattoirs and Alsabalouga Slaughterhouse at Omdurman area during 2007-2009. Specimens were examined for the presence of acid fast bacteria (AFB) using microscopic and standard culturing techniques. AFB were identified phenotypically and confirmed by 16S-23S rDNA ITS. Fifty nine NTM were recovered and confirmed as acid fast filaments out of 165 positive AFB specimens, of which 52 isolates were identified as bovine farcy causative agents, while 7 cultures were excluded due to drying. 16S-23S rDNA ITS of NTM revealed three different amplicons 500 bp. (32) isolates, 550 bp. (2) isolates and 600 bp. (14) isolates. Four isolates were contaminated.
On spatio-temporal sparse coding : Analysis and an algorithm

Sparse coding is a common approach to learning local features for object recognition. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in learning features from spatio-temporal, binocular, or other multi-observation data, where the goal is to encode the relationship between images rather than the content of a single image. We discuss the role of multiplicative interactions and of squaring non-linearities in learning such relations. In particular, we show that training a sparse coding model whose filter responses are squared amounts to jointly diagonalizing a set of image transformations. Inference amounts to detecting rotations in the shared eigenspaces. Our analysis helps explain recent experimental results showing that Fourier features and circular Fourier features emerge when training complex cell models on translating or rotating images. And it suggests that it will be crucial to include either squaring or cross-products into deep learning architectures if we want to extend their applicability beyond simple tasks like recognizing objects in a single image.
On Undirected Representations of Bayesian Networks

Empirical studies clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the nested jointree (NJT) representation in probabilistic inference. A NJT is a traditional Markov network (MN) together with a possible local MN nested in each clique. These nested MNs can themselves contain other nested MNs in a recursive manner. However, the NJT representation is not necessarily a faithful representation of a given Bayesian network (BN). This means that the effectiveness of a NJT has been demonstrated while only exploiting some of the independency information available in the given BN. In this paper, we introduce a new kind of probabilistic network, called a hierarchical Markov network (HMN). A HMN is a hierarchy of MNs. We give an algorithm to transform a BN into a canonical HMN. The main result of this paper is that the constructed HMN is unique and equivalent to the input BN. Since HMNs are a faithful representation of BNs, a query may be optimized using independencies in a HMN that otherwise would have gone unrepresented in a NJT approach.
HIGH-DIMENSIONAL COVARIANCE ESTIMATION BY MINIMIZING l1-PENALIZED LOG-DETERMINANT DIVERGENCE BY PRADEEP RAVIKUMAR

Given i.i. d. observations of a random vector X ∈ R, we study the problem of estimating both its covariance matrix Σ∗, and its inverse covariance or concentration matrixΘ∗ = (Σ). We estimateΘ∗ by minimizing an l1-penalized log-determinant Bregman divergence; in the mul tivariate Gaussian case, this approach corresponds to l1-penalized maximum likelihood, and the structure of Θ∗ is specified by the graph of an associated Gaussian Markov random field. We analyze the performance of this estim ator under high-dimensional scaling, in which the number of nodes in th e graphp, the number of edges and the maximum node degree d, are allowed to grow as a function of the sample size n. In addition to the parameters (p, s, d), our analysis identifies other key quantities that control rates: (a) thel∞-operator norm of the true covariance matrix Σ∗; and (b) thel∞ operator norm of the submatrixΓ∗SS , whereS indexes the graph edges, and Γ ∗ = (Θ) ⊗ (Θ); and (c) a mutual incoherence or irrepresentability measure on the matrixΓ∗ and (d) the rate of decay 1/f(n, δ) on the probabilities{|Σ̂ij − Σ∗ij | > δ}, whereΣ̂ is the sample covariance based on n samples. Our first result establishes consistency of our estimate Θ̂ in the elementwise maximum-norm. This in turn allows us to derive convergence rates in Frobeni us and spectral norms, with improvements upon existing results for graphs w ith maximum node degrees d = o( √ s). In our second result, we show that with probability converging to one, the estimatê Θ correctly specifies the zero pattern of the concentration matrixΘ∗. We illustrate our theoretical results via simulations for various graphs and problem parameters, showing good cor respondences between the theoretical predictions and behavior in simula tions.
Polynomial chaos expansion and response surface method for nonlinear modelling of reference evapotranspiration

ABSTRACT The feasibility of polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) and response surface method (RSM) models is investigated for modelling reference evapotranspiration (ET0). The modelling results of the proposed models are validated against the M5 model tree and multi-layer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) methods. Two meteorological stations, Isparta and Antalya, in the Mediterranean region of Turkey, are inspected. Various input combinations of daily air temperature, solar radiation, wind speed and relative humidity are constructed as input attributes for the ET0. Generally, the modelling accuracy is increased by increasing the number of inputs. Including wind speed in the model inputs considerably increases their accuracy in modelling ET0. Mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), agreement index (d) and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) are used as comparison criteria. The PCE is the most accurate model in estimating daily ET0, giving the lowest MAE (0.036 and 0.037 mm) and RMSE (0.047 and 0.050 mm) and the highest d (0.9998 and 0.9999) and NSE (0.9992 and 0.9996) with the four-input PCE models for Isparta and Antalya, respectively.
MDWOZ: A Wizard of Oz Environment for Dialog Systems Development

This paper describes MDWOZ, a development environment for spoken dialog systems based on the Wizard of Oz technique, whose main goal is to facilitate data collection (speech signal and dialog related information) and interaction model building. Both these tasks can be quite difﬁcult, and such an environment can facilitate them very much. Due to the modular way in which MDWOZ was implemented, it is possible to reuse parts of it in the ﬁnal dialog system. The environment provides language-transparent facilities and accessible methods such that even non-computing specialists can participate in spoken dialog systems development. The main features of the environment are presented, together with some test experiments.
Capturing Dense Environmental Range Information with a Panning, Scanning Laser Rangefinder

|We use a laser range nder with a scanning mirror on a panning platform to acquire range data in a local environment (range < 15m). In this paper, we discuss the hardware components, the software, show several examples of the range data, and discuss problematic issues such as material properties. We conclude with our future plans for improving the data and integrating it into our research program. Keywords| laser range nder, scanning, range acquisition
Development of PDBj-ML

The methodological advance of protein structure determination has resulted in accumulation of a large amount of structural information of biological macromolecules. With the advent of the structural genomics, the amount is expected to increase even more rapidly in the near future. Efficient methods of its storage and handling are, therefore, required to fully explore the information available. The Protein Data Bank (PDB) [1, 2] has been the primary database of the field, where atomic coordinates and other relevant information are stored in a well-known PDB format as well as the Macromolecular Crystallographic Information Format (mmCIF) [3]. Since last year Institute for Protein Science (IPR) of Osaka University has collected, curated and edited some of those coordinates as PDBjapan (PDBj) in collaboration with Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB). In recent years, XML has been proven powerful in various fields for the exchange and archiving of data, including biology-oriented datebases. It would be useful, therefore, to have an XML version of PDB so that it can be easily combined with other biological databases. In an attempt to provide such an interface between structural data and other tools of bioinformatics, we have initiated development of PDBj-ML, an XML format for structural information of macromolecules.
A Comparison of Energy Expenditure and Heart Rate Response Between a Dance-Based Group Fitness Class and a Dance-Based Video Game on the Xbox Kinect

Purpose:To compare the energy expenditure between a dance-based group fitness class and a dance-based video game on the Xbox Kinect. Methods:This was a crossover design in which thirty healthy female subjects participated in an hour long group dance class and an hour long playing session of Just Dance 3 and Just Dance 4 for the Xbox Kinect gaming system. Heart rate and caloric expenditure were recorded through a heart rate monitor and a triaxial accelerometer, respectively, throughout the sessions. Rating of perceived exertion scores were collected at the end of each session. Results:There was no difference in resting heart rate between both modes of exercise (P = .171). Average heart rate and calories expended were both significantly greater (P = .006 and P = .0001, respectively) in the dance class as compared with the Xbox Kinect. Rating of perceived exertion was significantly greater (P = .0001) in the dance class as compared with the Xbox Kinect. Conclusions:The results indicate that the dance-based group fitness class elicits a significantly greater intensity across several key measures as compared with the dance-based video game. Although the dance-based fitness class was superior to the Kinect sessions in terms of increasing heart rate and energy expenditure, 96.67% of subjects still demonstrated an increase in peak heart rate to over 50% of age-predicted heart rate maximum while playing the Xbox Kinect.
Fun with Higgsless theories

Motivated by recent works on 'Higgsless theories', I discuss an SU(2){sub 0}xSU(2){sup N}xU(1) gauge theory with arbitrary bifundamental (or custodial SU(2) preserving) symmetry breaking between the gauge subgroups and with ordinary matter transforming only under the U(1) and SU(2){sub 0}. When the couplings, g{sub j}, of the other SU(2)s are very large, this reproduces the standard model at the tree level. I calculate the W and Z masses and other electroweak parameters in a perturbative expansion in 1/g{sub j}{sup 2}, and give physical interpretations of the results in a mechanical analog built out of masses and springs. In the mechanical analog, it is clear that even for arbitrary patterns of symmetry breaking, it is not possible (in the perturbative regime) to raise the Higgs mass by a large factor while keeping the S parameter small.
Energy-sparing adaptations in human pregnancy assessed by whole-body calorimetry

The hypothesis that the energy cost of human pregnancy can be minimized by energy-sparing metabolic adaptations was tested using serial 24 h whole-body calorimetry. Eight healthy, well-nourished women were studied prepregnant and at 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 weeks gestation. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) showed highly characteristic changes within each subject and large inter-individual differences (F 3.5, P < 0.01). Some subjects showed a highly significant depression of metabolism up to 24 weeks gestation in support of the initial hypothesis. At 36 weeks BMR ranged from +8.6 to +35.4% relative to the prepregnant baseline. This wide variability was not explained by differences in the amount of lean tissue gained. Women displaying the energy-sparing suppression of BMR tended to be thin, suggesting that changes in metabolism may be responsive to initial energy status (ΔBMR ν. prepregnant body fat: r 0.84, P < 0.005). Changes in 24 h energy expenditure closely paralleled changes in BMR (r 0.98, P < 0.001), since the energy cost of minor voluntary activity and thermogenesis remained very constant within each individual. Pregnancy decreased the net cost of weight-dependent and weight-independent standard exercises when expressed per kg body-weight: stepping – 10 (sd 2)%, P < 0.001 at 18–36 weeks, cycling - 26 (sd 7)%, P < 0.01 at 12–36 weeks. The average integrated maintenance costs of pregnancy matched previous group estimates from well-nourished women, but individual estimates ranged from - 16 to + 276 MJ (coefficient of variation 93%). This high level of variability has important implications for the prescription of incremental energy intakes during pregnancy. It may also have had evolutionary significance.