Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Studies on energy-linked reactions: modified mitochondrial ATPase of oligomycin-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Oligomycin resistance is expressed at the mitochondrial and submitochondrial levels in oligomycin-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Studies of the mitochondrial ATPase and Pi-ATP exchange reaction indicate that a modification of the mitochondrial ATPase (ATP-synthetase) complex is involved. The specific resistance at the mitochondrial level to oligomycin and related inhibitors such as ossamycin, rutamycin and peliomycin and the lack of resistance to other inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthetase (triethyltin sulphate, venturicidin, aurovertin, Dio-9) correlate with whole cell studies and provide further evidence for a specific modification of an inhibitor site on the mitochondrial inner membrane. Mitochondrial mutants which map at the OLI and OLII loci can be differentiated biochemically by their sensitivity to oligomycin of mitochondrial ATPase and the pH 9.5/pH 6.5 ATPase activity ratios. Studies utilising F1-ATPase from wild type and oligomycin-resistant mutants indicate that oligomycin resistance is due to a modification of a membrane-bound component of the mitochondrial ATP-synthetase complex and not to a modification of F1-ATPase or the oligomycin-sensitivity-conferring protein. Partially purified oligomycin-sensitive ATPase preparations (Triton X-100 extracts) retain the sensitivity (resistance) and specificity of the original membrane-bound system in mitochondria. Purified oligomycin-sensitive ATPase preparations also retain the specificity of the original membrane preparation but the sensitivity to inhibitors is partially modified. The results support the conclusion that oligomycin resistance is due to modification of mitochondrially coded and mitochondrially synthesised subunits of the oligomycin-sensitive ATPase (ATP synthetase) complex. There is no correlation of oligomycin resistance with the ergosterol concentration of yeast cells, yeast mitochondria or mitochondrial ATPase.
Subculture affects the phenotypic expression of human periodontal ligament cells and their response to fibroblast growth factor-2 and bone morphogenetic protein-7 in vitro.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Although periodontal ligament cells display several osteoblastic traits, their phenotypic expression is still not well established. It remains a matter of debate whether they resemble a terminally differentiated cell type or an intermediate maturation state that potentially can be directed towards a fibroblastic or an osteoblastic phenotype. MATERIAL AND METHODS To explore the characteristics of periodontal ligament cells in greater detail, fourth-passage, sixth-passage and eighth-passage human periodontal ligament cells were cultured for up to 3 wk. Ki-67, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) mRNA expression was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, the cellular response to fibroblast growth factor-2 and bone morphogenetic protein-7 was examined in first-passage and fourth-passage cells. Dermal fibroblasts (1BR.3.G) and osteoblast-like cells (MG63) served as reference cell lines. RESULTS Proliferation decreased over time and was highest in fourth-passage cells. The expression of differentiation parameters, osteoprotegerin and RANKL increased with culture time and was higher in fourth-passage cells than in cells of later passages. The RANKL/osteoprotegerin ratio increased steadily until day 21. Administration of fibroblast growth factor-2 enhanced cell numbers in both passages, whereas alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin production remained unchanged. By contrast, exposure of periodontal ligament cells to bone morphogenetic protein-7 resulted in a reduction of cell number in the first and fourth passages, whereas the production of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin was enhanced. In dermal fibroblasts, differentiation parameters did not respond to both stimuli. MG63 cells behaved similarly to periodontal ligament cells. CONCLUSION These results indicate that subculture affects the phenotypic expression of human periodontal ligament cells with respect to the characteristics that these cells share with osteoblasts. Furthermore, the periodontal ligament cell phenotype can be altered by fibroblastic and osteoblastic growth factors.
aarD, a Providencia stuartii homologue of cydD: role in 2′‐N‐acetyltransferase expression, cell morphology and growth in the presence of an extracellular factor

In a search for genes involved in regulation of the 2′‐N‐acetyltransferase in Providencia stuartii, a mini‐Tn5 Cm insertion has been isolated in a locus designated aarD. The aarD1::mini‐Tn5 Cm mutation resulted in a 4.7‐fold increase in the levels of β‐galactosidase accumulation from an aac(2′)–lacZ transcriptional fusion and a 32‐fold increase in the levels of gentamicin resistance in P. stuartii. The wild‐type aarD locus was cloned on a 5.0 kb Cla I fragment and complemented the aarD1 mutation. Nucleotide sequence analysis of this fragment identified two large open reading frames whose deduced products displayed significant amino acid identity, 64% and 64%, respectively, to the CydD and CydC proteins of Escherichia coli, which are involved in formation of the cytochrome d oxidase complex. Physical mapping indicated the aarD1::mini‐Tn5 Cm insertion was within the open reading homologous to CydD. The strain containing the aarD1 mutation was unable to grow in the presence of toluidine blue or on glycerol minimal media in the presence of zinc, suggesting that aarD is functionally equivalent to cydD. Additional phenotypes resulting from the aarD1 mutation included: altered cell morphology, a reduced growth rate and the inability of cells to grow beyond early log phase. Further examination of this phenomenon revealed that the aarD1 mutant was unable to grow in the presence of a self‐produced extracellular factor(s). This novel phenotype was not limited to P. stuartii as E. coli cydD and ΔcydAB::kan mutants were also sensitive to a self‐produced extracellular factor.
Aggregation Bias, Compositional Change, and the Border Effect

Borders affect the composition, not only the level, of interregional trade. In disaggregated U.S. Commodity Flow data, border effects vary substantially across commodities. Substantial border-induced compositional change suggests the possibility that standard estimates suffer from aggregation bias arising from endogenous industry location patterns and the presence of zero observations in commodity-level trade. Adjusting for these effects reduces the estimate of the aggregate border effect from 20.9 to 5.7.
Indemnity, Amnesty, Pardon and Prosecution Guidelines in South Africa

In charting the history of the amnesty and amnesty-like measures in South Africa, this paper will begin in Part 2 by providing a brief overview of the apartheid system and the violations committed by the parties to the conflict that resulted. Then in Part 3 it will explore the triggers that forced the apartheid regime to move towards a negotiated transition. Part 4 will discuss the origins of the amnesty question in the transition through the struggle to define political crimes. Part 5 will consider the evolving positions of the government and the ANC towards amnesty and truth recovery in a context of high levels of violence and greater public knowledge of the crimes committed by both sides. Part 6 will explore the amnesty provisions in the postamble to the Interim Constitution 1993. Part 7 will briefly discuss the implementation of the 1990 and 1992 indemnity laws following the transfer of power. The provisions of the Interim Constitution relating to amnesty were given more detail in the subsequent Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act 1995, which created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), with its Amnesty Committee. This work of this commission will be explored in Part 8 and Part 9 will analyse the mandate and operations of the Amnesty Committee. Part 10 will evaluate how far the South African amnesty process achieved the goals outlined in the Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act. Then, Part 11 will explore the relationship between the amnesty and trials, and in particular, it will discuss how the new National Prosecution Policy and the possibility of presidential pardons for political prisoners affect the legacy of the TRC. This paper will argue that South Africa provides an important case study that highlights that prosecutions and amnesty can co-exist and be complementary. Furthermore, the question of who was eligible for amnesty within South Africa raised interesting questions in relation to whether violent crimes could be defined as political, whether the crimes of the apartheid state should be treated equally to the crimes of its opponents, and the extent to which truth recovery can be incorporated in different models of amnesty, indemnity and prison releases.
Do you see what I mean? [Data visualization]

Visualizers, like logicians, have long been concerned with meaning. Generalizing from MacEachren's overview of cartography, visualizers have to think about how people extract meaning from pictures (psychophysics), what people understand from a picture (cognition), how pictures are imbued with meaning (semiotics), and how in some cases that meaning arises within a social and/or cultural context. If we think of the communication acts carried out in the visualization process further levels of meaning are suggested. Visualization begins when someone has data that they wish to explore and interpret; the data are encoded as input to a visualization system, which may in its turn interact with other systems to produce a representation. This is communicated back to the user(s), who have to assess this against their goals and knowledge, possibly leading to further cycles of activity. Each phase of this process involves communication between two parties. For this to succeed, those parties must share a common language with an agreed meaning. We offer the following three steps, in increasing order of formality: terminology (jargon), taxonomy (vocabulary), and ontology. Our argument in this article is that it's time to begin synthesizing the fragments and views into a level 3 model, an ontology of visualization. We also address why this should happen, what is already in place, how such an ontology might be constructed, and why now.
Free Trade Agreements, Institutions and the Exports of Eastern Partnership Countries

Following popular protests at home and the fall of the government, Ukraine reversed course and joined Georgia and Moldova in signing Association Agreements in June 2014. This article has two main aims. First, using a gravity model of trade, it estimates the effects of deep and shallow free trade agreements for the EaP (Eastern Partnership) states with Russia and the EU respectively. Second, by relating the outcomes of the first estimation to the quality of institutions, proxied with the level of democracy and the level of corruption in the selected countries, the paper estimates the effect on exports of changes in the quality of institutions. The main results show that the EaP countries gain significantly from free trade agreements with the EU but little if anything from free trade agreements with Russia, and that improvements in the quality of institutions in EaP countries have played an important role in fostering exports.
Structural Basis for Morpheein-type Allosteric Regulation of Escherichia coli Glucosamine-6-phosphate Synthase

Background: E. coli GlmS is active as a dimer. Results: The dimer is in equilibrium with a hexameric state that is catalytically inactive in vitro. The glucosamine 6-phosphate product completely shifts the equilibrium toward the hexamer. Conclusion: This accounts for a morpheein-type allosteric regulation of E. coli GlmS activity. Significance: The inactive hexamer is a target for developing specific antibacterial agents. The amino-terminal cysteine of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (GlmS) acts as a nucleophile to release and transfer ammonia from glutamine to fructose 6-phosphate through a channel. The crystal structure of the C1A mutant of Escherichia coli GlmS, solved at 2.5 Å resolution, is organized as a hexamer, where the glutaminase domains adopt an inactive conformation. Although the wild-type enzyme is active as a dimer, size exclusion chromatography, dynamic and quasi-elastic light scattering, native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and ultracentrifugation data show that the dimer is in equilibrium with a hexameric state, in vitro and in cellulo. The previously determined structures of the wild-type enzyme, alone or in complex with glucosamine 6-phosphate, are also consistent with a hexameric assembly that is catalytically inactive because the ammonia channel is not formed. The shift of the equilibrium toward the hexameric form in the presence of cyclic glucosamine 6-phosphate, together with the decrease of the specific activity with increasing enzyme concentration, strongly supports product inhibition through hexamer stabilization. Altogether, our data allow us to propose a morpheein model, in which the active dimer can rearrange into a transiently stable form, which has the propensity to form an inactive hexamer. This would account for a physiologically relevant allosteric regulation of E. coli GlmS. Finally, in addition to cyclic glucose 6-phosphate bound at the active site, the hexameric organization of E. coli GlmS enables the binding of another linear sugar molecule. Targeting this sugar-binding site to stabilize the inactive hexameric state is therefore suggested for the development of specific antibacterial inhibitors.
TSAP6 Facilitates the Secretion of Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein/Histamine-releasing Factor via a Nonclassical Pathway*

Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is cytoplasmic and structurally related to guanine-nucleotide free chaperones. TCTP (also called histamine-releasing factor) has been described previously as a secreted protein that participates in inflammatory responses by promoting the release of histamine. How TCTP is eventually exported out of the cell to promote such activities is unknown. Here we show that TCTP secretion was insensitive to either brefeldin A or monensin, suggesting that it proceeds via an endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi-independent or nonclassical pathway. Moreover, our analyses also suggest that secreted TCTP originates from pre-existing pools. TSAP6, a p53-inducible 5–6 transmembrane protein, was found to interact with TCTP in a yeast two-hybrid hunt. GST pull down assays confirmed their direct interaction, and immunofluorescence analysis revealed their partial co-distribution to vesicular-like structures at the plasma membrane and around the nucleus. Functionally, the overexpression of TSAP6 consistently leads to enhanced secretion of both endogenously and exogenously expressed TCTP. Finally, we found TCTP in preparations of small secreted vesicles called exosomes, which have been suggested as a possible pathway for nonclassical secretion. Overexpression of TSAP6 also increased TCTP levels in exosome preparations. Altogether, these data identify a novel role for TSAP6 in the export of TCTP and indicate that this multipass membrane protein could have a general role in the regulation of vesicular trafficking and secretion.
Chinese Workers′ Attitudes towards Compensation Practices in the People′s Republic of China

Examines the compensation method used in state‐owned enterprises in the People′s Republic of China. A questionnaire survey of 504 workers′ attitudes towards compensation practices regarding wages, bonuses, pensions, unemployment compensation and other incentives was conducted. Research results revealed that there was strong agreement among respondents for the ranking of the different forms of compensation practices. The respondents preferred a performance‐based compensation system as opposed to an egalitarian system. These results give some insight into designing a compensation package and the direction for economic reforms in enterprises.
The mechanics of head-supported load carriage by Nepalese porters

ABSTRACT In the Everest valley of Nepal, because of the rugged mountain terrain, roads are nothing more than dirt paths and all material must be conveyed on foot. The Nepalese porters routinely carry head-supported loads, which often exceed their body mass, over long distances up and down the steep mountain footpaths. In Africa, women transport their loads economically thanks to an energy-saving gait adaptation. We hypothesized that the Nepalese porters may have developed a corresponding mechanism. To investigate this proposition, we measured the mechanical work done during level walking in Nepalese porters while carrying different loads at several speeds. Our results show that the Nepalese porters do not use an equivalent mechanism as the African women to reduce work. In contrast, the Nepalese porters develop an equal amount of total mechanical work as Western control subjects while carrying loads of 0 to 120% of their body mass at all speeds measured (0.5–1.7 m s−1), making even more impressive their ability to carry loads without any apparent mechanically determined tricks. Nevertheless, our results show that the Nepalese porters have a higher efficiency, at least at slow speeds and high loads. Highlighted Article: The low energy consumption of Nepalese porters while carrying load cannot be explained by a reduction of their muscular mechanical work.
Analytical Delay Model Considering Variability Effects in Subthreshold Domain

The demand of ultralow-power circuits has significantly increased in the last few years. Owing to its great potential in energy savings, the use of supply voltage near or below the transistors' threshold voltages has gained particular attention. Designing these kinds of circuits is still a challenge, particularly when latest advanced process technologies are employed. This brief proposes novel analytical delay models for CMOS circuits running in the subthreshold regime. The delay models proposed here take the effects of the process variability and of the transient variation of the transistors' on-current during the switching into account. Owing to this, delays are predicted with accuracy significantly higher than existing accurate delay models. Furthermore, the novel models are also suitable for gates with transistors' stacks.
A NOTE ON COMPARING DEEP AND AGGREGATE HABIT FORMATION IN AN ESTIMATED NEW KEYNESIAN MODEL

Habit formation is a fixture of contemporary new Keynesian models. The vast majority assume that agents form habits strictly over consumption of an aggregate good, leaving open the question of whether it might be preferable to have them form habits over differentiated products instead–an arrangement known as deep habits. I answer this question by estimating a model that nests both habit concepts as special cases. Estimates reveal that the data favor a specification in which consumption habits are stronger at the product level than at the aggregate level. A mix of significance tests and simulation results indicate that including deep habits greatly improves model fit, most notably with regard to inflation dynamics.
External Debt and Macroeconomic Performance in Latin America and East Asia

SINCE THE ONSET of the international debt crisis in the early 1980s, the dismal economic performance of the Latin American debtor countries has been frequently contrasted with the strong performance of their East Asian counterparts. Table 1 documents the remarkable difference. Throughout East Asia, with the exception of the Philippines, the developing countries have maintained strong growth rates and low inflation. None but the Philippines has been forced to reschedule its foreign debt. On the other hand, throughout Latin America, with the partial exception of Colombia, national incomes have grown slowly or have declined, inflation has surged, and debtors have been forced to reschedule their outstanding debts. Many analysts have already tackled the problem of explaining why Latin America's record is so poor compared with East Asia's. Each has pointed to different "lessons" to be learned. I Some argue that the Asian record is better because the external shocks that hit the Asian countries
Measuring the Diffusion of Nuclei in Biological Systems by Magnetic Resonance Methods: Checking the Quality of Gradient Magnetic Fields

Imaging techniques based on the principle of nuclear magnetic resonance (MRI) can be used in the study of molecular transport phenomena in biological systems such as self-diffusion processes. The precision of determining the diffusion constants depends on generating the gradient pulse with high precision. For the purpose of determining the characteristics of time behaviour of gradient pulses a simple measuring method was developed and experimentally tested on a 4.7 T tomograph. The method is based on the principle of measuring the instantaneous frequency of MR signal in the presence of gradient pulse after the excitation of a thin defined layer of the examined specimen placed outside the gradient field centre. Using the above method, errors were found in the amplitude and time integral of generated gradient fields and in determining the diffusion constants for biological tissues.
Chinese spelling checker in reading machine for visually impaired persons

The developing about supplementary instrument, the care giver for impaired persons, plays an essential role in orange technologies. This paper invested a Chinese spelling checker combining statistical and rule approaches for the reading machine. Word and part-of-speech levels n-gram models are adopted as the statistical module for detecting the spelling error and typos. Additionally, the rule set inducted by training corpus is aimed at capturing the patterns about spelling errors. According to the observations, the similar sets based on glyph and pronounce words are used as the features. By these two modules, the proposed approach can provide the spelling checking functionality in reading machine for visually impaired persons. As one of the major languages around the world, Chinese is becoming more and more important. However, the word-building and grammars are different compared to alphabetical languages. Therefore, Constructing of Chinese spelling checker is necessary and useful. According to experimental results, we can find that the proposed method can detection the spelling errors and provide the corresponding correction. The results show the proposed is practice and serviceable.
Notice of RetractionResearch on the promoter action of knowledge transfer inside the firm on human capital accumulation

In this paper, human capital accumulation is set as the research object, after the definition of human capital accumulation; we introduce knowledge transfer to analyze its impact on human capital accumulation, based on which we construct a game model to study the mechanism of knowledge transfer between the subjects inside a firm. We discuss two aspects, namely perfect information and imperfect information, and one-time game and finitely repeated games were discussed respectively to investigate the mechanism of human capital accumulation, which indicated that to a great extent, the knowledge transfer enhanced and promoted the accumulation of human capital.