Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detecting grammatical errors with treebank-induced, probabilistic parsers

Today's grammar checkers often use hand-crafted rule systems that define acceptable language. The development of such rule systems is labour-intensive and has to be repeated for each language. At the same time, grammars automatically induced from syntactically annotated corpora (treebanks) are successfully employed in other applications, for example text understanding and machine translation. At first glance, treebank-induced grammars seem to be unsuitable for grammar checking as they massively over-generate and fail to reject ungrammatical input due to their high robustness. We present three new methods for judging the grammaticality of a sentence with probabilistic, treebank-induced grammars, demonstrating that such grammars can be successfully applied to automatically judge the grammaticality of an input string. Our best-performing method exploits the differences between parse results for grammars trained on grammatical and ungrammatical treebanks. The second approach builds an estimator of the probability of the most likely parse using grammatical training data that has previously been parsed and annotated with parse probabilities. If the estimated probability of an input sentence (whose grammaticality is to be judged by the system) is higher by a certain amount than the actual parse probability, the sentence is flagged as ungrammatical. The third approach extracts discriminative parse tree fragments in the form of CFG rules from parsed grammatical and ungrammatical corpora and trains a binary classifier to distinguish grammatical from ungrammatical sentences. The three approaches are evaluated on a large test set of grammatical and ungrammatical sentences. The ungrammatical test set is generated automatically by inserting common grammatical errors into the British National Corpus. The results are compared to two traditional approaches, one that uses a hand-crafted, discriminative grammar, the XLE ParGram English LFG, and one based on part-of-speech n-grams. In addition, the baseline methods and the new methods are combined in a machine learning-based framework, yielding further improvements.
Crafting Qualitative Research: Working in the Postpositivist Traditions

Acknowledgments 1. Qualitative Research as Craft: Postpositivist Traditions and Research Styles I. The Interpretive Traditions 2. Symbolic Interactionism: Searching for Self and Meaning 3. Hermeneutics: The Interpretations of Texts 4. Dramaturgy and Dramatism: Social Life as Theater and Stage 5. Ethnomethodology: The Accomplishment of Ordinary Lives 6. Ethnography: Cultural Understandings of Natives II. Traditions of Deep Structure 7. Semiotics and Structuralism: The Grammar of Social Reality III. The Critical Traditions 8. Historical Materialism: Class, Conflict, and Domination 9. Critical Theory: Hegemony, Knowledge, Production, and Communicative Action 10. Feminism: Gender as the Core Social Principle 11. Structuration and Praxeology: Transcending Dualisms Within Frameworks of Power IV. Traditions of the "Post" 12. Postmodernism: Playing with Images and the "Truth" 13. Poststructuralism: Discourse, Discipline, and Deconstruction 14. Postcolonialism: Unpacking and Resisting Imperialism 15. Conclusion: Tradition, Improvisation, and Quality Control References Index About the Author.
The Fallacy of Favoring Gradual Replacement Mind Uploading Over Scan-and-Copy

Mind uploading speculation and debate often concludes that a procedure described as gradual in-place replacement preserves personal identity while a procedure described as destructive scan-and-copy produces some other identity in the target substrate such that personal identity is lost along with the biological brain. This paper demonstrates a chain of reasoning that establishes metaphysical equivalence between these two methods in terms of preserving personal identity.
H2-CO2-Dependent Anaerobic O-Demethylation Activity in Subsurface Sediments and by an Isolated Bacterium

The ability of microorganisms in sediments from the Atlantic Coastal Plain to biodegrade methoxylated aromatic compounds was examined. O-demethylation activity was detected in deep (121- and 406-m) sediments, as well as in the surface soil. A syringate-demethylating consortium, containing at least three types of bacteria, was enriched from a deep-sediment sample in a medium containing syringate as the sole organic carbon source and with a N2-CO2 atmosphere. An isolate which demethylated syringate was obtained from the enrichment on an agar medium incubated under a H2-CO2 but not a N2-CO2 or N2 atmosphere. O demethylation of syringate of this isolate was dependent on the presence of both H2 and CO2 in the gas phase. The metabolism of syringate occurred in a sequential manner: methylgallate accumulated transiently before it was converted to gallate. Mass balance analysis suggests that the stoichiometry of the reaction in this isolate proceeds in accordance with the following generalized equation: C7H3O3(OCH3)n- + nHCO3- + nH2 → C7H3O3(OH)n- + nCH3COO- + nH2O.
Blood salvage use in gynecologic oncology

BACKGROUND: Blood salvage allows for collection and processing of surgical blood loss with the eventual reinfusion of washed red blood cells (RBCs) back to the patient. The use of blood salvage in patients undergoing surgery for malignancy is off‐label. Controversy exists as to the risk of potential cancer dissemination resulting from the reinfusion of the processed blood, but no data are available to confirm this risk. Recent studies have demonstrated that filtering the salvaged blood using a leukoreduction filter (LRF) significantly decreases the number of cancer cells in the recovered RBC aliquot in a variety of cancer types.
The injury severity score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care.

A method for comparing death rates of groups of injured persons was developed, using hospital and medical examiner data for more than two thousand persons. The first step was determination of the extent to which injury severity as rated by the Abbreviated Injury Scale correlates with patient survival. Substantial correlation was demonstrated. Controlling for severity of the primary injury made it possible to measure the effect on mortality of additional injuries. Injuries that in themselves would not normally be life-threatening were shown to have a marked effect on mortality when they occurred in combination with other injuries. An Injury Severity Score was developed that correlates well with survival and provides a numerical description of the overall severity of injury for patients with multiple trauma. Results of this investigation indicate that the Injury Severity Score represents an important step in solving the problem of summarizing injury severity, especially in patients with multiple trauma.
Simulated annealing approach to solve dual resource constrained job shop scheduling problems: layout impact analysis on solution quality

Real-world manufacturing systems are operating subject to a substantial level of resource constraints. One characteristic model that considers the combination of human and machine resource constraints is called dual resource constrained (DRC). In this context a number of machines nmach is managed by a selection of operators nop, with typically nop ≤ nmach. A real life case study for an Italian manufacturing company is introduced that uses a set of identical parallel machines being operated by a set of operators. Each job is scheduled to one machine with corresponding loading and unloading process times. A simulated annealing approach is proposed to solve the DRC job shop scheduling problem. A sensitivity analysis is conducted for a selection of algorithm-specific parameters used to solve characteristic DRC layouts. Being characteristic for the just-in-time (JIT) production environment, the high variability in job times has also been taken into account. The results show that the selected layout nmach. /nop ratio strongly influences the production system performance. The impact of the ratio of constrained resources has been analysed for different layouts, showing that simulated annealing performs better for single resource constrained problems while also demonstrating that this trend is not symmetrical for different layouts, either operator or machine constrained.
An efficient prediction framework for multi-parametric yield analysis under parameter variations

Due to continuous process scaling, process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) parameter variations have become one of the most problematic issues in circuit design. The resulting correlations among performance metrics lead to a significant parametric yield loss. Previous algorithms on parametric yield prediction are limited to predicting a single-parametric yield or performing balanced optimization for several single-parametric yields. Consequently, these methods fail to predict the multi-parametric yield that optimizes multiple performance metrics simultaneously, which may result in significant accuracy loss. In this paper we suggest an efficient multi-parametric yield prediction framework, in which multiple performance metrics are considered as simultaneous constraint conditions for parametric yield prediction, to maintain the correlations among metrics. First, the framework models the performance metrics in terms of PVT parameter variations by using the adaptive elastic net (AEN) method. Then the parametric yield for a single performance metric can be predicted through the computation of the cumulative distribution function (CDF) based on the multiplication theorem and the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. Finally, a copula-based parametric yield prediction procedure has been developed to solve the multi-parametric yield prediction problem, and to generate an accurate yield estimate. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed multi-parametric yield prediction framework is able to provide the designer with either an accurate value for parametric yield under specific performance limits, or a multi-parametric yield surface under all ranges of performance limits.
A Novel DCT-Based Algorithm for Computing the Modulated Complex Lapped Transform

In this correspondence, we propose a novel discrete cosine transform (DCT)-based algorithm for the fast computation of the modulated complex lapped transform (MCLT), which we have previously proposed. The method is mainly based on two DCTs and two stages of butterfly operations. For a length-M MCLT, the proposed algorithm requires only Mlog2M multiplications for the sine window and Mlog2M+2M multiplications for any other window function. Thus, the multiplicative complexity of the proposed algorithm is superior to any other previous algorithm, without any penalty on the total number of multiplications and additions
Long-run Relationship Between Union and Nonunion Wages - A Vector Error Correction Approach

The literature documents a union wage premium and suggests that this premium is somewhat stable over time. However, previously the focus has primarily been at the micro-level, and on whether or not a union worker receives greater compensation than an otherwise comparable nonunion worker. We examine the relationship between union and nonunion wages in the context of a vector autoregression error correction model (Engle and Granger, 1987), conditioned on a set of macroeconomic state variables. The error correction term provides information as to which wage (union or nonunion) adjusts to a "disequilibrium" in the long run error (i.e., cointegrating relation). Our results add to the literature on the relationship between the macroeconomy and the union-nonunion wage gaps.
Duplicate detection methodology for IP network traffic analysis

Network traffic monitoring systems have to deal with a challenging problem: the traffic capturing process almost invariably produces duplicate packets. In spite of this, and in contrast with other fields, there is no scientific literature addressing it. This paper establishes the theoretical background concerning data duplication in network traffic analysis: generating mechanisms, types of duplicates and their characteristics are described. On this basis, a duplicate detection and removal methodology is proposed. Moreover, an analytical and experimental study is presented, whose results provide a dimensioning rule for this methodology.
The Effects of Positive Emotions on School Satisfaction Among Adolescents

The relationship between positive emotions and school satisfaction was studied in 19 adolescents aged 13,57 to 15,17 years (M=14,45, SD=0,446), of these 50% were female. The subjects were all Caucasian native Swedish speakers. Schools satisfaction, life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect and gratitude was measured at the beginning of the study and again fourteen days later. During the fourteen days, the subjects were given a task to carry out each day. The control condition was asked to list up to five things that had affected them during the last day. The experimental condition was asked to list up to five things they were grateful for in the last day. The results did not show any relationship between positive affect and school satisfaction. It is suggested that the results might be caused by either too little time for the intervention to cause a significant effect, by the subjects failing to carry out the given task each day or by too few subjects to rule out random effects.
Generation of Mutant Uukuniemi Viruses Lacking the Nonstructural Protein NSs by Reverse Genetics Indicates that NSs Is a Weak Interferon Antagonist

ABSTRACT Uukuniemi virus (UUKV) is a tick-borne member of the Phlebovirus genus (family Bunyaviridae) and has been widely used as a safe laboratory model to study aspects of bunyavirus replication. Recently, a number of new tick-borne phleboviruses have been discovered, some of which, like severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus and Heartland virus, are highly pathogenic in humans. UUKV could now serve as a useful comparator to understand the molecular basis for the different pathogenicities of these related viruses. We established a reverse-genetics system to recover UUKV entirely from cDNA clones. We generated two recombinant viruses, one in which the nonstructural protein NSs open reading frame was deleted from the S segment and one in which the NSs gene was replaced with green fluorescent protein (GFP), allowing convenient visualization of viral infection. We show that the UUKV NSs protein acts as a weak interferon antagonist in human cells but that it is unable to completely counteract the interferon response, which could serve as an explanation for its inability to cause disease in humans. IMPORTANCE Uukuniemi virus (UUKV) is a tick-borne phlebovirus that is apathogenic for humans and has been used as a convenient model to investigate aspects of phlebovirus replication. Recently, new tick-borne phleboviruses have emerged, such as severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in China and Heartland virus in the United States, that are highly pathogenic, and UUKV will now serve as a comparator to aid in the understanding of the molecular basis for the virulence of these new viruses. To help such investigations, we have developed a reverse-genetics system for UUKV that permits manipulation of the viral genome. We generated viruses lacking the nonstructural protein NSs and show that UUKV NSs is a weak interferon antagonist. In addition, we created a virus that expresses GFP and thus allows convenient monitoring of virus replication. These new tools represent a significant advance in the study of tick-borne phleboviruses.
Receptor-independent Role of Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator in Pericellular Plasmin and Matrix Metalloproteinase Proteolysis during Vascular Wound Healing in Mice

It has been proposed that the urokinase receptor (u-PAR) is essential for the various biological roles of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) in vivo, and that smooth muscle cells require u-PA for migration during arterial neointima formation. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the role of u-PAR during this process in mice with targeted disruption of the u-PAR gene (u-PAR−/−). Surprisingly, u-PAR deficiency did not affect arterial neointima formation, neointimal cell accumulation, or migration of smooth muscle cells. Indeed, topographic analysis of arterial wound healing after electric injury revealed that u-PAR−/− smooth muscle cells, originating from the uninjured borders, migrated over a similar distance and at a similar rate into the necrotic center of the wound as wild-type (u-PAR+/+) smooth muscle cells. In addition, u-PAR deficiency did not impair migration of wounded cultured smooth muscle cells in vitro. There were no genotypic differences in reendothelialization of the vascular wound. The minimal role of u-PAR in smooth muscle cell migration was not because of absent expression, since wild-type smooth muscle cells expressed u-PAR mRNA and functional receptor in vitro and in vivo. Pericellular plasmin proteolysis, evaluated by degradation of 125I-labeled fibrin and activation of zymogen matrix metalloproteinases, was similar for u-PAR−/− and u-PAR+/+ cells. Immunoelectron microscopy of injured arteries in vivo revealed that u-PA was bound on the cell surface of u-PAR+/+ cells, whereas it was present in the pericellular space around u-PAR−/− cells. Taken together, these results suggest that binding of u-PA to u-PAR is not required to provide sufficient pericellular u-PA–mediated plasmin proteolysis to allow cellular migration into a vascular wound.
A Hybrid Approach to Efficient Detection of Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks

An automated system for detecting network traffic anomalies caused by Denial-of-Service attacks is proposed. The system is designed as a two-stage architecture incorporating the change-point detection methodology, used for early attack identification, and further spectral profiling, used for confirmation of the attack presence. The proposed system is shown to be robust and capable of achieving excellent results in terms of first, the speed of detection, and more importantly, the balance between the number of correct detections and the number of false positives. This is accomplished through extensive performance evaluation done using real-world traffic traces containing malicious activity captured at a regional Internet Service Provider (ISP).
Decision-level adaptation in motion perception

Prolonged exposure to visual stimuli causes a bias in observers' responses to subsequent stimuli. Such adaptation-induced biases are usually explained in terms of changes in the relative activity of sensory neurons in the visual system which respond selectively to the properties of visual stimuli. However, the bias could also be due to a shift in the observer's criterion for selecting one response rather than the alternative; adaptation at the decision level of processing rather than the sensory level. We investigated whether adaptation to implied motion is best attributed to sensory-level or decision-level bias. Three experiments sought to isolate decision factors by changing the nature of the participants' task while keeping the sensory stimulus unchanged. Results showed that adaptation-induced bias in reported stimulus direction only occurred when the participants' task involved a directional judgement, and disappeared when adaptation was measured using a non-directional task (reporting where motion was present in the display, regardless of its direction). We conclude that adaptation to implied motion is due to decision-level bias, and that a propensity towards such biases may be widespread in sensory decision-making.
Hardbound: architectural support for spatial safety of the C programming language

The C programming language is at least as well known for its absence of spatial memory safety guarantees (i.e., lack of bounds checking) as it is for its high performance. C's unchecked pointer arithmetic and array indexing allow simple programming mistakes to lead to erroneous executions, silent data corruption, and security vulnerabilities. Many prior proposals have tackled enforcing spatial safety in C programs by checking pointer and array accesses. However, existing software-only proposals have significant drawbacks that may prevent wide adoption, including: unacceptably high run-time overheads, lack of completeness, incompatible pointer representations, or need for non-trivial changes to existing C source code and compiler infrastructure. Inspired by the promise of these software-only approaches, this paper proposes a hardware bounded pointer architectural primitive that supports cooperative hardware/software enforcement of spatial memory safety for C programs. This bounded pointer is a new hardware primitive datatype for pointers that leaves the standard C pointer representation intact, but augments it with bounds information maintained separately and invisibly by the hardware. The bounds are initialized by the software, and they are then propagated and enforced transparently by the hardware, which automatically checks a pointer's bounds before it is dereferenced. One mode of use requires instrumenting only malloc, which enables enforcement of perallocation spatial safety for heap-allocated objects for existing binaries. When combined with simple intraprocedural compiler instrumentation, hardware bounded pointers enable a low-overhead approach for enforcing complete spatial memory safety in unmodified C programs.
Energy-based attack detection in networked control systems

The increased prevalence of attacks on Cyber-Physical Systems(CPS) as well as the safety-critical nature of these systems, has resulted in increased concerns regarding the security of CPS. In an effort towards the security of CPS, we consider the detection of attacks based on the fundamental notion of a system's energy. We propose a discrete-time Energy-Based Attack Detection mechanism for networked cyber-physical systems that are dissipative or passive in nature. We present analytical results to show that the detection mechanism is effective in detecting a class of attack models in networked control systems (NCS). Finally, using simulations we illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in detecting attacks.