Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Closer Look at Structural Similarity inAnalogical

We propose to characterize structural similarity between source and target problems by the type and size of their structural overlap. Size of structural overlap is captured by a measure of graph-distance. We investigated the innuence of structural overlap on transfer success in analogical problem solving in two experiments. In both experiments, for a xed source problem one of ve target problems had to be solved. In the rst experiment, target problems varied in superrcial and structural similarity to the source. In the case of isomorphic source/target relations superrcial similarity had no impact on transfer success while for a partial isomorphic target solution success was only high if source and target had identical surface attributes. In the second experiment, surface of source and target were kept identical and different types of structural source/target relations were investigated: For problems with a high structural overlap source inclusive and target exhaustive source/target relations led both to high transfer success. For partial isomorphic problems with a decrease in structural overlap we could show that transfer was successful as long as the common part of source and target was larger than their diierent parts. 1 We wish to thank Klaus Eyferth for helpful discussions and Bruce Burns and Peter Gerjets on helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper.
Using Statistical Models for Dynamic Validation of a Metadata Extraction System

A dynamic validation process is described for an application (metadata extraction from scanned documents) where a moderate failure rate is acceptable provided that instances of failures during operation could be identified. Lacking a plausible exact oracle for the application, a series of statistical models of output characteristics is employed. Flexibility and adaptability is achieved by developing a customized scripting language describing how the various tests should be combined to obtain an overall measure of confidence in a program output. The suitability of the validator was demonstrated by an experiment measuring its ability to mimic human judgments as to which of several alternate outputs for the same document would be preferred.
Comparison of survival rates between 3D conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy in patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer

Purpose Randomized trials showing a clear survival benefit of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) over 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) in the treatment of lung cancer are lacking. This study compared the survival rates of patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer who were treated with either 3D-CRT or IMRT and analyzed the prognostic factors for survival. Methods From January 2008 to July 2015, 19 patients were treated with IMRT and 30 were treated with 3D-CRT in our institution. The choice between 3D-CRT and IMRT was determined by the physician based on tumor extent and general condition of the patients. The primary endpoint of this study was overall survival. The secondary endpoints were loco-regional recurrence-free survival, distant metastasis-free survival, and the incidence of radiation-induced lung and esophageal toxicities. Results The 1- and 2-year overall survival rates were 94.7% and 77.1% in the IMRT group and 76.7% and 52.5% in the 3D-CRT group, respectively. The overall survival rates of the IMRT group were higher than those of the 3D-CRT group; however, these differences were not statistically significant (P=0.072). Gross tumor volume was significantly associated with the overall survival rate. The 1- and 2-year loco-regional recurrence-free survival rates were 63.2% and 51% in the IMRT group and 67.5% and 48.1% in the 3D-CRT group (P=0.897), respectively. The 1- and 2-year distant metastasis-free survival rates were 78.9% and 68.4% in the IMRT group and 62.6% and 40.9% in the 3D-CRT group (P=0.120), respectively. Chemotherapy and treatment interruption were significantly associated with distant metastasis-free survival. Conclusion IMRT showed comparable or better overall survival compared with 3D-CRT in patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer. To confirm the results of this study, further randomized prospective trials comparing IMRT with 3D-CRT are warranted.
Using the Semantic Grid to Build Bridges between Museums and Indigenous Communities

In this paper we describe a Semantic Grid application designed to enable museums and indigenous communities in distributed locations, to collaboratively discuss, describe, annotate and define the rights associated with objects in museums that originally belonged to or are of cultural or historical significance to indigenous groups. By extending and refining an existing application, Vannotea, we enable users on access grid nodes to collaboratively attach descriptive, rights and tribal care metadata and annotations to digital images, video or 3D representations. The aim is to deploy the software within museums to enable the traditional owners to describe and contextualize museum content in their own words and from their own perspectives. This sharing and exchange of knowledge will hopefully revitalize cultures eroded through colonization and globalization and repair and strengthen relationships between museums and indigenous communities.
Adaptive Filter-and-Sum Beamforming in Spatially Correlated Noise

In this paper we propose a novel adaptation algorithm for Filter-and-Sum beamforming in spatially correlated noise. Deterministic and stochastic gradient ascent algorithms are derived from a constrained optimization problem, which iteratively estimate the principal eigenvecto r of a generalized eigenvalue problem. The method does not require an explicit estimation of the speaker location. It is shown that the well-known Delay-and-Sum beamformer and the previously introduced Filter-and-Sum beamformer in spatially white noise are obtained as special cases. Further, bounds on the maximally achievable SNR gains are derived and it is shown that the proposed adaptation algorithm is able to approach these performance bounds.
Operator-Valued Dyadic BMO Spaces

We consider BMO spaces of operator-valued functions, among them the space of operator-valued functions B which define a bounded para-product on L-2(H). We obtain several equivalent formulations of parallel to pi(B)parallel to terms of the norm of the "sweep" function of B or of averages of the norms of martingales transforms of B in related spaces. Furthermore, we investigate a connection between John-Nirenberg type inequalities and Carleson-type inequalities via a product formula for paraproducts and deduce sharp dimensional estimates for John-Nirenberg type inequalities.
Excess Secretion of Gel-Forming Mucins and Associated Innate Defense Proteins with Defective Mucin Un-Packaging Underpin Gallbladder Mucocele Formation in Dogs

Mucosal protection of the gallbladder is vital yet we know very little about the mechanisms involved. In domestic dogs, an emergent syndrome referred to as gallbladder mucocele formation is characterized by excessive secretion of abnormal mucus that results in obstruction and rupture of the gallbladder. The cause of gallbladder mucocele formation is unknown. In these first mechanistic studies of this disease, we investigated normal and mucocele-forming dog gallbladders to determine the source, identity, biophysical properties, and protein associates of the culprit mucins with aim to identify causes for abnormal mucus behavior. We established that mucocele formation involves an adoptive excess secretion of gel forming mucins with abnormal properties by the gallbladder epithelium. The mucus is characterized by a disproportionally significant increase in Muc5ac relative to Muc5b, defective mucin un-packaging, and mucin-interacting innate defense proteins that are capable of dramatically altering the physical and functional properties of mucus. These findings provide an explanation for abnormal mucus behavior and based on similarity to mucus observed in the airways of people with cystic fibrosis, suggest that abnormal mechanisms for maintenance of gallbladder epithelial hydration may be an instigating factor for mucocele formation in dogs.
Capital Market Effects of Financial Reporting Regulation Requiring Nontrivial Investor Involvement: Evidence from the XBRL Mandate

In an effort to reduce information barriers and improve market efficiency, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has mandated that financial statements be filed using eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL). This regulation is unique in that it requires nontrivial effort from both firms and investors to achieve its stated objectives. We investigate the impact of mandatory XBRL adoption on investor trading behavior. Using a sample of firms required to adopt XBRL during the initial phase-in period, we find lower trading volume, particularly small trade volume, around 10-K filings. Further, we find higher bid-ask spreads and lower depths, consistent with a subset of investors feeling more disadvantaged by the new mandate. We also find evidence of slowed price formation, indicating that there may not be a significant net increase in informed trading. These results hold in a difference-in-difference design using three different non-XBRL-adopting control firm samples and various market and firm characteristic controls. Collectively, this evidence suggests that financial reporting regulation requiring investors to incur nontrivial setup costs may adversely impact markets in the short term.
Notice of RetractionA comparative study of consumers' acceptance model in mobile-commerce

As the rapid development of m-commerce, China has entered the age of m-commerce. Based upon the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), this study explored the factors impacting on the using of m-commerce by adding one trust-related construct (perceived credibility) and one resource-related construct (perceived cost), and examined the relationships between the proposed constructs. Authors also designed a comparative study between two sampling group, one is from people in universities campus, and the other from people online randomly. These data were tested against the research model by means of the structural equation modeling approach. The results showed that the constructs' predictive power is quite different for different sample groups.
Density Functional Theory of Electronic Structure

Density functional theory (DFT) is a (in principle exact) theory of electronic structure, based on the electron density distribution n(r), instead of the many-electron wave function Ψ(r1,r2,r3,.). Having been widely used for over 30 years by physicists working on the electronic structure of solids, surfaces, defects, etc., it has more recently also become popular with theoretical and computational chemists. The present article is directed at the chemical community. It aims to convey the basic concepts and breadth of applications: the current status and trends of approximation methods (local density and generalized gradient approximations, hybrid methods) and the new light which DFT has been shedding on important concepts like electronegativity, hardness, and chemical reactivity index.
Investigating the Effect of Carbon Nanotube Diameter and Wall Number in Carbon Nanotube/Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells

Suspensions of single-walled, double-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were generated in the same solvent at similar concentrations. Films were fabricated from these suspensions and used in carbon nanotube/silicon heterojunction solar cells and their properties were compared with reference to the number of walls in the nanotube samples. It was found that single-walled nanotubes generally produced more favorable results; however, the double and multi-walled nanotube films used in this study yielded cells with higher open circuit voltages. It was also determined that post fabrication treatments applied to the nanotube films have a lesser effect on multi-walled nanotubes than on the other two types.
Influence of the Progress Engine on the Performance of Asynchronous Communication Libraries

This technical report performs an in-depth performance comparison of two MPI libraries, namely VolpexMPI and Open MPI. The analysis is motivated by some unexpected results in which VolpexMPI shows better performance than Open MPI, despite of some architectural decision in the library that should lead to a performance degradation on a dedicated compute cluster. Our analysis indicate that general purpose high performance computing communication libraries are optimized for high speed network interconnects such as InfiniBand, which due to their low latency and high bandwidth require an aggressive approach in pushing data into the network. This approach is however not necessarily optimal for a Gigabit Ethernet network. Specifically, the progress function of the communication library is called more often than necessary to saturate the Gigabit Ethernet network, which consequently introduces an overhead. ∗. Partial support for this work was provided by the National Science Foundation’s Computer Systems Research program under Award No. CNS-0834750. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. ∗Department of Computer Science, University of Houston.
An Efficient Algorithm for Complex Pattern Matching over Continuous Data Streams Based on Bit-Parallel Method

In this paper, we study a complex pattern matching problem over a single continuous stream of numerical values. Based on bit-parallel technique for string matching, we propose an efficient algorithm called BPS (Bit-Parallel matching on Streams) that finds the set of all occurrences of a given pattern of length m in an input stream of length n in O(1/u' mn) time for ordered values and in O(1/u' mn log m) time for real values over a fixed data range, where w is the bit-width of registers. This time complex properly improves the time complexity O(mn) of the previous algorithms. The keys of the algorithm are fast NFA simulation based on bit- parallel operation and hit predicate table lookup technique. We also present empirical analysis to evaluate the performance of the algorithm showing that the proposed algorithm is twice as fast as and more stable than the previous algorithms.
Learning from Survey Training Samples: Rate Bounds for Horvitz-Thompson Risk Minimizers

The generalization ability of minimizers of the empirical risk in the context of binary classification has been investigated under a wide variety of complexity assumptions for the collection of classifiers over which optimization is performed. In contrast, the vast majority of the works dedicated to this issue stipulate that the training dataset used to compute the empirical risk functional is composed of i.i. d. observations. Beyond the cases where training data are drawn uniformly without replacement among a large i.i. d. sample or modelled as a realization of a weakly dependent sequence of r.v. 's, statistical guarantees when the data used to train a classifier are drawn by means of a more general sampling/survey scheme and exhibit a complex dependence structure have not been documented yet. It is the main purpose of this paper to show that the theory of empirical risk minimization can be extended to situations where statistical learning is based on survey samples and knowledge of the related inclusion probabilities. Precisely, we prove that minimizing a weighted version of the empirical risk, refered to as the Horvitz-Thompson risk (HT risk), over a class of controlled complexity lead to a rate for the excess risk of the order $O_{\mathbb{P}}((\kappa_N (\log N)/n)^{1/2})$ with $\kappa_N=(n/N)/\min_{i\leq N}\pi_i$, when data are sampled by means of a rejective scheme of (deterministic) size $n$ within a statistical population of cardinality $N\geq n$, a generalization of basic {\it sampling without replacement} with unequal probability weights $\pi_i>0$. Extension to other sampling schemes are then established by a coupling argument. Beyond theoretical results, numerical experiments are displayed in order to show the relevance of HT risk minimization and that ignoring the sampling scheme used to generate the training dataset may completely jeopardize the learning procedure.
A REVIEW ON SCLERA VEIN RECOGNITION

The vein structure in the sclera, the white and opaque outer protective covering of the eye, is anecdotally stable over time and unique to each person. As a result, it is well suited for use as a biometric for human identification. Sclera recognition poses several challenges: the vein structure moves and deforms with the movement of the eye and its surrounding tissues; images of sclera patterns are often defocused and/or saturated; and, most importantly, the vein structure in the sclera is multi-layered and has complex non-linear deformation. Here proposed a new method for sclera recognition, a line descriptor along with WPL descriptor based feature extraction, registration, and matching method that is scale, orientation, and deformation invariant, and can mitigate the multi-layered deformation effects and tolerate segmentation error. The use of Y shape descriptor along with WPL descriptor will unanimously increase matching speed.
Contribution of Early Missionaries to the Expansion and Management of Education in Colonial Kericho, Kenya, 1901-1962

The paper critically analyzed the contribution of the early missionaries to the expansion and management of education in colonial Kericho of Kenya. Arguably, it extensively utilized structural functionalism and dialectical materialism theories as organizing frameworks as well as guided the conceptualization of data analysis and interpretation. As aptly articulated in this paper, the close association of Christianity and education among the local Kipsigis of Kericho cannot be overemphasized, for it was through the innumerable schools established by both Protestant and Roman Catholic missionaries that many Kipsigis came into contact with Christianity. In fact, school was the church in many parts of Kipsigis. The Christian missionaries therefore saw the school as a key institution, being the most reliable means for membership recruitment and for creating self-perpetuating congregations whose members would ensure the survival of Christianity. Education and evangelization were so closely linked that for, many parts of Kipsigis, the pitching of the missionary tent was synonymous with the establishment of a school. Among the inhabitants of Kericho, as elsewhere in Kenya, the missionaries preceded the administrators and settlers. Education was the inevitable concomitant of Christian proselytisation, since the ability to read the Bible was fundamental. But from the onset, it had been recognized that the principal actor in conversion would have to be the locals themselves. The missionary education was thus intended to prepare the locals in Christian dogma and to ensure that the students observed proper Christian principles. The education also aimed at discouraging the extended family system, encouraging individualism, abolishing polygamy and more so female circumcision. The Christian missionaries had entered Kericho region with a purpose of preaching the Gospel of Christ, but when they realized that illiteracy among the local inhabitants especially the Kipsigis was a serious hindrance to their enterprise they picked up pen and book to spread Western education. This education was geared to serving their interests - basically evangelism. They achieved this by trying to reach out to the locals i.e. the Kipsigis through elementary schools in the villages. Largely, they taught elementary education aimed at producing cheap but literate manpower. On the other hand, the early converts saw education as a sure way of bridging the cultural gap between them and the Europeans who appeared to represent a superior type of human being and this synthesis found its fulfillment within the realm of dialectical materialism framework.
A potential role for PTTG/securin in the developing human fetal brain

Human securin, known also as PTTG, has established oncogenic and cell cycle regulatory functions. PTTG/securin transforms cells in vitro, inhibits sister chromatid separation, and regulates secretion of fibroblast growth factor‐2. FGF‐2 is a key regulator of CNS development and PTTG/securin expression has been reported in murine fetal brain. We examined the expression and function of securin and FGF‐2 in the developing human fetal brain and in a fetal neuronal cell line (NT 2). Securin expression was significantly reduced in first and second trimester fetal cerebral cortex compared with adult cerebral cortex, where immunocytochemistry revealed intense securin staining in neuronal cell bodies. FGF‐2 protein was concordantly lower in fetal cortex, whereas pretranslational expression of PTTG binding factor (PBF) was not significantly altered in fetal brain compared with adult. PCNA expression demonstrated that high securin levels in adult cortex were associated with absent cell proliferation. In NT‐2 cells, securin stimulated FGF‐2 expression, which could be abrogated by a carboxyl‐terminal mutation. Low transient expression of securin resulted in a significant proliferative effect, whereas high levels of securin expression inhibited cell turnover. We propose a potential role for human PTTG/securin in modulating cell proliferation and FGF‐2 expression during human neurogenesis. —Boelaert, K. , Tannahill, L. A. , Bulmer, J. N. , Kachilele, S. , Chan, S. Y. , Kim, D. , Gittoes, N. J. L. , Franklyn, J. A. , Kilby, M. D. McCabe, C. J. A potential role for PTTG/ securin in the developing human fetal brain. FASEB J. 17, 1631–1639 (2003)
A music question answering system enhanced with dialogue management

The main challenge of question answering is that the lack of task structure prohibits the use of simplified assumptions as in task-oriented dialogue systems. This problem was tackled by integrating a dialogue management environment into a question answering system. Firstly, Wizard of Oz studies were conducted to discover how users describe their music information needs in contextual situations as well as single standalone questions. Subsequently, the system was constructed and enhanced with the ability to use the dialogue context and the Web to answer more extended questions about artists, songs, albums, tours, et cetera. Finally, the system was successfully tested on 120 dialogues with 10 users. The evaluation was reported on three variants of this system, and the results were promising with good levels of both task completion and user preferences.