Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficiency Effects of Exclusive Territories: Evidence from the Indiana Beer Market

The welfare effects of vertically imposed exclusive territories and the appropriate antitrust policy toward them have long been debated. This paper sheds light on the exclusive-territory controversy by examining the effects of Indiana's 1979 ban on the grant of exclusive territories to beer wholesalers. Using time-series data for 1948-90, the authors find the ban reduced beer consumption in Indiana by 6 percent. Coupled with previous evidence that Indiana's ban reduced price, their results suggest that exclusive territories in the beer industry increase demand and enhance welfare by stimulating the provision of dealer services. Copyright 1996 by Oxford University Press.
Voltage‐dependent sodium and calcium currents in cultured parasympathetic neurones from rat intracardiac ganglia.

1. Depolarization‐activated Na+ and Ca2+ currents underlying the rising phase of the action potential in mammalian parasympathetic ganglion cells were investigated in voltage‐clamped neurones dissociated from neonatal rat intracardiac ganglia and maintained in tissue culture. 2. A current component isolated by replacing intracellular K+ with Cs+ or arginine and adding 0.1 mM Cd2+ to the external solution was dependent on extracellular [Na+] and reversibly blocked in the presence of 300 nM tetrodotoxin (TTX). Peak amplitudes of Na+ currents elicited by step depolarization from a holding potential of ‐100 mV were 351 +/‐ 18 pA/pF (140 mM extracellular Na+). 3. The sodium current‐voltage (I‐V) curve exhibited a threshold for activation at ‐40 mV and reached a maximum at ‐10 mV. The Na+ conductance increased sigmoidally with increasing depolarization reaching half‐maximal activation at ‐25 mV, with a maximum slope corresponding to 7.5 mV per e‐fold change in conductance. 4. During a maintained depolarization, Na+ currents turned on and then decayed (inactivated) with an exponential time course. The time constant of inactivation was voltage dependent decreasing from 0.85 ms at ‐20 mV to 0.3 ms at +60 mV (23 degrees C). The steady‐state inactivation of the Na+ conductance was voltage‐dependent with half‐inactivation occurring at ‐61 mV and near‐complete inactivation at ‐20 mV. Recovery from inactivation also followed an exponential time course with a time constant that increased at depolarized membrane potentials. 5. A voltage‐ and Ca(2+)‐dependent current was isolated by replacement of intracellular K+ with either Cs+ or arginine and of extracellular Na+ with tetraethylammonium and the addition of TTX. Extracellular Ba2+ or Na+ (in the absence of external divalent cation) could substitute for Ca2+. Peak Ca2+ current increased with increasing extracellular [Ca2+] and above 10 mM (Kd approximately 4 mM) approached saturation. The peak Ca2+ current density was 45 +/‐ 4 pA/pF (2.5 mM‐extracellular Ca2+). 6. The Ca2+ I‐V relation exhibited a high threshold for activation (‐20 mV) and reached a maximum at +20 mV. Changing the holding potential from ‐100 to ‐40 mV did not alter the I‐V relationship. Peak Ca2+ conductance increased sigmoidally with increasing depolarization reaching half‐maximal activation at ‐4 mV, with a maximal slope of 4 mV per e‐fold change in Ca2+ conductance. 7. The kinetics of activation and inactivation of the Ca2+ current were voltage dependent and the time course of inactivation was fitted by the sum of two exponentials. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Rapid resolution of chronic shoulder pain classified as derangement using the McKenzie method: a case series

Abstract The McKenzie method, also known as Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy (MDT), is primarily recognized as an evaluation and treatment method for the spine. However, McKenzie suggested that this method could also be applied to the extremities. Derangement is an MDT classification defined as an anatomical disturbance in the normal resting position of the joint, and McKenzie proposed that repeated movements could be applied to reduce internal joint displacement and rapidly reduce derangement symptoms. However, the current literature on MDT application to shoulder disorders is limited. Here, we present a case series involving four patients with chronic shoulder pain from a duration of 2–18 months classified as derangement and treated using MDT principles. Each patient underwent mechanical assessment and was treated with repeated movements based on their directional preference. All patients demonstrated rapid and clinically significant improvement in baseline measures and the disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (QuickDASH) scores from an average of 38% at initial evaluation to 5% at discharge within 3–5 visits. Our findings suggest that MDT may be an effective treatment approach for shoulder pain.
Integration of animal linkage and BAC contig maps using overgo hybridization

The alignment of genome linkage maps, defined primarily by segregation of sequence-tagged site (STS) markers, with BAC contig physical maps and full genome sequences requires high throughput mechanisms to identify BAC clones that contain specific STS. A powerful technique for this purpose is multi-dimensional hybridization of “overgo” probes. The probes are chosen from available STS sequence data by selecting unique probe sequences that have a common melting temperature. We have hybridized sets of 216 overgo probes in subset pools of 36 overgos at a time to filter-spotted chicken BAC clone arrays. A four-dimensional pooling strategy, including one degree of redundancy, has been employed. This requires 24 hybridizations to completely assign BACs for all 216 probes. Results to date are consistent with about a 10% failure rate in overgo probe design and a 15–20% false negative detection rate within a group of 216 markers. Three complete rounds of overgo hybridization, each to sets of about 39,000 BACs (either BamHI or EcoRI partial digest inserts) generated a total of 1853 BAC alignments for 517 mapped chicken genome STS markers. These data are publicly available, and they have been used in the assembly of a first generation BAC contig map of the chicken genome.
Novel dual-band power divider with three transmission zeros using 180-degree line sections

We propose a novel dual-band power divider with simple architecture and excellent in-band/out-of-band performances in this paper. Benefitting from the three transmission zeros introduced, the frequency selectivity of the passbands is significantly improved. Explicit design equations are derived using the even-/odd-mode analysis. For verification, a power divider with the bands at 1.03 and 1.97 GHz (a ratio of 1.9) was implemented. The circuit topology, design formulae, and simulated and measured results are investigated in detail throughout this paper.
THE MACROECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF DISCONTINUOUS ADJUSTMENT: SELECTIVE MEMORY OF NON‐DOMINATED EXTREMA

This paper deals with the macroeconomic consequences of discontinuous adjustment by heterogenous agents. The method used to analyze this problem is based on the Krasnosel'skii decomposition of systems into hysteresis operators. This method is applied to a simple model of asset-switching. The novel property is that the nondominated extremum values of the interest-rate-driving variable help determine the aggregate stocks of assets. Copyright 1994 by Scottish Economic Society.
The effect of metformin on insulin resistance and exercise parameters in patients with heart failure

Chronic heart failure (CHF) is an insulin‐resistant state. The degree of insulin resistance (IR) correlates with disease severity and is associated with reduced exercise capacity. In this proof of concept study, we have examined the effect of metformin on IR and exercise capacity in non‐diabetic CHF patients identified to have IR.
An Exegesis on Currency and Banking Crises

This paper reviews the literature on currency and banking crises. Currency and banking crises are characterized according to some standards in the literature and their historical record summarized. The development of the literature from first through fourth-generation, or so-called 'institutional' models is reviewed. A digression on institutions is provided along with some sidebars on the development of the literature on institutions as it relates to economic growth. The empirical research on third-generation "or twin crises" models and on institutional models of currency and banking crises, which are so far scarce, is covered too. A summary of the main policy issues for dealing with financial crises is presented. The paper closes with an emphasis on institutions and a call for more research directed at institutions and their role in the financial system. Copyright Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 2004.
Propagation in a Fluid Medium of a Human Epidermoid Carcinoma, Strain KB

Summary An epidermoid carcinoma of the floor of the mouth was cultivated directly onto a glass surface in a medium consisting of 13 amino acids, 7 vitamins, glucose, salts, and 10% human serum. All of the defined components of this medium had previously been shown to be essential for the propagation of the HeLa cell, and all were used at concentrations permitting maximal growth of that cell. The new line (KB) has been grown continuously in this medium for 5 months, and maintains a generation time in the logarithmic phase of growth of approximately 30 hours.
Genotype- and Mutation Site–Specific QT Adaptation During Exercise, Recovery, and Postural Changes in Children With Long-QT Syndrome

Background— Exercise stress testing has shown diagnostic utility in adult patients with long-QT syndrome (LQTS); however, the QT interval adaptation in response to exercise in pediatric patients with LQTS has received little attention. Methods and Results— One-hundred fifty-eight patients were divided into 3 groups: Those with LQTS type 1 (LQT1) or LQTS type 2 (LQT2) and normal control subjects without cardiovascular disease. Each patient underwent a uniform exercise protocol with a cycle ergometer followed by a 9-minute recovery phase with continuous 12-lead ECG monitoring. Each patient underwent a baseline ECG while resting in the supine position and in a standstill position during continuous ECG recording to determine changes in the QT and RR intervals. Fifty patients were gene-positive for LQTS (n=29 for LQT1 and n=21 for LQT2), and the control group consisted of 108 patients. QT interval adaptation was abnormal in the LQT1 patients compared with LQT2 and control patients (P<0.001). A corrected QT interval (QTc) >460 ms in the late recovery phase at 7 minutes predicted LQT1 or LQT2 versus control subjects with 96% specificity, 86% sensitivity, and a 91% positive predictive value. A recovery &Dgr;QTc(7 min−1 min) >30 ms predicted LQT2 versus LQT1 with 75% sensitivity, 82% specificity, and a 75% positive predictive value. The postural &Dgr;QT was significantly different between LQTS and control groups (P=0.005). Conclusions— Genotype-specific changes in repolarization response to exercise and recovery exist in the pediatric population and are of diagnostic utility in LQTS. An extended recovery phase is preferable to assess the repolarization response after exercise in the pediatric population.
Cognitive Approach to the Analysis and Choice of Innovation Strategies of the Enterprises

The article considers the problem of the analysis and choice of innovation strategies of the small and medium-sized enterprises in modern complicated unstable economic conditions. Difficulties of solving this problem at the early conceptual design stage interfaced to high uncertainty and risk are marked. For the problem decision are offered the cognitive technologies of support which are today the most effective and perspective tools for analysis and management of ill-structured problematic situations and, in particular, problematic situations of choice of enterprise innovation strategies. The proposed technology allows building a unified multi-disciplinary platform that integrates instrumental potentials all known business-concepts of innovation management. "Inference mechanism", developed as a part of this technology allows investigating the long-term dynamics of innovation strategies in the context of changing business environment and strategy targets of stakeholders. The aim of the article is to demonstrate the applied capacity of cognitive technologies, specifics of their building and the prospects of their use in the real conditions of innovation business.
Pollution Abatement Expenditure by U.S. Manufacturing Plants: Do Community Characteristics Matter?

Abstract This paper examines whether community characteristics impact the air pollution abatement (APA) activity at nearby manufacturing plants, using establishment-level data from the U.S. Census Bureaus Pollution Abatement Costs and Expenditures (PACE) survey. Controlling for facility characteristics and various forms of formal environmental regulation, certain community characteristics are found to have additional effects on local APA expenditures. In particular, for the most pollution-intensive industries, larger per capita income is found to increase plant-level APA activity, as is a higher degree of homeownership, a greater concentration of Democratic voters, and being located in a metropolitan area. Meanwhile, a greater presence of manufacturing employees is found to decrease APA expenditures, suggesting a constituency that is more resistant to additional regulation. If local populations can indeed affect pollution abatement activity, they can impact the spatial distribution of pollution, thereby creating pollution haven effects.
RESILIENCE AND SOCIAL CAPITAL

Increasingly, resilience is being incorporated into planning and social protection policy. People have been facing shocks, both natural and anthropogenic, forever, devising and innovating a variety of institutional responses to cope with, recover from, and prevent future impacts. Central to these shocks and this coping capacity, but often underexplored, is the role of social capital. This paper, using the case studies of iddirs (funeral societies) in Ethiopia and migrant networks in the Philippines, explores the contribution of local forms of social capital to building and strengthening the resilience of individuals and communities, focusing on their contributions to coping, adaptive, and transformative capacities. This paper argues that understanding clearly the role that existing social capital can play in building resilience is a necessary first step for policymakers. The authors suggest policy interventions to fill gaps where and when necessary while supporting and deepening existing social capital.
Effect of whole body vibration training on mobility in children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled experimenter-blinded study

Objective: To evaluate ambulatory function and leg muscle thickness after whole body vibration training in children with cerebral palsy. Design: A block randomized controlled trial with two groups. Setting: Physical therapy department laboratory. Subjects: A total of 30 (15 experimental, mean (SD) age 10.0 (2.26) years and 15 control, 9.6 (2.58)) children with cerebral palsy, 15 males and 15 females. Interventions: The experimental group underwent whole body vibration training combined with conventional physical therapy training; the control group underwent conventional physical therapy training three days a week for eight weeks respectively. Main outcome measures: Three-dimensional gait analyses and ultrasonographic imaging of the leg muscles were measured at pre- and post-test of intervention for eight weeks. Results: Whole body vibration training resulted in significantly better gait speed (P = 0.001, from 0.37 (0.04) m/s to 0.48 (0.06)), stride length (P = 0.001, from 0.38 (0.18) m to 0.48 (0.18)) and cycle time (P = 0.001, from 0.85 (0.48) s to 0.58 (0.38)) in the experimental group compared with that in the control group. The ankle angle (P = 0.019, from 7.30 (4.02) degree to 13.58 (8.79)) also showed a remarkable increase in the experimental group, but not the hip (P = 0.321) and knee angle (P = 0.102). The thicknesses of the tibialis anterior (P = 0.001, 0.48 (0.08) mm to 0.63 (0.10)) and soleus (P = 0.001, 0.45 (0.04) mm to 0.63 (0.12)) muscles were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. However, no significant effect was observed in the thickness of the gastrocnemius muscle (P = 0.645). Conclusions: These findings suggest that whole body vibration may improve mobility in children with cerebral palsy, probably through a positive effect on the leg muscles.
Freshmen Women and the “Freshman 15”: Perspectives on Prevalence and Causes of College Weight Gain

Abstract Objective: Freshman weight gain has been assessed using quantitative inquiry, but this qualitative study allowed for an in-depth exploration of freshmen women's experiences surrounding body image, nutrition, and exercise. The purpose of this study was to better understand the impact and explanations for the “Freshman 15. ” Participants: Freshmen college women, aged 18 to 19 years. Methods: Participants (N = 235) were initially surveyed about body dissatisfaction. Thirty participants were selected for semistructured interviews (conducted in March 2008) using a criterion-based, multilevel stratified random sampling. Results: Freshmen women reported intense fears about gaining weight. Women most commonly attributed freshman weight gain to newly found food independence, social comparison with peers, and the influence of friends and family. Women frequently cited eating habit changes to explain college weight gain. Conclusions: Comparison among females was framed using Festinger's social comparison theory. Despite being cautious about food, females described freshman weight gain as inevitable.
A Labour Supply Model for Married Women in France, Taxation, Hours Constraints and Job Seekers

The paper presents an approach to modelling the labour supply of married women in France using a subsamply of the INSEE survey "Budgest des Familles 1978-1979". A major difficulty with the estimation of labour supply reactions for France is the lack of continuity in observed hours worked. Using a quasi-homothetic specification for preferences allowing for demographics, we estimate different versions of the same model, treating the information on hours as grouped data. The preferred version treats the job seekers as wanting to supply an indeterminate positive amount of hours of work.
Multiple versus Single Banking Relationships: Theory and Evidence

A theory of the optimal number of banking relationships is developed and tested using matched bank-firm data. According to the theory, relationship banks may be unable to continue funding profitable projects owing to internal problems and a firm may thus have to refinance from nonrelationship banks. The latter, however, face an adverse selection problem, as they do not know the quality of the project, and may refuse to lend. In these circumstances, multiple banking can reduce the probability of an early liquidation of the project. The empirical evidence supports the predictions of the model. Copyright The American Finance Association 2000.
Dynamically optimal strategies for managing the joint resistance of pests to Bt toxin and conventional pesticides in a developing country

In this study we discuss why planting non-Bacillus thuringiensis (non-Bt) cotton as a refuge crop in China (and other developing countries) may not be economically optimal. To show this, we develop a bioeconomic model to run simulations that will help find the optimal strategies for managing the joint resistance of pests to the Bt toxin and conventional pesticides. We show that the approach of not requiring non-Bt cotton as a refuge is defensible given initial conditions and parameters calibrated to China's cotton production environment. Of special importance is the existence of natural refuge crops. The nature of transaction costs associated with implementing a refuge policy is also considered.
An Integrative Review of the Mental Health of Partners of Veterans With Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

The aim of this article is to present an integrative review of the mental health of veteran partners living with veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Living with a veteran with PTSD affects the psychological well-being and health outcomes of a veteran partner. Fourteen research articles that focused on the mental health of military partners, which directly influence the psychological well-being of veteran partners, were reviewed. Findings indicate that a range of mental health concerns exist among veteran partners living with veterans with PTSD. The mental well-being of veteran partners is affected by the emotional strain of living and caring for veterans with PTSD. For years, the partner’s presence has been overlooked in the PTSD treatment. However, to promote the comprehensive health of veterans with PTSD, it is paramount to understand the mental health state of veteran partners. Understanding the mental health state of veteran partners will provide a broader perspective to the plight of veteran partners.
Voluntary Accounting Disclosures by U.S.-Listed Asian Companies

The current study examines the voluntary disclosures (provided in the U.S.) by U.S.‐listed Asian companies. Our findings indicate that significantly fewer (greater) voluntary disclosures are provided by U.S.‐listed Asian companies from countries which have a strict (less strict) mandatory disclosure regime in their home country. This finding is contrary to the model developed in Einhorn 2005. In addition, this study documents that over 80 percent of U.S.‐listed Asian companies are voluntarily using “international” standards for their financial statements and thus contributing towards international accounting convergence. However, their choice to use “international” standards is not affected by their proportion of foreign sales or size. An important contribution of this study is the development of a measure for strictness of mandatory disclosure regimes of Asian countries by using expert rankings.
The political economy of budgeting in Latin America procedures, oversight, and participation

This report provides a selective overview of issues pertaining to the budgetary process and a mapping out of budgetary institutions in Latin America and assesses to what extent budgets play the role societies expect from them. We review the legislative involvement, provide first hand updated data on budget committees, institutional prerogatives of the legislative branch and identify the institutional checkpoints for the approval of budgets. We also offer an overview of issues pertaining to budget rigidity. Starting from the stylized fact of budget rigidity in Latin America the paper focuses on the mechanisms governments (both at the national and sub-national levels) have implemented to deal or to overcome budgetary institutional inflexibilities and problems of accountability that are associated with them. We further investigate the existing mechanism of control and accountability budget appropriation. Given that all over the region the executive is the dominant political player and legislatures usually do not have institutional conditions and/or incentives to fully oversight presidents, legislators have delegated oversight to auxiliary bodies such as audit institutions. Finally, we identify and analyze initiatives to enhance transparency and citizenÂ’s participation especially at the non-government level and experiences of participatory budgeting at local level. A number of experiences are reviewed including the Open budget project.
Defending a dominant position in a technology led environment

A company with a significant technology lead over its rivals cannot afford to be complacent about its position. In this article, Filippo Dell'Osso contrasts the case of Glaxo's Zantac — a massively successful drug representing only a modest technological advance — with EMI's CAT scanner, a massive technological advance of limited commercial benefit to EMI. In order to be fully exploited, a technology advantage needs to be complemented by the development of other corporate assets.