Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Toward a Theory of Creativity in Diverse Creative Women

ABSTRACT: Little is known and limited research has been completed about creative women, their creative processes, and the decisions they face about their own creative productivity. Few books or even articles suggest how creativity can be better developed, enhanced, or increased in a diverse population of girls and women. The social and political movement focusing on women during the past five decades has provided some understanding of women's creative processes as well as the creative roles that women have played in our society and the forces that shape those roles. In this article, current research is analyzed, focusing on the development of women's creativity and the classification of this research into major themes. Internal and external blocks to creativity in women are discussed, as is current research on these blocks, and an explanation is suggested for different types of creative productivity exhibited by women. A theory is proposed regarding the diversion of women's creativity into multiple areas in their lives, including relationships, work related to both family and home, personal interests, and aesthetic sensitivities. This diversion of creative efforts may result in different levels of creativity applied to work, as well as the existence of very different patterns of creative productivity in creative women.
An analysis of social gaming networks in online and face to face bridge communities

Online social games are Internet-based games that use the social networks formed by players to extend in-game functionality. For example, gamers participating in the BBO Fans community combine online bridge play with social networking. Despite an increase in the popularity of online social gaming---currently, there exist over one million online bridge players---, and of decades of research on social networks, the activity characteristics and the community structure of online social gaming remain relatively unknown. In this work we investigate and contrast these aspects for two bridge communities, BBO Fans (online) and Locomotiva (face to face). We propose the use of playing relationships instead of traditional social relationships such as friends and friends-of-friends. Using long-term, large-scale data we have collected from both the online and face to face bridge communities, we analyze user behavior, social network structure, and playing style in bridge communities. We find many similar characteristics in the two studied communities, but we also find more variation in the activity levels and fewer stable partnerships for the face to face bridge community.
Incorporating Selectional Restrictions into

This article is concerned with integrating the phenomenon o f selectional restrictions in a formal grammar theory. Firstly, th e question of treating selectional restrictions purely in the semantic m odule is discussed, as there are some contextual (or pragmatic) influenc es, which can repair the ill-formedness of violated selectional rest rictions. Secondly, we shed light on the stucture of pragmatics in general and then see how pragmatics is dealt with in Head-Driven Phrase Structur e Grammar, a formal framework we take as a concrete example for implemen tatio . Then we present existing approaches to selectional restric tions within this framework and, lastly, make our own proposal which desc ribes the subject as part of the semantics-pragmatics interface. In p articular, we show how a semantic ontology can be integrated.
DNA Interstrand Crosslinks Repair in Mammalian Cells

We studied the formation of double strand breaks (DSBs) as intermediates in the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) by homologous recombination (HR). The plasmid EGFP-N1 was crosslinked with trioxsalen to give one ICL per plasmid on average. HeLa cells were transfected with the crosslinked plasmids and the ICL repair was monitored by following the restoration of the GFP expression. It was accompanied by γ-H2AX foci formation suggesting that DSBs were formed during the process. However, the same amount of γ-H2AX foci was observed when cells were transfected with native plasmid, which indicated that γ-H2AX foci appearance could not be used to determine the amount of DSBs connected with the ICL repair in this system. For this reason we further monitored the DSB formation by determining the amount of linearized plasmids, since having one crosslink per plasmid on average, any ICL-driven DSB formation would lead to plasmid linearization. Native and crosslinked plasmids were incubated in repair-competent cell-free extracts from G1 and S phase HeLa cells. Although a considerable part of the ICLs was repaired, no linearization of the plasmids was observed in the extracts, which was interpreted that DSBs were not formed as intermediates in the process of ICL repair. In another set of experiments HRproficient HeLa and HR-deficient irs3 cells were transfected with native and crosslinked plasmids, and 6 h and 12 h later the plasmid DNA was isolated and analyzed by electrophoresis. The same amount of linear plasmid molecules was observed in both cell lines, regardless of whether they were transfected with native or crosslinked pEGFP-N1, which further confirmed that DSB formation was not an obligatory step in the process of ICL repair by HR
A Likely Story? The Influence of Type of Alibi and Defendant Gender on Juror Decision-Making

Previous research has demonstrated that stereotypes can be very influential in mock trials. Our study sought to add to the existing research on alibi evidence by investigating the use of gender stereotypes in mock jurors' evaluations of a defendant's alibi. Participants read one of four simulated murder trial transcripts, in which the defendant's gender (man or woman) and type of alibi (gender stereotype-consistent or gender stereotype-inconsistent) were manipulated. Results demonstrated a lack of direct effects of defendant gender and alibi type on verdict certainty; however, these factors did indirectly influence mock jurors' perceptions of the defendant's guilt via their influence on perceived defendant femininity, credibility, and likeability. Defendants who were seen as more feminine were rated more positively in terms of credibility and likeability, and these characteristics were associated with lower guilt ratings. Thus, gender stereotypes may influence how mock jurors evaluate trial information.
Detection of Recent HIV-1 Infection Using a New Limiting-Antigen Avidity Assay: Potential for HIV-1 Incidence Estimates and Avidity Maturation Studies

Background Accurate and reliable laboratory methods are needed for estimation of HIV-1 incidence to identify the high-risk populations and target and monitor prevention efforts. We previously described a single-well limiting-antigen avidity enzyme immunoassay (LAg-Avidity EIA) to detect recent HIV-1 infection. Methods We describe here further optimization and characterization of LAg-Avidity EIA, comparing it to the BED assay and a two-well avidity-index (AI) EIA. Specimen sets included longitudinal sera (n = 393), collected from 89 seroconverting individuals from 4 cohorts representing 4 HIV-1 subtypes, and sera from AIDS patients (n = 488) with or without TB co-infections from 3 different cohorts. Ninety seven HIV-1 positive specimens were purchased commercially. The BED assay, LAg-Avidity EIA, AI-EIA and HIV serology were performed, as needed. Results Monitoring quality control specimens indicated high reproducibility of the LAg-Avidity EIA with coefficient of variation of <10% in the dynamic range. The LAg-Avidity EIA has an overall mean duration of recency (ω) of 141 days (95% CI 119–160) at normalized optical density (ODn) cutoff of 1.0, with similar ω in different HIV-1 subtypes and populations (132 to 143 days). Antibody avidity kinetics were similar among individuals and subtypes by both the LAg-Avidity EIA and AI-EIA compared to the HIV-IgG levels measured by the BED assay. The false recent rate among individuals with AIDS was 0.2% with the LAg-Avidity EIA, compared to 2.9% with the BED assay. Western blot profiles of specimens with increasing avidity confirm accurate detection of recent HIV-1 infections. Conclusions These data demonstrate that the LAg-Avidity EIA is a promising assay with consistent ω in different populations and subtypes. The assay should be very useful for 1) estimating HIV-1 incidence in cross-sectional specimens as part of HIV surveillance, 2) identifying risk factors for recent infections, 3) measuring impact of prevention programs, and 4) studying avidity maturation during vaccine trials.
Clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease

Dementia has been increasingly more recognized to be a common feature in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), especially in old age. Specific criteria for the clinical diagnosis of dementia associated with PD (PD‐D), however, have been lacking. A Task Force, organized by the Movement Disorder Study, was charged with the development of clinical diagnostic criteria for PD‐D. The Task Force members were assigned to sub‐committees and performed a systematic review of the literature, based on pre‐defined selection criteria, in order to identify the epidemiological, clinical, auxillary, and pathological features of PD‐D. Clinical diagnostic criteria were then developed based on these findings and group consensus. The incidence of dementia in PD is increased up to six times, point‐prevelance is close to 30%, older age and akinetic‐rigid form are associated with higher risk. PD‐D is characterized by impairment in attention, memory, executive and visuo‐spatial functions, behavioral symptoms such as affective changes, hallucinations, and apathy are frequent. There are no specific ancillary investigations for the diagnosis; the main pathological correlate is Lewy body‐type degeneration in cerebral cortex and limbic structures. Based on the characteristic features associated with this condition, clinical diagnostic criteria for probable and possible PD‐D are proposed. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Age of the Victim and the Seriousness of Homicides: Kentucky, 1976 - 1986

This analysis examines Kentucky murders between 1976 and 1986. Special attention is given to the manner in which these homicides vary by age of victim. Multiva riate analysis considers the seriousness of homicides. Causal models are formulated for murders featuring juvenile and elderly victims. Overall, the homicide severity was linked to both legal and social factors. In particular, homicides featuring elderly victims and those with juvenile victims were determined to be especially serious.
Student teachers' perceptions of self‐competence in and emotions/stress about teaching in initial teacher education

This study focuses upon identifying and classifying prospective teachers' perceptions of self‐competence in teaching after a four‐year university course on primary education and the relationship between their personal well‐being, views, emotions and stress about teaching and their teaching competencies during their undergraduate school teaching practice. Data collection was obtained by questionnaires from two cohorts of final‐year student teachers in a Greek university department of primary education (n = 170). The findings revealed that prospective teachers rated their general teaching skills above moderate levels indicating that they felt just competent to start teaching, their personal well‐being was not strongly affected by the teaching itself and did not indicate high levels of stress. This study contributes to the ongoing discussion about developing positive teaching experiences and effective teaching competencies for prospective teachers.
No relative expansion of the number of prefrontal neurons in primate and human evolution

Significance Human brain evolution is often considered synonymous with cortical expansion, in particular of the prefrontal cortex, a cortical region required for our remarkable cognitive abilities such as personality expression, planning, and decision making. In this study, we show that the expansion of numbers of cortical neurons in human and nonhuman primate evolution occurred in a similar manner across the cortex, without an increase in the relative number of neurons in the prefrontal region, and without a relative increase in the number of cells in the prefrontal white matter. One thing that distinguishes the human brain from other primate brains is thus not the relative size of its prefrontal cortex but its absolute number of neurons. Human evolution is widely thought to have involved a particular expansion of prefrontal cortex. This popular notion has recently been challenged, although controversies remain. Here we show that the prefrontal region of both human and nonhuman primates holds about 8% of cortical neurons, with no clear difference across humans and other primates in the distribution of cortical neurons or white matter cells along the anteroposterior axis. Further, we find that the volumes of human prefrontal gray and white matter match the expected volumes for the number of neurons in the gray matter and for the number of other cells in the white matter compared with other primate species. These results indicate that prefrontal cortical expansion in human evolution happened along the same allometric trajectory as for other primate species, without modification of the distribution of neurons across its surface or of the volume of the underlying white matter. We thus propose that the most distinctive feature of the human prefrontal cortex is its absolute number of neurons, not its relative volume.
Formation of a metastable ordered surface phase due to competitive diffusion and adsorption kinetics: Oxygen on Pd(100).

A metastable c(2 x 2) structure is formed by atomic oxygen on Pd(100) under conditions of slow diffusion combined with rapid adsorption. We propose that formation of the c(2 x 2) under these conditions must be controlled by characteristics of the dissociative adsorption event itself.
Expression and Secretion of Cyan Fluorescent Protein (CFP) in B. subtilis using the Chitinase Promoter from Bacillus pumilus SG2

Background: Improved cyan fluorescent protein (ICFP) is a monochromic, green fluorescent protein (GFP) derivative produced by Aequorea macrodactyla in a process similar to GFP. This protein has strong absorption spectra at wavelengths 426-446 nm. ICFP can be used in cell, organelle or intracellular protein labeling, investigating the protein-protein interactions as well as assessing the promoter activities. Methods: In our previous study, the promoters of two chitinases (ChiS and ChiL) from Bacillus pumilus SG2 were assessed in B. subtilis and their regulatory elements were characterized. In the present study, icfp was cloned downstream of several truncated promoters obtained in the former study, and ICFP expression was evaluated in B. subtilis. Results: Extracellular expression and secretion of ICFP were analyzed under the control of different truncated versions of ChiSL promoters grown on different media. Results from SDS-PAGE and fluorimetric analyses showed that there were different expression rates of CFP; however, the UPChi-ICFP3 construct exhibited a higher level of expression and secretion in the culture medium. Conclusion: Our presented results revealed that inserting this truncated form of Chi promoter upstream of the ICFP, as a reporter gene, in B. subtilis led to an approximately ten fold increase in ICFP expression.
Analysis of stability and different speed boosting assist techniques towards the design and optimization of high speed SRAM cell

Cell stability with efficient operation are the two major concerns towards the design of SRAM bit cells in sub nanometer CMOS technologies. Supply scaling, intra-die parameter variations are some of the major factors governing the cell stability and controllability. This paper analyses the different stability criteria and the effect of various assist techniques in designing a SRAM cell for high speed operation. The design steps required for proper sizing of the bit cell is also explained in detail. Monte Carlo simulations are done for calculating the six sigma variation of the different stability parameters. The simulations are done in ELDO Spice and the process technology used is 65nm CMOS process.
Do ESL Essay Raters' Evaluation Criteria Change With Experience? A Mixed‐Methods, Cross‐Sectional Study

This study adopted a mixed-methods cross-sectional approach to identify similarities and differences in the English as a second language (ESL) essay holistic scores and evaluation criteria of raters with different levels of experience. Each of 31 experienced and 29 novice raters rated a sample of ESL essays holistically and analytically and provided written explanations for each holistic score they assigned. Score and qualitative data analyses were conducted to identify the criteria that the raters employed to rate the essays holistically. The findings indicated that both groups gave more importance to the communicative quality of the essays than to other aspects of writing. However, the novice raters tended to be more lenient and to give more importance to argumentation than the experienced raters did. The experienced raters tended to be more severe, to give more importance to linguistic accuracy, and to refer to evaluation criteria other than those listed in the rating scale more frequently than the novices did. The article concludes with a call for longitudinal research to investigate to what extent, how, and why rater evaluation criteria change over time and across contexts.
Some Facts regarding Vocational Training among the Ancient Greeks and Romans

Greek literature affords little information regarding the technical education of the craftsman. This is probably due not only to the relative simplicity of the Greek industrial system but to the influence of slavery in bringing the manual arts into disrepute. The prejudice in the minds of the educated classes against manual labor finds expression in the writings of even the profoundest thinkers.
Explaining San Diego’s Decline in Illegal Street‐Racing Casualties

Illegal street racing has become a pressing problem for cities and counties throughout the United States. In response to the problem, San Diego was the first city to pass a spectator ordinance, making attendance at an illegal street race an arrestable offense. Shortly after the spectator ordinance went into effect, a forfeiture ordinance was passed. This provides for forfeiture of vehicles used in illegal speed contests. A recent drop in illegal street‐racing casualties has been attributed to both ordinances, but other explanations are plausible, including an increase in media attention to the problem, a highly publicized prosecution for murder stemming from two illegal street racing fatalities, an increase in the number of sanctioned racing events, and enforcement of certain provisions in California’s Vehicle Code. Even in the face of these possible alternative explanations, several regression analyses revealed that the forfeiture ordinance had the most pronounced effect on street‐racing casualties.
“I couldn’t have done it on my own.” Perspectives of patients preparing for discharge from a UK high secure hospital

Purpose – Discharge preparation from high to medium levels of security has received little attention from researchers to date, but is a critical stage in a patient's pathway. This paper aims to capture the perspectives of patients who are preparing to move on from high to medium security. Design/methodology/approach – Nine patients who were in the “discharge preparation” stage of their pathway were interviewed to capture their perspectives on the process. Interview transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings – Nine themes were identified as representing the patient interviews: trust and support, feeling empowered, journey of self-acceptance, skilling-up, getting to know the Medium Secure Unit (MSU), feeling disempowered and unvalued, issues with the system, anxiety about endings, and stigma and society. Originality/value – This paper gives voice to patients across clinical directorates at a UK high secure hospital regarding their perspectives on what has helped and hindered their discharge.
Distribution Theory for Group Sequential Analysis of General Linear Models

SUMMARY We derive the joint distribution of the sequence of estimates of the parameter vector in a normal general linear model when data accumulate over a series of analyses. This sequence of estimates has a remarkably simple covariance structure, even when observations are correlated, allowing standard group sequential tests to be applied in very general settings. If observations' variances and covariances depend on an unknown scale factor 2 , the joint distribution of the sequence of estimates of and 2 has a simple form, again even in the case of correlated observations. From these results, we establish a general treatment of group sequential t, 2 and F-tests.
High-Efficiency DAB Converter Using Switching Sequences and Burst Mode

Dual active bridge converters enable bidirectional power flow in buck and boost operating modes. This paper presents an advanced switching sequence and burst-mode strategy to balance conduction, switching, and magnetic losses under light, medium, and heavy loading conditions, leading to improved operating efficiency. The implementation of the switching sequence employs the natural state-plane trajectories of the converter and contributes to higher efficiency and the ability to perform burst mode. The proposed switching sequences improve the overall efficiency of the converter by enabling soft switching and adjusting the frequency to match the minimum RMS transformer current in the full operating range. Furthermore, it incorporates a fully controlled burst-mode switching sequence for light loading conditions to further extend the efficiency gains. As a result, maximum efficiency is obtained by taking advantage of all the possible switching structures of the converter. The analysis provides insight into the natural trajectories of the converter, which produce soft-switching transitions and enable the converter structures to achieve the target operating point directly. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the benefits of the switching sequence and illustrate the burst-mode operation.