Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Withdrawal of support in intracerebral hemorrhage may lead to self-fulfilling prophecies

Background: Withdrawal of support in patients with severe brain injury invariably leads to death. Preconceived notions about futility of care in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) may prompt withdrawal of support, and modeling outcome in patient populations in whom withdrawal of support occurs may lead to self-fulfilling prophecies. Methods: Subjects included consecutive patients with supratentorial ICH. Radiographic characteristics of the hemorrhage, clinical variables, and neurologic outcome were assessed. Attitudes about futility of care were examined among members of the departments of neurology and neurologic surgery through a written survey and case presentations. Results: There were 87 patients with supratentorial ICH; overall mortality was 34.5% (30/87). Mortality was 66.7% (18/27) in patients with Glasgow Coma Score ≤8 and ICH volume >60 cm3. Medical support was withdrawn in 76.7% (23/30) of patients who died. Inclusion of a variable to account for the withdrawal of support in a model predicting outcome negated the predictive value of all other variables. Patients undergoing surgical decompression were unlikely to have support withdrawn, and surgery was less likely to be performed in older patients (p < 0.01) and patients with left hemispheric hemorrhage (p = 0.04). Survey results suggested that practitioners tend to be overly pessimistic in prognosticating outcome based upon data available at the time of presentation. Conclusions: The most important prognostic variable in determining outcome after ICH is the level of medical support provided. Withdrawal of support in patients felt likely to have a “poor outcome” biases predictive models and leads to self-fulfilling prophecies. Our data show that individual patients in traditionally “poor outcome” categories can have a reasonable neurologic outcome when treated aggressively.
Factors affecting the detection of trends: Statistical considerations and applications to environmental data

Detection of long-term, linear trends is affected by a number of factors, including the size of trend to be detected, the time span of available data, and the magnitude of variability and autocorrelation of the noise in the data. The number of years of data necessary to detect a trend is strongly dependent on, and increases with, the magnitude of variance (σN2) and autocorrelation coefficient (ϕ) of the noise. For a typical range of values of σN2 and ϕ the number of years of data needed to detect a trend of 5%/decade can vary from ∼10 to >20 years, implying that in choosing sites to detect trends some locations are likely to be more efficient and cost-effective than others. Additionally, some environmental variables allow for an earlier detection of trends than other variables because of their low variability and autocorrelation. The detection of trends can be confounded when sudden changes occur in the data, such as when an instrument is changed or a volcano erupts. Sudden level shifts in data sets, whether due to artificial sources, such as changes in instrumentation or site location, or natural sources, such as volcanic eruptions or local changes to the environment, can strongly impact the number of years necessary to detect a given trend, increasing the number of years by as much as 50% or more. This paper provides formulae for estimating the number of years necessary to detect trends, along with the estimates of the impact of interventions on trend detection. The uncertainty associated with these estimates is also explored. The results presented are relevant for a variety of practical decisions in managing a monitoring station, such as whether to move an instrument, change monitoring protocols in the middle of a long-term monitoring program, or try to reduce uncertainty in the measurements by improved calibration techniques. The results are also useful for establishing reasonable expectations for trend detection and can be helpful in selecting sites and environmental variables for the detection of trends. An important implication of these results is that it will take several decades of high-quality data to detect the trends likely to occur in nature.
Urodynamic Outcomes After Hysterectomy for Benign Conditions: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background. Hysterectomy, the most common gynecological surgery performed in the United Kingdom, has been highlighted as a possible etiological factor in urinary dysfunction in women who have undergone nonradical hysterectomy. Multiple studies in recent years have examined this question with both clinical and urodynamics metrics. Aims. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze urodynamic outcomes before and after total hysterectomy for benign conditions, and report if urinary function was changed after hysterectomy. Methods. English articles on MEDLINE and CINAHL from 1950 to February 2009 and on Web of Knowledge all years were searched. The search strategy used combinations of search terms related to urinary function and hysterectomy. The keywords used were “urodynamics,” “stress incontinence,” “urge incontinence,” “bladder instability,” “overactive bladder,” “detrusor overactivity,” and “hysterectomy. ” Observational studies and randomized controlled trials investigating urodynamic outcomes before and after hysterectomy were included. The data were analyzed in Review Manager 5 software. Results. Overall, symptoms of urinary incontinence were significantly reduced after hysterectomy (relative risk [RR] = 1.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.01, 1.84]). The urodynamic diagnosis of detrusor overactivity was significantly reduced after hysterectomy (RR = 1.58, 95% CI [1.16, 2.16]), but there was no significant reduction in the prevalence of urodynamic stress incontinence after hysterectomy (RR = 0.89, 95% CI [0.58, 1.38]). There was no significant change to urine flow rate after hysterectomy (RR = −0.36, 95% CI [−1.40, 0.68]). Conclusions. Hysterectomy for benign gynecological conditions does not adversely impact urodynamic outcomes nor does it increase the risk of adverse urinary symptoms and may even improve some urinary function. Target Audience: Obstetricians & Gynecologists and Family Physicians. Learning Objectives: After the completing the CME activity, physicians should be better able to categorize changes in urinary function following hysterectomy, assess changes in urinary symptoms following hysterectomy.
A microscopic evaluation of collagen–bilirubin interactions: in vitro surface phenomenon

This study is carried out to understand the morphology variations of collagen I matrices influenced by bilirubin. The characteristics of bilirubin interaction with collagen ascertained using various techniques like XRD, CLSM, fluorescence, SEM and AFM. These techniques are used to understand the distribution, expression and colocalization patterns of collagen–bilirubin complexes. The present investigation mimic the in vivo mechanisms created during the disorder condition like jaundice. Fluorescence technique elucidates the crucial role played by bilirubin deposition and interaction during collagen organization. Influence of bilirubin during collagen fibrillogenesis and banding patterns are clearly visualize using SEM. As a result, collagen–bilirubin complex provides different reconstructed patterns because of the influence of bilirubin concentration. Selectivity, specificity and spatial organization of collagen–bilirubin are determined through AFM imaging. Consequently, it is observed that the morphology and quantity of the bilirubin binding to collagen varied by the concentrations and the adsorption rate in protein solutions. Microscopic studies of collagen–bilirubin interaction confirms that bilirubin influence the fibrillogenesis and alter the rate of collagen organization depending on the bilirubin concentration. This knowledge helps to develop a novel drug to inhibit the interface point of interaction between collagen and bilirubin.
Reinterpretation of an Existing NLG System in a Generic Generation Architecture

The RAGS project aims to define a reference architecture for Natural Language Generation (NLG) systems. Currently the major part of this architecture consists of a set of datatype definitions for specifying the input and output formats for modules within NLG systems. In this paper we describe our efforts to reinterpret an existing NLG system in terms of these definitions. The system chosen was the Caption Generation System.
Phenological changes within a growth season in two semi-natural pastures in southern Sweden

Phenological changes within a growth season were investigated in two grazed, semi-natural grasslands in southern Sweden. On four occasions during the growth season, two independent observers recorded plant frequency and percentage cover. The vegetation data sets were analysed with ordination methods. The temporal changes were highly significant, but accounted for only a small part of the total variation in the data. Most species had early maxima, regarding both cover and frequency. There were differences in temporal pattern between the two grasslands. In a xeric area, the vegetation underwent a major change sometime in August, between survey-visit three and four. In a mesic area, the vegetation changed throughout the study period but least so during August. Therefore, phenological changes can be manifested in different ways, even within the same geographic region. Species-wise ordination scores highlighted those species whose records might be most affected by phenological patterns, information which is valuable when evaluating data collected in Scandinavian grasslands.
Myosin Cross-Bridge Dynamics in Patients With Hypertension and Concentric Left Ventricular Remodeling

Background—Hypertension (HTN) causes concentric left ventricular remodeling, defined as an increased relative wall thickness or overt left ventricular hypertrophy, and associated diastolic dysfunction. HTN and concentric remodeling are also common precursors to heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction. It is not known whether the myofilament contributes to diastolic dysfunction in patients with concentric remodeling. Methods and Results—Intraoperative myocardial biopsies were obtained in 15 male patients undergoing coronary bypass grafting, all with normal left ventricular ejection fraction and wall motion. Eight patients had a history of HTN and concentric remodeling. Seven without HTN or remodeling served as controls. Myocardial strips were dissected and demembranated with detergent. Isometric tension was measured and sinusoidal length perturbation analysis performed at sarcomere length 2.2 &mgr;m and pCa 8 to 4.5. Sinusoidal analysis provides estimates of cross-bridge dynamics, including rate constants of attachment and detachment and cross-bridge attachment time. The normalized isometric tension–pCa relation was similar in HTN and controls. However, cross-bridge attachment time was significantly prolonged at submaximal [Ca2+] (pCa ≥6.5) in HTN patients. Analysis of protein phosphorylation revealed ≈25% reduction in phosphorylation of troponin I in HTN patients (P<0.05). Conclusions—Compared with controls, patients with HTN and concentric remodeling display prolonged cross-bridge attachment time at submaximal [Ca2+] without a change in the tension–pCa relation. Prolonged cross-bridge attachment time implicates altered cross-bridge dynamics as a cause of slowed relaxation in these patients. This finding was associated with reduced phosphorylation of troponin I, suggesting decreased phosphorylation of protein kinase A/G sites as a mechanism.
An Collision Solutions Mechanism in opportunistic routing in wireless mesh networks

This article describes a new collision solutions mechanism for Collision Solutions Mechanism in Opportunistic Routing, named CSMOR, in wireless networks. The mechanism encourages the senders' signals to be interfered with each other in Opportunistic Routing. When two or more signals are transmited at the same time, the packets might be conflicted and interfered. In the mechanism, the nodes can decode the interfered signal and get the original packets. So, the mechanism of CSMOR encourages the sender to transmit data at the same time, the receiver can use network layer information to reconstruct the interfered signals, and decode the signal they need from the package. Therefore, CSMOR avoid the back-off time and the accuracy of received packets has a significant improvement. This mechanism could minimize the end-to-end delay, increase the network throughput. With the data packets flow increasing, the gain of the mechanism is also enhanced. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that CSMOR improves the performance significantly in terms of the less end-to-end delay, the greater throughput, compared with the classic Opportunistic Routing ExOR and MORE.
Case for holistic query evaluation

We present the case for holistic query evaluation: a novel model for query processing by generating specific, highly optimized code at runtime, that is then compiled and executed. The model is based on the notion of embedding various query operations in a single nested-loops construct. This leads to a hardware-friendly query representation that can be executed with minimal instruction and data cache accesses and cache miss rates, resulting in greatly improved response times. We have implemented a prototype system adhering to these principles and have conducted a detailed experimental study. We compared our approach to existing database technology, using both response time and hardware performance events as metrics. The results demonstrate a clear performance advantage for our system, exhibiting the potential of adopting the proposed holistic model as the kernel of a database query engine.
Maternal Undernutrition Programs Offspring Adrenal Expression of Steroidogenic Enzymes

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of maternal undernutrition (MUN) on maternal and offspring adrenal steoridogenic enzymes. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were 50% food-restricted from day 10 of gestation until delivery. Control animals received ad libitum food. Offspring were killed on day 1 of life (P1) and at 9 months. We determined the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of steroidogneic enzymes by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerized chain reaction (RT-PCR). Maternal undernutrition inhibited maternal adrenal expression of P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1), 11 beta-hydroxylase (CYP11B1), aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) receptor (ACTH-R; MC2 gene) compared with control offspring. There was a marked downregulation in the expression of CYP11B1, CYP11B2, 11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and 2 (HSD1 and HSD2), CYP11A1, ACTH receptor, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR), and mineralocorticoid receptor (MCR; NR3C2 gene) mRNA in P1 MUN offspring (both genders), with no changes in glucocorticoid receptor (GCR). Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the PCR data for GCR and MCR in P1 offspring and demonstrated lower expression of leptin receptor protein (Ob-Ra/Ob-Rb) and mRNA in P1 MUN offspring. In 9-month adult male MUN offspring, the expression of HSD1, CYP11A1, CYP11B2, Ob-Ra/Ob-Rb, and GCR mRNA were significantly upregulated with a trend toward an increase in ACTH-R and a decrease in 17 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP17A1) expression. In adult female MUN offspring, similar to males, the expression of CYP11A1, ACTH-R, and Ob-Rb mRNA were increased, whereas GCR and CYP17A1 mRNA were decreased. These results indicate that the adrenal gland is a target of nutritional programming. In utero undernutrition has a global suppressive effect on maternal and P1 offspring adrenal steroidogenic enzymes in association with reduced circulating corticosterone levels in P1 offspring, which may be secondary to a negative feedback from elevated maternal GC levels and or leptin levels in MUN dams. Gender-specific differences in steroidogenic enzyme expression were found in adult MUN offspring. The common finding of increased ACTH receptor expression in MUN adults of both genders suggests an increased sensitivity of these offspring to stress.
Detection of HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies in a Human CD4+/CXCR4+/CCR5+ T-Lymphoblastoid Cell Assay System

Sensitive assays are needed to meaningfully assess low levels of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) that may be important for protection against the acquisition of HIV-1 infection in vaccine recipients. The current assay of choice uses a non-lymphoid cell line (TZM-bl) that may lack sensitivity owing to over expression of CD4 and CCR5. We used transfection of a human CD4+/CXCR4+/α4β7+ T-lymphoblastoid cell line (A3.01) with a CMV IE promoter-driven CCR5neo vector to stably express CCR5. The resulting line, designated A3R5, is permissive to a wide range of CCR5-tropic circulating strains of HIV-1, including HIV-1 molecular clones containing a Tat-inducible Renilla luciferase reporter gene and expressing multiple Env subtypes. Flow cytometric analysis found CCR5 surface expression on A3R5 cells to be markedly less than TZM-bl but similar to CD3.8 stimulated PBMC. More importantly, neutralization mediated by a diverse panel of monoclonal antibodies, HIV-1 positive polyclonal sera and sCD4 was consistently greater in A3R5 compared to TZM-bl cells. The A3R5 cell line provides a novel approach to guide the development and qualification of promising new HIV-1 vaccine immunogens.
Apiwave: Keeping track of API popularity and migration

Every day new frameworks and libraries are created and existing ones evolve. To benefit from such newer or improved APIs, client developers should update their applications. In practice, this process presents some challenges: APIs are commonly backward-incompatible (causing client applications to fail when updating) and multiple APIs are available (making it difficult to decide which one to use). To address these challenges, we propose apiwave, a tool that keeps track of API popularity and migration of major frameworks/libraries. The current version includes data about the evolution of top 650 GitHub Java projects, from which 320K APIs were extracted. We also report an experience using apiwave on real-world scenarios.
Journal of Network and Systems Management Manuscript No. Repcidn: a Reputation-based Collaborative Intrusion Detection Network to Lessen the Impact of Malicious Alarms

Distributed and coordinated attacks in computer networks are causing considerable economic losses worldwide in recent years. This is mainly due to the transition of attackers' operational patterns towards a more sophisticated and more global behavior. This fact is leading current Intrusion Detection Systems to be more likely to generate false alarms. In this context , this paper describes the design of a Collaborative Intrusion Detection Network (CIDN) that is capable of building and sharing collective knowledge about isolated alarms in order to efficiently and accurately detect distributed attacks. It has been also strengthened with a reputation mechanism aimed to improve the detection coverage by dropping false or bogus alarms that arise from malicious or misbehaving nodes. This model will enable a CIDN to detect malicious behaviors according to the trustworthiness of the alarm issuers, calculated from previous interactions with the system. Experimental results will finally demonstrate how entities are gradually isolated as their behavior worsens throughout the time.
Analysis of Two-Way Contingency Tables : Log-Linear Models and Dual Scaling

Summary The paper focuses upon the measurement of association in two-way contingency tables, using the log-linear models and dual scaling approaches. The former comprises [1] the use of pseudo-Bayes estimators to remove zeros, [2] fitting the resulting smoothed array to all possible configurations of log-linear models, [3] fitting the quasi-independence model to detect anomalous cells that caused deviation from the null-independence model. The latter includes [1] estimation of the optimal weights that maximize the canonical correlation between the two categorical variables by an optimization iterative method, [2] testing the discriminability of the estimated scoring scheme. The two approaches were applied to a set of real data for the study of the association between maternal age at marriage and types of reproductive wastage in a sampling survey conducted in the population of female nurses in Kuwait.
Understanding and solving short-term voltage stability problems

Based on actual incidents, short-term voltage instability is an increasing, but often overlooked, industry concern. A common scenario is a large disturbance such as a multi-phase fault near a load center that decelerate motor loads. Following fault clearing with transmission outages, motors raw very high current while simultaneously attempting to reaccelerate, and may stall if the power system is weak. Massive loss of load and possibly area instability and voltage collapse may follow. The authors describe actual incidents. Fast-acting generator excitation controls, fast-acting reactive power support devices (SVC, STATCOM, SMES), or fast load shedding can prevent voltage collapse. Proper analysis requires dynamic modeling of aggregated motor loads, with equivalents for distribution feeders. Power electronic based voltage support devices must be realistically modeled to determine required size, location, number, and type. Based on simulations, they conclude that voltage-sourced converter devices (STATCOM, SMES) are attractive countermeasures against load loss and voltage collapse. Factory built distribution-connected distributed devices may be cost-effective compared to larger transmission-connected devices.
Predicting and Explaining Human Semantic Search in a Cognitive Model

Recent work has attempted to characterize the structure of semantic memory and the search algorithms which, together, best approximate human patterns of search revealed in a semantic fluency task. There are a number of models that seek to capture semantic search processes over networks, but they vary in the cognitive plausibility of their implementation. Existing work has also neglected to consider the constraints that the incremental process of language acquisition must place on the structure of semantic memory. Here we present a model that incrementally updates a semantic network, with limited computational steps, and replicates many patterns found in human semantic fluency using a simple random walk. We also perform thorough analyses showing that a combination of both structural and semantic features are correlated with human performance patterns.
Multiple moving objects detection and tracking based on optical flow in polar-log images

Object detection and tracking are the main research contents of computer vision. One of the methods is based on the estimation of optical flow field, but their calculation result and efficiency are poor. So a multiple object detection and tracking algorithm based on optical flow in polar-log images is proposed in this paper. Optical flow computation is only used in moving area. Firstly, the moving edge is extracted in polar-log coordinate. Secondly, the generalized dynamic image model (GDIM) based method is used and the gradient operator in polar-log coordinate is employed to compute the optical flow directly in every moving area and the object tracking is accomplished. This method has there advantages. One is that the image size reduced and the computing time of optical flow decreased in polar-log coordinate. The other is that the optical flow calculation result is accurate because the GDIM base method is used and the gradient operator in polar-log coordinate is employed. The third is that “excessively smooth” can be resolved by optical flow computation only used in moving area. And this method can be used for multiple objects tracking and real time object tracking. Finally, the experimental results prove that the proposed method in the paper is efficient to multiple objects detection and tracking.