Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
'That seems to be promising!' – Predicting opportunity evaluation by means of situational characteristics and individual cognitions

In an experimental scenario study, we tested the influence of situational characteristics and individuals' cognitive appraisal on the entrepreneurial evaluation of the situation. We manipulated potential profit margin, time to profit, personal investment and probability of success on two levels each, thus, resulting in a fully crossed 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 design with independent measures. Moreover, we assessed two pivotal cognitive appraisals of the situation, namely primary appraisal (i.e., the extent to which the event is relevant for and in accordance with personal goals) and secondary appraisal (i.e., the extent to which the individual perceives himself to be able to master a potential failure within the situation). Multiple regression results indicated a significant influence of profit margin and probability of success of a given opportunity on entrepreneurial evaluation. Moreover, (situation-specific) primary and secondary appraisal emerged as incrementally significant predictors. Results indicate additive predictive value of situational variables and psychological indicators of person-situation-fit.
Helicobacter pylori Evolution: Lineage- Specific Adaptations in Homologs of Eukaryotic Sel1-Like Genes

Geographic partitioning is postulated to foster divergence of Helicobacter pylori populations as an adaptive response to local differences in predominant host physiology. H. pylori's ability to establish persistent infection despite host inflammatory responses likely involves active management of host defenses using bacterial proteins that may themselves be targets for adaptive evolution. Sequenced H. pylori genomes encode a family of eight or nine secreted proteins containing repeat motifs that are characteristic of the eukaryotic Sel1 regulatory protein, whereas the related Campylobacter and Wolinella genomes each contain only one or two such “Sel1-like repeat” (SLR) genes (“slr genes”). Signatures of positive selection (ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous mutations, dN/dS = ω > 1) were evident in the evolutionary history of H. pylori slr gene family expansion. Sequence analysis of six of these slr genes (hp0160, hp0211, hp0235, hp0519, hp0628, and hp1117) from representative East Asian, European, and African H. pylori strains revealed that all but hp0628 had undergone positive selection, with different amino acids often selected in different regions. Most striking was a divergence of Japanese and Korean alleles of hp0519, with Japanese alleles having undergone particularly strong positive selection (ωJ > 25), whereas alleles of other genes from these populations were intermingled. Homology-based structural modeling localized most residues under positive selection to SLR protein surfaces. Rapid evolution of certain slr genes in specific H. pylori lineages suggests a model of adaptive change driven by selection for fine-tuning of host responses, and facilitated by geographic isolation. Characterization of such local adaptations should help elucidate how H. pylori manages persistent infection, and potentially lead to interventions tailored to diverse human populations.
CHEESE HARDNESS ASSESSMENT BY EXPERTS AND UNTRAINED JUDGES

Although expert assessment of food characteristics is recognized as a key step in product development, the use of consumer based measurements is sometimes recommended as an equivalent to the experts. From cognitive psychology, support of the role of perceptual learning is found in some instances, although this could not be relevant in others. To address this point performance analysis of experts and untrained panelists in cheese texture evaluation was carried out. Neither the untrained panelists nor the experts were familiar with either the scales or the kind of cheese. The same Cheddar cheese was given to 44 untrained subjects in three trials to assess hardness. The results showed that their judgment has a 29% average random error variance; the interrater reliability being low. The same experiment gave a random error variance of 2% for three highly skilled judges (experts). The difference in variance was linked to training. Untrained panelists also showed an adaptation error. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference between the average ratings of both groups, whether untrained or experts. Les performances des experts et des degustateurs naifs sont compares au cours de l'analyse sensorielle de la texture du fromage. Aucun des participants n'etait familiarise ni avec l'echelle ni avec le type de fromage. 44 degustateurs naifs ont teste du cheddar et evalue sa durete.3 experts ont fait le meme test. Les resultats montrent que les differences de variance sont liees a l'entrainement. Les resultats des degustateurs entraines et naifs sont comparables.
The Galaxy and its stellar halo: insights on their formation from a hybrid cosmological approach

We use a series of high-resolution simulations of a 'Milky Way' halo coupled to semi-analytic methods to study the formation of our own Galaxy and its stellar halo. The physical properties of our model Milky Way, as well as the age and metallicity distribution of stars in the different components, are in relatively good agreement with observational measurements. Assuming that the stellar halo builds up from the cores of the satellite galaxies that merged with the Milky Way over its lifetime, we are able to study the physical and structural properties of this component. In agreement with previous work, we find that the largest contribution to the stellar halo should come from a few relatively massive (10(8)-10(10) M circle dot) satellites accreted at early times. Our 'stellar halo' does not exhibit any clear metallicity gradient, but higher metallicity stars are more centrally concentrated than stars of lower abundance. This indicates that the probability of observing low-metallicity halo stars increases with distance from the Galactic Centre. We find that the proposed 'dual' nature of the Galactic stellar halo can be explained in our model as a result of a mass-metallicity relation imprinted in the building blocks of this component.
A Comparison between Local and Global Spaceborne Chlorophyll Indices in the St. Lawrence Estuary

Spaceborne chlorophyll indices based on red fluorescence (wavelength = 680 nm) and water leaving radiance (Lw) in the visible spectrum (i.e., 400-700 nm) were evaluated in the St Lawrence Estuary (SLE) during September of 2011. Relationships between chlorophyll concentration (chl) and fluorescence were constructed based on fluorescence line height (FLH) measurements derived from a compact laser-based spectrofluorometer developed by ENEA (CASPER) and using spectral bands corresponding to the satellite sensor MERIS (MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer). Chlorophyll concentration as estimated from CASPER (chl CASPER ) was relatively high NE of the MTZ (upper Estuary), and nearby areas influenced by fronts or freshwater plumes derived from secondary rivers (lower estuary). These findings agree with historical shipboard measurements. In general, global chl products calculated from Lw had large biases (up to 27-fold overestimation and 50-fold underestimation) with respect to chl CASPER values. This was attributed to the smaller interference of detritus (mineral + organic non-living particulates) and chromophoric dissolved organic matter on chl CASPER estimates. We encourage the use of spectrofluorometry for developing and validating remote sensing models of chl in SLE waters and other coastal environments characterized by relatively low to moderate (<10 g·m −3 ) concentrations of detritus.
Differences in Callosal and Forniceal Diffusion between Patients with and without Postconcussive Migraine

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Posttraumatic migraines are common after mild traumatic brain injury. The purpose of this study was to determine if a specific axonal injury pattern underlies posttraumatic migraines after mild traumatic brain injury utilizing Tract-Based Spatial Statistics analysis of diffusion tensor imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: DTI was performed in 58 patients with mild traumatic brain injury with posttraumatic migraines. Controls consisted of 17 patients with mild traumatic brain injury without posttraumatic migraines. Fractional anisotropy and diffusivity maps were generated to measure white matter integrity and were evaluated by using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics regression analysis with a general linear model. DTI findings were correlated with symptom severity, neurocognitive test scores, and time to recovery with the Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Patients with mild traumatic brain injury with posttraumatic migraines were not significantly different from controls in terms of age, sex, type of injury, or neurocognitive test performance. Patients with posttraumatic migraines had higher initial symptom severity (P = .01) than controls. Compared with controls, patients with mild traumatic brain injury with posttraumatic migraines had decreased fractional anisotropy in the corpus callosum (P = .03) and fornix/septohippocampal circuit (P = .045). Injury to the fornix/septohippocampal circuit correlated with decreased visual memory (r = 0.325, P = .01). Injury to corpus callosum trended toward inverse correlation with recovery (r = −0.260, P = .05). CONCLUSIONS: Injuries to the corpus callosum and fornix/septohippocampal circuit were seen in patients with mild traumatic brain injury with posttraumatic migraines, with injuries in the fornix/septohippocampal circuit correlating with decreased performance on neurocognitive testing.
TreeView: an application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers

TreeView is a simple, easy to use phylogenetic tree viewing utility that runs under both MacOS (on Apple Macintosh computers) and under Microsoft Windows on Intel based computers, the two most common personal computers used by biologists. Some phylogeny programs, such as PAUP (Swofford, 1993) and MacClade (Maddison and Maddison, 1992) already provide excellent tree drawing and printing facilities, however at present these programs are restricted to Apple Macintosh computers. Furthermore, they require the user to load a data set before any trees can be displayed which is inconvenient if the user simply wants to view the trees. More portable programs, such as DRAWGRAM and DRAWTREE in the PHYLIP package (Felsenstein, 1993) can run on both MacOS and Windows computers, but make little, if any use of the graphical interface features available under those operating systems. TreeView runs as a native application on either MacOS or Windows computers, enables the user to use the standard fonts installed on their machine, their printer, and supports the relevant native graphics format (PICT and Windows metafile) for either creating graphics files or pasting pictures to other applications via the clipboard. The program also supports standard file operations, such as 'drag and drop' whereby dragging a file's icon onto the program opens that file. TreeView can read a range of tree file formats (see below) and can display trees in a range of styles (Fig. 1). Additional information, such as edge lengths and internal node labels can also be displayed. The order of the terminal taxa in the tree can be altered, and the tree can be rerooted. If the tree file contains more than one tree the user can view each tree in turn. The program can also save trees in a variety of file formats, so that it can be used to move trees between programs that use different file formats.
An Institutional Perspective of Mobile Payment Adoption: The Case of Japan

Mobile payment systems have been predicted to grow at the same pace as mobile phones and internet shopping for several years now. However, their slow adoption in most countries calls into question the general justifications rooted in economic and technology-acceptance models. This paper proposes that the successful adoption of mobile payment systems depends more on satisfying institutional constraints found in country-specific environments, rather than complying with industry- and resource-based views. Following a review of institutions, institutional carriers, and their constraining effects, mobile payments are examined from the perspective of regulative, normative, and cognitive institutional carriers. Then, the case of Japan's widely used mobile payment system Mobile Suica is introduced to illustrate how a tight institutional fit can ensure wide acceptance. The findings of this research can be applied to other mobile payment systems currently offered to identify and minimize the gaps with their institutional environment, thus speeding up their adoption.
A Lower Bound for the Achievable Throughput in Large Random Wireless Networks Under Fixed Multipath Fading

We consider the problem of achievable per-node throughput in an extended distributed wireless network where the node locations are random and the channel attenuation between pairs of nodes exhibits independent random multipath fading. In [1] a clever protocol construction based on percolation theory was used to show that a per-node throughput of a constant times 1/√n bits per second is achievable with probability approaching one as the expected number of nodes in the network, n, becomes large (i.e. w.h.p.), for networks with random node locations under a deterministic channel gain modeling path-loss and absorption. We use a similar approach to extend the result to a more realistic channel gain model where the channel gains are random due to multipath effects. In particular, we show that a constant times 1/√n bps/node is also achievable, w.h. p., when the channel gains are random. The result applies to independent, frequency flat fading channel models where the tail probability exhibits an exponential decay (e.g., any mixture of line of sight and Rayleigh, Rice and Nakagami distributions).
Vector Spaces of Linearizations for Matrix Polynomials

The classical approach to investigating polynomial eigenvalue problems is linearization, where the polynomial is converted into a larger matrix pencil with the same eigenvalues. For any polynomial there are infinitely many linearizations with widely varying properties, but in practice the companion forms are typically used. However, these companion forms are not always entirely satisfactory, and linearizations with special properties may sometimes be required. Given a matrix polynomial $P$, we develop a systematic approach to generating large classes of linearizations for $P$. We show how to simply construct two vector spaces of pencils that generalize the companion forms of $P$, and prove that almost all of these pencils are linearizations for $P$. Eigenvectors of these pencils are shown to be closely related to those of $P$. A distinguished subspace is then isolated, and the special properties of these pencils are investigated. These spaces of pencils provide a convenient arena in which to look for structured linearizations of structured polynomials, as well as to try to optimize the conditioning of linearizations.
Image Analysis for Neuroblastoma Classification: Segmentation of Cell Nuclei

Neuroblastoma is a childhood cancer of the nervous system. Current prognostic classification of this disease partly relies on morphological characteristics of the cells from H&E-stained images. In this work, an automated cell nuclei segmentation method is developed. This method employs morphological top-hat by reconstruction algorithm coupled with hysteresis thresholding to both detect and segment the cell nuclei. Accuracy of the automated cell nuclei segmentation algorithm is measured by comparing its outputs to manual segmentation. The average segmentation accuracy is 90.24plusmn5. 14%
Recognition with Recurrent Neural Networks

This paper primarily discussed Online Handwriting Recognition methods for Mongolia words which being often used among the Mongolia people in the North China. Because of the characteristic of the whole body of the Mongolia words, namely connectivity between the characters, thereby the segmentation of Mongolia words is very difficult. We introduced a recurrent neural network to online handwriting Mongolia words recognition. The system consists of an advanced recurrent neural network with an output layer designed for sequence labelings, partially combined with a probabilistic language model. Experimental results show that unconstrained Mongolia words achieve recognition rates about 80%, compared with about 70% using a previous developed HMM-based recognition system.
Monte Carlo Methods

Bayesian inference often requires integrating some function with respect to a posterior distribution. Monte Carlo methods are sampling algorithms that allow to compute these integrals numerically when they are not analytically tractable. We review here the basic principles and the most common Monte Carlo algorithms, among which rejection sampling, importance sampling and Monte Carlo Markov chain (MCMC) methods. We give intuition on the theoretical justification of the algorithms as well as practical advice, trying to relate both. We discuss the application of Monte Carlo in experimental physics, and point to landmarks in the literature for the curious reader.
The Importance of Ability and Effort in Recruiters' Hirability Decisions: An Empirical Examination of Attribution Theory

Weiner's attribution theory was used to examine the attributions made by recruiters during a selection interview and their subsequent hiring decisions. A quasi‐experimental design was used in which level of ability (high, low) and effort (high, low) was manipulated. The impact of the manipulations on three outcomes was examined: (1) expectations of future job performance, (2) perceived level of responsibility for the failure, and (3) hiring recommendations. Seventy experienced recruiters from an Australian organisation read four transcripts of interview segments about a job applicant's response to missing a deadline. Findings were consistent with attribution theory; recruiters detected differences in the causes of past work outcomes offered by applicants, which in turn affected their expectations about future work performance, responsibility for failure, and recommendations to hire.
Prediction of Transmission Shape-Resonances in Aperture Arrays With One- or Twofold Mirror-Symmetry Based on a Near-Field Phase Property

The light-transmission resonant behavior of complex-shaped patterns can be difficult to estimate intuitively due to many possible resonant contours. In this paper, we propose a simple method to predict the effective resonant paths of onefold or twofold mirror-symmetry patterns, which exploits the antiphase property of certain field component along the resonant path and the symmetry requirement associated with the incident-wave polarization state. In addition, the resonant wavelengths for aperture-type patterns can further be estimated by a simple modified cutoff wavelength equation for a rectangular waveguide. Such prediction is validated by the simulated results of the finite-difference time domain method. In addition, we discuss how the separation distance between slit elements in the aperture affects the resonant wavelength, showing how the coupling between adjacent slits would play a role in the variation of the spectra. By studying the properties of such factors and how they interact in detail, we could manipulate the spectra with an additional degree of freedom, which could be important to structures with multielements in one unit cell.
Middlebox communication architecture and framework

A principal objective of this document is to describe the underlying framework of middlebox communications (MIDCOM) to enable complex applications through the middleboxes, seamlessly using a trusted third party. This document and a companion document on MIDCOM requirements ([REQMTS]) have been created as a precursor to rechartering the MIDCOM working group.
Infection with the Persistent Murine Norovirus Strain MNV-S99 Suppresses IFN-Beta Release and Activation of Stat1 In Vitro

Norovirus infection is the main cause of epidemic non-bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. Although human norovirus (HuNoV) infection is self-limiting, it can persist for extended periods of time in immune deficient patients. Due to the lack of robust cell culture and small animal systems, little is known about HuNoV pathogenicity. However, murine norovirus (MNV) can be propagated in cell culture and is used as a model to study norovirus infection. Several MNV are known to persist in mice. In this study, we show that the MNV strain MNV-S99 persists in wild type inbred (C57BL/6J) mice over a period of at least 5 weeks post infection. Viral RNA was detectable in the jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon, with the highest titers in the colon and cecum. To characterize the effect of MNV-S99 on the innate immune response, Stat1 phosphorylation and IFN-β production were analyzed and compared to the non-persistent strain MNV-1.CW3. While MNV-S99 and MNV-1.CW3 showed comparable growth characteristics in vitro, Stat1 phosphorylation and IFN-β release is strongly decreased after infection with MNV-S99 compared to MNV-1.CW3. In conclusion, our results show that unlike MNV-1.CW3, MNV-S99 establishes a persistent infection in mice, possibly due to interfering with the innate immune response.
Subjective Sexual Well-Being in a Web Sample of Heterosexual Norwegians

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to describe and analyze subjective sexual well-being in terms of emotional and cognitive evaluation of the individual's sexual function in adult Norwegians. The results from this study are based on 1,671 Web interviews among 18- to 67-year-olds randomly selected from Synovate's eBase. A total of 4,285 persons in the Web panel were asked to participate, yielding a response-rate of 39%. The results showed that sexual well-being decreased with increasing age and the number of years married or cohabiting. Young women were more satisfied than young men, and older men were more satisfied than older women. The presence of sexual problems heavily inflicted sexual well-being, as well as living with a partner or not. Subjective sexual well-being was also related to the person's habitualized negative or positive thinking about oneself. In a therapeutic context, restoring sexual function and increasing the client's self-esteem may be the way to increased sexual well-being.
Evaluation of MPEG-7 Descriptors for Speech Emotional Recognition

In this paper we explore the ability of MPEG-7- low level audio descriptors to model the seven emotional categories included in the publically available dataset EmoDB. For our experiments we utilized RBF-SVM classifiers. We made a set of experiments where we examined the seven emotional categories. Experimental results showed that MPEG-7 low-level descriptors (especially a combination of Basic spectral and Timbral features) have the ability to achieve accuracy 77.88% which is comparable to other approaches with high-level perceptual descriptors and to human perception evaluation.
School libraries in the United States

The school library in the United States is the outgrowth of several converging movements, the most important of which are: first, the development of specialized service for boys and girls in public libraries; and, second, the appearance of the twentieth century socialized curriculum in the public schools. Specialized library service in public libraries has been the result of and partly the cause for the development of a unique literature for boys and girlsa literature designed for youth and based on the varied interests of youth. The socialized public school curriculum is likewise an attempt to meet youth in its own world. And since the child and the adolescent may both become acquainted with their own worlds as much through reading as through experience, the literature and methods of the public library appropriate to youth have been heavily drawn upon in the last quarter century by the school, with the result that there is springing up everywhere in the United States the organized library within the school.