Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Shoulder Proprioception in the Female Softball Athlete

Background There have been reports of overhand throwing athletes having decreased joint position sense in their dominant shoulder as compared with the nondominant shoulder. Very little research, however, exists concerning joint position sense in the female athlete. Hypothesis Female softball athletes have decreased joint position sense in their dominant shoulder as compared with their nondominant shoulder. Study Design Factorial design with investigation of multiple independent variables. Methods Joint position sense was assessed in 50 female softball players and 50 nonthrowing female athletes by using an inclinometer during four glenohumeral joint motions. Both the dominant and nondominant shoulders were assessed and error scores were calculated to describe joint position sense. Data were collected during the course of a fall semester and analyzed by using a mixed model analysis of variance with repeated measures on the dependent variable (error scores). Results A significant group by movement interaction was observed, with the softball athletes demonstrating significantly greater external rotation error scores than the nonthrowing athletes. Conclusion We failed to reject the null hypothesis. Increased error scores (less joint position sense) were observed in both arms of subjects in the softball group. Clinical Relevance This study suggests that there is decreased shoulder proprioception in asymptomatic female athletes involved in overyhand throwing sports, which may predispose them to injury.
DNA Barcoding Identification of Kadsurae Caulis and Spatholobi Caulis Based on Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 Region and Secondary Structure Prediction

Background: Kadsurae Caulis and Spatholobi Caulis have very similar Chinese names. Their commodities were hard to distinguish because their stems were very alike after dried and processed. These two herbal drugs were often mixed in clinical use. Objective: Authenticity assurance is crucial for quality control of herbal drugs. Therefore, it is essential to establish a method for identifying the two herbs. Materials and Methods: In this paper, we used the DNA barcoding technology, based on the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) regions, to differentiate Kadsurae Caulis and Spatholobi Caulis. Results: The ITS2 of these two herbs were very different. They were successfully differentiated using the DNA barcoding technique. Conclusions: DNA barcoding was a promising and reliable tool for the identification of medicinal plants. It can be a powerful complementary method for traditional authentication. SUMMARY The internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) regions between Kadsurae Caulis and Spatholobi Caulis varied considerably, totally 139 variable sites Sample 1 was not Kadsurae Caulis as it labeled, but it should be Spatholobi Caulis in fact based on ITS2 region The secondary structure can also separate Kadsurae Caulis and Spatholobi Caulis effectively DNA barcoding provided an accurate and strong prove to identify these two herbs. Abbreviations used: CTAB: hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid, ITS2:internal transcribed spacer 2, PCR: polymerase chain reaction
Randomized controlled trial of quadriceps training after proximal femoral fracture

Objective: To determine whether systematic progressive high-intensity quadriceps training increases leg extensor power and reduces disability in patients rehabilitating after proximal femoral fracture. Design: Open parallel group randomized controlled trial comparing the addition of six weeks quadriceps training (40 patients) with standard physiotherapy alone (40 patients). The training group exercised twice weekly, with six sets of 12 repetitions of knee extension (both legs), progressing up to 80% of their one-repetition maximum. Setting: Orthogeriatric unit, and community follow-up. Subjects: Eighty patients rehabilitating after proximal femoral fracture. Main outcome measures: Measurements of leg extensor power (Nottingham Power Rig), functional mobility (elderly mobility score), disability (Barthel Index) and quality of life (Nottingham Health Profile) were made at baseline, after six weeks (at the end of the intervention) and at 16 weeks. Results: Leg extensor power increased significantly in the quadriceps training group (fractured leg mean improvement at six weeks 157% (standard error 16), nonfractured leg 80% (12)) compared with the control group (63% (11) and 26% (8) respectively, unpaired Student's t-test p = 0.007 and p = 0.01 for between-group comparisons). Significant benefits were maintained at 16 weeks. Quadriceps training resulted in a greater increase in elderly mobility scale score compared with standard rehabilitation (between-group difference of 2.5 (95% CI 1.1,3.8) at week 6 and 1.9 (0.4,3.4) at week 16). Barthel score increased significantly from week 0 to 6 in the quadriceps training group compared with controls (Mann–Whitney U-test p = 0.05). Patients in the quadriceps training group scored significantly better in the energy subscore of the Nottingham Health Profile at the end of follow-up (Mann–Whitney U-test p = 0.0185). Conclusions: Progressive high-intensity quadriceps training in elderly proximal femoral fracture patients increased leg extensor power and reduced disability. This was accompanied by an increase in energy as measured by the Nottingham Health Profile. This intervention may provide a simple practical way of improving outcome in these patients.
HyperExchange: A protocol-agnostic exchange fabric enabling peering of Virtual Networks

With the growing pervasiveness of virtualization technologies, carrier networks are shifting from simple packet delivery platforms to multi-tenant integrated clouds offering fine-grained resource management. The need for interoperability among these autonomous cloud-based service providers has created demand for versatile and extensible exchange points to interconnect the future Internet. A novel SDX (Software Defined Exchange) can address this challenge and help redefine the Internet exchange by leveraging SDN. Current implementations of SDXs have focused on traffic exchange between conventional IP networks and have not been specifically intended for exchange between multi-tenant environments and virtual networks; and they have mostly relied on OpenFlow for network forwarding and functionality. While OpenFlow is the de-facto solution for fine-grained forwarding, it nevertheless provides limited network functionality. In this paper we present HyperExchange, a protocol-agnostic exchange fabric for peering of virtual networks. HyperExchange is designed to provide exchange services between autonomous Infrastructure Providers and their hosted Virtual Networks. As a result, it specifically offers solutions for inter-domain tenant authentication and authorization for network control. By leveraging SDI as the core building architecture, HyperExchange uses SDN to forward and steer traffic in a fine-grained manner and yet relies on NFV to push all network functionalities to standard servers as software-based functions. This solution meets both scalability and extensibility requirements for long-term use. We have deployed a prototype of the HyperExchange between SAVI and GENI testbeds to serve real world exchange experiments.
The initiation of the swing phase in human infant stepping: importance of hip position and leg loading

1 Hip extension and low load in the extensor muscles are important sensory signals that allow a decerebrate or spinal cat to advance from the stance phase to the swing phase during walking. We tested whether the same sensory information controlled the phases of stepping in human infants. 2 Twenty‐two infants between the ages of 5 and 12 months were studied during supported stepping on a treadmill. Forces exerted by the lower limbs, surface electromyography (EMG) from muscles, and the right hip angle were recorded. The whole experimental session was videotaped. 3 The hip position and the amount of load experienced by the right limb were manipulated during stepping by changing the position of the foot during the stance phase or by applying manual pressure on the pelvic crest. Disturbances with different combinations of hip position and load were used. 4 The stance phase was prolonged and the swing phase delayed when the hip was flexed and the load on the limb was high. In contrast, stance phase was shortened and swing advanced when the hip was extended and the load was low. The results were remarkably similar to those in reduced preparations of the cat. They thus suggest that the behaviour of the brainstem and spinal circuitry for walking may be similar between human infants and cats. 5 There was an inverse relationship between hip position and load at the time of swing initiation, indicating the two factors combine to regulate the transition.
Can Exogenous Betaine Be an Effective Osmolyte in Broiler Chicks under Water Salinity Stress

A CRD experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different exogenous betaine levels (0.000, 0.075, 0.150 and 0.225 percent) on 576 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross) under water salinity stress. Different levels of water salinity were made by adding 3 levels of NaCl (0, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/L) to drinking water. Feed and water were available ad libitum. Betaine increased body weight, improved feed conversion ratio, and decreased packed cell volume (p<0.05). Water salinity promoted body weight over the whole period, increased feed intake (11 to 21 and 29 to 42-d) and also improved feed conversion ratio in grower and finisher periods (p<0.01). Breast weight, water consumption (28-d and 42-d) and excreta moisture (28-d) were increased by elevating the level of water salinity (p<0.01). Interaction between dietary betaine and water salinity was significant on plasma osmolarity as well as epithelial osmolarity of the duodenum at 28-d. Epithelial osmolarity was decreased from duodenum to ileum. The data imply that betaine is involved in the protection of intestinal epithelia against osmotic disturbance which can be caused by saline water, but further research is needed to investigate the effects of betaine with higher levels of water salinity.
Real-Time Debugging of Digital Integrated Circuits

The detection of the reason for an incorrect behaviour of an integrated circuit in its real-time environment is a very time consuming task. Using logic analysers in combination with an extensive logic simulation is the today’s only way to isolate possible errors. In this paper, we introduce a hardware debugger to perform the debugging process in a more efficient way. Goal of the hardware debugger is detecting a failure of an integrated circuit in real-time processing and the supply of data for the determination of the cause of the failure.
Experimental Investigation of Operating Room Air Distribution in a Full-Scale Laboratory Chamber Using Particle Image Velocimetry and Flow Visualization

Room air distribution in hospital operating rooms (OR) is critical to the effective functioning of surgical procedures, but the air distribution patterns are governed by complex physics that are currently not well understood. Both qualitative and quantitative flow visualization techniques were used to evaluate the room air distribution in a full-scale chamber designed to simulate a hospital operating room. A laser sheet illumination technique was used to identify key features of the room air distribution, and particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure the velocity field in a plane crossing the surgical site. Hospital operating rooms require the use of ASHRAE Group E diffusers in an array above the surgical table, providing downward, unidirectional, non-aspirating air flow across the sterile region of the room. The supply air jet is characterized by complex physics, including annular shape, impingement, buoyancy, a large jet to room aspect ratio, and recirculation. The large diameter of the jet relative to the room size makes the overall room air distribution highly sensitive to the parameters of the supply air. The air distribution pattern in the room was found to have relatively low velocity and turbulence near the supply air diffuser, but increasing velocity and turbulence in the shear region at the edge of the supply air jet. Flow visualization and PIV methods both demonstrated an angle of the shear layer inwards towards the center of the jet. This flow feature reduces the overall coverage area for the sterile air flow and may pose a risk to the protection of the surgical patient.
Bioengineering of noncoding RNAs for research agents and therapeutics

The discovery of functional small noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs and small interfering RNAs, in the control of human cellular processes has opened new avenues to develop RNA‐based therapies for various diseases including viral infections and cancers. However, studying ncRNA functions and developing RNA‐based therapeutics relies on access to large quantities of affordable ncRNA agents. Currently, synthetic RNAs account for the major source of agents for RNA research and development, yet carry artificial modifications on the ribose ring and phosphate backbone in sharp contrast to posttranscriptional modifications present on the nucleobases or unmodified natural RNA molecules produced within cells. Therefore, large efforts have been made in recent years to develop recombinant RNA techniques to cost‐effectively produce biological RNA agents that may better capture the structure, function, and safety properties of natural RNAs. In this article, we summarize and compare current in vitro and in vivo methods for the production of RNA agents including chemical synthesis, in vitro transcription, and bioengineering approaches. We highlight the latest recombinant RNA approaches using transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and optimal ncRNA scaffold (OnRS), and discuss the applications of bioengineered ncRNA agents (BERAs) that should facilitate RNA research and development. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:186–197. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1324
Salmonella typhimurium LT2 strains which are r- m+ for all three chromosomally located systems of DNA restriction and modification

We describe the derivation of two strains of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 which are r- m+ for all three of the known chromosomal genes for the restriction and modification of DNA, hsdLT, hsdSA, and hsdSB; the strains were designated LB5000 and LB5010. LB5000 is a smooth derivative sensitive to phage P22; LB5010 is a galE strain sensitive to phage P1.
Determining hyperspectral data-intrinsic dimensionality via a modified Gram-Schmidt process

The overdetermined nature of hyperspectral data constitutes a serious obstacle in many applicative fields. A vital step in dimensionality reduction is determining the intrinsic number of dimensions the signal resides in. This work proposes a modified Gram-Schmidt (MGS) process which iteratively finds the most distant pixels within the data in terms of an orthogonal complement norm (OCN) to a subspace spanned by the extreme pixels found in previous iterations. We analyze the distribution of extreme OCN using extreme values theory (EVT) and derive a termination condition for the MGS process. The dimensionality is determined by the number of found extreme pixels, which provide an estimation for the signal subspace.
Isolation and characterization of a mutant of Staphylococcus aureus deficient in autolytic activity

A mutant of Staphylococcus aureus H (RUS3) uas isolated after mutagenesis with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The rate of autolysis of whole cells and isolated cell walls of RUS3 was less than 10% of the parent strain. In addition, the ability of the crude soluble enzyme isolated from RUS3 to degrade cell walls was negligible compared with the parent strain. The cell wall composition and the generation time of RUS3 were comparable to the parent strain. Unlike S. aureus H, RUS3 grew in clumps and did not undergo cell wall turnover. Both strains exhibited identical kinetics of killing by penicillin G. This may indicate that autolytic enzymes play a role in cell wall turnover and cell separation, but in S. aureus most of the autolytic activity is unrelated to the lethal effect of cell wall antibiotics.
Transmission in vitro of hepatitis C virus from persistently infected human B‐cells to hepatoma cells by cell‐to‐cell contact

Virus cell‐to‐cell spread has been reported for many different viruses and may contribute to pathogenesis of viral disease. The role played by cell‐to‐cell contact in hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission was studied in vitro by cell co‐cultivation experiments. A human lymphoblastoid B‐cell line, infected persistently with HCV in vitro (TO.FEHCV), was used as HCV donor [Serafino et al., 2003 ]; recipient cells were the human hepatoma HepG2 cell line. Both cell types were co‐cultured for 48 hr to allow the cell‐to‐cell contacts. The hepatoma HepG2 cells are not permissive to free‐virus infection, but they were infected successfully using TO.FEHCV cells as source of virus. The kinetics of viral RNA synthesis and the percentage of infected cells were compared in cell‐mediated‐and cell‐free‐viral infection. After co‐cultivation, a consistent proportion of hepatoma cells replicated HCV and stably expressed viral antigens. Virus produced was infectious as demonstrated by the ability to reinfect fresh B‐cells. This cell model shows that permissiveness to HCV infection can be achieved in vitro in non‐permissive hepatoma cells by direct cell‐to‐cell contacts with infected human B‐cells. This mechanism of virus spread may also play a pathogenic role in vivo. J. Med. Virol. 78:192–201, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Embryonic myosin heavy-chain mutations cause distal arthrogryposis and developmental myosin myopathy that persists postnatally.

BACKGROUND Myosin is a molecular motor and the essential part of the thick filament of striated muscle. The expression of myosin heavy-chain (MyHC) isoforms is developmentally regulated. The embryonic isoform encoded from MYH3 (OMIM *160720) is expressed during fetal life. Recently, mutations in MYH3 were demonstrated to be associated with congenital joint contractures, that is, Freeman-Sheldon and Sheldon-Hall syndromes, which are both distal arthrogryposis syndromes. Mutations in other MyHC isoforms cause myopathy. It is unknown whether MYH3 mutations cause myopathy because muscle tissue has not been studied. OBJECTIVES To determine whether novel MYH3 mutations are associated with distal arthrogryposis and to demonstrate myopathic changes in muscle biopsy specimens from 4 patients with distal arthrogryposis and MYH3 mutations. DESIGN In a cohort of patients with distal arthrogryposis, we analyzed the entire coding sequence of MYH3. Muscle biopsy specimens were obtained, and in addition to morphologic analysis, the expression of MyHC isoforms was investigated at the protein and transcript levels. RESULTS We identified patients from 3 families with novel MYH3 mutations. These mutations affect developmentally conserved residues that are located in different regions of the adenosine triphosphate-binding pocket of the MyHC head. The embryonic (MYH3) isoform was not detected in any of the muscle biopsy samples, indicating a normal developmental downregulation of MYH3 in these patients. However, morphologic analysis of muscle biopsy specimens from the 4 patients revealed mild and variable myopathic features and a pathologic upregulation of the fetal MyHC isoform (MYH8) in 1 patient. CONCLUSIONS Distal arthrogryposis associated with MYH3 mutations is secondary to myosin myopathy, and postnatal muscle manifestations are variable.
The chromatin remodeling protein CHD7, mutated in CHARGE syndrome, is necessary for proper craniofacial and tracheal development

Background: Heterozygous mutations in the chromatin remodeling gene CHD7 cause CHARGE syndrome, a developmental disorder with variable craniofacial dysmorphisms and respiratory difficulties. The molecular etiologies of these malformations are not well understood. Homozygous Chd7 null mice die by E11, whereas Chd7Gt/+ heterozygous null mice are a viable and excellent model of CHARGE. We explored skeletal phenotypes in Chd7Gt/+ and Chd7 conditional knockout mice, using Foxg1‐Cre to delete Chd7 (Foxg1‐CKO) in the developing eye, ear, nose, pharyngeal pouch, forebrain, and gut and Wnt1‐Cre (Wnt1‐CKO) to delete Chd7 in migrating neural crest cells. Results: Foxg1‐CKO mice exhibited postnatal respiratory distress and death, dysplasia of the eye, concha, and frontal bone, hypoplastic maxillary shelves and nasal epithelia, and reduced tracheal rings. Wnt1‐CKO mice exhibited frontal and occipital bone dysplasia, hypoplasia of the maxillary shelves and mandible, and cleft palate. In contrast, heterozygous Chd7Gt/+ mice had apparently normal skeletal development. Conclusions: Conditional deletion of Chd7 in ectodermal and endodermal derivatives (Foxg1‐Cre) or migrating neural crest cells (Wnt1‐Cre) results in varied and more severe craniofacial defects than in Chd7Gt/+ mice. These studies indicate that CHD7 has an important, dosage‐dependent role in development of several different craniofacial tissues. Developmental Dynamics 243:1055–1066, 2014. © 2014 The Authors Developmental Dynamics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists.
Ontogenetic Change in Temporal Bone Pneumatization in Humans

Pneumatization of the temporal bone is often included in descriptions of fossils and as a phylogenetic marker, but a number of questions about the evolution, growth, and development of the trait remain. Many studies have analyzed temporal bone pneumatization from a clinical perspective, but a systematic quantification of normal development of pneumatized spaces has not been conducted. In this study, ontogenetic change in the size and organization of temporal bone pneumatization is analyzed in a cross‐sectional sample of humans. High resolution computed tomography scans of the temporal bone were acquired from a cross‐sectional sample of humans (N = 28). Bone volume fractions, anisotropy, trabecular number, trabecular thickness, surface area, and volume were analyzed to provide information about the organization and size of pneumatized spaces across ontogeny. The results indicate that there are general and region‐specific patterns of ontogenetic changes in the organization of pneumatized spaces. These changes reflect the transition from nonpneumatized bone to pneumatized bone. It also demonstrates that those regions that are pneumatized early in ontogeny (such as the mastoid antrum) continue to remodel after the initial period of pneumatization. The dynamic nature of temporal bone pneumatization over ontogeny suggests that this character requires careful consideration when used as a character for phylogenetic analyses. These results demonstrate the importance of comparing individuals from similar developmental stages, especially when completing quantitative analyses of the extent of pneumatization or organization of the spaces. Anat Rec,, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Compact inverted-F antenna using coupled-feeding structure for penta-band mobile application

In this paper, a compact Inverted-F Antenna (IFA) is proposed for penta-band (GSM850/900/DCS/PCS/WCDMA bands) operation. The proposed IFA is designed with a compact size of 28.75 mm × 16.7 mm and printed on one layer substrate for the simple design and low-profile configuration, and cost-effectiveness. The IFA is modified by dividing the radiating strip in order to realize a multi-band operation. Each radiating strip operates in GSM850/900, and DCS/PCS/WCDMA bands, individually. The penta-band operation is realized by the proposed IFA which consists of both strips with reliable radiation performance. The size of proposed IFA is 140 mm × 80 mm including the size of the FR4 substrate whose thickness is 0.6 mm. The simulations are performed for analyzing the radiation performances and operation of the proposed IFA. The obtained operating bandwidths are 800-970 MHz and 1480-2310 MHz and the radiation performances are reported as reliable results in this paper.