Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fourteen-Year Prospective Follow-Up Study of Positive and Negative Symptoms in Chronic Schizophrenic Patients Dying from Suicide Compared to Other Causes of Death

Background: Several trials have suggested that negative symptoms are inversely correlated with suicidal risk in schizophrenic patients. This fourteen-year follow-up study compared the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenic patients who died from suicide to those of subjects dying from other causes. Sampling and Methods: From 1991 to 1995, 150 patients meeting the research diagnostic criteria for chronic schizophrenia were assessed. On inclusion, they completed the Physical Anhedonia Scale as well as the Beck Depression Inventory, and the positive and negative symptoms were rated by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Results: During the 14-year follow-up, 8 patients committed suicide, while 17 died from other causes. The suicide victims had a shorter duration of illness and a higher level of education compared to those who died from other causes. The proportion of ‘negative’ subjects, according to the composite index of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, was lower among the suicide victims than among the participants who died from other causes. All these differences were significant. The rate of deficit syndrome (0%) among the suicides was lower than that (23.5%) of the other subjects. The scores on the Physical Anhedonia Scale and of the social withdrawal item of the Beck Depression Inventory were higher in the suicides than in the subjects who died from other causes. Conclusions: These findings suggest that negative symptoms and notably deficit-negative symptoms could be associated with a low risk of suicide. In this study, the link between anhedonia and high risk of suicide in schizophrenic patients indicates that this symptom could be more closely related to depression than to negative symptoms.
Compact Voltage and Current Stimulation Buffer for High-Density Microelectrode Arrays

We report on a compact (0.02 mm2 ) buffer for both voltage and current stimulation of electrogenic cells on a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor microelectrode array. In voltage mode, the circuit is a high-current class-AB voltage follower, based on a local common-mode feedback (LCMFB) amplifier. In current mode, the circuit is a current conveyor of type II, using the same LCMFB amplifier with cascode stages to increase the gain. The circuit shows good linearity in the 0.5-3.5 V input range and has extensively been used for stimulation of neuronal cultures.
Differential effects of D1 and D2 agonists in MPTP‐treated primates: Functional implications for Parkinson's disease

&NA; Administration of the indirect agonist L‐dopa, the nonselective direct agonist apomorphine, or the selective D2 agonist (+)‐PHNO, reversed parkinsonism and induced locomotor activation in MPTP‐treated squirrel monkeys. In contrast, administration of the selective partial D1 agonist SKF38393 did not induce locomotor activity, but rather decreased activity. Choreiform movements were observed only following treatment with L‐dopa. Coadministration of the D1 antagonist SCH23390 prevented L‐dopa‐induced chorea at the time of peak effect. However, a rebound exaggeration of chorea was observed following SCH23390 at the time when chorea induced by L‐dopa alone would normally be subsiding. Unlike chorea, dystonia could be induced by treatment with either L‐dopa or (+)‐PHNO. Administration of apomorphine failed to significantly induce dystonia, although a small increase was observed with the highest dose. Treatment with SKF38393 actually decreased dystonia. Our findings clearly indicate that D2 receptor stimulation appears essential for antiparkinsonian activity, and also implicate D2 receptors in the genesis of dystonia, but not chorea. D1 receptor stimulation appears to be involved in the genesis of chorea and possibly also dystonia.
Pressure-Driven Sample Injection with Quantitative Liquid Dispensing for On-Chip Electrophoresis

A novel pressure-driven sample injection method was developed as an alternative to electrokinetic injection, and electrophoretic separation was carried out on a microfabricated device employing this method. This method enables a defined volume of liquid dispensing, followed by instantaneous injection driven by pneumatic pressure, greatly simplifying the injection procedure. A particular microstructure, called a “metering chamber”, has been designed for the quantitative dispensing of an ultra-low volume of sample liquid; a “hydrophobic passive valve” equipped with an air vent channel is employed for injecting a dispensed sample into the separation channel. The reproducibility of dispensing was 3.3% ( n = 15), expressed by the variation of dispensed volumes. The electrophoretic separation of DNA fragments was performed using this injection method, varying the injection volumes from 0.45 to 4.0 nL, and the separation efficiencies were compared. This precise injection method, easily variable in injection volumes, is highly suitable for quantitative as well as qualitative electrophoretic analyses.
Frame scalability in dynamical sampling

Let ℍ be the finite dimensional Hilbert space ℝ<sup>n</sup> or ℂ<inf>n</inf>. We consider a subset G ⊂ ℍ and a dynamical operator A ∶ ℍ → ℍ. The collection equation is called a dynamical system, where L = (L<inf>1</inf>, …, L<inf>p</inf>) is a vector of non-negative integers. Under certain conditions F<inf>G</inf><sup>L</sup>(A) is a frame for ℍ; in such a case, we call this system a dynamical frame, generated by operator A and set G. A frame is a spanning set of a Hilbert space and a tight frame is a special case of a frame which admits a reconstruction formula similar to that of an orthonormal basis. Because of this simple formulation of reconstruction, tight frames are employed in many applications. Given a spanning set of vectors in ℍ satisfying a certain property, one can manipulate the length of the vectors to obtain a tight frame. Such a spanning set is called a scalable frame. In this contribution, we study the relations between the operator A, the set G and the number of iterations L which ensure that the dynamical system F<inf>G</inf><sup>L</sup> (A) is a scalable frame.
Mechanisms and measurements

Preface I. Perception and Measurements 1. Color Perception Innes C. Cuthill 2. Quantification of Coloration Staffan Andersson and Maria Prager 3. Analyzing Colors Robert Montgomerie 4. Effects of Light Environment on Color Communication Marc Thery II. Mechanisms of Production 5. Mechanics of Carotenoid-based Coloration Kevin J. McGraw 6. Mechanics of Melanin-based Coloration Kevin J. McGraw 7. Anatomy, Physics, and Evolution of Structural Colors Richard O. Prum 8. The Mechanics of Uncommon Colors: Pterins, Porphyrins, and Psittacofulvins Kevin J. McGraw 9. Cosmetic and Adventitious Colors Robert Montgomerie III. Controls and Regulation of Expression 10. Hormonal Control of Coloration Rebecca T. Kimball 11. The Genetic Basis of Color Variation Nicholas I. Mundy 12. Environmental Regulation of Ornamental Coloration Geoffrey E. Hill Acknowledgments Contributors Index
Health Effects of Light and Intermittent Smoking: A Review

Current public health guidelines on the identification and treatment of smokers and the information on the health risks associated with tobacco are based on studies that focus on adult daily cigarette users.1 Daily smoking, however, is declining, and light and intermittent smoking are increasing.2,3 Light and intermittent smoking are frequently found among young people, educated people, women,4,5 and minority populations (Hispanics/Latinos, blacks, American Indians, Alaska Natives, Asian Americans, and Pacific Islanders6–9). Light and intermittent smokers pose a serious challenge to healthcare professionals because they tend not to consider themselves “smokers” and, consequently, are underidentified.10–13 This propensity not to label oneself as a smoker reinforces the belief that light and intermittent smoking do not carry significant health risks. There is no consensus on how to best define “light smoking. ”7,12,14 Light smokers have been classified as smoking <1 pack per day, <15 cigarettes per day, <10 cigarettes per day, and 1 to 39 cigarettes per week.9,14 There are various subgroups of light smokers: low-rate daily smoking (<5 cigarettes per day),15 very light smoking (<6 cigarettes per day),14,16 and “chippers” who consistently smoke ≤5 cigarettes per day on the days when they do smoke.17 In the past, light smoking has been viewed as a transient practice among former heavier smokers or among tobacco users who are trying to quit.4,5,18 New research, however, shows that some light smokers maintain this consumption pattern indefinitely.11,12,19 Like light smoking, intermittent smoking is a broad term that consists of a variety of patterns of tobacco use but is generally defined as smoking on a nondaily basis.4–6,8,12,14,20–22 Social smoking is another example of intermittent smoking, which is characterized by limiting smoking to social contexts, such as parties, bars, or nightclubs.11,12 (Social smokers, unlike other types …
Study of X-ray emission from the old open cluster, M67

We present an X-ray analysis of a 4 Gyr old open cluster, M67, using archival XMM-Newton data. The aim of this study was to find new X-ray members of M67, and to use the updated member list for studying X-ray variability, and derive the X-ray luminosity functions (XLFs) of different stellar types and compare them with other star clusters of similar age. We report the detection of X-ray emission from 25 members of M67, with membership based primarily on their proper motion, of which one X-ray source is a new member. Supplementing this study with previous ROSAT and Chandra studies of M67, and using the most recent proper motion study by Vereshchagin et al., we have compiled a revised list of X-ray emitting members of M67 consisting of 43 stars. Sixteen of these are known RS CVn type binaries having orbital periods $<$ 10 days, and near-circular orbits, 5 are contact binaries with orbital periods $<$ 6 hours, 5 are yellow and blue stragglers, 2 are Algol-type binaries, and one source is a cataclysmic variable. Fourteen members do not have any orbital information and cannot be classified. Fourteen of the X-ray sources detected do not have any optical counterpart down to a magnitude of $V\simeq22$, and their membership is uncertain. Finally, we report the X-ray luminosity functions of RS CVn type and other types of stars in M67 and compare them with other open clusters of intermediate-to-old age.
Local binary pattern and wavelet-based spoof fingerprint detection

Perspiration phenomenon is very significant to detect liveness of a finger. It requires two consecutive fingerprints to notice perspiration and therefore the method is slow. Some other methods in the literature need extra hardware to detect liveness. To alleviate these problems, in this paper, a new texture-based method which needs only one fingerprint is proposed. It is based on the observation that, real and spoof fingerprints exhibit different textural characteristics. Local binary pattern (LBP) histograms are used to capture these textural details. Wavelet energy features characterising ridge frequency and orientation information are also used for improving the efficiency of the proposed method. Dimensionalities of the feature sets are reduced by running sequential forward floating selection (SFFS). LBP features and wavelet energy features are independently tested on various classifiers: AdaBoost.M1, support vector machine and k-nearest neighbour. Features are also tested on a hybrid classifier formed by fusing all the mentioned earlier classifiers by the 'majority voting rule'. Fingerprint databases consisting of 185 real, 90 fun-doh and 150 gummy fingerprints are created. Experimental results indicate that, the performance of new liveness detection approach is very promising, as it needs only one fingerprint and no extra hardware to detect vitality.
CHEK 2 , MGMT , SULT 1 E 1 and SULT 1 A 1 Polymorphisms and Endometrial Cancer Risk

History of a first-degree relative with endometrial cancer has been associated with a two-fold increased risk of endometrial cancer (Hemminki et al., 2005), and low-risk genetic factors are likely to be involved in the development of this disease, as has now been demonstrated for several other cancers (http://www.genome.gov/gwastudies/). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes involved in estrogen and DNA repair processes have been RECEIVED 20 May, 2011; ACCEPTED 20 May, 2011.
Genetic and morphometric evidence on a Galápagos Island exposes founder effects and diversification in the first‐known (truly) feral western dog population

Domesticated animals that revert to a wild state can become invasive and significantly impact native biodiversity. Although dogs can be problematic locally, only the Australasian dingo is known to occur in isolation from humans. Western dogs have experienced more intense artificial selection, which potentially limits their invasiveness. However, feral dogs eradicated from Isabela Island, Galápagos in the 1980s could be the first‐known exception. We used DNA and morphometric data from 92 of these dogs to test the hypotheses that (i) these dogs persisted independently of humans for up to a century and a half since descending from a handful of dogs introduced in the early 1800s, vs. (ii) similarly to other western feral dog populations, they reflected continuous recruitment of strays from human settlements on a portion of the Island. We detected one dominant maternal lineage and one dominant paternal lineage shared by the three subpopulations, along with low autosomal genetic diversity, consistent with the hypothesized common origins from a small founder population. Genetic diversity patterns among the three island subpopulations were consistent with stepping‐stone founder effects, while morphometric differentiation suggested rapid phenotypic divergence, possibly due to drift and reinforced by selection corresponding to distinct microclimates and habitats on Isabela. Despite the continued presence of free‐ranging dogs in the vicinity of settlements on Isabela and other Galápagos Islands, feral populations have not reestablished in remote areas since the 1980s, emphasizing the rarity of conditions necessary for feralization of modern western dogs.
Study of 0.14THz ridge-loaded folded-waveguide traveling-wave tube

In this paper, a new approach based on the transmission line cascading network, is proposed. It is used to analyze the high-frequency characteristics of ridge-loaded folded-waveguide slow-wave structure. The analytical results agree with those obtained by the 3-D electromagnetic high-frequency simulation software HFSS. It is indicated that the equivalent circuit method is reliable and high efficiency.
Ethambutol Resistance as Determined by Broth Dilution Method Correlates Better than Sequencing Results with embB Mutations in Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates

ABSTRACT We evaluated the correlation of phenotypic ethambutol (EMB) susceptibility as determined by two drug susceptibility methods with embB mutations in multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. The concordance rate for EMB resistance between broth dilution method and sequencing results (83.6%) was significantly higher than between the proportion method and sequencing results (61.7%) (P = 0.004). Of the embB mutants, 75.4% (46/61) possessed a mutation at embB306. Our results demonstrated that ethambutol resistance determined by broth dilution method reveals better correlation with embB mutations than the proportion method in MDR isolates.
Using a Modified Technology Acceptance Model to Evaluate Designing Eight Queens Chess Puzzle Game

In the game of chess, the queen can attack any piece that lies on the same row, on the same column, or along a diagonal. The eight-queens is a classic logic puzzle. The task is to place eight queens on a chessboard in such a fashion that no queen can attack any other queen. The eight-queen puzzle is often used to illustrate problem-solving or backtracking techniques. Consequently, in this study Technology Acceptance Model has designed to investigate the user acceptance of designing Eight Queens Chess Puzzle Game. The purpose of this study is to design a quantitative approach based on the technology acceptance model questionnaire as its primary research methodology. It utilized a quantitative approach based a Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to evaluate the designing Eight Queens Chess Puzzle Game from 1×1 to 25×25 levels. The related constructs for evaluation are: Perceived of Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, User Satisfaction and Attribute of Usability. All these constructs are modified to suit the context of the study. Moreover, this study outlines the details of each construct and its relevance toward the research issue. The outcome of the study represents series of approaches that will apply for checking the advantages of collecting all levels in a single game with series of episodes and how well it achieves the aims and objectives of the design.
Accumulation of fatty acids in purslane grown in hydroponic salt stress conditions

Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is the eighth most common plant distributed throughout the world being a heat- and drought-tolerant plant. In this study, we evaluated the effect of salinity on total amounts of fatty acids (FAs) and ω3/ω6 ratio in leaves of purslane. Plants exposed to four levels of chloride salinity in the root zone (60, 90, 120 and 240 mM NaCl) for 40 days showed no signs of toxicity or death. The main FAs detected were C16:0>C18:3>C18:2. The ratio of ω6 to ω3 was not changed with salt stress. Hierarchic cluster analysis brought together 60 and 90 mM NaCl in control plants, based on their FA content. The results of this study confirm the purslane as a plant rich in FAs whose consumption may contribute to dietary intake of ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, with obvious benefits to human health.
Universal learning network and its application to robust control

Universal learning networks (ULNs) and robust control system design are discussed, ULNs provide a generalized framework to model and control complex systems. They consist of a number of interconnected nodes where the nodes may have any continuously differentiable nonlinear functions in them and each pair of nodes can be connected by multiple branches with arbitrary time delays. Therefore, physical systems which can be described by differential or difference equations and also their controllers can be modeled in a unified way. So, ULNs constitute a superset of neural networks or fuzzy neural networks. In order to optimize the systems, a generalized learning algorithm is derived for the ULNs, in which both the first order derivatives (gradients) and the higher order derivatives are incorporated. The derivatives are calculated by using forward or backward propagation schemes. These algorithms for calculating the derivatives are extended versions of back propagation through time (BPTT) and real time recurrent learning (RTRL) by Williams in the sense that generalized nonlinear functions and higher order derivatives are dealt with. As an application of ULNs, the higher order derivative, one of the distinguished features of ULNs, is applied to realizing a robust control system in this paper. In addition, it is shown that the higher order derivatives are effective tools to realize sophisticated control of nonlinear systems. Other features of ULNs such as multiple branches with arbitrary time delays and using a priori information will be discussed in other papers.
Elaborating on threshold concepts

We propose an expanded definition of Threshold Concepts (TCs) that requires the successful acquisition and internalisation not only of knowledge, but also its practical elaboration in the domains of applied strategies and mental models. This richer definition allows us to clarify the relationship between TCs and Fundamental Ideas, and to account for both the important and the problematic characteristics of TCs in terms of the Knowledge/Strategies/Mental Models Framework defined in previous work.
Recolonisation postglaciaire de quelques taxons tempérés en Europe : une approche spatiale et temporelle

Des cartes isochrones representant la migration de neuf taxons forestiers sont presentees. Ces cartes permettent l'identification de refuges et des routes de recolonisation. Ces taxons montrent des reponses individuelles aux changements environnementaux durant la periode de migration. Ceci renforce la theorie des communautes en tant que structures temporaires. Des etudes comparatives basees sur les donnees polliniques et genetiques sont presentees pour deux taxons afin de mieux comprendre la migration postglaciaire observee des cartes polliniques. Des relations significatives ont ete trouvees entre ces parametres historiques et la diversite genetique. Ceci suggere qu'au niveau genetique, la diversite est largement dictee par l'histoire de l'espece. Ces approches comparatives offrent par consequent la perspective d'une plus grande comprehension de distribution des arbres forestiers dans le passe et produisent ainsi un savoir vital pour la gestion future des ecosystemes.
Multidimensional Reasoning in Games: Framework, Equilibrium, and Applications

We develop a framework for analyzing multidimensional reasoning in strategic interactions, which is motivated by two experimental findings: (i) in games with a large and complex strategy space, players tend to think in terms of strategy characteristics rather than the strategies themselves; (ii) in their strategic deliberation, players consider one characteristic at a time. A multidimensional equilibrium is a vector of characteristics representing a stable mode of behavior: a player does not wish to modify any one characteristic. The concept is applied to several economic interactions, where a vector of characteristics, rather than a distribution of strategies, is identified as stable. (JEL C72, D11, D91)
Glutamate regulates neurite outgrowth of cultured descending brain neurons from larval lamprey

In larval lamprey, descending brain neurons, which regenerate their axons following spinal cord injury, were isolated and examined in cell culture to identify some of the factors that regulate neurite outgrowth. Focal application of 5 mM or 25 mM L‐glutamate to single growth cones inhibited outgrowth of the treated neurite, but other neurites from the same neuron were not inhibited, an effect that has not been well studied for neurons in other systems. Glutamate‐induced inhibition of neurite outgrowth was abolished by 10 mM kynurenic acid. Application of high potassium media to growth cones inhibited neurite outgrowth, an effect that was blocked by 2 mM cobalt or 100 μM cadmium, suggesting that calcium influx via voltage‐gated channels contributes to glutamate‐induced regulation of neurite outgrowth. Application of glutamate to growth cones in the presence of 2 μM ω‐conotoxin MVIIC (CTX) still inhibited neurite outgrowth, while CTX blocked high potassium‐induced inhibition of neurite outgrowth. Thus, CTX blocked virtually all of the calcium influx resulting from depolarization. To our knowledge, this is the first direct demonstration that calcium influx via ligand‐gated ion channels can contribute to regulation of neurite outgrowth. Finally, focal application of glutamate to the cell bodies of descending brain neurons inhibited outgrowth of multiple neurites from the same neuron, and this is the first demonstration that multiple neurites can be regulated in this fashion. Signaling mechanisms involving intracellular calcium, similar to those shown here, may be important for regulating axonal regeneration following spinal cord injury in the lamprey. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 67: 173–188, 2007.