Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Query-independent evidence in home page finding

Hyperlink recommendation evidence, that is, evidence based on the structure of a web's link graph, is widely exploited by commercial Web search systems. However there is little published work to support its popularity. Another form of query-independent evidence, URL-type, has been shown to be beneficial on a home page finding task. We compared the usefulness of these types of evidence on the home page finding task, combined with both content and anchor text baselines. Our experiments made use of five query sets spanning three corpora---one enterprise crawl, and the WT10g and VLC2 Web test collections.We found that, in optimal conditions, all of the query-independent methods studied (in-degree, URL-type, and two variants of PageRank) offered a better than random improvement on a content-only baseline. However, only URL-type offered a better than random improvement on an anchor text baseline. In realistic settings, for either baseline, only URL-type offered consistent gains. In combination with URL-type the anchor text baseline was more useful for finding popular home pages, but URL-type with content was more useful for finding randomly selected home pages. We conclude that a general home page finding system should combine evidence from document content, anchor text, and URL-type classification.
Modular Executable Language Specifications in Haskell

We propose a framework for specification of programming language semantics, abstract and concrete syntax, and lexical structure. The framework is based on Modular Monadic Semantics and allows independent specification of various language features. Features such as arithmetics, conditionals, exceptions, state and nondeterminism can be freely combined into working interpreters, facilitating experiments in language design. A prototype implementation of this system in Haskell is described and possibilities for more sophisticated interpreter generator are outlined.
IAS-UVA-09-02 Dependence Discovery in Modular Bayesian networks

This paper introduces an information theoretic approach to verification of modular causal probabilistic models. We assume systems which are gradually extended by adding new functional modules, each having a limited domain knowledge captured by a local Bayesian network. Different modules originate from independent design processes. We assume that the local models are correct, which, however does not guarantee globally coherent inference in composed systems. The introduced method supports discovery of significant inter-module dependencies which are not captured in the assembled Bayesian network. We demonstrate the principles on a modularized gas detection fusion network.
Iterative dynamic programming: a new class of query optimization algorithms

The query optimizer is one of the most important components of a database system. Most commercial query optimizers today are based on a dynamic-programming algorithm, as proposed in Selinger et al. [1979]. While this algorithm produces good optimization results (i.e, good plans), its high complexity can be prohibitive if complex queries need to be processed, new query execution techniques need to be integrated, or in certain programming environments (e.g., distributed database systems). In this paper, we present and thoroughly evaluate a new class of query optimization algorithms that are based on a principle that we call iterative dynamic programming, or IDP for short. IDP has several important advantages: First, IDP-algorithms produce the best plans of all known algorithms in situations in which dynamic programming is not viable because of its high complexity. Second, some IDP variants are adaptive and produce as good plans as dynamic programming if dynamic programming is viable and as good-as possible plans if dynamic programming turns out to be not viable. Three, all IDP-algorithms can very easily be integrated into an existing optimizer which is based on dynamic programming.
POM-POM2/CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTING1 Is Essential for the Functional Association of Cellulose Synthase and Microtubules in Arabidopsis[W][OA]

Alignment of cellulose fibers during wall synthesis is crucial for anisotropic plant cell growth. Cortical microtubules guide and align cellulose synthases (CESAs) in the plasma membrane during cellulose synthesis. This study uses genetic and cell biological experiments to show that the CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTING1/POM2 protein is needed for the guidance of CESAs along cortical microtubules. In plants, regulation of cellulose synthesis is fundamental for morphogenesis and plant growth. Cellulose is synthesized at the plasma membrane, and the orientation of synthesis is guided by cortical microtubules; however, the guiding mechanism is currently unknown. We show that the conditional root elongation pom2 mutants are impaired in cell elongation, fertility, and microtubule-related functions. Map-based cloning of the POM-POM2 locus revealed that it is allelic to CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTING1 (CSI1). Fluorescently tagged POM2/CSI1s associated with both plasma membrane–located cellulose synthases (CESAs) and post-Golgi CESA-containing compartments. Interestingly, while CESA insertions coincided with cortical microtubules in the pom2/csi1 mutants, the microtubule-defined movement of the CESAs was significantly reduced in the mutant. We propose that POM2/CSI1 provides a scaffold between the CESAs and cortical microtubules that guide cellulose synthesis.
Safe Zone for the Plantar Portal

Background: Understanding the plantar nerve anatomy is crucial for safe endoscopic surgery of the sole. We aimed to anatomically dissect the lateral aspect and soles of cadaveric feet to investigate the safety of peroneus longus tendoscopy with a plantar lateral portal and the safe zones for plantar portals. Methods: We studied 36 feet of 24 cadavers (mean age, 86.5 years). A cannula for 2.7-mm scope was inserted from the plantar lateral portal to the peroneus longus tendon, and the positional relationship between the cannula and sural nerve was observed. Then, the soft tissue of the sole was dissected, and the relationships between the plantar nerve and flexor digitorum longus tendon and flexor hallucis longus tendon was observed. The plantar nerve course was digitally imaged and uploaded into Image J software to determine nerve position. We further observed the positional relationship between the cannula and plantar nerve. Result: The mean minimum distance between the cannula and sural nerve was 13.8 mm, and the closest distance was 4.2 mm, allowing for the relatively safe creation of a plantar lateral portal. The use of the plantar lateral portal and evaluation of the peroneal tendon was safe with respect to the lateral plantar nerve as the nerve was in a different tissue layer of the foot. Dissection of the plantar foot demonstrated a relatively safe zone, 36.4% to 56% along a line between the medial aspect of the base of the first metatarsal bone to the proximal tip of the fifth metatarsal. This region may allow for a plantar endoscopic portal; however an anatomic variation may result in the plantar nerve being within this zone. The flexor digitorum longus tendon and peroneus longus tendon passed through the deep layer of the relatively safe zone. Conclusion: Peroneus longus tendoscopy was relatively safe to perform from a plantar lateral portal. No neurovascular structure exists on the slightly medial aspect of the central region of the sole, potentially allowing for a relatively safe creation of plantar central portal. An approach from the plantar central portal to the flexor digitorum longus tendon, flexor hallucis longus tendon, and peroneus longus tendon allows for a greater range of vision and treatment options as compared with conventional approaches. The combination of the plantar central portal with portals such as the plantar lateral portal may further the development of endoscopic surgery of the sole. Clinical Relevance: We found the anatomic characteristics of a relatively safe zone for the plantar portal for plantar lateral portal.
Who does the housework? : the division of labour within the home

Although it might appear to be an uncontentious term, the idea of ‘work’ has long been debated. Should ‘work’ primarily be thought of as something done for pay, hence separate and distinct from other aspects of life? That view has been strongly contested by feminists, who have argued that unpaid domestic work and caring are necessary to human reproduction and should also be treated as ‘work’ (Glucksmann, 1995; Sevenhuijsen, 2002). More generally, others have argued that contemporary transformations in the world of paid employment are increasingly blurring the boundaries between work and non-work. Consumerism and the growth of services mean that an increasing proportion of the population is engaged in flexible working and have nonstandard work hours. The emergence of the global corporation, and associated technological developments such as electronic communications, can mean that colleagues are located in different time zones, and the worker is expected to be available at .
Mechanism Design for Crowdsourcing: An Optimal 1-1/e Competitive Budget-Feasible Mechanism for Large Markets

In this paper we consider a mechanism design problem in the context of large-scale crowdsourcing markets such as Amazon's Mechanical Turk mturk, ClickWorker clickworker, CrowdFlower crowdflower. In these markets, there is a requester who wants to hire workers to accomplish some tasks. Each worker is assumed to give some utility to the requester on getting hired. Moreover each worker has a minimum cost that he wants to get paid for getting hired. This minimum cost is assumed to be private information of the workers. The question then is -- if the requester has a limited budget, how to design a direct revelation mechanism that picks the right set of workers to hire in order to maximize the requester's utility? We note that although the previous work (Singer (2010) chen et al. (2011)) has studied this problem, a crucial difference in which we deviate from earlier work is the notion of large-scale markets that we introduce in our model. Without the large market assumption, it is known that no mechanism can achieve a competitive ratio better than 0.414 and 0.5 for deterministic and randomized mechanisms respectively (while the best known deterministic and randomized mechanisms achieve an approximation ratio of 0.292 and 0.33 respectively). In this paper, we design a budget-feasible mechanism for large markets that achieves a competitive ratio of 1 - 1/e ≃ 0.63. Our mechanism can be seen as a generalization of an alternate way to look at the proportional share mechanism, which is used in all the previous works so far on this problem. Interestingly, we can also show that our mechanism is optimal by showing that no truthful mechanism can achieve a factor better than 1 - 1/e, thus, fully resolving this setting. Finally we consider the more general case of submodular utility functions and give new and improved mechanisms for the case when the market is large.
Adult Age Differences in Self-Ordered Pointing Task Performance: Contributions From Working Memory, Executive Function and Speed of Information Processing

This study investigated adult age differences in, and predictors of, the performance of a test of executive function, the Self-Ordered Pointing Task (SOPT; Petrides Milner, 1982). Performance on the SOPT is thought to rely on high level working memory processes, therefore, measures reflecting the common operationalization of working memory, along with measures of executive function and speed of information processing, were investigated as predictors of SOPT performance. Younger (aged 1748 years) and older (aged 6588 years) adults completed a 16-item, 3-trial, modified version of Shimamura and Juricas (1994) version of the SOPT, and tests assessing working memory, executive function and speed. Results showed that younger adults made fewer errors on the SOPT. There was no age difference in the frequency of use of a clustering strategy. Contrary to expectations, working memory was not a good predictor of individual or age differences in SOPT performance. Instead, speed of processing, and to a lesser extent, measures of perseverations, made larger unique and overlapping contributions to the variance. The SOPT and its association, or dissociation, with other measures of working memory may be useful for research into the nature of working memory and executive function and the theoretical links between them.
Transmission of a 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus Occurs before Fever Is Detected, in the Ferret Model

During the early phase of the 2009 influenza pandemic, attempts were made to contain the spread of the virus. Success of reactive control measures may be compromised if the proportion of transmission that occurs before overt clinical symptoms develop is high. In this study we investigated the timing of transmission of an early prototypic strain of pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus in the ferret model. Ferrets are the only animal model in which this can be assessed because they display typical influenza-like clinical signs including fever and sneezing after infection. We assessed transmission from infected animals to sentinels that were placed either in direct contact or in adjacent cages, the latter reflecting the respiratory droplet (RD) transmission route. We found that pre-symptomatic influenza transmission occurred via both contact and respiratory droplet exposure before the earliest clinical sign, fever, developed. Three of 3 animals exposed in direct contact between day 1 and 2 after infection of the donor animals became infected, and 2/3 of the animals exposed at this time period by the RD route acquired the infection, with the third animal becoming seropositive indicating either a low level infection or significant exposure. Moreover, this efficient transmission did not temporally correlate with respiratory symptoms, such as coughs and sneezes, but rather with the peak viral titre in the nose. Indeed respiratory droplet transmission did not occur late in infection, even though this was when sneezing and coughing were most apparent. None of the 3 animals exposed at this time by the RD route became infected and these animals remained seronegative at the end of the experiment. These data have important implications for pandemic planning strategies and suggest that successful containment is highly unlikely for a human-adapted influenza virus that transmits efficiently within a population.
A mixed multiscale finite element method for elliptic problems with oscillating coefficients

The recently introduced multiscale finite element method for solving elliptic equations with oscillating coefficients is designed to capture the large-scale structure of the solutions without resolving all the fine-scale structures. Motivated by the numerical simulation of flow transport in highly heterogeneous porous media, we propose a mixed multiscale finite element method with an over-sampling technique for solving second order elliptic equations with rapidly oscillating coefficients. The multiscale finite element bases are constructed by locally solving Neumann boundary value problems. We provide a detailed convergence analysis of the method under the assumption that the oscillating coefficients are locally periodic. While such a simplifying assumption is not required by our method, it allows us to use homogenization theory to obtain the asymptotic structure of the solutions. Numerical experiments are carried out for flow transport in a porous medium with a random log-normal relative permeability to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method.
Interactive near-field illumination for photorealistic augmented reality on mobile devices

Mobile devices become more and more important today, especially for augmented reality (AR) applications in which the camera of the mobile device acts like a window into the mixed reality world. Up to now, no photorealistic augmentation is possible since the computational power of the mobile devices is still too weak. Even a streaming solution from a stationary PC would cause a latency that affects user interactions considerably. Therefore, we introduce a differential illumination method that allows for a consistent illumination of the inserted virtual objects on mobile devices, avoiding a delay. The necessary computation effort is shared between a stationary PC and the mobile devices to make use of the capacities available on both sides. The method is designed such that only a minimum amount of data has to be transferred asynchronously between the stationary PC and one or multiple mobile devices. This allows for an interactive illumination of virtual objects with a consistent appearance under both temporally and spatially varying real illumination conditions. To describe the complex near-field illumination in an indoor scenario, multiple HDR video cameras are used to capture the illumination from multiple directions. In this way, sources of illumination can be considered that are not directly visible to the mobile device because of occlusions and the limited field of view of built-in cameras.
Introduction to Psychoanalysis: Contemporary Theory and Practice

Part 1: Theory 1. Introduction: History and Controversy 2. Models of the Mind 3. Origins of the Internal World 4. Mechanisms of Defence 5. Transference and Countertransference 6. Dreams, Symbols, Imagination Part II: Practice 7. Assessment 8. The Therapeutic Relationship 9. Clinical Dilemmas 10. Psychoanalytic Contributions to Psychiatry 11. Research in Psychoanalysis.
Electronic property investigations of single‐walled carbon nanotube bundles in situ within a transmission electron microscope: an evaluation

We have evaluated a combined transmission electron microscopy (TEM)–scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) (hence TEM‐STM) sample holder for the investigation of the mechanical and electrical properties of individual bundles of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) together with their simultaneous observation, analysis and mechanical modification in the TEM. Current‐voltage (I–V) measurements from bundles of SWCNTs were observed to change as the bundles were deformed both reversibly and irreversibly, although the observed behaviour was somewhat complex. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) analysis revealed measurable changes in the bonding of the carbon atoms within the graphene layers upon bundle deformation, with measurable changes in the π*/(π*+σ*) peak ratios observed at the carbon K‐edge. Reversible deformation of the bundles was consistent with the sensitivity of σ bonding to deviations from nonplanarity, whereas irreversible deformation was consistent with the introduction of nonhexagonal defects into the graphene sheets.
A Visual Stack Based Paradigm for Visualization Environments

We present a new visual paradigm for Visualization Systems, inspired by stack-based programming. Most current implementations of Visualization systems are based on directional graphs. However directional graphs as a visual representation of execution, though initially quite intuitive, quickly grow cumbersome and difficult to follow under complex examples. Our system presents the user with a simple and compact methodology of visually stacking actions directly on top of data objects as a way of creating filter scripts. We explore and address extensions to the basic paradigm to allow for: multiple data input or data output objects to and from execution action modules, execution thread jumps and loops, encapsulation, and overall execution control. We exploit the dynamic nature of current computer graphic interfaces by utilizing features such as drag-and-drop, color emphasis and object animation to indicate action, looping, message/parameter passing; to furnish an overall better understanding of the resulting laid out execution scripts.
Detecting SEU-caused routing errors in SRAM-based FPGAs

This paper proposes a new CLB architecture for FPGAs and an associated testing technique that detects routing errors caused by SEUs in the SRAM configuration memory of the FPGA. The proposed testing technique detects all possible routing errors including bridging faults, and requires a single configuration of only the LUTs of the FPGA. Any routing error that affects the logic of the circuit is detected by the proposed technique in a maximum of 8 clock cycles. It is noteworthy that the time required for error detection is independent of both the number of switch matrices and the number of logic blocks in the FPGA.
Read and spontaneous speech classification based on variance of GMM supervectors

This paper provides a novel method to classify spoken utterances into reading style or spontaneous style. Read/spontaneous speech classiﬁcation is important for extracting data to train acoustic models for speech recognition from real data in which read speech and spontaneous speech samples are mixed. We analyzed 23,900 reading and 31,988 spontaneous utterances of 30 speakers and found that variance of GMM supervectors in several consecutive utterances can discriminate the reading and spontaneous styles and has less speaker-dependency. Based on this knowledge, our method uses variance of GMM supervec-tors to classify unknown consecutive utterances into reading style or spontaneous style. Experiments show that our technique can classify 5 consecutive utterances of unknown speakers with over 95% accuracy without any other lexical, phonetic, or prosodic features.
Transitions from School to Work: ‘It Was Not My Choice, You Know?’: Young People's Subjective Views and Decision-Making Processes in Biographical Transitions

Introduction There is a broad spectrum of empirical evidence showing that young people's transitions from school to work are structured by class, education, gender, ethnicity, and region. Recently, increasing scientific attention has been given to the biographical aspects of youth transitions. The notion of ‘structured individualisation’ refers to the fact that individuals have access to different resources and opportunities in navigating through their lives, while social inequalities are being increasingly reproduced through individual decision making, such as whether to continue with education or to drop out at an early stage (Ball, Maguire, & Macrae, 2000; du Bois-Reymond & Chisholm, 2006; European Group for Integrated Social Research, 2001; Furlong & Cartmel, 1997; Henderson, Holland, McGrellis, Sharpe, & Thomson, 2006). Moreover, consequences of social inequality have changed. The implications of social inequality now reach beyond young people being allocated to different careers depending on their social status. Increasing risks of social exclusion imply that transitions can also fail (Castel, 2000). The view of institutional actors tends to reduce transitions exclusively to the achievement of educational qualifications and to labour-market entry. They ascribe success and failure in this respect to individuals' responsibility and rationality in making decisions regarding education, training, and job search. Recently, this has been reflected by a policy trend towards activation aimed at influencing individuals' adaptive behaviour (Harslof, 2005; Lodemel & Trickey, 2001; McNeish & Loncle, 2003; Pohl & Walther, 2007; Serrano, 2004; van Berkel & Moller, 2002).