Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
From Lexical Semantics to Conceptual Metaphors: Mapping Principle Verification with Wordnet and Sumo

The goal of this paper is to further develop methods for verifying Mapping Principles between source and target domain pairings of conceptual metaphors. Previous work (Ahrens, Chung & Huang, 2003) integrated the Conceptual Mapping Model with an ontology-based knowledge representation (i.e. SUMO) in order to demonstrate that conceptual metaphor analysis could be restricted and eventually, automated. However, that study relied on an operational definition that required a large number of instances of source-target domain pairings in order to determine the most frequent mapping. In this study, we further operationalize the frequency-based definition and examine the possibility of using information derived from WordNet and SUMO to verify Mapping Principles for source-target domain pairings that do not occur frequently enough (if at all) in a corpus. 1 Introduction Lexical resources are central to any natural language processing system and the plethora of multilingual resources such as EuroWordNet (EWN) and Academia Sinica's Bilingual Ontological WordNet (BOW) are based firmly in the lexicon. Recent work in figurative language processing, however, has pointed out shortcomings of these resources for processing of conceptual metaphor. Veale (2003), for example, points out that determining the aptness is dependent upon parameters that are, as yet, hidden. Lonneker (2003) decries the lack of relationship between literal and figurative synsets in WordNet, while Alonge and Castelli (2003) suggest that the EWN Top Ontology needs to be extended with more concepts in order to deal with figurative language, since at this point in time it only notes general semantic distinctions. Ahrens (2002), taking an intuition-based approach, proposed that the linguistic expressions that are used metaphorically can be analyzed in terms of the entities, qualities and functions that can map between a source and a target domain. When these conventionalized metaphorical expressions have been analyzed, an underlying reason for these mappings can then be postulated. This study relied on native speaker intuition regarding what is mapped conceptually from the source to the target domain. For example, in the four examples from the metaphor LOVE IS PLANT, given below, the Mapping Principle (MP) of " Love is understood as plant because plants involve physical growth and love involves emotional growth " was extracted based on the fact that all the examples in some way had to do with growth. 1. (a) liang ren de ai miao zuijin cai gang mengya two people MOD love seedling lately just recently sprout 'Their love just begins to …
Genetic algorithms: An inevitable solution for query optimization in web mining — A review

Despite the wide range of applications in different areas, the world-urging factors like Internet Search Speed or the rate of data retrieval, has found its wherewithal from the concept of Evolutionary Algorithms. Due to the suitability of the nature of the algorithms, query optimization for web mining, has been implemented in terms of Genetic Algorithms. This paper shall review upon the characteristics of Genetic Algorithms, suitability to web search optimization, their impact on implementation aspects, challenges, success rate and suggested enhancements in further research.
New Features on the Environmental Regulation of Metabolism Revealed by Modeling the Cellular Proteomic Adaptations Induced by Light, Carbon, and Inorganic Nitrogen in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Microalgae are currently emerging to be very promising organisms for the production of biofuels and high-added value compounds. Understanding the influence of environmental alterations on their metabolism is a crucial issue. Light, carbon and nitrogen availability have been reported to induce important metabolic adaptations. So far, the influence of these variables has essentially been studied while varying only one or two environmental factors at the same time. The goal of the present work was to model the cellular proteomic adaptations of the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii upon the simultaneous changes of light intensity, carbon concentrations (CO2 and acetate), and inorganic nitrogen concentrations (nitrate and ammonium) in the culture medium. Statistical design of experiments (DOE) enabled to define 32 culture conditions to be tested experimentally. Relative protein abundance was quantified by two dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). Additional assays for respiration, photosynthesis, and lipid and pigment concentrations were also carried out. A hierarchical clustering survey enabled to partition biological variables (proteins + assays) into eight co-regulated clusters. In most cases, the biological variables partitioned in the same cluster had already been reported to participate to common biological functions (acetate assimilation, bioenergetic processes, light harvesting, Calvin cycle, and protein metabolism). The environmental regulation within each cluster was further characterized by a series of multivariate methods including principal component analysis and multiple linear regressions. This metadata analysis enabled to highlight the existence of a clear regulatory pattern for every cluster and to mathematically simulate the effects of light, carbon, and nitrogen. The influence of these environmental variables on cellular metabolism is described in details and thoroughly discussed. This work provides an overview of the metabolic adaptations contributing to maintain cellular homeostasis upon extensive environmental changes. Some of the results presented here could be used as starting points for more specific fundamental or applied investigations.
Effect of long-term experimental hypodynamy on the adrenal glands of Japanese quails: an ultrastructural study

The effect of experimental long - term hypodynamy on the structure of the adrenal glands of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) was studied. Two days after hatching the quails were suspended in special shirts below the ceiling of a cage so their feet did not touch the floor. They could consume feed and water ad libitum. Animals of the same age, hatched at the same time, and fed the same diet were used as controls. Experimental animals were sacrificed after 14, 28, 42, 56 and 126 d of hypodynamy. Whole adrenal glands were fixed and routinely processed for transmission electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of adrenal tissue showed morphological changes in cortical and medullary – chromaffin cells. Lipid droplets accumulated in the cytoplasm of cortical cells and medullary cells exhibited marked cytoplasmic vacuolization. We assumed that the changes resulted in hypertrophy of the adrenal glands. Adrenal cells contained damaged mitochondria and dilated cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum. The morphological changes described were considered reversible. It has been supposed that the long – term hypodynamy an adaptation of the organism to stress would occur. Our results show that Japanese quails are capable develop under conditions of prolonged simulated weightlessness.
A SIMPLE CHAOTIC NEURON MODEL: STOCHASTIC BEHAVIOR OF NEURAL NETWORKS

We have briefly reviewed the occurrence of the post-synaptic potentials between neurons, the relationship between EEG and neuron dynamics, as well as methods of signal analysis. We propose a simple stochastic model representing electrical activity of neuronal systems. The model is constructed using the Monte Carlo simulation technique. The results yielded EEG-like signals with their phase portraits in three-dimensional space. The Lyapunov exponent was positive, indicating chaotic behavior. The correlation of the EEG-like signals was. 92, smaller than those reported by others. It was concluded that this neuron model may provide valuable clues about the dynamic behavior of neural systems.
Invertebrate Models of Dystonia

The neurological movement disorder dystonia is an umbrella term for a heterogeneous group of related conditions where at least 20 monogenic forms have been identified. Despite the substantial advances resulting from the identification of these loci, the function of many DYT gene products remains unclear. Comparative genomics using simple animal models to examine the evolutionarily conserved functional relationships with monogenic dystonias represents a rapid route toward a comprehensive understanding of these movement disorders. Current studies using the invertebrate animal models Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster are uncovering cellular functions and mechanisms associated with mutant forms of the well-conserved gene products corresponding to DYT1, DYT5a, DYT5b, and DYT12 dystonias. Here we review recent findings from the invertebrate literature pertaining to molecular mechanisms of these gene products, torsinA, GTP cyclohydrolase I, tyrosine hydroxylase, and the alpha subunit of Na+/K ATPase, respectively. In each study, the application of powerful genetic tools developed over decades of intensive work with both of these invertebrate systems has led to mechanistic insights into these human disorders. These models are particularly amenable to large-scale genetic screens for modifiers or additional alleles, which are bolstering our understanding of the molecular functions associated with these gene products. Moreover, the use of invertebrate models for the evaluation of DYT genetic loci and their genetic interaction networks has predictive value and can provide a path forward for therapeutic intervention.
Inherited Real Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: bedside diagnosis, pathophysiology and primary prevention

Insulin resistance and insulin-secretion derangement are correlated in a stable manner and both play a pivotal role in the onset of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). In fact, e.g., insulin-secretion is physiologically ruled by insulinemia, by means of a feed-back mechanism, through insulin-receptors localized on the membrane of insular β-cell: the two factors are strictly related each other at large number of different levels. Due to these reasons the clinical on-set of T2DM appears later, because insulin-resistance in liver (Zenda et al., 2003), adipose cells of the abdomen wall and skeletal muscles during the initial stage, i.e., for years or decades, may be balanced by increasing of the insulin secretion. It is generally admitted that the T2DM may occur at a flurry number of years before the clinical diagnosis is made. Importantly, during the time that diabetes is undiagnosed and untreated, “complications,” that could be avoided, are developing. With the aim of an early pre-metabolic diagnosis we introduce a clinical method to assess the Inherited Real Risk (IRR) of T2DM by means of Quantum Biophysical Semeiotics (QBS), which is an extension of medical semeiotics (Stagnaro-Neri and Stagnaro, 2004), interpreting an awful number of QBS signs for diagnostic purposes. The key of this new discipline is the awareness that human bodies are a continuum of biological systems whose dynamics follow the laws of deterministic chaos, which can be measured by means of nonlinear statistical invariants.
Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP and Progressive Download: Comparative Considerations

Video data now accounts for over 50% of Internet traffic, and the widespread adoption of smart devices with high resolution screens has led to an increasing sharing of video content over social networks. The high availability of video content and of devices capable of displaying video data with high quality has facilitated this development. The high variability in available bandwidth to different clients on mobile and fixed networks implies that streams of different quality and thus bit rate should be used for different clients. Moreover, Internet congestion fluctuations suggest that the bandwidth available to each client will vary over time. As much of the Internet video has been based on progressive HTTP based downloading, which in its basic form is unable to adapt to bandwidth changes, the Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP - DASH - standard was proposed to enable adaptability of bit rate during a streaming session. Furthermore, this adaptation is managed by the clients to avoid server scalability issues. In this paper we consider a range of issues related to the performance of DASH and perform experiments that indicate the benefits associated with it.
Reliability , Risk and Safety : Theory and Applications – Briš

Inadequate handling of conflicting goals has repeatedly been identified as a causal or contributing factor in accidents. This paper documents a workshop approach designed to allow participants to explore the boundaries towards unacceptable risk and the forces driving actors towards that boundary. Participants with diverse professional backgrounds discussed a specific, actual event involving a trade-off between a certain economic loss and the risk of a much larger loss.The discussions revealed that none of the participants had entered the workshop with a comprehensive understanding of all aspects of the incident. The participants expressed being surprised by: the comprehensive list of possible outcomes, decision options, events that were identified during the discussions, and the difficulties encountered when trying to formulate a specific criteria. The results emphasize the value of discussions on specific incidents / scenarios in order to bring the boundaries of unacceptable risk to the fore.
Coalescence of functional gold and monodisperse silver nanoparticles mediated by black Panax ginseng Meyer root extract

A rapid biological synthesis of multifunctional gold nanoparticle (AuNp) and monodisperse silver nanoparticle (AgNp) was achieved by an aqueous extract of black Panax ginseng Meyer root. The physicochemical transformation into black ginseng (BG) greatly enhanced the pharmacological activities of white ginseng and its minor ginsenoside content. The optimal temperature conditions and kinetics of bioreduction were investigated. Formation of BG-AuNps and BG-AgNps was verified by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry at 548 and 412 nm, respectively. The biosynthesized BG-AgNps were spherical and monodisperse with narrow distribution, while BG-AuNps were icosahedral-shaped and moderately polydisperse. Synthesized nanoparticles exhibited long-term stability in buffers of pH 7.0–8.0 and biological media (5% bovine serum albumin) at an ambient temperature and at 37°C. BG-AgNps showed effective antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. BG-AuNps and BG-AgNps demonstrated increased scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals. In addition, BG-AuNps and BG-AgNps were nontoxic to HaCaT and MCF-7 cells; the latter showed no cytotoxicity at concentrations lower than 10 µg/mL. At higher concentrations, BG-AgNps exhibited apparent apoptotic activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line through reactive oxygen species generation and nuclear fragmentation.
snRNAs Contain Specific SMN-Binding Domains That Are Essential for snRNP Assembly

ABSTRACT To serve in its function as an assembly machine for spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs), the survival of motor neurons (SMN) protein complex binds directly to the Sm proteins and the U snRNAs. A specific domain unique to U1 snRNA, stem-loop 1 (SL1), is required for SMN complex binding and U1 snRNP Sm core assembly. Here, we show that each of the major spliceosomal U snRNAs (U2, U4, and U5), as well as the minor splicing pathway U11 snRNA, contains a domain to which the SMN complex binds directly and with remarkable affinity (low nanomolar concentration). The SMN-binding domains of the U snRNAs do not have any significant nucleotide sequence similarity yet they compete for binding to the SMN complex in a manner that suggests the presence of at least two binding sites. Furthermore, the SMN complex-binding domain and the Sm site are both necessary and sufficient for Sm core assembly and their relative positions are critical for snRNP assembly. These findings indicate that the SMN complex stringently scrutinizes RNAs for specific structural features that are not obvious from the sequence of the RNAs but are required for their identification as bona fide snRNAs. It is likely that this surveillance capacity of the SMN complex ensures assembly of Sm cores on the correct RNAs only and prevents illicit, potentially deleterious, assembly of Sm cores on random RNAs.
A Functional Polymorphism in the Promoter of MiR-143/145 Is Associated With the Risk of Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Chinese Women

Abstract MiR-143/145 is down-regulated in cervical cancer, which may serve as a tumor suppressor by targeting KRAS and Ras-responsive element-binding protein (RREB1). Activated KRAS leads to down-regulation of miR-143/145 transcription in a RREB1-dependent manner, establishing a miR-143/145-KRAS-RREB1 feedback loop. A polymorphism rs4705343C/T in the promoter of miR-143/145 might influence the binding of TATA-binding protein. We hypothesized that the miR-143/145 rs4705343 and KRAS rs712 may be related to the occurrence of cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). In this study, we genotyped the 2 polymorphisms in 415 patients with CSCC and 504 controls using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism. The promoter activities were measured by the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System. We found that the rs4705343TC genotype was associated with an increased risk of CSCC (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05–1.80). The significantly increased association was also observed in a dominant genetic model (adjusted OR = 1.32; 95% CI, 1.01–1.72). Combined analysis showed that individuals carrying the genotypes of rs4705343 TC/CC and rs712GT/TT had a 1.47-fold increased risk of CSCC (adjusted OR = 1.47; 95% CI, 1.01–2.15). By using multifactor dimensionality reduction software method, we identified a significant interaction between the miR-143/145 rs4705343 and KRAS rs712. Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay showed that the luciferase activity was significantly lower in cells transfected with the rs4705343C allele than that of the rs4705343T allele. These findings indicate that miR-143/145 rs4705343 and KRAS rs712 may contribute to the etiology of CSCC in Chinese women.
FEM-PrEP: Adherence Patterns and Factors Associated With Adherence to a Daily Oral Study Product for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis

Background:Several clinical trials have demonstrated the safety and effectiveness of oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), with or without emtricitabine (FTC), as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for reducing the risk of HIV acquisition. Adherence to the study product was insufficient to demonstrate the effectiveness of FTC/TDF in 2 PrEP clinical trials conducted among women (FEM-PrEP and the Vaginal and Oral Interventions to Control the Epidemic study), but further analyses of adherence in these studies may inform PrEP demonstration projects and future HIV prevention clinical trials. Methods:We randomly selected a subcohort of 150 participants randomized to FTC/TDF in 3 FEM-PrEP sites (Bondo, Kenya; Bloemfontein, South Africa; and Pretoria, South Africa) to examine adherence levels over time and to assess factors associated with adherence, based on plasma tenofovir and intracellular tenofovir diphosphate drug concentrations in specimens collected at 4-week visit intervals. Results:We observed drug concentrations consistent with good adherence in 28.5% of all visit intervals when drug was available to use, but only 12% of participants achieved good adherence throughout their study participation. In multivariate analysis, the Bloemfontein site [odds ratio (OR): 2.43; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.32 to 4.48] and liking the pill color (OR: 2.93; 95% CI: 1.18 to 7.27) were positively associated with good adherence, whereas using oral contraceptive pills at enrollment was negatively associated with good adherence (OR: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.18 to 0.74). Conclusions:Most participants did not regularly adhere to the study product throughout their trial participation, although a small minority did. Few factors associated with good adherence to the study product were identified in FEM-PrEP.
On the Accuracy of Signature-based Traffic Identification Technique in IP Networks

The accurate identification of network traffic associated with application layer protocols is important to a broad range of network operations including application-specific traffic engineering, capacity planning, provisioning, and service differentiation. However well-known port numbers can no longer be used to reliably identify network applications since there is a variety of new Internet applications that either do not use well-known port numbers or use other protocols, such as HTTP, to evade firewalls that prevent using specific applications such as P2P or instant messenger. In this article we present a framework for identifying network traffic based on application level signatures. We first identify the application level signatures by investigating protocols and packet level traces. Then we express the identified signatures in regular expressions and apply them to an IP traffic monitoring system. Since the identification of network traffic based on packet payload characteristics is a resource-intensive job, it is required to resolve several issues to measure and analyze traffic on high-speed links. In addition we analyze the accuracy of traffic identification using application layer signatures comparing with the traditional port-based method. Our measurements show that the proposed technique improves the accuracy of traffic identification in that it decreases unidentified traffic by 11% compared with the port-based method. It also identifies several types of P2P and web folder traffic that would be otherwise classified incorrectly.