Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Principal Component Analysis using Singular Value Decomposition of Microarray Data

A series of microarray experiments produces observations of differential expression for thousands of genes across multiple conditions. Principal component analysis(PCA) has been widely used in multivariate data analysis to reduce the dimensionality of the data in order to simplify subsequent analysis and allow for summarization of the data in a parsimonious manner. PCA, which can be implemented via a singular value decomposition(SVD), is useful for analysis of microarray data. For application of PCA using SVD we use the DNA microarray data for the small round blue cell tumors(SRBCT) of childhood by Khan et al.(2001). To decide the number of components which account for sufficient amount of information we draw scree plot. Biplot, a graphic display associated with PCA, reveals important features that exhibit relationship between variables and also the relationship of variables with observations. Keywords—Principal component analysis, singular value decomposition, microarray data, SRBCT
Graph Minors .XII. Distance on a Surface

Abstract Let Γ a graph drawn on a connected surface Σ which is not a sphere. It is " θ -representative" if every non-null-homotopic closed curve meets Γ at least θ times. Also, Γ defines a metric on Σ , discussed in an earlier paper. Our objective here is to study the effect on the metric and on the "representativeness" of making local changes in the drawing or in the surface. We also reformulate more compactly the main theorem of an earlier paper in terms of this metric. These are lemmas to be used later.
Phlebotomy-Related Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve Injury

Stitik TP, Foye PM, Nadler SF, Brachman GO: Phlebotomy-related lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2001;80:230–234.Although phlebotomy is a common and widespread procedure, the medical literature provides limited information in terms of the documented complications of venipuncture. Documentation of phlebotomy-related nerve injuries is even more limited. The authors present a case report of a phlebotomy-induced lesion of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve. According to our literature search, this is the first case in which electrodiagnostic studies were used to document venipuncture-related injury of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve. Specific electrodiagnostic testing is used to definitively diagnose this rare injury and to track recovery. Electrodiagnostic testing can be helpful in evaluating cases of sensory disturbance after phlebotomy.
Smokers' thoughts and worries: a study using ecological momentary assessment.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate smokers' thoughts and worries about their smoking behavior. Researchers have sometimes asked smokers to make such self-assessments but typically using retrospective summary judgments. DESIGN Using ecological momentary assessment, community and student smokers reported five times daily during two separate 1-week intervals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Smokers reported their thoughts about smoking, worries about smoking, and level of contemplation to quit smoking. RESULTS Smokers reported thinking negatively about their smoking 26.8% of the time they had a cigarette. The most frequent thoughts reported by smokers related to immediate reinforcement of smoking (e.g., "How I smell like cigarettes"). However, smokers reported more intense worry about thoughts related to health concerns (e.g., "Symptoms I'm having because of smoking"). The occurrence of negative thoughts was significantly and positively related to contemplation about quitting, worry about smoking, and risk perceptions. Finally, self-reported worry intensity was more strongly related to contemplation of quitting than negative thought occurrence. CONCLUSION Our results show that thoughts about smoking (i.e., cognitions) and feelings about smoking (i.e., worry) are loosely connected and it is feelings rather than cognitions that are most related to contemplation to quit.
Simulation-based Response-time Analysis of Composite Web Services

Service-oriented computing (SOC) strives for applications having services as the fundamental element of design, and Web services acting as the enabling technology. Web services use open, XML-based standards and are becoming the most important technology for communications between disparate applications in different enterprises. In this paper, the authors study end-to-end response time for synchronous and asynchronous composite Web services invoked over the Internet. The main aim is to study the queuing time and execution time for various classes of clients present in a system. the authors present a formal model based on queuing network to simulate the execution time for composite Web services, which require different blend of services and need different set of resources to execute.
A 350 W, 790 to 960 MHz wideband LDMOS doherty amplifier using a modified combining scheme

A modified Doherty combining scheme is proposed that eases the impedance matching requirement and enables excellent AM/AM, AM/PM, and wide bandwidth in practical designs. A 350 W, 790 to 960 MHz symmetrical LDMOS Doherty amplifier measured 20 to 21 dB gain as well as peak and back-off efficiencies of 56% to 61% and 48% to 50% respectively across the band. The amplifier achieved excellent linearization results when driven with wideband 20 and 50 MHz WCDMA signals and a 35 MHz GMSK signal.
The challenge of representative design in psychology and economics

The demands of ‘representative design’ set a high methodological standard. Both experimental participants and the situations with which they are faced should be representative of the populations to which researchers claim to generalize results. Failure to observe the latter has led to notable experimental failures in psychology from which economics could learn. It also raises questions about the meaning of testing economic theories in ‘abstract’ environments. Logically, abstract tests can only be generalized to ‘abstract realities’ and these may or may not have anything to do with the ‘empirical realities’ experienced by economic actors.
Electro-optical efficiency and slow axis far-field improvement of high power laser diode bars using epitaxy structure optimization

The rapid growth of industrial laser market is driven by the advance of high power laser technology. These high power laser systems require ever more reliable laser sources with higher brightness and higher efficiency. In this report, experimental and simulation data for pump laser diode bars show that improvements in epitaxial design can result in an increase of peak wall plug efficiency from 56% to 59% whilst maintaining slow axis divergence <8.5° at currents up to 300 A.
Solid-phase synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleoside boranophosphates by the boranophosphotriester method.

Oligodeoxyribonucleoside boranophosphates (BH3-ODNs), containing four kinds of nucleobases, were synthesized by the solid-phase boranophosphotriester method. The 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 3'-boranophosphate monomers having 2-cyanoethyl (CE) groups as the phosphorus protecting groups were synthesized in good yields. A new condensing reagent, 1,3-dimethyl-2-(3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-1,3,2-diazaphospholidinium hexafluorophosphate, was found to be highly effective for the condensation reaction on the solid support. We also found that 1,8-bis(N,N-dimethylamino)naphthalene could accelerate the condensation reaction without causing beta-elimination of the CE groups from the boranophosphate triesters. The internucleotidic CE groups were selectively removed by treatment with 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4. 0]undec-7-ene (DBU) under anhydrous conditions. The acetylation of the terminal 5'-hydroxy group was found to be effective to suppress the decomposition of the BH3-ODNs during the DBU treatment on the solid support. Under optimized conditions for the solid-phase synthesis and the deprotection reactions, BH3-ODNs (4mers and 12mers) containing four kinds of nucleobases were synthesized in good yields. The hybridization properties of the BH3-ODN 12mers with the complementary native DNAs and RNAs were determined by the thermal denaturing studies. In contrast to the low thermal melting (Tm) value of the duplex composed of T((PB)T)11 and native dA12 (12.8 degrees C), the duplex consisting of d(C(PB)A(PB)G(PB)T)3 and d(ACTG)3 showed a higher Tm value (44.7 degrees C) under high-salt conditions. Furthermore, d(C(PB)A(PB)G(PB)T)3 formed a more stable duplex with the complementary RNA, r(ACUG)3 with a Tm value of 50.5 degrees C. Thus, we first demonstrated that the binding affinity of BH3-ODN to a complementary DNA or RNA is dramatically increased, owing to the inclusion of the four kinds of nucleobases.
Cancer Nanomedicines Stabilized by π-π Stacking between Heterodimeric Prodrugs Enable Exceptionally High Drug Loading Capacity and Safer Delivery of Drug Combinations

Combination therapy using distinct mode-of-action drugs has sparked a rapidly growing interest because this paradigm holds promise for improving the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer therapy. However, the current drug combination therapy refers to administering individual drugs together, which is far from a perfect regimen for cancer patients. The aim of this work was to demonstrate that synergistic delivery of two chemotherapeutic drugs in a single nanoparticle reservoir could be achieved through the rational chemical ligation of the drugs followed by supramolecular nano-assembly via blending of the drugs with a minimal amount of matrix. Choosing 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin and taxanes, which are rich in aromatic structures, as model compounds, we show that the heterodimeric conjugates of the two agents are miscible with lipids to form systemically injectable nanomedicines. The compatibility between the prodrug conjugates and lipid carriers is substantially augmented by the intermolecular π-π stacking and alleviated polarity, thus enabling an exceptionally high drug loading (DL) capacity (~92%) and a gratifyingly long drug retention time within the micellar core. We further observed superior therapeutic outcomes in a mouse tumor model without detecting accompanying systemic toxicity. This structure-based, self-assembled cancer nanomedicine increased the potency and drug tolerability in animals and thus offers a robust strategy for simultaneously formulating two or more drugs in single nanovehicles.
Image quality and spectroscopic characteristics of different silicon pixel imaging systems

Imaging capabilities, spatial resolution and spectroscopic analysis have been performed to compare the characteristics of imaging systems based on pixel detectors of different thickness. Each system consists of a single photon counting chip (PCC), developed in the framework of the Medipix Collaboration, bump bonded to a silicon detector. The detector is a matrix of 64times64 square pixels, with 170 mum pitch and thickness ranging from 300 to 800 mum. As expected, the intrinsic detection efficiency increases with detector thickness (for 22 keV photons the detection efficiency doubles in the examined thickness range), nevertheless the spatial resolution can be affected by a charge sharing mechanism between adjacent pixels due to charge diffusion. We have studied this effect and its dependence on the detector bias voltage and the threshold value of PCC with the aim of optimizing both the detection efficiency and the spatial resolution
(Focus+context)/sup 3/: distortion-oriented displays in three dimensions

3D datasets are becoming increasingly common, especially the use of large 3D datasets in geographical information systems (GIS) applications. Similar problems are likely with 3D datasets as have been found with large 2D datasets; namely the loss of context when examining a particular area of the data in detail. This paper proposes a solution based on 3D distortion-oriented displays, building on previous work on such displays for 2D datasets. Two such 3D distortion-oriented displays are described: the 3D Cartesian fisheye display and the 3D polar fisheye display. These displays are tested with a very small 3D dataset as a proof of concept, and it is proposed that their operation should be examined when applied to large datasets.
Auditory Spatial Receptive Fields Created by Multiplication

Examples of multiplication by neurons or neural circuits are scarce, although many computational models use this basic operation. The owl’s auditory system computes interaural time (ITD) and level (ILD) differences to create a twodimensional map of auditory space. Space-specific neurons are selective for combinations of ITD and ILD, which define, respectively, the horizontal and vertical dimensions of their receptive fields. A multiplication of separate postsynaptic potentials tuned to ITD and ILD, rather than an addition, can account for the subthreshold responses of these neurons to ITD-ILD pairs. Other nonlinear processes improve the spatial tuning of the spike output and reduce the fit to the multiplicative model.
Water Wave Optimization Algorithm for Solving Multi-Area Economic Dispatch Problem

This paper presents the Water Wave Optimization Algorithm (WWOA) for solving multi-area economic dispatch (MAED) problem with tie line constraints considering transmission losses, area demand constraints, multiple fuels options, valve-point loading effects and prohibited operating zones. Here, the amount of power that can be economically generated in one or more areas are exchanged with other areas with deficient generation through the interconnected tie-lines while meeting out the area wise and total power demand and other constraints is formulated as the MAED problem. WWOA is one of the nature inspired algorithm which mimics the phenomena of water waves for global optimization is implemented for the solution of multi-area economic dispatch problem. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm has been verified on three different test systems and are compared with Teaching learning based optimization (TLBO), differential evolution (DE), evolutionary programming (EP) and real coded genetic algorithm (RCGA), considering the quality of the solution obtained, and the results shows a quick convergence of the proposed algorithm and are found to be superior than the other methods in the literature and seems to be a potential alternative advancement in practical
Decoding of Product Codes Use of Annealed Max-Log-MAP Algorithm

In this paper, a new approach to soft-input soft-output (SISO) decoding of product codes based on the annealed max-log-maximum a posteriori (max-log-MAP) is proposed. Product codes due to their interesting structure are used to evaluate the new iterative decoding algorithms. Annealing is a powerful technique to improve iterative algorithms. Using annealing not only improves the performance of the iterative decoding significantly but also decreases the probability of converging to local minima. The proposed algorithm is simulated via Monte Carlo simulations for decoding of product codes and compared with the conventional max-log-MAP algorithm and the performance improvement is evaluated
Antigenic and genetic variation in influenza A (H1N1) virus isolates recovered from a persistently infected immunodeficient child

Antigenic and genetic variations have been analyzed in eight consecutive isolates recovered from a child with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome persistently infected with naturally acquired type A (H1N1) influenza virus over a 10-month period. Hemagglutination inhibition reactions and T1 oligonucleotide fingerprinting demonstrated that these viruses were related to strains causing outbreaks in the United States at that time (1983 to 1984) but that antigenic and genetic differences between consecutive isolates could be detected. This variation between isolates was examined further by sequencing the RNAs encoding the HA1 region of the hemagglutinin (HA) and the nucleoprotein (NP) in five of the consecutive isolates. Multiple point mutations were detected in both genes, and a deletion of one amino acid was detected in the HA. Depending on the isolates compared, 5.8 x 10(-3) to 17 x 10(-3) substitutions per nucleotide site per year were detected in the RNAs encoding the HA1, and 3.5 x 10(-3) to 24 x 10(-3) substitutions per nucleotide site per year were detected in the NP gene. Fifty-four percent of the base changes in the HA1 and 73% in the NP led to amino acid substitutions. A progressive accumulation of mutations over time was not observed, suggesting that the genetic diversity of these viruses may best be interpreted as the result of shifts in the population equilibrium (quasi-species) of replicating variant genomes.
Decision Making and Information Integration in the Courts : The Setting of Bail

Two studies were conducted to determine how real felony court judges decide the amount of bail to set. In the first, the judges were presented with fictitious case histories containing the relevant information in a factorial design. In the second, multiple regression techniques were used to examine the impact of different kinds of information on decisions made by judges in actual bail hearings. In the simulated cases, the judges seemed to be influenced most by the degree to which the accused was tied to the area and whether or not he had a prior criminal record. However, the judges' actual bail decisions were not at all affected by these variables. Instead, their decisions were almost exclusively determined by the district attorneys' recommendations. Both the district attorneys' and the defense attorneys' actual recommendations were found to be primarily based upon the severity of the crime. These results were discussed in terms of the utility of simulation and observational research for drawing applied and theoretical conclusions.
Effectiveness of a distraction technique in managing young dental patients.

This research was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a distraction technique in reducing young children’s negative responses to dental care. Fifty-five dentally naive children, ranging in age from two to six years, were studied over a sedes of four dental visits. Patients in the distraction condition viewed familiar ch3"ldren’s television programs throughout their dental visits; patients in a control condition had no exposure to this distraction stimulus. The children’s response to dental care was assessed using a combination of physiological, behavioral, and self-report measures. There was no evidence that exposure to popular television programs i effective in modifying young children’s responses to dental treatment. However, children’s responses did vary systematically as a function of age and visit type. Further research is recommended to explore the effectiveness of distraction techniques which require more active participation of the pedodontic patient.
Crowd counting using accumulated HOG

People count is an important indicator in video surveillance. Due to the overlapping objects and cluttered background, counting people accurately in actual crowded scene remains a non-trivial problem. Existing regression-based methods either learn a single model mapping the global feature to people count, or estimate localized count by training a large number of regressors. In this paper, we present an intermediate approach using the accumulated HOG feature. Our approach is able to capture the spatial difference of crowd structure and does not need to train a large number of regressors. Contrast to the low-level features existing regression-based methods generally use, the accumulated HOG feature is more robust. Extensive evaluations have been done on five benchmark datasets in the field of crowd counting, which demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of our approach. In particular, the processing speed is fast enough to be applied to practical applications.
Optimal Breast Biopsy Decision-Making Based on Mammographic Features and Demographic Factors

Breast cancer is the most common non-skin cancer affecting women in the United States, where every year more than 20 million mammograms are performed. Breast biopsy is commonly performed on the suspicious findings on mammograms to confirm the presence of cancer. Currently, 700,000 biopsies are performed annually in the U.S.; 55%-85% of these biopsies ultimately are found to be benign breast lesions, resulting in unnecessary treatments, patient anxiety, and expenditures. This paper addresses the decision problem faced by radiologists: When should a woman be sent for biopsy based on her mammographic features and demographic factors? This problem is formulated as a finite-horizon discrete-time Markov decision process. The optimal policy of our model shows that the decision to biopsy should take the age of patient into account; particularly, an older patient's risk threshold for biopsy should be higher than that of a younger patient. When applied to the clinical data, our model outperforms radiologists in the biopsy decision-making problem. This study also derives structural properties of the model, including sufficiency conditions that ensure the existence of a control-limit type policy and nondecreasing control-limits with age.
Age, sex, serum lipids, and coronary atherosclerosis.

• Chemical determinations of serum cholesterol and phospholipid values were made in 1,200 specimens of blood obtained from healthy males and females between the ages of 2 and 77 years. The sample represented a particular geographic group with certain sociological characteristics. In 38 men of the 28 to 32 year age group, the average serum cholesterol value was 243 mg. per 100 cc. ; the corresponding figure for 50 women was 200. A similar difference was found in the serum phospholipid values, and both differences were statistically significant. The differences were reversed in the older age groups; in 45 men of the 53 to 57 year age group, the average serum cholesterol value was 240 mg. per 100 cc. , while in 28 women the corresponding figure was 286. Both the cholesterol and the phospholipid values for the males remained constant through age 19, increased from age 20 through 33, and then remained constant to age 60; for females they remained practically constant through age 32, then increased sharply through age 58. The reversal of the difference between sexes suggests an explanation of the known preponderance of males among patients under 50 suffering from disease of the coronary arteries.