Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HETEROGENEITY OF EXCITABLE MEMBRANE: ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL EVIDENCE AND SOME CONSEQUENCES *

Only a short time ago many morphologists and physical chemists questioned the existence of a cell membrane. In contrast, electrophysiological theory since Bernstein (1902, 1912), supported particularly by the experimental data of the past three or four decades, has insisted that the cell membrane is a real and complex structure, vital to the functioning of cells. Few people today doubt that there is a cell membrane. However, most investigators who attempt to dissect it into its components, to synthesize and to analyze the properties of artificial model membranes, or to develop theoretical models, appear to be rather unaware of how complex a structure the living cell membrane must be. The description and classification of the degree of heterogeneity that is indicated by physological and pharmacological data thus can serve as a guide to experimental and theoretical studies on the structure and physical chemistry of the cell membrane. Furthermore, the theoretical and experimental analysis of the properties of the different components and of their interactions can also illuminate the analysis of their functional roles and can help to account for various seemingly aberrant “anomalous” phenomena. The latter are to be regarded as byproducts of the experimentation that is inherent in the stochastic evolutionary processes, in the course of which the various means for bioelectrogenesis available to cells were exploited and tested. It is the aim of the present account to call attention to some of the functional complexities that set certain specifications and boundaries for the analysis of membrane structure. Since an earlier discussion (Grundfest, 1961u), much new data has accumulated which has reenforced the theoretical positions taken at that time. The present account is restricted to data that may have a direct bearing on concepts of membrane structure and properties. A more extensive recent treatment which has appeared elsewhere (Grundfest, 1 9 6 6 ~ ) includes discussions of the biological implications of the physiological and pharmacological data.
Principal/agent theory and decision making in health care.

Principal/agent theory, an economics concept that defines an agency relationship as "a contract under which one or more persons engage another person (the agent) to perform some service on their behalf which involves delegating some decision-making authority to the agent," is held to be applicable to the patient/physician relationship, in contrast to the view that this is a fiduciary relationship, not a contractual one. The distinction between fiduciary and contractual relationships is illuminated in the process of evaluating objections to the application of the principal/agent theory to the patient/physician relationship. The ability of the principal/agent theory to reveal important features of advance directives, understood as public documents rather than as confidential instructions from patient to physician, is also examined.
PROLONGATION OF ALLOGRAFT AND XENOGRAFT SURVIVAL IN MICE BY ANTI‐CD2 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

&NA; Anti-CD2 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) were used to influence graft survival in two transplantation models. Xenogeneic rat islets were transplanted intraportally into mice. Anti-CD2 mAb prolonged xenograft survival and was synergistic with UVB irradiation in prolonging survival. Anti-CD2 mAb was also more potent than an anti-CD4 mAb in this model. Allogeneic cardiac grafts were transplanted across an entire H-2 difference and anti-CD2 mAb prolonged allograft survival in a dose-dependent fashion. Kinetic experiments revealed that anti-CD2 mAb was most potent when administered at the time of allografting. A delay in administration of mAb markedly reduced its immunosuppressive effects. Furthermore, additional doses of mAb given after the initial doses provided no increased immunosuppression and anti-CD2 mAbs did not delay rejection of secondset allografts. These findings support the notion that anti-CD2 mAbs interfere with afferent immunity and that CD2 is most important during the initial steps of an immune response. Investigation of the effect of anti-CD2 mAb on cellular immune functions demonstrated, in agreement with previous results, that it caused antigenic down-modulation of CD2 with relative sparing of CD3, CD4, and CD8 cell surface expression. Concommitantly the MLR, CTL, and NK responses were suppressed.
Auditory Feedback Influences Perceived Driving Speeds

Reducing the level of internal noise is seen as a goal when designing modern cars. One danger of such a philosophy is that one is systematically attempting to alter one of the cues that can be used by drivers to estimate speed and this could bias speed judgments and driving behaviour. Seven participants were presented with pairs of video-based driving scenes and asked to judge whether the second scene appeared faster or slower than the first (2-alternative forced-choice task using the method of constant stimuli). They either heard in-car noise at the level it occurred in the real world or reduced in volume by 5 dB. The reduction in noise led to participants judging speeds to be significantly slower and this effect was evident for all participants. This finding indicates that, when in-car noise is attenuated, drivers are likely to underestimate their speed, potentially encouraging them to drive faster and placing them at greater risk of crashing.
Importance of beta-noradrenergic receptors in the olfactory bulb of sheep for recognition of lambs.

Within a 4-hr period after parturition, the ewe learns the odor of her lamb that will allow later recognition of her offspring from alien lamb. This study investigated the importance of the activation of olfactory bulb (OB) beta-noradrenergic receptors in establishing this olfactory memory. Pregnant ewes (n = 24) were cannulated bilaterally in the OB. Two days before parturition, OB were perfused continuously (10 microliters/hr) with either a solution containing the selective beta-noradrenergic antagonist propranolol (10(-3) M) or vehicle. The results showed that, although 8 of 9 control ewes were still able to bond selectively to their lambs, only 7 of 15 propranolol-treated animals were able to bond (p = .04). These results suggest that activation of beta-noradrenergic receptors in the OB during the period surrounding parturition is required to establish olfactory recognition of the lamb.
Co‐producing novel wound care products for Epidermolysis bullosa; an empirical case study of the use of surrogates in the design and prototype development process

The Woundcare for Epidermolysis bullosa (WEB) project aims to enable people with Epidermolysis bullosa (EB), their carers and clinicians to co‐produce wound care products to meet their needs. EB is an inherited disorder causing extensive, painful skin blistering and wounds. It is relatively rare, with approximately 300 000 patients worldwide, but it incurs high costs (up to £50 000 per month on products alone). During the course of four workshops, adults with EB, their carers and specialist nurses gave detailed accounts of their experiences with pre‐sized, pre‐shaped dressings, including the need to patchwork individual dressings over large areas of broken skin. Five themes were identified from the workshop data relating to the limitations of existing products for EB wounds: dressing fit, stability, comfort, temperature and exudate. Novel designs were generated from these themes and although the intention was to develop the designs iteratively with the workshop participants, issues arose necessitating the interim use of surrogates. Our account of the design process is given, presenting the arguments for and against the use of surrogates, with suggestions for incorporating surrogate input into product development in a way that does not undermine the integrity of patient experiences or the co‐production process.
Mobile radio: An overview

Following a brief prologue and historical overview, such technical issues as the repertoire of systems and services, management of the airwaves, the operating environment, service quality, network issues and cell size, channel coding and modulation, speech coding, diversity, multiplex, and multiple access (FDMA, TDMA, CDMA) are discussed. Also addressed are the potential economic and sociological impacts of mobile radio communications in the wake of the redistribution of airwaves at the World Administrative Radio Conference WARC '92. Performance dependence on multipath delay (related to the cell size and terrain configuration), Doppler frequency (related to the carrier frequency, data rate. and the speed of vehicles), and message length (may dictate the choice of multiple access) is briefly discussed. <<ETX>>
The Clementine Mission to the Moon: Scientific Overview

In the course of 71 days in lunar orbit, from 19 February to 3 May 1994, the Clementine spacecraft acquired just under two million digital images of the moon at visible and infrared wavelengths. These data are enabling the global mapping of the rock types of the lunar crust and the first detailed investigation of the geology of the lunar polar regions and the lunar far side. In addition, laser-ranging measurements provided the first view of the global topographic figure of the moon. The topography of many ancient impact basins has been measured, and a global map of the thickness of the lunar crust has been derived from the topography and gravity.
God and man in the Koran : semantics of the Koranic Weltanschauung

１ ＳＥＭＡＮＴＩＣＳ ＡＮＤ ＴＨＥ ＫＯＲＡＮ ２ ＫＯＲＡＮＩＣ ＫＥＹ‐ＴＥＲＭＳ ＩＮ ＨＩＳＴＯＲＹ ３ ＴＨＥ ＢＡＳＩＣ ＳＴＲＵＣＴＵＲＥ ＯＦ ＴＨＥ ＫＯＲＡＮＩＣ ＷＥＬＴＡＮＳＣＨＡＵＵＮＧ ４ ＡＬＬＡＨ ５ ＯＮＴＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬ ＲＥＬＡＴＩＯＮ ＢＥＴＷＥＥＮ ＧＯＤ ＡＮＤ ＭＡＮ ６ ＣＯＭＭＵＮＩＣＡＴＩＶＥ ＲＥＬＡＴＩＯＮ ＢＥＴＷＥＥＮ ＧＯＤ ＡＮＤ ＭＡＮ（１）—ＮＯＮ‐ＬＩＮＧＵＩＳＴＩＣ ＣＯＭＭＵＮＩＣＡＴＩＯＮ ７ ＣＯＭＭＵＮＩＣＡＴＩＶＥ ＲＥＬＡＴＩＯＮ ＢＥＴＷＥＥＮ ＧＯＤ ＡＮＤ ＭＡＮ（２）—ＬＩＮＧＵＩＳＴＩＣ ＣＯＭＭＵＮＩＣＡＴＩＯＮ ８ ＪＡＨＩＬＩＹＡＨ ＡＮＤ ＩＳＬＡＭ ９ ＥＴＨＩＣＡＬ ＲＥＬＡＴＩＯＮ ＢＥＴＷＥＥＮ ＧＯＤ ＡＮＤ ＭＡＮ
Early Marriage, Social Networks and the Transmission of Norms

We investigate whether female early marriage is a conduit for the transmission of social norms, specifically norms relating to gender roles and rights within the household. We exploit differences in the age of onset of menarche between sisters as an exogenous source of variation in marriage age. This approach allows us to control for beliefs and attitudes that are transmitted from parents to children. We find that early marriage increases agreement with statements supportive of gender bias in the allocation of resources and traditional gender roles. The woman's own schooling, her husband's schooling, and her social network together account for, at most, one-third of the estimated effect, suggesting that the major pathway for norm transmission is the experience of early marriage itself.
Stable Certainty Equivalence Adaptive Control using normalized parameter adjustment laws

Parameter estimation problem in dynamical systems can be addressed using the static adaptive observers to generate parameter estimates on line. However, if such estimates are used in a Certainty Equivalence Adaptive Control (CEAC) law, the stability problem arises. In this paper it is shown that the CEAC law, in which parameter estimates are generated using static observers and several adaptive laws with normalization, results in a stable system in which the tracking control objective is achieved. The adaptive laws include gradient algorithms with normalization and projection, and least squares with covariance resetting and exponential forgetting. This is followed by an analysis of the case when dynamic observers and adaptive laws with normalization are used to generate parameter estimates. It is shown that with such adaptive laws overall system stability can be guaranteed provided that the observer is sufficiently fast and that its gain is chosen to be larger than a calculable worst-case bound.
Numerical calculation of magnetic dipole fields by three-dimensional QS-FDTD method

In low-frequency electromagnetic applications, loop antennas of different configurations are unique inductive sensors. A small loop antenna can be generally modelled by its equivalent magnetic dipole. The magnetic dipole has a well-known analytical solution of its dipole radiation. However, numerical solution of the magnetic dipole fields is very rare in literature. In this study, the radiation of the magnetic dipole is numerically investigated by the QS-FDTD method. Three-dimensional radiation pattern of the magnetic dipole is calculated and verified with the analytical solution. The accuracy of the three-dimensional QS-FDTD method in a lossy medium is clearly shown over the magnetic dipole problem.
Contribution des basses fréquences à l'alignement sous-phrastique multilingue : une approche différentielle

L'objectif de cette these est de montrer que, contrairement aux idees recues, les mots de basses frequences peuvent etre mis a profit de facon efficace en traitement automatique des langues. Nous les mettons a contribution en alignement sous-phrastique, tâche qui constitue la premiere etape de la plupart des systemes de traduction automatique fondee sur les donnees (traduction probabiliste ou par l'exemple). Nous montrons que les mots rares peuvent servir de fondement meme dans la conception d'une methode d'alignement sous-phrastique multilingue, a l'aide de techniques differentielles proches de celles utilisees en traduction automatique par l'exemple. Cette methode est reellement multilingue, en ce sens qu'elle permet le traitement simultane d'un nombre quelconque de langues. Elle se veut de surcroit tres simple, anytime, et permet un passage a l'echelle naturel. Nous comparons notre implementation, Anymalign, a deux tenors statistiques du domaine sur des tâches bilingues. Bien qu'a l'heure actuelle ses resultats sont en moyenne legerement en retrait par rapport a l'etat de l'art en traduction automatique probabiliste par segments, nous montrons que la qualite propre des lexiques produits par notre methode est en fait superieure a celle de l'etat de l'art.
Segmentation by nonlinear diffusion

A global model which integrates three sequential steps for segmenting an image, namely, noise-filtering, local edge-detection, and integration of local edges into object boundaries, is described. The model overcomes some of the difficulties inherent in earlier global models, particularly their tendency to oversegment, and the lack of practical numerical algorithms for implementing them. The model consists of two coupled elliptic functionals, one for smoothing out the noise, and the other for boundary detection. The latter is obtained by regularizing the usual pointwise thresholding employed for boundary detection. The first variation of these functionals leads to coupled system of diffusion equations which are implemented by a simple finite difference scheme. The scheme may easily be converted into a parallel algorithm. <<ETX>>
Heterogeneity of Relationally Aggressive Adolescents in Taiwan

Relational aggressors mistreat their targets in covert ways; however, they also inflict psychological harm to victims. A clarification of the distinctive function of the perpetrators’ destructive patterns would be helpful for interventional consideration. This study’s purpose was to, first, explore the classification of relational aggression (RA) by means of operational channels, and then, to examine the psychosocial characteristics of each subtype. The participants were 860 junior high school students (431 boys, Mage = 14.2) from four schools in Taiwan. Self-reported measures of empathy, normative beliefs of RA, and coping strategy of interpersonal conflicts were used for data collection, as well as peer-nominated measures of RA and peer acceptance. By means of cluster analyses, five clusters were identified: direct, indirect, severe/combined, mild/combined, and uninvolved. The meaningfulness of the resultant cluster solution was examined through the analysis of social-cognitive, affective, and behavioral features as well as psychosocial adjustment. The findings indicated that different subgroups of relational aggressors demonstrated distinct psychosocial characteristics. In particular, in contrast to non-involved adolescents, the direct group tended to regard RA as acceptable, and the indirect group was more likely to rely on social support and have negative emotional reactions in dealing with interpersonal problems.
Costly Information, Planning Complementarities and the Phillips Curve

Standard sticky information pricing models successfully capture the sluggish movement of aggregate prices in response to monetary policy shocks but fail at matching the magnitude and frequency of price changes at the micro level. This paper shows that in a setting where firms choose when to acquire costly information about different types of shocks, strategic complementarities in pricing generate planning complementarities. This results in firms optimally updating their information about monetary policy shocks less frequently than about idiosyncratic shocks. When calibrated to match frequent and large price changes observed in micro pricing data, the model is still capable of producing substantial non-neutralities. In addition, I use the model consistent Phillips curve and data from the Survey of Professional Forecasters to estimate the frequency at which firms update their information about monetary policy shocks. I find that the frequency of updating was higher in the 1970s compared to subsequent decades and hence conclude that monetary policy in the U.S. was relatively less effective prior to the 1980s.
A method for preserving privacy during audio recordings by filtering speech

Continuous monitoring of sensor data from wearable devices such as smartwatches has been a hot topic recently and has many practical applications, particularly towards health monitoring. Both industry and academia have been using sensors such as accelerometers, gyroscopes and pulse oximeters, to infer and monitor, among other activities, physical activity, heart rate, sleep and walking. However, one sensor that tends to go unused, despite it's vast utility, is the microphone. The microphone has the ability to pick up potentially useful sounds such as coughing, wheezing, throat clearing, sneezing and more. The reason it often goes unused is because of the privacy concerns associated with continuously recording audio. Speech of the user and others around the user can be picked up by the microphone, which is generally considered highly invasive. In this paper, we propose a method for continuously recording audio while preserving privacy by filtering sensitive signals such as speech. We explain how this method can be applied to create classifiers and deployed for in-the-wild studies. We use cough detection as an example application and show that the proposed speech filtering method does not degrade the classification accuracy when detecting coughs.
Present State of the avogadro constant determination from silicon Crystals with natural isotopic compositions

A determination of the Avogadro constant from two selected silicon single-crystals with natural isotopic compositions is described. The density, molar mass, and lattice spacing of the two crystals were measured at NMIJ, PTB, IRMM, IMGC, and NIST. When all the data are combined, they lead to a value of the Avogadro constant of 6.022 1353 (18)/spl times/10/sup 23/ mol/sup -1/ with a relative combined standard uncertainty of 3.1/spl times/10/sup -7/.
Discovering Unobserved Heterogeneity in Structural Equation Models to Avert Validity Threats

A large proportion of information systems research is concerned with developing and testing models pertaining to complex cognition, behaviors, and outcomes of individuals, teams, organizations, and other social systems that are involved in the development, implementation, and utilization of information technology. Given the complexity of these social and behavioral phenomena, heterogeneity is likely to exist in the samples used in IS studies. While researchers now routinely address observed heterogeneity by introducing moderators, a priori groupings, and contextual factors in their research models, they have not examined how unobserved heterogeneity may affect their findings. We describe why unobserved heterogeneity threatens different types of validity and use simulations to demonstrate that unobserved heterogeneity biases parameter estimates, thereby leading to Type I and Type II errors. We also review different methods that can be used to uncover unobserved heterogeneity in structural equation models. While methods to uncover unobserved heterogeneity in covariance-based structural equation models (CB-SEM) are relatively advanced, the methods for partial least squares (PLS) path models are limited and have relied on an extension of mixture regression--finite mixture partial least squares (FIMIX-PLS) and distance measure-based methods--that have mismatches with some characteristics of PLS path modeling. We propose a new method--prediction-oriented segmentation (PLSPOS)--to overcome the limitations of FIMIX-PLS and other distance measure-based methods and conduct extensive simulations to evaluate the ability of PLS-POS and FIMIX-PLS to discover unobserved heterogeneity in both structural and measurement models. Our results show that both PLS-POS and FIMIX-PLS perform well in discovering unobserved heterogeneity in structural paths when the measures are reflective and that PLS-POS also performs well in discovering unobserved heterogeneity in formative measures. We propose an unobserved heterogeneity discovery (UHD) process that researchers can apply to (1) avert validity threats by uncovering unobserved heterogeneity and (2) elaborate on theory by turning unobserved heterogeneity into observed heterogeneity, thereby expanding theory through the integration of new moderator or contextual variables.
Targeted Deletion of the Integrin β4 Signaling Domain Suppresses Laminin-5-Dependent Nuclear Entry of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and NF-κB, Causing Defects in Epidermal Growth and Migration

ABSTRACT The α6β4 integrin—a laminin-5 receptor—mediates assembly of hemidesmosomes and recruitment of Shc and phosphoinositide 3-kinase through the unique cytoplasmic extension of β4. Mice carrying a targeted deletion of the signaling domain of β4 develop normally and do not display signs of skin fragility. The epidermis of these mice contains well-structured hemidesmosomes and adheres stably to the basement membrane. However, it is hypoplastic due to reduced proliferation of basal keratinocytes and undergoes wound repair at a reduced rate. Keratinocytes from β4 mutant mice undergo extensive spreading but fail to proliferate and migrate in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF) on laminin-5. EGF causes significant phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) and phosphorylation and degradation of IκB in β4 mutant cells adhering to laminin-5. Unexpectedly, however, ERK, JNK, and NF-κB remain in the cytoplasm in β4 mutant cells on laminin-5, whereas they enter effectively into the nucleus in the same cells on fibronectin or in wild-type cells on both matrix proteins. Inhibitor studies indicate that α6β4 promotes keratinocyte proliferation and migration through its effect on NF-κB and P-JNK. These findings provide evidence that β4 signaling promotes epidermal growth and wound healing through a previously unrecognized effect on nuclear translocation of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases.