Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Huntington's chorea and the adrenal.

SIR,-Your leading article describing the skin reactions to ampicillin (22 January, p. 195) misleadingly suggests that the aetiology still remains a mystery. It has been shown that hypersensitivity to penicillin results from the presence of small amounts of protein residues derived from the fermentation process in manufacture and carried through to the final product. ' The process for manufacture of ampicillin has already been modified to reduce the former content of protein residues and a similar preparation of purified benzylpenicillin is now available.2 In man, benzylpenicillin freed from protein impurity does not react in the skin test in 90% of penicillin-sensitive patients.3 Aqueous solution of penicillins form polymers on standing which may result in an anaphylactic type of reaction, so they should be used as soon as possible after preparation. -I am. etc. ROBERT ALLAN General Hospital, Birmingham
Preservation of Helicobacter pylori CagA Translocation and Host Cell Proinflammatory Responses in the Face of CagL Hypervariability at Amino Acid Residues 58/59

Carriage of the CagA oncoprotein by the human gastric cancer-associated pathogen Helicobacter pylori is significantly associated with this typically benign chronic infection advancing to a potentially fatal outcome. However it remains to be elucidated why only a small subset of individuals infected with H. pylori CagA-positive strains develops gastric cancer. H. pylori translocates CagA into host cells using a type IV secretion apparatus that interacts with host integrin receptors via a three-amino-acid-residue RGD motif on the H. pylori protein CagL. The RGD motif of CagL also plays a major role in the induction of proinflammatory responses. Upstream of this motif is a conserved glycine flanked by four hypervariable amino acid residues (residues 58, 59, 61 and 62). Certain amino acid polymorphisms at 58 and 59 are significantly prevalent in strains from gastric cancer patients in particular geographic regions; Y58E59 is seen in Taiwan and D58K59 in India. In light of the seemingly contradictory findings of recent CagL mutagenesis studies, we have examined the contribution of sequence promiscuity specifically at CagL residues 58 and 59 to CagA translocation and H. pylori-mediated proinflammatory responses of gastric epithelial cells. Using isogenic mutants of H. pylori strains P12 and 26695 with amino acid substitutions at CagL residues 58 and 59, we determined that carriage of the polymorphisms Y58E59, D58K59, D58E59, N58E59 or N58K59 did not significantly alter the capacity of H. pylori to translocate CagA into, or induce IL-8 secretion in, host cells. Our findings, together with other recently published data, suggest that the variation at CagL residues 58 and 59 does not influence type IV secretion system function in isolation, but rather may work in concert with particular polymorphisms elsewhere in CagL to modulate disease progression.
Protein microarrays.

Protein microarrays, an emerging class of proteomic technologies, are fast becoming critical tools in biochemistry and molecular biology. Two classes of protein microarrays are currently available: analytical and functional protein microarrays. Analytical protein microarrays, mostly antibody microarrays, have become one of the most powerful multiplexed detection technologies. Functional protein microarrays are being increasingly applied to many areas of biological discovery, including studies of protein interaction, biochemical activity, and immune responses. Great progress has been achieved in both classes of protein microarrays in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and expanded application.
The Care of the Aged Sick

THE problem of old age is largely a problem of sickness. Although death-rates have fallen dramatically in recent decades and although the average expectancy of life at birth is greatly increased, the mortality in the later years of life has shown no improvement. As a matter of fact, because more persons reach old age the absolute number of those afflicted with the diseases of this period of life is on the increase. In European countries, where highly developed old age pension systems afford relief during the period of senility, there are usually more individuals receiving invalidity pensions than old age pensions. In the almshouses barely 15 per cent of the aged inmates are in sound or fair health, and in the homes for the aged fully one-third are infirmary patients. Of these about one-half are bedridden. When it is recognized that ill health is the major cause of financial dependency at all age periods, it is clear that any study of the needs of the aged must concern itself closely with the nature and significance of the diseases to which these old people, are subject. These diseases are primarily the chronic degenerative diseases. They begin to take their toll in the sixth decade and become increasingly frequent in the succeeding years. True aging is the result of the gradual wearing out and enfeeblement of the organs and tissues of the body, and rarely becomes manifest before the age of seventy. Most of the disabilities of the sixth and seventh decades of life are caused by chronic disease, by a deterioration of some vital organ or organ system, long before the rest of the body is anatomically or physiologically senescent. Yet by common usage they are identified with the process of physiological aging. As a consequence individuals between their fiftieth and seventieth years who are disabled and infirm are all too often regarded as senile rather than as sick. The community contents itself with providing them with simple custodial care, which is totally inadequate, instead of with
Activity-dependent plasticity of mouse hippocampal assemblies in vitro

Memory formation is associated with the generation of transiently stable neuronal assemblies. In hippocampal networks, such groups of functionally coupled neurons express highly ordered spatiotemporal activity patterns which are coordinated by local network oscillations. One of these patterns, sharp wave-ripple complexes (SPW-R), repetitively activates previously established groups of memory-encoding neurons, thereby supporting memory consolidation. This function implies that repetition of specific SPW-R induces plastic changes which render the underlying neuronal assemblies more stable. We modeled this repetitive activation in an in vitro model of SPW-R in mouse hippocampal slices. Weak electrical stimulation upstream of the CA3-CA1 networks reliably induced SPW-R of stereotypic waveform, thus representing re-activation of similar neuronal activity patterns. Frequent repetition of these patterns (100 times) reduced the variance of both, evoked and spontaneous SPW-R waveforms, indicating stabilization of pre-existing assemblies. These effects were most pronounced in the CA1 subfield and depended on the timing of stimulation relative to spontaneous SPW-R. Additionally, plasticity of SPW-R was blocked by application of a NMDA receptor antagonist, suggesting a role for associative synaptic plasticity in this process. Thus, repetitive activation of specific patterns of SPW-R causes stabilization of memory-related networks.
Tagging English by Path Voting Constraints

We describe a constraint-based tagging approach where individual constraint rules vote on sequences of matching tokens and tags. Disambiguation of all tokens in a sentence is performed at the very end by selecting tags that appear on the path that receives the highest vote. This constraint application paradigm makes the outcome of the disambiguation independent of the rule sequence, and hence relieves the rule developer from worrying about potentially conflicting rule sequencing. The approach can also combine statistically and manually obtained constraints, and incorporate negative constraint rules to rule out certain patterns. We have applied this approach to tagging English text from the Wall Street Journal and the Brown Corpora. Our results from the Wall Street Journal Corpus indicate that with 400 statistically derived constraint rules and about 800 hand-crafted constraint rules, we can attain an average accuracy of 97.89% on the training corpus and an average accuracy of 97.50% on the testing corpus. We can also relax the single tag per token limitation and allow ambiguous tagging which lets us trade recall and precision.
Cultural influences upon health, affect, self-esteem and impulsiveness: An Indonesian-Swedish comparison

The present study examines several personal attributes that distinguish the personal profiles of individuals, from Indonesian and Swedish cultures, according to self-reports of positive and negative effect, stress and energy, self-esteem, hospital anxiety and depression, dispositional optimism and health. Indonesian participants expressed both more PA and more NA than Swedish participants but less stress and a higher energy-stress quotient than the Swedish participants. Additionally, the former expressed a higher level of optimism and self-esteem, but also more depression, and less impulsiveness than the latter. Younger participants expressed less positive affect and more negative affect and impulsiveness than older participants who expressed both more stress and a higher energy stress quotient. Regression analyses indicated that PA was predicted by optimism and health whereas NA was predicted by anxiety and depression and impulsiveness and counter predicted by health. The present findings are discussed according to the notion of emotional regulation according to which individuals differ in their use of emotion regulation strategies such as reappraisal and suppression, and these individual differences have implications for affect, well-being, and social relationships.
Joint Named Entity Recognition and Stance Detection in Tweets

Named entity recognition (NER) is a well-established task of information extraction which has been studied for decades. More recently, studies reporting NER experiments on social media texts have emerged. On the other hand, stance detection is a considerably new research topic usually considered within the scope of sentiment analysis. Stance detection studies are mostly applied to texts of online debates where the stance of the text owner for a particular target, either explicitly or implicitly mentioned in text, is explored. In this study, we investigate the possible contribution of named entities to the stance detection task in tweets. We report the evaluation results of NER experiments as well as that of the subsequent stance detection experiments using named entities, on a publicly-available stance-annotated data set of tweets. Our results indicate that named entities obtained with a high-performance NER system can contribute to stance detection performance on tweets.
A survey of program slicing techniques

A program slice consists of the parts of a program that (potentially) affect the values computed at some point of interest. Such a point of interest is referred to as a slicing criterion, and is typically specified by a location in the program in combination with a subset of the program’s variables. The task of computing program slices is called program slicing. The original definition of a program slice was presented by Weiser in 1979. Since then, various slightly different notions of program slices have been proposed, as well as a number of methods to compute them. An important distinction is that between a static and a dynamic slice. Static slices are computed without making assumptions regarding a program’s input, whereas the computation of dynamic slices relies on a specific test case. This survey presents an overview of program slicing, including the various general approaches used to compute slices, as well as the specific techniques used to address a variety of language features such as procedures, unstructured control flow, composite data types and pointers, and concurrency. Static and dynamic slicing methods for each of these features are compared and classified in terms of their accuracy and efficiency. Moreover, the possibilities for combining solutions for different features are investigated. Recent work on the use of compiler-optimization and symbolic execution techniques for obtaining more accurate slices is discussed. The paper concludes with an overview of the applications of program slicing, which include debugging, program integration, dataflow testing, and software maintenance.
Direction of Arrival (DoA) estimation for a Switched-Beam DS-CDMA System using Neural Networks

A new direction of arrival (DoA) estimation method using neural networks (NNs) is presented. The method is especially designed for a switched-beam system (SBS) that operates in an asynchronous direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) scheme. The technique exploits the Multiple Access Interference (MAI) suppression done by the code-matched filters in DS-CDMA, and is simple and appropriate for real time applications. Simulations of DoA estimations tests show accurate results for a varying number of interferers.
Path Integration and Cognitive Mapping in a Continuous Attractor Neural Network Model

A minimal synaptic architecture is proposed for how the brain might perform path integration by computing the next internal representation of self-location from the current representation and from the perceived velocity of motion. In the model, a place-cell assembly called a “chart” contains a two-dimensional attractor set called an “attractor map” that can be used to represent coordinates in any arbitrary environment, once associative binding has occurred between chart locations and sensory inputs. In hippocampus, there are different spatial relations among place fields in different environments and behavioral contexts. Thus, the same units may participate in many charts, and it is shown that the number of uncorrelated charts that can be encoded in the same recurrent network is potentially quite large. According to this theory, the firing of a given place cell is primarily a cooperative effect of the activity of its neighbors on the currently active chart. Therefore, it is not particularly useful to think of place cells as encoding any particular external object or event. Because of its recurrent connections, hippocampal field CA3 is proposed as a possible location for this “multichart” architecture; however, other implementations in anatomy would not invalidate the main concepts. The model is implemented numerically both as a network of integrate-and-fire units and as a “macroscopic” (with respect to the space of states) description of the system, based on a continuous approximation defined by a system of stochastic differential equations. It provides an explanation for a number of hitherto perplexing observations on hippocampal place fields, including doubling, vanishing, reshaping in distorted environments, acquiring directionality in a two-goal shuttling task, rapid formation in a novel environment, and slow rotation after disorientation. The model makes several new predictions about the expected properties of hippocampal place cells and other cells of the proposed network.
Globalization and Divergence 1

This paper analyzes the effect of trade on growth, when technology adoption is endogenous and depends on factor prices. It shows that trade can lead to an increase in income disparities across countries. Namely, the rich countries grow much faster than the poor countries. This is due to specialization of richer countries in more skilled goods, which experience more technical change, while poor countries specialize in unskilled goods, which experience less technical change. Due to lack of sufficient labor mobility between the two blocks of countries wage gaps do not narrow. JEL: O11, O14, O30, O40.
User-Centric Scheduling and Governing on Mobile Devices with big.LITTLE Processors

Mobile applications will become progressively more complicated and diverse. Heterogeneous computing architectures like big.LITTLE are a hardware solution that allows mobile devices to combine computing performance and energy efficiency. However, software solutions that conform to the paradigm of conventional fair scheduling and governing are not applicable to mobile systems, thereby degrading user experience or reducing energy efficiency. In this article, we exploit the concept of application sensitivity, which reflects the user’s attention on each application, and devise a user-centric scheduler and governor that allocate computing resources to applications according to their sensitivity. Furthermore, we integrate our design into the Android operating system. The results of experiments conducted on a commercial big.LITTLE smartphone with real-world mobile apps demonstrate that the proposed design can achieve significant gains in energy efficiency while improving the quality of user experience.
Effïcient Implementation of Elliptic Curve Cryptography on DSP for Underwater Sensor Networks

As emerging sensor networks are normally deployed in the field and thus vulnerable to many types of attacks, it is critical to implement cryptographic algorithms in sensor nodes to provide security services. Public-key algorithms, such as RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), have been widely used for security purposes like digital signature and authentication. In resource-constrained sensor networks, ECC is more suitable than other public-key algorithms based on large integer fields because it provides similar security strength with shorter keys and thus is more computation-efficient. However, even ECC is slow on many sensor nodes. In underwater sensor networks (UWSNs), sensor nodes communicate with each other through acoustic channels. Because more complicated algorithms are needed to encode and decode acoustic signals transmitted through the noisy underwater channels, many acoustic modems include a DSP to meet the performance requirement of underwater communications. In this paper, we study the implementation of ECC on DSPs. We optimize the SECG elliptic curves secp160r1 and secp224r1 on a TMS320C6416 DSP board from Texas Instruments. In our implementation, it takes 0.81 ms to compute a random scalar point multiplication for secp160r1, an order of magnitude faster than the communication algorithm decoding a data block. Therefore, we believe that it is feasible to adopt ECC in UWSNs.
Calpain-Regulated p35/cdk5 Plays a Central Role in Dopaminergic Neuron Death through Modulation of the Transcription Factor Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2

The mechanisms underlying dopamine neuron loss in Parkinson's disease (PD) are not clearly defined. Here, we delineate a pathway by which dopaminergic loss induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl 1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is controlled in vivo. We reported previously that calpains play a central required role in dopamine loss after MPTP treatment. Here, we provide evidence that the downstream effector pathway of calpains is through cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5)-mediated modulation of the transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2). We show that MPTP-induced conversion of the cdk5 activator p35 to a pathogenic p25 form is dependent on calpain activity in vivo. In addition, p35 deficiency attenuates MPTP-induced dopamine neuron loss and behavioral outcome. Moreover, MEF2 is phosphorylated on Ser444, an inactivating site, after MPTP treatment. This phosphorylation is dependent on both calpain and p35 activity, consistent with the model that calpain-mediated activation of cdk5 results in phosphorylation of MEF2 in vivo. Finally, we provide evidence that MEF2 is critical for dopaminergic loss because “cdk5 phosphorylation site mutant” of MEF2D provides neuroprotection in an MPTP mouse model of PD. Together, these data indicate that calpain-p35-p25/cdk5-mediated inactivation of MEF2 plays a critical role in dopaminergic loss in vivo.
Dynamic Spectrum Sharing With Multiple Primary and Secondary Users

Dynamic spectrum sharing is a promising approach to alleviate the spectrum scarcity problem in wireless communications. Hence, it enhances the flexibility and, as a result, the efficiency of spectrum usage. In this paper, we address the problem of spectrum sharing in the secondary spectrum market involving multiple primary and secondary strategic users. In this scenario, primary users (PUs) are willing to offer part of their spectrum to secondary users (SUs) to earn extra revenue. For PUs, the more spectrum that is sold to SUs, the more revenue will be made from spectrum leasing. However, they will suffer quality-of-service (QoS) degradation for their primary service. SUs have their spectrum demands. They buy spectrum by taking into account the service satisfaction and cost in terms of payment. The profit of PUs and SUs is directly related to the bandwidth proportional allocation and price charging through a spectrum broker. PUs compete with each other to offer spectrum leasing, and SUs compete for spectrum sharing. We model this scenario as a noncooperative game and analyze it by exploring the properties of Nash equilibrium point. We discuss the two cases under complete and incomplete information assumptions. The simulation results demonstrate that our theoretic analysis is sound and accurate.
Platform Orchestration for Efficiency, Development, and Innovation

Platform research has expanded from management of technology domains towards the service of a business. Any kind of venue -- physical or virtual - enabling a one-sided, two-sided or multi-sided market can be thought of as a platform. Digital platforms compete against each other and some become successful while others fade away. Platform cannot be managed in a goal-oriented fashion because the number of actors and relationships between them increases beyond the ability of what the platform owner can handle. However, a platform can be orchestrated by designing and facilitating processes taking place among participants. In this conceptual paper, we review the literature on platforms and participant roles. We present four platform categories and three platform orchestration modes. In conclusion, we suggest that winning platform requires simultaneous orchestration of efficiency, development and innovation in order to attract and lock-in participants, facilitate transactions, and create novel offerings.
The TCP "Adaptive-Selection" Concept

The rapidly increasing importance of wireless communications (including satellite) together with the rapid growth of high speed networks pose new challenges to TCP. To overcome them, a wide variety of TCP enhancements has been presented in literature. However, because most proposals aim to address different impairments, the choice of "the best" TCP enhancement becomes arduous, given the increasing level of heterogeneity of present and future networks. The TCP adaptive- selection concept, introduced by the authors in this paper, aims at providing an alternative approach, by challenging the idea that only one TCP enhancement must be adopted. In fact, by extending the concept that underlies ACM (Adaptive Coding and Modulation) to Transport layer, it envisages concurrent adoption of different TCP versions on the same server, the better to match the different impairments present on different connections. Preliminary results obtained by considering a simple application example are encouraging, and justify the following remarks on feasibility and the discussion of some implementation proposals.