Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Remotely sensed soil moisture effects on carbon sequestration spatial patterns

Carbon emission and fixation fluxes are key variables to guide climate change stakeholders on the use of remediation techniques. To develop Kyoto Protocol support tools, a sound application perspective is offered by expert systems based on earth observation (EO). This allows estimates of vegetation carbon fixation using a minimum of meteorological data. The core module of this type of expert systems is a production efficiency based model (C-Fix). C-Fix estimates the carbon mass fluxes, gross primary productivity (GPP), net primary productivity (NPP) and net ecosystem productivity (NEP) for various spatial scales. Global carbon budget studies are still dominated by temperature driven approaches only. Nevertheless, a strong coupling between the carbon and the hydrological cycles exists. To take water limitation in carbon studies into account, water availability for vegetation must be estimated, preferably with Earth Observation (EO). However, the strong coupling between the carbon and hydrological cycles is a longstanding acquisition of ecophysiology. When taking account of soil moisture as water limiting factor of ecosystem carbon models or not, ecosystems can revert from a net carbon source to a net sink and vice versa. The main ecosystem compartment responsible for these source sink shifts is identified as the soil compartment. Hence soil moisture singles out as a quite important determinant for carbon sequestration and proves to have a strong impact on carbon sequestration spatial patterns. * Corresponding author.
How can Authentic Leadership Affect Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Job Performance

본 연구에서는 상사의 진성리더십이 조직분위기, 조직시민행동 및 직무성과에 미치는 영향을 분석함으로써 진성리더십의 중요성에 대한 시사점을 제시하는데 그 목적이 있다. 특히, 조직분위기가 조직 내에서 리더의 역할과 구성원들 간의 긴장 관계를 완화해준다는 기존 연구에 따라 진성리더십과 직무성과 간의 관계에서 조직분위기의 매개역할을 실증적으로 살펴보고자 하였다. 국내에서 다양한 업종에 종사하는 구성원을 대상으로 설문을 실시하였으며, 회수된 설문지 총 444부가 분석에 사용되었고, 통계분석은 SPSS/WIN 24. 0과 STATA 14.0 통계패키지를 사용하여 구조방정식으로 검증하였다. 연구결과를 요약하면, 첫째, 상사의 진성리더십은 조직분위기, 조직시민행동 및 직무성과에 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 조직분위기는 조직시민행동과 직무성과에 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 조직시민행동은 직무성과에 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 넷째, 진성리더십과 조직시민행동, 직무성과 간의 관계에 있어서 조직분위기는 매개역할을 하였다. 본 연구결과가 함의하는 바는, 기존의 진성리더십 연구에서 고려하지 않았던 조직분위기의 효과성을 검증함으로써 향후 진성리더십 연구에 새로운 관점을 제시하였다는 점에서 의미를 둘 수가 있다.
Modeling and Analyzing the Spread of Worms with Bilinear Incidence Rate

In recent years, network worm that had a dramatic increase in the frequency and virulence of such outbreaks have become one of the major threats to the security of the Internet. To develop appropriate tools for thwarting quick spread of worms, researchers are trying to understand the behavior of the worm propagation with the aid of epidemiological models. In this paper, a new worm propagation model with bilinear incidence rate is proposed and discussed based on the classical Kermack-Mckendrick (KM) model. It supports the increase rate of new hosts and the decrease rate of hosts leaving from the network. Moreover, global stability of equilibriums of the model is analyzed in detail; the numerical simulations confirmed well the theoretical results. So our study can provide insight into taking effective measures to prevent and control the spread of worm in the network.
Color Images Watermarking of Multi-Level Structure for Multimedia Services

Watermark coefficient selection for color images, and the amount of inserted data in a human visual system have problems in robustness and invisibility among watermark requirements. As the technique that inserts watermarks uniformly in every image in different color spaces causes color alterations and image quality deterioration, watermarks should be selectively inserted in visually less sensitive places. In addition, watermark insertion is needed in devices with various features such as computers, PDAs and mobile phones as users want to use multimedia services on those devices. This paper suggests a watermark insertion technique for color images by selecting frequencies to insert watermarks in Y components that correspond to spatial locations, which are less sensitive to chrominance signals, and creating insertion keys that consider properties of frequency coefficients in multi-level structures. Therefore, insertion, invisibility and robustness of watermarks against JPEG compression for multimedia contents in devices with various performances can be quaranteed.
Performance of thin-film transistors with ultrathin Ni-MILC polycrystalline silicon channel layers

High-performance, low-temperature processed thin-film transistors (TFTs) with ultrathin (30-nm) metal induced laterally crystallized (MILC) channel layers were fabricated and characterized. Compared with the MILC TFTs with thicker (100 nm) channel layers, the ones with the 30-nm channel layers exhibit lower threshold voltage, steeper subthreshold slope, and higher transconductance. Furthermore, the comparatively lower off-state leakage current and the higher on-state current of the "thin" devices also imply a higher on/off ratio. At a drain voltage of 5 V, an on/off ratio of about 3/spl times/10/sup 7/ was obtained for the 30-nm TFTs, which is about 100 times better than that of the 100-nm TFT's. No deliberate hydrogenation was performed on these devices.
Embodying cognition: working with self-control in cerebral palsy

Abstract During the last decades, research on cognition has undergone a reformation, which is necessary to take into account when evaluating the cognitive and behavioural aspects of therapy. This reformation is due to the research programme called Embodied Cognition (EC). Although EC may have become the theoretical authority in current cognitive science, there are only sporadic examples of EC-based therapy, and no established framework. We aim to build such a framework on the aims, methods and techniques of the current third-wave of CBT. There appears to be a possibility for cross-fertilization between EC and CBT that could contribute to the development of theory and practice for both of them. We present a case-study of an EC-based model of intervention for working with self-control in cerebral palsy. We centre the results of the study and its discussion on how we should understand and work with self-control in a more general sense from both an EC and a CBT perspective. We end by elaborating the five learning objectives and present suggestions for follow-up reading.
An Examination of Print and Broadcast Journalism Students’ Personality Traits

Journalists identify with a medium because it aligns with their interests and talents, and they may resist tasks incongruent with their perceived creative strengths. Occupational conflict arises when one’s personality does not align with expected work tasks within a role according to Holland’s theory of vocational choice. We carried out a quantitative survey of aspiring print and broadcast journalists to investigate whether they differed in personality traits (i.e., extraversion, conscientiousness, life values, and journalism degree motivations). Results show broadcast journalism students perceived themselves as more extreme on many measures including extraversion, conscientiousness, and certain life values. Broadcast students were also more likely to choose journalism as a degree for social prestige, sports, reporting, and photography reasons, whereas print students were more likely to choose writing as their primary motivation.
Conditional Random Fields vs. Hidden Markov Models in a biomedical Named Entity Recognition task

With a recent quick development of a molecular biology domain the Information Extraction (IE) methods become very useful. Named Entity Recognition (NER), that is considered to be the easiest task of IE, still remains very challenging in molecular biology domain because of the complex structure of biomedical entities and the lack of naming convention. In this paper we apply two popular sequence labeling approaches: Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) and Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) to solve this task. We exploit different stategies to construct our biomedical Named Entity (NE) recognizers which take into account special properties of each approach. Although the CRF-based model has obtained much better results in the F-score, the advantage of the CRF approach remains disputable, since the HMM-based model has achieved a greater recall for some biomedical classes. This fact makes us think about a possibility of an effective combination of these models.
Degradation of YRA 1 Pre-mRNA in the Cytoplasm Requires Translational Repression , Multiple Modular Intronic Elements , Edc 3 p , and Mex 67 p

Intron-containing pre-mRNAs are normally retained and processed in the nucleus but are sometimes exported to the cytoplasm and degraded by the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway as a consequence of their inclusion of intronic in-frame termination codons. When shunted to the cytoplasm by autoregulated nuclear export, the introncontaining yeast YRA1 pre-mRNA evades NMD and is targeted by a cytoplasmic decay pathway mediated by the decapping activator Edc3p. Here, we have elucidated this transcript-specific decay mechanism, showing that Edc3p-mediated YRA1 pre-mRNA degradation occurs independently of translation and is controlled through five structurally distinct but functionally interdependent modular elements in the YRA1 intron. Two of these elements target the pre-mRNA as an Edc3p substrate and the other three mediate transcript-specific translational repression. Translational repression of YRA1 premRNA also requires the heterodimeric Mex67p/Mtr2p general mRNA export receptor, but not Edc3p, and serves to enhance Edc3p substrate specificity by inhibiting the susceptibility of this pre-mRNA to NMD. Collectively, our data indicate that YRA1 pre-mRNA degradation is a highly regulated process that proceeds through translational repression, substrate recognition by Edc3p, recruitment of the Dcp1p/Dcp2p decapping enzyme, and activation of decapping. Citation: Dong S, Jacobson A, He F (2010) Degradation of YRA1 Pre-mRNA in the Cytoplasm Requires Translational Repression, Multiple Modular Intronic Elements, Edc3p, and Mex67p. PLoS Biol 8(4): e1000360. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio. 1000360 Academic Editor: Marv Wickens, University of Wisconsin, United States of America Received September 4, 2009; Accepted March 18, 2010; Published April 27, 2010 Copyright: 2010 Dong et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This work was supported by a grant to AJ (R37 GM27757) from the National Institutes of Health. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Abbreviations: AREs, adenine/uridine-rich elements; CTEs, constitutive transport elements; EREs, Edc3p responsive elements; eRF1, eukaryotic release factor 1; NGD, no-go decay; NMD, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay; NSD, non-stop decay; SC, synthetic complete; TREs, translational repression elements; UTR, untranslated region * E-mail: feng.he@umassmed.edu
Linguistic structure and inferential communication

The replacement of code theories of communication by inferential theories has implications for the study of linguistic meaning. This paper surveys some of these implications and outlines an inferential theory - relevance theory - with which semantic analyses of context-dependent expressions, polysemous and ambiguous expressions, and non-truth-conditional expressions (e.g. mood indicators, discourse particles) might interact. Current analyses retain several assumptions of the code model which are unjustifiable on an inferential approach. These assumptions are dropped, and the prospects for a properly inferential treatment are explored.
Environmental Noise and Sleep Disturbance: Night-to-Night Variability of Sleep/Wake Pattern

Sleep patterns are changing, and daily variations in sleep/wake cycles are common. When researchers assess the sleep pattern of subjects over several days or weeks, their sleep diary, actigraphy, or recently developed wearable device is helpful to measure daily variation in sleep/wake cycle for each individual.1 Collected sleep data of several days or weeks is usually averaged out to know the overall sleep pattern of each individual. Therefore, in numerous researches about the association between sleep and physical or mental health, mean values of sleep indices, such as mean sleep latency, mean sleep efficiency, or mean total sleep time of each individual are usually calculated and used. However, we should consider that mean is just one of representative values and not the exact value itself. Intra-individual night-to-night variability should be considered when we assess sleep pattern with regard to certain phenomena which also fluctuate daily.2 Extensively studied, it is well known that noise influences the physical and mental health. Environmental noise affects a person’s mental health,3 and night time road traffic noise increases the risk of cardiovascular complications.4,5 It is also reported that noises related to road traffic, railways, and airplanes can disturb ones sleep.6,7 Various noises especially disturb sleep of inpatients at hospitals.8,9 In previous literatures, values of noise index were usually averaged out to present the status of environmental noise. However, since the daily variation in environmental noise is common, the mean values of noise indices are not the exact noise level at a certain time. The aim of this study was to explore whether mean sleep indices can reflect the intraindividual night-to-night variability with regard to environmental noise. Received: November 21, 2016 Revised: December 10, 2016 Accepted: December 12, 2016
Sox2-positive dermal papilla cells specify hair follicle type in mammalian epidermis

The dermal papilla comprises the specialised mesenchymal cells at the base of the hair follicle. Communication between dermal papilla cells and the overlying epithelium is essential for differentiation of the hair follicle lineages. We report that Sox2 is expressed in all dermal papillae at E16.5, but from E18.5 onwards expression is confined to a subset of dermal papillae. In postnatal skin, Sox2 is only expressed in the dermal papillae of guard/awl/auchene follicles, whereas CD133 is expressed both in guard/awl/auchene and in zigzag dermal papillae. Using transgenic mice that express GFP under the control of the Sox2 promoter, we isolated Sox2+ (GFP+) CD133+ cells and compared them with Sox2- (GFP-) CD133+ dermal papilla cells. In addition to the `core' dermal papilla gene signature, each subpopulation expressed distinct sets of genes. GFP+ CD133+ cells had upregulated Wnt, FGF and BMP pathways and expressed neural crest markers. In GFP- CD133+ cells, the hedgehog, IGF, Notch and integrin pathways were prominent. In skin reconstitution assays, hair follicles failed to form when dermis was depleted of both GFP+ CD133+ and GFP- CD133+ cells. In the absence of GFP+ CD133+ cells, awl/auchene hairs failed to form and only zigzag hairs were found. We have thus demonstrated a previously unrecognised heterogeneity in dermal papilla cells and shown that Sox2-positive cells specify particular hair follicle types.
Lessons from the dragon: compiling PDF to machine code

Page Description Languages, such as PDF or PostScript, describe the page as a series of graphical operators, which are then imaged to draw the page content. An interpreter executes these operators one-by-one every time the page is rendered into a viewable form. Typically, this interpreter takes the form of a tokenizer that splits the page description into the separate operators. Various subroutines are then called depending on which tokens are encountered. This process is analogous to instruction execution at the heart of a CPU: the CPU fetches machine code instructions from memory and dispatches them to the various parts of the chip as necessary. In this paper, we show that it is possible to compile a page description directly into machine code, bypassing the need to interpret the page description. This can bring a speed increase in PDF rendering -- particularly important on low-power devices -- and could also help increase document accessibility
Polynomial narx model structure optimization using multi-objective genetic algorithm

Model structure selection is an important step in system identification which involves the selection of variables and terms of a model. The important issue is choosing a compact model representation where only significant terms are selected among all the possible ones beside good performance. This research explore the use of multi-objective optimization to minimize the complexity of a model structure and its predictive error simultaneously. The model structure representation is a polynomial non-linear auto regressive with exoenous input model. A new modified elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm using clustered crowding distance (CCD) is proposed to find the exact model among non-dominated solutions, using some simulated example which generate data set by mathematical equations. Simulation results demonstrated that the proposed algorithm can find the correct model with exact terms and values in all cases of problem. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is also studied by applying to the real process data sets, and the final model can be chosen from a set of non-dominated solution referred as Pareto optimal front. The results show that the proposed clustered CD has better performance compared with the basic CD method.
Two Flaws in Business Cycle Accounting

Using 'business cycle accounting' (BCA), Chari, Kehoe and McGrattan (2006) (CKM) conclude that models of financial frictions which create a wedge in the intertemporal Euler equation are not promising avenues for modeling business cycle dynamics. There are two reasons that this conclusion is not warranted. First, small changes in the implementation of BCA overturn CKM's conclusions. Second, one way that shocks to the intertemporal wedge impact on the economy is by their spillover effects onto other wedges. This potentially important mechanism for the transmission of intertemporal wedge shocks is not identified under BCA. CKM potentially understate the importance of these shocks by adopting the extreme position that spillover effects are zero.
Variance Analysis–Based Chinese Urban and Rural Sports Developmentand Urbanization Construction Correlation Research

With Chinese economic rapidly development, urban and rural difference are also increasing, no matter in living standards, living conditions or spiritual life pursuit, cultural quality, all have obvious differences. It also causes urban and rural sports to have bigger differences in development process. The paper researches on Chinese urban and rural sports development basic status, makes concrete analysis of urban and rural sports differences in residents' sports activities par- ticipation forms, urban and rural sport interactive organizations, urban and rural residents sports consciousness and urban and rural residents sports satisfaction index and other aspects. Utilize variance analysis and correlation analysis, establish relevant variance analysis-based urban and rural sports development and urbanization construction model, finally it gets conclusions: Chinese urban sports development is faster with respect to rural sports, the two have significant differences in every aspect construction. Urban and rural sports relations are closely, inseparable, the two mutual restrict, jointly de- velop, only well develop rural sports then can better carry out urban sports construction, and then can really propel to new pattern urbanization construction development to make contributions to urbanization development.
Genetic diversity and population structure of Toona ciliata Roem. based on sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers.

Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity among 30 populations of Toona ciliata Roem. sampled from the species’ distribution area in China. To analyze the polymorphism in the SRAP profiles, 1505 primer pairs were screened and 24 selected. A total of 656 SRAP bands ranging from 100 to 1500 bp were acquired, of these 505 bands (77%) were polymorphic. The polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.32 to 0.45, with an average of 0.41. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that the most significant variation was attributable to differences among the populations and that variation within the populations was small. STRUCTURE analysis divided the 30 populations into two parts. The unweighted pair group method of arithmetic averages (UPGMA) clustering and principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) showed that the 30 populations could be classified into four types. The results demonstrate a clear geographical trend for T. ciliata in China and provide a theoretical basis for future breeding and conservation strategy of T. ciliata.
Caloric restriction delays cardiac ageing in rats: role of mitochondria.

AIMS We tested whether long-term caloric restriction (CR) corrects pre-existing manifestations of cardiac ageing in rats. METHODS AND RESULTS The age-specific effects of CR (-40%, 6 months) on mortality, left ventricular (LV) function, mitochondrial function, oxidative damage, and apoptosis were analysed in young (6 + 6 months) and senescent rats (24 + 6 months). CR in senescent rats significantly reduced mortality. LV and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy were reduced together with the mRNA expression and plasma concentrations of overload indicators BNP/ANP. Mitochondrial function was improved, resulting in lower oxidative damage and apoptotic activation. In particular, the pro-apoptotic Bcl-xS/Bcl-xL isoform pattern, mitochondrial translocation of Bax, release of cytochrome C into cytosol, and caspase-9 activation were reduced in comparison to age-matched rats on the control diet. However, CR resulted only in minor changes in young rats. Serum obtained from old control or CR rats was used for in vitro experiments. H9C2 cardiomyoblasts and adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes preconditioned with CR serum demonstrated a low Bcl-xS/Bcl-xL ratio. H9C2 cells were resistant against H(2)O(2)-mediated loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, apoptosis activation, and reduced cell viability. Thus, beneficial effects of CR are mediated through circulating factors and can be mimicked with CR serum. However, this protection critically depended on a high Bcl-xL protein expression as seen after siRNA-mediated Bcl-xL knockdown. CONCLUSION CR is cardioprotective in senescent myocardium by correcting pre-existing mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptotic activation and by preventing deterioration in LV function. Therefore, interventions that mimic these effects of CR may represent an additional therapeutic option for the aged or failing heart.