Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adolescent pregnancies in Addis Ababa.

OBJECTIVE To determine the pattern, obstetric outcome, knowledge and practice of modern family planning methods and factors that predispose to pregnancy among adolescent mothers. DESIGN A descriptive study comparing findings in adolescent and mature mothers. SETTING Two teaching Hospitals in Addis Ababa. SUBJECTS Adolescent mothers under 20 years of age and mature mothers aged between 20 and 34 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Age at pregnancy, demographic variables, gestational age, parity, antenatal care attendance, modes of deliveries, birthweight, Apgar scores, condition of babies at birth and knowledge and utilisation of modern contraceptive methods. RESULTS Five hundred and sixty nine (74%) of the adolescents were single compared with 226 (29%) of mature mothers (p<0.001, OR 6.83, 95%; CI=5.47-8.45). There were 391 (51%) unemployed adolescents compared with 99 (13%) of mature mothers (p<0.001, OR 7.0, 95% CI 3.06-5.05). Five hundred and twelve (67%) of the adolescent pregnant mothers failed to attend antenatal clinic compared with 344 (45%) of the mature mothers (p<0.001, OR 0.41, 95% CI=0.33, 0.5). Two hundred (26%) of adolescent mothers underwent Caesarean section compared with 82 (11%) of mature mothers (p<0.001, OR 2.44, 95% CI=1.90, 4.56). Two hundred and fifty six (33%) of the adolescent mothers delivered low birthweight babies compared with 106 (14%) of mature mothers (p<0.001, OR 3.12, 95% CI=2.4, 3.99). The one and five minute Apgar scores were less than seven in 301 (39%) babies born to adolescent mothers compared with 20 (27%) babies born to mature mothers (p<0.001, OR 1.73, 95% CI=1.39, 2.14. Five hundred and twelve (67%) of adolescent mothers had no knowledge about modern contraceptive methods compared with 147 (19%) mature mothers (p<0.001, OR 0.12, 95% CI=0.45-0.49). CONCLUSION Adolescent pregnancy is common in the city of Addis Ababa. Adolescent pregnancy study revealed low birthweight, high Caesarean section rate and foeto-pelvic disproportion as a consequence of incomplete development of the bony pelvis. Improved education and contraceptive services are needed to reduce the incidence of adolescent pregnancy.
The Determinants of Board Structure at the Initial Public Offering

Abstract This paper describes board size and composition and investigates the role of venture capital in a sample of 1,116 firms' initial public offerings. First, firms backed by venture capital have fewer insider and instrumental directors and more independent outsiders. Second, we consider board composition as the outcome of a bargain between the CEO and outside shareholders. Representation of independent outsiders on the board decreases with the power of the CEO—tenure and voting control—and increases with the power of outside investors—venture capital backing and venture firm reputation. Third, within the sample of firms financed by venture capital and also consistent with a bargaining model, the probability that a founder remains as CEO is decreasing in venture firm reputation. Finally, we examine the influence of venture capital backing and board structure on firm outcomes in the 10 years after the initial public offering.
Intensionality of Adjectives

Given the two sentences “this fake cat has a fluffy tail” and “this tabby cat has a fluffy tail”, only the second allows one to conclude that “there exists a cat that has a fluffy tail”. As is obvious to a native English speaker, the adjective (A) “fake” somehow modifies the noun (N) “cat” such that we conclude that it no longer belongs to the set of N (cats) by virtue of being A (fake). Linguists categorize adjectives with this effect as being intensional.
Adverse Effects of Stationary Grids

By means of simple tests, the mechanisms of image impairment due to stationary grids were demonstrated. Several contributing factors were found. The fact that the grid strips are not clearly visible in the film does not indicate that image quality is not lowered by the grid. To a certain degree it demonstrates that the image quality is so low that not even the grid lines are perceptible.
Nitric oxide in Tanzanian children with malaria: inverse relationship between malaria severity and nitric oxide production/nitric oxide synthase type 2 expression

Nitric oxide (NO)-related activity has been shown to be protective against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. It has been hypothesized, however, that excess NO production contributes to the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria. The purpose of this study was to compare markers of NO production [urinary and plasma nitrate + nitrite (NOx)], leukocyte- inducible nitric oxide synthase type 2 (NOS2), and plasma TNF-alpha and IL-10 levels with disease severity in 191 Tanzanian children with and without malaria. Urine NOx excretion and plasma NOx levels (corrected for renal impairment) were inversely related to disease severity, with levels highest in subclinical infection and lowest in fatal cerebral malaria. Results could not be explained by differences in dietary nitrate ingestion among the groups. Plasma levels of IL-10, a cytokine known to suppress NO synthesis, increased with disease severity. Leukocyte NOS2 antigen was detectable in all control children tested and in all those with subclinical infection, but was undetectable in all but one subject with cerebral malaria. This suppression of NO synthesis in cerebral malaria may contribute to pathogenesis. In contrast, high fasting NOx levels and leukocyte NOS2 in healthy controls and asymptomatic infection suggest that increased NO synthesis might protect against clinical disease. NO appears to have a protective rather than pathological role in African children with malaria.
A Caribbean-based model of literacy leadership

The study sought to evaluate the extent to which an online course in literacy leadership appropriately trained prospective literacy coaches, already situated in Caribbean schools, to assume roles as literacy leaders in their respective contexts. A secondary aim of the study was to evolve a research-driven model of literacy leadership suited for guiding the training and school-based practice of literacy coaches across the islands of the Caribbean. Having exposed the 60 graduate-level literacy leadership candidates - spanning 10 Caribbean islands - to four research-driven learning modules centred on key attributes and processes of effective literacy-focused schools, the researchers sought to immerse teams of candidates in activities cited in the research as critical in instituting these attributes and processes in schools. A combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis of problem-based text interactions surrounding these activities, as well as candidates' own post-course ratings of course content was used to answer key research questions. Did candidates gain an overt understanding of what is involved in establishing an effective literacy infrastructure in schools? Was a viable training model used? The research affirms the efficacy of innovations geared at training literacy practitioners online across the islands of the Caribbean.
No Evidence of Association Between Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor Treatment and Mortality in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results From the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register

Objective To study the association between anti–tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy and mortality in a national cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Methods We prospectively followed up 12,672 patients who were beginning anti-TNF therapy and 3,522 biologic-naive patients receiving disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) until either July 31, 2008, or death, whichever occurred first. Notification of death and cause of death was received from the UK National Death Register. Mortality was compared using Cox proportional hazards models. Inverse probability of treatment weighting was used to adjust for the confounding effects of baseline differences between groups, including age, sex, disease severity, disability, and comorbidity. Missing baseline data were accounted for using multiple imputation. Results When compared with the DMARD cohort, the anti-TNF cohort was younger (median age 57 years versus 61 years), had greater disease activity (median Disease Activity Score in 28 joints 6.6 versus 5.1), and had greater disability (median Health Assessment Questionnaire score 2.1 versus 1.6). Patients in the DMARD cohort were more likely to have a history of myocardial infarction (4.8% versus 3.1%) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (8.1% versus 4.8%) but were less likely to have had depression (16.5% versus 18.9%). There were 9,445 and 50,803 person-years of followup in the DMARD and anti-TNF cohorts, respectively, during which time 204 DMARD-treated and 856 anti-TNF–treated patients died. The weighted mortality hazard ratios in the anti-TNF cohort were as follows: all-cause 0.86 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.64–1.16), circulatory disease 0.73 (95% CI 0.44–1.23), neoplasm 0.65 (95% CI 0.39–1.09), and respiratory disease 0.81 (95% CI 0.36–1.83). Conclusion Our results indicate that, compared with standard DMARD therapy, treatment with anti-TNF therapies was not associated with an increase in mortality.
Life Goals in Vision Rehabilitation: Are They Addressed and How?

This study explored if and how vision rehabilitation services address important life goals of young and middle-aged adults who are visually impaired. It found that services that teach functional skills and offer psychosocial therapeutic-type services were instrumental in addressing life goals and that independence-related goals were most often addressed, but leisure-related goals were least often addressed.
Apprentice, collaborator, colleague, competitor: Negotiating the trajectory(ies) of a doctoral student

This paper will conceptualise, via an ‘Activity Theory’ approach, the journey of a Doctor of Education (RHD) candidate from Masters student – through the coursework component of the EdD programme, and then onto a Doctor of Education Dissertation. In so doing it seeks to determine whether such an approach is able to ‘capture’ the subjective nature of such a journey. The RHD journey implicitly and explicitly involves membership of an academic community of practice and the author’s various experiences of this membership will provide the ‘dataset’ for this paper. Whilst drawing on earlier Activity Theory iterations, Engestrom’s (1987) 3rd Generation Activity Systems theory, will be primarily utilised to position myself in this system of practice. Drawing on the work of Stevenson (2004), the paper will explore how the elements of Rules and Division of Labour mediate the author’s doctoral experiences. Tensions and complexities (contradictions in Activity Theory terms) within the experience including the influence of social capital; relationships with supervisor(s); relationships with the wider Griffith University community; and access to publishing opportunities in academic journals are conceptualised as avenues for the author to transform himself as researcher and also transform the culture of his research community. The RHD journey, whilst clearly occurring within a specific research community, and defined to a significant extent by the contradictory elements of this community, is at the same time an intensely private experience and this reflection will consequently draw on my lived experience during various stages of the journey. The academic experience is a dynamic one in terms of the author’s various subjectivities – student, apprentice researcher, author, colleague, and competitor. As a way of framing these subjectivities, Membership Categorisation (Baker, 1997), will be used as a way of theorising the role of an active subject choosing from a range of available roles, and responding to a range of discourses within a particular context.
Semantic Congruence Enhances Memory of Episodic Associations: Role of Theta Oscillations

Growing evidence suggests that theta oscillations play a crucial role in episodic encoding. The present study evaluates whether changes in electroencephalographic theta source dynamics mediate the positive influence of semantic congruence on incidental associative learning. Here we show that memory for episodic associations (face–location) is more accurate when studied under semantically congruent contexts. However, only participants showing RT priming effect in a conceptual priming test (priming group) also gave faster responses when recollecting source information of semantically congruent faces as compared with semantically incongruent faces. This improved episodic retrieval was positively correlated with increases in theta power during the study phase mainly in the bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus, and left lateral posterior parietal lobe. Reconstructed signals from the estimated sources showed higher theta power for congruent than incongruent faces and also for the priming than the nonpriming group. These results are in agreement with the attention to memory model. Besides directing top–down attention to goal-relevant semantic information during encoding, the dorsal parietal lobe may also be involved in redirecting attention to bottom–up-driven memories thanks to connections between the medial-temporal and the left ventral parietal lobe. The latter function can either facilitate or interfere with encoding of face–location associations depending on whether they are preceded by semantically congruent or incongruent contexts, respectively, because only in the former condition retrieved representations related to the cue and the face are both coherent with the person identity and are both associated with the same location.
Sensitive webpage classification for content advertising

Online advertising has been a popular topic in recent years. In this paper, we address one of the important problems in online advertising, i.e., how to detect whether a publisher webpage contains sensitive content and is appropriate for showing advertisement(s) on it. We take a webpage classification approach to solve this problem. First we design a unique sensitive content taxonomy. Then we adopt an iterative training data collection and classifier building approach, to build a hierarchical classifier which can classify webpages into one of the nodes in the sensitive content taxonomy. The experimental result show that using this approach, we are able to build a unique sensitive content classifier with decent accuracy while only requiring limited amount of human labeling effort.
Correlation of Perfusion Parameters with Genes Related to Angiogenesis Regulation in Glioblastoma: A Feasibility Study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Integration of imaging and genomic data is critical for a better understanding of gliomas, particularly considering the increasing focus on the use of imaging biomarkers for patient survival and treatment response. The purpose of this study was to correlate CBV and PS measured by using PCT with the genes regulating angiogenesis in GBM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen patients with WHO grade IV gliomas underwent pretreatment PCT and measurement of CBV and PS values from enhancing tumor. Tumor specimens were analyzed by TCGA by using Human Gene Expression Microarrays and were interrogated for correlation between CBV and PS estimates across the genome. We used the GO biologic process pathways for angiogenesis regulation to select genes of interest. RESULTS: We observed expression levels for 92 angiogenesis-associated genes (332 probes), 19 of which had significant correlation with PS and 9 of which had significant correlation with CBV (P < .05). Proangiogenic genes such as TNFRSF1A (PS = 0.53, P = .024), HIF1A (PS = 0.62, P = .0065), KDR (CBV = 0.60, P = .0084; PS = 0.59, P = .0097), TIE1 (CBV = 0.54, P = .022; PS = 0.49, P = .039), and TIE2/TEK (CBV = 0.58, P = .012) showed a significant positive correlation; whereas antiangiogenic genes such as VASH2 (PS = −0.72, P = .00011) showed a significant inverse correlation. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings are provocative, with some of the proangiogenic genes showing a positive correlation and some of the antiangiogenic genes showing an inverse correlation with tumor perfusion parameters, suggesting a molecular basis for these imaging biomarkers; however, this should be confirmed in a larger patient population.
Investigation of age-related cognitive decline using mice as a model system: neurophysiological correlates.

OBJECTIVE Learning and memory impairments without overt pathology often accompany advancing age. To gain a better understanding of the underlying neuronal substrates associated with this age-related cognitive decline, the authors have begun to use mice as an animal model system. As described in the companion paper, mice exhibit age-related impairments in cognition. Here, the authors explore the possibility that age-related changes in neuronal function may be the result of deregulation of cytosolic free calcium homeostasis. METHODS Calcium homeostasis in young and aged mice was examined by measuring the slow afterhyperpolarization (sAHP) in hippocampal neurons as well as assessing voltage-dependent calcium channel mediated long-term potentiation (vdccLTP). In addition, putative changes in phosphorylation of the L-type channel Ca(V)1.2 by cAMP-dependent protein kinase were examined. RESULTS Both neurophysiological measures of calcium homeostasis indicated an increase in activity-dependent calcium influx. This increase was not the result of an age-related increase in phosphorylation of the L-type channel Ca(V)1.2 by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. CONCLUSIONS Like in other areas of biomedical research, mice have become an invaluable research tool in the investigation of learning and memory. It is expected that similar benefits can be realized by developing mouse models for age-related cognitive decline.
Cell Division by Longitudinal Scission in the Insect Endosymbiont Spiroplasma poulsonii

ABSTRACT Spiroplasma bacteria are highly motile bacteria with no cell wall and a helical morphology. This clade includes many vertically transmitted insect endosymbionts, including Spiroplasma poulsonii, a natural endosymbiont of Drosophila melanogaster. S. poulsonii bacteria are mainly found in the hemolymph of infected female flies and exhibit efficient vertical transmission from mother to offspring. As is the case for many facultative endosymbionts, S. poulsonii can manipulate the reproduction of its host; in particular, S. poulsonii induces male killing in Drosophila melanogaster. Here, we analyze the morphology of S. poulsonii obtained from the hemolymph of infected Drosophila. This endosymbiont was not only found as long helical filaments, as previously described, but was also found in a Y-shaped form. The use of electron microscopy, immunogold staining of the FtsZ protein, and antibiotic treatment unambiguously linked the Y shape of S. poulsonii to cell division. Observation of the Y shape in another Spiroplasma, S. citri, and anecdotic observations from the literature suggest that cell division by longitudinal scission might be prevalent in the Spiroplasma clade. Our study is the first to report the Y-shape mode of cell division in an endosymbiotic bacterium and adds Spiroplasma to the so far limited group of bacteria known to utilize this cell division mode. IMPORTANCE Most bacteria rely on binary fission, which involves elongation of the bacteria and DNA replication, followed by splitting into two parts. Examples of bacteria with a Y-shape longitudinal scission remain scarce. Here, we report that Spiroplasma poulsonii, an endosymbiotic bacterium living inside the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, divide with the longitudinal mode of cell division. Observations of the Y shape in another Spiroplasma, S. citri, suggest that this mode of scission might be prevalent in the Spiroplasma clade. Spiroplasma bacteria are wall-less bacteria with a distinctive helical shape, and these bacteria are always associated with arthropods, notably insects. Our study raises the hypothesis that this mode of cell division by longitudinal scission could be linked to the symbiotic mode of life of these bacteria. Most bacteria rely on binary fission, which involves elongation of the bacteria and DNA replication, followed by splitting into two parts. Examples of bacteria with a Y-shape longitudinal scission remain scarce. Here, we report that Spiroplasma poulsonii, an endosymbiotic bacterium living inside the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, divide with the longitudinal mode of cell division. Observations of the Y shape in another Spiroplasma, S. citri, suggest that this mode of scission might be prevalent in the Spiroplasma clade. Spiroplasma bacteria are wall-less bacteria with a distinctive helical shape, and these bacteria are always associated with arthropods, notably insects. Our study raises the hypothesis that this mode of cell division by longitudinal scission could be linked to the symbiotic mode of life of these bacteria.
Personalized Targeted Prevention and Therapy Relied on Detection of Global and Local Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

Some diseases including tumor, genetic diseases and uncured diseases in nerve, endocrine, cardiovascular systems require physicians to address a question about effective prevention and treatment[1]. This is why physicians should apply for new techniques available as soon as possible. Now some important discoveries in enhancing the therapeutic effect have emerged in clinical fields such as “personalized medicine”[2] and “targeted therapy”[3]. Personalized medicine is a new medical model relied on individual characteristics of each patient rather than “one size fits all” treatment. Detecting patient’s genomics profile is an important foundation of personalized medicine. This genomic profile can be applied for physicians to define what genomics Personalized Targeted Prevention and Therapy Relied on Detection of Global and Local Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
The Role of Affect in the Relationship between Distributive Justice Expectations and Applicants' Recommendation and Litigation Intentions

This paper examined the moderating role of positive and negative affect in the relationship between distributive justice expectations and applicants' intentions to recommend the organization or to litigate. Specifically, it was suggested and supported in two samples of, respectively, 1,409 and 486 applicants, that the positive relationship between distributive justice expectations and recommendation intentions was stronger for applicants high in positive affect. In the second sample, it was further found that the negative relationship between distributive justice expectations and litigation intentions was stronger among applicants high in negative affect. This research is the first to identify the distinct roles of positive and negative affect in shaping responses to expectations of (un)fairness in the personnel selection literature. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
A Posteriori Error Estimator for a Front-Fixing Finite Difference Scheme for American Options

For the numerical solution of the American option valuation problem, we provide a script written in MATLAB implementing an explicit finite difference scheme. Our main contribute is the definition of a posteriori error estimator for the American options pricing which is based on Richardson's extrapolation theory. This error estimator allows us to find a suitable grid where the computed solution, both the option price field variable and the free boundary position, verify a prefixed error tolerance.