Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A renaissance of neural networks in drug discovery

ABSTRACT Introduction: Neural networks are becoming a very popular method for solving machine learning and artificial intelligence problems. The variety of neural network types and their application to drug discovery requires expert knowledge to choose the most appropriate approach. Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss traditional and newly emerging neural network approaches to drug discovery. Their focus is on backpropagation neural networks and their variants, self-organizing maps and associated methods, and a relatively new technique, deep learning. The most important technical issues are discussed including overfitting and its prevention through regularization, ensemble and multitask modeling, model interpretation, and estimation of applicability domain. Different aspects of using neural networks in drug discovery are considered: building structure-activity models with respect to various targets; predicting drug selectivity, toxicity profiles, ADMET and physicochemical properties; characteristics of drug-delivery systems and virtual screening. Expert opinion: Neural networks continue to grow in importance for drug discovery. Recent developments in deep learning suggests further improvements may be gained in the analysis of large chemical data sets. It’s anticipated that neural networks will be more widely used in drug discovery in the future, and applied in non-traditional areas such as drug delivery systems, biologically compatible materials, and regenerative medicine.
Health Status and Lifestyle Habits of US Medical Students: A Longitudinal Study

Background: Evidence shows that physicians and medical students who engage in healthy lifestyle habits are more likely to counsel patients about such behaviors. Yet medical school is a challenging time that may bring about undesired changes to health and lifestyle habits. Aims: This study assessed changes in students' health and lifestyle behaviors during medical school. Subjects and Methods: In a longitudinal study, students were assessed at both the beginning and end of medical school. Anthropometric, metabolic, and lifestyle variables were measured at a clinical research center. Data were collected from 2006 to 2011, and analyzed in 2013–2014 with SAS version 9.3. Pearson's correlations were used to assess associations between variables and a generalized linear model was used to measure change over time. Results: Seventy-eight percent (97/125) of participants completed both visits. At baseline, mean anthropometric and clinical measures were at or near healthy values and did not change over time, with the exception of increased diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.01), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (P < 0.001), and insulin (P < 0.001). Self-reported diet and physical activity habits were congruent with national goals, except for Vitamin D and sodium. Dietary intake did not change over time, with the exceptions of decreased carbohydrate (percent of total energy) (P < 0.001) and sodium (P = 0.04) and increased fat (percent of total energy) and Vitamin D (both P < 0.01). Cardiovascular fitness showed a trend toward declining, while self-reported physical activity increased (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Students' clinical measures and lifestyle behaviors remain generally healthy throughout medical school; yet some students exhibit cardiometabolic risk and diet and activity habits not aligned with national recommendations. Curricula that include personal health and lifestyle assessment may motivate students to adopt healthier practices and serve as role models for patients.
Detection of DDoS Attacks using Machine Learning Algorithms

Distributed Denial of Service attack (DDoS) is the most dangerous attack in the field of network security. DDoS attack halts normal functionality of critical services of various online applications. Systems under DDoS attacks remain busy with false requests (Bots) rather than providing services to legitimate users. These attacks are increasing day by day and have become more and more sophisticated. So, it has become difficult to detect these attacks and secure online services from these attacks. In this paper, we have used machine learning based approach to detect and classify different types of network traffic flows. The proposed approach is validated using a new dataset which is having mixture of various modern types of attacks such as HTTP flood, SID DoS and normal traffic. A machine learning tool called WEKA is used to classify various types of attacks. It has been observed that J48 algorithm produced best results as compared to Random Forest and Naïve Bayes algorithms.
Conventional Influenza Vaccination Is Not Associated with Complications in Working-Age Patients with Asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Abstract By using a nested case-control design, the authors studied the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine in reducing severe and fatal complications in 4,241 and 5,966 primary care, working-age patients aged 18–64 years who had asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during the 1998–1999 and 1999–2000 influenza epidemics in the Netherlands. Patients developing fatal or nonfatal exacerbations of lung disease, pneumonia, congestive heart failure, or myocardial infarction during either epidemic were considered cases. For each case, four age- and sex-matched controls were randomly sampled, and patient records were reviewed. Conditional logistic regression and propensity scores were used to assess vaccine effectiveness after adjustment for confounding factors. In seasons one and two, respectively, 87% (47/54) and 85% (171/202) of the cases and 74% (155/210) and 75% (575/766) of the controls had been vaccinated. After adjustments, vaccination was not associated with reductions in complications (season one: odds ratio = 0.95, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.26, 3.48; season two: odds ratio = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.59, 1.96; pooled odds ratio = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.63, 1.80). Because influenza vaccination appeared not to be associated with a clinically relevant reduction in severe morbidity, other measures need to be explored.
Transformer Noise Monitoring System

The noise generated during transformer operation is one of the hot spots in transformer field. It is also more important to determine the position of transformer noise source based on acoustic imaging technology. This paper introduces the method and theory of transformer noise imaging, establishes transformer noise positioning system based on LabVIEW, and introduces the hardware structure and software structure of the system. LabVIEW is used to build the system, which greatly reduces the complexity of the work, and makes the system intelligent, convenient to control, real-time monitoring, with high value of use.
Changes in Spatial Position of Hands Modify Tactile Extinction but not Disownership of Contralesional Hand in Two Right Brain-Damaged Patients

Abstract Somatic misperceptions and misrepresentations, like supernumerary phantom limb and denial of ownership of a given body part, have typically been reported following damage to the right side of the brain. These symptoms typically occur with personal or extrapersonal neglect and extinction of left-sided stimuli, suggesting that all these different symptoms may be linked to the same neural substrate. In the present research, we tested two right brain-damaged (RBD) patients to find out whether changing the position of the hands in space influences tactile extinction and denial of ownership to the same extent. Results showed that manipulation of the spatial position of the hands reduces tactile extinction but leaves denial of ownership of the left hand unaffected. Such a dissociation suggests that delusional misperceptions may be independent from somatic neglect and that representation of hands in space and attribution of ownership are dynamically mapped in at least partly separate neural substrates.
High Resolution Ultra High Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Glioma Microvascularity and Hypoxia Using Ultra-Small Particles of Iron Oxide

Objectives:This study assessed whether ultra-small particles of iron oxide (USPIO) intravascular contrast agent could enhance visualization of tumor microvascularity in F98 glioma bearing rats by means of ultra high field (UHF) high-resolution gradient echo (GRE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In an effort to explain differences in visualization of microvascularity before and after USPIO administration, hypoxia and vessel diameters were assessed on corresponding histopathologic sections. Materials and Methods:F98 glioma cells were implanted stereotactically into the brains of syngeneic Fischer rats. Based on clinical criteria, rats were imaged 1 to 2 days before their death with and without USPIO contrast on an 8 Tesla MRI. To identify hypoxic regions of the brain tumor by immunohistochemical staining, a subset of animals also received a nitroimidazole-based hypoxia marker, EF5, before euthanasia. These sections then were compared with noncontrast enhanced MR images. The relative caliber of tumor microvasculature, compared with that of normal brain, was analyzed in a third group of animals. Results:After USPIO administration, UHF high-resolution GRE MRI consistently predicted increased microvascular density relative to normal gray matter when correlated with histopathology. The in-plane visibility of glioma microvascularity in 22 rats increased by an average of 115% and signal intensity within the tumor decreased by 13% relative to normal brain. Tumor microvascularity identified on noncontrast MR images matched hypoxic regions identified by immunohistochemical staining with a sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 89%. UHF GRE MRI was able to resolve microvessels less than 20 μ in diameter, although differences in tumor vessel size did not consistently account for differences in visualization of microvascularity. Conclusions:USPIO administration significantly enhanced visualization of tumor microvascularity on gradient echo 8 T MRI and significantly improved visualization of tumor microvascularity. Microvascularity identified on precontrast images is suspected to be partly associated with hypoxia.
A cache lookup mechanism for ENUM query

ENUM (E.164 Number Mapping) is widely used to provide automatic mappings between the telephone numbers and the VoIP (Voice over IP) URIs (Uniform Resource Identifiers). With ENUM, the subscribers dial the telephone number of the called party and the system automatically forwards the call through IP networks if the VoIP URI of the call is found. Typically, the ENUM query process is performed at the telephone gateway. Specifically, upon receipt of a call, the telephone gateway queries the ENUM server to retrieve the called party's VoIP URI If the URI is found, the call is forwarded through the IP networks. Otherwise the call is forwarded to the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) through T1 or E1 interface. The latency of ENUM query is very large when the network or the ENUM server is heavy loaded. Base on the call logs, this paper proposes a cache lookup mechanism to reduce the latency of the ENUM query process. The paper discusses the performance of different cache algorithms.
Molecular and Genetic Basis for Strain-Dependent NK1.1 Alloreactivity of Mouse NK Cells1

NK1.1 alloantigen expression can be used to define NK cells in certain mouse strains, such as B6 (NKR-P1C) and SJL (NKR-P1B). However, BALB/c NK cells do not react with the anti-NK1.1 mAb, PK136. To investigate the NK1.1− phenotype of BALB/c NK cells, we have undertaken NK1.1 epitope mapping and genomic analysis of the BALB/c Nkrp1 region. Bacterial artificial chromosome library analysis reveals that, unlike the Ly49 region, the Nkrp1-Ocil/Clr region displays limited genetic divergence between B6 and BALB/c mice. In fact, significant divergence is confined to the Nkrp1b and Nkrp1c genes. Strikingly, the B6 Nkrp1d gene appears to represent a divergent allele of the Nkrp1b gene in BALB/c mice and other strains. Importantly, BALB/c NK cells express abundant and functional Nkrp1 transcripts, and the BALB/c NKR-P1B receptor functionally binds Ocil/Clr-b ligand. However, the BALB/c NKR-P1B/C sequences differ from those of the known NK1.1 alloantigens, and epitope mapping demonstrates that directed mutation of a single amino acid in the NKR-P1BBALB protein confers NK1.1 reactivity. Thus, PK136 mAb recognizes, in part, a distal C-terminal epitope present in NKR-P1BSw/SJL and NKR-P1CB6, but absent in NKR-P1A/D/FB6 and NKR-P1B/CBALB. Allelic divergence of the Nkrp1b/c gene products and limited divergence of the BALB/c Nkrp1-Ocil/Clr region explain a longstanding confusion regarding the strain-specific NK1.1 alloantigen reactivity of mouse NK cells.
Distance correction system for localization based on linear regression and smoothing in ambient intelligence display

This paper suggests the method of correcting distance between an ambient intelligence display and a user based on linear regression and smoothing method, by which distance information of a user who approaches to the display can he accurately output even in an unanticipated condition using a passive infrared VIR) sensor and an ultrasonic device. The developed system consists of an ambient intelligence display and an ultrasonic transmitter, and a sensor gateway. Each module communicates with each other through RF (Radio frequency) communication. The ambient intelligence display includes an ultrasonic receiver and a PIR sensor for motion detection. In particular, this system selects and processes algorithms such as smoothing or linear regression for current input data processing dynamically through judgment process that is determined using the previous reliable data stored in a queue. In addition, we implemented GUI software with JAVA for real time location tracking and an ambient intelligence display.
DNA degradation by water extract of green tea in the presence of copper ions: implications for anticancer properties

In recent years a number of reports have documented the chemopreventive effect of green tea consumption on various types of cancers such as those of bladder, prostate, esophagus and stomach. This property is attributed to the presence in green tea of polyphenols known as catechins. These include epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate, epigallocatechin and epicatechin. In addition to their antioxidant properties plant derived polyphenolics are also capable of oxidative DNA damage particularly in the presence of transition metal ions. We have recently proposed a mechanism for cytotoxic action of plant‐derived polyphenols against cancer cells that involves mobilization of endogenous copper and consequent prooxidant action. In partial support of the idea, in the present paper we show that water extract of green tea is considerably more efﬁcient than black tea extract in DNA cleavage in the presence of copper ions. Green tea extract also shows a higher rate of Cu(II) reduction and consequent hydroxyl radical formation. Cu(II) reduction is presumably accompanied by the formation of ‘oxidized species’ of tea polyphenols, which in turn also appear to catalyze the reduction of Cu(II) leading to redox cycling of copper ions. The results are discussed in relation to the structural differences between polyphenols of green and black tea. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Major problems concerning China's large-scale wind power integration

An in-depth understanding of large-scale wind power integration (LSWI) in China is conducted in the paper. Firstly, the characteristics of China's LSWI are analyzed. Secondly, major problems associated with large-scale wind power integration in China are emphasized, namely balancing capability, grid interconnection, transmission costs and technology trend. For China, its energy mix and forecasting technology highlight the balancing capability of the system. The current grid interconnection can hardly adapt to the large-scale wind power integration. The transmission costs caused by China's wind power development mode are likely to one of the most demanding problems that it has to face and solve. Besides, as the strategic planning for constructing the strong and smart grid was formally kicked off in May 2009, the technology trend becomes an important factor impacting large-scale wind power integration because of the introduction of new technologies.
Different DNA Elements Can Modulate the Conformation of Thyroid Hormone Receptor Heterodimer and Its Transcriptional Activity*

Thyroid-hormone receptors (TRs) form heterodimers with retinoid-X receptors (RXRs) on thyroid-hormone-response elements (TREs). However, it is not known whether the formation of liganded TR/RXR heterodimer on a TRE alone is sufficient to dictate transcriptional activity. We designed several mutated DR4s (half-sites arranged as direct repeats with a nucleotide gap of 4) that bound TR/RXR heterodimers preferentially, and employed them to characterize functional and biochemical properties of the heterodimers on DNA. Although TR/RXR heterodimer binding was similar on some of the mutated DR4s, transient transfection assays showed that TRα failed to support triiodothyronine (T3)-stimulated transcription on “inactive” DR4s but mediated basal repression on both “active” and inactive mutated DR4. T3 binding assays showed that the mutated DR4s did not affect T3 binding to the heterodimer. Finally, partial proteolysis studies revealed that binding of active DR4 elements and T3 to the heterodimer synergistically enhanced heterodimerization-induced protease resistance of TR, but not RXR, in the heterodimer. These results suggest that: 1) liganded TR/RXR heterodimer binding to a DR4 is not sufficient for transcriptional activation of the target gene, and 2) DNA sequences in specific TREs may modify T3-mediated transcription by affecting the conformation of the liganded heterodimer.
Alternative Salvage Technique for Removing Large Sharp Foreign Body Near Upper Esophageal Sphincter

Removing sharp foreign bodies located in the esophagus can be dangerous and challenging. Proper apparatus and appropriate technique should be employed to avoid life-threatening complications such as perforation and mediastinitis. A 59-year-old man came to the emergency department with foreign body sensation in the upper esophagus which proved to be a large sharp fish bone impacted near upper esophageal sphincter. With the ordinary upper endoscope, the foreign body could not be retrieved even with the assistance of a cap. Foreign body removal was attempted again using a colonoscope with cap fitted at the end. Larger caliber of the scope rendered more stable support within the lumen enabling better maneuver of the scope tip to secure wider working space, and application of the cap permitted better visual field. Herein, we report the first case of successful removal of a large sharp fish bone impacted near the upper esophageal sphincter using cap assisted colonoscope.
Differentiating closed-loop cortical intention from rest: building an asynchronous electrocorticographic BCI

Objective. Recent experiments have shown that electrocorticography (ECoG) can provide robust control signals for a brain–computer interface (BCI). Strategies that attempt to adapt a BCI control algorithm by learning from past trials often assume that the subject is attending to each training trial. Likewise, automatic disabling of movement control would be desirable during resting periods when random brain fluctuations might cause unintended movements of a device. To this end, our goal was to identify ECoG differences that arise between periods of active BCI use and rest. Approach. We examined spectral differences in multi-channel, epidural micro-ECoG signals recorded from non-human primates when rest periods were interleaved between blocks of an active BCI control task. Main Results. Post-hoc analyses demonstrated that these states can be decoded accurately on both a trial-by-trial and real-time basis, and this discriminability remains robust over a period of weeks. In addition, high gamma frequencies showed greater modulation with desired movement direction, while lower frequency components demonstrated greater amplitude differences between task and rest periods, suggesting possible specialized BCI roles for these frequencies. Significance. The results presented here provide valuable insight into the neurophysiology of BCI control as well as important considerations toward the design of an asynchronous BCI system.
Exploring the Use of Theory in a National Text Message Campaign: Addressing Problem Recognition and Constraint Recognition for Publics of Pregnant Women

ABSTRACT Infant mortality is associated with access to healthcare, knowledge, and health literacy. Text4baby, the largest national texting health initiative, seeks to address these factors. However, no research has examined the program’s theoretical framework, an aspect that may impact its success. To address this gap, Text4baby’s use of theory was evaluated through a content analysis of Text4baby messages and interviews with Text4baby content developers. We compared the main variables of health behavior theories framing Text4baby messages with the situational theory of publics and its factors of problem recognition and constraint recognition. The situational theory of publics provides an understanding of the types of publics that might emerge from Text4baby’s audiences of pregnant women. Aware, latent, and active publics are defined by the situational theory and are created out of problem recognition and constraint recognition along with a level of personal involvement in the issue of prenatal health. We used content analysis and interviewing to explore how Text4baby prenatal messages were constructed using theory and to offer lessons learned for prenatal health campaigns. The multi-methodological approach to understanding meaning construction in the production of these text messages and how meaning played out in the messages is a useful framework for text message campaigns.
Inter-BBU control mechanism for load balancing in C-RAN-based BBU pool

In order to increase the network resource utilization and improve network performance, also to reduce unnecessary inter-BBU routing overhead, the resource management between baseband pools of C-RAN (Cloud Radio Access Network) is studied in this paper. An overall scheduling scheme from user terminals to metropolitan area network edge for C-RAN is first proposed. The scheme takes advantage of user resource information shared in baseband resource pool in C-RAN wireless network, and sets up a Controller to implement the inter-BBU resource management. By comparing the local UE required load and local BBU load threshold, the controller determines whether to execute inter-BBU control mechanism, and then establishes a communication link according to the results of the judgment. Obviously, the specific inter-BBU control mechanism is also proposed to solve the problem of inter-BBU load balancing in BBU pool. It is divided into two steps which include ensuring the purpose BBU location and designing the control mechanism of resource scheduling from local BBU to purpose BBU. Simulation results evaluate the feasibility of this mechanism which can improve the network performance significantly.