Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Toward More Reflexive Use of Adaptive Management

Adaptive management is commonly identified as a way to address situations where ecological and social uncertainty exists. Two discourses are common: a focus on experimentation, and a focus on collaboration. The roles of experimental and collaborative adaptive management in contemporary practice are reviewed to identify tools for bridging the discourses. Examples include broadening the scope of contributions during the buy-in and goal-setting stages, using conceptual models and decision support tools to include stakeholders in model development, experimentation using indicators of concern to stakeholders, an experimental focus that reflects the level of statistical confidence required by management, and the engagement of stakeholders in data interpretation so that those affected by management outcomes can learn and adapt accordingly. In this context, a framework of questions that managers can use to reflect on both ecological and social uncertainties as they relate to individual management contexts is proposed.
Mothers and Fathers Teaching 3-Year-Olds: Authoritative Parenting and Adult Scaffolding of Young Children's Learning

In this study we investigated variations in parental tutoring of children on the basis of Vygotsky's (1978) theorizing and the concept of parental scaffolding of children's learning. Twenty-four couples and their 3-year-old children participated. Mothers and fathers worked separately with the child on three difficult tasks: a block construction task, a matrix classification task, and a story retelling task. Parental interventions were classified by level of support and were used to define the region of sensitivity to instruction, following the work of Wood (1980). Independent observers rated each parent separately on authoritative/uninvolved and authoritarian/permissive styles, following Baumrind's (1967, 1973) typology. Both mothers and fathers adjusted their support of the child as predicted. Later portions of the tutoring interactions demonstrated more fine tuning of interventions by parents than earlier portions. However, authoritative mothers and fathers were generally more likely than nonauthoritative parents to focus interventions in the region of sensitivity across tasks and to shift their interventions contingent on child success or failure. These patterns were also associated with more dyadic success on task as predicted. We discuss relations between these two levels of parenting style. Recently a good deal of attention has been directed to the work of the Russian developmentalist Vygotsky (e.g., 1978), whose theoretical writings focused explicitly on the role of adult-child interaction in the socialization of early cognitive development. Vygotsky argued that all higher planning and organizing functions in development appear twice, initially on the interpersonal plane of social interaction and subsequently on the intrapersonal plane of individual cognitive functioning, following a process of gradual internalization. Most important in terms of the study reported here, Vygotsky's theory entails a specific model for the organization of adult-child "teaching" interactions (e.g., Vygotsky, 1978; Wertsch, McNamee, McLane, & Budwig, 1980). Initially, complex tasks must be accomplished by such a problem-solving dyad, with the adult assuming the directive and organizing functions. The child's role may be simply to enact the specific behaviors assigned to him or her by the adult "tutor. " Gradually, however, as the child becomes more knowledgeable and skilled, he or she takes over more and more of the goal-oriented, planning aspects of the task from the adult. Thus, Vygotsky suggested that learning by
The arithmetic of genus two curves

Genus 2 curves have been an object of much mathematical interest since eighteenth century and continued interest to date. They have become an important tool in many algorithms in cryptographic applications, such as factoring large numbers, hyperelliptic curve cryptography, etc. Choosing genus 2 curves suitable for such applications is an important step of such algorithms. In existing algorithms often such curves are chosen using equations of moduli spaces of curves with decomposable Jacobians or Humbert surfaces. In these lectures we will cover basic properties of genus 2 curves, moduli spaces of (n,n)-decomposable Jacobians and Humbert surfaces, modular polynomials of genus 2, Kummer surfaces, theta-functions and the arithmetic on the Jacobians of genus 2, and their applications to cryptography. The lectures are intended for graduate students in algebra, cryptography, and related areas.
Improved Approximation Schemes for Geometrical Graphs Via Spanners and Banyans

| We give deterministic and randomized algorithms to nd a Euclidean traveling salesman tour (TST) of length within (1 + 1=s) times optimal. They run in O(N log N) time and O(N) space for constant dimension and s. These time and space bounds are optimal in an algebraic computation tree model. We can also nd a (1 + 1=s) times optimal length 2-matching (M2M), edge cover (EC), minimum spanning tree (MST), Steiner minimal tree (SMT), recti-linear ditto (RSMT), and related graphs in the same time bound. This improves recent algorithms of Arora, which had used N (log N) O(s d1) time in xed dimension d to produce a (1 + 1=s) times optimal TST (or SMT, RSMT) with success probability 1=2. To verify success , however, Arora could only use a deterministic version of his algorithm that took a factor of N d more time. The increase in running time for our determin-istic version depends only on s. Arora's approach can also be extended to produce other (1 +)-approximate geometrical graphs besides TSTs, e.g. the minimum matching (MM) and sub-graph versions of the MST and TST problems. Our methods (at least at the moment) don't apply to those problems, but we can produce a 1:001 exp(8 2 11=(d1) p d)-approximate MM in O(N log N) Monte Carlo time. Our algorithms are based on using low-weight Eu-clidean spanner graphs (and generalizations of them) in conjunction with the hierarchical structure theorems that serve as the basis of Arora's work. A \t-spanner" is a graph on N sites such that shortest path distance between two spanner vertices approximates the Euclidean distance to within a factor of t. By making work by Arya, Das, et al. more explicit, we show that a (1 + 1=s)-spanner of N sites in d-space is computable in (sd) O(d) N log N time and (sd) O(d) N space, has maximum valence (sd) O(d) , and is (sd) O(d) times longer than the MST. We show that spanners can in principle be made orders of magnitude shorter and simpler by allowing \Steiner points. " We introduce a remarkable generalization of the NECI, 4 Independence way, Princeton NJ 08544 notion of \t-spanner," the \t-banyan," that t-approximates interconnection costs for site subsets of any cardinality, not just 2. If d 1 and > 0 are xed, we show a (1 +)-banyan of N sites in d-space exists, has O(N) vertices and O(N) …
Where do Features Come from? Evidence from Sign Language

The paper considers sign language phonological features in the context of the basic question about the origin of features. Based on earlier work by Stokoe (1960) and others, I show that signs are comprised of distinctive features which can be discretely listed and which are organized hierarchically (Sandler 1989). In this way sign language feature systems are similar to those of spoken language. However, the inventory of features, similar across sign languages, is necessarily completely different from that of spoken languages, calling into the question claims about innateness for either modality. Moreover, research on a new and initially isolated sign language, Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language, has shown that phonological structure in sign language emerges gradually (Sandler, Aronoff et al 2011), and therefore cannot be assumed to be innate in sign languages. New research into foreign accent in sign language reveals the existence of phonetic features that are not necessarily distinctive and can distinguish one sign language from another. Taken together, the findings suggest that physiological, cognitive, and cultural pressures contribute to the emergence of features.
Gene disruption and replacement as a feasible approach for mutagenesis of Campylobacter jejuni

Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are important causes of human enteric infections. Several determinants of pathogenicity have been proposed based on the clinical features of diarrheal disease and on the phenotypic properties of Campylobacter strains. To facilitate an understanding of the genetic determinants of Campylobacter virulence, we have developed a method for constructing C. jejuni mutants by shuttle mutagenesis. In the example described here, a kanamycin resistance gene was inserted into Campylobacter DNA fragments encoding 16S rRNA cloned in Escherichia coli. These disrupted, modified sequences were returned to C. jejuni via conjugation. Through the apparent process of homologous recombination, the kanamycin resistance-encoding sequences were rescued by chromosomal integration, resulting in the simultaneous gene replacement of one of the 16S sequences of C. jejuni and the loss of the vector. We propose that Campylobacter isogenic mutants could be developed by using this system of shuttle mutagenesis.
Data-driven based aircraft maintenance routing by markov decision process model

Aircraft maintenance routing is of basic significance to the safe and efficient operations of an airline. However, the timely efficiency of the airline flight schedule is susceptible to various factors during the daily operations. Air traffic often undergoes some random disruptions that expose maintenance routing to random flight delays, which have to be considered to ensure safe and operational flight schedule. The idea of data-driven methods was the focal point of much studies during a previous couple of years. Constrained Markov Decision process model was selected in this paper to remedy this problem and design the maintenance needs of an aircraft taking past data information into account. Maintenance actions are so modeled with stochastic state transitions. This can offer the opportunity to solve the maintenance routing problem deliberating and handling flight disturbances. Through computational tests on real data of a Moroccan airline company, we investigate the efficiency of this solution approach on history data sets.
The Geriatric Depression Scale: A Review of Its Development and Utility

This article reviews the significance of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) to practitioners and researchers in clinical gerontology, more than 10 years after the scale was introduced to the scientific community. This report summarizes findings from the most relevant validation studies in which this self-report for assessing depression in elderly people has been tested. Included is discussion of the use of the GDS with specific populations (elderly medical inpatients, nursing home residents, and dementia populations), with description of the scale's psychometric properties and its utility when used with them. This article also provides data on the use of the GDS from more recent studies, including additional information on psychometric properties, influence of source bias, and the international dissemination of the GDS. We conclude that the GDS is a relevant self-report for the assessment of depression in the elderly, given its advantage over other self-reports that are not as easily administered to this age group, its utility in the detection of depression, and its adequate psychometric properties. However, the GDS does not maintain its validity in demented populations because it fails to identify depression in persons with mild to moderate dementia. Finally, some suggestions for future research are made.
Distributed Space-Time Coded Transmission for Mobile Satellite Communication Using Ancillary Terrestrial Component

A mobile satellite broadcasting service including an ancillary terrestrial component (ATC) takes advantage of the satellite's inherent capability to provide broadcast service over global coverage. We consider the downlink transmission concept using ATC with space-time code (STC) for the mobile satellite communication. We do not regard ATC as simply a repeater but consider it as an antenna for STC. First, transmission scenarios for an application of STC are represented. Next, we apply STC in the mobile satellite system including ATC and compare the system performance in the proposed architecture of ATC to that in the conventional structure. The simulation results are compared to the conventional downlink transmission concept for the mobile satellite broadcasting service.
Grandmothers Raising Grandchildren With Disabilities

Sources of support and quality of life of 50 grandmother-headed families raising grandchildren with and without disabilities were examined. Comparative analyses revealed significant differences between grandmothers raising grandchildren with and without disabilities in regard to sources of support and family quality of life. Informal support was significantly higher for grandmothers raising grandchildren without disabilities. In addition, grandmothers raising grandchildren without disabilities rated satisfaction with all aspects of family quality of life except parenting as significantly higher than grandmothers raising grandchildren with disabilities. Correlational analyses showed a moderate correlation between sources of support and family quality of life for both groups of grandmothers. While total informal social support was significantly correlated with satisfaction ratings of family quality of life for both groups of grandmothers, total formal support was significantly correlated with satisfaction ratings of family quality of life only for grandmothers raising grandchildren with disabilities. Multiple regression analyses revealed a significant relationship between presence of child disability and satisfaction ratings of family quality of life.
The Mystery Revealed—Intersectionality in the Black Box: An Analysis of Female Migrants' Employment Opportunities in Urban China

Female migrant workers are doubly disadvantaged in China's urban labor market because of their doubly marginalized identities as both women and rural residents. This article takes a process‐centered approach to explore how female migrants' two identity categories generate intersectional effects on their job‐search experiences in cities. Data from in‐depth interviews conducted in Xi'an city, China, in 2010 and 2011 reveal that three patterns of relationship explain the processes where the gender–hukou (residence status) intersection affects female migrants. In the first pattern, a splintering relationship, hukou and gender work singly to form employment discrimination against female migrants. The second, a contesting relationship, indicates that hukou and gender alternate as the primary identities that affect their employment opportunities. In the third, a collaborating relationship, hukou and gender work together to either positively or negatively shape female migrants' employment prospects. No matter which of the relationships plays out, female migrants' disadvantages as cheap urban laborers have become deeply entrenched in the urban labor market. This can be explained by two powerful social institutions in contemporary China, the hukou system and patriarchy.
SSLPV: subsurface light propagation volumes

This paper presents the Subsurface Light Propagation Volume (SSLPV) method for real-time approximation of subsurface scattering effects in dynamic scenes with changing mesh topology and lighting. SSLPV extends the Light Propagation Volume (LPV) technique for indirect illumination in video games. We introduce a new consistent method for injecting flux from point light sources into an LPV grid, a new rendering method which consistently converts light intensity stored in an LPV grid into incident radiance, as well as a model for light scattering and absorption inside heterogeneous materials. Our scheme does not require any precomputation and handles arbitrarily deforming meshes. We show that SSLPV provides visually pleasing results in real-time at the expense of a few milliseconds of added rendering time.
Coherent Topic Transition in a Conversational Agent

A conversational agent for entertainment and engagement requires the ability to maintain coherent conversations. We describe the use of semantic relatedness to select the next conversational fragment that an agent utters, to maximise dialogue coherence or to possibly suggest new directions for a dialogue. We compare our approach, using a specfic semantic relatedness metric, to an existing nearest-context mechanism based on T F x IDF for selecting fragments to continue a conversation. Evaluation with human judges shows that use of semantic relatedness provides improved coherence across a sample collection of generated conversations.
Small salient target detection using overlapped sub window

A small salient target detection method using overlapped sub window is proposed. Lab color space is employed in the method because the three components are unrelated. Then each of them is divided into overlapped sub window and frequency tuned saliency detection method is applied for each patch. The master saliency map is obtained by fusion of all local saliency maps. Within overlapped regions, the saliency is the result of competition among all saliency values. Compared with random sub window mean method, the advantages of proposed method are three folds. Firstly, no regions are ignored for saliency computation because the selection of sub windows is not random. Secondly, the proposed method avoids repeated computations for lots of overlapped unnecessary sub windows and the proposed method is of high efficiency. And thirdly, the competition strategy within overlapped regions substitutes direct addition in random sub window mean method, as a result, the saliency map demonstrates more accurate salient target region. Results of experiment show its better performance than frequency tuned method especially when there are lots of clutters in the sea background. In addition, results demonstrate that small salient targets can be detected and sea clutters are suppressed deeply.
Computational morphology of English

We describe a computer program for the morphophonological analysis of word forms. The program uses declaratively specified linguistic analyses of spelling or sound changes, and of the rules governing inflectional and derivational morphology. The formalisms within which these analyses are couched can be used to simulate various different theoretical approaches to the description of English, or of other languages. In this paper, examples are given from a description of English within the generalized phrase-structure
Cooperative Continuum Robots: Concept, Modeling, and Workspace Analysis

In this letter, we present cooperative continuum robot (CCR) concept, kineto-static analysis, and model validation. Our motivation is to provide increased reachability and maneuverability required in a wide range of continuum robot applications, such as medical interventions. We present a model for the CCR with a minimum number of unknown parameters by formulating the governing equations of each continuum robot in the local frame. The obtained equations are then reformulated in a scaled and nondimensional iterative scheme, leading to a computationally stable and efficient model of the CCR, at rates that enable real-time simulation, design optimization, and control. As a case study, a coupled catheters system is chosen to perform the experimental verifications of the proposed CCR model. Simulations are also conducted to evaluate the enhancement of the workspace and dexterity of the CCR.
GLI atmosphere sciences

This paper overviews the scientific activities of the ADEOS-II (Midori-II) GLI atmosphere project. The GLI version 2 standard products had been released since November 2004. The optical and microphysical properties of aerosols and clouds were retrieved as the standard products by use of originally developed GLI data analysis system. The cloud flag and the cloud amounts with statistical values were also obtained from GLI data analysis. In addition, the precipitable water over land area using three shortwave infrared channels was newly provided from the version 2. For the research activities of the GLI sciences, the aerosols over the land area are detected by use of GLI near UV channel. In this paper, we will show and discuss the atmospheric features appeared in the GLI products, introduce a new standard product, and validation status of the cloud and aerosol properties.
Cell type-specific transcriptomics of hypothalamic energy-sensing neuron responses to weight-loss

Molecular and cellular processes in neurons are critical for sensing and responding to energy deficit states, such as during weight-loss. Agouti related protein (AGRP)-expressing neurons are a key hypothalamic population that is activated during energy deficit and increases appetite and weight-gain. Cell type-specific transcriptomics can be used to identify pathways that counteract weight-loss, and here we report high-quality gene expression profiles of AGRP neurons from well-fed and food-deprived young adult mice. For comparison, we also analyzed Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing neurons, an intermingled population that suppresses appetite and body weight. We find that AGRP neurons are considerably more sensitive to energy deficit than POMC neurons. Furthermore, we identify cell type-specific pathways involving endoplasmic reticulum-stress, circadian signaling, ion channels, neuropeptides, and receptors. Combined with methods to validate and manipulate these pathways, this resource greatly expands molecular insight into neuronal regulation of body weight, and may be useful for devising therapeutic strategies for obesity and eating disorders. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.09800. 001
Education and Gender Egalitarianism: The Case of China

This study examined Chinese attitudes toward women's careers, marriage rights, sexual freedom, and the importance of having sons using a 1991 national sample of individuals and community-level data and through a series of nested multilevel models. Education influences gender attitudes in multiple ways at both the micro- and macrolevels. Better-educated individuals hold more egalitarian gender attitudes, and this positive effect of individual education is larger for women than for men, indicating a strong empowerment effect for women. Egalitarian gender attitudes trickle down through education, as individuals in communities with high education are socialized toward more egalitarian attitudes. Community education has a larger effect toward the egalitarian direction on the attitude toward the importance of having sons than on the attitude toward women's marriage rights, indicating that change in the latter attitude occurred earlier and has now spread via education. These findings show that education is a vehicle of socialization that is used by both the domestic power elite (the Communist Party) and the Western culture.