Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transverse Stiffness: A Method for Estimation of Myocardial Wall Stress

Determination of regional ventricular wall stress would allow quantification of both regional contractile state and its interplay with global function. Current methods for quantifying regional stress include mathematical modelling and measurements with strain gauges. Both methods are difficult to validate. We hypothesized that transverse stiffness (i.e., the ratio of indentation stress to strain as the ventricular wall is indented in the direction perpendicular to the wall) would be proportional to the stresses in the plane of the wall and could be used to estimate the latter. To test this hypothesis, 6 arterially perfused canine ventricular septa were mounted in an apparatus that could exert biaxial load in the plane of the wall. A servo system maintained the central third of the septa isometric during active contractions while the septa were paced at 30-60 pulses/min. In the center of the isometric region, a probe of 7 mm diameter indented the septa while the transverse indentation stress and strain were measured. For values of peak systolic in-plane stress from 0.56 to 2.6 g/mm2, the transverse stiffness varied from 1.2 to 11.7 g/mm2 and was linearly related to the in-plane wall stress in each septum (p<0.001, ANOVA). After cardioplegia, the transverse stiffness also correlated with passively applied wall stress for each dog (p<0.001). The slopes of the individual relations between transverse stiffness and wall stress from active contractions were similar to those from passively applied stress (mean ± SEM; 1.82 ± 0.36 versus 1.45 ± 0.31, NS). The intercepts with the transverse stiffness axis from active contractions, however, were greater than those from passively applied stress (2.23 ± 0.57 versus −0.16 ± 0.12 g/mm2, p<0.015). Moreover, at similar wall stresses, the transverse stiffness for active contractions was greater than that for passively applied stress (3.1 ± 0.7 versus 1.1 ± 0.2 g/mm2, p<0.005). Thus, regional transverse stiffness appears to allow quantitative estimation of regional in-plane stresses and can distinguish between actively generated and passively applied stress. This approach may allow one to accurately quantify the regional contractile state and to determine whether regional dysfunction is due to abnormal muscle that is not generating stress or to muscle capable of generating stress but which is abnormally loaded. (Circulation Research 1987;61:695-703)
Web unit-based mining of homepage relationships

Homepages usually describe important semantic information about conceptual or physical entities, and are hence the main targets for searching and browsing. To facilitate semantic based information retrieval (IR) at a Web site, homepages can be identified and classified under some pre-defined concepts and these concepts are then used in query or browsing criteria, e.g., finding professor homepages containing “information retrieval”. In some Web sites, relationships may also exist among homepages. These relationship instances (also known as homepage relationships) enrich our knowledge about these Web sites and allow more expressive semantic based IR. In this paper, we investigate the features to be used in mining homepage relationships. We systematically develop different classes of inter-homepage features, namely, navigation, relative-location, and common-item features. We also propose deriving for each homepage a set of support pages so as to obtain richer and more complete content about the entity described by the homepage. The homepage together with its support pages are known to be a Web unit. By extracting inter-homepage features from Web units, our experiments on the WebKB dataset show that better homepage relationship mining accuracies can be achieved.
A Study on Migration Technique Using Program Slicing for Large-Scale Information and Control Systems

The software structure of large-scale information and control systems, such as that for railway and electronic power systems, becomes more and more complicated with all the modifications over long time use. Extension development is made without fixing the existing source code in order to maintain the existing functions. As a result, the source code for the data and data access are scattered throughout the program, and thus, it is difficult to modify them. We present a technique that can be easily modified in this paper to migrate the software structure. For this purpose, we focus on the program composition of information and control systems. These systems monitor facilities, check for differences between the planning and actual situations, and decide on the output to the facilities. This means the data access is composed of planning and facility data. The migration technique extracts the access codes for the planning and facility data from the existing source code using program slicing, and identify them by analyzing the relation of the data access codes. This enables us to manage them so that they do not re-scatter. We applied this technique to actual system software and confirmed its effectiveness.
Evidence that bradykinin stimulates renal prostaglandin synthesis by a mechanism distinct from that of other vasoactive substances.

Arginine-vasopressin (AVP), angiotensin II (AII), and norepinephrine (NE) are known to stimulate prostaglandin (PG) synthesis in the intact rat kidney perfused with Tyrode's solution by a mechanism that requires intracellular Ca2+, while PG synthesis elicited by bradykinin (BK) is independent of Ca2+. To elucidate further the differences in the mechanism of action of BK and other vasoactive agents, in this preparation we have investigated the effect of caffeine, an agent known to interfere with the uptake and storage of Ca2+ in intracellular sites, on renal output of PGE2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha elicited by AVP, AII, NE, and BK; various combinations of the maximal doses of BK, AII, AVP, and NE on renal PG synthesis; and RHC 80267, an inhibitor of diglyceride and monoglyceride lipase, on the output of PGs produced by these vasoactive agents. Infusion of 1 mM caffeine inhibited PG output elicited by AVP, AII, and NE but not that caused by BK in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. Combined administration of maximal doses of BK (2.8 nmol) with that of AII (0.28 nmol), AVP (0.27 nmol), or NE (3.2 nmol) but not AVP and AII, NE and AVP, or NE and AII produced an additive effect on renal PG output in the presence or absence of Ca2+. The renal vasoconstrictor effect of AVP, AII, and NE produced in the presence of Ca2+ was not additive and remained unaltered when given together with BK. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Isomonodromy transformations of linear systems of difference equations

We introduce and study ? isomonodromy? transformations of the matrix linear difference equation Y (z + 1) = A(z)Y (z) with polynomial A(z). Our main result is construction of an isomonodromy action of Zm(n+1)-1 on the space of coefficients A(z) (here m is the size of matrices and n is the degree of A(z)). The (birational) action of certain rank n subgroups can be described by difference analogs of the classical Schlesinger equations, and we prove that for generic initial conditions these difference Schlesinger equations have a unique solution. We also show that both the classical Schlesinger equations and the Schlesinger transformations known in isomonodromy theory, can be obtained as limits of our action in two different limit regimes. Similarly to the continuous case, for m = n = 2 the difference Schlesinger equations and their q-analogs yield discrete Painlev? e equations; examples include dPII, dPIV, dPV, and q-PVI.
Heritability of Face Recognition

To access facial information about identity certainly belongs to the highest visual skills and is part of “visual intelligence” (Hoffman 1998). Faces per se are crucial for nonverbal communication and necessary for directing ones attention (e.g. by gaze direction) and for effective social interactions. Face perception provides a multitude of different information and awareness of that provides critical information about social status, health status, physical attractiveness, gender, age, allowing considerations about one s, life style, nutritional condition, or eventually premature aging. Sexual attractiveness is perceived not only consciously but also unconsciously. An elevated but still physiological level of testosterone in males results in a receding forehead/hairline and is significantly more common in politicians representing “alpha leader”. Woman mate preferences differ according to their cycle-based fertility status regarding among other cues men s facial masculinity (Gangestad et al. 2010). Also, faces allow on-the-spot diagnosis of many genetic syndromes (Gorlin et al. 2001). Face perception (to see a face as a face) is predominantly triggered by the T-shape order of eyes, nose, mouth (Tsao and Livingstone 2004). Face perception is followed by face processing which finally may result in face recognition. Humans are extremely competent to recognize someone by the face alone. This high cognitive skill is very robust and also very rapid and allows individualizing a face out of thousands of familiar and unfamiliar faces. The false-negative and false-positive rates of these multiple daily decisions appear to be extremely low. Face perception is characterized by its simultaneous sensitivity and insensitivity to subtle changes. On the one hand subtle changes complicate the representation of invariant aspects of faces necessary for face recognition. On the other hand these changeable aspects play a central role for social communication (Haxby et al. 2002). Constitution will fluctuate depending on changing life style or physical exercise which is reflected in the face like facial rash; facial skin might be clean, bright, youthful; lips might be dry, cracked, puffy; eyes might be dark, bruised appearance below the eyes. However, face recognition ability is not significantly hampered by these changes.
A survey of compiler optimization techniques

This survey describes the major optimization techniques of compilers and groups them into three categories: machine dependent, architecture dependent, and architecture independent. Machine-dependent optimizations tend to be local and are performed upon short spans of generated code by using particular properties of an instruction set to reduce the time or space required by a program. Architecture-dependent optimizations are global and are performed while generating code. These optimizations consider the structure of a computer, but not its detailed instruction set. Architecture-independent optimizations are also global but are based on analysis of the program flow graph and the dependencies among statements of source program. The paper also presents a conceptual review of a universal optimizer that performs architecture-independent optimizations at source-code level.
Cathepsin G degradation of phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) augments pulmonary inflammation

Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) regulates phospholipid transport in the circulation and is highly expressed within the lung epithelium, where it is secreted into the alveolar space. Since PLTP expression is increased in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), this study aimed to determine how PLTP affects lung signaling and inflammation. Despite its increased expression, PLTP activity decreased by 80% in COPD bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) due to serine protease cleavage, primarily by cathepsin G. Likewise, PLTP BALF activity levels decreased by 20 and 40% in smoke‐exposed mice and in the media of smoke‐treated small airway epithelial (SAE) cells, respectively. To assess how PLTP affected inflammatory responses in a lung injury model, PLTP siRNA or recombinant protein was administered to the lungs of mice prior to LPS challenge. Silencing PLTP at baseline caused a 68% increase in inflammatory cell infiltration, a 120 and 340% increase in ERK and NF‐κB activation, and increased MMP‐9, IL1β and IFN‐γ levels after LPS treatment by 39, 140, and 190%, respectively. Conversely, PLTP protein administration countered these effects in this model. Thus, these findings establish a novel anti‐inflammatory function of PLTP in the lung and suggest that proteolytic cleavage of PLTP by cathepsin G may enhance the injurious inflammatory responses that occur in COPD. —Brehm, A. , Geraghty, P., Campos, M. , Garcia‐Arcos, I. , Dabo, A. J., Gaffney, A. , Eden, E. , Jiang, X. ‐C. , D'Armiento, J., Foronjy, R. Cathepsin G degradation of phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) augments pulmonary inflammation. FASEB J. 28, 2318–2331 (2014). www.fasebj. org
A novel visual tracking with occlusion detection via sparse coefficient analysis

In recently years, visual tracking has achieved great development in the field of computer vision. But occlusion remains a challenging problem. Though sparse representation has been introduced into visual tracking, most of existing visual tracking methods based sparse representation treat the occlusion challenges as one of the special scenes simply, and did not make full use of sparse coefficient. In this paper, a novel occlusion detection via sparse analysis is proposed. We can judge whether the occlusion is happening and determine the definite occlusion area in current frame. And the detection result is introduced into the process of visual tracking in order to exclude the influence of occluding area of target object. In addition, we put forward a novel template update strategy. Both of these strategies collectively help the tracker to reduce the probability of drifting. Experimental results on a series of challenging image sequences demonstrate that the proposed visual tracking method achieves more favorable performance than other state-of-the-art tracking methods.
Failure modeling in a WDM optical burst switched network

Optical fiber is considered an interesting transmission medium due to its capability to transport big volumes of data at high speed. Fiber optic networks have revolutionized communications, making engineers and scientists worldwide dedicate efforts researching and developing new methods and technologies to improve this type of networks. Computational models and dedicated network simulation software have played an important role in the process, opening the possibilities to study and make proposals in this area to everybody. This paper presents a WDM optical burst switching based network simulation, in which four different failure models will be implemented and proved in order to establish a solid foundation for the study of these events and the reestablishment process when they affect the optical network.
Quasi-static typing

We present a new approach to dynamic typing in a static framework. Our main innovation is the use of structural subtyping for dynamic types based on the idea that possible dynamic typing as a property should be inherited by objects of all types. Two properties of our system set it apart from existing systems which combine static and dynamic typing: all tagging and checking takes place via implicit coercions, and the semantics of dynamic typing is representation independent. The latter property leads to a significant increase in expressive power—for instance it allows us to define a general call-by-value fixpoint operator. The resulting system—which we call quasi-static typing—is a seamless merger of static and dynamic typing. The system divides programs into three categories: well-typed, ill-typed and ambivalent programs. Ill-typed programs contain expressions that are guaranteed to go wrong. Run-time checking is limited to doubtful function applications in ambivalent programs. Conceptually, quasi-static typing takes place in an unusual two-phase process—a first phase infers types and coercions and a second plausibility checking phase identifies ill-typed programs. The typing rules allow minimal typing judgements and plausibility checking can be characterized as simplification via a canonical set of rewrite rules. The two phase process can therefore be implemented with a one pass algorithm.
Vascular Dysfunction Induced in Offspring by Maternal Dietary Fat Involves Altered Arterial Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis

Nutrition during development affects risk of future cardiovascular disease. Relatively little is known about whether the amount and type of fat in the maternal diet affect vascular function in the offspring. To investigate this, pregnant and lactating rats were fed either 7%(w/w) or 21%(w/w) fat enriched in either18:2n-6, trans fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, or fish oil. Their offspring were fed 4%(w/w) soybean oil from weaning until day 77. Type and amount of maternal dietary fat altered acetylcholine (ACh)-mediated vaso-relaxation in offspring aortae and mesenteric arteries, contingent on sex. Amount, but not type, of maternal dietary fat altered phenylephrine (Pe)-induced vasoconstriction in these arteries. Maternal 21% fat diet decreased 20:4n-6 concentration in offspring aortae. We investigated the role of Δ6 and Δ5 desaturases, showing that their inhibition in aortae and mesenteric arteries reduced vasoconstriction, but not vaso-relaxation, and the synthesis of specific pro-constriction eicosanoids. Removal of the aortic endothelium did not alter the effect of inhibition of Δ6 and Δ5 desaturases on Pe-mediated vasoconstriction. Thus arterial smooth muscle 20:4n-6 biosynthesis de novo appears to be important for Pe-mediated vasoconstriction. Next we studied genes encoding these desaturases, finding that maternal 21% fat reduced Fads2 mRNA expression and increased Fads1 in offspring aortae, indicating dysregulation of 20:4n-6 biosynthesis. Methylation at CpG −394 bp 5′ to the Fads2 transcription start site predicted its expression. This locus was hypermethylated in offspring of dams fed 21% fat. Pe treatment of aortae for 10 minutes increased Fads2, but not Fads1, mRNA expression (76%; P<0.05). This suggests that Fads2 may be an immediate early gene in the response of aortae to Pe. Thus both amount and type of maternal dietary fat induce altered regulation of vascular tone in offspring though differential effects on vaso-relaxation, and persistent changes in vasoconstriction via epigenetic processes controlling arterial polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis.
Glutamate decarboxylase‐immunoreactive terminals of Golgi‐impregnated axoaxonic cells and of presumed basket cells in synaptic contact with pyramidal neurons of the cat's visual cortex

Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)‐immunoreactive varicosities were found around cell bodies of nonimmunoreactive and immunoreactive neurons in the cat's visual cortex; they also occurred along apical dendrites and axon initial segments of pyramidal neurons. By examination in the electron microscope of structures first identified in the light microscope, it was established that the GAD‐immunoreactive varicosities were boutons in symmetrical synaptic contact with pyramidal cells in layers II‐IV. More than 90% of 142 boutons surrounding the cell bodies of 20 pyramidal neurons were immunoreactive for GAD. Since such a high proportion of the axosomatic boutons are GAD‐immunoreactive, it is likely that the terminals of basket cells are included in this population and so the basket cell probably uses γ‐aminobutyrate as a transmitter, as suggested by previous authors.
Roll-forward error recovery in embedded real-time systems

Roll-forward checkpointing schemes are developed in order to avoid rollback in the presence of independent faults and to increase the possibility that a task completes within a tight deadline. However, despite of the adoption of roll-forward recovery, these schemes are not necessarily appropriate for time-critical applications because interactions with the external environment and communications between processes must be deferred during checkpoint validation steps (typically, two checkpoint intervals) until the fault-free processors are identified. The deadlines on providing services may thus be violated. In this paper we present and discuss two alternative roll-forward recovery schemes, especially for time-critical and interaction-intensive applications, that deliver correct, timely results even when checkpoint validation is required.
Agonism and dominance in female blue monkeys

Agonistic behavior features prominently in hypotheses that explain how social variation relates to ecological factors and phylogenetic constraints. Dominance systems vary along axes of despotism, tolerance, and nepotism, and comparative studies examine cross‐species patterns in these classifications. To contribute to such studies, we present a comprehensive picture of agonistic behavior and dominance relationships in wild female blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis), an arboreal guenon, with data from 9 groups spanning 18 years. We assessed where blue monkeys fall along despotic, tolerant, and nepotistic spectra, how their dominance system compares to other primates, primarily cercopithecines, and whether their agonistic behavior matches socioecological model predictions. Blue monkeys showed low rates of mainly low‐intensity agonism and little counter‐aggression. Rates increased with rank and group size. Dominance asymmetry varied at different organizational levels, being more pronounced at the level of interactions than dyad or group. Hierarchies were quite stable, had moderate‐to‐high linearity and directional consistency and moderate steepness. There was clear maternal rank inheritance, but inconsistent adherence to Kawamura's rules. There was little between‐group variation, although hierarchy metrics showed considerable variation across group‐years. Overall, blue monkeys have moderately despotic, moderately tolerant, and nepotistic dominance hierarchies. They resemble other cercopithecines in having significantly linear and steep hierarchies with a generally stable, matriline‐based structure, suggesting a phylogenetic basis to this aspect of their social system. Blue monkeys most closely match Sterck et al.'s [1997] Resident–Nepotistic–Tolerant dominance category, although they do not fully conform to predictions of any one socioecological model. Our results suggest that socioecological models might better predict variation within than across clades, thereby incorporating both ecological variables and phylogenetic constraints. Our findings also highlight the need for clearer definitions of socioecologically relevant dominance categories, which would ideally derive from quantitative measures of dominance behavior. Intraspecific and methodological variation may, however, be a challenge. Am. J. Primatol. 77:1299–1315, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Body condition score and its correlation with ultrasonographic back fat thickness in transition crossbred cows

Aim: The aim was to study the effect of the transition to body condition score (BCS) and ultrasonographic back fat thickness (USG BFT) in crossbred cows. Materials and Methods: A total of 101 multiparous crossbred cows in advanced pregnancy from organized dairy farm were taken up for study. The cows were grouped according to transition stage, i.e. far off dry (FOD), close up dry (CUD) and fresh (F). BCS was estimated by using the five point visual BCS technique with 0.5 increments. The USG BFT was measured by real-time ultrasound using a portable Sonosite instrument. Results: In cows with BCS 2-2.5, the BFT of F period was significantly lower than FOD period. In cows with BCS 3-3.5, the mean BFT at F period was significantly reduced as compared to FOD and CUD period. The overall correlation coefficient between BCS and BFT for different transition stages was 84%, 79% and 75% for FOD, CUD and F period, respectively. Conclusion: The USG BFT gives an accurate measure of fat reserves in cows. The cows with BCS of ≥3.5 entering the transition period are more prone to lose body condition and hence require better and robust management during the transition period.