Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biller : Kernel smoothing of Aalen ’ s linear regression model

The linear regression model by Aalen for failure time analysis allows the inclusion of time{dependent c o variates as well as the variation of covariate eeects over time. For estimation Aalen considers cumulative hazard functions and derives estimates by applying counting process theory. Since often hazard functions themselves are of primary interest rather than cumulative hazard functions, in this paper we consider kernel estimation of the hazard functions, particularly in the presence of time{dependent c o-variates. Diierent kinds of bandwidths and kernel functions are discussed. A comparison of the considered methods is illustrated by data from the Stanford Heart Transplant S t u d y. linear hazard regression modell tail problemm time{dependent c o variatess time{varying eeects.
Mammographic Breast Density and Common Genetic Variants in Breast Cancer Risk Prediction

Introduction Known prediction models for breast cancer can potentially by improved by the addition of mammographic density and common genetic variants identified in genome-wide associations studies known to be associated with risk of the disease. We evaluated the benefit of including mammographic density and the cumulative effect of genetic variants in breast cancer risk prediction among women in a Singapore population. Methods We estimated the risk of breast cancer using a prospective cohort of 24,161 women aged 50 to 64 from Singapore with available mammograms and known risk factors for breast cancer who were recruited between 1994 and 1997. We measured mammographic density using the medio-lateral oblique views of both breasts. Each woman’s genotype for 75 SNPs was simulated based on the genotype frequency obtained from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium data and the cumulative effect was summarized by a genetic risk score (GRS). Any improvement in the performance of our proposed prediction model versus one containing only variables from the Gail model was assessed by changes in receiver-operating characteristic and predictive values. Results During 17 years of follow-up, 680 breast cancer cases were diagnosed. The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 1.60 (1.22–2.10), 2.20 (1.65–2.92), 2.33 (1.71–3.20), 2.12 (1.43–3.14), and 3.27 (2.24–4.76) for the corresponding mammographic density categories: 11-20cm2, 21-30cm2, 31-40cm2, 41-50cm2, 51-60cm2, and 1.10 (1.03–1.16) for GRS. At the predicted absolute 10-year risk thresholds of 2.5% and 3.0%, a model with mammographic density and GRS could correctly identify 0.9% and 0.5% more women who would develop the disease compared to a model using only the Gail variables, respectively. Conclusion Mammographic density and common genetic variants can improve the discriminatory power of an established breast cancer risk prediction model among females in Singapore.
Integrated genomic approaches identify upregulation of SCRN1 as a novel mechanism associated with acquired resistance to erlotinib in PC9 cells harboring oncogenic EGFR mutation

Therapies targeting the tyrosine kinase activity of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) have been proven to be effective in treating a subset of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients harboring activating EGFR mutations. Inevitably these patients develop resistance to the EGFR-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Here, we performed integrated genomic analyses using an in vitro system to uncover alternative genomic mechanisms responsible for acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs. Specifically, we identified 80 genes whose expression is significantly increased in the erlotinib-resistant clones. RNAi-based systematic synthetic lethal screening of these candidate genes revealed that suppression of one upregulated transcript, SCRN1, a secernin family member, restores sensitivity to erlotinib by enhancing inhibition of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis revealed increased levels of SCRN1 in 5 of 11 lung tumor specimens from EGFR-TKIs resistant patients. Taken together, we propose that upregulation of SCRN1 is an additional mechanism associated with acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs and that its suppression serves as a novel therapeutic strategy to overcome drug resistance in these patients.
Development of a Model for Charge Transport in Conjugated Polymers

A finite element model for charge transport in conjugated polymers is developed based on transport equations for ionic and electronic charge coupled with the Poisson equation. The model behavior is fully explored, and its complexity is gradually increased to realize a full model that treats non-Fickian diffusion through nonconstant coefficients and that includes ion transport in the electrolyte. The simulation results are compared qualitatively with the experimental results for an ion-barrier-covered PPy(DBS) film during electrochemical reduction, and the model is found to successfully account for the dominant behaviors, including the emergence of a front. One of the key findings of the simulations is that migration must be taken into account to correctly describe ion ingress: none of the various simulations in which ion transport was only by diffusion predicted the experimental results. Another is that the front velocity is proportional to the applied voltage, as found experimentally, and that the cation.
Second generation Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics

Computer simulation methods, such as Monte Carlo or molecular dynamics, are very powerful theoretical techniques to provide detailed and essentially exact informations on rather complex classical many‐body problems. With the advent of ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD), where finite‐temperature dynamical trajectories are generated using interatomic forces which are calculated on the fly using accurate electronic structure calculations, the scope of computational research has been greatly extended. This review is intended to outline the basic principles as well as being a survey of the field. Beginning with the derivation of Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics, the Car–Parrinello method and the recently devised Car–Parrinello‐like approach to Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics, which unifies the best of both schemes are discussed. The predictive power of the latter second‐generation Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics approach is demonstrated by several applications ranging from liquid metals to semiconductors and water. This development allows for ab initio simulations on much larger length and timescales than previously thought feasible.
The Observable Students’ Divergent Approach as Experienced in a Seminar on Language Teaching Class

This study aims at observing the undergraduate students’ divergent approach experience toward their language teaching seminar’ presentation and discussion. Ninety-one students (n=91) of English education department participated as the respondents. Data collection used a random sampling, whereas data analysis was examined through the descriptive statistics, simple correlation and two-tailed regression analysis with the significance level of . 05. The divergent approach was found as a moderate category. The findings showed that M=17.44; SD=2.829 for learning control and objectives, M=19.70; SD=3.638 for language awareness, and M=11.97; SD=2.095 for students’ interaction with the significance level of F=62.564; R²=. 683; and p<. 00. The partial linearity analysis of learning control and objectives showed that t=3.645; p=. 000, language awareness was t=2.648; p=. 010, and students interaction was t=4.341; p=. 000. These three predictors contributed a positive and significant influence toward the divergent approach. In further, a step-wise equivalence was applied to accommodate the two-tailed regression analysis, where its equivalence was Y=1.014+. 381X1+. 253X2+. 660X3
The System Architecture of the Open European Nephrology Science Centre

The amount and heterogeneity of data in biomedical research, notably in interdisciplinary research, requires new methods for the collection, presentation and analysis of information. Important data from laboratory experiments as well as patient trials are available but come out of distributed resources. The Charite Medical School in Berlin has established together with the German Research Foundation (DFG) a new information service center for kidney diseases and transplantation (Open European Nephrology Science Centre OpEN.SC). The system is based on a service-oriented architecture (SOA) with main and auxiliary modules arranged in four layers. To improve the reuse and efficient arrangement of the services the functionalities are described as business processes using the standardised Business Process Execution Language (BPEL). Keywords—Software development management, Business data processing, Knowledge based systems in medicine
Effect of phase III cardiac rehabilitation and relaxation on the quality of life in patients with cardiac syndrome X

Background: Cardiac syndrome X is a relatively common disorder, and still not much is known about the causative factors or its pathophysiology, which makes it difficult to cure. Due to its chronic nature and debilitating symptoms, many patients have significantly reduced quality of life (QOL). The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of phase III cardiac rehabilitation (CR) and relaxation on the QOL of patients. Materials and Methods: This research is a randomized clinical trial study. Forty eligible and consenting women (age 30-65 years) were randomly assigned to four groups. In the first group (n = 11), progressive muscle relaxation (PMR); in the second group (n = 11), phase III CR; and in the third group (n = 11), PMR along with phase III CR were performed for 8 weeks at home. The fourth group (n = 7) was used as the control group. Short form of QOL questionnaire (SF-36) was used for data gathering. Data analysis was performed using χ2, Kruskal-Wallis, and rank sum difference tests. Results: After phase III CR, relaxation, and combination of CR and relaxation, patients demonstrated improved QOL (P < 0.001). The results of post-test multiple comparisons showed that there were statistically significant differences between control and all intervention groups (P < 0.05). There was also statistically significant difference between relaxation and combination of phase III CR and relaxation groups (P < 0.5). Conclusions: An 8-week phase III CR program together with relaxation improved QOL of patients with cardiac syndrome X. We suggest phase III CR program together with relaxation as an effective treatment in these patients.
Thermochronology and exhumation rates of granitic intrusions at Mesa Central, Mexico

ABSTRACT The Mesa Central of Mexico (MC) is an elevated plateau located 2000 m above sea level in central Mexico, where intrusions outcrop that register the history of exhumation-erosion occurring during the Late Cretaceous-Paleogene. The tectonic history of the region records formation of the Late Cretaceous-Paleogene ‘Mexican orogen’; this was followed by extension of the entire region and several plutons were then exhumed. The age and magnitude of the crustal uplift and erosion occurring during exhumation has not been addressed to date. Therefore, this study reports the crystallization and cooling ages of two plutons, the Tesorera Granodiorite and the Comanja Granite, and estimates their emplacement depths. Based on these data, the exhumation age of the Tesorera Granodiorite is estimated to be between ~73 Ma and ~63 Ma at an exhumation rate of ~528 m/m. y. and that of the Comanja Granite is 52 Ma and 48 Ma at an exhumation rate of ~2500 m/m. y. Exhumation-erosion event of the Tesorera Granodiorite was located on the trace of the San Luis-Tepehuanes Fault System and that of the Comanja Granite on the a trace of the El Bajío Fault System. Furthermore, the high exhumation rate in the Comanja Granite suggests that gravitational collapse played an important role during exhumation.
A NEW FUZZY CONTROLLER AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED

A model-based neuro-fuzzy controller for non-linear systems is proposed. The neural network provides a non-linear model of the process being controlled. The non-linear space of the network is divided into small linear regions. For each of these regions linear state controllers can be designed automatically. To ensure a smooth transition between different regions fuzzy membership functions are used. A comparison of different controllers shows the capability of the proposed approach. Applications for this kind of controllers are systems in changing environments requiring adaptive control without human help. An example is an experiment carried out at the Research Center Karlsruhe, where a balloon transports instruments to measure the concentration of trace gases in the atmosphere. The orientation of the instruments (mainly a spectrometer) has to be stabilized while the balloon is pitching. Other parameters vary with time and temperature (like the friction of the motor) and cannot be set properly on ground. Therefore an adaptive controller is necessary. Results obtained with the controller described in this paper are shown.
Black Box Anomaly Detection in Multi-Cloud Environment

Automatic identification of anomalies for performance diagnosis in the cloud computing is a fundamental and challenging issue. TPA is interested to identifies these anomalies and remove them so that the performance of the cloud systems increased. In this paper we are proposing an Automatic Black Box Anomaly Detector which can find anomalies automatically with minimum human intervention. Using this detector we can find old and even new anomalies created in the cloud computing systems even if we don’t have knowledge of source code (i.e. black box testing). Automatic black box anomaly detection is a two step process in which first of all data from different sources is collected and transform it into a common form that is act as input for black box anomaly detector and secondly anomaly detection is performed.
Maternal ECG removal from non-invasive fetal ECG recordings

Fetal monitoring during pregnancy is important to support medical decision making. The fetal electrocardiogram (fECG) is a valuable signal to diagnose fetal well-being. Non-invasive recording of the fECG is performed by positioning electrodes on the maternal abdomen. The signal to noise ratio of these recordings is relatively low and the main undesired signal is the maternal electrocardiogram (mECG). Existing methods to remove the mECG signal are not sufficiently accurate to extract the complete fECG signal. In this paper, a novel method for removal of the mECG signal from abdominal recordings is presented. It is an extension of the linear prediction method. Each mECG complex is segmented and these segments are separately estimated by linear prediction. Both the presented method and the standard linear prediction are applied to simulated abdominal recordings and evaluated by determining the rms errors between the estimated and the actual fECG signals. The ratio between the rms errors of the linear prediction method and the presented method varies between 0.4 dB and 2.3 dB. It can therefore be concluded that the presented method is capable of a more accurate removal of the mECG signal for all simulated abdominal recordings with respect to the linear prediction method
Image watermarking based on scale-space representation

This paper proposes a novel method for content-based watermarking based on feature points of an image. At each feature point, watermark is embedded after affine normalization according to the local characteristic scale and orientation. The characteristic scale is the scale at which the normalized scale-space representation of an image attains a maximum value, and the characteristic orientation is the angle of the principal axis of an image. By binding watermarking with the local characteristics of an image, resilience against affine transformations can be obtained. Experimental results show that the proposed method is robust against various image processing steps including affine transformations, cropping, filtering and JPEG compression.
Enhanced nonlinear response of Ne 8+ to intense ultrafast x rays

We investigate the possible reasons for the discrepancy between the theoretical two-photon ionization cross section, $\ensuremath{\sim}\phantom{\rule{-0.16em}{0ex}}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}56}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{4}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}$, of Ne${}^{8+}$ obtained within the perturbative nonrelativistic framework for monochromatic light [S. Novikov and A. Hopersky, J. Phys. B 34, 4857 (2001)] and the experimental value, $7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}54}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{4}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}$, reported in [G. Doumy et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 083002 (2011)] at a photon energy of 1110 eV. To this end, we consider Ne${}^{8+}$ exposed to deterministic and chaotic ensembles of intense x-ray pulses. The time-dependent configuration interaction singles (TDCIS) method is used to quantitatively describe nonlinear ionization of Ne${}^{8+}$ induced by coherent intense ultrashort x-ray laser pulses. The impact of the bandwidth of a chaotic ensemble of x-ray pulses on the effective two-photon ionization cross section is studied within the lowest nonvanishing order of perturbation theory. We find that, at a bandwidth of 11 eV, the effective two-photon ionization cross section of Ne${}^{8+}$ at a photon energy of 1110 eV amounts to $5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}57}$ and $1.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}55}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{4}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}$ for a deterministic ensemble and a chaotic ensemble, respectively. We show that the enhancement obtained for a chaotic ensemble of pulses originates from the presence of the one-photon 1${s}^{2}$-1$s$4$p$ resonance located at 1127 eV. Using the TDCIS approach, we also show that, for currently available radiation intensities, two-photon ionization of a 1$s$ electron in neutral neon remains less probable than one-photon ionization of a valence electron.
Stopping Criteria for Eigensolvers

In most iterative methods for solving linear systems, the stopping criterion is based on the backward error. In this paper, after having recalled the situation for linear systems and showed that backward analysis can be used on eigenproblems, we present similar stopping criteria for eigensolvers. We also present link between the backward error and the forward error using the condition number. Numerical experiments with symmetric eigensolvers (Jacobi and Lanczos method) and with nonsymmetric ones (QR algorithm, subspace iteration and Arnoldi-Tchebychee method) illustrate the choice of the backward error.
Optical and X-ray Variability in The Least Luminous AGN , NGC 4395

We report the detection of optical and X-ray variability in the least luminous known Seyfert galaxy, NGC 4395. Between July 1996 and January 1997 the featureless continuum changed by a factor of 2, which is typical of more luminous AGN. The largest variation was seen at shorter wavelengths, so that the spectrum becomes ‘harder’ during higher activity states. During the same period the broad emission-line flux changed by ∼ 20 − 30 per cent. In a one week optical broad band monitoring program, a 20 per cent change was seen between successive nights. The difference in flux observed between the spectroscopy of July 1996 and the broad-band observations implies variation by a factor of 3 at 4400 Å in just one month. In the same period, the spectral shape changed from a power law with spectral index α ∼ 0 (characteristic of quasars) to a spectral index α ∼ 2 (as observed in other dwarf AGN). ROSAT HRI and PSPC archive data show a variable X-ray source coincident with the galactic nucleus. A change in X-ray flux by a factor ∼ 2 in 15 days has been observed. When compared with more luminous AGN, NGC 4395 appears to be very X-ray quiet. The hardness ratio obtained from the PSPC data suggests that the spectrum could be absorbed. We also report the discovery of weak CaIIK absorption, suggesting the presence of a young stellar cluster providing of the order of 10% of the blue light. The stellar cluster may be directly observed as a diffuse component in HST optical imaging. Using HST UV archive data, together with the optical and X-ray observations, we examine the spectral energy distribution for NGC 4395 and discuss the physical conditions implied by the nuclear activity under the standard AGN model. When in the low state, the extrapolated UV continuum is insufficient to explain the observed broad emission-lines. This could be explained by intrinsic variability or absorption or may imply an extra heating source for the BLR. The observations can be explained by either an accreting massive black hole emitting at about 10 LEdd or by a single old compact SNR with an age of 50 to 500 years generated by a small nuclear starburst.
Cross-Cultural Issues in Survey Translation: Translation of Meaning and Meaning of Translation

The paper outlines the translation process involved in the ORC Macro’s evaluation of the State Department’s International Visitor Leadership Program (IVLP) in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Georgia. The IVLP is a long-running program in which foreign professionals and prospective leaders from all over the world have the opportunity to participate in funded short-term visits to the United States to improve their professional practices and career positions, as well as to provide opportunities for them to learn first-hand how democratic institutions and processes, free-market economies, and other values of Western democracy and American society are manifested in professional and daily life. The present paper adds to the growing literature on translation issues by delineating a step-by-step translation process that could be used as a blueprint for adjusting translation methods of a survey instrument to fit a particular cultural context. The paper also highlights the importance of attending to the theoretical issues in the translation process, outlines specific phases of the translation process, presents the modified de-centering translation technique adapted for the project, describes the types of translation equivalences that were addressed, and discusses contextual factors inherent in the translation process. In the process of addressing such a variety of issues, the paper underscores that the meaning and the purpose of the translation process is to provide a qualitative approach for the instrument development that maps contexts of people’s lives, documents emic-etic aspects of cross-cultural research, and fosters collaborations with all stakeholders of the research project.
SLAM combining ToF and high-resolution cameras

This paper describes an extension to the Monocular Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (MonoSLAM) method that relies on the images provided by a combined high resolution Time of Flight (HR-ToF) sensor. In its standard formulation MonoSLAM estimates the depth of each tracked feature as the camera moves. This depth estimation depends both on the quality of the feature tracking and the previous camera position estimates. Additionally, MonoSLAM requires a set of known features to initialize the scale of the map and the world coordinate system. We propose to use the combined high resolution ToF sensor to incorporate depth measures into the MonoSLAM framework while keeping the accuracy of the feature detection. In practice, we use a ToF (Time of Flight) and a high-resolution (HR) camera in a calibrated and synchronized set-up and modify the measurement model and observation updates of MonoSLAM. The proposed method does not require known features to initialize a map. Experiments show first, that the depth measurements in our method improve the results of camera localization when compared to the MonoSLAM approach using HR images alone; and second, that HR images are required for reliable tracking.