Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Two Strategies for Response to 14°C Cold-Water Immersion: Is there a Difference in the Response of Motor, Cognitive, Immune and Stress Markers?

Here, we address the question of why some people have a greater chance of surviving and/or better resistance to cold-related-injuries in prolonged exposure to acute cold environments than do others, despite similar physical characteristics. The main aim of this study was to compare physiological and psychological reactions between people who exhibited fast cooling (FC; n = 20) or slow cooling (SC; n = 20) responses to cold water immersion. Individuals in whom the Tre decreased to a set point of 35.5°C before the end of the 170-min cooling time were indicated as the FC group; individuals in whom the Tre did not decrease to the set point of 35.5°C before the end of the 170-min cooling time were classified as the SC group. Cold stress was induced using intermittent immersion in bath water at 14°C. Motor (spinal and supraspinal reflexes, voluntary and electrically induced skeletal muscle contraction force) and cognitive (executive function, short term memory, short term spatial recognition) performance, immune variables (neutrophils, leucocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, IL-6, TNF-α), markers of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity (cortisol, corticosterone) and autonomic nervous system activity (epinephrine, norepinephrine) were monitored. The data obtained in this study suggest that the response of the FC group to cooling vs the SC group response was more likely an insulative–hypothermic response and that the SC vs the FC group displayed a metabolic–insulative response. The observations that an exposure time to 14°C cold water—which was nearly twice as short (96-min vs 170-min) with a greater rectal temperature decrease (35.5°C vs 36.2°C) in the FC group compared with the SC group—induces similar responses of motor, cognitive, and blood stress markers were novel. The most important finding is that subjects with a lower cold-strain-index (SC group) showed stimulation of some markers of innate immunity and suppression of markers of specific immunity.
Lessons from the past: Why data-driven states harm future information-centric networking

Information-centric networking (ICN) raises data objects to first class routable entities in the network and changes the Internet paradigm from host-centric connectivity to data-oriented publish/subscribe. We revisit the data-centric paradigm from the perspective of security and resilience and question its applicability in an open, widely distributed routing and forwarding service. Current concepts of content routing are built on data-driven protocol events and thereby introduce a strong coupling of the control to the data plane in the underlying routing infrastructure. In this paper, we explore the vulnerability of the distribution backbone. Based on a straight-forward analytical model we show that local systems cannot be protected from the threats of data-driven state management on an Internet scale. By practical evaluations using the example of the CCNx implementation, we further analyze threats to stability and performance of a data-driven infrastructure that refrains from separating the control from the data plane. We identify intrinsic attack vectors, as well as possibilities and limitations to mitigate them. Our overall findings suggest that major architectural refinements are required prior to global ICN deployment in the real world.
A Computational Logic Approach to Human Spatial Reasoning

We present a new approach with respect to spatial reasoning problems by using logic programs. Because the weak completion of a logic program admits a least model under the three-valued Lukasiewicz semantics and this semantics has been successfully applied to other human reasoning tasks, conditionals are evaluated under these least L-models. We show that the weak completion semantics can also handle spatial relations in a way humans do. In particular, we develop a computational logic approach to spatial reasoning and show that the weak completion semantics computes preferred mental models.
Pediatric Tuberculosis in Young Children in India: A Prospective Study

Background. India has one of the highest tuberculosis (TB) burdens globally. However, few studies have focused on TB in young children, a vulnerable population, where lack of early diagnosis results in poor outcomes. Methods. Young children (≤5 years) with suspected TB were prospectively enrolled at a tertiary hospital in Pune, India. Detailed clinical evaluation, HIV testing, mycobacterial cultures, and drug susceptibility testing were performed. Results. 223 children with suspected TB were enrolled. The median age was 31 months, 46% were female, 86% had received BCG, 57% were malnourished, and 10% were HIV positive. 12% had TB disease (definite or probable), 35% did not have TB, while TB could not be ruled out in 53%. Extrapulmonary disease was noted in 46%, which was predominantly meningeal. Tuberculin skin test (TST) was positive in 20% of children with TB. Four of 7 (57%) children with culture-confirmed TB harbored drug-resistant (DR) strains of whom 2 (50%) were multi-DR (MDR). In adjusted analyses, HIV infection, positive TST, and exposure to household smoke were found to be significantly associated with children with TB (P ≤ 0.04). Mortality (at 1 year) was 3 of 26 (12%) and 1 of 79 (1%), respectively, in children with TB and those without TB (P < 0.05). Conclusions. Diagnosis of TB is challenging in young children, with high rates of extra-pulmonary and meningeal disease. While the data on DR-TB are limited by the small sample size, they are however concerning, and additional studies are needed to more accurately define the prevalence of DR strains in this vulnerable population.
Novel Nonviral Vectors Target Cellular Signaling Pathways: Regulated Gene Expression and Reduced Toxicity

Advances in cell biology over the last several decades have allowed for a much greater understanding of the regulation of cellular processes. Many of these revelations have provided substantial details regarding the key players in cellular pathways and the role small-molecule ligands may play in controlling their function. Although much progress has been made in these areas, optimization of nonviral gene delivery vectors has not met with similar success. Many of the issues that have plagued the field, such as limited transgene activity, difficulty with specific cell targeting, inflammatory responses, and degradation of the vector, among others, continue to limit the efficacy of these delivery systems. In this study, we investigate several cellular pathways in an effort to develop more efficient nonviral vectors. To increase nuclear uptake of the transgene, we explored the use of nuclear localization sequences (NLS) incorporated into our plasmid. The results indicated that the NLS did significantly increase gene expression under several circumstances in the presence of small-molecule ligands, as indicated by both in vitro and in vivo studies. Furthermore, to decrease inflammatory response to the vectors, additional studies were performed to demonstrate that the incorporation of free anti-inflammatory ligands into liposome formulations does not affect transgene activity but is able to significantly decrease the inflammatory response. Overall, these examples provide hope that free ligand can be used to effectively mediate cellular processes to overcome some of the obstacles limiting the success of gene therapy.
Epilepsy and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: links, risks, and challenges

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has a prevalence rate of 7%–9% in the general population of children. However, in children with epilepsy, ADHD has been found to be present in 20%–50% of patients. This paper provides a review of ADHD prevalence in pediatric epilepsy populations and reviews data on specific symptom presentation and attention deficits in patients with epilepsy. This paper also reviews evidence-based treatments for ADHD and specifically the treatment of ADHD as a comorbid condition in children with epilepsy.
Human Cerebrovascular Response to Combined Hypoxia and Hypercapnia

The N2O technique was used in 6 human subjects to measure cerebral blood flow and metabolism during hypoxia and hypercapnia induced by the inhalation of 10% O2-5% CO2. Ventilation increased from 7.7 to 46.3 liters/min; Pao2 decreased from 88 to 62 mm Hg; Paco2 increased from 38 to 45 mm Hg (for each P <.01). Mean cerebral blood flow increased from 56 to 97 ml/100 g/min (P <.01). Because cerebral O2 consumption was unchanged, the technique of estimating changes in cerebral flow from arterial-jugular venous O2 differences was used to follow changes during the first 10 min of inhalation of 10% O2-5% CO2 in 6 additional subjects. The rapidity of cerebral vasodilatation was increased by this combination of stimuli. The enhanced respiratory response produced by breathing 10% O2-5% CO2 appeared responsible for the more rapid cerebrovascular response and may offer some protective benefits. Comparisons of the present data with previous studies lead to the conclusion that simultaneous hypoxia and hypercapnia have additive dilator effects on the cerebral vasculature. Thus, the observed increases in cerebral flow were the sum of their individual effects.
Differential and Linear Cryptanalysis of ARX with Partitioning - Application to FEAL and Chaskey

In this work, we refine a partitioning technique recently proposed by Biham and Carmeli to improve the linear cryptanalysis of addition operations, and we propose an analogue improvement of differential cryptanalysis of addition operations. These two technique can reduce the data complexity of linear and differential attacks, at the cost of more processing time. Our technique can be seen of the analogue for ARX ciphers of partial key guess and partial decryption for SPN ciphers. We show a first application of the generalized linear partitioning technique on FEAL-8X, revisiting the attack of Biham and Carmeli. We manage to reduce the data complexity from 2 14 to 2 12 known plaintexts, while the time complexity increases from 2 45 to 2 47. Then, we use these technique to analyze Chaskey, a recent MAC proposal by Mouha et al., that is being studied for standardisation by ISO and ITU-T. Chaskey uses an ARX structure very similar to SipHash. We use a differential-linear attack with improvements from the partitioning technique, combined with a convolution-based method to reduce the time complexity. This leads to an attack on 6 rounds with 2 25 data and 2 28.6 time (verified experimentally), and an attack on 7 rounds with 2 48 data and 2 67 time. These results show that the full version of Chaskey with 8 rounds has a rather small security margin.
Enhanced Sparse Bayesian Learning via Statistical Thresholding for Signals in Structured Noise

In this paper we address the problem of sparse signal reconstruction. We propose a new algorithm that determines the signal support applying statistical thresholding to accept the active components of the model. This adaptive decision test is integrated into the sparse Bayesian learning method, improving its accuracy and reducing convergence time. Moreover, we extend the formulation to accept multiple measurement sequences of signal contaminated by structured noise in addition to white noise. We also develop analytical expressions to evaluate the algorithm estimation error as a function of the problem sparsity and indeterminacy. By simulations, we compare the performance of the proposed algorithm with respect to other existing methods. We show a practical application processing real data of a polarimetric radar to separate the target signal from the clutter.
Extracellular diffusion is fast and isotropic in the stratum radiatum of hippocampal CA1 region in rat brain slices

Molecular transport in brain extracellular space (ECS) is hindered by the structure of the tissue. Diffusion analysis of small extracellular markers quantifies tissue hindrance, expressed as tortuosity λ = (D/D*)1/2, where D is the free diffusion coefficient and D* is the effective diffusion coefficient in tissue. In healthy brain, λ is ≈1.6, but the nature of this parameter is poorly understood. We report that the stratum radiatum of the hippocampal CA1 region in vitro, previously shown to be anisotropic (i.e., different along the x‐, y‐, and z‐axes) in in vivo study, is isotropic like somatosensory neocortex but has a reduced λ. Diffusion of fluorophore‐labeled dextran (f‐dex, Mr 3,000) and tetramethylammonium (TMA+, Mr 74) was measured in rat brain slices (400 μm) using integrative optical imaging (IOI) and real‐time iontophoresis (RTI), respectively. In the stratum radiatum, diffusion of f‐dex was similar along the x‐, y‐, and z‐axes (λx, λy; λz were 1.55, 1.53, and 1.55), but the tortuosity was significantly lower than in the neocortex, where λ = 1.81. This finding was confirmed by the RTI method, which measured λ with TMA+, a much smaller molecule, and determined volume fraction α, the proportion of tissue occupied by the ECS. In stratum radiatum, λx, λy, and λz were 1.47, 1.44, and 1.46, while in neocortex, λ was 1.65. The ECS volume fraction was similar (0.24) in both regions. It is proposed that in the hippocampus, low λ reflects a reduced occurrence of concave extracellular microdomains, referred to as dead spaces, which increase tortuosity by transient trapping of markers. Functionally, a low λ may permit structural plasticity and facilitate extrasynaptic communication. It may also enhance the spread of neuroactive substances and thus contribute to the sensitivity of the hippocampal CA1 region to ischemia and epilepsy. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bezsenność i stosowanie leków nasennych wśród osób starszych przebywających w domach opieki

Bezsenno¶ae i stosowanie lekow nasennych u osob w wieku podesz³ym Wstep . Celem pracy by³a ocena czesto¶ci problemow z zapocz±tkowaniem i utrzymaniem snu u osob powy? ej 65. roku ? ycia przebywaj±cych w domach opieki, zwi±zku tych zaburzen z otepieniem i depresj± oraz czesto¶ci stosowania lekow nasennych. Materia³ i metody . Badaniem objeto 194 osoby przebywaj±ce w gdanskich domach opieki (w tym 148 kobiet i 46 me? czyzn), w wieku powy? ej 65 lat (¶r. wieku: 79,5 roku). W badaniu wykorzystano skrocon± wersje Geriatrycznej Skali Oceny Depresji (GDS), Krotk± Skale Oceny Stanu Psychicznego (MMSE) oraz kwestionariusz zawieraj±cy pytania dotycz±ce wystepuj±cych objawow, w tym zaburzen snu. Wyniki . Problemy z zasypianiem zg³asza³o 59,3%, a zbyt wczesne budzenie sie - 48,9% wszystkich badanych. U pacjentow z objawami depresji cze¶ciej ni? w grupie bez depresji stwierdzano zbyt wczesne budzenie sie rano, problemy z zasypianiem i drzemki w ci±gu dnia. U pacjentow z objawami zaburzen poznawczych cze¶ciej ni? u osob zdrowych wystepowa³y problemy z zasypianiem oraz drzemki w ci±gu dnia. Leki nasenne przewlekle przyjmowa³o 10,3% wszystkich badanych. Wnioski . Zaburzenia snu s± bardzo czeste w¶rod osob przebywaj±cych w domach opieki. Objawy otepienne i depresyjne zwiekszaj± czesto¶ae zaburzen snu. Brak odpowiedniej opieki lekarskiej mo? e prowadziae do nieprawid³owego stosowania lekow nasennych.
HD mouse models reveal clear deficits in learning to perform a simple instrumental response

Mouse models of Huntington’s disease (HD) were trained to acquire one of two simple instrumental responses (a lever press or a nosepoke) to obtain food reinforcement. Animals from several HD strains revealed apparently progressive deficits in this task, being significantly less able than littermate controls to perform the required responses, at ages where motor function is only mildly affected. These data could provide a simple way to measure learning deficits in these mouse models, likely related to the characteristic pattern of neural damage observed in HD mouse models.
Law's Limited Domain Confronts Morality's Universal Empire

There is an ongoing debate in contemporary jurisprudence over whether law, properly conceived, is capable of incorporating morality. And these debates have their important practical analogues, especially in American constitutional law. For this is where lawyers and scholars argue about whether, for example, the guarantees of equal protection, freedom of speech, and the free exercise of religion, as well as the prohibitions on cruel and unusual punishments and unreasonable searches and seizures, require courts and other governmental decisionmakers to adhere to the correct moral principles regarding equality, freedom of speech, freedom of religion, punishment, and (locational) privacy. That these and other constitutional clauses appear to speak in moral language is relatively uncontroversial, but far more controversial is what it means for authoritative law to speak in moral language, and how, if at all, such language connects law with what it is simply and pre-legally morally right (and wrong) to do. These debates about the status of morality in legal argument are important, but our goal here is not to engage them frontally. Rather, we wish to illuminate a particular aspect of these debates. And that aspect is the logic of the incorporation by law of morality, and the way in which, if at all, law can retain its lawness and retain its ability to perform law's essential functions while still being open to the full universe of moral considerations. In a word, we do not believe that this is possible, and thus we believe, and shall argue here, that even when law incorporates morality it can only serve law's primary and essential functions if it has a considerable degree of resistance to the pressure of at least some morally correct moral claims. In other words, we strive here to make the moral argument for law's ignoring of at least some moral arguments in legal decision-making.
The computer revolution: struggling for survival in rural Cameroon

PCDI (http://www.pcdi-cameroon.org) is a local CIG (NGO) based in rural Cameroon. This article discusses our efforts to “bridge the digital divide” and the reality behind the technological revolution. We face a battle on two fronts. Firstly, chronic poverty. For most of the population technology and its benefits is a luxury commodity. The necessities are foods and medicines and in a time of rising food prices, the luxuries must be cut down. We offer the only internet access in the entire division of 13 villagers and yet we face a daily battle to survive. The continuation of the internet services is by no means certain. Secondly, computer illiteracy. Much of the community has not and cannot use a computer. Yet when we offer free internet training, they refuse.
Effect of Abstinence on Depression, Anxiety, and Quality of Life in Chronic Methamphetamine Users in a Therapeutic Community

Background: During withdrawal, patients experience different symptoms. These symptoms are associated with relapse. Understanding different outcomes of methamphetamine abstinence is useful for finding better treatments for dependence. Objectives: This study aimed to show the effects of abstinence on depression, anxiety, and quality of life in methamphetamine users. Patients and Methods: A prospective quasi-experimental (before and after study) method was used to show the effect of 3 weeks abstinence on depression, anxiety, and quality of life. A convenient sample of addicted people entered into the study and 34 people completed the study. Beck Depression Scale, Cattell Anxiety Inventory and Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) (for assessing quality of life), were used for outcome assessments. Results: The mean depression score after abstinence decreased significantly (P < 0.001). Both hidden and obvious anxiety and total anxiety had a high level at admission and after 3 weeks of abstinence, the mean level of anxiety did not change significantly (P < 0.096). However, the quality of life increased after 3 weeks of abstinence (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Depression and anxiety are prevalent in methamphetamine users. Short-term abstinence improves depression and quality of life but does not improve anxiety in methamphetamine abusers. During follow up of these patients, addressing depression and anxiety is important to achieve better results.
Obrazy w procesach negocjacji światów społecznych

Głównym celem artykułu jest próba wpisania wizualności w ramy teorii świata społecznego, proponowanej przez socjologię interpretatywną. Tekst składa się z trzech części. W pierwszej autorzy przedstawiają podstawowe założenia koncepcji świata społecznego w ujęciu fenomenologicznym. W drugiej części artykułu zarysowana zostaje koncepcja wizualności, a na jej podstawie autorzy prezentują wybrane konteksty rozważań nad przynależnymi wizualności potencjami budowania i uwspólniania światów społecznych. Część trzecia poświęcona jest zjawisku odwrotnemu – omawia przykłady procesów, w ramach których wizualność staje się pretekstem kwestionowania intersubiektywności światów społecznych. Podejmowane w artykule próby teoretyczno-egzemplifikacyjne mogą stanowić wstęp do dalszych, bardziej całościowych analiz.
The Real-Time Predictive Content of Money for Output

Data on monetary aggregates are subject to periodic redefinitions, presumably in part to improve their link to measures of output. Money data are also revised on a regular basis. Taking these data imperfections into account, we reassess the evidence on the marginal predictive content of M1 and m2 for real and nominal output. In particular, by first using the latest version of the data that is available, and then using sequences of historical time series that would have been available to forecasters in real-time, we are able to provide a comprehensive assessment of whether money is useful for predicting output. We conclude that the generally significant marginal predictive content of M1 and m2 for output that is found using a recently revised data set is not duplicated in a real-time setting, although M2 is shown to remain useful when 1-year ahead forecasts are constructed using fitted vector autoregressive models.
O USO DE TÉCNICAS DE RECOMENDAÇÃO EM UM SISTEMA PARA APOIO À APRENDIZAGEM COLABORATIVA

Este artigo apresenta o SisRecCol – Sistema de Recomendacao para Apoio a Colaboracao. O sistema oferece ferramentas que tem por finalidade apoiar o processo de aprendizagem colaborativa. O sistema segue a perspectiva socio-interacionista de Vygotsky, procurando a partir da identificacao dos perfis interagentes, realizar recomendacoes que possam auxiliar no processo de aprendizado. As recomendacoes sao feitas a partir da analise do comportamento dos usuarios em um web chat e do acesso a uma biblioteca digital.