Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CT colonography: advanced computer-aided detection scheme utilizing MTANNs for detection of "missed" polyps in a multicenter clinical trial.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to develop an advanced computer-aided detection (CAD) scheme utilizing massive-training artificial neural networks (MTANNs) to allow detection of "difficult" polyps in CT colonography (CTC) and to evaluate its performance on false-negative (FN) CTC cases that radiologists "missed" in a multicenter clinical trial. METHODS The authors developed an advanced CAD scheme consisting of an initial polyp-detection scheme for identification of polyp candidates and a mixture of expert MTANNs for substantial reduction in false positives (FPs) while maintaining sensitivity. The initial polyp-detection scheme consisted of (1) colon segmentation based on anatomy-based extraction and colon-based analysis and (2) detection of polyp candidates based on a morphologic analysis on the segmented colon. The mixture of expert MTANNs consisted of (1) supervised enhancement of polyps and suppression of various types of nonpolyps, (2) a scoring scheme for converting output voxels into a score for each polyp candidate, and (3) combining scores from multiple MTANNs by the use of a mixing artificial neural network. For testing the advanced CAD scheme, they created a database containing 24 FN cases with 23 polyps (range of 6-15 mm; average of 8 mm) and a mass (35 mm), which were "missed" by radiologists in CTC in the original trial in which 15 institutions participated. RESULTS The initial polyp-detection scheme detected 63% (15/24) of the missed polyps with 21.0 (505/24) FPs per patient. The MTANNs removed 76% of the FPs with loss of one true positive; thus, the performance of the advanced CAD scheme was improved to a sensitivity of 58% (14/24) with 8.6 (207/24) FPs per patient, whereas a conventional CAD scheme yielded a sensitivity of 25% at the same FP rate (the difference was statistically significant). CONCLUSIONS With the advanced MTANN CAD scheme, 58% of the polyps missed by radiologists in the original trial were detected and with a reasonable number of FPs. The results suggest that the use of an advanced MTANN CAD scheme may potentially enhance the detection of "difficult" polyps.
Resource Misallocation and Rice Productivity in Thailand

Thailandâ€™s manufacturing sector is characterised by considerable resource misallocation compared with this sector in other countries, and the problem may extend to its agricultural sector as well. Using detailed household-level data on rice production from the 2013 Agricultural Census, this paper examines resource misallocation across farms in Thailand and its effect on the countryâ€™s aggregate productivity in rice farming. I find that the marginal products of land and capital were largely dispersed, which is an indication of significant resource misallocation. I further estimate that reallocation of resources could increase aggregate output and productivity by approximately a factor of 1.67. This potential gain is not small, but it is smaller than that predicted in other studies for the Thai manufacturing sector and the Malawian agricultural sector, a result suggesting that the Thai rice farming sector is relatively less plagued by resource misallocation. Other developing countries may encounter similar degrees of misallocation in their agricultural sectors. I also find that an effective reallocation policy cannot involve simply reducing the landholdings of large landholders but rather supports highproductivity farmers to have more land and capital.
Tipping the scales: Evolution of the allometric slope independent of average trait size

The scaling of body parts is central to the expression of morphology across body sizes and to the generation of morphological diversity within and among species. Although patterns of scaling‐relationship evolution have been well documented for over one hundred years, little is known regarding how selection acts to generate these patterns. In part, this is because it is unclear the extent to which the elements of log‐linear scaling relationships—the intercept or mean trait size and the slope—can evolve independently. Here, using the wing–body size scaling relationship in Drosophila melanogaster as an empirical model, we use artificial selection to demonstrate that the slope of a morphological scaling relationship between an organ (the wing) and body size can evolve independently of mean organ or body size. We discuss our findings in the context of how selection likely operates on morphological scaling relationships in nature, the developmental basis for evolved changes in scaling, and the general approach of using individual‐based selection experiments to study the expression and evolution of morphological scaling.
Treatment of stress incontinence by maximum perineal electrical stimulation.

Stress incontinence is one of the commonest symptoms to occur in the female. It has been estimated that more than 50% of nulliparous women have incontinence when severe stress is placed on the bladder (Nemir and Middleton, 1954). However, it is only when incontinence occurs on minor stress such as coughing or walking that the patient presents for advice. Jeffcoate (1961) suggests that the main factor is the loss of the normal urethrovesical angle. Lapides et al. (1960a, 1960b) felt that the principal defect was shortening of the urethra due to absence of the lengthening effect of the pelvic floor muscles. These views are probably not divergent, as descent of the bladder base can produce both the alteration in the angle and urethral shortening. Vincent (1959, 1966) has shown how mechanical raising of the perineum by an external appliance can tighten the pelvic floor muscles and the urethra and abolish incontinence. On theoretical grounds incontinence occurs from either the uncontrolled action of the bladder muscle or some defect in the normal resistance of the bladder-neck and urethra. Beck, Hsu, and Maughan (1965) showed low urethral pressures due to general laxity of the urethral musculature in stress incon-
Signaling versus costly information acquisition

In Spence's (1973) signaling by education model and in many of its extensions, firms can only infer workers' productivities from their education choices. In reality, firms also use sophisticated pre-employment auditing to learn workers' productivities. We characterize the trade-offs between signaling by workers and costly information acquisition by firms. Information acquisition is always associated with (partial) pooling of worker types, and education is used as a signal only if relatively few workers have low productivity. Our analysis applies also to other signaling problems, e.g. the financial structure of firms, warranties, and initial public offerings.
Genetic and environmental components of phenotypic variation in immune response and body size of a colonial bird, Delichon urbica (the house martin)

Directional selection for parasite resistance is often intense in highly social host species. Using a partial cross-fostering experiment we studied environmental and genetic variation in immune response and morphology in a highly colonial bird species, the house martin (Delichon urbica). We manipulated intensity of infestation of house martin nests by the haematophagous parasitic house martin bug Oeciacus hirundinis either by spraying nests with a weak pesticide or by inoculating them with 50 bugs. Parasitism significantly affected tarsus length, T cell response, immunoglobulin and leucocyte concentrations. We found evidence of strong environmental effects on nestling body mass, body condition, wing length and tarsus length, and evidence of significant additive genetic variance for wing length and haematocrit. We found significant environmental variance, but no significant additive genetic variance in immune response parameters such as T cell response to the antigenic phytohemagglutinin, immunoglobulins, and relative and absolute numbers of leucocytes. Environmental variances were generally greater than additive genetic variances, and the low heritabilities of phenotypic traits were mainly a consequence of large environmental variances and small additive genetic variances. Hence, highly social bird species such as the house martin, which are subject to intense selection by parasites, have a limited scope for immediate microevolutionary response to selection because of low heritabilities, but also a limited scope for long-term response to selection because evolvability as indicated by small additive genetic coefficients of variation is weak.
Reclaiming the Periphery: Automated Kinetic Perimetry for Measuring Peripheral Visual Fields in Patients With Glaucoma.

Purpose Peripheral vision is important for mobility, balance, and guidance of attention, but standard perimetry examines only <20% of the entire visual field. We report on the relation between central and peripheral visual field damage, and on retest variability, with a simple approach for automated kinetic perimetry (AKP) of the peripheral field. Methods Thirty patients with glaucoma (median age 68, range 59-83 years; median Mean Deviation -8.0, range -16.3-0.1 dB) performed AKP and static automated perimetry (SAP) (German Adaptive Threshold Estimation strategy, 24-2 test). Automated kinetic perimetry consisted of a fully automated measurement of a single isopter (III.1.e). Central and peripheral visual fields were measured twice on the same day. Results Peripheral and central visual fields were only moderately related (Spearman's ρ, 0.51). Approximately 90% of test-retest differences in mean isopter radius were < ±4 deg. Relative to the range of measurements in this sample, the retest variability of AKP was similar to that of SAP. Conclusions Patients with similar central visual field loss can have strikingly different peripheral visual fields, and therefore measuring the peripheral visual field may add clinically valuable information.
Opioid Addicts at Admission vs. Slow-Release Oral Morphine, Methadone, and Sublingual Buprenorphine Maintenance Treatment Participants

With use of a randomized study design, quality of life (QOL) and physical symptoms of opioid addicts at admission were compared with slow-release oral morphine, methadone, and sublingual buprenorphine maintenance program participants after 6 months of treatment. The study was conducted from February to July 2004 in the outpatient drug user treatment center at University Department of Psychiatry at Innsbruck, providing maintenance treatment programs and detoxification in Tyrol, Austria. One hundred twenty opioid users seeking treatment were compared with 120 opioid-dependent patients retained for 6 months on a slow-release oral morphine, methadone, or sublingual buprenorphine maintenance program. The German version (“Berlin Quality of Life Profile”) of the Lancashire Quality of Life Profile was used, and illicit opioid use was determined by urinalysis. Physical symptoms were measured by using the Opioid Withdrawal Scale. Urinalyses revealed a significantly lower consumption of cocaine and opioids in all three substitution groups than in patients at admission (p < 0.001 and p ≤ 0.004, respectively). Both the buprenorphine and the methadone maintenance group showed significantly more favorable values than opioid clients at admission for stomach cramps (p ≤ 0.002), muscular tension (p ≤ 0.027), general pain (p ≤ 0.001), feelings of coldness (p ≤ 0.000), heart pounding (p ≤ 0.008), runny eyes (p ≤ 0.047), and aggressions (p ≤ 0.009). Patients who received slow-release oral morphine treatment generally showed the least favorable QOL scores compared with patients at admission or sublingual buprenorphine and methadone clients. Patients in the sublingual buprenorphine or methadone program showed nearly the same QOL scores. The buprenorphine and the methadone maintenance group showed significantly more favorable values than opioid clients at admission regarding leisure time (p ≤ 0.019), finances (p ≤ 0.014), mental health (p ≤ 0.010), and overall satisfaction (p ≤ 0.010). Slow-release oral morphine is a well-established treatment for pain, but more research is required to evaluate it as a treatment for heroin dependence. The present data indicate that slow-release oral morphine could have some disadvantages compared with sublingual buprenorphine and methadone in QOL, physical symptoms, and additional consumption. The results further suggest that buprenorphine treatment is as effective as methadone in effects on quality of life and physical symptoms.
Physician attitudes and practices related to voluntary error and near-miss reporting.

PURPOSE Incident learning systems are important tools to improve patient safety in radiation oncology, but physician participation in these systems is poor. To understand reporting practices and attitudes, a survey was sent to staff members of four large academic radiation oncology centers, all of which have in-house reporting systems. METHODS Institutional review board approval was obtained to send a survey to employees including physicians, dosimetrists, nurses, physicists, and radiation therapists. The survey evaluated barriers to reporting, perceptions of errors, and reporting practices. The responses of physicians were compared with those of other professional groups. RESULTS There were 274 respondents to the survey, with a response rate of 81.3%. Physicians and other staff agreed that errors and near-misses were happening in their clinics (93.8% v 88.7%, respectively) and that they have a responsibility to report (97% overall). Physicians were significantly less likely to report minor near-misses (P = .001) and minor errors (P = .024) than other groups. Physicians were significantly more concerned about getting colleagues in trouble (P = .015), liability (P = .009), effect on departmental reputation (P = .006), and embarrassment (P < .001) than their colleagues. Regression analysis identified embarrassment among physicians as a critical barrier. If not embarrassed, participants were 2.5 and 4.5 times more likely to report minor errors and major near-miss events, respectively. CONCLUSIONS All members of the radiation oncology team observe errors and near-misses. Physicians, however, are significantly less likely to report events than other colleagues. There are important, specific barriers to physician reporting that need to be addressed to encourage reporting and create a fair culture around reporting.
Representation and Inference of User Intention for Internet Robot

Teleoperated robots often have unpredictable behaviors due to uncertain time delay in data transmissions over Internet. The robot cannot accomplish commands or actions issued by the remote operator in time, which severely impairs its reliability and efficiency. This paper investigates the strategy of modeling the operator's intention online by the teleoperated robot via the commands it received. Having deduced the intention, the robot could identify and thus autonomously accomplish the corresponding task without frequent interactions with the operator. Therefore data transmissions between the operator and the robot for task realization and performance evaluation can be minimized, and the impact of uncertain transmission delays on the efficiency of the entire system can be reduced. The robot, as an efficient manipulation tool controlled over the Internet, could be endowed with specified capability to improve its performance in the distributed environment. Intention of controlling and operating the robot is first expressed in planar or spatial grids and then incrementally inferred based on Bayesian techniques. Experiments with a teleoperated office robot show the validity and feasibility of the proposed method.
Expressing glomerular filtration rate in terms of extracellular fluid volume.

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is routinely calculated from the second exponential of the bi-exponential plasma clearance of filtration markers such as Cr-51 EDTA and Tc-99m DTPA. By ignoring the first exponential, true GFR is overestimated, an error which increases with increasing GFR. The rate constant, lambda 2, of the second exponential represents the rate at which glomerular filtration 'turns over' the extracellular fluid (ECF) and so closely approximates GFR/ECF volume. Again, the error in the estimation of this ratio increases with increasing GFR, although in this case it underestimates the true ratio. Expressing GFR in terms of ECF volume, rather than in terms of body surface area, offers considerable technical and physiological advantages. The relationship between GFR/ECF volume and lambda 2, over a wide range of renal function, expressed as a second order polynomial, was GFR/ECF volume = -0.093 + 1.06 lambda 2 + 0.009 lambda 2(2) ml.min-1.l-1. The corresponding relationship between 'true' GFR (C1) and approximate GFR (i.e. based only on the second exponential--C2) was C1 = -0.58 + 1.012C2 -0.0011 C2(2) ml.min-1 For any level of renal function, the error in GFR/ECF volume, expressed as lambda 2, is less than the error in GFR expressed as C2. Since GFR may change as a direct result of a change in ECF volume, it is physiologically more relevant, and technically very much easier, to express GFR in terms of ECF volume rather than body surface area.
The preparation of sustained release erythropoietin microparticle

Purpose: Protein microencapsulation in biodegradable polymers is a promising route to provide for sustained release. The erythropoietin (EPO) microparticles are using human serum albumin (HSA) and poly-L-lysine (PK) as the protection complex to increased EPO integrity, entrapped efficiency and active EPO release by w/o/w solvent evaporation techniques. The optimum formulation development process was also reported by using FITC-OVA as a model protein. Methods: The model protein FITC-ovalbumin and EPO are protected by human serum albumin and poly-L-lysine complex and encapsulated in 50:50 poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) by a w/o/w solvent evaporation method. Protein active integrity and degradation compound is measured by size-exclusion chromatography. Protein-loaded microparticle physical properties and in vitro active and degradation compounds release profile are characterized. Results: High active integrity protein loading efficiency and particle yield of EPO or OVA-HSA/PK-loaded PLG microparticles are successfully produced by a w/o/w solvent evaporation method. Varied protection protein complex formulations and encapsulation processes are investigated. The high OVA model protein loading efficiency (80.2%), FITC-OVA content (0.24 µg mg−1) and yield (72.4%) are obtained by adding 100 µg mL−1 FITC-OVA complex with 10% HSA/0.05% PK (Mw 1.5–3 kD) in the initial solution to protect the model protein. In vitro release profiles show more active OVA release from HSA/PK OVA-loaded than OVA-loaded only microparticles and also the amount of degraded protein that comes out after 3 weeks incubated in the PBS medium for OVA-loaded only microparticles is observed. The same formulation and preparation process resulted in EPO loading efficiency (68.4%), EPO content (0.23 µg mg−1) and yield (76.1%) for HSA/PK EPO-loaded microparticles. In vitro release profiles show active EPO sustained release over 7 days. Using HSA/PK as carried in the primary emulsion of EPO-loaded microparticles resulted in less burst release% than EPO-loaded only microparticles.
Dose-rate effects: some theoretical and practical considerations.

In radiotherapy, it is well known that the physical dose required has to be increased with the amount of dose fractionation. Such a relationship may be explained either on the basis of recovery, or on the basis of the theory that the biological effect of a single dose depends on a term proportional to the dose together with a second term proportional to the dose squared. The manner in which dose magnitude and fractionation are related has been determined on the basis of the latter theory, and this relationship has been found to be consistent with collected clinical data. On these assumptions, recovery factors for the first and last fractions are not significantly different. Radiosensitivity factors for doses of differing magnitudes have been determined. Some applications are discussed.
A Comment on "A Similarity Measure for Text Classification and Clustering"

A similarity measure namely, similarity measure for text processing (SMTP) is proposed by Lin et al. [1] for knowledge discovery on text collection. The proposed measure considered the three cases for similarity measurements between the pairs of documents. These cases are based on absence and presence of features in the pair of text documents. The first case covers the features appearing in both of the documents, second case covers the features appears in only one document and the third case covers the features appears in none of the documents. The proposed similarity measure considered to be ideal for finding similarity between the pair of text documents on the basis of presence or absence of features available in text documents, however, while exploring the SMTP similarity measurement it is found that the case of measuring similarity between the pair of similar documents is not covered. The objective of this work is to highlight this gap and propose a minor change to make the SMTP a complete similarity measurement technique for knowledge discovery in line with the other standard similarity techniques.
The Role of Administrator and Procedure of Payment Suspension in the Commercial Court: A Case Study

The purpose of the research is to examine the authority of administrator and the procedures of Suspension of Payment Obligations (PKPU) of PT. RR and JCT at Surabaya Commercial Court. This type of research is normative law research with statute approach, conceptual approach and cases approach. The legal substances used in this study are primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. The resources of legal material obtained from case studies. The legal sources were collected literature studies and case analysis. The analysis used in this research is descriptive analysis that is by describing the results of research that has been collected and analyzed. The result indicate that the administrators have authority to announced court statement, organizing meetings, receive registration, prepare the creditor bill list, preparing settlement plan, prepare a voting list and make a report. The procedures of suspension of payment begins with an application filed by a debtor or creditor. The application must be granted by the court by issuing a statement for 45 days and can be extended up to 270 days. Keywords—bankruptcy; suspension of payment; receiver and administrator
Second-Order Systems with Singular Mass Matrix and an Extension of Guyan Reduction

The set of consistent initial conditions for a second-order system with singular mass matrix is obtained. In general, such a system can be decomposed (i.e., partitioned) into three coupled subsystems of which the first is algebraic, the second is a regular system of first-order differential equations, and the third is a regular system of second-order differential equations. Under specialized conditions, these subsystems are decoupled. This result provides an extension of Guyan reduction to include viscous damping.