Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Experimental Evaluation of the TCP Energy Consumption

The objective of this paper is to determine how the incoming and outgoing traffic patterns provided by the TCP impact the energy efficiency of a networked device under realistic scenarios. We set up a complex test-bed that allowed us to perform a large number of measurements of energy- and network-performance indexes on a general-purpose computing system with power management capabilities, and the Linux operating system. The performed measurements gave us a chance not only 1) to provide a complete energy profiling of TCP connections, but also 2) to analyze the role of underlying network protocols in detail, and 3) to identify specific situations where current network protocols may trigger high inefficiencies in networked hosts. Based on the obtained results, we also conducted further experiments for evaluating techniques for reducing the energy consumption induced by TCP data transfers under different scenarios.
Colony-Stimulating Factor Granulocyte-MacrophageImmunorestorative Effects of Recruitment, and Cell Structure: Defects in Neutrophil Chemotaxis, HIV and Other Lentiviral Infections Cause

Patients with HIV infection exhibit deﬁcits in bacterial and fungal clearance, and possibly depressed innate immunity. In this study, we observed that neutrophils from HIV-infected patients have a profound defect in chemotaxis in response to endogenous (IL-8) and bacterial (fMLP) chemoattractants, which was directly correlated with peripheral CD4 (cid:1) lymphocyte levels but not plasma viral load. A similar chemotactic defect was observed in the feline immunodeﬁciency virus (FIV) model of HIV infection. Intravital microscopy of FIV-infected animals revealed marked impairment in the in vivo recruitment of leukocytes; speciﬁcally integrin-dependent neutrophil adhesion and emigration induced by bacterial products. Treatment of FIV-infected animals with GM-CSF re-established both neutrophil recruitment (rolling, adhesion, and emigration) and in vitro chemotaxis to the levels seen in uninfected animals. This restoration of neutrophil responses was not due to GM-CSF-mediated priming. Rather, HIV and FIV infections resulted in defective neutrophil development, with an ensuing reduction in neutrophil granularity and chemotactic receptor expression. GM-CSF therapy restored neutrophil granularity, implying restoration of normal neutrophil development. Together, our ﬁndings underscore the fundamental defects in innate immunity caused by lentivirus infections, while also indicating that GM-CSF may be a potential immunorestorative therapy for HIV-infected patients. The Journal of Immunology, 2006, 177: 6405–6414. from all to determine baseline hemopoietic parameters, and to perform an in vitro chemotactic assay. A total of 1000 (cid:1) g/m 2 GM-CSF s.c. (day 1), and identical injections were given on days 3 and 5. On day 6, another 2.5 ml of blood sample was taken for measurement of hemopoietic and chemotactic parameters, and then intravital microscopy was preformed. Baseline measurements of blood pressure, SMA blood RBC velocity, and vessel diameter were obtained, and neutrophil- endothelial cell interactions were determined. Endotoxin ( Escherichia coli neutrophil-endothelial
P-Selectin–Mediated Platelet-Neutrophil Aggregate Formation Activates Neutrophils in Mouse and Human Sickle Cell Disease*

Objective—To determine the role of platelets in stimulating mouse and human neutrophil activation and pulmonary injury in sickle cell disease (SCD). Methods and Results—Both platelet and neutrophil activation occur in SCD, but the interdependence of these events is unknown. Platelet activation and binding to leukocytes were measured in mice and patients with SCD and in controls. Relative to controls, blood obtained from mice or patients with SCD contained significantly elevated platelet-neutrophil aggregates (PNAs). Both platelets and neutrophils found in sickle PNAs were activated. Multispectral imaging (ImageStream) and conventional flow cytometry revealed a subpopulation of activated neutrophils with multiple adhered platelets that expressed significantly more CD11b and exhibited greater oxidative activity than single neutrophils. On average, wild-type and sickle PNAs contained 1.1 and 2.6 platelets per neutrophil, respectively. Hypoxia/reoxygenation induced a further increase in PNAs in mice with SCD and additional activation of both platelets and neutrophils. The pretreatment of mice with SCD with clopidogrel or P-selectin antibody reduced the formation of PNAs and neutrophil activation and decreased lung vascular permeability. Conclusion—Our findings suggest that platelet binding activates neutrophils and contributes to a chronic inflammatory state and pulmonary dysfunction in SCD. The inhibition of platelet activation may be useful to decrease tissue injury in SCD, particularly during the early stages of vaso-occlusive crises.
Capital Taxation and Imperfect Competition: ACE vs. CBIT

This paper studies the market and welfare effects of two main tax reforms – the Corporate Business Income Tax (CBIT) and the Allowance for Corporate Equity tax (ACE). Using an imperfect-competition model for a small open economy, it is shown that the well-known neutrality property of ACE does not hold. Both corporate tax regimes distort market entry and equilibrium prices. A main result is that a small open economy should levy a positive source tax on capital in markets with free firm entry. Which tax system is better from a welfare point of view, depends on production technology, the competitive effects of ACE and CBIT, and whether entry is excessive or suboptimal at the given corporate tax rate. Imposing tax income neutrality yields a higher corporate tax rate with ACE, which increases the scope for CBIT to be welfare improving.
Friedel Oscillation-Induced Energy Gap Manifested as Transport Asymmetry at Monolayer-Bilayer Graphene Boundaries

We show that Friedel charge oscillation near an interface opens a gap at the Fermi energy for electrons with wave vectors perpendicular to the interface. If the Friedel gaps on two sides of the interface are different, a nonequlibrium effect - shifting of these gaps under bias - leads to asymmetric transport upon reversing the bias polarity. The predicted transport asymmetry is revealed by scanning tunneling potentiometry at monolayer-bilayer interfaces in epitaxial graphene on SiC (0001). This intriguing interfacial transport behavior opens a new avenue towards novel quantum functions such as quantum switching.
Optoelectronic multi-sensor of SO2 and NO2 gases

In paper as the gas sensitive material of primary transducer of SO2 and NO2 optoelectronic multi-sensor the 5CB nematic liquid crystal (NLC) are used. The sensitivity of our sensitive element by means of adding to 5CB the cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) was increased. The electrical realization of our multi-sensor was on ATmega 8 microcontroller.
De novo centromere formation on a chromosome fragment in maize

The centromere is the part of the chromosome that organizes the kinetochore, which mediates chromosome movement during mitosis and meiosis. A small fragment from chromosome 3, named Duplication 3a (Dp3a), was described from UV-irradiated materials by Stadler and Roman in the 1940s [Stadler LJ, Roman H (1948) Genetics 33(3):273–303]. The genetic behavior of Dp3a is reminiscent of a ring chromosome, but fluoresecent in situ hybridization detected telomeres at both ends, suggesting a linear structure. This small chromosome has no detectable canonical centromeric sequences, but contains a site with protein features of functional centromeres such as CENH3, the centromere specific H3 histone variant, and CENP-C, a foundational kinetochore protein, suggesting the de novo formation of a centromere on the chromatin fragment. To examine the sequences associated with CENH3, chromatin immunoprecipitation was carried out with anti-CENH3 antibodies using material from young seedlings with and without the Dp3a chromosome. A novel peak was detected from the ChIP-Sequencing reads of the Dp3a sample. The peak spanned 350 kb within the long arm of chromosome 3 covering 22 genes. Collectively, these results define the behavior and molecular features of de novo centromere formation in the Dp3a chromosome, which may shed light on the initiation of new centromere sites during evolution.
Decentralizing Development: Allocating Public Goods Via Competition

Decentralizing the allocation of public goods by giving funds directly to communities takes advantage of local information concerning needs, but leaves funds open to misuse or capture by local elites. A large scale development project in Indonesia attempts to overcome this downside of decentralized allocation by having communities compete locally for block grants. Competition weeds out less efficient projects. Increasing the number of villages bidding by 10% leads to a 1.8% decline in road construction costs. Increased community participation in project planning also leads to better outcomes.
Mining User Home Location and Gender from Flickr Tags

Personal photos and their associated metadata reveal different aspects of our lives and, when shared online, let others have an idea about us. Automating the extraction of personal information is an arduous task but it contributes to better understanding and serving users. Here we present methods for analyzing textual metadata associated to Flickr photos that unveil users’ home location and gender. We test our techniques on a sample of 30,000 people coming from six different countries, allowing us to compare results across cultures and point out similarities and differences.
Hepatic macrophages but not dendritic cells contribute to liver fibrosis by promoting the survival of activated hepatic stellate cells in mice

Although it is well established that hepatic macrophages play a crucial role in the development of liver fibrosis, the underlying mechanisms remain largely elusive. Moreover, it is not known whether other mononuclear phagocytes such as dendritic cells (DCs) contribute to hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and liver fibrosis. We show for the first time that hepatic macrophages enhance myofibroblast survival in a nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB)–dependent manner and thereby promote liver fibrosis. Microarray and pathway analysis revealed no induction of HSC activation pathways by hepatic macrophages but a profound activation of the NF‐κB pathway in HSCs. Conversely, depletion of mononuclear phagocytes during fibrogenesis in vivo resulted in suppressed NF‐κB activation in HSCs. Macrophage‐induced activation of NF‐κB in HSCs in vitro and in vivo was mediated by interleukin (IL)−1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Notably, IL‐1 and TNF did not promote HSC activation but promoted survival of activated HSCs in vitro and in vivo and thereby increased liver fibrosis, as demonstrated by neutralization in coculture experiments and genetic ablation of IL‐1 and TNF receptor in vivo. Coculture and in vivo ablation experiments revealed only a minor contribution to NF‐κB activation in HSCs by DCs, and no contribution of DCs to liver fibrosis development, respectively. Conclusion: Promotion of NF‐κB–dependent myofibroblast survival by macrophages but not DCs provides a novel link between inflammation and fibrosis. (Hepatology 2013;58:1461–1473)
Failure to Pop Out: Feature Singletons Do Not Capture Attention Under Low Signal-to-Noise Ratio Conditions

Pop-out search implies that the target is always the first item selected, no matter how many distractors are presented. However, increasing evidence indicates that search is not entirely independent of display density even for pop-out targets: search is slower with sparse (few distractors) than with dense displays (many distractors). Despite its significance, the cause of this anomaly remains unclear. We investigated several mechanisms that could slow down search for pop-out targets. Consistent with the assumption that pop-out targets frequently fail to pop out in sparse displays, we observed greater variability of search duration for sparse displays relative to dense. Computational modeling of the response time distributions also supported the view that pop-out targets fail to pop out in sparse displays. Our findings strongly question the classical assumption that early processing of pop-out targets is independent of the distractors. Rather, the density of distractors critically influences whether or not a stimulus pops out. These results call for new, more reliable measures of pop-out search and potentially a reinterpretation of studies that used relatively sparse displays.
An empirical study on the effect of the order of applying software refactoring

Refactoring has been widely used to improve software design. Refactoring is applied when a bad smell is detected. Several bad smells might be present in the code. In this paper, we conduct an empirical study to find if the order of applying refactoring has any impact on the quality of the final code. We run six experiments by applying three refactoring methods in different orders and evaluate the quality of the code using software metrics at the end of each refactoring sequence. Our experiments results show that that applying refactoring in different order provides different impact on the final code.
Maintaining and evolving GUI-directed test scripts

Since manual black-box testing of GUI-based APplications (GAPs) is tedious and laborious, test engineers create test scripts to automate the testing process. These test scripts interact with GAPs by performing actions on their GUI objects. An extra effort that test engineers put in writing test scripts is paid off when these scripts are run repeatedly. Unfortunately, releasing new versions of GAPs with modified GUIs breaks their corresponding test scripts thereby obliterating benefits of test automation. We offer a novel approach for maintaining and evolving test scripts so that they can test new versions of their respective GAPs. We built a tool to implement our approach, and we conducted a case study with forty five professional programmers and test engineers to evaluate this tool. The results show with strong statistical significance that users find more failures and report fewer false positives (p ≪ 0.02) in test scripts with our tool than with a flagship industry product and a baseline manual approach. Our tool is lightweight and it takes less than eight seconds to analyze approximately 1KLOC of test scripts.
Control System Design for Tricopter using Filters and PID controller

The purpose of this paper is to present the control system design of Tricopter. We have presented the implementation of control system in software in this paper. Tricopter's control system mainly consists of two parts Complimentary filter and PID block. The angles along X, Y and Z axis are taken from the complementary filter which acts as a feedback block. We have used the combination of gyroscope and accelerometer for finding the angle. We have also shown the role of the complimentary filter in finding out the angle along X, Y, and Z axis instead of using gyroscope and accelerometer directly. The second main part is the PID Controller which calculates the error in angle along X, Y and Z axis and produces an output signal which reduces error. We have shown the importance of the constant parameters of PID Controller. The results of this paper are tested on an actual Tricopter and also plotted in the form of graph using Matlab and Processing software.
WiSync: An Architecture for Fast Synchronization through On-Chip Wireless Communication

In shared-memory multiprocessing, fine-grain synchronization is challenging because it requires frequent communication. As technology scaling delivers larger manycore chips, such pattern is expected to remain costly to support. In this paper, we propose to address this challenge by using on-chip wireless communication. Each core has a transceiver and an antenna to communicate with all the other cores. This environment supports very low latency global communication. Our architecture, called WiSync, uses a per-core Broadcast Memory (BM). When a core writes to its BM, all the other 100+ BMs get updated in less than 10 processor cycles. We also use a second wireless channel with cheaper transfers to execute barriers efficiently. WiSync supports multiprogramming, virtual memory, and context switching. Our evaluation with simulations of 128-threaded kernels and 64-threaded applications shows that WiSync speeds-up synchronization substantially. Compared to using advanced conventional synchronization, WiSync attains an average speedup of nearly one order of magnitude for the kernels, and 1.12 for PARSEC and SPLASH-2.
A sampling based approach to facial feature extraction

Facial feature extraction is considered a key step in many biometric applications. We propose a system that performs facial feature extraction in a given grey-scale face image using Hamiltonian sampling. During training stage of the proposed system, the parameters for a hybrid linear Gaussian model are learnt based on the training data. During the testing stage, when a new image is posed to the system, it uses the learnt graphical model together with hybrid (Hamiltonian) sampling to locate and extract the facial features. The system is an appearance based model which uses PPCA that is robust against noise. The modeling of correlations between latent variables by the graphical model helps in making the facial feature extraction both accurate and efficient. The use of the hybrid sampling helps in locating and extracting facial features in fewer iterations.
Ethanol Augments GABAergic Transmission in the Central Amygdala via CRF1 Receptors

The central amygdala (CeA) plays a role in the relationship among stress, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and alcohol abuse. In whole-cell recordings, both CRF and ethanol enhanced γ-aminobutyric acid–mediated (GABAergic) neurotransmission in CeA neurons from wild-type and CRF2 receptor knockout mice, but not CRF1 receptor knockout mice. CRF1 (but not CRF2) receptor antagonists blocked both CRF and ethanol effects in wild-type mice. These data indicate that CRF1 receptors mediate ethanol enhancement of GABAergic synaptic transmission in the CeA, and they suggest a cellular mechanism underlying involvement of CRF in ethanol's behavioral and motivational effects.
Modulation spectrogram features for improved speaker diarization

We propose the use of modulation spectrogram features in speaker diarization. These features carry longer term characteristics of the acoustic signals than the widely used MFCCs, thus providing potential improvement by using both features in combination. Using the state-of-the-art ICSI speaker diarization system, an improvement of 20.77% relative DER is obtained on the NIST Rich Transcription 2007 task with respect to the MFCC only system.
Future impacts of RFID on e‐supply chains in grocery retailing

Purpose – To place the research on radio frequency identification (RFID) usage in supply chains within a specific business and market context; in this case, the grocery industry.Design/methodology/approach – This paper considers RFID research within the context of the grocery industry and outlines the market drivers that affect the way the grocery industry approaches RFID and also specific areas of research on RFID that should be undertaken to better provide the grocery industry with managerial insights into this technology's application.Findings – Examining market drivers that are leading to RFID implementation in the grocery industry, this paper provides a theoretical framework for future applied research on RFID implementation. Specifically, it develops a research framework that includes research using modeling techniques, RFID implementation and the impact of RFID on daily operational issues.Research limitations/implications – This paper focuses on the market drivers for RFID implementation. While it .
Wishful Thinking

An experiment tested whether and in what circumstances people are more likely to believe an event simply because it makes them better off. Subjects observed a financial asset's historical price chart, and received both an accuracy bonus for predicting the price at some future point, and an unconditional award that was either increasing or decreasing in this price. Despite incentives for hedging, subjects gaining from high prices made significantly higher predictions than those gaining from low prices. The magnitude of the bias was smaller in charts with less subjective uncertainty, but was independent of the amount paid for accurate predictions.
Enhanced activation of the left hemisphere promotes normative decision making

Previous studies have reported that enhanced activation of the left cerebral hemisphere reduces risky-choice, attribute, and goal-framing effects relative to enhanced activation of the right cerebral hemisphere. The present study sought to extend these findings and show that enhanced activation of the left hemisphere also reduces violations of other normative principles, besides the invariance principle. Participants completed ratio bias (Experiment 1, N = 296) and base rate neglect problems (Experiment 2, N = 145) under normal (control) viewing or with the right or left hemisphere primarily activated by imposing a unidirectional gaze. In Experiment 1 we found that enhanced left hemispheric activation reduced the ratio bias relative to normal viewing and a group experiencing enhanced right hemispheric activation. In Experiment 2 enhanced left hemispheric activation resulted in using base rates more than normal viewing, but not significantly more than enhanced right hemispheric activation. Results suggest that hemispheric asymmetries can affect higher-order cognitive processes, such as decision-making biases. Possible theoretical accounts are discussed as well as implications for dual-process theories.
The Input-Sensing Problem in Ternary Computing and Its Application in Household Energy-Saving

This paper formulates and studies the problem of accurately acquiring energy consumption information of physical objects influenced by human behavior into the cyber space. We formulate this input-sensing problem within the ternary computing framework, which allows real-world problem instances to be studied, with different constraints on human efforts, sensors needed, error bounds, and computational complexity. We focus on the input-sensing problem commonly found in the energy-efficient design and use of household electric devices (appliances). The main challenge is how to distinguish the electric currents of individual appliances even with only a single sensor. We recast this current disaggregating problem into a computer science problem called the approximate phase space learning problem. We develop a novel technique called the principal component manifold method to solve the learning problem. This method uses a linear manifold, spanned by the principal components, to approximate the phase space of an appliance. Experimental results show that our approach can trace the dynamic currents of the appliances with continuously variable load, and estimate the power consumption values with low errors.