Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Discovery of Ghost Cavities in the X-Ray Atmosphere of Abell 2597

A Chandra image of the central 100 kpc of the Abell 2597 cluster of galaxies shows bright irregular X-ray emission within the central dominant cluster galaxy (CDG) and two low surface brightness cavities located 30 kpc from the nucleus of the CDG. Unlike the cavities commonly seen in other clusters, the "ghost" cavities in Abell 2597 are not coincident with the bright central radio source. Instead, they appear to be associated with faint extended radio emission seen in a deep Very Large Array radio map. We interpret the ghost cavities as buoyantly rising relics of a radio outburst that occurred between 50 and 100 Myr ago. The demography of cavities in the few clusters studied thus far shows that galactic radio sources experience recurrent outbursts on an ~100 Myr timescale. Over the lifetime of a cluster, ghost cavities emerging from CDGs deposit ≳1059-1061 ergs of energy into the intracluster medium. If a significant fraction of this energy is deposited as magnetic field, it would account for the high field strengths in the cooling flow regions of clusters. The similarity between the central cooling time of the keV gas and the radio cycling timescale suggests that feedback between cooling gas and the radio source may be retarding or quenching the cooling flow.
Setting the Stage for Paradigm Development: A ‘Small-Tent’ Approach to Social Entrepreneurship

Abstract Social entrepreneurship has emerged as a field of considerable interest over the past two decades. Unfortunately, its rapid growth has come at the expense of a unified definition of this construct. In response, Dacin et al., Nicholls, and Santos recently proposed how efforts at theorizing might take shape and stimulate more robust scholarship in this area. This paper seeks to advance their work by advocating for a new definition of this construct that differentiates activity that creates real value for society in an entrepreneurial manner from that which does not. Finally, the paper concludes by addressing how understanding the construct in this light informs management theory.
The women's health questionnaire: A measure of mid-aged women's perceptions of their emotional and physical health

Abstract When assessing mood and general health of mid-aged women, the effects of hormonal changes (and resulting symptoms such as hot flushes) and changes associated with age (such as in sleep patterns) can confound the results. A questionnaire was specifically developed to measure subjective reports of emotional and physical well-being of women aged 45 to 65 years. The relationships between symptoms was explored using factor analysis and a range of subscales was derived. Depressed mood and anxiety formed separate scales, as did sleep problems, somatic symptoms, menstrual problems and sexual behaviour. Vasomotor symptoms (hot flushes and night sweats) made up an additional scale. The full scale, with scoring information and norms for two samples ((i) 682 women aged 45-65, and (ii) 55 women aged 23-38) is provided. Test-retest reliability was found to be high (range 0.69-0.96) and concurrent validity for the depressed mood scale was confirmed by comparison with the General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg, .
Drug resistance pattern of mycobacterial isolates in HIV and non-HIV population in South India

Background: Emergence of drug resistance has complicated the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). WHO reports India to be one among 27 “high burden” multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB countries. Objective: To diagnose TB and detect drug resistance of mycobacterial isolates in acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear negative HIV reactive patients (Group A) and compare them with HIV seropositive AFB smear positive (Group B) and HIV-seronegative AFB positive cases (Group C). Materials and Methods: Clinical specimens collected in all groups were processed as per the standard protocol except blood, which was processed by lysis centrifugation technique. They were then inoculated with Lowenstein-Jensen media and the isolates obtained were subjected to drug susceptibility test (DST) by proportion method and genotype MTBDR plus assay. Results: In Group A, 162 patients were included. Of the 443 clinical samples collected, 76 mycobacterial strains were obtained from 67 (41%) patients. Of these, 50 (65.8%) were sensitive to all drugs and 26 (34.2%) resistant to one or more anti-tubercular drugs. Antibiogram of Group A when compared with Group B and C showed that the MDR rate 6.6%, 6.7% and 8% respectively) did not differ much; but resistance to at least single drug was (26 [34.2%], 3 [10%], and 8 [16%]), respectively. Conclusion: Our study suggests that HIV has no influence on the anti-tubercular resistance pattern, but increased MDR rate along with HIV in high TB burden setting stresses the need for early diagnosis and DST in providing proper regimens and improve prognosis.
Draft Genome Sequence of Streptomyces sp. AVP053U2 Isolated from Styela clava, a Tunicate Collected in Long Island Sound

ABSTRACT Streptomyces sp. AVP053U2 is a marine bacterium isolated from Styela clava, a tunicate collected in Long Island Sound. Here, we report a draft genome for this bacterium, which was found to contain a high capacity for secondary metabolite production based on analysis and identification of numerous biosynthetic gene clusters.
Keep Your Friends Close and Your Facebook Friends Closer: A Multiplex Network Approach to the Analysis of Offline and Online Social Ties

Social media allow for an unprecedented amount of interaction between people online. A fundamental aspect of human social behavior, however, is the tendency of people to associate themselves with like-minded individuals, forming homogeneous social circles both online and offline. In this work, we apply a new model that allows us to distinguish between social ties of varying strength, and to observe evidence of homophily with regards to politics, music, health, residential sector and year in college, within the online and offline social network of 74 college students. We present a multiplex network approach to social tie strength, here applied to mobile communication data — calls, text messages, and co-location, allowing us to dimensionally identify relationships by considering the number of communication channels utilized between students. We find that strong social ties are characterized by maximal use of communication channels, while weak ties by minimal use. We are able to identify 75% of close friendships, 90% of weaker ties, and 90% of Facebook friendships as compared to reported ground truth. We then show that stronger ties exhibit greater profile similarity than weaker ones. Apart from high homogeneity in social circles with respect to political and health aspects, we observe strong homophily driven by music, residential sector and year in college. Despite Facebook friendship being highly dependent on residence and year, exposure to less homogeneous content can be found in the online rather than the offline social circles of students, most notably in political and music aspects.
Effective Length of a Receiving Antenna in a Streaming Plasma

The root-mean-square (r.m.s) voltage induced on a receiving dipole antenna by incident potential waves in a streaming otherwise isotropic plasma in the resonance frequency band is calculated. The open-circuit voltage on antenna terminals is the product of the wave electric field strength at the receiving point and the effective length of the receiving antenna Leff. The effective length differs substantially from that in a non-streaming plasma for waves propagating downstream at frequencies close to the plasma frequency. The case of stream velocity lower than the electron thermal velocity is considered, which is of interest for wave measurements in the solar wind. We discuss some implications for relevant experiments in space plasmas, namely the appearance of narrowband lines in the spectra around local plasma frequency observed in the solar wind. The possible exaggeration of plasma wave amplitudes in conventional interpretations of measurements is pointed out
Baclofen for alcohol dependence: a preliminary open-label study.

BACKGROUND Recent preclinical and clinical studies have shown that the gamma-aminobutyric acid-B agonist baclofen may be an effective treatment for reducing alcohol consumption. This preliminary open-label investigation examined the tolerability and effect of a 30-mg daily baclofen dose for reducing drinking, subclinical anxiety and depressive symptoms, and craving in alcohol-dependent subjects. METHODS Nine men and three women participated in a 12-week trial during which they took baclofen on a 10 mg thrice-daily regimen and received four sessions of motivational enhancement therapy. Each participant received a comprehensive physical and psychiatric screening before being enrolled. At each visit, side effects were monitored with a revised version of the Systematic Assessment of Treatment Emergent Events-General Inquiry, and drinking data were collected via the timeline follow-back interview. Participants also completed the Beck Depression Inventory, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale at each visit. RESULTS Baclofen was reasonably tolerated. Two participants discontinued because of side effects. No serious adverse events were noted. Six other individuals did not complete the trial. Overall, there were statistically significant reductions in the number of drinks per drinking day and the number of heavy-drinking days, and there was an increase in the number of abstinent days. Significant decreases in anxiety and craving were also shown. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that baclofen is reasonably tolerated in an alcohol-dependent population, although the high dropout rate in the study is of concern. Baclofen may be effective for the reduction of drinking, anxiety, and craving for some alcohol-dependent individuals. A larger-scale placebo-controlled study is needed to further explore these effects and to determine the characteristics of those who respond to this medication.
Using Scenario Oriented Response-time Management for Composite Web Services

In order to make a composite web service meet user's response-time requirement, the proper instance of each member web service should be selected and bound. In the literature, all the member web services of a composite web service are treated equally during the response-time management, but without considering their different capabilities of effecting the user's satisfaction. However, in a certain using scenario, some member services are more sensitive than others, that is to say, in a given composite web service, if these sensitive services delayed, the decline of users' satisfaction is remarkably greater than that when other services delayed. In this article, a using scenario oriented response-time management method is proposed to reduce the delaying risk of the time sensitive web services, and thus to improve the user's satisfaction of a composite web service. Our experiments validated the efficiency of the proposed method.
Scanning for Viruses on Encrypted Cloud Storage

Despite the promise of scalability, efficiency, low cost, the rapid adoption of cloud computing also raises many concerns. In particular, security, privacy has been at the forefront of discussions, research in recent years. In this paper, we consider the unexplored problem of malware detection on encrypted cloud storage, especially relevant when cloud storage facilities are used for data archiving, back up. We noted disadvantages of the current approach to malware detection in anti-virus software, such as the frequent software updates, the threat of reverse engineering as highlighted by recent allegations of a potential sabotage by a industry partner. To address these issues, we propose solutions for performing malware detection in the following scenarios: A private malware scanner for encrypted cloud storage accessed solely by the data owner, an anti-virus as a service provider operating over encrypted cloud data,, an anti-virus service provider operating over unencrypted cloud services. Our private malware scanning solution is based on encrypted indexes, achieves performance comparable to leading keyword search algorithms. Our scheme for anti-virus as a service, based on homomorphic encryption, protects against malicious agents by performing a portion of the detection algorithm on an anti-virus server. The scheme also protects user privacy, having its entire scanning process performed in the encrypted domain. We also include a discussion on the merit of implementing anti-virus as a service on unencrypted data.
Immunopurification of Pathological Prion Protein Aggregates

Background Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders that can arise sporadically, be genetically inherited or acquired through infection. The key event in these diseases is misfolding of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into a pathogenic isoform that is rich in β-sheet structure. This conformational change may result in the formation of PrPSc, the prion isoform of PrP, which propagates itself by imprinting its aberrant conformation onto PrPC molecules. A great deal of effort has been devoted to developing protocols for purifying PrPSc for structural studies, and testing its biological properties. Most procedures rely on protease digestion, allowing efficient purification of PrP27-30, the protease-resistant core of PrPSc. However, protease treatment cannot be used to isolate abnormal forms of PrP lacking conventional protease resistance, such as those found in several genetic and atypical sporadic cases. Principal Findings We developed a method for purifying pathological PrP molecules based on sequential centrifugation and immunoprecipitation with a monoclonal antibody selective for aggregated PrP. With this procedure we purified full-length PrPSc and mutant PrP aggregates at electrophoretic homogeneity. PrPSc purified from prion-infected mice was able to seed misfolding of PrPC in a protein misfolding cyclic amplification reaction, and mutant PrP aggregates from transgenic mice were toxic to cultured neurons. Significance The immunopurification protocol described here isolates biologically active forms of aggregated PrP. These preparations may be useful for investigating the structural and chemico-physical properties of infectious and neurotoxic PrP aggregates.
The Origin of Sumerians

Who were the Sumerians? Where did they originate? For those who are not familiar with this remarkable, resourceful and intelligent people, who not only invented writing but also established the true mythological foundations of all main religions of the world, simply put, they taught us almost everything. Four different points regarding the current known archeological evidence are evaluated separately, and the Sumerians’ unique and strongly sacred mythological beliefs related to the lapis lazuli stone and the myth’s origin are analyzed. The uniqueness of the lapis mine location in the Hindu Kush Mountains and the unique (fingerprint) trace element and other physical characteristics of this metamorphic sacred blue stone of the Sumerians are the primary points of focus. The only possible and provable location of their original homeland, “based on the analysis” is; between the Caspian Sea and the Hindu Kush and Kopet Mountains, which is in Turkmenistan. This analysis and conclusion are based on “multiple independent factors”: current archeological excavations, the uniqueness of metamorphic lapis lazuli as a stone and over 6000 years of lapis lazuli mining at a fixed location (absolutely necessary requirements for the origin of strong lapis mythology) and current credible biogeographic DNA evidence and the distribution of R1b haplogroup of “Arbins”, as recently described by Dr. Anatole A. Klyosov. The Sumerians initial migration presumably began with a persistent drought in their original homeland, that eventually forced them to abandon their home migrate and resettle in the southern fertile lands of the Middle East between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and eventually further south near the banks of Nile River in north east Africa.
Non-target effects of herbicides on soil nematode assemblages.

BACKGROUND Herbicides are used extensively to control weeds. However, little is known about the non-target effects of herbicides on soil nematode assemblages. The objective of this study was to determine whether herbicides affect the abundance of nematodes in specific trophic groups. Meta-analysis was performed, and the calculated effect size, lr, quantified the impact of herbicides on the abundance of total nematodes and five trophic groups (bacterivores, fungivores, plant parasites, omnivores and predators). RESULTS Measurements of lr indicated that herbicides decreased abundance of both fungivores and predators; however, abundance of bacterivores, plant parasites and omnivores increased. Overall, total nematode abundance tended to increase in response to herbicide application. CONCLUSION The decrease in predator abundance suggests that herbicide application disturbs soil food webs. The increase in bacterivore and decrease in fungivore abundance suggest that bacterivores are more tolerant and both fungivores and predators more sensitive to herbicide applications. Herbicides also have non-target effects on omnivores, which may be due to the increased amount of food resources for omnivores after weed control. Additionally, the use of herbicides may result in a risk of an increase in plant-parasitic nematode abundance.
A mixed‐method systematic review and meta‐analysis of mental health professionals' attitudes toward smoking and smoking cessation among people with mental illnesses

Abstract Background and aims People with mental illnesses and substance abuse disorders are important targets for smoking cessation interventions. Mental health professionals (MHPs) are ideally placed to deliver interventions, but their attitudes may prevent this. This systematic review therefore aimed to identify and estimate quantitatively MHPs attitudes towards smoking and main barriers for providing smoking cessation support and to explore these attitudes in‐depth through qualitative synthesis. Methods The online databases AMED, EMBASE, Medline, PsychINFO, HMIC and CINAHL were searched in March 2015 using terms relating to three concepts: ‘attitudes’, ‘mental health professionals’ and ‘smoking cessation’. Quantitative or qualitative studies of any type were included. Proportions of MHPs' attitudes towards smoking and smoking cessation were pooled across studies using random effects meta‐analysis. Qualitative findings were evaluated using thematic synthesis. Results Thirty‐eight studies including 16 369 participants were eligible for inclusion. Pooled proportions revealed that 42.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 35.7–48.8] of MHPs reported perceived barriers to smoking cessation interventions, 40.5% (95% CI = 30.4–51.0) negative attitudes towards smoking cessation and 45.0% (95% CI = 31.9–58.4) permissive attitudes towards smoking. The most commonly held beliefs were that patients are not interested in quitting (51.4%, 95% CI = 33.4–69.2) and that quitting smoking is too much for patients to take on (38%, 95% CI = 16.4–62.6). Qualitative findings were consistent with quantitative results, revealing a culture of smoking as ‘the norm’ and a perception of cigarettes as a useful tool for patients and staff. Conclusions A significant proportion of mental health professionals hold attitudes and misconceptions that may undermine the delivery of smoking cessation interventions; many report a lack of time, training and confidence as main barriers to addressing smoking in their patients.
Spurious Welfare Reversals in International Business Cycle Models

Several papers on international business cycles have documented spurious welfare reversals, in that incomplete market economies can produce higher welfare than the complete market economy. This paper demonstrates how conventional linearization, as used in King, Plosser, and Rebelo (1988), can generate approximation errors that are large enough to result in such reversals. Using a two-country production economy without capital, we argue that spurious welfare reversals are not only possible but also plausible under reasonable parameter values. As a constructive alternative, this paper proposes an approximation method that modifies the conventional linearization method by a bias correction---the linear approximation around a 'stochastic' steady state. We show that this method can be easily implemented to accurately approximate the exact solution and therefore produce the correct welfare ordering. The accuracy of the proposed method is far better than that of the conventional linearization method and as good as that of a method involving a second-order expansion.
Uses and gratifications: A classic methodology revisited

This paper describes the results of a uses and gratifications survey, based on the methodology of Katz, Gurevitch, and Haas (1973), that examined the extent to which different media fulfill a variety of human needs. The authors suggest that the Katz et al. (1973) method should be revisited when investigating uses and gratifications across several media. The paper outlines the uses and gratifications approach, describes the adapted survey and presents the results of data collected over four years from 241 respondents at a large urban American university.
Distributed Learning in Secondary Spectrum Sharing Graphical Game

Secondary users sharing primary users' spectrum is modeled as a graphical game. Users located in random graphs and a regular lattice are considered. Secondary users are assumed to differentiate the ``quality" of the primary spectrum while interacting within their local neighborhood to minimize interference and congestion. The learning algorithm is also shown to be effective in punishing malicious users that violate spectrum etiquettes. An equivalence between spectrum sharing neighborhood interaction and the spin-glass model in statistical physics is established. A distributed exponential learning algorithm is used to arrive at an evolutionary stable solution to the game. Some theoretical properties of the system are studied and simulation results are presented to illustrate price of anarchy, convergence of the learning algorithm and asymptotic invariance of the system performance with respect to spectrum quality.
Apoptosis in metanephric development

During metanephric development, non-polarized mesenchymal cells are induced to form the epithelial structures of the nephron following interaction with extracellular matrix proteins and factors produced by the inducing tissue, ureteric bud. This induction can occur in a transfilter organ culture system where it can also be produced by heterologous cells such as the embryonic spinal cord. We found that when embryonic mesenchyme was induced in vitro and in vivo, many of the cells surrounding the new epithelium showed morphological evidence of programmed cell death (apoptosis) such as condensed nuclei, fragmented cytoplasm, and cell shrinking. A biochemical correlate of apoptosis is the transcriptional activation of a calcium-sensitive endonuclease. Indeed, DNA isolated from uninduced mesenchyme showed progressive degradation, a process that was prevented by treatment with actinomycin- D or cycloheximide and by buffering intracellular calcium. These results demonstrate that the metanephric mesenchyme is programmed for apoptosis. Incubation of mesenchyme with a heterologous inducer, embryonic spinal cord prevented this DNA degradation. To investigate the mechanism by which inducers prevented apoptosis we tested the effects of protein kinase C modulators on this process. Phorbol esters mimicked the effects of the inducer and staurosporine, an inhibitor of this protein kinase, prevented the effect of the inducer. EGF also prevented DNA degradation but did not lead to differentiation. These results demonstrate that conversion of mesenchyme to epithelial requires at least two steps, rescue of the mesenchyme from apoptosis and induction of differentiation.