Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Medical Instructions of the XVIII Century to Resuscitate the Apparently Dead: Rescuing the Drowned to Define the Origins of the Emergency Medicine

The concept of an emergency therapeutic action, defined as an immediate intervention to save dying people, is absent from the ancient medical mind. The Hippocratic physician cures diseases, defined as states of functional alterations of the natural processes: the pathologies are considered to be manifestations of a dyscrasia, or rather an imbalance of the body’s components, by excess or by default of quality and moods, which moves the physis of the body away from its natural condition. The altered organic processes are explained as a consequence of an inappropriate life style, that is a wrong regime which alters and compromises the functions of the entire organism: the quantity and quality of food and pothos, the relation between waking and sleeping, the hygienic and living conditions, the physical change, sexual activity, in an holistic conception which does not involve a medical intervention in contrast with the process in act. The diseases must follow their course, grow and reach the Krisis, the moment of a definite change, which brings towards death or healing. The physician acts in order to re-establish the original equilibrium of the body, though respecting the natural course of the phenomena and thus avoiding to intervene on those who cannot be saved.
The social selectivity of migration flows affecting Britain's larger conurbations: An analysis of the 1991 census regional migration tables

Abstract Little is known about the social composition of migration affecting British cities, despite the currently high political salience of this issue. This is principally because of the very limited availability of reliable city‐scale data on such migrant characteristics as occupation and income. This paper uses the Regional Migration Tables from the 1991 Census to document the migration of labour force members to and from Britain's larger conurbations, distinguishing six main Social Groups defined on the basis of occupation. It is found that all eight areas were net losers of economically active people, that all six Social Groups were generally contributing to these net losses and that, in every case except London, there was a strong positive relationship between social status and the rate of net out‐migration to the rest of Britain. This latter case suggests the need for further work, which would benefit from the more detailed migration datasets that are promised from the 2001 Census.
Governance of inherently dangerous territories: strategies of adaptation and perspectives of evolution

Management of inherently dangerous territories (IDT) represents a major issue for our society which should be prepared to cope with inherent risks. The problem that underlies our thoughts is to know how to manage in a sustainable way, the inherent dangerousness of a territory. The original concept of IDT questions classic probability approaches of the risk. It considers risk as a territory's constituent. Observing various territories in their historical dimension, and focusing our analysis on contemporary public actions in natural hazards management, we investigate the relation between risk and territory as well as strategies of adaptation developed in territorial crisis management.
Measurement of resistant starch in vitro and in vivo

The digestibility of the starch in plant foods is highly variable, and is dependent on a number of factors, including the physical structure of both the starch and the food matrix. An in vitro technique has been developed to categorize starch in plant foods according to its likely rate and extent of digestion in the human small intestine. The in vitro method provides values for rapidly digestible starch, slowly digestible starch and resistant starch (RS). In the present study values for the RS content of foods, as measured by the analytical technique, were compared with the recovery of starch from these foods when fed to healthy ileostomates. Nine ileostomy subjects were given a polysaccharide-free diet with a breakfast supplement, on each of 2 d (two subjects) or 3 d (seven subjects), of biscuits made from wheat, potato or banana flours or from moist-heat-processed wheat or maize flours. RS intakes measured in vifro ranged from 8·5 to 15·0 g/d for the test biscuits, and mean starch recoveries in ileostomy effluent were 100·4 (n5, range 91−106)% of those values, but there was substantial variation between individuals. It is proposed that RS is defined as ‘the sum of starch and starch-degradation products that, on average, reach the human large intestine’. The analytical method for the measurement of RS in vitro based on this definition is shown to provide an accurate prediction of the average amount of starch that is likely to escape complete digestion and absorption in the human small intestine.
High Serum Essential Amino Acids as a Predictor of Skeletal Muscle Depletion in Patients With Cachexia and Advanced Gastrointestinal Cancers

Background: In recent years, the number of patients with cancer has increased. These patients are prone to sarcopenia as a result of the decrease in muscle mass and muscle weakness that occur in cancer cachexia. Amino Index Cancer Screening is carried out to evaluate cancer cachexia risk by examining amino acid concentration and analyzing amino acid balance. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of consecutive patients with unresectable advanced gastrointestinal cancer (stage IV) receiving chemotherapy treatment (December 2012–September 2015) in an outpatient or in-hospital setting at our institution (N = 46). Data included characteristics, psoas muscle area per computed tomography, and biochemical blood test and serum amino acid profiles. Method 1: Comparison of biomarkers between 2 groups: psoas muscle index change rate (&Dgr;PMI) decrease vs increase. Method 2.1: Correlation between &Dgr;PMI and biomarkers. Method 2.2: Multiple regression of &Dgr;PMI and biomarkers. Results: EAA/TAA ratio (essential amino acids/total amino acids) in the decrease group was significantly higher than that in the increase group. Among all parameters, serum C-reactive protein (CRP), leucine, and isoleucine were negatively related to &Dgr;PMI (correlation coefficients = −0.604, −0.540, −0.518; P = .004, .011, .016, respectively). On multiple regression analysis, serum CRP value was strongly related to &Dgr;PMI (r2 = 0.452, &bgr; = −0.672, P = .001). Conclusions: Higher serum EAA/TAA ratio and CRP were associated with depletion in psoas muscle area, which led to a diagnosis of sarcopenia, in patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancers. These parameters at baseline could be predictors of cancer cachexia.
On the advantage of autobiographical memory pliability: implantation of positive self-defining memories reduces trait anxiety

ABSTRACT This paper is devoted to the mechanism of the positive construction of autobiographical memory. Positive construction consists of the spontaneous transformation of memories in the direction of the subjective enhancement of self-competence in past activities to anticipate improvement over time. We speculated that trait anxiety may indicate a failure to exhibit this mechanism that results in a deficit of affirmative self-esteem. We hypothesised that the implantation of positive self-defining memories in anxiety-evoking domains would decrease trait anxiety. One hundred twenty adults recollected three negative self-defining memories. Then, half of the participants imagined episodes of desired behaviour that differed from the originally recollected ones either in discussion or in hypnosis. Thirty participants experienced a hypnotic state without any references to memories, and the rest formed the control group. Subjects from the “Memory Implantation in Hypnosis” group became unable to distinguish the originally reported memories from the imagined ones, exhibited decreased trait anxiety scores after a 4-month delay, and reported enhanced self-esteem. In contrast, the participants from the “Hypnosis with no reference to the past” group exhibited decreased scores at a short delay but later returned to their original scores. These findings highlight the power of cured episodic-like autobiographical memory for updating the self.
Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart Grid Applications: A Case Study on Link Reliability and Node Lifetime Evaluations in Power Distribution Systems

Recent advances in embedded systems and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) made it possible to realize low-cost monitoring and automation systems for smart grids. This paper presents opportunities and design challenges of WSNs for smart grid applications. WSN-based smart grid applications have been introduced, and some WSN standards and communication protocols have been discussed for smart grid applications. Importantly, node lifetime and link reliability in wireless sensor networking for smart grid applications have been evaluated through case studies based on field tests in electric power system environments.
SIMPLE PROOF OF EXISTENCE OF EQUILIBRIUM IN A ONE-SECTOR GROWTH MODEL WITH BOUNDED OR UNBOUNDED RETURNS FROM BELOW

We analyze a Ramsey economy in which gross investment is constrained to be nonnegative. We prove the existence of a competitive equilibrium for the case in which utility need not be bounded from below and the Inada-type conditions need not hold. The analysis is carried out by means of a direct and technically standard approach. This direct approach allows us to obtain detailed results concerning properties of competitive equilibria, and is easily adapted for the analysis of analogous models often found in macroeconomics.
Computer-Based Interventions to Improve Self-management in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE Structured patient education programs can reduce the risk of diabetes-related complications. However, people appear to have difficulties attending face-to-face education and alternatives are needed. This review looked at the impact of computer-based diabetes self-management interventions on health status, cardiovascular risk factors, and quality of life of adults with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We searched The Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and CINAHL for relevant trials from inception to November 2011. Reference lists from relevant published studies were screened and authors contacted for further information when required. Two authors independently extracted relevant data using standard data extraction templates. RESULTS Sixteen randomized controlled trials with 3,578 participants met the inclusion criteria. Interventions were delivered via clinics, the Internet, and mobile phones. Computer-based diabetes self-management interventions appear to have small benefits on glycemic control: the pooled effect on HbA1c was −0.2% (−2.3 mmol/mol [95% CI −0.4 to −0.1%]). A subgroup analysis on mobile phone–based interventions showed a larger effect: the pooled effect on HbA1c from three studies was −0.50% (−5.46 mmol/mol [95% CI −0.7 to −0.3%]). There was no evidence of improvement in depression, quality of life, blood pressure, serum lipids, or weight. There was no evidence of significant adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS Computer-based diabetes self-management interventions to manage type 2 diabetes appear to have a small beneficial effect on blood glucose control, and this effect was larger in the mobile phone subgroup. There was no evidence of benefit for other biological, cognitive, behavioral, or emotional outcomes.
The art of coping with a craniofacial difference: Helping others through “Positive Exposure”

Finding ways to cope with social stigmatization is an important aspect of achieving adaptation for people living with visible genetic differences. This study describes the way individuals with craniofacial differences use an innovative photography and video experience with Positive Exposure (PE), a non‐profit organization based in New York City, as a way to cope with their conditions. Thirty‐five individuals between 12 and 61 years of age participated in this study. We administered surveys comprised of open‐ended qualitative questions and quantitative measures designed to assess self‐esteem, perceived stigma, and hopefulness. Data for this analysis was generated from the written questionnaires and interview transcripts. Most participants reported high levels of self‐esteem and hopefulness, suggesting that they were relatively well adapted to their condition. Almost all participants described experiences of stigmatization throughout their lives. However, participants demonstrated their ability to implement a variety of coping strategies to manage stigma. “Helping others” emerged as a prominent strategy among participants, aiding in the often lifelong process of adapting to their genetic difference. PE was described as an avenue through which participants could reach out to individuals and society at large, helping them adapt further to their condition. “Helping others” may also benefit individuals with craniofacial differences who do not consider themselves to be well adapted to their condition. Health care providers can collaborate with PE, advocacy groups and other community or support groups to identify additional ways individuals with craniofacial differences can help themselves by reaching out to others. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Divide Et Impera: Optimal Leniency Programs

Leniency programmes (or policies) reduce sanctions against cartel members that self-report to the Antitrust Authority. We focus on their ability to directly deter cartels and analogous criminal organizations by undermining internal trust, increasing individual incentives to ‘cheat’ on partners. Optimally designed ‘courageous’ leniency programmes reward the first party that reports sufficient information with the fines paid by all other parties, and with finitely high fines achieve the first best. ‘Moderate’ leniency programmes that only reduce or cancel sanctions, as implemented in reality, may also destabilize and deter cartels by (a) protecting agents that defect (and report) from fines; (b) protecting them from other agents’ punishment; and (c) increasing the riskiness of taking part to a cartel.
Technological Change for Sulfur Dioxide Scrubbers under Market-Based Regulation

The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) introduced tradable permits for controlling sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from coal-burning power plants and forced scrubbers to compete with other SO2 abatement options. While the flexibility of permits reduced overall compliance costs, a secondary benefit would exist if there were resulting advances in scrubber technology. A hedonic model is used to estimate the effect of changing regulatory regimes on scrubber costs. While scrubbers installed under the 1990 CAAA are cheaper to purchase and operate than older scrubbers, these cost reductions seem to be a one-time drop rather than a continual decline. (JEL Q52, Q55)
Robots-Aided Participatory Crowdsourcing with Limited Task Budget

Participatory Crowdsourcing System (PCS) is now an important source of information for big data applications. In PCS, required environmental parameters are collected and shared by ordinary citizens. And the limited range of human activities and limited power or capability of smart devices make the PCS facing a lot of problems. But the wide use of robots, such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), can effectively alleviate the current problems in PCS. Lots of precision sensors can be installed into the robots, which makes sensory data collected by robots more trustful. However, the power and data transmission capability of robots are also limited. Meanwhile, it is much more expensive to use robots than recruit human participants. Thus, it will be most useful and necessary to use robots in PCS, let the robots and human participants working together, rather than using robots to replace the human participants. Obviously, the cooperation of robots and human participants will also make PCS facing new challenges, such as how to use the least amount of robots to reduce costs, etc. In this paper, we analyze the different application scenarios of robots-aided PCS, and propose possible solutions to the existing problems. Finally, we discuss possible future work for robots-aided PCS.
An econometric model of structural change: a case study of Canada

The study postulates that structural change in a resource-based economy can, in large part, be explained by the behaviour of the relative wages. Different wage responses in tradeable and non-tradeable sectors create, over the course of the business cycle, a ‘ratchet effect’ which gradually squeezes the tradeable sector relative to the non-tradeable sector. Although the analysis is undertaken mainly within the Dutch-disease framework, an econometric model incorporating key elements of various views on the subject is tested for Canada. The results are consistent with the predictions of the model.
Alliance-created interdependence and the formation of alliance clusters

Given the rapid acceleration of alliance activity over the past two decades, the nature of alliance formation must now be considered as an essential part of the analysis of a market structure. In many markets, firms tend to ally into clusters, and competition in such markets often shifts to match cluster against cluster rather than firm against firm. This article introduces an explanation for the formation of alliance clusters, which suggests that firms' tendency to ally into clusters increases with the extent of interdependence created by their new and pre-existing alliances. The concept of alliance-created interdependence also provides insight into why firms in the same cluster tend not to compete with one another.
Correlated defaults, incomplete information, and the term strucutre of credit spreads

In this dissertation, we study the term structure of credit spreads on corporate bonds in the presence of default interdependencies and informational asymmetries. Dependence of default events has a variety of sources. Issuers may be directly associated through mutual capital holdings or financial guarantees. Since all issuers’ financial health is contingent on general economic conditions, issuers can also be indirectly related. Incomplete information arises from the fact that it is typically difficult for investors to observe all parameters needed to assess the credit quality of an issuer. Investors are instead forced to estimate issuers’ health based on the imperfect information which is publicly available, such as accounting reports and the default status of other issuers in the market. While public bond investors observe default incidents in the market, we suppose that they have only incomplete information on a firm’s assets and/or the threshold asset level at which informed equity investors liquidate the firm. Stochastic dependence between default events is introduced through the correlated evolution of issuers’ assets through time and correlated default thresholds. The former models dependence of firms on common economic factors, while the latter models direct inter-firm linkages. Throughout, we emphasize the representation of dependence via copula functions and the newly introduced conditional copulas. We characterize joint conditional default probabilities in terms of asset and threshold copula, given the incomplete information of the secondary market. We propose and characterize the default time copula as a consistent default correlation measure, which overcomes the limitations of existing covariance based measures. As a natural tool for the characterization of credit spreads, we introduce the compensator of default. In terms of this compensator, we represent conditional default probabilities and prices of default-contingent claims as assessed by the imperfectly informed secondary bond market. We show that short spreads (spreads for maturities going to zero) are only determined by the probabilistic properties of the default event. If a default is predictable as with perfect information, short spreads are zero regardless of how the default is modeled. Zero short spreads are empirically not plausible. We construct the compensator in terms of investors’ threshold prior and the conditional running minimum asset distribution. With perfect asset observation, an arrival intensity for default does not exist, though the default is completely unpredictable. Short spreads are only positive if the assets are at an historic low. With imperfect asset observation, an arrival intensity for default exists and is characterized through the compensator. The strictly positive short spreads are given by the intensity.
Both associative activation and thematic extraction count, but thematic false memories are more easily rejected

The main aim of this study was to analyse the roles played by associative activation and thematic extraction in the explanation of false memories using the Deese, Roediger, McDermott (DRM) paradigm. Associative lists with two different types of critical items (CIs) were used: one, the associative CI, corresponded to the word most strongly primed by the associates in the list and another, the thematic CI, was the word that best described the theme of the list. Following three different types of encoding instructions (standard, warning or strategic), false recognition for these two types of CIs was analysed in either self-paced or speeded response recognition tests. The results showed considerable levels of false memories for both types of CIs. Even without the quality of being “good themes”, associative CIs produced high levels of false recognition, which suggests that associative activation plays a prominent role in false memory formation. More interestingly, thematic CIs were more prone to be edited out, reinforcing the argument that thematic identifiability has a major role in the rejection of false memories.
Clinical-effectiveness of self-management interventions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: An overview of reviews

Self-management (SM) is defined as the provision of interventions to increase patients’ skills and confidence, empowering the individual to take an active part in their disease management. There is uncertainty regarding the optimal format and the short- and long-term benefits of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) SM interventions in adults. Therefore, a high-quality overview of reviews was updated to examine their clinical effectiveness. Sixteen reviews were identified, interventions were broadly classified as education or action plans, complex interventions with an SM focus, pulmonary rehabilitation (PR), telehealth and outreach nursing. Systematic review and meta-analysis quality and the risk of bias of underlying primary studies were assessed. Strong evidence was found that PR is associated with significant improvements in health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Limited to moderate evidence for complex interventions (SM focus) with limited evidence for education, action plans, telehealth interventions and outreach nursing for HRQoL was found. There was strong evidence that education is associated with a significant reduction in COPD-related hospital admissions, moderate to strong evidence that telehealth interventions and moderate evidence that complex interventions (SM focus) are associated with reduced health care utilization. These findings from a large body of evidence suggesting that SM, through education or as a component of PR, confers significant health gains in people with COPD in terms of HRQoL. SM supported by telehealth confers significant reductions in healthcare utilization, including hospitalization and emergency department visits.