Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The complete mitochondrial genome of Clarias fuscus (Teleostei, Siluriformes: Clariidae)

Abstract The Clarias fuscus is an important economic fish in China and distributed widely in south China, e.g. Yangtze river, Pearl River, and Min River, even Hainan island. It is also distributed in Southeast Asia and Africa, so it is a good model for study population genetics and geological changes of these region. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of C. fuscus has been obtained with PCR. The gene composition and arrangement of mitochondrial genome sequence of C. fuscus are similar to most of other vertebrates, which contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and a non-coding control region with total length of 16,518 bp. Most of genes are encoded on Heavy-Strand (H-strand), except for eight tRNA and ND6 genes. Like most vertebrates, the bias of G and C has universality in different region (genes). The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of C. fuscus would contribute for better understanding of population genetics, conservation, biogeography, evolution of this species.
Type I and type II cytokeratin cDNAs from the zebrafish (Danio rerio) and expression patterns during early development.

Full-length cDNAs of a type I (zfCKI), and a type II (zfCKII) cytokeratin from the adult zebrafish, Danio rerio, were characterized and their expressions studied during early development and in the adult. The 1,426 bp long zfCKI cDNA encodes a 46.7 kD protein, whereas the 2,398 bp zfCKII cDNA encodes a protein of 58.6 kD. zfCKI and zfCKII each have a central rod domain that is characteristic of intermediate filaments and which share 73%-91% and 87%-93% similarity, respectively, with those of type I and type II cytokeratins from zebrafish, goldfish, and the rainbow trout. The central rod domains of zfCKI and zfCKII also contain the IF signature motif, IA[T/E]YR[K/R]LL[D/E]. zfCKI has, in addition, a leucine-zipper motif at a.a. residues 184-205 and 191-212. Both zfCKI and zfCKII mRNAs are expressed in the epidermis of the zebrafish. zfCKII mRNA was both maternally inherited and zygotically transcribed and was detected from the one-cell embryo to adult stages. zfCKII was also strongly expressed specifically during the 20-somites, protruding-mouth, and adult stages. In the adult, it was uniformly expressed in the skin, fins and scale epidermis. In contrast, zfCKI mRNA was undetectable in the oocyte but was zygotically transcribed from the epiboly stage onwards. Its expression in the skin was strong only up to the swimming larva stage and was weak and patchy in the adult. Both zfCKI and zfCKII were expressed in the neurons and glial cells of the brain and spinal cord. In the adult eye, zfCKI and zfCKII were expressed in the ganglion cell layer and the retina, but zfCKII was also strongly expressed in the cornea as well as in chondrocytes in the skull.
Do debts lead to disability pension? Evidence from a 15-year follow-up of 54,000 Finnish men and women

While over-indebtedness has emerged as a new social risk among Europeans as a consequence of economic recessions, its associations with health and disability are poorly understood. This study utilises longitudinal, register-based data to assess the associations of over-indebtedness with disability retirement. Severely over-indebted people were identified from the Finnish credit information register. For each over-indebted person, one matched control was retrieved from the population register (total N: 54,494). Register data on socio-demographics, health-related factors and pensions were used to analyse the incidence of disability pensions due to different diagnoses among over-indebted people and their controls during the period 1995–2009 using Cox regression analysis. The analyses showed that over-indebtedness was strongly associated with the risk of disability retirement in all diagnostic groups. The associations were stronger among women than among men. The adverse effects of over-indebtedness on health and disability should be acknowledged. In addition to standard socio-demographic indicators, debtor status may add to our knowledge of the predictors of poor health. Policymakers should adopt measures to prevent over-indebtedness and to overcome its harmful effects.
A website entitled “The fine structure of the aging brain”

Rhesus monkeys offer a strong comparative model for the effects of aging on the human brain, and The Journal of Comparative Neurology is grateful to have the opportunity to feature a unique resource from one of the world's leading authorities on the synaptic and cellular basis of age-related cognitive decline. The 130 high resolution electron micrographs from aging rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), provided by Alan Peters and his colleague, Claire Folger, represent 20 years of detailed study, and are a valuable instrument to help gain better insight into the effects of normal aging on the neurons and neuroglial cells in the cerebral hemispheres and associated fiber tracts of the forebrain.
Determination of the Effective Detector Area of an Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer at the Scanning Electron Microscope Using Experimental and Theoretical X-Ray Emission Yields

Abstract A method is proposed to determine the effective detector area for energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometers (EDS). Nowadays, detectors are available for a wide range of nominal areas ranging from 10 up to 150 mm2. However, it remains in most cases unknown whether this nominal area coincides with the “net active sensor area” that should be given according to the related standard ISO 15632, or with any other area of the detector device. Moreover, the specific geometry of EDS installation may further reduce a given detector area. The proposed method can be applied to most scanning electron microscope/EDS configurations. The basic idea consists in a comparison of the measured count rate with the count rate resulting from known X-ray yields of copper, titanium, or silicon. The method was successfully tested on three detectors with known effective area and applied further to seven spectrometers from different manufacturers. In most cases the method gave an effective area smaller than the area given in the detector description.
Issues In Feminism A First Course In Womens Studies

issues in feminism a first course in womens studies is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our digital library saves in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the issues in feminism a first course in womens studies is universally compatible with any devices to read.
A biopharmaceutical classification-based Right-First-Time formulation approach to reduce human pharmacokinetic variability and project cycle time from First-In-Human to clinical Proof-Of-Concept

A Right-First-Time approach is described for developing bona fide formulations for First-In-Human (FIH) to Proof-Of-Concept (POC) studies to meet an overarching goal of reduced project cycle time from IND to NDA (as short as four years). Bona fide formulations are tailor-made according to the drug’s biopharmaceutical properties including solubility, permeability and stability. Solubilization techniques are used extensively to reduce oral absorption variability for most compounds. Bona fide formulations contain all necessary functional excipients such as diluent, solubilizer, stabilizer, pH adjuster, disintegrant and lubricant so formulation changes are minimized to avoid significant PK bridging studies. Cycle time of FIH formulation development is aligned with IND-enabling toxicology studies, generally 4–6 months. Resources range from 0.5 full time equivalents (FTE) for a BCS-1 compound to 3 FTE for a BCS-4 compound with high drug delivery hurdles. We have achieved our goal by taking the same formulation from FIH to POC 90% of the time and maintaining the same formulation platform from POC to commercial manufacturing 80% of the time in the past eight years. This strategy enables cycle time reduction from 7 to 4 years for IND to NDA by overlapping clinical study phases and eliminating clinical downtime due to PK bridging studies.
Drug delivery in the nasal cavity after functional endoscopic sinus surgery: a computational fluid dynamics study

Abstract Background: Intranasal medication is commonly used for nasal disease. However, there are no clear specifications for intranasal medication delivery after functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Methods: A three-dimensional model of the nasal cavity was constructed from computed tomography scans of an adult Chinese male who had previously undergone functional endoscopic sinus surgery in the right nasal cavity. Computational fluid dynamic simulations modelled airflow and particle deposition, based on discrete phase models. Results: In the right nasal cavity, more particles passed through the upper dorsal region, around the surgical area, and streamed into the right maxillary sinus region. In the left cavity, particles were distributed more regularly and uniformly in the ventral region around the inferior turbinate. A lower inspiratory airflow rate and smaller initial particle velocity assisted particle deposition within the right maxillary sinus cavity. In the right nasal cavity, the optimal particle diameter was approximately 10−5 m for maxillary sinus cavity deposition and 3 × 10−6 m for bottom region deposition. In the right nasal cavity, altered back head tilt angles enhanced particle deposition in the top region of the surgical area, and altered right side head tilt angles helped enhance maxillary sinus cavity deposition. Conclusion: This model indicates that a moderate inspiratory airflow rate and a particle diameter of approximately 10−5 m should improve intranasal medication deposition into the maxillary sinus cavity following functional endoscopic sinus surgery.
The Influence of Teaching Method on Performance of Suicide Assessment in Baccalaureate Nursing Students

BACKGROUND: Student nurses identify many barriers to assessing patients’ risk for suicide. OBJECTIVE: This pilot study developed and tested an innovative active learning strategy using simulated standardized patients to determine its effectiveness in teaching suicide assessment skills to a sample of 34 junior and senior baccalaureate nursing students. DESIGN: This study employed an experimental, two-group posttest design and three National League for Nursing/Laerdal Simulation Evaluation instruments. After reading about suicide assessment, the experimental group was exposed to a simulated standardized patient portraying a suicidal patient. The control group received a recorded lecture on suicide assessment. RESULTS: The experimental group demonstrated a significant difference in student scores of self-confidence, satisfaction, and student perceptions of the educational practices (active learning, collaboration, and appeal to diverse learning styles) when compared to the lecture format. CONCLUSION: Suicide assessment is a critical assessment skill set that can be effectively taught to nursing students using standardized patients.
Simultaneous 4-Chamber Strain: More and Faster Analysis, But Is It Good Enough?

Analysis of myocardial deformation, or strain imaging, is becoming part of routine echocardiography.1 The most widely accepted parameter to date has been global longitudinal strain as a measure of global left ventricular (LV) function. Global longitudinal strain (LS) of the LV, in (negative) percent, is the average of the maximal shortening (in percent) in the apico-basal direction of each of 18 LV segments visualized in the 3 standard apical views. The strain curves are computed using speckle tracking to determine myocardial velocity in a region of interest from which local strain is derived. LS is defined as deformation (shortening or lengthening) along the midline of LV walls, that is, in an apico-basal direction, but following the curvature of the LV walls.2 Similarly, global left or right atrial or right ventricular LS can be obtained as average of segmental peak LS. Strain data are highly dependent on image quality and frame rate, as well as physiological parameters as blood pressure. See Article by Addetia et al The article of Addetia et al3 in this issue of Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging explores LS values from all 4 chambers obtained simultaneously from the 4-chamber view of the same cardiac cycle using a software (Epsilon Imaging, Ann Arbor MI) that can accommodate data acquired with echo machines from different echo manufacturers, although for this article, only echos acquired with one brand of echo machines were used. LS analysis was based on speckle tracking in 21 segments per patient (6 for the LV, 3 for the right ventricle, and 6 each for left and right atrium, …
Age‐related changes in calbindin D‐28k and calretinin immunoreactivity in the inferior colliculus of CBA/CaJ and C57Bl/6 mice

This study examines calbindin D‐28k and calretinin immunoreactivity in the inferior colliculus (IC) of young and old mice of two strains. The CBA/CaJ mouse maintains good hearing until very late in life, whereas the C57Bl/6 strain exhibits severe sensorineural hearing loss at an early age. Young and old mice of both strains were selected with matching auditory brainstem response audiograms and gap detection thresholds. Brain sections were reacted with anti‐calbindin D‐28k (CB) and anti‐calretinin (CR). Staining patterns were characterized and cell counts performed. CB immunoreactivity was high only in the nucleus of the commissure (NCO); counts revealed a 22.3% decrease in the number of CB+ cells in old CBA mice and a 25.1% decrease in old C57 mice. Calretinin immunoreactivity was high in the pericentral regions of the IC, but the central nucleus was devoid of CR+ cells. The dorsal cortex, lateral nucleus, and NCO showed increases of 42.3, 49.0, and 61%, respectively, in the number of CR+ cells, but only in the old CBA mice. No significant change was observed in the old C57 mice. Whereas decreases in CB immunoreactivity are common with age, this study is the first to report an age‐related increase in CR immunoreactivity in the auditory system. The increase in CR+ cells is a possible compensatory adaptation to the decrease in CB+ cells. That the number of CR+ cells remains constant with age in C57 mice suggests this compensation may depend upon stimulus‐driven activity, but this requires further study. J. Comp. Neurol. 386:92–110, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Arf GEF GBF1 and Arf4 synergize with the sensory receptor cargo, rhodopsin, to regulate ciliary membrane trafficking

ABSTRACT The small GTPase Arf4 and the Arf GTPase-activating protein (GAP) ASAP1 cooperatively sequester sensory receptor cargo into transport carriers targeted to primary cilia, but the input that drives Arf4 activation in this process remains unknown. Here, we show, by using frog retinas and recombinant human proteins, that during the carrier biogenesis from the photoreceptor Golgi/trans-Golgi network (TGN) a functional complex is formed between Arf4, the Arf guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) GBF1 and the light-sensing receptor, rhodopsin. Rhodopsin and Arf4 bind the regulatory N-terminal dimerization and cyclophillin-binding (DCB)-homology upstream of Sec7 (HUS) domain of GBF1. The complex is sensitive to Golgicide A (GCA), a selective inhibitor of GBF1 that accordingly blocks rhodopsin delivery to the cilia, without disrupting the photoreceptor Golgi. The emergence of newly synthesized rhodopsin in the endomembrane system is essential for GBF1-Arf4 complex formation in vivo. Notably, GBF1 interacts with the Arf GAP ASAP1 in a GCA-resistant manner. Our findings indicate that converging signals on GBF1 from the influx of cargo into the Golgi/TGN and the feedback from Arf4, combined with input from ASAP1, control Arf4 activation during sensory membrane trafficking to primary cilia. Highlighted Article: Here, we show that sensory receptor cargo promotes its intracellular progression by providing input to a specific Arf GEF to activate a cognate Arf directing transport to the cilia.
Association of Optimism and Health-Related Behavior with Mental Health in Czech Adolescents

Dispositional optimism is a psychological trait associated with both physical and mental health in adults. Less is known about the associations between optimism and health among adolescents. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between dispositional optimism, health-related behavior and mental health among Czech adolescents. Further on, the effect of gender and age (early vs. late adolescence) on mental health levels was explored. Instruments: short form of the Mental Health Continuum (MHC-SF); Health Behaviours Scale; Life Orientation Test – Revised (LOT-R). Sample: 1376 Czech adolescents aged 11-19 (M = 15.9; SD = 2.3), 56.8% females. Statistical analysis: Hierarchical multiple regression analysis with three sets of predictors. The first set of predictors (age and gender) explained 7.3% of variance in MHC-SF scores; the second set of predictors – LOT-R optimism and pessimism scores – explained another 25% of variance; and the third set of predictors (health-related behaviors) explained additional 16.3% of variance. The final model explained 48.6% of variance in mental health among adolescents. Dimensions of dispositional optimism turned out to be the strongest set of predictors of positive mental health in adolescents, while health behavior components predicted the mental health levels to a lesser extent. Gender and age were also significant predictors of mental health, with boys and younger adolescents scoring higher.
Medicaid expansion in the United States: A state comparative study examining factors that influence state decision making

MEDICAID EXPANSION IN THE UNITED STATES: A STATE COMPARATIVE STUDY EXAMINING FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE STATE DECISION-MAKING Tiffany J. Henley Old Dominion University, 2016 Director: Dr. John C. Morris Since the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) and a Supreme Court ruling that the federal government cannot compel states to expand Medicaid, a policy window has opened for states to change Medicaid policy. States are now faced with the option to expand Medicaid. Although the literature on Medicaid expansion indicates that politics plays a determining role on states’ decisions on Medicaid expansion, comprehensive analyses of dominant factors that affect these decisions on Medicaid is lacking in the field of Medicaid policy. This study will explore the decision making process of state level policies and the effect of relevant state characteristics on Medicaid expansion. This dissertation examines prominent factors that influence state decisions on Medicaid expansion. Although the literature on Medicaid expansion post the ACA is limited in scope, this study is informed by a range of other disciplines, such as education, political science, intergovernmental management, and economics. A conceptual framework is developed based on the interdisciplinary nature of the literature and five models are created: political, economic, needs-based, state capacity, and state innovation and diffusion. A state comparative crosssectional research design is utilized to test the five models and a combined model of state decision making on Medicaid expansion using multinomial logistic regression analysis and descriptive statistics.
The weather and macroeconomic determinants of whale-watching tourism: a Markov regime-switching analysis

Taking in sail is essential for a whale-watching excursion, which makes the demand for whale-watching tourism sensitive to the weather. The purpose of this paper is to examine the implications of two potential demand-side determinants, that is, weather and macroeconomic conditions, on the business cycle of Taiwan’s whale-watching tourism industry. By exploiting a Markov regime-switching model, this study finds that temperature and relative price changes are crucial determinants of the demand for whale-watching tourism, no matter whether in the peaks or in the troughs. Nevertheless, the influences of sunshine hours, rainfall and real GDP per capita on the demand for whale-watching tourism depend heavily on the phases of business cycle. The empirical results provide some inspiration for sustainable management of Taiwan’s whale-watching tourism.
Identification of the HrpS binding site in the hrpL promoter and effect of the RpoN binding site of HrpS on the regulation of the type III secretion system in Erwinia amylovora.

The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a key pathogenicity factor in Erwinia amylovora. Previous studies have demonstrated that the T3SS in E. amylovora is transcriptionally regulated by an RpoN-HrpL sigma factor cascade, which is activated by the bacterial alarmone (p)ppGpp. In this study, the binding site of HrpS, an enhancer binding protein, was identified for the first time in plant-pathogenic bacteria. Complementation of the hrpL mutant with promoter deletion constructs of the hrpL gene and promoter activity analyses using various lengths of the hrpL promoter fused to a promoter-less green fluorescent protein (gfp) reporter gene delineated the upstream region for HrpS binding. Sequence analysis revealed a dyad symmetry sequence between -138 and -125 nucleotides (TGCAA-N4-TTGCA) as the potential HrpS binding site, which is conserved in the promoter of the hrpL gene among plant enterobacterial pathogens. Results of quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and electrophoresis mobility shift assay coupled with site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) analysis showed that the intact dyad symmetry sequence was essential for HrpS binding, full activation of T3SS gene expression and virulence. In addition, the role of the GAYTGA motif (RpoN binding site) of HrpS in the regulation of T3SS gene expression in E. amylovora was characterized by complementation of the hrpS mutant using mutant variants generated by SDM. Results showed that a Y100F substitution of HrpS complemented the hrpS mutant, whereas Y100A and Y101A substitutions did not. These results suggest that tyrosine (Y) and phenylalanine (F) function interchangeably in the conserved GAYTGA motif of HrpS in E. amylovora.
Early life trauma and directional brain connectivity within major depression

Objective: Early life trauma (ELT) is a significant risk factor for the onset of depression. Emerging findings indicate ELT is associated with enhanced amygdala reactivity to aversive stimuli in never‐depressed healthy controls as well as those with acute depression but may be absent in non‐ELT exposed depressed. The precise mechanism mediating these differences in amygdala reactivity remains unclear. Method: The authors used Granger causality methods to evaluate task‐based directional connectivity between medial or lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala in 20 unmedicated patients with current major depressive disorder (MDD) and 19 healthy matched controls while participants engaged in an affective variant of the flanker task comparing response to sad and neutral faces. These data were correlated with childhood trauma history. Results: Exposure to ELT was associated with failure of inhibition within the MDD group based on medial PFC–amygdala connectivity. In contrast, non‐ELT exposed MDD was associated with a negative causal pathway from medial prefrontal cortex to amygdala, despite reduced dorsolateral PFC input in comparison to healthy controls. Neither MDD group demonstrated significant lateral PFC–amygdala connectivity in comparison to healthy controls. Conclusions: Failure of the circuit implicated in emotion regulation was associated with a significant history of ELT but not with MDD more broadly. Non‐ELT related depression was associated with intact regulation of emotion despite the absence of difference in severity of illness. These findings indicate opposing system‐level differences within depression relative to ELT are expressed as differential amygdala reactivity. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4815–4826, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.