Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Differences between Conscious and Unconscious Goal Pursuit

People can be aware (conscious) or unaware (unconscious) of an active goal when making a choice. Being aware of a goal enables people to use conscious strategies to identify attributes that are relevant to goal pursuit and to assess the efficacy of the attributes of each choice alternative. For most people, this process encourages the choice of the most goal-consistent alternative. For some people, this process encourages the consideration of trade-offs, activates a competing goal, and encourages the choice of a goal-inconsistent alternative. With unconscious goal pursuit, people cannot devote resources to assessing the efficacy of the attributes of each alternative; therefore, they match the accessible goal to the attributes of the available alternatives. As a result, the unconscious selects an alternative with attributes that are consistent with the goal and not necessarily the alternative that is most efficacious for the goal. The authors investigate these processes by manipulating the conscious system's ability to assess the efficacy of product attributes and the unconscious system's ability to match the accessible goal to product attributes.
Efficient Stochastic Gradient Descent for Strongly Convex Optimization

We motivate this study from a recent work on a stochastic gradient descent (SGD) method with only one projection \citep{DBLP:conf/nips/MahdaviYJZY12}, which aims at alleviating the computational bottleneck of the standard SGD method in performing the projection at each iteration, and enjoys an $O(\log T/T)$ convergence rate for strongly convex optimization. In this paper, we make further contributions along the line. First, we develop an epoch-projection SGD method that only makes a constant number of projections less than $\log_2T$ but achieves an optimal convergence rate $O(1/T)$ for {\it strongly convex optimization}. Second, we present a proximal extension to utilize the structure of the objective function that could further speed-up the computation and convergence for sparse regularized loss minimization problems. Finally, we consider an application of the proposed techniques to solving the high dimensional large margin nearest neighbor classification problem, yielding a speed-up of orders of magnitude.
RECONSTRUCTION OF SCENES FROM GEO-REFERENCED WEB RESOURCES

We present the results of a case study aiming to assess the reflection of the physical environment in the Web and its usability to enhance navigation services. The wealth of information contained in Web resources consists of its content, as well as of the semantics in its patterns. We analyze the potential to improve the navigation services beyond simple provision of landmarks. The suitability of the Web documents to provide supporting information for an automated urban navigation service is tested through the reconstruction of the semantics of georeferences in Web resources into scenes. This eases a wayfinder’s cognitive load necessary to remember the set of route directions and to navigate in the environment. In a detailed analysis of the Web resources we identify usable patterns and ways to mine the information out of these patterns. This shows how the interpretation of georeferences in Web resources reflects perceivable properties of described features.
Inferring Origin Wi-Fi Traffic Patterns by Deep Learning of Max-pooled Sparse Representations of Received Frames

We introduce a novel networking application of deep learning to infer the origin traffic pattern in Wi-Fi from observing only received frame runs and gaps. CSMA adds linear and nonlinear altercations to the original characteristics of a flow, which is subject to further distortions from mixing with other flows. We devise a multi-layer inference pipeline based on sparse coding and dictionary learning popular in machine learning. In particular, we integrate max pooling at all layers to capture features (received frame characteristics) varying in length and position. We empirically evaluate the proposed pipeline in OPNET and present a comparative performance analysis with ARX/ARMAX least squares, Naı̈ve Bayes classifier, kernel density estimation, and EM-optimized Gaussian mixture model.
Reconstruction of Smoothed Polyhedral Surfaces from Multiple Range Images

In order to digitize the whole surface of a threedimensional object by means of an optical range sensor, usually multiple range images are acquired from di erent viewpoints. We demonstrate how the range images can be accurately merged into a single triangular mesh with curvature dependent density by the use of local topological mesh operations. A new lter, that is specially adapted to the requirements of geometrical data, has been designed. This enables smoothing of measuring errors like noise, aliasing, outliers, and registration errors with minimum interference of real object features like edges. Curvature variations are minimized and surface undulations are avoided in order to produce high quality surfaces for rendering and NC milling.
Behavioral and electrophysiological effects of 5‐HT in globus pallidus of 6‐hydroxydopamine lesioned rats

Anatomical studies have shown that the globus pallidus receives abundant 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) innervations from raphe nuclei. 5‐HT may occupy an important position in the modulation of motor function through its affect on the activity of globus pallidus. In the present study, intrapallidal microinjection of 5‐HT (0.1 mM) alone did not induce any motor behavior or postural asymmetry in the unilateral 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA)‐lesioned rats. However, when infused concomitantly with a low dose of 3, 4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA, 3 mg/kg i.p.), which itself can induce modest contralateral rotational behavior, 5‐HT significantly potentiated the number of contralateral rotations. To elucidate the cellular mechanism, in vivo extracellular recordings were performed to examine the effects of 5‐HT on globus pallidus neurons. In normal rats, the predominant effect of micropressure ejection of 5‐HT on pallidal neurons was excitation. In 6‐OHDA‐lesioned rats, although 5‐HT increased the firing rate in most pallidal neurons, 5‐HT‐induced inhibitory effects was stronger than that on the unlesioned side as well as normal rats. Furthermore, 5‐HT1B receptors are mainly involved in 5‐HT‐induced excitation while 5‐HT1A receptors are involved in 5‐HT‐induced inhibition. The results suggest that 5‐HT may potentiate the antiparkinsonian effect of L‐DOPA through modulating the activity of globus pallidus. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SymFinder: Privacy Leakage Detection using Symbolic Execution on Android Devices

Android system has a large number of users and application markets, but its security situation is worrying. Unlike most of the PC apps, Android apps manipulates private information such as contacts and SMS messages, and leakage of such information may cause great loss to the Android users. Thus, detecting privacy leakage on Android is in urgent need. In this paper, we propose a new approach called SymFinder, which detects privacy leakage vulnerabilities on Android with reverse symbolic execution technology. Unlike dynamic approaches, SymFinder analyzes applications without the need of code execution. Thus, it has a higher coverage and less false negative rate of vulnerabilities, and can avoid the path explosion problem in dynamic analysis. Besides, SymFinder can increase accuracy of vulnerability analysis and reduce false positive rate by recognizing invalid and inaccessible sensitive paths. Experimental results show that, SymFinder can detect the existence of 14 real privacy leakages from a 100 provided application set.
RACK1, a Receptor for Activated C Kinase and a Homolog of the β Subunit of G Proteins, Inhibits Activity of Src Tyrosine Kinases and Growth of NIH 3T3 Cells

ABSTRACT To isolate and characterize proteins that interact with the unique domain and SH3 and SH2 domains of Src and potentially regulate Src activity, we used the yeast two-hybrid assay to screen a human lung fibroblast cDNA library. We identified RACK1, a receptor for activated C kinase and a homolog of the β subunit of G proteins, as a Src-binding protein. Using GST-Src fusion proteins, we determined that RACK1 binds to the SH2 domain of Src. Coimmunoprecipitation of Src and RACK1 was demonstrated with NIH 3T3 cells. Purified GST-RACK1 inhibited the in vitro kinase activity of Src in a concentration-dependent manner. GST-RACK1 (2 μM) inhibited the activities of purified Src and Lck tyrosine kinases by 40 to 50% but did not inhibit the activities of three serine/threonine kinases that we tested. Tyrosine phosphorylation on many cellular proteins decreased in 293T cells that transiently overexpressed RACK1. Src activity and cell growth rates decreased by 40 to 50% in NIH 3T3 cells that stably overexpressed RACK1. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that RACK1-overexpressing cells do not show an increased rate of necrosis or apoptosis but do spend significantly more time in G0/G1 than do wild-type cells. Prolongation of G0/G1 could account for the increased doubling time of RACK1-overexpressing cells. We suggest that RACK1 exerts its effect on the NIH 3T3 cell cycle in part by inhibiting Src activity.
Short-Term Effects of the 2008 Cold Spell on Mortality in Three Subtropical Cities in Guangdong Province, China

Background: Few studies have been conducted to investigate the impact of extreme cold events on mortality in subtropical regions. Objective: In the present study we aimed to investigate the effects of the 2008 cold spell on mortality and the possibility of mortality displacement in three subtropical cities in China. Methods: Daily mortality, air pollution, and weather data were collected from 2006 to 2009 in Guangzhou, Nanxiong (no air pollutants), and Taishan. We used a polynomial distributed lag model (DLM) to analyze the relationship between the 2008 cold spell and mortality. To observe the mortality displacement of the cold spell, we estimated the cumulative effects at lag0, lag0–6, lag0–13, lag0–20, and lag0–27 separately. Results: During the 2008 cold spell, the cumulative risk of nonaccidental mortality increased significantly in Guangzhou [relative risk (RR) = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.19, 2.14] and Taishan (RR = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.40) when lagged up to 4 weeks after the cold spell ended. Estimated effects at lag0–27 were more pronounced for males than for females, for respiratory mortality than for cardiovascular mortality, and for the elderly (≥ 75 years of age) than for those 0–64 years of age. Most of the cumulative RRs increased with longer lag times in Guangzhou and Taishan. However, in Nanxiong, the trend with cumulative RRs was less consistent, and we observed no statistically significant associations at lag0–27. Conclusion: We found associations between the 2008 cold spell and increased mortality in the three subtropical cities of China. The lag effect structure of the cold spell varied with location and the type of mortality, and evidence of short-term mortality displacement was inconsistent. These findings suggest that extreme cold is an important public health problem in subtropical regions.
The isolated perfused rat liver: standardization of a time-honoured model

For many years, the isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL) model has been used to investigate the physiology and pathophysiology of the rat liver. This in vitro model provides the opportunity to assess cellular injury and liver function in an isolated setting. This review offers an update of recent developments regarding the IPRL set-up as well as the viability parameters that are used, with regards to liver preservation and ischaemia and reperfusion mechanisms. A review of the literature was performed into studies regarding liver preservation or liver ischaemia and reperfusion. An overview of the literature is given with particular emphasis on perfusate type and volume, reperfusion pressure, flow, temperature, duration of perfusion, oxygenation and on applicable viability parameters (liver damage and function). The choice of IPRL set-up depends on the question examined and on the parameters of interest. A standard technique is cannulation of the portal vein, bile duct and caval vein with pressure-controlled perfusion at 20 cm H2O (15 mmHg) to reach a perfusion flow of approximately 3 mL/min/g liver weight. The preferred perfusion solution is Krebs–Henseleit buffer, without albumin. The usual volume is 150–300 cm3, oxygenated to a pO2 of more than 500 mmHg. The temperature of the perfusate is maintained at 37°C. Standardized markers should be used to allow comparison with other experiments.
The Lymph Node B Cell Immune Response: Dynamic Analysis In-Silico

Lymph nodes are organs in which lymphocytes respond to antigens to generate, among other cell types, plasma cells that secrete specific antibodies and memory lymphocytes for enhanced future responses to the antigen. To achieve these ends, the lymph node (LN) has to orchestrate the meeting and interactions between the antigen and various cell types including the rare clones of B cells and T cells bearing receptors for the antigen. The process is dynamic in essence and involves chemotaxis of responding cells through various anatomical compartments of the LN and selective cell differentiation, proliferation and programmed death. Understanding the LN requires a dynamic integration of the mass of data generated by extensive experimentation. Here, we present a fully executable, bottom-up computerized model of the LN using the visual language of Statecharts and the technology of reactive animation (RA) to create a dynamic front-end. We studied the effects of amount of antigen and LN size on the emergent properties of lymphocyte dynamics, differentiation and anatomic localization. The dynamic organization of the LN visualized by RA sheds new light on how the immune system transforms antigen stimulation into a highly sensitive, yet buffered response.
Social Phobia in College Students

Abstract We used the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) to identify self-reported social phobia symptoms in 59 students presenting for intake at our counseling center and 119 students meeting a course requirement for research participation. We expected that students presenting for clinical service would have higher scores than the students not seeking such service. Interestingly, students in both samples scored in the clinical range on the SPIN, suggesting there was no difference in mean levels of self-reported social phobia symptoms between the two groups. We interpreted this finding from a developmental perspective that “de-pathologizes” the symptoms of social anxiety and reframes them within an emerging identity context. Implications for intervention and programming for social phobia on campus are discussed, including recommendations to increase the utility of the SPIN with a college population.
Functional Brain Networks: Random, “Small World” or Deterministic?

Lately the problem of connectivity in brain networks is being approached frequently by graph theoretical analysis. In several publications based on bivariate estimators of relations between EEG channels authors reported random or “small world” structure of networks. The results of these works often have no relation to other evidence based on imaging, inverse solutions methods, physiological and anatomical data. Herein we try to find reasons for this discrepancy. We point out that EEG signals are very much interdependent, thus bivariate measures applied to them may produce many spurious connections. In fact, they may outnumber the true connections. Giving all connections equal weights, as it is usual in the framework of graph theoretical analysis, further enhances these spurious links. In effect, close to random and disorganized patterns of connections emerge. On the other hand, multivariate connectivity estimators, which are free of the artificial links, show specific, well determined patterns, which are in a very good agreement with other evidence. The modular structure of brain networks may be identified by multivariate estimators based on Granger causality and formalism of assortative mixing. In this way, the strength of coupling may be evaluated quantitatively. During working memory task, by means of multivariate Directed Transfer Function, it was demonstrated that the modules characterized by strong internal bonds exchange the information by weaker connections.
TRAINS-95: Towards a Mixed-Initiative Planning Assistant

We have been examining mixed-initiative planning systems in the context of command and control or logistical overview situations. In such environments, the human and the computer must work together in a very tightly coupled way to solve problems that neither alone could manage. In this paper, we describe our implementation of a prototype version of such a system, TRAINS-95, which helps a manager solve routing problems in a simple transportation domain. Interestingly perhaps, traditional planning technology does not play a major role in the system, and in fact it is difficult to see how such components might fit into a mixed-initiative system. We describe some of these issues, and present our agenda for future research into mixed-initiative plan reasoning. At this writing, the TRAINS-95 system has been used by more than 100 people to solve simple problems at various conferences and workshops, and in our experiments.
Sedano: A News Stream Processor for Business

We present Sedano, a system for processing and indexing a continuous stream of business-related news. Sedano defines pipelines whose stages analyze and enrich news items (e.g., newspaper articles and press releases). News data coming from several content sources are stored, processed and then indexed in order to be consumed by Atoka, our business intelligence product. Atoka users can retrieve news about specific companies, filtering according to various facets. Sedano features both an entity-linking phase, which finds mentions of companies in news, and a classification phase, which classifies news according to a set of business events. Its flexible architecture allows Sedano to be deployed on commodity machines while being scalable and fault-tolerant
Atomic-Layer Molybdenum Sulfide Passively Modulated Green Laser Pulses

Atomic-layer two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors are considered as fundamental materials for next-generation nano-optoelectronic devices. Based on the third-order optical nonlinearity, saturable absorption, and band-gap structures of 2D semiconductors, 2D broadband optical switchers were proposed and experimentally constructed for modulating the laser operation, especially in the infrared range; meanwhile, few 2D saturable absorbers in visible lasers were reported. Here, we demonstrate the pulsed green praseodymium (Pr3+) bulk laser at the wavelength of 522 nm modulated by an atomic-layer molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) saturable absorber. The results represent the shortest spectral range in which 2D saturable absorbers applied. Associating with the recent development of visible lasers and previous reported MoS2 saturable absorbers, this letter provides a promising optical modulator for visible lasers and experimentally identifies that the MoS2 saturable absorber is a universal device for laser modulation in the spectral range from the green to mid-infrared.
ON THE FTC BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS CONFERENCE

Alexi Charter, and Alethea Fields. Thanks to Pauline Ippolito and Paul Pautler for their input in the development of the conference and for their comments on this paper. Special thanks to Matt McDonald for his excellent research assistance in reviewing the relevant economic literature. The views expressed are mine and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Federal Trade Commission or any individual Commissioner. This paper was written while I was a member of the FTC’s economics staff. Current email: jmulholland63@gmail.com.
MOBILITY MODELS IN ADHOC NETWORKS

In Ad-hoc wireless networks, mobility management faces many challenges. Mobility of the nodes causes the network topology to change. The routing protocols must dynamically re-adjust to these changes in order to keep the accurate routes. Therefore, the routing updates traffic overhead is very much high. Generally, different types of mobility patterns have different impact on the network protocols or applications. Thus, the network performance is strongly affected by the nature of mobility pattern. In this paper, we present a survey of various mobility models in ad-hoc networks. One of the main purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of the mobility model on the performance of a specific network protocol or application. The results indicate that different mobility patterns affect the various protocols in different ways. Specifically, the ranking of routing algorithms is influenced by the choice of mobility pattern.
Harmonisation of the self : narratives of older Chinese about ageing, health and wellbeing : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Health Psychology at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand

i Acknowledgements ii Table of contents iv List of figures viii Chapter 1 An exploratory project in the context of ageing and migration 1 A rapidly growing world population 1 Chinese migrants in New Zealand 3 Policy responses to and academic perspectives of population ageing 5 An exploratory project 9 Thesis overview: Orientation towards the self and happiness 15 Chapter 2 Philosophical underpinnings of the project 19 Ontology 19 The pertinence of critical realism 22 Social constructionism 25 Reconciling a critical realist ontology with a social constructionist epistemology for the project 27 Chapter 3 Theoretical orientation: Dialogical perspectives of the self 32 William James’ notion of the extended self 32 Mikhail Bakhtin’s notion of polyphony and the self 35 Hurbert Hermans’ theory of the dialogical self 37 The dialogical self as a multiplicity of I-positions 38 The dialogical self as embodied and social 39 The dialogical self as multiplicity within unity 40 The Chinese conception of a person 41 Situating the person in the social and moral contexts 42 An embodied being 44 The Chinese conception of the self 45 The social relational-oriented self 45 The embodied action-oriented self 48 The conceptualisations of a social self in the West 50 George Herbert Mead’s interacting social self 50 Erving Goffman’s socially situated self 52 Gathering the strands together to understanding the self 53 Chapter 4 Happiness and the self 58 Notions of happiness in the traditional Chinese culture 59 Confucian view on happiness 60 Daoist view on happiness 67 Buddhist view on happiness 68