Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Query Suggestion and Data Fusion in Contextual Disambiguation

Queries issued to a search engine are often under-specified or ambiguous. The user's search context or background may provide information that disambiguates their information need in order to automatically predict and issue a more effective query. The disambiguation can take place at different stages of the retrieval process. For instance, contextual query suggestions may be computed and recommended to users on the result page when appropriate, an approach that does not require modifying the original query's results. Alternatively, the search engine can attempt to provide efficient access to new relevant documents by injecting these documents directly into search results based on the user's context. In this paper, we explore these complementary approaches and how they might be combined. We first develop a general framework for mining context-sensitive query reformulations for query suggestion. We evaluate our context-sensitive suggestions against a state-of-the-art baseline using a click-based metric. The resulting query suggestions generated by our approach outperform the baseline by 13% overall and by 16% on an ambiguous query subset. While the query suggestions generated by our approach have higher quality than the existing baselines, we demonstrate that using them naively for injecting new documents into search results can lead to inferior rankings. To remedy this issue, we develop a classifier that decides when to inject new search results using features based on suggestion quality and user context. We show that our context-sensitive result fusion approach (Corfu) improves retrieval quality for ambiguous queries by up to 2.92%. Our approaches can efficiently scale to massive search logs, enabling a data-driven strategy that benefits from observing how users issue and reformulate queries in different contexts.
Non-Gaussian space-variant resolution modelling for list-mode reconstruction

Partial volume effect is an important source of bias in PET images that can be lowered by accounting for the point spread function (PSF) of the scanner. We measured such a PSF in various points of a clinical PET scanner and modelled it as a product of matrices acting in image space, taking the asymmetrical, shift-varying and non-Gaussian character of the PSF into account (AMP modelling), and we integrated this accurate image space modelling into a conventional list-mode OSEM algorithm (EM-AMP reconstruction). We showed on the one hand that when a sufficiently high number of iterations are considered, the AMP modelling lead to better recovery coefficients at reduced background noise compared to reconstruction where no or only partial resolution modelling is performed, and on the other hand that for a small number of iterations, a Gaussian modelling gave the best recovery coefficients. Moreover, we have demonstrated that a deconvolution based on the AMP system response model leads to the same recovery coefficients as the corresponding EM-AMP reconstruction, but at the expense of an increased background noise.
A Preliminary Taxonomy of Attributions to God

Christian undergraduate students generated causal attributions by which religious people may explain God's involvement in the outcome of situations. These attributions were rated by 187 other undergraduates along dimensions of locus (located in person, God, or environment); controllability (controlled by person, God, or environment); and stability. Factor analyses suggested that (a) God attributions were of 4 types: God's Will-God's Activity, Person Acts-God Responds, Social Environment Acts-God Responds, and Luck; and (b) people tended to rate locus and controllability similarly. Participants' tendencies to make different types of attributions were related to their intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity. Implications for other work in attributions to God are discussed.
Feed-forward motor control of ultrafast, ballistic movements

ABSTRACT To circumvent the limits of muscle, ultrafast movements achieve high power through the use of springs and latches. The time scale of these movements is too short for control through typical neuromuscular mechanisms, thus ultrafast movements are either invariant or controlled prior to movement. We tested whether mantis shrimp (Stomatopoda: Neogonodactylus bredini) vary their ultrafast smashing strikes and, if so, how this control is achieved prior to movement. We collected high-speed images of strike mechanics and electromyograms of the extensor and flexor muscles that control spring compression and latch release. During spring compression, lateral extensor and flexor units were co-activated. The strike initiated several milliseconds after the flexor units ceased, suggesting that flexor activity prevents spring release and determines the timing of strike initiation. We used linear mixed models and Akaike's information criterion to serially evaluate multiple hypotheses for control mechanisms. We found that variation in spring compression and strike angular velocity were statistically explained by spike activity of the extensor muscle. The results show that mantis shrimp can generate kinematically variable strikes and that their kinematics can be changed through adjustments to motor activity prior to the movement, thus supporting an upstream, central-nervous-system-based control of ultrafast movement. Based on these and other findings, we present a shishiodoshi model that illustrates alternative models of control in biological ballistic systems. The discovery of feed-forward control in mantis shrimp sets the stage for the assessment of targets, strategic variation in kinematics and the role of learning in ultrafast animals. Summary: Mantis shrimp raptorial strikes occur too quickly for real-time neural control; instead, control of the strike kinematics occurs before the strikes begin by varying extensor muscle activity and spring compression.
Critical perspectives on ‘consumer involvement’ in health research

Researchers in the area of health and social care (both in Australia and internationally) are encouraged to involve consumers throughout the research process, often on ethical, political and methodological grounds, or simply as ‘good practice’. This article presents findings from a qualitative study in the UK of researchers’ experiences and views of consumer involvement in health research. Two main themes are presented. First, we explore the ‘know—do gap’ which relates to the tensions between researchers’ perceptions of the potential benefits of, and their actual practices in relation to, consumer involvement. Second, we focus on one of the reasons for this ‘know—do gap’, namely epistemological dissonance. Findings are linked to issues around consumerism in research, lay/professional knowledges, the (re)production of professional and consumer identities and the maintenance of boundaries between consumers and researchers.
Girls’ Low Self-Esteem

Concerns about girls’ low self-esteem have generated many social programs to enhance their psychological well-being. Yet few studies determine whether the influence of self-esteem is the same for women and men. Using the High School and Beyond, 1980 Sophomore Cohort Study, the author examines the relation between gender, adolescent self-esteem, and three outcomes: Educational status, occupational status, and income attainment. She finds a positive association between gender, self-esteem, and the socio-economic outcomes initially. Taking into account social context and individual-level factors, self-esteem in adolescence is not related to women’s socioeconomic achievements, but it continues to have a positive estimated effect on men’s occupational status and income attainment. However, the influence of self-esteem on men’s achievements is small in practical terms. The author suggests that adolescent girls and boys would be better served by social programs that explain how social structural arrangements contribute to gender inequality and encourage them to take part in social change.
The structures of the unique sulfotransferase retinol dehydratase with product and inhibitors provide insight into enzyme mechanism and inhibition

The structure of retinol dehydratase (DHR) from Spodoptera frugiperda, a member of the sulfotransferase superfamily, in complexes with the inactive form of the cofactor PAP 3′‐phosphoadenosine 5′‐phosphate (PAP) and (1) the product of the reaction with retinol anhydroretinol (AR), (2) the retinoid inhibitor all‐trans‐4‐oxoretinol (OR), and (3) the potent steroid inhibitor androsterone (AND) have been determined and compared to the enzyme complex with PAP and retinol. The structures show that the geometry of the active‐site amino acids is largely preserved in the various complexes. However, the β‐ionone rings of the retinoids are oriented differently with respect to side chains that have been shown to be important for the enzymatic reaction. In addition, the DHR:PAP:AND complex reveals a novel mode for steroid binding that contrasts significantly with that for steroid binding in other sulfotransferases. The molecule is displaced and rotated ∼180° along its length so that there is no acceptor hydroxyl in close proximity to the site of sulfate transfer. This observation explains why steroids are potent inhibitors of retinol dehydratase activity, rather than substrates for sulfonation. Most of the steroid‐protein contacts are provided by the α‐helical cap that distinguishes this member of the superfamily. This observation suggests that in addition to providing a chemical environment that promotes the dehydration of a sulfonated intermediate, the cap may also serve to minimize a promiscuous sulfotransferases activity.
CD40–CD40 ligand (CD154) engagement is required but may not be sufficient for human T helper 1 cell induction of interleukin‐2‐ or interleukin‐15‐driven, contact‐dependent, interleukin‐1β production by monocytes

To investigate whether antigen‐independent, interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) or IL‐15 activation of polarized T helper (Th) cells would result in contact‐dependent activation of monocytes, living Th1 and Th2 cell clones were co‐cultured with THP‐1 cells or fresh peripheral blood monocytes. Under these conditions IL‐1β production was induced almost exclusively by Th1 cells and was dependent on the presence and dose of IL‐2 or IL‐15, and on cell–cell contact, as demonstrated by double‐chamber cultures. Low levels of IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1Ra) were induced by Th1 and higher levels by Th2 cells. IL‐10 production was similar in Th1/monocyte and Th2/monocyte co‐cultures, thus arguing against preferential down‐regulation of IL‐1β production by anti‐inflammatory IL‐10 in Th2 co‐cultures. In addition, IL‐4 and IL‐10 neutralization did not result in enhanced IL‐1β production in Th2/monocyte co‐cultures. Preferential expression on Th1 cells of CD11b correlated with their capacity to induce IL‐1β production by THP‐1 cells in the presence of IL‐2 or IL‐15, but anti‐CD11b monoclonal antibody could not inhibit this activity. Blockade of the CD40–CD40 ligand interaction resulted in inhibition of IL‐1β‐inducing capacity while IL‐1Ra induction was unaffected, a result previously unknown. This differential effect indicates the selective relevance of CD40–CD40 ligand engagement in inflammatory monocyte responses upon activation by T cells. CD40 ligand expression levels did not differ in Th1 and Th2 cell clones, thus indicating that additional, unidentified molecule(s) preferentially expressed by Th1 cells are involved in their IL‐1β induction capacity.
Applying Thermomechanical Analogy to Predict the Arterial Residual Stress State

The prediction of the arterial zero-stress state is as of yet an unresolved problem in the field of modelling the mechanical response of patientspecific arteries. This is because the configuration associated with arterial zero-stress state is impossible to obtain experimentally. However, the zero-stress configuration (or, equivalently, the residual stresses related to this configuration) represents the crucial data of any numerical analysis. In this study, the mechanical response of a pre-stressed, pressurised, hyperelastic tube (representing the artery) is determined without knowing the initial zero-stress configuration of the artery. Instead, to predict the arterial residual (bending and stretching) stresses, a corresponding thermomechanical analogy is used. As shown in the paper, the arterial residual stress state can equally be obtained by thermally loading a properly defined closed tube. Thus, based on the loaded state of the corresponding thermomechanical model, the arterial residual stress sate is constructed, from where the arterial loaded state can be obtained. The initial configuration of the thermomechanical model is defined on the basis of the arterial loaded configuration. The methodology is validated by predicting the zero-stress state of the artery. The predicted equilibrium state of the artery, when cut longitudinally and transversally, has the form of an opened-up tube with a relatively low stress state in comparison to the arterial residual stresses. The results thus demonstrate that arterial residual stresses that are predicted with the corresponding thermomechanical model exhibited the bending distribution, which proves the methodology to be adequate.
COMPUTED CRANIAL TOMOGRAPHY IN CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME

• Eleven computed tomographic scans of five patients with congenital rubella syndrome were examined. In three patients, low density in the white matter of the centrum ovale was found; in four, there was a low-density area in the periventricular white matter; and in two, there were multiple calcified nodules in the white matter and calcification in the basal ganglia.
The Candide System for Machine Translation

We present an overview of Candide, a system for automatic translation of French text to English text. Candide uses methods of information theory and statistics to develop a probability model of the translation process. This model, which is made to accord as closely as possible with a large body of French and English sentence pairs, is then used to generate English translations of previously unseen French sentences. This paper provides a tutorial in these methods, discussions of the training and operation of the system, and a summary of test results.
Clinical features of dissociative schizophrenia in China

The authors conducted 50 clinical interviews on inpatients with clinical diagnoses of schizophrenia at Shanghai Mental Health Center. A dissociative type of schizophrenia was identified in 22% of the 50 cases. Diagnostic criteria for the proposed dissociative type of schizophrenia are that an individual meets at least three of six criteria: dissociative amnesia; depersonalization; the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states; auditory hallucinations; extensive comorbidity; and severe childhood trauma. According to the authors’ model, psychotherapy is a primary treatment model for this subtype of schizophrenia. Five cases are presented that illustrate the features of dissociative schizophrenia, and a proposal is made for conducting randomized, prospective treatment outcome studies in a variety of cultures and languages.
International Conference in Knowledge Based and Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems-KES 2013 Markov Chain Monte Carlo versus Importance Sampling in Bayesian Inference of the GARCH model

Usually, the Bayesian inference of the GARCH model is preferably performed by the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. In this study, we also take an alternative approach to the Bayesian inference by the importance sampling. Using a multivariate Student’s t-distribution that approximates the posterior density of the Bayesian inference, we compare the performance of the MCMC and importance sampling methods. The overall performance can be measured in terms of statistical errors obtained for the same size of Monte Carlo data. The Bayesian inference of the GARCH model is performed by the MCMC method implemented by the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm and the importance sampling method for artificial return data and stock return data. We find that the statistical errors of the GARCH parameters from the importance sampling are smaller than or comparable to those obtained from the MCMC method. Therefore we conclude that the importance sampling method can also be applied effectively for the Bayesian inference of the GARCH model as an alternative method to the MCMC method. c © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of KES International.
Value of Computed Tomographic Perfusion–Based Patient Selection for Intra-Arterial Acute Ischemic Stroke Treatment

Background and Purpose— The utility of computed tomographic perfusion (CTP)–based patient selection for intra-arterial treatment of acute ischemic stroke has not been proven in randomized trials and requires further study in a cohort that was not selected based on CTP. Our objective was to study the relationship between CTP-derived parameters and outcome and treatment effect in patients with acute ischemic stroke because of a proximal intracranial arterial occlusion. Methods— We included 175 patients who underwent CTP in the Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke in The Netherlands (MR CLEAN). Association of CTP-derived parameters (ischemic-core volume, penumbra volume, and percentage ischemic core) with outcome was estimated with multivariable ordinal logistic regression as an adjusted odds ratio for a shift in the direction of a better outcome on the modified Rankin Scale. Interaction between CTP-derived parameters and treatment effect was determined using multivariable ordinal logistic regression. Interaction with treatment effect was also tested for mismatch (core <70 mL; penumbra core >1.2; penumbra core >10 mL). Results— The adjusted odds ratio for improved functional outcome for ischemic core, percentage ischemic core, and penumbra were 0.79 per 10 mL (95% confidence interval: 0.71–0.89; P<0.001), 0.82 per 10% (95% confidence interval: 0.66–0.90; P=0.002), and 0.97 per 10 mL (96% confidence interval: 0.92–1.01; P=0.15), respectively. No significant interaction between any of the CTP-derived parameters and treatment effect was observed. We observed no significant interaction between mismatch and treatment effect. Conclusions— CTP seems useful for predicting functional outcome, but cannot reliably identify patients who will not benefit from intra-arterial therapy.
Multisection Couplers With Coupled-Line Sections Having Unequal Lengths

A new type of broadband multisection coupled-line directional couplers is proposed. The investigated directional couplers are composed of coupled-line sections having unequal electrical lengths and a transmission-line section. The presented couplers feature similar bandwidth to the standard multisection directional couplers with significantly reduced maximum coupling coefficient, and the overall size smaller than in the case of tandem couplers. Moreover, it is shown that in the presented couplers an ideal 90 ° differential phase characteristic can be achieved when such couplers are solely composed of coupled-line sections having appropriate electrical lengths. Additionally, it is shown that the proposed couplers' bandwidth can be increased by increasing the number of quarter-wave-long coupled-line sections. Theoretical analysis has been validated by three designs of broadband directional couplers operating at a frequency f0=1.8 GHz. Measurements of the manufactured directional couplers have been shown to experimentally confirm their properties.
Determining Per-Mode Battery Usage within Non-trivial Mobile Device Apps

The impact on battery life has become a key design criteria for mobile device applications (apps). Poor user perceptions about an app's energy use can now quickly lead to negative social media reviews and the resulting adverse impact son the app's marketability. Traditionally, assessments of an app's energy use have been done by simply measuring the total current draw experienced by the device while the app is on. Such approaches have become insufficient within modern devices due to the prevalence of energy management features within their hardware and operating systems (OSes) and the increased complexity of modern apps. This leads to: (i) non-stationary time domain current signals, due to the devices' dynamics power management, and (ii) different operational "modes" within an app having distinct energy use profiles. Within this work, an approach based on matched filters is developed to allow per-mode energy profiles to be correctly identified and characterized under(i) and (ii). This approach is then applied to quantitatively assess the energy use profile for a dual-mode multi-platform commercial Android quality of experience (QoE) assessment app across a number of mobile devices and OS variants, where it is shown that such differences can lead to significant differences in the app-level energy profiles that are produced.
Hot Electron Injection Laser Controlled Carrier-Heating Induced Gain Switching

The novel hot electron injection laser (HEL), a three-terminal vertically integrated transistor-laser structure, is designed to investigate and possibly utilize the effects of carrier-heating on the optical gain and wavelength chirp. Simulations show the potential of carrier heating assisted gain switching to directly modulate the optical field intensity at frequencies up to 100 GHz while maintaining control over the wavelength chirp. The HEL is designed to demonstrate these results through independent but complementary control over the concentration and the energy of the electrons injected into the active layer. Previous research has shown though that proper LIV behavior and a strong carrier heating efficiency requires a trade-off between electron heating and hole leakage current. Furthermore, stringent control over the epitaxial growth is crucial for these devices. Recent devices now show proper LIV behavior and strongly reduced threshold current densities around 2 kA/cm2 at room temperature. They also show the external `heating' voltage modulating the intensity of the lasing mode. The possible link between this modulation and carrier heating is further explored
Rotated Word Vector Representations and their Interpretability

Vector representation of words improves performance in various NLP tasks, but the high dimensional word vectors are very difficult to interpret. We apply several rotation algorithms to the vector representation of words to improve the interpretability. Unlike previous approaches that induce sparsity, the rotated vectors are interpretable while preserving the expressive performance of the original vectors. Furthermore, any prebuilt word vector representation can be rotated for improved interpretability. We apply rotation to skipgrams and glove and compare the expressive power and interpretability with the original vectors and the sparse overcomplete vectors. The results show that the rotated vectors outperform the original and the sparse overcomplete vectors for interpretability and expressiveness tasks.
Improving Context-Aware Music Recommender Systems: Beyond the Pre-filtering Approach

Over the last years, music consumption has changed fundamentally: people switch from private, mostly limited music collections to huge public music collections provided by music streaming platforms. Thus, the amount of available music has increased dramatically and music streaming platforms heavily rely on recommender systems to assist users in discovering music they like. Incorporating the context of users has been shown to improve the quality of recommendations. Previous approaches based on pre-filtering suffered from a split dataset. In this work, we present a context-aware recommender system based on factorization machines that extracts information about the user's context from the names of the user's playlists. Based on a dataset comprising 15,000 users and 1.8 million tracks we show that our proposed approach outperforms the pre-filtering approach substantially in terms of accuracy of the computed recommendations.