Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Model of the Gate Capacitance of Surrounding Gate Transistors: Comparison With Double-Gate MOSFETs

In this work, we develop a comprehensive model of the total gate capacitance (C<sub>G</sub>) of circular-cross-section surrounding gate transistors that accounts for both the insulator gate capacitance (C<sub>ins</sub>) and the inversion capacitance (C<sub>inv</sub>). The accuracy of the model is checked with the results obtained from the numerical simulation of the structure. Using this model, we compare the C<sub>G</sub>/C<sub>ins</sub> ratio with that of double-gate (DG) transistors and study the degradation of the total gate capacitance of both devices as a function of the gate voltage and device size. It is shown that the C<sub>G</sub>/C<sub>ins</sub> ratio is higher in DGs, particularly for very small devices.
MULTIPLE TRAIT ANALYSIS OF GENOTYPE BY ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION FOR MILK YIELD TRAITS IN SLOVENIAN CATTLE

The objective of the study was to evaluate genotype by environment interaction (GxEI) for yield traits in Holstein, Simmental and Brown breed cattle in Slovenia using multiple trait analysis. Data from Slovenian milk-recording scheme was used. The lactation records on cows having first to third calving in the period 1990-2004 and milk, protein and fat yield in 305 days were studied. The variables used to characterize the environment were herd-year averages of each trait. The multiple trait analysis was done using the highest and lowest quartiles of the environments. To study the GxEI, animal model methodology and the genetic correlation between the traits were used. GxEI was generally smaller for fat and milk yield than for protein yield. The lowest genetic correlations between high and low environments were estimated for protein yield, especially in Simmental (0.81) and in Brown (0.86) breed. In Holstein the correlation was higher, 0.94. The genetic correlations for fat yield were 0.95 for Brown and Simmental breed and 0.96 for Holstein. For milk yield the estimated genetic correlations were 0.88, 0.92 and 0.96 in Brown, Simmental and Holstein breed, respectively. Differences between variance components obtained in low and high quartile result in the rank of heritabilities from 0.04 to 0.12 in low and from 0.12 to 0.22 in high quartile.
Gentamicin:adenine mononucleotide transferase: partial purification, characterization, and use in the clinical quantitation of gentamicin.

tide substrate with a Km of 61 tM; however, 2'-deoxy ATP, guanosine-5'-triphosphate, uridine-5'-triphosphate, and cytidine-5'-triphosphate can also be used. Data were obtained that suggested the products of the reaction are gentamicin adenine mononucleotide and pyrophosphate. GAT was used to measure concentrations of gentamicin in serum, urine, and bile. In these fluids, quantitation of added gentamicin gave values within 10% of theoretical. Correlation of the enzymatic assay of gentamicin in serum was excellent with the 18-hr microbiologic method (r = 0.952), as well as with the more rapid microbiologic technique (r = 0.934). Similar correlation coefficients were obtained when urine was examined. GAT appears to offer a rapid, specific, and sensitive means of quantitating gentamicin and certain other aminoglycoside antibiotics in body fluids.
Arts-based learning at work : economic downturns , innovation upturns , and the eminent practicality of arts in business

In the January 19, 2009 edition of Business Week, Columbia University professor of business and former McKinsey executive, Amar Bhidé suggests that there may be gain from the pain, referring to our present economic downturn. Bhidé believes adversity will make people and organizations more innovative. He reminds us that history has proven that recession is often a stimulus for innovation. On February 24, 2009, US President Barack Obama, addressing a joint session of Congress, took a moment to look back, pointing to the innovations that have arisen from times of economic adversity. Obama’s message was clear: times of economic adversity can inspire innovation. And, Bill Gates, Microsoft founder, optimistically reminds us of the possibility of an economic downturn generating an innovation upturn (May, 2008). What these business, political, and academic leaders remind us, is that economic adversity can inspire innovation.
High Ion/Ioff Ge-source ultrathin body strained-SOI tunnel FETs

High performance operation of Ge-source/strained-Si-channel hetero-junction tunnel FETs is demonstrated. It is found that tensile strain in Si-channels can enhance the tunneling current because of the reduced effective energy bandgap, Eg.eff. Nitrogen heat-treatment can improve the gate-to-channel MIS interface which causes SS improvement. The fabricated Ge/sSOI(1.1 %) tunnel FETs show high Ion/Ioff ratio over 107 and steep minimum SS of 28 mV/dec. Back biasing effects are also investigated and the Ion and average SS are improved by positive back biasing.
Distribution of mammal functional diversity in the Neotropical realm: Influence of land-use and extinction risk

Functional diversity represents a measure of diversity that incorporates the role of species in an ecosystem, and therefore its dynamics and resilience. Assessing its drivers and spatial variation represents an important step forward in our understanding of functional ecosystem dynamics and it is also necessary to achieve a comprehensive conservation planning. In this paper, we assessed mammal functional diversity for the 218 ecoregions within the Neotropical realm. We evaluated the overall influence and spatial variation of species richness, ecoregion extent, intervention and species at risk on functional diversity. Using ordinary least squares and geographically weighted regression modeling approaches, we found that intervened areas and threatened and non-threatened species are the most influential overall drivers of functional diversity. However, we also detected that these variables do not operate equally across scales. Our local analyses indicated both that the variation explained and local coefficients vary spatially depending on the ecoregion and major habitat type. As estimates of functional diversity are based on current distribution of all mammals, negative influence of intervened areas and positive influence of non-threatened species may reflect a potential degradation of functional processes for some ecosystems. Most generally, the negative influence of intervention together with the influence of threatened species indicates that some areas are currently more susceptible to functional diversity loss. Our results help to pinpoint key areas requiring urgent conservation action to reduce natural land-cover loss and areas where threatened species play influential roles on ecosystem functioning.
Speech enhancement using arch model

In this paper, we investigate the use of the autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) model as a replacement to the decision-directed method in the log-spectral amplitude estimator for speech enhancement. We employ three sound quality measures: speech distortion, noise reduction and musical noise, and explain the effect the ARCH model parameters have on these measures. We demonstrate and compare the use of the decision-directed and ARCH estimators and show that the ARCH model achieves better results than the decision-directed for some of these measures, while compromising between the speech distortion and noise reduction.
The utility of negative refractive index metamaterials as passive UHF RFID tag inlays

Recently, there has been much work in exploring the physics of negative refractive index (NRI) metamaterials [1, 2] as applicable experimentally. NRI metamaterials are fabricated materials that have negative permittivity (εr) and permeability (μr) values. These materials were first suggested in 1967 by Vaselago [3], where they were theoretically studied to reach the proposed conclusion that such mediums should be deemed as possessing negative refractive indexes since (n = −√Εμ). This proposal endured many criticisms, due to the unconventional utilization of physical concepts and non-existence of materials possessing these behaviors at that time. In the last decade, the study of NRI metamaterials (NRM) has experienced huge interests spanning both theoretical and experimental physicist. This recent excitement is due to the fact that NRM's have now been discovered experimentally through fabrication techniques utilizing the combination of a −μr and a −εr material(s) [1]. Furthermore, the prediction and verification by Pendry [4] that NRM's could be utilized as perfect lenses with higher resolutions than conventional lenses provided the required breakthrough.
Interactions between functional serotonergic polymorphisms and demographic factors influence personality traits in healthy Spanish Caucasians

Background Data from epidemiological genetic studies suggest that variability in personality traits is explained, at least partly, by genetic factors. Recently, a growing number of molecular genetic studies have suggested the involvement of the serotonin system in specific traits. Objective To investigate the association between three serotonergic polymorphisms [A-1438G (rs6311) of the HTR2A gene, and STin2 VNTR and 5-HTTLPR of the SLC6A4 gene] and personality traits assessed with the Temperament and Character Inventory. Materials and methods Four hundred and four unrelated healthy volunteers [50% males, mean age (standard deviation)=40.5 (11.3)] from Asturias (northern Spain) were genotyped using standard methods. Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory was used for investigation of temperament and character traits. Results The genetic variants were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and genotypic frequencies were similar in both the sexes. 5-HTTLPR was associated with a direct effect on self directedness (F=6.20, P=0.002), and interacting with educational level (F=3.10, P=0.016) and A-1438G (F=3.34, P=0.011) with respect to novelty seeking. STin2 VNTR interacted with age in relation to reward dependence (F=2.74, P=0.013) and with sex in relation to cooperation (F=5.10, P=0.007). In addition, SLC6A4 haplotypes had significant effects on harm avoidance (lower in volunteers with L12), self directedness (higher in volunteers with L12), and self transcendence (higher in volunteers with S10). Conclusion Our findings suggest a strong genetic component in personality traits manifested primarily through interaction effects that occur between genetic factors alone and between genetic and demographic factors.
Feasibility study of semi‐selective protein precipitation with salt‐tolerant copolymers for industrial purification of therapeutic antibodies

We present a feasibility study for an antibody capturing process from clarified cell culture fluid using semi‐selective protein precipitation with salt‐tolerant copolymers. Protein precipitation is mediated by hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions with the copolymer that can be customized for the respective target. Precipitation yield with different copolymers at ionic strength of 2–22.5 mS cm−1 and pH 5.0–pH 5.7 was evaluated using pure monoclonal antibody solutions. Optimized parameters were used to elucidate yield and purity of various antibodies precipitated at physiological conditions from cell culture fluid of CHO, NS0, and SP2/0 cell culture fluid. Precipitated protein was easily redissolved in small volume, enabling concentrating monoclonal antibodies (mAb) more than 40‐fold and up to 100‐fold, while residual polymer was removed to >98% using cationic polymer attached to silica flakes. mAb recovery of >90% and host cell protein clearance of >80% were achieved, not requiring any pre‐dilution of cell culture fluid. Precipitation showed no impact on mAb binding affinity when compared to non‐precipitated mAb. The obtained yield and purity were lower compared to a protein A based purification and loss of mAb was factor 1.5–3.0 higher. Yet, for high titer mAb purification processes being implemented in the future, precipitation is an attractive option due to its ease of scalability and cost‐effectiveness. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013;110: 2915–2927. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Randomized double-blind crossover study to determine the effects of erythromycin on small intestinal nutrient absorption and transit in the critically ill.

BACKGROUND The gastrokinetic drug erythromycin is commonly administered to critically ill patients during intragastric feeding to augment small intestinal nutrient delivery. However, erythromycin has been reported to increase the prevalence of diarrhea, which may reflect reduced absorption and/or accelerated small intestinal transit. OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate the effects of intravenous erythromycin on small intestinal nutrient absorption and transit in the critically ill. DESIGN On consecutive days, erythromycin (200 mg in 20 mL 0.9% saline) or placebo (20 mL 0.9% saline) were infused intravenously between -20 and 0 min in a randomized, blinded, crossover fashion. Between 0 and 30 min, a liquid nutrient containing 3-O-methylglucose (3-OMG), [13C]triolein, and [(99m)Tc]sulfur colloid was administered directly into the small intestine at 2 kcal/min. Serum 3-OMG concentrations and exhaled (13)CO2 (indices of glucose and lipid absorption, respectively) were measured. Cecal arrival of the infused nutrient was determined by scintigraphy. Data are medians (ranges) and were analyzed by using Wilcoxon's signed-rank test. RESULTS Thirty-two mechanically ventilated patients were studied. Erythromycin increased small intestinal glucose absorption [3-OMG AUC360: 105.2 (28.9-157.0) for erythromycin compared with 91.8 (51.4-147.9) mmol/L · min for placebo; P = 0.029] but tended to reduce lipid absorption [cumulative percentage dose (13)CO2 recovered: 10.4 (0-90.6) compared with 22.6 (0-100) %; P = 0.06]. A trend to slower transit was observed after erythromycin [300 (39-360) compared with 228 (33-360) min; P = 0.07]. CONCLUSIONS Acute administration of erythromycin increases small intestinal glucose absorption in the critically ill, but there was a tendency for the drug to reduce small intestinal lipid absorption and slow transit. These observations have implications for the use of erythromycin as a gastrokinetic drug in the critically ill. This trial was registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN 12610000615088.
Vibrational Energy Harvesting From Human Gait

Driven by the necessity to provide energy to wearable computing devices, the conversion of human movement into useful electrical energy has become a topic of extensive study. This paper presents a framework of calculating the maximal energy conversion from a resonant vibrational harvester during human gait. Acceleration measurements from both recreational and elite athletes are used to estimate power output for various gait speeds. Significant power density was found to occur at the harmonics of the gait cadence with the maximum power density occurring at twice the gait frequency. Though relatively large output power can occur at the first and second harmonics of the gait cadence, the resulting generator displacements are too large for practical use. Constraining the generator displacement to a root-mean-square magnitude of 25 mm provides approximately 28 mW of power for a 30-g device at optimal generator tuning conditions. As expected, the maximum power output increases with increasing electromechanical coupling and decreases with increasing damping.
Major Dynamic Power Management methods in wired networks: A new taxonomy

Electricity consumption of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) reached a total of about 900 TWh per year in 2012 and electricity generation for ICT continues to contribute over 2% of the human-generated CO2 to the atmosphere. Energy costs are rapidly becoming the major operational expense for ICT and may soon dwarf capital expenses as software and hardware continue to drop in price. Energy consumption of wired networks as the dominant communications technology in enterprises and datacenters has been subject to significant research in the past years to reduce this cost and making networks more energy-efficient. This paper focuses on the major methods at the system-level to achieve this goal, and systematically reviews them in the context of a new taxonomy.
Total phenol, flavonoid and heavy metal content and antioxidant activity of solvent extracts of Origanum vulgare L.

Water, ethanol and water-ethanol (1:1, v/v) extractsofthe (ethno)pharmacologically valued plant species Origanum vulgare L. were studied for the total phenol (TP), flavonoid (TF) and heavy metal (HM; Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn) content. All three prepared extracts contained a rather high amount of phenolics (23.6-75.2 mg gallic acid equivalents/g) and a low amount of flavonoid compounds (1.0-2.1 mg quercetin equivalents/g). In addition, the content of (toxic) metals (Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn) was low (0.4-153 mg/kg). Antioxidant potential of the extracts was determined using a DPPH assay and correlated with TP, TF and HM. According to the obtained results, the high observed radical scavenging activity (75.1-93.8%) is mostly related to the presence of flavonoid and other phenolic compounds. SADRŽAJ UKUPNIH FENOLA, FLAVONOIDA I TESKIH METALA, KAO I ANTIOKISIDATIVNA AKTIVNOST EKSTRAKATA BILJNE VRSTE ORIGANUM VULGARE L. U ovom radu su izloženi rezultati ispitivanja sadržaja ukupnih fenola (TP), flavonoida (TF) i teskih metala (HM; Zn, Fe, Cu i Mn) u vodenom, etanolnom i vodeno-etanolnom (1:1, v/v) ekstraktu (etno)farmakoloski cenjene biljne vrste Origanum vulgare L. U svim ispitivanim ekstraktima je utvrđeno prisustvo relativno visoke koncentracije fenolnih jedinjenja (23,6-75,2 mg ekvivalenata galne kiseline/g) i niske koncentracije flavonoida (1,0-2,1 mg ekvivalenata kvercetina/g). Pored toga, sadržaj (toksicnih) metala (Zn, Fe, Cu i Mn) je bio relativno nizak (0,4-153 mg/kg). Antioksidativni potencijal ispitivanih ekstrakata je određen DPPH metodom i korelisan sa TP, TF i HM. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata, jaka antioksidativna aktivnost (75,1-93,8%) ekstrakata je uglavnom posledica prisustva flavonoida i drugih fenolnih jedinjenja.
The cost of physical inactivity: moving into the 21st century

Physical inactivity is increasingly being recognised as a major problem in global health. The WHO estimates that 3.3 million people die around the world each year due to physical inactivity, making it the fourth leading underlying cause of mortality.1 Physical activity has beneficial effects on 23 diseases or health conditions.2 However, in most countries fewer than half of adults are active enough to reap most of these benefits.3 ,4 Given that inactivity increases the risk for many of the most costly medical conditions such as type 2 diabetes, stroke, ischaemic heart disease, falls and hip fractures, and depression, it is not surprising that physical inactivity has a substantial cost burden in addition to a large health burden. Despite impressive health and economic consequences, it is only recently that addressing physical inactivity has become a mainstream part of public health and health policy.5 However, this is clearly occurring. The WHO Global Action Plan for NCDs emphasises physical activity as an important element of primary and secondary prevention, WHO released a global recommendations for physical activity in 2010,6 the September 2011 United Nations General Assembly Summit on NCDs prominently include physical activity4 and national public health policy in influential countries such as Brazil and the USA substantively incorporates physical activity promotion.7 ,8 However, these are initial steps in addressing a global epidemic of NCDs and inactivity. The gap between the size of the problem and the scale of the public health response remains large. In such situations, effective advocacy is called for9 and often times this means economic data which highlight the costs of not taking action. This seems to be an argument for more and better analyses and research publications on the costs of physical inactivity. However, in the following paragraphs …
Reengineering of subtilisin Carlsberg for oxidative resistance

Abstract Mild bleaching conditions by in situ production of hydrogen peroxide or peroxycarboxylic acid is attractive for pulp, textile, and cosmetics industries. The enzymatic generation of chemical oxidants is often limited by enzyme stability. The subtilisin Carlsberg variant T58A/L216W/M221 is a promiscuous protease that was improved in producing peroxycarboxylic acids. In the current article, we identified two amino acid positions (Trp216 and Met221) that are important for the oxidative resistance of subtilisin Carlsberg T58A/L216W/M221. Site-saturation mutagenesis at positions Trp216 and Met221, which are located close to the active site, resulted in variants M4 (T58/W216M/M221) and M6 (T58A/W216L/M221C). Variants M4 (T58/W216M/M221) and M6 (T58A/W216L/M221C) have a 2.6-fold (M4) and 1.5-fold (M6) increased oxidative resistance and 1.4-fold increased kcat values for peroxycarboxylic acid formation, compared with wild-type subtilisin Carlsberg.
Speeding up simulations of cascading blackout in power systems by identifying high influential lines

This paper proposes a novel algorithm based on the identification of the most influential lines to speed up the simulation of severe cascading failures in power systems. To this end, we first extend the concept of interaction graph to take into account the impact of hidden failures. Then we devise a PageRank-based algorithm to assess the influence of individual lines, which remarkably facilitates finding such severe cascading failures. Numerical experiments carried out on the New England system show that our algorithm can enhance the efficiency of finding severe blackouts of 1∼2 orders of magnitude.
CBT for Culture Change: Formulating Teams to Improve Patient Care

Background: Increasingly, clinical psychologists and CBT trained clinicians work with and within teams. The cognitive model enables us to formulate the processes maintaining distress, and work with people to effect change. The model tends to be used to understand individuals’ difficulties, but may be effective in making sense of problems within teams. Aims: This study aimed to (i) explore the value of the cognitive model in formulating key staff-service user relationships; and (ii) determine whether such an approach would yield useful team based interventions. Method: The cognitive interpersonal model was used to develop an idiosyncratic conceptualization of key staff-service user interactions in an in-patient setting. This then informed management team planning aimed at improving provision for service users, and staff experience. Additionally, frequency of challenging behaviours and levels of staff burnout were assessed before and after service changes, as preliminary outcome data. Results: The team formulation was effective in (i) making sense of interactions contributing to the maintenance of service users’ challenging behaviours and staff burnout, and (ii) deriving systemic interventions likely to effect change. This was then used to guide service development planning. In support of a CBT approach to understanding and intervening with teams, preliminary data indicate that staff burnout and incidents of challenging behaviours reduced over time. Conclusion: The cognitive interpersonal model can be used to formulate relationships within teams and guide systemic change. This is likely to have a beneficial impact for both service users and staff.