Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A nonneural epithelial domain of embryonic cranial neural folds gives rise to ectomesenchyme

The neural crest is generally believed to be the embryonic source of skeletogenic mesenchyme (ectomesenchyme) in the vertebrate head and other derivatives, including pigment cells and neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system. Although classical transplantation experiments leading to this conclusion assumed that embryonic neural folds were homogeneous epithelia, we reported that embryonic cranial neural folds contain spatially and phenotypically distinct domains, including a lateral nonneural domain with cells that coexpress E-cadherin and PDGFRα and a thickened mediodorsal neuroepithelial domain where these proteins are reduced or absent. We now show that Wnt1-Cre is expressed in the lateral nonneural epithelium of rostral neural folds and that cells coexpressing Cre-recombinase and PDGFRα delaminate precociously from some of this nonneural epithelium. We also show that ectomesenchymal cells exhibit β-galactosidase activity in embryos heterozygous for an Ecad-lacZ reporter knock- in allele. We conclude that a lateral nonneural domain of the neural fold epithelium, which we call “metablast,” is a source of ectomesenchyme distinct from the neural crest. We suggest that closer analysis of the origin of ectomesenchyme might help to understand (i) the molecular-genetic regulation of development of both neural crest and ectomesenchyme lineages; (ii) the early developmental origin of skeletogenic and connective tissue mesenchyme in the vertebrate head; and (iii) the presumed origin of head and branchial arch skeletal and connective tissue structures during vertebrate evolution.
ABC/XYZ Estimates Intracerebral Hemorrhage Volume as a Percent of Total Brain Volume in Children

Background and Purpose— Intracerebral hemorrhage volume (ICHV) as a percentage of total brain volume (TBV) is a strong predictor of outcome in childhood intracerebral hemorrhage with ICHV/TBV >2% associated with functional impairment. We aimed to determine whether easily performed approximations of intracerebral hemorrhage and brain volume can accurately and reliably stratify intracerebral hemorrhage by size. Methods— CT scans of 18 children with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage were independently reviewed by 4 neurologists. ICHV as a proportion of TBV was estimated as ABC/XYZ expressed as a percentage: A= largest axial hemorrhage diameter; B=largest axial diameter perpendicular to A on the same slice; and C=hemorrhage vertical diameter. Similarly, X=largest midline axial diameter of supratentorial brain; Y=largest axial diameter perpendicular to X; and Z=brain vertical diameter. Interrater reliability was measured with intraclass correlation coefficients. ICHV and TBV were measured using computer-assisted manual segmentation tracings to establish criterion validity. Each intracerebral hemorrhage was classified as small (≤2% TBV) or large (>2% TBV). Results— Estimates of ICHV, TBV, and ICHV/TBV using the ABC/XYZ method had outstanding interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.95 to 0.99). These estimates were highly correlated with volumetric measures (R2=0.77 to 0.96). Sensitivity of the ABC/XYZ method for identifying an ICHV >2% TBV was 100% (95% CI, 89% to 100%). Specificity was 95% (95% CI, 83% to 99%). Conclusions— The ABC/XYZ method accurately and reliably estimates ICHV and TBV in children. These values can be used to approximate quickly and easily ICHV as a percentage of TBV, which has important prognostic implications.
The Efficacy of Reflective Practice and Coach Education on Intrapersonal Knowledge in the Higher Education Setting

Given the need for coach education to develop the essential skill of reflection in coaches (Cushion & Nelson, 2013; Gilbert & Trudel, 2001), the purpose of the current study was to understand how and why 21 coaching students enrolled in a practicum course at a southeastern United States institution engage in reflective practice. This research draws upon Schon’s (1983, 1987) work on reflective practice, which underpinned a set of online structured reflective journaling prompts (ORJ) used as an intervention. Each week, for 12 weeks of the practicum course, students were asked to respond to a theoretically informed prompt. We collected data from the Self-Reflection and Insight Scale (SRIS; Grant et al., 2002), Powell’s (1989) levels of reflection rubric, and the students’ weekly journal responses. The quantitative results revealed that time had significant influence on levels of reflection (p < .01), but not SRIS. The qualitative findings resulted in 15 themes which were categorized as: students’ role frames, students’ self-identified weaknesses, students’ dilemma identification, and students’ responses to dilemmas that describe what students reflected upon in their practicum. These findings are discussed in relation to existing research on reflective practice, student learning in higher education, intrapersonal knowledge development, and the use of technology. Implications for future research and coach educators are offered by considering the prompts influence on the students and the use of technology to facilitate learning in coach education.
Temporal filtering by prefrontal neurons in duration discrimination

Neural imaging studies have revealed that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) participates in time perception. However, actual functional roles remain unclear. We trained two monkeys to perform a duration‐discrimination task, in which two visual cues were presented consecutively for different durations ranging from 0.2 to 2.0 s. The subjects were required to choose the longer cue. We recorded single‐neuron activity from the PFC while the subjects were performing the task. Responsive neurons for the first cue period were extracted and classified through a cluster analysis of firing rate curves. The neuronal activity was categorized as phasic, ramping and sustained patterns. Among them, the phasic activity was the most prevailing. Peak time of the phasic activity was broadly distributed about 0.8 s after cue onset, leading to a natural assumption that the phasic activity was related to cognitive processes. The phasic activity with constant delay after cue onset might function to filter current cue duration with the peak time. The broad distribution of the peak time would indicate that various filtering durations had been prepared for estimating C1 duration. The most frequent peak time was close to the time separating cue durations into long and short. The activity with this peak time might have had a role of filtering in attempted duration discrimination. Our results suggest that the PFC contributes to duration discrimination with temporal filtering in the cue period.
Eigenvalue Analysis and Longtime Stability of Resonant Structures for the Meshless Radial Point Interpolation Method in Time Domain

A meshless collocation method based on radial basis function (RBF) interpolation is presented for the numerical solution of Maxwell's equations. RBFs have attractive properties such as theoretical exponential convergence for increasingly dense node distributions. Although the primary interest resides in the time domain, an eigenvalue solver is used in this paper to investigate convergence properties of the RBF interpolation method. The eigenvalue distribution is calculated and its implications for longtime stability in time-domain simulations are established. It is found that eigenvalues with small, but nonzero, real parts are related to the instabilities observed in time-domain simulations after a large number of time steps. Investigations show that by using global basis functions, this problem can be avoided. More generally, the connection between the high matrix condition number, accuracy, and the magnitude of nonzero real parts is established.
Kalman Filter Tracking

Kalman filter estimates the state of a dynamic system, even if the precise form of the system is unknown. The filter is very powerful in the sense that it supports estimations of past and even future states. The description of the standard Kalman filter and its algorithms with the two main steps, the prediction step and the correction step. Furthermore the extended Kalman filter is discussed, which represents the conversion of the Kalman filter to nonlinear systems. Finally these filter was tested on aircraft tracking, and sinus wave using MATLAB.
Multi-model approach based on 3D functional features for tool affordance learning in robotics

Tools can afford similar functionality if they share some common geometrical features. Moreover, the effect that can be achieved with a tool depends as much on the action performed as on the way in which it is grasped. In the current paper we present a two step model for learning and predicting tool affordances which specifically tackles these issues. In the first place, we introduce Oriented Multi-Scale Extended Gaussian Image (OMS-EGI), a set of 3D features devised to describe tools in interaction scenarios, able to encapsulate in a general and compact way the geometrical properties of a tool relative to the way in which it is grasped. Then, based on these features, we propose an approach to learn and predict tool affordances in which the robot first discovers the available tool-pose categories of a set of hand-held tools, and then learns a distinct affordance model for each of the discovered tool-pose categories. Results show that the combination of OMS-EGI 3D features and multi-model affordance learning approach is able to produce quite accurate predictions of the effect that an action performed with a tool grasped on a particular way will have, even for unseen tools or grasp configurations.
Infant morbidity and mortality attributable to prenatal smoking in Chile

ABSTRACT Objective To estimate annual infant morbidity and mortality attributable to prenatal smoking in Chile during 2008−2012. Methods Population-attributable fractions (PAFs) for several infant outcomes were calculated based on previous study estimates of prenatal smoking prevalence and odds ratios associated with exposure (prenatal smoking relative to non-prenatal smoking). Prenatal smoking–attributable infant morbidity and mortality cases were calculated by multiplying the average annual number of morbidity and mortality cases registered in Chile during 2008–2012 by the corresponding PAF. Results PAFs for 1) births ≤ 27 weeks; 2) births at 28–33 weeks; 3) births at 34–36 weeks; and 4) full-term low-birth-weight infants were 12.3%, 10.6%, 5.5%, and 27.4% respectively. PAFs for deaths caused by preterm-related causes and deaths caused by sudden infant death syndrome were 11.9% and 40.0% respectively. Annually, 2 054 cases of preterm-birth and full-term low-birth-weight (1 in 9 cases), 68 deaths caused by preterm-related causes (1 in 8 cases), and 26 deaths caused by sudden infant death syndrome (1 in 3 cases) were attributable to prenatal smoking. Conclusions In Chile, infant morbidity and mortality attributable to prenatal smoking are unacceptably high. Comprehensive individual and population-based interventions for tobacco control should be a public health priority in the country, particularly among female adolescents and young women who will be the mothers of future generations.
The Mordell-Weil sieve: proving non-existence of rational points on curves

We discuss the Mordell–Weil sieve as a general technique for proving results concerning rational points on a given curve. In the special case of curves of genus 2, we describe quite explicitly how the relevant local information can be obtained if one does not want to restrict to mod p information at primes of good reduction. We describe our implementation of the Mordell–Weil sieve algorithm and discuss its efficiency. Supplementary materials are available with this article.
Material Design in Augmented Reality with In-Situ Visual Feedback

Material design is the process by which artists or designers set the appearance properties of virtual surface to achieve a desired look. This process is often conducted in a virtual synthetic environment however, advances in computer vision tracking and interactive rendering now makes it possible to design materials in augmented reality (AR), rather than purely virtual synthetic, environments. However, how designing in an AR environment affects user behavior is unknown. To evaluate how work in a real environment influences the material design process, we propose a novel material design interface that allows designers to interact with a tangible object as they specify appearance properties. The setup gives designers the opportunity to view the real-time rendering of appearance properties through a virtual reality setup as they manipulate the object. Our setup uses a camera to capture the physical surroundings of the designer to create subtle but realistic reflection effects on the virtual view superimposed on the tangible object. The effects are based on the physical lighting conditions of the actual design space. We describe a user study that compares the efficacy of our method to that of a traditional 3D virtual synthetic material design system. Both subjective feedback and quantitative analysis from our study suggest that the in-situ experience provided by our setup allows the creation of higher quality material properties and supports the sense of interaction and immersion.
Torrenting Game of Thrones

This article examines the views expressed by Australians relating to unauthorized digital access to the popular HBO series Game of Thrones. A detailed analysis is undertaken of the online responses to a 2013 Facebook post by the United States Ambassador to Australia, chastizing Australians for their ‘illegal’ behaviour. This analysis is used to critique the dominant framing of the activities of file-sharing, torrenting and unauthorized downloading as criminal and those involved in the activity as being influenced by sociological factors. In contrast, the research found that many of the justifications for these behaviours contained in the Facebook comments demonstrated an informed critique of the market mechanisms at work in the distribution networks.
Medial prefrontal cortex and striatum mediate the influence of social comparison on the decision process

We compared private and social decision making to investigate the neural underpinnings of the effect of social comparison on risky choices. We measured brain activity using functional MRI while participants chose between two lotteries: in the private condition, they observed the outcome of the unchosen lottery, and in the social condition, the outcome of the lottery chosen by another person. The striatum, a reward-related brain structure, showed higher activity when participants won more than their counterpart (social gains) compared with winning in isolation and lower activity when they won less than their counterpart (social loss) compared with private loss. The medial prefrontal cortex, implicated in social reasoning, was more activated by social gains than all other events. Sensitivity to social gains influenced both brain activity and behavior during subsequent choices. Specifically, striatal activity associated with social gains predicted medial prefrontal cortex activity during social choices, and experienced social gains induced more risky and competitive behavior in later trials. These results show that interplay between reward and social reasoning networks mediates the influence of social comparison on the decision process.
A Novel Analysis Flow for Fused Transcripts Discovery from Paired-end RNA-Seq Data

Chimeric phenomena have been recently recognized to play a significant role in the investigation and understanding of the fundamental mechanisms behind highly diffused pathologies such as tumors. In this paper we present a new methodology for the detection of fusion transcript from Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) data. The methodology exploits short paired-end reads coming from RNA-Seq experiments to determine a list of fused genes and to exactly identify the fusion boundaries, so that the exact chimeric sequence can be analysed. Both known and unknown transcripts are considered, enabling the detection of fusions involving unannotated genes. An automated toolflow that reports a set of candidate fused genes and the associated junctions has been implemented and applied to a publicly available data set of melanoma.
A Method to Extend Orthogonal Latin Square Codes

Error correction codes (ECCs) are commonly used to protect memories from errors. As multibit errors become more frequent, single error correction codes are not enough and more advanced ECCs are needed. The use of advanced ECCs in memories is, however, limited by their decoding complexity. In this context, one-step majority logic decodable (OS-MLD) codes are an interesting option as the decoding is simple and can be implemented with low delay. Orthogonal Latin squares (OLS) codes are OS-MLD and have been recently considered to protect caches and memories. The main advantage of OLS codes is that they provide a wide range of choices for the block size and the error correction capabilities. In this brief, a method to extend OLS codes is presented. The proposed method enables the extension of the data block size that can be protected with a given number of parity bits thus reducing the overhead. The extended codes are also OS-MLD and have a similar decoding complexity to that of the original OLS codes. The proposed codes have been implemented to evaluate the circuit area and delay needed for different block sizes.
AN ESTIMATE OF THE MUTATIONAL DAMAGE IN MAN FROM DATA ON CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES.

In a diploid, outbreeding organism like man the deleterious mutants carried by the population are only partly expressed in each generation, being largely concealed by heterozygosis with more favorable alleles. However, the total hidden-mutational damage carried by the population can be estimated indirectly from the detrimental effects of consanguineous marriage. This method, applied to mortality data of Arner,1 provided the basis for the statement that "a calculation from . results of inbreeding in man . leads to the conclusion that every person on the average contains heterozygously at least one lethal gene or group of genes which [homozygously would ] . kill an individual. between birth and maturity. "2 The calculation itself was not given, however, and the stated figure of one lethal equivalent per person represents a conservative estimate, being a good deal lower than the most probable value (nearly two) actually indicated by the data. Recently Slatis3 has used a similar procedure for estimating the number of heterozygous genes that, if homozygous, would cause detectable rare abnormalities and has arrived at a tentative estimate of eight such genes per person. His conclusions are qualified by the fact that the subjects were selected for having abnormalities, some of which may not have been simple recessives. In this paper we shall present calculations whereby, using death rates both from Arner's and from two other published studies of consanguineous marriages, we have attempted to measure the total mutational damage. We shall also show how, by making some assumptions about the manner in which the mutations are expressed (and hence with less assurance), we have estimated the amount of mutational damage actually expressed each generation. Finally, we shall use the data to estimate the total mutation rate in man. Human Consanguinity Data. -The selection of families on the basis of the consanguinity of the parents has both advantages and disadvantages. The disadvantages of this approach are that a large sample is required and that the sociological concomitants of consanguineous marriage (rural-urban differences, etc.) may be confounded with the genetic effects. The advantages are that it is not biased by selection of particular genetic entities and that homozygosity for two or more deleterious genes with possibly synergistic effects is unlikely at the low levels of inbreeding found in man. Three published studies on consanguineous marriage fulfil the condition of a large sample. It is questionable whether they also meet the requirement for separation of genetic effects from the sociological correlates of inbreeding. The most recent and useful data (summarized in Table 1) were obtained by Sutter and Tabah4 from
Comparison of ASTER GDEM and SRTM DEM in deriving the thickness change of Small Dongkemadi Glacier on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

As we know, SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) DEM has been widely used to evaluate the multi-decadal elevation changes of mountain glaciers. Recently, a new global elevation dataset known as GDEM, based on the ASTER satellite imagery has also been released. In this paper various kinds of data on SDG(Small Dongkemadi Glacier) were collected to evaluate the potential of GDEM used in this field, including the GDEM, SRTM DEM, topographic map for 1969 and Landsat ETM+ image for 2000. The elevation change from GPS survey data (2007) and DEM(1969) on SDG is used to validate the results here. The comparison analysis shows the thickness change detected by SRTM DEM is consistent with the GPS measurements, however, the result from ASTER GDEM is far away from the field work on SDG, although the overall distribution is right. The experiment results will cause our serious attentions to the usage of GDEM in glacial field.
Simulations of Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence in a Strongly Magnetized Medium

We analyze three-dimensional numerical simulations of driven incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence in a periodic box threaded by a moderately strong external magnetic field. We sum over nonlinear interactions within Fourier wave bands and find that the timescale for the energy cascade is consistent with the Goldreich-Sridhar model of strong MHD turbulence. Using higher order longitudinal structure functions, we show that the turbulent motions in the plane perpendicular to the local mean magnetic field are similar to ordinary hydrodynamic turbulence, while motions parallel to the field are consistent with a scaling correction that arises from the eddy anisotropy. We present the structure tensor describing velocity statistics of Alfvénic and pseudo-Alfvénic turbulence. Finally, we confirm that an imbalance of energy moving up and down magnetic field lines leads to a slow decay of turbulent motions, and speculate that this imbalance is common in the interstellar medium, where injection of energy is intermittent both in time and space.