Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assimilatory uptake rather than nitrification and denitrification determines nitrogen removal patterns in streams of varying land use

Agricultural and urban land use increase nitrogen (N) concentrations in streams, which can saturate biotic demand by plants, algae, and bacteria via assimilative uptake, and by nitrification and denitrification. We studied six streams per year in each of three land‐use categories (agricultural, urban, and forested) for 3 yr (n = 18 streams), and we compared whole‐stream N uptake and microbial N transformation rates during spring, summer, and autumn. We measured whole‐stream removal of added ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) in the field and quantified sediment nitrification and denitrification rates in laboratory assays. Relative demand for NNH4+ (as uptake velocity, Vf) was highest in spring and in streams with open canopies, implying a link with aquatic autotrophy. In agricultural and urban streams, whole‐stream removal (as areal uptake, U) of NH4+ and NO3−, nitrification, and denitrification rates approached saturation at higher inorganic N concentrations. Nitrification and denitrification rates measured in redox‐optimized laboratory assays were roughly equivalent, suggesting that in situ redox conditions will determine whether stream sediments are a net source or sink of NO3−. Though nitrification and denitrification rates were measured under ideal redox conditions, they were always more than an order of magnitude lower than whole‐stream NO{3 uptake, demonstrating their limited influence on wholestream NO3− dynamics. Assimilatory processes, which temporarily store N removed from the water column, dominated whole‐stream N demand and controlled downstream N flux. The ultimate fate of assimilated N remains unknown; in‐channel storage cannot account for it, and thus a key question is what fraction may eventually be stored in downstream depositional zones or denitrified upon remineralization.
Creative Approaches To Problem Solving A Framework For Innovation And Change

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Muslim Women in Australia, Britain and the United States: The Role of “Othering” and Biculturalism in Identity Formation

Abstract When Muslims migrate to Western countries, they bring their identity and culture with them. As they settle in their host countries, some Muslims encounter structural inequality, which is often revealed through media representation, unequal labour market status and racial profiling. Through the dynamics of structural inequality, some Muslim women remain doubly disadvantaged. Within their ethnic/religious community, Muslim women are expected to follow their cultural traditions and in the wider society their overtly Muslim appearance is often questioned. The discussion of identity formation in this paper is based on interviews with Muslim girls and women in Australia, Britain and the United States, aged between 15 and 30 years. Though the cultural and political contexts of these three countries are different, the practice of “othering” women have been similar. Through their life stories and narratives, I examine the formation of the participants’ identities. It was found that for many of these women their sense of identity shifted from single to multiple identities, thus revealing that identity formation was a flexible process that was affected by a variety of factors, including the relevance and importance of biculturalism in the women’s identity formation.
Alternative Splicing of sept9a and sept9b in Zebrafish Produces Multiple mRNA Transcripts Expressed Throughout Development

Background Septins are involved in a number of cellular processes including cytokinesis and organization of the cytoskeleton. Alterations in human septin-9 (SEPT9) levels have been linked to multiple cancers, whereas mutations in SEPT9 cause the episodic neuropathy, hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy (HNA). Despite its important function in human health, the in vivo role of SEPT9 is unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we utilize zebrafish to study the role of SEPT9 in early development. We show that zebrafish possess two genes, sept9a and sept9b that, like humans, express multiple transcripts. Knockdown or overexpression of sept9a transcripts results in specific developmental alterations including circulation defects and aberrant epidermal development. Conclusions/Significance Our work demonstrates that sept9 plays an important role in zebrafish development, and establishes zebrafish as a valuable model organism for the study of SEPT9.
Arbitrary view generation based on DIBR

An efficient depth image based rendering (DIBR) for generating arbitrary novel views is proposed. The proposed method fills the holes by preprocessing depth images and merging two desired images. In order to solve the visibility problem, the pixels in reference image are processed in an occlusion-compatible order. Furthermore, the reference images are corrected before 3D image warping so as to reduce the edge artifacts. Experimental results have show that the proposed method can provide a satisfactory image quality.
Relaxed synchronization support of universal filtered multi-carrier including autonomous timing advance

5G wireless systems may benefit by waveforms supporting relaxed synchronization, as this enables reduced energy consumption, better support of low-end devices and reduction of signaling overhead. In this paper we evaluate UFMC (Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier), also known as UF-OFDM (universal filtered OFDM) - the recently appeared waveform option for 5G - with respect to its performance in scenarios with relaxed synchronization. Both carrier frequency offset, e.g. due to low-cost oscillators used in low-end devices, and relative fractional delay, e.g. due to the absence of an energy consuming closed-loop ranging mechanism, is considered. We introduce a concept called autonomous timing advance (ATA) improving the overall system performance. With ATA the system can operate purely based on open-loop synchronization. For comparing UFMC with CP-OFDM, we evaluate the mean squared error (MSE) in the receiver after frequency conversion. With applying a limit regarding the tolerable amount of distortion, we calculate the supported link distance for a system applying either UFMC or CP-OFDM for LTE-like settings. With applying UFMC, higher link distances are supported than with CP-OFDM, if the system applies open-loop synchronization.
Bioinformatics analysis of the gene expression profile in Bladder carcinoma

Bladder carcinoma, which has the ninth highest incidence among malignant tumors in the world, is a complex, multifactorial disease. The malignant transformation of bladder cells results from DNA mutations and alterations in gene expression levels. In this work, we used a bioinformatics approach to investigate the molecular mechanisms of bladder carcinoma. Biochips downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were used to analyze the gene expression profile in urinary bladder cells from individuals with carcinoma. The gene expression profile of normal genomes was used as a control. The analysis of gene expression revealed important alterations in genes involved in biological processes and metabolic pathways. We also identified some small molecules capable of reversing the altered gene expression in bladder carcinoma; these molecules could provide a basis for future therapies for the treatment of this disease.
Relaxation time constants and apparent diffusion coefficients of rat retina at 7 Tesla

MRI has recently been applied to study the retina in vivo. Measurements of relaxation time constants (T1, T2, and T2*) and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of the retina would be useful to systemically optimize structural, physiological, and functional MRI contrasts. MRI studies were performed on 12 anesthetized and paralyzed rats. High‐resolution T1, T2, T2* and ADC of the rat eyes were measured at 50 × 50 × 800 μm at 7 Tesla. Profiles of T1, T2, T2* and ADC across the retinal thickness were analyzed. Region of interests of three layers across the retinal thickness were tabulated. This study demonstrated that high resolution T1, T2, T2* and ADC of the rat retina could be imaged. Profile analysis of T1, T2, T2* and ADC across the retinal thickness were helpful to minimize partial volume effects. T1, T2, T2* and ADC of the rat retina were overall similar to those of the brain. Quantitative T1, T2, T2* and ADC may change in retinal diseases and their measurements could help to stage retinal disease progression and monitor therapeutic intervention. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 20, 126–130, 2010
Neurons in a Forebrain Nucleus Required for Vocal Plasticity Rapidly Switch between Precise Firing and Variable Bursting Depending on Social Context

Song is a learned vocal behavior influenced by social interactions. Prior work has suggested that the anterior forebrain pathway (AFP), a specialized pallial–basal ganglia circuit critical for vocal plasticity, mediates the influence of social signals on song. Here, we investigate the signals the AFP sends to song motor areas and their dependence on social context by characterizing singing-related activity of single neurons in the AFP output nucleus LMAN (lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium). We show that interaction with females causes marked, real-time changes in firing properties of individual LMAN neurons. When males sing to females (“directed”), LMAN neurons exhibit reliable firing of single spikes precisely locked to song. In contrast, when males sing alone (“undirected”), the same LMAN neurons exhibit prominent burst firing and trial-by-trial variability. Burst structure and timing vary substantially across repeated undirected trials. Despite context-dependent differences in firing statistics, the average pattern of song-locked firing for an individual neuron is similar across behavioral contexts, suggesting a common underlying signal. Different LMAN neurons in the same bird, however, exhibit distinct firing patterns, suggesting that subsets of neurons jointly encode song features. Together, our findings demonstrate that behavioral interactions reversibly transform the signaling mode of LMAN neurons. Such changes may contribute to rapid switching of motor activity between variable and precise states. More generally, our results suggest that pallial–basal ganglia circuits contribute to motor learning and production through multiple mechanisms: patterned signals could guide changes in motor output while state-dependent variability could subserve motor exploration.
Risks of Breast and Endometrial Cancer in Women with Diabetes: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Objective We investigated the overall and age-specific risks of developing breast and endometrial cancer among women with diabetes in a population-based cohort study. Methods Women with diabetes (n = 319310) and age-matched controls (n = 319308), selected from ambulatory care claims and beneficiary registry in 2000, respectively were linked to the in-patient claims (2000–2008) to identify admissions due to breast (ICD-9-CM: 174) and endometrial (ICD-9-CM: 182) cancer. The person-year approach with Poisson assumption was used to estimate the incidence density rate. The age-specific hazard ratios (HRs) of above malignancies in relation to diabetes with multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression. Results The overall incidence density rate of breast and endometrial cancer was estimated at 1.21 and 0.21 per 10,000 patient-years, respectively, for diabetes. The corresponding figures for controls were lower at 1.00 and 0.14 per 10,000 patient-years. Compared with the controls, the covariate adjusted HR for breast and endometrial cancer was 1.42 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34–1.50) and 1.71 (95% CI 1.48–1.97), respectively in women with diabetes. Elderly (> = 65 years) diabetes had the highest HR (1.61) of breast cancer, while the highest HR (1.85) of endometrial cancer was observed in diabetes aged < = 50 years. Conclusions Diabetes may significantly increase the risks of breast and endometrial cancer in all age stratifications. Health education for strict adherence of cancer screening program in women with diabetes is essential.
Graph-based cross-validated committees ensembles

Ensemble techniques combine several individual classifiers to obtain a composite classifier that outperforms each of them alone. Despite of these techniques have been successfully applied to many domains, their applications on networked data still need investigation. There are not many known strategies for sampling with replacement from interconnected relational data. To contribute in this direction, we propose a cross-validated committee ensemble procedure applied to graph-based classifiers. The proposed ensemble either maintains or significantly improves the accuracy of the tested relational graph-based classifiers. We also investigate the role played by diversity among the several individual classifiers, i.e., how much they agree in their predictions, to explain the technique success or failure.
Tetanus Neurotoxin Neutralizing Antibodies Screened from a Human Immune scFv Antibody Phage Display Library

Tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) produced by Clostridium tetani is one of the most poisonous protein substances. Neutralizing antibodies against TeNT can effectively prevent and cure toxicosis. Using purified Hc fragments of TeNT (TeNT-Hc) as an antigen, three specific neutralizing antibody clones recognizing different epitopes were selected from a human immune scFv antibody phage display library. The three antibodies (2-7G, 2-2D, and S-4-7H) can effectively inhibit the binding between TeNT-Hc and differentiated PC-12 cells in vitro. Moreover, 2-7G inhibited TeNT-Hc binding to the receptor via carbohydrate-binding sites of the W pocket while 2-2D and S-4-7H inhibited binding of the R pocket. Although no single mAb completely protected mice from the toxin, they could both prolong survival when challenged with 20 LD50s (50% of the lethal dose) of TeNT. When used together, the mAbs completely neutralized 1000 LD50s/mg Ab, indicating their high neutralizing potency in vivo. Antibodies recognizing different carbohydrate-binding pockets could have higher synergistic toxin neutralization activities than those that recognize the same pockets. These results could lead to further production of neutralizing antibody drugs against TeNT and indicate that using TeNT-Hc as an antigen for screening human antibodies for TeNT intoxication therapy from human immune antibody library was convenient and effective.
[Acclimatization: speech recognition in hearing aid users].

BACKGROUND acclimatization is the period that succeeds the fitting of hearing aids, when a progressive improvement of the hearing and speech recognition abilities is observed due to the new speech cues that are available to the hearing aid user. AIM to verify acclimatization after the fitting of hearing aids through objective (speech tests) and subjective (Questionnaire) evaluations. METHOD 16 hearing impaired individuals were evaluated on the first day of hearing aid fitting and were monthly reassessed for three months. In all three months the following speech tests were used: PISR - percentage index of speech recognition through monosyllabic words and SRT--speech recognition threshold through sentences, determining the speech/ noise ratio (S/N). The International Outcome Inventory of Hearing Aid (IOI-HA) was also applied in the first and third months after the hearing aids were fitted. RESULTS the comparison between the first day, first, second and third months after the hearing aids were fitted revealed a statistically significant improvement (p<0.001) between the results, not only for the PISR but also for the S/N ratio. No statistically significant difference was found for the results obtained through the questionnaire applied in the first and third months. CONCLUSION the objective evaluation, using speech recognition tests, presents better results in the months following the hearing aids fitting indicating a progressive improvement in the speech abilities from the first month onwards. The subjective evaluation does not reveal an improvement when comparing the first and third moths after the hearing aids were fitted.
Title: Synchronization of Action Potentials during Low Magnesium Induced 1 Bursting 2 3 Authors and Affiliations: 4

28 The relationship between mono and poly-synaptic strength and action 29 potential synchronization was explored using a reduced external Mg model. 30 Single and dual whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were performed in hippocampal 31 cultures in three concentrations of external Mg. In decreased Mg medium, the 32 individual cells transitioned to spontaneous bursting behavior. In lowered Mg 33 media the larger excitatory synaptic events were observed more frequently and 34 fewer transmission failures occurred, suggesting strengthened synaptic 35 transmission. The event synchronization was calculated for the neural action 36 potentials of the cell pairs and it increased in media where Mgconcentration was 37 lowered. Analysis of surrogate data where bursting was present, but no direct or 38 indirect connections existed between the neurons, showed minimal action potential 39 synchronization. This suggests the synchronization of action potentials is a product 40 of the strengthening synaptic connections within neuronal networks. 41 42 43
An Adaptive Energy Efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Several transmit power control MAC protocols have been designed primarily to reduce the energy consumption in wireless ad hoc networks. On the other hand, many adaptive rate MAC protocols have been mainly proposed to improve the network throughput. In this paper, we proposed a new energy efficient MAC protocol for the distributed coordination function (DCF) IEEE 802.11 b based ad hoc networks which also maximize the overall network throughput. This protocol is known as traffic sensing adaptive rate power (TSRP) control MAC protocol. The basic idea of the TSRP protocol is that, rather than just matching the channel condition, the sender sense outgoing traffic based on the traffic load and the queue condition. Then the MAC layer chooses the energy efficient rate-power combination that is suitable to deliver all the packets comes from upper layer or schedule the transmission of the packets waiting in its queue with minimum delay. Our analytical and simulation results show that, TSRP protocol can provide more energy saving and at the same time can achieve maximum throughput.
APM 065 VEHICLE ACTIVE SAFETY SYSTEMS FOR PREVENTING ROAD DEPARTURE ACCIDENTS

On U.S. highways single-vehicle road-departure (SVRD) accidents account for approximately one fourth of all accidents and one third of all fatalities. This paper describes an active safety system to help prevent SVRD accidents. Many aspects of the proposed system have been implemented on a prototype vehicle, and evaluated in driving tests. In addition to providing an overview of this vision-based system the development and performance of some of the key subsystems is highlighted. These include subsystems to estimate lane geometry, vehicle trajectory, time-to-lane-crossing, driver state, vehicle yaw rate, and to provide driver warning, steering assist and/or brake-steer intervention. Two of the subsystems are described in more detail. First the use of accelerometers for estimation of the yaw rate, then the development and performance of a robust steering assist controller. Also, simulation tools for development and validation of the active safety system are described. INTRODUCTION On average every minute, somewhere in the world, a person dies from a traffic accident. As shown in Fig. 1, singlevehicle-road-departure (SVRD) accidents account for approximately one fourth of all vehicle accidents and over one third of all fatalities in the U.S [NHTSA, 1999]. The degradation of driver performance during a long driving task can be a direct cause of SVRD. A fatigued or impaired driver during highway driving is an obvious example. Recently driver distraction (e.g., cellular phones, navigation systems) has received considerable attention. This paper describes research to develop lateral active safety systems to help drivers by preventing SVRD accidents. In contrast to passive safety systems such as air bags and seat belts, active safety systems have the potential to prevent vehicle crashes before they occur. Since both the driver and the active safety controller can have control over the vehicle steering, the interaction between the driver and the controller must be carefully considered, and the problem is quite different than the problem of lateral control in an automated highway [Shladover et al, 1991; Hedrick et al 1994; Rajamani et al 2000]. Figure 1. Single vehicle road departure accidents on US highways, (a) crashes, and (b) fatalities This paper provides an overview of a vehicle active safety system for preventing SVRD accidents, including research on various subsystems and their development, and describes implementation of the system on a prototype vehicle. The system development and validation relies on vehicle simulation Number of vehicle crashes SVRD
COORDINATED DISTRIBUTED SCHEDULING IN WIRELESS MESH NETWORK

IEEE 802.16 based wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are a promising broadband access solution to support flexibility, cost effectiveness and fast deployment of the fourth generation infrastructure based wireless networks. Reducing the time for channel establishment is critical for low latency/interactive Applications. According to IEEE 802.16 MAC protocol, there are three scheduling algorithms for assigning TDMA slots to each network node: centralized and distributed the distributed is further divided into two operational modes coordinated distributed and uncoordinated distributed. In coordinated distributed scheduling algorithm, network nodes have to transmit scheduling message in order to inform other nodes about their transfer schedule. In this paper a new approach is proposed to improve coordinated distributed scheduling efficiency in IEEE 802.16 mesh mode, with respect to three parameter Throughput, Average end to end delay and Normalized Overhead. For evaluating the proposed networks efficiency, several extensive simulations are performed in various network configurations and the most important system parameters which affect the network performance are analyzed