Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intracranial self stimulation upregulates the expression of synaptic plasticity related genes and Arc protein expression in rat hippocampus

Post‐training lateral hypothalamus (LH) intracranial self stimulation (ICSS) has a reliable enhancing effect on explicit memory formation evaluated in hippocampus‐dependent tasks such as the Morris water maze. In this study, the effects of ICSS on gene expression in the hippocampus are examined 4.5 h post treatment by using oligonucleotide microarray and real‐time PCR, and by measuring Arc protein levels in the different layers of hippocampal subfields through immunofluorescence. The microarray data analysis resulted in 65 significantly regulated genes in rat ICSS hippocampi compared to sham, including cAMP‐mediated signaling as one of the most significantly enriched Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) functional categories. In particular, expression of CREB‐dependent synaptic plasticity related genes (c‐Fos, Arc, Bdnf, Ptgs‐2 and Crem and Icer) was regulated in a time‐dependent manner following treatment administration. Immunofluorescence results showed that ICSS treatment induced a significant increase in Arc protein expression in CA1 and DG hippocampal subfields. This empirical evidence supports our hypothesis that the effect of ICSS on improved or restored memory functions might be mediated by increased hippocampal expression of activity‐dependent synaptic plasticity related genes, including Arc protein expression, as neural mechanisms related to memory consolidation.
Technical efficiency of fertilizer and its influencing factors:Based on wheat and corn empirical study

It is fertilizering the crops that is a major resource of agricultural non-point pollution in China.Basing on provincial panel data from 1996 to 2009,using Stochastic Frontier Production Function approach we calculate fertilizering technical efficiency of wheat and corn in China,and using Tobit model,we analyze the factors that determine the technical efficiency of fertilizing.The result showed,the low efficiency of fertilizering not only affects its production technical efficiency,but is the major reason of agricultural non-point pollution;fertilizer price,income of farmers,planting scale and technology training for farmers are important factors affecting technical efficiency of fertilizer.The policy of improving income of farmers and encouraging land transfer can increase technical efficiency of fertilizer and decrease agricultural non-point pollution;subsidies policies for producing factors with pollution go against the governance of agricultural non-point pollution;Chinese Agricultural Technology Extension should be strengthened and perfected in order to increase fertilizering technical efficiency and reduce agricultural non-point pollution.
Why not universally empower adolescents? Commitment by the World Health Organization

them have never been sensitized during their curriculum about the special needs of the adolescents and that proper guidance can deliver long-term results. [5] Further, these standards have also been supplemented with an implementation plan (strategies needed) and the monitoring tools to evaluate the overall progress. [5] In addition, targeted interventions in adolescent boys/ girls including training them in life skills education can prove of vital importance. [2,5] Furthermore, to achieve sustainable results, the current strategy of involving other stakeholders (such as schools, and social networking sites) should be further strengthened and explored. [2,4,5]
Guided grip force of the dominant hand for male subjects

Subjective rating has been adopted in quantifying the physical exertion in industrial works. In this study, an experiment was conducted to measure the grip force of twenty, male subjects under guided-gripping scenario. The subjects were requested to apply a power grip force with one of the four exertion levels towards their maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) using their dominant hands. The analysis of variance was conducted to test the variations of the grip forces among different level of force exertion. The results were statistically significant (p<0.0001). A linear regression model was established to describe the relationship between the gripping force and the perceived hand exertion based on the Borg's CR-10 scale. This model was statistically significant at p<0.0001 and with an R2 of 0.9. The Pearson's correlation coefficient between the grip force and the rating of the CR-10 scale was 0.95. The results of this study showed that the guided grip force of the dominant hand of the male subjects had linear relationship with the ratings of CR-10 scale. Therefore, the CR-10 scale is appropriate as a quantitative measure of perceived hand grip exertion of the dominant hand for males.
Detection of adverse drug events using an electronic trigger tool.

PURPOSE Implementation and refinement of an integrated electronic "trigger tool" for detecting adverse drug events (ADEs) is described. METHODS A three-month prospective study was conducted at a large medical center to test and improve the positive predictive value (PPV) of an electronic health record-based tool for detecting ADEs associated with use of four "trigger drugs": the reversal agents flumazenil, naloxone, phytonadione, and protamine. On administration of a trigger drug to an adult patient, an electronic message was transmitted to two pharmacists, who reviewed cases in near real time (typically, on the same day) to detect actual or potential ADEs. In phase 1 of the study, any use of a trigger drug resulted in an alert message; in subsequent phases, the alerting criteria were narrowed on the basis of clinical criteria and laboratory data with the goal of refining the trigger tool's PPV. RESULTS A total of 87 drug administrations were reviewed during the three-month study period, with 27 ADEs detected. PPV values in phases 1, 2, and 3 were 0.33, 0.21, and 0.36, respectively. The relatively low overall PPV of the trigger tool was largely attributable to false-positive trigger messages associated with phytonadione use (such messages were reduced from 35 in phase 1 to 7 in phase 3). CONCLUSION Evaluation and refinement of an electronic trigger tool based on detecting the use of the reversal agents flumazenil, naloxone, phytonadione, and protamine found an overall PPV of 0.31 during a three-month study period.
Informed consent: Issues and challenges

Informed consent is an ethical and legal requirement for research involving human participants. It is the process where a participant is informed about all aspects of the trial, which are important for the participant to make a decision and after studying all aspects of the trial the participant voluntarily confirms his or her willingness to participate in a particular clinical trial and significance of the research for advancement of medical knowledge and social welfare. The concept of informed consent is embedded in the principles of Nuremberg Code, The Declaration of Helsinki and The Belmont Report. Informed consent is an inevitable requirement prior to every research involving human being as subjects for study. Obtaining consent involves informing the subject about his or her rights, the purpose of the study, procedures to be undertaken, potential risks and benefits of participation, expected duration of study, extent of confidentiality of personal identification and demographic data, so that the participation of subjects in the study is entirely voluntary. This article provides an overview of issues in informed consent: The obligations of investigator, sponsor and Institutional Review Board to protect rights and welfare of human research subjects. It discusses about the basic elements of informed consent and the process to be followed while obtaining informed consent. Some of the circumstances under which informed consent can be waived and ethical challenges faced by physicians in obtaining informed consent from subjects are also highlighted in this article.
Group duality and isomorphisms of Fourier and Fourier-Stieltjes algebras from a $W^*$-algebra point of view

0. Introduction. In this paper two commutative, semisimple Banach algebras with involution, viz., A(G) and B(G), (called the Fourier algebra of G and the Fourier-Stieltjes algebra of G, respectively) are defined (as in [5]) for an arbitrary locally compact topological group G. [Note. As algebras A(G) and B(G) are subalgebras of the algebra of bounded continuous functions on G. ] The main purpose of this paper is to show that these algebras deeply reflect the structure of G even though they apparently are "trivial" in the sense that multiplication is defined pointwise-not by convolution as, for example, in the case of L(G). The first main result is closely related to a well-known duality theorem, cf. [4], [5], [9], [lO], [13], and it has a relatively short proof. The group G is recovered topologically as a special subset of the spectrum of B(G) (or as the spectrum of A(G)), and by virtue of the fact that the dual of B(G) or of A(G)y denoted B(G)', A(G)' respectively, can be naturally equipped with an algebraic structure, G can be recovered algebraically as well. The main difference between our Theorem 1 and the above results is that we proceed directly to recovering the group G in the 5(G), B{G)' context and deduce the duality theorem in the A(G), A(G)' context as an easy corollary; whereas the other papers attack the A(G), A(G) duality first and, except for [4] and a long complicated formulation in [13], do not discuss the process of recovering the group from the B(G), B{G) duality. We also obtain the formula in Theorem 1 (i) and further clarify the relationship between B(G) and the representation theory of G.
A Proposed Factors Affecting Knowledge Management Effectiveness: State of the Art and Direction for Future Work

Knowledge is the source of competitive advantage and optimal performance. Researchers have inconclusive findings regarding the factors that constitute the knowledge management (KM) effectiveness and their effects on organizational measures such as innovation and competitive advantage. The purpose of this study is to review and integrate the literature to identify the factors that affect the KM effectiveness. A total of fifteen articles are reviewed. The findings indicate that knowledge process capabilities such as knowledge acquisition, knowledge sharing, knowledge application, and knowledge protection are more important than the knowledge infrastructure capabilities. In addition, knowledge sharing is the most important factor that affects the KM effectiveness. The findings also show that 88% of studies are conducted in business organizations with 88% using quantitative approach. The respondents of reviewed articles are managers and postgraduate level employees. Directions of future work include scope, respondents, location, and approach. Keywords: Knowledge Management, KM CAPABILITIES, Review of KM, KM effectiveness, Organizational Performance
Use of indirectly immobilized recombinant p17 antigen for detection of antibodies to HIV‐1 by enzyme immunoassay

Recombinant HIV‐1 p17 antigen (rp17) and maltose binding protein‐rp17 fusion protein (MBP‐rp17) were immobilized in different ways: rp17 and MBP‐rp17 were immobilized directly onto polystyrene beads by physical adsorption, and biotinyl‐rp17, biotinyl‐MBP‐rp17, and 2,4‐dinitrophenyl (DNP)‐MBP‐rp17 were immobilized indirectly onto polystyrene beads, which had been coated with streptavidin alone, with biotinyl‐bovine serum albumin and streptavidin and with (anti‐2,4‐dinitrophenyl group) IgG. These immobilized antigens were tested by incubation with diluted serum from an HIV‐1 seropositive subject in the absence and presence of serum from HIV‐1 seronegative subjects and, after washing, with rp17 β‐D‐galactosidase conjugate. Higher positive signals (fluorescence intensities for bound ‐β‐D‐galactosidase activity) and less serum interference were obtained with indirectly immobilized antigens than with directly immobilized ones. Enzyme immunoassay using biotinyl‐MBP‐rp17 indirectly immobilized onto polystyrene beads, which had been coated sequentially with biotinyl‐bovine serum albumin and streptavidin, was approximately 1,000‐fold more sensitive than that using directly immobilized rp17 antigen and Western blotting for p17 band. This enzyme immunoassay indicated positivity in HIV‐1 seroconversion serum panels as early as or even earlier than conventional methods and considerably earlier than Western blotting for HIV‐1 p17 band. In addition, the sensitivity was further improved approximately 10‐fold by incubation with shaking for immunoreactions and by increase of both the number of polystyrene beads and the volume of serum samples used per assay. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 13:9–18, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biophysical properties of the normal-sized aorta in patients with Marfan syndrome: evaluation with MR flow mapping.

PURPOSE To investigate the feasibility of magnetic resonance (MR) flow mapping in the assessment of aortic biophysical properties in patients with Marfan syndrome and to detect differences in biophysical properties in the normal-sized aorta distal to the aortic root between these patients and matched control subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-eight patients with Marfan syndrome with aortic root dilatation and 23 matched control subjects underwent MR flow mapping in four locations in the normal-sized aorta (1, ascending aorta; 2, thoracic descending aorta; 3, descending aorta at the level of the diaphragm; and 4, abdominal descending aorta). Distensibility at each location and flow wave velocity between locations were calculated. RESULTS Compared with the control subjects, patients with Marfan syndrome had decreased aortic distensibility at three of the four locations (levels 1, 2, and 4; P <.05) and increased flow wave velocity between all locations (P <.05) in the aorta. In patients with Marfan syndrome, flow wave velocity was also significantly increased along the entire aortic tract beyond the aortic root (from level 1 to level 4). CONCLUSION MR imaging reveals abnormal biophysical properties of the normal-sized aorta in patients with Marfan syndrome. Monitoring of these properties is relevant for evaluating disease progression and treatment options.
Comparative Proteomics of Chloroplast Envelopes from C3 and C4 Plants Reveals Specific Adaptations of the Plastid Envelope to C4 Photosynthesis and Candidate Proteins Required for Maintaining C4 Metabolite Fluxes1[W][OA]

C4 plants have up to 10-fold higher apparent CO2 assimilation rates than the most productive C3 plants. This requires higher fluxes of metabolic intermediates across the chloroplast envelope membranes of C4 plants in comparison with those of C3 plants. In particular, the fluxes of metabolites involved in the biochemical inorganic carbon pump of C4 plants, such as malate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, and phosphoenolpyruvate, must be considerably higher in C4 plants because they exceed the apparent rate of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation, whereas they represent relatively minor fluxes in C3 plants. While the enzymatic steps involved in the C4 biochemical inorganic carbon pump have been studied in much detail, little is known about the metabolite transporters in the envelope membranes of C4 chloroplasts. In this study, we used comparative proteomics of chloroplast envelope membranes from the C3 plant pea (Pisum sativum) and mesophyll cell chloroplast envelopes from the C4 plant maize (Zea mays) to analyze the adaptation of the mesophyll cell chloroplast envelope proteome to the requirements of C4 photosynthesis. We show that C3- and C4-type chloroplasts have qualitatively similar but quantitatively very different chloroplast envelope membrane proteomes. In particular, translocators involved in the transport of triosephosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate as well as two outer envelope porins are much more abundant in C4 plants. Several putative transport proteins have been identified that are highly abundant in C4 plants but relatively minor in C3 envelopes. These represent prime candidates for the transport of C4 photosynthetic intermediates, such as pyruvate, oxaloacetate, and malate.
Ontology-based process design support tool for Vessel Clearance System

The demands of sophisticated data communications have issued a new challenge to port logistics systems. Customers expect ports to handle their generated administrative data while a vessel is docked in a port. One port logistics system, known as the Vessel Clearance System (VCS), manages large numbers of documents related to the handling of containers. In the VCS system, information flows through many organizations such as the port authority, shipping agents, marine offices, immigration offices, and others. Therefore, for effective management of the Business Process (BP) of the VCS system, a standardized method of BP modeling is essential, especially in heterogeneous system environments. In a port, according to port policy, terms and data are sued that are similar to but different from those of other logistics partners, which hinders standardized modeling of the BP. In order to avoid tedious and time-consuming document customization work, more convenient modeling of BP for VCS is essential. This paper proposes an ontology-based method to assist ontology engineers in their fundamental VCS process modeling tasks. We expect that this methodology will facilitate convenient and quick designing of port BPs.
A novel rat model of hip pain by intra-articular injection of nerve growth factor-characteristics of sensory innervation and inflammatory arthritis

Objectives. To determine the direct effects of intra-articular injection of nerve growth factor (NGF) into normal rat hips and the time course of pain-related mediator appearance. Methods. Using 36 numbers of 8-week-old male Sprague–Dawley rats, 30 μl of 1% Fluoro-Gold solution (FG) (Sham-operated group; n = 12), 30 μl of 1% FG with 50 μg/ml NGF (NGF50 group; n = 12), and 30 μl of 1% FG with 100 μg/ml NGF (NGF100 group; n = 12) were injected into the left hip joints. Neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) labeled with FG, and FG and calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactivity (CGRP-IR) were counted. The synovia in the left hip joint was examined histologically. Results. The NGF50 and NGF100 groups showed evidence of synovitis without cartilage degeneration compared with the Sham-operated group. At 7 days, the proportions of CGRP-IR FG-labeled to total FG-labeled neurons were 12%, 18%, and 36% in the Sham-operated, NGF50, and NGF100 groups, respectively. At 14 days, the proportions were 13%, 22%, and 35% in the Sham-operated, NGF50, and NGF100 groups, respectively. At 7 and 14 days, the NGF50 and NGF100 groups showed a significantly higher proportion of CGRP-IR FG-labeled neurons than the Sham-operated group. Conclusions. Intra-articular administration of NGF into the hip joint produces a novel rat model for hip pain.
Frontotemporal dementia: patient characteristics, cognition, and behaviour

To describe sociodemographic data of patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD), to compare the cognitive profile of patients with FTD with that of severity‐matched patients with Alzheimer's disease using the CERAD neuropsychological battery (CERAD‐NP), to investigate the frequency of behavioural disturbances, and to examine the relation between FTD‐specific non‐cognitive behavioural symptoms of patients with FTD with age and sex.
From TimeML to TPL

This paper describes a subset of the temporal mark-up language TimeML, and explains its relation to various formalisms found in the literature on interval temporal logic. The subset of TimeML we describe can be viewed as an interval temporal logic with a tractable satisfiability problem, but very limited expressive power. Most crucially, that logic does not permit quantification over events. The contribution of this paper is to point out that, by choosing an appropriate interval temporal logic, it is possible to introduce quantification into representations of event-structure without sacrificing decidability.
Event-by-event random and scatter estimator based on support vector machine using multi-anode outputs

In PET, the incident angle of gamma rays is estimated from coincidence information, but coincidence events are contaminated with random and scatter components. The mean contribution to the image from these components can be measured or estimated, but the noise resulting from the statistical variations in the detected events still remains and decreases noise equivalent count rates (NECR). Theoretically, incident angle to detectors or other related information can be used to discriminate random and scatter events from true events for increasing the NECR. This information can be delineated from spatial distributions of deposited energies on multi-anode photo multiplier tubes (PMTs), which arise from inter-crystal scattering and vary with the coincidence event type (true or random/scatter). In this work, a novel method for random and scatter subtraction has been developed using the support vector machine (SVM), a recently developed and widely used statistical pattern recognition scheme. SVM input data is a pair of spatial distributions of 256 outputs of multi-anode PMTs from coincidence detectors. The SVM is trained by coincidence events generated from a detector simulator using Monte Carlo calculation. True and random coincidence events are simulated and the results show that the proposed method is applicable for event-by-event estimation of random coincidence.
Relationship between Directionality and Orientation in Drawings by Young Children and Adults

The present study examined the relationship between directionality of drawing movements and the orientation of drawn products in right-handed adults and young children for 27 Japanese kindergartners and 29 Japanese university students who were asked to draw with each hand fishes in side view and circles from several starting points. Significant values of χ2 for distributions of frequencies of orientation of the fish drawings and the direction of circular drawing movement indicated that adult right-handers drawing the fish facing to the left tended to draw a circle clockwise when they drew with the dominant hand, while there was no such significant relationship in young children's drawings. This result may suggest that the reading and writing habits may be implicated in the direction of drawing movements with the dominant hand, and this directional bias of drawing movement in the dominant hand can appear in the orientation of finished drawings.
Purification of Clostridium difficile toxin A by affinity chromatography on immobilized thyroglobulin

An efficient, single-step method for isolating highly purified toxin A from Clostridium difficile culture filtrates is described. The purification procedure was based on the affinity binding and release of toxin A to bovine thyroglobulin conjugated to agarose beads. The toxin strongly bound at 4 degrees C to the carbohydrate binding determinant Gal alpha 1-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc, a carbohydrate sequence which occurs on bovine thyroglobulin. Toxin bound to thyroglobulin at 4 degrees C, allowing its separation from the culture filtrate and contaminating proteins during the purification scheme. The toxin was eluted by increasing the temperature to 37 degrees C. The toxin-binding capacity was related to the amount of thyroglobulin immobilized on the gel: an affinity column containing 15 mg of bovine thyroglobulin per ml of gel bound 0.53 mg of toxin A per ml of gel. The percent recovery of purified toxin ranged from 56 to 80% and was inversely related to the amount of thyroglobulin coupled to the gel. The affinity-purified toxin was homogeneous as judged by crossed immunoelectrophoresis and gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and was immunologically identical to toxin A purified by conventional methods as determined by immunodiffusion analysis. The biochemical, hemagglutinating, and toxic properties of the toxin were preserved after affinity chromatography and were comparable with those of toxin A purified by conventional methods.