Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Case for Four Percent Inflation

Many central banks target an inflation rate near two percent. This essay argues that policymakers would do better to target four percent inflation. A four percent target would ease the constraints on monetary policy arising from the zero bound on interest rates, with the result that economic downturns would be less severe. This benefit would come at minimal cost, because four percent inflation does not harm an economy significantly.
On selectivity and gating of ionic channels.

A novel conceptual model is introduced in which ion permeation is coupled to the protein wall vibration and the later in turn modulates exponentially strongly the permeation via radial oscillations of the potential of mean force. In the framework of this model of ion-wall-water interaction we discuss problems of selectivity between alike ions and coupling of ion permeation to gating.
Automatic Discovery of Feature Sets for Dependency Parsing

This paper describes a search procedure to discover optimal feature sets for dependency parsers. The search applies to the shift-reduce algorithm and the feature sets are extracted from the parser configuration. The initial feature is limited to the first word in the input queue. Then, the procedure uses a set of rules founded on the assumption that topological neighbors of significant features in the dependency graph may also have a significant contribution. The search can be fully automated and the level of greediness adjusted with the number of features examined at each iteration of the discovery procedure. Using our automated feature discovery on two corpora, the Swedish corpus in CoNLL-X and the English corpus in CoNLL 2008, and a single parser system, we could reach results comparable or better than the best scores reported in these evaluations. The CoNLL 2008 test set contains, in addition to a Wall Street Journal (WSJ) section, an out-of-domain sample from the Brown corpus. With sets of 15 features, we obtained a labeled attachment score of 84.21 for Swedish, 88.11 on the WSJ test set, and 81.33 on the Brown test set.
Opening Up The Fuzzy Front-End Of Service Process Innovation: Searching Capability, Co-Development Capacity, And IT Competence

The innovation process can be viewed as a two-stage model being comprised of “fuzzy front-end” (FFE) and “project execution”. The former is the focus of this study. Although both opening up to the outside world and use of IT in the innovation process have been suggested to have a positive impact on innovation performance by the literature, little effort has been put into studying both issues in the front-end phase. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to address these gaps. In doing so, we develop a theoretical model and related hypotheses to examine the impact of the FFE team’s openness capabilities and IT competence on the performance of the FFE phase of service process innovation (SPI) projects measured in terms of market and technical uncertainty reduction as well as on the overall effectiveness of the SPI projects. This research is expected to make several contributions to the literature on innovation management and information systems (IS) management by providing new insights into how openness can improve the front-end process as well as how IT can facilitate a more open and collaborative approach to the FFE phase.
Fire dynamics during the 20th century simulated by the Community Land Model

Abstract. Fire is an integral Earth System process that interacts with climate in multiple ways. Here we assessed the parametrization of fires in the Community Land Model (CLM-CN) and improved the ability of the model to reproduce contemporary global patterns of burned areas and fire emissions. In addition to wildfires we extended CLM-CN to account for fires related to deforestation. We compared contemporary fire carbon emissions predicted by the model to satellite-based estimates in terms of magnitude and spatial extent as well as interannual and seasonal variability. Long-term trends during the 20th century were compared with historical estimates. Overall we found the best agreement between simulation and observations for the fire parametrization based on the work by Arora and Boer (2005). We obtained substantial improvement when we explicitly considered human caused ignition and fire suppression as a function of population density. Simulated fire carbon emissions ranged between 2.0 and 2.4 Pg C/year for the period 1997–2004. Regionally the simulations had a low bias over Africa and a high bias over South America when compared to satellite-based products. The net terrestrial carbon source due to land use change for the 1990s was 1.2 Pg C/year with 11% stemming from deforestation fires. During 2000–2004 this flux decreased to 0.85 Pg C/year with a similar relative contribution from deforestation fires. Between 1900 and 1960 we predicted a slight downward trend in global fire emissions caused by reduced fuels as a consequence of wood harvesting and also by increases in fire suppression. The model predicted an upward trend during the last three decades of the 20th century as a result of climate variations and large burning events associated with ENSO-induced drought conditions.
A framework for recipe text interpretation

In this paper we describe a method for converting a recipe text into a meaning representation. The meaning representation is a flow graph, whose vertices are important word sequences in cooking (recipe named entity; NE) and edges denote relationships among them. Our methods consists of three parts: word segmentation (WS), recipe NE recognition (NER), and flow graph construction. The first two processes are based on machine learning and are adapted to recipe texts. The last process is based on huristic rules. As an evaluation we tested three processes on an annotated corpus. The results showed that WS and recipe NER achieved high accuracies and that flow graph construction is relatively difficult having a large room for improvement.
Variable-storage Quasi-Newton Operators as Inverse Forecast/Analysis Error Covariance Matrices in Variational Data Assimilation

Two approximations of the Hessian matrix as limited-memory operators are built from the limited-memory BFGS inverse Hessian approximation provided by the minimization code, in view of the specification of the inverse analysis/forecast error covariance matrix in variational data assimilation. Some numerical experiments and theoretical considerations lead to reject the limited-memory DFP Hessian approximation and to retain the BFGS one for the applications foreseen. Conditioning issues are explored and a preconditioning strategy via a change of control variable is proposed, based on a suitable Cholesky factorization of the limited-memory inverse Hessian matrix. This factorization is implemented as the composition of linear operators. The memory requirements and the number of floating-point operations required by the method are given and confirmed by numerical experiments. The method is found to have a strong potential for variational data assimilation systems using high resolution ocean or atmosphere general circulation models.
Adaptive information system design: one query at a time

We propose a new way to perform adaptive i nf ormat 1 on system design An abstract lnformatlon structure provides lnformatlon about how dn appropr 1 ate actual lnformatlon structure should be Whenever a query 1s processed, the abstract information structure is modified to reflect the effect of the processed query After many queries are processed, the abstract structure 1s examined If It reveals that the actual information structure is InapproprIate, then the actual structure Will be modified, otherwise no change 1s made This one-query-at-a-time approach 1s applied to two problems, namely the record clustering problem and the file allocation to distributed database problem Results demonstrate that our approach yields good performance, 1s concePtuallY very simple, is lntultlvely natural and has a reasonable running time Reasons for using our appr oath versus previous methods are also sketched
Creative Accounting and the Quality of Audit Institutions: The Achilles' heel of the Fiscal Responsibility Law in Brazil *

Creative accounting has been documented in OECD countries (Milesi-Ferreti 2003, Bernoth and Wolff 2008, Von Hagen and Wolff 2006). In this paper we investigate the extension of the use of creative accounting at the subnational level in Brazil. Despite the hard budget constraints imposed by the Fiscal Responsibility Law in 2000, the Brazilian state governors retain some strategically ability to undertake fiscal window-dressing as a response to fiscal stress. The Fiscal Responsibility Law mandated that state audit institutions (Tribunais de Contas) must audit the enforcement of the law by imposing procedural rules (reporting transparency, etc) that the Tribunal checks. On the basis of empirical exercises we reach two major conclusions. First, there is ample evidence of creative accounting in the states, which in itself represents indication that the influence of the audit institutions (Tribunais de Contas) is binding and that there are costs for breaching the law. Second, because the Tribunais de Contas are not immune to the influence legislature and state governor, there is evidence that the institutional quality of those institutions is associated with more creative accounting. More independent and active institutions constrain the use of creative accounting at the state level. In addition, political competition also matters for creative accounting. Specifically, we find evidence of the correlation between alternation of the elite in power (government turnover) and restos a pagar (unpaid commitments which are delayed to the subsequent fiscal year, whereby postponing their impact on the primary balance) as well as unpaid commitments and the quality of the Tribunais de Contas. The Achilles’ heel of the Fiscal Responsibility Law in Brazil is therefore the quality of subnational audit institutions.
A Novel Dual-Band 3-dB Branch-Line Coupler Design With Controllable Bandwidths

This paper presents, for the first time, the design and implementation of a dual-band branch-line coupler with unequal operating bandwidths. The control of bandwidths is accomplished by the use of dual-band quarter-wavelength impedance transformer with controllable phase slopes over the two designated frequency bands. The adjustment of phase slopes is attained by the proper selection of the circuit parameters of the transformer. For design purposes, closed-form expressions are derived for the determination of the electrical lengths and line impedances of the resulting coupler. For experimental verification, both simulated and measured results of dual-band couplers designed to operate at 1 and 2 GHz are shown.
An improved criminisi algorithm-based image repair algorithm

To obtain ideal repair effects, an improved Criminisi algorithm-based image repair algorithm was proposed specific to the shortcomings of Criminisi algorithm which costs much repairing time, its feasibility and superiority were tested. First, priority calculation was improved to find optimal to-be-repaired block; then optimal matching block search strategy was improved to find optimal matching block; finally, new confidence update modes were adopted to obtain more ideal repair effects and the simulation experiment was made to test the algorithm performance. Results indicated that compared with Criminisi algorithm not only could obtain ideal image repair effects but also could sharply reduce repair time and improve image repair efficiency.
Older adults’ empathy and daily support exchanges

Older adults’ empathy may shape the frequency and types of support that they exchange with their social partners as well as the implications of these exchanges. This study drew on the Daily Experiences and Well-being Study, which included adults aged 65 and over and tracked them across 5–6 days using mobile phone surveys. Participants (n = 293) rated their empathy and reported their daily support exchanges (e.g., emotional support, instrumental support, advice) as well as mood. Findings showed that more empathic older adults provided each type of support more often. They also received more emotional support than less empathic older adults. Moreover, older adults’ empathy moderated the associations between providing support and their daily mood. More empathic older adults maintained their mood regardless of whether they provided support. By contrast, less empathic older adults reported reduced positive mood on days when they provided emotional support and increased positive mood when they provided instrumental support. Greater empathy is associated with more frequent support exchanges; however, more empathic older adults appear immune to such exchanges in terms of their mood. Interestingly, less empathic older adults may find providing emotional support draining but instrumental support rewarding, probably because they are less equipped to cope with others’ emotions.
Word and triphone based approaches in continuous speech recognition for Tamil language

Building a continuous speech recognizer for the Indian language like Tamil is a challenging task due to the unique inherent features of the language like long and short vowels, lack of aspirated stops, aspirated consonants and many instances of allophones. Stress and accent vary in spoken Tamil language from region to region. But in formal read Tamil speech, stress and accents are ignored. There are three approaches to continuous speech recognition (CSR) based on the sub-word unit viz. word, phoneme and syllable. Like other Indian languages, Tamil is also syllabic in nature. Pronunciation of words and sentences is strictly governed by set of linguistic rules. Many attempts have been made to build continuous speech recognizers for Tamil for small and restricted tasks. However medium and large vocabulary CSR for Tamil is relatively new and not explored. In this paper, the authors have attempted to build a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based word and triphone acoustic models. The objective of this research is to build a small vocabulary word based and a medium vocabulary triphone based continuous speech recognizers for Tamil language. In this experimentation, a word based Context Independent (CI) acoustic model for 371 unique words and a triphone based Context Dependent (CD) acoustic model for 1700 unique words have been built. In addition to the acoustic models a pronunciation dictionary with 44 base phones and trigram based statistical language model have also been built as integral components of the linguist. These recognizers give very good word accuracy for trained and test sentences read by trained and new speakers.
Microsecond Timing of PSR B1821–24 with Chandra High Resolution Camera-S

We perform absolute timing of PSR B1821-24 in M28, using a 50 ks observation with Chandra/HRC-S. We have obtained the highest signal-to-noise ratio X-ray pulsed light curve of this source to date, detecting two X-ray pulses, as well as significant nonpulsed emission: a persistent X-ray flux that comprises 15% ± 3% of the total X-ray flux of the pulsar. The Gaussian width of the sharp X-ray peak is 34 ± 3 μs in time, implying a size of the X-ray beam as it crosses the line of sight of 4. °0 ± 0. °4. We find evidence for a significant trailing component in both X-ray peaks of the pulse profile. Including three RXTE/PCA observations in our analysis and tying the phases together using a radio ephemeris obtained at Nançay, we find that the absolute phases in the X-ray wander with respect to this radio ephemeris by up to 60 μs, likely as a result of the variable dispersion measure, which changes the pulse arrival time in the radio band but not the X-ray band. The present analysis makes clear that pulsar timing noise properties in millisecond pulsars such as PSR B1821-24—hitherto only studied at radio wavelengths, where variable dispersion measure requires a significant correction—can be studied at X-ray wavelengths, where the effect of variable dispersion measure is negligible. We also examine the known uncertainties in the absolute Chandra/HRC-S timing accuracy, which amount to ±12 μs. We limit the amount of linear drift in the relative timing accuracy of HRC-S to less than 3 × 10-10 s s-1.
Sentiment Analysis for Twitter : Going Beyond Tweet Text

Analysing sentiment of tweets is important as it helps to determine the users' opinion. Knowing people's opinion is crucial for several purposes starting from gathering knowledge about customer base, e-governance, campaigning and many more. In this report, we aim to develop a system to detect the sentiment from tweets. We employ several linguistic features along with some other external sources of information to detect the sentiment of a tweet. We show that augmenting the 140 character-long tweet with information harvested from external urls shared in the tweet as well as Social Media features enhances the sentiment prediction accuracy significantly.
Discussion on Definition and Use of Variables in Z Formal Specifications: An Example

Z Formal method not only can improve correctness and reliability of software, but also improve development efficiency. Although Z specifications have been widely studied in literatures, very little work is involved in definition and use of variables. This paper discussed on definition and use of variables by an example. Finally, it is applied to data flow analysis and data dependent analysis. Keywords-program slicing; specification slicing; dependent analysis; data flow analysis
Two New Directions in Speech Processor Design for Cochlear Implants

Two new approaches to the design of speech processors for cochlear implants are described. The first aims to represent “fine structure” or “fine frequency” information in a way that it can be perceived and used by patients, and the second aims to provide a closer mimicking than was previously possible of the signal processing that occurs in the normal cochlea.
Jacobi's Method is More Accurate than QR

It is shown that Jacobi’s method (with a proper stopping criterion) computes small eigenvalues of symmetric positive definite matrices with a uniformly better relative accuracy bound than QR, divide and conquer, traditional bisection, or any algorithm which first involves tridiagonalizing the matrix. Modulo an assumption based on extensive numerical tests, Jacobi’s method is optimally accurate in the following sense: if the matrix is such that small relative errors in its entries cause small relative errors in its eigenvalues, Jacobi will compute them with nearly this accuracy. In other words, as long as the initial matrix has small relative errors in each component, even using infinite precision will not improve on Jacobi (modulo factors of dimensionality). It is also shown that the eigenvectors are computed more accurately by Jacobi than previously thought possible. Similar results are proved for using one-sided Jacobi for the singular value decomposition of a general matrix.
Automatic Stabilizers and Economic Crisis: US versus Europe

This paper analyzes the effectiveness of the tax and transfer systems in the EU and the US to provide income insurance through automatic stabilization in the recent economic crisis. We find that automatic stabilizers absorb 38% of a proportional income shock in the EU, compared to 32% in the US. In the case of an unemployment shock 47% of the shock is absorbed in the EU, compared to 34% in the US. This cushioning of disposable income leads to a demand stabilization of up to 30% in the EU and up to 20% in the US. There is large heterogeneity within the EU. Automatic stabilizers in Eastern and Southern Europe are much lower than in Central and Northern European countries. We also investigate whether countries with weak automatic stabilizers have enacted larger fiscal stimulus programs.
Gender, caste, and feminist praxis in transnational South India

ABSTRACT In the past 70 years, certain kinds of Indian dance have been read as classical or aspirational, especially when performed by or associated with Hindu/high-caste people and in cosmopolitan spaces like Chennai or San Francisco. Inversely, certain dancers and dance techniques associated with those who stand apart from caste or religious status are dismissed as poor in quality, and not worthy of emulation. In this article, I examine how such logic operates through South Indian (Telugu) cinema, tourism, and transnational capitalist flows, and how it relies upon reductive and exclusionary notions of gender, caste, identity, and affect. In doing so, I consider how the same media, which validates and fetishizes certain gendered notions of the body, simultaneously offers new possibilities for challenging casteist and misogynistic hegemonies. Relying on queer and critical transnational feminist theory, in this article I explore how the fetishization of the low-caste courtesan dancer – a symbol for generations of South Indian expressive culture – has ultimately produced a site of resistance.
Classifying Application Phases in Asymmetric Chip Multiprocessors

In present study, in order to improve the performance and reduce the amount of power which is dissipated in heterogeneous multicore processors, the ability of detecting the program execution phases is investigated. The programs execution intervals have been classified in different phases based on their throughput and the utilization of the cores. The results of implementing the phase detection technique are investigated on a single core processor and also on a multicore processor. To minimize the profiling overhead, an algorithm for the dynamic adjustment of the profiling intervals is presented. It is based on the behavior of the program and reduces the profiling overhead more than three fold. The results are obtained from executing multiprocessor benchmarks on a given processor. In order to show the program phases clearly, throughput and utilization of execution intervals are presented on a scatter plot. The results are presented for both fixed and variable intervals.
Metacommunication, Social Pretend Play and Children with Autism

THIS ARTICLE INVESTIGATES PROCESSES of engagement in social pretend play between children with autism (age range 3.6 to 7.2 years) and adult play partners, using a large corpus of conversational data. We take a qualitative discourse analytic approach to investigate the metacommunicative strategies used by the children. Our initial framework for exploring these issues is Giffin's (1984) model of verbal and nonverbal metacommunication in sociodramatic pretend play, and we develop this model further by proposing a cline of engagement along which we situate the children in our study. We found that, while all the children do participate in pretend play, and engage with the adult play partners to at least some extent, the children vary in the range of metacommunicative strategies they use, and in the degree to which they negotiate the creation of play sequences with their interlocutor. Furthermore, even for the most competent children, the metacommunication exhibits atypical characteristics.
Hierarchical Bayes statistical analyses for a calibration experiment

We consider hierarchical Bayes analyses of an experiment conducted to enable calibration of a set of mass-produced resistance temperature devices (RTDs). These were placed in batches into a liquid bath with a precise NIST-approved thermometer, and resistances and temperatures were recorded approximately every 30 seconds. Under the assumptions that the thermometer is accurate and each RTD responds linearly to temperature change, we use hierarchical Bayes methods to estimate the parameters of the linear calibration equations. Predictions of the parameters for an untested RTD of the same type, and interval estimates of temperature based on a realized resistance reading are also available (both for the tested RTDs and for an untested one produced under the same production process conditions).