Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Development of the Ethmoid Sinus and Extramural Migration: The Anatomical Basis of this Paranasal Sinus

Frontal and/or maxillary sinusitis frequently originates with pathologic processes of the ethmoid sinuses. This clinical association is explained by the close anatomical relationship between the frontal and maxillary sinuses and the ethmoid sinus, since developmental trajectories place the ethmoid in a strategic central position within the nasal complex. The advent of optical endoscopes has permitted improved visualization of these spaces, leading to a renaissance in intranasal sinus surgery. Advancing patient care has consequently driven the need for the proper and accurate anatomical description of the paranasal sinuses, regrettably the continuing subject of persistent confusion and ambiguity in nomenclature and terminology. Developmental tracking of the pneumatization of the ethmoid and adjacent bones, and particularly of the extramural cells of the ethmoid, helps to explain the highly variable adult morphology of the ethmoid air sinus system. To fully understand the nature and underlying biology of this sinus system, multiple approaches were employed here. These include CT imaging of living humans (n = 100), examination of dry cranial material (n = 220), fresh tissue and cadaveric anatomical dissections (n = 168), and three‐dimensional volume rendering methods that allow digitizing of the spaces of the ethmoid sinus for graphical examination. Results show the ethmoid sinus to be highly variable in form and structure as well as in the quantity of air cells. The endochondral bony origin of the ethmoid sinuses leads to remarkably thin bony contours of their irregular and morphologically unique borders, making them substantially different from the other paranasal sinuses. These investigations allow development of a detailed anatomical template of this region based on observed patterns of morphological diversity, which can initially mask the underlying anatomy. For example, the frontal recess, ethmoid infundibulum, and hiatus semilunaris are key anatomical components of the ethmoid structural complex that are fully documented and explained here on the basis of the template we have developed, as well as being comprehensively illustrated. In addition, an exhaustive 2000‐year literature search identified original sources of nomenclature, in order to help clarify the persistent confusions found in the literature. Modified anatomical terms are suggested to permit proper description of the ethmoid region. This clarification of nomenclature will permit better communication in addition to eliminating redundant terminology. The combination of anatomical, evolutionary, and clinical perspectives provides an important strategy for gaining insight into the complexity of these sinuses. Anat Rec, 291:1535–1553, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human tonsil B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6)-expressing CD4+ T-cell subset specialized for B-cell help outside germinal centers

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells represent a Th subset engaged in the help of B-cell responses in germinal centers (GCs). Tfh cells abundantly express the transcription repressor B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl6), a factor that is necessary and sufficient for their development in vivo. Whether Tfh or Tfh-committed cells are involved in the help of B cells outside GCs remains unclear, particularly in humans. In this study, we identified a previously undefined BCL6-expressing CD4+ T-cell subset in human tonsils. This subset expressed IL-7 receptor and chemokine receptor 5 (CXCR5) and inducible costimulator (ICOS) at low levels (CXCR5loICOSlo), and it was found exclusively outside GCs. CXCR5loICOSlo CD4+ T cells secreted larger amounts of IL-21 and IL-10 than CXCR5hiICOShi GC-Tfh cells upon activation, and they induced proliferation and differentiation of naïve B cells into Ig-producing cells more efficiently than GC-Tfh cells. However, this subset lacked the capacity to help GC-B cells because of the induction of apoptosis of GC-B cells through the FAS/FAS–ligand interaction. CXCR5loICOSlo CD4+ T cells expressed equivalent amounts of BCL6 transcript with CXCR5hiICOShi GC-Tfh cells, but they expressed less Bcl6 protein. Collectively, our study indicates that CXCR5loICOSlo CD4+ T cells in human tonsils represent Tfh lineage-committed cells that provide help to naïve and memory B cells outside GCs.
Quantizing Time Series for Efficient Subsequence Matching

Indexing time series data is an interesting problem that has attracted much interest in the research community for the last decade. Traditional indexing methods organize the data space using different metrics. However, searching high-dimensional spaces using a hierarchical index is not always efficient because a large portion of the index might need to be accessed during search. We have revisited this problem of matching subsequences in light of new technological advances. In particular, we have paid close attention to the increasing ratio of CPU to disk performance. We recognize this problem is heavily bound by IO operations and address this issue in a twofold manner. First, we propose the use of quantization to generate small and homogeneous representations of time series. Quantization provides tight upper- and lower-bounds on the measure of similarity to a query sequence. This allows us to drastically reduce the number of false alarms during search. Second, we organize the quantized representation of data in a linear array that can be efficiently read from disk. By reducing the number of false alarms and by sequentially reading the index, we are able to significantly reduce the IO cost of query processing. In consequence, we improve the overall search performance by up to a factor of 3 with respect to state of the art techniques for subsequence matching.
Evaluation of New Vaccines in the Mouse and Guinea Pig Model of Tuberculosis

ABSTRACT The results of this study provide the first evidence that two completely separate vaccine approaches, one based on a subunit vaccine consisting of a mild adjuvant admixed with purified culture filtrate proteins and enhanced by the cytokine interleukin-2 and the second based on immunization with DNA encoding the Ag85A protein secreted byMycobacterium tuberculosis, could both prevent the onset of caseating disease, which is the hallmark of the guinea pig aerogenic infection model. In both cases, however, the survival of vaccinated guinea pigs was shorter than that conferred by Mycobacterium bovis BCG, with observed mortality of these animals probably due to consolidation of lung tissues by lymphocytic granulomas. An additional characteristic of these approaches was that neither induced skin test reactivity to commercial tuberculin. These data thus provide optimism that development of nonliving vaccines which can generate long-lived immunity approaching that conferred by the BCG vaccine is a feasible goal.
Price dispersion and loss leaders

Dispersion in retail prices of identical goods is inconsistent with the standard model of price competition among identical firms, which predicts that all prices will be driven down to cost. One common explanation for such dispersion is the use of a loss-leader strategy, in which a firm prices one good below cost in order to attract a higher customer volume for profitable goods. By assuming each consumer is forced to buy all desired goods at a single firm, we create the possibility of an effective loss-leader strategy. We find that such a strategy cannot occur in equilibrium if individual demands are inelastic, or if demands are diversely distributed. We further show that equilibrium loss leaders can occur (and can result in positive profits) if there are demand complementarities, but only with delicate relationships among the preferences of all consumers. K. Price competition, price dispersion, loss leaders. JEL . D40, D43.
The neurodynamics of choice, value-based decisions and preference reversal

A theory of choice is paramount in all the domains of cognition requiring behav-ioural output, from perceptual choice in simple psychophysical tasks to motiva-tional value-based choice, often labelled as preferential choice and which is exhibited in daily decision-making. Until recently, these two classes of choice have been the subject of intensive but separate investigations, within different disciplines. Perceptual choice has been investigated mainly within the experimental psychology and neuroscience disciplines, using rigorous psychophysical methods that examine behavioural accuracy, response latencies (choice-RT), and neurophysiological data Preferential choice, such as when one has to choose an automobile among a set of alternatives that differ in terms of several attributes or dimensions (e.g., quality and economy) has been investigated mainly within the economics and the social science disciplines, using mainly reports of choice preference. Unlike in perceptual choice, where the dominant models are process models that approximate optimality (Bogacz et al. This has led to the proposal that decision-makers use a set of disparate heuristics, each addressing some other aspect of these deviations
Border Adjustment Measures as Instruments to Reduce Emissions Leakage

We analyze carbon-related BAMs (focused on imports) as potential instruments to reduce emissions leakage. We combine an approach from international trade law with an economic approach. For the legal aspect we discuss the elements needed to include carbon-related BAMs within the current GATT and WTO frameworks. For the economic aspect, we assess the effects of leakage and of BAMs to tackle it within an optimal climate policy model and a general equilibrium model. We find that the design and implementation of these BAMs would be difficult to bring in compliance with current international trade law and it may entail high transaction costs. Moreover, we observe that the severity of leakage may be amplified by international trade and that BAMs help in reducing it. Finally, we find that welfare effects of introducing carbon-related BAMs are ambiguous and thus they may not represent a credible threat to involve other actors in the international climate regime.
Analysis of Linux UDP Sockets Concurrent Performance

Almost all DNS queries that traverse Internet are transported via UDP in self-contained small packages. Therefore, with no restriction of packet ordering, the intuition would say that adding thread-based parallelism to the servers will increase their performance, but it does not. This paper studies the problem of serialized access to UDP sockets, and states the problem in the way the packets are enqueued in the socket at kernel level, which introduces high levels of contention in synchronization primitives when using threads. As a naive solution, we present a multi-queue receiver network stack, which improves the performance of processing small UDP packages when multiple threads read from the same socket.
Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale, Mini-Mental State Examination and General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition in a multicultural cohort of community-dwelling older persons with early dementia

Abstract Early dementia can be difficult to diagnose in older persons from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. The Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition (GPCOG) and the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS) were compared in 151 older, community-dwelling persons. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate diagnostic accuracy, while logistic regression was used to evaluate the influence of age, gender, CALD status and years of education. All three instruments were equally accurate in predicting dementia (ROC area under curve 0.92–0.97, p > 0.05 for all comparisons). At the recommended cut-offs, the RUDAS was best for ruling in dementia (positive LR = 8.77), while the GPCOG was best for ruling out dementia (negative LR = 0.03). All three instruments were influenced by concomitant depression. Whereas the MMSE was influenced by CALD status, the RUDAS and GPCOG were not. While the GPCOG.
Marine geochemical data assimilation in an efficient Earth System Model of global biogeochemical cycling

Abstract. We have extended the 3-D ocean based "Grid ENabled Integrated Earth system model" (GENIE-1) to help understand the role of ocean biogeochemistry and marine sediments in the long-term (~100 to 100 000 year) regulation of atmospheric CO2, and the importance of feedbacks between CO2 and climate. Here we describe the ocean carbon cycle, which in its first incarnation is based around a simple single nutrient (phosphate) control on biological productivity. The addition of calcium carbonate preservation in deep-sea sediments and its role in regulating atmospheric CO2 is presented elsewhere (Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007). We have calibrated the model parameters controlling ocean carbon cycling in GENIE-1 by assimilating 3-D observational datasets of phosphate and alkalinity using an ensemble Kalman filter method. The calibrated (mean) model predicts a global export production of particulate organic carbon (POC) of 8.9 PgC yr−1, and reproduces the main features of dissolved oxygen distributions in the ocean. For estimating biogenic calcium carbonate (CaCO3) production, we have devised a parameterization in which the CaCO3:POC export ratio is related directly to ambient saturation state. Calibrated global CaCO3 export production (1.2 PgC yr-1) is close to recent marine carbonate budget estimates. The GENIE-1 Earth system model is capable of simulating a wide variety of dissolved and isotopic species of relevance to the study of modern global biogeochemical cycles as well as past global environmental changes recorded in paleoceanographic proxies. Importantly, even with 12 active biogeochemical tracers in the ocean and including the calculation of feedbacks between atmospheric CO2 and climate, we achieve better than 1000 years per (2.4 GHz) CPU hour on a desktop PC. The GENIE-1 model thus provides a viable alternative to box and zonally-averaged models for studying global biogeochemical cycling over all but the very longest (>1 000 000 year) time-scales.
Communication and coarticulation in facial animation

Our goal is to produce a high level programming language or tool for 3D animation of facial expressions, especially, those conveying information correlated with the intonation of the voice: this includes the differences of timing, pitch, and emphasis that are related to such semantic distinctions of discourse as "given" and "new" information, some of which are also correlated with affect or emotion. Up till now, systems have not embodied such rule-governed translation from speech and utterance meaning to facial expressions. Our algorithm embodies rules that describe and coordinate these relations (intonation/information, intonation/emotions and facial expression/emotions). Given an utterance, we consider how the discourse information (what is new/old information in the given context, or what is the "topic" of the discourse) is transmitted through the choice of accents and their placement, how it is conveyed over facial expression and how the two are coordinated. The facial model integrates the action at several levels, including individual muscle, group of muscles, and eye- and head-motion, as well as the propagation of or interaction of these movements, especially coarticulation effects. This study offers a higher level of representation of facial actions by grouping them into specialized functions (lip shapes for phonemes, eyebrow and head motions as emphatic movements). The major "key phrases" of this work involves the integration of FACS (facial notational system derived by P. Ekman and W. Friesen), and the Action Units (muscle actions); it offers a solution to lip synchronization as well as it provides a repertory of the different types of facial expressions involved with speech; it considers speaker/listener interaction. This representation is used to drive an animation system linked to facial motion.
Lazy multiplication of formal power series

For most fast algorithms to manipulate formal power series, a fast multiplication algorithm is essential. If one desires to compute all coe cients of a product of two power series up to a given order, then several e cient algorithms are available, such as fast Fourier multiplication. However, one often needs a lazy multiplication algorithm, for instance when the product computation is part of the computation of the coe cients of an implicitly de ned power series. In this paper, we describe two lazy multiplication algorithms, which are faster than the naive method. In particular, we give an algorithm of time complexity O(n log 2 n).
Gendered policy and policy on gender: The case of 'domestic violence'

The notion of policy can easily appear as gender-neutral, yet processes of policy formation and implementation are informed by presumptions about gender. In this article an analytical framework to identify and critique presumptions about gender and policy is developed, through a focus on the policy problem of 'domestic violence'. Three gendered processes in policy construction are considered: gendering the naming and defining of violence; the absent presence of men's practices; and gendering the locations and contexts of violence. We propose gender analysis and gendering of analysis that include critical engagement with men's practices, as a basis for informing the development of policies per se.
Evolution and convergence of the patterns of international scientific collaboration

Significance The evolution of the patterns of international scientific collaboration plays an important role in the social construction of science to design efficient research policies and to support the production of knowledge. However, in studies of science, little is known about how patterns of international research collaboration for fields of science have evolved in the past four decades. This study shows, for the first time to our knowledge, starting from pioneering results described by literature in the 1970s and 1990s, that the long-run patterns of international scientific collaboration are generating a convergence between applied and basic fields. This convergence of collaboration patterns across research fields might be one of contributing factors that supports the evolution of scientific disciplines. International research collaboration plays an important role in the social construction and evolution of science. Studies of science increasingly analyze international collaboration across multiple organizations for its impetus in improving research quality, advancing efficiency of the scientific production, and fostering breakthroughs in a shorter time. However, long-run patterns of international research collaboration across scientific fields and their structural changes over time are hardly known. Here we show the convergence of international scientific collaboration across research fields over time. Our study uses a dataset by the National Science Foundation and computes the fraction of papers that have international institutional coauthorships for various fields of science. We compare our results with pioneering studies carried out in the 1970s and 1990s by applying a standardization method that transforms all fractions of internationally coauthored papers into a comparable framework. We find, over 1973–2012, that the evolution of collaboration patterns across scientific disciplines seems to generate a convergence between applied and basic sciences. We also show that the general architecture of international scientific collaboration, based on the ranking of fractions of international coauthorships for different scientific fields per year, has tended to be unchanged over time, at least until now. Overall, this study shows, to our knowledge for the first time, the evolution of the patterns of international scientific collaboration starting from initial results described by literature in the 1970s and 1990s. We find a convergence of these long-run collaboration patterns between the applied and basic sciences. This convergence might be one of contributing factors that supports the evolution of modern scientific fields.
Low Energy Wireless Body-Area Networks for Fetal ECG Telemonitoring via the Framework of Block Sparse Bayesian Learning

Fetal ECG (FECG) telemonitoring is an important branch in telemedicine. The design of a telemonitoring syst em via a low-power wireless body-area network for ambulatory use is highly desirable. As an emerging technique, compress ed sensing (CS) shows great promise in compressing data with lo w power consumption. However, due to some specific characteri st cs of FECG recordings such as non-sparsity and strong noise contamination, current CS algorithms generally fail in this application. In this work we utilize the block sparse Bayesian learning (bSBL) framework, a recently developed framework solving t he CS problems. To illustrate the ability of the bSBL methods, we apply it to two representative FECG datasets. In one dataset the fetal heartbeat signals are visible, while in the other dataset are barely visible. The experiment results show that the bSB L framework is capable of compressing FECG raw recordings and successfully reconstructing them. These successes rely on two unique features of the bSBL framework; one is the ability to reconstruct less-sparse but structured signals, and the ot her is the ability to learn and exploit correlation structure of signals to improve performance. These two abilities of the framewor k greatly enhance the potential use of bSBL in telemonitoringof other physiological signals.
Inferring consensus structure from nucleic acid sequences

This paper presents an unsupervised inference method for determining the higher-order structure from sequence data. The method is general, but in this paper it is applied to nucleic acid sequences in determining the secondary (2-D) and tertiary (3-D) structure of the macromolecule. The method evaluates position - position interdependence of the sequence using an information measure known as expected mutual information. The expected mutual information is calculated for each pair of positions and the chi-square test is used to screen statistically significant position pairs. In the calculation of expected mutual information, an unbiased probability estimator is used to overcome the problem associated with zero observation in conserved sites. A selection criterion based on known structural constraints of the strongest interdependent position pairs is applied yielding position pairs most indicative of secondary and tertiary interactions. The method has been tested using tRNA and 5S rRNA sequences with very good results.
3D seismic image processing for faults

ABSTRACTNumerous methods have been proposed to automatically extract fault surfaces from 3D seismic images, and those surfaces are often represented by meshes of triangles or quadrilaterals. However, extraction of intersecting faults is still a difficult problem that is not well addressed. Moreover, mesh data structures are more complex than the arrays used to represent seismic images, and they are more complex than necessary for subsequent processing tasks, such as that of automatically estimating fault slip vectors. We have represented a fault surface using a simpler linked data structure, in which each sample of a fault corresponded to exactly one seismic image sample, and the fault samples were linked above and below in the fault dip directions, and left and right in the fault strike directions. This linked data structure was easy to exchange between computers and facilitated subsequent image processing for faults. We then developed a method to construct complete fault surfaces without holes using thi.