Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Mobile Device Use by Caregivers and Children During Meals in Fast Food Restaurants

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mobile devices are a ubiquitous part of American life, yet how families use this technology has not been studied. We aimed to describe naturalistic patterns of mobile device use by caregivers and children to generate hypotheses about its effects on caregiver–child interaction. METHODS: Using nonparticipant observational methods, we observed 55 caregivers eating with 1 or more young children in fast food restaurants in a single metropolitan area. Observers wrote detailed field notes, continuously describing all aspects of mobile device use and child and caregiver behavior during the meal. Field notes were then subjected to qualitative analysis using grounded theory methods to identify common themes of device use. RESULTS: Forty caregivers used devices during their meal. The dominant theme salient to mobile device use and caregiver–child interaction was the degree of absorption in devices caregivers exhibited. Absorption was conceptualized as the extent to which primary engagement was with the device, rather than the child, and was determined by frequency, duration, and modality of device use; child response to caregiver use, which ranged from entertaining themselves to escalating bids for attention, and how caregivers managed this behavior; and separate versus shared use of devices. Highly absorbed caregivers often responded harshly to child misbehavior. CONCLUSIONS: We documented a range of patterns of mobile device use, characterized by varying degrees of absorption. These themes may be used as a foundation for coding schemes in quantitative studies exploring device use and child outcomes.
Benzyl alcohol poisoning.

Sir . —In the marginal comment "Fatal Benzyl Alcohol Poisoning in Neonatal Intensive Care Units: A New Concern for Pediatricians" (Journal1982; 136: 974-975), Lovejoy described the newly reported gasping syndrome associated with the use of benzyl alcohol-preserved solutions. On the basis of these data, the Food and Drug Administration sent letters to health care personnel urging them not to use benzyl alcohol-preserved solutions in premature infants. 1-4 At approximately the same time, a summary of the available data concerning the syndrome and the FDA warning was published in the Centers for Disease Control's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report . 5 Because all premature infants delivered in the United States would be at theoretical risk for exposure to benzyl alcohol-preserved solutions, these warnings were of considerable public health significance. To evaluate the effect of the FDA warning, we did a mail survey in September 1982 of past and present benzyl alcohol preservative use
Assessment of Cochlea Endolymphatic Hydrops Using 3-D FLAIR and 3-D Real IR Sequence in Guinea Pigs via 3T MRI After Intratympanic Gadolinium: A Histopathological Comparison.

OBJECTIVE We assessed whether the three-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (3-D FLAIR) and three-dimensional inversion-recovery with real reconstruction (3-D real IR) sequences can be used to detect cochlea endolymphatic hydrops (EHs) in guinea pigs using 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (3T MRI). The results of 3-D real IR imaging were compared with histopathological outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fourteen healthy men and women albino guinea pigs were used in this study. Their right ears received procedures that promoted EHs, and their left ears were used as untreated controls. High-resolution 3T MRI, combined with the intratympanic injection of gadolinium (Gd) in both ears, was performed 8 to 12 weeks after surgery. Both sides of the cochlea midmodiolar sections were observed under a light microscope and saved as the histopathological images. The signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) between the T2-weighted 3-D FLAIR and T2-weighted 3-D real IR sequences were compared. The appearance of EHs in the basal, second, third, and apical turns of the cochlea was further evaluated using 3-D FLAIR, 3-D real IR, and the histopathological images. Moreover, the maximum scala media area ratios (SMRs) on the histopathological sections were compared with the grading of the EHs on the 3-D real IR sequence with regard to each turn of the cochlea. RESULTS Significant differences were found between the 3-D FLAIR and 3-D-real IR sequences with regard to the SNRs and CNRs (p < 0.05): the 3-D FLAIR sequence exhibited higher SNRs (SNRROI: 347.95 ± 105.01; SNRB: 103.28 ± 17.61) compared with the 3-D real IR sequence (SNRROI: 86.71 ± 30.11; SNRB: 11.11 ± 3.45), whereas the 3-D real IR sequence showed higher CNRs (2.78 ± 0.58) compared with the 3-D FLAIR sequence (2.18 ± 0.55). Various degrees of EHs were observed in each turn of the cochlea in the experimental ears on the basis of the histopathological images. Thirteen, 10, 4, and 0 EHs were observed in the basal, second, third, and apical turns of the cochlear using 3-D FLAIR images, respectively, whereas 14, 14, 14, and 13 EHs were found using 3-D real IR images, respectively. Significant differences were found between the two sequences when evaluating the second, third, and apical turns of the cochlear but not with regard to the basal turn (p < 0.05). The SMRs were proportional to the extent of the EHs on 3-D real IR imaging in each turn of the cochlea. CONCLUSIONS 3-D real IR images are clearer than 3-D FLAIR images, and they can display cochlea EHs more precisely using 3T MRI in guinea pigs. The extent of the EHs on 3-D real IR imaging was more consistent with the histopathological observations in each turn of the cochlea.
SEViz: A Tool for Visualizing Symbolic Execution

Generating test inputs from source code is a topic that is starting to transfer from academic research to industrial application. Symbolic execution is one of the promising techniques for such white-box test generation. However, test input generation for non-trivial programs often reaches limitations even when using the most mature tools due to the underlying complexity of the problem. In such cases, visualizing the symbolic execution and the test generation process could help to quickly identify required configurations and modifications that enable the generation of further test inputs and increase coverage. We present a tool that is able to interactively visualize symbolic execution. We also show how this tool can be used for educational and engineering purposes.
Alignment Inference and Bayesian Adaptation for Machine Translation

We propose aflexible and efficientdomain adaptation method that yields consistent improvements in machine translation (for 11 language pairs). The idea is to decompose the word alignment process into two steps, model training and alignment inference, and perform Bayesian adaptation on the latter. This modularity allows one to incorporate out-of-domain data without the need to modify existing training algorithms. We show how ideas in sequential Bayesian methods can be naturally applied to the word alignment problem and demonstrate various positive results on EMEA and NIST datasets.
Ex Vivo Expanded Human Regulatory T Cells Can Prolong Survival of a Human Islet Allograft in a Humanized Mouse Model

Background Human regulatory T cells (Treg) offer an attractive adjunctive therapy to reduce current reliance on lifelong, nonspecific immunosuppression after transplantation. Here, we evaluated the ability of ex vivo expanded human Treg to prevent the rejection of islets of Langerhans in a humanized mouse model and examined the mechanisms involved. Methods We engrafted human pancreatic islets of Langerhans into the renal subcapsular space of immunodeficient BALB/c.rag2−/−. c&ggr;−/− mice, previously rendered diabetic via injection of the &bgr;-cell toxin streptozocin. After the establishment of stable euglycemia, mice were reconstituted with allogeneic human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and the resultant alloreactive response studied. Ex vivo expanded CD25highCD4+ human Treg, which expressed FoxP3, CTLA-4, and CD62L and remained CD127low, were then cotransferred together with human PBMC and islet allografts and monitored for evidence of rejection. Results Human islets transplanted into diabetic immunodeficient mice reversed diabetes but were rejected rapidly after the mice were reconstituted with allogeneic human PBMC. Cotransfer of purified, ex vivo expanded human Treg prolonged islet allograft survival resulting in the accumulation of Treg in the peripheral lymphoid tissue and suppression of proliferation and interferon-&ggr; production by T cells. In vitro, Treg suppressed activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription and inhibited the effector differentiation of responder T cells. Conclusions Ex vivo expanded Treg retain regulatory activity in vivo, can protect a human islet allograft from rejection by suppressing signal transducers and activators of transcription activation and inhibiting T-cell differentiation, and have clinical potential as an adjunctive cellular therapy.
Eosinophils: multifaceted biological properties and roles in health and disease

Summary: Eosinophils are leukocytes resident in mucosal tissues. During T‐helper 2 (Th2)‐type inflammation, eosinophils are recruited from bone marrow and blood to the sites of immune response. While eosinophils have been considered end‐stage cells involved in host protection against parasite infection and immunopathology in hypersensitivity disease, recent studies changed this perspective. Eosinophils are now considered multifunctional leukocytes involved in tissue homeostasis, modulation of adaptive immune responses, and innate immunity to certain microbes. Eosinophils are capable of producing immunoregulatory cytokines and are actively involved in regulation of Th2‐type immune responses. However, such new information does not preclude earlier observations showing that eosinophils, in particular human eosinophils, are also effector cells with proinflammatory and destructive capabilities. Eosinophils with activation phenotypes are observed in biological specimens from patients with disease, and deposition of eosinophil products is readily seen in the affected tissues from these patients. Therefore, it would be reasonable to consider the eosinophil a multifaceted leukocyte that contributes to various physiological and pathological processes depending on their location and activation status. This review summarizes the emerging concept of the multifaceted immunobiology of eosinophils and discusses the roles of eosinophils in health and disease and the challenges and perspectives in the field.
Off‐resonance saturation as a means of generating contrast with superparamagnetic nanoparticles

This work demonstrates an alternative approach, termed off‐resonance saturation (ORS), for generating contrast that is sensitive to superparamagnetic particles. This method leads to a calculated contrast that increases with superparamagnetic nanoparticle concentration. Experimental data demonstrate that in the presence of superparamagnetic particles, an off‐resonance effect exists that is distinct from the magnetization transfer (MT) effect and is highly dependent on diffusion. Data show that the dependence on water diffusion becomes most significant at rates of 0.5 × 10–9 m2/s and slower. We investigated the dependence of the off‐resonance effect on off‐resonance frequency and particle concentration. The data suggest a useful frequency offset range of 500 Hz < |Δω| < 1500 Hz at 3T. This approach may be especially useful in organs and diseases in which diffusion may be altered by pathologies. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synchronous Buck converter with Output Impedance Correction Circuit

This work is related to the improvement of the output impedance of the Buck converter by means of introducing an additional power path that virtually increases the output capacitance during transients. It is well known that in VRM applications, with wide load steps, voltage overshoots and undershoots may lead to undesired performance of the load. To solve this problem, high-bandwidth high-switching frequency power converters can be applied to reduce the transient time or a big output capacitor can be applied to reduce the output impedance. The first solution can degrade the efficiency by increasing switching losses of the MOSFETS, and the second solution is penalizing the cost and size of the output filter. The Output Impedance Correction Circuit (OICC), as presented here, is used to inject or extract a current n-1 times larger than the output capacitor current, thus virtually increasing n times the value of the output capacitance during the transients. This feature allows the usage of a low frequency Buck converter with smaller capacitor but satisfying the dynamic requirements.
Movement and physical demands of school and university rugby union match-play in England

Background In England, rugby union is a popular sport and is widely played within schools. Despite the large participation numbers, the movement and physical demands of the sport and how they progress by age have not been explored. Method Ninety-six male rugby union players wore microtechnology devices during six rugby union matches within the education pathway to investigate the movement and physical demands of match-play. To quantify the positional differences and progression by age, data were obtained for participants at the under 16 (U16) (n=31 participants), under 18 (U18) (n=34 participants) and university (n=31 participants) levels. Players were further divided in forwards and backs. Data were analysed using magnitude-based inferences. Results For the movement demands, U16 total distance and ‘striding’ was likely higher for forwards than backs, whereas at U18, unclear differences were observed and from university players the inverse was observed (very likely). In all age groups sprint distance was likely to very likely greater for backs than forwards. Forwards had greater physical demands than backs at all age groups. For consecutive age groups, U16 had a likely higher relative distance than U18, and U18 had a likely lower relative distance than university players. Physical demands were similar across age groups for forwards, and greater for backs at older age groups. Conclusion The movement and physical demands of rugby union players participating in schools (U16 and U18), may not be as expected, however, the findings from university players show a similar pattern to the senior game.
A sequential Monte Carlo approach to gene expression deconvolution

High-throughput gene expression data are often obtained from pure or complex (heterogeneous) biological samples. In the latter case, data obtained are a mixture of different cell types and the heterogeneity imposes some difficulties in the analysis of such data. In order to make conclusions on gene expresssion data obtained from heterogeneous samples, methods such as microdissection and flow cytometry have been employed to physically separate the constituting cell types. However, these manual approaches are time consuming when measuring the responses of multiple cell types simultaneously. In addition, exposed samples, on many occasions, end up being contaminated with external perturbations and this may result in an altered yield of molecular content. In this paper, we model the heterogeneous gene expression data using a Bayesian framework, treating the cell type proportions and the cell-type specific expressions as the parameters of the model. Specifically, we present a novel sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) sampler for estimating the model parameters by approximating their posterior distributions with a set of weighted samples. The SMC framework is a robust and efficient approach where we construct a sequence of artificial target (posterior) distributions on spaces of increasing dimensions which admit the distributions of interest as marginals. The proposed algorithm is evaluated on simulated datasets and publicly available real datasets, including Affymetrix oligonucleotide arrays and national center for biotechnology information (NCBI) gene expression omnibus (GEO), with varying number of cell types. The results obtained on all datasets show a superior performance with an improved accuracy in the estimation of cell type proportions and the cell-type specific expressions, and in addition, more accurate identification of differentially expressed genes when compared to other widely known methods for blind decomposition of heterogeneous gene expression data such as Dsection and the nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithms. MATLAB implementation of the proposed SMC algorithm is available to download at https://github.com/moyanre/smcgenedeconv.git.
Two‐week inhalation of budesonide increases muscle Na,K ATPase content but not endurance in response to terbutaline in men

While chronic systemic administration of glucocorticoids increases muscle Na+,K+ ATPase content, such effect is unexplored after therapeutic inhalation. We investigated the effect of therapeutic inhalation of the glucocorticoid budesonide on Na+,K+ ATPase content of skeletal muscle in men. Ten healthy trained subjects, aged 23 ± 4 years (mean ± 95% CI), participated in the study. Before and after 2 weeks of daily inhalation of budesonide (1.6 mg/day), a biopsy was taken from the vastus lateralis muscle for measurement of Na+,K+ ATPase content and blood samples were drawn for determination of plasma budesonide, cortisol, and K+. Subjects' performance during cycling to fatigue at 90% of incremental peak power output (iPPO) was measured in response to 4 mg inhaled terbutaline to maximally stimulate Na+,K+ ATPase activity. Plasma concentrations of budesonide rose to 5.0 ± 1.6 nM with the intervention, whereas no changes were observed in plasma cortisol. Muscle Na+,K+ ATPase content increased (P ≤ 0.01) by 46 ± 34 pmol/(g wet wt) (17% increase) with the intervention. Cycling performance at 90% of iPPO did not change (P = 0.21) with the intervention (203 vs 214 s) in response to terbutaline. The present observations show that therapeutic inhalation of glucocorticoids increases muscle Na+,K+ ATPase content, but does not enhance high‐intensity cycling endurance in response to terbutaline.
Wide-band line model implementation in Matlab for EMT Analysis

The Wide Band (WB) or Universal (ULM) Line Model currently is the most general line model available in EMTP for simulating transient responses of power transmission lines and cables. Since this model is still subject to further improvements, an experimenting prototype of it has been developed in Matlab environment. This development is reported here and the paper also offers a comprehensive description of the WB model. Two application examples are provided here, one involving an aerial line and the other one an underground cable.
The effectiveness of health communication strategies in health education in Kushima, Japan

Japan’s 2008 health policy focuses more than ever on health education for behaviour change and outcome measures for physical health status. This is at odds with contemporary health promotion and health education, which frame health as a resource for everyday life and indicate that the evaluation of interventions should measure broader aspects of health rather than just physical aspects. The application of a combination of different health communication models and theories allows for a customized approach, depending on the types of change that are being sought, and can lead to increased relevance as well as a better fit when it comes to evaluating the achievement of broad health promotion goals. This article explores the application of the Outcome Model for Health Promotion to a two-year health education intervention in Kushima, Japan. This model measures program effectiveness from four aspects: physical health outcomes; intermediate health outcomes; health promotion outcomes; and health promotion actions. A quantitative and qualitative longitudinal, mixed model study design and methods were used for the analysis. Data was taken from health exams, structured interviews, and participant observations collected from 67 participants at four times over two years. This intervention relied primarily on health education and communication to achieve mental and social health outcomes more significantly and faster than physical health outcomes. The importance of moving outcome measurement beyond direct health achievements is discussed in light of the relationships between physical, mental, and social health and its determinants, and our results. (Global Health Promotion, 2010; 17 (1): pp. 5—15)
AN APPROXIMATION ALGORITHM FOR THE BIPARTITE GROTHENDIECK PROBLEM ALEXANDER IRIZA JOINT WORK WITH

This problem is NP-hard, so there is no known algorithm to determine the solution in polynomial time. Instead we seek to compute an approximate solution in polynomial time. One strategy for accomplishing this, first pioneered by Goemans & Williamson in Ref. [3], is to employ a semidefinite relaxation. This technique consists of three steps: first construct a related problem that is a semidefinite program (and hence can be solved in polynomial time), then solve this problem, and finally develop a polynomial time procedure to round this solution back into a valid input to the original problem that achieves some fraction of the optimal objective value.
Automatic Relevance Determination in Nonnegative Matrix Factorization with the /spl beta/-Divergence

This paper addresses the estimation of the latent dimensionality in nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) with the β-divergence. The β-divergence is a family of cost functions that includes the squared euclidean distance, Kullback-Leibler (KL) and Itakura-Saito (IS) divergences as special cases. Learning the model order is important as it is necessary to strike the right balance between data fidelity and overfitting. We propose a Bayesian model based on automatic relevance determination (ARD) in which the columns of the dictionary matrix and the rows of the activation matrix are tied together through a common scale parameter in their prior. A family of majorization-minimization (MM) algorithms is proposed for maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation. A subset of scale parameters is driven to a small lower bound in the course of inference, with the effect of pruning the corresponding spurious components. We demonstrate the efficacy and robustness of our algorithms by performing extensive experiments on synthetic data, the swimmer dataset, a music decomposition example, and a stock price prediction task.
EHPnet: National Center for Human Genome Research

RADAR is a web server that provides a multitude of functionality for RNA data analysis and research. It can align structure-annotated RNA sequences so that both sequence and structure information are taken into consideration during the alignment process. This server is capable of performing pairwise structure alignment, multiple structure alignment, database search and clustering. In addition, RADAR provides two salient features: (i) constrained alignment of RNA secondary structures, and (ii) prediction of the consensus structure for a set of RNA sequences. RADAR will be able to assist scientists in performing many important RNA mining operations, including the understanding of the functionality of RNA sequences, the detection of RNA structural motifs and the clustering of RNA molecules, among others. The web server together with a software package for download is freely accessible at http:// datalab.njit. edu/biodata/rna/RSmatch/server.htm and http://www.ccrnp. ncifcrf.gov/ bshapiro/