Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Scalability of Static Program Analysis to Detect Vulnerabilities in the Java Platform

Java has been a target for many zero-day exploits in the past years. We investigate one category of vulnerabilities used by many of these exploits. Attackers make use of so called unguarded caller-sensitive methods. While these methods provide features that can be dangerous if used in malicious ways, they perform only limited permission checks to restrict access by untrusted code. We derive a taint-analysis problem expressing how vulnerabilities regarding these methods can be detected automatically in the Java Class Library before its code is being released to the public. Unfortunately, while describing the analysis problem is relatively simple, it is challenging to actually implement the analysis. The goal of analyzing a library of the size as the Java Class Library raises scalability problems. Moreover, analyzing a library while assuming attackers can write arbitrary untrusted code results in mostly all parts of the library being accessible. Most existing approaches target the analysis of an application, which is less of a problem, because usually only small parts of the library are used by applications. Besides the fact that existing algorithms run into scalability problems we found that many of them are also not sound when applied to the problem. For example, standard call-graph algorithms produce unsound call graphs when only applied to a library. While the algorithms provide correct results for applications, they are also used when only a library is analyzed---the incompleteness of the results is then usually ignored. The requirements for this work do not allow to ignore that, as otherwise security-critical vulnerabilities may remain undetected. In this work we propose novel algorithms addressing the soundness and scalability problems. We discuss and solve practical challenges: we show a software design for the analysis such that it is still maintainable with growing complexity, and extend an existing algorithm to enrich results with exact data-flow information enabling comprehensible reporting. In experiments we show that designing the analysis to work forward and backward from inner layers to outer layers of the program results in better scalability. We investigate the challenge to track fields in a flow-sensitive and context-sensitive analysis and discuss several threats to scalability arising with field-based and field-sensitive data-flow models. In experiments comparing these against each other and against a novel approach proposed in this work, we show that our new approach successfully solves most of the scalability problems.
Ganglioside GM3 induces cumulus cell apoptosis through inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor‐mediated PI3K/AKT signaling pathways during in vitro maturation of pig oocytes

Gangliosides are components of the mammalian plasma membrane that help regulate receptor signaling. Ganglioside GM3, for example, plays an important role in initiating apoptosis in cancer cells; however, physiological roles for GM3 in normal processes, such as during pig oocyte maturation, are not clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the functional link between GM3 and cellular apoptosis in porcine cumulus‐oocyte‐complexes (COCs) during in vitro maturation. Our results indicated that denuded oocytes possess less ST3GAL5, a GM3‐synthesizing enzyme, than cumulus cells or COCs after 44 hr of in vitro maturation. GM3 also affected the meiotic maturation of cultured pig oocytes, as evaluated by orcein staining. In vitro treatment of COCs with exogenous GM3 also reduced cumulus cell expansion, the proportion of meiotic maturation, and increased cumulus cell transcription of PTX3, TNFAIP6, and HAS2. Interestingly, GM3 treatment reduced the expression of Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐mediated Phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/AKT signaling proteins in COCs in a concentration‐dependent manner, instead increasing the abundance of pro‐apoptotic factors such as AIF, activated Caspase 9, cleaved PARP1, and Caspase 3 were. Thus, GM3 might affect porcine oocyte maturation via suppression of EGFR‐mediated PI3K/AKT signaling and/or induction of apoptosis during in vitro maturation.
Overall Evolution of Jetted Gamma-Ray Burst Ejecta

Whether gamma-ray bursts are highly beamed or not is a very difficult but important problem that we are confronted with. Some theorists suggest that beaming effect usually leads to a sharp break in the afterglow light curve during the ultrarelativistic phase, with the breaking point determined by γ = 1/θ0, where γ is the Lorentz factor of the blast wave and θ0 is the initial half-opening angle of the ejecta, but numerical studies tend to reject the suggestion. We note that previous studies are uniformly based on dynamics that is not proper for nonrelativistic blast waves. Here we investigate the problem in more detail, paying special attention to the transition from the ultrarelativistic phase to the nonrelativistic phase. Due to some crucial refinements in the dynamics, we can follow the overall evolution of a realistic jet until its velocity is as small as βc ~ 10-3c. We find no obvious break in the optical light curve during the relativistic phase itself. However, an obvious break does appear at the transition from the relativistic phase to the Newtonian phase if the physical parameters involved are properly assumed. Generally speaking, the Newtonian phase is characterized by a sharp decay of optical afterglows, with the power-law timing index α ~ 1.8-2.1. This is due to the quick lateral expansion at this stage. The quick decay of optical afterglows from GRB 970228, 980326, and 980519 and the breaks in the optical light curves of GRB 990123 and 990510 may indicate the presence of highly collimated gamma-ray burst ejecta.
Power Optimization for Universal Hash Function Data Path Using Divide-and-Concatenate Technique

We present an architecture level low-power design technique called divide and concatenate for universal hash functions based on the following observations. (1) The power consumption of a w-bit array multiplier and associated universal hash data path decreases as O(w4) if its clock rate remains constant. (2) Two universal hash functions are equivalent if they have the same collision probability property. In the proposed approach, we divide a w-bit data path (with collision probability2-w) into two/four w/2-bit data paths (each with collision probability 2-w/2) and concatenate their results to construct an equivalent w-bit data path (with a collision probability 2-w ). A popular low-power technique that uses parallel data paths saves 62.10% dynamic power consumption incurring 102% area overhead. In contrast, the divide-and-concatenate technique saves 55.44% dynamic power consumption with only 16% area overhead.
Forever young: Visual representations of gender and age in online dating sites for older adults

ABSTRACT Online dating has become increasingly popular among older adults following broader social media adoption patterns. The current study examined the visual representations of people on 39 dating sites intended for the older population, with a particular focus on the visualization of the intersection between age and gender. All 39 dating sites for older adults were located through the Google search engine. Visual thematic analysis was performed with reference to general, non-age-related signs (e.g., facial expression, skin color), signs of aging (e.g., perceived age, wrinkles), relational features (e.g., proximity between individuals), and additional features such as number of people presented. The visual analysis in the present study revealed a clear intersection between ageism and sexism in the presentation of older adults. The majority of men and women were smiling and had a fair complexion, with light eye color and perceived age of younger than 60. Older women were presented as younger and wore more cosmetics as compared with older men. The present study stresses the social regulation of sexuality, as only heterosexual couples were presented. The narrow representation of older adults and the anti-aging messages portrayed in the pictures convey that love, intimacy, and sexual activity are for older adults who are “forever young. ”
Kernel hierarchical gene clustering from microarray expression data

MOTIVATION Unsupervised analysis of microarray gene expression data attempts to find biologically significant patterns within a given collection of expression measurements. For example, hierarchical clustering can be applied to expression profiles of genes across multiple experiments, identifying groups of genes that share similar expression profiles. Previous work using the support vector machine supervised learning algorithm with microarray data suggests that higher-order features, such as pairwise and tertiary correlations across multiple experiments, may provide significant benefit in learning to recognize classes of co-expressed genes. RESULTS We describe a generalization of the hierarchical clustering algorithm that efficiently incorporates these higher-order features by using a kernel function to map the data into a high-dimensional feature space. We then evaluate the utility of the kernel hierarchical clustering algorithm using both internal and external validation. The experiments demonstrate that the kernel representation itself is insufficient to provide improved clustering performance. We conclude that mapping gene expression data into a high-dimensional feature space is only a good idea when combined with a learning algorithm, such as the support vector machine that does not suffer from the curse of dimensionality. AVAILABILITY Supplementary data at www.cs. columbia.edu/compbio/hiclust. Software source code available by request.
Evidence for the respiration of ancient terrestrial organic C in northern temperate lakes and streams

Northern rivers and lakes process large quantities of organic and inorganic carbon from the surrounding terrestrial ecosystems. These external carbon inputs fuel widespread CO2 supersaturation in continental waters, and the resulting CO2 emissions from lakes and rivers are now recognized as a globally significant loss of terrestrial production to the atmosphere. Whereas the magnitude of emissions has received much attention, the pathways of C delivery and processing that generate these emissions are still not well-understood. CO2 outgassing in aquatic systems has been unequivocally linked to microbial degradation and respiration of terrestrial organic carbon (OC), but the nature (i.e., age and source) of this OC respired in surface waters is largely unknown. We present direct radiocarbon measurements of OC respired by bacteria in freshwater aquatic systems, specifically temperate lakes and streams in Québec. Terrestrial OC fuels much of the respiration in these systems, and our results show that a significant fraction of the respired terrestrial OC is old (in the range of 1,000–3,000 y B.P.). Because the bulk OC pools in these lakes is relatively young, our results also suggest selective removal of an old but highly bioreactive terrestrial OC pool and its conversion to CO2 by bacteria. The respiration of ancient 14C-depleted terrestrial C in northern lakes and rivers provides a biological link between contemporary aquatic carbon biogeochemistry and paleo-conditions in the watershed, and it implies the aquatic-mediated return to the atmosphere of C putatively considered permanently stored, thus challenging current models of long-term C storage in terrestrial reservoirs.
Interspecies comparison of subchondral bone properties important for cartilage repair

Microfracture repair tissue in young adult humans and in rabbit trochlea is frequently of higher quality than in corresponding ovine or horse models or in the rabbit medial femoral condyle (MFC). This may be related to differences in subchondral properties since repair is initiated from the bone. We tested the hypothesis that subchondral bone from rabbit trochlea and the human MFC are structurally similar. Trochlea and MFC samples from rabbit, sheep, and horse were micro‐CT scanned and histoprocessed. Samples were also collected from normal and lesional areas of human MFC. The subchondral bone of the rabbit trochlea was the most similar to human MFC, where both had a relatively thin bone plate and a more porous and less dense character of subchondral bone. MFC from animals all displayed thicker bone plates, denser and less porous bone and thicker trabeculae, which may be more representative of older or osteoarthritic patients, while both sheep trochlear ridges and the horse lateral trochlea shared some structural features with human MFC. Since several cartilage repair procedures rely on subchondral bone for repair, subchondral properties should be accounted for when choosing animal models to study and test procedures that are intended for human cartilage repair. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:63–70, 2015.
Supersymmetry and homogeneity of M-theory backgrounds

We describe the construction of a Lie superalgebra associated with an arbitrary supersymmetric M-theory background, and discuss some examples. We prove that for backgrounds with more than 24 supercharges, the bosonic subalgebra acts locally transitively. In particular, we prove that backgrounds with more than 24 supersymmetries are necessarily (locally) homogeneous. Furthermore we provide evidence that 24 is the minimal number of supersymmetries which guarantees this.
Coping Behavior of Orthodox Religious Students in Russia

This article presents a study of coping behavior regarding Orthodox religious students in Russia. The paper analyzes the investigation results concerning psychological features of modern Orthodox students from two universities in Russia (Moscow). The data collection methods are: Folkman and Lazarus's coping-test, Smirnov's psychometric techniques "Questionnaire of religious activity" and Shcherbatykh? s "Test for revealing of the level of individual religiosity". The study suggests that coping behavior is connected with the level of religiosity.
Automated Combination of Real-Time Shader Programs

This work proposes an approach for automatic and generic runtime-combination of high-level shader programs. Many of recently introduced real-time rendering techniques rely on such programs. The fact that only a single program can be active concurrently becomes a main conceptual problem when embedding these techniques into middleware systems or 3D applications. Their implementations frequently demand for a combined use of individual shader functionality and, therefore, need to combine existing shader programs. Such a task is often time-consuming, error-prone, requires a skilled software engineer, and needs to be repeated for each further extension. Our extensible approach solves these problems efﬁciently: It structures a shader program into code fragments, each typed with a predeﬁned semantics. Based on an explicit order of those semantics, the code fragments of different programs can be combined at runtime. This technique facilitates the reuse of shader code as well as the development of extensible rendering frameworks for future hardware generations. We integrated our approach into an object-oriented high-level rendering system.
Health information technology and dynamic capabilities.

BACKGROUND Health information technology (HIT) purports to increase quality and efficiency in health care organizations. However, health care organizations are situated in constantly changing environments. They need dynamic capabilities to implement HIT effectively. PURPOSES This article builds on the dynamic capabilities perspective and generates propositions about implementing HIT in dynamic environments. Specifically, I identify the (1) the necessary resources and capabilities for organizations to implement HIT; (2) the organizational capabilities and benefits that can be enhanced by HIT; and (3) the similarities and differences between three distinct forms of HIT. APPROACH I synthesized the literature on dynamic capabilities and HIT to identify dynamic capabilities that are associated with (1) electronic medical records, (2) telemedicine, and (3) social media. In addition, I discuss the benefits of these HITs for improving the dynamic capabilities of health care organizations. PROPOSITIONS/FINDINGS: This article generates three sets of propositions that can be tested empirically. First, I am concerned with how organizational size and human resources affect successful implementation of HIT. In addition, I argue that three technology-specific factors--hospital type, medical specialty, and socially desirable technical features--may affect the implementation of HIT. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS To cope with constantly changing environmental pressures, health administrators need to deploy, modify, and/or acquire organizational resources skillfully. Practitioners need to identify dynamic capabilities to support specific forms of HIT and understand how HIT enables health care organizations in turn. The concept of evolutionary fitness in the dynamic capabilities perspective may be developed to measure HIT implementation.
Two-beam resistive-wall wake field

In storage-ring colliders, two beams propagating in opposite direction share a common beam pipe over parts or all of the ring circumference. The resistive-wall wake field coupling bunches of these two beams is different from the conventional single-beam wake field. The magnetic force and the longitudinal electric force experienced by a probe bunch invert their sign, while the transverse electric force does not. In addition, the distance between driving and probing bunches is not constant, but the net wake field must be obtained via an integration of the force experienced over the drive-probe distance. We here derive the two-beam resistive-wall wake field for a round beam pipe.
Night Vision CMOS Image Sensors Pixel for Sub-mililux Light Conditions

This paper presents A CMOS Image Sensor (CIS) pixel which can give acceptable images in very low illumination conditions down to less than 1 mililux. This paper reviews the considerations of a CIS pixel optimized for sumbililux sensing, discusses several optimization factors, and the way they were implemented, and finally presents performance parameters and images taken with a camera which uses a sensor based on this pixel.
Bootstrapping a Comparable Corpus from Patent Family Members

We present a method to generate comparable corpora from different patent documents covering the same invention. We rely on the fact that many inventors apply for protection in more than one jurisdictions. Often, these jurisdictions have different publication languages, and therefore, the same invention is described in more than one language. We use this fact to generate comparable corpora in any language pair where patent documents are available. We do this at the level of the title, abstract, description and claims and present statistics for English-Spanish data thus generated. We then show that with an additional filtering step we can reduce the errors inserted in the collection by the automated procedure.
Palmitoylation of Hepatitis C Virus Core Protein Is Important for Virion Production*

Hepatitis C virus core protein is the viral nucleocapsid of hepatitis C virus. Interaction of core with cellular membranes like endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lipid droplets (LD) appears to be involved in viral assembly. However, how these interactions with different cellular membranes are regulated is not well understood. In this study, we investigated how palmitoylation, a post-translational protein modification, can modulate the targeting of core to cellular membranes. We show that core is palmitoylated at cysteine 172, which is adjacent to the transmembrane domain at the C-terminal end of core. Site-specific mutagenesis of residue Cys172 showed that palmitoylation is not involved in the maturation process carried out by the signal peptide peptidase or in the targeting of core to LD. However, palmitoylation was shown to be important for core association with smooth ER membranes and ER closely surrounding LDs. Finally, we demonstrate that mutation of residue Cys172 in the J6/JFH1 virus genome clearly impairs virion production.
Specification of UML Model Transformations

The purpose of our research is to evaluate and compare different approaches for the specification, verification and implementation of model transformations, and to make recommendations for a transformation specification language which is modular, verifiable, and supports reuse and implementation. In this paper we survey existing approaches to model transformations and propose a new specification and implementation approach for transformations. We describe case studies, of state machine slicing, and re-architecting systems for achieving quality of service in service-oriented architectures, which are used to evaluate model transformation specification approaches and languages.
The Influencing Factors of Subliminal Semantic Priming Effects

The subliminal semantic priming effects refer to the facilitated processing of target words when they proceeded by a semantically and associatively related prime word,even when the primes were presented subliminally.Subliminal semantic priming has its instability and is easily affected by various types of factors.The influencing factors include external and internal factors.The external factors are task,stimuli materials,procedure and so on.The internal factors are attention,task set,intentions and expectations.Firstly,the histories of subliminal semantic priming studies were reviewed and the paradigm and methods for testing awareness were introduced briefly.Then,the article focused on discussing and summering its influencing factors.Further research could be explored from optimizing paradigms,enhancing the study of brain mechanism and developing the theories.
Learning Blind Quality Evaluator for Stereoscopic Images Using Joint Sparse Representation

Perceptual quality prediction for stereoscopic images is of fundamental importance in determining the level of quality perceived by humans in terms of the 3D viewing experience. However, the existing no-reference quality assessment (NR-IQA) framework has its limitation in addressing binocular combination for stereoscopic images. In this paper, we propose a new NR-IQA for stereoscopic images using joint sparse representation. We analyze the relationship between left and right quality predictors, and formulate stereoscopic quality prediction as a combination of feature-prior and feature-distribution. Based on this finding, we extract feature vector that handles different features to be interacted by joint sparse representation, and use support vector regression to characterize feature-prior. Meanwhile, we implement feature-distribution using sparsity regularization as the basis of weights for binocular combination to derive the overall quality score. Experimental results on five public 3D IQA databases demonstrate that in comparison with the existing methods, the devised algorithm achieves high consistent alignment with subjective assessment.