Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The ostensive model of developing information needs

We present a model of the progressive development of information needs. It is a model that recognises the changing uncertainty inherent in a user’s cognition of his information need. The approach centres around the collection and combination of ostensive evidence. We present uncertainty profiles associated with the discounting of ostensive evidence with respect to its age, and relate that to a new notion of relevance Ostensive Relevance. This notion recognises the transient, inaccessible, spatio-temporal nature of relevance. We describe how these components come together to allow the Ostensive Model to be integrated with the traditional Binary Probabilistic Model. We describe the integration and show that it reveals an implicit assumption in the conventional estimation procedure for a particular conditional probability. The temporal aspects of the Ostensive Model allow a weakening of that assumption. The integration allows direct implementation of the Ostensive Model. Finally, we present an example that demonstrates the intuitive appeal of the approach over existing approaches to Relevance Feedback.
Fish Consumption, Dietary Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acids, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE The evidence on the association between fish consumption, dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids, and risk of type 2 diabetes is inconsistent. We therefore performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available prospective evidence. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Studies were identified by searching the PubMed and EMBASE databases through 15 December 2011 and by reviewing the reference lists of retrieved articles. Prospective studies were included if they reported relative risk (RR) estimates with 95% CIs for the association between fish consumption and/or dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids and incidence of type 2 diabetes. A dose-response random-effects model was used to combine study-specific RRs. Potential sources of heterogeneity were explored by prespecified stratifications. RESULTS Sixteen studies involving 527,441 participants and 24,082 diabetes cases were included. Considerable statistical heterogeneity in the overall summary estimates was partly explained by geographical differences. For each serving per week increment in fish consumption, the RRs (95% CIs) of type 2 diabetes were 1.05 (1.02–1.09), 1.03 (0.96–1.11), and 0.98 (0.97–1.00) combining U.S., European, and Asian/Australian studies, respectively. For each 0.30 g per day increment in long-chain n-3 fatty acids, the corresponding summary estimates were 1.17 (1.09–1.26), 0.98 (0.70–1.37), and 0.90 (0.82–0.98). CONCLUSIONS Results from this meta-analysis indicate differences between geographical regions in observed associations of fish consumption and dietary intake of long-chain n-3 fatty acids with risk of type 2 diabetes. In consideration of the heterogeneous results, the relationship warrants further investigation. Meanwhile, current public health recommendations on fish consumption should be upheld unchanged.
Threats or threads: from usable security to secure experience?

While the domain of security dependent technologies brings new challenges to HCI research it seems that the results and breakthroughs of HCI have not been used in design of security dependent technologies. With exceptions, work in the research field of usable security may be criticized for focusing mainly on adjusting user behavior to behave securely. With our background in newer HCI perspectives we address secure interaction from the perspective of security technology as experience. We analyze a number of collected user stories to understand what happens when everyday users encounter security dependent technologies. We apply McCarthy & Wright's [12] experience framework to the security domain and our collected stories. We point out that there are significant differences between being secure and having a secure experience, and conclude that classical usable security, focus on people's immediate security experience, and the full focus on experience proposed by McCarthy & Wright lead to three very different interaction concerns, analytically and as regards design. We illustrate these differences by examples, and conclude with a discussion of how to advance the field of usable security.
Randomized Trial of Bilateral versus Single Internal-Thoracic-Artery Grafts.

BACKGROUND The use of bilateral internal thoracic (mammary) arteries for coronary-artery bypass grafting (CABG) may improve long-term outcomes as compared with the use of a single internal-thoracic-artery plus vein grafts. METHODS We randomly assigned patients scheduled for CABG to undergo single or bilateral internal-thoracic-artery grafting in 28 cardiac surgical centers in seven countries. The primary outcome was death from any cause at 10 years. The composite of death from any cause, myocardial infarction, or stroke was a secondary outcome. Interim analyses were prespecified at 5 years of follow-up. RESULTS A total of 3102 patients were enrolled; 1554 were randomly assigned to undergo single internal-thoracic-artery grafting (the single-graft group) and 1548 to undergo bilateral internal-thoracic-artery grafting (the bilateral-graft group). At 5 years of follow-up, the rate of death was 8.7% in the bilateral-graft group and 8.4% in the single-graft group (hazard ratio, 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.81 to 1.32; P=0.77), and the rate of the composite of death from any cause, myocardial infarction, or stroke was 12.2% and 12.7%, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.79 to 1.17; P=0.69). The rate of sternal wound complication was 3.5% in the bilateral-graft group versus 1.9% in the single-graft group (P=0.005), and the rate of sternal reconstruction was 1.9% versus 0.6% (P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS Among patients undergoing CABG, there was no significant difference between those receiving single internal-thoracic-artery grafts and those receiving bilateral internal-thoracic-artery grafts with regard to mortality or the rates of cardiovascular events at 5 years of follow-up. There were more sternal wound complications with bilateral internal-thoracic-artery grafting than with single internal-thoracic-artery grafting. Ten-year follow-up is ongoing. (Funded by the British Heart Foundation and others; ART Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN46552265 .).
Uplink Power Control for Heterogeneous Small Cell Networks

In this paper, the average uplink transmission rate and outage probability of UEs are analyzed in heterogeneous small cell networks. The impact of the power control coefficient on both system performances is evaluated taking into account the intercell interference in a stochastic geometry network. Furthermore, we propose an energy-efficient uplink power control scheme, which adjusts the power control coefficient for maximizing the network energy efficiency subject to a QoS constraint in terms of maximum outage probability requirement. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed power control schemes can improve the network throughput and energy efficiency dramatically.
An Anatomical Substrate for the Spatiotemporal Transformation

The purpose of the present experiments was to test the hypothesis that the metrics of saccades caused by the activation of distinct collicular sites depend on the strength of their projections onto the burst generators. This study of morphofunctional correlations was limited to the horizontal components of saccades. We evoked saccades by stimulation of the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) in alert, head-fixed cats. We used standard stimulus trains of 350 msec duration, 200 Hz pulse rate, and intensity set at two times saccade threshold in all experiments. Evoked saccades were analyzed quantitatively to determine the amplitude of the horizontal component of their “characteristic vectors”. This parameter is independent of eye position and was used as the physiological, saccade-related metric of the stimulation sites. Anatomical connections arising from these sites were visualized after anterograde transport of biocytin injected through a micropipette adjoining the stimulation electrode. The stimulation and injection sites were, therefore, practically identical. We counted boutons deployed in regions of the paramedian pontine reticular formation reported to contain long-lead and medium-lead burst neurons of the horizontal burst generator. Regression analysis of the normalized bouton counts revealed a significant positive correlation with the size of the horizontal component of the characteristic vectors. This data supports a frequent modelling assumption that the spatiotemporal transformation in the saccadic system relies on the graded strength of anatomical projections of distinct SC sites onto the burst generators.
A NUMERICAL METHOD FOR SOLVING PARABOLIC EQUATIONS BASED ON THE USE OF A MULTIGRID TECHNIQUES

A numerical method for solving parabolic equations based on multigrid techniques is proposed. The stability, approximation and conservation properties of the method are investigated theoretically and numerically for several initial-boundary model problems for the heat conduction equation. The use of the method makes it possible to considerably reduce the computational work as compared to either implicit or explicit schemes. A parallel implementation of the method is presented.
Beyond Self-Interest: Agency Theory and the Board in a Satisficing World

This paper argues that a consideration of some of the peculiarities of boards of directors can be used as a basis for developing and enriching our theoretical conception of agency relationships; and that the generalized version of agency theory that results can help us to better understand some of the empirical observations and theoretical and policy issues raised by Roberts, McNulty and Stiles.
Children’s perceptions and learning about tropical rainforests: an analysis of their drawings

This study analysed 9 to 11 year old children’s drawings of tropical rainforests immediately before and after a visit to the Humid Tropics Biome at the Eden Project, Cornwall, UK. A theoretical framework derived from considerations of informal learning and constructivism was used as a basis to develop a methodology to interpret the children’s drawings and to measure the change in children’s perceptions and learning after their visit. The children’s pre‐visit drawings mainly showed tree and plant outlines familiar to an English countryside. Rainforest animals were to the fore in the pictures and there was a general lack of scale, depth and perspective in the drawings. In the post‐visit drawings, the animals had mainly disappeared. There was often remarkable accuracy in the shape and detail of the tropical rainforest trees and plants now drawn. The post‐visit drawings also demonstrated far greater depth, scale and perspective than the pre‐visit drawings. The interpretation and analysis of the drawings gave insights into children’s understanding and learning about tropical rainforests and demonstrated that analysis of children’s drawings can be an effective method of assessing some aspects of their learning.
Design of Wideband Mobile Radio Channel Simulators Based on Real-World Measurement Data

In this article, we analyze different ways to estimate the temporal autocorrelation function (TACF) and the frequency correlation function (FCF) of wideband mobile radio channels from real-world channel measurements. The way the TACF and FCF are estimated depends on whether the measured channel is autocorrelation-ergodic with respect to time and/or frequency. In either case, it is shown that double averaging, i.e., averaging of measurement snapshots over time and frequency, improves the estimates of the TACF and FCF. We provide two examples of applying the iterative nonlinear least squares approximation (INLSA) algorithm to determine the parameters of measurement- based channel simulators from the estimated TACF and FCF. The presented examples correspond to real-world outdoor and indoor propagation environments. The distinctive feature of the designed channel simulators is that their temporal and frequency correlation characteristics are sufficiently close to those that have been estimated from the measurement data. For comparison reasons, we also show the corresponding results obtained by applying the well-known subspace-alternating generalized expectation-maximization (SAGE) algorithm.
CMOS tuners for mobile TV

Digital video reception is emerging as the latest feature toward multimedia-enriched handheld devices. Mobile battery-operated devices require small-size tuners that consume low power and are amenable to single-chip integration with the baseband demodulator. Following an overview of the system and circuit-level implementation challenges of mobile TV standards such as DVB-H and T-DMB, this article presents a dual-band direct conversion tuner for DVB-H. Architecture and circuit trade-offs are discussed, and detailed measurements are presented. The tuner occupies 9.7 mm2 and achieves a 4 dB NF at both UHF and L-band, eliminating the need for an external LNA. By using a fractional-TV synthesizer both 470-890 MHz and 1.4-1.8 GHz bands are supported, while achieving an integrated phase noise of less than -41 dBc. Sixth-order low-pass filters support channel bandwidths from 4 to 10 MHz
A Framework for the Capitalization of e-Learning Resources

In order to face up challenges in the e-Learning community, it is essential to be able to integrate instructional strategies in learning objects, in a flexible way. The Knowledge Puzzle is an on-going research project aiming at dynamically generating learning resources called Learning Knowledge Objects based on instructional theories. We propose here an alternative to the learning object repository approach which delivers static and black-box learning objects. We base our framework on ontological foundation and we tackle issues as diverse as domain ontology generation from text, learning object indexing, generation, adaptation and standardization.
Does volunteering improve well-being?

ABSTRACTDoes volunteering causally improve well-being? To empirically test this question, we examined one instantiation of volunteering that is common at post-secondary institutions across North America: community service learning (CSL). CSL is a form of experiential learning that combines volunteer work with intentional learning goals and active reflection. We partnered with an academic program that randomly assigns interested students to participate in a CSL program or to a wait-list. As part of this CSL program, students are required to engage in 10–12 h of formal volunteering each week in addition to completing related coursework. To assess the well-being benefits of formal volunteering through CSL participation, we examined the subjective well-being (SWB) of students from both groups over a six-month period. Using Bayesian statistics, and comparing a null model to a model specifying a small to moderate benefit of CSL participation, we found conclusive evidence in support of the null model. These find.
Honest Signals - How They Shape Our World

How can you know when someone is bluffing? Paying attention? Genuinely interested? The answer, writes Sandy Pentland in Honest Signals, is that subtle patterns in how we interact with other people reveal our attitudes toward them. These unconscious social signals are not just a back channel or a complement to our conscious language; they form a separate communication network. Biologically based "honest signaling," evolved from ancient primate signaling mechanisms, offers an unmatched window into our intentions, goals, and values. If we understand this ancient channel of communication, Pentland claims, we can accurately predict the outcomes of situations ranging from job interviews to first dates. Pentland, an MIT professor, has used a specially designed digital sensor worn like an ID badgea "sociometer"to monitor and analyze the back-and-forth patterns of signaling among groups of people. He and his researchers found that this second channel of communication, revolving not around words but around social relations, profoundly influences major decisions in our liveseven though we are largely unaware of it. Pentland presents the scientific background necessary for understanding this form of communication, applies it to examples of group behavior in real organizations, and shows how by "reading" our social networks we can become more successful at pitching an idea, getting a job, or closing a deal. Using this "network intelligence" theory of social signaling, Pentland describes how we can harness the intelligence of our social network to become better managers, workers, and communicators.
Optimal Dynamic Portfolio Selection: Multiperiod Mean‐Variance Formulation

The mean‐variance formulation by Markowitz in the 1950s paved a foundation for modern portfolio selection analysis in a single period. This paper considers an analytical optimal solution to the mean‐variance formulation in multiperiod portfolio selection. Specifically, analytical optimal portfolio policy and analytical expression of the mean‐variance efficient frontier are derived in this paper for the multiperiod mean‐variance formulation. An efficient algorithm is also proposed for finding an optimal portfolio policy to maximize a utility function of the expected value and the variance of the terminal wealth.
A fabrication process for integrating polysilicon microstructures with post-processed CMOS circuits

A MEMS-first fabrication process for integrating CMOS circuits with polysilicon micromechanical structures is described in detail. The overall process uses 18 masks (22 lithography steps) to merge a p-well LOCOS CMOS process that has one metal and two polysilicon layers with a surface micromachining process that has three layers of polysilicon. The microstructures are formed within recesses on the surface of silicon wafers such that their uppermost surfaces are coplanar with the remainder of the substrate. No special planarization technique, such as chemical-mechanical polishing, is used in the work described here. Special aspects of the process include provisions to improve lithography within the recesses, to protect the microstructures during the circuit fabrication, and to implement an effective lead transfer between the microstructures and the on-chip circuitry. The process is validated using a test vehicle that includes accelerometers and gyroscopes interfaced with sensing circuits. Measured transistor parameters match those obtained in standard CMOS, with NMOS and PMOS thresholds at 0.76 V and −0.96 V, respectively.
Automatic Differentiation Variational Inference

Probabilistic modeling is iterative. A scientist posits a simple model, fits it to her data, refines it according to her analysis, and repeats. However, fitting complex models to large data is a bottleneck in this process. Deriving algorithms for new models can be both mathematically and computationally challenging, which makes it difficult to efficiently cycle through the steps. To this end, we develop automatic differentiation variational inference (ADVI). Using our method, the scientist only provides a probabilistic model and a dataset, nothing else. ADVI automatically derives an efficient variational inference algorithm, freeing the scientist to refine and explore many models. ADVI supports a broad class of models-no conjugacy assumptions are required. We study ADVI across ten different models and apply it to a dataset with millions of observations. ADVI is integrated into Stan, a probabilistic programming system; it is available for immediate use.
Coulomb-hole summations and energies for GW calculations with limited number of empty orbitals: a modified static remainder approach

Ab initio GW calculations are a standard method for computing the spectroscopic properties of many materials. The most computationally expensive part in conventional implementations of the method is the generation and summation over the large number of empty orbitals required to converge the electron self-energy. We propose a scheme to reduce the summation over empty states by the use of a modified static remainder approximation, which is simple to implement and yields accurate self-energies for both bulk and molecular systems requiring a small fraction of the typical number of empty orbitals.
A new method to generate shortest collision-free paths for mobile robots

In this paper, Bi-road Method (BRM) is proposed as a new path planning method to generate the shortest collision-free path with consideration of safety from the given start point to goal point for mobile robots working in the static and known 2D environment. While BRM shares the beneficial properties of existing path planning methods based on constructing graph, BRM can guarantee outputting the shortest collision-free path between two given points. Furthermore, BRM is purely complete (in our thought, a planner is purely complete if the planner outputs the correct path as long as there exists free space connected between two points, otherwise declares failure). Simulation results of comparison with MAKLINK graph verify the nice properties of Bi-road Method proposed in this paper.
The Effects of Color on Eyewitness Identification Accuracy: Implications for Criminal Justice

The American criminal justice system has traditionally relied upon eyewitness testimony to identify, bring to trial, and convict suspects. It has often been acknowledged as the most powerful form of testimony, even though much research has shown it to be anything but reliable. Buckhout (1974) stated that an eyewitness is believed to be a tape recorder-a flawless recording device able to pick up all information relating to the crime he/ she sees, store it, and replay it perfectly, on demand. In reality, however, human memory is inherently flawed. Since individuals view and identify things differently, including colors (Brou et al., 1986; Itten, 1970; Thomas and DeCapito, 1966), and since color plays an important role in eyewitness testimony, it follows that individual differences regarding the viewing and identification of color cues could affect the accuracy of suspectidendfications. This study proposed thatcolor cues in eyewitness situations reduce the accuracy of eyewitness identifications. The experimental hypothesis was that color cues associated with suspects in eyewitness situations reduce the accuracy of descriptions of that suspect. The independent variables manipulated were the colors of the suspect’s clothing (experimental=colored, control=black). Other independent variables included those pertaining to the witnesses: race, gender, age, religious preference, vision, position in the classroom, year in school, college major, and grade point average. The dependent variable in this study was identification accuracy. It was measured by description accuracy of the suspect’s physical characteristics (e.g., height, weight, gender, race, age, etc.).