Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Budget impact analysis of pemetrexed introduction: case study from a teaching hospital perspective, Thailand.

OBJECTIVE Thailand does not currently require Budget Impact Analysis (BIA) assessment. The present study aimed to estimate the annual drug cost and the incremental impact on the hospital pharmaceutical budget of the introduction of pemetrexed to a Thai teaching hospital. MATERIAL AND METHOD The budget impact model was conducted in accordance with the Guidelines for preparing submissions to the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC). The model variables consisted of number of patients, growth rate of lung cancer, uptake rate of pemetrexed over time, unit prices of drugs, and the length and cost of treatment. Sensitivity analysis was performed to determine changes in budgetary impact due to variation of parameters or assumptions in the model. RESULTS The introduction of pemetrexed was estimated to cause considerable costs for the teaching hospital. In the base-case analysis, the incremental costs were estimated at 8,553,984 Baht in the first year increasing to 12, 118, 144 Baht, 17,820,800 Baht and 17,820,800 Baht in the following years. The 4-year net budgetary impact was 20,154,480 Baht or approximately 127,560 Baht per patient. Sensitivity analyses found that number of treatment cycles andproportion of patients assumed to be treated with pemetrexed were the two most important influencing factors in the model. CONCLUSION New costly innovative interventions should be evaluated using the BIA model to determine whether they are affordable. The Thai government should consider requiring the BIA study as one of the requirements for drug submission to assist in the determination of listing and subsidizing decision for medicines.
When openness to experience and conscientiousness affect continuous learning: A mediating role of intrinsic motivation and a moderating role of occupation1

Research on the effects of personality on work behaviors has adopted either the motivational meditation perspective or the person-situation interaction perspective. This study attempted to integrate both of the perspectives in a single causal model. Specifically, using data collected from systems engineers and car salespeople in Japan, we investigated the mediating role of intrinsic motivation in the links from openness and conscientiousness to continuous learning, and the moderating role of occupation on the mediation mechanism. The results indicated that, for systems engineers, the effects of those personality traits on continuous learning were completely mediated via intrinsic motivation. For car salespeople, however, the trait effects on the outcome variable are direct, rather than transmitted through intrinsic motivation. The meanings of the findings and directions for future research are discussed.
Decoding a Wide Range of Hand Configurations from Macaque Motor, Premotor, and Parietal Cortices

Despite recent advances in decoding cortical activity for motor control, the development of hand prosthetics remains a major challenge. To reduce the complexity of such applications, higher cortical areas that also represent motor plans rather than just the individual movements might be advantageous. We investigated the decoding of many grip types using spiking activity from the anterior intraparietal (AIP), ventral premotor (F5), and primary motor (M1) cortices. Two rhesus monkeys were trained to grasp 50 objects in a delayed task while hand kinematics and spiking activity from six implanted electrode arrays (total of 192 electrodes) were recorded. Offline, we determined 20 grip types from the kinematic data and decoded these hand configurations and the grasped objects with a simple Bayesian classifier. When decoding from AIP, F5, and M1 combined, the mean accuracy was 50% (using planning activity) and 62% (during motor execution) for predicting the 50 objects (chance level, 2%) and substantially larger when predicting the 20 grip types (planning, 74%; execution, 86%; chance level, 5%). When decoding from individual arrays, objects and grip types could be predicted well during movement planning from AIP (medial array) and F5 (lateral array), whereas M1 predictions were poor. In contrast, predictions during movement execution were best from M1, whereas F5 performed only slightly worse. These results demonstrate for the first time that a large number of grip types can be decoded from higher cortical areas during movement preparation and execution, which could be relevant for future neuroprosthetic devices that decode motor plans.
Knowledge representation of Urdu text using predicate logic

Knowledge representation is a key area of research in artificial intelligence which deals with the proper storage and retrieval of knowledge for various useful applications. This research paper proves that knowledge can be easily and efficiently represented in predicate logic. The algorithm in this paper splits the Urdu text/sentences into phrases/constituents and then represents these in predicate logic. This algorithm also generates the original sentences from the representation in order to check the accuracy of representation. The algorithm has been tested on real text/sentences of Urdu. The algorithm has achieved an accuracy of 88%. As the algorithms works on pre-tagged input file, so if the tagging is done correctly then the algorithm achieves high level of accuracy. Therefore it is required that there should be proper rules by the help of which one can correctly tag the input text into phrases/ constituents. The algorithm accurately represents such text in predicate logic. The algorithm also accurately retrieves the original text/sentences from such representation.
Common Variants in the Adiponectin Gene (ADIPOQ) Associated With Plasma Adiponectin Levels, Type 2 Diabetes, and Diabetes-Related Quantitative Traits

OBJECTIVE— Variants in ADIPOQ have been inconsistently associated with adiponectin levels or diabetes. Using comprehensive linkage disequilibrium mapping, we genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ADIPOQ to evaluate the association of common variants with adiponectin levels and risk of diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Participants in the Framingham Offspring Study (n = 2,543, 53% women) were measured for glycemic phenotypes and incident diabetes over 28 years of follow-up; adiponectin levels were quantified at exam 7. We genotyped 22 tag SNPs that captured common (minor allele frequency >0.05) variation at r2 > 0.8 across ADIPOQ plus 20 kb 5′ and 10 kb 3′ of the gene. We used linear mixed effects models to test additive associations of each SNP with adiponectin levels and glycemic phenotypes. Hazard ratios (HRs) for incident diabetes were estimated using an adjusted Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS— Two promoter SNPs in strong linkage disequilibrium with each other (r2 = 0.80) were associated with adiponectin levels (rs17300539; Pnominal [Pn] = 2.6 × 10−8; Pempiric [Pe] = 0.0005 and rs822387; Pn = 3.8 × 10−5; Pe = 0.001). A 3′-untranslated region (3′UTR) SNP (rs6773957) was associated with adiponectin levels (Pn = 4.4 × 10−4; Pe = 0.005). A nonsynonymous coding SNP (rs17366743, Y111H) was confirmed to be associated with diabetes incidence (HR 1.94 [95% CI 1.16–3.25] for the minor C allele; Pn = 0.01) and with higher mean fasting glucose over 28 years of follow-up (Pn = 0.0004; Pe = 0.004). No other significant associations were found with other adiposity and metabolic phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS— Adiponectin levels are associated with SNPs in two different regulatory regions (5′ promoter and 3′UTR), whereas diabetes incidence and time-averaged fasting glucose are associated with a missense SNP of ADIPOQ.
Mediated learning experience and psychological tools: Vygotsky's and Feuerstein's perspectives in a study of student learning

This article suggests new directions for learning theory and cognitive education based on the combination of Vygotsky's "psychological tools" paradigm and Feuerstein's mediated learning experience (MLE) approach. Cognitive functions required by formal schooling do not appear spontaneously. Moreover, their development can be impeded by both an insufficient amount of MLE and by a lack of experience with the higher order psychological tools. Thus, cognitive education should become an integral part of school curricula and teacher development.
A comprehensive approach to scalability assessment of ICTD projects: an ICT4RED case development

Numerous case studies have shown that ICTD projects lacked critical monitoring, sustainability and scalability, and were mostly anecdotal in nature. As a result, investors and stakeholders have increasingly required the proof-of-concept provided by a promising or successful pilot project, in order to convince them to invest in larger projects that will have greater impact on more communities. Scalability assessment aims to guide how and why a project should be replicated based on the success of the project. This assessment should be based on a comprehensive evaluation of the ICTD project, which can provide an indication of the level of success of that project throughout its life, and post-implementation or some aspects of an ICTD initiative. The question is then, how can the scalability of an ICTD project be assessed based on a comprehensive evaluation, and taking into consideration the impact and potential sustainability of a project, and imperative factors for up-scaling.
Classification and powerlaws: The logarithmic transformation

Logarithmic transformation of the data has been recommended by the literature in the case of highly skewed distributions such as those commonly found in information science. The purpose of the transformation is to make the data conform to the lognormal law of error for inferential purposes. How does this transformation affect the analysis? We factor analyze and visualize the citation environment of the Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS) before and after a logarithmic transformation. The transformation strongly reduces the variance necessary for classificatory purposes and therefore is counterproductive to the purposes of the descriptive statistics. We recommend against the logarithmic transformation when sets cannot be defined unambiguously. The intellectual organization of the sciences is reflected in the curvilinear parts of the citation distributions while negative powerlaws fit excellently to the tails of the distributions.
Practical stabilization of a class of switched systems: dwell-time approach

This paper addresses a problem of robust stabilization for a class of switched systems in the presence of bounded perturbations. We consider non-linear dynamic models under arbitrary switching mechanisms. The practical stabilization method we propose is carried out by a linear-type feedback switching control strategy subject to an average dwell-time scheme. We apply the newly elaborated (extended) version of the conventional invariant ellipsoid method for this purpose. The numerically implementable sufficient conditions for the practical stability of systems are derived using bilinear matrix inequalities. The obtained results are illustrated by the example of a continuous stirred tank reactor.
The Social Construction of the Physical Activity Field at the School/University Interface

While some bodies of literature address the construction of school physical education and others the construction of university study of physical activity (e.g. physical education, human movement studies), little attention has been paid to the interface between these sites.This is somewhat surprising given the significant growth and popularity of the physical activity field in universities and that together they form a cyclical relationship in that the university disciplinary knowledge is central to physical education teacher education.This paper introduces aspects of the production, reproduction, adaptation, and modification of educational discourse as students move from school physical education into human movement studies. In doing so, it will highlight dominant dimensions of the regulative discourse, the strengths and weaknesses in the classification and framing of knowledge within school and tertiary programmes, and introduce a relatively unique line of research into the construction of educational discourse in school subjects.
X-PERT: a web application testing tool for cross-browser inconsistency detection

Web applications are popular among developers because of the ease of development and deployment through the ubiquitous web browsing platform. However, differences in a web application's execution across different web browsers manifest as Cross-browser Inconsistencies (XBIs), which are a serious concern for web developers. Testing for XBIs manually is a laborious and error-prone process. In this demo we present X-PERT, which is a tool to identify XBIs in web applications automatically, without requiring any effort from the developer. X-PERT implements a comprehensive technique to identify XBIs and has been found to be effective in detecting real-world XBIs in our empirical evaluation. The source code of X-PERT and XBI reports from our evaluation are available at http://gatech.github. io/xpert.
The biological and structural characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis UvrA provides novel insights into its mechanism of action

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an extremely well adapted intracellular human pathogen that is exposed to multiple DNA damaging chemical assaults originating from the host defence mechanisms. As a consequence, this bacterium is thought to possess highly efficient DNA repair machineries, the nucleotide excision repair (NER) system amongst these. Although NER is of central importance to DNA repair in M. tuberculosis, our understanding of the processes in this species is limited. The conserved UvrABC endonuclease represents the multi-enzymatic core in bacterial NER, where the UvrA ATPase provides the DNA lesion-sensing function. The herein reported genetic analysis demonstrates that M. tuberculosis UvrA is important for the repair of nitrosative and oxidative DNA damage. Moreover, our biochemical and structural characterization of recombinant M. tuberculosis UvrA contributes new insights into its mechanism of action. In particular, the structural investigation reveals an unprecedented conformation of the UvrB-binding domain that we propose to be of functional relevance. Taken together, our data suggest UvrA as a potential target for the development of novel anti-tubercular agents and provide a biochemical framework for the identification of small-molecule inhibitors interfering with the NER activity in M. tuberculosis.
İllerin Sosyo-Ekonomik Düzeylerine Göre Gruplandırılmasında Farklı Yaklaşımlar

Calismada Kumeleme Analizi, Diskriminant Analizi, Temel Bilesenler Analizi ve Cok Boyutlu Olcekleme Analizi kisaca ele alinmistir. Bu teknikler Turkiye’deki illerin 16 tane sosyo-ekonomik degiskene gore siniflandirilmasinda kullanilmistir. Sonuc olarak Turkiye’deki 81 il her bir analizde ayri ayri siniflandirilmistir
Plasma motions in the solar corona and solar wind to 1 au, as inferred from radio wave scattering observations

Radio signals propagating via the solar corona and solar wind are significantly affected by compressive waves, impacting solar burst properties as well as sources viewed through the turbulent atmosphere. While static fluctuations scatter radio waves elastically, moving, turbulent or oscillating density irregularities act to broaden the frequency of the scattered waves. Using a new anisotropic density fluctuation model based on solar radio bursts, we deduce the plasma velocities required to explain observations of spacecraft signal frequency broadening. The frequency broadening is consistent with motions that are dominated by the solar wind at distances $\gtrsim 10$ $R_\odot$, but the levels of frequency broadening for $\lesssim 10$ $R_\odot$ require additional radial speeds $\sim (100-300)$ km s$^{-1}$ and/or transverse speeds $\sim (20-70)$ km s$^{-1}$. The inferred radial velocities appear consistent with the sound or proton thermal speeds, while the speeds perpendicular to the radial direction are consistent with non-thermal motions measured via coronal Doppler-line broadening, interpreted as Alfv\'enic fluctuations. Landau damping of parallel propagating ion-sound (slow MHD) waves allow an estimate of the proton heating rate. The energy deposition rates due to ion-sound wave damping peak at a heliocentric distance of $\sim(1-3)$ $R_\odot$ are comparable to the rates available from a turbulent cascade of Alfv\'enic waves at large scales, suggesting a coherent picture of energy transfer, via the cascade or/and parametric decay of Alfv\'en waves to the small scales where heating takes place.
Effects of school‐based interventions for direct delivery of physical activity on fitness and cardiometabolic markers in children and adolescents: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials

To evaluate the effectiveness of school‐based physical activity interventions on fitness, adiposity and cardiometabolic outcomes among schoolchildren. Medline, Embase, EBSCOhost CINAHL and ERIC databases were searched up to October 2012. Inclusion criteria: intervention delivered at school with controls having no intervention or usual physical education classes; participants aged 5–18 years; outcomes spanning some or all of the above. We assessed levels of evidence for identified trials based on methodological quality and sample size. Dose of the interventions (a total summary measure of intensity, frequency and duration) were considered. Eighteen randomized controlled trials (RCTs, total participants = 6,207) were included, of which six were large, higher quality trials with high dose of the intervention. The intervention was consistent in increasing fitness with large, higher quality studies and high dose of intervention providing strong evidence. Dose of school‐based physical activity is an important determinant of trial efficiency. Some large, higher quality RCTs provided strong evidence for interventions to decrease skin‐fold thickness, increase fitness and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. Evidence for body mass index, body fat and waist circumference, blood pressure and triglycerides, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol remain inconclusive and require additional higher quality studies with high dose of interventions to provide conclusive evidence.
Characteristics on the Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP) of women with Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa

The Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP) was given to 60 women 18-34 years old, 19 of them having a DSM-IV diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and 41 of Bulimia Nervosa (BN). The aim of the study was to examine differences in KSP results between the AN and the BN women and between five subgroups of these, two of them anorexic (clusters 1 and 2) and three bulimic (clusters 3, 4 and 5), a classification determined by means of a hierarchical cluster analysis reported in Wilhelmsson and Andersson (2005). No statistically significant differences between the AN and BN groups on any of the 15 KSP scales were found. The scales of somatic anxiety, psychic anxiety, psychasthenia and detachment differentiated between the subgroups. The most marked difference was found for psychic anxiety, women in each of clusters 1 and 4 more often scoring higher on it than those in each of clusters 2 and 3. Women in cluster 4 scored higher on detachment than those in cluster 3. The findings for psychic anxiety and detachment corresponded on the whole to those found previously for the variables ineffectiveness and interpersonal distrust on the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI).
Dysfunctional breathing in children with asthma: a rare but relevant comorbidity

Hyperventilation and other clinical manifestations of dysfunctional breathing have been reported in childhood, but the prevalence is unknown. In adults, dysfunctional breathing may be a relevant comorbidity in asthma. We aimed to determine the prevalence of dysfunctional breathing in children with asthma and its impact on asthma control. We performed a cross-sectional survey in 203 asthmatic children (aged 5–18 years), using the Nijmegen Questionnaire and the paediatric Asthma Control Questionnaire. Dysfunctional breathing was found in 11 (5.3%) children; more females (eight (12.9%) out of 62) than males (three (2.1%) out 144, p=0.002). There was a dose–dependent relationship between increasing Nijmegen Questionnaire scores (increased risk of dysfunctional breathing) and poorer asthma control. Poor asthma control was more common in patients with dysfunctional breathing (10 (90.9%) out of 11 children) than in children without (65 (32.3%) out of 192 children; OR 19.3, 95% CI 3.14–430.70; p<0.0001). The median Asthma Control Questionnaire in children with dysfunctional breathing was higher (median (range) 2.00 (1.50–3.17)) than in children without (0.50 (0.17–1.17); p<0.001). The prevalence of dysfunctional breathing in children and adolescents referred to a hospital-based paediatric asthma clinic for severe or difficult-to-control asthma is 5%. The association between dysfunctional breathing and asthma control suggests that this may be a clinically relevant comorbidity in paediatric asthma.
GraphERE: Jointly Multiple Event-Event Relation Extraction via Graph-Enhanced Event Embeddings

Events describe the state changes of entities. In a document, multiple events are connected by various relations (e.g., Coreference, Temporal, Causal, and Subevent). Therefore, obtaining the connections between events through Event-Event Relation Extraction (ERE) is critical to understand natural language. There are two main problems in the current ERE works: a. Only embeddings of the event triggers are used for event feature representation, ignoring event arguments (e.g., time, place, person, etc.) and their structure within the event. b. The interconnection between relations (e.g., temporal and causal relations usually interact with each other ) is ignored. To solve the above problems, this paper proposes a jointly multiple ERE framework called GraphERE based on Graph-enhanced Event Embeddings. First, we enrich the event embeddings with event argument and structure features by using static AMR graphs and IE graphs; Then, to jointly extract multiple event relations, we use Node Transformer and construct Task-specific Dynamic Event Graphs for each type of relation. Finally, we used a multi-task learning strategy to train the whole framework. Experimental results on the latest MAVEN-ERE dataset validate that GraphERE significantly outperforms existing methods. Further analyses indicate the effectiveness of the graph-enhanced event embeddings and the joint extraction strategy.
Levels of Comparison in Educational Studies: Different Insights from Different Literatures and the Value of Multilevel Analyses

Research in the field of comparative education has traditionally focused on studies across world regions and countries. In this article, Mark Bray and R. Murray Thomas argue that this approach often yields incomplete and unbalanced perspectives on educational studies because it fails to consider salient differences among states, districts, schools, classrooms, and individuals. The authors illustrate the need for a broader conceptualization of comparative education and propose multilevel analysis as a more comprehensive model of research that can integrate insights gleaned from single-level approaches.
Alexander Fleming, 1881-1955

Alexander Fleming (18811955) After Louis Pasteur's and Robert Koch's publications on the germ theory of disease, doctors developed a better understanding of the cause of infection. However, methods of treatment were still limited to vaccinations and anti-toxins. Joseph Lister's carbolic spray worked with some success during operations, but was not suitable for everyday use. The question was, how could people be protected against infection on a day to day basis?