Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE EFFECTS OF AGGREGATE AND GENDER-SPECIFIC LABOR DEMAND SHOCKS ON CHILD HEALTH

In this paper, we estimate the relationship between cyclical changes in aggregate labor market opportunities and child health outcomes. In addition to using state unemployment rates to proxy for labor market conditions, as is common in the existing literature, we construct predicted employment growth indices that allow us to separately identify demand-induced changes in labor market opportunities for fathers and mothers. In contrast with prominent studies of adult health, we find no evidence that negative shocks to general economic conditions are associated with improvements in contemporaneous measures of children’s health. We do find, however, that focusing on gender-inclusive economic variables obscures the extent to which the labor market affects children. Specifically, we find evidence that improvements in labor market conditions facing women are associated with worse child health, while improvements in men’s labor market conditions have smaller positive effects on child health. These patterns, which are consistent with previous findings on the effects of individual parental employment and job displacement, suggest that family income and maternal time use are both important mechanisms mediating the effects of aggregate labor market conditions on child health. Marianne Page Department of Economics University of California, Davis Davis, CA 95616-8578 and NBER mepage@ucdavis.edu Jessamyn Schaller Department of Economics University of Arizona McClelland Hall 401PP Tucson, AZ 85721 and NBER jschaller@email.arizona. edu David Simon University of Connecticut Department of Economics 365 Fairfield Way, Unit 1063 Storrs, CT, 06269-1063 david.simon@uconn.edu A online appendix is available at http://www.nber. org/data-appendix/w22394
Comparison of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Specific Infection-Enhancing and -Inhibiting Antibodies in AIDS Patients

ABSTRACT The humoral immune response of the human host against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoproteins comprises virus-neutralizing antibodies (NAs), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-mediating (ADCC) antibodies, and infection-enhancing antibodies (IEAs). Because of their potential significance for the outcome of infection with this virus, we have studied the relative prevalence of NAs, ADCC antibodies, and IEAs in the sera of patients infected with HIV. Our results demonstrate that while ≥60% of serum samples are positive for NAs or ADCC antibodies, 72% of these serum samples mediate the enhancement of infection in the presence of complement. In patients with low CD4 counts, NA and ADCC antibody levels tend to decrease, while IEA levels increase. A significant positive correlation was found only between the presence of ADCC antibodies and the presence of antibodies that neutralized HIV-1 in the presence of complement. These results show that the anti-HIV-1 humoral immune response consists of a mixture of antibodies that may inhibit or enhance HIV infection and whose ratios may vary in different stages of the infection.
Intrinsic Image Decomposition Using Multi‐Scale Measurements and Sparsity

Automatic decomposition of intrinsic images, especially for complex real‐world images, is a challenging under‐constrained problem. Thus, we propose a new algorithm that generates and combines multi‐scale properties of chromaticity differences and intensity contrast. The key observation is that the estimation of image reflectance, which is neither a pixel‐based nor a region‐based property, can be improved by using multi‐scale measurements of image content. The new algorithm iteratively coarsens a graph reflecting the reflectance similarity between neighbouring pixels. Then multi‐scale reflectance properties are aggregated so that the graph reflects the reflectance property at different scales. This is followed by a L0 sparse regularization on the whole reflectance image, which enforces the variation in reflectance images to be high‐frequency and sparse. We formulate this problem through energy minimization which can be solved efficiently within a few iterations. The effectiveness of the new algorithm is tested with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) dataset, the Intrinsic Images in the Wild (IIW) dataset, and various natural images.
Dissimilarity is used as Evidence of Category Membership in Multidimensional Perceptual Categorization: A Test of the Similarity–Dissimilarity Generalized Context Model

In exemplar models of categorization, the similarity between an exemplar and category members constitutes evidence that the exemplar belongs to the category. We test the possibility that the dissimilarity to members of competing categories also contributes to this evidence. Data were collected from two 2-dimensional perceptual categorization experiments, one with lines varying in orientation and length and the other with coloured patches varying in saturation and brightness. Model fits of the similarity–dissimilarity generalized context model were used to compare a model where only similarity was used with a model where both similarity and dissimilarity were used. For the majority of participants the similarity–dissimilarity model provided both a significantly better fit and better generalization, suggesting that people do also use dissimilarity as evidence.
EVOLUTIONARY GAMES IN WRIGHT'S ISLAND MODEL: KIN SELECTION MEETS EVOLUTIONARY GAME THEORY

This article studies evolutionary game dynamics in Wright's infinite island model. I study a general n×n matrix game and derive a basic equation that describes the change in frequency of strategies. A close observation of this equation reveals that three distinct effects are at work: direct benefit to a focal individual, kin‐selected indirect benefit to the focal individual via its relatives, and the cost caused by increased kin competition in the focal individual's natal deme. Crucial parameters are the coefficient of relatedness between two individuals and its analogue for three individuals. I provide a number of examples and show when the traditional inclusive fitness measure is recovered and when not. Results demonstrate how evolutionary game theory fits into the framework of kin selection.
Synthesis of Narrowband Linear-Phase FIR Filters With a Piecewise-Polynomial Impulse Response

Classes of linear-phase finite-impulse response (FIR) filters with a piecewise-polynomial impulse response are proposed for the four types of linear-phase FIR filters. In addition, very efficient recursive structures to implement these filters in a straightforward and consistent manner are proposed. The desired impulse response is created by using a parallel connection of several filter branches. Only one branch has an impulse response of the full filter length, whereas the impulse responses are shorter for the remaining branches but the center is at the same location. The arithmetic complexity of these filters is proportional to the number of branches and the common polynomial order for each branch, rather than the actual filter order. In order to generate the overall piecewise-polynomial impulse response the polynomial coefficients are found, with the aid of linear programming, by optimizing the responses in the minimax sense, for both narrowband conventional filters and narrowband differentiators. The generation of these structures is based on the use of accumulators so that after using an accumulator, the resulting impulse response is divided into two parts. The first part follows the desired polynomial form, and the second part is what is left after the division, i.e., the nonpolynomial part. This same procedure can be used for all the following accumulators. Several examples are included, illustrating the benefits of the proposed filters, in terms of a reduced number of unknowns used in the optimization and the reduced number of multipliers required in the actual implementation.
Discrete-continuous maximum likelihood for the estimation of nested logit models

In this paper we aim at integrating the selection of a nesting structure to the maximum likelihood framework of the parameter estimation. Given a finite set of nesting structures, the traditional approach is to estimate the models corresponding to each of them and select a posteriori the most appropriate one based on some fit statistics and informal testing procedures. However, the number of possible nesting structures grows as a function of the number of alternatives. Our approach simultaneously solves the problem of selecting the optimal nesting structure and estimating its corresponding parameters with maximum likelihood. We call this discrete-continuous maximum likelihood (DCML). We are able to linearize the logarithm in the objective function so that it results in a mixed integer linear problem.
Partial Discharge Measurements on Components Energized by Power Electronic Frequency Converters

The voltage source used for testing electrical equipment has to achieve special requirements, which are noted in the international standards. Still today the test voltages for routineand type tests of utilities for the power engineering are generated by motor-generator sets. Attempting to replace the m. -g. sets with static frequency converters, two major problems occur in implementing this technology for testing applications: the insufficient quality of the output voltage and the high background noise for partial discharge (pd) measurements. This paper deals with the reasons for the high interference level and the elimination of disturbing emission.
Histopathologic Classification of Breast Cancer in Sweden and Italy: A Comparison between two Pathologists

Two large series of breast cancers (BC), identified in the Pathology Departments of Malmö (Sweden) and Florence (Italy), were independently reviewed by two experienced pathologists, one from each department. Overall, comparison of diagnoses of 372 BCs according to a simplified WHO histologic classification system (in four combined categories) revealed agreement for 74 % of the cases. Concordance, as measured by the kappa statistic, was relatively good (0.53 overall). Kappa values for specific categories were also acceptable, being highest for « invasive lobular » BC (0.63) and lowest for « other types » (0.45). The kappa value for « noninvasive » versus all other categories of invasive BC was 0.53. Some BCs were systematically classified as « noninvasive » by one pathologist and as « invasive ductal with a predominant intraductal component » by the other. Invasive lobular BCs were also diagnosed more frequently by one pathologist. These findings suggest that when planning geographical or temporal comparisons of distribution for BC histologic categories, standardization of classification and a centralized review may play an important role.
ULTRAFILTRATION OF THE PRIMING BLOOD BEFORE CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS ATTENUATES INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE AND IMPROVES POSTOPERATIVE CLINICAL COURSE IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS

ABSTRACT The priming solution using in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for infants undergoing cardiac surgery includes considerable amounts of stored blood. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that ultrafiltration (UF) of the stored blood before CPB reduces the unfavorable effects of stored blood and the production of inflammatory cytokines. Fifty pediatric patients with congenital heart defects took part in this study. The patients were randomly divided into two groups: the UF (27 pediatric patients who received UF) and control (23 pediatric patients who did not receive UF) groups. UF was performed with a polysulphone ultrafiltrator before CPB. Blood samples were collected immediately before, during, and 1 h after CPB. The levels of cytokines (TNF‐&agr;, IL‐1&bgr;, IL‐8), NH3, and bradykinin were determined. The serum concentrations of NH3 and bradykinin decreased significantly after UF. Compared with the control group, the UF group had significantly lower cytokine production. Water balance in UF group was better than that of control group. The UF group received significantly less inotropic support and shorter duration of ventilator support and ICU stay. We conclude that removal of bradykinin and a decrease in the levels of NH3, potassium, and pH play a significant role in reducing water retention and postoperative lung injury. UF of the blood used to prime the circuit for CPB is a safe and efficient method for use in open heart surgery in small pediatric patients.
Road Extraction From Satellite Images Using Particle Filtering and Extended Kalman Filtering

Extended Kalman filter (EKF) has previously been employed to extract road maps in satellite images. This filter traces a single road until a stopping criterion is satisfied. In our new approach, we have combined EKF with a special particle filter (PF) in order to regain the trace of the road beyond obstacles, as well as to find and follow different road branches after reaching to a road junction. In this approach, first, EKF traces a road until a stopping criterion is met. Then, instead of terminating the process, the results are passed to the PF algorithm which tries to find the continuation of the road after a possible obstacle or to identify all possible road branches that might exist on the other side of a road junction. For further improvement, we have modified the procedure for obtaining the measurements by decoupling this process from the current state prediction of the filter. Removing the dependence of the measurement data to the predicted state reduces the potential for instability of the road-tracing algorithm. Furthermore, we have constructed a method for dynamic clustering of the road profiles in order to maintain tracking when the road profile undergoes some variations due to changes in the road width and intensity.
Efficacy and the Discriminative Stimulus Effects of Negative GABAA Modulators, or Inverse Agonists, in Diazepam-Treated Rhesus Monkeys

In benzodiazepine (BZ)-dependent animals, the effects of negative GABAA modulators at BZ sites are not clearly related to differences in negative efficacy (i.e., inverse agonist activity). A flumazenil discriminative stimulus in diazepam (5.6 mg/kg/day)-treated rhesus monkeys was used to test the hypothesis that the effects of negative GABAA modulators at BZ sites do not vary as a function of efficacy in BZ-dependent animals. Negative GABAA modulators varying in efficacy were studied in combination with positive modulators acting at different modulatory sites (BZ, barbiturate, and neuroactive steroid sites). The negative modulators Ro 15-4513 (ethyl 8-azido-6-dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazo[1,5-α]-[1,4]benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate) and ethyl β-carboline-3-carboxylate (β-CCE) substituted for the flumazenil discriminative stimulus. Acute pretreatment with diazepam (3.2 and 10 mg/kg s.c., in addition to 5.6 mg/kg/day p.o.), pentobarbital (3.2 and 10 mg/kg), or pregnanolone (1 and 3.2 mg/kg) attenuated the flumazenil discriminative stimulus and also attenuated the flumazenil-like discriminative stimulus effects of Ro 15-4513 and β-CCE. Attenuation of the discriminative stimulus effects of flumazenil, Ro 15-4513, and β-CCE did not systematically vary as a function of negative efficacy. Compared with their discriminative stimulus effects in untreated monkeys discriminating midazolam, both pregnanolone and pentobarbital were relatively more potent than diazepam in attenuating the discriminative stimulus effects of flumazenil, Ro 15-4513, and β-CCE in diazepam-treated monkeys. These results show that the discriminative stimulus effects of BZ-site neutral and negative modulators are not different in BZ-dependent animals trained to discriminate flumazenil, and extend the results of a previous study showing that positive modulators acting at non-BZ sites are especially potent in attenuating the effects of flumazenil in diazepam-treated monkeys (i.e., diazepam withdrawal).
A Design Methodology for Efficient Implementation of Deconvolutional Neural Networks on an FPGA

Author(s): Zhang, Xinyu | Advisor(s): Kreutz-Delgado, Ken; Smarr, Larry | Abstract: In recent years deep learning algorithms have shown extremely high performance on machine learning tasks such as image classification and speech recognition. In support of such applications, various FPGA accelerator architectures have been proposed for convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that enable high performance for classification tasks at lower power than CPU and GPU processors. However, to date, there has been little research on the use of FPGA implementations of deconvolutional neural networks (DCNNs). DCNNs, also known as generative CNNs, encode high-dimensional probability distributions and have been widely used for computer vision applications such as scene completion, scene segmentation, image creation, image denoising, and super-resolution imaging. We propose an FPGA architecture for deconvolutional networks built around an accelerator which effectively handles the complex memory access patterns needed to perform strided deconvolutions, and that supports convolution as well. We also develop a three-step design optimization method that systematically exploits statistical analysis, design space exploration and VLSI optimization. To verify our FPGA deconvolutional accelerator design methodology we train DCNNs offline on two representative datasets using the generative adversarial network method (GAN) run on Tensorflow, and then map these DCNNs to an FPGA DCNN-plus-accelerator implementation to perform generative inference on a Xilinx Zynq-7000 FPGA. Our DCNN implementation achieves a peak performance density of 0.012 GOPs/DSP.
Substance use outcomes following treatment: Findings from the Australian Patient Pathways Study

Background and Aims: Our understanding of patient pathways through specialist Alcohol and Other Drug treatment and broader health/welfare systems in Australia remains limited. This study examines how treatment outcomes are influenced by continuity in specialist Alcohol and Other Drug treatment, engagement with community services and mutual aid, and explores differences between clients who present with a primary alcohol problem relative to those presenting with a primary drug issue. Method: In a prospective, multi-site treatment outcome study, 796 clients from 21 Alcohol and Other Drug services in Victoria and Western Australia completed a baseline interview between January 2012 and January 2013. A total of 555 (70%) completed a follow-up assessment of subsequent service use and Alcohol and Other Drug use outcomes 12-months later. Results: Just over half of the participants (52.0%) showed reliable reductions in use of, or abstinence from, their primary drug of concern. This was highest among clients with meth/amphetamine (66%) as their primary drug of concern and lowest among clients with alcohol as their primary drug of concern (47%), with 31% achieving abstinence from all drugs of concern. Continuity of specialist Alcohol and Other Drug care was associated with higher rates of abstinence than fragmented Alcohol and Other Drug care. Different predictors of treatment success emerged for clients with a primary drug problem as compared to those with a primary alcohol problem; mutual aid attendance (odds ratio = 2.5) and community service engagement (odds ratio = 2.0) for clients with alcohol as the primary drug of concern, and completion of the index treatment (odds ratio = 2.8) and continuity in Alcohol and Other Drug care (odds ratio = 1.8) when drugs were the primary drugs of concern. Conclusion: This is the first multi-site Australian study to include treatment outcomes for alcohol and cannabis users, who represent 70% of treatment seekers in Alcohol and Other Drug services. Results suggest a substantial proportion of clients respond positively to treatment, but that clients with alcohol as their primary drug problem may require different treatment pathways, compared to those with illicit drug issues, to maximise outcomes.
Targeted gene therapy in radiotherapy

Targeted gene therapy in radiotherapy The dramatic pace in development of gene therapy over the past decades has made it a realistic alternative for the treatment of cancer. Radiotherapy, on the other hand, is one of the most commonly used and well established cancer treatment modalities. The latest improvements in the physical targeting ability of radiotherapy and understanding of the molecular mechanism involved in the cellular response to ionizing radiation have presented an opportunity to combine radiotherapy with gene therapy. This review article will focus on gene therapy strategies that can be used to enhance the effectiveness of radiotherapy, with an emphasis on transcriptional targeting approaches.
Depression: Distress or Disease? Some Epidemiological Considerations

Surveys using clinical-type interviews have documented a high rate of depression among working-class women, and this is discussed in the light of a recent survey in an inner-city area. While women with caseness of depression contacting a psychiatrist did not differ in number of core depressive symptoms from those who did, they did in certain characteristics that would make them worrying for a general practitioner to deal with. It is concluded that there is a considerable overlap in the severity of depressive conditions between those seen by psychiatrists and those defined as cases in population surveys; any differences that do exist may relate more to the way symptoms are expressed than to the severity of the depressive disorder as such.
Identification via channels

The authors' main finding is that any object among doubly exponentially many objects can be identified in blocklength n with arbitrarily small error probability via a discrete memoryless channel (DMC), if randomization can be used for the encoding procedure. A novel doubly exponential coding theorem is presented which determines the optimal R, that is, the identification capacity of the DMC as a function of its transmission probability matrix. This identification capacity is a well-known quantity, namely, Shannon's transmission capacity for the DMC. >
Towards a quantum theory of long-wavelength gravity.

A quantum theory of long-wavelength gravity interacting with a dust field $\ensuremath{\chi}$ is proposed in 3+1 dimensions. These models are superior to homogeneous minisuperspace models of quantum cosmology because they describe the nonlinear quantum evolution of inhomogeneities. In addition, they may be used to describe the late stages of gravitational collapse. For a special choice of operator ordering, a wave functional $\ensuremath{\Psi}$ is given which satisfies both the energy constraint as well as the momentum constraint. The positive probability ${|\ensuremath{\Psi}|}^{2}$ is conserved on time hypersurfaces where the dust field is uniform. Explicit Green's function solutions are given. If one considers an ad hoc potential $V(\ensuremath{\chi})$ which is a function of the dust field, one can discuss the quantum mechanics of dust-driven inflation. The initial conditions for the long-wavelength wave functional arise from short-wavelength quantum processes. The statistics of the wave functional may possibly be tested in cosmic microwave background anisotropy experiments.