Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When is Nonlinear Dynamic Modeling Necessary?

The purpose of this paper is to propose an answer to the title's question, and examine the ramifications of the provided answer. Our proposition is to quantify the nonlinearity of a system by a carefully defined 2-norm, which results from a newly constructed inner product. We develop the pertinent theory which allows the easy computation of this norm for a broad class of nonlinear dynamic systems, through Monte Carlo calculations. Explicit formulae are provided for linear systems. In addition, the problem of best approximation of a nonlinear system by a linear or nonlinear model is put in perspective, and pathways to computationally convenient solutions are charted. Practical issues are elucidated through examples of chemical engineering relevance. Further elaboration will be included in forthcoming publications.
Achilles: NiCT/ATR Chinese Morphological Analyzer for the Fourth Sighan Bakeoff

We created a new Chinese morphological analyzer, Achilles, by integrating rule-based, dictionary-based, and statistical machine learning method, conditional random fields (CRF). The rulebased method is used to recognize regular expressions: numbers, time and alphabets. The dictionary-based method is used to find in-vocabulary (IV) words while outof-vocabulary (OOV) words are detected by the CRFs. At last, confidence measure based approach is used to weigh all the results and output the best ones. Achilles was used and evaluated in the bakeoff. We participated the closed tracks of word segmentation and part-of-speech tagging for all the provided corpus. In spite of an unexpected file encoding errors, the system exhibited a top level performance. A higher word segmentation accuracy for the corpus ckip and ncc were achieved. We are ranked at the fifth and eighth position out of all 19 and 26 submissions respectively for the two corpus. Achilles uses a feature combined approach for partof-speech tagging. Our post-evaluation results prove the effectiveness of this approach for POS tagging.
Multiple vehicle tracking using invariant moments and Hough transform

In this paper, we describe a real time vehicle tracking using image processing techniques. The moving vehicles are segmented from the input image sequence using differential edge images. The vehicles are tracked using statistical invariant moments. The direction of vehicles is determined by the Hough transform. The direction of the vehicles is determined from the straight lines in the direction of the principal axes of the vehicles. The motion information is calculated from the displacement of the vehicles and the change of direction of vehicles in the consecutive frames. The algorithm is tested on different real time image sequences.
Pharmacotherapy in the management of asthma in the elderly: a review of clinical studies

Asthma in the elderly is a disease with emerging concern. Despite some recent advances in our understanding of epidemiology and pathophysiology, there is a considerable lack of clinical evidence specific to elderly patients. Currently available high quality clinical evidence has been mostly obtained from younger adults, but rarely from elderly patients. Under-representation of elderly patients in previous randomized trials may have been due to being, old age, or having comorbidities. Thus, a question may be raised whether current clinical evidence could be well generalized into elderly patients. Further clinical trials should address clinical issues raised in elderly population. In this review, we aimed to overview the efficacy and safety of pharmacological management, and also to summarize the literature relevant to elderly asthma.
Who are the victims of property crime in Mexico

Purpose - – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of social exposure activities, risk awareness measures, individual and family characteristics and the socioeconomic environment where the individual resides on the probability of property crime victimization. Design/methodology/approach - – A state preference model of crime is employed using victimization surveys data for several years complemented with municipality level data from population census. Logit regressions for the probability of victimization are run for males and females separately and using different specifications. Findings - – Regression estimates show that self-protection measures do not offset significantly the probability of victimization and that the likelihood of repeat victimization is highly significant. The most likely victims of property crime in Mexico do not live in highly marginalized communities. Finally, the covariates related to income are stronger predictors of victimization than the level of social exposure. Research limitations/implications - – Further research is needed that considers other types of crime and complements the victimization data with police resources data. Social implications - – This paper helps to obtain a better understanding of property crime in Mexico and its victims. The main results can help policy makers to allocate scarce resources more efficiently and design more efficient measures to fight property crime in Mexico. Originality/value - – The data set used combines individual and family data from several victimization surveys and complements it with municipality level characteristics from population census. The analysis of victimization is made for the entire country and not for large cities only.
The capacity of three-receiver AWGN broadcast channels with receiver message side information

This paper investigates the capacity region of three-receiver AWGN broadcast channels where the receivers (i) have private-message requests and (ii) know the messages requested by some other receivers as side information. We classify these channels based on their side information into eight groups, and construct different transmission schemes for the groups. For six groups, we characterize the capacity region, and show that it improves both the best known inner and outer bounds. For the remaining two groups, we improve the best known inner bound by using side information during channel decoding at the receivers.
Applied Network Analysis: A Methodological Introduction

Applied Network Analysis is a reference book on the methodology of network analysis -- the study of the structure of relations between people, groups or formal organizations. Illustrations from real research show the problems that arise in network analysis -- and how to resolve or avoid them. Primarily written by Burt and Minor, the book has the cohesion of a text while still using work from other leading network analysts.
Comparison of transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasonography for the assessment of cervical length at 16–23 weeks of gestation

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasonography for the cervical length assessment and to evaluate the predictive value of the transabdominal ultrasonography cervical length assessment for predicting preterm birth. A prospective cohort study was conducted. Transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasonography cervical length assessments were performed in 160 pregnant women between 16 and 23 + 6 weeks of gestation. Transabdominal ultrasonography cervical length assessment was positively correlated with the transvaginal ultrasonography cervical length assessment. Mean ± standard deviation of the cervical length was significantly different between transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasonography (36.4 ± 5.4 vs. 41.2 ± 5.4 mm, p < .001). Transabdominal cervical length was shorter than the transvaginal cervical length with a mean difference of 4.8 mm. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for predicting preterm birth when the transabdominal cervical length was ≤35 mm, were 50%, 52.1%, 9.1%, and 91.6%, respectively. In conclusion, transabdominal ultrasonography cervical length assessment is positively correlated with the transvaginal ultrasonography cervical length assessment. Transabdominal cervical length assessment was not a good predictor of preterm birth.
Moving to a Global Stage: A Media View.

The Times Higher Education Supplement was the first newspaper to publish an international ranking of universities in November 2004. This article describes the evolution of the international rankings from their origin in a limited peer review exercise through the gradual refinement of a national ranking based on, as far as possible, publicly available, verifiable, and accepted data. The author describes the methodology of the international ranking and presents the case for the integrity of commercially produced rankings, national and international, which can be as objective, robust, and transparent as initiatives from within the university community itself. 1. This article draws on a presentation to the first working group meeting for the project, “Higher Education Ranking Systems and Methodologies: How They Work, What They Do,” organized by the Institute for Higher Education Policy and the UNESCO‐European Centre for Higher Education, Washington D.C., 10–11 December, 2004.
Using fMRI non-local means denoising to uncover activation in sub-cortical structures at 1.5 T for guided HARDI tractography

In recent years, there has been ever-increasing interest in combining functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) for better understanding the link between cortical activity and connectivity, respectively. However, it is challenging to detect and validate fMRI activity in key sub-cortical areas such as the thalamus, given that they are prone to susceptibility artifacts due to the partial volume effects (PVE) of surrounding tissues (GM/WM interface). This is especially true on relatively low-field clinical MR systems (e.g., 1.5 T). We propose to overcome this limitation by using a spatial denoising technique used in structural MRI and more recently in diffusion MRI called non-local means (NLM) denoising, which uses a patch-based approach to suppress the noise locally. To test this, we measured fMRI in 20 healthy subjects performing three block-based tasks : eyes-open closed (EOC) and left/right finger tapping (FTL, FTR). Overall, we found that NLM yielded more thalamic activity compared to traditional denoising methods. In order to validate our pipeline, we also investigated known structural connectivity going through the thalamus using HARDI tractography: the optic radiations, related to the EOC task, and the cortico-spinal tract (CST) for FTL and FTR. To do so, we reconstructed the tracts using functionally based thalamic and cortical ROIs to initiates seeds of tractography in a two-level coarse-to-fine fashion. We applied this method at the single subject level, which allowed us to see the structural connections underlying fMRI thalamic activity. In summary, we propose a new fMRI processing pipeline which uses a recent spatial denoising technique (NLM) to successfully detect sub-cortical activity which was validated using an advanced dMRI seeding strategy in single subjects at 1.5 T.
Riding a tiger? South Asia and the problem of ‘religion’

Abstract Our objective as editors of this special issue on ‘Teaching Across South Asian Religious Traditions’ is to interrogate the category of ‘religion’ and its use in higher education (university) teaching on South Asia. In particular, we take issue with the presentation of South Asian religious traditions in terms solely of a ‘World Religions’ model, and seek to challenge this by exploring ways of teaching across these traditions. Religion is examined first as a conceptual development associated with European expansion. We then go on to look at this development specifically in the context of modern South Asia, and at academic work that has been critical of the category because of its apparent distortion of social reality in the region. While acknowledging the value of this work, we argue that there is a critical need to recognise the role of the category in the construction of South Asian modernity. As such, religion remains a valid analytical tool in the study of the region. However, its usage needs to be framed by an awareness of its historical development and by other possible ways of conceptualising or relating practices and ideas in South Asia that might otherwise simply be termed religious in a World Religions model. We examine various approaches to this framing, and suggest a number of strategies that may be employed to challenge students' assumptions and enable them to analyse data in new and creative ways. The essays in this volume provide us with valuable signposts to how this can be achieved.
Modeling heterogeneous data in dataspace

Recently, dataspace has been proposed as a new architecture in the evolution of information integration. However, how to fulfill the vision of dataspace, i.e. pay-as-you-go integration, is still a suspensive issue, and the first challenge is data modeling. In this paper, we present a flexible data model called triple model which is similar to RDF but more suitable to dataspace applications. Information in arbitrary data model can be uniformly represented by triple model in dataspace. According to pre-defined rules, each information item would be decomposed into a bunch of structures called triple, and all triples are loosely connected to form a unified view without reconciling semantic heterogeneity upfront. Then users are enabled to query or search in a uniform way over all heterogeneous information sources. Further, when users demand, existing dataspace can be incrementally enhanced by tighter integrations.
Offline Internet banking fraud detection

Nowadays, most important topic about Internet banking is security. Banks' basic concern is ensuring their customers' electronic transactions. Nevertheless, fraudsters are becoming more sophisticated and they act really clever to achieve their target. Having this knowledge, banks try to optimize their detection systems in order to detect fraud and investigate suspect online behavior and transactions. Object of this paper is to demonstrate one successful fraud detection model which is established in Greece. Apart from the offline Internet banking fraud detection system itself, which is described briefly, our scope is to present its contribution in fast and reliable detection of any "strange" transaction including fraudulent ones.
Redetermination of 5-iodouracil

The title compound (systematic name: 2,4-dihydroxy-5-iodopyrimidine), C4H3IN2O2, which was first reported by Sternglanz, Freeman & Bugg [Acta Cryst. (1975 ▶), B31, 1393–1395], has been redetermined, providing a significant increase in the precision of the derived geometric parameters. The asymmetric unit comprises a non-planar molecule in a slightly distorted B25 boat conformation. The molecules are associated in the crystal structure to form ribbons stabilized by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds which involve NH groups and two carbonyl O atoms.
Fluorinated Aromatic Amino Acids Distinguish Cation-π Interactions from Membrane Insertion*

Background: Peripheral membrane proteins can interact with zwitterionic phospholipid headgroups or lipid tails. Results: Incorporation of fluorinated Phe or Tyr differentiates side chain insertion from PC-cation-π complexes. Conclusion: Enhanced binding of a fluorinated protein implies side chain insertion; weakened binding represents a cation-π complex. Significance: Fluorinated Tyr or Phe incorporation can elucidate membrane binding modes. Cation-π interactions, where protein aromatic residues supply π systems while a positive-charged portion of phospholipid head groups are the cations, have been suggested as important binding modes for peripheral membrane proteins. However, aromatic amino acids can also insert into membranes and hydrophobically interact with lipid tails. Heretofore there has been no facile way to differentiate these two types of interactions. We show that specific incorporation of fluorinated amino acids into proteins can experimentally distinguish cation-π interactions from membrane insertion of the aromatic side chains. Fluorinated aromatic amino acids destabilize the cation-π interactions by altering electrostatics of the aromatic ring, whereas their increased hydrophobicity enhances membrane insertion. Incorporation of pentafluorophenylalanine or difluorotyrosine into a Staphylococcus aureus phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C variant engineered to contain a specific PC-binding site demonstrates the effectiveness of this methodology. Applying this methodology to the plethora of tyrosine residues in Bacillus thuringiensis phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C definitively identifies those involved in cation-π interactions with phosphatidylcholine. This powerful method can easily be used to determine the roles of aromatic residues in other peripheral membrane proteins and in integral membrane proteins.
The boundary of social phobia. Exploring the threshold.

BACKGROUND Individuals with subthreshold social phobia (SSP) in the community are characterized relative to nonphobic, healthy controls (C), and diagnosed social phobics (SP). METHODS Data from 1488 subjects from the Duke University Epidemiological Catchment Area Study were examined. Bivariate and multivariate methods were used to compare the SSP, SP, and C groups on 10 sets of variables. RESULTS Compared with C respondents, SSP respondents were more likely to be female and unmarried and to report less income and education. The SSP respondents were also more likely to report work attendance problems, poor grades in school, symptoms of conduct disturbance, impaired subjective social support, lack of self-confidence, lack of a close friend, use of psychotropic drugs in past year, and a greater number of life changes, chronic medical problems, and mental health visits within the past 6 months. In a multivariate logistic regression model with group membership as the dependent variable, compared with C respondents, SSP respondents were more likely to be female, to have less education, and to report more indicators of poor school performance and symptoms of adolescent conduct disturbance. In contrast, in a similar but separate multivariate model, compared with SP respondents, SSP respondents met the criteria for fewer DSM-III psychiatric disorders and were less likely to report impaired instrumental support. CONCLUSION Social phobia adversely affects over 10% of the population. Previous epidemiologic catchment area-based prevalence estimates have probably been unrealistically low.
Biotechnology and the Popular Press in Northern Belgium

The media representation of biotechnology has received widespread attention during the last decade. Two gaps, however, are present in this literature, both of which are addressed in this study. We present data from a content analysis of coverage appearing in three popular newspapers in Northern Belgium between January 2000 and October 2004 (N = 506). The main findings reveal that the trends identified in the European elite press from 1992 to 1999 are confirmed and strengthened after 2000 in popular press coverage, resulting in a greater diversity of sources and perspectives than before. Our findings also reveal that different media sources achieve standing to strategically frame the biotech issue in advantageous terms, resulting in different representations for each application. Hegemonic discourse in terms of a source-generated pro-biotechnology bias is found to be solid for biomedical biotechnology, heavily under siege by challengers in the case of agricultural biotechnology, and characterized by dissension in the case of reproductive cloning.
Common-grounded BLDCM Drive System Based on FPGA

This paper proposed a kind of common-grounded brushless DC motor (BLDCM) drive system based on field programmed gate array (FPGA) control. The proposed system has two characteristics: one is that the former 60deg of every drive lag applies pulse width modulation (PWM) and the latter 60deg conducts constantly(PWM_ON modulation); the other is that there are no isolating optical couplers between control circuit and drive circuit. So the proposed system has some advantages such as reducing ripple of electromagnetic torque, simplifying drive circuit to reduce the delay of signals, and reducing the cost and bulk of drive system. A prototype is designed based on FPGA chip, and experimental results demonstrated the validity of relative theory.
Physiological gustatory sweating in a warm climate

Gustatory sweating is sweating in response to certain foods, especially spicy foods and acids. Much work has been carried out on pathological gustatory sweating, such as the auriculo-temporal syndrome (Frey, 1923; Guttmann, 1931; Needles, 1936; Langenski6ld, 1946), and on facial sweating resulting from cervico-thoracic ganglionectomies or upper limb sympathectomies (Wilson, 1936; List & Peet, 1938a; Haxton, 1948), but as far as can be ascertained there is no record of any systematic investigation of physiological gustatory sweating, beyond passing reference to the existence of such a phenomenon (Foster, 1895; List & Peet, 1938b).
An NFKB1 Promoter Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism Influences Risk and Outcome in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome among Caucasians

Background Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is required for transcription of many pro-inflammatory genes and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We hypothesized that a known functional polymorphism in the promoter of the NFKB1 gene may affect susceptibility to and outcome from ARDS. Methods A case control study was conducted among a cohort of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with risk factors for the development of ARDS. 379 patients with ARDS and 793 at-risk controls were studied. Patients were followed for 60 days with development of ARDS as a primary outcome; ARDS-related mortality and organ dysfunction were secondary outcomes. Results Patients homozygous for the 4 base pair deletion in the promoter of NFKB1 (del/del) did not have an increased odds ratio (OR) of developing ARDS in unadjusted analysis but were more likely to develop ARDS in the presence of a significant interaction between the del/del genotype and age (OR 5.21, 95% CI 1.35–20.0). In multivariate analysis, patients with ARDS and the del/del genotype also had increased 60 day mortality (HR 1.54, 95% CI 1.01–2.36) and more severe daily organ dysfunction (P<.001) when compared to ARDS patients with other genotypes. Conclusion The del/del genotype is associated with an age-dependent increase in odds of developing ARDS. Patients with the del/del genotype and ARDS also have increased hazard of 60 day mortality and more organ failure.
Antecedents of trust in supervisors, subordinates, and peers

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is first, to assess the generalizability of the Integrative Model of organizational trust to the development of workplace trust in upward, downward, and lateral relationships. Second, it examines the relative importance of ability, benevolence, and integrity in predicting trust in supervisor, subordinate, and peer. Design/methodology/approach – Human resource professionals (n=187) from two sources (a human resource professionals’ organization and a large Canadian corporation) responded to an online survey.Findings – The results indicate that the integrative model of organizational trust was applicable to trust in supervisor, subordinate, and peer. The results also suggest that the relative importance of ability, benevolence, and integrity in predicting trust differed according to the trustor‐trustee dyad.Research limitations/implications – A potential limitation of this study is that data regarding trust in each of the three referents (supervisor, subordinate, and peer).