Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stochastic attribute grammar model of document production and its use in document image decoding

Document image decoding (DID) refers to the process of document recognition within a communication theory framework. In this framework, a logical document structure is a message communicated by encoding the structure as an ideal image, transmitting the ideal image through a noisy channel, and decoding the degraded image into a logical structure as close to the original message as possible, on average. Thus document image decoding is document image recognition where the recognizer performs optimal reconstruction by explicitly modeling the source of logical structures, the encoding procedure, and the channel noise. In previous work, we modeled the source and encoder using probabilistic finite-state automata and transducers. In this paper, we generalize the source and encoder models using context-free attribute grammars. We employ these models in a document image decoder that uses a dynamic programming algorithm to minimize the probability of error between original and reconstructed structures. The dynamic programming algorithm is a generalization of the Cocke-Younger-Kasami parsing algorithm.
Evolution of herbivory in Drosophilidae linked to loss of behaviors, antennal responses, odorant receptors, and ancestral diet

Significance The evolution of herbivory in animals is rare but has resulted in major adaptive radiations. Its rarity suggests that there are barriers to colonization of plants. Behavioral adaptations, involving host plant finding, are likely the first to evolve during the transition to herbivory. A recently evolved herbivorous fly species was derived from yeast-feeding ancestors. This herbivorous fly, unlike its yeast-feeding relatives, lost attraction to yeast volatiles, the ability to detect yeast volatiles, and three genes that encode olfactory receptors critical for detecting yeast volatiles in Drosophila melanogaster. Loss-of-function mutations may play a role in the transition to herbivory in insects, which account for nearly 25% of all species of life. Herbivory is a key innovation in insects, yet has only evolved in one-third of living orders. The evolution of herbivory likely involves major behavioral changes mediated by remodeling of canonical chemosensory modules. Herbivorous flies in the genus Scaptomyza (Drosophilidae) are compelling species in which to study the genomic architecture linked to the transition to herbivory because they recently evolved from microbe-feeding ancestors and are closely related to Drosophila melanogaster. We found that Scaptomyza flava, a leaf-mining specialist on plants in the family (Brassicaceae), was not attracted to yeast volatiles in a four-field olfactometer assay, whereas D. melanogaster was strongly attracted to these volatiles. Yeast-associated volatiles, especially short-chain aliphatic esters, elicited strong antennal responses in D. melanogaster, but weak antennal responses in electroantennographic recordings from S. flava. We sequenced the genome of S. flava and characterized this species’ odorant receptor repertoire. Orthologs of odorant receptors, which detect yeast volatiles in D. melanogaster and mediate critical host-choice behavior, were deleted or pseudogenized in the genome of S. flava. These genes were lost step-wise during the evolution of Scaptomyza. Additionally, Scaptomyza has experienced gene duplication and likely positive selection in paralogs of Or67b in D. melanogaster. Olfactory sensory neurons expressing Or67b are sensitive to green-leaf volatiles. Major trophic shifts in insects are associated with chemoreceptor gene loss as recently evolved ecologies shape sensory repertoires.
Shifting Conceptions of Validity in Educational Measurement: Implications for Performance Assessment

Recent developments in the philosophy of validity, highlighting the importance of investigating the consequences of assessment use, provide theoretical support for the move toward performance assessment. The problem for validity researchers is finding the appropriate set of criteria and standards to simultaneously support the validity of an assessment-based interpretation and the validity of its impact on the educational system. My intent is to provide an integrative and critical review of the guidance available for conducting validity inquiry in the context of performance assessment. In the first section is a summary of the emerging consensus among measurement scholars—not reflected in the 1985 Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing (American Educational Research Association [AERA], American Psychological Association [APA], & National Council on Measurement in Education [NCME])—about the centrality of construct validity to the evaluation of any assessment-based interpretation and about the importance of expanding the concept of validity to include explicit consideration of the consequences of assessment use. The description of this emerging consensus suggests general epistemological principles for validity inquiry. In the second section is a description and synthesis of various categories of questions, evidence, or criteria that have been used to describe or guide validity inquiry, either for assessment in general or for performance assessment in particular. These analytic schemes, like the traditional construct-content-criterion categories, highlight specific issues that their authors consider important for validity researchers to address. Each balances technical concerns about such issues as reliability, generalizability, and comparability with concerns about the consequences of assessment. In the final section is an overview of concerns, expressed largely by interpretive researchers, about validity criteria that privilege standardized forms of assessment, whether performance-based or multiple-choice. These arguments suggest the importance of further expanding the conception of validity inquiry to treat as problematic the epistemological principles used to warrant validity conclusions.
Nutrition Support Team Intervention Improves Activities of Daily Living in Older Patients Undergoing In-Patient Rehabilitation in Japan: A Retrospective Cohort Study

ABSTRACT The effect of nutrition support on activities of daily living (ADL) in individuals aged ≥75 years requiring rehabilitation is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of nutrition support on ADL improvement in older patients undergoing in-patient rehabilitation in Japan. This retrospective cohort study was performed in 175 patients aged ≥75 years. The nutrition support team (NST) intervened in 85 cases. ADL was evaluated by the functional independence measure (FIM). We analyzed the effects of NST intervention on FIM efficiency. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that NST intervention (standard partial regression coefficient, β = 0.164; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.003–0.229; P = 0.044), energy intake at admission (β = 0.179; 95% CI, 0.000–0.016; P = 0.043), body mass index (BMI) at admission (β = 0.227; 95% CI, 0.005–0.046; P = 0.014), and cerebrovascular disease (β = −0.238; 95% CI, −0.298 to −0.063; P = 0.003) were independently associated with FIM efficiency. NST intervention, energy intake, and BMI on admission may affect ADL improvement in older patients undergoing in-patient rehabilitation.
Fabrication of Porous Bulk Metallic Glass

An open-cell porous bulk metallic glass (BMG)with a diameter of at least 6 mm was fabricated by using an U-turn quartz tube and infiltration casting aroundsoluble NaCl placeholders. The pore formation and glassy structure were examined by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the pores or cells are connected to each other and the specimenis composed of a mostly glassy phase.This paper provides a suitable method for fabrication of porous BMG and BMG with larger size in diameter.
The first seven amino acids encoded by the v-src oncogene act as a myristylation signal: lysine 7 is a critical determinant

The transforming protein of Rous sarcoma virus, pp60v-src, is covalently coupled to myristic acid by an amide linkage to glycine 2. Myristylation promotes the association of pp60v-src with cellular membranes, and this subcellular location is essential for transforming activity. The findings presented here, in conjunction with the previous reports of others, imply that the seventh amino acid encoded by v-src might be important in the myristylation reaction. Replacement of lysine 7 by asparagine greatly reduced the myristylation, membrane association, and transforming activity of pp60v-src. In contrast, substitution of arginine at residue 7 had no effect on any of these properties of pp60v-src. Addition of amino acids 1 to 7 encoded by v-src was sufficient to cause myristylation of a src-pyruvate kinase fusion protein. We conclude that the recognition sequence for myristylation of pp60v-src comprises amino acids 1 to 7 and that lysine 7 is a critical component of this sequence.
The Long-term Influence of Game-based Network Homework on Cognitive Effectiveness and Affective Experience in Math Learning

Homework has been considered an effective strategy in order to help students. However, previous studies indicated many contradictions for this because the effectiveness of homework should be discussed with teachers, parents and students. Hence, this study developed and applied a game-based network homework platform, entitled My-Pet-My-Quest (MPMQ), to explore its potential and to sustain learning in terms of cognitive effectiveness and affective experience. This math game-based network homework was conducted in an elementary after-school club and at home for 29 students over a period of one year. The findings indicated that students can continuously participate in math tasks and maintain the proficiency and fluency of tasks in MPMQ across home and school time. The findings also proved the MPMQ for mostly students can attain self-efficacy.
Design of Stator Flux Observer Based on Neural Network for Induction Motor

Abstract-The stator flux observer is a key part in the mathod of Direct Torque Control (DTC). However, the accuracy of the stator flux estimation directly affected the performance of DTC. The traditional induction motor stator flux observation method have been analyzed in This paper. And for the Shortcomings of existing methods, a on-line identification methods based on Radial Basis Function(RBF) have been proposed in the paper. First, the reference model of flux identification should be established according to induction motor u-n mathematical model under the static coordinate system. Then, a RBF neural network can be constructed on this basis. After self-organization learning, on-line identification of stator flux can be realized in the RBF neural network. System simulation has been carried out in Matlab／Simulink. The results show that: the identification method based on the RBF Neural network can improve the induction motor stator flux measurement accuracy, reduce the impact from the interference factors in observation process and the structure is very simple.
GadX/GadW‐dependent regulation of the Escherichia coli acid fitness island: transcriptional control at the gadY–gadW divergent promoters and identification of four novel 42 bp GadX/GadW‐specific binding sites

Escherichia coli has the remarkable ability to resist severe acid stress for several hours. With the notable exception of the gadBC operon, the most important genes involved in acid resistance are present within the acid fitness island (AFI), a 15 kb H‐NS‐repressed and RpoS‐controlled genome region. The AraC/XylS‐like transcriptional regulators GadX and GadW are also encoded within this region. In this article, we show that gadW transcription occurs from two native promoters, which are affected by the transcription of the divergently transcribed and GadX‐dependent gadY small RNA, and from the gadX promoter. The gadXW dicistronic transcript is subjected to post‐transcriptional processing in which GadY is involved. In contrast, gadW transcription negatively affects gadY transcription. By aligning the GadX/GadW binding site on the gadY promoter with the GadX/GadW binding sites previously identified in the gadA and gadBC 5′ regulatory regions, we generated a 42 bp GadX/GadW consensus sequence. DNase I footprinting analyses confirmed that a 42 bp GadX/GadW binding site, which matched the consensus sequence 5′‐WANDNCTDWTWKTRAYATWAWMATG KCTGATNTTTWYNTYAK‐3′, is also present in the regulatory region of the slp‐yhiF, hdeAB and gadE‐mtdEF operons, all of which belong to the AFI. The presence of five GadX/GadW‐specific binding sites in the AFI suggests that GadX and GadW may act as H‐NS counter‐silencers.
Psychological Agency: Theory, Practice, and Culture

Agency is a central psychological phenomenon that must be accounted for in any explanatory framework for human action. According to the diverse group of scholars, researchers, and clinicians who have contributed chapters to this book, psychological agency is not a fixed entity that conforms to traditional definitions of free will but an affective, embodied, and relational processing of human experience. Agency is dependent on the biological, social, and cultural contexts that inform and shape who we are. Yet agency also involves the creation of meaning and the capacity for imagining new and different ways of being and acting and cannot be entirely reduced to biology or culture. This generative potential of agency is central to the process of psychotherapy and to psychological change and development. The chapters explore psychological agency in theoretical, clinical and developmental, and social and cultural contexts. Psychological agency is presented as situated within a web of intersecting biophysical and cultural contexts in an ongoing interactive and developmental process. Persons are seen as not only shaped by, but also capable of fashioning and refashioning their contexts in new and meaningful ways. The contributors have all trained in psychology or psychiatry, and many have backgrounds in philosophy; wherever possible they combinetheoretical discussion with clinical case illustration. Contributors: John Fiscalini, Roger Frie, Jill Gentile, Adelbert H. Jenkins, Elliot L. Jurist, Jack Martin, Arnold Modell, Linda Pollock, Pascal Sauvayre, Jeff Sugarman
Data Usage in Quantitative Comparative Politics

The quantitative study of comparative politics is often described as a data-driven enterprise. Employing an original dataset of comparative politics articles published in leading academic journals between 1989 and 2007, this article offers the first empirical analysis of data usage in comparative research. Tracing potential biases induced by data dependence, it assesses the structure of quantitative comparative research (by year, research design, geographic focus, and subject area), the use of country-specific and region-specific datasets, the introduction of original data, and the degree of concentration in data usage. Its empirical findings question cherished assumptions about the structure of the discipline.
One-Dimensional Handwriting: Inputting Letters and Words on Smart Glasses

We present 1D Handwriting, a unistroke gesture technique enabling text entry on a one-dimensional interface. The challenge is to map two-dimensional handwriting to a reduced one-dimensional space, while achieving a balance between memorability and performance efficiency. After an iterative design, we finally derive a set of ambiguous two-length unistroke gestures, each mapping to 1-4 letters. To input words, we design a Bayesian algorithm that takes into account the probability of gestures and the language model. To input letters, we design a pause gesture allowing users to switch into letter selection mode seamlessly. Users studies show that 1D Handwriting significantly outperforms a selection-based technique (a variation of 1Line Keyboard) for both letter input (4.67 WPM vs. 4.20 WPM) and word input (9.72 WPM vs. 8.10 WPM). With extensive training, text entry rate can reach 19.6 WPM. Users' subjective feedback indicates 1D Handwriting is easy to learn and efficient to use. Moreover, it has several potential applications for other one-dimensional constrained interfaces.
Sparse Bayesian learning for Compressed Sensing under Measurement Matrix Uncertainty

For Compressed Sensing (CS), the core problem is how to reconstruction the sparse unknown signal based on an underdetermined linear equation. Sparse Bayesian Learning (SBL) is an important algorithm for the above CS problem. In conventional research, the pre-designed measurement matrix is applied in the CS sensing system accurately. However, because of the non-ideality of the physical system, there exists some perturbation between the actual and the pre-designed measurement matrix. This kind of perturbation is named as Measurement Matrix Uncertainty (MMU). In this paper, we propose a new algorithm named as Matrix-Uncertain SBL (MU-SBL) in order to extend SBL into CS signal reconstruction under MMU. In MU-SBL, MMU effects are absorbed into an independent non-identically distributed (non-i.i.d.) Gaussian noise vector, whose variances are estimated based on the variances of the perturbation matrix and the reconstruction results from SBL. In general, MU-SBL iterates between non-i.i. d. noise variances estimation and SBL sparse signal reconstruction. Finally, MU-SBL is also applied to multipath sparse Single-Input-Single-Output Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (SISO-OFDM) channel estimation based on CS, in which MMU comes from the nonlinearity of Power Amplifier (PA). MU-SBL is shown to outperform conventional SBL by the simulation results on both the artificial Gaussian sparse signal reconstruction and OFDM sparse channel estimation.
Can video mobile phones improve CPR quality when used for dispatcher assistance during simulated cardiac arrest?

Background: Because mobile telephones may support video calls, emergency medical dispatchers may now connect visually with bystanders during pre‐hospital cardio‐pulmonary resuscitation (CPR). We studied the quality of simulated dispatcher‐assisted CPR when guidance was delivered to rescuers by video calls or audio calls from mobile phones.
Systemic inflammation: a key factor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome?

Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) is a highly prevalent disease and is recognised as a major public health burden. Large-scale epidemiological studies have demonstrated an independent relationship between OSAS and various cardiovascular disorders. The pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications in OSAS is not completely understood but a multifactorial aetiology is likely. Inflammatory processes have emerged as critical in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis at all stages of atheroma formation. Increased levels of various circulating markers of inflammation including tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin 6 (IL6), IL-8 and C-reactive protein (CRP) have been reported as associated with future cardiovascular risk. There is increasing evidence of elevated inflammatory markers in OSAS with a significant fall after effective treatment with continuous positive airway pressure. This evidence is particularly strong for TNFα, whereas studies on IL6 and CRP have yielded conflicting results possibly due to the confounding effects of obesity. Cell culture and animal studies have significantly contributed to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the association between OSAS and inflammation. Intermittent hypoxia, the hallmark of OSAS, results in activation of pro-inflammatory transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein (AP)-1. These promote activation of various inflammatory cells, particularly lymphocytes and monocytes, with the downstream consequence of expression of pro-inflammatory mediators that may lead to endothelial dysfunction. This review provides a critical analysis of the current evidence for an association between OSAS, inflammation and cardiovascular disease, discusses basic mechanisms that may be responsible for this association and proposes future research possibilities.
Dravet syndrome as epileptic encephalopathy: evidence from long-term course and neuropathology

Dravet syndrome is an epilepsy syndrome of infantile onset, frequently caused by SCN1A mutations or deletions. Its prevalence, long-term evolution in adults and neuropathology are not well known. We identified a series of 22 adult patients, including three adult post-mortem cases with Dravet syndrome. For all patients, we reviewed the clinical history, seizure types and frequency, antiepileptic drugs, cognitive, social and functional outcome and results of investigations. A systematic neuropathology study was performed, with post-mortem material from three adult cases with Dravet syndrome, in comparison with controls and a range of relevant paediatric tissue. Twenty-two adults with Dravet syndrome, 10 female, were included, median age 39 years (range 20–66). SCN1A structural variation was found in 60% of the adult Dravet patients tested, including one post-mortem case with DNA extracted from brain tissue. Novel mutations were described for 11 adult patients; one patient had three SCN1A mutations. Features of Dravet syndrome in adulthood include multiple seizure types despite polytherapy, and age-dependent evolution in seizure semiology and electroencephalographic pattern. Fever sensitivity persisted through adulthood in 11 cases. Neurological decline occurred in adulthood with cognitive and motor deterioration. Dysphagia may develop in or after the fourth decade of life, leading to significant morbidity, or death. The correct diagnosis at an older age made an impact at several levels. Treatment changes improved seizure control even after years of drug resistance in all three cases with sufficient follow-up after drug changes were instituted; better control led to significant improvement in cognitive performance and quality of life in adulthood in two cases. There was no histopathological hallmark feature of Dravet syndrome in this series. Strikingly, there was remarkable preservation of neurons and interneurons in the neocortex and hippocampi of Dravet adult post-mortem cases. Our study provides evidence that Dravet syndrome is at least in part an epileptic encephalopathy.
Channelrhodopsin-2, a directly light-gated cation-selective membrane channel

Microbial-type rhodopsins are found in archaea, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes. Some of them represent membrane ion transport proteins such as bacteriorhodopsin, a light-driven proton pump, or channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1), a recently identified light-gated proton channel from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ChR1 and ChR2, a related microbial-type rhodopsin from C. reinhardtii, were shown to be involved in generation of photocurrents of this green alga. We demonstrate by functional expression, both in oocytes of Xenopus laevis and mammalian cells, that ChR2 is a directly light-switched cation-selective ion channel. This channel opens rapidly after absorption of a photon to generate a large permeability for monovalent and divalent cations. ChR2 desensitizes in continuous light to a smaller steady-state conductance. Recovery from desensitization is accelerated by extracellular H+ and negative membrane potential, whereas closing of the ChR2 ion channel is decelerated by intracellular H+. ChR2 is expressed mainly in C. reinhardtii under low-light conditions, suggesting involvement in photoreception in dark-adapted cells. The predicted seven-transmembrane α helices of ChR2 are characteristic for G protein-coupled receptors but reflect a different motif for a cation-selective ion channel. Finally, we demonstrate that ChR2 may be used to depolarize small or large cells, simply by illumination.