Cognitive Psychology: Theory, Process, and Methodology

Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors Chapter 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Introduction: Cognition and Shopping What Is Cognitive Psychology? Development of cognitive psychology Current approaches to the study of cognition Research in Cognitive Psychology The scientific method Research methodologies Commonly used measures within cognitive psychology Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience Introduction: Knowledge from Cognitive Deficits Clinical Case Studies in Cognitive Neuroscience Structure of the Nervous System The neuron The brain Measures in Cognitive Neuroscience Single-cell recording Electroencephalography (EEG) Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Electrical stimulation/inhibition of neurons Brain imaging techniques Recording activity in the living brain Can All Mental Processes Be Explained in Terms of Brain Activity? Chapter 3: Perception Introduction: Perception in Everyday Tasks Sensory Systems: How Sensations Become Perceptions Approaches to the Study of Perception Computational approaches Gestalt approaches Perception/action approaches Comparison of Approaches to Perception: Motion Perception Chapter 4: Attention Introduction: How We Pay Attention Views of Attention Attention as an information filter Attention as a limited resource Attention as a feature binder How Attention Affects Our Perceptions The gorilla in the room: Inattentional blindness Incompatibilities tax attention: The Simon effect Effects of automatic processes on attention: The Stroop task Automatic and Controlled Processes: A Cognitive Dichotomy Chapter 5: Memory Structures and Processes Introduction: The Pervasiveness of Memory Memory as Structure or Process Encoding, storage, and retrieval Modal model of memory Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory (STM) Capacity of STM Duration of STM Long-Term Memory (LTM) Types of LTM memories The Working-Memory (WM) System Baddeley's model Beyond Baddeley's model Retrieval From Long-Term Memory Recall tasks Recognition tasks Comparing recall and recognition tasks Implicit-memory tasks Prospective-memory tasks Memory Overview Chapter 6: Long-Term Memory: Influences on Retrieval Introduction: Superior Memory Why We Forget Encoding Effects Levels of processing Spacing effects Serial position curve Retrieval Effects The testing effect Using the testing effect Encoding-Retrieval Interactions Environmental context effects Mood-dependent effects Transfer-appropriate processing Summary of encoding-retrieval interactions Mnemonics Superior Autobiographical Memory Chapter 7: Memory Errors Introduction: The Inaccuracy of Memory The Seven "Sins" of Memory Error #1 Transience Error #2 Absentmindedness Error #3 Blocking Error #4 Source misattribution Error #5 Suggestibility Error #6 Bias Error #7 Persistence Summary The Reconstructive Nature of Memory Bartlett's studies Schemata and scripts Memory Errors in the Laboratory The DRM procedure Eyewitness memory studies Applications of eyewitness memory research Summary and conclusions Clinical Memory Failures - Amnesia Types of amnesia Amnesia and implicit memory Amnesia in Alzheimer's Disease Amnesia in childhood Chapter 8: Imagery Introduction: Visual Imagery in Everyday Life Mental Images and Cognition The Debate on Propositional and Spatial Representations Imagery and Memory The picture superiority effect The concreteness effect The bizarreness effect Imagery and mnemonics The dark side of imagery Imagery in Problem Solving and Wayfinding Imagery in problem solving Imagery in wayfinding Nonvisual Imagery Imagery and simulation Chapter 9: Language Introduction: A Simple Conversation What Is Language? The structure of language How Do We Process Language? Language comprehension Language production Dialogue: Production and comprehension together Acquiring Language Typical language development Nature or nurture: Mechanisms for learning words and syntax Human Language and Animal Communication Comparing human language to animal communication Attempts to teach animals human language Chapter 10: Concepts and Knowledge Introduction: Game Night What Are Concepts? The classical approach: Concepts as definitions Alternative approaches to concepts Other alternative approaches to concepts Organizing Our Concepts Conceptual hierarchies Basic-level concepts Organizational approaches Summary of conceptual organization Using Concepts: Beyond Categorization Category induction Stereotypes Expertise Conceptual combination The Future of Research and Theory of Concepts Chapter 11: Problem Solving Introduction: Problem Solving in Daily Life Recognizing and Identifying a Problem Defining and Representing Problems Functional fixedness Developing Solutions to Problems: Approaches and Strategies Associationist approach: Trial-and-error strategy Gestalt approaches Problem solving as problem space searches Summary of approaches and strategies Allocating Mental Resources for Solving the Problem Expertise Experts versus novices Becoming a better problem solver Chapter 12: Reasoning and Decision Making Introduction: A Night at the Movies Deductive Reasoning Syllogistic reasoning Conditional reasoning Deductive-reasoning approaches Combining these approaches: Dual-process framework approach Inductive Reasoning Types of induction reasoning Everyday reasoning Making Decisions A general model of decision making Ideal decision making: A normative model Heuristics and biases Descriptive decision-making approaches Dual-process framework Future Advances in Theories of Reasoning and Decision Making Glossary References Author Index Subject Index