Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Double Layer Bayesian Classifier

Numerous approaches have been proposed to relax the conditional independence assumption of naive Bayes, the accuracy performance was indeed improved relative to naive Bayes when the assumption is violated. But most of the previous approaches treated the attribute relation in the same way for all class labels. In practice, this relation may be different for different class labels. This paper proposes a novel approach, by which the posterior probability of different class label is evaluated using different attribute relation. Experiment results indicate that the new approach obtains comparative performance relative to other modern Bayesian classifiers on some datasets, and on some other datasets it outperforms the others.
Quantifying frontal plane knee motion during single limb squats: reliability and validity of 2-dimensional measures.

BACKGROUND Clinical assessment of lower limb kinematics during dynamic tasks may identify individuals who demonstrate abnormal movement patterns that may lead to etiology of exacerbation of knee conditions such as patellofemoral joint (PFJt) pain. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability, validity and associated measurement error of a clinically appropriate two-dimensional (2-D) procedure of quantifying frontal plane knee alignment during single limb squats. METHODS Nine female and nine male recreationally active subjects with no history of PFJt pain had frontal plane limb alignment assessed using three-dimensional (3-D) motion analysis and digital video cameras (2-D analysis) while performing single limb squats. The association between 2-D and 3-D measures was quantified using Pearson's product correlation coefficients. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were determined for within- and between-session reliability of 2-D data and standard error of measurement (SEM) was used to establish measurement error. RESULTS Frontal plane limb alignment assessed with 2-D analysis demonstrated good correlation compared with 3-D methods (r = 0.64 to 0.78, p < 0.001). Within-session (0.86) and between-session ICCs (0.74) demonstrated good reliability for 2-D measures and SEM scores ranged from 2° to 4°. CONCLUSION 2-D measures have good consistency and may provide a valid measure of lower limb alignment when compared to existing 3-D methods. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Assessment of lower limb kinematics using 2-D methods may be an accurate and clinically useful alternative to 3-D motion analysis when identifying individuals who demonstrate abnormal movement patterns associated with PFJt pain. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2b.
The Effects of Widowhood on Disabled Older Women (The Women's Health and Aging Study)

This study examined the effects of becoming widowed for older women with pre-existing physical disability. Data from three consecutive interviews from the Women's Health and Aging Study (WHAS) were used to compare depression, quality of life, and functional difficulty for widowed and non-widowed women. The two groups of 24 women were matched by age, disability level, domains of disability, and race. Repeated measures of analyses of variance (ANOVAs) revealed that, for both groups, depression scores were low and remained relatively stable and they were satisfied with their quality of life at all three time points (T1 = 0–6 months pre-bereavement, T2 = 0–6 months bereaved, T3 = 6–12 months bereaved), with no significant group by time interaction effects. The two groups were no different on their levels of functional difficulty at T1 and T2 but by T3, surprisingly, the widows reported slightly less difficulty. Overall, the findings show that disabled women who became widows demonstrate a noticeable degree of resiliency and hardiness.
FLOWERING PHENOLOGY AND SEXUAL ALLOCATION IN SINGLE‐MUTATION LINEAGES OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA

Abstract We investigated the relationship between flowering time and sexual allocation in wild‐type Arabidopsis thaliana and in genetically similar lineages with single‐locus mutations of floral induction genes. We examined whether the mechanisms of growth and development that govern resource investment would permit the independent evolution of reproductive phenology and sexual allocation, or whether constraints, manifested as pleiotropic effects of the single mutations, would link these two life‐history traits. Flowering times differed significantly among genotypes, and, as expected, later flowering times were associated with larger vegetative size. Later flowering genotypes produced heavier floral parts (larger petals, in particular), and allocated a significantly lower proportion of biomass to androecia, especially in final allocations that included fruit biomass. At least part of this pleiotropic covariation of flowering time and sexual allocation is likely to be mediated by vegetative size and the rate of resource supply to growing reproductive tissues, because the larger fruits of late‐flowering genotypes required the same time, or proportionately less time than the difference in biomass, to mature. Because fruit mass is considered an investment in female function, sexual allocation measured at the end of a growing season tends to be highly female biased in angiosperms. We consider the implications of the pleiotropic association of flowering time, vegetative size, and sexual investment for the theory of sex allocation, and suggest that the idiosyncratic phenology of sexual investment in flowering plants creates a departure from a central assumption of Fisher's seminal sex allocation argument.
Modeling and nonlinear control of a switched reluctance motor to minimize torque ripple

This paper proposes a nonlinear model to characterize a 10/8 switched reluctance motor (SRM) in terms of Fourier series expression of phase self-inductance under the assumption of negligible mutual effect and various losses. It introduces a torque ripple minimization method by means of indirect dynamic torque control, then describes the corresponding control conception based on a torque controller (for regulating phase reference current) and a fuzzy logic controller (for adjusting turn-on and turn-off angles). Simulation results have shown the feasibility of the developed approach to minimize the torque ripple.
Cardiovascular responses to external compression of human calf muscle vary during graded metaboreflex stimulation

This study investigated the cardiovascular response to a standard external muscle compression during concomitant muscle metaboreflex stimulation of varying intensity in human calf muscle. Eleven healthy male subjects (mean (s.d.) age, 26 (5.6) years; height, 177 (5) cm; weight, 74.3 (6.8) kg) were seated in an isometric dynamometer with the angle of the knee at 90 deg, and the angle of the ankle at 85 deg. After a 150‐s rest period, subjects were asked to either perform isometric plantar flexion at 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 or 80% of previously determined maximum isometric contractile force (MVC) for 90 s, or to sit at rest for this period. A thigh cuff maintained circulatory occlusion throughout the exercise period and for 180 s post exercise. After 60 s of post‐exercise circulatory occlusion (PECO), a calf cuff was inflated to 300 mmHg for 60 s followed by a further 60 s of PECO alone after which the thigh cuff was deflated. During PECO the mean arterial pressure (MAP) increase from rest was dependent upon the preceding exercise intensity (P < 0.001). Compression elicited a further significant change in MAP, and the magnitude of this change from the PECO baseline was also dependent upon the preceding exercise intensity (P < 0.01). These results are compatible with activation of a metabolically sensitised population of mechanoreceptive afferents in human muscle during external compression.
Renewing the new order?: Public history in indonesia

After the fall of the Suharto regime in 1988, public debates over the nature of history proliferated. While focusing on a number of key national events, most notably the 1965 coup and the killing of over half-a-million people, these debates have raised critical issues over the role or potential role of public history in contemporary Indonesian society. Questions of historical authority are paramount as Indonesian historians, public intellectuals and politicians struggle with a deeply entrenched historical paradigm and narratives of the old ‘New Order’ which continues to inform history in schools, cultural institutions, the media, literature, personal narratives, public rituals and the academy. This paradigm was based on an unquestioning acceptance of official accounts of the past. The demise of the New Order has left a historiographical vacuum which individuals and groups from a broad range of perspectives are trying to fill. Some, like Professor Azumardi Aza, are seeking to straddle the divide between professional and public history. Memory has emerged as a key issue in public debates, attempts have been made at reconciliation between the left and the right, though these faltered, and turf wars have broken out between historians and novelists such as Pramoedya Anata Toer. Women continue to remain relegated to a 'macabre footnote' in Indonesian public history. History in Indonesia is at a crossroads. One road could lead to a more democratic form of public or people’s history; the other to a modified version of the New Order history.
Overview of NTCIR-13 ECA Task

This paper presents the overview of NTCIR-13 emotion cause analysis (ECA) task. This task is designed to evaluate the emotion cause analysis techniques which automatically determine whether a clause contain the cause of emotion expression. Unlike the regular evaluation tasks on sentiment analysis or emotion classification, this evaluation task focus on exploring the cause stimulate the emotion. To support this evaluation, the text are manually labelled emotion category and emotion cause to construct an emotion cause corpus which follows the scheme of W3C Emotion Markup Language. We designed two subtasks: The emotion cause detection subtask for identifying the clause containing the emotion cause corresponding to an emotion expression. The emotion cause extraction subtask is designed to evaluate the techniques for detecting the exact boundary of the emotion cause. Eleven teams participated this task and eventually, three valid results for emotion cause detection subtask on Chinese side are submitted. Evaluations shows that the top system achieved 66.5% F-score.
Language and Superdiversity: Indonesians Knowledging at Home and Abroad

CHAPTER 1: ORIENTATIONS CHAPTER 2: THE SEMIOTIC FIGUREMENT OF COMMUNITIES IN INDONESIA CHAPTER 3: REPRESENTING ETHNICITY AND SOCIAL RELATIONS ON TELEVISION CHAPTER 4: ETHNICITY DURING A DECADE OF POLITICAL REFORM AND DECENTRALIZATION CHAPTER 5: THE ANCHORING OF ALTERNATION TO PLACE CHAPTER 6: REPRESENTING AND AUTHORIZING LINGUISTIC SUPERDIVERSITY CHAPTER 7: TALK AND CONVIVIALITY AMONGST INDONESIANS IN JAPAN CHAPTER 8: KNOWLEDGING, CONVIVIALITY, COMMUNITY, AND TOGETHERNESS IN DIFFERENCE CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSION GLOSSARY REFERENCES
Comparison of the Effects of Acetylsalicylic Acid, Ticlopidine and Cilostazol on Primary Hemostasis Using a Quantitative Bleeding Time Test Apparatus

We examined and compared the effects of aspirin (ASA), ticlopidine (TP) and cilostazol (CS) on bleeding time (BT) in 10 healthy adult male subjects using a newly developed quantitative bleeding time (QBT) test apparatus capable of simultaneously measuring total blood loss (Tv), maximum bleeding rate (Rmax), and bleeding pattern in addition to BT. All 3 drugs inhibited platelet aggregation response to ADP, collagen, epinephrine and arachidonic acid (p < 0.05), but not to ristocetin. Following oral administration of ASA (330 mg/day) or TP (300 mg/day) for 3 days, BT was significantly prolonged (mean BT increased from 359.3 to 646.0 s, p < 0.001, and from 323.3 to 528.7 s, p < 0.01, respectively) and Tv was significantly increased (from 14.5 to 30.2 μl, p < 0.05, and from 12.5 to 19.2 μl, p < 0.01, respectively). Aspirin also increased Rmax (from 0.118 to 0.159 μl/s, p < 0.05). The prolonged bleeding patterns after administration of ASA and TP were both type III, which has been reported to be less likely to lead to bleeding accidents. In contrast, none of these QBT parameters were altered by CS administration.
A new level based clustering scheme for wireless sensor networks

In this paper, we investigate a clustering protocol for single hop wireless sensor networks that employs a competitive scheme for cluster head selection. The proposed algorithm is named EECS-M that is a modified version to the well known protocol EECS where some of the nodes become volunteers to be cluster heads with an equal probability. In the competition phase in contrast to EECS using a fixed competition range for any volunteer node, we assign a variable competition range to it that is related to its distance to base station. The volunteer nodes compete in their competition ranges and every one with more residual energy would become cluster head. Our objective is to balance the energy consumption of the cluster heads all over the network. Simulation results show the more balanced energy consumption and longer lifetime.
UNC-45/CRO1/She4p (UCS) protein forms elongated dimer and joins two myosin heads near their actin binding region

UNC-45/CRO1/She4p (UCS) proteins have variously been proposed to affect the folding, stability, and ATPase activity of myosins. They are the only proteins known to interact directly with the motor domain. To gain more insight into UCS function, we determined the atomic structure of the yeast UCS protein, She4p, at 2.9 Å resolution. We found that 16 helical repeats are organized into an L-shaped superhelix with an amphipathic N-terminal helix dangling off the short arm of the L-shaped molecule. In the crystal, She4p forms a 193-Å-long, zigzag-shaped dimer through three distinct and evolutionary conserved interfaces. We have identified She4p’s C-terminal region as a ligand for a 27-residue-long epitope on the myosin motor domain. Remarkably, this region consists of two adjacent, but distinct, binding epitopes localized at the nucleotide-responsive cleft between the nucleotide- and actin-filament-binding sites. One epitope is situated inside the cleft, the other outside the cleft. After ATP hydrolysis and Pi ejection, the cleft narrows at its base from 20 to 12 Å thereby occluding the inside the cleft epitope, while leaving the adjacent, outside the cleft binding epitope accessible to UCS binding. Hence, one cycle of higher and lower binding affinity would accompany one ATP hydrolysis cycle and a single step in the walk on an actin filament rope. We propose that a UCS dimer links two myosins at their motor domains and thereby functions as one of the determinants for step size of myosin on actin filaments.
Behavioral Neuroscience

In the fi rst approach, certainty equivalents (CE) of lotteries are determined for various amounts of money and various probabilities. Payoffs which are either 0 or x 1 (x 1 = 100 in Figure 1A) are offered by a lottery with a chance to win p = 0.5 or a sure win (" C " in Figure 1A) with the participant's task to choose one option (lottery or sure win). The CE is represented by the sure payoff for which a subject is indifferent between the two alternatives. Within this framework a utility function is determined based on its assumed functional form, a probability weighting and an econometric analysis. A key problem for econometric analyses is that each model, e.g. a distinct functional form for the evaluation of money and probabilities. Consequently, the determination of utility functions for risky decisions differs across theoretical approaches. Another shortcoming of the binary lottery approach is that the evaluation of probabilities and money are not fully separable. Thus, risk aversion can be attributed either to the shape of the utility function or to the probability weighting. The statement of Prospect Theory that individuals are risk averse for positive payoffs or high probabilities therefore depends crucially on the assumptions of econometric analysis. On the other hand, one of this method's advantages is that agents really decide between options which lead to payoffs. In the second approach, the bisection method, agents are asked to specify differences in the utility associated with monetary pay-offs. In this method, a utility function is elicited by determining
Avaliação neuropsicológica do processo de tomada de decisões em crianças e adolescentes: uma revisão integrativa da literatura

OBJETIVO: Atualmente, tem havido um interesse crescente nos aspectos "quentes" das funcoes executivas relacionados ao cortex orbitofrontal, em particular na tomada de decisao afetiva em criancas e adolescentes. Revisamos a literatura sobre a avaliacao da tomada de decisao em criancas e adolescentes utilizando o paradigma do Iowa Gambling Task e derivados. METODO: Pesquisamos artigos publicados de 2000 a 2009, indexados no Lilacs e no PubMed e que estudaram criancas e/ou adolescentes ate 16 anos. Os artigos foram analisados de acordo com os paradigmas utilizados nos estudos, as conclusoes sobre o desenvolvimento no processo de tomada de decisao e a capacidade de distincao entre a populacao clinica e os controles. RESULTADOS: Trinta e seis artigos foram selecionados. Os estudos envolvendo criancas e adolescentes ainda sao poucos quando comparados aqueles realizados com populacao adulta. Foram desenvolvidas diversas versoes derivadas do paradigma IGT a fim de estudar a tomada de decisao em criancas e adolescentes. CONCLUSAO: O IGT e o instrumento mais utilizado. Em pre-escolares, versoes simplificadas tem sido utilizadas com maior frequencia. Os diferentes paradigmas se mostram uteis na diferenciacao entre sujeitos normais e com transtornos psiquiatricos. Os resultados se relacionam de forma positiva e significativa com a frequencia de comportamentos impulsivos em populacoes nao clinicas.
Design Fault Directed Test Generation for Microprocessor Validation

Functional validation of modern microprocessors is an important and complex problem. One of the problems in functional validation is the generation of test cases that has higher potential to find faults in the design. We propose a model based test generation framework that generates tests for design fault classes inspired from software validation. There are two main contributions in this paper. Firstly, we propose a microprocessor modeling and test generation framework that generates test suites to satisfy modified condition decision coverage (MCDC), a structural coverage metric that detects most of the classified design faults as well as the remaining faults not covered by MCDC. Secondly, we show that there exists good correlation between types of design faults proposed by software validation and the errors/bugs reported in case studies on microprocessor validation. We demonstrate the framework by modeling and generating tests for the microarchitecture of VESPA, a 32-bit microprocessor. In the results section, we show that the tests generated using our framework's coverage directed approach detects the fault classes with 100% coverage, when compared to model-random test generation
Mergers and typical black hole microstates

We use mergers of microstates to obtain the first smooth horizonless microstate solutions corresponding to a BPS three-charge black hole with a classically large horizon area. These microstates have very long throats, that become infinite in the classical limit; nevertheless, their curvature is everywhere small. Having a classically-infinite throat makes these microstates very similar to the typical microstates of this black hole. A rough CFT analysis confirms this intuition, and indicates a possible class of dual CFT microstates. We also analyze the properties and the merging of microstates corresponding to zero-entropy BPS black holes and black rings. We find that these solutions have the same size as the horizon size of their classical counterparts, and we examine the changes of internal structure of these microstates during mergers.
The mutation rate and variability of eukaryotic viruses: an analytical review.

Perhaps the most important factor to limit the effectiveness of vaccines against virus infections is that of virus variation. Successful vaccines have been developed against viruses such as those causing smallpox, measles, yellow fever and poliomyelitis, and they are effective against most circulating virus strains. However, with some viruses vaccination has been much less successful either because numerous antigenically distinct strains co-circulate, as is the case for rhinoviruses, or because new strains are continually emerging, as in the case of influenza virus. Despite the importance of virus variability, little is known about the factors that influence it and that are responsible for the dramatically different patterns of variation displayed by different viruses. The primary source of variation is obviously mutation, and it has been suggested in several recent papers that the extreme variability of some viruses may be a consequence of an unusually high rate of mutation (Holland et al., 1982; Reanney, 1984; Domingo et al., 1985; Saitou & Nei, 1986).
Neonatal mortality following transfusion of red cells with high plasma potassium levels

The death of a neonatal infant following cardiac surgery and the transfusion of packed red cells (RBCs) with high plasma potassium levels is reported. The patient had been diagnosed at 2 weeks of age as having multiple cardiac malformations. During cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, multiple units of packed RBCs less than 5 days old were transfused. In response to a “stat” order and after depletion of stock units prepared for neonatal usage, a 32‐day‐old unit of packed RBCs was issued for transfusion. After approximately 60 mL was rapidly transfused from this unit, the patient experienced cardiac arrest. Serum potassium concentration after transfusion and before death was 8.9 mmol per L. Plasma potassium concentration in the remainder of the transfused packed RBC unit was approximately 60 mmol per L. A model was created to calculate the posttransfusion plasma potassium concentration, and close correlation was found between the model and the observed potassium concentration, which assumes that the potassium load had not yet been distributed to the extravascular and intracellular fluid compartments. It is concluded that the transfusion of relatively large volumes of RBCs be limited to fresh packed RBCs or to packed RBCs that have been saline washed, to minimize the complications of electrolyte disturbances.
Alternatives in human capital accumulation: implications for economic growth

This paper demonstrates that considering alternative means of human capital accumulation, such as learning-by-doing, overturns the presumption that formal education is unconditionally beneficial for economic growth. It analyzes a model in which the average level of human capital creates externalities in future human capital accumulation and individuals can augment their human capital with work experience or education. The model shows that in the early stages of development, education enhances growth by creating a positive externality, and, in later stages, it may depress growth by leading to a negative externality. It also demonstrates the possibility of multiple equilibria in which low-income equilibria are characterized by under-education and high-income equilibria are characterized by over-education.