Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Legislative Candidacy in Dominant Party Systems : How Candidate Selection Shapes Electoral Outcomes ∗

The modal regime type in sub-Saharan Africa is a dominant party system and these regimes are ubiquitous throughout the world. So, why do individuals compete as opposition candidates in such systems where those opposition parties have little chance to win? This paper explores these questions in the context of Tanzania, a dominant party regime where the ruling party has never lost an election. I provide an original theory which offers insight on why individuals choose to candidate with the opposition rather than long-standing incumbent parties and also why they seek candidacy instead of not contesting election. It then focuses on a specific section of the theory: the role of candidate selection procedures in dominant-party systems. Using results from an original dataset combining survey research with legislators, electoral candidates, and non-candidates and the political histories of Tanzanian parliamentarians, it assess the extent to which candidate selection procedures influence the decision of prospective candidates to seek office. ∗Prepared for the University of Michigan Dominant Party Systems Conference. This is a preliminary and incomplete draft. Please do not cite or circulate without permission. Comments and suggestions are welcome. This research has been supported by the Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Abroad fellowship, as well as the International Law and Policy Institute. †Pre/Post-doctoral Fellow, Political Science, Vanderbilt University, keith.r. weghorst@vanderbilt.edu
A Message Processing Method for Top-k Query for Traffic Reduction in Ad Hoc Networks

In ad hoc networks, to acquire only necessary data items, it is effective that each mobile node retrieves data items using a top-k query, in which data items are ordered by the score of a particular attribute, and the query-issuing mobile node acquires data items with the k highest scores. In this paper, we propose a message processing method for a top-k query for reducing traffic and keeping the accuracy of the query result, i.e., guaranteeing that data items with the k highest scores in the entire network are acquired. When a mobile node transmits query and reply messages, our method can be used to reduce candidates of data items included in the top-k result to prevent unnecessary data transmissions. Moreover, if a mobile node detects a disconnection of a radio link, it searches for an alternative path to transmit the reply message to the query-issuing node. We present simulation results to evaluate the performance of our proposed method.
NBTI Aging on 32-Bit Adders in the Downscaling Planar FET Technology Nodes

Reliability of advanced deeply scaled CMOS technologies is being threatened by time-dependent degradation mechanisms such as Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) phenomenon that cause workload-dependent shifts on a transistor's threshold voltage (VTH), and performance during its lifetime. In this study, NBTI-induced performance degradation of 32-bit adders (one of the most fundamental block of a processor's arithmetic logic unit) is investigated from the points of architectural topology, technology scaling (i.e. commercial 28, 45, 65nm nodes) and workload dependency. The selected adder architectures vary from basic to complex parallel-prefix ones. A workload-dependent, NBTI aging-aware digital design flow was developed within the industry standard EDA tool chain. NBTI model is based on the extracted Capture and Emission Time (CET) maps from the actual wafer measurements. Static Timing Analysis (STA) is performed to evaluate the performance degradation at the +3σ corner. Results on adders under the NBTI aging after 3 years show a performance loss up to 16%. NBTI aging results in the replacement of the time-zero critical path by an initially non-critical path during a circuit's lifetime. The time-zero critical path can shift to a new one with a probability of 89%. Technology scaling and the choice of process technology can impact the degradation by 2×. Finally, the performance degradation can vary up to 8.2× under workload variations.
Bayesian Risk Measures for Derivatives via Random Esscher Transform

Abstract This paper proposes a model for measuring risks for derivatives that is easy to implement and satisfies a set of four coherent properties introduced in Artzner et al. (1999). We construct our model within the context of Gerber-Shiu’s option-pricing framework. A new concept, namely Bayesian Esscher scenarios, which extends the concept of generalized scenarios, is introduced via a random Esscher transform. Our risk measure involves the use of the risk-neutral Bayesian Esscher scenario for pricing and a family of real-world Bayesian Esscher scenarios for risk measurement. Closed-form expressions for our risk measure can be obtained in some special cases.
Accounting for Gender in a Study of the Motivation-Involvement Relationship

ABSTRACT The effects of gender on involvement in high-risk recreation have received limited research attention despite mounting evidence suggesting the learned interactions between people and places likely vary for men and women. The purpose of this study was to provide insights into how gender influenced the motivation-involvement relationship among whitewater recreationists on a Wild and Scenic River in California. Our results revealed the motivations of Risk, Escape, Learning, and Achievement/Stimulation positively influenced involvement in rafting activities. Although gender did not influence all dimensions of involvement, we found that identity expression varied between subgroups. Specifically, men were more likely to ascribe meaning to rafting than women because this activity allowed them to affirm and express their individual character. The implications emanating from this study advance theoretical understanding of the factors that influence enduring involvement and inform natural resource management decisions about maintaining the desired benefits of activities sought by nature-based recreationists.
A cross-border perspective on migration: beyond the assimilation/transnationalism debate

ABSTRACT The transnational perspective emerged in the early 1990s as an alternative to assimilation theory, gaining instant and wide influence. But curiously, the intellectual confrontation between these two perspectives was averted, as scholars concluded that persistent homeland engagement was fully compatible with hostland integration. This paper seeks to pick up that challenge. I demonstrate how a cross-border perspective, encompassing places of origin and destination and the flows of people, ideas, and resources between them, highlights the ways in which population movements across state borders create tensions on both receiving and sending sides. In the process, I will show how looking across borders paradoxically highlights the centrality of the territorial boundary, as it simultaneously underscores the importance of dissimilation – the social and political separation of immigrants from the people they have left behind – yet also the ways in which non-citizen status and foreign origins simultaneously hamper immigrants’ ability to gain acceptance in receiving states while furnishing sending states with opportunities to reconnect with nationals abroad.
Risk factors for stress fracture in female endurance athletes: a cross-sectional study

Objective To identify psychological and physiological correlates of stress fracture in female endurance athletes. Design A cross-sectional design was used with a history of stress fractures and potential risk factors assessed at one visit. Methods Female-endurance athletes (58 runners and 12 triathletes) aged 26.0±7.4 years completed questionnaires on stress fracture history, menstrual history, athletic training, eating psychopathology and exercise cognitions. Bone mineral density, body fat content and lower leg lean tissue mass (LLLTM) were assessed using dual-x-ray absorptiometry. Variables were compared between athletes with a history of stress fracture (SF) and those without (controls; C) using χ², analysis of variance and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results Nineteen (27%) athletes had previously been clinically diagnosed with SFs. The prevalence of current a/oligomenorrhoea and past amenorrhoea was higher in SF than C (p=0.008 and p=0.035, respectively). SF recorded higher global scores on the eating disorder examination questionnaire (p=0.049) and compulsive exercise test (p=0.006) and had higher LLLTM (p=0.029) compared to C. These findings persisted with weight and height as covariates. In multivariate logistic regression, compulsive exercise, amenorrhoea and LLLTM were significant independent predictors of SF history (p=0.006, 0.009 and 0.035, respectively). Conclusions Eating psychopathology was associated with increased risk of SF in endurance athletes, but this may be mediated by menstrual dysfunction and compulsive exercise. Compulsive exercise, as well as amenorrhoea, is independently related to SF risk.
Estimation of viewer's response for contextual understanding of tasks using features of eye-movements

To estimate viewer's contextual understanding, features of their eye-movements while viewing question statements in response to definition statements, and features of correct and incorrect responses were extracted and compared. Twelve directional features of eye-movements across a two-dimensional space were created, and these features were compared between correct and incorrect responses. The procedure of estimating the response was developed with Support Vector Machines, using these features. The estimation performance and accuracy were assessed across combinations of features. The number of definition statements, which needed to be memorized to answer the question statements during the experiment, affected the estimation accuracy. These results provide evidence that features of eye-movements during reading statements can be used as an index of contextual understanding.
Multi-robot motion planning amidst dynamic obstacle

This paper provides a modern approach to multi-robot motion planning in a given world map amidst both static and dynamic obstacles. The distributed method for multi-robot motion planning has been realized with particle swarm optimization algorithm. The experimental results show that the variation in the path deviation from optimal trajectory of the mobile robots increases with the increase in the number of dynamic obstacles. But here we have presented an approach which minimizes the probability of collision of the robots with the obstacles.
Lack of aggression and apparent altruism towards intruders in a primitive termite

In eusocial insects, the ability to discriminate nest-mates from non-nest-mates is widespread and ensures that altruistic actions are directed towards kin and agonistic actions are directed towards non-relatives. Most tests of nest-mate recognition have focused on hymenopterans, and suggest that cooperation typically evolves in tandem with strong antagonism towards non-nest-mates. Here, we present evidence from a phylogenetically and behaviourally basal termite species that workers discriminate members of foreign colonies. However, contrary to our expectations, foreign intruders were the recipients of more rather than less cooperative behaviour and were not subjected to elevated aggression. We suggest that relationships between groups may be much more peaceable in basal termites compared with eusocial hymenoptera, owing to energetic and temporal constraints on colony growth, and the reduced incentive that totipotent workers (who may inherit breeding status) have to contribute to self-sacrificial intergroup conflict.
From Local Cosine Bases to Global Harmonics

Abstract In this paper, the reproduction of trigonometric polynomials with two-overlapping local cosine bases is investigated. This study is motivated by the need to represent most effectively a Fourier series in the form of a localized cosine series for the purpose of local analysis, thus providing a vehicle for the transition from classical harmonic analysis to analysis by Wilson-type wavelets. It is shown that there is one and only one class, which is a one-parameter family, of window functions that allows pointwise reproduction of all global harmonics, where the parameter is the order of smoothness of the window functions. It turns out that this class of window functions is also optimal in the sense that all global harmonics are reproduced by using a minimal number of the local trigonometric basis functions.
Misalignment analysis of resonance-based wireless power transfer to biomedical implants

We present a power transfer sensitivity analysis of a four-coil resonance-based wireless power delivery system that is used to provide energy to a small-size biotelemetry system implanted into non-human freely moving subjects. Both axial and angular misalignments have been evaluated, with calculations for the worst-case misalignment of 15mm axial distance and 50° angular separation for a minimum constant power supply of 0.5mW in the load resistor. Analytical results have been validated with electromagnetic field simulations. Discrete level design of a wirelessly powered implant incorporating this analysis is also presented.
Planning using online evolutionary overfitting

Biological systems tend to perform a range of tasks of extreme variability with extraordinary efficiency. It has been argued that a plausible scenario for achieving such versatility is explicitly learning a forward model. We perform a set of experiments using the original and a modified version of a classic reinforcement learning task, the mountain car problem, using a number of agents that encode both a direct and an abstracted version of a forward model. The results suggest that superior performance can be achieved if the forward model can be exploited in real-time by an agent that has already internalised a model-free control function.
The Past and Present Influence of World Views

Weber’s definition of world views is summarized and the several ways in which world views in his sociology influence the formation of social groupings are outlined. The manner in which a ‘sustaining’ and a ‘dynamic’ autonomy characterize world views is noted; their capacity to constitute foundational and ‘background’ forces for (a) a methodical-rational organization of life and (b) historical developments and social change is also addressed. The influence of world views is then discussed in reference to the crucial question of how their ‘autonomy’ is conveyed; salvation doctrines, social carriers and various ‘social configurations’, it is argued, are indispensable. Finally, Weber’s analysis of an epoch in which world views have lost a great deal of their original influence - namely our own - is examined. Do societies ‘require’ world views? Are the consequences significant when world views become severely weakened? World views, it is concluded, constitute a significant concept for sociological analysis, yet one heretofore widely neglected.
Not myself and the connected self: cases of youth depression and recovery in Malaysia

ABSTRACT This study aims to explore the subjective experience of depressed young people in Malaysia. Twelve participants aged 20–24, who were diagnosed as suffering from depression but who had recovered, were interviewed. An adapted grounded theory approach guided our data collection and data analysis process. Two themes emerged which revealed the importance of the connectedness of individuals within their social environment. Coping with cultural norms and with rejection were found to be the most stressful precursors to depression. Depression is described as an alienating and involuntary experience. The recovery process requires a pivotal moment which enables reconnection with others. Implication of study will be discussed against the backdrop of the Malaysian context.
Film recommendation systems using matrix factorization and collaborative filtering

Collaborative filtering method was widely used in the recommendation system. This method was able to provide recommendations to the user through the similarity values between users. However, the central issues in this method were new user issue and sparsity. This paper discusses about how to use matrix factorization and nearest-neighbour in film recommendation systems. Both of methods will be used in order to make more accurate recommendations. Based on the experiments results, the combination of matrix factorization and classical collaborative filtering (nearest neighbor) could improve the prediction accuracy. It can be concluded that the combination of matrix factorization and nearest-neighbor produced a better prediction accuracy.
GOLD-Graphical Overview of Linkage Disequilibrium

SUMMARY We describe a software package that provides a graphical summary of linkage disequilibrium in human genetic data. It allows for the analysis of family data and is well suited to the analysis of dense genetic maps. AVAILABILITY http://www.well.ox.ac.uk/asthma/GOLD CONTACT: goncalo@well.ox.ac.uk
Profiling of Disease-Related Metabolites in Grapevine Internode Tissues Infected with Agrobacterium vitis

Green shoot cuttings of 10 different grapevine species were inoculated with Agrobacterium vitis to find disease-related metabolites in the grapevine. Crown galls formed 60 days after inoculation varied in gall severity (GS) evaluated by gall incidence (GI) and gall diameter (GD), which were classified into three response types as RR (low GI and small GD), SR (high GI and small GD), and SS (high GI and large GD), corresponding to resistant, moderately resistant, and susceptible responses, respectively. In this, 4, 4, and 2 Vitis species were classified into RR, SR, and SS, respectively. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the grapevine stem metabolites with A. vitis infection showed 134 metabolites in various compound classes critically occurred, which were differentially clustered with the response types by the principal component analysis. Multivariate analysis of the metabolite profile revealed that 11 metabolites increased significantly in relation to the response types, mostly at post-inoculation stages, more prevalently (8 metabolites) at two days after inoculation than other stages, and more related to SS (7 metabolites) than RR (3 metabolites) or SR (one metabolite). This suggests most of the disease-related metabolites may be rarely pre-existing but mostly induced by pathogen infection largely for facilitating gall development except stilbene compound resveratrol, a phytoalexin that may be involved in the resistance response. All of these aspects may be used for the selection of resistant grapevine cultivars and their rootstocks for the control of the crown gall disease of the grapevine.
Integrating Dictionary and Web N-grams for Chinese Spell Checking

Chinese spell checking is an important component of many NLP applications, including word processors, search engines, and automatic essay rating. Nevertheless, compared to spell checkers for alphabetical languages (e.g., English or French), Chinese spell checkers are more difficult to develop because there are no word boundaries in the Chinese writing system and errors may be caused by various Chinese input methods. In this paper, we propose a novel method for detecting and correcting Chinese typographical errors. Our approach involves word segmentation, detection rules, and phrase-based machine translation. The error detection module detects errors by segmenting words and checking word and phrase frequency based on compiled and Web corpora. The phonological or morphological typographical errors found then are corrected by running a decoder based on the statistical machine translation model (SMT). The results show that the proposed system achieves significantly better accuracy in error detection and more satisfactory performance in error correction than the state-of-the-art systems.
Recommending funding collaborators with scholar social networks

Applying for research funding projects is becoming one of the most important ways for scientists to carry on the research. How to find an appropriate collaborator/applicant is a major concern for scientists. Social networks provide one means of visualizing existing and potential collaborations. In this paper, we study the funding collaborators recommendation problems. We solve the problem by starting with analyzing the researchers' motivations for finding collaboration, which are (i) to form a competitive team (ii) to expand cooperation circle, which little work noticed. We model the funding relation as a complex network called co-applicant network. Based on that, we propose a utility function to take all the aspects of recommendation into account. And we propose a novel recommendation algorithm by modeling the utility function based on the group relations in the co-applicant network. We experiment our approaches on National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) funding projects and achieve effective results.
Distribution of Virulence Markers among Vibrio vulnificus Isolates of Clinical and Environmental Origin and Regional Characteristics in Japan

Background Vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic human pathogen that is widely distributed in estuarine environments and is capable of causing necrotizing fasciitis and sepsis. In Japan, based on epidemiological research, the incidences of V. vulnificus were concentrated in Kyusyu, mainly in coastal areas of the Ariake Sea. To examine the virulence potential, various genotyping methods have recently been developed. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of virulence markers among V. vulnificus isolates of clinical and environmental origin in three coastal areas with different infection incidences and to determine whether these isolates have the siderophore encoding gene viuB. Methodology/Principal Findings We examined the distribution of genotypes of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene, vvhA, vcg, and capsular polysaccharide (CPS), and the presence of viuB in 156 isolates collected from patients and environmental samples in Japan. The environmental samples were collected from three coastal areas: the Ariake Sea, Ise & Mikawa Bay, and Karatsu Bay. The results showed disparity in the ratios of genotypes depending on the sample origins. V. vulnificus isolates obtained from patients were classified into the clinical type for all genotypes. In the environmental isolates, the ratios of the clinical type for genotypes of the 16S rRNA gene, vvhA, and vcg were in the order of the Ariake Sea>Ise & Mikawa Bay>Karatsu Bay. Meanwhile, CPS analysis showed no significant difference. Most isolates possessed viuB. Conclusions Many V. vulnificus belonging to the clinical type existed in the Ariake Sea. Three coastal areas with different infection incidences showed distinct ratios of genotypes. This may indicate that the distribution of clinical isolates correlates with the incidence of V. vulnificus infection.
Domain based sentiment analysis in regional Language-Kannada using machine learning algorithm

Sentiment analysis (SA) is one of the important fields of Machine learning Language which involves analysis using natural language processing. The main goal of sentiment analysis is to detect and analyze attitude, opinions or sentiments in the text. Sentiment analysis has reach edits popularity by extracting Knowledge from huge amount data present online. The Process of analysis includes selecting features and opinion which is a challenging task in languages other than English. There are very few research works done for determining sentiments in regional languages. This Paper aims on domain based sentiment analysis in Regional language specific to movie susing machine learning algorithm for classification and provide a comparison between analysis using direct Kannada dataset and machine translated English language.