Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Frequent item set generation based on transaction hashing

Hashing & Pruning is very popular association rule mining technique to improve the performance of traditional Apriori algorithm. Hashing technique uses hash function to reduce the size of candidate item set. Direct Hashing & Pruning (DHP), Perfect Hashing &Pruning (PHP) are the basic hashing algorithms. Many algorithms have been also proposed by researchers. All algorithms have their own pros and cons. DHP algorithm suffer from collision and require more database scans to count the frequency of collided item sets. PHP algorithm eliminates collision problem but this algorithm increases the size of hash table which requires large amount of memory space and uses complex hash function. The main objective of this paper is to reduce the number of collision, database scans to count the frequency of collided item sets and to make sure that the size of hash table does not increase. A new algorithm Transaction Hashing and Pruning (THP) is proposed in this paper. THP arranges the item sets into vertical format and after finding out the bucket number of candidate-k item sets, and hashes the transaction id (TID) of that the candidate item set into that bucket. THP algorithm overcomes the item set collision problem of DHP algorithm and large hash table problem of PHP algorithm. Experimental results are also shown in the paper.
How do developers react to API deprecation?: the case of a smalltalk ecosystem

When the Application Programming Interface (API) of a framework or library changes, its clients must be adapted. This change propagation---known as a ripple effect---is a problem that has garnered interest: several approaches have been proposed in the literature to react to these changes. Although studies of ripple effects exist at the single system level, no study has been performed on the actual extent and impact of these API changes in practice, on an entire software ecosystem associated with a community of developers. This paper reports on an empirical study of API deprecations that led to ripple effects across an entire ecosystem. Our case study subject is the development community gravitating around the Squeak and Pharo software ecosystems: seven years of evolution, more than 3,000 contributors, and more than 2,600 distinct systems. We analyzed 577 methods and 186 classes that were deprecated, and answer research questions regarding the frequency, magnitude, duration, adaptation, and consistency of the ripple effects triggered by API changes.
A qualitative biochemistry and its application to the regulation of the tryptophan operon

This article is concerned with the general question of how to represent biological knowledge in computers such that it may be used in multiple problem solving tasks. In particular, I present a model of a bacterial gene regulation system that is used by a program that simulates gene regulation experiments , and by a second program that formulates hypotheses to account for errors in predicted experiment outcomes. This article focuses on the issues of representation and simulation; for more information on the hypothesis formation task see (Karp, 1989; Karp, 1990). The bacterial gene regulation system of interest is the tryptophan (trp) operon of E. coli (Yanofsky, 1981). The genes that it contains code for enzymes that synthesize the amino acid tryptophan. My model of the trp oper-on—called GENSIM (genetic simulator)—describes the biochemical reactions that determine when the genes within the operon are expressed and when they are not, the reactions by which the genes direct the synthesis of the biosynthetic enzymes (transcription and translation), and the reactions cat-alyzed by these enzymes. Therefore my modeling techniques are specifically designed to represent enzymatically-catalyzed biochemical reactions whose substrates include macromolecules with complex internal structures, such as DNA and RNA. These techniques address such issues as: How might we represent the attributes and the structures of the objects that make up the trp operon? What is a suitable ontology for these objects—an appropriate level of abstraction at which to model them? How might we describe a gene regulation experiment, and how can we maintain a library of known experiments? How might we represent known biochemical reactions? How can we design a simulation program that predicts the outcome of a gene regulation experiment by correctly and efficiently simulating every reaction that occurs in that experiment, and only those reactions? GENSIM embodies a qualitative biochemistry because it provides a framework for representing knowledge of biochemistry, and for performing qualitative simulations of biochemical systems. The specific features of this qualitative biochemistry are as follows. I employ frames to represent biochemical objects that correspond to homogeneous populations of molecules. This representation describes the decomposition of complex objects into their component parts. I use frame knowledge bases to represent the objects present in the initial conditions of different experiments. Section 2 describes how instance frames represent chemical objects in simulation knowledge bases; Section 3 describes how class frames are used to represent general classes of biochemical objects, and presents …
The Impact of Holy Land Crusades on State Formation: War Mobilization, Trade Integration, and Political Development in Medieval Europe

Abstract Holy Land Crusades were among the most significant forms of military mobilization to occur during the medieval period. Crusader mobilization had important implications for European state formation. We find that areas with large numbers of Holy Land crusaders witnessed increased political stability and institutional development as well as greater urbanization associated with rising trade and capital accumulation, even after taking into account underlying levels of religiosity and economic development. Our findings contribute to a scholarly debate regarding when the essential elements of the modern state first began to appear. Although our causal mechanisms—which focus on the importance of war preparation and urban capital accumulation—resemble those emphasized by previous research, we date the point of critical transition to statehood centuries earlier, in line with scholars who emphasize the medieval origins of the modern state. We also point to one avenue by which the rise of Muslim military and political power may have affected European institutional development.
Functional analysis and molecular modeling show a preserved wild-type activity of p53C238Y

In human tumors, p53 is often disabled by mutations in its DNA-binding domain and is thus inactive as a transcription factor. Alternatively, MDM2 gene amplification or up-regulation represents a mechanism of p53 wild-type inactivation, mainly reported in soft tissue sarcomas. In a previous TP53 analysis carried out on sporadic and NF1-related malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, in two cases, we observed the occurrence of C238Y missense mutation, leading to p53 stabilization unexpectedly coupled with immunophenotypic MDM2 overexpression. To investigate this TP53 missense mutation not yet functionally characterized in mammalian cell, we did MDM2 Southern blot and p53C238Y/MDM2 biochemical and functional analyses followed by molecular modeling. The results showed a lack of MDM2 gene amplification, evidence of p53-MDM2 protein complexes, and presence of a p53 that retains the ability to become phosphorylated on Ser15 and to induce the transcription of p21waf1. Additional molecular modeling data highlighted the structural similarities between p53C238Y and wild-type p53, further supporting that the p53C238Y mutant still retains functional wild-type p53 properties. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(6):1467–73]
Staphylococcus aureus Alpha-Toxin Is Conserved among Diverse Hospital Respiratory Isolates Collected from a Global Surveillance Study and Is Neutralized by Monoclonal Antibody MEDI4893

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus infections lead to an array of illnesses ranging from mild skin infections to serious diseases, such endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and pneumonia. Alpha-toxin (Hla) is a pore-forming toxin, encoded by the hla gene, that is thought to play a key role in S. aureus pathogenesis. A monoclonal antibody targeting Hla, MEDI4893, is in clinical development for the prevention of S. aureus ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). The presence of the hla gene and Hla protein in 994 respiratory isolates collected from patients in 34 countries in Asia, Europe, the United States, Latin America, the Middle East, Africa, and Australia was determined. Hla levels were correlated with the geographic location, age of the subject, and length of stay in the hospital. hla gene sequence analysis was performed, and mutations were mapped to the Hla crystal structure. S. aureus supernatants containing Hla variants were tested for susceptibility or resistance to MEDI4893. The hla gene was present and Hla was expressed in 99.0% and 83.2% of the isolates, respectively, regardless of geographic region, hospital locale, or age of the subject. More methicillin-susceptible than methicillin-resistant isolates expressed Hla (86.9% versus 78.8%; P = 0.0007), and S. aureus isolates from pediatric patients expressed the largest amounts of Hla. Fifty-seven different Hla subtypes were identified, and 91% of the isolates encoded an Hla subtype that was neutralized by MED4893. This study demonstrates that Hla is conserved in diverse S. aureus isolates from around the world and is an attractive target for prophylactic monoclonal antibody (MAb) or vaccine development.
Adaptive resource allocation for real-time services in OFDMA based cognitive radio systems

In this paper an adaptive resource allocation algorithm in OFDMA based cognitive radio (CR) system is proposed that not only meets the quality of service (QoS) of real-time (RT) services but also increases the dynamic capacity of the system. In contrast to existing algorithms for multi-user OFDM systems which are unable to guarantee maximum sum data rate when applied to CR system in real-time, the proposed joint sub carrier and power allocation algorithm (JSPA) ensures maximum sum data rate under power constraint while improving the system capacity. We model the resource allocation problem with the goal of maximizing the overall system throughput. By judicially assigning resource in primary and secondary sources based on the types of application JSPA demonstrates that the system efficiency and throughput can be dynamically enhanced. JSPA is simulated under two types of services: constant bit rate (CBR) and variable bit rate (VBR).
Volatility of public spending in EU Member States

Executive summary This paper discusses volatility in general government spending in EU countries. While this volatility has on average declined over time when measured by its standard deviation, a large cross-country variation in the degree of volatility can be observed. Estimates covering all EU-27 countries indicate that high volatility tends to be associated with fast growing government spending, with a small government sector, with high GDP volatility, and with unbalanced public finances. We also find some evidence that changes in revenues, which partly reflect cyclical effects, affect expenditure growth in a numbers of countries. Empirical estimates for EU-15 countries indicate that in some countries revenue changes partly “cause” expenditure changes, the precise countries concerned differing according to the methodology applied. Given that negative effects of public spending volatility on short-and long-run economic growth prevail in the literature, the conclusion that part of spending volatility is driven by revenue volatility argues in favour of strengthening domestic institutions that cut the link between revenue growth and spending growth, such as expenditure rules.
Helical antenna performance in wideband communications

In this paper, we employed the electromagnetic theory to the design of a 2.4-GHz wideband helix antenna. The designed antenna was first simulated across wide bandwidth using 4NEC2 software, and then two identical antennas were made from available materials and finally measured using a vector network analyzer. The measured and simulated results are found to be in a quite agreement. Moderate discrepancies among measured and simulated resonant frequencies noted are contributed chiefly to the use of a high-loss PVC pipe as the drums for the coils and, to a smaller degree, to the loss in the copper at microwave frequencies and to the influence of the wire insulation.
Developmental changes in cyclin B1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) levels in the different populations of spermatogenic cells of the post-natal rat testis.

Spermatogenesis is a highly ordered process which requires mitotic and meiotic divisions. In this work, we studied the relative changes in the levels of the two components of the M-phase promoting factor (MPF): the regulatory subunit cyclin B1 (CycB1) and its catalytic subunit cdk1, in spermatogenic cells of rats between 16 and 90 days of life. A multivariate flow cytometry analysis of forward scatter (FSC), side scatter (SSC) and DNA content was used to identify six populations of rat germ cells: spermatogonia with preleptotene spermatocytes, young pachytene spermatocytes, middle to late pachytene spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes with doublets of round spermatids, round spermatids, and elongated spermatids. For any population studied no significant difference in the relative cellular content of CycB1 or cdk1 proteins between animals of different ages was observed. By contrast, CycB1 and cdk1 levels were different between the different populations of germ cells. CycB1 and cdk1 were rather high in young pachytene spermatocytes and culminated in late spermatocytes, i.e. just before the first meiotic division. The relative levels of the two proteins remained high in secondary spermatocytes then decreased in round spermatids at the exit of meiosis. Similar results were obtained by Western-blot analysis of total proteins obtained from lysates of elutriated fractions of spermatocytes and spermatids. MPF activity was assessed in lysates of germ cells from 32-day-old rats or adult animals using p13suc1 agarose and histone H1 as an exogenous substrate. H1 kinase activity was higher in pachytene spermatocytes than in round spermatid fractions from both adult and young rats. These results indicate that the meiotic G2/M transition is associated to high levels of CycB1 and cdk1 leading to high MPF activity irrespective of the age of the animals.
TRPC1 regulates calcium‐activated chloride channels in salivary gland cells

Calcium‐activated chloride channel (CaCC) plays an important role in modulating epithelial secretion. It has been suggested that in salivary tissues, sustained fluid secretion is dependent on Ca2+ influx that activates ion channels such as CaCC to initiate Cl− efflux. However direct evidence as well as the molecular identity of the Ca2+ channel responsible for activating CaCC in salivary tissues is not yet identified. Here we provide evidence that in human salivary cells, an outward rectifying Cl− current was activated by increasing [Ca2+]i, which was inhibited by the addition of pharmacological agents niflumic acid (NFA), an antagonist of CaCC, or T16Ainh‐A01, a specific TMEM16a inhibitor. Addition of thapsigargin (Tg), that induces store‐depletion and activates TRPC1‐mediated Ca2+ entry, potentiated the Cl− current, which was inhibited by the addition of a non‐specific TRPC channel blocker SKF96365 or removal of external Ca2+. Stimulation with Tg also increased plasma membrane expression of TMEM16a protein, which was also dependent on Ca2+ entry. Importantly, in salivary cells, TRPC1 silencing, but not that of TRPC3, inhibited CaCC especially upon store depletion. Moreover, primary acinar cells isolated from submandibular gland also showed outward rectifying Cl− currents upon increasing [Ca2+]i. These Cl− currents were again potentiated with the addition of Tg, but inhibited in the presence of T16Ainh‐A01. Finally, acinar cells isolated from the submandibular glands of TRPC1 knockout mice showed significant inhibition of the outward Cl− currents without decreasing TMEM16a expression. Together the data suggests that Ca2+ entry via the TRPC1 channels is essential for the activation of CaCC. J. Cell. Physiol. 9999: 2848–2856, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neural correlates of spatial location mapping on the Simon effect in Mandarin speakers

The aim of study is to investigate the neural mechanisms by which experience influences cognitive control in native Mandarin speakers using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in a Simon location task. Results showed brain regions involved in motor control (precentral and postcentral gyri) were less activated after practice. In contrast, brain regions involved in selection of conflict response (left inferior frontal gyrus), attentional control (inferior parietal lobule) and working memory (inferior frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus and insula lobe) were more activated after practice. The results suggest that learning an incompatible spatial location mapping during practice increased demand for response inhibition. Furthermore, the data reveal the involvement of verbal working memory during motor learning in the Simon spatial location mapping task in Chinese speakers.
A Situated Context Model for Resolution and Generation of Referring Expressions

The background for this paper is the aim to build robotic assistants that can "naturally" interact with humans. One prerequisite for this is that the robot can correctly identify objects or places a user refers to, and produce comprehensible references itself. As robots typically act in environments that are larger than what is immediately perceivable, the problem arises how to identify the appropriate context, against which to resolve or produce a referring expression (RE). Existing algorithms for generating REs generally bypass this problem by assuming a given context. In this paper, we explicitly address this problem, proposing a method for context determination in large-scale space. We show how it can be applied both for resolving and producing REs.
Molecular Identification of Microbial Communities in the Recycled Nutrient Solution of a Tomato Glasshouse Soil-Less Culture

This study aimed to assess microbial community diversity in recycled nutrient solutions used in soil-less glass- house cultivation of tomato. One hundred bacterial strains, twenty oomycetes and 6 fungi were isolated and identified through genomic DNA isolation, PCR amplification of the ribosomal DNA region and database interrogations. Similari- ties of ITS regions with known species ranged from 95% to 100%. This artificial ecosystem was shown to be microbio- logically diverse, since recovered isolate were close to 35 bacterial species, 11 oomycete species and 3 fungal species. Bacteria belonged almost exclusively to � -Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, with most represented genera being Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Klebsiella and Serratia. A few bacterial sequences grouped with clones similar to plant and human patho- gens, while other isolates could be protective bacteria such as Pseudomonas fluorescens. Oomycetes isolated mostly be- longed to the genus Pythium (19 isolates) and were phylogenetically related to common cosmopolitan soil inhabitants or phytopathogenic Pythium species. The six fungal isolates were in 2 genera, Rhizopus and Caesia; Rhizopus isolates were closely related to the post harvest pathogen Rhizopus stolonifer. This original work adds to the efforts of assessing micro- organism diversity in recycled nutrient solutions commonly used in glasshouse vegetable production; microbial diversity was high and included potential plant pathogens. This study demonstrated the existence of a wide cultivable microbial community in the nutrient solution before recycling and recirculation and supported the necessity for disinfecting nutrient solutions used in soil-less cultivation systems, during the recycling process, in order to ensure crop sanitation and avoid- ing plant disease spreading.
Factor Analytic Structure and Cross-Informant Agreement for Childhood Disruptive Behaviour Scale

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) co-occur frequently. However, the comorbidity of these two childhood disruptive behavior disorders has not been satisfactorily explained at either a structural or etiological level. The current study evaluates and compares three distinct models to improve understanding of the structural relationship between ADHD and ODD using Urdu translation of parent and teacher versions of Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale (DBDRS). Participants were 201 teachers and 144 parents of school children who were given parent and teacher versions of the DBDRS. The two factor model obtained in the present study combining the hyperactivity and ODD as single factor, while keeping the inattentive type as a separate factor has shown to be the best fit for parent version in comparison to other suggested models. This may help explain common patterns of comorbidity between ADHD and ODD and also supports the ongoing debate that ADHD-Predominantly Inattentive type must be considered a distinct disorder and not as subtype of ADHD.
An experiment on comparing textual vs. visual industrial methods for security risk assessment

Many security risk assessment methods have been proposed both from academia and industry. However, little empirical evaluation has been done to investigate how these methods are effective in practice. In this paper we report a controlled experiment that we conducted to compare the effectiveness and participants' perception of visual versus textual methods for security risk assessment used in industry. As instances of the methods we selected CORAS, a method by SINTEF used to provide security risk assessment consulting services, and SecRAM, a method by EUROCONTROL used to conduct security risk assessment within air traffic management. The experiment involved 29 MSc students who applied both methods to an application scenario from Smart Grid domain. The dependent variables were effectiveness of the methods measured as number of specific threats and security controls identified, and perception of the methods measured through post-task questionnaires based on the Technology Acceptance Model. The experiment shows that while there is no difference in the actual effectiveness of the two methods, the visual method is better perceived by the participants.