Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Framework for Testing Object Oriented Software Using Formal Speciications a Framework for Testing Object Oriented Software Using Formal Speciications

Object oriented methodology is increasingly being used for software development. There is now a need to develop testing methodologies for object oriented programs. These methodologies should exploit the characteristics of object orientation. In this paper we develop a framework for semi-automated generation of test cases for object oriented programs from formal speciications. We use Object-Z as the formal speciication language. We have designed and prototyped a test system called OZTEST. OZTEST understands characteristics of object-oriented specifciations including inheritance. It maps the speciication to a corresponding implementation. Test shells generated from the given Object-Z speciication are stored as test scripts. OZTEST chooses the test shells to be executed in a particular test-session based on user given criteria. A test class is created by inheriting from the class being tested. The child class thus has all the features of the class being tested, in addition to the routines to test the parent. The results of the test are stored in a le for veriication. Abstract Object oriented methodology is increasingly being used for software development. There is now a need to develop testing methodologies for object oriented programs. These methodologies should exploit the characteristics of object orientation. In this paper we develop a framework for semi-automated generation of test cases for object oriented programs from formal speciications. We use Object-Z as the formal speciication language. We have designed and prototyped a test system called OZTEST. OZTEST understands characteristics of object-oriented specifciations including inheritance. It maps the speciication to a corresponding implementation. Test shells generated from the given Object-Z speciication are stored as test scripts. OZTEST chooses the test shells to be executed in a particular test-session based on user given criteria. A test class is created by inheriting from the class being tested. The child class thus has all the features of the class being tested, in addition to the routines to test the parent. The results of the test are stored in a le for veriication.
Survival of Mycosis Fungoides in Patients in the Southeast of England

Background: Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common skin lymphoma. The aetiology of MF remains unknown, and no therapy has to date significantly altered patient survival. Objective: The present study examines trends in survival of MF patients in a well-defined population-based disease group, namely patients registered over a 40-year period at the Thames Cancer Registry, Southeast England. Methods: The Thames Cancer Registry is a population-based registry, covering a population of approximately 14 million people. Data were taken from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results cancer registry programme and the National Centre for Health Statistics. The database was used to identify cases of MF diagnosed between 1961 and 2000. A total of 985 records were identified, 821 (83%) of which had complete information on age, sex, year of diagnosis and area of residence. The observed and relative survivals of patients diagnosed during the periods 1971–1975, 1981–1985 and 1991–1995 were examined over a 5-year period of follow-up, using the relsurv Stata program to perform Cox proportional hazard analysis. Results: A total of 821 MF eligible patients were available with a median follow-up of 4.3 years and a maximum follow-up of 30 years. The overall 5-year relative survival rate was 80%, and there was marked improvement between 1971 and 1981. The prognostic factors leading to a significantly poorer survival were high age, male sex, the presence of the Sézary syndrome, the use of hormone treatment and radiotherapy. Conclusions: A statistically significantly better survival over the last 20 years was found. The prognosis is generally good for most patients but not all. The best survival was seen for the female patients under 45 years of age without the presence of the Sézary syndrome. This difference in survival may be partly due to a difference in the disease stage or different treatment, or to both.
Psychometric Properties of the Leadership Practices Inventory-Updated

Accurately assessing leadership behavior continues to be important to both researchers and management development practitioners. In a series of follow-up studies employing the Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI), data from over 36,000 respondents were used to reexamine the psychometric properties of the instrument and to explore possible gender, functional field, ethnic and/or cross-cultural background differences. Factor analytic results sup- ported a 5-factor scale that was consistent with the five hypothesized dimensions of the LPI (Challenging, Inspiring, Enabling, Modeling, and Encouraging). Gender differences were observed for performance on the Modeling and Encouraging subscales with females reportedly engaging in these activities more frequently than do males. Additional findings are discussed.
Lower extremity joint kinetics and energetics during backward running.

The purpose of this study was to measure lower extremity joint moments of force and joint muscle powers used to perform backward running. Ten trials of high speed (100 Hz) sagittal plane film records and ground reaction force data (1000 Hz) describing backward running were obtained from each of five male runners. Fifteen trials of forward running data were obtained from one of these subjects. Inverse dynamics were performed on these data to obtain the joint moments and powers, which were normalized to body mass to make between-subject comparisons. Backward running hip moment and power patterns were similar in magnitude and opposite in direction to forward running curves and produced more positive work in stance. Functional roles of knee and ankle muscles were interchanged between backward and forward running. Knee extensors were the primary source of propulsion in backward running owing to greater moment and power output (peak moment = 3.60 N.m.kg-1; peak power = 12.40 W.kg-1) compared with the ankle (peak moment = 1.92 N.m.kg-1; peak power = 7.05 W.kg-1). The ankle plantarflexors were the primary shock absorbers, producing the greatest negative power (peak = -6.77 W.kg-1) during early stance. Forward running had greater ankle moment and power output for propulsion and greater knee negative power for impact attenuation. The large knee moment in backward running supported previous findings indicating that backward running training leads to increased knee extensor torque capabilities.
Mapping a lifelike 2.5 D human face via an automatic approach

An automatic approach used for making a human face model is proposed. It is a system with input forms of a 2.5D range data set and a 2D color image. The information obtained from the range data set includes the anatomical sites of features and the geometrical data of face. The information extracted from the 2D color image includes the boundaries of facial features and the attributes of facial textures. These two sources are integrated to form a volumetric facial model. <<ETX>>
Numerical analysis for human perception of temperature rise on the fingertips during usage of a mobile device

Two factors are known to influence temperature rise (DT) in human tissues during mobile phone usage [Ibrahiem et al., 2005]. These are: (a) radiofrequency power absorption (RFA) in biological tissues, and (b) heat conduction (HC) by touching devices. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) limited temperature rise due to RFA to roughly 0.1 8C [ICNIRP, 1998]. A standard-compliant device should satisfy this limit. With the emergence of smartphones and mobile applications, interactions between the fingertips and devices have increased. The users may touch mobile devices for more than one hour (e.g., watching videos, playing games, or surfing the Internet). This is in sharp contrast to traditional phone-call usage, which would usually last for dozens of seconds. In addition, power consumption of terminals has increased drastically, which raise the surface temperature. The overheated terminals could trigger an uncomfortable user experience (UX) [Mankowski et al., 2016] potentially degrading the reputation of a brand. Therefore, temperature changes experienced by the users have become one of the most pressing concerns for manufacturers. It is reported that even a minor temperature elevation (as low as 0.06 8C) is perceptible by cutaneous sensation [Foster, 2000]. In addition, the rate of temperature change of several degrees per second is sufficient to influence sensory response to heat stimuli on human palmar skin [Pertovaara, 1999]. Therefore, it is very important to consider both DTmax and temporal evolution of the temperature (tDT) on the fingertips in order to evaluate thermal perception during phone usage. In this numerical study, variables such as casing materials, casing thickness, environmental temperatures, and modalities of heat transfer were taken into consideration. Their respective contributions to the user’s perception of heat were discussed. To achieve this, a numerical model of a mobile tablet was developed, which was held by a deformed hand model in a video-watching/game-playing posture. A multi-physics tool was used to solve the heat transfer process. The dimensions of the mobile tablet model were 200 135 8.5mm. It is a common size for a tablet PC with a 7.9 inch screen (Fig. 1a). A liquid crystal display (LCD) with backlight, casing, battery, printed circuit board (PCB), antenna with RF module, central processing unit (CPU), graphic processing unit (GPU), random access memory (RAM), and conducting strip were implemented in the numerical model. The tablet had a metallic casing. The profile of the hand was developed using a Chinese male adult model’s hand [Wu et al., 2011], which is representative of the
Emotional Responses in Artificial Agent-Based Systems: Reflexivity and Adaptation in Artificial Life

The current work addresses a virtual environment with self-replicating agents whose decisions are based on a form of "somatic computation" (soma - body) in which basic emotional responses, taken in parallelism to actual living organisms, are introduced as a way to provide the agents with greater reflexive abilities. The work provides a contribution to the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Artificial Life (ALife) in connection to a neurobiology-based cognitive framework for artificial systems and virtual environments' simulations. The performance of the agents capable of emotional responses is compared with that of self-replicating automata, and the implications of research on emotions and AI, in connection to both virtual agents as well as robots, is addressed regarding possible future directions and applications.
Mobile Crowd Sensing via Online Communities: Incentive Mechanisms for Multiple Cooperative Tasks

Mobile crowd sensing emerges as a new paradigm which takes advantage of the pervasive sensor-embedded smartphones to collect data efficiently. Many incentive mechanisms for mobile crowd sensing have been proposed. However, none of them takes into consideration the cooperative compatibility of users for multiple cooperative tasks. In this paper, we design truthful incentive mechanisms to minimize the social cost such that each of the cooperative tasks can be completed by a group of compatible users. We consider that the mobile crowd sensing is launched in an online community. We study two bid models and formulated the Social Optimization Compatible User Selection (SOCUS) problem for each model. We also define three compatibility models and use real-life relationships from social networks to model the compatibility relationships. We design two reverse auction based incentive mechanisms, MCT-M and MCT-S. Both of them consist of two steps: compatible user grouping and reverse auction. Through both rigorous theoretical analysis and extensive simulations, we demonstrate that the proposed mechanisms achieve computational efficiency, individual rationality and truthfulness. In addition, MCT-M can output the optimal solution.
Amplification of the metallothionein‐1 and metallothionein‐2 genes in copper‐resistant hepatoma cells

The molecular basis for increased metallothionein concentrations in copperresistant hepatoma cells was examined. The copper‐resistant cell line HAC600, which is maintained in 600 μm copper, had increased steady‐state mRNA levels for both the metallothionein‐1 (MT‐1) and the metallothionein‐2 (MT‐2) genes. Levels of mRNA were increased 11‐fold for MT‐1 and 15‐fold for MT‐2, with no significant change in α‐tubulin mRNA content. HAC600NM cells, which are copper‐resistant cells kept in a normal copper concentration for over 1 year, also had eight‐ and tenfold increases in MT‐1 and MT‐2 mRNA levels. Nuclear run‐on assays showed that MT‐1 and MT‐2 gene transcription was increased nine‐ and eightfold in HAC600 cells and seven‐ and tenfold in HAC600NM cells, respectively. Southern blot analysis showed amplification of both metallothionein genes in HAC600 and HAC600NM cells. Thus the molecular basis of increased metallothionein in these hepatoma cells involved a stable gene amplification of both MT genes. The greater increase in metallothionein mRNA levels in HAC600 cells relative to the changes in transcription suggests that posttranscriptional mechanisms of gene regulation may also be acting in these cells.
Organizational Structure, Environment and Performance: The Role of Strategic Choice

This paper critically examines available theoretical models which have been derived from statistically established patterns of association between contextual and organizational variables. These models offer an interpretation of organizational structure as a product of primarily economic constraints which contextual variables are assumed to impose. It is argued that available models in fact attempt to explain organization at one remove by ignoring the essentially political process, whereby power-holders within organizations decide upon courses of strategic action. This `strategic choice' typically includes not only the establishment of structural forms but also the manipulation of environmental features and the choice of relevant performance standards. A theoretical re-orientation of this kind away from functional imperatives and towards a recognition of political action is developed and illustrated in the main body of the paper.
The Theory of Political Ambiguity

The ambiguity of politicians' words and actions is sometimes attributed to rational seeking of support or votes. Such an explanation must clearly specify the preferences and decision processes among constituents and the calculations by politicians which make ambiguity seem attractive. The leading effort of this sort is Shepsle's lottery theory, in which politicians take probabilistic stands on issues in order to appeal to risk acceptant, expected-utility-maximizing voters. But the lottery theory suffers from several difficulties. Its predictions are not strong; it can at best account for only certain kinds of observed ambiguous behavior; its main condition for the prediction of ambiguity—risk acceptance among constituents—may not be met; and the expected utility model of risky decision making is not well supported by available evidence. An emphasis allocation theory is suggested as an alternative. According to it, ambiguity involves an effort to reduce the salience of conflictual matters (such as specific policy alternatives) in the evaluation of politicians, so that attention will be paid to consensual appeals (peace, prosperity, honesty in government).
A 40nm wideband direct-conversion transmitter with sub-sampling-based output power, LO feedthrough and I/Q imbalance calibration

In the last decade the amount of digital data generated in connection with digital devices such as cameras, media players and high-definition TVs has seen a significant growth. This requires tuners for home networking such as MoCA with increasingly large bandwidth. Though advanced CMOS technology allows for the design of high-speed circuits and systems that can meet the need for more bandwidth, 40nm feature sizes and beyond introduce new challenges in analog circuit design [1]. Moreover, dependence on environmental conditions of device spread and matching performance with parasitic coupling can drastically reduce the overall system performance.
Possible implications of reciprocity between ethylene and aflatoxin biogenesis in Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus

Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus produced ethylene during early growth. However, the onset of toxin biosynthesis was marked by the absence of ethylene evolution. 2-Chloroethyl phosphonic acid, an ethylene-generating compound, inhibited aflatoxin biosynthesis in vivo. The reciprocal relationship between the production of aflatoxin and ethylene by the organism may indicate the involvement of the latter in the regulation of aflatoxin biogenesis.
Cell-density-dependent sensitivity of a mer-lux bioassay

The sensitivity of a previously described assay (O. Selifonova, R. Burlage, and T. Barkay, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:3083-3090, 1993) for the detection of bioavailable inorganic mercury (Hg2+) by the activation of a mer-lux fusion was increased from nanomolar to picomolar concentrations by reducing biomass in the assays from 10(7) to 10(5) cells ml-1. The increase in sensitivity was due to a reduction in the number of cellular binding sites that may compete with the regulatory protein, MerR, for binding of the inducer, Hg2+. These results show that (i) the sensitivity of the mer-lux assay is sufficient for the detection of Hg2+ in most contaminated natural waters and (ii) mer-specified reactions, Hg2+ reduction and methylmercury degradation, can be induced in natural waters and may participate in the geochemical cycling of mercury.
Block of Purinergic P2X7R Inhibits Tumor Growth in a C6 Glioma Brain Tumor Animal Model

We examined the expression and pharmacological modulation of the purinergic receptor P2X7R in a C6 glioma model. Intrastriatal injection of C6 cells induced a time-dependent growth of tumor; at 2weeks postinjection immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated higher levels of P2X7R in glioma-injected versus control vehicle-injected brains. P2X7R immunoreactivity colocalized with tumor cells and microglia, but not endogenous astrocytes. Intravenous administration of the P2X7R antagonist brilliant blue G (BBG) inhibited tumor growth in a spatially dependent manner from the C6 injection site. Treatment with BBG reduced tumor volume by 52% versus that in controls. Double immunostaining indicated that BBG treatment did not alter microgliosis, astrogliosis, or vasculature vessels in C6-injected animals. In vitro, BBG reduced the expression of P2X7R and glioma chemotaxis induced by the P2X7R ligand, 2&vprime;,3&vprime;-O-(4-benzoyl-benzoyl)adenosine triphosphate (BzATP). Immunohistochemical staining of human glioblastoma tissue samples demonstrated greater expression of P2X7R compared to control nontumor samples. These results suggest that the efficacy of BBG in inhibiting tumor growth is primarily mediated by direct actions of the compound on P2X7R in glioma cells and that pharmacological inhibition of this purinergic receptor might serve as a strategy to slow the progression of brain tumors.
2-(2-Ammonioethyl)pyridinium hexachloridorhenate(IV)

In the title antiferromagnetic material, (C7H12N2)[ReCl6], the Néel temperature is observed at 5 K. The salt is stabilized by an extensive network of N—H⋯Cl and C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, where hydrogen-bonded anion chains and characteristic cation–anion motifs are present. Similar systems play an important role in crystal engineering as hydrogen bonds that can transmit magnetic interactions.
Balancing Interference and Delay in Heterogeneous Ad Hoc Networks With MIMO

Heterogeneous ad hoc networks with MIMO links can significantly improve transmission performance of the entire distributed wireless communication system. In this paper, we investigate how to increase total system throughput and decrease end-to-end delay with the help of heterogeneous characteristics of the ad hoc networks. Even if there are lots of references about distributed scheduling control considering multiple antennas, channel state, and so on, it still needs to be addressed how to guarantee destination to receive packets with a short delay. To resolve this issue, we first propose an interference-delay tradeoff method using convex optimization, which adjusts transmission rate and power to balance interference and delay. We then develop a speed power interference-based topology resource control algorithm with delay constraint to further adjust transmission power for reducing energy consumption. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms can outperform the existing ones in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay, and power consumption.
Seizure Detection in EEG signals: A Comparison of Different approaches

In this paper, the performance of traditional variance-based method for detection of epileptic seizures in EEG signals are compared with various methods based on nonlinear time series analysis, entropies, logistic regression,discrete wavelet transform and time frequency distributions.We noted that variance-based method in compare to the mentioned methods had the best result (100%) applied on the same database.
Oxygenation during difficult airway management

head. The operator stands behind, with the ultrasound screen in front of, the patient (Fig. 3). In our experience, this makes it easier to control the ultrasound probe and facilitates block performance. Sagittal images of the ribs are obtained by placing a linear probe in line with the midaxillary line. Second, a 100-mm needle is introduced in-plane from an inferior to superior direction. The length of the needle enables administration of local anaesthetic across up to three intercostal spaces above the level of insertion. From the two approaches described by Blanco et al, we usually choose the one deep to the serratus anterior muscle, as it seems to provide a good anterior distribution [1] of the block. In addition, many of our patients are thin, so the serratus anterior muscle is not very prominent and the deep plane is more easily identified. The procedure is repeated on the contralateral hemithorax. It usually takes approximately ten minutes to block the two hemithoraces. Patients report good analgesia and are usually discharged the following day without the need for rescue analgesia.
Dynamically Configuring Communication Services with the Service Configurator Pattern

A rapidly growing collection of communication services are now available on the Internet. A communication service is a component in a server that provides capabilities to clients. Services available on the Internet include: WWW browsing and content retrieval services (e.g., Alta Vista, Apache, Netscape’s HTTP server); software distribution services (e.g., Castinet), electronic mail and network news transfer agents (e.g., sendmail and nntpd), file access on remote machines (e.g., ftpd), remote terminal access (e.g., rlogind and telnetd), routing table management (e.g., gated and routed), host and user activity reporting (e.g., fingerd and rwhod), network time protocols (e.g., ntpd), and request brokerage services (e.g., orbixd and RPC portmapper).