Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Low fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with low knowledge of the details of the 5‐a‐day fruit and vegetable message in the UK: findings from two cross‐sectional questionnaire studies

BACKGROUND This project aimed to understand the details of the 5-a-day fruit and vegetable (FV) message (which foods are included, portion sizes, the need for variety, reasons for consumption) least known by UK consumers, and most associated with low FV consumption. METHODS Study 1 assessed FV consumption, knowledge of the details of the message, and relationships between these, using a short questionnaire administered face-to-face to an opportunity sample of one large UK city. Study 2 assessed the same variables using a comprehensive postal questionnaire administered across the UK to a representative population sample. RESULTS Five hundred and seven respondents completed Study 1 and 247 respondents completed Study 2. The majority of individuals in both studies were aware of the 5-a-day message and could recount this correctly. In both studies, however, knowledge of the details of the message was low, and lower knowledge was associated with lower FV consumption. Respondents had lowest knowledge of the details of the message related to portion sizes and the need for variety. However, FV consumption was not independently associated with knowledge of any one aspect of the message. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that, although most of the UK population sampled were aware of the 5-a-day FV message and could recount this correctly, details of the 5-a-day FV message were not well known, and that FV consumption was related to this knowledge. These findings suggest that strategies to increase FV consumption will benefit from increasing UK consumers' knowledge of the details of the 5-a-day FV message.
‘State Bureaucrats’ and ‘Those NGO People’: Promoting the idea of civil society, hindering the state

One of the characteristics of Polish foreign aid is its focus on the ‘transition experience’ and civil society. This specific celebration of the ‘Polish success story’ contrasts sharply with public debates that frequently criticise the weaknesses of Polish civil society and the difficulties in state – non-state relations. The Polish Aid apparatus itself is not immune to these problems, often exhibiting antagonistic relations between NGOs and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. By looking at the relations linking these stakeholders this text aims to analyse relations between the ‘state’ and ‘civil society’ in Poland. As the text demonstrates, complicated contemporary relations between NGOs and the State are first the outcome of the country’s troubled history of civil society, and an inheritance of the Solidarity movement when the concept of civil society was built on the idea of opposition to the state. Second, the anti-state attitude characterising contemporary organisations was also fostered by foreign institutions, which supported the Solidarity movement in its efforts to overturn the socialist regime in Poland, and later in the 1990s, became the strongest proponents of civil society and NGOs. Finally, these pre-existing historical conditions for the strong polarisation of NGOs and state institutions are now additionally reinforced by the ‘professionalization’ and ‘institutionalisation’ of NGOs. However, the uncritical promotion of ‘Western standards’ exhibited in the ideals of transparency and audit culture, rather than generating positive change only antagonises NGOs and state institutions. The ultimate effect of this process is that NGOs become more and more obsessed with bureaucratic modes of operating, and start to resemble state institutions. Effectively, NGOs risk losing their identity which is so strongly built on the non-governmental aspect of their work. Effectively, the perpetuation of the state/non-State opposition becomes a strategy which allows this separate identity to be maintained and NGOs status to remain unchallenged.
Providing data science support for systems pharmacology and its implications to drug discovery

ABSTRACT Introduction: The conventional one-drug-one-target-one-disease drug discovery process has been less successful in tracking multi-genic, multi-faceted complex diseases. Systems pharmacology has emerged as a new discipline to tackle the current challenges in drug discovery. The goal of systems pharmacology is to transform huge, heterogeneous, and dynamic biological and clinical data into interpretable and actionable mechanistic models for decision making in drug discovery and patient treatment. Thus, big data technology and data science will play an essential role in systems pharmacology. Areas covered: This paper critically reviews the impact of three fundamental concepts of data science on systems pharmacology: similarity inference, overfitting avoidance, and disentangling causality from correlation. The authors then discuss recent advances and future directions in applying the three concepts of data science to drug discovery, with a focus on proteome-wide context-specific quantitative drug target deconvolution and personalized adverse drug reaction prediction. Expert opinion: Data science will facilitate reducing the complexity of systems pharmacology modeling, detecting hidden correlations between complex data sets, and distinguishing causation from correlation. The power of data science can only be fully realized when integrated with mechanism-based multi-scale modeling that explicitly takes into account the hierarchical organization of biological systems from nucleic acid to proteins, to molecular interaction networks, to cells, to tissues, to patients, and to populations.
Microbicides from a regulatory perspective

Objective:To provide researchers, product sponsors, drug regulators, and funding organizations with a convenient reference regarding regulatory guidance for microbicide development and licensure. Methods:WHO and other leading agencies in the microbicide field sponsored a series of technical consultations over the past decade that engaged a wide range of international experts in regional settings of primary relevance for microbicide development, testing, and eventual use. This article summarizes the results of those consultations against the ever-changing background of HIV prevention. Results:These efforts have significantly clarified the scientific basis for developing regulatory guidance for microbicide development and licensure. Conclusion:The technical consultations organised by WHO and others have substantially expanded regulatory perspectives about the development and testing of topical microbicides for preventing the sexual transmission of HIV and other STIs.
Participation in Early Childhood Educational Environments for Young Children with and Without Developmental Disabilities and Delays: A Mixed Methods Study

ABSTRACT Aims: This mixed methods study examined: 1) how young children with and without developmental disabilities and delays participate in daycare or preschool activities; 2) similarities and differences in environmental factors impacting daycare or preschool participation; and 3) strategies used by parents who desired a change in their child's participation. Methods: Data were drawn from 129 parents of young children with and without developmental disabilities and delays (mean age = 49.3 months) residing in North America. Summary and item-level group differences based on disability status were assessed for participation and environmental supports to participation. Narrative data on parental strategies were content coded, transformed into numerical counts, and summarized to identify strategies commonly employed by parents to promote their child's participation. Results: Moderate to large disability related group differences in participation and environmental support to participation were found even after controlling for confounding effects of child age, child gender, and family income. Parents commonly described strategies focused on “child care tasks” and “child peer groups,” irrespective of the type(s) of change they desired. Conclusions: Study findings suggest that discrepancies in school participation between young children with and without disabilities and delays can be detected and intervened on during the early childhood period.
Associations Between Left Ventricular Dysfunction and Brain Structure and Function: Findings From the SABRE (Southall and Brent Revisited) Study

Background Subclinical left ventricular (LV) dysfunction has been inconsistently associated with early cognitive impairment, and mechanistic pathways have been poorly considered. We investigated the cross‐sectional relationship between LV dysfunction and structural/functional measures of the brain and explored the role of potential mechanisms. Method and Results A total of 1338 individuals (69±6 years) from the Southall and Brent Revisited study underwent echocardiography for systolic (tissue Doppler imaging peak systolic wave) and diastolic (left atrial diameter) assessment. Cognitive function was assessed and total and hippocampal brain volumes were measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Global LV function was assessed by circulating N‐terminal pro–brain natriuretic peptide. The role of potential mechanistic pathways of arterial stiffness, atherosclerosis, microvascular disease, and inflammation were explored. After adjusting for age, sex, and ethnicity, lower systolic function was associated with lower total brain (beta±standard error, 14.9±3.2 cm3; P<0.0001) and hippocampal volumes (0.05±0.02 cm3, P=0.01). Reduced diastolic function was associated with poorer working memory (−0.21±0.07, P=0.004) and fluency scores (−0.18±0.08, P=0.02). Reduced global LV function was associated with smaller hippocampal volume (−0.10±0.03 cm3, P=0.004) and adverse visual memory (−0.076±0.03, P=0.02) and processing speed (0.063±0.02, P=0.006) scores. Separate adjustment for concomitant cardiovascular risk factors attenuated associations with hippocampal volume and fluency only. Further adjustment for the alternative pathways of microvascular disease or arterial stiffness attenuated the relationship between global LV function and visual memory. Conclusions In a community‐based sample of older people, measures of LV function were associated with structural/functional measures of the brain. These associations were not wholly explained by concomitant risk factors or potential mechanistic pathways.
GBMW: An accurate framework for exploiting soft error masking effects in register files

In modern processor based systems, techniques of evaluating the soft error effect on register files (RF) is very important because it makes fine grained protection viable. This paper describes GBMW (Graph Based Mask Window analysis), a framework that can capture soft error masking effects accurately in register files at instruction level. Comparing with previous studies, GBMW not only considers logical masking effects, but also takes error propagation effects and error post-masking effects into account. We verify our method by using fault inject (FI) as a baseline and comparing our method with traditional ones. The results show that GBMW decreases the average error rate to 1/3 of those using traditional methods when predicting soft error masking effects. Furthermore, GBMW still has comparable running time.
The Diffusion and Appropriation of Ideas: An Investigation of Events Occurring Between Groups of Learners in Science Classrooms

Researchers have conducted numerous studies on the interactions of individuals within groups, however, there has been little research on phenomena occurring between groups of learners in classrooms. This exploratory study identifies and categorizes different events occurring between members of different learning groups in three ninth-grade physical science classrooms. Distributed cognition is used as a framework for describing how inter-group interactions serve to diffuse ideas throughout the collective, how these interactions influence the processes and products of students' work, and how characteristics of learning tasks themselves afford or constrain different kinds of inter-group interactions.
Tissue factor variants induce monocyte transformation and transdifferentiation into endothelial cell‐like cells

Essentials Monocytes (Mo) transdifferentiate into endothelial cell‐like (ECL) cells. Mo induce tissue factor (TF) expression and secretion in microvascular endothelial cells (mECs). TF interacts with Mo in a paracrine fashion, inducing their transdifferentiation into ECL cells. TF generates a positive feedback crosstalk between Mo and mECs that promotes angiogenesis.
Qualifications Frameworks Between Global and European Pressures and Local Responses

The article considers the Europeanization of education, a process that is taking place in the European Union (EU) as a result of the establishment of a common education policy and that is playing a part in determining the development of education policies in EU member states and candidate countries. The concept of Europeanization serves as a methodological tool with which to analyze one of the fundamental political instruments of European education policy, namely, the European Qualifications Framework (EQF), and also the national qualifications frameworks (NQFs) that are emerging under its influence. In the case of our analysis of the NQF that has been prepared by Slovenia, we demonstrate that the formulation of the EQF and NQFs in the EU is influenced by two factors: by the Anglo-Saxon countries, which were the first to establish a qualifications framework of the modern type, and by global neoliberal policy, with its tendency toward the deregulation, marketization, and commodification of education. At the same time, we tried to show that NQFs in continental Europe have resulted, by virtue of their local specificities, in frameworks that differ considerably from qualifications in the Anglo-Saxon countries. It appears that the effects of globalization and Europeanization on education are unpredictable, because policies are never simply copied into national systems.
Differential gene expression during early murine yolk sac development

The visceral yolk sac (VYS), composed of extraembryonic mesoderm and visceral endoderm, is the initial site of blood cell development and serves important nutritive and absorptive functions. In the mouse, the visceral endoderm becomes a morphologically distinct tissue at the time of implantation (E4.5), while the extraembryonic mesoderm arises during gastrulation (E6.5–8.5). To isolate genes differentially expressed in the developing yolk sac, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods were used to construct cDNA from late primitive streak to neural plate stage (E7.5) murine VYS mesoderm and VYS endoderm tissues. Differential screening led to the identification of six VYS mesoderm‐enriched clones: ribosomal protein L13a, the heat shock proteins hsc 70 and hsp 86, guanine‐nucleotide binding protein‐related gene, cellular nucleic acid binding protein, and ã‐enolase. One VYS endoderm‐specific cDNA was identified as apolipoprotein C2. In situ hybridization studies confirmed the differential expression of these genes in E7.5 yolk sac tissues. These results indicate that representative cDNA populations can be obtained from small numbers of cells and that PCR methodologies permit the study of gene expression during early mammalian postimplantation development. While all of the mesoderm‐enriched genes were ubiquitously expressed in the embryo proper, apolipoprotein C2 expression was confined to the visceral endoderm. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that at E7.5, the yolk sac endoderm provides differentiated liver‐like functions, while the newly developing extraembryonic mesoderm is still a largely undifferentiated tissue. © 1995 wiley‐Liss, Inc.
JellyFish: Online Performance Tuning with Adaptive Configuration and Elastic Container in Hadoop Yarn

MapReduce is a popular computing framework for large-scale data processing. Practical experience shows that inappropriate configurations can result in poor performance of MapReduce jobs, however, it is challenging to pick out a suitable configuration in a short time. Also, current central resource scheduler may cause low resource utilization, and degrade the performance of the cluster. This paper proposes an online performance tuning system, JellyFish, to improve performance of MapReduce jobs and increase resource utilization in Hadoop YARN. JellyFish continually collects real-time statistics to optimize configuration and resource allocation dynamically during execution of a job. During performance tuning process, JellyFish firstly tunes configuration parameters by reducing the dimensionality of search space with a divide-and-conquer approach and using a model-based hill climbing algorithm to improve tuning efficiency; secondly, JellyFish re-schedules resources in nodes by using a novel elastic container that can expand and shrink dynamically according to resource usage, and a resource re-scheduling strategy to make full use of cluster resources. Experimental results show that JellyFish can improve performance of MapReduce jobs by an average of 24% for jobs run for the first time, and by an average of 65% for jobs run multiple times compared to default YARN.
Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders

A recent report by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention's (OJJDP's) Study Group on Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders provides valuable insights into the pathways to serious and violent juvenile offending. Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions uses OJJDP's Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders as a foundation to construct an analysis of risk and protective factors that will enable communities to build effective prevention and intervention programs for serious and violent juvenile offenders. The Study Group of distinguished experts chaired by Drs. Rolf Loeber and David Farrington presents empirical evidence that the key to reducing serious and violent offending lies with early prevention efforts aimed at high-risk youth and interventions with serious and violent juvenile offenders. This Bulletin and the report it summarizes provide critical guidance toward both ends by examining a broad range of prevention and intervention programs, from those that focus on early childhood to those focusing on late adolescence. It is my hope that the information the Bulletin provides will renew our commitment to tackling what has for too long seemed an overwhelming problem—serious and violent juvenile offending. Serious and violent juvenile (SVJ) offenders comprise a troubled and often dangerous population. Although their numbers are small, they are responsible for a disproportionate amount of crime. To know what to do about this difficult problem and to garner the necessary financial, political, and public support to deal with it effectively, policymakers need a solid research foundation. To build this research base, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) convened the Study Group on Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders. The findings of this distinguished panel of researchers are quite hopeful and compelling. They conclude that it is never too early to begin efforts to prevent SVJ offending, and it is never too late to intervene with known serious and violent juvenile offenders. Expanding upon OJJDP's formative work on the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders (Wilson and Howell, 1993), the Study Group carefully documented what is known about SVJ offenders, what programs have been tried, how these programs have performed, what lessons can be drawn from them, and what research and evaluation efforts are needed to advance knowledge about preventing and controlling SVJ offending. One of the primary goals of the Study Group was to provide further guidance to jurisdictions across the country that …
Development and validation of a correction equation for Corvis tonometry

Abstract Primary objective: This study uses numerical analysis and validation against clinical data to develop a method to correct intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements obtained using the Corvis Tonometer for the effects of central corneal thickness (CCT), and age. Materials and Methods: Finite element analysis was conducted to simulate the effect of tonometric air pressure on the intact eye globe. The analyses considered eyes with wide variations in IOP (10–30 mm Hg), CCT (445–645 microns), R (7.2–8.4 mm), shape factor, P (0.6–1) and age (30–90 years). In each case, corneal deformation was predicted and used to estimate the IOP measurement by Corvis (CVS-IOP). Analysis of the results led to an algorithm relating estimates of true IOP as a function of CVS-IOP, CCT and age. All other parameters had negligible effect on CVS-IOP and have therefore been omitted from the algorithm. Predictions of corrected CVS-IOP, as obtained by applying the algorithm to a clinical data-set involving 634 eyes, were assessed for their association with the cornea stiffness parameters; CCT and age. Results: Analysis of CVS-IOP measurements within the 634-large clinical data-set showed strong correlation with CCT (3.06 mm Hg/100 microns, r2 = 0.204) and weaker correlation with age (0.24 mm Hg/decade, r2 = 0.009). Applying the algorithm to IOP measurements resulted in IOP estimations that became less correlated with both CCT (0.04 mm Hg/100 microns, r2 = 0.005) and age (0.09 mm Hg/decade, r2 = 0.002). Conclusions: The IOP correction process developed in this study was successful in reducing reliance of IOP measurements on both corneal thickness and age in a healthy European population.
A Processing Approach to Complex NP Island Effects in Korean

Questioning the syntactic assumptions of Island effects on movement operations, this paper investigates, through an acceptability judgment experiment with native Korean speakers, whether wh-in-situ questions in Korean show Complex Noun Phrase (CNP) Islands effects, and if so, what causes them? The results of the experiment indicate that the acceptability of wh-insitu questions with a CNPC violation in Korean shows a wide range of variation and that factors such as distance and referential specificity affect their acceptability. Given that these results cannot be adequately explained by a purely syntactic approach to Islands and that similar facts have been taken as evidence for the processing nature of Island effects in overt wh-movement languages, we interpret them as showing the processing nature of CNP Island effects of wh-in-situ questions in Korean. As for the claim that wh-in-situ questions in Korean do not show CNP Island effects unlike overt wh-movement questions, commonly made and accepted in the syntactic literature, we suggest that the difference in Island effects can arise from the differences in the processing costs of overt wh-movement questions and wh-in-situ questions.