Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of grain processing and silage on microbial protein synthesis and nutrient digestibility in beef cattle fed barley-based diets.

Effects of the extent of grain processing and the percentage of silage in barley-based feedlot diets on microbial protein synthesis and nutrient digestibility were evaluated using four steers (initial BW of 442 +/- 15 kg) with ruminal and duodenal cannulas. The experiment was a 4 x 4 Latin square with four periods of 21 d each. Dietary treatments were arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial with two levels of barley silage (20 and 5% DM basis) and two degrees of barley grain processing (coarsely and flatly steamrolled to a processing index [PI] of 86 and 61%, respectively). The PI was quantified as the volume weight of the barley grain after processing, expressed as a percentage of the volume weight prior to processing. Digest a flow (Yb) and microbial (15N) markers were continuously infused into the rumen for a period of 13 d. Ruminal, duodenal, and fecal samples were collected at various times over the last 6 d of marker infusion. Diurnal ruminal pH was measured for 48 h. Intake of DM averaged 1.8% of BW, and was not different among the dietary treatments (P > 0.10). Ruminal starch digestibility was higher (P < 0.05) for the more extensively processed grain and tended (P < 0.10) to be highest when the more extensively processed grain was combined with 5% barley silage. In contrast, ruminal fiber digestibility for the 5% silage diets was reduced (P < 0.05) when the grain was more extensively processed. There was, however, no effect of grain processing on ruminal OM digestibility (P > 0.10), and hence, no inhibitory effect on microbial N flow to the intestine (P > 0.10). There was also no effect of the level of silage on microbial N flow (P > 0.10), but there was a tendency for improved efficiency of microbial protein synthesis for the 20% silage diets (P = 0.072). Ruminal escape of nonmicrobial N (P = 0.003) was greater, and thus, protein flow to the intestine was greater for the 5% silage diets. Diurnal ruminal pH was lower (P < 0.05) for 11 of the 24 hourly time points in steers fed the 5% silage diets than those fed the 20% silage diets. In conclusion, barley grain rolled to a PI of 86 to 61% and combined with 20 and 5% barley silage had little effect on microbial protein supply. Microbial protein supply was not inhibited when the barley grain was extensively processed (PI of 61%) and the silage was limited to only 5% of the diet DM, but feed intake of steers in this study was lower than would be expected in the feedlot.
Step Side Recognition Based on Handle Reaction Forces During Functional Electrical Stimulation

In this paper, we developed and tested a novel sensing and processing method for the potential to recognize the active step side direction using handle reaction forces (HRF) during walker-assisted FES-activated walking. The HRF were collected from a dynamometer system based on 12-strain gauge bridges instrumented on the walker frame. The features of active step side direction were extracted from the HRF through k-means clustering analytical method, recognized by support vector machine and finally evaluated by k-fold cross-validation. The results showed that the mean recognition rate was 79.3% for a group of 10 subjects while the highest recognition rate reached 96.8% for the individual. Additionally, the recognition rate cross subjects reached nearly 80.0%. This favourable performance indicated an attractive possibility of HRF as a natural command source to improve the intelligence control of FES system.
Complement activation triggered by chondroitin sulfate released by thrombin receptor‐activated platelets

Summary. Background: Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan released by activated platelets. Objective: Here we test the hypothesis that CS released by activated platelets can trigger complement activation in the fluid phase. Methods and results: Thrombin receptor‐activating peptide (TRAP)‐6 was used to activate platelets in platelet‐rich plasma and blood, anticoagulated with the thrombin inhibitor lepirudin. TRAP activation induced fluid‐phase complement activation, as reflected by the generation of C3a and sC5b‐9, which could be attenuated by the C3 inhibitor compstatin. Chondroitinase ABC treatment of supernatants from activated platelets totally inhibited the activation, indicating that platelet‐derived CS had initiated the complement activation. Furthermore, addition of purified CS to plasma strongly triggered complement activation. C1q was identified as the recognition molecule, as it bound directly to CS, and CS‐triggered complement activation could be restored in C1q‐depleted serum by adding purified C1q. TRAP activation of whole blood increased the expression of CD11b on leukocytes and generation of leukocyte–platelet complexes. It was demonstrated that these leukocyte functions were dependent on C3 activation and signaling via C5a, as this expression could be inhibited by compstatin and by a C5aR antagonist. Conclusions: We conclude that platelets trigger complement activation in the fluid phase by releasing CS, which leads to inflammatory signals mediated by C5a.
Test-retest reliability of isokinetic muscle strength of the lower extremities in patients with stroke.

OBJECTIVE To i the test-retest reliability of isokinetic strength measurements of 3 muscle groups of the lower extremities in stroke patients. DESIGN Isokineth tests of bilateral hip flexors, knee extensors, and ankle plantarflexors at 2 angular velocities, performed during 2 sessions scheduled 1 week apart for each subject. SETTING Outpatilitation clinic of a local hospital in Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS Nts with mild spastic hemiparesis secondary to stroke and with poststroke onset time of at least 6 months. All subjects could communicate and voluntarily move the affected lower extremity. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The maximal peak torque, total work, and average power of the 3 muscle groups on the affected side examined during each test were quantified by using the normalization and the deficit methods. The normalization method divides the measured strength value by the patient's body weight, whereas the deficit method divides the difference between the strengths of the unaffected and affected extremities by the strength of the unaffected extremity. RESULTS The normalized strength measures for muscles on the affected side showed good to excellent test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] range,.62-.94; P<.05), whereas the deficit strength measures did not always show good reliability (ICC range,.13-.91). The knee extensors and ankle plantarflexors, but not the hip flexors, on the affected side showed better test-retest reliability of isokinetic strength generated at faster velocity (ICC range,.73-.94) than that generated at slower velocity (ICC range,.62-.88). The normalized peak torque (ICC range,.76-.94) and total work (ICC range,.83-.91) were more reliable than the normalized average power (ICC range,.62-.90) for all 3 muscle groups on the affected side. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative assessment of muscle strength of the affected lower extremity in patients with mild spastic hemiparesis secondary to stroke is feasible using isokinetic testing. However, the test-retest reliability of isokinetic strength measures is affected by the quantifying method, testing velocity, and strength measures.
El enfoque de la complejidad y la economía evolucionista de la innovación / The approach of complexity and evolutionary economics of innovation

El presente articulo intenta ser un aporte al debate actual sobre cual es el rumbo que esta tomando la teoria evolucionista y en particular, acerca del rol del enfoque de la complejidad para articular e integrar las diferentes corrientes a su interior. Estas corrientes adhieren a conjuntos superpuestos de supuestos ontologicos , que se diferencian en funcion de la pregunta principal que abordan. Asimismo, cada corriente encuentra dentro de la historia del pensamiento economico diferentes antecesores que guardan coherencia con sus ontologias particulares. La tesis de este articulo es que diferentes corrientes al interior del evolucionismo adhieren a distintos conjuntos de supuestos ontologicos ya que abordan aspectos diferentes pero complementarios de una misma realidad. En este sentido podrian ser articulados si se considerara una ontologia integradora. En este articulo proponemos que la ontologia de la complejidad podria cumplir esa funcion. Tomar conciencia de esto, le permitiria a la disciplina encontrar mejores formas de articulacion a su interior, identificar claramente las areas de vacancia y presentarse hacia afuera como un programa de investigacion fuertemente articulado, con fundamentos teoricos y herramental metodologico acorde.
SMALL ACIDIC PROTEIN 1 Acts with RUB Modi fi cation Components , the COP 9 Signalosome , and AXR 1 to Regulate Growth and Development of Arabidopsis 1 [ C ] [ W ] [ OA ]

Medical and Biotechnological Application Division, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Takasaki 370–1292, Japan (A.N., K.K.B., I.N., Y.O.); Graduate School of Science and Engineering (A.N., M.K.-Y.) and Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (M.K.-Y., H.U.), Saitama University, Saitama 338–8570, Japan; Plant Science Education Unit, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630–0192, Japan (M.F., Y.F.); Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020–8550, Japan (A.R.); and Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami 024–0003, Japan (H.U.)
Emilie du Châtelet between Leibniz and Newton

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Clinical reasoning in the evaluation and management of undiagnosed chronic hip pain in a young adult.

This case report describes the clinical reasoning used to manage chronic left hip pain in a 21-year-old woman who was recreationally active. The patient had a history of possible congenital hip dysplasia (CHD) and known recurrent lateral (external) patellar subluxations on the left side. She complained of experiencing hip pain when walking, sitting, playing soccer, and doing "step aerobics. " Hip range of motion (ROM), muscle force, and joint stability problems were assessed. Abnormal movement patterns were observed during gait and step aerobics. Intervention was based on the working hypothesis that periarticular stiffness and muscle weakness from earlier trauma were superimposed on joint instability from CHD. Following intervention, the patient's hip ROM and muscle force improved concurrently with reduction of hip pain, increased ability to participate in recreational activities, and improvement in the movement pattern during step aerobics. An eclectic approach to analysis of the problem was used, combining data unique to the patient with knowledge of CHD and concepts proposed by Cyriax, Maitland, Sahrmann, and others. The clinical reasoning used to establish a basis for treatment and its limitations are discussed.
Laron Dwarfism and Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus in the Hnf-1α Knockout Mouse

ABSTRACT Mice deficient in hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF-1α) were produced by use of the Cre-loxP recombination system. HNF-1α-null mice are viable but sterile and exhibit a phenotype reminiscent of both Laron-type dwarfism and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). In contrast to an earlier HNF-1α-null mouse line that had been produced by use of standard gene disruption methodology (M. Pontoglio, J. Barra, M. Hadchouel, A. Doyen, C. Kress, J. P. Bach, C. Babinet, and M. Yaniv, Cell 84:575–585, 1996), these mice exhibited no increased mortality and only minimal renal dysfunction during the first 6 months of development. Both dwarfism and NIDDM are most likely due to the loss of expression of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and lower levels of insulin, resulting in stunted growth and elevated serum glucose levels, respectively. These results confirm the functional significance of the HNF-1α regulatory elements that had previously been shown to reside in the promoter regions of both the IGF-I and the insulin genes.
THE ETERNAL COIN: A PUZZLE ABOUT SELF-LOCATING CONDITIONAL CREDENCE

The setup: The Eternal Coin has existed throughout an infinite past, and will continue to exist throughout an infinite future. It is fair, and it is tossed every day. It is causally isolated from you: you can never gain any evidence relevant to questions about how it lands. Suppose you are ideally rational and that Cr is your conditional credence function, conditional on the setup. Let H be the centred proposition the Coin lands Heads today; let F be the Coin will land Heads on every future day; and let P be the Coin has landed Heads on every past day. What are Cr(H|F) and Cr(H|P)? On the assumption that these conditional credences are well-defined, there are two answers worth considering: 1Neither of the arguments is irresistible, of course. The phenomena that motivate taking selflocating credence as irreducible can perhaps be accommodated in a Fregean theory of propositions that allows for distinctive first-personal modes of presentation. And some of the phenomena that motivate taking conditional credence as irreducible can be accommodated in a theory that uses non-standard real numbers (including infinitesimals) to measure unconditional credence (McGee 1994). For my purposes it does not matter whether these reductions are successful. I will assume that unconditional and conditional credences are standard real numbers; if you favour the nonstandard approach, you should translate everything I say by inserting ‘the standard part of’ in front of every expression that I treat as denoting a real number.
Design of Quadrature Hybrids and Directional Couplers Based on the Equivalent Admittance Approach

This paper presents a design procedure of a directional coupler consisting of a twofold symmetric four-port circuit with four identical matching networks at each port. The intrinsic power-split ratio and the equivalent admittance of the directional coupler are formularized in terms of the eigenadmittances of the original four-port without the matching networks. These formulas are useful for judgment on the realizability of a directional coupler in a given circuit structure and for design of the matching networks. Actually, the present procedure is applied to designing various quadrature hybrids and directional couplers, and its practical usefulness as well as several new circuit structures are demonstrated.
Active Control of Magnetic Field by Manipulating Induced Currents in Two-Dimensional Switch-Mounted Loop Array

The active control of the transmitted magnetic field a few millimeters away from a switch-mounted loop array is experimentally demonstrated in the 10 MHz band. Control voltage and driving voltage are individually applied to each switch via a bias circuit such that each switch-mounted loop element works in either the “on-state” or “off-state. ” An analytical model that exploits a delta function to capture the multiple spikes in the magnetic field is presented to characterize the magnetic field behavior in the vicinity of the loop array.
Investigation of Copper and Carbon Nanotube Antennas using Thin Wire Integral Equations

In this paper we investigate the characteristics of extremely small carbon nanotube (CNT) dipole antennas on the basis of the thin wire Hallen integral equation. As a reference a thin copper wire antenna is investigated. A modified kernel function includes the specific material parameters. Attention is given to the stability and accuracy of the numerical solution of the Hallen integral equation. The convergence and conditioning of the modified kernel function are studied and an upper error bound for the dipole current is derived. The antenna driving point impedance and efficiency are computed via the integral equation. The presented numerical examples demonstrate the strong dependence of the antenna properties on the used material and show the limits of nanoscale antennas.
La co-variation des marqueurs discursifs bon, c'est-à-dire, enfin, hein, quand même, quoi et si vous voulez : une question d'identité ?

This article takes a sociolinguistic approach to the study of the co-variation of a set of frequently occurring markers in three corpora of spoken French, dated 1968, 1988 and 2002. A Factor Analysis yields three Factors, labelled “Normal/Deferent”, “Modern/ Camaraderie” and “Tradition/Formality”. The most recent corpus, and in particular its youngest speakers, have higher rates of “Modern/Camaraderie” and lower rates of “Tradition/Formality”. The Factor “Modern/Camaraderie”, interestingly, combines diachronic developments of two sorts, however ; the spread of the sociolinguistically stigmatised quoi and the more intralinguistically-motivated spread of bon. The gradual pragmaticalisation of the latter allows it to be used in a greater number of contexts and thus increase in frequency. Frequency rates of these Factors correlate to a greater extent with the generation of the speaker than with educational background, sex or age per se. This suggests not only that modes of politeness are shifting but that speakers identify more closely with their own generation than with those of a similar educational background.
Separation of Front and Backside Surface Recombination by Photoluminescence Imaging on Both Wafer Sides

In this paper, we present a method to separate the front and the backside surface recombination based on two photoluminescence images: one taken from the front side of the wafer and one from the backside. We use a 790-nm laser with a penetration depth in silicon of only 11 μm. At such a shallow charge carrier generation, the surface recombination of the illuminated side affects the minority carrier density to a greater extent than the recombination of the nonilluminated side. To utilize this effect, we calculate the ratio of the front side and the back side lifetime image. This ratio image allows an easy distinction not only of surface defects from bulk defects but of front surface recombination from back surface recombination as well. With a simple calculation, even quantitative surface recombination velocities can be obtained.
Pharmacodynamic properties of BAY 12-8039 on gram-positive and gram-negative organisms as demonstrated by studies of time-kill kinetics and postantibiotic effect

Time-kill kinetics of BAY 12-8039 were studied at two inocula against three strains each of Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pyogenes. The postantibiotic effects of BAY 12-8039 were studied on three strains each of E. coli, S. aureus, H. influenzae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The pharmacodynamic data demonstrated that BAY 12-8039 has marked activity against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms (under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions) and anaerobes. BAY 12-8039 also exhibited a postantibiotic effect of >1 h for all strains except one E. coli strain.
New Algorithm for Analysis of Off-target Effects in siRNA Screens

The occurrence of RNAi side effects called “off-target effects” is still a challenging aspect in the interpretation of data from large-scale RNA interference screens. To reduce off-target effects, improved algorithms have been developed for small interfering RNA (siRNA) design, but also chemical modifications of double stranded RNA molecules were introduced by the various commercial providers. To aid the analysis of large-scale screens, we present a new algorithm and tool for the prediction of potential off-target effects that can be applied to RNAi experimental data. Our approach provides different possibilities to search for homologies between individual siRNAs of cellular mRNAs. We demonstrate our approach on a ribosomal RNAi screening dataset.
High-efficiency Power Amplification Techniques for Wireless Transmitters

The low efficiency of existing power amplifiers (PAs) is causing excessive energy consumption in wireless systems. Improving the PA efficiency is therefore of great environmental and economical importance. This thesis address a wide range of advanced PA design methods and novel PA architectures that all contribute to significantly improve the efficiency of PAs for wireless applications. The first part of the thesis addresses the design of PAs with high peak efficiency. A transistor modeling technique for first-pass design of switched-mode and harmonically tuned PAs is proposed. Using the proposed modeling technique, optimization of harmonic impedances, and employing bare-die transistors, a state-of-the-art power-added efficiency (PAE) of 80% is achieved for 1-GHz LDMOS and 3.5-GHz GaN-HEMT PAs at 10 W and 7 W output powers, respectively. Another PA with a current mode class-D topology is also designed at 1 GHz using a packaged LDMOS transistor and its commercially available model. A PAE of 69% and gain of 15 dB is achieved at an output power of 20 W. In addition, by investigating the effect of harmonic impedances for a designed 35-GHz GaAs mHEMT PA, it is shown that the application of harmonic tuning techniques is not only limited to low GHz frequencies. Then, in order to improve the efficiency of PAs for signals with large envelope variations, dynamic supply modulation (DSM) and dynamic load modulation (DLM) techniques are evaluated at transistor and PA levels using static measurements. The results show that the two techniques provide similar efficiencies down to a certain output power level. At further power back-off, their efficiencies start to differ due to their different technology-related intrinsic loss mechanisms. Finally, the feasibility of varactor-based DLM PA architectures for high-power (>1 W), high-frequency (>0.9 GHz) applications is shown for the first time. The technique is demonstrated by a modular approach whereby a varactor-based tunable matching network (VMN) is designed for and connected to an existing PA. An average power-added efficiency (PAEavg) of 53% at 6 W peak output power is achieved at 1 GHz using a 3.84-MHz WCDMA signal with 7 dB peak-to-average ratio. Then, in order to achieve a more wideband performance, an integrated approach is proposed in which the PA and VMN are co-designed. A PAEavg of 44% at 5 W peak power is achieved at 2.65 GHz for the same WCDMA signal but with 38.4 MHz bandwidth. This is the largest high-efficiency bandwidth reported for all efficiency enhancement techniques. Two digital predistortion techniques have also been proposed, by which normalized mean square errors of <-35 dB and adjacent channel leakage ratios of <-43 dBc were achieved in all the experiments.