Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recognition-based judgments and decisions: Introduction to the special issue (II)

We are pleased to present Part II of this Special Issue of Judgment and Decision Making on recognition processes in inferential decision making. In addition, it is our pleasure to announce that there will be a third part, providing, among other contents, comments on the articles published in Parts I and II as well as on the broader scholarly debates reflected by these articles (Table 1). We have therefore decided to keep this introduction to Part II short. Part II contains 7 articles, featuring a range of new experimental tests of Goldstein and Gigerenzer’s (1999, 2002; Gigerenzer & Goldstein, 1996) recognition heuristic, which is the model of recognition-based judgments and decisions that is central to almost all articles published in the parts of this special issue (Table 2). In addition, Part II presents very early but thus far unpublished experiments on this heuristic, and a discussion of past and future research on recognition-based judgments and decisions as well as an outline of challenges for future recognition heuristic research. Let us provide a short overview of the articles’ contents. Gigerenzer and Goldstein (1996) proposed the recognition heuristic as a model for situations in which a decision maker has to retrieve all available information from memory—a decision task they dubbed inferences from memory.1 Following the recognition heuristic, decisions can be based solely on a person’s recognition judgments, that is, on a sense of prior encounter with an alternative’s name (e.g., a car brand’s name). Yet, thus far comparatively little research has focused on how the decision processes assumed by the recognition heuristic tie into memory processes; for instance into those that determine whether an alternative’s name is judged as recognized or not.
Efficient purely-dynamic information flow analysis

We present a novel approach for efficiently tracking information flow in a dynamically-typed language such as JavaScript. Our approach is purely dynamic, and it detects problems with implicit paths via a dynamic check that avoids the need for an approximate static analyses while still guaranteeing non-interference. We incorporate this check into an efficient evaluation strategy based on sparse information labeling that leaves information flow labels implicit whenever possible, and introduces explicit labels only for values that migrate between security domains. We present experimental results showing that, on a range of small benchmark programs, sparse labeling provides a substantial (30%--50%) speed-up over universal labeling.
Parallel algorithms for computing temporal aggregates

The ability to model the temporal dimension is essential to many applications. Furthermore, the rate of increase in database size and response time requirements has out-paced advancements in processor and mass storage technology, leading to the need for parallel temporal database management systems. In this paper, we introduce a variety of parallel temporal aggregation algorithms for a shared-nothing architecture based on the sequential "aggregation tree algorithm". Via an empirical study, we found that the number of processing nodes, the partitioning of the data, the placement of results and the degree of data reduction effected by the aggregation impacted on the performance of the algorithms. For distributed results placement, we discovered that time-division merging was the obvious choice. For centralized results and high data reduction, pairwise merging was preferred, regardless of the number of processing nodes, but for low data reduction, it only performed well up to 32 nodes. This led us to a centralized variant of time-division merging which was best for larger configurations having low data reduction.
Some Preliminary Results on Multimodal Recognition of Events in Smart Meeting Rooms

This paper aims to present some novel ideas developed for the work on automatic meeting transcription in the framework of a European Community sponsored research project. The goal of this project is the development of a meeting browser supporting the multimodal analysis of and access to meetings held in smart meeting rooms. Due to this multimodal aspect, speech recognition as well as visual processing techniques have to be deployed in an integrated way, resulting into some novel audiovisual processing methods to be presented in this contribution.
Coordinated and Multiple Views in Augmented Reality Environment

The paper presents a prototype that implements multiple coordinated views to information visualization in augmented reality environments. Augmented reality provides more intuitive and easy interaction. It also reduces the limitations of visualization and enhances the collaborative aspect. A modified version of ARToolKit has been used to create the augmented environment, and the 3D scatter plot technique has been developed to represent the multiple views of data. The coordination between views supported dynamic queries, data selection, and the configuration of views and of the detail on demand feature. This paper also reproduces literature usability tests based on tasks in order to analyze the viability to implement multiple coordinated views in augmented environments for information visualization.
Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.
Abnormal amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations associated with rapid-eye movement in chronic primary insomnia patients

Purpose Chronic primary insomnia (CPI) is the most prevalent sleep disorder worldwide. CPI manifests as difficulties in sleep onset, maintaining sleep, prolonged sleep latency, and daytime impairment and is often accompanied by cognitive problems such as poor academic performance, poor attention, and decreased memory. The most popular explanation of insomnia is hyperarousal or increased activities of neurons. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep detected by polysomnography (PSG) exhibits a positive relationship with brain homeostasis and can be helpful for optimally preparing an organism for emotional and social function. Limited work has been performed to explore brain function of insomnia patients in combination with PSG analysis. Results We observed increased ALFF within areas related to hyperarousal such as the midbrain and bilateral extra-nucleus, whereas decreased ALFF was observed within areas associated with memory and attention involving the parietal and occipital lobule and others. Furthermore, the altered ALFF was associated with the duration of insomnia, sleep efficiency, duration of REM, latency of RME and ratio of REM. Materials and Methods In this study, we recruited twenty-five CPI patients and twenty-five normal sleep (NS) volunteers as a control group to investigate the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and the correlation between those altered ALFF regions through resting-state fMRI and PSG data. Conclusions These findings suggest that hyperarousal reflected by ALFF abnormality within brain areas related to cognition and emotion in insomnia associated with REM sleep.
Automatic Selection of Class Labels from a Thesaurus for an Effective Semantic Tagging of Corpora.

It is widely accepted that tagging text with semantic information would improve the quality of lexical learning in corpus-based NLP methods. However available on-line taxonomies are rather entangled and introduce an unnecessary level of ambiguity. The noise produced by the redundant number of tags often overrides the advantage of semantic tagging. In this paper we propose an automatic method to select from WordNet a subset of domain-appropriate categories that effectively reduce the overambiguity of WordNet, and help at identifying and categorise relevant language patterns in a more compact way. The method is evaluated against a manually tagged corpus, SEMCOR.
Validation of the Leaf Area Index product from MODIS-15 for Rice using a Soil-Leaf-Canopy Radiative Transfer Model

Disclaimer This document describes work undertaken as part of a programme of study at the International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation. All views and opinions expressed therein remain the sole responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily represent those of the institute. Abstract The performance of the MODIS LAI/FPAR 8-day composite product and a physically based radiative transfer model called Soil-Leaf-Canopy (SLC) were compared to identify which was capable to perform a better estimation of LAI compared to in situ measurements. The study was carried out in the zone of rice production of Seville, Spain. The performances of the MODIS product and SLC model were assessed against LAI values collected in the field using LAI-2000 during July and August of 2008. MODIS LAI/FPAR coarse resolution product (MOD15A2) was compared against in situ measurements using a disaggregation technique to estimate the fraction cover of vegetation based on NDVI retrievals from LANDSAT 7 ETM+ products. LAI from SLC was estimated by means of the model inversion with the aid of a look-up table and a iterative method of inversion (LUT). Forward modelling of the spectral reflectances was carried out prior to the inversion, using MODIS spectral reflectance product (MOD09A1) to adjust the outputs of the LUT. Estimated LAI was compared against in situ measurements to evaluate the performance of the inversion from SLC. MODIS LAI/FPAR values showed a Pearson's correlation coefficient (R) of 0.44 against in situ measurements. Estimated LAI from SLC showed a Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.50. Improvements of 10% of the estimations were observed in SLC's values compared to MODIS LAI/FPAR values. The study concludes that despite of the complex parameters required by the model, SLC's performance is better for the prediction of LAI for rice than the MODIS LAI/FPAR product. It was also observed that improvements in the method of inversion can considerable enhance the performance of SLC.
Enhancing location service scalability with HIGH-GRADE

Location-based routing significantly reduces routing overheads in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) by utilizing position information of mobile nodes in forwarding decisions. A location service is therefore critical to location-based routing, the scalability of which hinges largely on the overheads of such a service. Although several location service schemes have been proposed, most of them focus only on one or two aspects of scalability in their performance evaluations, and a comprehensive comparative study is missing. We first explore the design space of location services and present a taxonomy of existing schemes. We then propose HIGH-GRADE, a new location service scheme that employs a multilevel hierarchical location server structure and a multi-grained location information organization. We develop a uniform theoretical framework to analyze HIGH-GRADE and four other existing schemes in terms of three metrics: location maintenance cost, location query cost, and storage requirement cost. We show that the design of a location service scheme involves tradeoffs among all three of these kinds of overhead. Further, in our theoretical analysis and simulation experiments, HIGH-GRADE demonstrates superior scalability, especially when a localized data traffic pattern is assumed.
Scalar operand networks: on-chip interconnect for ILP in partitioned architectures

The bypass paths and multiported register files in microprocessors serve as an implicit interconnect to communicate operand values among pipeline stages and multiple ALU. Previous superscalar designs implemented this interconnect using centralized structures that do not scale with increasing ILP demands. In search of scalability, recent microprocessor designs in industry and academia exhibit a trend towards distributed resources such as partitioned register files, banked caches, multiple independent compute pipelines, and even multiple program counters. Some of these partitioned microprocessor designs have begun to implement bypassing and operand transport using point-to-point interconnects rather than centralized networks. We call interconnects optimized for scalar data transport, whether centralized or distributed, scalar operand networks. Although these networks share many of the challenges of multiprocessor networks such as scalability and deadlock avoidance, they have many unique requirements, including ultra-low latencies (a few cycles versus tens of cycles) and ultra-fast operation-operand matching. This paper discusses the unique properties of scalar operand networks, examines alternative ways of implementing them, and describes in detail the implementation of one such network in the Raw microprocessor. The paper analyzes the performance of these networks for ILP workloads and the sensitivity of overall ILP performance to network properties.
Functional Recovery and Enhanced Corticofugal Plasticity after Unilateral Pyramidal Tract Lesion and Blockade of Myelin-Associated Neurite Growth Inhibitors in Adult Rats

After a lesion of the mature CNS, structural plasticity and functional recovery are very limited, in contrast to the developing CNS. The postnatal decrease in plasticity is correlated in time with the formation of myelin. To investigate the possible role of an important myelin-associated neurite growth inhibitor (NI-250; IN-1 antigen), one pyramidal tract of adult Lewis rats was lesioned (pyramidotomy), and the rats were treated with the antibody IN-1, a control antibody, or no antibody. Functional recovery was studied from postoperative day 14 until day 42 using a food pellet reaching task, rope climbing, and a grid walk paradigm. The corticofugal projections to the red nucleus and basilar pontine nuclei were analyzed after survival times of 2 and 16 weeks. Treatment with the monoclonal antibody IN-1 resulted in almost complete restoration of skilled forelimb use, whereas all the control groups showed severe and chronic impairments. This functional recovery was paralleled by sprouting of the corticorubral and the corticopontine fibers across the midline, thus establishing a bilateral, anatomically specific projection.
Micro Processes and Isomorphic Adaptation: Insights from the Struggle for the Soul of Economics at the University of the Holy Spirit

As of July 1, 2010, the College of Humanities and Social Sciences at the University of the Holy Spirit (UHS) has a single Department of Economics. However, in the seven prior years, there were two economics departments, one that was resolutely mainstream and the other that was just as resolutely heterodox. What accounts for this unusual organizational arrangement? We show that this arrangement was part of a protracted conflict about the kind of economics that befits the Catholic identity of UHS that resulted, ultimately, in a full embrace of mainstream economics in July 2010. We draw on and amend Oliver's (1991) typology of organizational responses to institutional processes and investigate why and how UHS went from deliberate avoidance to full acquiescence to mainstream economics. Our analysis suggests that while organizations may be compelled to adapt to dominant norms, as institutional theorists contend, the process of adaptation involves a variety of conflicting moves and counter moves that engage identity and power and that require forceful leadership to resolve.
The processing of fear‐arousing communications: How biased processing leads to persuasion

Two experiments were conducted to examine the processing of fear‐arousing communications, and tested predictions derived from the stage model of processing of fear‐arousing communications. The studies focused on the impact of manipulations of vulnerability to and severity of a health risk on the processing of both the fear appeal and the subsequent action recommendation, and assessed how message processing relates to attitudes, intentions, and behavior. Results confirmed predictions that vulnerability to a severe health risk induces defense motivation, which is reflected in a negative processing bias in threat appraisal and a positive processing bias in coping appraisal, which in combination promotes persuasion. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. The authors would like to thank Minke de Gruil for her help in categorizing the cognitive responses.
Sequential Tagging of Semantic Roles on Chinese FrameNet

In this paper, semantic role labeling(SRL) on Chinese FrameNet is divided into the subtasks of boundary identification(BI) and semantic role classification(SRC). These subtasks are regarded as the sequential tagging problem at the word level, respectively. We use the conditional random fields(CRFs) model to train and test on a two-fold cross-validation data set. The extracted features include 11 word-level and 15 shallow syntactic features derived from automatic base chunk parsing. We use the orthogonal array of statistics to arrange the experiment so that the best feature template is selected. The experimental results show that given the target word within a sentence, the best F-measures of SRL can achieve 60.42%. For the BI and SRC subtasks, the best Fmeasures are 70.55 and 81%, respectively. The statistical t-test shows that the improvement of our SRL model is not significant after appending the base chunk features.
What does music express? Basic emotions and beyond

Numerous studies have investigated whether music can reliably convey emotions to listeners, and—if so—what musical parameters might carry this information. Far less attention has been devoted to the actual contents of the communicative process. The goal of this article is thus to consider what types of emotional content are possible to convey in music. I will argue that the content is mainly constrained by the type of coding involved, and that distinct types of content are related to different types of coding. Based on these premises, I suggest a conceptualization in terms of “multiple layers” of musical expression of emotions. The “core” layer is constituted by iconically-coded basic emotions. I attempt to clarify the meaning of this concept, dispel the myths that surround it, and provide examples of how it can be heuristic in explaining findings in this domain. However, I also propose that this “core” layer may be extended, qualified, and even modified by additional layers of expression that involve intrinsic and associative coding. These layers enable listeners to perceive more complex emotions—though the expressions are less cross-culturally invariant and more dependent on the social context and/or the individual listener. This multiple-layer conceptualization of expression in music can help to explain both similarities and differences between vocal and musical expression of emotions.
Bacterial Two-Hybrid Analysis of Interactions between Region 4 of the ς70 Subunit of RNA Polymerase and the Transcriptional Regulators Rsd from Escherichia coli and AlgQ from Pseudomonas aeruginosa

ABSTRACT A number of transcriptional regulators mediate their effects through direct contact with the ς70 subunit ofEscherichia coli RNA polymerase (RNAP). In particular, several regulators have been shown to contact a C-terminal portion of ς70 that harbors conserved region 4. This region of ς contains a putative helix-turn-helix DNA-binding motif that contacts the −35 element of ς70-dependent promoters directly. Here we report the use of a recently developed bacterial two-hybrid system to study the interaction between the putative anti-ς factor Rsd and the ς70 subunit of E. coli RNAP. Using this system, we found that Rsd can interact with an 86-amino-acid C-terminal fragment of ς70 and also that amino acid substitution R596H, within region 4 of ς70, weakens this interaction. We demonstrated the specificity of this effect by showing that substitution R596H does not weaken the interaction between ς and two other regulators shown previously to contact region 4 of ς70. We also demonstrated that AlgQ, a homolog of Rsd that positively regulates virulence gene expression inPseudomonas aeruginosa, can contact the C-terminal region of the ς70 subunit of RNAP from this organism. We found that amino acid substitution R600H in ς70 fromP. aeruginosa, corresponding to the R596H substitution in E. coli ς70, specifically weakens the interaction between AlgQ and ς70. Taken together, our findings suggest that Rsd and AlgQ contact similar surfaces of RNAP present in region 4 of ς70 and probably regulate gene expression through this contact.
Retinotopic encoding of the Ternus-Pikler display reflected in the early visual areas

The visual representation of the world is often assumed to be retinotopic, and many visual brain areas are indeed organized retinotopically. Visual perception, however, is not based on a reference frame anchored in retinotopic coordinates. For example, when an object moves, motion of its constituent parts is perceived relative to the object rather than in retinotopic coordinates. The moving object thus serves as a nonretinotopic reference system for computing the properties of its parts. It is largely unknown how the brain accomplishes this feat. Here, we used the Ternus-Pikler display to pit retinotopic processing in a stationary reference system against nonretinotopic processing in a moving one. Using 7T fMRI, we found that the average blood-oxygen-level dependent activations in V1, V2, and V3 reflected the retinotopic properties, but not the nonretinotopic percepts, of the Ternus-Pikler display. In the human motion processing complex (hMT+), activations were compatible with both retinotopic and nonretinotopic encoding. Thus, hMT+ may be the first visual area encoding the nonretinotopic percepts of the Ternus-Pikler display.
Multidomain Subjective Response to Respirator Use During Simulated Work

Objective: Evaluate subjective tolerance to respirator use outside of traditional industrial settings by users including persons with mild respiratory impairment. Methods: The response to respirator use (half face mask dual cartridge and N95) was measured during eight types of work activities as well as in an exercise laboratory setting. The 43 research subjects included persons with mild respiratory impairments. Multiple domains of subjective response were evaluated. Results: Mixed model regression analyses assessing the effect of respirator type and task type showed: 1) most tolerated respirator use well; 2) half face mask respirators typically had greater adverse impact than N95 types; 3) multiple subjective outcomes, rather than only comfort/breathing impact, should be measured; and 4) rated subjective impact during work activities is less than in exercise laboratory settings. Conclusions: The results suggest that respirator use may be feasible on a widespread basis if necessary in the face of epidemic or terror concerns.