Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Laboratory Organizations and Unnoticed Causes

At a time when laboratory-oriented disciplines in the social sciences are increasingly being urged to go into the field (Koch, 1964; McGuire, 1967), studying organizations in a laboratory may appear old-fashioned before it is even begun. Curiously the literature on organizations in the laboratory has been more about them than of them. This issue of Administrative Science Quarterly provides valuable correction of this emphasis and makes possible a better evaluation of the usefulness of laboratory experiments. ' Though few would doubt that there is any alternative except experimentation to understand organizations, many would question whether laboratory organizations go very far in furthering inquiry. The preceding papers provide an excuse to question the worth of a laboratory approach, and the purpose of this paper is to address this question. The phrase "unnoticed causes" in the title is the keynote for these remarks. The experiments in this issue single out some issues that have gone unnoticed in the complexity of actual organizations, and the results generate questions that take on the aura of causes to be pursued. Although previously unnoticed, these causes seem to reorder one's way of thinking about organizations, and the fact that it was the empirical rather than speculative aspect of these studies that revealed these formerly unnoticed causes, suggests something of the value of experimental organizations in a multimethod approach to studying organizations. In the following sections, both the conceptual and methodological reordering suggested by the preceding studies is discussed.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN PURIFICATION BY AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY USING PROTEIN A MIMETIC LIGANDS PREPARED BY COMBINATORIAL CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS

Affinity chromatography using protein A from Staphylococcus aureus as the ligand has been widely used for the isolation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) from various species. Since ligand leakage from the affinity support can occur, time consuming analytical controls are required to detect the presence of contaminants associated with the isolated IgG prior to its use for therapeutic purpose in humans. Besides, protein A is an expensive bacterial product, whose isolation involves complex and labor intensive procedures. Combinatorial chemistry enables the synthesis of a wide variety of ligands within a short period of time. Therefore, chemically defined, stable and inexpensive ligands, which can mimic the action of protein A, have been developed to isolate immunoglobulins. Two different types of ligands, synthesized following the techniques of combinatorial chemistry, have been used to isolate immunoglobulins. One of them is a synthetic peptide (TG 19318) comprising four identical tripeptide chains linked to a central polylysine core. Immobilized TG 19318 has been used to isolate polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies of different classes (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE) from different sources (serum, ascities and cell supernatants) and species. The ligand has a binding capacity that can reach upto 25 mg IgG/mL of the support. It is stable when treated with sanitation agents such as ethanol and 0.1 M sodium hydro xide. Computer-aided molecular design and combinatorial chemistry have been used to develop an IgG binding affinity ligand (22/8), which consists of two organic aromatic amines (3-aminophenol and 4-amino-1-napthol) linked to a scaffold of cyanuric chloride (triazine). Ligand 22/8 displayed wider specificity than protein A, as it isolated IgG from a number of species, the order of adsorption being human>chicken>cow>rabbit>pig>horse>rat>goat>sheep>mouse. It showed an apparent binding capacity of 51.9 mg IgG/g moist gel and can isolate human IgG from plasma in 60% yield with a purity of 92%. The ligand is stable, as it withstood incubation in 1M NaOH for a week without loss of binding capacity for IgG. These findings suggest that synthetic affinity ligands, which are inexpensive, stable and specific can facilitate the purification of immunoglobulins in a cost-effective manner.
Influence of Life Stress and Ego-resilience on Subjective Well-being of College Students

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between life stress, ego-resilience, and subjective well-being, and examine the moderating effect of ego-resilience on the relationship between life stress and subjective well-being of college students in order to provide valuable information for improving quality of life of college students. The participants were 326 college students (183 females) living in Seoul and suburbs, whose ages ranged from 17 to 33, and average was 20.08 (SD=2.45). The various psychological tests were used to measure life stresses, ego-resilience, life satisfaction, subjective happiness, negative/positive emotion, life motivation, and life satisfaction expectancy. Life stress of college students were closely correlated with traditional variables of well-being. Ego-resilience accounted independently more variance of subjective well-being than life stress, and additional accountability of ego-resilience for variances of subjective well-being variables with life stress was significant as well. Although it was failed to find the moderating effect of ego-resilience on life stress and traditional variables of subjective well-being, whereas moderating effect of ego-resilience on life stress and life expectancy was found. Students in stressful circumstances had significant lower level of life expectancy than those in less stressful circumstance. But this was only for students with lower ego-resilience. The present study reiterates roles of life stress and ego-resilience on subjective well-being, suggests buffering effect of ego-resilience on relationship between life stress and life satisfaction expectancy. (Korean J Str Res 2009;17:379∼387)
A Conjugative 38 kB Plasmid Is Present in Multiple Subspecies of Xylella fastidiosa

A ∼38kB plasmid (pXF-RIV5) was present in the Riv5 strain of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. multiplex isolated from ornamental plum in southern California. The complete nucleotide sequence of pXF-RIV5 is almost identical to that of pXFAS01 from X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa strain M23; the two plasmids vary at only 6 nucleotide positions. BLAST searches and phylogenetic analyses indicate pXF-RIV5 and pXFAS01 share some similarity to chromosomal and plasmid (pXF51) sequences of X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca strain 9a5c and more distant similarity to plasmids from a wide variety of bacteria. Both pXF-RIV5 and pXFAS01 encode homologues of a complete Type IV secretion system involved in conjugation and DNA transfer among bacteria. Mating pair formation proteins (Trb) from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis IP31758 are the mostly closely related non-X. fastidiosa proteins to most of the Trb proteins encoded by pXF-RIV5 and pXFAS01. Unlike many bacterial conjugative plasmids, pXF-RIV5 and pXFAS01 do not carry homologues of known accessory modules that confer selective advantage on host bacteria. However, both plasmids encode seven hypothetical proteins of unknown function and possess a small transposon-associated region encoding a putative transposase and associated factor. Vegetative replication of pXF-RIV5 and pXFAS01 appears to be under control of RepA protein and both plasmids have an origin of DNA replication (oriV) similar to that of pRP4 and pR751 from Escherichia coli. In contrast, conjugative plasmids commonly encode TrfA and have an oriV similar to those found in IncP-1 incompatibility group plasmids. The presence of nearly identical plasmids in single strains from two distinct subspecies of X. fastidiosa is indicative of recent horizontal transfer, probably subsequent to the introduction of subspecies fastidiosa to the United States in the late 19th century.
Lifetime costs of complications resulting from type 2 diabetes in the U.S.

OBJECTIVE To model the lifetime costs associated with complications of type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A cohort of 10,000 patients with diabetes was simulated using a model based on existing epidemiological studies. Complication rates were estimated for various stages of macrovascular disease, nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and hypoglycemia. At the beginning of the simulation, patients were assumed to have been treated for 5 years and have a mean HbA1c of 8.4. From the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study, it was estimated that on current therapies, the HbA1c would drift upward on average 0.15% per year. Direct medical costs of managing each complication were estimated (in 2000 U.S. dollars) from all-payor databases, surveys, and literature. RESULTS Macrovascular disease was estimated to be the largest cost component, accounting for 85% of cumulative costs of complications over the first 5 years. The costs of complications were estimated to be $47,240 per patient over 30 years, on average. The management of macrovascular disease is estimated to be the largest cost component, accounting for 52% of the costs; nephropathy accounts for 21%, neuropathy accounts for 17%, and retinopathy accounts for 10% of the costs of complications. CONCLUSIONS The complications of diabetes account for substantial costs, with management of macrovascular disease being the largest and earliest. If improving glycemic control prevents complications, it will reduce these costs.
Virtual color image synthesis for depth camera using depth-image-based rendering

For each view, the color and depth information are essential to consitute the elements of 3DTV. But in real situations, not all the depth cameras can provide color information. Therefore, propagating color information from reference view to the view of depth camera is important. Depth-Image-Based Rendering (DIBR) has been considered as a crucial technology to create virtual view. However, it still has some problems. In order to improve the quality of virtual image, a method without pre-processing the depth image is proposed. Only one reference view is taken use of, and a novel way to calculate priorities of points in 3D image warping is proposed. After eliminating tiny cracks through HVDE algorithm, a linear background texture filling method is applied to fill the holes. Experimental results show that the proposed method can gain better performance in both subjective quality and objective evaluation.
Through-wall measurements of a Doppler and direction-of-arrival (DDOA) radar for tracking indoor movers

We demonstrate the use of a low-cost, two-element receiving array for tracking human movements in indoor surveillance applications. The concept entails simultaneously resolving the Doppler frequencies and the directions of arrival (DOA) of the returned signals from moving targets. The carrier frequency is 2.4 GHz, as it provides significant through-wall penetration. Moving target detection up to 30 feet distance through a 15-inch brick wall is demonstrated. Through-wall data of multiple movers is also collected using our system.
Hsp90 (Heat Shock Protein 90) Inhibitor Occupancy Is a Direct Determinant of Client Protein Degradation and Tumor Growth Arrest in Vivo

Several Hsp90 (heat shock protein 90) inhibitors are currently under clinical evaluation as anticancer agents. However, the correlation between the duration and magnitude of Hsp90 inhibition and the downstream effects on client protein degradation and cancer cell growth inhibition has not been thoroughly investigated. To investigate the relationship between Hsp90 inhibition and cellular effects, we developed a method that measures drug occupancy on Hsp90 after treatment with the Hsp90 inhibitor IPI-504 in living cells and in tumor xenografts. In cells, we find the level of Hsp90 occupancy to be directly correlated with cell growth inhibition. At the molecular level, the relationship between Hsp90 occupancy and Hsp90 client protein degradation was examined for different client proteins. For sensitive Hsp90 clients (e.g. HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2), client protein levels directly mirror Hsp90 occupancy at all time points after IPI-504 administration. For insensitive client proteins, we find that protein abundance matches Hsp90 occupancy only after prolonged incubation with drug. Additionally, we investigate the correlation between plasma pharmacokinetics (PK), tumor PK, pharmacodynamics (PD) (client protein degradation), tumor growth inhibition, and Hsp90 occupancy in a xenograft model of human cancer. Our results indicate Hsp90 occupancy to be a better predictor of PD than either plasma PK or tumor PK. In the nonsmall cell lung cancer xenograft model studied, a linear correlation between Hsp90 occupancy and tumor growth inhibition was found. This novel binding assay was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo and could be used as a pharmacodynamic readout in the clinic.
Comparison of the 1-Gram 14C-D-Xylose Breath Test and the 50-Gram Hydrogen Glucose Breath Test for Diagnosis of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth

Background/Aims: Culture of small bowel aspirate is the most direct method and the gold standard for diagnosing small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. However, cultures are cumbersome and fluoroscopy is required for obtaining aspirate. Therefore, different breath tests such as the xylose breath test and the hydrogen breath test have been developed. There is no general agreement as to which test is to be preferred. In the only previous direct comparison between these two tests an advantage for the 1-gram-14C-D-xylose breath test was found. The aim of the study was to compare the 50-gram glucose hydrogen breath test and the 1-gram 14C-D-xylose breath test in relation to results of cultures of small bowel aspirate. Methods: Forty-six consecutive patients, mean age 57 (range 27–87) years, 12 men and 34 women, were included because of suspicion of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. After small bowel aspiration, all patients received a solution of 1 g xylose, labelled with 50 µg 14C-D-xylose, and 50 g glucose dissolved in 250 ml water. The concentration of breath hydrogen was analyzed every 15 min for 2 h and 14CO2 was analyzed every 30 min for 4 h. A positive hydrogen breath test was defined as a rise in hydrogen concentration of 15 ppm. A positive xylose test was defined as an accumulated dose 4.5% after 4 h. Two definitions for a positive culture were used, either growth of 105 colonic-type bacteria/ml or growth of 105 bacteria/ml of any type. Results: Twenty-four patients had growth of 105 bacteria, of whom 10 had growth of 105 colonic-type bacteria in small bowel aspirate. Twenty-two patients had no significant growth. The hydrogen breath test and the xylose breath test had a sensitivity for growth of 105 bacteria of 58 and 42%, respectively. For growth of 105 colonic-type bacteria the sensitivity was 90% for the hydrogen breath test and 70% for the xylose breath test. The specificity was similar for the two tests. Conclusion: Although no significant difference between the two tests was found, there was a tendency in favor of the 50-gram glucose hydrogen breath test. The simplicity in combination with high sensitivity makes the hydrogen breath test suitable as a screening method to select patients for further investigation.
Sub-optimal Paradigms in Yiddish

It is well known that the phonological form of a word can depend on its morphological structure. In serial approaches, this follows naturally from the fact that words have derivational histories: morphologically complex words undergo successive levels of phonology as they are constructed. A crucial distinction is typically made, however, between derivational and inflectional morphology. Whereas derived forms generally have clear “bases of affixation”, inflected forms are usually not obviously constructed from one another. For this reason, they do not have the same formal influence on one another.
An MCML four-bit ripple-carry adder design in 1 GHz range

By introducing a mathematical programming technique, we detail the full-custom design of a minimum-delay four-bit ripple-carry adder (RCA). The technique may be used to achieve a variety of design goals, such as minimum delay, and minimum power-delay product (PDP). We demonstrate how to obtain practical circuits by deriving appropriate objective functions and imposing relevant constraints and design-variable ranges. The circuit is implemented in a standard 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. Post-layout simulation verifies the functionality of our design and shows that our performance predictions are accurate within 15%. The total area of the MCML four-bit RCA is 3733.3 /spl mu/m/sup 2/.
WHAT INFANTS TRACK WHEN THEY TRACK MULTIPLE OBJECTS

by MARIAN L. CHEN A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Psychology written under the direction of Dr. Alan M. Leslie and approved by ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________
A General Theory of Gender Stratification

tion. While both biological and ideological variables are taken into account, the emphasis is structural: It is proposed that the major independent variable affecting sexual inequality is each sex's economic power, understood as relative control over the means of production and allocation of surplus. For women, relative economic power is seen as varying-and not always in the same direction-at a variety of microand macrolevels, ranging from the household to the state. A series of propositions links the antecedents of women's relative economic power, the interrelationship between economic and other forms of power, and the forms of privilege and opportunity into which each gender can translate its relative power.
Dual Effects of Job Complexity on Proactive and Responsive Creativity: Moderating Role of Employee Ambiguity Tolerance

Departing from existing studies based on general notion of creativity, we highlight the driver or initiating force behind creative engagement in organizations. To this end, we distinguish between proactive and responsive creativity and provide a nuanced perspective on the processes underlying distinct types of employee creativity. We propose that job complexity indirectly affects proactive and responsive creativity of employees by promoting psychological empowerment and cognitive overload, respectively. The ambiguity tolerance of employees is hypothesized to moderate the indirect effects of job complexity on the two types of creativity. Data collected from 143 employee–supervisor dyads in various companies in Sweden and Korea supported most of our hypotheses. For employees with high ambiguity tolerance, job complexity exhibited a significant indirect effect on proactive creativity through psychological empowerment. For employees with low ambiguity tolerance, job complexity exerted a significant indirect effect on responsive creativity via cognitive overload. By revealing distinct psychological paths toward different types of creativity and identifying a boundary condition for such processes, the present study provides an ecologically valid explanation regarding creativity in organizations.
Long-lasting effects of Triac and thyroxine on the control of thyrotropin and hepatic deiodinase type I.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between the serum levels of thyroid hormones and their biological effects. For this purpose, hypothyroid rats were studied after stopping treatment with a long-acting thyroid hormone, thyroxine (T4) and a short-acting one, triiodothyroacetic acid (Triac). Based on preliminary experiments with different doses of T4 and Triac, hypothyroid rats (N = 84) received over 6 days' injections of 10 nmol Triac or 2 nmol T4/100 g body wt per day. Biological effects of Triac and T4 were measured in the pituitary, liver and kidney up to 8 days after stopping treatment. With Triac, serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels were inhibited completely 6 h after injection, yet after 24 h they were 4.9 +/- 1.8 micrograms/l (hypothyroid 14.5 +/- 0.8 micrograms/l). The rapid changes in serum TSH levels were followed by a more gradual increase in serum TSH levels were followed by a more gradual increase in serum TSH, which was similar to that after T4 injection. Even 8 days after Triac treatment, serum TSH levels did not reach the hypothyroid control levels. Changes in beta-TSH mRNA levels also showed a prolonged inhibition after both treatments and a slow return to hypothyroid values, which was not complete 8 days after stopping treatment. A second parameter was hepatic 5'-deiodinase type I (5'D-I). The 6-day treatment with Triac had a markedly stronger effect on 5'D-I enzyme activity and mRNA levels than treatment with T4. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Metagenomic Assay for Identification of Microbial Pathogens in Tumor Tissues

ABSTRACT Screening for thousands of viruses and other pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and parasites, in human tumor tissues will provide a better understanding of the contributory role of the microbiome in the predisposition for, causes of, and therapeutic responses to the associated cancer. Metagenomic assays designed to perform these tasks will have to include rapid and economical processing of large numbers of samples, supported by straightforward data analysis pipeline and flexible sample preparation options for multiple input tissue types from individual patients, mammals, or environmental samples. To meet these requirements, the PathoChip platform was developed by targeting viral, prokaryotic, and eukaryotic genomes with multiple DNA probes in a microarray format that can be combined with a variety of upstream sample preparation protocols and downstream data analysis. PathoChip screening of DNA plus RNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissues demonstrated the utility of this platform, and the detection of oncogenic viruses was validated using independent PCR and deep sequencing methods. These studies demonstrate the use of the PathoChip technology combined with PCR and deep sequencing as a valuable strategy for detecting the presence of pathogens in human cancers and other diseases. IMPORTANCE This work describes the design and testing of a PathoChip array containing probes with the ability to detect all known publicly available virus sequences as well as hundreds of pathogenic bacteria, fungi, parasites, and helminths. PathoChip provides wide coverage of microbial pathogens in an economical format. PathoChip screening of DNA plus RNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissues demonstrated the utility of this platform, and the detection of oncogenic viruses was validated using independent PCR and sequencing methods. These studies demonstrate that the PathoChip technology is a valuable strategy for detecting the presence of pathogens in human cancers and other diseases. This work describes the design and testing of a PathoChip array containing probes with the ability to detect all known publicly available virus sequences as well as hundreds of pathogenic bacteria, fungi, parasites, and helminths. PathoChip provides wide coverage of microbial pathogens in an economical format. PathoChip screening of DNA plus RNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissues demonstrated the utility of this platform, and the detection of oncogenic viruses was validated using independent PCR and sequencing methods. These studies demonstrate that the PathoChip technology is a valuable strategy for detecting the presence of pathogens in human cancers and other diseases.