Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study of Different Models before Feature Selection and AFTER Feature Selection for Intrusion Detection

A network data set may contain a huge amount of data and processing this huge amount of data is one of the most challenges task for network based intrusion detection system (IDS). Normally these data contain lots of redundant and irrelevant features. Feature selection approaches are used to extract the relevant features from the original data to improve the efficiency or accuracy of IDS. In this paper an effective feature selection approaches are used for the NSL KDD data set. The performance of the used classifiers measure and compared with each other. KEYWORDSselection, intrusion detection, NSL-KDD, Weka
Impact of exchange rate volatility on Botswana`s imports

This paper investigates the effects of the Rand/Pula exchange rate volatility on Botswana*s disaggregated imports. The VECM framework is selected in order to take into account the possibility of simultaneity between endogenous and exogenous variables. The VECM also allows the use of impulse response functions. The results suggest that exchange rate volatility does have an impact on imports. However, its magnitude, significance and the direction vary substantially across the four groups of imports studied being, Fuel, Textiles, Food and Metals. From the results it is clear that the exchange rate volatility impact has been firmer in the long run than short run. The findings of the study imply that although the Rand/Pula exchange rate volatility affects imports, the effect is not robust. Imports are found to be more responsive to changes in GDP. An almost negligible response of imports to real exchange rate in the overall picture of the results enforces the idea of an inelastic import demand.
Collusion-secure and cost-effective detection of unlawful multimedia redistribution

Intellectual property protection of multimedia content is essential to the successful deployment of Internet content delivery platforms. There are two general approaches to multimedia copy protection: copy prevention and copy detection. Past experience shows that only copy detection based on mark embedding techniques looks promising. Multimedia fingerprinting means embedding a different buyer-identifying mark in each copy of the multimedia content being sold. Fingerprinting is subject to collusion attacks: a coalition of buyers collude and follow some strategy to mix their copies with the aim of obtaining a mixture from which none of their identifying marks can be retrieved; if their strategy is successful, the colluders can redistribute the mixture with impunity. A construction is presented in this paper to obtain fingerprinting codes for copyright protection which survive any collusion strategy involving up to three buyers (3-security). It is shown that the proposed scheme achieves 3-security with a codeword length dramatically shorter than the one required by the general Boneh-Shaw construction. Thus the proposed fingerprints require much less embedding capacity. Due to their own clandestine nature, collusions tend to involve a small number of buyers, so that there is plenty of use for codes providing cost-effective protection against collusions of size up to three.
Pheochromocytoma catecholamine phenotypes and prediction of tumor size and location by use of plasma free metanephrines.

BACKGROUND Measurements of plasma free metanephrines (normetanephrine and metanephrine) provide a useful test for diagnosis of pheochromocytoma and may provide other information about the nature of these tumors. METHODS We examined relationships of tumor size, location, and catecholamine content with plasma and urinary metanephrines or catecholamines in 275 patients with pheochromocytoma. We then prospectively examined whether measurements of plasma free metanephrines could predict tumor size and location in an additional 16 patients. RESULTS Relative proportions of epinephrine and norepinephrine in tumor tissue were closely matched by relative increases of plasma or urinary metanephrine and normetanephrine, but not by epinephrine and norepinephrine. Tumor diameter showed strong positive relationships with summed plasma concentrations or urinary outputs of metanephrine and normetanephrine (r = 0.81 and 0.77; P <0.001), whereas relationships with plasma or urinary catecholamines were weaker (r = 0.41 and 0.44). All tumors in which increases in plasma metanephrine were >15% of the combined increases of normetanephrine and metanephrine either had adrenal locations or appeared to be recurrences of previously resected adrenal tumors. Measurements of plasma free metanephrines predicted tumor diameter to within a mean of 30% of actual diameter, and high plasma concentrations of free metanephrine relative to normetanephrine accurately predicted adrenal locations. CONCLUSIONS Measurements of plasma free metanephrines not only provide information about the likely presence or absence of a pheochromocytoma, but when a tumor is present, can also help predict tumor size and location. This additional information may be useful for clinical decision-making during tumor localization procedures.
The sysfs Filesystem

sysfs is a feature of the Linux 2.6 kernel that allows kernel code to export information to user processes via an in-memory filesystem. The organization of the filesystem directory hierarchy is strict, and based the internal organization of kernel data structures. The files that are created in the filesystem are (mostly) ASCII files with (usually) one value per file. These features ensure that the information exported is accurate and easily accessible, making sysfs one of the most intuitive and useful features of the 2.6 kernel.
Optimization of rule-based expert systems via state transition system construction

Embedded rule-based expert systems must satisfy stringent timing constraints when applied to real-time environments. This paper describes a novel approach to reduce the response time of rule-based expert systems. Our optimization method is based on a construction of the reduced cycle-free finite state transition system corresponding to the input rule-based system. The method makes use of rule-base system decomposition, concurrency and state equivalency. The new and optimized system is synthesized from the derived transition system. Compared with the original system, the synthesized system (1) has fewer rule firings to reach the fixed point, (2) is inherently stable and (3) has no redundant rules. The synthesis method also determines the tight response time bound of the new system. The optimized system is guaranteed to compute correct results, independent of the scheduling strategy and execution environment. <<ETX>>
A New Extraction Concept Based on Contextual Clustering

Ontologies provide a common layer that plays a major role in information exchange and support sharing. Ontologies proliferation relies strongly on the automation of their building, integration and deployment processes. In this paper, we present an integrated framework involving complementary dimensions to drive the (semi) automatic acquisition conceptual knowledge process from HTML Web pages. Our approach takes advantage from structural HTML document features and the word location to identify the appropriate term context. Our context definition improves word weighting, the selection of the semantically closer cooccurrents and the relevant extracted ontological concepts. We use an unsupervised clustering method for term groups' generation. Notice that the chosen clustering method relies on a user incremental quality evaluation process. In this paper and after a theoretical presentation of our structural contextual definition, we summarize the most significant results obtained by applying our method on a corpus dedicated to the tourism domain. The first results show how the definition of an appropriate context improves the relevance of the extracted concepts.
Fine-grained bird species recognition via hierarchical subset learning

We propose a novel method to improve fine-grained bird species classification based on hierarchical subset learning. We first form a similarity tree where classes with strong visual correlations are grouped into subsets. An expert local classifier with strong discriminative power to distinguish visually similar classes is then learnt for each subset. On the challenging Caltech200-2011 bird dataset we show that using the hierarchical approach with features derived from a deep convolutional neural network leads to the average accuracy improving from 64.5% to 72.7%, a relative improvement of 12.7%.
Minivectors: an improved GMM-SVM approach for speaker verification

The accuracy levels achieved by state-of-the-art Speaker Verification systems are high enough for the technology to be used in real-life applications. Unfortunately, the transfer from the lab to the field is not as straight-forward as could be: the best performing systems can be computationally expensive to run and need large speaker model footprints. In this paper, we compare two speaker verification algorithms (GMM-SVM Supervectors and Kharroubi’s GMM-SVM vectors) and propose an improvement of Kharroubi’s system that: (a) achieves up to 17% relative performance improvement when compared to the Supervectors algorithm; (b) is 24% faster in run time and (c) makes use of speaker models that are 94% smaller than those needed by the Supervectors algorithm.
Scaffold attachment factor A (SAF-A) and Ku temporally regulate repair of radiation-induced clustered genome lesions

Ionizing radiation (IR) induces highly cytotoxic double-strand breaks (DSBs) and also clustered oxidized bases in mammalian genomes. Base excision repair (BER) of bi-stranded oxidized bases could generate additional DSBs as repair intermediates in the vicinity of direct DSBs, leading to loss of DNA fragments. This could be avoided if DSB repair via DNA-PK-mediated nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) precedes BER initiated by NEIL1 and other DNA glycosylases (DGs). Here we show that DNA-PK subunit Ku inhibits DGs via direct interaction. The scaffold attachment factor (SAF)-A, (also called hnRNP-U), phosphorylated at Ser59 by DNA-PK early after IR treatment, is linked to transient release of chromatin-bound NEIL1, thus preventing BER. SAF-A is subsequently dephosphorylated. Ku inhibition of DGs in vitro is relieved by unphosphorylated SAF-A, but not by the phosphomimetic Asp59 mutant. We thus propose that SAF-A, in concert with Ku, temporally regulates base damage repair in irradiated cell genome.
The Evolution of the Phage Shock Protein Response System: Interplay between Protein Function, Genomic Organization, and System Function

Sensing the environment and responding appropriately to it are key capabilities for the survival of an organism. All extant organisms must have evolved suitable sensors, signaling systems, and response mechanisms allowing them to survive under the conditions they are likely to encounter. Here, we investigate in detail the evolutionary history of one such system: The phage shock protein (Psp) stress response system is an important part of the stress response machinery in many bacteria, including Escherichia coli K12. Here, we use a systematic analysis of the genes that make up and regulate the Psp system in E. coli in order to elucidate the evolutionary history of the system. We compare gene sharing, sequence evolution, and conservation of protein-coding as well as noncoding DNA sequences and link these to comparative analyses of genome/operon organization across 698 bacterial genomes. Finally, we evaluate experimentally the biological advantage/disadvantage of a simplified version of the Psp system under different oxygen-related environments. Our results suggest that the Psp system evolved around a core response mechanism by gradually co-opting genes into the system to provide more nuanced sensory, signaling, and effector functionalities. We find that recruitment of new genes into the response machinery is closely linked to incorporation of these genes into a psp operon as is seen in E. coli, which contains the bulk of genes involved in the response. The organization of this operon allows for surprising levels of additional transcriptional control and flexibility. The results discussed here suggest that the components of such signaling systems will only be evolutionarily conserved if the overall functionality of the system can be maintained.
A Polymeric Protein Induces Specific Cytotoxicity in a TLR4 Dependent Manner in the Absence of Adjuvants

Lumazine synthase from Brucella spp. (BLS) is a highly immunogenic decameric protein. It is possible to insert foreign peptides or proteins at its ten-amino acid termini. These chimeras elicit systemic and oral immunity without adjuvants, which are commonly needed in the formulation of subunit-based vaccines. Here, we show that BLS induces the cross presentation of a covalently attached peptide OVA257–264 and a specific cytotoxic response to this peptide in the absence of adjuvants. Unlike other subunit-based vaccines, this chimera induces rapid activation of CTLs and a specific cytotoxic response, making this polymeric protein an ideal antigen carrier for vaccine development. Adoptive transfer of transgenic OT-I T cells revealed efficient cross presentation of BLS-OVA257–264 in vivo. BLS-OVA257–264 immunization induced the proliferation of OVA257–264-specific CD8+ lymphocytes and also increased the percentage of OVA257–264-specific CD8+ cells expressing the early activation marker CD69; after 5 days, the percentage of OVA257–264-specific CD8+ cells expressing high levels of CD44 increased. This cell subpopulation showed decreased expression of IL-7Rα, indicating that BLS-OVA257–264 induced the generation of CD8+ effector cells. BLS-OVA257–264 was cross presented in vitro independently of the presence of a functional TLR4 in the DCs. Finally, we show that immunization of wild type mice with the chimera BLS-OVA257–264 without adjuvants induced a strong OVA257–264-specific effector cytotoxic response. This cytotoxicity is dependent on TLR4 as is not induced in mice lacking a functional receptor. These data show that TLR4 signaling is necesary for the induction of a cytotoxic response but not for antigen cross presentation.
Iran's Struggle for Economic Independence: Reform and Counter-Reform in the Post-Revolutionary Era

1. Reform and Counter-Reform: The Theoretical Framework 2. Tracing the Desire for Economic Independence 3. Consolidating the Post-Revolutionary Economic System 4. Redefining Revolutionary Goals 5. Moving Towards Reform 6. Resurrecting the Revolution 7. Negotiating the Path of Counter-Reform
Sparse Dynamic Programming for Longest Common Subsequence from Fragments

Sparse Dynamic Programming has emerged as an essential tool for the design of efficient algorithms for optimization problems coming from such diverse areas as computer science, computational biology, and speech recognition. We provide a new sparse dynamic programming technique that extends the Hunt? Szymanski paradigm for the computation of the longest common subsequence (LCS) and apply it to solve the LCS from Fragments problem: given a pair of strings X and Y (of length n and m, respectively) and a set M of matching substrings of X and Y, find the longest common subsequence based only on the symbol correspondences induced by the substrings. This problem arises in an application to analysis of software systems. Our algorithm solves the problem in O(|M|log|M|) time using balanced trees, or O(|M|loglogmin(|M|,nm/|M|)) time using Johnson's version of Flat Trees. These bounds apply for two cost measures. The algorithm can also be adapted to finding the usual LCS in O((m+n)log|? |+|M|log|M|) time using balanced trees or O((m+n)log|? |+|M|loglogmin(|M|,nm/|M|)) time using Johnson's version of Flat Trees, where M is the set of maximal matches between substrings of X and Y and ? is the alphabet. These bounds improve on those of the original Hunt? Szymanski algorithm while retaining the overall approach.
A game system for remote rehabilitation of cerebral palsy patients

Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a condition that affects many people and causes paralysis or disability due to brain dysfunctions. Though incurable, physical rehabilitation has proven to improve the patients' quality of life. Some of them, however, may need extra motivation to go through the rehabilitation process. Thus, to engage them in rehabilitative actions, video games, virtual reality games and robots that combine rehabilitation with play have been developed. We propose a game system targeted for rehabilitation of young CP patients and a graphical Event Recognition (ER) Authoring Tool with which a therapist can define ER rules that allow monitoring the rehabilitation progress of a patient and adjusting the therapy accordingly. Our aim is to develop a remote CP rehabilitation platform, that combines rehabilitative actions with play and employs inexpensive, off the shelf technologies that can be used with minimal supervision. This platform is targeted both at young CP patients and also therapists.
Flexible standards

This article addresses the issue of strategies for developing information infrastructures. We identify complexities as the main source of the challenges that such strategies need to address and propose the concept offlexible standards as a key element in the respect. This concept/strategy is developed based on two main sources. The first is theoretical: general theories of complexity and a information infrastructure "design theory" which are built on the theories of complexity. The second source is a case study examining experiencesfrom two developing countries:Thailand and South-Africa.
D 2-Like Dopamine Receptors Modulate SKCa Channel Function in Subthalamic Nucleus Neurons Through Inhibition of Cav 2 . 2 Channels

Ramanathan S, Tkatch T, Atherton JF, Wilson CJ, Bevan MD. D2-like dopamine receptors modulate SKCa channel function in subthalamic nucleus neurons through inhibition of 2 channels. J Neurophysiol 99: 442– 459, 2008. First published December 19, 2007; doi:10.1152/jn.00998. 2007. The activity patterns of subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons are intimately related to motor function/ dysfunction and modulated directly by dopaminergic neurons that degenerate in Parkinson’s disease (PD). To understand how dopamine and dopamine depletion influence the activity of the STN, the functions/signaling pathways/substrates of D2-like dopamine receptors were studied using patch-clamp recording. In rat brain slices, D2-like dopamine receptor activation depolarized STN neurons, increased the frequency/irregularity of their autonomous activity, and linearized/ enhanced their firing in response to current injection. Activation of D2-like receptors in acutely isolated neurons reduced transient outward currents evoked by suprathreshold voltage steps. Modulation was inhibited by a D2-like receptor antagonist and occluded by voltage-dependent Ca (Cav) channel or small-conductance Ca 2 dependent K (SKCa) channel blockers or Ca 2 -free media. Because Cav channels are targets of Gi/o-linked receptors, actions on stepand action potential waveform-evoked Cav channel currents were studied. D2-like receptor activation reduced the conductance of Cav2.2 but not Cav1 channels. Modulation was mediated, in part, by direct binding of G subunits because it was attenuated by brief depolarization. D2 and/or D3 dopamine receptors may mediate modulation because a D4-selective agonist was ineffective and mRNA encoding D2 and D3 but not D4 dopamine receptors was detectable. Brain slice recordings confirmed that SKCa channel-mediated action potential afterhyperpolarization was attenuated by D2-like dopamine receptor activation. Together, these data suggest that D2-like dopamine receptors potently modulate the negative feedback control of firing that is mediated by the functional coupling of Cav2.2 and SKCa channels in STN neurons.
A Power Decoupling Circuit Research Based on Interleaved Parallel Flyback Micro-inverter

A power decoupling circuit is proposed Based on the interleaved parallel fly back micro-inverter in this paper due to instantaneous power imbalance. In order to effectively inhibit secondary power disturbance and greatly reduce the decoupling capacitor value, the decoupling circuit carry on boost/buck mode to storage/release energy. Using this method can make the input/output power of the whole system achieve a state of dynamic balance. What's more, the decoupling capacitor requires only a small capacitor instead of electrolytic capacitor to improve the whole lifetime of micro-inverter. The experimental results show that the decoupling power circuit exhibits satisfactory character of high efficiency, simple topology, and high reliability.
Evaluation of Fences for Containing Feral Swine under Simulated Depopulation Conditions

ABSTRACT Populations of feral swine (Sus scrofa) are estimated to include >2 million animals in the state of Texas, USA, alone. Feral swine damage to property, crops, and livestock exceeds $50 million annually. These figures do not include the increased risks and costs associated with the potential for feral swine to spread disease to domestic livestock. Thus, effective bio-security measures will be needed to quickly isolate affected feral swine populations during disease outbreaks. We evaluated enclosures built of 0.86-m-tall traditional hog panels for containing feral swine during 35 trials, each involving 6 recently caught animals exposed to increasing levels of motivation. During trials, fences were 97% successful when enclosures were entered by humans for maintenance purposes; 83% effective when pursued by walking humans discharging paintball projectors; and in limited testing, 100% successful when pursued and removed by gunners in a helicopter. In addition to being effective in containing feral swine, enclosures constructed of hog panels required simple hand tools, took <5 min/m to erect, and were inexpensive ($5.73/m excluding labor) relative to other fencing options. As such, hog-panel fences are suitable for use by state and federal agencies for rapid deployment in disease response situations, but also exhibit utility for general control of other types of damage associated with feral swine.
RBMA: Replication Based on Multilevel-Agent for P2P Systems

In peer-to-peer (P2P) systems, one important technique to improve the effectiveness of blind search is to proactively replicate file, which can lighten peers’ load as well. But for autonomy and selfishness of peers in P2P systems, some peers are not willing to contribute their storage to save replications, which cannot be created successfully in this case. This paper presents a replication method based on multilevel-agent, namely RBMA, recurring to information economics about principal-agent relationship and incentive concept. One is that using incentive can encourage peers to provide their storage and strengthen cooperation between peers. The other is that using multilevel-agent can make the best of idle storage resources and balance load better than single agent. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed replication method can weaken negative effect brought by noncooperation between peers as far as possible to create replications successfully, and indeed improve search performance to a certain extent. Compared with other replication methods, this new method can reduce search response time, promote search success rate, and balance peers’ load. Keywords-replication; principal-peer; agent-peer; incentive; multilevel-agent; peer-to-peer