Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantifying counterparty credit risk

Counterparty credit risk (CCR) is the risk that a counterparty in a deal will not be able to meet their contractual obligations in the future. While CCR is an important task for any risk desk, it has often been underestimated due to the miss-conception that some counterparties were deemed to be either too big to fail or too big to be allowed to default. This was highlighted by the 2008 financial crisis that saw respected banks, such as Lehman Brothers, and financial service providers, such as AIG, default on their obligations. Since then there has been renewed interest in CCR, with the focus being on actively pricing and hedging it. In this work CCR is invistigated including its intersection with other forms of risk. CCR mitigation techniques are explored, followed by the formal quantification of CCR in the form of credit value adjustments (CVA). The analysis of CCR is then applied to interest rate derivatives, more specifically forward rate agreements (FRAs) and interest rate swaps (IRSs). The effect of correlation on unilateral and bilateral CVA between counterparties, including risk factors such as the interest rate, is investigated. This is invistigated under two credit risk modelling frameworks, the structural and intensity based frameworks. It is shown that correlation has a none-negligible effect on both unilateral and bilateral CVA for FRAs and IRSs. Correlation structures, namely the Gaussian and the Student-t copula, are used to induce dependency in order to understand their effect on both unilateral and bilateral CVA. It is shown that the choice of copula does not have significant effect on either unilateral or bilateral CVA.
Modelo equivalente não linear para o planejamento da operação a longo prazo de sistemas de energia eletrica

Este trabalho apresenta um modelo equivalente nao linear para a etapa de longo prazo do planejamento da operacao energetica de sistemas de energia eletrica. O problema e formulado atraves de programacao dinâmica estocastica e o sistema hidroeletrico e agregado atraves de um modelo equivalente que supoe a operacao otimizada dos reservatorios do sistema. Na modelagem das energias afluentes ao sistema por programacao dinâmica, adotou-se um modelo auto-regressivo de ordem (1). Foi utilizado um programa de simulacao do sistema a usinas individualizadas que leva em conta particularidades usualmente desprezadas pelos modelos de simulacao agregada. Comparacoes com a metodologia adotada pelo setor eletrico brasileiro (que adota a operacao paralela na agregacao do sistema) foram realizadas com sistemas constituidos de 2 a 29 usinas hidroeletricas da Regiao Sudeste, mostrando ganhos significativos. Observacao: O resumo, na integra, podera ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital Abstract
Why Do Firms in India Pay Dividend in Presence of Firm Level Dividend Distribution Tax ? - An Agency Theory Based Explanation.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to analyze motivation behind payment of cash dividend by the firms in India in presence of tax provision that discourages payment of dividend by imposing tax on firms at the time of distribution. Design/methodology/approach First, consistent with Jensen’s (1986) view, the paper presents a theoretical model that shows - dividend payout addresses agency problem of free cash flow and then, empirically highlights through event study and OLS regression - the impact of stock price reaction to dividend increase and decrease in respect of 352 announcements during 2006-10 of top 100 companies listed in Bombay stock exchange (BSE). Findings: As predicted by the model, empirical results show that despite adverse tax provision resulting in depletion of shareholder’ wealth upon dividend distribution - high payout announcement causes rise in valuation and low pay out has just an opposite impact for stable, profitable, mature and high value firms that hardly need ‘dividend signaling’ to address information asymmetry problem as to their worth. Despite tax disadvantage, investors prefer and value dividend as it mitigates agency problem of retention. The finding is consistent with ‘life cycle theory’s prediction of high pay out by large and profitable firms. Practical Implication: The corporate managers of India, oblivious of the hidden agency cost associated with high retention, are conservative in setting their dividend policy, perhaps attributable to dividend tax – a direct cost of distribution. The findings of the study may encourage the CFOs and finance executives to have a relook at their existing dividend policy. At macro level as well, the fiscal policy makers should revisit the dividend distribution tax in its present form because of its potential of inefficient build up and use of resources through retention at firm level. Originality/ value: The findings of the study enrich the literature on agency theory and dividend policy formulation at micro level and to an extent public finance at macro level as well.
Information and communication technologies : a World Bank Group strategy

Knowledge has always been central to development. It is necessary for markets and governments to function, for the process of innovation, and for the application of new ideas. The green revolution that has more than doubled yields of staple crops in Asia and South America over the last 50 years, is an example of the development and application of knowledge through a range of local, national, and international institutions making a dramatic impact on the incomes of the poor. Between 1973 and 1994, the average real income of small farmers in southern India increased by 90 percent, and that of the landless by 125 percent, largely because of the introduction of labor-intensive, high-yielding crop varieties. The successful use of knowledge lies behind much of the growth of the East Asian 'miracle' countries over the past half century. Conversely, weaknesses in the application of knowledge are a major factor behind stagnation in income growth in Africa. The accumulation of physical capital-machinery, roads, and buildings, explains less than 30 percent of the variations in growth rates around the world over the past 40 years. Much of the rest is accounted for by differences in the growth of educational opportunities, and in the diffusion and application of knowledge. Forty years ago, Ghana and the Republic of Korea had virtually the same income per capita. Today, Korea is approximately six times richer, and more than half of that gap can be attributed to Korea's greater success in acquiring and using knowledge.
On criteria for grading student programs

3 Introduction . For many of us, the initial experience of grading programs brings a quick realization of the need for objectivity and consistency. When grading, we should consider onl y the program before us and the requirements tha t led to it . We should not be swayed by comparisons with other programs, by distracting characteristics of the code, or by past interaction s with the coder . Also, we should focus on th e same concepts to the same degree in every pro gram, otherwise grading becomes nonuniform ( a fact that students see quickly) . This is especially important when several teaching assistant s are grading for the the same course . To help u s achieve this needed consistency and objectivity, we developed set of grading guidelines . Originally defined in 1989, they have evolved into the criteria described here . Since we were reasonably sure that others ha d recognized the same needs, we looked to the literature for some guidance . Our search revealed few papers . Miller and Peterson [3], in 1980, developed grading guidelines for the reasons describe d above. But, their paper focuses on statisticall y validating their criteria rather than on developing them . In 1983, Hamm and his colleagues [1 ] identified factors they incorporated in an auto mated method for grading, but they, too, faile d to describe their selection process . In 1988, Olson [4] compared analytic and holistic methods of grading. Although he clearly defined his criteri a for each category, he said little about his ratio -
Modeling Accountable Cloud Services Based on Dynamic Logic for Accountability

Cloud computing services have been increasingly considered by businesses as a viable option for reducing IT expenditure. However, there are often associated problems with unmanaged accountability. This paper first analyses the accountability properties of a cloud service and then proposes the accountable cloud service ACS model to address those problems. In addition, the authors argue that from an accountability perspective a cloud service is a proactive system that needs to be modeled differently from the traditional reactive systems. They extend traditional structural operational semantics to cater for modeling of actors as well as scenarios of inaction and exception in state transitions. This leads to the creation of a new form of a process algebra called Accountable Process Algebra APA. They also propose an Obligation Flow Diagram OFD as a simple method for conflict resolution and verification for the ACS model. The ACS model enables obligation specification, validation, decomposition, machine-interpretation, monitoring and reasoning, and ultimately facilitates accountability in cloud service consumption. Using Amazon S3 service as a case study, they show how to address those known accountability problems by using our ACS model. Finally the authors discuss the applicability of their model to cloud services in general.
The differential value of information in industrial purchasing decisions

Purpose – This research integrates recent work on customer information acquisition in services marketing and economics of information research with literature on industrial buying behavior for the purpose of proposing and empirically testing a model that explores information acquisition in industrial purchasing.Design/methodology/approach – To test the proposed model, an online survey was prepared using WebSurveyor and an introductory e‐mail with a link to the survey was sent to a sample of members of a professional organization of industrial purchasing managers.Findings – Results indicated a differential use of information sources across differing purchase situations. When purchasing situations were perceived to be easy to evaluate, there was a significantly greater use of impersonal information sources. In addition, we offer evidence that the use of both personal and impersonal information sources does, in fact, increase the perception of goal clarity with respect to the purchasing task among industrial.
Stimulatory Effect of Synthetic Luminal Cholecystokinin Releasing Factor (LCRF) Fragment (1–35) on Pancreatic Exocrine Secretion in Conscious Rats

The effects of a synthetic putative luminal cholecystokinin (CCK) releasing factor (LCRF) fragment (1–35) on pancreatic exocrine secretion were examined in conscious Wistar rats and a mutant strain of rats lacking the CCK-A receptor. Intraduodenal injection of graded doses of the LCRF fragment induced biphasic responses in Wistar rats. The injection of 0.1 μg of the LCRF fragment produced a maximal response, while 1 μg produced a lower response. No significant effect was observed in rats lacking the CCK-A receptor. The synthetic LCRF fragment stimulated pancreatic secretion via CCK-A receptors in conscious rats.
Admission policy based clustering scheme for D2D underlay communications

Device-to-device (D2D) communication brings significant benefits to improve resource utilization and users' throughput as an underlay to cellular networks. This paper first proposes an efficient admission policy based D2D clustering scheme to increase the system rate. By analyzing the interplay between the D2D clusters and the arrival user who intends to join a D2D cluster, we present two attraction functions describing the mutual suitability by considering social interaction, energy balance, and location as well. Further, we formulate the probability of the arrival user joining a certain D2D cluster based on Chinese Restaurant Process (CRP) and utilize a matching function to assign an optimal D2D cluster for each arrival user. On the other hand, we also illustrate how the cluster head can be selected in a D2D cluster. Finally, numerical results demonstrate that our clustering scheme efficiently leads to a good performance on the system rate and the stability of D2D clusters.
DC to radio-frequency characterization of ZrO2 dielectric for “Metal-Insulator-Metal” integrated capacitors

This paper deals with the electrical and wideband frequency characterizations of Metal-Insulator-Metal capacitors integrating medium-k material ZrO2. Characterizations are performed from DC up to 4 GHz on micro-strip waveguides structures. We investigate electrical performance of MIM capacitors which integrate thicknesses of 45 nm to 10 nm of ZrO2 dielectric layer. In particular, this paper focuses on the frequency effect on the voltage linearity of these capacitors. The dependence of the Voltage Capacitance Coefficient ¿ is underlined from 1 kHz to 1 GHz.
Frequent Subgraph Mining Based on Pregel

Graph is an increasingly popular way to model complex data, and the size of single graphs is growing toward massive. Nonetheless, executing graph algorithms efficiently and at scale is surprisingly challenging. As a consequence, distributed programming frameworks have emerged to empower large graph processing. Pregel, as a popular computational model for processing billion-vertex graphs, has been employed to improve the scalability of many algorithms. In this paper, we investigate frequent subgraphminingonsinglelargegraphsusingPregel.Wepresentthefirstdistributedalgorithmbased on Pregel for single massive graphs. In addition, two optimizations are proposed to enhance the algorithm,reducing communicationcostanddistributionoverhead. Extensiveexperiments conductedon real-life data confirm the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm and techniques.
In-depth Characterization of the Secretome of Colorectal Cancer Metastatic Cells Identifies Key Proteins in Cell Adhesion, Migration, and Invasion*

Liver metastasis in colorectal cancer is the major cause of cancer-related deaths. To identify and characterize proteins associated with colon cancer metastasis, we have compared the conditioned serum-free medium of highly metastatic KM12SM colorectal cancer cells with the parental, poorly metastatic KM12C cells using quantitative stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) analyses on a linear ion trap-Orbitrap Velos mass spectrometer. In total, 1337 proteins were simultaneously identified in SILAC forward and reverse experiments. For quantification, 1098 proteins were selected in both experiments, with 155 proteins showing >1.5-fold change. About 52% of these proteins were secreted directly or using alternative secretion pathways. GDF15, S100A8/A9, and SERPINI1 showed capacity to discriminate cancer serum samples from healthy controls using ELISAs. In silico analyses of deregulated proteins in the secretome of metastatic cells showed a major abundance of proteins involved in cell adhesion, migration, and invasion. To characterize the tumorigenic and metastatic properties of some top up- and down-regulated proteins, we used siRNA silencing and antibody blocking. Knockdown expression of NEO1, SERPINI1, and PODXL showed a significant effect on cellular adhesion. Silencing or blocking experiments with SOSTDC1, CTSS, EFNA3, CD137L/TNFSF9, ZG16B, and Midkine caused a significant decrease in migration and invasion of highly metastatic cells. In addition, silencing of SOSTDC1, EFNA3, and CD137L/TNFSF9 reduced liver colonization capacity of KM12SM cells. Finally, the panel of six proteins involved in invasion showed association with poor prognosis and overall survival after dataset analysis of gene alterations. In summary, we have defined a collection of proteins that are relevant for understanding the mechanisms underlying adhesion, migration, invasion, and metastasis in colorectal cancer.
Surface temperatures of the Mid-Pliocene North Atlantic Ocean: implications for future climate

The Mid-Pliocene is the most recent interval in the Earth's history to have experienced warming of the magnitude predicted for the second half of the twenty-first century and is, therefore, a possible analogue for future climate conditions. With continents basically in their current positions and atmospheric CO2 similar to early twenty-first century values, the cause of Mid-Pliocene warmth remains elusive. Understanding the behaviour of the North Atlantic Ocean during the Mid-Pliocene is integral to evaluating future climate scenarios owing to its role in deep water formation and its sensitivity to climate change. Under the framework of the Pliocene Research, Interpretation and Synoptic Mapping (PRISM) sea surface reconstruction, we synthesize Mid-Pliocene North Atlantic studies by PRISM members and others, describing each region of the North Atlantic in terms of palaeoceanography. We then relate Mid-Pliocene sea surface conditions to expectations of future warming. The results of the data and climate model comparisons suggest that the North Atlantic is more sensitive to climate change than is suggested by climate model simulations, raising the concern that estimates of future climate change are conservative.
A Profit Maximization Scheme for Enhancing Quality of Service (QoS) in Cloud Computing

Internet basis computing that is depending upon on-demand work is called as Cloud computing. Cloud computing provides shared resources as well as data over the network to user on the basis of his demand. Cloud computing has very essential part that is called as the cloud economics analysis. In cloud economics, work of enhancement of profit is accomplished. Large benefit is the most essential aspect as correspondence with cloud service providers and also depending upon markets demand through the management of cloud service platform it is compelled. Initially, determination of the cost as well as revenue for increasing the profit is very essential. The user satisfaction in profit increment is additionally considered as the cost of the cloud. Under the cost, both the renting cost as well as energy utilization cost also considered. To increase the profit there is must decrease the cost. To minimize the cost have to configure the server accurately. At the time of server configuration, computing is done over the assumed waiting time as well as service charge. Existing cloud providers was utilized a single long-term strategy to setup cloud platform. But this single long-term renting strategy has the issue of unable to provide the service with the high quality and additionally leads wasting the resources.
Simulation and Analysis of Acoustic Wave Propagation due to Partial Discharge Activity

Acoustic detection of partial discharges is based on the retrieval and analysis of mechanical signals produced by partial discharges. Acoustic method is widely used in locating partial discharge sources in transformers. For source location constant velocity of acoustic signals is used. Acoustic method also has potential to classify the partial discharges for better assessment of insulation condition. This paper presents a computer simulation of acoustic signal and analysis of its propagation behavior. It is found that acoustic velocity is not constant over distances of practical interest. An algorithm proposed for source location with distance dependent acoustic velocity leads to reduction in location error. Acoustic pulse produced by partial discharges is deformed and attenuated while propagating through transformer to sensor. This change depends on propagation distance and medium. So, frequency spectrum of sensor output AE pulse is not true representation of source pulse frequency spectrum. Partial discharge classification based on the output acoustic signal can lead to wrong classification. Knowing the location of partial discharge source, frequency dependent attenuation characteristics and output acoustic signal's frequency spectrum, an estimation of input pulse frequency spectrum and its parameters is made for the classification of partial discharges
Weblogs and internal communication in a corporate environment: a case from the ICT industry

Innovations in web-based technology have generated new channels for communicative purposes. Blogs provide organisations a unique opportunity for informal knowledge sharing. However, much on the current research on blogs has a normative orientation and a focus on tools rather than the related social and communicative issues. Our theoretical approach is internal communication, which we link with the characteristics of this emerging form of social software. Based on our case, we analyse the factors affecting the use of blogs in the corporate environment, position blogs in the sphere of mediated communication and identify a two-dimensional framework on the types of internal blogs and the related modes of communication.
On the legitimacy of coercion for the nancing of public goods

The literature on public goods has shown that efficient outcomes are impossible if participation constraints have to be respected. This paper addresses the question whether they should be imposed. It asks under what conditions efficiency considerations justify that individuals are forced to pay for public goods that they do not value. It is shown that participation constraints are desirable if public goods are provided by a malevolent Leviathan. By contrast, with a Pigouvian planner, efficiency can be achieved. Finally, the paper studies the delegation of public goods provision to a profit-maximizing firm. This also makes participation constraints desirable.
QUALITY OF WOMENS LIFE WITH NAUSEA AND VOMITING DURING PREGNANCY

Aim: The pilot survey aimed at determining and describing the quality of life (QOL) of women who developed nausea and vomiting during the first trimester of their pregnancy (NVP). Another goal was to find out whether pregnant women’s QOL is influenced by the severity of NVP, parity, duration of pregnancy, gynecologic history, age and marital status. Methods: The cohort comprised 179 women in the first trimester of their pregnancy suffering from NVP. Data were collected using two questionnaires: the specific Health-Related Quality of Life for Nausea and Vomiting during Pregnancy (NVPQOL) and the supplementary SF-12 health survey. Results: Lower than average QOL was found in 22% of women with NVP. Most frequently, physical symptoms and aggravating factors and fatigue were reported. The survey revealed an association between a lower QOL of pregnant women and the severity of NVP, parity, duration of pregnancy and marital status (p < 0.01). A better quality of life was found in primiparae, women pregnant for 10 or more weeks and, surprisingly, women without partners. Conclusion: Severe NVP decreases the quality of life of pregnant women and should therefore be monitored. Before further use of the NVPQOL questionnaire in the Czech Republic it is advisable to verify its psychometric properties for the Czech version.