Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fast String Matching with Overlapped Substring Classifier in Deep Packet Inspection Systems

Traditional DFA based DPI (Deep Packet Inspection) string matching architectures either suffer from throughput bottleneck or unfeasible memory requirement, or both. Bloom Filter based schemes, on the other hand, only provide indefinite and unprecise match results. In this paper, we propose a novel string matching data structure called Overlapped Substring Classifier(OSC), which tries to compromise between these two ends. Instead of using incoming byte flow directly, we use OSC to extract the characteristic digest of the incoming string, which we demonstrate would be sufficient for locating a very small set of possible match, using DFA techniques. This type of match ambiguity and false-positive inaccuracy can be tuned to be negligible. The scheme is perfectly suitable for efficient and parallel hardware implementation, which makes ultra high performance and low memory usage simultaneously possible. A hardware architecture is also designed supporting singlethreaded scanning rate of 10Gbp, with only moderate memory requirement and clock rate assumption.
Elongated Hypocotyl 5-Homolog (HYH) Negatively Regulates Expression of the Ambient Temperature-Responsive MicroRNA Gene MIR169

Arabidopsis microRNA169 (miR169) is an ambient temperature-responsive microRNA that plays an important role in stress responses and the floral transition. However, the transcription factors that regulate the expression of MIR169 have remained unknown. In this study, we show that Elongated Hypocotyl 5-Homolog (HYH) directly binds to the promoter of MIR169a and negatively regulates its expression. Absolute quantification identified MIR169a as the major locus producing miR169. GUS reporter assays revealed that the deletion of a 498-bp fragment (–1,505 to –1,007, relative to the major transcriptional start site) of MIR169a abolished its ambient temperature-responsive expression. DNA-affinity chromatography followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified transcription factor HYH as a trans-acting factor that binds to the 498-bp promoter fragment of pri-miR169a. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation–quantitative PCR demonstrated that the HYH.2 protein, a predominant isoform of HYH, directly associated with a G-box-like motif in the 498-bp fragment of pri-miR169a. Higher enrichment of HYH.2 protein on the promoter region of MIR169a was seen at 23°C, consistent with the presence of more HYH.2 protein in the cell at the temperature. Transcript levels of pri-miR169a increased in hyh mutants and decreased in transgenic plants overexpressing HYH. Consistent with the negative regulation of MIR169a by HYH, the diurnal levels of HYH mRNA and pri-miR169a showed opposite patterns. Taken together, our results suggest that HYH is a transcription factor that binds to a G-box-like motif in the MIR169a promoter and negatively regulates ambient temperature-responsive expression of MIR169a at higher temperatures in Arabidopsis.
Two-step approach for single underwater image enhancement

Underwater images often suffer from color shift and contrast degradation due to the absorption and scattering of light while traveling in water. In order to handle these issues, we present and solve two sub-problems to improve underwater image quality. First, we introduce an effective color correcting strategy based on piece-wise linear transformation to address the color distortion. Then we discuss a novel optimal contrast improvement method, which is efficient and can reduce artifacts, to address the low contrast. Since most operations are pixel-wise calculations, the proposed method is straightforward to implement and appropriate for real-time application. In addition, prior knowledge about imaging conditions is not required. Experiments show an improvement in the enhanced image of color, contrast, naturalness and object prominence.
Optimal Routing and Traffic Scheduling for Multihop Cellular Networks Using Genetic Algorithm

When considering a multicell scenario with nonuniform traffic distribution in multihop wireless networks, the search for the optimum topology becomes an NP-hard problem. For such problems, exact algorithms based on exhaustive search are only useful for small toy models, so heuristic algorithms such as genetic algorithms (GA) must be used in practice. For this purpose, we present a novel sequential genetic algorithm (SGA) to optimize the relaying topology in multihop cellular networks aware of the intercell interference and the spatial traffic distribution dynamics. We encode the topologies as a set of chromosomes and special crossover and mutation operations are proposed to search for the optimum topology. The performance is measured by a fitness function that includes the throughput, power consumption and delay. Improvement in the fitness function is sequentially controlled as newer generations evolve and whenever the improvement is sufficiently increased the current topology is updated by the new one having higher fitness. Numerical results show that SGA provides both high performance improvements in the system and fast convergence (at least one order of magnitude faster than exhaustive search) in a dynamic network environment. We also demonstrate the robustness of our algorithm to the initial state of the network.
From Non-Negative to General Operator Cost Partitioning

Operator cost partitioning is a well-known technique to make admissible heuristics additive by distributing the operator costs among individual heuristics. Planning tasks are usually defined with non-negative operator costs and therefore it appears natural to demand the same for the distributed costs. We argue that this requirement is not necessary and demonstrate the benefit of using general cost partitioning. We show that LP heuristics for operator-counting constraints are cost-partitioned heuristics and that the state equation heuristic computes a cost partitioning over atomic projections. We also introduce a new family of potential heuristics and show their relationship to general cost partitioning.
Separating core and noncore knowledge: an application of neural network rule extraction to a cross-national study of brand image perception

Recent advances in algorithms that extract rules from artificial neural networks make it feasible to use neural networks as a tool for acquiring knowledge hidden in the data. Findings are reported from the use of such algorithms to separate core and noncore knowledge in a cross-national study of automobile brand image perception. Respondents from five Western European countries have been asked to associate individual and corporate brand associations for a number of well-known automobile brands. Knowledge, expressed as concise and accurate rules that distinguish between the respondents' perceptions of German and Japanese brands, is extracted from trained neural networks. This paper explains how both core knowledge, which captures the perceptions shared by the respondents in all countries, and country-specific noncore knowledge can be acquired and differentiated by a proposed two-step approach to train and extract rules from a multi-neural network system. The experimental results show that, in addition to providing a better understanding of the differences and similarities in the brand image perceptions of consumers in various countries, the proposed approach also yields better predictive accuracy than a decision tree method.
On common quadratic Lyapunov functions for stable discrete‐time LTI systems

This paper deals with the question of the existence of weak and strong common quadratic Lyapunov functions (CQLFs) for stable discrete-time linear timeinvariant (LTI) systems. The main result of the paper provides a simple characterisation of pairs of such systems for which a weak CQLF of a given form exists but for which no strong CQLF exists. An application of this result to second order discrete-time LTI systems is presented.
Social impact of the Internet: what does it mean?

sing the Internet at home causes small but reliable declines in social and psychological well-being, according to our findings after conducting one of the first prospective studies examining the domestication of the Internet—the integration of the Internet into the home (see R. Kraut et al. “Internet Paradox: A Social Technology that Reduces Social Involvement and Psychological Well-Being,” Amer. Psych., Sept. 1998). Because this research is controversial, we offer some comments to help readers understand the results and decide how they might respond to them as consumers and as technology developers. The HomeNet project (see homenet.hcii.cs.cmu.edu/ progress/research.html for the full report and more), studied a sample of 169 people in Pittsburgh during their first year or two online. As people in this sample used the Internet more, they reported keeping up with fewer friends, spending less time talking with their families, experiencing more daily life stressors, and feeling more lonely and depressed. These results occured even though interpersonal communication was their most important reason for using the Internet. If accurate, the results are troubling. These effects were not large, but they contradict many popular beliefs about the Internet, and they were a surprise. Should they lead us to reconsider how to use the Internet or what Internet services to offer? The remainder of this column addresses important issues.
Complete surfaces with positive extrinsic curvature in product spaces

We prove that every complete connected immersed surface with positive extrinsic curvature K in H 2 � R must be properly embedded, homeomorphic to a sphere or a plane and, in the latter case, study the behavior of the end. Then, we focus our attention on surfaces with positive constant extrinsic curvature (K-surfaces). We establish that the only complete K-surfaces in S 2 � R and H 2 � R are rotational spheres. Here are the key steps to achieve this. First height estimates for compactK-surfaces in a general ambient space M 2 � R with boundary in a slice are obtained. Then distance estimates for compact K-surfaces (and H -surfaces) in H 2 � R with boundary on a vertical plane are obtained. Finally we construct a quadratic form with isolated zeroes of negative index.
The extraction and characterisation of a polysaccharide from Moniliophthora perniciosa CCMB 0257

Abstract The alpha-D-glucans are worldwide acknowledged as powerful immune system stimulants found in several sources; however, the fungal-derived sources appear to respond with higher activity. The present study has investigated polysaccharide production in Moniliophthora perniciosa. The dry biomass was subjected to thermal treatment in alkaline solution after fermentation. The biopolymers dissolved in this solution were precipitated after three volumes of absolute ethanol were added to the supernatant. The pure polysaccharide MPS1 was obtained through molecular exclusion chromatography using the Sephacryl S-200 column. The HPLC-RI analysis showed that MPS1 was a glucose homopolysaccharide. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra indicated the α-form as the anomeric carbon configuration in glucose residue. The structure of the polysaccharide was further confirmed as (1→4)-α-D-glucan through the chemical shift of C4. The molecular weight of MPS1 was 31.0 kDa.
The α‐importome of mammalian germ cell maturation provides novel insights for importin biology

Importin α proteins function as adaptors to connect a cargo protein and importin β1 in the classical nuclear import pathway. Here we measure for the first time the stoichiometry of importins α2, α3, α4, and β1 in primary cells corresponding to 2 successive stages of rat spermatogenesis: meiotic spermatocytes and haploid round spermatids. Importin α2 levels were more than 2‐fold higher in spermatocytes than in spermatids, while importins α4 and β1 levels did not differ significantly. We performed a comprehensive proteomics analysis to identify binding proteins in spermatocytes and spermatids using recombinant importin α2 and α4 proteins. Among the 100 candidate partners, 42 contained a strong classical nuclear localization signal (cNLS; score of>6 by cNLS Mapper), while 8 nuclear proteins lacked any cNLS. In addition, we developed a new strategy to predict which cargoes bind to importin α through the conserved C‐terminal acidic domain (ARM repeats 9‐10), and provided functional validation of a predicted importin α C‐terminal binding segment in Senataxin and Smarca4. Evaluation of this set of candidate binding partners from spermatogenic cells using several bioinformatics approaches provides new evidence that individual importin αs may serve unique and nonredundant roles in mediating cellular differentiation. —Arjomand, A. , Baker, M. A. , Li, C. , Buckle, A. M. , Jans, D. A. , Loveland, K. L. , Miyamoto, Y. The α‐importome of mammalian germ cell maturation provides novel insights for importin biology. FASEB J. 28, 3480–3493 (2014). www.fasebj. org
The efficacy of six local anesthetic formulations used for posterior mandibular buccal infiltration anesthesia.

OBJECTIVE The authors conducted a randomized, double-blind clinical trial to evaluate pulpal anesthesia achieved after mandibular infiltration of five commonly marketed dental local anesthetic formulations as compared with a control formulation of lidocaine with epinephrine. METHODS The authors evaluated 2 percent lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine (L100) against 4 percent articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine (A100), 4 percent articaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine (A200), 4 percent prilocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine (P200), 3 percent mepivacaine without vasoconstrictor (Mw/o) and 0.5 percent bupivacaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine (B200). This repeated-treatment trial involved 18 healthy participants. The investigators administered mandibular infiltration injections (six sessions per participant) of 0.9 milliliters of anesthetic into the buccal fold adjacent to the distal root of the mandibular first molar. The authors determined anesthetic efficacy across a 20-minute period by measuring changes in sensory threshold to electrical pulp test (EPT) stimulation. RESULTS Twelve female and six male participants (mean age, 24.9 years; range, 18-53 years) completed the study. The maximum mean increase from baseline of EPT measurements for the six formulations were 43.5 percent for L100, 44.8 percent for B200, 51.2 percent for P200, 66.9 percent for A200, 68.3 percent for Mw/o and 77.3 percent for A100 (A100 versus L100, P = .029). Adverse reactions were minor and not formulation dependent. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The authors found that mandibular infiltration with 0.9 mL of the tested dental anesthetics could induce only partial pulpal anesthesia, a level likely to be inadequate for most dental procedures. When compared with L100, only the A100 induced statistically greater pulpal anesthesia after mandibular buccal infiltration.
Targeted Therapies for the Treatment of Pediatric Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas: Present and Future

Pediatric Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas (NHL) are a diverse group of malignancies and as such treatment can vary based on the different biological characteristics of each malignancy. Significant advancements are being made in the treatment and outcomes of this group of malignancies. This is in large part due to novel targeted drug therapies that are being used in combination with traditional chemotherapy. Here, we discuss several new lines of therapy that are being developed or are in current use for pediatric patients with NHL.
Direct current stimulation boosts synaptic gain and cooperativity in vitro

Direct current stimulation (DCS) polarity specifically modulates synaptic efficacy during a continuous train of presynaptic inputs, despite synaptic depression. DCS polarizes afferent axons and postsynaptic neurons, boosting cooperativity between synaptic inputs. Polarization of afferent neurons in upstream brain regions may modulate activity in the target brain region during transcranial DCS (tDCS). A statistical theory of coincident activity predicts that the diffuse and weak profile of current flow can be advantageous in enhancing connectivity between co‐active brain regions.
DAF1, a mutant gene affecting size control, pheromone arrest, and cell cycle kinetics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The mating pheromone alpha-factor arrests Saccharomyces cerevisiae MATa cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Size control is also exerted in G1, since cells do not exit G1 until they have attained a critical size. A dominant mutation (DAF1-1) which causes both alpha-factor resistance and small cell size (volume about 0.6-fold that of the wild type) has been isolated and characterized genetically and by molecular cloning. Several alpha-factor-induced mRNAs were induced equivalently in daf1+ and DAF1-1 cells. The DAF1-1 mutation consisted of a termination codon two-thirds of the way through the daf1+ coding sequence. A chromosomal deletion of DAF1 produced by gene transplacement increased cell volume about 1.5-fold; thus, DAF1-1 may be a hyperactive or deregulated allele of a nonessential gene involved in G1 size control. Multiple copies of DAF1-1 also greatly reduced the duration of the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
An overview on the global behavior of kinematically redundant robotic manipulators

Most methods for controlling redundant manipulators are based on local or instantaneous solutions of the kinematic velocity equation, for a given hand-space path or displacement. However, the global, behavior needs to be determined a-priori to avoid unexpected problems like non-repeatability, instability and so on. Global motion planning must pertain not only to the motion of the end-effector but to the whole arm. The mathematical model of redundancy control that we have developed, is based on analyzing certain structures or skeletons of surfaces in the joint space. The advantages of this approach are twofold. For one, it helps explain certain behavior patterns that are induced by given control strategies, while taking into account the geometry of the robot itself. But more important is the fact that it helps devise "better" strategies with which to control the robot and plan its motions.
A Dark Cloud Associated with an Unidentified EGRET Source

CO J = 1-0 mapping observations of the dark nebula Lynds 227, which is possibly associated with the unidentified EGRET source 2EG J1811-2339, are presented. We detected a large amount of molecular gas along Lynds 227 with a total mass of (1-2) × 104 M☉ surrounding an X-ray synchrotron nebula, which was detected by the ASCA within the error circle of 2EG J1811-2339. Molecular gas along Lynds 227 shows spatial anticorrelation with the X-ray synchrotron nebula, suggesting that the synchrotron nebula is interacting with the Lynds 227 cloud. We propose a γ-ray emission mechanism for 2EG J1811-2339: high-energy electrons are injected from a rotation-powered pulsar and further accelerated in shock waves generated by the interaction with ambient matter. The high-energy electrons move into the molecular cloud at the Lynds 227 and collide with dense interstellar matter to yield high-energy γ-ray photons, mainly through relativistic bremsstrahlung.
Intermittent operation of QC-lasers for mid-IR spectroscopy with low heat dissipation: tuning characteristics and driving electronics.

Intermittent scanning for continuous-wave quantum cascade lasers is proposed along with a custom-built laser driver optimized for such operation. This approach lowers the overall heat dissipation of the laser by dropping its drive current to zero between individual scans and holding a longer pause between scans. This allows packaging cw-QCLs in TO–3 housings with built-in collimating optics, thus reducing cost and footprint of the device. The fully integrated, largely analog, yet flexible laser driver eliminates the need for any external electronics for current modulation, lowers the demands on power supply performance, and allows shaping of the tuning current in a wide range. Optimized ramp shape selection leads to large and nearly linear frequency tuning (>1.5 cm−1). Experimental characterization of the proposed scheme with a QCL emitting at 7.7 μm gave a frequency stability of 3.2×10−5 cm−1 for the laser emission, while a temperature dependence of 2.3×10−4 cm−1/K was observed when the driver electronics was exposed to sudden temperature changes. We show that these characteristics make the driver suitable for high precision trace gas measurements by analyzing methane absorption lines in the respective spectral region.
Sequential expression and differential function of multiple adhesion molecules during the formation of cerebellar cortical layers

We have correlated the times of appearance of the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM), the neuron-glia cell adhesion molecule (Ng-CAM), and the extracellular matrix protein, cytotactin, during the development of the chicken cerebellar cortex, and have shown that these molecules make different functional contributions to granule cell migration. Immunofluorescent staining showed distinct spatiotemporal expression sequences for each adhesion molecule. N-CAM was present at all times in all layers. However, the large cytoplasmic domain polypeptide of N-CAM was always absent from the external granular layer and was enriched in the molecular layer as development proceeded. Ng-CAM began to be expressed in the premigratory granule cells just before migration and later disappeared from cell bodies but remained on parallel fibers. Cytotactin, which is synthesized by glia and not by neurons, appeared first in a speckled pattern within the external granular layer and later appeared in a continuous pattern along the Bergmann glia; it was also enriched in the molecular layer. After we established their order of appearance, we tested the separate functions of these adhesion molecules in granule cell migration by adding specific antibodies against each molecule to cerebellar explant cultures that had been labeled with tritiated thymidine and then measuring the differential distribution of labeled cells in the forming layers. Anti-N-CAM showed marginal effects. In contrast, anti-Ng-CAM arrested most cells in the external granular layer, while anti-cytotactin arrested most cells in the molecular layer. Time course analyses combined with sequential addition of different antibodies in different orders showed that anti- Ng-CAM had a major effect in the early period (first 36 h in culture) and a lesser effect in the second part of the culture period, while anti-cytotactin had essentially no effect at the earlier time but had major effects at a later period (18-72 h in culture). The two major stages of cerebellar granule cell migration thus appear to be differentially affected by distinct adhesion molecules of different cellular origins, binding mechanisms, and overall distributions. The results indicated that local cell surface modulation of adhesion molecules of different specificities at defined stages and sites is essential to the formation of cerebellar cortical layers.