Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
(Unoffi cial) Multilingualism in desegregated schools: Learners' use of and views towards African languages

Abstract South Africa has a progressive Language in Education Policy (LiEP) advocating multilingualism, but the policy has been widely criticised for its lack of implementation. Notable is the hegemony of English in many schools, and in ex-Model C schools in particular. Some have argued that the choices of middle-class African parents in sending their children to English medium schools is threatening the survival of African languages and leading to language shift (De Klerk, 2000; Kamwangamalu, 2003a; 2003b). Drawing on observation and interview data from two desegregated co-educational ex-Model C high schools in Johannesburg, this paper focuses on the language practices and views towards indigenous South African languages of African learners. It captures their perspectives on the schools’ language policies as well as their views on the use of indigenous languages in the classroom and in other domains in the school. The paper shows that learners often use African languages in the school space, frequently through code-switching and code-mixing. This paper argues that claims of language shift are not appropriate, since multilingual language behaviour points to some degree of language maintenance of African languages. The use of African languages by learners enables them to insert new identities into this space and interrupt the exclusive power of English.
Using Additional Analyses to Clarify the Functions of Problem Behavior: An Analysis of Two Cases

Functional analyses (FA) have proven useful for identifying contingencies that influence problem behavior. Research has shown that some problem behavior may only occur in specific contexts or be influenced by multiple or idiosyncratic variables. When these contexts or sources of influence are not assessed in an FA, further assessment may be necessary to identify the variables that influence behavior. In the current study, initial FA results suggested a specific source(s) of reinforcement for the problem behavior of two preschool children. Function-based treatments were implemented to increase appropriate behavior and decrease problem behavior; however, treatment did not result in clinically significant reductions of problem behavior in all cases. Additional within-session analyses and experimental analyses were used to clarify the functions of problem behavior, and modified function-based treatments were used to decrease problem behavior and increase appropriate behavior. These effective treatments were taught to the classroom teachers to implement throughout the day.
Flavonoids from Halostachys caspica and Their Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities

Seven flavonoids have been isolated from the aerial parts of Halostachys caspica C. A. Mey. (Chenopodiaceae) for the first time. By means of physicochemical and spectrometric analysis, they were identified as luteolin (1), chrysin (2), chrysin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), quercetin (4), quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), isorhamentin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), and isorhamentin-3-O-β-D-rutinoside (7). All flavonoids were evaluated to show a broad antimicrobial spectrum of activity on microorganisms including seven bacterial and one fungal species as well as pronounced antioxidant activity. Among them, the aglycones with relatively low polarity had stronger bioactivity than their glycosides. The results suggested that the isolated flavonoids could be used for future development of antimicrobial and antioxidant agents, and also provided additional data for supporting the use of H. caspica as forage.
A low complexity architecture of the V-BLAST system

The V-BLAST architecture has been proposed as an extremely spectral efficient tool for wireless communications. However, owing to the intensive computation involved, it may be difficult to implement this architecture for high data rate communication system. We propose the replacement of the optimal decoding order by a suboptimal one and the utilization of the Gram-Schmitt orthogonalization (GSO) to substitute the computation of the pseudo-inverse in finding the weight vectors. These modifications significantly reduce the total number of arithmetic operations required to obtain the weight vectors and the decoding order in V-BLAST with virtually no performance degradation. In slowly time-varying fading channels, the proposed method can further reduce the amount of computation required by exploiting the time correlation between the channel gains.
Influence of material and behavioural factors on occupational class differences in health

Objective: To examine material and behavioural factors as explanations for occupational class differences in health, while taking into account the interrelations between these two groups of factors. Methods: Data from cross sectional surveys among middle aged women and men employed by the City of Helsinki (n = 6062, response rate 68%) were used. The contribution of four material and seven behavioural factors to occupational class differences in self rated health was examined by logistic regression techniques. After examining the contribution of each material and behavioural factor individually these were combined into two groups, whose independent and shared effects on occupational class differences in health were examined. Results: In women, each material factor reduced the association between occupational class and health, while only financial difficulties and financial satisfaction were statistically significant in men. Smoking, dietary habits, and relative body weight were the strongest behavioural factors explaining the association in both women and men. When grouped, both material and behavioural factors explained a large part of occupational class differences in health. The direct effect of material factors was larger than their effect through behavioural factors, and the effect of behavioural factors depending on material factors was about half of their independent effect. Conclusions: Material and behavioural factors explained more than a half of occupational class differences in self rated health among women and one third among men. The effects of material and behavioural factors were mostly independent of each other, although some part of their contribution was shared, especially in women.
Generating a State-Space Formulation of a Class of Telemanipulator

Telemanipulators are commonly represented as twoport networks or block diagrams consisting of transfer functions. These representations describe a large set of systems, but stability results generally come from conservative passivity methods. In this paper we present a method for numerically generating a state-space formulation for a class of telemanipulator consisting of any combination of PD, velocity feedback, and force feedforward control. We present algorithms for generating both continuous and discrete models. Both models result in linear state-space forms, so the eigenvalues can be used to simultaneously analyze internal stability, bounded-input/bounded-output stability, and transient behavior. We address robustness issues associated with using a state-space representation.
Behavioral Activation for Depression: A Clinician's Guide

Behavioral Activation for Depression: A Clinician’s Guide is clearly a powerful, practical, and soundlybased manual generally geared for clients who have got stuck in self-destructive patterns and more specifically for those with depression. The book is essentially structured in four parts, covering behavior principles, particular characteristics of the therapeutic relationship, specific clinical tools, and finally troubleshooting and relapse prevention. In general, the book reads easily, comes alive with credible case examples, and is solidly built on behavioral principles of functional analysis. The running thread throughout the text is the set of 10 core principles of behavioral activation presented theoretically and practically using activations sheets, how this looks in session, troubleshooting, and evaluation. Its manual-like structure is, however, offset and enriched by the emphasis on behavioral assessment and individually tailored treatment based thereon. The concept of behavioral activation has its roots in fundamental behaviorism (i.e., to help clients increase behaviors that will lead to natural positive reinforcement rather than those headed toward avoidance). The empirical support for this approach has shown to be solid. I particularly appreciated the inclusion of values and long-term sustainable positive reinforcement in the discussion of reinforcing consequences. The authors, for example, recommend that therapists should take the time to identify clients’ valued directions as a means of aiding them to move toward one goal or another. This helps to avoid the problem of overshadowing potential reinforcing activitywith the adverse effects of aversion associated with the use of coercion in activities. In other words, forcing oneself to “just do it” may create aversion, which blocks positive reinforcement. The inclusion of valued directions creates a more sophisticated, less mechanical impression of behavioral activation. Although the authors include a chapter about how thoughts can be problematic, there is no in-depth discussion of the conditioning of thoughts. Clients are encouraged to simply distract themselves from rumination. I believe that a section including relational frame theory would have greatly added to the book, enhancing understanding of how cognitions are conditioned and providing more specific ways of relating to thoughts. Additionally, the authors provide clinical tools to support their treatment approach—behavioral assessment forms, dialogues, activity planning forms, and worksheets—that will appeal to all psychotherapists working with most any population. Although this clinician’s guide is geared toward treating clients with depression, I can see how it could be used for any population, from prevention work with young people in schools to clients with chronic illness or anyone who has got stuck in avoidance behaviors. Helping clients to get and stay active in meaningful activities in the face of inevitably changing feelings and protesting thoughts is truly a successful prescription for human suffering generally.
A Reevaluation of Working Memory Capacity in Children

A common account of working memory capacity, and its development, incorporates the notion of limited mental resources being shared between processing and storage components. Working memory tasks are assumed to measure this capacity. However, recent data from children's performance at one such task, counting span, implicate forgetting over time as being more important than the capacity for resource-sharing. Three experiments investigated the role of temporal factors in more depth and breadth by varying the retention requirements in working memory tasks while holding constant the overall processing difficulty. Counting span, operation span, and reading span tests in 6- to 11-year-olds were all shown to decline as the retention interval of stimulus items is increased and, across tasks, there were no consistent effects from different concurrent storage loads on processing speed. It is suggested that among children, performance in these tasks does not reflect a trade-off between resources allocated to processing and storage and that caution should be adopted in interpreting working memory span in adult populations.
Semantic Annotation and Retrieval of Music using a Bag of Systems Representation

We present a content-based auto-tagger that leverages a rich dictionary of musical codewords, where each codeword is a generative model that captures timbral and temporal characteristics of music. This leads to a higher-level, concise “Bag of Systems” (BoS) representation of the characteristics of a musical piece. Once songs are represented as a BoS histogram over codewords, traditional algorithms for text document retrieval can be leveraged for music autotagging. Compared to estimating a single generative model to directly capture the musical characteristics of songs associated with a tag, the BoS approach offers the flexibility to combine different classes of generative models at various time resolutions through the selection of the BoS codewords. Experiments show that this enriches the audio representation and leads to superior auto-tagging performance.
Temperature-Aware Placement for SOCs

Dramatic rises in the power consumption and integration density of contemporary systems-on-chip (SoCs) have led to the need for careful attention to chip-level thermal integrity. High temperatures or uneven temperature distributions may result not only in reliability issues, but also timing failures, due to the temperature-dependent nature of chip time-to-failure and delay, respectively. To resolve these issues, high-quality, accurate thermal modeling and analysis, and thermally oriented placement optimizations, are essential prior to tapeout. This paper first presents an overview of thermal modeling and simulation methods, such as finite-difference time domain, finite element, model reduction, random walk, and Green-function based algorithms, that are appropriate for use in placement algorithms. Next, two-dimensional and three-dimensional thermal-aware placement algorithms such as matrix-synthesis, simulated annealing, partition-driven, and force directed are presented. Finally, future trends and challenges are described
Composite quadratic Lyapunov functions for constrained control systems

The composite quadratic function based on a group of quadratic functions was introduced in our earlier paper. Some important properties of this Lyapunov function were revealed. We showed that this function is continuously differentiable and its level set is the convex hull of a group of ellipsoids. In this paper, we use these results to study the set invariance properties of linear systems with input and state constraints. We show that for a system under a given saturated linear feedback, the convex hull of a group of invariant ellipsoids is also invariant. If each ellipsoid in a group can be made invariant with a bounded control of the saturating actuator, then their convex hull can also be made invariant by the same actuator. For a group of ellipsoids, each invariant under a separate saturated linear feedback, we also present a method for constructing a nonlinear continuous feedback law which makes their convex hull invariant.
An Investigation Of Exhaustive Learning

An extended version of the Bayesian formalism is reviewed. We use this formalism to investigate the “exhaustive learning” scenario, first introduced by Schwartz et al. This scenario is perhaps the simplest possible supervised learning scenario. It is identical to the noise-free “Gibbs learning” scenario studied recently by Haussler et al., and can also be viewed as the zero-temperature limit of the “statistical mechanics” work of Tishby et al. We prove that the crucial “self-averaging” assumption invoked in the conventional analysis of exhaustive learning does not hold in the simplest non-trivial implementation of exhaustive learning. Therefore the central result of that analysis, that generalization accuracy necessarily rises as training set size is increased, is not generic. More importantly, we show that if one (reasonably) changes the definition of “generalization accuracy”, to reflect only the error on inputs outside of the training set, then this central result does not hold even when the self-averaging assumption is valid, and even in the limit of an infinite input space. This implies that the central result is a reflection of the following simple phenomenon: if you add an input/output pair to the training set, the number of distinct input values on which you know exactly how you should guess has either increased or stayed the same, and therefore your generalization accuracy will either increase or stay the same. In addition to using the extended Bayesian formalism to analyze the central result of the conventional analysis of exhaustive learning, we also use it to extend the results of exhaustive learning, to issues not considered in previous analyses of the subject.
Phenotypic rescue of a Drosophila model of mitochondrial ANT1 disease

A point mutation in the Drosophila gene that codes for the major adult isoform of adenine nuclear translocase (ANT) represents a model for human diseases that are associated with ANT insufficiency [stress-sensitive B1 (sesB1)]. We characterized the organismal, bioenergetic and molecular phenotype of sesB1 flies then tested strategies to compensate the mutant phenotype. In addition to developmental delay and mechanical-stress-induced seizures, sesB1 flies have an impaired response to sound, defective male courtship, female sterility and curtailed lifespan. These phenotypes, excluding the latter two, are shared with the mitoribosomal protein S12 mutant, tko25t. Mitochondria from sesB1 adults showed a decreased respiratory control ratio and downregulation of cytochrome oxidase. sesB1 adults exhibited ATP depletion, lactate accumulation and changes in gene expression that were consistent with a metabolic shift towards glycolysis, characterized by activation of lactate dehydrogenase and anaplerotic pathways. Females also showed downregulation of many genes that are required for oogenesis, and their eggs, although fertilized, failed to develop to the larval stages. The sesB1 phenotypes of developmental delay and mechanical-stress-induced seizures were alleviated by an altered mitochondrial DNA background. Female sterility was substantially rescued by somatic expression of alternative oxidase (AOX) from the sea squirt Ciona intestinalis, whereas AOX did not alleviate developmental delay. Our findings illustrate the potential of different therapeutic strategies for ANT-linked diseases, based on alleviating metabolic stress.
Thyroid function/antibodies in sudanese women with polycystic ovarian disease

OBJECTIVE To evaluate thyroid function and hormonal profile in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS A case-control study was conducted at Saad Abualila Center, Khartoum, Sudan. The cases were women with confirmed PCOS based on Rotterdam criteria. The controls were infertile women with no evidence of PCOS. The socio-demographic characteristics and medical history were gathered using a questionnaire. Thyroid hormones (thyroid-stimulating hormone, free tri-iodothyronine, and free thyroxine), anti-thyroid peroxidase, and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies were measured. RESULTS While there were no significant differences in the age and haemoglobin levels of the two studied groups (55 women in each arm), body mass index was significantly higher in women with PCOS. There were no significant differences in the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone/follicle stimulating hormone, anti-thyroid peroxidase, anti-thyroglobulin antibodies, cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol between the cases and the controls. The mean±standard deviation of free tri-iodothyronine (3.50±0.2 vs. 3.38±0.3 pg/mL, P=0.040) and median (interquartile) high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (37.0 [34.0 to 42.0] vs. 35.80 [29.0 to 41.0] mg/dL, P=0.015) were significantly higher in PCOS patients compared with the control group. In linear regression, PCOS (0.151 pg/mL, P=0.023) and anti-thyroid peroxidase levels (-0.078 pg/mL, P=0.031) were significantly associated with free tri-iodothyronine. CONCLUSION Free tri-iodothyronine was a significantly higher among PCOS patients compared with the control group.
Speech Enhancement of Spectral Magnitude Bin Trajectories using Gaussian Mixture-Model based Minimum Mean-Square Error Estimators

Gaussian mixture-model based minimum mean-square error estimators have been applied to speech enhancement in the temporal, transform (e.g., discrete cosine transform), and subspace domains. In this paper, we propose a method for applying a GMM-based MMSE estimator to spectral magnitude-bin trajectories. In addition, methods for incorporating speech presence uncertainty into the proposed system to improve performance are discussed. The proposed system outperforms previously published GMM-based estimators, and the well-known Ephraim and Malah estimator for 8 kHz telephone-quality speech.
Aging, Reaction Time, and Stages of Information Processing

Using Sternberg's (1969) Additive Factors Method (AFM), previous investigations in search of the locus of age-related slowing in reactive capacity have found conflicting results possibly due to inconsistencies in research methodologies. This experiment was conducted to examine age differences in the performance of AFM intratask manipulations of a reaction time task using both fixed and variable foreperiod conditions with subject testing at both naive and practiced skill levels. Twenty male subjects, ten young and ten old, performed a visual four-choice RT task with intratask manipulations of stimulus-degradation, stimulus-response compatibility, and response-stimulus intervals (RSIs were fixed at 0, 2, and 5 sec and variable with random presentations at 0, 2, and 5 sec), once when subjects were naive and again when practiced. The results varied by level of practice and RSI, but clearly the older subjects had difficulty with the intratask manipulations. The older subjects took twice as long, on the average, to respond. Interactions of age by compatibility suggest that, according to the AFM, with age comes inordinately long delays in the response selection stage of information processing. Conclusions are made with caution since this research points to limitations and methodological confounds which serve to explain many of the equivocal findings in previous studies.
Motivational Components of Theory Z Management : an Integrative

Motivation is a pervasive theme in organizations. In this paper, major research studies in motivation are highlighted and the characteristics of three management theories are delineated, but the principles of Theory Z are of particular interest. Quc hi (1981), Pascal e and A thos ( 1981) , and Peters and Waterman (1982) studied both Japanese and American corporations which utilize Theory Z management. They found common characteristics among these corporations that could have implications for management in the church organization. Four components of Theory Z management philosophy leadership, trust, communication, and participative decision making are examined. The research literature is studied to offer scientific support for the efficacy of utilizing these identified components within the church organization. In any organization, people are involved; leaders emerge; decisions are made; and products or services result. In the church organization , the motivation and management of people is of paramount concern. The results of the research cited are clear and if integration of these principles were to occur, the church's hierarchical structure would be altered, creating a participative community in ministry.
Genetic Variance of Random-Inbred Lines of Drosophila Melanogaster in Relation to Coefficients of Inbreeding.

chief genetic effects of inbreeding is to decrease heterozygosity and the ex-mated individuals. WRIGHT (1921a) has been able to calculate theoretically the rate at which heterozygosity is reduced. Therefore, it should be possible to calculate how many generations must elapse before the same degree of homozygosity is achieved under different systems of mating. Thus, in the absence of selection, fifty percent of the original heterozygous loci will be homozygous in the third and the eighth generations in matings between brother-sister and double-first cousins respectively. Genetic variance of a given character is reduced by inbreeding because of the increase of homozygosity within inbred lines. Therefore, animal breeders correct the estimates of heritability, i.e. of genetic variance, derived from more or less inbred populations, to give a better estimate in non-inbred populations as shown by LEKXER (1950).