Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Restauration populaire et sécurité alimentaire à Abidjan

En Afrique sub-saharienne, nourrir les villes est l'un des parametres essentiels de la question alimentaire. En Cote d'Ivoire, l'acces a l'alimentation n'ayant pas vraiment ete pris en compte dans les politiques alimentaires, la restauration populaire de type informel semble avoir pris le relais particulierement dans le cas abidjanais. Son developpement presente un double interet pour la securite alimentaire. Non seulement il cree des revenus pour la subsistance des menages mais il prend egalement en charge et a bon prix une partie de la demande alimentaire des urbains. (Resume d'auteur)
Equivalent circuit modeling of active frequency selective surfaces

In this paper, active frequency selective surfaces (FSS) with squared aperture with loading are described. Active FSS elements using switched PIN diodes are discussed. The unit cell consists of a square aperture element with a metal island loading and one PIN diode placed at the upper gap considering the vertical polarization. The electromagnetic properties of the active FSS structure are changed by applying a dc bias to the substrate, and estimated by the equivalent circuit model of FSS structure and PIN diode. This active FSS design enables transmission to be switched on or off at 2.3 GHz, providing high transmission when the diodes are in off state and high isolation when the diodes are on. Equivalent circuit in the structure is investigated by analyzing transmission and reflection spectra. Measurements on active FSS are compared with numerical calculation based on the scattering matrix formalism. The origin of experimentally observed frequency responses will be scrutinized.
Prevalence of diabetes in Asian Indians based on glycated hemoglobin and fasting and 2-H post-load (75-g) plasma glucose (CURES-120).

OBJECTIVE With the introduction of glycated hemoglobin (A1c) as a method of screening for diabetes, it is essential to study how use of A1c would affect the prevalence of diabetes in different ethnic groups. We compared the prevalence of diabetes by fasting (FPG) and 2-h post-load (75-g) plasma glucose (2-h PG) and A1c criteria in an Asian Indian population. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Subjects (n=2,188) without known diabetes were drawn from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiological Study, a population-based study in Chennai, South India. FPG, 2-h PG, and A1c estimations were carried out. Prevalence rates of diabetes were compared using as cut points FPG ≥7 mmol/L (126 mg/dL), 2-hr PG ≥11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL), or A1c ≥6.5% criteria. RESULTS Prevalence of diabetes was 6.1% (n=134) using the FPG criterion, 10.1% (n=221) by the 2-h PG criterion, and 12.8% (n=281) by the A1c criterion. Thus the prevalence of diabetes by the A1c criterion was 110% and 27% higher than the FPG and 2-hr PG criteria, respectively. Only 121 of these subjects were identified by all three criteria. Subjects diagnosed by the A1c criteria had the lowest FPG, 2-h PG, A1c, and serum triglyceride levels. CONCLUSIONS In Asian Indians, use of A1c criteria would result in markedly higher prevalence rates of diabetes. It also identifies a different set of individuals with milder glucose intolerance and lower serum triglyceride levels.
Cross Segment Decoding of HEVC for Network Video Applications

In this paper, we present an improved algorithm for decoding video bitstreams with time-varying visual quality. The algorithm extracts information available to the decoder from a high visual quality segment of the clip that has already been received and decoded, but was encoded independently from the current lower quality segment. The proposed decoder is capable of significantly improving the Quality of Experience of the user without incurring significant delays and overhead to the storage and computational complexities of both the encoder and the decoder, or loss of coding efficiency. We present simulation results using the HEVC reference encoder and standard test clips, and discuss areas of improvements to the algorithm.
Modulation of mammalian dendritic GABAA receptor function by the kinetics of Cl− and HCO3− transport

1 During prolonged activation of dendritic GABAA receptors, the postsynaptic membrane response changes from hyperpolarization to depolarization. One explanation for the change in direction of the response is that opposing HCO3− and Cl− fluxes through the GABAA ionophore diminish the electrochemical gradient driving the hyperpolarizing Cl− flux, so that the depolarizing HCO3− flux dominates. Here we demonstrate that the necessary conditions for this mechanism are present in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell dendrites. 2 Prolonged GABAA receptor activation in low‐HCO3− media decreased the driving force for dendritic but not somatic Cl− currents. Prolonged GABAA receptor activation in low‐Cl− media containing physiological HCO3− concentrations did not degrade the driving force for dendritic or somatic HCO3− gradients. 3 Dendritic Cl− transport was measured in three ways: from the rate of recovery of GABAA receptor‐mediated currents between paired dendritic GABA applications, from the rate of recovery between paired synaptic GABAA receptor‐mediated currents, and from the predicted vs. actual increase in synaptic GABAA receptor‐mediated currents at progressively more positive test potentials. These experiments yielded estimates of the maximum transport rate (vmax) for Cl− transport of 5 to 7 mmol l−1 s−1, and indicated that vmax could be exceeded by GABAA receptor‐mediated Cl− influx. 4 The affinity of the Cl− transporter was calculated in experiments in which the reversal potential for Cl− (ECl) was measured from the GABAA reversal potential in low‐HCO3− media during Cl− loading from the recording electrode solution. The calculated KD was 15 mM. 5 Using a standard model of membrane potential, these conditions are demonstrated to be sufficient to produce the experimentally observed, activity‐dependent GABAA depolarizing response in pyramidal cell dendrites.
Supporting Large-scale Geographical Visualization in a Multi-granularity Way

Urban data (e.g., real estate data, crime data) often have multiple attributes which are highly geography-related. With the scale of data increases, directly visualizing millions of individual data points on top of a map would overwhelm users' perceptual and cognitive capacity and lead to high latency when users interact with the data. In this demo, we present ConvexCubes, a system that supports interactive visualization of large-scale multidimensional urban data in a multi-granularity way. Comparing to state-of-the-art visualization-driven data structures, it exploits real-world geographic semantics (e.g., country, state, city) rather than using grid-based aggregation. Instead of calculating everything on demand, ConvexCubes utilizes existing visualization results to efficiently support different kinds of user interactions, such as zooming & panning, filtering and granularity control. Our system can be accessed at http://115.146. 89.158/ConvexCubes/.
Digital image watermarking based on Super-Resolution Image Reconstruction

In this paper we present a novel algorithm based on Super-Resolution Image Reconstruction (SRIR). We use pattern recognition method to optimize the performance of digital watermarking. First, the binary watermarking is scanned to one-dimension sequence before embedding, at the same time, we chose a mixed error-correcting code-(3,1,2)convolutional code and (3,1) repetition code to encode the original watermarking, and the sequence is inputted into the (3,1,2) convolution encoder and (3,1) repetition encoder frame by frame. The output sequence is scanned to some matrixes as the watermarking information. Second, the super-resolution reconstruction of image sparse representation is implemented on carrier image. Then, block the image and the watermarking which is encoded with mixed error-correcting code is embedded in low frequency band of the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) repeatedly. Experimental results show that our image watermarking scheme with SRIR is better than the traditional one which is without SRIR, not only invisible, but also robust against various common signal processing (such as JPEG compression, salt and pepper noise, Gaussian low-pass filtering, and median filtering).
Effects of organic zinc and phytase supplementation in a maize–soybean meal diet on the performance and tissue zinc content of broiler chicks

1. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Bioplex Zn® (a chelated zinc proteinate) and phytase supplementation in a maize–soybean meal diet on the performance and tissue zinc (Zn) content of broiler chicks. Treatment structure consisted of a 2 × 6 factorial arrangement with two inclusions of phytase (0 or 500 PU/kg) and 6 of Bioplex Zn® providing 0, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 mg Zn/kg diet. A total of 864 chicks were randomly assigned to each of 12 dietary treatments with 6 replicate cages of 12 chicks. 2. Dietary inclusion of phytase increased feed intake, weight gain, plasma Zn content, tibia Zn content, tibia and ash weight. 3. Dietary supplementation of Bioplex Zn® linearly increased feed intake, weight gain, gain to feed ratio, plasma Zn concentration, liver Zn concentration, tibia Zn content, tibia and ash weight. 4. An interactive effect of phytase and Bioplex Zn® on feed intake, weight gain, tibia Zn concentration and tibia ash weight was found. 5. One slope, straight broken-line analysis of weight gain regressed on the supplemental Zn level provided as Bioplex Zn® indicated that 12 mg/kg supplemental Zn without phytase and 7·4 mg/kg supplemental Zn with phytase were required for the optimal weight gain of chicks.
Science For A Polite Society: Gender, Culture, And The Demonstration Of Enlightenment

* The Introduction, in which the Author offers two tales of the Scientific Revolution Science In The Reign Of Louis Xiii * Pawning off the New Science: Theophraste Renaudot and the Conferences of the Bureau dadresse * Of Black Sheep, False Suns, and Systematic Thought: Ren Descartes and His World Science In The Reign Of Louis Xiv * A Science for a Polite Society: the Crown as the second most Philosophical Hat in Paris * A Pretty Novel of Physics, in which Cogito, ergo sum meets ltat cest moi Science In The Reign Of Louis Xv * The Demonstration of Enlightenment * The Discovery of the Newtonian World or, Flattening the Poles if not the Cartesians * Electricity in the Eighteenth Century or, The Philosophy of Shocks and Sparks * The Conclusion, in which the Author Draws a Moral
Improved outlook on HIV-1 prevention and vaccine development

Introduction: The development of an effective vaccine against HIV-1 has been challenging but recent advances in both the HIV prevention landscape and the partial efficacy of the recent RV144 vaccine efficacy trial in Thailand provide hope for an improved arsenal of approaches to prevent HIV-1 transmission. Areas covered: This review describes recent advances in HIV-1 prevention such as circumcision, microbicides and pre-exposure prophylaxis with antiretroviral therapy, but focuses mainly on the current state of HIV-1 vaccine development in the post-RV144 era. Expert opinion: The field of HIV-1 vaccine development has been plagued by the unprecedented challenges involved with designing a vaccine effective in preventing transmission of a retrovirus, due in part to sequence diversity, retroviral integration into host chromosomes, establishment of reservoir sites and glycosylation shielding of the HIV-1 envelope. The partial efficacy of the recent RV144 vaccine trial in Thailand may allow for better understanding of immune correlates of infection risk, which could enable iterative improvements to vaccine regimens in the development pipeline. In parallel, a number of promising vaccine strategies incorporating viral vectors, novel immunogens, delivery systems and adjuvants are advancing in clinical development. Vaccine development must occur in parallel with continued advances in HIV-1 prevention.
Surgical manipulation of the gut elicits an intestinal muscularis inflammatory response resulting in postsurgical ileus.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the pathophysiologic mechanisms that lead to ileus after abdominal surgery. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA The common supposition is that more invasive operations are associated with a more extensive ileus. The cellular mechanisms of postsurgical ileus remain elusive, and few studies have addressed the mechanisms. METHODS Rats were subjected to incremental degrees of surgical manipulation: laparotomy, eventration, "running," and compression of the bowel. On postsurgical days 1 and 7, muscularis infiltrates were characterized immunohistochemically. Circular muscle activity was assessed using mechanical and intracellular recording techniques in vitro. RESULTS Surgical manipulation caused an increase in resident phagocytes that stained for the activation marker lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA-1). Incremental degrees of manipulation also caused a progressive increase in neutrophil infiltration and a decrease in bethanechol-stimulated contractions. Compression also caused an increase in other leukocytes: macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, T cells, natural killer cells, and mast cells. CONCLUSION The data support the hypothesis that the degree of gut paralysis to cholinergic stimulation is directly proportional to the degree of trauma, the activation of resident gut muscularis phagocytes, and the extent of cellular infiltration. Therefore, postsurgical ileus may be a result of an inflammatory response to minimal trauma in which the resident macrophages, activated by physical forces, set an inflammatory response into motion, leading to muscle dysfunction.
In situ protein-DNA interactions at a dioxin-responsive enhancer associated with the cytochrome P1-450 gene

We used an in situ exonuclease III protection technique (C. Wu, Nature [London] 309:229, 1984) to analyze protein-DNA interactions at a dioxin-responsive enhancer. Our results imply that the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-receptor complex interacts with the dioxin-responsive enhancer to activate transcription of the cytochrome P1-450 gene.
Mosaic organization of the endocytic pathway.

In the era of genomic and proteomic research the biochemical composition of intracellular organelles becomes deciphered very rapidly. However, we still largely do not know how single components, proteins and lipids, are organized into higher order structures. By shifting the research focus toward the analysis of multicomponent complexes rather then individual molecules, it is becoming clear that proteins and lipids building organelle membranes are not evenly distributed throughout the bilayers but are able to segregate and form organized domains. Such compartmentalization ensures a high efficiency of various processes taking place simultaneously and warrants organelle integrity. Membrane domains can be considered modular building blocks and an organelle can be viewed as an unique and dynamic combination of various domains, coupled together spatially and functionally. Here we review some general mechanisms which are responsible for the formation of organized membrane domains. We provide examples of such structures present in the endocytic pathway, including lipid rafts, caveolae, and Rab-domains. Among molecules acting as domain organizers, we emphasize in particular the role of lipids, especially phosphoinositides, and Rab proteins. We further present a novel mechanism whereby different membrane domains can communicate between each other via divalent Rab effectors and discuss the implications of the domain concept for the structure–function relationship and biogenesis of endocytic organelles.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related intraocular B-cell lymphoma.

OBJECTIVES To present the full clinical spectrum of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related intraocular lymphoma as manifested in the eye, specifically retinal lymphoma associated with primary central nervous system lymphoma, isolated ocular lymphoma, and choroidal lymphoma associated with systemic lymphoma. METHODS Three patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were noted to have atypical retinal lesions. Diagnostic retinal biopsy in 2 patients and postmortem examination of the eyes in the third case were performed. RESULTS Diagnostic retinal biopsy in the first 2 patients revealed retinal B-cell lymphoma. Initial systemic evaluation showed the eyes to be the sole site of disease. Later, in 1 of these patients, the lymphoma spread to the brain. The third patient developed an acute abdomen 4 months after the development of his ocular findings. The histological evaluation of the resected bowel revealed high-grade B-cell lymphoma. The patient died 1 week later and postmortem analysis of the eyes disclosed the presence of lymphoma in the choroid of both eyes. CONCLUSIONS This is the most complete series of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related intraocular B-cell lymphoma and, to our knowledge, provides the first 2 cases diagnosed by retinal biopsy. These 3 cases present the full clinical spectrum of the disease as manifested in the eye.
Mechanotransducer ion channels in chick skeletal muscle: the effects of extracellular pH.

The membrane of tissue‐cultured chick pectoral muscle contains an ionic channel which is activated by membrane tension. With 150 mM‐external K+ and 150 mM‐internal Na+, the channel has a conductance of 70 pS and a reversal potential of +30 mV. With 150 mM‐external Na+ and 150 mM‐internal K+ (normal gradient) the channel has a conductance of 35 pS and a reversal potential of ‐30 mV. The ratio of K+ permeability to Na+ permeability, PK:PNa, is 4 based upon reversal potentials and is 2 based upon conductance. Kinetic analysis of single‐channel records indicates that there are one open (O) and three closed (C) states. When analysed according to a linear sequential model: C1‐C2‐C3‐O4, only the rate constant that governs the C1‐C2 transition (k1,2) is found to be affected by stretch or voltage. The effects of stretch and voltage on k1,2 can be summarized as k1,2 = k1,2(0) exp (alpha V + theta P2), where K1,2(0) is the voltage and stretch‐independent part of the rate constant, alpha is the voltage sensitivity, V is the transmembrane potential, theta is the stretch sensitivity and P is the applied suction. Increasing extracellular pH from 7.4 to 10.0 increases both alpha and theta in a manner suggesting titration of site(s) with a pK of 9.1. A single lysine of N‐terminal amino acid may be be responsible for modulating both the voltage and pressure responses. Extracellular pH does not affect k1,2(0), the voltage‐ and stretch‐independent part of k1,2, suggesting that pH in the range 7.4‐10 does not alter the local surface charge. The conductance and reversal potential of the s.a. channel are unaffected by pH, suggesting that the titrated site(s) is not close to the mouth of the channel.
Potential market for novel tuberculosis diagnostics: worth the investment?

BACKGROUND The potential available market (PAM) for new diagnostics for tuberculosis that meet the specifications of the high-priority target product profiles (TPPs) is currently unknown. METHODS We estimated the PAM in 2020 in 4 high-burden countries (South Africa, Brazil, China, and India) for tests that meet the specifications outlined in the TPPs. The yearly PAM was estimated for the most likely application of each TPP. RESULTS In 2020 the PAM for all 4 countries together was estimated to be (1) 12M tests/year with a value of 48M-71M USD for a sputum smear-replacement test; (2) 16M tests/year with a value of 65M-97M USD for a biomarker test; (3) 18M tests/year with a value of 18M-35M USD for a triage test; (4) 12M tests/year with a value of 59M-2238M USD for a tuberculosis detection plus drug susceptibility test (DST) all-in-one or 1.5M tests/year for a DST that follows a positive tuberculosis detection test with a corresponding value of 75M-121M for both tuberculosis detection and DST. CONCLUSIONS Although there is a considerable potential market for novel tuberculosis diagnostics that fit the specification of the TPPs in the 4 high-burden countries, the actual market for an individual product remains uncertain.
Bidirectional apical–basal traffic of the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor in brain endothelial cells

Brain capillary endothelium mediates the exchange of nutrients between blood and brain parenchyma. This barrier function of the brain capillaries also limits passage of pharmaceuticals from blood to brain, which hinders treatment of several neurological disorders. Receptor-mediated transport has been suggested as a potential pharmaceutical delivery route across the brain endothelium, e.g. reports have shown that the transferrin receptor (TfR) facilitates transcytosis of TfR antibodies, but it is not known whether this recycling receptor itself traffics from apical to basal membrane in the process. Here, we elucidate the endosomal trafficking of the retrograde transported cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (MPR300) in primary cultures of brain endothelial cells (BECs) of porcine and bovine origin. Receptor expression and localisation of MPR300 in the endo-lysosomal system and trafficking of internalised receptor are analysed. We also demonstrate that MPR300 can undergo bidirectional apical–basal trafficking in primary BECs in co-culture with astrocytes. This is, to our knowledge, the first detailed study of retrograde transported receptor trafficking in BECs, and the study demonstrates that MPR300 can be transported from the luminal to abluminal membrane and reverse. Such trafficking of MPR300 suggests that retrograde transported receptors in general may provide a mechanism for transport of pharmaceuticals into the brain.
Best Rank-One Tensor Approximation and Parallel Update Algorithm for CPD

A novel algorithm is proposed for CANDECOMP/PARAFAC tensor decomposition to exploit best rank-1 tensor approximation. Different from the existing algorithms, our algorithm updates rank-1 tensors simultaneously in parallel. In order to achieve this, we develop new all-at-once algorithms for best rank-1 tensor approximation based on the Levenberg-Marquardt method and the rotational update. We show that the LM algorithm has the same complexity of first-order optimisation algorithms, while the rotational method leads to solving the best rank-1 approximation of tensors of size $2 \times 2 \times \cdots \times 2$. We derive a closed-form expression of the best rank-1 tensor of $2\times 2 \times 2$ tensors and present an ALS algorithm which updates 3 component at a time for higher order tensors. The proposed algorithm is illustrated in decomposition of difficult tensors which are associated with multiplication of two matrices.
Ignoring IUPAC guidelines for measurement and reporting of stable isotope abundance values affects us all.

An article published recently in Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry (RCM) prompted us to draw attention to the subject of IUPAC guidelines and recommended terms of stable isotope abundance measurements and reporting results thereof. Conditions or prerequisites for stable isotope analysis as laid down in official IUPAC publications have to be met before results of studies based upon stable isotope abundance data generated by continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (CF-IRMS) can be considered for publication. In condensed form IUPAC guidelines ask that:
Complementation of a methotrexate uptake defect in Chinese hamster ovary cells by DNA-mediated gene transfer

A methotrexate-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cell line deficient in methotrexate uptake has been complemented to methotrexate sensitivity by transfection with DNA isolated from either wild-type Chinese hamster ovary or human G2 cells. Primary and secondary transfectants regained the ability to take up methotrexate in a manner similar to that of wild-type cells, and in the case of those transfected with human DNA, to contain human-specific DNA sequences. The complementation by DNA-mediated gene transfer of this methotrexate-resistant phenotype provides a basis for the cloning of a gene involved in methotrexate uptake.