Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A New Group of Phage Anti-CRISPR Genes Inhibits the Type I-E CRISPR-Cas System of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

ABSTRACT CRISPR-Cas systems are one of the most widespread phage resistance mechanisms in prokaryotes. Our lab recently identified the first examples of phage-borne anti-CRISPR genes that encode protein inhibitors of the type I-F CRISPR-Cas system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A key question arising from this work was whether there are other types of anti-CRISPR genes. In the current work, we address this question by demonstrating that some of the same phages carrying type I-F anti-CRISPR genes also possess genes that mediate inhibition of the type I-E CRISPR-Cas system of P. aeruginosa. We have discovered four distinct families of these type I-E anti-CRISPR genes. These genes do not inhibit the type I-F CRISPR-Cas system of P. aeruginosa or the type I-E system of Escherichia coli. Type I-E and I-F anti-CRISPR genes are located at the same position in the genomes of a large group of related P. aeruginosa phages, yet they are found in a variety of combinations and arrangements. We have also identified functional anti-CRISPR genes within nonprophage Pseudomonas genomic regions that are likely mobile genetic elements. This work emphasizes the potential importance of anti-CRISPR genes in phage evolution and lateral gene transfer and supports the hypothesis that more undiscovered families of anti-CRISPR genes exist. Finally, we provide the first demonstration that the type I-E CRISPR-Cas system of P. aeruginosa is naturally active without genetic manipulation, which contrasts with E. coli and other previously characterized I-E systems. IMPORTANCE The CRISPR-Cas system is an adaptive immune system possessed by the majority of prokaryotic organisms to combat potentially harmful foreign genetic elements. This study reports the discovery of bacteriophage-encoded anti-CRISPR genes that mediate inhibition of a well-studied subtype of CRISPR-Cas system. The four families of anti-CRISPR genes described here, which comprise only the second group of anti-CRISPR genes to be identified, encode small proteins that bear no sequence similarity to previously studied phage or bacterial proteins. Anti-CRISPR genes represent a newly discovered and intriguing facet of the ongoing evolutionary competition between phages and their bacterial hosts. The CRISPR-Cas system is an adaptive immune system possessed by the majority of prokaryotic organisms to combat potentially harmful foreign genetic elements. This study reports the discovery of bacteriophage-encoded anti-CRISPR genes that mediate inhibition of a well-studied subtype of CRISPR-Cas system. The four families of anti-CRISPR genes described here, which comprise only the second group of anti-CRISPR genes to be identified, encode small proteins that bear no sequence similarity to previously studied phage or bacterial proteins. Anti-CRISPR genes represent a newly discovered and intriguing facet of the ongoing evolutionary competition between phages and their bacterial hosts.
The Impact of Global Warming on Agriculture: Reply

In our paper with Daigee Shaw (Mendelsohn et al., 1994), henceforth MNS, we developed a new approach to measuring the impact of global warming on agriculture. We call this approach "Ricardian" because it relies upon standard rent theory as a way of identifying the impact of changes on net economic welfare. We compared the Ricardian approach with the traditional "production-function approach," which uses agricultural production functions but has great difficulty identifying all the other adjustments that farmers make in response to changing external conditions. The Ricardian approach is particularly well-suited to a tremendously heterogeneous sector because it can rely upon reduced-form estimation and does not require the impossible task of constructing structural models of hundreds of crops in thousands of locations. Estimating the model using cross-sectional data on climate, farm-land prices, and other economic and geophysical data for almost 3,000 counties in the United States, the Ricardian approach shows a significantly lower estimated impact of global warming than the traditional productionfunction approach. Indeed, our preferred statistical approach showed modest benefits of climate change. In his comment on MNS in this issue of the Review, William R. Cline (1996) raises three concerns. First, he notes that the analysis assumes that output prices remain constant. Second, he asserts that the analysis assumes that the supply of water for irrigation is perfectly elastic. Third, he calls for testing the results of the model on alternative climate scenarios from general circulation models (GCM's). His first and third points are useful additions, while the second is incorrect. Our Ricardian approach assumes that the existing pattern of agricultural land rents and land prices reflects the long-run equilibrium economic effect of climate and other geophysical and economic variables. Standard economic reasoning shows that, by calculating the estimated effects of perturbing the climatic variables, we can project the impact of climate change on economic welfare. We do so in a partial-equilibrium approach which assumes that output prices are invariant to the climate, and Cline is correct to point out that this might lead to biased estimates because the partialequilibrium estimates tend to underestimate damages and overestimate benefits. In fact, the bias is small given standard parameters for agricultural demand and supply functions. We illustrate this point using linear supply and demand functions for agricultural crops. Let demand be given by Qd = ao - a1P while supply is Q. = Po + PI P, where Q and P are output and price and ai and [,i are parameters. In equilibrium at the old climate, market outcomes are Qo and PO. Now suppose that global warming contracts supply so that
A three-level model for educational evaluation process in a client/server environment

We prove that the educational evaluation process can be described by a three-level model: the conceptual level, the implementation level and the user level. At the conceptual level, the automata formalism represents in a very formal way the educational process's environment including tests' structure and learner-system interaction. This formalism is implemented in XML to define a test description language and allows designing an evaluation system running as an automaton. At the user level, we make use of the evaluation system and produce XML documents in the test description language for questionnaires.
Economic Load Dispatch Using Linearly Decreasing Inertia Weight Particle Swarm Optimization

Economic load dispatch (ELD) is an optimization task in power system. It is the process of allocating generation among the committed units such that the constraints imposed are satisfied and the fuel cost is minimized. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a populationbased optimization technique that can be applied to a wide range of problems but it lacks global search ability in the last stage of iterations. This paper used a novel PSO with a inertia weight Improved (IWIPSO), which enhances the ability of particles to explore the solution spaces more effectively and increases their convergence rates. In this paper the power and usefulness of the NWIPSO algorithm is demonstrated through its application for 13 & 15 generator systems with constraints.
An Analytical Model for Power Control T-MAC Protocol

paper presents a Power Control TMAC protocol that combines the features from SMAC and TMAC protocol s for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). This protocol has been proposed to reduce the energy consumption of a node. In WSN a node consumes energy in transmitting and receiving of data, listening transmissions of other nodes, and in sleep mode. Therefore, energy consumption of a node has been estimated by adding up the energy consumed in each of the above activity. This has been achieved by estimating the time spent in each activity by a node. The proposed protocol has been simulated using NS�2. The simulation results of Power Control TMAC shows better energy savings as compared to TMAC and SMAC proto col.
Organisational Memory: A Knowledge Modelling Approach

It has become very important for advanced organisations to make the best use of information gathered from various document sources inside companies and from external sources like the Internet. There are three stages in the information life cycle: finding, organising and sharing. Many technologies have been developed for the finding stage. On the other hand, there is a lack of efficient technologies focused on organising and sharing of existing knowledge.
A target location algorithm based on seismic waves for wireless sensor networks

A target location algorithm based on seismic sensors is proposed in this paper. The targets moving on the ground is located by using the positioning method based on TDOA (Time Difference of Arrival). This location algorithm draws on the Chan and the Taylor location algorithm's strength, has achieved low complexity and high convergence speed. The simulation results show that the proposed location algorithm has better location precision than previous related approaches and can improve the system's performance under the circumstances of bad SNR (Signal-Noise Ratio).
Experimental investigation of opacity models for stellar interior, inertial fusion, and high energy density plasmas

Theoretical opacities are required for calculating energy transport in plasmas. In particular, understanding stellar interiors, inertial fusion, and Z pinches depends on the opacities of mid-atomic-number elements over a wide range of temperatures. The 150–300 eV temperature range is particularly interesting. The opacity models are complex and experimental validation is crucial. For example, solar models presently disagree with helioseismology and one possible explanation is inadequate theoretical opacities. Testing these opacities requires well-characterized plasmas at temperatures high enough to produce the ion charge states that exist in the sun. Typical opacity experiments heat a sample using x rays and measure the spectrally resolved transmission with a backlight. The difficulty grows as the temperature increases because the heating x-ray source must supply more energy and the backlight must be bright enough to overwhelm the plasma self-emission. These problems can be overcome with the new generation.
Undetactable levels of genotoxicity of SiO2 nanoparticles in in vitro and in vivo tests

Background Silica dioxide (SiO2) has been used in various industrial products, including paints and coatings, plastics, synthetic rubbers, and adhesives. Several studies have investigated the genotoxic effects of SiO2; however, the results remain controversial due to variations in the evaluation methods applied in determining its physicochemical properties. Thus, well characterized chemicals and standardized methods are needed for better assessment of the genotoxicity of nanoparticles. Methods The genotoxicity of SiO2 was evaluated using two types of well characterized SiO2, ie, 20 nm (−) charge (SiO EN20(−)2) and 100 nm (−) charge (SiO EN100(−)2). Four end point genotoxicity tests, ie, the bacterial mutation assay, in vitro chromosomal aberration test, in vivo comet assay, and in vivo micronucleus test, were conducted following the test guidelines of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) with application of Good Laboratory Practice. Results No statistically significant differences were found in the bacterial mutation assay, in vitro chromosomal aberration test, in vivo comet assay, and in vivo micronucleus test when tested for induction of genotoxicity in both two types of SiO2 nanoparticles. Conclusion These results suggest that SiO2 nanoparticles, in particular SiO2EN20(−) and SiO2EN100(−), are not genotoxic in both in vitro and in vivo systems under OECD guidelines. Further, the results were generated in accordance with OECD test guidelines, and Good Laboratory Practice application; it can be accepted as reliable information regarding SiO2-induced genotoxicity.
Risk-Free Internal Gains -- Black and Scholes Re-Examined

In this paper we first show that if a not-necessarily-self-financing portfolio has instantaneously riskless internal gains, then on an infinitesimal time-interval, the increase in the internal gains on the portfolio is the same as the change in the price of that amount of bonds which has the same wealth as the portfolio has. Then, using this result, we re-examine the original derivation of the Black-Scholes formula, and conclude that contrary to common belief, the argument of Black and Scholes can be made completely rigorous, employing the same ? -hedge portfolio that they used and keeping all their mathematical formulas; but the explanations they gave to support their formulas must be replaced by others.
Optimized joint coding algorithm for audio streaming in short range wireless networks

Streaming high quality audio/video (AV) from home media sources to TV sets and audio speakers over a wireless local area network (WLAN) is a challenging problem because of the fluctuating bandwidth caused by interference and fading. Retransmission and buffers as common techniques in data transfer over error prone channel are not adequate for delay sensitive applications such as high quality audio streaming. Our approach is to adjust the audio bit-rate dynamically in order to improve the perceptual quality of audio according to wireless channel quality. In this paper we specifically focus on robust audio streaming over short range ISM-band wireless channels. The major strength of the proposed algorithm is in its ability to match the source and channel coding parameters to given channel conditions, thus providing better quality of audio in home networking.
European and American Extreme Right Groups and the Internet

How do right-wing extremist organizations throughout the world use the Internet as a tool for communication and recruitment? What is its role in identity-building within radical right-wing groups and how do they use the Internet to set their agenda, build contacts, spread their ideology and encourage mobilization? This important contribution to the field of Internet politics adopts a social movement perspective to address and examine these important questions. Conducting a comparative content analysis of more than 500 extreme right organizational web sites from France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States, it offers an overview of the Internet communication activities of these groups and systematically maps and analyses the links and structure of the virtual communities of the extreme right. Based on reports from the daily press the book presents a protest event analysis of right wing groups’ mobilisation and action strategies, relating them to their online practices. In doing so it exposes the new challenges and opportunities the Internet presents to the groups themselves and the societies in which they exist. (author's abstract)
Outsourcing Self-Regulation

Three studies demonstrate a novel phenomenon—self-regulatory outsourcing—in which thinking about how other people can be instrumental (i.e., helpful) for a given goal undermines motivation to expend effort on that goal. In Experiment 1, participants who thought about how their partner helped them with health goals (as opposed to career goals) planned to spend less time and effort on health goals in the upcoming week. This pattern was stronger for depleted participants than for nondepleted participants. In Experiment 2, participants who thought about how their partner helped them with academic-achievement goals procrastinated more, leaving themselves less time for an academic task, than did participants in two control conditions. This pattern was stronger for participants who were told that procrastinating would drain their resources for the academic task than for participants who were told that procrastinating would not drain their resources for that task. In Experiment 3, participants who decreased their effort after thinking of an instrumental significant other reported higher relationship commitment to that individual than did participants who did not decrease their effort. The possibility for shared (or transactive) self-regulation is discussed.
AN EFFICIENT MULTIRESOLUTION IMAGE DENOISING USING SMOOTHING SPLINE ESTIMATION

The image data is normally corrupted by additive noise during acquisition. This reduces the accuracy and reliability of any automatic analysis. For this reason, denoising methods are often applied to restore the original image. The effectiveness of image denoising depends on the estimation of noise variance of noisy image. In this paper, the Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT) is used, which offers simultaneous localization in time and frequency domain and the noise variance is estimated using Smoothing Spline Estimation method. Multiresolution bilateral filter is the extension of bilateral filter. Bilateral filter is a nonlinear filter that does spatial averaging without smoothing out the edges. Multiresolution bilateral filtering is applied to the approximation sub bands of the transformed noisy image and thresholding is applied to the detailed sub bands which uses the estimated noise variance. With this process, a better PSNR is achieved.
Time Series Analysis of Road Traffic Accidents in Zimbabwe

In this paper, focus is on finding a suitable model for the annual Zimbabwe Traffic Accident statistics from 1997 to 2013 and to forecast the number of annual traffic accidents likely to occur in future. The Box-Jenkins model building strategy is used. The Augmented Dickey Fuller test showed that the accident data was non-stationary. After first order differencing, the data became stationary. Three ARIMA models were suggested based on the ACF and PACF plots of the differenced series, these were ARIMA(0,1,0), ARIMA(1,1,0) and ARIMA(1,1,1). The model with the smallest corrected Akaike Information Criteria (AICc) and Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC) was chosen as the best model. The Ljung-Box statistics among others were used in assessing the quality of the model. ARIMA (0,1,0) was the best model for the Zimbabwe annual Traffic Accident data. Forecasting retained the value at the forecast origin. The implications of these findings are that based on the annual road traffic accident data for the period under consideration, it is difficult to make reasonable forecasts of the number of road traffic accidents for the years ahead of 2013. This is due to the fact that the values at different times of a white noise process are statistically independent.
Misclassified multinomial data: a Bayesian approach

En este articulo se trata el problema de la inferencia con datos multinomiales imperfectos. Durante los ultimos anos ha habido un resurgimiento del interes en el desarrollo de metodos bayesianos para hacer inferencias con datos imperfectos. El analisis Bayesiano se ha convertido en una herramienta fundamental en este contexto debido al gran numero de aplicaciones existentes para diversos tipos de muestreo y a la importancia de incorporar informacion a priori. Se presenta una revision de la literatura existente seguida de una discusion metodologica con ejemplos.
Smoothing Non-equidistantly Sampled Data Using Wavelets and Cross Validation

Coeecient thresholding is a popular method in wavelet based noise reduction. A wavelet decomposition is typically a sparse representation of noise-free signals: the essential information is captured by a limited number of large, important coeecients, while the main part of coeecients is close to zero. Replacing these small coeecients by zero is a straightforward way to reduce noise variance without aaecting the noise-free signal too much. Recently, algorithms have been developed for wavelet decompositions of non-equidistant samples, using so called second generation wavelets. This paper investigates how to apply these algorithms to reduce noise in signals on a non-equidistant grid.
Stability and persistence of intergenerational wealth formation: Evidence from Danish wealth records of three generations

This paper provides novel insights on intergenerational wealth mobility using Danish wealth records. Non-parametric evidence reveals an almost linear relationship between wealth ranks of children and parents with a slope of 1/4, except at the very top of the distribution where the slope is much higher. The wealth relationship is surprisingly stable across subsamples and after controlling for key socioeconomic outcomes. This is consistent with a unidimensional latent factor governing a substantial part of the complicated underlying wealth dynamics and wealth of past generations summarizing almost all relevant information when predicting child wealth. Wealth of grandparents has very strong explanatory power conditional on any level of parental wealth showing that standard two-generation measures severely understate the extent of intergenerational persistence in wealth formation. (JEL classi…cation: D31)
On distributed mechatronics controller for omni-directional autonomous guided vehicles

Purpose – In this paper, two omni‐directional mobile vehicles are designed and controlled implementing distributed mechatronics controllers. Omni‐directionality is the ability of mobile vehicle to move instantaneously in any direction. It is achieved by implementing Mecanum wheels in one vehicle and conventional wheels in another vehicle. The control requirements for omni‐directionality using the two above‐mentioned methods are that each wheel must be independently driven, and that all the four wheels must be synchronized in order to achieve the desired motion of each vehicle.Design/methodology/approach – Distributed mechatronics controllers implementing Controller Area Network (CAN) modules are used to satisfy the control requirements of the vehicles. In distributed control architectures, failures in other parts of the control system can be compensated by other parts of the system. Three‐layered control architecture is implemented for; time‐critical tasks, event‐based tasks, and task planning. Global var.
Lingmotif: Sentiment Analysis for the Digital Humanities

Lingmotif is a lexicon-based, linguistically-motivated, user-friendly, GUI-enabled, multi-platform, Sentiment Analysis desktop application. Lingmotif can perform SA on any type of input texts, regardless of their length and topic. The analysis is based on the identification of sentiment-laden words and phrases contained in the application’s rich core lexicons, and employs context rules to account for sentiment shifters. It offers easy-to-interpret visual representations of quantitative data (text polarity, sentiment intensity, sentiment profile), as well as a detailed, qualitative analysis of the text in terms of its sentiment. Lingmotif can also take user-provided plugin lexicons in order to account for domain-specific sentiment expression. Lingmotif currently analyzes English and Spanish texts.
Hierarchical Multicast Protocol for Multicasting over Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In mobile ad hoc networks, an application scenario requires mostly collaborative mobility behavior. The key problem of those applications is scalability with regard to the number of multicast members as well as the number of the multicast group. To enhance efficiency and scalability with group mobility, we have proposed a multicast protocol based on a new framework for hierarchical multicasting that is suitable for the group mobility model in MANET. The key design goal of this protocol is to solve the problem of reflecting the node’s mobility in the overlay multicast tree, the efficient data delivery within the sub-group with group mobility support, and the scalability problem for the large multicast group size. The results obtained through simulations show that our approach supports scalability and efficient data transmission utilizing the characteristic of group mobility. Keywords— Mobile ad hoc network, Group Mobility, Scalability.