Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interconexion de Costa Rica a las Grandes Redes de Investigacion Bitnet e Internet

El proceso de interconexion de Costa Rica a las grandes redes de investigacion se inicia en 1990 con el establecimiento en la Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), del primer nodo de la Red Bitnet en la region Centroamericana y la integracion, dos anos despues, a la Red Internet, el 26 de enero de 1993. Paralelamente a las conexiones pioneras de la UCR, se establece la Red Nacional de Investigacion de Costa Rica (CRNet), una red digital que utiliza enlaces de fibra optica para interconectar las instituciones academicas y de investigacion mas importantes del pais, permitiendo amplio acceso a la informacion y recursos computacionales del mundo. Estos logros importantes, no solo permiten la conectividad instantanea de un gran numero de personas con el resto del mundo, sino que introducen en el pais por primera vez la tecnoloǵia inter-redes a gran escala. La interconexion de Nicaragua y Panama a la Red Internet a traves de CRNet, es el primer ejemplo de conectividad entre paises latinoamericanos basada en los protocolos de la Internet. Despues de una descripcion de los proyectos Bitnet, Internet, CRNet y la extension de la Internet a Centroamerica, se discute brevemente la importancia de la incorporacion de los sectores comercial y gobierno. Finalmente, se analiza la posibilidad de establecer una Internet nacional de gran capacidad, utilizando la nueva red de fibra optica en instalacion por el ICE. Esta red permitiŕia el acceso a bajo costo a la Internet para un sector grande de la poblacion, permitiendo el uso de nuevos servicios como video interactivo y teleconferencias con lugares remotos.
Pharmacoeconomic considerations in anticoagulant drug use

Anticoagulants are used for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism and for the secondary prevention of stroke and myocardial infarction. The list of available anticoagulants includes unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparins, fondaparinux, warfarin and the direct thrombin inhibitors. Numerous randomised controlled trials have pitted one anticoagulant against another to ascertain superiority in terms of safety and efficacy. Differences in these outcomes are assessed using appropriate statistical tests. When a statistically significant difference is found, it is generally accepted that one option is superior to another. There is also an interest in whether there is a clinically significant difference between two or more treatments, even when there may not be a statistically significant difference. This decision is reached through clinical judgment based on logical and ethical considerations. Another important way to judge the difference between alternative treatment strategies is to test for economically significant differences. This is accomplished through pharmacoeconomic analysis. This paper reviews the evidence gathered from published studies designed to detect an economically significant difference between two or more anticoagulants used for the same clinical indication.
Effects of Hypoxia-Ischemia on GLUT1 and GLUT3 Glucose Transporters in Immature Rat Brain

Cerebral hypoxia-ischemia produces major alterations in energy metabolism and glucose utilization in brain. The facilitative glucose transporter proteins mediate the transport of glucose across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) (55 kDa GLUT1) and into the neurons and glia (GLUT3 and 45 kDa GLUT1). Glucose uptake and utilization are low in the immature rat brain, as are the levels of the glucose transporter proteins. This study investigated the effect of cerebral hypoxia-ischemia in a model of unilateral brain damage on the expression of GLUT 1 and GLUT3 in the ipsilateral (damaged, hypoxic-ischemic) and contralateral (undamaged, hypoxic) hemispheres of perinatal rat brain. Early in the recovery period, both hemispheres exhibited increased expression of BBB GLUT1 and GLUT3, consistent with increased glucose transport and utilization. Further into recovery, BBB GLUT1 increased and neuronal GLUT3 decreased in the damaged hemisphere only, commensurate with neuronal loss.
Aberrant Regulation of Survivin by the RB/E2F Family of Proteins*

Survivin is a putative oncogene that is aberrantly expressed in cancer cells. It has been hypothesized to play a central role in cancer progression and resistance to therapy in diverse tumor types. Although some of the transcriptional processes regulating its expression have been established, the diversity of genes that may be controlling the levels of its expression in both normal cells as well as in cancer cells has not been fully explored. The most common genetically mutated pathways in human malignancies are the p53 tumor suppressor pathway and the RB/E2F pathway. Both of these pathways, when intact, provide essential checkpoints in the maintenance of normal cell growth and protect the cell from DNA damage. Using non-transformed embryonic fibroblasts, we provide evidence of a molecular link between the regulation of survivin transcription and the RB/E2F family of proteins. We demonstrate that both pRB and p130 can interact with the survivin promoter and can repress survivin transcription. We also show that the E2F activators (E2F1, E2F2, and E2F3) can bind to the survivin promoter and induce survivin transcription. Genetically modified cells that harbor deletions in various members of the RB/E2F family confirm our data from the wild-type cells. Our findings implicate several members of the RB/E2F pathway in an intricate mechanism of survivin gene regulation that, when genetically altered during the process of tumorigenesis, may function within cancer cells to aberrantly alter survivin levels and enhance tumor progression.
Rapamycin pre‐treatment preserves viability, ATP level and catabolic capacity during carbon starvation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing exponentially in anaerobic batch cultures that are suddenly exposed to carbon starvation will rapidly lose almost all ATP. This will cause an energy deficiency and adaptation to starvation conditions is prohibited. As a result, viability and fermentative capacity will be drastically reduced during prolonged starvation. However, if the cells are incubated in the presence of rapamycin (which will inactivate the TOR pathway) before carbon starvation ATP levels, viability and fermentative capacity will be preserved to a much larger extent compared to untreated cells. The beneficial effect of rapamycin cannot be explained by induction of a stationary phase phenotype. In fact, under these anaerobic well‐controlled growth conditions, rapamycin‐treated cells were still metabolically active and continued to grow, albeit not exponentially and with a reduced protein content. It is hypothesized that the loss of ATP during carbon starvation occurs because protein synthesis does not make an immediate arrest at the onset of starvation. Since there are no external or internal energy sources, this will rapidly deplete the cells of ATP. Rapamycin‐treated cells, on the other hand, have already downregulated the protein‐synthesizing machinery and are thus better suited to cope with a sudden carbon starvation condition. This hypothesis is strengthened by the fact that treating the cells with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide also improves the carbon starvation tolerance, although not to the same extent as rapamycin. The even better effect of rapamycin is explained by accumulation of storage carbohydrates, which is not observed for cycloheximide‐treated cells. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Qualitative Assessment of 1st-Year Internal Medicine Residents' Perceptions of Evidence-Based Clinical Decision Making

Background: Residents' perceptions about evidence-based clinical decision making remain largely unexplored. Purpose: To understand how residents perceive and use evidence-based medicine in clinical decision making. Methods: Qualitative study using a semistructured questionnaire and focus group in a postgraduate training program in internal medicine at an academic U.S. medical center. Seventeen 1st-year internal medicine residents in their 1st postgraduate year were interviewed. Six additional 1st-year residents formed a validation group. Results: The interplay of time and expertise modified how physicians-in-training incorporate evidence into clinical decision making. When time was available, the residents preferred to answer their questions by searching and critically appraising the literature. This "self-acquired" expertise empowered them to help patients by using participatory decision-making styles. When time was limited, the residents turned to experts. Residents assumed that experts practiced evidence-based medicine. This "borrowed" expertise was thought to be the most efficient way of integrating evidence and clinical expertise, but it led to the use of a parental style when answers were taken back to the bedside. Conclusion: The practice of evidence-based medicine empowers 1st-year residents and appears to affect their choice of decision-making style. Further research is needed to better understand the link between decision-making style and evidence-based medicine.
The differential determination of lysine in heated milk. II. Comparison of the in vitro methods with the biological evaluation.

Having secured the values for lysine content and availability in a set of milk samples by four in vitro methods, we checked the results with those obtained by the in vivo procedure. The biological determination of lysine availability was performed in young rats using a gluten-zein basal diet supplemented with the appropriate amino acids. The live-weight gain was used as a measure of the available lysine content of the samples. The results procured by the biological evaluation correlated best with those of the enzymic determination (ALV-e) and the corrected FDNB method (ALV-f II). The absolute figures were identical within the 5% confidence limits. All the data presented are in conformity with the working hypothesis that in heated milk the reaction at the epsilon amino group of lysine controls biological lysine availability by transforming this amino acid into an enzyme-resistant inactivated form.
Transcriptional Activation of the Aldehyde Reductase YqhD by YqhC and Its Implication in Glyoxal Metabolism of Escherichia coli K-12

ABSTRACT The reactive α-oxoaldehydes such as glyoxal (GO) and methylglyoxal (MG) are generated in vivo from sugars through oxidative stress. GO and MG are believed to be removed from cells by glutathione-dependent glyoxalases and other aldehyde reductases. We isolated a number of GO-resistant (GOr) mutants from Escherichia coli strain MG1655 on LB plates containing 10 mM GO. By tagging the mutations with the transposon TnphoA-132 and determining their cotransductional linkages, we were able to identify a locus to which most of the GOr mutations were mapped. DNA sequencing of the locus revealed that it contains the yqhC gene, which is predicted to encode an AraC-type transcriptional regulator of unknown function. The GOr mutations we identified result in missense changes in yqhC and were concentrated in the predicted regulatory domain of the protein, thereby constitutively activating the product of the adjacent gene yqhD. The transcriptional activation of yqhD by wild-type YqhC and its mutant forms was established by an assay with a β-galactosidase reporter fusion, as well as with real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. We demonstrated that YqhC binds to the promoter region of yqhD and that this binding is abolished by a mutation in the potential target site, which is similar to the consensus sequence of its homolog SoxS. YqhD facilitates the removal of GO through its NADPH-dependent enzymatic reduction activity by converting it to ethadiol via glycolaldehyde, as detected by nuclear magnetic resonance, as well as by spectroscopic measurements. Therefore, we propose that YqhC is a transcriptional activator of YqhD, which acts as an aldehyde reductase with specificity for certain aldehydes, including GO.
FUNCTIONAL TRAINING IMPROVES CLUB HEAD SPEED AND FUNCTIONAL FITNESS IN OLDER GOLFERS

Functional training programs have been used in a variety of rehabilitation settings with documented success. Based on that success, the concept of functional training has gained popularity in applied fitness settings to enhance sport performance. However, there has been little or no research studying the efficacy of functional training programs on the improvement of sport performance or functional fitness. Thus, it was the purpose of this study to determine the effect of a progressive functional training program on club head speed and functional fitness in older male golfers. Eighteen male golfers (age: 70.7 ± 9.1 [SD] years) were randomly assigned to an exercise (N = 11) or control (N = 7) group. The exercise group participated in an 8-week progressive functional training program including flexibility exercises, core stability exercises, balance exercises, and resistance exercises. Pre- and postmeasurements included club head speed of a driver by radar (exercise and Control) and Fullerton Senior Fitness Test measurements (exercise only). One-way analysis of covariance was performed on club head speed measurements using pretest measurements as the covariate. Paired t-tests were performed to analyze Senior Fitness Test variables. After the intervention, maximal club head speed increased in the exercise group (127.3 ± 13.4 to 133.6 ± 14.2 km·hr−1) compared with the control group (134.5 ± 14.6 to 133.3 ± 11.2 km·hr−1; p < 0.05). Additionally, improvements (p < 0.05) were detected for most Senior Fitness Test variables in the exercise group. In summary, this functional training program resulted in significant improvements in club head speed and several components of functional fitness. Future research should continue to examine the effect of functional training programs on sport performance and functional fitness in older adults.
A novel tooth concentrated winding with low space harmonic contents

The fractional slots tooth concentrated windings are characterized with high space MMF harmonics which results to undesirable effects on electric machine. A novel and high efficiency method is presented in this paper to reduce simultaneously the suband high MMF harmonics of these winding types. Using this technique, a new 18-teeth/10-poles PM machine for traction applications is designed and their characteristics are compared with the convectional 12-teeth/10poles PM machine. The both machines are designed and investigated under the same electrical and geometrical constrains and the obtained results show high performances for the new machine design compared with the conventional machine. With the new winding type the radial force modes of low order (mode-2) are reduced for about 70%, the stator and rotor iron losses are reduced 30%, however, the magnet losses are reduced 80%.
SAMP-Viz: An Interactive Multivariable Volume Visualization Framework Based on Subspace Analysis and Multidimensional Projection

Volume rendering is an important technique of scientific visualization that can help people analyze and understand multivariable volume data effectively. Since, the previous visualization methods of multivariable volume data are not intuitive and difficult to operate, we propose a novel framework of visualizing multivariable volume data, which combines subspace clustering with radial coordinate visualization (RadViz) from the global pattern analysis to the local feature exploration. Since multivariable data generally have a large data size, the feature sampling is performed to extract some representative points. In order to explore the features interactively, the sample points extracted from high-dimensional space are projected into a low-dimensional space. Through selecting different sample points interactively, users can switch and explore different subspaces in real-time. For the further analysis of the local details in the selected subspace, we utilize the RadViz technique to present the data patterns in the subspace. Thus, the relationships of the data among different dimensions can be recognized intuitively. The result of the experiment shows that our method can help users explore the complex features in volume data deeply and express the data patterns among different dimensions exactly. The constructed system based on subspace analysis and multidimensional projection visualization can improve the efficiency of analyzing multivariable volume data and guarantee the real-time volume rendering.
Learning based 3D keypoint detection with local and global attributes in multi-scale space

Over the last few decades various methods have been proposed by researchers to extract 3D keypoints from the surface of 3D mesh models, but most of them are geometric ones, which are not flexible enough for various applications. In this paper, we propose a new 3D keypoint detection method based on multi-scale neural network (MSNN), which is a tiny neural network and can effectively merge multi-scale information to detect 3D keypoints. Traditional end-to-end learning systems usually require large-scale dataset to do training. However, there are not enough 3D data with ground truth of 3D keypoints. To solve this problem, we perform delicate preprocessing, which effectively enhance the performance of the MSNN based approach. Numerical experiments show that the proposed MSNN 3D keypoint detector not only outperforms other six state-of-the-art geometric based methods, but also achieves better performance than a learning-based method using random forest.
The auditory startle reaction in parkinsonian disorders

The auditory startle reaction to an unexpected loud stimulus is regarded as a brainstem reflex originating in the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis and being distributed up the brainstem and down the spinal cord along slowly conducting pathways. Auditory startle responses (ASR) have been reported absent or reduced in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and delayed in Parkinson's disease (PD), but normal in multiple‐system atrophy (MSA). For the first time we studied ASR in patients fulfilling the clinical criteria of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) (n = 8), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cortical and subcortical depositions of Lewy bodies resulting in parkinsonism and progressive cognitive decline. For comparison, we also investigated patients with PD (n = 10), MSA (n = 7), PSP (n = 10), and age‐matched healthy controls (n = 10). ASR were elicited by binaural high‐intensity auditory stimuli. Surface electromyographic activity was simultaneously recorded from facial, upper, and lower extremity muscles. For each muscle, we assessed response probability and measured latency, amplitude, duration, and habituation rate. Patients with DLB had fewer and abnormally delayed ASR of low amplitude and short duration in extremity muscles compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, we confirm and extend previous findings of abnormal ASR in PSP and PD, and also demonstrate exaggerated ASR in extremity muscles of MSA patients. The different patterns of ASR abnormalities may reflect distinct types of brainstem dysfunction in DLB, PD, MSA, and PSP. Mov. Disord. 16:62–71, 2001. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Ischemic stroke in patients with primary brain tumors

Background: Primary brain tumor patients are at increased risk for stroke from disease and treatment-specific mechanisms. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of patients with primary brain tumors diagnosed with MRI-confirmed ischemic stroke between 1996 and 2006. Data were collected including risk factors, diagnostic workup, and treatment for stroke. Modified Rankin Scale (MRS) scores at stroke diagnosis were determined, and stroke etiology was assigned using Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) criteria for nonpostoperative strokes. Results: Sixty-eight cases of confirmed ischemic stroke in 66 patients (56% men) were analyzed. The median age at time of stroke was 60 years. The distribution of stroke risk factors was comparable to the general stroke population. The most common brain tumors were gliomas, 60%; meningiomas, 25%; and primary CNS lymphoma, 6%. Stroke was the initial clinical diagnosis in only 43% of cases. The distribution of stroke etiology was operative complication, 49%; cardioembolic, 12%; small vessel lacune, 12%; large vessel, 6%; other, 15%; and undetermined, 7%. Seventeen patients (25%) had strokes related to delayed effects of radiation. The median latency from radiation to stroke diagnosis was 3.2 years. Therapy for secondary prevention of stroke was added in one-half of patients. Median survival from the time of stroke was 1.7 years and was correlated with MRS scores. Conclusions: Treatment complications from surgery and radiotherapy account for the majority of ischemic strokes in patients with primary brain tumors. Stroke is often a missed diagnosis that can contribute additional neurologic disability in an already susceptible patient population.
Ruminal microbial digestion in free-living, in captive lichen-fed, and in starved reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in winter

In free-living (FL) reindeer eating a natural mixed winter diet dominated by lichens, captive (CF) reindeer fed pure lichens ad libitum, and CF reindeer subsequently starved for 1 day (CS1 reindeer) or 4 days (CS4 reindeer), the dominant rumen anaerobic bacteria were characterized, their population densities were estimated, and ruminal pH and volatile fatty acid concentrations were determined. In the FL reindeer, the total median viable anaerobic bacterial population ranged from 18 x 10(8) to 35 x 10(8) cells per ml of rumen fluid (n = 4), compared with 26 x 10(8) to 34 x 10(8) and 0.09 x 10(8) to 0.1 x 10(8) cells per ml of rumen fluid in CF reindeer (n = 2) and CS4 reindeer (n = 2), respectively. The median bacterial population adhering to the rumen solids ranged from 260 x 10(8) to 450 x 10(8), 21 x 10(8) to 38 x 10(8), and 0.5 x 10(8) cells per g (wet weight) of rumen solids in FL, CF, and CS4 reindeer, respectively. Although there were variations in the rumen bacterial composition among the FL reindeer (n = 4), strains of Bacteroides, Fibrobacter, Streptococcus, and Clostridium dominated in the rumen fluid. Streptococcus spp. and Clostridium spp. were the dominant bacteria in the CF reindeer (n = 2), while in the CS4 reindeer (n = 2) the dominant bacteria were Fusobacterium spp. , members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, and Eubacterium spp. Transmission electron micrographs of lichen particles from the rumen of one FL reindeer, one CF reindeer, and one CS4 reindeer show bacteria resembling Bacteroides spp. adhering to the lichen particles, evidently digesting the lichen hyphae from the inside. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)