Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of stratospheric sudden warming on AIRS midtropospheric CO2

Midtropospheric CO_2 retrievals from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) were used to explore the influence of stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) on CO_2 in the middle to upper troposphere. To choose the SSW events that had strong coupling between the stratosphere and troposphere, the authors applied a principal component analysis to the NCEP/Department of Energy Global Reanalysis 2 (NCEP-2) geopotential height data at 17 pressure levels. Two events (April 2003 and March 2005) that have strong couplings between the stratosphere and troposphere were chosen to investigate the influence of SSW on AIRS midtropospheric CO_2. The authors investigated the temporal and spatial variations of AIRS midtropospheric CO_2 before and after the SSW events and found that the midtropospheric CO_2 concentrations increased by 2–3 ppm within a few days after the SSW events. These results can be used to better understand how the chemical tracers respond to the large-scale dynamics in the high latitudes.
Vitronectin and Integrin Vitronectin Receptor Localization in Multiple Sclerosis Lesions

Abstract. Vitronectin (Vn) is a multifunctional plasma and extracellular matrix glycoprotein involved in cell attachment, coagulation, phagocytosis, and the protection of bystander cells from complement- and T cell-mediated lysis. To determine where Vn is localized and where cells expressing integrin Vn receptors may recognize it in central nervous system (CNS) lesions of multiple sclerosis (MS), CNS tissue samples were immunostained for Vn and the αv, β1, and β3 integrin Vn receptor subunits. By light and electron microscopy, Vn was localized within dystrophic, demyelinated axons in active but not chronic lesions, normal or other neurologic disease controls. This localization is distinct from that of other plasma proteins in MS lesions and it differs from the pattern of neuron cell body localization found in other conditions. Microvascular Vn was incresed and small numbers of reactive astrocytes were also Vn-positive in active plaques. Endothelial cell expression of the αv, subunit was increased over controls and that of the β1 subunits was decreased whereas both the αv and β1, subunits were prominently expressed on macrophages and glia in active lesions. The β3 integrin subunit was expressed on platelets within and around vessels and was more prominent on endothelial cells in active plaques. The precise functions of Vn in situ are not presently known. These results indicate, however, that the regulation of expression of integrin Vn receptors is complex and that Vn may be recognized and have multiple functions in different microanatomic sites as MS lesions evolve. Intravascular Vn could participate in clotting, thereby contributing to leukocyte extravasation. Parenchymal Vn could activate T cells and macrophages or promote demyelination. Alternatively, Vn might protect axons from injury, thereby contributing to relative axonal preservation, a hallmark of active MS lesions.
Programmed cell death during Xenopus development: a spatio-temporal analysis.

Programmed cell death (PCD) is an integral part of many developmental processes. In vertebrates little is yet known on the patterns of PCD and its role during the early phases of development, when embryonic tissue layers migrate and pattern formation takes place. We describe the spatio-temporal patterns of cell death during early Xenopus development, from fertilization to the tadpole stage (stage 35/36). Cell death was analyzed by a whole-mount in situ DNA end-labeling technique (the TUNEL protocol), as well as by serial sections of paraffin-embedded TUNEL-stained embryos. The first cell death was detected during gastrulation, and as development progressed followed highly dynamic and reproducible patterns, strongly suggesting it is an important component of development at these stages. The detection of PCD during neural induction, neural plate patterning, and later during the development of the nervous system highlights the role of PCD throughout neurogenesis. Additionally, high levels of cell death were detected in the developing tail and sensory organs. This is the first detailed description of PCD throughout early development of a vertebrate, and provides the basis for further studies on its role in the patterning and morphogenesis of the embryo.
[Meta analysis of variables related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in school-age children].

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to use meta-analysis to examine recent domestic articles related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in school-age children. METHODS After reviewing 213 articles published between 1990 and 2009 from and cited in RISS, KISS, and DBpia, the researchers identified 24 studies with 440 research variables that had appropriate data for methodological study. SPSS 17.0 program was used. The outcome variables were divided into five types: Inattention, hyperactive impulsive, intrinsic, extrinsic, and academic ability variables. RESULTS Effects size of overall core symptoms was 0.47 which is moderate level in terms of Cohen criteria and effects size of overall negative variables related ADHD was 0.27 which is small level. The most dominant variable related to ADHD was obtained from hyperactive-impulsive (0.70). Also academic ability (0.45), inattention (0.37), and intrinsic variables (0.29) had a small effect whereas extrinsic variables (0.13) had little effect on descriptive ADHD study. CONCLUSION The results reveal that ADHD core symptoms have moderate effect size and peripheral negative variables related ADHD have small effect size. To improve the reliability of the meta-analysis results by minimizing publication bias, more intervention studies using appropriate study designs should be done.
Heaney and Melmed : New pituitary oncogenes and peripheral hormones as well as paracrine growth factors

Pituitary tumors are common monoclonal neoplasms which cause considerable morbidity and mortality. Several molecular events underlying pituitary tumorigenesis have been elucidated in recent years, but no tumor marker has clearly emerged which assists clinical and therapeutic decisions. Activating mutations and loss of inactivating mutations, together with hypothalamic hormones, circulating hormones, growth factors and cytokines cooperatively ensure the inexorable expansion of the initial mutated pituitary cell clone. This review describes new developments in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of pituitary tumors. The availability of molecular probes will allow the early prediction of tumor behavior, identify targets for designing subcellular pituitary tumor therapy and provide novel approaches to pituitary tumor management. Endocrine-Related Cancer (2000) 7 3–15
Spatiotemporal variability of lake pCO2 and CO2 fluxes in a hemiboreal catchment

Globally, lakes are frequently supersaturated with carbon dioxide (CO2) and are major emitters of carbon to the atmosphere. Recent studies have generated awareness of the high variability in pCO2aq (the partial pressure corresponding to the concentration in water) and CO2 fluxes to the atmosphere and the need for better accounting for this variability. However, studies simultaneously accounting for both spatial and temporal variability of pCO2aq and CO2 fluxes in lakes are rare. We measured pCO2aq (by both manual sampling and mini loggers) and CO2 fluxes, covering spatial variability in open water areas of three lakes of different character in a Swedish catchment for 2 years. Spatial pCO2aq variability within lakes was linked to distance from shore, proximity to stream inlets, and deepwater upwelling events. Temporally, pCO2aq variability was linked with variability in dissolved organic carbon, total nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen. While previous studies over short time periods (1 to 6 h) observed gas transfer velocity (k) to be more variable than pCO2aq, our work shows that over longer time (days to weeks) pCO2aq variability was greater and affected CO2 fluxes much more than k. We demonstrate that ≥8 measurement days distributed over multiple seasons in combination with sufficient spatial coverage (≥8 locations during stratification periods and 5 or less in spring and autumn) are a key for representative yearly whole lake flux estimates. This study illustrates the importance of considering spatiotemporal variability in pCO2aq and CO2 fluxes to generate representative whole lake estimates.
A Multi-node MPI Implementation on the CellBE Processor

Due to the heterogeneous multi-core architecture of the CellBE processor, the existing MPI implementation cannot effectively exert the SPE computing capability. In this paper, we design and implement a multi-node MPI programming and running environment for CellBE processor. The MPI communication library prototype, which mainly includes the basic point-to-point communication and the multicast communication operations, is implemented in this cell-MPI model. By this work, the programmers can exploit the SPE’s computing capability to improve the program running efficiency using the traditional MPI programming model; the burden of porting application to the CellBE processor is much reduced. The experimental results show that the presented MPI programming model not only exerts the SPE’s computing capability but also keeps the efficient MPI communication performance.
Highly efficient "grafting onto" a polypeptide backbone using click chemistry.

A cell's extracellular matrix consists of macromolecules, such as glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and collagen, that control both the mechanical structure and the microenvironment. [1] These properties provide physical cues that are necessary to induce various cell functions and morphologies. An important goal of tissue engineering is to mimic the environment of the extracellular matrix on several levels, mechanically, chemically, and architecturally. [2] To accomplish this goal, new synthetic methods are necessary in order to mimic the structure of these complex macromolecules. We have developed a synthetic method to form highly functionalized grafted polypeptides that can be made to mimic complex biomacromolecules such as glycoproteins and proteoglycans. While, these new synthetic polypeptides are much simpler than natural peptides, they still possess the α-helical conformation of natural polypeptides and various chemical moieties can be attached to mimic the microenvironment of the extracellular matrix. These polymers have several features that make them very attractive for biological applications including low toxicity, biodegradability, tunable structures, and well-controlled dimensions.
Joint Admission Control, Mode Selection, and Power Allocation in D2D Communication Systems

Device-to-device (D2D) communications can help in achieving the higher data rate targets in emerging wireless networks. The use of D2D communication imposes certain challenges such as interference with the cellular and D2D users. A well-designed joint admission control, network mode selection, and power allocation technique in a cellular network with D2D capability can improve overall throughput. The proposed technique jointly maximizes the total throughput and number of admitted users in cellular networks under quality-of-service (QoS) and interference constraints. The joint admission control, mode selection, and power allocation problem (JACMSPA) falls into a class of mixed-integer nonlinear constraint optimization problems that are generally NP-hard. Due to the combinatorial nature of the problem, its optimal solution needs exhaustive search of integer variables whose complexity increases exponentially with the number of user pairs. In this paper, we invoke outer approximation approach (OAA)-based linearization technique to solve the JACMSPA. The proposed method gives guaranteed ε-optimal solution with reasonable computational complexity. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach method.
Empirical Likelihood Analysis of the

The censored Accelerated Failure Time (AFT) model and the Buckley-James estimator (1979) is widely seen as an alternative to the popular Cox model when the assumption of proportional hazards is questionable. It performs well in many simulations and examples: Miller and Halpern (1982), Heller and Simonoff (1990, 1992), and Stare, Heinzl and Harrell (2000). The direct interpretation of the AFT model is more attractive than the Cox model, as D.R. Cox himself have pointed out. However, the application of the Buckley-James estimation was limited mainly due to its illusive variance estimation. We use the empirical likelihood method (Owen (2001)) to derive a test (and thus confidence interval) based on the Buckley-James estimator of the regression coefficient. Standard chi square distribution is used to calculate the P-value and the construction of the confidence interval. Simulations show that the chi square approximations of the log empirical likelihood ratio performs well.
Steroidogenic enzyme activity in the rat testis following Leydig cell destruction by ethylene-1,2-dimethanesulphonate and during subsequent Leydig cell regeneration.

Ethylene-1,2-dimethanesulphonate (EDS) rapidly destroys Leydig cells in the rat testis, although repopulation occurs within 5-7 weeks. In this study we have examined the activity of testicular steroidogenic enzymes after Leydig cell destruction and during regeneration. This was designed to measure the contribution of cells, other than Leydig cells, to steroidogenic activity in the testis, and to determine whether changes in steroidogenic enzyme activity during Leydig cell regeneration after EDS parallel those which occur during normal Leydig cell development. The enzymes studied are those responsible for androgen synthesis and metabolism in the testis. Adult male Wistar rats (300-350 g) were injected with EDS (100 mg/kg, i.p.) and testicular steroidogenic enzyme activity was measured on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 35. On day 3, when no Leydig cells remain in the testis, cholesterol side-chain cleavage (CSCC) activity, per testis, declined to undetectable levels, while 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta HSD) and 17 alpha-hydroxylase retained only 0.04 and 0.15% of control activity respectively. In contrast, 17-ketosteroid reductase (17-KSR) and 5 alpha-reductase retained 33 and 10% of control activity respectively. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Design of Dual-Band Interdigital Bandpass Filters Using Both Series and Shunt Resonators

In this letter, we present a simple design method for dual-band bandpass filters (BPFs) with two independently controllable bandwidths. The proposed design is based on hybrid resonators which have both series and shunt resonances. For compact size, an interdigital BPF type is utilized. The simple design procedures are established based on an equivalent lumped circuit of the proposed dual-band BPF. Moreover, the proposed BPF has good skirt characteristics through transmission zeros created by the series resonance in the hybrid resonator and the cross-coupling. The third-order dual-band BPF is designed at center frequencies of 1.85 and 2.85 GHz with fractional bandwidths of 11% and 7.3%.
Linear precoder optimization for ARQ packet retransmissions in centralized multiuser MIMO uplinks

We investigate the joint optimization of automatic repeat request (ARQ) and MIMO diversity for multi-user wireless communication systems. Exploiting MIMO for diversity gain and ARQ for error correction, our goal is to better integrate MIMO and ARQ in the transceivers to improve multi-user uplink performance. Specifically, we design optimal linear precoders for ARQ retransmissions by multiple wireless uplink terminals equipped with MIMO transmitters and we rely on joint detection of multiple retransmissions at the receivers. To better utilize ARQ diversity, we derive a set of progressive linear ARQ precoders for flat fading multiple-access channels based on the criterion of maximizing the mutual information of multiuser (re)-transmissions. We propose two efficient iterative numerical algorithms to determine the optimal precoders.
Principles for Systematic Development of an Assurance Case Template from ISO 26262

A failure in a critical system can cause death, injury, financial loss, and environmental damage. To develop safe and trustworthy systems, we need to plan the development and assessment of system functionality in advance. Assurance Cases are a generalization of Safety Cases, and are gaining momentum as a preferred way of demonstrating assurance of critical properties in complex software-intensive systems. To cope with the lack of standardized assurance structures, and to encourage safety assessment prior to development, we previously proposed the use of an assurance case template. The principles presented here can be used to build an assurance case template that complies with the functional safety standard, ISO 26262 in a cost-effective way. In the future, such principles may lead to semi-automated development of these templates.
SURE : PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURFACE RECONSTRUCTION FROM IMAGER Y

This article presents an approach of a multi-view stereo (MV S) method for the generation of dense and precise 3D point clo uds. It is based on the Semi-Global Matching (SGM) method followed b y a fusion step in which the redundant depth estimations acro ss single stereo models are merged. We present a hierarchical c oarse-to-fine solution for the SGM method in which matching r esults of low resolution pyramids are used to limit disparity search r anges for high resolution pyramids. By means of large format aerial and close range imagery we show that memory demands as well as pro cessing times can be significantly decreased whereas the qua lity of resulting disparities estimations is maintained. By mergi ng redundant disparity estimations of multiple stereo mode ls the precision and robustness of the generated point clouds can be increased. B ased on basic principles of epipolar geometry we present a ti me efficient algorithm for outlier detection and object point triangula tion minimizing the reprojection error. Thereby the geomet ric configuration of adjacent cameras is taken into account. An implementation o f the algorithm called SURE as well the library interface lib TSgm of the presented algorithm is publicly available at: h tp://www.ifp. uni-stuttgart.de/publications/software/.
Caracterização genotípica de Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum proveniente de cães naturalmente infectados com leishmaniose visceral americana no Estado de São Paulo

Mesmo sendo reconhecida a importância da leishmaniose visceral(LV) no Brasil, a diversidade genetica de Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum ainda e pouco estudada. Desta forma, o uso de marcadores microssatelites torna-se uma ferramenta importante para o estudo de genotipos de Leishmania em regioes endemicas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o perfil genotipico de isolados de L. infantum provenientes de duas regioes do Estado de Sao Paulo (SP) analisando regioes hipervariaveis do DNA com marcadores moleculares microssatelites dinucleotideos. Este estudo visa contribuir com informacoes sobre as possiveis origens dos parasitas, bem como a introducao e propagacao da LV neste Estado. A genotipagem foi realizada com um conjunto de 17 marcadores microssatelites e o DNA foi extraido a partir de 250 amostras coletadas de caes diagnosticados com LV.Do total de amostras, 112 (45%) foram genotipadas: 67 da regiao noroeste (NWSP) e 29 da regiao sudeste (SESP) de SP. Os resultados foram comparados com outras 16 amostras do Estadode Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) que faz fronteira com NWSP. Embora umapequena parte das amostras tenha sido genotipada, foi possivel genotiparmultiplos loci utilizando pequenas quantidades de DNA de Leishmaniaextraidos diretamente a partir de tecidos de caes. Apesar de 33 genotiposdiferentes terem sido detectados, um baixo polimorfismo foi encontrado nasamostras estudadas com somente 10 loci polimorficos. No presente estudoforam detectadas duas populacoes principais que circulam em SP comgrande diferenciacao genetica. A POP-A e composta por amostras de SESPe NWSP. A outra pertence a populacao principal encontrada em MS(POP-B). A maioria dos genotipos dos parasitas de MS (93,75%) pertence aPOP-B, com apenas uma amostra (6,25%) agrupada na POP-A. A POP-Btambem e composta por 10,34% das amostras de SESP e 26,87% deNWSP. Alem de uma amostra de MS, a POP-A e composta por 73,13% deNWSP e 89,66% das amostras SESP. (AU)
Sensitivity of the Phadia EliA connective tissue disease screen for less common disease-specific autoantibodies

Aim To evaluate the sensitivity of a commercial autoantibody screening method (Phadia EliA connective tissue disease (CTD) screen) for the detection of less common antibody specificities associated with connective tissue disease. Methods 399 sera positive for anti-PM/Scl (n=102), anti-RNA polymerase III (n=199), anti-fibrillarin (n=50), anti-Mi-2 (n=12), anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) (n=13) and anti-ribosomal P (n=23) were analysed using the solid phase assay. Each well was coated with the respective antigens for these autoantibodies and also with the antigens Ro, La, Jo-1, Scl-70, CENP-B, U1-RNP, Sm and native DNA. Results All the anti-ribosomal P, anti-PCNA and anti-Mi-2 sera and 94% of the anti-PM/Scl sera were positive. For anti-fibrillarin, 36 (68%) were positive and 12 (22%) were equivocal. For anti-RNA polymerase III, 131 (67%) were positive, 23 (11%) were equivocal and 45 (22%) were negative. Conclusions The sensitivity of the Phadia EliA CTD screen is currently insufficient for the assay to be used as a screening test for anti-fibrillarin and anti-RNA polymerase III, but appears to be satisfactory for the other autoantibodies tested.
Conceptions of Conflict in Psychoanalytic Theory and Practice

There are many different views of conflict in contemporary psychoanalysis, each with its own technical implications. After reviewing the psychoanalytic origins of the concept of conflict, the author discusses the diverse positions of four North American conflict theorists, each of whom offers a different view of the location of conflict both in the mind of the patient and in the material of the clinical hour. The role of conflict in the work of several relational psychoanalysts is then examined. A tentative approach toward integration is proposed.
Antifungal drugs in pregnancy: a review

The use of any medication in pregnant women requires careful consideration of benefit to the mother versus risk posed to the fetus. Fungal infections are not uncommon in pregnant women; in fact, the incidence of certain infections such as Candida vaginitis is increased in this patient population. A variety of antimycotic agents are currently available to treat systemic or mucocutaneous fungal infections. Many of these agents are capable of penetrating the placental barrier and entering fetal cord blood, therefore adverse effects of these agents on the fetus are a valid concern. The use of topical azoles for the treatment of superficial fungal infections is safe and efficacious. However, there are some data suggesting a dose-related increase in the risk of teratogenicity associated with the use of systemic azoles. Amphotericin B remains the drug of choice for the treatment of systemic fungal infections in pregnancy. There are serious risks of fetal malformations associated with the use of griseofulvin, ketoconazole, voriconazole, flucytosine and potassium iodide. These drugs are contraindicated in pregnancy. There are insufficient data regarding the use of caspofungin in pregnancy. This article will review available data regarding the safety of antifungal drug use in pregnant women.