Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Two Determinants of Teachers' Holistic Scoring: Prior Knowledge and Ideology Type

This study investigated how 8 teachers untrained in holistic scoring rated compositions reflecting different writing processes and knowledge levels. Teachers varied in terms of whether they had high or low knowledge about baseball. In addition, teachers were classified as managing their classrooms in a way that conformed to either an academic or a cognitive-developmental orientation to writing. The findings revealed that cognitive-developmental, high-knowledge teachers rated mixed meaning-processes, high-knowledge narratives highest and reproductive, low-knowledge narratives the lowest. Cognitive-developmental, low-knowledge teachers rated mixed meaning-processes narratives higher than reproductive narratives. Academic, high-knowledge teachers rated reproductive high-knowledge narratives the highest and mixed meaning-processes, low-knowledge narratives the lowest. Academic, low-knowledge teachers rated reproductive, low-knowledge narratives the highest and mixed meaning-processes, high-knowledge narratives the lowest. These findings are discussed in terms of a classroom competence model of writing.
Site-specific analysis of protein S-acylation by resin-assisted capture[S]

Protein S-acylation is a major posttranslational modification whereby a cysteine thiol is converted to a thioester. A prototype is S-palmitoylation (fatty acylation), in which a protein undergoes acylation with a hydrophobic 16 carbon lipid chain. Although this modification is a well-recognized determinant of protein function and localization, current techniques to study cellular S-acylation are cumbersome and/or technically demanding. We recently described a simple and robust methodology to rapidly identify S-nitrosylation sites in proteins via resin-assisted capture (RAC) and provided an initial description of the applicability of the technique to S-acylated proteins (acyl-RAC). Here we expand on the acyl-RAC assay, coupled with mass spectrometry-based proteomics, to characterize both previously reported and novel sites of endogenous S-acylation. Acyl-RAC should therefore find general applicability in studies of both global and individual protein S-acylation in mammalian cells.
The Endothelial Safety of Using a Gentian Violet Dry-Ink “S” Stamp for Precut Corneal Tissue

Purpose: To determine the endothelium damage resulting from the application of “dry” gentian violet (GV) stromal markings on corneas precut for Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) using a Moria “S” Stamp. Methods: Five precut corneas had the stromal graft bed marked with GV using the Moria “S” stamp and 6 precut corneas were left unmarked as controls. After applying the ink to the stamp, care was taken to allow the alcohol carrier to dry for 10 seconds before applying the dry dye to the stromal surface. Tissue was then trephinated and stained with calcein AM to assess endothelial viability. Grafts were photographed and digital pixel planometry, using an established analysis technique, was used to compare the damage between the control and experimental groups. Results: The mean percent cell damage of corneas treated with GV “S” stamp (n = 5) was 8.6% (range 4.4–12.9), and it was 8.1% (range 3.9–15.1) in the DSAEK control set (n = 6). Median percent cell damage was 6.7% among GV-treated corneas and 7.4% among control corneas. The distributions were not significantly different between groups (Mann–Whitney U test = 15.0, two-tailed P = 1.0). Moreover, no “S” pattern of damage was seen in any study eye. Conclusions: There were no significant differences in endothelial damage between the 2 groups. GV stromal markings may be applied without undue damage to the endothelium using the dry-ink technique described.
Another Wrongdoer's Punishment Cleanses the Self: Evidence for a Moral Cleansing Function of Punishing Moral Transgressors

Separate lines of research show that individuals: a ) understand immorality metaphorically as physical contamination; b) project undesirable self -attributes onto others; and c) view punishment as eliminating a transgressor’s immorali ty. Integrating these findings, we hypothesized that individuals project guilt over th eir own immoral actions – experienced as physical contamination – onto another transgressor wh se punishment restores their own perceived moral and physical purity. Study 1 showed that priming participants’ own immoral actions decreased their felt physical cleanliness, but not if they were presented with a punished transgressor. Study 2 showed that participants prim ed with their own immoral actions viewed another transgressor as physically dirtier as a res ult of their own increased feelings of guilt. Additionally, the subsequent punishment of the cont aminated transgressor restored participants’ perceived personal morality and eliminated their de sire to engage in moral restoration behavior. These studies are the first to show that another’s punishment can serve to “cleanse” the self.
Racial Stereotyping on Television: A Comparison of the Behavior of Both Black and White Television Characters

Television is a source of information that influences the formation of attitudes toward minority groups through its characterizations of them. This study investigated the behavior of both black and white characters on comedy programs to determine whether there were differences in their portrayal. We hypothesized that black characters would differ from white ones along several dimensions, for example, activity level and dominance, and that white characters on black programs would behave differently from whites on white or mixed programs. Three episodes each of black, white, and mixed comedy programs were videotaped. Raters tallied the behavior of 110 different characters on 12 types of behavior. A two-way analysis of variance, Sex X Race, indicated that racial stereotypes and sex role stereotypes were the basis for character portrayals on television. The differences between black female and white female characters seemed crucial to the depiction of the races. In addition, the portrayal of white characters on black programs was negative. The attitudes people have toward others are influenced to some degree by their percep
Insights into the mechanisms of myosin and kinesin molecular motors from the single-molecule unbinding force measurements

In cells, ATP (adenosine triphosphate)-driven motor proteins, both cytoskeletal and nucleic acid-based, operate on their corresponding ‘tracks’, that is, actin, microtubules or nucleic acids, by converting the chemical energy of ATP hydrolysis into mechanical work. During each mechanochemical cycle, a motor proceeds via several nucleotide states, characterized by different affinities for the ‘track’ filament and different nucleotide (ATP or ADP) binding kinetics, which is crucial for a motor to efficiently perform its cellular functions. The measurements of the rupture force between the motor and the track by applying external loads to the individual motor–substrate bonds in various nucleotide states have proved to be an important tool to obtain valuable insights into the mechanism of the motors' performance. We review the application of this technique to various linear molecular motors, both processive and non-processive, giving special attention to the importance of the experimental geometry.
Detecting Neuroimaging Biomarkers for Psychiatric Disorders: Sample Size Matters

In a recent review, it was suggested that much larger cohorts are needed to prove the diagnostic value of neuroimaging biomarkers in psychiatry. While within a sample, an increase of diagnostic accuracy of schizophrenia (SZ) with number of subjects (N) has been shown, the relationship between N and accuracy is completely different between studies. Using data from a recent meta-analysis of machine learning (ML) in imaging SZ, we found that while low-N studies can reach 90% and higher accuracy, above N/2 = 50 the maximum accuracy achieved steadily drops to below 70% for N/2 > 150. We investigate the role N plays in the wide variability in accuracy results in SZ studies (63–97%). We hypothesize that the underlying cause of the decrease in accuracy with increasing N is sample heterogeneity. While smaller studies more easily include a homogeneous group of subjects (strict inclusion criteria are easily met; subjects live close to study site), larger studies inevitably need to relax the criteria/recruit from large geographic areas. A SZ prediction model based on a heterogeneous group of patients with presumably a heterogeneous pattern of structural or functional brain changes will not be able to capture the whole variety of changes, thus being limited to patterns shared by most patients. In addition to heterogeneity (sample size), we investigate other factors influencing accuracy and introduce a ML effect size. We derive a simple model of how the different factors, such as sample heterogeneity and study setup determine this ML effect size, and explain the variation in prediction accuracies found from the literature, both in cross-validation and independent sample testing. From this, we argue that smaller-N studies may reach high prediction accuracy at the cost of lower generalizability to other samples. Higher-N studies, on the other hand, will have more generalization power, but at the cost of lower accuracy. In conclusion, when comparing results from different ML studies, the sample sizes should be taken into account. To assess the generalizability of the models, validation (by direct application) of the prediction models should be tested in independent samples. The prediction of more complex measures such as outcome, which are expected to have an underlying pattern of more subtle brain abnormalities (lower effect size), will require large samples.
U.S. Students Study Abroad in the Middle East/North Africa

The political events of the last decade and the Arab Spring have made it more important than ever for Americans to understand the language, culture, and history of the Middle East/North Africa (MENA) region. Study abroad is one important method that can significantly increase American students’ understanding of the Arabic language and the culture of MENA. During the past decade, the number of U.S. undergraduate students in the MENA region has increased dramatically, but there is still a great need for growth and understanding in this area. This research analyzes data from a cross-sectional survey and focus groups of U.S. undergraduate study abroad students to investigate the motivations, attitudes, and aspects of human capital that influence study abroad destination choice. These findings provide insight for policy makers, faculty, and international educators who want to expand students’ options for study abroad and for students who are considering whether this avenue is right for them.
A construction for binary sequence sets with low peak-to-average power ratio

Complementary sequences (CS) have peak-to-average power ratio (PAR) /spl les/ 2 under the one-dimensional continuous discrete Fourier transform (DFT/sub 1//sup /spl infin//). Davis and Jedwab (see IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol.45, no.7, p.2397-2417, 1999) constructed binary CS (DJ set) for lengths 2/sup n/ described by s = 2/sup -n/2/ (-1)/sup p(x)/, p(x) = /spl Sigma//sub j=0//sup L-2/x/sub /spl pi/(j)/x/sub /spl pi/(j+1)/+c/sub j/x/sub j/+k, c/sub j/, k /spl isin/ Z/sub 2/. Hamming distance, D, between sequences in this set satisfies D /spl ges/ 2/sup n-2/. However the rate of the DJ set vanishes for n /spl rarr/ /spl infin/, and higher rates are possible for PAR /spl les/ O(n) and D large. We present such a construction which generalises the DJ set. These codesets have PAR /spl les/ 2/sup t/ under all linear unimodular unitary transforms (LUUTs), including all one and multi-dimensional continuous DFTs, and D /spl ges/ 2/sup n-d/ where d is the maximum algebraic degree of the chosen subset of the complete set.
Emotions, Demographics and Sociability in Twitter Interactions

The social connections people form online affect the quality of information they receive and their online experience. Although a host of socioeconomic and cognitive factors were implicated in the formation of offline social ties, few of them have been empirically validated, particularly in an online setting. In this study, we analyze a large corpus of geo-referenced messages, or tweets, posted by social media users from a major US metropolitan area. We linked these tweets to US Census data through their locations. This allowed us to measure emotions expressed in the tweets posted from an area, the structure of social connections, and also use that area's socioeconomic characteristics in analysis. %We extracted the structure of online social interactions from the people mentioned in tweets from that area.We find that at an aggregate level, places where social media users engage more deeply with less diverse social contacts are those where they express more negative emotions, like sadness and anger. Demographics also has an impact: these places have residents with lower household income and education levels. Conversely, places where people engage less frequently but with diverse contacts have happier, more positive messages posted from them and also have better educated, younger, more affluent residents. Results suggest that cognitive factors and offline characteristics affect the quality of online interactions. Our work highlights the value of linking social media data to traditional data sources, such as US Census, to drive novel analysis of online behavior.
Pour une éducation à l’altérité

Cet article traite des phenomenes de l'education a l'alterite dans une societe soumise a de rapides mutations. L'autrice traite de l'experience de l'alterite sur les plans ethique et ontologique, et en relation avec le concept d'education planetaire qui prend comme base les valeurs humaines. Elle situe sa reflexion en ce domaine comme une demarche critique et non comme une demarche de prescription car, dit-elle, les valeurs ne s'imposent pas, elles se partagent et s'elaborent en commun.
Distributed Multi-Robot Learning using Particle Swarm Optimization

This thesis studies the automatic design and optimization of high-performing robust controllers for mobile robots using exclusively on-board resources. Due to the often large parameter space and noisy performance metrics, this constitutes an expensive optimization problem. Population-based learning techniques have been proven to be effective in dealing with noise and are thus promising tools to approach this problem. We focus this research on the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, which, in addition to dealing with noise, allows a distributed implementation, speeding up the optimization process and adding robustness to failure of individual agents. In this thesis, we systematically analyze the different variables that affect the learning process for a multi-robot obstacle avoidance benchmark. These variables include algorithmic parameters, controller architecture, and learning and testing environments. The analysis is performed on experimental setups of increasing evaluation time and complexity: numerical benchmark functions, high-fidelity simulations, and experiments with real robots. Based on this analysis, we apply the distributed PSO framework to learn a more complex, collaborative task: flocking. This attempt to learn a collaborative task in a distributed manner on a large parameter space is, to our knowledge, the first of such kind. In addition, we address the problem of noisy performance evaluations encountered in these robotic tasks and present a %new distributed PSO algorithm for dealing with noise suitable for resource-constrained mobile robots due to its low requirements in terms of memory and limited local communication.
Role Stress in the Professional Life of the School Music Teacher: A Collective Case Study

The theoretical framework of this article is based on the description of occupational role stress by Kahn, Wolfe, Quinn, and Snoek (1964) and Beehr (1987). The present study is an examination of six role stressors: role conflict, role ambiguity, role overload, underutilization of skills, resource inadequacy, and nonparticipation. One midwestern high school's music department in the United States, consisting of four music teachers, served as the study s focus. Data were collected as field notes from observations, transcripts from interviews, and document analysis. While role ambiguity and nonparticipation issues were not of great concern among the participants, issues related to role conflicts, role overloads, underutilization of skills, and resource inadequacy were substantial. The burden of tedious administrative responsibilities (underutilization of skills), the constant need for music education advocacy (role overload), conflicts between personal and professional roles (role conflict), and tension created by scheduling conflicts due to the increasingly busy schedules of students (resource inadequacy) were among the most significant stressors.
Female emancipation in an imperial frame: english women and the campaign against sati (widow-burning) in India, 1813–30

Abstract This article explores English women's important contributions to the campaign against sati (widow-burning) in India. It investigates how they attempted to eradicate sati through supporting missionary activity and female education in India, and through petitioning Parliament in Britain. English women's involvement in this campaign, which was contemporaneous with their involvement in the anti-slavery movement, has hitherto been ignored by historians. The research presented in this article offers new perspectives on the meaning of female emancipation within an evangelical and imperial framework. Taken alongside work on the anti-slavery movement, it adds to ourunderstanding of early nineteenth-century female philanthropy throughclarifying the imperial dimensions of ‘women's mission to women’. It alsooffers new insights into women's relationship to politics in the period, and into the origins of ‘imperial feminism’
Does Social Work Need the Eco-Systems Perspective? Part 1. Is the Perspective Clinically Useful?

This is the first part of a two-part article in which I analyze the arguments for the ecosystems perspective. In Part 1, I consider four arguments for the clinical usefulness of the perspective: (1) it helps the clinician to identify circular causal connections, or "transactions," between persons and environments; (2) it helps in formulating a comprehensive assessment; (3) it integrates other social work theories; and (4) it corrects clinical biases toward individualistic therapeutic intervention. A close examination of these arguments demonstrates that they are invalid and that the claimed clinical usefulness of the perspective is an illusion. The clinical benefits can, in fact, come only from the use of substantive, domain-specific theories
Working memory and error detection in texts : What are the roles of the central executive and the phonological loop ?

Subjects performed a text error detection task, either alone or in conjunction with a secondary task aimed at specifically hindering the functioning of either the central executive in working memory or of the phonological loop. We focused on the decline in detection performance as a function of the type of error to be detected (typographical, orthographic, or semantic/syntactic) and the processing span required for detection (one word, several words within the same clause, or several clauses). The results showed that the central executive in working memory is involved in detecting semantic/syntactic errors and in detecting orthographic ones, but not in detecting typographical errors. Moreover, the degree of involvement increases with the processing span. The phonological loop is involved in detection whenever processing above the word level is required. As observed in many studies, these results suggest that the difficulty subjects have detecting semantic errors as compared to other types of errors is due to the heavier working memory load: maintenance of the phonological representation and greater involvement of the central executive. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Opioids versus antidepressants in postherpetic neuralgia: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial

To the Editor: We read with great interest the article by Cappa et al.1 on the role of the left frontal lobe in action naming. The authors demonstrated facilitation of action naming through application of 20 Hz subthreshold repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) (90% of resting motor threshold [rMT]) for 500-ms duration, applied over left prefrontal cortex. The demonstration of facilitatory TMS effects is highly warranted because of the potential implication for therapeutic strategies in braindamaged patients. However, we are not sure how consistent and, therefore, replicable the effects are. The same group recently published a report demonstrating inhibition of verbal cognitive functions after TMS over left (for encoding) and right (for retrieval) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.2 The TMS measurements were identical (500 ms, 20 Hz, 90% of rMT) to the ones used in their recent work.1 There are additional reports on facilitation of verbal cognitive functions, in this case analogic reasoning, with high-frequency subthreshold rTMS over the left prefrontal cortex.3 Stimulation intensity and frequency were, however, lower (5 Hz, 90% of active MT, three trains of 10-s duration each). The reverse effect, i.e., inhibition by rTMS over medial prefrontal cortex, has also been demonstrated using high-frequency rTMS, although at a higher intensity (10 Hz for 500 ms, 110% of rMT; processing of angry facial expressions). 4 Although rTMS effects of a given frequency have been shown to vary between subjects (measurements that are inhibitory in one subject might be facilitatory in the next),5 the diametrical effects of rTMS over prefrontal cortex during verbal processing are surprising and require further explanation.1,2
Thiosulphate oxidation and cytochromes in Thiobacillus X. 1. Fractionation of bacterial extracts and properties of cytochromes.

In a preliminary communication (Trudinger, 1958) the separation of some soluble cytochromes of the autotrophic sulphur bacterium Thiobacillue X was briefly reported. Addition of thiosulphate to intact cells results in the rapid reduction of the cytochromes and the present work was undertaken to attempt to characterize the cytochromes and to obtain some information on the electron-transport chain involved in the oxidation of thio-