Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
For-Profit Colleges and Universities: Their Markets, Regulation, Performance, and Place in Higher Education.

Foreword Marc Tucker 1) For-Profit Colleges and Universities in a Knowledge Economy - Guilbert C. Hentschke, Vicente M. Lechuga, & William G. Tierney 2) Evolving Markets of For-profit Higher Education - Guilbert C. Hentschke 3) Who are they? And what do they really do - Vicente M. Lechuga 4) Differences in Academic Work at Traditional and For-Profit Postsecondary Institutions: Policy Implications for Academic Freedom - William G. Tierney & Vicente M. Lechuga 5) Markets, Regulation, and Performance in Higher Education - Mark L. Pelesh 6) Accreditation and Accountability: The Role of For-Profit Education and National Accrediting Agencies - Elise Scanlon and Michale S. McComis 7) A Global Perspective on For-Profit Higher Education - Kevin Kinser 8) The Public Good in a Changing Economy - William G. Tierney.
An analysis of technological change, factor substitution and economies of scale in manufacturing industries in India

The biases of technological change, factor substitution and economies of scale in four major manufacturing industries (viz. Cement, electricity and gas, cotton textiles and iron and steel) in India are examined. The translog cost functions are estimated using annual time series data covering the period 1960-61 to 1982-83. The study reveals that technical change has been biased towards the use of labour and materials and against the use of capital and energy in electricity and gas industries. In cotton textiles, the technological change has shown the opposity biases. Significant economies of sclae exist in the production of electricity and gas. Enough evidence of substitution possibilities among factors of production in all the four industries was also found.
Systematic Price Differences Between Successive Auctionsare no Anomaly

Identical cases of wine are often auctioned one immediately after another. Ashenfelter (1989) reprots that on average, the later lots fetch less. Such a systematic price difference seems anomalous, the more so because it is shown here that rational expectations imp,y not equal, but rising, prices. Risk aversion is an obvious way of reconciling the evidence with rational behavior. There is an alternative explanation. The auctions observed by Ashenfelter involved a buyer's option, whereby the first-round winner could purchase further cases at the same price. It is shown that this feature may both account for the observed price trajectory and raise seller revenue. Copyright 1992 by MIT Press.
Some features of the spatial organization of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus of the cat

A series of neuroanatomical and neurophysiological experiments have been conducted within the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) of the cat in order to determine some features of the spatial organization of the nucleus. Results from these experiments have demonstrated: (1) the origins of the auditory brain stem afferents to ICC and the topography of those projections in relation to the cochleotopic organization of ICC; (2) the segregation of at least some of those brain stem projections within ICC; and (3) ICC neurons with similar response properties (response properties which are often similar or identical to those of neurons in brain stem auditory nuclei) are often clustered within the nucleus. These results provide evidence that the laminated division of the ICC probably consists of anatomically, physiologically, and functionally distinct subdivision and that some aspects of auditory sensation may be encoded or represented separately (i.e., in spatially distinct “regions”) within the nucleus.
A study of producing ethanol from cellulose using Clostridium thermocellum

The feasibility of producing ethanol in a continuous system from cellulose using Clostridirrrn thermocellum was investigated. This anaerobic and therniophilic bacterium was able to degrade cellulose directly into ethanol with acetic acid, hydrogen. and carbon dioxide as by‐products of this fermentation. The fermentation was first carried out in a batch mode to study the effects of buffers, temperature, and agitation on microbial growth and ethanol production. From the compounds used to control pH. sodium bicarbonate had the most preferred effects on generation time and ethanol production. As expected, there was a positive relationship between temperature and growth rate. On the other hand, agitation did not benefit from ethanol production or microbial growth. The possibility of noncompetitive inhibition within such a system was deduced from the calculation of the kinetic constants Km and Vmax. Continuous fermentations were carried out at 60°C and pH 7.0 using 1.5 and 3% pure cellulose as a limiting substrate. The maximum ethanol concentration reached during the 1.5% cellulose fermentation was 0.3%. and 0.9% during the 3% cellulose fermentation. The yield of ethanol was about 0.3 grams per gram of consumed cellulose. The overall yield in both schemes was around 0.45 and 0.75 grams per gram of cellulose degraded. It was concluded that cellulose could be degraded continuously in a system with C. thermocellum for production of ethanol. While the continuous system like the batch method is feasible, it may not be promising as yet because of the slow generation time of this microorganism.
A theoretical model of the high-frequency arrhythmogenic depolarization signal following myocardial infarction

Theoretical body-surface potentials were computed from single, branching and tortuous strands of Luo-Rudy dynamic model cells, representing different areas of an infarct scar. When action potential (AP) propagation either in longitudinal or transverse direction was slow (3-12 cm/s), the depolarization signals contained high-frequency (100-300 Hz) oscillations. The frequencies were related to macroscopic propagation velocity and strand architecture by simple formulas. Next, we extended a mathematical model of the QRS-complex presented in our earlier work to simulate unstable activation wavefront. It combines signals from different strands with small timing fluctuations relative to a large repetitive QRS-like waveform and can account for dynamic changes of real arrhythmogenic micropotentials. Variance spectrum of wavelet coefficients calculated from the composite QRS-complex contained the high frequencies of the individual abnormal signals. We conclude that slow AP propagation through fibrotic regions after myocardial infarction is a source of high-frequency arrhythmogenic components that increase beat-to-beat variability of the QRS, and wavelet variance parameters can be used for ventricular tachycardia risk assessment.
Modification of the relative distance for free text keystroke authentication

Unlike many other biometrics, keystroke authentication does not require any additional hardware. Pressing time of keystrokes is the main source of information and can be extracted continuously during an ongoing session, even after the login time. The relative distance, which is a common measure in this field, is defined based on the relative typing speed of different digraphs. To improve the accuracy of authentication based on this measure, we propose to assign a weight to each digraph depending on its typing speed reliability; this expands the effectiveness of reliable digraphs in distance computation. The proposed method is tested on 315 typing samples of 21 users. The results show that our method will improve the accuracy in both forms of FAR and FRR measures.
Women in Managerial Positions in Europe: Focus on Germany

Prejudices and stereotypical beliefs about the role of women in society often limit their chances of reaching top leadership positions. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the socio-economic structure and the gender pay gap in managerial positions in Germany building on a review from a cross-national perspective of women? s progress to high-ranking positions and of initiatives to overcome the "glass ceiling". Suggestions are made for improving the situation of women in order to permit more balanced gender participation in the economy, while also promoting national competitiveness and higher levels of wellbeing for the society.
Localization of choline acetyltransferase‐expressing neurons in Drosophila nervous system

A variety of approaches have been developed to localize neurons and neural elements in nervous system tissues that make and use acetylcholine (ACh) as a neurotransmitter. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) is the enzyme catalyzing the biosynthesis of ACh and is considered to be an excellent phenotypic marker for cholinergic neurons. We have surveyed the distribution of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)‐expressing neurons in the Drosophila nervous system detected by three different but complementary techniques. Immunocytochemistry, using anti‐ChAT monoclonal antibodies results in identification of neuronal processes and a few types of cell somata that contain ChAT protein. In situ hybridization using cRNA probes to ChAT messenger RNA results in identification of cell bodies transcribing the ChAT gene. X‐gal staining and/or β‐galactosidase immunocytochemistry of transformed animals carrying a fusion gene composed of the regulatory DNA from the ChAT gene controlling expression of a lacZ reporter has also been useful in identifying cholinergic neurons and neural elements. The combination of these three techniques has revealed that cholinergic neurons are widespread in both the peripheral and central nervous system of this model genetic organism at all but the earliest developmental stages. Expression of ChAT is detected in a variety of peripheral sensory neurons, and in the brain neurons associated with the visual and olfactory system, as well as in neurons with unknown functions in the cortices of brain and ganglia. Microsc. Res. Tech. 45:65–79, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Frequency‐Resolution Measurements with Notched Noises for Clinical Purposes

Knowledge of the frequency resolving power of the pathological ear can be helpful for good hearing-aid prescription. In particular, the slope of the lowfrequency edge of the auditory filter will determine the extent of upward spread of masking. The most precise method for measuring this filter is the “notched-noise” procedure developed in the early 1980s. However, at this moment, the notched-noise protocol is too time consuming for clinical use. In this paper we developed a protocol that is applicable in the clinic. In the first part of the study we investigated the minimum number of threshold measurements necessary for a reliable estimation of the filter parameters. For this purpose we analyzed 99 filters originally obtained with 13 threshold measurements. The influence of reducing the number of notch widths used to obtain filter shapes on the variability of filter parameters was investigated. Subsets of seven and fiv, notch widths gave about the same standard deviations of the differences between the parameters obtained with the subset and the parameters obtained with the full set of 13 thresholds, while subsets of four and three notch widths gave significantly higher variability. However, because small deviations of one threshold determination can give rise to a large change in filter parameters, especially for filters with flatter skirts, it is strongly recommended to reduce the variability by measuring thresholds twice (test and retest). In the second part of the study we investigated a faster method for measuring thresholds. The forced-choice paradigm normally used in notched-noise procedures was replaced by a Békésy paradigm. The Békésy paradigm did not significantly increase intra-individual standard deviations, but did reduce the measuring time by more than 50%. In conclusion, the new procedures reduce the measurement time needed to obtain reliable estimates of auditory-filter parameters by a factor of about 5. The new protocol lasts about 15 min for each filter measurement, which appears to be acceptable for clinical use, at least for difficult-to-fit hearing aid users.
Information Content in Small and Large Trades

We estimate the probabilities of informed trading (PIN) for small and large trades and then investigate their determinants. We model a competitive dealership market for equities with two order sizes using a Poisson process mixture model and use TORQ data to estimate the parameters for the model via the method of maximum likelihood. The PIN for small and large trades are functions of the resulting parameter estimates. In our empirical tests, we find that although for the majority of securities information contents in small and large trades are similar, the average PIN for small trades is significantly higher than that in large trades. We also find that trading volume and institutional trading are the primary determinants of information content in small and large trades, respectively, but not of both. A further investigation of the securities with the largest differences in terms of PINs for small and large trades reveals that trade size alone distinguishes those firms from the rest – all eight firms reside in the lowest quartile in terms of average trade size.
International and Cross-Cultural Influences on Online Shopping Behavior

Abstract This paper compares and contrasts the differences of gender on online shopping in three distinctive consumer markets: the United States, Finland and Turkey. These nations span the present range of cultural differences in the online world: developed nations, emerging technological niches, and emerging markets in the secular East; comparisons can also be made between free market capitalism, European centralized planning and social consciousness, and the emerging consumerism of secular Moslem society. Our intent is to discern likely gender and age differences between these three areas of the world that might bep redictive of differences in online s hopping activities.
Peripheral leukocyte response to oncological radiotherapy: Expression of heat shock proteins

Purpose:To study Heat Shock Proteins (HSP) expression in patients subjected to radiotherapy and their potential use as biomarkers for radiation tolerance. An evaluation is also made of whether irradiated volume is critical to the outcome of normal tissue injury using polymorphonuclear neutrophils as biosensors, and whether HSP antibodies (Ab) may be involved in post-radiotherapy disease. Material and methods:Twelve patients receiving the same total dose of radiotherapy, but in three different volumes, and four healthy volunteers used as controls were analysed. hsp27 and 70i mRNA were determined by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and Southern-blot, HSP by flow cytometry, and HSP-Ab by Enzyme-linked Immnoadsorbent Assay (ELISA). The clinical protocol included radiation related toxicity based on clinical and analytical scales. Results:Radiotherapy caused hsp downregulation, maximum in patients with the largest irradiated volumes, and a decrease in intracellular HSP content. Patients with greatest intraleukocyte HSP levels before treatment suffered more severe radiation morbidity. Patients with endocrine neoplasms presented the highest HSP-Ab titers. Conclusions:Radiotherapy downregulates hsp27 and 70i, which would enhance radiosensitivity. HSP content prior to treatment is suggested as a prognostic biomarker for radiation tolerance, with circulating leukocytes as biosensors. HSP-Ab may be biomarkers of tumor disease, but do not seem to be involved in the morbidity of acute post-radiotherapy disease, which is closely related to the volumes irradiated.
Recovering noncoherent MPSK signal with unknown delay and Doppler using its ambiguity function

Non-coherent signal with unknown delay and Doppler is recovered by Gabor Division/Spread Spectrum System (GD/S3) with bipolar data. Separable Property (SP) condition for time and frequency synchronization leads us to determine phase correction terms in GD/S3 receiver. The receiver of GD/S3 is applicable for MPSK communications by introducing equation phase-tuned layers (for k = 1, 2, ., M)1).
Amino acid modifications in the wild type sequence p53 232–240 overcome the poor immunogenicity of this self tumour epitope

A major limitation in antigen‐specific cancer vaccines is that most of the tumour antigens that are potent candidates for broad applicability originate from self proteins. The peptides presented by tumour cells are derived from tissue‐specific differentiation proteins, from proteins altered by genetic mutation or by non mutated proteins that are normally silent in most adult tissues. As a consequence, T‐cell responses elicited against those antigens are rather weak. Several data showed that amino acid modifications could enhance the immunogenicity of such antigens by priming T‐cells that have escaped central tolerance based on a poor avidity. In this regard, this strategy could be powerful for inducing immunity against tumours. The present report focuses on the murine wild type epitope p53 232–240 that is poorly immunogenic. It shows that substitution of the two cysteine residues by serine or amino butyric acid derivatives and substitution of the two methionine residues by norleucine residues resulted in enhanced stability of the MHC/peptide complex. The MHC binding affinity of analogue peptides was enhanced between 10 and 100 fold. They were also potent immunogens, stronger than was the original wild type epitope; T‐cell responses were increased up to 50 times. Moreover, the effector T‐cells elicited by three of these peptides cross reacted with the natural epitope. These observations have important implications for strategies that use the modified‐peptide epitope. Copyright © 2002 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic balance training with sensory electrical stimulation in chronic stroke patients

A case study investigating the impact of sensory electrical stimulation during perturbed stance in one chronic stroke patient is presented. A special apparatus called the BalanceTrainer was used. It allows the application of perturbations to neurologically impaired people during standing, while protecting the subject from falling. The subject underwent two different periods of perturbation training, each lasting ten days. During the first period the subject was perturbed in eight different directions. During the second period the subject was also perturbed, but was assisted by sensory electrical stimulation of the soleus, tibialis anterior, tensor fascia latae, and vastus muscles in the impaired leg. After each period of training an assessment was carried out to measure the forces the subject applied on the ground via two force plates. The subject improved his ability to balance throughout the training, with the largest improvements during the final period when electrical stimulation was used
Building Perceived Quality of Founder–Involved IPO Firms: Founders’ Effects on Board Selection and Stock Market Performance

Research on governance has focused on large corporations, giving far less attention to smaller and younger companies especially those moving from founder–controlled start–ups to professionally managed public companies. Emphasizing founder–involved firms (i.e., firms that are floated by their original founders), this article examines interlinks between founders’ prestige and selection of inside and outside directors, and short–term performance measured in terms of IPO “underpricing. ” The results provide evidence of positive association between founders’ and directors’ prestige, but there is substitution between inside and outside directors’ prestige. Top management team's external board experiences reduce IPO underpricing.
Taming the Static Analysis Beast

While industrial-strength static analysis over large, real-world codebases has become commonplace, so too have difficult-to-analyze language constructs, large libraries, and popular frameworks. These features make constructing and evaluating a novel, sound analysis painful, error-prone, and tedious. We motivate the need for research to address these issues by highlighting some of the many challenges faced by static analysis developers in today's software ecosystem. We then propose our short- and long-term research agenda to make static analysis over modern software less burdensome.
A site of tyrosine phosphorylation in the C terminus of the epidermal growth factor receptor is required to activate phospholipase C

Cells expressing mutant epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors have been used to study mechanisms through which EGF increases phospholipase C (PLC) activity. C-terminal truncation mutant EGF receptors are markedly impaired in their ability to increase inositol phosphate formation compared with wild-type EGF receptors. Mutation of the single tyrosine self-phosphorylation site at residue 992 to phenylalanine in an EGF receptor truncated at residue 1000 abolished the ability of EGF to increase inositol phosphate formation. C-terminal deletion mutant receptors that are impaired in their ability to increase inositol phosphate formation effectively phosphorylate PLC-gamma at the same tyrosine residues as do wild-type EGF receptors. EGF enhances PLC-gamma association with wild-type EGF receptors but not with mutant receptors lacking sites of tyrosine phosphorylation. These results indicate that formation of a complex between self-phosphorylated EGF receptors and PLC-gamma is necessary for enzyme activation in vivo. We propose that both binding of PLC-gamma to activated EGF receptors and tyrosine phosphorylation of the enzyme are necessary to elicit biological responses. Kinase-active EGF receptors lacking sites of tyrosine phosphorylation are unable to signal increased inositol phosphate formation and increases in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration.
The Relationship Between Wages and Productivity: TAR Unit Root and TAR Cointegration Approach

We analyzed the relationship between wages and productivity in 1990 - 2007 period in Turkey. At the first stage we followed the traditional unit root tests and apply the analysis followed by unit root test procedure proposed by Caner and Hansen (2001). Then we discussed the long run nonlinear relationship between wages and productivity by employing the TAR cointegration analysis developed by Hansen and Seo (2002).
High-Throughput Screen of Natural Product Libraries for Hsp90 Inhibitors

Hsp90 has become the target of intensive investigation, as inhibition of its function has the ability to simultaneously incapacitate proteins that function in pathways that represent the six hallmarks of cancer. While a number of Hsp90 inhibitors have made it into clinical trials, a number of short-comings have been noted, such that the search continues for novel Hsp90 inhibitors with superior pharmacological properties. To identify new potential Hsp90 inhibitors, we have utilized a high-throughput assay based on measuring Hsp90-dependent refolding of thermally denatured luciferase to screen natural compound libraries. Over 4,000 compounds were screen with over 100 hits. Data mining of the literature indicated that 51 compounds had physiological effects that Hsp90 inhibitors also exhibit, and/or the ability to downregulate the expression levels of Hsp90-dependent proteins. Of these 51 compounds, seven were previously characterized as Hsp90 inhibitors. Four compounds, anthothecol, garcinol, piplartine, and rottlerin, were further characterized, and the ability of these compounds to inhibit the refolding of luciferase, and reduce the rate of growth of MCF7 breast cancer cells, correlated with their ability to suppress the Hsp90-dependent maturation of the heme-regulated eIF2α kinase, and deplete cultured cells of Hsp90-dependent client proteins. Thus, this screen has identified an additional 44 compounds with known beneficial pharmacological properties, but with unknown mechanisms of action as possible new inhibitors of the Hsp90 chaperone machine.