Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Notch Activation by Shootin1 Opposing Activities on 2 Ubiquitin Ligases

The evolutionarily conserved Notch pathway plays an important role in regulation of stem cell renewal and cell fate determination in numerous organs, and as such is a key pathway in normal health and disease processes. Canonical Notch signaling is usually activated by cell contact where transmembrane ligands such as Delta-like and Jagged bind to Notch receptors. Notch activation results in the translocation of the cleaved Notch intracellular domain (NICD) into the nucleus and subsequent activation of transcription. Poly-ubiquitination leading to proteosome degradation of pathway components is one mean of regulating the Notch pathway. Here, we identified that Shootin1 exhibits the surprising propensity of activating the pathway either by interacting with LNX1/2 and promoting poly-ubiquitination of Numb or by complexing with Itch and impairing poly-ubiquitination of NICD. Within the developing brain Shootin1 modulates neuroblasts cell fate by executing 2 opposing activities on ubiquitin ligases, which control Notch signaling on 2 different levels.
Evidence for structural conservation of Lon and RcsA

DNA probes specific to the Escherichia coli genes encoding Lon protease and RcsA hybridized to specific DNA sequences in a number of different microorganisms. Antiserum to either E. coli protein Lon or RcsA reacted with specific proteins in these organisms. These results provide structural evidence of the presence of Lon and RcsA in organisms other than E. coli.
Internationalisation in Service Companies

This article presents a conceptual framework for analysing the internationalisation of knowledge-intensive service companies. The framework has been developed as a result of an empirical study of ten Scandinavian companies, representing different types of service -for instance, insurance, consulting and security. The internationalisation process is divided into four stages: prospecting, introduction, consolidation and reorientation. One major implication of the study is that internationalisation should not be viewed as mainly a question of globalisation or adaptation to local business conditions, as is usually assumed in the litera- ture. Instead it is the interplay between these two major strategic orientations that determines the outcome of the inter- nationalisation process, and companies need to learn how to balance the two successfully. The empirical results and practical implications of the study are summarised in a number of theses dealing with the overall guidance of the internationalisation process.
Analysis of Positioning Capabilities of 3GPP LTE

The performance of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) can be improved in certain environments (e.g. indoor or urban scenarios) by using additional complementary systems, such as the use of wireless communications signals. Indeed, multicarrier wireless systems provide many advantages for the integration of both communications and positioning capabilities, such as the Long Term Evolution (LTE) that includes specific signals for positioning, i.e. the positioning reference signal (PRS). The assessment of the LTE positioning signals is not straightforward in realistic scenarios. Thus, a methodology is proposed for the theoretical analysis of the typical LTE position errors, by considering the joint impact of interferences and multipath. Preliminary results in an LTE coordinated network are shown using pedestrian and urban channel models.
Determinants of Microenterprise Success in the Urban Informal Sector of Addis Ababa: A Multidimensional Analysis

textabstractThis study analyzes determinants of microenterprise success in the urban informal sector of Addis Ababa. The study uses a multidimensional analysis of success factors whereby internal and external factors of success are analyzed simultaneously. Success is represented by three indicators, namely employment growth, turnover growth and profit growth. A two-round survey of 286 microenterprises over a period of 28 months has allowed computation of annual average growth rates of these success indicators. The study is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter presents an introduction in which summarized issues to be examined in the thesis is presented. This is followed by Chapter 2, which presents the theoretical and conceptual framework of the study. The framework sets a stage for a multidimensional analysis of success. The methodology employed for the study is also discussed in the same chapter. The study uses descriptive statistics and econometric methods. A quantile regression approach is used to analyze success factors across various growth clusters. In Chapter 3, the country background is presented. Here an assessment of some macroeconomic performances has been done while providing the background information on microenterprises in the urban informal sector in Ethiopia as well.
Working with Multilabel Datasets in R: The mldr Package

Most classification algorithms deal with datasets which have a set of input features, the variables to be used as predictors, and only one output class, the variable to be predicted. However, in late years many scenarios in which the classifier has to work with several outputs have come to life. Automatic labeling of text documents, image annotation or protein classification are among them. Multilabel datasets are the product of these new needs, and they have many specific traits. The mldr package allows the user to load datasets of this kind, obtain their characteristics, produce specialized plots, and manipulate them. The goal is to provide the exploratory tools needed to analyze multilabel datasets, as well as the transformation and manipulation functions that will make possible to apply binary and multiclass classification models to this data or the development of new multilabel classifiers. Thanks to its integrated user interface, the exploratory functions will be available even to non-specialized R users. The mldr package aims to provide the user with the functions needed to perform exploratory analysis of MLDs, determining their main traits both statistically and visually. Moreover, it also brings the proper tools to manipulate this kind of datasets, including the application of the most common transformation methods, BR (Binary Relevance) and LP (Label Powerset), that will be described in the following section. These would be the foundation for processing MLDs with traditional classifiers, as well as for developing new multilabel algorithms. The mldr package does not depend on the RWeka package, and it is not linked to MULAN nor MEKA. It has been designed to allow reading both MULAN and MEKA MLDs, but without any external dependencies. In fact, it would be possible to load MLDs stored in other file formats, as well as creating them from scratch. When loaded, MLDs are wrapped in an S3 type object with class "mldr", which allows for the use of methods. The object will contain the data in the MLD and also a large set of measures obtained from it. The functions provided by the package ease the access to
Emergency Frames: Gender Violence and Immigration Status in Spain

Abstract Immigration relief for undocumented migrants in the European Union (EU) increasingly focuses on trafficked and battered women. These measures allow flexibility in responding to concerns related to women's rights issues. This study analyzes the humanitarian clause within Spanish immigration law that concerns undocumented battered women. In Spain, undocumented battered women who accuse their male partners of abuse and win legal cases against them become eligible for five-year residence and work permits. Those women who lose must be deported. Several nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have criticized the arbitrary application of the clause, arguing that protecting battered women should be prioritized over legal status. By putting this argument in dialogue with philosophical and anthropological studies, this study shows how NGO advocacy strategy might obscure the close link between gender violence and the legal status of undocumented migrant women.
Schumpeterian competition and environmental R&D

Companies' emissions-reducing R&D investments increase in response to Schumpeterian competition-R&D rivalry among large firms-in the context of evolving emissions regulation. Estimation supports a theoretical role for emissions standards: to reduce negative externalities caused by hazardous air emissions, government can set standards that cause firms to accept the uncertainty of R&D. Furthermore, the pressure of R&D competition causes firms to increase their R&D investment. The paper uses primary data about manufacturers' emissions-reducing R&D. Responses to a questionnaire-mailed to the companies in the Business Week R&D Scoreboard sample for 1993-provide the new data about R&D to reduce the toxic air emissions of chemicals targeted in Title III of the 1990 Clean Air Act. The Act stimulated R&D investments by establishing the government's commitment to develop standards-which are still evolving-for the toxic chemicals. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leadership Succession in Owner-Managed Firms through the Lens of Extraversion

Succession in owner-managed firms is rarely planned. Furthermore, it rarely occurs during the lifetime of the owner-manager. Even when it does, it is often ineffective. Although the literature cites various explanations as to the problems associated with succession in owner-managed firms, these explanations lack a coherent and encompassing theory to explain its dynamics. The author proposes that the issue of succession in owner-managed firms be viewed under the prism of extraversion, a psychological attitude that may help clarify succession's most fundamental features and explain the factors underlying its process.
Desiccation enhances phosphorylation of PSII and affects the distribution of protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane.

Desiccation has significant effects on photosynthetic processes in intertidal macro-algae. We studied an intertidal macro-alga, Ulva sp. , which can tolerate desiccation, to investigate changes in photosynthetic performance and the components and structure of thylakoid membrane proteins in response to desiccation. Our results demonstrate that photosystem II (PSII) is more sensitive to desiccation than photosystem I (PSI) in Ulva sp. Comparative proteomics of the thylakoid membrane proteins at different levels of desiccation suggested that there were few changes in the content of proteins involved in photosynthesis during desiccation. Interestingly, we found that both the PSII subunit, PsbS (Photosystem II S subunit) (a four-helix protein in the LHC superfamily), and light-harvesting complex stress-related (LHCSR) proteins, which are required for non-photochemical quenching in land plants and algae, respectively, were present under both normal and desiccation conditions and both increased slightly during desiccation. In addition, the results of immunoblot analysis suggested that the phosphorylation of PSII and LHCII increases during desiccation. To investigate further, we separated out a supercomplex formed during desiccation by blue native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and identified the components by mass spectrometry analysis. Our results show that phosphorylation of the complex increases slightly with decreased water content. All the results suggest that during the course of desiccation, few changes occur in the content of thylakoid membrane proteins, but a rearrangement of the protein complex occurs in the intertidal macro-alga Ulva sp.
Mesophyll conductance to CO 2 in Arabidopsis thaliana

Summary • The close rosette growth form, short petioles and small leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana make measurements with commercial gas exchange cuvettes difficult. This difficulty can be overcome by growing A. thaliana plants in ‘ice-cream cone-like’ soil pots. • This design permitted simultaneous gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements from which the first estimates of mesophyll conductance to CO 2 ( g m ) in Arabidopsis were obtained and used to determine photosynthetic limitations during plant ageing from c . 30‐45 d. • Estimations of g m showed maximum values of 0.2 mol CO 2 m ‐2 s ‐1 bar ‐1 , lower than expected for a thin-leaved annual species. The parameterization of the response of net photosynthesis ( A N ) to chloroplast CO 2 concentrations ( C c ) yielded estimations of the maximum velocity of carboxylation ( V c,max_Cc ) which were also lower than those reported for other annual species. As A. thaliana plants aged from 30 to 45 d, there was a 40% decline of A N that was entirely the result of increased diffusional limitations to CO 2 transfer, with g m being the largest. • The results suggest that in A. thaliana A N is limited by low g m and low capacity for carboxylation. Decreased g m is the main factor involved in early age-induced photosynthetic decline.
Lower Frame Rate Neural Network Acoustic Models

Recently neural network acoustic models trained with Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC) were proposed as an alternative approach to conventional cross-entropy trained neural network acoustic models which output frame-level decisions every 10ms [1]. As opposed to conventional models, CTC learns an alignment jointly with the acoustic model, and outputs a blank symbol in addition to the regular acoustic state units. This allows the CTC model to run with a lower frame rate, outputting decisions every 30ms rather than 10ms as in conventional models, thus improving overall system speed. In this work, we explore how conventional models behave with lower frame rates. On a large vocabulary Voice Search task, we will show that with conventional models, we can slow the frame rate to 40ms while improving WER by 3% relative over a CTC-based model.
Factors Affecting Organizational Information Technology Acceptance: A Comparison of Convention and Visitor Bureaus and Meeting Planners in the United States

This article develops a comprehensive conceptual framework that empirically examines the factors influencing organizational information technology acceptance employing two types of organizations—convention and visitor bureaus and meeting planners—in the United States. The results legitimate the proposed factors on organizational information technology acceptance in convention and visitor bureaus and meeting planners in terms of reliability, validity, and model fit indices. In addition, the differences of attitudes toward Internet marketing and each identified factor appear to be significant between the two groups. This study can be used as a basis for more extensive examinations of organizational information technology acceptance and empirical testing of the complex relationships that influence the extent of organizational information technology acceptance.
Corporate governance research: a contingency framework

Purpose - The purpose of this editorial is to discuss the problems inherent in examining the effectiveness of corporate governance without explicit consideration of the environment faced by firms. It advocates a contingency approach to the research area, illustrating its ideas by reference to the research papers contained in this issue. Design/methodology/approach - The paper discusses several papers in the literature, placing the papers in this special issue in context, and making recommendations for future research. Findings - It is apparent that the mixed results from the vast body of research in corporate governance are potentially due to failure to adequately consider all factors affecting optimal governance practice. Research implications - Researchers should beware of assuming research findings from one environment will be replicated in another environment. Policy implications - Policy makers should not assume that transferring “best practice” from one regime to another will lead to the same outcomes
Political Polarization and the Dynamics of Political Language: Evidence from 130 Years of Partisan Speech

We use the digitized Congressional Record and the Google Ngrams corpus to study the polarization of political discourse and the diffusion of political language since 1873. We statistically identify highly partisan phrases from the Congressional Record and then use these to impute partisanship and political polarization to the Google Books corpus between 1873 and 2000. We find that although political discourse expressed in books did become more polarized in the late 1990s, polarization remained low relative to the late 19th and much of the 20th century. We also find that polarization of discourse in books predicts legislative gridlock, but polarization of congressional language does not. Using a dynamic panel data set of phrases, we find that polarized phrases increase in frequency in Google Books before their use increases in congressional speech. Our evidence is consistent with an autonomous effect of elite discourse on congressional speech and legislative gridlock, but this effect is not large enough to drive the recent increase in congressional polarization.
Structural basis for entropy-driven cellulose binding by a type-A cellulose-binding module (CBM) and bacterial expansin

Components of modular cellulases, type-A cellulose-binding modules (CBMs) bind to crystalline cellulose and enhance enzyme effectiveness, but structural details of the interaction are uncertain. We analyzed cellulose binding by EXLX1, a bacterial expansin with ability to loosen plant cell walls and whose domain D2 has type-A CBM characteristics. EXLX1 strongly binds to crystalline cellulose via D2, whereas its affinity for soluble cellooligosaccharides is weak. Calorimetry indicated cellulose binding was largely entropically driven. We solved the crystal structures of EXLX1 complexed with cellulose-like oligosaccharides to find that EXLX1 binds the ligands through hydrophobic interactions of three linearly arranged aromatic residues in D2. The crystal structures revealed a unique form of ligand-mediated dimerization, with the oligosaccharide sandwiched between two D2 domains in opposite polarity. This report clarifies the molecular target of expansin and the specific molecular interactions of a type-A CBM with cellulose.
Financial instruments in non-financial firms: what do we know?

Accounting for financial instruments is one of the most controversial standard setting issues. Attempts by standard setters to expand the scope of fair value measurement provoked fierce opposition from preparers, in particular from the financial industry but also, albeit less frequently and less scathingly, from non-financial firms. Academic research could help to bring the discussion onto a more objective level. Most of the existing research focuses on the financial industry and uses US disclosure data from the 1990s. More recent papers use recognition and measurement data from IFRS financial statements, again primarily from the financial industry. This paper provides novel evidence on the relevance of financial instruments for non-financial firms of the STOXX Europe 600 Index. The results in particular refute the myths that fair value measurement of financial instruments is pervasive and that many fair value measurements are of the problematic ‘level 3’ quality. The empirical evidence forms the background for a survey of the small body of existing research on the effects of accounting standards relating to financial instruments on non-financial firms. This survey covers research on the effects on risk management, on the volatility of cash flows and earnings, on earnings management and on the effects on user decisions. Both in the empirical sections and in the survey sections, I identify a number of areas for further research to overcome the poor current state of knowledge.
Market Orientation and Public Service Performance: New Public Management Gone Mad?

The backbone of theory of the market-based approach New Public Management is that market orientation improves public service performance. In this article, market orientation is operationalized through the dominant theoretical framework in the business literature: competitor orientation, customer orientation, and interfunctional coordination. Market orientation is examined from the vantage point of three stakeholder groups in English local government: citizens, public servants, and the central government’s agent, the Audit Commission. Findings show that market orientation works best for enhancing citizen satisfaction with local services, but its impacts on the performance judgments of local managers or the Audit Commission are negligible. The conclusion discusses important implications of these findings for research, policy, and practice.
Zap It to Me: The Short-Term Impacts of a Mobile Cash Transfer Program - Working Paper 268

Conditional and unconditional cash transfers often help improve development outcomes, yet their costs to program recipients and implementing agencies are rarely discussed. Mobile money transfer systems in many developing countries now offer more cost-effective implementation of cash transfer programs. This paper reports on the first randomized evaluation of a cash transfer program delivered via the mobile phone. In response to a devastating drought in Niger, the trial provided households in targeted villages monthly cash transfers as part of a social protection program. One-third of targeted villages received a monthly cash transfer via a mobile money transfer system (called zap); one-third received manual cash transfers; and the remaining one-third received manual cash transfers plus a mobile phone. The authors show that the zap-based program strongly reduced the variable distribution costs for the implementing agency, as well as program recipients’ costs of obtaining the cash transfer. The zap approach also resulted in additional benefits: more diverse purchasing, a greater diversity of diet, fewer depleted assets, and a greater diversity of crops grown, especially marginal cash crops grown by women. The authors suggest that the lower costs and greater privacy of the zap mechanism—as well as changes in intra-household decision-making—explain the advantage. Their research suggests that mobile transfers could be a cost-effective means of providing cash transfers for remote rural populations, especially those with limited road and financial infrastructure.