Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The problems of SPECIFIC LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT : NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL AND NEUROLINGUISTIC ASPECTS

This paper discusses neuropsychological and neurolinguistic aspects of specific language impairment (SLI), classified among the developmental speech disorders. SLI constitutes one of the more important manifestations of irregularities in the development process and is among the earliest ob served in children. SLI results from the uneven development of linguistic processes – phonological, semantic and/or syntactic – and is caused by hereditary and environmental factors with a negative impact on the activity of the brain. One can speak of SLI in a particular child if the retardation in the development of speech and language reaches 12 months in comparison to the average level of linguistic competence in children of the same calendar age. We do not diagnose SLI if there are other reasons for the observed speech and language symptoms, such as serious sensory and cognitive deficits, permanent developmental impairments (e.g. autism), massive brain injury, or the lack of adequate social and emotional conditions for the development of communication skills. According to WHO categories, SLI manifests itself as an impairment of individual language functions resulting in disturbed communication with other people, which, in turn, leads to a handicap resulting from social isolation, difficulties at school and consequent loss of the opportunity to adapt oneself to adult life in society. Even though the level of impairment in a given patient results from the pathology causing SLI, the handicap level depends on the patient's compensation ability, already available or learned in the rehabilitation process, while the level of limitation depends on the patient's adaptation to the existing situation. The problems of SPECIFIC LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT: NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL AND NEUROLINGUISTIC ASPECTS
Design, implementation and evaluation of a medical education programme using the ambulatory diagnostic and treatment centre

Background: In the UK a central government initiative is seeking to transfer aspects of specialist NHS care to community settings using ambulatory diagnostic and treatment centres (ADTCs). Aims: Following the redevelopment of a district general hospital as an ADTC, we were interested in the feasibility of using this new facility to deliver a structured programme for undergraduate medical students. Method: Twenty self-selected fifth year medical students at the University of Dundee, together with teaching and administration staff in the ADTC, took part in the study during the academic year 2005–2006. Results: One hundred percent of students and 73% of staff responded to a questionnaire pitched at the level of reaction to the course. The key findings were that the students found the teaching venues useful, the general environment conducive to learning, and the content appropriate to their needs. Staff felt that patients were not unhappy or disturbed by having students present and did not think the presence of students inhibited their clinical work. They appreciated the new opportunity to teach. Conclusions: An ADTC is a viable setting for structured teaching of undergraduate medical students. It provides a context for medical student leaning away from the main teaching hospital.
Annealed tail estimates for a Brownian motion in a drifted Brownian potential

We study Brownian motion in a drifted Brownian potential. Kawazu and Tanaka [J. Math. Soc. Japan 49 (1997) 189-211 exhibited two speed regimes for this process, depending on the drift. They supplemented these laws of large numbers by central limit theorems, which were recently completed by Hu, Shi and Yor [Trans. Amer Math. Soc. 351 (1999) 3915-3934] using stochastic calculus. We studied large deviations [Ann. Probab. 29 (2001) 1173-1204], showing among other results that the rate function in the annealed setting, that is, after averaging over the potential, has a flat piece in the ballistic regime. In this paper we focus on this subexponential regime, proving that the probability of deviating below the almost sure speed has a polynomial rate of decay, and computing the exponent in this power law. This provides the continuous-time analogue of what Dembo, Peres and Zeitouni proved for the transient random walk in random environment [Comm. Math. Phys. 181 (1996) 667-683]. Our method takes a completely different route, making use of Lamperti's representation together with an iteration scheme.
Testing for Traffic Differentiation with ChkDiff: The Downstream Case

In the past decade it has been found that some Internet operators offer degraded service to selected user traffic by applying various differentiation techniques. If from a legal point of view many countries have discussed and approved laws in favor of Internet neutrality, confirmation with measuring tools for even an experienced user remains hard in practice. In this paper we extend and complete our tool ChkDiff, previously presented for the upstream case, by checking for shaping also on the user's downstream traffic. After attempting to localize shapers at the access ISP on upstream traffic, we replay downstream traffic from a measurement server and analyze per-flow one-way delays and losses, while taking into account the possibility of multiple paths between the two endpoints. As opposed to other proposals in the literature, our methodology does not depend on any specific Internet application a user might want to test and it is robust to evolving differentiation techniques that alter delays or induce losses. We provide here a detailed description of the downstream tool and a validation in the wild for wired, WiFi and 3G connections.
Elimination of nonspecific cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin M activities in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay by using anti-human immunoglobulin G

Direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods offer several advantages in assessing past or recent exposure to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, but there persist many pitfalls in the use of these methods for determining specific immunoglobulin M (IgM). The efficiency of absorption of sera by IgG-coated latex beads, aggregated human IgG, or Staphylococcus aureus, i.e., for removing nonspecific CMV IgM activities, was evaluated in comparison with the effect of an anti-human IgG hyperimmune serum. Large routine series comprising serum samples from patients of various clinical groups and healthy individuals were examined. The CMV IgM-positive samples were at first treated with latex or aggregated IgG, but these absorptions left too many CMV IgM-positive individuals. S. aureus increased the nonspecific activity of some sera and, in other cases, removed or impaired specific IgM activities. The anti-IgG treatment caused the disappearance of nonspecific CMV IgM activities that had resisted the other treatments, whereas specific activities remained intact. Utilizing this method, only 1.03% of the routine series patients remained CMV IgM positive by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a figure in good agreement with a mean probability of CMV antibody acquisition of 0.33% for the population living in Belgium. On the other hand, in a series of patients who were investigated for serological response to several viruses, eight individuals displayed multiple IgM activities after anti-IgG treatment. In these cases, most IgM activities were found in patients who had IgG toward the related antigen for a long time before transient IgM was detected. This result implies that to assess a diagnosis of primary infection, it is necessary to examine serial specimens for IgG acquisition accompanying specific IgM.
The role of shame, schemas, cognitions, paranoia and memories in social anxiety following psychosis : a comparison with typical social anxiety

Objectives. This study aimed to investigate the nature of social anxiety in psychosis through comparison with individuals with social anxiety without psychosis. Extending the work of Lockett (2011), it explored factors associated with both cognitive models of social anxiety (Clark & Wells, 1995; Rapee & Heimberg, 1997) and models of social anxiety in psychosis (Birchwood et al., 2006; Lockett, 2011). Methods. The study employed a quantitative cross-sectional design to compare participants with social anxiety and psychosis (SAp group, n = 30) with participants with social anxiety and no psychosis (SA group, n = 35) on measures of shame, socially anxious cognitions, schemas and paranoia. A semi-structured interview elicited images and memories experienced in social situations. A self-report measure compared the groups in relation to trauma symptoms associated with reported memories. Results. Participants in the SAp group experienced significantly higher levels of shame, negative self-schemas and PTSD symptoms than participants in the SA group. There were no significant differences between the groups on measures of socially anxious cognitions, negative otherschemas and self/other focus of memories. Participants in both groups scored highly for paranoia, with the scores for the SAp group being significantly higher. When the sample was split based on level of paranoia (regardless of psychosis), paranoid participants had significantly higher scores for shame, negative self and other schemas, depression and PTSD. Data suggested paranoid participants are more likely to experience images associated with memories focused on threatening others. Conclusions. The findings suggested two possible pathways to the development of social anxiety. Paranoia may differentiate social anxiety as part of complex emotional dysfunction from social anxiety as conceptualised within existing cognitive models (Clark & Wells, 1995; Rapee & Heimberg, 1997). A number of limitations are discussed to enable a balanced interpretation of the study findings. These included the small sample size; characteristics of the participants, particularly the number of students in the SA group; and the violation of parametric assumptions in the data for depression and negative schemas. Clinical implications are discussed, including the need for thorough assessment of paranoia, trauma and shame and the importance of the therapeutic relationship and assertive engagement of complex clients.
Urinary biomarkers for assessing dietary exposure to caffeine

The feasibility of using metabolites specific to caffeine as urinary biomarkers to be employed in the estimation of dietary caffeine intake is reported. The influence of inter-individual differences in the metabolism of caffeine and the effect of volunteer phenotype on the interpretation of potential biomarkers has been investigated using urinary caffeine metabolite data. This method of phenotype determination accurately reflected the rate constant for the cytochrome P4501A2 (CYP1A2)-catalysed 3-demethylation of caffeine in vivo. Three studies with up to 20 human volunteers demonstrated that a 24-h urine collection after a caffeine dose allows quantification of the metabolites excreted; that the ratios of selected metabolites used to classify the volunteers into fast, intermediate or slow caffeine metabolizers by CYP1A2 phenotype gave a similar result (2:7:3, slow:intermediate:fast) to that found in the general population (1:7:2); and that three metabolites, 1,7-dimethylxanthine, 1,7-dimethyluric acid and 1-methylxanthine, could be studied further as potential biomarkers for caffeine dietary intake.
Genetic diversity and population size: island populations of the common shrew, Sorex araneus

Populations of many species are currently being fragmented and reduced by human interactions. These processes will tend to reduce genetic diversity within populations and reduce individual heterozygosities because of genetic drift, inbreeding and reduced migration. Conservation biologists need to know the effect of population size on genetic diversity, as this is likely to influence a population's ability to persist. Island populations represent an ideal natural experiment with which to study this problem. In a study of common shrews (Sorex araneus) on offshore Scottish islands, 497 individuals from 13 islands of different sizes and 6 regions on the mainland were trapped and genotyped at eight microsatellite loci. Previous genetic work had revealed that most of the islands in this study were highly genetically divergent from one another and the mainland. We found that most of the islands exhibited lower genetic diversity than the mainland populations. In the island populations, mean expected heterozygosity, mean observed heterozygosity and mean allelic richness were significantly positively correlated with log island size and log population size, which were estimated using habitat population density data and application of a Geographic Information System.
Golgi polarization in a strong electric field

Directional cell migration requires proper cell polarization. The redistribution of the Golgi apparatus is an important event in the polarization and migration of many types of cells, as a polarized Golgi supplies membrane components for leading edge protrusion. Direct current electric fields induce directional cell migration in a wide variety of cells. Here we show that electric fields of 300 mV/mm induce robust Golgi polarization and directional cell migration in CHO cells. Asymmetric Src and PI 3-kinase signalling as well as actin polymerization are essential for electric field-induced Golgi polarization and directional cell migration. The Golgi polarizes at the same time as cells change morphology and migrate directionally in response to an electric field. Golgi polarization in turn significantly reinforces and maintains optimal electrotaxis. It is not known whether electrical signals, when contradicting other directional cues, are still able to polarize cells and direct cell migration. Most strikingly, Golgi polarization and cell migration simply follow the direction of an applied electric field and ignore all other cues generated by wounding a monolayer of CHO cells. Thus, an electric field of 300 mV/mm is the predominant cue to polarize the Golgi and direct cell migration mediated by PI 3-kinase and Src signalling.
Brahma is required for cell cycle arrest and late muscle gene expression during skeletal myogenesis

Although the two catalytic subunits of the SWI/SNF chromatin‐remodeling complex—Brahma (Brm) and Brg1—are almost invariably co‐expressed, their mutually exclusive incorporation into distinct SWI/SNF complexes predicts that Brg1‐ and Brm‐based SWI/SNF complexes execute specific functions. Here, we show that Brg1 and Brm have distinct functions at discrete stages of muscle differentiation. While Brg1 is required for the activation of muscle gene transcription at early stages of differentiation, Brm is required for Ccnd1 repression and cell cycle arrest prior to the activation of muscle genes. Ccnd1 knockdown rescues the ability to exit the cell cycle in Brm‐deficient myoblasts, but does not recover terminal differentiation, revealing a previously unrecognized role of Brm in the activation of late muscle gene expression independent from the control of cell cycle. Consistently, Brm null mice displayed impaired muscle regeneration after injury, with aberrant proliferation of satellite cells and delayed formation of new myofibers. These data reveal stage‐specific roles of Brm during skeletal myogenesis, via formation of repressive and activatory SWI/SNF complexes.
Characterization of outward currents in interstitial cells from the guinea pig bladder.

PURPOSE Outward currents were characterized from cells resembling interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) isolated from the detrusor of the guinea pig bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS ICC-like cells were studied using the whole cell patch clamp technique and K+ filled pipettes. Outward currents were evoked by stepping positively from a holding potential of -80 mV. RESULTS ICC-like cells were distinguished from smooth muscle cells by the presence of lateral branches and an inability to contract spontaneously or when depolarized. Depolarization elicited large outward currents. Penitrem A, a blocker of large conductance, Ca activated K+ channels, significantly decreased the outward current. Its Ca dependence was demonstrated by significant inhibition with nifedipine and Ca-free solution. When large conductance, Ca activated K+ and Ca currents were blocked with penitrem A and nifedipine, a voltage dependent current was unmasked, which activated positive to -50 mV and displayed voltage dependent inactivation with half-maximal inactivation occurring at -71 mV. It was blocked in concentration dependent fashion by tetraethylammonium but unaffected by 4-aminopyridine, charybdotoxin or apamin, suggesting that small and intermediate conductance, calcium activated potassium channels, and Kv1.2 and Kv1.3 channels are unlikely to be involved. At maximal concentrations of tetraethylammonium a portion of the voltage dependent K+ current remained that was not affected by any of the blockers tested. CONCLUSIONS ICC-like cells from the detrusor possess calcium activated and voltage dependent K+ currents.
A New Terminal Cyano Group-containing Benzodiazepine Alkaloid from the Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Penicillium sp

A new benzodiazepine alkaloid containing terminal cyano group has been isolated from a mangrove endophytic fungus, Penicillium 299#. Structure elucidation was determined by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and the absolute configuration was determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD). The new compound showed no cytotoxic activities in vitro against human cancer lines MDA-MB-435, HepG2, HCT-116, and Calu-3.
Fine structural localization of potassium-stimulated rho nitrophenylphosphatase activity in denrites of the cerebral cortex

A histochemical technique for the demonstration of K+-rho-nitrophenylphosphatase (K+-rhoNPPase) activity, a component of the Na+,K+-ATPase, has been applied at the fine structural level in the somatosensory cortex of the rat. Reaction product was consistenly found in dendrites and in association with the cytoplasmic aspect of the dendritic plasmalemma. Reaction product often filled portions of the tubular smooth endoplasmic reticulum in these processes. The results of these studies are interpreted to indicate that enzymatic activity is associated with large-and small-diameter dendrites. No convincing evidence of high activity was found in glial profiles. The importance of neurons and their dendrites in active transport of sodium and potassium ions in the cerebral cortex may be more significant than indicated by studies with isolated neurons and glia.
Architectural design and analysis toolbox to implement shortest path algorithms in hardware

The theoretical complexity analysis of shortest path algorithms has always been a focus research area. Nevertheless, the algorithms run inefficiently in microprocessor-based systems. As embedded systems gain popularity, high-performance, low-cost and low-power solutions are imperative. This can be achieved by porting the complex algorithms to architectures. To compare the performance of these algorithms in hardware, an Architectural Design and Analysis Toolbox is proposed. We show that this approach benefits from architectural optimisation opportunities that reduce the execution time by up to 50%.
Prostamide F2α receptor antagonism combined with inhibition of FAAH may block the pro‐inflammatory mediators formed following selective FAAH inhibition

Prostamides are lipid mediators formed by COX‐2‐catalysed oxidation of the endocannabinoid anandamide and eliciting effects often opposed to those caused by anandamide. Prostamides may be formed when hydrolysis of anandamide by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is physiologically, pathologically or pharmacologically decreased. Thus, therapeutic benefits of FAAH inhibitors might be attenuated by concomitant production of prostamide F2α. This loss of benefit might be minimized by compounds designed to selectively antagonize prostamide receptors and also inhibiting FAAH.
The Hall effect in the organic conductor TTF–TCNQ: choice of geometry for accurate measurements of a highly anisotropic system

We have measured the Hall effect on recently synthesized single crystals of the quasi-one-dimensional organic conductor TTF–TCNQ (tetrathiafulvalene–tetracyanoquinodimethane), a well known charge transfer complex that has two kinds of conductive stacks: the donor (TTF) and the acceptor (TCNQ) chains. The measurements were performed in the temperature interval 30 K < T < 300 K and for several different magnetic field and current directions through the crystal. By applying the equivalent isotropic sample approach, we have demonstrated the importance of the choice of optimal geometry for accurate Hall effect measurements. Our results show, contrary to past belief, that the Hall coefficient does not depend on the geometry of measurements and that the Hall coefficient value is approximately zero in the high temperature region (T > 150 K), implying that there is no dominance of either the TTF or the TCNQ chain. At lower temperatures our measurements clearly prove that all three phase transitions of TTF–TCNQ could be identified from Hall effect measurements.
Alias Analysis in the DEC C and DIGITAL C++ Compilers

Vol. 10 No. 1 1998 When two or more address expressions reference the same memory location, these address expressions are aliases for each other. A compiler performs alias analysis to detect which address expressions do not reference the same memory locations. Good alias analysis is essential to the generation of efficient code. Code motion out of loops, common subexpression elimination, allocation of variables to registers, and detection of uninitialized variables all depend upon the compiler knowing which objects a load or a store operation could reference. Address expressions may be symbol expressions or pointer expressions. In the C and C++ languages, a compiler always knows what object a symbol expression references. The same is not true with pointer expressions. Determining which objects a pointer expression may reference is an ongoing topic of research. Most of the research in this area focuses on the use of techniques that track which object a pointer expression might point to. When these techniques cannot make this determination, they assume that the pointer expression points to any object whose address has been taken. These techniques generally ignore the type information available to the source program. The best techniques perform interprocedural analysis to improve their accuracy. Although effective, the cost of analyzing a complete program can make this analysis impractical. In contrast, the DEC C and DIGITAL C++ compilers use high-level type information as they perform alias analysis on a routine-by-routine basis. Limiting alias analysis to within a routine reduces its cost, albeit at the cost of reducing its effectiveness. The use of this type information results in slight improvements in the performance of some standardconforming C and C++ programs. These improvements come at little expense in terms of compilation time. There is, however, a risk that the use of this type information on nonstandard-conforming C or C++ programs may result in the compiler producing code that exhibits unexpected behavior. Alias Analysis in the DEC C and DIGITAL C++ Compilers August G. Reinig