Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SENTIMENT ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL EXAM PUBLIC POLICY WITH NAIVE BAYES CLASSIFIER METHOD (NBC)

The national exam (UN) is a government policy to evaluate the education level on a national scale to measure the competence of students who graduate with those of other schools at the same educational level. The policy in conducting the UN is always a topic of discussion and phenomenon that is covered in various media, because it causes various problems that become pro and contra in society. An analysis sentiment or opinion mining in this research is applied to analyze public sentiment and group polarities of opinions or texts in a document, whether it shows positive or negative sentiment, in conducting the UN. The analytical process and data processing for document classification uses two classification methods: the quintuple method and one of the methods for learning machines, the Naive Bayes Classifier (NBC) method. The data used to classify documents is in the form of news text documents about conducting the UN, which is taken from online news media (detik.com). The data gathered comes from 420 news documents about conducting the UN from 2012 and 2013. Based on the analytical results and document classifications, it has been found that public sentiment towards carrying out the UN in 2012 and 2013 shows negative sentiment. The results of the data processing and document classification of conducting the UN overall show a positive opinion of 32% and a negative opinion of 68%. The results of the document classification are based on the polarization of public opinion about carrying out the UN, which reveal in the opinion category of carrying out the UN in 2012 that there was a positive opinion of 44% and a negative opinion of 56%. Meanwhile, for conducting the UN in 2013, there is a positive opinion of 20% and a negative opinion of 80%. These results reveal an increase in negative public sentiment in conducting the UN in 2013.
Liberia: Roots and fruits of the emergency

This paper discusses the origins and the political legacy of the 1990-97 complex political emergency (CPE) in Liberia. The paper distinguishes between the 1989-90 crisis of the state and the 1990-97 CPE. It argues that the 1989-90 crisis can be explained in terms of a final breakdown in the system of conflict management. This breakdown is explained partly by inherent weaknesses of the system and partly by historically specific stresses and contingencies. That the 1989-90 crisis led to a CPE is explained as an outcome of the intervention of regional powers. The paper then turns to the political legacy of the CPE and examines the emerging conflict management practices of the new regime. It suggests that these demonstrate significant similarities to those operated before the CPE and risk a recurrence of crisis. Finally, the absence of 'governance conditionality' in the aid programme of the United Nations is noted and criticised.
Unusual role of epilayer–substrate interactions in determining orientational relations in van der Waals epitaxy

Significance van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures of dissimilar 2D material sheets held together by vdW interactions promise new physics and applications not necessarily associated with the constituent 2D materials. Only epitaxial growth can achieve the orientational alignment in vdW heterostructures needed to obtain certain novel phenomena. As a case study of vdW epitaxy, we experimentally find that hexagonal boron nitride strictly aligns to Cu(100), whereas crystallographically similar graphene is known to exhibit a wide spread of in-plane rotations. Theoretical investigation reveals that this stark difference occurs because the C–Cu interactions are stronger than the B–Cu and N–Cu interactions. This counterintuitive discovery sheds light on orientational relationships in vdW epitaxy and their case specificity. Using selected-area low-energy electron diffraction analysis, we showed strict orientational alignment of monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) crystallites with Cu(100) surface lattices of Cu foil substrates during atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition. In sharp contrast, the graphene–Cu(100) system is well-known to assume a wide range of rotations despite graphene’s crystallographic similarity to h-BN. Our density functional theory calculations uncovered the origin of this surprising difference: The crystallite orientation is determined during nucleation by interactions between the cluster’s edges and the substrate. Unlike the weaker B– and N–Cu interactions, strong C–Cu interactions rearrange surface Cu atoms, resulting in the aligned geometry not being a distinct minimum in total energy. The discovery made in this specific case runs counter to the conventional wisdom that strong epilayer–substrate interactions enhance orientational alignment in epitaxy and sheds light on the factors that determine orientational relation in van der Waals epitaxy of 2D materials.
Inhibition and repression of homocitrate synthase by lysine in Penicillium chrysogenum

Homocitrate synthase in the first enzyme of the lysine biosynthetic pathway. It is feedback regulated by L-lysine. Lysine decreases the biosynthesis of penicillin (determined by the incorporation of [14C]valine into penicillin) by inhibiting and repressing homocitrate synthase, thereby depriving the cell of alpha-aminoadipic acid, a precursor of penicillin. Lysine feedback inhibited in vivo the biosynthesis and excretion of homocitrate by a lysine auxotroph, L2, blocked in the lysine pathway after homocitrate. Neither penicillin nor 6-aminopenicillanic acid exerted any effect at the homocitrate synthase level. The molecular mechanism of lysine feedback regulation in Penicillium chrysogenum involved both inhibition of homocitrate synthase activity and repression of its synthesis. In vitro studies indicated that L-lysine feedback inhibits and represses homocitrate synthase both in low- and high-penicillin-producing strains. Inhibition of homocitrate synthase activity by lysine was observed in cells in which protein synthesis was arrested with cycloheximide. Maximum homocitrate synthase activity in cultures of P. chrysogenum AS-P-78 was found at 48 h, coinciding with the phase of high rate of penicillin biosynthesis.
On the origin of worries about modern health hazards: Experimental evidence for a conjoint influence of media reports and personality traits

Objective: Worries about health threatening effects of potential health hazards of modern life (e.g. electric devices and pollution) represent a growing phenomenon in Western countries. Yet, little is known about the causes of this growing special case of affective risk perceptions termed Modern Health Worries (MHW). The purpose of this study is to examine a possible role of biased media reports in the formation of MHW. Design: In two experiments, we investigated whether typical television reports affect MHW. In Study 1, 130 participants were randomly assigned to a film on idiopathic environmental intolerance (IEI) or a control film about cystic fibrosis. In Study 2, 82 participants were randomly assigned to either a film on the dangers of electromagnetic fields or a control condition. Main outcome measures: Increases in MHW after sensational media reports. Results: In Study 1, only participants high on the personality trait of absorption revealed increased MHW after watching the IEI film. In Study 2, specifically worries about radiation were found to be elevated after watching the film on the dangers of electromagnetic fields compared to the control film. Conclusion: The results of both studies reveal a significant and specific influence of sensational short mass media reports on MHW. The influence of potential moderators such as absorption remains to be clarified.
Bioabsorbable self-retaining PLA/nano-sized β-TCP cervical spine interbody fusion cage in goat models: an in vivo study

Study design This is an experimental animal study. Objective The objective of this study was to compare an anterior cervical discectomy and interbody fusion of a novel polylactide/nano-sized β-tricalcium phosphate (PLA/nβ-TCP) bioabsorbable self-retaining cervical fusion cage (BCFC) with an autologous bone graft and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cages. Background Although PLA cervical cages have potential advantages compared with traditional materials, they are not currently routinely used in spine surgery because of undesirable effects such as the lack of osteoconductivity and osteolysis around the implant. This study involved the manufacturing of a bioabsorbable cage from PLA/nβ-TCP that was then used as a device for anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) on a goat cervical spine fusion model. Materials and methods Eighteen goats underwent C3/C4 discectomy and were randomly divided into three groups based on the following methods: Group A (n=6), an autologous bone graft; Group B (n=6), PEEK cage filled with an autologous graft; and Group C (n=6), BCFC filled with an autologous iliac bone. Radiography was performed preoperatively and postoperatively and at 1, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the operation. Disc space height (DSH) was measured at the same time. After 12 weeks, the fused segments were harvested and evaluated with functional radiographic views, biomechanical testing, and histological analyses. Results Over a 12-week period, the BCFC and PEEK cage groups exhibited significantly higher DSH values than the bone graft group. Additionally, the BCFC group yielded a significantly lower range of motion in axial rotation than both the autologous bone graft and PEEK cage groups. A histologic evaluation revealed an increased intervertebral bone volume/total volume ratio and better interbody fusion in the BCFC group than in the other groups. Conclusion The BCFC device exhibited better results than the autologous bone graft and PEEK cages in single-level ACDF models in vivo. This device may be a potential alternative to the current PEEK cages.
Design, Fabrication, and Characterization of Novel Vertical Coaxial Transitions for Flip-Chip Interconnects

In this paper, a novel transition design using vertical ldquocoaxial transitionrdquo for coplanar waveguide (CPW-to-CPW) flip-chip interconnect is proposed and presented for the first time. The signal continuity is greatly improved since the coaxial-type transition provides more return current paths compared to the conventional transition in the flip-chip structure. The proposed coaxial transition structure shows a real coaxial property from the 3-D electromagnetic wave simulation results. The design rules for the coaxial transition are presented in detail with the key parameters of the coaxial transition structure discussed. For demonstration, the back-to-back flip-chip interconnect structures with the vertical coaxial transitions have been successfully fabricated and characterized. The demonstrated interconnect structure using the coaxial transition exhibits the return loss below 25 dB and the insertion loss within 0.4 dB from dc to 40 GHz. Furthermore, the measurement and simulation results show good agreement. The novel coaxial transition demonstrates excellent interconnect performance for flip-chip interconnects and shows great potential for flip-chip packaging applications at millimeter waves.
Terahertz artificial birefringence and tunable phase shifter based on dielectric metasurface with compound lattice.

A dielectric metasurface with line-square compound lattice structure has been fabricated and demonstrated in the terahertz (THz) regime by the THz time-domain spectroscopy and numerical simulation. A polarization dependent electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) effect is achieved in this metasurface due to the mode coupling and interference between the resonance modes in line and square subunits of the metasurface. Accompany with the EIT effect, a large artificial birefringence effect between two orthogonal polarization states is also observed in this compound metasurface, of which birefringence is over 0.6. Furthermore, the liquid crystals are filled on the surface of this dielectric metasurface to fabricate an electrically tunable THz LC phase shifter. The experimental results show that its tunable phase shift under the biased electric field reaches 0. 33π, 1.8 times higher than the bare silicon, which confirms the enhancement role of THz microstructure on the LC phase shift in the THz regime. The large birefringence phase shift of this compound metasurface and its LC tunable phase shifter will be of great significance for potential applications in THz polarization and phase devices.
Observing Trends in Automated Multilingual Media Analysis

Any large organisation, be it public or private, monitors the media for information to keep abreast of developments in their field of interest, and usually also to become aware of positive or negative opinions expressed towards them. At least for the written media, computer programs have become very efficient at helping the human analysts significantly in their monitoring task by gathering media reports, analysing them, detecting trends and - in some cases - even to issue early warnings or to make predictions of likely future developments. We present here trend recognition-related functionality of the Europe Media Monitor (EMM) system, which was developed by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) for public administrations in the European Union (EU) and beyond. EMM performs large-scale media analysis in up to seventy languages and recognises various types of trends, some of them combining information from news articles written in different languages and from social media posts. EMM also lets users explore the huge amount of multilingual media data through interactive maps and graphs, allowing them to examine the data from various view points and according to multiple criteria. A lot of EMM's functionality is accessibly freely over the internet or via apps for hand-held devices.
Oltipraz chemoprevention trial in Qidong, People's Republic of China: results of urine genotoxicity assays as related to smoking habits.

A Phase II chemoprevention trial was carried out in Qidong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China. The recruited subjects, all of whom were positive for serum aflatoxin-albumin adducts, were divided into three treatment arms: placebo; oltipraz ([5-(2-pyrazinyl)-4-methyl-1,2-dithiol-3-thione]) given daily at 125 mg p.o. ; and oltipraz given once per week at 500 mg p.o. Besides biomarkers related to aflatoxin B(1) exposure, the genotoxicity of blind-coded urine XAD-2 concentrates was evaluated in 201 subjects on the fifth and seventh week of intervention. Genotoxicity was assessed both in the Ames reversion test in strain YG1024 of Salmonella typhimurium, in the presence of an exogenous metabolic system (S9 mix), with or without beta-glucuronidase, and in a DNA repair test in Escherichia coli. Heating of concentrated urine samples or of cigarette smoke condensates was discovered to result in a significant enhancement of their mutagenicity. It was also found that the mutagenicity of condensates from the most extensively used brands of cigarettes in Qidong was much lower than that of Western cigarette brands. Urine mutagenicity was unrelated to treatment with oltipraz, intervention time, gender, and supplement of S9 mix with beta-glucuronidase. Mutagenicity was significantly but variably higher in cigarette smokers than in nonsmokers, which suggests that the urinary excretion of mutagens in the examined population was not exclusively attributable to smoking. Nevertheless, within smokers (28% of the recruited subjects; 67% of all males), the mutagenic potency was significantly correlated with the self-reported number of cigarettes smoked per day and, even more sharply, with the cotinine concentrations in urines. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the validity of urine mutagenicity assays as a biomarker of tobacco smoke exposure that can be investigated on a relatively large scale in chemoprevention trials and provided evidence that oltipraz treatment had no influence on this parameter in the examined population.
Characterization of the Murine μ Opioid Receptor Gene (*)

The analgesic and addictive properties of morphine and other opioid drugs are thought to result from their interaction with μ opioid receptors. Using a δ opioid receptor cDNA as a probe, we have isolated a murine μ opioid receptor cDNA clone (mMOR). Stable expression of mMOR in Chinese hamster ovary cells conferred high binding affinity for μ receptor ligands including morphine and [D-Ala2,N-methyl-Phe4,Gly5-ol]-enkephalin and low affinity for δ and κ preferring ligands. Treatment of these cell lines with morphine and other μ agonists inhibited forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation, demonstrating a functional coupling of mMOR to the inhibition of adenylate cyclase. The predicted amino acid sequence of mMOR shares ≈55% overall amino acid identity with the δ receptor and ≈97% identity with the recently reported rat μ opioid receptor. Expression of the μ receptor in mouse brain as revealed by in situ hybridization parallels the reported pattern of distribution of μ-selective ligand binding sites. Chromosomal localization (to mouse chromosome 10) and Southern analysis are consistent with a single μ opioid receptor gene in the mouse genome, suggesting that the various pharmacologically distinct forms of the μ receptor arise from alternative splicing, post-translational events, or from a highly divergent gene(s).
A Sexual Dimorphism Influences Bicyclol-Induced Hepatic Heat Shock Factor 1 Activation and Hepatoprotection

Bicyclol [4,4′-dimethoxy-5,6,5′,6′-bis(methylenedioxy)-2-hydroxy-methyl-2′-methoxycarbonyl biphenyl] is a synthetic hepatoprotectant widely used in clinical practice, but resistance to this treatment is often observed. We found that the hepatoprotective effect of bicyclol was greatly compromised in female and castrated male mice. This study was to dissect the molecular basis behind the sex difference, which might underlie the clinical uncertainty. We compared bicyclol-induced hepatoprotection between male and female mice using acute liver damage models. Inducible knockout by the Cre/loxp system was used to decipher the role of heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1). Functional experiments, western blot, and histopathological analysis were used to determine the key causative factors which might antagonize bicyclol in female livers. HSF1 activation and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) expression, which were responsible for bicyclol-induced hepatoprotection, were compromised in female and castrated male livers. Compromised HSF1 activation was a result of HSF1 phosphorylation at serine 303, which was catalyzed by glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β). Testosterone was necessary for bicyclol to inhibit hepatic GSK3β activity. Administration of testosterone or GSK3β inhibitors restored bicyclol-induced protection in females. Bicyclol induces sex-specific hepatoprotection based on a sex-specific HSF1/Hsp70 response, in which testosterone and GSK3β play key roles. Because a lot of patients suffering from liver diseases have very low testosterone levels, our results give a possible explanation for the clinical variation in bicyclol-induced hepatoprotection, as well as practicable solutions to improve the effect of bicyclol.
Foundations of Post-Keynesian Economic Analysis

This innovative book demonstrates that it is possible to construct a coherent alternative to neoclassical economics based on the contributions of post-Keynesian and Kaleckian economists. It identifies elements from the non-orthodox traditions, in particular from the neo-Ricardian school, that can be welded into a convincing alternative theoretical framework.
Managing Post-Disaster Reconstruction Finance - International Experience in Public Financial Management

In recent years, natural and man-made disasters have confronted the international community with its most demanding reconstruction challenges since the aftermath of World War II. Managing the inflow of resources and spending those resources well have proven to be two of the main difficulties in such reconstruction projects, particularly after large-scale disasters. A central dilemma of the public financial management of reconstruction is the need for very high levels of accountability to demonstrate fiduciary credibility, while at the same time ensuring the rapid implementation of recovery programs. This paper identifies options and lessons for managing post-disaster reconstruction finance in three key areas: (i) the establishment of special institutions to manage the reconstruction process; (ii) the selection of public financial management systems with respect to the application of country systems, special fiduciary arrangements, or donor/NGO execution; and (iii) monitoring and evaluation systems. The authors synthesize the phasing of assistance and approaches in eight recent post-natural disaster reconstruction efforts (Aceh-Indonesia, Yogyakarta-Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Pakistan, Colombia, Grenada, and Honduras) to help guide the priorities and options for future instances of public financial management for disaster reconstruction. The paper also compares the challenges posed by post-conflict versus post-natural disaster public financial management.
Skewness in individual stocks at different investment horizons

Abstract This paper examines the (a)symmetry of several individual stock returns at different investment horizons: daily, weekly and monthly. While some asymmetries are observed in daily returns, they disappear almost completely in weekly and monthly returns. The explanation for this fact lies in the convergence to normality that takes place when the investment horizon increases. These features allow one to question several financial models; in particular, they question the preference for positive skewness as a factor for investments in stock markets.
Beam parameters of the AGS synchrotron during fast beam extraction at the location of the AGS kicker

The longitudinal requirements for the AGS to RHIC transfer process requires a precise control of the radius and frequency of the circulating bunches in the AGS just before the bunch extraction from the AGS and subsequent injection into RHIC via the ATR transfer line. In addition the transverse beam parameters in the AGS at the location of the Extraction kicker define the "beam-matching" between the ATR line and RHIC. In this paper we present theoretical and experimental results related to the longitudinal and transverse parameters of the AGS.
The effect of trade on productivity growth and the demand for skilled workers in Canada

Abstract We use an input–output model to examine the effect of trade integration on productivity growth and the demand for skilled workers in Canada for the period 1981–1997. We find that trade integration has a positive effect on both labour productivity and total factor productivity. Labour productivity and total factor productivity grew faster in export and import industries than in the total business sector over this period, and this productivity growth gap has widened over time. Canada is found to have a comparative advantage in capital- and natural-resource-intensive industries, although it has declined over time. We find that trade integration has little effect on the demand for skilled and unskilled workers in Canada.