Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Aging on Muscular Dynamics Underlying Movement Patterns Changes

Introduction: Aging leads to alterations not only within the complex subsystems of the neuro-musculo-skeletal system, but also in the coupling between them. Here, we studied how aging affects functional reorganizations that occur both within and between the behavioral and muscular levels, which must be coordinated to produce goal-directed movements. Using unimanual reciprocal Fitts' task, we examined the behavioral and muscular dynamics of older adults (74.4 ± 3.7 years) and compared them to those found for younger adults (23.2 ± 2.0 years). Methods: To achieve this objective, we manipulated the target size to trigger a phase transition in the behavioral regime and searched for concomitant signatures of a phase transition in the muscular coordination. Here, muscular coordination was derived by using the method of muscular synergy extraction. With this technique, we obtained functional muscular patterns through non-negative matrix factorization of the muscular signals followed by clustering the resulting synergies. Results: Older adults showed a phase transition in behavioral regime, although, in contrast to young participants, their kinematic profiles did not show a discontinuity. In parallel, muscular coordination displayed two typical signatures of a phase transition, that is, increased variability of coordination patterns and a reorganization of muscular synergies. Both signatures confirmed the existence of muscular reorganization in older adults, which is coupled with change in dynamical regime at behavioral level. However, relative to young adults, transition occurred at lower index of difficulty (ID) in older participants and the reorganization of muscular patterns lasted longer (over multiple IDs). Discussion: This implies that consistent changes occur in coordination processes across behavior and muscle. Furthermore, the repertoire of muscular patterns was reduced and somewhat modified for older adults, relative to young participants. This suggests that aging is not only related to changes in individual muscles (e.g., caused by dynapenia) but also in their coordination.
Extending the Anomie Tradition

This study advances anomie theory by examining the effect of anomic societal conditions and indicators of globalization on national homicide rates. Globalization may generate anomie in two ways: (a) via rapid change and (b) by contributing to economic dominance that may lead to a chronic state of anomie. To assess the role of globalization, measures of international trade are examined in a model of national homicide rates. Results show that net investment has a positive effect on rates of homicide across several models, suggesting that globalization and economic dominance aggravate homicide.
A New Image Motion Estimation Algorithm Based on the EM Technique

This paper focuses on the presentation and implementation of a new iterative algorithm for image motion coefficient estimation from noisy measurements based on the expectation-maximization (EM) technique. We also compare this algorithm with two other robust iterative algorithms. We represent the motion field by a (unitary) series expansion to obtain the motion coefficients, and show this characterization to have several virtues. First, an inherent property of motion, referred to as smoothness, is imposed. Second, the nonuniform motion estimation is reduced to the estimation of a few coefficients using the low-pass property of the motion. Finally, the motion estimation can be accomplished without the need for a motion model; in the events for which the motion model is completely unknown, the DCT representation is shown to be very effective in describing the true motion.
Harmonization of cancer and noncancer risk assessment: proceedings of a consensus-building workshop.

Significant advancements have been made toward the use of all relevant scientific information in health risk assessments. This principle has been set forth in risk-assessment guidance documents of international agencies including those of the World Health Organization's International Programme on Chemical Safety, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and Health Canada. Improving the scientific basis of risk assessment is a leading strategic goal of the Society of Toxicology. In recent years, there has been a plethora of mechanistic research on modes of chemical toxicity that establishes mechanistic links between noncancer responses to toxic agents and subsequent overt manifestations of toxicity such as cancer. The research suggests that differences in approaches to assessing risk of cancer and noncancer toxicity need to be resolved and a common broad paradigm for dose-response assessments developed for all toxicity endpoints. In November 1999, a workshop entitled "Harmonization of Cancer and Noncancer Risk Assessment" was held to discuss the most critical issues involved in developing a more consistent and unified approach to risk assessment for all endpoints. Invited participants from government, industry, and academia discussed focus questions in the areas of mode of action as the basis for harmonization, common levels of adverse effect across toxicities for use in dose-response assessments, and scaling and uncertainty factors. This report summarizes the results of those discussions. There was broad agreement, albeit not unanimous, that current science supports the development of a harmonized set of principles that guide risk assessments for all toxic endpoints. There was an acceptance among the participants that understanding the mode of action of a chemical is ultimately critical for nondefault risk assessments, that common modes of action for different toxicities can be defined, and that our approach to assessing toxicity should be biologically consistent.
How to Balance Privacy and Money through Pricing Mechanism in Personal Data Market

A personal data market is a platform including three participants: data owners (individuals), data buyers and market maker. Data owners who provide personal data are compensated according to their privacy loss. Data buyers can submit a query and pay for the result according to their desired accuracy. Market maker coordinates between data owner and buyer. This framework has been previously studied based on differential privacy. However, the previous study assumes data owners can accept any level of privacy loss and data buyers can conduct the transaction without regard to the financial budget. In this paper, we propose a practical personal data trading framework that is able to strike a balance between money and privacy. In order to gain insights on user preferences, we first conducted an online survey on human attitude to- ward privacy and interest in personal data trading. Second, we identify the 5 key principles of personal data market, which is important for designing a reasonable trading frame- work and pricing mechanism. Third, we propose a reason- able trading framework for personal data which provides an overview of how the data is traded. Fourth, we propose a balanced pricing mechanism which computes the query price for data buyers and compensation for data owners (whose data are utilized) as a function of their privacy loss. The main goal is to ensure a fair trading for both parties. Finally, we will conduct an experiment to evaluate the output of our proposed pricing mechanism in comparison with other previously proposed mechanism.
Role of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 in Staphylococcus aureus α-hemolysin–mediated cellular injury

Staphylococcus aureus α-hemolysin (Hla), a potent cytotoxin, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of staphylococcal diseases, including those caused by methicillin-resistant epidemic strains. Hla is secreted as a water-soluble monomer that undergoes a series of conformational changes to generate a heptameric, β-barrel structure in host membranes. Structural maturation of Hla depends on its interaction with a previously unknown proteinaceous receptor in the context of the cell membrane. It is reported here that a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) interacts with Hla and is required to initiate the sequence of events whereby the toxin is transformed into a cytolytic pore. Hla binding to the eukaryotic cell requires ADAM10 expression. Further, ADAM10 is required for Hla-mediated cytotoxicity, most notably when the toxin is present at low concentrations. These data thus implicate ADAM10 as the probable high-affinity toxin receptor. Upon Hla binding, ADAM10 relocalizes to caveolin 1-enriched lipid rafts that serve as a platform for the clustering of signaling molecules. It is demonstrated that the Hla–ADAM10 complex initiates intracellular signaling events that culminate in the disruption of focal adhesions.
THE ULTRAVIOLET PEAK OF THE ENERGY DISTRIBUTION IN 3C 273: EVIDENCE FOR AN ACCRETION DISK AND HOT CORONA AROUND A MASSIVE BLACK HOLE

We present absolutely calibrated far-ultraviolet spectro photometry of the quasar 3C 273 covering the 900–1800 Å range. Our∼ 3 Å resolution spectra were obtained with the Hopkins Ultrav iolet Telescope during the Astro1 mission in December 1990 and during the Astro-2 mission in M arch 1995. Both spectra exhibit a change in slope near the Lyman limit in the quasar rest frame. At longer UV wavelengths, the continuum has a power-law index of 0.5–0.7, while shortward of the Lyman limit it is 1.2 –1.7. The energy distribution in ν fν therefore peaks close to the quasar Lyman limit. The short wavelength UV powe r law extrapolates well to match the soft X-ray excess seen in simultaneous observations with the Broad-Ba n X-ray Telescope and nearly simultaneous ROSAT observations. The general shape of the broad-band spectrum of 3C 273 is cons istent with that of an optically thick accretion disk whose emergent spectrum has been Comptonized by a hot me diu . Our UV spectrum is well described by a Schwarzschild black hole of 7 ×108 M⊙ accreting matter at a rate of 13 M ⊙ yr−1 through a disk inclined at 60 degrees. Superposed on the intrinsic disk spectrum is an emp irically determined Lyman edge of optical depth 0.5. The Comptonizing medium has a Compton parameter y≈ 1, obtained with an optical depth to electron scattering of unity and a temperature of 4 ×108 K. This overall shape is the same as that found by Zheng et al. and L or et al. in their UV and X-ray composite spectra for quasars, giving physical validity to the compos ite pectrum approach. When combined with those results, we find that the generic ionizing continuum shape fo r quasars is a power law of energy index 1.7–2.2, extending from the Lyman limit to∼1 keV. The observational gap in the extreme ultraviolet for t hese combined data describing the quasar continuum shape is now only half a dec de in frequency. Subject headings: Accretion Disks — Galaxies: Quasars: General — Galaxies: Qu asars: Individual (3C 273) — Ultraviolet: Galaxies
Local Heat Transfer Distributions in Confined Multiple Air Jet Impingement

Heat transfer from a discrete heat source to multiple, normally impinging, confined air jets was experimentally investigated. The jets issued from short, square-edged orifices with still-developing velocity profiles on to a foil heat source which produced a constant heat flux. The orifice plate and the surface containing the heat source were mounted opposite each other in a parallel-plates arrangement to effect radial outflow of the spent fluid. The local surface temperature was measured in fine increments over the entire heat source. Experiments were conducted for different jet Reynolds numbers (5000ϽRe Ͻ20,000), orifice-to-target spacing ͑0. 5ϽH/dϽ4͒, and multiple-orifice arrangements. The results are compared to those previously obtained for single air jets. A reduction in orifice-to-target spacing was found to increase the heat transfer coefficient in multiple jets, with this effect being stronger at the higher Reynolds numbers. With a nine-jet arrangement, the heat transfer to the central jet was higher than for a corresponding single jet. For a four-jet arrangement, however, each jet was found to have stagnation-region heat transfer coefficients that were comparable to the single-jet values. The effectiveness of single and multiple jets in removing heat from a given heat source is compared at a fixed total flow rate. Predictive correlations are proposed for single and multiple jet impingement heat transfer.
Evaluation of C-reactive protein prior to and on-treatment as a predictor of benefit from atorvastatin: observations from the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial

Aims We tested whether on-statin C-reactive protein is associated with cardiovascular (CV) outcome in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial (ASCOT). Methods and results ASCOT randomized a subset of 4853 patients with total cholesterol ≤6.5 mmol/L (250 mg/dL) to atorvastatin or placebo. In a case–control study during 5.5-year follow-up, 485 CV cases were age- and sex-matched with 1367 controls. Baseline LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c) and log-transformed C-reactive protein predicted CV events [odds ratio (OR) per 1 standard deviation (SD) 1.31 (95% confidence interval {CI}: 1.10, 1.56), P = 0.002 and OR 1.19 (1.05, 1.34), P = 0.006, respectively]. Including baseline C-reactive protein into a Framingham risk model very modestly improved risk prediction. Baseline C-reactive protein did not indicate the magnitude of the atorvastatin effect on CV outcome (P = 0.54). At 6 months, atorvastatin reduced median LDL-c by 40.3% and median C-reactive protein by 27.4%. In those randomized to atorvastatin, lower on-treatment LDL-c at 6 months was associated with a significant reduction in subsequent CV events [OR 0.41 (0.22, 0.75), P = 0.004] comparing those above and below the median (2.1 mmol/L). In contrast, C-reactive protein below the median (1.83 mg/L) compared with C-reactive protein above the median was not associated with a significant reduction in CV events [OR 0.86 (0.49, 1.51), P = 0.60]. Consequently, addition of on-treatment C-reactive protein to LDL-c did not improve prediction of statin efficacy. Conclusion Among these hypertensive patients selected on the basis of traditional CV risk factors, C-reactive protein did not usefully improve the prediction of CV events and, critically, reduction in C-reactive protein associated with statin therapy was not a predictor of CV outcome alone or in combination with LDL-c.
Optimal Route Planning for Electric Vehicles in Large Networks

We consider the problem of routing electric vehicles (EV) in the most energy-efficient way within a road network taking into account both their limited energy supply as well as their ability to recuperate energy. Employing a classical result by Johnson and an observation about Dijkstra under non-constant edge costs we obtain O(n log n +m) query time after a O(nm) preprocessing phase for any road network graph whose edge costs represent energy consumption or recuperation.If the energy recuperation is height induced in a very natural way,the preprocessing phase can even be omitted. We then adapt a technique for speeding-up (unconstrained) shortest path queries to our scenario to achieve a speed-up of another factor of around 20. Our results drastically improve upon the recent results in (Artmeier et al. 2010) and allow for route planning of EVs in an instant even on large networks.
T‐cell expression of CD91 – a marker of unresponsiveness to anti‐TNF therapy in rheumatoid arthritis

Eriksson C, Rantapää‐Dahlqvist S, Sundqvist K‐G. T‐cell expression of CD91 – a marker of unresponsiveness to anti‐TNF therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. APMIS 2010; 118: 837–45.
Super-Resolution Microscopy Reveals Specific Recruitment of HIV-1 Envelope Proteins to Viral Assembly Sites Dependent on the Envelope C-Terminal Tail

The inner structural Gag proteins and the envelope (Env) glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) traffic independently to the plasma membrane, where they assemble the nascent virion. HIV-1 carries a relatively low number of glycoproteins in its membrane, and the mechanism of Env recruitment and virus incorporation is incompletely understood. We employed dual-color super-resolution microscopy visualizing Gag assembly sites and HIV-1 Env proteins in virus-producing and in Env expressing cells. Distinctive HIV-1 Gag assembly sites were readily detected and were associated with Env clusters that always extended beyond the actual Gag assembly site and often showed enrichment at the periphery and surrounding the assembly site. Formation of these Env clusters depended on the presence of other HIV-1 proteins and on the long cytoplasmic tail (CT) of Env. CT deletion, a matrix mutation affecting Env incorporation or Env expression in the absence of other HIV-1 proteins led to much smaller Env clusters, which were not enriched at viral assembly sites. These results show that Env is recruited to HIV-1 assembly sites in a CT-dependent manner, while Env(ΔCT) appears to be randomly incorporated. The observed Env accumulation surrounding Gag assemblies, with a lower density on the actual bud, could facilitate viral spread in vivo. Keeping Env molecules on the nascent virus low may be important for escape from the humoral immune response, while cell-cell contacts mediated by surrounding Env molecules could promote HIV-1 transmission through the virological synapse.
Model of Complications of NIDDM: II. Analysis of the health benefits and cost-effectiveness of treating NIDDM with the goal of normoglycemia

OBJECTIVE To analyze the health benefits and economics of treating NIDDM with the goal of normoglycemia. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Incidence-based simulation model of NIDDM was used. Hazard rates for complications were adjusted for glycemia using risk gradients from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Treatment costs were estimated from national survey data and clinical trials. Incremental costs and benefits were expressed in present value dollars (3% discount rate). Life-years were adjusted for quality of life, yielding quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). RESULTS Comprehensive treatment of NIDDM that maintains an HbA1c value of 7.2% is predicted to reduce the cumulative incidence of blindness, end-stage renal disease, and lower-extremity amputation by 72, 87, and 67%, respectively. Cardiovascular disease risk increased by 3% (no effect of treating glycemia is assumed). Life expectancy increased 1.39 years. The cost of treating hyperglycemia increased by almost twofold, which is partially offset by reductions in the cost of complications. The estimated incremental cost/QALY gained is $16,002. Treatment is more cost-effective for those with longer glycemic exposure (earlier onset of diabetes), minorities, and those with higher HbA1c under standard care. CONCLUSIONS The incremental effectiveness of treating NIDDM with the goal of normoglycemia is estimated to be ∼ $16,000/QALY gained, which is in the range of interventions that are generally considered cost-effective.
Teleological talk in parent–child conversations in Quechua

Southern Peruvian Quechua is an indigenous language spoken primarily in rural communities in the Peruvian Andes. The language includes a syntactic construction, ‘-paq’, that expresses purpose or function, thus providing an opportunity to trace how parents and children with little formal education express teleological concepts. The authors recorded parent–child dyads (N = 36; children aged 3–5 years) talking about items in a picture book, and coded uses of -paq (e.g., ‘What is that little [toy] bear for? ’ [‘Chay usuchari imapaqtaq? ’]. For younger children (3–4 years) and their parents, -paq was infrequent and equivalent across domains. For older children (5-year-olds) and their parents, -paq increased dramatically and differentially by domain (most commonly produced for artifacts, food, and animals). These results provide new evidence that speaks to existing developmental accounts regarding the domain-specificity vs. domain-generality of teleological concepts in development.
Image search on the web

The storage and retrieval of multimedia has become a requirement for many information systems. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of image search engines, with many clarifying comments. First, we looked at image search engine architecture, followed by the role of the crawler in detecting images. We reviewed the common World Wide Web based systems for image retrieval developed in research institutions and in commercial business. A comparative performance study between the existing engines is also presented.
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the elderly: diffusion of treatment with rituximab and survival advances with and without anthracyclines

Anthracycline-based chemotherapy (ABC) is the most effective therapy for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The addition of rituximab to ABC in controlled trials has demonstrated superior survival, yet ABC is inconsistently utilized in elderly patients, and little is known about the penetrance or impact of rituximab with other treatments. We analyzed the treatment and survival patterns of 7559 patients with DLBCL over age 66 diagnosed from 1992 to 2002 using a linked Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)–Medicare database. Rituximab use was first detected in 1999 and by 2002 was incorporated in 79% of ABC-treated patients and 71% of patients treated with non-anthracycline chemotherapy, but only 12% of patients not receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy. ABC rates remained constant across time as did rates of no therapy, which were highest among the very old. Rituximab-associated survival improvements were seen among elderly treated with or without anthracyclines. Patients treated with rituximab but not anthracyclines had comparable survival to those treated with anthracycline but not rituximab.
Routing of transmitter and other changes in fast axonal transport after transection of one branch of the bifurcate axon of an identified neuron

The regulation of the quantities and types of organelles that leave the neuronal cell body destined for use in the axon and its terminals is not well understood. We had previously found that transport of transmitter undergoes a precise down regulation when most of one branch of the bifurcate axon of an identified serotonergic neuron was removed. We have now investigated further the nature of the regulatory event and the reason for its initiation by eliminating portions of the axonal tree of this neuron. We find that the down regulation is more likely to be due to the loss of synapses than of axon because transport of [3H]serotonin decreases as much when an axonal branch is transected distally as after a proximal transection. Transport of [3H]fucosyl glycoprotein, which normally is associated with the serotonergic vesicle in this axon, decreases to the same extent as transport of [3H]serotonin following proximal transection. The glycoprotein down regulation occurs much more rapidly, possibly due to an inhibition of vesicle synthesis. A secondary rise in transport of [3H] fucosyl glycoprotein 3 days to 2 weeks after axotomy suggests that the radiolabeled glycoprotein has undergone a redistribution into organelles not normally labeled and transported in intact neurons in large amounts, since [3H]serotonin transport remains stably diminished during this period. We also describe here a case of routing of rapidly transported material. When one axonal branch is cut far from the point of bifurcation (approximately 10 mm), [3H]serotonin is directed away from the ranch lacking its synaptic terminals and into the remaining intact branch even though the transected branch is physically capable of transporting its normal amount of [3H]serotonin. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)