Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Models for on-line control of batch polymerization processes State and parameter estimation for semi-batch free-radical emulsion copolymerization processes

This report presents work done as part of the compulsory specialization project in the final year of the study program for the degree of M.Sc. in Chemical Engineering at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. The project work has been carried out in close collaboration with Cybernetica AS, who proposed the project. The project serves as an extension to a summer internship with Cybernetica AS, and the work is proposed to be extended for a masters thesis during the spring of 2014. The purpose of the project work is to perform parameter estimation and model validation on an already established model for semi-batch free-radical emulsion copolymerization. The aim is to improve the quality of this model further. Using experimental data from industrial scale reactors or lab-scale test reactors, the established model can be improved to fit reality in a better way. This is important, because the established reactor models are constructed mainly from first principles. Optimal parameter fitting was done using the Cybernetica ModelFit software, which is introduced in this text. The report aims to give a brief introduction to the established model, which is formulated in the Modelica programming language. The report also includes fundamental theoretical considerations with respect to both emulsion copolymerization and semi-batch reactor modeling, thus providing a sensible base for the main purpose, which is off-line parameter estimation and model validation. In addition to this, an effort has been made to establish the theoretical background for on-line estimation methods, which will be a key feature of an on-line controller implementation in providing methods for on-line state and parameter estimation. The ultimate goal is to design a complete controller for a emulsion copolymerization process, using nonlinear model-based predictive control (NMPC), and this raises the need for a model of high-end quality. The NMPC controller design itself is left for future work, e.g. a masters thesis, while the scope of this work is focused on obtaining a valid model. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the employees of Cybernetica AS for providing valuable support along the entire duration of my internship and project work, and for making my stay both pleasant and interesting. I would also like to thank my supervisor at NTNU, Professor Sigurd Skogestad, for his support to the project work. This work is carried out as a side-track of the COOPOL (Control and Real-time Optimization of Intensive Polymerization Processes) project, which is an EU collaborative research project1 involving several research institutions and industrial partners across Europe, and I acknowledge the valuable help and guidance given by my fellow contributors of the COOPOL project. __________________ Fredrik Gjertsen Trondheim, December 8, 2013 1Read more about the COOPOL project here: http://www.coopol. eu/
Investigating Challenges and Assessing Managers’ Capabilities for Risk Management in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises at the Time of Financial Crisis in Developing Economies

The occurrence of financial crises in today's world has become a probable issue and no business can ever predict that it will always go on in a quiet sea without storms. This makes it binding for business managers to manage risk, especially in developing economies that are naturally more vulnerable than the advanced economies of the world. Meantime, the role of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) as stabilizing the economy is highlighted. These enterprises, on the one hand, are more vulnerable to these storms compared to large and well-established enterprises and on the other hand can play a more important role than larger firms in creating employment and stabilizing the economy. This article aims to investigate financing challenges during the downturn for small and medium-sized enterprises and then evaluate the performance of managers in small and medium-sized enterprises with a focus on risk management.
Sprouty-related Ena/Vasodilator-stimulated Phosphoprotein Homology 1-Domain-containing Protein (SPRED1), a Tyrosine-Protein Phosphatase Non-receptor Type 11 (SHP2) Substrate in the Ras/Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase (ERK) Pathway*

SHP2 is a tyrosine phosphatase involved in the activation of the Ras/ERK signaling pathway downstream of a number of receptor tyrosine kinases. One of the proposed mechanisms involving SHP2 in this context is to dephosphorylate and inactivate inhibitors of the Ras/ERK pathway. Two protein families bearing a unique, common domain, Sprouty and SPRED proteins, are possible candidates because they have been reported to inhibit the Ras/ERK pathway upon FGF activation. We tested whether any of these proteins are likely substrates of SHP2. Our findings indicate that Sprouty2 binds to the C-terminal tail of SHP2, which is an unlikely substrate binding site, whereas SPRED proteins bind to the tyrosine phosphatase domain that is known to be the binding site for its substrates. Overexpressed SHP2 was able to dephosphorylate SPREDs but not Sprouty2. Finally, we found two tyrosine residues on SPRED1 that are required, when phosphorylated, to inhibit Ras/ERK activation and identified Tyr-420 as a specific dephosphorylation target of SHP2. The evidence obtained indicates that SPRED1 is a likely substrate of SHP2, whose tyrosine dephosphorylation is required to attenuate the inhibitory action of SPRED1 in the Ras/ERK pathway.
«DOING BUSINESS 2018: REFORMING TO CREATE JOBS» THAT YOU NEED SMALL BUSINESS IN UZBEKISTAN

Importance In the article the small business, which is one of the leading sectors of the economy countries, and largely determines the rate of economic growth, the state of employment, structure and quality of the GDP. Objectives Examine the current state of the business climate for small and private businesses. To analyze the existing range of problems of effective state regulation of business activity in the country. Carry out a detailed analysis of the structure and dynamics of the ranking of the World Bank " Doing Business 2018: Reforming to Create Jobs", the report in the Republic of Uzbekistan for two years. Methods In the work with the help of observations, statistical analysis and targeted monitoring of the leading ranking of the business climate for small businesses analyzed different criteria that affect the state of institutional and entrepreneurial environments. Results It is proved that the development of small business responds to global trends in the formation of a flexible competitive economy, a combination of different forms of ownership and their adequate economic model, which is implemented in the complex synthesis of a competitive market mechanism and state regulation of large, small production. Based on this, the author attempted to study the problems of effective regulation of small business, institutional support of entrepreneurial activity in the Republic of Uzbekistan, the business cooperation with the government and other market institutions. Conclusions and relevance Based on a detailed study of the international rankings and surveys of business environment Doing Business 2018 by the example of Uzbekistan, the author puts forward concrete proposals to improve the Enterprise Institute and improve the business climate in the country.
Impact of the NW-TFET Diameter on the Efficiency and the Intrinsic Voltage Gain From a Conduction Regime Perspective

In this work, the impact of the diameter on vertical nanowire tunnel field effect transistors is analyzed focusing on the conduction mechanism and analog parameters, considering different conduction regimes. The diameter influence is investigated using experimental and simulation data. The impact of the diameter on the analog parameters is analyzed, considering both weak and strong conduction. For a smaller diameter, the impact of band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) on the device characteristics increases, showing opposite trends for weak and strong conduction. For strong conduction, a degradation of the intrinsic voltage gain occurs for very small diameters, because the device has less available area for the occurrence of tunneling. For weak conduction, the reduction of the diameter increases the BTBT along the channel/source junction without showing this degradation.
Generalized anxiety disorder (ICD‐10) in primary care from a cross‐cultural perspective: a valid diagnostic entity?

Objective:Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a common psychiatric disorder. The nosological status of this diagnostic entity was critically discussed because of the very high rate of comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders, the assumed low degree of social disability associated with GAD in the absence of other disorders, and an ambigious definition.
Bank Runs and Asset Price Collapses

To study the relationship between bank runs and asset prices, we consider a banking model that incorporates a secondary market for long-term assets. Adverse selection arises in this market because banks are better informed about the quality of their assets than other market participants. The model generates multiple equilibria. In one equilibrium, bank runs cannot occur. In another equilibrium, asset prices can be low and bank runs can occur. This can be interpreted as a financial crisis. In this framework, a liquidity requirement for banks might cause bank runs.
Multimode precoding in millimeter wave MIMO transmitters with multiple antenna sub-arrays

Millimeter wave (mmWave) systems must use beamforming to overcome the heavy attenuation at mmWave frequencies and establish high-quality communication links with reasonably high spectral efficiency. When received signal power is sufficiently large and the propagation channel is sufficiently rich, beamforming with multiple data streams, known as precoding, could further increase data rates in mmWave systems. The high cost of digital devices in mmWave systems, however, implies that precoding is predominantly done in the analog domain, making mmWave precoding significantly more constrained than traditional multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) solutions. In this paper, we propose an iterative precoding algorithm for a practical mmWave transmitter architecture in which all precoding is done in the analog domain. In addition to precoding, the proposed algorithm allows the mmWave system to adapt the rank of its transmission in response to varying propagation conditions. We present numerical results showing that the proposed multimode precoding algorithm allows systems to achieve large data rates, in some cases approaching channel capacity.
Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneity in Founding Patterns

A growing body of literature suggests that populations of organizations are not homogeneous, but instead comprise distinct subentities. Firms are highly dependent on their immediate institutional and competitive environments. The present paper further explores this issue by focusing on the spatial and temporal sources of industry heterogeneity. Our goal is threefold. First, we explore founding rates as a function of spatial density, arguing that density-dependent processes occur along a geographic gradient ranging from proximate, to neighboring, to more distant contexts. Second, we show how multiple, local evolutionary clocks shape such entrepreneurial activity. Third, we provide evidence on how diffusion processes are directly affected by social contagion, with new organizational forms spreading through movements of individuals. Results from data on the Dutch accounting industry corroborate these patterns of heterogeneity.
Assessment of Decline in Health-Related Quality of Life among Angina-Free Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

Purpose: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery generally decreases symptoms and improves quality of life, but for those patients without angina, prolongation of life takes precedence. We used the SF-36 to assess changes in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among patients who were angina free prior to CABG compared to those reporting angina. Methods: We combined data from two randomized trials of hemodynamic management during surgery. Prior to CABG, demographic, clinical and SF-36 data were obtained. Patients were reevaluated at a 6-month follow-up. Patients with a decline of ≧15 points from baseline to follow-up for individual SF-36 domains and >5 points for summary components were classified as having a decline. We used logistic regression models that controlled for baseline SF-36 score and other baseline characteristics to assess HRQOL decline with respect to angina status. Results: Of 590 patients, 28% were angina free at baseline. A third of the patients angina free at baseline had a postoperative decline in physical function. Patients who were angina free at baseline were three times more likely to suffer a decline in physical function than those with angina (odds ratio 3.29, 95% confidence interval 1.86–5.82). This finding remained after addition of adverse outcomes to the model. Baseline angina status was not related to any other SF-36 domain or to physical or mental summary component scores. Major adverse outcomes did not differ between angina-free patients and those with angina. Conclusions: The incidence of patients reporting a decline in physical function after CABG was greater in patients without angina preoperatively, even when adjusting for baseline score. Given the substantial risk of decreased physical functioning, employing interventions to maintain HRQOL in this population should be considered.
Resolving Multi-Party Privacy Conflicts in Social Media

Items shared through Social Media may affect more than one user's privacy-e.g., photos that depict multiple users, comments that mention multiple users, events in which multiple users are invited, etc. The lack of multi-party privacy management support in current mainstream Social Media infrastructures makes users unable to appropriately control to whom these items are actually shared or not. Computational mechanisms that are able to merge the privacy preferences of multiple users into a single policy for an item can help solve this problem. However, merging multiple users' privacy preferences is not an easy task, because privacy preferences may conflict, so methods to resolve conflicts are needed. Moreover, these methods need to consider how users' would actually reach an agreement about a solution to the conflict in order to propose solutions that can be acceptable by all of the users affected by the item to be shared. Current approaches are either too demanding or only consider fixed ways of aggregating privacy preferences. In this paper, we propose the first computational mechanism to resolve conflicts for multi-party privacy management in Social Media that is able to adapt to different situations by modelling the concessions that users make to reach a solution to the conflicts. We also present results of a user study in which our proposed mechanism outperformed other existing approaches in terms of how many times each approach matched users' behaviour.
Predictors and Consequences of Human Resource Outsourcing; A Quantitative study of Higher educational institution of Baluchistan, Pakistan

Human Resource Outsourcing has become one of the familiar thoughts to the media and business terms. This research is focused on the predictor and consequences of human resource outsourcing in educational institutions. Further, it helped us to establish a framework which would clearly highlight the factors and consequences of human resource outsourcing in educational institution of Baluchistan “Quetta”, Pakistan along with advantages and disadvantages of Human resource outsourcing policies. The Baluchistan was taken for research because this province has very less literacy rate. The research comprises very latest empirical and theoretical work which directly addresses the predictors and consequences of Human Resource outsourcing. Human resource outsourcing positively increases these effects in higher educational institutions. The study found that human resource outsourcing has negative effect on time management and communication issues in higher educational Institutions thus it can be said because of human resource outsourcing organizations may feel time management conflicts and communication issues among their employees. The results of 2 sample t test concluded that human resource outsourcing level does not differ in public and private institutes of Quetta, Baluchistan.
Unsupervised Audio Patterns Discovery Using HMM-Based Self-Organized Units

In our previous work [1, 2], we trained an HMM-based speech recognizer without transcription or any knowledge or resources. The trained HMM recognizer was used to transcribe audio into self-organized units (SOUs) and we evaluated its performance on the task of topic identiﬁcation. In this paper, we report our work in applying SOUs to discover audio patterns in spoken documents without supervision. By recognizing audio into SOUs which are sound-like units, the discovery for common audio patterns can be carried out extremely efﬁciently over a large corpus, without dynamic programming comparisons as proposed by earlier work [3]. Experiments were performed on Mandarin conversational telephone speech using both the one-best SOU token sequences and SOU consensus networks. We show that using SOU as keys to audio patterns, we can discover frequently spoken words with good purity.
Urban sprawl and its relationship with active transportation, physical activity and obesity in Canadian youth.

BACKGROUND Urban sprawl is a potential environmental influence on youth overweight/obesity. However, little is known about the association between urban sprawl and behaviours that influence obesity such as active transportation and physical activity. METHODS The study population consisted of 7,017 respondents aged 12 to 19 to the 2007/2008 Canadian Community Health Survey, living in Canada's 33 census metropolitan areas (CMAs). Factor analysis was used to obtain an urban sprawl score for each CMA, incorporating dwelling density, percentage of single or detached dwelling units, and percentage of the population living in the urban core. Multi-level logistic regression examined whether urban sprawl was associated with frequent active transportation (30 or more minutes a day), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) (60 or more minutes a day), and overweight/obesity. RESULTS Urban sprawl was associated with active transportation among 12- to 15-year-olds, with the relative odds of engaging in at least 30 minutes of active transportation per day increasing by 24% (95% CI: 10-39%) for each standard deviation (SD) increase in the urban sprawl score. For the entire sample aged 12 to 19, higher urban sprawl was associated with MVPA (odds ratio per SD increase = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01-1.20), but not with overweight/obesity (odds ratio per SD increase = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.94-1.18). INTERPRETATION Urban sprawl was associated with active transportation and MVPA in Canadian youth, although in the opposite direction to what has been reported in the literature for adults.
The Energy-Driven Hot-Carrier Degradation Modes of nMOSFETs

In this paper, we confirm that the energy is the driving force of hot-carrier effects. In high-energy long-channel case, the energy-driven paradigm allows to retrieve lucky electron model-like equations although the explanations are different. When the energy is lowered, high-energy electrons generated by electron-electron scattering become the dominant contribution to the degradation. Finally, for even lower energy, multiple vibrational excitation mechanism starts taking the lead.
Safe Active Learning of a High Pressure Fuel Supply System

When modeling technical systems as black-box models, it is crucial to obtain as much and as informative measurement data as possible in the shortest time while employing safety constraints. Methods for an optimized online generation of measurement data are discussed in the field of Active Learning. Safe Active Learning combines the optimization of the query strategy regarding model quality with an exploration scheme in order to maintain userdefined safety constraints. In this paper, the authors apply an approach for Safe Active Learning based on Gaussian process models (GP models) to the high pressure fuel supply system of a gasoline engine. For this purpose, several enhancements of the algorithm are necessary. An online optimization of the GP models’ hyperparameters is implemented, where special measures are taken to avoid a safety-relevant overestimation. A proper risk function is chosen and the trajectory to the sample points is taken into account regarding the estimation of the samples feasibility. The algorithm is evaluated in simulation and at a test vehicle.
Latchup suppression in fine-dimension shallow p-well CMOS circuits

The high packing density required for VLSI CMOS circuits leads to enhanced performance of the inherent parasitic bipolar devices, and thus latchup becomes a major problem. One of the most attractive techniques for overcoming this is to fabricate the devices on n-on-n+epitaxial substrate material. This paper deals with latchup suppression by such a technique in fine-dimension CMOS circuits based on very shallow p-wells. Experimental results demonstrate that latchup may be eliminated in structures with p-well depths as shallow as 0.8 µm at supply voltages up to 10 V and temperatures up to 140°C. Furthermore, this may be achieved with no significant degradation of other aspects of device or circuit performance. A simple lumped model equivalent circuit has been used to predict latchup characteristics where appropriate, and in general this gives good agreement with experiment.
The well-being effects of localized multi-level environmental governance: Case of Kilpisjärvi

Equality among stakeholders and sustainable environmental impacts are important themes for good environmental governance. Good governance is a tricky theme to address as localized environmental decision making is deeply connected to issues and actors at various governance levels, from the local to the global, embedded with power relations. The examined case of Kilpisjarvi also includes issues from various governance levels and involves contested relationships between stakeholders. The aim of this paper is to examine the Kilpisjarvi case in order to identify: 1) How key governance problematics originating from various levels are manifested in local level land use decision making; 2) What kinds of implications these problematics may have on local well-being; and 3) How good governance can be enhanced regarding these identified problematics. The Kilpisjarvi case illuminates the complexities associated withlocal environmental governance. The key stakeholders in the area are Sami reindeer herders, tourism entrepreneurs, local inhabitants, land use governance officials, and protected area management officials as well as scientists. The lessons learned relate to: 1) Enhancing the environmental sustainability of herding and understanding different conceptualizations on what “environmental sustainability” actually means; 2) Enhancing the dialogue between land users to increase social capital among stakeholders; 3) Clarifying the position of Sami as indigenous people, 4) Clarifying local rights and ways to structure stakeholder interaction in order to increase the possibility for action and self-determination at the local level; and 5) Enhancing the transparent link between international guidelines and local practices and highlighting international guidelines, such as Akwe: Kon, to increase a local sense of being respected by external actors. Only by considering tangible environmental impacts and the well-being implications of governance can scholars make concrete proposals on how to enhance the sustainability of localized multi-level governance.