Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
User-generated content on Facebook: Implications from the perspective of two organisations

The purpose of this study is to examine the implications (user benefits and costs) of user-generated content posted by users on Facebook from an organisational perspective. Though motivations to use social networking sites are widely researched and published, studies on implications eventuating from different types of content posted by users on social networking sites is sparse. Hence, this study addresses the gap in literature by an interpretive analysis of user-generated content posted by users on the Facebook of two organisations. The content posted by users is classified using an information classification framework for social networking sites. Implications eventuating from the classified user-generated content to individuals and organisations are established using thematic analysis. The results of analysis demonstrate that the major types of user-generated content posted in the social information category are requests, criticism, greetings, status updates, and announcements. The theoretical implications in terms of user benefits are information seeking, relationship building, coordination and collaboration, identity construction and knowledge dissemination whereas social conflict is a major cost to users. The practical implications are understood in terms of technical assistance, supporting projects that extend open access repository initiatives, collaboration and building capacity among repository users, user community development, marketing and communication as well as accomplishing the core principles of the National Strategy for Disaster Resilience. This study also leads to considerable gains for users and designers of social networking sites by identifying the different types of user-generated content so that social networking sites can be used as a beneficial tool maximizing its implications.
Detection of homozygous and hemizygous partial exon deletions by whole-exome sequencing

The detection of copy number variations (CNVs) in whole-exome sequencing (WES) data is important, as CNVs may underlie a number of human genetic disorders. The recently developed HMZDelFinder algorithm can detect rare homozygous and hemizygous (HMZ) deletions in WES data more effectively than other widely used tools. Here, we present HMZDelFinder_opt, an approach that outperforms HMZDelFinder for the detection of HMZ deletions, including partial exon deletions in particular, in typical laboratory cohorts that are generated over time under different experimental conditions. We show that using an optimized reference control set of WES data, based on a PCA-derived Euclidean distance for coverage, strongly improves the detection of HMZ deletions both in real patients carrying validated disease-causing deletions and in simulated data. Furthermore, we develop a sliding window approach enabling HMZDelFinder-opt to identify HMZ partial deletions of exons that are otherwise undiscovered by HMZDelFinder. HMZDelFinder_opt is a timely and powerful approach for detecting HMZ deletions, particularly partial exon deletions, in laboratory cohorts, which are typically heterogeneous.
Allosteric modulation of Ras positions Q61 for a direct role in catalysis

Ras and its effector Raf are key mediators of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signal transduction pathway. Mutants of residue Q61 impair the GTPase activity of Ras and are found prominently in human cancers. Yet the mechanism through which Q61 contributes to catalysis has been elusive. It is thought to position the catalytic water molecule for nucleophilic attack on the γ-phosphate of GTP. However, we previously solved the structure of Ras from crystals with symmetry of the space group R32 in which switch II is disordered and found that the catalytic water molecule is present. Here we present a structure of wild-type Ras with calcium acetate from the crystallization mother liquor bound at a site remote from the active site and likely near the membrane. This results in a shift in helix 3/loop 7 and a network of H-bonding interactions that propagates across the molecule, culminating in the ordering of switch II and placement of Q61 in the active site in a previously unobserved conformation. This structure suggests a direct catalytic role for Q61 where it interacts with a water molecule that bridges one of the γ-phosphate oxygen atoms to the hydroxyl group of Y32 to stabilize the transition state of the hydrolysis reaction. We propose that Raf together with the binding of Ca2+ and a negatively charged group mimicked in our structure by the acetate molecule induces the ordering of switch I and switch II to complete the active site of Ras.
Exploration de traits pour la reconnaissance d’entités nommées du Français par apprentissage automatique (Feature exploration for French Named Entity Recognition with Machine Learning)

Dans cet article, nous explorons divers traits proposés dans la littérature afin de fournir un détecteur d’entités nommées pour le Français appris automatiquement sur le French Treebank. Nous étudions l’intégration de connaissances en domaine, l’apport de la classification des verbes, la gestion des mots inconnus et l’intégration de traits non locaux. Nous comparons ensuite notre système aux récents réseaux de neurones.
Models for channels with memory and their applications to error control

Errors encountered in digital transmission over most real communication channels are not independent but appear in clusters. Such channels are said to exhibit memory, i.e., statistical dependence in the occurrence of errors; and thus cannot be adequately represented by the classical memoryless binary symmetric channel. The existence of memory implies additional capacity. To exploit this through efficient coding schemes, it is necessary to describe and model the underlying statistical structure of the error process. This paper reviews various channel models, noting the interaction between channel modeling and error control.
Effects of pile-driving on harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) at the first offshore wind farm in Germany

The first offshore wind farm ‘alpha ventus’ in the German North Sea was constructed north east of Borkum Reef Ground approximately 45 km north off the German coast in 2008 and 2009 using percussive piling for the foundations of 12 wind turbines. Visual monitoring of harbour porpoises was conducted prior to as well as during construction and operation by means of 15 aerial line transect distance sampling surveys, from 2008 to 2010. Static acoustic monitoring (SAM) with echolocation click loggers at 12 positions was performed additionally from 2008 to 2011. SAM devices were deployed between 1 and 50 km from the centre of the wind farm. During aerial surveys, 18 600 km of transect lines were covered in two survey areas (10 934 and 11 824 km2) and 1392 harbour porpoise sightings were recorded. Lowest densities were documented during the construction period in 2009. The spatial distribution pattern recorded on two aerial surveys three weeks before and exactly during pile-driving points towards a strong avoidance response within 20 km distance of the noise source. Generalized additive modelling of SAM data showed a negative impact of pile-driving on relative porpoise detection rates at eight positions at distances less than 10.8 km. Increased detection rates were found at two positions at 25 and 50 km distance suggesting that porpoises were displaced towards these positions. A pile-driving related behavioural reaction could thus be detected using SAM at a much larger distance than a pure avoidance radius would suggest. The first waiting time (interval between porpoise detections of at least 10 min), after piling started, increased with longer piling durations. A gradient in avoidance, a gradual fading of the avoidance reaction with increasing distance from the piling site, is hence most probably a product of an incomplete displacement during shorter piling events.
Hemolytically Active (Acylated) Alpha-Hemolysin Elicits Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) but Augments the Lethality of Escherichia coli by an IL-1- and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Independent Mechanism

ABSTRACT Many pathogenic Escherichia coli produce the toxin alpha-hemolysin (Hly), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) have all been recognized as important effector molecules during infections by gram-negative organisms. Despite the characterization of many in vitro effects of hemolysin, no direct relationship has been established between hemolysin, LPS, proinflammatory cytokine production, and E. coli-induced mortality. Previously, we have shown in vivo that hemolysin elicits a distinct IL-1α spike by 4 h into a lethal hemolytic E. coli infection. Using three transformedE. coli strains, WAF108, WAF270, and WAH540 (which produce no Hly [Hlynull], acylated Hly [Hlyactive], or nonacylated Hly [Hlyinactive], respectively), we sought to determine the specific roles of hemolysin acylation, LPS, IL-1, and TNF in mediating the lethality of E. coli infection in mice. WAF270 was 100% lethal in BALB/c, C3H/HeJ, and C57BL/6 mice; in mice pretreated with antibody to the type 1 IL-1 receptor; in type 1 IL-1 receptor-deficient mice; and in dual (type 1 IL-1 receptor-type 1 TNF receptor)-deficient mice at doses which were nonlethal (0%) with both WAF108 and WAH540. At lethal doses, WAF270 killed by 6 ± 2.3 h while WAF108 and WAH540 killed at 36 ± 9.4 and 36 ± 13.8 h, respectively. These differences in mortality were not due to IL-1 or TNF release, and the enhanced expression of LPS, which corresponded to Hly expression, was not likely the primary factor causing mortality. We demonstrate that bacterial fatty acid acylation of hemolysin is required in order for it to elicit IL-1 release by monocytes and to confer its virulence on E. coli.
Plasticity of stomatal distribution pattern and stem tracheid dimensions in Podocarpus lambertii: an ecological study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Leaf and wood plasticity are key elements in the survival of widely distributed plant species. Little is known, however, about variation in stomatal distribution in the leaf epidermis and its correlation with the dimensions of conducting cells in wood. This study aimed at testing the hypothesis that Podocarpus lambertii, a conifer tree, possesses a well-defined pattern of stomatal distribution, and that this pattern can vary together with the dimensions of stem tracheids as a possible strategy to survive in climatically different sites. METHODS Leaves and wood were sampled from trees growing in a cold, wet site in south-eastern Brazil and in a warm, dry site in north-eastern Brazil. Stomata were thoroughly mapped in leaves from each study site to determine a spatial sampling strategy. Stomatal density, stomatal index and guard cell length were then sampled in three regions of the leaf: near the midrib, near the leaf margin and in between the two. This sampling strategy was used to test for a pattern and its possible variation between study sites. Wood and stomata data were analysed together via principal component analysis. KEY RESULTS The following distribution pattern was found in the south-eastern leaves: the stomatal index was up to 25 % higher in the central leaf region, between the midrib and the leaf margin, than in the adjacent regions. The inverse pattern was found in the north-eastern leaves, in which the stomatal index was 10 % higher near the midrib and the leaf margin. This change in pattern was accompanied by smaller tracheid lumen diameter and length. CONCLUSIONS Podocarpus lambertii individuals in sites with higher temperature and lower water availability jointly regulate stomatal distribution in leaves and tracheid dimensions in wood. The observed stomatal distribution pattern and variation appear to be closely related to the placement of conducting tissue in the mesophyll.
A Novel Vector System for Gene Transfer into the Cornea Using a Partially Dried Plasmid Expressing 18 Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor–Synthetic Amphiphile INTeraction-18 (SAINT-18) Complex

Purpose: We describe a novel vector system of nonviral gene transfer into the cornea using a partially dried form of a plasmid expressing 18-kDa basic fibroblast growth factor (p-bFGF)–synthetic amphiphile INTeraction-18 (SAINT-18) complex. Methods: Corneal neovascularization (NV) was evaluated in 48 eyes of Sprague-Dawley rats after implantation of SAINT-18 containing 2 μ g of plasmid-expressing green fluorescent protein (p-GFP; control group), 0.2 μ g, 2 μ g, or 20 μ g of p-bFGF from day 0 to day 60. bFGF protein expression was analyzed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Results: The p-bFGF–SAINT-18 complex induced dose-dependent corneal neovascularization, which reached a maximum on days 15–21 in the 20-μ g p-bFGF group, days 12–18 in the 2-μ g p-bFGF group, and on days 9–15 in the 0.2-μ g p-bFGF group, and then regressed progressively. No NV was observed in the p-GFP group. Conclusions: This noninflammatory corneal transfection model using partially dried p-bFGF–SAINT-18 complex allows precise localization of tranfection reagents for producing corneal neovascularization.
Acute Lumbar Spondylolysis in Intercollegiate Athletes

Study Design: A retrospective case series. Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe a unique group of intercollegiate athletes who are skeletally mature and who developed symptomatic acute lumbar spondylolysis and to study long-term return to play outcome of nonoperative and surgical repair of L3 and L4 spondylolysis in skeletally mature athletes. Background: Traditionally, symptomatic acute lumbar spondylolysis is a defect found in skeletally immature athletes, most commonly in the pars interarticularis of L5, less commonly in the L3/L4 region, and even less commonly in skeletally mature athletes as described in this group. Methods: Eight intercollegiate athletes (2 women and 6 men, ages ranging from 19 to 21 y) with acute lumbar spondylolysis were diagnosed by means of computed tomography (CT) and single photon emission-CT bone scan. L3 lesions were present in 5 patients, and L4 lesions were present in 3 patients. All patients were treated initially nonoperatively with a protocol of bracing and activity modification. The healing progress was assessed through repeat CT scan. Patients who failed to respond to nonoperative procedures underwent direct repair of their pars defect through variable angle pedicle screw and sublaminar hook. Outcomes were measured by completion of the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire (mean follow-up 6.5 y) and return to athletic participation. Results: All patients successfully returned to full athletic competition. Two patients showed radiographic healing and resolution of pain following 3 months of nonoperative treatment. Five patients required surgical repair of the pars defect. All of these patients eventually returned to unrestricted participation in athletics. Conclusions: This study shows that this subgroup will generally respond well to surgical correction of the pars defect and return to uninhibited competition following conservative treatment and/or surgical repair.
MR‐guided balloon angioplasty of stenosed aorta: In vivo evaluation using near‐standard instruments and a passive tracking technique

The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of magnetic resonance (MR)‐guided balloon angioplasty of a stenosed aorta on an open low‐field magnet using a passive tracking technique. Visualization of vessels and position of instruments were realized by using a fast low‐angle shot (FLASH) sequence. Catheters and guidewire were prepared for susceptibility‐based MR visualization. Standard balloon catheters were inflated with diluted gadolinium, and nitinol guidewires were modified by incorporation of iron oxide markers into their walls. After validation on a flow phantom, balloon angioplasty was performed on an in vivo model of arterial stenosis. Creation of abdominal aorta stenosis was realized in five piglets. MR‐guided balloon angioplasty of the aorta was performed with success in all but one. In one of them, stent implantation was achieved in the descending aorta. Balloon angioplasty using a passive tracking technique is a simple concept that can be realized with near‐standard instruments and any MR imaging system. This represents an advance toward MR‐guided vascular interventions in the future. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2000;12:639–644. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Injection of genetically engineered fibroblasts corrects regenerated human epidermolysis bullosa skin tissue.

Current therapeutic strategies for genetic skin disorders rely on the complex process of grafting genetically engineered tissue to recipient wound beds. Because fibroblasts synthesize and secrete extracellular matrix, we explored their utility in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB), a blistering disease due to defective extracellular type VII collagen. Intradermal injection of RDEB fibroblasts overexpressing type VII collagen into intact RDEB skin stably restored correctly localized type VII collagen expression in vivo and normalized hallmark RDEB disease features, including subepidermal blistering and anchoring fibril defects. This article was published online in advance of the print edition. The date of publication is available from the JCI website, http://www.jci. org.
Fixed Priority Scheduling with Limited Priority Levels

This paper develops necessary and sufficient conditions for analyzing the schedulability of fixed priority algorithms on resources with limited priority levels. We introduce the degree of schedulable saturation (S/sub max/) as an objective function. A multimedia task set is used to demonstrate how S/sub max/ can be used to optimize the grouping of tasks to priority levels. >
In Vivo and In Vitro Toxicodynamic Analyses of New Quinolone-and Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug-Induced Effects on the Central Nervous System

ABSTRACT We investigated the correlation between an in vivo isobologram based on the concentrations of new quinolones (NQs) in brain tissue and the administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for the occurrence of convulsions in mice and an in vitro isobologram based on the concentrations of both drugs for changes in the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-induced current response in Xenopus oocytes injected with mRNA from mouse brains in the presence of NQs and/or NSAIDs. After the administration of enoxacin (ENX) in the presence or absence of felbinac (FLB), ketoprofen (KTP), or flurbiprofen (FRP), a synergistic effect was observed in the isobologram based on the threshold concentration in brain tissue between mice with convulsions and those without convulsions. The three NSAIDs did not affect the pharmacokinetic behavior of ENX in the brain. However, the ENX-induced inhibition of the GABA response in the GABAA receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes was enhanced in the presence of the three NSAIDs. The inhibition ratio profiles of the GABA responses for both drugs were analyzed with a newly developed toxicodynamic model. The inhibitory profiles for ENX in the presence of NSAIDs followed the order KTP (1.2 μM) > FRP (0.3 μM) > FLB (0.2 μM). These were 50- to 280-fold smaller than those observed in the absence of NSAIDs. The inhibition ratio (0.01 to 0.02) of the GABAA receptor in the presence of both drugs was well-fitted to the isobologram based on threshold concentrations of both drugs in brain tissue between mice with convulsions and those without convulsions, despite the presence of NSAIDs. In mice with convulsions, the inhibitory profiles of the threshold concentrations of both drugs in brain tissue of mice with convulsions and those without convulsions can be predicted quantitatively by using in vitro GABA response data and toxicodynamic model.
Analyse exploratoire d'opinions cinématographiques : co-clustering de corpus textuels communautaires

Les sites communautaires sont un endroit privilegie pour s'exprimer et publier des opinions. Le site www.flixster. com est un exemple de site participatif sur lequel se rassemblent plus de 20 millions de cinephiles qui partagent des commentaires sur les films qu'ils ont ou non aimes. Explorer les contenus autoproduits est un challenge pour qui veut comprendre les attentes des internautes. Par une methode d'apprentissage non supervisee, nous montrerons qu'il est possible de mieux comprendre le vocabulaire utilise pour decrire des opinions. En particulier, grâce a une methode de co-clustering, nous montrerons qu'un rapprochement peut etre fait entre des films particuliers sur la base de l'usage d'un vocabulaire particulier. L'analyse des resultats peut conduire a retrouver une certaine typologie de films ou encore des rapprochements entre films. Cette etude peut etre complementaire avec des analyses linguistiques des corpus, ou encore etre exploitee dans un contexte applicatif de recommandation de contenus multimedias.
Aging Mechanisms and Monitoring of Cable Polymers

Aging mechanisms of two polymeric insulation materials that are used widely in nuclear power plant low-voltage cables; cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) and ethylene propylene rubber/ethylene propylene diene terpolymer (EPR/EPDM), are reviewed. A summary of various nondestructive methods suitable for evaluation of cable insulation is given. A capacitive sensor capable of making local nondestructive measurements of capacitance and dissipation factor on cable polymers, and potentially suitable for in situ cable monitoring, is introduced. Correlating values of elongation-at-break, indenter modulus, capacitance and dissipation factor measured on a set of 47 aged flame-resistant EPR samples shows a higher correlation between indenter modulus and dissipation factor than between indenter modulus and elongation-at-break.
Physiological and Psychological Responses to Exercise with an Induced Attentional Focus

In this study techniques were employed to induce exercising subjects to focus attention on themselves or on an external event. A total of 20 adult subjects (10 men and 10 women) were familiarized with a treadmill exercise protocol and then on two subsequent occasions performed sub-maximal exercise followed by a run to exhaustion under attentional conditions of self-focus (watching themselves in a mirror while listening to their breathing) and external focus (watching and listening to a movie). The order of focus conditions was counterbalanced among subjects. Analysis of postexperimental responses from subjects indicated that the procedures used to induce each type of attentional focus were successful. However, physiological and psychological responses in the two focus conditions were not always uniform for men and women, particularly during light work when men tended to have higher heart rates and significantly lower Rated Perceived Exertion while women had lower heart rates and higher Rated Perceived Exertion under self-focused conditions than under externally focused conditions. Possible explanations for the incongruence of physiological and psychological responses of men and women to the two types of attentional focus are discussed.
Is Disgust Prepared? A Preliminary Examination in Young Children

ABSTRACT. Children may be prepared to associate adult disgust reactions with adult disgust elicitors. To test this, three-year olds (and adults) were presented with two images and an emotive vocalization. The images and vocalizations included stimuli adults found disgusting, fear-provoking, and sad. On one set of trials, the main dependent variable (DV) was time spent looking at each image and on a second set of repeat trials the DV was knowledge of image-sound matches. Fear and disgust vocalizations were both more effective at orienting a child's attention to adult fear and disgust images, than sad vocalizations. Parental disgust sensitivity was associated with this effect, moderated by explicit matching knowledge. Matching knowledge was poor in children and good in adults. These data suggest that in children, fear and disgust vocalizations may both promote attention to stimuli that adults find disgusting and/or fear-provoking, suggesting that “preparedness” may not be wholly emotion-specific.