Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experimental Toothclenching in Common Migraine

The effect of 30 min voluntary toothclenching was studied in 48 patients with common migraine, randomized in two groups. Group 1 performed low-level tension at 5% and group 2, high-level tension at 30% the individual maximum, as judged by surface EMG from the temporal muscle. Pericranial muscle tenderness was evaluated by manual palpation and a four-point verbal scale. Headache, nausea, and soreness of the chewing muscles were scored on visual analogue scales. Although surface EMG, soreness, blood pressure, heart rate and difficulty in completing the toothclenching session all showed that group 2 patients were subjected to significantly higher levels of muscle tension than group 1 patients, headache developed equally often in both groups (63%). Headache was even more pronounced in group 1 (n.s.). Five patients in group 1 and none in group 2 developed an attack of migraine during the following 24 h. Pericranial muscle tenderness was unaffected by the experimental procedure. There was no significant correlation between headache intensity and pericranial muscle tenderness. Muscle ischemia, muscle “fatigue”, and strain on muscle insertions are thus unlikely to cause attacks of common migraine.
Asian dust signatures at Barrow: observed and simulated. Incursions and impact of Asian dust over Northern Alaska

Atmospheric aerosols affect the Earth's radiation budget both directly, through interactions with solar and terrestrial radiation, and indirectly, as cloud condensation and ice nuclei. Against the typically clean polar atmospheres, small increases in aerosol concentrations can perturb radiative fluxes significantly. During spring 2002, dust storms from the deserts of China and Mongolia were tracked over the Arctic, establishing that such remote regions are not immune to the dispersion of Asian dust. Increased aerosol optical depths and lidar measurements at Barrow, AK, in conjunction with trajectory analyses and dust transport provide corroborating evidence for transport of dust to the Arctic. The primary impact of the dust layer can be determined by examining its radiative properties relative to the underlying snow and intervening pristine background environment. Through a sequence of ground-based visibility measurements of the aerosols coupled with lidar measurements of the layer height, a realistic dust cloud was ported into Moderate Resolution Transmittance (MODTRANT/spl trade/) code. A suite of MODTRAN calculations, constructed around this cloud description, provided spectrally integrated forcing terms at the surface, along with estimates of the local heating/cooling at altitude, with and without the dust cloud. This then led to a closure experiment where MODTRAN predictions of surface forcing are in remarkably good agreement with measurements for a set of solar-zenith angles and aerosol optical depths.
The Relation of Client Behavior and Therapist Helping Skills to Reduced Aggression of Boys in Individual and Group Treatment

Abstract In this study behavioral processes in the individual and group therapies of aggressive boys were compared and the relationship between these variables and treatment outcome was examined. Level of aggression was the outcome variable, measured by both self-report and teacher-report instruments. Hill’s Client Behavior System (CBS; Hill, 1986) with our own ad hoc categories of Reference to Literary Figures and Response to Another, and therapist Helping Skills System (HSS; Hill & O’Brien, 1999) were the behavioral process measures. In terms of the boys’ behaviors, discriminant function analyses revealed that Reference to Literary Figures and Response to Another differentiated the treatment formats; with regard to therapists’ behaviors, Questions and Challenge differentiated the modalities. Results offered partial support for the greater effectiveness of group, compared to individual, therapy in reducing aggression. Outcome, however, as measured by teacher reports of aggression, was adversely affected in group therapy by the presence of specific behaviors in the boys. Implications of the findings for modifying the group therapy program as well as for the search for process variables appropriate to the treatment of aggressive children are discussed.
Etiology of Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Increased Microbiological Yield with New Diagnostic Methods

Abstract Background The microbial etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is still not well characterized. During the past few years, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods have been developed for many pathogens causing respiratory tract infections. The aim of this study was to determine the etiology of CAP among adults—especially the occurrence of mixed infections among patients with CAP—by implementing a new diagnostic PCR platform combined with conventional methods. Methods Adults admitted to Karolinska University Hospital were studied prospectively during a 12-month period. Microbiological testing methods included culture from blood, sputum, and nasopharyngeal secretion samples; sputum samples analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis; nasopharyngeal specimens analyzed by use of PCR; serological testing for Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and viruses common in the respiratory tract; and urine antigen assays for detection of pneumococcal and Legionella pneumophila antigens. Results A microbial etiology could be identified for 67% of the patients (n = 124). For patients with complete sampling, a microbiological agent was identified for 89% of the cases. The most frequently detected pathogens were S. pneumoniae (70 patients [38]) and respiratory virus (53 patients [29]). Two or more pathogens were present in 43 (35%) of 124 cases with a determined etiology. Conclusions By supplementing traditional diagnostic methods with new PCR-based methods, a high microbial yield was achieved. This was especially evident for patients with complete sampling. Mixed infections were frequent (most commonly S. pneumoniae together with a respiratory virus).
Role of knowledge in human visual temporal integration in spatiotemporal noise.

Previous studies have shown how human observers' knowledge about the signal's spatial frequency, spatial phase, and spatial locations affects human performance in detecting and identifying signals in spatial noise. These results have led to the idea that human observers can be modeled as suboptimal Bayesian observers that use a priori information to generate probabilities or likelihoods for hypothesis. This approach has also been applied more recently to object recognition. We investigate whether human observers have the ability to use information about the temporal profile of a temporally modulated signal in temporal information processing. We measure human performance in detecting a time-varying signal embedded in spatiotemporal (dynamic) noise with and without a cue that contains information about the temporal phase of the signal. Results show improvement in performance in the phase-cued condition, suggesting that human observers act as if they have the ability to use knowledge about the temporal shape of the signal when performing temporal information processing. Human performance is consistent with a suboptimal Bayesian observer and a newly proposed Max-Min observer. The results also suggest that models based solely on the integration of the early temporal filters in the human visual system and/or any further integration (e.g., probability summation), which do not make use of knowledge about the signals' temporal profile, are incomplete models of human visual detection in spatiotemporal noise.
Linearizing and stabilizing discontinuous feedbacks for delay systems as stabilizers in the sample-and-hold sense

In this paper nonlinear systems with an arbitrary number of delays, of discrete and distributed type, are considered. It is assumed that there exists a state feedback (continuous or not), by which the dynamics in closed-loop becomes linear (with delays) and stable. Stability, however, is here to be intended in a “virtual” sense, since discontinuous feedbacks may well be hard to be implemented in practice in continuous time. Therefore, the implementation by sampling and holding is investigated. The following result is proved: for any large ball and small ball of the origin, there exist a suitable small sampling period and a time T, such that all the trajectories of the system in closed-loop with the sampled-data state feedback, starting with initial state in the above large ball, are uniformly bounded and driven into the small ball and kept in for all times greater than T. That is, it is proved that any linearizing and (virtually) stabilizing feedback (continuous or not) is a stabilizer in the sample-and-hold sense. The possibility of admitting discontinuities in the feedback can simplify the search of continuous time linearizing (virtual) stabilizers. Examples showing the effectiveness of the proposed result are given.
Differential Costs of Two Distinct Resistance Mechanisms Induced by Different Herbivore Species in Arabidopsis1

Aphid and caterpillar feeding induce different resistance mechanisms against subsequent feeding by a specialist caterpillar, and these entail different costs in terms of plant growth. Plants respond to herbivory with the induction of resistance, mediated by distinct phytohormonal signaling pathways and their interactions. Phloem feeders are known to induce plant resistance via the salicylic acid pathway, whereas biting-chewing herbivores induce plant resistance mainly via the jasmonate pathway. Here, we show that a specialist caterpillar (biting-chewing herbivore) and a specialist aphid (phloem feeder) differentially induce resistance against Pieris brassicae caterpillars in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants. Caterpillar feeding induces resistance through the jasmonate signaling pathway that is associated with the induction of kaempferol 3,7-dirhamnoside, whereas aphid feeding induces resistance via a novel mechanism involving sinapoyl malate. The role of sinapoyl malate is confirmed through the use of a mutant compromised in the biosynthesis of this compound. Caterpillar-induced resistance is associated with a lower cost in terms of plant growth reduction than aphid-induced resistance. A strong constitutive resistance against P. brassicae caterpillars in combination with a strong growth attenuation in plants of a transfer DNA (T-DNA) insertion mutant of WRKY70 (wrky70) suggest that the WRKY70 transcription factor, a regulator of downstream responses mediated by jasmonate-salicylic acid signaling cross talk, is involved in the negative regulation of caterpillar resistance and in the tradeoff between growth and defense. In conclusion, different mechanisms of herbivore-induced resistance come with different costs, and a functional WRKY70 transcription factor is required for the induction of low-cost resistance.
Theoretical aspects of goal-setting and motivation in rehabilitation

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to provide rehabilitation theorists and researchers with an introduction to some key theories of goals and motivation from the field of social cognition and to argue for increased dialogue between the two disciplines. Method: The use of goals and goal-setting in rehabilitation is briefly surveyed and the somewhat ambivalent attitude toward the concept of motivation in the rehabilitation literature is highlighted. Three major contributors to the study of goals and motivation from the field of social cognition are introduced and their work summarized. They include: (i) Deci and Ryan's Self-Determination Model; (ii) Emmons' work on goals and personal strivings, and (iii) Karniol and Ross' discussion of temporal influences on goal-setting. Results: It is argued that there is a need for a greater emphasis upon theory development in rehabilitation research and that closer collaboration between researchers in rehabilitation and social psychology offers considerable promise. Instances where the three theories from social cognition might have relevance to clinical rehabilitation settings are described. Some possible directions for research are also briefly sketched. Conclusion: Both rehabilitation and social cognition have much to gain from increased dialogue.
Intracellular Mechanism of Mitochondrial Adenosine Triphosphate-Sensitive Potassium Channel Activation with Isoflurane

The precise mechanism of isoflurane and mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel (mitoKATP) interaction is still unclear, although the mitoKATP is involved in isoflurane-induced preconditioning. We examined the role of various intracellular signaling systems in mitoKATP activation with isoflurane. Mitochondrial flavoprotein fluorescence (MFF) was measured to quantify mitoKATP activity in guinea pig cardiomyocytes. To confirm isoflurane-induced MFF, cells were exposed to Tyrode’s solution containing either isoflurane (1.0 ± 0.1 mM) or diazoxide and then both drugs together (n = 10 each). In other studies, the following drugs were each added during isoflurane administration: adenosine or the adenosine receptor antagonist 8-(p-sulfophenyl)-theophylline (SPT); the protein kinase C (PKC) activators phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu); the PKC inhibitors polymyxin B and staurosporine; the tyrosine kinase inhibitor lavendustin A; or the mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor SB203580 (n = 10 each). Isoflurane potentiated MFF induced by diazoxide (100 &mgr;M), and diazoxide also increased isoflurane-induced MFF. PMA (0.2 &mgr;M), PDBu (1 &mgr;M), and adenosine (100 &mgr;M) induced MFF. However, SPT (100 &mgr;M), polymyxin B (50 &mgr;M), staurosporine (200 nM), lavendustin A (0.5 &mgr;M), and SB203580 (10 &mgr;M) all failed to inhibit the effect of isoflurane. Our results show that isoflurane, adenosine, and PKC activate mitoKATP. However, our data do not support an action of isoflurane through pathways involving adenosine, PKC, tyrosine kinase, or mitogen-activated protein kinase. These results suggest that isoflurane may directly activate mitoKATP.
Interpolating Time Series with Application to the Estimation of Holiday Effects on Electricity Demand

SUMMARY The least squares principle is applied to the problem of estimating missing points in a time series represented by a Box-Jenkins seasonal model. The procedure developed is used to estimate the effect of one-day national holidays on hourly electricity demand. This is done by interpolating over the holiday period using unaffected demand observations from both before and after this period. The ratio of the actual demand to the estimated normal demand, recorded for the same holiday period over successive years, may then be used to forecast the effect on demand of future holidays.
Rickettsial interactions with human endothelial cells in vitro: adherence and entry

Rickettsia prowazekii, Madrid E strain, was assessed for its ability to enter endothelial cells derived from the veins of human umbilical cord in vitro. Rickettsial entry increased linearly with multiplicity of infection up to a multiplicity of 500; thereafter, additional rickettsiae adhered, but without a concomitant increase in the number of intracellular rickettsiae. Rickettsial entry required participation both of rickettsiae and endothelial cells; inactivation of rickettsiae with N-ethylmaleimide or Formalin, or of endothelial cells with cytochalasin B or D or NaF greatly reduced rickettsial entry. Because rickettsiae adhered to inactivated endothelial cells, adherence could be examined in the absence of entry. Rickettsial adherence was inhibited by poisons that inhibited rickettsial hemolysis. Calcium ionophore A23187, which did not inhibit endothelial pinocytosis, stimulated rickettsial adherence to endothelial cells, but inhibited rickettsial entry. These results indicated that typhus rickettsiae entered endothelial cells via induced phagocytosis, and that the signal for entry, which was dependent upon rickettsial energy, probably involved formation of a calcium gradient.
Defining the taxonomic status of described subdivision 3 Acidobacteria: proposal of Bryobacteraceae fam. nov.

The phylum Acidobacteria represents one of the highly diverse but poorly characterized phylogenetic groups of the domain Bacteria. The taxonomically described acidobacteria belong to 27 genera and 49 species, which represent subdivisions 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 23 of this phylum. However, the corresponding family ranks have been defined only for some of these characterized micro-organisms. Here, we suggest the establishment of a novel family, Bryobacteraceae fam. nov., to accommodate taxonomically described members of subdivision 3 Acidobacteria. This family is characterized by Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming and non-motile rods, which divide by binary fission. Members of this family are mildly acidophilic, mesophilic, aerobic and facultatively anaerobic chemoheterotrophs that utilize various sugars and polysaccharides. The major fatty acids are iso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 1ω7c; the cells also contain significant amounts of 13,16-dimethyloctacosanedioic (iso-diabolic) acid. Currently, the family comprises the genera Bryobacter and Paludibaculum.
IGF‐1 Regulates Vertebral Bone Aging Through Sex‐Specific and Time‐Dependent Mechanisms

Advanced aging is associated with increased risk of bone fracture, especially within the vertebrae, which exhibit significant reductions in trabecular bone structure. Aging is also associated with a reduction in circulating levels of insulin‐like growth factor (IGF‐1). Studies have suggested that the reduction in IGF‐1 compromises healthspan, whereas others report that loss of IGF‐1 is beneficial because it increases healthspan and lifespan. To date, the effect of decreases in circulating IGF‐1 on vertebral bone aging has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we delineate the consequences of a loss of circulating IGF‐1 on vertebral bone aging in male and female Igff/f mice. IGF‐1 was reduced at multiple specific time points during the mouse lifespan: early in postnatal development (crossing albumin–cyclic recombinase [Cre] mice with Igff/f mice); and in early adulthood and in late adulthood using hepatic‐specific viral vectors (AAV8‐TBG‐Cre). Vertebrae bone structure was analyzed at 27 months of age using micro–computed tomography (μCT) and quantitative bone histomorphometry. Consistent with previous studies, both male and female mice exhibited age‐related reductions in vertebral bone structure. In male mice, reduction of circulating IGF‐1 induced at any age did not diminish vertebral bone loss. Interestingly, early‐life loss of IGF‐1 in females resulted in a 67% increase in vertebral bone volume fraction, as well as increased connectivity density and increased trabecular number. The maintenance of bone structure in the early‐life IGF‐1–deficient females was associated with increased osteoblast surface and an increased ratio of osteoprotegerin/receptor‐activator of NF‐κB‐ligand (RANKL) levels in circulation. Within 3 months of a loss of IGF‐1, there was a 2.2‐fold increase in insulin receptor expression within the vertebral bones of our female mice, suggesting that local signaling may compensate for the loss of circulating IGF‐1. Together, these data suggest the age‐related loss of vertebral bone density in females can be reduced by modifying circulating IGF‐1 levels early in life. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Interest Rates and The Credit Crunch: New Formulas and Market Models

We start by describing the major changes that occurred in the quotes of market rates after the 2007 subprime mortgage crisis. We comment on their lost analogies and consistencies, and hint on a possible, simple way to formally reconcile them. We then show how to price interest rate swaps under the new market practice of using different curves for generating future LIBOR rates and for discounting cash flows. Straightforward modifications of the market formulas for caps and swaptions will also be derived. Finally, we will introduce a new LIBOR market model, which will be based on modeling the joint evolution of FRA rates and forward rates belonging to the discount curve. We will start by analyzing the basic lognormal case and then add stochastic volatility. The dynamics of FRA rates under different measures will be obtained and closed form formulas for caplets and swaptions derived in the lognormal and Heston (1993) cases. Alternative, and more recent, formulations of multi-curve LIBOR market models can be downloaded at: http://papers.ssrn. com/sol3/papers.cfm? abstract_id=1563685 http://papers.ssrn. com/sol3/papers.cfm? abstract_id=1583081
Regulation of the ovine interferon‐tau gene by a blastocyst‐specific transcription factor, Cdx2

Expression of ovine interferon‐tau (oIFNτ), a factor essential for the process of maternal recognition of pregnancy in ruminant ungulates, is restricted to the trophoblast. However, the molecular mechanisms by which oIFNτ expression is restricted to the trophectoderm have not been fully elucidated. The objective of this study was to determine whether oIFNτ gene transcription could be regulated through Cdx2 expression, a transcription factor implicated in the control of cell differentiation in the trophectoderm. Human choriocarcinoma JEG3 cells were co‐transfected with an oIFNτ (−654 base pair, bp)‐luciferase reporter (−654‐oIFNτ‐Luc) construct and several transcription factor expression plasmids. Compared to −654‐oIFNτ‐Luc alone, transcription of the −654‐oIFNτ‐Luc increased more than 30 times when this construct was co‐transfected with Cdx2, Ets‐2, and c‐jun. The degree of transcription decreased to 1/4 levels when the upstream region was reduced to −551 bp, and became minimal with further deletions; this was confirmed with the use of the reporter constructs with mutated c‐jun, Ets‐2, and/or Cdx2 sites. In trophoblast unrelated NIH3T3 cells, which do not support IFNτ gene transcription, the oIFNτ‐Luc transcription was enhanced approximately eightfold when the cells were co‐transfected with the Cdx2/Ets‐2 or Cdx2/Ets‐2/c‐jun expression plasmids. These findings were confirmed by gel‐shift assays examining Cdx binding site on the oIFNτ gene's upstream region, by immunohistochemical study identifying the presence of Cdx2 in day 15 and 17 ovine conceptuses, and by Western blot detecting Cdx2 in day 17 conceptuses. Our results indicate that oIFNτ gene transcription is regulated by Cdx2, and suggest that Cdx2 could be a key molecule in determining oIFNτ gene transcription by the trophectoderm. Mol. Reprod. Dev. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.