Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Testing First-Order Logic Axioms in AutoCert

AutoCert [2] is a formal verification tool for machine generated code in safety critical domains, such as aerospace control code generated from MathWorks Real-Time Workshop. AutoCert uses Automated Theorem Provers (ATPs) [5] based on First-Order Logic (FOL) to formally verify safety and functional correctness properties of the code. These ATPs try to build proofs based on user provided domain-specific axioms, which can be arbitrary First-Order Formulas (FOFs). These axioms are the most crucial part of the trusted base, since proofs can be submitted to a proof checker removing the need to trust the prover and AutoCert itself plays the part of checking the code generator. However, formulating axioms correctly (i.e. precisely as the user had really intended) is non-trivial in practice. The challenge of axiomatization arise from several dimensions. First, the domain knowledge has its own complexity. AutoCert has been used to verify mathematical requirements on navigation software that carries out various geometric coordinate transformations involving matrices and quaternions. Axiomatic theories for such constructs are complex enough that mistakes are not uncommon. Second, adjusting axioms for ATPs can add even more complexity. The axioms frequently need to be modified in order to have them in a form suitable for use with ATPs. Such modifications tend to obscure the axioms further. Thirdly, speculating validity of the axioms from the output of existing ATPs is very hard since theorem provers typically do not give any examples or counterexamples.
Vascular Pathology in Alzheimer Disease: Correlation of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Arteriosclerosis/Lipohyalinosis with Cognitive Decline

Sporadic, late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD) constitutes the most frequent cause of dementia in the elderly population. AD-related pathology is often accompanied by vascular changes. The predominant vascular lesions in AD are cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and arteriosclerosis/lipohyalinosis (AS/LH). The present study was carried out to examine the coincidence of these small vessel pathologies during the development of cognitive deficits, amyloid β-protein (Aβ) deposition, and neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) formation in sporadic late-onset AD. We correlated the clinical dementia rating (CDR) score, the sequential extension of AD-related Aβ deposition into different parts of the brain, and the extension of NFTs to involve more brain regions with the distribution of CAA and AS/LH in 52 human autopsy brains. The extension of CAA and AS/LH to involve different areas of the brain was associated with a rise of CDR scores and an increase in the extension of Aβ deposition and NFT generation. AD cases showed a higher number of regions with CAA and AS/LH compared to nondemented patients with AD-related pathology and controls. Moreover, we demonstrated a hierarchical sequence in which the different regions of the brain exhibited CAA and AS/LH-affected vessels, allowing the distinction of 3 stages in the development of CAA and AS/LH. The first stage of CAA involved leptomeningeal and neocortical vessels. The second stage was characterized by additional Aβ deposition in allocortical and midbrain vessels. Finally, in a third stage, CAA was observed in the basal ganglia, the thalamus, and in the lower brainstem. In contrast, AS/LH initially affected the basal ganglia in stage A. In stage B this pathology made inroads into the deep white matter, the leptomeningeal arteries of the cortex, the cerebellum, and into the thalamus. Stage C was characterized by AS/LH in brainstem vessels. Our results demonstrate widespread CAA and AS/LH to be associated with the development of cognitive deficits in AD. A combination of both CAA and AS/LH may, therefore, contribute to neurodegeneration in AD. These data also suggest that small vessel disease due to arteriosclerosis and fibro- lipohyalinosis is a potential target for the treatment of AD.
Dynamic Object Capture Using Fast Vision Tracking

This article discusses the use of fast (60 frames per second) object tracking using the COGNACHROME VISION SYSTEM, produced by Newton Research Labs. The authors embedded the vision system in a small robot base to tie for first place in the Clean Up the Tennis Court event at the 1996 Annual AAAI Mobile Robot Competition and Exhibition, held as part of the Thirteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Of particular interest is that the authors' entry was the only robot capable of using a gripper to capture and pick up the motorized, randomly moving squiggle ball. Other examples of robotic systems using fast vision tracking are also presented, such as a robot arm capable of catching thrown objects and the soccer-playing robot team that won the 1996 Micro Robot World Cup Soccer Tournament in Taejon, Korea.
The Effect of Diurnal Correction on Satellite-Derived Lower Tropospheric Temperature

Satellite-based measurements of decadal-scale temperature change in the lower troposphere have indicated cooling relative to Earth's surface in the tropics. Such measurements need a diurnal correction to prevent drifts in the satellites' measurement time from causing spurious trends. We have derived a diurnal correction that, in the tropics, is of the opposite sign from that previously applied. When we use this correction in the calculation of lower tropospheric temperature from satellite microwave measurements, we find tropical warming consistent with that found at the surface and in our satellite-derived version of middle/upper tropospheric temperature.
Fastest Pedestrian Detector

This work is concerned with the challenging task of pedestrian detection in real world environments. That is, the aim is to successfully localize pedestrian in video surveillance system despite the presence of background clutter or partial occlusions. Even though pedestrian has many practical applications and has been an active area of research for many years, it has not been until recently that pedestrian recognition algorithms have become robust enough to deal with scene of realistic situations. This work proposes algorithms and algorithmic extensions, which further enhance detection accuracy compared to existing stateof-the –art approaches. Persons and pedestrian however are not rigid and their appearance changes greatly depending on the body articulation or pose. The variations of colors in clothing and textures add further difficulties. The proposed system has two phases learning phase and detection phase. In the learning phase create robust feature set that allows human form to be discriminated clearly even in cluttered background under different illumination. Object finding technique is based on Histogram of oriented gradients(HOG). Here shape based analysis is carried out. This thesis puts particular emphasis on pedestrian on detection in improved detection accuracy with decreased computational cost.
The BMP Coreceptor RGMb Promotes While the Endogenous BMP Antagonist Noggin Reduces Neurite Outgrowth and Peripheral Nerve Regeneration by Modulating BMP Signaling

Repulsive guidance molecule b (RGMb) is a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) coreceptor and sensitizer of BMP signaling, highly expressed in adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons. We used a murine RGMb knock-out to gain insight into the physiological role of RGMb in the DRG, and address whether RGMb-mediated modulation of BMP signaling influences sensory axon regeneration. No evidence for altered development of the PNS and CNS was detected in RGMb−/− mice. However, both cultured neonatal whole DRG explants and dissociated DRG neurons from RGMb−/− mice exhibited significantly fewer and shorter neurites than those from wild-type littermates, a phenomenon that could be fully rescued by BMP-2. Moreover, Noggin, an endogenous BMP signaling antagonist, inhibited neurite outgrowth in wild-type DRG explants from naive as well as nerve injury-preconditioned mice. Noggin is downregulated in the DRG after nerve injury, and its expression is highly correlated and inversely associated with the known regeneration-associated genes, which are induced in the DRG by peripheral axonal injury. We show that diminished BMP signaling in vivo, achieved either through RGMb deletion or BMP inhibition with Noggin, retarded early axonal regeneration after sciatic nerve crush injury. Our data suggest a positive modulatory contribution of RGMb and BMP signaling to neurite extension in vitro and early axonal regrowth after nerve injury in vivo and a negative effect of Noggin.
ORTHOGONAL COMPLEX HYPERBOLIC ARRANGEMENTS

The purpose of this note is to study the geometry of certain remarkable infinite arrangements of hyperplanes in complex hyperbolic space which we call orthogonal arrangements: whenever two hyperplanes meet, they meet at right angles. A natural example of such an arrangement appears in [3]; see also [2]. The concrete theorem that we prove here is that the fundamental group of the complement of an orthogonal arrangement has a presentation of a certain sort. As an application of this theorem we prove that the fundamental group of the quotient of the complement of an orthogonal arrangement by a lattice in PU(n, 1) is not a lattice in any Lie group with finitely many connected components. One special case of this result is that the fundamental group of the moduli space of smooth cubic surfaces is not a lattice in any Lie group with finitely many components. This last result was the motivation for the present note, but we think that the geometry of orthogonal arrangements is of independent interest. To state our results, let B denote complex hyperbolic n-space, which can be described concretely as either the unit ball in C with its Bergmann metric, or as the set of lines in C on which the hermitian form h(z) = −|z0| + |z1| + · · ·+ |zn| is negative definite, with its unique (up to constant scaling factor) PU(n, 1)-invariant metric. Let A = {H1, H2, H3, . } be a non-empty locally finite collection of totally geodesic complex hyperplanes in B. We call A a complex hyperbolic arrangement and write H for H1∪H2∪H3∪· · · . We are interested in π1(B−H), the fundamental group of the complement. It is clear that if A is infinite (the case of interest here), this group is not finitely generated. (For instance, its abelianization H1(B−H,Z) is the free abelian group on the set A. ) If n = 1, H is a discrete subset of B and π1(B1 − H) is a free group, and we have nothing further to say in this case. We thus assume throughout the paper that n ≥ 2. We say that A is an orthogonal arrangement if any two distinct Hi’s are either orthogonal or disjoint. The main purpose of this note is to prove the following theorem:
Underwater stereo

Images of underwater scenes suffer from poor contrast. Water-induced contrast decay varies across the scene and is exponential in the depths of scene points, which prevents standard computer vision algorithms from operating properly. In this paper we show how to overcome this problem by adapting an existing model of light propagation in the (foggy) atmosphere to describe the behavior of light in liquid media. By integrating the resulting model within a dense stereo algorithm, we recover disparity maps of scenes immersed in water from pairs of images of these scenes acquired from distinct viewpoints. Experiments performed with real underwater images of various degrees of turbidity show that the use of a physically based light-propagation model allows one to reconstruct underwater scenes more accurately than with standard stereo algorithms alone.
Assessing Consumer Reactions with Neuroscientific Measurements

Positive consumer reactions to corporate marketing activities are regarded a key driver of business success. Since consumer reactions occur to a large extent on non-conscious levels, traditional market research approaches provide limited insights into the consumer’s perceptions and intentions. This chapter demonstrates how neuroscientific measurements can contribute to a deeper understanding about critical processes in the consumer’s “black box”. Two generic approaches will be outlined: Whereas brain imaging techniques create pictures reflecting brain activity in response to marketing stimuli, psychophysiological methods assess body signals as correlates of neural activity. The chapter provides a general understanding about the meaningful application of neuroscientific measurements in consumer research and presents a critical reflection on the opportunities and challenges of different neuroscientific measurements.
An adaptive eigenspace-based beamformer using coherence factor in ultrasound imaging

Since the minimum variance beamformer occurred, adaptive beamformers in ultrasound imaging have been widely studied. Eigenspace-based minimum variance beamformer is an outstanding method which utilizes eigenvalue decomposition to construct signal and noise subspaces, enhancing the contrast of minimum variance beamformer. However, due to the constant threshold by which signal and noise subspaces are separated, the image will be distorted even if its contrast is improved. In this paper, a relationship between the eigenvalue threshold and the coherence factor (CF) is established to adjust the threshold adaptively so that the contrast is retained and the distortion is alleviated. Simulated and experimental data are used to reconstruct the image. Results of the proposed method are compared with results of the eigenspace-based minimum variance beamformer, which proves the validity of the proposed method.
Transcending the Digital Divide: A Framing Analysis of Information and Communication Technologies News in Native American Tribal Newspapers

It appears that the divide between the Native American communities and the mainstream population is multifaceted. The social divide affects the perception of and the ability to use Information and Communication Technology to bring about improvements in the lives of people living in Native American communities. While the technology may be available in some parts and not in others, its effects on the development of these communities appears to be important. The purpose of the paper is to investigate how information and communication technology is communicated in Native American communities. Following a framing analysis of tribal newspapers, this paper develops key concepts and relationships that explain how the digital divides take place. The contribution of this paper is in a model that provides insight into the perceptions and use of ICTs to bring about development.
Finding meaning in us: The role of meaning in life in romantic relationships

Abstract The present research tested a model of relationship functioning that incorporates meaning in life (MIL), proposing that MIL plays an important role in individuals’ motivations and perceived quality of romantic relationships. Study 1 employed a weekly diary methodology (N = 121 individuals in romantic relationships) and found that both within- and between-person relationship MIL are associated with internalized motivational states (i.e. intrinsic motivation, harmonious passion) and relationship quality (i.e. satisfaction, commitment). Study 2 was a dyadic study that examined both members of romantic couples (N = 238 dyads). Results found that both one’s own and one’s partner’s MIL predict motivation and relationship quality. Further, we also found evidence of a hierarchical model of MIL, such that relationship-specific experiences of MIL mediate associations between general MIL and relationship motivation and quality. Taken together, this research provides consistent and compelling evidence regarding the importance of MIL in romantic relationships.
Adaptive TXOP Allocation Based on Channel Conditions and Traffic Requirements in IEEE 802.11e Networks

IEEE 802.11e has established a new access mechanism called the hybrid coordination function (HCF) as a step toward provisioning quality-of service (QoS) support. In this mechanism, a simple HCF scheduler is introduced to take the QoS requirements of admitted flows into account and allocate transmission opportunities (TXOPs), which is the time under which a station (STA) can send its burst of data packets, to STAs. Although many approaches have been taken to address the mechanism's inherent problems, unsubstantial effort has been afforded in tackling a channel-aware allocation mechanism. An STA can be in either the good or bad channel state in any feasible data rate, which can be modeled as a Markov chain of two states for each data rate. In view of this, we propose a mechanism of adaptive TXOP allocation that is applicable to existing scheduling algorithms. Our method works in accordance with channel and traffic conditions and complies with the link adaptation mechanism. Extensive simulation results verify that our method shows improved performance while ensuring long-term fairness among STAs and being adaptive to the channel conditions and underlying physical transmission rates.
Combining recency of information with selective random and a victim cache in last-level caches

Memory latency has become an important performance bottleneck in current microprocessors. This problem aggravates as the number of cores sharing the same memory controller increases. To palliate this problem, a common solution is to implement cache hierarchies with large or huge Last-Level Cache (LLC) organizations. LLC memories are implemented with a high number of ways (e.g., 16) to reduce conflict misses. Typically, caches have implemented the LRU algorithm to exploit temporal locality, but its performance goes away from the optimal as the number of ways increases. In addition, the implementation of a strict LRU algorithm is costly in terms of area and power. This article focuses on a family of low-cost replacement strategies, whose implementation scales with the number of ways while maintaining the performance. The proposed strategies track the accessing order for just a few blocks, which cannot be replaced. The victim is randomly selected among those blocks exhibiting poor locality. Although, in general, the random policy helps improving the performance, in some applications the scheme fails with respect to the LRU policy leading to performance degradation. This drawback can be overcome by the addition of a small victim cache of the large LLC. Experimental results show that, using the best version of the family without victim cache, MPKI reduction falls in between 10% and 11% compared to a set of the most representative state-of-the-art algorithms, whereas the reduction grows up to 22% with respect to LRU. The proposal with victim cache achieves speedup improvements, on average, by 4% compared to LRU. In addition, it reduces dynamic energy, on average, up to 8%. Finally, compared to the studied algorithms, hardware complexity is largely reduced by the baseline algorithm of the family.
RecNorm: Simultaneous Normalisation and Classification Applied to Speech Recognition

A particular form of neural network is described, which has terminals for acoustic patterns, class labels and speaker parameters. A method of training this network to "tune in" the speaker parameters to a particular speaker is outlined, based on a trick for converting a supervised network to an unsupervised mode. We describe experiments using this approach in isolated word recognition based on whole-word hidden Markov models. The results indicate an improvement over speaker-independent performance and, for unlabelled data, a performance close to that achieved on labelled data.
Retinal cAMP levels during the progression of retinal degeneration in rhodopsin P23H and S334ter transgenic rats.

PURPOSE To test whether high levels of cAMP promote apoptosis and shorten the life of retinal rod photoreceptors, the changes in cAMP levels during retinal degeneration were analyzed in two transgenic rat models that express rhodopsin P23H and S334ter mutations. METHODS Dark- and light-adapted heterozygous P23H (lines 1 and 3; P23H-1 and -3), S334ter line 4 (S334ter-4), and Sprague-Dawley (control) rats were studied at 4 to 8 weeks by cAMP enzyme competitive immunoassay and by cAMP immunocytochemistry. RESULTS In control animals retinal cAMP content reached a steady state level at 30 days of age. Dark-adapted control retinas had up to 97% higher cAMP content than light-adapted retinas, and photoreceptor cells were the major source of this increase. Dark-adapted photoreceptors in all three lines of transgenic rats at advanced stages of retinal degeneration had cAMP content different from that of the control. In rats that express mutant rhodopsin, the number of photoreceptor cells was progressively reduced, because of retinal degeneration, but dark-adapted cAMP levels did not decline accordingly. P23H transgenic animals of both lines had higher levels of cAMP per photoreceptor cell count than control animals. This elevation was more pronounced as degeneration progressed. S334ter animals showed smaller cAMP elevation than P23H rats at a similar stage of retinal degeneration, but at a point when S334ter rats were undergoing rapid retinal degeneration, whereas in P23H rats retinal degeneration was slowing down. CONCLUSIONS All three lines of transgenic rats carrying rhodopsin mutations show an increase in dark-adapted photoreceptor cAMP levels. A complex relationship exists between cAMP levels and the rate of cell death in the retina. Although initially higher levels of cAMP may promote cell survival and slow down retinal degeneration, ultimately, elevated cAMP levels may become toxic and may contribute to retinal cell death.
Statistically optimal self-calibration of regular imaging arrays

Many imaging arrays have a regular sensor configuration. This regularity can be exploited for self-calibration of the array. In this paper, we introduce a new self-calibration method for regular arrays based on weighted alternating least squares (WALS) optimization that appears to be statistically efficient and does not impose requirements on the source structure or on pre-calibration of the array. We show results from Monte Carlo simulations indicating that the proposed method already attains the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) at very low SNR and produces unbiased results. Our simulations also indicate that the approach most commonly used in the literature does not attain the CRB at high SNR and produces biased results at low SNR.
Phylogenetic tree inference from local gene content

Background Complete genome sequences provide many new characters suitable for studying phylogenetic relationships. The limitations of the single sequence-based phylogenetic reconstruction prompted the efforts to build trees based on genome-wide properties, such as the fraction of shared orthologous genes or conservation of adjoining gene pairs. Gene content-based phylogenies, however, have their own biases: most notably, differential losses and horizontal transfers of genes interfere with phylogenetic signal, each in their own way, and special measures need to be taken to eliminate these types of noise. Results We expand the repertoire of genome-wide traits available for phylogeny building, by developing a practical approach for measuring local gene conservation in two genomes. We counted the number of orthologous genes shared by chromosomal neighborhoods (“bins”), and built the phylogeny of 63 prokaryotic genomes on this basis. The tree correctly resolved all well-established clades, and also suggested the monophily of firmicutes, which tend to be split in other genome-based trees. Conclusions Our measure of local gene order conservation extracts strong phylogenetic signal. This new measure appears to be substantially resistant to the observed instances of gene loss and horizontal transfer, two evolutionary forces which can cause systematic biases in the genome-based phylogenies.