Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Input Redundancy and Output Observability in the Analysis of Visual Motion

Sixth International Symposium on Robotics Research, MIT Press, 1993 Determining structure and motion from the images produced by a camera on a moving robot is a nonlinear and potentially poorly conditioned computation. A reliable system must use redundant data so that small random errors in the inputs cancel out statistically to produce better outputs. Furthermore, the output quantities to be computed must be well observable, that is, they should have well-measurable e ects on the images. I demonstrate the importance of these two principles with three system for the analysis of visual motion: the factorization method for structure and motion under orthography, a system to compute camera motion from narrowly spaced frames, and a global, multiframe, and multifeature method for the reconstruction of structure and motion from sequences taken under perspective.
Musical Taste and Ingroup Favouritism

Musical taste is thought to function as a social `badge' of group membership, contributing to an individual's sense of social identity. Following from this, social identity theory predicts that individuals should perceive and behave more favourably towards those perceived to share their musical taste than towards those who do not. The findings of two studies supported these predictions. The first showed that stereotypes of the fans of different musical styles demonstrate ingroup favouritism, and the second study used the minimal group paradigm to show that individuals allocate greater rewards to those believed to share their musical taste. This suggests that those who share our musical taste are likely to be considered ingroup members, and should be subject to ingroup favouritism.
A Morphologically Sensitive Clustering Algorithm for Identifying Arabic Roots

We present a clustering algorithm for Arabic words sharing the same root. Root based clusters can substitute dictionaries in indexing for IR. Modifying Adamson and Boreham (1974), our Two-stage algorithm applies light stemming before calculating word pair similarity coefficients using techniques sensitive to Arabic morphology. Tests show a successful treatment of infixes and accurate clustering to up to 94.06% for unedited Arabic text samples, without the use of dictionaries.
Myopic Coding in Multiterminal Networks

This correspondence investigates the interplay between cooperation and achievable rates in multiterminal networks. Cooperation refers to the process of nodes working together to relay data toward the destination. There is an inherent tradeoff between achievable information transmission rates and the level of cooperation, which is determined by how many nodes are involved and how the nodes encode/decode the data. We illustrate this tradeoff by studying information-theoretic decode-forward-based coding strategies for data transmission in multiterminal networks. Decode-forward strategies are usually discussed in the context of omniscient coding, in which all nodes in the network fully cooperate with each other, both in encoding and decoding. In this correspondence, we investigate myopic coding, in which each node cooperates with only a few neighboring nodes. We show that achievable rates of myopic decode-forward can be as large as that of omniscient decode-forward in the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. We also show that when each node has only a few cooperating neighbors, adding one node into the cooperation increases the transmission rate significantly. Furthermore, we show that myopic decode-forward can achieve nonzero rates as the network size grows without bound.
Researching Suicide, Attempted Suicide and Near-Lethal Self-Harm by Offenders in Community Settings: Challenges for Future Research

Suicide is a serious international health problem and is more likely to occur in vulnerable populations such as offenders. There is an abundance of research into suicides of prisoners, but few studies have been carried out on suicides of offenders serving community sentences. This article identifies and evaluates the limited research that is available. Recommendations for future research are made, including how in-depth interviews can provide important information about near lethal incidents from the service users’ perspective, and how international comparisons could be helpful in understanding this problem further.
Mismatch Repair and Recombination EXO 1 , an Exonuclease Implicated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Identification of a Human Gene Encoding a Homologue of Updated

The EXOl gene was identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a gene encoding an exonuclease that interacts with MSH2 and functions in mismatch repair and genetic recombination. To understand the role of EXOl in higher eukaryotes, we identified the human EXOl gene. The hEXOl predicted amino acid sequence shares 26.6% identity with the S. cerevisiae EXOl amino acid sequence. The human and S. cerevisiae pro teins showed a similar ability to complement the initiator phenotype of S. cerevisiae rad27 mutants indicating that the two proteins are functionally similar. There appear to be two forms of hEXOl that differ by the COOH-terminal 1 and 44 amino acids, respectively, and these appear to result from alternative RNA splicing. The hEXOl gene consists of 14 exons and is transcribed to yield a 3-kb mRNA. Radiation hybrid and fluores cence in situ hybridization mapping studies indicate that the human gene is located at Iq42.2-qter. Northern blot analysis demonstrates that hEXOl is expressed in high levels in testis; elevated expression was also observed in thymus and colon and to a lesser extent in small intestine, placenta, spleen, and ovary.
Development of an augmented treadmill for the rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy: Pilot perspectives from young healthy adult users

A Real-time Treadmill Speed Control Algorithm (RTSCA) has been developed for gait rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy (CP). The objective of the work described in this paper was to investigate the feasibility of the RTSCA prior to use by children with CP. Thirteen healthy subjects aged between 19 and 25 were recruited to walk on the treadmill using conventional speed buttons without the virtual reality (VR) environment, and the RTSCA with and without VR. The participants were asked to undertake three treadmill tests and to complete a questionnaire to provide feedback on the control of the treadmill. The descriptive results show that for 10 participants changing walking speed from stationary when using the RTSCA was similar or more comfortable to using conventional treadmill speed control buttons. For those who found it less comfortable the core issue was insufficient time to practise with the system. All the participants were satisfied with the safety and the performance of the RTSCA when incorporated into the VR scenario. A Wilcoxon test was conducted to examine whether there was a significant difference between walking speeds on the treadmill when using the conventional speed buttons and the RTSCA. The results showed that participants walked at significantly higher speeds when using the RTSCA. This may suggest that they walked more naturally or confidently on the treadmill when using the RTSCA as compared to the use of conventional treadmill speed control buttons.
Image refining technique using digital watermarking

An image refining technique is proposed. The digital watermarking and Reed-Solomon (RS) coding techniques are adopted to provide the image refining. The RS codewords' parities of original image are used as a watermark to be embedded in the original image. The watermark can provide the error correction and detection capability for the original image (refining function). Meanwhile, we take the advantage of the parity bits of the rearranged DCT coefficients in the lower frequency subbands of the quantized DCT block to provide the robustness and imperceptibility requirement for watermarking technique. The proposed method can directly extract the embedded watermark from the watermarked image without using the original image, so it is feasible to implement it in a real time system. The experimental results show that the error correction and detection capability, imperceptibility, and robustness of the watermarking technique can be guaranteed.
The Psychology of E-Learning: A Field of Study

In this article, we present our views of the psychology of E-learning as a field of study that is important, interdisciplinary, emerging, and promising. We first define E-learning as the third learning system in the history of human learning, specify two major E-learning practices in education and corporations, and indicate the importance of psychological studies of E-learning. We then point out the interdisciplinary nature of the psychology of learning and summarize the existing literature of the psychology of E-learning in cognitive, social, developmental, and school and counseling psychology. We comment on major accomplishments and limitations of the special issue, and conclude with a brief discussion of possible future research directions.
Purified Rat Liver Fat‐Storing Cells in Culture Divide and Contain Collagen

Primary cultures and cell lines were established from suspensions of purified fat‐storing cells isolated from the rat liver. When seeded at a suitable density, fat‐storing cells in primary culture reached confluency in 3 to 4 days and could be transferred and established as cell lines for at least two passages. The typical morphological characteristics of fat‐storing cells in vivo were retained in the cells during primary culture. Vitamin A fluorescence was still associated with lipid droplets of cells in culture up to and including the second passage. Investigation of the cytoskeletal structure by indirect immunofluorescence showed the presence of vimentin, actin and tubulin in the cells; no a‐prekeratin was present. The presence of vimentin suggested a fibroblastic or possible myogenic origin for fat‐storing cells. The presence of connective tissue components in fat‐storing cells in culture was demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence. Collagen Types I and IV and laminin were present intracellular in small granules in fat‐storing cells in primary culture and in the first passage. Cells in the fourth passage contained only collagen Type 1. Fibronectin was only aligned extracellularly along the cell membrane, which did not exclude an extracellular source. Rat liver fat‐storing cells in culture show a high proliferating capacity. Cell multiplication during prolonged culture was associated with phenotypic transition to a more fibroblastic appearance and gradual disappearance of vitamin A. These results indicate that fat‐storing cells may be among the cell types involved in pathological changes observed during development of liver fibrosis.
Beginning Band Instruction: A Comparative Analysis of Selected Class Method Books

In beginning band classes, whether by designor out of necessity, instrumentalists are taughtin heterogeneous groupingswith the class method book functioning as the basiccourseof musicstudy. In essence,the methodbook may constitutethe beginning band curriculum. Given this position of prominence, itseemsparamountthatinstrumentalmusicteachersbe awareof musical and pedagogical issues that may provide basesonwhichto makedecisionsregarding methodbook selection. Making informed choices is critical in any endeavor, especially one that represents a fundamental approachto musiclearning.
Sex/Gender and Socioeconomic Differences in the Predictive Ability of Self-Rated Health for Mortality

Background Studies have reported that the predictive ability of self-rated health (SRH) for mortality varies by sex/gender and socioeconomic group. The purpose of this study is to evaluate this relationship in Japan and explore the potential reasons for differences between the groups. Methodology/Principal Findings The analyses in the study were based on the Aichi Gerontological Evaluation Study's (AGES) 2003 Cohort Study in Chita Peninsula, Japan, which followed the four-year survival status of 14,668 community-dwelling people who were at least 65 years old at the start of the study. We first examined sex/gender and education-level differences in association with fair/poor SRH. We then estimated the sex/gender- and education-specific hazard ratios (HRs) of mortality associated with lower SRH using Cox models. Control variables, including health behaviors (smoking and drinking), symptoms of depression, and chronic co-morbid conditions, were added to sequential regression models. The results showed men and women reported a similar prevalence of lower SRH. However, lower SRH was a stronger predictor of mortality in men (HR = 2.44 [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.14–2.80]) than in women (HR = 1.88 [95% CI: 1.44–2.47]; p for sex/gender interaction = 0.018). The sex/gender difference in the predictive ability of SRH was progressively attenuated with the additional introduction of other co-morbid conditions. The predictive ability among individuals with high school education (HR = 2.39 [95% CI: 1.74–3.30]) was similar to that among individuals with less than a high school education (HR = 2.14 [95% CI: 1.83–2.50]; p for education interaction = 0.549). Conclusions The sex/gender difference in the predictive ability of SRH for mortality among this elderly Japanese population may be explained by male/female differences in what goes into an individual's assessment of their SRH, with males apparently weighting depressive symptoms more than females.
The Difference between Differences: How Expertise Affects Diagnosticity of Attribute Alignability

Whereas past research showed that people rely more on alignable than nonalignable differences when evaluating alternative products, the current article shows that consumer expertise moderates this effect and that novices' reliance on alignable attributes can be attenuated when they are motivated or are provided with category knowledge. The authors conducted four experiments to test their hypotheses. Participants considered nonalignable (vs. alignable) attributes to be more differentiating between two competing brands, especially among experts (study 1). In addition, compared to novices, experts more actively sought out nonalignable attributes (study 2) and relied more on nonalignable than alignable attributes when making brand choice decisions (studies 3 and 4). Consistent with the hypothesis that experts' processing of nonalignable attributes is driven by their deeper motivation and knowledge, enhancing motivation (study 3) and the knowledge base (study 4) among novices led to their increased use of a nonalignable attribute as the basis of judgment.
Structural Feature Selection For English-Korean Statistical Machine Translation

When aligning texts in very different languages such as Korean and English, structural features beyond word or phrase give useful information. In this paper, we present a method for selecting structural features of two languages, from which we construct a model that assigns the conditional probabilities to corresponding tag sequences in bilingual English-Korean corpora. For tag sequence mapping between two languages, we first define a structural feature function which represents statistical properties of empirical distribution of a set of training samples. The system, based on maximum entropy concept, selects only features that produce high increases in loglikelihood of training samples. These structurally mapped features are more informative knowledge for statistical machine translation between English and Korean. Also, the information can help to reduce the parameter space of statistical alignment by eliminating syntactically unlikely alignments.
Toward a Feminist Rhetoric of Technology

This article extends current thinking about the rhetoric of technology by making a preliminary inquiry into what a feminist rhetoric of technology might look like. On the basis of feminist critiques of technology in various disciplines, the author suggests three ways in which feminist approaches to building a rhetoric of technology might differ from current nonfeminist approaches to this task. First, feminist scholars should adopt a more expansive definition of technology than that which informs current rhetoric of technology research. Second, feminist scholars should ask research questions different from those being asked by current rhetoric of technology researchers. Third, feminist scholars should move beyond the design and development phases of technology, which most of the current research on the rhetoric of technology emphasizes.
Clouds and aerosols in Puerto Rico - a new evaluation

The influence of aerosols, both natural and anthropogenic, remains a major area of uncertainty when predicting the properties and behaviour of clouds and their influence on climate. In an attempt to better understand warm cloud formation in a tropical marine environment, a period of intensive measurements took place in December 2004 in Puerto Rico, using some of the latest developments in online instrumentation such as aerosol mass spectrometers, cloud condensation nuclei counters and a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyser. Simultaneous online measurements of aerosol size distributions, composition, hygroscopicity and optical properties were made near the lighthouse of Cape San Juan in the north-eastern corner of the island and at the top of East Peak mountain (1040 m a.s.l.), the two sites separated by 17 km. Additional measurements of the cloud droplet residual and interstitial aerosol properties were made at the mountain site, accompanied by measurements of cloud droplet size distributions, liquid water content and the chemical composition of cloud and rain water samples. Both aerosol composition and cloud properties were found to be sensitive to wind sector. Air from the east-northeast (ENE) was mostly free of anthropogenic influences, the submicron fraction being mainly composed of non-sea salt sulphate, while that from the east-southeast (ESE) was found to be moderately influenced by populated islands upwind, adding smaller ( −3 , median volume diameter decreased from 20 to 14 μm and the liquid water content increased from 0.24 to 0.31 g m −3 when the winds shifted from the ENE to ESE. Larger numbers of interstitial particles were recorded, most notably at sizes greater than 100 nm, which were absent during clean conditions. The average size of the residual particles and concentrations of cloudwater nitrate, sulphate and insoluble material increased during polluted conditions. Previous studies in Puerto Rico had reported the presence of a significant non-anthropogenic organic fraction in the aerosols measured and concluded that this was a factor controlling the in situ cloud properties. However, this was not observed in our case. In contrast to the 1.00±0.14 μg m −3 of organic carbon measured in 1992 and 1995, the organic matter measured in the current study of 0.17±0.35 μg m −3 is many times lower, most of which can be attributed to anthropogenic sources. During clean conditions, the submicron aerosol was observed to be almost entirely inorganic, an observation supported by the hygroscopicity measurements. This suggests that organic aerosols from marine sources may not be completely ubiquitous (either spatially or temporally) in this environment and requires further investigation to quantify their true extent and implications, with more extensive, longer-term sampling in conjunction with wind field analyses.
Drammer: Deterministic Rowhammer Attacks on Mobile Platforms

Recent work shows that the Rowhammer hardware bug can be used to craft powerful attacks and completely subvert a system. However, existing efforts either describe probabilistic (and thus unreliable) attacks or rely on special (and often unavailable) memory management features to place victim objects in vulnerable physical memory locations. Moreover, prior work only targets x86 and researchers have openly wondered whether Rowhammer attacks on other architectures, such as ARM, are even possible. We show that deterministic Rowhammer attacks are feasible on commodity mobile platforms and that they cannot be mitigated by current defenses. Rather than assuming special memory management features, our attack, DRAMMER, solely relies on the predictable memory reuse patterns of standard physical memory allocators. We implement DRAMMER on Android/ARM, demonstrating the practicability of our attack, but also discuss a generalization of our approach to other Linux-based platforms. Furthermore, we show that traditional x86-based Rowhammer exploitation techniques no longer work on mobile platforms and address the resulting challenges towards practical mobile Rowhammer attacks. To support our claims, we present the first Rowhammer-based Android root exploit relying on no software vulnerability, and requiring no user permissions. In addition, we present an analysis of several popular smartphones and find that many of them are susceptible to our DRAMMER attack. We conclude by discussing potential mitigation strategies and urging our community to address the concrete threat of faulty DRAM chips in widespread commodity platforms.
High Rape Chronicity and Low Rates of Help-Seeking Among Wife Rape Survivors in a Nonclinical Sample

Research on sexual assault experiences and outcomes has not consistently reported analyses by victim/offender relationship and has not provided much detail on sexual assaults by husbands and ex-husbands. National Crime Victimization Survey data were analyzed to examine sexual assault chronicity and help-seeking behaviors among survivors of marital, acquaintance, and stranger sexual assault. Marital sexual assault survivors were significantly more likely than acquaintance and stranger survivors to experience multiple assaults, with many marital survivors experiencing more than 10 assaults in a 6-month period. The marital group was also less likely to seek medical, police, or agency help. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Organizational Adaptation and Higher Education.

The recent report of the National Commission on Excellence in Education [46] concluded that "the educational foundations of our society are presently being eroded by a rising tide of mediocrity that threatens our very future as a nation and a people. What was unimaginable a generation ago has begun to occur others are matching and surpassing our educational attainments. " The explicit objective of the commission's report was "to generate reform of our educational system in fundamental ways and to renew the nation's commitment to schools and colleges of high quality throughout the length and breadth of our land. "
Neurophysiological correlates of anhedonia in feedback processing

Disturbances in feedback processing and a dysregulation of the neural circuit in which the cingulate cortex plays a key role have been frequently observed in depression. Since depression is a heterogeneous disease, instead of focusing on the depressive state in general, this study investigated the relations between the two core symptoms of depression, i.e., depressed mood and anhedonia, and the neural correlates of feedback processing using fMRI. The focus was on the different subdivisions of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Undergraduates with varying levels of depressed mood and anhedonia performed a time-estimation task in which they received positive and negative feedback that was either valid or invalid (i.e., related vs. unrelated to actual performance). The rostral cingulate zone (RCZ), corresponding to the dorsal part of the ACC, was less active in response to feedback in more anhedonic individuals, after correcting for the influence of depressed mood, whereas the subgenual ACC was more active in these individuals. Task performance was not affected by anhedonia, however. No statistically significant effects were found for depressed mood above and beyond the effects of anhedonia. This study therefore implies that increasing levels of anhedonia involve changes in the neural circuitry underlying feedback processing.