Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimating Code-Switching on Twitter with a Novel Generalized Word-Level Language Detection Technique

Word-level language detection is necessary for analyzing code-switched text, where multiple languages could be mixed within a sentence. Existing models are restricted to code-switching between two specific languages and fail in real-world scenarios as text input rarely has a priori information on the languages used. We present a novel unsupervised word-level language detection technique for code-switched text for an arbitrarily large number of languages, which does not require any manually annotated training data. Our experiments with tweets in seven languages show a 74% relative error reduction in word-level labeling with respect to competitive baselines. We then use this system to conduct a large-scale quantitative analysis of code-switching patterns on Twitter, both global as well as region-specific, with 58M tweets.
Ethics Content in Nursing Education: Pondering with the Possible

Accrediting bodies of nursing as well as other healthcare organizations require that nursing ethics content be incorporated in programs of study. How does nursing define the termnursing ethics? How is it distinguished or viewed in various levels of higher degree nursing education? What is the role of codes for nursing? These are but a few of the questions pondered in the following article that includes personal correspondence with two distinguished authors, educators, and consultants for biomedical ethics, Dr. Sara T. Fry and Dr. Nancy Berlinger of the Hastings Center.
Cultural tourism and quality of life: Results of a longitudinal study

Cultural tourism development is considered a viable channel to attract tourists to a destination and to enhance residents’ overall quality of life (QOL). Since the early 2000’s, Indianapolis, Indiana has dedicated considerable public and private investment into developing and promoting cultural attractions, festivals, educational events, and other offerings. This research reports the findings of a five-year study, from 2004-2008, to monitor patterns and changes in residents’ quality of life (QOL) measurement and perceptions of cultural tourism. The results indicate that there are not significant increases in QOL ratings of Indianapolis residents, as it relates to cultural tourism development. However, the series of studies yield interesting conclusions that have practical implications for municipality and tourism leaders who continually evaluate the city’s cultural tourism initiatives.
Algebraic Multilevel Preconditioners for the Graph Laplacian Based on Matching in Graphs

This paper presents estimates of the convergence rate and complexity of an algebraic multilevel preconditioner based on piecewise constant coarse vector spaces applied to the graph Laplacian. A bound is derived on the energy norm of the projection operator onto any piecewise constant vector space, which results in an estimate of the two-level convergence rate where the coarse level graph is obtained by matching. The two-level convergence of the method is then used to establish the convergence of an algebraic multilevel iteration that uses the two-level scheme recursively. On structured grids, the method is proved to have convergence rate $\approx (1-1/\log n)$ and $O(n \log n)$ complexity for each cycle, where $n$ denotes the number of unknowns in the given problem. Numerical results of the algorithm applied to various graph Laplacians are reported. It is also shown that all the theoretical estimates derived for matching can be generalized to the case of aggregates containing more than two vertices.
An incentive-based quality of service aware algorithm for offline inter-AS traffic engineering

This paper focuses on incentive-based offline inter-AS traffic engineering with end-to-end quality of service (QoS) guarantees. We investigate a key inter-AS traffic engineering problem, the "egress router selection problem". The objective is to select an egress router for each expected aggregate inter-AS traffic flow so that the required end-to-end QoS is provided and the capacity constraint of each inter-AS link is met while minimizing the total inter-AS transit cost. The problem is NP-hard and we propose a genetic algorithm to solve it. Simulation results show that our proposed approach performs better than conventional greedy-based approaches.
The roles of the “ventral” semantic and “dorsal” pathways in conduite d'approche: a neuroanatomically-constrained computational modeling investigation

Ever since the 19th century, the standard model for spoken language processing has assumed two pathways for repetition—a phonological pathway and a semantic pathway—and this idea has gained further support in the last decade. First, recent in vivo tractography studies have demonstrated both the “dorsal” (via arcuate fasciculus) and “ventral” (via extreme capsule and uncinate fasciculus) pathways connecting from the primary auditory area to the speech-motor area, the latter of which passes through a brain area associated with semantic processing (anterior temporal lobe). Secondly, neuropsychological evidence for the role of semantics in repetition is conduite d'approche, a successive phonological improvement (sometimes non-improvement) in aphasic patients' response by repeating several times in succession. Crucially, conduite d'approche is observed in patients with neurological damage in/around the arcuate fasciculus. Successful conduite d'approche is especially clear for semantically-intact patients and it occurs for real words rather than for non-words. These features have led researchers to hypothesize that the patients' disrupted phonological output is “cleaned-up” by intact lexical-semantic information before the next repetition. We tested this hypothesis using the neuroanatomically-constrained dual dorsal-ventral pathway computational model. The results showed that (a) damage to the dorsal pathway impaired repetition; (b) in the context of recovery, the model learned to compute a correct repetition response following the model's own noisy speech output (i.e., successful conduite d'approche); (c) this behavior was more evident for real words than non-words; and (d) activation from the ventral pathway contributed to the increased rate of successful conduite d'approche for real words. These results suggest that lexical-semantic “clean-up” is key to this self-correcting mechanism, supporting the classic proposal of two pathways for repetition.
Impact of new information and communication technologies (ICTs) on socio-economic and educational development of Africa and the Asia-Pacific

This preliminary research on ICT adoption in Africa and the Asia-Pacific suggests that there are serious barriers to their use in educational and socioeconomic development, such as issues of infrastructure support, access to the ICTs, training and skills development, and hierarchical social relations which determine who has access to ICTs. Generally ICTs are considered appropriate, even though there remain concerns over economic priorities, basic needs or computers.
Assessment of the growth of children and physical status of adults in two Aboriginal communities in South Australia

Growth of children and physical status of adults in two Aboriginal communities, Gerard and Raukkan, South Australia, were assessed. Height, weight, biepicondylar breadth of humerus, the triceps and subscapular skinfolds, and arm circumferences were measured on 110 children and 77 adults annually between 1996 and 2000. Data were transformed to z scores, using American reference data. In all groups height z scores are negative. In all but Raukkan boys, the z scores are significantly smaller than the reference. Body weight z scores lie above the reference, with the only exceptions being Gerard children. Still, in all cases BMI lies above the reference, being significantly greater than the reference, except in Gerard girls. z scores for the triceps skinfold are not consistently positive, but those for the subscapular skinfold are positive in all groups, indicating centralized fat accumulation. In both boys and girls, Raukkan men and Gerard women, biepicondylar breadth of the humerus is below the reference. Increased BMI and trunk fatness suggest that members of these communities are not only receiving adequate nutrition, but that in many cases there is also a caloric surplus, sometimes leading to obesity. Inadequate skeletal growth indicated by short stature and small biepicondylar breadths, on the other hand, suggests that the environment is less than optimal for growth. Factors such as disease load, psychosocial pressures, or specific nutrient shortages may be involved. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13:603–611, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MENSURAÇÃO DA PERCEPÇÃO DE BARREIRAS PARA A PRÁTICA DE ATIVIDADES FÍSICAS: UMA PROPOSTA DE INSTRUMENTO

Currently, one of the most-investigated subjects that Physical Education scientists are researching consists of themes related to human behavior (change of patterns, habits related to the health, lifestyle, beliefs and attitudes, motivation for physical activity, perception of barriers). The aim of the present article is to propose an objective instrument (questionnaire) to be used in research into human behavior, especially related to the perception of barriers to the practice of physical activity. The study used a sample of 42 adults (22 women and 20 men) and had the following methodological design: preliminary test-retest with one week interval, reformulation of the instrument, fi nal test-retest with one week interval. The reliability of the proposed barriers was initially evaluated using the Kappa index and Pearson Product Moment correlations. Testing of the instrument demonstrated that the proposed questionnaire (a list of nineteen barriers evaluated in ordinal scale) can be easily employed, due to its applicability and quite satisfactory clarity, in addition to offering a reproducibility index of adequate reliability.
Variation in early-life telomere dynamics in a long-lived bird: links to environmental conditions and survival

ABSTRACT Conditions experienced during early life can have profound consequences for both short- and long-term fitness. Variation in the natal environment has been shown to influence survival and reproductive performance of entire cohorts in wild vertebrate populations. Telomere dynamics potentially provide a link between the early environment and long-term fitness outcomes, yet we know little about how the environment can influence telomere dynamics in early life. We found that environmental conditions during growth have an important influence on early-life telomere length (TL) and attrition in nestlings of a long-lived bird, the European storm petrel Hydrobates pelagicus. Nestlings reared under unfavourable environmental conditions experienced significantly greater telomere loss during postnatal development compared with nestlings reared under more favourable natal conditions, which displayed a negligible change in TL. There was, however, no significant difference in pre-fledging TL between cohorts. The results suggest that early-life telomere dynamics could contribute to the marked differences in life-history traits that can arise among cohorts reared under different environmental conditions. Early-life TL was also found to be a significant predictor of survival during the nestling phase, providing further evidence for a link between variation in TL and individual fitness. To what extent the relationship between early-life TL and mortality during the nestling phase is a consequence of genetic, parental and environmental factors is currently unknown, but it is an interesting area for future research. Accelerated telomere attrition under unfavourable conditions, as observed in this study, might play a role in mediating the effects of the early-life environment on later-life performance. Summary: The environment strongly influences early-life telomere attrition, suggesting that telomere dynamics may underlie cohort effects often observed in natural populations and may mechanistically link early-life stress and later-life performance.
Power-delay modeling of dynamic CMOS gates for circuit optimization

We present an accurate analytical expression to compute power and delay of domino CMOS circuits from a detailed description of internal capacitor switching and discharging currents. The expression obtained accounts for the main effects in complex sub-micron gates like velocity saturation effects, body effect, device sizes and coupling capacitors. The energy-delay product is also evaluated and analyzed. Results are compared to HSPICE simulations (level 50) for a 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technology.
A multi-sink and multi-object tracking strategy for wireless sensor networks

Object tracking is one of the most important applications of WSNs, especially for military usage. Sensor nodes should collect information about intruders and sound alarms to military in good time. Previous protocols suffer from flooding based method or focus on tree-based approaches. We proposed a quorum based protocol that is suitable for multi-sink and multi-object tracking applications. Simulation shows the efficiency of its performance over previous protocols.
Truncation of Fibronectin-Binding Proteins in Staphylococcus aureus Strain Newman Leads to Deficient Adherence and Host Cell Invasion Due to Loss of the Cell Wall Anchor Function

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus fibronectin-binding proteins (FnBPs) play a critical role in S. aureus pathogenesis. FnBPs mediate adhesion to fibronectin and invasion of mammalian cells, including epithelial, endothelial, and fibroblastic cells, by fibronectin bridging to the host cell fibronectin receptor integrin (α5)β1. Strain Newman is a laboratory strain frequently used for genetic, functional, and in vivo studies. However, despite pronounced production of FnBPs, strain Newman is only weakly adherent to immobilized Fn and weakly invasive. We examined whether these effects are due to a structural difference of FnBPs. Here, we show that both fnbANewman and fnbBNewman contain a centrally located point mutation resulting in a stop codon. This leads to a truncation of both FnBPs at the end of the C domain at identical positions. Most likely, the stop codon occurred first in fnbBNewman and was subsequently transferred to fnbANewman by replacement of the entire region encompassing the C, D, and W domains with the respective sequence of fnbBNewman. Using heterologous expression in Staphylococcus carnosus, we found that truncated FnBPs were completely secreted into the culture medium and not anchored to the cell wall, since they lack the sortase motif (LPETG). Consequently, this led to a loss of FnBP-dependent functions, such as strong adhesion to immobilized fibronectin, binding of fibrinogen, and host cell invasion. This mutation may explain some of the earlier reported conflicting data with strain Newman. Thus, care should be taken when drawing negative conclusions about the role of FnBPs as a virulence factor in a given model.
USING A TREATMENT PACKAGE TO TEACH REQUEST BEHAVIOR TO YOUNG CHILDREN WITH COMPLEX COMMUNICATION NEEDS

OF THESIS USING A TREATMENT PACKAGE TO TEACH REQUEST BEHAVIOR TO YOUNG CHILDREN WITH COMPLEX COMMUNICATION NEEDS Three preschoolers with limited or no verbal language were taught to request preferred objects using an adapted Picture Exchange Communication System (Bondy & Frost, 1998) and elements of peer mediated instruction and intervention (Neitzel, 2008) (PECS/PMII). These two interventions have been established as evidence based practices, but have not previously been taught and implemented by one adult and a preschool child in a preschool classroom. Same-aged peers were the communicative partners for the picture exchange. A teacher served as the facilitator of the exchanges. A multiple probe (days) across participants design was utilized to determine the effectiveness of the intervention. The percentage of successful exchanges/requests made by the target child using the adapted PECS/PMII method was evaluated to determine the effectiveness of the intervention when implemented by a same-aged peer. The target children not only made requests to the criterion level, two of the three increased their appropriate verbal responses. The same-aged peers were able to effectively implement the steps for PECS phase 1.
Selling ethnic neighborhoods : the rise of neighborhoods as places of leisure and consumption

Introduction: Ethnic Neighborhoods as Places of Leisure and Consumption Volkan Aytar and Jan Rath 1. Urban Ethnic Tourism in New York's Neighborhoods: Then and Now Johannes Novy 2. Ethnic Minority Restaurateurs and the Regeneration of 'Banglatown' in London's East End Stephen Shaw and Sue Bagwell 3. Gateways to the Urban Economy: Chinatowns in Antwerp and Brussels Ching Lin Pang 4. Kreuzberg's Multi- and Inter-cultural Realities: Are They Assets? Johannes Novy 5. Sanitizing the Metropolis of Leisurely Consumption: A Missed Chance to Re-invent Entrepreneurial Dynamism in Sulukule, Istanbul Volkan Aytar and Suheyla Kirca-Schroeder 6. When Diversity Meets Heritage: Defining the Urban Image of a Lisbon Precinct Catarina Reis de Oliveira 7. Symbols of Ethnicity in a Multi-ethnic Precinct: Marketing Perth's Northbridge for Cultural Consumption Kirrily Jordan and Jock Collins 8. Risotto and Zighini? Milano's Lazzaretto between Multiculturalism and Insecurity Roberta Marzorati and Fabio Quassoli
Variable-length lossy compression and channel coding: Non-asymptotic converses via cumulant generating functions

This paper gives non-asymptotic converse bounds on the cumulant generating function of the encoded lengths in variable-rate lossy compression and in variable-to-fixed channel coding. The results are given in terms of the Rényi mutual information and the d-tilted Rényi entropy. We also illustrate the application of the non-asymptotic bounds to obtain strong converses.
Nature and Science of Sleep Dovepress Sleep Promotes Offline Enhancement of an Explicitly Learned Discrete but Not an Explicitly Learned Continuous Task

Background: Healthy young individuals benefit from sleep to promote offline enhancement of a variety of explicitly learned discrete motor tasks. It remains unknown if sleep will promote learning of other types of explicit tasks. The purpose of this study is to verify the role of sleep in learning an explicitly instructed discrete motor task and to determine if participants who practice an explicitly instructed continuous tracking task demonstrate sleep-dependent offline learning of this task. Methods: In experiment 1, 28 healthy young adults (mean age 25.6 ± 3.8 years) practiced a serial reaction time (SRT) task at either 8 am (SRT no-sleep group) or 8 pm (SRT sleep group) and underwent retention testing 12 ± 1 hours later. In experiment 2, 20 healthy young individuals (mean age 25.6 ± 3.3 years) practiced a continuous tracking task and were similarly divided into a no-sleep (continuous tracking no-sleep group) or sleep group (continuous tracking sleep group). Individuals in both experiments were provided with explicit instruction on the presence of a sequence in their respective task prior to practice. Results: Individuals in the SRT sleep group demonstrated a significant offline reduction in reaction time whereas the SRT no-sleep group did not. Results for experiment 1 provide concurrent evidence that explicitly learned discrete tasks undergo sleep-dependent offline enhancement. Individuals in the continuous tracking sleep group failed to demonstrate a significant offline reduction in tracking error. However, the continuous tracking no-sleep group did demonstrate a significant offline improvement in performance. Results for experiment 2 indicate that sleep is not critical for offline enhancement of an explicit learned continuous task. Conclusion: The findings that individuals who practiced an explicitly instructed discrete task experienced sleep-dependent offline learning while those individuals who practiced an explicitly instructed continuous task did not may be due to the difference in motor control or level of complexity between discrete and continuous tasks.
No Evidence for Histamine H4 Receptor in Human Monocytes

The histamine H4 receptor (H4R) is a classic pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi protein–coupled receptor that mediates increases in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i). The presence of H4R in human eosinophils has been rigorously documented by several independent groups. It has also been suggested that H4R is expressed in human monocytes, but this suggestion hinges in part on H4R antibodies with questionable specificity. This situation prompted us to reinvestigate H4R expression in human monocytes. As positive control, we studied human embryonic kidney 293T cells stably expressing the human H4R (hH4R). In these cells, histamine (HA) and the H4R agonist UR-PI376 (2-cyano-1-[4-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)butyl]-3-[(2-phenylthio)ethyl]guanidine) induced pertussis toxin–sensitive [Ca2+]i increases. However, in quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction studies we failed to detect hH4R mRNA in human monocytes and U937 promonocytes. In human monocytes, ATP and N-formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine increased [Ca2+]i, but HA, UR-PI376, and 5-methylhistamine (a dual H4R/H2 receptor agonist) did not. In U937 promonocytes and differentiated U937 cells, HA increased [Ca2+]i, but this increase was mediated via HA H1 receptor. In conclusion, there is no evidence for the presence of H4R in human monocytes.
A grammar design accommodating packed argument frame information on verbs

This paper presents a comparison of two designs for implementing argument frame information on verbs. In the first design, alternating verbs will be represented with one lexical entry pr. possible argument frame. In the other design, each verb form will be associated with only one lexical entry containing a packed representation of the possible ar- gument frames. The first design represents how valence alter nations are treated in lexicalist grammars, while the second shows how valence alternations can be handled in a construction- alist grammar. The comparison is done with an implemented "deep" grammar of Norwegian.
Was Dred Scott Correctly Decided? An 'Expert Report' for the Defendant

This Article offers an "expert report" for the defendant in Dred Scott, and argues that "given the history of the writing of the Constitution, the importance of slavery to the American economy, the specific protections for slavery found in the Constitution, and the politics of the era," the "decision upholding Dred Scott's status as a slave was surely inevitable. " However, from "the perspective of modern scholarship . it is not unreasonable to ask if the case was in fact correctly decided. To ask this question is not to defend [Chief Justice] Taney's racism" or to argue "in favor of slavery. " Instead, this Article suggests "how the Court might have reached the same result that Chief Jusitce Taney reached - and why perhaps the result was constitutionally correct - without relying on racism or aggressively proslavery thought. "
Improving testability and soft-error resilience through retiming

State elements are increasingly vulnerable to soft errors due to their decreasing size, and the fact that latched errors cannot be completely eliminated by electrical or timing masking. Most prior methods of reducing the soft error rate (SER) involve combinational redesign, which tends to add area and decrease testability, the latter a concern due to the prevalence of manufacturing defects. Our work explores the fundamental relations between the SER of sequential circuits and their testability in scan mode, and appears to be the first to improve both through retiming. Our retiming methodology relocates registers so that [1] registers become less observable with respect to primary outputs, thereby decreasing overall SER, and [2] combinational nodes become more observable with respect to registers (but not with respect to primary outputs), thereby increasing scan testability. We present experimental results which show an average decrease of 42% in the SER of latches, and an average improvement of 31% random pattern testability.