Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Forming Entities to Negotiate Community Benefits Agreements

I. Background: Unincorporated Coalitions and Separate Corporations.146 II. Types of Corporations.148 A. By-Laws.148 B. Boards of Directors.148 1. Who Selects the Board? 148 2. Board Composition? Representatives of Existing Organizations.149 3. Board Composition? Representatives of Unorganized Groups.150 4. Voting Process.151 5. Meeting Notice.151 6. Removal of Directors.151 C. Committees.152 III. Conclusion.152
A Synthetic Targets Detection Method for Human Millimeter-Wave Holographic Imaging System

Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) technology is of great significance in security inspection, while traditional object detection methods are proved not efficient in human body millimeter-wave images. In this paper, we propose a synthetic objection detection method for millimeter-wave images. We choose saliency, SIFT and HOG features to form image descriptors. According to sparse representation, the features are encoded again and fed to a linear SVM for target/non-target classification. Previous works proved that the amount of training samples would influence the efficiency of SVM classifiers. Thus, we utilize several simulating methods for data augmentation, aiming to increase the number of training samples before training linear SVM classifiers. The experimental results show that our approach is efficient in target detection of human body millimeter-wave images. Moreover, classifiers trained on larger sets with simulated samples have better performance in classification on our testing dataset.
Vitamin B12 absorption judged by measurement of holotranscobalamin, active vitamin B12: evaluation of a commercially available EIA kit

Abstract Background: Active vitamin B12 absorption is followed by an increase in holotranscobalamin (holoTC) upon loading with a high physiological dose of the vitamin (the CobaSorb test). This study evaluates the use of a newly launched EIA kit for measurement of holoTC (active B12) in relation to the CobaSorb test. Methods: Intra-assay imprecision and linearity of the EIA kit was examined, employing serum pools of increasing holoTC concentrations. For the CobaSorb test, holoTC was measured before and after loading with 3-times 9 μg of vitamin B12 employing both the in-house ELISA and the EIA kit (n=25). Results: The EIA kit showed an intra-assay CV between 2.2% and 5.8% for holoTC values ranging from 21 to 80 pmol/L. Employing diluted serum samples resulted in spurious high values of holoTC. The EIA kit performed well in relation to the CobaSorb test and classified the patients studied as capable of absorbing vitamin B12 (n=10) or not (n=15), as did the in-house ELISA. Conclusions: The Active B12 (holoTC) EIA kit proved suitable for use with the CobaSorb test, but not for analysis of diluted serum samples.
Kavramsal Hizmet Modeli ve Hizmet Kalitesini Ôlçme Araci Olarak Servqual Analizi

Quality in products and services has bccomc a pivotal concern of the 1980’s. While quality in tangible goods has been described and measured by the organizations, quality in services is more difficult to measure because of intangibility, insepcrabilty, hcterogenily, and perishability features of the services. The purpose of this study is to introduce a Conceptual Model of Service Quality and Servqual Analysis which are used in the measurement of service quality. This model and Servqual Analysis was developed by Paras u rani an, Zeithaml and Berry. The Conceptual model has been used as a framework for understanding, measuring and improving service quality. Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry has defined the concept of service quality and the factors that influence it by identifying four gaps occuring in the organizations. These four gaps cause quality problems in services. These quality problems resuit in a fifth gap which can be defined as the difference between customer expectations of the service and perceptions related to the service. This difference is defined by Parasuraman. Zeithaml, and Berry as the service quality.
Chemometric evaluation of concentrations of trace elements in intervertebral disc tissue in patient with degenerative disc disease.

BACKGROUND The work is designed to uncover the pattern of mutual relation among trace elements and epidemiological data in the degenerated intervertebral disk tissue in humans. Hitherto the reason of the degenerative process is not fully understood. Trace elements are the basic components of the biological compound related both its metabolism as well as environmental exposure. The relation pattern among elements occurs gives new perspective in solving the cause of the disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS We have analysed trace elements content in the 30 intervertebral disc from 22 patients with degenerative disc disease. The concentrations of Al, Cu, Cd, Mo, Ni and Pb were determined with Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. To analyse the multidimentional relation between trace element concentration and epidemiological data the chemometric analysis was applied. RESULTS The similarity have been shown in occurrence of following pairs: Cd-Mo as well as Mg-Zn. The second pair was correlated with Pb concentration. Pb levels are observed to be competitive to Cu concentration. Cd concentration was related to Zn and Mg deficiency. No single but rather cluster of epidemiological data show observable influence on the TE tissue variance. Zn and Cu was related to the male sex. Operation with orthopedic implants were related to combined Al, Mo and Zn concentration. CONCLUSIONS This is the first chemometric analysis of trace elements in disk tissue. It shows multidimentional relations that are missed by the classical statistic. The analysis shows significant relation. The nature of the relations is the basis for further metabolic and environmental research.
Building Inclusive Financial Systems: A Framework for Financial Access

Broad-based and inclusive financial systems significantly raise growth, alleviate poverty, and expand economic opportunity. Households, small enterprises, and the rural poor often have difficulty obtaining financial services for a multitude of reasons, including transaction costs, perceived risk, inadequate infrastructure, and information barriers. Yet many financial institutions are now making profitable inroads into underserved markets through formal banking, investment in equities, venture capital, postal banks, and microfinance. Access to Finance addresses the challenges of making financial systems more inclusive, emulating successful ventures in new markets, and utilizing technologies and government policies to support the expansion of financial access. The contributors examine many dimensions of financial access, including: Measuring financial access Understanding the impact of expanded access Examining alternative institutional models Exploring new technologies and information infrastructure Evaluating government policies toward outreach.
A Survey on Face Detection and Recognition Techniques in Different Application Domain

In recent technology the popularity and demand of image processing is increasing due to its immense number of application in various fields. Most of these are related to biometric science like face recognitions, fingerprint recognition, iris scan, and speech recognition. Among them face detection is a very powerful tool for video surveillance, human computer interface, face recognition, and image database management. There are a different number of works on this subject. Face recognition is a rapidly evolving technology, which has been widely used in forensics such as criminal identification, secured access, and prison security. In this paper we had gone through different survey and technical papers of this field and list out the different techniques like Linear discriminant analysis, Viola and Jones classification and adaboost learning curvature analysis and discuss about their advantages and disadvantages also describe some of the detection and recognition algorithms, mention some application domain along with different challenges in this field. We had proposed a classification of detection techniques and discuss all the recognition methods also. Index Terms—Leave Face detection, Feature extraction, face recognition.
Emergence of Candida tropicalis resistant to caspofungin.

Sir, Candida species is the fourth leading cause of nosocomial bloodstream infection in the USA. The incidence and mortality of invasive candidiasis (IC) remain high despite new antifungal agents. Although Candida albicans remains the most common isolated species causing IC, the incidence of IC caused by non-albicans species is increasing. 1 Caspofungin, an echinocandin, is approved for treatment of IC. 2 Resistance to caspofungin has been rarely reported. We admitted a 28-year-old female with acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) for fever and otitis media. She was started on caspofungin [70 mg intravenous (iv) loading dose followed by 50 mg iv daily] on her fifth hospital day due to persistent fever despite iv broad-spectrum antibiotics. Defervescence was noted and she was started on induction chemotherapy for AML on the sixth hospital day. She again developed fever with symptoms of oesophagitis on her 21st hospital day. Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy with oesophageal biopsy was performed and showed invasive candidal oesophagitis. Caspofungin was switched to liposomal amphotericin B. Her repeat blood cultures grew Candida tropicalis susceptible to fluconazole. Amphotericin B was switched to fluconazole and the patient improved slowly. She completed 4 weeks of fluconazole treatment. We subsequently performed additional in vitro MIC testing for echinocandins on the isolated C. tropicalis using the CLSI (formerly NCCLS) M27-A2 standard methods. 3 This method has been proven to be reproducible and reliable in the study of MIC trends and patterns of antifungal medications. 4 MICs of
Approximation Algorithms for Dispersion Problems

Dispersion problems involve arranging a set of points as far away from each other as possible. They have numerous applications in the location of facilities and in management decision science. We suggest a simple formalism that lets us describe different dispersal problems in a uniform way. We present several algorithms and hardness results for dispersion problems using different natural measures of remoteness, some of which have been studied previously in the literature and others that we introduce; in particular, we give the first algorithm with a nontrivial performance guarantee for the problem of locating a set of points such that the sum of their distances to their nearest neighbor in the set is maximized.
A Linear Decomposition of the Southern Ocean Thermohaline Structure

The thermohaline structure of the Southern Ocean is deeply influenced by the presence of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), where water masses of the World Ocean are advected, transformed, and redistributed to the other basins. It remains a challenge to describe and visualize the complex 3D pattern of this circulation and its associated tracer distribution. Here, a simple framework is presented to analyze the Southern Ocean thermohaline structure. A functional principal component analysis (PCA) is applied to temperature θ and salinity S profiles to determine the main spatial patterns of their variations. Using the Southern Ocean State Estimate (SOSE), this study determines the vertical modes describing the Southern Ocean thermohaline structure between 5 and 2000 m. The first two modes explain 92% of the combined θ–S variance, thus providing a surprisingly good approximation of the thermohaline properties in the Southern Ocean. The first mode (72% of total variance) accurately describes the north–south property gradients. The second mode (20%) mostly describes salinity at 500 m in the region of Antarctic Intermediate Water formation. These two modes present circumpolar patterns that can be closely related with standard frontal definitions. By projecting any given hydrographic profile onto the SOSE-based modes, it is possible to determine its position relative to the fronts. The projection is successfully applied on the hydrographic profiles of the WOCE SR3 section. The Southern Ocean thermohaline decomposition provides an objective way to define water mass boundaries and their spatial variability and has useful application for comparing model output with observations.
HER-2/NEU overexpression in vulvar Paget disease: the Yale experience

Aims To determine the level of HER-2/neu overexpression in vulvar Paget disease (PD) in order to assess the possibility of using HER-2/neu as a target for the treatment of Paget disease. Methods A medical record search identified 39 patients with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of vulvar PD between 1986 and 2009. A tissue microarray containing all 39 tumour samples was created, and corresponding sections were stained immunohistochemically with an anti-HER-2/neu-antibody (HercepTest). Staining results were reported on a scale from 0 to 3+. 2+ and 3+ were considered as HER-2/neu overexpression. The HER-2/neu expression was correlated with clinical, pathological and outcome data. Results Negative staining for HER-2/neu was noticed in four patients (12%), 1+ in 10 patients (30%), 2+ in 11 patients (33%) and 3+ in eight patients (25%), resulting in 19 patients with HER-2/neu overexpression (2+ and 3+, 58%) and 14 patients without HER-2/neu overexpression (0 and 1+, 42%). The proportion of HER-2/neu overexpression was higher in the patients with invasive than with non-invasive PD (71%, n=5/7 invasive PD vs 54%, n=14/26 non-invasive PD). There was no significant correlation between HER-2/neu staining results and clinical, pathological or outcome data. Conclusions Surgical treatment of vulvar Paget disease is associated with a high recurrence rate and extensive reconstructive procedures. In this study, over 50% of the patients with vulvar Paget disease overexpress HER-2/neu. Anti-HER-2/neu-antibodies like trastuzumab may therefore be an interesting treatment option for HER-2/neu-positive vulvar Paget disease. Clinical trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy of trastuzumab in this disease.
PredicTouch: A System to Reduce Touchscreen Latency using Neural Networks and Inertial Measurement Units

Touchscreens are the dominant input mechanism for a variety of devices. One of the main limitations of touchscreens is the latency to receive input, refresh, and respond. This latency is easily perceivable and reduces users' performance. Previous work proposed to reduce latency by extrapolating finger movements to identify future movements - albeit with limited success. In this paper, we propose PredicTouch, a system that improves this extrapolation using inertial measurement units (IMUs). We combine IMU data with users' touch trajectories to train a multi-layer feedforward neural network that predicts future trajectories. We found that this hybrid approach (software: prediction, and hardware: IMU) can significantly reduce the prediction error, reducing latency effects. We show that using a wrist-worn IMU increases the throughput by 15% for finger input and 17% for a stylus.
Formation of semicarbazide (SEM) in food by hypochlorite treatment: is SEM a specific marker for nitrofurazone abuse?

Semicarbazide (SEM) is considered to be a characteristic protein-bound side-chain metabolite of the banned veterinary drug nitrofurazone. It is therefore used as a marker for nitrofurazone abuse. Recently, there has been concern about other sources of SEM in tissue samples, which are not linked to the illegal use of nitrofurazone. The present studies have shown that SEM can occur naturally, e.g. in algae, shrimps and eggs, and is formed from natural substances, e.g. arginine and creatine. A significant formation of SEM was observed in samples treated with hypochlorite commonly used in food processing for disinfection or bleaching. SEM was formed in different kinds of nitrogen compound-containing samples (0.3–20 μg kg−1) after treatment with 1% active chlorine. It was detected in the mg kg−1 range after hypochlorite treatment (0.015% active chlorine) of creatine. Lower levels were also formed from creatinine, arginine and urea. SEM present in hypochlorite-treated carrageenan proved mostly to occur in the tissue-bound form. Therefore, differentiation between SEM from nitrofurazone abuse and SEM originating from natural constituents (due to hypochlorite treatment) seems not to be unambiguously possible.
Parasympathetic nerve fibers invade the upper dermis following sensory denervation of the rat lower lip skin

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is known to play a role in the genesis of neuropathic pain. In the skin of the rat lower lip (hairy skin), sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers normally innervate the same blood vessels in the lower dermis but do not occur in the upper dermis. However, we have shown that sympathetic fiber migration into the upper dermis occurs following mental nerve lesions (Ruocco et al. [2000] J. Comp. Neurol. 422:287–296). As sensory denervation has a dramatic effect on sympathetic fiber innervation patterns in the rat lower lip skin, we decided to investigate the possible changes in the other autonomic fiber type in the skin—the parasympathetic fiber. Sensory denervation of the rat lower lip was achieved by bilateral transection of the mental nerve, and animals were allowed to recover for 1–8 weeks. Lower lip tissue was processed for double‐labeling light microscopic immunocytochemistry (ICC), using antibodies against substance P (SP), which labels a subpopulation of peptidergic sensory fibers, and against the vesicular acetycholine transporter (VAChT), as a marker for parasympathetic fibers. In sham‐operated rats, SP‐immunoreactive (IR) sensory fibers were found in the epidermis and upper and lower dermal regions, whereas VAChT‐IR fibers were confined to the lower dermis. Mental nerve lesions induced the gradual disappearance of SP‐IR fibers from all skin layers accompanied by the progressive migration of VAChT‐IR fibers into the upper dermis. Cholinergic fiber migration was evident by the second week post surgery, and the ectopic innervation of the upper dermis by these fibers persisted even at the last time point studied (8 weeks) when SP‐IR fibers have completely regrown. VAChT‐IR fibers were observed in the upper dermis, well above the opening of the sebaceous glands into the hair follicles. These results show that considerable changes occur in the innervation patterns of parasympathetic fibers following mental nerve lesions. J. Comp. Neurol. 469:83–95, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Erythropoietin Therapy in Humans Increases Erythrocyte Expression of Complement Receptor Type I (CD35)1

The expression of complement receptor Type I (CR I, CD35) on erythrocytes (E) is unique to humans and other primates. E-CRI, a C3b/C4b receptor that also acts as cofactor for Factor I, appears to be important in clearing C3/C4-opsonized immune complexes from the circulation, in controlling complement activation in the circulation, and in regulating antibody formation. This study was undertaken to determine whether therapy with recombinant human erythropoietin (rEPO) might increase E-CRI expression in humans. The rationale is that young erythrocytes express E-CRI than old erythrocytes. Thus, conditions that stimulate erythropoiesis should increase E-CRI expression. The hypothesis that stimulating erythropoiesis by rEPO therapy can increase E-CRI expression six anemic chronic hemodialysis patients five systemic lupus erythematosus patients 45%, re-quiring discontinuation of rEPO. It was concluded that rEPO therapy in anemic humans increases E-CRI expression. The magnitude of the changes suggests that E-CRI function could be importantly increased by rEPO therapy.
A Small Re-Entry Capsule - BREM-SAT 2

The results given in this paper focus on the heatshield design, the flight dynamics, and the thermal loads associated with the re-entry. The heat-shield used for BREM-SAT 2 is a so-called parashield which resembles a reinforced umbrella and increases the satellites front area by a factor of 12. The initial diameter of 0.65 m during launch and orbital flight changes to 2.24 m when deployed. This shifts the peak of the deceleration loads to an altitude of 70 km; in contrast, the peak-load altitude of a standard reentry capsule is about 40 km. Part of the heat flux is absorbed by the flow due to the blunt cone design, and the temperature is significantly lowered by the large emission area on the front and the back of the heat-shield. Lower temperatures allow the use of conventional, off-the-shelf available materials, like the silicon fabric of the heat-shield originally used for high temperature insulation in terrestrial applications.
Professional Networks and Their Coevolution with Executives' Careers: Evidence from Europe and the US

This paper examines how networks of professional contacts contribute to the development of the careers of executives of European and US companies. We build a dynamic model of career progression in which career moves both depend upon existing networks and contribute to the development of future networks. We test the theory on an original dataset of nearly 6000 executives in over 3000 firms. We find evidence that professional networks are relevant both because valuable for the employer and because they facilitate job mobility. Our estimates of the elasticity of executives' salaries with respect to the size of their professional networks vary between around 6% and around 26% depending on the specification, with a point estimate under our preferred specification of 7.6%.
Relationships between the central spindle and the contractile ring during cytokinesis in animal cells

During late anaphase and telophase, animal cells develop a bundle of antiparallel, interdigitating microtubules between the two daughter nuclei. Recent data indicate that this structure, called the central spindle, plays an essential role during cytokinesis. Studies in Drosophila and on vertebrate cells strongly suggest that the molecular signals for cytokinesis specifically emanate from the central spindle midzone. Moreover, the analysis of Drosophila mutants defective in cytokinesis has revealed a cooperative interaction between the central spindle microtubules and the contractile ring: when either of these structures is perturbed, the proper assembly of the other is disrupted. Based on these results we propose a model for the role of the central spindle during cytokinesis. We suggest that the interaction between central spindle microtubules and cortical actin filaments leads to two early events crucial for cytokinesis: the positioning of the contractile ring, and the stabilization of the plus ends of the interdigitating microtubules that comprise the central spindle. The latter event would provide the cell with a specialized microtubule scaffold that could mediate the translocation of plus‐end‐directed molecular motors to the cell's equator. Among the cargoes transported by these motors could be proteins involved in the regulation and execution of cytokinesis. Microsc. Res. Tech. 49:202–208, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fair Allocation of Multicast Transmission Costs

In scenarios where many receivers simultaneously are interested in the same data, multicast transmission is more bandwidth efficient than unicast. The reason is that the receivers of a multicast session share the resources through a common transmission tree. Since the resources are shared between the receivers, it is reasonable that the costs corresponding to these resources should be shared as well. This paper deals with fair cost sharing among multicast receivers, and the work is based upon the assumption that costs should be shared according to the resource usage. However, it is not for certain that an optimally fair cost allocation is most beneficial for the receivers; receivers that cannot cover their fair share of the costs may nevertheless be able to contribute to the cost sharing to some extent. We propose a cost-allocation mechanism that strives to allocate the costs fairly, but gives discount to poor receivers who at least manage to cover the additional cost of providing them with the service.