Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simplest Color Balance

In this paper we present the simplest possible color balance algorithm. The assumption underlying this algorithm is that the highest values of R, G, B observed in the image must correspond to white, and the lowest values to obscurity. The algorithm simply stretches, as much as it can, the values of the three channels Red, Green, Blue (R, G, B), so that they occupy the maximal possible range [0, 255] by applying an aﬃne transform ax+b to each channel. Since many images contain a few aberrant pixels that already occupy the 0 and 255 values, the proposed method saturates a small percentage of the pixels with the highest values to 255 and a small percentage of the pixels with the lowest values to 0, before applying the aﬃne transform.
Dose–response curve slope is a missing dimension in the analysis of HIV-1 drug resistance

HIV-1 drug resistance is a major clinical problem. Resistance is evaluated using in vitro assays measuring the fold change in IC50 caused by resistance mutations. Antiretroviral drugs are used at concentrations above IC50, however, and inhibition at clinical concentrations can only be predicted from IC50 if the shape of the dose–response curve is also known. Curve shape is influenced by cooperative interactions and is described mathematically by the slope parameter or Hill coefficient (m). Implicit in current analysis of resistance is the assumption that mutations shift dose–response curves to the right without affecting the slope. We show here that m is altered by resistance mutations. For reverse transcriptase and fusion inhibitors, single resistance mutations affect both slope and IC50. For protease inhibitors, single mutations primarily affect slope. For integrase inhibitors, only IC50 is affected. Thus, there are fundamental pharmacodynamic differences in resistance to different drug classes. Instantaneous inhibitory potential (IIP), the log inhibition of single-round infectivity at clinical concentrations, takes into account both slope and IC50, and thus provides a direct measure of the reduction in susceptibility produced by mutations and the residual activity of drugs against resistant viruses. The standard measure, fold change in IC50, does not correlate well with changes in IIP when mutations alter slope. These results challenge a fundamental assumption underlying current analysis of HIV-1 drug resistance and suggest that a more complete understanding of how resistance mutations reduce antiviral activity requires consideration of a previously ignored parameter, the dose–response curve slope.
Size-reducing RBF networks

An approach is proposed to reduce the complexity of radial basis function (RBF) networks. This approach starts with enough hidden nodes and reduces the number of nodes in the course of learning. The algorithm can be employed in problems where only the performance index of the network output is given, as well as in the supervised training problems where the desired output values are available. Also, it is applicable to classification problems and function approximation problems.
Psychological Contract and Knowledge Sharing among Academicians: Mediating Role of Relational Social Capital

This study examines the mediating role of relational social capital in the relationship between psychological contract and knowledge sharing. This study collected data from 145 academicians in Malaysian public universities using questionnaires. Data was analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling. The findings suggest that trust and collaboration fully mediate the relationship between relational psychological contract and knowledge sharing. The study supports the call for more empirical evidence concerning the role of social capital in understanding the relationship between psychological contract and knowledge sharing. This study contributes to the literature by linking psychological contract and knowledge sharing through the lens of social capital.
Current possibilities in occlusal caries management.

UNLABELLED Dental caries is a multifactorial disease that affects most populations throughout the world and it is still the primary cause of oral pain and tooth loss. The occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth are the most vulnerable sites for dental caries due to their anatomy. Therefore, the aim of the following article is to summarize current knowledge on occlusal caries development and the possibilities of its prevention. Although the overall caries rate today has fallen for populations in industrialized countries, the rate of occlusal surface caries has not decreased. This may be explained with fact that topically applied fluorides and their mode of action prevent caries better on smooth than on occlusal surfaces. As we know, tooth decay of first permanent molars causes a great deal of different short and long term difficulties for patients. Therefore, there is a continuous need for implementation of programs for caries prevention in permanent teeth. Nowadays, we like to treat our patients by minimally invasive methods. A very important step in our effective preventive treatment is sealing pits and fissures as a cornerstone of occlusal caries management. Reliable assessment of caries activity is also very important for defining treatment needs and plans. A very important decision, which should be made during occlusal caries management, is the selection of restorative material according to the treatment plan. CONCLUSION Current possibilities in occlusal caries prevention and management are very effective. Therefore, dentists today do not have any excuse for avoiding the philosophy of Minimally Invasive Dentistry, especially when we talk about caries management of occlusal surfaces in permanent molars.
Transposable elements belonging to the Tc1-Mariner superfamily are heavily mutated in Colletotrichum graminicola

Transposable elements are ubiquitous and constitute an important source of genetic variation in addition to generating deleterious mutations. Several filamentous fungi are able to defend against transposable elements using RIP(repeat-induced point mutation)-like mechanisms, which induce mutations in duplicated sequences. The sequenced Colletotrichum graminicola genome and the availability of transposable element databases provide an efficient approach for identifying and characterizing transposable elements in this fungus, which was the subject of this study. We identified 132 full-sized Tc1-Mariner transposable elements in the sequenced C. graminicola genome, which were divided into six families. Several putative transposases that have been found in these elements have conserved DDE motifs, but all are interrupted by stop codons. An in silico analysis showed evidence for RIP-generated mutations. The TCg1 element, which was cloned from the Brazilian 2908 m isolate, has a putative transposase sequence with three characteristic conserved motifs. However, this sequence is interrupted by five stop codons. Genomic DNA from various isolates was analyzed by hybridization with an internal region of TCg1. All of the isolates featured transposable elements that were similar to TCg1, and several hybridization profiles were identified. C. graminicola has many Tc1-Mariner transposable elements that have been degenerated by characteristic RIP mutations. It is unlikely that any of the characterized elements are autonomous in the sequenced isolate. The possible existence of active copies in field isolates from Brazil was shown. The TCg1 element is present in several C. graminicola isolates and is a potentially useful molecular marker for population studies of this phytopathogen.
istribution of binder in granules produced by means of twin screw ranulation

According to the quality by design principle processes may not remain black-boxes and full process understanding is required. The granule size distribution of granules produced via twin screw granulation is often found to be bimodal. The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of binder distribuvailable online 19 December 2013
Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy.

BACKGROUND Asymptomatic bacteriuria occurs in 2% to 10% of pregnancies and, if not treated, up to 30% of mothers will develop acute pyelonephritis. Asymptomatic bacteriuria has been associated with low birthweight and preterm birth. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of antibiotic treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria on the development of pyelonephritis and the risk of low birthweight and preterm birth. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (19 March 2015) and reference lists of retrieved studies. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized trials comparing antibiotic treatment with placebo or no treatment in pregnant women with asymptomatic bacteriuria found on antenatal screening. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and risk of bias, extracted data and checked them for accuracy. MAIN RESULTS Fourteen studies, involving almost 2000 women, were included. Antibiotic treatment compared with placebo or no treatment reduced the incidence of pyelonephritis (average risk ratio (RR) 0.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.13 to 0.41; 11 studies, 1932 women; very low quality evidence). Antibiotic treatment was also associated with a reduction in the incidence of low birthweight babies (average RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.93; six studies, 1437 babies; low quality evidence) and preterm birth (RR 0.27, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.62; two studies, 242 women; low quality evidence). A reduction in persistent bacteriuria at the time of delivery was seen (average RR 0.30, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.53; four studies; 596 women). There were very limited data on which to estimate the effect of antibiotics on other infant outcomes and maternal adverse effects were rarely described.Overall, all 14 studies were assessed as being at high or unclear risk of bias. While many studies lacked an adequate description of methods and the risk of bias could only be assessed as unclear, in almost all studies there was at least one domain where the risk of bias was judged as high. The three primary outcomes were assessed with GRADE software and given a quality rating. Evidence for pyelonephritis, preterm birth and birthweight less than 2500 g was assessed as of low or very low quality. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS While antibiotic treatment is effective in reducing the risk of pyelonephritis in pregnancy, the estimate of the effect is very uncertain because of the very low quality of the evidence. The reduction in low birthweight and preterm birth with antibiotic treatment is consistent with theories about the role of infection in adverse pregnancy outcomes, but this association should be interpreted with caution given the very poor quality of the included studies.
A note on the rockcut ditch on Ile de la Passe, Mauritius

The Ditch is situated towards the northeast corner of the islet (Fig. 1). It is orientated from north-west to south-east, the north-west end being open at ground level perhaps only some three metres above sea level. The surface of the rock into which it was cut is lowest at the northwest end, attaining its greatest height where the Ditch terminates to the southeast. It comprises a long rockcut feature with steeply sloping sides and a square trench along the bottom. Convincing evidence was found that the Ditch was unfinished. That the south-eastern end, now covered by World War Two Portland cement rendering, was vertical is suggested by the 1891 map discussed below. The total length is approximately 53m, width at top 5m, width of trench about 2m, length of deeper portion of trench some 41m. The angle of the sloping sides is precisely 600 while the height of the sides (at the profile shown on Fig. 2), varies with the level of the rock surface from between 2m on the southwest side to 1.75m on the northeast. The width of the ledge is about 0.40111. The Ditch is cut into indurated sand dunes, or eolianites, which formed during the Pleistocene glacial period between 80,000 and 40,000 years ago when global sea levels were about 130 metres lower than they are today. ’ The angle of the striations preserves the angle of rest of the wind-blown sand while broad bands represent individual natural events, perhaps cyclones. Nicholas Pike (1 873: 327) reported:
Single Image Super-Resolution Using Multiple Extreme Learning Machine Regressors

This paper presents a new technique to solve the single image super resolution reconstruction problem based on multiple extreme learning machine regressors, called here MELM. The MELM employs a feature space of low resolution images, divided in subspaces, and one regressor is trained for each one. In the training task, we employ a color dataset containing 91 images, with approximately 5.3 million pixels, and PSNR and SSIM as metric evaluation. For the experiments we use two datasets, Set 5 and Set 14, to evaluate the results. We observe MELM improves reconstruction quality in about 0.44 dB PSNR in average for Set 5, when compared with a global ELM regressor (GELM), trained for the entire feature space. The proposed method almost reaches deep learning reconstruction quality, without depending on large datasets and long training times, giving a competitive trade off between performance and computational costs.
A kernel-based feature extraction method for hyperspectral image classification

Most studies showed that most hyperspectral image classification encountered the Hughes phenomenon due to the redundant features, especially in the small sample size problem. Feature extraction method such as linear discriminant analysis (LDA), nonparametric weighted feature extraction (NWFE) is a preprocessing step before classification and used to combine and reduce the original features into a new feature space based on the between-class and with-class separability. Then, the classifier such as the nonlinear support vector machine (SVM) is trained and classifies the unknown samples. However, the separability measurement of LDA and NWFE is for the original space not the kernel-induced feature space. In this study, a kernel-based feature extraction method is proposed. The corresponding transformation matrix for dimension reduction is based on the class separability in the kernel-induced feature space which was proposed in our previous study. Experimental results on the Indian Pine Site dataset show that the proposed method improves the classification performance of the SVM on the small sample size problem.
Représentation multi-facette des documents pour leur accès sémantique. (Multi-facet representation of documents for their semantic access)

La recherche d'information (RI) est un domaine preponderant dans la vie contemporaine car elle permet de disposer d'elements d'informations qui permettent d'agir et de prendre des decisions face a une situation donnee. En effet, l'objectif d'une RI est de s'informer, d'apprendre de nouvelles notions que nous ne maitrisons pas. La disponibilite et la pertinence de ces nouvelles informations ont donc une tres grande influence sur la prise de decision. La plupart des moteurs de recherche actuels utilisent des index regroupant les mots representatifs des documents afin de permettre leur recherche ulterieure. Dans ces methodes, les documents et les requetes sont considerees comme des sacs de mots, non porteurs de sens. L'une des methodes innovantes actuelles est l'indexation et la recherche semantique des documents. Il s'agit de mieux prendre en compte le besoin de l'utilisateur en considerant la semantique des elements textuels. Nous nous interessons a cet aspect de la RI en considerant une indexation et une recherche a base d'ontologies de domaine. Les solutions que nous proposons visent a ameliorer la pertinence des reponses d'un systeme par rapport au theme de la recherche. Le discours contenu dans un document ou dans une requete ne sont pas les seuls elements a prendre en compte pour esperer mieux satisfaire l'utilisateur. D'autres elements relatifs au contexte de sa recherche doivent aussi etre pris en compte. La granularite des informations a restituer a l'utilisateur est un autre aspect. Nous nous sommes interesses a ces differents aspects et avons developpe un meta-modele de representation multi-facette des documents en vue de leur acces semantique. Dans notre modele, le document est vu selon differentes dimensions dont la structure logique, la structure physique, la semantique des contenus ainsi que leurs evolutions dans le temps. Nous avons egalement propose des mesures de similarite semantique entre concepts et une fonction de similarite entre les graphes d'annotation des requetes et ceux des documents. Pour evaluer et valider nos solutions, nous avons instancie ce modele dans trois domaines distincts : l'apprentissage en ligne, la maintenance automobile et les partitions musicales Braille. Nous avons egalement evalue les resultats en termes de rappel/precision des fonctions que nous avons proposees et montre leur superiorite par rapport a l'etat de l'art.
Whole-body heat transfer coefficient and body temperature change of juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis according to growth

Bluefin tuna maintain a higher body temperature than ambient sea water. Body heat is derived mainly from metabolic heat to elevate and maintain regional body temperature that is higher than the ambient, while heat loss is caused by heat transfer throughout the whole body surface and gills. Retention of high body temperature is thought to differ at each growth stage, so that a larger body mass maintains a higher body temperature. We evaluated the whole-body heat transfer coefficient, thermal difference between each tissue and water temperature, and metabolic heat in tissues during swimming of juvenile bluefin tuna as a function of fork length (FL) using a small thermometer and a treadmill-type flow tank. A system for maintaining high body temperature was well developed in fish with FL greater than 20.0 cm. Whole-body heat transfer coefficient was fitted to a −0.695 power of mass. Juvenile bluefin tuna showed a transition speed of 3.0 FL/s at which they switched from aerobic to anaerobic motion.
Autoimmune disease-associated CD226 gene variants are not involved in giant cell arteritis susceptibility in the Spanish population.

OBJECTIVES CD226 genetic variants have been associated with a number of autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential implication of the CD226 loci in the susceptibility to and main clinical manifestations of giant cell arteritis (GCA). METHODS A Spanish Caucasian cohort of 455 patients diagnosed with biopsy-proven GCA and 1414 healthy controls were included in the study. Three CD226 polymorphisms, rs727088, rs34794968 and rs763361, were genotyped using the TaqMan® allelic discrimination technology. PLINK software was used for the statistical analyses. RESULTS No significant association between the CD226 polymorphisms and susceptibility to GCA was found (rs727088: p=0.92, OR=1.01, CI 95% 0.86-1.18; rs34794968: p=0.61, OR=1.04, CI 95% 0.89-1.22; rs763361: p=0.88, OR=0.99, CI 95% 0.84-1.16). Similarly, when patients were stratified according to the specific clinical features of GCA such as polymyalgia rheumatica, visual ischaemic manifestations or irreversible occlusive disease, no association was observed either between the case subgroups and the control set or between GCA patients with and without the specific features of the disease. Furthermore, the haplotype analysis revealed no significant association with the clinical manifestations of the disease. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the three CD226 polymorphisms analysed do not play a relevant role in the susceptibility to GCA and clinical manifestations of this vasculitis.
SDNRoute: Integrated system supporting routing in Software Defined Networks

In this paper we introduce the SDNRoute system which aims to support routing decisions in Software Defined Networks. Such a system is especially important in the context of the SDN as this concept makes it possible to perform routing in a dynamic and elastic manner. We focus on the SDNRoute architecture and research challenges that must be investigated to develop the system. Additionally, we provide preliminary approaches to solve the issues including optimization problem formulation. Recent state of the art is presented regarding not only academia works but also industry deployments. It is especially important as SDNRoute system is being designed for the purpose of commercial application.
In early development of the rat mRNA for the major myelin protein P0 is expressed in nonsensory areas of the embryonic inner ear, notochord, enteric nervous system, and olfactory ensheathing cells

The myelin protein P0 has a major structural role in Schwann cell myelin, and the expression of P0 protein and mRNA in the Schwann cell lineage has been extensively documented. We show here, using in situ hybridization, that the P0 gene is also activated in a number of other tissues during embryonic development. P0 mRNA is first detectable in 10‐day‐old embryos (E10) and is at this time seen only in cells in the cephalic neural crest and in the otic placode/pit. P0 expression continues in the otic vesicle and at E12 P0 expression in this structure largely overlaps with expression of another myelin gene, proteolipid protein. In the developing ear at E14, P0 expression is complementary to expression of serrate and c‐ret mRNAs, which later are expressed in sensory areas of the inner ear, while expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐4 and P0, though largely complementary, shows small areas of overlap. P0 mRNA and protein are detectable in the notochord from E10 to at least E13. In addition to P0 expression in a subpopulation of trunk crest cells at E11/E12 and in Schwann cell precursors thereafter, P0 mRNA is also present transiently in a subpopulation of cells migrating in the enteric neural crest pathway, but is down‐regulated in these cells at E14 and thereafter. P0 is also detected in the placode‐derived olfactory ensheathing cells from E13 and is maintained in the adult. No signal is seen in cells in the melanocyte migration pathway or in TUJ1 positive neuronal cells in tissue sections. The activation of the P0 gene in specific tissues outside the nervous system was unexpected. It remains to be determined whether this is functionally significant, or whether it is an evolutionary relic, perhaps reflecting ancestral use of P0 as an adhesion molecule. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dickey-Fuller Type of Tests Against Nonlinear Dynamic Models

In this paper, we introduce several test statistics testing the null hypothesis of a random walk (with or without drift) against models that accommodate a smooth nonlinear shift in the level, the dynamic structure and the trend. We derive analytical limiting distributions for all the tests. The power performance of the tests is compared with that of the unit-root tests by Phillips and Perron [Biometrika (1988), Vol. 75, pp. 335–346], and Leybourne, Newbold and Vougas [Journal of Time Series Analysis (1998), Vol. 19, pp. 83–97]. In the presence of a gradual change in the deterministics and in the dynamics, our tests are superior in terms of power.