Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
LONG JOURNEY INTO TUNNELING

In 1923, during the infancy of the quantum theory, de Broglie (1) introduced a new fundamental hypothesis that matter may be endowed with a dualistic nature particles may also have the characteristics of waves. This hypothesis, in the hands of Schrodinger (2) found expression in the definite form now known as the Schrödinger wave equation, whereby an electron or a particle is assumed to be represented by a solution to this equation. The continuous nonzero nature of such solutions, even in classically forbidden regions of negative kinetic energy, implies an ability to penetrate such forbidden regions and a probability of tunneling from one classically allowed region to another. The concept of tunneling, indeed, arises from this quantum-mechanical result. The subsequent experimental manifestations of this concept can be regarded as one of the early triumphs of the quantum theory. In 1928, theoretical physicists believed that tunneling could occur by the distortion, lowering or thinning, of a potential barrier under an externally applied high electric field. Oppenheimer (3) attributed the autoionization of excited states of atomic hydrogen to the tunnel effect: The coulombic potential well which binds an atomic electron could be distorted by a strong electric field so that the electron would see a finite potential barrier through which it could tunnel. Fowler and Nordheim (4) explained, on the basis of electron tunneling, the main features of the phenomenon of electron emission from cold metals by high external electric fields, which had been unexplained since its observation by Lilienfeld (5) in 1922. They proposed a one-dimensional model. Metal electrons are confined by a potential wall whose height is determined by the work function ψ plus the fermi energy E f, and the wall thickness is substantillay decreased with an externally applied high electric field, allowing electrons to tunnel through the potential wall, as shown in Fig. 1. They successfully derived the well-known Fowler-Nordheim formula for the current as a function of electric field F:
Robust Text-Independent Speaker Verification Using Genetic Programming

Robust automatic speaker verification has become increasingly desirable in recent years with the growing trend toward remote security verification procedures for telephone banking, bio-metric security measures and similar applications. While many approaches have been applied to this problem, genetic programming offers inherent feature selection and solutions that can be meaningfully analyzed, making it well suited to this task. This paper introduces a genetic programming system to evolve programs capable of speaker verification and evaluates its performance with the publicly available TIMIT corpora. We also show the effect of a simulated telephone network on classification results which highlights the principal advantage, namely robustness to both additive and convolutive noise
An Internet infrastructure for cellular CDMA networks using mobile IP

The CDMA community, under the umbrella of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2, has embarked on a standardization effort for wireless data based on mobile IP. Important issues addressed include the link layer interface to a mobile IP foreign agent; how link-layer mobility interacts with IP-layer mobility; how virtual private network services will be supported; and how to provide authentication, authorization, and accounting in a cellular mobile IP environment. Members of 3GPP2 are also active in the Internet Engineering Task Force's mobile IP, ROAMOPS, and AAA working groups. Based on our experiences in this effort, this article gives an overview of the issues we have encountered in standardizing a mobile IP-based network architecture in a cellular telephony environment, including current points of contention, and gives a summary of the current state of the standards.
Organisational Support, Teachers’ Job Satisfaction and Commitment in Colleges of Education in Ghana: A Qualitative Study

: The study focused on examining the dynamism of the relationship between organisational support, teachers’ job satisfaction, and commitment in the colleges of education in Ghana Thus, the exploratory research design was adopted due to the nature of the study. The study also used the qualitative approach. Qualitative research is exploratory in nature, and its methodologies allow for a more productive and more in-depth understanding of a process or a phenomenon. The population this study focused on was teachers of colleges of education in Ghana. Interviews were conducted to gather data. The study inferred that teachers have a low level of commitment to the institution which is as a result of poor working conditions.
A novel skin penetration enhancer: evaluation by membrane diffusion and confocal microscopy.

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro transdermal efficacy of a Meyer Zall Laboratories (MZL) oil/water emulsion in two separate preparations containing the actives, coal tar and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac sodium. METHOD The release rate of the two active ingredients from MZL dermatological preparations, Exorex and Athru-Derm and four comparator products was determined using an enhancer cell system, whilst specific penetration characteristics of the MZL formulation were elucidated using confocal and electron microscopy. The latter properties were explored at both the organ level, using human skin, as well as at a cellular level using a melanoma cell line. RESULTS While the in vitro release rates for all formulations was high, coal tar and diclofenac release from Exorex and Athru-Derm respectively was, at nearly all time intervals, significantly higher than from comparator products. Microscopy revealed the presence of spherical liposomal type structures in both the MZL lotion and a comparator gel. In the MZL lotion, the majority of these structures, referred to here as emzaloid particles, were in the order of magnitude of about 50 nm to 1 microm in diameter with a small minority exceeding these dimensions. After application of Athru-Derm to human skin, intact emzaloid particles of submicron dimensions were detected in the epidermis in association with the cell membranes. The affinity of the MZL lotion for cell membranes was further demonstrated with melanoma cells; in addition, the formulation was seen to penetrate even to the nucleus of viable cells. CONCLUSION Overall the data suggest that the oil/water base in MZL formulations is a highly efficient transdermal vehicle able to transport a wide range of indication- specific actives to their site of action.
Learning to Gesticulate : Applying Appropriate Animations to Spoken Text

We propose a machine-learning system that learns to choose amongst human-like gestures to accompany novel text. The system is trained on scripts (which are comprised of speech and animations) that were hand-coded by professional animators and shipped in games built on top of the Source game engine. The system first extracts features from the text that was spoken, and maps these features to the gestures that accompany the speech. We have experimented with using a number of features of the text, including n-grams of the words themselves, emotional valence of the speech, and part-of-speech tagging. Using naïve Bayes classifiers, the system learns to associate these features with appropriate gestures. Once trained, our system can be given novel text to which it will attempt to assign appropriate gestures. We examine the accuracy of the system by using n-fold crossvalidation techniques over our training data, as well as a user study, composed of subjective evaluation of the results. In the user study in particular, our system was able to outperform random application of gestures. Although there are many possible applications of automated gesture assignment, in particular we hope to apply this technique to the problem of coordinating human-like gestures to the text spoken by avatars in an automated news show.
Tracking control synthesis of nonlinear polynomial systems

In this paper, tracking control of nonlinear polynomial systems is investigated. A nonlinear state feedback is derived using orthogonal functions and Kronecker product. The main objective is to force the controlled system output to follow that of a linear reference model. The useful properties of the considered basis transform the differential equations into algebraic ones depending only on the parameters of the feedback regulator, which can be solved in the least square sense. The efficiency of the proposed control strategy is illustrated by a single-link flexible joint robot.
ASCI Red -- Experiences and lessons learned with a massively parallel teraFLOP supercomputer

The Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI) program involves Sandia, Los Alamos and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories. At Sandia National Laboratories, ASCI applications include large deformation transient dynamics, shock propagation, electromechanics, and abnormal thermal environments. In order to resolve important physical phenomena in these problems, it is estimated that meshes ranging from 10{sup 6} to 10{sup 9} grid points will be required. The ASCI program is relying on the use of massively parallel supercomputers initially capable of delivering over 1 TFLOPs to perform such demanding computations. The ASCI Red machine at Sandia National Laboratories consists of over 4,500 computational nodes with a peak computational rate of 1.8 TFLOPs, 567 GBytes of memory, and 2 TBytes of disk storage. Regardless of the peak FLOP rate, there are many issues surrounding the use of massively parallel supercomputers in a production environment. These issues include parallel I/O, mesh generation, visualization, archival storage, high-bandwidth networking and the development of parallel algorithms. In order to illustrate these issues and their solution with respect to ASCI Red, demonstration calculations of time-dependent buoyancy-dominated plumes, electromechanics, and shock propagation will be presented.
Privacy in a World of Mobile Devices

Our individual privacy is incresingly at risk in a world full of smart mobile devices. The situation will only get worse with the rise of an Internet of Things. One way to address this problem is through the use of systems that better understand their context and and whose information gathering and sharing behaviours can be controlled or inuenced by context-aware policies. We illustrate the the problem and an approach to address it through recent work on FaceBlock, 1 , a project that protects the privacy of people around Google Glass users by making pictures taken by the latter, Privacy-Aware. Through sharing of privacy policies, users can choose whether or not to be included in pictures.
Interaction Per Se: Understanding "The Ambience of Interaction" as Manifested and Situated in Everyday & Ubiquitous IT-Use

Interaction is a core concept in the fields of Ubiquitous computing, Ambient systems design, and generally in the fields of HCI and Interaction Design. Despite this, a lack of knowledge about the fundamental character of interaction still exists. Researchers have explored interaction from the viewpoints of user-centered design and design of graphical user interfaces, where interaction stands for the link between technology and humans or denotes the use aspect. A framework is proposed for exploring interaction as a design space in itself between a human and the technology. It is proposed that this framework for interaction as a design space for Interaction Design, in which the very form of the in-between, the interaction, be explicitly targeted. It is an opportunity to go beyond user and usability studies to seek answers to fundamental questions concerning the form and character of interaction as implemented in todayâ€™s interactive systems. Moreover, this framework is an opportunity to expand and explain a new design space for Interaction Design. The proposed framework, anchored in two exemplifying cases, illustrates the character and the form of interaction as it situates itself in online, ubiquitous and everyday IT use.
A Low Cost Localization Solution Using a Kalman Filter for Data Fusion

Position in the environment is essential in any autonomous system. As increased accuracy is required, the costs escalate accordingly. This paper presents a simple way to systematically integrate sensory data to provide a drivable and accurate position solution at a low cost. The data fusion is handled by a Kalman filter tracking five states and an undetermined number of asynchronous measurements. This implementation allows the user to define additional adjustments to improve the overall behavior of the filter. The filter is tested using a suite of inexpensive sensors and then compared to a differential GPS position. The output of the filter is indeed a drivable solution that tracks the reference position remarkably well. This approach takes advantage of the short-term accuracy of odometry measurements and the long-term fix of a GPS unit. A maximum error of two meters of deviation from the reference is shown for a complex path over two minutes and 100 meters long.
Intelligent intrusion prevention system for households based on system-on-chip computer

Over the course of the last few decades, security systems have undergone radical overhauls and have transitioned into such sophisticated devices that some even completely shun any form of human interventions. In spite of its tremendous innovations, however, such setups have not yet made their way into homes and residences, partly owing to the fact that the equipment bear high price tags and lack user friendliness. This paper propositions a unique security system for residences that aims to solve the shortcomings of commercial alternatives. Basically, a Raspberry Pi 2 System-on-Chip (SoC) computer equipped with a camera module and placed outside the entrance of a house would attempt to identify would-be visitors by the means of image processing and voice identification. The system would spontaneously greet known faces with a friendly voice greeting and unlock the main door to allow them to enter the home. In case of unknown faces, the system would initiate a video call to the home's owner through a smartphone application and allow the owner to communicate with the unknown visitor. Upon receiving approval from the owner, the visitor's details would be entered into the system and the main door would be unlocked. If the owner denies access, he or she has the option to verbally ask the unknown visitor to leave or in extreme cases, press a button to call the police.
Using Entropy to Learn OT Grammarsfrom Surface Forms Alone

The problem of ranking a set of constraints in Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993) in a fashion that is consistent with an observed training sample comprised of 〈input, output〉 pairs has been solved with a variety of algorithms (e.g. Tesar 1995; Tesar and Smolensky 1993, 1996, 1998, 2002; Boersma 1997; Boersma and Hayes 2001). In real-world language learning scenarios, however, learners aren’t usually presented with 〈input, output〉 pairs but must instead learn grammars from output forms alone (possibly aided by conjectures about their meanings or morphology). The task of learning OT grammars from training samples that consist of output forms alone presents many challenges. Chief among these is the problem that there are often many 〈possible-input, possible-grammar〉 pairs that are consistent with any observed training sample of surface forms. For instance, the fully faithful ‘identity grammar’ is a perennially viable hypothesis under which the input forms are assumed to be basically identical to the observed output forms. In addition to this hypothesis, depending on the particular constraints in CON and the specific surface forms in the training sample, there are a potentially huge number of other 〈grammar, i/o-mapping-set〉 pairs, each one deriving a different set of unfaithful mappings from potential input forms to the outputs in the training sample. Knowledge of meaning and morphology can help the learner choose grammar hypotheses that map the same input to different surface instantiations of the same morpheme. But, even before the learner has any knowledge about the morphology and meanings of words, it is possible to make educated guesses about the structure of the grammar. Suggested strategies for this include principles like Prince and Tesar’s (1999) selectional preference for ranking hypotheses that are maximally ‘restrictive’ or Smolensky’s (1996) default MARKEDNESS >> FAITHFULNESS ranking. Both of these strategies restrict the search through the space of possible grammars by providing a heuristic that’s designed to prefer rankings that generate a tight fit with the observed data. In this paper I present yet another strategy for adjudicating among competing grammar hypotheses without recourse to morphological information or meanings. The strategy that I propose is not based on formal properties of the constraint rankings themselves, but instead is based on informationtheoretic properties of the set of inputs that each candidate grammar (ranking) associates with the training sample. The idea is this: if learners choose grammars whose associated input sets have the highest entropy (are least ordered) they will select grammars that maximally characterize patterns in the training sample as consequences of the grammar rather than as accidents of the lexicon.
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 Deficiency Does Not Impair the Osteoanabolic Action of Parathyroid Hormone on Mice

Summary: PTH stimulates bone formation in Fgfr3 knockout mice through promotion of proliferation and differentiation in osteoblasts. Introduction: Previous studies showed that endogenous fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) is required for parathyroid hormone (PTH)-stimulated bone anabolic effects, however, the exact mechanisms by which PTH stimulate bone formation and the function of FGF receptors in mediating these actions are not fully defined. FGF receptor 3 (FGFR3) has been characterized as an important regulator of bone metabolism and is confirmed to cross-talk with PTH/PTHrP signal in cartilage and bone development. Methods: Fgfr3 knockout and wild-type mice at 2-month-old and 4-month-old were intraperitoneally injected with PTH intermittently for 4 weeks and then the skeletal responses to PTH were assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), micro-computed tomography (μCT) and bone histomorphometry. Results: Intermittent PTH treatment improved bone mineral density (BMD) and femoral mechanical properties in both Fgfr3-/- and wild-type mice. Histomorphometric analysis showed that bone formation and bone resorption were increased in both genotypes following PTH treatment. PTH treatment increased trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) in WT and Fgfr3-deficient mice. The anabolic response in Fgfr3-deficient and wild-type bone is characterized by an increase of both bone formation and resorption-related genes following PTH treatment. In addition, we found that Fgfr3 null osteoblasts (compared to wild-type controls) maintained normal abilities to response to PTH-stimulated increase of proliferation, differentiation, expression of osteoblastic marker genes (Cbfa1, Osteopontin and Osteocalcin), and phosphorylation of Erk1/2. Conclusions: Bone anabolic effects of PTH were not impaired by the absence of FGFR3, suggesting that the FGFR3 signaling may not be required for osteoanabolic effects of PTH activities.
Design and Evaluation of a Multimedia Storage Server forMixed

The relative simplicity of access to digital communications nowadays and the simultaneous increase in the available bandwidth are leading to the deenition of new telematic services, mainly oriented towards mul-timedia applications and interactivity with the user. In the near future, a decisive role will be played in this scenario by the providers of interactive multimedia services of the On-Demand type, which will guarantee the end user a high degree of exibility, speed and eeciency. In this paper some of the technical aspects regarding these service providers are dealt with, paying particular attention to the problems of storing information and managing service requests. More speciically, the paper presents and evaluates a new storage technique based on the use of Disk Array technology, which can manage both typical multimedia connections and traditional requests. The proposed architecture is based on the joint use of the Partial Dynamic Declustering and the Information Dispersal Algorithm, which are employed for the allocation and retrieval of the data stored on the Disk Array. We also deene eecient strategies for request management in such a way as to meet the time constraints imposed by multimedia sessions and guarantee good response times for the rest of the traac. The system proposed is then analyzed using a simulation approach.
Alternative forms of program documentation for the support of audit review: An experimental investigation of usability: Working paper series--02-06

Auditors and programmers review information systems and application documentation for a number of purposes, including the evaluation and maintenance of controls. Information systems documentation may include application flowcharts, systems flowcharts, logic diagrams, etc. The same coded application procedure can be represented in the application documentation in different ways. Prior research suggests that the form of the documentation may affect the ability of auditors and programmers to efficiently and effectively review the documentation. This study reports an experiment that investigates the effect of alternate forms of documentation on the efficiency and effectiveness of the auditor and programmer's review of documentation. The review task of interest involves the auditor or programmer's identification and evaluation of control procedures within an application. The hypotheses are based upon the theory of cognitive fit which postulates that decision-making performance on a task will be enhanced when there is a cognitive fit (i.e., match) between the information emphasized in the representation and that required by the task. The results indicate that subjects using a spatial representation (flowcharts) took less time to complete the review task than the subjects using a symbolic (structured English) representation. There were, however, no differences in accuracy across the two representations. These results held for both spatial and symbolic review tasks.
Positional Reputation Systems

We present a new approach for computing reputation in agent societies. Our positional reputation system can handle arbitrary dimensions to provide a mapping of different attributes of an agent to its reputation value. The meaning of a certain dimension is not fixed, but is defined dynamically by the agent community. Thus a positional reputation system automatically adapts to the needs of the using community. The computed reputations by such a positional reputation system are local, i.e. they depend on the point of view of the requesting agent.