Domotic technologies incompatibility becomes user transparent

Introduction The potential of current technologies in smart automation has been largely unexploited. Pervasive computing vision is still far from being achieved, especially with regard to Domotics and home applications. In fact, even though many implementations have started to appear in several contexts, few applications have been made available for the home environment and the general public. This is mainly due to the segmentation of standards and proprietary solutions, which are currently confusing the market with a sparse offer of uninteroperable devices and systems. Although modern houses are equipped with smart technological appliances, still very few of these appliances can be seamlessly connected to each other. Moreover, inter-working capabilities are required beyond house boundaries, towards external services and towards other houses as nodes of a global network. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to find solutions to the problem of interoperability that will be in line with open and widely recognized standards. The result is a computing framework based on open communication standards, capable of abstracting the peculiarities of underlying heterogeneous technologies, and letting them co-exist and interwork, without eliminating their differences. Interoperability can thus be made potentially feasible between any domotic technology, both currently existing, and still to be defined. Currently, domotic technology vendors concentrate on building closed relationships with their customers, and leveraging their economic investments by establishing barriers against new manufacturers entering the market. Examples of current domotic protocols are X10, Konnex, LonWorks, UPnP, HAVi, and Jini supporting various communication standards (Ethernet, FireWire, Bluetooth, ZigBee, IrDA and proprietary buses). We believe that no domotic technology currently has the potential to actually play a leading role. Within this wide and heterogeneous framework, the market logic is to tie consumers to a particular domotic protocol, which then forces them to only purchase conforming devices in order to keep a consistent level of interoperability. In recent years several interesting and innovative solutions have emerged, with a reasonable level of scalability and dependability, providing interoperability among heterogeneous home systems. Twente University has proposed a solution that aims at supporting heterogeneous technologies (including legacy ones) with a "cluster cultures" approach. The architecture outlines a "touch and play" system which, at device registration time, enables a zero-configuration environment for the exchange of credentials among its gateways and to register device services in a hierarchical structure. The architecture provides a high level of security by using cryptographic algorithms. Waseda University have proposed a framework designed to easily enable the integration of legacy middleware and legacy services and clients, with a predefined path for the inclusion of new, future, middleware. This is accomplished mainly through the use of a Virtual Service Gateway. This connects one piece of middleware to another by exploiting a Protocol Conversion Manager, whose task is to convert the different middleware protocols into the specific internal protocol used by the Virtual Service Gateway. Information about the location and functions of services is provided by a Virtual Service Repository. Another interesting project is the "Domotic House Gateway. " It implements an event-based mechanism which is used to exchange messages between the single device and the system. These events are internally converted into logical events so as to clearly separate the actual physical issues from the semantics that goes beyond the devices and their role within the house. One level of the architecture implements a rule-based core that can be dynamically adapted either by the system itself or manually through external interfaces. Each device needs a device driver, which is responsible for translating its low level or hardware states and activities into events that can be managed by the system. Another promising approach, in line with our research, is proposed by the Open Building Information Exchange group who are working to create standard XML and Web Services guidelines to facilitate information exchange among mechanical and electrical systems in building automation. One such important European project in this context is Amigo. This project was aimed at Ambient Intelligence features for the networked home environment and the usability of the system was among its main goals and included three major guidelines: user-friendly interfaces, interoperability, and automatic discovery of devices and services. All these projects resolved the interoperability problem with several approaches, all of which are different from what we consider, in our vision, as the optimal solutions. Lastly, we enlist a prototype previously created by our research laboratory. This solution had the limitation of abstracting each device typology with a Web service implementing their specific functionalities. The implementation of a new ad hoc Web service was needed whenever a new category of device needed to be included in the network. In addition, this prototype solved the problem of cooperation by virtualizing devices belonging to each domotic system onto the others. This solution, however, had a drawback: the same device appeared virtually replicated on every single domotic system, thus creating data replications and possible consistency problems.