Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The cellular basis of the convergence and extension of the Xenopus neural plate

There is great interest in the patterning and morphogenesis of the vertebrate nervous system, but the morphogenetic movements involved in early neural development and their underlying cellular mechanisms are poorly understood. This paper describes the cellular basis of the early neural morphogenesis of Xenopus laevis. The results have important implications for neural induction. Mapping the fate map of the midneurula (Eagleson and Harris: J. Neurobiol. 21:427–440, 1990) back to the early gastrula with time‐lapse video recording demonstrates that the prospective hindbrain and spinal cord are initially very wide and very short, and thus at the beginning of gastrulation all their precursor cells lie within a few cell diameters of the inducing mesoderm. In the midgastrula, the prospective hindbrain and spinal cord undergo very strong convergence and extension movements in two phases: In the first phase they primarily undergo thinning in the radial direction and lengthening (extension) in the animal‐vegetal direction, and the second phase is characterized primarily by mediolateral narrowing (convergence) and anterior‐posterior lengthening (extension). These movements also occur in sandwich explants of the gastrula, thus demonstrating the local automomy of the forces producing them. Tracing cell movements with fluorescein dextran‐labeled cells in embryos or explants shows that the initial thinning and extension occurs by radial intercalation of deep cells to form fewer layers of greater area, all of which is expressed as increased length. The subsequent convergence and extension occurs by mediolateral intercalation of deep cells to form a longer, narrower array. These results establish that a similar if not identical sequence of radial and mediolateral cell intercalations underlie convergence and extension of the neural and the mesoderm tissues (Wilson and Keller: Development, 112:289–300, 1991). Moreover, these results establish that radial and mediolateral intercalation are the principal neural cell behaviors induced by the planar signals emanating from the dorsal involuting marginal zone (the Spemann organizer) in the early gastrula (Keller et al: Develop. Dynamics, 193: 218–234, 1992). Radial and mediolateral intercalation are induced among the 5 to 7 rows of cells comprising the prospective hindbrain and spinal cord, thus producing the massive convergence and extension movements that narrow and elongate these regions of the nervous system in the late gastrula. A more general significance of these results is that neural induction is best analyzed and understood in terms of the dynamics of the morphogenetic processes involved. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patient with Suspected Malignancy and Skeletal Metastasis Turns Out To Be a Case of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism: Anaesthetic Perspective

It is not uncommon in medical practice to diagnose a disorder which after investigations turns out to be a totally different disease necessitating a complete change in our approach to treatment. Cancer is one such disorder which is being encountered with alarming incidence and due to its dreaded nature accorded a high index of suspicion by the treating physicians. We present one such case where the patient with a pathological fracture was initially suspected as a case of malignancy; but on further investigations turned out to be a case of secondary Hyperparathyroidism. In the following article we discuss the anaesthetic management of a Patient with Secondary Hyperparathyroidism.
On convergence of entropy of distribution functions in the max domain of attraction of max stable laws

Max stable laws are limit laws of linearly normalized partial maxima of indepen- dent, identically distributed (iid) random variables (rvs). These are analogous to stable laws which are limit laws of normalized partial sums of iid rvs. In this paper, we study entropy limit theorems for distribution functions in the max domain of attraction of max stable laws under linear normalization. More specifically, we study the problem of convergence of the Shannon entropy of linearly normalized partial maxima of iid rvs to the corresponding limit entropy when the linearly normalized partial maxima converges to some nondegenerate rv. We are able to show that the Shannon entropy not only converges but, in fact, increases to the limit entropy in some cases. We discuss several examples. We also study analogous results for the k-th upper extremes.
A Hyperlink based Graphical User Interface of Knowledge Management System for Broiler Production

The level of consumption of animal protein in Indonesia has been increasing. Unfortunately, this increase has not been balanced by the adequate rise stock production. The use of closed house system for broiler production is very potential to contribute the increase of protein source. The purpose of this research is to build a knowledge management system broiler production management closed house system. Web-based system developed using PHP programming language, and Protege as processing knowledge representation. This research has developed the concept of knowledge management system with ontology model of semantic network, among the results of this research is a conceptual model, knowledge maps, and prototype production management knowledge management website broiler closed house system. Knowledge management system is equipped with recording system applications. This application is useful to be able to see results in the production of a period of production. The prototype knowledge management website provides links consultancy services for farmers who want to ask about production management. The concept of knowledge management systems can be used as a basis for building a semantic website that can model the process and rules management broiler production closed house system.
Scattering from inhomogeneous chiral objects using MRFD method

A three-dimensional Multiresolution Frequency Domain (MRFD) method is utilized to compute bistatic radar cross sections of arbitrarily shaped inhomogeneous chiral objects. The proposed formulation is successfully verified by computing the scattering of an inhomogeneous chiral cube. The advantages of the proposed method are demonstrated by comparing the results to those obtained from the Finite Difference Frequency Domain (FDFD) and Method of Moments (MoM) simulations.
Low doses of alcohol have a selective effect on the recognition of happy facial expressions

Alcohol is one of the most widely used recreational drugs, yet it is associated with undesirable social behaviour. It is used primarily for its psychoactive properties, increasing sociability and talkativeness. We hypothesize that low doses of alcohol can improve the performance related to positive emotional cognition. In this experiment, we examined the effect of low doses of alcohol on the processing of emotional facial expressions. Fifteen young male volunteers drank alcohol at volumes of 30, 60, 120 ml (0.14, 0.28, 0.56 g/kg) and performed discrimination tasks on morphed facial emotion expressions of anger, happiness, sadness and surprise‐neutral. One‐way ANOVA co‐varying pretreatment performances revealed significant differences between alcohol levels in happy face discrimination ( p<0.01). Bonferroni correction demonstrated that low doses of alcohol caused a significantly better discrimination of happy faces, and that the performances were worse with higher doses ( p<0.001). No significance was observed with the other three emotional faces. These results indicate that low doses of alcohol affect positive emotional cognition of happy facial expressions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Closed form capacity expressions for space time block codes over fading channels

The Shannon capacity of orthogonal space-time block codes (STBC) is considered for Rayleigh, Ricean and Nakagami-m uncorrelated fading channels and correlated Rayleigh fading channels. In this paper, STBC capacity expressions are derived for several fading channels. The Shannon capacity of a multiple antenna wireless system over a fading channel with continuous-valued inputs and continuous-valued outputs can be obtained.
Poly[dimethylammonium [aquadi-μ2-oxalato-yttriate(III)] trihydrate]

The title complex, {(C2H8N)[Y(C2O4)2(H2O)]·3H2O}n, was obtained accidentally under hydrothermal conditions. The YIII atom is chelated by four oxalate ligands and one water molecule resulting in a distorted tricapped trigonal–prismatic geometry. Each oxalate ligand bridges two YIII atoms, thus generating a three-dimensional network with cavities in which the ammonium cations and lattice water molecules reside. Various O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding interactions stabilize the crystal structure. The title complex is isotypic with the Eu and Dy analogues.
Reasons Given by Elderly Men and Women for Not Owning a Pet, and the Implications for Clinical Practice and Research

There is inadequate understanding about why people might not own pets. This qualitative study asked eight elderly women and men to discuss why they do not have a pet, whether pets were deemed beneficial to health, and whether they had plans for future pet ownership. Reasons for not owning a pet were Emotional or Pragmatic. Pragmatic reasons were categorized as relating to Convenience, Negative aspects of companion animals and Competing demands on time or energy. Participants expressed mixed feelings in their plans for future pet ownership. Clinical and research implications of these findings are discussed.
Validity of Execution-Time Theory of Software Reliability

This paper investigates the validity of the execution-time theory of software reliability. The theory is outlined, along with appropriate background, definitions, assumptions, and mathematical relationships. Both the execution time and calendar time components are described. The important assumptions are discussed. Actual data are used to test the validity of most of the assumptions. Model and actual behavior are compared. The development projects and operational computation center software from which the data have been obtained are characterized to give the reader some basis for judging the breadth of applicability of the concepts.
Biogeochemical Analysis of Hydrogen Sulfide Removal by a Lava‐Rock Packed Biofilter

Although lava‐rock‐based biofilters have demonstrated their efficiencies for hydrogen sulfide (H2S) removal found in odorous air emissions, the biogeochemical basis for this removal is unclear. In this study, samples of lava rock and rinse water from biofilters at Cedar Rapids Water Pollution Control Facilities (Iowa) were used to study the structure and chemical composition of lava rock and to identify the predominant microorganism(s) present in lava‐rock‐based biofilters. It was found that iron, in the form of Fe2+ and Fe3+, was present in lava rock. Although literature suggests that Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans are primarily responsible for gaseous H2S removal in biofilters, our study showed that Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was the dominant microorganism in the lava‐rock‐based biofilters. A novel mechanism for H2S removal in a lava‐rock‐based biofilter is proposed based on the biogeochemical analysis of lava rock.
A highly miniaturized loop excited Quasi-Yagi antenna with high front-to-back ratio

A multi-band Quasi-Yagi antenna based on loop excitation is presented with 68% miniaturization, which is achieved using loop meandering and a novel defected ground structure (DGS), targeting the 2 GHz band. It has a minimum measured −6 dB bandwidth of 249 MHz (0.780–1.029 GHz) in the lower band and 286 MHz (1.932–2.218 GHz) in the upper band covering several LTE bands. The proposed antenna ensures very good Yagi-Uda performance in terms of front-to-back ratio (FBR) and cross-polarization. It has a very high FBR of more than 20 dB with a ground plane width of only 7mm, and has very low cross polarization of −29.3 dB. The gain of the proposed antenna is around 6 dBi, directivity is 8.2 dB, and efficiency is 73%. The size of the miniaturized model is 60 × 50 × 0.8 mm3.
The sensory epithelium of the tentacles and the rhinophore of Nautilus pompilius L. (cephalopoda, nautiloidea)

Nine intraepithelial ciliated cell types that are presumed to be sensory cells were identified in the epithelium of the pre‐ and postocular tentacles, the digital tentacles, and the rhinophore of the juvenile tetrabranchiate cephalopod Nautilus pompilius L. The morphological diversity and specialization in distribution of the different ciliated cell types analyzed by SEM methods suggest that these cells include receptors of several sensory functions. Ciliated cell types in different organs that show similar surface features were combined in named groups. The most striking cell, type I, is characterized by a tuft of long and numerous cilia. The highest density of this cell type occurs in ciliary fields in the epithelium of the lamellae of the pre‐ and postocular tentacles, in the olfactory pits of the rhinophores, and in the lamellae of four pairs of lateral digital tentacles, but not in the epithelium of the medial digital tentacles. The similar morphological data, together with behavioral observations on feeding habits, suggest that this cell type may serve in long‐distance chemosensory function. The other ciliated cell types are solitary cells with specific spatial distributions in the various organs. Cell types with tufts of relatively short, stiff cilia (types III, IV, VIII), which are distributed in the lateral and aboral areas of the tentacles and at the base of the tentacle‐like process of the rhinophore, are considered to be employed in mechanosensory transduction, while the solitary cells with bristle‐like cilia at the margin of the ciliary fields (type II) and at the base of the rhinophore (type IX) may be involved in chemoreception. Histological investigation of the epithelium and the nerve structures of the different organs shows the proportion and distribution of the sensory pathways.
Severity factor coefficients for subcritical liquid hot water pretreatment of hardwood chips

Single stage and multi‐stage liquid hot water pretreatments of mixed hardwood pinchips were investigated at various severities (log R0 = 3.65–4.81) to assess the efficiencies of the pretreatments with respect to achieving high pentose sugar yields and improved enzymatic digestibility of pretreated cellulose. We investigate the effect of pretreatment parameters that is, temperature, and time, as expressed in the severity factor, on the recovery of sugars and hydrolyzability of pretreated cellulose. We find the severity factor, in its widely used form, is an incomplete measure for evaluating the pretreatment efficiencies and predicting overall sugar yields when pretreatment temperatures above 200°C are used. Corrections to the severity factor and its correlation to the measured pretreatment responses (% xylan solubilization, xylan recovery as fermentable sugars, cellulose enzymatic digestibility) indicate a greater influence of temperature on the pretreatment efficiencies than predicted by the commonly used severity factor. A low temperature, long residence time is preferred for hemicellulose dissolution during the pretreatment since the condition favors oligosaccharide and monomeric sugar formation over sugar degradation. On the contrary, high cellulose hydrolyzability is achieved with a high temperature (>200°C), high severity pretreatment when pretreatment is followed by enzyme hydrolysis. In multi‐stage pretreatment, the first low‐severity pretreatment is optimized for solubilizing fast‐hydrolyzing hemicellulose while minimizing formation of furans. The subsequent pretreatment is carried out at over 200°C to recover the difficult‐to‐hydrolyze hemicellulose fraction as well as to increase susceptibility of pretreated cellulose to enzymes. High recovery (>92%) of hemicellulose‐derived pentose sugars and enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated cellulose (where >80% glucose yield results with 20 FPU = 32 mg protein/g glucan or 10–13 mg/g initial hardwood) are achieved by applying a multi‐stage pretreatment. This work shows how the severity equation may be used to obtain a single characteristic curve that correlate xylan solubilization and enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis as a function of severity at pretreatment temperatures up to 230°C. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 254–263. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of satellite orbit tomography with simultaneous atmospheric density and orbit estimation methods

Satellite orbit tomography is a newly developed method for addressing the Dynamic Calibration of the Atmosphere (DCA). The focus of this paper is a side-byside comparison with other DCA methods that use the raw tracking measurements and solve simultaneously for the orbit state and parameterized density correction. The main contribution of this work is to test the notion that, in general, an estimator benefits from using raw measurements to solve for the state, in contrast with an estimator that uses intermediate estimated quantities in place of the raw measurements.
The effect of disease-modifying therapies on brain atrophy in patients with clinically isolated syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives: Brain atrophy is associated with cognitive deficits in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and can predict conversion to clinical definite multiple sclerosis. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) on brain atrophy in patients with CIS. Methods: Eligible placebo-control randomized clinical trials of patients with CIS that had reported changes in brain volume during the study period were identified by searching the MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases. This meta-analysis adopted the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Results: Three eligible studies were identified, comprising 1362 patients. The mean percentage change in brain volume was found to be significantly lower in DMD-treated patients versus placebo-treated subgroups (standardized mean difference [SMD]: = −0.13, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.25, 0.01; p = 0.04). In the subgroup analysis of the two studies that provided data on brain-volume changes for the first (0–12 months) and second (13–24 months) year of treatment, DMD attenuated brain-volume loss in comparison with placebo during the second year (SMD = −0.25; 95% CI: −0.43, −0.07; p < 0.001), but not during the first year of treatment (SMD = −0.01; 95% CI: −0.27, 0.24; p = 0.93). No evidence of heterogeneity was found between estimates, while funnel-plot inspection revealed no evidence of publication bias. Conclusions: DMDs appear to attenuate brain atrophy over time in patients with CIS. The effect of DMDs on brain-volume loss is evident after the first year of treatment.
Demonstration of Direct Detected Optical OFDM Signals via Block-Wise Phase Switching

In this paper, we propose and demonstrate phase switching for either main carrier or subcarriers of two consecutive signal blocks to achieve fading-free double-sideband direct-detection. The proposed approach has twice of the electrical spectral efficiency (SE) of offset OFDM, and the same electrical SE as single-side band OFDM. We perform numerical simulation and verify the system robustness against polarization mode dispersion and laser phase noise. Our experimental results show that 40-Gb/s direct-detection OOFDM can be successfully delivered over 80-km SSMF with single polarization and single detector.
Genesis of Acetate and Methane by Gut Bacteria of Nutritionally Diverse Termites

The evolution of different feeding guilds in termites is paralleled by differences in the activity of their gut microbiota. In wood-feeding termites, carbon dioxide—reducing acetogenic bacteria were found to generally outprocess carbon dioxide—reducing methanogenic bacteria for reductant (presumably hydrogen) generated during microbial fermentation in the hindgut. By contrast, acetogenesis from hydrogen and carbon dioxide was of little significance in fungus-growing and soil-feeding termites, which evolved more methane than their wood- and grass-feeding counterparts. Given the large biomass of termites on the earth and especially in the tropics, these findings should help refine global estimates of carbon dioxide reduction in anoxic habitats and the contribution of termite emissions to atmospheric methane concentrations.
Facilitating Requirements Inspection with Search-Based Selection of Diverse Use Case Scenarios

Use case scenarios are often used for conducting requirements inspection and other relevant downstream activities. While working with industrial partners, we discovered that an automated solution is required for optimally selecting a subset of use case scenarios, aiming to enable cost-effective requirements inspection. In this paper, relying on a natural language based use case modeling methodology to specify requirements as use case models and derive use case scenarios automatically, we propose a search based and similarity function based approach to optimally select most diverse use case scenarios from the ones automatically generated from the use case models. We conducted an empirical study to evaluate the performance of various search algorithms together with eight similarity functions, through an industrial case study and six case studies from the literature. Results show that the search algorithms significantly outperformed Random Search and (1+1) Evolutionary Algorithm together with the Normalized Longest Common Subsequence (NLCS) similarity function performed significantly better than the other 31 combinations of the search algorithms and similarity functions for most of the problems.
HPA stability for children in foster care: mental health implications and moderation by early intervention.

Research on stress-sensitive biological systems has typically focused on activation at one time, yet recent theories emphasize dynamic, context-specific adaptation. This study tested hypothesized calibration of one such system by examining both mean levels and longitudinal stability of daily cortisol--reflecting hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation--in children exposed to high-risk versus lower-risk caregiving contexts. Context-specific effects of longitudinal cortisol profiles were addressed via relations with child psychiatric symptoms. Children from regular foster care, foster children participating in a family-based intervention, and community comparison children (n = 96 total) collected saliva samples for cortisol assay at 29 timepoints across 6+ years. High-risk (regular foster care) children showed lower and more variable cortisol levels than their lower-risk (treatment foster care, community comparison) counterparts. For the high-risk children only, higher and more stable cortisol related to elevated anxiety symptoms. Implications for contextual calibration of stress systems and family intervention mechanisms are discussed.