Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neural Representation of a Rhythm Depends on Its Interval Ratio

Rhythm is determined solely by the relationship between the time intervals of a series of events. Psychological studies have proposed two types of rhythm representation depending on the interval ratio of the rhythm: metrical and nonmetrical representation for rhythms formed with small integer ratios and noninteger ratios, respectively. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to test whether there are two neural representations of rhythm depending on the interval ratio. The subjects performed a short-term memory task for a seven-tone rhythm sequence, which was formed with 1:2:4, 1:2:3, or 1:2.5:3.5 ratios. The brain activities during the memory delay period were measured and compared with those during the retention of a control tone sequence, which had constant intertone intervals. The results showed two patterns of brain activations; the left premotor and parietal areas and right cerebellar anterior lobe were active for 1:2:4 and 1:2:3 rhythms, whereas the right prefrontal, premotor, and parietal areas together with the bilateral cerebellar posterior lobe were active for 1:2.5:3.5 rhythm. Analysis on individual subjects revealed that these activation patterns depended on the ratio of the rhythms that were produced by the subjects rather than the ratio of the presented rhythms, suggesting that the observed activations reflected the internal representation of rhythm. These results suggested that there are two neural representations for rhythm depending on the interval ratio, which correspond to metrical and nonmetrical representations.
RAG-1 and RAG-2 are not sufficient to direct all phases of immunoglobulin gene rearrangement in pre-B-cell lines

To probe the factors controlling immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene rearrangement, we analyzed Abelson virus-transformed pre-B-cell lines that fail to undergo VH-to-DJH joining at an appreciable frequency. Despite this feature, some of these cell lines (rechi) rearrange an extrachromosomal recombination substrate at levels normal for transformed pre-B cells. Others (reclo) rearrange these substrates at levels characteristic of nonlymphoid hematopoietic cells. The DJH rearrangements from a representative rechi cell line were aberrant, suggesting that these cells probably fail to complete heavy-chain gene assembly because some of the necessary cis-acting signals are missing. In contrast, both DJH rearrangements from a reclo cell line appeared normal in structure, indicating that trans-acting factors necessary for recombination might be missing. Introduction of the RAG-1 and RAG-2 genes, genes encoding two such factors, failed to confer a rechi phenotype to these cells. However, fusion of the reclo cells to a rechi cell line generated a high frequency of rechi hybrids. In addition, most of the hybrids rearranged the endogenous kappa light-chain locus. Neither the rechi phenotype nor kappa-chain rearrangement correlated with levels of RAG-1 and RAG-2 expression in all of the hybrids. Thus, both gene transfer and cell fusion experiments indicate that RAG-1 and RAG-2 are not sufficient to activate immunoglobulin gene recombination in at least some pre-B-cell lines. In addition, the fusion experiments suggest that two gene products in addition to RAG-1 and RAG-2 may be required for kappa-gene rearrangement.
RAY-TRAICING FOR 3 D MICROSCOPE PSF COMPUTATION BASED ON THE REFRACTIVE INDEX MAP

The TDM (Tomographic diffractive microscope) [1] can provide a 3D optical index map of a specimen. To simulate the propagation of a light ray through the specimen, the principle of finite elements can be used for calculation of meridional rays in inhomogeneous media [2]. Actually, the volume is divided into slices, themselves divided into finite elements that have a constant refractive index according to the TDM resolution level. The ray trajectory is calculated by a simple algorithm initially proposed in [2]. The ray-tracing method does not require an explicit formula for the index distribution, it require only the numerical variation of absorption and refractive index given by the TDM. Initially the author [2] proposed a 2D geometrical interpretation of the wave propagation, following this principle, we proposed an alternative computation scheme, giving similar results at a less computing cost, and easily adaptable to the 3D case. As in [3] we propose to use the mean index value in each elementary box, according to the limited resolution achieved by the microscope. The implementation of the 3D ray paths computation was done in C++ language (OpenCV & CImg libraries). A recent method [4] can give better results for gradient-index media presenting also index steps e.g between two mediums but at a higher computational cost. The implementation was validated using a comparison between the analytical solution of the ray path in an optic fiber and the computed solution as presented in [2] and [4]. The propagated light field in the exit pupil can be computed using this method, therefore the specimen dependent PSF(x,y,z) can be calculated by the projection of the pupil function on the Ewald sphere followed by a Fourier transform. Further applications in the field of optical engineering and specifically in adaptive optics for fluorescence microscopy are considered. The authors thank the ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche) for his support to the project DIAMOND.
Review and Analysis of Chlorinated Solvent Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Distributions in Five Sandy Aquifers

To select and design effective remedial measures for dense, nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) source zones, better understanding of the architecture of these zones is needed. In this study, a suite of investigative techniques was applied to perform detailed vertical delineation of chlorinated‐solvent source zones in sand aquifers at five contaminated industrial sites (two in Connecticut, and one each in Florida, New Hampshire, and Ontario). The DNAPL occurs in the middle of the aquifers at three of the sites and at or near the bottom at the other two. The DNAPL entered the subsurface at these sites decades ago, and therefore the DNAPL zones have aged due to groundwater dissolution. The suite of investigative techniques was used to perform profile sampling using direct‐push methods, in which depth‐discrete soil and groundwater samples were taken with extremely close vertical spacing. The sampling included methods to distinguish between free‐product and residual DNAPL at two of the sites. At each location where DNAPL was found, the DNAPL occurred in one or a few thin layers, generally between 1 and 30 cm thick. These layers were positioned within distinct grain‐size zones, or at contacts between sedimentological layers. In some cases, the DNAPL layers have no apparent textural association. For any particular sampling hole to have a high probability of finding such layers, continuous cores must be collected and sampling of these cores must be done at very close vertical spacing (5 cm or less). Free‐product DNAPL occurrences in conventional wells at three of the sites indicated, misleadingly, much greater DNAPL layer thicknesses than actual, and in one case, the conventional well may have caused short‐circuiting of DNAPL from the middle to the bottom of the aquifer. Although all of the DNAPL source zones are comprised of only sporadic, thin DNAPL layers representing little total mass, these source zones are the cause of high‐concentration dissolved plumes down gradient.
Contention-Aware Lock Scheduling for Transactional Databases

Lock managers are among the most studied components in concurrency control and transactional systems. However, one question seems to have been generally overlooked: "When there are multiple lock requests on the same object, which one(s) should be granted first? " Nearly all existing systems rely on a FIFO (first in, first out) strategy to decide which transaction(s) to grant the lock to. In this paper, however, we show that the lock scheduling choices have significant ramifications on the overall performance of a transactional system. Despite the large body of research on job scheduling outside the database context, lock scheduling presents subtle but challenging requirements that render existing results on scheduling inapt for a transactional database. By carefully studying this problem, we present the concept of contention-aware scheduling, show the hardness of the problem, and propose novel lock scheduling algorithms (LDSF and bLDSF), which guarantee a constant factor approximation of the best scheduling. We conduct extensive experiments using a popular database on both TPC-C and a microbenchmark. Compared to FIFO---the default scheduler in most database systems---our bLDSF algorithm yields up to 300x speedup in overall transaction latency. Alternatively, our LDSF algorithm, which is simpler and achieves comparable performance to bLDSF, has already been adopted by open-source community, and was chosen as the default scheduling strategy in MySQL 8.0. 3+
Smart Face: enhancing creativity during video conferences using real-time facial deformation

This study develops a method for improving creativity by changing the facial appearance of people during video conferences. We focus on enhancing creativity during human interactions, especially cooperative work situations such as video conferences. Psychological studies have revealed that the facial appearance of people can affect creativity, i.e., "emotion can affect creativity" and "the appearance of others can affect the emotions. " Based on the knowledge, we hypothesized that the media technology which modifies the facial appearance of people appropriately can enhance our creativity during cooperative work. Therefore, we develop a method to affect creativity by changing the facial appearance in real-time, such as facial expressions and facial resemblance. We test the effectiveness of this method by building a system for collaborative video conferences. The user study show that the proposed method could enhance creativity.
Niobrara source rock maturity in the denver basin: a study of differential heating and tectonics on petroleum prospectivity using programmed pyrolysis

Organic geochemical data, such as oil-to-source rock correlations, oil biomarkers and gas isotopes, indicate that the fluids accumulated within the reservoirs closely match the source rocks in type and maturity; therefore, this is a system of in-situ generation and accumulation as well as low migration. In a system where migration is minimal, proximity to an effective source rock is a prerequisite for a productive well. With such a prerequisite, play delineation should begin with regional source-rock maturity assessment.
Bank lending and firm dynamics in general equilibrium ∗

This paper investigates the impact of a change in aggregate credit supply on firm dynamics in an economy with financial frictions. We model a lifetime lending relationship between banks and firms in a general equilibrium framework with households making endogenous occupational decision. Financial markets are endogenously incomplete due to asymmetric information, and financial constraints emerge from the optimal financial contract. In equilibrium, we determine the interest rate and wage rate, as well as the share of entrepreneurs in the economy. Following the optimal contract, the distribution of firm size and firm dynamics such as size, growth, and volatility of growth are derived. Further, we introduce reserve requirements on banks, which induce tighter aggregate credit supply. The model shows that, as reserve ratio (i.e., the share of deposits as reserve) increases, the interest rate increases, the wage rate decreases, and the share of entrepreneur decreases in equilibrium. Aggregate capital supply and aggregate output decrease. In addition, not only do firms operate in smaller sizes on average, but also there is a reallocation of credit from young firms towards older ones, which implies a tighter financial constraint on the young firms in the economy.
Diagnosability Testing with Satisfiability Algorithms

We show how testing whether a system is diagnosable can be reduced to the satisfiability problem and how satisfiability algorithms yield a very efficient approach to testing diagnosability. Diagnosability is the question whether it is always possible to know whether a given system has exhibited a failure behavior. This is a basic question that underlies diagnosis, and it is also closely related to more general questions about the possibility to know given facts about system behavior. The work combines the twin plant construct of Jiang et al., which is the basis of diagnosability testing of systems with an enumerative representation, and SAT-based techniques to AI planning which form a very promising approach to finding paths in very large transition graphs.
Volcanic Clouds from the 2007 Eruption of Jebel at Tair (Yemen) Detected by Ground Based and Space Borne Lidar

Volcanic clouds from the eruption of Jebel at Tair (south-central Red Sea, Yemen) on 30th September 2007 were observed by ground based lidar at Nagoya, Japan, and also by the space borne lidar CALIOP. The cloud was found as a non-depolarized cloud layer in the upper troposphere by ground based Mie/Depolarization lidar. By tilted lidar observations from ground it was demonstrated that these clouds were not composed of ice particles. Clouds with similar characteristics were also observed by CALIOP. Some evidence confirmed their origin to be the said eruption. The estimated total mass of the cloud particles by lidar-observed data coincides with the estimated sulfuric acid oxidized from SO2 included in the volcanic cloud observed by Aura satellite. All of the clouds were observed at altitudes lower than the cold point tropopause for a week after the eruption. Since then parts of the clouds were observed in the stratosphere, indicating transport from the troposphere to the stratosphere.
How Herding Bias Could be Derived from Individual Investor Types and Risk Tolerance

This paper is to clarify the relationship of individual investor types, risk tolerance and herding bias. The questionnaire survey investigation is conducted to collect 389 valid and voluntary individual investors and to examine how the risk tolerance plays as a mediator between four types of personality and herding bias. Based on featuring BB&K model and reviewing the prior literature of psychology, a linear structural model are constructed and further used to evaluate the path of herding formation through the analysis of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results showed that more impetuous investors would be prone to herding bias directly, but rather exhibit higher risk tolerance. However, risk tolerance would fully mediate between the level of confidence (i.e., confident or anxious) and herding bias, but not mediate between the method of action (careful or impetuous) for individual investors. Keywords—Herding, Investor types, Risk tolerance
Factors Influencing Visitors’ Revisit Behavioral Intentions: A Case Study of Sabah, Malaysia

Revisit intention has been highlighted as an important research topic in competitive market of tourism destinations. Despite the considerable number of research on repeat visitors, it remains unclear why people undertake repeat visits and what kind of characteristics hold repeat visitors. This research aims to identify factors influencing repeat visitors to Sabah, Malaysia. The results of this study indicated that “destination image” and “relaxation and recreation” were the most important destination attributes and travel motives for repeat visitors to Sabah. Concerning their perception on destination loyalty, the study revealed that respondents were loyal to Sabah, intent to revisit and recommended Sabah as a holiday destination.
Left and Right Ventricle Late Remodeling Following Myocardial Infarction in Rats

Background The mechanisms involved in cardiac remodeling in left (LV) and right ventricles (RV) after myocardial infarction (MI) are still unclear. We assayed factors involved in collagen turnover in both ventricles following MI in rats either presenting signs of heart failure (pulmonary congestion and increased LVEDP) or not (INF-HF or INF, respectively). Methods MI was induced in male rats by ligation of the left coronary artery. Four weeks after MI gene expression of collagen I, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and lysyl oxidase (LOX), metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) and tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP2) as well as cardiac hemodynamic in both ventricles were evaluated. Results Ventricular dilatation, hypertrophy and an increase in interstitial fibrosis and myocyte size were observed in the RV and LV from INF-HF animals, whereas only LV dilatation and fibrosis in RV was present in INF. The LV fibrosis in INF-HF was associated with higher mRNA of collagen I, CTGF, TGF-β and LOX expressions than in INF and SHAM animals, while MMP2/TIMP2 mRNA ratio did not change. RV fibrosis in INF and INF-HF groups was associated with an increase in LOX mRNA and a reduction in MMP2/TIMP2 ratio. CTGF mRNA was increased only in the INF-HF group. Conclusions INF and INF-HF animals presented different patterns of remodeling in both ventricles. In the INF-HF group, fibrosis seems to be consequence of collagen production in LV, and by reductions in collagen degradation in RV of both INF and INF-HF animals.
Joint impact of random variations and RTN on dynamic writeability in 28nm bulk and FDSOI SRAM

Improving SRAM minimum operating voltage (Vmin) in scaled process nodes requires characterization of different failure mechanisms. Persistent errors caused by random variations and intermittent errors caused by random telegraph noise (RTN) both contribute to bitcell failure. Random Vth shift was measured for 32,000 in-situ SRAM cells in both 28 nm bulk and FDSOI processes due to both random variations and RTN, and dynamic writeability was measured by two different write modes that accentuate different RTN behaviour. Measured distribution parameters of both random variation and RTN were used to calibrate an accelerated Monte Carlo simulation that predicts a Vmin difference due to RTN. Measurements show that while FDSOI technology reduces random variation by approximately 27% compared to bulk, similar RTN amplitudes slightly increase bitcell susceptibility to failures caused by RTN.
Differential contribution of frugivores to complex seed dispersal patterns

Frugivores are highly variable in their contribution to fruit removal in plant populations. However, data are lacking on species-specific variation in two central aspects of seed dispersal, distance of dispersal and probability of dispersal among populations through long-distance transport. We used DNA-based genotyping techniques on Prunus mahaleb seeds dispersed by birds (small- and medium-sized passerines) and carnivorous mammals to infer each seed's source tree, dispersal distance, and the probability of having originated from outside the study population. Small passerines dispersed most seeds short distances (50% dispersed <51 m from source trees) and into covered microhabitats. Mammals and medium-sized birds dispersed seeds long distances (50% of mammals dispersed seeds >495 m, and 50% of medium-sized birds dispersed seeds to >110 m) and mostly into open microhabitats. Thus, dispersal distance and microhabitat of seed deposition were linked through the contrasting behaviors of different frugivores. When the quantitative contribution to fruit removal was accounted for, mammals were responsible for introducing two-thirds of the immigrant seeds into the population, whereas birds accounted for one-third. Our results demonstrate that frugivores differ widely in their effects on seed-mediated gene flow. Despite highly diverse coteries of mutualistic frugivores dispersing seeds, critical long-distance dispersal events might rely on a small subset of large species. Population declines of these key frugivore species may seriously impair seed-mediated gene flow in fragmented landscapes by truncating the long-distance events and collapsing seed arrival to a restricted subset of available microsites.
Toxicology Testing in Fatally Injured Workers: A Review of Five Years of Iowa FACE Cases

Toxicology testing of fatally injured workers is not routinely conducted. We completed a case-series study of 2005–2009 occupational fatalities captured by Iowa’s Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) Program. The goals of our research were to: (1) measure the proportion of FACE cases that undergo toxicology testing, and describe the factors associated with being tested, and (2) measure the rate of positive toxicology tests, the substances identified and the demographics and occupations of victims who tested positive. Case documents and toxicology laboratory reports were reviewed. There were 427 occupational deaths from 2005 to 2009. Only 69% underwent toxicology testing. Younger workers had greater odds of being tested. Among occupational groups, workers in farming, fishing and forestry had half the odds of being tested compared to other occupational groups. Of the 280 cases with toxicology tests completed, 22% (n = 61) were found to have positive toxicology testing. Commonly identified drug classes included cannabinoids and alcohols. Based on the small number of positive tests, older victims (65+ years) tested positive more frequently than younger workers. Management, business, science, arts, service and sales/office workers had proportionately more positive toxicology tests (almost 30%) compared with other workers (18–22%). These results identify an area in need of further research efforts and a potential target for injury prevention strategies.
Joint Battery-Buffer Sustainable Guarantees in Energy-Harvesting Enabled Wireless Networks

In light of the drastically-increasing demands on ubiquitous information acquisition and exchange, battery-powered devices are playing a more critical role in wireless networking, which inspires and expedites the development of energy-harvesting techniques. The sustainability requirements for such devices include two mutual-impacting dimensions: energy supply avoiding battery outage and stable transmissions avoiding buffer overflow. We in this paper propose a power-and-rate adaption scheme subject to the constraints on buffer-overflow probability and battery-outage probability in energy-harvesting enabled networks. The two probability constraints address the statistical assurance for the two-dimensional sustainability, which is suitable to dealing with the highly unpredictable energy-harvesting and channel fading statuses. Specifically, by applying the asymptotic queuing analyses to data-transmission and energy-harvesting processes, we can characterize both of the battery-outage and buffer-overflow probabilities via the effective-capacity/-bandwidth theories. Then, we formulate the effective-capacity optimization problem, which maximizes the sustainable throughput while complying with the statistical buffer-overflow and battery-outage constraints, and solve for the optimal power-adaptation scheme. We also conducted abundant simulations to evaluate our scheme's performances, demonstrate the superiority of our proposed scheme over existing baseline schemes, as well as study the impact of sustainability requirements on the performances.