Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Empirical analysis of attitude Differences Between Three Kin-Related Generations

Probably no issue of today’s world is more widely discussed than the changing character of the younger generation. Those whose adolescence encompassed the years prior to the end of World War II are at least surprised to see the frank, uninhibited, and self-directing attitude of youth. Many of these people feel that the attitudes of young people also describe a character that does not wish to be bound by rules
DOA Estimation and Detection in Colored Noise Using Additional Noise-Only Data

In a typical array processing scenario, noise acting on the array can not be assumed spatially white. It is in many cases necessary to use quiet periods, when only noise is received, to estimate the noise covariance. If estimation of the signal parameters and noise covariance is performed jointly, performance can be improved. This is especially true when stationarity considerations limit the amount of available valid noise-only data. An asymptotically valid approximative maximum likelihood method (AML) for the estimation problem is derived in this work. The resulting criterion is, when concentrated with respect to the signal parameters, relatively simple. In numerical experiments, AML shows promising small-sample performance compared to earlier methods. The criterion function is also well suited for numerical optimization. The new criterion function allows for the development of a novel, MODE-like, non-iterative estimation procedure if the array belongs to the important class of uniform linear arrays. The resulting procedure retains the asymptotic properties of maximum likelihood, and numerical simulations indicate superior threshold performance when compared to an optimally weighted subspace fitting (WSF) formulation of MODE. For the detection problem, no method has been presented that takes the unknown noise covariance into account. Here, a well known detection scheme for WSF is extended to work in this scenario as well. The derivations of this scheme further stress the importance of using the correct weighting in WSF when the noise covariance is unknown. It is also shown that the minimum value of the criterion function associated with AML can be used for the detection purpose. Numerical experiments indicate very promising performance for the AML-detection scheme.
The Mohammed cartoons controversy and the boycott of Danish products in the Middle East

Purpose – This paper analyses the Mohammed cartoons controversy, the boycott of Danish products in the Middle East, and the consequences for the Danish companies involved.Design/methodology/approach – The objectives have been achieved by means of a ideology‐critical discourse analysis of Danish newspaper articles on the subject.Findings – The wider ramifications of an insult and freedom of expression discourse are shown. Managerial consequences of the boycott are outlined for Jyllands‐Posten and Arla Foods.Originality/value – The paper is of value for researchers and managers who want to understand the politicisation of markets and the major consequences for management and marketing strategy.
A Framework for Designing Training Programs to Foster Self-Regulated Learning and Text Analysis Skills

The study’s aim was to develop an intervention program and to evaluate its contribution to students’ self-regulated learning (SRL) and text analysis skills. In a student-focused training approach, the students themselves acquired the training strategies, whereas in the teacher-focused training, the teachers were enabled to explicitly impart these strategies to their students. In order to investigate the effectiveness of the intervention in terms of transfer benefits on SRL and text analysis skills, 274 lower secondary students were examined in a pretest-training-posttest design. Based on two different training approaches, a distinction was made between four groups: student training (singleST), teacher training (singleTT), combination of student and teacher training (ComT), and control group (CG). Substantially more transfer was revealed in all training conditions as compared to the control group. Specifically, the singleST group showed the highest learning gains for all variables. Conversely, a combination of both approaches (ComT) did not result in synergetic effects, but rather in reciprocal interferences.
Automatic frequency band selection for BCIs with ERDS difference maps

We present a new fully automated algorithm for frequency band selection in band power based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). The algorithm performs a single pass and only requires information on the training data in the form of time-frequency ERDS maps, which visualize event-related desynchronization (ERD) and event-related synchronization (ERS). Frequency bands are selected by segmentation of ERDS di↵erence images, similar to the way a human expert would manually select bands by inspecting these maps. We could show that bands selected by this approach perform almost as well as manually selected bands in an o✏ine BCI experiment with data recorded from 18 users.
Mapping Technology Space by Normalizing Patent Technology Networks

Technology is a complex system, with technologies relating to each other in a space that can be mapped as a network. The technology network’s structure can reveal properties of technologies and of human behavior, if it can be mapped accurately. Technology networks have been made from patent data, using several measures of proximity. These measures, however, are influenced by factors of the patenting system that do not reflect technologies or their proximity. We introduce a method to precisely normalize out multiple impinging factors in patent data and extract the true signal of technological proximity, by comparing the empirical proximity measures with what they would be in random situations that remove the impinging factors. With this method, we created technology networks, using data from 3.9 million patents. After normalization, different measures of proximity became more correlated with each other, approaching a single dimension of technological proximity. The normalized technology networks were sparse, with few pairs of technology domains being significantly related. The normalized network corresponded with human behavior: we analyzed the patenting histories of 2.8 million inventors and found they were more likely to invent in two different technology domains if the pair was closely related in the technology network. We also analyzed 250 thousand firms’ patents and found that, in contrast, firms’ inventive activities were only modestly associated with the technology network; firms’ portfolios combined pairs of technology domains about twice as often as inventors. These results suggest that controlling for impinging factors provides meaningful measures of technological proximity for patent-based mapping of the technology space, and that this map can be used to aid in technology innovation planning and management.
A Comparative Study of New Aspergillus Strains for Proteolytic Enzymes Production by Solid State Fermentation

A comparative study of the proteolytic enzymes production using twelve Aspergillus strains previously unused for this purpose was performed by solid state fermentation. A semiquantitative and quantitative evaluation of proteolytic activity were carried out using crude enzymatic extracts obtained from the fermentation cultures, finding seven strains with high and intermediate level of protease activity. Biochemical, thermodynamics, and kinetics features such as optimum pH and temperature values, thermal stability, activation energy (E a), quotient energy (Q 10), K m, and V max were studied in four enzymatic extracts from the selected strains that showed the highest productivity. Additionally, these strains were evaluated by zymogram analysis obtaining protease profiles with a wide range of molecular weight for each sample. From these four strains with the highest productivity, the proteolytic extract of A. sojae ATCC 20235 was shown to be an appropriate biocatalyst for hydrolysis of casein and gelatin substrates, increasing its antioxidant activities in 35% and 125%, respectively.
Elektrophysiologische Studien zum menschlichen Gedächtnis

This review summarizes recent experirnents tliat explored human memory processes using recordings of event-relatcd potentials (ERPs) frorn tht! brain. In many studies, ERPs elicited by words presented during an acquisition stage have differed as a function of later recaii or recognition. These ERP differences, generally in the 400 to 800 ms rangc, indicate that processes of memory encoding may produce ERP correlates. Numerous studies have also been devoted to EIiP effects during recognition. In general, the second presentation of a stimulus was associated with an enhanced positivity relative to the first presentation or to new items. Siniilar effects havc been observed in implicit memory tests in which repetitions were irrelevant to the subject's task. There has been some difficulty in relating these old/new effects to the processes that mediate mernory experiences such i s recollection and prirning. However. a new paradigm that enables a dissociation between EHP correlates of recoiiection and priming is described. Studies of ERPs recorded from intracranial electrodes have also shown memory sensitivity, particularly for electrode locations near thc hippocampus. In sumniary, ERPs may bc useful as indices of both memory encoding and memory retrieval processes.
Risk Allocation for Multi-agent Systems using Tatonnement

This paper proposes a new market-based distributed planning algorithm for multi-agent systems under uncertainty, called MIRA (Marketbased Iterative Risk Allocation). In large coordination problems, from power grid management to multi-vehicle missions, multiple agents act collectively in order to optimize the performance of the system, while satisfying mission constraints. These optimal plans are particularly susceptible to risk when uncertainty is introduced. We present a distributed planning algorithm that minimizes the system cost while ensuring that the probability of violating mission constraints is below a user-specified level. We build upon the paradigm of risk allocation [13], in which the planner optimizes not only the sequence of actions, but also its allocation of risk among each constraint at each time step. We extend the concept of risk allocation to multi-agent systems by highlighting risk as a good that is traded in a computational market. The equilibrium price of risk that balances the supply and demand is found by an iterative price adjustment process called tâtonnement (also known as Walrasian auction). The simulation results demonstrate the efficiency and optimality of the proposed distributed planner.
Controlling for non-independence in comparative analysis of patterns across populations within species

How do we quantify patterns (such as responses to local selection) sampled across multiple populations within a single species? Key to this question is the extent to which populations within species represent statistically independent data points in our analysis. Comparative analyses across species and higher taxa have long recognized the need to control for the non-independence of species data that arises through patterns of shared common ancestry among them (phylogenetic non-independence), as have quantitative genetic studies of individuals linked by a pedigree. Analyses across populations lacking pedigree information fall in the middle, and not only have to deal with shared common ancestry, but also the impact of exchange of migrants between populations (gene flow). As a result, phenotypes measured in one population are influenced by processes acting on others, and may not be a good guide to either the strength or direction of local selection. Although many studies examine patterns across populations within species, few consider such non-independence. Here, we discuss the sources of non-independence in comparative analysis, and show why the phylogeny-based approaches widely used in cross-species analyses are unlikely to be useful in analyses across populations within species. We outline the approaches (intraspecific contrasts, generalized least squares, generalized linear mixed models and autoregression) that have been used in this context, and explain their specific assumptions. We highlight the power of ‘mixed models’ in many contexts where problems of non-independence arise, and show that these allow incorporation of both shared common ancestry and gene flow. We suggest what can be done when ideal solutions are inaccessible, highlight the need for incorporation of a wider range of population models in intraspecific comparative methods and call for simulation studies of the error rates associated with alternative approaches.
Basic Concepts in Data Structures

To begin the study of data structures, I demonstrate the usefulness of even quite simple structures by working through a detailed motivating example. We shall afterward come back to the basics and build up our body of knowledge incrementally. The algorithm presented in this introduction is due to R. S. Boyer and J S. Moore and solves the string matching problem in a surprisingly eficient way. The techniques, although sophisticated, do not require any advanced mathematical tools for their understanding. It is precisely because of this simplicity that the algorithm is a good example of the usefulness of data structures, even the simplest ones. In fact, all that is needed to make the algorithm work are two small arrays storing integers. There are two sorts of algorithms that, when irst encountered, inspire both perplexity and admiration. The irst is an algorithm so complicated that one can hardly imagine how its inventors came up with the idea, triggering a reaction of the kind, “How could they think of that? ” The other possibility is just the opposite – some lash of ingeniousity that gives an utterly simple solution, leaving us with the question, “How didn’t I think of that? ” The Boyer–Moore algorithm is of this second kind. We encounter on a daily basis instances of the string matching problem, deined generically as follows: given a text T = T [1]T [2] · · ·T [n] of length n characters and a string S = S[1]S[2] · · · S[m] of length m, ind the (irst, or all) location(s) of S in T , if one appears there at all. In the example of Figure 1.1, the string S = TRYME is indeed found in T , starting at position 22. To solve the problem, we imagine that the string is aligned underneath the text, starting with both text and string left justiied. One can then compare corresponding characters, until a mismatch is found, which enables us to move the string forward to a new potential matching position. We call this the naive approach. It should be emphasized that our discourse of moving the pattern
Weighting of cues for fricative place of articulation perception by children wearing cochlear implants

Abstract Objective: To determine how children wearing cochlear implants weight cues for fricative perception compared to age-matched children with normal hearing. Design: Two seven-step continua of synthetic CV syllables were constructed, with frication pole varied from /s/ to /∫/ within the continuum, and appropriate formant transition values varied across continua. Relative weights applied to the frication, transition, and interaction cues were determined. Study Sample: Ten 5–7-year-old children with normal hearing and ten 5–8-year-old children wearing cochlear implants participated. Results: Both groups of children gave more perceptual weight to the frication spectral cue than to the formant transition cue. Children with normal hearing gave small but significant weight to formant transitions, but the children wearing cochlear implants did not. The degree of cue interaction was significant for children with normal hearing but was not for children wearing cochlear implants. Conclusions: Children wearing a cochlear implant use similar cue-weighting strategies as normal listeners (i.e. all apply more weight to the frication noise than to the transition cue), but may have limitations in processing formant transitions and in cue interaction. Sumario Objetivo: Determinar el valor que los niños que usan implante coclear le dan a las claves para percibir las fricativas, en comparación con niños normoyentes de la misma edad. Diseño: Se construyeron dos continuos de siete pasos consistentes en sílabas sintéticas CV, con polo fricativo que variaba de /s/ a /∫/ dentro del continuo, y con valores de formato de transición que variaban a través del continuo. Se determinaron los pesos relativos aplicados a la fricación, la transición y la interacción de claves. Muestra: Participaron diez niños de 5 a 7 años de edad con audición normal y diez niños de 5 a 8 años de edad con implante coclear. Resultados: Ambos grupos de niños dieron un mayor valor perceptual a las claves del espectro fricativo que a las claves de transición de los formantes. Los niños normoyentes dieron un valor pequeño pero significativo a las transiciones de las formantes; no así los niños con implante coclear. Conclusiones: los niños con implante coclear utilizan estrategias similares para valorar las claves que los niños normoyentes (i.e. todos dan más valor al sonido fricativo que a la clave de transición, pero tienen limitaciones para procesar las transiciones de las formante en la interacción de claves.
Attitude and Its Situatedness in Linguistic Politeness

Attitude and Its Situatedness in Linguistic Politeness For over thirty years, linguistic politeness has been constructed based upon the work of Lakoff (1975) and, particularly, Brown and Levinson (1978, 1987). Their seminal contributions, however, may elide other social constructions of linguistic politeness. Thus, this paper presents and represents a different positioning and experience that have not been previously attended to, especially the lived experiences of Black women in U.S. contexts. Key questions addressed are: How does politeness operate in the African American speech community? How does one linguistic practice, talking with an attitude, fit within that model of politeness? This work assesses one component of politeness based upon socially real engagements of African American women who situate themselves within the African American speech community, interrogating their own behavior. Using Afrocentric feminist epistemology as one theoretical frame, I conducted qualitative research, interviewing Black women in different communities of practice. From their words and lived experiences, the co-researchers construct attitude as a broad concept that can be displayed in language and/or kinesics. Its meanings and functions derive from social context and community norms.
Typing Performance as a Function of Text

The performance of skilled typists was examined on texts ranging from prose to random letters, with the aim of discovering some of the factors that support its fluency. It was found that speed and errors were the same for prose and random word texts, and although performance got progressively worse on more degraded texts the biggest decline came between first- and zero-order random letter texts. The results were discussed in the context of several hypotheses about transcription processes, some assuming a statistical, left-to-right encoding of letters and others assuming linguistic encoding, either preserving the linguistic units in response units or translating the linguistic units into letter responses under the control of a sequencing process.
Interviewing Early Adolescents: Some Methodological Considerations

Adolescence poses some distinct challenges to the interviewing process. Applied social scientists frequently use the interview as a tool for the gathering of information from adolescents, but the paucity of information in the literature renders a discussion of adolescent issues particularly appropriate. Developmental issues, methodological issues surrounding the construction of and conducting of the early adolescent research interview, and legal and ethical issues are all reviewed in this paper. Particular emphasis is placed on the highly structured group interview. The authors' multi-year experience working with young adolescents and anecdotal information from a nation-wide longitudinal study of "at-risk" youth form the basis for this overview.
Iris Recognition: Measuring Feature's Quality for the Feature Selection in Unconstrained Image Capture Environments

Iris recognition has been used for several purposes. However, current iris recognition systems are unable to deal with noisy data and substantially increase their error rates, specially the false rejections, in these conditions. Several proposals have been made to access image quality and to identify noisy regions in iris images. In this paper we propose a method that measures the quality of each feature of the biometric signature and takes account into this information to constraint the comparable features and obtain the similarity between iris signatures. Experiments led us to conclude that this method significantly decreases the error rates in the recognition of noisy iris images, resultant from capturing in less constrained environments
The Strategy Selection-Construction Controversy: A Coding Scheme for Analyzing Teacher Compliance-Gaining Message Constructions.

Burleson, Wilson, Waltman, Goering, Ely and Whaley (1988) contend the constructionist approach is superior to and more valid than the strategy checklist (and every other approach, see Beatty, 1987). This study represents an initial attempt to assess the functional equivalence of the two techniques for compliance‐gaining research in the classroom. Specifically, we begin our task by developing a system for coding teachers’ message constructions. Next, we analyze those messages to assess the relative sensitivity of this approach to those results previously obtained with the Behavior Alteration Technique (BAT) checklist. Burleson et al. claim that message constructions provide “better”; data which are more sensitive to the influence of particular variables and more representative of “real world”; effects. Our data do not support such allegations. In fact, results indicate findings comparable to those obtained using the BAT checklist. While we argue for “functional equivalence”; overall, specific differences o.
Disclosure theories and disclosure measures

ABSTRACT Theories have been developed in the disclosure literature to explain the reasons behind the decision to disclose more information. Empirical evidence does not consistently support disclosure theories and results found are contradictory. The difficulty in measuring voluntary disclosure might be one of the reasons influencing on these divergences. In this paper, we investigate two key questions related to disclosure measurement. First, we aim to empirically test if use of disclosure indices that measure different information attributes determines validity of disclosure theories. Second, we investigate how disclosure indices design influences results. Results show that determinants of more specific information attributes are different than those that influence less specific attributes. Furthermore, independently of the information attribute that is measured, disclosure measure design influences results.