Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detecting Humans via Their Pose

We consider the problem of detecting humans and classifying their pose from a single image. Specifically, our goal is to devise a statistical model that simultaneously answers two questions: 1) is there a human in the image? and, if so, 2) what is a low-dimensional representation of her pose? We investigate models that can be learned in an unsupervised manner on unlabeled images of human poses, and provide information that can be used to match the pose of a new image to the ones present in the training set. Starting from a set of descriptors recently proposed for human detection, we apply the Latent Dirichlet Allocation framework to model the statistics of these features, and use the resulting model to answer the above questions. We show how our model can efficiently describe the space of images of humans with their pose, by providing an effective representation of poses for tasks such as classification and matching, while performing remarkably well in human/non human decision problems, thus enabling its use for human detection. We validate the model with extensive quantitative experiments and comparisons with other approaches on human detection and pose matching.
A note on the feasibility of generalised universal composability†

In this paper we study (interpret) the precise composability guarantee of the generalised universal composability (GUC) feasibility with global setups that was proposed in the recent paper Canetti et al. (2007) from the point of view of full universal composability (FUC), that is, composability with arbitrary protocols, which was the original security goal and motivation for UC. By observing a counter-intuitive phenomenon, we note that the GUC feasibility implicitly assumes that the adversary has limited access to arbitrary external protocols. We then clarify a general principle for achieving FUC security, and propose some approaches for fixing the GUC feasibility under the general principle. Finally, we discuss the relationship between GUC and FUC from both technical and philosophical points of view. This should be helpful in gaining a precise understanding of the GUC feasibility, and for preventing potential misinterpretations and/or misuses in practice.
A Categorial Variation Database for English

We describe our approach to the construction and evaluation of a large-scale database called "CatVar" which contains categorial variations of English lexemes. Due to the prevalence of cross-language categorial variation in multilingual applications, our categorial-variation resource may serve as an integral part of a diverse range of natural language applications. Thus, the research reported herein overlaps heavily with that of the machine-translation, lexicon-construction, and information-retrieval communities.We apply the information-retrieval metrics of precision and recall to evaluate the accuracy and coverage of our database with respect to a human-produced gold standard. This evaluation reveals that the categorial database achieves a high degree of precision and recall. Additionally, we demonstrate that the database improves on the linkability of Porter stemmer by over 30%.
Comparing Two Techniques for Learning Transliteration Models Using a Parallel Corpus

We compare the use of an unsupervised transliteration mining method and a rulebased method to automatically extract lists of transliteration word pairs from a parallel corpus of Hindi/Urdu. We build joint source channel models on the automatically aligned orthographic transliteration units of the automatically extracted lists of transliteration pairs resulting in two transliteration systems. We compare our systems with three transliteration systems available on the web, and show that our systems have better performance. We perform an extensive analysis of the results of using both methods and show evidence that the unsupervised transliteration mining method is superior for applications requiring high recall transliteration lists, while the rule-based method is useful for obtaining high precision lists.
The lethal and sub-lethal effects of nanoparticulated and soluble gold on the development of zebrafish embryos

Toxicity of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on zebrafish development is a rather controversial aspect in literature, and the investigation of the bulk material has not been considered yet, even though it is generally required. Therefore, we investigated the potential adverse effects of AuNPs and soluble gold on zebrafish embryos, while trying to find a rationale for gold nanoparticle toxicity. For such a purpose, uncoated and coated with hyaluronic acid AuNPs (12.8 ± 1.6 nm, TEM) and the bulk material (HAuCl4) were tested for their toxicity in zebrafish embryos. Results showed that the AuNPs were non-toxic for the zebrafish development during exposure (0-48h). Soluble gold (HAuCl4) was lethal at > 64.1 mg/L. At sublethal concentrations (48.1-0.7 mg/L) HAuCl4 did not alter embryo development, spontaneous movements or heartbeat rate, but the hatching ability was affected at > 5.7 mg/L, resulting in a NOAEC of 2.7 mg/L. According to our data and others found in scientific literature, it can be concluded that surface charge and, to a lesser extent, the size of the gold nanoparticles are key factors to explain toxicity of gold nanoparticles. Our results also confirmed that this model is suitable for studying nanoparticle toxicity, although the nanoparticles themselves should be fully characterised before and during the toxicity test.
Joint Bayesian Gaussian Discriminant Analysis for speaker verification

State-of-the-art i-vector based speaker verification relies on variants of Probabilistic Linear Discriminant Analysis (PLDA) for discriminant analysis. We are mainly motivated by the recent work of the joint Bayesian (JB) method, which is originally proposed for discriminant analysis in face verification. We apply JB to speaker verification and make three contributions beyond the original JB. 1) In contrast to the EM iterations with approximated statistics in the original JB, the EM iterations with exact statistics are employed and give better performance. 2) We propose to do simultaneous diagonalization (SD) of the within-class and between-class covariance matrices to achieve efficient testing, which has broader application scope than the SVD-based efficient testing method in the original JB. 3) We scrutinize similarities and differences between various Gaussian PLDAs and JB, complementing the previous analysis of comparing JB only with Prince-Elder PLDA. Extensive experiments are conducted on NIST SRE10 core condition 5, empirically validating the superiority of JB with faster convergence rate and 9 – 13% EER reduction compared with state-of-the-art PLDA.
Anti‐listerial activity of bacteriocin‐producing Lactobacillus curvatus CWBI‐B28 and Lactobacillus sakei CWBI‐B1365 on raw beef and poultry meat

Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the effect of the bacteriocins produced by Lactobacillus sakei CWBI‐B1365 and Lactobacillus curvatus CWBI‐B28 on the growth and survival of Listeria monocytogenes in raw beef and poultry meat.
Lineage specification and plasticity in CD19− early B cell precursors

We describe here three CD19− B cell precursor populations in mouse bone marrow identified using 12-color flow cytometry. Cell transfer experiments indicate lineage potentials consistent with multilineage progenitor (MLP), common lymphoid progenitor (CLP), and B lineage–restricted pre-pro–B (Fr. A), respectively. However, single cell in vitro assays reveal lineage plasticity: lymphoid/myeloid lineage potential for CLP and B/T lineage potential for Fr. A. Despite myeloid potential, recombination activating gene 2 reporter activation is first detected at low levels in most MLP cells, with 95% of CLPs showing 10-fold increased levels. Furthermore, single cell analysis shows that half of CLP and 90% of Fr. A cells contain heavy chain DJ rearrangements. These data, together with expression profiles of lineage-specific genes, demonstrate progressive acquisition of B lineage potential and support an asynchronous view of early B cell development, in which B lineage specification initiates in the MLP/CLP stage, whereas myeloid potential is not lost until the pre-pro–B (Fr. A) stage, and B/T lymphoid plasticity persists until the CD19+ pro–B stage. Thus, MLP, CLP, and Fr. A represent progressively B lineage–specified stages in development, before the CD19+ B lineage–committed pro–B stage.
Genetics of Rapid and Extreme Size Evolution in Island Mice

Organisms on islands provide a revealing window into the process of adaptation. Populations that colonize islands often evolve substantial differences in body size from their mainland relatives. Although the ecological drivers of this phenomenon have received considerable attention, its genetic basis remains poorly understood. We use house mice (subspecies: Mus musculus domesticus) from remote Gough Island to provide a genetic portrait of rapid and extreme size evolution. In just a few hundred generations, Gough Island mice evolved the largest body size among wild house mice from around the world. Through comparisons with a smaller-bodied wild-derived strain from the same subspecies (WSB/EiJ), we demonstrate that Gough Island mice achieve their exceptional body weight primarily by growing faster during the 6 weeks after birth. We use genetic mapping in large F2 intercrosses between Gough Island mice and WSB/EiJ to identify 19 quantitative trait loci (QTL) responsible for the evolution of 16-week weight trajectories: 8 QTL for body weight and 11 QTL for growth rate. QTL exhibit modest effects that are mostly additive. We conclude that body size evolution on islands can be genetically complex, even when substantial size changes occur rapidly. In comparisons to published studies of laboratory strains of mice that were artificially selected for divergent body sizes, we discover that the overall genetic profile of size evolution in nature and in the laboratory is similar, but many contributing loci are distinct. Our results underscore the power of genetically characterizing the entire growth trajectory in wild populations and lay the foundation necessary for identifying the mutations responsible for extreme body size evolution in nature.
Behavioural activation delivered by the non-specialist: phase II randomised controlled trial

Background Behavioural activation appears as effective as cognitive– behaviour therapy (CBT) in the treatment of depression. If equally effective, then behavioural activation may be the preferred treatment option because it may be suitable for delivery by therapists with less training. This is the first randomised controlled trial to look at this possibility. Aims To examine whether generic mental health workers can deliver effective behavioural activation as a step-three high-intensity intervention. Method A randomised controlled trial (ISRCTN27045243) comparing behavioural activation (n = 24) with treatment as usual (n = 23) in primary care. Results Intention-to-treat analyses indicated a difference in favour of behavioural activation of –15.79 (95% CI –24.55 to –7.02) on the Beck Depression Inventory–II and Work and Social Adjustment Scale (mean difference –11.12, 95% CI –17.53 to –4.70). Conclusions Effective behavioural activation appears suitable for delivery by generic mental health professionals without previous experience as therapists. Large-scale trial comparisons with an active comparator (CBT) are needed.
INFLUENCE OF AUSTEMPERING TEMPERATURE ON FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF A LOW MANGANESE AUSTEMPERED DUCTILE IRON (ADI)

The influence of microstructure on the plane strain fracture toughness of an unalloyed, austempered ductile cast iron (ADI) with low manganese content (<0.15 wt %) and with predominantly as-cast (solidified) ferritic structure was studied. Test specimens were austenitized at 927°C (1700°F) for 2 hr and then austempered over a range of temperatures to produce different microstructures. The microstructures were characterized through optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Plane strain fracture toughness of all these materials was determined and correlated with the microstructure. The results of the present investigation indicate that the alloy (with an initially ferritic as-cast microstructure) has higher fracture toughness with an upper ausferritic structure, i.e., when austempered in the upper bainitic temperature range (above 316°C [600°F]). This behavior was markedly different from conventional ADI with a pearlitic as-cast microstructure because the pearlitic structure shows higher fracture toughness with a lower ausferritic structure, i.e., when austempered in the lower bainitic temperature range (<316°C [600°F]). The fracture toughness was found to increase with the increase in total austenitic carbon, i.e., XγCγ, where Xγ is the volume fraction of austenite and Cγ is the carbon content of austenite.
Optimal Pair Matching With Two Control Groups

In an effort to detect hidden biases due to failure to control for an unobserved covariate, some observational or nonrandomized studies include two control groups selected to systematically vary the unobserved covariate. Comparisons of the treated group and two control groups must, of course, control for imbalances in observed covariates. Using the three groups, we form pairs optimally matched for observed covariates—that is, we optimally construct from observational data an incomplete block design. The incomplete block design may use all available data, or it may use data selectively to produce a balanced incomplete block design, or it may be the basis for constructing a matched sample when expensive outcome information is to be collected only for sampled individuals. The problem of optimal pair matching with two control groups is shown by a series of transformations to be equivalent to a particular form of optimal nonbipartite matching, a problem for which polynomial time algorithms exist. In our examples, we implement the procedure using a nonbipartite matching algorithm due to Derigs. We illustrate the method with data from an observational study of the employment effects of the minimum wage.
The Treatment Effectiveness Assessment (TEA): an efficient, patient-centered instrument for evaluating progress in recovery from addiction

The fields of addiction medicine and addiction research have long sought an efficient yet comprehensive instrument to assess patient progress in treatment and recovery. Traditional tools are expensive, time consuming, complex, and based on topics that clinicians or researchers think are important. Thus, they typically do not provide patient-centered information that is meaningful and relevant to the lives of patients with substance use disorders. To improve our ability to understand patients’ progress in treatment from their perspectives, the authors and colleagues developed a patient-oriented assessment instrument that has considerable advantages over existing instruments: brevity, simplicity, ease of administration, orientation to the patient, and cost (none). The resulting Treatment Effectiveness Assessment (TEA) elicits patient responses that help the patient and the clinician quickly gauge patient progress in treatment and in recovery, according to the patients’ sense of what is important within four domains established by prior research. Patients provide both numerical responses and representative details on their substance use, health, lifestyle, and community. No software is required for data entry or scoring, and no formal training is required to administer the TEA. This article describes the development of the TEA and the initial phases of its application in clinical practice and in research.
Impairments in spatial representations and rhythmic coordination of place cells in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible and highly progressive neurodegenerative disease. Clinically, patients with AD display impairments in episodic and spatial memory. However, the underlying neuronal dysfunctions that result in these impairments remain poorly understood. The hippocampus is crucial for spatial and episodic memory, and thus we tested the hypothesis that abnormal neuronal representations of space in the hippocampus contribute to memory deficits in AD. To test this hypothesis, we recorded spikes from place cells in hippocampal subfield CA1, together with corresponding rhythmic activity in local field potentials, in the 3xTg AD mouse model. We observed disturbances in place cell firing patterns, many of which were consistent with place cell disturbances reported in other rodent models of AD. We found place cell representations of space to be unstable in 3xTg mice compared to control mice. Furthermore, coordination of place cell firing by hippocampal rhythms was disrupted in 3xTg mice. Specifically, a smaller proportion of place cells from 3xTg mice were significantly phase‐locked to theta and slow gamma rhythms, and the theta and slow gamma phases at which spikes occurred were also altered. Remarkably, these disturbances were observed at an age before detectable Aβ pathology had developed. Consistencies between these findings in 3xTg mice and previous findings from other AD models suggest that disturbances in place cell firing and hippocampal rhythms are related to AD rather than reflecting peculiarities inherent to a particular transgenic model. Thus, disturbed rhythmic organization of place cell activity may contribute to unstable spatial representations, and related spatial memory deficits, in AD. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kinesin family 17 (osmotic avoidance abnormal‐3) is dispensable for photoreceptor morphology and function

In Caenorhabditis elegans, homodimeric [kinesin family (KIF) 17, osmotic avoidance abnormal‐3 (OSM‐3)] and heterotrimeric (KIF3) kinesin‐2 motors are required to establish sensory cilia by intraflagellar transport (IFT) where KIF3 and KIF17 cooperate to build the axoneme core and KIF17 builds the distal segments. However, the function of KIF17 in vertebrates is unresolved. We expressed full‐length and motorless KIF17 constructs in mouse rod photoreceptors using adeno‐associated virus in Xenopus laevis rod photoreceptors using a transgene and in ciliated IMCD3 cells. We found that tagged KIF17 localized along the rod outer segment axoneme when expressed in mouse and X. laevis photoreceptors, whereas KIF3A was restricted to the proximal axoneme. Motorless KIF3A and KIF17 mutants caused photoreceptor degeneration, likely through dominant negative effects on IFT. KIF17 mutant lacking the motor domain translocated to nuclei after exposure of a C‐terminal nuclear localization signal. Germ‐line deletion of Kif17 in mouse did not affect photoreceptor function. A rod‐specific Kif3/Kif17 double knockout mouse demonstrated that KIF17 and KIF3 do not act synergistically and did not prevent rhodopsin trafficking to rod outer segments. In summary, the nematode model of KIF3/KIF17 cooperation apparently does not apply to mouse photoreceptors in which the photosensory cilium is built exclusively by KIF3. —Jiang, L. , Tam, B. M. , Ying, G. , Wu, S. , Hauswirth, W. W. , Frederick, J. M. , Moritz, O. L. , Baehr, W. Kinesin family 17 (osmotic avoidance abnormal‐3) is dispensable for photoreceptor morphology and function. FASEB J. 29, 4866–4880 (2015). www.fasebj. org
Evaluating Multivariate Normality: A Graphical Approach

The statistical graphics play an important role in providing the insights about data in the process of data analysis. The main objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the methods for checking the normality assumption. Multivariate normality is one of the basic assumptions in multivariate data analysis. Univariate normality is essential for the data to be multivariate normal. This paper reviews graphical methods for evaluating univariate and multivariate normality. These methods are applied on a real life data set and the normality is investigated.
Parental History and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Overweight Latino Adolescents

OBJECTIVE— The purpose of this article was to examine metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents as a function of maternal versus paternal family history of type 2 diabetes and to examine whether differences in these risk factors emerge during adolescent growth. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— A total of 247 overweight Latino children (baseline age = 11.1 ± 1.7 years) with a parental history of type 2 diabetes were followed annually for 5 years (2.2 ± 1.2 observations/child) with measures of insulin sensitivity, acute insulin response to glucose, and disposition index. Longitudinal linear mixed-effects modeling was used to evaluate the influence of maternal versus paternal family history of type 2 diabetes on changes in diabetes risk factors over age. RESULTS— Insulin sensitivity and the disposition index decreased over age (β = −0.052 and β = −0.033, P < 0 0.01). Acute insulin response to glucose and fasting and 2-h glucose increased (β = 0.019, β = 0.002, and β = 0.003, P < 0.01). Declines in insulin sensitivity were significantly greater in participants whose maternal grandmothers had a history of type 2 diabetes (β = −0.03, P = 0.03). Declines in the disposition index (β = −0.02, P = 0.04) and increases in fasting glucose were significantly influenced by a maternal history of type 2 diabetes (β = 0.60, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS— Maternal but not paternal family history for diabetes may have a significant impact on insulin dynamics, becoming more pronounced during growth in overweight Latino adolescents. Further research is clearly warranted.
Lessons Learned from Designing Children's Interactive Narratives

Designing interactive narrative for children requires awareness of the cognitive abilities of young readers. In this paper, we propose design principles based on knowledge of children's cognitive psychology research. The principles demonstrate how a children's interactive narrative can allow for creative play and avoid frustration. Furthermore, we present an interaction design strategy aimed to reduce memory load and focus on story understanding. By using simple and encouraging discourse through short interactive prompts, electronic fiction can be used to craft delightful and interesting literature for children. Author Keywords Children, interactive narrative, storytelling
Policy Evaluation Using the Ω-Return

We propose the Ω-return as an alternative to the λ-return currently used by the TD(λ) family of algorithms. The benefit of the Ω-return is that it accounts for the correlation of different length returns. Because it is difficult to compute exactly, we suggest one way of approximating the Ω-return. We provide empirical studies that suggest that it is superior to the λ-return and γ-return for a variety of problems.
Spatial coding for large scale partial-duplicate web image search

The state-of-the-art image retrieval approaches represent images with a high dimensional vector of visual words by quantizing local features, such as SIFT, in the descriptor space. The geometric clues among visual words in an image is usually ignored or exploited for full geometric verification, which is computationally expensive. In this paper, we focus on partial-duplicate web image retrieval, and propose a novel scheme, spatial coding, to encode the spatial relationships among local features in an image. Our spatial coding is both efficient and effective to discover false matches of local features between images, and can greatly improve retrieval performance. Experiments in partial-duplicate web image search, using a database of one million images, reveal that our approach achieves a 53% improvement in mean average precision and 46% reduction in time cost over the baseline bag-of-words approach.