Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of roughage and grain processing in high-concentrate diets on the performance of long-fed Holstein steers.

The effects of roughage source and timing of inclusion in high-concentrate diets on feedlot performance were evaluated in each of 2 yr with 144 and 120 long-fed Holstein steers, respectively. Roughage, when included in the diet, was delivered in a built-in-roughage (BIR) pellet supplying 15 and 6% roughage (percentage of DM) or hay crop silage (HCS) supplying 7 and 10% roughage (percentage of DM) for the growing and finishing periods, respectively. The six dietary treatments (two pens each) investigated were continuous whole corn and pelleted supplement (no added roughage; WSC-PEL); BIR with cracked corn either in the growing (BIR-G) or finishing (BIR-F) period with whole corn being fed with pelleted supplement when BIR was not part of the diet; BIR and cracked corn fed continuously (BIR-CONT); and two HCS treatments in which the corn was fed either whole (HCS-WSC) or cracked (HCS-CSC) for the entire feeding period. Replicates were slaughtered 4 and 3 wk apart for yr 1 and 2, respectively. Pooled daily gains (yr 1 and 2) for the entire trial (1.39 to 1.45 kg/d) were not different (P > .05). Daily DM and concentrate intakes were lower (P < .001) and gain efficiency was higher (P < .001) for the WSC-PEL than for the other treatments. Carcass characteristics were similar among treatments except for an improved yield grade (P < .02) for the HCS treatments over the BIR treatments. The WSC-PEL treatment was the most profitable (+/steer) and the BIR-CONT diet was the least profitable. The HCS treatments were the most profitable of the roughage treatments. A newly proposed intake prediction equation for feedlot cattle performed similarly to the 1984 NRC equation with long-fed Holstein steer calves.
On the Possibility of Lexical Bootstrapping Introduction

It has been observed many times that, in English and many other languages, verb learning starts later and proceeds more slowly than noun learning (e.g., Macnamara, 1972). It has been speculated that this is because verbs are generally harder to learn than nouns, at least in part because the wordworld relations between verbs and their referents are harder to detect than those between nouns and their referents (e.g., Gentner, 1982). A great deal of research in language acquisition has therefore focused on the idea that children might use intralinguistic cues to verb meaning as part of the verb learning process. In particular, it has been shown that children can use syntax to guide their acquisition of verbs – a strategy known as syntactic bootstrapping (Gleitman, 1990). Syntactic bootstrapping, however, is limited. It requires that the child already have the ability to identify the syntactic roles in an utterance and associate them with semantic roles. Some approaches presuppose that knowledge of both semantic roles and linking rules (rules linking semantic roles to syntactic roles) is innate. That knowledge can then be used, by a procedure known as semantic bootstrapping (Pinker, 1984), to discover syntactic roles. Only then is the child in a position to use syntactic bootstrapping to help learn verb meanings. In this work, we ask whether it is possible that there might be a more direct way of using intralinguistic cues to assist in the acquisition of verb meanings. In particular, we consider whether there are informative co-occurrence relationships between nouns and verbs in parental speech to children. By informative, we mean that the statistical patterns of co-occurrences between nouns and verbs bear systematic relations to the meanings of those verbs. That is, the question we seek to answer is whether knowing which nouns a verb tends to co-occur with could give the child a clue as to the meaning of that verb. If so, then the child could use this information as an aid to verb learning. Because that strategy would only require being able to identify the lexical categories of words, not their syntactic or semantic roles, it could potentially be useful earlier in the verb learning process than syntactic bootstrapping. In this work, we assess whether the language learning environment provides enough information for such a procedure to be successful.
Optical coherence tomography for investigation of the pancreatico-biliary system: still experimental?

Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, IRCCS Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, San Raffaele Hospital Scientific Institute. Milan, Italy Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an optical imaging modality introduced in 1991 [1] that performs high-resolution, cross-sectional, subsurface tomographic imaging of the internal microstructure in materials and biologic systems by measuring backscattered or backreflected infrared light. The physical principle of OCT is similar to that of B-mode ultrasound imaging, except that the intensity of infrared light, rather than sound waves, is measured. Wavelenghts of the infrared light used in OCT are one to two orders of magnitude higher than ultrasound wavelenght, so OCT technology can yield a lateral and axial spatial resolution of about 10 micron, which is 10- to 25-fold better than that of available high-frequency ultrasound imaging. The spatial resolution of OCT images is nearly equivalent to that of histologic sections. The depth of penetration of OCT imaging is approximately 1-3 mm, depending upon tissue structure, depth of focus of the probe used, and pressure applied to the tissue surface. Although the progressive increase in ultrasound resolution is accompanied by a corresponding decease in depth of penetration, a similar trade-off between resolution and depth of penetration does not occur in OCT imaging. In contrast to magnification endoscopy, OCT has depth. Several
The Neuronal Form of Adaptor Protein-3 Is Required for Synaptic Vesicle Formation from Endosomes

Heterotetrameric adaptor complexes vesiculate donor membranes. One of the adaptor protein complexes, AP-3, is present in two forms; one form is expressed in all tissues of the body, whereas the other is restricted to brain. Mice lacking both the ubiquitous and neuronal forms of AP-3 exhibit neurological disorders that are not observed in mice that are mutant only in the ubiquitous form. To begin to understand the role of neuronal AP-3 in neurological disease, we investigated its function in in vitro assays as well as its localization in neural tissue. In the presence of GTPγS both ubiquitous and neuronal forms of AP-3 can bind to purified synaptic vesicles. However, only the neuronal form of AP-3 can produce synaptic vesicles from endosomes in vitro. We also identified that the expression of neuronal AP-3 is limited to varicosities of neuronal-like processes and is expressed in most axons of the brain. Although the AP-2/clathrin pathway is the major route of vesicle production and the relatively minor neuronal AP-3 pathway is not necessary for viability, the absence of the latter could lead to the neurological abnormalities seen in mice lacking the expression of AP-3 in brain. In this study we have identified the first brain-specific function for a neuronal adaptor complex.
Texture segmentation by multiscale aggregation of filter responses and shape elements

Texture segmentation is a difficult problem, as is apparent from camouflage pictures. A textured region can contain texture elements of various sizes, each of which can itself be textured. We approach this problem using a bottom-up aggregation framework that combines structural characteristics of texture elements with filter responses. Our process adaptively identifies the shape of texture elements and characterize them by their size, aspect ratio, orientation, brightness, etc., and then uses various statistics of these properties to distinguish between different textures. At the same time our process uses the statistics of filter responses to characterize textures. In our process the shape measures and the filter responses crosstalk extensively. In addition, a top-down cleaning process is applied to avoid mixing the statistics of neighboring segments. We tested our algorithm on real images and demonstrate that it can accurately segment regions that contain challenging textures.
The Effects of General and Domain-Specific Expertise on Political Memory and Judgment

In this article we differentiate between general political sophistication and domain-specific expertise, and we develop a theoretical argument specifying how the two levels differ and the nature of their impact on a variety of memory and judgment processes. Subjects, differentiated according to level of political sophistication and expertise in the income tax system, were provided with detailed information about the Tax Reform Act of 1986, and they were required to process this information under different manipulated encoding sets. They were then asked to recall the information and to provide a number of political judgments. The results indicate that the two types of expertise have distinct and theoretically meaningful consequences for political cognition. General political sophistication (but not domain-specific expertise) facilitated evaluative clustering and on-line processing. Domain-specific experts showed enhanced overall recall and larger selective memory effects, with some evidence that these effe.
VLSI Design for Multi-Sensor Smart Systems on a Chip

Sensors are becoming of considerable importance in several areas, particularly in healthcare. Therefore, the development of inexpensive and miniaturized sensors that are highly selective and sensitive, and for which control and analysis is present all on one chip is very desirable. These types of sensors can be implemented with micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), and because they are fabricated on a semiconductor substrate, additional signal processing circuitry can easily be integrated into the chip, thereby readily providing additional functions, such as multiplexing and analog-to-digital conversion. Here we present a general framework for the design of a multi-sensor system on a chip, which includes intelligent signal processing, as well as a built-in self test and parameter adjustment units. Specifically, we outline the system architecture, and develop a transistorized bridge biosensor for monitoring changes in the dielectric constant of a fluid, which could be used for in-home monitoring of kidney function of patients with renal failure.
Sense of Life Worth Living (Ikigai) and Mortality in Japan: Ohsaki Study

Objective: To investigate the association between the sense of “life worth living (ikigai)” and the cause-specific mortality risk. The psychological factors play important roles in morbidity and mortality risks. However, the association between the negative psychological factors and the risk of mortality is inconclusive. Methods: The Ohsaki Study, a prospective cohort study, was initiated on 43,391 Japanese adults. To assess if the subjects found a sense of ikigai, they were asked the question, “Do you have ikigai in your life? ” We used Cox regression analysis to calculate the hazard ratio of the all-cause and cause-specific mortality according to the sense of ikigai categories. Results: Over 7 years’ follow-up, 3048 of the subjects died. The risk of all-cause mortality was significantly higher among the subjects who did not find a sense of ikigai as compared with that in the subjects who found a sense of ikigai; the multivariate adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) was 1.5 (1.3–1.7). As for the cause-specific mortality, subjects who did not find a sense of ikigai were significantly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (1.6; 1.3–2.0) and external cause mortality (1.9; 1.1–3.3), but not of the cancer mortality (1.3; 1.0–1.6). Conclusions: In this prospective cohort study, subjects who did not find a sense of ikigai were associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality. The increase in mortality risk was attributable to cardiovascular disease and external causes, but not cancer. CVD = cardiovascular disease; NHI = National Health Insurance; PHC = Public Health Center; IHD = ischemic heart disease; HR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval; BMI = body mass index.
Inferring browser activity and status through remote monitoring of storage usage

Web applications use the local storage of a web browser to temporarily store static resources for caching and persistently store personalized data for stateful services. Since different web applications use the local storage differently in terms of size and time, attackers can infer a user's browser activity and status if they can monitor storage usage: for example, which web site a user is viewing and whether a user has logged in to a certain web site. In this paper, we explore passive and active web attacks that exploit the Quota Management API to extract such information from a web browser, as the API allows us to continuously monitor the size of available storage space. We develop two web attacks: a cross-tab activity inference attack to passively monitor which web site a user is currently visiting and a browser status inference attack to actively identify the browser status such as browser history and login information. Our attacks are successful at stealing private information from Chrome running on various platforms with ∼90% accuracy. We further propose an effective solution against the attacks.
Flamingo: Visualizing Internet Traffic

In this paper we describe a set of visualization techniques that can help the task of operating and managing a network by representing network traffic information in a concise and intuitive manner. We have implemented these visualization techniques in Flamingo, a software tool that can be used to explore Internet traffic flow data. Flamingo is able to process live Netflow data in real-time and present a set of interactive visualizations and associated manipulation tools that can help users in network data analysis. Flamingo is comprised of a server and a client component. The Flamingo server is responsible for receiving raw Netflow feeds from devices in the network that can sample traffic, and then sending processed information to the client for display. The Flamingo client receives data from the server and provides concise intuitive data visualizations, 3D space navigation, as well as filtering capabilities that can help the operator to extract or monitor specific information of interest. Flamingo also supports a playback mode which allows users to select specific historical Netflow data for visualization. We illustrate with the help of simple examples, based on traffic data from a busy Internet backbone router, how Flamingo can be used to perform network monitoring tasks as well as network security related data forensics
Social Class and Belonging: Implications for Graduate Students' Career Aspirations

We examined the role that social class background plays in graduate students’ career goals. Class background was significantly related to the extent to which students struggled financially in graduate school, which related to their sense of belonging in graduate school. Sense of belonging related to academic self-concept, which predicted students’ interest in becoming professors at “top research universities. ”
The Relation of Infants' Home Environments to Mental Test Performance at Fifty-four Months: A Follow-up Study.

BRADLEY, ROBERT H. , and CALDWELL, BETTYE M. The Relation of Infants' Home Environments to Mental Test Performance at Fifty-four Months: A Follow-up Study. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1976, 47, 1172-1174. In an earlier study Elardo, Bradley, and Caldwell used the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) to examine relations between the quality of stimulation available in infants' home environments and the infants' mental test scores. HOME scores taken during the first 2 years of life showed a moderate relation to performance on the Bayley Mental Development Index and a strong relationship to 3-year Stanford-Binet IQ. Results from the present follow-up study indicate that home environment scores during the first 2 years of life were strongly related to 54-month IQ scores. Of the 6 aspects of home environment measured by HOME, Emotional and Verbal Responsivity of Mother, Maternal Involvement with Child, and Provision of Appropriate Play Materials revealed the most substantial association with mental test performance at 54 months. Results show that the pattern of relationships between HOME scores and mental test performance changes somewhat across the early childhood years.
Reconceptualising the Holocaust and Holocaust education in countries that escaped Nazi occupation: a Scottish perspective

Prior to the establishment of a national Holocaust Memorial Day in 2001, the Holocaust was not part of Scotland’s historical narrative and its teaching was marginal in Scotland. This article examines Scotland’s connections with the Holocaust and reflects on the impact that the history of the Holocaust has had on Scotland. Investigating Holocaust education from the perspective of a country that has no obvious connections with the Holocaust can perhaps assist other countries with similar connections, and can lead to consideration of ways in which their social and historical contexts can contribute to a meaningful integration of the Holocaust into their educational programmes. The article discusses how Holocaust education has been integrated into schools and community programmes in Scotland. It also considers what contemporary policies, practices and priorities align well with a potential deeper integration of Holocaust education.
Proactive views on concrete aspects: a pattern documentation approach to software evolution

A design pattern provides a structure to manage a design aspect by allowing the aspect to be changed without software redesign. For example, the command pattern allows a software design to be easily reconfigured to replace a receiver of a command request or issue a new command request. To prepare for everlasting demands in diverse requirement changes, multiple design patterns are typically deployed to manage various design aspects of a software program. However, this can complicate the underlying program structure, resulting in difficulties of succeeding program revisions to preserve effective management of aspects. In particular, when design aspects cut across each other, realizing changes in one aspect likely revokes the management of other aspects. To address this problem, we propose a documentation approach to govern program revisions. In the approach, a design aspect is associated with a set of proactive views. Each view specifies how an implementation of the aspect is organized so that other aspects can be managed at the same time. The views capture the class relationships that must be kept to preserve effective management of aspects. The approach is illustrated using a pattern-based hotel management system.
Microbiologically induced deterioration of concrete - A Review

Microbiologically induced deterioration (MID) causes corrosion of concrete by producing acids (including organic and inorganic acids) that degrade concrete components and thus compromise the integrity of sewer pipelines and other structures, creating significant problems worldwide. Understanding of the fundamental corrosion process and the causal agents will help us develop an appropriate strategy to minimize the costs in repairs. This review presents how microorganisms induce the deterioration of concrete, including the organisms involved and their colonization and succession on concrete, the microbial deterioration mechanism, the approaches of studying MID and safeguards against concrete biodeterioration. In addition, the uninvestigated research area of MID is also proposed.
Spatially Aware Dictionary Learning and Coding for Fossil Pollen Identification

We propose a robust approach for performing automatic species-level recognition of fossil pollen grains in microscopy images that exploits both global shape and local texture characteristics in a patch-based matching methodology. We introduce a novel criteria for selecting meaningful and discriminative exemplar patches. We optimize this function during training using a greedy submodular function optimization framework that gives a near-optimal solution with bounded approximation error. We use these selected exemplars as a dictionary basis and propose a spatially-aware sparse coding method to match testing images for identification while maintaining global shape correspondence. To accelerate the coding process for fast matching, we introduce a relaxed form that uses spatiallyaware soft-thresholding during coding. Finally, we carry out an experimental study that demonstrates the effectiveness and efficiency of our exemplar selection and classification mechanisms, achieving 86.13% accuracy on a difficult fine-grained species classification task distinguishing three types of fossil spruce pollen 1.
A STUDY ON BIOMETRIC TEMPLATE SECURITY

The increasing popularity of biometrics and cryptography is driven by the widespread stipulation on information security. Abundant efforts have been made in developing successful methods in these areas in order to accomplish an enhanced level of information security. There are two dominant issues in information security enhancement. One is to defend the user ownership and control the access to information by authenticating an individual’s identity. The other is to make sure the privacy and integrity of information and to secure communication. Cryptography is the science of writing in secret code. Secret-key cryptography and public-key cryptography are the two most important cryptographic architectures. The security of a cryptographic system is reliant on the secrecy of the cryptographic key. Biometric authentication or simply biometrics refers to establishing automatic personal recognition based on the physical and behavioral characteristics of an individual (e.g. face, voice, fingerprint, gait, hand geometry, iris, gene, etc.). Biometrics offers superior security and easier than traditional identity authentication systems (based on passwords and cryptographic keys). Since biometrics characteristics are naturally related with a particular individual, making them insusceptible to being stolen, forgotten, lost or attached. This paper presents a survey on various techniques proposed earlier in developing an authentication system for ensuring individual’s information security by combining biometric characteristics of that particular individual and the cryptographic techniques. In addition, it provides some fundamental idea for future research that may help in eliminating the problems associated with the present authentication systems.
Team approach, idea generation, conflict and performance

Purpose – The punctuated equilibrium model of group activity and the positive task conflict‐performance relationship are prominent in the team literature; however, their respective underlying concepts, team approach and ideas‐task complexity fit have been neglected. The first aim of the paper is to introduce these concepts, show how these underlie the two theories, and how they might be linked together in a novel way. The second aim is to illustrate the value of these ideas through the use of a case study of three teams working separately on an identical software engineering project.Design/methodology/approach – The performance, conflict levels, approaches and ideas of three teams working on an identical software project are compared. The data were largely collected by observation of all the teams' meetings.Findings – The findings show that the team approach and ideas‐task complexity fit are significant in determining performance. It is also found that ideas emerge as frequently outside of conflict as in .