Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Performance Evaluation of WDM LAN ’ s with Propagation Delay Constraint Analysis

-In this paper we study the effect of round trip propagation delay in performance measures of Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) networks. Even though the impact of propagation delay is substantial in optical networks behavior, most of the studies ignore the effect of this object in throughput and delay evaluation. We assume a WDM Local Area Network (LAN) where the round trip propagation delay is less or equal to a data packet transmission time. The proposed asynchronous transmission policy avoid data channel collision. In the analysis we take into account the propagation delays and the effect of receiver collision for a system with finite number of stations. Key-Words: Wavelength Division Multiplexing, round trip propagation delay, receiver collision, ErlangB formula, average rejection probability. 1. Network Architecture Model The system under consideration as Figure 1 shows is a passive star network. The system uses 1 + N wavelengths, N λ λ λ ,. , , 1 0 , to serve a finite number ) ( N M M > of stations. The system at wavelength 0 λ operates as the control channel while the remaining N channels at wavelengths N λ λ ,., 1 constitute the multichannel of data transmission system[1-4]. Thus the proposed network model can be described as a TR FR TT CC − − − structure. It has a common control channel CC. TT means that each station has a tunable transmitter tuned at N λ λ λ ,., , 1 0 . The outcoming traffic from a station is connected to one input of the passive star coupler. Additionally, every station also uses a fixed tuned receiver FR for the control channel and one tunable receiver to any of data channel N λ λ ,., 1 indicated by TR . The incoming traffic to a user station is splitted into 1 + N wavelengths by a WDMA splitter from which one of N wavelengths can be selected by the tunable receiver as Figure 1 indicates. The transmission time of a fixed size control packet is used as time unit (control slot) and the data packet transmission normalized in control slot time units is ) 1 ( > L L which is called data slot. We assume the existence of a common clock, obtained by distributing a clock to all stations. The roundtrip propagation time between any station to the hub of the star coupler and to any other station is assumed to be equal to R time units . The roundtrip propagation plays a key role in the performance evaluation of the WDMA protocols. Most of the studies consider data packet transmission time is much greater than propagation delay. However in optical networks, propagation delay in most cases is higher than data packet transmission time. For example lets say a network with diameter 2Km and data packets with size 800 bits. In case of a channel with capacity 10 Mb/s and propagation speed of 8 10 2× , the propagation delay is 10μsec while the data transmission time is 800μsec. In case of a wavelength with capacity of 1 Gbit/sec the data transmission time is 8μsec. The close relation and the small difference between propagation delay and data packet transmission time is a very important factor in designed multiple access WDM networks.
Risk, Uncertainty and Optimism in Venture Capital Relationships

We develop a dynamic, structural model to quantitatively assess the effects of risk, uncertainty and asymmetric beliefs about project quality on the characteristics of venture capital relationships. We estimate the model parameters with data about the distributions of total investments, payoffs, risks and returns of venture capital projects. Entrepreneurial optimism mitigates the agency costs of risk-sharing between venture capitalists (VCs) and entrepreneurs (ENs) by over 20\% and significantly enhances the VC's expected payoffs. The EN optimism premium implied by the data explains the huge discrepancy between the discount rates used by VCs ($\sim$ 40\%), which adjust for optimistic payoff projections by ENs, and the average expected return of VC projects ($\sim$ 15\%). Consistent with observed contractual structures, the equilibrium dynamic contracts feature both equity-like and debt-like components for the VC and progressive vesting of the EN's stake. The duration, project value and the VC's expected payoff all increase with the project's transient risk but decrease with its intrinsic risk.
Clinical Efficacy of Thrombus Aspiration on 5-Year Clinical Outcomes in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background Adjunctive thrombus aspiration (TA) during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was reported to promote better coronary and myocardial reperfusion. However, long-term mortality benefit of TA remains controversial. The objective of this study is to investigate the clinical impact of TA on long-term clinical outcomes in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary PCI. Methods and Results The CREDO-Kyoto AMI Registry is a large-scale cohort study of acute myocardial infarction patients undergoing coronary revascularization in 2005–2007 at 26 hospitals in Japan. Among 5429 patients enrolled in the registry, the current study population consisted of 3536 patients who arrived at the hospital within 12 hours after the symptom onset and underwent primary PCI. Clinical outcomes were compared between the 2 patient groups with or without TA. During primary PCI procedures, 2239 out of 3536 (63%) patients underwent TA (TA group). The cumulative 5-year incidence of all-cause death was significantly lower in the TA group than in the non-TA group (18.5% versus 23.9%, log-rank P<0.001). After adjusting for confounders, however, the risk for all-cause death in the TA group was not significantly lower than that in the non-TA group (hazard ratio: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.76 to 1.06, P=0.21). The adjusted risks for cardiac death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and target-lesion revascularization were also not significantly different between the 2 groups. Conclusions Adjunctive TA during primary PCI was not associated with better 5-year mortality in STEMI patients.
Cyanophora paradoxa Genome Elucidates Origin of Photosynthesis in Algae and Plants

Plastid Origins The glaucophytes, represented by the alga Cyanophora paradoxa, are the putative sister group of red and green algae and plants, which together comprise the founding group of photosynthetic eukaryotes, the Plantae. In their analysis of the genome of C. paradoxa, Price et al. (p. 843; see the Perspective by Spiegel) demonstrate a unique origin for the plastid in the ancestor of this supergroup, which retains much of the ancestral diversity in genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and fermentation, as well as in the gene content of the mitochondrial genome. Moreover, about 3.3% of nuclear genes in C. paradoxa seem to carry a signal of cyanobacterial ancestry, and key genes involved in starch biosynthesis are derived from energy parasites such as Chlamydiae. Rapid radiation, reticulate evolution via horizontal gene transfer, high rates of gene divergence, loss, and replacement, may have diffused the evolutionary signals within this supergroup, which perhaps explains previous difficulties in resolving its evolutionary history. An ancient algal genome suggests a unique origin of the plastid in the ancestor to plants, algae, and glaucophytes. The primary endosymbiotic origin of the plastid in eukaryotes more than 1 billion years ago led to the evolution of algae and plants. We analyzed draft genome and transcriptome data from the basally diverging alga Cyanophora paradoxa and provide evidence for a single origin of the primary plastid in the eukaryote supergroup Plantae. C. paradoxa retains ancestral features of starch biosynthesis, fermentation, and plastid protein translocation common to plants and algae but lacks typical eukaryotic light-harvesting complex proteins. Traces of an ancient link to parasites such as Chlamydiae were found in the genomes of C. paradoxa and other Plantae. Apparently, Chlamydia-like bacteria donated genes that allow export of photosynthate from the plastid and its polymerization into storage polysaccharide in the cytosol.
N-Gram Based Image Representation and Classification Using Perceptual Shape Features

Rapid growth of visual data processing and analysis applications, such as content based image retrieval, augmented reality, automated inspection and defect detection, medical image understanding, and remote sensing has made the problem of developing accurate and efficient image representation and classification methods one of the key research areas. This research proposes new higher-level perceptual shape features for image representation which are based on Gestalt principles of human vision. The concept of n-gram is adapted from text analysis as a grouping mechanism for coding global shape content of an image. The proposed perceptual shape features are translation, rotation, and scale invariant. Local shape features and n-gram grouping scheme are integrated together to create new Perceptual Shape Vocabulary (PSV). Different image representations based on PSVs with and without n-gram scheme are applied to image classification task using Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. The experimental evaluation results indicate that n-gram-based perceptual shape features can efficiently represent global shape information of an image, and augment the accuracy of image representation by low-level image features such as SIFT descriptors.
Analytical Solutions for Convection-Diffusion-Dispersion-Reaction-Equations with Different Retardation-Factors and Applications in 2d and 3d

Our motivation to this paper came from a model simulating a wastedisposal embedded in an overlying rock. The main problem for our model are the large scales that occurred due the coupled reaction terms of our underlying system of convection-diffusion-dispersion-reactionequations. The developed methods allowed a computation over a large simulation period of more than 10000 years. Therefore we construct discretization methods of higher order, which allow large-time-steps without loss of accuracy. Based on operator-splitting methods we decouple the complex equations in simpler equations and use adequate methods to solve each equation separately. For the explicit parts that are the convection-reaction-equations we use finite-volume methods based on flux-methods with embedded analytical solutions. Whereas for the implicit parts that are the diffusion-dispersion-equations we use finitevolume methods with central discretizations. We analyze the splittingerror and the discretization error for our methods. The main part of the paper consists of the applications of our methods done with our underlying program-tool R 3 T . We introduced the main concepts of the program-tool that is based on the software-toolbox UG. The testexamples and benchmark problems for verifying our discretization- and solver-methods with respect to the physical behavior are presented. The benchmark-problems are the test for different material-parameters and confirm the valuation of the methods. Based on the verification of our
A fault-tolerant load-balancing protocol for distributed multiserver queuing systems

A simple and efficient scheme to achieve fault tolerance in a new load-balancing protocol for a distributed multiserver queuing system is proposed. It is assumed that the distributed queuing system consists of a job producer and a number of independent servers, or workers, who compete for produced jobs. All communications between the job producer and workers in the underlying network are based on reliable multicast. The proposed scheme is empirically investigated in a LAN of Ethernet type on a cluster of computers.
Using profiled ontologies to leverage model driven user interface generation

Mobile computing and new input methods have increased the need to create multiple interfaces for one functional core. Automatic generation of user interfaces attempts a solution for this problem. Existing approaches either generate interfaces on the base of a detailed task model or use domain models in conjunction with interface specific annotations and transformation rules. While task models are very time consuming to create and cannot easily be reused domain models lack the flexibility for use cases which are not covered or in conflict with used transformation rules. Based on an overview of existing approaches this paper sets out a conceptual framework which combines both task model and ontology based concepts. It is shown that the proposed combination leads to more abstract and reusable task models.
Housing Quality and Health: An Evaluation of Slum Rehabilitation in India

Slum rehabilitation programs in economically developing countries are designed to improve housing and enhance residents’ health and well-being. Yet no empirical research has directly investigated these objectives. Housing quality was assessed by trained raters on a walk-through among women in public housing as well as those currently in slums on wait-lists to relocate to public housing. Standardized, self-report measures of mental and physical health, quality of life, along with social ties in the neighborhood were assessed. Women who moved from slum housing to public housing manifest better physical and mental health but diminished social ties in comparison with women remaining in slum areas. Furthermore, housing quality, assessed by trained raters, largely explained the differences in health between the two groups. These quasi-experimental findings suggest that housing quality can enhance health and well-being of women, but that care must be taken to promote the maintenance of social capital following resettlement.
Comparison of Various Classification Algorithms for Polarimetric SAR Image Classification

In this paper, variety of classifiers for supervised target classification of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image explained. Compared to traditional classifiers such as ML classification,complex Wishart distribution or Adabo0st classifier, the SVM (Support Vector Machine) method is more robust, accurate and flexible. This algorithm not only uses a statistical classifier, but also preserves the purity of dominant polarimetric scattering properties. Different features or parameters extracted from Polarimetric SAR data could be adopted into the scheme and a quantitative analysis on the significance of each parameter for classification could be achieved. Experiment results demonstrated the effectiveness of the SVM.
Dual Screening During Presidential Debates

The impact of presidential debates on candidate evaluations remains an open topic. Research has long sought to identify the factors that matter most in citizens’ responses to debate content, including what candidates say, how they say it, and the manner in which they appear. This study uses detailed codings of the first and third 2012 presidential debates to evaluate the impact of candidates’ verbal and nonverbal behaviors on viewers’ “second screen” response—their use of computers, tablets, and mobile devices to express their reactions to the viewing experience. To examine the relationship between candidates’ on-screen behaviors and the social media response, we conduct generalized least squares regression (Prais–Winstein estimation) relating two data sources: (a) a shot-by-shot content analysis coded for rhetorical/functional, tonal, and visual elements of both candidates’ behavior during the debates, and (b) corresponding real-time measures of the volume and valence of online expression about the candidates on Twitter. We find that the nonverbal communication behaviors of candidates—their facial expressions, physical gestures, and blink rate—are consistent, robust, and significant predictors of the volume and valence of public expression during debates, rivaling the power of memes generated by candidates and contributing more than rhetorical strategies and speech tone.
What drives the increased informativeness of earnings announcements over time?

Landsman and Maydew (J Acc Res 40:797–808, 2002) document that the information content of earnings announcements has increased over the past three decades, and Francis et al. (Acc Rev, 77:515–546, 2002) conclude that expanded concurrent disclosures in firms’ earnings announcements, especially the inclusion of detailed income statements, explain this increase. We posit and find that the temporal increase in the intensity of the market’s reaction to Street earnings offers a competing explanation for the Landsman and Maydew finding. We also find that expanded concurrent disclosure of GAAP-based information contributes to the temporal increase in the information content of earnings announcements. However, unlike Francis et al., we find that the temporal increase in concurrent balance sheet and cash flow statement information dominates concurrent income statement information once we control for Street earnings.
A multi-agent framework for funded research supervision

A supervisor's delayed intervention on a student's performance deficiencies seriously affects a research progress. Due to the demanding schedules of supervisors, it is a challenge for them to timely observe the performance deficiencies of the student. To mitigate this situation, we propose an agent-based system to enhance, control and manage the research supervision process. Specifically, the system is recommended for funded research projects as these research are subjected to penalties in case of failure. Four actors constitute the proposed system which are, a supervisor, a student, a system administrator and a software agent. Each actor has a role and is authorised to perform specific functions. An administrator can subscribe and unsubscribe members. Some functions of a supervisor include create and modify research milestones, verify a student's new task and view a student's progress. The system allows a student to view his/her progress, add a new task, upload a progress report and many other related functions. The main actor that facilitates the miscellaneous processes is the intelligent software agent. It manages the communication between a supervisor and a student, measures the performance and the completion, and tracks the different activities via alerting and reminding. In this paper, we highlight the pertinent issues in developing the framework.
Combined Renin Inhibition/(Pro)Renin Receptor Blockade in Diabetic Retinopathy- A Study in Transgenic (mREN2)27 Rats

Dysfunction of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Prorenin, the precursor of renin is highly elevated in ocular fluid of diabetic patients with proliferative retinopathy. Prorenin may exert local effects in the eye by binding to the so-called (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR). Here we investigated the combined effects of the renin inhibitor aliskiren and the putative (P)RR blocker handle-region peptide (HRP) on diabetic retinopathy in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic transgenic (mRen2)27 rats (a model with high plasma prorenin levels) as well as prorenin stimulated cytokine expression in cultured Müller cells. Adult (mRen2)27 rats were randomly divided into the following groups: (1) non-diabetic; (2) diabetic treated with vehicle; (3) diabetic treated with aliskiren (10 mg/kg per day); and (4) diabetic treated with aliskiren+HRP (1 mg/kg per day). Age-matched non-diabetic wildtype Sprague-Dawley rats were used as control. Drugs were administered by osmotic minipumps for three weeks. Transgenic (mRen2)27 rat retinas showed increased apoptotic cell death of both inner retinal neurons and photoreceptors, increased loss of capillaries, as well as increased expression of inflammatory cytokines. These pathological changes were further exacerbated by diabetes. Aliskiren treatment of diabetic (mRen2)27 rats prevented retinal gliosis, and reduced retinal apoptotic cell death, acellular capillaries and the expression of inflammatory cytokines. HRP on top of aliskiren did not provide additional protection. In cultured Müller cells, prorenin significantly increased the expression levels of IL-1α and TNF-α, and this was completely blocked by aliskiren or HRP, their combination, (P)RR siRNA and the AT1R blocker losartan, suggesting that these effects entirely depended on Ang II generation by (P)RR-bound prorenin. In conclusion, the lack of effect of HRP on top of aliskiren, and the Ang II-dependency of the ocular effects of prorenin in vitro, argue against the combined application of (P)RR blockade and renin inhibition in diabetic retinopathy.
A review of feature selection techniques via gene expression profiles

The invention of DNA microarray technology has modernized the approach of biology research in such a way that scientists can now measure the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously in a single experiment. Although this technology has shifted a new era in molecular classification, interpreting microarray data still remain a challenging issue due to their innate nature of “high dimensional low sample size”. Therefore, robust and accurate feature selection methods are required to identify differentially expressed genes across varied samples for example between cancerous and normal cells. Successful of feature selection techniques will assist to correctly classify different cancer types and consequently led to a better understanding of genetic signatures in cancers and would improve treatment strategies. This paper presents a review of feature selection techniques that have been employed in microarray data analysis. Moreover, other problems associated with microarray data analysis also addressed. In addition, several trends were noted including highly reliance on filter techniques compared to wrapper and embedded, a growing direction towards ensemble feature selection techniques and future extension to apply feature selection in combination of heterogeneous data sources.
Activation of Methanogenesis by Cadmium in the Marine Archaeon Methanosarcina acetivorans

Methanosarcina acetivorans was cultured in the presence of CdCl2 to determine the metal effect on cell growth and biogas production. With methanol as substrate, cell growth and methane synthesis were not altered by cadmium, whereas with acetate, cadmium slightly increased both, growth and methane rate synthesis. In cultures metabolically active, incubations for short-term (minutes) with 10 µM total cadmium increased the methanogenesis rate by 6 and 9 folds in methanol- and acetate-grown cells, respectively. Cobalt and zinc but not copper or iron also activated the methane production rate. Methanogenic carbonic anhydrase and acetate kinase were directly activated by cadmium. Indeed, cells cultured in 100 µM total cadmium removed 41–69% of the heavy metal from the culture and accumulated 231–539 nmol Cd/mg cell protein. This is the first report showing that (i) Cd2+ has an activating effect on methanogenesis, a biotechnological relevant process in the bio-fuels field; and (ii) a methanogenic archaea is able to remove a heavy metal from aquatic environments.