Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Social Interactionist Perspective on Computer Implementation

Abstract The rapid increase in the availability of information technology to planning agencies has raised important questions about the likely effects of these systems on planning practice. Much of this debate has centred around geographic information systems (GIS); yet, for planning practitioners attempting to apply and to derive benefits from this technology, the literature undoubtedly has limitations. This discussion argues that the pivotal relationship is that between the computing technology and its organizational context. This relationship is explored by demonstrating how differing assumptions alter one's understanding of the underlying processes and thus influence expectations about the ease of implementation and the role of computer technology in planning. These differences in assumptions are summarized in three perspectives on implementation: technological determinism, managerial rationalism, and social interactionism. The discussion concludes by examining the implications of the social interacti.
Antibacterial Properties of Dermaseptin S4 Derivatives with In Vivo Activity

ABSTRACT Derivatives of the cytotoxic peptide dermaseptin S4 have recently emerged as potential antimicrobial agents. Here, we report on the antibacterial properties of three derivatives with improved toxicity profiles: a 28-residues K4K20-S4 and two shorter versions, K4-S4(1-16) and K4-S4(1-13). The range of MICs of K4K20-S4 against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli were, respectively, 1 to 4, 1 to 4, and 1 to 16 μg/ml. MICs of the short derivatives were rather similar or two to fourfold higher. Each of the three peptides was rapidly bactericidal in vitro, reducing the number of viable CFU of either E. coli or S. aureus by 6 log units in 30 min or less. Compared with MSI-78 or PG-1, K4-S4(1-13) was at least as potent against bacteria (assessed at two MIC multiples) but displayed lesser toxicity against human erythrocytes. Serial passage in subinhibitory concentrations led to emergence of resistance to commercial antibiotics but not to the l- or d isomer of either of the dermaseptin derivatives. The short derivatives were further investigated for antibacterial activity in vivo, using a peritonitis model of mice infected with P. aeruginosa. Naive mice in the vehicle control group exhibited 75% mortality, compared to 18 or 36% mortality in mice that received a single intraperitoneal injection (4.5 mg/kg) of K4-S4(1-16) or K4-S4(1-13), respectively. In vivo bactericidal activity was confirmed in neutropenic mice, where intraperitoneal administration of K4-S4(1-16) reduced the number of viable CFU in a dose-dependent manner by >3 log units within 1 h of exposure, and this was sustained for at least 5 h. Overall, the data suggest that dermaseptin S4 derivatives could be useful in treatment of infections, including infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria.
Why are some GCSE examination questions harder to mark accurately than others? Using Kelly's Repertory Grid technique to identify relevant question features

It has long been established that marking accuracy in public examinations varies considerably among subjects and markers. This is unsurprising, given the diverse cognitive strategies that the marking process can entail, but what makes some questions harder to mark accurately than others? Are there distinct but subtle features of questions and their mark schemes that can affect accuracy? Such features could potentially contribute to a broad rationale for designating questions to markers according to personal expertise. The aim of this study was to identify question features that can distinguish those questions that are marked highly accurately from those that are marked less accurately. The study comprised an exploration of maths and physics questions from past GCSE examinations, which were marked in an experimental setting by groups of markers and yielded differing marking accuracies. The questions also varied in their difficulty for GCSE candidates, and in the cognitive strategies needed to mark them. Kelly's Repertory Grid technique and semi‐structured interview schedules were used in meetings with highly experienced principal examiners, who had led the experimental marking of the questions. The data generated comprised ratings for each question on a number of question features (constructs). The ratings were analysed together with the marking accuracy data, enabling an investigation of possible relationships between each question feature and (i) marking accuracy, (ii) question difficulty for the candidate, and (iii) apparent cognitive marking strategy usage. For both subjects, marking accuracy was found to be related to various subject‐specific question features, some of which were also related to question difficulty (for the candidate) and/or apparent marking strategy complexity. For both maths and physics, several other subject‐specific question features were found to be unrelated to accuracy. Overall, the findings have potential implications for the management of markers and for question design.
Corneal tensile strength in fully healed radial keratotomy wounds.

PURPOSE To investigate the susceptibility to rupture of a human donor cornea with fully healed radial keratotomy (RK) incisions using biomechanical measurement methods and finite element analysis. METHODS A human cornea 8 years after RK was cut into four strips and subjected to tensile testing until rupture occurred. The fellow cornea was pressurized on an artificial anterior chamber beyond the initiation of wound gape. The tensile strengths of nine strips from unincised corneas were measured as controls. To investigate the effect of epithelial plugs on the RK strip test results, a finite element model of a strip containing an epithelial plug was analyzed. RESULTS Rupture occurred along the wound site with wide variability in the measured tensile strengths. There was no significant difference in tensile strength between the RK corneal strips (16.6 +/- 4.43 N/mm2) and the control strips (19.1 +/- 3.50 N/mm2). Four of the eight incisions of the fellow RK cornea gaped, but the cornea did not rupture up to a pressure of 2740 mm Hg. An epithelial plug of 10% of the corneal thickness was found in one of the incisions. The finite element results demonstrated higher stresses at the wound site that increased with the size of the epithelial plug. CONCLUSIONS The presence of an epithelial plug in a fully healed radial keratotomy incision will create a stress concentration at the incision site that may predispose the cornea to rupture. The variability in the strength measurements indicates that the increase in rupture susceptibility due to RK may be hard to predict and may depend on factors such as the size of the plug and the strength of the wound collagen.
An Algebraic Approach to Compiler Design

This work investigates the design of compilers for procedural languages, based on the algebraic laws which these languages satisfy. The particular strategy adopted is to reduce an arbitrary source program to a general "normal form", capable of representing an arbitrary target machine. This is acheived by a series of normal form reduction theorems which are proved algebraically from the more basic laws. The normal form and the related reduction theorems can then be instantiated to design compilers for distinct target machines. This constitutes the main novelty of the author's approach to compilation, together with the fact that the entire process is formalized within a single and uniform semantic framework of a procedural language and its algebraic laws. Furthermore, by mechanizing the approach using the OBJ3 term rewriting system it is shown that a prototype compiler is developed as a byproduct of its own proof of correctness.
IT Governance Standard Selection Based on Two Phase Clustering Method

The increasing power and reducing cost of information technology (IT) to business has provided organizations with as many challenges and tasks as it has opportunities. Many companies have become totally reliant on IT for success. IT governance recognizes that Information and IT is at the heart of the modern economy and modern organizations. In this paper the IT governances, the most important issues concerning IT governance and management in large organizations, are clarified based on o two phase clustering method and according to the results of a questionnaire survey. Thus, this study investigates to comparison the IT governance tools and makes solutions which help an organization in selection of the best IT governance tools suitable to its structure.
Modeling Human Visual Processing Within and Beyond the Oculomotor Range Using ACT-R Cognitive Architecture

The Active Control of Thought–Rational (ACT-R) cognitive architecture model has limitations in the broad visual world because both head movements and eye movements are generated beyond the oculomotor range. Thus, this paper describes the model of visual processing in the broad visual world by considering gaze shifts during orienting the movements to targets within and beyond the oculomotor range, which was developed using both the revised Eye Movements and Movement Attention (EMMA) module and the head module. The model in this study can predict the latency of human visual processing and describe the following two human behaviors. First, gaze shift has been mainly affected by eye movement when the target is in the oculomotor range. Second, gaze shift has been mainly affected by head movement when the target is outside of the oculomotor range. Consequently, in the domain of the broad visual world, the model in this study is able to predict human visual processing more accurately than the existing visual processing models such as the EMMA model.
An analysis of consistency in, and between, ontology, epistemology and philosophical perspective as contained studies of the first year experience

Recurring themes in the literature on students' experiences of their first year in college education include performance and retention, socialisation, learning and teaching methods, interaction with staff and the student's history prior to college. Methods used to collect and analyse data vary considerably and reflect differences among researchers in the philosophical positions underpinning these projects. In this paper, we analyse two studies of the first year experience (FYE) that reflect the variation in ontology, i.e. what can be known about the FYE as manifest in the questions asked, and also epistemology, i.e. how we can learn about it as manifest in the methods used. The ways in which studies are conducted and data are collected and analysed are used to categorise the philosophy driving these research projects. We describe a study carried out from the positivist perspective and highlight the difficulty these researchers have in maintaining this perspective when reporting their findings. We analyse the objectivity that is claimed to exist in such research. Phenomenology, in contrast, has very different underlying assumptions about what can be known about student learning and development and studies in this camp deliberately avoid the hypothesis testing that characterises the former. An example of how this qualitative method has been employed in studying approaches to learning is provided along with the types of findings that emerge from this work. While positivism seeks to explain and model, phenomenology only aims to describe yet both camps seek to obtain some sense of truth. While phenomenologists claim to have truth but lack certainty in a generalisable sense, the positivists are certain but do they really know the truth? What can we learn from these two approaches? We contrast the findings that emerge from both methods and discuss the relevance and importance these have for the issue at hand - improving the first year experience in a real way.
TASTE DISCRIMINATION BY THE 3‐AFC METHOD: TESTING SENSITIVITY PREDICTIONS REGARDING PARTICULAR TASTING SEQUENCES BASED ON THE SEQUENTIAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS MODEL

3-AFC discrimination tests between threshold' concentration NaCl solutions and purified water stimuli were performed using a variety of interstimulus rinsing regimes to test predictions of test sensitivity based on the Sequential Sensitivity Analysis model. Superior performance on triads with NaCl as the 'odd' stimulus, over triads with water as the odd' stimulus, confirmed earlier research. It was possible, using SSA predictions, to find the right combination of rinses, to arrange for either set of triads to elicit strongly superior performance from judges. This manipulation was predicted by SSA but not by an unequal variance Thurstonian model. Failure of some SSA predictions highlighted the notion of stimulus enhancement by adaptation, leading to a modification of the model. Such manipulation of interstimulus rinses could form the basis for increasing or decreasing test sensitivity.
Measurement of negative attitudes toward robots

A great deal of research has been performed recently on robots that feature functions for communicating with humans in daily life, i.e., communication robots. We consider it important to develop methods to measure humans’ attitudes and emotions that may prevent them from interaction with communication robots, as indices to study short-term and long-term interaction between humans and communication robots. This study is aimed at exploring the influence of negative attitudes toward robots, focusing on applications of communication robots to daily-life services. First, a scale of negative attitudes toward robots consisting of three subordinate scales, “negative attitudes toward situations of interaction with robots,” “negative attitudes toward the social influence of robots,” and “negative attitudes toward emotions in interaction with robots,” was developed based on a data sample comprising of 263 Japanese university students. This scale was administered to 240 Japanese university students to confirm its validity and reliability. In this paper, we report on the results of analyses of these data samples. Moreover, we discuss some future problems including a comparison of attitudes toward robots between nations.
Usp22 deficiency impairs intestinal epithelial lineage specification in vivo

Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms play a central role in controlling gene expression during development, cell differentiation and tumorigenesis. Monoubiquitination of histone H2B is one epigenetic modification which is dynamically regulated by the opposing activities of specific ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). The Ubiquitin-specific Protease 22 (USP22) is the ubiquitin hydrolase component of the human SAGA complex which deubiquitinates histone H2B during transcription. Recently, many studies have investigated an oncogenic potential of USP22 overexpression. However, its physiological function in organ maintenance, development and its cellular function remain largely unknown. A previous study reported embryonic lethality in Usp22 knockout mice. Here we describe a mouse model with a global reduction of USP22 levels which expresses the LacZ gene under the control of the endogenous Usp22 promoter. Using this reporter we found Usp22 to be ubiquitously expressed in murine embryos. Notably, adult Usp22lacZ/lacZ displayed low residual Usp22 expression levels coupled with a reduced body size and weight. Interestingly, the reduction of Usp22 significantly influenced the frequency of differentiated cells in the small intestine and the brain while H2B and H2Bub1 levels remained constant. Taken together, we provide evidence for a physiological role for USP22 in controlling cell differentiation and lineage specification.
Factors and Processes That Impact Use of Utah Community/State College Contract Training: A Mixed Methods Study

The shortage of skilled labor and the consequent need for workforce training have become critical issues for American businesses in our fast changing, highly technical, and competitive, global economy. College contract training programs are one potential source for meeting the growing need for training. The purpose of this research was to develop a relationship process model that defined the perceptions, interactions, and conditions that impacted attraction to, and use of, local community/state college contract training services by Utah small to midsized business managers. An exploratory, sequential, mixed methods design was used to gather and analyze data. The research was conducted in two phases: Phase One used a qualitative approach and consisted of in-depth interviews of 22 Utah business-training decision makers and 10 college administrators; Phase Two used a quantitative research approach, a survey of a random sample of 345 Utah business-training decision makers to verify and further define findings from Phase One. The results from the qualitative and quantitative data analyses were mixed for interpretation and development of a relationship process model. Only 20% of survey respondents had used their local community/state colleges’ contract training services; therefore, the limited use of college contract training services emerged as the core phenomenon. Findings indicated this phenomenon was the result of a cumulative inhibitory effect from conditions in three main areas: deficiencies in college training mission clarity and resources; businesses’ lack of perceived training need and interest in outsourcing; and an inadequately developed interface between college contract training services and businesses.
New results on cut-off effects in spectroscopy with the fixed point action

Our study on the cut-off effects in quenched light hadron spectroscopy and pion scattering length with the fixed point action is extended by results obtained at a lattice spacing a=0.102 fm in a box of size L=1.8 fm. The cut-off effects are small, but clearly seen as the resolution is increased from a=0.153 fm to a=0.102 fm. In the quark mass region where the errors are small and under control, our results on the APE plot lie close to the extrapolated numbers of the CP-PACS Collaboration.
The mode of action of the lantibiotic lacticin 3147 – a complex mechanism involving specific interaction of two peptides and the cell wall precursor lipid II

Lacticin 3147 is a two‐peptide lantibiotic produced by Lactococcus lactis in which both peptides, LtnA1 and LtnA2, interact synergistically to produce antibiotic activities in the nanomolar concentration range; the individual peptides possess marginal (LtnA1) or no activity (LtnA2). We analysed the molecular basis for the synergism and found the cell wall precursor lipid II to play a crucial role as a target molecule. Tryptophan fluorescence measurements identified LtnA1, which is structurally similar to the lantibiotic mersacidin, as the lipid II binding component. However, LtnA1 on its own was not able to substantially inhibit cell wall biosynthesis in vitro; for full inhibition, LtnA2 was necessary. Both peptides together caused rapid K+ leakage from intact cells; in model membranes supplemented with lipid II, the formation of defined pores with a diameter of 0.6 nm was observed. We propose a mode of action model in which LtnA1 first interacts specifically with lipid II in the outer leaflet of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. The resulting lipid II:LtnA1 complex is then able to recruit LtnA2 which leads to a high‐affinity, three‐component complex and subsequently inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis combined with pore formation.
Ion channel modeling with analog circuit evolution

We propose that analog electrical circuits are a natural representation for modeling the dynamical systems that arise in neuroscience. Here we use analog circuit evolution, a reverse engineering technique designed to search through analog circuit space, to automatically design circuit models of ion channel behavior. Results comparing several different multiobjective and coevolutionary techniques demonstrate the importance of evaluating the fitness of evolved circuits under multiple behavioral conditions.
Improving the interpretability of classification rules discovered by an ant colony algorithm

The vast majority of Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithms for inducing classification rules use an ACO-based procedure to create a rule in an one-at-a-time fashion. An improved search strategy has been proposed in the cAnt-MinerPB algorithm, where an ACO-based procedure is used to create a complete list of rules (ordered rules) - i.e., the ACO search is guided by the quality of a list of rules, instead of an individual rule. In this paper we propose an extension of the cAnt-MinerPB algorithm to discover a set of rules (unordered rules). The main motivation for discovering a set of rules is to improve the interpretation of individual rules and evaluate the impact on the predictive accuracy of the algorithm. We also propose a new measure to evaluate the interpretability of the discovered rules to mitigate the fact that the commonly-used model size measure ignores how the rules are used to make a class prediction. Comparisons with state-of-the-art rule induction algorithms and the cAnt-MinerPB producing ordered rules are also presented.
Dissecting Gene Expression Changes Accompanying a Ploidy-Based Phenotypic Switch

Aneuploidy, a state in which the chromosome number deviates from a multiple of the haploid count, significantly impacts human health. The phenotypic consequences of aneuploidy are believed to arise from gene expression changes associated with the altered copy number of genes on the aneuploid chromosomes. To dissect the mechanisms underlying altered gene expression in aneuploids, we used RNA-seq to measure transcript abundance in colonies of the haploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain F45 and two aneuploid derivatives harboring disomies of chromosomes XV and XVI. F45 colonies display complex “fluffy” morphologies, while the disomic colonies are smooth, resembling laboratory strains. Our two disomes displayed similar transcriptional profiles, a phenomenon not driven by their shared smooth colony morphology nor simply by their karyotype. Surprisingly, the environmental stress response (ESR) was induced in F45, relative to the two disomes. We also identified genes whose expression reflected a nonlinear interaction between the copy number of a transcriptional regulatory gene on chromosome XVI, DIG1, and the copy number of other chromosome XVI genes. DIG1 and the remaining chromosome XVI genes also demonstrated distinct contributions to the effect of the chromosome XVI disome on ESR gene expression. Expression changes in aneuploids appear to reflect a mixture of effects shared between different aneuploidies and effects unique to perturbing the copy number of particular chromosomes, including nonlinear copy number interactions between genes. The balance between these two phenomena is likely to be genotype- and environment-specific.
On the distribution of haloes, galaxies and mass

The stochasticity in the distribution of dark haloes in the cosmic density field is reflected in the distribution function P v (N h ‖δ m ), which gives the probability of finding N h haloes in a volume V with mass density contrast δ m . We study the properties of this function using high-resolution N-body simulations, and find that P v (N h ‖δ m ) is significantly non-Poisson. The ratio between the variance and the mean goes from ∼ 1 (Poisson) at 1 + δ m « 1 to 1 (super-Poisson) at 1 + δ m » 1. The mean bias relation is found to be well described by halo bias models based on the Press-Schechter formalism. The sub-Poisson variance can be explained as a result of halo exclusion, while the super-Poisson variance at high δ m may be explained as a result of halo clustering. A simple phenomenological model is proposed to describe the behaviour of the variance as a function of δ m . Galaxy distribution in the cosmic density field predicted by semi-analytic models of galaxy formation shows similar stochastic behaviour. We discuss the implications of the stochasticity in halo bias to the modelling of higher order moments of dark haloes and of galaxies.