Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Strathprints Institutional Repository Kopteva, Natalia and Pickett, Maria (2012) a Second-order Overlapping Schwarz Method for a 2d Singularly Perturbed Semilinear Reaction- Diffusion Problem. Mathematics of Computation, 81 (277). Pp. 81-105. Issn 0025-5718 a Second-order Overlapping Schwarz Method 

Strathprints is designed to allow users to access the research output of the University of Strathclyde. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. You may not engage in further distribution of the material for any profitmaking activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute both the url (http://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/) and the content of this paper for research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Abstract. An overlapping Schwarz domain decomposition is applied to a semilinear reaction-diffusion equation posed in a smooth two-dimensional domain. The problem may exhibit multiple solutions; its diffusion parameter ε 2 is arbitrarily small, which induces boundary layers. The Schwarz method invokes a boundary-layer subdomain and an interior subdomain, the narrow subdomain overlap being of width O(ε| ln h|), where h is the maximum side length of mesh elements, and the global number of mesh nodes does not exceed O(h −2). We employ finite differences on layer-adapted meshes of Bakhvalov and Shishkin types in the boundary-layer subdomain, and lumped-mass linear finite elements on a quasiuniform Delaunay triangulation in the interior sub-domain. For this iterative method, we present maximum norm error estimates for ε ∈ (0, 1]. It is shown, in particular, that when ε ≤ C| ln h| −1 , one iteration is sufficient to get second-order convergence (with, in the case of the Shishkin mesh, a logarithmic factor) in the maximum norm uniformly in ε. N u m e r i c a l results are presented to support our theoretical conclusions.
Default mode network disruption secondary to a lesion in the anterior thalamus.

OBJECTIVE To describe the neuroanatomical correlations of an isolated lesion in the anterior thalamus using functional imaging in a 40-year-old man with multiple sclerosis. DESIGN Case report with 10 cognitively normal controls. SETTING Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. PATIENT A 40-year-old man with a 2-week course of acute-onset amnesia, abulia, poor concentration, hypersomnolence, and reclusiveness. INTERVENTION Functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a large gadolinium-enhancing plaque in the left anterior thalamus and other demyelinating plaques in the subcortical and periventricular white matter, consistent with the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. His symptoms persisted at the 7-month follow-up. The patient's resting state functional magnetic resonance image demonstrated an asymmetric disruption of the posterior cingulate portion of the default mode network ipsilateral to the left thalamic lesion. CONCLUSIONS A large multiple sclerosis plaque in the deep gray matter altered the resting state functional connectivity in a patient presenting with pure cognitive dysfunction. Such altered connectivity may underlie cognitive symptoms in neurologic disease. In addition, this case provides lesional evidence of default mode network circuitry involving the pathways of the circuit of Papez.
Why One Source File Is Better Than TwoPeter GrogonoDepartment of Computer ScienceConcordia UniversityMarkku SakkinenDepartment of Computer Science and Information

Engineering practice requires that details of the representation of a software module should not be accessible to clients of the module. Developers respect this practice by splitting each module into two source les, an interface and an implementation. We call this the \two-le model". We discuss an alternative model, the \one-le model", that requires the developer to write and maintain one source le rather than two. We show that the one-le model provides better support for information hiding than the two-le model and that it has a number of additional advantages.
CARDWATCH: a neural network based database mining system for credit card fraud detection

CARDWATCH, a database mining system used for credit card fraud detection, is presented. The system is based on a neural network learning module, provides an interface to a variety of commercial databases and has a comfortable graphical user interface. Test results obtained for synthetically generated credit card data and an autoassociative neural network model show very successful fraud detection rates.
A Yeast Mutant Deleted of GPH1 Bears Defects in Lipid Metabolism

In a previous study we demonstrated up-regulation of the yeast GPH1 gene under conditions of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) depletion caused by deletion of the mitochondrial (M) phosphatidylserine decarboxylase 1 (PSD1) (Gsell et al., 2013, PLoS One. 8(10):e77380. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone. 0077380). Gph1p has originally been identified as a glycogen phosphorylase catalyzing degradation of glycogen to glucose in the stationary growth phase of the yeast. Here we show that deletion of this gene also causes decreased levels of phosphatidylcholine (PC), triacylglycerols and steryl esters. Depletion of the two non-polar lipids in a Δgph1 strain leads to lack of lipid droplets, and decrease of the PC level results in instability of the plasma membrane. In vivo labeling experiments revealed that formation of PC via both pathways of biosynthesis, the cytidine diphosphate (CDP)-choline and the methylation route, is negatively affected by a Δgph1 mutation, although expression of genes involved is not down regulated. Altogether, Gph1p besides its function as a glycogen mobilizing enzyme appears to play a regulatory role in yeast lipid metabolism.
Risk Sharing in Labor Markets1

Empirical work in labor economics has focused on rent sharing as an explanation for the observed correlation between wages and profitability. The alternative explanation of risk sharing between workers and employers has not been tested. Using a unique panel data set for four African countries, we find strong evidence of risk sharing. Workers in effect offer insurance to employers: when firms are hit by temporary shocks, the effect on profits is cushioned by risk sharing with workers. Rent sharing is a symptom of an inefficient labor market. Risk sharing, by contrast, can be seen as an efficient response to missing markets. Our evidence suggests that risk sharing accounts for a substantial part of the observed effect of shocks on wages.
Cryptococcus neoformans Ex Vivo Capsule Size Is Associated With Intracranial Pressure and Host Immune Response in HIV-associated Cryptococcal Meningitis

Background. The Cryptococcus neoformans polysaccharide capsule is a well-characterized virulence factor with immunomodulatory properties. The organism and/or shed capsule is postulated to raise intracranial pressure (ICP) in cryptococcal meningitis (CM) by mechanical obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) outflow. Little is known regarding capsule phenotype in human cryptococcosis. We investigated the relationship of ex vivo CSF capsular phenotype with ICP and CSF immune response, as well as in vitro phenotype. Methods. In total, 134 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected Ugandan adults with CM had serial lumbar punctures with measurement of CSF opening pressures, quantitative cultures, ex vivo capsule size and shedding, viscosity, and CSF cytokines; 108 had complete data. Induced capsular size and shedding were measured in vitro for 48 C. neoformans isolates. Results. Cryptococcal strains producing larger ex vivo capsules in the baseline (pretreatment) CSF correlated with higher ICP (P = .02), slower rate of fungal clearance (P = .02), and paucity of CSF inflammation, including decreased CSF white blood cell (WBC) count (P < .001), interleukin (IL)-4 (P = .02), IL-6 (P = .01), IL-7 (P = .04), IL-8 (P = .03), and interferon γ (P = .03). CSF capsule shedding did not correlate with ICP. On multivariable analysis, capsule size remained independently associated with ICP. Ex vivo capsular size and shedding did not correlate with that of the same isolates grown in vitro. Conclusions. Cryptococcal capsule size ex vivo is an important contributor to virulence in human cryptococcal meningitis.
The Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies ( S 4 G )

The Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies ( S 4 G ) is an Exploration Science Legacy Program approved for the Spitzer post–cryogenic mission. It is a volume-, magnitude-, and size-limited (d < 40 Mpc, |b| > 30°, mBcorr < 15.5, and D25 > 1′) survey of 2331 galaxies using the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) at 3.6 and 4.5 μm. Each galaxy is observed for 240 s and mapped to ≥1.5 × D25. The final mosaicked images have a typical 1σ rms noise level of 0.0072 and 0.0093 MJy sr-1 at 3.6 and 4.5 μm, respectively. Our azimuthally averaged surface brightness profile typically traces isophotes at μ3.6μm(AB)(1σ) ∼ 27 mag arcsec-2, equivalent to a stellar mass surface density of ∼1 M⊙pc-2. S 4 G thus provides an unprecedented data set for the study of the distribution of mass and stellar structures in the local universe. This large, unbiased, and extremely deep sample of all Hubble types from dwarfs to spirals to ellipticals will allow for detailed structural studies, not only as a function of stellar mass, but also as a function of the local environment. The data from this survey will serve as a vital testbed for cosmological simulations predicting the stellar mass properties of present-day galaxies. This article introduces the survey and describes the sample selection, the significance of the 3.6 and 4.5 μm bands for this study, and the data collection and survey strategies. We describe the S 4 G data analysis pipeline and present measurements for a first set of galaxies, observed in both the cryogenic and warm mission phases of Spitzer. For every galaxy we tabulate the galaxy diameter, position angle, axial ratio, inclination at μ3.6μm(AB) = 25.5, and 26.5 mag arcsec-2 (equivalent to ≈μB(AB) = 27.2 and 28.2 mag arcsec-2, respectively). These measurements will form the initial S 4 G catalog of galaxy properties. We also measure the total magnitude and the azimuthally averaged radial profiles of ellipticity, position angle, surface brightness, and color. Finally, using the galaxy-fitting code GALFIT, we deconstruct each galaxy into its main constituent stellar components: the bulge/spheroid, disk, bar, and nuclear point source, where necessary. Together, these data products will provide a comprehensive and definitive catalog of stellar structures, mass, and properties of galaxies in the nearby universe and will enable a variety of scientific investigations, some of which are highlighted in this introductory S 4 G survey paper.
An exoskeletal robot for human shoulder joint motion assist

We develop exoskeletal robots to assist the motion of physically weak persons such as elderly persons or handicapped persons. In our previous research (2001), a prototype of a two degree of freedom exoskeletal robots for shoulder joint motion assist have been developed. In this paper, we propose an effective fuzzy-neuro controller, a moving mechanism of the center of rotation (CR) of the shoulder joint of the exoskeletal robot, and an intelligent interface in order to realize a practical and effective exoskeletal robot for shoulder joint motion assist. The fuzzy-neuro controller enables the robot to assist a person's shoulder motion. The moving mechanism of the CR of the robot shoulder joint is used to fit the CR of the robot shoulder joint to that of the physiological human shoulder joint during the shoulder motion. The intelligent interface is realized by applying a neural network and used to cancel out the effect the human subject's arm posture change. The effectiveness of the proposed method was evaluated by experiment.
Highly fault-tolerant sorting circuits

The problem of constructing a sorting circuit that will work well even if a constant fraction of its comparators fail at random is addressed. Two types of comparator failure are considered: passive failures, which result in no comparison being made (i.e., the items being compared are output in the same order that they are input), and destructive failures, which result in the items being output in the reverse of the correct order. In either scenario, it is assumed that each comparator is faulty with some constant probability rho , and a circuit is said to be fault-tolerant if it performs some desired function with high probability given that each comparator fails with probability rho . One passive and two destructive circuits are constructed. <<ETX>>
The Effects of Stressful Life Events on the Course of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review

There is growing body of evidence that support an association between stressful life events and an increased risk for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) exacerbations. However, the nature of this relationship remains unclear, because of the lack of agreement about the definition of stress and/or because of research design problems. This article summarizes the psychological and biological mechanisms by which stress may impact MS progression. Findings indicate a number of factors, including stressor chronicity, frequency, severity and type, depression, anxiety, health locus of control, optimism, perceived social support, and coping strategies. Applied implications are discussed, concentrating on the need for multidisciplinary care interventions that target patients’ disease symptoms.
A novel single channel speech enhancement algorithm based on sparse representation and dictionary learning

In this paper, we present a novel single channel speech enhancement method based on sparse representation and dictionary learning. In the proposed method, noise is distinguished between structured and unstructured. First, the noise dictionary is learned from a training noise database. Then, the structured noise is removed iteratively by using the noise dictionary and iterative formulas. Finally, the method adopts sparse and redundant representation over trained dictionary to extract clean speech from the unstructured noise. Extensive experimental results show that the enhanced method proposed outperforms state-of-the-art methods like multi-band spectral subtraction and the non-negative sparse coding based noise reduction algorithm.
Query classification via Topic Models for an art image archive

In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on query classification. Click-through information has been shown to be a useful source for improving this task. However, far too little attention has been paid to queries in very specific domains such as art, culture and history. We propose an approach that exploits topic models built from a domain specific corpus as a mean to enrich both the query and the categories against which the query need to be classified. We take an Art Library as the case study and show that topic model enrichment improves over the enrichment via click-through considerably.
Cholesterol, not just cardiovascular risk, is important in deciding who should receive statin treatment.

AIMS Guidelines for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) with statins, including the most recent, fail to make the best use of the evidence from clinical trials by concentrating on absolute CVD risk as a statin indication and not also considering that a major determinant of therapeutic benefit is the magnitude of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (or non-HDL) cholesterol reduction achieved. This decrease is proportional to the pretreatment concentration. We set out to apply this knowledge to the calculation of the number needed to treat to prevent one event (NNT) and to assess critically how current guidelines performed at different degrees of CVD risk across a range of LDL (or non-HDL) cholesterol concentrations. METHODS AND RESULTS Number needed to treat to prevent one event revealed exclusion from the treatment of some people with higher cholesterol levels, who may benefit more than others needlessly exposed to statins with no realistic prospect of benefit. Furthermore, abandonment of cholesterol therapeutic goals disadvantaged people with higher levels. CONCLUSION These problems can be overcome by basing the decision to treat on the NNT calculated both from absolute CVD risk and also on the LDL (or non-HDL) cholesterol reduction achievable with statin treatment. This need not adds an additional layer of complexity for the clinician, because computer programmes already used to estimate CVD risk could be easily amended, thus permitting more effective deployment of statins in the population.
Evaluating Severity Rating Scales for Heuristic Evaluation

The heuristic evaluation is a widely applied discount usability evaluation method. Experts use the method to identify usability issues in interfaces and to rate their severity in order to establish a prioritization of resource allocation. However, in practice, there are often large discrepancies between the individual severity ratings of experts, indicating challenges with the rating process and doubtful accuracy of ratings. This paper discusses these challenges by drawing from research on psychometrics, proposes solutions and reports preliminary findings of an empirical online study.
The Influence of Momentary Goal Structures.

Adolescents’ cognition is influenced by a dynamic educational environment. Studies examining the influence of schools, classrooms, and teachers often overlook the momentary variation found in these environments and the effect this variation has on student cognition. Using an achievement goal theory framework, this study examined the momentary variation of goal structures in high school science classrooms and their influence on students’ cognitive engagement using objective observations and the Experience Sampling Method, a unique data collection method that elicits students’ momentary subjective experiences related to the momentary classroom goal context. The results of this study indicate that goal structures significantly vary from moment to moment and have a considerable impact on student cognition substantiating the concept of momentary goal structures.
Topography of cytochrome oxidase activity in owl monkey cortex

In primate cortical tissue which has been stained for the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome oxidase, a topographical pattern of regularly spaced blobs has been demonstrated in primary visual cortex (Hendrickson, A. E., S. P. Hunt, and J. -Y. Wu (1981) Nature 292: 605–607; Horton, J. C. , and D. H. Hubel (1981) Nature 292: 762–764), and a pattern of stripes has been shown in secondary visual cortex (V2) as well (Livingstone, M. S., and D. H. Hubel (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 79: 6098–6101; Tootell, R. B. H. , M. S. Silverman, E. Switkes, and R. L. De Valois (1982) Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 8: 707). These regular cytoarchitectonic landmarks have proven extremely useful in parsing the functional and anatomical architecture of these two cortical areas. In order to look for similar landmarks in other cortical areas of a primate, we completely unfolded the cortical gray matter in the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus), sectioned it parallel with the flattened cortical surface, and stained the tissue for cytochrome oxidase. Distinctive cytochrome oxidase topographies were found in about seven different cortical areas. As in other primates, area V1 is characterized by blobs and area V2 is characterized by strips. In the owl monkey, area MT is characterized by an elaborate topography of dark staining in layers 1 to 4, interspersed with light blob-shaped regions, and partially surrounded by a dark ring. Many of these topographic inhomogeneities are also reflected in the lower layer myelination topography in MT. Visual area(s) VP/VA is characterized by an irregular or strip-like topography. In some animals, a distinctive topography can be seen in area DX, which is presumably equivalent to either area DM or DI. Primary auditory cortex stains very darkly, but the overall shape of area A is quite variable and the borders are indistinct. Somatosensory area 3B stains quite darkly with sharp borders, but again the overall shape of area 3B is different from that previously described.
Upsampling the depth map with its own properties

In this paper, we present a novel method to upsample the depth map obtained by the Time-of-Flight (ToF) camera with the guidance of the companion high resolution color image. The problem is modeled with an optimization framework where we use a novel exponential function as the error norm. By using this novel error norm, our model could take the properties of the depth map itself into account. Depth discontinuity cues are obtained not only from the color image but also the depth map itself. To further enhance the performance, we perform a data driven selection of the parameter in the model to better fit the property of the depth map. Experimental results show that our method has excellent performance in smoothing the noise, preserving sharp depth discontinuities and suppressing the texture copy effect.
The Repatterning of Eukaryotic Genomes by Random Genetic Drift

Recent observations on rates of mutation, recombination, and random genetic drift highlight the dramatic ways in which fundamental evolutionary processes vary across the divide between unicellular microbes and multicellular eukaryotes. Moreover, population-genetic theory suggests that the range of variation in these parameters is sufficient to explain the evolutionary diversification of many aspects of genome size and gene structure found among phylogenetic lineages. Most notably, large eukaryotic organisms that experience elevated magnitudes of random genetic drift are susceptible to the passive accumulation of mutationally hazardous DNA that would otherwise be eliminated by efficient selection. Substantial evidence also suggests that variation in the populationgenetic environment influences patterns of protein evolution, with the emergence of certain kinds of amino-acid substitutions and proteinprotein complexes only being possible in populations with relatively small effective sizes. These observations imply that the ultimate origins of many of the major genomic and proteomic disparities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes and among eukaryotic lineages have been molded as much by intrinsic variation in the genetic and cellular features of species as by external ecological forces. 347 A nn u. R ev . G en om . H um an G en et . 2 01 1. 12 :3 47 -3 66 . D ow nl oa de d fr om w w w . a nn ua lr ev ie w s. or g by U ni ve rs ita t A ut on om a de B ar ce lo na o n 04 /3 0/ 12 . F or p er so na l u se o nl y. GG12CH15-Lynch ARI 26 July 2011 11:14