Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Organic chemistry of L-tyrosine. 1. General synthesis of chiral piperazines from amino acids

Synthese de cyclodityrosyles a partir des dipeptides lineaires correspondants; ces piperazinediones-2,5 sont ensuite reduites par BH 3 /THF en les bis-arylmethyl-2,5 piperazines chirales correspondantes. Application a la synthese de dibenzyl-2,5 dimethyl-1,4 piperazine a partir de cyclophenylalanyle
On the capacity of information processing systems

We propose and analyze a family of information processing systems, where a finite set of experts or servers are employed to extract information about a stream of incoming jobs. Each job is associated with a hidden label drawn from some prior distribution. An inspection by an expert produces a noisy outcome that depends both on the job’s hidden label and the type of the expert, and occupies the expert for a finite time duration. A decision maker’s task is to dynamically assign inspections so that the resulting outcomes can be used to accurately recover the labels of all jobs, while keeping the system stable. Among our chief motivations are applications in crowd-sourcing, diagnostics, and experiment designs, where one wishes to efficiently discover the nature of a large number of items, using a finite pool of computational resources or human agents. We focus on the capacity of such an information processing system. Given a level of accuracy guarantee, we ask how many experts are needed in order to stabilize the system, and through what inspection architecture. Our main result provides an adaptive inspection policy that is asymptotically optimal in the following sense: the ratio between the required number of experts under our policy and the theoretical optimal converges to one, as the probability of error in label recovery tends to zero.
Association between Sleep Duration and Perceived Stress: Salaried Worker in Circumstances of High Workload

The aim of this study was to find the association between sleep duration and perceived stress in salaried workers according to occupational categories and which lifestyle factors affected those correlations in South Korea. This study used data from the 2015 Community Health Survey (CHS). The self-reported sleep duration was used as the dependent variable in this study. We explored sleep duration and stress awareness among salaried workers, as well as household income and educational level with multiple logistic regression analysis. Salaried workers who slept for five or less hours had a higher odds ratio for high-stress awareness (OR: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.74–1.98). Stress awareness is associated with short sleep duration; specialized workers, office workers, those with above mid-high household income and graduate, university, or college level workers especially need to sleep adequately to manage stress.
Region-Based Image Retrieval Using an Object Ontology and Relevance Feedback

An image retrieval methodology suited for search in large collections of heterogeneous images is presented. The proposed approach employs a fully unsupervised segmentation algorithm to divide images into regions and endow the indexing and retrieval system with content-based functionalities. Low-level descriptors for the color, position, size, and shape of each region are subsequently extracted. These arithmetic descriptors are automatically associated with appropriate qualitative intermediate-level descriptors, which form a simple vocabulary termed object ontology. The object ontology is used to allow the qualitative definition of the high-level concepts the user queries for (semantic objects, each represented by a keyword) and their relations in a human-centered fashion. When querying for a specific semantic object (or objects), the intermediate-level descriptor values associated with both the semantic object and all image regions in the collection are initially compared, resulting in the rejection of most image regions as irrelevant. Following that, a relevance feedback mechanism, based on support vector machines and using the low-level descriptors, is invoked to rank the remaining potentially relevant image regions and produce the final query results. Experimental results and comparisons demonstrate, in practice, the effectiveness of our approach.
Modeling and Control of Nanomirrors for EUV Maskless Lithography

The design of mirrors for use in EUV maskless lithography is presented in this paper. We propose a novel nanomirror system with a linear comb actuator, which has favorable stability and performance. A bias voltage and resistor are provided to introduce electrical damping while a modulation voltage turns on/off the nanomirror. The issue of transient optimization to minimize the settling time and overshoot of time response is discussed. Two important control parameters are obtained which lead to specification of an optimal resistor and operating position.
De Novo Hepatocellular Carcinoma Among Liver Transplant Registrants in the Direct Acting Antiviral Era

The risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) receiving direct acting antivirals (DAAs) has been debated. This study aims to describe the incidence of HCC among patients listed for liver transplantation (LT) in the DAA era. Individuals with cirrhosis listed for LT from January 2003 to December 2015 were identified using the Scientific Registry for Transplant Recipients database. Patients with HCC at listing or HCC exception within 180 days were excluded. Patients were divided into three eras based on listing date: eras 1 (2003‐2010), 2 (2011‐2013), and 3 (2014‐2015). Incidence rates of HCC were calculated by era and compared using incident rate ratios (IRRs). The association between HCC and listing era was evaluated using Cox regression and competing risk analyses, the latter considering death and LT as competing events. Of the 48,158 eligible wait‐list registrants, 3112 (6.5%) received HCC exceptions after a median of 493 days. In 20,039 individuals with HCV, the incidence of HCC was 49% higher in era 3 versus era 1 (IRR 1.49, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24‐1.79). In multivariate analysis, those in era 3 had a higher hazard of HCC compared with era 1 (hazard ratio 1.22, 95% CI 1.01‐1.48). However, in multivariable competing risks analysis, with death and LT considered as competing events for de novo HCC, era was no longer associated with HCC (subdistribution hazard ratio 0.83, 95% CI 0.69‐1.00). Conclusion: In this large population‐based cohort of LT registrants, the incidence of HCC among HCV patients has increased in the DAA era. Competing risks analysis suggests that this may be explained by changes in rates of LT and wait‐list mortality in the HCV population during this time. (Hepatology 2018; 00:000‐000).
A first estimation of the proportion of cybercriminal entities in the bitcoin ecosystem using supervised machine learning

Bitcoin, a peer-to-peer payment system and digital currency, is often involved in illicit activities such as scamming, ransomware attacks, illegal goods trading, and thievery. At the time of writing, the Bitcoin ecosystem has not yet been mapped and as such there is no estimate of the share of illicit activities. This paper provides the first estimation of the portion of cyber-criminal entities in the Bitcoin ecosystem. Our dataset consists of 854 observations categorised into 12 classes (out of which 5 are cybercrime-related) and a total of 100,000 uncategorised observations. The dataset was obtained from the data provider who applied three types of clustering of Bitcoin transactions to categorise entities: co-spend, intelligence-based, and behaviour-based. Thirteen supervised learning classifiers were then tested, of which four prevailed with a cross-validation accuracy of 77.38%, 76.47%, 78.46%, 80.76% respectively. From the top four classifiers, Bagging and Gradient Boosting classifiers were selected based on their weighted average and per class precision on the cybercrime-related categories. Both models were used to classify 100,000 uncategorised entities, showing that the share of cybercrime-related is 29.81% according to Bagging, and 10.95% according to Gradient Boosting with number of entities as the metric. With regard to the number of addresses and current coins held by this type of entities, the results are: 5.79% and 10.02% according to Bagging; and 3.16% and 1.45% according to Gradient Boosting.
A Sampling of the Yeast Proteome

ABSTRACT In this study, we examined yeast proteins by two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis and gathered quantitative information from about 1,400 spots. We found that there is an enormous range of protein abundance and, for identified spots, a good correlation between protein abundance, mRNA abundance, and codon bias. For each molecule of well-translated mRNA, there were about 4,000 molecules of protein. The relative abundance of proteins was measured in glucose and ethanol media. Protein turnover was examined and found to be insignificant for abundant proteins. Some phosphoproteins were identified. The behavior of proteins in differential centrifugation experiments was examined. Such experiments with 2D gels can give a global view of the yeast proteome.
Sliding and Migration of Tilt Grain Boundaries in a Mg–Zn–Y Alloy

Sliding and migration of tilt grain boundaries in a Mg–Zn–Y alloy have been investigated on the atomic scale using aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. Grain boundary sliding is accommodated by non‐basal dislocations moving along the grain boundary; grain boundary migration is induced by the motion of grain boundary dislocations with synchronized grain boundary diffusion. Simultaneous sliding and migration of tilt boundaries take place in both Mg matrix and long period stacking ordered phases. These results provide evidence for occurrence of grain boundary motion, which may play a role in plasticity of this kind of Mg alloys.
Force of infection of Helicobacter pylori in Mexico: evidence from a national survey using a hierarchical Bayesian model

Abstract Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is present in the stomach of half of the world's population. The force of infection describes the rate at which susceptibles acquire infection. In this article, we estimated the age-specific force of infection of H. pylori in Mexico. Data came from a national H. pylori seroepidemiology survey collected in Mexico in 1987–88. We modelled the number of individuals with H. pylori at a given age as a binomial random variable. We assumed that the cumulative risk of infection by a given age follows a modified exponential catalytic model, allowing some fraction of the population to remain uninfected. The cumulative risk of infection was modelled for each state in Mexico and were shrunk towards the overall national cumulative risk curve using Bayesian hierarchical models. The proportion of the population that can be infected (i.e. susceptible population) is 85.9% (95% credible interval (CR) 84.3%–87.5%). The constant rate of infection per year of age among the susceptible population is 0.092 (95% CR 0.084–0.100). The estimated force of infection was highest at birth 0.079 (95% CR 0.071–0.087) decreasing to zero as age increases. This Bayesian hierarchical model allows stable estimation of state-specific force of infection by pooling information between the states, resulting in more realistic estimates.
State Transition Graphs for Semantic Analysis of Movement Behaviours

A behaviour can be defined as a sequence of states or activities occurring one after another. A behaviour consisting of a finite number of reoccurring states/activities may be represented by a directed weighted graph with nodes and edges corresponding, respectively, to the possible states and transitions between them, while the weights represent the probabilities or frequencies of the state and transition occurrences. The same applies to multiple behaviours sharing the same set of possible states. In analysis of movement data, state transition graphs can be used to represent semantic abstractions of mobility behaviours, where states correspond to semantic categories of visited places (such as ‘home’, ‘work’, ‘shop’), activities of moving objects (‘driving’, ‘walking’, ‘exercising’, etc.) or characteristics of the movement (‘straight movement’, ‘sharp turn’, ‘acceleration’, ‘stop’, etc.). Such a representation supports the exploration and analysis of the semantic aspect (i.e. the meaning or purposes) of movement. For comprehensive analysis of movement data, state transition graphs need to be combined with representations reflecting the spatial and temporal aspects of the movement. This requires appropriate coordination between different visual displays (graphs, maps and temporal views) and appropriate reaction to analytical operations applied to any of the representations of the same data. We define in an abstract way the reactions of a graph display to analytical operations of querying, partitioning and direct selection. We also propose visual and interactive display features supporting comparisons between data subsets and between results of different operations. We demonstrate the use of the display features by examples of real-world and synthetic data sets.
When fish meet a trawling vessel : examining the behaviour of gadoids using a free-floating buoy and acoustic split-beam tracking

The reaction of individual gadoids to a bottom-trawling vessel has been observed in situ in the Barents Sea using a free-floating buoy and acoustic target-tracking methods. More than 20 000 tracks were analysed in terms of velocity changes in vertical, athwarthship, and alongship direction relative to the vessel, the warps, and the trawl, respectively. The fish starts diving about 15 min before vessel passing. This coincides with the time the trawl is running and not with the gradual increase in vessel noise caused by the approaching vessel. The change in horizontal movement is more gradual and is directed away from the vessel in the alongship direction, but towards the vessel in the athwarthship direction. The strongest and sharpest response is related to the trawl warps. A strong herding in front of the warps is seen. Closer to the bottom, an athwarthship herding reaction is seen away from the trawl doors or possibly the lower parts of the warps. There were only minor differences when grouping the tracks according to light level, fish size, and fish density. Resume : L'utilisation d'une bouee derivante et de methodes acoustiques de suivi de cibles dans la mer de Barents a permis d'observer in situ la reaction de gadoides individuels a un chalutier de fond. Nous avons ainsi analyse plus de 20 000 trajectoires en ce qui a trait aux changements de vitesse en directions verticale, perpendiculaire et parallele au navire, aux aussieres et au chalut. Le poisson commence a plonger environ 15 min avant le passage du navire. Cela coincide avec le temps d'utilisation du chalut et non avec l'accroissement graduel du bruit cause par l'approche du navire. Le changement dans le deplacement horizontal est plus graduel et il est oriente en direction opposee au navire chez les poissons qui se deplacent parallelement au navire et en direction du navire chez les poissons qui se deplacent perpendiculairement au navire. Les reactions les plus fortes et les plus marquees sont associees aux aussieres du chalut. On observe de forts rassemblements devant les aussieres. Plus pres du fond, il se fait une reaction de rassemblement vers le navire pour fuir les portes du chalut ou peut-etre les parties plus basses des aussieres. Il n'y a que des differences mineures lorsqu'on regroupe les trajectoires en fonction du niveau de lumiere, de la taille des poissons et de la densite des poissons. (Traduit par la Redaction)
The utility of microdosing over the past 5 years

Background : Microdosing studies (human Phase 0) are used to select drug candidates for Phase I clinical trials on the basis of their pharmacokinetic properties, using subpharmacologic doses (maximum 100 μg). There are questions as to whether pharmacokinetic data obtained at these low doses will predict those at the clinically relevant dose. Objective : To review the current literature on microdosing and assess how well microdose data have predicted the pharmacokinetics obtained at a therapeutic dose. Methods : All data published in the peer reviewed literature comparing pharmacokinetics at a microdose with a therapeutic dose were reviewed, excluding those studies aimed at imaging. Conclusions : Of the 18 drugs reported, 15 demonstrated linear pharmacokinetics within a factor of 2 between a microdose and a therapeutic dose. Therefore, data that support the utility of microdosing are beginning to emerge.
Modeling motivation for adaptive nonplayer characters in dynamic computer game worlds

Current computer games are being set in increasingly more complex and dynamic virtual environments. Massively multiplayer online games, for example, are played in persistent virtual worlds, which evolve and change as players create and personalize their own virtual property. In contrast, technologies for controlling the behavior of nonplayer characters that populate virtual game worlds are frequently limited to preprogrammed rules. Characters using fixed rule-sets lack the ability to adapt in time with their environment. Motivated reinforcement learning offers an alternative to character design that can achieve nonplayer characters that both evolve and adapt in dynamic environments. This article presents and evaluates two computational models of motivation for use in nonplayer characters in persistent computer game worlds. These models represent motivation as an ongoing search for novelty, interest, and competence. Two metrics are introduced to evaluate the adaptability of characters controlled by motivated reinforcement learning agents using different models of motivation. These metrics characterize the behavior of nonplayer characters in terms of the variety and complexity of learned behaviors. An empirical evaluation of characters in simulated game scenarios shows that characters motivated by the search for competence are more adaptable in dynamic environments than those motivated by interest and novelty alone.
Therapy and Outcome of Staphylococcus aureus Infections of Intracorporeal Ventricular Assist Devices

Abstract Infection of the driveline or pump pocket is a common complication in patients with ventricular assist devices (VADs) and Staphylococcus aureus is the main pathogen causing such infections. Limited evidence is currently available to guide the choice of antibiotic therapy and the duration of treatment in these patients. Patients at the University Medical Center Utrecht who developed a VAD‐related S. aureus infection between 2007 and 2016 were retrospectively assessed. Blood culture isolates were typed by whole genome sequencing to differentiate between relapses and reinfections, and to determine whether antibiotic therapy had led to acquisition of resistance mutations. Twenty‐eight patients had S. aureus VAD infections. Ten of these patients also suffered S. aureus bacteremia. Discontinuation of antibiotic therapy was followed by relapse in 50% of the patients without prior S. aureus bacteremia and in 80% of patients with bacteremia. Oral cephalexin could ultimately suppress the infection for the duration of follow‐up in 8/8 patients without S. aureus bacteremia and in 3/6 patients with S. aureus bacteremia. Clindamycin failed as suppressive therapy in 4/4 patients. Cephalexin appears an adequate choice for antibiotic suppression of VAD infections with methicillin‐susceptible S. aureus. In patients without systemic symptoms, it may be justified to attempt to stop therapy after treatment of the acute infection, but antibiotic suppression until heart transplant seems indicated in patients with S. aureus bacteremia.
T-Cal: Understanding Team Conversational Data with Calendar-based Visualization

Understanding team communication and collaboration patterns is critical for improving work efficiency in organizations. This paper presents an interactive visualization system, T-Cal, that supports the analysis of conversation data from modern team messaging platforms (e.g., Slack). T-Cal employs a user-familiar visual interface, a calendar, to enable seamless multi-scale browsing of data from different perspectives. T-Cal also incorporates a number of analytical techniques for disentangling interleaving conversations, extracting keywords, and estimating sentiment. The design of T-Cal is based on an iterative user-centered design process including interview studies, requirements gathering, initial prototypes demonstration, and evaluation with domain users. The resulting two case studies indicate the effectiveness and usefulness of T-Cal in real-world applications, including daily conversations within an industry research lab and student group chats in a MOOC.
OptFrame: a computational framework for combinatorial optimization problems

This work presents OptFrame, a computational framework for the development of efficient heuristic based algorithms. The objective is to provide a simple C++ interface for common components of trajectory and population based metaheuristics, in order to solve combinatorial optimization problems. Since many methods are very common in literature, we provide efficient implementations for simple versions of these methods but the user can develop “smarter” versions of the methods considering problem-specific characteristics. Moreover, parallel support for both shared-memory and distributed-memory computers is provided. OptFrame has been successfully applied to model and solve some combinatorial problems, showing a good balance between flexibility and efficiency.
Nanofibrillated cellulose from Mahang gajah as thin film

Nanostructured cellulose has received tremendous attention due to its inherent unique properties. Being the most abundant organic polymer on earth, cellulose is the most suitable candidate for alternative replacement of petroleum-based products. Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) can be converted into thin films, aerogels and hydrogels. In particular, nanofibrillated cellulose suspension can form a neat and transparent thin film that has good film properties. Subsequently, this thin film can have numerous potential application areas such as in packaging, electronic etc. The objective of the study was to prepare nanofibrillated cellulose from local forest species namely Mahang gajah. After successful production of NFC, thin film was prepared from NFC and compared with commercial NFC. NFC was successfully produced from Mahang gajah possessing 19.7±17 nm width. Thin film produced from Mahang NFC showed comparable properties with commercial NFC such as thermal stability, porosity and wettability.
How Does the Brain Tell Self-Motion from Object Motion?

Imagine a football player who has to run across the field, evade opponent players, and eventually catch the ball that is passed to him by his teammate. As he does this, his retinal image is a hodgepodge of moving components. The position of background objects (e.g., yard lines, goal posts, the