Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A single camera eye-gaze tracking system with free head motion

Eye-gaze as a form of human machine interface holds great promise for improving the way we interact with machines. Eye-gaze tracking devices that are non-contact, non-restrictive, accurate and easy to use will increase the appeal for including eye-gaze information in future applications. The system we have developed and which we describe in this paper achieves these goals using a single high resolution camera with a fixed field of view. The single camera system has no moving parts which results in rapid reacquisition of the eye after loss of tracking. Free head motion is achieved using multiple glints and 3D modeling techniques. Accuracies of under 1° of visual angle are achieved over a field of view of 14x12x20 cm and over various hardware configurations, camera resolutions and frame rates.
Can Unemployment Insurance Spur Entrepreneurial Activity? Evidence from France

We study a large-scale French reform that provided generous downside insurance for unemployed individuals starting a business. We study whether this reform affects the composition of people who are drawn into entrepreneurship. New firms started in response to the reform are, on average, smaller, but have similar growth expectations and education levels compared to start-ups before the reform. They are also as likely to survive or to hire. In aggregate, the effect of the reform on employment is largely offset by large crowd-out effects. However, because new firms are more productive, the reform has the impact of raising aggregate productivity. These results suggest that the dispersion of entrepreneurial abilities is small in the data, so that the facilitation of entry leads to sizable Schumpeterian dynamics at the firm-level.
Edge direction and the structure of networks

Directed networks are ubiquitous and are necessary to represent complex systems with asymmetric interactions—from food webs to the World Wide Web. Despite the importance of edge direction for detecting local and community structure, it has been disregarded in studying a basic type of global diversity in networks: the tendency of nodes with similar numbers of edges to connect. This tendency, called assortativity, affects crucial structural and dynamic properties of real-world networks, such as error tolerance or epidemic spreading. Here we demonstrate that edge direction has profound effects on assortativity. We define a set of four directed assortativity measures and assign statistical significance by comparison to randomized networks. We apply these measures to three network classes—online/social networks, food webs, and word-adjacency networks. Our measures (i) reveal patterns common to each class, (ii) separate networks that have been previously classified together, and (iii) expose limitations of several existing theoretical models. We reject the standard classification of directed networks as purely assortative or disassortative. Many display a class-specific mixture, likely reflecting functional or historical constraints, contingencies, and forces guiding the system’s evolution.
Metabolic potential of the organic-solvent tolerant Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1E deduced from its annotated genome

Pseudomonas putida DOT‐T1E is an organic solvent tolerant strain capable of degrading aromatic hydrocarbons. Here we report the DOT‐T1E genomic sequence (6 394 153 bp) and its metabolic atlas based on the classification of enzyme activities. The genome encodes for at least 1751 enzymatic reactions that account for the known pattern of C, N, P and S utilization by this strain. Based on the potential of this strain to thrive in the presence of organic solvents and the subclasses of enzymes encoded in the genome, its metabolic map can be drawn and a number of potential biotransformation reactions can be deduced. This information may prove useful for adapting desired reactions to create value‐added products. This bioengineering potential may be realized via direct transformation of substrates, or may require genetic engineering to block an existing pathway, or to re‐organize operons and genes, as well as possibly requiring the recruitment of enzymes from other sources to achieve the desired transformation.
Bmc Infectious Diseases Co-infection by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (hiv-1) and Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (htlv-1): Does Immune Activation Lead to a Faster Progression to Aids?

Background: Recent data have shown that HTLV-1 is prevalent among HIV positive patients in Mozambique, although the impact of HTLV-1 infection on HIV disease progression remains controversial. Our aim was to determine the phenotypic profile of T lymphocytes subsets among Mozambican patients co-infected by HIV and HTLV-1.
An Efficient Minimum-Discontinuity Phase-Unwrapping Method

Phase unwrapping (PU) is significant in reconstructing the digital elevation model of a scene from its interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data. The classical minimum discontinuity (MD) PU algorithm by Flynn is highly accurate but involves time-consuming computation. To overcome this shortcoming, we proposed a preunwrapping-assisted MD (PAMD) PU method, which has high efficiency and the same unwrapping quality as Flynn's algorithm. In the PAMD method, the phase image is first unwrapped by the preunwrapping algorithm, which generates and optimizes the dipole cuts. The preunwrapping algorithm is fairly fast, and the obtained result is much closer to the optimal solution of MD; therefore, it can be further optimized by Flynn's algorithm efficiently. Tests on simulated and real InSAR data confirm the accuracy and the efficiency of the proposed method.
Intensive Training Reveals Plasticity in the Adult Auditory System

The eukaryotic sliding DNA clamp, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), is essential for DNA replication and repair synthesis. In order to load the ring-shaped, homotrimeric PCNA onto the DNA double helix, the ATPase activity of the replication factor C (RFC) clamp loader complex is required. Although the recruitment of PCNA by RFC to DNA replication sites has well been documented, our understanding of its recruitment during DNA repair synthesis is limited. In this study, we analyzed the accumulation of endogenous and fluorescenttagged proteins for DNA repair synthesis at the sites of DNA damage produced locally by UVA-laser micro-irradiation in HeLa cells. Accumulation kinetics and in vitro pull-down assays of the large subunit of RFC (RFC140) revealed that there are two distinct modes of recruitment of RFC to DNA damage, a simultaneous accumulation of RFC140 and PCNA caused by interaction between PCNA and the extreme N-terminus of RFC140 and a much faster accumulation of RFC140 than PCNA at the damaged site. Furthermore, RFC140 knock-down experiments showed that PCNA can accumulate at DNA damage independently of RFC. These results suggest that immediate accumulation of RFC and PCNA at DNA damage is only partly interdependent.
Differentiation of developing olfactory neurons analysed in terms of coupled epigenetic landscapes

The olfactory system integrates signals from receptors expressed in olfactory sensory neurons. Each sensory neuron expresses only one of many similar olfactory receptors (ORs). The choice of receptor is made stochastically early in the differentiation process and is maintained throughout the life of the neuron. The underlying mechanism of this stochastic commitment to one of multiple similar OR genes remains elusive. We present a theoretical analysis of a mechanism that invokes important epigenetic properties of the system. The proposed model combines nucleosomes and associated read–write enzymes as mediators of a cis-acting positive feedback with a trans-acting negative feedback, thereby coupling the local epigenetic landscape of the individual OR genes in a way that allow one and only one gene to be active at any time. The model pinpoint that singular gene selection does not require transient mechanisms, enhancer elements or transcription factors to separate choice from maintenance. In addition, our hypothesis allow us to combine all reported characteristics of singular OR gene selection, in particular that OR genes are silenced from OR transgenes. Intriguingly, it predicts that OR transgenes placed in close proximity should always be expressed simultaneously, though rarely.
A new approach for an effective eye movement artifact elimination from EEG signal

EEG signals collected non-invasively from the cerebral cortex are often contaminated with signals from eye movement [EOG], which considerably degrades the reliability of extracting proper information from the actual signals. This study attempts a two-step algorithm to obtain an EOG artifact free EEG signal with best performance index. Two types of decomposing methods namely Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) were used initially to decompose the contaminated signal. The resultant signal further undergoes two processes each; first by Canonical Correlation analysis (CCA) technique and the second one by reduced frequency components using threshold level to identify the unwanted frequency components (TH.-FFT). The output signal from each of these two processes are reconstructed to obtain a clean signal. Comparison between the reconstructed cleaned signals and the contaminated EEG signal reveal that the reconstructed signal is cleaner when (CCA) technique was used as compared with that of (TH.-FFT). Thus the performance indexes of this experiment for the two methods, measured with RMSD and SDR, indicated that combined DWT, EMD and CCA method outperforms the combined DWT, EMD and TH. -FFT method in elimination of eye movement contamination from EEG signal. The present algorithm gave better performance results compared to other existing methods and hence would be better suited for various offline analyses involving the low frequency bands of EEG signals.
Efficient techniques in the analysis of array elements for electromagnetic remote sensing

Extensive use of Electromagnetic simulation codes is made in the design of antennas for sensing arrays. Although these codes can achieve very high levels of accuracy they are demanding and hence time consuming in terms of computational load. This restricts their usefulness as design tools and suggests that faster calculation methods should be sought to enhance the design process. Efficient techniques were investigated to reduce the analysis time for broadband element design. Firstly, the interpolation method has been employed in the calculation of wide-angle active reflection coefficients of a TSA element as spatial dependence. A data compression ratio of 9 has been achieved while retaining the obtainable accuracy from EM simulators. Secondly, neural network models have been developed to establish the complicated relationship between the ARC of the TSA elements and key design parameters. When properly trained, the performance of a TSA element can be predicted easily using the trained neural network models and it runs extremely fast compared to EM simulators.
Effect of curing time on the strain at break of heat cured acrylic resin.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to find out the effect of curing time on the strain at break of heat cured acrylic resin (1) cured at 1000c with time difference. Methods : In this study , 60 heat cured acrylic resin samples were processed with compression moulding technique at 1000c among which each of 20 samples were cured for 20, 40 and 60 minutes separately. Strain at break of heat cured acrylic resin were determined by using the Universal Testing Machine(4) with the help of QMAT software in computer. Results : The ANOVA result showed that there was no significant differences among the groups with respect to the strain at break of heat cured acrylic resin. The p- value of strain at break of heat cured acrylic resin is 0.590. The mean strain at break of heat cured acrylic resin cured at 1000c for 20 minutes was 3.5458% , 40 minutes was 3.4195 % , 60 minutes was 3.3187 % and standard deviation respectively 0.4158 % , 3.8640 % , 0.3902 %. Conclusion : The strain at break of heat cured acrylic resin cured at 1000c for different period of time ( at 20 , 40 & 60 minutes ) have given no significant differences. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/updcj.v3i2. 17993 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2013; 3 (2): 09-12
Clinical impact of concomitant immunomodulators on biologic therapy: Pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity, efficacy and safety

Immune‐mediated inflammatory diseases encompass a variety of different clinical syndromes, manifesting as either common diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and psoriasis, or rare diseases such as cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndromes. The therapy for these diseases often involves the use of a wide range of drugs including nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), glucocorticoids, immunomodulators, and biologic therapies. Due to the abundance of relevant clinical data, this article provides a general overview on the clinical impact of the concomitant use of immunomodulators and biologic therapies, with a focus on anti‐tumor necrosis factor‐α agents (anti‐TNFα), for the treatment of RA and Crohn's disease (CD). Compared to biologic monotherapy, concomitant use of immunomodulators (methotrexate, azathioprine, and 6‐mercaptopurine) often increases the systemic exposure of the anti‐TNFα agent and decreases the formation of antibodies to the anti‐TNFα agent, consequently enhancing clinical efficacy. Nevertheless, long‐term combination therapy with immunomodulators and anti‐TNFα agents may be associated with increased risks of serious infections and malignancies. Therefore, the determination whether combination therapy is suitable for a patient should always be based on an individualized benefit‐risk evaluation. More research should be undertaken to identify and validate prognostic markers for predicting patients who would benefit the most and those who are at greater risk from combination therapy with immunomodulators and anti‐TNFα agents.
Multivoxel Patterns Reveal Functionally Differentiated Networks Underlying Auditory Feedback Processing of Speech

The everyday act of speaking involves the complex processes of speech motor control. An important component of control is monitoring, detection, and processing of errors when auditory feedback does not correspond to the intended motor gesture. Here we show, using fMRI and converging operations within a multivoxel pattern analysis framework, that this sensorimotor process is supported by functionally differentiated brain networks. During scanning, a real-time speech-tracking system was used to deliver two acoustically different types of distorted auditory feedback or unaltered feedback while human participants were vocalizing monosyllabic words, and to present the same auditory stimuli while participants were passively listening. Whole-brain analysis of neural-pattern similarity revealed three functional networks that were differentially sensitive to distorted auditory feedback during vocalization, compared with during passive listening. One network of regions appears to encode an “error signal” regardless of acoustic features of the error: this network, including right angular gyrus, right supplementary motor area, and bilateral cerebellum, yielded consistent neural patterns across acoustically different, distorted feedback types, only during articulation (not during passive listening). In contrast, a frontotemporal network appears sensitive to the speech features of auditory stimuli during passive listening; this preference for speech features was diminished when the same stimuli were presented as auditory concomitants of vocalization. A third network, showing a distinct functional pattern from the other two, appears to capture aspects of both neural response profiles. Together, our findings suggest that auditory feedback processing during speech motor control may rely on multiple, interactive, functionally differentiated neural systems.
A real-time pedestrian detection system based on structure and appearance classification

We present a real-time pedestrian detection system based on structure and appearance classification. We discuss several novel ideas that contribute to having low-false alarms and high detection rates, while at the same time achieving computational efficiency: (i) At the front end of our system we employ stereo to detect pedestrians in 3D range maps using template matching with a representative 3D shape model, and to classify other background objects in the scene such as buildings, trees and poles. The structure classification efficiently labels substantial amount of non-relevant image regions and guides the further computationally expensive process to focus on relatively small image parts; (ii)We improve the appearance-based classifiers based on HoG descriptors by performing template matching with 2D human shape contour fragments that results in improved localization and accuracy; (iii) We build a suite of classifiers tuned to specific distance ranges for optimized system performance. Our method is evaluated on publicly available datasets and is shown to match or exceed the performance of leading pedestrian detectors in terms of accuracy as well as achieving real-time computation (10 Hz), which makes it adequate for in-vehicle navigation platform.
Dihydrobenz[e][1,4]oxazepin-2(3H)-ones, a new anthelmintic chemotype immobilising whipworm and reducing infectivity in vivo

Trichuris trichiura is a human parasitic whipworm infecting around 500 million people globally, damaging the physical growth and educational performance of those infected. Current drug treatment options are limited and lack efficacy against the worm, preventing an eradication programme. It is therefore important to develop new treatments for trichuriasis. Using Trichuris muris, an established model for T. trichiura, we screened a library of 480 novel drug-like small molecules for compounds causing paralysis of the ex vivo adult parasite. We identified a class of dihydrobenz[e][1,4]oxazepin-2(3H)-one compounds with anthelmintic activity against T. muris. Further screening of structurally related compounds and resynthesis of the most potent molecules led to the identification of 20 active dihydrobenzoxazepinones, a class of molecule not previously implicated in nematode control. The most active immobilise adult T. muris with EC50 values around 25–50μM, comparable to the existing anthelmintic levamisole. The best compounds from this chemotype show low cytotoxicity against murine gut epithelial cells, demonstrating selectivity for the parasite. Developing a novel oral pharmaceutical treatment for a neglected disease and deploying it via mass drug administration is challenging. Interestingly, the dihydrobenzoxazepinone OX02983 reduces the ability of embryonated T. muris eggs to establish infection in the mouse host in vivo. Complementing the potential development of dihydrobenzoxazepinones as an oral anthelmintic, this supports an alternative strategy of developing a therapeutic that acts in the environment, perhaps via a spray, to interrupt the parasite lifecycle. Together these results show that the dihydrobenzoxazepinones are a new class of anthelmintic, active against both egg and adult stages of Trichuris parasites. They demonstrate encouraging selectivity for the parasite, and importantly show considerable scope for further optimisation to improve potency and pharmacokinetic properties with the aim of developing a clinical agent.
cross-frequency coupling Thalamic theta phase alignment predicts human memory formation and anterior thalamic

21 Previously we reported electrophysiological evidence for a role for the anterior thalamic 22 nucleus (ATN) in human memory formation (Sweeney-Reed et al. 2014). Theta-gamma 23 cross-frequency coupling (CFC) predicted successful memory formation, with the 24 involvement of gamma oscillations suggesting memory-relevant local processing in the ATN. 25 The importance of the theta frequency range in memory processing is well-established, and 26 phase alignment of oscillations is considered to be necessary for synaptic plasticity. We 27 hypothesized that theta phase alignment in the ATN would be necessary for memory 28 encoding. Further analysis of the electrophysiological data reveal that phase alignment in the 29 theta rhythm was greater during successful compared with unsuccessful encoding, and that 30 this alignment was correlated with the CFC. These findings support an active processing role 31 for the ATN during memory formation. 32 Builds upon 33 Corticothalamic phase synchrony and cross-frequency coupling predict human memory 34 formation. 35 Sweeney-Reed, C.M. , Zaehle, T. , Voges, J., Schmitt, F.C. , Buentjen, L. , Kopitzki, K. , Esslinger, 36 C. , Hinrichs, H. , Heinze, H. -J., Knight, R.T. , Richardson-Klavehn, A. 37 eLife 2014; 10.7554/eLife.05352#sthash.42zuzopN. dpuf 38 DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.05352. 39
Clustering to Assist Supervised Machine Learning for Real-Time IP Traffic Classification

Literature on the use of machine learning (ML) algorithms for classifying IP traffic has demonstrated potential to be deployed in real-world IP networks. The key challenges of timely and continuous classification are addressed, in which multiple short sub-flows taken at different points within the original application's flow lifetime are used to train the classifier. The classification decision process is repeated continuously using a sliding window of the flow's most recent N packets. The work left a critical question of how to automate the identification of appropriate sub-flows for training. In this paper we propose a novel approach for sub-flows identification and selection using ML clustering algorithms. We evaluate our approach using accuracy, model build time, classification speed and physical resource consumption metrics.
The Rating Game: Sentiment Rating Reproducibility from Text

Sentiment analysis models often use ratings as labels, assuming that these ratings reflect the sentiment of the accompanying text. We investigate (i) whether human readers can infer ratings from review text, (ii) how human performance compares to a regression model, and (iii) whether model performance is affected by the rating “source” (i.e. original author vs. annotator). We collect IMDb movie reviews with author-provided ratings, and have them re-annotated by crowdsourced and trained annotators. Annotators reproduce the original ratings better than a model, but are still far off in more than 5% of the cases. Models trained on annotator-labels outperform those trained on author-labels, questioning the usefulness of author-rated reviews as training data for sentiment analysis.