Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Integration of membrane proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum requires GTP

We have examined the requirement for ribonucleotides and ribonucleotide triphosphate hydrolysis during early events in the membrane integration of two membrane proteins: the G protein of vesicular stomatitis virus and the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus. Both proteins contain a single transmembrane-spanning segment but are integrated in the membrane with opposite orientations. The G protein has an amino-terminal signal sequence and a stop-transfer sequence located near the carboxy terminus. The HN glycoprotein has a single sequence near the amino terminus that functions as both a signal- sequence and a transmembrane-spanning segment. Membrane insertion was explored using a cell-free system directed by transcribed mRNAs encoding amino-terminal segments of the two proteins. Ribosome-bound nascent polypeptides were assembled, ribonucleotides were removed by gel filtration chromatography, and the ribosomes were incubated with microsomal membranes under conditions of defined ribonucleotide content. Nascent chain insertion into the membrane required the presence of both the signal recognition particle and a functional signal recognition particle receptor. In the absence of ribonucleotides, insertion of nascent membrane proteins was not detected. GTP or nonhydrolyzable GTP analogues promoted efficient insertion, while ATP was comparatively ineffective. Surprisingly, the majority of the HN nascent chain remained ribosome associated after puromycin treatment. Ribosome-associated HN nascent chains remained competent for membrane insertion, while free HN chains were not competent. We conclude that a GTP binding protein performs an essential function during ribosome-dependent insertion of membrane proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum that is unrelated to protein synthesis.
NONLINEAR INSTRUMENTAL VARIABLE ESTIMATION OF AN AUTOREGRESSION 1

Instrumental variable (IV) estimation methods that allow for certain nonlinear functions of the data as instruments are studied. The context of the discussion is the simple unit root model where certain advantages to the use of nonlinear instruments are revealed. In particular, certain classes of IV estimators and associated t-tests are shown to have simpler (standard) limit theory in contrast to the least squares estimator, providing an opportunity for the study of optimal estimation in certain IV classes and furnishing tests and con.dence intervals that allow for unit root and stationary alternatives. The Cauchy estimator studied in recent work by So and Shin (1999) is shown to have such an optimality property in the class of certain IV procedures with bounded instruments.
Retention of Flow: Evaluating a Computer Science Education Week Activity

High profile computer science education events such as the Hour of Code can reach millions of students but without proper evaluation it is not clear what motivational and educational consequences the participation has. If, for instance, participants' levels of motivation towards the end of an hour long activity are significantly fading, then their perception of programming to be "hard and boring" may actually get reinforced. By simply measuring how far participants progressed with their projects we have been able to collect retention data from thousands of participants in a way that allows us to interpret these data in terms of not only cognitive but also technical and practical activity challenges. Inflection points overlaying a negative exponential retention distribution serve as indicators of these challenges with potential impact on Flow. Retention of Flow is an evaluation approach to analyze computer science education activities, including interactive tutorials and online programming environments, with respect to cognitive as well as affective challenges.
Monetary Policy and Risk Taking ∗ Ignazio Angeloni European Central Bank and BRUEGEL

We combine data evidence and a new DSGE model with banks to examine the links between monetary policy, financial risk and the business cycle. The model includes banks (modelled as in Diamond and Rajan, JF 2000 and JPE 2001) and a financial accelerator (Bernanke et al., 1999 Handbook). A monetary expansion increases the propensity of banks to assume risks. In turn, financial risks affect economic activity and prices. This "risk-taking" channel of monetary transmission, absent in pure financial accelerator models, operates via the leverage decisions of banks. The model results match certain features of the data, as emerged in recent panel data studies and in our own time series estimates for the US and the euro area.
Mergers Increase Output When Firms Compete by Managing Revenue

From a panel data sample of 898 hotel mergers, we find that mergers increase occupancy without reducing capacity. In some regressions, price also appears to increase. These effects are small, but statistically and economically significant. And they occur only in markets with the highest capacity utilization and highest uncertainty. These findings lead us to reject simple models of price or quantity competition in favor of models of “revenue management,” where firms price to fill available capacity in the face of demand uncertainty. The results suggest that mergers in revenue-management industries should not be analyzed using models of competition that miss significant industry features. The same warning applies to the scrutiny of information sharing by proximate businesses – if outright merger does not appear to have anticompetitive effects then neither should information sharing, again provided that the significant features of the industry are taken into account.
Congestion Control in Wired Network for Heterogeneous resources using Neural Network

The wireless network is most imperative parameter in communication among the computers. The use of internet services for time sensitive applications like voice and video requires the quality of service. The TCP/IP also helped in providing the services structure achieve this target. However, network congestion control is limited and comes from the high priority. Some literatures are still looking for replacement techniques such as random early detection (RED) and its modification to manage congestion. In this paper we present neural network control research results to implement on real world. We found that with neural network we can perform better for discrimination acts to cancel the packets for gathering traffic flow, and also provide better quality services to all types' different traffic. This paper presents an extensive analysis of congestion controls recently proposed in literature. To reach our goal, we have implemented one representative algorithm among the so-called TCP-friendly congestion controls. We have then evaluated their TCP-fairness and validation in a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN).
The Embeddedness of Organizations: Research Dialogue and Directions

We review research on organizations to highlight prevailing and emerging conceptions for embeddedness. An integrated framework that considers the sources, mechanisms, outcomes, and strategic implications of embeddedness is presented. Also, promising research directions for embeddedness approaches, including cross-level issues (such as collective cognition and nesting), as well as issues related to temporality, networks, and methodology are identified.
An algebraic approach to granularity in time representation

Any phenomenon can be seen under a more or less precise granularity, depending on the kind of details which are perceivable. This can be applied to time. A characteristic of abstract spaces such as the one used for representing time is their granularity independence, i.e. the fact that they have the same structure at different granularities. So, time "places" and their relationship can be seen under different granularities and they still behave like time places and relationship under each granularity. However, they do not remain exactly the same time places and relationship. Here is presented a pair of operators for converting (upward and downward) qualitative time relationship from one granularity to another. These operators are the only ones to satisfy a set of six constraints which characterize granularity changes.
A Method for Diagnosing the Cylinder Fault of Engine Based on Artificial Neural Network

Measured the instantaneous speed of diesel engine and analyzed the mechanism of fault diagnosis with speed signal. Processed the speed signal with method of spectrum analysis and complexity analysis and analyzed the change law of speed in condition of mis-cylinder. Calculated [K,C] complexity of speed signal and got the features of mis-cylinder fault. Set up a BP neural network to diagnose mis-cylinder fault of diesel engine.
miRNA-Dependent Translational Repression in the Drosophila Ovary

Background The Drosophila ovary is a tissue rich in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Many of the regulatory factors are proteins identified via genetic screens. The more recent discovery of microRNAs, which in other animals and tissues appear to regulate translation of a large fraction of all mRNAs, raised the possibility that they too might act during oogenesis. However, there has been no direct demonstration of microRNA-dependent translational repression in the ovary. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, quantitative analyses of transcript and protein levels of transgenes with or without synthetic miR-312 binding sites show that the binding sites do confer translational repression. This effect is dependent on the ability of the cells to produce microRNAs. By comparison with microRNA-dependent translational repression in other cell types, the regulated mRNAs and the protein factors that mediate repression were expected to be enriched in sponge bodies, subcellular structures with extensive similarities to the P bodies found in other cells. However, no such enrichment was observed. Conclusions/Significance Our results reveal the variety of post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that operate in the Drosophila ovary, and have implications for the mechanisms of miRNA-dependent translational control used in the ovary.
Modeling sensory-to-motor mappings using neural nets and a 3d articulatory speech synthesizer

A comprehensive neural model of speech motor control including a three dimensional articulatory speech synthesizer as a front-end device is described in detail in this paper. The training of the sensory-to-motor mappings – which can be interpreted as the prelinguistic phase of speech acquisition – is described in detail for quasi-static as well as for dynamic articulation. Index Terms: speech production, neural model, articulatory model, articulatory speech synthesis, speech acquisition
Tropical Intraseasonal Variability in 14 IPCC AR4 Climate Models. Part I: Convective Signals

Abstract This study evaluates the tropical intraseasonal variability, especially the fidelity of Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) simulations, in 14 coupled general circulation models (GCMs) participating in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). Eight years of daily precipitation from each model’s twentieth-century climate simulation are analyzed and compared with daily satellite-retrieved precipitation. Space–time spectral analysis is used to obtain the variance and phase speed of dominant convectively coupled equatorial waves, including the MJO, Kelvin, equatorial Rossby (ER), mixed Rossby–gravity (MRG), and eastward inertio–gravity (EIG) and westward inertio–gravity (WIG) waves. The variance and propagation of the MJO, defined as the eastward wavenumbers 1–6, 30–70-day mode, are examined in detail. The results show that current state-of-the-art GCMs still have significant problems and display a wide range of skill in simulating the tropical intraseasonal va.
On-the-fly decompression and rendering of multiresolution terrain

We present a streaming geometry compression codec for multiresolution, uniformly-gridded, triangular terrain patches that supports very fast decompression. Our method is based on linear prediction and residual coding for lossless compression of the full-resolution data. As simplified patches on coarser levels in the hierarchy already incur some data loss, we optionally allow further quantization for more lossy compression. The quantization levels are adaptive on a per-patch basis, while still permitting seamless, adaptive tessellations of the terrain. Our geometry compression on such a hierarchy achieves compression ratios of 3:1 to 12:1. Our scheme is not only suitable for fast decompression on the CPU, but also for parallel decoding on the GPU with peak throughput over 2 billion triangles per second. Each terrain patch is independently decompressed on the fly from a variable-rate bitstream by a GPU geometry program with no branches or conditionals. Thus we can store the geometry compressed on the GPU, reducing storage and bandwidth requirements throughout the system. In our rendering approach, only compressed bitstreams and the decoded height values in the view-dependent "cut" are explicitly stored on the GPU. Normal vectors are computed in a streaming fashion, and remaining geometry and texture coordinates, as well as mesh connectivity, are shared and re-used for all patches. We demonstrate and evaluate our algorithms on a small prototype system in which all compressed geometry fits in the GPU memory and decompression occurs on the fly every rendering frame without any cache maintenance.
Concurrent Detection of Vibration and Distance Using Unmodulated CW Doppler Vibration Radar With An Adaptive Beam-Steering Antenna

A new method to concurrently detect the vibration and distance with a beam-steering antenna is proposed. Unmodulated CW Doppler vibration radar is able to detect the distance to the target with a fast-switching beam-steering antenna. An adaptive beam-steering 2 × 2 phase-array antenna is developed for a 5.8-GHz Doppler noncontact vibration radar system. The antenna with -27° to +20° beam-steering angles shows 85° coverage for detection. The size of this adaptive beam-steering antenna is exactly the same as the original 2 × 2 fixed-beam antenna. This adaptive beam-steering antenna with electronic switches provides 0.83-ms fast-switching rate for steering the beams. Furthermore, different dc offsets due to different propagation paths are measured under different beam-steering angles. The distance to the target can be accurately extracted with less than 8% error by analyzing the dc offsets of the baseband signals at different beam-steering angles. This system successfully detects the architectural deformation caused by a seismic simulator.
An MSE (mean square error) based analysis of deconvolution techniques used for deblurring/restoration of MRI and CT Images

The image blurring is a common artifact effecting the image quality in terms of details. In medical imaging such image details play a very crucial role e.g. CT and MRI[7] scan images. There are many deconvolution techniques available like Wiener[1], RC Lucy[3] and Blind [4] etc. which help in restoration of blurred[12] images. In this paper, we are having a hands on experience with these deblurring techniques on some CT and MRI images. We are comparing the MSE (Mean Square Error) calculated from the output images of different deblurring techniques.
A multi-agent supervising system for smart environments

This paper presents a multi-agent architecture for a supervising system which is part of a new intelligent ambient system, called AmIHomCare. The supervising system detects the context of the person (using a domain ontology): the person location in the room together with the surrounding objects and its body posture. A sequence of these contexts is assembled in a daily activity, based on a set of rules, described by a stochastic context free grammar with attributes. Also the system predicts the next context and the next activity in order to detect emergencies in the smart environment.
Non-intrusive constraint solver enhancements

Constraint solvers are useful tools that provide solutions to very complex problems. These infrastructure software rely on simple mechanisms, however their actual implementation can be quite complex. A good knowledge of their inner mechanisms is required to introduce enhancements which crosscut basic algorithms and structures. In this paper, we advocate non-intrusive constraint solver enhancements. First, a minimal solver is introduced. Second, different enhancements are implemented with the help of aspect oriented programming.
The relation accompanying circumstance across languages: Conflict between linguistic expression and discourse subordination?

Existing theories of discourse structure and approaches to dicourse analysis come in two main variants: Some have developed a rich taxonomy of rhetorical relations (cf. Segmented Discourse Theory as presented e.g. in Asher and Lascarides 2003 and, in particular, Rhetorical Structure Theory as outlined by Mann and Thomson’s RST 1988, Mann and Taboada 2005); others (starting with Grosz and Sidner 1986) are more ‘minimalistic’, segmenting discourse according to a bipartite division of discourse subordination and coordination (e.g. Webber et al 2003, Polanyi et al 2004). Recent attempts at determining the linguistic basis for discourse structure suggest that discourse coordination may be tested on the basis of syntactic coordination (Asher and Vieu 2005). One argument in favor of such a test is that there is strong evidence (at least in English) that a prototypical subordinating relation like Elaboration is impossible in syntactic coordination – and interesting explanations for this have been forwarded in the semantics-pragmatics literature (Carston 2002, Blakemore and Carston 2005). Furthermore, typical cases of discourse coordination appear in syntactic conjunction, such as Continuation and Narration (Asher and Vieu 2005). In the present paper, we approach the topic of discourse relations from a cross-linguistic perspective, motivated in part by the question of how syntactic choice constrains discourse structure and what role rhetorical relations play for translation choice. Existing theories and analyses in the literature, when applied to authentic cross-linguistic data, have unveiled interesting differences across languages with respect to the discourse potential of different syntactic structures, particularly syntactic coordination. (see Fabricius-Hansen et al. 2005) It seems to us that these cross-linguistic observations are important and must be taken into account in a linguistic analysis of discourse structure. The linguistic structure we have extracted for our observations is the
Empirical Research on Relations of China's Energy Consumption to Its Industrial Development

As an important foundation for resources, energy, being an important strategic commodity for the survival of human, economic development and social progress, has been related to national economic lifelines and national security, which plays a decisive role in the modernization of China. Through correlation analysis between China's energy consumption by the industrial and its total energy consumption, the impact of China's current industrial structure on energy consumption can be drawn, while the interactive process of China's energy consumption associated with the main industrial energy consumption will be further understood with the devices of Granger causality test and VAR impulse response. The Government should implement means of incentive and restraint to encourage and guide manufacturers to participate in the construction of a new type of industrialization on their own initiative. This is the only way to realize China's sustained and effective energy-saving policy, and to promote its ecological modernization process finally.
Visual attention switching patterns of programmers debugging with an IDE

Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) generate multiple graphical and textual representations of programs. Co-ordination of these representations during program comprehension and debugging can be a complex task. In order to better understand the role and effectiveness of multiple representations, and to design better IDE interfaces in future, we conducted an empirical study of java program debugging with a multi-representation IDE. It was found that program code and dynamic representations (dynamic viewer, variable watch and output) attracted the most attention. Static representations like Unified Modeling Language (UML) and Control Structure Diagrams (CSD) saw significantly lesser usage. We analyzed gaze patterns by breaking down the debugging sessions into segments of three, five and fifteen minute intervals, and classifying gazes into short and long gazes. Novel data mining techniques were used to detect high frequency patterns from eye tracking data of participants. Significant visual pattern differences were found among the participants based on their programming experience, familiarity with the IDE and debugging performance. CR Categories: H.5. 2 [Information Interfaces and Presentation (e.g., HCI)]: User Interfaces Evaluation/methodology-Input devices and strategies;
Group randomness properties of pseudo-noise and gold sequences

In this paper, we study the group randomness of pseudo-random sequences based on shortened first-order Reed-Muller codes and the Gold sequences. In particular, we characterize the empirical spectral distribution of random matrices from shortened first-order Reed-Muller codes. We show that although these sequences have very appealing randomness properties across individual codewords, they do not possess certain group randomness properties of i.i. d. sequences. In other words, the spectral distribution of random matrices from these sequences dramatically differs from that of the random i.i. d. generated matrices. In contrast, Gold sequences manifest the group randomness properties of random i.i. d. sequences. Upper bounds on the Kolmogorov complexity of these sequences are established, and it has been shown that these bounds are much lower than those of the random i.i. d. sequences, when the sequence length is large enough. We discuss the implications of these observations and motivate the need to develop novel randomness tests encompassing both individual and group randomness of sequences.
Environmental Networks:A Framework for Economic Decision-Making and Policy Analysis

Part 1 Introduction and overview: foundations of environmental economics methodological foundations. Part 2 Firms and the environment: pollution permit models for single-product, single-pollutant firms multiproduct, multipollutant firms with transaction costs oligopolistic markets and technological investments noncompliant oligopolistic firms - statics and dynamics. Part 3 Transportation and the environment: environmental targets and single-modal traffic networks environmental targets and multimodal traffic networks emission pollution permits for transportation networks multimodal network permits - compliance versus noncompliance. Part 4 Spatial price networks and the environment: environmental targets and spatial price networks pollution permits and spatial price networks spatial oligopolies and pollution permits.