Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Array programming in Whiley

Arrays are a fundamental mechanism for developing and reasoning about programs. Using them, one can easily encode a range of important algorithms from various domains, such as for sorting, graph traversal, heap manipulation and more. However, the encoding of such problems in traditional languages is relatively opaque. That is, such programming languages do not allow those properties important for the given problem to be encoded within the language itself and, instead, rely up on programmer-supplied comments. This paper explores how array-based programming is enhanced by programming languages which support specifications and invariants over arrays. Examples of such systems include Dafny, Why3, Whiley, Spec# and more. For this paper, we choose Whiley as this language provides good support for array-based programming. Whiley is a programming language designed for verification and employs a verifying compiler to ensure that programs meet their specifications. A number of features make Whiley particularly suitable for array-based programming, such as type invariants and abstract properties. We explore this through a series of worked examples.
Causal relationship between hostility and health status and the mediating role of stress coping

We investigated the causal r巴lationshipbetween hostility and health status and the function of stress coping as its mediating process, by using structural equation modeling. Seven hundred and twen匂T-fiveuniversity students participated in the s加dy. R, εsults show that hostility causes health problems such as somatic symptoms, anxiety / insomni且 , social dysfunction, and depression. 1n men, the frequ四 cyof problem-solving coping decreased with increased hostility, and this ! ed to a further exacerba柱。 nin socia! dysfunction. 1n women, the frequencies of cogni註ve-reinterpretationand problem-solving coping decreased with increased hostility, and this resulted in a further exacεrbation in anxiety /insomnia, socia! dysfunction, and depression. These results suggest that training to a壮endto information in the environm巴ntand to think rationally, as well as training in problem-solving skils, is important for preventing health problems of hostile people.
On Tracking the Behavior of an Output-Queued Switch Using an Input-Queued Switch

We address the problem of fair scheduling of packets in Internet routers with input-queued (IQ) switches and unity speedup. Scheduling in IQ switches is formulated as tracking the behavior of an output-queued (OQ) switch that provides optimal performance. We present the notion of ¿lag¿ as a performance metric that measures the difference between a packet's departure time in an IQ switch over that provided by an OQ switch. We prove that per-packet mean lag is bounded for a maximum weight-matching scheduling policy that uses lag values for its weights and derive a bound on the mean lag value using a Lyapunov function technique. Furthermore, we propose a simple heuristic tracking scheduling policy and evaluate its performance by simulation.
Evaluation of vascular clearance as a marker for virulence of alphaviruses: disassociation of rapid clearance with low virulence of venezuelan encephalitis virus strains in guinea pigs

The concept that relates low virulence of certain alphaviruses to low viremia and efficient vascular clearance of virus was tested in guinea pigs. Previously published studies with hamsters suggested that virulent strains maintain high viremias primarily because they are cleared inefficiently from the blood. In the present study, with guinea pigs, six of six virulent strains of Venezuelan encephalitis virus were cleared inefficiently, whereas three of six nonlethal or benign virus strains were cleared rapidly. However, three other guinea pig-benign Venezuelan encephalitis virus strains cleared slowly, to produce a high viremia was correlated with inefficient growth in primary viral replication sites. Thus, the potential of some alphaviruses to produce destructive lesions may be restricted by efficient clearance of virus from the blood, whereas the growth of other benign alphavirus strains may be restricted after the virus is presented to target cells.
QoSFM: QoS Support for Metadata I/O in Parallel File Systems

Large parallel file systems (PFSs) must service multiple independent workloads concurrently. Workloads often require different quality of service (QoS) of metadata I/O. However, existing PFSs are unable to differentiate metadata I/O from different workloads. There are many researches on QoS support of storage system, they do not focus on metadata I/O of PFSs as one metadata I/O can have several sub-operations and different sub-operations have different access size. In addition, users cannot specify metadata QoS requirements without a suitable QoS specification. This paper presents a novel scheme QoSFM (QoS Support for Metadata) to support metadata I/O QoS in PFSs. QoSFM allows users to specify workloads' metadata QoS requirements through our two-layered QoS specification mechanism. QoSFM can dynamically translate the workload-level goals into system resource needs such as service time per time window and sub-operation latency. Client-side controllers throttle the metadata I/O based on service time allocation to meet the throughput goal while metadata servers (MDSs) reorder the sub-operations based on deadlines to meet the latency goal. Extensive simulations show that QoSFM can effectively satisfy workload-level metadata I/O QoS requirements. Meanwhile, results also show that QoSFM has low overhead.
Observation Modelling for Vision-Based Target Search by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are playing an increasing role in gathering information about objects on the ground. In particular, a key problem is to detect and classify objects from a sequence of camera images. However, existing systems typically adopt an idealised model of sensor observations, by assuming they are independent, and take the form of maximum likelihood predictions of an object's class. In contrast, real vision systems produce output that can be highly correlated and corrupted by noise. Therefore, traditional approaches can lead to inaccurate or overconfident results, which in turn lead to poor decisions about what to observe next to improve these predictions. To address these issues, we develop a Gaussian Process based observation model that characterises the correlation between classifier outputs as a function of UAV position. We then use this to fuse classifier observations from a sequence of images and to plan the UAV's movements. In both real and simulated target search scenarios, we show that this can achieve a decrease in mean squared detection error of up to 66% relative to existing state-of-the-art methods.
Secondary palatal development in the New Zealand white rabbit: A scanning electron microscopic study

Examination of surface topography in prefusion stages of secondary palatal development in rabbit embryos reveals a sequence of alterations in the surface cells of the epithelium along the medial margins of the palatal processes. A progressive increase in cellular protrusions resembling lamellipodia and filopodia, as well as cellular necrosis, is observed in those areas that undergo fusion. The changes precede fusion and are restricted to fusion sites. Prior to and at the time of epithelial contact between palatal processes, many long slender cellular protrusions are seen bridging the gap between the approximating tissues. The localization of the epithelial alterations and the appearance of similar cellular morphology in other embryonic epithelial fusion events strongly suggest: either an active role of the epithelial cells in the fusion of the secondary palate, or some common fundamental biochemical events that may facilitate or are responsible for the initial adhesion of such tissues.
Development and Validation of a Facebook Relational Maintenance Measure

This manuscript details the construction of a measure of Facebook relational maintenance behaviors. The first study generated an item pool by drawing from previous qualitative investigations and adapting an established relational maintenance scale. Participants were then invited to evaluate these items in order to establish face validity. During study two, participants were asked how often they used the behaviors represented in these items to maintain a specific friendship. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to determine the underlying structure of these items; three latent factors emerged, social contact, response-seeking, and relational assurances. This factor structure was then assessed using confirmatory factor analysis during phase three. Study three participants were also asked to complete measures of friendship quality, Facebook intensity, and online social communication. The relationship of the three factors of Facebook relational maintenance to friendship quality, Facebook intensity, and online social communication suggests convergent and discriminant validity for the Facebook relational maintenance measure.
Facilitation of Conditioned Fear Extinction by Systemic Administration or Intra-Amygdala Infusions of d-Cycloserine as Assessed with Fear-Potentiated Startle in Rats

NMDA receptor antagonists block conditioned fear extinction when injected systemically and also when infused directly into the amygdala. Here we evaluate the ability of d-cycloserine (DCS), a partial agonist at the strychnine-insensitive glycine-recognition site on the NMDA receptor complex, to facilitate conditioned fear extinction after systemic administration or intra-amygdala infusions. Rats received 10 pairings of a 3.7 sec light and a 0.4 mA footshock (fear conditioning). Fear-potentiated startle (increased startle in the presence vs the absence of the light) was subsequently measured before and after 30, 60, or 90 presentations of the light without shock (extinction training). Thirty non-reinforced light presentations produced modest extinction, and 60 or 90 presentations produced nearly complete extinction (experiment 1). DCS injections (3.25, 15, or 30 mg/kg) before 30 non-reinforced light exposures dose-dependently enhanced extinction (experiment 2) but did not influence fear-potentiated startle in rats that did not receive extinction training (experiment 3). These effects were blocked by HA-966, an antagonist at the glycine-recognition site (experiment 4). Neither DCS nor HA-966 altered fear-potentiated startle when injected before testing (experiment 5). The effect of systemic administration was mimicked by intra-amygdala DCS (10 μg/side) infusions (experiment 6). These results indicate that treatments that promote NMDA receptor activity after either systemic or intra-amygdala administration promote the extinction of conditioned fear.
Effect of filtration by activated charcoal on the toxicological activity of cigarette mainstream smoke from experimental cigarettes

Activated charcoal (AC) filtration reportedly decreases the yields of smoke vapor phase constituents including some identified as human carcinogens and respiratory irritants. Non-clinical studies including chemical smoke analysis, in vitro cytotoxicity and mutagenicity (bacterial and mammalian cells), and in vivo subchronic rat inhalation studies were carried out using machine smoking at ISO conditions with lit-end research cigarettes containing AC filters. The objective was to assess whether AC filter technology would alter the established toxicity profile of mainstream smoke by increasing or decreasing any known toxicological properties, or elicit new ones. The reduced yield of vapor phase irritants from AC filter cigarettes correlated with markedly decreased in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo morphology of the nose and lower respiratory tract. Increased yields of particulate phase constituents (e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in AC filtered smoke were noted in comparison to controls in some studies. The in vitro bacterial mutagenicity of AC filtered smoke particulate preparations was occasionally increased over control levels. Laryngeal epithelial thickness was increased in some rats inhaling AC filtered smoke in comparison to controls, an effect perhaps related to higher inspiratory flow. When tested under more intense Massachusetts Department of Public Health smoking conditions, AC filter associated reductions in vapor phase constituent yields were smaller than those seen with ISO conditions, but the effect on in vitro cytotoxicity remained.
A computational algorithm for minimizing total variation in image restoration

A reliable and efficient computational algorithm for restoring blurred and noisy images is proposed. The restoration process is based on the minimal total variation principle introduced by Rudin et al. For discrete images, the proposed algorithm minimizes a piecewise linear l (1) function (a measure of total variation) subject to a single 2-norm inequality constraint (a measure of data fit). The algorithm starts by finding a feasible point for the inequality constraint using a (partial) conjugate gradient method. This corresponds to a deblurring process. Noise and other artifacts are removed by a subsequent total variation minimization process. The use of the linear l(1) objective function for the total variation measurement leads to a simpler computational algorithm. Both the steepest descent and an affine scaling Newton method are considered to solve this constrained piecewise linear l(1) minimization problem. The resulting algorithm, when viewed as an image restoration and enhancement process, has the feature that it can be used in an adaptive/interactive manner in situations when knowledge of the noise variance is either unavailable or unreliable. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed iterative image restoration and enhancement process.
On Conceptualizing Self-Control as More Than the Effortful Inhibition of Impulses

The notion that self-control entails effortful inhibition of impulses dominates prevailing psychological models of self-control. This article describes some of the conceptual and empirical limitations of defining self-control as the effortful inhibition of impulses. The present article instead advocates for a dual-motive conceptualization, which describes self-control as the process of advancing distal rather than proximal motivations when the two compete. Effortful impulse inhibition in this model represents only one of many means by which people promote their self-control efforts. Adopting a dual-motive approach offers new insight and proposes several new research directions. This article discusses these implications and calls for psychologists to reconsider the way self-control is currently understood.
Targeting Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors in the Central Nervous System. Medicinal Chemistry Approaches with Focus on Neurodegenerative Disorders

Endocannabinoids activate two types of specific G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), namely cannabinoid CB1 and CB2. Contrary to the psychotropic actions of agonists of CB1 receptors, and serious side effects of the selective antagonists of this receptor, drugs acting on CB2 receptors appear as promising drugs to combat CNS diseases (Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea, cerebellar ataxia, amyotrohic lateral sclerosis). Differential localization of CB2 receptors in neural cell types and upregulation in neuroinflammation are keys to understand the therapeutic potential in inter alia diseases that imply progressive neurodegeneration. Medicinal chemistry approaches are now engaged to develop imaging tools to map receptors in the living human brain, to develop more efficacious agonists, and to investigate the possibility to develop allosteric modulators.
Intraneural stimulation elicits discrimination of textural features by artificial fingertip in intact and amputee humans

Restoration of touch after hand amputation is a desirable feature of ideal prostheses. Here, we show that texture discrimination can be artificially provided in human subjects by implementing a neuromorphic real-time mechano-neuro-transduction (MNT), which emulates to some extent the firing dynamics of SA1 cutaneous afferents. The MNT process was used to modulate the temporal pattern of electrical spikes delivered to the human median nerve via percutaneous microstimulation in four intact subjects and via implanted intrafascicular stimulation in one transradial amputee. Both approaches allowed the subjects to reliably discriminate spatial coarseness of surfaces as confirmed also by a hybrid neural model of the median nerve. Moreover, MNT-evoked EEG activity showed physiologically plausible responses that were superimposable in time and topography to the ones elicited by a natural mechanical tactile stimulation. These findings can open up novel opportunities for sensory restoration in the next generation of neuro-prosthetic hands. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.09148. 001
Accuracy of Reconstruction of the Tree Stem Surface Using Terrestrial Close-Range Photogrammetry

Airborne laser scanning (ALS) allows for extensive coverage, but the accuracy of tree detection and form can be limited. Although terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) can improve on ALS accuracy, it is rather expensive and area coverage is limited. Multi-view stereopsis (MVS) techniques combining computer vision and photogrammetry may offer some of the coverage benefits of ALS and the improved accuracy of TLS; MVS combines computer vision research and automatic analysis of digital images from common commercial digital cameras with various algorithms to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) objects with realistic shape and appearance. Despite the relative accuracy (relative geometrical distortion) of the reconstructions available in the processing software, the absolute accuracy is uncertain and difficult to evaluate. We evaluated the data collected by a common digital camera through the processing software (Agisoft PhotoScan ©) for photogrammetry by comparing those by direct measurement of the 3D magnetic motion tracker. Our analyses indicated that the error is mostly concentrated in the portions of the tree where visibility is lower, i.e., the bottom and upper parts of the stem. For each reference point from the digitizer we determined how many cameras could view this point. With a greater number of cameras we found increasing accuracy of the measured object space point positions (as expected), with a significant positive change in the trend beyond five cameras; when more than five cameras could view this point, the accuracy began to increase more abruptly, but eight cameras or more provided no increases in accuracy. This method allows for the retrieval of larger datasets from the measurements, which could improve the accuracy of estimates of 3D structure of trees at potentially reduced costs.
On the Singular Limit of the Quantum-Classical Molecular Dynamics Model

In molecular dynamics applications there is a growing interest in so-called mixed quantum-classical models. These models describe most atoms of the molecular system by means of classical mechanics but describe an important, small portion of the system by means of quantum mechanics. A particularly extensively used model, the quantum-classical molecular dynamics (QCMD) model, consists of a singularly perturbed/ Schrodinger equation nonlinearly coupled to a classical Newtonian equation of motion.This paper studies the singular limit of the QCMD model for finite dimensional Hilbert spaces. The main result states that this limit is given by the time-dependent Born--Oppenheimer model of quantum theory---provided the Hamiltonian under consideration has a smooth spectral decomposition. This result is strongly related to the quantum adiabatic theorem. The proof uses the method of weak convergence by directly discussing the density matrix instead of the wave functions. This technique avoids the discussion of highly.
Development of impulsivity and risk‐seeking: Implications for the dimensionality and stability of self‐control*

In Gottfredson and Hirschi's self‐control theory, introduced in 1990, they contend that self‐control is a unidimensional construct that develops early in childhood and remains stable throughout the life span. According to findings reported in recent research, however, these arguments are now being challenged, with scholars pointing to ways in which self‐control may be multidimensional in nature and may change beyond the period of alleged stabilization. In this study, we draw on Steinberg's dual systems model, introduced in 2008, to consider this issue further. We examine that model's two key elements of low self‐control—risk‐seeking and impulsivity—to determine whether they are empirically distinguishable from one another and have differing developmental trajectories from childhood to early adulthood. We also consider the consequences of changes in risk‐seeking and impulsivity for within‐individual changes in crime. We examine these issues with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) for individuals from 10 to 30 years old. The results of our analyses show support for a multidimensional and dynamic conception of self‐control—from age 10 to age 30, risk‐seeking and impulsivity are empirically distinct and develop in divergent ways that are consistent with the dual systems model. Changes in risk‐seeking and impulsivity also affect changes in crime, but their effects vary with age and changes in the other element. We discuss these findings and their implications for self‐control and the development of life‐course criminology.
Genome-Wide Association of Bipolar Disorder Suggests an Enrichment of Replicable Associations in Regions near Genes

Although a highly heritable and disabling disease, bipolar disorder's (BD) genetic variants have been challenging to identify. We present new genotype data for 1,190 cases and 401 controls and perform a genome-wide association study including additional samples for a total of 2,191 cases and 1,434 controls. We do not detect genome-wide significant associations for individual loci; however, across all SNPs, we show an association between the power to detect effects calculated from a previous genome-wide association study and evidence for replication (P = 1.5×10−7). To demonstrate that this result is not likely to be a false positive, we analyze replication rates in a large meta-analysis of height and show that, in a large enough study, associations replicate as a function of power, approaching a linear relationship. Within BD, SNPs near exons exhibit a greater probability of replication, supporting an enrichment of reproducible associations near functional regions of genes. These results indicate that there is likely common genetic variation associated with BD near exons (±10 kb) that could be identified in larger studies and, further, provide a framework for assessing the potential for replication when combining results from multiple studies.
Crossing Framework - A Dynamic Infrastructure to Develop Knowledge-based Recommenders in Cross Domains

We propose a dynamic framework that differs from the previous works as it focuses on the easy development of knowledge-based recommenders and it proposes an intensive cross domain capability with the help of domain knowledge. The framework has a generic and flexible structure that data models and user interfaces are generated based on ontologies. New recommendation domains can be integrated to the framework easily in order to improve recommendation diversity. We accomplish the cross-domain recommendation via an abstraction in domain features if the direct matching of the domain features is not possible when the domains are not very close to each other.