Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The case of Powhatan Correctional Center/Virginia Department of Corrections and Virginia Commonwealth University/Medical College of Virginia.

OBJECTIVE To implement a cost/benefit analysis of telemedicine subspecialty care provided between the Powhatan Correctional Center (PCC) of the Virginia Department of Corrections (Corrections) and the Medical College of Virginia campus of Virginia Commonwealth University (MCV/VCU). METHODS We evaluated the costs and benefits of the implementation of telemedicine for HIV-positive inmates. Benefits included dollar savings in transportation and medical reimbursement. Costs included those of operating the telemedicine system and of medical care. Non-dollar benefits included implementing more consistent and timely treatment of inmates and reducing security risk. RESULTS Over the 7-month study period, the total number of HIV consults by telemedicine was 165. The Department of Corrections was able to achieve transportation and medical savings of $35,640 and $21,123, respectively. The operating costs for the telemedicine services totaled $42,277. The net benefit, which is the difference between cost savings and total operating costs, was $14,486. CONCLUSION Telemedicine increased access to care for HIV-positive inmates and generated cost savings in transportation and care delivery.
When Is Congruency Helpful? Interactive Effects of Frame, Motivational Orientation, and Perceived Message Quality on Fruit and Vegetable Consumption

Health messages framed to be congruent with people’s motivational orientation have been shown to be generally effective in promoting health behavior change, but some inconsistencies have been found. This study tested whether the perceived quality of a health message moderated the congruency effect in the domain of fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption. Undergraduate participants (N = 109) read a health message promoting FV intake in which the frame (gain vs. loss) was either congruent or incongruent with their approach/avoidance motivational orientation. Perceived message quality and intention to increase FV intake were assessed after message exposure, and self-reported FV intake was assessed one week later. A significant interaction between congruency and perceived message quality was found on both intention and FV intake. When messages were congruent, higher intentions and FV intake were observed when perceived message quality was high, but the reverse pattern was observed when perceived message quality was low. The findings support the potential utility of using congruently-framed messages to promote fruit and vegetable consumption, while also underscoring the necessity of using high-quality messages in order for congruency to influence health-related behaviors.
Social Interactions in Unemployment

This paper studies the relevance of social interactions among the unemployed. Identification is based on a salient and selective extension of the potential duration of unemployment benefits. If social interactions are important, this policy change affects entitled individuals not only directly, but also indirectly by altering the duration of unemployment in the reference group. Moreover, this spillover effect of the policy should also be observed in the non-entitled group. Results indicate that there are strong indirect effects on the entitled, strong positive spillovers on the non-entitled, and the social interactions are about as important as the direct effects of the policy change.
Tales of Fiscal Adjustment

This paper examines the evidence on fiscal adjustments in OECD countries from the early 1960s to today. The results shed light on the recently observed phenomenon of fiscal tightening that produces (non-Keynesian) expansionary effects. One interpretation is that a serious fiscal tightening increases demand Wealth rises when future tax burdens decline, and when interest rates decline credibility is restored and inflation or default risks abate. Both consumption and investment rise. For this effect to produce an expansion, the tightening must be sizeable and occur after a period of stress when the budget is quickly deteriorating and public debt is building up. Another interpretation emphasizes the supply side. Typically, a fiscal consolidation based on tax increases is short-lived. To be long lasting, it must include cuts in public employment, transfers and government wages. lo be politically possible, such a policy must be supported by trade unions. These measures result in more efficient labour markets and boost the supply side. Based both on statistical evidence and on a detailed analysis often cares of major fiscal adjustment, this article provides cautious support to the supply-side view, without denying a more limited role for the demand-side channel. The definitive version is available at www.blackwell-synergy.com
SHP2‐Deficiency in Chondrocytes Deforms Orofacial Cartilage and Ciliogenesis in Mice

Congenital orofacial abnormalities are clinically seen in human syndromes with SHP2 germline mutations such as LEOPARD and Noonan syndrome. Recent studies demonstrate that SHP2‐deficiency leads to skeletal abnormalities including scoliosis and cartilaginous benign tumor metachondromatosis, suggesting that growth plate cartilage is a key tissue regulated by SHP2. The role and cellular mechanism of SHP2 in the orofacial cartilage, however, remains unknown. Here, we investigated the postnatal craniofacial development by inducible disruption of Shp2 in chondrocytes. Shp2 conditional knockout (cKO) mice displayed severe deformity of the mandibular condyle accompanied by disorganized, expanded cartilage in the trabecular bone region, enhanced type X collagen, and reduced Erk production. Interestingly, the length of primary cilia, an antenna like organelle sensing environmental signaling, was significantly shortened, and the number of primary cilia was reduced in the cKO mice. The expression levels of intraflagellar transports (IFTs), essential molecules in the assembly and function of primary cilia, were significantly decreased. Taken together, lack of Shp2 in orofacial cartilage led to severe defects of ciliogenesis through IFT reduction, resulting in mandibular condyle malformation and cartilaginous expansion. Our study provides new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of SHP2‐deficiency in cartilage and helps to understand orofacial and skeletal manifestations seen in patients with SHP2 mutations. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
The Bacteriophage T4 Rapid-Lysis Genes and Their Mutational Proclivities

ABSTRACT Like most phages with double-stranded DNA, phage T4 exits the infected host cell by a lytic process requiring, at a minimum, an endolysin and a holin. Unlike most phages, T4 can sense superinfection (which signals the depletion of uninfected host cells) and responds by delaying lysis and achieving an order-of-magnitude increase in burst size using a mechanism called lysis inhibition (LIN). T4 r mutants, which are unable to conduct LIN, produce distinctly large, sharp-edged plaques. The discovery of r mutants was key to the foundations of molecular biology, in particular to discovering and characterizing genetic recombination in T4, to redefining the nature of the gene, and to exploring the mutation process at the nucleotide level of resolution. A number of r genes have been described in the past 7 decades with various degrees of clarity. Here we describe an extensive and perhaps saturating search for T4 r genes and relate the corresponding mutational spectra to the often imperfectly known physiologies of the proteins encoded by these genes. Focusing on r genes whose mutant phenotypes are largely independent of the host cell, the genes are rI (which seems to sense superinfection and signal the holin to delay lysis), rIII (of poorly defined function), rIV (same as sp and also of poorly defined function), and rV (same as t, the holin gene). We did not identify any mutations that might correspond to a putative rVI gene, and we did not focus on the famous rII genes because they appear to affect lysis only indirectly.
Theoretical Insights Elucidate Novel Active Phosphonate Esters—Cephalosporin Antibiotics' Intermediate

Theoretical insights elucidate a series of active phosphonate esters application in preparation of Cephalosporin antibiotics’ intermediate. The B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) method was employed to obtain the stable equilibrium geometries including comparing to the AE-active ester. It was found that the Ethyl-aminothiazoly Loximate (AT) molecule fragment is almost planar sheet, but it is almost perpendicular to the plane of phosphoryl ester. Moreover, the calculated Mulliken atomic charge distribution and frontier molecular orbital analysis of these esters showed that the amino N atom connected to the Thiazole ring of the AT had the maximum negative charge, which suggested that this area had high molecular activity. The value of ΔEL-H was energy gap between EHOMO and ELUMO and indicated that compound 6a had high reaction activity. The theory calculation results can explain the reaction mechanism well and predict that the novel active phosphonate ester has a hopeful application prospect in preparation of Cephalosporin antibiotics’ intermediate.
Representation of the visual field in the human occipital cortex: a magnetic resonance imaging and perimetric correlation.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the retinotopic map of the human occipital cortex by correlating magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings with visual field defects in patients with occipital lobe infarcts and to assess the compatibility between our cliniconeuroimaging findings and the location of lesions predicted by the classic Holmes map and a revised map. METHODS Magnetic resonance images were obtained in 14 patients with occipital lobe infarcts. Visual field analysis was performed with tangent screen, the Goldmann perimeter, and the Humphrey Field Analyzer. Based on the pattern of visual field deficit, the location of the lesion in the mesial occipital lobe in each patient was predicted using the Holmes map and other retinotopic maps of the occipital cortex. The predicted location of the lesion was then compared with its actual location shown on MRI to assess the compatibility between our data and the other maps. These maps determine retinotopic correlates of the medial occipital lobe, but they cannot establish correlates of the striate cortex (V1). The medial occipital representation of central vision was evaluated by regression analysis. RESULTS The MRI correlations in this study confirmed gross estimates of the retinotopic organization of the occipital cortex. However, our findings did not correlate exactly with the Holmes map. We determined that the central 15 degrees of vision occupies 37% of the total surface area of the human medial occipital lobe. Based on our data, a refined retinotopic map is presented. CONCLUSIONS The resolution of conventional MRI testifies to its considerable value in localizing occipital lobe lesions. Our findings support, and refine, the Holmes map of the human occipital cortex.
Molecular Pathway for the Localized Formation of the Sinoatrial Node

The sinoatrial node, which resides at the junction of the right atrium and the superior caval vein, contains specialized myocardial cells that initiate the heart beat. Despite this fundamental role in heart function, the embryonic origin and mechanisms of localized formation of the sinoatrial node have not been defined. Here we show that subsequent to the formation of the Nkx2-5–positive heart tube, cells bordering the inflow tract of the heart tube give rise to the Nkx2-5–negative myocardial cells of the sinoatrial node and the sinus horns. Using genetic models, we show that as the myocardium of the heart tube matures, Nkx2-5 suppresses pacemaker channel gene Hcn4 and T-box transcription factor gene Tbx3, thereby enforcing a progressive confinement of their expression to the forming Nkx2-5–negative sinoatrial node and sinus horns. Thus, Nkx2-5 is essential for establishing a gene expression border between the atrium and sinoatrial node. Tbx3 was found to suppress chamber differentiation, providing an additional mechanism by which the Tbx3-positive sinoatrial node is shielded from differentiating into atrial myocardium. Pitx2c-deficient fetuses form sinoatrial nodes with indistinguishable molecular signatures at both the right and left sinuatrial junction, indicating that Pitx2c functions within the left/right pathway to suppress a default program for sinuatrial node formation on the left. Our molecular pathway provides a mechanism for how pacemaker activity becomes progressively relegated to the most recently added components of the venous pole of the heart and, ultimately, to the junction of the right atrium and superior caval vein.
Immediate Exchange of Extrinsic Information for High-Throughput Turbo Decoding

To increase the throughput of turbo decoding, a new decoding method is proposed in this letter. The proposed method performs two decoding phases, in-ordered and interleaved ones, simultaneously by using two SISO decoders, which is completely contrast to the conventional decoding approach that conducts one of the two phases alternatively. The two SISO decoders exchange their outputs immediately to accelerate the update of extrinsic information and in turn to reduce the overall decoding latency, increasing the throughput by almost two times. Moreover, the proposed decoding method can be applied to any turbo code specified in communication standards, because it is not necessary to modify the encoding process. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified from intensive simulations conducted for 3GPP LTE-Advanced codes.
Creative Accounting and Investment Analyst Response

Abstract This paper investigates the impact of window dressing on stockbroker analyst evaluation of a company's annual accounting numbers. A new methodological approach is used involving a laboratory experiment in which a large sample of experienced investment analysts drawn from five of the top London houses processes real company accounts. The research was conducted in the first half of 1990 at the end of a long bull market. The participating analysts were not overly concerned about the quality of published accounting information and creative accounting was not then viewed as a serious problem. Contrary to our prior expectations we found little evidence of window dressing adjustments being made by the subjects in general. However, those subjects who did correct were significantly more experienced. Possible explanations for our results and potential implications for capital market behaviour and information processing are discussed.
Divulgação voluntária da demonstração dos fluxos de caixa no mercado de capitais brasileiro

This paper analyzes companies' motives to voluntarily disclose the SCF - Statement of Cash Flows in the Brazilian capital market, using the theoretical frame of Voluntary Disclosure Theory. Based on Verrecchia's (2001) model, five hypotheses are constructed to relate voluntary disclosure of SCF to other variables. These hypotheses are tested with data from public companies listed on BOVESPA, Bolsa de Valores de Sao Paulo, which voluntarily disclosed SCF from 2000 to 2004. Univariate statistical mean difference tests and multivariate logistic regression are used. Empirical evidence suggests a strong positive correlation between voluntary disclosure of SCF and previous voluntary disclosure of SCF; and positive with the weight the firm places on outsiders' perceptions. A positive correlation is also perceived with company performance; a negative correlation with disclosure costs; and negative with the degree of information asymmetry. A control variable is also used, related to companies that participate in ADRs, American Depositary Receipt Programs. A positive correlation is perceived between disclosure of SCF and companies' participation in ADR Programs.
On the Mechanism of Plasmin-induced Aggregation of Human Platelets: Implication of Secreted von Willebrand Factor

Summary Plasmin triggers a strong metabolic activation in human platelets, leading to shape change and granule exocytosis. However, its capacity to induce cell aggregation remains discussed and, when observed, this aggregation is preceded by a remarkable lag phase. We have thus investigated the effect of plasmin on the adhesive proteins which can be secreted by isolated platelets and mediate cell-to-cell interactions, but are also substrates for the enzyme. Immunoblot analysis of fibrinogen (Fg), thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), fibronectin (Fn) and von Willebrand factor (vWf) was performed on extracts of platelets exposed under stirring to increasing concentrations of plasmin for up to 10 min at 37° C. Under conditions leading to formation of large aggregates, Fg, Fn and TSP-1 are extensively degraded concomitantly with their secretion, and readily lost from the surface of aggregated cells. Part of the monomers in the platelet vWf are cleaved during secretion into two main fragments with M r ≈180,000 and ≈145,000. However, multimer distribution analysis shows only a slight decrease in the very high molecular weight multimers, and most of the fragmented as well as intact vWf remains associated with the platelet surface when aggregation is maximal. That indeed vWf largely supports plasmin-induced aggregation is suggested by the observation that platelets from a patient with type 3 von Willebrand’s disease, who totally lacks vWf, show little aggregation in response to the enzyme. Finally, plasmin-induced aggregation can be totally inhibited by antagonists of the αIIbβ3 integrin. The present study thus indicates a major role for secreted vWf in platelet aggregation induced by plasmin, through its likely interaction with the multifunctional receptor αIIbβ3. Presented in part at the European Platelet Group Meeting, Erfurt, Germany, May 1996
Asthma and insulin resistance in children

Background and objective: Increased BMI is a risk factor for asthma in children and may be related to adipokines. Adipokines affect insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake in vitro but, to date there is little evidence for such a role in vivo. We explored relationships between obesity and allergic asthma in children.
The Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Flt-1 Mediates Biological Activities

Two distinct receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the tyrosine kinase receptors Flt-1 and Flk-1/KDR, have been described. In this study we show that monocytes, in contrast to endothelium, express only the VEGF receptor Flt-1, and that this receptor specifically binds also the VEGF homolog placenta growth factor (PlGF). Both VEGF and PlGF stimulate tissue factor production and chemotaxis in monocytes at equivalent doses. In contrast, endothelial cells expressing both the Flt-1 and the Flk-1/KDR receptors produce more tissue factor upon stimulation with VEGF than after stimulation with PlGF. Neutralizing antibodies to the KDR receptor reduce the VEGF-stimulated tissue factor induction in endothelial cells to levels obtained by stimulation with PlGF alone, but do not affect PlGF-induced tissue factor induction in endothelial cells nor the VEGF-dependent tissue factor production in monocytes. These findings strongly suggest Flt-1 as a functional receptor for VEGF and PlGF in monocytes and endothelial cells and identify this receptor as a mediator of monocyte recruitment and procoagulant activity.
The Concert of Medium Powers: its Origin, Composition and Objectives

The Concert of Medium Powers’ or the ‘Lagos forum’ was Nigeria’s novel idea directed at consolidation Nigeria’s leadership role as a regional power in Africa and a force to be reckoned with in international affairs. the membership of the forum are Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Zimbabwe, Brazil, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Senegal, Sweden, Switzerland, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, and Nigeria the host country. The aims and objectives of the forum as identified in the paper includes the consolidation of international peace and security through the process of confidence building among states especially the medium powers. In addition to this, the lagos for came about as a result of the need to fill the gap created by the stalemate in the conduct of international relations occasion largely by the dominance of two major powers namely the United state and the Soviet Union. Keywords: Composition, Lagos Forum, Nigeria, Objectives, Power
Identifying the acceleration of visual targets.

Subjects were required to distinguish between accelerated and constant-velocity motion of targets. For different viewing times, ‘group thresholds’ were more nearly the same when relative acceleration was expressed in terms of total change of velocity during the viewing interval (vv/v) than when in terms of change per unit time (δv/v). This suggests that accelerated motion is identified by comparison of early and late velocities rather than by direct sensing. Also it was shown, through reference to other studies, that it is more difficult to identify gradual change of velocity than to identify instantaneous change or to discriminate between two ongoing motions of different constant velocities.
Growth of germanium films on Si(001) substrates.

We have studied the growth of Ge layers on the Si(001) surface using molecular-dynamics techniques. In order to relieve the strain resulting from the lattice mismatch between Ge and Si atoms, Ge deposited on the Si(001) surface tends to form islands. This tendency to form three-dimensional structures was studied by monitoring the chemical potential of relaxed Ge films on top of the Si(001) surface. We find that layer-by-layer growth is favored for the first three layers of Ge deposited. To study the diffusion of Ge adatoms on Ge n Si(001) films, we have mapped out the potential-energy surfaces on such films with (2×1) and (2×N) reconstructions
Exploiting Sink Mobility for Maximizing Sensor Networks Lifetime

This paper explores the idea of exploiting the mobility of data collection points (sinks) for the purpose of increasing the lifetime of a wireless sensor network with energy-constrained nodes. We give a novel linear programming formulation for the joint problems of determining the movement of the sink and the sojourn time at different points in the network that induce the maximum network lifetime. Differently from previous solutions, our objective function maximizes the overall network lifetime (here defined as the time till the first node "dies" because of energy depletion) rather than minimizing the energy consumption at the nodes. For wireless sensor networks with up to 256 nodes our model produces sink movement patterns and sojourn times leading to a network lifetime up to almost five times that obtained with a static sink. Simulation results are performed to determine the distribution of the residual energy at the nodes over time. These results confirm that energy consumption varies with the current sink location, being the nodes more drained those in the proximity of the sink. Furthermore, the proposed solution for computing the sink movement results in a fair balancing of the energy depletion among the network nodes.