Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Discriminant analysis of principal components for face recognition

In this paper we describe a face recognition method based on PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and LDA (Linear Discriminant Analysis). The method consists of two steps: first we project the face image from the original vector space to a face subspace via PCA, second we use LDA to obtain a best linear classifier. The basic idea of combining PCA and LDA is to improve the generalization capability of LDA when only few samples per class are available. Using PCA, we are able to construct a face subspace in which we apply LDA to perform classification. Using FERET dataset we demonstrate a significant improvement when principal components rather than original images are fed to the LDA classifier. The hybrid classifier using PCA and LDA provides a useful framework for other image recognition tasks as well.
Estimation of Novelty Assessment of Strategic Scenarios Using Relativeness

A scenario is the series of elements of information which supports decision making. Action Planning is a method for cultivating ideas to generate practical scenarios of actions (strategic scenarios). Frameworks and items on Action Planning sheets provide participants with constraint, and guide creative thinking to solve social issues. In this study, we propose a method for evaluating a value of a strategic scenario. We define novelty as one of the indicators to assess strategic scenarios, and introduce the concept of Relativeness to calculate the closeness between a role and knowledge included in strategic scenarios. A role is an attribute of a participant which is a job selected from real world. By regarding a word as the smallest unit of knowledge in strategic scenarios, Relativeness takes the function of an indicator to measure the degree of affinities between a role and a scenario. The result of our experiment suggests that combining low relative knowledge with roles may lead to a high assessment of novelty in strategic scenarios, and Relativeness may work as the automatic method for estimating subjective assessment.
A novel sample holder allowing atomic force microscopy on transmission electron microscopy specimen grids: repetitive, direct correlation between AFM and TEM images

A novel sample holder that allows atomic force microscopy (AFM) to be performed on transmission electron microscope (TEM) grids is described. Consequently, AFM and TEM images were repeatedly obtained on exactly the same sample area. For both techniques, a thin carbon film was used as the imaging substrate. Although these techniques have been previously used in conjunction, AFM and TEM images on exactly the same area have not been repeatedly obtained for any system. Correlation of AFM and TEM images is useful for work where the three‐dimensional topographical information provided by the AFM could be used to better interpret the two‐dimensional images provided by the TEM and vice versa. To demonstrate the applicability of such correlation, new results pertaining to a fibrillar collagen system are summarized.
Novel Designs of Embedded Hybrid Cells for High Performance Memory Circuits

Memory design has radically changed in the last few years; the emergence of new technologies has further improved performance and the traditional separation of storage levels between Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) and Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) is not viable as in the past. Recently, the embedded DRAM (eDRAM) has been proposed for cache utilization to improve density while attempting to retain high performance operations; this scheme is often referred as hybrid due to the utilization of different technologies in a memory. In this paper, a hybrid scheme is proposed by adding non-volatile features and related circuits to the SRAM/eDRAM; an Oxide Resistive Random Access Memory (RRAM) is utilized as non-volatile storage in the embedded memory circuit. Different memory cells are proposed in this manuscript; they are evaluated with respect to circuit-level figures of merit as related to operational features (read, write, static noise margin, power delay product) as well as tolerance to event upsets (critical charge) and variations. Extensive simulation results using nanometric PTMs are provided. It is shown that the proposed designs offer substantial improvements over previous hybrid cells as well as a conventional NAND Flash memory cell.
An alternative evaluation of post traumatic stress disorder with machine learning methods

In the world we live in, people from different professions are at increased risk for depressive symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to hard working or extreme environmental conditions. Accurate diagnosis and determining the causes are very important to solve these kinds of psychological problems. Machine learning (ML) techniques are gaining popularity in neuroscience due to their high diagnostic capability and effective classification ability. In this paper, alternative hybrid systems which allowed us to develop automatic classifiers for finding the Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients are proposed and compared. With the proposed system, not only the PTSD individuals are classified by ML techniques such as sequential minimal optimization (SMO), multilayer perceptron (MLP), Naïve Bayes (NB) but also the important indications of patients' trauma are determined by three popular feature selection methods such as chi-square, principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation based-feature selection (CFS). The effectiveness of the proposed system is examined on a real world dataset. Due to obtained results we can estimate the individuals as PTSD or NONPTSD patients with 74-79% accuracy range, further to that instead of 39 features 7 features are remarked as the most critical symptoms for PTSD.
Flight‐Muscle Polymorphism in the Cricket Gryllus firmus: Muscle Characteristics and Their Influence on the Evolution of Flightlessness

Flight muscles of the cricket Gryllus firmus are polymorphic, existing as pink or white phenotypes. White muscles are smaller in size, have reduced number and size of muscle fibers, and have reduced in vitro enzyme activities and respiration rates relative to pink muscles of newly molted, fully winged adults. G. firmus is also polymorphic for wing length. All newly molted long‐winged adults exhibited the pink‐muscle phenotype, while most newly molted short‐winged adults exhibited the white‐muscle phenotype, which resulted from arrested muscle growth. As long‐winged adults aged, fully grown pink muscle was transformed into white muscle via histolysis. The substantially higher respiration rate of pink muscle likely contributes to the elevated whole‐organism respiration rate of long‐winged females, which has been documented previously and which is thought to divert nutrients from egg production. Histolyzed white flight muscle from long‐winged crickets also exhibited significantly elevated respiration rate and enzyme activities compared with underdeveloped white muscle from short‐winged adults, although these differences were not as great as those between pink and white muscles. Fecundity was much more elevated in females with white versus pink flight muscles than it was in females with short versus long wings. The fitness gain resulting from flightlessness has typically been estimated in previous studies by comparing enhanced egg production of short‐winged and long‐winged females, without considering the influence of flight‐muscle variation. Our results suggest that the magnitude of this fitness gain has been substantially underestimated.
Toxoplasma Gondii Infection in Cats

Overview: Toxoplasma gondii infection is common in cats, but the clinical disease is rare. Up to 50% of cats, especially free-roaming ones, have antibodies indicating infection and the presence of cystic stages. Disease signs: Clinical signs only appear in few cats when they become immunosuppressed – in these situations cystic stages can be reactivated. Commonly affected are the central nervous system (CNS), muscles, lungs and eyes. Human infection: Cats can pose a risk for humans when they shed oocysts. However, this happens only once in their lifetime, usually only for 3–10 days after ingestion of tissue cysts. Thus, cats that have antibodies to T gondii no longer shed oocysts, and do not pose a risk to humans.
CFD modelling of thermo-electric devices for thermal management in downhole tools

Investigation of oil and gas fields using vertical seismic profiling subjects the electronics used to extreme temperatures and pressures. As wells become deeper, the need for effective thermal management in instrumentation and the demands placed on the tools increases. Various techniques including vacuum insulation, heat pipes, phase change media and thermo-electric cooling (TEC) devices are used to maximise the time equipment can be exposed to these hostile conditions. The performance of such devices is temperature dependent and the level of cooling attained is a function of thermal efficiency. This work examines the effect of different TEC devices on the thermal performance of a commercially available Vertical Seismic Profiling tool. Experimental validation of the model is based on measurements and is presented here. The predictions agree closely with the measurements and the model can be used as a computational tool reducing cost and time in measurements.
Analysis Of Loss Episodes For Video Transfers Over Udp

Understanding loss patterns in a network is important for achieving the desired quality of service during transfers of multimedia traac. In this paper, we study the time dependence of loss patterns for video transfers over UDP in a congested packet network. Of particular interest are consecutive packet losses because they contribute to the prolonged loss episodes. We use simulation tools and scenarios to show that the length of these loss episodes increases with the increase of the average utilization levels, and that lengthy loss episodes contribute signiicantly to the overall loss patterns. Under xed average utilization , during the times of higher congestion, we observe longer loss episodes and shorter loss episode distances.
Rendering of virtual environments based on polygonal & point-based models

Real-time rendering for large-scale, complex dynamic virtual scenes is a challenging problem in computer graphics. In this paper, we propose a hybrid rendering algorithm of dynamic virtual environments that seamlessly fuses the point-based scheme and polygon-based scheme. In our algorithm, the scene is organized into a BSP-tree. Objects in the leaf-nodes of the BSP tree are further subdivided into a quad-tree hierarchy, which contains both the sample points and polygon rendering information at each level. The accelerated rendering algorithm integrates the hierarchical occlusion map technique, image caching technique and BSP technique to fast render complex dynamic scenes. During navigation, our system adaptively determines the rendering mode and the level of details of objects, and achieves smooth transition between the two rendering modes by effectively controlling the rendering precision. The dynamic objects can be processed in the system uniformly. Our experimental results have demonstrated the satisfactory performance of the proposed hybrid-rendering scheme for the dynamic virtual environments.
The Generalised Isolation-With-Migration Model: a Maximum-Likelihood Implementation for Multilocus Data Sets

Statistical inference about the speciation process has often been based on the isolation-with-migration (IM) model, especially when the research aim is to learn about the presence or absence of gene flow during divergence. The generalised IM model introduced in this paper extends both the standard two-population IM model and the isolation-with-initial-migration (IIM) model, and encompasses both these models as special cases. It can be described as a two-population IM model in which migration rates and population sizes are allowed to change at some point in the past. By developing a maximum-likelihood implementation of this GIM model, we enable inference on both historical and contemporary rates of gene flow between two closely related species. Our method relies on the spectral decomposition of the coalescent generator matrix and is applicable to data sets consisting of the numbers of nucleotide differences between one pair of DNA sequences at each of a large number of independent loci.
Isotype Switching by Human B Cells Is Division-Associated and Regulated by Cytokines1

Isotype switching by murine B cells follows a pattern whereby the proportion of cells undergoing switching increases with division number and is regulated by cytokines. Here we explored whether human B cells behaved in a similar manner. The effect of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13, alone or in combination, on Ig isotype switching by highly purified naive human CD40 ligand (CD40L)-activated B cells was measured against division number over various harvest times. Switching to IgG was induced by IL-4 and, to a lesser extent, IL-13 and IL-10. The combination of IL-10 with IL-4, but not IL-13, induced a higher percentage of cells to undergo switching. Isotype switching to IgG by human CD40L-activated naive B cells was found to be linked to the division history of the cells: IgG+ cells appeared in cultures of B cells stimulated with CD40L and IL-4 after approximately the third cell division, with the majority expressing IgG1, thus revealing a predictable pattern of IgG isotype switching. These results reveal a useful quantitative framework for monitoring the effects of cytokines on proliferation and isotype switching that should prove valuable for screening Ig immunodeficiencies and polymorphisms in the population for a better understanding of the regulation of human humoral immune responses.
Dynamic Model Identification for Industrial Robots

In this paper, a systematic procedure for identifying the dynamics of industrial robots is presented. Since joint friction can be highly nonlinearwith time varying characteristics in the low speed region,a simple and yet effective scheme has been used to identify the boundary velocity that separates this "dynamic" friction region from its static region. The robot's dynamic model is then identified in this static region, where the nonlinnear friction model is reduced to the linear-in-parameter form. To overcome the drawbacks of the least squares estimator, which does not take in any constraints, a nonlinear optimization problem is formulated to guarantee the physical feasibility of the identified parameters. The proposed procedure has been demonstrated on the first four links of the Mitsubishi PA10 manipulator, an improved dynamic model was obtained and the the effectiveness of the proposed identification procedure is demonstrated.
Impact of software team composition methodology on the personality preferences of Malaysian students

Inappropriate team composition is one of the important factors that impact the overall results of software development. Software development integrates the technical part of work with social norms. Many studies have been carried out in this domain to provide effective solution for the mentioned problem. But, the ambiguity of the problem exists in the team models and methodologies where different researchers accentuate on different individual types of personality for an effective role in the teamwork. Therefore, this study intended to measure the differences in the personality preferences after applying the proposed methodologies for software development team composition. For that purpose, this study used RAMSET (Role Assignment Methodology for Software Engineering Teams) methodology to measure the impact on personality preferences of Malaysian students. In the study experiment, six teams followed the RAMSET steps (called Group RAMSET or GR) and six teams did not follow (called Group Freestyle or GF). Based on the results, one impression can be made that the personality preferences affect the overall project success. Therefore, it is important to find the effective personality preferences for software development roles to incorporate within the models and methodologies.
Detection of cell‐drug (hapten)‐antibody complexes by the gel test

Most drugs causing immunocytopenias do not bind firmly to the affected cells. Consequently, the drug-dependent antibodies in such cases are completely removed from their binding sites by conventional cell washing. It has recently been shown that such cell-drug-antibody complexes do survive the washing procedure, if the drug (metabolite) was included in the wash medium. The study reported here used the microtube gel test to reexamine the reactivity of different drug-dependent red cell antibodies: cefotaxime (n = 1), carbimazole (n = 1), cianidanol (n = 1), diclofenac (n = 3), penicillin (n = 3), and nomifensine (n = 10). Whether the drug tested binds (penicillin, cianidanol, carbimazole, and diclofenac) or does not bind (cefotaxime and nomifensine) firmly to the cells, the resultant cell-drug-antibody complex could be recognized on and/or in the gel after it was separated from the mixture containing the drug by means of centrifugation alone and without washing. It is concluded that the gel test might be of value not only for the detection of drug-dependent antibodies, but also for the analysis of subtle drug--cell interactions.
Cell density and amino acid transport in 3T3, SV3T3, and SV3T3 revertant cells

The transport of selected neutral and cationic amino acids has been studied in Balb/c 3T3, SV3T3, and SV3T3 revertant cell lines. After properly timed preincubations to control the size of internal amino acid pools, the activity of systems A, ASC, L, and Ly+ has been discriminated by measurements of amino acid uptake (initial entry rate) in the presence and absence of sodium and of transportspecific model substrates. L‐Proline, 2‐aminoisobutyric acid, and glycine were primarily taken up by system A; L‐alanine and L‐serine by system ASC; L‐phenylalanine by system L; and L‐lysine by system Ly+ in SV3T3 cells. L‐Proline and L‐serine were also preferential substrates of systems A and ASC, respectively, in 3T3 and SV3T3 revertant cells. Transport activity of the Na+‐dependent systems A and ASC decreased markedly with the increase of cell density, whereas the activity of the Na+‐independent systems L and Ly+remained substantially unchanged. The density‐dependent change in activity of system A occurred through a mechanism affecting transport maximum (Vmax) rather than substrate concentration for half‐maximal velocity (Km). Transport activity of systems A and ASC was severalfold higher in transformed SV3T3 cells than in 3T3 parental cells at all the culture densities that could be compared. In SV3T3 revertant cells, transport activity by these systems remained substantially similar to that observed in transformed SV3T3 cells. The results presented here add cell density as a regulatory factor of the activity of systems A and ASC, and show that this control mechanism of amino acid transport is maintained in SV40 virus‐transformed 3T3 cells that have lost density‐dependent inhibition of growth, as well as in SV3T3 revertant cells that have resumed it.
22-nucleotide RNAs trigger secondary siRNA biogenesis in plants

The effect of RNA silencing in plants can be amplified if the production of secondary small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) is triggered by the interaction of microRNAs (miRNAs) or siRNAs with a long target RNA. miRNA and siRNA interactions are not all equivalent, however; most of them do not trigger secondary siRNA production. Here we use bioinformatics to show that the secondary siRNA triggers are miRNAs and transacting siRNAs of 22 nt, rather than the more typical 21-nt length. Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana confirms that the siRNA-initiating miRNAs, miR173 and miR828, are effective as triggers only if expressed in a 22-nt form and, conversely, that increasing the length of miR319 from 21 to 22 nt converts it to an siRNA trigger. We also predicted and validated that the 22-nt miR771 is a secondary siRNA trigger. Our data demonstrate that the function of small RNAs is influenced by size, and that a length of 22 nt facilitates the triggering of secondary siRNA production.
Energy Detection Limits Under Log-Normal Approximated Noise Uncertainty

We revisit, in this letter, the impact of noise uncertainty on the performance of the well known energy detector. Mainly, we reconsider the case of a Log-Normal approximated noise uncertainty suggested in the work of Alexander Sonnenschein and Philip M. Fishman. We show that under a Log-Normal noise uncertainty, closed form expressions of the detector's performances and limits can be provided. Thus we show that, relying on mild approximations, we can design a detector with a fixed probability of false alarm function of the uncertainty, and present a new expression of the SNR-wall that depends on the desired performances of the detector as well as the introduced uncertainty parameter.
Attentional Demands Associated With Postural Control Depend on Task Difficulty and Visual Condition

ABSTRACT The authors aimed to assess the effect of vision on variations in attentional resources allocated to postural control during tasks of various levels of difficulty. Test-retest reliability of postural and cognitive parameters was also evaluated. Twenty adults stood quietly on a force platform during 30-s trials (primary task). Twelve conditions involving combinations of three bases of support, two vision conditions, and the presence or absence of a simple reaction time task (secondary task) were tested. Baseline trials of the reaction time task were also performed with the participants seated. Reaction time and postural parameters demonstrated good to excellent test-retest reliability in most conditions. Postural control was altered by the reduction of the base of support and by the absence of vision. Maintaining an upright stance increased reaction time compared with a seated position, indicating that quiet standing tasks required some attention even in young adults. Changes in postural steadiness were correlated with changes in reaction time, showing a significant relationship between the difficulty of the postural task and the attentional resources allocated to postural control. However, reaction time increased with the reduction of the base of support only without vision. This dual task paradigm showed that vision can compensate for the increase in attentional demands during the most difficult postural tasks.