Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploring social and infrastructural factors affecting open burning of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Indian cities: A comparative case study of three neighborhoods of Delhi

Open municipal solid waste (MSW)-burning is a major source of particulate matter emissions in developing world cities. Despite a legal ban, MSW-burning is observed ubiquitously in Indian cities with little being known about the factors shaping it. This study seeks to uncover social and infrastructural factors that affect MSW-burning at the neighborhood level. We couple physical assessments of the infrastructure provision and the MSW-burning incidences in three different neighborhoods of varying socio-economic status in Delhi, with an accompanying study of the social actors (interviews of waste handlers and households) to explore the extent to which, and potential reasons why, MSW-burning occurs. The observed differences in MSW-burning incidences range from 130 km−2 day−1 in low-income to 30 km−2 day−1 in the high-income areas. However, two high-income areas neighborhoods with functional infrastructure service also showed statistical differences in MSW-burning incidences. Our interviews revealed that, while the waste handlers were aware of the health risks associated with MSW-burning, it was not a high priority in the context of the other difficulties they faced. The awareness of the legal ban on MSW-burning was low among both waste handlers and households. In addition to providing infrastructure for waste pickup, informal restrictions from residents and neighborhood associations can play a significant role in restricting MSW-burning at the neighborhood scale. A more efficient management of MSW requires a combined effort that involves interplay of both social and infrastructural systems.
The determinants of non-profit growth: do social enterprise initiatives matter?

Although there are an increasing number of academic articles on social enterprise, there is surprisingly little work regarding its impact on non-profit growth. We test if non-profits that adopt social enterprise, or strategies to generate their own revenues, are more likely to grow. We develop several predictions about potential factors that could affect non-profit growth based on existing non-profit, finance and business literature. We test our predictions using a sample of large non-profits spanning all sectors. = The paper provides a better understanding of non-profit growth and the role social enterprise plays in that growth. Although social enterprise is positively correlated with growth, other factors seem to have a greater impact. We find that high growth non-profits are younger, possess greater average surpluses, but have higher fluctuation and therefore greater risk in these surpluses. They maintain greater cash holdings, do not rely on endowments and have smaller boards. High growth non-profits do invest in capacity building.
Induction of immune tolerance by neonatal intravenous injection of human factor VIII in murine hemophilia A

Inhibitory antibody formation is the most serious complication of factor (F)VIII replacement therapy in hemophilia A patients. FVIII‐deficient mice were used to study new approaches for induction of immune tolerance. Neither antiFVIII inhibitory antibodies nor antiFVIII IgGs were observed in 13 of 14 adult mice that received 0.05 U g−1 body weight of human FVIII intravenously within 24 h after birth and repeated injections as adults. In contrast, high FVIII antibody titers (>50 Bethesda Units mL−1) developed in seven of 13 mice injected on day 3 postpartum and in all adult mice not treated neonatally. One of nine mice and three of 17 mice developed high‐titer antiFVIII inhibitory antibody when they were treated initially with 2‐fold (0.1 U g−1 body weight) and 10‐fold higher doses (0.5 U g−1 body weight) FVIII on day 0, respectively. A human FVIII‐specific T‐cell proliferative response was absent in splenocytes from neonatally treated mice. The tolerance was FVIII specific because antitoxoid antibodies developed after immunization with tetanus toxoid. Splenocytes failed to proliferate or produce interferon (IFN)‐γ in response to FVIII stimulation, yet still secreted interleukin‐2. A proliferative response was restored with exogenous IFN‐γ or interleukin‐12, suggesting that lack of inhibitor to FVIII was due to IFN‐γ‐dependent anergy. Thus, exposure on day 0 to physiological levels of FVIII antigen might be important for induction of immune tolerance. This immune tolerance model may provide a basis for new approaches to prevention of FVIII inhibitors during replacement therapy.
DETERMINANTS OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE: EVIDENCE FROM OMAN

Capital structure decisions have important implications on the value of the firm, as the components of the capital determine the cost of capital. The guiding principle is to choose the capital structure that maximizes the value of the firm. The objective of this study is to find out the determinants of capital structure of Oman corporate. This study is based on the financial data collected from the balance sheets and income statements of all companies listed in the Muscat Securities Market excluding banks, financial institutions and insurance companies. The sample includes 82 firms. The period of study is six years from 2006 to 2011. This study implies that in the context of lower profitability of firms, the firms tend to use more leverage as a means of sourcing finance. The study also finds that the decision to increase leverage is a function of efficiency of utilization of assets. Higher the efficiency in asset turnovers more is the tendency to use leverage. Another implication of the study is that leverage is a function of size. Companies which increase their revenues tend to be become debt intensive.
Type 1 insulin‐like growth factor receptor signaling is essential for the development of the hippocampal formation and dentate gyrus

Type 1 insulin‐like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) signaling in neuronal development was studied in mutant mice with blunted igf1r gene expression in nestin‐expressing neuronal precursors. At birth [postnatal (P) day 0] brain weights were reduced to 37% and 56% of controls in mice homozygous (nes‐igf1r−/−) and heterozygous (nes‐igf1r−/Wt) for the null mutation, respectively, and this brain growth retardation persisted postnatally. Stereological analysis demonstrated that the volumes of the hippocampal formation, CA fields 1–3, dentate gyrus (DG), and DG granule cell layer (GCL) were decreased by 44–54% at P0 and further by 65–69% at P90 in nes‐igf1r−/Wt mice. In nes‐igf1r−/− mice, volumes were 29–31% of controls at P0 and, in the two mice that survived to P90, 6–19% of controls, although the hilus could not be identified. Neuron density did not differ among the mice at any age studied; therefore, decreased volumes were due to reduced cell number. In postnatal nes‐igf1r−/Wt mice, the percentage of apoptotic cells, as judged by activated caspase‐3 immunostaining, was increased by 3.5–5.3‐fold. The total number of proliferating DG progenitors (labeled by BrdU incorporation and Ki67 staining) was reduced by ∼50%, but the percentage of these cells was similar to the percentages in littermate controls. These findings suggest that 1) the postnatal reduction in DG size is due predominantly to cell death, pointing to the importance of the IGF1R in regulating postnatal apoptosis, 2) surviving DG progenitors remain capable of proliferation despite reduced IGF1R expression, and 3) IGF1R signaling is necessary for normal embryonic brain development. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Array of SIW resonant slot antenna for V band applications

In this paper, the design of Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) resonant slot antenna to operate in V-band applications has been realized. The basic structure of unit cell has been designed over Rogers RT/duroid 5880 dielectric substrate with dielectric constant of 2.2, loss tangent 0.0009 and with a thickness of 0.508mm. Multiple element array effects have been studied and analyzed using Ansoft HFSS full wave EM Simulator. The design has been supported with its return loss and radiation pattern characteristics to validate V-band operation. The effect of increasing the number of element in arrays has also been analyzed to improve the directivity of the system.
Nonergodic metallic and insulating phases of Josephson junction chains

Significance Conventional equilibrium statistical physics that aims to describe dynamical systems with many degrees of freedom relies crucially on the equipartition postulate: After evolving for a sufficiently long time, the probabilities to find the system in states with the same energy are equal. Time averaging is thus assumed to be equivalent to the averaging over the energy shell—the famous ergodic hypothesis. In this study we show that this hypothesis is not correct for a large class of quantum many-body models that can be implemented in the laboratory. These models are predicted to show a novel type of behavior that we name bad metal, which is neither a many-body insulator nor a conventional conductor. Strictly speaking, the laws of the conventional statistical physics, based on the equipartition postulate [Gibbs J W (1902) Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics, developed with especial reference to the rational foundation of thermodynamics] and ergodicity hypothesis [Boltzmann L (1964) Lectures on Gas Theory], apply only in the presence of a heat bath. Until recently this restriction was believed to be not important for real physical systems because a weak coupling to the bath was assumed to be sufficient. However, this belief was not examined seriously until recently when the progress in both quantum gases and solid-state coherent quantum devices allowed one to study the systems with dramatically reduced coupling to the bath. To describe such systems properly one should revisit the very foundations of statistical mechanics. We examine this general problem for the case of the Josephson junction chain that can be implemented in the laboratory and show that it displays a novel high-temperature nonergodic phase with finite resistance. With further increase of the temperature the system undergoes a transition to the fully localized state characterized by infinite resistance and exponentially long relaxation.
Practical Approaches to Green Solvents

Solvents are widely used in commercial manufacturing and service industries. Despite abundant precaution, they inevitably contaminate our air, land, and water because they are difficult to contain and recycle. Researchers have therefore focused on reducing solvent use through the development of solvent-free processes and more efficient recycling protocols. However, these approaches have their limitations, necessitating a pollution prevention approach and the search for environmentally benign solvent alternatives. This report highlights opportunities for the practical implementation of such green solvents.
Innovations in Workplace Wellness: Six New Tools to Enhance Programs and Maximize Employee Health and Productivity

For decades the United States has maintained the enviable position of leading the world in worker productivity. But in today’s expanding and highly competitive world market, other nations are vying for America’s top spot. China and East Asia nearly doubled productivity over the past decade. To maintain a leading edge, U.S. businesses depend on a healthy, engaged and productive workforce. But with more than 66% of Americans overweight or obese, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and nearly half reported to have at least one chronic medical condition, such as diabetes, U.S. workers are in poor shape. Employers, wellness plans and the federal government all agree that we must prevent national health problems from worsening to slow rising health care costs and maintain a productive and competitive workforce. To tackle these challenges, wellness companies are broadening their capabilities, tactics and technology to better achieve wellness results in employee populations.
Environmentally Adjusted Agricultural Productivity in the Great Plains

This study adjusts 1960-1996 agricultural productivity gains in a panel of Great Plains states to account for the discharge of pesticide and nitrogen effluents into the environment. The agricultural-environmental technology is approximated with translog distance functions that allow us to contrast traditional versus environmentally adjusted productivity gains. Findings indicate technical change has been increasingly biased toward environmentally friendly production. While the environmental adjustment reduced overall productivity gains during the sample period, in recent years adjusted productivity outpaced the traditional measure, reflecting the pro-environment bias in technical change.
Antimicrobial Chemotherapy has a Linear Relationship to the Proportion of Gram-Negative Isolates from Pediatric Burn Wounds

Abstract Wound infection in burns is a relevant cause of morbidity and mortality in children. We aimed to determine the relationship between antibacterial chemotherapy and Gram-negative burn wound colonization and infection. All children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit for burn trauma from June 1, 2005 to January 31, 2013 were included. We obtained 141 wound samples, of which 88 (65.7%) showed growth of Gram-positive bacteria. Treatment with antimicrobial chemotherapy was necessary in 23 (31.1%) patients. The proportion of Gram-negative isolates seems to increase linear from 12.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 4.4%–28.7%) without antibacterial chemotherapy to 36.8% (95% CI: 25.5%–49.6%) with one to 48.9% (95% CI: 35.3%–62.8%) with 2 antimicrobial agents. The Odds ratio for a Gram-negative isolate, in comparison to patients without antibacterial chemotherapy, increased from 4.083 (95% CI: 1.140–15.961) for one administered substance to 6.708 (95% CI: 1.832–26.786) if 2 or more were used. Conclusion We found that antibacterial chemotherapy seems to facilitate burn wound colonization and results in an increased number of gram-negative isolates from children with burn wounds.
Immune surveillance of EBV-infected B cells and the development of non-Hodgkin lymphomas in immunocompromised patients

After infection with the Epstein – Barr virus, a common gammaherpes virus which infects and persists in the B cells, an equilibrium is established in which newly infected and differentiating B cells are controlled by cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses. Disturbance of this equilibrium, which can occur in immunocompromised situations, can lead to uncontrolled lymphoproliferation and subsequent development of non-Hodgkin Lymphomas (NHL). Here, we review the role of immunesurveillance of EBV-infected B cells and two situations where immunesurveillance is altered because of immunodeficiencies, transplantation recipients and HIV infection, which can lead to EBV-mediated NHL. In transplant recipients, immunosuppression prior and during transplantation can lead to lack of immunesurveillance and results in proliferation of infected B cells, which would normally be controlled by CTL responses. Interestingly, in HIV infection both deregulation of the normal B cell biology and a reduction in immunity play a role in developing NHL. Therefore, the nature of EBV infection in HIV-positive subjects is very different from that in transplanted individuals, in whom (re-)appearance of EBV-specific CD8+ T cells – either by a decrease in immune suppression or infusion of donor lymphocytes – immediately leads to a decrease in EBV load.
Indigenous Land Rights in Canada: The Foundation for Development?

Throughout the middle decades of the 20th Century, Indigenous people were the target of efforts to assist in economic development. In large part these externally developed, modernisation based efforts failed. In response, a second wave of Indigenous development has emerged; one in which Indigenous peoples are striving to rebuild their "nations" and improve their lot through economic development "on their own terms". Key to this approach is the pursuit by Indigenous people of the recognition of their rights to their traditional lands and resources. This paper examines the emergence of this second wave of Indigenous development in Canada.
An Adaptive Training Method for Optimal Interpolative Neural Nets

In contrast to conventional multilayered feedforward networks which are typically trained by iterative gradient search methods, an optimal interpolative (OI) net can be trained by a noniterative least squares algorithm called RLS-OI. The basic idea of RLS-OI is to use a subset of the training set, whose inputs are called subprototypes, to constrain the OI net solution. A subset of these subprototypes, called prototypes, is then chosen as the parameter vectors of the activation functions of the OI net to satisfy the subprototype constraints in the least squares (LS) sense. By dynamically increasing the numbers of subprototypes and prototypes, RLS-OI evolves the OI net from scratch to the extent sufficient to solve a given classification problem. To improve the performance of RLS-OI, this paper addresses two important problems in OI net training: the selection of the subprototypes and the selection of the prototypes. By choosing subprototypes from poorly classified regions, this paper proposes a new subprototype selection method which is adaptive to the changing classification performance of the growing OI net. This paper also proposes a new prototype selection criterion to reduce the complexity of the OI net. For the same training accuracy, simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach produces smaller OI net than the RLS-OI algorithm. Experimental results also show that the proposed approach is less sensitive to the variation of the training set than RLS-OI.
The Effect of Tax and Expenditure Limitations on Public Education Resources: A Meta-Regression Analysis

While tax and expenditure limitations (TELs) are intended to restrain government taxing and spending, empirical research has arrived at different, sometimes contradictory, conclusions on their impact. In this article, we use meta-regression analysis (MRA) to sort out these differences and to draw conclusions regarding the effect of TELs on one of the largest areas of state and local spending, education. We find evidence that TELs are associated with increases in state funding for education, relative to local or combined state and local funding. The results also suggest that some methodological factors may affect study results and that study publication is associated with findings of negative TEL effects on education resources.
Conceptualizing the processes, benefits, and challenges of organizational lifelong learning at Yuhan-Kimberly, Korea: the notion of anticipative affordance

This research investigates, reports, and theorizes Yuhan-Kimberly's journey to establish its organizational lifelong learning program in Korea. Based on a four-year longitudinal study and the principles of grounded theory, we propose the notion of anticipative affordance to elaborate the process through which benefits derived from an organization's lifelong learning are created, interconnected, and amplified through the gradual and long-term building and accumulation of shared understanding and commitment. Main theoretical contributions derived from this study are threefold. First, the concept of anticipative affordance enhances our understanding about the key process and challenges related to organizational lifelong learning. Second, anticipative affordance serves as a bridge to synthesize the separation between the cognitive and situated aspects of learning. Third, our research empirically illustrates how collective benefits of organizational learning are actualized over time through the development of learning mechanisms and through the integration of its individual members' learning.
Residential sector energy efficiency improvements and CO 2 production in Indonesia: an input-output analysis

This study examines the production of CO2 by the Indonesian economy in 1990 and 2000 using an input-output (I-O) model. It also assesses the implication of residential sector energy efficiency improvement programmes for CO2 production by the Indonesian economy in 2000. The study shows that the CO2 emissions from Indonesia would increase from 165 million tons in 1990 to 371 million tons in 2000 in the "business as usual" scenario. With the adoption of energy efficiency improvement measures in the residential sector, it is shown that the total CO2 production in 2000 would be reduced by 4.5 million tons.
Optimal Growth in a Two-Sector Model of Capital Accumulation

Abstract : Evaluation of the impact of roundabout methods of production upon the welfare of society, as expressed by a discounted sum of per capita consumption. However, since our primary concern is with economic planning in underdeveloped countries, we shall depart with respect to one important point from the two-sector growth model as formulated in (3, 6, 8) which is, in general, concerned with an economy with fairly advanced technology and relatively abundant capital; namely, we shall postulate that a certain quantity of consumers' goods (per capita) is required to sustain a given rate of population growth. This restraint becomes ineffective for an economy with relatively abundant capital; however, for an economy with low capital-labor ratio and high rate of population growth, it results in the phenomenon frequently referred to as the vicious circle of poverty. In the course of the discussion below on optimal growth, we shall briefly investigate the existence of such a vicious circle and its implications upon patterns of optimal growth.
Bit error rate analysis of cognitive radio under fading channels

The Silver code has been proposed as a 2 × 2 space time block code that accomplish the optimal diversity - multiplexing gain tradeoff for a multiple antenna system in Cognitive Radio Network. In this paper the decoding methodology for the Silver code is analyzed, followed by performance analyzing with the Alamouti code and V-BLAST in Rayleigh fading environments. Simulation results show that the Silver Code outrun both the Alamouti code and V-BLAST at high SNR levels.
Putting Families in the Center

Objective: To examine components of family-centered care in families’ stories about treatment decision making for their child with ADHD. Method: Twenty-eight families participated in qualitative interviews that addressed families’ perspectives on (a) the treatment decision-making process, (b) the cause and impact of their child’s symptoms, and (c) treatment goals and preferences. Results: The majority of families preferred to be primary or shared decision makers regarding treatment decisions. Families’ perspectives on the cause of the child’s symptoms varied and often were not consistent with a biomedical framework. Families described multiple areas of impairment on child, family relationships, and family functioning. Perspectives toward evidence-based treatments were mixed, with families also expressing interest in and pursuing interventions not delineated in current treatment guidelines. Conclusion: These findings reinforce the importance of eliciting families’ perspectives and involving these important stakeholders in shared decision making as critical components of family-centered care for children with ADHD.
Pattern recognition: neural networks in perspective

Invariant pattern recognition will be a problem facing neural networks for some time, and the challenge is to overcome the limitation of Hamming distance generalization. Four representative architectures that are able to generalize are reviewed. The architectures are the backpropagation network, the ART architecture, the dynamic link architecture, and associate memories. Image representation, segmentation, and invariance are discussed. <<ETX>>