Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does Environmental Degradation Influence Migration? Emigration to Developed Countries in the Late 1980s and 1990s

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that climate change will intensify during the 21st century. The exact distribution of impacts will likely be complex in nature. Although some areas may exhibit benefits, many areas will likely experience environmental decline. The objective of this article is to answer the following question: What are the potential implications of deteriorating environmental conditions for human migration? This is not an easy question to answer because the full effects of climate change are not yet completely evident. Yet by studying the impact of environmental forces on migration in recent decades, we can offer some insight to this question. Copyright (c) 2009 by the Southwestern Social Science Association.
TO TEST OR NOT? SINGULAR OR MULTIPLE HERITAGE?

Abstract DNA ancestry testing may seem frivolous, but it points to two crucial questions: First, what is the relationship, if any, between biology and race? Second, how much and why do people prefer clear, singular racial identities over blurred, mixed racial self-understandings, or the reverse? We posit that individuals of different racial or ethnic backgrounds will have different levels of support for this new technology. In particular, despite the history of harm caused by the biologization of race, we theorize that African Americans will be receptive to the use of DNA ancestry testing because conventional genealogical searches for ancestral roots are mostly unavailable to them. This “broken chain” theory leads to two hypotheses, of disproportionately high Black interest in DNA ancestry testing—thus an implicit acceptance of a link between biology and race—and high acceptance among Blacks of multiple heritages despite a preference for evidence of roots in Africa. To test these hypotheses, we analyze two databases of U.S. newspaper articles, one with almost 6,000 items and a second with 700. We also analyze two new public opinion surveys of nationally representative samples of adult Americans. Most of the evidence comes from the second survey, which uses vignettes to obtain views about varied results of DNA ancestry testing. We find that the media increasingly report on the links between genetic inheritance and race, and emphasize singular racial ancestry more than multiple heritages. The surveys show, consistent with our theory, that Blacks (and Hispanics, to some degree) are especially receptive to DNA ancestry testing, and are pleased with not only a finding of group singularity but also a finding of multiple points of origin. Qualitative readings of media reports illuminate some of the reasons behind these survey findings. We conclude with a brief discussion of the broader importance of DNA ancestry testing.
DIY Urbanism: Property and Process in Grassroots City Building

In recent years, a range of grassroots interventions have claimed and shaped the use of urban space. Community gardens, unsanctioned public art, temporary crosswalks, miniature lending libraries — these projects and more have been termed “guerilla urbanism,” “tactical urbanism,” or “insurgent uses of public space. ” I choose the term “DIY” — short for Do-It-Yourself — urbanism to describe these phenomena in order to emphasize their bottom-up and often ad hoc nature. Accomplishing a variety of aims and existing on a curiously fluid spectrum of legality, DIY urbanist interventions share in common an orientation toward community engagement in changing the use of common urban space.This article is the first to examine the trend from a legal perspective. Because many DIY urbanist interventions are initially illegal, they raise thorny issues of law and legitimacy. This article first situates DIY Urbanism in the context of other contemporary trends in urban development, then tackles the questions of legitimacy, legality, and ultimately democracy that these projects raise. DIY urbanist actions, even when illegal, strengthen civic values, enhance community, and serve to remedy deficits in existing democratic processes. Ultimately, their acceptance into the mainstream canon of urban development tools reflects the inherent flexibility in legal regimes, particularly in property law, which develop to protect enduring values of community in shifting circumstances.
Formulations and exact solution approaches for the degree preserving spanning tree problem

Given a connected and undirected graph G, the degree preserving spanning tree problem (DPSTP) asks for a spanning tree of G with the maximum number of vertices having the same degree in the tree and in G. These are called full degree vertices. We introduce integer programming formulations, valid inequalities and four exact solution approaches based on different formulations. Two branch‐and‐bound procedures, a branch‐and‐cut (BC) algorithm and an iterative probing combinatorial Benders decomposition method are introduced here. The problem of optimally lifting one of the classes of valid inequalities proposed here is equivalent to solving a DPSTP instance, for a conveniently defined subgraph of G. We thus apply one of the proposed methods to optimally lift these cuts, within the other solution methods. In doing so, two additional algorithms, a hybrid Benders decomposition and a hybrid BC are proposed. Extensive computational experiments are conducted with the solution algorithms introduced in this study. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 65(4), 329–343 2015
COMPARISON OF NASAL PATENCY FOLLOWING SUBMUCOSAL DIATHERMY OF INFERIOR TURBINATE VERSUS INFERIOR TURBINECTOMY

Objective: To compare the nasal patency following sub mucosal diathermy (SMD) of inferior turbinate and inferior turbinectomy (IT). Study Design: Randomized controlled trial. Place and Duration of Study: Department of ENT Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi. Study was completed in one year from 15th September 2009 to 15th September 2010. Subjects: Total 160 patients with symptomatic inferior turbinate hypertrophy were included in the study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups of 80 each using random numbers table. Group A underwent submucosal diathermy (SMD) of inferior turbinate where as Group B underwent inferior turbinectomy (IT). Postoperative nasal patency was judged after 03 weeks by visual analog scale (VAS). Results: Both the groups are comparable with respect to age and gender. Post-operative nasal patency is significantly better in group B as compared to group A. Conclusion: IT is a more effective method to improve nasal patency as compared to SMD in case of inferior turbinate hypertrophy.
Expressive artistic therapies as mind–body medicine

The somatic connection between mind and body well-being based on the anthroposophical medical model of a human being is outlined from the perspectives of Steiner (1994) and Pierrakos (1987), arguing that the body becomes a map of mind experiences as they are inextricably linked. The expressive artistic therapies, particularly gesture, sound, and colour, are presented as the mediators of mind–body experience because they provide languages to communicate this experience. These artistic therapies are also seen as providing the means to reconnect body–mind experience in therapy in a way that can provide for interventions that transform difficult mind–body energetic patterns into patterns that create mental and physical well-being. This is illustrated with detailed interventions for transforming grief and loss and working with shock and betrayal.
Attitudes of parents towards inclusive education: a review of the literature

The aim of this study is to review literature about parents’ attitudes towards inclusive education. Special attention is paid to parents’ attitudes and to the effect of these on the social participation of children with special needs in regular schools. A review of the literature resulted in 10 studies showing that the majority of parents hold positive attitudes. However, parents of children with special needs reported various concerns, including the availability of services in regular schools and individualised instruction. Several variables were found which relate to parents’ attitudes, such as social‐economic status, education level, experience with inclusion and type of disability. No studies examined the effects of parental attitudes on the social participation of children with special needs. The importance of positive parental attitudes is elaborated in the discussion.
What are the Links Between Theory of Mind and Social Relations? Review, Reflections and New Directions for Studies of Typical and Atypical Development

Twenty years after research on children's ‘theory of mind’ began, this field continues to be a leading influence in the study of developmental psychology and psychopathology. In this review we examine the contribution of research on children's theories of mind to our understanding of children's developing social relationships. Evidence shows that for both typical and atypical populations this relationship is neither uniform nor unidirectional. Theory-of-mind skills are multifaceted and the nature of the developmental relationship between different aspects is not yet known, and there is evidence that theory-of-mind skills both transform and are transformed by interpersonal and family relationships and by language communities. To understand the multifaceted and complex nature of development in this area, we need clearer definitions of the skills under investigation, as well as research designs that capture the transactional nature of the relationship between theory of mind and social relations. Addressing these issues should help to clarify (i) the processes by which children's developing understanding of others is influenced by the social environment, and (ii) issues concerning the specificity of theory-of-mind impairments in atypical populations and the processes by which these impairments develop. After more than 20 years of pre-eminence, investigations into children's developing theories of mind continue to lead current research in developmental psychology. A key reason for the intense academic interest in this topic is a general acceptance that theory-of-mind skills transform and/or are transformed by children's close relationships. Before reviewing the evidence for this proposal we first address two issues that become recurring themes in this paper, namely the problems of defining ‘theory of mind’ and of disentangling environmental and genetic influences on children's theory of mind. Next we consider how developments of theory of mind transform children's social relations, and here our main objective is to complement the recent excellent reviews (Flavell, 1999; Wellman & Lagattuta, 2000) and meta-analysis (Wellman, Cross & Watson, 2001) of age-related changes in children's theories of mind by focusing on the social implications of these normative developmental milestones in children's understanding of others. In the third section of this paper we consider aspects of social relations that may influence theory-of-mind development; here we review findings from the growing number of studies that investigate influences of culture, family and inter-individual relationships. Finally, we consider the relation between theory-of-mind performance and social competence in atypical groups; specifically children with autism and children with sensory impairments, before offering some general reflections on emerging issues within contemporary theory-of-mind research.
Drax's Reading in Neverwinter Nights: With a Tutor as Henchman

This is an account of what a teacher educator learned from using the video game Neverwinter Nights with Drax, a high school student whose reading is like that of an elementary school student. Neverwinter Nights is a role-playing adventure game that requires reading print along with other meaningful signs such as sounds, artefacts, color, maps, etc. Using examples from eight hours of transcribed play, the author details the ways in which print matters to game play. Drax read walkthroughs which led to reading dialogues calling for practice with word recognition, which in turn led to acquiring new vocabulary. He also used strategies such as thinking aloud, rereading, and attending to details. Based on these findings, the author argues that it is worthwhile to explore and research opportunities for reading development within video games with print.
The health risk behaviours and social connectedness of adolescents in immigrant families: Evidence from Australia

Using data from Australia, health behavior outcomes and the social connectedness of adolescents in immigrant families are contrasted with the outcomes of adolescents in non-immigrant families. Findings suggest that first and second generation adolescents are less likely to drink alcohol and lack social support than third generation adolescents, but more likely not to be physically active and not to have membership to a social club or group than third generation adolescents. Second generation adolescents are more likely to smoke than third generation adolescents. Findings suggest that immigrant adolescents appear protected from negative risks, yet at the same time, do not benefit from Australia's cultural traditions for physical activity and social participation. Across generations, however, social participation and physical activity increase. Lastly, as length of time in Australia increases, the protective effect of the immigrant family against some negative risks wanes. Overall, the assimilation process leads adolescents in immigrant families to adopt Australia's prevailing social customs of health and social behaviors.
Anatomic Relations of the Thoracic Pedicle to the Adjacent Neural Structures

Study Design. This study analyzed anatomic parameters between the thoracic pedicles and the spinal nerve roots. Objectives. To quantitatively determine the anatomic relations of the thoracic pedicle to the adjacent neural structures. Summary of Background Data. Pedicular screw placement carries with it potential hazard to the surrounding neural structures, especially in the thoracic spine. No studies exist regarding the anatomic relations of the thoracic pedicle to the adjacent nerve roots. Methods. Fifteen cadavers were obtained for study of the thoracic spine. All soft tissue was dissected off the thoracic spine. Laminectomy and total removal of the superior and inferior articular facets was then performed on C7‐T1 through T12‐L1 to expose the pedicles, nerve roots, and dura. Measurements were taken from the pedicle to the nerve root superiorly and inferiorly as well as between the pedicles. Also, the superoinferior diameter of the nerve root and the frontal angle of the nerve root were measured. Symmetrical structures were measured bilaterally. Results. The results showed that no epidural space could be found between the dural sac and the pedicle in all 15 cadavers. The average distances from the thoracic pedicle to the adjacent nerve roots superiorly or inferiorly at all levels ranged from 1.9 to 3.9 mm and from 1.7 to 2.8 mm, with a minimum of 1.3 mm, respectively. The interpedicular distance increased from T1 (13.8 mm) to T3, slightly decreased in T4‐T5, then gradually increased to T12 (16.6 mm). The superoinferior diameter of the nerve root increased consistently from 2.9 mm at T1 to 4.6 mm at T11. The frontal nerve root angle decreased consistently from T1 (120.1°) to T12 (57.1°), except at T4‐T5. Conclusions. This study suggested that more care be taken into consideration in placing a transpedicular screw in the transverse plane than in placing a screw in the sagittal plane in the thoracic spine.
Les fonctions executives chez l'enfant: Concepts et developpement.: Executive functions during childhood: Concepts and Development.

While executive functions were long considered a mysterious entity, manifested only from adolescence, it has now been well established that these functions involve a multitude of processes and that the first forms of thought and action control appear at a very early stage of development. Paradoxically, the large number of studies on development of executive functions make it difficult to draw a coherent picture. The author closely examines these studies in pursuit of two principal objectives. First, he seeks to set out the different concepts that appear within the studies, especially by positioning executive functions in relation to working memory and attention. Then he sets out to reveal the main lines of the development of inhibition, the maintenance and updating of working memory and of cognitive flexibility. Some of the factors that promote or restrict this development are also underlined. At the end of this analysis, some new paths for research are suggested in the quest for better understanding of the nature of the links between the different executive functions and their development.
A Cross-Species Application of Bott's Hypothesis on Role Segregation and Social Networks

Elizabeth Bott's hypothesis that the degree of role-segregation between husbands and wives is a function of the density in family networks is applied to a review of social relations among representative species from seven genera of Old World primates. On the whole, the hypothesis is supported. In seeking to apply Bott's ideas to primate research, her theory is formalized and stated more abstractly, with the result that its structural dynamics are highlighted. These structural processes revolve around three phenomena: (a) the negative causal effect of network overlap on density of each actor's networks; (b) the positive causal effect of network density on the degree of social support provided by, and a normative elaboration of, each actor's networks; and (c) the causal effect of social support and normative elaboration on the segregation of each actor's activities.
Neighbour Traffic-Aware Load Balancing Method in Ad Hoc Networks

Load balancing in ad hoc networks is more challenging issue than that in wired networks because the nature of decentralized network management and terminal mobility makes it difficult to realize appropriate controls for the whole network. Although some traffic-based load balancing methods that work with rerouting mechanisms have been proposed, they are, due to the overhead for rerouting, hard to adapt the environment where the traffic or the topology changes in a short period. Furthermore, the conventional methods cannot always find appropriate routes since they only give attention to the current transmission route. This paper proposes a load balancing method based on adaptive transmission rate control using neighbouring terminals' status. The proposed method does not adopt a rerouting mechanism but introduce a rate control so that we do not have to consider the overhead for rerouting. Computer simulation showed that, depending on terminals' status, our method achieves more effective load balancing, as well as better throughput, than the conventional rerouting-based methods.
Will the young support the old? An individual- and family-level study of filial obligations in two New Zealand cultures

Do people feel that they are obliged to look after older parents and grandparents, support them financially, respect, obey, and maintain contact with them, as well as please them and make them happy? Two surveys of filial obligations were conducted in New Zealand involving 100 Chinese and 103 European families respectively. Across the 587 individuals from two generations, a widely shared obligation hierarchy emerged with social contact and respect on top of all others. Chinese were higher than Europeans on obedience and financial support as predicted, but also on most other obligations. Gender differences, contrary to prediction, were generally absent; but children were significantly higher than their parents on obedience. Obligations were moderately intercorrelated, and also correlated with corresponding expectations. K-means cluster analysis was used in a novel way to discover three European and four Chinese family obligation types. Further family-level analysis showed that parental income, grandparents’ residence, and motivations in communicating with elders differentiated the family types.
XMM-Newton Discovery of 7 s Pulsations in the Isolated Neutron Star RX J1856.5–3754

Thanks to the high counting statistics provided by a recent XMM-Newton observation of RX J1856.5-3754, we have discovered that this isolated neutron star pulsates at a period of 7.055 s. This confirms that RX J1856.5-3754 is similar in nature to the other six thermally emitting, nearby neutron stars discovered in soft X-rays with ROSAT. The pulsations are detected at consistent periods in several XMM-Newton observations spanning from 2002 April to 2006 October, yielding an upper limit of < 1.9 × 10-12 s s-1 (90% c.l.) on the period derivative. This implies a surface magnetic field smaller than 1.2 × 1014 G, under the usual assumption of vacuum dipole magnetic braking. The pulse profile is nearly sinusoidal with a pulsed fraction in the 0.15-1.2 keV range of only ~1.2%, the smallest ever seen in an isolated X-ray pulsar.
A Novel Approach for Discovery Quantitative Fuzzy Multi-Level Association Rules Mining Using Genetic Algorithm

Quantitative multilevel association rules mining is a central field to realize motivating associations among data components with multiple levels abstractions. The problem of expanding procedures to handle quantitative data has been attracting the attention of many researchers. The algorithms regularly discretize the attribute fields into sharp intervals, and then implement uncomplicated algorithms established for Boolean attributes. Fuzzy association rules mining approaches are intended to defeat such shortcomings based on the fuzzy set theory. Furthermore, most of the current algorithms in the direction of this topic are based on very tiring search methods to govern the ideal support and confidence thresholds that agonize from risky computational cost in searching association rules. To accelerate quantitative multilevel association rules searching and escape the extreme computation, in this paper, we propose a new genetic-based method with significant innovation to determine threshold values for frequent item sets. In this approach, a sophisticated coding method is settled, and the qualified confidence is employed as the fitness function. With the genetic algorithm, a comprehensive search can be achieved and system automation is applied, because our model does not need the user-specified threshold of minimum support. Experiment results indicate that the recommended algorithm can powerfully generate non-redundant fuzzy multilevel association rules.
Class Specification Implementation Graphs for Integrated Black-and WhiteBox Testing

Although both blackand white-box testing have the same objective, namely detecting faults in a program, they are often conducted separately. In our opinion, the reason is the lack of techniques and tools integrating both strategies, although integration can substantially decrease testing costs. Specifically, an integrated technique can generate a reduced test suite, as single test cases can cover both specification and implementation at the same time. This paper proposes a new graphical representation of classes, which can be used for integrated class-level blackand white-box testing. Its distinguishing feature from existing representations is that each method of a class is shown from two perspectives, namely the specification and implementation view. Both the specification of a method and its implementation are represented as control flow graphs, which allows blackand white-box testing by structural techniques. Moreover, a test suite reduction technique has been developed for adjusting white-box test cases to blackbox testing.