Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Foveation-based Mechanisms Alleviate Adversarial Examples of Deep Neural Networks

Adversarial examples are images with visually imperceptible perturbations that result in Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) fail. In this paper, we show that DNNs can recover a similar level of accuracy prior to adding the adversarial perturbation, by changing the image region in which the DNN is applied. This change of the input image region is what we call foveation mechanism. There are many foveations that can alleviate an adversarial example, e.g., shifting or shrinking few pixels in any direction the image region in which the DNN is applied. This is effective because an adversarial example only affects the foveation for which it has been generated, and a very small subset of similar foveations. Our experiments in ImageNet using state-of-the-art DNNs, namely, AlexNet, GoogleNet and VGG, demonstrate that the effectiveness of the foveation mechanisms is because the DNNs are robust to the scale and location transformations of the object induced by the foveation, but this robustness does not generalize to the adversarial perturbations.
The Involvement of Fathers with Their Deaf Children

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to examine fathers’ involvement with their deaf children, and to compare it with the involvement of fathers of children with other disabilities and of typical children. A sample of 172 fathers of preschool-aged children participated in the study. Of these, 25 had deaf children, 23 had children with intellectual disability, 30 had children with autism spectrum disorder and 94 had children without disabilities. Fathers completed questionnaires measuring childcare involvement, beliefs concerning parental role, parental stress, marital satisfaction and social support. Results revealed no differences in the overall level of childcare involvement between fathers of deaf children and fathers of the other groups. Fathers of deaf children experienced less stress than fathers of children with autism spectrum disorder or children with intellectual disability, but more stress when compared to fathers of children without disabilities. Marital satisfaction was found to be the factor that most influences fathers’ involvement with their deaf children.
Adaptive contention window-based cluster head election mechanisms for wireless sensor networks

The clustering architecture is essential in achieving the goal of energy efficiency for a wireless sen- sor network. In general, a clustering algorithm consists of the cluster head election and the cluster member as- signment mechanism. This paper proposes an adaptive contention window (ACW)-based cluster head election mechanism. Unlike other legacy cluster head election mechanisms such as LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) protocol, the proposed ACW algorithm can achieve four major goals in cluster head election for wireless sensor networks: 1) high successful probability of cluster head election, 2) appropriate number of cluster heads, 3) uniform distribution of cluster heads, and 4) equal times to be a cluster head for each sensor, simultaneously.
Changes in HIV Outcomes Following Depression Care in a Resource-Limited Setting: Results from a Pilot Study in Bamenda, Cameroon

Background Little is known about how improved depression care affects HIV-related outcomes in Africa. In a sample of depressed HIV patients in a low income, sub-Saharan country, we explored how implementing measurement-based antidepressant care (MBC) affected HIV outcomes over 4 months of antidepressant treatment. Methods As part of a project adapting MBC for use in Cameroon, we enrolled 41 depressed HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy in a pilot study in which a depression care manager (DCM) provided an outpatient HIV clinician with evidence-based decision support for antidepressant treatment. Acute depression management was provided for the first 12 weeks, with DCM contact every 2 weeks and HIV clinician appointments every 4 weeks. We measured HIV clinical and psychiatric outcomes at 4 months. Results Participants were moderately depressed at baseline (mean Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ] score = 14.4, range 13.1, 15.6). All HIV clinical outcomes improved by four month follow-up: mean (range) CD4 count improved from 436 (2, 860) to 452 (132, 876), mean (range) log-viral load decreased from 4.02 (3.86, 4.17) to 3.15 (2.81, 3.49), the proportion with virologic suppression improved from 0% to 18%, mean (range) HIV symptoms decreased from 6.4 (5.5, 7.3) to 3.1 (2.5, 3.7), the proportion reporting good or excellent health improved from 18% to 70%, and the proportion reporting any missed ARV doses in the past month decreased from 73% to 55%. Concurrently, psychiatric measures improved. The mean (range) PHQ score decreased from 14.4 (13.1, 15.6) to 1.6 (0.8, 2.4) and 90% achieved depression remission, while mean maladaptive coping style scores decreased and mean adaptive coping scores and self-efficacy scores improved. Conclusion In this pilot study of an evidence-based depression treatment intervention for HIV-infected patients in Cameroon, a number of HIV behavioral and non-behavioral health outcomes improved over 4 months of effective depression treatment. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that better depression care can lead to improved HIV outcomes.
Impacts of Asynchrony on Epidemic-Style Aggregation Protocols

The large scale and dynamic nature of a distributed system makes it difficult to collect the attributes of the individual nodes in the network. In these systems, often an aggregate (e.g. AVG, COUNT, MIN, MAX, SUM etc) of these attributes is adequate. Epidemic-style protocols are one of the popular approaches to estimate aggregates in such systems. In existing epidemic-style aggregation protocols the accuracy of the estimated aggregate at local nodes heavily depends upon synchronization of aggregation rounds. To enforce synchronization in these protocols, length of aggregation round should be long enough so that all the nodes in the system complete their aggregation information exchange. In this paper, we study the impacts of asynchrony in epidemic-style aggregation protocols. We present a simple asynchronous technique to estimate system aggregates in a distributed system. Based upon this technique, we analyze two popular existing epidemic-style aggregation protocols, Push-Pull and Push-Sum. Through detailed simulations, we evaluate accuracy and cost of asynchronous version of these protocols. We found that to obtain an estimate of the true system aggregate, aggregation protocols do not need to be synchronized and hence an efficient estimate can be obtained in lesser time.
Promotion of Human Early Embryonic Development and Blastocyst Outgrowth In Vitro Using Autocrine/Paracrine Growth Factors

Studies using animal models demonstrated the importance of autocrine/paracrine factors secreted by preimplantation embryos and reproductive tracts for embryonic development and implantation. Although in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) is an established procedure, there is no evidence that present culture conditions are optimal for human early embryonic development. In this study, key polypeptide ligands known to be important for early embryonic development in animal models were tested for their ability to improve human early embryo development and blastocyst outgrowth in vitro. We confirmed the expression of key ligand/receptor pairs in cleavage embryos derived from discarded human tri-pronuclear zygotes and in human endometrium. Combined treatment with key embryonic growth factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, colony-stimulating factor, epidermal growth factor, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, insulin-like growth factor-1, glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor, and artemin) in serum-free media promoted >2.5-fold the development of tri-pronuclear zygotes to blastocysts. For normally fertilized embryos, day 3 surplus embryos cultured individually with the key growth factors showed >3-fold increases in the development of 6–8 cell stage embryos to blastocysts and >7-fold increase in the proportion of high quality blastocysts based on Gardner’s criteria. Growth factor treatment also led to a 2-fold promotion of blastocyst outgrowth in vitro when day 7 surplus hatching blastocysts were used. When failed-to-be-fertilized oocytes were used to perform somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) using fibroblasts as donor karyoplasts, inclusion of growth factors increased the progression of reconstructed SCNT embryos to >4-cell stage embryos. Growth factor supplementation of serum-free cultures could promote optimal early embryonic development and implantation in IVF-ET and SCNT procedures. This approach is valuable for infertility treatment and future derivation of patient-specific embryonic stem cells.
Intelligent Simulation of Thermal Load of Sensors

Sensors are part and parcel of most automatic control systems. Thermal load of sensors affects the accuracy of measurement and control. Mathematical model of temperature field of a sensor is described by the Fourier partial differential equation. Validity of the mathematical model of temperature field of a sensor depends on accuracy of physical parameters describing both sensor and sensor's ambient. To rectify an estimate of parameters of the mathematical model, the laboratory physical model incorporating both the actual sensor and the sensor's real working assembly is constructed. The validation of the mathematical model is based on comparison of calculated surface temperature with that measured by the infrared camera on physical model. Image processing principles are used for models comparison. To determine the parameters of the model the artificial intelligence knowledge based system is applied. Both the general method and the complex case study results are presented.
Global existence for the full system of the Navier-Stokes equations of a viscous heat conducting fluid

The state a fluid in classical continuum mechanics is characterized by the value of three macroscopic quantities: the density % = %(t; x), the velocity u = u(t; x), and the temperature # = #(t; x), where t 2 R is time, and x 2 Ω RN denotes the spatial position in the Eulerian reference system. The time evolution of the fluid is governed by the Navier-Stokes system of partial differential equations: t%+ div(%u) = 0; (1.1) t(%u) + div(%u u) +rp = divS+ %f ; (1.2) t(%e) + div(%eu) + divq = S : ru p divu+ %g; (1.3) where p = p(%; #) is the pressure, S denotes the viscous stress tensor, e = (%; #) is the specific internal energy, q = q(#;r#) stands for the heat flux, and f = f(t; x) and g = g(t; x) are given functions representing the external force density and the heat source, respectively. The work was supported by Grant 201/02/0854 of GA ČR
A Framework for Enhancing Non Context-Driven XML Search

A data element specifies one of the characteristics of its parent element. Therefore, the context of a data element is determined by its parent. Non context driven search engines build relationships between data nodes based solely on their labels and proximity to one another while overlooking their contexts. Therefore, they may return faulty answers. This paper investigates the pitfalls and limitations of non context-driven XML search engines, which caused by overlooking elements' contexts. We propose a generic context-driven search frame- work, which could be used as a layer on top of the frameworks of non context-driven search systems.
A Linguistic Approach to Some Parameters of Layout: A Study of Enumerations

This paper reports on a multi-faceted study of enumerations involving linguists, psycholinguists and computer scientists. Our first point is that layout must be seen as a combination of lexicosyntactic and visual features, which we call "formatting", rather than restricted to visual features. The article lays down the theoretical bases for a model of text architecture making explicit the relations between discursive and visual formulations.corpus-based study of enumerations, which considers standard and non-standard forms, enables us to put the architecture model to the test. We identify major markers (typographical, layout, lexico-syntactic markers), and arrive at fine-grained characterization and a classification of enumerations. As regards text organization, we show that in order to arrive at a complete and precise representation, we need to articulate and integrate the two models used: the architecture model and RST. In this paper, we present a linguistic approach to some parameters of layout. We will however refer to "formatting", rather than layout, as the relations between syntactic, typographic and layout features are central to our outlook (see section 1). The term "formatting" 1 denotes all these features. Our motivation is twofold. First, we consider formatting devices to have a specific semantics: it can be shown that different formatting choices represent different text structures, associated with different textual meanings; moreover, formatting differences have an impact on comprehension and recall (see last section). Our first motivation is to determine the best text formatting according to specific needs. Secondly, it has been shown in previous work (Pascual 1996) that text formatting
Circumstellar water vapour in M-type AGB stars: radiative transfer models, abundances, and predictions for HIFI

Context. Surprisingly high amounts of H 2 O have recently been reported in the circumstellar envelope around the M-type asymptotic giant branch star W Hya. This has lead to the speculation that evaporation of icy cometary or planetary bodies might be an effective ongoing mechanism in such systems. However, substantial uncertainties remain, as the required radiative transfer modelling is difficult due to high optical depths, sub-thermal excitation and the sensitivity to the combined radiation field from the central star and dust grains. Aims. By performing a detailed radiative transfer analysis, we determine fractional abundances of circumstellar H 2 O in the envelopes around six M-type asymptotic giant branch stars. The models are also used to predict H 2 O spectral line emission for the upcoming Herschel/HIFI mission. Methods. We use Infrared Space Observatory Long Wavelength Spectrometer spectra to constrain the circumstellar fractional abundance distribution of ortho-H 2 O, using a non-local thermal equilibrium, and non-local, radiative transfer code based on the accelerated lambda iteration formalism. The mass-loss rates and kinetic temperature structures for the sample stars are determined through radiative transfer modelling of CO line emission based on the Monte-Carlo method. The density and temperature profiles of the circumstellar dust grains are determined through spectral energy distribution modelling using the publicly available code Dusty. Results. The determined ortho-H 2 O abundances lie between 2$\times$10 -4 and 1.5$\times$10 -3 relative to H 2 , with the exception of WX Psc, which has a much lower estimated ortho-H 2 O abundance of only 2$\times$10 -6 , possibly indicating H 2 O adsorption onto dust grains or recent mass-loss-rate modulations. The estimated abundances are uncertain by, at best, a factor of a few. Conclusions. The high water abundance found for the majority of the sources suggests that either the “normal” chemical processes are very effective in producing H 2 O, or else non-local thermal equilibrium atmospheric chemistry, grain surface reactions, or a release of H 2 O (e.g. from icy bodies like Kuiper belt objects) play a role. However, more detailed information on the physical structure and the velocity field of the region where the water vapour lines are formed is required to improve abundance estimates. We provide predictions for ortho-H 2 O lines in the spectral window of Herschel/HIFI. These spectrally resolved lines cover a wide range of excitation conditions and will provide valuable additional information on the physical and chemical properties of the inner stellar wind where H 2 O is abundant.
Adapting Legacy Home Appliances to Home Network Systems UsingWeb Services

This paper presents a framework that adapts the conventional home electric appliances with the infrared remote controls (legacy appliances) to the emerging home network system (HNS). The proposed method extensively uses the concept of service-oriented architecture to improve programmable interoperability among multi-vendor appliances. We first prepare APIs that assist a PC to send infrared signals to the appliances. We then aggregate the APIs within self-contained service components, so that each of the component achieves a logical feature independent of device(or vendor)-specific operations. The service components are finally exported to the HNS as Web services. Thus, the legacy appliances can be used as distributed components with open interfaces. To demonstrate the effectiveness, we also implement an actual HNS and integrated services with multi-vendor legacy appliances
A Power-Aware Scheduling of MapReduce Applications in the Cloud

Cloud computing is an emerging computing technology for large data center that maintains computational resources through the internet, rather than on local computers. The large data centers maintain Cloud computing applications with lots of cost because of power consumption, which results in a new research issue, called Green Cloud computing. Since MapReduce is one of popular Cloud computing models, this paper focuses on how to reduce energy of MapReduce applications. Thus, we propose a new power-aware MapReduce application model to be used for power-aware computing with consideration of users' requirements. We also provide a scheduling algorithm for MapReduce applications in heterogeneous Cloud resources and suggest power-aware schemes in order to reduce the total energy. Throughout simulation results, we show that the proposed scheduling algorithm saves more energy than static schemes.
Antioxidant capacity of several Iranian, wild and cultivated strains of the button mushroom

The white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, is the most commonly grown mushroom in Iran; however, there is a significant shortage of research on its antioxidant activity and other medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate antioxidant capacity of the methanolic extracts from four cultivated strains and four Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS)-identified, Iranian wild isolates of A. bisporus. Evaluations were made for total phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins, and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. Overall, results showed that all the wild isolates exhibited significantly lower DPPH-derived EC50, compared to the cultivated strains (p < 0.05). A relatively high relationship was observed between total phenols and flavonoids or anthocyanins (r2 > 0.60). However, these constituents could not statistically differentiate the group of wild samples from the cultivated ones, and there was low correlation with the DPPH-derived EC50s (r2 < 0.40). In conclusion, comparisons showed that wild isolate 4 and cultivated strains A15 and H1 had higher antioxidant capacity than the others (p < 0.05). This result identifies these mushrooms as good candidates for further investigation.
Understanding programmer language

The use of bad names --- names that are wrong, inconsistent or inconcise --- hinder program comprehension. The root of the problem is that there is no mechanism for aligning the name and implementation of a method. We believe that judgment on the suitability of a chosen name can be passed automatically by comparing the actual implementation of a method to what we would expect from the name itself. The gist of our approach is to understand how programmers use language in their programs, by analysing a large corpus of Java applications.
Gender Differences in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Etiology, Stroke Patterns and Response to Thrombolysis

Background and Purpose— Differences between women and men in relation to stroke are increasingly being recognized. Methods— From July 2004 until June 2007, 237 acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients were treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) within 3 hours after onset of symptoms in our stroke unit. Baseline characteristics, etiology, CT/MRI stroke patterns, clinical outcome, and complications of women were compared to those of men. Results— Of 237 AIS patients (mean age 70.7 years), 111 (46.8%) were women and 126 (53.2%) were men. Women were older (P=0.001), but history of hyperlipidemia (P=0.03), smoking (P=0.03), and coronary heart disease (P<0.001) was less frequent than in men. Internal carotid artery disease occurred more often in men (P=0.02), whereas atrial fibrillation was observed more often in women (P=0.002). In men borderzone/small embolic and lacunar stroke was found more frequently (39.7 versus 27.2%), whereas women showed a higher percentage of large territorial stroke (72.8 versus 60.3%, P=0.09). Baseline National Institute of Health Stroke Scale scores (12.5 versus 11.3), NIHSS score at discharge (11.0 versus 9.5), 3-month-outcome modified Rankin Scale score, thrombolysis-related (17.1% versus 13.5%) or independent complications (32.4% versus 30.2%), and mortality after 3 months (13.5% versus 9.5%) were similar. Conclusion— Differences of stroke lesion patterns in genders are paralleled by differences in etiology and risk factor profiles (women, cardioembolism; men, large and small vessel disease). Baseline characteristics, rates of rtPA-related and independent complications, as well as clinical outcomes were not different between women and men with AIS.
Gastrointestinal obstruction by solidification of enteral nutrition: a result of impaired digestion in critically ill patients

Introduction:Solidification of enteral nutrition may cause gastrointestinal obstruction, with severe complications. The effect of the composition of enteral nutrition on the tendency of casein to coagulate is increasingly acknowledged and new formulas may prevent solidification. To recognize patients in need of specific enteral nutrition, we have to identify the clinical risk factors for the development of gastrointestinal obstruction by the solidification of enteral nutrition. Materials and methods:The 58 cases summarized in this review were identified through a PubMed search. Results:Critically ill patients have several risk factors, including impaired digestion, and they are treated with medication that interferes with gastrointestinal function. Surgery of the upper gastrointestinal tract is thought to be the most important risk factor, leading to changes in both the anatomical structure and neurohormonal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, and to altered secretion of digestive enzymes. Conclusions:Awareness of risk factors in critically ill patients may help intensivists and surgeons take appropriate measures to prevent this complication. Critically ill patients with impaired digestion (e.g. after Whipple surgery) should be considered for alternative enteral nutrition formulas with noncoagulating proteins or hydrolyzed proteins.
Superclusters of galaxies from the 2dF redshift survey - I. The catalogue

We use the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey data to compile catalogues of superclusters for the Northern and Southern regions of the 2dFGRS, altogether 543 superclusters at redshifts 0.009 {le} z {le} 0.2. We analyze methods of compiling supercluster catalogues and use results of the Millennium Simulation to investigate possible selection effects and errors. We find that the most effective method is the density field method using smoothing with an Epanechnikov kernel of radius 8 h{sup -1} Mpc. We derive positions of the highest luminosity density peaks and find the most luminous cluster in the vicinity of the peak, this cluster is considered as the main cluster and its brightest galaxy the main galaxy of the supercluster. In catalogues we give equatorial coordinates and distances of superclusters as determined by positions of their main clusters. We also calculate the expected total luminosities of the superclusters.