Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Physical Model for Metal–Oxide Thin-Film Transistor Under Gate-Bias and Illumination Stress

A negative shift in the turn-on voltage of a metal–oxide thin-film transistor under negative gate-bias and illumination stress has been frequently reported. The stretched-exponential equation, predicated largely on a charge-trapping mechanism, has been commonly used to fit the time dependence of the shift. The fitting parameters, some with unsubstantiated physical origin, are extracted by curve fitting. A more physically based model is presently formulated, incorporating the photogeneration, transport, and trapping of holes. The model parameters of generation energy barrier, hole mobility, and trapping time constant are extracted from the measured gate-bias dependent turn-on voltage shift. It is theoretically deduced and experimentally verified that the degradation kinetics is either generation or transport limited. The model can be further applied to explain the attenuated shift under positive bias and illumination stress, if the screening of the electric field emanating from the gate bias is also accounted for. From the effects of asymmetric source/drain bias applied during stress, it is deduced that the trapping is localized along the length of the channel interface. The turn-on voltage of a transistor after such stress is constrained by the portion of the channel exhibiting the smallest shift.
Status of HTS Motor Development for Industrial Applications at KERI & DOOSAN

This work is development of HTS motor at DOOSAN heavy industry and Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute in Korea, and is sponsored by DAPAS program which is supported by Korean government. The final aim of the project is realization of HTS motor in the field of industry such as large driving pumps, fans and compressors for utility and industrial environments. In the first phase (2001-2004), 100 hp HTS motor was developed in order to implement the preliminary technology for the large applicable HTS motor. All of the performance characteristics are well met to the designed ones. In second phase (2004-2007), 1 MW HTS motor is developed for the purpose to fully represent the design and manufacturing issues for the larger capacity machine. The machine is 2 pole and 3600 rpm, and all of the components are completely manufactured. This machine is now under assembly. This paper summarizes the status of 1 MW HTS motor development, such as design, construction, and experimental test results.
Linear and non-linear analysis of uterine contraction signals obtained with tocodynamometry in prediction of operative vaginal delivery

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to explore whether linear and non-linear analysis of uterine contraction (UC) signals obtained with external tocodynamometry can predict operative vaginal delivery (OVD). Materials and methods: The last 2 h before delivery (H1 and H2) of 55 UC recordings acquired with external tocodynamometry in the labour ward of a tertiary care hospital were analysed. Signal processing involved the quantification of UCs/segment (UCN), and the linear and non-linear indices: Sample Entropy (SampEn) measuring signal irregularity; interval index (II) measuring signal variability, both of which may be associated with uterine muscle fatigue, and high frequency (HF), associated with maternal breathing movements. Thirty-two women had normal deliveries and 23 OVDs. Statistical inference was performed using 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the median, and areas under the receiver operating curves (auROCs), with univariate and bivariate analyses. Results: A significant association was found between maternal body mass index (BMI) and UC signal quality in H1, with moderate/poor signal quality being more frequent with higher maternal BMI. There was an overall increase in contraction frequency (UCN), signal regularity (SampEn), signal variability (II), and maternal breathing (HF) from H1 to H2. The OVD group exhibited significantly higher values of signal irregularity and variability (SampEn and II) in H1, and higher contraction frequency (UCN) and maternal breathing (HF) in H2. Modest auROCs were obtained with these indices in the discrimination between normal and OVDs. Conclusions: The results of this exploratory study suggest that analysis of UC signals obtained with tocodynamometry, using linear and non-linear indices associated with muscle fatigue and maternal breathing, identifies significant changes occurring during labour, and differences between normal and OVDs, but their discriminative capacity between the two types of delivery is modest. Further refinement of this analysis is needed before it may be clinically useful.
Optimal Mechanism for Selling Two Goods

We solve for the optimal mechanism for selling two goods when the buyer’s demand characteristics are unobservable. In the case of substitutable goods, the seller has an incentive to offer lotteries over goods in order to charge the buyers with large differences in the valuations a higher price for obtaining their desired good with certainty. However, the seller also has a countervailing incentive to make the allocation of the goods among the participating buyers more efficient in order to increase the overall demand. In the case when the buyer can consume both goods, the seller has an incentive to underprovide one of the goods in order to charge the buyers with large valuations a higher price for the bundle of both goods. As in the case of substitutable goods, the seller also has a countervailing incentive to lower the price of the bundle in order to increase the overall demand.
[Relation between the breakfast quality and the academic performance in adolescents of Guadalajara (Castilla-La Mancha)].

OBJECTIVE To study the relationship between the breakfast quality and skipping it on academic performance of a population of adolescents. METHOD A nutritional study on the breakfast quality has been performed in a population of adolescents from Guadalajara (467 young people; age: 12-17 years) by means of questionnaires of seven-day consumption frequency. Besides, we have collected socio-demographic data and academic scores of these people. RESULTS Most of the students interviewed take a deficient breakfast since only 4.88% have a complete breakfast. The girls aged 15-17 years are those taking the poorest quality breakfast since 8.33% of them skip this meal. 68.29% take breakfasts which quality may be improved. The breakfast quality is directly related with the mean score obtained during the course 2003-04. This relationship is not so clear-cut when the different mandatory subjects in the different academic orientations are considered since it depends on the type of subject (comprehension, memory, concentration, physical activity.). CONCLUSIONS The population studied consumes a poor breakfast, which may affect the academic outcomes, especially those for certain subjects.
Political Altruism of Transboundary Water Sharing

Abstract In the paper, using a political altruism model, we make an attempt to explain why an upstream country might agree to a treaty that recognizes and enforces the water claims of a downstream country. In a natural extension of the standard economic model, it is possible to explain the above phenomena, by allowing for altruism between countries. The altruistic concerns of the countries are dependent on other country's willingness to have a good political relationship. If both the countries maintain favorable political relations with one another, then the upstream country will care about the impacts of its water diversion on the downstream country's welfare. The paper also illustrates the case of water sharing of the Ganges River between India and Bangladesh. The Ganges River, like many other rivers in the world, ignores political boundaries. In Bangladesh, the final downstream country along the Ganges, freshwater availability depends on the share of water diverted by the upstream country, India. For decades, India and Bangladesh failed to resolve the water-sharing issues of the Ganges River. However, in 1996, both India and Bangladesh signed a major new agreement on water sharing (Ganges River Treaty) in an effort to resolve the dispute. Using the political altruism model developed in the paper, we examine why despite needing more water than is available under the treaty, India has adapted to shortages instead of resorting to conflict with Bangladesh.
Managing the locals: employee relations in South Asian restaurants

This paper examines the management of employee relations in South Asian firms in the UK independent restaurant sector. Key working practices pertaining to the employment relationship are examined in a particular socio-economic and spatial context. Acknowledging such contexts facilitates an appreciation of how ethnicity and employment relations interact, rather than abstracting culture from the material context in which it operates. Consistent with this analytic focus, a mixed embeddedness perspective (Kloosterman et al. 1999) is adopted which recognizes the importance of both economic and social aspects of ethnic minority entrepreneurship. A qualitative methodology, drawing upon 23 case histories (involving both employer and employee perspectives) is deployed. The indications from this research suggest that the employment relationship is an outcome of the fluid interaction of social, economic and geographical contexts. This renders problematic both culturalist and purely economic approaches to ethnic minority entrepreneurship. Future research should carefully consider how the employment relationship is influenced by its embeddedness within specific communities.
Payment decoupling and the intra-European calf trade.

The 2003 reforms of the Common Agricultural policy of the European Union introduced decoupled income transfers as the most prominent policy instrument. However, member states were given substantial discretion over the degree and timing of the reform implementation. As a result, different implementation schemes coexist within the EU, keeping certain parts of the income support coupled to current production levels. This coexistence leads to distortions of production incentives, factor misallocations, and artificial trade flows. Here, we examine these effects in the beef sector where full decoupling was not obligatory for all member states. Based on a cost minimization framework, we derive a sector-specific trade model with heterogeneous firms and quality differences. The model is used to examine the effects of different implementation schemes on intra-European calf trade. Empirical results confirm that the expected distortions to trade flows occured, violating the fundamental CAP principle of Market Unity.
Are Illegal Drugs Inferior Goods

Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, evidence of income inferiority in illegal drug consumption is presented. This is done by estimation of binary choice probit models with endogenous regressors. The simultaneity issue between drug consumption and income has been addressed by using a two-step estimation procedure. The results indicate that accounting for simultaneity shows income inferiority with regard to drug consumption. An implication of this study is that income distributive policies might be effective in controlling drug consumption. It also points out the regressive nature of the government’s substance abuse program.
Relevance of Maximum Drawdown in the Investment Fund Selection Problem When Utility is Nonadditive

This paper explores the circumstances under which maximum drawdown becomes relevant to a rational investor’s choice of an investment fund. We adopt the framework of the nonadditive expected utility theory of Schmeidler, and consider the consequence of extreme uncertainty over cash flow and also of extreme uncertainty aversion. We show that an investor facing extreme uncertainty makes a choice based on maximum drawdown. We also show that an extremely uncertainty-averse investor makes a choice based on maximum drawdown even if uncertainty is not extreme. An implication for the mean-variance analysis of Markowitz is discussed as well.
Oil and Revolutionary Governments: Fuel for International Conflict

Abstract Oil-exporting states, or petrostates, engage in militarized interstate disputes (MIDs) at a much higher rate on average than nonpetrostates. Why is this so? Further, what explains the variation among the petrostates in adopting aggressive foreign policies and engaging in MIDs on that basis? This article develops a theory that proposes that revolutionary petrostates have a higher propensity to launch MIDs than comparable nonpetrostates. This theory is tested with statistical analysis using a new quantitative data set that identifies revolutionary governments in the period 1945–2001. The results show that petro-revolutionary governments constitute a special threat to international peace and security. This evidence of resource-backed aggression challenges the conventional view of petrostates as the targets of international competition for resources.
Voting with Their Feet or Activism? Institutional Investors’ Impact on CEO Turnover

We examine the relation between institutional investors and management discipline over the last several decades to better understand how CEO turnover has increased. Using a sample of forced and voluntary turnovers, we investigate the changing roles of activism and exit among institutional investors between 1982–1994 and 1995–2006. We find evidence of activist investors throughout the sample period and their impact is consistently significant in multivariate analysis. In contrast, voting with their feet has declined to the point where it no longer affects turnover outcomes. Nonetheless, activism is fairly uncommon and does not explain the higher turnover observed over time. Block holdings of known activists have increased and are linked to improving target firms. However, other blocks merely reflect the increasing size of institutional money managers. Going forward, the increasing size of institutional investors seems likely to inhibit voting with their feet while activism remains an important vehicle for change.
Macroeconomic Convergence in Transition Countries

Abstract This paper analyzes the performance of the Central and Eastern European (CEE) transition economies in terms of their convergence in selected macroeconomic fundamentals. The analysis is carried out within distinctive groups of countries to reflect different institutional and geographical aspects of transition. We have found evidence of convergence in macroeconomic fundamentals among the CEE countries in general and have shown that common institutional attributes and economic policies tend to correlate with a higher degree of convergence. This finding is in line with neoclassical growth theory that supports the occurrence of convergence among similar countries. J. Comp. Econ. , March 2001 29 (1), pp. 1–23. Center for Graduate Education and Economic Research-Economics Institute (CERGE-EI); Prague 111 21, Czech Republic; The William Davidson Institute of the University of Michigan Business School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), London EC1V 7RR, United Kingdom. Copyright 2001 Academic Press. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C23, E65, F15, O11, P52.
Reading, Writing, and Regime Type: Democracy' Impact on Primary School Enrollment

This study examines the relationship between democracy and the accumulation of human capital. Specifically, I examine regime type' impact on primary school enrollment in the developing world. The statistical analysis establishes that poor democracies enroll a larger percentage of the school-age population than do their authoritarian counterparts. Models using dichotomous and continuous measures of democracy indicate that the institutions associated with individual rights and electoral competition have an important effect on primary school enrollment. Estimates from a selection bias model that account for education' impact on democracy corroborate the results. One possible explanation is that democratic politicians, facing electoral pressures, are compelled to provide a minimum level of educational opportunity for their citizens. Democracy is often criticized for its inability to insulate politicians from the demands made by society To the extent that the accumulation of human capital generates economic growth, democracy' inability to withstand popular demands may be an important advantage.
Perf&Fair: A Progress-Aware Scheduler to Enhance Performance and Fairness in SMT Multicores

Nowadays, high performance multicore processors implement multithreading capabilities. The processes running concurrently on these processors are continuously competing for the shared resources, not only among cores, but also within the core. While resource sharing increases the resource utilization, the interference among processes accessing the shared resources can strongly affect the performance of individual processes and its predictability. In this scenario, process scheduling plays a key role to deal with performance and fairness. In this work we present a process scheduler for SMT multicores that simultaneously addresses both performance and fairness. This is a major design issue since scheduling for only one of the two targets tends to damage the other. To address performance, the scheduler tackles bandwidth contention at the L1 cache and main memory. To deal with fairness, the scheduler estimates the progress experienced by the processes, and gives priority to the processes with lower accumulated progress. Experimental results on an Intel Xeon E5645 featuring six dual-threaded SMT cores show that the proposed scheduler improves both performance and fairness over two state-of-the-art schedulers and the Linux OS scheduler. Compared to Linux, unfairness is reduced to a half while still improving performance by 5.6 percent.
When are Investment Projects in the Same Risk Class?

If two investments have the same payoff covariance with the market but one has higher expected payoff, which asset according to the CAPM has most risk? One answer is that as far as risk goes the two assets are the same, because they have the same covariance with the market. The correct answer, pointed out nearly four decades ago by Eugene Fama, but long overlooked, is that investments have the same risk, the same returns beta and the same CAPM discount rate if and only if they have the same ratio of ex ante payoff covariance to payoff mean. This insight clarifies much of the conventional wisdom that surrounds capital budgeting and "risk adjusted" discount rates, while also displaying the mechanics by which information arrival affects the CAPM cost of capital.
A club theory approach to voluntary social programs: Multinational companies and the extractive industries transparency initiative

This study uses club theory to describe the incentives of extractive industry MNCs to support the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), a multi-stakeholder promoted voluntary social program (VSP) aimed at creating national legislation to make the royalty payments received by governments from mining and oil and gas companies more transparent to the public. We characterize the EITI as a VSP that lacks stringent standards and that has a moderate to high level of enforcement through the national governments that have adopted its principles. According to club theory, VSPs with these characteristics produce only a low to medium level of club benefits, in this case “social branding,” for member firms. Noting that over 60 MNCs have signed on to the EITI as of April 2012, we argue that VSPs offering low to medium club benefits should be most attractive to MNCs from countries with long arm disclosure laws, to MNCs lacking relationships with NGOs seeking inexpensive CSR, to MNCs relying upon financing from institutional and social investors, to MNCs attempting to differentiate themselves from competitors on social criteria, and to MNCs with broad stakeholder-focused top managers. We also describe the implications for MNCs if the EITI were to include a more stringent set of social requirements.
Circular dichroism studies of substance P and its C-terminal sequences. CD spectra in aqueous solution and effects of hydrogen ion concentration.

CD spectra of substance P (SP) and its C-terminal partial sequences have been measured in diluted aqueous solution including variation of hydrogen ion concentration. In the far u.v. region there is an overlapping of the amide CD absorption by the CD of the phenylalanine residue aromatic side chains (217-220 nm). This complex CD absorption is reduced during changes from acidic to alkaline pH, especially in those cases where a phenylalanine residue is at the N-terminus of the peptide chain. These CD changes dependent on pH are due more to charge effects on the aromatic chromophores than to substantial conformational changes. However, solvation effects on the conformational features of SP peptides caused by the deprotonation of the amino groups have to be taken into account. CD and potentiometric titrations indicate that the N-terminal alpha-amino groups of the SP peptides in general are freely accessible to the solvent. Our studies did not give any evidence of the occurrence of ordered structures of SP peptides in diluted aqueous solution.
Cisplatin-induced inhibition of receptor-mediated endocytosis of protein in the kidney.

BACKGROUND Administration of cisplatin, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (CDDP), causes a severe impairment of renal function, including increases in urinary excretion of proteins. We recently found that CDDP inhibits vacuolar H+-ATPase, which plays an important role in receptor-mediated endocytosis in the renal proximal tubules. Therefore, CDDP-induced proteinuria may be due to an inhibition of the receptor-mediated endocytosis in the renal proximal tubules following a decrease in vacuolar H+-ATPase activity by the drug. METHODS Effects of CDDP on receptor-mediated endocytosis of albumin in opossum kidney (OK) epithelial cells, and on urinary excretion of albumin and vitamin D binding protein, which are reabsorbed in the renal proximal tubules by endocytosis, in rats were examined. RESULTS CDDP inhibited uptake of fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC)-albumin, a receptor-mediated endocytosis marker, by OK cells in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion. In contrast, CDDP treatment did not affect the uptake of FITC-inulin, a fluid-phase endocytosis marker. CDDP caused a decrease in the affinity and in the maximal velocity of FITC-albumin uptake. The adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) content in OK cells was not changed by CDDP at concentrations that inhibited FITC-albumin uptake. The endosomal pH in OK cells was increased by CDDP treatment. Administration of CDDP to rats increased the urinary excretion of albumin and vitamin D binding protein. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that CDDP decreases the receptor-mediated endocytosis of protein following the inhibition of vacuolar H+-ATPase in the renal proximal tubules, and the inhibition of receptor-mediated endocytosis would be the mechanisms underlying the proteinuria induced by CDDP.
Learning to be Capable: Patenting and Licensing at the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation 1925-2002

This study explores the effects of experiential learning on the cost of capability development. Drawing from historical data on patenting and licensing activities at the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, we find evidence of a curvilinear relationship between experiential learning within a capability and the costs of developing the same capability. Our results also suggest that learning in a primary capability has a beneficial spillover effect on the development of complementary capabilities. However, at high levels of accumulated experience, we found that the primary capability has the potential to impede the deployment of related capabilities. The results of this study add to the dynamic capabilities, university technology transfer and science policy literatures. Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press.