Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Military And the Family As Greedy Institutions

This paper analyzes military families as the intersection of two societal institutions, both of which make great demands on individuals in terms of commitment, loyalty, time, and energy. It shows the increasing conflict between these two "greedy institutions' due to various trends in American society and military family patterns. The demands that American armed forces make on members and their families are described, including the risk of injury or death, geographic mobility, family separations, residence in foreign countries, and normative constraints on the behavior of spouses and children. Also discussed are trends that are increasing the potential military/family conflict, including general changes in women's roles in society (especially labor force participation) and specific changes in military family patterns, such as increases in the number of married junior enlisted personnel, sole parents, active duty mothers, and dual-service couples. Actual and potential military adaptations to these changes are considered, with particular attention to their implications for institutional and occupational trends in the military.
Remembering Mistaken for Knowing: Ease of Retrieval as a Basis for Confidence in Answers to General Knowledge Questions

Abstract We propose that confidence in potential answers to general knowledge questions is based, in part, on the ease with which those answers come to mind. Consistent with this hypothesis, prior exposure to correct and to related but incorrect answers to general knowledge questions increased the speed, frequency, and confidence with which subjects gave those answers on a subsequent test of general knowledge. Similar effects were obtained even when subjects were warned that the list included incorrect answers (Experiment 2). The results of Experiment 3 indicated that the effects do not rely on deliberate search of memory for the list: Subjects who read a list with correct answers to half of the questions on a subsequent test gained full benefit of exposure to correct answers relative to subjects who read a list with correct answers to all of the questions, yet showed no cost on questions for which answers were not in the list relative to subjects who read a list of unrelated fillers. Finally, Experiments 4a and 4b demonstrated that prior exposure to incorrect answers can give rise to illusions of knowing even when subjects know that all of the answers on the study list were incorrect. In those studies, subjects were correctly informed that all of the answers on the list were incorrect, yet those who had studied the list with divided attention nonetheless tended to give the studied incorrect answers as responses to the knowledge questions. We discuss these findings in terms of Jacoby, Kelley. and Dywans (1989) attributional approach to subjective experience.
Making sense of multiple sclerosis

Objective: In this study, the aim was to examine the dimensional structure of a multi-item measure of sense making in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and to investigate relations between sense making and both positive and negative adjustment outcomes. Method: Participants were 408 persons with MS and 232 caregivers. Questionnaires were completed at the initial assessment (Time 1) and 12 months later (Time 2). Results: Factor analysis of the Sense Making Scale (SMS) revealed 6 psychometrically sound factors: Redefined Life Purpose, Acceptance, Spiritual Perspective, Luck, Changed Values and Priorities, and Causal Attribution. Results of regression analyses indicated that the Time 2 SMS factors accounted for significant amounts of variance in each of the Time 2 adjustment outcomes (life satisfaction, positive states of mind, anxiety, depression, caregiver adjustment rating of the care receiver), after controlling for Time I adjustment and relevant demographic and illness variables. Conclusions: Findings delineate the dimensional structure of sense making in MS and the differential links between sense making dimensions and adjustment and have implications for the measurement of sense making.
Pricing and hedging derivative securities in markets with uncertain volatilities

We present a model for pricing and hedging derivative securities and option portfolios in an environment where the volatility is not known precisely, but is assumed instead to lie between two extreme values σminand σmax. These bounds could be inferred from extreme values of the implied volatilities of liquid options, or from high-low peaks in historical stock- or option-implied volatilities. They can be viewed as defining a confidence interval for future volatility values. We show that the extremal non-arbitrageable prices for the derivative asset which arise as the volatility paths vary in such a band can be described by a non-linear PDE, which we call the Black-Scholes-Barenblatt equation. In this equation, the 'pricing' volatility is selected dynamically from the two extreme values, σmin, σmax, according to the convexity of the value-function. A simple algorithm for solving the equation by finite-differencing or a trinomial tree is presented. We show that this model captures the importance of diversification in managing derivatives positions. It can be used systematically to construct efficient hedges using other derivatives in conjunction with the underlying asset.
Sparse representation of cast shadows via ℓ1-regularized least squares

Scenes with cast shadows can produce complex sets of images. These images cannot be well approximated by low-dimensional linear subspaces. However, in this paper we show that the set of images produced by a Lambertian scene with cast shadows can be efficiently represented by a sparse set of images generated by directional light sources. We first model an image with cast shadows as composed of a diffusive part (without cast shadows) and a residual part that captures cast shadows. Then, we express the problem in an ℓ1-regularized least squares formulation, with nonnegativity constraints. This sparse representation enjoys an effective and fast solution, thanks to recent advances in compressive sensing. In experiments on both synthetic and real data, our approach performs favorably in comparison to several previously proposed methods.
Identification of bacillus species using support vector machine and codon pair relative frequency

In this paper, we proposed new approach to identify Bacillus species by using a new feature -- codon pair relative frequency -- and support vector machine (SVM). Our problem is how to use the information from some genes of specie to identify what kind of the specie is. This problem can be applied to not only research the evolutionary process but also predict the kind of specie for damaged samples. First gene database of sixteen Bacillus species is collected from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. Then, we extract codon pair relative frequency feature of each gene for each species. Finally, SVM "one-against-rest" method is applied to train these feature vectors. By using the proposed method we gained good results in identification for our database.
Community Choices And Housing Decisions: A Spatial Analysis Of The Southern Appalachian Highlands

This paper examines land development using an integrated approach that combines residential decisions about choices of community in the Southern Appalachian region with the application of the GIS (Geographical Information System). The empirical model infers a distinctive heterogeneity in the characteristics of community choices. The results also indicate that socioeconomic motives strongly affect urban housing decisions while environmental amenities affect those of rural housing.
Geo-LANMAR routing: asymptotic analysis of a scalable routing scheme with group motion support

This paper presents a novel routing protocol called Geo-LANMAR. This routing scheme is able to get full advantages of group motion of mobile nodes to reduce the routing overhead and offer high network scalability. This protocol inherits same advantages of LANMAR protocol regarding the group motion support and its idea is to use the long-distance gee-forwarding for the extra-scope routing such as the terminodes routing and the optimized link-state routing (OLSR) for the intra-scope routing. Together the geo-routing forwarding scheme, a global update propagation scheme based on the hazy sighted link state routing (HSLS) between landmark nodes (cluster heads) is applied. An asymptotic analysis of Geo-LANMAR protocol is proposed and a rule that binds the intra-scope and extra-scope overhead cost is found. The novel routing scheme has been compared with the standard routing protocols such as AODV, GPSR and LANMAR.
Spatial and Temporal Demographic Variation Drives Within-Season Fluctuations in Sexual Selection

Abstract Our understanding of selection in nature stems mainly from whole-season and cross-sectional estimates of selection gradients. These estimates suggest that selection is relatively constant within, but fluctuates between seasons. However, the strength of selection depends on demographics, and because demographics can vary within seasons, there is a gap in our understanding regarding the extent to which seasonal fluctuations in demographics may cause variation in selection. Here we use two populations of the golden orb-web spider (Nephila plumipes) that differ in density to examine how demographics change within a season and whether there are correlated shifts in selection. We demonstrate that there is within-season variation in sex ratio and density at multiple spatial and temporal scales. This variation led to changes in the competitive challenges that males encountered at different times of the season and was correlated with significant variation in selection gradients on male size and weight between sampling periods. We highlight the importance of understanding the biology of the organism under study to correctly determine the relevant scale in which to examine selection. We also argue that studies may underestimate the true variation in selection by averaging values, leading to misinterpretation of the effect of selection on phenotypic evolution.
Effect of Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition on Cerebral Blood Flow and Injury Volume During Focal Ischemia in Cats

Background and Purpose We tested the hypothesis that inhibition of nitric oxide synthase activity in brain before ischemia alters cerebral blood flow and decreases brain injury after 4 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion in cats. Methods Halothane-anesthetized cats underwent 4 hours of left middle cerebral artery occlusion after they were randomly assigned to receive either intravenous Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, at a dose that completely inhibited cortical nitric oxide synthase activity (10 mg/kg, n=10), or an equal volume of diluent (10 mL saline, n=10). Serial blood flow measurements were made with radiolabeled microspheres, and injury volume was measured by triphenyltetrazolium staining. Results Blood flow to caudate nucleus and inferior temporal cortex decreased to the same extent in both groups during middle cerebral artery occlusion. Somatosensory evoked potential amplitude was reduced to less than 10% of baseline values in both groups. Injury volume of ipsilateral caudate nucleus in cats pretreated with nitroarginine (52 ± 5%, mean ± SE) was less (P < .05) compared with the saline group (80 ± 4%), whereas ipsilateral cerebral hemispheric injury volume was similar between the two groups (30 ± 6% and 32 ± 4% of hemisphere in saline and nitroarginine groups, respectively). Conclusions These results suggest that inhibition of nitric oxide synthase decreases caudate injury volume at 4 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion without an alteration in distribution of cerebral blood flow. (Stroke. 1993;24:1717-1724.)
An Algorithm for the Design of Multiplierless IIR Filters as a Parallel Connection of Two All-Pass Filters

This paper describes an algorithm for designing multiplierless recursive digital filters as a parallel connection of two all-pass filters. The coefficient optimization is performed in two steps. First, simple closed-form algebraic expressions are used for determining a parameter space of the infinite-precision coefficients including the feasible space where the filter meets the given criteria. The second step uses genetic algorithm for finding the filter parameters in this space so that the resulting filter meets the given criteria with the simplest coefficient representation forms. Two implementation structures are under consideration, namely, the all-pass transfer functions are implemented either using Stoyanov-Kawamata or Gray-Markel all-pass sections. Comparisons with some other existing quantization schemes show that the proposed algorithm gives better finite-precision solutions in all examples taken from the literature
Atomic Resolution with the Electron Microscope

AbstractIn principle the structure of matter at the atomic level can be revealed by utilizing the short wavelength of the high-energy beam of an electron microscope. In practice, a number of difficulties, mainly technical in nature, have previously prevented such atomic resolution bom being attained. Here we describe how atomic resolution has been realised in the electron microscope and review the potential impact of this achievement on our understanding of materials. We emphasize the role of the microscope in clarifying the nature of local irregularities in the structure, since it is these which point to an explanation of macroscopic behaviour. Specific examples are presented of the succes of this approach, drawn from a variety of disciplines. The prospects for further development of atomic resolution and its applications are also considered.
Interactive, Task-Oriented Visualizations to Explore Decay Chain Calculation

Most applications in physical calculations provide powerful multivariate outputs but use rather simple visual representations (diagrams) without the possibilities to explore the resulting data sets. Interdependences in the data are overlooked or stay unseen and the analysis is very time-consuming, because of the difficulty and complexity for users to grasp the results. In this paper, we present a tool which combines a visual structure recognised by the physical community with interactive information visualization techniques to support the analysis of decay chain calculations. In a case study we showed that our tool helped experts in the field to analyse radioactive decay chains where the representation of results is more concise and conclusions are easier drawn
A New Program-Driven Parallel Machine Simulation Environment

In recent years, it has gradually become popular to use discrete-event simulation as a tool for analyzing the hardware architecture of shared-memory multiprocessors. A complete and detailed machine simulation environment can be utilized to evaluate the performance of a completed prototype hardware architecture in an operating system and application software. This paper describes the development, operation, and future development of a parallel machine simulation environment which has the ability to execute programs. At present, a shared-memory multiprocessor simulator has been developed that can execute 80x86 programs. On the other hand, we have focused on parallel discrete-event simulation to reduce the simulation time. The simulator works through Ethernet to connect multiple workstations to solve problems. Some workstations are used for calculations while the others are used for memory management. Thus, it is easy to get a parallel machine simulation environment. This simulator can provide an environment which can be used to execute application programs, and to simulate different system architectures by adjusting parameters. In addition it can calculate the run time for an application program so as to evaluate the possibility of executing the application program in a real system. The source code for the simulator can be downloaded from ftp://loon.cs. tku.edu. tw/pub/86sim.tgz.
Decision Rules, Decision Styles and Policy Choices

The article emphasizes the importance of theory construction for comparative policy research. Attempts to identify the impact of institutional arrangements on policy choices are complicated by interaction effects between institutionalized boundary and decision rules on the one hand, and `decision styles' on the other hand - which are defined as cognitive and normative patterns that characterize the way in which interests are defined and issues framed and resolved under the applicable rules. A typology of such styles is developed with reference to recent findings of experimental social psychology, and the empirical implications of different combinations of decision rules and decision styles are examined in a game-theoretical context.
Imaging the neural correlates of tinnitus: a comparison between animal models and human studies

Tinnitus is the perception of a sound, a so-called “phantom sound,” in the absence of a physical sound. The phantom perception persists after transection of the auditory nerve, indicating that the site of tinnitus manifestation is in the central nervous system. Imaging studies in tinnitus sufferers have revealed increased neuronal activity—hyperactivity—in subcortical and cortical auditory centers. These studies have demonstrated that non-auditory brain areas, such as the limbic system, are involved in the neural basis of tinnitus, Finally human imaging studies have led to novel hypotheses for the generation of tinnitus, such as the thalamocortical dysrhythmia hypothesis. Imaging in animal models of tinnitus exhibit similarities to results from human studies and have revealed hyperexcitability of auditory brain centers as a neural correlate of tinnitus. We propose that the comparison between animal model and human studies will aid in the design of appropriate experimental paradigms aimed at elucidating the cellular and circuit mechanisms underlying tinnitus.
ROBUST IMAGE WATERMARKING SCHEME USING VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHY IN DUAL-TREE COMPLEX WAVELET DOMAIN

This paper, a robust image watermarking scheme for copyright protection based on Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (DT-CWT) and Visual Cryptography concept (VC) is presented. The proposed scheme embeds the watermark without modifying the original host image. In the embedding process, the original image is transformed in the complex wavelet domain then, according to LL sub-band features and VC, a secret share is generated. This later is required t o extract the watermark from the attacked image in the extraction process. To improve the clarity of the e xtracted watermark, a post process called reduction procedure is also proposed. The experimental result s show that the proposed method can withstand sever al image processing attacks such as cropping, filterin g and compression etc.
Phenotypic plasticity in reproductive effort: malaria parasites respond to resource availability

The trade-off between survival and reproduction is fundamental in the life history of all sexually reproducing organisms. This includes malaria parasites, which rely on asexually replicating stages for within-host survival and on sexually reproducing stages (gametocytes) for between-host transmission. The proportion of asexual stages that form gametocytes (reproductive effort) varies during infections—i.e. is phenotypically plastic—in response to changes in a number of within-host factors, including anaemia. However, how the density and age structure of red blood cell (RBC) resources shape plasticity in reproductive effort and impacts upon parasite fitness is controversial. Here, we examine how and why the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium chabaudi alters its reproductive effort in response to experimental perturbations of the density and age structure of RBCs. We show that all four of the genotypes studied increase reproductive effort when the proportion of RBCs that are immature is elevated during host anaemia, and that the responses of the genotypes differ. We propose that anaemia (counterintuitively) generates a resource-rich environment in which parasites can afford to allocate more energy to reproduction (i.e. transmission) and that anaemia also exposes genetic variation to selection. From an applied perspective, adaptive plasticity in parasite reproductive effort could explain the maintenance of genetic variation for virulence and why anaemia is often observed as a risk factor for transmission in human infections.
The Role of Attitudinal Similarity and Perceived Acceptance Evaluation in Interpersonal Attraction

Summary The distinction is made between acceptance-liking evaluations and performance-character evaluations. The relationship between attitudinal similarity, perceived probability of acceptance, and interpersonal attraction is then empirically examined. Fifty Ss were presented with a standard “bogus stranger” attitude scale. Perceived probability of acceptance and interpersonal attraction were elicited by means of a modified Interpersonal Judgement Scale. Multiple regression analysis showed only perceived probability of acceptance to have a significant linear relationship with interpersonal attraction (p < .001). Similarity was significantly correlated with perceived probability of acceptance (p < .005), supporting the hypothesis that this information may be used in making acceptance inferences.
Narrowband interference avoidance for ultra-wideband single-carrier block transmissions with frequency-domain equalization

In this article, a novel method of performing interference avoidance in next-generation single-carrier ultrawideband block transmission systems is presented. This method relies on the application of a time-domain window to each data block prior to transmission, where the window is optimized such that the required notch depth is achieved for each transmission. Furthermore, a modification of this technique is also detailed, whereby the complexity can be reduced from O(N3) to O(N2) where N is the number of symbols per block. It is shown that the proposed techniques overcome many of the drawbacks of current methods such as transmit power control, frequency notching, and active interference cancellation.
Feeder Topology Identification

Advanced control of distributed energy resources at the consumer level requires full situational awareness of the the distribution system. One important problem is that of feeder topology identification, due to changing switch configurations, given a sparse number of measurements. We formulate the problem for residential feeders as a spanning tree identification problem over a general graph. Given a set of power flow measurements and load pseudo measurements, we show that the underlying graph structure is crucial in defining identifiability of the correct spanning tree on the graph. First we solve the deterministic case of known true loads and measured power flow. We show that the placement of sensors on the network alone determine whether the set of spanning trees can be correctly identified. In the stochastic case where loads are in the form of noisy forecasts, we present a locally optimal sensor placement algorithm.