Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Radio-ultraviolet spectral energy distribution of the jet in 3C 273

We present deep VLA and HST observations of the large-scale jet in 3C 273 matched to 0. �� 3 resolution. The observed spectra show a significant flattening in the infrared-ultraviolet wavelength range. The jet's emission cannot therefore be assumed to arise from a single electron population and requires the presence of an additional emission component. The observed smooth variations of the spectral indices along the jet imply that the physical conditions vary correspondingly smoothly. We determine the maximum particle energy for the optical jet using synchrotron spectral fits. The slow decline of the maximum energy along the jet implies particle reacceleration acting along the entire jet. In addition to the already established global anti-correlation between maximum particle energy and surface brightness, we find a weak positive correlation between small-scale variations in maximum particle energy and surface brightness. The origin of these conflicting global and local correlations is unclear, but they provide tight constraints for reacceleration models.
Development of infant baboons' responses to graded bark variants

We studied the development of infant baboon’ (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) responses to conspecific‘bark’ in a free–ranging population in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. These barks grade from tonal, harmonically rich calls into calls with a more noisy, harsh structure. Typically, tonal variants are given when the signaller is at risk of losing contact with the group or a particular individual ‘contact bark’), whereas harsh variants are given in response to predators ‘alarm bark’). We conducted focal observations and playback experiments in which we presented variants of barks recorded from resident adult females. By six months of age, infants reliably discriminated between typical alarm and contact barks and they responded more strongly to intermediate alarm calls than to typical contact barks. Infants of six months and older also recognized their mothers by voice. The ability to discriminate between different call variants developed with increasing age. At two and a half months of age, infants failed to respond at all, whereas at four months they responded irrespective of the call type that was presented. At six months, infants showed adult–like responses by responding strongly to alarm barks but ignoring contact barks. We concluded that infants gradually learn to attach the appropriate meaning to alarm and contact barks.
Efficient uncoordinated FHSS anti-jamming communication

We address the problem of jamming-resistant communication in scenarios in which the communicating parties do not share secret keys. This includes scenarios where the communicating parties are not known in advance or where not all parties can be trusted (e.g., jamming-resistant key establishment or anti-jamming broadcast to a large set of unknown receivers). In these cases, the deployment of shared secret keys is unrealistic, and therefore this problem cannot be solved using existing anti-jamming solutions like FHSS and DSSS that depend on pre-shared keys. Recently, a solution to this problem has been proposed that introduces Uncoordinated Frequency Hopping (UFH), a new spread-spectrum anti-jamming technique that does not rely on secret keys. In this work, we investigate the efficiency of UFH-based communication: we identify optimal strategies for the UFH frequency channel selection and we propose a set of new UFH-based anti-jamming schemes that, compared to the original UFH proposal, reduce the communication latency up to one-half (i.e., increase UFH communication throughput up to two times).
Optimal Foraging by Bacteriophages through Host Avoidance

Optimal foraging theory explains diet restriction as an adaptation to best utilize an array of foods differing in quality, the poorest items not worth the lost opportunity of finding better ones. Although optimal foraging has traditionally been applied to animal behavior, the model is easily applied to viral host range, which is genetically determined. The usual perspective for bacteriophages (bacterial viruses) is that expanding host range is always advantageous if fitness on former hosts is not compromised. However, foraging theory identifies conditions favoring avoidance of poor hosts even if larger host ranges have no intrinsic costs. Bacteriophage T7 rapidly evolved to discriminate among different Escherichia coli strains when one host strain was engineered to kill infecting phages but the other remained productive. After modifying bacteria to yield more subtle fitness effects on T7, we tested qualitative predictions of optimal foraging theory by competing broad and narrow host range phages against each other. Consistent with the foraging model, diet restriction was favored when good hosts were common or there was a large difference in host quality. Contrary to the model, the direction of selection was affected by the density of poor hosts because being able to discriminate was costly.
Synthesis, characterization and target protein binding of drug-conjugated quantum dots in vitro and in living cells

Elucidation of unknown target proteins of a drug is of great importance in understanding cell biology and drug discovery. There have been extensive studies to discover and identify target proteins in the cell. Visualization of targets using drug-conjugated probes has been an important approach to gathering mechanistic information of drug action at the cellular level. As quantum dot (QD) nanocrystals have attracted much attention as a fluorescent probe in the bioimaging area, we prepared drug-conjugated QD to explore the potential of target discovery. As a model drug, we selected a well-known anticancer drug, methotrexate (MTX), which has been known to target dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) with high affinity binding (Kd = 0.54 nM). MTX molecules were covalently attached to amino-PEG-polymer-coated QDs. Specific interactions of MTX-conjugated QDs with DHFR were identified using agarose gel electrophoresis and fluorescence microscopy. Cellular uptake of the MTX-conjugated QDs in living CHO cells was investigated with regard to their localization and distribution pattern. MTX–QD was found to be internalized into the cells via caveolae-medicated endocytosis without significant sequestration in endosomes. A colocalization experiment of the MTX–QD conjugate with antiDHFR-TAT-QD also confirmed that MTX–QD binds to the target DHFR. This study showed the potential of the drug-QD conjugate to identify or visualize drug–target interactions in the cell, which is currently of great importance in the area of drug discovery and chemical biology.
Genetic Manipulation of Isoflavone 7-O-Methyltransferase Enhances Biosynthesis of 4′-O-Methylated Isoflavonoid Phytoalexins and Disease Resistance in Alfalfa

4′-O-Methylation of an isoflavonoid intermediate is a key reaction in the biosynthesis of the phytoalexin medicarpin in legumes. However, isoflavone O-methyltransferase (IOMT) from alfalfa converts the isoflavone daidzein to 7-O-methyl daidzein (isoformononetin) in vitro as well as in vivo in unchallenged leaves of transgenic alfalfa ectopically expressing IOMT. In contrast, elicitation of IOMT-overexpressing plants with CuCl2 or infecting these plants with Phoma medicaginis leads to greater accumulation of formononetin (4′-O-methyl daidzein) and medicarpin in the leaves than does elicitation or infection of control plants, and no isoformononetin is detected. Overexpression of IOMT results in increased induction of phenylpropanoid/isoflavonoid pathway gene transcripts after infection but has little effect on basal expression of these genes. IOMT-overexpressing plants display resistance to P. medicaginis. The apparently different regiospecificities of IOMT in vivo and in vitro are discussed in relation to potential metabolic channeling at the entry point into the isoflavonoid pathway.
Sensitivity and Interaction Analysis Based on Sobol’ Method and Its Application in a Distributed Flood Forecasting Model

Sensitivity analysis is a fundamental approach to identify the most significant and sensitive parameters, helping us to understand complex hydrological models, particularly for time-consuming distributed flood forecasting models based on complicated theory with numerous parameters. Based on Sobol’ method, this study compared the sensitivity and interactions of distributed flood forecasting model parameters with and without accounting for correlation. Four objective functions: (1) Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (ENS); (2) water balance coefficient (WB); (3) peak discharge efficiency (EP); and (4) time to peak efficiency (ETP) were implemented to the Liuxihe model with hourly rainfall-runoff data collected in the Nanhua Creek catchment, Pearl River, China. Contrastive results for the sensitivity and interaction analysis were also illustrated among small, medium, and large flood magnitudes. Results demonstrated that the choice of objective functions had no effect on the sensitivity classification, while it had great influence on the sensitivity ranking for both uncorrelated and correlated cases. The Liuxihe model behaved and responded uniquely to various flood conditions. The results also indicated that the pairwise parameters interactions revealed a non-ignorable contribution to the model output variance. Parameters with high first or total order sensitivity indices presented a corresponding high second order sensitivity indices and correlation coefficients with other parameters. Without considering parameter correlations, the variance contributions of highly sensitive parameters might be underestimated and those of normally sensitive parameters might be overestimated. This research laid a basic foundation to improve the understanding of complex model behavior.
Highly cost-efficient genome-wide association studies using DNA pools and dense SNP arrays

Genome-wide association (GWA) studies to map genes for complex traits are powerful yet costly. DNA-pooling strategies have the potential to dramatically reduce the cost of GWA studies. Pooling using Affymetrix arrays has been proposed and used but the efficiency of these arrays has not been quantified. We compared and contrasted Affymetrix Genechip HindIII and Illumina HumanHap300 arrays on the same DNA pools and showed that the HumanHap300 arrays are substantially more efficient. In terms of effective sample size, HumanHap300-based pooling extracts >80% of the information available with individual genotyping (IG). In contrast, Genechip HindIII-based pooling only extracts ∼30% of the available information. With HumanHap300 arrays concordance with IG data is excellent. Guidance is given on best study design and it is shown that even after taking into account pooling error, one stage scans can be performed for >100-fold reduced cost compared with IG. With appropriately designed two stage studies, IG can provide confirmation of pooling results whilst still providing ∼20-fold reduction in total cost compared with IG-based alternatives. The large cost savings with Illumina HumanHap300-based pooling imply that future studies need only be limited by the availability of samples and not cost.
INTRODUCTION: PERFORMING SPACE IN URBAN AFRICA

January–February 2011, Tahrir Square, Cairo. Hundreds of thousands gathered on a square that had been named tahrir (liberation) in commemoration of previous Egyptian revolutions. History was made in a place that already marked earlier histories. The square was, again, transformed into a space of historical importance and was, again, signified as a revolutionary site of liberation. Closer to the ground, however, the unfolding experiences were not as straightforward as the post factum story renders them. The square was transformed into a focal point of political, urban, historical, national, symbolic and global importance by people having backgrounds and aspirations of their own. They wrote key pages of their own life histories as much as they wrote world history, urban or national history. The square enabled the emergence of a particular social space signified through practices that can be understood as performative: the square was occupied, speeches were staged, drama and intimacy were shared on Facebook and Al-Jazeera, and people slept, cooked, cared – in short, lived – on a square that gained political importance by becoming part of daily life, part of the city and the nation, drawing on history and global connections, and at the same time shaping a more promising place in which to live their lives.2 Over 6,000 km to the south, 35 years earlier, the Soweto uprising intensified the confrontation between the apartheid regime and its opponents. For more than a
Description of the Entropy™ algorithm as applied in the Datex‐Ohmeda S/5™ Entropy Module

H. VIERTIÖ-OJA, V. MAJA, M. SÄRKELÄ, P. TALJA, N. TENKANEN, H. TOLVANEN-LAAKSO, M. PALOHEIMO, A. VAKKURI, A. YLI-HANKALA and P. MERILÄINEN Datex-Ohmeda Division, Instrumentarium Corp., Helsinki, Department of Anesthesia, Eye and Ear Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Department of Anesthesia, Tampere University Hospital, and University of Tampere, Medical School, Tampere, and Instrumentarium Corp., Helsinki, Finland
An Execution-flow Based Method for Detecting Cross-Site Scripting of Ajax Applications

We present an execution-flow analysis for JavaScript programs running in a web browser to prevent Cross-site Scripting (XSS) attacks. We construct finite-state automata (FSA) to model the client-side behavior of Ajax applications under normal execution. Our system is deployed in proxy mode. The proxy analyzes the execution flow of client-side JavaScript before the requested web pages arrive at the browser to prevent potentially malicious scripts, which do not conform to the FSA. We evaluate our technique against several real-world applications and the result shows that it protects against a variety of XSS attacks with an acceptable performance overhead.
Curriculum differentiation for handwriting and occupational therapy/teacher partnership: collaboration or conflict?

Collaborative practice between health and education professionals is considered central to the implementation of inclusion policies and best practice to support children with special educational needs (SEN). However, in Ireland, barriers to collaborative practice between occupational therapists and teachers include limited contact in practice settings and lack of interagency collaboration structures. This paper investigates the process of collaborative practice using findings of a study involving 46 children with Down Syndrome (DS), their teachers and an occupational therapist in the collaborative application of a handwriting teaching method. While teachers reported finding the collaborative approach useful, conflict arose regarding how to differentiate the curriculum to meet complex individual needs. Findings are discussed in the light of current resource constraints, the agenda for inclusive practice, and amalgamating differing professional perspectives to ensure appropriate curriculum differentiation. This paper concludes that ongoing occupational therapy (OT)–teacher collaboration is essential in developing appropriate educational goals and curriculum differentiation strategies for children with DS. Joint collaboration in educational policy development is advised. OT involvement in initial teacher education and continuing professional development, and joint pre-/post-qualification education opportunities are recommended to enhance shared professional understandings. Government commitment to resourcing and developing structures to facilitate interagency collaboration is crucial.
The Expression of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Family in Breast Cancer

Purpose It is widely accepted that aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity is a signature of breast cancer stem cells, and high activity has been reported to be associated with poor clinical outcome. The aim of this study was to assess the expression of members of the ALDH family of isozymes in breast cancer tissues and to evaluate the implications of the results. Methods We analyzed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue from 160 patients with breast cancer. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was performed on the slides using antibodies against different ALDH family members. We collated the IHC results with patient clinical characteristics and determined their prognostic value. In addition, we analyzed normal, hyperplastic, and carcinomatous tissues in situ to check their ALDH distributions. Results All the tested ALDH members were detected in the various tissue types, but at different levels. Only ALDH 1A3 was found to be significantly associated with distant metastasis (p=0.001), disease-free survival (p<0.001), and overall survival (p<0.001). Conclusion The level of ALDH 1A3 in breast cancer tissue is a predictive marker of a poor clinical outcome.
Rapid detection of hepatitis C virus RNA by direct capture from blood

A new diagnostic assay for hepatitis C virus RNA detection is described. HCV genomic RNA is captured onto streptavidin‐coated magnetic beads by solution hybridization with biotinylated complementary oligonucleotides. The specificity of the capture assay is confirmed using different capture oligonucleotides as well as sera representing different types of HCV. Sensitivity was determined by testing serial dilutions of a HCV infected plasma. A panel of 50 sera was tested for anti‐HCV by a Line Immunoassay and for HCV‐RNA by both a conventional guanidinium extraction method and the new capture assay. The specificity of the capture assay was 95.8% and the sensitivity was 92.3% compared to the standard protocol. This method provides a rapid and simple alternative for HCV‐RNA detection in blood samples. © 1994 Wiiey‐Liss, Inc.
Display pixel caching

A variety of standard video modes that stretch or zoom lower resolution video content linearly to take full advantage of large screen sizes have been implemented in TV sets. When content and screen aspect ratios differ, format proportions may be compromised, video content may be clipped, or screen regions may remain unused. Newer techniques, such as video retargeting and video upsampling, rescale individual video frames and can potentially match them to the display resolution and aspect ratio. However, none of these methods can display simultaneously more than is contained in a single frame.
MULTI-TRACK PS ANALYSIS IN SHANGHAI

It is known that several areas in Shanghai town are affected by strong subsidence and many studies are being carried on for monitoring its ground motion. Moreover, the city is growing more and more both in extension and height, and this fact can be connected to the subsidence phenomena. In this work, carried out within the ESA Dragon project, all the available data acquired by ESA satellites ERS and Envisat over Shanghai are jointly exploited in order to get the full story of the ground motion and of the city growth. The results obtained by analyzing an area of about 1,000 km 2 around Shanghai city-center are shown. They are in good agreement with leveling data collected in insitu surveys. Moreover, for the first time a PS analysis has been carried out exploiting jointly data acquired by the satellite flying along parallel tracks.
Formal security assessment of Modbus protocol

Critical infrastructures as water treatment, power distribution, or telecommunications, provide daily services essential to our lifestyle. Any service discontinuity can have a high impact into our society and even into our safety. Thus, security of these systems against intentional threats must be guaranteed. However, many of these systems are based on protocols initially designed to operate on closed, unroutable networks, making them an easy target for cybercriminals. In this regard, Modbus is a widely adopted protocol in control systems. Modbus protocol, however, lacks for security properties and is vulnerable to plenty of attacks (as spoofing, flooding, or replay, to name a few). In this paper, we propose a formal modeling of Modbus protocol using an extension of hierarchical state-machines that is automatically transformed to a Promela model. This model allows us to find counterexamples of security properties by model-checking. In particular, the original contribution of this paper is the formal demonstration of the existence of man-in-the-middle attacks in Modbus-based systems. Our approach also allows to formally evaluate security properties in future extensions of Modbus protocols.
QUANTITATIVE NANOMECHANICAL MAPPING OF MARINE DIATOM IN SEAWATER USING PEAK FORCE TAPPING ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY 1

It is generally accepted that a diatom cell wall is characterized by a siliceous skeleton covered by an organic envelope essentially composed of polysaccharides and proteins. Understanding of how the organic component is associated with the silica structure provides an important insight into the biomineralization process and patterning on the cellular level. Using a novel atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging technique (Peak Force Tapping), we characterized nanomechanical properties (elasticity and deformation) of a weakly silicified marine diatom Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenb.) Reimann et J. C. Lewin (strain CCNA1). The nanomechanical properties were measured over the entire cell surface in seawater at a resolution that was not achieved previously. The fibulae were the stiffest (200 MPa) and the least deformable (only 1 nm). Girdle band region appeared as a series of parallel stripes characterized by two sets of values of Young’s modulus and deformation: one for silica stripes (43.7 Mpa, 3.7 nm) and the other between the stripes (21.3 MPa, 13.4 nm). The valve region was complex with average values of Young’s modulus (29.8 MPa) and deformation (10.2 nm) with high standard deviations. After acid treatment, we identified 15 nm sized silica spheres in the valve region connecting raphe with the girdle bands. The silica spheres were neither fused together nor forming a nanopattern. A cell wall model is proposed with individual silica nanoparticles incorporated in an organic matrix. Such organization of girdle band and valve regions enables the high flexibility needed for movement and adaptation to different environments while maintaining the integrity of the cell.
Passive depth tracking of underwater maneuvering targets

As a parallel extension to the adaptive range tracking of underwater targets described by Moose and Dailey [1], this paper discusses the problem of tracking the depth of a maneuvering target using passive time-delay measurements. The target is free to maneuver in velocity and make random depth changes at times unknown to the observer. In modeling target motion, use is made of the linearized polar coordinate model developed and reported in [2] and [3]. The addition of a nonlinear system block to the tracking system leads to a partial decoupling of both depth and polar range estimators which greatly reduces the computational burden and significantly reduces any tendency toward tracking divergence. A modified method to obtain closed-form expressions for the measurement error statistics is presented which replaces conventional extensive off-line simulation procedures. Finally, test results are shown which validate the elimination of all extended Kalman filters in the measurement processing. This makes the passive tracking system very "robust" with respect to convergence characteristics in the presence of adverse target maneuvers.