Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Wrapping Things up about Virus RNA Replication

All single‐stranded ‘positive‐sense’ RNA viruses that infect mammalian, insect or plant cells rearrange internal cellular membranes to provide an environment facilitating virus replication. A striking feature of these unique membrane structures is the induction of 70–100 nm vesicles (either free within the cytoplasm, associated with other induced vesicles or bound within a surrounding membrane) harbouring the viral replication complex (RC). Although similar in appearance, the cellular composition of these vesicles appears to vary for different viruses, implying different organelle origins for the intracellular sites of viral RNA replication. Genetic analysis has revealed that induction of these membrane structures can be attributed to a particular viral gene product, usually a non‐structural protein. This review will highlight our current knowledge of the formation and composition of virus RCs and describe some of the similarities and differences in RNA‐membrane interactions observed between the virus families Flaviviridae and Picornaviridae.
Improvements in Hip Muscle Performance Result in Increased Use of the Hip Extensors and Abductors During a Landing Task

Background: Impaired hip muscle performance has been implicated as a contributing factor to the increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in women. Purpose: To determine the influence of a hip-focused training program on lower extremity biomechanics during a drop-jump task. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Twenty-one recreationally active women (18-25 years of age) participated in a 4-week training program consisting of hip-focused plyometric and balance perturbation exercises (3 times/wk, 30 min/session). Maximum isometric strength of the hip extensors, hip abductors, and knee extensors was assessed, along with lower extremity biomechanics during a drop-jump task. All assessments were performed within 5 days of initiation and completion of the training program. Results: After training, subjects demonstrated significantly greater maximum isometric strength of the hip extensors (2.87 ± 0.7 vs 3.11 ± 0.7 N·m/kg; P < .01) and hip abductors (2.08 ± 0.7 vs 2.23 ± 0.07 N·m/kg; P = .004). No significant difference in knee extensor strength was observed. After training, subjects landed with significantly greater peak knee flexion (94.0° ± 8.5° vs 98.0° ± 10.1°; P < .001) and hip flexion (83.4° ± 7.6° vs 89.9° ± 8.8°; P = .008) and a lower knee/hip extensor moment ratio (1.33 ± 0.6 vs 0.99 ± 0.3; P = .001). In addition, subjects demonstrated significantly lower peak knee abduction angles (6.8° ± 3.3° vs 5.6° ± 3.1°; P = .04) and average knee adductor moments (0.06 ± 0.1 vs −0.02 ± 0.1 N·m/kg; P < .001). Conclusion: Changes in lower extremity biomechanics consistent with decreased risk for ACL injury were observed after participation in a hip-focused training program. Clinical Relevance: The study results suggest that ACL injury prevention programs targeting hip muscle performance may be important in mitigating biomechanical risk factors associated with ACL injury in women.
Immunoreactivity against choline acetyltransferase, γ‐aminobutyric acid, histamine, octopamine, and serotonin in the larval chemosensory system of Dosophila melanogaster

We have studied the distribution of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), histamine, octopamine and serotonin in the larval chemosensory system of Drosophila melanogaster. Colocalization at the confocal level with green fluorescent protein (GFP) or Tau‐GFP reporters, expressed in selected P[GAL4] enhancer trap lines, was used to identify the cells making up these neurotransmitters. As in the adult fly, larval olfactory afferents project into the (larval) antennal lobe (LAL), where they synapse onto local interneurons and projection neurons, whereas gustatory afferents terminate essentially in the tritocerebral‐subesophageal (TR‐SOG) region. We demonstrate that the neuropils of the LAL and the TR‐SOG are immunoreactive to ChAT and GABA. In addition, serotonin‐ and octopamine‐immunoreactive fibers are present in the LAL. ChAT immunostaining is localized in subsets of olfactory and gustatory afferents and in many of the projection neurons. In contrast, GABA is expressed in most, and perhaps all, of the local interneurons. Serotonin immunoreactivity in the LAL derives from a single neuron that is situated close to the LAL and projects to additional neuropil regions. Taken together, these findings resemble the situation in the adult fly. Hence, given the highly reduced numbers of odorant receptor neurons in the larva, as shown in a previous study (Python and Stocker [2002] J. Comp. Neurol. 445:374–387), the larval system may become an attractive model system for studying the roles of neurotransmitters in olfactory processing. J. Comp. Neurol. 453:157–167, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of reconnection downstream conditions on electron parallel acceleration during the merging start-up of a spherical tokamak

The axial merging method is one of the candidates to provide a center-solenoid-free start-up of high-beta spherical tokamak (ST) plasma. Two initially formed STs merge through magnetic reconnection in the presence of the guide (toroidal) magnetic field, which is perpendicular to the reconnection (poloidal) magnetic field. During ST merging start-up, electrons are effectively accelerated near the reconnection point where the reconnection electric field is almost parallel to the magnetic field. In order to evaluate the effectivity of this acceleration process on electron heating, the temporal and spatial distributions of generated energetic electrons are observed by a soft x-ray fast imaging system equipped on the UTST device. The energetic electrons were generated not only in the vicinity of the reconnection point but transiently in the inboard-side downstream region until the static electric field by charge separation grew to cancel the reconnection electric field component parallel to the magnetic field line. Adequate control of the downstream condition could enhance the generation of energetic electrons and provide a more effective conversion from the released magnetic energy to electron energy.
Mitochondrial Coupling and Contractile Efficiency in Humans with High and Low V˙O2peaks.

INTRODUCTION Endurance training elicits tremendous adaptations of the mitochondrial energetic capacity. Yet, the effects of training or physical fitness on mitochondrial efficiency during exercise are still unclear. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study was to examine in vivo the differences in mitochondrial efficiency and ATP cost of contraction during exercise in two groups of adults differing in their aerobic capacity. METHOD We simultaneously assessed the ATP synthesis and O2 fluxes with P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and pulmonary gas exchange measurements in seven endurance-trained (ET, V˙O2max: 67 ± 8 mL·min⁻¹·kg⁻¹) and seven recreationally active (RA, V˙O2max: 43 ± 7 mL·min⁻¹·kg⁻¹) subjects during 6 min of dynamic moderate-intensity knee extension. RESULTS The ATP cost of dynamic contraction was not significantly different between ET and RA (P > 0.05). Similarly, end-exercise O2 consumption was not significantly different between groups (ET: 848 ± 155 mL·min⁻¹ and RA: 760 ± 131 mL·min⁻¹, P > 0.05). During the recovery period, the PCr offset time constant was significantly faster in ET compared with RA (ET: 32 ± 8 s and RA: 43 ± 10 s, P < 0.05), thus indicating an increased mitochondrial capacity for ATP synthesis in the quadriceps of ET. In contrast, the estimated mitochondrial efficiency during exercise was not significantly different (P/O, ET: 2.0 ± 1.0 and RA: 1.8 ± 0.4, P > 0.05). Consequently, the higher mitochondrial capacity for ATP synthesis in ET likely originated from an elevated mitochondrial volume density, mitochondria-specific respiratory capacity, and/or slower postexercise inactivation of oxidative phosphorylation by the parallel activation mechanism. CONCLUSION Together, these findings reveal that 1) mitochondrial and contractile efficiencies are unaltered by several years of endurance training in young adults, and 2) the training-induced improvement in mitochondrial energetic capacity appears to be independent from changes in mitochondrial coupling.
Mathematical Modelling of Fault Reactivation Induced by Water Injection

Faults in the host rock that might exist in the vicinity of deep geological repositories for radioactive waste, constitute potential enhanced pathways for radionuclide migration. Several processes might trigger pore pressure increases in the faults leading to fault failure and induced seismicity, and increase the faults’ permeability. In this research, we developed a mathematical model to simulate fault activation during an experiment of controlled water injection in a fault at the Mont-Terri Underground Research Laboratory in Switzerland. The effects of in-situ stress, fault shear strength parameters and heterogeneity are assessed. It was shown that the above factors are critical and need to be adequately characterized in order to predict the faults’ hydro-mechanical behaviour.
Biopsychosocial Predictors of Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C

Objectives: To assess biopsychosocial predictors of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Methods: In 94 consecutive patients with chronic hepatitis C attending a liver center, HRQOL was assessed by the Medical Outcome Study Short Form Health Survey 36 (SF-36) and by the German version of the Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire. The predictive effect on HRQOL of disease-related worries measured by the worry subscale of the Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire, psychiatric comorbidity (defined by at least one Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale German Version Score ≥11), the Child-Pugh score in case of cirrhosis, interferon therapy, and active medical comorbidities was assessed by a multiple regression analysis. Results: From 88 patients (age, 48.6 ± 14.6 years; 50% female), 62 (70%) had no cirrhosis, 15 (17%) Child A, 5 (6%) Child B, and 6 patients (7%) Child C cirrhosis. The mental summary score of SF-36 was predicted by the amount of disease-related worries (corrected R2 = 0.33; &bgr; = 3.2; p < .001) and psychiatric comorbidity (corrected R2 = 0.42; &bgr; = −9.0; p < .001), by the physical summary score of SF-36 by the amount of disease related worries (corrected R2 = 0.33; &bgr; = 4.0; p < .001), and by the number of active medical comorbidities (corrected R2 = 0.39; &bgr; = −2.0; p = .006). Conclusions: The HRQOL in chronic hepatitis C is not determined by the severity of the liver disease but by psychiatric and medical comorbidities and disease-related worries. HRQOL = health-related quality of life; IFN = interferon; HCV = hepatitis C virus; SF-36 = Medical Outcome Study Short Form Health Survey 36; CLDQ-D = German version of the Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire; HADS-D = German version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression.
Selectivity of ertapenem for Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants cross-resistant to other carbapenems.

OBJECTIVES Ertapenem and other carbapenems will be used increasingly, as extended-spectrum beta-lactamases become more prevalent even among community-acquired pathogens. There is, however, concern that this use will select for resistances to imipenem and meropenem in nosocomial pathogens, notably Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and we investigated the validity of this concern. METHODS Single-step selection experiments were performed by plating P. aeruginosa cultures on to agar containing doubling dilutions of ertapenem. MIC patterns, outer membrane protein profiles and the effects of efflux inhibitors were examined for selected mutants. RESULTS At 2-8 x MIC, ertapenem selected (i) for OprD(-) mutants of P. aeruginosa, with cross-resistance only to carbapenems, (ii) for putative efflux types with broader cross-resistance, and also (iii) for various less familiar phenotypes. Efflux mutants were predominantly, but not exclusively, selected from carbenicillin-hypersusceptible strains and OprD(-) mutants largely from strains with normal levels of carbenicillin susceptibility. Whilst these data indicate potential cross-selectivity, they must be set against the observation that 20% serum raised the ertapenem MICs, and the drug concentrations needed for mutant selection, by over four-fold, reflecting the compound's strong protein binding. Since, following a 1 g intravenous dose the free ertapenem concentration in the serum falls below 4 mg/L--corresponding to the lower of two MIC(50) estimates--within 4 h (17% of the dosage interval) selectivity in vivo should be minimized. CONCLUSIONS Whilst ertapenem can select for P. aeruginosa mutants with cross-resistance to imipenem and ertapenem in vitro, this selectivity should be minimal under clinical conditions.
The temporal nature of legitimation: the case of IFRS8

Abstract Legitimation can operate on an episodic or continual basis [Suchman, M.C. (1995). Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 571–610]. We examine the temporal legitimation of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)’s actions during the adoption and review of International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) 8 ‘Operating Segments’. We conceptualise the controversy surrounding IFRS8 as an episode when the IASB sought segmental reporting convergence with the US standard, Statement of Financial Accounting Standard 131. Interpreting evidence from 15 (20) semi-structured interviews undertaken in 2009 (2011), before (after) entities reported under IFRS8, reveals its adoption precipitated an episodic legitimacy threat from selected audiences to the actions of the IASB. We discuss the IASB's attempt to influence legitimation for this episode through commitment to a post-implementation review [IFRS Foundation. (2011). Post implementation reviews: Plan for developing the framework for conducting post-implementation reviews. IASB Board meeting February 2011. Retrieved July 27, 2011, from http://www.ifrs. org/NR/rdonlyres/3E1502E4-F1E8-4907-838B-FFB20C7268ED/0/PIR02111st2ndb04obs.pdf] of IFRS8. Interpreting legitimacy concerns across diverse audiences about specific actions of the IASB (the introduction of IFRS8) enables us to draw conclusions about the resilience of the IASB as a standard setting organisation, in itself.
Distributed fault tolerant control of networked Euler-lagrange systems under actuator faults

This paper provides a distributed fault-tolerant cooperative control strategy for a class of networked Euler-Lagrange systems subject to the additive actuator faults and the partial loss of actuator effectiveness. The proposed fault-tolerant cooperative controller consists of two parts: the nominal cooperative controller and the auxiliary cooperative controller. The nominal cooperative controller is developed firstly when the actuators are fault-free. The auxiliary cooperative controller is designed to compensate for the actuator faults. Numerical simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control law and illustrate its robustness to external disturbances and actuator faults.
AndrEnsemble: Leveraging API Ensembles to Characterize Android Malware Families

Assigning family labels to malicious apps is a common practice for grouping together malware with identical behavior. However, recent studies show that apps labeled as belonging to the same family do not necessarily behave similarly: one app may lack or have extra capabilities compared to others in the same family, and, conversely, two apps labeled as belonging to different families may exhibit close behavior. To reveal these inconsistencies, this paper presents AndrEnsemble, a characterization system for Android malware families based on ensembles of sensitive API calls extracted from aggregated call graphs of different families. Our method has several advantages over similar characterization approaches, including a greater reduction ratio with respect to original call graphs, robustness against transformation attacks, and flexibility to be applied at different granularity levels. We experimentally validate our approach and discuss three specific use cases: mobile ransomware, SMS Trojans and banking Trojans. This left us with some interesting findings. First of all, malicious operations in these types of malware are not necessarily exercised by using several sensitive API calls all together. Second, SMS Trojans have larger ensembles of API calls compared to the other types. Last but not least, we identified several samples with identical ensembles though being labeled as part of different families.
Application of Photoreactive Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) Beam Fanning to the Photothermal Mirror Technique: An Experimental Analysis

An adaptive spatial filter is used as an optical novelty filter to detect photothermal mirror (PM) signals in high absorbing materials using continuous wave laser excitation. The optical novelty filter uses an optical beam-fanning limiter based on single domain barium titanate (BaTiO3), cut and poled 45° relative to the c-axis. The optical novelty filter approach relaxes the requirement for high sample surface smoothness because the effect aperture adapts to the surface, reducing the stationary background from the optical signal and provides a means of developing the photothermal mirror signal. Time-dependent probe laser phase shifts due to photothermal surface deformation pass through the optical novelty filter and are detected as an intensity increase over the stationary or “mundane” signal. Experimental studies are performed using four well-characterized metals using both the conventional photothermal mirror and optical novelty filter apparatuses in order to understand the complicated signal behavior. Signal behavior is analyzed in different excitation intervals using pseudo-chopped sample excitation with different duty cycles. Optical novelty filter signals show fast response for changes in the spatial beam profile followed by long relaxation time. Reasons for the optical novelty filter response are described.
Fetal Hippocampal Cells Grafted to Kainate-Lesioned CA3 Region of Adult Hippocampus Suppress Aberrant Supragranular Sprouting of Host Mossy Fibers

Selective lesion of the rat hippocampus using an intracerebroventricular administration of kainic acid (KA) represents an animal model for studying both lesion recovery and temporal lobe epilepsy. This KA lesion leads initially to loss of CA3 hippocampal neurons, the postsynaptic target of mossy fibers, and later results in aberrant mossy fiber sprouting into the dentate supragranular layer (DSGL). Because of the close association of this aberrant mossy fiber sprouting with an increase in the seizure susceptibility of the dentate gyrus, delayed therapeutic strategies capable of suppressing the sprouting of mossy fibers into the DSGL are of significant importance. We hypothesize that neural grafting can restore the disrupted hippocampal mossy fiber circuitry in this model through the establishment of appropriate mossy fiber projections onto grafted pyramidal neurons and that these appropriate projections will lead to reduced inappropriate sprouting into the DSGL. Large grafts of Embryonic Day 19 hippocampal cells were transplanted into adult hippocampus at 4 days post-KA lesion. Aberrant mossy fiber sprouting was quantified after 3-4 months survival using three different measures of Timm's staining density. Grafts located near the degenerated CA3 cell layer showed dense ingrowth of host mossy fibers compared to grafts elsewhere in the hippocampus. Aberrant mossy fiber sprouting throughout the dentate gyrus was dramatically and specifically reduced in animals with grafts near the degenerated CA3 cell layer compared to "lesion only" animals and those with ectopic grafts away from the CA3 region. These results reveal the capability of appropriately placed fetal hippocampal grafts to restore disrupted hippocampal mossy fiber circuitry by attracting sufficient host mossy fibers to suppress the development of aberrant circuitry in hippocampus. Thus, providing an appropriate postsynaptic target at early postlesion periods significantly facilitates lesion recovery. The graft-induced long-term suppression of aberrant sprouting shown here may provide a new avenue for amelioration of hyperexcitability that occurs following hippocampal lesions.
Resource Allocation for Multiuser Improved AF Cooperative Communication Scheme

Joint power and bandwidth allocation of an improved amplify and forward (AF) cooperative communication scheme is proposed to utilize the spectrum efficiently. Each user adapts to a mixed strategy transmission using frequency division multiplexing (FDM), where part of the data is transmitted using AF relaying with diversity, and the other part is transmitted using direct transmission without diversity. The resource allocation problem aimed at maximizing the sum rate of a multi-user up-link scenario using the improved scheme is formulated. Both flat and frequency-selective fading channels are addressed. The resource allocation problem of the power and bandwidth profiles is non-convex and difficult to solve. In this sense, a two-step iterative algorithm is proposed, which alternates between solving either power allocation sub-problem for a given bandwidth profile or a bandwidth allocation sub-problem for a given power profile. The convergence and optimality of the proposed algorithm are discussed using game theory framework. Numerical simulations show the merits of the proposed improved AF cooperative communication scheme and the proposed iterative algorithm.
Retina Development of a Pde 6 b Gene Knockout Rat Model for Studies of Degenerative Retinal Diseases

Joon Hyung Yeo, Bok Kyoung Jung, Heuiran Lee, In-Jeoung Baek, Young Hoon Sung, Hae-Sol Shin, Hong Kyung Kim, Kyoung Yul Seo, and Joo Yong Lee Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Korea Mouse Sensory Phenotyping Center (KMSPC), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Channel Mismatch Effect on Performance of Low Density Parity Check Codes

Effect of channel mismatch on decoding performance of low density parity check (LDPC) codes over binary symmetric channel (BSC) under sum-product algorithm (SPA) is analyzed in this paper. Density evolution is employed in theoretical analysis to get optimal initial value for SPA. Based on the results, a modified SPA algorithm is proposed. When decoding using this modified SPA algorithm, no channel information is needed at the decoder side. This will be of significant value for time-varying channels. Theoretical claims from density evolution are confirmed by extensive simulations. Our simulations show that by fixing the initial value for all channel conditions, decoding performance can be improved. One channel state estimation algorithm is proposed in this paper based on the error detection ability of LDPC codes. Maximum number of iterations taken when decoding a LDPC code can be dynamically adjusted according to the estimated channel state. Further performance improvements can be achieved by using the dynamic iteration number adjusting scheme together with the modified sum-product algorithm