Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deep Hand: How to Train a CNN on 1 Million Hand Images When Your Data is Continuous and Weakly Labelled

This work presents a new approach to learning a framebased classifier on weakly labelled sequence data by embedding a CNN within an iterative EM algorithm. This allows the CNN to be trained on a vast number of example images when only loose sequence level information is available for the source videos. Although we demonstrate this in the context of hand shape recognition, the approach has wider application to any video recognition task where frame level labelling is not available. The iterative EM algorithm leverages the discriminative ability of the CNN to iteratively refine the frame level annotation and subsequent training of the CNN. By embedding the classifier within an EM framework the CNN can easily be trained on 1 million hand images. We demonstrate that the final classifier generalises over both individuals and data sets. The algorithm is evaluated on over 3000 manually labelled hand shape images of 60 different classes which will be released to the community. Furthermore, we demonstrate its use in continuous sign language recognition on two publicly available large sign language data sets, where it outperforms the current state-of-the-art by a large margin. To our knowledge no previous work has explored expectation maximization without Gaussian mixture models to exploit weak sequence labels for sign language recognition.
Sensation's Ghost The Non-Sensory "Fringe" of Consciousness

Non-sensory experiences represent almost all context information in consciousness. They condition most aspects of conscious cognition including voluntary retrieval, perception, monitoring, problem solving, emotion, evaluation, meaning recognition. Many peculiar aspects of non-sensory qualia (e.g., they resist being 'grasped' by an act of attention) are explained as adaptations shaped by the cognitive functions they serve. The most important nonsensory experience is coherence or "rightness. " Rightness represents degrees of context fit among contents in consciousness, and between conscious and non-conscious processes. Rightness (not familiarity) is the feeling-of-knowing in implicit cognition. The experience of rightness suggests that neural mechanisms "compute" signals indicating the global dynamics of network integration.
First Language Composition Pedagogy in the Second Language Classroom: A Reassessment

a relatively new applied field, the teaching of composition to non-natives has been largely dependent upon the pedagogical practices modelled on research findings and practical experiences of first language composition teachers. The paucity of field testing of first language composition teaching techniques in the second language context, however, has led to widespread belief that whatever works for native speakers must be equally effective for non-native writers. Three such practices which are widely used in L2 classrooms are sentence combining and journal writing, and
Transpersonal-spiritual BMGIM experiences and the process of surrender

This is a study of BMGIM (the Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music) transcripts with the purpose of deepening the understanding of transpersonal BMGIM experiences. The intention was to deepen the understanding through a relational perspective. Based on intersubjective theory, categories of analyses were pre-defined and used in the analysis of two transcripts from a course of therapy with the same client. Questions addressed were, how are the relational modes that constitute shared lived experience shown in the BMGIM session transcripts? How is the emergence of the process of surrender shown in the BMGIM session transcripts? Results showed that it was possible to find examples in the transcripts illustrating the categories, and that transpersonal experiences could be described as resulting from a Relational Mode of Surrender, a concept defined as a result of this study. In this article, a new understanding of transpersonal-spiritual BMGIM experiences will be discussed from the perspectives of intersubjectivity, phenomenology and psychology of religion.
Role mining based on permission cardinality constraint and user cardinality constraint

Constraint is an essential aspect of role-based access control RBAC and is sometimes argued to be the principle motivation for RBAC. However, most of role mining algorithms do not consider the constraint. Furthermore, they just compare the least cost of the authorization process but do not consider how to assess the accuracy of the derived role state, thus, providing the motivation for this work. In this paper, we first define a wide variety of constraints, especially the permission cardinality constraint and user cardinality constraint. We further propose a role mining algorithm to generate roles based on these two kinds of cardinality constraints that consider the similarity between roles in the process of merging roles in order to improve the accuracy of the role state at the same time. Finally, we carry out the experiments to evaluate our approach. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mitochondrial Substrate Level Phosphorylation Is Essential for Growth of Procyclic Trypanosoma brucei *

Oxidative phosphorylation and substrate level phosphorylation catalyzed by succinyl-CoA synthetase found in the citric acid and the acetate:succinate CoA transferase/succinyl-CoA synthetase cycle contribute to mitochondrial ATP synthesis in procyclicTrypanosoma brucei. The latter pathway is specific for trypanosome but also found in hydrogenosomes. In organelloATP production was studied in wild-type and in RNA interference cell lines ablated for key enzymes of each of the three pathways. The following results were obtained: 1) ATP production in the acetate:succinate CoA transferase/succinyl-CoA synthetase cycle was directly demonstrated. 2) Succinate dehydrogenase appears to be the only entry point for electrons of mitochondrial substrates into the respiratory chain; however, its activity could be ablated without causing a growth phenotype. 3) Growth of procyclic T. brucei was not affected by the absence of either a functional citric acid or the acetate:succinate CoA transferase/succinyl-CoA synthetase cycle. However, interruption of both pathways in the same cell line resulted in a growth arrest. In summary, these results show that oxygen-independent substrate level phosphorylation either linked to the citric acid cycle or tied into acetate production is essential for growth of procyclic T. brucei, a situation that may reflect an adaptation to the partially hypoxic conditions in the insect host.
Mechanism of invasion of lung epithelial cells by filamentous L
egionella pneumophila

Legionella, the aetiological agent responsible for Legionellosis, is an opportunistic pathogen that infects humans upon the inhalation of contaminated aerosolized water droplets. Legionella is pleomorphic and its different morphotypes exhibit varying degrees of virulence. While the filamentous forms of Legionella pneumophila (Lp) have been reported in patient samples since the first description of legionellosis, their role in disease has not been studied. Our results show that both E‐cadherin and β1 integrin receptors mediate filamentous Lp (FLp) attachment to lung epithelial cells (LECs). The activation of these receptors induces the formation of actin enriched membrane surface structures that we designated ‘hooks’ and ‘membrane wraps’. These structures entrap the filaments on the cell surface leading to their gradual internalization through a zipper mechanism of phagocytosis dependent on actomyosin activity. The supply of E‐cadherin receptors from the recycling pathway and β1 integrins released from focal adhesion turnover are required to sustain this process. Intracellular FLp inhabits a vacuolar compartment where filaments differentiate into short rods and replicate to produce infective progeny. Here we are reporting a first description of the invasion mechanism used by FLp to invade LECs. Therefore, filamentous morphotype of Lp can induce its own uptake by LECs and has the potential ability to cause disease.
A Mobile Touchable Application for Online Topic Graph Extraction and Exploration of Web Content

We present a mobile touchable application for online topic graph extraction and exploration of web content. The system has been implemented for operation on an iPad. The topic graph is constructed from N web snippets which are determined by a standard search engine. We consider the extraction of a topic graph as a specific empirical collocation extraction task where collocations are extracted between chunks. Our measure of association strength is based on the pointwise mutual information between chunk pairs which explicitly takes their distance into account. An initial user evaluation shows that this system is especially helpful for finding new interesting information on topics about which the user has only a vague idea or even no idea at all.
Langevin Equations in Coarse-Graining Notes by Aleksandar Donev , CIMS November 17 , 2013 1

where z denotes the microscopic configuration and ρeq(z)dz is the equilibrium measure for the microscopic dynamics. In some cases the actual Hamiltonian (total energy) may be expressible in terms of the coarse-grained variables and is strictly conserved, but this is not always the case since some of the energy may in fact be incorporated in the coarse-grained free energy as an “entropy”. The equilibrium distribution for the coarse variables is the coarse-grained Gibbs distribution
The Onset of Song Learning and Song Tutor Selection in Fledgling Zebra Finches

We investigated song development in the pre-independent zebra finch (aged 15-35 d), a period when neural pathways for song learning and production are forming and social influences outside the family are limited. Expt 1 investigated the onset and the minimum duration of tutoring needed for song learning in fledglings. We found most begin to learn song from 25 d of age and need about 10 d contact with the father tutor to make accurate copies. This onset corresponds with major developments in the formation of the neural circuitry implicated in song acquisition. Subsong also begins on day 25 suggesting that the sensory and motor phases of song learning fully overlap in the zebra finch. Our findings support the hypothesis that the song circuitry is fully functional by 35 d of age and the sensitive phase for zebra finches extends therefore from about days 25-65. However, only the first 10 d of this period are necessary to learn a tutor's song with fair accuracy. Expt 2 investigated the role of the paternal bond, spatial proximity and mating status in a fledgling's choice of song tutor where the father was the sole parent. Young chose the father over single unrelated males (expt 2a) or unrelated males in company with their female partners (expt 2b). Given the close spatial proximity of both potential tutors to the fledglings it is probably the filial bond, established via paternal care that is the cause of this preference. Zebra finches sing the same song phrase in two contrasting contexts: female-directed song during pre-copulatory courtship and undirected song where no female or display is involved. In expt 3 we tested the song learning preference of pre-independent young for two categories of non-paternal tutors: those singing predominantly female-directed song and those singing exclusively undirected song. There was a small, but significant, preference for fledgling zebra finches to copy songs from males that sang female-directed song. This preference is consistent with the hypothesis that young males not only learn the acoustic features of their tutor's song but also the visual and dynamic movements that constitute the courtship display.
Tristetraprolin Regulates the Expression of the Human Inducible Nitric-Oxide Synthase Gene

The expression of human inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is regulated both by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Stabilization of mRNAs often depends on activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). In human DLD-1 cells, inhibition of p38 MAPK by the compound 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)1H-imidazole (SB203580) or by overexpression of a dominant-negative p38 MAPKα protein resulted in a reduction of human iNOS mRNA and protein expression, whereas human iNOS promoter activity was not affected. An important RNA binding protein regulated by the p38 MAPK pathway and involved in the regulation of the stability of several mRNAs is tristetraprolin. RNase protection, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot experiments showed that cytokines used to induce iNOS expression in DLD-1 cells also enhanced tristetraprolin expression. SB203580 incubation reduced cytokine-mediated enhancement of tristetraprolin expression. Overexpression or down-regulation of tristetraprolin in stably transfected DLD-1- or A549/8 cells consistently resulted in enhanced or reduced iNOS expression by modulating iNOS-mRNA stability. In UV cross-linking experiments, recombinant tristetraprolin did not interact with the human iNOS mRNA. However, coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed interaction of tristetraprolin with the KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KSRP), which is known to recruit mRNAs containing AU-rich elements to the exosome for degradation. This tristetraprolin-KSRP interaction was enhanced by cytokines and reduced by SB203580 treatment. We conclude that tristetraprolin positively regulates human iNOS expression by enhancing the stability of human iNOS mRNA. Because tristetraprolin does not directly bind to the human iNOS mRNA but interacts with KSRP, tristetraprolin is likely to stabilize iNOS mRNA by capturing the KSRP-exosome complex.
A 1.2-to-8V Charge-Pump with Improved Power Efficiency for Non-Volatille Memories

A charge-pump architecture is presented with an improved power efficiency and a high voltage output compared to the known Dickson and Favrat architectures due to partial reuse of the charge stored on the capacitors. An 8-stage charge pump fabricated in a 0.13mum CMOS process has a 1.2V supply and a 100MHz clock. The measured performance indicates that the efficiency can be 25% higher than a Favrat cell. The efficiency increases with the number of stages, reaching 60% with 10 stages.
Integrin and glycocalyx mediated contributions to cell adhesion identified by single cell force spectroscopy

The measurement of cell adhesion using single cell force spectroscopy methods was compared with earlier methods for measuring cell adhesion. This comparison provided a means and rationale for separating components of the measurement retract curve that were due to interactions between the substrate and the glycocalyx, and interactions that were due to cell surface integrins binding to a substrate-bound ligand. The glycocalyx adhesion was characterized by multiple jumps with dispersed jump sizes that extended from 5 to 30 µm from the origin. The integrin mediated adhesion was represented by the Fmax (maximum detachment force), was generally within the first 5 µm and commonly detached with a single rupture cascade. The integrin peak (Fmax) increases with time and the rate of increase shows large cell to cell variability with a peak ∼ 50 nN s − 1 and an average rate of increase of 75 pN s − 1. This is a measure of the rate of increase in the number of adhesive integrin–ligand bonds/cell as a function of contact time.
Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis on agarose gel as an aid to the identification of entomopathogenic Bacillus sphaericus strains.

Sixty strains of Bacillus sphaericus, including 31 insect pathogens were studied by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and were classified into 44 zymovars (electrophoretic types). Among the entomopathogenic strains, 11 belong to the same zymovar (Z59) indicating a widespread frequent genotype. Bands of enzyme activity were not detected among the strains for the loci GPI (E.C.5.3.1.9), G6P (E.C.1.1.1.49), 6PG (E.C.1.1.1.44) and ME (E.C.1.1.1.40). The enzymatic loci NP (E.C.2.4.2.1) and ACON (E.C.4.2.1.3) were monomorphic while the other enzymes, MDH (E.C.1.1.1.37), LeDH (E.C.1.4.1.9), ADH (E.C.1.4.1.1), EST (E.C.3.1.1.1), PEP-2 (E.C.3.4.11.1), PEP-3 (E.C.3.4.11) and PEP-D (E.C. 3.4.13.9) were polymorphic. The genetic variation in the non-insect pathogenic group seemed to be greater than in the entomopathogenic group. This latter group appears to be distinct from other strains of these species. All insect pathogens were recovered in the same phenetic cluster and a diagnostic allele is reported for the identification of entomopathogenic strains.
Classification of motor task execution speed from EEG data

It is believed that the obtention of instantaneous intention level from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and its use as a control signal may increase the benefits gained from the robotic rehabilitation process of stroke patients. This paper investigates a method for classifying the speed of arm movements from EEG recordings of healthy subjects under the assumption that the intention level of a patient may be reflected in motor task execution velocity. Experimental data were collected from eight (four male, four female) healthy volunteers while they were performing right arm movements at two different speeds. We designed an experiment in which the subjects were asked to carry a glass cup in two different environments: nail or cotton. The task speeds for both environments were decided individually by the volunteers; however the nail environment had a maximum speed limit. Participants were warned by a crashing glass audio stimulus if they exceeded the speed limit of the nail environment. As a result, a simple daily life activity was performed at two different speeds as an experimental task. Based on experimental data from eight healthy subjects, we successfully classified two different speed levels and resting state from event related synchronization (ERS) and event related desynchronization (ERD) patterns of EEG signals by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classifier. Results reveal that LDA can discriminate different velocity levels when six frequency bands of three EEG recording channels were used as the feature vector.
Membrane localization itself but not binding to IICBGlc is directly responsible for the inactivation of the global repressor Mlc in Escherichia coli

Mlc is a global transcriptional repressor involved in the regulation of genes linked to glucose metabolism. The activity of Mlc is modulated through the interaction with a major glucose transporter, IICBGlc, in response to external glucose. To understand how IICBGlc–Mlc interaction controls the repressor activity of Mlc, we attempted to isolate Mlc mutants that retain the ability to repress target genes even in the presence of glucose. The Mlc mutants were tested for their ability to interact with IICBGlc. Mutants in which a single amino acid substitution occurs in the N‐terminal portion were no longer able to bind to IICBGlc, suggesting that the N‐terminal region of Mlc is primarily responsible for the interaction with IICBGlc. To examine whether the Mlc–IICBGlc interaction and/or the membrane localization of Mlc per se are essential for the inactivation of Mlc, the properties of several hybrid proteins in which either IIBGlc or Mlc is fused to membrane proteins were analysed. The cytoplasmic IIBGlc domain failed to inhibit the Mlc action although it retains the ability to bind Mlc in cells. However, it gained the ability to inhibit the Mlc activity when it was fused to a membrane protein LacY. In addition, we showed that Mlc is inactivated when fused to membrane proteins but not when fused to cytoplasmic proteins. We conclude that the IICBGlc–Mlc interaction is dispensable for the inactivation of Mlc, and that membrane localization is directly responsible for the inactivation of Mlc.
Quantitative Epistasis Analysis and Pathway Inference from Genetic Interaction Data

Inferring regulatory and metabolic network models from quantitative genetic interaction data remains a major challenge in systems biology. Here, we present a novel quantitative model for interpreting epistasis within pathways responding to an external signal. The model provides the basis of an experimental method to determine the architecture of such pathways, and establishes a new set of rules to infer the order of genes within them. The method also allows the extraction of quantitative parameters enabling a new level of information to be added to genetic network models. It is applicable to any system where the impact of combinatorial loss-of-function mutations can be quantified with sufficient accuracy. We test the method by conducting a systematic analysis of a thoroughly characterized eukaryotic gene network, the galactose utilization pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. For this purpose, we quantify the effects of single and double gene deletions on two phenotypic traits, fitness and reporter gene expression. We show that applying our method to fitness traits reveals the order of metabolic enzymes and the effects of accumulating metabolic intermediates. Conversely, the analysis of expression traits reveals the order of transcriptional regulatory genes, secondary regulatory signals and their relative strength. Strikingly, when the analyses of the two traits are combined, the method correctly infers ∼80% of the known relationships without any false positives.
Enhanced low-power high-speed adder for error-tolerant application

The tradeoff between power consumption and speed performance has become a major design consideration when devices approach the sub-100 nm regime. It is especially critical when dealing with large data set, whereby the system is degraded in terms of power and speed. If the application can accept some errors, i.e. the application is Error — tolerant (ET), a large reduction in power and an increased in speed can be simultaneously achieved. In this paper, we shall present a novel low-power and high-speed Error-Tolerant Adder Type IV design called ETAIV. The proposed ETAIV is an enhancement of our earlier design, ETAII [1] in terms of speed and accuracy.
Enhancements for Authenticated Identity Management in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)

The existing security mechanisms in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) are inadequate for cryptographically assuring the identity of the end users that originate SIP requests, especially in an interdomain context. This document defines a mechanism for securely identifying originators of SIP messages. It does so by defining two new SIP header fields, Identity, for conveying a signature used for validating the identity, and Identity-Info, for conveying a reference to the certificate of the signer. [STANDARDS-TRACK]