Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
BLADE: A BitLine Accelerator for Devices on the Edge

The increasing ubiquity of edge devices in the consumer market, along with their ever more computationally expensive workloads, necessitate corresponding increases in computing power to support such workloads. In-memory computing is attractive in edge devices as it reuses preexisting memory elements, thus limiting area overhead. Additionally, in-SRAM Computing (iSC) efficiently performs computations on spatially local data found in a variety of emerging edge device workloads. We therefore propose, implement, and benchmark BLADE, a BitLine Accelerator for Devices on the Edge. BLADE is an iSC architecture that can perform massive SIMD-like complex operations on hundreds to thousands of operands simultaneously. We implement BLADE in 28nm CMOS and demonstrate its functionality down to 0.6V, lower than any conventional state-of-the-art iSC architecture. We also benchmark BLADE in conjunction with a full Linux software stack in the gem5 architectural simulator, providing a robust demonstration of its performance gain in comparison to an equivalent embedded processor equipped with a NEON SIMD co-processor. We benchmark BLADE with three emerging edge device workloads, namely cryptography, high efficiency video coding, and convolutional neural networks, and demonstrate 4x, 6x, and 3x performance improvement, respectively, in comparison to a baseline CPU/NEON processor at an equivalent power budget.
Information Hiding behind Approximate Computation

There are many interesting advances in approximate computing recently targeting the energy efficiency in system design and execution. The basic idea is to trade computation accuracy for power and energy during all phases of the computation, from data to algorithm and hardware implementation. In this paper, we explore how to utilize approximate computing for security based information hiding. More specifically, we will demonstrate with examples the potential of embedding information in approximate hardware and approximate data, as well as during approximate computation. We analyze both the security vulnerabilities that this may cause and the potential security applications enabled by such information hiding. We argue that information could be hidden behind approximate computation without compromising the computation accuracy or energy efficiency.
Ethic issue in ischemic stroke patients wit thrombolytic therapy.

OBJECTIVE To discuss the ethical challenge in thrombolytic therapy. BACKGROUND Thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-Pa) has been found to be beneficial to the outcome of patients who had a stroke. However, the ethic issue that is related to intravenous rt-Pa infusion has not been discussed. PATIENTS Four patients with a middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarct arrived at the emergency department (ER) of our hospital within 3 hours of stroke onset. All of them violated the guidelines of thrombolytic therapy for patients. The families of three patients insisted on the thrombolytic therapy. Two patients received rt-Pa infusion and two did not. RESULTS Two patients who received rt-Pa infusion experienced hemorrhagic transformation. One died on the fifth day after stroke, and the other one had a poor outcome with a modified ranking scale (mRS) of 5. One of the two patients who did not receive rt-Pa infusion suffered from hemorrhagic transformation and died on the third day after stroke, and the other one had a poor outcome with mRS of 5. CONCLUSIONS These 4 cases highlight the complexity of thrombolytic therapy in patients who violate the guidelines because the families insisted on thrombolytic therapy. No one is sure that the family's decision was the patient's wish. When a stroke patient violates the guidelines of thrombolytic therapy and the family of the patient insists on the thrombolytic therapy, a conversation between patients, patients' families and clinicians is necessary. Physician should tell patient and their families about the high risk of hemorrhagic transformation and mortality. If the family wants to make a decision, physician should request patient or patient's families to sign an against medical advice form and follow the patient's or their family's decision for the outcome.
Development of privacy-preserving RFID authentication system using mobile devices

A mobile RFID system is a radio frequency identification technology that allows users to read the information on its tags. Systems that allow free reading of tags with mobile RFID reader devices represent a significant risk to individual privacy because unauthorized individuals may easily obtain personal information from the tags. In addition, the fixed ID values on tags can be used to track users in network segments. Although various solutions have previously been proposed to resolve this RFID privacy problem, most require numerous calculations to be performed on the tags. Therefore, these techniques require active tags with high-capacity embedded processors, which are expensive. In addition, it is not practical to apply these techniques to a mobile RFID system based on passive tags attached to devices because of not only the high price but also the bulkiness of the tags themselves. In this paper, we propose an efficient protocol for authentication, which allows transferring of the heavy calculations to the mobile reader devices, thus requiring only the resulting values to be stored on the tags. This study mainly focuses on improving the limitations of existing RFID authentication protocols, which usually assume active tags. The proposed protocol achieves the same security level and performance that can be obtained through active tags. To evaluate the performance of the proposed protocol, we implemented it using EPC Gen-2 tags, a smartphone, a UHF RF dongle, and a database. The proposed protocol meets various security requirements such as tag protection and location- and traffic-tracking prevention. The proposed protocol also meets other requirements such as lightweightness and the desired level of performance.
HSIM-DNN: Hardware Simulator for Computation-, Storage- and Power-Efficient Deep Neural Networks

Deep learning that utilizes large-scale deep neural networks (DNNs) is effective in automatic high-level feature extraction but also computation and memory intensive. Constructing DNNs using block-circulant matrices can simultaneously achieve hardware acceleration and model compression while maintaining high accuracy. This paper proposes HSIM-DNN, an accurate hardware simulator on the C++ platform, to simulate the exact behavior of DNN hardware implementations and thereby facilitate the block-circulant matrix-based design of DNN training and inference procedures in hardware. Real FPGA implementations validate the simulator with various circulant block sizes and data bit lengths taking into account accuracy, compression ratio and power consumption, which provides excellent insights for hardware design.
Using Samples to Estimate the Sensitivity and Specificity of a Surveillance Process

Determining sensitivity and specificity of a postoperative infection surveillance process is a difficult undertaking. Because postoperative infections are rare, vast numbers of negative results exist, and it is often not reasonable to assess them all. This study gives a methodological framework for estimating sensitivity and specificity by taking only a small sample of the number of patients who test negative and comparing their findings to the reference or “gold standard” rather than comparing the findings of all patients to the gold standard. It provides a formula for deriving confidence intervals for these estimates and a guide to minimum requirements for sampling results.
Energetics of Substrate Binding and Catalysis by Class 1 (Glycosylhydrolase Family 47) α-Mannosidases Involved in N-Glycan Processing and Endoplasmic Reticulum Quality Control*[boxs]

Nascent glycoproteins are subject to quality control in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where they can either be effectively folded with the aid of a collection of ER chaperones or they can be targeted for disposal in a process known as ER-associated degradation. Initiation of the ER disposal process involves selective trimming of N-glycans by ER α-mannosidase I and subsequent recognition by the ER degradation-enhancing α-mannosidase-like protein family of lectins, both members of glycosylhydrolase family 47. The kinetics and energetics of substrate binding and catalysis by members of this family were investigated here by the analysis of wild type and mutant forms of human ER α-mannosidase I. The contributions of several amino acid residues and an enzyme-associated Ca2+ ion to substrate binding and catalysis were demonstrated by a combination of surface plasmon resonance and enzyme kinetic analyses. One mutant, E330Q, shown previously to alter general acid function within the catalytic site, resulted in an enzyme that possessed increased glycan binding affinity but compromised glycan hydrolysis. This mutant protein was used in a series of glycan binding studies with a library of mannose-containing ligands to examine the energetics of Man9GlcNAc2 substrate interactions. These studies provide a framework for understanding the nature of the unusual substrate interactions within the family 47 mannosidases involved in glycan maturation and ER-associated glycoprotein degradation.
Design Methodology for Embedded Approximate Artificial Neural Networks

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have demonstrated significant promise while implementing recognition and classification applications. The implementation of pre-trained ANNs on embedded systems requires representation of data and design parameters in low-precision fixed-point formats; which often requires retraining of the network. For such implementations, the multiply-accumulate operation is the main reason for resultant high resource and energy requirements. To address these challenges, we present Rox-ANN, a design methodology for implementing ANNs using processing elements (PEs) designed with low-precision fixed-point numbers and high performance and reduced-area approximate multipliers on FPGAs. The trained design parameters of the ANN are analyzed and clustered to optimize the total number of approximate multipliers required in the design. With our methodology, we achieve insignificant loss in application accuracy. We evaluated the design using a LeNet based implementation of the MNIST digit recognition application. The results show a 65.6%, 55.1% and 18.9% reduction in area, energy consumption and latency for a PE using 8-bit precision weights and activations and approximate arithmetic units, when compared to 16-bit full precision, accurate arithmetic PEs.
Association of induction of a fully tumorigenic phenotype in murine radiation‐induced T‐lymphoma cells with loss of differentiation antigens, gain of CD44, and alterations in p53 protein levels

We investigated the mechanism of radiation induction of murine thymic lymphomas by studying the characteristics of primary x‐ray–induced thymic lymphoma (PXTL) cell lines and of their oncogene‐induced, progressed progeny. It is widely thought that proto‐oncogene alterations are associated with the induction of murine lymphomas; however, few, if any primary murine radiation‐induced lymphomas possess (proto‐)oncogene alterations. Independently derived cell lines grown directly (i.e., without in vivo transplantation) from thymic lymphomas of irradiated C57BL/6 mice possess the properties of immortalized pre‐T cells and lack many of the characteristics of “tumor cells”. PXTL cells are poorly tumorigenic upon transplantation, do not clone in methylcellulose cultures, are growth factor dependent and autocrine, and lack consistent chromosome and oncogene abnormalities. However, the thymic lymphomas are malignant and cause the death of each afflicted mouse. PXTL cells expressed two immunologically distinct forms of the tumor suppressor protein p53 that have moderately increased stability (t1/2 = 1 h) when compared with p53 of normal splenic T lymphocytes. Early PXTL cells could progress in vitro to a fully tumorigenic phenotype after infection with retroviruses encoding the c‐myc and v‐ras oncogenes. Progressed T‐lymphoma cells acquired growth factor independence, a highly transplantable and tumorigenic phenotype, and the ability to quantitatively clone in methylcellulose cultures. Progressed lymphoma cells coordinately downregulated the expression of five T‐cell differentiation markers, upregulated the expression of CD44 (Pgp‐1), and harbored vastly elevated levels of two immunologically distinct forms of p53. Our results suggest that the early thymic lymphomas consist of differentiation‐inhibited, immortal pre‐T cells that are precursors to progressed, fully tumorigenic T‐lymphoma cells. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Learning to Generate 3D Stylized Character Expressions from Humans

We present ExprGen, a system to automatically generate 3D stylized character expressions from humans in a perceptually valid and geometrically consistent manner. Our multi-stage deep learning system utilizes the latent variables of human and character expression recognition convolutional neural networks to control a 3D animated character rig. This end-to-end system takes images of human faces and generates the character rig parameters that best match the human's facial expression. ExprGen generalizes to multiple characters, and allows expression transfer between characters in a semi-supervised manner. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of our method based on Mechanical Turk tests show the high perceptual accuracy of our expression transfer results.
Functionally Complete Boolean Logic and Adder Design Based on 2T2R RRAMs for Post-CMOS In-Memory Computing

In-memory computing (IMC) paradigm has attracted extensive attention for future electronics to overcome the bottleneck and memory wall problem in the von Neumann systems. Nonvolatile logic based on resistive random-access memory (RRAM) is a promising route to implement such architecture. This paper presents the circuits and computing methodology to implement functionally complete Boolean logic and arithmetic block co-design using the CMOS-compatible 2-transistor-2-RRAM (2T2R) structure with reversely connected bipolar RRAM pairs. Arbitrary logic functions for two and multiple operands could be implemented in one-step operation, after which the computation results are in situ stored as the nonvolatile resistive states of the RRAM. In this design, the logic functionality is achieved by simply applying external operational voltages and/or corresponding RRAM initial states to the proposed 2T2R units. Compared with the traditional CMOS designs where the circuit topologies change with logic functions, the proposed 2T2R chain has a universal design with repeated unit blocks, independent of the logic functions. The highly regular and symmetric circuit structure makes it easy for design, integration, and fabrication. The proposed computing scheme/structure is intrinsic, clean, and efficient for IMC applications and presents superior performance in speed and area. The result of the study could build a technology cell library that can be potentially used as input to a technology-mapping algorithm for processing in-memory applications.
The accuracy of elastographic strain ratio and ultrasound thickness in the differentiation of thin and thick cutaneous melanoma

Background Cutaneous melanoma is the most deadly of skin neoplasms. Few studies have investigated the role of elastography characteristics so the ability of elastography in the differentiation of thin and thick cutaneous melanoma is still narrow. Purpose To investigate the accuracy of elastography in differentiating thin and thick melanoma, by measuring strain ratio (SR) between the lesion and adjacent dermis and hypodermis. Material and Methods We investigated by ultrasound and elastography 52 melanoma lesions in 49 patients. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve method was used to investigate the accuracy of ultrasound and elastographic measurement of SR to surrounding tissue, in the differentiation of thin and thick melanomas. The histopathological measurement of lesions depth called Breslow index was the golden standard test. Results Areas under the curve (AUC) showed low accuracy for SR to hypodermis in distinguishing between thin melanomas and others (AUC = 0.739, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.508–0.970]) with a cut-off value of 0.950, being the only statistically significant result in matter of elastographic measurements. Highly statistically significant results were obtained for B-mode ultrasound depth measurements of the lesion, with an AUC = 0.970 (95% CI = 0.927–1.0) in discriminating thin melanomas of others and 0.951 (95% CI = 0.869–1.0) in discriminating thick melanomas of other types. Conclusion Despite the appearance that SR may correlate with the depth of the lesion, elastography, by measuring the SRs to dermis and hypodermis, does not have enough accuracy in distinguishing thin and thick melanoma.
Thermal Analysis and SEM Microscopy Applied to Studying the Efficiency of Ionic Liquid Immobilization on Solid Supports

Ionic liquids (ILs) are widely used in elastomer composites, primarily as vulcanization activators or accelerators, crosslinkers, conductive additives, or dispersing agents of fillers. The aim of this work was to study the efficiency of ionic liquid immobilization on filler surfaces using different techniques of thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Ionic liquid, such as 1-decyl 3-methylimidazolium bromide (DmiBr) was grafted on the surface of silica, calcium oxide, and carbon black to improve the dispersion degree of their particles in the elastomeric matrix. Thermal analysis and SEM microscopy revealed a key role in determining the efficiency of the filler modification with ILs dissolved in acetone. Identifying the weight loss associated with thermal decomposition of DmiBr in modified fillers, allowed the calculation of the efficiency of their modification and compare the surface reactivity of studied fillers with DmiBr. Silica and carbon black exhibited high and comparable ability for interaction with ionic liquid. SEM images showed that particles of DmiBr-modified fillers were quite homogeneously dispersed in the elastomer matrix and exhibited good adhesion to the elastomer.
Emerging Technologies in Mass Spectrometry-Based DNA Adductomics

The measurement of DNA adducts, the covalent modifications of DNA upon the exposure to the environmental and dietary genotoxicants and endogenously produced electrophiles, provides molecular evidence for DNA damage. With the recent improvements in the sensitivity and scanning speed of mass spectrometry (MS) instrumentation, particularly high-resolution MS, it is now feasible to screen for the totality of DNA damage in the human genome through DNA adductomics approaches. Several MS platforms have been used in DNA adductomic analysis, each of which has its strengths and limitations. The loss of 2′-deoxyribose from the modified nucleoside upon collision-induced dissociation is the main transition feature utilized in the screening of DNA adducts. Several advanced data-dependent and data-independent scanning techniques originated from proteomics and metabolomics have been tailored for DNA adductomics. The field of DNA adductomics is an emerging technology in human exposure assessment. As the analytical technology matures and bioinformatics tools become available for analysis of the MS data, DNA adductomics can advance our understanding about the role of chemical exposures in DNA damage and disease risk.
Long Term Monitoring (2014–2018) of Multi-Mycotoxins in South African Commercial Maize and Wheat with a Locally Developed and Validated LC-MS/MS Method

Mycotoxins occur worldwide in the major grains, and producers, traders and processors are all challenged to prevent serious health problems for consumers. The challenges originate with pre-harvest fungi infections in the grain fields, increased contamination during improper storage and, finally, the mycotoxin accumulation in commercial food and feed products. Little is known about the multi-mycotoxin occurrence in maize and wheat commercially produced in South Africa. This is the first comprehensive study that reports on the multi-mycotoxin occurrence in South African produced maize and wheat crops after harvest, over four production seasons, in all the production regions of the country. The study was made possible with the development of a fit-for-purpose, cost-effective LC-MS/MS multi-mycotoxin method, validated for 13 “regulated” mycotoxins. A low mycotoxin risk was found in South African produced wheat, with only deoxynivalenol (DON) in 12.5% of the 160 samples at levels well below the 2000 µg/kg South African (SA) regulatory level. It was concluded that aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is seldom present in South African produced commercial maize. The concentrations, regional variation and seasonal trends of deoxynivalenol and fumonisins, the two most prevalent mycotoxins, and of zearalenone (ZON), are reported for white and yellow maize in all the production provinces, based on the analytical results of 1400 maize samples. A threefold to eightfold increase in deoxynivalenol mean concentrations in white maize was observed in the main production regions in the fourth season, with 8.9% samples above 2000 µg/kg. A strong correlation was found between higher deoxynivalenol concentrations and the presence of 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON). The mean fumonisin concentrations were well below the 4000 µg/kg South African regulatory value. A possible shift in the incidence and severity of mycotoxigenic Fusarium spp. in the provinces must be investigated. The variations and trends highlight the importance of a continuous monitoring of multi-mycotoxins in South Africa along the grain value chain.
Retinal oximetry in patients with ischaemic retinal diseases

The retinal oximeter is a new tool for non‐invasive measurement of retinal oxygen saturation in humans. Several studies have investigated the associations between retinal oxygen saturation and retinal diseases. In the present systematic review, we examine whether there are associations between retinal oxygen saturation and retinal ischaemic diseases. We used PubMed and Embase to search for retinal oxygen saturation and retinal ischaemic diseases. Three separate searches identified a total of 79 publications. After two levels of manual screening, 10 studies were included: six about diabetic retinopathy (DR) and four about retinal vein occlusion. No studies about retinal artery occlusion were included. In diabetes, all studies found that increases in retinal venous oxygen saturation (rvSatO2) were associated with present as well as increasing levels of DR. Four of six studies also found increased retinal arterial oxygen saturation (raSatO2) in patients with DR. In patients with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), all studies found that rvSatO2 was reduced, but raSatO2 remained unchanged. Branch retinal vein occlusion was not associated with changes in retinal oxygen saturation, but this was based on a single study. In conclusion, DR is associated with increased rvSatO2 and might also be related to increased raSatO2. Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is correlated with increased rvSatO2 but unrelated to raSatO2. Prospective studies are needed to expand these findings. These would tell whether retinal oximetry could be a potential tool for screening or a biomarker of treatment outcome in patients with ischaemic retinal diseases.