Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Twitter Book

This practical guide will teach you everything you need to know to quickly become a Twitter power user, including strategies and tactics for using Twitter's 140-character messages as a serious--and effective--way to boost your business. Co-written by Tim O'Reilly and Sarah Milstein, widely followed and highly respected Twitterers, the practical information in The Twitter Book is presented in a fun, full-color format that's packed with helpful examples and clear explanations. Twitter Tips 1. Even if you use Twitter primarily to post information thats not directly about your company, you canand shoulduse it to sometimes link back to your own site or blog. Many companies find that Twitter can become a top referrer to their sites, so avail yourself of that benefitjust do it in a smart way. The key is to frame the link in a way thats interesting to your Twitter followers. So instead of saying, New Blog Post: Mundane Headline, http://yourblog.com, try something like the examples here, each of which links back to the Bigelow Tea blog. 2. If youre looking to get the most out of Twitter, dont fall into the trap of posting an RSS feed of headlines from your site or blog. Although there are services that will automate such a connection for you, they simply help you create an impersonal account that duplicates the main feature of an RSS reader. Why bother? Four Important Things to Search For If you want really useful search results from Twitter, you have to spend some time playing with the advanced search options to figure out the relevant terms and topics people are talking about. Here are four topics to get you started: 1. Your name. It may be known as a vanity search, but keeping an eye on what people say about you is a smart idea. (Dont forget that putting quotes around your name can help refine the results. Search for Jane Doe instead of Jane Doe.) 2. Your Twitter account name. Dont miss messages to or about you. 3. Your company, brand or product. Peek into the minds of customers, competitors, journalists and other key constituents. If youre a local business, use the advanced search Location option to narrow down results. Also, if your company name is common, use the minus sign to weed out inappropriate results. For instance, if you work for Kaiser Permanente, search for Kaiser -Chiefs to make sure messages about the band dont overwhelm your results. (Here, a targeted search yields some relevant results.) 4. Your competitors. Get market intel and ideas.
Monte Carlo simulation and patient dosimetry for a kilovoltage cone-beam CT unit.

PURPOSE The purpose of this work is to characterize the x-ray volume imager (XVI), the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) unit mounted on the Elekta Synergy linac, with F1 bowtie filter and to calculate the three-dimensional dose delivered to patients using volumetric acquisition. METHODS The XVI is modeled in detail using a new Monte Carlo (MC) code, BEAMPP, under development at the National Research Council Canada. In this investigation, a new component module is developed to accurately model the unit's bowtie filter used in conjunction with the available beam collimators at the clinical energy of 120 kV. The modeling is compared against percentage depth dose (PDD) and profile measurements. Kilovoltage radiation beams' phase space files are also analyzed. The authors also describe a method for the absolute dose calibration of the MC model of the CBCT unit when used in a clinical volumetric acquisition mode. Finally, they calculate three-dimensional patient dose from CBCT image acquisition in three clinical cases of interest: Pelvis, lung, and head and neck. RESULTS The agreement between measurement and MC is shown to be very good: Within +/- 2% for the PDD and within +/- 3.5% inside the radiation field for all the collimators with the F1 bowtie filter. A full account of the absolute calibration method is given and dose calculation is validated against ion chamber measurements in different locations of a plastic phantom. Calculations and experiments agree within +/- 2% or better in both at the center and the periphery of the phantom, with worst agreement of 4.5% at the surface of the phantom and for one specific combination of collimator and filter. Patient dose from CBCT scan reveals that dose to tissue is between 2 and 2.5 cGy for a pelvis or a lung full acquisition. For H&N dose to tissue is 5 cGy, with the unit presets used in this work. Dose to bony structures can be two to three times higher than dose to tissue. CONCLUSIONS The XVI CBCT unit has been fully modeled including the F1 bowtie filter. Absolute dose distribution from the unit has been successfully validated. Full MC patient dose calculation has shown that the three-dimensional dose distribution from CBCT is complex. Patient dose from CBCT exposure cannot be completely accounted for by using a numerical factor as an estimate of the dose at the center of the body. Furthermore, additional dose to bone should be taken into account when adopting any IGRT strategy and weighed vs the unquestionable benefits of the technique in order to optimize treatment. Full three-dimensional dose calculation is recommended if patient dose from CBCT is to be integrated in any adaptive planning strategy.
The neurogenic bladder in multiple sclerosis: review of the literature and proposal of management guidelines

Vesicourethral dysfunction is very frequent in multiple sclerosis (MS) and has functional consequences for patients' quality of life and also an organic impact following complications of the neurogenic bladder on the upper urinary tract. While the functional impact and its management are well documented in the literature, the organic impact remains underestimated and there are no consensual practical guidelines for the screening and prevention of MS neurogenic bladder complications. The aim of this review of the literature, focused on identifying the risk factors of urinary tract complications in MS, is to put forward well informed considerations to help in the definition of practical guidelines for the follow-up of the neurogenic bladder in MS in order to improve its prevention and patient management. Four main risk factors have been identified for upper urinary tract damage: the duration of MS, the presence of an indwelling catheter, high-amplitude neurogenic detrusor contractions and permanent high detrusor pressure. Detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia, age over 50 and male sex may form three additional risk factors. Recommendations for long-term urological follow-up, taking into account these specific risks are constructed according to the procedures recommended by the French Health Authorities. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 915-928. http://msj.sagepub. com
The "Out of Sample" Performance of Long-Run Risk Models

This paper studies the ability of long-run risk models, following Bansal and Yaron (2004) and others, to explain out-of-sample asset returns associated with the equity premium puzzle, size and book-to-market effects, momentum, reversals, and bond returns of different maturity and credit ratings. We examine stationary and cointegrated versions of the models using annual data for 1931-2006. We find that the models perform comparably overall to the simple CAPM. A cointegrated version of the model outperforms a stationary version. The long-run risk models perform relatively well on the momentum effect, and earnings momentum in particular. For some of the excess returns the long-run risk models deliver smaller average pricing errors than the CAPM, but they often have larger error variances, and the mean squared prediction errors are broadly similar.
The Identification of CVP1 Reveals a Role for Sterols in Vascular Patterning Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.003939.

Vascular cell axialization refers to the uniform alignment of vascular strands. In the Arabidopsis cotyledon vascular pattern1 (cvp1) mutant, vascular cells are not arranged in parallel files and are misshapen, suggesting that CVP1 has a role in promoting vascular cell polarity and alignment. Characterization of an allelic series of cvp1 mutations revealed additional functions of CVP1 in organ expansion and elongation. We identified CVP1 and found that it encodes STEROL METHYLTRANSFERASE2 (SMT2), an enzyme in the sterol biosynthetic pathway. SMT2 and the functionally redundant SMT3 act at a branch point in the pathway that mediates sterol and brassinosteroid levels. The SMT2 gene is expressed in a number of developing organs and is regulated by various hormones. As predicted from SMT2 enzymatic activity, the precursors to brassinosteroid are increased at the expense of sterols in cvp1 mutants, identifying a role for sterols in vascular cell polarization and axialization.
Using the one–versus–rest strategy with samples balancing to improve pairwise coupling classification

Abstract The simplest classification task is to divide a set of objects into two classes, but most of the problems we find in real life applications are multi-class. There are many methods of decomposing such a task into a set of smaller classification problems involving two classes only. Among the methods, pairwise coupling proposed by Hastie and Tibshirani (1998) is one of the best known. Its principle is to separate each pair of classes ignoring the remaining ones. Then all objects are tested against these classifiers and a voting scheme is applied using pairwise class probability estimates in a joint probability estimate for all classes. A closer look at the pairwise strategy shows the problem which impacts the final result. Each binary classifier votes for each object even if it does not belong to one of the two classes which it is trained on. This problem is addressed in our strategy. We propose to use additional classifiers to select the objects which will be considered by the pairwise classifiers. A similar solution was proposed by Moreira and Mayoraz (1998), but they use classifiers which are biased according to imbalance in the number of samples representing classes.
A New Code Obfuscation Scheme for Software Protection

IT industry loses tens of billions of dollars annually from security attacks such as tampering and malicious reverse engineering. Code obfuscation techniques counter such attacks by transforming code into patterns that resist the attacks. None of the current code obfuscation techniques satisfy all the obfuscation effectiveness criteria such as resistance to reverse engineering attacks and state space increase. To address this, we introduce new code patterns that we call nontrivial code clones and propose a new obfuscation scheme that combines nontrivial clones with existing obfuscation techniques to satisfy all the effectiveness criteria. The nontrivial code clones need to be constructed manually, thus adding to the development cost. This cost can be limited by cloning only the code fragments that need protection and by reusing the clones across projects. This makes it worthwhile considering the security risks. In this paper, we present our scheme and illustrate it with a toy example.
An Ore-type Theorem for Perfect Packings in Graphs

We say that a graph $G$ has a perfect $H$-packing (also called an $H$-factor) if there exists a set of disjoint copies of $H$ in $G$ which together cover all the vertices of $G$. Given a graph $H$, we determine, asymptotically, the Ore-type degree condition which ensures that a graph $G$ has a perfect $H$-packing. More precisely, let $\delta_{\rm Ore}(H,n)$ be the smallest number $k$ such that every graph $G$ whose order $n$ is divisible by $|H|$ and with $d(x)+d(y)\geq k$ for all nonadjacent $x\not=y\in V(G)$ contains a perfect $H$-packing. We determine $\lim_{n\to\infty}\delta_{\rm Ore}(H,n)/n$.
The knowledge building community project: a grounded theory of an alternative teacher education model

This research explores the experiences of a group of preservice teachers in the first two years of their experiences in an alternative model of teacher education known as the Knowledge Building Community Project (KBC) at the University of Wollongong in 1999. The K B C Project was initiated as a response to research that suggested preservice teachers needed more experience with the day-to-day operation of schools, and how the daily work of teachers related to the culture of schools and classrooms. The K B C model was based upon the intersection of three sources for learning; (i) Community Learning, (ii) School-based Learning and (iii) Problem-based Learning. The research project uses qualitative methodologies encompassing formal and informal interviews, participant observation and the use of e-mail correspondence over a period of three semesters with the 22 pioneer students of the 1999 K B C Project. The thesis proposes a constructivist grounded theory that emerged as a result of seeking meaning from the students' experiences. It was found that implementing an alternative model for teacher education based on Problem-based Learning was difficult but the data showed that the students involved benefited from the support of the community triad (the K B C facilitators, school-based teachers and each other). The data showed that being members of the community triad enabled students to develop friendship and trust which made working in collaborative school groups advantageous. The students said that the community triad supported their learning. The thesis concludes with a chapter arising from this study that shows that there are key components needed in order to implement a K B C in teacher education. The key feature of the grounded theory highlights the importance of a structure to promote social interaction among the main participants. W h e n students are given the opportunity and support of the community triad, they can develop an ownership and responsibility for their learning. A key trait is the ability of the students to link theory to practice as well as developing an increased understanding about the culture of schools and the way that they operate. iii
Translating the A1C Assay Into Estimated Average Glucose Values

Certainty in science went out of fashion early last century following Heisenberg's postulates. We now see ranges and confidence intervals around any given mode, mean, or median. Truth, in short, is a dependent variable. Yet the American Diabetes Association (ADA) seems to be set on recommending the introduction of an estimated average glucose (eAG) value based on A1C levels, as an ADA Web site carries the formula for conversion of A1C to eAG. However, three factors have led representatives of 18 professional organizations in the U.K. to reject the introduction of this same eAG conversion based on current evidence (1). These representatives, including the current two authors, are concerned with the validity of the basic …
Pulmonary tuberculosis in Harare, Zimbabwe: analysis by spoligotyping

BACKGROUND Over the last 10 years there has been a fourfold increase in cases of tuberculosis in Harare, Zimbabwe. The use of molecular epidemiology to understand tuberculosis transmission in this epidemic has been hampered by the availability of suitable culture facilities. A study was therefore undertaken to explore the potential of spoligotyping, a polymerase chain reaction based technique that does not require tuberculosis culture. METHODS Adults attending a chest clinic with clinical or radiological pulmonary tuberculosis and one smear positive sputum were enrolled over one month. Demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical data were gathered using a standardised questionnaire. Molecular fingerprinting of genomic DNA recovered from sputum was performed by spoligotyping. RESULTS Sixty one subjects (median age 28 years (range 18–73); 61% men) were recruited and 57 provided adequate sputum samples. Recent rural-urban migration or immigration was not common; 40% of subjects lived in crowded living conditions. DNA suitable for spoligotyping was recovered from 28 patients and 20 different genotypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were identified. Fifteen patients were infected with an M tuberculosis strain shared by one or more individuals. Patients infected with a shared spoligotype were not closely linked geographically within Harare, but were more likely to live in overcrowded conditions (69% versus 23%; odds ratio 6.85 (95% CI 1.2 to 47), p = 0.026). Analysis of the patients’ original rural family homes revealed two geographically related spoligotype clusters. CONCLUSIONS Spoligotyping may yield valuable molecular typing information in populations where tuberculosis culture is not available. This novel technique requires further development and evaluation in larger epidemiological studies.
Kaos4SOA - Extending KAOS Models with Temporal and Logical Dependencies

In requirements engineering for service-oriented systems, stakeholder objectives are described by goal models from which business process models are derived that define the required service compositions. A goal-based requirements specification should ensure completeness of the goals that need to be achieved as well as the consideration of temporal and logical dependencies between goals. Recent approaches lack the ability to elicitate and specify the stakeholders’ knowledge about dependencies between goals that need to be considered in the derivation of business processes. We present Kaos4SOA, an extended goal notation for the explicit specification of goal dependencies and briefly describe how existing approaches can be extended to validate the consistency of business processes against these dependencies. The application of our approach is supported by the implemented Kaos4SOA modeling workbench.
Reinforced Contrast Adaptation

Traditional image enhancement algorithms do not account for the subjective evaluation of human operators. Every observer has a different opinion of an ideally enhanced image. Automated Techniques for obtaining a subjectively ideal image enhancement are desirable, but currently do not exist. In this paper, we demonstrate that Reinforcement Learning is a potential method for solving this problem. We have developed an agent that uses the Q-learning algorithm. The agent modifies the contrast of an image with a simple linear point transformation based on the histogram of the image and feedback it receives from human observers. The results of several testing sessions have indicated that the agent performs well within a limited number of iterations.
Rebuttal of “ Voodoo Correlations in Social Neuroscience ” by Vul et al . – summary information for the

The paper by Vul et al., entitled "Voodoo correlations in social neuroscience" and accepted for publication by Perspectives on Psychological Science, claims that "a disturbingly large, and quite prominent, segment of social neuroscience research is using seriously defective research methods and producing a profusion of numbers that should not be believed. " In all brevity, we here summarise conceptual shortcomings and methodological errors of this paper and explain why their criticisms are invalid. A detailed reply will be submitted to a peer reviewed scientific journal shortly
Multiple effects of toxins isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus on the hepatitis C virus life cycle

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the main causes of liver disease and transplantation worldwide. Current therapy is expensive, presents additional side effects and viral resistance has been described. Therefore, studies for developing more efficient antivirals against HCV are needed. Compounds isolated from animal venoms have shown antiviral activity against some viruses such as Dengue virus, Yellow fever virus and Measles virus. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the complex crotoxin (CX) and its subunits crotapotin (CP) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2-CB) isolated from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus on HCV life cycle. Huh 7.5 cells were infected with HCVcc JFH-1 strain in the presence or absence of these toxins and virus was titrated by focus formation units assay or by qPCR. Toxins were added to the cells at different time points depending on the stage of virus life cycle to be evaluated. The results showed that treatment with PLA2-CB inhibited HCV entry and replication but no effect on HCV release was observed. CX reduced virus entry and release but not replication. By treating cells with CP, an antiviral effect was observed on HCV release, the only stage inhibited by this compound. Our data demonstrated the multiple antiviral effects of toxins from animal venoms on HCV life cycle.
The effect of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on spatial motor skill learning in healthy and spinal cord injured humans

III I. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . VII II. TABLE OF CONTENTS . IX III. TABLE OF FIGURES . XIII IV. LIST OF TABLES. XV V. LIST OF EQUATIONS . XVII VI. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . XIX VII. BACKGROUND TO THE RESEARCH .
Different regulatory elements are necessary for αI tubulin induction during CNS development and regeneration

Developing and regenerating neurons induce genes whose products are necessary for axonal growth, such as that encoding α1 tubulin. To determine whether α1 tubulin gene induction uses similar mechanisms during CNS development and regeneration, we compared wild-type and mutant α1 tubulin promoter activity in the developing and regenerating CNS of transgenic zebrafish. Wild-type α1 tubulin promoter activity increased dramatically in the developing and regenerating CNS. In contrast, we generated a mutation in the α1 tubulin promoter that prevented its increase during development but retained regeneration-dependent induction in the adult. These results suggest that at least some of the signaling mechanisms used to activate α1 tubulin promoter activity during CNS regeneration are different from those used to activate this promoter during development.
Risk of Alzheimer Disease with the ±4 Allele for Apolipoprotein E in a Population‐Based Study of Men Aged 62–73 Years

The ±4 allele at APOE, the polymorphic locus for apolipoprotein E, increases the risk of Alzheimer disease (AD), especially among those with the homozygous ±4/±4 genotype. In family studies, ±4 homozygotes typically develop AD at 55–75 years, an age range when AD is otherwise relatively infrequent. Population-based studies of the AD risk associated with allele ±4 (and especially with genotype ±4/±4) are limited in number, and most such studies have included few AD cases between the ages of 55 and 75 years. In a large population-based twin registry, the screening of 12,709 men who were 62–73 years old yielded 38 prevalent cases of AD whose onset age ranged from 54 to 73. Genotype at APOE was determined for 37 of these cases and, independently, for a similarly aged probability sample of 344 men from the same registry. The ±4 allele frequencies among the AD cases and the population samples were 0.39 and 0.15, respectively. The odds ratios (ORs) for AD were 17.7 for genotype ±4/±4 versus ±3/±3 and 13.8 for ±4/±4 versus all remaining genotypes. By contrast, the ORs with heterozygous ±4/±3 were only 2.76 versus ±3/±3 and 2.01 versus all genotypes other than ±4/±3 (p for homozygote vs. heterozygote ORs = 0.002). The estimated etiologic fraction for AD with homozygous ±4 among men in their mid-50s to mid 70s is therefore 0.20; for the much more common heterozygous genotype ±4/±3, the fraction is 0.18. In combination with other studies that have adjusted statistically for age, these results suggest that the effect of the ±4 allele dose is neither linear nor homogeneous for age. Homozygous ±4/±4 appears to confer an extreme risk of AD at the age when onset with this genotype is most likely. These results are consistent with the view that individual genotypes modify risk by predisposing to substantially different distributions of AD onsets.