Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Changes in Prefrontal Cortex Activation Underlie Declines in Adolescent Risk Taking

Adolescence is a critical developmental phase during which risk-taking behaviors increase across a variety of species, raising the importance of understanding how brain changes contribute to such behaviors. While the prefrontal cortex is thought to influence adolescent risk taking, the specific ways in which it functions are unclear. Using longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging in human adolescents, we found that ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) activation decreased during an experimental risk-taking task over time, with greater declines in VLPFC associated with greater declines in self-reported risky behavior. Furthermore, greater decreases in functional coupling between the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and ventral striatum over time were associated with decreases in self-reported risky behavior. Thus, disparate roles of the VLPFC and MPFC modulate longitudinal declines in adolescent risk taking. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Adolescence is a developmental period marked by steep increases in risk-taking behavior coupled with dramatic brain changes. Although theories propose that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) may influence adolescent risk taking, the specific ways in which it functions remain unclear. We report the first longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging study to examine how neural activation during risk taking changes over time and contributes to adolescents' real-life risk-taking behavior. We find that longitudinal declines in activation of the ventrolateral PFC are linked to declines in adolescent risk taking, whereas the medial PFC influences adolescent risk taking via its functional neural coupling with reward-related regions. This is the first study to identify the mechanism by which different regions of the PFC disparately contribute to declines in risk taking.
Dimensions and Role-Specific Mediators of Surrogate Trust in the ICU

Objective:In the ICU, discussions between clinicians and surrogate decision makers are often accompanied by conflict about a patient’s prognosis or care plan. Trust plays a role in limiting conflict, but little is known about the determinants of trust in the ICU. We sought to identify the dimensions of trust and clinician behaviors conducive to trust formation in the ICU. Design:Prospective qualitative study. Setting:Medical ICU of a major urban university hospital. Subjects:Surrogate decision makers of intubated, mechanically ventilated patients in the medical ICU. Measurements and Main Results:Semistructured interviews focused on surrogates’ general experiences in the ICU and on their trust in the clinicians caring for the patient. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded by two reviewers. Constant comparison was used to identify themes pertaining to trust. Thirty surrogate interviews revealed five dimensions of trust in ICU clinicians: technical competence, communication, honesty, benevolence, and interpersonal skills. Most surrogates emphasized the role of nurses in trust formation, frequently citing their technical competence. Trust in physicians was most commonly related to honesty and the quality of their communication with surrogates. Conclusions:Interventions to improve trust in the ICU should be role-specific, since surrogate expectations are different for physicians and nurses with regard to behaviors relevant to trust. Further research is needed to confirm our findings and explore the impact of trust modification on clinician-family conflict.
Generalized Layerings for Arbitrary and Fixed Drawing Areas

The Directed Layering Problem (DLP) solves a step of the widely used layer-based approach to automatically draw directed acyclic graphs. To cater for cyclic graphs, usually a preprocessing step is used that solves the Feedback Arc Set Problem (FASP) to make the graph acyclic before a layering is determined. Here we present the Generalized Layering Problem (GLP), which solves the combination of DLP and FASP simultaneously, allowing general graphs as input. We present an integer programming model and a heuristic to solve the NP-complete GLP and perform thorough evaluations on different sets of graphs and with different implementations for the steps of the layer-based approach. We observe that GLP reduces the number of dummy nodes significantly, can produce more compact drawings, and improves on graphs where DLP yields poor aspect ratios. The drawings resulting from GLP also turn out to be more suitable for making the best possible use of a given drawing area. However, we show that a specialized variant of GLP can yield considerable improvements w. r. t. this particular optimization goal.
Place branding-exploring knowledge and positioning choices across national boundaries: The case of an Italian superbrand wine

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of the product-specific region-of-origin (ROO) and product-specific country-of-origin (COO) on the willingness to pay a premium price for a wine label designated as a superbrand by the Italian Government: the Chianti Classico. Design/methodology/approach The paper introduces the concept of “ROO-COO distance”, defined as the importance attributed to a product-specific ROO as compared to its COO. In order to better understand whether the construct “ROO-COO distance” influences the willingness to pay a premium price, the paper considers consumers’ cross-national differences and their knowledge, distinguishing among three types of knowledge: consumers’ subjective general product knowledge, consumers’ subjective country product knowledge and consumers’ regional product experience (PE). Four hypotheses were tested focussing on Chianti Classico – a premium wine – as related to its ROO and COO (Tuscany, Italy). The authors employed a sample of 4,254 consumers originating from New World countries (Australia, USA and Canada) and Old World countries (Germany, UK, Sweden and Belgium). Findings The findings confirm that a place-of-origin influence on price-related product evaluations is country specific. Furthermore, the moderating role of consumers’ subjective product knowledge and consumers’ region-related PEs differ across countries. The ROO-COO distance was found to positively affect only Old World consumers. It was established that respondents’ subjective country/product knowledge and consumers’ regional knowledge or PEs positively moderate this relationship. Originality/value The paper links the COO and ROO effects in a single framework and analyses it at the cross-national level, while also considering the moderating effect of consumer’s knowledge.
Prediction of severity of acute pancreatitis.

SIR,-We read with great interest the article by Fan et al (Gut 1989; 30: 1591-5) in which they have shown that two factors (serum urea and plasma glucose) were as good as the conventionally used multifactor scoring system of Imrie et al ' and Ranson et al' using nine and 11 factors respectively for clinical and biochemical assessment of severity of acute pancreatitis. The major drawbacks ofmultifactor include (a) use of too many factors, (b) need for a longer duration (48 hours) before assessment of severity can be made, and (c) effect of treatment on various assessment parameters during 48 hours of observation. Although fascinating, it seems unlikely that the authors' new approach the use of a discriminant value of the two factors (serum urea >7 4 mmol/l and plasma glucose >11F0 mmol/1) in assessment of severity of pancreatitis will stand the test of time because of the following reasons. Firstly, the raised serum urea has a very non-specific value as it can be altered because of dehydration, repeated vomitings, poor intake, and other non-pancreatic factors like gastrointestinal bleeding and renal dysfunction. Secondly, the occurrence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (occurring in 10-20% of patients with acute pancreatitis)3 may significantly affect the serum urea concentration even though it may have no relation to severity of pancreatitis. Thirdly, the authors' explanation that high serum urea concentration could be a reflection of poor physiologic reserve of major organ system does not seem to have convincing scientific appeal. Moreover as the plasma glucose intolerance and incidence ofdiabetes mellitus increase with age and the authors fail to mention whether or not underlying diabetes mellitus was ruled out in their patients with acute pancreatitis, it is possible that a proportion of their patients may have had raised plasma glucose secondary to pre-existing glucose intolerance or diabetes mellitus rather than because of underlying severe pancreatitis. Finally, we believe that from the standpoint of the clinical management there is no harm in waiting for a day or two to observe the course of acute pancreatitis on conservative treatment even though the course may alter (maybe for the good) the score of the multifactor scoring system, rather than rush to predict the severity of acute pancreatitis at admission. ANIL ARORA S K ACHARYA All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110 029, India
Value co-creation in the management of projects delivering integrated solutions: the case of BT Global Services in the UK

This paper investigates the role of value co-creation in the management of projects delivering integrated solutions, implementing a new business model for incumbent telecommunications operators. The case study of BT Global Services (BTGS) shows that BT's business unit responsible for the business of projects delivering integrated solutions requires collaboration at a strategic level between BTGS and customers. An empirical framework is proposed for value co-creation in projects delivering integrated solutions. It highlights the strategic alignment between the integrated solution's provider (BTGS) and the customer as the main feature that differentiates this framework from those in the existing literature. It also highlights the importance of considering post-project (i.e., longer-term benefits after the handover) factors when evaluating project success.
Criteria to infer local species residency in standardized adult dragonfly surveys

For dragonflies, the final exuviae are the most identifiable nymphal stage, can substitute for lethal processing of live animals, and definitively indicate life-cycle completion or reproductive success. However, dragonfly exuviae are difficult to find and identify relative to adults, and species richness in exuvial surveys is generally biased low. We tested readily acquired information in adult surveys as indicators of exuviae presence and, therefore, species residency. Repeated concurrent surveys of adults and exuviae were completed at 32 wetlands in New York and 30 wetlands in Oklahoma, USA. We modeled the occurrence of exuviae as logit-linear functions of adult abundance, detection frequency (across surveys), teneral frequency, and frequency of breeding behavior while controlling for imperfect detectability. Exuviae occupancy probabilities suggested several reliable indicators of species residency: 1) finding adults on ≥4 surveys, 2) finding tenerals on ≥2 surveys, and 3) counting >20 adults on ≥1 surveys (with caveats). The odds of exuviae occurrence when these conditions were met were ∼9 to 18× greater than when no adults were detected. Species residency may be accurately inferred during adult surveys, potentially improving freshwater applications and conservation via dragonflies.
Measuring Service Quality using Servqual Model in Pakistan

The study intends to investigate the level of service quality in PCBs using the Servqual model in Pakistan. The Servqual model has been used due to its authenticity for measuring service quality gaps. By using factor analysis and data reduction methods the results of the study have been concluded. The results show that the service quality is an important factor of customerâ€™s satisfaction. The study has highlighted some important service quality gaps exist between service quality expectations and perceptions in provision of banking services in Pakistan. It has been observed that in Pakistan most of the gaps have been found in reliability, responsiveness and assurance. Because, most of the government and local bodies are still claiming about the customersâ€™ rights protections which are weak in Pakistan and customers are not well protected and served. In the endeavor of consumerâ€™s right protection the state bank of Pakistan has taken some staggering movies to protect banking industry customers and enhance service quality. But the astonishing fact is that even with untiring efforts of state bank of Pakistan instead of increasing service quality in banking industry the level of customerâ€™s satisfaction is decreasing with the passage of time. The concern authorities should have eye on these issues and take some immediate remedial and surviving measures.
The Impact of Corporate Governance Attributes on Environmental Disclosures: Evidence from India

Abstract This article empirically investigates the impact of corporate governance attributes on companies’ decision to disclose environmental information since corporate governance ensures fair, responsible, credible and transparent corporate behaviours to its stakeholders. The corporate governance attributes used in the study are board size, chief executive officer duality, domestic institutional ownership and foreign institutional ownership. Environmental disclosures are measured by a checklist of items based on Global Reporting Initiative guidelines as well as environmental regulations prevailing in India. Disclosure scores are drawn individually by using content analysis of annual reports for a sample of 177 most polluting companies in India for a period of 6 years, that is, from 2009–2010 to 2014–2015. Employing panel data regression model, the result indicates that foreign institutional ownership is the most important corporate governance attribute that engages corporates in environmental disclosure behaviour. In addition to this, firm-specific characteristics such as company size and environmental certification are more likely to influence environmental disclosures. For better environmental disclosure, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) should mandate all the companies to disclose detailed monetary and non-monetary information on environmental issues in their companies’ periodic report and also more emphasis should be given to strengthen the corporate governance attributes.
An Evaluation of the Significant Elements of Customer Relationship Management within the Hotel Industry

The topic of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) has been widely studied, especially in terms of its conceptual alignment with opportunities to retain customers and stimulate long-term business success. However, there still appears to be a paucity of coverage about these practices in the hotel industry. By discussing the implications of Database Management, this paper deliberates on the quintessential processes associated with successful CRM structures and practices. The paper additionally attempts to illustrate how Customer Relationship Management is particularly pertinent to the hotel industry; a signifi cant sector within the tourism industry. It emphasises the close alignment between the dynamics of the hotel industry and the fundamental principles of CRM. Critical attention fi nally focuses on identifying specifi c strategies and tactics which the hotel industry has adopted with the help of technology.
Use of multiple patient simulators to enhance prioritizing and delegating skills for senior nursing students.

The student clinical experience is rich, yet challenges arise in providing experiences where leadership skills can be developed and used in nursing practice. To increase student confidence and enhance student ability to safely and effectively prioritize, delegate, and implement care for numerous patients, a simulation-based learning (SBL) experience was developed. The SBL experience involves multiple patient simulators, case study analysis, and a debriefing session. Ninety-seven senior nursing students participated in this program. Students reported through Likert surveys to either "agree" or "strongly agree" that the SBL was well organized (87%, n = 84), prompted realistic expectations (59%, n = 57), the scenarios were believable (73%, n = 71), case studies increased understanding (66%, n = 64), and that the SBL experience increased understanding of prioritizing and delegating care (69%, n = 67). Seventy-eight percent (n = 76) reported "more confidence in ability to work as a team" and 55% (n = 52) reported "more confidence in prioritizing and delegating care. "
Dynamics of Business Cycles in Korea: The Role of External Shocks

Using a multi-sector dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model, we investigate the dynamic effects of a variety of shocks to a small open economy. In particular, we calibrate the model to match the main characteristics of business cycles in Korea and analyze the effects of external shocks: the terms of trade and world real interest rate shocks. The simulation results suggest that an improvement in the terms of trade has positive impact on investment, output and consumption, while a decrease in the world interest rate has a significant and positive effect on investment. This paper concludes that external shocks significantly influence business cycle fluctuations in Korea. JEL Classification: E3, F4
MODELING ALVEOLAR GAS TRANSPORT DURING LIQUID VENTILATION

Introduction During gas ventilation, gas transport within the alveolar sac is dominated by diffusion. In liquid ventilation, perfluorocarbon (PFC) introduced into the alveolar space acts as a diffusion barrier to gas transport since the diffusivities of oxygen and carbon dioxide in this medium are four orders of magnitude lower than in air. Therefore convection in the PFC layer resulting from the oscillatory motions of the alveolar sac during ventilation can significantly affect gas transport. We study these effects in both partial (PLV) and total liquid ventilation (TLV) using a simplified theoretical model.
Solution for the Fourth Moment Equation of Waves in Random Continuum Under Strong Fluctuations: General Theory and Plane Wave Solution

The fourth moment plays an important role in wave propagation and scattering in random media. However, in the strong scattering regimes, it remains to be solved although a rich variety of methods have been proposed. The fourth moment equation is solved using the modified Gaussian solution method proposed in this paper. The fourth moment can be considered as a sum of the Gaussian solution and non-Gaussian correction term. The Gaussian solution is the fourth moment in the saturated regime, and can be obtained as a sum of products of the second-order moments. The derived equation of the non-Gaussian correction term is solved using the Rytov approximation and the Green's function. The fourth moment solution obtained is general for without restrictions on incident wave forms. Specifically, the solution for a plane wave is derived and applied to study the amplitude scintillation and intensity correlation function of trans ionospheric radio signals. The theoretical calculation on the scintillation index agrees well with the experimental results, which confirms the fourth moment solution to some extent.
Food Consumption Analysis in Spanish Elderly Based upon the Mini Nutritional Assessment Test

Background/Aims: Aged people are an increasing population group worldwide, and nutritional impairments may contribute to additional health problems. The characterization of food consumption of elderly people is a good approach to implementing adequate nutritional policies in order to improve their nutritional status. The aim of this study was to describe and analyze specific aspects of food intake based upon the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) test in a representative country sample. Methods: The survey consisted of a cross-sectional study assessing the nutritional status of 22,007 Spanish people aged 65 years or older using the MNA test. These data, including dietary information, were obtained by health professionals specifically trained to carry out the questionnaire. A multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the contributing impact of the diet-related MNA questions on the total MNA score. Results: Differences in the food choices between men and women were found, but not in the mode of feeding. Obese and non-obese individuals, categorized by a body mass index (BMI) more or less than 30, showed similar intake patterns of protein-rich foods, but differences in fruits, vegetables and fluids. On the other hand, undernourished and non-undernourished subjects, according to the MNA criteria, revealed different food consumption. Loss of appetite and mode of feeding were the items with the highest influence the MNA total score. Conclusions: While age, gender and BMI considered together are responsible for 11.3% of the total MNA score, dietary-related items can predict the 62.4% of the total MNA classification in the overall elderly Spanish population.
Baboon basal ganglia stereotaxy using internal MRI landmarks: validation and application to PET imaging.

PURPOSE We report the residual anatomic error after a nine parameter visually guided registration of MR images with a baboon brain atlas to validate a stereotactic method for use in PET studies. METHOD MPRAGE images of brain in six baboons and one nemestrina monkey were placed in atlas space using internal landmarks and proportional measurements. An expert noted the location of 23 subcortical test points in the transformed images and in the atlas. RESULTS The average absolute error at the test points was 1.62 mm. At the extremes of the brain surface, there was more variability. PET images could be combined across animals in a common atlas space. CONCLUSION There is minimal subcortical error attributable to anatomic variability after this method of transforming MR images of baboon to stereotactic space. This method provides a useful tool for intrasubject PET baboon studies as well as "bootstrapping" for more refined methods.
Colony opacity, hemadsorption, hemolysis, and mitogenicity are not associated with virulence of Mycoplasma pulmonis

Colony opacity, hemadsorption and hemolysis of erythrocytes, and the ability of whole mycoplasmal cells to induce a blastogenic response when incubated with C3H/HeN or C57BL/6 mouse lymphocytes were examined for 18 strains of Mycoplasma pulmonis to determine if any of these characteristics could be associated with virulence in vivo. Although there were differences among strains in each of these characteristics, none of these parameters were associated with virulence.