Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Review of Fault Detection Techniques to Detect Faults and Improve the Reliability in Web Applications

Software reliability is a big anxiety in industry. Every software shows some minor bugs after being released. Detection and diagnosis of faults in a large-scale distributed system is a difficult task. Interest in monitoring and using traces of user requests for fault detection has been on the rise recently. Software reliability is defined as the probability of failure-free software operation for a specified period of time in a specified environment. In the past, many software reliability growth models (SRGM) have been proposed to estimate the reliability of software. In practice, effective debugging is difficult because the fault may not be immediately detected. Software developers need time to read and analyze the collected failure data. The time delayed by the fault detection & correction processes should not be ignored. Research in the field of software reliability has been extensive and various techniques have been developed for locating bugs. Different techniques are used together to provide good results for problems. Software reliability in web based application is more complex rather than other software systems. The customers of web application want more reliability during the use of application. So the reliability of the web based applications is considered as a special case over different kinds of network. This paper discussed the relevant aspect of reliability issues and some best practices of growth model when thinking in terms of web software reliability.
A Cross-Cultural Exploration: Body Image in Older Black and White Women in the Workplace

This study investigated body image attitudes in a non-clinical sample of black and white older professional women in the workplace in South Africa. Participants were 125 professional women (white woman n=76 and black women n = 49). They completed the shortened version of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) (Cooper, Taylor, Cooper & Fairburn, 1987). The BSQ is a self-report instrument that measures weight and shape concerns. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-tests for independent samples were used to determine the univariate relationships between variables. Following this, a two-way analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was conducted to explore the interaction between ethnicity and BMI. The results indicate that Body Mass Index (BMI) and ethnicity are significantly and independently related to the body shape image. Women with higher BMI scores tended to have more concern about their bodies. Black women with higher BMI scores had more concerns than their white colleagues.
Wingbeat kinematics and motor control of yaw turns in Anna's hummingbirds (Calypte anna)

SUMMARY The biomechanical and neuromuscular mechanisms used by different animals to generate turns in flight are highly variable. Body size and body plan exert some influence, e.g. birds typically roll their body to orient forces generated by the wings whereas insects are capable of turning via left–right wingbeat asymmetries. Turns are also relatively brief and have low repeatability, with almost every wingbeat serving a different function throughout the change in heading. Here we present an analysis of Anna's hummingbirds (Calypte anna) as they fed continuously from an artificial feeder revolving around the outside of the animal. This setup allowed for examination of sustained changes in yaw without requiring any corresponding changes in pitch, roll or body position. Hummingbirds sustained yaw turns by expanding the wing stroke amplitude of the outer wing during the downstroke and by altering the deviation of the wingtip path during both downstroke and upstroke. The latter led to a shift in the inner–outer stroke plane angle during the upstroke and shifts in the elevation of the stroke plane and in the deviation of the wingtip path during both strokes. These features are generally more similar to how insects, as opposed to birds, turn. However, time series analysis also revealed considerable stroke-to-stroke variation. Changes in the stroke amplitude and the wingtip velocity were highly cross-correlated, as were changes in the stroke deviation and the elevation of the stroke plane. As was the case for wingbeat kinematics, electromyogram recordings from pectoral and wing muscles were highly variable, but no correlations were found between these two features of motor control. The high variability of both kinematic and muscle activation features indicates a high level of wingbeat-to-wingbeat adjustments during sustained yaw. The activation timing of the muscles was more repeatable than the activation intensity, which suggests that the former may be constrained by harmonic motion and that the latter may play a large role in kinematic adjustments. Comparing the revolution frequency of the feeder with measurements of free flight yaws reveals that feeder tracking, even at one revolution every 2 s, is well below the maximum yaw capacity of the hummingbirds.
Turbulent flow over a long flat plate with uniform roughness

For turbulent boundary-layer flow under a uniform freestream speed U∞ over a plate of length L, covered with uniform roughness of nominal sand-grain scale k_s, the physical behaviors underlying two distinguished limits at large Re_L≡U∞L/ν are explored: the fully rough wall flow where k_s/L is fixed and the long-plate limit where Re_k≡U∞k_s/ν is fixed. For the fully rough limit it is shown that not only is the drag coefficient C_D independent of Re_L but that a universal skin-friction coefficient C_f and normalized boundary-layer thickness δ/k_s can be found that depends only on ks_/x, where x is the downstream distance. In the long-plate limit, it is shown that the flow becomes asymptotically smooth at huge Re_L at a rate that depends on Re_k. Comparisons with wind-tunnel and field data are made.
Noninvasive prenatal detection of fetal trisomy 18 by epigenetic allelic ratio analysis in maternal plasma: Theoretical and empirical considerations.

BACKGROUND The discovery of cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma has opened up new possibilities for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis. However, the use of maternal plasma fetal DNA for the direct detection of fetal chromosomal aneuploidies has not been reported. We postulate that the aneuploidy status of a fetus could be revealed by an epigenetic allelic ratio approach, i.e., by analyzing the allelic ratio of a single-base variation present within DNA molecules exhibiting a placental-specific epigenetic signature in maternal plasma. METHODS Placental-derived fetal-specific unmethylated maspin (SERPINB5) promoter sequences on human chromosome 18 were detectable in placental-maternal DNA mixtures and in maternal plasma by bisulfite modification followed by methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and primer extension. The ratios between the extension products of the 2 alleles were calculated for heterozygous placentas, placental-maternal blood cell DNA mixtures, and maternal plasma samples. The allelic ratios were compared between pregnancies carrying trisomy 18 and euploid fetuses. RESULTS The epigenetic allelic ratios of all tested trisomy 18 samples deviated from the reference range obtained from euploid samples (placental DNA, 1.135 to 2.052; placental-maternal DNA mixtures, 1.170 to 1.985; maternal plasma, 0.330 to 3.044; without skew correction on the raw mass spectrometric data). A theoretical model was established and validated that predicted that a minimum of 200 copies of genomic DNA after bisulfite conversion were required for distinguishing euploid and aneuploid fetuses with confidence. CONCLUSION Epigenetic allelic ratio analysis of maternal plasma DNA represents a promising approach for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of fetal chromosomal aneuploidies.
Transformation-based synthesis of networks of Toffoli/Fredkin gates

Reversible logic has attracted significant attention in recent years. It has applications in low power CMOS, quantum computing, nanotechnology, and optical computing. Traditional gates such as AND, OR, and EXOR are not reversible. In fact NOT is the only reversible gate from the traditional set of gates. Several reversible gates have been proposed. Among them are the controlled NOT (also known as the Feynman gate), the Toffoli gate, and the Fredkin gate. An n-input Toffoli gate has n - 1 control lines which pass through the gate unaltered and a target line on which the value is inverted if all the control lines have value '1'. An n-input Fredkin gate has n - 2 control lines which pass through the gate unaltered and two target lines on which the values are swapped if all the control lines have value '1'. A NOT gate is the special case of a Toffoli gate with no control inputs. Likewise, a SWAP gate is the special case of a Fredkin gate with no control inputs. In this paper, we review a transformation-based synthesis procedure targeted to Toffoli gates and show how it can be extended to allow Fredkin gates. This extension results in circuits with fewer gates. The synthesis of reversible logic differs significantly from traditional irreversible logic synthesis approaches. Fan-outs and loops are not permitted due to the target technology. Outputs from one gate are used as inputs to the next gate. This results in a high degree of interdependence among gates. Our algorithm first finds an initial circuit with no backtracking and minimal look-ahead. We exploit reversibility directly in our synthesis approach. This method always finds a solution. Next we apply a set of template transforms that reduce the size of the circuit. We synthesize all three input, three output reversible functions and compare our results to those obtained previously.
Nitidine chloride acts as an apoptosis inducer in human oral cancer cells and a nude mouse xenograft model via inhibition of STAT3

Nitidine chloride (NC) is a natural alkaloid compound derived from the plant Zanthoxylum nitidum and is known for its therapeutic anticancer potential. In this study, we investigated the effects of NC on growth and signaling pathways in human oral cancer cell lines and a tumor xenograft model. The apoptotic effects and related molecular targets of NC on human oral cancer were investigated using trypan blue exclusion assay, DAPI staining, Live/Dead assay, Western blotting, Immunohistochemistry/Immunofluorescence and a nude mouse tumor xenograft. NC decreased cell viability in both HSC3 and HSC4 cell lines; further analysis demonstrated that cell viability was reduced via apoptosis. STAT3 was hyper-phosphorylated in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) compared with normal oral mucosa (NOM) and dephosphorylation of STAT3 by the potent STAT3 inhibitor, cryptotanshinone or NC decreased cell viability and induced apoptosis. NC also suppressed cell viability and induced apoptosis accompanied by dephosphorylating STAT3 in four other oral cancer cell lines. In a tumor xenograft model bearing HSC3 cell tumors, NC suppressed tumor growth and induced apoptosis by regulating STAT3 signaling without liver or kidney toxicity. Our findings suggest that NC is a promising chemotherapeutic candidate against human oral cancer.
Application of a Two-Color Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) Technique for Temperature Mapping

Two-color laser induced fluorescence (LIF) technique has been developed and examined to use for full-field temperature mapping of a micro-scale field-of-view in water. The technique uses two fluorescence dyes with different emission characteristics — one is the temperature sensitive dye (Rhodamine-B) and the other is the temperature insensitive dye (Rhodamine-110). The ratio of the two fluorescence emission intensities, therefore, provides a formidable correlation with temperature that does not depend on the laser illumination intensity variation and is free from the possible bias occurring from background noise. In considering the technique for applications to micro-scale field-of-view, the first question that may be asked will be if the technique ensures acceptable accuracy in temperature readings with sufficiently small spatial resolution. In order to explore answers to this question, an extensive calibration for the intensity ratio versus temperature has been performed using a constant-temperature bath and the calibration results have been statistically analyzed to estimate measurement uncertainties. The developed technique measures thermally stratified fields with known temperature distributions that are established inside 10-mm and 1-mm path cuvettes to ensure measurement accuracy and spatial resolution for potential microscale applications.
A Survey of novel airborne SAR signal processing techniques and applications for DLR's F-SAR sensor

DLR's Microwave and Radar Institute has been operating the F-SAR airborne SAR instrument since 2007. This contribution presents first the SAR imaging capabilities of the system followed by a discussion on recent developments in SAR signal processing using F-SAR data acquired in diverse special modes, each suitable for a specific application: large baseline, dual-frequency SAR interferometry for precise DEM generation, high resolution circular SAR imaging, advanced filtering and polarimetric change detection. The paper concludes with an outlook on future developments.
Victims, 'Closure', and the Sociology of Emotion

The concept of closure, almost unknown two decades ago, has had a meteoric rise. It has been enthusiastically embraced by the legal system not only as a legitimate psychological state, but as one that the criminal justice system ought to help victims and murder survivors to attain. In the death penalty context, the concept of closure has changed the way we talk about the rationale for capital punishment, it has changed the shape of the legal process, and it has even changed what both survivors and jurors in capital cases expect to feel. Yet, as I will illustrate, the term closure in fact connotes several different and poorly differentiated concepts, each with separate and quite serious implications for the conduct of the capital trial. For example, depending on how closure is understood, it might require a chance to give public testimony, an opportunity to meet with the accused, a more expeditious trial, a sentence of death, or an execution. Yet there is inadequate evidence on whether any of these institutional processes or outcomes can actually contribute to a state of closure for survivors. As current research in disciplines including cognitive neuroscience, sociology, psychology, and political science suggests, emotions are dynamic processes that evolve in a reciprocal relationship with social structures. As the legal system becomes increasingly invested in helping victims and survivors achieve closure, we need to take a hard look at the emotional content of this concept, and at how it affects, and is affected by, the institutional framework in which it operates.
High Affinity Binders to EphA2 Isolated from Abdurin Scaffold Libraries; Characterization, Binding and Tumor Targeting

Abdurins are a novel antibody-like scaffold derived from the engineering of a single isolated CH2 domain of human IgG. Previous studies established the prolonged serum half-life of Abdurins, the result of a retained FcRn binding motif. Here we present data on the construction of large, diverse, phage-display and cell-free DNA display libraries and the isolation of high affinity binders to the cancer target, membrane-bound ephrin receptor tyrosine kinase class A2 (EphA2). Antigen binding regions were created by designing combinatorial libraries into the structural loops and Abdurins were selected using phage display methods. Initial binders were reformatted into new maturation libraries and low nanomolar binders were isolated using cell-free DNA display, CIS display. Further characterization confirmed binding of the Abdurins to both human and murine EphA2 proteins and exclusively to cell lines that expressed EphA2, followed by rapid internalization. Two different EphA2 binders were labeled with 64Cu, using a bifunctional MeCOSar chelator, and administered to mice bearing tumors from transplanted human prostate cancer cells, followed by PET/CT imaging. The anti-EphA2 Abdurins localized in the tumors as early as 4 hours after injection and continued to accumulate up to 48 hours when the imaging was completed. These data demonstrate the ability to isolate high affinity binders from the engineered Abdurin scaffold, which retain a long serum half-life, and specifically target tumors in a xenograft model.
A monoclonal antibody against neurofilament protein specifically labels a subpopulation of rat sensory neurones

A monoclonal antibody (RT97) against neurofilament protein specifically and exclusively labelled n subpopulation of rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. For seven ganglia (L4 and T13) studied quantitatively the frequency distribution histograms of the size of labelled cells could be fitted by a single normal distribution whose parameters were extremely close to those of the normally distributed large light cell population in that ganglion. On this basis and on the basis of a statistical analysis of the results it was suggested that this antibody can be used as a much needed specific label for the large light population of neurons in rat DRGs. The small dark neuron population was not labelled by this antibody. In one ganglion the subjective analysis of whether each neuron was labelled or not was directly compared with microdensitometric measurements of reaction product intensity. This analysis supported the above conclusion, and furthermore no subdivisions of the labelled population were apparent on the basis of neuronal size plotted against intensity of the reaction product.
Differential effects of mutations in three domains on folding, quaternary structure, and intracellular transport of vesicular stomatitis virus G protein

The vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (G protein) is an integral membrane protein which assembles into noncovalently associated trimers before transport from the endoplasmic reticulum. In this study we have examined the folding and oligomeric assembly of twelve mutant G proteins with alterations in the cytoplasmic, transmembrane, or ectodomains. Through the use of conformation-specific antibodies, we found that newly synthesized G protein folded into a conformation similar to the mature form within 1-3 min of synthesis and before trimer formation. Mutant proteins not capable of undergoing correct initial folding did not trimerize, were not transported, and were found in large aggregates. They had, as a rule, mutations in the ectodomain, including several with altered glycosylation patterns. In contrast, mutations in the cytoplasmic domain generally had little effect on folding and trimerization. These mutant proteins, whose ectodomains were identical to the wild-type by several assays, were either transported to the cell surface slowly or not at all. We concluded that while correct ectodomain folding and trimer formation are prerequisites for transport, they alone are not sufficient. The results suggest that the cytoplasmic domain of the wild-type protein may facilitate rapid, efficient transport from the ER, which can be easily affected or eliminated by tail mutations that do not detectably affect the ectodomain.
Allergen Sensitization Is Associated with Increased DNA Methylation in Older Men

Background: Variation in epigenetic modifications, arising from either environmental exposures or internal physiological changes, can influence gene expression and may ultimately contribute to complex diseases such as asthma and allergies. We examined the association of asthma and allergic phenotypes with DNA methylation levels of retrotransposon-derived elements. Methods: We used data from 704 men (mean age 73 years) in the longitudinal Normative Aging Study to assess the relationship between asthma, allergic phenotypes and DNA methylation levels of the retrotransposon-derived elements Alu and long interspersed nuclear element (LINE)-1. Retrotransposons represent a large fraction of the genome (>30%) and are heavily methylated to prevent expression. Percent methylation of Alu and LINE-1 elements in peripheral white blood cells was quantified using PCR pyrosequencing. Data on sensitization to common allergens from skin prick testing, asthma and methacholine responsiveness were gathered approximately 8 years prior to DNA methylation analysis. Results: Prior allergen sensitization was associated with increased methylation of Alu (β = 0.32 for sensitized vs. nonsensitized patients; p = 0.003) in models adjusted for pack-years of smoking, body mass index, current smoking, air pollutants, percentage of eosinophils, white blood cell count and age. Of the men interviewed, 5% of subjects reported a diagnosis of asthma. Neither Alu nor LINE-1 methylation was associated with asthma. Conclusions: These data suggest that increased DNA methylation of repetitive elements may be associated with allergen sensitization but does not appear to be associated with asthma. Future work is needed to identify potential underlying mechanisms for these relationships.
Two rat brain Staufen isoforms differentially bind RNA

In neurones, a limited number of mRNAs is found in dendrites, including transcripts encoding the microtubule‐associated protein 2 (MAP2). Recently, we identified a cis‐acting dendritic targeting element (DTE) in MAP2 mRNAs. Here we used the yeast tri‐hybrid system to identify potential trans‐acting RNA‐binding factors of the DTE. A cDNA clone was isolated that encodes a member of a mammalian protein family that is highly homologous to the Drosophila RNA‐binding protein Staufen. Mammalian Staufen appears to be expressed in most tissues and brain areas. Two distinct rat brain Staufen isoforms, rStau+I6 and rStau‐I6, are encoded by alternatively spliced mRNAs. Both isoforms contain four double‐stranded RNA‐binding domains (dsRBD). In the larger rStau+I6 isoform, six additional amino acids are inserted in the second dsRBD. Although both isoforms interacted with the MAP2‐DTE and various additional RNA fragments in an in vitro north‐western assay, rStau‐I6 exhibited a stronger signal of bound radioactively labelled RNAs as compared with rStau+I6. Using an antibody directed against mammalian Staufen, the protein was detected in somata and dendrites of neurones of the adult rat hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Ultrastructural studies revealed that in dendrites, rat Staufen accumulates along microtubules. Thus in neurones, rat Staufen may serve to link RNAs to the dendritic microtubular cytoskeleton and may thereby regulate their subcellular localization.
Genome Wide Analysis of Inbred Mouse Lines Identifies a Locus Containing Ppar-γ as Contributing to Enhanced Malaria Survival

The genetic background of a patient determines in part if a person develops a mild form of malaria and recovers, or develops a severe form and dies. We have used a mouse model to detect genes involved in the resistance or susceptibility to Plasmodium berghei malaria infection. To this end we first characterized 32 different mouse strains infected with P. berghei and identified survival as the best trait to discriminate between the strains. We found a locus on chromosome 6 by linking the survival phenotypes of the mouse strains to their genetic variations using genome wide analyses such as haplotype associated mapping and the efficient mixed-model for association. This new locus involved in malaria resistance contains only two genes and confirms the importance of Ppar-γ in malaria infection.