Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TCP Slow Start, Congestion Avoidance, Fast Retransmit, and Fast Recovery Algorithms

Modern implementations of TCP contain four intertwined algorithms that have never been fully documented as Internet standards: slow start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmit, and fast recovery. [2] and [3] provide some details on these algorithms, [4] provides examples of the algorithms in action, and [5] provides the source code for the 4.4BSD implementation. RFC 1122 requires that a TCP must implement slow start and congestion avoidance (Section 4.2.2.15 of [1]), citing [2] as the reference, but fast retransmit and fast recovery were implemented after RFC 1122. The purpose of this document is to document these four algorithms for the Internet.
Design and experimentation of a low-power IoT embedded system for wireless underwater sensing

This paper aims at presenting an experimented low power Internet of Things architecture, that could be integrated to underwater monitoring systems like Autonomous Underwater Vehicles for wireless underwater sensing. The proposed hardware architecture of the sensor nodes is based on an ultra-low-power Flash Micro-controller that takes measurements from water sensors, and synchronizes the network by means of a GPS. The receiver board incorporates a Digital Signal Processor and a Flash MCU that communicates data to a local server implemented on a RaspberryPI unit. Moreover, this paper proposes mechanisms to minimize the power consumption of the realized system. Laboratory experiments and sea trials have been conducted successfully with water depth and temperature sensors and showed the capability of the developed system to measure the real temperature and depth of the water and gather the measured data to the local server with the minimum power consumption.
Scalable Video Multicast for Multi-Cell Cellular Wireless Networks

—We consider adaptive-rate multicasting of video streams compressed by using Scalable Video Coding (SVC) over cellular wireless networks. Base station nodes coordinate the scheduling of their downlink transmissions to mitigate intercell interference; as well as, at times, to direct the multicast transmission of the same video streams to a group of clients, as implemented in a Multicast-Broadcast Single-Frequency Network (MBSFN) of LTE system operation. To enhance performance, we study the optimal configuration of a Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) scheme. We classify cell users into two groups, based on their experienced SINR (signal-tointerference-plus-noise ratio) levels. Lower-SINR group users will be offered streams at a lower video quality level, while higher-SINR group members will be provided streams at a higher video quality level. For this purpose, through the proper joint setting of the channel encoding rate, video encoding rate and the scheduling schemes, we calculate the minimum bandwidth required per stream. We demonstrate the optimal design of such a system by considering a utility function that includes a metric expressing the user's willing-to-pay when the reception is of a sufficient high video-quality. We show that, under high cell coverage requirement, the proposed optimally configured FFR scheduling schemes offer a significantly enhanced performance behavior. We also show that such an MBSFN scheme that involves coordinated cooperation among 3 cells, combined with the optimal FFR scheme, outperforms a system that employs a regular MBSFN operation that involves cooperative transmissions among 7 and 19 cells.
Recommendations for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 testing in breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists clinical practice guideline update.

PURPOSE To update the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)/College of American Pathologists (CAP) guideline recommendations for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) testing in breast cancer to improve the accuracy of HER2 testing and its utility as a predictive marker in invasive breast cancer. METHODS ASCO/CAP convened an Update Committee that included coauthors of the 2007 guideline to conduct a systematic literature review and update recommendations for optimal HER2 testing. RESULTS The Update Committee identified criteria and areas requiring clarification to improve the accuracy of HER2 testing by immunohistochemistry (IHC) or in situ hybridization (ISH). The guideline was reviewed and approved by both organizations. RECOMMENDATIONS The Update Committee recommends that HER2 status (HER2 negative or positive) be determined in all patients with invasive (early stage or recurrence) breast cancer on the basis of one or more HER2 test results (negative, equivocal, or positive). Testing criteria define HER2-positive status when (on observing within an area of tumor that amounts to > 10% of contiguous and homogeneous tumor cells) there is evidence of protein overexpression (IHC) or gene amplification (HER2 copy number or HER2/CEP17 ratio by ISH based on counting at least 20 cells within the area). If results are equivocal (revised criteria), reflex testing should be performed using an alternative assay (IHC or ISH). Repeat testing should be considered if results seem discordant with other histopathologic findings. Laboratories should demonstrate high concordance with a validated HER2 test on a sufficiently large and representative set of specimens. Testing must be performed in a laboratory accredited by CAP or another accrediting entity. The Update Committee urges providers and health systems to cooperate to ensure the highest quality testing. This guideline was developed through a collaboration between the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the College of American Pathologists and has been published jointly by invitation and consent in both Journal of Clinical Oncology and the Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine.
Evolutionary Content Pre-fetching in Mobile Networks

Recently, an increasing number of smart phone users are eagerly using the cellular network in extensive data applications. In particular, multimedia downloads generated by Internet-capable smart phones and other portable devices (such as iPad) have been widely recognized as the major source for strains in cellular networks, to a degree where service quality for all users is significantly impacted. Lately, patterns in both the content consumption as well as the Wi-Fi access by the users were alleged to be available. In this paper we introduce a technique to schedule the content for prefetching based on mobile usage patterns. This technique utilizes both a content profile as well as a bandwidth profile to schedule content for prefetching. Users can then use the cached version of the content in order to achieve a better user experience and reduce the peak-to-average ratio in mobile networks, especially during peak hours of the day. An experiment using real users traces was conducted and the results after applying the proposed evolutionary scheduling algorithm show that up to 70 percent of the user content requests can be fulfilled i.e. the content was successfully cached before request.
Demo: The Globefish: A novel input device for desktop-based 3D interaction

The Globefish is a novel desktop input device for efficient three-dimensional object manipulation and viewpoint navigation. The device was developed for the 3D graphics applications such as computer aided design (CAD), digital content creation (DCC) and 3D games. The Globefish consists of an elastically suspended 3D trackball, which provides a natural mapping for position-controlled 3D rotations. 3D translations are rate-controlled through small displacements of the trackball against the elastic counterforces of the elastic suspension. The device is operated by the fingertips allowing for precise interaction with virtual objects.
The Aphasic Storyteller

Telling stories is essential to the continuous process of creating meaning and to self-understanding. Persons with aphasia are vulnerable to psychosocial problems by their limited ability to talk and interact with others. This single-case study illustrates how a young woman with aphasia and a trained nurse interacted to coconstruct stories within the context of a longitudinal clinical intervention aimed at promoting psychosocial well-being in the first year after a stroke. Data were collected through qualitative interviews and participant observation; they were then analyzed from a hermeneutic-phenomenological perspective. The experience of coconstructing stories made an important contribution to improving the participant’s psychological well-being. The shared construction of the participant’s story evolved as a cumulative process, and it was facilitated by the establishment of trust in the participant–nurse relationship, the systematic use of worksheets and supported conversations, and a specific focus on psychosocial topics and structural organization.
Correlates of interpersonal problems among current and former drug users in Slovakia

Abstract Introduction: This cross-sectional study examined correlates of interpersonal problems in a sample of 139 current and former drug users from three types of settings in Slovakia (1 needle-exchange program, 1 twelve-week inpatient treatment and 14 long-term therapeutic communities). Methods: The Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-32) was correlated with selected psychological constructs, for example, social support, impulsivity, anxiety and the drug abuse screening test. Results: Contrary to expectations, there were no differences between current and former drug users with respect to their interpersonal problems. Certain interpersonal problems (intrusiveness) tended to be lower, while social resources (affectionate support) were higher in current versus former users. Social support was negatively correlated with risky injecting practices among injectors. Conclusion: Interpersonal problems among drug users and drug-free populations seem to be of enduring nature and their measurement remains a complex issue. As the findings suggest, addiction can be best understood by studying psychosocial along with biomedical factors, including interpersonal problems, of current drug users as they may differ from treated users.
A Grammar of contemporary English

The publication of this important volume fills the need for an up-to-date survey of the entire scope of English syntax. Though it falls short of a perfectly balanced treatment of the whole system, it touches upon all the essential topics and treats in depth a number of crucial problems of current interest such as case, ellipsis, and information focus. Even the publishers’ claims are vindicated to a surprising degree. The statement that it “constitutes a standard reference grammar” is reasonably well justified. Recent investigations, including the authors’ own research, are integrated into the “accumulated grammatical tradition” quite effectively. But whether it is “the fullest and most comprehensive synchronic description of English grammar ever written” is arguable. No one acquainted with Poutsma’s work would agree with that. Very advanced foreign students o r native speakers of English who want to learn about basic grammar will find some of thel sections suitable for their needs, such as the lesson about restrictive and nonrestrictive relative clauses, though even here some of the explanations require very intensive study. Most of the chapters are rather like an advanced textbook for teachers or linguists. The organization and viewpoint give the impression of a carefully planned university lecture supplemented by diagrams, charts, and lists. A good example is the lesson on auxiliaries and verb phrases, which starts with a set of sample sentences demonstrating that “should see” and “happen to see” behave differently under various transformations and expansions. After the essential concepts are explained and exemplified-lexical verb, semi-auxiliary, operator, and the like-lists and paradigms are given as in the usual reference work. A particularly useful feature of this chapter is the outline of modal auxiliaries with examples of their divergent meanings.
Temptation Island, The Bachelor, Joe Millionaire: A Prospective Cohort Study on the Role of Romantically Themed Reality Television in Adolescents' Sexual Development

This 3-year panel study among 498 adolescents explored the motives for and effects of viewing romantically themed reality television (RTRT). Viewing RTRT was predicted by television dependency and viewing frequencies, but not by connectedness to peers and viewing motives. Viewing RTRT, in turn, predicted communication with peers about sex among girls, and higher estimations of peers' sexual activities among boys one year later. However, viewing RTRT did not predict stereotypical romantic attitudes. The need to explore the longitudinal relationships between television viewing and adolescents' sexuality, with special attention toward the emergence of gender differences in these relationships, is discussed.
Decreasing rates of Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the era of potent combination anti-retroviral therapy

ObjectiveTo describe the changing incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in people with HIV in Australia during the time period of introduction of potent combination anti-retroviral therapy. DesignA national, population-based linkage study of cancer and HIV registration data. MethodsWe calculated person-year rates of KS and NHL in people after reporting of HIV diagnosis. Trends in cancer incidence rates were examined, based on four time periods defined by the availability of specific anti-retroviral therapies. ResultsLinkage identified 206 cases of KS and 235 cases of NHL in 8108 people reported with HIV infection. There was an increasing trend in NHL incidence rates over the four time periods (P for trend, 0.012), but incidence for the period since the availability of the new therapies was significantly lower than that for the period immediately prior (incidence rate ratio 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.36–0.92). Incidence of KS had been decreasing prior to the new therapies and declined further since their widespread use (P for trend, 0.045). ConclusionsPopulation-based incidence rates of AIDS related KS and NHL have decreased since the widespread use of potent anti-retroviral therapies in Australia. NHL incidence decreased less than KS, and NHL is now the most common AIDS-associated cancer in Australia.
Sexual abuse in childhood, alcohol consumption and relationships with a partner

This article reports some of the findings from a survey of 2027 British adults that was conducted during 2000. A previous analysis of findings showed a tendency for those who had previously been sexually abused to have higher levels of current substance use, and to be either single or cohabiting. The quality of such close relationships is now examined in relation to childhood sexual abuse amongst 1293 adults who had current partners. Gender effects and the possible role of alcohol consumption in mediating any adverse relationships found were also examined. The analyses revealed that the experience of sexual abuse was associated with a lower level of overall happiness with a partner. Past sexual abuse was also significantly associated with having more difficulty in confiding in a partner and having more frequent arguments with a partner. There was also a significant tendency for those who had experienced past sexual abuse to have longer arguments with their partners. There were no significant gender differences in relation to these findings. Importantly, adult alcohol consumption did not completely explain the poorer quality of partner relationships in adults with previous sexual abuse.
Rossby wave propagation on potential vorticity fronts with finite width

The horizontal gradient of potential vorticity (PV) across the tropopause typically declines with lead time in global numerical weather forecasts and tends towards a steady value dependent on model resolution. This paper examines how spreading the tropopause PV contrast over a broader frontal zone affects the propagation of Rossby waves. The approach taken is to analyse Rossby waves on a PV front of finite width in a simple single-layer model. The dispersion relation for linear Rossby waves on a PV front of infinitesimal width is well known; here, an approximate correction is derived for the case of a finite-width front, valid in the limit that the front is narrow compared to the zonal wavelength. Broadening the front causes a decrease in both the jet speed and the ability of waves to propagate upstream. The contribution of these changes to Rossby wave phase speeds cancel at leading order. At second order the decrease in jet speed dominates, meaning phase speeds are slower on broader PV fronts. This asymptotic phase speed result is shown to hold for a wide class of single-layer dynamics with a varying range of PV inversion operators. The phase speed dependence on frontal width is verified by numerical simulations and also shown to be robust at finite wave amplitude, and estimates are made for the error in Rossby wave propagation speeds due to the PV gradient error present in numerical weather forecast models.
Default and Recovery Implicit in the Term Structure of Sovereign CDS Spreads

This paper explores the nature of default arrival and recovery implicit in the term structures of sovereign CDS spreads. We argue that term structures of spreads reveal not only the arrival rates of credit events (λ Q ), but also the loss rates given credit events. Applying our framework to Mexico, Turkey, and Korea, we show that a single-factor model with λ Q following a lognormal process captures most of the variation in the term structures of spreads. The risk premiums associated with unpredictable variation in λ Q are found to be economically significant and co-vary importantly with several economic measures of global event risk, financial market volatility, and macroeconomic policy. THE BURGEONING MARKET FOR SOVEREIGN CREDIT DEFAULT SWAPS (CDS) contracts offers a nearly unique window for viewing investors’ risk-neutral probabilities of major credit events impinging on sovereign issuers, and their risk-neutral losses of principal in the event of a restructuring or repudiation of external debts. In contrast to many “emerging market” sovereign bonds, sovereign CDS contracts are designed without complex guarantees or embedded options. Trading activity in the CDS contracts of several sovereign issuers has developed to the point that they are more liquid than many of the underlying bonds. Moreover, in contrast to the corporate CDS market, where trading has been concentrated largely in the 5-year maturity contract, CDS contracts at several maturity points between 1 and 10 years have been actively traded for several years. As such, a full term structure of CDS spreads is available for inferring default and recovery information from market data. This paper explores in depth the time-series properties of the risk-neutral mean arrival rates of credit events (λ Q ) implicit in the term structure of sovereign CDS spreads. Applying our framework to Mexico, Turkey, and Korea, three countries with different geopolitical characteristics and credit ratings, we ∗ Pan is with the MIT Sloan School of Management and NBER. Singleton is with the Graduate
Variable mesophyll conductance revisited: theoretical background and experimental implications.

The CO(2) concentration at the site of carboxylation inside the chloroplast stroma depends not only on the stomatal conductance, but also on the conductance of CO(2) between substomatal cavities and the site of CO(2) fixation. This conductance, commonly termed mesophyll conductance (g(m) ), significantly constrains the rate of photosynthesis. Here we show that estimates of g(m) are influenced by the amount of respiratory and photorespiratory CO(2) from the mitochondria diffusing towards the chloroplasts. This results in an apparent CO(2) and oxygen sensitivity of g(m) that does not imply a change in intrinsic diffusion properties of the mesophyll, but depends on the ratio of mitochondrial CO(2) release to chloroplast CO(2) uptake. We show that this effect (1) can bias the estimation of the CO(2) photocompensation point and non-photorespiratory respiration in the light; (2) can affect the estimates of ribulose 1·5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) kinetic constants in vivo; and (3) results in an apparent obligatory correlation between stomatal conductance and g(m) . We further show that the amount of photo(respiratory) CO(2) that is refixed by Rubisco can be directly estimated through measurements of g(m) .
Rapid Separation and Concentration of Food-Borne Pathogens in Food Samples Prior to Quantification by Viable-Cell Counting and Real-Time PCR

ABSTRACT Buoyant density gradient centrifugation has been used to separate bacteria from complex food matrices, as well as to remove compounds that inhibit rapid detection methods, such as PCR, and to prevent false-positive results due to DNA originating from dead cells. Applying a principle of buoyant density gradient centrifugation, we developed a method for rapid separation and concentration following filtration and low- and high-speed centrifugation, as well as flotation and sedimentation buoyant density centrifugation, for 12 food-borne pathogens (Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio cholerae O139, Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3K6, Vibrio vulnificus, Providencia alcalifaciens, Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium perfringens) in 13 different food homogenates. This method can be used prior to real-time quantitative PCR (RTi-qPCR) and viable-cell counting. Using this combined method, the target organisms in the food samples theoretically could be concentrated 250-fold and detected at cell concentrations as low as 101 to 103 CFU/g using the RTi-qPCR assay, and amounts as small as 100 to 101 CFU/g could be isolated using plate counting. The combined separation and concentration methods and RTi-qPCR confirmed within 3 h the presence of 101 to 102 CFU/g of Salmonella and C. jejuni directly in naturally contaminated chicken and the presence of S. aureus directly in remaining food items in a poisoning outbreak. These results illustrated the feasibility of using these assays for rapid inspection of bacterial food contamination during a real-world outbreak.
A Low-Granularity Classifier for Data Streams with Concept Drifts and Biased Class Distribution

Many applications track streaming data for actionable alerts, which may include, for example, network intrusions, transaction frauds, bio-surveilence abnormalities, and so forth. Some stream classification models are built for this purpose. Due to concept drifts, maintaining a model's up-to-dateness has become one of the most challenging tasks in mining data streams. State-of-the-art approaches, including both the incrementally updated classifiers and the ensemble classifiers, have proved that model update is a very costly process. In this paper, we show that reducing model granularity reduces the update cost, as models of fine granularity enable us to efficiently pinpoint local components in the model that are affected by the concept drift. It also enables us to derive new model components to reflect the current data distribution, thus avoiding expensive updates on a global scale. Furthermore, those actionable alerts being monitored are usually rare occurrences. The existing stream classifiers cannot handle this problem. We address this problem and show that the low-granularity classifier handles rare events on stream data with ease. Experiments on real and synthetic data show that our approach is able to maintain good prediction accuracy at a fraction of the model updating cost of state-of-the-art approaches.