Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Slice Analysis Based Bayesian Power Model for Sequential Circuits

Bayesian modeling method and slice anal- ysis techniques show good efiect in cycle-accurate power analysis of combinational circuit. In this paper, we use vir- tual signal logical depth assignment to resolve the problem that signal loop can not be sliced in sequential circuits. With this method, we build cycle-accurate power model based on Bayesian inference and slice analysis techniques. The experiments on ISCAS89 benchmark show that the power-per-cycle estimation error is 6.7%. By analyzing the relation between error trend under difierent slices and cir- cuit's size, we also build a thumb rule about how to choose best slice number: when the accumulative gate number is about 73% of total gate number, the model error with slice-based parameters usually arrives minimum value. In probability based method, inner node switching proba- bility is computed based on port signal probability. The com- putation is conducted through symbolic simulation and the switching probability is calculated by level sequence. Ref. (9) proposed a modeling method based on signal switching proba- bility, but the calculation cost is huge to large circuit module, for the STG (State transition graph) and complicated expan- sion computation for circuit state are needed. In Ref. (10), state probabilities can be computed using the Chapman- Kolmogorov equations, and present state line probabilities are computed by solving a system of nonlinear equations. But this method supposes that there is no temporal correlation among signals, and calculation cost increases rapidly when module becomes larger, since each register state is needed in compu- tation. Ref. (11) proposed building power model by using hierarchi- cal colored hardware Petri net, Refs.(12, 13) used dynamical Bayesian network to calculate each inner node switching prob- ability of sequential circuit. But those methods all have the requirement of each node's information, which results in huge calculation and bad scalability. Refs.(14, 15) discussed the sig- nal correlation in modeling and modeling method based on gate type, but those methods could only be used in combina- tion circuits. To resolve the problem of cycle accurate power model- ing for sequential circuits, we propose that use slice analysis to extract characteristic information, and build power model through Bayesian inference. We use virtual signal logical depth assignment to resolve the problem of signal loop can not be sliced in sequential circuits. The experiment shows the power- per-cycle estimation error is 6.7% and estimation speed-up is 572. We also discuss the relationship between best slice num- ber and circuit characteristic, summarizing a thumb rule to help the best slice number selecting and validating this thumb rule by the experiment on data-path module in PKUnity863 SoC.
Mining Chinese Restaurant Reviews for Cuisine Name Extraction: An Application to Cuisine Guide Service

Consumer reviews are dominating consumer purchase decisions, and restaurant (cuisine) reviews are one of the most popular genres of consumer reviews. In contrast to traditional Named Entity Recognition (NER) targets, cuisine names are promising targets that were neglected in previous studies. This study proposes a novel cuisine name extraction algorithm, which can extract cuisine names from restaurant reviews effectively with satisfying performance. Based on the algorithm, we processed more than 12,000 Chinese restaurant reviews and generated a "cuisine map", showing the most popular dishes of restaurants in a map-view to help users make good purchase decisions.
Referendum Models and Economic Values: Theoretical, Intuitive, and Practical Bounds on Willingness to Pay

Innovations in the estimation of referendum type contingent valuation models have led to willingness-to-pay (WTP) measures inconsistent with consumer preferences and unbounded from above or below. We propose a set of criteria which guarantee a bounded measure of WTP. The criteria reject the traditional random utility model with unrestricted error terms in favor of the random WTP model with bounds on WTP. Once WTP is bounded by zero and income, the form of the distribution is less consequential. A new model for WTP is developed based on the beta distribution and is compared to previously estimated models.
Simultaneity, radar 4 coordinates and the (3+1) point of view about accelerated observers in special relativity

After a review of the 1+3 point of view on non-inertial observers and of the problems of rotating reference frames, we underline that was is lacking in their treatment is a good global notion of simultaneity due to the restricted validity of the existing 4-coordinates associated to an accelerated observer (like the Fermi normal ones). We show that the relativistic Hamiltonian 3+1 point of view, based on a 3+1 splitting of Minkowski space-time with a foliation whose space-like leaves are both simultaneity and Cauchy surfaces, allows to find a solution to such problems, if we take into account M$\o$ller's definition of allowed 4-coordinate transformations extended to radar 4-coordinates. Rigidly rotating relativistic reference frames are shown not to exist. We give explicit foliations, with simultaneity surfaces (also space-like hyper-planes) non orthogonal to the non-inertial observer world-line, which correspond to a good notion of simultaneity for suitable (mutually balancing) translational and rotational accelerations. This allows to evaluate the simultaneity-dependent one-way speed of light and to give the 3+1 description of both the rotating disk and the Sagnac effect. It is also shown how a GPS system of spacecrafts may establish a grid of admissible radar 4-coordinates and how the ACES mission can employ a variant of this method adapted to Earth's rotation in the evaluation of the one-way time transfer to detect the deviation from Einstein convention on the synchronization of inertial clocks implied by such a notion of simultaneity. We show that in parametrized Minkowski theories all the admissible notions of simultaneity are gauge equivalent ({\it conventionality of simultaneity}) and, as an example, we describe Maxwell theory in non-inertial systems with any admissible notion of simultaneity.
High Level Programming for Heterogeneous Architectures

This work presents an effort to bridge the gap between abstract high level programming and OpenCL by extending an existing high level Java programming framework (APARAPI), based on OpenCL, so that it can be used to program FPGAs at a high level of abstraction and increased ease of programmability. We run several real world algorithms to assess the performance of the framework on both a low end and a high end system. On the low end and high end systems respectively we observed up to 78-80 percent power reduction and 4.8X-5.3X speed increase running NBody simulation, as well as up to 65-80 percent power reduction and 6.2X-7X speed increase for a KMeans, MapReduce algorithm running on top of the Hadoop framework and APARAPI.
A Generic Model Framework for MOUT Simulations

Considerable efforts are needed to construct a virtual environment for military operations on urbanized terrain (MOUT). The models of various objects used in one application are often specifically designed for that application, thus are not generally suitable for other applications. We often have to rebuild many object models for a new simulation setup, which is very tedious and time consuming. To reduce the cost and time in building up different simulation environments, it is therefore highly desirable to have a repository of object models that are interoperable and extensible thus can be reused in different applications. To this end, we propose a generic model framework which supports model interoperability and reusability for MOUT simulations. Our experiences with Twilight City, a virtual training environment for MOUT, show that the proposed framework is successful in creating a repository of models for various simulation setups
A neural network based adaptive control design approach for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems with unknown time delay

A neural network based robust adaptive control design scheme is developed for a class of nonlinear systems represented by input-output models with an unknown nonlinear function and unknown time delay. By on-line approximating the unknown nonlinear functions with a three layer feedforward neural networks, the proposed approach does not require the unknown parameters to satisfy the linear dependence condition. The control law is delay independent and possible controller singularity problem is avoided. It is proved that with the proposed neural control law, all the signals in the closed-loop system are semiglobally bounded in the presence of unknown time delay and unknown nonlinearity.
Reoccurrence of Unemployment among Adult Men

Linkages in the across-time unemployment experiences of adult men are the focus of this paper. Using Panel Study of Income Dynamics data, the paper first documents the strong persistence in unemployment for adult men. It then explores possible explanations for this persistence, searching for "scarring" effects that might remain after controlling for heterogeneity. Results strongly suggest that past unemployment does not increase adult men's chances of current unemployment, invalidating the scarring explanation. Thus, it seems safe to conclude that unemployment does not hurt adult men's chances of future employment. Apparently data collection procedures and unmeasured constant personal and environmental differences in the propensity for unemployment generated the considerable observed persistence in unemployment.
A Robot Joint With Variable Stiffness Using Leaf Springs

Interaction with humans is inevitable for service robots, which results in safety being one of the most important factors in designing the robots. Compliant component is an answer to the safety issue at the cost of performance degradation. In order to reduce the performance degradation, manipulators equipped with variable stiffness have been studied by many researchers. This paper presents a variable stiffness joint (VSJ) designed for a robot manipulator, as well as a control scheme to control the stiffness and position of the VSJ. Compliance is generated by leaf springs and two actuators are used to control the position and stiffness of the joint using four-bar linkages. Two actuators in parallel configuration are connected to the spring. Changing the effective length of the spring results in a change in stiffness. The position of the joint is controlled via two actuators rotating at the same speed in the same direction. A nonlinear controller is used to control the VSJ, and a singular perturbation model is adopted to prove the stability of the closed-loop system. Experiments are conducted to show that the position and stiffness are controlled independent of each other, and having less stiffness at the joint helps in making an unexpected collision with an object safer.
A semantics-based multi-agent framework for vehicular social network development

This paper proposes a semantic-based multi-agent framework to support development of vehicular social network applications. In the programming model of the framework, software platforms of vehicular social network systems can be developed by the collaboration of mobile agents and service (or resident) agents, where resident agents provide application services on devices and mobile agents provide communication services on behalf of owner applications. On top of the device infrastructure, the architecture of the proposed framework consists of three layers: framework service layer, software agent layer and application layer, to fully support dynamic and collaborative tasks of vehicular social networks. The multi-layer architecture design of the framework fully supports self-adaptive applications in vehicular social network environments, and is readily extensible to support new features. Developers can easily and effectively develop diverse applications for the vehicular social networks.
A Systematic Review of Psychological Factors as Predictors of Chronicity/Disability in Prospective Cohorts of Low Back Pain

Study Design. A systematic review of prospective cohort studies in low back pain. Objectives. To evaluate the evidence implicating psychological factors in the development of chronicity in low back pain. Summary of Background Data. The biopsychosocial model is gaining acceptance in low back pain, and has provided a basis for screening measurements, guidelines and interventions; however, to date, the unique contribution of psychological factors in the transition from an acute presentation to chronicity has not been rigorously assessed. Methods. A systematic literature search was followed by the application of three sets of criteria to each study: methodologic quality, quality of measurement of psychological factors, and quality of statistical analysis. Two reviewers blindly coded each study, followed by independent assessment by a statistician. Studies were divided into three environments: primary care settings, pain clinics, and workplace. Results. Twenty-five publications (18 cohorts) included psychological factors at baseline. Six of these met acceptability criteria for methodology, psychological measurement, and statistical analysis. Increased risk of chronicity (persisting symptoms and/or disability) from psychological distress/depressive mood and, to a lesser extent, somatization emerged as the main findings. Acceptable evidence generally was not found for other psychological factors, although weak support emerged for the role of catastrophizing as a coping strategy. Conclusion. Psychological factors (notably distress, depressive mood, and somatization) are implicated in the transition to chronic low back pain. The development and testing of clinical interventions specifically targeting these factors is indicated. In view of the importance attributed to other psychological factors (particularly coping strategies and fear avoidance) there is a need to clarify their role in back-related disability through rigorous prospective studies.
Shaping data: Visualization under construction

Generating the maximum number of visual patterns by uncovering the entire space of possible visual designs remains a challenge within the construction process of information visualization. Users interact with different mindsets consisting of design, data analysis, application development, and hardware resource usage. Therefore, they desire a flexible and productive interface that keeps them clued into the design process without requiring knowledge of the underlying technical system. This was summarized under the no developing, more modeling paradigm, which is described through a visual theory as the basis of the shaping process. A general model was applied to a prototype to demonstrate the benefits and restrictions of this construction process and to contribute toward bringing different mindsets together.
Co-located interaction in virtual environments via decoupled interfaces

This paper describes an interaction style in virtual environments that allows co-located users to manipulate certain interactive features of virtual environments with 2D or non-inmersive types of input devices. The concept proposes to make interaction accessible to groups of users by mirroring some of the VE interaction characteristics and functionality and making them accessible from other types of input devices, such as Personal Digital Assistants (PDA), effectively de-coupling the interaction from the original forms and presenting the co-located users with a richer multimodal multi-device interaction mechanism.
Heterozygous mutation to Chd 8 causes macrocephaly and widespread 1 alteration of neurodevelopmental transcriptional networks in mouse 2 3

University of California, Davis, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University 10 of California, Davis, Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, The Hospital for 11 Sick Children, Mouse Imaging Centre, Toronto, Canada, University of California, Davis, MIND 12 Institute, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, University of California, Davis, Department of 13 Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Institute for Pediatric 14 Regenerative Medicine, Sacramento, CA Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, 15 CA, Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, School of Natural 16 Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA. 17
Cockroaches traverse crevices, crawl rapidly in confined spaces, and inspire a soft, legged robot

Significance Cockroaches intrude everywhere by exploiting their soft-bodied, shape-changing ability. We discovered that cockroaches traversed horizontal crevices smaller than a quarter of their height in less than a second by compressing their bodies’ compliant exoskeletons in half. Once inside vertically confined spaces, cockroaches still locomoted rapidly at 20 body lengths per second using an unexplored mode of locomotion—body-friction legged crawling. Using materials tests, we found that the compressive forces cockroaches experience when traversing the smallest crevices were 300 times body weight. Cockroaches withstood forces nearly 900 times body weight without injury, explaining their robustness to compression. Cockroach exoskeletons provided inspiration for a soft, legged search-and-rescue robot that may penetrate rubble generated by tornados, earthquakes, or explosions. Jointed exoskeletons permit rapid appendage-driven locomotion but retain the soft-bodied, shape-changing ability to explore confined environments. We challenged cockroaches with horizontal crevices smaller than a quarter of their standing body height. Cockroaches rapidly traversed crevices in 300–800 ms by compressing their body 40–60%. High-speed videography revealed crevice negotiation to be a complex, discontinuous maneuver. After traversing horizontal crevices to enter a vertically confined space, cockroaches crawled at velocities approaching 60 cm⋅s−1, despite body compression and postural changes. Running velocity, stride length, and stride period only decreased at the smallest crevice height (4 mm), whereas slipping and the probability of zigzag paths increased. To explain confined-space running performance limits, we altered ceiling and ground friction. Increased ceiling friction decreased velocity by decreasing stride length and increasing slipping. Increased ground friction resulted in velocity and stride length attaining a maximum at intermediate friction levels. These data support a model of an unexplored mode of locomotion—“body-friction legged crawling” with body drag, friction-dominated leg thrust, but no media flow as in air, water, or sand. To define the limits of body compression in confined spaces, we conducted dynamic compressive cycle tests on living animals. Exoskeletal strength allowed cockroaches to withstand forces 300 times body weight when traversing the smallest crevices and up to nearly 900 times body weight without injury. Cockroach exoskeletons provided biological inspiration for the manufacture of an origami-style, soft, legged robot that can locomote rapidly in both open and confined spaces.
Assessing Sexual Dicromatism: The Importance of Proper Parameterization in Tetrachromatic Visual Models

Perceptual models of animal vision have greatly contributed to our understanding of animal-animal and plant-animal communication. The receptor-noise model of color contrasts has been central to this research as it quantifies the difference between two colors for any visual system of interest. However, if the properties of the visual system are unknown, assumptions regarding parameter values must be made, generally with unknown consequences. In this study, we conduct a sensitivity analysis of the receptor-noise model using avian visual system parameters to systematically investigate the influence of variation in light environment, photoreceptor sensitivities, photoreceptor densities, and light transmission properties of the ocular media and the oil droplets. We calculated the chromatic contrast of 15 plumage patches to quantify a dichromatism score for 70 species of Galliformes, a group of birds that display a wide range of sexual dimorphism. We found that the photoreceptor densities and the wavelength of maximum sensitivity of the short-wavelength-sensitive photoreceptor 1 (SWS1) can change dichromatism scores by 50% to 100%. In contrast, the light environment, transmission properties of the oil droplets, transmission properties of the ocular media, and the peak sensitivities of the cone photoreceptors had a smaller impact on the scores. By investigating the effect of varying two or more parameters simultaneously, we further demonstrate that improper parameterization could lead to differences between calculated and actual contrasts of more than 650%. Our findings demonstrate that improper parameterization of tetrachromatic visual models can have very large effects on measures of dichromatism scores, potentially leading to erroneous inferences. We urge more complete characterization of avian retinal properties and recommend that researchers either determine whether their species of interest possess an ultraviolet or near-ultraviolet sensitive SWS1 photoreceptor, or present models for both.
Adaptive Double-Threshold Based Energy and Matched Filter Detector in Cognitive Radio Networks

In this paper we propose a new cooperative spectrum sensing method using adaptive double threshold energy and matched filter detector in cognitive radio networks. The energy detector (ED) performance is highly degraded under noise uncertainty condition. Also, ED cannot well differentiate between the signal and noise, if the detected observational value of the primary user (PU) lies in the confused region i.e., between signal and noise. We propose a scheme based on adaptive double threshold that uses matched filter (MF) detector for the reliable detection in the confused region and energy efficient ED for the clear region where the detector can easily differentiate between signal and noise and makes its own local decision. The fusion center collects the local decisions and observational values of the secondary users and then makes the final decision to ascertain whether the primary user is present or not. Simulation results shows that our proposed method has higher detection performance as compared to other spectrum sensing methods.
No . 46 / 2012 Symmetry-free , p-robust equilibrated error indication for the hp-version of the FEM in almost incompressible linear elasticity

We consider the extension of the p-robust equilibrated error estimator due to Braess, Pillwein and Schöberl to linear elasticity. We derive a formulation where the local mixed auxiliary problems do not require symmetry of the stresses. The resulting error estimator is p-robust, and the reliability estimate is also robust in the incompressible limit if quadratics are included in the approximation space. Extensions to other systems of linear second-order partial differential equations are discussed. Numerical simulations show only moderate deterioration of the effectivity index for a Poisson ratio close to 1 2 . 2010 Mathematical subject classification: 65N15; 65N30; 65N50; 74B05; 74G15.