Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficient In-Memory Indexing with Generalized Prefix Trees

Efficient data structures for in-memory indexing gain in importance due to (1) the exponentially increasing amount of data, (2) the growing main-memory capacity, and (3) the gap between main-memory and CPU speed. In consequence, there are high performance demands for in-memory data structures. Such index structures are used—with minor changes—as primary or secondary indices in almost every DBMS. Typically, tree-based or hash-based structures are used, while structures based on prefix-trees (tries) are neglected in this context. For tree-based and hash-based structures, the major disadvantages are inherently caused by the need for reorganization and key comparisons. In contrast, the major disadvantage of trie-based structures in terms of high memory consumption (created and accessed nodes) could be improved. In this paper, we argue for reconsidering prefix trees as in-memory index structures and we present the generalized trie, which is a prefix tree with variable prefix length for indexing arbitrary data types of fixed or variable length. The variable prefix length enables the adjustment of the trie height and its memory consumption. Further, we introduce concepts for reducing the number of created and accessed trie levels. This trie is order-preserving and has deterministic trie paths for keys, and hence, it does not require any dynamic reorganization or key comparisons. Finally, the generalized trie yields improvements compared to existing in-memory index structures, especially for skewed data. In conclusion, the generalized trie is applicable as general-purpose in-memory index structure in many different OLTP or hybrid (OLTP and OLAP) data management systems that require balanced read/write performance.
Approximating Real-World Luminaires with OpenGL Lights

Dynamic illumination in real-time applications using OpenGL is still usually done with the classical light forms of point lights, directional lights and spot lights. For applications simulating real-world scenes, e.g. architectural planning, nding parameter sets for these simple lights to match real-world luminaires is required for realistic work. This paper describes a simple approach to process a luminaire data le in IESNA IES-LM63-95 format to create an approximation using at most 2 OpenGL lights to represent one luminaire.
Potentiometric NO2 Sensors Based on Thin Stabilized Zirconia Electrolytes and Asymmetric (La0.8Sr0.2)0.95MnO3 Electrodes

Here we report on a new architecture for potentiometric NO2 sensors that features thin 8YSZ electrolytes sandwiched between two porous (La0.8Sr0.2)0.95MnO3 (LSM95) layers—one thick and the other thin—fabricated by the tape casting and co-firing techniques. Measurements of their sensing characteristics show that reducing the porosity of the supporting LSM95 reference electrodes can increase the response voltages. In the meanwhile, thin LSM95 layers perform better than Pt as the sensing electrode since the former can provide higher response voltages and better linear relationship between the sensitivities and the NO2 concentrations over 40–1000 ppm. The best linear coefficient can be as high as 0.99 with a sensitivity value of 52 mV/decade as obtained at 500 °C. Analysis of the sensing mechanism suggests that the gas phase reactions within the porous LSM95 layers are critically important in determining the response voltages.
Mining hot calling contexts in small space

Calling context trees (CCTs) associate performance metrics with paths through a program's call graph, providing valuable information for program understanding and performance analysis. In real applications, however, CCTs might easily consist of tens of millions of nodes, making them difficult to analyze and also hurting execution times because of poor access locality. For performance analysis, accurately mining only hot calling contexts may be more useful than constructing an entire CCT with millions of uninteresting paths, because the distribution of context frequencies is typically very skewed. In this article, we show how to exploit this property to considerably reduce the CCT size, introducing a novel runtime data structure, called hot CCT (HCCT), in the spectrum of representations for interprocedural control flow. The HCCT includes only hot nodes and their ancestors in a CCT and can be constructed independently from it by using fast, space‐efficient algorithms for mining frequent items in data streams. With this approach, we can distinguish between hot and cold contexts on the fly while obtaining very accurate frequency counts. We show, both theoretically and experimentally, that the HCCT achieves a similar precision as the CCT in a space that is several orders of magnitude smaller and roughly proportional to the number of hot contexts. Our approach can be effectively combined with previous context‐sensitive profiling techniques, as we show for static bursting. We devise an implementation as a plug‐in for the gcc compiler that incurs a slowdown competitive with the gprof call‐graph profiler while collecting finer‐grained profiles. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Damaged goods: women managing the stigma of STDs

This article uses interview data to explore how 28 women diagnosed with chronic sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) managed the impact of stigma on how they saw themselves as sexual beings.Constant comparative analysis reveals the ways in which they manage the stigmatized sexual health status of genital herpes and human papillomavirus infections. Findings from this study indicate that the women engaged in a three-stage process of reconciling their spoiled sexual selves. First, the majority of them passed for healthy; some covered by lying about what was happening to their bodies.Second, almost all used stigma transference to deflect the blame onto real and imaginary others. In the end, all of the women preventively or therapeutically disclosed to intimate others. The data suggest, through a narrative model of the self, that the women viewed their sexual selves as ''damaged goods'' yet prevented the stigma from infecting their core self-narratives.
Au tho r ’ s Co py Temporal Anomaly Detection in Business Processes ?

The analysis of business processes is often challenging not only because of intricate dependencies between process activities but also because of various sources of faults within the activities. The automated detection of potential business process anomalies could immensely help business analysts and other process participants detect and understand the causes of process errors. This work focuses on temporal anomalies, i.e., anomalies concerning the runtime of activities within a process. To detect such anomalies, we propose a Bayesian model that can be automatically inferred form the Petri net representation of a business process. Probabilistic inference on the above model allows the detection of non-obvious and interdependent temporal anomalies.
Generalized minimum-error thresholding for unsupervised change detection from SAR amplitude imagery

The availability of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data offers great potential for environmental monitoring due to the insensitiveness of SAR imagery to atmospheric and sunlight-illumination conditions. In addition, the short revisit time provided by future SAR-based missions will allow a huge amount of multitemporal SAR data to become systematically available for monitoring applications. In this paper, the problem of detecting the changes that occurred on the ground by analyzing SAR imagery is addressed by a completely unsupervised approach, i.e., by developing an automatic thresholding technique. The image-ratioing approach to SAR change detection is adopted, and the Kittler and Illingworth minimum-error thresholding algorithm is generalized to take into account the non-Gaussian distribution of the amplitude values of SAR images. In particular, a SAR-specific parametric modeling approach for the ratio image is proposed and integrated into the thresholding process. Experimental results, which confirm the accuracy of the method for real X-band SAR and spaceborne imaging radar C-band images, are presented
Effects of vertical vibration on hopper flows of granular material

The discharge of granular material from a hopper subject to vertical sinusoidal oscillations was investigated using experiments and discrete element computer simulations. With the hopper exit closed, side-wall convection cells are observed, oriented such that particles move up along the inclined walls of the hopper and down at the center line. The convection cells are a result of the granular bed dilation during free fall and the subsequent interaction with the hopper walls. The mass discharge rate for a vibrating hopper scaled by the discharge rate without vibration reaches a maximum value at a dimensionless velocity amplitude just greater than 1. Further increases in the velocity decrease the discharge rate. This decrease occurs due to a decrease in the bulk density of the discharging material when vibration is applied.
Dynamics and Stable Isotope Composition of Gaseous and Dissolved Oxygen

The vadose zone and ground water environments are a sink for atmospheric O2. The pathways and rates of O2 consumption are primarily related to the availability and rate of oxidation of key reductants (e.g., organics, sulfides), through a combination of biological or abiotic reactions. The range in δ18O of O2 in the subsurface is large, from +20‰ to +39‰ (Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water) in the vadose zone and from +12‰ to +46‰ in ground water. The aggregated O2 isotope fractionation by consumption (αk) was found to range from 0.970 to 1.300 and 0.980 to 1.030 in vadose zones and aquifers, respectively. These data suggest the δ18O patterns in both unsaturated zones and aquifers can be attributed to microbially mediated reactions (αk= range from 0.975 to 1.000), but there are apparently other inverse isotope fractionating processes (αk > 1.000). Circumstantial evidence suggested O2 processed during the sulfide oxidation and precipitation of Fe‐oxyhydroxides process (or other unidentified processes) could be the cause of the significant 18O depletions. Overall, δ18O data from vadose zones and ground water revealed that isotope fractionation by consumption of gaseous and dissolved O2 in the subsurface and ground water environments is more complicated than what has classically been attributed solely to geomicrobial respiration. Given the questions and inexplicable data arising from this study, further detailed research on O2 consuming processes in the Earth’s subsurface and ground water is warranted.
What We Have Learned From Longitudinal Studies of Phonological Processing and Reading, and Some Unanswered Questions

T he studies described by Torgesen, Wagner, and Rashotte (this issue) are examples of longitudinal research at its best. The authors have developed—and been able to support—a comprehensive framework for conceptualizing multiple readingrelated phonological processing abilities. By following the development, from kindergarten through second grade, of phonological awareness, phonological coding in working memory, and the retrieval of phonological codes from long-term storage, Torgesen and his colleagues were able to acquire information that is not available from research that looks at children at only one point in time or that is cross-sectional and looks at a group of kindergarten children, a separate group of first graders, and another group of second graders. By following the same group of children from kindergarten through second grade, they were able to learn, for example, that individual differences in phonological processing abilities are remarkably stable from kindergarten through second grade. This finding is being confirmed by other researchers doing longitudinal work, such as Byrne, Freebody, and Gates (1992) in Australia. An extremely important point made by Wagner, Torgesen, and Rashotte (in press), based on the results of their longitudinal research, is that
Comparison of even‐skipped related gene expression pattern in vertebrates shows an association between expression domain loss and modification of selective constraints on sequences

SUMMARY The even‐skipped related genes (evx) encode homeodomain‐containing transcription factors that play key roles in body patterning and neurogenesis in a wide array of Eumetazoa species. It is thought that the genome of the last common ancestor of Chordata contained a unique evx gene linked to a unique ancestral Hox complex. During subsequent evolution, two rounds of whole genome duplication followed by individual gene losses gave rise to three paralogs: evx1, evx2, and eve1. Then, eve1 was maintained in Actinopterygii lineage but not in Tetrapoda. To explain this discrepancy, we examined the expression patterns of the evx1 homologue, Xhox3, in Xenopus laevis and that of evx1 and eve1 in Danio rerio. We show here that Xhox3 is expressed in a manner that closely reflects the inferred expression pattern of the evx1 gene in the last common ancestor of Vertebrata (i.e., in gastrula, the central nervous system, the posterior gut, and the tip of the growing tail). Zebrafish evx1 and Xenopus Xhox3 are expressed in homologous cell lineages of the central nervous system and of the posterior gut, but evx1 was undetectable in the gastrula and the tail bud. Strikingly, eve1 is the only evx gene of zebrafish to be expressed in these two latter regions. Thus, the ancestral expression pattern of evx1 in vertebrates appears to have been distributed between evx1 and eve1 in zebrafish. We propose that evx1 and eve1 underwent a complementary loss of expression domain in zebrafish that allowed the maintenance of the two paralogs in accordance with the duplication‐degeneration‐complementation model. It is important to note that, in zebrafish, Evx1 and Eve1 have lost most of the protein domain upstream of the homeodomain. In addition, Eve1 has accumulated substitutions in positions that are highly conserved in all other Evx proteins. Thus, the reduction of the expression domain of both evx1 and eve1 in zebrafish appears to be associated with the modification of constraints on the protein sequences, allowing the shortening of both genes and an accelerated substitution rate in eve1.
Discovering Self

The present study explored connections between African identity, study habits, and academic achievements. Correlation analyses, using data from 96 Black high school students, indicated multiple connections between these factors. The most important finding was that a sense of collective identity, a subfactor of African identity, was positively related to academic achievement. Implications of the results for the improvement of school curriculums and environments are discussed.
Structural analysis of a type 1 ribosome inactivating protein reveals multiple L-asparagine-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine monosaccharide modifications: Implications for cytotoxicity

Pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP) belongs to the family of type I ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs): Ribotoxins, which function by depurinating the sarcin-ricin loop of ribosomal RNA. In addition to its antibacterial and antifungal properties, PAP has shown promise in antiviral and targeted tumor therapy owing to its ability to depurinate viral RNA and eukaryotic rRNA. Several PAP genes are differentially expressed across pokeweed tissues, with natively isolated seed forms of PAP exhibiting the greatest cytotoxicity. To help elucidate the molecular basis of increased cytotoxicity of PAP isoenzymes from seeds, the present study used protein sequencing, mass spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography to determine the complete covalent structure and 1.7 Å X-ray crystal structure of PAP-S1aci isolated from seeds of Asian pokeweed (Phytolacca acinosa). PAP-S1aci shares ~95% sequence identity with PAP-S1 from P. americana and contains the signature catalytic residues of the RIP superfamily, corresponding to Tyr72, Tyr122, Glu175 and Arg178 in PAP-S1aci. A rare proline substitution (Pro174) was identified in the active site of PAP-S1aci, which has no effect on catalytic Glu175 positioning or overall active-site topology, yet appears to come at the expense of strained main-chain geometry at the pre-proline residue Val173. Notably, a rare type of N-glycosylation was detected consisting of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine monosaccharide residues linked to Asn10, Asn44 and Asn255 of PAP-S1aci. Of note, our modeling studies suggested that the ribosome depurination activity of seed PAPs would be adversely affected by the N-glycosylation of Asn44 and Asn255 with larger and more typical oligosaccharide chains, as they would shield the rRNA-binding sites on the protein. These results, coupled with evidence gathered from the literature, suggest that this type of minimal N-glycosylation in seed PAPs and other type I seed RIPs may serve to enhance cytotoxicity by exploiting receptor-mediated uptake pathways of seed predators while preserving ribosome affinity and rRNA recognition.
NHPP software reliability growth model incorporating fault detection and debugging

Several software reliability growth models based on nonhomogeneous Poisson process (NHPP) have been presented in the literature in the last three decades. However, existing software reliability growth models have the problem that the considerations of imperfect debugging phenomenon are incompletely. Based on the two important aspects that new faults introduced by fault debugging and incompletely fault debugging, in this paper, we proposed a software reliability growth model in which the total number of fault and fault removal efficient will change over time. Examined by a group of public failure data set, the proposed model is considered to be a model with goodness-of-fit and the predictive power.
WS0701: a novel sedative–hypnotic agent acting on the adenosine system

To characterize the sedative and hypnotic profile of the novel adenosine derivative ((3S,4R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(6-((4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amino)-9H-purin-9-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl) methyl diaconate (WS0701), we performed a variety of behavioural tests and investigated the influence of WS0701 on various sleep stages. In mice, WS0701 significantly increased the number of entries and time spent in open arms in the elevated plus maze test, indicating an anxiolytic effect. WS0701 decreased locomotor activity counts and head dips in the hole-board test and enhanced sodium pentobarbital-induced hypnosis. However, WS0701 did not induce the loss of the righting reflex or amnesic effects in behavioural models. In rats, WS0701 exerted a sedative effect and markedly prolonged the time spent in non-rapid-eye-movement sleep, especially slow-wave sleep, but reduced the time spent in rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS). Pretreatment with the selective adenosine A2a receptor antagonist SCH58261 attenuated the sedative and hypnotic effects of WS0701. WS0701 did not protect mice against picrotoxin-induced seizures, but inhibited adenosine deaminase activity and increased adenosine levels in the frontal cortex and hypothalamus of mice. In conclusion, WS0701 shows anxiolytic, sedative as well as sleep stage alterative effects, which may be related to the adenosine system.
Voltage and Current Programmed Modes in Control of the Z-Source Converter

The Z-source converter (ZSC) is an alternative power conversion topology that can both buck and boost the input voltage with improved reliability. Dynamic modeling of the ZSC from different perspectives has been studied. Based on these models, the dc-link voltage is controlled using direct measurement or measurement of the capacitor voltage. In this paper, two methods of dc-link voltage control of ZSC are analyzed and compared. Both methods are based on measuring the input voltage and the capacitor voltage to estimate the peak of the dc link voltage. Compensator for both voltage mode (VM) and current programmed mode (CPM) controls were designed based on the state space averaged signal model of the ZSC with inductive loading. In CPM, since the order of the system is reduced by one, it is possible to achieve similar dynamic performance with a simpler compensator. Performance of both control methods of the compensated ZSC are verified by simulation and experimental results for input and load disturbances.
Three-Year Stability of WISC-R IQs for Handicapped Children from Three Racial/Ethnic Groups

Score stability is an important psychometric quality of tests intended to measure relatively enduring characteristics such as intelligence. The purpose of the present study was to examine the long-term stability of WISC-R IQs (Full Scale, Verbal, and Performance) for a sample (N = 382) of male and female subjects from three racial or ethnic groups (Anglo, black, Mexican-American). The three-year stability coefficients for the varied sample of subjects (VIQ = .81, PIQ = .78, FSIQ = .85) compared well with those established with a three-week interval during the standardization of the WISC-R. Specific findings indicated that Anglo subjects' IQs were significantly more stable than those of blacks on all three IQ scales and also more stable than those of Mexican-Americans on the Performance and Full Scales. Sex of the subject had minimal influence on test score stability; only females' Verbal performances resulted in significantly larger stability coefficients than those of males. These and other results are discussed from educational, developmental, and psychometric perspectives.
PROTECT: An Application of Computational Game Theory for the Security of the Ports of the United States

Building upon previous security applications of computational game theory, this paper presents PROTECT, a game-theoretic system deployed by the United States Coast Guard (USCG) in the port of Boston for scheduling their patrols. USCG has termed the deployment of PROTECT in Boston a success, and efforts are underway to test it in the port of New York, with the potential for nationwide deployment. PROTECT is premised on an attacker-defender Stackelberg game model and offers five key innovations. First, this system is a departure from the assumption of perfect adversary rationality noted in previous work, relying instead on a quantal response (QR) model of the adversary's behavior - to the best of our knowledge, this is the first real-world deployment of the QR model. Second, to improve PROTECT's efficiency, we generate a compact representation of the defender's strategy space, exploiting equivalence and dominance. Third, we show how to practically model a real maritime patrolling problem as a Stackelberg game. Fourth, our experimental results illustrate that PROTECT's QR model more robustly handles real-world uncertainties than a perfect rationality model. Finally, in evaluating PROTECT, this paper provides real-world data: (i) comparison of human-generated vs PROTECT security schedules, and (ii) results from an Adversarial Perspective Team's (human mock attackers) analysis.
Imagining the Future at the Global and National Scale: A Comparative Study of British and Dutch Press Coverage of Rio 1992 and Rio 2012

Climate change and imagined futures are intricately linked, discussed by policy-makers and reported in the media. In this article we focus on the construction of future expectations in the press coverage of the 1992 and 2012 United Nations conferences in Rio de Janeiro in British and Dutch national newspapers. We use a novel combination of methods, semantic co-word networks and metaphor analysis, to study imagined futures. Our findings show that between 1992 and 2012 there was an overall shift from future-oriented hope to past-oriented disappointment regarding implementing international agreements on climate change policy, but with subtle and interesting differences between the UK and The Netherlands. Certain national differences seem to be stable over time and are indicative of rather dissimilar policy cultures in two nations which are geographically quite close.