Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interorganizational relations in industrial systems: a network approach compared with the transaction cost approach

A network approach, as it is developed by some Swedish researchers in industrial marketing and international business (see e.g. Hagg & Johanson (ed.), 1982 and Hammarkvist, Hakansson & Mattsson, 1982) is compared with the transaction cost approach associated with Oliver Williamson (e.g. Williamson, 1975, 1979, 1981). The reason we make such a comparison is that we often get questions from colleagues in the scientific community, suggesting that what we try to do is rather similar to what the transaction cost approach is doing.
Do Firms Use Tax Reserves to Meet Analysts’ Forecasts? Evidence from the Pre- and Post-FIN 48 Periods

We examine whether firms use tax reserve decreases to meet analysts’ quarterly earnings forecasts in the period prior to the passage of FIN 48 and whether that behavior changed following the enactment of FIN 48. In the pre-FIN 48 period, we observe that firms reduce their tax reserves (i.e., increase income) when pre-managed earnings are below analysts’ forecasts. Specifically, we find that approximately 78% of firm-quarters that missed the earnings target without the benefit of the tax reserve decrease subsequently meet the earnings target after including the benefit. Further, we find that the amount of the decrease in the tax reserves is significantly associated with the magnitude of the deviation between pre-managed earnings and analysts’ forecasts. In contrast, in the post-FIN 48 period we do not find any evidence that firms use changes in the tax reserves to manage earnings around analysts’ forecasts. Thus, our results suggest that FIN 48 has, at least initially, curtailed earnings management through the tax reserves.
Dietary Protein Requirement of Men >65 Years Old Determined by the Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation Technique Is Higher than the Current Estimated Average Requirement.

BACKGROUND The current estimated average requirement (EAR) and RDA for protein of 0.66 and 0.8 g ⋅ kg-1 ⋅ d-1, respectively, for adults, including older men, are based on nitrogen balance data analyzed by monolinear regression. Recent studies in young men and older women that used the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique suggest that those values may be too low. This observation is supported by 2-phase linear crossover analysis of the nitrogen balance data. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study was to determine the protein requirement for older men by using the IAAO technique. METHODS Six men aged >65 y were studied; each individual was tested 7 times with protein intakes ranging from 0.2 to 2.0 g ⋅ kg-1 ⋅ d-1 in random order for a total of 42 studies. The diets provided energy at 1.5 times the resting energy expenditure and were isocaloric. Protein was consumed hourly for 8 h as an amino acid mixture with the composition of egg protein with l-[1-13C]phenylalanine as the indicator amino acid. The group mean protein requirement was determined by applying a mixed-effects change-point regression analysis to F13CO2 (label tracer oxidation in breath 13CO2), which identified a breakpoint in F13CO2 in response to graded intakes of protein. RESULTS The estimated protein requirement and RDA for older men were 0.94 and 1.24 g ⋅ kg-1 ⋅ d-1, respectively, which are not different from values we published using the same method in young men and older women. CONCLUSIONS The current intake recommendations for older adults for dietary protein of 0.66 g ⋅ kg-1 ⋅ d-1 for the EAR and 0.8 g ⋅ kg-1 ⋅ d-1 for the RDA appear to be underestimated by ∼30%. Future longer-term studies should be conducted to validate these results. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01948492.
Variable betas on the Stockholm exchange 1971-1989

The present study presents models of the systematic risk of 10 individual assets on the Stockholm exchange. A model for the β of the equally weighted portfolio of all 10 is also presented. Three different models for the risk coefficient in addition to the constant coefficient model are considered: the mean reverting model, the random coefficients model and the random walk model. The possibility of structural change is also considered resulting in a division of the sample from January 1971 to December 1989 in two or more subsamples for some of the stocks. The model that is 'best' for each stock was the one with the lowest Akaike information criterion. This criterion was then compared to the out of sample forecasting ability of the models. While no one model is consistently the best, the random walk model is preferred, as it forecasts on the average slightly better than the other ones.
Robust integral backstepping control of PMSM for electric vehicle application

This paper is concerned with the design of a robust position Backstepping tracking controller for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). A Backstepping control law is designed from the input-output linearization of the PMSM model, written in d-q coordinates. This controller is adapted via the estimation of the unknown load torque and friction effects. A linear extended state observer is devised for this purpose, thus ensuring high closed-loop performance of the motor trajectory tracking task. The application of this control technique is focused on electric vehicles. The simulation results under the Matlab/Simulink software demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the control strategy adopted.
Bioinorganic motifs: towards functional classification of metalloproteins

UNLABELLED The habitat of bioinorganic motifs (BIMs) is at the interface of biological inorganic chemistry and bioinformatics. BIM is defined as a common structural feature shared by functionally related, but not necessarily homologous, proteins, and consisting of the metal atom(s) and first coordination shell ligands. BIMs appear to be suitable for classification of metal centres at any level, from groups of unrelated proteins with similar function to different functional states of the same protein, and for description of possible evolutionary relationships of metalloproteins. However, they have not attracted wide attention from the bioinformatics community. Although their presence is appreciated, they are difficult to predict-therefore the current 'high-throughput' initiatives are likely to miss or ignore them altogether. The protein sequence databases do not distinguish between proteins containing different prosthetic groups (unless they have different sequences) or between apo- and holoprotein. On the other hand, the protein structure databases include data on 'hetero compounds' of various origin but these data are often inconsistent. A number of specialized databases dealing with BIMs and attempts to classify them are reviewed. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The additional bibliography and list of Internet resources on bioinorganic chemistry are available at http://www.ebi. ac.uk/ approximately kirill/biometal/
Catalyst-free CVD synthesis of ZnO nanowire networks on SiO2 substrate and its photoresponse

High-purity ZnO nanowire networks were directly synthesized on SiO2/Si substrates via catalyst-free chemical vapor deposition. we grow single-crystal ZnO nanowire networks through the reactive ion etching make a rough SiO2/Si substrate surface, which ZnO nanowire networks can grow in the RIE etched area and do not need any pre-deposited metal catalyst or seed layer. The as-grown ZnO nanowire networks achieved on SiO2/Si substrates have good crystal quality with the hexagonal wurtzite phase containing very less structural defects and transfer-free to fabricate UV photodetector, which showed high performance in photocurrent and response speed. Moreover, the fabrication of UV photodetector method we showed here, which would dramatically lower the complexity of the nanodevice fabrication processes and vigorously promot the application of ZnO nanostructures in nanoelectronics and optoelectronics.
Analysis of Variations in Vehicle Ownership Expenditures

There is significant concern about the high cost of vehicle ownership, although several authors have acknowledged in the literature that owning and operating a vehicle have accessibility benefits. This paper uses Consumer Expenditure Survey data to explore vehicle ownership expenditures of American households. Differences in vehicle ownership expenditures among urban and rural households are estimated in different regions of the United States, controlling for socioeconomic, demographic, life cycle, and other household factors. First, patterns in vehicle ownership expenses are examined over a year. Three models of expenditures for vehicle ownership are estimated: the first model is estimated by ordinary least squares, the second is a Tobit model estimated to take into account zero expenditures on vehicles by a segment of households during the survey year, and the third model is a two-stage sample selection model that explicitly models first the household vehicle ownership decision and then, given that first decision, the expenditure intensity decision for the subsample of households that own vehicles. It was found that locational and regional effects were not constant but that urban–rural differences depended on region, and differences among regions depended on whether a household was located in an urban or a rural area.
Transport cost and outsourcing of multinational firms in East Asia

Multinational films look for the optimal production network and product pattern around world. The East Asia becomes very important production location in the world. We focus on the development of regional economy integration and production division in East Asia. We formulated a two country model to investigate the outsourcing location choice by heterogeneous firms between counties. In our model, we assumed that large different and heterogeneous about wage rate and productivity between East Asia countries. We point out that according to characteristic of intermediate goods which have knowledge intensive, labor intensive and raw materials intensive, the firms will consider the factor of wage rate and heterogeneous productivity between two countries and transport cost. When decline the transport cost, the firms will change to outsourcing to more efficiently one country, and it will improve consumer welfare and social welfare in both countries.
Transoral Excision of the Submandibular Gland

100% of patients avoided a neck scar, corresponding to zero conversions; length of operative procedures average 95minutes, ranging from 45-190 minutes;1 transient tongue paresthesias ( resolved in 3wks), 79% of patients had limitation in tongue movements (up to the 3rd postoperative day), 0 hypoglossal nerve dysfunction, 0 facial nerve dysfunction; hospital stay averaged 36 hours,2 patients stayed 48 and 62 hours due to elevated blood sugar and uncontrolled hypertension respectively, 5 patients discharged on the same day.
Measuring Value Creation in Social Enterprises

The relationship between business and community is becoming increasingly important, especially with the current blurring of the boundaries between profit and not-for-profit sectors, and the growing number of hybrid organizations such as social enterprises. For these organizations, the assessment of social impact plays a strategic role in helping them understand to what extent their social mission has been accomplished. As a result of increasing interest in the practice of Social Impact Assessment (SIA), many models have been developed, but a system to classify them is still lacking, and so the overall picture remains rather fragmentary if not confusing. In this research, a hierarchical cluster analysis was developed based on a sample of 76 SIA models to group them in macro-categories and help social entrepreneurs choose the model that is best suited to the needs of their organization.
The Canadian Study of Health and Aging*

Objective: To study risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on data from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Design: Population-based case-control study. Setting: Communities and institutions in 10 Canadian provinces. Participants: Two hundred fifty-eight cases clinically diagnosed with probable AD, with onset of symptoms within 3 years of diagnosis, and 535 controls, frequency matched on age group, study center, and residence in community or institution, clinically confirmed to be cognitively normal. Main outcome measure: Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using unconditional logistic regression for previously hypothesized and potential risk factors for AD. Results: The OR for family history of dementia was significantly elevated (2.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53 to 4.51) and increased with the number of relatives with dementia. Those with less education were at higher risk of AD, with an OR of 4.00 (95% CI, 2.49 to 6.43) for those with 0 to 6 years, in comparison with those with 10 or more years. Head injury achieved borderline significance. A history of arthritis resulted in a low risk of AD (OR = 0.54; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.81), as did a history of use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Initial analyses showed an increased risk of AD for occupational exposure to glues as well as to pesticides and fertilizers; the increased risk was greater in those with less education. Conclusion: This study confirmed a number of previously reported risk factors for AD, but provided little support for others. A new finding was an increased risk for those with occupational exposure to glues as well as pesticides and fertilizers, but this needs further study.
Studies on the mechanism of action of acetylcholine antagonists on rat parasympathetic ganglion cells.

The mode of action of ACh antagonists on the parasympathetic neurones of the submandibular ganglion of the rat was studied by means of a two‐micro‐electrode voltage‐clamp technique. The currents produced by various agonists (carbachol, ACh, suberylcholine) were studied in steady state and after voltage steps, before and after perfusion of various antagonists. 2. For three antagonists (tubocurarine, hexamethonium, decamethonium) the blocking action increases with hyperpolarization. For three other antagonists (surugatoxin, trimetaphan, mecamylamine) the effects observed at low concentrations appear to be independent of membrane potential, although in some cases voltage dependence of the block was observed for mecamylamine. 3. The blocks the ‘open’ channel‐reception complex. The block produced by tubocurarine, hexamethonium and decamethonium increases with the agonist concentration, an observation which supports a ‘sequential’ scheme in which the antagonist blocks the ‘open’ channel‐receptor complex. The block produced by trimetaphan and mecamylamine decreases slightly with increased agonist concentration, which in turn suggests that these two compounds are competitive antagonists, preventing binding of the agonists to the closed channel‐receptor complex. 4. In the cases where the block is voltage dependent, voltage jumps trigger slow relaxations which are not present in control conditions. In the case of tubocurarine and hexamethonium, the relaxation following a hyperpolarizing voltage jump corresponds to a decrease in conductance. In the case of decamethonium, the slow relaxation is in the opposite direction. 5. The slow relaxations observed with tubocurarine and hexamethonium are speeded by an increase of the antagonist concentration; the slow relaxations observed with decamethonium are slowed by an increase of the decamethonium concentration. 6. The steady‐state observations and the relaxations can be interpreted in terms of a scheme in which tubocurarine, hexamethonium and decamethonium act mainly by blocking the channels opened by the cholinergic agonists. 7. The two types of slow relaxation are those predicted if tubocurarine and hexamethonium dissociate slowly from the channel, and decamethonium rapidly. 8. An additional effect of tubocurarine is described, which consists of a potentiation of the rising phase of the response to an ionophoretic pulse. Possible mechanisms of this effect are discussed.
Why Restaurant Sales Contests Are Self-Defeating

Abstract Restaurant sales contests (RSCs) have no substantive body of literature to confirm or disconfirm their effectiveness. In U.S. organizations overall, sales contest (SC) popularity has been documented for decades, increasing in overall expenditure. In U.S. restaurants, the literature notes little more than that SC initiatives are widespread in current use, remaining popular throughout the past decade. However, serious concerns surface when examining the basic tenets that underlie RSC use and the lack of generalizability in SC studies of the business disciplines. In an attempt to open a wide area of fruitful potential research benefiting both theory and practice, we critically analyze the topic of RSCs from a scholarly and practitioner-based perspective, presenting propositions that integrate theoretical and empirical SC works with current understandings of restaurant organizations and their human resource objectives.
White-matter abnormalities in adolescents with long-term inhalant and cannabis use: a diffusion magnetic resonance imaging study.

BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that inhalants are neurotoxic to white matter, yet limited work has been conducted to investigate the neurobiologic effects of long-term exposure among adolescent users, despite inhalant use being most prominent during this developmental period. METHODS We used diffusion tensor imaging to examine white-matter integrity in 11 adolescents who used inhalants, 11 matched cannabis users and 8 drug-naive controls. RESULTS Although both groups of drug users had white-matter abnormalities (i.e., lower fractional anisotropy), abnormalities were more pronounced in the inhalant group, particularly among early-onset users. LIMITATIONS The findings of this study should be considered in light of its small sample size, cross-sectional design and the complex psychosocial background of long-term inhalant users. CONCLUSION White-matter abnormalities may underpin long-term behavioural and mental health problems seen in individuals with long-term inhalant use.
Minority Protection and Dividend Policy in Finland

This paper highlights some theoretical arguments and empirical results on whether legal-based minority protection affects corporate cash dividends in Finland. The Company Act in Finland states that shareholders having one tenth of all shares can demand a so-called minority dividend, which is half of the profit of the fiscal year, yet not more than 8% of the equity. Minority dividend, as in Finland, is rarely used in EU countries. I find, that minority protection is a better influence over managerial control than controlling shareholders having absolute voting power. When there is no controlling shareholder and coalition costs are lowest, minority protection in Finland is better than minority protection in mandatory dividend countries. Combining strong shareholder rights (as in the USA) and minority dividend (as in Finland) could decrease agency costs both vertically and horizontally.
Selective beta-cell loss and alpha-cell expansion in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Korea.

In the presence of obesity, beta-cell mass needs to be increased to compensate for the accompanying demands and maintain euglycemia. However, in Korea, the majority of type 2 diabetic patients are nonobese. We determined the absolute masses, relative volumes, and ratio of alpha- and beta-cell in the pancreas and islets in normal and diabetic Korean subjects to correlate these findings with the clinical characteristics. Whole pancreases procured from organ donors were divided into 24 parts (control 1, n = 9). Tissue was also obtained by surgical resection after 35 partial pancreatectomies: in 25 diabetic patients, 10 age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched patients of benign or malignant pancreatic tumor without diabetes mellitus (DM) (control 2). Morphometric quantifications were performed. In control 1, the relative volume of beta-cells was 2.1 +/- 0.9%, and the total beta-cell mass was 1.3 +/- 0.3 g. The relative volume of beta-cells was found to be variable (control 1, 2.1 +/- 0.9%; control 2, 1.9 +/- 0.7%; DM, 1.4 +/- 1.0%; P < 0.05 DM vs. control 1 and 2) and showed good correlation with BMI (control 1, r(2) = 0.64; DM, r(2) = 0.55; all subjects, r(2) = 0.38; P < 0.05). Notably, in type 2 diabetic patients, the ratio of alpha-cell area to beta-cell area in the islet was higher than in control 1 and 2 (0.81 +/- 0.4 vs. 0.29 +/- 0.2, 0.20 +/- 0.1, P < 0.05). Additionally, significant alpha-cell expansion and a decreased beta-cell fraction were predominantly observed in larger islets (islet area, >6415 micro m(2); P < 0.05) in control 1 and diabetic patients. The relative volume of beta-cell was found to be correlated with BMI in diabetic patients and normal organ donors. Moreover, decreased beta-cell but increased alpha-cell proportion in the islets suggests for a selective beta-cell loss in the pathogenesis of Korean type 2 diabetes.
Auditory discrimination: The relationship between psychophysical and electrophysiological measures

Abstract Objectives: This study aimed to (1) investigate the relationship between the acoustic change complex (ACC) and perceptual measures of frequency and intensity discrimination, and gap detection; and (2) examine the effects of acoustic change on the amplitudes and latencies of the ACC. Design: Psychophysical thresholds for frequency and intensity discrimination and gap detection, as well as ACCs elicited by stimuli containing increments in frequency, or intensity or gaps, were recorded from the same group of subjects. The magnitude of the acoustic change was systematically varied for the ACC recording. Study sample: Twenty-six adults with normal hearing, ranging in age between 19 and 39 years. Results: Electrophysiological and psychophysical measures for frequency and intensity discrimination were significantly correlated. Electrophysiological thresholds were comparable to psychophysical thresholds for intensity discrimination but were higher than psychophysical thresholds for gap detection and frequency discrimination. Increasing the magnitude of acoustic change increased the ACC amplitude but did not show consistent effects across acoustic dimensions for ACC latency. Conclusions: The ACC can be used as an objective index of auditory discrimination in frequency and intensity. The ACC amplitude is a better indicator for auditory processing than the ACC latency.
LAND USE REGULATION and RETAIL: SPACE CONSTRAINTS AND TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY

Introductory economics tells us there are three factors of production: land, labour and capital. Unless a student of agricultural economics, land as a factor of production will never be mentioned again. Yet space for some industries is a significant input and that would seem to be true of retailing. This is a sizable sector of the economy n on a reasonable measure of employment the second largest industry in the UK. Land use policies in the UK have the effect of restricting the availability of land for retail; in addition etown-centre-firsti policy concentrates retail development on expensive central land and so increases the cost of retail space. In British cities in the mid 1980s the most expensive land for retail was 250 times as expensive as the most expensive retail land in comparable US cities. This paper uses a unique micro data set of store specific information to estimate the impact on productivity of space and the specific effects of planning restrictiveness on the productivity of retailing. It is the first paper to analyse the contribution of space to productivity and to relate that firmly to land use regulation policies. Our results suggest that TFP rises with store size and that planning restrictiveness directly reduces productivity in retailing thereby increasing retail prices.