Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluating intuitiveness of vertical-aware click models

Modeling user behavior on a search engine result page is important for understanding the users and supporting simulation experiments. As result pages become more complex, click models evolve as well in order to capture additional aspects of user behavior in response to new forms of result presentation. We propose a method for evaluating the intuitiveness of vertical-aware click models, namely the ability of a click model to capture key aspects of aggregated result pages, such as vertical selection, item selection, result presentation and vertical diversity. This method allows us to isolate model components and therefore gives a multi-faceted view on a model's performance. We argue that our method can be used in conjunction with traditional click model evaluation metrics such as log-likelihood or perplexity. In order to demonstrate the power of our method in situations where result pages can contain more than one type of vertical(e.g., Image and News) we extend the previously studied Federated Click Model such that it models user clicks on such pages. Our evaluation method yields non-trivial yet interpretable conclusions about the intuitiveness of click models, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses.
Antennal-Expressed Ammonium Transporters in the Malaria Vector Mosquito Anopheles gambiae

The principal Afrotropical malaria vector mosquito, Anopheles gambiae remains a significant threat to human health. In this anthropophagic species, females detect and respond to a range of human-derived volatile kairomones such as ammonia, lactic acid, and other carboxylic acids in their quest for blood meals. While the molecular underpinnings of mosquito olfaction and host seeking are becoming better understood, many questions remain unanswered. In this study, we have identified and characterized two candidate ammonium transporter genes, AgAmt and AgRh50 that are expressed in the mosquito antenna and may contribute to physiological and behavioral responses to ammonia, which is an important host kairomone for vector mosquitoes. AgAmt transcripts are highly enhanced in female antennae while a splice variant of AgRh50 appears to be antennal-specific. Functional expression of AgAmt in Xenopus laevis oocytes facilitates inward currents in response to both ammonium and methylammonium, while AgRh50 is able to partially complement a yeast ammonium transporter mutant strain, validating their conserved roles as ammonium transporters. We present evidence to suggest that both AgAmt and AgRh50 are in vivo ammonium transporters that are important for ammonia sensitivity in An. gambiae antennae, either by clearing ammonia from the sensillar lymph or by facilitating sensory neuron responses to environmental exposure. Accordingly, AgAmt and AgRh50 represent new and potentially important targets for the development of novel vector control strategies.
Retroviral vectors elevate coexpressed protein levels in trans through cap-dependent translation

Significance Translation is a key process that is regulated by cellular health and responses to the environment, including virus infection. We show here that introduction of lentivirus and gammaretroviral vectors into cells by transfection increased translation (superinduction) of cotransfected genes but not most endogenous proteins. Superinduction was independent of the unfolded protein, stress, and interferon responses and did not require retroviral vector transcription. Retroviral vectors elevated cap-dependent translation initiation without increased mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase activity. Thus, DNA sequences from HIV-1 and other retroviruses increase translation of cotransfected genes in trans by mTOR complex 1-independent signaling. Our results suggest that retroviral DNA manipulates translation, which has practical implications for protein expression and design of vectors for transfection assays, DNA vaccines, and shRNA knockdown experiments. Retroviruses cause immunodeficiency and cancer but also are used as vectors for the expression of heterologous genes. Nevertheless, optimal translation of introduced genes often is not achieved. Here we show that transfection into mammalian cells of lentiviral or gammaretroviral vectors, including those with specific shRNAs, increased expression of a cotransfected gene relative to standard plasmid vectors. Levels of most endogenous cellular proteins were unchanged. Transfer of lentiviral vector sequences into a standard plasmid conferred the ability to give increased expression of cotransfected genes (superinduction). Superinduction by the retroviral vector was not dependent on the cell type or species, the type of reporter gene, or the method of transfection. No differences were detected in the IFN, unfolded protein, or stress responses in the presence of retroviral vectors. RT-PCRs revealed that RNA levels of cotransfected genes were unchanged during superinduction, yet Western blotting, pulse labeling, and the use of bicistronic vectors showed increased cap-dependent translation of cointroduced genes. Expression of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase target 4E-BP1, but not the mTOR inhibitor Torin 1, preferentially inhibited superinduction relative to basal protein expression. Furthermore, transcription of lentiviral vector sequences from a doxycycline-inducible promoter eliminated superinduction, consistent with a DNA-triggered event. Thus, retroviral DNA increased translation of cointroduced genes in trans by an mTOR-independent signaling mechanism. Our experiments have broad applications for the design of retroviral vectors for transfections, DNA vaccines, and gene therapy.
Hydrological conditions in seagrass beds in Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar,southeast coast of India

Comparative analysis has been made on the water quality parameters in three seagrass sites, Sangumal and Farm pond in Palk Bay; Thonithurai and one non seagrass site - Kundhukaal point in the Gulf of Mannar from January 2006 to December 2007. The atmospheric temperature ranged from 24.8° to 35.3 °C, sea surface temperature from 25° to 35°C, pH from 7.44 to 8.44, dissolved oxygen from 1.0 ml to 5.9 ml l -1 and total suspended solids from 10.7 mg to 122 mg l -1 in the four sites. The maximum concentration of phosphate, silicate, nitrite and nitrate in the water were 1.22 µmol, 5.83 µmol, 0.63 µmol and 2.03 µmol l -1 respectively. Sangumal had the maximum input of nutrients especially during the northeast monsoon. Pearsons correlation coefficient showed significant positive correlation (ρ<0.01) of sea surface temperature with pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen and negative correlation with total suspended solids, nitrite and ammonia. Though ANOVA did not show significant difference in water quality parameter between sites with and without seagrass, highly significant difference (ρ<0.001) was observed seasonally in sea surface temperature, salinity, nitrite, ammonia, wind velocity, rainfall and number of rainy days, thereby influencing the growth of seagrass beds.
Computation of central value of quadratic twists of modular L-functions

Let f be a newform of weight two, prime level p. If D is a fundamental discriminant, define the twisted L-function L(f,D,s) to be the L-function associated to the twist of f by the quadratic character of conductor D. In this paper we consider the question of computing the family of twisted central values {L(f,D,1) : |D| <= x} for some x, by using an explicit version of Waldspurger's formula relating the central values L(f,D,1) to the |D|-th Fourier coefficient of weigth 3/2 modular forms in Shimura correspondence with f.
Optimization of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using ion exchange resins

Waste cooking oil is a potential alternative of refined vegetable oil for biodiesel production due to its low cost and elimination of its disposal problem. The concentration of free fatty acids (FFAs) in WCO dictates the type of chemical treatment required for biodiesel production: a single esterification reaction is considered at high content of FFAs, whereas, a combination of estrification and transestrification reaction is used at moderate content of FFAs. In this study, optimization of esterification process of FFAs in artificially acidified soybean oil with oleic acid combined with methanol as an agent and ion exchange resin as a heterogeneous catalyst was carried out. The optimization process was performed by means of Matlab software based on a kinetic model available in the literature. Conversion of acidified oil was determined as an objective function in correlation with reaction variables i.e., temperature and catalyst weight. It is found that the maximum conversion of the free acids is 95.95% which is achievable at 4.48 g catalyst loading and reaction temperature of 120°C.
A Complexity Based Model for Quantifying Forensic Evidential Probabilities

An operational complexity model (OCM) is proposed to enable the complexity of both the cognitive and the computational components of a process to be determined. From the complexity of formation of a set of traces via a specified route a measure of the probability of that route can be determined. By determining the complexities of alternative routes leading to the formation of the same set of traces, the odds ratio indicating the relative plausibility of the alternative routes can be found. An illustrative application to a BitTorrent piracy case is presented, and the results obtained suggest that the OCM is capable of providing a realistic estimate of the odds ratio for two competing hypotheses. It is also demonstrated that the OCM can be straightforwardly refined to encompass a variety of circumstances.
Aerosol distributions in the North Atlantic marine boundary layer during Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment/Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange

Marine boundary layer aerosol size distributions observed during June 1992 are described. Measurements were made from onboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ship Malcolm Baldrige in support of the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment/Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange field experiment in the area surrounding 32°N latitude and 25°W longitude. Measurements obtained from three instruments, the differential mobility particle sizer, the active scattering aerosol spectrometer probe, and the forward scattering spectrometer probe, were used to investigate the contributions of the different aerosol modes to total number, surface area, and volume concentrations. It was observed that aerosol populations in air masses that appear to have originated from remote marine areas have a bimodal number distribution with total number concentrations ranging from 200 to 800 particles cm−3. In air masses that have been affected by anthropogenic emissions, the aerosol size distributions become monomodal and total number concentrations increase to 500 to 1800 cm−3. The data also suggest that air mass boundaries can be very sharp and that there may be some mesoscale variability in the aerosol population within an air mass.
Calculated phase equilibria in K2O‐FeO‐MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2‐H2O for silica‐undersaturated sapphirine‐bearing mineral assemblages

Silica‐undersaturated, sapphirine‐bearing granulites occur in a large number of localities worldwide. Such rocks have historically been under‐utilized for estimating P–T evolution histories because of limited experimental work, and a consequent poor understanding of the topology and P–T location of silica‐undersaturated mineral equilibria. Here, a calculated P–T projection for sapphirine‐bearing, silica‐undersaturated metapelitic rock compositions is constructed using THERMOCALC for the FeO‐MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2 (FMAS) and KFMASH (+K2O + H2O) chemical systems, allowing quantitative analysis of silica‐undersaturated mineral assemblages. This study builds on that for KFMASH sapphirine + quartz equilibria [Kelsey et al. (2004) Journal of Metamorphic Geology, vol. 22, pp. 559–578]. FMAS equilibria are significantly displaced in P–T space from silicate melt‐bearing KFMASH equilibria. The large number of univariant silica‐undersaturated KFMASH equilibria result in a P–T projection that is topologically more complex than could be established on the basis of experiments and/or natural assemblages. Coexisting sapphirine and silicate melt (with or without corundum) occur down to c. 900 °C in KFMASH, some 100 °C lower than in silica‐saturated compositions, and from pressures of c. ≤1 to ≥12 kbar. Mineral compositions and composition ranges for the calculated phases are consistent with natural examples. Bulk silica has a significant effect on the stability of sapphirine‐bearing assemblages at a given P–T, resulting in a wide variety of possible granulite facies assemblages in silica‐undersaturated metapelites. Calculated pseudosections are able to reproduce many naturally occurring silica‐undersaturated assemblages, either within a single assemblage field or as the product of a P–T trajectory crossing several fields. With an understanding of the importance of bulk composition on sapphirine stability and textural development, silica‐undersaturated assemblages may be utilized in a quantitative manner in the detailed metamorphic investigation of high‐grade terranes.
Current draft : October 30 , 2009 First draft : June 23 , 2004 Information in Option Prices and the Underlying Asset Dynamics

We derive the exact joint transition density of returns and volatilities under Heston’s (1993) stochastic volatility model. We reduce the computation of this density to the evaluation of a one-dimensional inverse Fourier transform, which allows us to use discretely-sampled data of any frequency and still avoid discretization bias in model estimation. We use weekly data on a broad panel of 15 options on the S&P 500 index and Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods. We show that parameter estimates are sensitive to the set of options data used to estimate the model. This data sensitivity reflects different skew and kurtosis patterns across moneyness and maturity categories. The volatility risk premium is instrumental in fitting the vertical position of a volatility smile without affecting its depth. We also confirm that tensions between the model and the data transcend discretization biases as well as parameter and state variable uncertainty.
An IT Architecture Enabling Flexible Adjustment Of Exploration/Exploitation Trade-Off

The trade-off between exploration of new ideas and exploitation of certainties create a need for managing a balance between those two concepts within organizations. To align with an associated strategy, we suggest an IT architecture with an embedded mechanism to manage this balance when trying new approaches. A prototype and evaluation with encouraging results show the viability of the proposed architecture design for a product recommender scenario.
Diffusion-tensor imaging assessment of white matter maturation in childhood and adolescence.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to test a first hypothesis that fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values continue to change in late childhood and adolescence and a second hypothesis that less mature white matter (WM) regions have a higher rate of change than WM regions that are relatively more mature. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Eighty-seven healthy children (50 girls, 37 boys; mean age, 11.2 ± 3.6 years; range, 4.2-17.7 years) underwent six-direction diffusion-tensor imaging with a 3-T MRI system. Three neuroradiologists independently drew regions of interest in 10 WM regions and measured FA and ADC values. To test the first hypothesis, we correlated these values with subject age by linear regression analysis (p < 0.05). To test the second hypothesis, we determined whether regions with lower FA and higher ADC in the 4- to 7-year old group had a higher slope of FA increase and ADC decrease over the entire age range. For this assessment, we used linear regression analysis (p < 0.05) and curve fitting. RESULTS In the test of the first hypothesis, increases in FA with age were noted in all WM regions and were statistically significant in six regions. Decreases in ADC values with age were noted in all brain regions except the genu of the corpus callosum. In all other regions except the splenium of the corpus callosum, the decreases were statistically significant. In the test of the second hypothesis, the relation between FA in the 4- to 7-year-old subjects and the FA increase in the entire sample was best described with a linear equation. The rate of age-related FA increase tended to be greater with lower initial FA (r = -0.384, p = 0.271). The relation between ADC in the 4- to 7-year-old subjects and ADC decrease in the entire population was best described with a second-order equation. The rate of age-related ADC decrease tended to be greater with higher initial ADC (r = 0.846, p = 0.001). For ADC values of 100 or less at age 4-7 years, the rate of ADC change with age tended to be decrease as initial ADC increased. CONCLUSION In general, both hypotheses were verified. Overall, FA values continue to increase and ADC values continue to decrease during childhood and adolescence. The most rapid changes were found in WM regions that were least mature in the first few years of the study period.
Neutropenic sepsis: prevention and management of neutropenic sepsis in cancer patients (NICE Clinical Guideline CG151)

Information about current guideline In September 2012, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) published a guideline entitled ‘Neutropenic sepsis: prevention and management of neutropenic sepsis in cancer patients’. 1 The aim of the guideline is to ‘improve outcomes by providing evidence-based recommendations on the prevention, identification and management of this life-threatening complication of cancer treatment’ for children, young people and adults. The National Collaborating Centre for Cancer was commissioned by NICE to develop the guideline and establish a Guideline Development Group, including children and young people's cancer nurses and consultants, which reviewed the evidence and developed the recommendations. Previous guideline There are no previously published national guidelines for the management of neutropenic sepsis in children. In July 2008, the Children's Cancer and Leukaemia Group (CCLG) produced a framework document for the treatment of febrile neutropenia, focusing on the definitions of fever and neutropenia, and on developing a practical management strategy for low-risk patients, which individual centres could incorporate into local policies. The document was produced in response to a survey suggesting wide variation in the definitions and management of febrile neutropenia, following an exhaustive literature review, small group discussion and a national Delphi consensus process.2 ,3 A recent audit of UK paediatric oncology centres revealed that current practice differs widely from recommendations contained within the CCLG framework.4 Box 2 ### Resources Controversial and key issues that the guideline addresses
Distributions of He(+) at middle and equatorial latitudes during solar maximum

Observations of ionospheric composition made by DE 2 in the mid-latitude ionosphere, show that during the solar maximum period of 1981, at altitudes near 900 km during the nighttime, the dominant light ion species is He+. Conditions may arise in which He+ is the dominant ion species, exceeding the O+ concentration by a factor of 2. This observation is contrasted by those at the same altitude near the dip equator. Here a deep minimum in the He+ concentration accompanies observed maxima in the O+ and H+ concentrations and O+ is always the major ion species. Calculations are used to illustrate that the distribution of neutral species at solar maximum, together with the appropriate ionization rates can easily account for the dominance of He+ at mid-latitudes. The relative abundance of the ionospheric species is a sensitive function of local time and the associated evolution of the topside O+ concentration profile. Factors such as E×B drift may easily effect the precise nature of the observation. At the dip equator the existence of an E×B drift motion of the plasma is required to explain the He+ minimum. Here the E×B drift is such that plasma observed near 900 km during the night, has resided at altitudes below 600 km during the day. Thus the He+ concentration is only that which is produced in one day against the chemical loss process. This is contrasted with the situation at mid-latitudes where the large flux tube volume provides a reservoir in which the He+ can accumulate each day.
Morphological Analysis with Limited Resources: Latvian Example

We describe an approach for morphological analysis combining a rule-based word level morphological analyzer with statistical tagging, detailing its application to Latvian language. Latvian is a highly inflective Indo-European language with a rich morphology. The tools described here include an implementation of Latvian inflectional paradigms, a morphological analysis tool with a guessing module for out-of-vocabulary words, and a statistical POS/morphology tagger for disambiguation of multiple analysis possibilities. Currently achieved accuracy with a training set of only ~40 000 words is 97.9% for part of speech tagging and 93.6% for the full morphological feature tag set, which is better than any previously publicly available taggers for Latvian. We also describe the construction and methodology of the necessary linguistic resources – a morphological dictionary and an annotated morphological corpus, and evaluate the effect of resource size on analysis accuracy, showing what results can be achieved with limited linguistic resources.
Using Task Features for Zero-Shot Knowledge Transfer in Lifelong Learning

Knowledge transfer between tasks can improve the performance of learned models, but requires an accurate estimate of the inter-task relationships to identify the relevant knowledge to transfer. These inter-task relationships are typically estimated based on training data for each task, which is inefficient in lifelong learning settings where the goal is to learn each consecutive task rapidly from as little data as possible. To reduce this burden, we develop a lifelong reinforcement learning method based on coupled dictionary learning that incorporates high-level task descriptors to model the intertask relationships. We show that using task descriptors improves the performance of the learned task policies, providing both theoretical justification for the benefit and empirical demonstration of the improvement across a variety of dynamical control problems. Given only the descriptor for a new task, the lifelong learner is also able to accurately predict the task policy through zero-shot learning using the coupled dictionary, eliminating the need to pause to gather training data before addressing the task.