Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF DIAGNOSIS AND PERCEIVED REWARD ON PERCEPTIONS OF DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AND SOCIAL SUPPORT

In three studies, we investigated the effect of diagnosis (i.e., depression versus a physical illness) on symptom perception and social support. Study 1 compared perceptions of objectively equivalent depressive symptoms labeled as either "depression" or "a heart condition. " Participants who imagined they were experiencing "depression" reported that their symptoms were due more so to psychological causes generally subject to internal control, and they considered social support as more important for improvement. In Studies 2 and 3, participants were told that another person was experiencing depressive symptoms reflecting a diagnosis of either "depression" or "a thyroid condition. " For these studies, the perceived reward of interacting with the other person played a critical role in moderating the influence of diagnosis, with low perceived reward being associated with a minimization of the depressed other's need for social support. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the stigmatization and amelioration of depression.
Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy Measurements of the Membrane Protein TetA in Escherichia coli Suggest Rapid Diffusion at Short Length Scales

Structural inhomogeneities in biomembranes can lead to complex diffusive behavior of membrane proteins that depend on the length or time scales that are probed. This effect is well studied in eukaryotic cells, but has been explored only recently in bacteria. Here we used fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to study diffusion of the membrane protein TetA-YFP in E. coli. We find that the diffusion constant determined from FRAP is comparable to other reports of inner membrane protein diffusion constants in E. coli. However, FCS, which probes diffusion on shorter length scales, gives a value that is almost two orders of magnitude higher and is comparable to lipid diffusion constants. These results suggest there is a population of TetA-YFP molecules in the membrane that move rapidly over short length scales (∼ 400 nm) but move significantly more slowly over the longer length scales probed by FRAP.
Herd-level risk factors associated with cow mortality in Swedish dairy herds

Abstract An increase in on-farm mortality (euthanasia and death) in dairy herds has been reported in several countries in the last decade. This does not only imply possible problems with animal welfare, but it also causes economic losses to the farmer. The objective of this study was to evaluate time trends in on-farm dairy cow mortality in Sweden and identify potential herd-level risk factors. Data were retrieved on all Swedish dairy herds enrolled in the milk recording scheme between 2002 and 2010. Herds with a herd size of <20 cows or a mortality rate (MR) of >40 dead or euthanized cows per 100 cow-years were excluded. Two different models were used: 1 multiple-year analysis, which included 6,898 herds during the period 2002 to 2010 and 1 single-year analysis including 4,252 herds for the year 2010, where other variables that were not present during the entire multiple year study were analyzed. The outcome variable was the number of euthanized and dead cows per year and season. A negative binomial regression model, adjusted for clustering within herd, was applied to both models. Fixed effects in the multiple-year analysis were breed, calving interval, herd size, milk yield, region, season, pasture period, and year. The fixed effects in the single-year analysis were breed, calving interval, conventional versus organic farming, herd size, housing system, milk yield, region, and season. The results demonstrated that MR gradually increased from 5.1 to 6.6 events per 100 cow-years during the study period. Swedish MR are consequently on par with, or even greater than, MR among dairy herds in other comparable countries. Higher mortality was associated with larger herd size, longer calving intervals, and herds that had Swedish Holstein as the predominant breed. Lower mortality was observed in herds with a higher herd average milk yield, during the fall and winter, and in organically managed herds. There were regional differences in mortality. An interaction between herd size and season was found in both models. Also, an interaction between housing system and milk yield was found in the single-year analysis. This first assessment of on-farm mortality in Swedish dairy herds confirmed that the MR has increased over the last few years. The study also identified some herd-level risk factors.
Detection of explosives with a fluorescent nanofibril film.

A new type of fluorescence sensory material has been developed from an alkoxycarbonyl-substituted carbazole-cornered tetracycle. Films fabricated from such materials are shown to be efficient in detecting explosive vapor, probably owing to the extended 1D molecular stacking between the component molecules and intrinsic nanoporous morphology thus formed within the film. The former facilitates long-range exciton migration, while the latter favors adsorption and diffusion of gaseous adsorbates within the film. A combination of these two characteristics enables efficient fluorescence quenching of the film by gaseous quenchers.
An Evaluation of Life Satisfaction within the Migratory Experience According to Psychosocial Variables

This study attempts to discover which psychosocial variables effect whether a displaced person evaluates their migratory experience and their life in the new context as positive. The psychosocial variables studied are: social support, individual self-esteem, social identity, analysis of endogroup and exogroup, assimilation of host culture, and perception of the assessment of the host culture and level of retention of the original culture. The general objective is to discover to what degree these variables predict the level of life satisfaction in thenew cityof residence. Following an analysis of the data, we find that social support predicts satisfaction in 23.3%. Furthermore, in order to generalise these findings across the overall immigrant population, resident in Spain, a comparison of three Spanish cities is carried out: Barcelona, Madrid and Malaga. The results show that although an identical pattern cannot be applied to all three cities, but in conclusion we can say that the variables with greater success in predicting life satisfaction are: social support, assimilation and assessment of host culture and self-esteem.
In at the Deep End

This study investigated the difficulties encountered by a group of Hong Kong Chinese learners studying in an educational environment where English was used as the first language. Although language was widely perceived as a problem for these learners, the findings of the study showed that social, cultural, and affective aspects were also a cause of problems for the learners. These aspects were often interrelated and linked to the linguistic problems of the learners. Some implications are presented regarding ways to help raise the awareness in schools of the difficulties experienced by this particular group of ESL learners.
Exploring the effects of workplace support on work-life experience: a study of Malaysia

To date most studies of workplace support and work-life experience have been of contexts where government policies and legislation to protect employee work-life balance interests are well established, such as US, UK, and other European countries. Little scrutiny has been given to these issues in less developed economies, where support and protection in terms of work-life policies and legislation at the national level is rather limited. Malaysia, the setting of this study, provides such a context. Two types of organizational support, work flexibility and superior support, are studied for their impact on work-life experience of Malaysians. The findings of this study are based on a national survey of working adults in Malaysia. Work-life experience is conceptualized to capture conflict and enrichment aspects, as well as bidirectional effects between work and nonwork. Results show that work flexibility and superior support lower work-life conflict marginally but facilitate greater work-life enrichment among Malaysians. The paper also draws out implications of these findings for human resource development professionals operating in workplace settings within national contexts with limited mandatory work-life provisions.
Studies on Transcription Activation by the Multimeric CCAAT-binding Factor CBF (*)

The CCAAT-binding factor CBF is a heteromeric transcription factor that specifically binds to CCAAT sequences in many eukaryotic genes. CBF consists of three subunits, CBF-A, CBF-B, and CBF-C, all three of which are necessary for DNA binding. In this study we examined the transcription activation function of CBF by two different approaches. We first used a heterologous system in which a series of deletion mutations of CBF-B, fused to the bacterial LexA DNA binding domain, were transfected into HeLa cells together with a reporter gene driven by a minimal promoter containing LexA binding sites. These experiments showed that CBF-B needed both a glutamine-rich domain and an adjacent serine/threonine-rich domain to activate the reporter gene optimally. The glutamine-rich domain by itself activated transcription only modestly. We also set up an in vitro transcription reconstituted system in which trans-activation by CBF occurred through a physiological CCAAT motif. Nuclear extracts from NIH 3T3 cells were first depleted of CBF and then complemented with recombinant CBF-B and a highly purified fraction containing native CBF-A and CBF-C. Recombinant full-length CBF-B together with CBF-A and CBF-C activated transcription of several α2(I) collagen gene promoter constructs. We then tested whether in this system the glutamine- and serine/threonine-rich domains of CBF-B were needed for trans-activation by CBF. We generated a truncated form of CBF-B that was still able to bind DNA in the presence of CBF-A and CBF-C. Even in the absence of the glutamine- and serine/threonine-rich domains of CBF-B, reconstituted CBF did activate transcription, suggesting that CBF transcriptional activation can also be mediated by the other subunits of CBF or by another transcription factor present in the nuclear extracts that interacts with CBF. Taken together our results suggest a model in which CBF has the potential to activate transcription either through the glutamine- and serine/threonine-rich domains of CBF-B or through the other subunits of CBF or through another component recruited by CBF.
Cyborg masculinity in the Viagra era

The figure of the cyborg has, to date, been predominantly conceptualized and examined in terms of human–machine or animal–machine hybridization. Outside the field of psychopharmacology, little has been written on cyborgs arising from human–drug combinations. This paper, however, explores the twenty-first century masculinity of Viagra cyborgs, the recent creations of sexuopharmacology. Using material from interviews conducted in 2001 with New Zealand men and women, the ways in which the experiences and perspectives of those using Viagra and engaging in Viagra-assisted sex are reinforcing and/or disrupting the discursive construction of nature and culture, originality, and authenticity are explored and the kinds of stories being told about hyper-masculinity and super-natural erections are investigated.
Reducing Reauthentication Delay in Wireless Networks

When a wireless mobile user is moving across a mobile network or between co-operating networks, the network operators often want to verify the user’s access rights before granting service. The security protocol causes a delay in the network access, which may be much longer than the typical delays caused by mobility management. An alternative would be to provide so called optimistic service before the user has been authenticated or paid for the access. Thus, there is a trade-off between the security of the access control and the quality of service observed by the user. Our aim is to reduce the authentication delay and to enable optimistic access without opening a window for fraudulent access. We present a protocol for the reauthentication of a mobile node when it repeatedly connects to different access points or cooperating wireless networks. The protocol is based on credentials which the mobile receives from access points as a proof of past honest behavior and which it presents when associating with a new access point. It can be implemented with keyed one-way functions that result in low computation and communication overhead both for the mobile and for the network.
Multiple Transmitter Localization and Communication Footprint Identification Using Sparse Reconstruction Techniques

This paper considers the problem of identifying the footprints of communication of multiple transmitters in a given geographical area. To do this, a number of sensors are deployed at arbitrary but known locations in the area, and their individual decisions regarding the presence or absence of the transmitters' signal are combined at a fusion center to reconstruct the spatial spectral usage map. One straightforward scheme to construct this map is to query each of the sensors and cluster the sensors that detect the primary's signal. However, using the fact that a typical transmitter footprint map is a sparse image, two novel compressive sensing based schemes are proposed, which require significantly fewer number of transmissions compared to the querying scheme. A key feature of the proposed schemes is that the measurement matrix is constructed from a pseudo-random binary phase shift applied to the decision of each sensor prior to transmission. The measurement matrix is thus a binary ensemble which satisfies the restricted isometry property. The number of measurements needed for accurate footprint reconstruction is determined using compressive sampling theory. The three schemes are compared through simulations in terms of a performance measure that quantifies the accuracy of the reconstructed spatial spectral usage map. It is found that the proposed sparse reconstruction technique-based schemes significantly outperform the round-robin scheme.
Alterations in choice behavior by manipulations of world model

How to compute initially unknown reward values makes up one of the key problems in reinforcement learning theory, with two basic approaches being used. Model-free algorithms rely on the accumulation of substantial amounts of experience to compute the value of actions, whereas in model-based learning, the agent seeks to learn the generative process for outcomes from which the value of actions can be predicted. Here we show that (i) “probability matching”—a consistent example of suboptimal choice behavior seen in humans—occurs in an optimal Bayesian model-based learner using a max decision rule that is initialized with ecologically plausible, but incorrect beliefs about the generative process for outcomes and (ii) human behavior can be strongly and predictably altered by the presence of cues suggestive of various generative processes, despite statistically identical outcome generation. These results suggest human decision making is rational and model based and not consistent with model-free learning.
Active Comparison of Prediction Models

We address the problem of comparing the risks of two given predictive models—for instance, a baseline model and a challenger—as confidently as possible on a fixed labeling budget. This problem occurs whenever models cannot be compared on held-out training data, possibly because the training data are unavailable or do not reflect the desired test distribution. In this case, new test instances have to be drawn and labeled at a cost. We devise an active comparison method that selects instances according to an instrumental sampling distribution. We derive the sampling distribution that maximizes the power of a statistical test applied to the observed empirical risks, and thereby minimizes the likelihood of choosing the inferior model. Empirically, we investigate model selection problems on several classification and regression tasks and study the accuracy of the resulting p-values.
The bionic DBMS is coming, but what will it look like?

Software has always ruled database engines, and commodity processors riding Moore's Law doomed database machines of the 1980s from the start. However, today's hardware landscape is very different, and moving in directions that make database machines increasingly attractive. Stagnant clock speeds, looming dark silicon, availability of reconfigurable hardware, and the economic clout of cloud providers all align to make custom database hardware economically viable or even necessary. Dataflow workloads (business intelligence and streaming) already benefit from emerging hardware support. In this paper, we argue that control flow workloads with their corresponding latencies are another feasible target for hardware support. To make our point, we outline a transaction processing architecture that offloads much of its functionality to reconfigurable hardware. We predict a convergence to fully "bionic" database engines that implement nearly all key functionality directly in hardware and relegate software to a largely managerial role.
Responsibilities of Special Educators in Rural Schools: A Latent Class Analysis

Despite the importance of special educators in the current era of educational reform, there is no overarching portrait of special educators' roles, especially in rural schools where the provision of services is especially challenging. Using latent class analysis and data from a national sample of rural school districts, we identified four distinct types of special educators and related their prevalence to key policy variables. Our findings provide a way of understanding the use of special educators in rural schools and current needs in special educator training. They also suggest means of studying special educators' roles more generally.
Epstein-Barr virus infection in paediatric liver transplant recipients: detection of the virus in post-transplant tonsillectomy specimens

Aims—Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) is an important and serious complication in transplant patients. Recent studies have suggested that quantitative assessment of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in transplant patients might help to identify those at risk of developing PTLD. Therefore, tonsils from paediatric liver transplant recipients were studied for evidence of EBV infection. Methods—Tonsils were studied by in situ hybridisation for the detection of the small EBV encoded nuclear RNAs (EBERs). The phenotype of EBV infected cells was determined by double labelling in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry. The expression of viral latent and lytic antigens was determined by immunohistochemistry. Tonsils from patients without known immune defects were studied as controls. Results—Tonsils from transplant patients showed pronounced follicular hyperplasia and minor paracortical hyperplasia. In situ hybridisation revealed variable numbers of EBV infected B cells in the tonsils from transplant patients (range, 2–1000/0.5 cm2; mean, 434/0.5 cm2; median, 105/0.5 cm2). Lower numbers were detected in the control tonsils (range, 1–200/0.5 cm2; mean, 47/0.5 cm2; median, 9/0.5 cm2). The latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) of EBV was not detected and there were only rare cells in two cases showing expression of the EBV encoded nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2). There was no evidence of lytic infection. None of the patients developed PTLD within a follow up period of up to five years. Conclusions—These data indicate that tonsillar enlargement in paediatric liver transplant patients does not necessarily imply a diagnosis of PTLD. Furthermore, the presence of increased numbers of EBV infected cells in tonsils from liver transplant recipients by itself does not indicate an increased risk of developing PTLD.
Heterogeneous Multi-task Semantic Feature Learning for Classification

Multi-task Learning (MTL) aims to learn multiple related tasks simultaneously instead of separately to improve generalization performance of each task. Most existing MTL methods assumed that the multiple tasks to be learned have the same feature representation. However, this assumption may not hold for many real-world applications. In this paper, we study the problem of MTL with heterogeneous features for each task. To address this problem, we first construct an integrated graph of a set of bipartite graphs to build a connection among different tasks. We then propose a multi-task nonnegative matrix factorization (MTNMF) method to learn a common semantic feature space underlying different heterogeneous feature spaces of each task. Finally, based on the common semantic features and original heterogeneous features, we model the heterogenous MTL problem as a multi-task multi-view learning (MTMVL) problem. In this way, a number of existing MTMVL methods can be applied to solve the problem effectively. Extensive experiments on three real-world problems demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.
MULTIPLE ROLES AND ROLE STRAIN: SOME NOTES ON HUMAN ENERGY, TIME AND COMMITMENT

Sociologists generally invoke a natural "scarcity" approach to human energy, stressing the overdemanding nature of multiple roles. In contrast, a seldom used "expansion" approach provides an energy-creation theory of multiple roles rather than a "spending" or "drain" theory. Empirical literature only partially supports the scarcity approach view that multiple roles inevitably create "strain. " Moreover, human physiology implies that human activity produces as well as consumes energy. We need a comprehensive theory that explains both the scarcity and the abundance phenomenology of energy. Such a theory requires careful analytical distinctions between time, energy, and commitments. It is argued that particular types of commitment systems are responsible for whether or not strain will occur. A theory of scarcity excuses explains how strain or overload is generally rooted in one such system. Scarcity excuses get implicit support from scarcity theories, and a sociology of these theories suggests their ideological basis.
Herbivore-Induced SABATH Methyltransferases of Maize That Methylate Anthranilic Acid Using S-Adenosyl-l-Methionine1[W]

Volatile methyl esters are common constituents of plant volatiles with important functions in plant defense. To study the biosynthesis of these compounds, especially methyl anthranilate and methyl salicylate, we identified a group of methyltransferases that are members of the SABATH enzyme family in maize (Zea mays). In vitro biochemical characterization after bacterial expression revealed three S-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent methyltransferases with high specificity for anthranilic acid as a substrate. Of these three proteins, Anthranilic Acid Methyltransferase1 (AAMT1) appears to be responsible for most of the S-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent methyltransferase activity and methyl anthranilate formation observed in maize after herbivore damage. The enzymes may also be involved in the formation of low amounts of methyl salicylate, which are emitted from herbivore-damaged maize. Homology-based structural modeling combined with site-directed mutagenesis identified two amino acid residues, designated tyrosine-246 and glutamine-167 in AAMT1, which are responsible for the high specificity of AAMTs toward anthranilic acid. These residues are conserved in each of the three main clades of the SABATH family, indicating that the carboxyl methyltransferases are functionally separated by these clades. In maize, this gene family has diversified especially toward benzenoid carboxyl methyltransferases that accept anthranilic acid and benzoic acid.