Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Globalization , social inequality , and the impact of institutional determinants on youth unemployment in Western Europe ∗

In the past, much research has been devoted to the study of labor market integration patterns in early adult life. The findings of this research have risen as much issues related to the social inequality as to the impact of different nation-specific arrangements in education, labor market, and welfare state provision (Allmendinger, 1989; Breen, 2005; Gangl, 2001, 2003; Shavit und Müller, 1998; Russell and O’Connell, 2001). In recent years, a growing interdependence of regional and national economies, intensification of competition, industrial restructuring, and changes in technology, as well as increased volatility of the labor, capital, and product markets have also been observed – all of which have been said to increase the uncertainty of working lives (Blossfeld et al., 2005; Golsch, 2005). Seen in the broader context of deregulation and flexibility of the labor market, as well as cutbacks in other areas of welfare state provision during the 1980s and 1990s (Esping-Andersen and Regini, 2000), growing labor market insecurity might be considered a specific dilemma for young jobseekers and jobholders with little experience and only weak ties to the labor market (Golsch, 2005). Figure 1 gives the background against which this study is motivated. Whether one looks at youth unemployment rates or other types of insecure labor market positions, the picture is clear-cut. The workers who confront the strongest detriments of increased labor market insecurity are the labor market entrants aged 16-29, but the risks of job insecurity and social exclusion vary greatly between European countries. It is not possible to draw definitive conclusions from these figures about the causes of cross-national differences since market and institutional factors differ on many grounds. To this point there has been little systematic and comparative analysis of the effects of globalization, and the increase in uncertainty associated with it, on labor market integration. The extent to which globalization, institutional factors, and individual’s work history, skills, and employment relationship intersect and affect young adults’ transitions into and out of work is thus not yet clear. This paper discusses the changes in the degree of social protection in an era of globalization, and analyzes the unemployment risk of men and women aged 16-29 between 1994 and 2001. The comparative analysis includes ten countries from four welfare regimes and thus captures quite some of the institutional heterogeneity among Western European countries. Germany, The Netherlands, and France represent the conservative regimes; Denmark, Finland, and Sweden stand for the social-democratic regimes. The family-oriented regimes are represented by Spain, Italy, and Portugal and the United Kingdom epitomizes the liberal regime. Using pooled time series data from various sources as well as panel data from
Traumatic scratch injury in astrocytes triggers calcium influx to activate the JNK/c‐Jun/AP‐1 pathway and switch on GFAP expression

Astrocyte activation is a hallmark of central nervous system injuries resulting in glial scar formation (astrogliosis). The activation of astrocytes involves metabolic and morphological changes with complex underlying mechanisms, which should be defined to provide targets for astrogliosis intervention. Astrogliosis is usually accompanied by an upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Using an in vitro scratch injury model, we scratched primary cultures of cerebral cortical astrocytes and observed an influx of calcium in the form of waves spreading away from the wound through gap junctions. Using the calcium blocker BAPTA‐AM and the JNK inhibitor SP600125, we demonstrated that the calcium wave triggered the activation of JNK, which then phosphorylated the transcription factor c‐Jun to facilitate the binding of AP‐1 to the GFAP gene promoter to switch on GFAP upregulation. Blocking calcium mobilization with BAPTA‐AM in an in vivo stab wound model reduced GFAP expression and glial scar formation, showing that the calcium signal, and the subsequent regulation of downstream signaling molecules, plays an essential role in brain injury response. Our findings demonstrated that traumatic scratch injury to astrocytes triggered a calcium influx from the extracellular compartment and activated the JNK/c‐Jun/AP‐1 pathway to switch on GFAP expression, identifying a previously unreported signaling cascade that is important in astrogliosis and the physiological response following brain injury. GLIA 2013;61:2063–2077
The Computational Status of Physics: A Computable Formulation of Quantum Theory

According to the Church-Turing Thesis (CTT), effective formal behaviours can be simulated by Turing machines; this has naturally led to speculation that physical systems can also be simulated computationally. But is this wider claim true, or do behaviours exist which are strictly hypercomputational? Several idealised computational models are known which suggest the possibility of hypercomputation, some Newtonian, some based on cosmology, some on quantum theory. While these models' physicality is debatable, they nonetheless throw into question the validity of extending CTT to include all physical systems. We consider the physicality of hypercomputational behaviour from first principles, by showing that quantum theory can be reformulated in a way that explains why physical behaviours can be regarded as 'computing something' in the standard computational state-machine sense. While this does not rule out the physicality of hypercomputation, it strongly limits the forms it can take. Our model also has physical consequences; in particular, the continuity of motion and arrow of time become theorems within the basic model.
Analysis of Device-to-Device Communications in Uplink Cellular Networks with Lognormal Fading

In this paper, using the stochastic geometry theory, we present a framework for analyzing the performance of device-to-device (D2D) communications underlaid uplink (UL) cellular networks. In our analysis, we consider a D2D mode selection criterion based on an energy threshold for each user equipment (UE). Specifically, a UE will operate in a cellular mode, if its received signal strength from the strongest base station (BS) is large than a threshold β. Otherwise, it will operate in a D2D mode. Furthermore, we consider a generalized log-normal shadowing in our analysis. The coverage probability and the area spectral efficiency (ASE) are derived for both the cellular network and the D2D one. Through our theoretical and numerical analyses, we quantify the performance gains brought by D2D communications and provide guidelines of selecting the parameters for network operations.
Face Recognition by Multi-resolution Curvelet Transform on Bit Quantized Facial Images

Multiresolution ideas notably the wavelet transform have been profusely employed for addressing problems in face recognition and other problems in computer vision. However, theoretical studies indicate that wavelets are not the ideal image descriptors; they have very crude directional representations and are not anisotropic. A recent development called the Curvelet Transform tries to overcome these shortcomings of wavelets. In this paper, we propose a multiresolution Curvelet based method for face recognition. Recognition will be done in three steps. In the first step the original 8 bit image is quantized to 4 bit and 2 bit representations. In the second step, each of the 3 different resolved versions of the image are subjected to Curvelet transform at five different resolutions. The approximate Curvelet coefficients at each resolution represent a different feature set. In the last step these fifteen (three bit resolved version x five resolutions) sets of coefficients are then used to train separate Support Vector Machines. During testing, the results of the fifteen SVMs are fused to determine the final result.
Robust walking control of a planar spring mass biped robot

The variable spring-loaded inverted pendulum (V-SLIP) model captures characteristic properties of the hip or COM motion in human locomotion. A control strategy consists of a leg stiffness controller and a foot placement controller is proposed for a biped walker. Some restrictions are considered in the control strategy, e.g. the friction and the ability of the actuator. A novel trajectory function is designed for stance phase control. The function not only can approximate the nominal trajectory with error in the order of sub-millimeter, but also can preserve the restriction on vertical velocity in spite of the horizontal velocity. To validate the control strategy and the trajectory function, simulations are implemented on a virtual ideal biped walker. The walker starts walking with a low velocity, by taking a few steps it comes to the desired walking cycle. With the proposed control strategy the walker is able to recover from a disturbance up to 20 N*m.
An Empirical Approach for Quantifying Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Using Escherichia coli as a Model System

Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a highly efficient, selective and rapid DNA amplification technique for genetic screening of pathogens. However, despite its popularity, there is yet no mathematical model to quantify the outcome and no well-defined metric for comparing results that are available. LAMP is intrinsically complex and involves multiple pathways for gene replication, making fundamental modelling nearly intractable. To circumvent this difficulty, an alternate, empirical model is introduced that will allow one to extract a set of parameters from the concentration versus time curves. A simple recipe to deduce the time to positive, Tp - a parameter analogous to the threshold cycling time in polymerase chain reaction (PCR), is also provided. These parameters can be regarded as objective and unambiguous indicators of LAMP amplification. The model is exemplified on Escherichia coli strains by using the two gene fragments responsible for vero-toxin (VT) production and tested against VT-producing (O157 and O45) and non-VT producing (DH5 alpha) strains. Selective amplification of appropriate target sequences was made using well established LAMP primers and protocols, and the concentrations of the amplicons were measured using a Qubit 2.0 fluorometer at specific intervals of time. The data is fitted to a generalized logistic function. Apart from providing precise screening indicators, representing the data with a small set of numbers offers significant advantages. It facilitates comparisons of LAMP reactions independently of the sampling technique. It also eliminates subjectivity in interpretation, simplifies data analysis, and allows easy data archival, retrieval and statistical analysis for large sample populations. To our knowledge this work represents a first attempt to quantitatively model LAMP and offer a standard method that could pave the way towards high throughput automated screening.
A mechanism for switching near a heteroclinic network

We describe an example of a robust heteroclinic network for which nearby orbits exhibit irregular but sustained switching between the various sub-cycles in the network. The mechanism for switching is the presence of spiralling due to complex eigenvalues in the flow linearized about one of the equilibria common to all cycles in the network. We construct and use return maps to investigate the asymptotic stability of the network, and show that switching is ubiquitous near the network. Some of the unstable manifolds involved in the network are two-dimensional; we develop a technique to account for all trajectories on those manifolds. A simple numerical example illustrates the rich dynamics that can result from the interplay between the various cycles in the network.
Respiratory muscle activity and patient–ventilator asynchrony during different settings of noninvasive ventilation in stable hypercapnic COPD: does high inspiratory pressure lead to respiratory muscle unloading?

Introduction High-intensity noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has been shown to improve outcomes in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. However, there is insufficient knowledge about whether with this more controlled ventilatory mode optimal respiratory muscle unloading is provided without an increase in patient–ventilator asynchrony (PVA). Patients and methods Ten chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients on home mechanical ventilation were included. Four different ventilatory settings were investigated in each patient in random order, each for 15 min, varying the inspiratory positive airway pressure and backup breathing frequency. With surface electromyography (EMG), activities of the intercostal muscles, diaphragm, and scalene muscles were determined. Furthermore, pressure tracings were derived simultaneously in order to assess PVA. Results Compared to spontaneous breathing, the most pronounced decrease in EMG activity was achieved with the high-pressure settings. Adding a high breathing frequency did reduce EMG activity per breath, while the decrease in EMG activity over 1 min was comparable with the high-pressure, low-frequency setting. With high backup breathing frequencies less breaths were pressure supported (25% vs 97%). PVAs occurred more frequently with the low-frequency settings (P=0.017). Conclusion High-intensity NIV might provide optimal unloading of respiratory muscles, without undue increases in PVA.
Distributed MIMO demonstrated with 5G radio access prototype

This paper presents measurement results from a distributed 4×4 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) trial. The measurements were performed using a 5G radio access prototype including two transmission points (TPs) and a mobile terminal over 200 MHz bandwidth at 15 GHz carrier frequency. The TPs and the mobile terminal each consists of multiple antennas, enabling spatial multiplexing. In the present paper, improvements from using 4×4 MIMO transmission with dual TPs are being assessed and compared with 4×4 MIMO transmission from one single TP. A significant increase in throughput was demonstrated with distributed MIMO where the two TPs were transmitting unique streams in parallel. This significantly improved the spatial multiplexing capacity in line-of-sight and increased the rank significantly beyond the two polarization dimensions. In the performed tests this improved the throughput from 1.1 Gbps (5.7 bps/Hz) to 2.5 Gbps (12.6 bps/Hz).
The complexity of conservative finite-valued CSPs

We study the complexity of valued constraint satisfaction problems (VCSP). A problem from VCSP is characterised by a \emph{constraint language}, a fixed set of cost functions over a finite domain. An instance of the problem is specified by a sum of cost functions from the language and the goal is to minimise the sum. We consider the case of so-called \emph{conservative} languages; that is, languages containing all unary cost functions, thus allowing arbitrary restrictions on the domains of the variables. This problem has been studied by Bulatov [LICS'03] for $\{0,\infty\}$-valued languages (i.e. CSP), by Cohen~\etal\ (AIJ'06) for Boolean domains, by Deineko et al. (JACM'08) for $\{0,1\}$-valued cost functions (i.e. Max-CSP), and by Takhanov (STACS'10) for $\{0,\infty\}$-valued languages containing all finite-valued unary cost functions (i.e. Min-Cost-Hom). We give an elementary proof of a complete complexity classification of conservative finite-valued languages: we show that every conservative finite-valued language is either tractable or NP-hard. This is the \emph{first} dichotomy result for finite-valued VCSPs over non-Boolean domains.
Start up Cost constraint Optimization using Lagrangian Algorithm for Unit Schedule in Electrical Power System

Electricity companies typically possess numerous units and they need to commit units because electricity cannot be stored in a large-scale system and demand is a random variable process fluctuating with the time of the day and the day of the week. A problem that must be frequently resolved by a electricity utility is to economically determine a schedule of what units will be used to meet the forecasted demand, and satisfy operating constraints such as start up cost, over a short time horizon. This problem is commonly referred to as the unit commitment (UC)problem. Lagrangian algorithm is one of the technique based on equal IC of fuel input for the units in operation. It is helpful for the optimium load sharing among units, with satisfying constraints under different environment. Simulation algorithm is prepared in this paper, keeping start up cost constraint optimization and simulation is done with Matlab for standard set of Units. Optimized IC and load sharing values are extracted sharing different start up cost. Different IC values are extracted for different load demands.
Determinant Computation on the GPU using the Condensation Method

We report on a GPU implementation of the condensation method designed by Abdelmalek Salem and Kouachi Said for computing the determinant of a matrix. We consider two types of coefficients: modular integers and floating point numbers. We evaluate the performance of our code by measuring its effective bandwidth and argue that it is numerical stable in the floating point number case. In addition, we compare our code with serial implementation of determinant computation from well-known mathematical packages. Our results suggest that a GPU implementation of the condensation method has a large potential for improving those packages in terms of running time and numerical stability.
HMM-based Vietnamese speech synthesis

In this paper, improving naturalness HMM-based speech synthesis for Vietnamese language is described. By this synthesis method, trajectories of speech parameters are generated from the trained Hidden Markov models. A final speech waveform is synthesized from those speech parameters. The main objective for the development is to achieve maximum naturalness in output speech through key points. Firstly, system uses a high quality recorded Vietnamese speech database appropriate for training, especially in statistical parametric model approach. Secondly, prosodic information such as tone, POS (part of speech) and features based on characteristics of Vietnamese language are added to ensure the quality of synthetic speech. Third, system uses STRAIGHT which showed its ability to produce high-quality voice manipulation and was successfully incorporated into HMM-based speech synthesis. The results collected show that the speech produced by our system has the best result when being compared with the other Vietnamese TTS systems trained from the same speech data.
Chapter 2 3 D Integration Technology

The emerging three-dimensional (3D) chip architectures, with their intrinsic capability of reducing the wire length, is one of the promising solutions to mitigate the interconnect problem in modern microprocessor designs. To leverage the benefits of fast latency, high bandwidth, and heterogeneous integration capability that are offered by 3D technology, new design methodologies should be developed targeting the unique feature of 3D integration. In this chapter, various approaches to model 3D electrical behavior, handle 3D thermal reliability problems, and design future 3D microprocessors are surveyed.
‘This loopy idea’ an analysis of UKIP’s social media discourse in relation to rurality and climate change

This paper focuses on the way that United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) attempted to communicate its policies and messages about the topic of renewable energy during 2013–2014. Renewable energy is a fruitful topic to consider as it has a strategic importance in the discussion of the future of the UK. The emergent theme from the analysis was not only rurality and renewable energy but the connection of the issue to scepticism about climate change. This paper uses the qualitative analyses the social media posts and a sample of the linked materials, with newspaper coverage, to reveal the key themes in the UKIP discourse.
Requirements elicitation in open source software development: a case study

A growing body of empirical research has examined large, successful open source software projects such as the Linux kernel, Apache web server, and Mozilla web browser. Do these results extend to small open source efforts involving a handful of developers? A study of the OpenEMR open source electronic medical record project was conducted, with the goal of understanding how requirements are elicited, documented, agreed, and validated in a small open source software project The results show that the majority of features are asserted by developers, based on either their personal experience, or knowledge of users' needs. Relatively few were requested directly by users. Validation and documentation took the form of informal discussions via the project's developer mailing list. These results are consistent with an earlier study of the Firefox web browser, suggesting that there is a common open source requirements approach that is independent of project size.
Emotional responses to goal attainment: strength of regulatory focus as moderator.

Goals with a promotion focus versus a prevention focus are distinguished. Chronic ideal goals (hopes and aspirations) have a promotion focus, whereas ought goals (duties and responsibilities) have a prevention focus. The hypothesis that emotional responses to goal attainment vary as a function of promotion versus prevention goal strength (conceptualized as goal accessibility) was tested in correlational studies relating chronic goal attainment (self-congruencies or self-discrepancies) to emotional frequency and intensity (Studies 1-3) and in an experimental study relating immediate goal attainment (i.e., success or failure) to emotional intensity (Study 4). All studies found that goal attainment yielded greater cheerfulness-dejection responses when promotion focus was stronger and greater quiescence-agitation responses when prevention focus was stronger.
Safety First - Scenario Analysis under Basel II

In mid 2004, after a lengthy period of industry consultation, the Basel Committee finally released its definitive rules on capital charges for Operational Risk under Basel II. In its proposals for allowing banks to calculate regulatory capital using their own internal models, the Basel Committee backed away from its original quantitative emphasis, concentrating instead on ‘qualitative standards’ for Operational Risk Management (ORM) systems. A key element of the standards for accreditation to use an ‘own model’ or Advanced Measurement Approach (AMA) for calculating a capital charge for Operational Risk is the use of Scenario Analysis to identify low-probability, high-severity loss events. Unfortunately, other than specify that Scenario Analysis must be robust and methodical, the Basel Committee provided few clues as to what Scenario Analysis should cover in practice. This paper proposes a structured approach to ‘Scenario Analysis’ for Basel II, based on concepts proven in other industries, specifically the concept of ‘Safety Management’ and in particular the “Bow-Tie Diagram”. After giving a brief introduction to the ‘Bow-Tie’ concept, the paper describes how such a concept may be used by banks and regulators to satisfy the requirements of Basel II and to improve Operational Risk management across the industry. An example of the use of the Bow-Tie technique is included for illustration.