Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparative study of high ambient inlet temperature effects on the performance of air vs. liquid cooled IT equipment

In response to the growing demand for power and energy across US and world-wide, development of energy efficient solutions has become very important. Considering data center applications, cooling power consumption constitutes a significant part of the overall energy usage of the system. In the process of optimizing the energy consumed per performance unit, liquid cooling has become one of the key solutions. Liquid cooling addresses the critical issues related to typical air cooling in servers because of its better heat transfer characteristics. Water-cooling at the device level can be an efficient solution since water has higher thermal capacitance when compared to traditional heat carrying medium i.e., air. Additionally, moving the cooling source closure to the heat load helps in reducing hot spots at the room level, thereby, improving the effectiveness of the cooling solution. On the other hand, the feasibility to operate liquid cooling at wider temperature range helps in partially or eliminating the room air conditioning units and chiller compressors and reduces the cooling power consumptions substantially. The primary objective of the study is to evaluate air vs. liquid cooled enterprise-class server for the effects of high ambient inlet temperatures. The air-cooled server has five hot swappable fans and two CPU heat sinks to dissipate the total heat in the server. The water-cooled counter-part consists of two-cold plates with integrated pumps to cool the CPUs while the dual in-line memory modules transfer the heat using a heat transfer tape attached to the manifold that is carrying the coolant. The existing practice in the industry is to maximize the use of economizer usage by reducing/eliminating the usage of chiller while taking advantage of outside ambient conditions to cool the data centers. However, higher ambient temperatures would lead to higher operating temperatures of the processors. The operating temperature of the CPU has direct influence on the static power which is known to reduce the performance of the processor. In this study, theair as well as liquid cooled servers will be tested at inlet temperatures ranging from 25°C-45°C (ASHRAE T.C 9.9 A4 and W4 classes) and the corresponding thermal and flow parameters will be compared for both cases. The current work primarily focuses on evaluating the critical inlet temperatures (for air cooled vs. liquid cooled server) at which CPU die temperatures has an influence of the static power. Collectively, a case will be presented as to why l iquid cooling would provide a viable option to operate the data centers at wider inlet temperatures with reduced risk of leakage current and sustain the performance and reliability of the IT equipment.
Thymic selection revisited: how essential is it?

Intrathymic T cell development represents one of the best studied paradigms of mammalian development. Lymphoid committed precursors enter the thymus and the Notch1 receptor plays an essential role in committing them to the T cell lineages. The pre‐T cell receptor (TCR), as an autonomous cell signaling receptor, commits cells to the αβ lineage while its rival, the γδTCR, is involved in generating the γδ lineage of T cells. Positive and negative selection of immature αβTCR‐expressing cells are essential mechanisms for generating mature T cells, committing them to the CD4 and CD8 lineages and avoiding autoimmunity. Additional lineages of αβT cells, such as the natural killer T cell lineage and the CD25+ regulatory T cell lineage, are formed when the αβTCR encounters specific ligands in suitable microenvironments. Thus, positive selection and receptor‐instructed lineage commitment represent a hallmark of the thymus. Ectopically expressed organ‐specific antigens contribute to thymic self–nonself discrimination, which represents an essential feature for the evolutionary fitness of mammalian species.
The Economic Value of Biodiversity in New Zealand: Results from a Household Survey

This paper presents the results of a national study examining the economic value of biodiversity in New Zealand. Three valuation techniques were used to collect information from respondents: the contingent valuation method, the well-being method and the choice modelling method. Results revealed that respondents were familiar with the native plants and animals in their areas and valued them highly, therefore having a strong value for native biodiversity.
Translation of the Children Helping Out--Responsibilities, Expectations and Supports (CHORES) questionnaire into Brazilian-Portuguese: semantic, idiomatic, conceptual and experiential equivalences and application in normal children and adolescents and in children with cerebral palsy.

BACKGROUND The participation of children with disabilities in daily chores in different environments has been a therapeutic goal shared by both parents and rehabilitation professionals, leading to increased demand for instrument development. The Children Helping Out: Responsibilities, Expectations and Supports (CHORES) questionnaire was created with the objective of measuring child and teenager participation in daily household tasks. OBJECTIVES To translate the CHORES questionnaire into Brazilian Portuguese, evaluate semantic, idiomatic, experiential, and conceptual equivalences, apply the questionnaire to children and teenagers with and without disabilities, and test its test-retest reliability. METHOD Methodological study developed through the following stages: (1) translation of the questionnaire by two different translators; (2) synthesis of translations; (3) back-translation into English; (4) analysis by an expert committee to develop the pre-final version; (5) test-retest reliability; (6) administration to a sample of 50 parents of children with and without disabilities. RESULTS The CHORES translation was validated in all stages. The implemented adaptations aimed to improve the understanding of the instrument's content by families of different socioeconomic and educational levels. The questionnaire showed strong consistency within a 7 to 14-day interval (ICCs=0.93 a 0.97; p=0.0001). After application, there was no need to change any items in the questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS The translation of the CHORES questionnaire into Brazilian Portuguese offers a unique instrument for health professionals in Brazil, enabling the documentation of child and teenager participation in daily household tasks and making it possible to develop scientific investigation on the topic.
Sexual and Physical Abuse in Women With Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Test of the Trauma Hypothesis

Objectives:According to the trauma hypothesis, women with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) are more likely to report a history of sexual and/or physical abuse than women without FMS. In this study, we rely on a community sample to test this hypothesis and the related prediction that women with FMS are more likely to have posttraumatic stress disorder than women without FMS. Methods:Eligibility for the present study was limited to an existing community sample in which FMS and major depressive disorder were prevalent. The unique composition of the original sample allowed us to recruit women with and without FMS from the community. A total of 52 female participants were enrolled in the present FMS group and 53 in the control (no FMS) group. Sexual and physical abuse were assessed retrospectively using a standardized telephone interview. Results:Except for rape, sexual and physical abuse were reported equally often by women in the FMS and control groups. Women who reported rape were 3.1 times more likely to have FMS than women who did not report rape (P < 0.05). There was no evidence of increased childhood abuse in the FMS group. Women with FMS were more likely to have posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (intrusive thoughts and arousal) as well as posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis (P < 0.01). Discussion:With the exception of rape, no self-reported sexual or physical abuse event was associated with FMS in this community sample. In accord with the trauma hypothesis, however, posttraumatic stress disorder was more prevalent in the FMS group. Chronic stress in the form of posttraumatic stress disorder but not major depressive disorder may mediate the relationship between rape and FMS.
Development of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain with Enhanced Resistance to Phenolic Fermentation Inhibitors in Lignocellulose Hydrolysates by Heterologous Expression of Laccase

ABSTRACT To improve production of fuel ethanol from renewable raw materials, laccase from the white rot fungus Trametes versicolor was expressed under control of the PGK1 promoter inSaccharomyces cerevisiae to increase its resistance to phenolic inhibitors in lignocellulose hydrolysates. It was found that the laccase activity could be enhanced twofold by simultaneous overexpression of the homologous t-SNARE Sso2p. The factors affecting the level of active laccase obtained, besides the cultivation temperature, included pH and aeration. Laccase-expressing and Sso2p-overexpressing S. cerevisiae was cultivated in the presence of coniferyl aldehyde to examine resistance to lignocellulose-derived phenolic fermentation inhibitors. The laccase-producing transformant had the ability to convert coniferyl aldehyde at a faster rate than a control transformant not expressing laccase, which enabled faster growth and ethanol formation. The laccase-producing transformant was also able to ferment a dilute acid spruce hydrolysate at a faster rate than the control transformant. A decrease in the content of low-molecular-mass aromatic compounds, accompanied by an increase in the content of high-molecular-mass compounds, was observed during fermentation with the laccase-expressing strain, illustrating that laccase was active even at the very low levels of oxygen supplied. Our results demonstrate the importance of phenolic compounds as fermentation inhibitors and the advantage of using laccase-expressing yeast strains for producing ethanol from lignocellulose.
The effect of client industry structure on client preference for privacy and auditor concentration

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of a client's potentially conflicting needs for privacy and industry expertise on auditor concentration. Design/methodology/approach - The method examines the distribution of auditor concentration assuming that auditor choice occurs randomly. It then examines the observed distribution within the random assignment to consider whether the privacy or expertise motive dominates. Findings - The main finding is that at the client industry level, clients in a dominant firm industry structure prefer privacy; whereas clients in a competitive market structure prefer expertise. Research limitations/implications - An implication of this paper is that an increase in the number of large auditors may change auditor concentration in client industries that prefer privacy, an auditor different from its competitor. Practical implications - Policy makers should note that auditor concentration is not only a function of the number of auditors, but also of the client industry structure. Originality/value - The results provide a new measure for industry specialists and provide additional insight regarding auditor choice when privacy is relevant.
A new techology mapping for CPLD under the time constraint

In this paper, we proposed a new technology mapping algorithm for CPLD under the time constraint (TMCPLD-II). In our technology mapping algorithm, we generate the feasible clusters from a given Boolean. The generated feasible clusters create clusters with minimum area under the time constraint. A covered Boolean network is transformed to a Boolean equation. The transformed equations are reconstructed in order to fit to an architecture of selected target CPLD by using collapsing and bin-packing. To demonstrate the efficiency of our approach, we applied our algorithm to MCNC benchmarks and compared the results with those of the existing algorithms. The experimental results show that our approach is better than any of the existing algorithms in the number of logic blocks.
What is the impact of education on Huntington's disease?

Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a cytosine adenosine guanine (CAG) expansion in the huntingtin gene. The length of the triplet repeat is the most important factor in determining age of onset and the severity of the disease, but substantial variability of these parameters is attributed to other factors. To investigate the relationship between the years of education and the age at onset and the severity of the phenotype in patients with HD, we applied multiple linear regression analysis to examine the impact of education on the age at onset and the severity of the clinical scores assessed by the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) of 891 patients with HD from the multinational observational study “Registry” conducted by the European Huntintgton's Disease Network. The model was adjusted for CAG repeat length and age at the time of assessment. Patients with lengthier education exhibited earlier estimated age at onset but less severe clinical scores (motor = −3.6, P = 0.006; cognitive = 27.0, P < 0.001; behavioral = −3.0, P < 0.001; and functional capacity = 1.1 points, P < 0.001) than those with shorter education, after controlling for age and number of CAG repeats. These differences persisted throughout all quartiles of disease severity. An earlier recognition of symptoms and manifestations among the more educated patients could explain the earlier estimated age at onset in this group. The link between better clinical UHDRS scores and higher education might reflect a beneficial effect of education or its covariates on the course of HD. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
FPGA design approach of digital control of three-phase induction motor

This paper presents a simulation of a direct torque control (DTC) strategy, which is used to control induction motors. A specific methodology, using MATLAB/Simulink and DSP Builder simulations are presented. It summarizes the prior work before implementation the experimental FPGA control of an induction motor. This methodology allows one to verify the behavior of VHDL codes before their implementations, reducing the risks of significant changes when implemented. The results of the simulations are presented and analyzed in the work.
[Application of Lund concept in treating brain edema after severe head injury].

OBJECTIVE To explore if the new treatment with Lund concept could reduce the mortality of patients after severe brain injury. METHODS This study included 68 severe brain injury patients in whom Gloasgow coma score (GCS) was 3-8, and in 30 of them Lund concept was adopted, and the other 38 patients were taken care of by the conventional treatment in controlling intracranial pressure (ICP). Furthermore, in patients of the Lund group and control group ICP and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) were monitored continuously for 5 days. RESULTS The amount of mannitol (g) used was markedly smaller in Lund group than that in the control group (139.6±25.0 vs. 587.5±31.8, P<0.01). The 28-day mortality of Lund group was significantly lower than that in control group (30.0% vs. 57.9%, P<0.05). In Lund group, the incidence of ICP exceeding 25 mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa) or 35 mm Hg or lowering of CPP by 50 mm Hg observed in the non-survivors (n=9) was greater than that observed in the survivors [n=21, (45.0±23.2)% vs. (7.2±3.6)%, (40.2±18.6)% vs. (2.2±1.6)%, (35.9±12.9)% vs. (3.1±2.4)%, all P<0.05]. CONCLUSION By adopting the Lund concept, it is possible to reduce postoperative mortality after severe head injury.
Manipulation of Social Program Eligibility

We document how manipulation of a targeting system for social welfare programs evolves over time. First, there was strategic behavior of some local politicians in the timing of the household interviews around local elections. Then, there was corrupt behavior with the sudden emergence of a sharp discontinuity in the score density, exactly at the eligibility threshold, which coincided with the release of the score algorithm to local officials. The discontinuity at the threshold is larger where mayoral elections are more competitive. While cultural forces are surely relevant for corruption, our results also highlight the importance of information and incentives. (JEL D72, I32, I38, O15, O17).
Multiclonal Increase in Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Thailand, 1998–1999

Background Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates exhibiting clinically significant resistance to fluoroquinolones have been isolated most frequently in Asian and western Pacific countries, including Thailand. In Bangkok, Thailand, ciprofloxacin has been used to treat gonorrhea since 1987. Goal Our goal was to determine the prevalence of isolates of N gonorrhoeae that exhibit resistance to ciprofloxacin in Bangkok and to characterize these strains with regard to ciprofloxacin MICs, auxotype/serovar (A/S) classification, gyr A and par C mutations responsible for ciprofloxacin resistance, and outer membrane lipoprotein (Lip) subtype analysis. Study Design MICs of gonococcal isolates from consecutive patients attending the Bangrak Hospital STD Clinic in Bangkok were determined by agar dilution. A/S class was determined by established procedures. Mutations within gyr A and par C were determined by DNA sequencing. Lip subtypes were determined by PCR and DNA sequencing. Results In 1998 and 1999, 115 of 168 isolated strains of N gonorrhoeae exhibited decreased susceptibility or resistance to ciprofloxacin, and three cases of possible ciprofloxacin treatment failure were identified. Ciprofloxacin-resistant (CipR) strains increased from 13.8% (8/58) in 1998 to 25.4% (28/110) in 1999 (P = 0.08). Ciprofloxacin MICs of CipR isolates ranged from 1.0 &mgr;g/ml to 32.0 &mgr;g/ml. CipR strains belonged to a number of A/S classes and Lip subtypes. Different CipR strains contained alterations at both amino acid 91 and amino acid 95 of gyr A and also contained an amino acid alteration in par C. These alterations are known to be involved in gonococcal resistance to ciprofloxacin. Conclusions The prevalence of CipR strains of N gonorrhoeae isolated in Bangkok increased substantially in the 1990s. Characterization of the CipR isolates revealed a number of different strain subtypes, indicating that CipR isolates in Bangkok are not from a single clonal source and therefore result from multiple cases of importation or local emergence. Because of the high level of CipR isolates at Bangrak Hospital, in 2000 the Thai Ministry of Public Health issued recommendations against the use of fluoroquinolones for the treatment of gonococcal infection in Thailand.
Distortions in Tourism Development in the Dali Autonomous Region, China

This paper presents a tourism destination development sequence for Dali, Yunnan Province, China. The development of Dali highlights limits in the power of the local government as the lead stakeholder, which took a top-down approach to economic development. The government sought to address increasing control of the tourism sector by external tour operators through increasing its own control of local tourism attractions. This approach has been only partially successful in reducing distortions in the tourism channel. The origins of these distortions are described and analysed. A number of additional responses are suggested to improve the local benefits obtained from the inflow of tourists to this new destination area including development of a more market oriented competitive strategy that seeks to co-opt stakeholders into collaborative activities.
The statistical comparison of relative survival rates.

A statistical procedure for comparing the survival of two or more groups of patients adjusted for normal mortality expectation, i.e. for calculating relative survival, is proposed. The method is shown to correspond to some commonly used procedures for comparing unadjusted survival; it provides an improvement over these procedures in many situations, even when the normal mortality expectations for the patient groups are the same. An example of its use is given.
Competition and ownership of public transit services: introduction

In this paper the authors describe the format of the Thredbo Conference, and introduce the context of the public/private debate on the provision of public transit services. They outline and comment on the major theories of the conference, under the following headings: (1) the best way to develop a competitive environment; (2) the role of subsidy; (3) cost savings under economic deregulation and competitive tendering; (4) the role of the minibus; (5) the competitive contracting process; (6) travelcards and intermodel tickets, and (7) performance and productivity. This paper forms part of a special issue of the journal Transportation Planning and Technology, entitled "Competition ownership of bus and coach services", edited by David A. Hensher. The special issue carries a selection of 24 papers and workshop reports presented at the international conference held in Thredbo, New South Wales, Australia, from 1st-4th May 1989. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 837493. (Author/TRRL)
Hubs as Catalysts for Geospatial Communication

Earlier studies in kinship networks have primarily focused on observing the social relationships existing between family relatives. In this study, we pre-identified hubs in the network to investigate if they could play a catalyst role in the transfer of physical information. We conducted a case study of a ceremony performed in one of the families of a small Hindu community – the Uttar Rarhi Kayasthas. Individuals (n = 168) who resided in 11 geographically dispersed regions were contacted through our hub-based representation. We found that using this representation, over 98% of the individuals were successfully contacted within the stipulated period. The network also demonstrated a small-world property, with an average geodesic distance of 3.56. Keywords—Social Networks, Kinship Networks, Social Network Analysis, Geospatial Communication, Hubs
Chronic Venous Insufficiency: Transforming Growth Factor-β Isoforms and Soluble Endoglin Concentration in Different States of Wound Healing

Venous leg ulcer (VLU) is a huge healthcare problem with poorly understood pathophysiology. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and endoglin (Eng), are inflammatory and wound healing mediators. Eng, co-receptor for TGF-β type-II receptors, may be cleaved forming soluble Eng (sEng), antagonizing TGF-β signaling, a crucial process in vascular pathologies. We evaluated the accumulation in wound fluid (WF) of TGF-β isoforms and sEng in healing stages, showing the effects of sulodexide treatments, a glycosaminoglycan with clinical efficacy in VLU healing. Patients with inflammatory (Infl) and granulating (Gran) VLU were recruited. WFs and THP-1 monocytes exposed to Infl and Gran WF (treated/untreated with sulodexide) were analyzed for TGF-β isoforms and sEng by multiplex immunoassay. In both Infl and Gran WF, TGF-β1 and β2 were similar; TGF-β3 was significantly increased in Infl compared to Gran WFs (p = 0.033). sEng was significantly elevated in Gran compared to Infl WFs (p = 0.002). In THP-1 monocytes there was a significant increase in sEng after co-treatment of WF and sulodexide. The increase in TGF-β3 found in Infl WF highlights its negative effect on wound healing, while the increased levels of sEng in Gran WF affects the leukocyte adhesion/transmigration through the endothelium, reducing the inflammatory response and favoring the wound healing. Glycosaminoglycan sulodexide potentiates the effects of sEng release from monocyte, representing an important therapeutic option for wound healing.