Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Like Father, like Son; Like Mother, like Daughter: Parental Resources and Child Height

Using household survey data from the United States, Brazil, and Ghana, I examine the relationship beween parental education and child height, an indicator of health and nutritional status. In all three countries, the education of the mother has a bigger effect on her daughter's height; paternal education, in contrast, has a bigger impact on his son's height. There are, apparently, differences in the allocation of household resources depending on the gender of the child and these differences vary with the gender of the parent. These results are quite robust and persist even after including controls for unobserved household fixed effects. In Ghana, relative to other women, the education of a woman who is better educated than her husband has a bigger impact on the height of her daughter than her son. In Brazil, women's nonlabor income has a positive impact on the health of her daughter but not on her son's health. If relative education of parents and nonlabor income are indicators of power in household allocation decisions, then these results, along with difference-in-difference of estimated income effects, suggest that gender differences in resource allocations reflect both technological differences in child rearing and differences in the preferences of parents. All women become like their mothers. That is their tragedy. No man does. That's his. Oscar Wilde, The Importance of Being Earnest, Act 1.
Survey of Rough and Fuzzy Hybridization

This paper provides a broad overview of logical and black box approaches to fuzzy and rough hybridization. The logical approaches include theoretical, supervised learning, feature selection, and unsupervised learning. The black box approaches consist of neural and evolutionary computing. Since both theories originated in the expert system domain, there are a number of research proposals that combine rough and fuzzy concepts in supervised learning. However, continuing developments of rough and fuzzy extensions to clustering, neurocomputing, and genetic algorithms make hybrid approaches in these areas a potentially rewarding research opportunity as well.
Five-Kilometers Time Trial: Preliminary Validation of a Short Test for Cycling Performance Evaluation

Background: The five-kilometer time trial (TT5km) has been used to assess aerobic endurance performance without further investigation of its validity. Objectives: This study aimed to perform a preliminary validation of the TT5km to rank well-trained cyclists based on aerobic endurance fitness and assess changes of the aerobic endurance performance. Materials and Methods: After the incremental test, 20 cyclists (age = 31.3 ± 7.9 years; body mass index = 22.7 ± 1.5 kg/m2; maximal aerobic power = 360.5 ± 49.5 W) performed the TT5km twice, collecting performance (time to complete, absolute and relative power output, average speed) and physiological responses (heart rate and electromyography activity). The validation criteria were pacing strategy, absolute and relative reliability, validity, and sensitivity. Sensitivity index was obtained from the ratio between the smallest worthwhile change and typical error. Results: The TT5km showed high absolute (coefficient of variation < 3%) and relative (intraclass coefficient correlation > 0.95) reliability of performance variables, whereas it presented low reliability of physiological responses. The TT5km performance variables were highly correlated with the aerobic endurance indices obtained from incremental test (r > 0.70). These variables showed adequate sensitivity index (> 1). Conclusions: TT5km is a valid test to rank the aerobic endurance fitness of well-trained cyclists and to differentiate changes on aerobic endurance performance. Coaches can detect performance changes through either absolute (± 17.7 W) or relative power output (± 0.3 W.kg-1), the time to complete the test (± 13.4 s) and the average speed (± 1.0 km.h-1). Furthermore, TT5km performance can also be used to rank the athletes according to their aerobic endurance fitness.
Content Selection in Comparison Generation

Comparisons are prominent in textual descriptions. In particular, when describing an entity to a listener, comparison is a useful tool for relating new information to concepts which are known to the hearer. This paper describes the use of comparison in the generation of descriptions, and presents a strategy for selecting the most salient properties which liken or distinguish the entities being compared. The results are demonstrated in peba{ii, a natural language generation system which produces hypertext descriptions of animals.
Factorial Validity and Invariance of a Self-Report Measure of Physical Activity among Adolescent Girls

Abstract We examined the factorial validity and factorial invariance of the 3-day physical activity recall (3DPAR) using confirmatory factor analysis. Adolescent girls from two cohorts (N = 955, N = 1,797) completed the 3DPAR in the eighth grade; participants in Cohort 2 (N = 1,658) completed the 3DPAR again 1 year later in the ninth grade. The 3DPAR was best represented by two uncorrelated factors in Cohort 1. The two-factor, uncorrelated measurement model exhibited evidence of cross-validity between Cohorts 1 and 2. This model also exhibited configurai and partial metric invariance between race and across time. Hence, the 3DPAR consisted of two uncorrelated factors underlying three indicators of both moderate and vigorous physical activity in this sample of Black and White girls across a 1-year period. The 3DPAR can be used in cross-sectional, prospective cohort and intervention studies that examine mediators and moderators of physical activity among Black and White adolescent girls.
Automatic Lexicon Construction for Arabic Sentiment Analysis

Sentiment Analysis (SA) is the process of determining the sentiment of a text written in a natural language to be positive, negative or neutral. It is one of the most interesting subfields of natural language processing (NLP) and Web mining due to its diverse applications and the challenges associated with applying it on the massive amounts of textual data available online (especially, on social networks). Most of the current works on SA focus on the English language and follow one of two main approaches, (corpus-based and lexicon-based) or a hybrid of them. This work focuses on a less studied aspect of SA, which is lexicon-based SA for the Arabic language. In addition to experimenting and comparing three different lexicon construction techniques, an Arabic SA tool is designed and implemented to effectively take advantage of the constructed lexicons. The proposed SA tool possesses many novel features such as the way negation and intensification are handled. The experimental results show encouraging outcomes with 74.6% accuracy in addition to revealing new insights and guidelines that could direct the future research efforts.
Negative Impact of Human Leukocyte Antigen Matching in the Outcome of Polyomavirus Nephropathy

Factors dependent on the host, the virus, and the allograft affect the course of polyomavirus allograft nephropathy (PVAN). Development of specific cytotoxic antiviral immunity requires recognition of host human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules together with viral peptides on the target cells. We correlated the number of matched HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-DR antigens with graft outcome in 90 patients with PVAN. Patients that maintained graft function had significantly less degrees of HLA matching (mean 1.5) in comparison to patients with graft loss (mean 2.87, P= 0.001). Markedly reduced incidence of graft loss was observed in patients with no HLA matching whatsoever in comparison to patients with any degree of matching (P= 0.003). Lack of HLA matching may impair the host's ability to mount an effective antiviral cytotoxic immune response. An adequately developed antiviral cellular immunity may lead to significant tissue damage and graft loss even if the viral infection is eventually controlled.
Parenting Preschoolers in Rural Appalachia: Measuring Attitudes and Behaviors and their Relations to Child Development

SYNOPSIS Objective. This study examines the relations between multiple measures of parenting attitudes and behaviors and to child development in a sample of low-SES rural Appalachian European American families. Design. Seventy mothers completed questionnaire measures of parenting attitudes and behaviors, described their parenting behaviors in open-ended interviews, and were observed interacting with their child in the laboratory. Children were assessed with measures of mother-reported behavior problems, kindergarten teacher ratings of social competence, and standardized language scores. Results. Very limited convergence was found between parenting measures. These relations were more evident among measures with common source variance (parent-report) or those with more specific and concrete operational definitions of behavior. Rural Appalachian parenting, observed in the laboratory and described by mothers in interviews and questionnaires, accounted for significant variance in child social and language development, even when contextual predictors and child sex were taken into account. Negative parenting was more predictive than positive. Conclusion. In this little studied group, multiple methods identified individual differences in parenting behaviors, which related to behavior problems, language ability, and social competence in young children. The utility of semi-structured parent interviews was validated.
The Competitive Implications of a 'No-Haggle' Pricing Policy: The Access Toyota Case

Although prices in the automobile market are traditionally negotiated, recently, some manufacturers are selling their vehicles at a "no-haggle" or fixed price. In order to understand the impact of such a strategy, we investigate the case of Toyota’s fixed price policy, or the “Access Toyota” program, which was introduced in Canada starting 2000. To date, the program has been implemented in all the provinces of the country, except, due to provincial regulations, in Ontario. This creates a natural experiment in which to examine the effect of a fixed price strategy on the prices and sales of a firm and its competitors. Our results suggest that the program had important competitive implications. We find that prices of both Toyota and Honda were higher in provinces with the program, but surprisingly Honda’s price differential was comparatively higher than Toyota’s. In terms of sales, Toyota’s sales were not affected by the introduction of the program, but Honda had higher sales in the provinces with the program than in those without the program, as compared to their sales before the program was introduced. We conclude that this fixed price policy has benefited both firms, but the effect on consumer welfare cannot be conclusively determined.
Changing the pace of search: Supporting background information seeking

Almost all Web searches are carried out while the user is sitting at a conventional desktop computer connected to the Internet. Although online, handheld, mobile search offers new possibilities, the fast-paced, focused style of interaction may not be appropriate for all user search needs. The authors explore an alternative, relaxed style for Web searching that asynchronously combines an offline handheld computer and an online desktop personal computer. They discuss the role and utility of such an approach, present a tool to meet these user needs, and discuss its relation to other systems.
Matrix completion for resolving label ambiguity

In real applications, data is not always explicitly-labeled. For instance, label ambiguity exists when we associate two persons appearing in a news photo with two names provided in the caption. We propose a matrix completion-based method for predicting the actual labels from the ambiguously labeled instances, and a standard supervised classifier can learn from the disambiguated labels to classify new data. We further generalize the method to handle the labeling constraints between instances when such prior knowledge is available. Compared to existing methods, our approach achieves 2.9% improvement on the labeling accuracy of the Lost dataset and comparable performance on the Labeled Yahoo! News dataset.
Substrate-Dependent Assembly of the Tat Translocase as Observed in Live Escherichia coli Cells

The twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway guides fully folded proteins across membranes of bacteria, archaea and plant chloroplasts. In Escherichia coli, Tat-specific transport is executed in a still largely unknown manner by three functionally diverse membrane proteins, termed TatA, TatB, and TatC. In order to follow the intracellular distribution of the TatABC proteins in live E. coli cells, we have individually expressed fluorophore-tagged versions of each Tat protein in addition to a set of chromosomally encoded TatABC proteins. In this way, a Tat translocase could form from the native TatABC proteins and be visualized via the association of a fluorescent Tat variant. A functionally active TatA-green fluorescent protein fusion was found to re-locate from a uniform distribution in the membrane into a few clusters preferentially located at the cell poles. Clustering was absolutely dependent on the co-expression of functional Tat substrates, the proton-motive force, and the cognate TatBC subunits. Likewise, polar cluster formation of a functional TatB-mCherry fusion required TatA and TatC and that of a functional TatC-mCherry fusion a functional Tat substrate. Furthermore we directly demonstrate the co-localization of TatA and TatB in the same fluorescent clusters. Our collective results are consistent with distinct Tat translocation sites dynamically forming in vivo in response to newly synthesized Tat substrates.
Determining the Relative Contribution and Hierarchy of hha and qseBC in the Regulation of Flagellar Motility of Escherichia coli O157:H7

In recent studies, we demonstrated that a deletion of hha caused increased secretion of locus of enterocyte encoded adherence proteins and reduced motility of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7. In addition to the importance of hha in positive regulation of motility, a two-component quorum sensing pathway encoded by the qseBC genes has been shown to activate bacterial motility in response to mammalian stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine as well as bacterially produced autoinducer-3. In this study, we compared regulatory contribution and hierarchy of hha, a member of the Hha/YmoA family of nucleoid-associated proteins, to that of qseBC in the expression of EHEC O157:H7 motility. Since norepinephrine affects motility of EHEC O157:H7 through a qseBC-encoded two-component quorum sensing signaling, we also determined whether the hha-mediated regulation of motility is affected by norepinephrine and whether this effect is qseBC dependent. We used single (Δhha or ΔqseC) and double (Δhha ΔqseC) deletion mutants to show that hha exerts a greater positive regulatory effect in comparison to qseBC on the expression of motility by EHEC O157:H7. We also show that Hha is hierarchically superior in transcriptional regulation of motility than QseBC because transcription of qseC was significantly reduced in the hha deletion mutant compared to that in the parental and the hha-complemented mutant strains. These results suggest that hha regulates motility of EHEC O157:H7 directly as well as indirectly by controlling the transcription of qseBC.
The Influence of Syntactic Category and Semantic Constraints on Lexical Ambiguity Resolution: An Eye Movement Study of Processing Chinese Homographs

The purpose of the present study is twofold: (1) To examine whether the syntactic category constraint can determine the semantic resolution of Chinese syntactic category ambiguous words; and (2) to investigate whether the syntactic category of alternative meanings of Chinese homographs can influence the subordinate bias effect (SBE) during lexical ambiguity resolution. In the present study, four types of Chinese biased homographs (NN, VV, VN, and NV) were embedded into syntactically and semantically subordinate-biased sentences. Each homograph was assigned a frequency-matched unambiguous word as control, which could fit into the same sentence frame. Participants' eye movements were recorded as they read each sentence. In general, the results showed that in a subordinate-biased context, (1) the SBE for the four types of homograph was significant only in the second-pass reading on the post-target words and (2) numerically, the NV homographs revealed a larger effect size of SBE than VN homographs on both target and post-target words. Our findings support the constraint-satisfaction models, suggesting that the syntactic category constraint is not the only factor influencing the semantic resolution of syntactic category ambiguous words, which is opposed to the prediction of the syntax-first models.
Towards indicators of instabilities in software product lines: An empirical evaluation of metrics

A Software Product Line (SPL) is a set of software systems (products) that share common functionalities, so-called features. The success of a SPL design is largely dependent on its stability; otherwise, a single implementation change will cause ripple effects in several products. Therefore, there is a growing concern in identifying means to either indicate or predict design instabilities in the SPL source code. However, existing studies up to now rely on conventional metrics as indicators of SPL instability. These conventional metrics, typically used in standalone systems, are not able to capture the properties of SPL features in the source code, which in turn might neglect frequent causes of SPL instabilities. On the other hand, there is a small set of emerging software metrics that take into account specific properties of SPL features. The problem is that there is a lack of empirical validation of the effectiveness of metrics in indicating quality attributes in the context of SPLs. This paper presents an empirical investigation through two set of metrics regarding their power of indicating instabilities in evolving SPLs. A set of conventional metrics was confronted with a set of metrics we instantiated to capture important properties of SPLs. The software evolution history of two SPLs were analysed in our studies. These SPLs are implemented using two different programming techniques and all together they encompass 30 different versions under analysis. Our analysis confirmed that conventional metrics are not good indicators of instabilities in the context of evolving SPLs. The set of employed feature dependency metrics presented a high correlation with instabilities proving its value as indicator of SPL instabilities.
A Simulated Annealing Methodology to Multiproduct Capacitated Facility Location with Stochastic Demand

A stochastic multiproduct capacitated facility location problem involving a single supplier and multiple customers is investigated. Due to the stochastic demands, a reasonable amount of safety stock must be kept in the facilities to achieve suitable service levels, which results in increased inventory cost. Based on the assumption of normal distributed for all the stochastic demands, a nonlinear mixed-integer programming model is proposed, whose objective is to minimize the total cost, including transportation cost, inventory cost, operation cost, and setup cost. A combined simulated annealing (CSA) algorithm is presented to solve the model, in which the outer layer subalgorithm optimizes the facility location decision and the inner layer subalgorithm optimizes the demand allocation based on the determined facility location decision. The results obtained with this approach shown that the CSA is a robust and practical approach for solving a multiple product problem, which generates the suboptimal facility location decision and inventory policies. Meanwhile, we also found that the transportation cost and the demand deviation have the strongest influence on the optimal decision compared to the others.
Misuses of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised in Court

The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) is a widely used instrument in criminal justice settings with a considerable body of research supporting its utility in predicting violence under certain circumstances and with certain populations. However, this measure can be misused and misrepresented in legal settings. Moreover, because of the considerable implications of the “psychopathy” diagnosis in forensic contexts, misuse of this instrument could be especially damaging to the integrity of the adjudicative process. Two case examples exemplifying quite different misapplications of the PCL-R are presented: Case 1 involved the attempted introduction of PCL-R results as an aggravating factor in the penalty phase of a capital murder trial; in Case 2, PCL-R data were used to support expert testimony that a defendant was unlikely to be a sex offender. Predictive and ethical problems associated with the use of the PCL-R in these cases are reviewed, and recommendations regarding its appropriate application are offered.
Regulation of eosinophil‐specific gene expression by a C/EBP–Ets complex and GATA‐1

The EOS47 antigen is an early and specific marker of eosinophil differentiation in the chicken haematopoietic system. To elucidate the transciptional events controlling commitment to the eosinophil lineage, we studied the regulation of the eosinophil‐specific EOS47 promoter. This promoter is TATA‐less, and binds trancription factors of the Ets, C/EBP, GATA and Myb families. These sites are contained within a 309 bp promoter fragment which is sufficient for specific high level transcription in an eosinophil cell line. Co‐transfection experiments in Q2bn fibroblasts showed cooperative activation of the EOS47 proximal promoter by c‐Myb, Ets‐1/Fli‐1, GATA‐1 and C/EBPα. The Ets‐1/Fli‐1 and C/EBPα proteins were the most potent activators, and acted with high synergy through juxtaposed binding sites located ∼60 bp upstream of the transcription start site. The Ets‐1 and C/EBPα proteins were found to associate physically via their DNA‐binding domains and to bind their combined binding site cooperatively. GATA‐1 showed biphasic regulation of the EOS47 promoter, activating at low and repressing at high protein concentrations. These results demonstrate combinatorial activation of an eosinophil‐specific promoter by ubiquitous and lineage‐restricted haematopoietic transcription factors. They also indicate that direct interactions between C/EBPs and specific Ets family members, together with GATA‐1, are important for eosinophil lineage determination.
Moving Target Search with Compressed Path Databases

Moving target search, where the goal state changes during a search, has recently seen a revived interest. Incremental Anytime Repairing A* (I-ARA*) is a very recent, state-ofthe-art algorithm for moving target search in a known terrain. In this work, we address the problem using compressed path databases (CPDs) in moving target search. CPDs have previously been used in standard, fixed-target pathfinding. They encode all-pairs shortest paths in a compressed form and require preprocessing and memory to store the database. In moving-target search, our speed results are orders of magnitude better than state of the art. The time per individual move is improved, which is important in real-time search scenarios, where the time available to make a move is limited. The number of hunter moves is very good, since CPDs provide optimal moves along shortest paths. Compared to previous successful methods, such as I-ARA*, our method is simple to understand and implement.