Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The clustering algorithm of UAV Networking in Near-space

Considering the features of UAV (unmanned air vehicle) networking in near-space, such as low network performance, ineffective communication capability of UAV clusters and the difficulty to manage UAV while it is out of sight, this paper proposes a space-Earth-based integrated - "Calculate on the ground, Adjust in the space" thought to design a "clustering algorithm of UAV networking in near-space". The mathematical analysis and simulation results show that this algorithm can effectively improve the stability and flexibility of near-space clusters, economize the systematic expense, guarantee the movable networking ability of nodes in the space by reducing the calculation of nodes, and realize the clustering and networking of nodes in near-space environment the ability of which is limited.
Bacterial respiration: a flexible process for a changing environment.

The respiration of oxygen is fundamental to the life of higher animals and plants. The basic respiratory process in the mitochondria of these organisms involves the donation of electrons by low-redox-potential electron donors such as NADH. This is followed by electron transfer through a range of redox cofactors, bound to integral membrane or membrane-associated protein complexes. The process terminates in the reduction of the high-redox-potential electron acceptor, oxygen (Fig. 1). The free energy released during this electrontransfer process is used to drive the translocation of protons across the mitochondrial membrane to generate a trans-membrane proton electrochemical gradient or protonmotive force (∆p) that can drive the synthesis of ATP (Fig. 1). The respiratory flexibility of the mammalian mitochondrion is rather poor. There is some flexibility at the level of electron input (Fig. 1), but none at the level of electron output where cytochrome aa $ oxidase provides the only means of oxygen reduction. In the case of plant mitochondria, a slightly greater degree of respiratory flexibility is encountered with a number of alternative NADH dehydrogenases and two oxidases being apparent. This respiratory flexibility affords plant mitochondria with the capacity to contribute to processes other than the generation of ATP. For example, electron transfer from the alternative NADH dehydrogenase to the alternative oxidase is not coupled to the generation of ∆p and instead serves to release energy as heat, which can volatilize insect attractants to aid pollination. In the American skunk cabbage this same mechanism for heat production serves to permit growth at subzero temperatures (Nicholls & Ferguson, 1992). There is also some respiratory flexibility in the mitochondria of yeast, filamentous fungi and ancient protozoa, but it is amongst the Bacteria and Archaea that respiratory flexibility can be found at its most extreme. In these organisms, a diverse range of electron acceptors can be utilized including elemental sulphur and sulphur oxyanions (Hamilton, 1998), organic sulphoxides and sulphonates (Lie et al., 1999; McAlpine et al., 1998), nitrogen oxy-anions and nitrogen oxides (Berks et al., 1995), organic N-oxides (Czjzek et al., 1998), halogenated organics (Dolfing, 1990; Louie & Mohn, 1999; van de Pas et al., 1999), metalloid oxy-anions such as selenate and arsenate (Krafft & Macy, 1998; Macy et al., 1996, 1993; Schroder et al., 1997), transition metals such as Fe(III) and Mn(IV) (Lovley, 1991), and radionuclides such as U(VI) (Lovley & Phillips, 1992) and Tc(VII) (Lloyd et al., 1999). This respiratory diversity can be found amongst pyschrophiles, mesophiles and hyperthermophiles and contributes to the ability of prokaryotes to colonize many of Earth’s most hostile microoxic and anoxic environments.
FPGA-based accelerator design from a domain-specific language

A large portion of image processing applications often come with stringent requirements regarding performance, energy efficiency, and power. FPGAs have proven to be among the most suitable architectures for algorithms that can be processed in a streaming pipeline. Yet, designing imaging systems for FPGAs remains a very time consuming task. High-Level Synthesis, which has significantly improved due to recent advancements, promises to overcome this obstacle. In particular, Altera OpenCL is a handy solution for employing an FPGA in a heterogeneous system as it covers all device communication. However, to obtain efficient hardware implementations, extreme code modifications, contradicting OpenCL's data-parallel programming paradigm, are necessary. In this work, we explore the programming methodology that yields significantly better hardware implementations for the Altera Offline Compiler. We furthermore designed a compiler back end for a domain-specific source-to-source compiler to leverage the algorithm description to a higher level and generate highly optimized OpenCL code. Moreover, we advanced the compiler to support arbitrary bit width operations, which are fundamental to hardware designs. We evaluate our approach by discussing the resulting implementations throughout an extensive application set and comparing them with example designs, provided by Altera. In addition, as we can derive multiple implementations for completely different target platforms from the same domain-specific language source code, we present a comparison of the achieved implementations in contrast to GPU implementations.
AMRIS: a multicast protocol for ad hoc wireless networks

This paper introduces AMRIS, a new multicast routing protocol for ad hoc wireless networks. AMRIS (Ad hoc Multicast Routing protocol utilizing Increasing id-numberS) is designed to operate independently of underlying unicast protocols. The idea behind AMRIS is to dynamically assign every node (on demand) in a multicast session with an id-number. The ordering between id-numbers is used to direct the multicast flow, and the sparseness among them used for quick connectivity repair. A multicast delivery tree rooted at a special node called Sid joins up the nodes participating in the multicast session. The relationship between the id-numbers (and the nodes that own them) and Sid is that the id-numbers increase in numerical value as they radiate from Sid in the delivery tree. These id-numbers help the nodes dynamically leave and join a session, as well as adapt rapidly to changes in link connectivity (due to mobility etc.). Messages to repair a link breakage are confined to the region where it occurs. AMRIS is simulated with PARSEC and the results reported.
Adaptive spatio-temporal filtering for video denoising using integer wavelet transform

In this paper, Spatial video denoising using wavelet transform has been focussed as it requires less computation and more suitable for real-time applications. Two specific techniques for spatial video denoising using wavelet transform are considered in this work, 2D Discrete Wavelet Transform (2D DWT) and Integer wavelet transform. Each of these techniques has its advantages and disadvantages. The first technique gives less quality at high levels of noise but consumes less time while the second gives high quality video while consuming long. In this work, we introduce an intelligent denoising system that makes a trade-off between the quality of the denoised video and the time required for denoising. The simulation results show that the proposed system is more suitable for real time applications where the time is critical while giving high quality videos especially at low to moderate levels of noise.
Photovoltaic based PMDC motor drive system using MPPT

In power generation, renewable energy plays an important role. With the increase in the energy demand, there is a need for a renewable energy source that will fulfil the required demand and also which is environmental friendly. When sunlight falls on a Photovoltaic (PV) module, direct current (dc) is produced and little maintenance is required for PV modules. Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) helps in ensuring that the maximum power is transferred to the load. Design, simulation and implementation of MPPT for PV module using PIC digital signal processor are mentioned in the presented work. A buck/stepdown dc-dc converter in conjunction with proper control is used to perform MPPT. Numerous methods of MPPT algorithm are available, one among them is “Perturb and Observe method (P&O)”, which operates by periodically incrementing or decrementing PV module terminal voltage or current and comparing. In P&O method present PV output power is compared with the previous set of perturbation cycle. For achieving maximum power point tracking, the P&O control algorithm for the adjustment of the step size of the duty ratio of the buck/stepdown dc-dc converter is made. Here Buck converter is used as starter as well as to meet voltage level required for driving Permanent Magnet Direct Current (PMDC) motor. Since both power and voltage variations are considered in this algorithm, it allows better performance of MPPT in driving PMDC motor.
INCA Modelling of the Lee System: strategies for the reduction of nitrogen loads

The Integrated Nitrogen Catchment model (INCA) was applied successfully to simulate nitrogen concentrations in the River Lee, a northern tributary of the River Thames for 1995-1999. Leaching from urban and agricultural areas was found to control nitrogen dynamics in reaches unaffected by effluent discharges and abstractions; the occurrence of minimal flows resulted in an upward trend in nitrate concentration. Sewage treatment works (STW) discharging into the River Lee raised nitrate concentrations substantially, a problem which was compounded by abstractions in the Lower Lee. The average concentration of nitrate (NO 3 ) for the simulation period 1995-96 was 7.87 mg N l -1 . Ammonium (NH 4 ) concentrations were simulated less successfully. However, concentrations of ammonium rarely rose to levels which would be of environmental concern. Scenarios were run through INCA to assess strategies for the reduction of nitrate concentrations in the catchment. The conversion of arable land to ungrazed vegetation or to woodland would reduce nitrate concentrations substantially, whilst inclusion of riparian buffer strips would be unsuccessful in reducing nitrate loading. A 50% reduction in nitrate loading from Luton STW would result in a fall of up to 5 mg N l -1 in the reach directly affected (concentrations fell from maxima of 13 to 8 mg N l -1 , nearly a 40 % reduction), whilst a 20% reduction in abstractions would reduce maximum peaks in concentration in the lower Lee by up to 4 mg l -1 (from 17 to 13 mg N l -1 , nearly a 25 % reduction),. Keywords: modelling, water quality, nitrogen, nitrate, ammonium, INCA, River Lee, River Thames, land-use.
Technology Mapping Using Logical Effort for Solving the Load-Distribution Problem

Technology mapping is a crucial step in the synthesis of digital designs and can be used to obtain mapped circuits that are optimized for delay or area. Current tree-based mapping algorithms break the circuit into individual trees and map these optimally. However, these solutions are not globally optimal. This paper presents a new approach to delay-optimal mapping based on the principle of logical effort. This algorithm maps individual trees such that the solution of the entire circuit is optimal. In traditional technology mapping, the best match for a gate depends on the load being driven, which is not known at the matching stage. Current algorithms handle this situation by generating matches for all loads and selecting the best match at a later stage. This strategy works for fan-out-free circuits but breaks down at multiple fan-out points where each fan-out has to be sized correctly, depending on its criticality. This can have a significant impact on the selection of matches as well but has not been adequately addressed in the published literature. We refer to the correct sizing of branches of multiple fan-out points as the load-distribution problem, which is formally defined and solved in the context of technology mapping in this paper. The effect of the new logical effort-based mapping algorithm, combined with correct sizing of individual branches of a multiple fan-out point, leads to implementations that are closer to the global optimum. On the average, benchmark circuits mapped using our approach are 39.45% faster and 32.77% smaller than those obtained using SIS.
Evolution of Cortical and Thalamus Atrophy and Disability Progression in Early Relapsing-Remitting MS during 5 Years

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Pathologic changes in GM have an important role in MS. We investigated the association between SDGM and cortical volume changes and disability progression in early RRMS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred eighty patients with RRMS had clinical assessment during 5 years and were divided into those with or without SDP at 5 years by the usual definition in treatment trials. The number of available MR imaging scans at various time points was the following: at baseline, 178; and at 6 months, 172; at 12 months, 175; at 24 months, 155; at 36 months, 160; at 48 months, 158; and at 60 months, 162, respectively. Longitudinal changes in cortical, GM, and WM volume were calculated by using the direct method. RESULTS: At 5 years, 90 patients with RRMS experienced SDP and 90 had stable disease. At baseline, patients with SDP had longer disease duration, greater T2-lesion volume, and smaller whole-brain, WM, cortical, and SDGM volume (P < .01). At 5 years, patients with SDP had significantly greater percentage decreases from baseline compared with those without SDP in the volume of the whole brain (P < .0001), cortex (P = .001), GM (P = .003), and thalamus (P = .01). In patients who developed SDP at 5 years and those who did not, mixed-effect models, adjusted for age, disease duration, and change of the treatment status, showed significant interactions between SDP status at 5 years and changes with time in whole-brain, cortical, lateral ventricle (all P < .001), thalamus (P = .006), and total SDGM (P = .0095) volume. CONCLUSIONS: SDP is associated with progression of cortical, central, and thalamic atrophy in early RRMS during 5 years.
An Alternative Model Of Virtualization Based Intrusion Detection System In Cloud Computing

The massive jumps in technology led to the expansion of Cloud Computing as the most accepted medium for communication but it has also increased the scope of attacks as well. So security has become a major issue for Cloud Computing. In this paper we proposed a single IDS Controller creating and managing multiple instances for each user. A multithreaded NIDS protects the cloud efficiently and avoids the traffic congestion for large volume of data. In order to detect encrypted and fragmented data, HIDS is also deployed in the hypervisor for detailed monitoring over Server. Analyzing all the alerts, IDS Controller generates a final report to Cloud Service Provide and an alert report to the cloud user with the help of a Third Party monitoring and advisory service. Our proposed model provides a virtualized environment to protect the Cloud efficiently from vulnerabilities.
Asymptotic distributions of the signal-to-interference ratios of LMMSE detection in multiuser communications

Let ${\mathbf{s}}_k=\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}(v_{1k},.,v_{Nk})^T,$ $k=1,. ,K$, where $\{v_{ik},i,k$ $=1,. \}$ are independent and identically distributed random variables with $Ev_{11}=0$ and $Ev_{11}^2=1$. Let ${\mathbf{S}}_k=({\mathbf{s}}_1,.,{\mathbf{s}}_{k-1},$ ${\mathbf{s}}_{k+1},.,{\mathbf{s}}_K)$, ${\mathbf{P}}_k=\operatorname {diag}(p_1,.,$ $p_{k-1},p_{k+1},.,p_K)$ and $\beta_k=p_k{\mathbf{s}}_k^T({\mathb f{S}}_k{\mathbf{P}}_k{\mathbf{S}}_k^T+\sigma^2{\mathbf{I}})^{-1}{\math bf{s}}_k$, where $p_k\geq 0$ and the $\beta_k$ is referred to as the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) of user $k$ with linear minimum mean-square error (LMMSE) detection in wireless communications. The joint distribution of the SIRs for a finite number of users and the empirical distribution of all users' SIRs are both investigated in this paper when $K$ and $N$ tend to infinity with the limit of their ratio being positive constant. Moreover, the sum of the SIRs of all users, after subtracting a proper value, is shown to have a Gaussian limit.
A hybrid encryption algorithm based on RSA and Diffie-Hellman

Internet and Network applications have seen a tremendous growth in the last decade. As a result incidents of cyber attacks and compromised security are increasing. This requires more focus on strengthening and securing our communication. One way to achieve this is cryptography. Although a lot of work has been done in this area but this problem still has scope of improvement. In this paper we have focused on asymmetric cryptography and proposed a novel method by combining the two most popular algorithms RSA and Diffie-Hellman in order to achieve more security.
Fossil Ionized Bubbles around Dead Quasars during Reionization

One of the most dramatic signatures of the reionization era may be the enormous ionized bubbles around luminous quasars (with radii reaching ~40 comoving Mpc), which may survive as “fossil” ionized regions long after their source shuts off. Here we study how the inhomogeneous intergalactic medium (IGM) evolves inside such fossils. The average recombination rate declines rapidly with time, and the brief quasar episode significantly increases the mean free path inside the fossil bubbles. As a result, even a weak ionizing background generated by galaxies inside the fossil can maintain it in a relatively highly and uniformly ionized state. For example, galaxies that would ionize 20%-30% of hydrogen in a random patch of the IGM can maintain 80%-90% ionization inside the fossil for a duration much longer than the average recombination time in the IGM. Quasar fossils at z≲ 10 thus retain their identity for nearly a Hubble time and appear “gray,” distinct from both the average IGM (which has a “Swiss cheese” ionization topology and a lower mean ionized fraction) and the fully ionized bubbles around active quasars. More distant fossils, at z≳ 10, have a weaker galaxy-generated ionizing background and a higher gas density, so they can attain a Swiss cheese topology similar to the rest of the IGM, but with a smaller contrast between the ionized bubbles and the partially neutral regions separating them. Analogous He III fossils should exist around the epoch of He II/He III reionization at z ∼ 3, although rapid recombination inside the He III fossils is more common. Our model of inhomogeneous recombination also applies to “double-reionization” models and shows that a nonmonotonic reionization history is even more unlikely than previously thought.
The production effect: the role of attentional resources

The production effect is the benefit in memory found for produced (i.e., read aloud) words relative to words read silently. It is proposed that the production effect occurs as a result of the enhanced distinctiveness associated with the produced items. The current research investigated whether attentional resources are required to encode and/or retrieve the distinctive information associated with the produced words. The literature suggests that the encoding of this distinctive information occurs automatically, but at test, purposeful attention is required to retrieve this distinctive information. To test this, participants read words aloud and silently, under either full or divided attention. Participants then completed either a recognition (Experiment 1) or free recall (Experiment 2) memory test under either full or divided attention. The findings show that when attention is divided at encoding, the benefit for aloud words remains for both recognition and free recall. When attention is divided at test, however, the benefit for aloud words remains for recognition but is absent for free recall. Overall, these results suggest that the distinctive information associated with produced words is encoded automatically, but it may not be accessible at test under attentionally demanding conditions.
Towards a Knowledge-Based Framework for Agents Interacting in the Semantic Web

The Semantic Web aims at making Web content understandable both for people and machines. Although intelligent agents can assist towards this vision, they do not have to conform to a common rule or logic paradigm. This paper reports on the first steps towards a framework for interoperating knowledge-based intelligent agents. A multi-agent system was extended with defeasible reasoning and a reusable agent model is proposed for customizable agents, equipped with a knowledge base and a Jess rule engine. Two use case scenarios display the integration of these technologies.
'QoS Driven Channel Assignment in Multi-Channel Multi-Radio Wireless Mesh Networks'

Channel assignment in multi-channel multi-radio wireless mesh networks is a powerful management tool to exploit available resources efficiently. In this paper, we study the problem of dynamic channel assignment in the presence of traffic with QoS constraints to optimize network performance, which is measured in terms of demand acceptance rate. We propose an on-line on-demand dynamic algorithm for the problem. It reassigns channels only when a demand cannot be accepted using current channel assignment and keeps the number of channel reassignments small by changing only the channel of the links in a vicinity of the route of each demand. Comparisons with other algorithms, including the optimal static channel assignment, show that the proposed algorithm outperforms existing solutions and can efficiently exploit available channels.
An Asymmetric and Asynchronous Energy Conservation Protocol for Vehicular Networks

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) improve passenger/pedestrian safety and transportation productivity through the use of vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside wireless communication technologies. Communication protocols in these environments must meet strict delay requirements due to the high moving speed of the vehicles. In this paper, we propose an energy-conservative MAC layer protocol, named DSRC-AA, based on IEEE 802.11 that provides power saving to the ITS communication modules (e.g., On Board Units, portable devices, and Road Side Units) while ensuring the bounded delay. DSRC-AA, a generalization of the Asynchronous Quorum-based Power-Saving (AQPS) protocols, capitalizes on the clustering nature of moving vehicles and assigns different wake-up/sleep schedules to the clusterhead and the members of a cluster. DSRC-AA is able to dynamically adapt the schedules to meet the communication delay requirements at various vehicle moving speed. Simulation results show that DSRC-AA is able to yield more than 44 percent reduction in average energy consumption as compared with the existing AQPS protocols, if to be used in vehicular networks.
An overview of DSA via multi-channel MAC protocols

Multi-channel MAC protocols have been proposed to improve spectrum utilization and to increase network throughput by allowing multiple transmissions in a set of frequency channels. The purpose of these multi-channel MAC protocols is to enhance the overall performance of Wi-Fi like protocols (using IEEE 802.11 based mechanisms) with Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) as Medium Access Control (MAC) technique. However, this technique was not designed to work in a multi-channel environment. In this paper, we present an overview of different multi-channel MAC protocols; we describe their access mechanisms and we make a comparison of key features of each protocol according to the number of transceivers (TRx), the need for synchronization, the need for a CCCH (Common Control Channel) and the different ways to make rendezvous. The aim of this paper is to show how each multi-channel MAC protocol confronts the numerous problems that arise in Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA).