Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mental Processes: Studies in Cognitive Science

From the Publisher: Can humans compute? This is the question to which H. Christopher Longuet-Higgins, one of the founding figures of cognitive science, has devoted his research over the past twenty years. His and his field's intellectual odyssey from the fringe to the center of the scientific world's attention is recounted with wit and grace in this wide-ranging collection of previously published and original essays. The volume begins in the late 1960s, when the author had moved from theoretical chemistry to what was then known as theoretical biology. It traces his search for new concepts with which to establish a science of the mind, and it includes Longuet-Higgins's famous comment on the 1971 Lighthill Report in which he introduced the term "cognitive science" and sketched the possible components of the field. The essays are divided into five parts. The first, Generalities, explores the basic philosophical questions at the root of the new science. The essays on Music show the importance of the musical sense as a testing ground for understanding cognitive processes in general. The author's forays into Language describe some of the major early achievements in the now very active field of computational linguistics. The studies of Vision are all directed to the problem - crucial for the development of machine-vision systems - of inferring the structure of a scene from two views. The author suggests that the chapters on Memory "be treated indulgently as the first attempt of a physical scientist to climb out of the mindless world of atoms and molecules into the real world of subjective experience. " H. Christopher Longuet-Higgins is Royal Society ResearchProfessor at the University of Sussex. Mental Processes inaugurates the series Explorations in Cognitive Science, edited by Margaret Boden and co-sponsored by The MIT Press and The British Psychological Society. A Bradford Book.
Scattering From Layered Rough Surfaces: Analytical and Numerical Investigations

The first-order perturbative solution of scattering from layered rough surfaces is investigated numerically and analytically. The analytical solution is obtained using a small perturbation approach based on the extended boundary conditions (EBCs). Recently, the first-order scattering solution of a two-rough-surface structure with inhomogeneous dielectric profiles was derived using an EBC-based small perturbation method. In this paper, using those solutions and utilizing the Bragg scattering nature of the first-order perturbative solutions, the problem of scattering from a multi-rough-surface structure is solved straightforwardly. The derived first-order elements of the scattering matrix are simplified and rewritten explicitly in terms of the generalized reflection and transmission coefficients. Due to the simple form of the final solutions, they are easily interpreted in terms of simple scattering mechanisms. Then, the solutions are numerically evaluated for three-layer rough surfaces with different subsurface parameters. It is observed that the difference normalized radar cross sections follow definite simple patterns as the subsurface characteristics are changed. Finally, these variation patterns, which could be of interest in inverse scattering problems, are analytically explained using the derived theoretical solutions. Indeed, the solutions are expressed in forms in which the terms responsible for the observed patterns are explicitly distinguished.
‘Structural Interests’ in Health Care: Evidence from the Contemporary National Health Service

Abstract Alford's theory of structural interests has been used as a framework within which to analyse health systems across the world. However, authors have often been uncritical in their acceptance of Alford's original analytic categories. In this article we use data from a detailed qualitative study of the introduction of Practice Based Commissioning in the UK NHS to interrogate Alford's work more critically. Disrupting Alford's original categories of ‘professional monopolisers’ as dominant interests, challenged by management ‘corporate rationalisers’, we suggest that the new structures established in the NHS since 2002 systematically privilege an interest that we call ‘corporate monopolisers’, and that this is under challenge from ‘professional rationalisers’.
Doubly Bayesian Analysis of Confidence in Perceptual Decision-Making

Humans stand out from other animals in that they are able to explicitly report on the reliability of their internal operations. This ability, which is known as metacognition, is typically studied by asking people to report their confidence in the correctness of some decision. However, the computations underlying confidence reports remain unclear. In this paper, we present a fully Bayesian method for directly comparing models of confidence. Using a visual two-interval forced-choice task, we tested whether confidence reports reflect heuristic computations (e.g. the magnitude of sensory data) or Bayes optimal ones (i.e. how likely a decision is to be correct given the sensory data). In a standard design in which subjects were first asked to make a decision, and only then gave their confidence, subjects were mostly Bayes optimal. In contrast, in a less-commonly used design in which subjects indicated their confidence and decision simultaneously, they were roughly equally likely to use the Bayes optimal strategy or to use a heuristic but suboptimal strategy. Our results suggest that, while people’s confidence reports can reflect Bayes optimal computations, even a small unusual twist or additional element of complexity can prevent optimality.
Factors Influencing Students ' Intention to Use M-learning

The use of mobile devices is increasingly popular worldwide. The emergence of mobile learning (M-learning) can be utilized to enrich education, putting content in the hands of students regardless of their location. It indicates a new opportunity for the education industry's development. Nonetheless, there is still a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding factors affecting university students' intention to use M-learning. This paper developed an integrated model to investigate the predictors of Behavior Intention to use mobile learning by university students. This model is based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use Technology (UTAUT). It aims to provide a framework for future research and will serve as a base for our future surveys and collected data. This study will use the quantitative approach by questioning students in University Technology Malaysia. The data will be analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). To test and validate the proposed model, a structural equation modeling approach will be used and Confirmatory Factors Analysis to test the validity of each construct.
Methods for Sampling Pages Uniformly from the World Wide Web

We present two new algorithms for generating uniformly random samples of pages from the World Wide Web, building upon recent work by Henzinger et al. (Henzinger et al. 2000) and Bar-Yossef et al. (Bar-Yossef et al. 2000). Both algorithms are based on a weighted random-walk methodology. The first algorithm (DIRECTED-SAMPLE) operates on arbitrary directed graphs, and so is naturally applicable to the web. We show that, in the limit, this algorithm generates samples that are uniformly random. The second algorithm (UNDIRECTED-SAMPLE) operates on undirected graphs, thus requiring a mechanism for obtaining inbound links to web pages (e.g., access to a search engine). With this additional knowledge of inbound links, the algorithm can arrive at a uniform distribution faster than DIRECTEDSAMPLE, and we derive explicit bounds on the time to convergence. In addition, we evaluate the two algorithms on simulated web data, showing that both yield reliably uniform samples of pages. We also compare our results with those of previous algorithms, and discuss the theoretical relationships among the various proposed methods.
Identification of Stochastic Loads Applied to a Nonlinear Dynamical System Using an Uncertain Computational Model

This paper deals with the identification of stochastic loads applied to a nonlinear dynamical system for which a few experimental responses are available using an uncertain computational model. Uncertainties are induced by the use of a simplified computational model to predict the responses of the real system. A nonparametric probabilistic approach of both parameter uncertainties and model uncertainties is implemented in the simplified computational model in order to take into account uncertainties. The level of uncertainties is identified using the maximum likelihood method. The identified stochastic simplified computational model which is obtained is then used to perform the identification of the stochastic loads applied to the real nonlinear dynamical system. A numerical validation of the complete methodology is presented.
Antipsychotic Medication and People with Intellectual Disabilities: Their Knowledge and Experiences

Background Antipsychotics are the most frequently prescribed psychotropic medication for people with intellectual disabilities. Many people are prescribed this medication for 'challenging behaviours' without having had a formal diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder. Antipsychotics have been reported to have severe side-effect profiles, which can hamper quality of life. Materials and Methods Grounded theory qualitative methodology was employed to organize and analyse data from interviews conducted with eight adults with intellectual disabilities about their experiences of antipsychotic medication. Results Respondents had little knowledge about their medication, beyond knowing their regime. Despite participants experiencing side effects, they were accepting of these effects. A 'model of compliance' was generated from the analysis. Conclusions The prescription and administration of medication is another area where people with intellectual disabilities experience lack of control and disempowerment. 'Services' need to do more to include and inform people with intellectual disabilities about their medication.
Factors Affecting Mental Health among College Students - Sassang Constitution and Ego State centered Approach-

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to address differences between mental health according to sasang constitution and ego state among college students. Methods: Data for this cross-sectional study were collected by administration of questionnaires eliciting Woo's ego state scale, QSCC II for the sasang constitution classification, and SCL-90-R for mental health to 393 college students. Analysis was performed using IBM SPSS (version 19.0). Results: The Free Child ego and Adapted Child ego differed significantly among sasang types. The ego-gram pattern of So-eum type exhibited the N pattern (Nurturing Parent (NP)>Adapted Child (AC)>Adult (A)>Free Child (FC)>Critical Parent (CP), AC-high type), however, the ego-gram pattern of other constitution types showed the M pattern (NP>FC>A>AC>CP). No statistically significant differences in mental health were observed among sasang types, however, among ego states, AC and CP showed negative correlation with mental health status. Between So-eum type and So-yang type, AC was the factor predicting mental health. Between Tae-eum type and undefined type, AC and CP were factors predicting mental health. Conclusion: These findings suggest that sasang constitution could be an important factor in understanding the ego state and mental health status. We conclude that sasang constitution should be considered in interpretation of mental health status presentation in clients.
Spontaneous processing of functional and non-functional action sequences

Characterizing ritual and ritualized behaviors has been a core issue in anthropology and the study of religion for more than a century. Although varying in emphasis, most theories point toward several specific behavioral features that distinguish ritual from instrumental behavior. Specifically, we have chosen to focus on the derivedness from instrumental behavior, intentional underspecification and goal-demotion. In contrast to instrumental or functional behavior (i.e., actions that cohere causally and have a necessary integration of subparts), we propose to view ritual and ritualized action as sub-categories of non-functional behavior (i.e., actions lacking causal coherence and a necessary integration between subparts). New insights in human action processing can help us explain how cognition might vary depending on the type of behavior processed. Using an event segmentation paradigm, we conducted two experiments eliciting differences in participants’ response patterns to functional and non-functional actions. Participants consistently segmented non-functional action sequences into smaller units indicating either an attentional shift to the level of gesture analysis or a problem of representational integration. Experimental studies of non-functional behavior can strengthen explanations of recurrent features of human action processing, such as ritual and ritualized behavior, as well as indicate potential sources and effects of breakdown of the system.
Can You Tell If they're Learning? Using a Pedagogical Framework to Measure Pedagogical Activity

The proliferation of Web-based learning objects makes finding and evaluating online resources problematic. While established Learning Analytics methods use Web interaction to evaluate learner engagement, there is uncertainty regarding the appropriateness of these measures. In this paper we propose a method for evaluating pedagogical activity in Web-based comments using a pedagogical framework, and present a preliminary study that assigns a Pedagogical Value (PV) to comments. This has value as it categorises discussion in terms of pedagogical activity rather than Web interaction. Results show that PV is distinct from typical interactional measures, there are negative or insignificant correlations with established Learning Analytics methods, but strong correlations with relevant linguistic indicators of learning, suggesting that the use of pedagogical frameworks may produce more accurate indicators than interaction analysis, and that linguistic rather than interaction analysis has the potential to automatically identify learning behaviour.
Understanding the Mental Health Needs of American Muslims: Recommendations and Considerations for Practice

American Muslims represent a heterogeneous population that is underserved by the mental health community, despite increased psychological distress reported since 9/11. This article offers professionals an understanding of the mental health needs of American Muslims. Recommendations for conducting culturally responsive assessments and treatment are offered. Los Musulmanes Americanos representan un grupo de poblacion heterogeneo que no se encuentra suficientemente abastecido por la comunidad de profesionales en salud mental, a pesar de un creciente malestar psicologico observado desde el 9/11. Este articulo of rece a los profesionales un entendimiento de las necesidades en salud mental de los Musulmanes Americanos. Se ofrecen tratamientos y recomendaciones para llevar a cabo evaluaciones culturalmente sensibles.
Development of monoclonal immunoassays for the determination of lomefloxacin residue

A monoclonal antibody (mAb) based indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay (icELISA) for determination of lomefloxacin (LOM) residue has been developed. For this purpose, NHS ester method was employed to synthesize the artificial antigen of LOM; hybridomas were prepared by fusing NS0 mouse myeloma cells with splenocytes isolated from immunized BALB/c mouse. Finally, a mAb of L3C8 was selected, which was employed to develop the subsequent immunoassay. Based on the square matrix titration, a representative icELISA curve was established. The dynamic range in assay buffer was from 0.03 to 96.4 ng/mL, with limits of detection (LOD) and IC50 value of 0.01 ng/mL and 0.18 ng/mL, respectively. Except for a little cross-reactivity (16.2%) to ciprofloxacin, this assay showed negligible cross-reactivity to other fluoroquinolones tested. To reduce the matrix effects, the least dilutions for chicken extractions were expected to be 1:10. The results suggest the established immunoassay could be used for detecting lomefloxacin residue in animal samples.
Jurors believe interrogation tactics are not likely to elicit false confessions: will expert witness testimony inform them otherwise?

Abstract Situational factors – in the form of interrogation tactics – have been reported to unduly influence innocent suspects to confess. This study assessed jurors' perceptions of these factors and tested whether expert witness testimony on confessions informs jury decision making. In Study 1, jurors rated interrogation tactics on their level of coerciveness and likelihood that each would elicit true and false confessions. Most jurors perceived interrogation tactics to be coercive and likely to elicit confessions from guilty, but not from innocent suspects. This result motivated Study 2 in which an actual case involving a disputed confession was used to assess the influence of expert testimony on jurors' perceptions and evaluations of interrogations and confession evidence. The results revealed an important influence of expert testimony on mock-jurors decisions.
A case for secure and scalable hypervisor using safe language

System virtualization has been a new foundation for system software, which is evidenced in many systems and innovations, as well as numerous commercial successes in desktop, datacenter and cloud. However, with more and more functionality being built into the virtualization layer, the trustworthiness of the hypervisor layer has been a severe issue and should no longer be an "elephant in the room". Further, the advent and popularity of multi-core and many-core platforms, the scalability of the virtualization layer would also be a serious challenge to the scalability of the whole software stack. In this position paper, we argue that it is the time to rethink the design and implementation of the virtualization layer using recent advances in language, compilers and system designs. We point out that the use of safe languages with scalable system design could address the trustworthiness and scalability issues with virtualization. We also argue that applying language innovations to the hypervisor layer avoids the need of an evolutionary path, as it is relatively small in scale and has little backward compatibility issue.
The basis of children’s trust towards their parents in Java, ngemong: Indigenous psychological analysis

The word among is used to describe the parent-child relationship in Javanese cultural context. Javanese is one of ethnic groups in Indonesia. According to Dewantara (1968), among consists of three nurturing components: providing affection ( asih ), stimulating potentials of the child ( asah ), and fulfilling the needs of the child ( asuh ). The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the concept of among and the development of trust towards parents. This study examines the reasons why Javanese trust their mothers and fathers. A total number of 356 Javanese students (males = 97, females = 259) at Universitas Gadjah Mada completed open-ended questionnaires, asking how much they trust their parents, and the reasons why they trust their parents. The data was analyzed using indigenous psychological approach. Preliminary coding, categorization, axial coding and cross-tabulations were run accordingly. Results show as the following: first, the students tend to trust their mothers more than their fathers. Second, trust to mothers was more on the direction of emotional bonds, whereas trust to fathers was more related to the cultural expectations. The three components of among ( asih , asah , and asuh ) were also found in the results of the study and appeared to be frequently stated in the responses. The study concluded that Javanese children’s trust to mother tends to base on affectional ( asih ) and caring ( asuh ) aspects, while their trust to fathers laid on teaching and modeling ( asuh ) aspects. Many psychologists believe that the characteristics of children’s general trust which is growing in the family context become the basis of social relation in the social interaction. It is good to know that, so parents will also have to learn the expection of their children to facilitate them growing, and eventually leading to their fruitful accomplishments of the children. Parental education in forming the basic trust for facilitating the children’s growth in the local context is something we might need to develop and construct in the future. In the long future these will contribute, to the reduction of any conflicts and social friction, which (was suspected) originated from the lack of trust between social groups. A strong foundation of trust is eventually strenthening the establishment of harmonious society under the frame of Unity in Diversity ( Bhinneka Tunggal Ika ), the basis of Indonesian nationalism.
Classroom Instructional Ecology and School-Wide Positive Behavior Support

Abstract Addressing increasing levels of disruptive behavior and improving discipline is a national matter. The challenge is intensified by teachers' concerns about the growing inclusion of students with emotional and behavioral problems in general education classrooms and the general levels of diversity common in America's schools. Removing children with persistent problems from the classroom has commonly been viewed as the solution to maintaining order and security in schools. Recently, proactive, school-wide approaches have come to the fore in discussions of alternative best practices in meeting the discipline challenge and improvements in child behavior indicators have been reported. The purpose of this investigation was to document and compare effects of a school-wide positive behavior support program on the instructional ecology in elementary school classrooms. Treatment fidelity data provided support for the integrity of teachers' use of the program. Total on-task behavior was significantly higher and off-task behavior was significantly lower in targeted classrooms than in comparison classrooms. Significant on-task differences were indicated in hand raising behaviors as well as paying attention. Significant off-task differences were indicated in talking inappropriately and engaging in appropriate tasks. The outcomes are discussed with regard to the importance of continuing efforts to establish the value of positive behavior support programs and improve the educational lives of all students.
A speed up efficient match kernel for visual estimation and detection

Low level local descriptors are so successful for their excellent performance in image correspondence matching problems. However, due to the intrinsic nature of high computational complexity, their areas of application shrink to a limited ground. In this paper, we address visual pedestrian detection and human pose estimation with a learning based feature representation from a speed up efficient match kernel, by mainly focusing on what image feature contributes to visual detection and human pose estimation, and to how much extent the learning process actually matters. When dealing with estimation accuracy combined with state-of-art prediction methods, we would like to testify that the modified patch level image representation could boost the accuracy for the final 3D pose prediction in monocular video images by information from image structural correlation to characterize image context, especially for human body shapes and motions. We have compared our proposed method with classic global features such as HOG, and conducted comprehensive experiments in detection and human pose estimation tasks on benchmark datasets. Final evaluation result verifies competitive discriminatory effectiveness and distinctiveness for our proposed feature in such visual tasks.