Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On projecting processes into session types

We define session types as projections of the behaviour of processes with respect to the operations processes perform on channels. This calls for a parallel composition operator over session types denoting the simultaneous access to a channel by two or more processes. The proposed approach allows us to define a semantically grounded theory of session types that does not require the linear usage of channels. However, type preservation and progress can only be guaranteed for processes that never receive channels they already own. A number of examples show that the resulting framework validates existing session-type theories and unifies them to some extent.
Aromatic amino acid requirements in healthy men measured by indicator amino acid oxidation.

BACKGROUND In the current literature, no agreement exists on estimates for aromatic amino acid (phenylalanine plus tyrosine) requirements as measured by stable-isotope techniques. OBJECTIVE The goal of the present study was to determine the phenylalanine requirement in healthy men who were fed a diet without tyrosine by using the indicator amino acid oxidation method. DESIGN Five healthy men were assigned to receive in random order diets devoid of tyrosine and with 8 graded intakes of phenylalanine (5, 10, 15, 25, 35, 45, 60, and 70 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)). The phenylalanine requirement was measured by the rate of 13CO2 release (F13CO2) from L-[1-(13)C]lysine oxidation. RESULTS The graded intakes of phenylalanine had no effect on lysine flux, as required for this method. The phenylalanine (ie, total aromatic amino acid) requirement, in the absence of tyrosine, was estimated to be 48 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) by applying a two-phase linear regression crossover model to the F13CO2 data. CONCLUSIONS In the absence of tyrosine, the mean phenylalanine requirement is higher than the current FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) and Dietary Reference Intake (2002) recommendations.
Corrosion Behavior of Stainless steel and Nickel Based Alloy in Acetic Acid Solution

A special autoclave was used to study corrosion behavior of 304L,316L,317L stainless steel and nickel based alloy(Incoloy800) in acetic acid solution.The results showed that temperature plays a critical role in corrosion resistance of stainless steel and nickel based alloy,their corrosion rates was increased with the increasing of temperature,and the corrosion resistance of stainless turned worse suddenly when the temperature increased to some value.Ni and Mo had different influence on corrosion resistance at various temperature.For increase in corrosion resistance of stainless,Ni is effective in acetic acid at low temperature,and Mo is effective in acetic acid at high temperature.
Associations between prenatal and postnatal growth and adult body size and composition.

BACKGROUND Adult body size and composition (ABSC) measures are associated with work capacity and productivity, reproductive performance, and chronic disease risk. Growth failure in early childhood may have important long-term consequences through its influence on ABSC. OBJECTIVE We assessed associations between prenatal and postnatal growth (0-2 y of age) and ABSC. DESIGN We included 267 singletons from a prospective study carried out between 1969 and 1977 in 4 ladino Guatemalan villages. We used data from that study and from a follow-up study conducted in 1998-1999 (when the subjects were 21-27 y of age) to determine associations of birth weight, length at 15 d of age, ponderal index, and length at 2 y of age with adult height, weight, fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass, percentage of body fat, and waist-to-hip ratio. Multivariate linear regression analyses with mixed models were carried out to account for sibling clustering. Two-stage least-squares analyses were used to separate specific effects of prenatal and postnatal growth. RESULTS Birth weight, length at 15 d of age, and length at 2 y of age were positively associated with height, weight, and FFM in both sexes (P < 0.05). Prenatal growth and postnatal growth were equally important determinants of height, weight, and FFM. Weak positive associations of postnatal growth with adult fat mass and percentage of body fat were found in both sexes, whereas similar associations for prenatal growth were found in women only. Growth in early childhood was not related to waist-to-hip ratio. CONCLUSIONS Growth retardation in early childhood was associated with shortness and less FFM in adulthood. Preventing growth failure in utero and preventing growth failure during the first 2 y of life are equally important for ABSC.
Vitamin A, retinol, and carotenoids and the risk of gastric cancer: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND Vitamin A may influence gastric carcinogenesis through its essential role in controlling cell proliferation and differentiation. However, epidemiologic studies of vitamin A, retinol (preformed vitamin A), and provitamin A carotenoids in relation to the risk of gastric cancer have documented inconsistent results. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to examine the associations between intakes of vitamin A, retinol, and specific carotenoids and the risk of gastric cancer in a prospective population-based cohort study of Swedish adults. DESIGN The study cohort consisted of 82 002 Swedish adults aged 45-83 y who had completed a food-frequency questionnaire in 1997. The participants were followed through June 2005. RESULTS During a mean 7.2-y follow-up, 139 incident cases of gastric cancer were diagnosed. High intakes of vitamin A and retinol from foods only (dietary intake) and from foods and supplements combined (total intake) and of dietary alpha-carotene and beta-carotene were associated with a lower risk of gastric cancer. The multivariate relative risks for the highest versus lowest quartiles of intake were 0.53 (95% CI: 0.32, 0.89; P for trend = 0.02) for total vitamin A, 0.56 (95% CI: 0.33, 0.95; P for trend = 0.05) for total retinol, 0.50 (95% CI: 0.30, 0.83; P for trend = 0.03) for alpha-carotene, and 0.55 (95% CI: 0.32, 0.94; P for trend = 0.07) for beta-carotene. No significant associations were found for beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin, or lycopene intake. CONCLUSION High intakes of vitamin A, retinol, and provitamin A carotenoids may reduce the risk of gastric cancer.
Human galanin (GAL) and galanin 1 receptor (GALR1) variations are not involved in fat intake and early onset obesity.

The neuropeptide galanin (GAL) is involved in food intake and in fat ingestion. Presumably, these effects are conveyed via the galanin 1 receptor (GALR1). We screened the coding region of GAL (including 444 bp of its promoter region) and GALR1 for mutations using single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and denaturing HPLC in up to 191 obese children and adolescents and 106 healthy underweight young adults (students). In GAL, we identified 3 novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; silent: g.-419T-->C, g.-244G-->A; missense: g.47C-->T: Ala16Val) and one infrequent missense variation (c.253A-->G: Asn85Asp), and in GALR1 2 novel SNPs (silent: c.150C-->T, missense: c.793A-->T: Ile265Phe). To test for an association with obesity, we genotyped 7 SNPs (GAL: g.-244G-->A, g.47C-->T, rs7101947, rs1042577, rs3136540; GALR1: c.150C-->T, c.793A-->T) in up to 322 obese children and adolescents compared with up to 277 healthy underweight and normal weight young adults. Furthermore, we analyzed these SNPs with respect to potential effects on the percentage of energy consumed as fat in obese children and adolescents. Allele and genotype frequencies did not differ among the groups tested. In addition, we performed a pedigree transmission disequilibrium test (PDT) for one SNP (GAL: g.-244G-->A) in 610 (518 independent) obesity-trios (obese child or adolescent and both of its parents). However, the PDT for SNP GAL g. -244G-->A revealed no transmission disequilibrium. We conclude that the analyzed SNPs in GAL and GALR1 do not play a major role in early onset obesity or dietary fat intake in the obese children and adolescents of our study groups.
Brain ageing changes proteoglycan sulfation, rendering perineuronal nets more inhibitory

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycans in perineuronal nets (PNNs) from the central nervous system (CNS) are involved in the control of plasticity and memory. Removing PNNs reactivates plasticity and restores memory in models of Alzheimer’s disease and ageing. Their actions depend on the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains of CS proteoglycans, which are mainly sulfated in the 4 (C4S) or 6 (C6S) positions. While C4S is inhibitory, C6S is more permissive to axon growth, regeneration and plasticity. C6S decreases during critical period closure. We asked whether there is a late change in CS-GAG sulfation associated with memory loss in aged rats. Immunohistochemistry revealed a progressive increase in C4S and decrease in C6S from 3 to 18 months. GAGs extracted from brain PNNs showed a large reduction in C6S at 12 and 18 months, increasing the C4S/C6S ratio. There was no significant change in mRNA levels of the chondroitin sulfotransferases. PNN GAGs were more inhibitory to axon growth than those from the diffuse extracellular matrix. The 18-month PNN GAGs were more inhibitory than 3-month PNN GAGs. We suggest that the change in PNN GAG sulfation in aged brains renders the PNNs more inhibitory, which lead to a decrease in plasticity and adversely affect memory.
First Evaluation of an Improved Assay for Molecular Genetic Detection of Tuberculosis as Well as Rifampin and Isoniazid Resistances

ABSTRACT The commercially available line probe assay MTBDRplus 2.0 (Hain Lifescience, Nehren, Germany) was evaluated for its ability to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and mutations conferring resistance to rifampin (RMP) and isoniazid (INH) directly in smear-negative and smear-positive pulmonary clinical specimens under routine laboratory conditions. A total of 348 samples originating from Moldova, a high-incidence country for tuberculosis (TB), were investigated. Two hundred fifty-seven (73.9%) were smear negative, 12 samples were excluded, and 81 (23.3%) were smear positive. Two DNA extraction methods were applied. Compared to culture and clinical data as the reference standard (adapted from Vadwai V et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 49:2540–2545, 2011), overall sensitivity and specificity were 87.6 and 99.2%, respectively. One hundred four of the 257 smear-negative samples turned out to be culture positive, and 20 were MTBC culture negative but were positive based on clinical symptoms. The combined sensitivity and specificity in the subgroup of smear-negative samples were calculated to be 79.8 and 99.2%, respectively. MTBDRplus 2.0 detected RMP and INH resistance with sensitivity and specificity of 94.3 and 96.0%, respectively. In conclusion, the MTBDRplus 2.0 assay is a rapid and highly sensitive test for the detection of M. tuberculosis strains from smear-positive and -negative clinical specimens and provides additional information on RMP and INH resistance status, which can easily be included in routine laboratory work flow.
Design and analysis of a third-party security protocol for storage system

The large-scale storage system has the requirements of high scalability and strong security. In order to meet the both requirements, we propose a third-party storage security system and design a capability-based third-party security protocol. The protocol is based on the third-party mode, which separates transfer security from access control mechanism. After the formal analysis, the deduced results logically demonstrate the integrity of requested capability, correctness of transfers process and authenticity of message, thus guaranteeing the feasibility of the third-party security protocol
Annotating function to differentially expressed LincRNAs in myelodysplastic syndrome using a network‐based method

Motivation: Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in the regulation of diverse biological functions. The number of newly identified lncRNAs has increased dramatically in recent years but their expression and function have not yet been described from most diseases. To elucidate lncRNA function in human disease, we have developed a novel network based method (NLCFA) integrating correlations between lncRNA, protein coding genes and noncoding miRNAs. We have also integrated target gene associations and protein‐protein interactions and designed our model to provide information on the combined influence of mRNAs, lncRNAs and miRNAs on cellular signal transduction networks. Results: We have generated lncRNA expression profiles from the CD34+ haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from patients with Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and healthy donors. We report, for the first time, aberrantly expressed lncRNAs in MDS and further prioritize biologically relevant lncRNAs using the NLCFA. Taken together, our data suggests that aberrant levels of specific lncRNAs are intimately involved in network modules that control multiple cancer‐associated signalling pathways and cellular processes. Importantly, our method can be applied to prioritize aberrantly expressed lncRNAs for functional validation in other diseases and biological contexts. Availability and implementation: The method is implemented in R language and Matlab. Contact: xizhou@wakehealth.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Nutrient Requirements and Interactions Intestinal Fermentation Lessens the Inhibitory Effects of Phytic Acid on Mineral Utilization in Rats

The specific effects of phytic acid (PA) and resistant starch (RS) on mineral bioavailability, namely, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Cu, were investigated in rats adapted to semipurified diets. The diets provided either 73 g/ 100 g digestible wheat starch (DS) alone, or 53 g/100 g DS plus 20 g/100 g crude potato starch (RS) and either 0 or 1.1 g/100 g PA. A period of 3 wk was first planned to adapt the rats to their respective diets. Compared with rats fed the DS diets, those fed the RS diets had significant cecal hypertrophy and an accumulation of shortchain fatty acids, together with greater cecal blood flow. RS enhanced the cecal absorption of Ca and Mg (from 0.15 to 0.55 mmol/min for Ca, and from 0.10 to 0.35 mmol/min for Mg). Mineral balance was enhanced significantly by RS (Ca, /46%; Mg /50%; Fe /20%; Zn, / 33% and Cu, /61%). PA had no significant effect on Ca or Mg solubility and absorption in the cecum, and it failed to alter significantly Ca or Mg balance. The apparent absorption of Fe, Zn and Cu was significantly lower in rats fed the DS / PA diet than in rats fed the DS diet (Fe, 035%; Zn, 028%; and Cu, 031%). In rats adapted to the RS diet, the inhibitory effects of PA were practically abolished and the mineral balance was restored to the control values. We conclude that the negative effects of PA on mineral balance are relatively minor compared with the stimulatory effect of RS. J. Nutr. 128: 1192–1198, 1998.
Evaluation of a portable device to measure daily energy expenditure in free-living adults.

BACKGROUND Increasing daily energy expenditure (EE) plays an important role in the prevention or treatment of several lifestyle-related diseases; however, its measurement remains problematic. OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate a portable armband device for measuring daily and physical activity EE compared with doubly labeled water (DLW) in free-living individuals. DESIGN Daily EE and physical activity EE were measured in 45 subjects over a 10-d period simultaneously with 2 techniques: a portable armband and DLW. Resting metabolic rate was measured by indirect calorimetry, and the thermic effect of a meal was estimated (10% of daily EE). Physical activity EE was obtained by subtracting the values for resting metabolic rate and thermic effect of a meal measured with DLW from those measured with the armband. Body composition was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Concordance between measures was evaluated by intraclass correlation, SEE, regression analysis, and Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS Mean estimated daily EE measured with the armband was 117 kcal/d lower (2375 +/- 366 kcal/d) than that measured with DLW (2492 +/- 444 kcal/d; P < 0.01). Despite this group difference, individual comparisons between the armband and DLW were close, as evidenced by an intraclass correlation of 0.81 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The portable armband shows reasonable concordance with DLW for measuring daily EE in free-living adults. The armband may therefore be useful to estimate daily EE.
Effect of macronutrient intake on the development of glucose intolerance during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND Dietary intake influences glucose tolerance status, yet the relation between macronutrient intake and the development of glucose intolerance during pregnancy has not been adequately examined. OBJECTIVE We examined the relation between macronutrient intake early in pregnancy and the development of glucose intolerance. DESIGN Data are from 1698 women in the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Study. Dietary intake during the second trimester was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire. Women were classified into 1 of 3 glucose categories: gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and normal glucose tolerance. Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate the relative risk of IGT and GDM, with adjustment for potential confounders. A series of models were specified to test alternate hypotheses about the relation of diet to risk of IGT or GDM. RESULTS The overall prevalences of IGT and GDM in the cohort were 2.6% and 5.2%, respectively. The addition model showed that adding 100 kcal from carbohydrates to the diet was associated with a 12% decrease in risk of IGT and a 9% decrease in risk of GDM. The substitution model showed that substituting fat for carbohydrates (per each 1% of total calories) resulted in a significant increase in risk of both IGT and GDM [relative risk = 1.1 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.12) and 1.1 (1.02, 1.10), respectively]. Predicted probabilities of IGT and GDM were reduced by one-half with a 10% decrease in dietary fat and a 10% increase in carbohydrate. CONCLUSIONS This study found an association between increased fat intake and the development of glucose abnormalities in pregnancy.
High-Risk HPV, Biomarkers, and Outcome in Matched Cohorts of Head and Neck Cancer Patients Positive and Negative for HIV

In this study, high-risk HPV (hrHPV) incidence, prognostic biomarkers, and outcome were assessed in HIV-positive (case) and HIV-negative (control) patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). HIV-positive cases were matched to controls by tumor site, sex, and age at cancer diagnosis. A tissue microarray (TMA) was constructed and DNA isolated from tumor tissue. MultiPlex-PCR MassArray, L1-PCR, and in situ hybridization were used to assess hrHPV. TMA sections were stained for p16ink4a, TP53, RB, CCND1, EGFR, and scored for intensity and proportion of positive tumor cells. The HNSCC cohort included 41 HIV-positive cases and 41 HIV-negative controls. Tumors from 11 of 40 (28%) cases, and 10 of 41 (24%) controls contained hrHPV. p16 expression, indicative of E7 oncogene activity, was present in 10 of 11 HPV-positive cases and 7 of 10 HPV-positive controls. Low p16 and high TP53 expression in some HPV-positive tumors suggested HPV-independent tumorigenesis. Survival did not differ in cases and controls. RB expression was significantly associated with poor survival (P = 0.01). High TP53 expression exhibited a trend for poorer survival (P = 0.12), but among cases, association with poor survival reached statistical significance (P = 0.04). The proportion of HPV-positive tumors was similar, but the heterogeneity of HPV types was higher in the HIV-positive cases than in HIV-negative controls. High RB expression predicted poor survival, and high TP53 expression was associated with poorer survival in the HIV-positive cases but not HIV-negative controls. Implications: HIV infection did not increase risk of death from HNSCC, and HPV-positive tumors continued to be associated with a significantly improved survival, independent of HIV status. Mol Cancer Res; 15(2); 179–88. ©2016 AACR.
Effects of early institutionalization on emotion processing in 12-year-old youth

Abstract We examined facial emotion recognition in 12-year-olds in a longitudinally followed sample of children with and without exposure to early life psychosocial deprivation (institutional care). Half of the institutionally reared children were randomized into foster care homes during the first years of life. Facial emotion recognition was examined in a behavioral task using morphed images. This same task had been administered when children were 8 years old. Neutral facial expressions were morphed with happy, sad, angry, and fearful emotional facial expressions, and children were asked to identify the emotion of each face, which varied in intensity. Consistent with our previous report, we show that some areas of emotion processing, involving the recognition of happy and fearful faces, are affected by early deprivation, whereas other areas, involving the recognition of sad and angry faces, appear to be unaffected. We also show that early intervention can have a lasting positive impact, normalizing developmental trajectories of processing negative emotions (fear) into the late childhood/preadolescent period.
Extended Azimuth Nonlinear Chirp Scaling Algorithm for Bistatic SAR Processing in High-Resolution Highly Squinted Mode

Accurate focusing of highly squinted azimuth-variant bistatic synthetic aperture radar data is a difficult issue due to the relatively large range migration, sensibility of the higher order terms, and the inherent geometric variance. To accommodate for this problem, extended azimuth nonlinear chirp scaling algorithm is investigated in this letter. First, range-azimuth coupling is mitigated through a linear range walk correction operation, and then, bulk secondary range compression is implemented to compensate the residual range cell migration and cross-coupling terms. Following which, the characteristics of the azimuth-dependent quadratic and cubic phase terms are analyzed, and modified scaling coefficients are derived by adopting higher order approximation and incorporating the azimuth-dependent range offset caused by the inherent geometric configuration. Compared with traditional nonlinear chirp scaling method, large azimuth depth of focusing can be realized without changing the overall procedure. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.