Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
USING BAYESIAN CLASSIFICATION FOR AQ-BASED LEARNING WITH CONSTRUCTIVE INDUCTION

To obtain potentially interesting patterns and relations from large, distributed, heterogeneous databases, it is essential to employ an intelligent and automated KDD (Knowledge Discovery in Databases) process. One of the most important methodologies is an integration of diverse learning strategies that cooperatively performs a variety of techniques and achieves high quality knowledge. AqBC is a multistrategy knowledge discovery approach that combines supervised inductive learning and unsupervised Bayesian classification. This study investigates creating a more suitable knowledge representation space with the aid of unsupervised Bayesian classification system, AutoClass. AutoClass discovers various kinds of patterns and implications in databases. Via constructive induction, these patterns modify the knowledge representation space so that the robust inductive learning system, AQ15c, learns useful concept descriptions of a taxonomy. AqBC applied to two different sample problems yields not only simple but also meaningful knowledge due to the systems that implement its parent approaches. Two statistical classification techniques (K-means centroid & Ward hierarchical clustering) are also applied to the data for comparison. AqBC's good performance appears to be due to its integration of reliable unsupervised Bayesian classification, constructive induction and rule induction, and not to the presence of any component alone.
Achieving High Branch Coverage with Fewer Paths

Symbolic execution based test generation has made progress in recent years. However, in order to scale to larger programs there are some issues to be solved. Among them, generating a set of feasible paths to achieve high coverage gets more attention. In this paper, we focus on how to increase covering efficiency while maintaining high coverage. To achieve high branch coverage efficiently, we propose a path generation approach DYNASTY. A heuristic search strategy based on branch residual is used to guide branch selection. To avoid repetitive path exploration, a data structure named path trie is introduced to store paths generated. We have implemented our approach and conducted primary experiments. Our approach achieves high branch coverage quickly on the subjects.
Cryptococcus gattii in the Age of Whole-Genome Sequencing

ABSTRACT Cryptococcus gattii, the sister species of Cryptococcus neoformans, is an emerging pathogen which gained importance in connection with the ongoing cryptococcosis outbreak on Vancouver Island. Many molecular studies have divided this species into for major lineages: VGI, VGII, VGIII, and VGIV. This commentary summarizes the whole-genome sequencing (WGS) studies that have been carried out with this species, re-emphasizing the phylogenetic relationships, showing chromosomal rearrangements between those four groups, and identifying VGII as ancestral population within C. gattii. In addition, WGS specific to VGII, containing the Vancouver Island outbreak genotypes and those from the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, has placed the origin of this lineage within South America and identified specific genes responsible for either brain or lung infection. It also showed, that many genotypes are spread across a number of different continents, as has been previously shown by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). In addition, it showed that recombination occurs more frequently between mitochondrial than nuclear genomes.
A Novel Approach for Software Defect Prediction Using Fuzzy Decision Trees

Detecting defective entities from existing software systems is a problem of great importance for increasing both the software quality and the efficiency of software testing related activities. We introduce in this paper a novel approach for predicting software defects using fuzzy decision trees. Through the fuzzy approach we aim to better cope with noise and imprecise information. A fuzzy decision tree will be trained to identify if a software module is or not a defective one. Two open source software systems are used for experimentally evaluating our approach. The obtained results highlight that the fuzzy decision tree approach outperforms the non-fuzzy one on almost all case studies used for evaluation. Compared to the approaches used in the literature, the fuzzy decision tree classifier is shown to be more efficient than most of the other machine learning-based classifiers.
Cell-derived microparticles in atherosclerosis: biomarkers and targets for pharmacological modulation?

• Introduction • Microparticle formation, structure and composition ‐ Microparticle formation ‐ Microparticle composition and structure • Microparticle isolation, preparation and measurement ‐ Microparticle preparation ‐ Pre‐analytical treatment of plasma ‐ Microparticle isolation from tissues and fluids ‐ Microparticle generation and isolation from cells in culture ‐ Qualitative and quantitative MP analysis ‐ Flow cytometry ‐ ELISA assays • Microparticles as markers of cardiovascular diseases • Microparticles as actors in cardiovascular diseases ‐ Microparticles in endothelial function and angiogenesis ‐ Microparticles in inflammation ‐ Microparticles in thrombosis • Pharmacological modulation of plasma MP concentrations ‐ Statins ‐ Anti‐oxidants ‐ Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor activators • Conclusion
Semantic Understanding of General Linguistic Items by Means of Fuzzy Set Theory

Modern statistical techniques used in the field of natural language processing are limited in their applications by the fact they suffer from the loss of most of the semantic information contained in text documents. Fuzzy techniques have been proposed as a way to correct this problem through the modelling of the relationships between words while accommodating the ambiguities of natural languages. However, these techniques are currently either restricted to modelling the effects of simple words or are specialized in a single domain. In this paper, we propose a novel statistical-fuzzy methodology to represent the actions described in a variety of text documents by modelling the relationships between subject-verb-object triplets. The research will focus in the first place on the technique used to accurately extract the triplets from the text, on the necessary equations to compute the statistics of the subject-verb and verb-object pairs, and on the formulas needed to interpolate the fuzzy membership functions from these statistics and on those needed to de fuzzify the membership value of unseen triplets. Taken together, these sets of equations constitute a comprehensive system that allows the quantification and evaluation of the meaning of text documents, while being general enough to be applied to any domain. In the second phase, this paper will proceed to experimentally demonstrate the validity of our new methodology by applying it to the implementation of a fuzzy classifier conceived especially for this research. This classifier is trained using a section of the Brown Corpus, and its efficiency is tested with a corpus of 20 unseen documents drawn from three different domains. The positive results obtained from these experimental tests confirm the soundness of our new approach and show that it is a promising avenue of research.
The mur2 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana lacks fucosylated xyloglucan because of a lesion in fucosyltransferase AtFUT1

Cell walls of the Arabidopsis mutant mur2 contain less than 2% of the wild-type amount of fucosylated xyloglucan because of a point mutation in the fucosyltransferase AtFUT1. The mur2 mutation eliminates xyloglucan fucosylation in all major plant organs, indicating that Arabidopsis thaliana fucosyltransferase 1 (AtFUT1) accounts for all of the xyloglucan fucosyltransferase activity in Arabidopsis. Despite this alteration in structure, mur2 plants show a normal growth habit and wall strength. In contrast, Arabidopsis mur1 mutants that are defective in the de novo synthesis of l-fucose exhibit a dwarfed growth habit and decreased wall strength [Reiter, W. D. , Chapple, C. & Somerville, C. R. (1993) Science 261, 1032–1035]. Because the mur1 mutation affects several cell wall polysaccharides, whereas the mur2 mutation is specific to xyloglucan, the phenotypes of mur1 plants appear to be caused by structural changes in fucosylated pectic components such as rhamnogalacturonan-II. The normal growth habit and wall strength of mur2 plants casts doubt on hypotheses regarding roles of xyloglucan fucosylation in facilitating xyloglucan–cellulose interactions or in modulating growth regulator activity.
Implementation of Boundary Equations in the Finite Transfer Method

The Finite Transfer Method used to solve a system of linear ordinary differential equations is extended by adding the boundary equations involved in the problem. A Runge-Kutta scheme could be chosen, for example, to obtain Finite Transfer expressions. The use of a recurrence strategy in these equations permits one to relate different points in the domain where boundary equations could be defined. A final algebraic system of equations is annotated and solved. The method could be applied to determine the structural behaviour of a spatially curved beam element. An example is given to show the procedure exposed.
SOCIAL CAPITAL AMONG OLDER IRANIAN ADULTS: DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENCES

Social capital makes it easier to access resources and to create well-being in older people through a sense of connectedness. This study aims to explore the dimensions of social capital that are most prevalent and to identify the relationships that exist between demographic characteristics and social capital among elderly Iranian people. In this cross-sectional study, over a six-month period, data were gathered from 320 elderly people aged 60 years old or older. The participants answered a questionnaire containing two sections, which included items that measured variables relevant to demographic status and social capital (consisting of 32 questions in eight dimensions). The data were analysed using SPSS software, version 19. The findings showed that the participants consisted of 193 men and 127 women with a mean age of 67.03 ± 5.51 years old. The question with the uppermost mean of social capital was "How many people did you talk to yesterday? " (M = 2.96). The highest degree of response of social capital reported by the participants was for pro-activity in a social context (70.9 percent), followed by feelings of trust (67.8 percent). Only 10.9 percent provided responses regarding participation in community components. There were strong correlations between almost all of the demographic variables and social capital dimensions, particularly education and income. Age was rather consistently negatively correlated with social capital measures; education, in contrast, was a strong contributor to social capital. The results showed that social capital dimensions were predicted by most of the demographic variables (P < 0.05). They also showed that, like other kinds of capital (physical and human capital), there was an uneven distribution of social capital among older adults in terms of
Single and biplane TrueFISP cardiovascular magnetic resonance for rapid evaluation of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction.

INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) allows very accurate, but time-consuming, volume assessment by the short-axis slice summation technique. The single and biplane methods of volume assessment are used less, partly because FLASH cine imaging provides poor blood-myocardium contrast in long-axis views. TrueFISP gives excellent blood-myocardium contrast, even in patients with heart failure. We hypothesized that the single plane and biplane methods of volume assessment in TrueFISP images might provide an acceptable degree of accuracy and be quicker than the short axis method, and that single and biplane left ventricular volume assessment would be more accurate with TrueFISP than with FLASH in patients with impaired ventricular function. METHODS Short- and long-axis CMR images were obtained by FLASH and TrueFISP with a 1.5-T scanner. We determined the accuracy of both single and biplane long-axis methods for left ventricular volume and ejection fraction (EF) measurements compared with the conventional short-axis method in 10 heart failure patients using both FLASH and TrueFISP and in 9 healthy subjects using TrueFISP. RESULTS No difference in volumes and EF was found between the single plane method, the biplane method, and the short-axis method using TrueFISP for image acquisition, in both patients and healthy subjects. The same was true of the results obtained by FLASH in the patients with heart failure. CONCLUSIONS The single and biplane methods, regardless of whether TrueFISP or FLASH is used, are a reasonable and rapid alternative to the conventional short-axis approach for left ventricular volume and EF assessment in patients with heart failure and impaired ventricular function.
Explanatory Note

The following article was written in the style of my good friend the writer and cognitive scientist Doug Hofstadter. It was written not by a human being, but by my computer program EWI (an acronym for " experiments in writing intelligence "). EWI was fed the texts of two of Hofstadter's books—namely, Gödel, Escher, Bach (winner of the Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction in 1980) and Metamagical Themas—and then, following its code, EWI carefully analyzed these two books for their uniquely Hofstadterian stylistic elements and features, after which it recombined these stylistic elements in new fashions. EWI thereby came up with some 25 new and highly diverse " Hofstadter articles , " one of which is given below, and the article is followed by a brief commentary about EWI and its output by Hofstadter himself. Actually, I should state up front that the wonderful sparkling dialogues of GEB, which are a substantial part of that book, were not used by EWI in generating any of the articles, because EWI is unfortunately not yet able to work with inputs that belong to different genres, such as chapters and dialogues. To combine stylistic aspects of two or more different genres of writing represents a very thorny challenge indeed. Endowing EWI with that extra level of flexibility is one of my next major goals. All 25 articles generated by EWI (which, incidentally, it generated at the pathetically slow rate of 10 minutes per piece, as it was running on an outmoded PowerBook dating from 1994, whereas on a Macintosh today it would be closer to 30 seconds per piece) had roughly the same level of literary quality and originality, and the topics EWI wound up writing about were highly variegated—for example, an " i "-less version of chapter 9 of Aldous Huxley's novel Eyeless in Gaza, a comparison between three mathematical theorems and three human faces, an essay about James Clerk Maxwell's youthful study of the rings of Saturn, a short biography of Alexander Pushkin written in anti-One-gin stanzas, an analysis of 10 favorite " bon mots " by Hofstadter's friend David Moser, and so forth and so on. All these topics emerged automatically from EWI's stylistic analysis of the two books men-tioned—I played no role whatsoever in the process. My only role came later—it was to choose one article for publication, and I chose this particular one simply because I felt that …
Effects of K+‐I and KM nduced Polarization on (dV/dt)max9 Threshold Potential, and Membrane Input Resistance in Guinea Pig and Cat Ventricular Myocardium

We studied the non-membrane potential-dependent effect of K* on (dV/dt)max and threshold potential in guinea pig and cat ventricular myocardium. Membrane potential (MP) was changed uniformly in segments (length < 1.0 mm) of papillary muscles by applying extracellular polarizing current pulses across a single sucrose gap. Control [K+]. was 5.4 ITLM and test [K*]° values were 2.0,10.0, 11.5, 13.0, 16.2, 20, 22, and 24.0 nun. Each muscle was studied under four conditions: (1) control [K+]o and unaltered (control level) resting MP (E_); (2) one of the test [K+]o values and the unaltered (test level) E. ; (3) the same test [K+] and E. held at the control level; (4) control [K+]o and E held at the test level. At all [K+]o 11.5 mix, (dV/dt)max showed a decrease significantly (P < 0.01) greater than the corresponding MP-dependent decrease in both guinea pig and cat myocardium. This non-MP-dependent decrease averaged 7.5% at 11.5 mM, 26.5% at 13.0 mm, 37.2% at 16.2 nw, and 22.7% at 20.0 mi*. At [K+]o 20.0 mM, (dV/dt)max. was predominantly slow-channel-dependent; it was increased by hyperpolarization to -110 mV at [K+]a 20 and 22 mM but not at [K+]o 24mM. Threshold potential became progressively less negative with increasing [K*]-, but this effect was dependent only on MP. The membrane input resistance (r=) was determined by two opposing factors: at a given [K*]. , r_ increased with depolarization; and at a given MP, rdecreased with increasing [K+]o Our study shows that non-MP-dependent depression of (dV/dt)max in the ventricular myocardium occurs at [K+]o, concentrations that may be encountered in vivo. Ore Res 44:800-814, 1979
Power Estimation for Wireless Sensor Networks based on Modular Quantitative Analysis

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are increasingly used in many aspects of our daily life. However, the performance is limited due to the extremely constrained power source in sensor nodes. Therefore, it is very important to find an efficient approach to predict the power consumption of WSNs in an accurate manner. Modular Quantitative Analysis (MOQA) is a new high level language used to obtain the average case timing information of randomness preserving programs. Time in this context refers to a broad notion of cost, which can be used to estimate the actual running time, but also other quantitative information such as power consumption. The aim of this paper is to build and validate a static approach to estimate the average-case power consumption of running suitable sorting algorithms on a single node, as well as in network level, based on MOQA. Experimental analysis on three sorting algorithms is provided supporting the MOQA approach. Our model predictions are validated through
Demographic Patterns and Harvest Vulnerability of Chronic Wasting Disease Infected White-Tailed Deer in Wisconsin

Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal disease of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) caused by transmissible protease-resistant prions. Since the discovery of CWD in southern Wisconsin in 2001, more than 20,000 deer have been removed from a >2,500-km2 disease eradication zone surrounding the three initial cases. Nearly all deer removed were tested for CWD infection and sex, age, and harvest location were recorded. Our analysis used data from a 310-km2 core study area where disease prevalence was higher than surrounding areas. We found no difference in harvest rates between CWD infected and noninfected deer. Our results show that the probability of infection increased with age and that adult males were more likely to be infected than adult females. Six fawns tested positive for CWD, five fawns from the core study area, including the youngest (5 months) free-ranging cervid to test positive. The increase in male prevalence with age is nearly twice the increase found in females. We concluded that CWD is not randomly distributed among deer and that differential transmission among sex and age classes is likely driving the observed patterns in disease prevalence. We discuss alternative hypotheses for CWD transmission and spread and, in addition, discuss several possible nonlinear relationships between prevalence and age. Understanding CWD transmission in free-ranging cervid populations will be essential to the development of strategies to manage this disease in areas where CWD is found, as well as for surveillance strategies in areas where CWD threatens to spread.
Single- and Multi-Whisker Channels in the Ascending Projections from the Principal Trigeminal Nucleus in the Rat

This study investigated the relationship between axonal projections and receptive field properties of whisker-sensitive cells in the principal trigeminal sensory nucleus of the rat. The labeling of small groups of trigeminothalamic axons with biotinylated dextran amine disclosed two broad classes of axons; a majority of fibers (68%;n = 107) project to a single barreloid of the ventral posteromedial nucleus, and the remaining group includes axons that innervate both the posterior group of the thalamus and the tectum. Additional terminal sites for axons of this latter group may include the pretectum, the zona incerta, the medial part of the medial geniculate nucleus, and the ventral posteromedial nucleus. Corresponding to these two classes of fibers, 67% of the cells in the principal trigeminal nucleus (n = 313) have single-whisker receptive fields, whereas the rest of the population have receptive fields composed of multiple whiskers. The tonic or phasic properties of the responses apparently bear no relation to the axonal projection patterns. Solid retrograde labeling of cells that project to the ventral posteromedial nucleus and intracellular staining revealed that single-whisker cells have small somata and narrow, barrelette-bounded dendritic trees. In contrast, multi-whisker neurons have large multipolar somata, expansive dendritic trees, and many respond antidromically to stimulation of the superior colliculus. Together, these results provide evidence for two main channels of vibrissal information: a single-whisker channel that links trigeminal barrelettes to their corresponding barreloids, and a multi-whisker channel that distributes principally in the posterior group and tectum.
Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy: A Current View on the Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Inflammatory cardiomyopathy is defined as inflammation of the heart muscle associated with impaired function of the myocardium. In our region, its etiology is most often viral. Viral infection is a possible trigger of immune and autoimmune mechanisms which contributed to the damage of myocardial function. Myocarditis is considered the most common cause of dilated cardiomyopathy. Typical manifestation of this disease is heart failure, chest pain, or arrhythmias. The most important noninvasive diagnostic method is magnetic resonance imaging, but the gold standard of diagnostics is invasive examination, endomyocardial biopsy. In a significant proportion of cases with impaired left ventricular systolic function, recovery occurs spontaneously in several weeks and therefore it is appropriate to postpone critical therapeutic decisions about 3–6 months after start of the treatment. Therapy is based on standard heart failure treatment; immunosuppressive or antimicrobial treatment may be considered in some cases depending on the results of endomyocardial biopsy. If severe dysfunction of the left ventricle persists, device therapy may be needed.
Using augmented reality to support the understanding of three-dimensional concepts by blind people

Abstract Describing real and imaginary three-dimensional scenes from the observer’s viewpoint is an intuitive activity for visually non-impaired people, but it is difficult for congenitally blind people, since it involves abstract concepts, such as perspective, depth planes, occlusion, etc. This paper discusses these problems and presents physical environments and procedures supported by an augmented reality tool in order to help blind people to understand, describe and convert three-dimensional scenes into two-dimensional embossed representations. To verify how blind people can acquire these concepts, we developed an augmented reality application that worked as an audio spatial tutor to make the perspective-learning process easy. The application was tested with 10 congenitally blind people, who learned to understand the perspective concepts and who reported on the experience. Finally, we discuss the learning method and technical aspects, suggesting ways to improve the augmented reality application and how it can be released.