Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Free spaces: identity, experience and democracy in classical Athens

Most modern works on Greek history accept a categorical distinction between different identities and statuses in classical Athens: there was a deep chasm between the male citizens’ club and those excluded: foreigners, slaves and women; and the identity of male citizen, slave, foreigner and woman was clear, well defined, easy to establish, immutable and unchallenged.1 Admittedly, this is not simply a modern construction: there are innumerable references in the ancient texts, which present this view of identity and make it a legitimate perspective for modern scholars to adopt.2 These images created by ancient sources became acceptable to scholars belonging to very different traditions and schools. For those scholars who believe that politics can be best understood through a study of institutions, what matters primarily is the distinction between those who have the right to participate in these institutions and those who do not.3 Accordingly, it was easy to accept the existence of a clear distinction between the citizens and everybody else. For those who accept a structuralist perspective, the polarities between citizen and metic, free and slave, Greek and barbarian, or men and women offered a fruitful way to apply their approach to Greek history.4 For those who accept status and order as essential categories of analysis, the distinction between different status groups becomes essential in an analysis of Greek society.5 Finally, for those who work within a tradition of legal history, the clear legal distinctions are the essential means of interpretation.6 It is the aim of this article to challenge these long-entrenched assumptions. I want to argue that the distinction between citizens, metics and slaves was often difficult to establish in Athens; that this was connected to the functions of Athenian democracy; that citizens, metics and slaves formed mixed and interacting cultures in collaboration and conflict; and that these interactions were created and enabled by what I will call free spaces. This discussion will raise a second important issue: the interpretation of Athenian democracy. I will argue that many of the current approaches to Athenian democracy have a strong elitist perspective and that we have to turn our attention to a bottom-down perspective; the concept of free spaces can play an important role in changing perspective. 33
Crosstalk and Core Density in Uncoupled Multicore Fibers

Reduction of intercore crosstalk in uncoupled multicore fibers (MCFs) is the most critical issue for long-haul space division multiplexing transmission. The required coupling coefficient, allowable outer cladding diameter, and assumed bending radii range are important fiber design parameters for maximizing a relative core density while maintaining low-crosstalk level in an MCF. The relationships between crosstalk and core density in uncoupled MCFs with a step-index profile and trench-assisted structure are investigated in detail, and the maximum achievable relative core multiplicity factors are clarified in a limited cladding diameter.
New aminopeptidase from “microbial dark matter” archaeon

Marine sediments host a large population of diverse, heterotrophic, uncultured microorganisms with unknown physiologies that control carbon flow through organic matter decomposition. Recently, single‐cell genomics uncovered new key players in these processes, such as the miscellaneous crenarchaeotal group. These widespread archaea encode putative intra‐ and extracellular proteases for the degradation of detrital proteins present in sediments. Here, we show that one of these enzymes is a self‐compartmentalizing tetrameric amino‐peptidase with a preference for cysteine and hydrophobic residues at the N terminus of the hydrolyzed peptide. The ability to perform detailed characterizations of enzymes from native subsurface microorganisms, without requiring that those organisms first be grown in pure culture, holds great promise for understanding key carbon transformations in the environment as well as identifying new enzymes for biomedical and biotechnological applications. —Michalska, K. , Steen, A. D. , Chhor, G. , Endres, M. , Webber, A. T. , Bird, J., Lloyd, K. G. , Joachimiak, A. New amino‐peptidase from “microbial dark matter” archaeon. FASEB J. 29, 4071‐4079 (2015). www.fasebj. org
A framework of using OpenFlow to handle transient link failure

Due to the default settings of the OSPF, the network takes several tens of seconds to recover from a failure. During the convergence, the network service will be disrupted. This paper proposed a framework of using OpenFlow to handle the transient link failure. OpenFlow separate the data and control plane by shifting the management to a remote centralized controller and the forwarders just forward packets based on flow table. We exploit OpenFlow technology into the existing routers. The routing information database (RIB) and the flow table construct a two-layer forwarding structure. When link failure happens, the controller computed the backup paths for the destinations that affected by the failure link and sent the related flow table to the OpenFlow forwarders. All the packets received by the forwarders will be compared against flow table entries first. If the packets matched with the flow table, the corresponding actions of the flow entries will be taken. Otherwise, the packets will be processed by the RIB. After the network recovering from the failure, the controller will remove the temporary flow table used to bypass the failed link in the forwarders and the RIB will take over the packets forwarding. Experiments results demonstrate that the proposed framework have a low packet loss to the link failure.
Apolipoprotein AI and Apolipoprotein B gene polymorphisms and lipid profile in Tamilian population

Apolipoprotein (ApoAI) is the major protein constituent of high density lipoproteins (HDL). Apolipoprotein (apo) B-100, a component of low density lipoprotein (LDL), serves as a ligand for the removal of LDL from the circulation by the LDL receptor. Genotyping of ApoAI and ApoB polymorphisms was carried out in 185 healthy Tamilian volunteers of south India after clinical examination. Lipid profile was estimated and polymorphisms were detected by the polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The frequency of the rare M1−, M2− and R− alleles were 21%, 4.3% and 5.4%, respectively. An increase of 9.1 mg dL−1 (0.23 mmol L−1) in HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels was observed with M1−/− genotype when compared to M1+/+ genotype, which was not found after adjustments were made for confounding risk factors. A paradoxical increase in levels of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) was observed with M2+/− genotype when compared to M2+/+ genotype. Analysis of combination of genotypes of ApoAI revealed no influence on the lipid parameters. ApoB EcoRI in contrast to ApoAI polymorphisms had no significant effect on lipid profile.
Strategy-proof social choice

This paper surveys the literature on strategy-proofness from a historical perspective. While I discuss the connections with other works on incentives in mechanism design, the main emphasis is on social choice models. This article has been prepared for the Handbook of Social Choice and Welfare, Volume 2, Edited by K. Arrow, A. Sen and K. Suzumura
Pattern overlap in bit-parallel implementation of regular expression repetition quantifiers

Deep Packet Inspection DPI in Network Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems NIDPS typically involves the matching of packet payloads against attack signatures in the form of regular expressions regexes. Existing research into the handling of the constrained {min, max} repetition syntax used in many regexes mainly proposes the use of a counting mechanism which avoids inefficient unrolling of the repeated sub-expression. However, many regexes cannot be handled as their format makes them susceptible to the problem of counter overlap. In this paper, we present a memory-centric bit-parallel hardware architecture that overcomes the issue of counter overlap through the use of a bit serial First-In-First-Out FIFO queue. The memory-centric rather than logic-centric nature of the design has the advantage of allowing dynamic updates to individual attack signatures. The solution proposed in this paper is targeted at ASIC and FPGA platforms and we present experimental results for a proof-of-concept design.
Robotic Orthosis Lokomat: A Rehabilitation and Research Tool

The aim of this article is to introduce the robotic orthosis Lokomat, developed to automate treadmill training rehabilitation of locomotion for spinal cord injured and stroke patients, to the Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) and Neuromodulation research communities, and to report on our newly conducted research. We first illustrate the primary use of Lokomat in rehabilitation and focus on control aspects and algorithms associated with robotic rehabilitation of locomotion. Then we describe two applications where the Lokomat was used as a research tool. The first application is closed‐loop control of the FES‐induced shank movement and the second is the development of a neural network model of the spinal locomotor centers. This model was used to derive a neural locomotion controller for the Lokomat.
A Bifunctional Geranyl and Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase Is Involved in Terpene Oleoresin Formation in Picea abies1[W][OA]

The conifer Picea abies (Norway spruce) defends itself against herbivores and pathogens with a terpenoid-based oleoresin composed chiefly of monoterpenes (C10) and diterpenes (C20). An important group of enzymes in oleoresin biosynthesis are the short-chain isoprenyl diphosphate synthases that produce geranyl diphosphate (C10), farnesyl diphosphate (C15), and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (C20) as precursors of different terpenoid classes. We isolated a gene from P. abies via a homology-based polymerase chain reaction approach that encodes a short-chain isoprenyl diphosphate synthase making an unusual mixture of two products, geranyl diphosphate (C10) and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (C20). This bifunctionality was confirmed by expression in both prokaryotic (Escherichia coli) and eukaryotic (P. abies embryogenic tissue) hosts. Thus, this isoprenyl diphosphate synthase, designated PaIDS1, could contribute to the biosynthesis of both major terpene types in P. abies oleoresin. In saplings, PaIDS1 transcript was restricted to wood and bark, and transcript level increased dramatically after methyl jasmonate treatment, which induces the formation of new (traumatic) resin ducts. Polyclonal antibodies localized the PaIDS1 protein to the epithelial cells surrounding the traumatic resin ducts. PaIDS1 has a close phylogenetic relationship to single-product conifer geranyl diphosphate and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases. Its catalytic properties and reaction mechanism resemble those of conifer geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases, except that significant quantities of the intermediate geranyl diphosphate are released. Using site-directed mutagenesis and chimeras of PaIDS1 with single-product geranyl diphosphate and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases, specific amino acid residues were identified that alter the relative composition of geranyl to geranylgeranyl diphosphate.
Clear Cell Nodular Hidradenoma Involving the Lymphatic System: A Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential or a Novel Example of “Metastasizing” Benign Tumor?

Exceedingly rare cases of neoplasms with clear-cut histopathologic features of benignity can show locoregional or even distant spread. Such cases can become putative examples of “benign metastasis” when a completely favorable clinical outcome is documented after an adequately long follow-up. We report 8 cases of morphologically benign clear cell nodular hidradenoma (CCNH) with lymphatic involvement. In 5 cases the cutaneous tumor showed small foci of intravascular deposits of neoplastic cells; in 2 cases the cutaneous tumor presented with a synchronous tumor in a regional node; in 1 case a nodal location CCNH was found with no evidence of any primary in the skin. All the cases were treated with conservative surgery and none of them showed disease progression during a follow-up period ranging from 2 to 11 years. These data suggest that in the absence of other histopathologic features of malignancy, lymphatic spread in CCNH can still carry an excellent prognosis and can be therefore considered as an example of “benign metastasis. ” As the latter concept can be set forth only after an uneventful long-term follow-up, in routine practice, cases of morphologically benign CCNH with lymphatic involvement are best labeled “atypical CCNH,” or “CCNH-like tumor of uncertain malignant potential. ”
Economic Evaluation of Capture-Based Bluefin Tuna Aquaculture on the US East Coast

Abstract This article assesses the economic feasibility of capture-based bluefin tuna aquaculture on the US East Coast and examines the potential of this hybrid form of aquaculture production to increase the net economic value generated in the US East Coast bluefin tuna fishery. A bioeconomic model of an offshore capture-based bluefin tuna aquaculture facility is used to evaluate the economic feasibility of this form of production on the US East Coast under a variety of economic, biological, and regulatory assumptions. The results suggest that of the three proposed farming sites along the US East Coast, the expected net present value (NPV) of the operation over a 10-year operating horizon is highest at the Gray's Reef, GA, site. The second part of this article assesses the extent to which the opportunity to engage in capture-based bluefin tuna aquaculture production could improve the net economic value generated in the US East Coast bluefin tuna fishery. The results suggest that if the fishery had the opportunity to engage in capture-based bluefin tuna aquaculture production, there would be an increase in the net revenue generated in the fishery. Depending on how the seasonal quota was enforced, economic improvement in the fishery ranged from a 52–142% improvement in net revenue. Even when the cost per fish associated with capture-based bluefin tuna aquaculture production was doubled, the results still indicated that the opportunity to engage in capture-based bluefin tuna aquaculture production would lead to a 12% increase in net revenue in the fishery. JEL Classification Codes: Q22, Q27, Q28, C61.
Nonessential Plastid-Encoded Ribosomal Proteins in Tobacco: A Developmental Role for Plastid Translation and Implications for Reductive Genome Evolution[W][OA]

Of seven plastid genome-encoded ribosomal proteins analyzed by reverse genetics in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), two were found to be nonessential: S15 and L36. Elimination of ribosomal protein S15 produced normal plants, but elimination of L36 resulted in mutants with reduced apical dominance and strikingly altered leaf morphology, uncovering a role for plastid translational activity in plant development. Plastid genomes of higher plants contain a conserved set of ribosomal protein genes. Although plastid translational activity is essential for cell survival in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), individual plastid ribosomal proteins can be nonessential. Candidates for nonessential plastid ribosomal proteins are ribosomal proteins identified as nonessential in bacteria and those whose genes were lost from the highly reduced plastid genomes of nonphotosynthetic plastid-bearing lineages (parasitic plants, apicomplexan protozoa). Here we report the reverse genetic analysis of seven plastid-encoded ribosomal proteins that meet these criteria. We have introduced knockout alleles for the corresponding genes into the tobacco plastid genome. Five of the targeted genes (ribosomal protein of the large subunit22 [rpl22], rpl23, rpl32, ribosomal protein of the small subunit3 [rps3], and rps16) were shown to be essential even under heterotrophic conditions, despite their loss in at least some parasitic plastid-bearing lineages. This suggests that nonphotosynthetic plastids show elevated rates of gene transfer to the nuclear genome. Knockout of two ribosomal protein genes, rps15 and rpl36, yielded homoplasmic transplastomic mutants, thus indicating nonessentiality. Whereas Δrps15 plants showed only a mild phenotype, Δrpl36 plants were severely impaired in photosynthesis and growth and, moreover, displayed greatly altered leaf morphology. This finding provides strong genetic evidence that chloroplast translational activity influences leaf development, presumably via a retrograde signaling pathway.
Dynamic Model and Regulatory Mechanism of Integrated ERK Signal Pathway Activated by Epidermal Growth Factor

Extra-cellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) signal transduction is an important signaling pathway, involved in a variety of processes in cell and closely related to the occurrences of diverse tumors. This raises the question how these diverse functions are specified and coordinated. In this work, we present an integrated computational model of ERK signal transduction pathway, investigating the regulatory mechanism of ERK signal pathway by variation of the concentration of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as well as the binding affinity of adaptor proteins. The results show that EGFR and distinct adaptor proteins engender different activation patterns of ERK, which will bring different cellular responses. It could be helpful to understand the mechanism of ERK signal pathway and the relationship between ERK signal network and tumor development or therapy.
Do Industrialized Countries Hold the Right Foreign Exchange Reserves?

That central banks should hold foreign currency reserves is a key tenet of the post-Bretton Woods international financial order. But recent growth in the reserve balances of industrialized countries raises questions about what level and composition of reserves are “right” for these countries. A look at the rationale for reserves and the reserve practices of select countries suggests that large balances may not be needed to maintain an effective exchange rate policy over the medium and long term. Moreover, countries may incur an opportunity cost by holding funds in currency and asset portfolios that, while highly liquid, produce relatively low rates of return.
Academic and Disciplinary Outcomes Following Adjudication of Academic Dishonesty

Michael Dannells, Advisor Academic disciplinary processes are viewed by the academic community as the university’s attempt to communicate expectations about honest scholarly behavior. Most institutions have some process in place, but empirical evidence about the relationship between disciplinary processes and later student performance was lacking. This study investigated the relationship of a collegiate disciplinary process experience on subsequent academic performance by examining student records. A profile of students who were reported for academic dishonesty is presented. Findings indicated sanctions did not impact student retention to the semester following adjudication or student GPA following adjudication. There were, however, students in some subpopulations who were at greater risk for attrition from the university and at risk of attaining lower GPAs following adjudication. There were also differences in who was reported for academic dishonesty than would have been expected given student self-reported numbers from previous research. Implications are discussed.
Clinicopathologic features of metastasis in nonsentinel lymph nodes of breast carcinoma patients

In breast carcinoma patients with a positive sentinel lymph node (SN), the value of complete axillary lymph node dissection has been questioned. Multiple published reports have attempted to identify clinicopathologic characteristics of the primary tumor and SN that are associated with an increased likelihood of positive nonsentinel lymph nodes (NSN). Because of differences in lymph node evaluation techniques and limited patient numbers in each study, the authors performed a meta‐analysis to assess the regularity and relative strength of association between various characteristics and the risk of NSN metastasis.
Reduction of anchor losses by etched slots in aluminum nitride contour mode resonators

This paper presents a new technique to increase the quality factor, Q, of AlN Contour Mode Resonators (CMRs). The technique uses etched slots in the body of AlN CMRs to reduce energy dissipation through the anchors. The reduction of the energy lost through the supporting anchors improves the device Q without altering its electromechanical coupling, kt2. An almost 50% improvement in the Figure of Merit, FoM, defined as the product between Q and kt2, has been measured in 220 MHz AlN CMRs.
Genetics and caging type affect birth weight in captive pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina)

The heritability of birth weight was estimated in 3,562 captive pigtailed macaques using 30 years of breeding and pedigree records. Based on a pedigree of over 12,000 animals, quantitative genetic analyses were performed using statistical variance decomposition methods. The model included additive genetic effects, cytoplasmic genetic effects, birth environment, shared maternal environment, and unmeasured environmental effects. The results demonstrated a strong (h2 = 0.51) heritable component of birth weight overall, and included significant additive genetic heritability (h2 = 0.23), and cytoplasmic heritability (h2 = 0.09). In addition, a significant effect of birth location and cage type was identified, explaining an additional 6% of birth weight variance. The use of a nonhuman primate model for studying the effects of genes on birth weight eliminated many of the problems associated with confounding variables in human studies, and allowed for the quantification of a heritable component of birth weight. Am. J. Primatol. 56:207–213, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparative study on box-jenkins and garch models in forecasting crude oil prices

Crude oil is an important energy commodity to mankind. The fluctuation of crude oil prices has affected many related sectors and stock market indices. Hence, forecasting the crude oil prices is essential to avoid the future prices of the non-renewable natural resources to raise sky-rocket. In this study, daily West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil prices data is obtained from Energy Information Administration (EIA) from 2nd January 1986 to 30th September 2009. This study uses the Box-Jenkins methodology and Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) approach in analyzing the crude oil prices. ARIMA(1,2,1) and GARCH(1,1) are found to be the appropriate models under model identification, parameter estimation, diagnostic checking and forecasting future prices. In this study, the analyses are done with the aid of EViews software where the potential of this software in forecasting daily crude oil prices time series data is explored. Finally, using several measures, comparison performances between ARIMA(1, 2, 1) and GARCH(1,1) models are made. GARCH(1,1) is found to be a better model than ARIMA(1, 2, 1) model. Based on the study, it is concluded that ARIMA(1,2,1) model is able to produce good forecast based on a description of history patterns in crude oil prices. However, the GARCH(1,1) is the better model for daily crude oil prices due to its ability to capture the volatility by the non-constant of conditional variance.