Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Review on Driver Face Monitoring Systems for Fatigue and Distraction Detection

Every year, many car accidents due to driver fatigue and distraction occur around the world and cause many casualties and injuries. Driver face monitoring systems is one of the main approaches for driver fatigue or distraction detection and accident prevention. Driver face monitoring systems capture the images from driver face and extract the symptoms of fatigue and distraction from eyes, mouth and head. These symptoms are usually percentage of eyelid closure over time (PERCLOS), eyelid distance, eye blink rate, blink speed, gaze direction, eye saccadic movement, yawning, head nodding and head orientation. The system estimates driver alertness based on extracted symptoms and alarms if needed. In this paper, after an introduction to driver face monitoring systems, the general structure of these systems is discussed. Then a comprehensive review on driver face monitoring systems for fatigue and distraction detection is presented.
The Involvement of Voltage-Operated Calcium Channels in Somato-Dendritic Oxytocin Release

Magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) secrete oxytocin and vasopressin from axon terminals in the neurohypophysis, but they also release large amounts of peptide from their somata and dendrites, and this can be regulated both by activity-dependent Ca2+ influx and by mobilization of intracellular Ca2+. This somato-dendritic release can also be primed by agents that mobilise intracellular Ca2+, meaning that the extent to which it is activity-dependent, is physiologically labile. We investigated the role of different Ca2+ channels in somato-dendritic release; blocking N-type channels reduced depolarisation-induced oxytocin release from SONs in vitro from adult and post-natal day 8 (PND-8) rats, blocking L-type only had effect in PND-8 rats, while blocking other channel types had no significant effect. When oxytocin release was primed by prior exposure to thapsigargin, both N- and L-type channel blockers reduced release, while P/Q and R-type blockers were ineffective. Using confocal microscopy, we found immunoreactivity for Cav1.2 and 1.3 channel subunits (which both form L-type channels), 2.1 (P/Q type), 2.2 (N-type) and 2.3 (R-type) in the somata and dendrites of both oxytocin and vasopressin neurons, and the intensity of the immunofluorescence signal for different subunits differed between PND-8, adult and lactating rats. Using patch-clamp electrophysiology, the N-type Ca2+ current density increased after thapsigargin treatment, but did not alter the voltage sensitivity of the channel. These results suggest that the expression, location or availability of N-type Ca2+ channels is altered when required for high rates of somato-dendritic peptide release.
The crystal structure of the Physarum polycephalum actin–fragmin kinase: an atypical protein kinase with a specialized substrate‐binding domain

Coordinated temporal and spatial regulation of the actin cytoskeleton is essential for diverse cellular processes such as cell division, cell motility and the formation and maintenance of specialized structures in differentiated cells. In plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum, the F‐actin capping activity of the actin–fragmin complex is regulated by the phosphorylation of actin. This is mediated by a novel type of protein kinase with no sequence homology to eukaryotic‐type protein kinases. Here we present the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the first cloned actin kinase in complex with AMP at 2.9 Å resolution. The three‐dimensional fold reveals a catalytic module of ∼160 residues, in common with the eukaryotic protein kinase superfamily, which harbours the nucleotide binding site and the catalytic apparatus in an inter‐lobe cleft. Several kinases that share this catalytic module differ in the overall architecture of their substrate recognition domain. The actin–fragmin kinase has acquired a unique flat substrate recognition domain which is supposed to confer stringent substrate specificity.
Gold Nanorods with Silica Shell and PAMAM Dendrimers for Efficient Photothermal Therapy and Low Toxic Codelivery of Anticancer Drug and siRNA

The multifunctional nanocomposites with grafting polyamidoamine dendrimers up to third generation (G3) are grown onto the surface of mesoporous silica‐coated gold nanorods (AuNRs@SiO2) via a divergent technique. The resultant AuNRs@SiO2‐G3 nanocomposites with uniform size and excellent stability not only enable their utilization as targeted contrast agents for photothermal cancer therapy but also serve as scaffolds for the intracellular delivery of anticancer drug and small interfering RNA (siRNA) to enhance the efficiency of cancer therapy. The controlled doxorubicin (DOX) release from AuNRs@SiO2‐G3 nanocomposites is significantly improved under lower pH condition and near‐infrared laser irradiation. The Bcl‐2‐targeted siRNA is transfected into tumor cells and induces knockdown of the protein expression, which is confirmed by western blot assays. Furthermore, the complementary effect of chemo‐ and gene therapy to MCF‐7 cells for improved photothermal therapy is demonstrated by MTT assay. The DOX and siRNA coloaded AuNRs@SiO2‐G3 nanocomposites show much lower cytotoxicity compared to the DOX, resulting in low toxicity to normal tissues. The multifunctional nanocomposites have potential application as nanoplatforms to integrate the photothermal‐chemo‐gene tumor therapy with high efficiency.
Caregivers’ experiences with the selection and use of assistive technology

Abstract Qualitative data from a mixed-methods clinical trial are used to examine caregivers’ experiences with the selection and use of assistive technology to facilitate care recipients’ independence. Through a thematic analysis of interviews from 27 caregivers, three broad themes were identified. “A partial peace of mind” described the generally positive psychological impacts from assistive technology, mainly reduced stress and a shift in caregiving labour from physical tasks to a monitoring role. “Working together” explored the caregivers’ experiences of receiving assistive technology and the sense of collaboration felt by caregivers during the intervention process. Finally, “Overcoming barriers“ addressed two impediments to accessing assistive technology: lack of funding and appointment wait times for service providers. The findings suggest that assistive technology provision by prescribers plays a beneficial role in the lives of caregivers, but access to such benefits can be hampered by contextual constraints. Implications for rehabilitation The study findings have a number of implications for rehabilitation practice: Family caregivers can be instrumental in determining what assistive technology is needed and then procured. Their involvement in the selection process is desirable because assistive technology may have both positive and negative impacts on them, and they themselves may use the devices chosen. Involving family caregivers as more active partners in the process of assistive technology provision may represent a greater time investment in the short term, but may contribute to better long-term outcomes for care recipients and caregivers as well. Limited access to funding and long appointment wait times are potential barriers to obtaining necessary assistive technologies.
Benchmark-Based Aggregation of Metrics to Ratings

Software metrics have been proposed as instruments, not only to guide individual developers in their coding tasks, but also to obtain high-level quality indicators for entire software systems. Such system-level indicators are intended to enable meaningful comparisons among systems or to serve as triggers for a deeper analysis.Common methods for aggregation range from simple mathematical operations (e.g. addition and central tendency) to more complex methodologies such as distribution fitting, wealth inequality metrics (e.g. Gini coefficient and Theil Index) and custom formulae.However, these methodologies provide little guidance for interpreting the aggregated results or to trace back to individual measurements.To resolve such limitations, a two-stage rating approach has been proposed where (i) measurement values are compared to thresholds to summarize them into risk profiles, and (ii) risk profiles are mapped to ratings.In this paper, we extend our approach for deriving metric thresholds from benchmark data into a methodology for benchmark-based calibration of two-stage aggregation of metrics into ratings.We explain the core algorithm of the methodology and we demonstrate its application to various metrics of the SIG quality model, using a benchmark of 100 software systems.We present an evaluation of the sensitivity of the algorithm to the underlying data.
A humidity sensor based on AlN Lamb wave resonator coated with graphene oxide of different concentrations

A high-performance humidity sensor based on an AlN (aluminum nitride) Lamb wave resonator coated with graphene oxide (GO) is presented in this paper. With the porous structure and oxygen-containing groups of GO as the sensing layer, the humidity sensor exhibits a high sensitivity of 26 kHz/%RH at 10%–90% relative humidity. However, more than half of the frequency variation occurs in the range of 70%RH to 90%RH. In this paper, we propose a vacuum film-coating method to improve the performance of the GO film. With this GO film, the sensitivity is increased by 160% in the humidity range between 10% to 60%RH compared to conventional ones. The sensor also demonstrates a low temperature coefficient of frequency, small hysteresis, and short response (~9 s)/recovery (~11 s) time. Therefore, the humidity sensor with GO shows great potential in practical applications.
Sprouting and regeneration after pyramidotomy and blockade of the myelin‐associated neurite growth inhibitors NI 35/250 in adult rats

After a selective unilateral lesion of the corticospinal tract (CST) at the level of the brainstem (pyramidotomy) and neutralization of the myelin associated neurite growth inhibitors NI‐35/250 with the monoclonal antibody (mAb) IN‐1, we had previously observed a strong behavioural recovery in parallel with an enhanced structural plasticity of the lesioned as well as the unlesioned CST. The present study focuses on the regenerative response of the cut CST axons at the lesion site in these adult rats. The results show a strong enhancement of regenerative sprouting of CST fibres by treatment with the mAb IN‐1. Successful elongation of these sprouts through the pyramidal decussation and into the cervical spinal cord was also dependent on the presence of this antibody. In the spinal cord, regenerating fibres were rarely found in the position of the former CST; most of the fibres were distributed seemingly randomly over the entire lateral extent of the spinal cord.
Cost-utility Analysis of Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy in Japan: A Probabilistic Markov Modeling Study

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness for a screening interval longer than 1 year detecting diabetic retinopathy (DR) through the estimation of incremental costs per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) based on the best available clinical data in Japan. Methods: A Markov model with a probabilistic cohort analysis was framed to calculate incremental costs per QALY gained by implementing a screening program detecting DR in Japan. A 1-year cycle length and population size of 50,000 with a 50-year time horizon (age 40–90 years) was used. Best available clinical data from publications and national surveillance data was used, and a model was designed including current diagnosis and management of DR with corresponding visual outcomes. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed considering uncertainties in the parameters. Results: In the base-case analysis, the strategy with a screening program resulted in an incremental cost of 5,147 Japanese yen (¥; US$64.6) and incremental effectiveness of 0.0054 QALYs per person screened. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was ¥944,981 (US$11,857) per QALY. The simulation suggested that screening would result in a significant reduction in blindness in people aged 40 years or over (−16%). Sensitivity analyses suggested that in order to achieve both reductions in blindness and cost-effectiveness in Japan, the screening program should screen those aged 53–84 years, at intervals of 3 years or less. Conclusions: An eye screening program in Japan would be cost-effective in detecting DR and preventing blindness from DR, even allowing for the uncertainties in estimates of costs, utility, and current management of DR.
Culprit Vessel Versus Multivessel Intervention at the Time of Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Multivessel Disease: Real-World Analysis of 3984 Patients in London

Background—It is estimated that up to two thirds of patients presenting with ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction have multivessel disease. The optimal strategy for treating nonculprit disease is currently under debate. This study provides a real-world analysis comparing a strategy of culprit-vessel intervention (CVI) versus multivessel intervention at the time of primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction. Methods and Results—We compared CVI versus multivessel intervention in 3984 patients with multivessel disease undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention between 2004 and 2011 at all 8 tertiary cardiac centers in London. Multivariable-adjusted models were built to determine independent predictors for in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and all-cause mortality at 1 year. To reduce confounding and bias, propensity score methods were used. CVI was associated with reduced in-hospital MACE (4.6% versus 7.2%; P=0.010) and mortality at 1 year (7.4% versus 10.1%; P=0.031). CVI was an independent predictor for reduced in-hospital MACE (odds ratio, 0.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.32–0.75; P<0.001) and survival at 1 year (hazard ratio, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.47–0.91; P=0.011) in the complete cohort; and in 2821 patients in propensity-matched cohort (in-hospital MACE: odds ratio, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.32–0.76; P=0.002; and 1-year survival: hazard ratio, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.45–0.90; P=0.010). Inverse probability treatment weighted analyses also confirmed CVI as an independent predictor for reduced in-hospital MACE (odds ratio, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.15–0.96; P=0.040) and survival at 1 year (hazard ratio, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.21–0.93; P=0.033). Conclusions—In this observational analysis of patients with ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention, CVI was associated with increased survival at 1 year. Acknowledging the limitations with observational analyses, our findings support current recommended practice guidelines.
Epoch gradient descent for smoothed hinge-loss linear SVMs

A gradient descent method for strongly convex problems with Lipschitz continuous gradients requires only O(logq ε) iterations to obtain an ε-accurate solution (q is a constant in (0; 1)). Support Vector Machines (SVMs) penalized with the popular hinge-loss are strongly convex but they do not have Lipschitz continuous gradient. We find SVMs with strong-convexity and Lipschitz continuous gradient using Nesterov's smooth approximation technique [1]. The simple gradient method applied on the smoothed SVM converges fast but the obtained solution is not the exact maximum margin separating hyperplane. To obtain an exact solution, as well as a fast convergence, we propose a hybrid approach, epoch gradient descent.
Fluorescence-Based Bioassays for the Detection and Evaluation of Food Materials

We summarize here the recent progress in fluorescence-based bioassays for the detection and evaluation of food materials by focusing on fluorescent dyes used in bioassays and applications of these assays for food safety, quality and efficacy. Fluorescent dyes have been used in various bioassays, such as biosensing, cell assay, energy transfer-based assay, probing, protein/immunological assay and microarray/biochip assay. Among the arrays used in microarray/biochip assay, fluorescence-based microarrays/biochips, such as antibody/protein microarrays, bead/suspension arrays, capillary/sensor arrays, DNA microarrays/polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based arrays, glycan/lectin arrays, immunoassay/enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based arrays, microfluidic chips and tissue arrays, have been developed and used for the assessment of allergy/poisoning/toxicity, contamination and efficacy/mechanism, and quality control/safety. DNA microarray assays have been used widely for food safety and quality as well as searches for active components. DNA microarray-based gene expression profiling may be useful for such purposes due to its advantages in the evaluation of pathway-based intracellular signaling in response to food materials.
Bispectral analysis of single channel EEG to estimate macro-sleep-architecture

Estimation of macro-sleep-architecture (MSA) is a critical process in assessing several sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnoea, periodic leg movement disorder, upper-airway resistance syndrome, etc. MSA is defined as classification of sleep into three major states: state wake, state REM and state NREM. Existing methods of MSA analysis use six channels of electrophysiological signals (EEG, EOG and EMG). They depend on the manual scoring of overnight data records using the R&K criteria (1968), developed for visual analysis of signals based on morphological features. Manual scoring is cumbersome, subjective and not suitable for portable devices used for community screening of sleep disorders. To address this issue, we propose a fully automated technology for MSA estimation based on a single channel of EEG data. The proposed technology was compared, on a clinical database of 47 patients, with that of an expert human scorer. The average agreement between the human and the proposed technology was foun.
High-Field Degradation of Poly-Si Gate p-MOS and n-MOS Devices With Nitrided Oxides

In this paper, the authors investigate polysilicon gate MOS capacitors and MOSFET devices with nitrided oxides. These devices are known to also show a strong negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) effect. The authors analyze the dependence of oxide-trap generation in p-channel and n-channel devices on negative and positive Fowler-Nordheim (FN) charge injection stress by application of various C-V and charge pumping (CP) measurement methods yielding information on traps at different oxide locations. In the case of p-channel devices, a strong evidence for a preexistent very high oxide-trap concentration near the gate already before stress application is obtained. This feature is accompanied by a fast degradation of the p-channel devices under a negative bias stress similar to NBTI degradation. The CP measurements, which, in contrast to classical methods, are able to distinguish between actually fast interface traps and the slower near-interface oxide traps (NIOTs), showed that in all devices, a stress polarity dependence of trap generation occurs only for NIOTs and not for interface traps
A network architecture for heterogeneous mobile computing

This article summarizes the results of the BARWAN project, which focused on enabling truly useful mobile networking across an extremely wide variety of real-world networks and mobile devices. We present the overall architecture, summarize key results, and discuss four broad lessons learned along the way. The architecture enables seamless roaming in a single logical overlay network composed of many heterogeneous (mostly wireless) physical networks, and provides significantly better TCP performance for these networks. It also provides complex scalable and highly available services to enable powerful capabilities across a very wide range of mobile devices, and mechanisms for automated discovery and configuration of localized services. Four broad themes arose from the project: (1) the power of dynamic adaptation as a generic solution to heterogeneity, (2) the importance of cross-layer information, such as the exploitation of TCP semantics in the link layer, (3) the use of agents in the infrastructure to enable new abilities and to hide new problems from legacy servers and protocol stacks, and (4) the importance of soft state for such agents for simplicity, ease of fault recovery, and scalability.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Local Structure Evolution in Cu Amorphous during Uniaxial Tension and Compression

The local structural arrangement of the Cu amorphous was investigated during uniaxial tensile strain and compressive strain using molecular dynamics simulation, respectively. The amorphous of pure Cu system was get through high cooling rate in simulated situation. The amorphous phase of the system did not change in the tension process, whereas in the compression process the amorphous phase transform to bcc crystal structure. The tensile deformation promoted the expansion of the shear transition zones, whereas there is no similar result was observed in the compressive deformation process. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.MC201701]
Knowledge Management Initiatives in a Global IT Outsourcing Company: a Case Study of Infosys Technologies

Organizations position their formal Knowledge Management (KM) initiatives as a continuous process of deriving strategic benefits from the knowledge resources dispersed in the various internal constituencies. Thus, gaining a deeper awareness of the diverse viewpoints and attributes of their various units is a big challenge for organizations embracing formal KM strategies. Even with the challenges of organization-wide KM forming the theme of a number of studies, we see that these studies mostly feature organizations outside the Asian continent. The KM strategies of Asian organizations remain a relatively uncharted territory. This paper focuses on the KM strategies of Infosys Technologies, a leading Asian Information Technology (IT) firm. Adopting the case study methodology, we look at the consequences of initiating organization-wide formal KM, in four different organizational units within the company. Evidence from the case highlights the unfolding of unintended and intended consequences in the four units, and organizational efforts to reconcile them. Taking a subcultural perspective of the four units offers useful insights in understanding the consequences. The theoretical and managerial contributions of the study to the knowledge management arena are discussed.
Accelerated Charge–Discharge Cycling Test and Cycle Life Prediction Model for Supercapacitors in Alternative Battery Applications

Supercapacitors (SCs), which are mainly used in high-power applications, can be potential energy storage sources for alternative battery applications once their outstanding cycle life performance at wide temperature ranges is considered. Because the cycle life of SCs is inherently long, aging acceleration and cycle life prediction are of primary importance for practical usage. In this paper, the feasibility of accelerated cycle life testing is investigated and a cycle life prediction model of SCs for alternative battery applications is established. Charge-discharge cycling tests were performed for SCs at various cycling conditions for 3.8 years. The resultant capacitance retention trends were linearly extrapolated with the square root of the number of cycles as the x-axis. Capacitance degradations were mainly influenced by temperature, thus implying that aging can be accelerated by elevating the temperature. Activation energy values of capacitance degradations were obtained from the Arrhenius equation to determine the acceleration factor. By combining the extrapolation and the acceleration factor, the cycle life prediction model was established. Experimental and predicted cycle life trends agreed well, indicating that the established cycle life prediction model is appropriate for SCs in alternative battery applications.