Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anhydrous protein ions.

The recent development of electrospray ionization (ESI)1 and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)2 sources for creation of macromolecular ions has brought about a renaissance in the field of mass spectrometry (MS). It is now common to determine molecular weights of large molecules such as proteins to within a few daltons (or less)! MS-based methods for sequencing are proliferating and replacing (or complementing) traditional biochemical methods for many applications. However, analysis of covalent structure is only part of the story. A number of studies have investigated the use of MS strategies for examining noncovalent biomolecular structure. Mounting evidence suggests that some conformational properties of biomolecules in solution are preserved during the ionization process and persist over the transient time that ions exist in mass spectrometers. The persistence of solution-like structure in the gas phase provides opportunities to examine conformation and folding as well as binding interactions (e.g., enzyme-substrate, receptor-ligand interactions) in an entirely new environment. In the past 5 years, a new field involving structural studies of biomolecular ions has emerged. At first glance, the relevance of biomolecular ion structure in the gas phase to studies of functional molecules in solution may seem far removed, perhaps not unlike questions about the relevance of structural measurements of protein crystals 20-30 years ago. Studies of biomolecular ions in the gas phase provide information about the nature of conformation in the absence of solvent; thus, the roles of intramolecular interactions and solvent can be discerned by comparison of similarities between gasand solutionphase structure. Additionally, the utility of MS strategies for sampling noncovalent binding between molecules in solution hinge on a fragile balance of interactions associated with the assembled pair as the ions travel through the mass analyzer. As these strategies become widely used, the differentiation 3037 Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 3037−3079
Long-Term Cognitive Impairments and Pathological Alterations in a Mouse Model of Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI, also referred to as concussion) accounts for the majority of all traumatic brain injuries. The consequences of repetitive mTBI have become of particular concern for individuals engaged in certain sports or in military operations. Many mTBI patients suffer long-lasting neurobehavioral impairments. In order to expedite pre-clinical research and therapy development, there is a need for animal models that reflect the long-term cognitive and pathological features seen in patients. In the present study, we developed and characterized a mouse model of repetitive mTBI, induced onto the closed head over the left frontal hemisphere with an electromagnetic stereotaxic impact device. Using GFAP-luciferase bioluminescence reporter mice that provide a readout of astrocyte activation, we observed an increase in bioluminescence relative to the force delivered by the impactor after single impact and cumulative effects of repetitive mTBI. Using the injury parameters established in the reporter mice, we induced a repetitive mTBI in wild-type C57BL/6J mice and characterized the long-term outcome. Animals received repetitive mTBI showed a significant impairment in spatial learning and memory when tested at 2 and 6 months after injury. A robust astrogliosis and increased p-Tau immunoreactivity were observed upon post-mortem pathological examinations. These findings are consistent with the deficits and pathology associated with mTBI in humans and support the use of this model to evaluate potential therapeutic approaches.
Two Novel Psychomotor Tasks in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

Abstract Objective: Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) is a neurological disorder presenting with gait, cognitive, and bladder symptoms in the context of ventricular enlargement. Although gait is the primary indicator for treatment candidacy and outcome, additional monitoring tools are needed. Line Tracing Test (LTT) and Serial Dotting Test (SDT), two psychomotor tasks, have been introduced as potential outcome measures but have not been widely studied. This preliminary study examined whether LTT and SDT are sensitive to motor dysfunction in INPH and determined if accuracy and time are important aspects of performance. Methods: Eighty-four INPH subjects and 36 healthy older adults were administered LTT and SDT. Novel error scoring procedures were developed to make scoring practical and efficient; interclass correlation showed good reliability of scoring procedures for both tasks (0.997; p<.001). Results: The INPH group demonstrated slower performance on SDT (p<.001) and made a greater number of errors on both tasks (p<.001). Combined Time/Error scores revealed poorer performance in the INPH group for original-LTT (p<.001), modified-LTT (p≤.001) and SDT (p<.001). Conclusions: These findings indicate LTT and SDT may prove useful for monitoring psychomotor skills in INPH. While completion time reflects impaired processing speed, reduced accuracy may suggest planning and self-monitoring difficulties, aspects of executive functioning known to be compromised in INPH. This is the first study to underscore the importance of performance accuracy in INPH and introduce practical/reliable error scoring for these tasks. Future work will establish reliability and validity of these measures and determine their utility as outcome tools. (JINS, 2016, 22, 341–349)
Combining Backward and Forward Recovery to Cope with Silent Errors in Iterative Solvers

Several recent papers have introduced a periodic verification mechanism to detect silent errors in iterative solvers. Chen [PPoPP'13, pp. 167 -- 176] has shown how to combine such a verification mechanism (a stability test checking the orthogonality of two vectors and recomputing the residual) with check pointing: the idea is to verify every d iterations, and to checkpoint every c × d iterations. When a silent error is detected by the verification mechanism, one can rollback to, and re-execute from, the last checkpoint. In this paper, we also propose to combine check pointing and verification, but we use ABFT rather than stability tests. ABFT can be used for error detection, but also for error detection and correction, allowing a forward recovery (and no rollback nor re-execution) when a single error is detected. We introduce an abstract performance model to compute the performance of all schemes, and we instantiate it using the Conjugate Gradient algorithm. Finally, we validate our new approach through a set of simulations.
Co-duplication of a Variant Surface Glycoprotein Gene and Its Promoter to an Expression Site in African Trypanosomes*

Activation of the metacyclic variant antigen type 7 (MVAT7) variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) gene in bloodstreamTrypanosoma brucei rhodesiense involves a duplicative transposition of the gene. The DNA transposition unit extends from a site ∼3.0 kilobases upstream of the VSG gene through the coding region and includes a 73-base pair sequence that possesses promoter activity in transient transfections. This MVAT7 promoter has 80% identity to a previously characterized promoter for the MVAT4 VSG gene. Nuclear run-on assays demonstrate that the MVAT7 promoter is active in MVAT7 bloodstream organisms and that its transcript is synthesized by an RNA polymerase resistant to α-amanitin, consistent with previously published reports regarding VSG gene transcription. The transcription start site was identified by primer extension studies and a modified rapid amplification of cDNA ends protocol. Selective mutational analysis of the MVAT7 promoter showed that two conserved trinucleotide regions are important for full promoter function. This study demonstrates that the MVAT7 VSG gene is co-duplicated with its promoter and transcribed into a monocistronic precursor RNA.
SEE: A Spatial Exploration Environment Based on a Direct-Manipulation Paradigm

The need to provide e(cid:11)ective tools for analyzing and querying spatial data is becoming increasingly important with the explosion of data in applications such as Geographic Information Systems, Image Databases, CAD and Remote Sensing. The SEE (Spatial Exploration System) is the (cid:12)rst e(cid:11)ort of applying direct-manipulation visual information seeking (VIS) techniques to spatial data analysis by visually querying as well as browsing spatial data and reviewing the visual results for trend analysis. The SEE system incorporates a visual query language (SVIQUEL) which allows users to specify the relative spatial position (both topology and direction) between objects using direct manipulation. The quantitative SVIQUEL sliders (S-sliders) are complemented by the qualitative Active-Picture-for-Querying (APIQ) which allows the user to specify qualitative relative position queries. APIQ provides qualitative visual representations of the quantitative query speci(cid:12)ed by the S-sliders. This increases the utility of the system for spatial browsing and spatial trend discovery with no particular query in mind. The queries are processed using a k-Bucket index structure speci(cid:12)cally tuned for incremental processing of multi-dimensional range queries. We have also designed a map visualization which helps preserve the spatial context and a bar visualization that provides a qualitative abstraction of aggregates and enable the user to visualize the results of the spatial query as well as the non-spatial attributes of the underlying spatial objects. This system has been fully implemented as an applet using JDK1.1. 4. Finally, we also evaluated our spatial exploration environment (SEE) technology with respect to its querying power and the ease of querying.
A Comparison of Adaptive Behavior in Gifted and Nongifted Children.

The assessment of adaptive behavior enriches our view of a child's development beyond the traditional psychometric IQ, and considering it is relevant to the creation of an academic plan for that child. The purpose of this study was to compare the patterns of adaptive behavior in gifted and nongifted children in order to describe the construct of adaptive behavior among children of various levels of intellectual capacity. The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, which measures four categories of adaptive behavior, was used in the analysis. The results indicated a significant difference between gifted and nongifted groups of children in the Vineland categories of communication, social skills, and daily living skills. However, the area of motor skill development did not yield significant differences between gifted and nongifted children. It was concluded that measures of adaptive behavior differ among children of varying levels of intellectual functioning. Implications for educational programs are discussed.
Simultaneous Measurements of Auto-Immune and Infectious Disease Specific Antibodies Using a High Throughput Multiplexing Tool

Considering importance of ganglioside antibodies as biomarkers in various immune-mediated neuropathies and neurological disorders, we developed a high throughput multiplexing tool for the assessment of gangliosides-specific antibodies based on Biolpex/Luminex platform. In this report, we demonstrate that the ganglioside high throughput multiplexing tool is robust, highly specific and demonstrating ∼100-fold higher concentration sensitivity for IgG detection than ELISA. In addition to the ganglioside-coated array, the high throughput multiplexing tool contains beads coated with influenza hemagglutinins derived from H1N1 A/Brisbane/59/07 and H1N1 A/California/07/09 strains. Influenza beads provided an added advantage of simultaneous detection of ganglioside- and influenza-specific antibodies, a capacity important for the assay of both infectious antigen-specific and autoimmune antibodies following vaccination or disease. Taken together, these results support the potential adoption of the ganglioside high throughput multiplexing tool for measuring ganglioside antibodies in various neuropathic and neurological disorders.
‘If you’re struggling to survive day-to-day’: Class optimism and contradiction in entrepreneurial discourse

Entrepreneurship is commonly talked about in the West as a freely chosen, optimistic occupational choice. Yet, as an ideological construct, entrepreneurship is ultimately shaped in ways that legitimize some entrepreneurs while marginalizing others. Taking cues from scholarship that has unpacked the gendered and raced dimensions of entrepreneurial discourse, this article examines the classed dimensions of such discourse. Illuminating the ideological contradiction between American dream promises of class mobility and enterprise initiatives, I argue that the hegemonic allure of entrepreneurial discourse stems in large part from the (re)production of class hierarchies around notions of exceptional capitalist ownership, action and innovation and opportunity recognition.
Exploring correlational information in aggregated quantified self data dashboards

Data aggregation platforms are often depicted as a panacea for users wanting to examine correlations within the multi-faceted data that they collect. In this paper we describe inherent challenges with the provision of multi-faceted, correlational information in data aggregation tools, and present a set of hypotheses related to these challenges. We point to design considerations for improving such tools and describe an on-going study of one such tool, Exist.io, in which we aim to explore the issues discussed.
Global and Local Features based topic model for scene recognition

This paper presents a novel Global and Local Features based Latent Dirichlet Allocation model for scene recognition. The proposed model follows the bag-of-word framework like the Latent Dirichlet Allocation model. The traditional Latent Dirichlet Allocation model for scene recognition only uses the orderless bag of features called global features without considering spatial constraints on these features. Different from this model, our proposed model can combine both global features and local region features for improving the recognition performance. In our method, local region features are gotten by adding a simple spatial constraint on the orderless bag of features. Experiments on three scene datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed model.
LBSNShield: Malicious Account Detection in Location-Based Social Networks

Given the popularity of GPS-enabled smart devices, location-based social networks (LBSNs) have attracted numerous users around the world. The openness of LBSN platforms has also made themselves the targets of malicious attack-ers. In LBSNs, attackers can register a number of fake iden-tities and let them post spam reviews or fake check-ins. Therefore, discovering and blocking the malicious accounts are vital for the experience of legitimate users. In this pa-per, we investigated how to accurately detect malicious ac-counts in LBSNs. We collected rich user data from a pop-ular LBSN in China, so-called Dianping. We then built a crowdsourcing based annotation platform to mark legitimate and malicious accounts. By examining the annotated data set, we selected a number of key features to distinguish between these two types of accounts. Based on these fea-tures, we built LBSNShield, a machine learning-based mali-cious account detection system. According to our extensive evaluation, our system can achieve an F1-score of 0.89.
Elements of salesperson control: an organization theory perspective

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an argument for the importance of organizational culture and organizational socialization as controls for business‐to‐business salespeople.Design/methodology/approach – Organization theory suggests that social forms of control can be an effective influence on salesperson activities and behaviors. Based on organization theory, the paper presents a typology of social control combinations and offers propositions to guide future research.Findings – It is suggested that different combinations of organizational culture and socialization moderate the relationship between person‐organization fit and relevant outcomes such that, under various social control environments, creativity is greater, salesperson performance is higher, and salespeople are less likely to leave the firm and will experience greater job satisfaction.Research limitations/implications – The primary limitation is that it is conceptual in nature. Despite this, arguments presented herein support th.
Phenomenal Qualities: Sense, Perception, and Consciousness

INTRODUCTION SECTION I. THE ONTOLOGY OF PHENOMENAL QUALITIES SECTION II. PERCEPTION AND PHENOMENAL QUALITIES SECTION III. THE KINDS AND CHARACTER OF PHENOMENAL QUALITIES SECTION IV. PHENOMENAL QUALITIES AND EMPIRICAL FINDINGS
Grøstl Distinguishing Attack: A New Rebound Attack of an AES-like Permutation

We consider highly structured truncated differential paths to mount a new rebound attack on Grostl-512, a hash functions based on two AES-like permutations, P1024 and Q1024, with non-square input and output registers. We explain how such differential paths can be computed using a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming approach. Together with a SuperSBox description, this allows us to build a rebound attack with a 6-round inbound phase whereas classical rebound attacks have 4-round inbound phases. This yields the first distinguishing attack on a 11-round version of P1024 and Q1024 with about 272 computations and a memory complexity of about 256 bytes, to be compared with the 296 computations required by the corresponding generic attack. Previous best results on this permutation reached 10 rounds with a computational complexity of about 2392 operations, to be compared with the 2448 computations required by the corresponding generic attack.
Wheeling uphill? Reflections of practical and methodological difficulties encountered in researching the experiences of disabled volunteers

This paper focuses on methodological and practical issues surrounding research into disabled volunteers. It focuses on three key methodological and practical issues which were encountered by the author in preparing for and conducting fieldwork: difficulties in conceptualising disability for the purpose of the study; problems of access; and problems of reflexivity. Attention is also given to how the researcher responded to the problems and difficulties as they emerged throughout the research. The paper concludes by commenting that the overall commitment, social entrepreneurship and social advocacy of wheelchair users who volunteer is in stark contrast to the negative images of vulnerability and dependency often associated with disability.
Actin disassembly ‘clock’ and membrane tension determine cell shape and turning: a mathematical model

Motile cells regulate their shape and movements largely by remodeling the actin cytoskeleton. Principles of this regulation are becoming clear for simple-shaped steadily crawling cells, such as fish keratocytes. In particular, the shape of the leading edge and sides of the lamellipodium—cell motile appendage—is determined by graded actin distribution at the cell boundary, so that the denser actin network at the front grows, while sparser actin filaments at the sides are stalled by membrane tension. Shaping of the cell rear is less understood. Here we theoretically examine the hypothesis that the cell rear is shaped by the disassembly clock: the front-to-rear lamellipodial width is defined by the time needed for the actin-adhesion network to disassemble to the point at which the membrane tension can crush this network. We demonstrate that the theory predicts the observed cell shapes. Furthermore, turning of the cells can be explained by biases in the actin distribution. We discuss experimental implications of this hypothesis.
Craniofacial morphology in obese adolescents

Overweight and obesity are growing problems in the world today. A recent survey shows that about 30% of the adolescent and adult Swedish population is overweight or obese. The etiology is a combination of many factors, the most important of which are physical inactivity and high caloric diet. Obese children have a normal to accelerated growth rate despite low growth hormone (GH) levels. The aim of our study was to investigate whether craniofacial morphology differs between obese adolescents and normal weight adolescents. Lateral cephalograms from 39 adolescents with obesity, aged 14-16 years, were analysed and compared with lateral cephalograms from an equal number of sex- and aged-matched controls. Compared to the controls, the subjects in the obesity group showed increased mandibular length, prognathic jaws and a reduced upper anterior face height. Despite low GH levels, obese children have normal levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). Since we found an advanced craniofacial growth in obese adolescents with low GH and high IGF-1 serum levels, craniofacial growth may be more dependent on free circulating IGF-1 than on the locally produced portion.
Alcohol abuse and dependence in Latinos living in the United States: validation of the CAGE (4M) questions.

BACKGROUND Brief alcoholism screening questionnaires have not been adequately studied in the rapidly growing Latino population living in the United States. OBJECTIVE To assess (1) the prevalence of alcoholism and (2) the performance of 2 alcohol screening instruments in Latinos. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We performed a cross-sectional interview study in an urban teaching hospital-based primary care practice. Consecutive self-identified Latino subjects provided informed consent. All subjects were interviewed in English or Spanish using 2 alcoholism screening tools, the CAGE (or the Spanish version, the 4M), and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, and a criterion standard for the diagnosis of alcohol abuse and dependence, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. RESULTS Of 210 subjects interviewed, 36% had a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol abuse or dependence by the criterion standard. Thirty-one percent were currently drinking hazardous amounts of alcohol. A CAGE (4M) score of 1 or more was 92% sensitive and 74% specific, and a score of 2 or more was 80% sensitive and 93% specific for a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol abuse or dependency. CAGE (4M) scores of 0, 2, 3, and 4 were associated with likelihood ratios (0.1, 4.8, 18.5, and 36.8, respectively) that resulted in substantial changes from pretest (36%) to posttest probability (to 6%, 73%, 91%, and 95%, respectively) of a diagnosis of alcohol abuse or dependency. At the standard cutoff point, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test detected only 51% of subjects with alcohol disorders. CONCLUSIONS In Latinos in primary care settings, alcohol abuse and dependence are common and the CAGE (4M) is a brief, valid, screening tool for detecting alcohol use disorders.