Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Defended Neighborhoods, Integration, and Racially Motivated Crime1

This article investigates demographic and macroeconomic correlates of racially motivated antiminority crime in New York City (1987‐95). Event count models indicate that crimes directed against Asians, Latinos, and blacks are most frequent in predominantly white areas, particularly those that had experienced an in‐migration of minori‐ties. No relationship is found between rates of racially motivated crime and macroeconomic conditions, such as the rate of unemploy‐ment among non‐Hispanic whites; nor does there appear to be an interaction between economic conditions and in‐migration of minor‐ities. These findings seem to parallel ethnographic accounts of "de‐fended" white urban neighborhoods. The article concludes by dis‐cussing the empirical implications of this theoretical perspective as applied to prejudice‐based crime in other contexts.
Assessment Instruments for Asperger Syndrome

This review describes the current situation with regard to diagnostic instruments for Asperger syndrome. The paucity of such instruments, and the lack of adequate standardisation data amongst the few that do exist, represent a serious omission for both clinicians and researchers. The major problem limiting the development of effective diagnostic or screening instruments is the confusion inherent in ICD-10 and DSM-1V systems in differentiating autism from Asperger syndrome. In the absence of clear and clinically satisfactory diagnostic criteria, efforts to develop valid assessment instruments may be attempting to put the horse before the cart!
A Context-Aware Topic Model for Statistical Machine Translation

Lexical selection is crucial for statistical machine translation. Previous studies separately exploit sentence-level contexts and documentlevel topics for lexical selection, neglecting their correlations. In this paper, we propose a context-aware topic model for lexical selection, which not only models local contexts and global topics but also captures their correlations. The model uses target-side translations as hidden variables to connect document topics and source-side local contextual words. In order to learn hidden variables and distributions from data, we introduce a Gibbs sampling algorithm for statistical estimation and inference. A new translation probability based on distributions learned by the model is integrated into a translation system for lexical selection. Experiment results on NIST ChineseEnglish test sets demonstrate that 1) our model significantly outperforms previous lexical selection methods and 2) modeling correlations between local words and global topics can further improve translation quality.
Monitoring of qualitative changes of network traffic states based on the heteroscedasticity effect

The proposed approach is based on the use of the heteroscedasticity effect, which is widely known in econometrics. The authors believe that it can give significant positive results for the detection of changes of network traffic states while analyzing the dispersion of the random errors in the regression equations. This method will allow to solve the problem of the definition of supply and demand on the services maintenance in the cloud environments.
Exact ergodic capacity of MIMO channels in correlated Rayleigh fading environments

Using recent results on the moment generating function of mutual information, we derive exact formulas for the calculation of ergodic capacity of a fully correlated MIMO channel with transmit as well as receive correlation in a flat Rayleigh fading environment. The analysis is non-asymptotic, i.e. it is applicable without constraints to systems with a small number of elements. It turns out that the ergodic capacity can be expressed in terms of a sum of determinants with elements that are a combination of polynomials, exponentials, and the exponential integral E/sub 1/ solely. Various Monte-Carlo simulations confirm the validity and accuracy of the analysis.
Differences in body composition and metabolic status between white UK and Asian Indian children (EarlyBird 24 and the Pune Maternal Nutrition Study)

What is already known about this subject South Asian children at birth are thinner, but more adipose and more resistant to insulin than White Caucasian children. South Asian adults are more adipose and more insulin resistant, but their greater adiposity does not fully explain the difference in insulin resistance. South Asian children at 8 y are more insulin resistant than White Caucasian children.
Estimating Software Intensity Function via Multiscale Analysis and Its Application to Reliability Assessment

Since software fault detection process is well-modeled by a non-homogeneous Poisson process, it is of great interest to estimate accurately the intensity function from observed software-fault data. In the existing work the same authors introduced the wavelet-based techniques for this problem and found that the Haar wavelet transform provided a very powerful performance in estimating software intensity function. In this paper, we also study the Haar-wavelet-transform-based approach to be investigated from the point of view of multiscale analysis. More specifically, a Bayesian multiscale intensity estimation algorithm is employed. In numerical study with real software-fault count data, we compare the Bayesian multiscale intensity estimation with the existing non-Bayesian wavelet-based estimation as well as the conventional maximum likelihood estimation method and least squares estimation method.
Glucose Transporter Number, Function, and Subcellular Distribution in Rat Skeletal Muscle After Exercise Training

Endurance exercise training can result in increased rates f insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle; however, this effect may be lost rapidly once training ceases. To examine a mechanism for these changes, the skeletal-muscle glucose transport system of female rats exercise-trained in wheelcages for 6 wk were studied against a group of untrained female rats. The trained rats were studied immediately following and 2 and 5 days after removal from wheelcages; both trained and untrained rats were studied 30 min after insulin (90 nmol/rat, intraperitoneal) or saline injection. The total number of skeletal-muscle plasma-membrane glucose transporters (Ro), total muscle-homogenate and plasma-membrane GLUT4 protein, and rates of plasma-membrane vesicle D-facilitated glucose transport were higher in the exercise-trained rats immediately after exercise training and did not decrease significantly during the 5 days after cessation of training. On the other hand, exercise training did not alter microsomal-membrane total glucose-transporter number or GLUT4 protein, nor did training alter GLUT1 protein in total muscle homogenates nor either membrane fraction. The carrier-turnover number, an estimate of average functional activity of glucose transporters in the plasma membrane, was elevated slightly, but not significantly, in the trained muscle. In both the trained and untrained muscle, insulin administration resulted in translocation of glucose transporters from the microsomal-membrane fraction to the plasma membrane and an increase in the carrier-turnovernumber. These data suggest that increased rates of glucose uptake in endurance-trained skeletal muscle results primarily from an increase in the number—and not an increase in the average functional activity—of glucose transporters present in the plasma membrane. Furthermore, these increases persist for several days after cessation of exercise training. The specific increase in the GLUT4, but not the GLUT1 glucose-transporter isoform, in response to training demonstrates that a common, chronic physiological stimulus can regulate the expression of the two glucose-transporter isoforms present in skeletal-muscle tissue differentially.
A Twist-Snail Axis Critical for TrkB-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition-Like Transformation, Anoikis Resistance, and Metastasis

ABSTRACT In a genomewide anoikis suppression screen for metastasis genes, we previously identified the neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase TrkB. In mouse xenografts, activated TrkB caused highly invasive and metastatic tumors. Here, we describe that TrkB also induces a strong morphological transformation, resembling epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This required TrkB kinase activity, a functional mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, suppression of E-cadherin, and induction of Twist, a transcription factor contributing to EMT and metastasis. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated Twist depletion blocked TrkB-induced EMT-like transformation, anoikis suppression, and growth of tumor xenografts. By searching for essential effectors of TrkB-Twist signaling, we found that Twist induces Snail, another EMT regulator associated with poor cancer prognosis. Snail depletion impaired EMT-like transformation and anoikis suppression induced by TrkB, but in contrast to Twist depletion, it failed to inhibit tumor growth. Instead, Snail RNAi specifically impaired the formation of lung metastases. Epistasis experiments suggested that Twist acts upstream from Snail. Our results demonstrate that TrkB signaling activates a Twist-Snail axis that is critically involved in EMT-like transformation, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. Moreover, our data shed more light on the epistatic relationship between Twist and Snail, two key transcriptional regulators of EMT and metastasis.
The role of emotions in employees' explanations for failure in the workplace

Purpose – The paper aims to study how shame, guilt and fear experienced by failing employees determine their explanation of the failure.Design/methodology/approach – Employees participated in two studies, one assessing actual personal examples of failures and another used imaginary vignettes. To manipulate the extent to which guilt or shame was the dominant emotion experienced by the failing employee, participants were asked to generate counterfactual thoughts typical of each of these feelings. Fear was manipulated by describing a threatening atmosphere in the organization. Measured was the likelihood that the employee took responsibility for what happened and provided a valid explanation. Likelihood of explaining the event by using excuses, justifications, concessions or denials was also measured.Findings – Findings indicate guilt was associated with explanations that help the organization learn from the failure and assist employees in restoring their relationships with the organization and co‐workers. H.
Organizational Identity and Organizational Identification

In this article, we present an overview of the literatures on organizational identity and organizational identification. We provide overviews of four major approaches to organizational identity: functionalist, social constructionist, psychodynamic, and postmodern. The literature on organizational identification, by contrast, exhibits greater consensus due to the hegemonic power of social identity theory, and is predominantly functionalist. We review recent research on organizational identification regarding performance outcomes and antecedents (mainly focusing on leadership and the social exchange perspective), and in relation to change and virtual contexts. Some suggestions for further research are then offered. Finally an overview of the articles in this special issue is presented.
The Effects of Negative Legacies on the Adjustment of Parentally Bereaved Children and Adolescents

This is a report of a qualitative analysis of a sample of bereaved families in which one parent died and in which children scored in the clinical range on the Child Behavior Check List. The purpose of this analysis was to learn more about the lives of these children. They were considered to be at risk of developing emotional and behavioral problems associated with the death. We discovered that many of these “high risk” children had a continuing bond with the deceased that was primarily negative and troubling for them in contrast to a comparison group of children not at risk from the same study. Five types of legacies, not mutually exclusive, were identified: health related, role related, personal qualities, legacy of blame, and an emotional legacy. Coping behavior on the part of the surviving parent seemed to make a difference in whether or not a legacy was experienced as negative.
TARDIS: stably shifting traffic in space and time

This paper describes TARDIS (Traffic Assignment and Retiming Dynamics with Inherent Stability) which is an algorithmic procedure designed to reallocate traffic within Internet Service Provider (ISP) networks. Recent work has investigated the idea of shifting traffic in time (from peak to off-peak) or in space (by using different links). This work gives a unified scheme for both time and space shifting to reduce costs. Particular attention is given to the commonly used 95th percentile pricing scheme. The work has three main innovations: firstly, introducing the Shapley Gradient, a way of comparing traffic pricing between different links at different times of day; secondly, a unified way of reallocating traffic in time and/or in space; thirdly, a continuous approximation to this system is proved to be stable. A trace-driven investigation using data from two service providers shows that the algorithm can create large savings in transit costs even when only small proportions of the traffic can be shifted.
Voluntary strength and fatigue

In voluntary efforts it is not known for certain whether the force that can be exerted is limited by the capacity of the nervous centres and conducting pathways to deliver motor impulses to the muscle fibres or by the intrinsic contractile properties of the fibres themselves; whether, in fact, a voluntary effort can be bettered by maximal tetanic stimulation of the muscle electrically, or not. Again in fatigue it is undecided whether tension falls because the degree of voluntary innervation drops or because the fibres are biochemically incapable of maintaining their contraction. The experiments described here attempt to settle these questions by comparing directly voluntary tension with that resulting from electrically excited motor volleys. To make a valid comparison in an intact human subject is difficult, but it will be argued that it can be achieved by using a particularly convenient muscle, the adductor of the thumb, and special apparatus. The paper falls into three parts: the first shows that a maximal voluntary effort develops the same tension as a maximal tetanus artificially excited; in the second part the same equality is found to persist during fatigue, implying that in fatigue, too, the limitation of strength is peripheral; finally the effect of ischaemia is described. Preliminary accounts have already appeared (Merton & Pampiglione, 1950; Merton, 1950).
Safe adaptation in context-aware feature models

Software product lines, usually described using feature models, have proven to be a feasible solution to develop mobile and context-aware applications. These applications use context information to provide services and data for their users from anywhere and at any time. However, building feature models for mobile and context-aware software product lines demands advanced skills of software engineers, since it comprises system and context information. Moreover, to guarantee a correct application execution, these models must be thoroughly specified, composed and verified to check whether some composition and adaptation rules are violated. Although this is an important task, there is a lack of formalization of such rules, which makes it difficult to use those rules for feature models verification. In this paper, we propose an approach to prevent defects in context-aware feature models and in their product reconfiguration based on formal methods. To validate our work, we developed a prototype to check the correctness of context-aware feature models.
Robust real-time object tracking under varying illumination condition

An object tracking is simply a problem of finding the different positions of the object in each frame of a video. A novel method is proposed here for extracting target objects from real time video and then tracking them under varying illumination condition. It operates on video imagery taken from multiple video cameras. Each camera is connected to an infrared sensor and is distributed around the site to get the complete picture of the suspicious activities of intruders. By using an array of infrared sensors, each video camera is made event-driven. Thus a camera starts recording only after being triggered with the output of nearby infrared sensor. Thus it becomes a compressed sensing system. Our proposed method uses homomorphic filtering to overcome varying illumination condition. The illumination component of an image has slow spatial variations. Homomorphic filter is employed to reject very low frequency components that usually represent illumination variation.
Message-Passing De-Quantization With Applications to Compressed Sensing

Estimation of a vector from quantized linear measurements is a common problem for which simple linear techniques are suboptimal-sometimes greatly so. This paper develops message-passing de-quantization (MPDQ) algorithms for minimum mean-squared error estimation of a random vector from quantized linear measurements, notably allowing the linear expansion to be overcomplete or undercomplete and the scalar quantization to be regular or non-regular. The algorithm is based on generalized approximate message passing (GAMP), a recently-developed Gaussian approximation of loopy belief propagation for estimation with linear transforms and nonlinear componentwise-separable output channels. For MPDQ, scalar quantization of measurements is incorporated into the output channel formalism, leading to the first tractable and effective method for high-dimensional estimation problems involving non-regular scalar quantization. The algorithm is computationally simple and can incorporate arbitrary separable priors on the input vector including sparsity-inducing priors that arise in the context of compressed sensing. Moreover, under the assumption of a Gaussian measurement matrix with i.i. d. entries, the asymptotic error performance of MPDQ can be accurately predicted and tracked through a simple set of scalar state evolution equations. We additionally use state evolution to design MSE-optimal scalar quantizers for MPDQ signal reconstruction and empirically demonstrate the superior error performance of the resulting quantizers. In particular, our results show that non-regular quantization can greatly improve rate-distortion performance in some problems with oversampling or with undersampling combined with a sparsity-inducing prior.
Exploring the corporate identity/corporate image interface: An empirical study of accountancy firms

Bernstein wrote that we should be concerned about the image our company projects not because we want to manufacture it but because we need to discern how we are being received and how those perceptions square with our self‐image (Bernstein 1984, 13). The importance of image being based on reality was incorporated by Abratt (1989) into his conceptual model in the form of an ‘interface’. This interface can be conceived of as the moment of truth for an organisation where the corporate identity is externalised, and, therefore, examination of the dynamics of this interface is of vital interest to corporate identity research. The results of empirical research into this interface, denoted as the corporate identity/corporate image interface in this research, are presented in this paper. A resultant model of the corporate identity management process is then advanced, based on the dimensions of a factor analysis of the multi‐item scale developed for the research. The research revealed that, whereas the selection of an accountancy firm is based on the corporate image that it projects, retention of an accountancy firm is based on continuing positive experiences, including the responsiveness of employees, the physical environment and the values that the accountancy firm holds dear. This implies that the corporate identity/corporate image interface must be a coherent entity for the successful projection of corporate identity.
Effects of selective and combined activation of estrogen receptor α and β on reproductive organ development and sexual behaviour in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)

Excess estrogen exposure of avian embryos perturbs reproductive organ development in both sexes and demasculinizes the reproductive behaviors of adult males. We have previously shown that these characteristic effects on the reproductive organs also can be induced by exposure of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) embryos to selective agonists of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). In contrast, the male copulatory behavior is only weakly affected by developmental exposure to an ERα agonist. To further elucidate the respective roles of ERα and ERβ in estrogen-induced disruption of sexual differentiation, we exposed Japanese quail embryos in ovo to the selective ERα agonist 16α-lactone-estradiol (16αLE2), the selective ERβ agonist WAY-200070, or both substances in combination. The ERα agonist feminized the testes in male embryos and reduced cloacal gland size in adult males. Furthermore, anomalous retention and malformations of the Müllerian ducts/oviducts were seen in embryos and juveniles of both sexes. The ERβ agonist did not induce any of these effects and did not influence the action of the ERα agonist. Male copulatory behavior was not affected by embryonic exposure to either the ERα- or the ERβ-selective agonist but was slightly suppressed by treatment with the two compounds combined. Our results suggest that the reproductive organs become sexually differentiated consequent to activation of ERα by endogenous estrogens; excessive activation of ERα, but not ERβ, during embryonic development may disrupt this process. Our results also suggest that the demasculinizing effect of estrogens on male copulatory behavior is only partly mediated by ERα and ERβ, and may rather involve other estrogen-responsive pathways.