Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transforming subjectivities: global mental health, biopolitics, & depression in Chile

As the leading cause of disability around the world (WHO 2012), depression has become a major public health concern. The global mental health movement has organized to increase access to mental health care within primary care and to protect the human rights of those who experience mental illnesses. Within this movement, the World Health Organization (WHO) MIND Project which operated in the early 2000s aimed to increase services and legal protections for people with mental illness, through collaboration with national governments and with the assertion that through such collaboration, global psychiatric knowledge would trickle down to the general population. Foucault (1978) has argued that in contemporary society, governance takes place through biopolitics as the “making live” of populations through construction of health problems as simultaneously political and economic ones. Rose (2007) posited that the outcome of living in such a society is the creation of individual-level biological citizenship, where people increasingly see themselves in biological ways. Biological citizenship is theorized as an active process of describing the self in biologically-colored languages while also making demands upon the state for the provision of health care. This dissertation project examined the potential transfer of psychiatric knowledge from the global organizational level to the level of individuals in Chile, a country claimed as a success of the global mental health movement. This project utilized qualitative, ethnographic methods over a six-month period in Santiago, Chile, to explore the biopolitical management of depression, including discourse analysis, observations, and interviews. Observations took place in the psychiatry departments of two public hospitals. Interviews were conducted with people undergoing treatment for depression at either hospital, care providers working in mental health, and a set of people outside of the medical realm who may or may not have had any experience
Automated analysis of retinal images for detection of referable diabetic retinopathy.

IMPORTANCE The diagnostic accuracy of computer detection programs has been reported to be comparable to that of specialists and expert readers, but no computer detection programs have been validated in an independent cohort using an internationally recognized diabetic retinopathy (DR) standard. OBJECTIVE To determine the sensitivity and specificity of the Iowa Detection Program (IDP) to detect referable diabetic retinopathy (RDR). DESIGN AND SETTING In primary care DR clinics in France, from January 1, 2005, through December 31, 2010, patients were photographed consecutively, and retinal color images were graded for retinopathy severity according to the International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy scale and macular edema by 3 masked independent retinal specialists and regraded with adjudication until consensus. The IDP analyzed the same images at a predetermined and fixed set point. We defined RDR as more than mild nonproliferative retinopathy and/or macular edema. PARTICIPANTS A total of 874 people with diabetes at risk for DR. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Sensitivity and specificity of the IDP to detect RDR, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity and specificity of the retinal specialists' readings, and mean interobserver difference (κ). RESULTS The RDR prevalence was 21.7% (95% CI, 19.0%-24.5%). The IDP sensitivity was 96.8% (95% CI, 94.4%-99.3%) and specificity was 59.4% (95% CI, 55.7%-63.0%), corresponding to 6 of 874 false-negative results (none met treatment criteria). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.937 (95% CI, 0.916-0.959). Before adjudication and consensus, the sensitivity/specificity of the retinal specialists were 0.80/0.98, 0.71/1.00, and 0.91/0.95, and the mean intergrader κ was 0.822. CONCLUSIONS The IDP has high sensitivity and specificity to detect RDR. Computer analysis of retinal photographs for DR and automated detection of RDR can be implemented safely into the DR screening pipeline, potentially improving access to screening and health care productivity and reducing visual loss through early treatment.
Unbiased Relatedness Estimation in Structured Populations

Knowledge of the genetic relatedness between individuals is important in many research areas in quantitative genetics, conservation genetics, forensics, evolution, and ecology. In the absence of pedigree records, relatedness can be estimated from genetic marker data using a number of estimators. These estimators, however, make the critical assumption of a large random mating population without genetic structures. The assumption is frequently violated in the real world where geographic/social structures or nonrandom mating usually lead to genetic structures. In this study, I investigated two approaches to the estimation of relatedness between a pair of individuals from a subpopulation due to recent common ancestors (i.e., relatedness is defined and measured with the current focal subpopulation as reference). The indirect approach uses the allele frequencies of the entire population with and without accounting for the population structure, and the direct approach uses the allele frequencies of the current focal subpopulation. I found by simulations that currently widely applied relatedness estimators are upwardly biased under the indirect approach, but can be modified to become unbiased and more accurate by using Wright's Fst to account for population structures. However, the modified unbiased estimators under the indirect approach are clearly inferior to the unmodified original estimators under the direct approach, even when small samples are used in estimating both allele frequencies and relatedness.
Digital dissection – using contrast-enhanced computed tomography scanning to elucidate hard-and soft-tissue anatomy in the Common Buzzard Buteo buteo

Gross dissection has a long history as a tool for the study of human or animal soft‐ and hard‐tissue anatomy. However, apart from being a time‐consuming and invasive method, dissection is often unsuitable for very small specimens and often cannot capture spatial relationships of the individual soft‐tissue structures. The handful of comprehensive studies on avian anatomy using traditional dissection techniques focus nearly exclusively on domestic birds, whereas raptorial birds, and in particular their cranial soft tissues, are essentially absent from the literature. Here, we digitally dissect, identify, and document the soft‐tissue anatomy of the Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) in detail, using the new approach of contrast‐enhanced computed tomography using Lugol's iodine. The architecture of different muscle systems (adductor, depressor, ocular, hyoid, neck musculature), neurovascular, and other soft‐tissue structures is three‐dimensionally visualised and described in unprecedented detail. The three‐dimensional model is further presented as an interactive PDF to facilitate the dissemination and accessibility of anatomical data. Due to the digital nature of the data derived from the computed tomography scanning and segmentation processes, these methods hold the potential for further computational analyses beyond descriptive and illustrative proposes.
The Complement Anaphylatoxin C5a Receptor Contributes to Obese Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Insulin Resistance

Obese adipose tissue (AT) inflammation contributes critically to development of insulin resistance. The complement anaphylatoxin C5a receptor (C5aR) has been implicated in inflammatory processes and as regulator of macrophage activation and polarization. However, the role of C5aR in obesity and AT inflammation has not been addressed. We engaged the model of diet-induced obesity and found that expression of C5aR was significantly upregulated in the obese AT, compared with lean AT. In addition, C5a was present in obese AT in the proximity of macrophage-rich crownlike structures. C5aR-sufficient and -deficient mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or a normal diet (ND). C5aR deficiency was associated with increased AT weight upon ND feeding in males, but not in females, and with increased adipocyte size upon ND and HFD conditions in males. However, obese C5aR−/− mice displayed improved systemic and AT insulin sensitivity. Improved AT insulin sensitivity in C5aR−/− mice was associated with reduced accumulation of total and proinflammatory M1 macrophages in the obese AT, increased expression of IL-10, and decreased AT fibrosis. In contrast, no difference in β cell mass was observed owing to C5aR deficiency under an HFD. These results suggest that C5aR contributes to macrophage accumulation and M1 polarization in the obese AT and thereby to AT dysfunction and development of AT insulin resistance.
α-Synuclein binds to TOM20 and inhibits mitochondrial protein import in Parkinson’s disease

The Parkinson’s disease–associated protein α-synuclein binds to the mitochondrial protein import receptor TOM20, which causes downstream impairment of mitochondrial function. α-Synuclein disrupts the mitochondrial protein import business α-Synuclein accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction are central to the pathogenesis of most forms of Parkinson’s disease and appear to intersect, but how the two are related to each other has remained elusive. Now, Di Maio and colleagues report that specific forms of wild-type α-synuclein, such as oligomeric and dopamine-modified forms, but not the monomeric or fibrillar forms, bind with high affinity to the mitochondrial receptor TOM20. This results in impaired import of proteins required for mitochondrial function and leads to senescence of mitochondria, which show reduced respiration and increased production of reactive oxygen species. This study also highlights potential ways to prevent this deleterious interaction and its downstream consequences. α-Synuclein accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction have both been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and the two appear to be related. Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to accumulation and oligomerization of α-synuclein, and increased levels of α-synuclein cause mitochondrial impairment, but the basis for this bidirectional interaction remains obscure. We now report that certain posttranslationally modified species of α-synuclein bind with high affinity to the TOM20 (translocase of the outer membrane 20) presequence receptor of the mitochondrial protein import machinery. This binding prevented the interaction of TOM20 with its co-receptor, TOM22, and impaired mitochondrial protein import. Consequently, there were deficient mitochondrial respiration, enhanced production of reactive oxygen species, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Examination of postmortem brain tissue from PD patients revealed an aberrant α-synuclein–TOM20 interaction in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons that was associated with loss of imported mitochondrial proteins, thereby confirming this pathogenic process in the human disease. Modest knockdown of endogenous α-synuclein was sufficient to maintain mitochondrial protein import in an in vivo model of PD. Furthermore, in in vitro systems, overexpression of TOM20 or a mitochondrial targeting signal peptide had beneficial effects and preserved mitochondrial protein import. This study characterizes a pathogenic mechanism in PD, identifies toxic species of wild-type α-synuclein, and reveals potential new therapeutic strategies for neuroprotection.
PREVENTION OF WORM HOLE AND BLACK HOLE ATTACKS IN SECURE VBOR FOR MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS

In Mobile ad hoc networks, security is the main among the challenges to be considered. There are various types of attacks such as passive attacks and active attacks. Active attacks are more harmful than passive attacks. Some of the active attacks are more dangerous in mobile ad hoc networks since there is no central authority in MANETs. Examples of these attacks are: Worm hole attack, Black hole attack and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack and etc., In this paper, Secure VBOR is taken as our base paper. In Secure VBOR, groups are formed based on the residual energy of the node. Then the keys are exchanged among the user inside the group. Gateway members are playing the main role in group formation and preventing these attacks.
Is Corruption Good For Your Health?

While corruption crackdowns have been shown to effectively reduce missing government expenditures, their effects on the quality of public services have not been credibly documented. This matters because, if corruption generates incentives for bureaucrats to deliver those services, then deterring it might actually hurt downstream outcomes. This paper exploits variation from an anti-corruption program in Brazil, designed by the federal government to enforce guidelines on earmarked transfers to municipalities, to study this question. Combining random audits with a differences-in-differences strategy, we find that the anti-corruption program greatly reduced occurrences of overinvoicing and off-the-record payments, and of procurement manipulation within health transfers. However, health indicators, such as hospital beds and immunization coverage, became worse as a result. Evidence from audited amounts suggests that lower corruption came at a high cost: after the program, public spending fell by so much that corruption per dollar spent actually increased. These findings are consistent with those responsible for procurement dramatically reducing purchases after the program, either because they no longer can capture rents, or because they are afraid of being punished for procurement mistakes. This version: November 21, 2015 [Click here to download the most recent version] § We would like to thank the invaluable guidance of Sendhil Mullainathan, Nathan Nunn, Edward Glaeser, and Gautam Rao. We are also grateful for comments from George Avelino, Ciro Biderman, Paulo Costa, Rema Hanna, Horacio Larreguy, Joana Naritomi, Rohini Pande, Andrei Shleifer, Jim Snyder, and Laura Trucco, and from participants of seminars at Harvard University, the 2015 SITE Academic Conference, Universidad do Chile, CEPESP/FGV, FGVRJ/EPGE, and the 2010 Conference of the Latin America and Caribbean Economic Association. Special thanks to Rafael Barroso and Kleber de Souza for their help in understanding the specifics of the municipal spending data. All remaining errors are ours. * glichand@fas.harvard. edu † marcoslopes@gvmail.br ‡ mcm@econ.puc-rio.br Guilherme Lichand Marcos F M Lopes Marcelo C Medeiros Harvard University CEPESP/FGV-SP Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro
Survey of hormone activities in municipal biosolids and animal manures

The potential exists for natural or synthetic hormonal chemicals present in agricultural fertilizers to be transferred to adjacent aquatic environments in order to alter endocrine function in exposed wildlife. Recombinant yeast and mammalian cell line (BG1Luc4E2) assays were used to screen crude organic extracts of municipal biosolids and animal manures for estrogen‐, androgen‐, and progesterone receptor gene transcription activities. Of the biosolid extracts, those samples that had undergone aerobic digestion had no or minimal estrogen‐ and no androgen receptor gene transcription activities. In contrast, those biosolid samples that had undergone anaerobic digestion had much higher estrogen‐ and, for all but one site, androgen receptor gene transcription activities. Extracts prepared from animal manure samples had variable levels of androgen‐ and estrogen receptor gene transcription activities, which may be related to the type, sex, age, and reproductive status of the animals. The diet and treatment of animals with hormone implants also appeared to be factors influencing hormone activity in animal manure. Progesterone receptor gene transcription activity was observed for only one chicken litter sample. Overall, results of this study suggest that in vitro bioassays can be used to survey and detect hormone activity in municipal biosolids and animal manures. Furthermore, results of these assays can be used to develop practices that will minimize the potential environmental endocrine‐disrupting effects of these substances. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 216–225, 2004.
Cross-training in rugby: A review of research and practical suggestions

Cross-training is a relatively recent training method which suggests that perfomance enhancement or maintenance may be obtained through the practice of non-sport specific activities. However, and despite the recent importance given to cross-training among rugby union clubs, related scientific investigation is scarce. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to present a rationale for the implementation of cross-training activities in rugby union. Initially, a review of the literature on rugby players’ physical characteristics and game demands is presented, taking into account different playing positions. Secondly, several skills and sports are suggested based on the following criteria: i) skill-crossover to rugby union game; ii) cross-training activities that elite rugby union teams (e.g. Six Nations and Super Rugby 15) are currently using; and iii) tasks and techniques that are expected to provide the most substantial results to improve rugby players’ skills and performance. Coaches are encouraged to include these activities on their rugby training programs, according to the different season periods and characteristics of the players. Moreover, researchers are encouraged to investigate the cross-training effects of these skills and sports on rugby athletes’ and team performance, as well as identifying the most effective activities.
Association Between Scrupulosity and Personality Characteristics in Individuals With Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms

Scrupulosity is a subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) defined by religious or moral fears. Although the relationship between personality and OCD has been extensively studied, it remains unclear how personality relates specifically to religious obsessions and scrupulous fears. In the current study, we examined the association between scrupulosity and personality characteristics, including the Five Factor Model (FFM) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD), in a sample of individuals with self-reported obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms. Seventy-nine participants completed an anonymous online survey. FFM traits did not, but OCPD traits did, explain a significant amount of variance in scrupulosity. We also replicated previous findings showing that individuals with greater OC symptoms score lower on Extraversion and higher on Neuroticism. These findings suggest that scrupulous symptoms may not be specifically linked with any of the FFM personality factors, but may be associated with OC.
The Orexin/Hypocretin System in Zebrafish Is Connected to the Aminergic and Cholinergic Systems

The orexin/hypocretin (ORX) system is involved in physiological processes such as feeding, energy metabolism, and the control of sleep and wakefulness. The ORX system may drive the aminergic and cholinergic activities that control sleep and wakefulness states because of the ORX fiber projections to the aminergic and cholinergic cell clusters. The biological mechanisms and relevance of the interactions between these neurotransmitter systems are poorly understood. We studied these systems in zebrafish, a model organism in which it is possible to simultaneously study these systems and their interactions. We cloned a zebrafish prepro-ORX gene that encodes for the two functional neuropeptides orexin-A (ORX-A) and orexin-B (ORX-B). The prepro-ORX gene of the zebrafish consisted of one exon in contrast to mammals. The sequence of the ORX-A peptide of the zebrafish was less conserved than the ORX-B peptide compared with other vertebrates. By using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we found that the organization of the ORX system of zebrafish was similar to the ORX system in mammals, including a hypothalamic cell cluster and widespread fiber projections. The ORX system of the zebrafish showed a unique characteristic with an additional putatively ORX-containing cell group. The ORX system innervated several aminergic nuclei, raphe, locus ceruleus, the mesopontine-like area, dopaminergic clusters, and histaminergic neurons. A reciprocal relationship was found between the ORX system and several aminergic systems. Our results suggest that the architecture of these neurotransmitter systems is conserved in vertebrates and that these neurotransmitter systems in zebrafish may be involved in regulation of states of wakefulness and energy homeostasis by similar mechanisms as those in mammals.
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium induces autocrine excitotoxicity, protease activation, and neuronal apoptosis.

The pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases may involve indirect excitotoxic mechanisms, where glutamate receptor overstimulation is a secondary consequence of initial functional defects of neurons (e.g., impairment of mitochondrial energy generation). The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and other mitochondrial inhibitors (e.g., rotenone or 3-nitropropionic acid) elicited apoptosis in cerebellar granule cell cultures via stimulation of autocrine excitotoxicity. Cell death, increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, release of cytochrome c, and all biochemical and morphological signs of apoptosis were prevented by blockade of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor with noncompetitive, glycine-site or glutamate-site inhibitors. In addition, MPP+-induced apoptosis was reduced by high Mg2+ concentrations in the medium or by inhibiting exocytosis with clostridial neurotoxins. Two classes of cysteine proteases were involved in the execution of cell death: caspases and calpains. Inhibitors of either class of proteases prevented cell death, cleavage of intracellular proteins (i.e., fodrin), and the appearance of typical features of apoptosis such as phosphatidylserine translocation or DNA fragmentation. However, protease inhibitors did not interfere with the initial intracellular Ca2+ concentration increase. We suggest that MPP+ as well as other mitochondrial inhibitors trigger indirect excitotoxic processes, which lead to Ca2+ overload, protease activation, and subsequent neuronal apoptosis.
A Genetic Algorithm with Dual-Structure Code and Adaptive Strategy for Link Enhancement Problem

Link enhancement problem is a combinatorial optimization problem, and genetic algorithm is suitable to solve the combinatorial optimization problem. Commonly, the genetic algorithms are adopt one dimension code, this paper adopt the dual-structure code and adaptive probabilities of crossover and mutation to solve the link enhancement problem. In the simulation experiment, we compare the performance of dual-structure code genetic algorithm and one dimension code genetic algorithm