Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reflecting connections with the local language: New Zealand English

Speech-language pathologists focus on the details of their clients' communication difficulties. This is essential in order to carry out therapy appropriately. They often have less time to focus on the state of the language variety, for example Australian English or New Zealand English, in which they are doing therapy. Language variety becomes salient when a speech-language pathologist moves countries and adjustments must be made to his/her habitual clinical expectations. However the local variety can become no more than “background noise” if the clinician continues to practise within a local area. It is essential to examine the details of the local variety of our language in order to keep our perceptions honed and our connections current. This paper will reflect on connections between New Zealand and Australian varieties of English—their shared origins, similarities and differences and changes in progress. Relevance to speech-language pathologists will be emphasized. A sound file is provided (online at www.informaworld.com/ijslp) with a young NZ woman saying the NZE vowels in a /b-t/ framework and also each of John Wells' key words.
Visualizing the dynamic of adoptively transferred T cells during the rejection of large established tumors

Adoptive T‐cell therapy (ATCT) can result in tumor rejection, yet the behavior and fate of the introduced T cells remain unclear. We developed a novel bioluminescence mouse model, which enabled highly sensitive detection of T‐cell signals at the single‐cell level. Transferred T cells preferentially accumulated within antigen‐positive tumors, relative to the unaffected areas in each mouse, and remarkably, expanded within both lymphopenic and P14 mice. This expansion was controlled and efficient, as evaluated by bioluminescence imaging (BLI) of the T‐cell signals and by tumor rejection respectively. Analysis of the population dynamics of transferred T cells in ATCT of large tumors revealed that proliferation did not always follow a simple linear pattern of expansion, but showed an oscillating pattern of expansion and contraction that was often followed by a rebound, until full tumor rejection was achieved. Furthermore, visualizing the recall response showed that the transferred T cells responded expeditiously, indicating the ability of these cells to survive, establish memory and compete with endogenous T cells for as long as 1 year after rejecting the tumor.
Helminth parasites of the pupfish Cyprinodon meeki (Pisces: Cyprinodontiformes), an endemic freshwater fish from North-Central Mexico

SummaryA total of 21 pupfish Cyprindon meeki was collected from the spring Abraham González, Durango, Mexico. Seven helminth taxa were recovered: Salsuginus angularis, Posthodiplostomum minimum, Clinostomum complanatum, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, Cyclustera cf. ralli, Atactorhynchus duranguensis and Spiroxys sp. Among them, B. acheilognathi and A. duranguensis were the most frequent and abundant species. The remaining species were rare and found at low mean abundance. The observed species richness, individual parasite abundance, and diversity were low at component community and infracommunity levels. These features are in accordance with those recorded for other freshwater fish species in the Nearctic part of Mexico. Host feeding habits, along with its role as intermediate host, are suggested as the main factors in determining the helminth community structure in this fish species.
When Time Shapes Behavior: fMRI Evidence of Brain Correlates of Temporal Monitoring

Time processing may shape behavior in several ways, although the underlying neural correlates are still poorly understood. When preparatory intervals between stimuli vary randomly in a block, for instance, responses are faster as the interval gets longer. This effect, known as variable foreperiod (FP) effect, has been attributed to a process monitoring the conditional probability of stimulus occurrence as the interval increases. Previous evidence points to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) as a possible node for this time-monitoring process. The present study addresses this hypothesis with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Block-design fMRI was used on 14 young participants while they performed a visual discrimination task with fixed and variable preparatory intervals (FPs) of 1 and 3 sec. In the variable versus fixed FP contrast, the right DLPFC and a visual area were more activated in the subgroup of participants who showed a reliable variable FP effect than in another subgroup who did not show that effect. Only the activation in the right DLPFC was supported by a significant interaction between FP condition (variable vs. fixed) and group. This finding may reflect possible differences in the strategy adopted by the two subgroups of participants while performing the task. Although results suggest that many brain areas may be involved in preparation over time, the role of the right DLPFC is critical to observe the strategically mediated behavioral effects in the variable FP paradigm.
The Congolese diaspora in Brussels and hybrid identity formation: multi-scalarity and diasporic citizenship

In most of the literature on transnational communities and urban identity formation, emphasis is placed on two main processes of immigration that have shaped transnational presence. On the one hand, considerable attention has been paid to the emergence of large communities of migrating people who were positively attracted, if not encouraged to move, to fuel local labor markets (as in the case of guest workers in North-Western Europe). On the other hand, research has focused on mass migration movements through colonial and post-colonial networks (as in the case of, for example, Asian and West Indian immigration into the UK) or the legacies of the slave trade (Koser 2003). Urban transnational communities are customarily analysed from either or both of these vantage points. The Congolese diaspora in Belgium, however, does not correspond easily to these two typical cases. This atypical character (but one that will become more prevalent in a neoliberal and post-national world), however, has important consequences and permits us to think through the formation of transnational identity stripped from the singular dominance of the search for work and income on the one hand or symbolically overcoded by a distinct post-colonial sensitivity on the other.
Transforming Goal Oriented requirements specifications into Architectural Prescriptions

In this paper we propose a new method to transform the requirements specification for a software system into an architectural specification for the system. In the introduction we illustrate the needs for this new method in the context of the software development process and we explain the concept of architecture prescription. Then, we give a brief overview of KAOS, the goal oriented requirements specification language we used as a starting point. We characterize the APL (Architecture Prescription Language) and show how to use it to derive an architecture prescription from the KAOS requirements. We then illustrate our technique with a practical example, namely the meeting-planning problem. Finally, we discuss related work and indicate future directions of our research.
Factors influencing nonadministration of thrombolytic therapy in early arrival strokes in a university hospital in Hyderabad, India

Background: It is a well-known fact that very few patients of stroke arrive at the hospital within the window period of thrombolysis. Even among those who do, not all receive thrombolytic therapy. Objective: The objectives of this study were to determine the proportion of early arrival ischemic strokes (within 6 h of stroke onset) in our hospital and to evaluate the causes of nonadministration of intravenous and/or intraarterial thrombolysis in them. Materials and Methods: Data of all early arrival acute stroke patients between January 2010 and January 2015 were included. Factors determining nonadministration of intravenous and/or intraarterial thrombolysis in early arrival strokes were analyzed. Results: Out of 2,593 stroke patients, only 145 (5.6%) patients presented within 6 h of stroke onset and among them 118 (81.4%) patients had ischemic stroke and 27 (18.6%) patients had hemorrhagic stroke. A total of 89/118 (75.4%) patients were thrombolyzed. The reasons for nonadministration of thrombolysis in the remaining 29 patients were analyzed, which included unavoidable factors in 8/29 patients [massive infarct (N = 4), hemorrhagic infarct (N = 1), gastrointestinal bleed (N = 1), oral anticoagulant usage with prolonged international normalized ratio (INR) (N = 1), and recent cataract surgery (N = 1)]. Avoidable factors were found for 21/29 patients, include nonaffordability (N = 7), fear of bleed (N = 4), rapidly improving symptoms (N = 4), mild stroke (N = 2), delayed neurologist referral within the hospital (N = 2), and logistic difficulty in organizing endovascular treatment (N = 2). Conclusion: One-fourth of early ischemic stroke patients in our study were not thrombolyzed even though they arrived within the window period. The majority of the reasons for nonadministration of thrombolysis were potentially preventable, such as nonaffordability, intrahospital delay, and nonavailability of newer endovascular interventions.
Functional and Molecular Effects of Arginine Butyrate and Prednisone on Muscle and Heart in the mdx Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Background The number of promising therapeutic interventions for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is increasing rapidly. One of the proposed strategies is to use drugs that are known to act by multiple different mechanisms including inducing of homologous fetal form of adult genes, for example utrophin in place of dystrophin. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we have treated mdx mice with arginine butyrate, prednisone, or a combination of arginine butyrate and prednisone for 6 months, beginning at 3 months of age, and have comprehensively evaluated the functional, biochemical, histological, and molecular effects of the treatments in this DMD model. Arginine butyrate treatment improved grip strength and decreased fibrosis in the gastrocnemius muscle, but did not produce significant improvement in muscle and cardiac histology, heart function, behavioral measurements, or serum creatine kinase levels. In contrast, 6 months of chronic continuous prednisone treatment resulted in deterioration in functional, histological, and biochemical measures. Arginine butyrate-treated mice gene expression profiling experiments revealed that several genes that control cell proliferation, growth and differentiation are differentially expressed consistent with its histone deacetylase inhibitory activity when compared to control (saline-treated) mdx mice. Prednisone and combination treated groups showed alterations in the expression of genes that control fibrosis, inflammation, myogenesis and atrophy. Conclusions/Significance These data indicate that 6 months treatment with arginine butyrate can produce modest beneficial effects on dystrophic pathology in mdx mice by reducing fibrosis and promoting muscle function while chronic continuous treatment with prednisone showed deleterious effects to skeletal and cardiac muscle. Our results clearly indicate the usefulness of multiple assays systems to monitor both beneficial and toxic effects of drugs with broad range of in vivo activity.
Software Tool for the Prosthetic Foot Modeling and Stiffness Optimization

We present the procedure for the optimization of the stiffness of the prosthetic foot. The procedure allows the selection of the elements of the foot and the materials used for the design. The procedure is based on the optimization where the cost function is the minimization of the difference between the knee joint torques of healthy walking and the walking with the transfemural prosthesis. We present a simulation environment that allows the user to interactively vary the foot geometry and track the changes in the knee torque that arise from these adjustments. The software allows the estimation of the optimal prosthetic foot elasticity and geometry. We show that altering model attributes such as the length of the elastic foot segment or its elasticity leads to significant changes in the estimated knee torque required for a given trajectory.
Informativity and analogy in English compound stress

It has long been claimed (e.g. Sweet 1892, Bolinger 1972, Ladd 1984) that informativity has an influence on the leftward or rightward stress assigned to noun-noun combinations in English, but the few available empirical studies of this hypothesis have produced conflicting results (Plag & Kunter 2010, Bell 2013, Bell & Plag 2012). In this paper, using the same measures as Bell & Plag (2012) but with a different set of data, we provide further evidence that more informative constituents in the right-hand position tend to be stressed. This result fits with the general propensity of speakers to accentuate important information (e.g. Bolinger 1972). The results also raise the question of the relationship between informativity and constituent identity, which is the strongest known predictor of compound stress pattern (e.g. Plag 2010, Arndt-Lappe 2011). An exploration of this problem shows that the two factors are interrelated; we argue that this relationship is best conceptualized as resulting from an underlyin.
Understanding mathematics achievement: an analysis of the effects of student and family factors

Educators are increasingly recognising the importance of improving students’ mathematics achievement. Much of the current research focuses on the impact of instructional variables on mathematics achievement. The goal of this study was to examine the influence of less researched variables – family and student factors. Participants were 747 economically disadvantaged elementary students grades K-8 in Ohio. Predictor variables included: (a) 13 factors from a parent survey on both child and family circumstances and (b) reading achievement, measured by a norm-referenced achievement test. Outcome variables included three mathematics scales from the same achievement test. Regression analyses examined the impact of the predictors on the outcomes. Reading achievement significantly predicted mathematics achievement for all three outcomes. Parent pessimism and parent-perceived school/cognitive competence of children also emerged as significant predictors for two of the three mathematics outcomes. Implications for research, policy and practice will be shared.
Large-Scale Synthesis of Functional Spiking Neural Circuits

In this paper, we review the theoretical and software tools used to construct Spaun, the first (and so far only) brain model capable of performing cognitive tasks. This tool set allowed us to configure 2.5 million simple nonlinear components (neurons) with 60 billion connections between them (synapses) such that the resulting model can perform eight different perceptual, motor, and cognitive tasks. To reverse-engineer the brain in this way, a method is needed that shows how large numbers of simple components, each of which receives thousands of inputs from other components, can be organized to perform the desired computations. We achieve this through the neural engineering framework (NEF), a mathematical theory that provides methods for systematically generating biologically plausible spiking networks to implement nonlinear and linear dynamical systems. On top of this, we propose the semantic pointer architecture (SPA), a hypothesis regarding some aspects of the organization, function, and representational resources used in the mammalian brain. We conclude by discussing Spaun, which is an example model that uses the SPA and is implemented using the NEF. Throughout, we discuss the software tool Neural ENGineering Objects (Nengo), which allows for the synthesis and simulation of neural models efficiently on the scale of Spaun, and provides support for constructing models using the NEF and the SPA. The resulting NEF/SPA/Nengo combination is a general tool set for both evaluating hypotheses about how the brain works, and for building systems that compute particular functions using neuron-like components.
Temporal and spatial changes of cells positive for stem-like markers in different compartments and stages of human colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence

Considerable evidence supports the idea that stem-like cells may play an essential role during the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). To accomplish this aim, we use immunohistochemistry (IHC) and double IHC with different potential stem-like markers, anti-musashi (Msi), anti-CD133, anti- LGR5 and anti-ALDH1 to examine the presentation of stem-like cells in different compartments including adenoma/CRC epithelium, transitional crypts and tumor stroma in colorectal adenoma and CRC. The results showed that cells positive for stem-like markers were remarkably increased in number and frequently observed in the adenoma/CRC epithelium, transitional crypts and tumor stroma. Notably, the population of cells positive for stem-liker markers was expanded from the base to the middle part of the transitional crypt in both adenoma and CRC tissues, reflecting that stem-like cells are likely involved in the process of colorectal tumorigenesis. Counting results showed that the grading scores of cells positive for LGR5 and ALDH1 in the adenoma/CRC epithelium were significantly increased relative with the control epithelium, and associated with the degree of dysplasia in the adenoma and node involvement in the CRC (all P < 0.05). In addition, the density of cells positive for stem–like markers in the adenomatous/cancerous stroma was also increased and paralleled an increase in the density of proliferative stromal cells labeled by PCNA, which were primarily identified as vimentin positive fibroblasts. Our results have revealed a changed temporal and spatial presentation of stem-like markers in different stages of human colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence, which might be a hallmark of the adenoma-carcinoma transition.
When introverts ceased to be more religious: a study among 12‐ to 16‐year‐old pupils

A sample of 279 12‐ to 16‐year‐old pupils completed the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity and the short‐form Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised. Contrary to the findings of research using earlier junior versions of the Eysenck scales, the data demonstrate that introverts have ceased to be more religious.
`Nomothetic' and `Idiographic'

Modem understandings of the terms `idiographic' and `nomothetic' have diverged considerably from the meanings originally assigned to those terms by their inventor, the German philosopher Wilhelm Windelband (1848-1915). Much of this is attributable to the ascendance and eventual hegemony of aggregate statistical thinking within scientific psychology generally and personality psychology in particular. Based on an examination of the relevant portions of Windelband's original 1894 text, the present article seeks to clarify the misunderstandings which have resulted from this development. One objective of this contribution is to provide a more accurate historical perspective on the long-running nomothetic vs idiographic controversy. A second objective is to provide a much needed critical perspective on certain knowledge claims currently issuing from some quarters of mainstream trait psychology.
Service Quality Attributes Affecting Customer Satisfaction for Bus Transit

This paper proposes a tool for measuring customer satisfaction in public transit. Specifically, a structural equation model is formulated to explore the impact of the relationship between global customer satisfaction and service quality attributes. The public transit service analyzed is the bus service habitually used by University of Calabria students to reach the campus from urban area of Cosenza (southern Italy). To calibrate the model, data collected in a survey addressed to a sample of students was used. The proposed model can be useful both to transport agencies and planners to analyze the correlation between service quality attributes and identify the more convenient attributes for improving the supplied service.
Cohort Difference in Interpersonal Conflict: Implications for the Older Patient-Younger Care Provider Interaction

This investigation uncovers a relation between lifespan stage, conflict styles, depth of conflict, and conflict satisfaction. Younger adults rated their general style prefer- ence for a controlling conflict style significantly higher than older adults, and indicated decreased satisfaction with a nonconfrontational conflict style and significantly higher preference for a nonconfrontational conflict style as depth of conflict increased. Older adults rated their general style preference for a solution-oriented conflict style significantly higher than younger adults. Cross-sectional results indicate that a cohort's conflict behaviors and satisfaction with those behaviors are different across the lifespan. Implications of these results are framed in the specific context of older adult-younger care provider conflict interactions.
Direct Pattern Sampling with Respect to Pattern Frequency

We present an exact and highly scalable sampling algorithm that can be used as an alternative to exhaustive local pattern discovery methods. It samples patterns according to their frequency of occurrence and can substantially improve efficiency and controllability of the pattern discovery processes. While previous sampling approaches mainly rely on the Markov chain Monte Carlo method, our procedure is direct, i.e. a non process-simulating sampling algorithm. The advantages of this direct method are an almost optimal time complexity per pattern as well as an exactly controlled distribution of the produced patterns. In addition we present experimental results which demonstrate that these procedures can improve the accuracy of pattern-based models similar to frequent sets and often also lead to substantial gains in terms of scalability. An extended version of this paper shows modifications of the here presented algorithm to sample by other frequency related distributions. Namely, area, squared frequency and a class discriminativity measure.