Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ad hoc networks.">A review of trust modeling in ad hoc networks

Purpose – Mobile ad hoc networks rely on cooperation to perform essential network mechanisms such as routing. Therefore, network performance depends to a great extent on giving participating nodes an incentive for cooperation. The level of trust among nodes is the most frequently used parameter for promoting cooperation in distributed systems. There are different models for representing trust, each of which is suited to a particular context and leads to different procedures for computing and propagating trust. The goal of this study is to analyze the most representative approaches for mobile ad hoc networks. It aims to obtain a qualitative comparison of the modeling approaches, according to the three basic components of a trust model: information gathering, information scoring and ranking, and action execution.Design/methodology/approach – The paper identifies the different tasks required by a trust system and compares the way they are implemented when the system model itself is based on information theor.
Effects of Selenium Supplementation on Selenoprotein Gene Expression and Response to Influenza Vaccine Challenge: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Background The uncertainty surrounding dietary requirements for selenium (Se) is partly due to limitations in biomarkers of Se status that are related to health outcomes. In this study we determined the effect of different doses and forms of Se on gene expression of selenoprotein S (SEPS1), selenoprotein W (SEPW1) and selenoprotein R (SEPR), and responses to an immune function challenge, influenza vaccine, were measured in order to identify functional markers of Se status. Methods and Findings A 12 week human dietary intervention study was undertaken in 119 volunteers who received placebo, 50, 100 or 200 µg/day Se-enriched yeast (Se-yeast) or meals containing unenriched or Se-enriched onions (50 µg/day). Gene expression was quantified in RNA samples extracted from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC's) using quantitative RT-PCR. There was a significant increase in SEPW1 mRNA in the Se-enriched onion group (50 µg/day) compared with the unenriched onion group. SEPR and SEPW1 did not change significantly over the duration of the supplementation period in the control or Se-yeast groups, except at week 10 when SEPW1 mRNA levels were significantly lower in the 200 µg/day Se-yeast group compared to the placebo group. Levels of SEPS1 mRNA increased significantly 7 days after the influenza vaccine challenge, the magnitude of the increase in SEPS1 gene expression was dose-dependent, with a significantly greater response with higher Se supplementation. Conclusions This novel finding provides preliminary evidence for a role of SEPS1 in the immune response, and further supports the relationship between Se status and immune function. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov [NCT00279812]
On Bending Invariant Signatures for Surfaces

Isometric surfaces share the same geometric structure, also known as the "first fundamental form. " For example, all possible bendings of a given surface that includes all length preserving deformations without tearing or stretching the surface are considered to be isometric. We present a method to construct a bending invariant signature for such surfaces. This invariant representation is an embedding of the geometric structure of the surface in a small dimensional Euclidean space in which geodesic distances are approximated by Euclidean ones. The bending invariant representation is constructed by first measuring the intergeodesic distances between uniformly distributed points on the surface. Next, a multidimensional scaling technique is applied to extract coordinates in a finite dimensional Euclidean space in which geodesic distances are replaced by Euclidean ones. Applying this transform to various surfaces with similar geodesic structures (first fundamental form) maps them into similar signature surfaces. We thereby translate the problem of matching nonrigid objects in various postures into a simpler problem of matching rigid objects. As an example, we show a simple surface classification method that uses our bending invariant signatures.
Incorporating expert knowledge in object-oriented genetic programming

Genetic programming (GP) has proven to be successful at generating programs which solve a wide variety of problems. Object-oriented GP (OOGP) extends traditional GP by allowing the simultaneous evolution of multiple program trees, and thus multiple functions. OOGP has been shown to be capable of evolving more complex structures than traditional GP. However, OOGP does not facilitate the incorporation of expert knowledge within the resulting evolved type. This paper proposes an alternative OOGP methodology which does incorporate expert knowledge by the use of a user-supplied partially-implemented type definition, i.e. an abstract class.
Analyzing Crime Patterns: Frontiers of Practice

PART ONE: INTRODUCTION: OPERATIONAL IMPERATIVES AND INTELLECTUAL CAUTIONARY TALES Using a Geographic Information System for Tactical Crime Analysis - Philip Canter The NYPD COMPSTAT Process - Philip G McGuire Mapping for Analysis, Evaluation and Accountability Filter, Fears and Photos - Keith Harries Speculations and Explorations in the Geography of Crime The Spatial Analysis of Crime - Charles Swartz What Social Scientists Have Learned PART TWO: ANALYZING CRIME HOT SPOTS IN NEW YORK Finding Crime Hot Spots through Repeat Address Mapping - John E Eck, Jeffrey Gersh and Charlene Taylor Exploratory Data Analysis of Crime Patterns - Sanjoy Chakravorty and William V Pelfrey Preliminary Findings from the Bronx Identifying Crime Hot Spots Using Kernel Smoothing - Sara McLafferty, Doug Williamson and Philip G McGuire The Utility of Standard Deviation Ellipses for Evaluating Hot Spots - Robert H Langworthy and Eric S Jefferis PART THREE: CRIME AND FACILITIES Crime, Space and Place - Thomas Kamber, John H Mollenkopf and Timothy A Ross An Analysis of Crime Patterns in Brooklyn Crime in Public Housing - Jeffrey Fagan and Garth Davies Two-Way Diffusion Effects in Surrounding Neighborhoods The Bronx and Chicago - Carolyn Rebecca Block and Richard Block Street Robbery in the Environs of Rapid Transit Stations Schools and Crime - Dennis W Roncek PART FOUR: TOOLS FOR SPATIAL ANALYSIS Evaluating Statistical Software for Analyzing Crime Patterns and Trends - Victor Goldsmith et al
Uncertainty Estimation in Diffusion MRI Using the Nonlocal Bootstrap

In this paper, we propose a new bootstrap scheme, called the nonlocal bootstrap (NLB) for uncertainty estimation. In contrast to the residual bootstrap, which relies on a data model, or the repetition bootstrap, which requires repeated signal measurements, NLB is not restricted by the data structure imposed by a data model and obviates the need for time-consuming multiple acquisitions. NLB hinges on the observation that local imaging information recurs in an image. This self-similarity implies that imaging information coming from spatially distant (nonlocal) regions can be exploited for more effective estimation of statistics of interest. Evaluations using in silico data indicate that NLB produces distribution estimates that are in closer agreement with those generated using Monte Carlo simulations, compared with the conventional residual bootstrap. Evaluations using in vivo data demonstrate that NLB produces results that are in agreement with our knowledge on white matter architecture.
Gender Differences in the Roles of Religious Support and Social Network Support in Reducing Depressive Symptoms Among Older Korean Americans

ABSTRACT This study examined gender differences in the interaction effects of religious support and social network support on depressive symptoms among older Korean Americans. Data were derived from a cross-sectional survey of 85 Korean American women and 115 Korean American men aged 65 years or older living in New York City. A 2-step hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that the associations between religious support, social network support, and depressive symptoms were different for older Korean men and women. Among men, social network support was identified as a strong predictor for depressive symptoms. Conversely, religious support was identified as a predictor for depressive symptoms among women. The interaction between social network support and religious support was found to be statistically significant only for women. Additionally, the association of social networks with fewer depressive symptoms was stronger for women with high religious support. Our findings highlight the importance of gender differences in understanding psychological effects of social network support within a religious-cultural context and the need for geriatric practitioners to assess carefully the quality and types of social support systems. Further studies are needed to identify common and gender-specific risk/protective factors among older Korean Americans to develop gender-targeted preventions and interventions to improve their psychological well-being.
Is shorter transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (t-MCAO) duration better in stroke experiments on diabetic female Sprague Dawely rats?

Abstract Aim: To determine optimal duration of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (t-MCAO) for a stroke model in female diabetic Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: Streptozotocin-induced type-1 diabetic SD female rats (n = 25, 12 weeks old, five groups; n = 5 per group) were subjected to different duration of t-MCAO (20, 30, 45, 60 and 90 minutes) followed by reperfusion. A control group of rats without diabetes (n = 5) was subjected to 30 minutes of t-MCAO followed by reperfusion. Twenty-four hours after reperfusion, infarct volumes were evaluated by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Results: Intra-ischaemic reductions of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were similar in all groups (68–75% of baseline values). Reperfusion was significantly impaired in the 90-minute ischaemia group (56–62% vs 80–125% in other groups). Twenty minutes of t-MCAO induced a small infarct (3 ± 5% of ischaemic hemisphere). Thirty minutes of ischaemia produced a significantly larger infarct (46 ± 6%). In the 45 and 60 minute groups, ischaemia infarct was 52 ± 5% and 59 ± 3% of the ischaemic hemisphere, respectively. Ischaemia of 90’ led to a massive stroke (89 ± 6% of ischaemic hemisphere encompassing the whole striatum (22 ± 3%) and almost the whole MCA irrigated cortex area (67 ± 6%)). Thirty minutes of t-MCAO did not produce stroke in the control group. Conclusion: The diabetic rat stroke model should be different from the non-diabetic, because female type-1 diabetic SD rats are highly sensitive to brain ischaemia and it is necessary to significantly shorten the duration of t-MCAO, optimally to 30 minutes.
Supporting Student Nurses By The Educational Use of Self: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Exploration of the Mentor Experience

This thesis reports on a study of the lived experience of clinical nurses as mentors of student nurses in the workplace. Pre-registration nurse education, in which students must spend fifty percent of their time in practice, relies on a partnership between universities and health care providers and, crucially, the availability of practice mentors, able to support and assess practice learning. Within a hermeneutic phenomenological research methodology, twelve nurses described their experiences of mentoring through conversational interviews and event diaries which included ‘rich pictures’. The mixed methods provided openings for participants to talk about the harder-to-access elements of experience and generated multiple layers of rich data. Analysis of the data involved the application of different interpretive lenses: existentials in the care structure of Heidegger’s (1962) Dasein and the four lifeworld existentials (van Manen, 1997). For these respondents, the mentoring experience was rewarding, satisfying, frustrating, and even distressing at times. Being a mentor meant existing in worlds of ‘high stakes’, ‘hope for the nursing profession’ and ‘fragments’, governed by resource constraints, contextual demands and concern for others. Educational purposes dominated their being, revealing an essence, interpretively coined as ‘the educational use of self’, which meant that they were individually and authentically engaged in supporting and assessing learning. This study promotes greater understanding of mentoring practice and workplace learning, which can inform processes of recruitment, preparation and support of both students and mentors. Key insights are that mentors need support to work with complex and often hidden knowledge, including situations involving their intuitions.
OCEAN: An on-chip incremental-learning enhanced processor with gated recurrent neural network accelerators

A deep learning processor with 8 gated recurrent neural network (RNN) accelerators is proposed in this paper. It features on-chip incremental learning by numerical and local gradient computation enhancement. Extra precision of training is obtained without extending the bit-width. Tri-mode weight access (DMA/FIFO/RAM) improves the throughput during incremental learning. The number multipliers and activation function engines are reduced by hardware sharing. The processor is fabricated in 65nm CMOS, consumes 155mW at 400MHz /1.2V or 6.6mW at 20MHz /0.8V. It achieves a peak throughput of 54.2Kfps and energy efficiency of 0. 24μJ/classification on MNIST. Demonstrations are accomplished on sequential AI tasks such as text-based motion detection and real-time wake-up word speech recognition.
Evaluation of a Computerized Reminder System in the Enhancement of Patient Medication Refill Compliance

This study evaluated the use of a computerized patient profile combined with a reminder system to increase refill compliance of patients on cardiovascular medications. There were 311 patients randomly assigned into one of three groups. Patients in group 1 were monitored for refill compliance only. Group 2 patients received a postcard reminder; group 3 patients received a telephone call reminder. Refill compliance was monitored via the computerized patient profile system for a period of three months. Data collection included refill compliance, reasons for noncompliance, and the number of prescription medications for each patient. There was a significant difference between the overall mean rate of compliance between the control and intervention groups. An increase in refill compliance for all groups occurred over three months. There was no significant difference in compliance between the treatment groups. Overall, the medication reminder system appeared to be effective; however, modifications in the system should be pursued.
Functions of the two adenovirus early E1A proteins and their conserved domains in cell cycle alteration, actin reorganization, and gene activation in rat cells

Rat embryo cells were infected with adenovirus type 5 mutants that code for only one of the two early E1A proteins, mutants with defects in one of the two conserved regions common to the two proteins, or mutants with defects in the 46-amino-acid region unique to the 289-amino-acid E1A protein. Cells were scored for altered cell cycle progression, disruption of actin stress fibers, and activation of E2A expression. Mutants lacking either E1A protein were able to cause all of these effects; but mutants lacking a 243-amino-acid protein had less effect, and mutants lacking a 289-amino-acid protein much less effect, than wild-type virus. A mutation in any of the three conserved regions caused a defect in each E1A effect. To investigate the reported function of conserved domain 2 in mitosis, we monitored by fluorescence-activated cell sorter the reduction in Hoechst 33342 fluorescence that occurs when cells divide after undergoing a round of DNA replication in 5-bromodeoxyuridine. A smaller percentage of adenovirus-infected cells than mock-infected cells divided within a given period after completing a round of DNA replication. Viruses with mutations in conserved domain 2 were defective for initiation of cellular DNA replication, as were all other E1A mutants we have examined, but had no specific defect in cell division compared with wild-type virus. Thus, although there may be some specialization of function between the two E1A proteins and between their conserved domains, it was not apparent in the aspects of E1A function and the mutants that we examined.
Active and Passive Surveillance and Phylogenetic Analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi Elucidate the Process of Lyme Disease Risk Emergence in Canada

Background Northward expansion of the tick Ixodes scapularis is driving Lyme disease (LD) emergence in Canada. Information on mechanisms involved is needed to enhance surveillance and identify where LD risk is emerging. Objectives We used passive and active surveillance and phylogeographic analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi to investigate LD risk emergence in Quebec. Methods In active surveillance, we collected ticks from the environment and from captured rodents. B. burgdorferi transmission was detected by serological analysis of rodents and by polymerase chain reaction assays of ticks. Spatiotemporal trends in passive surveillance data assisted interpretation of active surveillance. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of B. burgdorferi in ticks identified likely source locations of B. burgdorferi. Results In active surveillance, we found I. scapularis at 55% of sites, and we were more likely to find them at sites with a warmer climate. B. burgdorferi was identified at 13 I. scapularis–positive sites, but infection prevalence in ticks and animal hosts was low. Low infection prevalence in ticks submitted in passive surveillance after 2004—from the tick-positive regions identified in active surveillance—coincided with an exponential increase in tick submissions during this time. MLST analysis suggested recent introduction of B. burgdorferi from the northeastern United States. Conclusions These data are consistent with I. scapularis ticks dispersed from the United States by migratory birds, founding populations where the climate is warmest, and then establishment of B. burgdorferi from the United States several years after I. scapularis have established. These observations provide vital information for public health to minimize the impact of LD in Canada.
Lateral insulated gate transistors with improved latching characteristics

Lateral insulated gate transistors were fabricated to study their applicability for power integrated circuits. Three independent techniques for improving latching current are described in this paper. We obtained devices that latch at 510 A/cm2, significantly greater than previously reported. We have also demonstrated devices that current-limit at 475 A/cm2without latching. Several device configurations are compared in terms of performance and processing trade-offs. In addition, computer simulations suggest a device design improvement that could result in a 30% increase in current density.
Evidence that the catalytic activity of prokaryote leader peptidase depends upon the operation of a serine-lysine catalytic dyad

Leader peptidase (LP) is the enzyme responsible for proteolytic cleavage of the amino acid leader sequence from bacterial preproteins. Recent data indicate that LP may be an unusual serine proteinase which operates without involvement of a histidine residue (M. T. Black, J. G. R. Munn, and A. E. Allsop, Biochem. J. 282:539-543, 1992; M. Sung and R. E. Dalbey, J. Biol. Chem. 267:13154-13159, 1992) and that, therefore, one or more alternative residues must perform the function of a catalytic base. With the aid of sequence alignments, site-specific mutagenesis of the gene encoding LP (lepB) from Escherichia coli has been employed to investigate the mechanism of action of the enzyme. Various mutant forms of plasmid-borne LP were tested for their abilities to complement the temperature-sensitive activity of LP in E. coli IT41. Data are presented which indicate that the only conserved amino acid residue possessing a side chain with the potential to ionize, and therefore with the potential to transfer protons, which cannot be substituted with a neutral side chain is lysine at position 145. The data suggest that the catalytic activity of LP is dependent on the operation of a serine-lysine catalytic dyad.
Automatic Insertion of DPA Countermeasures

Differential Power Analysis (DPA) attacks find a statistical correlation between the power consumption of a cryptographic device and intermediate values within the computation. Randomization of intermediate values breaks statistical dependence and thus prevents such attacks. The current state of the art in countermeasures involves manual manipulation of low-level assembly language to insert random masking. This paper introduces an algorithm to automate the process allowing the development of compilers capable of protecting programs against DPA.
PERSISTENT JOINT LAXITY AND CONGENITAL DISLOCATION OF THE HIP.

1. General joint laxity affecting more than three joints was found in 7 per cent of normal schoolchildren. Similar laxity was found in fourteen of a random series of forty-eight girls, and in nineteen of twenty-six boys, with non-familial congenital dislocation of the hip. Such laxity was also found in four of seven girls and five of seven boys with familial (first degree relative affected) congenital dislocation of the hip. 2. It is concluded that persistent generalised joint laxity, which is often familial, is an important predisposing factor to congenital dislocation of the hip in boys. It is less important in girls, except perhaps in familial cases, as in girls there is an alternative temporary hormonal cause of joint laxity.
From vulnerability to resilience against depression : the value of daily-life positive emotions

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Area-energy tradeoffs of logic wear-leveling for BTI-induced aging

Ensuring operational reliability in the presence of Bias Temperature Instability (BTI) effects often results in a compromise either in the form of lower performance and/or higher energy-consumption. This is due to the performance degradation over time caused by BTI effects which needs to be compensated through frequency, voltage, or area margining to meet the circuit's timing specification till end of operational lifetime. In this paper, a circuit-level approach referred to as Logic-Wear-Leveling (LWL) utilizes Dark-Silicon to mitigate BTI effects in logic datapaths. LWL introduces fine-grained spatial redundancy in timing vulnerable logic components, and leverages it at runtime to enable post-Silicon adaptability. The activation interval of redundant datapaths allows for controlled stress and recovery phases. This produces a wear-leveling effect which helps to reduce the BTI induced performance degradation over time, which in turn helps to reduce the design margins. This approach demonstrates a significant reduction in energy consumption of up to 31.98% at 10 years as compared to conventional voltage guardbanding approach. The benefit of energy reduction is also assessed against the area overheads of spatial redundancy.