Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Frameworks for Reasoning about Syntax that Utilize Quotation and Evaluation

It is often useful, if not necessary, to reason about the syntactic structure of an expression in an interpreted language (i.e., a language with a semantics). This paper introduces a mathematical structure called a syntax framework that is intended to be an abstract model of a system for reasoning about the syntax of an interpreted language. Like many concrete systems for reasoning about syntax, a syntax framework contains a mapping of expressions in the interpreted language to syntactic values that represent the syntactic structures of the expressions; a language for reasoning about the syntactic values; a mechanism called quotation to refer to the syntactic value of an expression; and a mechanism called evaluation to refer to the value of the expression represented by a syntactic value. A syntax framework provides a basis for integrating reasoning about the syntax of the expressions with reasoning about what the expressions mean. The notion of a syntax framework is used to discuss how quotation and evaluation can be built into a language and to define what quasiquotation is. Several examples of syntax frameworks are presented.
LIUM's Statistical Machine Translation System for the NTCIR Chinese/English PatentMT

This paper describes the development of a Chinese–English statistical machine translation system for the 2011 NTCIR patent translation task. We used phrase-based and hierarchical systems based on the Moses decoder, trained on the provided data only. Additional features include translation model adaptation using monolingual data and a continuous space language model. We report comparative results for these various configurations.
Kinematics of Healthy and Meniscal Repaired Knees

Differences have been reported between in vitro and in vivo meniscal kinematics, and no clinical study to date has investigated the effect of meniscal repair on meniscal kinematics. Eleven subjects with healthy knees and eight subjects who had undergone meniscal repair for an isolated tear were scanned using magnetic resonance imaging. Sagittal plane scanning was performed at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 degrees of knee flexion. The mean composite lateral meniscus movements for the normal and meniscal-repaired subjects were 6.85 mm and 6.01 mm, respectively. The mean composite medial meniscus movement for the normal and meniscal repaired subjects were 8.22 mm and 5.91 mm, respectively. Anterior horn movements of the lateral and medial meniscus of normal subjects were 7.5 and 8.9 mm, respectively. The posterior horns of the lateral meniscus and medial meniscus displaced 6.2 mm and 7.6 mm, respectively. In comparing meniscal-repair subjects to the subjects with healthy knees, the lateral meniscus displaced approximately 6 mm for both groups. However, the medial meniscus moved 8.2 mm for the normal subjects and only 5.91 mm for the meniscal repair subjects. Posterior horn movement of the medial meniscus was determined to be reduced following meniscal repair. The authors would like to thank David Mayer, MD, for providing his expertise and the MRI facility that made this study feasible.
Prevention of generalized tonic–clonic seizures in refractory focal epilepsy: A meta‐analysis

Secondary generalized tonic–clonic seizures (SGTCS) are among the most severe forms of seizures, and the main risk factor for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Whether some antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) might be more efficacious than others on SGTCS in patients with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy thus represents an important clinical issue for which no data are currently available.
Space-Efficient Construction Variants of Dynamic Programming

Many dynamic programming algorithms that solve a decision problem can be modified to algorithms that solve the construction variant of the problem by additional bookkeeping and going backwards through stored answers to subproblems. It is also well known that for many dynamic programming algorithms, one can save memory space by throwing away tables of information that is no longer needed, thus reusing the memory. Somewhat surprisingly, the observation that these two modifications cannot be combined is frequently not made. In this paper we consider the case of dynamic programming algorithms on graphs of bounded treewidth. We give algorithms to solve the construction variants of such problems that use only twice the amount of memory space of the decision versions, with only a logarithmic factor increase in running time. Using the concept of strong directed treewidth we then discuss how these algorithms can be applied to dynamic programming in general.
Millimeter wave cell search for initial access: Analysis, design, and implementation

Millimeter wave (mmWave) technology is gaining momentum because of its ability to provide high data rates. However, in addition to other challenges in the operation of mmWave systems, developing cell search algorithms is a challenge due to high path loss, directional transmission, and excessive sensitivity to blockage at mmWave frequencies. Thus, the cell search schemes of long term evolution (LTE) cannot be used with mmWave networks. Exhaustive and iterative search algorithms have been proposed in literature for carrying out cell search in mmWave systems. The exhaustive search offers high probability of detection with high discovery delay while the iterative approach offers low probability of detection with low discovery delay. In this paper, we propose a hybrid algorithm that combines the strengths of exhaustive and iterative methods. We compare the three algorithms in terms of misdetection probability and discovery delay and show that hybrid search is a smarter algorithm that achieves a desired balance between probability of detection performance and discovery delay.
Crystal Structures and Site-directed Mutagenesis of a Mycothiol-dependent Enzyme Reveal a Novel Folding and Molecular Basis for Mycothiol-mediated Maleylpyruvate Isomerization*

Mycothiol (MSH) is the major low molecular mass thiols in many Gram-positive bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Corynebacterium glutamicum. The physiological roles of MSH are believed to be equivalent to those of GSH in Gram-negative bacteria, but current knowledge of MSH is limited to detoxification of alkalating chemicals and protection from host cell defense/killing systems. Recently, an MSH-dependent maleylpyruvate isomerase (MDMPI) was discovered from C. glutamicum, and this isomerase represents one example of many putative MSH-dependent enzymes that take MSH as cofactor. In this report, fourteen mutants of MDMPI were generated. The wild type and mutant (H52A) MDMPIs were crystallized and their structures were solved at 1.75 and 2.05Å resolution, respectively. The crystal structures reveal that this enzyme contains a divalent metal-binding domain and a C-terminal domain possessing a novel folding pattern (αβαββα fold). The divalent metal-binding site is composed of residues His52, Glu144, and His148 and is located at the bottom of a surface pocket. Combining the structural and site-directed mutagenesis studies, it is proposed that this surface pocket including the metal ion and MSH moiety formed the putative catalytic center.
Real‐time localization and elevation mapping within urban search and rescue scenarios

Urban search and rescue (USAR) is a time critical task. One goal in rescue robotics is to have a team of heterogeneous robots that explore autonomously the disaster area, while jointly creating a map of the terrain and registering victim locations, which can further be utilized by human task forces for rescue. Basically, the robots have to solve autonomously in real‐time the problem of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), consisting of a continuous state estimation problem and a discrete data association problem. In this paper we contribute a novel method for efficient loop closure in harsh large‐scale environments that utilizes RFID technology for data association and slippage‐sensitive odometry for 2D pose tracking. Furthermore, we introduce a computational efficient method for building elevation maps by utilizing an extended Kalman filter for 3D pose tracking, which can be applied in real‐time while navigating on rough terrain. The proposed methods have been extensively evaluated within outdoor environments, as well as within USAR test arenas designed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Our results show that the proposed methods perform robustly and efficiently within the utilized benchmark scenarios. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Model-based whitebox fuzzing for program binaries

Many real-world programs take highly structured and complex files as inputs. The automated testing of such programs is non-trivial. If the test does not adhere to a specific file format, the program returns a parser error. For symbolic execution-based whitebox fuzzing the corresponding error handling code becomes a significant time sink. Too much time is spent in the parser exploring too many paths leading to trivial parser errors. Naturally, the time is better spent exploring the functional part of the program where failure with valid input exposes deep and real bugs in the program. In this paper, we suggest to leverage information about the file format and data chunks of existing, valid files to swiftly carry the exploration beyond the parser code. We call our approach Modelbased Whitebox Fuzzing (MoWF) because the file format input model of blackbox fuzzers can be exploited as a constraint on the vast input space to rule out most invalid inputs during path exploration in symbolic execution. We evaluate on 13 vulnerabilities in 8 large program binaries with 6 separate file formats and found that MoWF exposes all vulnerabilities while both, traditional whitebox fuzzing and model-based blackbox fuzzing, expose only less than half, respectively. Our experiments also demonstrate that MoWF exposes 70% vulnerabilities without any seed inputs.
A heterogeneous multiple network-on-chip design: An application-aware approach

Current network-on-chip designs in chip-multiprocessors are agnostic to application requirements and hence are provisioned for the general case, leading to wasted energy and performance. We observe that applications can generally be classified as either network bandwidth-sensitive or latency-sensitive. We propose the use of two separate networks on chip, where one network is optimized for bandwidth and the other for latency, and the steering of applications to the appropriate network. We further observe that not all bandwidth (latency) sensitive applications are equally sensitive to network bandwidth (latency). Hence, within each network, we prioritize packets based on the relative sensitivity of the applications they belong to. We introduce two metrics, network episode height and length, as proxies to estimate bandwidth and latency sensitivity, to classify and rank applications. Our evaluations show that the resulting heterogeneous two-network design can provide significant energy savings and performance improvements across a variety of workloads compared to a single one-size-fits-all single network and homogeneous multiple networks.
ARC 2014

The embedded image processing systems like smartphones and digital cameras have tight limits on storage, computation power, network connectivity, and battery usage. These limitations make it important to ensure efficient image coding. In the article, we present a novel heap-based priority queue structure employed by an Adaptive Scanning of Wavelet Data scheme (ASWD) targeting an embedded platform. ASWD is a context modeling block implemented via priority queues in a wavelet-based image coder to reorganize the wavelet coefficients into locally stationary sequences. The architecture we propose exploits efficient use of FPGA’s on-chip dual-port memories in an adaptive manner. Innovations of index-aware system linked to each element in the queue makes the location of queue element traceable in the heap as per the requirements of the ASWD algorithm. Moreover, use of 4-port memories along with intelligent data concatenation of queue elements yielded in a cost effective enhanced memory access. The memory ports are adaptively assigned to different units during different processing phases in a manner to optimally take advantage of memory access required by that phase. The architectural innovations can also be exploited in other applications that require efficient hardware implementations of generic priority queue or classical sorting applications which sort into the index. We designed and validated the hardware on an Altera’s Stratix IV FPGA as an IP accelerator in a Nios II processor based System on Chip. We show that our architecture at 150MHz can provide 45X speedup compared to an embedded ARM Cortex-A9 processor at 666MHz targeting the throughput of 10MB/s.
Adaptive Evolution of a Stress Response Protein

Background Some cancers are mediated by an interplay between tissue damage, pathogens and localised innate immune responses, but the mechanisms that underlie these linkages are only beginning to be unravelled. Methods and Principal Findings Here we identify a strong signature of adaptive evolution on the DNA sequence of the mammalian stress response gene SEP53, a member of the epidermal differentiation complex fused-gene family known for its role in suppressing cancers. The SEP53 gene appears to have been subject to adaptive evolution of a type that is commonly (though not exclusively) associated with coevolutionary arms races. A similar pattern of molecular evolution was not evident in the p53 cancer-suppressing gene. Conclusions Our data thus raises the possibility that SEP53 is a component of the mucosal/epithelial innate immune response engaged in an ongoing interaction with a pathogen. Although the pathogenic stress mediating adaptive evolution of SEP53 is not known, there are a number of well-known candidates, in particular viruses with established links to carcinoma.
Study of Interatomic Potentials in ZnS—Crystal-GRID Experiments Versus Ab Initio Calculations

Crystal-GRID measurements have been performed with ZnS single crystals. For the first time, an asymmetric Crystal-GRID line shape could be observed. The preliminary data evaluation indicates that the reported lifetime of the 3221 keV level in 33S is too short. A value of about 60 fs has been found. Due to this “long” lifetime the line shape is much less structured than calculated with the reported lifetime.
Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, severe psychological distress, explosive anger and grief amongst partners of survivors of high levels of trauma in post-conflict Timor-Leste

Background Little is known about the mental health of partners of survivors of high levels of trauma in post-conflict countries. Method We studied 677 spouse dyads (n = 1354) drawn from a community survey (response 82.4%) in post-conflict Timor-Leste. We used culturally adapted measures of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), psychological distress, explosive anger and grief. Results Latent class analysis identified three classes of couples: class 1, comprising women with higher trauma events (TEs), men with intermediate TEs (19%); class 2, including men with higher TEs, women with lower TEs (23%); and class 3, comprising couples in which men and women had lower TE exposure (58%) (the reference group). Men and women partners of survivors of higher TE exposure (classes 1 and 2) had increased symptoms of explosive anger and grief compared with the reference class (class 3). Women partners of survivors of higher TE exposure (class 2) had a 20-fold increased rate of PTSD symptoms compared with the reference class, a pattern that was not evident for men living with women exposed to higher levels of trauma (class 1). Conclusions Men and women living with survivors of higher levels of trauma showed an increase in symptoms of grief and explosive anger. The manifold higher rate of PTSD symptoms amongst women living with men exposed to high levels of trauma requires replication. It is important to assess the mental health of partners when treating survivors of high levels of trauma in post-conflict settings.
Monadic Style Control Constructs for Inference Systems

Recent advances in programming languages study and design have established a standard way of grounding computational systems representation in category theory. These formal results led to a better understanding of issues of control and side-effects in functional and imperative languages. Another benefit is a better way of modelling computational effects in logical frameworks. With this analogy in mind, we embark on an investigation of inference systems based on considering inference behaviour as a form of computation. We delineate a categorical formalisation of control constructs in inference systems. This representation emphasises the parallel between the modular articulation of the categorical building blocks (triples) used to account for the inference architecture and the modular composition of cognitive processes.
Memantine induces apoptosis and inhibits cell cycle progression in LNCaP prostate cancer cells

Deregulated cancer cell metabolism plays an important role in cancer progression. Cancer cell metabolism has been in the centre of attention in therapeutical cancer cell targeting. Repurposed chemical agents, such as metformin and aspirin, have been studied extensively as preventive and therapeutic agents. Metformin is Food and Drug administration (FDA)-approved antidiabetic drug cheaper than other chemotherapeutic agents that were shown to have anticancer effects. Memantine is an FDA-approved Alzheimer’s drug. Drug repositioning studies offer wide range of benefits, such as reduced time, cost and risk over de novo drug discovery. Therefore, we aimed to target glucose and glutamine metabolism in androgen-dependent LNCaP cells by using metformin and memantine and investigate these agents’ effects on prostate cancer cell proliferation in vitro. We evaluated the effects of metformin and memantine on the protein expression levels of genes that play significant roles in apoptosis and cell cycle progression (Casp3, Casp9, Bcl-2, Survivin, Bax, c-Myc, HIF1A, CCND1, CDK4 and GAPDH) by Western blotting. Alzheimer’s drug memantine exerted cytotoxic effects at 0.25 mM and metformin at 2.5 mM. We identified for the first time that memantine exerts antineoplastic activity (0.25 mM) by triggering Bax-dependent pathway of apoptosis. In addition to that both molecules have shown similar patterns on pro- and anti-apoptotic protein expression levels, such as Bcl-2, Casp3, Survivin and Bax. Our preclinic results indicate that memantine might be used as a new repositioned drug in cancer treatment. Beyond targeting glucose metabolism, glutamine metabolism also holds great promise for a potential treatment option.
Abnormal behavior detection using Conditional Random Fields

This paper proposes a real-time abnormal behavior detection using Conditional Random Fields(CRFs). A normal behavior can be characterized by the spatial and temporal features obtained from the video of human activities. The difficult of abnormal behavior detection is that human behavior varies in both motion and appearance. It is a continuous action stream, interspersed with transitional activities between abnormal and normal events. Here, we propose Bag of Words (BoWs) to describe the motion information as the observations. Then, we apply the CRFs and adaptive thresholding to identify the abnormal behaviors. Different from previous methods, our method can identify the undefined and unknown abnormal activities.
Acoustic performances of silicone foams for sound absorption

The aim of this study is to investigate the link between the elaboration process, the microstructure and the acoustic behaviour of silicone foams obtained using a two-component silicone. Different parameters such as the ratio of components, the addition of a thinning agent and the curing temperature are varied, with the objective of understanding the influence of each parameter in the foam’s acoustic absorption. The microstructure is analysed using scanning electron microscopy and acoustic properties are measured. Two non-acoustical properties of the porous material are also investigated, namely the porosity and the flow resistivity. Pore cell size and interconnected porosity have great impact on acoustical properties. Significant enhancements of the absorption properties could be obtained in the low-frequency band by increasing the rate of agent B through an increase in the amount of interconnected porous cells. An improvement in absorption is observed in the higher frequency range when a thinning agent is added to the mixture. Representative models of the foam for acoustic simulations are obtained allowing estimation of the tortuosity, viscous and thermal characteristic length from acoustic measurements. These models are able to simulate the acoustic behaviour of the silicone foams when embedded in sound packages.
Scalable Parallelization of a Markov Coalescent Genealogy Sampler

Coalescent genealogy samplers are effective tools for the study of population genetics. They are used to estimate the historical parameters of a population based upon the sampling of present-day genetic information. A popular approach employs Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. While effective, these methods are very computationally intensive, often taking weeks to run. Although attempts have been made to leverage parallelism in an effort to reduce runtimes, they have not resulted in scalable solutions. Due to the inherently sequential nature of MCMC methods, their performance has suffered diminishing returns when applied to large-scale computing clusters. In the interests of reduced runtimes and higher quality solutions, a more sophisticated form of parallelism is required. This paper describes a novel way to apply a recently discovered generalization of MCMC for this purpose. The new approach exploits the multiple-proposal mechanism of the generalized method to enable the desired scalable parallelism while maintaining the accuracy of the original technique.
A new set of tools to describe and tune trajectories

This paper presents an integrated set of tools to describe movements of objects in a framework of key-framed animation, both in simple and complex scenes. We want to have a powerful, robust and fast tool for designing either quickly prototyped or finely tuned motions. To achieve that, we bring together Hermite splines (with an optional simplified interface for tangents) and logarithms of quaternions for orientations. We define an interface featuring both by-hand and simplified tangents edition. This gives us a unified simple interface for both translations and orientations. The construction of complex movements is easier to perform by assembling simpler ones, through hierarchy, rendezvous or links with other types of animation (dynamic, articulated structures, .). We particularly address implementation considerations, and the problems of fast computations, to get interactivity. <<ETX>>
Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Working Paper Series Pricing-to-market, Trade Costs, and International Relative Prices Pricing-to-market, Trade Costs, and International Relative Prices *

Data on international relative prices from industrialized countries show large and systematic deviations from relative purchasing power parity. We embed a model of imperfect competition and variable markups in some of the recently developed quantitative models of international trade to examine whether such models can reproduce the main features of the fluctuations in international relative prices. We find that when our model is parameterized to match salient features of the data on international trade and market structure in the US, it reproduces deviations from relative purchasing power parity similar to those observed in the data because firms choose to price-to-market. We then examine how pricing-to-market depends on the presence of international trade costs and various features of market structure. and three anonymous referees for very useful comments and suggestions.