Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mixed Hyperplastic Adenomatous Polyps/Serrated Adenomas: A Distinct Form of Colorectal Neoplasia

We present the clinicopathologic characteristics of 110 colorectal mixed hyperplastic adenomatous polyps (MHAP) that exhibited the architectural but not the cytologic features of a hyperplastic polyp. They are compared with 60 traditional adenomas, 40 hyperplastic polyps, and five colonic polyps that contained admixed but well-defined hyperplastic and adenomatous glands (HP/AD). The patients with MHAP ranged in age from 15 to 88 years (mean, 63 years). Five patients had two or more (up to seven) lesions. MHAP measured 0.2–7.5 cm in diameter. They were distributed throughout the colorectum, but a slight preponderance of large lesions (more than 1.0 cm) occurred in the cecum and appendix. All MHAP were characterized by a serrated glandular pattern simulating that seen in hyperplasia (27% of MHAP were initially diagnosed as hyperplastic polyps). However, MHAP were distinguished by the presence of goblet cell immaturity, upper zone mitoses, prominence of nucleoli, and the absence of a thickened collagen table. Although surface mitotic activity, nuclear pseudostratification, and nuclear cytoplasmic ratio were greater in MHAP than in hyperplastic polyps, they were slightly less than in traditional adenomas. Thirty-seven percent of MHAP contained foci of significant dysplasia; 11% contained areas of intramucosal carcinoma. We conclude that these lesions reflect a morphologically unique variant of adenoma and suggest that they be termed “serrated adenoma” in order to emphasize their neoplastic nature. We further offer the hypothesis that MHAP may arise from the neoplastic transformation of a more differentiated cell in the crypt than the traditional adenoma.
Self-efficacy theory: Use in the prediction of exercise behavior in the community setting

Abstract The purpose of this article was to report on studies that examined the use of Self Efficacy Theory to investigate the exercise involvement of beginner and experienced participants in both structured and unstructured community-based exercise settings. In both of the studies reported, conceptual and methodological improvements based on Self-Efficacy Theory resulted in effective prediction of exercise intentions and attendance. These improvements concerned (a) the use of a non static, prospective design, (b) assessments in different exercise settings, and (c)measurement of different aspects of self-efficacy for exercise. The results of these studies suggest that when predicting the involvement of community-based participants, both cognitive (i.e., self-efficacy) and behavioral (i.e., behavioral intention) factors contribute effectively to predictions. These findings not only support self-efficacy theory, they also underscore the importance of concept differentiation in measures and identify variable.
Exploiting the Deep-Link Commentsphere to Support Non-Linear Video Access

In this paper, we investigate the usefulness of deep links for improving video search results. Deep links are time-coded comments with which viewers express their reactions to the content at specific time-points of a video that they find noteworthy. The rationale underlying our work is that deep links can open up an interesting new perspective on the relevance of a video, namely focusing on individual video segments, in addition to the existing ones that typically concern a video as a whole. In this perspective, deep-link comments provide non-linear access to videos via their time-codes, which can match alternate dimensions of user needs that extend beyond topical and affective relevance. We explore the different types of deep-link comments and develop a viewer expressive reaction variety (VERV) typology that captures how viewers deep-link on YouTube. We validate this typology through a user study on Amazon Mechanical Turk to show that it is a typology human annotators can agree upon. We then demonstrate, through experiments, that deep-link comments can automatically be classified into VERV categories and show the potential of our proposed usage of deep-link comments for video search through a user study.
Improving Peers' Helping Behavior to Students with Learning Disabilities during Mathematics Peer Tutoring

This study investigated the effects of providing training and practice in helping behaviors to students during peer tutoring in mathematics. Participants were 20 general educators from grades two through four, whose entire classes participated in peer tutoring for 29 weeks. From each class, teachers identified one average-achieving student and one student with a learning disability to participate as a dyad in this videotape study. The 20 classrooms were assigned randomly to two treatments: peer-tutoring experience with additional training in how to help and peer-tutoring experience without training in how to help. Following training in how to help in 10 of the 20 classrooms, each dyad, one from each classroom, was videotaped completing a mathematics peer-tutoring task. Microlevel quantifications and more global descriptions of transcripts of representative pairs in each condition indicated that students who received the helping training engaged in an increased number of directly trained helping behaviors than the untrained students. The nature of students' explanations is also described.
The negative compatibility effect with relevant masks: a case for automatic motor inhibition

For many years controversy has surrounded the so-called “negative compatibility effect” (NCE), a surprising phenomenon whereby responses to a target stimulus are delayed when the target is preceded by an unconscious, response-compatible prime. According to proponents of the “self-inhibition” hypothesis, the NCE occurs when a low-level self-inhibitory mechanism supresses early motor activations that are no longer supported by perceptual evidence. This account has been debated, however, by those who regard the NCE to be a stimulus-specific phenomenon that can be explained without recourse to a self-inhibitory mechanism. The present study used a novel reach-to-touch paradigm to test whether unconscious response priming would manifest as motor activation of the opposite-to-prime response (supporting mask-induced priming accounts), or motor inhibition of the primed response (supporting the notion of low-level self-inhibition). This paper presents new findings that show the emergence of positive and negative compatibility effects as they occur in stimulus processing time. In addition, evidence is provided suggesting that the NCE is not driven by the activation of the incorrect, “opposite-to-prime” response, but rather might reflect automatic motor inhibition.
Three heresies of language testing research

This article gives a personal view of the history of Anglo-American language testing over the last half-century. It argues that major developments in the field have tended to be embraced too enthusiastically, so that they have led to unbalanced views (or ‘heresies’) concerning the construct definition of language, the scope of test impact and the value of new methods of test delivery and analysis. The article considers in turn the move to integrative and then communicative testing in the 1970s and 1980s; the recent concerns about washback, impact, ethics and politics in language testing; and the effects of innovations such as item response theory and computer-based testing. Despite their unsettling in‘ uence, heresies should be welcomed for the challenge they pose to established theory and practice.
Change of plasma transforming growth factor-beta1 levels in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients treated with concurrent chemo-radiotherapy.

OBJECTIVE Our aim was to study the correlation between plasma transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 level and radiation-induced mucositis and dermatitis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients. METHODS Blood samples obtained from patients treated with concurrent chemo-radiotherapy (CCRT) were divided into two groups according to the pre-treatment plasma TGF-beta1 level (> or =7.5 ng/ml as group 1 and < 7.5 ng/ml as group 2). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for the measurement of the TGF-beta1 level. Radiation toxicity was evaluated according to Radiation Treatment Oncology Group criteria. Data were analyzed by the generalized estimation equation method. RESULTS TGF-beta1 levels of group 1 patients were decreased significantly (P = 0.002) at the end of the treatment. The rate of decrease was 0.12 ng/ml per fraction (P = 0.02). The average TGF-beta1 level in patients who suffered acute radiation morbidity (grade > or =2) was significantly higher (P = 0.0057) than that of those who suffered less (grade < 2). CONCLUSION A lower pre-treatment plasma TGF-beta1 level and the grade of radiation toxicity both appeared to contribute to the elevated plasma TGF-beta1 after CCRT.
Awareness of Vietnamese Primary Schoolteachers on Environmental Education

This paper focuses on a survey of primary schoolteachers with the targets of evaluating their awareness on environmental problems, protection and education, and studying their role as teachers and their capacities to meet the requirements of environmental education. Teaching environmental education requires from teachers not only a deep and thorough awareness of environmental problems, protection and education but also a creative thinking power and the capacity to apply theoretical knowledge in general to a concrete local environment. The results of the survey show that Vietnamese primary schoolteachers lack both of the required qualities. In this regard, the following suggestions are proposed: (1) to place as high priority the creative thinking power and research abilities in the teachers' training objectives; (2) to organise courses on environmental problems, protection and education for in-service teachers; (3) to establish programmes and prepare learning materials well suited in each locality.
Novel Serial Positive Enrichment Technology Enables Clinical Multiparameter Cell Sorting

A general obstacle for clinical cell preparations is limited purity, which causes variability in the quality and potency of cell products and might be responsible for negative side effects due to unwanted contaminants. Highly pure populations can be obtained best using positive selection techniques. However, in many cases target cell populations need to be segregated from other cells by combinations of multiple markers, which is still difficult to achieve – especially for clinical cell products. Therefore, we have generated low-affinity antibody-derived Fab-fragments, which stain like parental antibodies when multimerized via Strep-tag and Strep-Tactin, but can subsequently be removed entirely from the target cell population. Such reagents can be generated for virtually any antigen and can be used for sequential positive enrichment steps via paramagnetic beads. First protocols for multiparameter enrichment of two clinically relevant cell populations, CD4high/CD25high/CD45RAhigh ‘regulatory T cells’ and CD8high/CD62Lhigh/CD45RAneg ‘central memory T cells’, have been established to determine quality and efficacy parameters of this novel technology, which should have broad applicability for clinical cell sorting as well as basic research.
Predictability in French gender attribution: A corpus analysis

This article presents a corpus analysis designed to determine the extent to which noun endings in French are reliable predictors of grammatical gender. A corpus of 9,961 nouns appearing in Le Robert Junior Illustrwas analysed according to noun endings, which were operationalised as orthographic representations of rhymes, which consist of either a vowel sound (i.e., a nucleus) in the case of vocalic endings or a vowel-plus-consonant blend (i.e., a nucleus and a coda) in the case of consonantal endings. The analysis classified noun endings as reliably masculine, reliably feminine, or ambiguous, by considering as reliable predictors of grammatical gender any noun ending that predicts the gender of least 90 per cent of all nouns in the corpus with that ending. Results reveal that 81 per cent of all feminine nouns and 80 per cent of all masculine nouns in the corpus are rule governed, having endings that systematically predict their gender. These findings, at odds with traditional grammars, are discussed in terms of their pedagogical implications.
Gendered Racial Socialization of African American Mothers and Daughters

African American girls face unique challenges in identity development, and African American mothers have the unique task of preparing them to face racism and sexism. This study examines specific socialization messages given to African American daughters by mothers and the relationship between gendered racial socialization and communication. Results suggest that mothers give a variety of messages, including self-determination, self-pride, and religion. Correlations are found between reports of communication patterns. Communication is found to be positively related to self-esteem in daughters. Socialization messages on embracing mainstream values are negatively related to self-esteem.
Pulsating wave for mean curvature flow in inhomogeneous medium

We prove the existence and uniqueness of pulsating waves for the motion by mean curvature of an n-dimensional hypersurface in an inhomogeneous medium, represented by a periodic forcing. The main difficulty is caused by the degeneracy of the equation and the fact the forcing is allowed to change sign. Under the assumption of weak inhomogeneity, we obtain uniform oscillation and gradient bounds so that the evolving surface can be written as a graph over a reference hyperplane. The existence of an effective speed of propagation is established for any normal direction. We further prove the Lipschitz continuity of the speed with respect to the normal and various stability properties of the pulsating wave. The results are related to the homogenisation of mean curvature flow with forcing.
Monte Carlo calculations of positron emitter yields in proton radiotherapy

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a promising tool for monitoring the three-dimensional dose distribution in charged particle radiotherapy. PET imaging during or shortly after proton treatment is based on the detection of annihilation photons following the ß+-decay of radionuclides resulting from nuclear reactions in the irradiated tissue. Therapy monitoring is achieved by comparing the measured spatial distribution of irradiation-induced ß+-activity with the predicted distribution based on the treatment plan. The accuracy of the calculated distribution depends on the correctness of the computational models, implemented in the employed Monte Carlo (MC) codes that describe the interactions of the charged particle beam with matter and the production of radionuclides and secondary particles. However, no well-established theoretical models exist for predicting the nuclear interactions and so phenomenological models are typically used based on parameters derived from experimental data. Unfortunately, the experimental data presently available are insufficient to validate such phenomenological hadronic interaction models. Hence, a comparison among the models used by the different MC packages is desirable. In this work, starting from a common geometry, we compare the performances of MCNPX, GATE and PHITS MC codes in predicting the amount and spatial distribution of proton-induced activity, at therapeutic energies, to the already experimentally validated PET modelling based on the FLUKA MC code. In particular, we show how the amount of ß+-emitters produced in tissue-like media depends on the physics model and cross-sectional data used to describe the proton nuclear interactions, thus calling for future experimental campaigns aiming at supporting improvements of MC modelling for clinical application of PET monitoring.
Explaining Capitalism: The Method of Marx's Political Economy

The central thesis of this article is that Marx's explanation of the significant phenomena of the capitalist economy draws upon a basic theoretical syntax of a determinist/latent functionalist type. This conclusion has three consequences. First, it extends the range of functionalist explanation in Marx beyond its traditional loci, namely the theory of history and the analysis of the role of the state and other institutions in stabilizing capitalism, into the very heart of Marx's project, his political economy. Secondly, it has a powerful, though indirect, impact on our understanding of what might loosely be called the normative component of Marx's writings in as much as it identifies a specific sort of unfreedom peculiar to capitalist society. Thirdly, it shows just how great a challenge is mounted against Marx's project by those who seek to recast its method of explanation along methodological individualist lines. For if the first two points are accurate, rational-choice Marxists are drawn into a critique of both the explanatory and normative core of Marxism.
Nuevas tecnologías e innovación educativa

Gran parte de la investigacion sobre las Tecnologias de la Informacion y Comunicacion (TICs) se ha centrado exclusivamente en la eficacia para alcanzar los objetivos tradicionales del aprendizaje, sin desarrollar perspectivas o lineas de trabajo con tecnologias que sirvan para promover la creatividad, expresion personal y aprender a aprender, apoyando las capacidades de creatividad y pensamiento critico. En este articulo se proponen objetivos, metodologias y tematicas de estudio en esta segunda direccion.
VLSI Architecture for Spread Spectrum Image Watermarking Using Binary Watermark

In recent time protection of intellectual properties is a concern. To protect the image and video from the unauthenticated access or tampering, watermarking is adopted as a solution. Real-time implementation of various watermarking techniques has been utilized in broadcasting. In this paper we have a spatial domain Spread Spectrum (SS) watermarking scheme which effectively eliminates security problem while increasing robustness and enhancing perceptual quality of watermarked image. VLSI implementation using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) has been developed for the algorithm.
A Peer-to-Peer Network Architecture for Distributed Video-on-Demand Appliances in Enterprise Networks

Video-on-Demand (VoD) applications have attracted a lot of attention recently and increasingly become a competitive factor on commercial consumer markets. Traditionally, these appliances rely on a client-server architecture where a single server or a cluster of servers stores content that is on request transmitted to the demanding client. VoD servers are expensive and significantly increase the purchase costs as they must be powerful and own high storage capacities. Furthermore, they usually must exhibit high capacity network links as in worst-case scenarios hundreds and more of data-intensive video streams must be sent out simultaneously. Consequently, this link often becomes the bottleneck of the system, thereby decreasing the Quality of Service (QoS). Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks are a popular Internet community-driven approach that may overcome these major drawbacks and additionally help to balance workloads across network links with the benefit of higher data-rate throughput and increased reliability. This paper presents a new QoS-oriented architecture for VoD systems in enterprise networks. It contrast to other solutions, it exploits P2P approaches and thus significantly reduces purchase costs and overcomes the traditional drawback of clientserver based solutions. It uses true point-to-point communication in order to preserve the On-Demand character of respective applications rather than building multicast communication trees that are widely addressed in comparable solutions. We furthermore propose P2P data replication strategies to ensure high content availability and innovative workload scaling to avoid local bottlenecks and hence enhance QoS. Moreover, we exploit the MPEG-4 video compression standard and develop a protocol for scalable video content delivery across distributed networks and end-devices, thus enhancing the QoS.
Efficient method for estimating the number of communities in a network

While there exist a wide range of effective methods for community detection in networks, most of them require one to know in advance how many communities one is looking for. Here we present a method for estimating the number of communities in a network using a combination of Bayesian inference with a novel prior and an efficient Monte Carlo sampling scheme. We test the method extensively on both real and computer-generated networks, showing that it performs accurately and consistently, even in cases where groups are widely varying in size or structure.
Cell Wall Structure in Cells Adapted to Growth on the Cellulose-Synthesis Inhibitor 2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile : A Comparison between Two Dicotyledonous Plants and a Graminaceous Monocot.

Our previous work (E. Shedletzky, M. Shmuel, D.P. Delmer, D.T.A. Lamport [1990] Plant Physiol 94:980-987) showed that suspension-cultured tomato cells adapted to growth on the cellulose synthesis inhibitor 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB) have a markedly altered cell wall composition, most notably a markedly reduced level of the cellulose-xyloglucan network. This study compares the adaptation to DCB of two cell lines from dicots (tomato [Lycopersicon esculentum] and tobacco [Nicotiana tabacum]) and a Graminaceous monocot (barley [Hordeum bulbosum] endosperm). The difference in wall structures between the dicots and the monocot is reflected in the very different types of wall modifications induced by growth on DCB. The dicots, having reduced levels of cellulose and xyloglucan, possess walls the major integrity of which is provided by Ca(2+)-bridged pectates because protoplasts can be prepared from these cells simply by treatment with divalent cation chelator and a purified endopolygalacturonase. The tensile strength of these walls is considerably less than walls from nonadapted cells, but wall porosity is not altered. In contrast, walls from adapted barley cells contain very little pectic material and normal to elevated levels of noncellulosic polysaccharides compared with walls from nonadapted cells. Surprisingly, they have tensile strengths higher than their nonadapted counterpart, although cellulose levels are reduced by 70%. Evidence is presented that these walls obtain their additional strength by an altered pattern of cross-linking of polymers involving phenolic components. Such cross-linking may also explain the observation that the porosity of these walls is also considerably reduced. Cells of adapted lines of both the dicots and barley are resistant to plasmolysis, suggesting that they possess very strong connections between the wall and the plasma membrane.