Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
k-BOOM: A Bayesian approach to ontology structure inference, with applications in disease ontology construction

One strategy for building ontologies covering domains such as disease or anatomy is to weave together existing knowledge sources (databases, vocabularies and ontologies) into single cohesive whole. A first step in this process is to generate mappings between the elements of these different sources. There are a number of well-known techniques for generating mappings (also known as ontology alignemnt), both manual and automatic[7]. Sometimes mappings are seen as an end in themselves, with the sources remaining in a loosely connected state. However, if we want to take the next step and use the mappings to integrate the different sources into a cohesive reference ontology, then we need to translate the mappings into precise logical relationships. This will allow us to safely merge equivalent concepts, creating a unified ontology. This translation is a non-trivial step, as each mapping can be interpreted as multiple different logical relationships, with each interpretation affecting the likelihood of the others. There is a lack of automated methods to assist with this last step; this resolution is typically performed by expert ontologists. Here we describe an ontology construction technique that takes two or more ontologies linked by hypothetical axioms, and estimates the most likely unified logical ontology. Hypothetical axioms can themselves be derived from semantically loose mappings. The method combines deductive reasoning and probabilistic inference and is called Bayesian OWL Ontology Merging (BOOM). We describe a special form k-BOOM that works by factorizing the probabilistic ontology into k submodules. We also briefly describe a supplemental lexical and knowledge-based technique for generating a set of hypothetical axioms from loose mappings. We are currently using this technique to build a merged disease ontology (Monarch Disease Ontology; MonDO) that unifies a broad range of vocabularies into a consistent and coherent whole.
Memory-based opportunistic multi-user beamforming

A scheme exploiting memory in opportunistic multiuser beamforming is proposed. The scheme builds on recent advances realized in M. Sharif and B. Hassibi, 2005, in the area of multi-user downlink preceding and scheduling based on partial transmitter channel state information (CSIT). Although the preceding and scheduling done in M. Sharif and B. Hassibi, 2005 is optimal within the set of unitary precoders, it is only so asymptotically for large number of users. Secondly, this scheme is unable to exploit potential time correlation of the channel. In this paper, we show (1) that exploiting memory in the transmitter allows to fill the gap to optimality for fixed (even low) number of users for time correlated channels, (2) how such schemes can be extended to take fairness into account in the proportional fair sense
CLINICAL USES OF MINDFULNESS TRAINING FOR OLDER PEOPLE

Mindfulness training (MT) is a meditation-based approach that, on its own or in alliance with cognitive therapy, can effectively impact on several therapeutic targets such as recurrent depression, some anxiety problems, and chronic physical pain. This article outlines how mindfulness training complements cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), and why it may be particularly useful to older people. The range of potential applications of MT is examined, followed by considerations of the evidence to date and both the advantages and dangers of current developments within the various MT programmes. The author's ongoing research on Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) for older people with recurring depression is described, as is the use of Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (MBSR) in routine clinical practice. Suggestions are provided regarding future research into the range of applications of MT with older people.
Toward Agents that Recognize Emotion

It is now easy to nd examples of interactive software agents and animated creatures that have the ability to express emotion; this paper describes research for giving them the ability to recognize emotion. The ability to recognize a per-son's emotions is a key aspect of human \emo-tional intelligence," which has been described by a number of scientists as being more important to success in life than are the traditional forms of mathematical and verbal intelligence. This paper describes research underway in emotion recognition at the MIT Media Lab, especially research involving new wearable interfaces.
Student Reports of Bullying and Cyber-Bullying: Results from the 2011 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey. Web Tables. NCES 2013-329.

This document reports data from the 2011 School Crime Supplement (SCS) of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). The Web Tables show the extent to which students with different personal characteristics report bullying and cyberbullying. Estimates include responses by student characteristics: student sex, race/ethnicity, grade, and household income. The U.S. Census Bureau (Census) appended additional data from the 2009– 10 Common Core of Data (CCD) and the 2009–10 Private School Universe Survey (PSS) to generate tables showing the extent to which bullying and cyber-bullying are reported by students in schools with different characteristics. School characteristics examined are region; sector (public or private); locale; level; enrollment size; student-to-full-time-equivalent (FTE) teacher ratio; percentage of combined American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian/ Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander, Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino, and students of two or more races; and percentage of students eligible for free or reduced-priced lunch.
Do regional modifications in tissue mineral content and microscopic mineralization heterogeneity adapt trabecular bone tracts for habitual bending? Analysis in the context of trabecular architecture of deer calcanei

Calcanei of mature mule deer have the largest mineral content (percent ash) difference between their dorsal ‘compression’ and plantar ‘tension’ cortices of any bone that has been studied. The opposing trabecular tracts, which are contiguous with the cortices, might also show important mineral content differences and microscopic mineralization heterogeneity (reflecting increased hemi‐osteonal renewal) that optimize mechanical behaviors in tension vs. compression. Support for these hypotheses could reveal a largely unrecognized capacity for phenotypic plasticity – the adaptability of trabecular bone material as a means for differentially enhancing mechanical properties for local strain environments produced by habitual bending. Fifteen skeletally mature and 15 immature deer calcanei were cut transversely into two segments (40% and 50% shaft length), and cores were removed to determine mineral (ash) content from ‘tension’ and ‘compression’ trabecular tracts and their adjacent cortices. Seven bones/group were analyzed for differences between tracts in: first, microscopic trabecular bone packets and mineralization heterogeneity (backscattered electron imaging, BSE); and second, trabecular architecture (micro‐computed tomography). Among the eight architectural characteristics evaluated [including bone volume fraction (BVF) and structural model index (SMI)]: first, only the ‘tension’ tract of immature bones showed significantly greater BVF and more negative SMI (i.e. increased honeycomb morphology) than the ‘compression’ tract of immature bones; and second, the ‘compression’ tracts of both groups showed significantly greater structural order/alignment than the corresponding ‘tension’ tracts. Although mineralization heterogeneity differed between the tracts in only the immature group, in both groups the mineral content derived from BSE images was significantly greater (P < 0.01), and bulk mineral (ash) content tended to be greater in the ‘compression’ tracts (immature 3.6%, P = 0.03; mature 3.1%, P = 0.09). These differences are much less than the approximately 8% greater mineral content of their ‘compression’ cortices (P < 0.001). Published data, suggesting that these small mineralization differences are not mechanically important in the context of conventional tests, support the probability that architectural modifications primarily adapt the tracts for local demands. However, greater hemi‐osteonal packets in the tension trabecular tract of only the mature bones (P = 0.006) might have an important role, and possible synergism with mineralization and/or microarchitecture, in differential toughening at the trabeculum level for tension vs. compression strains.
Registration of the endoluminal surfaces of the colon derived from prone and supine CT colonography.

PURPOSE Computed tomographic (CT) colonography is a relatively new technique for detecting bowel cancer or potentially precancerous polyps. CT scanning is combined with three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction to produce a virtual endoluminal representation similar to optical colonoscopy. Because retained fluid and stool can mimic pathology, CT data are acquired with the bowel cleansed and insufflated with gas and patient in both prone and supine positions. Radiologists then match visually endoluminal locations between the two acquisitions in order to determine whether apparent pathology is real or not. This process is hindered by the fact that the colon, essentially a long tube, can undergo considerable deformation between acquisitions. The authors present a novel approach to automatically establish spatial correspondence between prone and supine endoluminal colonic surfaces after surface parameterization, even in the case of local colon collapse. METHODS The complexity of the registration task was reduced from a 3D to a 2D problem by mapping the surfaces extracted from prone and supine CT colonography onto a cylindrical parameterization. A nonrigid cylindrical registration was then performed to align the full colonic surfaces. The curvature information from the original 3D surfaces was used to determine correspondence. The method can also be applied to cases with regions of local colonic collapse by ignoring the collapsed regions during the registration. RESULTS Using a development set, suitable parameters were found to constrain the cylindrical registration method. Then, the same registration parameters were applied to a different set of 13 validation cases, consisting of 8 fully distended cases and 5 cases exhibiting multiple colonic collapses. All polyps present were well aligned, with a mean (+/- std. dev.) registration error of 5.7 (+/- 3.4) mm. An additional set of 1175 reference points on haustral folds spread over the full endoluminal colon surfaces resulted in an error of 7.7 (+/- 7.4) mm. Here, 82% of folds were aligned correctly after registration with a further 15% misregistered by just onefold. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method reduces the 3D registration task to a cylindrical registration representing the endoluminal surface of the colon. Our algorithm uses surface curvature information as a similarity measure to drive registration to compensate for the large colorectal deformations that occur between prone and supine data acquisitions. The method has the potential to both enhance polyp detection and decrease the radiologist's interpretation time.
Phosphodiesterase 3B Is Localized in Caveolae and Smooth ER in Mouse Hepatocytes and Is Important in the Regulation of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are important regulators of signal transduction processes mediated by cAMP and cGMP. One PDE family member, PDE3B, plays an important role in the regulation of a variety of metabolic processes such as lipolysis and insulin secretion. In this study, the cellular localization and the role of PDE3B in the regulation of triglyceride, cholesterol and glucose metabolism in hepatocytes were investigated. PDE3B was identified in caveolae, specific regions in the plasma membrane, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. In caveolin-1 knock out mice, which lack caveolae, the amount of PDE3B protein and activity were reduced indicating a role of caveolin-1/caveolae in the stabilization of enzyme protein. Hepatocytes from PDE3B knock out mice displayed increased glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol levels, which was associated with increased expression of gluconeogenic and lipogenic genes/enzymes including, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c and hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. In conclusion, hepatocyte PDE3B is localized in caveolae and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and plays important roles in the regulation of glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism. Dysregulation of PDE3B could have a role in the development of fatty liver, a condition highly relevant in the context of type 2 diabetes.
BHIVA treatment guidelines for tuberculosis (TB)/HIV infection 2005

AL Pozniak, RF Miller, MCI Lipman, AR Freedman, LP Ormerod, MA Johnson, S Collins and SB Lucas, on behalf of the BHIVA Guidelines Writing Committee Chelsea and Westminster NHS Healthcare Trust, London, UK, Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, Department of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London, UK, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK, Blackburn Royal Infirmary, Blackburn, Lancashire, UK, HIV i-Base, London, UK, Department of Histopathology, GKT School of Medicine, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
KeystrokeAuth Forrest Pieper Kenneth Seibert Ameesh

KeystrokeAuth is an example website implementation that uses keystroke timing to provide stronger user authentication. Measuring keystroke timing is a method for passive biometric authentication. Traditional biometric authentication such as fingerprint or retinal scanners require external hardware and is not suited for web service authentication where users may login from a variety of machines. Keystroke timing can be gathered using Javascript embedded in the login and registration pages. Thus this method requires no additional hardware. The user must enter her password several times during registration instead of just once or twice, but otherwise the method is largely unobtrusive. Authenticating passwords with keystroke timing makes it more difficult for an attacker who possesses a user’s plaintext password to compromise the account. Additionally, it discourages account sharing which may be useful for highly secure systems and premium accounts. In this paper we describe past work on the topic, introduce our example implementation, analyze the added security of our system, and examine a small set of test data.
The Architectural Basis of Affective States and Processes

Much discussion of emotions and related topics is riddled with confusion because different authors use the key expressions with different meanings. Some confuse the concept of "emotion" with the more general concept of "affect", which covers other things besides emotions, including moods, attitudes, desires, preferences, intentions, dislikes, etc. Moreover researchers have different goals: some are concerned with understanding natural phenomena, while others are more concerned with producing useful artifacts, e.g. synthetic entertainment agents, sympathetic machine interfaces, and the like. We address this confusion by showing how "architecture-based" concepts can extend and refine our pre-theoretical concepts in ways that make them more useful both for expressing scientific questions and theories, and for specifying engineering objectives. An implication is that different information-processing architectures support different classes of emotions, different classes of consciousness, different varieties of perception, and so on. We start with high level concepts applicable to a wide variety of types of natural and artificial systems, including very simple organisms, namely concepts such as "need", "function", "information-user", "affect", "information-processing architecture". For more complex architectures, we offer the CogAff schema as a generic framework which distinguishes types of components that may be in a architecture, operating concurrently with different functional roles. We also sketch H-Cogaff, a richly-featured special case of CogAff, conjectured as a type of architecture that can explain or replicate human mental phenomena. We show how the concepts that are definable in terms of such architectures can clarify and enrich research on human emotions. If successful for the purposes of science and philosophy the architecture is also likely to be useful for engineering purposes, though many engineering goals can be achieved using shallow concepts and shallow theories, e.g., producing "believable" agents for computer entertainments. The more human-like robot emotions will emerge, as they do in humans, from the interactions of many mechanisms serving different purposes, not from a particular, dedicated "emotion mechanism".
An autonomous and decentralized protocol for delay sensitive overlay multicast tree

Here, we present a protocol for dynamically maintaining a degree-bounded delay sensitive spanning tree in a decentralized way on overlay networks. The protocol aims at repairing the spanning tree autonomously even if multiple node's leave operations or failures (disappearances) occur simultaneously or continuously in a specified period. It also aims at maintaining the diameter (maximum delay) of the tree as small as possible. The simulation results using ns-2 have shown that the protocol could keep reasonable diameters compared with the existing centralized static algorithm even if many node's participations and disappearances occur frequently.
Exploring group behavior in a power-to- take video experiment

This paper experimentally explores group decision-making in a two-player power-to-take game. Discussions preceding group decisions are video taped and analyzed. Each subject first earns an income in an individual effort task preceding the game. The game consists of two stages. First, one group can claim any part of the income of the other group (take rate). Then, the latter group can respond by destroying own income. The results show that (1) although group behavior is in line with individual behavior, group behavior depends crucially on the decision rules that subject use to arrive at their group decision; (2) groups ignore the decision rule of their ‘opponents’ and typically view other groups as if they were single agents; (3) perceptions of fairness are prone to the so-called self-serving bias. (4) expectations are often not consistent with actual outcomes.
Comparison of Four Approaches to Age and Gender Recognition for Telephone Applications

This paper presents a comparative study of four different approaches to automatic age and gender classification using seven classes on a telephony speech task and also compares the results with human performance on the same data. The automatic approaches compared are based on (1) a parallel phone recognizer, derived from an automatic language identification system; (2) a system using dynamic Bayesian networks to combine several prosodic features; (3) a system based solely on linear prediction analysis; and (4) Gaussian mixture models based on MFCCs for separate recognition of age and gender. On average, the parallel phone recognizer performs as well as Human listeners do, while loosing performance on short utterances. The system based on prosodic features however shows very little dependence on the length of the utterance.
A Theory-Driven Framework for Consumers to Adopt m-Commerce Devices

M-commerce (mobile commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services through wireless handheld electronic devices such as portable personal computers, mobile phones and personal digital assistants. This paper proposes a theory-driven examination of the adoption of M-commerce devices (MCD) by consumers in their on-line purchase processes. By integrating the concepts of the options model with the major ideas of the technology acceptance model (TAM), we identify four M’s (merits, maturity, maneuverability and mentality) as the influencing factors of the adoption of MCD. Based on the generic attributes of mcommerce, we further identify two M’s, matching and mobility, as the antecedents of these influencing factors. We then propose a conceptual model of the adoption of MCD by consumers. Because of the ubiquitous nature of m-commerce, the proposed framework would have universal implications and would make significant contributions to a more in-depth understanding of the spread and acceptability of m-
Work-family matters in the workplace: the use of focus groups in a study of a UK social services department

The article shows how talk and the expression of feelings about work-family matters in the workplace are generated within the research encounter and how they are shaped by the characteristics of the focus group. First, it outlines the study. Second, it discusses the conditions under which the focus group method was implemented in practice, thereby pointing to the limitations as well as the strengths of its application within an organizational case study. Third, it shows how focus groups are sites in which participants forge relations with one another. In particular it argues that participants can set discussion agendas and/or can act as accomplices in the sense that they are complicit in negotiating implicit understandings with one another which may drive the direction and/or tone of the discussion.
Automatic image annotation via incorporating Naive Bayes with particle swarm optimization

This paper presents an automatic image annotation approach that integrates the Naive Bayes classifier with particle swarm optimization algorithm for classes' probabilities weighting. The proposed hybrid approach refines the output of multi-class classification that is based on the usage of Naive Bayes classifier for automatically labeling images with a number of words. Each input image is segmented using the normalized cuts segmentation algorithm in order to create a descriptor for each segment. One Naive Bayes classifier is trained for all the classes. Particle swarm optimization algorithm is employed as a search strategy in order to identify an optimal weighting for classes probabilities from Naive Bayes classifier. The proposed approach has been applied on Corel5K benchmark dataset. Experimental results and comparative performance evaluation, for results obtained from the proposed approach and other related researches, demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms the performance of the other approaches, considering annotation accuracy, for the experimented dataset.
Multiple Sclerosis Detection in Multispectral Magnetic Resonance Images with Principal Components Analysis.

This paper presents a local feature vector based method for automated Multiple Sclerosis (MS) lesion segmentation of multi spectral MRI data. Twenty datasets from MS patients with FLAIR, T1,T2, MD and FA data with expert annotations are available as training set from the MICCAI 2008 challenge on MS, and 24 test datasets. Our local feature vector method contains neighbourhood voxel intensities, histogram and MS probability atlas information. Principal Component Analysis(PCA) with log-likelihood ratio is used to classify each voxel. MRI suffers from intensity inhomogenities. We try to correct this ‘’bias field’’ with 3 methods: a genetic algorithm, edge preserving filtering and atlas based correction. A large observer variability exist between expert classifications, but the similarity scores between model and expert classifications are often lower. Our model gives the best classification results with raw data, because bias correction gives artifacts at the edges and flatten large MS lesions.