Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Some Questions of Moral Philosophy

Publication de la conference introductive d'une serie de conferences donnees par H. Arendt a la Nouvelle Ecole de la Recherche Sociale a partir du 10 fevrier 1965. Avant de traiter de questions ethiques en relation avec la politique, la philosophie et la religion dans ses interventions futures, H. Arendt revient ici sur l'origine de la moralite, sur la question des valeurs et des principes modernes de l'action, que viennent contredire les horreurs hitleriennes et staliniennes d'une histoire encore proche
Cognitive behavior therapy via the Internet: a systematic review of applications, clinical efficacy and cost–effectiveness

Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy (ICBT) is a promising treatment that may increase availability of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for psychiatric disorders and other clinical problems. The main objective of this study was to determine the applications, clinical efficacy and cost–effectiveness of ICBT. The authors conducted a systematic review to identify randomized controlled trials investigating CBT delivered via the internet for adult patient populations. Searches to identify studies investigating cost–effectiveness of ICBT were also conducted. Evidence status for each clinical application was determined using the American Psychologist Association criteria for empirically supported treatments. Of 1104 studies reviewed, 108 met criteria for inclusion, of which 103 reported on clinical efficacy and eight on cost–effectiveness. Results showed that ICBT has been tested for 25 different clinical disorders, whereas most randomized controlled trials have been aimed at depression, anxiety disorders and chronic pain. Internet-based treatments for depression, social phobia and panic disorder were classified as well-established, that is, meeting the highest level of criteria for evidence. Effect sizes were large in the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, severe health anxiety, irritable bowel syndrome, female sexual dysfunction, eating disorders, cannabis use and pathological gambling. For other clinical problems, effect sizes were small to moderate. Comparison to conventional CBT showed that ICBT produces equivalent effects. Cost–effectiveness data were relatively scarce but suggested that ICBT has more than 50% probability of being cost effective compared with no treatment or to conventional CBT when willingness to pay for an additional improvement is zero. Although ICBT is a promising treatment option for several disorders, it can only be regarded as a well-established treatment for depression, panic disorder and social phobia. It seems that ICBT is as effective as conventional CBT for respective clinical disorder, that is, if conventional CBT works then ICBT works. The large effects and the limited therapist time required suggest that the treatment is highly cost effective for well-established indications.
A scaled Bregman theorem with applications

Bregman divergences play a central role in the design and analysis of a range of machine learning algorithms. This paper explores the use of Bregman divergences to establish reductions between such algorithms and their analyses. We present a new scaled isodistortion theorem involving Bregman divergences (scaled Bregman theorem for short) which shows that certain "Bregman distortions'" (employing a potentially non-convex generator) may be exactly re-written as a scaled Bregman divergence computed over transformed data. Admissible distortions include geodesic distances on curved manifolds and projections or gauge-normalisation, while admissible data include scalars, vectors and matrices. Our theorem allows one to leverage to the wealth and convenience of Bregman divergences when analysing algorithms relying on the aforementioned Bregman distortions. We illustrate this with three novel applications of our theorem: a reduction from multi-class density ratio to class-probability estimation, a new adaptive projection free yet norm-enforcing dual norm mirror descent algorithm, and a reduction from clustering on flat manifolds to clustering on curved manifolds. Experiments on each of these domains validate the analyses and suggest that the scaled Bregman theorem might be a worthy addition to the popular handful of Bregman divergence properties that have been pervasive in machine learning.
Analysis of Intention in Dialogues Using Category Trees and Its Application to Advertisement Recommendation

We propose an intention analysis system for instant messaging applications. The system adopts Yahoo! directory as category trees, and classifies each dialogue into one of the categories of the directory. Two weighting schemes in information retrieval, i.e., tf and tf-idf, are considered in our experiments. In addition, we also expand Yahoo! directory with the accompanying HTML files and explore different features such as nouns, verbs, hypernym, hyponym, etc. Experiments show that category trees expanded with snippets together with noun features under tf scheme achieves a best Fscore, 0.86, when only 37.46% of utterances are processed on the average. This methodology is employed to recommend advertisements relevant to the dialogue.
Mapping of Ebolavirus Neutralization by Monoclonal Antibodies in the ZMapp Cocktail Using Cryo-Electron Tomography and Studies of Cellular Entry

ABSTRACT ZMapp, a cocktail of three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs; c2G4, c4G7, and c13C6) against the ebolavirus (EBOV) glycoprotein (GP), shows promise for combatting outbreaks of EBOV, as occurred in West Africa in 2014. Prior studies showed that Fabs from these MAbs bind a soluble EBOV GP ectodomain and that MAbs c2G4 and c4G7, but not c13C6, neutralize infections in cell cultures. Using cryo-electron tomography, we extended these findings by characterizing the structures of c2G4, c4G7, and c13C6 IgGs bound to native, full-length GP from the West African 2014 isolate embedded in filamentous viruslike particles (VLPs). As with the isolated ectodomain, c13C6 bound to the glycan cap, whereas c2G4 and c4G7 bound to the base region of membrane-bound GP. The tomographic data suggest that all three MAbs bind with high occupancy and that the base-binding antibodies can potentially bridge neighboring GP spikes. Functional studies indicated that c2G4 and c4G7, but not c13C6, competitively inhibit entry of VLPs bearing EBOV GP into the host cell cytoplasm, without blocking trafficking of VLPs to NPC1+ endolysosomes, where EBOV fuses. Moreover, c2G4 and c4G7 bind to and can block entry mediated by the primed (19-kDa) form of GP without impeding binding of the C-loop of NPC1, the endolysosomal receptor for EBOV. The most likely mode of action of c2G4 and c4G7 is therefore by inhibiting conformational changes in primed, NPC1-bound GP that initiate fusion between the viral and target membranes, similar to the action of certain broadly neutralizing antibodies against influenza hemagglutinin and HIV Env. IMPORTANCE The recent West African outbreak of ebolavirus caused the deaths of more than 11,000 individuals. Hence, there is an urgent need to be prepared with vaccines and therapeutics for similar future disasters. ZMapp, a cocktail of three MAbs directed against the ebolavirus glycoprotein, is a promising anti-ebolavirus therapeutic. Using cryo-electron tomography, we provide structural information on how each of the MAbs in this cocktail binds to the ebolavirus glycoprotein as it is displayed—embedded in the membrane and present at high density—on filamentous viruslike particles that recapitulate the surface structure and entry functions of ebolavirus. Moreover, after confirming that two of the MAbs bind to the same region in the base of the glycoprotein, we show that they competitively block the entry function of the glycoprotein and that they can do so after the glycoprotein is proteolytically primed and bound to its intracellular receptor, Niemann-Pick C1. These findings should inform future developments of ebolavirus therapeutics.
Trust as a valuable strategic variable in the food industry: different types of trust and their implementation

Although it is often suggested that trust is an important construct in relationship marketing, there is only little empirical evidence of how, if at all, trust may be used as a valuable strategic variable. In the 1990s, the international food industry faced a number of serious challenges, most notoriously the mad cow disease. The present multiple case study, which is qualitative in nature, explores how the Danish-British bacon supply chain has dealt with the challenges by means of implementing different types of trust. The study confirms that there are different types of trust that marketers can embrace and shows that when one type of trust is not available marketers can draw on other types. The case study also maps different patterns of implementing trust-based marketing approaches.
Modulation of the gut microbiota by the mixture of fish oil and krill oil in high-fat diet-induced obesity mice

Previous studies confirmed that dietary supplements of fish oil and krill oil can alleviate obesity in mice, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aims to discern whether oil treatment change the structure of the gut microbiota during the obesity alleviation. The ICR mice received high-fat diet (HFD) continuously for 12 weeks after two weeks of acclimatization with a standard chow diet, and the mice fed with a standard chow diet were used as the control. In the groups that received HFD with oil supplementation, the weight gains were attenuated and the liver index, total cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were reduced stepwise compared with the HFD group, and the overall structure of the gut microbiota, which was modulated in the HFD group, was shifted toward the structure found in the control group. Moreover, eighty-two altered operational taxonomic units responsive to oil treatment were identified and nineteen of them differing in one or more parameters associated with obesity. In conclusion, this study confirmed the effect of oil treatment on obesity alleviation, as well as on the microbiota structure alterations. We proposed that further researches are needed to elucidate the causal relationship between obesity alleviation and gut microbiota modulation.
Identification of CYP4F8 in Human Seminal Vesicles as a Prominent 19-Hydroxylase of Prostaglandin Endoperoxides*

A novel cytochrome P450, CYP4F8, was recently cloned from human seminal vesicles. CYP4F8 was expressed in yeast. Recombinant CYP4F8 oxygenated arachidonic acid to (18R)-hydroxyarachidonate, whereas prostaglandin (PG) D2, PGE1, PGE2, PGF2α, and leukotriene B4 appeared to be poor substrates. Three stable PGH2 analogues, 9,11-epoxymethano-PGH2 (U-44069), 11,9-epoxymethano-PGH2 (U-46619), and 9,11-diazo-15-deoxy-PGH2 (U-51605) were rapidly metabolized by ω2- and ω3-hydroxylation. U-44069 was oxygenated with aV max of ∼260 pmol min− 1 pmol P450− 1 and a K m of ∼7 μm. PGH2decomposes mainly to PGE2 in buffer and to PGF2α by reduction with SnCl2. CYP4F8 metabolized PGH2 to 19-hydroxy-PGH2, which decomposed to 19-hydroxy-PGE2 in buffer and could be reduced to 19-hydroxy-PGF2α with SnCl2. 18-Hydroxy metabolites were also formed (∼17%). PGH1 was metabolized to 19- and 18-hydroxy-PGH1 in the same way. Microsomes of human seminal vesicles oxygenated arachidonate, U-44069, U-46619, U-51605, and PGH2, similar to CYP4F8. (19R)-Hydroxy-PGE1 and (19R)-hydroxy-PGE2 are the main prostaglandins of human seminal fluid. We propose that they are formed by CYP4F8-catalyzed ω2-hydroxylation of PGH1 and PGH2 in the seminal vesicles and isomerization to (19R)-hydroxy-PGE by PGE synthase. CYP4F8 is the first described hydroxylase with specificity and catalytic competence for prostaglandin endoperoxides.
Exact Solution to Large Sparse Integer Linear Systems

Large scale linear algebra computations to obtain exact and symbolic results are now possible. Algorithmic developments in the last decade or two together with implementation in the software library LinBox [2] are part of the reason this is so. In this poster we illustrate the current state of the art by discussing three approaches to a challenging linear problem. Trefethen has posed a “Hundred Dollar, Hundred Digit Challenge,” [4]. Aimed at numerical analysts, the Challenge consists of 10 problems which have real number solutions. Ten digits of accuracy are asked in the answer to each. All of them are numerically difficult. Problem #7 is the computation of the (1, 1) entry of A, where A is the 20000 × 20000 matrix whose entries are zero everywhere except for the primes 2, 3, 5, 7, . , 224737 along the main diagonal and the number 1 in the positions aij where |i−j| is a power of 2. We took the task of producing the exact solution to this problem as a challenge to illustrate the capabilities of LinBox. Three algorithmic approaches to the problem were implemented and tested. First, one may compute the exact value as a quotient of determinants: A −1 1,1 = det(A2.20000,2.20000) det(A) We compute these two determinants by blackbox methods, specifically by using Wiedemann’s algorithm [6, 3]. Compute the characteristic polynomial modulo primes p and apply Chinese remaindering to obtain the integer determinants. Alternatively one may solve the system Ax = e1 and extract the first entry. We implemented two variants of this approach, based on Dixon’s [1] scheme of inverting the matrix modulo a prime p and then using Hensel lifting to obtain the rational solution. The lifting stage requires repeated solution of systems of the form Ax = b (mod p) for various right hand side vectors b. If A (mod p) is computed these systems are straightforwardly solved as x = Ab. However, the inverse of the matrix modulo a word size prime p is quite large, occupying 20000*20000 words or 3.2
Peaks and Valleys : Experimental Asset Markets With Non-Monotonic Fundamentals

We report the results of an experiment designed to measure how well asset market prices track fundamentals when the latter experience peaks and troughs. We observe greater price efficiency in markets in which fundamentals rise to a peak and then decline, than in markets in which fundamentals decline to a trough and undergo a subsequent increase. The findings demonstrate that the characteristics of the time path of the fundamental value can influence the degree of market efficiency.
The influence of cis-acting P1 protein and translational elements on the expression of Potato virus Y helper-component proteinase (HCPro) in heterologous systems and its suppression of silencing activity.

In the Potyvirus genus, the P1 protein is the first N-terminal product processed from the viral polyprotein, followed by the helper-component proteinase (HCPro). In silencing suppression patch assays, we found that Potato virus Y (PVY) HCPro expressed from a P1-HCPro sequence increased the accumulation of a reporter gene, whereas protein expressed from an HCPro sequence did not, even with P1 supplied in trans. This enhancing effect of P1 has been noted in other potyviruses, but has remained unexplained. We analysed the accumulation of PVY HCPro in infiltrated tissues and found that it was higher when expressed from P1-HCPro than from HCPro sequences. Co-expression of heterologous suppressors increased the steady-state level of mRNA expressed from the HCPro sequence, but not that of protein. This suggests that, in the absence of P1 upstream, either HCPro acquires a conformation that affects negatively its activity or stability, or that its translation is reduced. To test these options, we purified HCPro expressed in the presence or absence of upstream P1, and found no difference in purification pattern and final soluble state. By contrast, alteration of the Kozak context in the HCPro mRNA sequence to favour translation increased partially suppressor accumulation and activity. Furthermore, protein activity was not lower than in protein expressed from P1-HCPro sequences. Thus, a direct role for P1 on HCPro suppressor activity or stability, by influencing its conformation during translation, can be excluded. However, P1 could still have an indirect effect favouring HCPro accumulation. Our data highlight the relevance of cis-acting translational elements in the heterologous expression of HCPro.
Precession of Collimated Outflows from Young Stellar Objects

We consider several protostellar systems in which either a precessing jet or at least two misaligned jets have been observed. We assume that the precession of jets is caused by tidal interactions in noncoplanar binary systems. For Cep E, V1331 Cyg, and RNO 15-FIR, the inferred orbital separations and disk radii are in the range 4-160 AU and 1-80 AU, respectively, consistent with those expected for pre-main-sequence stars. Furthermore, we assume or use the fact that the source of misaligned outflows is a binary and evaluate the length scale over which the jets should precess as a result of tidal interactions. For T Tau, HH1 VLA 1/2, and HH 24 SVS63, it may be possible to detect a bending of the jets rather than "wiggling. " In HH 111 IRS and L1551 IRS5, wiggling may be detected on the current observed scale. Our results are consistent with the existence of noncoplanar binary systems in which tidal interactions induce jets to precess.
Grid connected voltage-source converter pre-energization strategy

This paper presents a methodology to energize voltage-source converters shunt connected to distribution networks. A three-phase shunt active power filter is modeled to demonstrate the energizing procedure proposed in this work. A thyristor is added in the topology of the active power filter in order to control the inrush current of the static power converter. A mathematical relation between the peak and average values of the pre-energizing current and the thyristor firing angle is developed to control the inrush current. During the energizing process, the current waveform is asymmetrical and its amplitude is controlled by the thyristor firing pulse. Simulation results are presented to validate the proposed methodology.
Structure of the dsRNA binding domain of E. coli RNase III.

The double‐stranded RNA binding domain (dsRBD) is a approximately 70 residue motif found in a variety of modular proteins exhibiting diverse functions, yet always in association with dsRNA. We report here the structure of the dsRBD from RNase III, an enzyme present in most, perhaps all, living cells. It is involved in processing transcripts, such as rRNA precursors, by cleavage at short hairpin sequences. The RNase III protein consists of two modules, a approximately 150 residue N‐terminal catalytic domain and a approximately 70 residue C‐terminal recognition module, homologous with other dsRBDs. The structure of the dsRBD expressed in Escherichia coli has been investigated by homonuclear NMR techniques and solved with the aid of a novel calculation strategy. It was found to have an alpha‐beta‐beta‐beta‐alpha topology in which a three‐stranded anti‐parallel beta‐sheet packs on one side against the two helices. Examination of 44 aligned dsRBD sequences reveals several conserved, positively charged residues. These residues map to the N‐terminus of the second helix and a nearby loop, leading to a model for the possible contacts between the domain and dsRNA.
Racial Stereotypes and Whites' Political Views of Blacks in the Context of Welfare and Crime STOR

Theory: Social psychological theories of social stereotyping are used to generate a series of predictions about how and when whites'stereotypes of African-Americans are likely to bias their evaluations of blacks in the areas of welfare and crime. Hypotheses: The degree to which whites endorse negative stereotypes of blacks not only tends to bias their judgments of black (versus white) welfare recipients and criminal suspects, but also affects the way they respond to counter-stereotypical information about the target. Methods: Regression analysis and analysis of variance of data from a series of survey experiments with 1,841 whites in which the race and other attributes of welfare mothers, welfare recipients, and drug suspects were manipulated. Results: Whites holding negative stereotypes are substantially more likely to judge blacks more harshly than similarly described whites in the areas of welfare and crime policy. We also find that even whites with strongly negative perceptions of blacks respond quite favorably to them when confronted with individuating information that clearly contradicts their stereotype. By way of contrast, respondents who reject negative stereotypes of African-Americans display a remarkable consistency in their responses across both the race and the individuating information of the target.
Blind channel identification for multicarrier CDMA systems with transmit diversity

Uniting the strengths of multicarrier (MC) modulation and code division multiple access (CDMA), MC-CDMA systems are of great interest for future broadband transmissions. We consider the problem of channel identification and signal detection/combining schemes for MC-CDMA systems which are equipped with multiple transmit antennas and space-time (ST) coding to provide transmit diversity gain to the receiver. In particular, we present a subspace-based blind channel identification algorithm for such systems. We extend several signal combining schemes, including the maximum ratio combining (MRC) and the equal gain combining (EGC), which are often utilized in conventional single-transmit-antenna based MC-CDMA systems, to ST-coded MC-CDMA (STC-MC-CDMA) systems. Numerical examples are presented to evaluate and compare the proposed channel identification and signal combining techniques.
Trans-European Adaptations in the Diamond Way: Negotiating Public Opinions on Homosexuality in Russia and in the U.K.

This paper focuses on a Neo-Orthodox Tibetan Buddhist movement’s shiftingtrans-European positioning on the web and in its media self-representation withregard to public discourses around homosexuality. The analysis presented alsoproves methodologically relevant, exemplifying through reflexive ethnographyhow outsider/insider scholars can manoeuvre religious politics.As a global movement of the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism, theDiamond Way of the Danish lay teacher Ole Nydahl has been particularlysuccessful in its proselytising efforts throughout Eastern and Central Europe.Previous research has noted the selectively socially conservative and mildlyhomophobic tendencies of the Diamond Way (Scherer 2011; 2013). In the trans-European context, from Russia to the U.K., Nydahls and themovement’s mild homophobia/strained LGBT-neutrality appears to draw publiccriticism for either being too pro-LGBT or too anti-LGBT. The investigationhighlights the shifting public perceptions and socio-religious political frontlines inRussia and the U.K. and reveals a pattern of opportunism and (non-)negotiatingpublic opinions.