Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Webbing the Pacific—Teaching an Intercontinental Legal History Course

Legal education has always responded to, perhaps even been driven by, available technologies of information dissemination. At the start of the twenty-first century law teachers find themselves in an unprecedented period of technological change: available means of presenting and distributing information are daily transforming. The “information age” seems, genuinely, to be upon us. The present is difficult to comprehend, the future beyond imagination.
Arousal, Attention, and Skilled Performance: Further Considerations

The literature on arousal, attention, and skilled performance is selectively reviewed in this paper in that it deals primarily with a wide range of concerns of interest to my students and me. The topics under review include peripheral narrowing under stress, the questionnaire measurement of attention-anxiety, psychophysiological correlates of attention-anxiety, and applied considerations in designing behavioral programs to control attentional focus and anxiety. The position advanced in this paper is that one of the most important routes to designing effective behavioral programs, such as relaxation and biofeedback, is through a better understanding of the complex relationships between one's arousal, attention, and performance levels.
Reliability of Nominal Data Based on Qualitative Judgments

Most research related to the reliability and validity of marketing measures has focused on multi-item quantitative scales. In contrast, little attention has been given to the quality of nominal scale data developed from qualitative judgments. Judgment-based (“coded”) nominal scale data are important and frequently used in marketing research-for example, in analysis of consumer responses to open-ended survey questions, in cognitive response research, in meta-analysis, and in content analysis. The authors address opportunities and challenges involved in evaluating and improving the quality of judgment-based nominal scale data, with specific emphasis on the use of multiple judges. They review approaches commonly used in other disciplines, then develop a new index of reliability that is more appropriate for the type of interjudge data typically found in marketing studies. Data from a cognitive response experiment are used to illustrate the new index and compare it with other common measures. The authors conclude with suggestions on how to improve the design of studies that rely on judgment-coded data.
INTRODUCTION

In one of the first edited collections addressing existential and philosophical perspectives on computer-mediated communication, Ess (1996, p. 9) stated, ‘If CMC only partially effects the revolutionary transformations of values and social structures envisioned by its enthusiasts, then religion – as humanity’s oldest expression of values and community – is likely both to impact and to be impacted by these transformations’. After a decade and a half of published research on religion online, we are finally able to begin to make some educated claims about the impact of the Internet on religious culture and social forms. In the initial waves of religion and Internet research, focus was often on how the Internet would drastically change religious practice and ideology, due to the growth of religious communities online and the integration of religious rituals and practices into digital environments. Much attention was given to the plurality of religious expressions online, particularly of fringe or secretive religious groups that were now able to achieve a public platform making them more visible (Hennerby & Dawson 1999; Fernback 2002). In scholarship concerning how mainstream religions such as Christianity and Islam were responding to new media technologies, research focused on the fact that the Internet made it possible to reach out to new groups, while also challenging offline institutional control over traditional practices and theology (O’Leary & Brasher 1996; Bunt 2000). However, in the past decade, as the Internet has increasingly become embedded in the everyday lives of many individuals, facilitating their social, economic and work-related tasks, researchers’ attention has been drawn to investigating the connection between online and offline religious behaviours and beliefs. No longer are the online and offline seen as completely distinct fields of practice, as for many they are integrated spheres of interaction: the Internet constitutes the space where individuals and groups live out their social and spiritual lives, and offline boundaries and relations often inform the online sphere. At the heart of the intersection of the online–offline social world is the important issue of the relationship between new media technology and religious change.
The Receptor-Binding Domain of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Produced in Escherichia coli Folds into Its Native, Immunogenic Structure

ABSTRACT The hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein promotes influenza virus entry and is the key protective antigen in natural immunity and vaccines. The HA protein is a trimeric envelope glycoprotein consisting of a globular receptor-binding domain (HA-RBD) that is inserted into a membrane fusion-mediating stalk domain. Similar to other class I viral fusion proteins, the fusogenic stalk domain spontaneously refolds into its postfusion conformation when expressed in isolation, consistent with this domain being trapped in a metastable conformation. Using X-ray crystallography, we show that the influenza virus HA-RBD refolds spontaneously into its native, immunogenic structure even when expressed in an unglycosylated form in Escherichia coli. In the 2.10-Å structure of the HA-RBD, the receptor-binding pocket is intact and its conformational epitopes are preserved. Recombinant HA-RBD is immunogenic and protective in ferrets, and the protein also binds with specificity to sera from influenza virus-infected humans. Overall, the data provide a structural basis for the rapid production of influenza vaccines in E. coli. From an evolutionary standpoint, the ability of the HA-RBD to refold spontaneously into its native conformation suggests that influenza virus acquired this domain as an insertion into an ancestral membrane-fusion domain. The insertion of independently folding domains into fusogenic stalk domains may be a common feature of class I viral fusion proteins.
Incremental construction of a landmark-based and topological model of indoor environments by a mobile robot

This paper deals with the perception subsystem of a mobile robot which must navigate in a structured environment. We will consider the exploration task; the robot must build successive snapshot models from sensory data acquired from a laser range finder (LRF), and fuse them in a global model so that it can localize itself with respect to a pertinent reference frame. Structuration rules are required to limit the complexity of the modeling process. First of all, we only extract from the sensory data, useful landmarks which correspond to characteristic local feature groupings, like wall corners, doors, corridor crossings, . ; each landmark has its own frame and its own geometrical model. Then, correlated landmarks are kept together at an area level; finally, the global model is built from the relationships between area frames, providing the topological description of the world. For each level (landmark, area, environment), the model is represented by a random vector and a covariance matrix, updated through the use of an extended Kalman filter (EKF).
Hope in older women : The importance of past and current relationships

Abstract Hope and relationships are important to the successful completion of developmental tasks at both ends of the life span. In this pilot study, eight women, 70 years of age or older and living with their families, were interviewed to learn their perceptions of their parents, the people who were important to them, and their attitudes toward death. The Hope Scale (Snyder et al., 1991) was administered to assess their hope level. The emerging evidence indicates that, as a whole, these older women were hopeful. They identified past and current caregivers as important people in their lives. The lowest hope levels were seen in women whose mother-daughter bond had been broken through death or separation when they were under the age of 10. Implications for clinicians and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Efficient joint compensation of speech for the effects of additive noise and linear filtering

The authors describe two algorithms that provide robustness for automatic speech recognition systems in a fashion that is suitable for real-time environmental normalization for workstations of moderate size. The first algorithm is a modification of the SNR-dependent cepstral normalization (SDCN) and the fixed code-word dependent cepstral normalization (FCDCN) algorithms given by Acero and Stern (1990), except that unlike these algorithms it provides computationally-efficient environment normalization without prior knowledge of the acoustical characteristics of the environment in which the system will be operated. The second algorithm is a modification of the more complex CDCN algorithm that enables it to perform environmental compensation in better than real time. The authors compare the recognition accuracy, computational complexity, and amount of training data needed to adapt to new acoustical environments using these algorithms with several different types of headset-mounted and desktop microphones. <<ETX>>
Bone marrow morphological features and diagnostic value in paediatric disseminated tuberculosis in the setting of increased HIV prevalence.

BACKGROUND Disseminated tuberculosis (TB) is a life-threatening condition which is often a challenge to diagnose. When to use bone marrow biopsies to diagnose disseminated TB in paediatrics is always a dilemma, from both a clinical and laboratory perspective, as there are no clear guidelines. Our study primarily aims to evaluate the role of routine bone marrow biopsies, and to compare peripheral blood cultures to aspirate cultures in the diagnosis of disseminated TB, in a paediatric population at Tygerberg Hospital. In addition, we set out to assess the morphology of bone marrow biopsies in this study. METHODS A prospective study, consisting of 35 paediatric patients, was conducted from October 2007 to November 2008. Bone marrow aspirate and trephine biopsies were performed on all patients and examined. Granulomas with Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) positivity were sought on the trephine biopsy for the presence of acid-fast bacilli (AFB). RESULTS Of the 35 children in this study, 25 were eventually diagnosed with TB on the basis of a multitude of clinical and laboratory parameters. The remaining 10 had alternative diagnoses. Peripheral blood TB cultures were positive in less than 1%. Bone marrow aspirate cultures were positive in less than 5%. Bone marrow trephine biopsies showed granulomas with ZN positivity in 11% of the 35 patients. CONCLUSION Our results, generally, agree with the current evidence. Bone marrow biopsies in children should be performed if there is a strong clinical suspicion of disseminated TB, when no alternative non-invasive confirmatory test is available.
Lagrangian PDF mixing models for reacting flows

The Lagrangian Fokker-Planck (LFP) model of Fox is further developed to describe multi-stream mixing and reaction. The problem of three-stream mixing is used to illustrate the extension to multi-stream mixing. Qualitative comparisons are made with the direct numerical simulations (DNS) of three-stream mixing of Juneja & Pope (1996). A simplified case with one-step chemistry is used to investigate modeling issues associated with the application of the LFP model to a reacting case. Predictions of the DNS results of Sripakagorn et al. (2000), which exhibit varying degrees of local extinction of the flame, are used to validate the LFP model for the reacting case. Future modeling challenges are discussed.
A novel fuzzy group decision making model for building an intelligent rating system

A novel model based on the synergy of fuzzy multi-criteria group decision making technique and case-based reasoning is proposed for building a reliable rating system. Both fuzzy numbers and linguistic terms are applied for knowledge expression by experts. A measurement of knowledge validation is developed to evaluate the quality of experts' judgments at a consistency level, which serves as a proper weight for achieving consensus in the knowledge integration process. Consequently, the obtained consensus reveals an ideal solution. Experimentation for fuzzy performance rating is presented to validate the proposed model.
Chromosomal structural variations during progression of a prostate epithelial cell line to a malignant metastatic state inactivate the NF2, NIPSNAP1, UGT2B17, and LPIN2 genes

Prostate cancer is the second highest cause of male cancer deaths in the United States. A significant number of tumors advance to a highly invasive and metastatic stage, which is typically resistant to traditional cancer therapeutics. In order to identify chromosomal structural variants that may contribute to prostate cancer progression we sequenced the genomes of a HPV-18 immortalized nonmalignant human prostate epithelial cell line, RWPE1, and compared it to its malignant, metastatic derivative, WPE1-NB26. There were a total of 34 large (>1 Mbp) and 38 small copy number variants (<100 kbp) in WPE1-NB26 that were not present in the precursor cell line. We also identified and validated 46 structural variants present in the two cell lines, of which 23 were unique to WPE1-NB26. Structural variants unique to the malignant cell line inactivated: (1) the neurofibromin2 (NF2) gene, a known tumor suppressor; (2) its neighboring gene NIPSNAP1, another putative tumor suppressor that inhibits TRPV6, an anti-apoptotic oncogene implicated in prostate cancer progression; (3) UGT2B17, a gene that inactivates dihydrotestosterone, a known activator of prostate cancer progression; and (4) LPIN2, a phosphatidic acid phosphatase and a co-factor of PGC1a that is important for lipid metabolism and for suppressing autoinflammation. Our results illustrate the value of comparing the genomes of defined related pairs of cell lines to discover chromosomal structural variants that may contribute to cancer progression.
INVITED REVIEW SERIES: COMPLICATIONS IN LUNG PROCEDURES

From the humble beginnings as a mere curiosity, the artofbronchoscopyhasprogressedatarapidpace.The millennium ushers in new technologies and refinements in established techniques to facilitate early detection of cancer, precise targeting of pulmonary nodules and infiltrates, near-total staging of the mediastinum with combined endoscopic modalities and more effective palliation of inoperable tumours. Bronchoscopists are faced with an increasing myriad of tools and equipment, each promising to carry out better than the previous. It is opportune to review the complications of established bronchoscopic techiques and how to manage them as well as new complications associated with novel technologies. In this article, we provide a concise overview of diagnostic and therapeutic bronchoscopic modalities, discussion of associated complications and their management strategies.
Who Says What About Whom: Young Voters' Impression Formation of Political Candidates on Social Networking Sites

Social information processing theory claims that computer-mediated communication users form impressions of others by utilizing available information in the web environment. As social networking sites offer a wider variety of cues, however, the environment has become increasingly complex. This study explores which cues influence computer-mediated communication users in a cue-rich environment. More specifically, based on the social identification and deindividuation model, we examined not only how others' opinions but also how the perceived age of the commenters and candidates influenced young people's impressions of political candidates. Participants (N = 520) were randomly placed into a 2 (positive/negative comments) × 2 (younger/older commenters) × 2 (younger/older candidate) design and exposed to a fictitious candidate's Facebook profile with unknown others' comments before reporting the candidate's trustworthiness. Although comments' valence was the strongest cue, the results showed that older commenters' opinions were more influential than young commenters'. This two-way interaction between comments' valence and commenters' age was significant only when the candidate was young, suggesting that social networking sites users utilize multiple cues depending on the situation.
Semantic Prefetching of Correlated Query Sequences

We present a system that optimizes sequences of related client requests by combining small requests into larger ones, thus reducing per-request overhead. The system predicts upcoming requests and their parameter values based on past observations, and prefetches results that are expected to be needed. We describe how the system makes its predictions and how it uses them to optimize the request stream. We also characterize the benefits with several experiments.
Introduction: Language Testing and the Golden Rule

Institutional concern for the ethics of language assessment is evident in the attention that the International Language Testing Association (ILTA) has given to its own ethical foundation and to how it presents that foundation to its stakeholders. ILTA has published the ILTA Code of Ethics (International Language Testing Association [ILTA], 2000) and is currently working on a code of practice. In this introduction, consideration is given to the need for ethics to be looked at in terms of the establishment of ILTA and the wider professionalism of the activity. Examples of the kinds of dilemmas that a code of ethics can help clarify are given and an introduction provided for each of the articles in this special issue.
Enhancing the ties that bind: mentoring as a moderator

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the moderating role of mentoring on the relationships between perceived organizational support, supervisor support, and job fit on turnover intentions.Design/methodology/approach – The paper explains the topics, provides background and discussion of the main concepts. The study uses regression analyses to test the moderating relationships using a total sample of 610 employees split among three separate organizations.Findings – The results suggest that mentoring becomes more effective in reducing turnover intentions as employees experience increasing levels of perceived organizational support, supervisor support, and job fit.Practical implications – The results suggest mentoring can be beneficial to both organizations and individuals. Organizations benefit by improving employee retention. Likewise, individuals benefit through strengthened relationships provided by mentoring and the associated positive outcomes.Originality/value – The paper makes a contribut.
Experimental Study on Swirling Flow with Sudden Expansion by Using 3D Particle Image Velocimetry Technique and Heat Transfer in a Circular Horizontal Tube

The effect of swirling on the flow characteristics of tubes with sudden expansion is experimentally examined by 3D particle image velocimetry(PIV) technique to determine velocity profiles. The swirling flow of water in sudden 1:2 axisymmetric expansion has been previously studied within a horizontal round tube. A tangential slot is used as a swirl generator for swirling flow, whereas a honey comb is used for flow without swirling. Three velocities with swirling flows are compared along the test section at Re=14800, and the streamline in the recirculation zone is described. In addition, heat transfer results are include and compared the Nusselt number with and without swirl flow for reattachment length.
Effect of Computer Keyboard Slope and Height on Wrist Extension Angle

The goal of this study was to determine the systematic effect that varying the slope angle of a computer keyboard along with varying keyboard height (relative to elbow height) have on wrist extension angle while typing. Thirty participants typed on a keyboard whose slope was adjusted to +15°, +7.5°, 0°, -7.5°, and -15°. The height of the keyboard was set up such that participants' wrists were at the same height as their elbows, above their elbows, and four cm below their elbows. Results showed that as keyboard slope angle moved downward from +15° to -15°, mean wrist extension decreased approximately 13° (22° at +15° slope to 9° at -15° slope). Keyboard height had a similar effect with mean wrist extension decreasing from 21.8° when the keyboard was lower than elbow height, to 7.3° when the keyboard was higher than elbow height. Potential application of this research includes the downward sloping of computer keyboards, which could possibly be beneficial in the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders affecting the wrist
Datasets on object manipulation and interaction: a survey

A dataset is crucial for model learning and evaluation. Choosing the right dataset to use or making a new dataset requires the knowledge of those that are available. In this work, we provide that knowledge, by reviewing twenty datasets that were published in the recent six years and that are directly related to object manipulation. We report on modalities, activities, and annotations for each individual dataset and give our view on its use for object manipulation. We also compare the datasets and summarize them. We conclude with our suggestion on future datasets.
Networked control systems with state, input and communication constraints: A nonlinear approach

A Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy for nonlinear Networked Control Systems (NCS) described by a polynomial plants subject to input, state constraints and data-losses is introduced. The results here proposed represent a significant extension to the polynomial framework of a recent Receding Horizon Control (RHC) scheme developed for input-saturated multi-model systems. Sum-of-Squares (SOS) conditions for polynomial systems are derived together with an SDP formulation of the on-line optimization problems.
Prospective study of peripheral neuropathy in Machado–Joseph disease

Peripheral neuropathy (PN) has long been recognized in Machado–Joseph disease (MJD), but its natural history is an unsettled issue. Therefore, we prospectively assessed 40 with MJD for 13 months with nerve conduction (NC) studies and the revised total neuropathy score (TNSr) to study the progression of PN. There was no significant change in the TNSr score over the follow‐up period. In contrast, the average sural sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) amplitude decreased significantly over the same interval from a mean of 13.2 μV to 9.8 μV (P < 0.001). There was an inverse correlation between the change in the sural SNAP amplitude and the length of the CAG triplet repeat expansion (r = 0.574, P < 0.001). The reduction in the mean sural SNAP amplitude also correlated with progression of ataxia. This indicates that PN progresses faster in individuals with larger (CAG)n expansions, and nerve conduction studies may be useful to study disease progression in MJD. Muscle Nerve, 2009
From Practice to Field: A Multilevel Model of Practice-Driven Institutional Change

This article develops a model of practice-driven institutional change - or change that originates in the everyday work of individuals but results in a shift in field-level logic. In demonstrating how improvisations at work can generate institutional change, we attend to the earliest moments of change, which extant research has neglected; and we contrast existing accounts that focus on active entrepreneurship and the contested nature of change. We outline the specific mechanisms by which change emerges from everyday work, becomes justified, and diffuses within an organization and field, as well as precipitating and enabling dynamics that trigger and condition these mechanisms. © Academy of Management Journal.