Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Co-processor acceleration of an unmodified parallel solid mechanics code with FEASTGPU

We have previously presented an approach to include graphics processing units as co-processors in a parallel Finite Element multigrid solver called FEAST. In this paper we show that the acceleration transfers to real applications built on top of FEAST, without any modifications of the application code. The chosen solid mechanics code is well suited to assess the practicability of our approach due to higher accuracy requirements and a more diverse CPU/co-processor interaction. We demonstrate in detail that the single precision execution of the co-processor does not affect the final accuracy, and analyse how the local acceleration gains of factors 5.5-9.0 translate into 1.6- to 2.6-fold total speed-up.
Amniote somite derivatives

Somites are segments of paraxial mesoderm that give rise to a multitude of tissues in the vertebrate embryo. Many decades of intensive research have provided a wealth of data on the complex molecular interactions leading to the formation of various somitic derivatives. In this review, we focus on the crucial role of the somites in building the body wall and limbs of amniote embryos. We give an overview on the current knowledge on the specification and differentiation of somitic cell lineages leading to the development of the vertebral column, skeletal muscle, connective tissue, meninges, and vessel endothelium, and highlight the importance of the somites in establishing the metameric pattern of the vertebrate body. Developmental Dynamics 236:2382–2396, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Narrowband acoustic Doppler volume backscattering signal .I. Evolutionary spectral analysis

This paper examines the statistical properties of the narrowband Doppler volume backscattering process and analyzes its evolutionary spectrum. After clarifying the mechanism of both the finite duration Doppler effect and the continuously space-shifted integration process, the first two order time-varying statistics under a more general assumption, i.e., von Mises distribution, of random phase are derived. The generalization permits nonuniform phase tendency, which occurs in layered medium scattering. Based on the locally stationary process model, the evolutionary spectrum of the signal is derived. It is shown that the variation of the backscattering strength enters the spectrum as an amplitude modulation, whereas the variation of the random phase distribution acts as both the amplitude modulation and the frequency modulation. Finally, the observability of the average flow speed using the spectral centroid estimate is discussed.
The impact of attrition and non-response in birth cohort studies: a need to incorporate missingness strategies

This paper reveals the extent of attrition in the British Cohort Study begun in 1970 (BCS70) and how it affects sample composition over time. We examine the determinants of response and then construct inverse probability weights (IPWs) to adjust for sample loss. Secondly, we create a hypothetical substantive data set from BCS70 across data collection waves 3 and 4 to illustrate the effectiveness of the use of weights and multiple imputations (MI) in handling the impact of unit non-response and item missingness respectively. Our findings show that when the predictive power of the response models is weak, the efficacy of non-response weights is undermined. Further, multiple imputations are effective in reducing the bias resulting from item missingness when the magnitude of the bias is high and the imputation models are well specified.
An Assessment of Well-Being of Principals in Flemish Primary Schools.

Purpose – The goal of this inquiry is to indicate which individual, organisational and external environment factors contribute to a better understanding of the well‐being of Flemish primary school principals.Design/methodology/approach – Data from a representative sample of primary schools in Flanders (n = 46) were gathered through questionnaires (principals and teachers) and semi‐structured interviews (principals). Findings – The quantitative and qualitative outcomes suggest that well‐being is a complex psychological phenomenon affected by a myriad of factors. The analyses indicate that general self‐efficacy and achievement orientedness are significantly correlated with several aspects of positive (i.e. job satisfaction and job enthusiasm) and negative well‐being (i.e. cynicism and personal accomplishment). With respect to school culture and structural characteristics, very weak almost negligible effects are noted. In addition, the analysis demonstrates the significant role school boards fulfill in explai.
Refraining the Relationship Between Teacher Thinking and Teacher Behaviour: levels in learning about teaching

Abstract This article presents a new conceptualization of the relationship between teacher thinking and teacher behaviour. First, it is argued that much of a teacher's behaviour is determined by Gestalts within the teacher, i.e. dynamic unities of perception, internal processes and action, triggered by the contact between the teacher and the situation. Second, three levels of teacher knowledge are distinguished: the Gestalt level, the schema level and the theory level. The processes of Gestalt formation, schematization and theory‐building are analysed. The three levels are illustrated by means of excerpts from interviews with teachers and non‐teachers. Following a theoretical reflection on the proposed view of teacher knowledge, its implications for teacher education and research on teaching are discussed.
From Borrowing to Blending: Rethinking the Processes of Organizational Theory Building

Why are there not more original and radical theories in organization theory? To answer this question, we consider an overreliance on “theory borrowing” from other disciplines. We identify a dominant foreign to domestic to domesticated pattern of organization and management theory building and propose that the prevalent process of one-way borrowing from outside the discipline should be counterbalanced by a two-way analogical process of conceptual blending, which involves dissonant thinking, disanalogy, and counterfactual reasoning.
Computationally efficient decision making under uncertainty in high-dimensional state spaces

We develop a novel approach for decision making under uncertainty in high-dimensional state spaces, considering both active unfocused and focused inference, where in the latter case reducing the uncertainty of only a subset of variables is of interest. State of the art approaches typically first calculate the posterior information (or covariance) matrix, followed by its determinant calculation, and do so separately for each candidate action. In contrast, using the generalized matrix determinant lemma, we avoid calculating these posteriors and determinants of large matrices. Furthermore, as our key contribution we introduce the concept of calculation re-use, performing a onetime computation that depends on state dimensionality and system sparsity, after which evaluating the impact of each candidate action no longer depends on state dimensionality. Such a concept is derived for both active focused and unfocused inference, leading to general, non-myopic and exact approaches that are faster by orders of magnitude compared to the state of the art. We verify our approach experimentally in two scenarios, sensor deployment (focused and unfocused) and measurement selection in visual SLAM, and show its superiority over standard techniques.
Exploration of Developmental Variables by Manipulation and Simulation of Age Differences in Behavior

It is argued that developmental research should be oriented towards the explication of age changes by the manipulation of variables hypothesized to be associated with age. A number of strategies are discussed which permit short-term manipulation (simulation) of ontogenic change (age functions) in laboratory or controlled settings. These strategies are explored regarding their power in isolating the major variables whose effects are age (or time)-related and in providing information about the key developmental antecedents of age differences as they exist in natura. Although it was argued that such simulation strategies can supply suggestive evidence on key developmental variables, a number of caveats are added, primarily regarding the question of isomorphy between simulated and biotic developmental change. The consideration of these strategies, however, also focuses attention on the inherently descriptive nature of research designs which involve the use of age as an independent variable, further clarifies the role of chronological age in developmental theories, and highlights the potential importance of variables whose effects are manifested over time (or are age-related) but are not directly apparent when conventional cross-sectional or longitudinal methods of data collection are used.
The Effectiveness of Peer Mediation in a Low-SES Rural Elementary School

Thirty 6th-8th-grade students were trained to serve as mediators for peers in conflict. Student mediators were taught conflict resolution and mediation techniques from the Conflict Resolution Unlimited (1995) manual. Mediation was available to students school-wide (N = 798); disputants were given the option to go to mediation or to the principal for resolutions. Mediators' responses to written tests indicated increased knowledge of mediation skills after training, which was maintained at 6-week follow-up. During the 6 weeks following training, 32 of 34 mediations resulted in satisfactory conflict resolution. School-wide suspensions decreased during the intervention year, as compared to 3 years of baseline data. In addition, mediators' own office referrals were lower than a randomly selected matched control group. Further, mediators' current referrals were lower than in the previous year, while there was no such change for the control group. Results and process variables of the implementation are discussed. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Robust Scaling-Based Image Watermarking Using Maximum-Likelihood Decoder With Optimum Strength Factor

In this paper, a new scaling-based image-adaptive watermarking system has been presented, which exploits human visual model for adapting the watermark data to local properties of the host image. Its improved robustness is due to embedding in the low-frequency wavelet coefficients and optimal control of its strength factor from HVS point of view. Maximum likelihood (ML) decoder is used aided by the channel side information. The performance of the proposed scheme is analytically calculated and verified by simulation. Experimental results confirm the imperceptibility of the proposed method and its higher robustness against attacks compared to alternative watermarking methods in the literature.
Trust Development in Outdoor Leadership

Establishing trusting relationships between leaders and participants is one way that outdoor leaders can create an emotionally safe and productive milieu that supports the attainment of desirable outcomes. Multidisciplinary literature offers considerable insight into leader trust development and the outcomes that are linked to trust in a leader. This paper considers the contributions of that literature and offers findings from two studies that examined how outdoor leaders might gain the trust of participants. The results of these two studies suggest that participants develop trust in outdoor leaders in response to displays of both leader ability and character.
The concept of climate sensitivity: History and development

The climate sensitivity concept (CSC) has more than a century of history. It is closely related to the concept of “climate forcing” or “radiative forcing,” which was fully presented and discussed by successive IPCC Assessment Reports (e.g. see Chapter 6 Houghton et al., 2001). According to CSC, a change in the equilibrium global near-surface air temperature (NST) of the Earth, 1T, due to an external disturbance of the Earth’s energy balance (radiative forcing), can be linearly related to a change in the net radiation at some level in the atmosphere, 1F. Thus, 1T 1⁄4 ‚1F; ð1:1Þ
Social Movement Organizations: A Metaphor for Strategic Actors in Institutional Fields

Faced with increasing real-time dislocation of institutionalized practices in empirical studies, it has become clear that neo-institutional theory is still ill-equipped to elucidate strategies of change in institutional fields. In this article, I endorse the claim that neo-institutional theory can both become more strategic and give a richer meaning to the strategy-formation process by integrating issues of ideology, power and agency in a political-cultural rhetoric of legitimation. Using the social movement metaphor to describe institutional change, I study incumbents and challengers as potentially antagonistic social movement organizations (SMOs) that strive to hegemonize entrepreneurship in fields. After having outlined a model linking institutional change to the strategy-formation process, I identify four archetypes of SMOs and strategic propensities, and illustrate the presented propositions about the incumbent SMO-challenger SMO dynamic using the case of emerging Internet challengers in the music industry.
Covering HIV/AIDS: Towards a heuristic comparison between communitarian and utilitarian ethics

Abstract This article considers two approaches to ethical decision-making on the issue of reporting on human immunodeficiency virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS)-related deaths in the popular media. The conflict between cultural values and the public interest is explored via the ethical approaches of communitarianism and utilitarianism. The death of a former South African presidential spokesperson, is taken as an illustration of how these approaches might lead to different ethical decisions.
Role of angiotensin II in endothelial dysfunction induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice.

Endotoxin [or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] increases levels of superoxide in blood vessels and impairs vasomotor function. Angiotensin II plays an important role in the generation of superoxide in several disease states, including hypertension and heart failure. The goal of this study was to determine whether the activation of the renin-angiotensin system contributes to oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction after endotoxin. We examined the effects of enalapril (an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor) or L-158809 (an angiotensin receptor blocker) on increases of superoxide and vasomotor dysfunction in mice treated with LPS. C57BL/6 mice were treated with either enalapril (60 mg.kg(-1). day(-1)) or L-158809 (30 mg.kg(-1). day(-1)) for 4 days. After the third day, LPS (10-20 mg/kg) or vehicle was injected intraperitoneally, and one day later, vasomotor function of the aorta was examined in vitro. After precontraction with PGF(2alpha), the maximal responses to sodium nitroprusside were similar in the aorta from normal and LPS-treated mice. In contrast, the relaxation to acetylcholine was impaired after LPS (54 +/- 5% at 10(-5), mean +/- SE) compared with vessels treated with vehicle (88 +/- 1%; P < 0.05). Enalapril improved (P < 0.05) relaxation in response to acetylcholine to 81 +/- 6% after LPS. L-158809 also improved relaxation in response to acetylcholine to 77 +/- 4% after LPS. Superoxide (measured with lucigenin and hydroethidine) was increased (P < 0.05) in aorta after LPS, and levels were reduced (P < 0.05) following enalapril and L-158809. Thus, after LPS, enalapril and L-158809 reduce superoxide levels and improve relaxation to acetylcholine in the aorta. The findings suggest that activation of the renin-angiotensin system contributes importantly to oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction after endotoxin.
Capturing "attrition intensifying" structural traits from didactic interaction sequences of MOOC learners

This work is an attempt to discover hidden structural configurations in learning activity sequences of students in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). Leveraging combined representations of video click- stream interactions and forum activities, we seek to fundamentally understand traits that are predictive of decreasing engagement over time. Grounded in the inter- disciplinary field of network science, we follow a graph based approach to success- fully extract indicators of active and passive MOOC participation that reflect persistence and regularity in the overall interaction footprint. Using these rich educational semantics, we focus on the problem of predicting student attrition, one of the major highlights of MOOC literature in the recent years. Our results indicate an improvement over a baseline n-gram based approach in capturing “attrition intensify- ing” features from the learning activities that MOOC learners engage in. Implications for some compelling future research are discussed.
A review of the evolution of research evidence and activity for NHS primary care counselling

This is an article of two halves. The first half profiles primary care counselling research that grew out of the introduction of evidence-based practice in the late 1990s. The key characteristic of this stage of the evidence evolution is that the majority of services awaited supportive evidence as passive recipients. By contrast, the second half of this article profiles an example of current activity in which services have a much less passive role as they rise to the new challenges bought about by the new National Health Service [NHS] performance management and clinical governance agendas.
Frailty Modeling of the Bimodal Age–Incidence of Hodgkin Lymphoma in the Nordic Countries

Background: The bimodality of the age–incidence curve of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) has been ascribed to the existence of subgroups with distinct etiologies. Frailty models can be usefully applied to age–incidence curves of cancer to aid the understanding of biological phenomena in these instances. The models imply that for a given disease, a minority of individuals are at high risk, compared with the low-risk majority. Methods: Frailty modeling is applied to interpret HL incidence on the basis of population-based cancer registry data from the five Nordic countries for the period 1993 to 2007. There were a total of 8,045 incident cases and 362,843,875 person-years at risk in the study period. Results: A bimodal frailty analysis provides a reasonable fit to the age–incidence curves, employing 2 prototype models, which differ by having the sex covariate included in the frailty component (model 1) or in the baseline Weibull hazard (model 2). Model 2 seemed to fit better with our current understanding of HL than model 1 for the male-to-female ratio, number of rate-limiting steps in the carcinogenic process, and proportion of susceptibles; whereas model 1 performed better related to the heterogeneity in HL among elderly males. Conclusion: The present analysis shows that HL age–incidence data are consistent with a bimodal frailty model, indicating that heterogeneity in cancer susceptibility may give rise to bimodality at the population level, although the individual risk remains simple and monotonically increasing by age. Impact: Frailty modeling adds to the existing body of knowledge on the heterogeneity in risk of acquiring HL. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(7); 1350–7. ©2011 AACR.
A cross-sectional study of exposures, lung function and respiratory symptoms among aluminium cast-house workers

Objectives To investigate exposures, respiratory symptoms, lung function and exposure–response relationships among aluminium cast-house workers. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 182 workers. Exposure data were used to model exposure to irritants. Lung function and questionnaire data on respiratory symptoms were compared to a general population sample and an internal reference group. Blood samples were taken from 156 workers to examine total IgE, eosinophils and sensitisation to common allergens. Results Average daily mean exposure to inhalable dust, metals, hydrogen fluoride, fluoride salts and sulphur dioxide was relatively low compared to reference values. Airflow patterns in the hall were disturbed regularly and resulted in pot emissions with high concentrations of fluorides. Peak exposures to chlorine gas occurred intermittently due to production process disturbances. Workers reported significantly more respiratory symptoms (continuous trouble with breathing (prevalence ratio (PR) 2.5; 95% CI 1.2 to 5.3), repeated trouble with breathing (PR 1.8; 95% CI 1.1 to 3.0), wheezing (PR 1.4; 95% CI 1.1 to 1.8), asthma attack (ever) (PR 2.8; 95% CI 1.7 to 4.6) and doctor diagnosed asthma (PR 2.6; 95% CI 1.5 to 4.4). Regression analysis showed significantly lower FEV1 values (−195 ml) and FVC values (−142 ml) compared to a general population sample. Lung function did not differ between groups. Conclusion This epidemiological study suggests cast-house workers in the aluminium industry are exposed to respiratory hazards. Exposure–response relationships could not be demonstrated but this study supports preventive measures in the work environment with a focus on (peak) exposures to irritants.
An implementation of and experiment with semantic differencing

Software maintainers face a wide range of difficult tasks including impact analysis and regression testing. Understanding semantic relationships, such as the semantic cohesiveness in a program or the semantic differences between two programs, can help a maintainer address these problems. However, semantic analysis is a difficult problem. For example, few semantic differencing algorithms and even fewer implementations exist. The first semantic differencing implementation for the C language is presented and studied. A large collection of semantic differences of 10 programs are computed. The average size reduction was 37.70%. The study presented illustrates the practicality of semantics differencing. Finally, the application of semantic differencing in the area of program testing and impact analysis is considered.
Inter-Regional Migration Flows in France over the Last Fifty Years

L’analyse des recensements successifs permet de dresser un tableau des migrations internes en France depuis cinquante ans. Apres vingt ans de baisse, la mobilite residentielle augmente depuis une dizaine d’annees, en particulier pour les personnes âgees de moins de 40 ans. Des changements importants sont intervenus depuis les annees 1950 dans la configuration des soldes migratoires regionaux. L’Ile-de-France est ainsi passee du statut de region la plus attractive (ayant un fort excedent migratoire) a celui de region la moins attractive (caracterisee par un fort deficit migratoire). A l’inverse, les regions de l’Ouest, qui enregistraient un solde migratoire fortement negatif dans les annees 1960, ne cessent de gagner en attractivite. Le Nord-Est reste peu attractif, alors que tout le Sud conserve un excedent migratoire eleve. Ce schema global varie toutefois selon les classes d’âges. En termes de solde migratoire, l’Ile-de-France reste ainsi la region la plus attractive pour les 20-29 ans. L’evolution des soldes migratoires resulte de modifications interessant les entrees et les sorties, ces deux composantes jouant differemment dans les evolutions regionales. Ainsi, en Ile-de-France, la baisse du solde migratoire interne depuis cinquante ans est principalement le resultat d’une forte hausse des departs de Franciliens, les arrivees de provinciaux ayant, pour leur part, peu diminue.