Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Folding of an mRNA pseudoknot required for stop codon readthrough: effects of mono- and divalent ions on stability.

Unfolding of an mRNA pseudoknot that induces ribosome suppression of the gag gene stop codon in Moloney murine leukemia virus has been studied by UV hyperchromicity and calorimetry. The pseudoknot melts in two steps, corresponding to its two helical stems. The total enthalpy of denaturation is approximately 170 kcal/mol, approximately the value expected for the secondary structure. At low salt concentrations (<50 mM KCl) the unfolding transitions are not two-state, but they approach two-state behavior at higher salt concentrations. The structure is preferentially stabilized by smaller alkali metal ions (Li+ > Na+ > K+ > Rb+ > Cs+) and by NH4+; the same preferences are exhibited by one of the stems in the context of a hairpin. Divalent metal ions are not required to fold the pseudoknot but do stabilize it further. To examine divalent ion effects over a wide concentration range, urea was used to lower the RNA unfolding temperature and was shown not to affect characteristics of the pseudoknot unfolding in other respects. The pseudoknot binds divalent ions somewhat more tightly than a hairpin but shows only weak selectivity for different size ions. It is suggested that a region of "intermediate" divalent ion binding affinity, in between highly ligated specific sites and purely delocalized ion binding in character, is created by the pseudoknot fold but that nonspecific, delocalized ion binding contributes at least half the free energy of pseudoknot stabilization by Mg2+.
The Employer Size-Wage Gap: Evidence for Britain

This paper presents estimates for the employer plant size-wage gap for Britain. Using an ordered probit model, selectivity-corrected wage equations are estimated for three plant size categories. In a comparison between plants with more than 500 workers and those with less than 100, a wage gap estimate of over 17 percent is detected. The wage effects of unionization in plants with more than 500 workers is reported as insignificant. In contrast to evidence provided by T. L. Idson and D. J. Feaster (1990) for the United States, no evidence of nonrandom sorting of workers across plant size is detected. Copyright 1993 by The London School of Economics and Political Science.
State Constrained Optimal Control Problems with States of Low Regularity

We consider first order optimality conditions for state constrained optimal control problems. In particular, we study the case where the state equation does not have enough regularity to admit existence of a Slater point in function space. We overcome this difficulty by a special transformation. Under a density condition we show existence of Lagrange multipliers, which have a representation via measures and additional regularity properties.
Finescale climatology of widespread precipitation systems observed by TRMM PR

The long-term accumulation of data from the first spaceborne precipitation radar has allowed a reduction in the sampling uncertainties of infrequent widespread systems, which has permitted discussion on the fine-scale climatology of orographically controlled precipitation systems. The importance of the detectability of large-scale precipitation systems (>100 km) was confirmed in terms of the contributions of rain samples and rainfall amount. The number of large-scale systems for each 0.1° grid ranged from 0 to 939. The vertical extent of the large-scale systems was associated with sea surface temperature, regardless of latitude (36.3°S-36.3°N). The fine-scale storm dataset refined the understanding of the diurnal cycle of land-ocean differences in coastal regions. The maximum total and hourly rainfall occurred at 0.2° off and inside the coastline, respectively. The prevailing large and medium (10-100 km) systems over adjacent oceans and land enhanced before dawn and in the early afternoon, respectively.
Rehabilitation of arithmetic fact retrieval via extensive practice: A combined fMRI and behavioural case-study

The present study investigates the effects of a training of arithmetic fact retrieval in a patient suffering from particular difficulties with multiplication facts. Over a period of four weeks simple multiplication facts were trained extensively. The outcome of the training was assessed behaviourally and changes in cerebral activation patterns were investigated using fMRI. The training led to a change in calculation strategies: Prior to training, the patient used predominantly time-consuming back-up strategies, after training he relied increasingly on the direct retrieval of arithmetic facts from long-term memory. Regarding the fMRI results, prefrontal activations were observed for untrained problems, which can be attributed to the application of back-up strategies strongly relying on fronto-executive functions. Interestingly, significant foci of activation for both trained and untrained items were found in the angular gyrus of the right hemisphere, which, however, differed in their exact localisation. For the trained condition, activations were observed in anterior parts of the angular gyrus which may be related to the training-based automatisation in fact retrieval. Activations in the untrained condition were found in a more posterior portion of the angular gyrus, that might be attributable to one of the patient's back-up strategies, namely to recite a whole multiplication row to get to the correct answer.
Living the green city: Freiburg's Solarsiedlung between narratives and practices of sustainable urban development

The solar settlement (Solarsiedlung) in Freiburg, Germany, has been widely hailed as an eco-city or green city neighbourhood and a blueprint for sustainable urban development. However, as there is a noticeable lack of critical analysis of what constitutes Solarsiedlung as an “eco-city”, this paper studies narratives and practices of sustainable urban development. First, we look at Solarsiedlung as a best-practice model – a narrative that was produced and perpetuated by architects, urban planners, investors and academics celebrating this neighbourhood as a technologically leapfrogging, economically sound and socially integrated project. Second, we explore the everyday practices and lived experience of the residents in Solarsiedlung. Bringing together these two perspectives, we contribute to a more comprehensive understanding and critical reading of the interplay between the ecological, economic and social dimensions of sustainable development as seen from different viewpoints. Findings indicate that Solarsiedlung as a best-practice model is embedded in growth-oriented neoliberal strategies that are in conflict with the everyday practices and lived experience of the residents. Our findings put into question the widely assumed transferability of best-practice models in sustainable urban development.
Reduction of Serotonergic Function in Rat Brain by Tryptophan Depletion: Effects in Control and Fluvoxamine‐Treated Rats

Abstract: The administration of tryptophan (Trp)‐free amino acid mixtures to depressed patients responding to serotonin [5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT)] uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) worsens their clinical state. This procedure reduces Trp availability to brain and thus impairs 5‐HT synthesis. We have examined the influence of Trp depletion on extracellular 5‐HT and 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5‐HIAA) concentrations in the rat brain using in vivo microdialysis. The treatment with the SSRI fluvoxamine significantly increased 5‐HT content in dialysates from frontal cortex, as compared with control rats (10.2 ± 2.7 vs. 3.1 ± 0.4 fmol per fraction), whereas 5‐HIAA was unaffected. Food deprivation for 20 h reduced dialysate 5‐HT content to almost control values in fluvoxamine‐treated rats (10.2 ± 2.7 vs. 4.3 ± 0.6 fmol per fraction) but did not alter dialysate 5‐HIAA content (7.8 ± 0.4 vs. 7.2 ± 0.5 pmol per fraction). The administration of Trp‐free amino acid mixtures to fluvoxamine‐treated rats significantly attenuated the release of 5‐HT in frontal cortex (∼50%) and, to a lesser extent, in the midbrain raphe nuclei. This effect was more marked in rats not deprived from food before the experiments (67% reduction of dialysate 5‐HT content in frontal cortex) and was absent in control rats (treated with saline). In contrast, dialysate 5‐HIAA was markedly affected by Trp depletion in all groups, including controls (65–75% reductions). These data show that the administration of an amino acid mixture with the same composition and dose (in milligrams per kilogram of body weight) as those inducing a severe mood impairment in depressed patients reduces 5‐HT and 5‐HIAA concentrations in brain dialysates. The reduction of 5‐HT release, however, occurs only in animals previously treated with the antidepressant fluvoxamine for 2 weeks, which would be consistent with a marked reduction of 5‐HT‐mediated transmission in treated depressed patients but not in healthy controls.
Breaking Carbon Lock-In: Path Dependencies in Large-Scale Transportation Infrastructure Projects

The central focus of this paper is to highlight the ways in which path dependencies and increasing returns (network effects) serve to reinforce carbon lock-in in large-scale road transportation infrastructure projects. Breaking carbon lock-in requires drastic changes in the way we plan future transportation infrastructure projects, and documentary evidence presented here from the metropolitan regions of Copenhagen, Denmark and Portland, USA, indicate that there may be a discontinuity in the system of automobility (Urry, 2004), thereby increasing the likelihood that such drastic measures may in fact be successfully realized.
Projected future climate changes in the context of geological and geomorphological hazards

On palaeoclimate time scales, enhanced levels of geological and geomorphological activity have been linked to climatic factors, including examples of processes that are expected to be important in current and future anthropogenic climate change. Planetary warming leading to increased rainfall, ice-mass loss and rising sea levels is potentially relevant to geospheric responses in many geologically diverse regions. Anthropogenic climate change, therefore, has the potential to alter the risk of geological and geomorphological hazards through the twenty-first century and beyond. Here, we review climate change projections from both global and regional climate models in the context of geohazards. In assessing the potential for geospheric responses to climate change, it appears prudent to consider regional levels of warming of 2°C above average pre-industrial temperature as being potentially unavoidable as an influence on processes requiring a human adaptation response within this century. At the other end of the scale when considering changes that could be avoided by reduction of emissions, scenarios of unmitigated warming exceeding 4°C in the global average include much greater local warming in some regions. However, considerable further work is required to better understand the uncertainties associated with these projections, uncertainties inherent not only in the climate modelling but also in the linkages between climate change and geospheric responses.
PENGARUH MODAL INVESTASI MINIMAL DI BNI SEKURITAS, RETURN DAN PERSEPSI TERHADAP RISIKO PADA MINAT INVESTASI MAHASISWA, DENGAN PENGHASILAN SEBAGAI VARIABEL MODERASI (STUDI KASUS PADA MAHASISWA MAGISTER DI FAKULTAS EKONOMI DAN BISNIS UNIVERSITAS UDAYANA)

Investment is no longer considered as something people wanted to get, but more like something people need. Preferences of return, risk and any investment programs are a part of factors that analyzed before making an investment. This research aims to test an effect of existence of minimum investment fund, return and perception of risk to interest of investment, with wage used as moderate variable. The analysis technique in this research is Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). MRA was used because there is a need to test wage as the moderate variable. Students of Magister of Accounting, Magister of Management and Magister of Economy Sciences Department were being a population. The sampling method was Purposive sampling, with some criterias developed before. Questionnaire was used to collect data from participants. As much as 252 participants were participate. Based on MRA analysis, minimum investment fund does not affect interest of investment variable. Perception of risk and return are affecting interest of investment. Wage could not be a moderate variable. Key words: investment, return, risk, minimum investment fund, interest of investment, BNI Sekuritas .
The Myth of Travel Time Saving

Abstract The idea that the main benefit of improvements to transport infrastructure is the saving of travel time has been central to transport economic analysis. There is, however, little empirical evidence to support this proposition. Indeed, in the long run average travel time is conserved, implying that travellers take the benefit of improvements in the form of additional access to more distant destinations made possible by higher speeds. Such a perspective, based on considerations of the value of access, has implications for economic appraisal, modelling and policy.
Personal Consumption by Husbands and Wives

In wrongful death damages, personal consumption dollars represent the portion of total household expenditures that are exclusive to the decedent. Most of the personal consumption estimates in the forensic economic literature are computed from Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) published tables of Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX) data. Those tables delineate, by household size and income, the average total dollars spent on approximately 20 summary expenditure groupings.1 Ireland and Depperschmidt (1999) presented a compilation of personal consumption articles that rely on such CEX summary table data with recent like-articles being written by Ajwa, Martin and Vavoulis (2000) and Ruble, Patton, and Nelson (2004). Trout and Foster (1993) and Scoggins (2001) both used the CEX Interview microdata to compute personal consumption estimates specific to husbands and wives. Unfortunately, those two studies ignored the Diary part of the CEX which includes significant household expenditures relevant to personal consumption and they continued to use the BLS’s summary group tabulations of each household’s expenditures. This paper uses CEX microdata to provide new personal consumption estimates for husbands and wives by their work status and by the number of children living in the home. Instead of relying on summary expenditures, all 700 micro-expenditure items within the CEX Interview and Diary surveys are incorporated into the analysis. Like Trout and Foster and Scoggins, the expenditure data is specific to husbands and wives, but this study goes further by using all of the CEX Interview and Diary microdata instead of just summary Interview data. Husband and wife specific data, by work status and number of children living at home, are important delineations in reliably computing personal consumption applicable to the loss of wage earnings of a married person. Assume the case of a wrongful death of a working married male living only with his wife. If a traditional two-person household personal consumption table were used to offset the husband’s earnings loss, such an analysis would mix the expenditure data of working and retired husbands and wives along with mixing in the data of households consisting of two single persons or one single person living with a child, etc. Another problem with studies based on summary tables is that total expenditures are usually shown to exceed income at the lower income levels. That result is not necessarily a fault of the CEX, but its presenta-
The Systematic Risk of Discretely Rebalanced Option Hedges

Abstract This paper demonstrates that Black-Scholes option pricing model hedge positions that are risk free when rebalanced continuously will frequently exhibit substantial systematic risk when rebalanced at finite intervals. This systematic risk may have biased important empirical tests of the option pricing model. Moreover, this systematic risk means that the Black-Scholes option pricing model is inherently inconsistent with the discrete time version of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM).
Stochastic market volatility models

A new market-based approach to evaluating options on an asset is offered. The model corresponds to the real situations encountered in the market: option prices are not uniquely determined by their underlying asset but mainly by another factor, namely stochastic market volatility (or simply SMV). To begin constructing SMV, it is assumed that there exists a hedging portfolio which replicates perfectly the value of the underlying option. By ‘perfectly’, it is meant that the value of the hedging portfolio will always equal exactly to the option. The hedging portfolio takes asset price and SMV as its input, therefore, for a given asset price the correct value of SMV gives the correct value for the option. SMV presents the dynamics of options market. We provide the proof of existence and uniqueness of solutions for SMV.
Endowments, Technology, and Factor Markets: A Natural Experiment of Induced Institutional Innovation from China's Rural Reform

The induced institutional innovation hypothesis postulates that new institutions are innovated to exploit profitable opportunities arising from institutional disequilibrium. The removal of legal restrictions on factor market exchanges after recent reforms in China resulted in institutional disequilibrium. This paper utilizes data from a household survey in China to explore (i) the relationship between the emergence of land, labor, and rental markets in a region and the distribution of factor endowments across rural households in that region, and (ii) the impact of hybrid rice on the emergence of factor markets in that region. The results are consistent with the induced institutional innovation hypothesis.
Infectious Agents in Acute Respiratory Disease in Horses in Ontario

A study of acute respiratory disease in horses in Ontario was undertaken to determine the identity of current causative infectious agents. A nasopharyngeal swab was designed and utilized to maximize isolation of viruses, mycoplasma, and pathogenic bacteria. Serum samples were collected for parallel determination of antibody titers to equine influenza virus type A subtype 1 (H7N7) and subtype 2 (H3N8), equine rhinovirus types 1 and 2, equine herpesvirus type 1, Mycoplasma equirhinius, and Mycoplasma felis. Equine rhinovirus type 2 was recovered from 28/92 horses tested, and equine influenza virus type A, subtype 2, was recovered from 5. The mycoplasma and bacteria isolated were consistent with those commonly associated with nonspecific respiratory diseases in horses, except that Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular type 3 was isolated from 10 horses.
A Time Series and Panel Analysis of Government Spending and National Income

This study examined the causal relationship between government spending and national income in panel of three African countries – Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa - during the period 1970 to 2012 using Johansen Fisher Panel Cointegration Test and then on a country-by-country basis using time series Johansen-Juselius cointegration techniques. The panel cointegration results indicate a long run relationship between government spending and national income in the whole panel. The Johansen-Juselius cointegration test suggests an existence of long run relationship between government spending and national income only for Ghana as predicted by Wagner, thus suggesting government spending is not an important factor in economic growth in the long run in Nigeria and South Africa. We found an evidence of bi-directional causality granger causality tests for the whole panel. Furthermore, the result from the causality test shows that there is a bi-directional causality that runs from national income to government expenditure and vice versa for Nigeria and South Africa. However, for Ghana, there was a uni-directional causality that runs from government expenditure to national income and there is no feed-back mechanism. We concluded that Government spending enhances National Income enormously and vice-versa in the short run for Nigeria and South Africa.
Learning Android Malware

The number of Android malware is increasing every day. Thus Android malware detection is nowadays a big challenge. One of the most tedious tasks in malware detection is the extraction of malicious behaviors. This task is usually done manually and requires a huge effort of engineering. To avoid this step, we propose in this paper to use machine learning techniques for malware detection. Unlike the existing learning based approaches, we propose to use API call graphs to represent the behaviors of Android applications. Then, given a set of malicious applications and a set of benign applications, we apply well-known learning techniques based on Random Walk Graph Kernel (combined with Support Vector Machines). We can achieve a high detection rate with only few false alarms (98.76% for detection rate with 0.24% of false alarms).
The Performance of the Speaking Rate Parameter in Emotion Recognition from Speech

The speaking rate is a quite obvious prosodic characteristic of speech and humans can easily estimate how fast an interlocutor is talking. Further, different emotional dispositions of a person are strongly expressed in his/her speaking rate. In this paper we investigate the performance gain originating from the use of the speaking rate parameter in emotion recognition from speech. The speaking rates are determined by applying a broad phonetic class recognizer. The classifier is trained on cepstral features extracted on the emotionally neutral RM1 speech corpus and provides low average recognition errors of one phoneme/second. We present the results of an empirical approach on the emotionally expressive Emo-DB corpus applying a neural network classifier and prove the significant influence of the speaking rate in emotion classification. The performances of Multi-Layer Perceptrons trained on cepstral turn-level features are analyzed with respect to the presence and absence of the speaking rate feature. An increase of accuracy up to 3.7% in certain emotion categories is reported.
Enterprising Families Domain: Family-Influenced Ownership Groups in Pursuit of Transgenerational Wealth

The field of family business studies has not explicitly identified the entrepreneurial potential of the family ownership group or adequately delineated the strategic requirements for sustaining wealth creation across generations. To address such issues, this paper presents the parameters for family-influenced transgenerational wealth creation. It identifies the family ownership group as the appropriate unit of entrepreneurial analysis and delineates the entrepreneurial strategy methods and family-as-investor mind-set that create the enterprising families domain. In so doing, the paper creates a true nexus between the fields of entrepreneurial strategy and family business studies.