Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Code compression based on operand-factorization for VLIW processors

Code compression algorithms usually require specific techniques to maintain the integrity of the program and ensure its functionality. This paper presents three code compression algorithms: the first encoding scheme used is a dictionary compression method that compresses the original program by replacing every instruction with its corresponding reference into the dictionary. The second compression algorithm exploits the facts that 1) the entire op-code space is usually not used and 2) operand patterns are often common between different instructions. The third compression scheme groups instructions into 8-instruction words and the corresponding instruction/ operand bits from all 8 instructions are grouped together to form dictionary entries. Instruction Factorization was found to be the most efficient compression scheme, though decompression is done sequentially. Although this technique may be very advantageous to single-issue processors. Operand Factorization across instruction-words allows decompression to be parallelized for instructions in the same instruction word, however this is at a cost to compression ratio.
Comparative field study: impact of laboratory assay variability on the assessment of recombinant factor IX Fc fusion protein (rFIXFc) activity

Summary Due to variability in the one-stage clotting assay, the performance of new factor IX (FIX) products should be assessed in this assay. The objective of this field study was to evaluate the accuracy of measuring recombinant FIX Fc fusion protein (rFIXFc) activity in clinical haemostasis laboratories using the one-stage clotting assay. Human haemophilic donor plasma was spiked with rFIXFc or BeneFIX® at 0.80, 0.20, or 0.05 IU/ml based on label potency. Laboratories tested blinded samples using their routine one-stage assay and in-house FIX plasma standard. The mean spike recoveries for BeneFIX (n=30 laboratories) were 121 %, 144 %, and 168 % of expected at nominal 0.80, 0.20, and 0.05 IU/ml concentrations, respectively. Corresponding rFIXFc spike recoveries were 88 %, 107 %, and 132 % of expected, respectively. All BeneFIX concentrations were consistently overestimated by most laboratories. rFIXFc activity was reagent-dependent; ellagic acid and silica gave higher values than kaolin, which underestimated rFIXFc. BeneFIX demonstrated significantly reduced chromogenic assay activity relative to one-stage assay results and nominal activity, while rFIXFc activity was close to nominal activity at three concentrations with better dilution linearity than the typical one-stage assay. In conclusion, laboratory- and reagent-specific assay variabilities were revealed, with progressively higher variability at lower FIX concentrations. Non-parallelism against the FIX plasma standard was observed in all one-stage assays with rFIXFc and BeneFIX, leading to significant overestimation of FIX activity at lower levels and generally high inter-laboratory variability. Compared to the accuracy currently achieved in clinical laboratories when measuring other rFIX products, most laboratories measured rFIXFc activity with acceptable accuracy and reliability using routine one-stage assay methods and commercially available plasma standards.
The effects of nerve growth factor and its antiserum on the postnatal development and survival after injury of sensory neurons in rat dorsal root ganglia

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is known to be essential for survival and maintenance of sympathetic ganglia and of embryonic sensory ganglia of neural crest origin. The present study examined the physiological and pharmacological roles of NGF in the postnatal development of sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). In contrast to what is generally stated in the literature, administration of NGF antiserum to newborn rats for a period of 7 days resulted in a significant (approximately 20%) reduction of neuronal number in the lumbar DRG. Size spectrum analysis of surviving neurons revealed a shift toward larger sizes, presumably due to a preferential loss of small cells. The number of neurons in the L5 DRG was studied at various times after unilateral sciatic nerve crush in 1-day-old rats. Axotomy resulted in a substantial loss (40 to 50%) of neurons in the immature DRG. Administration of NGF antiserum to animals with axotomized DRG did not increase cell death when compared with the axotomized controls. However, the number of neurons in the antiserum-treated ganglia decreased by the same percentage (20%) when compared with the control serum-treated ganglia before and after axotomy. Treatment with NGF initially prevented the loss of neurons in the axotomized DRG. However, some neurons died during the first week despite continued NGF administration; and, subsequent to NGF withdrawal, neuronal number decreased to the same level as in control animals. Thus, removal of exogenous NGF resulted in the death of the sensory neurons which had been maintained. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Analysis and Testing of Programs with Exception Handling Constructs

Analysis techniques, such as control flow, data flow, and control dependence, are used for a variety of software engineering tasks, including structural and regression testing, dynamic execution profiling, static and dynamic slicing, and program understanding. To be applicable to programs in languages such as Java and C++, these analysis techniques must account for the effects of exception occurrences and exception handling constructs; failure to do so can cause the analysis techniques to compute incorrect results and, thus, limit the usefulness of the applications that use them. This paper discusses the effects of exception handling constructs on several analysis techniques. The paper presents techniques to construct representations for programs with explicit exception occurrences-exceptions that are raised explicitly through throw statements-and exception handling constructs. The paper presents algorithms that use these representations to perform the desired analyses. The paper also discusses several software engineering applications that use these analyses. Finally, the paper describes empirical results pertaining to the occurrence of exception handling constructs in Java programs and their effect on some analysis tasks.
Direct thrombin inhibition with bivalirudin as an antithrombotic strategy in general and interventional cardiology

Antithrombotic therapy is a crucial component of interventional cardiology and currently involves the administration of both anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents. The implementation of standard dual or triple antiplatelet therapies has allowed percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation to become the treatment of choice in most patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), particularly in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. However, the combined use of antithrombotic agents increases the bleeding risk associated with coronary intervention, which is a concern due to the increasing evidence that bleeding complications are associated with a higher risk of ischaemic events and death. The shortcomings of currently available anticoagulant drugs have promoted the ongoing development of new, powerful anticoagulant agents that have both efficacy in the setting of PCI and a reduced risk of bleeding; one of these classes of agents targets the thrombin molecule, a key factor in the coagulation cascade, and belongs to the class of anticoagulants known as direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs). Bivalirudin, a synthetic peptide, is a DTI with unique, favourable pharmacological properties that include predictable linear pharmacokinetics. Bivalirudin was approved as an anticoagulant in patients undergoing routine PCI in 2000 by the FDA (in 2004 in Europe and Australia) and more recently in patients with ACS undergoing PCI. The pharmacological properties of bivalirudin, along with current indications for its use, are discussed in this review, with a focus on the major completed and ongoing clinical trials with bivalirudin.
The Rising of the Moon: The Language of Power

1. Introduction: Reading Institutions, Power, Control and Identity Obstructing Discourse Releasing Response Can we go on? 2. Who Fears to Speak: Silence and Anonymity in the National Discourse Past and Present Empire Speak Immediate and Terrible War Cognitive Control A Culture of Silence Stepping Stones Revolution and Reaction Culture and Colonisation Calling the Tune 3. When Slavery's Night is Ore: The Minefield of Meaning Stalking Knowledge The Booby Trap The Big Idea Partitionist Thought Trojan Forces Cogni-phobia 4. The Inquisition: A View of The Present State of Ireland Seclusion, Virus in the System, Driven to Death, Power and the Absentee, 5. The Split: Doing the Joined Up Writing Acute Amnesia, Unholy Alliance, The State of the Nation, The Political Unconscious, 6. The Threshold: Standing on the Threshold of Another Trembling World Arrested Discourse, Stammered Delivery, Border and Last Frontier, Spell binding language, 7. The Rising of the Moon References Index
Building Large Corpora from the Web Using a New Efficient Tool Chain

Over the last decade, methods of web corpus construction and the evaluation of web corpora have been actively researched. Prominently, the WaCky initiative has provided both theoretical results and a set of web corpora for selected European languages. We present a software toolkit for web corpus construction and a set of siginificantly larger corpora (up to over 9 billion tokens) built using this software. First, we discuss how the data should be collected to ensure that it is not biased towards certain hosts. Then, we describe our software toolkit which performs basic cleanups as well as boilerplate removal, simple connected text detection as well as shingling to remove duplicates from the corpora. We finally report evaluation results of the corpora built so far, for example w.r. t. the amount of duplication contained and the text type/genre distribution. Where applicable, we compare our corpora to the WaCky corpora, since it is inappropriate, in our view, to compare web corpora to traditional or balanced corpora. While we use some methods applied by the WaCky initiative, we can show that we have introduced incremental improvements.
Leading highly performing children’s centres

There is wide recognition that early childhood experiences are critical to a child’s development and their subsequent life chances. However, little research has been undertaken into leadership in early years settings, which is so influential in this regard. This article summarizes research into the leadership of Sure Start Children’s Centres, which provide support to the most vulnerable children and families. Completed by the National Foundation for Educational Research (NFER) on behalf of NCSL, this research involved a review of literature on early years leadership and the production of 25 case studies of leaders of ‘highly effective’ children’s centres. The study identified three specific challenges faced by leaders of children’s centres. Two of these, ensuring positive outcomes for children and dealing with change, are particularly salient in light of challenges affecting leaders in times of austerity. The third, increasing the visibility and value of leadership, is a perennial challenge for the sector. The study found that leaders demonstrated eight core behaviours to address these challenges. These included engaging responsively with families, using evidence to drive improvement, motivating and empowering staff and embracing integrated working. The authors recommend that these behaviours inform the delivery of future leadership development for these leaders.
Intentional Modulation of the Late Positive Potential in Response to Smoking Cues by Cognitive Strategies in Smokers

Attentional bias is considered an important concept in addiction since it has been found to correlate with subjective craving and is strongly associated with relapse after periods of abstinence. Hence, investigating in ways to regulate attention for drug cues would be of major clinical relevance. The present study examined deliberate, cognitive modulation of motivated attention for smoking cues in smokers. The effects of three different reappraisal strategies on an electrophysiological measure of attentive processing were investigated. Early and late LPP components in response to passively viewed neutral and smoking pictures were compared with LPPs in response to smoking pictures that were reappraised with three different reappraisal strategies. Results show that when smokers actively imagine how pleasant it would be to smoke (pleasant condition), their early LPP in response to smoking cues increases, but when smokers actively focus on an alternative stimulus (distraction condition) or think of a rational, uninvolved interpretation of the situation (rational condition), smoking-related late LPP amplitude decreases to the processing level of neutral stimuli. Present results are the first to indicate that smoking cue-elicited LPP amplitudes can be modulated by cognitive strategies, suggesting that attentive processing of smoking cues can be intentionally regulated by smokers with various levels of dependence. Although cognitive strategies can lead to enhanced processing of smoking cues, it is not completely clear whether cognitive strategies are also successful in reducing smoking-related motivated attention. Although findings do point in this direction, present study is best considered preliminary and a starting point for other research on this topic. A focus on the distraction strategy is proposed, as there are indications that this strategy is more successful than the rational strategy in decreasing LPP amplitude.
Extracting Biological Events from Text Using Simple Syntactic Patterns

This paper describes a novel approach presented to the BioNLP'11 Shared Task on GENIA event extraction. The approach consists of three steps. First, a dictionary is automatically constructed based on training datasets which is then used to detect candidate triggers and determine their event types. Second, we apply a set of heuristic algorithms which use syntactic patterns and candidate triggers detected in the first step to extract biological events. Finally, a post-processing is used to resolve regulatory events. We achieved an F-score of 43.94% using the online evaluation system.
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1–mediated human GATA1 induction promotes erythroid differentiation under hypoxic conditions

Hypoxia‐inducible factor promotes erythropoiesis through coordinated cell type–specific hypoxia responses. GATA1 is essential to normal erythropoiesis and plays a crucial role in erythroid differentiation. In this study, we show that hypoxia‐induced GATA1 expression is mediated by HIF1 in erythroid cells. Under hypoxic conditions, significantly increased GATA1 mRNA and protein levels were detected in K562 cells and erythroid induction cultures of CD34+ haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Enforced HIF1α expression increased GATA1 expression, while HIF1α knockdown by RNA interference decreased GATA1 expression. In silico analysis revealed one potential hypoxia response element (HRE). The results from reporter gene and mutation analysis suggested that this element is necessary for hypoxic response. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)‐PCR showed that the putative HRE was recognized and bound by HIF1 in vivo. These results demonstrate that the up‐regulation of GATA1 during hypoxia is directly mediated by HIF1.The mRNA expression of some erythroid differentiation markers was increased under hypoxic conditions, but decreased with RNA interference of HIF1α or GATA1. Flow cytometry analysis also indicated that hypoxia, desferrioxamine or CoCl2 induced expression of erythroid surface markers CD71 and CD235a, while expression repression of HIF1α or GATA1 by RNA interference led to a decreased expression of CD235a. These results suggested that HIF1‐mediated GATA1 up‐regulation promotes erythropoiesis in order to satisfy the needs of an organism under hypoxic conditions.
A Simple Fiber Optic displacement Sensor for Measurement of Light Intensity with the Displacement

Abstract Over the last two decades, the fibre optic technology has passed through many analytical stages. Some commercially available fibre optic sensors are being used for automation in mechanical and industrial environments. They are also used for instrumentation and controls. In the present work, a fibre optic displacement sensor is presented. This type of sensor is an intrinsic sensor. In this paper our aim is to study the different results of displacement sensor using fibre optic coupler.
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS): its time has come.

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) has now been available for over 20 years and its use has expanded from secondary prevention of variceal rebleeding to the management of refractory cirrhotic ascites, refractory hepatic hydrothorax, and acute variceal rebleeding to name the most common indications. Two of these, prevention of variceal rebleeding and treatment of refractory cirrhotic ascites have been subjected to randomized controlled trials in which TIPS was compared with an accepted alternative form of therapy. Meta-analyses have been performed on these trials, the most recent of which appears in this issue of the Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. The American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) guidelines for the use of TIPS in the management of complications of portal hypertension were published in 2005. Given recent publications is it time to rethink how we use TIPS in the management of these patients? Four meta-analyses have been performed that compare TIPS to endoscopic therapy in the prevention of variceal rebleeding. It is useful to compare the 2 most recent reports in which TIPS was compared with endoscopic therapy. In both reports there was a 3-fold reduction in the risk of bleeding and a 2-fold increase in hepatic encephalopathy with no impact on survival. It was estimated that 4 patients needed to be treated with TIPS to prevent 1 episode of bleeding and that one of every 8 TIPS-treated patients will suffer new or worsening encephalopathy. Thus, the authors concluded that for every 2 bleeding episodes prevented there will be 1 episode of encephalopathy. All of these trials were performed using bare rather than covered stents. The use of covered stents leads to significantly less shunt dysfunction as compared with bare stents and encephalopathy is less and survival better in those who received covered rather than bare stents. The reasons for less encephalopathy in those receiving the covered stent are unclear as a stent that remains patent should be associated with more not less encephalopathy if it is due to shunting. However, if these data are correct then less encephalopathy and perhaps improved survival would be seen if TIPS using coated stents is compared with endoscopic therapy in future trials. The alternative to TIPS is a surgical portosystemic shunt. When shunts, either surgical or by creating a TIPS, are compared with endoscopic therapy there is a 4-fold reduction in the risk of bleeding and a 2-fold increase in the risk of encephalopathy in the shunted as compared with the endoscopically treated patients. Survival was the same irrespective of the approach used. Is TIPS better or worse than shunts in the management of these patients? In one large randomized controlled trial in well compensated cirrhotics TIPS was as effective as a surgical shunt in preventing rebleeding with a similar survival and a similar frequency of
A Loss and Queuing-Delay Controller for Router Buffer Management

Active queue management (AQM) in routers has been proposed as a solution to some of the scalability issues associated with TCP’s pure end-to-end approach to congestion control. However, beyond congestion control, controlling queues in routers is important because unstable router queues can cause poor application performance. Existing AQM schemes explicitly try to control router queues by probabilistically dropping (or marking) packets. We argue that while controlling router queues is important, this control needs to be tempered by a consideration of the overall lossrate at the router. Solely attempting to control queue length can induce loss-rates that have as negative an effect on application and network performance as the large queues that existing AQM schemes were trying to avoid. Thus controlling queue length without regard to loss-rate can be counterproductive. In this work we demonstrate that by jointly controlling queue length and loss-rate, both network and application performance are improved. We present a novel AQM design that attempts to simultaneously optimize queue length and loss-rate. Our algorithm, called loss and queuing delay control (LQD), is a control theoretic scheme that explicitly treats loss-rate as a control parameter. LQD is shown to provide stable control analytically and is evaluated empirically by comparing its performance against other control theoretic AQM designs (PI and REM). The results of evaluation in a laboratory testbed under realistic traffic mixes and loads show that LQD results in lower overall loss rates and that applications see lower average queue lengths than with PI or REM.
Training a Korean SRL System with Rich Morphological Features

In this paper we introduce a semantic role labeler for Korean, an agglutinative language with rich morphology. First, we create a novel training source by semantically annotating a Korean corpus containing fine-grained morphological and syntactic information. We then develop a supervised SRL model by leveraging morphological features of Korean that tend to correspond with semantic roles. Our model also employs a variety of latent morpheme representations induced from a larger body of unannotated Korean text. These elements lead to state-of-the-art performance of 81.07% labeled F1, representing the best SRL performance reported to date for an agglutinative language.
First North American Search Based Software Engineering Symposium An Empirical Investigation of a Genetic Algorithm for Developer ' s Assignment to Bugs

Software development teams consist of developers with varying expertise and levels of productivity. With reported productivity variation of up to 1:20, the quality of assignment of developers to tasks can have a huge impact on project performance. Developers are characterized according to a defined core set of technical competence areas. The objective is to find a feasible assignment, which minimizes the total time needed to fix all given bugs. In this paper, the modeling of the developer’s assignment to bugs is given. Subsequently, a genetic algorithm called GA@DAB (Genetic Algorithm for Developer’s Assignment to Bugs) is proposed and empirically evaluated. The performance of GA@DAB was evaluated for 2040 bugs of 19 open-source milestone projects from the Eclipse platform. As part of that, a comparative analysis was done with a previously developed approach using K-Greedy search. Our results and analysis shows that GA@DAB performs statistically significantly better than K-greedy search in 17 out of 19 projects. Overall, the results support the argument of the applicability of customized genetic search techniques in the context of developer-to-bug assignments. © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Global Science and Technology Forum Pte Ltd