Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Answer to the Question: What Is Enlightenment?

Immanuel Kant's 1784 essay is by far the most famous of the responses to Zollner's request for an answer to the question "What is enlightenment? " Dated 30 September 1784, it was written, as Kant explained in afootnote at the close of the essay, without knowledge of the contents of Mendelssohn's response, which appeared in the Berliriische Monatsschrift as Kant was completing his own answer. The essl9' was the second of the fifteen articles Kant wrote for . the Berlinische Monatsschrift in the years between 1784 and 1796.
Tuned turbo codes

As implied by previous studies, there exists a fundamental trade-off between the minimum distance and the iterative decoding convergence behavior of a turbo code. While capacity achieving code ensembles typically are asymptotically bad in the sense that their minimum distance does not grow linearly with block length and they therefore exhibit an error floor at medium to high signal to noise ratios, asymptotically good codes usually converge further away from channel capacity. In this paper we present so-called tuned turbo codes, a family of asymptotically good hybrid concatenated code ensembles, where minimum distance growths and convergence thresholds can be traded-off using a tuning parameter lambda. By decreasing lambda, the asymptotic minimum distance growth rate coefficient is reduced for the sake of improved iterative decoding convergence behavior, and thus the code performance can be tuned to fit the desired application.
Communication Protocols Development Using ESTEREL

The rapid evolution of networking and the multiplication of new applications re-emphasizes the importance of the efficient communication supports. Implementations must be able to take maximal advantage of the details of application-specific semantics and of specific networking environments. In other words, the application needs to have more control over data transmission. Such control can be obtained by tailoring the communication facilities (or protocols) to the application characteritics, and by integrating the communication control to the application. Because such a task is too complex to be realized manually, we propose to automate the protocol development process using a formal approach. This paper presents our approach to the automated design and the implementation of application-specific communication protocols based on information provided by the application. Starting from the formal description of an application, our approach is based on a tool called "Protocol Compiler" that will automatically produce the implementation of a communication protocol tailored to the application. The formalism we use is ESTEREL, a synchronous reactive language dedicated to the description of Real-Time systems. Protocol description and verification using ESTEREL are described, as well as protocol optimization and implementation principles.
On the complexity of an accurate and precise performance evaluation of wireless networks using simulations

In wireless multi-hop networks, there is a growing need for the performance evaluation of protocols and distributed applications. Due to the high complexity of analytical models and the difficulty of setting up large scale testbeds, simulations are generally considered as the most convenient methodology for evaluating the performance of wireless systems. However, evaluating a protocol can be a tedious task as it depends on several factors including the physical layer modeling and the dimensioning of protocol or environment parameters. As a consequence inferring an overall performance for a protocol is a real issue. In this paper, we highlight some main factors that may affect the accuracy of the performance evaluation of protocols using simulations. First, we focus on the physical layer (PHY) modeling which represent a key point for the sake of realism and confidence. Second, we discuss the impact of some protocol parameters on the behavior of the evaluated protocols.
The Relationship Between Synchronization Among Neuronal Populations and Their Mean Activity Levels

In the past decade the importance of synchronized dynamics in the brain has emerged from both empirical and theoretical perspectives. Fast dynamic synchronous interactions of an oscillatory or nonoscillatory nature may constitute a form of temporal coding that underlies feature binding and perceptual synthesis. The relationship between synchronization among neuronal populations and the population firing rates addresses two important issues: the distinction between rate coding and synchronization coding models of neuronal interactions and the degree to which empirical measurements of population activity, such as those employed by neuroimaging, are sensitive to changes in synchronization. We examined the relationship between mean population activity and synchronization using biologically plausible simulations. In this article, we focus on continuous stationary dynamics. (In a companion article, Chawla (forth-coming), we address the same issue using stimulus-evoked transients. ) By manipulating parameters such as extrinsic input, intrinsic noise, synaptic efficacy, density of extrinsic connections, the voltage-sensitive nature of postsynaptic mechanisms, the number of neurons, and the laminar structure within the populations, we were able to introduce variations in both mean activity and synchronization under a variety of simulated neuronal architectures. Analyses of the simulated spike trains and local field potentials showed that in nearly every domain of the model's parameter space, mean activity and synchronization were tightly coupled. This coupling appears to be mediated by an increase in synchronous gain when effective membrane time constants are lowered by increased activity. These observations show that under the assumptions implicit in our models, rate coding and synchrony coding in neural systems with reciprocal interconnections are two perspectives on the same underlying dynamic. This suggests that in the absence of specific mechanisms decoupling changes in synchronization from firing levels, indexes of brain activity that are based purely on synaptic activity (e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging) may also be sensitive to changes in synchronous coupling.
BIBO stability robustness for coprime factor perturbations

In this paper, a necessary and sufficient condition for robustly stabilizing a family of plants described by perturbations of a fixed coprime factors of a plant is given. The computation of the largest stability margin is discussed via solving a nonsquare El optimal control problem. A new algorithm for obtaining lower approximaions the minimum value of the optimaization problem, p0, is proposed. This, together with the standard algorithm which provides upper approximations, p0 can be computed within any degree of accuracy.
The spectral-type/luminosity and the spectral-type/satellite-density relations in the 2dFGRS

We examine the relative fractions of passive (type 1), quiet-SF (type 2) and active-SF (type 3+4) galaxies as a function of luminosity and number of neighbours in several volume-limited samples selected from the 2dFGRS. Neighbours are counted within 1 $h_{75}^{-1}$ Mpc projected distance and ± 1000 km s -1 depth. We apply a maximum magnitude difference criterion and require neighbours to be fainter than the galaxy itself. We show that, whatever the environment, passive galaxies dominate in bright samples and active-SF galaxies in faint samples, whereas quiet-SF galaxies never dominate. We further show that in bright samples ( M B – 5 $\log$ h 75 ≤ $ \,-\,19$) the fraction of passive galaxies grows steadily with fainter neighbour density, whereas in faint samples a threshold-like dependence is observed. This suggests that the spectral-type/density ( ≈ morphology/density) relation extends to the intermediate dense environment, but only in the surroundings of luminous galaxies and that it reflects an enhancement of the number of satellites rather than stronger clustering among galaxies themselves. Our analysis indicates that, in general, luminosity is a good tracer of galaxy halo mass and that it dominates over environment (satellite density) in setting the spectral type mix of a population. However, minority populations exist, such as luminous SF galaxies and faint passive galaxies, whose luminosity is an inaccurate tracer of halo mass.
Timing Fault Detection in FPGA-Based Circuits

The operation of FPGA systems, like most VLSI technology, is traditionally governed by static timing analysis, whereby safety margins for operating and manufacturing uncertainty are factored in at design-time. If we operate FPGA designs beyond these conservative margins we can obtain substantial energy and performance improvements. However, doing this carelessly would cause unacceptable impacts to reliability, lifespan and yield - issues which are growing more severe with continuing process scaling. Fortunately, the flexibility of FPGA architecture allows us to monitor and control reliability problems with a variety of runtime instrumentation and adaptation techniques. In this paper we develop a system for detecting timing faults in arbitrary FPGA circuits based on Razor-like shadow register insertion. Through a combination of calibration, timing constraint and adaptation of the CAD flow, we deliver low-overhead, trustworthy fault detection for FPGA-based circuits.
Holistic Routing Algorithm Design to Support Workload Consolidation in NoCs

To provide efficient, high-performance routing algorithms, a holistic approach should be taken. The key aspects of routing algorithm design include adaptivity, path selection strategy, VC allocation, isolation, and hardware implementation cost; these design aspects are not independent. The key contribution of this work lies in the design of a novel selection strategy, Destination-Based Selection Strategy (DBSS), which targets interference that can arise in many-core systems running consolidation workloads. In the process of this design, we holistically consider all aspects to ensure an efficient design. Existing routing algorithms largely overlook issues associated with workload consolidation. Locally adaptive algorithms do not consider enough status information to avoid network congestion. Globally adaptive routing algorithms attack this issue by utilizing network status beyond neighboring nodes. However, they may suffer from interference, coupling the behavior of otherwise independent applications. To address these issues, DBSS leverages both local and nonlocal network status to provide more effective adaptivity. More importantly, by integrating the destination into the selection procedure, DBSS mitigates interference and offers dynamic isolation among applications. Results show that DBSS offers better performance than the best baseline selection strategy and improves the energy-delay product for medium and high injection rates; it is well suited for workload consolidation.
Stochastic low Reynolds number swimmers

As technological advances allow us to fabricate smaller autonomous self-propelled devices, it is clear that at some point directed propulsion could not come from pre-specified deterministic periodic deformation of the swimmer’s body and we need to develop strategies for extracting a net directed motion from a series of random transitions in the conformation space of the swimmer. We present a theoretical formulation for describing the ‘stochastic motor’ that drives the motion of low Reynolds number swimmers based on this concept, and use it to study the propulsion of a simple low Reynolds number swimmer, namely, the three-sphere swimmer model. When the detailed balanced is broken and the motor is driven out of equilibrium, it can propel the swimmer in the required direction. The formulation can be used to study optimal design strategies for molecular scale low Reynolds number swimmers.
Hits on the web: how does it compare?

This paper describes a large-scale evaluation of theeffectiveness of HITS in comparison with other link-based rankingalgorithms, when used in combination with a state-of-the-art textretrieval algorithm exploiting anchor text. We quantified theireffectiveness using three common performance measures: the meanreciprocal rank, the mean average precision, and the normalizeddiscounted cumulative gain measurements. The evaluation is based ontwo large data sets: a breadth-first search crawl of 463 millionweb pages containing 17.6 billion hyperlinks and referencing 2.9billion distinct URLs; and a set of 28,043 queries sampled from aquery log, each query having on average 2,383 results, about 17 ofwhich were labeled by judges. We found that HITS outperformsPageRank, but is about as effective as web-page in-degree. The sameholds true when any of the link-based features are combined withthe text retrieval algorithm. Finally, we studied the relationshipbetween query specificity and the effectiveness of selectedfeatures, and found that link-based features perform better forgeneral queries, whereas BM25F performs better for specificqueries.
Has China's Economy Become More Stable and Inertial? Nonlinear Investigations Based on Structural Break and Duration Dependent Regime Switching Models

In this study we use both the structural break model and duration dependent transition model to study the characteristics of China's GDP growth from 1953 to 2009. The empirical results show that China's economic growth had become more stable since the economic reform in the end of the 1970s, and had transformed from a "low growth rate, high volatility" state to a "high growth rate, low volatility" state. In contrast to other transitional countries, China's structural break did not happen immediately, but rather it experienced a long transition period (1977-1992) which shows that China's economic development has a strong "growth inertia".
ConductAR: an augmented reality based tool for iterative design of conductive ink circuits

Recent advances in materials science have resulted in a range of commercially viable and easy-to-use conductive inks which novices, hobbyists, educators, students and researchers are now using to design and build interactive circuits quickly. Despite the ease with which practitioners can construct working circuits, one of the major limitations of designing circuits on-the-fly is the difficulty of detecting and understanding errors in prototype circuits. As well as short- and open-circuits, which often prevent a circuit from working at all, more subtle issues like high resistance traces can result in poor performance. Many users can't readily work out how to successfully modify their circuits, and they often don't have the tools or expertise to measure the relevant circuit parameters. In this paper we present ConductAR, a tool which can recognize and analyze hand-drawn, printed and hybrid conductive ink patterns. An on-screen augmented reality style interaction helps users to understand and enhance circuit operation. A key element of ConductAR is its ability to calculate the resistance of a circuit using a camera attached to an off-the-shelf PC or tablet. Our sparse coding technique is fast enough to support rapid iterative prototyping on real circuits using a conductive ink marker and/or eraser as shown in Figure 1. The system thereby enhances the feasibility of circuit prototyping with conductive ink.
Analysis of Gene Expression in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Human Neurons Exposed to Botulinum Neurotoxin A Subtype 1 and a Type A Atoxic Derivative

Botulinum neurotoxin type A1 (BoNT/A1) is a potent protein toxin responsible for the potentially fatal human illness botulism. Notwithstanding, the long-lasting flaccid muscle paralysis caused by BoNT/A has led to its utility as a powerful and versatile bio-pharmaceutical. The flaccid paralysis is due to specific cleavage of neuronal SNAREs by BoNTs. However, actions of BoNTs on intoxicated neurons besides the cleavage of SNAREs have not been studied in detail. In this study we investigated by microarray analysis the effects of BoNT/A and a catalytically inactive derivative (BoNT/A ad) on the transcriptome of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons at 2 days and 2 weeks after exposure. While there were only minor changes in expression levels at 2 days post exposure, at 2 weeks post exposure 492 genes were differentially expressed more than 2-fold in BoNT/A1-exposed cells when compared to non-exposed populations, and 682 genes were differentially expressed in BoNT/A ad-exposed cells. The vast majority of genes were similarly regulated in BoNT/A1 and BoNT/A ad-exposed neurons, and the few genes differentially regulated between BoNT/A1 and BoNT/A ad-exposed neurons were differentially expressed less than 3.5 fold. These data indicate a similar response of neurons to BoNT/A1 and BoNT/A ad exposure. The most highly regulated genes in cells exposed to either BoNT/A1 or BoNT/A ad are involved in neurite outgrowth and calcium channel sensitization.
The Role of Teachers in Identifying and Supporting Homeless Secondary School Students: Important Lessons for Teacher Education

Young people entering homelessness often do so while still at school. This study explores Australian teachers’ and other student support staff perspectives of the experiences of students who are running away from home, the barriers to student help-seeking, and how local youth services can best support secondary schools to provide necessary services to keep students at school and at home or in some other form of safe and secure accommodation. The study revealed that although teachers and student support staff report awareness that student couch surfing exists; there are a range of barriers which prevent a student from seeking help. Teachers called for stronger relationships between schools and youth homelessness services to achieve a more effective and informed early intervention response. Teachers also asked for guidance on how to respond when students are homeless. The overall results have important implications for teacher education and practice as well as informing education welfare policies.
Video-based face verification

This paper introduces a video based face verification system. Stereo vision and multiple-related template matching method are used to segment facial region from the background. Facial features are extracted for geometrical normalization and followed by illumination normalization. Faces are represented by normalized face images masking out some corner points. A Support Vector Machine classifier is trained for each person for verification. Experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of this method in complex real environment.
The topic of subjectivity in psychology: Contradictions, paths and new alternatives

This paper draws a picture of how topics related to subjectivity have appeared in different psychological theories, such as psychoanalysis, Gestalt and post-structuralist approaches, discussing in depth a specific proposition from a cultural-historical standpoint. I argue that, in most of these theories, subjectivity has been used to refer to specific processes and phenomena without advancing a more general theory about it. The way in which subjectivity was treated within the Cartesian/Enlightenment tradition, taken together with the individualistic tradition of psychology, led critical psychological theories to reject the concept. In this way, such critical theories have omitted the heuristic value of subjectivity to study processes that can neither be exhausted by language, nor by discourse. A new proposal of subjectivity is highlighted, based on the cultural-historical tradition in psychology. From this perspective, subjectivity is defined by units of emotions and symbolical processes generated throughout human experience. On the basis of such definition, I discuss how institutionalized orders can be subverted by subjective productions that represent new social pathways. Far from being a remnant of Modernity, in this way subjectivity is defined as a human production, capable of transcending the apparent objective limits of human existence.
Transcriptome Analysis of ESTs from a Chaetognath Reveals a Deep-Branching Clade of Retrovirus-Like Retrotransposons

Chaetognaths constitute a small marine phylum exhibiting several characteristic which are highly unusual in animal genomes, including two classes of both rRNA and protein ribosomal genes. As in this phylum presence of retrovirus-like elements has never been documented, analysis of a published expressed sequence tag (EST) collection of the chaetognath Spadella cephaloptera has been made. Twelve sequences representing transcript sections of reverse transcriptase domain of active retrotransposons were isolated from~11,000 ESTs. Five of them are originated from Gypsy retrovirus-like elements, whereas the other are transcripts from a Bel-Pao LTR-retrotransposon, a Penelope-like element and LINE retrotransposons. Moreover, a part of a putative integrase has also been found. Phylogenetic analyses suggest a deep-branching clade of the retrovirus-like elements, which is in agreement with the probably Cambrian origin of the phylum. Moreover, retrotransposons have not been found in telomeric-like transcripts which are probably constituted by both vertebrate and arthropod canonical repeats.
The Impact of Shareholder Control on Bondholders

This paper investigates the effect of shareholder control on bondholder wealth. While stronger shareholder control can benefit bondholders by disciplining managers, it also increases the likelihood of events that can hurt bondholders, e.g. hostile takeovers. We hypothesize that shareholder control can have contrasting effects on bond yields depending on the takeover vulnerability of a firm. Using the presence of an institutional blockholder to proxy for shareholder control and firm-level anti-takeover provisions to proxy for takeover vulnerability, we find that shareholder control is associated with lower yields if the firm is protected from takeovers. We also find that shareholder control is associated with higher yields if the firm is exposed to takeovers. The contrasting effects of shareholder control on yields are the strongest for firms that are small and have low leverage. In the presence of shareholder control, the difference in bond yields due to differences in takeover vulnerability can be as high as 93 basis points. Further, the results are insignificant for a sub-sample of firms where the bondholders are protected from takeovers through the poison put covenant. Bond ratings also appear to incorporate a similar effect of shareholder control on bondholders Finally, we find that a bond pricing model that does not account for shareholder control generates an annualized abnormal return of 1% to 1.4% for portfolios that long firms with both strong shareholder control and high takeover vulnerability and short firms without either shareholder control or takeover vulnerability. Combined, these results suggest that the use of different governance mechanisms, such as shareholder monitoring and takeover vulnerability, depends on a firm s capital structure and that bond-pricing models should account for shareholder control.
Comparing Hybrid DSGE Models

This paper discusses the estimation of Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models using hybrid models. These econometric tools provide the combination of an atheoretical statistical representation and the theoretical features of the DSGE model. A review of hybrid models presents the main aspects of these tools and why they are needed in the recent macroeconometric literature. Some of these models are compared to classical econometrics models (such as Vector Autoregressive, Factor Augmented VAR and Bayesian VAR) in a marginal data density analysis.