Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SUBLEXICAL CONVERSION PROCEDURES AND THE INTERACTION OF PHONOLOGICAL AND ORTHOGRAPHIC LEXICAL FORMS

In double naming tasks requiring the production of consecutive spoken and written responses to the same picture, subject ECA produced inconsistent lexical responses in the say-then-write (stimulus: organ; spoken response: “church;” written response: piano) but not in the write-then-say condition (organ → piano → “piano”). This observation, together with the fact that ECA had damage to the semantic system and to sublexical phoneme-grapheme conversion but not to sublexical grapheme-phoneme conversion procedures, is used to constrain claims about the organisation of lexical form knowledge. It is proposed that phonological and orthographic lexical forms are accessed autonomously, but interact via sublexical conversion procedures. In ECA, the one-way interaction between phonological and orthographic word forms is prevented by damage to phoneme- grapheme procedures (hence, inconsistent responses in the say-then-write naming condition); the reverse interaction can take place because grapheme-phoneme conversion p.
Evaluation of Causal Discovery Models in Bivariate Case Using Real World Data

Causal relationships are different from statistical relationships. Distinguishing cause from effect is a fundamental scientific problem that has attracted the interest of many researchers. Among causal discovery problems, discovering bivariate causal relationships is a special case because the wellknown independent tests are useless. We empirically tested three existing state-of-the-art models, ANM, PNL model, and IGCI model, for causal discovery in the bivariate case using real world data and compared their performance using three metrics: accuracy, area under ROC curve (AUC), and time cost to make a decision. We concluded the strong points and weaknesses of each method through our experiments. For the efficiency of algorithm, we found that the IGCI model is the fastest even when the dataset is large and that the PNL model costs the most time to give a decision.
Recovery function of the late auditory evoked potential in cochlear implant users and normal-hearing listeners.

BACKGROUND It has been theorized that neural recovery is related to temporal coding of speech sounds. The recovery function of cortically generated auditory evoked potentials has not been investigated in cochlear implant (CI) users. PURPOSE This study characterized the recovery function of the late auditory evoked potential (LAEP) using a masker-probe paradigm in postlingually deafened adult CI users and young normal-hearing (NH) listeners. RESEARCH DESIGN A case-control study of the late auditory evoked potentials using electrophysiological technique was performed. The LAEP was evoked by 1 kHz tone bursts presented in pairs, with the first stimuli as the maskers and the second stimuli as the probes. The masker-probe intervals (MPIs) were varied at 0.7, 1, 2, 4, and 8 sec, with an interpair interval of 12 sec. STUDY SAMPLE Nine CI users and nine NH listeners participated in this study. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The normalized amplitude from the probe response relative to the masker response was plotted as a function of the MPI to form a recovery function. The latency shift for the probe response relative to the masker response was calculated. RESULTS The recovery function was approximately linear in log scale of the MPI in NH listeners, while it showed somewhat different recovery patterns with a large intersubject variability in CI users. Specifically, although the probe response was approximately 60 percent of the masker response for the MPI of 0.7 sec in both groups, the recovery function of CI users displayed a nonlinear pattern, with a steeper slope than that of NH listeners. The probe response completely recovered at the MPI of 4 sec in NH listeners and at the MPI of 2 sec in CI users. N1 and P2 latencies from probe responses were shorter than those from masker responses in NH listeners, while no latency difference was found between probe responses and masker responses in CI users. CONCLUSIONS Our interpretation of these findings is that the faster recovery of the LAEP in CI users is related to abnormal adaptation mechanisms and a less prominent role of the components with longer latencies in the LAEP of CI users. Other mechanisms such as the compromised inhibitory regulation in the auditory system and the aging effect in CI users might also play a role. More research needs to be done to determine whether the slope of the LAEP recovery function is correlated with speech-perception performance.
The mathematics of collective action

Philosophers, social scientists, and laymen have used two perspectives in analyzing social action. One sees man's action as the result of causal forces, and the other sees action as purposive and goal directed. Mathematical treatment of social action has shown this same dichotomy. Some models of behavior describe a causal process, in which there is no place for intention or purpose. Most stochastic models of behavior, whether individual or group, are like this. Another body of work, however, employs purpose, anticipation of some future state, and action designed to maximize the proximity to some goal. Classical microeconomic theory, statistical decision theory, and game theory exemplify this direction.This book examines these two directions of work, and makes original contributions to the second. An introductory chapter outlines these two bodies of work, and casts them in a common frame, to display their similarities and differences. Chapter 2 reviews at length recent work in stochastic processes that makes up the first body of work, which sees social action as the resultant of causal forces. The remaining chapters develop a mathematical framework for the study of systems of social action using a purposive theoretical base. These chapters are designed particularly to contribute to the study of collective decisions, a form of social action that has proved particularly challenging to theoretical analysis. First published in 1973, this became a significant work both in problem solving and in the future career of the author. It is of continuing importance to researchers and students interested in statistical analysis.
Intracellular Forms of Adenovirus DNA V. Viral DNA Sequences in Hamster Cells Abortively Infected and Transformed with Human Adenovirus Type 12

The persistence of viral DNA in BHK-21 cells abortively infected with human adenovirus type 12 has been investigated using reassociation kinetics. No indication of an increase in the amount of viral DNA per cell has been found. On the contrary, the amount of intracellular viral DNA sequences decreases rapidly after infection. Thus, free adenovirus type 12 DNA does not replicate in BHK-21 cells. The influence of the multiplicity of infection on the amount of persisting adenovirus type 12 DNA has also been explored. The viral DNA sequences persisting in four lines of hamster cells transformed in vitro by adenovirus type 12 at various multiplicities of infection have been quantitated and mapped by reassociation kinetics experiments using restriction endonuclease fragments of 3H-labeled adenovirus type 12 DNA. All the EcoRI restriction nuclease fragments of the adenovirus type 12 genome are represented in each of the four cell lines. Individual fragments of the viral genome are represented in multiple copies in non-equimolar amounts.
Optimizing Letter Design for Donation Requests

The possibility that there might be an optimum size and color for selecting the physical appearance of a letter asking for donations to an art museum was examined in this study. University students' self-reports of willingness to give was the dependent variable. Size, color, and their interaction were statistically significant factors. The results were interpreted as supporting the idea that an optimum letter size and color do exist for letters soliciting charitable donations for an art museum.
Seroprevalence of viral hepatitis and infectious complications among human immunodeficiency virus-infected injection drug users at a referral hospital.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The seroprevalence of viral hepatitis and spectrum of infectious complications among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected injection drug users (IDUs) remains unclear in Taiwan, although there has been a significant increase in the prevalence of HIV infection among IDUs in the last 2 to 3 years. METHODS The medical records of HIV-infected IDUs who sought medical care at a referral hospital for HIV care from June 1994 to December 2006 were retrospectively reviewed. A standardized case record form was used to collect demographic, clinical, laboratory and microbiologic data. RESULTS During the 12-year study period, a total of 102 HIV-infected IDUs with a median age of 39.5 years (range, 19 to 73 years) sought HIV care at the referral hospital. The male-to-female case ratio was 6 and males were significantly older than females (39.5 vs 28 years, p<0.001). The overall median CD4+ cell count and plasma HIV RNA load by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction at enrollment were 374 cells/microL and 4.45 log(10) copies/mL, respectively. The CD4+ cell count of HIV-infected IDUs enrolled after year 2003 was significantly higher than those enrolled before 2003 (438 vs 23 cells/microL, p<0.001). The seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus (86.6% overall) increased over time, while that of hepatitis B virus decreased in the patients born after 1984, when nationwide hepatitis B vaccination was started in Taiwan. Gram-positive bacteria were causative for 69.7% of the 33 bacteremic episodes, and Staphylococcus aureus was the leading pathogen (16 episodes), with methicillin-sensitive S. aureus accounting for 11 bacteremic episodes (33.3%). The most common bacterial infection was infective endocarditis. Tuberculosis occurred more frequently in men, and extrapulmonary tuberculosis was more common than pulmonary tuberculosis and was associated with a lower CD4+ count. CONCLUSIONS Bacteremia, infective endocarditis and tuberculosis were the three most common patterns of infection among HIV-infected IDUs who sought medical care at a referral hospital; and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus was the most common etiology of bacteremia. The high seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C and subsequent hepatic complications may present a future challenge to the health care system.
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS AND COMMUNITY DISSENSION IN RURAL OKLAHOMA

Drawing from in-depth interviews, participant observation, and document analysis we examine a contentious environmental dispute surrounding contamination from a decommissioned zinc smelter plant in rural Oklahoma. Environmental grievances center around potential health effects associated with lead, cadmium, and arsenic contamination. The company that owns the former zinc smelter facility argues that they are operating in compliance with all environmental health and safety standards and many citizens applaud their ongoing remediation efforts. In an effort to improve its public image, the company has launched a community outreach program and is offering to sample residents' yards. A group of concerned citizens, however, believes that the health and safety of their community have been compromised by the environmental contamination. These residents have garnered legal support from a nonlocal law firm and they plan to pursue legal damages as part of their campaign of environmental cleanup. Both sides have engaged in a heated public dialogue to mobilize support for their respective campaigns. The results of our study indicate that the environmental dispute is centered on the ambiguity of harm and conflicting perceptions of causation.
Virtual health coaching for consumers: a persuasive systems design perspective

The lifestyle that people adopt has a direct impact on their health and well-being. On a global scale, lifestyle-related non-communicable chronic diseases (such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and some forms of cancer) continue to increase and have become the leading causes of mortality. In recent years, there have been calls to action regarding the global burden of lifestyle-related non-communicable diseases. There is a demand for IT applications and systems that allow individuals' to manage their health and well-being and potentially alter their health-related behaviours. Persuasive technology has the potential to be in the forefront of novel health-related prevention services. Persuasive technologies are designed to induce and influence people to change their attitudes and behaviours. Behaviour change support systems (BCSSs) are at the heart of persuasive technology research and practice. The objective of this study is to investigate consumers' perceptions of an instantiation of a BCSS, called virtual health check and coaching, which is a non-clinical web-based system for personal lifestyle and health management. In the present study, we examine the consumers' insights through the persuasive systems design model. Implications for persuasive systems design are discussed.
The origins of empty categories in Singapore English

The system of empty categories in Singapore English, a contact language with an endogenous ecology, arises through the interaction of three parameters: [topic-prominence], [pro-drop], and [wh-movement]. These parameters are reset under the pressure of the languages in the contact ecology, mainly the substrate Chinese dialects, and the lexifier English. The paper adopts a holistic approach to creole genesis, in which substrate and superstrate influence is expressed in terms of parametric re-structuring constrained by principles of Universal Grammar. Surface-true substrate, superstrate, or novel features are exponents of this parametric re-structuring.
Being Lazy and Preemptive at Learning toward Information Extraction

This thesis proposes a novel approach for exploring Information Extraction scenarios. Information Extraction, or IE, is a task aiming at finding events and relations in natural language texts that meet a user's demand. However, it is often difficult to formulate, or even define such events that satisfy both a user's need and technical feasibility. Furthermore, most existing IE systems need to be tuned for a new scenario with proper training data in advance. So a system designer usually needs to understand what a user wants to know in order to maximize the system performance, while the user has to understand how the system will perform in order to maximize his/her satisfaction. In this thesis, we focus on maximizing the variety of scenarios that the system can handle instead of trying to improve the accuracy of a particular scenario. In traditional IE systems, a relation is defined a priori by a user and is identified by a set of patterns that are manually crafted or acquired in advance. We propose a technique called Unrestricted Relation Discovery, which defers determining what is a relation and what is not until the very end of the processing so that a relation can be defined a posteriori. This laziness gives huge flexibility to the types of relations the system can handle. Furthermore, we use the notion of recurrent relations to measure how useful each relation is. This way, we can discover new IE scenarios without fully specifying definitions or patterns, which leads to Preemptive Information Extraction, where a system can provide a user a portfolio of extractable relations and let the user choose them. We used one year news articles obtained from the Web as a development set. We discovered dozens of scenarios that are similar to the existing scenarios tried by many IE systems, as well as new scenarios that are relatively novel. We have evaluated the existing scenarios with Automatic Content Extraction (ACE) event corpus and obtained reasonable performance. We believe this system will shed new light on IE research by giving various experimental IE scenarios.
Factor Structure of the Comrey Personality Scales, the Personality Research Form—E, and the Five-Factor Model

According to McCrae and Costa, Norman's 1963 five-factor model of personality based on peer ratings provides a universal and comprehensive framework for describing individual differences in personality and also for interpreting different personality systems. This study tested the generality and comprehensiveness of the five-factor model using Comrey Personality Scales and Jackson's 1984 Personality Research Form-E. Separate principal axis analyses of scales from each inventory indicated three factors for the Comrey scales and five for the Research Form—E. The three Comrey factors were similar to Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Extraversion in the five-factor model, and the five Research Form—E factors were similar to those in the five-factor model. These results provided strong empirical evidence for the generality and comprehensiveness of the five-factor model.
Additional Construct Validity Evidence for the Task/Contextual Performance Distinction

Borman and Motowidlo (1993) hypothesized two job performance domains labeled task performance and contextual performance. Previous research has provided construct validity evidence in the form of differential predictor-criterion relations for the two performance domains. This study provided additional construct validity evi- dence. I examined internal consistency and empirical independence of the two domains by analyzing multitrait-multirater (MTMR) matrices. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) of 15 MTMR matrices showed higher correlations for performance dimensions within a domain (mean correlations were .70 and .70 for task and contextual performance, respectively) than between domains (M = 3). Evidence showed that the distinction between task and contextual performance was more clear for nonmanagerial than for managerial jobs. One aspect of contextual performance, cooperating with others, showed greater independence from task performance than did persisting with extraeffort or following organizational.
Gender, marital status and religious affiliation as factors of assertiveness among Nigerian education majors

1 Department of Physics and Mathematical Sciences, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijagun, Ijebu Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria. 2 Department of Counselling Psychology, College of Applied Education and Vocational Technology, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijagun, Ijebu Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria. 3 Department of Educational Psychology, Tai Solarin College of Education, Omu-Ijebu, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Technology Enabled Continuous Software Development

Given that organizations need to innovate and release software in faster parallel cycles of days or even hours, there are good reasons why new practices are being adopted in industry. In this paper, we present the case of a highly responsive process that is driven by tooling technology and which facilitates continual delivery of software at up to hourly intervals. Understanding and analyzing such industry practices can inform academic and practitioner dialogue on current challenges and potential solutions, and on the evolution of new ‘better’ practices.
Insights From SMPY's Greatest Former Child Prodigies: Drs. Terence (“Terry”) Tao and Lenhard (“Lenny”) Ng Reflect on Their Talent Development

If the academic needs of the most profoundly gifted students can be met through the use of existing educational practices, specialists in gifted education can assume that the educational needs of less able, but still academically talented, students can also be met by using some combination of these strategies as well. This paper illustrates the feasibility and effectiveness of utilizing an individualized educational approach with gifted students by highlighting the unique educational paths taken by two of the very ablest math prodigies identified by Dr. Julian Stanley through the Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth (SMPY) since its founding in 1971. Interviews with Dr. Terence (“Terry”) Tao and Dr. Lenhard (“Lenny”) Ng, now both highly successful mathematicians, are presented in their entirety, demonstrating that even among the very ablest, strategies can be tailored effectively to the characteristics of each student through a combination of creative planning and the cooperation of parents, educators, and mentors.
Mode Selection and Resource Allocation in Device-to-Device Communications: A Matching Game Approach

Device to device (D2D) communication is considered as an effective technology for enhancing the spectral efficiency and network throughput of existing cellular networks. However, enabling it in an underlay fashion poses a significant challenge pertaining to interference management. In this paper, mode selection and resource allocation for an underlay D2D network is studied while simultaneously providing interference management. The problem is formulated as a combinatorial optimization problem whose objective is to maximize the utility of all D2D pairs. To solve this problem, a learning framework is proposed based on a problem-specific Markov chain. From the local balance equation of the designed Markov chain, the transition probabilities are derived for distributed implementation. Then, a novel two phase algorithm is developed to perform mode selection and resource allocation in the respective phases. This algorithm is then shown to converge to a near optimal solution. Moreover, to reduce the computation in the learning framework, two resource allocation algorithms based on matching theory are proposed to output a specific and deterministic solution. The first algorithm employs the one-to-one matching game approach whereas in the second algorithm, the one-to many matching game with externalities and dynamic quota is employed. Simulation results show that the proposed framework converges to a near optimal solution under all scenarios with probability one. Moreover, our results show that the proposed matching game with externalities achieves a performance gain of up to 35 percent in terms of the average utility compared to a classical matching scheme with no externalities.
The Selective Viewer

This article reviews the literature on television viewer selectivity and links it to the findings of a Flemish survey. The article suggests that selective viewing does exist and that some viewers are more selective than others. At the same time the results show that the average viewer nevertheless watches a basic amount of most programme categories. Viewer selectivity is not necessarily efficient. Viewers develop viewing habits and as such may not watch their preferred programmes simply because they are not aware those programmes are broadcast. With respect to television effect theories the article suggests that the existence of selectivity does not necessarily reduce the `mainstream pull' of television. The VCR in particular may actually function as an accelerator of the potential effects of action drama.