Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unsupervised Adaptation of Recurrent Neural Network Language Models

Recurrent neural network language models (RNNLMs) have been shown to consistently improve Word Error Rates (WERs) of large vocabulary speech recognition systems employing n-gram LMs. In this paper we investigate supervised and unsupervised discriminative adaptation of RNNLMs in a broadcast transcription task to target domains deﬁned by either genre or show. We have explored two approaches based on (1) scaling forward-propagated hidden activations (Learning Hidden Unit Contributions (LHUC) technique) and (2) direct ﬁne-tuning of the parameters of the whole RNNLM. To investigate the effectiveness of the proposed methods we carry out experiments on multi-genre broadcast (MGB) data following the MGB-2015 challenge protocol. We observe small but signiﬁcant improvements in WER compared to a strong unadapted RNNLM model.
Random Projection and Geometrization of String Distance Metrics

Edit distance is not the only approach how distance between two character sequences can be calculated. Strings can be also compared in somewhat subtler geometric ways. A procedure inspired by Random Indexing can attribute an D-dimensional geometric coordinate to any character N-gram present in the corpus and can subsequently represent the word as a sum of N-gram fragments which the string contains. Thus, any word can be described as a point in a dense N-dimensional space and the calculation of their distance can be realized by applying traditional Euclidean measures. Strong correlation exists, within the Keats Hyperion corpus, between such cosine measure and Levenshtein distance. Overlaps between the centroid of Levenshtein distance matrix space and centroids of vectors spaces generated by Random Projection were also observed. Contrary to standard non-random “sparse” method of measuring cosine distances between two strings, the method based on Random Projection tends to naturally promote not the shortest but rather longer strings. The geometric approach yields finer output range than Levenshtein distance and the retrieval of the nearest neighbor of text’s centroid could have, due to limited dimensionality of Randomly Projected space, smaller complexity than other vector methods. Meδeις ageoμeτρeτος eisito μου teή stegeή
Anthropology in an Era of Permanent War

Anthropologists are increasingly called on to work within and for military institutions in the United States. The entanglement of anthropological knowledge and military power should be set in context of the monumental growth and size and the imperial deployment of the U.S. military. There has been a striking absence of work in anthropology around the question of U.S. military power during the six decades of its permanent mobilization. This paper distinguishes between an anthropology of and an anthropology for the military, and proposes research foci that might help our discipline understand militarization, its effects and the routes to its reversal.
Four novel myosin heavy chain transcripts define a molecular basis for muscle fibre types in Ranapipiens

1 Differential expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms dramatically affects mechanical and energetic properties of skeletal muscle fibre types. As many as five different fibre types, each with different mechanical properties, have been reported in frog hindlimb muscles. However, only two frog MHC isoforms have previously been detected by SDS‐PAGE and only one adult hindlimb MHC isoform has been cloned. 2 In the present study, four different fibre types (type 1, type 2, type 3 and tonic) were initially identified in adult Ranapipiens anterior tibialis muscle based on myosin ATPase histochemistry, size and location. Each fibre type exhibited unique reactivity to a panel of MHC monoclonal antibodies. Single fibre analysis using SDS‐PAGE revealed that MHCs from immunohistochemically defined type 1, type 2 and type 3 fibres ran as three distinct isoform bands, while MHC of tonic fibres co‐migrated with type 1 MHC. The combined data from immunohistochemistry and SDS‐PAGE suggests that Rana fibre types are composed of four different MHCs. 3 Four novel MHC cDNAs were cloned and expression of the corresponding transcripts was measured in single immuno‐identified fibres using specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer pairs. Each of the four transcripts was found to be primarily expressed in a different one of the four fibre types. 4 Coexpression of MHC isoforms was observed only between types 1/2 and types 2/3 at both the protein and mRNA level. 5 These data provide a molecular basis for differentiation between frog fibre types and permit future molecular studies of MHC structure/function and gene regulation in this classic physiological system. 6 Comparison of sequence homology among amphibian, avian and mammalian MHC families supports the concept of independent evolution of fast MHC genes within vertebrate classes subsequent to the amphibian/avian/mammalian radiation.
Emergence and Dissemination of Enterobacteriaceae Isolates Producing CTX-M-1-Like Enzymes in Spain Are Associated with IncFII (CTX-M-15) and Broad-Host-Range (CTX-M-1, -3, and -32) Plasmids

ABSTRACT The spread of CTX-M-1-like enzymes in Spain is associated with particular plasmids of broad-host-range IncN (blaCTX-M-32, blaCTX-M-1), IncL/M (blaCTX-M-1), and IncA/C2 (blaCTX-M-3) or narrow-host-range IncFII (blaCTX-M-15). The identical genetic surroundings of blaCTX-M-32 and blaCTX-M-1 and their locations on related 40-kb IncN plasmids indicate the in vivo evolution of this element.
A real-time procedural shading system for programmable graphics hardware

Real-time graphics hardware is becoming programmable, but this programmable hardware is complex and difficult to use given current APIs. Higher-level abstractions would both increase programmer productivity and make programs more portable. However, it is challenging to raise the abstraction level while still providing high performance. We have developed a real-time procedural shading language system designed to achieve this goal. Our system is organized around multiple computation frequencies. For example, computations may be associated with vertices or with fragments/pixels. Our system's shading language provides a unified interface that allows a single procedure to include operations from more than one computation frequency. Internally, our system virtualizes limited hardware resources to allow for arbitrarily-complex computations. We map operations to graphics hardware if possible, or to the host CPU as a last resort. This mapping is performed by compiler back-end modules associated with each computation frequency. Our system can map vertex operations to either programmable vertex hardware or to the host CPU, and can map fragment operations to either programmable fragment hardware or to multipass OpenGL. By carefully designing all the components of the system, we are able to generate highly-optimized code. We demonstrate our system running in real-time on a variety of hardware.
African lungfish, Protopterus annectens, possess an arginine vasotocin receptor homologous to the tetrapod V2-type receptor

SUMMARY In tetrapods, arginine vasopressin and its counterpart, arginine vasotocin (AVT), are involved in renal water conservation through vascular V1a-type and tubular V2-type receptors, and only the former has thus far been cloned in fish. We successfully cloned the V1a-type and V2-type AVT receptor from the kidney of the African lungfish, Protopterus annectens, and the deduced amino acid sequences exhibited high homology with amphibian V1a- and V2-type receptors, respectively. Functional analysis showed that AVT addition to CHO cells transfected with lungfish V1a-type receptor increased [Ca2+]i in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas CHO cells transfected with lungfish V2-type receptor responded with cAMP accumulation after AVT stimulation. Lungfish V2-type receptor mRNA was strongly expressed in the heart and kidney, while V1a-type receptor mRNA was ubiquitously expressed in all the tissues examined. In the kidney, immunohistochemistry using a specific antibody to lungfish V2-type receptor showed localization in the basolateral area of the cells in the late part of the distal tubules. Artificial estivation (EST) for 90 days significantly increased plasma osmolality and sodium and urea concentrations. There was no significant difference in the V2-type receptor mRNA and protein expression levels in the kidney between the freshwater and EST lungfish, while the AVT precursor mRNA level in the hypothalamus was remarkably higher in the EST lungfish. Our results indicate that African lungfish possess a functional V2-type receptor similar to that in tetrapods, suggesting that elevated plasma AVT during estivation exerts a renal tubular antidiuretic effect through the V2-type receptor expressed in the distal segments of lungfish kidney.
Talk about alcohol: an evaluation of the Alcohol Education Trust’s intervention in secondary schools.

This study of around 4,000 students aged between 12 and 14 revealed that those who had received the facts about alcohol and its effects during Personal, Social and Health Education (PSHE) lessons at school, equipping them to make informed decisions, were significantly less likely to start drinking compared to those that had not received the lessons using Talk about Alcohol resources Contents: Executive summary 1 Introduction and background 1 • Background and policy context 1 • 1.2 Talk About Alcohol materials 2 • 1.3 A rigorous and independent evaluation 4 • 1.4 The sample 6 • 1.5 The survey 8 • 1.6 Analysis 8 • 1.7 Structure of the report 9 2 The context of drinking behaviour 10 • 2.1 Reasons for drinking 13 3 Experiences of drinking and staying safe around alcohol 16 4 Impact on knowledge of alcohol and its effects 20 5 Impact on onset of drinking 25 6 Impact on frequency of drinking and being drunk and binge drinking 29 • 6.1 Impact on frequency of drinking 29 • 6.2 Impact on being drunk or binge drinking 33 7 Sources of helpful information on alcohol 35 8 Conclusions and implications 38 • 8.1 Conclusions 38 • 8.2 Messages from the evaluation 39 References 42 Appendix A Sample information 44 Appendix B Descriptive frequency data 46 Appendix C Analysis and technical detail 101 Appendix D Teacher feedback 109
Mobile Cloud Computing: A Review on Smartphone Augmentation Approaches

Smartphones have recently gained significant popularity in heavy mobile processing while users are increasing their expectations toward rich computing experience. However, resource limitations and current mobile computing advancements hinder this vision. Therefore, resource-intensive application execution remains a challenging task in mobile computing that necessitates device augmentation. In this article, smartphone augmentation approaches are reviewed and classified in two main groups, namely hardware and software. Generating high-end hardware is a subset of hardware augmentation approaches, whereas conserving local resource and reducing resource requirements approaches are grouped under software augmentation methods. Our study advocates that consreving smartphones' native resources, which is mainly done via task offloading, is more appropriate for already-developed applications than new ones because of costly re-development process. Moreover, cloud computing is one of the major cornerstone technologies in augmenting computing capabilities of smartphones. Sample execution model for intensive mobile applications is presented and taxonomy of augmentation approaches is devised. For better comprehension, the results of this study are summarized in a table.
Connectivity and energy usage in low-power wireless: An experimental study

We present an experimental study of the impact of network connectivity on energy usage in low-power wireless. We focus on the ends of the connectivity spectrum and investigate the energy footprint of excessive connectivity as well as poor connectivity. We observe that high connectivity boosts the energy footprint of broadcast traffic, because it is conducive to contention and overhearing. With respect to poor connectivity, we observe that the presence of connectivity outliers may also result in a significant increase of the energy consumption. To enable fair comparisons between experimental runs, we augment our results with quantitative data regarding the network topology during each run.
Universal Source Coding for Monotonic and Fast Decaying Monotonic Distributions

We study universal compression of sequences generated by monotonic distributions. We show that for a monotonic distribution over an alphabet of size k, each probability parameter costs essentially 0.5log(n/k3) bits, where n is the coded sequence length, as long as k=o(n1/3). Otherwise, for k=O(n), the total average sequence redundancy is O(n1/3+ε) bits overall. We then show that there exists a sub-class of monotonic distributions over infinite alphabets for which redundancy of O(n1/3+ε) bits overall is still achievable. This class contains fast decaying distributions, including many distributions over the integers such as the family of Zipf distributions and geometric distributions. For some slower decays, including other distributions over the integers, redundancy of o(n) bits overall is achievable. A method to compute specific redundancy rates for such distributions is derived. The results are specifically true for finite entropy monotonic distributions. Finally, we study individual sequence redundancy behavior assuming a sequence is governed by a monotonic distribution. We show that for sequences whose empirical distributions are monotonic, individual redundancy bounds even tighter than those in the average case can be obtained. The relation of universal compression with monotonic distributions to universal compression of patterns of sequences is demonstrated.
Non-Canonical Replication Initiation: You’re Fired!

The division of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells produces two cells that inherit a perfect copy of the genetic material originally derived from the mother cell. The initiation of canonical DNA replication must be coordinated to the cell cycle to ensure the accuracy of genome duplication. Controlled replication initiation depends on a complex interplay of cis-acting DNA sequences, the so-called origins of replication (ori), with trans-acting factors involved in the onset of DNA synthesis. The interplay of cis-acting elements and trans-acting factors ensures that cells initiate replication at sequence-specific sites only once, and in a timely order, to avoid chromosomal endoreplication. However, chromosome breakage and excessive RNA:DNA hybrid formation can cause break-induced (BIR) or transcription-initiated replication (TIR), respectively. These non-canonical replication events are expected to affect eukaryotic genome function and maintenance, and could be important for genome evolution and disease development. In this review, we describe the difference between canonical and non-canonical DNA replication, and focus on mechanistic differences and common features between BIR and TIR. Finally, we discuss open issues on the factors and molecular mechanisms involved in TIR.
HealthGear: Automatic Sleep Apnea Detection and Monitoring with a Mobile Phone

We present HealthGear, a real-time wearable system for monitoring, visualizing and analyzing physiological signals. HealthGear consists of a set of non-invasive physiological sensors wirelessly connected via Bluetooth to a cell phone which stores, transmits and analyzes the physiological data, and presents it to the user in an intelligible way. In this paper, we focus on an implementation of HealthGear using a blood oximeter to monitor the user’s blood oxygen level and pulse while sleeping. We also describe two different algorithms for automatically detecting sleep apnea events, and illustrate the performance of the overall system in a sleep study with 20 volunteers.
ON NONLINEAR NONLOCAL DIFFUSION EQUATIONS

This is a study of a class of nonlocal nonlinear diffusion equations (NNDEs). We present several new qualitative results for nonlocal Dirichlet problems. It is shown that solutions with positive initial data remain positive through time, even for nonlinear problems; in addition, we prove that solutions to these equations obey a strong maximum principle. A striking result shows that nonlocal solutions must have some irregularity at the boundary; otherwise, we have ill-posedness of the initial value problem. In addition, for several general classes of NNDEs and nonlocal reaction-diffusion equations, we obtain explicit differential inequalities that bound above and below the solutions’ energy decay. Explicit solutions to these inequalities (hence, explicit rates of decay) are found for some special cases. Finally, we present a proof of the nonlocal Poincaré inequality with an explicit constant.
Millimeter-wave multi-beam antenna based on 2-D SIW beam-scanning network

A 94 GHz two-dimensional (2D) millimeter-wave beam-scanning network using low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technology has been proposed. It utilizes two Butler Matrixes, four 3-dB directional couplers and four phase shifters to provide eight groups of phase difference on one dimension and four groups on another dimension. Combined with 2×4 SIW slot antenna array, it can achieve eight beams on two dimensions and coverage from -60° to 60° in elevation plane. The gains of all beams are over 11.4 dBi. With the advantage of LTCC technology, the longitudinal size of the network is significantly reduced to 50% than a planar one. Meanwhile, the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) structure can integrate the 2-D beam-scanning network and the antenna array in the same module which makes the whole system much stable.
Measuring website quality: asymmetric effect of user satisfaction

Website quality measurement tools have been largely static and have struggled to determine relevant attributes of user satisfaction. This study compares and contrasts attributes of user satisfaction based on usability guidelines seeking to identify practical easy-to-administer measurement tools. The website users assessed business school homepages according to six criteria and fulfilled a randomly assigned yet typical task. After completing the task, respondents assessed the same six website quality/satisfaction criteria again. The consumer–product relationship seems similar to the link between a user and a website. User satisfaction, just like consumer satisfaction, is asymmetric and non-linear. Content and navigation have been identified as key ingredients when users judged website quality, alerting web designers and website practitioners to focus more closely on those attributes. Similar lessons can be drawn for marketing professionals, who typically supervise or determine the content, structure and other website facets.
Dynamic thermal rating system in slovenian transmission power system

This article presents dynamic thermal rating system named SUMO which has been developed in Slovenia in order to improve system security and enable optimal utilization of the existing power system infrastructure. It is a modern information system that produces real time and close future estimations of actual thermal capacities. Currently, power systems mostly operate using static thermal capacity limits that have been determined considering constant values of atmospheric conditions. Project SUMO started in 2011 and approximately three years later, pilot implementation of four transmission lines from all three high voltage levels was carried out. By 2016, DTR was implemented on twenty additional elements. This article introduces SUMO system components, presents its scope of use and examines the results obtained from the system's analytics process.
Energy efficient device discovery for social cloud applications in 3GPP LTE-advanced networks

Recent advances in 3GPP for device-to-device (D2D) communications underlying the cellular infrastructure have revealed several benefits regarding network resource management and increased coverage. Notwithstanding these advantages, peer discovery may significant amount of device battery if devices need to constantly sense and notify each other irrespective of the application subscriptions, and the potential of establishing D2D communications. In this paper, we consider a novel social application-based discovery mechanism that enables D2D UEs to achieve significant energy consumption savings, using the concept of social cloud region. Such a cloud-based region helps UE to activate D2D discovery features only when they are close enough to other, while having same application-based interests. The engagement of cloud applications provides the means of offloading the discovery process from not only UEs but also the LTE core network. In this paper we analyze the energy consumption profiles of various discovery mechanisms using simulations. Our simulation results validate that our proposed discovery mechanism results in significant energy savings by reducing the frequency of performing discovery procedures.
The Evidence Base for Revascularisation of Chronic Total Occlusions

When patients with ischaemic heart disease are considered for revascularisation the Heart Team’s aim is to choose a therapy that will provide complete relief of angina for an acceptable procedural risk. Complete functional revascularisation of ischaemic myocardium is thus the goal and for this reason the presence of a chronic total occlusion (CTO) - which remain the most technically challenging lesions to revascularise percutaneously - is the most common reason for selecting coronary artery bypass surgery [1]. From the behaviour of Heart Teams it is clear that physicians believe that CTOs are important. Yet when faced with patients with CTOs for whom surgery appears excessive (e.g. nonproximal LAD) or too high risk, there remains a reluctance to undertake CTO PCI, despite significant recent advances in procedural success and safety and a considerable body of evidence supporting a survival benefit following successful CTO PCI. This article reviews the relationship between CTOs, symptoms of angina, ischaemia and left ventricular dysfunction and further explores the evidence relating their treatment to improved quality of life and prognosis in patients with these features.
Automatic verification of loop invariants

Loop invariants play a major role in program verification. Though various techniques have been applied to automatic loop invariants generation, most interesting ones often generate only candidate invariants. Thus, a key issue to take advantage of these invariants in a verification process is to check that these candidate loop invariants are actual invariants. This paper introduces a new technique based on constraint programming for automatic verification of inductive loop invariants. This approach is efficient to detect spurious invariants and is also able to verify valid invariants under boundedness restrictions. First experiments on classical benchmarks are very promising.
Moving towards Adaptive Search

Information retrieval has become very popular over the last decade with the advent of the Web. Nevertheless, searching on the Web is very different to searching on smaller, often more structured collections such as intranets and digital libraries. Such collections are the focus of the recently started AutoAdapt project1. The project seeks to aid user search by providing well-structured domain knowledge to assist query modification and navigation. There are two challenges: acquiring the domain knowledge and adapting it automatically to the specific interest of the user community. At the workshop we will demonstrate an implemented prototype that serves as a starting point on the way to truly adaptive search.