Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity on All-Cause Mortality in Middle-aged and Older Australians.

IMPORTANCE Few studies have examined how different proportions of moderate and vigorous physical activity affect health outcomes. OBJECTIVE To examine whether the proportion of total moderate to vigorous activity (MVPA) that is achieved through vigorous activity is associated with all-cause mortality independently of the total amount of MVPA. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We performed a prospective cohort study with activity data linked to all-cause mortality data from February 1, 2006, through June 15, 2014, in 204,542 adults aged 45 through 75 years from the 45 and Up population-based cohort study from New South Wales, Australia (mean [SD] follow-up, 6.52 [1.23] years). Associations between different contributions of vigorous activity to total MVPA and mortality were examined using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for total MVPA and sociodemographic and health covariates. EXPOSURES Different proportions of total MVPA as vigorous activity. Physical activity was measured with the Active Australia Survey. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES All-cause mortality during the follow-up period. RESULTS During 1,444,927 person-years of follow-up, 7435 deaths were registered. Compared with those who reported no MVPA (crude death rate, 8.34%), the adjusted hazard ratios for all-cause mortality were 0.66 (95% CI, 0.61-0.71; crude death rate, 4.81%), 0.53 (95% CI, 0.48-0.57; crude death rate, 3.17%), and 0.46 (95% CI, 0.43-0.49; crude death rate, 2.64%) for reporting 10 through 149, 150 through 299, and 300 min/wk or more of activity, respectively. Among those who reported any MVPA, the proportion of vigorous activity revealed an inverse dose-response relationship with all-cause mortality: compared with those reporting no vigorous activity (crude death rate, 3.84%) the fully adjusted hazard ratio was 0.91 (95% CI, 0.84-0.98; crude death rate, 2.35%) in those who reported some vigorous activity (but <30% of total activity) and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.81-0.93; crude death rate, 2.08%) among those who reported 30% or more of activity as vigorous. These associations were consistent in men and women, across categories of body mass index and volume of MVPA, and in those with and without existing cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among people reporting any activity, there was an inverse dose-response relationship between proportion of vigorous activity and mortality. Our findings suggest that vigorous activities should be endorsed in clinical and public health activity guidelines to maximize the population benefits of physical activity.
Palladium-catalyzed enantioselective oxidation of chiral secondary alcohols: access to both enantiomeric series.

Rapid resolution: A new catalyst system for the oxidative kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols leads to dramatic rate increases. This system allows the use of a diamine to provide access to either enantiomer of a range of alcohols with good selectivity factors (see scheme). This method has been applied to the formal total synthesis of (−)-amurensinine.
Selectivity for zooplankton prey by fathead minnows and brook sticklebacks

Wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America are harsh environments for fish, and only two planktivorous species are common in these ecosystems: fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and brook sticklebacks (Culaea inconstans). Given their similarities, competition between these species may be high, especially for food resources. We assessed potential competition between fathead minnows and brook sticklebacks, as well as their influence on zooplankton communities, by measuring their selectivity for zooplankton prey in controlled laboratory experiments. Minnows and sticklebacks of varying size were placed in aquaria with mixed zooplankton assemblages to assess selectivity for copepod and Daphnia prey. Sticklebacks of all sizes showed strong selectivity for Daphnia, while minnows were less selective, and prey selectivity varied with fish size. Selectivity of prey was not related to relative prey abundance for either minnows or sticklebacks. Although minnows were less selective, their mass-specific consumption rates were significantly lower than consumption rates for sticklebacks. Our results indicated that effects of predation on zooplankton may differ between these two fish species, with minnows potentially affecting greater numbers of taxa. Additionally, generalist feeding on zooplankton prey by fathead minnows may be advantageous in habitats with low Daphnia densities, as is common in prairie wetlands with dense fish populations.
Using Scan Side Channel to Detect IP Theft

In the growing heterogeneous Internet of Things market, which embraces a plurality of vendors and service providers, IP protection plays a central role. This paper proposes a process for the detection of IP theft in VLSI devices that exploits the internal test scan chains, designed for production test automation. The scan chains supply direct access to the internal registers in the device, enabling combinational analysis of the device logic. By using Boolean function learning methods, the learner creates a partial dependence graph of the internal flip-flops. The graph is further partitioned using the shared nearest neighbors graph clustering method, and individual blocks of combinational logic are isolated. These blocks can be matched with known building blocks that compose the original function. This enables reconstruction of the function implementation to the level of pipeline structure. The IP owner can compare the resulting structure with his own implementation to confirm whether an IP violation has occurred. We demonstrate the power of the presented approach with a test case of an open source Bitcoin SHA-256 accelerator, containing more than 80 000 registers. With the presented method, we discover the microarchitecture of the module, locate all the main components of the SHA-256 algorithm, and learn the module’s flow control. In addition to the direct recognition of the IP content, we also demonstrate a combination of reverse engineering and watermark methods. We define a new watermark structure—pipeline-associated watermark (PAW), combined with pipeline stages that can be detected with the scan-based reverse engineering method.
APC mutations in familial adenomatous polyposis families in the Northwest of England

We have investigated a series of FAP patients in the Northwest of England in order to identify and characterise the specific APCmutations. Using SSCP, we found 27 mutations in a total of 50 families investigated. The mutations were predominantly frameshift or nonsense mutations and there were two splice site changes. We have described two patients with severe Gardner's phenotype from different ethnic backgrounds who share the same mutation at codon 1537. Although the frequency of the most common mutation appears low, it is not dissimilar to that reported by other groups. Hum Mutat 10:376–380, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Plasma Concentrations of the Enantiomers of Fluoxetine and Norfluoxetine: Sources of Variability and Preliminary Observations on Relations With Clinical Response

Factors affecting the plasma concentrations of the R- and S-enantiomers of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine were investigated in 131 adult patients receiving long-term fluoxetine, of 10 to 60 mg/d (mean, 24 ± 10 mg/d). Plasma concentration values (geometric means, CI 95%) in these patients were 186 (156, 223) nmol/L for S-fluoxetine, 67 (58, 77) nmol/L for R-fluoxetine, 247 (212, 287) nmol/L for S-norfluoxetine, and 118 (102, 137) nmol/L for R-norfluoxetine. The difference between the concentrations of the respective R- and S-enantiomers was statistically significant (P < 0.0001) for both the parent drug and the demethylated metabolite. A significant correlation was found between the concentrations of each enantiomer and the prescribed daily dosage (r = 0.44, P < 0.0001 for S-fluoxetine; r = 0.48, P < 0.0001 for R-fluoxetine; r = 0.36, P < 0.0001 for S-norfluoxetine; r = 0.32, P = 0.0003 for R-norfluoxetine), but the variability in concentration at any given dosage was considerable. When an iterative model based on multiple polynomial regressions was applied to determine the potential contributions of dosage, age, gender, body weight, and concomitant medication to the variability in the plasma concentration of the enantiomers, dosage was consistently found to provide the greatest predictive value. The predictive value of the model could be consistently improved when concentrations of other enantiomers were included as covariates. Of 58 patients with depressive symptoms for whom evaluation of clinical response (CGI scale) was available, 33 (57%) responded favorably to treatment. The plasma levels of individual enantiomers and of the active moiety (ActM, sum of the concentrations of R-fluoxetine, S-fluoxetine, and S-norfluoxetine) in these patients did not differ significantly from those found in patients with unsatisfactory therapeutic response. Likewise, the concentrations of individual enantiomers and of the ActM were similar in patients with or without adverse effects. Overall, these results demonstrate that the pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine exhibit marked stereoselectivity and considerable interpatient variability, which could not be explained by differences in gender, age, or comedication. In addition, a considerable variability was found in the enantiomers' concentrations associated with a favorable therapeutic response.
Flexible Organic Light-Emitting Diode Displays Driven by Inkjet-Printed High-Mobility Organic Thin-Film Transistors

A 3.2-in flexible color display, with a resolution of 50 ppi and composed of bottom-emission multiphoton organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and inkjet-printed organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) with a bottom-gate/bottom-contact structure on a color filter, was developed. The device could successfully display color videos while being bent, and achieved a maximum luminance of 125 cd/m<sup>2</sup> with white light emission. The gate dielectrics of the OTFTs used on the backplane were bilayers of cardo polymer and Parylene, and the material used for the organic semiconductors was dithieno [2,3-d;2’,3’-d’]benzo[1,2-b;4,5-b’]dithiophene blended with polystyrene in tetralin solvent, which was coated using inkjet printing to sufficiently fill the banks composed of a fluorine-based polymer. OTFTs with a channel length of 5 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> were created using the above process, and the structure achieved a high mobility of 1.2 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathrm {cm}^{{{2}}}/({\mathrm{ V}}\cdot \text{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), making it suitable for flexible color OLED displays. The mobility was about three times as high as that obtained using solution shearing methods.
Alzheimers’ disease and caregiving: a meta-analytic review comparing the mental health of primary carers to controls

ABSTRACT Objectives: To quantitatively review the literature comparing depressed mood, anxiety and psychological distress in caregivers (CGs) of older adults with Alzheimer's disease (AD) with non-caregivers (NCGs) Methods: Eighteen independent studies comparing AD CGs (N = 2378) with NCGs (N = 70,035) were evaluated in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines. Standardised mean differences (Hedges’ g) with associated 95% confidence intervals and p-values were calculated using a random-effects model. Results: Studies generally conformed to STROBE criteria in terms of their methodological and procedural detail, although data management issues that may contribute to methodological bias were identified. Pooled effect estimates revealed medium to large group differences in depression (gw = 1.01 [CI: 0.73, 1.29] p < 0.01) and anxiety (gw = 0.64 [CI: 0.39, 0.89] p < 0.01): AD caregivers reported higher symptom severity. Gender was a significant moderator: female caregivers experienced poor self-reported mood (gw = 1.58 [CI: 1.11, 2.05], p < 0.01), although this analysis was limited in power given the small number of contributing studies. Discussion: Caregivers of patients with AD experience poor mental health in comparison to the general population, with female caregivers being disproportionately affected. Further exploration of the psychosocial variables that contribute to these group differences is needed to inform effective support services and, in turn, help caregivers manage the emotional demands of AD.
Moderate Deviation Asymptotics for Variable-Length Codes With Feedback

We consider data transmission across discrete memoryless channels (DMCs) using variable-length codes with feedback. We consider the family of such codes whose rates are <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\rho _{N}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> below the channel capacity <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$C$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\rho _{N}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is a positive sequence that tends to zero slower than the reciprocal of the square root of the expectation of the (random) blocklength <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. This is known as the moderate deviations regime, and we establish the optimal moderate deviations constant. We show that in this scenario, the error probability decays sub-exponentially with speed <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\exp (-(B/C)N\rho _{N})$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$B$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the maximum relative entropy between output distributions of the DMC.
Media Pembelajaran Interaktif Berbantu Software Lectora inspire

This research and development aims to know the prevalence of interactive learning media products assisted software lectora inspire and to know the response of learners to interactive learning media assisted software lectora inspire on material relations and functions that have been developed. The method used in this research is 7 stages from 10 stages of research and development method from Brog and Gall which have been modified by sugiyono. The stages are potential and problems, data collection, product design, validation, design improvement, product testing, and product revision. Instrument data collection used is validation sheet and questionnaire response of learners. Based on the results of the study showed: Interactive learning media assisted software lectora inspire on material relations and class X functions developed with Brog and Gall modified by sugiyono declared feasible to be used by experts materials and media experts with good criteria with assessment of average material experts 4,2 and the media expert 3,5. Student response to interactive learning media assisted software lectora inspire on material relation and function get good criterion with average value 4,0167.
Impact of high-intensity exercise on nitric oxide exchange in healthy adults.

PURPOSE After exercise, exhaled NO concentration has been reported to decrease, remain unchanged, or increase. A more mechanistic understanding of NO exchange dynamics after exercise is needed to understand the relationship between exercise and NO exchange. METHODS We measured several flow-independent NO exchange parameters characteristic of airway and alveolar regions using a single breath maneuver and a two-compartment model (maximum flux of NO from the airways, J'(awNO), pL x s-1; diffusing capacity of NO in the airways, D(awNO), pL x s-1 x ppb-1; steady state alveolar concentration, C(alv,ss), ppb; mean airway tissue NO concentration, C(awNO), ppb), as well as serum IL-6 at baseline, 3, 30, and 120 min after a high-intensity exercise challenge in 10 healthy adults (21-37 yr old). RESULTS D(awNO) (mean +/- SD) increased (37.1 +/- 44.4%), whereas J'(awNO) and C(awNO) decreased (-7.27 +/- 11.1%, -26.1 +/- 24.6%, respectively) 3 min postexercise. IL-6 increased steadily after exercise to 481% +/- 562% above baseline 120 min postexercise. CONCLUSION High-intensity exercise acutely enhances the ability of NO to diffuse between the airway tissue and the gas phase, and exhaled NO might be used to probe both the metabolic and physical properties of the airways.
A Threshold Controlled TCP for Data Center Networks

Data centers are considered as the indispensable infrastructure for cloud services nowadays. However, large-scale data centers use the traditional TCP protocol may experience performance issues, such as TCP incast. TCP incast is caused by the deficiency of TCP works for many-to-one traffic patterns on high-bandwidth, low-latency networks. In this paper, we propose a new TCP variant named Threshold Controlled TCP (TC-TCP) for data center networks. TC-TCP combines explicit congestion notification (ECN) with a novel control scheme at the sources. Sources estimate the fraction of marked packets, and use that as a signal for the extent of congestion. This allows TC-TCP to operate without packet losses and achieving high throughput. The ns-2 simulation results reveal that TC-TCP obtains better performance as compared to DCTCP and New Reno in data center networks.
Effect of Estuarine Wetland Degradation on Transport of Toxoplasma gondii Surrogates from Land to Sea

ABSTRACT The flux of terrestrially derived pathogens to coastal waters presents a significant health risk to marine wildlife, as well as to humans who utilize the nearshore for recreation and seafood harvest. Anthropogenic changes in natural habitats may result in increased transmission of zoonotic pathogens to coastal waters. The objective of our work was to evaluate how human-caused alterations of coastal landscapes in California affect the transport of Toxoplasma gondii to estuarine waters. Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that is excreted in the feces of infected felids and is thought to reach coastal waters in contaminated runoff. This zoonotic pathogen causes waterborne toxoplasmosis in humans and is a significant cause of death in threatened California sea otters. Surrogate particles that mimic the behavior of T. gondii oocysts in water were released in transport studies to evaluate if the loss of estuarine wetlands is contributing to an increased flux of oocysts into coastal waters. Compared to vegetated sites, more surrogates were recovered from unvegetated mudflat habitats, which represent degraded wetlands. Specifically, in Elkhorn Slough, where a large proportion of otters are infected with T. gondii, erosion of 36% of vegetated wetlands to mudflats may increase the flux of oocysts by more than 2 orders of magnitude. Total degradation of wetlands may result in increased Toxoplasma transport of 6 orders of magnitude or more. Destruction of wetland habitats along central coastal California may thus facilitate pathogen pollution in coastal waters with detrimental health impacts to wildlife and humans.
Penetration gland secretion by hexacanths of Hymenolepis diminuta

The rate of expulsion of penetration gland material was determined from photomicrographs of Hymenolepis diminuta hexacanths stained with neutral red dye at intervals after hatching in vitro. Identical secretory rates were recorded for hexacanths incubated in either Tyrode's solution or Tyrode's solution plus an extract of the midgut of Tenebrio molitor. In both media the reduction in stained material observed in the glands after 135 min incubations was equivalent to that observed for hexacanths that had had opportunity to penetrate in vivo during the same time period. These results were interpreted as indicating that the in vivo secretory pattern was similar to that observed in vitro, and that chemical stimuli from the tissue extracts were not required to initiate secretion. Microdensitometric readings also demonstrated a quantitative decrease in dye within the glands as incubation time increased. Ultrastructural examination of the glands showed that their secretory inclusions were exported via ducts to the epithelial cytoplasm where they accumulated in discrete blebs enclosed by the surface membrane. These inclusion-filled, membrane-bounded blebs were apparently formed and released continuously until, after approximately 2 h, only a few inclusions remained in the penetration glands.
Distribution of Protein Phosphatase Inhibitor‐1 in Brain and Peripheral Tissues of Various Species: Comparison with DARPP‐32

Abstract: The distribution of inhibitor‐1, a cyclic AMP‐regulated inhibitor of protein phosphatase‐1, was analyzed in various brain regions and peripheral tissues of various species by immunolabeling of sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel transfers using specific antibodies. The distribution of inhibitor‐1 was directly compared to that of DARPP‐32, a structurally related cyclic AMP‐regulated inhibitor of protein phosphatase‐1. In rat CNS, a single immunoreactive protein of Mr 30,000, identified as inhibitor‐1, was widely distributed. In contrast, DARPP‐32 was highly concentrated in the basal ganglia. Inhibitor‐1 was detected in brain tissue from frog (Mr 27,000), turtle (Mr 29,000/33,000), canary (Mr 26,000), pigeon (Mr 28,000), mouse (Mr 30,500), rabbit (Mr 26,500), cow (Mr 27,000), and monkey (Mr 27,500), but not from goldfish. Inhibitor‐1 was detected at various levels in most peripheral tissues of the species studied; however, it was not detectable in certain tissues of particular species (e.g., rat and cow liver). DARPP‐32 was detected in brain tissue of all the species tested except frog and goldfish, but was not detectable in most peripheral tissues. Both inhibitor‐1 and DARPP‐32 were concentrated in the cytosol and synaptosomal cytosol of rat striatum. The developmental expressions of inhibitor‐1 and DARPP‐32 in rat striatum differed: the level of inhibitor‐1 peaked in the first postnatal week and then declined by the third postnatal week, whereas the level of DARPP‐32 increased to a peak level by the third postnatal week and remained elevated thereafter. Because inhibitor‐1 and DARPP‐32 have distinct but partially overlapping regional distributions and developmental expression in rat CNS and have distinct tissue distributions in a number of species, it appears that their functions are not fully interchangeable.
Epilysin (MMP-28) Restrains Early Macrophage Recruitment in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pneumonia1

Several members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family function in various processes of innate immunity, particularly in controlling leukocyte influx. Epilysin (MMP-28) is expressed in numerous tissues and, in adult mice, it has the highest expression in lung, where it is detected in bronchial epithelial cells (Clara cells). Epilysin is also expressed by bone marrow-derived macrophages, but not by alveolar macrophages, suggesting that its expression by macrophages is dependent on localization and differentiation. To assess the role of this MMP, we generated epilysin-null (Mmp28−/−) mice. Although epilysin is constitutively expressed in normal tissues, Mmp28−/− mice have no overt phenotype. However, using a murine model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia, we found that Mmp28−/− mice had an early increase in macrophage recruitment into the lungs, as well as enhanced bacterial clearance and reduced pulmonary neutrophilia, which we predicted were due to accelerated macrophage influx. Macrophage depletion in WT and Mmp28−/− mice confirmed a role for macrophages in clearing P. aeruginosa and regulating neutrophil recruitment. Furthermore, we observed that macrophages derived from Mmp28−/− mice migrated faster than did wild-type cells to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from P. aeruginosa-treated mice of either genotype. These observations indicate that epilysin functions as an intrinsic negative regulator of macrophage recruitment by retarding the chemotaxis of these cells.