Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TIDIER: an identifier splitting approach using speech recognition techniques

The software engineering literature reports empirical evidence on the relation between various characteristics of a software system and its quality. Among other factors, recent studies have shown that a proper choice of identifiers influences understandability and maintainability. Indeed, identifiers are developers' main source of information and guide their cognitive processes during program comprehension when high‐level documentation is scarce or outdated and when source code is not sufficiently commented. This paper proposes a novel approach to recognize words composing source code identifiers. The approach is based on an adaptation of Dynamic Time Warping used to recognize words in continuous speech. The approach overcomes the limitations of existing identifier‐splitting approaches when naming conventions (e.g., Camel Case) are not used or when identifiers contain abbreviations. We apply the approach on a sample of more than 1000 identifiers extracted from 340 C programs and compare its results with a simple Camel Case splitter and with an implementation of an alternative identifier splitting approach, Samurai. Results indicate the capability of the novel approach: (i) to outperform the alternative ones, when using a dictionary augmented with domain knowledge or a contextual dictionary and (ii) to expand 48% of a set of selected abbreviations into dictionary words. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mild Hypothermia after Severe Transient Hypoxia-Ischemia Ameliorates Delayed Cerebral Energy Failure in the Newborn Piglet

ABSTRACT: Severely birth-asphyxiated human infants develop delayed (“secondary”) cerebral energy failure, which carries a poor prognosis, during the first few days of life. This study tested the hypothesis that mild hypothermia after severe transient cerebral hypoxia-ischemia decreases the severity of delayed energy failure in the newborn piglet. Six piglets underwent temporary occlusion of the common carotid arteries and hypoxemia. Resuscitation was started when cerebral [phosphocreatine (PCr)]/ [inorganic phosphate (Pi)] as determined by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy had fallen almost to zero and [nucleotide triphosphate (NTP)]/[exchangeable phosphate pool (EPP)] had fallen below about 30% of baseline. Rectal and tympanic temperatures were then reduced to 35°C for 12 h after which normothermia (38.5°C) was resumed. Spectroscopy results over the next 64 h were compared with previously established data from 12 piglets similarly subjected to transient cerebral hypoxia-ischemia, but maintained normothermic, and six sham-operated controls.The mean severity of the primary insult (judged by the time integral of depletion of [NTP]/[EPP]) was similar in the hypothermic and normothermic groups. In the normothermic group, [PCr]/[Pi] and [NTP]/[EPP] recovered after the acute insult and then fell again. Minimum values for these variables observed between 24 and 48 h were significantly higher in the hypothermic group and not significantly different from the control values (p < 0.05, analysis of variance). A large reduction in secondary energy failure relative to the extent of the primary insult was shown and no further fall in either [PCr]/[Pi] or [NTP]/[EPP] took place up to 64 h in the hypothermic piglets. We conclude that mild hypothermia after a severe acute cerebral hypoxicischemic insult ameliorated delayed energy failure.
Architectural Supports to Protect OS Kernels from Code-Injection Attacks

The kernel code injection is a common behavior of kernel -compromising attacks where the attackers aim to gain their goals by manipulating an OS kernel. Several security mechanisms have been proposed to mitigate such threats, but they all suffer from non-negligible performance overhead. This paper introduces a hardware reference monitor, called Kargos, which can detect the kernel code injection attacks with nearly zero performance cost. Kargos monitors the behaviors of an OS kernel from outside the CPU through the standard bus interconnect and debug interface available with most major microprocessors. By watching the execution traces and memory access events in the monitored target system, Kargos uncovers attempts to execute malicious code with the kernel privilege. According to our experiments, Kargos detected all the kernel code injection attacks that we tested, yet just increasing the computational loads on the target CPU by less than 1% on average.
L-arginine treatment alters the kinetics of nitric oxide and superoxide release and reduces ischemia/reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle.

BACKGROUND Constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) may produce species involved in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury: NO in the presence of sufficient L-arginine and superoxide at the diminished local L-arginine concentration accompanying I/R. METHODS AND RESULTS During hindlimb I/R (2.5 hours/2 hours), in vivo NO was continuously monitored (porphyrinic sensor), and L-arginine (chromatography), superoxide (chemiluminescence), and I/R injury were measured intermittently. Normal rabbits were compared with those infused with L-arginine 4 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1) for 1 hour. In both groups, approximately 6 minutes into ischemia, a rapid increase of NO from its basal level of 50+/-17 to 115+/-7 nmol/L, P<. 005 (microvessels), was observed. In animals not treated with L-arginine, NO dropped below basal to undetectable levels (<1 nmol/L) during reperfusion. In animals treated with L-arginine, the decrease of NO was slower, such that substantial amounts accumulated during reperfusion (25 nmol/L). Decreased NO during I/R was accompanied by increased superoxide, which during reperfusion reached 50 nmol/L without or 23 nmol/L with L-arginine treatment. Calcium-dependent cNOS was a major source of superoxide release (inhibited 70% by L-NMMA and 25% by L-NAME) during I/R. CONCLUSIONS L-Arginine treatment decreased superoxide generation by cNOS while increasing NO accumulation, leading to protection from constriction (microvessel area, 17.77+/-0.95 versus 11.66+/-2.21 microm2 untreated, P<.0005) and reduction of edema after reperfusion (interfiber area, 16.56+/-2.13% versus 27.68+/-7.70% untreated, P<.005).
Teaching Kindergartners Racial Diversity Through Multicultural Literature: A Case Study in a Kindergarten Classroom in Korea

Abstract Research Findings: This qualitative case study examines Korean kindergartners’ literary discussions about racial/cultural diversity during a whole-group read-aloud. Using multiple sources of data, including observations, open-ended interviews, and written materials and children’s artifacts, this study found that (a) the children exhibited a biased attitude toward African characters, and their stereotypical views reflected their allegiance to their social/cultural contexts; (b) literary discussions about race provided the children with valuable opportunities to explore racial diversity, equality, injustice, and freedom; and (c) reading multicultural literature helped the children develop and practice their racial language and literacy skills. Practice or Policy: The findings of the study add several important contributions related to teaching young children multicultural literature. Reading literature should be used to provide a chance to explore real-life problems and critically analyze all of the differences children encounter on a daily basis. Teachers should encourage young children to freely share their views about diverse social issues by creating a space where children feel secure in exchanging different views. In order to create a more supportive literacy surrounding, teachers should understand how profoundly children’s social and cultural environments affect their reading practices.
Service Oriented Architecture adoption model for ICT office in Malaysia

Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) was introduce as a methodology or framework that used loosely coupled services or software components, enabling systems to be more flexible and cost-effective. However the adoption of SOA is still at the early stage in many organizations and may not be well understood due to the absence of a methodological framework that would explain influential factors of SOA adoption in organizations. Thus, the aim of this research is to investigate the key factors influencing adoption of Service Oriented Architecture within the private sector in Malaysia and propose a model that improves the decision-making process. Using quantitative approach, the data was gathered via empirical study and analyzed using SPSS and PLS graph tools in order to analyze factor and effect size. The findings showed that not all of the factors identified by previous researchers can be accepted by private sectors in Malaysia, where only nine out of eleven have significant influence to the adoption of SOA. The results extend our knowledge of why organizations should adopt SOA and what they need in order to achieve a high degree of SOA adoption.
Prevalence of Total Tooth Loss, Dental Caries, and Periodontal Disease in Mexican-American Adults: Results from the Southwestern HHANES

The Southwestern portion of the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES) was conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) in 1982 and 1983. The survey population was Mexican-Americans residing in five Southwestern states. This report presents data on the prevalence of total tooth loss, dental caries, and periodontal diseases in 3860 Mexican-American adults aged from 18 to 74. Results show that 4.3% of this group was edentulous. Among the dentate, Mexican-Americans had lower overall DMF scores but higher numbers of untreated decayed teeth than did residents of the same region seen in the NHANES I survey in 1971-1974. Caries of the smooth surfaces in both posterior and anterior teeth was more pronounced in the older than in the younger age groups. Mexican-Americans had more gingivitis but fewer periodontal pockets than did the general population in the Western states during NHANES 1. The caries pattern in the Mexican-Americans suggests that caries among adults may remain a problem in the future, with the possibility of increased involvement with the aging, although modest, of smooth tooth surfaces.
Implementation of a Smart Pump Champions Program to Decrease Potential Patient Harm

Compliance with safety features on smart pumps with drug libraries is a challenge for health care systems. Noncompliance and workarounds heighten the risk for adverse drug events and subsequent costs of patient care. This quality improvement project describes a pump champion innovation implemented over a 6-month period. There was a significant increase in nurses' compliance to drug library software in smart pumps and a decrease in severe harms averted.
The mechanics and behavior of cliff swallows during tandem flights

Cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) are highly maneuverable social birds that often forage and fly in large open spaces. Here we used multi-camera videography to measure the three-dimensional kinematics of their natural flight maneuvers in the field. Specifically, we collected data on tandem flights, defined as two birds maneuvering together. These data permit us to evaluate several hypotheses on the high-speed maneuvering flight performance of birds. We found that high-speed turns are roll-based, but that the magnitude of the centripetal force created in typical maneuvers varied only slightly with flight speed, typically reaching a peak of ~2 body weights. Turning maneuvers typically involved active flapping rather than gliding. In tandem flights the following bird copied the flight path and wingbeat frequency (~12.3 Hz) of the lead bird while maintaining position slightly above the leader. The lead bird turned in a direction away from the lateral position of the following bird 65% of the time on average. Tandem flights vary widely in instantaneous speed (1.0 to 15.6 m s−1) and duration (0.72 to 4.71 s), and no single tracking strategy appeared to explain the course taken by the following bird.
A 9-bit, 1.08ps resolution two-step time-to-digital converter in 65 nm CMOS for time-mode ADC

This paper presents the design of a 9-bit, Two-Step Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC) in 65 nm CMOS for the application in a time-mode ADC. The proposed TDC uses body-biasing in the fine TDC to obtain the resolution of the entire TDC, which is simulated to be 1.08 ps. With a dynamic range of 555 ps, the maximum conversion time between START and the availability of results is 2.7 ns. The proposed TDC consumes 0.667 mW at 200 MHz, with a FoM of 0.0065 pJ/conversion. The DNL and INL are simulated to be −0.097/0.2 LSB and −0.12/0.41 LSB respectively.
Standardized method for determining antimicrobial susceptibility of strains of Ureaplasma urealyticum and their response to tetracycline, erythromycin, and rosaramicin

We describe a method for determining the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibiotics for Ureaplasma urealyticum which is compatible with current standard of susceptibility testing. A presumptive MIC is available after 24 h of incubation, and the definitive MIC is available at 48 h. The MICs for 9 serotype strains and 27 clinical isolates ranged from less than or equal to 0.5 to 256 microgram of tetracycline per ml, greater than or equal to 1 to 64 microgram of erythromycin per ml, and 0.031 to 4.0 microgram of rosaramicin per ml. Of an additional 555 isolates screened for their response to tetracycline, 2% required MICs of greater than 64 microgram/ml, which we believe is near the concentration at which in vivo resistance to this agent is expressed. After prolonged exposure to rosaramicin, the resistance of two of three serotype strains of U. urealyticum was increased 8- and 16-fold, but the MICs still did not exceed 1.0 microgram/ml.
Deficiencies in myeloid antigen‐presenting cells in women with cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions

There is little information on the function of dendritic cells in women with human papillomavirus (HPV)‐related cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs). In the current study the functions of dendritic cells in the development of T‐cell immunity in women with cervical SILs were assessed.
Predictive Power Estimation Algorithm (PPEA) - A New Algorithm to Reduce Overfitting for Genomic Biomarker Discovery

Toxicogenomics promises to aid in predicting adverse effects, understanding the mechanisms of drug action or toxicity, and uncovering unexpected or secondary pharmacology. However, modeling adverse effects using high dimensional and high noise genomic data is prone to over-fitting. Models constructed from such data sets often consist of a large number of genes with no obvious functional relevance to the biological effect the model intends to predict that can make it challenging to interpret the modeling results. To address these issues, we developed a novel algorithm, Predictive Power Estimation Algorithm (PPEA), which estimates the predictive power of each individual transcript through an iterative two-way bootstrapping procedure. By repeatedly enforcing that the sample number is larger than the transcript number, in each iteration of modeling and testing, PPEA reduces the potential risk of overfitting. We show with three different cases studies that: (1) PPEA can quickly derive a reliable rank order of predictive power of individual transcripts in a relatively small number of iterations, (2) the top ranked transcripts tend to be functionally related to the phenotype they are intended to predict, (3) using only the most predictive top ranked transcripts greatly facilitates development of multiplex assay such as qRT-PCR as a biomarker, and (4) more importantly, we were able to demonstrate that a small number of genes identified from the top-ranked transcripts are highly predictive of phenotype as their expression changes distinguished adverse from nonadverse effects of compounds in completely independent tests. Thus, we believe that the PPEA model effectively addresses the over-fitting problem and can be used to facilitate genomic biomarker discovery for predictive toxicology and drug responses.
Leadership learning:from hype and hubris to hope and humility

The forthcoming paper by Collinson and Tourish (2015) expertly combines a wide range of critical perspectives in order to reinvigorate how the academy might teach leadership. In doing so it provides a platform for re-thinking leadership pedagogy drawing on the emergent field of Critical Leadership Studies (CLS). In this paper I outline my contribution to developing these proposals by bringing into play my own research into learner experiences on ‘critical leadership studies’ programmes (Dunn, 2011), a focus on the gender power dynamic associated with patriarchy (Fletcher, 2012) and insights from philosophy (Ladkin, 2010).
Towards a design theory for applying web 2.0 patterns to organisations

A significant source of innovation in business software is the public internet and namely web 2.0. Wikis, blogs, social networks, social bookmarking, and microblogging are examples for web 2.0 patterns which have been adopted by organisations. This trend is expected to last on, with technologies like location based services or activity streams already being discussed for business usage. However, business contexts create different requirements which are the reason for e.g. enterprise wiki systems being different from its public counterparts. This technological process of creating business software based on core functionality known from web 2.0 is hardly researched. In this work-in-progress paper I suggest a design theory for systematically passing through this process. The theory is evaluated using well documented cases of existing organisational web 2.0 adoptions. It is expected to set the ground for further research on enterprise 2.0 software as well as to provide valuable guidance for practitioners.
Coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with COPD.

OBJECTIVE To more fully define the influence of COPD in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHODS One hundred ninety-one patients with COPD underwent CABG from March 1, 1995, to June 21, 1996. There were 129 male and 62 female patients. The mean age was 69 years (45 to 86 years). Patients with COPD were defined according to the Summit Database definition: requires therapy for the treatment of chronic pulmonary compromise or has an FEV1 <75% of predicted value. RESULTS Hospital mortality was 7%. Hospital morbidity was 50%. Statistically significant (p<0.05) morbidity included general pulmonary complications (12%) and atrial fibrillation (27%). Hospital mortality for COPD patients with postoperative pneumonia was 11%. Hospital mortality for patients with COPD receiving steroids was 19%. The hospital mortality for patients > or = 75 years of age was 17%. The combined mortality for patients with COPD who are > or = 75 years of age and receiving steroid therapy was 50%. The mean length of stay was 12 days. Late mortality was 1% at a mean of 1.5 years. CONCLUSIONS Hospital mortality in most patients with mild-to-moderate COPD undergoing CABG is similar to those without COPD. In the minority of patients with severe COPD who are receiving steroids and > 75 years, the hospital mortality is exceptionally high. These findings support CABG in patients with mild-to-moderate COPD. Nonsurgical therapy should be considered for elderly COPD patients with severe disease taking steroids.
Proposing a GPU based modified fuzzy nearest neighbor rule for traffic sign detection

The purpose of this study is introducing a graphical process unit (GPU) implementation of a modified fuzzy nearest neighbor rule useful for traffic sign detection (TSD). The new method tries to detect road signs using color information in order to locate regions of interest. The candidate regions of interest are obtained by color information. Afterward, candidate regions are used for making histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) feature. Finally, the features are fed into the GPU-based modified fuzzy nearest neighbor in order to detect traffic signs. The proposed rule modifies the way for fuzzification of query sample in terms of distances while the conventional fuzzy nearest neighbor (FNN) doesn't care distance of local neighbors. The accuracy of the proposed method is compared with the state of the arts k-nearest neighbor (k-NN), FNN and support vector machine algorithms on the challenging German traffic sign detection benchmark (GTSDB) data set. Results indicate that the modified rule achieves good accuracy and is competitive compared to others.
Successful treatment of human metapneumovirus pneumonia using combination therapy with intravenous ribavirin and immune globulin

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