Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Partitioning of genetic variation across the genome using multimarker methods in a wild bird population

The underlying basis of genetic variation in quantitative traits, in terms of the number of causal variants and the size of their effects, is largely unknown in natural populations. The expectation is that complex quantitative trait variation is attributable to many, possibly interacting, causal variants, whose effects may depend upon the sex, age and the environment in which they are expressed. A recently developed methodology in animal breeding derives a value of relatedness among individuals from high‐density genomic marker data, to estimate additive genetic variance within livestock populations. Here, we adapt and test the effectiveness of these methods to partition genetic variation for complex traits across genomic regions within ecological study populations where individuals have varying degrees of relatedness. We then apply this approach for the first time to a natural population and demonstrate that genetic variation in wing length in the great tit (Parus major) reflects contributions from multiple genomic regions. We show that a polygenic additive mode of gene action best describes the patterns observed, and we find no evidence of dosage compensation for the sex chromosome. Our results suggest that most of the genomic regions that influence wing length have the same effects in both sexes. We found a limited amount of genetic variance in males that is attributed to regions that have no effects in females, which could facilitate the sexual dimorphism observed for this trait. Although this exploratory work focuses on one complex trait, the methodology is generally applicable to any trait for any laboratory or wild population, paving the way for investigating sex‐, age‐ and environment‐specific genetic effects and thus the underlying genetic architecture of phenotype in biological study systems.
Major Characteristics of Southern Ocean Cloud Regimes and Their Effects on the Energy Budget

Clouds over the Southern Ocean are often poorly represented by climate models, but they make a significant contributiontothetop-of-atmosphere(TOA)radiationbalance,particularlyintheshortwaveportionoftheenergy spectrum. This study seeks to better quantify the organization and structure of Southern Hemisphere midlatitude clouds by combining measurements from active and passive satellite-based datasets. Geostationary and polarorbitersatellitedatafromtheInternationalSatelliteCloudClimatologyProject(ISCCP)areusedtoquantifylargescale,recurring modesofcloudiness,andactiveobservationsfrom CloudSatand Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) are used to examine vertical structure, radiative heating rates, and precipitation associated with these clouds. It is found that cloud systems are organized into eight distinct regimes and that ISCCP overestimates the midlevel cloudiness of these regimes. All regimes contain a relatively high occurrenceoflowcloud,with79%ofallcloudlayersobservedhavingtopsbelow3 km,butmultiple-layered clouds systems are present in approximately 34% of observed cloud profiles. The spatial distribution of regimes varies according to season, with cloud systems being geometrically thicker, on average, during the austral winter. Those regimes found to be most closely associated with midlatitude cyclones produce precipitation the most frequently, although drizzle is extremely common in low-cloud regimes. The regimes associated with cyclones have the highest in-regime shortwave cloud radiative effect at the TOA, but the low-cloud regimes, by virtue of their high frequency of occurrence over the oceans, dominate both TOA and surface shortwave effects in this region as a whole.
Border-collision bifurcations in the buck converter

Interesting bifurcation phenomena are observed for the current feedback-controlled buck converter. We demonstrate that most of these bifurcations can be categorized as "border-collision bifurcations. " A method of predicting the local bifurcation structure through the construction of a normal form is applied. This method applies to many power electronic circuits as well as other piecewise smooth systems.
Senior-executive performance: Interrater reliability and rater effects in multi-source ratings

This article explores interrater reliability and rater effects in performance ratings at the senior-executive level. Studies have shown that substantial rater effects affect the validity of multi-source ratings, but it is unclear whether these effects hold true at the senior-executive level. We present a study of 189 senior executives in New Zealand and Australia, whose performance was rated by an average of 4.23 raters: superiors, peers, and subordinates. Intra-class correlation coefficients revealed strong rater effects, and a multi-trait multi-method analysis showed that those effects came from individual raters, rather than rater source (i.e. superior, peer, or subordinate). The findings suggest that it may be unwise to aggregate performance ratings at the senior-executive level, and to use such ratings, whether aggregated or single, to make critical decisions.
Preschoolers Use Social Allegiances to Predict Behavior

Developing mechanisms for predicting human action is a critical task of early conceptual development. Three studies examined whether 4-year-old children (N = 149) use social allegiances to predict behavior, by testing whether they expect the experiences of social partners to influence individual action. After being exposed to a conflict between two individuals from different novel social categories, children reliably predicted that another member of one category would withhold friendship from the contrasting category (Studies 1 and 2) and direct harmful actions toward the contrasting category (Study 3). Children did so even when the initial conflict had no direct implications for the other category members, and even when they knew that the two social categories had a positive relationship in the past. These data show that young children view social categories as marking people who are obligated to one another, and thus use the experiences of allegiance partners to predict how individuals will behave. [Supplementary materials are available for this article. Visit the publisher's online edition of Journal of Cognition and Development for the following free supplemental resource(s): Appendices. ]
An audit of the content and quality in briefs for Swedish healthcare spaces

Purpose: Initial briefs (programs) were examined in order to obtain an overview of current practice in documenting the briefing process for new health care buildings in Sweden. Methodology: An audit instrument was developed and used to examine briefs for the content and quality of information and to determine whether and to what extent the information was comprehensive and patient oriented. Findings: The results indicate that few strategic briefs make use of evidence to support their statements. Moreover, few briefs had an explicitly patient-focused goal for the project or measurable outcomes. Implication for practice: This new audit approach can be applied in various organisations and over time to improve the briefing process and create clearer goals and guidelines. Originality/value: The present study contributes with an audit of written briefs. The question of whether the use of briefing and a systematic brief make a significant contribution to the high quality of design solutions remains unanswered, as is also the case of whether the brief, in general, reflects the briefing process. Despite the recent focus on improving the quality of the briefing process, there is a lack of knowledge concerning the documentation resulting from the briefing process. Studies are needed that employ different approaches in order to accept or reject the assumption that the briefs are an accurate reflection of the briefing process.
Energy saving in urban railway using speed profile optimization

Due to the high electric energy consumption in urban railway systems, energy saving can considerably affect the cost reduction. Therefore, numerous studies have been performed in this area, one of which has been speed profile optimization. In this paper, we try to present an optimization method with two objective functions, net energy and travelling time in an interstation distance. Our aim is to obtain an energy-time Pareto front for a single train, between two successive stations, and to compromise between the two objectives mentioned above, as well as addressing the operational constraints. It is shown that the rate variations of regenerative energy recovery has an influence on optimization results. Eventually, the simulation results of line 1 Mashhad urban railway are used to demonstrate the validity of the method.
Computers, Productivity, and Input Substitution

This paper examines the relationship between computers and economic growth using U.S. sectoral data from 1947 to 1991. The computer-producing sector shows strong multifactor productivity growth that reflects the fundamental technological progress behind the computer revolution. Although aggregate multifactor productivity remains low, the computer-producing sector made a substantial contribution to its modest revival in the 1980s. In sharp contrast, computer-using sectors show little multifactor productivity growth since 1973. For these sectors, the computer revolution is largely a story of traditional input substitution, investment, and rapid capital accumulation with little evidence that computer investment affects multifactor productivity. Copyright 1998 by Oxford University Press.
Lithium–Sulfur Cell Equivalent Circuit Network Model Parameterization and Sensitivity Analysis

Compared to lithium-ion batteries, lithium–sulfur (Li-S) batteries potentially offer greater specific energy density, a wider temperature range of operation, and safety benefits, making them a promising technology for energy storage systems especially in automotive and aerospace applications. Unlike lithium-ion batteries, there is not a mature discipline of equivalent circuit network (ECN) modelling for Li-S. In this study, ECN modelling is addressed using formal ‘system identification’ techniques. A Li-S cell's performance is studied in the presence of different charge/discharge rates and temperature levels using precise experimental test equipment. Various ECN model structures are explored, considering the tradeoffs between accuracy and speed. It was concluded that a ‘2RC’ model is generally a good compromise, giving good accuracy and speed. Model parameterization is repeated at various state-of-charge (SOC) and temperature levels, and the effects of these variables on Li-S cell's ohmic resistance and total capacity are demonstrated. The results demonstrate that Li-S cell's ohmic resistance has a highly nonlinear relationship with SOC with a break-point around 75% SOC that distinguishes it from other types of battery. Finally, an ECN model is proposed which uses SOC and temperature as inputs. A sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the effect of SOC estimation error on the model's accuracy. In this analysis, the battery model's accuracy is evaluated at various SOC and temperature levels. The results demonstrate that the Li-S cell model has the most sensitivity to SOC estimation error around the break-point (around 75% SOC) whereas in the middle SOC range, from 20% to 70%, it has the least sensitivity.
Performance of epimysial stimulating electrodes in the lower extremities of individuals with spinal cord injury

This study describes the performance of surgically-implanted epimysial stimulating electrodes in the muscles of the lower extremities for use in functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) systems for standing after spinal cord injury. A total of 86 epimysial electrodes were implanted in 13 volunteers with low tetraplegia or paraplegia receiving the Case Western Reserve University/Veteran Affairs (CWRU/VA)-implanted standing/transfer neuroprosthesis. The neuroprosthesis consisted of bilateral epimysial electrodes in the knee and hip extensors (vastus lateralis, gluteus maximus, and adductor magnus or semimembranosus) and intramuscular electrodes at the T12/L1 or L1/L2 spinal roots for trunk extension. Recruitment properties, stimulated knee and hip extension moments, standing performance, and mechanical integrity over time were measured for a period up to four years post-implantation. Stimulated thresholds were stable and recruitment was sufficient to generate joint moments adequate for standing, with up to 97% body weight supported by the legs. Four mechanical failures were observed, all in the posterior muscles of the thigh, leaving 95% of all electrodes operational at all followup intervals. Probability of 24-month survival is estimated to be 93% plateauing to a steady state of 90% at four years. These results indicate that epimysial designs are appropriate for long-term clinical use in the large muscles of the lower extremities with implanted motor system neuroprostheses.
Intrusion Detection and Isolation Protocol: Automated Response to Attacks

With current intrusion detection technology, it is possible to detect attacks in real time. Typically, when an IDS system is triggered, a human operator is notified. The system is then adjusted manually in response to the intrusion. Many types of attacks, however, can only be thwarted if the response is quick. Responding quickly, without considering the self-inflicted damage that a response might inadvertently cause, however, is equally dangerous. Should the attacker discover the response mechanism, a willful triggering could be a denial-of-service attack in itself. Our Intrusion Detection and Isolation Protocol (IDIP) automates attack response. IDIP is a protocol whereby filtering routers, firewalls and host-based response modules cooperate with intrusion detection systems (IDS) to trace the attack back to the source and stop it. To be able to initiate a quick response that halts an attack in progress, while still maintaining the ability to issue the optimum response minimizing self-inflicted damage, our system employs a staged response approach. The first response stage relies only upon information available locally. The triggered IDS broadcasts a “Have you seen this attack? ” query to its neighboring IDIP enabled devices (a firewall or router). All IDIP enabled devices maintain a log of recently forwarded traffic. Upon receiving the query, a device consults its traffic log and, if seen, will implement a filter blocking further attack activity for a brief period. They then forward the same attack query to their immediate neighbors. In this manner, the attack is quickly traced back to its true origin, with filters in place at each device along its path, preventing attack completion. Clearly there is the opportunity for the attacker to deliberately trigger a greater denial-ofservice through IDIP traffic blocking than could be obtained otherwise. To alleviate this problem, the IDIP network components also forward their reports and activity to a centralized Discovery Coordinator (DC). The IDIP DC operates on a global level, incorporating information from multiple IDS reports and IDIP enabled sources. It contains a map of network topology and a list of major services with their relative values. It recognizes coordinated attack patterns, determines the optimal response and the placement in the network that minimizes the impact upon critical services. If the least costly response is worse than the potential damage due to the attack, no response is issued.
Accelerating and Sustaining Growth: Economic and Political Lessons

The paper reviews and draws lessons from the experience of fast growing economies including a sub-set of these termed High Growth Economies (HGEs) with a decadal rate of over 7 per cent. It then reviews the history of the Indian growth acceleration following the reforms of the 1990s and its future prospects given the recent slowdown. It analysis the potential dangers and reasons for India’s growth slowdown and proposes policy reforms for sustaining fast growth.
e-HRM effectiveness in a public sector organization: a multi-stakeholder perspective

Electronic HRM is increasingly gaining importance within working organizations and many of its adherents assume and express its advantages. Scientific support, however, is scarce and there is a lack of clarity regarding the contribution of e-HRM to HRM effectiveness. This article presents results from a qualitative study conducted at a public sector organization. Line managers and employees were interviewed to examine the linkages between the use of e-HRM applications and perceived effectiveness of HRM. Results of the analyses indicate that the appreciation of e-HRM applications is associated with HRM effectiveness, and reveals differences in the use of e-HRM between line managers and employees. Based on the results we emphasize the importance of a multi-stakeholder perspective in e-HRM research.
Improved Vector Control Strategy for Current-Source Converters Connected to Very Weak Grids

This paper investigates the interconnection of current-source converters (CSCs) to a very weak grid using the conventional vector control in the rotating reference frame. It is shown that the system stability is degraded under weak-grid conditions due to the implementation of the synchronous reference frame phase-locked loop (PLL). Supplementary controllers are proposed and integrated to the outermost control loops of the CSC to alleviate the associated negative impacts of the PLL. The proposed compensators do not alter the dynamic characteristics of the conventional vector control. More importantly, they enable the CSC to inject 1.0 per-unit of active power at a unity short-circuit ratio. Small-signal stability analysis and controllers design procedures are presented in details. The design of the proposed compensators is independent of the conventional vector control and hence no extensive coordination and parameters tuning are needed. Time-domain simulations results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed techniques.
Fever and therapeutic normothermia in severe brain injury: an update

Purpose of reviewFever is common in the ICU among patients with severe brain injury. Fever has been consistently shown to exacerbate brain injuries in animal models and has been consistently associated with poor outcome in human studies. However, whether fever control improves outcome and the ideal means of fever control remain unknown. This review will address recent literature on the impact of fever on severe brain injury and on interventions to maintain normothermia. Recent findingsCurrent guidelines generally recommend maintenance of normothermia after brain injury but have scant recommendations on methods to do this. Observational trials have continued to demonstrate the association between fever and poor outcome after severe brain injury. Recent trials have shown the efficacy of more aggressive approaches to fever reduction, whereas a large randomized trial showed the relative ineffectiveness of acetaminophen alone for fever control. Several studies have also described the impact of fever and of fever control on brain physiology. SummaryThe value of therapeutic normothermia in the neurocritical care unit (NCCU) is increasingly accepted, yet prospective trials that demonstrate a functional benefit to patients are lacking.
Intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 in extravasation of normal mononuclear and leukaemia cells

Interaction of intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) with their receptors has a key role in normal leucocyte adhesion and migration, whereas in leukaemia this has not been well established. In this study, we have evaluated the roles of different adhesion molecules in normal and leukaemia cell extravasation in a novel organotypic model for vessel wall and measured plasma ICAM‐1 and ‐2 levels in acute leukaemia patients at diagnosis and during chemotherapy. We found that both normal mononuclear cells and blast cells from acute leukaemia patients, as well as retinoic acid‐treated promyelocytic leukaemia cells, rapidly extravasated through endothelial cell layers into the underlying collagen matrix. ICAM‐1 antibody prevented the extravasation, while antibodies to other adhesion molecules showed little (CD18, ICAM‐2) or no inhibition (CD11a and ICAM‐3). Soluble ICAM‐1 (sICAM‐1) protein had no effect. We also observed increased plasma sICAM‐1 and ‐2 levels in leukaemia patients and found that they correlated only weakly with the white blood cell count. No correlation was found between sICAM‐1 or ‐2 levels and the response to therapy. Although elevated sICAM‐2 levels decreased rapidly during chemotherapy, sICAM‐1 levels did not. Because sICAM‐1 protein had no effect on leukaemia cell extravasation in vitro, it is probable that the increased plasma sICAM‐1 levels in leukaemia patients may not play a role in leukaemia cell infiltration. However, as we showed that ICAM‐1 mediated leukaemia cell extravasation on the cell surface, it is possible that cellular ICAM‐1 has an important role in disease progression.
Fair Trade Wine: South Africa's Post-Apartheid Vineyards and the Global Economy

Abstract The history of unfair labour practices in South Africa's wine industry is as old as the sector itself, dating back to the seventeenth century. The situation, however, has begun to slowly change since the fall of Apartheid in 1994. While the South African wine industry is still largely white owned, the country's major wine production zone (the Western Cape) is now dotted with a variety of black-owned and black co-owned vineyards that are Fair Trade certified or marketing their wines as worker produced or black owned. This study explores these various arrangements (Fair Trade, worker produced, and black owned), and their connections to local and international wine markets. In particular, it explores the potential of these arrangements to create real change in labour conditions and the welfare of historically disadvantaged farm workers. In comparison to other agricultural sectors in South Africa, the wine industry is an especially interesting case because of its economic importance, growing export potential, and history of white dominance. A Chinese version of this article's abstract is available online at: www.informaworld. com/rglo
Immunofluorescence Detection of Clustered gH 2 AX Foci Induced by HZE-Particle Radiation

We studied the spatial and temporal distributions of foci of the phosphorylated form of the histone protein H2AX (gH2AX), which is known to be activated by double-strand breaks after irradiation of human fibroblast cells with highenergy silicon (54 keV/mm) and iron (176 keV/mm) ions. Here we present data obtained with the ion path parallel to a monolayer of human fibroblast cells that leads to g-H2AX aggregates in the shape of streaks stretching over several micrometers in an x/y plane, thus enabling the analysis of the fluorescence distributions along the ion trajectories. Qualitative analyses of these distributions provide insights into DNA damage processing kinetics for high charge and energy (HZE) ions, including evidence of increased clustering of DNA damage and slower processing with increasing LET. q 2005 by Radi-