Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Advanced in-situ diagnostics of ultra short pulsed micromachining in glass

Micro structuring of transparent materials with ultra short pulsed laser radiation is nowadays an established and widely used processing method. However, process optimization, such as the reduction of cracks and defects as well as achieving an increased throughput, remains a challenging task. A general approach requires a detailed knowledge of the underlying mechanism of the laser material interaction. For this purpose, in-situ microscopy offers comprehensive insight into the spatial and temporal characteristics of the nonlinear absorption and subsequent thermalization or relaxation phenomena, respectively. To pursue this approach and analyze various damage mechanisms in a subtractive micromachining process, we apply a novel pump probe microscopy setup, which enables us for the first time to examine an extended parameter range. We present in-situ data of the nonlinear interaction region in glass on a micrometer scale with a temporal resolution of approximately 200 fs comprising the laser material interaction from femtoseconds to microseconds. Our investigations are carried out for incubation and accumulation processing regimes up to a repetition rate of 1 MHz. Additionally, pump pulse durations between 300 fs to 20 ps, as well as several burst operation modes are accessible with our experimental setup. Our extensively automated pump probe setup enables us to reconstruct the material extinction response to analyze the complex absorption profiles. In this context, we report on flexible processing strategies and exemplarily processing results.
Non-synchronised time difference of arrival localisation scheme with time drift compensation capability

Location finding is a major application for indoor wireless sensor networks. Some of these applications include, but not limited to, logistic tracking for goods, monitoring of patients in hospitals, security application and location aware advertising. In practice, there are many factors such as noise, non-line of sight (NLOS) influence, device crystal clock time drift and accurate synchronisation among sensor nodes that can affect the ranging accuracy. In this study, the authors first propose how non-synchronised sensor nodes can apply a time difference of arrival localisation technique to compute the position of the tags. Next, the authors discuss the impact of crystal clock time drift on localisation accuracy and propose a scheme to compensate them among the sensor nodes in order to reduce its influence on localisation errors. This allows low-cost devices to operate in the network with low crystal clock qualities.
Genomic homeology between Pennisetum purpureum and Pennisetum glaucum (Poaceae)

Abstract The genus Pennisetum (Richard, 1805) includes two economically important tropical forage plants: Pennisetum purpureum (Schumacher, 1827) (elephant grass), with 2n = 4x = 28 chromosomes and genomes A'A'BB, and Pennisetum glaucum (Linnaeus, 1753) (pearl millet), with 2n = 2x = 14 chromosomes and genomes AA. The genetic proximity between them allows hybrids to be obtained (2n = 3x = 21) that yield forage of higher quality in relation to the parents. The study of genomic relationships provides subsidies for the knowledge about phylogenetic relations and evolution, and is useful in breeding programs seeking gene introgression. Concerning elephant grass and pearl millet, the homeology between the genomes A and A', and between these and the genome B, has been reported by conventional cytogenetic techniques. The objective of the present study was to demonstrate the degree of homeology between these genomes by means of genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). The results confirmed the homeology between the genomes A of pearl millet and A'B of elephant grass, and showed that there are differences in the distribution and proportion of homologous regions after hybridization. Discussion regarding the evolutionary origin of P. purpureum and P. glaucum was also included.
Effect of Acute Stresses on Zebra Fish (Danio rerio) Metabolome Measured by NMR-Based Metabolomics

Abstract We applied an acute stress model to zebra fish in order to measure the changes in the metabolome due to biological stress. This was done by submitting the fish to fifteen minutes of acute confinement (netting) stress, and then five minutes for the open field and light/dark field tests. A polar extract of the zebra fish was then subjected to 1H nuclear magnetic spectroscopy. Multivariate data analysis of the spectra showed a clear separation associated to a wide range of metabolites between zebra fish that were submitted to open field and light/dark field tests. Alanine, taurine, adenosine, creatine, lactate, and histidine were high in zebra fish to which the light/dark field test was applied, regardless of stress, while acetate and isoleucine/lipids appeared to be higher in zebra fish exposed to the open field test. These results show that any change in the environment, even for a small period of time, has a noticeable physiological impact. This research provides an insight of how different mechanisms are activated under different environments to maintain the homeostasis of the body. It should also contribute to establish zebra fish as a model for metabolomics studies.
Noise reduction and echo cancellation front-end for speech codecs

We present an enhancement front-end for speech codecs, which consists of the integrated elements of noise reduction and echo cancellation. By including these elements, the front-end performs the task of mitigating the objectionable effects of the two major factors, i.e., noise and echo, which adversely affect the quality of most transmission systems, especially when low bit rate codecs are used. The use of this front-end is demonstrated with the 7.4 kbps IS-641 codec (enhanced full-rate standard for IS-136 systems). The integrated speech-processing unit has the advantage of utilizing the synergy among its components: the voice activity detector in the speech codec, the noise reduction, and the echo canceller. This synergy manifests itself both in the form of a reduction of the overall computational complexity by the use of a number of shared elements among the unit's various components, as well as an improved performance resulting from these components working together. The system displays high performance in both clean and noisy environments and it works well with low bit rate codecs.
Fucosylation Deficiency in Mice Leads to Colitis and Adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND & AIMS De novo synthesis of guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-fucose, a substrate for fucosylglycans, requires sequential reactions mediated by GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (GMDS) and GDP-4-keto-6-deoxymannose 3,5-epimerase-4-reductase (FX or tissue specific transplantation antigen P35B [TSTA3]). GMDS deletions and mutations are found in 6%-13% of colorectal cancers; these mostly affect the ascending and transverse colon. We investigated whether a lack of fucosylation consequent to loss of GDP-fucose synthesis contributes to colon carcinogenesis. METHODS FX deficiency and GMDS deletion produce the same biochemical phenotype of GDP-fucose deficiency. We studied a mouse model of fucosylation deficiency (Fx-/- mice) and mice with the full-length Fx gene (controls). Mice were placed on standard chow or fucose-containing diet (equivalent to a control fucosylglycan phenotype). Colon tissues were collected and analyzed histologically or by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to measure cytokine levels; T cells also were collected and analyzed. Fecal samples were analyzed by 16s ribosomal RNA sequencing. Mucosal barrier function was measured by uptake of fluorescent dextran. We transplanted bone marrow cells from Fx-/- or control mice (Ly5.2) into irradiated 8-week-old Fx-/- or control mice (Ly5.1). We performed immunohistochemical analyses for expression of Notch and the hes family bHLH transcription factor (HES1) in colon tissues from mice and a panel of 60 human colorectal cancer specimens (27 left-sided, 33 right-sided). RESULTS Fx-/- mice developed colitis and serrated-like lesions. The intestinal pathology of Fx-/- mice was reversed by addition of fucose to the diet, which restored fucosylation via a salvage pathway. In the absence of fucosylation, dysplasia appeared and progressed to adenocarcinoma in up to 40% of mice, affecting mainly the right colon and cecum. Notch was not activated in Fx-/- mice fed standard chow, leading to decreased expression of its target Hes1. Fucosylation deficiency altered the composition of the fecal microbiota, reduced mucosal barrier function, and altered epithelial proliferation marked by Ki67. Fx-/- mice receiving control bone marrow cells had intestinal inflammation and dysplasia, and reduced expression of cytokines produced by cytotoxic T cells. Human sessile serrated adenomas and right-sided colorectal tumors with epigenetic loss of MutL homolog 1 (MLH1) had lost or had lower levels of HES1 than other colorectal tumor types or nontumor tissues. CONCLUSIONS In mice, fucosylation deficiency leads to colitis and adenocarcinoma, loss of Notch activation, and down-regulation of Hes1. HES1 loss correlates with the development of human right-sided colorectal tumors with epigenetic loss of MLH1. These findings indicate that carcinogenesis in a subset of colon cancer is consequent to a molecular mechanism driven by fucosylation deficiency and/or HES1-loss.
Prediabetes: Evaluation of β-Cell Function

β-Cell function should be expressed as insulin secretion in relation to the prevailing and changing glucose concentration and interpreted in light of prevailing insulin resistance. Characterizing alterations in β-cell function in individuals with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (collectively termed “prediabetes”) has been a hotly pursued topic among clinical investigators over the past several years. Because IFG and IGT are both associated with elevated risk of progression to overt type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular events (1–3), it is important to understand the specific defects in β-cell function that occur in these settings. Such knowledge could translate into targeted therapeutic interventions that could potentially delay or halt the progression of IFG/IGT to frank diabetes. In this issue of Diabetes , Abdul-Ghani and colleagues (4) attempt to characterize changes in β-cell function in a group of middle-aged, obese, predominantly female Mexican Americans with and without prediabetes using the frequently sampled oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and in subgroups using the hyperglycemic clamp technique. Applying published models and methods (5), the authors identified distinct defects in β-cell function in response to oral/intravenous glucose load in individuals with IFG and …
Deletion of the Braun Lipoprotein-Encoding Gene and Altering the Function of Lipopolysaccharide Attenuate the Plague Bacterium

ABSTRACT Braun (murein) lipoprotein (Lpp) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are major components of the outer membranes of Enterobacteriaceae family members that are capable of triggering inflammatory immune responses by activating Toll-like receptors 2 and 4, respectively. Expanding on earlier studies that demonstrated a role played by Lpp in Yersinia pestis virulence in mouse models of bubonic and pneumonic plague, we characterized an msbB in-frame deletion mutant incapable of producing an acyltransferase that is responsible for the addition of lauric acid to the lipid A moiety of LPS, as well as a Δlpp ΔmsbB double mutant of the highly virulent Y. pestis CO92 strain. Although the ΔmsbB single mutant was minimally attenuated, the Δlpp single mutant and the Δlpp ΔmsbB double mutant were significantly more attenuated than the isogenic wild-type (WT) bacterium in bubonic and pneumonic animal models (mouse and rat) of plague. These data correlated with greatly reduced survivability of the aforementioned mutants in murine macrophages. Furthermore, the Δlpp ΔmsbB double mutant was grossly compromised in its ability to disseminate to distal organs in mice and in evoking cytokines/chemokines in infected animal tissues. Importantly, mice that survived challenge with the Δlpp ΔmsbB double mutant, but not the Δlpp or ΔmsbB single mutant, in a pneumonic plague model were significantly protected against a subsequent lethal WT CO92 rechallenge. These data were substantiated by the fact that the Δlpp ΔmsbB double mutant maintained an immunogenicity comparable to that of the WT strain and induced long-lasting T-cell responses against heat-killed WT CO92 antigens. Taken together, the data indicate that deletion of the msbB gene augmented the attenuation of the Δlpp mutant by crippling the spread of the double mutant to the peripheral organs of animals and by inducing cytokine/chemokine responses. Thus, the Δlpp ΔmsbB double mutant could provide a new live-attenuated background vaccine candidate strain, and this should be explored in the future.
Cyfip1 Regulates Presynaptic Activity during Development

Copy number variations encompassing the gene encoding Cyfip1 have been associated with a variety of human diseases, including autism and schizophrenia. Here we show that juvenile mice hemizygous for Cyfip1 have altered presynaptic function, enhanced protein translation, and increased levels of F-actin. In developing hippocampus, reduced Cyfip1 levels serve to decrease paired pulse facilitation and increase miniature EPSC frequency without a change in amplitude. Higher-resolution examination shows these changes to be caused primarily by an increase in presynaptic terminal size and enhanced vesicle release probability. Short hairpin-mediated knockdown of Cyfip1 coupled with expression of mutant Cyfip1 proteins indicates that the presynaptic alterations are caused by dysregulation of the WAVE regulatory complex. Such dysregulation occurs downstream of Rac1 as acute exposure to Rac1 inhibitors rescues presynaptic responses in culture and in hippocampal slices. The data serve to highlight an early and essential role for Cyfip1 in the generation of normally functioning synapses and suggest a means by which changes in Cyfip1 levels could impact the generation of neural networks and contribute to abnormal and maladaptive behaviors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Several developmental brain disorders have been associated with gene duplications and deletions that serve to increase or decrease levels of encoded proteins. Cyfip1 is one such protein, but the role it plays in brain development is poorly understood. We asked whether decreased Cyfip1 levels altered the function of developing synapses. The data show that synapses with reduced Cyfip1 are larger and release neurotransmitter more rapidly. These effects are due to Cyfip1's role in actin polymerization and are reversed by expression of a Cyfip1 mutant protein retaining actin regulatory function or by inhibiting Rac1. Thus, Cyfip1 has a more prominent early role regulating presynaptic activity during a stage of development when activity helps to define neural pathways.
Determination and Modeling of Injection Dependent Series Resistance in CIGS Solar Cells

The total series resistance of industrially produced Cu(In, Ga)Se2 solar cells is investigated using photo-and electro-luminescence imaging at various applied voltages. A strong dependence of the series resistance on the cell operating point was observed. It decreases with increasing illumination intensity and increasing applied voltage. This injection dependent behavior was reproduced using numerical simulations, and was found to be due to the transport properties of the Cu(In, Ga)Se2 bulk. To take the injection dependency of the series resistance into consideration is important when dealing with quantitative luminescence or electrical measurements of CIGS solar cells.
Progress of the Scientific Commissioning of a fast neutron beamline for Chip Irradiation

ChipIr is a new beamline at the ISIS spallation source dedicated to accelerated testing of microelectronics. ChipIr features an atmospheric-like neutron spectrum to study the so-called Single Event Effects, a major concern for the reliability of modern electronics at ground level and flight altitudes. A bespoke design was needed to extract a fast neutron beam from a neutron source designed for thermal neutron applications. The main objective of the Scientific Commissioning is to measure the flux, spectrum and profiles of the fast neutron beam in the different configurations of the beamline. In this work we present preliminary results of fast neutron measurements performed with a 70×70 mm2 neutron beam and the accelerator at 700 MeV. The neutron flux above 10 MeV was found to be 4.9 · 106 cm2s-1. The beam profile was found to be uniform within the 70×70 mm2 area. ChipIr is now in an advanced stage of scientific commissioning and beta-users have started the first tests in late 2016. The first ‘official’ deliberate error was measured in a SRAM chip on the 29 June 2016; an 8 bit memory containing 1’s had the 7th bit inverted to a 0 – just the kind of error that can occur in the atmosphere due to neutron interaction. These results are promising for an imminent start of the ChipIr user programme.
Trade Creation and Diversion Revisited: Accounting for Model Uncertainty and Natural Trading Partner Effects

Trade theories covering Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) are as diverse as the literature in search of their empirical support. To account for the model uncertainty that surrounds the validity of the competing PTA theories, we introduce Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) to the PTA literature. BMA minimizes the sum of Type I and Type II error, the mean squared error, and generates predictive distributions with optimal predictive performance. Once model uncertainty is addressed as part of the empirical strategy, we report clear evidence of Trade Creation, Trade Diversion, and Open Bloc effects. After controlling for natural trading partner effects, Trade Creation is weaker – except for the EU. To calculate the actual effects of PTAs on trade flows we show that the analysis must be comprehensive: it must control for Trade Creation and Diversion as well as all possible PTAs. Several prominent control variables are also shown to be robustly related to Trade Creation; they relate to factor endowments and economic policy.
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ANN surface roughness prediction of AZ91D magnesium alloys in the turning process

Abstract This contribution presents an approach for the modeling and prediction of surface roughness in the turning of AZ91D magnesium alloys using an artificial neural network. The experiments were conducted with CCGT, DCGT and VCGT cutting tools under minimum quantity lubrication and dry machining conditions. AZ91D alloys were machined at different cutting speeds and feed rates, and the depth of cut was kept constant. 15 out of 18 experimental data points were used for the training of the artificial neural network model and the remaining 3 were used for the testing process. The average percentage error was calculated as 0.000815 % and 0.663 % for training and testing, respectively. The model and target results were found to have extremely low error rates.
In-Situ Liquid Hydrogenation of m-Chloronitrobenzene over Fe-Modified Pt/Carbon Nanotubes Catalysts

In-situ liquid-phase hydrogenation of m-chloronitrobenzene (m-CNB) based on aqueous-phase reforming (APR) of ethanol and catalytic hydrogenation was carried out over Fe-modified Pt/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) catalysts. The effects of Pt loading over CNTs and Fe modification on the catalytic performance of Pt/CNTs catalysts were studied. In-tube loading of Pt particles, compared with out-tube loading, considerably improved the catalytic activity. With in-tube loading, Fe-modified Pt/CNTs catalysts further improved the m-CNB in-situ hydrogenation performance. After Fe modification, Pt–Fe/CNTs catalysts formed, inside CNTs, a Pt–Fe alloy and iron oxides, which both improved catalytic hydrogenation performance and significantly enhanced ethanol APR hydrogen producing performance, thereby increasing the m-CNB in-situ hydrogenation reactivity.
An Architecture for Human‐Guided Autonomy: Team TROOPER at the DARPA Robotics Challenge Finals

Recent robotics efforts have automated simple, repetitive tasks to increase execution speed and lessen an operator's cognitive load, allowing them to focus on higher‐level objectives. However, an autonomous system will eventually encounter something unexpected, and if this exceeds the tolerance of automated solutions, there must be a way to fall back to teleoperation. Our solution is a largely autonomous system with the ability to determine when it is necessary to ask a human operator for guidance. We call this approach human‐guided autonomy. Our design emphasizes human‐on‐the‐loop control where an operator expresses a desired high‐level goal for which the reasoning component assembles an appropriate chain of subtasks. We introduce our work in the context of the DARPA Robotics Challenge (DRC) Finals. We describe the software architecture Team TROOPER developed and used to control an Atlas humanoid robot. We employ perception, planning, and control automation for execution of subtasks. If subtasks fail, or if changing environmental conditions invalidate the planned subtasks, the system automatically generates a new task chain. The operator is able to intervene at any stage of execution, to provide input and adjustment to any control layer, enabling operator involvement to increase as confidence in automation decreases. We present our performance at the DRC Finals and a discussion about lessons learned.
NETp1-11: Hard Real-time Communication of Periodic Messages on a Switched Ethernet

Switched Ethernet provides many features for realtime communications, but it does not guarantee the timely delivery of real-time messages. This paper proposes a message transmission model for hard real-time communications of periodic messages on a switched Ethernet and also proposes algorithms to schedule the messages to be transmitted within their deadlines in the case of cut-through switches and store-and- forward switches, respectively. When a node wants to transmit a new periodic message, it checks first whether the message can be allocated a suitable bandwidth without affecting the already-scheduled messages. The proposed scheduling algorithm is a distributed one and is performed by the source and the destination nodes without the modification of the operational features of the standard Ethernet switch.