Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Observer-based direct adaptive fuzzy-neural control for nonaffine nonlinear systems

In this paper, an observer-based direct adaptive fuzzy-neural control scheme is presented for nonaffine nonlinear systems in the presence of unknown structure of nonlinearities. A direct adaptive fuzzy-neural controller and a class of generalized nonlinear systems, which are called nonaffine nonlinear systems, are instead of the indirect one and affine nonlinear systems given by Leu et al. By using implicit function theorem and Taylor series expansion, the observer-based control law and the weight update law of the fuzzy-neural controller are derived for the nonaffine nonlinear systems. Based on strictly-positive-real (SPR) Lyapunov theory, the stability of the closed-loop system can be verified. Moreover, the overall adaptive scheme guarantees that all signals involved are bounded and the output of the closed-loop system will asymptotically track the desired output trajectory. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, simulation results are illustrated in this paper.
Proposition Bank II: Delving Deeper

The PropBank project is creating a corpus of text annotated with information about basic semantic propositions. PropBank I (Kingsbury & Palmer, 2002) added a layer of predicateargument information, or semantic roles, to the syntactic structures of the English Penn Treebank. This paper presents an overview of the second phase of PropBank Annotation, PropBank II, which is being applied to English and Chinese, and includes (Neodavidsonian) eventuality variables, nominal references, sense tagging, and connections to the Penn Discourse Treebank (PDTB), a project for annotating discourse connectives and their arguments.
3-D seismic velocity models of the Alpine crust from local earthquake tomography

Important progress has been made over the last two decades to unravel the lithospheric structure and tectonic evolution of the Alpine arc. Large-scale geophysicalgeological transects and high-resolution teleseismic tomography have revealed substantial differences between Western, Central, and Eastern Alps in terms of crustal and upper mantle structure. To integrate the ‘non-cylindric’ 3-D structure of the orogen into a regional tectonic context, detailed information on the lithology of the entire Alpine lithosphere is required. Independent models of Pand S-wave velocities can provide unique information on composition and physical state of the lithosphere (e.g. fluid content, temperature), since they allow the comparison with petrological measurements. Local earthquake tomography can be used to derive such regional 3-D Pand Swave velocity models. The resolution and reliability of such tomographic images strongly depend on the quality of the available arrival-time data. A uniform resolution of the entire Alpine crust requires compilation and merging of local earthquake data of more than ten national and regional networks in Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Slovenia, and Switzerland. Since routine picks provided by single networks usually include a high degree of inconsistencies, and a common quantitative error assessment is not available for merged phase data, re-picking of Pand S-phases has to be performed to obtain arrival-time data appropriate for high-resolution seismic tomography. Considering the amount of data necessary for regional models, new algorithms combining accurate picking with an automatic quality assessment represent the future of tools required to derive large suitable data sets. In this work, local earthquake data were compiled from 14 seismic networks in the greater Alpine region. The final data base includes digital waveform data and information on associated hypocenters (bulletin data) of more than 1500 events for the period of 1996 to 2007. Procedures for consistent routine hand picking were developed and applied to derive reference data sets of accurate Pand S-phase picks, which were later used for calibration and testing of automatic picking algorithms. The MPX software was used for automated re-picking of P-waves. The final data set consists of more than 13’000 consistently picked first arriving P-phases with an average picking error of about 0.12 s. Subsequently, the high-quality phase data was used for local earthquake tomography. The resulting 3-D P-wave model images major parts of the Alpine orogen between 0 and 60 km depth. First order anomalies like crust-mantle boundary (Moho) and the Ivrea body in the Western
Named Entity Learning and Verification: Expectation Maximization in Large Corpora

The regularity of named entities is used to learn names and to extract named entities. Having only a few name elements and a set of patterns the algorithm learns new names and its elements. A verification step assures quality using a large background corpus. Further improvement is reached through classifying the newly learnt elements on character level. Moreover, unsupervised rule learning is discussed.
Gravity Compensation on Humanoid Robot Control with Robust Joint Servo and Non-integrated Rate-gyroscope

While gravity plays a significant role in legged motion controls, it also affects robot's each joint and prevents the decoupling of the upper layer controller of macro states such as COG from the lower layer joint controllers. This paper proposes two techniques to compensate for the effect of gravity in the joint controllers. Firstly, a robust joint servo system with two-degree-of-freedom control cascaded to PD control is presented. It robustly compensates stationary error which is mainly due to gravity. The minor loop featuring strongly stable PD feedback is regarded as a new plant of the major two-degree-of-freedom control loop and facilitates the nominal model identification. Secondly, the transient response of the trunk attitude is improved by a non-integrated type of feedback of rate-gyroscope outputs. Since it feeds back the output signal without estimating the trunk attitude explicitly, it doesn't suffer from amplified error due to drift and noise in the course of numerical integration of signals. Both are even applicable to systems with less adjustable control parameters, such as embedded PD controllers
Influence of time on soil response to no-till practices.

The number of growing seasons required for no-till practices to improve soil properties should be considered before changing management systems. To evaluate this time factor, an 8-yr tillage study was conducted on a Grenada silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Glossic Fragiudalfs) using cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]-corn (Zea mays L.), and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ]-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as test crops. Soil samples were characterized for soil organic matter (SOM), pH, exchangeable Ca and Mg, extractable P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn, aggregate stability (AS), water dispersible clay (WDC), total clay (TC), and modulus of rupture (MR) at time 0, 4, and 8 yr. Within 4 yr, no-till (NT) resulted in statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences compared to conventional tillage (CT). The surface 2.5 cm of the NT treatments had higher levels of SOM, exchangeable (a, and extractable P, Mn, and Zn, but lower extractable K, Fe, and Cu. Tillage had no effect on exchangeable Mg and pH. No-till also resulted in higher AS, and lower MR, WDC, and TC in the lop 2.5 cm, relative to CT. The differences in soil properties between tillage treatments were essentially independent of crop. Instead, the results are controlled by relative amounts of SOM and clay, and the extent to which these properties change with time. Undoubtedly, NT practices can improve several fertility and erodibility-related properties of this soil within 4 yr, and enhance its sustainability.
Natural Images , Gaussian Mixtures and Dead Leaves Supplementary Material

Here we will give full details of model compared in Section 2 of the main paper. In general, all training data were randomly sampled patches from the Berkeley Segmentation training set images, and all test data was sampled from the Berkeley test set images (that is, testing was always done on unseen patches). We removed the DC component of all patches. The test set consists of a 1000 patches from which we removed patches with a standard deviation lower than 0.002, totaling in 992 patches. Training set sizes change with each model, see below for details other than the GMM model (which is extremely parameter rich), the size of the training set has little effect on results (the minimum size we used was 50,000 patches). Log likelihood were averaged over the test set and normalized by the number of pixels minus 1 (because we remove the DC component). All log functions are base 2, so the result is in bits/pixel. All models and code will be made available if the paper is accepted.
Prioritizing Key Resilience Indicators to Support Coral Reef Management in a Changing Climate

Managing coral reefs for resilience to climate change is a popular concept but has been difficult to implement because the empirical scientific evidence has either not been evaluated or is sometimes unsupportive of theory, which leads to uncertainty when considering methods and identifying priority reefs. We asked experts and reviewed the scientific literature for guidance on the multiple physical and biological factors that affect the ability of coral reefs to resist and recover from climate disturbance. Eleven key factors to inform decisions based on scaling scientific evidence and the achievability of quantifying the factors were identified. Factors important to resistance and recovery, which are important components of resilience, were not strongly related, and should be assessed independently. The abundance of resistant (heat-tolerant) coral species and past temperature variability were perceived to provide the greatest resistance to climate change, while coral recruitment rates, and macroalgae abundance were most influential in the recovery process. Based on the 11 key factors, we tested an evidence-based framework for climate change resilience in an Indonesian marine protected area. The results suggest our evidence-weighted framework improved upon existing un-weighted methods in terms of characterizing resilience and distinguishing priority sites. The evaluation supports the concept that, despite high ecological complexity, relatively few strong variables can be important in influencing ecosystem dynamics. This is the first rigorous assessment of factors promoting coral reef resilience based on their perceived importance, empirical evidence, and feasibility of measurement. There were few differences between scientists' perceptions of factor importance and the scientific evidence found in journal publications but more before and after impact studies will be required to fully test the validity of all the factors. The methods here will increase the feasibility and defensibility of including key resilience metrics in evaluations of coral reefs, as well as reduce costs. Adaptation, marine protected areas, priority setting, resistance, recovery.
Conventional and non-conventional extraction of anthocyanins from Rubus idaeus L . grown in Romania

Red raspberry – the fruit of Rubus idaeus L. represents an important plant food abundant in anthocyanins known for their pharmacological effects and strong antioxidant properties. The aim of the present paper was to investigate the optimum extraction conditions through conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction UAE processes in order to recover high anthocyanins content in the hydroethanolic crude extract from red raspberries grown in Romania. Concentration of total anthocyanins was performed by the spectrophotometric pH differential method. The total anthocyanins content in red raspberry crude extracts obtained under UAE conditions was found similar to that obtained by conventional extraction, but the extraction time was significantly shorter. Total anthocyanins content was 40.84 mg 100g FM by conventional extraction taking 24 hours at low temperature, while a content of 36.56 mg 100g FM was obtained through the UAE process at an ultrasonic power of 200 W taking 20 minutes at room temperature. Reduced time of extraction through UAE is particularly favorable for the extraction of these thermolabile compounds. Key-Words: raspberry, Rubus idaeus L. , total anthocyanins, extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, pH differential
The study of the split of alpha rhythm spectra

EEG (electroencephalogram) power spectra is an important tool to study the functions of brain. Splitting of the alpha spectral peak is an effect observed in a small group of the normal population. By a simulation study of the corticothalamic model, this paper supposes that the non-uniform time delay is the base of the alpha spectra peak split, and the variety of the corticothalamic feedback connection strength is the main reason that the splitting phenomena appeared only in a small group of the population
Localization and self-calibration of a robot for volcano exploration

This work describes an algorithm for the localization and self calibration of a mobile robot. Data from a DGPS and two optical encoders are fused by an extended Kalman filter (EKF) in order to calculate the absolute position of the robot and to estimate the values of the parameters used by the odometry (wheels radii and wheelbase). The presented self calibrating EKF (EKF/sub SC/) has been tested both on a simulator and on the mobile robot "Robovolc": a six independently actuated wheels robot for volcano exploration. The EKF/sub SC/ does not need a separate phase for the parameter identification. Moreover the odometry parameters of the Robovolc robot have been identified both with the UMBmark and with the EKF/sub SC/; some comparative tests show an improvement of the estimated trajectories.
Low Gradient Permeability Measurements in a Triaxial System

Permeability measurements were conducted with the flow-pump method on sand, sandy silt and silty clay specimens in a conventional triaxial system by introducing and withdrawing water at known constant flow rates into the base of a specimen with a flow-pump, and by monitoring the head difference induced across the length of the specimen with a sensitive differential pressure transducer. The results show that the previously reported advantages of the flow-pump method, compared with conventional constant head and falling head methods, were realized for permeability measurements in conventional triaxial equipment. These advantages are that direct flow rate measurements are avoided together with the associated errors that arise from the effects of contaminants on capillary menisci and the long periods of time involved in flow rate measurements; permeability measurements can be obtained much more rapidly and at substantially smaller gradients; errors from the small intercept in the otherwise linear flow rate ve.
Changes in liver and spleen volume in alcoholic liver fibrosis of man

Alcoholic liver fibrosis is a relatively common form of alcoholic liver disease in Japan. It is regarded by some investigators as a prodromal stage of alcoholic liver cirrhosis, but little is known about the volumes of the liver and spleen in this disease state. Therefore, liver and spleen volumes were measured by computed tomography in 32 patients with alcoholic liver fibrosis in comparison with 10 healthy volunteers. Patients with alcoholic liver fibrosis were divided into three subgroups (13 of Grade 1, 9 of Grade 2 and 10 of Grade 3) according to the severity of fibrosis. The volume was calculated from the sum of the area measurements of successive transverse sections of the two organs. The liver volume (mean ± S.D.) in Grade 2 alcoholic liver fibrosis (1,281 ± 112 cm3) was significantly (p < 0.01) larger than in healthy volunteers (1,017 ± 73 cm3) and in Grade 1 (1,090 ± 157 cm3), and the liver volume in Grade 3 (1,490 ± 132 cm3) was larger than in Grade 2 (p < 0.01). The mean volume of hepatocytes estimated by a two‐dimensional image analysis system was significantly (p < 0.05) larger in Grade 3 than in Grade 2, and that in Grade 2 was larger than in Grade 1. The spleen volume in Grade 3 (151 ± 40 cm3) was significantly (p < 0.01) larger than in healthy volunteers (86 ± 26 cm3), Grade 1 (89 ± 38 cm3) and Grade 2 (68 ± 19 cm3). The presumed reason for hepatic volume increase would be the ballooning of hepatocytes along with increased fibrotic component.
Physical parameters and multiplicity of five southern close eclipsing binaries

Aims. We detected tertiary components of close binaries from spectroscopy and light curve modelling, investigated the light-travel time effect and the possibility of magnetic activity cycles, measured mass ratios for unstudied systems, and derived absolute parameters. Methods. We carried out new photometric and spectroscopic observations of five bright ((V) < 10.5 mag) close eclipsing binaries, predominantly in the southern skies. We obtained full Johnson BV light curves, which were modelled with the Wilson-Devinney code. Radial velocities were measured with the cross-correlation method using IAU radial velocity standards as spectral templates. Period changes were studied with the O-C method, utilising published epochs of minimum light (XY Leo) and ASAS photometry (VZ Lib). Results. For three objects (DX Tuc, QY Hya, V870 Ara), absolute parameters have been determined for the first time. We spectroscopically detected the tertiary components in XY Leo and VZ Lib and discovered one in QY Hya. For XY Leo we updated the light-time effect parameters and detected a secondary periodicity of about 5100 d in the O-C diagram that may hint at the existence of short-period magnetic cycles. A combination of recent photometric data shows that the orbital period of the tertiary star in VZ Lib is likely to be over 1500 d. QY Hya is a semi-detached X-ray active binary in a triple system with K and M-type components, while V870 Ara is a contact binary with the third smallest spectroscopic mass ratio for a W UMa star to date (q = 0.082 ± 0.030). Being close to the theoretical minimum for contact binaries, this small mass ratio suggests that V870 Ara has the potential of constraining evolutionary scenarios of binary mergers. The inferred distances to these systems are compatible with the Hipparcos parallaxes.
Discontinuous parsing with continuous trees

We introduce a new method for incremental shift-reduce parsing of discontinuous constituency trees, based on the fact that discontinuous trees can be transformed into continuous trees by changing the order of the terminal nodes. It allows for a clean formulation of different oracles, leads to faster parsers and provides better results. Our best system achieves an F 1 of 80.02 on TIGER.
VEHICCLE: a model of web-based language learning

This paper presents a model for Web-based language learning (VEHICCLE), which was developed to meet the needs of a growing number of specialists, lacking communicative competence when using a foreign language. It consists of modules (the process of learning) and assignments (the product of learning), embedded in a web-based learning environment. To exemplify the model, a working course is presented, and a scheme of application and evaluation of the model is proposed. Conclusions are drawn about the applicability of the model to creating courses in other languages and subjects and future work on evaluating the courses is suggested.
A Case Study of Shallow Flow Paths in a Steep Zero-Order Basin

ABSTRACT: Soil water potentials, slope throughflow, runoff chemistry, and isotopic composition were monitored in a 97 m2 zero-order basin within the Maimai 8 watershed on the South Island of New Zealand, for a natural rain storm and two artificial water applications. Contrary to results previously reported for other portions of the Maimai catchment, much of the runoff occurred as a shallow subsurface organic layer flow. For the 47 mm natural rain event, pre-storm soil matric potential ranged from −60 to −150 cm H2O. No saturation was produced within the profile, and the majority of storm runoff emanated from flow within the organic horizon perched on the mineral soil surface. Hillslope applications corroborated this interpretation by showing >90 percent new water flushing with negligible mineral soil moisture response. Although the mechanisms cited in the text are not representative of the entire catchment, the study demonstrates: (1) the value of a combined physical-chemical-isotopic approach in quantifying slope processes, and (2) the heterogeneous nature and diversity of slope runoff pathways in a relatively homogeneous catchment.
In vitro reconstitution of mammalian U1 snRNPs active in splicing: the U1-C protein enhances the formation of early (E) spliceosomal complexes.

We have established an in vitro reconstitution/splicing complementation system which has allowed the investigation of the role of mammalian U1 snRNP components both in splicing and at the early stages of spliceosome formation. U1 snRNPs reconstituted from purified, native snRNP proteins and either authentic or in vitro transcribed U1 snRNA restored both early (E) splicing complex formation and splicing-activity to U1-depleted extracts. In vitro reconstituted U1 snRNPs possessing an m3G or ApppG cap were equally active in splicing, demonstrating that a physiological cap structure is not absolutely required for U1 function. However, the presence of an m7GpppG or GpppG cap was deleterious to splicing, most likely due to competition for the m7G cap binding proteins. No significant reduction in splicing or E complex formation was detected with U1 snRNPs reconstituted from U1 snRNA lacking the RNA binding sites of the U1-70K or U1-A protein (i.e., stem-loop I and II, respectively). Complementation studies with purified HeLa U1 snRNPs lacking subsets of the U1-specific proteins demonstrated a role for the U1-C, but not U1-A, protein in the formation and/or stabilization of early splicing complexes. Studies with recombinant U1-C protein mutants indicated that the N-terminal domain of U1-C is necessary and sufficient for the stimulation of E complex formation.
Evaluation of Vegetation Indices and a Modified Simple Ratio for Boreal Applications

RESUMEUn ratio simple modifie (MSR) est propose pour extraire les parametres biophysiques des forets boreales a l'aide de donnees de teledetection. Cet indice de vegetation est formule en fonction de l'evaluation de plusieurs indices de vegetation derives de la combinaison de deux bandes spectrales, dont les suivants : indice de vegetation par difference normalisee ou indice d'activite vegetale (NDVI), ratio simple (SR), indice de vegetation ajuste en fonction des sols (SAVI, SAVI1, SAVI2), indice de vegetation par difference ponderee (WDVI), indice de vegetation zonale (GEMI), indice de vegetation non lineaire (NLI) et indice de vegetation par difference renormalisee (RDVI). Le ratio simple modifie est une version amelioree des indices de vegetation par difference renormalisee et sert a delimiter les relations de ces derniers avec les parametres biophysiques. Tous les indices ont ete obtenus a partir d'images acquises par le capteur thematique de Landsat-5 dans les bandes 3 (visible) et 4 (proche infraro.