Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mechanical properties of selected nanostructured materials and complex bio-nano, hybrid and hierarchical systems

Fundamental investigations into mechanical behaviour and properties, e.g. elasticity, plasticity, hardness, toughness, strength and failure, exhibited at the nanoscale have increased rapidly in number and in breadth over the past two decades as experimental techniques and theoretical treatments have advanced. This review covers selected contemporary nanomechanics research and gives an overview of some fundamental questions, measurement challenges and opportunities concerning nanostructured materials, their mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms – particularly, relationships with size-scale phenomena. Significant theoretical developments are mentioned in relevant sections and advances in computational modelling are considered briefly, including perspectives on the current state and gaps between complete and rigorous simulations for mechanical behaviour in nanomaterials and experimental data to qualify certain predictive calculations. We categorise the study of mechanics by nanomaterial types from primary objects (i.e. single nanoscale elements like nanofibres and nanopillars), simple composites and other extended nanostructures like films and multilayers to complex natural and synthetic systems ranging from biological cells and mineralised biocomposites to nanoelectromechanical systems and DNA nanorobots. The future outlook and concluding remarks summarise general areas of open knowledge in the field and include a call for increased collaboration between experiments and modelling for the fruition of twenty-first century advancements and exploration.
Effect of Couple-Stresses on Force Transfer Between Embedded Microfibers

The present investigation is a continuation of the Weitsman problem, reference 1. The investigation is concerned with the nature of the stress field which develops in the presence of couple- stresses in composite material formed of microfibers embedded in a filler substance. The case is considered when one row consists of an infinitely long microfiber, while the second row is composed of two semi- infinite microfibers. An exact solution, based on a two-dimensional theory of elastic ity with inclusion of couple-stresses is obtained for the stress field which is activated by giving the two semi-infinite microfibers a tangential displacement of separation. The couple-stress theory gives a better representation of the actual physical phenomenon than the classical theory of elasticity. This is especially true and essentially important for bodies having a dimension comparable to the crystal lattice parameter of the material. This is believed to be the case with an elastic microfilm in bond with microfibers. The investigation led to results which are at wide variance with the Weitsman solution near x = 0 and the asymptotic solution shows the same trend as reported previously in reference num bered 2 i.e., bonding layers are dominated by boundary layer behavior throughout their entire thickness.
Classification Using Domain Ontology and Clustering

Transferring the current Websites to Semantic Websites, using ontology population, is a research area within which classification has the main role. The existing classification algorithms and single level execution of them are insufficient on web data. Moreover, because of the variety in the context and structure of even common domain Websites, there is a lack of training data. In this paper we had three experiences: 1using information in domain ontology about the layers of classes to train classifiers (layered classification) with improvement up to 10% on accuracy of classification. 2experience on problem of training dataset and using clustering as a preprocess. 3using ensembles to benefit from both two methods. Beside the improvement of accuracy from these experiences, we found out that with ensemble we can dispense with the algorithm of classification and use a simple classification like Naïve Bayes and have the accuracy of complex algorithms like SVM.
Mitochondrial DNA mutations in disease and aging

The small mammalian mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is very gene dense and encodes factors critical for oxidative phosphorylation. Mutations of mtDNA cause a variety of human mitochondrial diseases and are also heavily implicated in age-associated disease and aging. There has been considerable progress in our understanding of the role for mtDNA mutations in human pathology during the last two decades, but important mechanisms in mitochondrial genetics remain to be explained at the molecular level. In addition, mounting evidence suggests that most mtDNA mutations may be generated by replication errors and not by accumulated damage.
Cracking in Soil Cement: Cause, Effect, Control

The primary causes of cracking in soil cement are high moisture content, fine-grained soils, low densities, and inadequate curing. These factors relate to drying and attendant volume changes, which lead to shrinking and cracking. This article discusses in depth the cause, effect, and control of cracking in soil cement. It also recommends the use of soil cement for its good properties: 1) it is strong and economical, 2) it does not rut, 3) it permits thin surfaces thereby minimizing surface rutting, 4) its deflections are low, and 5) it minimizes subgrade pressures without undue emphasis on cracking.
Streptococcal Meningitis Resulting from Contact with an Infected Horse

ABSTRACT We report a case of group C streptococcal meningitis in a woman with a history of close animal contact as well as head trauma as a result of a kick by a horse. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid cultures grew Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, as did a throat culture taken from the colt that had kicked her 2 weeks prior to admission.
Towards mass-produced building models

Interest in the automatic production of 3D building models has increased over the last years. The reconstruction of buildings, particularly their facades, is a hard subproblem, given the large variety in their appearances and structures. This paper discusses building facade reconstruction algorithms that process single images and exploit expectations about facade composition. In particular, we make heavy use of the repetitions that tend to occur, e.g. in windows and balconies. But this is only an example of the kind of rules found in recent architectural shape grammars. We distinguish between cases without and with substantial perspective effects in the input image. The focus is on the latter case, where also some depth layering in the facade can be performed automatically. We give several examples of real building reconstructions.
Towards A Self Adaptive System for Social Wellness

Advancements in science and technology have highlighted the importance of robust healthcare services, lifestyle services and personalized recommendations. For this purpose patient daily life activity recognition, profile information, and patient personal experience are required. In this research work we focus on the improvement in general health and life status of the elderly through the use of an innovative services to align dietary intake with daily life and health activity information. Dynamic provisioning of personalized healthcare and life-care services are based on the patient daily life activities recognized using smart phone. To achieve this, an ontology-based approach is proposed, where all the daily life activities and patient profile information are modeled in ontology. Then the semantic context is exploited with an inference mechanism that enables fine-grained situation analysis for personalized service recommendations. A generic system architecture is proposed that facilitates context information storage and exchange, profile information, and the newly recognized activities. The system exploits the patient’s situation using semantic inference and provides recommendations for appropriate nutrition and activity related services. The proposed system is extensively evaluated for the claims and for its dynamic nature. The experimental results are very encouraging and have shown better accuracy than the existing system. The proposed system has also performed better in terms of the system support for a dynamic knowledge-base and the personalized recommendations.
Doppler shifts in the KATRIN experiment

In the past few decades, neutrinos, which are predicted to be massless particles by the Standard Model of Particle Physics, have been shown to have non-zero mass. The absolute scale of this neutrino mass has significant implications in particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology. The KATRIN experiment is designed to measure this absolute scale by examining the beta decay spectrum of molecular, gaseous tritium source. In this thesis, the beta decay of this molecular tritium is simulated to study the effects of "Doppler shifts" in the energy of the emitted electrons due to the random thermal motion and fluid flow velocity of the differentially pumped tritium gas. Simulated spectra are presented for three different neutrino masses and the relative effects of the thermal and flow velocities are discussed. Thesis Supervisor: Joseph Formaggio Title: Assistant Professor
Factors associated with caregivers' choice of infant sleep position, 1994-1998: the National Infant Sleep Position Study.

CONTEXT The success and simplicity of the 1994 national "Back to Sleep" campaign to reduce sudden infant death syndrome provides an opportunity to study which elements determine whether a behavior will change in the desired direction in response to a public health intervention. OBJECTIVE To examine sociodemographic characteristics, motivation, and message exposure to ascertain which factors influenced a caregiver's choice of infant sleep position after implementation of the campaign. DESIGN Annual nationally representative telephone surveys conducted between 1994 and 1998. SETTING The 48 contiguous United States. PARTICIPANTS Nighttime caregivers of infants born within the 7 months prior to interview between 1994 and 1998. Approximately 1000 interviews were conducted each year. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The position the infant was usually placed in for sleep, sleep position recommendations received from specific sources, and reasons reported for position choice. RESULTS Between 1994 and 1998, prone placement declined from 44% to 17% among white infants and from 53% to 32% among black infants. Supine placement increased from 27% to 58% among white infants and from 17% to 31% among black infants. During this period, reports of supine recommendations from at least 1 source doubled from 38% to 79%. From 1995 to 1998, 86% of caregivers who placed the infant prone reported receiving only nonprone recommendations. Infant comfort was given as a reason for prone placement by 82% of these caregivers. In multivariate analysis, physician recommendation of "supine not prone" had the strongest influence and was associated with decreased prone placement (odds ratio [OR], 0.25 [95% confidence interval [CI], 0.16-0.39]) and increased supine placement (OR, 3.37 [95% CI, 2.38-4.76]). Recommendations from all 4 sources (the physician, neonatal nurse, reading materials, and radio/television) further increased the probability of supine placement (OR, 6.01 [95% CI, 4.57-7.90]). Other factors independently associated with increased prone and decreased supine placement included maternal black race, parity of more than 1, and living in a southern or mid-Atlantic state. CONCLUSIONS According to our study, as of 1998, approximately one fifth of infants were still placed prone, and only half were placed supine. Recommendations of supine placement during infancy by physicians at well-baby checks and by neonatal nursery staff and print and broadcast media have increased the proportion of infants placed supine. Caregiver beliefs regarding perceived advantages of prone sleeping should be addressed to attain further reduction in prone placement.
Resistance of bacteria to the newer aminoglycoside antibiotics: an epidemiological and enzymatic study.

Four hundred and thirty-five Staphylococcus aureus strains and 395 strains of gram-negative bacteria were tested for susceptibility to gentamicin, sisomicin, tobramycin, netilmicin and amikacin. None of the staphylococcal strains were resistant to the 5 drugs, except two strains that were resistant to amikacin. Eighteen percent of the gram-negative bacteria were resistant to gentamicin, 16% to tobramycin, 14% to sisomicin, 7% to netilmicin and 2% to amikacin. Tests from representative strains showed that these differences were mainly due to the production of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. The lower incidence of strains resistant to sisomicin compared to gentamicin was due to a slightly better antimicrobial activity of sisomicin. Results of experiments on the efficiency of enzymatic phosphorylation, acetylation and adenylylation, and the inactivation of aminoglycoside antibiotics were not always in concurrence with the degree of phenotypic expression of resistance. Thus, the aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase of staphylococci modified amikacin, but the strains were susceptible to the drug. Similarly, the aminoglycoside 2"-nucleotidyltransferase from members of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas efficiently adenylylated and inactivated netilmicin, but the strains were susceptible to netilmicin. On the other hand, there can be factors, intrinsically inherent in some strains, contributing to their phenotypic expression of resistance level. It is inferred, therefore, that the contribution of enzymes to the degree of resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics in a given strain can be evaluated only by comparative examination of resistance in the wild type strain and its corresponding enzyme-negative variant.
Towards Prioritizing Documentation Effort

Programmers need documentation to comprehend software, but they often lack the time to write it. Thus, programmers must prioritize their documentation effort to ensure that sections of code important to program comprehension are thoroughly explained. In this paper, we explore the possibility of automatically prioritizing documentation effort. We performed two user studies to evaluate the effectiveness of static source code attributes and textual analysis of source code towards prioritizing documentation effort. The first study used open-source API Libraries while the second study was conducted using closed-source industrial software from ABB. Our findings suggest that static source code attributes are poor predictors of documentation effort priority, whereas textual analysis of source code consistently performed well as a predictor of documentation effort priority.
Widely Used Pesticides with Previously Unknown Endocrine Activity Revealed as in Vitro Antiandrogens

Background Evidence suggests that there is widespread decline in male reproductive health and that antiandrogenic pollutants may play a significant role. There is also a clear disparity between pesticide exposure and data on endocrine disruption, with most of the published literature focused on pesticides that are no longer registered for use in developed countries. Objective We used estimated human exposure data to select pesticides to test for antiandrogenic activity, focusing on highest use pesticides. Methods We used European databases to select 134 candidate pesticides based on highest exposure, followed by a filtering step according to known or predicted receptor-mediated antiandrogenic potency, based on a previously published quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) model. In total, 37 pesticides were tested for in vitro androgen receptor (AR) antagonism. Of these, 14 were previously reported to be AR antagonists (“active”), 4 were predicted AR antagonists using the QSAR, 6 were predicted to not be AR antagonists (“inactive”), and 13 had unknown activity, which were “out of domain” and therefore could not be classified with the QSAR (“unknown”). Results All 14 pesticides with previous evidence of AR antagonism were confirmed as antiandrogenic in our assay, and 9 previously untested pesticides were identified as antiandrogenic (dimethomorph, fenhexamid, quinoxyfen, cyprodinil, λ-cyhalothrin, pyrimethanil, fludioxonil, azinphos-methyl, pirimiphos-methyl). In addition, we classified 7 compounds as androgenic. Conclusions Due to estimated antiandrogenic potency, current use, estimated exposure, and lack of previous data, we strongly recommend that dimethomorph, fludioxonil, fenhexamid, imazalil, ortho-phenylphenol, and pirimiphos-methyl be tested for antiandrogenic effects in vivo. The lack of human biomonitoring data for environmentally relevant pesticides presents a barrier to current risk assessment of pesticides on humans.
Handwriting Recognition ( HR ) of Family History Documents using a 2-D Warping-based Word-level HR Approach

An enormous amount of handwritten information exists that is potentially very useful for family history research. However, finding information of interest is a daunting task unless the handwriting is transcribed or indexed so that it can be digitally searched. Transcription / indexing is typically done manually because automatic handwriting recognition (HR) is not yet accurate enough to provide reliable transcriptions. Since manual transcription is both costly and time consuming, improvements in HR are very desirable. In this paper, we describe a novel method of word-level HR that we recently published at the International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR 2011) and discuss how it can be applied to family history document images. We use an automatic morphing algorithm to generate a 2-D geometric warp that aligns each unknown word to known training examples. Once the word strokes are aligned, a distance map is used to calculate how different the aligned (warped) word is from the training example. The label of the training example that is most similar is used as the digital transcription for the previously unknown word. Our initial results are based on two datasets, each consisting of 1,000 training words and 1,000 test words. For in-vocabulary words, we get 88.77% and 89.33% word recognition accuracy, respectively.
The Age Distribution of Type-Specific High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Incidence in Two Population-Based Screening Trials

Background: Age- and type-specific high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) incidence estimates in screen-eligible women are relevant from a public health perspective because they provide an indication of the effect of vaccination on the occurrence of screen-positives in HPV-based screening. However, limited data from women over 25 years of age are available. Methods: In 24,105 hrHPV-negative women participating in Dutch (Population-Based Screening Study Amsterdam: POBASCAM) and Italian (New Technologies for Cervical Cancer: NTCC) population-based randomized controlled screening trials the age- and type-specific distribution of incident hrHPV infections detected at the next screening round was assessed. HPV types were grouped into vaccine (bivalent: HPV16/18; polyvalent HPV16/18/31/33/45/52/58) and nonvaccine types. Results: The incidence of screen-detected hrHPV among women ages 29 to 56 years was 2.54% (95% confidence interval, 2.30–2.78) in POBASCAM and 2.77% (2.36–3.19) in NTCC. In both studies, the incidence of bivalent, polyvalent, and nonpolyvalent infections decreased with age (P < 0.0001). Among women with incident infection(s), vaccine-type positivity changed quadratically with age, in particular for the polyvalent vaccine (P values: POBASCAM: bivalent 0.264, polyvalent 0.038; NTCC bivalent 0.039, polyvalent 0.005). However, more than 20% and 50% of women with incident hrHPV were positive for bivalent and polyvalent vaccine types, respectively, in all ages in both studies. Conclusions: We observed decreasing age trends of hrHPV vaccine and nonvaccine type incidences and age-related differences in the vaccine-type positivity among women with incident infections. Most importantly, hrHPV infections continued to be detected in all ages and the contribution of vaccine types remained substantial. Impact: Our results indicate a considerable reduction of new hrHPV infections in vaccinated cohorts, ensuing revision of screening guidelines. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(1); 111–8. ©2014 AACR.
SMARTS: accelerating microarchitecture simulation via rigorous statistical sampling

Current software-based microarchitecture simulators are many orders of magnitude slower than the hardware they simulate. Hence, most microarchitecture design studies draw their conclusions from drastically truncated benchmark simulations that are often inaccurate and misleading. We present the sampling microarchitecture simulation (SMARTS) framework as an approach to enable fast and accurate performance measurements of full-length benchmarks. SMARTS accelerates simulation by selectively measuring in detail only an appropriate benchmark subset. SMARTS prescribes a statistically sound procedure for configuring a systematic sampling simulation run to achieve a desired quantifiable confidence in estimates. Analysis of 41 of the 45 possible SPEC2K benchmark/ input combinations show CPI and energy per instruction (EPI) can be estimated to within 3% with 99.7% confidence by measuring fewer than 50 million instructions per benchmark. In practice, inaccuracy in micro-architectural state initialization introduces an additional uncertainty which we empirically bound to /spl sim/2% for the tested benchmarks. Our implementation of SMARTS achieves an actual average error of only 0.64% on CPI and 0.59% on EPI for the tested benchmarks, running with average speedups of 35 and 60 over detailed simulation of 8-way and 16-way out-of-order processors, respectively.