Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learning a context-free task with a recurrent neural network: An analysis of stability

Natural languages exhibit context-free properties such as center-embedded clauses. Recent research has sought a model that performs on these features with human-like inconsistencies, rather than like traditional discrete automata. This search has recently focussed on recurrent neural networks. It has been shown theoretically that recurrent networks are computationally as powerful as Turing machines (Siegelmann, 1993). However, the class of problems that recurrent networks can learn, and the solutions that the networks (cid:12)nd are still not known. Rodriguez, Wiles and Elman(1996) lookedat the representation employedby a recurrent neural network to process the context-free language a n b n . They found that highly coordinated dynamical structures were required for the network to perform the task. This paper examines how a recurrent network learns these dynamics given the structural dependencies required. To observe the evolution of the networks, their weights and performance were monitored during training. We found that as a network approached the solution, the weights became unstable and any solution that was found was soon lost. An analysis of the changes in dynamics as the network loses a solution indicates that small changes in weights result in signi(cid:12)cant changes to the dynamics of the network. We conclude that learning context-free languages may be inherently unstable, but that further work is necessary to explore the possible reasons for this instability.
Developmental Processes in Social Inference: Averaging of Intentions and Consequences in Moral Judgment.

Two experiments tested the applicability of Anderson's relative-weight averaging model to children's judgments based on intentions and consequences. Experiment 1 provided support for the model over a wide age range (kindergarten through adult) using stimuli similar to Piaget's in which the intentions ranged from positive to negative and the consequences ranged from neutral to negative. Experiment 2 extended Experiment 1 by including consequences ranging from positive to negative. In Experiment 2, intentions and consequences interacted suggesting that some modification of the assumptions of the averaging model is necessary to fully account for the data. Data from the two experiments suggest that both intentions and consequences influence judgments at all ages examined and that developmental changes in moral judgments are continuous rather than stagelike. These developmental differences can best be described by changes in the weights of intentions and consequences. The major developmental change appears to be a decrease in the weight of consequences with increasing age. The possibility of using algebraic models to describe the results of studies that have attempted to influence the relative importance of intentions and consequences in children's moral judgments is discussed. A major issue in studies of children's moral judgment has been the extent to which children of different ages use intention and outcome information in judging another's deeds. Piaget (1965) proposed that children progress from a stage of "moral realism" or objectivity to a stage of "moral subjectivity" between the ages of approximately 5 and 12. According to Piaget, during the
Forecasting with Bayesian Global Vector Autoregressive Models: A Comparison of Priors

This paper puts forward a Bayesian version of the global vector autoregressive model (B-GVAR) that accommodates international linkages across countries in a system of vector autoregressions. We compare the predictive performance of B-GVAR models for the one- and four-quarter ahead forecast horizon for standard macroeconomic variables (real GDP, inflation, the real exchange rate and interest rates). Our results show that taking international linkages into account improves forecasts of inflation, real GDP and the real exchange rate, while for interest rates forecasts of univariate benchmark models remain difficult to beat. Our Bayesian version of the GVAR model outperforms forecasts of the standard cointegrated VAR for practically all variables and at both forecast horizons. The comparison of prior elicitation strategies indicates that the use of the stochastic search variable selection (SSVS) prior tends to improve out-of-sample predictions systematically. This finding is confirmed by density forecast measures, for which the predictive ability of the SSVS prior is the best among all priors entertained for all variables at all forecasting horizons.
What drives the gender wage gap? A look at the role of firm and job-title heterogeneity

We investigate the mechanisms that shape the gender wage gap in Portugal and provide a clear measure of the impact of the allocation of workers to firms and jobs. We find that one-fifth of the gender gap results from the segregation of workers across firms, and another one-fifth results from job segregation. We also conclude that the ‘glass ceiling effect’ operates mainly through worker allocation to firms rather than occupations. Our results are based on the application of Gelbach’s decomposition method to the conditional wage gap obtained from a wage equation with high-dimensional fixed effects. This approach may prove to be equally useful in applications to other problems in economics.
Genome‐wide analysis of cytogenetic aberrations in ETV6/RUNX1‐positive childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

The chromosomal translocation t(12;21) resulting in the ETV6/RUNX1 fusion gene is the most frequent structural cytogenetic abnormality among patients with childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). We investigated 62 ETV6/RUNX1‐positive childhood ALL patients by single nucleotide polymorphism array to explore acquired copy number alterations (CNAs) at diagnosis. The mean number of CNAs was 2·82 (range 0–14). Concordance with available G‐band karyotyping and comparative genomic hybridization was 93%. Based on three major protein‐protein complexes disrupted by these CNAs, patients could be categorized into four distinct subgroups, defined by different underlying biological mechanisms relevant to the aetiology of childhood ALL. When recurrent CNAs were evaluated by an oncogenetic tree analysis classifying their sequential order, the most common genetic aberrations (deletions of 6q, 9p, 13q and X, and gains of 10 and 21) seemed independent of each other. Finally, we identified the most common regions with recurrent gains and losses, which comprise microRNA clusters with known oncogenic or tumour‐suppressive roles. The present study sheds further light on the genetic diversity of ETV6/RUNX1‐positive childhood ALL, which may be important for understanding poor responses among this otherwise highly curable subset of ALL and lead to novel targeted treatment strategies.
Group Cooperation With Optimal Resource Allocation in Wireless Powered Communication Networks

This paper considers a wireless powered communication network (WPCN) with group cooperation, where two communication groups cooperate with each other via wireless power transfer and time sharing to fulfill their expected information delivering and achieve “win-win” collaboration. To explore the system performance limits, we formulate optimization problems to maximize the weighted sum-rate (WSR) and minimize the total consumed power. The time assignment, beamforming vector and power allocation are jointly optimized under available power and quality of service requirement constraints of both the groups. For the WSR-maximization, both fixed and flexible power scenarios are investigated. As all problems are non-convex and have no known solution methods, we solve them by using proper variable substitutions and the semi-definite relaxation. We theoretically prove that our proposed solution method guarantees the global optimum for each problem. Numerical results are presented to show the system performance behaviors, which provide some useful insights for future WPCN design. It shows that in such a group cooperation-aware WPCN, optimal time assignment has the greatest effect on the system performance than other factors.
Analyzing the energy consumption of security protocols

Security is critical to a wide range of wireless data applications and services. While several security mechanisms and protocols have been developed in the context of the wired Internet, many new challenges arise due to the unique characteristics of battery powered embedded systems. In this work, we focus on an important constraint of such devices - battery life - and examine how it is impacted by the use of security protocols. We present a comprehensive analysis of the energy requirements of a wide range of cryptographic algorithms that are used as building blocks in security protocols. Furthermore, we study the energy consumption requirements of the most popular transport-layer security protocol SSL (Secure Sockets Layer). To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive analysis of the energy requirements of SSL. For our studies, we have developed a measurement-based experimental testbed that consists of an iPAQ PDA connected to a wireless LAN and running Linux, a PC-based data acquisition system for real-time current measurement, the OpenSSL implementation of the SSL protocol, and parametrizable SSL client and server test programs. We investigate the impact of various parameters at protocol level (such as cipher suites, authentication mechanisms, transaction sizes, etc.) and cryptographic algorithm level (cipher modes, strength) on overall energy consumption for secure data transactions. Based on our results, we discuss various opportunities for realizing energy-efficient implementations of security protocols. We believe such investigations to be an important first step towards addressing the challenges of energy efficient security for battery-constrained systems.
Identification of a Gene Involved in Polysaccharide Export as a Transcription Target of FruA, an Essential Factor for Myxococcus xanthus Development*

Fruiting body development in Myxococcus xanthus is a multicellular event that is coordinated by exchanging intercellular signals. FruA is a transcription factor essential for fruiting body development and is thought to play a key role in the C-signal pathway. Here we present the first identification of a gene regulated by FruA. The gene was isolated from a genomic library via in vitro selection in a DNA binding assay by using the DNA-binding domain of FruA tagged with His8 at the C-terminal end (FruA-DBD-H8). The gene, named fdgA (FruA-dependent gene A), encodes a protein homologous to the outer-membrane auxiliary family protein involved in the polysaccharide export system. FruA-DBD-H8 bound the upstream promoter region of the fdgA gene from nucleotide –89 to nucleotide –64 with respect to the transcription initiation site, which was required for the induction of fdgA expression during development. fdgA mRNA induced during development was absent in a fruA deletion strain. The deletion of fdgA resulted in defective fruiting body formation and reduced sporulation efficiency (1% that of the parent strain). Moreover, FruA was required for the developmental expression of sasA, which is also involved in the biosynthesis of the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen and is required for fruiting body development. Furthermore, the expression of both fdgA and sasA was partially dependent on the C-signal. These findings expand our understanding of the signal transduction pathway mediated by FruA during development in M. xanthus.
Compact Test Generation for Small-Delay Defects Using Testable-Path Information

Testing for small-delay defects requires fault-effect propagation along the longest testable paths. However, the selection of the longest testable paths requires high CPU time and leads to large pattern counts. Dynamic test compaction for small-delay defects has remained largely unexplored thus far. We propose a path-selection scheme to accelerate ATPG based on stored testable critical-path information. A new dynamic test-compaction technique based on structural analysis is also introduced. Simulation results are presented for a set of ISCAS’89 benchmark circuits.
From Antisemitism to Philosemitism? Trends in American Attitudes toward Jews from 1964 to 2016

This paper uses the feeling thermometer toward Jews on the American National Election (ANES) surveys from 1964 through 2016 to track trends in Americans’ attitudes toward Jews. The feeling thermometer is one of the longest continuous time series studies in which Americans are asked about their attitudes toward Jews, and there are items on the ANES surveys that can be used to partially correct for social desirability response effects. The analysis compares several demographic groups, an important focus of extant research. Findings indicate a modest warming trend for most groups, with older Americans and the least educated displaying the greatest warmth increases. In contrast, Catholics have become slightly cooler. Analysis suggests that the immigration of Catholics from Latin America, nations that lack the religious tolerance tradition, may account for this counter-trend. The conclusion offers suggestions for future research and discusses the implications of the rising proportion of Hispanic immigrants into the US for future levels of antisemitism in the US.
Crystal Structure of a Ube2S-Ubiquitin Conjugate

Protein ubiquitination occurs through the sequential formation and reorganization of specific protein-protein interfaces. Ubiquitin-conjugating (E2) enzymes, such as Ube2S, catalyze the formation of an isopeptide linkage between the C-terminus of a “donor” ubiquitin and a primary amino group of an “acceptor” ubiquitin molecule. This reaction involves an intermediate, in which the C-terminus of the donor ubiquitin is thioester-bound to the active site cysteine of the E2 and a functionally important interface is formed between the two proteins. A docked model of a Ube2S-donor ubiquitin complex was generated previously, based on chemical shift mapping by NMR, and predicted contacts were validated in functional studies. We now present the crystal structure of a covalent Ube2S-ubiquitin complex. The structure contains an interface between Ube2S and ubiquitin in trans that resembles the earlier model in general terms, but differs in detail. The crystallographic interface is more hydrophobic than the earlier model and is stable in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Remarkably, the docked Ube2S-donor complex converges readily to the configuration seen in the crystal structure in 3 out of 8 MD trajectories. Since the crystallographic interface is fully consistent with mutational effects, this indicates that the structure provides an energetically favorable representation of the functionally critical Ube2S-donor interface.
Implementation and user testing of a system for visualizing continuous health data and events

Efficient ways are needed to visualize the health status of a person and how the lifestyle, daily choices and health care actions are affecting it. Current systems lack a comprehensive interface for interaction and exploration of large and complex data and events affecting the data. Based on state-of-the-art data visualization techniques, we implemented and user tested a system that visualizes health data holistically over time. The system focuses on the dynamic changes by using a timeline of events affecting the overall health status. We conducted an extensive user testing process involving surveys, heuristics and observations in order to evaluate our system. The results show that our system has a high level of User Satisfaction while providing an adequate understanding, interaction and navigation of the data.
Back to the Future: Malware Detection with Temporally Consistent Labels

The malware detection arms race involves constant change: malware changes to evade detection and labels change as detection mechanisms react. Recognizing that malware changes over time, prior work has enforced temporally consistent samples by requiring that training binaries predate evaluation binaries. We present temporally consistent labels, requiring that training labels also predate evaluation binaries since training labels collected after evaluation binaries constitute label knowledge from the future. Using a dataset containing 1.1 million binaries from over 2.5 years, we show that enforcing temporal label consistency decreases detection from 91% to 72% at a 0.5% false positive rate compared to temporal samples alone. The impact of temporal labeling demonstrates the potential of improved labels to increase detection results. Hence, we present a detector capable of selecting binaries for submission to an expert labeler for review. At a 0.5% false positive rate, our detector achieves a 72% true positive rate without an expert, which increases to 77% and 89% with 10 and 80 expert queries daily, respectively. Additionally, we detect 42% of malicious binaries initially undetected by all 32 antivirus vendors from VirusTotal used in our evaluation. For evaluation at scale, we simulate the human expert labeler and show that our approach is robust against expert labeling errors. Our novel contributions include a scalable malware detector integrating manual review with machine learning and the examination of temporal label consistency.
Sequence analysis of rDNA ITS of clinical Fusarium species

The study on molecular structure of Fusarium proliferatum clinically isolated can provide the basis for accurate diagnosis and treatment of F. proliferatum infection. The rDNA ITS gene of 6 strains that had been identified as Fusarium proliferatum based on morphological were cloned and sequenced. The molecule phylogenetic tree was constructed based on rDNA ITS sequences, and the 6 genus were divided into two groups. Group was F.proliferatum, including strains of CSUFT201, CSUFT204, CSUFT205. Group was F. moniliforme, including CSUFT202,CSUFT203,CSUFT206. The results of this study showed that 3 strains of F. moniliforme were confirmed out of the 6 strains with the molecular methods. Keywords-Fusarium; ITS gene; clone; phylogenetic; sequence analysis
Conflicts and Common Interests in Committees

Committees improve decisions by pooling members' independent information, but promote manipulation, obfuscation, and exaggeration of private information when members have con icting preferences. Committee decision procedures transform continuous data into ordered ranks through voting. This coarsens the transmission of information, but controls strategic manipulations and allows some degree of information sharing. Each member becomes more cautious in casting the crucial vote than when he alone makes the decision based on own information. Increased quality of one member's information results in his casting the crucial vote more often. Committees make better decisions for members than delegation. Acknowledgements: We would like to thank Gary Becker, Marco Battaglini, Vincent Crawford, John Duggan, Timothy Feddersen, James Heckman, Bentley MacLeod, Martin Osborne, Richard Posner, Arthur Robson, Tomas Sjostrom, Joel Sobel, Mat Turner, the Editor and a referee for helpful comments.
Nest monitoring does not affect nesting success of Whinchats 1

8 It is important to assess the effect that research activities may have on animals in the wild, especially 9 when key parameters, such as breeding success, could potentially be influenced by observer activity. 10 For birds, some studies have suggested that nest monitoring can increase the chances of nest failure 11 due to predation, while others suggest that human nest visits may actually deter mammalian predators. 12 Nest monitoring visits can also influence breeding success more indirectly by altering parental 13 provisioning behaviour. Here, the influence of monitoring activities on nest success in a ground 14 nesting, grassland bird, was examined. First, during the egg phase, a sample of nests were not visited 15 between the initial finding event and the estimated hatching date; instead the nest status was assessed 16 from afar. Daily Survival Rates (DSR) for these nests were compared to nests visited every two days. 17 Second, during the nestling phase, the effects of observer nest visits on parental provisioning 18 behaviour were determined. Nest visits were found not to significantly affect egg DSR and parental 19 provisioning was disrupted for a maximum of 20 minutes (0.52% of the nestling period) following an 20 observer visit. Therefore we conclude observer visits have minimal effects on nest success in 21 Whinchats. 22
Prevalence of subjective health complaints (SHC) in Norway

Aims : As subjective health complaints are one of the major reasons for short- and long-term sickness absence it is important to know the prevalence of these conditions in the general population. Methods : In this cross-sectional study, 1,240 individuals (aged 15-84 years) from the normal population in Norway answered the Subjective Health Complaint (SHC) inventory in spring 1996. Results : The prevalence of reporting subjective health complaints was high: 80% reported musculoskeletal complaints, 65% reported ``pseudoneurological' ' complaints (tiredness, depression, dizziness), 60% gastrointestinal complaints, 34% allergic complaints, and 54% flu-like complaints. The prevalence of substantial complaints was low: 13% reported musculoskeletal complaints, 5% reported "pseudoneurological' 'complaints, 4% gastrointestinal complaints, 2% allergic complaints, and 18% flu-like complaints. Women had higher prevalence of musculoskeletal, ``pseudoneurological' ' , and allergic complaints compared with men, and reported more substantial complaints on all subscales. Individuals older than 50 years were less likely to report headache, tiredness, eczema, and fl u-like complaints compared with individuals younger than 30 years. However, they had higher risk of arm pain, shoulder pain, palpitations, and several gastrointestinal and allergic complaints. The intensity of musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, and allergic complaints was signifi cantly higher in the oldest age group. Conclusions: Subjective health complaints are very common in the normal population; there are gender and age differences in both prevalence and degree of complaints. The intensity of subjective health complaints forms a continuum, and there are no obvious cut-off point to indicate what are ``normal' ' complaints and what is illness.
On farmers’ participation in decision-making of ecological protection of drinking water resources

Farmers’ participation in ecological protection is the ultimate goal of the government's ecological compensation policy, and their willingness is a prerequisite for participation in ecological protection. This study mainly discusses the decision-making motive of farmers’ participation in ecological protection, and seeks for effective measures to prevent non-point source pollution of chemical fertilizer in water source protection area. In a creative manner, the author makes the famers’ willingness to cut back on fertilizer in the compensation scenario as the proxy variable of farmers’ willingness to participate in ecological protection of drinking water environment, and choose the ordered Logit regression model to analyze the causes of farmers’ differed willingness to cut back on fertilizer. The results show that income-related factors have a significant effect on farmers’ willingness to participate in non-point source pollution control, and those with concurrent business, high household income, high personal income, and high production efficiency are more likely to cut back more on fertilizer. Although the farmers’ awareness of fertilizer pollution is generally low, the farmers have a strong awareness of environmental issues and are very willing to participate in water environmental protection. In particular, farmers who have immediate family members living in the water supply areas pay more attention to water quality issues. In contrast, the farmers with higher willingness to receive