Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using confocal Raman microscopy to real‐time monitor poplar cell wall swelling and dissolution during ionic liquid pretreatment

The ionic liquids (ILs) are recognized as the potential solvents for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials before biomass conversion. However, little knowledge of how the cell wall of biomass responds to the IL locally and dynamically during the pretreatment is available. In the current work, the process of IL pretreatment of poplar using 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate ([C2mim][OAc]) was real‐time monitored on a cellular level by employing confocal Raman microscopy. The results showed that the biomass dissolution during the IL pretreatment can be clearly divided into two stages: (1) slow penetration of IL, and (2) rapid dissolution of lignin and carbohydrates. In this case, the onset of the dissolution of these compositions occurred only after the cell wall of biomass swelled to a certain extent. Because the first stage was a slow process which determined the process reaction rate, it can be deduced that enhancing the penetration capacity of IL was crucial for improving the pretreatment efficiency. Based on the obtained results, a model was proposed to better understand how the plant cell wall responds to the IL before, during, and after pretreatment. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:609–618, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electronic searching to locate qualitative research: evaluation of three strategies.

AIM This paper presents an evaluation of the effectiveness of three search strategies to identify research for a qualitative synthesis of patient experiences of living with a leg ulcer. BACKGROUND Systematic reviews of research are increasingly the form of evidence used for evaluation of health care. There are well-established methods for conducting systematic reviews of effectiveness incorporating randomized controlled trials. Methods have been developed for the synthesis of qualitative research, but these are not widely used or evaluated. Searching for qualitative research is one of the least developed and tested areas in systematic reviewing of qualitative research. METHOD The replication of three search strategies (free text, thesaurus and broad-based terms) developed for identification of qualitative research papers within electronic databases is described. Each strategy was run in seven electronic databases: MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, British Nursing Index, Social Science Citation Index, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, PsychInfo. The effectiveness of these strategies for identifying qualitative research for a synthesis of patients' experiences of living with a leg ulcer is discussed. FINDINGS Each of the three search strategies produced similar numbers of potentially and actually relevant papers from each of the seven databases. These results were most striking for CINAHL, when all of the papers ultimately included in the review were identified by each search strategy. No other database identified all included papers. CONCLUSION A simple search strategy using broad-based terms was as effective as a complex one (free text) in locating qualitative research examining patients' experiences of living with a leg ulcer. For a question with a clear nursing focus, it may be sufficient to search only CINAHL in order to locate qualitative research. This result needs replicating with other nursing topics.
Dependent landmark drift: robust point set registration based on the Gaussian mixture model with a statistical shape model

The goal of point set registration is to find point-by-point correspondences between point sets, each of which characterizes the shape of an object. Because local preservation of object geometry is assumed, prevalent algorithms in the area can often elegantly solve the problems without using geometric information specific to the objects. This means that registration performance can be further improved by using prior knowledge of object geometry. In this paper, we propose a novel point set registration method using the Gaussian mixture model with prior shape information encoded as a statistical shape model. Our transformation model is defined as a combination of the similar transformation, motion coherence, and the statistical shape model. Therefore, the proposed method works effectively if the target point set includes outliers and missing regions, or if it is rotated. The computational cost can be reduced to linear, and therefore the method is scalable to large point sets. The effectiveness of the method will be verified through comparisons with existing algorithms using datasets concerning human body shapes, hands, and faces.
Therapy was not what I expected: A preliminary qualitative analysis of concordance between client expectations and experience of cognitive–behavioural therapy

Abstract Expectancy violations have generally been neglected in psychotherapy research but may have important implications for therapy process and outcome. A qualitative approach was used to examine discrepancies between actual experience and expectations in client posttreatment accounts of cognitive–behavioural therapy. Nine good- and nine poor-outcome cases were included. Good-outcome clients frequently reported disconfirmation of process expectations, including surprise that therapy was collaborative, that they had the freedom to direct therapy, and that they were comfortable and could trust the process. Poor-outcome clients generally failed to report such experiences. Good-outcome clients also reported gaining more from treatment than expected, whereas poor-outcome clients reported being disappointed. These findings suggest an important role for expectancy disconfirmation in therapy.
Hybrid Feature Classification Model with Probabilistic Classification of the Image Forgery Detection

The image forgery detection is the technique to find the forgery in the images by analyzing the image matrix against the ground truth image. The image forgery detection plays the very important role for the digital media houses. The image data theft or copyright forgery may cause the hefty monetary losses to the real owners of the digital image data. To protect the copyright of the real owner, the image forgery methods are incorporated over the suspected image data. Several factors are analyzed under the proposed model in order to recognize the real identity of the image, which is decided in the terms of authentic or forged image. In this paper, the proposed model has been designed with the multiple features based image forgery evaluation. The incorporation of the fast retina key points (FREAK) along with the speeded up robust features (SURF) have been utilized for the development of the robust feature descriptor. The support vector machine (SVM) has been used for the probabilistic classification of the model. The experimental results have been obtained in the form of statistical parameter after the testing under the various numbers of test cases. The experimental results have clearly defined the proposed model as the winner in comparison with the existing models.
Design and implementation of an office standby–power management system through physical and virtual management by user–device habitual pattern analysis in energy–Internet of Things environments

In the changing environment of the Internet of Things, optimal energy management in smart spaces requires intelligent and reliable energy-aware-based context sensing and technologies that are capable of recognizing and analyzing the big-data user pattern. In this article, we propose an intelligent and reliable standby power management system. The system uses physical and virtual user behavioral pattern analysis based on energy-aware management to cut-off the standby power of office appliances in the office environment. We propose a two-step priority power-aware method. The first step entails physical perception and management that controls devices through user recognition and device relationship scenarios. The second step is virtual perception and management that controls the standby power by collecting user behavioral patterns and performs an analysis based on a rule mechanism. The proposed system was applied to three locations (offices A, B, and C) in the university test-bed. Power consumption was reduced to 23% of the original consumption through the elimination of unnecessary standby power consumption.
Degeneration of the long biceps tendon: comparison of MRI with gross anatomy and histology.

OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to relate alterations in biceps tendon diameter and signal on MR images to gross anatomy and histology. MATERIALS AND METHODS T1-weighted, T2-weighted fat-saturated, and proton density-weighted fat-saturated spin-echo sequences were acquired in 15 cadaveric shoulders. Biceps tendon diameter (normal, flattened, thickened, and partially or completely torn) and signal intensity (compared with bone, fat, muscle, and joint fluid) were graded by two readers independently and in a blinded fashion. The distance of tendon abnormalities from the attachment at the glenoid were noted in millimeters. MRI findings were related to gross anatomic and histologic findings. RESULTS On the basis of gross anatomy, there were six normal, five flattened, two thickened, and two partially torn tendons. Reader 1 graded nine diameter changes correctly, missed two, and incorrectly graded four. The corresponding values for reader 2 were seven, one, and five, respectively, with kappa = 0.75. Histology showed mucoid degeneration (n = 13), lipoid degeneration (n = 7), and fatty infiltration (n = 6). At least one type of abnormality was found in each single tendon. Mucoid degeneration was hyperintense compared with fatty infiltration on T2-weighted fat-saturated images and hyperintense compared with magic-angle artifacts on proton density-weighted fat-saturated images. MRI-based localization of degeneration agreed well with histologic findings. CONCLUSION Diameter changes are specific but not sensitive in diagnosing tendinopathy of the biceps tendon. Increased tendon signal is most typical for mucoid degeneration but should be used with care as a sign of tendon degeneration.
Receptor Signal Output Mediated by the ETR1 N Terminus Is Primarily Subfamily I Receptor Dependent1[W]

etr1-1 is a dominant ethylene receptor gene in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and confers ethylene insensitivity. The truncated etr1-1(1-349) protein is capable of repressing ethylene responses, whereas etr1(1-349) is not, lending support to a hypothesis that the dominant etr1-1(1-349) could convert wild-type receptors to an ethylene-insensitive state. Assuming that etr1-1(1-349) and etr1(1-349) would share the same signaling mechanism, we hypothesize that the etr1(1-349) protein is capable of repressing ethylene responses when not bound with ethylene. In this study, we show that both etr1(1-349) and etr1-1(1-349) are capable of receptor signal output, which is primarily dependent on subfamily I receptors. The etr1(1-349) and etr1-1(1-349) clones were individually transformed to mutants and the resulting phenotypes were scored. Each of those transgenes restored the rosette growth and flower fertility of etr1-7 ers1-2 to a similar extent. In contrast, neither etr1(1-349) nor etr1-1(1-349) was capable of signal output in etr1-7 ers1-3. The ERS1 transcript was detectable in ers1-2 but not in ers1-3, implying that ETR1 N-terminal signaling is subfamily I dependent. Loss of the subfamily II receptor genes did not perturb etr1-1(1-349)-mediated ethylene insensitivity. Possible roles of subfamily I receptors and disulfide linkages in ETR1 receptor signal output mediated through the N terminus are discussed.
A general method used to conduct a harmonic analysis on carrier-based pulse width modulation inverters

A method used to determine the harmonic components of the output waveform of a pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter is presented. The method calculates the Fourier coefficients of individual positive and negative pulses of the output PWM waveform and adds them together using the principle of superposition to calculate the Fourier coefficients of the entire PWM output signal. This method allows direct calculation of harmonic magnitudes and angles without having to use linear approximations, look-up tables, or Bessel functions. The method presented is a general method that can easily be extended to various types of multilevel inverters and PWM schemes.
Broadband single-mode microfiber coupler for OCT

We present a broadband bi-conical microfiber coupler (MFC) with a specifically designed transition region that effectively suppresses any higher-order mode content present at the input fiber and provides efficient power splitting into the fundamental mode at the two output ports. As a practical example, single-mode 3-dB splitting operation over a very broad spectral window (400∼1700 nm) was demonstrated with a 1. 1µm MFC made from conventional telecom optical fibers.
Naturalistic stimuli increase the rate and efficiency of information transmission by primary auditory afferents

Natural sounds, especially communication sounds, have highly structured amplitude and phase spectra. We have quantified how structure in the amplitude spectrum of natural sounds affects coding in primary auditory afferents. Auditory afferents encode stimuli with naturalistic amplitude spectra dramatically better than broad-band stimuli (approximating white noise); the rate at which the spike train carries information about the stimulus is 2–6 times higher for naturalistic sounds. Furthermore, the information rates can reach 90% of the fundamental limit to information transmission set by the statistics of the spike response. These results indicate that the coding strategy of the auditory nerve is matched to the structure of natural sounds; this ‘tuning’ allows afferent spike trains to provide higher processing centres with a more complete description of the sensory world.
Estimation of cost rate percentage for travelling salesman problem using hybridized ACO algorithm

Cost rate percentage is a percentage that suggests reducing the cost of path that is traveled by salesman from one city to another. Ant colony optimization (ACO) is an algorithm that is used to determine the shortest path and best cost at minimum iterations possible for a random data set on the basis of Euclidean distance formula. In this paper we have presented ACO algorithm with certain modifications as we have introduce equations like hamming, chebyshev along with standard Euclidean equation inside the ACO algorithm. The proposed algorithm is applied over the random data set generated by the code itself in Matlab tool. A proposed algorithm when depicts the rate percentage, it actually considers the surroundings and the history of that particular subject. ACO gives the best cost and covers the whole data set with minimum cost and shortest path.
Methods for dynamic test vector compaction in sequential test generation

This report presents three dynamic methods for reducing the number of test vectors for sequential circuit test pattern generation. All methods work by taking a test sequence generated by the main ATPG program for a single fault and assigning the unspecified primary inputs with specific values. The completely filled test sequence can then be shown by simulation to pick up more faults than the one for which it was generated. All three approaches are presented and discussed, with the last method justified and explained in more detail than the others. Each method has been incorporated into the FASTEST sequential automatic test pattern generator. Experimental results using many of the ISCAS-89 sequential benchmark circuits are presented for all approaches that demonstrate their effectiveness in comparison to the widely used approach of performing a single random fill on all unspecified inputs.
Direct torque control for permanent synchronous motor based on sliding observer

Based on the analysis of the mathematical model for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), a novel direct torque control system based on space vector pulse width modulation technique(SVM-DTC) was proposed, of which the stator flux and torque were regulated by PI controllers to decouple motor space vector in the two components of stator flux and torque. Meanwhile, a stator flux estimation method based on rotor position and stator current was used and sensorless was designed to estimate the rotor position. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively estimate the stator flux and reduce the electromagnetic torque and stator flux ripple, so the system has good static and dynamic performance.
Genetic evidence for female‐biased dispersal in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana (Ranidae)

Sex‐biased dispersal is an important but unexplored area of amphibian ecology. We predicted female‐biased dispersal in the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) based on aspects of their mating system and tested this prediction using data from seven polymorphic DNA microsatellite loci. Allelic (F‐statistics) and genotypic [assignment index, (AIc)] frequencies from nine Ontario populations support our prediction, although significant sex differences in inbreeding and variance of AIc were not detected. The diversity of mating systems found in amphibians represents an important avenue for investigating the relationship between reproductive systems, dispersal and phylogeny.
LEAP: Layout Design through Error-Aware Transistor Positioning for soft-error resilient sequential cell design

This paper presents a new layout design principle called LEAP which is an acronym for Layout Design through Error-Aware Transistor Positioning. This principle extends beyond traditional layout techniques, such as node separation, and significantly improves the soft error resilience of digital circuits with negligible performance cost. In this study, we applied the LEAP technique to the Dual Interlocked Storage Cell (DICE) and designed a new sequential element called LEAP-DICE. This element retains the circuit topology and transistor sizing of DICE but has a new layout based on the LEAP principle. Radiation experiments using an 180nm CMOS test chip demonstrate that our LEAP-DICE flip-flop encounters 5X fewer errors on average compared to our reference DICE flip-flop, and 2,000X fewer errors on average compared to a conventional D-flip-flop. Our LEAP-DICE flip-flop imposes negligible power and delay costs and 40% flip-flop-level area costs compared to our reference DICE flip-flop.
Do Consumers Benefit from Concentration in the New Economy? - A Review of Google's Mergers, Acquisitions, and Arrangements

Within the last three years, Google has acquired YouTube and DoubleClick and has attempted to control part of Yahoo! 's search advertising business. Two of the deals have not raised antitrust concerns by competition authorities. I review these deals with a focus on consumer welfare. Consumers are affected by being on one side of a multisided platform. Provided that better matches of search ads are beneficial, I demonstrate that the mergers may have positive effects for consumers through better matches between users and search ads. However, this does not substitute an in-depth antitrust assessment of the deals.
Microbial pathogenesis and the eukaryotic cytoskeleton at the American Society for Cell Biology annual meeting

Even though the World Health Organization considerssmallpox eradicated, the threat of bioterrorism has onceagain brought this potent virus to our attention. Vaccinia,a virus used as a live vaccine against smallpox, has beenstudied for years because of its ability to manipulate avariety of cellular functions. Vaccinia is able to mimic tyro-sine kinase receptor signalling in order to nucleate actintails and spread into neighbouring host cells at the tips of actin projections (Cudmore
Unambiguous Tracking Technique Based on Sub-Carrier Pulse Grouping for TMBOC-Modulated Signals in GPS

Based on grouping the pulses that compose the sub-carrier of the time-multiplexed binary offset carrier (TMBOC), we present an unambiguous correlation function that has no side-peaks causing the ambiguity in the TMBOC signal tracking, and also, that has a higher degree of the sharpness of the main-peak (DSM) over those of the conventional unambiguous correlation functions. Splitting the pulses composing the TMBOC sub-carrier into 12 groups, and, subsequently, forming the 12 group correlations corresponding to the 12 groups, we investigate the contribution of each of the 12 group correlations to the side peaks and main peak of the TMBOC autocorrelation function. Then, we propose a combining method of the 12 group correlations based on the investigation to remove the side peaks while improving the DSM. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed unambiguous correlation function not only has no side-peaks, but also has a higher DSM, and, consequently, has a better tracking error performance than those of the conventional unambiguous correlation functions.
Variability in energy cost of running during one training season in high level runners.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of training specificity on a possible change in the energy cost of running over a period of one training season in high level competition runners. Four middle distance and four long distance runners participated in treadmill tests on three sessions after a specific training period. In each session, every subject participated in two tests to determine, in the first test the maximal oxygen consumption and in the second test the energy cost of running. The second test was performed at 60% and 80% of Vmax (maximal speed reached during the first test, respectively 12 and 16 km.h-1), and at 0% grade. The maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max, ml.kg-1.min-1) increased significantly between the first and the last session (p < 0.05). For all the tests, long distance runners showed higher values of VO2max than middle distance runners (p < 0.001). During the year, there were no significant changes in energy cost (C, ml/kg-1.km-1) between the first and the last session (respectively at 60% and 80% vmax: 165 +/- 5.8 vs 164 +/- 4.9 and 167.5 +/- 3.5 vs 166.8 +/- 3.3), and no differences were found between middle and long distance runners. An addition, no changes were found in lactate concentration or in respiratory exchange ratio during all the training season. Discussion set out the difficulty to conclude to a stability in energy cost of running. First by the fact that the energy cost reflects both positive and negative effects of training. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)