Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Involvement of Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons and M1 and M4 Muscarinic Receptors in Motor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease

Over the last decade, striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) have reemerged as key actors in the pathophysiology of basal-ganglia-related movement disorders. However, the mechanisms involved are still unclear. In this study, we address the role of ChI activity in the expression of parkinsonian-like motor deficits in a unilateral nigrostriatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion model using optogenetic and pharmacological approaches. Dorsal striatal photoinhibition of ChIs in lesioned ChATcre/cre mice expressing halorhodopsin in ChIs reduces akinesia, bradykinesia, and sensorimotor neglect. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) blockade by scopolamine produces similar anti-parkinsonian effects. To decipher which of the mAChR subtypes provides these beneficial effects, systemic and intrastriatal administration of the selective M1 and M4 mAChR antagonists telenzepine and tropicamide, respectively, were tested in the same model of Parkinson's disease. The two compounds alleviate 6-OHDA lesion-induced motor deficits. Telenzepine produces its beneficial effects by blocking postsynaptic M1 mAChRs expressed on medium spiny neurons (MSNs) at the origin of the indirect striatopallidal and direct striatonigral pathways. The anti-parkinsonian effects of tropicamide were almost completely abolished in mutant lesioned mice that lack M4 mAChRs specifically in dopamine D1-receptor-expressing neurons, suggesting that postsynaptic M4 mAChRs expressed on direct MSNs mediate the antiakinetic action of tropicamide. The present results show that altered cholinergic transmission via M1 and M4 mAChRs of the dorsal striatum plays a pivotal role in the occurrence of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The striatum, where dopaminergic and cholinergic systems interact, is the pivotal structure of basal ganglia involved in pathophysiological changes underlying Parkinson's disease. Here, using optogenetic and pharmacological approaches, we investigated the involvement of striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) and muscarinic receptor subtypes (mAChRs) in the occurrence of a wide range of motor deficits such as akinesia, bradykinesia, motor coordination, and sensorimotor neglect after unilateral nigrostriatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesion in mice. Our results show that photoinhibition of ChIs in the dorsal striatum and pharmacological blockade of muscarinic receptors, specifically postsynaptic M1 and M4 mAChRs, alleviate lesion-induced motor deficits. The present study points to these receptor subtypes as potential targets for the symptomatic treatment of parkinsonian-like motor symptoms.
Polish Energy Policy 2050 and its impact on energy mix and emissions

Energy Policy is a part of national or community policy that concerns the development of the energy sector. Well-designed Energy Policy, should determine the prospective shape of the power sector and constitute a guideline for investors, banks and GENCOs. It should also propose some mechanisms to achieve its objectives. The Energy Policies of Member States must be coherent with European Energy Policy. The paper presents assumptions of Polish Energy Policy 2050 (PEP2050) and its impact on the Polish energy mix, CO2 emissions and cost of electricity. Scenarios included in PEP 2050 have been evaluated using generation expansion planning model developed by the authors - eMix. The results of multiple scenarios implemented to the model were used in the process of development of Polish Energy Policy to 2050. Submitted to the Ministry of Economy and Ministry of Environment constituted a basis to determine the needed transformation of Polish energy mix and to prepare the line in climatic negotiations.
Animal Rights as a Post-Citizenship Movement

Post-citizenship movements include persons who are well integrated into the economic and educational structures of their society, advocate goals that offer little or no benefit to movement members, and pursue cultural changes in addition to more traditional social movement goals (Jasper, 1997). This survey of 105 attendees at the Animal Rights 2000 conference, described by organizers as the largest event of its kind, supported viewing the animal rights movement as a post-citizenship movement. While confirming the high level of economic and education integration, as well as the moral motivation of participants, this study also showed a threefold increase in veganism over an earlier survey (Plous, 1991), supporting the importance of Jasper's cultural dimension of the post-citizenship model.
Legitimacy through scaremongering: The discursive role of alcohol in online discussions of cannabis use and policy

In Sweden, prohibitionist drug policy has contributed to making cannabis an illegal drug, viewed as dangerous, while alcohol is considered a legitimate recreational commodity. But the official Swedish cannabis discourse is now being contested on internet. In virtual environments an often employed way to try to legitimize cannabis use is by comparing it to alcohol. This indicates the importance of analyzing how substances are attributed with meaning in various contexts. This study aims to describe and analyze the discursive role of alcohol in Swedish online discussions of cannabis use and policy. Approximately 700 alcohol-related comments, posted during one year period, were retrieved from the cannabis-section of Swedish Flashback Forum (a website open for public viewing). The sample was analyzed qualitatively with analytical tools such as nodal points, analogies, distinctions and typological examples. Two concepts, danger and discrimination, were identified as nodal points in a cannabis legalization discourse, and provided a backdrop from which comparisons between alcohol and cannabis were made meaningful. We have found that cannabis and alcohol “changed places” in these online discussions. The participants drew on a prohibitionist cannabis discourse but applied its arguments to alcohol; alcohol was thereby given the role of the “ideal enemy” while cannabis was presented as a harmless plant rejected by society on moral rather than scientific grounds. The relevance of acknowledging and reflecting upon the influence that online “talk” has on young people's attitudes towards drugs is discussed.
Organizational Reputation: A Review

The idea of organizational reputation is intuitive and simple in its common usage. However, it is surprisingly complex when employed and investigated in management research, as evidenced by the multiple definitions, conceptualizations, and operationalizations that have emerged across studies. The authors see the past decade as a formative phase of the research, characterized by attempts to bring theoretical coherence and rigor to the subject area. In their review of the management literature, the authors focus on this formative period in particular. They attempt to inspire and guide management researchers by clarifying what organizational reputation is. In particular, they identify three dominant conceptualizations, namely, that reputation consists of familiarity with the organization, beliefs about what to expect from the organization in the future, and impressions about the organization’s favorability. The final part of the review is an overview of recent empirical findings in the management literature pertaining to the effects or causes of organizational reputation. The authors conclude by drawing attention to some important directions for future research, including the needs to investigate organizational reputation as multidimensional and dynamic and to model its antecedents and effects as more complex than the unidirectional models typically proposed.
Diagnostic compression of biomedical volumes

In this work we deal with lossy compression of biomedicai volumes. By force of circumstances, diagnostic compression is bound to a subjective judgment. However, with respect to the algorithms, there is a need to shape the coding methodology so as to highlight beyond compression three important factors: the medical data, the specific usage and the particular end-user. Biomedicai volumes may have very different characteristics which derive from imaging modality, resolution and voxel aspect ratio. Moreover, volumes are usually viewed slice by slice on a lightbox, according to different cutting direction (typically one of the three voxel axes). We will see why and how these aspects impact on the choice of the coding algorithm and on a possible extension of 2D well known algorithms to more efficient 3D versions. Crosscorrelation between reconstruction error and signal is a key aspect to keep into account; we suggest to apply a non uniform quantization to wavelet coefficients in order to reduce slice PSNR variation. Once a good "neutral" coding for a certain volume is obtained, non uniform quantization can also be made space variant in order to reach more objective quality on Volumes of Diagnostic Interest (VoDI), which in turns can determine the diagnostic quality of the entire data set.
Adaptive social similarities for recommender systems

Collaborative filtering (CF) is an effective recommendation technique, which selects items for an individual user based on similar users' preferences. However, CF may not fully reflect the procedure how people choose an item in real life, for users are more likely to ask friends for opinions instead of asking similar strangers. Recently, some recommendation methods based on social network have been raised. These approaches incorporate social network into the CF algorithms and users' preferences can be influenced by the favors of their friends. These social approaches require the knowledge of similarities among friends. There are two popular similarity functions: Vector Space Similarity (VSS) and Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC). However, both friends similarity functions are based on the item-sets they rated in common. In most cases, these functions are impractical, i.e. if two friends do not share the same items in common, the similarity between them will be zeros. To solve this problem, we propose an Adaptive Social Similarity (ASS) function based on the matrix factorization technique. We conduct our experiment on a large dataset: Epinions, which is a widely-used dataset with social information. The experiment results illustrate that our approach outperforms the baseline models and achieves a better performance than social-based method in [4].
A computational platform for visual fear conditioning

Computational models of fear conditioning help us understand the sensory pathways and neural structures underlying fear elicitation in the brain. The majority of the existing models have focused on conditioning on auditory stimuli by simulating the processing of the amygdala, which is the main brain structure implicated in processing fearful stimuli. However, there is now a growing understanding of how fear is elicited from visual stimuli, but as yet we do not have sufficiently capable techniques that can be used to model visual fear conditioning. Masking experiments are a key psychophysics technique that can help us understand these pathways by observing the behavior of the amygdala when presented with visual input that is not consciously perceived (masked). The amygdala's response is indicative of whether it is influenced more by the proposed sub-cortical pathway, than by the cortical pathway. In this paper, we present a computational platform for visual fear conditioning. We use the platform to model the visual pathways leading to the amygdala and with them simulate masking experiments to explore the hypothesis that a sub-cortical pathway exists. The platform uses a modularized Hebbian learning architecture that can organize inputs topographically and condition on multiple stimuli representing visual inputs. We evaluate the properties and behavior of the platform and its capability in simulating masking experiments by comparing our simulation results with those observed for human behavior. Our results provide computational evidence for the influence the sub-cortical pathway has on the amygdala.
Sequence Analysis of a 10·5 kb DNA Fragment from the Yeast Chromosome VII Reveals the Presence of Three New Open Reading Frames and of a tRNAThr Gene

We report the sequence analysis of a 10 531 bp DNA fragment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VII. This sequence contains five complete open reading frames (ORFs) potentially encoding proteins longer than 100 amino acids and an incomplete ORF coding for the 3′ part of the GCN5 gene (Georgakopoulos and Thireos, 1992). ORFs G9160 and G9155 correspond to the genes ENO1 (Holland et al., 1981) and PUP2 (Gergatsou et al., 1992) respectively. ORF G9165 codes for a protein which shares significant homology with known proteins present in databases (see below). The translated sequence of ORF G9170 shows 88% identity to the 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase encoded by the gene 6PGD from S. cerevisiae present in the SwissProt data library (P38720). This indicates that G9170 might code for a second 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. ORF G9175 codes for a putative new member of the mitochondrial carrier family. A hypothetical tRNAThr (TGT) is also present in position 6842–6913. The complete sequence has been entered in the EMBL data library under Accession Number U00028. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive Naive Bayesian Classifier for Automatic Classification of Webpage from Massive Network Data

This paper presents the application of Naïve Bayesian classifier to automatic classification of webpage. The key point in this article is that massive empirical data derives from the real traffic data collected from the backbone network of certain province in China, and we apply cumulative probability to determine the optimal size of feature vector adaptively. It's proved that the adaptive method of cumulative probability threshold selection applied in this study has good robustness. This paper focus on four feature selection methods: TF-IDF (term frequency-inverse document frequency), IG (Information Gain), MOR (Multi-class Odds Ratio), CDM (Class Discriminating Measure). We find that Naïve Bayesian classifier performs fairly well in speed and precision on big data sets, whose precision, recall and F1 metric are all above 90% in all 6 categories of webpage.
Special school inspection and its effects on teachers' stress and health, workload and job‐related feelings: a case study

ABSTRACT In 1992 the United Kingdom government introduced a new national system of school inspection. The intention was that this new system would help raise standards, increase choice and ensure better ‘value’ with increased accountability. The criteria for judging quality are applied to all schools, including special schools. This paper presents the findings of a case study which investigated special school teachers’ stress and health, workload and job‐related feelings before, during and after an inspection. The data indicate that the teachers viewed the inspection with increasing trepidation and many found the process a stressful one. Workload and hours of work increased as the inspection neared, while the period before the inspection was characterized by increasingly negative job‐related feelings, diminished feelings of personal accomplishment and increased indications of adverse implications for health. On the ‘plus’ side, following a favourable outcome, the proportion of teachers expressing positive.
Hippocampal Functional Connectivity Patterns During Spatial Working Memory Differ in Right Versus Left Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), affecting the medial temporal lobe, is a disorder that affects not just episodic memory but also working memory (WM). However, the exact nature of hippocampal-related network activity in visuospatial WM remains unclear. To clarify this, we utilized a functional connectivity (FC) methodology to investigate hippocampal network involvement during the encoding phase of a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) visuospatial WM task in right and left TLE patients. Specifically, we assessed the relation between FC within right and left hippocampus-seeded networks, and patient performance (rate of correct responses) during the encoding phase of a block span WM task. Results revealed that both TLE groups displayed a negative relation between WM performance and FC between the left hippocampus and ipsilateral parahippocampal gyrus. We also found a positive relationship between performance and FC between the left hippocampus seed and the precuneus, in the right TLE group. Lastly, the left TLE specifically demonstrated a negative relationship between performance and FC between both hippocampi and ipsilateral cerebellar clusters. Our findings indicate that right and left TLE groups may develop different patterns of FC to implement visuospatial WM. Indeed, the present result suggests that FC provides a unique means of identifying abnormalities in brain networks, which cannot be discerned at the level of behavioral output through neuropsychological testing. More broadly, our findings demonstrate that FC methods applied to task-based fMRI provide the opportunity to define specific task-related networks.
Robust global regulations of gene expression in biological processes: A major driver of cell fate decision revealed

One of the fundamental mysteries in biology is to grasp how a cell can choose a specific cellular process in coordinating complex multi-molecular interactions through DNA, RNA, proteins and metabolites. We investigated the existence of guiding principles in gene expression dynamics for three distinct processes: i) the innate immune response of macrophages to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, ii) interleukin 12 (IL-12) and IL-4 stimulated naive CD4+ T cell differentiation into helper T1 and T2 cells, and iii) HL-60 cell differentiation into neutrophil. We found that for all processes, forming groups of genes reduces gene expression fluctuations, revealing the emergent hidden collective genome-wide (global) expression dynamics and their biological roles. This demonstrates an important role of lowly expressed genes, which have been considered insignificant and noisy, as key players for collective global dynamics. Moreover, in neutrophil differentiation, there are specific gene ensembles (collectively named “genome vehicle”) responsible for the cell fate, and the collective motion of lowly and moderately variable genes within the genome vehicle guides whole genome expression dynamics to the neutrophil cell state. Elucidation of biophysical origin for the global guiding principle might provide a breakthrough understanding of how a genome can control cellular processes such as cell fate and differentiation.
Programming

T intent of Stanford’s CS105 Introduction to Computing class is the introductory computing class for non-majors. The class starts asking students to read and then write an Amazonstyle review for Douglas Rushkoff ’s book, Program or Be Programmed [12]. This book is used to help provide the justification to students for the inclusion of computer programming in CS105— students find programming the hardest part of the course, and it is important for them to understand why programming is included. While Rushkoff ’s case may be overly dramatic, we do believe that all college students should have the opportunity to learn to program. In line with this belief, we present an argument for computer programming as a key component of introductory computing courses for non-majors. We intend for this to be a discussion paper, with the intention to stimulate thought, rather than a research article. The interested reviewer is invited to take a look at the articles from the 2009 or 2013 Alice Symposia or [9] for research studies on the efficacy of teaching with Alice [6], the tool we will be describing in this article.
Interposing Flash between Disk and DRAM to Save Energy for Streaming Workloads

In computer systems, the storage hierarchy, composed of a disk drive and a DRAM, is responsible for a large portion of the total energy consumed. This work studies the energy merit of interposing flash memory as a streaming buffer between the disk drive and the DRAM. Doing so, we extend the spin-off period of the disk drive and cut down on the DRAM capacity at the cost of (extra) flash. We study two different streaming applications: mobile multimedia players and media servers. Our simulated results show that for light workloads, a system with a flash as a buffer between the disk and the DRAM consumes up to 40% less energy than the same system without a flash buffer. For heavy workloads savings of at least 30% are possible. We also address the wear- out of flash and present a simple solution to extend its lifetime.
Time-Resolved DNA Stable Isotope Probing Links Desulfobacterales- and Coriobacteriaceae-Related Bacteria to Anaerobic Degradation of Benzene under Methanogenic Conditions

To identify the microorganisms involved in benzene degradation, DNA-stable isotope probing (SIP) with 13C-benzene was applied to a methanogenic benzene-degrading enrichment culture. Pyrosequencing of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences revealed that the community structure was highly complex in spite of a 3-year incubation only with benzene. The culture degraded 98% of approximately 1 mM 13C-benzene and mineralized 72% of that within 63 d. The terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) profiles of the buoyant density fractions revealed the incorporation of 13C into two phylotypes after 64 d. These two phylotypes were determined to be Desulfobacterales- and Coriobacteriaceae-related bacteria by cloning and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene in the 13C-labeled DNA abundant fraction. Comparative pyrosequencing analysis of the buoyant density fractions of 12C- and 13C-labeled samples indicated the incorporation of 13C into three bacterial and one archaeal OTUs related to Desulfobacterales, Coriobacteriales, Rhodocyclaceae, and Methanosarcinales. The first two OTUs included the bacteria detected by T-RFLP-cloning-sequencing analysis. Furthermore, time-resolved SIP analysis confirmed that the activity of all these microbes appeared at the earliest stage of degradation. In this methanogenic culture, Desulfobacterales- and Coriobacteriaceae-related bacteria were most likely to be the major benzene degraders.
Making it Open and Keeping it Safe: e-Enabled Data Sharing in Sweden and Related Issues

Sweden, following the lead of other countries, has recently embarked on an ambitious e-Science programme. This paper focuses on one central aspect of this programme; data sharing. The reason for this focus is twofold: one reason is that data sharing has become one of the most powerful and promising directions in e-Science in general, even if also laden with difficulties. The second reason is that Sweden has a particularly unique position in relation to data sharing in several respects: Sweden has a world-unique set of social science and medical data collections, a well-established tradition of regulations concerning data protection, a widely used form of personal identification that allows integration of databases, and a population that generally trusts researchers and the Swedish state with personal data. The aim of the study was to investigate how e-science may influence the way which research data will be shared in the future. For this purpose stakeholders involved in Swedish e-Science data sharing and its new initiatives were interviewed and official documents on the topic were studied. The paper draws the conclusion that openness and integrity protection are particularly critical elements for the success of a range of future e-science endeavours – in Sweden and elsewhere.