Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why do Foreign Firms Leave U.S. Equity Markets?

This paper investigates Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) deregistrations by foreign firms from the time the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) was passed in 2002 through 2008. We test two theories, the bonding theory and the loss of competitiveness theory, to understand why foreign firms leave U.S. equity markets and how deregistration affects their shareholders. Firms that deregister grow more slowly, need less capital, and experience poor stock return performance prior to deregistration compared to other foreign firms listed in the U.S. that do not deregister. Until the SEC adopted Exchange Act Rule 12h-6 in 2007 the deregistration process was extremely difficult for foreign firms. Easing these procedures led to a spike in deregistration activity in the second-half of 2007 that did not extend into 2008. We find that deregistrations are generally associated with adverse stock-price reactions, but these reactions are much weaker in 2007 than in other years. It is unclear whether SOX affected foreign-listed firms and deregistering firms adversely in general, but there is evidence that the smaller firms that deregistered after the adoption of Rule 12h-6 reacted more negatively to announcements that foreign firms would not be exempt from SOX. Overall, the evidence supports the bonding theory rather than the loss of competitiveness theory: foreign firms list shares in the U.S. in order to raise capital at the lowest possible cost to finance growth opportunities and, when those opportunities disappear, a listing becomes less valuable to corporate insiders and they go home if they can. But when they do so, minority shareholders typically lose.
Contrasting forms of synaptic plasticity in monkey inferotemporal and primary visual cortices

ACTIVITY-DEPENDENT synaptic plasticity was examined in vivo in two cortical areas of the adult monkey visual system, the primary visual and inferotemporal cortex, the first and late cortical stages essential for object recognition. Discontinuous high-frequency electrical stimulation of intrinsic horizontal connections in layer 2/3 caused contrasting forms of synaptic plasticity in the two areas. In the inferotemporal cortex, long-term potentiation of extracellular field potentials in layer 2/3 was induced, whereas in the same pathway of V1, identical stimulation protocol elicited long-term depression. The results indicate that susceptibility to synaptic plasticity varies among cortical areas in the monkey brain.
Emotional and behavioural difficulties : causal attributions for social and working relations in Greek primary school children.

Emotional and behavioural difficulties are present in many children's lives. Prevalence and stability estimates have called for early identification and intervention. Several factors have been identified which relate to emotional and behavioural difficulties and conclusions have been drawn on how children with EBDs differ from the non-EBD. One area which has not been adequately researched is the relationship between emotional/behavioural difficulties and social cognition and more specifically to causal attributions. Children's causal attributions have been found to relate directly to their emotional and behavioural reactivity, so the objective of the present research was to identify the way children with EBDs perceive and interpret social situations of peer rejection and school failure. Two studies were carried out. The first study dealt with the identification process of emotional and behavioural difficulties in primary school children, aged 8-11yrs old, in Athens, Greece. The Rutter Behaviour Questionnaire for completion by teachers and parents was used for 266 children from 2 state schools. The prevalence rate was estimated at the 35% level. Sex and social class differences were also identified. Three groups of children were identified in the first study for participation in the second study. One group included children identified by parents and teachers on two occasions (the pervasive and stable group), one identified twice by teachers only and one twice by parents only. Each of the three groups was matched with a control in terms of sex, age and SES. It was found that children in all the three EBD groups have consistently failed to choose internal self-attributions in comparison to their controls i.e. selfattributions for failure and rejection in social and work relations were mainly external for the EBD groups whereas they were both internal and external for the controls. There were no differences between the two groups for the other attributions i.e. other attributions for failure and rejection in social and work relations were both external and internal, for both the EBD and control groups. No differences were identified between EBD and control groups in terms of children's ability to anticipate others' hurt feelings. However, differences were found between the pervasive EBD and control groups in children's reactions to anticipating hurt feelings. The EBD group children revealed both internal and external reasons, although they were able to realise, that internal reasons hurt more. The control group children only revealed the external reasons. These results enhance our understanding of the heterogeneity and situation specificity of EBDs and have major implications for assessment and identification measures. They also shed some light on the relationship between EBDs and causal attributions and can have useful educational, social and psychological implications for the children themselves as well as for their significant others.
Evolutionary optimization of speed and accuracy of decoding on the ribosome

Speed and accuracy of protein synthesis are fundamental parameters for the fitness of living cells, the quality control of translation, and the evolution of ribosomes. The ribosome developed complex mechanisms that allow for a uniform recognition and selection of any cognate aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) and discrimination against any near-cognate aa-tRNA, regardless of the nature or position of the mismatch. This review describes the principles of the selection—kinetic partitioning and induced fit—and discusses the relationship between speed and accuracy of decoding, with a focus on bacterial translation. The translational machinery apparently has evolved towards high speed of translation at the cost of fidelity.
Targeted Disruption of the Acid α-Glucosidase Gene in Mice Causes an Illness with Critical Features of Both Infantile and Adult Human Glycogen Storage Disease Type II*

We have used gene targeting to create a mouse model of glycogen storage disease type II, a disease in which distinct clinical phenotypes present at different ages. As in the severe human infantile disease (Pompe Syndrome), mice homozygous for disruption of the acid α-glucosidase gene (6 neo /6 neo ) lack enzyme activity and begin to accumulate glycogen in cardiac and skeletal muscle lysosomes by 3 weeks of age, with a progressive increase thereafter. By 3.5 weeks of age, these mice have markedly reduced mobility and strength. They grow normally, however, reach adulthood, remain fertile, and, as in the human adult disease, older mice accumulate glycogen in the diaphragm. By 8–9 months of age animals develop obvious muscle wasting and a weak, waddling gait. This model, therefore, recapitulates critical features of both the infantile and the adult forms of the disease at a pace suitable for the evaluation of enzyme or gene replacement. In contrast, in a second model, mutant mice with deletion of exon 6 (Δ6/Δ6), like the recently published acid α-glucosidase knockout with disruption of exon 13 (Bijvoet, A. G., van de Kamp, E. H., Kroos, M., Ding, J. H., Yang, B. Z., Visser, P., Bakker, C. E., Verbeet, M. P., Oostra, B. A., Reuser, A. J. J., and van der Ploeg, A. T. (1998) Hum. Mol. Genet. 7, 53–62), have unimpaired strength and mobility (up to 6.5 months of age) despite indistinguishable biochemical and pathological changes. The genetic background of the mouse strains appears to contribute to the differences among the three models.
Italian norms for the Freedman version of the Clock Drawing Test

Background: The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is a valid screening tool for the evaluation of cognitive decline. This study aimed to compute standardized norms for the Freedman version of the CDT in a population of 248 healthy Italian individuals aged from 20 to 89 years. Method: The effects of age, education, and gender on performance were assessed. Three conditions were administered: free-drawn clock (FD), which required participants to draw the contour, numbers, hands, and center of the clock; predrawn clock (PD), in which numbers, hands, and center had to be included in a predrawn contour; examiner-drawn clock (ED), in which only hands and center had to be inserted in a template including a predrawn contour and numbers. Scores for each of the single conditions and a total score were calculated. Results: Age had no effect on the FD condition, whereas a significant effect of age was found for the PD and ED conditions and the total score. Gender and education had no influence on any of the scores. Correction grids, cutoffs, and equivalent scores were computed. Conclusion: Standardized norms for the Freedman version of the CDT were collected in a large sample of healthy individuals. No adjustments were required for scores on the free-drawn condition, whereas raw scores on the predrawn and examiner-drawn conditions and the total score needed adjustments to account for age effects. The availability of standardized norms for this version of the CDT could increase the use of this comprehensive tool in the detection of dementia.
Flexible inspection systems in the body-in-white manufacturing

Flexible inspection has become a vital stage of the manufacturing process in the automotive industry. Therefore new procedures and new measuring devices were successfully implemented. In the paper an overview of inspection systems in the body-in-white manufacturing with a critical discussion of individual systems is presented. Special attention is given to the flexible inspection systems, which use either portable measuring arms CMAs and or measuring robots for 100% in-line inspection. The kind of tools and procedures used to prepare CMAs and measuring robots for the required accuracy, needed for the body-in-white geometrical inspection is presented in the part, where testing and calibration is discussed.
The Estrogen Receptor α Pathway Induces Oncogenic Wip1 Phosphatase Gene Expression

Wild-type p53-induced phosphatase (Wip1) is a serine/threonine phosphatase induced by DNA-damaging agents. This enzyme dephosphorylates several cell cycle regulating proteins, including p53, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, Chk1, and Chk2, resulting in negative feedback regulation of p38-p53 signaling after damage repair. Moreover, the Wip1 gene may be amplified or overexpressed, especially in hormone-regulated organs, and Wip1 gene amplification has been correlated with poor prognosis in hormone-related malignancies, including ovarian cancers. We therefore investigated the link between estrogen signaling and Wip1 expression. We identified seven putative estrogen response elements within 3 kb of the Wip1 promoter. We also found that estradiol (E2) treatment produced a 3-fold increase in endogenous Wip1 mRNA and protein expression in MCF7 cells. Direct binding of estrogen receptor (ER)α to the Wip1 promoter after E2 treatment was confirmed by a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay using ERα antibody and an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Wip1 overexpression induced by adenovirus and E2 facilitated the proliferation of serum-starved ZR-75-1 cells, with cell proliferation induced by overexpressed Wip1 ∼25% higher than that induced by E2. Wip1 phosphatase activity was essential for cell cycle progression. Wip1 stimulated the transcriptional activity of its own promoter through E2-ERα signaling. In addition, Wip1 overexpression induced Rb phosphorylation during cancer cell proliferation. These results indicate that Wip1 up-regulation is important in the pathogenesis of p53+ and ER+ breast cancer through the inactivation of p53 by dephosphorylation and the amplification of subsequent estrogenic effects through the E2-ERα-Wip1 pathway. (Mol Cancer Res 2009;7(5):713–23)
Current status of percutaneous right ventricular assist devices: First‐in‐man use of a novel dual lumen cannula

Ventricular assist devices have become an accepted therapeutic solution for patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction when pharmacology fails to maintain sufficient cardiac output. Despite various technologies that have allowed left ventricular assist devices to become more reliable and versatile in the past decade, comparatively little attention has been applied to right heart assistance which is still in the early stage of its development. The extracorporeal devices developed thus far have been associated with mobility issues and complications common to ventricular assist devices in general, such as infection, bleeding, and thromboembolism. Designed to obviate the problems previously experienced by other right ventricle (RV)‐focused devices, the Protek Duo (CardiacAssist, Pittsburgh, PA) is a novel, fully percutaneous, dual lumen cannula for RV support used in conjunction with the paracorporeal TandemHeart® (CardiacAssist, Pittsburgh, PA) pump. We describe our initial experience with the Protek Duo cannula in two different clinical scenarios. In addition, we summarize the current percutaneous mechanical support technology for RV assistance and propose modification of current technology to facilitate its application. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Note on the Kervaire Invariant

In [5] M. Kervaire defined an invariant for (4fc+2)-dimensional framed manifolds. This invariant depends only on the framed bordism class of the manifold and lies in Z2. W. Browder [2] (see also E. H. Brown [3]) gave a generalisation of the invariant that is defined for any even dimensional manifold with a Wu orientation; in this case it depends only on the Wu bordism class. A framed manifold has a Wu orientation and using his generalisation Browder showed that the Kervaire invariant of M" is zero unless n = 2 — 2 for some r > 1. In this note we reprove the above mentioned result of Browder. We use a consequence, due to NigeJ Ray [7], of the theorem of D. S. Kahn and S. Priddy [4]. This allows us to avoid the computational part of the proof in [2]. Throughout, all homology and cohomology groups have Z2 coefficients and we denote the Eilenberg-Maclane space K(Z2, n) by Kn.
Modeling in the neurosciences : from biological systems to neuromimetic robotics

PREFACE CONTRIBUTORS FOREWORD INTRODUCTION TO MODELING IN THE NEUROSCIENCES George N. Reeke PATTERNS OF GENETIC INTERACTIONS: ANALYSIS OF MRNA LEVELS FROM CDNA MICROARRAYS Larry S. Liebovitch, Lina A. Shehadeh, andd Viktor K. Jirsa CALCIUM SIGNALING IN DENDRITIC SPINES William R. Holmes PHYSIOLOGICAL AND STATISTICAL APPROACHES TO MODELING OF SYNAPTIC RESPONSES Parag G. Patil, Mike West, Howard V. Wheal, and Dennis A. Turner NATURAL VARIABILITY IN THE GEOMETRY OF DENDRITIC BRANCHING PATTERNS Jaap van Pelt and Harry B.M. Uylings MULTICYLINDER MODELS FOR SYNAPTIC AND GAP-JUNCTIONAL INTEGRATION Jonathan D. Evans VOLTAGE TRANSIENTS IN BRANCHING MULTIPOLAR NEURONS WITH TAPERING DENDRITES AND SODIUM CHANNELS Lloyd L. Glenn and Jeffrey R. Knisley ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS OF THE FRANKENHAEUSER-HUXLEY EQUATIONS MODIFIED FOR DENDRITIC BACKPROPAGATION OF A SINGLE SODIUM SPIKE Roman R. Poznanski INVERSE PROBLEMS FOR SOME CABLE MODELS OF DENDRITES Jonathan Bell EQUIVALENT CABLES-ANALYSIS AND CONSTRUCTION Kenneth A. Lindsay, Jay R. Rosenberg, and Gayle Tucker THE REPRESENTATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL DENDRITIC STRUCTURE BY A ONE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL-THE CONVENTIONAL CABLE EQUATION AS THE FIRST MEMBER OF A HIERARCHY OF EQUATIONS Kenneth A. Lindsay, Jay R. Rosenberg, and Gayle Tucker SIMULATION ANALYSES OF RETINAL CELL RESPONSES Yoshimi Kamiyama, Akito Ishihara, Toshihiro Aoyama, and Shiro Usui MODELING INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM: DIFFUSION, DYNAMICS, AND DOMAINS Gregory D. Smith EPHAPTIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NEURONS Robert Costalat and Bruno Delord CORTICAL PYRAMIDAL CELLS Roger D. Orpwood SEMI-QUANTITATIVE THEORY OF BISTABLE DENDRITES WITH POTENTIAL-DEPENDENT FACILITATION OF INWARD CURRENT Aron Gutman, Armantas Baginskas, Jorn Hounsgaard, Natasha Svirskiene, and Gytis Svirskis BIFURCATION ANALYSIS OF THE HODGKIN-HUXLEY EQUATIONS Shunsuke Sato, Hidekazu Fukai, Taishin Nomura, and Shinji Doi HIGHLY EFFICIENT PROPAGATION OF RANDOM IMPULSE TRAINS ACROSS UNMYELINATED AXONAL BRANCH POINTS: MODIFICATIONS BY PERIAXONAL K+ ACCUMULATION AND SODIUM CHANNEL KINETICS Mel D. Goldfinger DENDRITIC INTEGRATION IN A TWO-NEURON RECURRENT EXCITATORY NETWORK MODEL Roman R. Poznanski SPIKE-TRAIN ANALYSIS FOR NEURAL SYSTEMS David M. Halliday THE POETICS OF TREMOR G.P. Moore and Helen M. Bronte-Stewart PRINCIPLES AND METHODS IN THE ANALYSIS OF BRAIN NETWORKS Olaf Sporns THE DARWIN BRAIN-BASED AUTOMATA: SYNTHETIC NEURAL MODELS AND REAL-WORLD DEVICES Jeffrey L. Krichmar and George N. Reeke TOWARD NEURAL ROBOTICS: FROM SYNTHETIC MODELS TO NEUROMIMETIC IMPLEMENTATIONS Olaf Sporns BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX
A Distributed Interference Management for Crowded WLANs: Opportunistic Interference Alignment

Wireless local area networks (WLANs) are becoming denser and thus interference-limited due to heavy traffic from a number of adjacent access points (APs) and stations (STAs). We propose a novel interference management technique for overlapping basic service sets (OBSSs) in such WLANs, which intelligently applies an opportunistic interference alignment (OIA) concept to WLANs. Each BSS has an AP and multiple STAs, and operates with a carrier sensing multiple access (CSMA) protocol as commercial IEEE 802.11 WLANs. Both APs and STAs are assumed to have multiple antennas. Specifically, the proposed OIA framework consists of physical (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layer techniques: transmit beamforming and opportunistic medium access, respectively. First, each STA performs transmit beamforming which minimizes generating interference to other BSSs at the PHY layer. Second, each STA sends packets to its serving AP only when its generating interference to other BSSs is smaller than a pre-determined threshold at the MAC layer. Through extensive simulations, we show that proposed OIA scheme significantly outperforms existing schemes in terms of system throughput. Note that the OIA scheme operates with a distributed manner based on local channel state information at each STA and does not require any coordination among BSSs, leading an easier implementation in practice.
Instruction buffer with limited control flow and loop nest support

In this work, we present a minimalistic, energy efficient implementation of instruction buffer. We use loop detection and execution trace analysis to find most commonly executed loops in already scheduled application and tailor instruction buffer size to the size of most commonly executed loop(s). In addition to our previous work, we allow buffering of loops with limited control flow (early exit from the loop or early return to the beginning of the loop). We also show how analysis of loop nests can decrease the number of times loop body is copied from memory into the buffer. Our results show that in case of favorable loop nest, we can execute all but initial loop iterations from the instruction buffer, keeping instruction memory in the deselect mode.
Experiences of older people with dementia participating in a high-intensity functional exercise program in nursing homes: "While it's tough, it's useful"

The objective of the study was to describe the views and experiences of participation in a high-intensity functional exercise (HIFE) program among older people with dementia in nursing homes. The study design was a qualitative interview study with 21 participants (15 women), aged 74–96, and with a Mini-Mental State Examination score of 10–23 at study start. The HIFE-program comprises exercises performed in functional weight-bearing positions and including movements used in everyday tasks. The exercise was individually designed, supervised in small groups in the nursing homes and performed during four months. Interviews were performed directly after exercise sessions and field notes about the sessions were recorded. Qualitative content analysis was used for analyses. The analysis revealed four themes: Exercise is challenging but achievable; Exercise gives pleasure and strength; Exercise evokes body memories; and Togetherness gives comfort, joy, and encouragement. The intense and tailored exercise, adapted to each participant, was perceived as challenging but achievable, and gave pleasure and improvements in mental and bodily strength. Memories of previous physical activities aroused and participants rediscovered bodily capabilities. Importance of individualized and supervised exercise in small groups was emphasized and created feelings of encouragement, safety, and coherence. The findings from the interviews reinforces the positive meaning of intense exercise to older people with moderate to severe dementia in nursing homes. The participants were able to safely adhere to and understand the necessity of the exercise. Providers of exercise should consider the aspects valued by participants, e.g. supervision, individualization, small groups, encouragement, and that exercise involved joy and rediscovery of body competencies.