Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detection and classification of intrusions and faults using sequences of system calls

This paper investigates the use of sequences of system calls for classifying intrusions and faults induced by privileged processes in Unix. Classification is an essential capability for responding to an anomaly (attack or fault), since it gives the ability to associate appropriate responses to each anomaly type. Previous work using the well known dataset from the University of New Mexico (UNM) has demonstrated the usefulness of monitoring sequences of system calls for detecting anomalies induced by processes corresponding to several Unix Programs, such as sendmail, lpr, ftp, etc. Specifically, previous work has shown that the Anomaly Count of a running process, i.e., the number of sequences spawned by the process which are not found in the corresponding dictionary of normal activity for the Program, is a valuable feature for anomaly detection. To achieve Classification, in this paper we introduce the concept of Anomaly Dictionaries, which are the sets of anomalous sequences for each type of anomaly. It is verified that Anomaly Dictionaries for the UNM's sendmail Program have very little overlap, and can be effectively used for Anomaly Classification. The sequences in the Anomalous Dictionary enable a description of Self for the Anomalies, analogous to the definition of Self for Privileged Programs given by the Normal Dictionaries. The dependence of Classification Accuracy with sequence length is also discussed. As a side result, it is also shown that a hybrid scheme, combining the proposed classification strategy with the original Anomaly Counts can lead to a substantial improvement in the overall detection rates for the sendmail dataset. The methodology proposed is rather general, and can be applied to any situation where sequences of symbols provide an effective characterization of a phenomenon.
Ethanol Negatively Regulates Hepatic Differentiation of hESC by Inhibition of the MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathway In Vitro

Background Alcohol insult triggers complex events in the liver, promoting fibrogenic/inflammatory signals and in more advanced cases, aberrant matrix deposition. It is well accepted that the regenerative capacity of the adult liver is impaired during alcohol injury. The liver progenitor/stem cells have been shown to play an important role in liver regeneration -in response to various chronic injuries; however, the effects of alcohol on stem cell differentiation in the liver are not well understood. Methods We employed hepatic progenitor cells derived from hESCs to study the impact of ethanol on hepatocyte differentiation by exposure of these progenitor cells to ethanol during hepatocyte differentiation. Results We found that ethanol negatively regulated hepatic differentiation of hESC-derived hepatic progenitor cells in a dose-dependent manner. There was also a moderate cell cycle arrest at G1/S checkpoint in the ethanol treated cells, which is associated with a reduced level of cyclin D1 in these cells. Ethanol treatment specifically inhibited the activation of the ERK but not JNK nor the p38 MAP signaling pathway. At the same time, the WNT signaling pathway was also reduced in the cells exposed to ethanol. Upon evaluating the effects of the inhibitors of these two signaling pathways, we determined that the Erk inhibitor replicated the effects of ethanol on the hepatocyte differentiation and attenuated the WNT/β-catenin signaling, however, inhibitors of WNT only partially replicated the effects of ethanol on the hepatocyte differentiation. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that ethanol negatively regulated hepatic differentiation of hESC-derived hepatic progenitors through inhibiting the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, and subsequently attenuating the WNT signaling pathway. Thus, our finding provides a novel insight into the mechanism by which alcohol regulates cell fate selection of hESC-derived hepatic progenitor cells, and the identified pathways may provide therapeutic targets aimed at promoting liver repair and regeneration during alcoholic injury.
A Bayesian Multiple Kernel Learning Framework for Single and Multiple Output Regression

Multiple kernel learning algorithms are proposed to combine kernels in order to obtain a better similarity measure or to integrate feature representations coming from different data sources. Most of the previous research on such methods is focused on classification formulations and there are few attempts for regression. We propose a fully conjugate Bayesian formulation and derive a deterministic variational approximation for single output regression. We then show that the proposed formulation can be extended to multiple output regression. We illustrate the effectiveness of our approach on a single output benchmark data set. Our framework outperforms previously reported results with better generalization performance on two image recognition data sets using both single and multiple output formulations.
Composite Right/Left-Handed Metamaterial Transmission Lines Based on Complementary Split-Rings Resonators and Their Applications to Very Wideband and Compact Filter Design

In this paper, we discuss in detail the transmission characteristics of composite right/left-handed transmission lines based on complementary split-rings resonators. Specifically, the necessary conditions to obtain a continuous transition between the left- and right-handed bands (balanced case) are pointed out. It is found that very wide bands can be obtained by balancing the line. The application of this technique to the design of very wideband and compact filters is illustrated by means of two examples. One of them is based on the hybrid approach, where a microstrip line is loaded with complementary split-rings resonators, series gaps, and grounded stubs; the other one is a bandpass filter, also based on a balanced line, but in this case, by using only complementary split-rings resonators and series gaps (purely resonant-type approach). As will be seen, very small dimensions and good performance are obtained. The proposed filters are useful for ultra-wideband systems.
Evoked friction on a smooth touch device

Creating realistic virtual friction forces requires using complex hardware setups. In simpler mobile systems, friction is often suggested by mimicking textures with vibration, based on the position on the screen. Even in the simplest implementations, this paper proposes that force sensing should also be used to modulate vibration. In this way, Coulomb's model of friction can be better emulated and it can lead to conclude more easily that friction is the origin of the vibration. A proof-of-concept prototype is described, which received positive first impressions regarding improved user experience. A follow up study is warranted.
Comparative Proteomics of Chloroplasts Envelopes from Bundle Sheath and Mesophyll Chloroplasts Reveals Novel Membrane Proteins with a Possible Role in C4-Related Metabolite Fluxes and Development

As the world population grows, our need for food increases drastically. Limited amounts of arable land lead to a competition between food and fuel crops, while changes in the global climate may impact future crop yields. Thus, a second “green revolution” will need a better understanding of the processes essential for plant growth and development. One approach toward the solution of this problem is to better understand regulatory and transport processes in C4 plants. C4 plants display an up to 10-fold higher apparent CO2 assimilation and higher yields while maintaining high water use efficiency. This requires differential regulation of mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) chloroplast development as well as higher metabolic fluxes of photosynthetic intermediates between cells and particularly across chloroplast envelopes. While previous analyses of overall chloroplast membranes have yielded significant insight, our comparative proteomics approach using enriched BS and M chloroplast envelopes of Zea mays allowed us to identify 37 proteins of unknown function that have not been seen in these earlier studies. We identified 280 proteins, 84% of which are known/predicted to be present in chloroplasts. Seventy-four percent have a known or predicted membrane association. Twenty-one membrane proteins were 2–15 times more abundant in BS cells, while 36 of the proteins were more abundant in M chloroplast envelopes. These proteins could represent additional candidates of proteins essential for development or metabolite transport processes in C4 plants. RT-PCR confirmed differential expression of 13 candidate genes. Chloroplast association for seven proteins was confirmed using YFP/GFP labeling. Gene expression of four putative transporters was examined throughout the leaf and during the greening of leaves. Genes for a PIC-like protein and an ER-AP-like protein show an early transient increase in gene expression during the transition to light. In addition, PIC gene expression is increased in the immature part of the leaf and was lower in the fully developed parts of the leaf, suggesting a need for/incorporation of the protein during chloroplast development.
Altitude‐adjusted corrected geomagnetic coordinates: Definition and functional approximations

Analysis of the functional approximations used to transform between geographic and Altitude‐Adjusted Corrected Geomagnetic (AACGM) coordinates reveals that errors of >50 km can occur in the auroral and polar regions. These errors are the result of efforts to better approximate AACGM coordinates near the magnetic equator and the South Atlantic Anomaly. In these regions AACGM coordinates are not defined and alternate coordinates have been used. This augmentation and emphasis on the solution in regions near the equator result in spherical harmonic approximating functions that are less accurate than need be in the auroral and polar regions. In response, a new set of spherical harmonic coefficients have been derived that better represent AACGM coordinates in these regions. These new AACGM coefficients are limited to below 2000 km in altitude in order to ensure accuracy. For altitudes above 2000 km, a magnetic field‐line tracing solution is recommended. A software package developed to take advantage of the new AACGM coefficients provides the capability of tracing magnetic field lines at any altitude, for improved accuracy. In addition, linear interpolation between 5 year epochs is used to produce coordinates that vary smoothly over the entire period from 1965 to present. The intent of this work is to provide a more accurate procedure for determining AACGM coordinates in the auroral and polar regions for the study of magnetospheric and ionospheric processes.
Antigen presentation by resting B cells. Radiosensitivity of the antigen-presentation function and two distinct pathways of T cell activation

In this report we have examined the ability of small resting B cells to act as antigen-presenting cells (APC) to antigen-specific MHC- restricted T cells as assessed by either T cell proliferation or T cell- dependent B cell stimulation. We found that 10 of 14 in vitro antigen- specific MHC-restricted T cell clones and lines and three of four T cell hybridomas could be induced to either proliferate or secrete IL-2 in the presence of lightly irradiated (1,000 rads) purified B cells and the appropriate foreign antigen. All T cell lines and hybridomas were stimulated to proliferate or make IL-2 by macrophage- and dendritic cell-enriched populations and all T cells tested except one hybridoma caused B cell activation when stimulated with B cells as APC. Furthermore, lightly irradiated, highly purified syngeneic B cells were as potent a source of APC for inducing B cell activation as were low density dendritic and macrophage-enriched cells. Lymph node T cells freshly taken from antigen-primed animals were also found to proliferate when cultured with purified B cells and the appropriate antigen. Thus, small resting B cells can function as APC to a variety of T cells. This APC function was easily measured when the cells were irradiated with 1,000 rads, but was greatly diminished or absent when they were irradiated with 3,300 rads. Thus, the failure of some other laboratories to observe this phenomenon may be the result of the relative radiosensitivity of the antigen-presenting function of the B cells. In addition, this radiosensitivity allowed us to easily distinguish B cell antigen presentation from presentation by the dendritic cell and macrophage, as the latter was resistant to 3,300 rads. Finally, one T cell clone that failed to proliferate when B cells were used as APC was able to recruit allogeneic B cells to proliferate in the presence of syngeneic B cells and the appropriate antigen. This result suggests that there are at least two distinct pathways of activation in T cells, one that leads to T cell proliferation and one that leads to the secretion of B cell recruitment factor(s).
How old are SN Ia Progenitor Systems? New Observational Constraints on the Distribution of Time Delays from GALEX

The time delay between the formation of the progenitor systems of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) and their detonation is a vital discriminant between the various progenitor scenarios that have been proposed for them. We use SDSS optical and GALEX ultraviolet observations of the early-type host galaxies of 21 nearby SNe Ia and quantify the presence or absence of any young stellar population to constrain the minimum time delay for each supernova. We find that early-type host galaxies lack `prompt' SNe Ia with time delays of <100 Myr and that ~70% SNe Ia have minimum time delays of 275 Myr -- 1.25 Gyr, with a median of 650 Myr, while at least 20% SNe Ia have minimum time delays of at least 1 Gyr at 95% confidence and two of these four SNe Ia are are likely older than 2 Gyr. The distribution of minimum time delays observed matches most closely the expectation for the single-degenerate channel with a main sequence donor. Furthermore, we do not find any evidence that sub-luminous SNe Ia are associated with long time delays.
Preoperative cerebrospinal fluid β-Amyloid/Tau ratio and postoperative delirium

The neuropathogenesis of postoperative delirium remains unknown. Low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) β‐amyloid protein (Aβ) and high CSF Tau levels are associated with Alzheimer's disease. We, therefore, assessed whether lower preoperative CSF Aβ/Tau ratio was associated with higher incidence and greater severity of postoperative delirium.
Depletion and low gas temperature in the L 183 prestellar core : the N 2 H +-N 2 D + tool ⋆

Context. The study of pre-stellar cores (PSCs) su ffers from a lack of undepleted species to trace the gas physica l properties in their very dense inner parts. Aims. We want to carry out detailed modelling of N 2H and N2D cuts across the L183 main core to evaluate the depletion of th ese species and their usefulness as a probe of physical conditions in PSC s. Methods. We have developed a non-LTE (NLTE) Monte-Carlo code treatin g he 1D radiative transfer of both N 2H and N2D, making use of recently published collisional coe fficients with He between individual hyperfine levels. The code includes line overlap between hyperfine transitions. An extensive set of core models is calculated a nd compared with observations. Special attention is paid to the issue of source coupling to the antenna beam. Results. The best fitting models indicate that i) gas in the core center is very cold (7± 1 K) and thermalized with dust, ii) depletion of N 2H does occur, starting at densities 5–7 × 10 cm and reaching a factor of 6 +13 −3 in abundance, iii) deuterium fractionation reaches ∼70% at the core center, and iv) the density profile is proportional to r −1 out to∼4000 AU, and to r −2 beyond. Conclusions. Our NLTE code could be used to (re-)interpret recent and upco ming observations of N 2H and N2D in many pre-stellar cores of interest, to obtain better temperature and abundance pro files.
Population-Based Childhood Overweight Prevention: Outcomes of the ‘Be Active, Eat Right’ Study

Objective An overweight prevention protocol was used in the ‘Be active, eat right’ study; parents of overweight children (5 years) were offered healthy lifestyle counseling by youth health care professionals. Effects of the protocol on child BMI and waist circumference at age 7 years were evaluated. Methods A cluster RCT was conducted among nine youth health care centers in the Netherlands. Parents of overweight, not obese, children received lifestyle counseling and motivational interviewing according to the overweight prevention protocol in the intervention condition (n = 349) and usual care in the control condition (n = 288). Measurements were made of child height, weight and waist circumference at baseline and at a two-year follow-up; parents completed questionnaires regarding demographic characteristics. Linear mixed models were applied; interaction terms were explored. Results The analyzed population consisted of 38.1% boys; mean age 5.7 [sd: 0.4] years; mean BMI 18.1 [sd: 0.6], the median number of counseling sessions in the intervention condition was 2. The regression model showed no significant difference in BMI increase between the research conditions at follow-up (beta −0.16; 95% CI:−0.60 to 0.27; p = 0.463). There was a significant interaction between baseline BMI and research condition; children with a baseline BMI of 17.25 and 17.50 had a smaller increase in BMI at follow-up when allocated to the intervention condition compared to control condition (estimated adjusted mean difference −0.67 [se: 0.30] and −0.52 [se: 0.36]). Conclusion Mildly overweight children (baseline BMI 17.25 and 17.50) in the intervention condition showed a significantly smaller increase in BMI at follow-up compared to the control condition; there was no overall difference between intervention and control condition. Future research may explore and evaluate improvements of the prevention protocol. Trial Registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN04965410
Divide-and-conquer interpolation for list decoding of reed-solomon codes

The most computationally demanding step in algebraic soft-decision decoding, as well as Sudan-type list-decoding, of Reed-Solomon codes is bivariate polynomial interpolation. The interpolation problem consists of computing a polynomial Q(X,Y) that passes through a given set of points P with prescribed multiplicities M. We propose a new divide-and-conquer method that can potentially reduce the complexity of interpolation. Specifically, we split the interpolation problem {P,M} into two problems {P<sub>1</sub>,M<sub>1</sub>} and {P<sub>2</sub>,M<sub>2</sub>}, and then show that the intersection of the corresponding polynomial ideals I(P<sub>1</sub>,M<sub>1</sub>)capI(P<sub>2</sub>,M<sub>2</sub>) is equal to their product. Our divide-and-conquer approach differs from the one suggested by Feng-Giraud [G.L. Feng, (2002)] in that the interpolation subproblems {P<sub>2</sub>,M<sub>2</sub>} and {P<sub>2 </sub>,M<sub>2</sub>} are solved independently and only afterwards their solutions are merged. This makes it possible to solve these problems in parallel
All you need is LATE Primary Job Market Paper

Instrumental variable (IV) is a standard tool to measure the eect of a treatment. However, it relies on a strong “no-defiers” condition, and it captures the eect of the treatment for compliers only. This paper shows that “no-defiers” can be replaced by a weaker condition, which requires only that conditional on their treatment eects, more subjects move in the compliant direction than otherwise. This weaker condition is sucient to capture causal eects for a subgroup of same size as the standard population of compliers. It also shows that the eect of the treatment is the same for compliers as for a larger population G. As a result, IV also captures treatment eects for G. The size of G can be bounded. Those two results are used to reanalyze the internal and external validity of the estimates in Angrist & Evans (1998).
Performance of Security Mechanisms in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Adding security mechanisms to computer and communications systems without degrading their performance is a difficult task. This holds especially for wireless ad hoc networks that, due to their physical and logical openness, are easier to attack than wired networks. Additionally, such networks are expected to have less resources in terms of computational capabilities and must also rely on batteries for power supply. We investigate the impact of two misbehavior detection mechanisms based on Neural Networks and Artificial Immune Systems. In the performance analysis we assume that wireless devices, in many scenarios, must work with extremely limited computational resources. An example of such a scenario are sensor networks. This implicates that the security system of choice has to be very efficient in order not to disturb the normal wireless device operation.
Aspirin use and risk of cataract in posttrial follow-up of Physicians' Health Study I.

BACKGROUND In Physicians' Health Study I, randomized trial results indicated no major beneficial effect of 5 years of low-dose aspirin treatment on total cataract (relative risk [RR], 0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79-1.13) or cataract extraction (RR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.65-1.01) during the period of treatment. OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of assigned aspirin treatment and posttrial, self-selected aspirin use on the risk of age-related cataract over the 15 years of follow-up of Physicians' Health Study I. METHODS Participants were 20 968 US male physicians enrolled in Physicians' Health Study I who did not report cataract at baseline. At 7 years, after termination of the randomized aspirin component of the trial, self-selected aspirin use was computed from annual questionnaires. The main outcome measures were age-related cataract and extraction of age-related cataract, defined as an incident, age-related lens opacity responsible for a reduction in best-corrected visual acuity to 20/30 or worse based on self-report confirmed by medical record review. RESULTS During a median of 14.9 years of follow-up, there were 2081 cataracts and 1198 cataract extractions. Overall, the age- and beta carotene-adjusted RR of cataract in men assigned to aspirin compared with those assigned to placebo was 1.09 (95% CI, 1.00-1.18). For cataract extraction, the RR was 1.09 (95% CI, 0.98-1.22). During a median posttrial follow-up of 7.9 years, a total of 1225 incident cataracts and 635 cataract extractions were documented. The multivariate RR of cataract in men who reported using aspirin frequently (>/=180 days per year) at 7 years compared with nonusers (0-13 days per year) was 1.20 (95% CI, 1.03-1.40). For cataract extraction, the multivariate RR was 1.22 (95% CI, 0.98-1.51). Results for diagnosis and extraction of cataract subtypes were similar. CONCLUSIONS Analyses based on randomized aspirin assignment indicated no long-term benefit of 5 years of low-dose aspirin treatment on total cataract or cataract extraction. Posttrial, observational data also indicated no decreased risk of cataract in aspirin users and suggested a small increased risk of cataract in aspirin users. Further randomized trial data to investigate the effect of longer term treatment with low-dose aspirin are being collected as part of the ongoing Women's Health Study, a randomized trial of low-dose aspirin and vitamin E among 39 876 apparently healthy, postmenopausal US female health professionals.