Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Selection diversity forwarding in a multihop packet radio network with fading channel and capture

Recent and increased interest of wireless mobile ad hoc networking motivates detailed examination of routing schemes specifically targeted for the demanding constraints that an unreliable, time varying and broadcast like wireless medium imposes. Incorporation and exploitation of radio characteristics are fundamental keys to successful and near optimal operation of routing schemes in a wireless environment. In this paper, forwarding methods for wireless mobile multihop networking in Rayleigh fading and non-fading channels are examined. An adaptive forwarding scheme denoted Selection Diversity Forwarding (SDF) is introduced and compared with two classical forwarding methods. It is shown that SDF presents significant performance improvements. In particular and in contrast to the reference methods NFP and MFR, the performance of SDF is enhanced under fading channel conditions. It is found that local path adaptation has potential to perform better than routing approaches along a single path.
Lower Stress Responses After Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program Care During Eye Screening Examinations for Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Randomized Study

OBJECTIVE. Screening examination for retinopathy of prematurity is distressing and painful. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether a Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program intervention during a retinopathy of prematurity examination results in less adverse behavioral, pain, and stress responses as compared with standard care. METHODS. The first 2 eye examinations in 36 preterm infants were evaluated. The infants were randomly assigned at the first eye examination to receive either Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program care or standard care. At the second examination, crossover of subject assignment was performed. The assessments included behavioral responses; recordings of heart rate, respiration, and oxygenation; pain scores (premature infant pain profile); and salivary cortisol at defined time points up to 4 hours after the eye examination. The nursing support given during the eye examinations (intervention score) were scored using predefined criteria. RESULTS. Altogether, 68 examinations were evaluated. Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program care was associated with better behavioral scores during the examination but there was no difference in heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygenation, or premature infant pain profile score between the 2 care strategies before or after the eye examination. Salivary cortisol increased from baseline to 30 minutes after the eye examination independent of care strategy and decreased significantly between 30 and 60 minutes when infants were subjected to Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program care but not after standard care. During the study period the intervention score for standard care increased and approached the score for Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program care at the later eye examinations. CONCLUSION. A Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program-based intervention during eye examination does not decrease pain responses but results in faster recovery, as measured by lower salivary cortisol 60 minutes after the examination. The differences were seen despite the influence from the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program intervention on the standard care treatment that occurred during the study period.
WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS-A TECHNICAL REVIEW

Wind power production has been under the main focus for the past decade in power production and tremendous amount of research work is going on renewable energy, specifically on wind power extraction. Wind power provides an ecofriendly power generation and helps to meet the national energy demand when there is a diminishing trend in terms of non-renewable resources. This paper reviews the modeling of Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS), control strategies of controllers and various Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technologies that are being proposed for efficient production of wind energy from the available resource.
Computational study of the activated OH state in the catalytic mechanism of cytochrome c oxidase

Significance Density functional theory studies on the OH state in the catalytic mechanism of cytochrome c oxidase are performed. The proposed structure of OH state and its calculated characteristics are found to comply with the experimental data. The presented hypothesis solves, at least in part, the dilemma of the OH and O states in the catalytic mechanism of cytochrome oxidase. Complex IV in the respiratory chain of mitochondria and bacteria catalyzes reduction of molecular oxygen to water, and conserves much of the liberated free energy as an electrochemical proton gradient, which is used for the synthesis of ATP. Photochemical electron injection experiments have shown that reduction of the ferric/cupric state of the enzyme’s binuclear heme a3/CuB center is coupled to proton pumping across the membrane, but only if oxidation of the reduced enzyme by O2 immediately precedes electron injection. In contrast, reduction of the binuclear center in the “as-isolated” ferric/cupric enzyme is sluggish and without linkage to proton translocation. During turnover, the binuclear center apparently shuttles via a metastable but activated ferric/cupric state (OH), which may decay into a more stable catalytically incompetent form (O) in the absence of electron donors. The structural basis for the difference between these two states has remained elusive, and is addressed here using computational methodology. The results support the notion that CuB[II] is either three-coordinated in the OH state or shares an OH− ligand with heme a3 in a strained μ-hydroxo structure. Relaxation to state O is initiated by hydration of the binuclear site. The redox potential of CuB is expected, and found by density functional theory calculations, to be substantially higher in the OH state than in state O. Our calculations also suggest that the neutral radical form of the cross-linked tyrosine in the binuclear site may be more significant in the catalytic cycle than suspected so far.
How Might Financial Market Information Be Used for Supervisory Purposes ? *

Banks are thought to play a special role in the economy as monitors of investment projects and aggregators of borrower information. Banks also provide households and firms with sources of liquidity and allegedly play a role in the transmission of monetary policy. Without exception, countries with modern economies have developed banking sectors to help finance real activity. But the types of functions that banks carry out—taking deposits from households and investing them in illiquid and difficult-toevaluate projects—necessarily expose them to risks of failure. For example, economic shocks that raise depositor demand for additional liquidity can cause banks’ funding to dry up and potentially lead to decreased bank lending or the inefficient liquidation of existing projects. To guard against such systemic risks, countries have created public safety nets and established banking supervisory authorities of various forms. In the United States, deposit insurance and the Federal Reserve’s discount window are intended to protect both depositors and banks from systemic shocks. In addition, multiple government agencies supervise and regulate the banking sector to ensure that it is not overly vulnerable to systemic shocks. Currently, most bank supervisory agencies conduct onsite examinations to monitor the health of banking institutions and look closely at bank financial conditions and operational processes. However, it is increasingly obvious that a banking institution’s condition can deteriorate rapidly, and, if banks are examined relatively infrequently, then supervisory assessments can become outdated quickly.1 Thus, supervisors also have developed off-site How Might Financial Market Information Be Used for Supervisory Purposes? *
Memory in receptor–ligand-mediated cell adhesion

Single-molecule biomechanical measurements, such as the force to unfold a protein domain or the lifetime of a receptor–ligand bond, are inherently stochastic, thereby requiring a large number of data for statistical analysis. Sequentially repeated tests are generally used to obtain a data ensemble, implicitly assuming that the test sequence consists of independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables, i.e., a Bernoulli sequence. We tested this assumption by using data from the micropipette adhesion frequency assay that generates sequences of two random outcomes: adhesion and no adhesion. Analysis of distributions of consecutive adhesion events revealed violation of the i.i. d. assumption, depending on the receptor–ligand systems studied. These include Markov sequences with positive (T cell receptor interacting with antigen peptide bound to a major histocompatibility complex) or negative (homotypic interaction between C-cadherins) feedbacks, where adhesion probability in the next test was increased or decreased, respectively, by adhesion in the immediate past test. These molecular interactions mediate cell adhesion and cell signaling. The ability to “remember” the previous adhesion event may represent a mechanism by which the cell regulates adhesion and signaling.
Information-theoretic implications of constrained cooperation in simple cellular models

Recent information theoretic results on cooperation in cellular systems are reviewed, addressing both multicell processing (cooperation among base stations) and relaying (cooperation at the user level). Two central issues are addressed, namely, first multicell processing is studied with either limited-capacity backhaul links to a central processor or only local (and finite-capacity) cooperation among neighboring cells. The role of codebook information, decoding delay and network planning (frequency reuse) are specifically highlighted along with the impact of different transmission/ reception strategies. Next, multicell processing is considered in the presence of cooperation at the user level, focusing on both out-of-band relaying via conferencing users and in-band relaying by means of dedicated relays. Non-fading and fading uplink and downlink channels adhering to simple Wyner-type, cellular system models are targeted.
CRC Codes for Short Control Frames in IEEE 802.11ah

In the new IEEE 802.11ah standard, a CRC code of 4 parity bits provides error detection for the SIG field of length 36 or 48 bits, giving rise to a significant performance penalty, which may be acceptable if there is an additional 32-bit Frame Check Sequence check on the payload in layer 2. However, in 802.11ah, there exist new Medium Access Control (MAC) control frames which are Null Data Packets (NDPs), which squeeze all critical information into the SIG field, and do not contain any payload at all. Hence, error checking is solely on CRC-4. These NDPs signal critical control functions in 802.11ah, and will affect MAC performance and energy consumption greatly if false positives occur. To achieve better performance, we propose that the number of parity bits be increased, and give the generator polynomials that achieve the improved performance. For the best performance-compatibility trade-off, an existing IEEE 802.11 CRC-8 generator can be used; the number of parity bits increased can be kept to 2, with a moderate performance gain, which can be achieved by a CRC-6 generator. Further, if the current generator and NDP control frame formats are fixed, but have some essential information bits to be received with high probability that they are correct, we may nest an inner CRC code to increase the error detection performance of the essential bits. For the inner code, an existing IEEE 802.11 CRC-8 generator can be used with a loss of 8 non-essential bits. We also propose an inner CRC-4 generator for a moderate performance gain and minimal loss of non-essential bits, and inner CRC-6 generators for enhanced performance.
End-to-End Packet Loss Constrained Routing and Admission Control for MPLS Networks

Dynamic connection admission control (CAC) is an important mechanism to guarantee end-to-end quality of service (QoS) for specific Internet protocol (IP) traffic flows in multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) networks. Most of the solutions proposed in the literature target to satisfy the QoS constraints for the new request without considering them for the already admitted flows in the network. In this paper, we propose a joint routing and admission control mechanism for the IP traffic flows in MPLS networks. The solutions are obtained by solving exactly a mathematical programming model including end-to-end packet loss constraints for all traffic flows. Numerical results show that the model can be solved rapidly even for real-size instances of the problem.
Are Uric Acid Levels Different from Healthy Subjects in Bipolar Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia?: Relationship Between Clinical Improvement and Episode Severity in Male Patients.

INTRODUCTION Purinergic system dysfunction has been shown both in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and those with schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether uric acid levels in male BD patients with manic episode and schizophrenia patients with psychotic relapse differ from healthy male subjects. Secondly to assess whether uric acid levels in both patient groups correlate with episode severity and if a decrease in uric acid levels correlate with clinical improvement. METHOD A total of 55 BD patients with manic episode and 59 schizophrenic patients with psychotic relapse were evaluated at baseline and at weeks 1, 2, 3 using the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and their plasma uric acid levels were measured. 60 age-matched healthy males without history of any previous or current psychiatric diagnosis and treatment constituted the control group. In order to determine plasma uric acid levels, blood samples were centrifuged at 3000 × g for 15 minutes, stored at -80°C and measured in milligrams per deciliter. RESULTS Uric acid levels in both patient groups with manic episode and psychotic relapse were found higher than in healthy controls (f=6.122, p=.027). The difference between repeated measurements of uric acid levels in BD patient group was found to be between baseline and first week measurements (after Bonferroni correction) (p<.001). No correlation was found between YMRS and PANSS scores and uric acid levels at 4 assessment times. CONCLUSION Uric acid levels in male BD and schizophrenia patients with manic episode and psychotic relapse were similar with each other, and higher than in healthy males. No correlation was found between uric acid levels and episode severity in both groups. However, for patients with BD, a decrease in uric acid levels between baseline and first week seems to be correlated with clinical improvement.
Hemorheological risk factors of acute chest syndrome and painful vaso-occlusive crisis in children with sickle cell disease

Background Little is known about the effects of blood rheology on the occurrence of acute chest syndrome and painful vaso-occlusive crises in children with sickle cell anemia and hemoglobin SC disease. Design and Methods To address this issue, steady-state hemorheological profiles (blood viscosity, red blood cell deformability, aggregation properties) and hematologic parameters were assessed in 44 children with sickle cell anemia and 49 children with hemoglobin SC disease (8-16 years old) followed since birth. Clinical charts were retrospectively reviewed to determine prior acute chest syndrome or vaso-occlusive episodes, and rates of these complications were calculated. Results Multivariate analysis revealed that: 1) a higher steady-state blood viscosity was associated with a higher rate of vaso-occlusive crises in children with sickle cell anemia, but not in children with hemoglobin SC disease; 2) a higher steady-state red blood cell disaggregation threshold was associated with previous history of acute chest syndrome in children with hemoglobin SC disease and boys with sickle cell anemia. Conclusions Our results indicate for the first time that the red blood cell aggregation properties may play a role in the pathophysiology of acute chest syndrome in children with hemoglobin SC disease and boys with sickle cell anemia. In addition, whereas greater blood viscosity is associated with a higher rate of vaso-occlusive crises in children with sickle cell anemia, no association was found in children with hemoglobin SC disease, underscoring differences in the etiology of vaso-occlusive crises between sickle cell anemia and hemoglobin SC disease.
Effect of Immobilized Antithrombin III on the Thromboresistance of Polycarbonate Urethane

The surface of foils and vascular grafts made from a thermoplastic polycarbonate urethanes (PCU) (Chronoflex AR) were chemically modified using gas plasma treatment, binding of hydrogels—(1) polyethylene glycol bisdiamine and carboxymethyl dextran (PEG-DEX) and (2) polyethyleneimine (PEI)—and immobilization of human antithrombin III (AT). Their biological impact was tested in vitro under static and dynamic conditions. Static test methods showed a significantly reduced adhesion of endothelial cells, platelets, and bacteria, compared to untreated PCU. Modified PCU grafts were circulated in a Chandler-Loop model for 90 min at 37 °C with human blood. Before and after circulation, parameters of the hemostatic system (coagulation, platelets, complement, and leukocyte activation) were analyzed. PEI-AT significantly inhibited the activation of both coagulation and platelets and prevented the activation of leukocytes and complement. In conclusion, both modifications significantly reduce coagulation activation, but only PEI-AT creates anti-bacterial and anti-thrombogenic functionality.
Legacy Information Systems and Business Process Change: A Patterns Perspective

Integration of technical systems with business processes, and coherent strategies for the development of both, have long been recognised as critical to the competitiveness of companies. However, as separate systems become integrated, dependencies are established that complicate future reengineering exercises. These internal dependencies increase the risk associated with change, promote incremental approaches to systems reengineering and hasten the emergence of legacy systems. Once established, these legacy systems not only represent an impediment to advancing the technology strategy, they may also lock in redundant business processes with a consequent erosion of competitiveness. Reengineering these legacy systems to improve competitiveness therefore requires both technical expertise in systems engineering and an understanding of what the business process is intended to achieve. Recent technical and business change drivers such as the ‘Year 2000 Problem’ (Y2K)
Fast Exact/Quasi-Exact FBP Algorithms for Triple-Source Helical Cone-Beam CT

Cardiac computed tomography (CT) has been improved over past years, but it still needs improvement for higher temporal resolution in the cases of high or irregular cardiac rates. Given successful applications of dual-source cardiac CT scanners, triple-source cone-beam CT seems a promising mode for cardiac CT. In this paper, we propose two filtered-backprojection algorithms for triple-source helical cone-beam CT. The first algorithm utilizes two families of filtering lines. These lines are parallel to the tangent of the scanning trajectory and the so-called L lines. The second algorithm utilizes two families of filtering lines tangent to the boundaries of the Zhao window and L lines, respectively, but it eliminates the filtering paths along the tangent of the scanning trajectory, thus reducing the required detector size greatly. The first algorithm is theoretically exact for r < 0.265 R and quasi-exact for 0.265 R ¿ r < 0.495 R, and the second algorithm is quasi-exact for r < 0.495 R, where r and R denote the object radius and the trajectory radius, respectively. Both algorithms are computationally efficient. Numerical results are presented to verify and showcase the proposed algorithms.
Should the Same Learners Be Used Both within Wrapper Feature Selection and for Building Classification Models?

Due to the problem of high-dimensionality(datasets which contain many independent attributes or features), feature selection has become an important part of data mining research. One popular form of feature selection, wrapper selection, chooses the best features by directly addressing the question of which features build the best models. Various feature subsets are used to build classification models, and the performance of these models is the score of each feature subset. The feature subset with the best score is then used to build the final classification model. As wrappers use a classification algorithm (learner) both to select the features and to build a predictive model, it has been traditional to use the same learner for both, such that the features chosen will be those which optimize that model's performance. However, no research has considered whether having different learners operate inside and outside the wrapper (that is, for selectingthe features and for building the final model) might actually result in improved classification performance. In this work, weconsider five learners both inside the wrapper and for building the classification model, along with two datasets drawn fromthe domain of Twitter profile mining. By considering both the raw performance values and a statistical analysis, we find that contrary to intuition, usually the best performance for a given choice of external learner is not found by using the same learner within the wrapper. Instead, the Naïve Bayes learner is usually the best choice for selecting features, regardless of which learner is used for the external model. We also find that Multi-Layer Perceptron is able to build consistent classification models for many different choices of internal learner. Finally, the 5-Nearest Neighbor learner gave poor results both inside and outside the wrapper.
Power‐conservative server consolidation based resource management in cloud

The cloud computing environment is a real‐time communication network that involves a large number of systems connected in a distributed fashion, for which resources are available on demand. In recent years, due to the enormous growth of data and information, data maintenance tasks involve a major effort in information technology (IT) industries. So, IT industries are concentrating on the cloud computing environment in order to maintain their data and manage their resources. Owing to the increase in the number of data centres, which have an impact on electrical energy cost, peak power dissipation, cooling and carbon emission, power‐conservation‐based resource management is essential. A best‐fit heuristic job placement algorithm is proposed in this paper in order to increase the job allocation percentage, a worst‐fit heuristic virtual machine (VM) placement algorithm is also proposed in order to place the VMs over the physical machines (PMs) thereby reducing the number of the latter allotted, and a server consolidation algorithm is proposed in order to improve power conservation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.