Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Do Phenylketonuria and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Share a Common Dysfunction? A “Behavioural Inhibition System” Hypothesis

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a well defined metabolic disorder arising from a point mutation on a single gene. This mutation disrupts the metabolism of phenylalanine, which indirectly reduces the synthesis of dopamine. Severe cognitive impairment can be prevented by dietary treatment; however, residual symptoms may be reported. These symptoms appear closely related to a more prevalent childhood disorder: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The aetiology of ADHD is a vast contrast to PKU: it seems to arise from a complex combination of genes; and it has a substantial environmental component. These two disorders provide an opportunity to compare two vastly different genotypes that seem to converge on a specific phenotype. This thesis provides a comprehensive review of the literature on PKU, including aetiology, treatment, neural pathology, cognitive deficits and electrophysiological abnormalities. Where available, studies from the ADHD literature were matched for comparison. This comparative review found distinct neural pathologies that nonetheless had points of similarity that could underlie similar superficial symptom clusters. Overlapping symptoms between PKU and ADHD included deficits in visual function, motor function, attention, working memory, planning and inhibition. It has been suggested for both disorders that many of these cognitive deficits may arise from a primary deficit of behavioural inhibition. The primary behavioural inhibition deficit in ADHD (excluding the inattentive-subtype) has been explicitly linked to the Behavioural Inhibition System proposed by Gray & McNaughton . The current thesis proposes that PKU and ADHD share this dysfunction of the Behavioural Inhibition System, which leads to superficial symptoms being common to both disorders. One role of the Behavioural Inhibition System is to resolve conflict between two competing goals. Therefore,
Modelling the strength of steel plates using regression analysis and neural networks

Statistical models that predict the tensile strength of low-alloyed steel plates using the element concentrations and some variables of the rolling process were developed. The purpose of the work was to develop a new predicting model for Rautaruukki’s steel plate mill. The model will be used mainly in the product design of steel plates. The standard deviation of the error term of the best regression model was 10 MPa, which can be considered very good. The performance of the regression model was compared to a neural network model, but significantly better predictions were not achieved with neural networks than with regression models. The quantity of data used was very large, and special attention was therefore paid to avoid overfitting.
Apoptosis in the developing mouse heart

Apoptosis occurs at high frequency in the myocardium of the developing avian cardiac outflow tract (OFT). Up‐ or down‐regulating apoptosis results in defects resembling human conotruncal heart anomalies. This finding suggested that regulated levels of apoptosis are critical for normal morphogenesis of the four‐chambered heart. Recent evidence supports an important role for hypoxia of the OFT myocardium in regulating cell death and vasculogenesis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether apoptosis in the outflow tract myocardium occurs in the mouse heart during developmental stages comparable to the avian heart and to determine whether differential hypoxia is also present at this site in the murine heart. Apoptosis was detected using a fluorescent vital dye, Lysotracker Red (LTR), in the OFT myocardium of the mouse starting at embryonic day (E) 12.5, peaking at E13.5–14.5, and declining thereafter to low or background levels by E18.5. In addition, high levels of apoptosis were detected in other cardiac regions, including the apices of the ventricles and along the interventricular sulcus. Apoptosis in the myocardium was detected by double‐labeling with LTR and cardiomyocyte markers. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridinetriphosphate nick end‐labeling (TUNEL) and immunostaining for cleaved Caspase‐3 were used to confirm the LTR results. At the peak of OFT apoptosis in the mouse, the OFT myocardium was relatively hypoxic, as indicated by specific and intense EF5 staining and HIF1α nuclear localization, and was surrounded by the developing vasculature as in the chicken embryo. These findings suggest that cardiomyocyte apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for normal morphogenesis of the outflow tract myocardium in avian and mammalian species. Developmental Dynamics 235:2592–2602, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
What could they have been thinking? How sociotechnical system design influences cognition: a case study of the Stockwell shooting

Understanding why an individual acted in a certain way is of fundamental importance to the human factors community, especially when the choice of action results in an undesirable outcome. This challenge is typically tackled by applying retrospective interview techniques to generate models of what happened, recording deviations from a ‘correct procedure’. While such approaches may have great utility in tightly constrained procedural environments, they are less applicable in complex sociotechnical systems that require individuals to modify procedures in real time to respond to a changing environment. For complex sociotechnical systems, a formative approach is required that maps the information available to the individual and considers its impact on performance and action. A context-specific, activity-independent, constraint-based model forms the basis of this approach. To illustrate, an example of the Stockwell shooting is used, where an innocent man, mistaken for a suicide bomber, was shot dead. Transferable findings are then presented. Statement of Relevance:This paper presents a new approach that can be applied proactively to consider how sociotechnical system design, and the information available to an individual, can affect their performance. The approach is proposed to be complementary to the existing tools in the mental models phase of the cognitive work analysis framework.
Stack Bound Inference for Abstract Java Bytecode

Ubiquitous embedded systems are often resource-constrained. Developing software for these systems should take into account resources such as memory space. In this paper, we develop and implement an analysis framework to infer statically stack usage bounds for assembly-level programs in abstract Java Byte code. Our stack bound inference process, extended from a theoretical framework proposed earlier by some of the authors, is composed of deductive inference rules in multiple passes. Based on these rules, a usable tool has been developed for processing programs to capture the stack memory needs of each procedure in terms of the symbolic values of its parameters. The final result contains path-sensitive information to achieve better precision. The tool invokes a Presburger solver to perform fixed point analysis for loops and recursive procedures. Our initial experiments have confirmed the viability and power of the approach.
O teste de Conhecimento das Emoções para crianças de idade pré-escolar.

EnglishThe main goal of the study was to test the Affect Knowledge Test (Denham, 1986) in a group of Portuguese preschool children. 160 children, ages between 3 and 5 years participated. The instrument includes four basic emotions related tasks and aims to assess: 1) children’s abilities to label emotions through emotional facial expressions, 2) to recognize emotional facial expressions through verbal labels, 3) to infer causes of emotions in emotion-eliciting typical situations; 3) to take others affective perspective in emotion-eliciting atypical situations. Confirmatory factorial analyses (CFA) were performed based on the theoretical factors defined by Denham (1986). Using the Unweighted Least Squares (ULS) method, data fit results were obtained through the multidimensional model structure, showing to be indicative of a good adjustment. Internal consistency values from the four dimensions were found reliable. Results suggest that the emotion knowledge development is mainly acquired during preschool years. portuguesO presente estudo teve como principal objectivo aplicar o Affect Knowledge Test (Denham, 1986) a uma amostra de criancas Portuguesas. Os participantes foram 160 criancas, com idades compreendidas entre os 3 e os 5 anos, sendo 68 do genero feminino e 92 do genero masculino. O instrumento identifica quatro emocoes basicas: alegria, tristeza, raiva e medo, e mede as competencias de: 1) no mear, 2) reconhecer, 3) conhecer as causas das emocoes, 4) descentracao afectiva. Procedeu-se a Analise Factorial Confirmatoria (AFC) da estrutura teorica original dos factores de Denham (1986), tendo-se obtido indices de bom ajustamento para o modelo da sua estrutura hierarquica multidimensional, com utilizacao do metodo de estimacao (Unweighted Least Squares, ULS), Minimos Quadrados nao Ponderados. Os valores de consistencia interna obtidos para os quatro factores permitem considerar as diversas dimensoes do teste fiaveis. Os resultados sugerem que o desenvolvimento do conhecimento das emocoes se adquire em grande parte ao longo do da idade pre-escolar.
Does syntax help discourse segmentation? Not so much

Discourse segmentation is the first step in building discourse parsers. Most work on discourse segmentation does not scale to real-world discourse parsing across languages, for two reasons: (i) models rely on constituent trees, and (ii) experiments have relied on gold standard identification of sentence and token boundaries. We therefore investigate to what extent constituents can be replaced with universal dependencies, or left out completely, as well as how state-of-the-art segmenters fare in the absence of sentence boundaries. Our results show that dependency information is less useful than expected, but we provide a fully scalable, robust model that only relies on part-of-speech information, and show that it performs well across languages in the absence of any gold-standard annotation.
Reveal: Fine-grained Recommendations in Online Social Networks

Content selection in social networks is driven by numerous extraneous factors that can result in the loss of content of interest. In this paper we present Reveal, a fine-grained recommender system for social networks, designed to recommend media content posted by the user’s friends. The intuition is to leverage the abundance of pre-existing information and identify overlapping user interests in specific sub-categories. While our system is intended as a component of the social network, we develop a proof-of-concept implementation for Facebook and experimentally evaluate the effectiveness of our approach.
A tactile P300 BCI and the optimal number of tactors : Effects of target probability and discriminability

In een vervolg op ons voorgaande werk over de P300 (een piek in het EEG die optreedt na het presenteren van een doelstimulus) in respons op tactiele stimuli gaan we nu verder in op de toepassing van dit signaal voor BMIs. We demonstreren een BMI die werkt op het richten van aandacht op tactiele stimuli rond het middel. Verder laten we zien dat het aantal gebruikte tactors (twee, vier of zes) de amplitude van de P300 beinvloedt. Het aantal tactors heeft echter geen effect op hoe goed de stimuli geclassificeerd worden in doelstimulus of niet door een SWLDA.
From System Services Freezing to System Server Shutdown in Android: All You Need Is a Loop in an App

The Android OS not only dominates 78.6% of the worldwide smartphone market in 2014, but importantly has been widely used for mission critical tasks (e.g., medical devices, auto/aircraft navigators, embedded in satellite project). The core of Android, System Server (SS), is a multi-threaded process that contains most of the system services and provides the essential functionalities to support applications (apps). Considering the complicated design of the SS and its easily-accessible system services (e.g., via Android APIs), we conjecture that the SS may face DoS attacks. As the SS plays the important role in Android, serious DoS attacks could cause single-point-of-failure to the phone system. By studying the source code, we discovered a general design trait in the concurrency control mechanism of the SS that could be vulnerable to DoS attacks. To validate our hypothesis, we design a tool to cost efficiently explore high-risk methods in the SS. After a systematic analysis of 2,154 candidate-risky methods, we found four unknown vulnerabilities in critical services (e.g., the ActivityManager and the WindowManager), which are named the Android Stroke Vulnerabilities ({\it ASVs}). Exploiting the ASVs would continuously block all other requests for system services, followed by killing the SS and soft-rebooting the OS. Results of a further threat analysis show that by writing a loop to invoke Android APIs in an app, an attacker can continually freeze (reboot) the device at targeted critical moments (e.g., when patching vulnerable apps). Furthermore, ASVs can be exploited to enhance malware with anti-removal capability or to design the ransomware by putting the devices into continuous DoS loops. After being informed, Google confirmed our findings promptly. We also proposed to their Android framework team several improvements in their concurrency control design and a fine-grained failure recovery mechanism for the SS.
Through the eyes of instructors: a phenomenographic investigation of student success

In this paper we present a phenomenographic analysis of computer science instructors' perceptions of student success. The factors instructors believe influence student success fell into five categories which were related to: 1) the subject being taught, 2) intrinsic characteristics of the student, 3) student background, 4) student attitudes and behaviour and 5) instructor influence on student development. These categories provide insights not only into how instructors perceive students, but also how they perceive their own roles in the learning process. We found significant overlap between these qualitative results, obtained through analysis of semi-structured interviews, and the vast body of quantitative research on factors predicting student success. Studying faculty rather than students provides an alternative way to examine these questions, and using qualitative methods may provide a richer understanding of student success factors.
Differentiating between Subsolid and Solid Pulmonary Nodules at CT: Inter- and Intraobserver Agreement between Experienced Thoracic Radiologists.

PURPOSE To quantify the reproducibility and accuracy of experienced thoracic radiologists in differentiating between subsolid and solid pulmonary nodules at CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS The institutional review board of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center approved this multicenter study. Six thoracic radiologists, with a mean of 21 years of experience in thoracic radiology (range, 17-22 years), selected images of 10 solid and 10 subsolid nodules to create a database of 120 nodules; this selection served as the reference standard. Each radiologist then interpreted 120 randomly ordered nodules in two different sessions that were separated by a minimum of 3 weeks. The radiologists classified whether or not each nodule was subsolid. Inter- and intraobserver agreement was assessed with a κ statistic. The number of correct classifications was calculated and correlated with nodule size by using Bland-Altman plots. The relationship between disagreement and nodule morphologic characteristics was analyzed by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS Interobserver agreement (κ) was 0.619 (range, 0.469-0.745; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.576, 0.663) and 0.670 (range, 0.440-0.839; 95% CI: 0.608, 0.733) for interpretation sessions 1 and 2, respectively. Intraobserver agreement (κ) was 0.792 (95% CI: 0.750, 0.833). Averaged for interpretation sessions, correct classification was achieved by all radiologists for 58% (70 of 120) of nodules. Radiologists agreed with their initial determination (the reference standard) in 77% of cases (range, 45%-100%). Nodule size weakly correlated with correct classification (long axis: Spearman rank correlation coefficient, rs = 0.161 and P = .049; short axis: rs = 0.128 and P = .163). CONCLUSION The reproducibility and accuracy of thoracic radiologists in classifying whether or not a nodule is subsolid varied in the retrospective study. This inconsistency may affect surveillance recommendations and prognostic determinations.
From Website to Moodle in a Blended Learning Context

This paper presents findings collected from a collaborative implementation project established in Spring 2008 between Aalborg University's IT-department in the Faculty of Social Science FSS and the E-Learning Cooperation Unit ELSA with the view to implement Moodle in FSS. The purpose of this cooperation was conceived from an organisational desire to establish a virtual learning environment VLE, where it was possible, to build activities and underpin the pedagogical approach. Another perspective was to further improve the communication between the administration, teachers and students. This paper will highlight the development process and some of the didactic considerations undertaken for the implementation. The evaluations undertaken during the process will also be presented, along with the results collected in the use of Moodle to highlight the educational changes.
Improved SVD matching based on Delaunay triangulation and belief propagation

Finding correspondences between pair of images of the same scene is a key problem in computer vision. When matching images undergo viewpoint change, partial occlusion, clutters and illumination change, there will be a lot of mismatches due to the limited repeatability and discriminative power of features. In this paper, we propose a robust matching algorithm that can remove false matches and propagate the correct ones to obtain more matches, thus improve the matching accuracy. Firstly, extract SURF (Speeded Up Robust Features) descriptors from the input two images, which can be used to build the proximity matrix. Then perform SVD(Singular Value Decomposition) on the proximity matrix to obtain the initial matches. Thirdly, refine the initial matches by the unique property of Delaunay triangulation that can produce the maximum clique of the two Delaunay graph. Finally, recover the lost matches with the constraint of dual graph of Voronoi. Experimental results on Oxford datasets indicate that our algorithm can improve the match performance compared to the RANSAC-based method.
Markov Decision Processes In Artificial Intelligence

markov decision processes in artificial intelligence is available in our book collection an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our book servers spans in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the markov decision processes in artificial intelligence is universally compatible with any devices to read
The Dynamics of AdaBoost Weights Tells You What's Hard to Classify

The dynamical evolution of weights in the Adaboost algorithm contains useful information about the role that the associated data points play in the built of the Adaboost model. In particular, the dynamics induces a bipartition of the data set into two (easy/hard) classes. Easy points are ininfluential in the making of the model, while the varying relevance of hard points can be gauged in terms of an entropy value associated to their evolution. Smooth approximations of entropy highlight regions where classification is most uncertain. Promising results are obtained when methods proposed are applied in the Optimal Sampling framework.
A novel algorithm for calculating the singular value decomposition of a polynomial matrix

A novel algorithm for calculating the singular value decomposition (SVD) of a polynomial matrix is proposed. The algorithm operates by iteratively calculating the QR decomposition (QRD) of the matrix to transform it to a diagonal polynomial matrix. Alternatively, this decomposition can be calculated using the polynomial matrix eigenvalue decomposition (EVD) routine known as the second-order sequential best rotation (SBR2) algorithm. However, this method does not operate directly on the polynomial matrix. Instead, it formulates the left and right singular vectors in turn, by calculating the EVD of two para-Hermitian matrices formed from the polynomial matrix. The advantage of the algorithm proposed in this paper, is that it does operate directly upon the polynomial matrix and can therefore allow significantly more control over the level of decomposition performed. The two approaches are compared by means of computer simulations which demonstrates that the method based on the polynomial matrix QRD algorithm is numerically superior.
Assessment of calcified carotid plaque volume: comparison of contrast-enhanced dual-energy CT angiography and native single-energy CT.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare estimates of calcified plaque volume in the carotid arteries based on contrast-enhanced dual-energy CT angiograms with volume estimates based on native CT scans. CONCLUSION Detection of hard plaque in the carotid arteries with dual-energy CT angiography was successful in all patients. Estimates of calcified plaque volume based on dual-energy CT angiograms correlated well with those based on native single-energy CT scans but at a lower attenuation threshold (130 HU as opposed to 180 HU) were underestimates compared with those on the native CT scans.
Effect of physicochemical properties on intranasal nanoparticle transit into murine olfactory epithelium

Small molecular weight drugs, peptides, and nanoparticles have previously been shown to localize in the central nervous system after intraneural administration. A basic understanding of direct nose-to-brain drug delivery, particularly for nanoparticles with different physicochemical characteristics, remains unclear. In this study, fluorescence microscopy and stereology were used to track intranasally administered chitosan-coated polystyrene (C-PS) or polysorbate-coated polystyrene (P80-PS) nanoparticles (100 nm or 200 nm in diameter) in olfactory and respiratory nasal epithelia and olfactory bulbs in mice. Chitosan coating caused particles to adhere to the extracellular mucus which could provide useful modality for paracellular drug transport. Nanoparticle transport was exclusively transcellular. None of the nanoparticle formulations showed preference for uptake into olfactory axons over other nasal epithelial cells. Both 100 nm PS and 100 nm P80-PS were observed in olfactory epithelial cells but were absent from the olfactory bulbs; therefore, it is speculated that an optimal nanoparticle diameter for axonal transport is <100 nm in mice.
A MapReduce scheduling algorithm for time constraints in heterogeneous environment

In public Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), virtual machines, servers, storage, and network are provided by cloud service providers. As a cloud service provider, who is facing a task for time constraint, how to schedule the service resources to achieve the lowest cost becomes more and more important. Recently, most of works about MapReduce task scheduling are focus on homogeneous MapReduce framework. In this paper, we present the ILP formulation for solving the MapReduce task scheduling for time constrains problem in heterogeneous environment. This method considers processing speed, energy cost and time constrains at the same time. By using the method, we can finish the task in time and achieving lowest energy cost. Then, we solve this problem efficiently by using genetic algorithm(GA). According to our experimental results, the ILP formulation we proposed can always achieve the best solution, it also reduced the energy consumption by 10.15% compared to genetic algorithm.