Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Infinite self-gravitating systems and cosmological structure formation

The usual thermodynamic limit for systems of classical self-gravitating point particles becomes well defined, as a {\it dynamical} problem, using a simple physical prescription for the calculation of the force, equivalent to the so-called ``Jeans' swindle''. The relation of the resulting intrinsically out of equilibrium problem, of particles evolving from prescribed uniform initial conditions in an infinite space, to the one studied in current cosmological models (in an expanding universe) is explained. We then describe results of a numerical study of the dynamical evolution of such a system, starting from a simple class of infinite ``shuffled lattice'' initial conditions. The clustering, which develops in time starting from scales around the grid scale, is qualitatively very similar to that seen in cosmological simulations, which begin from lattices with applied correlated displacements and incorporate an expanding spatial background. From very soon after the formation of the first non-linear structures, a spatio-temporal scaling relation describes well the evolution of the two-point correlations. At larger times the dynamics of these correlations converges to what is termed ``self-similar'' evolution in cosmology, in which the time dependence in the scaling relation is specified entirely by that of the linearized fluid theory. We show how this statistical mechanical ``toy model'' can be useful in addressing various questions about these systems which are relevant in cosmology. Some of these questions are closely analagous to those currently studied in the literature on long range interactions, notably the relation of the evolution of the particle system to that in the Vlasov limit and the nature of approximately quasi-stationary states.
Designing BGP-based outbound traffic engineering techniques for stub ASes

Today, most multi-connected autonomous systems (AS) need to control the flow of their interdomain traffic for both performance and economical reasons. This is usually done by manually tweaking the BGP configurations of the routers on an error-prone trial-and-error basis. In this paper, we demonstrate that designing systematic BGP-based traffic engineering techniques for stub ASes are possible. Our approach to solve this traffic engineering problem is to allow the network operator to define objective functions on the interdomain traffic. Those objective functions are used by an optimization box placed inside the AS that controls the interdomain traffic by tuning the iBGP messages distributed inside the AS. We show that the utilization of an efficient evolutionary algorithm allows to both optimize the objective function and limit the number of iBGP messages. By keeping a lifetime on the tweaked routes, we also show that providing stability to the interdomain path followed by the traffic is possible. We evaluate the performance of solution based on traffic traces from two stub ASes of different sizes. Our simulations show that the interdomain traffic can be efficiently engineered by using not more than a few iBGP advertisements per minute.Our contribution in this paper is to demonstrate that by carefully thinking the design of the interdomain traffic engineering technique, stub ASes can engineer their outbound traffic over relatively short timescales, by exclusively tweaking their BGP routes, and with a minimal burden on BGP. Systematic BGP-based traffic engineering for stub ASes is thus possible at a very limited cost in terms of iBGP messages.
MATCHTM: a tool for searching transcription factor binding sites in DNA sequences

Match is a weight matrix-based tool for searching putative transcription factor binding sites in DNA sequences. Match is closely interconnected and distributed together with the TRANSFAC database. In particular, Match uses the matrix library collected in TRANSFAC and therefore provides the possibility to search for a great variety of different transcription factor binding sites. Several sets of optimised matrix cut-off values are built in the system to provide a variety of search modes of different stringency. The user may construct and save his/her specific user profiles which are selected subsets of matrices including default or user-defined cut-off values. Furthermore a number of tissue-specific profiles are provided that were compiled by the TRANSFAC team. A public version of the Match tool is available at: http://www.gene-regulation.com/pub/programs.html#match. The same program with a different web interface can be found at http://compel.bionet. nsc.ru/Match/Match.html. An advanced version of the tool called Match Professional is available at http://www.biobase. de.
Distributed local broadcasting algorithms in the physical interference model

Given a set of sensor nodes V where each node wants to broadcast a message to all its neighbors that are within a certain broadcasting range, the local broadcasting problem is to schedule all these requests in as few timeslots as possible. In this paper, assuming the more realistic physical interference model and no knowledge of the topology, we present three distributed local broadcasting algorithms where the first one is for the asynchronized model and the other two are for the synchronized model. Under the asynchronized model, nodes may join the execution of the protocol at any time and do not have access to a global clock, for which we give a distributed randomized algorithm with approximation ratio O(log2 n). This improves the state-of-the-art result given in [14] by a logarithmic factor. For the synchronized model where communications among nodes are synchronous and nodes can perform physical carrier sensing, we propose two distributed deterministic local broadcasting algorithms for synchronous and asynchronous node wakeups, respectively. Both algorithms have approximation ratio O(log n).
Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Therapy in A Nigerian Tertiary Health Institution

Background: The major problem that prompted the study is scarcity of facts on actual cost of illness to the patient and society at large. Methods: It is a retrospective study and involved using 277 prescriptions from randomly selected 37 case notes of diabetic patients. In addition, stop watch time studies and standard cost accounting technique was employed. The hospital pharmacy costs of the drugs were used. Pieces of information such as demographic data prescribed drugs, fasting blood sugar level, blood pressure were abstracted from the case notes. The various cost components such as drug procurement, transport, personnel and diagnostic test costs over one year period were determined for each patient and added up. These were summed up to calculate the direct cost of illness for all the patients and the average determined. Results: No of patients studied = 37; No of patients on insulin= 4; No of patient on concurrent medication =32; Duration of diabetes (Range) = 4 months33 years (mean 8.1 years); Cost per-patient for those on insulin = N116, 026.79 ($828.76); Cost per-patient for those on oral agents =N27, 159.38 ($194.00); Cost per patient for concomitant medication=N39, 404.69 ($281.46). Hypertension occurred as a concurrent illness in most of the patients (n=31; 83.78%) and were equally treated for hypertension. The total cost of drugs in all the patients= N1, 219,932.70 ($8,713.81); Total cost of illness (COI) for one year for the 37 patients =N 1, 360.369. 80($9716.93); Average cost of illness per patient/year= N36, 766.75($262.22); 84% of annual per capital income. The cost of treating an estimated 3% prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the country is about N150 billion annually excluding the indirect cost. Conclusion: The cost associated with diabetes is enormous. Adequate consideration for cost implication of chosen therapy is indispensable. Economic evaluation of therapy should be encouraged to ensure improved cost effectiveness and efficiency in management. Regularly up-dated drug formulary and evidence-based standard treatment guidelines would ensure better choice of therapeutic options. More importantly, a concerted effort is needed to reduce the incidence of diabetes mellitus in the society.
The Magnetofection Method: Using Magnetic Force to Enhance Gene Delivery

Abstract In order to enhance and target gene delivery we have previously established a novel method, termed magnetofection, which uses magnetic force acting on gene vectors that are associated with magnetic particles. Here we review the benefits, the mechanism and the potential of the method with regard to overcoming physical limitations to gene delivery. Magnetic particle chemistry and physics are discussed, followed by a detailed presentation of vector formulation and optimization work. While magnetofection does not necessarily improve the overall performance of any given standard gene transfer method in vitro, its major potential lies in the extraordinarily rapid and efficient transfection at low vector doses and the possibility of remotely controlled vector targeting in vivo.
Compact high-gain short-horn antenna for UWB applications

A compact high-gain antenna with ultra wide bandwidth is proposed. A simple slot antenna offset fed by a microstrip line is used for excitation of short horn. Initial theoretical investigations are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the short horn in gain enhancement. Results show a wide impedance bandwidth from 2.86 to 20 GHz with a peak gain of 14.53 dBi at 14 GHz while an average gain of 10.5 dBi has noticed from 3 to 10 GHz region.
Natural-language processing for computer-supported instruction

Introduction Many computer applications are concerned with interpreting or producing instructions and fostering education, for example, 1. Animated agents that execute instructions [Webber 1995], 2. Systems that automatically produce instructional text (see Excerpt A in Figure 1) [Paris 1995], 3. Intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) that help a student master a certain subject [Anderson 1995, Schulze 2000], and 4. Systems that facilitate student collaboration [Soller 2001]. Of these four examples, only example two is a true natural-language (NL) system: The animated agents in example one may be instructed via a menu; an ITS may provide feedback to the student via graphics. However, all the systems in examples one, three, and four potentially benefit from a natural-language interface. For instance, consider the learning gain, that is, how much a student learns in a certain setting (S). Generally, the learning gain is the difference between the student's score on the same test, before and after (S). It has been shown that the learning gain of students interacting with an ITS is halfway between the learning gain of students that were exposed to the material in the usual classroom setting (lowest) and students that interact with a human tutor (highest) [Anderson 1995]. The difference in learning gain between students interacting with an ITS and those interacting with a human tutor is attributed conversation between tutor and student Figure 1 (see page 24) presents two samples of NL instructions: The first is taken from an online help file, the second from a tutoring dialogue. These two examples illustrate some of the problems faced by systems that must support the interpretation and generation of instructions. Instructions in a technical manual, online help, or home repair manual such as those under (A) in teach how to perform a task mainly by describing the steps to be performed. They often include descriptions of what will happen as the result of a certain step (e.g., the window expands to show the Alarm options in step two) as a way to inform the user whether he or she is on the right track. The structure of the text closely reflects the structure of the task, as has long been known regarding task-oriented discourse [Grosz and Sidner 1986]. Tutorial dialogues such as (B) in Figure 1 present a completely different approach to instruction. (Note: This excerpt is taken from a dialogue in the BEESIM project corpus [Rosé, Di Eugenio, and Moore …
Using Soundex Codes for Indexing Names in ASR Documents

In this paper we highlight the problems that arise due to variations of spellings of names that occur in text, as a result of which links between two pieces of text where the same name is spelt differently may be missed. The problem is particularly pronounced in the case of ASR text. We propose the use of approximate string matching techniques to normalize names in order to overcome the problem. We show how we could achieve an improvement if we could tag names with reasonable accuracy in ASR.
Spatial structure often inhibits the evolution of cooperation in the snowdrift game

replicates were obtained for each of these randomly distributed networks. These were then overlaid with species distributional data to analyse the number of gap species in each case. See Supplementary Information for the confidence intervals for each of the models. The richness of each quarter-degree cell touching land (outside Antarctica) was calculated for all species, restricted-range species 16 (occupying #50,000 km 2) and threatened species. Cells touching protected areas were considered 'protected'. Protected cells are significantly (P , 0.001) biased towards higher richness of all, restricted-range and threatened species. See Supplementary Information for a comparison of frequency distributions. Barbara for support. The analysis was possible thanks to the combined effort of the thousands of individuals and hundreds of institutions who collected and compiled the data, or provided financial support for such efforts. We are grateful to the numerous individuals who contributed to this analysis, especially to K.
Serum Cholesterol Level Nomograms for Iranian Population; Suggestion for National Cut-Offs

Background: High cholesterol levels are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. Understanding the distribution of serum cholesterol levels in each country is valuable index for use in public health planning. This study aimed to construct nomograms of total cholesterol (TC) levels and establish the cut-points specific to Iranian population. Methods: Data on serum TC levels of 19,630 non-institutionalized individuals aged 25–64 years from third national survey on non-communicable diseases (SuRFNCD) in 2007 were used to construct cholesterol nomograms. We proposed cutoff values for borderline and high TC levels based on rounded 75th and 90th percentiles in three age groups (25–34, 35–44 and 45–64) respectively. Results: Average yearly increase of TC for males up to the age of 45 and females up to 64 were 1.15 and 1.03 mg/dl, respectively. TC levels were higher in females. In males, cutoff values for “borderline and high” TC levels were 195 and 220 mg/dl in 25–34, 210 and 240 mg/d in 35–44 and 215 and 245 mg/dl in 45–64 years old individuals. In women, these values were 200 and 225 mg/dl in 25–34,215 and 240 mg/dl in 35–44 and 235 and 265 mg/dl in 45–64 years old individuals respectively. Conclusion: Since TC levels are different in two sexes and change with age, we proposed different cutoffs for sex and age group. We think these cutoffs could be used in national public health planning.
Onset sonority constraints and subsyllabic structure

The *MARGIN/X constraint subhierarchy (Prince & Smolensky 1993) is designed to capture the cross-linguistic preference for low-sonority onsets. This preference has a functional motivation: the auditory system is particularly sensitive to rapid changes, and a low-sonority onset is more distinct from the nucleus than a high-sonority onset is (Delgutte 1997). Therefore, the constraints of the *MAR/X subhierarchy (1), and their universally fixed ranking determined by the sonority scale, are functionally grounded (Archangeli & Pulleyblank 1994). (1) *MAR/VOWEL >> *MAR/GLIDE >> *MAR/LIQUID >> *MAR/NASAL >> *MAR/OBSTRUENT
Reassessing the Achievement Gap: An Intergenerational Comparison of African American Student Achievement before and after Compensatory Education and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act

Using data from the Digest of Educational Statistics, this article argues that an intergenerational comparison is a more productive, progressive method to interpret data used to gauge the achievement gap. It applies this method by comparing the academic achievement scores and educational outcomes of African Americans over a nearly 70-year period, 1940-2008, and uses the metrics’ National Assessment of Educational Progress average reading scores in fourth and eighth grade and high school and college completion-most often applied in assessing the achievement gap. It argues that since the inception of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965), and the compensatory education programs that have grown out this act, African Americans have made some of the greatest strides in improving their educational performance and outcomes in virtually every measureable category used to assess the achievement gap. The intergenerational comparisons offered serve as a counterassessment to the traditional modes of analysis that compare the achievement scores and educational outcomes of white to minority students.
A holistic analysis of relationships between executive function and memory in Parkinson's disease

Apart from motor symptoms, Parkinson's disease is characterized by executive and memory problems that have been observed from early stages of the disease. This study explores the possible relationships between these cognitive impairments in a group of 23 individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) in comparison to a group of 18 healthy individuals. Compared with young individuals, normal aging is characterized by an increased association between executive function and episodic memory, especially with verbal material. We hypothesize that this association between verbal episodic memory and executive function may be weaker in PD as a consequence of the decline in these two cognitive abilities. To test this hypothesis, three categories of standardized tests were administered to both groups: (a) tests for executive function, (b) tests for visuospatial episodic memory, and (c) tests for verbal episodic memory. Performance outputs were analyzed using factor analysis, canonical regression, and structural equation modeling to obtain a holistic perspective of the linkage of these processes and to compare the differences between groups. In general, PD patients performed worse than controls in both executive function and episodic memory (with verbal and visuospatial material). Moreover, we found that relationships between executive function and visuospatial memory scores were high and quite similar in both groups. However, the relationship between verbal episodic memory and executive function was weaker in PD than in healthy individuals. These results suggest that a different brain mechanism could explain executive and verbal memory impairments in PD.
Mutual influences of pain and emotional face processing

The perception of unpleasant stimuli enhances whereas the perception of pleasant stimuli decreases pain perception. In contrast, the effects of pain on the processing of emotional stimuli are much less known. Especially given the recent interest in facial expressions of pain as a special category of emotional stimuli, a main topic in this research line is the mutual influence of pain and facial expression processing. Therefore, in this mini-review we selectively summarize research on the effects of emotional stimuli on pain, but more extensively turn to the opposite direction namely how pain influences concurrent processing of affective stimuli such as facial expressions. Based on the motivational priming theory one may hypothesize that the perception of pain enhances the processing of unpleasant stimuli and decreases the processing of pleasant stimuli. This review reveals that the literature is only partly consistent with this assumption: pain reduces the processing of pleasant pictures and happy facial expressions, but does not – or only partly – affect processing of unpleasant pictures. However, it was demonstrated that pain selectively enhances the processing of facial expressions if these are pain-related (i.e., facial expressions of pain). Extending a mere affective modulation theory, the latter results suggest pain-specific effects which may be explained by the perception-action model of empathy. Together, these results underscore the important mutual influence of pain and emotional face processing.
Multiple Decision Expert Systems for Performance Analysis of a Boiler System

Artificial neural networks (ANN)-based multiple decision expert systems (MDES) were developed for assessing the performance of a boiler system. Different configurations of ANN were used with different decision combination methods, including a neural combiner, to propose the model. The model was developed using the plant data collected over a period of five months to predict steam temperature, pressure, and mass flow rate, using feed water pressure, feed water temperature, conveyor speed, and incinerator exit temperature as the input parameters. The predictive capability of the model is evaluated in terms of both correlation coefficient (R) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results observed from this work demonstrate that neural combiner and ANN-based MDES can efficiently predict the data on steam properties consistently, and that the model can serve as an efficient tool for monitoring boiler behavior under real-time conditions. Superiority of the proposed model over others under various scenarios is also demonstrated.
Integration of the LAM / MPI environment and the PBS scheduling system

The growth of cluster computing as a viable option for high pe rformance computing has lead to the development of a compreh ensive software stack for these machines, including cluster sched uling, parallel environments, and scientific libraries. Op enPBS or PBS/Pro is often used for scheduling, with LAM/MPI or MPICH used for parallel communication. This paper details the integration of the PB S scheduling and resource managing infrastructure with the LAM/MPI paralle l run-time environment. The integration provides a cluster with several features that, although commonly available on traditional supercom puters, have been conspicuously missing in cluster computi ng environments: fast job startup, proper resource cleanup, and detailed account ing.
High-Voltage Auxiliary Power Supply Using Series-Connected MOSFETs and Floating Self-Driving Technique

This paper deals with high-voltage auxiliary switching-mode power supplies (SMPSs). An overview of the state of the art is given, and a novel solution is proposed. The proposed solution is based on a single-ended flyback or forward topology with the main switch arranged as a series connection of two metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). The bottom MOSFET is driven directly by an ordinary control circuit and gate driver, while the top MOSFET is driven by a floating self-supplied gate driver. The floating gate driver is connected to the input filter capacitors' midpoint. This gate driver plays two roles: driving of the top MOSFET and control of distribution of the blocking voltage among the series-connected MOSFETs, in steady state as well as during commutation. The series connection of lower voltage MOSFETs has two important advantages compared to that of a single high-voltage MOSFET: lower conduction losses and lower cost. When several switches are series connected, each switch supports a fraction of the total blocking voltage, and therefore, each switch can be rated for lower voltage. The total on-state resistance and the cost of such a switch arrangement are lower compared to that of a single switch that supports the full blocking voltage. The proposed SMPS is theoretically analyzed and experimentally verified. The experimental results are presented and discussed.