Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effective Selective Head Cooling during Posthypoxic Hypothermia in Newborn Piglets

Selective head cooling has been proposed as a neuroprotective intervention after hypoxia-ischemia in which the brain is cooled without subjecting the rest of the body to significant hypothermia, thus minimizing adverse systemic effects. There are little data showing it is possible to cool the brain more than the body. We have therefore applied selective head cooling to our hypoxia-ischemia piglet model to establish whether it is possible. Nine piglets were anesthetized, and brain temperature was measured at the surface and in the superficial (0.2 cm) and deep (1.7–2.0 cm) gray matter. Rectal (6-cm depth), skin, and scalp temperatures (T) were recorded continuously. Lowering T-rectal from normothermia (39°C) to hypothermia (33.5–33.8°C) using a head cap perfused with cold (6–24°C) water was undertaken for up to 6 h. To assess the impact of the 45-min hypoxia-ischemia insult on the effectiveness of selective head cooling, four piglets were cooled both before and after the insult, and four, only afterward. During selective head cooling, it was possible to achieve a lower T-deep brain than T-rectal in all animals both before and after hypoxia. However, this was only possible when overhead body heating was used. The T-rectal to T-deep brain gradient was significantly smaller after the insult (median, 5.3°C; range, 4.2–8.5°C versus 3.0°C; 1.7-7.4°C;p = 0.008). During rewarming to normothermia, the gradient was maintained at 4.5°C. We report for the first time a study, which by direct measurement of deep intracerebral temperatures, validates the cooling cap as an effective method of selective brain cooling in a newborn animal hypoxia-ischemia model.
Service delivery reform within the Canadian public sector 1990‐2002

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine to what extent service delivery in the Canadian federal government actually improved after a decade of reform efforts, and how employee empowerment accounted for any improvements that arose.Design/methodology/approach – Five focus group interviews were conducted in 2002 with federal government employees involved in service delivery. Interview transcripts were content analyzed. The employee empowerment and service quality literatures, including critical perspectives, provide the theoretical underpinnings of the study.Findings – Productivity and service enhancement did materialize, but little empowerment occurred. Work intensification was revealed. The shortcomings of applying private sector‐style definitions of productivity to the public sector were identified.Research limitations/implications – Study findings have limited generalizability due to small sample size. Findings must be verified through additional research. Comparative findings from countries th.
Growth of Rabbit Aortic Smooth-Muscle Cells Cultured in Media Containing Diabetic and Hyperlipemic Serum

Smooth-muscle cell cultures were grown from thoracic aortas of normal and diabetic rabbits. The effect of diabetic rabbit serum on the growth of these cultures was studied both in the first, rapid-growth phase and the following, more “stationary” phase of growth. Control experiments were carried out on normal sera to which glucose had been added. The concentrations of cholesterol, phospholipid, and triglyceride were same in both normal and diabetic sera. Media containing diabetic serum stimulated the growth of cultures significantly in both phases (2p < 0.01). This occurred in experiments utilizing cells from normal as well as from diabetic rabbits. Control media containing normal serum with added glucose had no such effect. The growth-promoting effects of diabetic serum and of hyperlipemic serum from nondiabetic rabbits were of the same order of magnitude. Autoradiographic studies showed that the number of 3H-thymidine-labeled cells increased significantly after culture in diabetic serum (2p < 0.005). Cells cultured from the very beginning in diabetic serum or normal serum with added glucose were significantly larger than cells grown in control serum (2p < 0.05 and 2p < 0.01, respectively). Cells grown in hyperlipemic serum were significantly smaller than those grown in normal serum (2p < 0.01). These results indicate that diabetic serum contains a factor or factors that stimulate the arterial medial cell to excessive growth. This factor is not glucose, insulin, or lipid. The results may be of relevance for the understanding of human diabetic macroangiopathy.
Can perceived task complexity influence cheap talk's effectiveness in reducing hypothetical bias in stated choice studies?

Applied economics studies have started using cheap talk to mitigate hypothetical bias in stated preference studies. Despite some contradictory evidence about cheap talk's effectiveness, no known cheap talk study has taken into account how subjects' perception of the complexity of the experimental task can influence cheap talk's effectiveness in reducing hypothetical bias. Using a choice experiment, our results suggest that perceived complexity of the task has a significant impact on cheap talk's effectiveness in reducing hypothetical bias. The cheap talk script was effective only when subjects considered the task to be easy. Hence, the complexity of the task affects cheap talk's effectiveness, which may explain some of the contradictory results relating to the effectiveness of the use of cheap talk in past studies.
Ascribing Class: The Construction of Social Identity in Soviet Russia

To ascribe, according to one of the definitions offered by the OED, means "to enroll, register, reckon in a class. " But there is no known process of enrollment in Marxist classes. A class in the Marxist sense is something to which a person belongs by virtue of his socioeconomic position and relationship to the means of production (or, in some formulations, the class consciousness engendered by socioeconomic position). In this it differs fundamentally from the kind of class to which one might be ascribed: for example, a social estate (soslovie, Russian; etat, French; Stand, German), which is first and foremost a legal category that defines an individual's rights and obligations to the state. This article is about the peculiar conjunction of two incompatible concepts, ascription and Marxist class, that existed in Soviet Russia in the 1920s and 1930s. This conjunction was the product of a Marxist revolution that occurred in a country where class structure was weak and social identity in crisis. While the Marxist framing of the revolution required that society be properly "classed" in Marxist terms, the society's own disarray prevented it. The outcome was a reinvention of class that involved the ascription of class identities to citizens so that the revolutionary regime (a self-defined "dictatorship of the proletariat") could know its allies from its enemies. The marriage of ascription and Marxist class produced an offspring: stigma. There were "untouchable" classes in revolutionary Russia, notably the much-villified kulaks and Nepmen (private entrepreneurs), whose fate it was to be "liquidated as a class" at the end of the 1920s. At the other end of the spectrum, to be sure, were the proletarians, whose favored class status was a guarantee of advancement, at least for all those who were young and ambitious (and preferably male) in the first fifteen years after the revolution.
Real exchange rate behaviour in high inflation countries: empirical evidence from Turkey, 1980-1997

The long-run purchasing power parity (PPP) hypothesis is re-examined using data for Turkey and its major trading partners during the period 1980–97, extending recent work by Telatar and Kazdagli. The empirical analysis suggests that, while conventional unit root tests do not enable the detection of mean reversion in real exchange rates and hence imply rejection of long-run PPP over the sample, using recently developed nonlinear modelling techniques, strong support is provided for the validity of long-run PPP as well as for theoretical models which predict nonlinear adjustment in real exchange rates. Results are in accord with previous evidence that PPP holds more closely on data for countries which have experienced unusually high inflation.
Why are small public incubators ‘lagging behind’? Learning from disability in the selection practices of a French incubator

This research examines the selection practices used by a small public incubator (SPI) and its strategic implications. SPIs generally depend on small cities and often face difficulties due to a lack of resources and inadequate competitiveness in comparison with well-equipped and more reputed incubators. The selection of projects is the keystone in the development of these small structures. We develop a qualitative approach based on a single case study. Representatives from all the incubated projects were interviewed, as well as all the managers and we performed a thematic analysis of the discourses. The in-depth study of the selection practices and the project portfolio reveals a paradox regarding the incubator's strategic positioning objectives and the availability of resources. We conclude by discussing the strategic positioning of SPIs regarding in-house resources and the selection practices.
Artifact reduction based on mutual information measures

Reduction of artifact effect has become indispensable standard in image reconstruction for the production of multimedia device. Since the initial use of artifact reduction in image reconstruction, much effort has been put into further increasing its performance, while decreasing the benefit required. Unfortunately, such development efforts have shown diminishing return in recent years and further significant improvement cannot be expected. This promoted many researchers to seek alternative processes for the restore of artifact reduction. We explored the use of mutual information with expected log likelihood measure for the image restore. Our results showed that the proposed measures are a good way for image reconstruction that produces excellent performance. Furthermore, the use of expected log likelihood on image coding process produced higher efficiency. Fine adaptation of expected log likelihood provided efficiency that was superior to those performed by the conventional methods.
A Mobile Secretory Vesicle Cluster Involved in Mass Transport from the Golgi to the Plant Cell Exterior[W][OA]

Secretory proteins and extracellular glycans are transported to the extracellular space during cell growth. These materials are carried in secretory vesicles generated at the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Analysis of the mammalian post-Golgi secretory pathway demonstrated the movement of separated secretory vesicles in the cell. Using secretory carrier membrane protein 2 (SCAMP2) as a marker for secretory vesicles and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) BY-2 cell as a model cell, we characterized the transport machinery in plant cells. A combination of analyses, including electron microscopy of quick-frozen cells and four-dimensional analysis of cells expressing fluorescent-tagged SCAMP2, enabled the identification of a clustered structure of secretory vesicles generated from TGN that moves in the cell and eventually fuses with plasma membrane. This structure was termed the secretory vesicle cluster (SVC). The SVC was also found in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa) cells and moved to the cell plate in dividing tobacco cells. Thus, the SVC is a motile structure involved in mass transport from the Golgi to the plasma membrane and cell plate in plant cells.
ISI's Impact Factor as Misnomer: A Proposed New Measure to Assess Journal Impact

The purpose of this communication is to discuss a widely used measure of journal impact that is defined by the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) and available for thousands of journals in the Journal Citation Reports. The name of the measure is the impact factor. A major issue, addressed in this article, concerns what impact factor really measures. We will argue that ISI's impact factor is misnamed and misused, and will suggest an alternative name and interpretation of the measure. We will also suggest a new measure to assess the impact of a given journal using citations.
A multi-scale coastal vulnerability index: A tool for coastal managers?

Coastal hazard management involves the assessment of vulnerability in natural and human environments. Indices incorporating a diversity of indicators have therefore been used extensively to provide spatial analyses of the degree of vulnerability. Such indices are typically applied at global and national scales, and they involve varying degrees of simplification and aggregation of information. The degree of simplification that is desirable depends on the management scale, and higher resolution is required at the local compared to the global scale. To investigate the implications of spatial scale in depicting coastal hazard risk, coastal vulnerability indices were developed at national (Northern Ireland), local authority and site levels. Variables were separated into three sub-indices: a coastal characteristics sub-index concerned with the resilience and susceptibility of the coast to erosion, a coastal forcing sub-index to characterize the forcing variables contributing to wave-induced erosion and a socio-economic sub-index to assess the infrastructure potentially at risk. The three sub-indices were merged to calculate the overall index, which is portrayed in the form of colour-coded vulnerability maps. While a common tripartite index could be employed at national, regional and local scales, the nature of the data used to quantify many of the variables varies according to the scale of management. Some important local variations in vulnerability are masked by simplifications at the national scale. For some variables more detailed information is available as the spatial resolution of the study increases, while others become obsolete as data are of insufficient resolution to differentiate real variability at more detailed scales. The results highlight the importance of spatial scale in developing indices of vulnerability: while a common index architecture can be applied, the selection of variables must take account of the scale at which the hazard is to be assessed. It is likely that limits on index development will also be imposed by data availability at various scales.
Regret Theory and Asset Pricing Anomalies in Incomplete Markets with Dynamic Un-Aggregated Preferences.

Although the CML (capital market line), the intertemporal capital asset pricing model (CAPM), the CAPM/SML (security market line) and the Intertemporal Arbitrage Pricing Theory (IAPT) are widely used in portfolio management, valuation, and capital markets’ financing, these theories are inaccurate and can adversely affect risk management and portfolio management processes. This chapter introduces several empirically testable financial theories that provide insights, and can be calibrated to real data and used to solve problems. It contributes to the literature by: (1) explaining the conditions under which ICAPM/CAPM, IAPT, and CML may be accurate, and why such conditions are not feasible; and explaining why the existence of incomplete markets and dynamic unaggregated markets render CML, IAPT, and ICAPM inaccurate; (2) explaining why the consumption-savings-investment-production framework is insufficient for asset pricing and analyses of changes in risk and asset values; and introducing a unified approach to asset pricing that considers six factors and the conditions under which this approach will work; (3) explaining why leisure, taxes, and housing are equally as important as consumption and investment in asset pricing; (4) introducing the Marginal Rate of Intertemporal Joint Substitution (MRIJS) to consumption, taxes, investment, leisure, intangibles, and housing—this model incorporates Regret Theory and captures features of reality that do not fit well into standard asset pricing models; this framework can support specific or very general finance theories and very complicated models; (5) showing why the elasticity of intertemporal substitution (EIS) is inaccurate and insufficient for asset pricing and analyses of investor preferences.
High serum folate is associated with reduced biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy: results from the SEARCH Database.

INTRODUCTION To analyze the association between serum levels of folate and risk of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy among men from the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) database. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective analysis of 135 subjects from the SEARCH database treated between 1991-2009 with available preoperative serum folate levels. Patients' characteristics at the time of the surgery were analyzed with ranksum and linear regression. Uni- and multivariable analyses of folate levels (log-transformed) and time to biochemical recurrence were performed with Cox proportional hazards. RESULTS The median preoperative folate level was 11.6 ng/mL (reference = 1.5-20.0 ng/mL). Folate levels were significantly lower among African-American men than Caucasians (P = 0.003). In univariable analysis, higher folate levels were associated with more recent year of surgery (P < 0.001) and lower preoperative PSA (P = 0.003). In univariable analysis, there was a trend towards lower risk of biochemical recurrence among men with high folate levels (HR = 0.61, 95 %CI = 0.37-1.03, P = 0.064). After adjustments for patients characteristics' and pre- and post-operative clinical and pathological findings, higher serum levels of folate were independently associated with lower risk for biochemical recurrence (HR = 0.42, 95 %CI = 0.20-0.89, P = 0.023). CONCLUSION In a cohort of men undergoing radical prostatectomy at several VAs across the country, higher serum folate levels were associated with lower PSA and lower risk for biochemical failure. While the source of the folate in the serum in this study is unknown (i.e. diet vs. supplement), these findings, if confirmed, suggest a potential role of folic acid supplementation or increased consumption of folate rich foods to reduce the risk of recurrence.
A synthesis of the basal thermal state of the Greenland Ice Sheet

The basal thermal state of an ice sheet (frozen or thawed) is an important control upon its evolution, dynamics, and response to external forcings. However, this state can only be observed directly at sparse boreholes or inferred conclusively from the presence of subglacial lakes. Here we synthesize spatially extensive inferences of the basal thermal state of the Greenland Ice Sheet to better constrain this state. Existing inferences include outputs from the eight thermomechanical ice‐flow models included in the Sea Level Response to Ice Sheet Evolution (SeaRISE) effort. New remote‐sensing inferences of the basal thermal state are derived from Holocene radiostratigraphy, modern surface velocity, and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery. Both thermomechanical modeling and remote inferences generally agree that the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream and large portions of the southwestern ice‐drainage systems are thawed at the bed, whereas the bed beneath the central ice divides, particularly their west facing slopes, is frozen. Elsewhere, there is poorer agreement regarding the basal thermal state. Both models and remote inferences rarely represent the borehole‐observed basal thermal state accurately near NorthGRIP and DYE‐3. This synthesis identifies a large portion of the Greenland Ice Sheet (about one third by area), where additional observations would most improve knowledge of its overall basal thermal state.
Virtual Reconstruction of Modern and Fossil Hominoid Crania: Consequences of Reference Sample Choice

Most hominin cranial fossils are incomplete and require reconstruction prior to subsequent analyses. Missing data can be estimated by geometric morphometrics using information from complete specimens, for example, by using thin‐plate splines. In this study, we estimate missing data in several virtually fragmented models of hominoid crania (Homo, Pan, Pongo) and fossil hominins (e.g., Australopithecus africanus, Homo heidelbergensis). The aim is to investigate in which way different references influence estimations of cranial shape and how this information can be employed in the reconstruction of fossils. We used a sample of 64 three‐dimensional digital models of complete human, chimpanzee, and orangutan crania and a set of 758 landmarks and semilandmarks. The virtually knocked out neurocranial and facial areas that were reconstructed corresponded to those of a real case found in A.L. 444‐2 (A. afarensis) cranium. Accuracy of multiple intraspecies and interspecies reconstructions was computed as the maximum square root of the mean squared difference between the original and the reconstruction (root mean square). The results show that the uncertainty in reconstructions is a function of both the geometry of the knockout area and the dissimilarity between the reference sample and the specimen(s) undergoing reconstruction. We suggest that it is possible to estimate large missing cranial areas if the shape of the reference is similar enough to the shape of the specimen reconstructed, though caution must be exercised when employing these reconstructions in subsequent analyses. We provide a potential guide for the choice of the reference by means of bending energy. Anat Rec, 298:827–841, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quality imperatives versus funding: A case of filial cannibalism in South African Higher Education?

Filial cannibalism involves the killing and eating of one's young. This presentation will give attendees an overview of the former binary higher education system in South Africa; the differentiated funding; the cooperative education foundations of current Universities of Technology and Comprehensive Institutions and the existing quality imperatives pertaining to work integrated learning. A comparison will be made with regard to the specific quality imperatives of, among others, the Higher Education Quality Authority and international best practices pertaining to work integrated learning. These include: stakeholder-inclusivity regarding curriculum design and development; the obligation to place students where workintegrated learning is part of the curriculum; effective management and coordination; provision of adequate infrastructure; learning agreements clarifying the outcomes and the roles and responsibilities of the institution, students, mentors and employers; mentoring of students; effective communication; regular and systematic monitoring of progress of students; and academic as well as workplace based assessment. The staffing and resource-intensive implications with regard to the stated imperatives will be elaborated. The realities of discretionary grants which are potentially available for workplace experience of students studying towards scarce skills programmes will be addressed.