Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Autonomous Agents: Characterization and Requirements

A fresh assessment of what autonomous agents are or may aspire to be is presented in the paper. We dismiss the traditional dichotomy between reactive and symbolic architectures. A classiication in terms of the amount of knowledge embedded in the system is made, instead, running from regulatory to planning to adaptive agents. Regulatory agents are implementable as control systems or automata, and represent the ideal case in which the agent has all the knowledge it needs. We nd that each type of agent is best suited for a particular kind of behavior. The diierent kinds of behavior form a hierarchy in terms of frequency of occurrence and response time, and do not gracefully reduce to each other. This suggests implementing agents as hierarchies of simpler agents, each specialized in the kind of behavior it implements. In this scheme, agents at one level act through agents at the next lower level. We introduce the concept of drive to address the issue of where an agent's goals come from. A discussion is made of common pitfalls and suggestions for the design of planning agents. Finally, a parallel architecture that embodies many of the ideas presented is sketched and discussed. This architecture solves the two major problems present in Georgee's earlier architecture, PRS: strictly sequential execution, and inability to learn.
Synthesis and characterization of oligonucleotides containing 2′-fluorinated thymidine glycol as inhibitors of the endonuclease III reaction

Endonuclease III (Endo III) is a base excision repair enzyme that recognizes oxidized pyrimidine bases including thymine glycol. This enzyme is a glycosylase/lyase and forms a Schiff base-type intermediate with the substrate after the damaged base is removed. To investigate the mechanism of its substrate recognition by X-ray crystallography, we have synthesized oligonucleotides containing 2′-fluorothymidine glycol, expecting that the electron-withdrawing fluorine atom at the 2′ position would stabilize the covalent intermediate, as observed for T4 endonuclease V (Endo V) in our previous study. Oxidation of 5′- and 3′-protected 2′-fluorothymidine with OsO4 produced two isomers of thymine glycol. Their configurations were determined by NMR spectroscopy after protection of the hydroxyl functions. The ratio of (5R,6S) and (5S,6R) isomers was 3:1, whereas this ratio was 6:1 in the case of the unmodified sugar. Both of the thymidine glycol isomers were converted to the corresponding phosphoramidite building blocks and were incorporated into oligonucleotides. When the duplexes containing 2′-fluorinated 5R- or 5S-thymidine glycol were treated with Escherichia coli endo III, no stabilized covalent intermediate was observed regardless of the stereochemistry at C5. The 5S isomer was found to form an enzyme–DNA complex, but the incision was inhibited probably by the fluorine-induced stabilization of the glycosidic bond.
A Normalization Framework for Multimedia Databases

We present a normalization framework for the design of multimedia database schemas with reduced manipulation anomalies. To this end, we introduce new extended dependencies. Such dependencies are based on distance functions that are used for detecting semantic relationships between complex data types. Based upon these new dependencies, we have defined five multimedia normal forms. Finally, we have performed a simulation on a large image data set to analyze the impact of the proposed framework in the context of content-based retrieval applications and in e-learning applications.
On the hygroscopic growth of ammoniated sulfate particles of non-stoichiometric composition

The hygroscopic growth of ammoniated sulfate particles was studied by measurements and model calculations for particles with varying ammonium-to-sulfate ratio. In the measurements, the ammonium-to-sulfate ratio was adjusted by using mixtures of ammonium sulfate and ammonium bisulfate in generating the solid particles. The hy5 groscopic growth was measured using a tandem di erential mobility analyzer. The measurements were simulated using a thermodynamical equilibrium model. The calculations indicated that the solid phases in particle with ammonium-to-sulfate ratio between 1.5‐2, were ammonium sulfate and letovicite. Both in the calculations and in the experiments the hygroscopic growth was initiated at relative humidities less than the 10 theoretical deliquescence relative humidity of these particles. This indicates that the particles were multi-phase particles including solids and liquids. The equilibrium model yielded a satisfactory prediction of the hygroscopic growth of particles generated from a solution with 1:1 mass ratio between dissolved ammonium sulfate and ammonium bisulfate. However, for particles with 3:1 and 10:1 mass ratios, the model predictions 15
Proxy-Based Parallel Visualization in a Grid Environment with PC Clusters

This paper describes our efforts to provide a grid-based parallel visualization environment to visualize massive dataset in parallel. The visualization environment is implemented as a visualization service on the grid. This paper focuses on deploying a proxy process on the master node of each cluster in the grid, to ensure that Globus jobs can be scheduled on internal nodes of clusters that have only local IP addresses. We have conducted an experiment to visualize in parallel a dataset of computational domains in a grid environment with PC clusters
Design of Digital FIR Filter Based on MCMAT for 12 bit ALU using DADDA & WALLACE Tree Multiplier

Over a period of time, there are different types of multipliers used to minimize cost of constructive parameters in digital FIR filter design in different forms. In these multipliers truncated multiplier design play’s an essential role. Due to multiple adders and delay elements the circuit in transpose form occupies more area and consumes power. In the proposed method effectiveness in different parameters are achieved with low cost, high speed and effective results are done by faithfully rounded truncated multipliers with operations of carry save adder. Direct form of FIR filter utilizes based on MCMAT for multiplication and accumulation operations; it will reduce the area by decreasing the number of different components like structural adders and registers. By using MCMAT operation in the digital FIR filters, optimal results can be obtained in terms of power and area specifications. The proposed 12 bit Arithmetic and Logic Unit is designed along with MCMAT based digital FIR filter for reducing area and increasing speed in real time applications.
Understanding the contextual influences of the health outcomes of residential energy efficiency interventions: realist review

Abstract Residential energy efficiency interventions are complex social and construction programmes that may benefit health, yet the interactions between the material improvements, health and health-related outcomes, and householder responses are not well understood. While indoor winter warmth and householder satisfaction have been identified as the key mediators for physiological, mental and social health outcomes, this paper explores how programme contexts may have influenced the outcomes. This review revealed that common target populations were low income households, children and the elderly. The review found that people’s expectations and culturally constructed heating practices influenced indoor temperatures and householder satisfaction. Very deprived households were still affected by financial constraints despite the intervention measures. Excessive ventilation and limited technical mastery counteracted the beneficial effects of the intervention measures. Poor workmanship and ineffective handover undermined energy consumption objectives and led to householder dissatisfaction. Effective intervention design should address householder needs and the programme’s sociocultural context.
Abundances of Na, Mg and Al in stars with giant planets

We present Na, Mg and Al abundances in a set of 98 stars with known giant planets, and in a comparison sample of 41 single stars. The results show that the [X/H] abundances (with X = Na, Mg and Al) are, on average, higher in stars with giant planets, a result similar to the one found for iron. However, we did not find any strong difference in the [X/Fe] ratios, for a fixed [Fe/H], between the two samples of stars in the region where the samples overlap. The data was used to study the Galactic chemical evolution trends for Na, Mg and Al and to discuss the possible influence of planets on this evolution. The results, similar to those obtained by other authors, show that the [X/Fe] ratios all decrease as a function of metallicity up to solar values. While for Mg and Al this trend then becomes relatively constant, for Na we find indications of an upturn up to [Fe/H] values close to 0.25 dex. For metallicities above this value the [Na/Fe] becomes constant.
Accumulation of Mannosylglycerate and Di-myo-Inositol-Phosphate by Pyrococcus furiosus in Response to Salinity and Temperature

(sup13)C and (sup1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to identify and quantify organic solutes accumulated by the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus in response to temperature and salinity. Di-myo-inositol-phosphate and 2-O-(beta)-mannosylglycerate were the major organic solutes accumulated in these cells. The total intracellular organic solutes increased significantly in response either to an increase in temperature or to an increase in salinity, but (beta)-mannosylglycerate accumulated mainly at high salinities, whereas the concentration of di-myo-inositol-phosphate increased dramatically at supraoptimal growth temperatures. Glutamate was present at concentrations detectable by nuclear magnetic resonance only in cells grown in low-salinity media. The intracellular levels of K(sup+) are clearly dependent on the salinity of the medium, and the concentrations of this cation are high enough to counterbalance the negative charges of (beta)-mannosylglycerate and di-myo-inositol-phosphate in the cell. The results presented here together with those previously reported for Pyrococcus woesei (S. Scholz, J. Sonnenbichler, W. Schafer, and R. Hensel, FEBS Lett. 306:239-242, 1992) strongly support a role for di-myo-inositol-phosphate in thermoprotection.
NUMERICAL CAMPEDELLI SURFACES WITH FUNDAMENTAL GROUP OF ORDER 9

We give explicit constructions of all the numerical Cam\-pe\-delli surfaces, i.e.\ the minimal surfaces of general type with $K^2=2$ and $p_g=0$, whose fundamental group has order 9. There are three families, one with $\pionealg=\Z_9$ and two with $\pionealg=\Z_3^2$. We also determine the base locus of the bicanonical system of these surfaces. It turns out that for the surfaces with $\pionealg=\Z_9$ and for one of the families of surfaces with $\pionealg=\Z_3^2$ the base locus consists of two points. To our knowlegde, these are the only known examples of surfaces of general type with $K^2>1$ whose bicanonical system has base points.
Separation of intramembrane charging components in low-calcium solutions in frog skeletal muscle

The inactivation of charge movement components by small (-100 to -70 mV) shifts in holding potential was examined in voltage-clamped intact amphibian muscle fibers in low [Ca2+], Mg(2+)-containing solutions. The pulse protocols used both large voltage excursions and smaller potential steps that elicited prolonged (q gamma) transients. Charge species were distinguished through the pharmacological effects of tetracaine. These procedures confirmed earlier observations in cut fibers and identified the following new properties of the q gamma charge. First, q gamma, previously defined as the tetracaine-sensitive charge, is also the component primarily responsible for the voltage-dependent inactivation induced by conditions of low extracellular [Ca2+]. Second, this inactivation separates a transient that includes a "hump" component and which has kinetics and a voltage dependence distinct from the monotonic decay that remains. Third, q gamma, previously associated with delayed charge movements, can also contribute significant charge transfer at early times. These findings suggest that the parallel inhibition of calcium signals and charge movements reported in low [Ca2+] solutions arises from influences on q gamma charge (Brum et al., 1988a, b). They also reconcile reports that implicate tetracaine-sensitive (q gamma) charge in excitation-contraction coupling with evidence that early intramembrane events are also involved in this process (Pizarro et al., 1989). Finally, they are relevant to hypotheses of possible feedback or feed-forward roles of q gamma in excitation-contraction coupling.
A Probability Distribution Strategy with Efficient Clause Selection for Hard Max-SAT Formulas

Many real-world problems involving constraints can be regarded as instances of the Max-SAT problem, which is the optimization variant of the classic satisfiability problem. In this paper, we propose a novel probabilistic approach for Max-SAT called ProMS. Our algorithm relies on a stochastic local search strategy using a novel probability distribution function with two strategies for picking variables, one based on available information and another purely random one. Moreover, while most previous algorithms based on WalkSAT choose unsatisfied clauses randomly, we introduce a novel clause selection strategy to improve our algorithm. Experimental results illustrate that ProMS outperforms many state-of-the-art stochastic local search solvers on hard unweighted random Max-SAT benchmarks.
A Novel Robust 3D Mesh Watermarking Ensuring the Human Visual System

the main objective of 3D mesh watermarking is to maximize the watermark strength while minimizing the visual distortion. In this paper, we propose a novel 3D mesh watermarking based on the human visual system and mesh curvature. We analyze the region’s mean curvature and fluctuation of curvature, and then choose the appropriate regions with high visual masking degree, in order to embed the watermark by using the Interpolation Algorithm. The experimental results show that the watermark is capacious, invisible and robust against various attacks.
Using the p-binomial distribution to characterize forest health 1

The P-binomial distribution is suggested as a model for describing and analyzing the dichotomous data obtained from programs monitoring the health of forests in the United States. Maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters is given as well as asymptotic likelihood ratio tests. The procedure is illustrated with data on dogwood anthracnose infection (caused by Disc~ila destructiva) in the southeastern United States. The parameter estimates have important biological interpretation, and tests of hypotheses are more meaningful than traditional statistical analyses. The value of a modeling approach to dichotomous data analysis is emphasized. Rksumk : La distribution P-binomiale est proposCe comme modble pour dCcrire et analyser les donnCes dichotomiques qui proviennent des programmes de surveillance de la santC des arbres dans le pays. La valeur des parambtres qui a le maximum de prohahilit6 est donnCe de m&me que les tests de ratio de probabilitC asymptotique. La procCdure est illustrCe avec les donnees d'une infection par l'anthracnose du cournouiller (causCe par Discula destructiva) dans le sud-est des ~ t a t s ~ n i s . Les valeurs estimCes des parambtres ont une importante signification biologique et les tests d'hypothkse ont plus de signification que les analyses statistiques traditionnelles. La valeur de cette approche qui utilise la modClisation est soulignCe dans le cas de I'analyse de donnCes dichotomiques. [Traduit par la RCdaction]
Dynamic epistemic logic

This paper is the result of combining two traditions in formal logic: epistemic logic and dynamic semantics. Dynamic semantics is a branch of formal semantics that is concerned with change, and more in particular with change of information. The main idea in dynamic semantics is that the meaning of a syntactic unit—be it a sentence of natural language or a computer program—is best described as the change it brings about in the state of a human being or a computer. The motivation for, and applications of this ‘paradigm-shift’ can be found in areas such as semantics of programming languages (cf. Harel, 1984), default logic (Veltman, 1996), pragmatics of natural language (Stalnaker, 1972) and of man-computer interaction, theory of anaphora (Groenendijk et al., 1996) and presupposition theory (Beaver, 1995). Van Benthem (1996) provides a survey. This paper is firmly rooted in this paradigm, but at the same time it is much influenced by another tradition: that of the analysis of epistemic logic in terms of multi-modal Kripke models. This article contains a semantics and a deduction system for a multi-agent modal language extended with a repertoire of programs that describe information change. The language is designed in such a way that everything that is expressible in the object language can be known or learned by each of the agents. The possible use of this system is twofold: it might be used as a tool for reasoning agents in computer science and it might be used as a logic for formalizing certain parts of pragmatics and discourse theory.
A trust structure for detection of sybil attacks in opportunistic networks

Opportunistic networks (OppNet) enable users to connect each other via wireless communication without connecting to the Internet. These networks have fragile structures and the topology of the network is changed frequently, so it is impossible to have a Trust Third Party as a certificate authority. There are many different attacks against these networks and one of them is Sybil Attack. In this paper, we proposed a new trust connection structure for Sybil attacks detection in OppNet. According to the Bayes rules and node's observation, we calculate the utility of nodes in different situations and demonstrated when nodes can trust each other. Furthermore, we considered the probability of receiving incorrect signal, in order to improve accuracy and false positive rate in the network. Results indicate that proposed algorithm improves False Positive Rate and Accuracy of the network.
The structure and organization of memory.

ly, so that it is sometimes difficult to appreciate what would count for or against it. A difficulty with the systems view is that the definition of the term \"system" is uncertain, and it is not always clear from studies of normal subjects when behavioral findings justify postulating a separate memory sys­ tem. The concept of brain systems, while not entirely free of problems itself, provides a more concrete and in the end a more satisfying basis for thinking about memory systems. This is because a long tradition of anatomical and physiological work on the structure and organization of the brain has con­ cerned itself with the identification and study of separable neural systems, sometimes independently of or in advance of any understanding of their func­ tional significance.
KPCA Based on LS-SVM for Face Recognition

Kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) is an improved PCA, which possesses the property of extracting optimal features by adopting a nonlinear kernel function method. Based on the duality between least square support vector machine (LS-SVM) and KPCA, the optimization problem of KPCA can be transformed into the solving of quadratic equations by means of LS-SVM method, and thus leads to the computational complexity being simplified largely. Based on ORL face database, KPCA combined with LS-SVM is applied to realize faces recognition. The experimental results show that KPCA based on LS-SVM has a higher correct recognition rate, and a faster computational speed.
A fully distributed algorithm for throughput performance in wireless networks

We study link scheduling in wireless networks under stochastic arrival processes of packets, and give an algorithm that achieves stability in the physical (SINR) interference model. The efficiency of such an algorithm is the fraction of the maximum feasible traffic that the algorithm can handle without queues growing indefinitely. Our algorithm achieves two important goals: (i) efficiency is independent of the size of the network, and (ii) the algorithm is fully distributed, i.e., individual nodes need no information about the overall network topology, not even local information.
Nonlinear Manifold Learning Part II 6 . 454 Summary

Manifold learning addresses the problem of finding low–dimensional structure within collections of high–dimensional data. Recent interest in this problem was motivated by the development of a pair of algorithms, locally linear embedding (LLE) [6] and isometric feature mapping (IsoMap) [8]. Both methods use local, linear relationships to derive global, nonlinear structure, although their specific assumptions and optimization criteria differ. For an introduction to these algorithms, as well as further motivation of the manifold learning problem, see [5]. In this survey, we discuss three manifold learning algorithms which adopt the basic structure of LLE, but attempt to address some of its shortcomings. The first, Laplacian eigenmaps [1], is primarily interesting because it provides a new theoretical framework for understanding LLE. This framework points the way to the Hessian eigenmaps [4] algorithm, which explicitly attempts to estimate, and minimize, the local curvature of the embedding function. Interestingly, this Hessian extension to LLE is asymptotically correct for a strictly larger class of embeddings than any previously known algorithm. Finally, the charting algorithm [2] casts manifold learning as a density estimation problem, thereby adding robustness to noisy or sparsely sampled data.
The Evolving Concepts of Cancer Stem Cells in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

There is increasing evidence that the growth and spread of cancers is driven by a small subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs)—the only cells that are capable of long-term self-renewal and generation of the phenotypically diverse tumor cell population. CSCs have been identified and isolated in a variety of human cancers including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The concept of cancer stem cells may have profound implications for our understanding of tumor biology and for the design of novel treatments targeted toward these cells. The present review is an attempt to conceptualize the role of CSCs in HNSCC—its implication in tumorigenesis and the possible additional approach in current treatment strategies.
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity the Cost-effectiveness of a School-based Overweight Program

Background: This study assesses the net benefit and the cost-effectiveness of the Coordinated Approach to Child Health (CATCH) intervention program, using parameter estimates from the El Paso trial. There were two standard economic measures used. First, from a societal perspective on costs, cost-effectiveness ratios (CER) were estimated, revealing the intervention costs per quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) saved. QALY weights were estimated using National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data. Second, the net benefit (NB) of CATCH was estimated, which compared the present value of averted future costs with the cost of the CATCH intervention. Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I (NHANES) and NHANES follow-up data, we predicted the number of adult obesity cases avoided for ages 40–64 with a lifetime obesity progression model.