Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Study of Trend-Stuffing on Twitter through Text Classification

Twitter has become an important mechanism for users to keep up with friends as well as the latest popular topics, reaching over 20 million unique visitors monthly and generating over 1.2 billion tweets a month. To make popular topics easily accessible, Twitter lists the current most tweeted topics on its homepage as well as on most user pages. This provides a one-click shortcut to tweets related to the most popular or trending topics. Due to the increased visibility of tweets associated with a trending topic, miscreants and spammers have started exploiting them by posting unrelated tweets to such topics – a practice we call trend-stuffing. We study the use of text-classification over 600 trends consisting of 1.3 million tweets and their associated web pages to identify tweets that are closely-related to a trend as well as unrelated tweets. Using Information Gain, we reduce the original set of over 12,000 features for tweets and over 500,000 features for the associated web pages by over 91% and 99%, respectively, showing that any additional features would have a low Information Gain of less than 10 4 and 0.016 bits, respectively. We compare the use of na¨ove Bayes, C4.5 decision trees, and Decision Stumps over the individual sets of features. Then, we combine classifier predictions for the tweet text and associated web page text. Although we find that the C4.5 decision tree classifier achieves the highest average F1-measure of 0.79 on the tweet text and 0.9 on the associated web page content, we recommend the use of the na¨ove Bayes classifier. The na¨ove Bayes classifier performs slightly worse with an average F1-measure of 0.77 on the tweet text and 0.74 on the associated web page content, but its required training time is significantly smaller.
Disequilibrium Syndrome and Prevention in Nonhemodialysis Patients

Abstract:Disequilibrium syndrome (DS) is a central nervous system disorder described in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The authors present 4 cases of elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN); the first patient passed away from suspected DS, whereas the other 3 patients were identified as having a high risk of developing DS on the basis of their BUN. The authors tried to lower their BUN slowly and prevent rapid correction by different methods. This is the first study in which DS has been studied in patients who are not on HD, and methods are described to identify and prevent DS in such patients. They also review the existing literature on the pathogenesis of DS and highlight the importance of recognizing this syndrome in non-HD patients, while suggesting some innovative ways to prevent it.
The Effects of a Consumption Tax on Effective Demand Under Stagnation

This paper investigates the effects of a consumption tax on effective demand under stagnation. The existing work shows that a consumption tax does not influence effective demand in the case of a homogeneous household under stagnation. In this paper there are two types of household. One is the richer household, whose level of total assets is relatively high. The other is the poorer household, which owns fewer total assets. In a lump-sum transfer, when the ratio of the poorer household to the total population is large (small), imposing a consumption tax decreases (increases) effective demand.
WHAT'S SMALL SIZE GOT TO DO WITH IT? PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL ASSETS IN SMEs

The knowledge protection/sharing dilemma related to innovation activities is becoming known to all firms, even though it is generally more notable for SMEs: the small size of the firms inherently creates a need for inter-organizational collaboration, but it also makes dealing with the related contradictories more challenging. One factor behind this is that the needed tools — such as the protection mechanisms of intellectual assets — may be more limited. In line with this notion, we examine the protection available for and used by small firms in their innovation activities. We approach the issue by conducting a review on the relevant literature, and use a qualitative multiple case study conducted in eight small companies to empirically study the issue. Departing from prior research, we consider protection of innovations by distinguishing between the intangibles needed in innovation activities and the actual innovation outputs, and combine these considerations to the knowledge protection/sharing dilemma.
Successful Treatment of Leptomeningeal Gliomatosis of Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma After Failed Frontline Chemotherapy

Introduction:Pilomyxoid astrocytoma (PMA) is a rare variant of pilocytic astrocytoma. Compared with pilocytic astrocytoma, PMA is more aggressive, has a higher rate of local recurrence, and often disseminates to the leptomeninges. Leptomeningeal gliomatosis is another rare but often intractable neoplasm. PMA presenting as leptomeningeal gliomatosis can be a therapeutic challenge, particularly in young children for whom many pediatric oncologists consider radiation therapy only as a back-up treatment. However, chemotherapy, usually considered a frontline treatment for low-grade tumors such as PMA, has little impact on leptomeningeal gliomatosis. Case Report:We report on a 5-year-old boy with an approximately 2-month history of progressively worsening loss of vision. Radiographic studies with contrast revealed an enhanced mass within the optic nerve, an enhanced lesion in the leptomeninges, and diffusely scattered nonenhanced white matter lesions in the craniospinal axis. The patient was treated with a 10-week carboplatin and vincristine regimen without a biopsy. After completing induction and 1 maintenance cycle, however, the patient developed coma caused by hydrocephalus. External ventricular drainage was performed and a biopsy was taken through ventriculoscopy, revealing PMA. The patient was then treated with craniospinal irradiation and concomitant temozolomide, a regimen to which he had a complete response. Two years after initial presentation the patient was free of disease. Conclusions:This report documents a rare, intractable tumor and provides evidence that radiation therapy, given as craniospinal irradiation, can be effective for leptomeningeal gliomatosis.
Sentence Comprehension in Alzheimer's Disease

We asked 22 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) to respond to simple probes of sentences where we manipulated grammatical factors, semantic factors, and cognitive resource demands associated with a sentence. The results demonstrated limitations in the cognitive resources needed to appreciate atypical syntactic-thematic mapping relations and difficulty processing selection restrictions associated with a verb. By comparison, comprehension in AD was not influenced by the active or passive voice of a sentence. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that impaired sentence comprehension in AD is multifactorial in nature, including difficulty processing cognitive resource and semantic aspects of sentences.
Village Level Institutional Change and Ethnic Majorities: Evidence from Decentralising Indonesia

This paper studies the variation in village head selection rules across Indonesia using panel data over 1997–2007. The selection of village heads is often thought of as being determined by national level legislation, with elections in villages located in kabupaten and directly appointed village heads for villages within kota. However, existing legislation allows a degree of autonomy by villages to determine their own village's institutional structure. I find that a larger majority of an ethnic group within Indonesian villages is associated with having elected village heads. Further, evidence is found that the changing composition of governments at the district level, as well as changes in village level ethnic majority size is associated with village level institutional change. I argue that the results provide valuable empirical evidence into constitutional change and further evidence on the role of ethnicity in political economy.
A Hitchhiker's Guide to Ontology

In this talk, I will present our recent work in the area of knowledge bases. It covers 4 areas of research around ontologies and knowledge bases: The first area is the construction of the YAGO knowledge base. YAGO is now mulitlingual, and has grown into a larger project at the Max Planck Institute for Informatics and Télécom ParisTech. The second area is the alignment of knowledge bases. This includes the alignment of classes, instances, and relations across knowledge bases. The third area is rule mining. Our project finds semantic correlations in the form of Horn rules in the knowledge base. I will also talk about watermarking approaches to trace the provenance of ontological data. Finally, I will show applications of the knowledge base for mining news corpora.
TCP East: a novel usable window size estimate scheme for TCP faster recovery

In this paper, we present a novel usable window size estimate scheme, called TCP East, to improve the efficiency and fairness of TCP. The key idea of TCP East is to perform an end-to-end estimate of the usable window size by properly counting and filtering the packet loss probability in an estimate period. The performance of TCP East is analyzed and compared with TCP West wood using ACK information to estimate the available bandwidth, which is steeped to the lips in the inaccurate estimate problem incurred by minimum RTT estimate, ACK compression and packet clustering.
Comparative study of histogram equalization algorithms for image enhancement

Histogram equalization is one of the common tools for improving contrast in digital photography, remote sensing, medical imaging, and scientific visualization. It is a process for recovering lost contrast in an image by remapping the brightness values in such a way that equalizes or more evenly distributes its brightness values. However, Histogram Equalization may significantly change the brightness of the entire image and generate undesirable artifacts. Therefore, many Histogram Equalization based algorithms have been developed to overcome this problem. This paper presents a comprehensive review study of Histogram Equalization based algorithms. Computer simulations and analysis are provided to compare the enhancement performance of several Histogram Equalization based algorithms. A secondderivative- like enhancement measure is introduced to quantitatively evaluate their performance for image enhancement.
Evidence for the temporal regulation of insect segmentation by a conserved sequence of transcription factors

ABSTRACT Long-germ insects, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, pattern their segments simultaneously, whereas short-germ insects, such as the beetle Tribolium castaneum, pattern their segments sequentially, from anterior to posterior. Although the two modes of segmentation at first appear quite distinct, much of this difference might simply reflect developmental heterochrony. We now show here that, in both Drosophila and Tribolium, segment patterning occurs within a common framework of sequential Caudal, Dichaete and Odd-paired expression. In Drosophila, these transcription factors are expressed like simple timers within the blastoderm, whereas in Tribolium they form wavefronts that sweep from anterior to posterior across the germband. In Drosophila, all three are known to regulate pair-rule gene expression and influence the temporal progression of segmentation. We propose that these regulatory roles are conserved in short-germ embryos, and that therefore the changing expression profiles of these genes across insects provide a mechanistic explanation for observed differences in the timing of segmentation. In support of this hypothesis, we demonstrate that Odd-paired is essential for segmentation in Tribolium, contrary to previous reports. Highlighted Article: Caudal, Dichaete and Odd-paired are likely to regulate pair-rule gene expression similarly in Drosophila and Tribolium, providing a simple mechanism for the evolutionary transition between short-germ and long-germ segmentation modes.
Carry Trade, Forward Premium Puzzle and Currency Crisis

Recent many empirical studies have argued that currency carry trade have been a driving force behind exchange rate movements, and have explained the latest financial crisis of 2007-2009 in terms of a sudden, massive reversal of carry trade positions. The aim of this paper is to provide one potential theoretical explanation for questions why currency carry trade becomes profitable, and why a sudden unwinding of carry trade is caused. We propose a new behavioral model of currency bubbles and crashes. We consider that investors trade two currencies: the domestic currency, and the foreign currency. Investors are divided into two groups, the rational investors and the carry traders. The rational investors maximize their expected utility of their wealth in the next period. Carry traders maximize their random utility of binary choice: investing the domestic currency or investing the foreign currency. We demonstrate that carry-traders’ herd behavior, which follows the behavior getting a majority, gives cause to a currency bubble, and their carry trading prolongs bubble. However, depreciation of funding currency slows down as the carry-trader’s behavior approaches to a stationary state, so that the return on carry trade predicted by carry traders begins to decrease in the second half of bubble. We demonstrate that decreasing the return on carry trade predicted by carry traders lead to currency crash. Our model also gives a plausible explanation on the forward premium puzzle.
The identification of cognitive subtypes in Alzheimer's disease dementia using latent class analysis

Objective Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a heterogeneous disorder with complex underlying neuropathology that is still not completely understood. For better understanding of this heterogeneity, we aimed to identify cognitive subtypes using latent class analysis (LCA) in a large sample of patients with AD dementia. In addition, we explored the relationship between the identified cognitive subtypes, and their demographical and neurobiological characteristics. Methods We performed LCA based on neuropsychological test results of 938 consecutive probable patients with AD dementia using Mini-Mental State Examination as the covariate. Subsequently, we performed multinomial logistic regression analysis with cluster membership as dependent variable and dichotomised demographics, APOE genotype, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and MRI characteristics as independent variables. Results LCA revealed eight clusters characterised by distinct cognitive profile and disease severity. Memory-impaired clusters—mild-memory (MILD-MEM) and moderate-memory (MOD-MEM)—included 43% of patients. Memory-spared clusters mild-visuospatial-language (MILD-VILA), mild-executive (MILD-EXE) and moderate-visuospatial (MOD-VISP) —included 29% of patients. Memory-indifferent clusters mild-diffuse (MILD-DIFF), moderate-language (MOD-LAN) and severe-diffuse (SEV-DIFF) —included 28% of patients. Cognitive clusters were associated with distinct demographical and neurobiological characteristics. In particular, the memory-spared MOD-VISP cluster was associated with younger age, APOE e4 negative genotype and prominent atrophy of the posterior cortex. Conclusions Using LCA, we identified eight distinct cognitive subtypes in a large sample of patients with AD dementia. Cognitive clusters were associated with distinct demographical and neurobiological characteristics.
R&D Reporting Rule and Firm Efficiency

Critics opine that full expensing of research and development (R&D) depresses near-term profits and incentivizes myopic managers to under-invest in R&D, compromising firm efficiency. Advocates of the expensing rule argue that little rigorous research evidence supports the claimed adverse consequences. We examine the impact of the R&D expensing rule on firm efficiency by exploiting an exogenous shock: a shift in the accounting regime in Germany from full expensing to partial capitalization of R&D when it mandated International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) adoption in 2005. We employ Stochastic Frontier Analysis and Data Envelopment Analysis to estimate efficiency for the same German firms before and after the IFRS adoption. We find robust evidence of efficiency improvement in the post-period relative to the pre-period for German R&D firms that report R&D expenditures, and for both early adopters and timely adopters. We also document that financially constrained firms and firms experiencing rapid R&D growth prior to the IFRS adoption show greater efficiency improvement. Moreover, we conduct three falsification tests to make sure our results are not attributable to other accounting changes associated with the IFRS adoption, and find no efficiency improvement for the three control groups (German “no-R&D” sample, U.K. firms, and Australian firms), respectively. We conclude that the change in the R&D reporting rule is the likely catalyst for improvements in efficiency of German R&D firms.
Foundations of Inventory Management

Systems and models one item with a constant demand rate time-varying demands several products and locations stochastic demand - one item with constant leadtimes stochastic leadtimes - the structure of the supply system several items with stochastic demands time-varying, stochastic demand - policy optimization. Appendices: optimization and convexity dynamical systems probability and stochastic processes notational conventions.
Digital thermal monitoring of vascular function: a novel tool to improve cardiovascular risk assessment

Abstract Digital thermal monitoring (DTM) of vascular function during cuff-occlusive reactive hyperemia relies on the premise that changes in fingertip temperature during and after an ischemic stimulus reflect changes in blood flow. To determine its utility in individuals with and without known coronary heart disease (CHD), 133 consecutive individuals (age 54 ± 10 years, 50% male, 19 with known CHD) underwent DTM during and after 2 minutes of supra-systolic arm cuff inflation. Fingertip temperatures of the occluded and non-occluded fingertips were measured simultaneously. Post-cuff deflation temperature rebound (TR) was lower in the CHD patients and in those with an increased Framingham risk score (FRS) compared to the normal group. After adjustment for age, sex, and cardiac risk factors, TR was significantly lower in those with CHD compared to those without CHD (p < 0.05). This study demonstrates that vascular dysfunction measured by DTM is associated with CHD and an increased FRS, and could potentially be used to identify high-risk patients.
Determination of Oral or Dermal Benzene Exposure from Contaminated Soils

Soil contamination with dangerous, toxic chemicals remains one of the most difficult problems in this era. Health risk assessments often do not consider the amount of chemicals in soil that are absorbed and their disposition (kinetics). The aim of these studies was to compare the extent to which adsorption to either a sand or clay content soil affects the kinetics and manner which benzene is subsequently handled in orally or dermally exposed rats. Dermal exposure increased absorption half-lives (t1/2) by 25, 60 and 44-fold compared with oral exposure to benzene alone, or in the presence of sandy or clay soil, respectively. The elimination t1/2 following dermal versus oral exposure were increased about 2-fold in benzene alone and sandy soil groups, while in the clay soil group the increase was 13-fold. The area under the blood concentration versus time curve (AUC) of benzene in the presence of either soil was increased after oral and decreased after dermal exposure compared with exposure to benzene alone. The urinary recovery, 48 hours following dermal exposure to benzene alone, was 3-fold greater than following oral exposure. Tissue distribution after all oral exposures resulted in the highest concentrations of radioactivity in gastric contents > stomach > fat > duodenum > adrenal. The highest tissue concentrations of radioactivity after § Corresponding Author: Mohamed S. Abdel-Rahman, Ph.D., F.C. P., B.C.F.E. , Pharmacology and Physiology Department, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, New Jersey, USA, 07103-2714; Telephone: 973979-3146; Email: abdelrms@umdnj.edu. Abdel-Rahman and Turkall: Oral or Dermal Benzene Bioavailability from Soil Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2010 Oral or Dermal Benzene Bioavailability from Soil 263 dermal exposure to benzene alone were kidney > liver > treated skin; however, after exposure in the presence of either soil the highest tissue concentrations were treated skin > kidney > liver. The results of these studies reveal that the presence of sand or clay content soil produced qualitative and quantitative differences in the disposition of benzene in the body following oral or dermal exposures. These differences will impact the risk assessment of benzene.
The Economics Structure of Renegotiation and Dispute Resolution in the WTO/GATT System

The treaty creating the WTO replaced the GATT dispute resolution system, which contained no formal sanctions for breach of agreement as a practical matter, with a system that results in centrally authorized sanctions against recalcitrant violators of WTO trade agreements. We examine the important features of the new system, and argue that the institutionalization of a sanctioning mechanism was not motivated by a perceived need to increase the penalty. In particular, the GATT system relied on unilateral retaliation and reputation to police the bargain, and toward its end unilateral retaliation became excessive, interfering with opportunities for efficient breach. The WTO mechanism for arbitrating the magnitude of proposed sanctions is the major innovation under WTO law, and ensures that sanctions are not set too high.
Corporate social innovation discourse – towards an integration of complementary theoretical perspectives

This theoretical article introduces a framework for analysing corporate social innovation initiatives by acknowledging the relevance of institutional and evolutionary theories alike to fully understand the underlying dynamics. The article suggests the discourse metaphor to blend the two perspectives and, hereby, overcoming the challenges of combining perspectives with partially conflicting axioms. As such, the article aims at contributing to the emerging literature on social innovation by analysing the social innovation process at the initiative level.
Organizational space: a new frontier in international business strategy?

Purpose – Through an intervention from a geographical perspective on organizational space, this article aims to offer a new horizon in understanding international business strategy.Design/methodology/approach – Starts with two interrelated questions: does space exist in organizations and how does an organization manipulate and produce this organizational space in order to gain competitive advantage? By tackling these questions in the context of international business activities, this paper engages existing (international) management theories.Findings – This article critically reviews the narrow focus of most international business theories on physical location and distance as a significant determinant of foreign direct investment and diverse activities of transnational corporations (TNCs). Quantitative empirical studies in this genre tend to emphasize physical space as a mere “container” of different locations of TNC activities and to measure the distance between these locations as an independent variable.