Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Distributed Language Modeling for N-best List Re-ranking

In this paper we describe a novel distributed language model for N-best list re-ranking. The model is based on the client/server paradigm where each server hosts a portion of the data and provides information to the client. This model allows for using an arbitrarily large corpus in a very efficient way. It also provides a natural platform for relevance weighting and selection. We applied this model on a 2.97 billion-word corpus and re-ranked the N-best list from Hiero, a state-of-the-art phrase-based system. Using BLEU as a metric, the re-ranked translation achieves a relative improvement of 4.8%, significantly better than the model-best translation.
Consensus Statement on Continuous EEG in Critically Ill Adults and Children, Part I: Indications

Introduction: Critical Care Continuous EEG (CCEEG) is a common procedure to monitor brain function in patients with altered mental status in intensive care units. There is significant variability in patient populations undergoing CCEEG and in technical specifications for CCEEG performance. Methods: The Critical Care Continuous EEG Task Force of the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society developed expert consensus recommendations on the use of CCEEG in critically ill adults and children. Recommendations: The consensus panel recommends CCEEG for diagnosis of nonconvulsive seizures, nonconvulsive status epilepticus, and other paroxysmal events, and for assessment of the efficacy of therapy for seizures and status epilepticus. The consensus panel suggests CCEEG for identification of ischemia in patients at high risk for cerebral ischemia; for assessment of level of consciousness in patients receiving intravenous sedation or pharmacologically induced coma; and for prognostication in patients after cardiac arrest. For each indication, the consensus panel describes the patient populations for which CCEEG is indicated, evidence supporting use of CCEEG, utility of video and quantitative EEG trends, suggested timing and duration of CCEEG, and suggested frequency of review and interpretation. Conclusion: CCEEG has an important role in detection of secondary injuries such as seizures and ischemia in critically ill adults and children with altered mental status.
High temperature corrosion of low-alloyed and stainless steels: mechanistic study of chlorine-induced corrosion

The global demand on power generation is constantly increasing and so far, also its environmental impact. The environmental impact could primarily be directed to the power generation being based on fossil fuels, giving a net increase of CO2 to the atmosphere when combusted. The need of renewable fuels such as biomass and waste for power generation, leading to no net release of CO2, is therefore increasing. However, biomass and waste vary in composition and the considerably high amounts of alkali- and chlorine-containing species of these fuels result in a highly corrosive fireside environment for the metallic components of the boiler. Chlorine-induced corrosion is speculated to play an important role in the corrosion of these metallic components. However, the consequences of event leading to corrosion in the presence of chlorine is still not fully understood and the corrosion mechanism is under debate. Thus, this study aims at investigating mechanism of chlorine-induced corrosion. The study is divided into two parts; field exposures showing the extent and initiation of a chlorine-induced corrosion attack and laboratory exposures aiming at investigating the mechanism of the chlorine-induced corrosion attack. The field exposures were focused on the startup sequence of probe exposures. The results showed that the initiation of breakaway corrosion is very rapid in this environment. Thus, the primary protection, i.e. the Cr-rich oxide scale on stainless steels, was immediately destroyed and the oxides and metal chlorides formed set the boundary conditions for further corrosion, i.e. secondary protection. The results showed that the different startup sequences had only a minor effect on the initial corrosion attack. Based on the corrosion attack observed in the field-exposed samples, a set of laboratory exposures was designed. The objective was to investigate the mechanism behind chlorine diffusion through oxide scales at high temperatures. A series of pre-oxidations were performed in order to investigate the role of oxide composition, microstructure, and thickness on chlorine-induced corrosion. The investigation showed that the presence of either KCl(s) or HCl(g) accelerates the corrosion rate of all the investigated materials. Both thickness and microstructure of the Fe-rich oxide, i.e. secondary protection, influences the incubation time to breakaway corrosion. In addition, cracking and spallation of the Fe-rich oxide, as well as the presence of metal chlorides at the oxide/metal interface below a crack-free scale, were observed. Thus, the corrosion attack may be driven by both for crack formation and chlorine diffusion through the oxide scale. Mechanisms for both the influence of crack formation on the corrosion attack and alternative diffusion paths for chloride is proposed. DFT calculations showed that the diffusion of chloride ions through the oxide scale is energetically favoured to occur via oxygen vacancies.
The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning

the cambridge handbook of multimedia learning are a good way to achieve details about operating certainproducts. Many products that you buy can be obtained using instruction manuals. These user guides are clearlybuilt to give step-by-step information about how you ought to go ahead in operating certain equipments. Ahandbook is really a user's guide to operating the equipments. Should you loose your best guide or even the productwould not provide an instructions, you can easily obtain one on the net. You can search for the manual of yourchoice online. Here, it is possible to work with google to browse through the available user guide and find the mainone you'll need. On the net, you'll be able to discover the manual that you might want with great ease andsimplicity
Light scattering from human hair fibers

Light scattering from hair is normally simulated in computer graphics using Kajiya and Kay's classic phenomenological model. We have made new measurements of scattering from individual hair fibers that exhibit visually significant effects not predicted by Kajiya and Kay's model. Our measurements go beyond previous hair measurements by examining out-of-plane scattering, and together with this previous work they show a multiple specular highlight and variation in scattering with rotation about the fiber axis. We explain the sources of these effects using a model of a hair fiber as a transparent elliptical cylinder with an absorbing interior and a surface covered with tilted scales. Based on an analytical scattering function for a circular cylinder, we propose a practical shading model for hair that qualitatively matches the scattering behavior shown in the measurements. In a comparison between a photograph and rendered images, we demonstrate the new model's ability to match the appearance of real hair.
The Role of Thrombolytic Drugs in the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction and Stroke.

nagement of patients with thrombotic and thromboembolic complications during pre-, peri-, and postinterventional cardiologic procedures and acute thrombotic stroke, most often in combination with anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents or mechanical procedures, in order to achieve vascular reperfusion. Coronary Heart disease (CHD) is the most common cause of mortality not only in the United States (accounting for 481.287 deaths in 1995) but world-wide[1,2]. Annually an estimated 1.1 million Americans experience a new or recurrent acute myocardial infarction (AMI) due to CHD and in one -third of individuals the event is fatal[1]. The age-adjusted mortality rate of CHD has declined dramatically from 2.8% per year in 1965 to 1.5% since 1990[3]. The reasons for the age-adjusted decline in incidence, case-fatality, and CHD mortality rate are many: The advent of coronary care units with intensive monitoring, aggressive treatment of complications, and reperfusion therapies such as thrombolysis, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery[4-6]. The goal in the care of patients with AMI is to make these effective treatments available in a timely manner. With the advances in antithrombotic and anticoagulant drugs have come significant developments in the field of thrombolytic therapy. It is now possible to produce recombinant forms of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), urokinase, prourokinase, and staphylokinase etc. by the use of recombinant DNA technology. Recombinant urokinase and prourokinase are expressed from mouse hybridoma cell line, and the latter, a precursor of urokinase, has such advantages as increased potency and increased effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy. The development of longer acting tPAs, fibrin-specific agents, and newer urokinase-type plasminogen activators may be beneficial in new indications of thrombolytic therapy such as thrombotic stroke.
Mitigating selfish primary user emulation attacks in multi-channel cognitive radio networks: A surveillance game

Primary User Emulation Attack (PUEA), in which attackers emulate primary user signals causing restriction of secondary access on the attacked channels, is a serious security problem in Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs). An user performing a PUEA for selfishly occupying more channels is called a selfish PUEA attacker. Network managers could adopt a surveillance process on disallowed channels for identifying illegal channel occupation of selfish PUEA attackers and hence mitigating selfish PUEA. Determining surveillance strategies, particularly in multi-channel context, is necessary for ensuring network operation fairness. In this paper, we formulate a game, called multi-channel surveillance game, between the selfish attack and the surveillance process in multi-channel CRNs. The sequence-form representation method is adopted to determine the Nash Equilibrium (NE) of the game. We show that performing the obtained NE surveillance strategy significantly mitigates selfish PUEA.
Mobile Services for Enhancing Human Crowdsourcing with Computing Elements

Crowdsourcing enables one to leverage the power of the crowd. Normally, it involves utilizing humans for tasks that machines have difficulty performing. We propose a system, delivered as a mobile service, which dynamically adapts to the application domain and selects a combination of human and machine crowdsourcing components. Our work is towards the design of elastic systems that adaptively optimizes the use of human and automated software resources in order to maximize overall performance. We propose a performance model that predicts both human and machine outcomes for a certain task and then optimizes task assignment accordingly. Our experimentation shows that our proposed system significantly enhances the outcome precision of a crowdsourced task.
Studying the Basin of convergence of Methods for Computing periodic orbits

Starting from the well-known Newton's fractal which is formed by the basin of convergence of Newton's method applied to a cubic equation in one variable in the field ℂ, we were able to find methods for which the corresponding basins of convergence do not exhibit a fractal-like structure. Using this approach we are able to distinguish reliable and robust methods for tackling a specific problem. Also, our approach is illustrated here for methods for computing periodic orbits of nonlinear mappings as well as for fixed points of the Poincare map on a surface of section.
An efficient computation of handle and tunnel loops via Reeb graphs

A special family of non-trivial loops on a surface called handle and tunnel loops associates closely to geometric features of "handles" and "tunnels" respectively in a 3D model. The identification of these handle and tunnel loops can benefit a broad range of applications from topology simplification/repair, and surface parameterization, to feature and shape recognition. Many of the existing efficient algorithms for computing non-trivial loops cannot be used to compute these special type of loops. The two algorithms known for computing handle and tunnel loops provably have a serious drawback that they both require a tessellation of the interior and exterior spaces bounded by the surface. Computing such a tessellation of three dimensional space around the surface is a non-trivial task and can be quite expensive. Furthermore, such a tessellation may need to refine the surface mesh, thus causing the undesirable side-effect of outputting the loops on an altered surface mesh. In this paper, we present an efficient algorithm to compute a basis for handle and tunnel loops without requiring any 3D tessellation. This saves time considerably for large meshes making the algorithm scalable while computing the loops on the original input mesh and not on some refined version of it. We use the concept of the Reeb graph which together with several key theoretical insights on linking number provide an initial set of loops that provably constitute a handle and a tunnel basis. We further develop a novel strategy to tighten these handle and tunnel basis loops to make them geometrically relevant. We demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of our algorithm as well as show its robustness against noise, and other anomalies in the input.
Ends in Uniform Spanning Forests

It has hitherto been known that in a transitive unimodular graph, each tree in the wired spanning forest has only one end a.s. We dispense with the assumptions of transitivity and unimodularity, replacing them with a much broader condition on the isoperimetric profile that requires just slightly more than uniform transience.
Discourse coherence and pronoun resolution

This paper used self-paced reading to test processing preferences in pronoun interpretation in English two clause sentences. The results demonstrate that people's preferences can be reversed by changing the coherence relation between the clauses. The results are not compatible with the existence of a single all-purpose strategy in pronoun resolution. Rather, the results support Kehler's (2002) hypothesis that the processing patterns observed in pronoun processing are a byproduct of more general cognitive inference processes underlying the establishment of coherence, such that discourse coherence guides pronoun reference, and pronoun reference guides discourse coherence.
Enhancing mode I and II interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon fiber-filled epoxy-based composites using both rice husk silica and silk fibroin electrospun nanofibers

In this study, we used both silk fibroin nanofibers (nSFs) and rice husk silica nanoparticles as epoxy (EP) resin reinforcement materials to improve the modes I and II interlaminar fracture toughness of EP-filled carbon fiber-based (CF/EP) composites. The nSFs were obtained by electrospinning, while the rice husk silica nanoparticles were obtained via acidic and thermal treatments. The results showed that the interfacial shear strength, GIC, and GIIC of the CF/EP composites improved by 25, 36, and 30%, respectively, by adding 0.2 wt% nSF and 20 wt% silica nanoparticles.
The development of multisensor integrated quadruped pet robot

The purpose of this paper is to improve our previous design about pet robot and to develop a new pet robot system for increasing the efficiency of processing information. The new control system of our pet robot has discrete structure and operates by a synchronous sequential logic, a multisensor fusion algorithm and rule-based algorithms. At first, we completely introduce the new system structure that consists of a driver subsystem, a sensor subsystem, and a central control unit. The driver subsystem controls the movements and motions; the sensor subsystem applies weight function method and rule-based algorithms to integrate the sensors output information; and the central control unit use synchronous sequential logic to make final decision for controlling the pet robot. Finally, we show the crawl gait and trot gait that are faster and more stable than our previous design and introduce the function of avoiding obstacle.
MicroRNA-mediated repression of nonsense mRNAs

Numerous studies have established important roles for microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating gene expression. Here, we report that miRNAs also serve as a surveillance system to repress the expression of nonsense mRNAs that may produce harmful truncated proteins. Upon recognition of the premature termination codon by the translating ribosome, the downstream portion of the coding region of an mRNA is redefined as part of the 3′ untranslated region; as a result, the miRNA-responsive elements embedded in this region can be detected by miRNAs, triggering accelerated mRNA deadenylation and translational inhibition. We demonstrate that naturally occurring cancer-causing APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) nonsense mutants which escape nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) are repressed by miRNA-mediated surveillance. In addition, we show that miRNA-mediated surveillance and exon–exon junction complex-mediated NMD are not mutually exclusive and act additively to enhance the repressive activity. Therefore, we have uncovered a new role for miRNAs in repressing nonsense mutant mRNAs. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.03032. 001
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Signaling Maintains the Ability of Cortical Synapses to Express Synaptic Scaling

Glial tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) is essential for scaling up of synapses during prolonged activity blockade, but whether TNFα is an instructive or permissive signal is not known. Here we show in rat cortical neurons that the effects of TNFα and activity blockade are not additive; whereas TNFα increased AMPA quantal amplitude at control synapses, TNFα reduced quantal amplitude at prescaled synapses, demonstrating state-dependent effects of TNFα signaling on the scaling process. Whereas synaptic scaling during prolonged activity blockade [24 h tetrodotoxin (TTX)] was prevented by blocking TNFα signaling, early scaling (6 h TTX) was not, unless TNFα signaling was first blocked for 24 h. Moreover, when synapses were prescaled, prolonged (24 h) but not brief (6 h) blockade of TNFα signaling reversed scaling. Finally, prolonged block of TNFα signaling modified the synaptic localization of several scaffold proteins, suggesting that maintenance of postsynaptic density composition is TNFα dependent. Together, these data suggest that TNFα is not an instructive signal for scaling but rather is critical for maintaining synapses in a plastic state in which synaptic scaling can be expressed.
Coping with Perceived Racial and Ethnic Discrimination in Women of Color in Graduate Education

COPING WITH PERCEIVED RACIAL AND ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION IN WOMEN OF COLOR IN GRADUATE EDUCATION by Priti Shah How one perceives and copes with such experiences in graduate education can have profound impact upon the personal and professional experiences of minority women in higher education. This study utilized a grounded theory approach (Glasser & Strauss, 1967; Cresswell, Fassinger, 2005) to investigate the impact of perceived racial and ethnic discrimination occurring in academia and effective methods of coping with perceived racial/ ethnic discrimination among 10 women of color in graduate education. Data sources included individual interviews and a group interview meeting. This study allowed women of color who have felt marginalized to experience a sense of connectedness as they shared their experiences as a means of coping in and of itself, and evaluated the experience of the women’s participation in the research. Lastly, institutional factors that may be useful to the personal and professional development of women of color in higher education and in combating racial and ethnic discrimination were also assessed. Emerging results demonstrated that while women of color experience a wide range experiences of racism/discrimination, overwhelmingly they experienced microaggressions –mainly a lack of visibility and minimization of racial/cultural issues. The impact of racial and ethnic discrimination and microaggressions in academic environments ranged from the personal to the professional. Coping factors included a variety of emotion-focused and problem-focused strategies, but highlighted social coping. Cognitive processes were found useful in terms of negotiating variables such as power, their ability to be educative, professional consequences, and emotional factors. Protective, educational, and institutional factors that may be helpful in moderating the impact of such experiences are discussed. COPING WITH PERCEIVED RACIAL AND ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION IN WOMEN OF COLOR IN GRADUATE EDUCATION by Priti Shah
Implications of family income dynamics for women's depressive symptoms during the first 3 years after childbirth.

OBJECTIVES We examined within-person associations between changes in family income and women's depressive symptoms during the first 3 years after childbirth. METHODS Data were analyzed for 1351 women (mean baseline age = 28.13 years) who participated in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care. Nineteen percent of these women belonged to an ethnic minority, and 35% were poor at some time during the study. RESULTS Changes in income and poverty status were significantly associated with changes in depressive symptoms. Effects were greatest for chronically poor women and for women who perceived fewer costs associated with their employment. CONCLUSIONS Given that women head most poor households in the United States, our findings indicate that reductions in poverty would have mental health benefits for women and families.
Peak-to-average power ratio reduction of an OFDM signal using partial transmit sequences with embedded side information

OFDM is an attractive technique for achieving high-bit-rate wireless data transmission. However, the potentially large peak-to-average power ratio (PAP) of a multicarrier signal has limited its application. Previously, we described a technique, based on partial transmit sequences, that provides improved PAP statistics with little loss in efficiency, and which is more easily implemented than the standard partial transmit sequence approach. One of the remaining challenges is how to transmit knowledge about the combining sequence to the receiver in a reliable fashion. Here, we describe a technique, using no overhead, for embedding this information within the transmitted data and reliably recovering it at the receiver.