Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Implementing caches in a 3D technology for high performance processors

3D integration is an emergent technology that has the potential to greatly increase device density while simultaneously providing faster on-chip communication. 3D fabrication involves stacking two or more die connected with a very high-density and low-latency interface. The die-to-die vias that comprise this interface can be treated like regular on-chip metal due to their small size (on the order of l/spl mu/m) and high speed (sub-F04 die-to-die communication delay). The increased device density and the ability to place and route in the third dimension provide new opportunities for microarchitecture design. In this paper, we first present a brief overview of 3D integration technology. We then focus on the design of on-chip caches using 3D integration. In particular, we show that the dense die-to-die vias enable caches that are 3D-partitioned at the level of individual wordlines or bitlines. This results in a wire length reduction within SRAM arrays, and a reduction in the footprint of individual SRAM banks, which reduces the global routing from the edge of the cache to the banks and back. The wire length reduction provides both power and performance benefits, e.g., 21.5% latency reduction and 30.9% energy reduction for a 512KB cache. We also report that implementing only the caches in 3D, without accounting for possible benefits from implementing other components of the processor in 3D, results in a 12% IPC gain. These results demonstrate some of the potential of this new technology, and motivate further research in 3D microarchitectures.
cKanren miniKanren with Constraints

We present cKanren, a framework for constraint logic programming (CLP) in Scheme. cKanren subsumes miniKan-ren, a logic programming language embedded in Scheme. cKanren allows programmers to easily use, deﬁne, and combine diﬀerent kinds of constraints. We provide two example constraint systems: one over ﬁnite domains and one over trees.The cKanren framework is designed to encourage an especially pure style of logic programming in which goals can be reordered arbitrarily without aﬀecting a program’s semantics (with an important decidability-related caveat). We develop the complete implementation of the cKanren framework, written in R 6 RS Scheme extended with SRFI 39 parameters. We present the implementation of cKanren’s ﬁnite domain and disequality constraint solvers, and we provide introductions to miniKanren, cKanren, and numerous example programs, including the Send More Money cryptarithmetic puzzle and N-Queens.
Steady-State Movement Related Potentials for Brain–Computer Interfacing

An approach for brain-computer interfacing (BCI) by analysis of steady-state movement related potentials (ssMRPs) produced during rhythmic finger movements is proposed in this paper. The neurological background of ssMRPs is briefly reviewed. Averaged ssMRPs represent the development of a lateralized rhythmic potential, and the energy of the EEG signals at the finger tapping frequency can be used for single-trial ssMRP classification. The proposed ssMRP-based BCI approach is tested using the classic Fisher's linear discriminant classifier. Moreover, the influence of the current source density transform on the performance of BCI system is investigated. The averaged correct classification rates (CCRs) as well as averaged information transfer rates (ITRs) for different sliding time windows are reported. Reliable single-trial classification rates of 88%-100% accuracy are achievable at relatively high ITRs. Furthermore, we have been able to achieve CCRs of up to 93% in classification of the ssMRPs recorded during imagined rhythmic finger movements. The merit of this approach is in the application of rhythmic cues for BCI, the relatively simple recording setup, and straightforward computations that make the real-time implementations plausible.
The Meaning of OF and HAVE in the USL System

This paper shows how the transformational relationship between HAVE-sentences and OF-phrases is used to represent data contained in sentences with HAVE as the main verb in the context of an information system using natural language to access a relational data base. An overview of the system first establishes the framework in which natural language processing is done. Then ways of representing HAVE are discussed with emphasis on the relation between HAVE and OF. The interpretation proposed and the interpretation process are illustrated by a list of representative queries and phrases against a small data base. In conclusion, this interpretation is extended to prepositional attributes with WITH and WITHOUT, and problems are discussed.
Effect of network heterogeneity on tensile and tear strengths of radiation, peroxide, efficient and conventional cured polyisoprene

At any given crosslink density, the ultimate tensile and tear strengths of vulcanizates depend on the curing system and decrease in the order: conventional (CV) > efficient (EV) > peroxide > radiation cured. Measurements on three network parameters were interpreted as indicating that crosslinks were not uniformly distributed throughout the networks and that network heterogeneity decreased in parallel with a decrease in physical properties. (1) Plots of the freezing point of the gel-solvent in a network, swollen to equilibrium, versus the volume fraction of rubber in the swollen gel, showed a straight line relationship for radiation cured networks and an increasingly large deviation from linearity on passing from radiation cured networks through peroxide and EV to CV cured networks. (2) The glass transition temperature of CV cured networks was higher than that of radiation cured networks of the same crosslink density. (3) Scanning electron micrographs of cryofracture surfaces showed a more uneven surface in CV than in radiation cured networks. The development of heterogeneity in the four networks studied is discussed in terms of the reactions that lead to crosslinking with the different curing systems. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Empowerment or democratic divide? Internet-based political participation of young immigrants and young natives in Germany

In this paper, young people's political participation on the Internet in Germany will be analyzed by statistical means and on the basis of survey data, comparing two groups: Germans (the majority group) and a minority group, consisting of young people from Turkey and various Arab countries, who share a religious affiliation. The young people from a Turkish or Arab background turned out to be particularly politically active online and offline, despite being rather socioeconomically disadvantaged. Statistical models presented in this paper show that this is probably related to their grievances caused by discrimination experiences because of their religion. Generally, the results suggest that disadvantaged minority groups may appropriate the Internet in order to raise their voice, although with some constraints.
Mathematical and Computer Modelling Consistency of Stochastic Context-free Grammars

Computational linguistics play an important role in modeling various applications. Stochastic context-free grammars (SCFGs), for instance, are widely used in compiler testing, natural language processing (NLP), speech recognition and bioinformatics. The commonality of the former projects is that all require consistent SCFGs. This article addresses the consistency problem of SCFGs. We introduce a criterion for deciding the consistency and present a method for turning an inconsistent SCFG into consistent. The feasibility of our theory is demonstrated on random test data generation for some programming languages and formal notations.
In Vitro Predictability of Drug-Drug Interaction Likelihood of P-Glycoprotein-Mediated Efflux of Dabigatran Etexilate Based on [I]2/IC50 Threshold

Dabigatran etexilate, an oral, reversible, competitive, and direct thrombin inhibitor, is an in vitro and in vivo substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Dabigatran etexilate was proposed as an in vivo probe substrate for intestinal P-gp inhibition in a recent guidance on drug-drug interactions (DDI) from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We conducted transcellular transport studies across Caco-2 cell monolayers with dabigatran etexilate in the presence of various P-gp inhibitors to examine how well in vitro IC50 data, in combination with mathematical equations provided by regulatory guidances, predict DDI likelihood. From a set of potential P-gp inhibitors, clarithromycin, cyclosporin A, itraconazole, ketoconazole, quinidine, and ritonavir inhibited P-gp-mediated transport of dabigatran etexilate over a concentration range that may hypothetically occur in the intestine. IC50 values of P-gp inhibitors for dabigatran etexilate transport were comparable to those of digoxin, a well established in vitro and in vivo P-gp substrate. However, IC50 values varied depending whether they were calculated from efflux ratios or permeability coefficients. Prediction of DDI likelihood of P-gp inhibitors using IC50 values, the hypothetical concentration of P-gp inhibitors, and the cut-off value recommended by both the FDA and EMA were in line with the DDI occurrence in clinical studies with dabigatran etexilate. However, it has to be kept in mind that validity of the cut-off criteria proposed by the FDA and EMA depends on in vitro experimental systems and the IC50-calculation methods that are employed, as IC50 values are substantially influenced by these factors.
Comparative effects of sevoflurane and desflurane on erythrocyte deformability in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Aim: It is known that blood viscosity and erythrocyte aggregation are increased and erythrocyte deformability is decreased in diabetic patients. Blood rheology is known to be affected by numerous factor including anaesthetic drugs. Accordingly, we aimed to investigate the effects of sevoflurane and desflurane on erythrocyte deformability in diabetic rats. Place and Duration of Study: The study was performed upon the approval of Gazi University Experimental Animals Ethics Committee in Gazi University Experimental and Clinical Research Center (GUDAM). Methodology: In this study, 24 male albino Wistar rats were used.Diabetes was induced by a single IP injection of streptozotocin, at a dose of 55 mg.kg body weight in 18 Wistar Albino rats.72 hours following this injection rats were classified as diabetic if their fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels exceeded 250 mg.dl and only animals with FBGs of > 250 mg.dl were included in the diabetic groups. After the effects of chronic diabetes encountered diabetic rats were randomly assigned into diabetic control (group DC), diabetic desflurane (group DD) and diabetic sevoflurane (group DS) groups. Another 6 rats without diabetes were assigned as control group (group C). 4 weeks after the Original Research Article AArticle. Article British Journal of Medicine & Medical Research, 4(22): 3954-3962, 2014 3955 injection of streptozotocin diabetic rats were anaesthetized by desflurane 6% or sevoflurane 2% at a dose by which minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) for rats would be one. The drugs were given for 2 hours within 100% oxygen at a rate of 4 L.min. After the anesthesia all rats were given ketamine (100 mg.kg) intraperitoneally and blood samples were withdrawn from the abdominal aorta and then rats were sacrificed. Erythrocyte samples were obtained from heparinized whole blood samples. Measurements for deformability were conducted on erythrocyte suspensions within serum physiologic tamponized with phosphate. Results: Diabetes led to increased relative resistance compared to group C however desflurane and sevoflurane did not alter erythrocyte deformability significantly in diabetic rats. Conclusion: Neither sevoflurane nor desflurane caused a negative effect on erythrocyte deformability in diabetic rats. However these findings should be further investigated in larger and more detailed studies.
A Repayment Model of House Prices 1

This paper proposes a model in which house prices are determined by housing affordability in the short run, while being determined by acquisition costs in the long run. Housing affordability is, in turn, determined by nominal income and nominal mortgage payments. The model explains the recent housing market run-up in the OECD countries by lower housing repayments, decreasing nominal interest rates, and a large inflow of migrants. Empirical estimates give strong support for the model and suggest that it explains house prices in the OECD better than the mainstream models.
Laser-activated bubbles in living cells: new universal cytometric method

Laser-activated micro- and nano-bubbles (LAB) in cells may be used as universal and sensitive probes for measuring properties of individual cells. Such bubbles can be detected and imaged by using microscopy and flow cytometry. LABs in living blood and tumor cells were induced by pulsed (532 nm, 10 ns) laser radiation and were detected by a thermal lens optical method. LAB lifetime and maximal diameter varied, correspondingly, within the ranges 0.02-10 ms and 0.44-100 mm. LAB parameters - thresholds and probabilities - were found to depend upon the physiological state of cells. Specificity and sensitivity of LAB cytometry were increased by using light-absorbing nanoparticles conjugated to specific monoclonal antibodies.
Programmable beam-splitter for confocal laser scanning microscopy

In confocal microscopy manifold combinations of dyes are used. The entire wavelength range from near-ultraviolet to near-infrared is used to excite these dyes. Their emission is then detected primarily in the visible range. In addition to the number of dyes, the number of possible excitation laser lines is already large and constantly increasing. Due to the almost unlimited number of possible combinations, programmable devices are required. This is true for excitation-modules, beam-splitters and detection modules. Systems using filters with fixed spectral properties can practically fulfill the requirements for only a very small subset of applications. Programmable devices have been realized for excitation using Acousto Optical Tunable Filters (AOTF's). Freely definable spectral detectors are available for a perfect adaptation to the desired emission bands. The missing link for a completely filter-free design is now introduced using an Acousto Optical Beam Splitter (AOBS).
Vectored antibody gene delivery protects against Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite challenge in mice

Significance Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum results in the death of between 500,000 and 800,000 children per year and thus presents a major infectious disease threat to public health. Antibodies directed against the circumsporozoite protein of the infectious form of the parasite can prevent P. falciparum infection. Nevertheless, current candidate malaria vaccines do not elicit consistent, durable protection. Here we demonstrate that an alternative to conventional immunization, antibody gene delivery by a viral vector [vectored immunoprophylaxis (VIP)], can direct sustained expression of protective mAb in vivo and prevent P. falciparum infection in a rodent model. These studies provide a proof of principle for the use of VIP against the deadliest form of human malaria. Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum kills nearly one million children each year and imposes crippling economic burdens on families and nations worldwide. No licensed vaccine exists, but infection can be prevented by antibodies against the circumsporozoite protein (CSP), the major surface protein of sporozoites, the form of the parasite injected by mosquitoes. We have used vectored immunoprophylaxis (VIP), an adeno-associated virus-based technology, to introduce preformed antibody genes encoding anti-P. falciparum CSP mAb into mice. VIP vector-transduced mice exhibited long-lived mAb expression at up to 1,200 µg/mL in serum, and up to 70% were protected from both i.v. and mosquito bite challenge with transgenic Plasmodium berghei rodent sporozoites that incorporate the P. falciparum target of the mAb in their CSP. Serum antibody levels and protection from mosquito bite challenge were dependent on the dose of the VIP vector. All individual mice expressing CSP-specific mAb 2A10 at 1 mg/mL or more were completely protected, suggesting that in this model system, exceeding that threshold results in consistent sterile protection. Our results demonstrate the potential of VIP as a path toward the elusive goal of immunization against malaria.
Metagenomic insights into S(0) precipitation in a terrestrial subsurface lithoautotrophic ecosystem

The Frasassi and Acquasanta Terme cave systems in Italy host isolated lithoautotrophic ecosystems characterized by sulfur-oxidizing biofilms with up to 50% S(0) by mass. The net contributions of microbial taxa in the biofilms to production and consumption of S(0) are poorly understood and have implications for understanding the formation of geological sulfur deposits as well as the ecological niches of sulfur-oxidizing autotrophs. Filamentous Epsilonproteobacteria are among the principal biofilm architects in Frasassi and Acquasanta Terme streams, colonizing high-sulfide, low-oxygen niches relative to other major biofilm-forming populations. Metagenomic sequencing of eight biofilm samples indicated the presence of diverse and abundant Epsilonproteobacteria. Populations of Sulfurovum-like organisms were the most abundant Epsilonproteobacteria regardless of differences in biofilm morphology, temperature, or water chemistry. After assembling and binning the metagenomic data, we retrieved four nearly-complete genomes of Sulfurovum-like organisms as well as a Sulfuricurvum spp. Analyses of the binned and assembled metagenomic data indicate that the Epsilonproteobacteria are autotrophic and therefore provide organic carbon to the isolated subsurface ecosystem. Multiple homologs of sulfide-quinone oxidoreductase (Sqr), together with incomplete or absent Sox pathways, suggest that cave Sulfurovum-like Epsilonproteobacteria oxidize sulfide incompletely to S(0) using either O2 or nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor, consistent with previous evidence that they are most successful in niches with high dissolved sulfide to oxygen ratios. In contrast, we recovered homologs of the complete complement of Sox proteins affiliated Gammaproteobacteria and with less abundant Sulfuricurvum spp. and Arcobacter spp. , suggesting that these populations are capable of the complete oxidation of sulfide to sulfate. These and other genomic data presented here offer new clues into the physiology and genetic potential of the largely uncultivated and ecologically successful cave Sulfurovum-like populations, and suggest that they play an integral role in subsurface S(0) formation.
Cascaded Fusion of Dynamic, Spatial, and Textural Feature Sets for Person-Independent Facial Emotion Recognition

Emotion recognition from facial expressions is a highly demanding task, especially in everyday life scenarios. Different sources of artifacts have to be considered in order to successfully extract the intended emotional nuances of the face. The exact and robust detection and orientation of faces impeded by occlusions, inhomogeneous lighting and fast movements is only one difficulty. Another one is the question of selecting suitable features for the application at hand. In the literature, a vast body of different visual features grouped into dynamic, spatial and textural families, has been proposed. These features exhibit different advantages/disadvantages over each other due to their inherent structure, and thus capture complementary information, which is a promising vantage point for fusion architectures. To combine different feature sets and exploit their respective advantages, an adaptive multilevel fusion architecture is proposed. The cascaded approach integrates information on different levels and time scales using artificial neural networks for adaptive weighting of propagated intermediate results. The performance of the proposed architecture is analysed on the GEMEP-FERA corpus as well as on a novel dataset obtained from an unconstrained, spontaneuous human-computer interaction scenario. The obtained performance is superior to single channels and basic fusion techniques.
SVM Kernel Optimization : An Example in Yeast Protein Subcellular Localization Prediction

Localization of proteins, a flourishing area in bioinformatics, can help us understand their respective functions. Currently there exist a number of localization approaches based on machine learning algorithms, and support vector machines (SVMs) have been used extensively. However, in terms of kernel optimization, a critical step in SVM design, there is no well-established systematic method so far. In this paper, we apply the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm in kernel optimization, an algorithm that we believe will have better optimization performance than simple gradient descent and that hasn’t been used in this field according to our knowledge, and test it using protein location data from yeast. We then experimentally compare the performance of our optimized system with others. Results show that automated parameter optimization can improve classification accuracy. Further research can complement such a method by controlling over-fitting.
A low-glycemic-index diet reduces plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity, but not tissue inhibitor of proteinases-1 or plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 protein, in overweight women.

BACKGROUND The development of obesity has been suggested to involve plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and tissue inhibitor of proteinases-1 (TIMP-1). Plasma PAI-1 is elevated in obesity. A low-glycemic-index (LGI) diet may have a beneficial effect on obesity through a decrease in plasma PAI-1, but whether it affects plasma TIMP-1 in healthy humans has not been studied. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether a 10-wk intake of an LGI or a high-glycemic-index (HGI), high-carbohydrate, low-fat, ad libitum diet is associated with decreases in plasma PAI-1 and TIMP-1 concentrations in overweight women. DESIGN Forty-four overweight women [body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2): 27.5+/-0.23] were randomly assigned to consume an HGI or an LGI diet for 10 wk. A subgroup of 29 women was assigned to participate in an additional 4-h meal test on the last day of the 10-wk intervention. RESULTS PAI-1 activity decreased after 10 wk of the LGI diet and was significantly different between groups. Changes in PAI-1 antigen followed the same trend, but no significant difference was observed between groups. No difference in plasma TIMP-1 concentrations was observed between groups. PAI-1 and TIMP-1 concentrations after the 4-h meal test were not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSION An LGI diet reduces fasting plasma PAI-1 activity and therefore may be useful for diminishing the adverse cardiovascular effects of obesity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00324090.
Do you know what you are generating?

Software-based traffic generators are commonly used in experimental research on computer networks. However, there are no much studies focusing on how such instruments are accurate. Here we start a discussion reviewing the problem of using software-based traffic generators over common hardware/software, highlighting interesting issues that pose some threats to common beliefs. We started comparing the operator-requested traffic profile against the real behavior of commonly used software-based traffic generators. We aim at performing tests under different conditions and looking both at packet/bit rate and inter-packet time distribution. Preliminary results show notable differences in some cases, opening the way to interesting discussions and further investigations.