Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Organizational Responses to Death in the Military.

Abstract When a friend or loved one dies, the challenge for survivors is to somehow cope effectively with the loss and go on living and functioning. This is true not only for family members, but also for friends and coworkers of the deceased. How organizations respond to a death can influence coping in either a positive or negative direction. Military organizations have long experience with death, and have developed poprams and policies aimed at assisting survivors to adjust positively to loss. This report reviews how casualty policies have developed in the U.S. Army, and draws on the Army's casualty experience to suggest some ways in which organizational responses to death might facilitate healthy adjustment for survivors.
The budding yeast PP2ACdc55 protein phosphatase prevents the onset of anaphase in response to morphogenetic defects

Faithful chromosome transmission requires establishment of sister chromatid cohesion during S phase, followed by its removal at anaphase onset. Sister chromatids are tethered together by cohesin, which is displaced from chromosomes through cleavage of its Mcd1 subunit by the separase protease. Separase is in turn inhibited, up to this moment, by securin. Budding yeast cells respond to morphogenetic defects by a transient arrest in G2 with high securin levels and unseparated chromatids. We show that neither securin elimination nor forced cohesin cleavage is sufficient for anaphase in these conditions, suggesting that other factors contribute to cohesion maintainance in G2. We find that the protein phosphatase PP2A bound to its regulatory subunit Cdc55 plays a key role in this process, uncovering a new function for PP2ACdc55 in controlling a noncanonical pathway of chromatid cohesion removal.
Automated Verb Sense Labelling Based on Linked Lexical Resources

We present a novel approach for creating sense annotated corpora automatically. Our approach employs shallow syntacticosemantic patterns derived from linked lexical resources to automatically identify instances of word senses in text corpora. We evaluate our labelling method intrinsically on SemCor and extrinsically by using automatically labelled corpus text to train a classifier for verb sense disambiguation. Testing this classifier on verbs from the English MASC corpus and on verbs from the Senseval-3 all-words disambiguation task shows that it matches the performance of a classifier which has been trained on manually annotated data.
SPECIFICATION PROBLEMS, POLICE LEVELS, AND CRIME RATES*

Research on the relationship between police and crime, like many criminological topics, is subject to uncertain causal direction and omitted controls. We recommend procedures that mitigate these problems: the Granger causality test, proxies for missing variables, robustness checks, and making data available to other researchers. Because specification problems are common in the social sciences, this strategy has applicability beyond the issue of police and crime. We analyze yearly police data and UCR crime rates, at the state and city levels, pooled over two decades. We find Granger causation in both directions. The impact of crime on the number of police is slight, but the impact of police on most crime types is substantial. The latter result is more robust at the city level.
Storing a Persistent Transactional Object Heap on Flash Memory

We present the design and implementation of two garbage collectors for TINYSTORE. TINYSTORE is a persistent flash-based transactional memory-management system for Java Cards. One collector is a stop-the-world collector with a traversal ordering that is particularly efficient on flash memories. The second is an incremental garbage collector that prevents long garbage-collection pauses.
Development of negative feedback during successive growth cycles of black cherry

Negative feedback between plant and soil microbial communities can be a key determinant of vegetation structure and dynamics. Previous research has shown that negative feedback between black cherry (Prunus serotina) and soil pathogens is strongly distance dependent. Here, we investigate the temporal dynamics of negative feedback. To examine short–term changes, we planted successive cycles of seedlings in the same soil. We found that seedling mortality increased steadily with growth cycle when sterile background soil was inoculated with living field soil but not in controls inoculated with sterilized field soil. To examine long–term changes, we quantified negative feedback across successive growth cycles in soil inoculated with living field soil from a mature forest system (more than 70 years old) versus a younger successional site (ca. 25 years old). In both cases negative feedback developed similarly. Our results suggest that negative feedback can develop very quickly in forest systems, at the spatial scale of a single seedling.
Vocabulary Teaching and TESOL: A Need for Reevaluation of Existing Assumptions.

Vocabulary instruction in TESOL has been traditionally relegated to secondary status in favor of an emphasis on the teaching of syntactic structures. According to the traditional theories, vocabulary acquisition has also been seen as a means to improve reading and listening comprehension and not as a skill vital in its own right. These traditional views are challenged in this paper as being inappropriate for ESL programs on the university level. Massive vocabulary instruction should begin as soon as possible and the status of lexical knowledge should be given greater emphasis in TESOL programs. Relevant lexical items that are within the student's syntactic knowledge should be selected and immediately integrated into the classroom setting. Repetition of vocabulary items in a natural linguistic context will aid the students in dealing with multiple meanings and th& sociolinguistic contexts of words and phrases. In short, the author argues for a new emphasis on vocabulary instruction in TESOL programs.
In Vitro Fusion Catalyzed by the Sporulation‐Specific t‐SNARE Light‐Chain Spo20p is Stimulated by Phosphatidic Acid

Sec9p and Spo20p are two SNAP25 family SNARE proteins specialized for different developmental stages in yeast. Sec9p interacts with Sso1/2p and Snc1/2p to mediate intracellular trafficking between post‐Golgi vesicles and the plasma membrane during vegetative growth. Spo20p replaces Sec9p in the generation of prospore membranes during sporulation. The function of Spo20p requires enzymatically active Spo14p, which is a phosphatidylcholine (PC)‐specific phospholipase D that hydrolyzes PC to generate phosphatidic acid (PA). Phosphatidic acid is required to localize Spo20p properly during sporulation; however, it seems to have additional roles that are not fully understood. Here we compared the fusion mediated by all combinations of the Sec9p or Spo20p C‐terminal domains with Sso1p/Sso2p and Snc1p/Snc2p. Our results show that Spo20p forms a less efficient SNARE complex than Sec9p. The combination of Sso2p/Spo20c is the least fusogenic t‐SNARE complex. Incorporation of PA in the lipid bilayer stimulates SNARE‐mediated membrane fusion by all t‐SNARE complexes, likely by decreasing the energetic barrier during membrane merger. This effect may allow the weak SNARE complex containing Spo20p to function during sporulation. In addition, PA can directly interact with the juxtamembrane region of Sso1p, which contributes to the stimulatory effects of PA on membrane fusion. Our results suggest that the fusion strength of SNAREs, the composition of organelle lipids and lipid–SNARE interactions may be coordinately regulated to control the rate and specificity of membrane fusion.
A New Margin-Based Criterion for Efficient Gradient Descent

Keywords: learning Note: Published in ``ICASSP, 2004'' Reference EPFL-REPORT-82916 URL: http://publications.idiap. ch/downloads/reports/2003/rr03-16.pdf Record created on 2006-03-10, modified on 2017-05-10
A trust model for routing in MANETs: a cognitive agents based approach

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is one of the successful wireless network paradigms which offers unrestricted mobility without depending on any underlying infrastructure. MANETs have become an exciting and im- portant technology in recent years because of the rapid proliferation of variety of wireless devices, and increased use of ad hoc networks in various applications. Like any other networks, MANETs are also prone to variety of attacks majorly in routing side, most of the proposed secured routing solutions based on cryptography and authentication methods have greater overhead, which results in latency problems and resource crunch problems, especially in energy side. The successful working of these mechanisms also depends on secured key management involving a trusted third authority, which is generally difficult to implement in MANET environ-ment due to volatile topology. Designing a secured routing algorithm for MANETs which incorporates the notion of trust without maintaining any trusted third entity is an interesting research problem in recent years. This paper propose a new trust model based on cognitive reasoning,which associates the notion of trust with all the member nodes of MANETs using a novel Behaviors-Observations- Beliefs(BOB) model. These trust values are used for detec- tion and prevention of malicious and dishonest nodes while routing the data. The proposed trust model works with the DTM-DSR protocol, which involves computation of direct trust between any two nodes using cognitive knowledge. We have taken care of trust fading over time, rewards, and penalties while computing the trustworthiness of a node and also route. A simulator is developed for testing the proposed algorithm, the results of experiments shows incorporation of cognitive reasoning for computation of trust in routing effectively detects intrusions in MANET environment, and generates more reliable routes for secured routing of data.
Millions Now Living Will Never Die: Cultural Anxieties About the Afterlife of Information

This article examines cultural anxieties surrounding the life and death of online data. Through the examination of a wide range of discourses, including “lifestyle” news articles, online user comments, essays and books by novelists and engineers, and the websites of information management services, I argue that death online—defined as the persistence of informatic remainders after the death of the human user—reveals how networked data are constructed as both an authentic duplicate of identity and as a threat to personal identity that must be managed. Because humans are understood as finite and mortal, while data are immortal and everlasting, the “life” formed out of online data is understood as beyond any possible control of the user. With the death of the user, the perceived connection between the user and data is revealed as a contingency rather than a necessity. Information is produced as autonomous. It is nearly identical to yet separate from the user; it belongs to nobody except, perhaps, the network itself.
Self-consistent Thermal Accretion Disk Corona Models for Compact Objects. I. Properties of the Corona and the Spectrum of Escaping Radiation

We present the properties of accretion disk corona (ADC) models in which the radiation field, the temperature, and the total opacity of the corona are determined self-consistently. We use a nonlinear Monte Carlo code to perform the calculations. As an example, we discuss models in which the corona is situated above and below a cold accretion disk with a plane-parallel (slab) geometry, similar to the model of Haardt & Maraschi. By Comptonizing the soft radiation emitted by the accretion disk, the corona is responsible for producing the high-energy component of the escaping radiation. Our models include the reprocessing of radiation in the accretion disk. Here the photons either are Compton-reflected or photoabsorbed, giving rise to fluorescent line emission and thermal emission. The self-consistent coronal temperature is determined by balancing heating (due to viscous energy dissipation) with Compton cooling, determined using the fully relativistic, angle-dependent cross sections. The total opacity is found by balancing pair productions with annihilations. We find that, for a disk temperature kTBB ≲ 200 eV, these coronae are unable to have a self-consistent temperature higher than ~140 keV if the total optical depth is ≳0.2, regardless of the compactness parameter of the corona and the seed opacity. This limitation corresponds to the angle-averaged spectrum of escaping radiation having a photon index ≳1.8 within the 5-30 keV band. Finally, all models that have reprocessing features also predict a large thermal excess at lower energies. These constraints make explaining the X-ray spectra of persistent black hole candidates with ADC models very problematic.
Protection from fatal viral encephalomyelitis: AMPA receptor antagonists have a direct effect on the inflammatory response to infection

Neuronal cell death during fatal acute viral encephalomyelitis can result from damage caused by virus replication, glutamate excitotoxicity, and the immune response. A neurovirulent strain of the alphavirus Sindbis virus (NSV) causes fatal encephalomyelitis associated with motor neuron death in adult C57BL/6 mice that can be prevented by treatment with the prototypic noncompetitive α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) glutamate receptor antagonist GYKI 52466 [Nargi-Aizenman J, et al. (2004) Ann Neurol 55:541–549]. To determine the mechanism of protection, NSV-infected mice were treated with 7-acetyl-5-(4-aminophenyl)-8(R)-methyl-8,9-dihydro-7H-1,3-dioxolo-(4,5-h)-benzodiazepine (talampanel), a potent, orally available member of the 2,3 benzodiazepine class of noncompetitive AMPA glutamate receptor antagonists. Talampanel-treated mice were protected from NSV-induced paralysis and death. Examination of the brain during infection showed significantly less mononuclear cell infiltration and no increase in astrocyte expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in treated mice compared with untreated mice. Lack of CNS inflammation was attributable to failure of treated mice to induce activation and proliferation of lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissue in response to infection. Antibody responses to NSV were also suppressed by talampanel treatment, and virus clearance was delayed. These studies reveal a previously unrecognized effect of AMPA receptor antagonists on the immune response and suggest that prevention of immune-mediated damage, in addition to inhibition of excitotoxicity, is a mechanism by which these drugs protect from death of motor neurons caused by viral infection.
Joint resource allocation and base-station assignment for the downlink in CDMA networks

In this paper, we jointly consider the resource allocation and base-station assignment problems for the downlink in CDMA networks that could carry heterogeneous data services. We first study a joint power and rate allocation problem that attempts to maximize the expected throughput of the system. This problem is inherently difficult because it is in fact a nonconvex optimization problem. To solve this problem, we develop a distributed algorithm based on dynamic pricing. This algorithm provides a power and rate allocation that is asymptotically optimal in the number of mobiles. We also study the effect of various factors on the development of efficient resource allocation strategies. Finally, using the outcome of the power and rate allocation algorithm, we develop a pricing-based base-station assignment algorithm that results in an overall joint resource allocation and base-station assignment. In this algorithm, a base-station is assigned to each mobile taking into account the congestion level of the base-station as well as the transmission environment of the mobile.
Caring Teachers and Symbolic Violence: Engaging the Productive Struggle in Practice and Research

Symbolic violence may not be a desirable theory to apply to public schooling—its structuralist limitations render it deterministic, lacking in human agency, and unpalatable to researchers and educators who see schools as viable and productive sites of social transformation. Perhaps for these reasons, it seems little has been written about symbolic violence in schools, and what has been written tends to focus primarily on the symbolic, institutionalized violence imparted by schools and teachers upon students. In this article, I offer a shift in these perspectives. I present symbolic violence as a productive analytical tool in identifying modes of resistance to specific damaging effects of schooling institutions. I also illustrate how symbolic violence victimizes one particularly caring teacher, rendering her compliant in her own victimization, without voice to accurately name her struggles, and—because of her ethic of care—complicit in reproducing damaging institutionalizing practices. Using ethnographic data, I explore symbolic violence via one teacher's reflective, critical narratives. I draw upon the tenets of dialogicality in language to help make more visible the often intangible elements of symbolic violence. And at various points in the article, I discuss the implications of engaging an analytic that ultimately runs counter to my own epistemology, turning to Maxine Greene for insight in the struggle.
A New Color Pattern Recognition Algorithm Based On Quaternion Correlation

Quaternion correlation, which uses a quaternion to represent the R, G, B value of a pixel in color images, takes advantage of high recognizing precision and strong noise tolerance. However, it can hardly satisfy the speed requirement because of its convolution character. By the Fourier expression of quaternion correlation and the convolution theorem, the color pattern recognition problem is addressed in this paper, to enhance the implementation efficiency. The paper firstly introduces the basic knowledge about quaternion and quaternion correlation. Then, the detailed algorithm is proposed. Finally, we demonstrate the practical implication using example applications for color images, and prove the validity of the algorithm.
Scoring function accuracy for membrane protein structure prediction

We perform a systematic examination of the ability of several different high‐resolution, atomic‐detail scoring functions to discriminate native conformations of loops in membrane proteins from non‐native but physically reasonable, or “decoy,” conformations. Decoys constructed from changing a loop conformation while keeping the remainder of the protein fixed are a challenging test of energy function accuracy. Nevertheless, the best of the energy functions we examined recognized the native structure as lowest in energy around half the time, and consistently chose it as a low‐energy structure. This suggests that the best of present energy functions, even without a representation of the lipid bilayer, are of sufficient accuracy to give reasonable confidence in predictions of membrane protein structure. We also constructed homology models for each structure, using other known structures in the same protein family as templates. Homology models were constructed using several scoring functions and modeling programs, but with a comparable sampling effort for each procedure. Our results indicate that the quality of sequence alignment is probably the most important factor in model accuracy for sequence identity from 20–40%; one can expect a reasonably accurate model for membrane proteins when sequence identity is greater than 30%, in agreement with previous studies. Most errors are localized in loop regions, which tend to be found outside the lipid bilayer. For the most discriminative energy functions, it appears that errors are most likely due to lack of sufficient sampling, although it should be stressed that present energy functions are still far from perfectly reliable. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative evaluation of [3H]WIN 35428 and [3H]GBR 12935 as markers of dopamine innervation density in brain

WIN 35428 and GBR 12935, two uptake blocker ligands of the membrane transporter for dopamine (DA), were evaluated as quantitative markers of DA innervation density in CNS tissue. From alternate rat brain slices respectively processed for either light microscope or film autoradiography, counts of DA axon terminals (varicosities) labeled by uptake/storage of [3H]DA were matched with densitometric measurements of the specific binding of [3H]WIN 35428 and [3H]GBR 12935 in the same anatomical areas. The relation between the two parameters was examined in 1) the normal cingulate cortex; 2) the neostriatum severely DA‐denervated by unilateral intramesencephalic injections of 6‐hydroxydopamine; and 3) the neostriatum, partly DA‐reinnervated by an intrastriatal graft of fetal mesencephalic neurons after prior 6‐hydroxydopamine lesion. For technical reasons, the hyperdense DA innervation of normal striatum was not amenable to such correlative testing. Data were subjected to multilevel analysis. Specific [3H]WIN binding at 37°C was tightly and linearly correlated with the number of DA varicosities over the full range of DA innervation densities tested. The regression lines for intact cortex and for DA‐denervated as well as DA‐reinnervated neostriatum had the same slope and crossed the ordinate near zero. In contrast, [3H]GBR 12935 binding at 37°C showed no correlation with the number of DA varicosities. A linear correlation could be obtained after incubation with [3H]GBR 12935 at 4°C in the presence of ZnSO4, but the intercept of this regression line remained significantly above zero at origin, indicating extraneous binding to non‐DA transporter sites. Providing that the hyperdense DA innervation of the normal neostriatum does not generate a particular problem in vivo as it does in vitro, WIN 35428, but not GBR 12935, might satisfy the selectivity and sensitivity requirements of a quantitative marker of DA innervation density for eventual use in positron emission tomographic studies. Synapse 25:163–175, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An exploration of the adoption of E-auctions in supply management

Increasingly, reverse e-auctions are replacing traditional competitive bidding for sourcing decisions. Using the Internet, reverse e-auctions allow suppliers to compete dynamically, in real-time, for a buyer's business. During a reverse e-auction, suppliers submit multiple electronic bids over a fixed time period, often 30 min or less. Typically, the price of the item or service being purchased drops, often dramatically, during the bidding process. E-auctions offer a range of benefits to buying organizations including lower transaction costs, shorter order-cycle times, a large pool of potential suppliers, and competitive purchase prices. Some buyers are concerned that the emphasis on price will overshadow other important performance characteristics. The differences between buying organizations that have adopted reverse e-auctions and those that have not used e-auctions for sourcing decisions are explored in this paper. Data for the study were gathered using a survey of vice presidents and directors of purchasing. Chi-squared analysis shows that there are no differences between reverse e-auction adopters and nonadopters on the level of importance placed on the purchasing objectives of cost management and on supplier collaboration. There is a significant difference considering organization size, where reverse e-auction adopters have higher annual sales than nonadopters. The findings suggest that contrary to expectations, e-auction use and supplier collaboration are not mutually exclusive. Opportunities for future research are discussed.