Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measuring the use of intuition by registered nurses in clinical practice.

AIM To administer the Smith Intuition Instrument to a sample of registered nurses to clarify its factors and test convergent validity. METHODS The Smith Intuition Instrument (27 items), a subscale of the Miller Intuitiveness Instrument (18 items), and demographic questions, were posted to 1,000 registered nurses in January 2006. RESULTS With a response rate of 79% (n=79), the findings are preliminary. Principal component factor analysis with orthogonal varimax rotation resulted in four factors accounting for 70.8% of variance: spiritual connections (373%), reassuring feelings (14.6%), physical sensations (12.5%) and bad feelings (6.2%). Eigenvalues ranged from 1.1 to 6.7 and factor loadings ranged from 0.705 to 0.887 An 18-item instrument emerged with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.896 and a range of 0.806 to 0.892 for each factor. Pearson's correlation between the two intuition measures was 0.520. CONCLUSION Psychometric evaluation demonstrated construct validity, convergent validity and reliability, and clarified the factors. The Smith Intuition Instrument is a valid and reliable tool for measuring nurses' use of intuition in clinical practice.
The Effects of Social Interactions on Female Genital Mutilation : Evidence from Egypt

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a traditional procedure of removing the whole or part of the female genitalia for non-medical reasons—typically as a signal of ‘quality’ in the marriage market. It has been found by the World Health Organization to be harmful to the health of women, and is internationally recognized as illegal. This paper attempts to identify the social effects of FGM and its medicalization—the shift from traditional practitioners to professional health providers—on a household’s decision to opt for FGM using instrumental variables based on spatial location. We find that FGM itself has a strong social effect: households are more likely to opt for FGM the more widely adopted it is adopted among their peers, while medicalization is found to have a significant negative effect in some areas: households are less likely to opt for FGM the more widely is medicalization utilized among their peers.
The pricing of audit services: The Canadian perspective*

Abstract. The pricing of audit services is a complex function of many variables. Prior research in this area has proposed various approaches and models to identify some of these factors. This paper includes a description of one such model. Studies based on this model, or modifications of it, have been performed in the U.S., Australia, New Zealand, and the U.K. This paper reports the findings of a similar study conducted in Canada. The analysis indicates that an approximately linear relationship exists between audit fee and a company's total assets or sales. In addition, the number of subsidiaries and the level of inventory are statistically significant determinants of audit fee in the Canadian setting. The extent of foreign assets was also a significant determinant of audit fee for large companies, while the amount of receivables was found to be a significant determinant of audit fee for small companies. The findings are compared with those reported previously for different countries and the result of a test for price competition in the Canadian audit market is also discussed. Resume. L'etablissement du prix des services de verification est une fonction complexe faisant intervenir de nombreuses variables. Les travaux de recherche precedents dans ce domaine ont debouche sur diverses methodes et divers modeles destines a cerner certains de ces facteurs. Les auteurs s'en tiennent a l'un de ces modeles qu'ils prennent soin de decrire. Des etudes fondees sur ce modele, ou sur une version adaptee du modele, ont ete effectuees aux Etats-Unis, en Australie, en Nouvelle-Zelande et au Royaume-Uni. Les auteurs font etat des resultats d'une etude semblable menee au Canada. L'analyse revele qu'une relation a peu pres lineaire existe entre les honoraires de verification et l'actif total ou le chiffre d'affaires d'une societe. De plus, le nombre de filiales et le niveau des stocks sont des determinants statistiquement significatifs des honoraires de verification dans le contexte canadien. L'importance de l'actif a l'etranger est egalement un determinant significatif des honoraires de verification pour les grandes entreprises, tandis que le montant des comptes clients est un determinant significatif des hororaires de verification pour les petites entreprises. Les auteurs comparent ces resultats aux resultats precedemment obtenus pour differents pays et traitent du resultat d'un controle relatif a la concurrence sur les prix dans le marche canadien de la verification.
Identification of Potential Games and Demand Models for Bundles

This paper studies nonparametric identification in binary choice games of complete information. We allow for correlated unobservables across players. We propose conditions under which the binary choice game is a so-called potential game and impose that the selected equilibrium maximizes its associated potential function. Our framework is formally equivalent to a multinomial choice demand model where a consumer can elect to purchase any bundle of products. We present a separate identification result for two-player games that does not rely on equilibrium selection.
Bayesian Inference for Comparative Research

Regression analysis in comparative research suffers from two distinct problems of statistical inference. First, because the data constitute all the available observations from a population, conventional inference based on the long-run behavior of a repeatable data mechanism is not appropriate. Second, the small and collinear data sets of comparative research yield imprecise estimates of the effects of explanatory variables. We describe a Bayesian approach to statistical inference that provides a unified solution to these two problems. This approach is illustrated in a comparative analysis of unionization.
Women and Survival in Mexican Cities: Perspectives on Gender, Labour Markets and Low Income Households

Introduction - "Sisters of the Shaking Earth" economic development in Mexico - comparative perspectives on three intermediate cities, Puerto Vallarta, Leon and Queretaro gender and local labour demand gender and local labour supply women's employment and household structure economic crisis, women's work and household change - the case of Queretaro women's employment and household survival strategies. Appendices: household survey employer survey.
Is there a future for city managers? the evolving roles of officials in council-manager government

Changes in the roles of elected officials in councilmanager government have important implications for the position of the manager as a professional public administrator. The form of government itself will be threatened if mayors take on executive tasks and if the council carries activism and constituency service to the point of undermining the professionalism of the manager and staff. These negative consequences are not necessary outcomes of current trends. The role of the manager will continue to he transformed but need not be undermined by the expanding contributions of elected officials. Complementary roles may be identified for the mayor, council members, and manager which represent a blending of greater parts of both political and professional leadership in city government.
Organization theory: Structure, design, and applications

I. INTRODUCTION: WHAT'S IT ALL ABOUT? 1. An Overview. 2. The Evolution of Organization Theory. 3. Organizational Effectiveness. 4. Dimensions of Organization Structure. II. THE DETERMINANTS: WHAT CAUSES STRUCTURES? 5. Strategy. 6. Organization Size. 7. Technology. 8. Environment. 9. Power-Control. III. ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN: CHOOSING THE RIGHT STRUCTURAL FORM. 10. Organizational Design Options. 11. Bureaucracy: A Closer Look. 12. Adhocracy: A Closer Look. IV. APPLICATIONS CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN ORGANIZATION THEORY. 13. Managing the Environment. 14. Managing Organizational Change. 15. Managing Organizational Conflict. 16. Managing Organizational Culture. 17. Managing Organizational Evolution. V. APPLICATIONS: CASES IN ORGANIZATION THEORY.
Differential Modulation of Apoptosis Sensitivity in CD95 Type I and Type II Cells*

We have recently identified two different pathways of CD95-mediated apoptosis (Scaffidi, C., Fulda, S., Srinivasan, A., Feng, L., Friesen, C., Tomaselli, K. J., Debatin, K.-M., Krammer, P. H., and Peter, M. E. (1998) EMBO J. 17, 1675–1687). CD95-mediated apoptosis in type I cells is initiated by large amounts of active caspase-8 formed at the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) followed by direct cleavage of caspase-3. In contrast, in type II cells very little DISC and small amounts of active caspase-8 sufficient to induce the apoptogenic activity of mitochondria are formed causing a profound activation of both caspase-8 and caspase-3. Only in type II cells can apoptosis be blocked by overexpressed Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL. We now show that a number of apoptosis-inhibiting or -inducing stimuli only affect apoptosis in type II cells, indicating that they act on the mitochondrial branch of the CD95 pathway. These stimuli include the activation of protein kinase C, which inhibits CD95-mediated apoptosis resulting in a delayed cleavage of BID, and the induction of apoptosis by the ceramide analog C2-ceramide. In addition, we have identified the CD95 high expressing cell line BoeR as a CD95 apoptosis-resistant type II cell that can be sensitized by treatment with cycloheximide without affecting formation of the DISC. This also places the effects of cycloheximide in the mitochondrial branch of the type II CD95 pathway. In contrast, c-FLIP was found to block CD95-mediated apoptosis in both type I and type II cells, because it acts directly at the DISC of both types of cells.
Interaction of Haemophilus influenzae with human erythrocytes and oropharyngeal epithelial cells is mediated by a common fimbrial epitope

The role of fimbriae in the adherence of Haemophilus influenzae to oropharyngeal epithelial cells and the hemagglutination (HA) of human Anton-positive erythrocytes was examined. HA of bacteria was lost after shearing. Fimbriae purified from the extracellular fluid caused HA and bound to oropharyngeal epithelial cells, as analyzed with immunoperoxidase staining, in a way which was similar to the adherence of bacteria to these cells: binding was over the entire surface of the cells and showed cell-to-cell variation. The specific role of fimbriae in HA and adherence was further examined by inhibition experiments with monoclonal antibodies elicited against the isolated fimbriae. These monoclonal antibodies bound along the entire length of the fimbriae, as seen by immunogold electron microscopy. The monoclonal antibodies and their Fab fragments inhibited HA (reduction in titer from 1:512 to 1:128 and 1:64, respectively) and inhibited the adherence of the homologous H. influenzae strain and of three of eight heterologous H. influenzae strains to oropharyngeal epithelial cells. These results indicate that fimbriae are involved in adherence and HA and that the binding site for the monoclonal antibodies on the fimbriae is not common on all strains.
The Epstein-Barr virus and neoplasia.

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a lymphotropic herpes virus in man.1 Its main target is the human B lymphocyte.2 Only B lymphocytes and most if not all B lymphocytes have specific EBV receptors.3 Recent evidence suggests that the complement receptor of the B lymphocyte is either identical or closely associated with EBV receptor (Jondal M, Klein G, Oldstone MB: unpublished data). EBV can convert normal lymphocytes, which have a limited life span in vitro, into permanently growing cell lines.4 5 6 7 8 9 Such "immortalized" lines have a diploid or near-diploid karyotype,10 carry multiple copies of the viral genome per cell11 12 13 14 and express EBV-specific nuclear .
TRADING FORWARD IN AN IMPERFECT MARKET: THE CASE OF ELECTRICITY IN BRITAIN*

The thrust of government policy in the British electricity industry has been to create a competitive and transparen t commodity market. To this end there has been a separation of supply from distribution and an independent company operates a transparent spot market, known as the pool. However, there is also a set of futu res and options-style contracts which lie over the pool that are not transparent. This paper considers the effects of the contract market on the pool. The model is an application of the theory of futures-style trading when the spot market is imperfect. However, the model is somewhat non-standard as there is no secondary trading in the contra cts and the generators may capture rents in the contract market. The results suggest several externalities due to the strategic use of th ese contracts by both the generators and the RECs which may limit the number of contracts traded. It is argued that the Office for Electricity Regulation (Offer) should intervene to help the creation of a transparent and standardized contract market. This may ensure the success of the contract market, ease entry to generation and foster competition. Copyright 1993 by Royal Economic Society.
Markov Switching GARCH Diffusion

GARCH option pricing models have the advantage of a well-established econometric foundation. However, multiple states need to be introduced as single state GARCH and even Levy processes are unable to explain the term structure of the moments of financial data. We show that the continuous time version of the Markov switching GARCH(1,1) process is a stochastic model where the volatility follows a switching process. The continuous time switching GARCH model derived in this paper, where the variance process jumps between two or more GARCH volatility states, is able to capture the features of implied volatilities in an intuitive and tractable framework.
Human capital, technical change and the welfare state

I study the interactions between the distribution of human capital, technological choice, and redistributive institutions. I first ask what makes alternative social contracts such as a European-style "welfare state" and U.S.-style "laissez-faire" sustainable, and in particular how each is affected by skill-biased technical change. I then endogenize technological or organizational choice, and show that firms respond to greater human capital heterogeneity with more flexible technologies that further exacerbate wage equality. I then analyze the simultaneous determination of technology, income distribution, and redistributive institutions, and as well as spillovers between the social contracts of different countries. (JEL: D31, O33, J3, H10) Copyright (c) 2003 The European Economic Association.
Contesting Family in Finnish and Canadian Immigration and Refugee Policy

Contesting Family in Finnish and Canadian Immigration and Refugee Policy Adopting a governmentality perspective, this article explores the multi-conceptuality of family in Finnish and Canadian immigration and refugee policy domains by analyzing official and political discourse. Contestation is found to typically manifest as conflict between Western ‘nuclear’ and non-Western ‘extended’ understandings of family. We argue that family is persistent in immigration and refugee policies of both countries because it continues to be thought of as an effective tool for biopolitical governance of national populations. A closer reading of the contestation over family also reveals competing neoliberal and neoconservative governmental rationalities situated within broader integration assemblages.
Gene-Expression Profiling Suggests Impaired Signaling via the Interferon Pathway in Cstb-/- Microglia

Progressive myoclonus epilepsy of Unverricht-Lundborg type (EPM1, OMIM254800) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by stimulus-sensitive and action-activated myoclonus, tonic-clonic epileptic seizures, and ataxia. Loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin B (CSTB) underlie EPM1. The deficiency of CSTB in mice (Cstb-/- mice) generates a phenotype resembling the symptoms of EPM1 patients and is accompanied by microglial activation at two weeks of age and an upregulation of immune system-associated genes in the cerebellum at one month of age. To shed light on molecular pathways and processes linked to CSTB deficiency in microglia we characterized the transcriptome of cultured Cstb-/- mouse microglia using microarray hybridization and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). The gene expression profiles obtained with these two techniques were in good accordance and not polarized to either pro- or anti-inflammatory status. In Cstb-/- microglia, altogether 184 genes were differentially expressed. Of these, 33 genes were identified by both methods. Several interferon-regulated genes were weaker expressed in Cstb-/- microglia compared to control. This was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR of the transcripts Irf7 and Stat1. Subsequently, we explored the biological context of CSTB deficiency in microglia more deeply by functional enrichment and canonical pathway analysis. This uncovered a potential role for CSTB in chemotaxis, antigen-presentation, and in immune- and defense response-associated processes by altering JAK-STAT pathway signaling. These data support and expand the previously suggested involvement of inflammatory processes to the disease pathogenesis of EPM1 and connect CSTB deficiency in microglia to altered expression of interferon-regulated genes.
Periodic High Risk as a Cause of Fertility Decline in a Changing Rural Environment: Survival Strategies in the 1980-1983 South Indian Drought

In the attempt to explain persistent high fertility in much of the Third World, attention has been drawn both to current returns from child labor and to the mitigation or avoidance of future risks. The latter can be subdivided into meeting emergencies while the parental generation is still of working age and providing for old age or even safeguarding the transmission of family property on parental death. The problems of old age have recently received most attention, and they may well be of paramount importance in many societies. ' Yet, in a research program that we have conducted in rural south India since 1979, the reasons given for demographic behavior have more frequently emphasized the need to plan strategies to meet periodic crisis than to ensure old-age support.2 Nevertheless, one should not underemphasize the latter merely because the problem is predictable and the solutions understood. In the study area, for the great majority of the aged, the support system still worked well.3 In contrast, in our investigations of marriage, fertility control, and education, we repeatedly discovered that a fundamental consideration with regard to parental decisions in these areas was to strengthen the ability of the family to withstand periodic crises.4 By far the most important type of crisis in this dry, drought-prone area was recurrent famines resulting
Declining Business Dynamism in the U.S. High-Technology Sector

The U.S. economy is very dynamic - with firms entering, exiting, expanding, or contracting at all times. More competitive firms grow and replace less-competitive ones. This dynamic process is an important source of productivity growth and sustained economic prosperity in modern economies. New and young firms play an outsized role in this productivity-enhancing dynamic process, and in net job creation.But, recent trends point to sustained declines in business dynamism and in entrepreneurship across a broad range of sectors in the U.S. economy. While the causes and implications of this development are still being uncovered, it may suggest a lower growth economy and standards of living than otherwise would have been.We examine how these trends apply to the U.S. high-tech sector - defined here as the group of industries with very high shares of workers in the STEM occupations of science, technology, engineering, and math. Our findings show that the recently documented secular declines in business dynamism that occurred broadly across the U.S. economy during the last couple of decades also occurred in the high-tech sector in the post-2000 period. As part of this decline in dynamism, we find indicators of a slowdown in entrepreneurship in the high-tech sector in the post-2000 period.This slowdown in the high-tech sector may be especially problematic for all the reasons stated above. High-tech firms also play an outsized role in income, employment, and productivity growth overall and are generally focused on the types of cutting-edge technologies that can drive sustained economic growth. This sector typically is viewed as very entrepreneurial, but we document a pronounced slowdown in such activity in the post-2000 period.
Resonant Pull-In Condition in Parallel-Plate Electrostatic Actuators

Electrostatic parallel-plate actuators are a common way of actuating microelectromechanical systems, both statically and dynamically. In the static case, the stable actuation voltages are limited by the static pull-in condition, which indicates that the travel range is approximately limited to 1/3 of the initial actuation gap. Under dynamic actuation conditions, however, the stable voltages are reduced, whereas the travel range can be much extended. This is the case with the dynamic pull-in and the resonant pull-in conditions (RPCs). Using energy analysis, this paper extends the study of pull-in instability to the resonant case and derives the analytical RPC. This condition predicts snapping or pull-in of the structure for a given domain of dc and ac actuation voltages versus quality factor, taking into account the nonlinearities due to large amplitudes of oscillation. Experimental results are presented to validate the analytically derived RPC.
Software development for safety-related systems

Safety-related systems mostly comprise hardware and software solutions. Due to the increasing application of complex hardware and software systems, the software systems have to be considered regarding safety as well as hardware systems. The development of a safety-related software system is similar to the development of a safety-related hardware systems. But there are still no generally accepted methods for developing safety-critical software. One has to use the methods, which fit best to the actual requirements. However, the calculation of reliability and availability for safety-related software systems is far more complex.
Exploring the relationship between educational mismatch, earnings and job satisfaction in the tourism industry

This article analyses the interrelationship between educational mismatch, wages and job satisfaction in the Spanish tourism sector in the first years of the global economic crisis. It is shown that there is a much higher incidence of over-education among workers in the Spanish tourism sector than in the rest of the economy despite this sector recording lower educational levels. This study estimates two models to analyse the influence of the educational mismatch on wages and job satisfaction for workers in the tourism industry and for the Spanish economy as a whole. The first model shows that in the tourism sector, the wage penalty associated with over-education is approximately 10%. The second reveals that in the tourism sector the levels of satisfaction of over-educated workers are considerably lower than those corresponding to workers well assigned. With respect to the differences between tourism and the overall economy in both aspects, the wage penalty is substantially lower in the case of tourism industries and the effect of over-education on job satisfaction is very similar to that of the economy as a whole in a context where both wages and the private returns to education are considerably lower in the tourism sector.