Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Self-Serving Bias and Tax Morale

In a real-effort laboratory experiment to manipulate evasion opportunities, we study whether the moral evaluation of tax evasion is subject to a self-serving bias. We find that tax morale is egoistically biased: Subjects with the opportunity to evade taxes judge tax evasion as less unethical as opposed to those who cannot evade. The detection probability does not affect this result. Further, we do not find moral spillover effects, for example, on legal activities.
Energy Efficiency Analysis with Circuit Power Consumption in Downlink Large-Scale Multiple Antenna Systems

This paper proposes a new energy efficiency (EE) model with circuit power consumption in downlink massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, and analyzes how the number of transmit antennas and the transmit power affect the EE. A concise model of the distribution of the mutual information and a new realistic power consumption model are used to draw a closed-form expression for the EE model. Mathematical analysis proves that the EE is a concave function of the number of transmit antennas and the transmit power, and the EE increases first and then decreases as the transmit power increases, indicating the existence of the optimal number of transmit antennas and the transmit power. An iterative algorithm is given to compute jointly the optimal number of transmit antennas and the transmit power. Simulation results show that when the circuit power consumption is comparable to the transmit power, there exists an optimal number of transmit antennas to maximize the EE.
Quantitative trait loci with additive effects on palatability and fatty acid composition of meat in a Wagyu – Limousin F 2 population

Quantitative trait loci with additive effects on palatability and fatty acid composition of meat in a Wagyu–Limousin F2 population L. J. Alexander*, M. D. MacNeil*, T. W. Geary*, W. M. Snelling, D. C. Rule and J. A. Scanga *USDA-ARS, Miles City, MT 59301, USA. USDA-ARS, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA. University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
Young children ’ s perceptions of their classroom environment : perspectives from England and India

This chapter explores the use of different participatory methods to enable us to understand children’s perceptions of their school experience. It is based on a study carried out with 12 5–6-year-old children from a primary school in south-east England and 15 5–6-yearold children from a school in northern India. The chapter’s aims are twofold: first, to discuss the use of qualitative participatory methods – children’s drawings, children’s pair interviews and photographic/video evidence of different areas of the class/setting, taken/videoed by children themselves – as a means to understand children’s perceptions of their classroom experience and, second, to interpret children’s meaning making of their classroom experience using the culturalhistorical framework of understanding human behaviour.
Identification of Target Genes Regulated by the Two-Component System HP166-HP165 of Helicobacter pylori

ABSTRACT Two-component systems are signal transduction systems which enable bacteria to regulate cellular functions in response to changing environmental conditions. In most cases regulation is accomplished on the transcriptional level by a response regulator protein, which, according to the phosphorylation state of its receiver domain, displays different affinities for its target promoters. Here we describe identification of genes regulated by the two-component system HP166-HP165 of Helicobacter pylori and characterization of the corresponding target promoters. We demonstrated that expression of the HP166-HP165 two-component system is negatively autoregulated under conditions favoring autophosphorylation of the histidine kinase. Furthermore, we found that response regulator HP166 activates transcription of genes encoding a protein family with an unknown function present in H. pylori 26695, as well as an operon composed of five H. pylori-specific genes. While open reading frame HP166 is an essential gene, the target genes of the response regulator are not required for growth under in vitro culture conditions.
The Geography of Firm Births in Germany

AUDRETSCH D. B. and FRITSCH M. (1994) The geography of firm births in Germany, Reg. Studies 28, 359–365. The linkages between the extent to which increasing returns to production exist within a spatial unit of observation and the tendency towards increased concentration of economic activity, measured in terms of the birth of new firms, is the focus of this paper. Based on 75 regions in west Germany, we find considerable evidence suggesting that birth rates are greater in regions exhibiting characteristics reflecting convexities in production. This provides support for the theory that the location of new economic activity tends to occur in the geographic space where such production convexities are the greatest. AUDRETSCH D. B. et FRITSCH M. (1994) La geographie de la naissance d'entreprises en Allemagne, Reg. Studies 28, 359–365. Cet article porte sur les liens entre l'importance des rendements croissants au sein d'une aire geographique delimitee et la tendance a la concentration accrue de l'activite econo.
False‐Name Manipulation in Weighted Voting Games: Empirical and Theoretical Analysis

Weighted voting games are important in multiagent systems because of their usage in automated decision making. However, they are not immune from the vulnerability of false‐name manipulation by strategic agents that may be present in the games. False‐name manipulation involves an agent splitting its weight among several false identities in anticipation of power increase. Previous works have considered false‐name manipulation using the well‐known Shapley–Shubik and Banzhaf power indices. Bounds on the extent of power that a manipulator may gain exist when it splits into k = 2 false identities for both the Shapley–Shubik and Banzhaf indices. The bounds when an agent splits into k > 2 false identities, until now, have remained open for the two indices. This article answers this open problem by providing four nontrivial bounds when an agent splits into k > 2 false identities for the two indices. Furthermore, we propose a new bound on the extent of power that a manipulator may gain when it splits into several false identities in a class of games referred to as excess unanimity weighted voting games. Finally, we complement our theoretical results with empirical evaluation. Results from our experiments confirm the existence of beneficial splits into several false identities for the two indices, and also establish that splitting into more than two false identities is qualitatively different than the previously known splitting into exactly two false identities.
Modelling and forecasting office returns in the Helsinki area

This paper presents an econometric study of office returns determination in the Helsinki area, a small European market, over a 30-year period from 1971 to 2001. Particularly, the study investigates the variation in office capital growth, which is the most volatile component of office total return in the Helsinki market, using three alternative models: a regression model, an error correction model (ECM), and an integrated autoregressive-moving average model with exogenous explanatory variables (ARIMAX). The study also evaluates the forecasting performance of the alternative specifications. The results indicate that the ARIMAX models, incorporating past values of capital growth and growth in service sector employment and in the gross domestic product, are able to pick up shocks present in the data, and thus provide the best forecasting tool for office returns in Helsinki. The ECM models, which incorporate long-run information, cannot satisfactorily model the irregularities in the Helsinki office market, such as the boom-bust cycle of the 1980s and 1990s, and thus are suitable for modelling and forecasting only part of the Helsinki market. It is predicted that office capital returns will continue to grow in real terms by 0.1% on average in the 2002-2005 period. This implies that real office total returns will grow on average at the rate of 5.7% over the same time period.
The contribution of trained parameters to the goodness of fit of a Bayesian neural encoding model for the auditory system

A Bayesian neural decoding model requires the use of a neural encoding model. The parameters of this encoding model are generally fitted to some training data and used subsequently in the decoding of a test stimulus. One encoding model that has been widely used for the auditory system implies the use of a generalized linear model (GLM) having three parameters accounting respectively for the spontaneous rate of the neuron, its spectro-temporal receptive field and the dynamics of the neuron. Here we present a cross-validation study of the goodness of fit of a GLM encoding model in order to quantify the effects on the fitting of using model parameters estimated from a training data set on a test data set. The goodness of fit is measured using Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) statistics. It is observed that using trained parameters on the test data yields a much poorer than expected goodness of fit of the auditory encoding model, with only 5% of the neurons having a suitable fit. Moreover, we show that this poor goodness of fit is the result of all three parameters of the auditory GLM encoding model being inadequate for the test data. Using such parameters in a decoding framework may thus result in a biased decoded stimulus.
Momentum and reversion in risk neutral martingale probabilities

A time homogeneous, purely discontinuous, parsimonous Markov martingale model is proposed for the risk neutral dynamics of equity forward prices. Transition probabilities are in the variance gamma class with spot dependent parameters. Markov chain approximations give access to option prices. The model is estimated on option prices across strike and maturity for five days at a time. Properties of the estimated processes are described via an analysis of return quantiles, momentum functions that measure the response of tail probabilities to such moves. Momentum and reversion are also addressed via the construction of reverse conditional expectations. Term structures for the moments of marginal distributions support a decay in skewness and excess kurtosis with maturity at rates slower than those implied by Lévy processes. Out of sample performance is additionally reported. It is observed that risk neutral dynamics by and large reflect the presence of momentum in numerous probabilities. However, there is some reversion in the upper quantiles of risk neutral return distributions.
Dual Roles of the Hemagglutinin Segment-Specific Noncoding Nucleotides in the Extended Duplex Region of the Influenza A Virus RNA Promoter

ABSTRACT We recently reported that the segment-specific noncoding regions (NCRs) of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) segments are subtype specific, varying significantly in sequence and length at both the 3′ and 5′ ends. Interestingly, we found that nucleotides CC at positions 13 and 14 at the 3′ end and GUG at positions 14 to 16 at the 5′ end (termed 14′ and 16′ to distinguish them from 3′ positions) are absolutely conserved among all HA subtype-specific NCRs. These HA segment-specific NCR nucleotides are located in the extended duplex region of the viral RNA promoter. In order to understand the significance of these highly conserved HA segment-specific NCR nucleotides in the virus life cycle, we performed extensive mutagenesis on the HA segment-specific NCR nucleotides and studied their functional significance in regulating influenza A virus replication in the context of the HA segment with both RNP reconstitution and virus infection systems. We found that the base pairing of the 3′-end 13 position with the 5′-end 14′ position (3′13-5′14′) position is critical for RNA promoter activity while the identity of the base pair is critical in determining HA segment packaging. Moreover, the identity of the residue at the 3′-end 14 position is functionally more important in regulating virus genome packaging than in regulating viral RNA synthesis. Taken together, these results demonstrated that the HA segment-specific NCR nucleotides in the extended duplex region of the promoter not only form part of the promoter but also play a key role in controlling virus selective genome packaging. IMPORTANCE The segment-specific complementary nucleotides (13 to 15 in the 3′ end and 14′ to 16′ in the 5′ end) in the extended duplex region of the influenza virus RNA promoter vary significantly among different segments and have rarely been studied. Here, we performed mutagenesis analysis of the highly conserved HA segment-specific nucleotides in the extended duplex region and examined their effects on virus replication in the context of the influenza A/WSN/33 (WSN) virus infection. We found that these HA segment-specific nucleotides not only act as a part of the RNA promoter but also play a critical role in HA segment packaging. Therefore, we showed experimentally, for the first time, the requirement of the nucleotides in the extended duplex region for the RNA promoter and also identified specific noncoding residues in regulating HA segment packaging. This work has implications for the development of attenuated vaccine strains and for elucidation the mechanisms of the virus genome packaging.
Transfer of information on palliative home care during the out-of-hours period.

BACKGROUND Continuity of end-of-life care for patients receiving palliative care is an important challenge for out-of-hours services in general practice. AIM To investigate how frequent information is transferred on patients receiving palliative care from GPs to the out-of-hours services, to explore the perceptions of GP's on this information transfer and to study the relation between information transfer and the used GP information systems. METHODS This is a mixed-method design study. The frequency of information transfer to the out-of-hours services was investigated by analyzing a regional out-of-hours database. Barriers and promoting factors for this transfer of information were investigated by using semi-structured interviews among a purposive sample of GPs from the same region. The relation between information transfer and the GP information system was investigated by a postal questionnaire in a national random selection of GPs. RESULTS When a palliative patient contacted the out-of-hours service, for 20% of these patients, a transfer of information was available and only half of these transfers included an anticipating end-of-life plan. All interviewed GPs considered continuity of care for these patients as important. However, some doubted whether a transfer of information is relevant for the quality of care. There was no relation between the information transfer and the used GP information systems. CONCLUSION For only a minority of patients receiving palliative care, a transfer of information including an anticipating management plan was present. There is a large variation in the opinions of GPs on how to organize continuity of end-of-life care.
An Ecology of Text: Using Text Retrieval to Study Alife on the Net

I introduce a new alife model, an ecology based on a corpus of text, and apply it to the analysis of posts to USENET News. In this corporal ecology posts are organisms, the newsgroups of NetNews define an environment, and human posters situated in their wider context make up a scarce resource. I apply latent semantic indexing (LSI), a text retrieval method based on principal component analysis, to distill from the corpus those replicating units of text. LSI arrives at suitable replicators because it discovers word co-occurrences that segregate and recombine with appreciable frequency. I argue that natural selection is necessarily in operation because sufficient conditions for its occurrence are met: replication, mutagenicity, and trait/fitness covariance. I describe a set of experiments performed on a static corpus of over 10,000 posts. In these experiments I study average population fitness, a fundamental element of population ecology. My study of fitness arrives at the tinhappy discovery that a flame-war, centered around an overly prolific poster, is the king of the jungle.
The social scaffolding of online communities

Online communities have become cornerstones of how work gets done in the 21st century. While being considered as a way to access a global workforce and often praised for their resources and open collaboration, there is not much consensus on how knowledge-intensive online communities actually “work”. In this paper, we develop a theory of the “social scaffolding” of online communities. We advance prior research by arguing that online communities can feature one of four possible combinations of high and low degrees of fluidity and stability. We then theorize about the influence of these combinations on three “shades” of reciprocity as core mechanisms in online communities. Finally, we discuss the implications of our research and present an agenda for future research in which we call for increased attention to theoretical approaches toward online communities. Organizations will be able to use our framework in order to develop a strategic fit with – and thus, more effectively utilize the potential of – online .
Foreign Direct Investment: Flows, Volatility, and the Impact on Growth

This paper contributes to the literature on FDI and economic growth. We deviate from previous studies by introducing measures of the volatility of FDI inflows. As introduced into the model, these are predicted to have a negative effect on growth. We estimate the standard model using cross-section, panel data, and instrumental variable techniques. Whilst all results are not entirely robust, there is a consistent finding that volatility of FDI has a negative impact on growth. The evidence for a positive effect of FDI levels on growth is not robust, nor is that for any effect of human capital.
A Worldwide Examination of Exchange Market Quality: Greater Integrity Increases Market Efficiency

We develop a framework for assessing security market quality (MQ), relating five elements of market design to three metrics of market integrity and two metrics of market efficiency. We empirically implement this integrity–efficiency MQ framework by testing a hypothesis that trade-based ramping manipulation at the close (MTC) raises execution costs on 24 security markets worldwide. Estimating a simultaneous equations model of ramping incidence, spreads, and the probability of deploying real-time surveillance (RTS), we show that quoted bid-ask spreads are positively related to the incidence of MTC across seven liquidity deciles. The magnitude is economically significant; improving market integrity by cutting MTC in half reduces spreads 6–11 %. Allowing direct market access in conjunction with RTS, conducting auctions at the close, and developing regulations that require surveillance, all reduce MTC and thereby lower spreads, assuring better market integrity and enhancing market efficiency. Introducing circuit breakers or prohibiting shorts poses integrity–efficiency tradeoffs.
DEMIR at ImageCLEFMed 2013: The Effects of Modality Classification to Information Retrieval

This paper present the details of participation of DEMIR (Dokuz Eylul University Multimedia Information Retrieval) research team to the Im- ageCLEF 2013 Medical Retrieval task. This year, we participated to two sub- tasks: modality classification and ad-hoc image-based retrieval. For them, our central method is integrated combination multimodal retrieval applied to re- trieved documents sets of each visual and text features, after than our infor- mation retrieval based classification algorithm is performed. In modality classi- fication subtask, we proposed an approach for modality classification based on information retrieval techniques. The main elements of this method are infor- mation retrieval techniques. Additionally, in ad-hoc image-based retrieval sub- task, we assumed as a baseline that our methods which were obtained our best performances in ImageCLEF 2012. We added on our proposed classification method to these baseline runs and we evaluated impact of classification on the modalities of documents.
Massive MIMO Channel Modeling - Extension of the COST 2100 Model

As massive MIMO is currently considered a leading 5G technology candidate, channel models that capture important massive MIMO channel characteristics are urgently needed. In this paper we present an attempt for massive MIMO channel modeling based on measurement campaigns at 2.6 GHz in both outdoor and indoor environments, using physically-large arrays and with closely-spaced users. The COST 2100 MIMO channel model is adopted as a general framework. We discuss modeling approaches and scopes for massive MIMO, based on which we suggest extensions to the COST 2100 model. The extensions include 3D propagation, polarization, cluster behavior at the base station side for physically-large arrays, and multi-path component gain functions for closely-spaced users. Model parameters for these extensions in massive MIMO scenarios are reported. Initial validation against the measurements are also performed, which shows that the model is capable of reproducing the channel statistics in terms of temporal behavior of the user separability, singular value spread and sum-rate/capacity. (Less)
Economic growth and its effect on income distribution

Purpose - The main aim of this paper is to examine the effect of economic growth on worker mobility and the effect of this mobility on income distribution. Design/methodology/approach - The paper develops an overlapping generation model with multiple categories of labor. In order to confirm the theoretical results and demonstrate that the model can be used for empirical analysis, an example and a simulation were presented. Findings - The analysis demonstrates that, as capital stock increase, workers are mobilized up to better jobs, their income grows and income distribution becomes more equalized. Research limitations/implications - Endogenous technological improvement and population growth might also be added to the discussion, but at the price of a more complicated model. Discussion on these issues showed be left for future research. Practical implications - The effect of tax policy can be easily added to the model and to the discussion. Originality/value - This paper extended the overlapping generation model to include different types of individuals. The importance of the paper is in its ability to analyze the changes in the income of various categories of workers along the growth path of the economy.
Auditory attention control for human-computer interaction

An approach for auditory attention control was applied to an experimental environment with one main and one background task. The participants used the system for two periods, one with pure visual and the other with auditory enhanced attention control. The investigation and findings are reported in this paper. The findings indicate that the userpsilas concentration on the main task, in terms of fewer user errors, is better and the response times to critical events in the background is shorter with auditory enhanced attention control. The usability of the system was furthermore confirmed by the participants. Thus, the targeted use of auditory attention control is proposed as contribution to the efficient use of a computer system.