Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations

The main purpose of this paper is to describe a process for partitioning an N-dimensional population into k sets on the basis of a sample. The process, which is called 'k-means,' appears to give partitions which are reasonably efficient in the sense of within-class variance. That is, if p is the probability mass function for the population, S = {S1, S2, * *, Sk} is a partition of EN, and ui, i = 1, 2, * , k, is the conditional mean of p over the set Si, then W2(S) = ff=ISi f z u42 dp(z) tends to be low for the partitions S generated by the method. We say 'tends to be low,' primarily because of intuitive considerations, corroborated to some extent by mathematical analysis and practical computational experience. Also, the k-means procedure is easily programmed and is computationally economical, so that it is feasible to process very large samples on a digital computer. Possible applications include methods for similarity grouping, nonlinear prediction, approximating multivariate distributions, and nonparametric tests for independence among several variables. In addition to suggesting practical classification methods, the study of k-means has proved to be theoretically interesting. The k-means concept represents a generalization of the ordinary sample mean, and one is naturally led to study the pertinent asymptotic behavior, the object being to establish some sort of law of large numbers for the k-means. This problem is sufficiently interesting, in fact, for us to devote a good portion of this paper to it. The k-means are defined in section 2.1, and the main results which have been obtained on the asymptotic behavior are given there. The rest of section 2 is devoted to the proofs of these results. Section 3 describes several specific possible applications, and reports some preliminary results from computer experiments conducted to explore the possibilities inherent in the k-means idea. The extension to general metric spaces is indicated briefly in section 4. The original point of departure for the work described here was a series of problems in optimal classification (MacQueen [9]) which represented special
Perception of root-derived peptides by shoot LRR-RKs mediates systemic N-demand signaling

Nitrogen (N) is a critical nutrient for plants but is often distributed unevenly in the soil. Plants therefore have evolved a systemic mechanism by which N starvation on one side of the root system leads to a compensatory and increased nitrate uptake on the other side. Here, we study the molecular systems that support perception of N and the long-distance signaling needed to alter root development. Rootlets starved of N secrete small peptides that are translocated to the shoot and received by two leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs). Arabidopsis plants deficient in this pathway show growth retardation accompanied with N-deficiency symptoms. Thus, signaling from the root to the shoot helps the plant adapt to fluctuations in local N availability. Nitrogen-starved rootlets send small peptides to the shoot to initiate compensatory uptake in other rootlets. [Also see Perspective by Bisseling and Scheres] Getting to the root of a root problem Although a plant's root system reaches through the soil in search of nutrients, its search is not indiscriminate. If some section of the root is unable to deliver the amount of nitrogen that the rest of the plant demands, other sections of the root compensate and ramp up their delivery of nitrogen. Tabata et al. have now found a small peptide that delivers a signal involved in this process (see the Perspective by Bisseling and Scheres). Only with perception of the signal by the matching receptor in the shoot can the root system compensate for unproductive members. Science, this issue p. 343; see also p. 300
Environmental Factors Affecting Microbiota Dynamics during Traditional Solid-state Fermentation of Chinese Daqu Starter

In this study, we investigated the microbiota dynamics during two industrial-scale traditional solid-state fermentation (SSF) processes of Daqu starters. Similar evolution profiles of environmental parameters, enzymatic activities, microbial amounts, and communities were observed during the medium temperature SSF (MTSSF) and low temperature SSF (LTSSF) processes. Orders of Rickettsiales and Streptophyta only dominated the initial 2 days, and Eurotiales only predominated from days 10 to 24, however, phylotypes of Enterobacteriales, Lactobacillales, Bacillales, Saccharomycetales, and Mucorales both prevailed throughout the MTSSF and LTSSF processes. Nevertheless, the pH in MTSSF process on day 5 were 5.28, while in LTSSF process (4.87) significantly lower (P < 0.05). The glucoamylase activities in MTSSF process dropped from 902.71 to 394.33 mg glucose g-1 h-1 on days 5 to 24, while significantly lower (P < 0.05) in LTSSF process and decreased from 512.25 to 268.69 mg glucose g-1 h-1. The relative abundance of Enterobacteriales and Lactobacillales in MTSSF process constituted from 10.30 to 71.73% and 2.34 to 16.68%, while in LTSSF process ranged from 3.16 to 41.06% and 8.43 to 57.39%, respectively. The relative abundance of Eurotiales in MTSSF process on days 10 to 24 decreased from 36.10 to 28.63%, while obviously higher in LTSSF process and increased from 52.00 to 72.97%. Furthermore, lower bacterial richness but higher fungal richness were displayed, markedly differences in bacterial communities but highly similarities in fungal communities were exhibited, during MTSSF process comparatively to the LTSSF process. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed microbial structure transition happened at thermophilic stages under environmental stress of moisture, pH, acidity, and pile temperature. These profound understanding might help to effectively control the traditional Daqu SSF process by adjusting relevant environmental parameters.
Distribution and Evolution of Industrial Innovation Efficiency

We propose a two-stage model of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to assess the innovation efficiency of the innovative effort for Chinese industries. The first stage is to measure the technology efficiency and the second is to measure the economy efficiency. The integral stage is the combination of the two stages and to evaluate integral efficiency for the whole innovative process. For different evaluating purposes, two kinds of DEA models, namely CCR and BCC, are used to measure the innovation efficiency and analyze evolution of innovation efficiency of Chinese Industries during the recent years, respectively. The results indicate that most of Chinese industries have a relative high efficiency in the first stage, however, and a low efficiency in the second stage. Mediocre efficiency occurs for most of Chinese industries in the integral stage. This reveals there are some serious inconsistencies between technology capability and economic performance in most Chinese industries and their capability of transforming technology efficiency to economy is relatively poor. Research results further show that there is still much room for Chinese industries to improve their innovation efficiency. The findings reveal that the heavy investment in R&D alone can neither bring high S&T output, nor competitive advantages.
Host-Derived Langerhans Cells Persist after MHC-Matched Allografting Independent of Donor T Cells and Critically Influence the Alloresponses Mediated by Donor Lymphocyte Infusions1

Mouse models of minor histocompatibility Ag-mismatched bone marrow transplantation were used to study donor dendritic cell (DC) reconstitution after conditioning, variables influencing the persistence of residual host DCs in different compartments, their phenotype, and their role in governing donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI)-mediated alloresponses. Reconstitution of all splenic DC subsets occurred rapidly after bone marrow transplantation and before T cell reconstitution. However, in contrast to MHC-mismatched chimeras, residual host-derived DCs persisted in the cutaneous lymph nodes (CLNs) of MHC-matched chimeras despite the presence or addition of donor T cells to the graft. The phenotype of these residual host-derived DCs in CLNs was consistent with Langerhans’ cells (LCs). We confirmed their skin origin and found near-complete preservation of host-derived LCs in the skin. Host-derived LCs retained their ability to continuously traffic to the CLNs, expressed homogeneously increased levels of costimulatory molecules, and could capture and carry epicutaneously applied Ags. To determine the role of residual host LCs in governing DLI-mediated alloresponses, we administered DLI alone or after topical application of the TLR7 ligand imiquimod, which is known to enhance the LC emigration from the skin. DLI administration resulted in a decrease in host-derived DCs in the CLNs and increased recruitment of donor-derived DCs to the skin, whereas imiquimod augmented their alloreactivity. These results suggest uniqueness of the MHC-matched setting in relation to the persistence of host-derived DCs in the skin and points to a previously unrecognized role of host-derived LCs in the induction of DLI-mediated graft-vs-host alloresponses.
Contextual Embedding for Distributed Representations of Entities in a Text Corpus

Distributed representations of textual elements in low dimensional vector space to capture context has gained great attention recently. Current state-of-the-art word embedding techniques compute distributed representations using co-occurrences of words within a contextual window discounting the flexibility to incorporate other contextual phenomena like temporal, geographical, and topical contexts. In this paper, we present a flexible framework that has the ability to leverage temporal, geographical, and topical information of documents along with the textual content to produce more effective vector representations of entities or words within a document collection. The framework first captures contextual relationships between entities collected from different relevant documents and then leverages these relationships to produce inputs of a graph, or to train a neural network to produce vectors for the entities. Through a set of rigorous experiments we test the performance of our approach and results show that our proposed solution can produce more meaningful vectors than the state-of-the-art methods.
Supporting Consistency Management in Dynamic Content Distribution Overlays

Content distribution overlays improves end-user performance by replicating Web contents on a group of geographically distributed sites interconnected over the Internet. However, with the development whereby overlay systems can manage dynamically changing files, an important issue to be resolved is consistency management, which means the cached replicas on different sites must be updated if the originals change. In this paper, based on the analytical formulation of object freshness time, Web access distribution and network topology, we derive a novel algorithm as follows: (1) For a given content which has been changed at its original server, only a limited number of its replicas instead of all replicas are updated. (2) After a replica has been selected for update, the latest version will be sent from an algorithm-decided site instead of from its original server. Simulation results verify that the proposed algorithm provides much better consistency management than conventional methods with the reduced update overhead and network traffic
Epithelium is required for maintaining FGFR‐2 expression levels in facial mesenchyme of the developing chick embryo

In the developing chick embryo, fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGFR‐2) expression patterns correlate with outgrowth of facial prominences. Frontonasal mass prominences that form the pre‐nasal cartilage and upper beak express high levels of FGFR‐2 receptor, whereas maxillary prominences that form the flattened corners of the beak and palatal shelves express low FGFR‐2 transcript levels. Facial epithelium is an abundant source of FGFs and is required to support outgrowth of mesenchymal tissue, including cartilage rod formation. Because FGFR‐2 is highly expressed in regions of facial outgrowth and because epithelium is required for outgrowth of facial prominences, epithelium could be required to maintain FGFR‐2 transcripts in facial mesenchyme. To test this hypothesis, we removed epithelium to inhibit outgrowth of regions of the embryonic face, grafted frontonasal mass and maxillary prominences into a host limb bud, and then examined changes in FGFR‐2 expression usingin situ hybridization. We also hybridized adjacent sections with collagen II probe to identify regions undergoing chondrogenesis. Our results indicate that removal of epithelium from frontonasal mass led to a decrease in FGFR‐2 and collagen II expression 24 hr after grafting to host and that neither FGFR‐2 nor collagen II expression increased to expected levels at 48 hr. These results suggest that there are signals in the epithelium required for increasing FGFR‐2 and collagen II gene transcription, and the expression of these genes are linked to outgrowth of facial prominences. Dev. Dyn. 1997;210: 407–416. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A revenue-rewarding scheme of providing incentive for cooperative proxy caching for media streaming systems

Network entities cooperating together can improve system performance of media streaming. In this paper, we address the “incentive issue” of a cooperative proxy caching system and how to motivate each proxy to provide cache space to the system. To encourage proxies to participate, we propose a “revenue-rewarding scheme” to credit the cooperative proxies according to the resources they contribute. A game-theoretic model is used to analyze the interactions among proxies under the revenue-rewarding scheme. We propose two cooperative game settings that lead to optimal situations. In particular, (1) We propose a distributed incentive framework for peers to participate in resource contribution for media streaming; (2) Proxies are encouraged to cooperate under the revenue-rewarding scheme; (3) Profit and social welfare are maximized in these cooperative games; and (4) Cost-effective resource allocation is achieved in these cooperative games. Large scale simulation is carried out to validate and verify the merits of our proposed incentive schemes.
Comment on Bem's "self-perception: an alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena".

Since Ss in Bern's (1967) "interpersonal replication of the Festinger-Carlsmith Experiment" were not informed that the amount the person they observed was paid was independent of his initial attitude, Bern's results are open to the alternative interpretation that Ss assumed the person's attitude determined the amount he was paid. Bern (1967) indicates that his "Interpersonal Replication of the FestingerCarlsmith Experiment" replicates the study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) "with the single exception that the observer and the observed are no longer the same individual. " However, there is a second, crucial difference between the two studies. In the Festinger and Carlsmith experiment, the amount of money which the subject (S) was paid to say the boring tasks were fun was independent of his initial liking for the tasks. Thus, the differences in liking for the tasks at the end of the experiment can be considered evidence that the amount S1 was paid to say they were fun determined how much he liked the tasks. In Bern's study, Ss were not informed that the amount of money which the person in the recording was paid to say the boring tasks were fun was independent of his initial liking for the tasks. For this reason, the differences in the estimates of the person's liking for the tasks can not be taken as evidence that Ss assumed that the amount the person was paid determined how much he liked the tasks. The differences could just as well have occurred because Ss assumed that the person's liking for the tasks determined the amount he was paid. Bern has not shown that naive observers can accurately predict the changes in liking for the tasks found by Festinger and Carlsmith. Bern's "interpersonal replication of the toy study" suffers from the same flaw. It does not demonstrate that nai've observers can accurately predict the changes in liking for the toys found by Brehm and Cohen (1959).
Design of spectrum sensing policy for multi-user multi-band cognitive radio network

Finding an optimal sensing policy for a particular access policy and sensing scheme is a laborious combinatorial problem that requires the system model parameters to be known. In practise the parameters or the model itself may not be completely known making reinforcement learning methods appealing. In this paper a non-parametric reinforcement learning-based method is developed for sensing and accessing multi-band radio spectrum in multi-user cognitive radio networks. A suboptimal sensing policy search algorithm is proposed for a particular multi-user multi-band access policy and the randomized Chair-Varshney rule. The randomized Chair-Varshney rule is used to reduce the probability of false alarms under a constraint on the probability of detection that protects the primary user. The simulation results show that the proposed method achieves a sum profit (e.g. data rate) close to the optimal sensing policy while achieving the desired probability of detection.
Family-Based Association Analysis with Tightly Linked Markers

Refining genomic regions which have been identified by linkage analysis to contain a disease susceptibility locus has proven to be a challenging task. Detecting association between the disease and a genetic marker can significantly narrow down the candidate region. Since an adequate sample of families is already available from the genome scan, family-based association tests may be used to search for association. The use of haplotypes consisting of tightly linked markers can be more powerful for detecting association than the use of individual markers. An extension of the transmission/disequilibrium test to allow the simultaneous analysis of more than one marker locus is complicated by ambiguity of phase in some families of the sample. The present paper shows that a recently proposed method for the analysis of nuclear families with a single affected child can be viewed as a special application of a more general principle. This observation justifies several modifications, potentially increasing the power, as well as an extension of the method to allow the analysis of general nuclear families. Finally, the problem of missing parental genotypes is discussed.
Proteomic analysis reveals a FANCA-modulated neddylation pathway involved in CXCR5 membrane targeting and cell mobility

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to identify novel substrates of the FANCcore complex, the inactivation of which leads to the genetic disorder Fanconi anemia, which is associated with bone marrow failure, developmental abnormalities and a predisposition to cancer. Eight FANC proteins participate in the nuclear FANCcore complex, which functions as an E3 ubiquitin-ligase that monoubiquitylates FANCD2 and FANCI in response to replicative stress. Here, we use mass spectrometry to compare proteins from FANCcore-complex-deficient cells to those of rescued control cells after treatment with hydroxyurea, an inducer of FANCD2 monoubiquitylation. FANCD2 and FANCI appear to be the only targets of the FANCcore complex. We identify other proteins that are post-translationally modified in a FANCA- or FANCC-dependent manner. The majority of these potential targets localize to the cell membrane. Finally, we demonstrate that (a) the chemokine receptor CXCR5 is neddylated; (b) FANCA but not FANCC appears to modulate CXCR5 neddylation through an unknown mechanism; (c) CXCR5 neddylation is involved in targeting the receptor to the cell membrane; and (d) CXCR5 neddylation stimulates cell migration and motility. Our work has uncovered a pathway involving FANCA in neddylation and cell motility.
Tracking People in Meetings with Particles

Automatic meeting analysis is an emerging research field. In this paper, we present stochastic algorithms for tracking people in multi-sensor meeting rooms, for a number of relevant tasks, including tracking multiple people, tracking head pose towards analysis of visual focus-of-attention, and tracking speaker activity using audio-visual information. A Bayesian framework based on Sequential Monte Carlo methods is used in all cases. We discuss the advantages and limitations of our approach, illustrate it with results, and highlight a number of open issues.
Estimation of the causal effects of time-varying exposures

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Automatic audio segmentation using a measure of audio novelty

The paper describes methods for automatically locating points of significant change in music or audio, by analyzing local self-similarity. This method can find individual note boundaries or even natural segment boundaries such as verse/chorus or speech/music transitions, even in the absence of cues such as silence. This approach uses the signal to model itself, and thus does not rely on particular acoustic cues nor requires training. We present a wide variety of applications, including indexing, segmenting, and beat tracking of music and audio. The method works well on a wide variety of audio sources.
A Unified Mobility and Session Management Platform for Next Generation Mobile Networks

This paper presents a novel approach towards realizing a unified mobility and session management platform for next generation mobile networks at the core network level. In particular, this framework enables a common platform for interworking between universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), CDMA2000 technology, and wireless local area networks (WLANs). Within the proposed interworking architecture, the IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) is used as a universal coupling mediator for real-time session negotiation and management over a mobile IP (MIP) based IP mobility management framework. Despite numerous architectural challenges on how IMS and MIP may contribute for session management and IP mobility, the proposed framework achieves this with minimal changes to the existing standards. The paper concludes by presenting simulation results obtained for validating this model using an OPNET based model.