Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Vocabulary Development: All Contexts Are Not Created Equal

The Elementary School Journal Volume 83, Number 3 ? 1983 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. 0013-5984/83/8303-0003$01.00 It is well accepted that the context that surrounds a word in text can give clues to the word's meaning. The process of getting word meaning from context has been explored recently by several investigators. This research has shed light on such aspects of context as to what degree context can be said to consist of text information
The effects of early postnatal dexamethasone therapy on pulmonary outcome in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome: A two‐year follow‐up study

Aim: To evaluate the pulmonary outcome at corrected age of 2 y on preterm infants who participated in a double‐blind trial of early postnatal dexamethasone therapy (5 12 h after birth) for the prevention of chronic lung disease. Methods: Clinical respiratory status, blood gases, acid‐base balance and pulmonary function were evaluated at corrected age of 2 y in 116 preterm infants (59 infants in the control group; 57 in the dexamethasone‐treated group). In the dexamethasone‐treated group, dexamethasone was administered intravenously every 12 h in tapering doses: 0.25 mg/kg on days 1 through 7, 0.12 mg/kg on days 8 through 14, 0.05 mg/kg on days 15 through 21, and 0.02 mg/kg on days 21 through 28. Results: The clinical and laboratory characteristics in the perinatal period were comparable between the groups. At the time of follow‐up (mean ± SD corrected age was 25.1 ± 4.8 mo for the control group and 24.6 ± 5.1 mo for the dexamethasone‐treated group), there was a slightly lower mean body weight and body length, and a lower psychomotor developmental index in the dexamethasone‐treated group than in the control group (10.9 ± 2.1 vs 11.5 ± 1.9 kg, 84.4 ± 6.1 vs 85.9 ± 5.8 cm, and 82 ± 24 vs 89 ± 26, respectively); however, these differences were not statistically significant. There were no significant differences between the control and dexamethasone‐treated groups in clinical respiratory status, blood gases, acid‐base balance or in lung mechanics (VT: 9.5 ± 2.0vs 9.4 ± 1.9 ml/kg; Vmin: 0.23 ± 0.04 vs 0.23 ± 0.03 l/min/kg; CRS: 13.1 ± 3.9 vs 12.6 ± 3.6 ml/kPa/kg; RRS: 1.56 ± 0.64 vs 1.62 ± 0.58 kPa/l/s, respectively).
Shopping streets versus shopping malls – determinants of agglomeration format attractiveness from the consumers' point of view

The decline of shopping streets and the rise of shopping malls have been major trends in European retailing for decades. So far, research has failed to investigate this shift of agglomeration format (AF) patronage from a marketing perspective, including the consumers' point of view. This paper presents a theoretical discussion of the generic similarities and conceptual differences between shopping streets and shopping malls. Subsequently, the AF-specific characteristics perceived by consumers are compared and discussed with respect to their impact on agglomeration attractiveness. This leads to the development of a conceptual framework which is empirically tested using a web-based survey of almost 1000 consumers representing a typical urban central European retail market. The relative importance of nine distinctive AF characteristics on attractiveness was analysed using structural equation modelling. The findings proved to be quite similar for both shopping streets and shopping malls; the retail tenant mix and atmosphere had the highest relative importance.
The tobacco industry's worldwide ETS consultants project: European and Asian components.

BACKGROUND The tobacco industry has formed regional environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) consultants programs in order to generate controversy on the issue of secondhand smoke (SHS) in Europe, Asia and Latin America. Only those countries in which the industry foresaw SHS restrictions were included. This paper describes the European and Asian components of the tobacco industry's worldwide ETS consultants program. METHODS A systematic search was carried out of tobacco industry documents available on the Internet between October 2002 and February 2004. RESULTS Beginning in 1987, Philip Morris assembled an international ETS consultants program in collaboration with other tobacco companies based on their market shares in different regions of the world. The law firm Covington & Burling contacted and hired consultants with a wide range of expertise, usually affiliated with an academic institution, in order to avoid direct contact with the industry. The objective of the program was to influence policy makers, media and the public by providing, through their consultants, 'accurate' (pro-industry) information concerning smoking regulations in public places and workplaces, indoor air quality and ventilation standards, and scientific claims regarding SHS. Consultants also conducted research related to SHS and organized and attended regional and international symposiums related to SHS without acknowledging industry funding. CONCLUSIONS Despite evidence that the issue of smoke-free environments was close to emerging within the general public throughout the world in the late 1980s, the tobacco industry used its well-organized network of consultants to avoid SHS regulations in most of the world.
PETRELS: Parallel Subspace Estimation and Tracking by Recursive Least Squares From Partial Observations

Many real world datasets exhibit an embedding of low-dimensional structure in a high-dimensional manifold. Examples include images, videos and internet traffic data. It is of great significance to estimate and track the low-dimensional structure with small storage requirements and computational complexity when the data dimension is high. Therefore we consider the problem of reconstructing a data stream from a small subset of its entries, where the data is assumed to lie in a low-dimensional linear subspace, possibly corrupted by noise. We further consider tracking the change of the underlying subspace, which can be applied to applications such as video denoising, network monitoring and anomaly detection. Our setting can be viewed as a sequential low-rank matrix completion problem in which the subspace is learned in an online fashion. The proposed algorithm, dubbed Parallel Estimation and Tracking by REcursive Least Squares (PETRELS), first identifies the underlying low-dimensional subspace, and then reconstructs the missing entries via least-squares estimation if required. Subspace identification is performed via a recursive procedure for each row of the subspace matrix in parallel with discounting for previous observations. Numerical examples are provided for direction-of-arrival estimation and matrix completion, comparing PETRELS with state of the art batch algorithms.
Construct Validity and the Discourses of Research

Construct validity was introduced into the social science literature in 1955 with the publication of "Construct Validity in Psychological Tests" by Cronbach and Meehl. It concerns the validity with which constructs are linked to observations and measurements. Construct validity focuses attention where social theory and research converge and diverge at the juncture of words and things, concepts and objects, theory and practice. Since then the literature on construct validity has grown steadily. From the outset construct validation has been recognized as a discursive and investigative activity but most of the discussing and investigating have occurred in the context of mainstream systematic and quantitative research. Construct validity, it is argued, is prior in importance to other types of validity, such as content, internal, statistical conclusion, and external. Given that as well as its discursive character, construct validity is explored from the perspectives of phenomenology and ethnographic research, critical theory, the interpretive analytics of Foucault, and the deconstructive criticism of Derrida. Taken together, the richness and complexity of these analyses show that construct validation is a pragmatic and socially critical activity because clear-cut distinctions among social research, social theory, and social practice cannot be sustained.
Microwave radiation safety assessment near cellular base stations

Mobile communications industry in Malaysia has been growing rapidly over the past few years. The increased demand of its capacity in the country has resulted an increased construction and existence of the cellular base station facilities. Due to the electromagnetic radiation originating from these facilities, they are generally perceived as hazardous to general public population. This has led to public concerns with regard to the possible adverse health effects for their long term perception of microwave radiation in ambient environment. Hence, microwave exposure assessment is necessary to determine its compliance with some of major international safety limits in the country. It is the goal of this paper to present some preliminary measurement results and analysis of microwave exposure levels near cellular base station facilities of interest in Kuching Division. The microwave exposure levels were indeed found to be in compliance with the standard safety limit.
Fuzzy Proximity Ranking with Boolean Queries

Based on the idea that the closer the query terms are in a document, the more relevant this document is, we experiment an IR method based on a fuzzy proximity degree of the query term occurences in a document to compute its relevance to the query. Our model is able to deal with Boolean queries, but contrary to the traditional extensions of the basic Boolean IR model, it does not explicitly use a proximity operator. The fuzzy term proximity is controlled with an in uence function. Given a query term and a document, the in uence function associates to each position in the text a value dependant on the distance of the nearest occurence of this query term. To model proximity, this function is decreasing with distance. Di erent forms of function can be used: triangular, gaussian etc. For practical reasons only functions with nite support were used. The support of the function is limited by a constant called k. The fuzzy term proximity functions are associated to every leaves of the query tree. Then fuzzy proximities are computed for every nodes with a post-order tree traversal. Given the fuzzy proximities of the sons of a node, its fuzzy proximity is computed, like in the fuzzy IR models, with a mimimum (resp. maximum) combination for conjunctives (resp. disjunctives) nodes. Finally, a fuzzy query proximity value is obtained for each position in this document at the root of the query tree. The score of this document is the integration of the function obtained at the tree root. For the experiments, we modi ed Lucy (version 0.5.2) to implement our IR model. Three query sets are used for our eight runs. One set is manually built with the title words and some description words. Each of these words is OR'ed with its derivatives like plurals for instance. Then the OR nodes obtained are AND'ed at the tree root. The two automatic query sets are built with an AND of automatically extracted terms from either the title eld or the description eld. These three query sets are submitted to our system with two values of k: 50 and 200. As our method is aimed at high precision, it sometimes give less than one thousand answers. In such cases, the documents retrieved by the BM-25 method implemented in Lucy was concatenated after our result list.
Murine leukemia virus glycosylated Gag blocks apolipoprotein B editing complex 3 and cytosolic sensor access to the reverse transcription complex

Pathogenic retroviruses have evolved multiple means for evading host restriction factors such as apolipoprotein B editing complex (APOBEC3) proteins. Here, we show that murine leukemia virus (MLV) has a unique means of counteracting APOBEC3 and other cytosolic sensors of viral nucleic acid. Using virus isolated from infected WT and APOBEC3 KO mice, we demonstrate that the MLV glycosylated Gag protein (glyco-Gag) enhances viral core stability. Moreover, in vitro endogenous reverse transcription reactions of the glyco-Gag mutant virus were substantially inhibited compared with WT virus, but only in the presence of APOBEC3. Thus, glyco-Gag rendered the reverse transcription complex in the viral core resistant to APOBEC3. Glyco-Gag in the virion also rendered MLV resistant to other cytosolic sensors of viral reverse transcription products in newly infected cells. Strikingly, glyco-Gag mutant virus reverted to glyco-Gag–containing virus only in WT and not APOBEC3 KO mice, indicating that counteracting APOBEC3 is the major function of glyco-Gag. Thus, in contrast to the HIV viral infectivity factor protein, which prevents APOBEC3 packaging in the virion, the MLV glyco-Gag protein uses a unique mechanism to counteract the antiviral action of APOBEC3 in vivo—namely, protecting the reverse transcription complex in viral cores from APOBEC3. These data suggest that capsid integrity may play a critical role in virus resistance to intrinsic cellular antiviral resistance factors that act at the early stages of infection.
Transcriptional activation of the Listeria monocytogenes hemolysin gene in Bacillus subtilis

The prfA gene of Listeria monocytogenes was recently reported to be required for expression of hly, which encodes a pore-forming hemolysin essential for pathogenicity (M. Leimeister-Wachter, C. Haffner, E. Domann, W. Goebel, and T. Chakraborty, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:8336-8340, 1990). We demonstrate here that a hly-lacZ fusion introduced into Bacillus subtilis is strongly activated when the prfA gene product is supplied in trans under the control of an isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside-inducible promoter, Pspac. Moreover, the PrfA-dependent activation of hly is abolished by point mutations in a 14-bp DNA palindromic sequence present in the 5' upstream region of hly. This indicates that PrfA is both necessary and sufficient for hly transcriptional activation and establishes the palindrome as the likely target sequence for PrfA interaction. The presence of a palindrome in the upstream regions of three additional L. monocytogenes genes clustered near hly suggests that PrfA may serve as a transcriptional activator for a major virulence regulon of L. monocytogenes. In addition, the ability of PrfA to activate its target promoters effectively in B. subtilis suggests that further analysis of this regulon and perhaps other aspects of L. monocytogenes gene regulation might be carried out in part through reconstruction experiments in B. subtilis.
Assessing the structure of prejudicial attitudes: The case of attitudes toward homosexuals.

Two studies assessed the structure of attitudes toward homosexuals. In Study 1, Ss completed measures of stereotypes, symbolic beliefs, and affective associates as well as attitudes toward homosexuals. They also completed the right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) scale. The results revealed that (a) stereotypes did not provide a complete representation of attitudes, (b) RWA was negatively correlated with attitudes toward homosexuals, (c) the relative importance of the predictor variables differed for high and low RWAs, and (d) the three predictors accounted for more variance in the attitudes of low RWAs than of high RWAs. Study 2 also included measures of past experiences and perceived value dissimilarity. Results revealed that past experiences significantly added to the prediction of attitudes only for high RWAs and that much of the RWA–attitude relation was accounted for by the consideration of symbolic beliefs and perceived value dissimilarity.
Express Your LOV: An Engineered Flavoprotein as a Reporter for Protein Expression and Purification

In this work, we describe the utility of Light, Oxygen, or Voltage-sensing (LOV) flavoprotein domains from plant phototropins as a reporter for protein expression and function. Specifically, we used iLOV, an enhanced and more photostable variant of LOV. A pET-based plasmid for protein expression was constructed, encoding a C terminal iLOV-octahistidine (His8)-tag and a HRV 3C protease cleavage recognition site. Ten different proteins, with various sub-cellular locations, were cloned into the plasmid, creating iLOV-His8 tag fusions. To test protein expression and how iLOV could be used as a reporter, the proteins were expressed in three different cell lines, in four different culture media, at two different temperatures. To establish whether the presence of the iLOV tag could have an impact on the functionality, one of the proteins, EspG, was over-expressed and purified. EspG is an “effector” protein normally produced by enterohemorrhagic E. coli strains and “injected” into host cells via the T3SS. We tested functionality of EspG-iLOV fusion by performing functional studies of EspG in mammalian host cells. When EspG-iLOV was microinjected into the host cell, the Golgi apparatus was completely disrupted as had previously been observed for EspG.
Is sentinel lymph node biopsy the standard of care for cutaneous head and neck melanoma?

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is considered one of the most important melanoma advancements to date. Since its inception in 1992, a plethora of data and associated controversies has emerged leading to the question: Is SLNB considered the standard of care for head and neck (HN) cutaneous melanoma?
Brain wave analysis in advertising research. Validation from basic research & independent replications

Evidence is presented from both basic and applied EEG studies which validates the use of EEG methods as evaluators of advertising effectiveness. Despite variations in methodology and interpretation, there is considerable consensus on the ability of the EEG to reflect cognitive and attentive processes. Studies are also cited which have independently replicated our findings on the relationship of EEG to recall, frequency of ad exposure, and advertising content. New research data from our laboratory are presented on the relationships of brain response and respondents' ratings to purchase simulation. Cross-validation of advertising research methods is also discussed.
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization and Catalyzed Reporter Deposition for the Identification of Marine Bacteria

ABSTRACT Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled oligonucleotide probes and tyramide signal amplification, also known as catalyzed reporter deposition (CARD), is currently not generally applicable to heterotrophic bacteria in marine samples. Penetration of the HRP molecule into bacterial cells requires permeabilization procedures that cause high and most probably species-selective cell loss. Here we present an improved protocol for CARD-FISH of marine planktonic and benthic microbial assemblages. After concentration of samples onto membrane filters and subsequent embedding of filters in low-gelling-point agarose, no decrease in bacterial cell numbers was observed during 90 min of lysozyme incubation (10 mg ml−1 at 37°C). The detection rates of coastal North Sea bacterioplankton by CARD-FISH with a general bacterial probe (EUB338-HRP) were significantly higher (mean, 94% of total cell counts; range, 85 to 100%) than that with a monolabeled probe (EUB338-mono; mean, 48%; range, 19 to 66%). Virtually no unspecific staining was observed after CARD-FISH with an antisense EUB338-HRP. Members of the marine SAR86 clade were undetectable by FISH with a monolabeled probe; however, a substantial population was visualized by CARD-FISH (mean, 7%; range, 3 to 13%). Detection rates of EUB338-HRP in Wadden Sea sediments (mean, 81%; range, 53 to 100%) were almost twice as high as the detection rates of EUB338-mono (mean, 44%; range, 25 to 71%). The enhanced fluorescence intensities and signal-to-background ratios make CARD-FISH superior to FISH with directly labeled oligonucleotides for the staining of bacteria with low rRNA content in the marine environment.
Fatty acid desaturase 1 knockout mice are lean with improved glycemic control and decreased development of atheromatous plaque

Delta-5 desaturase (D5D) and delta-6 desaturase (D6D), encoded by fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) and FADS2 genes, respectively, are enzymes in the synthetic pathways for ω3, ω6, and ω9 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Although PUFAs appear to be involved in mammalian metabolic pathways, the physiologic effect of isolated D5D deficiency on these pathways is unclear. After generating >4,650 knockouts (KOs) of independent mouse genes and analyzing them in our high-throughput phenotypic screen, we found that Fads1 KO mice were among the leanest of 3,651 chow-fed KO lines analyzed for body composition and were among the most glucose tolerant of 2,489 high-fat-diet-fed KO lines analyzed by oral glucose tolerance test. In confirmatory studies, chow- or high-fat-diet-fed Fads1 KO mice were leaner than wild-type (WT) littermates; when data from multiple cohorts of adult mice were combined, body fat was 38% and 31% lower in Fads1 male and female KO mice, respectively. Fads1 KO mice also had lower glucose and insulin excursions during oral glucose tolerance tests along with lower fasting glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels. In additional studies using a vascular injury model, Fads1 KO mice had significantly decreased femoral artery intima/media ratios consistent with a decreased inflammatory response in their arterial wall. Based on this result, we bred Fads1 KO and WT mice onto an ApoE KO background and fed them a Western diet for 14 weeks; in this atherogenic environment, aortic trees of Fads1 KO mice had 40% less atheromatous plaque compared to WT littermates. Importantly, PUFA levels measured in brain and liver phospholipid fractions of Fads1 KO mice were consistent with decreased D5D activity and normal D6D activity. The beneficial metabolic phenotype demonstrated in Fads1 KO mice suggests that selective D5D inhibitors may be useful in the treatment of human obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Hepatic expression of the tumor necrosis factor family member lymphotoxin‐β is regulated by interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐1β: transcriptional control mechanisms in oval cells and hepatoma cell lines

Background: Lymphotoxin‐β (LT‐β) plays an important role in inflammation and its promoter contains a functional nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) element, rendering it a likely target of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Inflammatory cytokines play a central role in liver regeneration resulting from acute or chronic liver injury, with interleukin (IL)‐6 signaling essential for liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy. In hepatic oval cells observed following chronic liver injury, LT‐β levels are upregulated, suggesting a link between LT‐β and liver regeneration.