Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Not wrong, yet not quite right: Spanish ESL students' use of gerundial and infinitival complementation

This study presents a contrastive analysis of gerundial and infinitival complementation produced by Spanish and German ESL learners and English native speakers. An analysis of more than 1,100 attestations of the target constructions obtained from the International Corpus of Learner English reveals that (i) advanced learners' construction choices are not necessarily ungrammatical, yet often non-idiomatic, and (ii) German learners are overall more attuned to native-like choices than Spanish learners. A preliminary case study suggests that Spanish ESL teaching materials may benefit from incorporating results of corpus-based analyses of authentic language such as the present one. The present study seeks to close the gap between learner language research and ESL teaching materials, and to raise awareness about the gradual nature of second language proficiency. Este estudio presenta un analisis contrastivo del uso de completivas de gerundio e infinitivo producidas por parte de estudiantes espanoles y alemanes de ingles como lengua extranjera, asi como hablantes nativos de esta lengua. Un analisis de mas de 1.100 ejemplos de las estructuras estudiadas obtenidos a partir del Corpus Internacional de Estudiantes de Ingles revela que (i) las construcciones utilizadas por los estudiantes mas avanzados no son necesariamente agramaticales, aunque a menudo no sean idiomaticas, y (ii) los estudiantes alemanes son, en general, mas sensibles a las opciones nativas que los estudiantes espanoles. Un estudio preliminar sugiere que los materiales didacticos para la ensenanza de ingles para los hablantes nativos de espanol podrian beneficiarse de los resultados obtenidos mediante el analisis de la lengua en uso que se encuentra en un corpus, como el actual. El presente articulo tiene por objeto cerrar la brecha entre la investigacion de la lengua empleada por los estudiantes y los materiales didacticos para la ensenanza de ingles como lengua extranjera, y asi crear conciencia sobre el caracter gradual del aprendizaje de una segunda lengua.
Forming an IPv6-only Core for Today's Internet

Routing complexity of the core network is crucial to Internet scalability. IPv6 is believed to have better performance in multihoming than conventional IPv4. With the depolyment of native IPv6 backbone networks, a new door is opened to a better Internet, empowered by the combination of a well-aggregated IPv6-only core and the fertile application resources which still remain in IPv4 networks. To achieve this ideal, we propose a prefix-specific address mapping to realize a scenario in which an IPv6 globally routable prefix plays the role of a locator, while IPv4 host address is used as an identifier. To overcome the challenge of identifier/locator mapping lookups, we designed a distributed indexing service system that is self-organized. According to the numerical analysis based on global IPv4 and IPv6 route tables, customers multi-homed to 3 providers via IPv6 can get path diversity higher than those connected to however many providers via IPv4.
Peripheral Afferent Mechanisms Underlying Acupuncture Inhibition of Cocaine Behavioral Effects in Rats

Administration of cocaine increases locomotor activity by enhancing dopamine transmission. To explore the peripheral mechanisms underlying acupuncture treatment for drug addiction, we developed a novel mechanical acupuncture instrument (MAI) for objective mechanical stimulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether acupuncture inhibition of cocaine-induced locomotor activity is mediated through specific peripheral nerves, the afferents from superficial or deep tissues, or specific groups of nerve fibers. Mechanical stimulation of acupuncture point HT7 with MAI suppressed cocaine-induced locomotor activity in a stimulus time-dependent manner, which was blocked by severing the ulnar nerve or by local anesthesia. Suppression of cocaine-induced locomotor activity was elicited after HT7 stimulation at frequencies of either 50 (for Meissner corpuscles) or 200 (for Pacinian corpuscles) Hz and was not affected by block of C/Aδ-fibers in the ulnar nerve with resiniferatoxin, nor generated by direct stimulation of C/Aδ-fiber afferents with capsaicin. These findings suggest that HT7 inhibition of cocaine-induced locomotor activity is mediated by A-fiber activation of ulnar nerve that originates in superficial and deep tissue.
A detailed investigation of accessibilities around target sites of siRNAs and miRNAs

MOTIVATION The importance of RNA sequence analysis has been increasing since the discovery of various types of non-coding RNAs transcribed in animal cells. Conventional RNA sequence analyses have mainly focused on structured regions, which are stabilized by the stacking energies acting on adjacent base pairs. On the other hand, recent findings regarding the mechanisms of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and transcription regulation by microRNAs (miRNAs) indicate the importance of analyzing accessible regions where no base pairs exist. So far, relatively few studies have investigated the nature of such regions. RESULTS We have conducted a detailed investigation of accessibilities around the target sites of siRNAs and miRNAs. We have exhaustively calculated the correlations between the accessibilities around the target sites and the repression levels of the corresponding mRNAs. We have computed the accessibilities with an originally developed software package, called 'Raccess', which computes the accessibility of all the segments of a fixed length for a given RNA sequence when the maximal distance between base pairs is limited to a fixed size W. We show that the computed accessibilities are relatively insensitive to the choice of the maximal span W. We have found that the efficacy of siRNAs depends strongly on the accessibility of the very 3'-end of their binding sites, which might reflect a target site recognition mechanism in the RNA-induced silencing complex. We also show that the efficacy of miRNAs has a similar dependence on the accessibilities, but some miRNAs also show positive correlations between the efficacy and the accessibilities in broad regions downstream of their putative binding sites, which might imply that the downstream regions of the target sites are bound by other proteins that allow the miRNAs to implement their functions. We have also investigated the off-target effects of an siRNA as a potential RNAi therapeutic. We show that the off-target effects of the siRNA have similar correlations to the miRNA repression, indicating that they are caused by the same mechanism. AVAILABILITY The C++ source code of the Raccess software is available at http://www.ncrna. org/software/Raccess/ The microarray data on the measurements of the siRNA off-target effects are also available at the same site. CONTACT kiryu-h@k.u-tokyo.ac. jp
A case study of first year implimentation of positive behavioral interventions and supports in a high school

Disciplinary infractions are a major problem for American public schools. The traditional, punishment-based approach to this problem has proven ineffective. Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) have shown to be an effective alternative to manage student behavior. There is a large body of literature demonstrating PBIS’s efficacy. Often, the positive effects can be observed within one year of implementation. However, very little research examining the demographic break down of these effects within individual schools has been conducted, especially at the high school level. This study examined discipline referral data for one high school in western North Carolina. Results indicated that the PBIS intervention significantly lowered the number of discipline referrals for students. A significant interaction effect was also found between PBIS implementation and ethnicity (White, Black, Hispanic, and Other). Implications, and limitations of the study, as well future directions for research are discussed.
Assessing Methodologies in Archaeological Ethnography: A Case for Incorporating Ethnographic Training in Graduate Archaeology Curricula

Abstract Archaeologists have increasingly turned to ethnography as a tool for understanding the contemporary social context of material culture, archaeological practice, and ‘de-colonizing’ archaeology. Furthermore, ethnographers have turned their analysis to the practice of archaeology, providing insights into key ethical dilemmas. This work has produced signiﬁcant dialogue, demonstrating the potential for research and collaboration at the interface of two sub-disciplines. However, much of the research to date has relied on a limited range of ethnographic methods. We suggest that archaeologists working in this area would beneﬁt from using a wider repertoire of ethnographic data collection tools and ethics training opportunities. We advocate for greater collaboration between archaeologists and ethnographers and provide suggestions on methods that are well-suited for use in archaeological practice. In the long term, the most effective and far-reaching solution may be to incorporate ethnographic methods training as fundamental to graduate programmes in archaeology.
Meta-analysis of data on costs from trials of counselling in primary care: using individual patient data to overcome sample size limitations in economic analyses

Abstract Objective To assess the feasibility of overcoming sample size limitations in economic analyses of clinical trials through meta-analysis of data on individual patients from multiple trials. Design Meta-analysis of individual patient data from trials of counselling in primary care compared with usual care by a general practitioner. Setting Primary care. Patients People with mental health problems. Main outcome measures Direct treatment costs, depressive symptoms, and cost effectiveness. Results Meta-analysis of individual patient data proved feasible. The results showed that the previous analyses of individual trials were underpowered to provide useful conclusions about the cost comparisons. The results are sensitive to assumptions made about the costs of sessions with a counsellor and the management of patients by a general practitioner. Conclusions Meta-analysis of individual patient data may assist in overcoming sample size limitations in economic analyses. Although feasible, such analysis has shortcomings that may limit the validity of the results. The relative costs and benefits of this method, as opposed to further collection of primary data, are as yet unclear.
Goal consensus and collaboration.

This article updates our previous article in this journal (Tryon & Winograd, 2001) by examining via meta-analyses results of recent studies, published from 2000 through 2009, that relate goal consensus and collaboration to treatment outcome. Specifically, 15 studies with a total sample size of 1,302 yielded a goal consensus-psychotherapy outcome effect size of . 34 (SD = .19, p < .0001, 95% confidence interval = .23-.45), indicating that better outcomes can be expected when patient and therapist agree on therapeutic goals and the processes to achieve these goals. The collaboration-outcome meta-analysis based on 19 studies with a total sample of 2,260 patients yielded a mean correlation of . 33 (SD = .17, p < .0001, 95% confidence interval = .25-.42), suggesting that psychotherapy outcome appears to be considerably enhanced when patient and therapist are actively involved in a cooperative relationship. We discuss therapeutic practices that follow from these findings.
Vaccination of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with an optimized cryptic human telomerase reverse transcriptase peptide.

PURPOSE To evaluate the immunological and clinical response as well as the safety of the optimized peptide telomerase reverse transcriptase p572Y (TERT572Y) presented by HLA-A*0201 in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-two patients with advanced NSCLC and residual (n = 8) or progressive disease (PD; n = 14) following chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy received two subcutaneous injections of the optimized TERT572Y peptide followed by four injections of the native TERT572 peptide administered every 3 weeks. Peptide-specific immune responses were monitored by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay and/or TERT572Y pentamer staining. RESULTS Twelve (54.5%) of 22 patients completed the vaccination program. Toxicity consisted primarily of local skin reactions. TERT572-specific CD8+ cells were detected in 16 (76.2%) of 21 patients after the second vaccination, and 10 (90.9%) of 11 patients after the sixth vaccination. Stable disease (SD) occurred in eight (36.4%) of 22 vaccinated patients, with three (13.6%) having had PD before entering the study. The median duration of SD was 11.2 months. After a median follow-up of 10.0 months, patients with early developed immunological response (n = 16) had a significantly longer time to progression and overall survival (OS) than nonresponders (n = 5; log-rank tests P = .046 and P = .012, respectively). The estimated median OS was 30.0 months (range, 2.8 to 40.0 months) and 4.1 months (range, 2.4 to 10.9 months) for responders and nonresponders, respectively. CONCLUSION TERT572Y peptide vaccine is well tolerated and effective in eliciting a specific T cell immunity. Immunological response is associated with prolonged survival. These results are encouraging and warrant further evaluation in a randomized study.
Investigation of Intercellular Salicylic Acid Accumulation during Compatible and Incompatible Arabidopsis-Pseudomonas syringae Interactions Using a Fast Neutron-Generated Mutant Allele of EDS5 Identified by Genetic Mapping and Whole-Genome Sequencing

A whole-genome sequencing technique developed to identify fast neutron-induced deletion mutations revealed that iap1-1 is a new allele of EDS5 (eds5-5). RPS2-AvrRpt2-initiated effector-triggered immunity (ETI) was compromised in iap1-1/eds5-5 with respect to in planta bacterial levels and the hypersensitive response, while intra- and intercellular free salicylic acid (SA) accumulation was greatly reduced, suggesting that SA contributes as both an intracellular signaling molecule and an antimicrobial agent in the intercellular space during ETI. During the compatible interaction between wild-type Col-0 and virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst), little intercellular free SA accumulated, which led to the hypothesis that Pst suppresses intercellular SA accumulation. When Col-0 was inoculated with a coronatine-deficient strain of Pst, high levels of intercellular SA accumulation were observed, suggesting that Pst suppresses intercellular SA accumulation using its phytotoxin coronatine. This work suggests that accumulation of SA in the intercellular space is an important component of basal/PAMP-triggered immunity as well as ETI to pathogens that colonize the intercellular space.
Effect of brief-intermittent hypoxic exposure on high-intensity kayaking and cycling performance

XII Chapter 1. Preface 13 Thesis Rationale 13 Originality of the Thesis 16 Thesis organisation 16 Chapter 2. Variation in Performance of Elite Flat-water Canoeists from Race to Race 18 Abstract 18 Introduction 19 Methods 19 Subjects 19 Statistical analysis 19 Results 21 Effect of ability 21 18 Introduction 19 Methods 19 Subjects 19 Statistical analysis 19 Results 21 Effect of ability 21 Effect of event 21 Effect of gender 21 Effect of distance 22 Season-to-season variation 22 Variation in mean race time 23 Discussion 23 References 26 Chapter 3. High-intensity kayak performance following adaptation to intermittent hypoxia 27 Abstract 27 Introduction 28 Methods 29 Study design 29 27 Introduction 28 Methods 29 Study design 29
Authority in Language: Investigating Standard English

Part 1 Prescription and standardization: language prescription and its consequences lingusitics and prescription attitudes to language languages standardization. Part 2 Standard English and the complaint tradition: the history of standard English the function of language complaints in maintaining the standard correctness and semantic shift George Orwell and the moralistic tradition standardization and the teaching of literacy conclusions. Part 3 Spoken and written norms: language change and language maintenance spoken English and the effects of literacy the spoken and written channels conclusions. Part 4 Grammar and speech: prescription and spoken language prescription and contextual variability in speech the grammar of non-standard English conclusion. Part 5 Linguistic prescription and the speech community: the social distribution of linguistic variants some common prescriptions - a critique a wider perspective on prescriptivism group identity and language variation conclusion. Part 6 Linguistic repertoires and communicative competence: communicative competence types of linguistic repertoire some practical considerations observing and analyzing linguistic repertoires conclusion. Part 7 "Planned" and "unplanned" speech events: spoken and written language planned and unplanned discourse the discourse of structure of interviews applying sociolinguistic principles to test situations - an example some wider implications conclusion. Part 8 Some practical implications of prescriptivism - the linguistic adequacy of language assessment procedures: linguistic critiques of language tests - the question of linguistic realism linguistic critiques of language tests - the question of cultural linguistic bias concluding remarks coda.
Cosmic voids and void lensing in the Dark Energy Survey Science Verification data

Galaxies and their dark matter halos populate a complicated filamentary network around large, nearly empty regions known as cosmic voids. Cosmic voids are usually identified in spectroscopic galaxy surveys, where 3D information about the large-scale structure of the Universe is available. Although an increasing amount of photometric data is being produced, its potential for void studies is limited since photometric redshifts induce line-of-sight position errors of ∼50 Mpc/h or more that can render many voids undetectable. In this paper we present a new void finder designed for photometric surveys, validate it using simulations, and apply it to the high-quality photo-z redMaGiC galaxy sample of the Dark Energy Survey Science Verification (DES-SV) data. The algorithm works by projecting galaxies into 2D slices and finding voids in the smoothed 2D galaxy density field of the slice. Fixing the line-of-sight size of the slices to be at least twice the photo-z scatter, the number of voids found in these projected slices of simulated spectroscopic and photometric galaxy catalogs is within 20% for all transverse void sizes, and indistinguishable for the largest voids of radius ∼70 Mpc/h and larger. The positions, radii, and projected galaxy profiles of photometric voids also accurately match the spectroscopic void sample. Applying the algorithm to the DES-SV data in the redshift range 0.2<z<0.8 , we identify 87 voids with comoving radii spanning the range 18-120 Mpc/h , and carry out a stacked weak lensing measurement. With a significance of 4. 4σ , the lensing measurement confirms the voids are truly underdense in the matter field and hence not a product of Poisson noise, tracer density effects or systematics in the data. It also demonstrates, for the first time in real data, the viability of void lensing studies in photometric surveys.
What Sluicing Comes from in Korean is Pseudo-cleft

This paper investigates the sluicing construction in Korean. Two approaches have competed for the source of the so-called sluicing construction in Korean; one follows the wh-movement followed by TP deletion analysis suggested by Takahashi (1994) and the other follows a reduced cleft analysis suggested by Nishiyama et al. (1996) and Kuwabara (1996) among many others. I will follow neither of the analyses suggested in Japanese. Meanwhile, I will provide four empirical pieces of evidence why Korean sluicing cannot be derived in the analogous way as in English. The possibility narrows down to the cleft analysis. However, I will show that even cleft cannot be the derivational source for sluicing. I propose that it is actually derived from only a pseudo-cleft sentence.
Natural Motion Animation through Constraining and Deconstraining at Will

This paper presents a computational technique for creating whole-body motions of human and animal characters without reference motion. Our work enables animators to generate a natural motion by dragging a link to an arbitrary position with any number of links pinned in the global frame, as well as other constraints such as desired joint angles and joint motion ranges. The method leads to an intuitive pin-and-drag interface where the user can generate whole-body motions by simply switching on or off or strengthening or weakening the constraints. This work is based on a new interactive inverse kinematics technique that allows more flexible attachment of pins and various types of constraints. Editing or retargeting captured motion requires only a small modification to the original method, although it can also create natural motions from scratch. We demonstrate the usefulness and advantage of our method with a number of example motion clips.
Reducing GUI test suites via program slicing

A crucial problem in GUI testing is the identification of accurate event sequences that encode corresponding user interactions with the GUI. Ultimately, event sequences should be both feasible (i. e., executable on the GUI) and relevant (i.e., cover as much of the code as possible). So far, most work on GUI testing focused on approaches to generate feasible event sequences. In addition, based on event dependency analyses, a recently proposed static analysis approach systematically aims at selecting both relevant and feasible event sequences. However, statically analyzing event dependencies can cause the generation of a huge number of event sequences, leading to unmanageable GUI test suites that are not executable within reasonable time. In this paper we propose a refined static analysis approach based on program slicing. On the theoretical side, our approach identifies and eliminates redundant event sequences in GUI test suites. Redundant event sequences have the property that they are guaranteed to not affect the test effectiveness. On the practical side, we have implemented a slicing-based test suite reduction algorithm that approximatively identifies redundant event sequences. Our experiments on six open source GUI applications show that our reduction algorithm significantly reduces the size of GUI test suites. As a result, the overall execution time could significantly be reduced without losing test effectiveness.