Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Scalable RFCMOS Noise Model

This paper presents the high-frequency (HF) noise modeling of an RF MOSFET for a 90-nm technology node. A brief discussion on the noise measurement theory is presented to illustrate the limitation of the noise measurement system. The extracted noise sources were studied for their geometry and biasing dependences and by implementing additional noise sources into the small-signal RFCMOS model, accurate HF noise simulation for the transistor can be achieved. Verilog-A is used for the coding of the additional noise sources into the RFCMOS model and the added noise source will compensate the underestimation of the channel thermal noise from the BSIM3v3 core model. Simulated noise circles and the measured noise figures are plotted at other source impedances to show that all the noise parameters are simulated accurately. The biasing and geometry dependences of the measured and simulated noise parameters are presented to demonstrate the scalability of the developed HF noise model. The scalability feature in HF noise model can be implemented into the process design kit (PDK) so that more powerful PDK can be developed for the circuit designers to optimize and simulate their circuit design that requires stringent noise specifications. The accurate noise simulation can ensure better chance of success and reduce the number of tape-out and design cycle time.
Statistical Machine Translation: A Guide for Linguists and Translators

This paper presents an overview of Statistical Machine Translation (SMT), which is currently the dominant approach in Machine Translation (MT) research. In Way and Hearne (2010), we describe how central linguists and translators are to the MT process, so that SMT developers and researchers may better understand how to include these groups in continuing to advance the stateof-the-art. If these constituencies are to make an impact in the field of MT, they need to know how their input is used by SMT systems. Accordingly, our objective in this paper is to present the basic principles underpinning SMT in a way that linguists and translators will find accessible and useful.
A Low‐Memory, Straightforward and Fast Bilateral Filter Through Subsampling in Spatial Domain

In this work we present a new algorithm for accelerating the colour bilateral filter based on a subsampling strategy working in the spatial domain. The base idea is to use a suitable subset of samples of the entire kernel in order to obtain a good estimation of the exact filter values. The main advantages of the proposed approach are that it has an excellent trade‐off between visual quality and speed‐up, a very low memory overhead is required and it is straightforward to implement on the GPU allowing real‐time filtering. We show different applications of the proposed filter, in particular efficient cross‐bilateral filtering, real‐time edge‐aware image editing and fast video denoising. We compare our method against the state of the art in terms of image quality, time performance and memory usage.
Trajectory tracking control of kites with system delay

A previously published algorithm for trajectory tracking control of tethered wings, i.e. kites, is updated in light of recent experimental evidence. The algorithm is, furthermore, analyzed in the framework of delay differential equations. It is shown how the presence of system delay influences the stability of the control system, and a methodology is derived for gain selection using the Lambert W function. The validity of the methodology is demonstrated with simulation results. The analysis sheds light on previously poorly understood stability problems.
A Bayesian Assessment of Climate Change Using Multimodel Ensembles. Part II: Regional and Seasonal Mean Surface Temperatures

Abstract A Bayesian approach is applied to the observed regional and seasonal surface air temperature (SAT) changes using single-model ensembles (SMEs) with the ECHO-G model and multimodel ensembles (MMEs) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) simulations. Bayesian decision classifies observations into the most probable scenario out of six available scenarios: control (CTL), natural forcing (N), anthropogenic forcing (ANTHRO), greenhouse gas (G), sulfate aerosols (S), and natural plus anthropogenic forcing (ALL). Space–time vectors of the detection variable are constructed for six continental regions (North America, South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, and Europe) by combining temporal components of SATs (expressed as Legendre coefficients) from two or three subregions of each continental region. Bayesian decision results show that over most of the regions observed SATs are classified into ALL or ANTHRO scenarios for the whole twentieth century and its s.
Analgesia Fucoidan protects against dopaminergic neuron death in vivo and in vitro

a r t i c l e i n f o Keywords: Fucoidan Neuroprotection Antioxidant activity Oxidative stress 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine Parkinson's disease Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder of uncertain pathogenesis characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta, and can be modeled by the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Oxidative stress may contribute to MPTP-and Parkinson's disease-related neurodegeneration. Fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide extracted from brown seaweeds which possesses a wide variety of biological activities including potent antioxidative effects. Here we investigated the effect of fucoidan treatment on locomoter activities of animals, striatal dopamine and its metabolites and survival of nigral dopaminergic neurons in MPTP-induced animal model of Parkinsonism in C57/BL mice in vivo and on the neuronal damage induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP +) in vitro, and to study the possible mechanisms. When administered prior to MPTP, fucoidan reduced behavioral deficits, increased striatal dopamine and its metabolites levels, reduced cell death, and led to a marked increase in tyrosine hydroxylase expression relative to mice treated with MPTP alone. Furthermore, we found that fucoidan inhibited MPTP-induced lipid peroxidation and reduction of antioxidant enzyme activity. In addition, pre-treatment with fucoidan significantly protected against MPP +-induced damage in MN9D cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that fucoidan has protective effect in MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in this model of Parkinson's disease via its antioxidative activity. Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by the loss of the dopamine in the striatum, which occurs mainly due to the death of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compacta pars. A meperidine analog, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), causes selective nigral dopaminergic lesions, resulting in Parkinsonian syndromes in humans, primates and mice (Bloem et al., 1990). Numerous studies have subsequently demonstrated that the toxicity of MPTP depends on its conversion to its active metabolite, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP +) (Tipton and Singer, 1993). MPP + rapidly accumulates in dopaminergic neurons via the plasma membrane dopamine transporter. Once inside cells, MPP + accumulates in mitochondria where it inhibits complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. This leads to impairment of energy production and increased free radical generation, and eventually causes dopaminergic neuron death (Alcaraz-Zubeldia et al., 2001; Thomas et al., 2000). It was reported that MPTP might preferentially target dopaminergic neurons rather than other neurons in the same region. Such toxicity on the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system seems reasonable since the …
Bivariate colour maps for visualizing climate data

The increasing availability of gridded, high‐resolution, multivariate climatological data sets calls for innovative approaches to visualize inter‐variable relations. In this study, we present a methodology, based on properties of common colour schemes, to plot two variables in a single colour map by using a two‐dimensional colour legend for both sequential and diverging data. This is especially suited for climate data as the spatial distribution of the relation between different variables is often as important as the distribution of variables individually. Two example applications are given to illustrate the use of the method: one that shows the global distribution of climate based on observed temperature and relative humidity, and the other showing the distribution of recent changes in observed temperature and precipitation over Europe. A flexible and easy‐to‐implement method is provided to construct different colour legends for sequential and diverging data. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Integrating AI Planning and Integer Programming for Use in Integrated Product and Process Design

This paper describes an Integrated Product and Process Design (IPPD) tool for the design and manufacture of microwave transmit/receive modules. The tool, which was developed as part of a contract with Northrop Grumman, was designed to combine high performance, ease of understandability by manufacturing personnel, ease of maintenance, and integration with other systems. It uses AI planning to generate process-plan elements, IP tradeoffanalysis to select Pareto optimal combinations of design elements and plan elements, and a GUI for user control of the system’s operation.
Differential evolution optimization applied in multivariate nonlinear model-based predictive control

Model-based Predictive Controllers belong to a class of digital controllers which are used in many industrial applications. Such controllers have the main advantages of dealing with optimization subject to constraints and multiple-input, multiple-output systems. The optimization of the control system behavior is based on an explicit mathematical prediction model of the plant. Usually, linear approaches are used for the prediction model. However, for nonlinear plants, linear models may limit the control loop performance or even cause instability. In this work, a Nonlinear Model Predictive Controller, with optimization based on a nonlinear model performed with a Differential Evolution algorithm, was tested for position control of a robotic arm model. Simulation results show that the utilized control algorithm was able to deal with multivariable nonlinear optimization in the presence of process constraints.
Tariff Negotiations and Renegotiations under the GATT and the WTO

Preface 1. Legal framework for tariff negotiations and renegotiations under GATT 1994 2. Tariff conferences and rounds of multilateral trade negotiations 3. Bilateral and plurilateral negotiations 4. Practice and procedures in renegotiation 5. Schedules of tariff concessions: rectification, modification and consolidation 6. Conclusions and recommendations Appendices Index.
Electrochemical synthesis of highly ordered nanowires with a rectangular cross section using an in-plane nanochannel array

Rapid and reproducible assembly of aligned nanostructures on a wafer-scale is a crucial, yet one of the most challenging tasks in the incorporation of nanowires into integrated circuits. We present the synthesis of a periodic nanochannel template designed for electrochemical growth of perfectly aligned, rectangular nanowires over large areas. The nanowires can be electrically contacted and characterized in situ using a pre-patterned multi-point measurement platform. During the measurement the wires remain within a thick oxide matrix providing protection against breaking and oxidation. We use laser interference lithography, reactive ion etching and atomic layer deposition to create cm-long parallel nanochannels with characteristic dimensions as small as 40 nm. In a showcase study pulsed electrodeposition of iron is carried out creating rectangular shaped iron nanowires within the nanochannels. By design of the device, the grown wires are in contact with an integrated electrode system on both ends directly after the deposition. No further processing steps are required for electrical characterization, minimizing the risk of damage and oxidation. The developed nanowire measurement device allows for multi-probe resistance measurements and can easily be adopted for transistor applications. The guided, in-plane growth of electrodeposited nanowire arrays which are tunable in size and density paves the way for the incorporation of nanowires into a large variety of multifunctional devices.
Economic Structures and Changes in Rural Enterprises in China at the End of the Twentieth Century: The Privatization of Enterprises

During the economic reforms there was a change from predominantly socialist forms of ownership (state and collective ownership) to private ownership, as well as mixed forms. Therefore, one can indeed track a process of privatization. While privatization is generally defined as a change from public activity or public ownership to private forms, many authors think that such a process is initiated by political decision makers and enforced top-down by active state intervention. Such a definition does not take into account the experiences of postsocialist countries or developing societies, where change was characterized by planned or spontaneous bottom-up privatization. In China
Entrepreneurship, Industrial Location and Economic Growth

This book examines the interrelations between entrepreneurship, industrial location and economic growth. Thus, it covers a wide range of topics, including: the economic impact of entrepreneurship; industry dynamics; growth and survival of firms; firm location and globalisation patterns; and agglomeration and growth. The chapters in the book demonstrate the need to adopt a broad perspective that combines insights from different strands of literature if we are to better understand these complex economic phenomena. In addition, the original empirical evidence from a range of different countries provides a sound foundation for developing appropriate guidance for policymakers.
The distance and neutral environment of the massive stellar cluster Westerlund 1

Context. In spite of a large number of recent publications about the massive stellar cluster Westerlund 1, its distance from the Sun remains uncertain with values as low as 1.1 kpc, but largely between 4 and 5 kpc. Aims. The goal of this study is to determine a distance to Westerlund 1 independent of the characteristics of the stellar population and to study its neutral environment, using observations of atomic hydrogen. Methods. The HI observations are taken from the Southern Galactic Plane Survey to study HI absorption in the direction of the H II region created by the members of Westerlund 1 and to investigate its environment as observed in the H I line emission. A Galactic rotation curve was derived using the recently revised values for the Galactic centre distance of R ⊙ = 7.6 kpc, and the velocity of the Sun around the Galactic centre of Θ ⊙ = 214 km s -1 . This rotation curve successfully predicts the location of the Tangent point gas and the velocity of the Sagittarius Arm outside the solar circle on the far side of the Galaxy to within 4 km s -1 . Compared to the typically used values of R ⊙ = 8.5 kpc and Θ ⊙ = 220 km s -1 this reduces kinematically determined distances by more than 10%. Results. The newly determined rotation model leads us to derive a distance of 3.9 ±0.7 kpc to Westerlund 1, consistent with a location in the Scutum-Crux Arm. Included in this estimate is a very careful investigation of possible sources of error for the Galactic rotation curve. We also report on small expanding H I features around the cluster with a maximum dynamic age of 600 000 years and a larger bubble which has a minimum dynamic age of 2.5 million years. Additionally we re-calculated the kinematic distances to nearby H II regions and supernova remnants based on our new Galaxic rotation curve. Conclusions. We propose that in the early stages of the development of Wd 1 a large interstellar bubble of diameter about 50 pc was created by the cluster members. This bubble has a dynamic age similar to the age of the cluster. Small expanding bubbles, with dynamical ages ∼0.6 Myr are found around Wd 1, which we suggest consist of recombined material lost by cluster members through their winds.
PID controllers for higher order systems based on maximum sensitivity function

In this paper, a method for designing PID controller for higher order systems is proposed. The higher order system is reduced into first order plus delay time (FOPDT) model using frequency response fitting. The tuning term is obtained to get the well tuned parameters of the controller from maximum sensitivity function. The proposed method has only one parameter to tune and therefore provides simple and effective solution for large class of systems. Two simulation examples and real time experimentation are incorporated to show the effectiveness of proposed algorithm.
Audio data retrieval and recognition using model selection criterion

Model selection criterion is an unsupervised technique that can be used to compare statistical distributions of the data. In this paper a new application of model selection criterion is presented. The technique is applied for direct audio search in German broadcast news with the high variability in duration and loudness of the search patterns. Experiments for identification of 14 environmental sounds are carried out using model selection criterion as distance metric. For environmental sounds detection the decision is based on mutual similarity of compared events to the set of reference events. For audio events recognition Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) is also tested. Approximately 500 audio segments from 14 sound types are used in the recognition test. The experiments show that the applications of model selection criterion for direct audio search, unsupervised environmental sounds analysis and sounds recognition using LSI are effective and accurate.
Population Ageing, Retirement Age Extension and Economic Growth in China A Dynamic General Equilibrium Analysis

China is experiencing rapid population ageing with the proportion of the population aged 65 and above projected to increase almost threefold between 2010 and 2050. The growth of the working age population is expected to stop approximately in 2015 and to turn strongly negative. China's low retirement age compounds the ageing problem. One means to mitigate the negative effects of shrinking labour force on economic growth is to stimulate labour force participation among the current working age population. Raising the official retirement age is one strategy to encourage labour force participation. This paper first investigates the effects of population ageing on labour force participation rates and, thus, on labour supply over the period of 2010-2030. It then estimates the effects of retirement age extension schemes on the size of the labour force. Thirdly, applying dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) modelling, it examines the effects of retirement age extension schemes on China's economic growth. It finds that raising the retirement age increases effective labour input, real GDP, capital stock, household real consumption and exports. The main results are that retirement age extension is likely to boost China's economic growth and that both urban and rural sectors will benefit from the extension.
Evidence accumulation method for mobile robot localization

We present a mobile robot localization method for known 2D environments. It is an evidence accumulation method where the complexity is reduced by means of a multiresolution scheme. The added value of the contribution, in the authors opinion, are 1) the method per ś e; 2) the capability of the system to accept both raw sensor data as well as independently generated localization estimates; 3) the capability of the system to be both a global or a local localization system, depending on the availability of a global estimate; 4) the capability of the system to give out a (less) accurate estimate whenever asked to do so (e.g. before its regular completion), which could be called any-time localization.
A Bayesian Approach for Incorporating Variable Rates of Heterogeneity in Linkage Analysis

A widely used approach for dealing with locus heterogeneity in linkage analysis is based on mixture likelihood, in which a single mixing (heterogeneity) parameter represents the probability that each family is of linked type. However, in general, different types of families exhibit different heterogeneity levels. To incorporate this variability, we propose a new approach wherein each family has its own heterogeneity parameter representing the probability that it is of linked type. These parameters are nuisance parameters, whereas the main parameter of interest is the location of the disease gene, if there is any. We model the problem in the Bayesian framework and implement it using the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methodology. In particular, we use the reversible-jump MCMC sampler to move between the two models: linkage and no linkage. We first estimate the posterior probability of linkage on a chromosome and the corresponding Bayes factor. If linkage is inferred, then the location of the disease gene along with its credible set is estimated. The asymptotic joint distribution of the estimators is derived. We show that this approach is more powerful than the currently used approach in detecting linkage, whereas the two approaches have comparable false-positive rates. The proposed method was applied to a lung cancer dataset of Genetic Epidemiology of Lung Cancer Consortium and an asthma dataset consisting of three samples from Genetic Analysis Workshop 12. Since both lung cancer and asthma are complex traits with heterogeneous genetic predisposition, they provide suitable applications for the proposed method.
A 2.45 GHz Phased Array Antenna Unit Cell Fabricated Using 3-D Multi-Layer Direct Digital Manufacturing

This paper reports on the design, fabrication and characterization of a 3-D printed RF front end for a 2.45 GHz phased array unit cell. The printed unit cell, which includes a circularly-polarized dipole antenna, a miniaturized capacitive-loaded open-loop resonator filter and a 4-bit phase shifter, is fabricated using a direct digital manufacturing (DDM) approach that integrates fused deposition of thermoplastic substrates with micro-dispensing for deposition of conductive traces. The individual components are combined in a passive phased array antenna unit cell comprised of seven stacked substrate layers with seven conductor layers. The measured return loss of the unit cell is > 12 dB across the 2.45 GHz ISM band and the measured gain is -11 dBi including all components. Experimental and simulation-based characterization is performed to investigate electrical properties of as-printed materials, in particular the inhomogeneity of printed thick-film conductors and substrate surface roughness. The results demonstrate the strong potential for fully-printed RF front ends for light weight, low cost, conformal and readily customized applications.