Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
There is no Future in Humanitarianism: Emergency, Temporality and Protracted Displacement

The humanitarian system and people living with and in long-term refugee situations envisage the future differently. This article explores different notions of the future that may be found in humanitarian policies and among humanitarian workers. Understandings of emergency, crisis and ethics in humanitarianism have particular impacts on how situations of protracted displacement are understood. The policy context for Syrian refugees in Jordan is analysed with particular reference to the ‘humanitarian reason’ which tends to separate between biological and biographical lives. Here, the future and past are separated from the present in a process that decontextualizes forced migrants both temporally and spatially. Through focusing on what humanitarian workers do, practices that challenge currently accepted humanitarian ethics are identified. By way of conclusion, and supported by feminist discussions of temporality and the ethics of care, the article suggests some possible ways of integrating a concept of the future in humanitarianism.
Imitation Learning for Playing Shogi Based on Generative Adversarial Networks

For imitation learning in games, AI programs commonly learn thinking and evaluating methods from professional players' game records. However, compared to the total number of all possible game states, top players' records are extremely insufficient. The limited amount of high-quality learning materials may become the bottleneck of training artificial intelligence. We proposed to introduce the idea of Generative Adversarial Networks into game programming, and validated its effectiveness in playing Shogi, a Japanese Chess game. The proposed method is experimentally proved to be capable to alleviate the data insufficiency problem and build more competitive AI programs than conventional supervised training methods.
Habitat-mediated population limitation in a colonial central-place forager: the sky is not the limit for the black-browed albatross

Animal populations are frequently limited by the availability of food or of habitat. In central-place foragers, the cost of accessing these resources is distance-dependent rather than uniform in space. However, in seabirds, a widely studied exemplar of this paradigm, empirical population models have hitherto ignored this cost. In part, this is because non-independence among colonies makes it difficult to define population units. Here, we model the effects of both resource availability and accessibility on populations of a wide-ranging, pelagic seabird, the black-browed albatross Thalassarche melanophris. Adopting a multi-scale approach, we define regional populations objectively as spatial clusters of colonies. We consider two readily quantifiable proxies of resource availability: the extent of neritic waters (the preferred foraging habitat) and net primary production (NPP). We show that the size of regional albatross populations has a strong dependence, after weighting for accessibility, on habitat availability and to a lesser extent, NPP. Our results provide indirect support for the hypothesis that seabird populations are regulated from the bottom-up by food availability during the breeding season, and also suggest that the spatio-temporal predictability of food may be limiting. Moreover, we demonstrate a straightforward, widely applicable method for estimating resource limitation in populations of central-place foragers.
Title Watch the hands : infants can learn to follow gaze by seeing adults manipulate objects Permalink

Infants gradually learn to share attention, but it is unknown how they acquire skills such as gaze-following. Deák and Triesch (2006) suggest that gaze-following could be acquired if infants learn that adults’ gaze direction is likely to be aligned with interesting sights. This hypothesis stipulates that adults tend to look at things that infants find interesting, and that infants could learn by noticing this tendency. We tested the plausibility of this hypothesis through video-based micro-behavioral analysis of naturalistic parent–infant play. The results revealed that 3to 11-month-old infants strongly preferred watching caregivers handle objects. In addition, when caregivers looked away from their infant they tended to look at their own object-handling. Finally, when infants looked toward the caregiver while she was looking at her own hands, the infant’s next eye movement was often toward the caregiver’s object-handling. In this way infants receive adequate naturalistic input to learn associations between their parent’s gaze direction and the locations of interesting sights.
Tumor-Specific Inhibition of In Situ Vaccination by Distant Untreated Tumor Sites

Untreated tumor sites antagonize the systemic and local antitumor immune response to an in situ vaccination regimen. This effect is radiation sensitive and may be mediated by tumor-specific regulatory T cells harbored in the untreated tumor sites. In situ vaccination is an emerging cancer treatment strategy that uses local therapies to stimulate a systemic antitumor immune response. We previously reported an in situ vaccination effect when combining radiation (RT) with intratumor (IT) injection of tumor-specific immunocytokine (IC), a fusion of tumor-specific antibody and IL2 cytokine. In mice bearing two tumors, we initially hypothesized that delivering RT plus IT-IC to the “primary” tumor would induce a systemic antitumor response causing regression of the “secondary” tumor. To test this, mice bearing one or two syngeneic murine tumors of B78 melanoma and/or Panc02 pancreatic cancer were treated with combined external beam RT and IT-IC to the designated “primary” tumor only. Primary and secondary tumor response as well as animal survival were monitored. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time PCR were used to quantify tumor infiltration with regulatory T cells (Treg). Transgenic “DEREG” mice or IgG2a anti–CTLA-4 were used to transiently deplete tumor Tregs. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, we observed that the presence of an untreated secondary tumor antagonized the therapeutic effect of RT + IT-IC delivered to the primary tumor. We observed reciprocal tumor specificity for this effect, which was circumvented if all tumors received RT or by transient depletion of Tregs. Primary tumor treatment with RT + IT-IC together with systemic administration of Treg-depleting anti–CTLA-4 resulted in a renewed in situ vaccination effect. Our findings show that untreated tumors can exert a tumor-specific, Treg-dependent, suppressive effect on the efficacy of in situ vaccination and demonstrate clinically viable approaches to overcome this effect. Untreated tumor sites antagonize the systemic and local antitumor immune response to an in situ vaccination regimen. This effect is radiation sensitive and may be mediated by tumor-specific regulatory T cells harbored in the untreated tumor sites. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(7); 825–34. ©2018 AACR.
Royal jelly promotes DAF-16-mediated proteostasis to tolerate β-amyloid toxicity in C. elegans model of Alzheimer's disease

Numerous studies have demonstrated that dietary intervention may promote health and help prevent Alzheimer's disease (AD). We recently reported that bee products of royal jelly (RJ) and enzyme-treated royal jelly (eRJ) were potent to promote healthy aging in C. elegans. Here, we examined whether RJ/eRJ consumption may benefit to mitigate the AD symptom in the disease model of C. elegans. Our results showed that RJ/eRJ supplementation significantly delayed the body paralysis in AD worms, suggesting the β-amyloid (Aβ) toxicity attenuation effects of RJ/eRJ. Genetic analyses suggested that RJ/eRJ-mediated alleviation of Aβ toxicity in AD worms required DAF-16, rather than HSF-1 and SKN-1, in an insulin/IGF signaling dependent manner. Moreover, RJ/eRJ modulated the transactivity of DAF-16 and dramatically improved the protein solubility in aged worms. Given protein solubility is a hallmark of healthy proteostasis, our findings demonstrated that RJ/eRJ supplementation improved proteostasis, and this promotion depended on the transactivity of DAF-16. Collectively, the present study not only elucidated the possible anti-AD mechanism of RJ/eRJ, but also provided evidence from a practical point of view to shed light on the extensive correlation of proteostasis and the prevention of neurodegenerative disorders.
Hunter Reporting of Catch per Unit Effort as a Monitoring Tool in a Bushmeat‐Harvesting System

Abstract: Growing threats to biodiversity in the tropics mean there is an increasing need for effective monitoring that balances scientific rigor with practical feasibility. Alternatives to professional techniques are emerging that are based on the involvement of local people. Such locally based monitoring methods may be more sustainable over time, allow greater spatial coverage and quicker management decisions, lead to increased compliance, and help encourage attitude shifts toward more environmentally sustainable practices. Nevertheless, few studies have yet compared the findings or cost‐effectiveness of locally based methods with professional techniques or investigated the power of locally based methods to detect trends. We gathered data on bushmeat‐hunting catch and effort using a professional technique (accompanying hunters on hunting trips) and two locally based methods in which data were collected by hunters (hunting camp diaries and weekly hunter interviews) in a 15‐month study in Equatorial Guinea. Catch and effort results from locally based methods were strongly correlated with those of the professional technique and the spatial locations of hunting trips reported in the locally based methods accurately reflected those recorded with the professional technique. We used power simulations of catch and effort data to show that locally based methods can reliably detect meaningful levels of change (20% change with 80% power at significance level [α]= 0.05) in multispecies catch per unit effort. Locally based methods were the most cost‐effective for monitoring. Hunter interviews collected catch and effort data on 240% more hunts per person hour and 94% more hunts per unit cost, spent on monitoring, than the professional technique. Our results suggest that locally based monitoring can offer an accurate, cost‐effective, and sufficiently powerful method to monitor the status of natural resources. To establish such a system in Equatorial Guinea, the current lack of national and local capacity for monitoring and management must be addressed.
Involvement of Sl00–related Calcium–binding Protein pEL98 (or mts1) in Cell Motility and Tumor Cell Invasion

We examined the relationship between cell motility and the expressions of pEL9S (mtsl) mRNA and protein in various imirine normal and transformed cells. The expression of pEL98 (mtsl) in v–Ha–ras–transformed NIH3T3 cells and in normal rat kidney cells transformed by either v–Ha–ras or v–src was increased over that in the corresponding parental cells at both mRNA and protein levels. The expression in normal rat fibroblasts (3Y1) transformed by v–Ha–ras was also increased compared with that in 3Y1 cells. However, the expression of pEL98 (mtsl) in 3Y1 cells transformed by v–src was increased in one clone (src 3Y1–K), but decreased in another clone (src 3Y1–H). The expression level of pEL98 (mtsl) correlated well with cell motility, which was examined by measuring cell tracks by phagokinesis. In order to test direct involvement of the pEL98 (mtsl) protein in cell motility, src 3Y1–H cells that showed low cell motility were transfected with pEL98 cDNA. The transfectants expressing large amounts of the pEL98 protein showed significantly higher cell motility than src 3Y1–H cells. The expression of pEL98 (mtsl) was also found to be correlated with motile and invasive abilities in various clones derived from Lewis lung carcinoma. These results suggest that the pEL98 (mtsl) protein plays a role in regulating cell motility and tumor cell invasiveness.
Equivalent Parental Distribution of Frequently Lost Alleles and Biallelic Expression of the H19 Gene in Human Testicular Germ Cell Tumors

Epigenetic alterations such as genomic imprinting might play an important role in human tumorigenesis, in addition to specific genetic alterations. To clarify the role of genetic and/or epigenetic alterations in the tumorigenesis of testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs), we analyzed 40 primary and 3 metastatic testicular GCTs with regard to specific chromosomal losses and their parental origin. A high incidence of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was demonstrated on chromosomes 1p, 3p, 11p, and 17p: 9/19 (47%), 18/39 (46%), 13/40 (33%) and 20/36 (56%), respectively. However, there was no correlation between the frequency of LOH on any chromosome and clinicopathological features. Regarding the parental origin of the lost allele at these chromosomes, preferential loss was not demonstrated in this study. To clarify the imprinting status in GCTs, we analyzed the allele‐specific expression of the H19 gene, which is paternally imprinted on chromosome 11p. All of 11 tumors without LOH at this locus showed biallelic expression of H19. Based on previous work demonstrating the biallelic expression of H19 in primordial germ cells and spermatogonia in the mouse germ line, these results suggest that the biallelic expression of H19 in testicular GCTs reflects the characteristics of the original germ cells in which the imprinting marking has been erased and not established, rather than loss of imprinting during tumorigenesis. It is also possible that a failure to re‐establish the imprinting might be an initial event which leads to testicular GCTs.
One step generation of customizable gRNA vectors for multiplex CRISPR approaches through string assembly gRNA cloning (STAgR)

Novel applications based on the bacterial CRISPR system make genetic, genomic, transcriptional and epigenomic engineering widely accessible for the first time. A significant advantage of CRISPR over previous methods is its tremendous adaptability due to its bipartite nature. Cas9 or its engineered variants define the molecular effect, while short gRNAs determine the targeting sites. A majority of CRISPR approaches depend on the simultaneous delivery of multiple gRNAs into single cells, either as an essential precondition, to increase responsive cell populations or to enhance phenotypic outcomes. Despite these requirements, methods allowing the efficient generation and delivery of multiple gRNA expression units into single cells are still sparse. Here we present STAgR (String assembly gRNA cloning), a single step gRNA multiplexing system, that obtains its advantages by employing the N20 targeting sequences as necessary homologies for Gibson assembly. We show that STAgR allows reliable and cost-effective generation of vectors with high numbers of gRNAs enabling multiplexed CRISPR approaches. Moreover, STAgR is easily customizable, as vector backbones as well as gRNA structures, numbers and promoters can be freely chosen and combined. Finally, we demonstrate STAgR’s widespread functionality, its efficiency in multi-targeting approaches, using it for both, genome and transcriptome editing, as well as applying it in vitro and in vivo.
Genetic evaluation of 80 irriGated Bread Wheat Genotypes for drouGht tolerance indices

AmiRi, R. , S. BAhRAminejAd, Sh. SASAni and m. GhoBAdi, 2014. Genetic evaluation of 80 irrigated bread wheat genotypes for drought tolerance indices. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 20: 101-111 drought stress is one of the most important problems for crop production in arid and semi-arid areas such as iran. in order to select drought-tolerant bread wheat genotypes, an experiment was conducted on 80 genotypes in a Randomized Complete Blocks design (RCBd) with three replicates under normal and terminal drought stress conditions in Kermanshah, iran during 2011-2012 cropping season. Based on the potential (Yp) and stress (Ys) yields, 15 quantitative criteria of drought tolerance including: stress susceptibility index (SSi), tolerance index (ToL), mean productivity (mP), geometric mean productivity (GmP), stress tolerance index (STi), yield index (Yi), yield stability index (YSi), harmonic mean (hAm), sensitivity drought index (Sdi), drought response index (dRi), drought resistance index (di), relative drought index (Rdi), stress susceptibility percentage index (SSPI) and modified stress tolerance index (MSTI) were calculated. A positive and significant correlation was observed between Ys and Yp with mP, GmP, STi, Yi, hAm, Sdi, K1STi and K2STi indicated that these indices are the most suitable indices to screen genotypes in drought stress conditions. Principal component analysis (PCA) introduced two components. First vector showed 65.39% of variations and the second PCA explained 32.20% of the total variability. it separated the stress–tolerant from non-stress tolerant genotypes. According to all statistical procedures, Ghods, dn-11, Sepahan and Tajan were known as superior genotypes under both stressed and non-stressed conditions with high stability to drought stress.
Do informal caregivers in mental illness feel more burdened? A comparative study of mental versus somatic illnesses

Aims: This study investigates a possible added subjective burden among informal caregivers to care recipients with a mental illness or a combination of mental and somatic illnesses compared with caregivers to care recipients with a somatic illness. The study also investigates the subjective caregiver burden by caregivers’ characteristics and objective burden. Methods: The association between subjective caregiver burden and socio-demographic factors, objective burden, and health-related quality of life was analyzed in a population of 865 Dutch informal caregivers, using multiple linear regression analysis. Results: Controlling for other factors in the analysis, we found that caring for a recipient with mental illness or a combination of mental and somatic illness was associated with an extra subjective caregiver burden (measured by Caregiver Strain Index). Objective burden, in terms of more than 50 hours of care provision per week, less than three years of caregiving, or living together with the care recipients was associated with higher subjective caregiver burden. Other factors associated with higher subjective caregiver burden were being partners or a child of care recipient, having a paid job, a low health-related quality of life (EQ-5D), or having an illness. Conclusions: This study suggests that caregivers to care recipients with a mental and especially a combination of mental and somatic illnesses have a higher subjective caregiver burden compared with caregivers to care recipients with a somatic illness. Because the study is not representative of all caregivers, more research focusing on identifying and contacting informal caregivers is needed to confirm the result.
Clinical Significance of Parent Training for Children with Conduct Problems

While there is a strong evidence base for behavioral parent training in the treatment of child conduct problems, the clinical impact is less well known. Metaanalyses report effect sizes in the medium range, but the common practice of reporting “small,” “medium,” and “large” effects can be misleading and difficult to understand for practitioners and clients. There is a need for more research addressing the clinical significance of behavioral parent training, which would help to bridge the gap between research and practice. In the first part of this report, a reanalysis in terms of clinical significance of two outcome studies published by the authors was conducted. In the second part, the results from the first part were compared to six outcome studies published by other authors. The median number needed to treat across studies was five, which means that for every five treated children, one shows reliable change and moves from the dysfunctional to the functional population.
The experience of a diagnosis of advanced lung cancer: sleep is not a priority when living my life.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To describe common practices and shared meanings of sleep-wake disturbances in individuals with newly diagnosed non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) before treatment and evaluate their preexisting sleep disturbances. RESEARCH APPROACH Open-ended interviews of patients newly diagnosed with lung cancer. SETTING A Veterans Administration hospital and a comprehensive cancer center in the northeastern United States. PARTICIPANTS 26 patients newly diagnosed with NSCLC who chose chemotherapy treatment. METHODOLOGIC APPROACH Interpretive phenomenology based on Heideggarian hermeneutics. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Meaning of diagnosis on life experiences and sleep practices. FINDINGS Participants described four related themes: (a) the diagnosis as devastating yet not surprising, (b) treatment as hope for more time, (c) keeping life normal, and (d) sleep patterns as long lived. CONCLUSIONS Although participants did not complain about sleep difficulties, they described a history of sleep disturbances and poor sleep hygiene. Participants focused their trust on the treatment, giving them more time to follow their priorities and ignoring the effects of sleep deprivation on their quality of life. INTERPRETATION Healthcare professionals may design interventions to encourage keeping life as normal as possible, focusing on improving sleep, which may ultimately prolong patients' lives.
Pancreatic Regeneration Models, Mechanisms, and Inconsistencies

While skin, liver and gut are capable to regenerate and heal, other organs such as heart and brain do not display similar regenerative capacities. The adult pancreas displays a limited capacity to regenerate, although this regenerative capacity declines with age (17, 74-76, 83). Thus, with respect to the pancreas, the uncertainty is not about the overall ability of the adult pancreas to regenerate, but rather which cells may act as cell(s) of origin in this process. For example, it is widely accepted that under physiologic conditions β-cell regeneration in the adult mouse pancreas originates from β-cell self-duplication (21, 77). However, depending on the type of injury model, it appears that new β-cells can arise from cells either residing within the ducts (1, 4, 18, 35, 91), in proximity to the ductal network (88), or from other pancreatic endocrine cells (15, 16, 78, 90). This uncertainty regarding the types of cells that may potentially give rise to new β-cells comes in part from the fact that in each experimental model of regeneration, the exact target cells and the severity of the injury are different. Here, we will first review some of the injury models that have been used to study the mechanisms leading to replacement of acinar and β-cells, followed by a discussion of the discrepancies in these reports.
Applied hepatobiliary scintigraphy in chronic gallbladder diseases

Description Educational gaps are responsible for a significant variability in methodological practice in the use of CCK-CS with calculation of GBEF in patients with suspected gallbladder diseases. In addition, emerging evidence continues to refine the methodology of CCK-CS. Clinicians must remain abreast of current recommendations and innovative practices in order to provide the most specific CCK-CS test results in patients with suspected FGBD. This article will address the role of hepatobiliary scintigraphy (HBS) in the diagnosis and management of this often challenging clinical conundrum.