Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
3 Aligning linguistically motivated phrases

In this paper, we describe the architecture of a sub-sentential alignment system that links linguistically motivated phrases in parallel texts. We conceive our sub-sentential aligner as a cascade model consisting of two phases. In the first phase, anchor chunks are linked on the basis of lexical correspondences and syntactic similarity. In the second phase, we will focus on the more complex translational correspondences based on observed translation shift patterns. The anchor chunks of the first phase will be used to limit the search space in the second phase. We present the first results of our sub-sentential alignment system, which links linguistically motivated chunks. In our baseline system, the obtained recall scores range from 44% to 59% and precision scores from 90% to 98% depending on text type. We experimented with two different types of bilingual dictionaries to generate the lexical correspondences: a handcrafted bilingual dictionary and probabilistic bilingual dictionaries. We demonstrate that although the handcrafted dictionary is twice the size of the probabilistic dictionary, the obtained recall scores are lower. Proceedings of the 18th Meeting of Computational Linguistics in the Netherlands, pp. 37–52 Edited by: Suzan Verberne, Hans van Halteren, Peter-Arno Coppen. Copyright c ©2008 by the individual authors.
Breathability and Resistance to Water Penetration of Breathable-Coated Textiles after Cyclic Mechanical Treatments

In this study, we have explored different aspects of wear-comfort, namely the breathability and resistance to water penetration properties of some breathable-coated fabrics that are used as outwear. The breathable-coated fabrics, i. e. the 100 % polyamide (PA) woven fabric coated with polyurethane (PU) and the three-ply laminate, consisting of an outer 100 % polyester (PES) woven fabric, an insider hydrophilic PU membrane and 100 % PES knitted lining, were tested. The variations of their properties by increasing number of stretching cycles and size of deformation were examined. The cyclic stretching test was done on the tensile testing machine Z005 (Germany). The maximum number of stretching cycles was 260, and elongation varied in the range of 15 % – 25 %. The kinetics of breathability and resistance to water penetration were examined. To determine the change of the above-mentioned properties of wear-comfort, the initial fabrics without mechanical treatment and the samples after cyclic mechanical treatments were measured. The test of water-vapour permeability was performed on a Sweating Guarded Hotplate M259b (England) and the resistance to water penetration was measured with a Shirley Hydrostatic Head Tester M018 (England). In the present study, we have attempted to show the dependences of resistance to water penetration of breathable-coated fabrics on cyclic stretching parameters. The polynomial regression equations and the coefficients of determination for relationships between number of stretching parameters and the resistance to water penetration were determined and analysed.
Differential diagnosis of breast masses in South Korean premenopausal women using diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging

Abstract. Young patients with dense breasts have a relatively low-positive biopsy rate for breast cancer (∼1 in 7). South Korean women have higher breast density than Westerners. We investigated the benefit of using a functional and metabolic imaging technique, diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging (DOSI), to help the standard of care imaging tools to distinguish benign from malignant lesions in premenopausal Korean women. DOSI uses near-infrared light to measure breast tissue composition by quantifying tissue concentrations of water (ctH2O), bulk lipid (ctLipid), deoxygenated (ctHHb), and oxygenated (ctHbO2) hemoglobin. DOSI spectral signatures specific to abnormal tissue and absent in healthy tissue were also used to form a malignancy index. This study included 19 premenopausal subjects (average age 41±9), corresponding to 11 benign and 10 malignant lesions. Elevated lesion to normal ratio of ctH2O, ctHHb, ctHbO2, total hemoglobin (THb=ctHHb+ctHbO2), and tissue optical index (ctHHb×ctH2O/ctLipid) were observed in the malignant lesions compared to the benign lesions (p<0.02). THb and malignancy index were the two best single predictors of malignancy, with >90% sensitivity and specificity. Malignant lesions showed significantly higher metabolism and perfusion than benign lesions. DOSI spectral features showed high discriminatory power for distinguishing malignant and benign lesions in dense breasts of the Korean population.
Model based monitoring of traffic noise in an urban district

Noise control for an urban district starts by understanding the actual noise situation. A correct understanding is needed to take appropriate and cost efficient measures. For a noise burdened urban district, surrounded by road and rail traffic, the traffic noise as well as the annoyance has been measured. The size of the district is approximately one square km. With the help of 35 microphones, applied in a scalable sensor network, the time-varying sound levels were recorded. These results were coupled to an engineering model to obtain the sound levels for the complete district as well as to discriminate between road and rail traffic noise. Also, a data assimilation technique has been applied to increase the agreement between the measurement and model results. For example, for Lden sound levels the standard used source strengths for road and rail needed to be adapted to better match the sound level measurement results. In a separate paper these corrected sound levels at the facades are coupled to annoyance survey results to derive a local exposure-response relation. The annoyance survey also indicated the importance of peak levels and vibrations. This is further investigated by considering the measured noise dynamics.
A modified optical flow algorithm and its application in facial expression recognition

Optical flow algorithm is an important approach to estimate motion from image sequence. Using it can effectively analyze the dynamic information of facial expressions and extract the characteristic flow which can reflect the facial expression changes. In this paper, based on the Lucas-Kanade optical flow algorithm, the Hession matrix is introduced to filter the unreliable constraint points in the local neighborhood and improve the accuracy of the optical flow field in facial expression changes. Experimental results show the proposed method offers a better performance for the Lucas-Kanade optical flow algorithm.
Manufacture of Spinnerets for Synthetic Micro-fibers by LIGA and Micro-injection Molding Technique

Abstract In the past, the capillaries of fiber-spinneret were made by micro drilling or by micro electro-discharge-machining (M-EDM). However, the productivity and uniformity of M-EDM are restricted. Hence, a new approach related to LIGA technique was developed. The micro mold of the capillaries was made by LIGA. Micro plastic cores were then duplicated by micro injection molding. With consequent treatments and electroforming, the spinneret die can be mass produced. Better process conditions for micro molding will be determined by Taguchi's experiment design method. Through a single injection molding cycle, a 48-capillary structure was formed at once. The diameters of each capillary were inspected at three locations along the longitudinal direction carefully. The results show that the accuracy of the diameters of capillaries can be controlled within 200 ± 1 μm. Capillaries die to spin ∗ and w-shaped micro-fibers were also developed in this work. Thanks to LIGA process, spinnerets with higher aspect ratios (even up to 30) can be achieved more easily. By applying micro injection molding, consequent treatments and electro-forming processes, the spinnerets can be produced in a batch and mass production way. The technology developed here can also be used in the fabrication of Micro-Electro-Mechanical (MEMS) components.
South African Papilionoid Legumes Are Nodulated by Diverse Burkholderia with Unique Nodulation and Nitrogen-Fixation Loci

The root-nodule bacteria of legumes endemic to the Cape Floristic Region are largely understudied, even though recent reports suggest the occurrence of nodulating Burkholderia species unique to the region. In this study, we considered the diversity and evolution of nodulating Burkholderia associated with the endemic papilionoid tribes Hypocalypteae and Podalyrieae. We identified distinct groups from verified rhizobial isolates by phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA and recA housekeeping gene regions. In order to gain insight into the evolution of the nodulation and diazotrophy of these rhizobia we analysed the genes encoding NifH and NodA. The majority of these 69 isolates appeared to be unique, potentially representing novel species. Evidence of horizontal gene transfer determining the symbiotic ability of these Cape Floristic Region isolates indicate evolutionary origins distinct from those of nodulating Burkholderia from elsewhere in the world. Overall, our findings suggest that Burkholderia species associated with fynbos legumes are highly diverse and their symbiotic abilities have unique ancestries. It is therefore possible that the evolution of these bacteria is closely linked to the diversification and establishment of legumes characteristic of the Cape Floristic Region.
Large Bottleneck Size in Cauliflower Mosaic Virus Populations during Host Plant Colonization

The effective size of populations (Ne) determines whether selection or genetic drift is the predominant force shaping their genetic structure and evolution. Despite their high mutation rate and rapid evolution, this parameter is poorly documented experimentally in viruses, particularly plant viruses. All available studies, however, have demonstrated the existence of huge within-host demographic fluctuations, drastically reducing Ne upon systemic invasion of different organs and tissues. Notably, extreme bottlenecks have been detected at the stage of systemic leaf colonization in all plant viral species investigated so far, sustaining the general idea that some unknown obstacle(s) imposes a barrier on the development of all plant viruses. This idea has important implications, as it appoints genetic drift as a constant major force in plant virus evolution. By co-inoculating several genetic variants of Cauliflower mosaic virus into a large number of replicate host plants, and by monitoring their relative frequency within the viral population over the course of the host systemic infection, only minute stochastic variations were detected. This allowed the estimation of the CaMV Ne during colonization of successive leaves at several hundreds of viral genomes, a value about 100-fold higher than that reported for any other plant virus investigated so far, and indicated the very limited role played by genetic drift during plant systemic infection by this virus. These results suggest that the barriers that generate bottlenecks in some plant virus species might well not exist, or can be surmounted by other viruses, implying that severe bottlenecks during host colonization do not necessarily apply to all plant-infecting viruses.
Hot-Electron Immunity of Si02 Dielectrics with Fluorine Incorporation

The effect of fluorine incorporation in the gate oxide on the NMOSFET hot-electron immunity has been examined. Fluorine was implanted into the polysilicon gate and diffused into the gate oxide. The hot-electron immunity of NMOSFET's is shown to increase with increasing fluorine doses. Measurement of device lifetime against sub- strate current shows that higher doses of fluorine lead to a change in the immunity to interface trap generation. Based on the results of Auger measurements, this has been correlated to a fluorine deficient layer near the interface.
3D convolutional neural networks for soccer object motion recognition

Recently, sports and ICT technology have been combined, enabling quantitative and objective analysis of sports and athlete competence. In the case of soccer, quantitative analysis of competition and athletes is underway in various companies, but due to technical limitations, many data are still being generated based on the manual work of experts. In this paper, we propose an object motion recognition technique which is a basis for further automation of soccer analysis. We first classify objects in soccer game and define recognizable motion for each object category. After that, we design 3D CNN with spatiotemporal characteristics and extract the motion information that each object is currently taking from the match video. As can be seen from the experimental results, it can be confirmed that the proposed technique not only has higher speed performance than the existing methods, but also has high accuracy. In addition, it can be confirmed that there is a high possibility of expanding to areas such as CCTV surveillance.
Assessment of the Fractionation Patterns and Effects of Leaching Of Some Selected Heavy Metals in Owerri Industrial Layout, Nigeria

Fractionation of Cu, Ca, Mn, Pb, Ni, Fe, Co, Zn, Cr, and Cd was carried out on 30cm depth soil samples collected along the major roads of Owerri Industrial layout, Nigeria, with a sequential extraction procedure in the rainy (April to July) season, using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The pH of the soil had a range of 6.2 to 6.8 while moisture content had a range of 10.023to 13.782. Fe was discovered to occur at elevated concentrations in all the soil samples with the highest concentration (1462.480mg/kg). The metal with least concentration (0.067mg/kg) was Cd. Ca (52.070) was mostly abundant in the Exchangeable fraction while Cu (1.984mg/kg), Mn (12.169mg/kg), Pb (3.013mg/kg), Ni (3.845mg/kg), Fe (1360.790mg/kg), Co (3.871mg/kg), Zn (46.259mg/kg), Cr (3.817mg/kg) and Cd (0.257mg/kg) were mostly abundant in Residual fraction. From the fractionation results, most of the metals had high abundance in Residual fraction indicating lithogenic origin and low bioavailability of the metals considered. The average potential mobility was calculated for the metals in the soil 30cm depth and it was in the order: Ca>Cd>Cu>Pb>Mn>Co>Fe>Ni>Cr>Zn
Binary Nanopatterned Surfaces Prepared from Silane Monolayers

We report on the fabrication of planar surfaces bearing nanoscale chemical patterns, obtained by combining electron beam lithography and gas-phase silanation, offering an unprecedented range of chemical functionalities down to the 20-25-nm feature size level. Compared to previously reported methods, this method combines a number of desirable features such as high resolution, a large range of accessible chemical functions, the possibility to pattern large surfaces, and the potential for higher throughput. The formation from the gas phase of silane monolayers of high quality and varying chemical functionality is shown to be achievable through the nanoholes of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) masks prepared by e-beam nanolithography on Si wafers. The removal of the mask and subsequent silanation of the background provides ultraflat surfaces chemically nanopatterned over large areas. The patterns were imaged and characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The patterned surfaces can be used, for instance, to direct macromolecular assembly, as demonstrated by controlling the deposition of polyelectrolyte multilayers on the 150-nm scale.
BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION AND GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF CALOTROPIS PROCERA

The unique property of the silver nanoparticles having the antimicrobial activity gained the major attention towards the present nanotechnology. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was performed from aqueous silver nitrate using Calotropis procera leaves (L) and stem (S) extract. The synthesized silver nanoparticles have been characterized by the UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD analysis shows that the AgNPs are of face centered cubic (FCC) structure and size was ranging from 19 to 45 nm (L) and 26 to 38 nm (S) respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that the synthesized AgNPs have spherical shape. The silver nanoparticles possess significant antimicrobial potential against K. pneumonia and S. typhi and also showed good antioxidant property.
Response analysis of wood structures under natural hazard dynamic loads

The basic requirements needed for response analysis of wood structures against natural hazards are reviewed. A method for stochastic dynamic analysis of wood structures, which allows investigations into their performance and safety under natural hazards such as earthquakes and severe winds, is presented. To illustrate the method, earthquake ground motions are modeled as a stochastic process with Gaussian white noise properties. A single-degree-of-freedom wood structural system is modeled by a hysteretic constitutive law that produces a smoothly varying hysteresis. It models previously observed behavior of wood joints and structural systems, namely, (1) nonlinear, inelastic behavior, (2) stiffness degradation, (3) strength degradation, and (4) pinching. The constitutive law takes into account the experimentally observed dependence of wood joints' response to the input and response at an earlier time (known as memory). Hysteresis shapes produced by the proposed model compare favorably with common wood joints. The hysteresis model can produce a wide variety of hysteresis shapes, degradations, and pinching behavior to model a whole gamut of possible combinations of materials and joint configurations in wood construction. The nonstationary response statistics of a single-degree-of-freedom wood building subjected to white noise excitations are obtained by Monte Carlo simulation and stochastic equivalent linearization. The latter is shown to give a reasonably accurate prediction of the system's response statistics, which may be used in calculating design response values. The method of analysis is general and may be used to study the response of various kinds of structural systems, including multi-degree-of-freedom systems, as long as appropriate structural models are available and appropriate hysteresis model parameters for these systems are known.
Spectral Effects on Symbiodinium Photobiology Studied with a Programmable Light Engine

The spectral light field of Symbiodinium within the tissue of the coral animal host can deviate strongly from the ambient light field on a coral reef and that of artificial light sources used in lab studies on coral photobiology. Here, we used a novel approach involving light microsensor measurements and a programmable light engine to reconstruct the spectral light field that Symbiodinium is exposed to inside the coral host and the light field of a conventional halogen lamp in a comparative study of Symbiodinium photobiology. We found that extracellular gross photosynthetic O2 evolution was unchanged under different spectral illumination, while the more red-weighted halogen lamp spectrum decreased PSII electron transport rates and there was a trend towards increased light-enhanced dark respiration rates under excess irradiance. The approach provided here allows for reconstructing and comparing intra-tissue coral light fields and other complex spectral compositions of incident irradiance. This novel combination of sensor technologies provides a framework to studying the influence of macro- and microscale optics on Symbiodinium photobiology with unprecedented spectral resolution.
Optimization of Laminated Composite Structures

Laminated composite materials are widely used in the design of light weight high performance structures like wind turbine blades and aeroplanes due to their superior stiffness and strength-to-weight-ratios compared to their metal counter parts. Furthermore, the use of laminated composite materials allows for a higher degree of tailoring of the resulting material. To enable better utilization of the composite materials, optimum design procedures can be used to assist the engineer. This PhD thesis is focused on developing numerical methods for optimization of laminated composite structures. The first part of the thesis is intended as an aid to read the included papers. Initially the field of research is introduced and the performed research is motivated. Secondly, the state-of-the-art is reviewed. The review includes parameterizations of the constitutive properties, linear and geometrically nonlinear analysis of structures, buckling and post-buckling analysis of structures, and formulations for optimization of structures considering stiffness, buckling, and post-buckling criteria. Lastly, descriptions, main findings, and conclusions of the papers are presented. The papers forming the basis of the contributions of the PhD project are included in the second part of the thesis. Paper A presents a framework for free material optimization where commercially available finite element analysis software is used as analysis tool. Robust buckling optimization of laminated composite structures by including imperfections into the optimization process is the topic of Paper B. In Paper C the design sensitivities for asymptotic postbuckling optimization are derived. Furthermore, optimization formulations are introduced and demonstrated for optimum post-buckling design.
Exploring the robustness of Bayesian and information-theoretic methods for predictive inference

Given a set of sample data, we study three alternative methods for determining the pre-dictive distribution of an unseen data vector. In particular, we are interested in the behavior of the predictive accuracy of these three predictive methods as a function of the degree of the domain assumption violations. We explore this question empirically by using artiicially generated data sets, where the assumptions can be violated in various ways. Our empirical results suggest that if the model assumptions are only mildly violated , marginalization over the model parameters may not be necessary in practice. This is due to the fact that in this case the computationally much simpler predictive distribution based on a single, maximum posterior probability model shows similar performance as the computationally more demanding marginal likelihood approach. The results also give support to Rissanen's theoretical results about the usefulness of using Jeereys' prior distribution for the model parameters.
Cytotoxic and Anticancer Activity ofF. RacemosaFruit Extract on MCF7 Human Breast Cancer Cell Line by SRB Method

Present study was aimed to investigate the in vitro cytotoxicity and anticancer activity of F. racemosa on MCF7 human breast cancer cell line. Effect of ethanolic extracts of tender fruits of F. racemosa on MCF7 human breast cancer cell lines by Sulphorodamine B (SRB) assay was carried out. Three observations viz. LC50, TGI, GI 50 were recorded. The absorbance was recorded on an Elisa plate reader at a wavelength of 540 nm with 690 nm. F. racemosa showed LC50, TGI and GI50 activity at ≥ 80 μg/ml concentration. Thus, it can be concluded that F. racemosa fruit extract hassome cytotoxic and anticancer activity (in vitro)at ≥ 80 μg/ml concentration of plant extract on MCF7 human breast cancer cell line.