Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MULTISPECTRAL DETECTION OF FECAL CONTAMINATION ON APPLES BASED ON HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGERY: PART I. APPLICATION OF VISIBLE AND NEAR–INFRARED REFLECTANCE IMAGING

Fecal contamination of apples is an important food safety issue. To develop automated methods to detect such contamination, a recently developed hyperspectral imaging system with a range of 450 to 851 nm was used to examine reflectance images of experimentally contaminated apples. Fresh feces from dairy cows were applied simultaneously as a thick patch and as a thin, transparent (not readily visible to the human eye), smear to four cultivars of apples (Red Delicious, Gala, Fuji, and Golden Delicious). To address differences in coloration due to environmental growth conditions, apples were selected to represent the range of green to red colorations. Hyperspectral images of the apples and fecal contamination sites were evaluated using principal component analysis with the goal of identifying two to four wavelengths that could potentially be used in an on-line multispectral imaging system. Results indicate that contamination could be identified using either three wavelengths in the green, red, and NIR regions, or using two wavelengths at the extremes of the NIR region under investigation. The three wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared regions offer the advantage that the acquired images could also be used commercially for color sorting. However, detection using the two NIR wavelengths was found to be less sensitive to variations in apple coloration. For both sets of wavelengths, thick contamination could easily be detected using a simple threshold unique to each cultivar. In contrast, results suggest that more computationally complex analyses, such as combining threshold detection with morphological filtering, would be necessary to detect thin contamination spots using reflectance imaging techniques.
On-the-Fly Process Resource Quarantine for System Stabilization

Several programs demand large memory allocation to execute their tasks. Normally, the demands are based on intentions of program designers, users, and system administrators. Sometimes, however, faulty programs or malicious programs demand large memory without the intentions. These unexpected large memory demands may cause system instability. Generally, operating systems have resource limitation mechanisms to avoid such system instability. Linux has several resource limitation mechanisms. However, the mechanisms of Linux have several challenges to realize both of system usability and system stability. In this paper, we will propose an alternative resource limitation mechanism in Linux to resolve the issues of existing resource limitation mechanism. With the proposed method, operating systems can detect processes with a flow that consumes too much memory and limit their usable resources dynamically, i.e., the proposed method can protect the system stability from faulty or malicious programs. The results of evaluation experiments show that the proposed method is effective to keep the system stability.
The Impact of Physical Conditions on Network Connectivity in Wireless Sensor Network

In Wireless Sensor Networks, end-to-end routing paths need to be established when nodes want to communicate with the desired destination. For nodes assumed to be static, many routing protocols such as Directed Diffusion have been proposed to meet this requirement efficiently. The performance of such routing protocols is relative to the given network connectivity. This paper addresses mobile sensor nodes taking into account the diversity of scattered node density and investigates how physical conditions impact on network connectivity which in turn influences routing performance. Three analysis metrics: path availability, path duration, and interavailable path time are proposed to quantify the impact of different physical conditions on network connectivity. Simulation results show that the network connectivity varies significantly as a function of different physical conditions.
Learning from a distance: high school students’ perceptions of virtual presence, motivation, and science identity during a remote microscopy investigation

ABSTRACT Through partnerships with scientists, students can now conduct research in science laboratories from a distance through remote access technologies. The purpose of this study was to explore factors that contribute to a remote learning environment by documenting high school students’ perceptions of science motivation, science identity, and virtual presence during a remote microscopy investigation. Exploratory factor analysis identified 3 factors accounting for 63% of the variance, which suggests that Science Learning Drive (students’ perception of their competence and performance in science and intrinsic motivation to do science), Environmental Presence (students’ perception of control of the remote technology, sensory, and distraction factors in the learning environment, and relatedness to scientists), and Inner Realism Presence (students’ perceptions of how real is the remote programme and being recognised as a science-oriented individual) were factors that contribute to a student’s experience during a remote investigation. Motivation, science identity, and virtual presence in remote investigations are explored.
Parenting and child experiences in shelter: A qualitative study exploring the effect of homelessness on the parent–child relationship

Depending on the data source, between half a million and 2.48 million children in families experience homelessness each year in the United States. Recent data suggest that approximately half of all homeless children are under the age of 6. A considerable body of quantitative research has documented the occurrence of poor outcomes associated with childhood homelessness in the domains of social–emotional development, physical and behavioral health, academic achievement, and family stability. This qualitative study presents results from 19 interviewers with formerly homeless parents reflecting upon how the experience of being homeless affected their young children and their ability to parent. Findings are contextualized within an attachment perspective. Parental reported effects included confusion, sadness, anxiety or depression, withdrawal, lack of appetite, aggression, and disregard for authority. Parents also talked about the disempowering experience of parenting while in shelter. Unexpectedly, parents of infants said their children were not affected by homelessness, and few parents identified the need for mental health services for their children. The experiences of parents with whom we spoke provide invaluable insight into what shelter staff, social service agencies, philanthropy, policymakers, and researchers can do to support and respect the parent–child relationship in families who are experiencing homelessness.
Passivity-Based Distributed Control of Networked Euler-Lagrange Systems With Nonholonomic Constraints

In this report, we study the distributed control problem of networked Euler-Lagrange(EL) systems with nonholonomic constraints. The reason for singling out this particular topic is that distributed control of networked Euler-Lagrange systems with nonholonomic constraints captures a large class of contemporary engineering problems, such as rendezvous problem and formation problem. We propose a new set-up which allows us to use passivity as the design and analysis tool to solve our proposed problem here. By restricting ourselves to systems with physical constraints and by using passivity, we believe we can contribute to reverse the tide of “find a plant for my controller ”which still permeates most of the research work on distributed control.
Severe hypoglycemia and risks of vascular events and death.

BACKGROUND Severe hypoglycemia may increase the risk of a poor outcome in patients with type 2 diabetes assigned to an intensive glucose-lowering intervention. We analyzed data from a large study of intensive glucose lowering to explore the relationship between severe hypoglycemia and adverse clinical outcomes. METHODS We examined the associations between severe hypoglycemia and the risks of macrovascular or microvascular events and death among 11,140 patients with type 2 diabetes, using Cox proportional-hazards models with adjustment for covariates measured at baseline and after randomization. RESULTS During a median follow-up period of 5 years, 231 patients (2.1%) had at least one severe hypoglycemic episode; 150 had been assigned to intensive glucose control (2.7% of the 5571 patients in that group), and 81 had been assigned to standard glucose control (1.5% of the 5569 patients in that group). The median times from the onset of severe hypoglycemia to the first major macrovascular event, the first major microvascular event, and death were 1.56 years (interquartile range, 0.84 to 2.41), 0.99 years (interquartile range, 0.40 to 2.17), and 1.05 years (interquartile range, 0.34 to 2.41), respectively. During follow-up, severe hypoglycemia was associated with a significant increase in the adjusted risks of major macrovascular events (hazard ratio, 2.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.01 to 4.12), major microvascular events (hazard ratio, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.19 to 2.74), death from a cardiovascular cause (hazard ratio, 2.68; 95% CI, 1.72 to 4.19), and death from any cause (hazard ratio, 2.69; 95% CI, 1.97 to 3.67) (P<0.001 for all comparisons). Similar associations were apparent for a range of nonvascular outcomes, including respiratory, digestive, and skin conditions (P<0.01 for all comparisons). No relationship was found between repeated episodes of severe hypoglycemia and vascular outcomes or death. CONCLUSIONS Severe hypoglycemia was strongly associated with increased risks of a range of adverse clinical outcomes. It is possible that severe hypoglycemia contributes to adverse outcomes, but these analyses indicate that hypoglycemia is just as likely to be a marker of vulnerability to such events. (Funded by Servier and the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00145925.).
ON THE ORIGIN OF FANAROFF–RILEY CLASSIFICATION OF RADIO GALAXIES: DECELERATION OF SUPERSONIC RADIO LOBES

We argue that the origin of “FRI/FRII dichotomy”—the division between Fanaroff–Riley class I (FRI) with subsonic lobes and class II (FRII) radio sources with supersonic lobes is sharp in the radio-optical luminosity plane (Owen–White diagram)—can be explained by the deceleration of advancing radio lobes. The deceleration is caused by the growth of the effective cross-sectional area of radio lobes. We derive the condition in which an initially supersonic lobe turns into a subsonic lobe, combining the ram pressure equilibrium between the hot spots and the ambient medium with the relation between “the hot spot radius” and “the linear size of radio sources” obtained from the radio observations. We find that the dividing line between the supersonic lobes and subsonic ones is determined by the ratio of the jet power Lj to the number density of the ambient matter at the core radius of the host galaxy . It is also found that the maximal ratio of exists and its value resides in , taking into account considerable uncertainties. This suggests that the maximal value separates between FRIs and FRIIs.
Dynamics between Cancer Cell Subpopulations Reveals a Model Coordinating with Both Hierarchical and Stochastic Concepts

Tumors are often heterogeneous in which tumor cells of different phenotypes have distinct properties. For scientific and clinical interests, it is of fundamental importance to understand their properties and the dynamic variations among different phenotypes, specifically under radio- and/or chemo-therapy. Currently there are two controversial models describing tumor heterogeneity, the cancer stem cell (CSC) model and the stochastic model. To clarify the controversy, we measured probabilities of different division types and transitions of cells via in situ immunofluorescence. Based on the experiment data, we constructed a model that combines the CSC with the stochastic concepts, showing the existence of both distinctive CSC subpopulations and the stochastic transitions from NSCCs to CSCs. The results showed that the dynamic variations between CSCs and non-stem cancer cells (NSCCs) can be simulated with the model. Further studies also showed that the model can be used to describe the dynamics of the two subpopulations after radiation treatment. More importantly, analysis demonstrated that the experimental detectable equilibrium CSC proportion can be achieved only when the stochastic transitions from NSCCs to CSCs occur, indicating that tumor heterogeneity may exist in a model coordinating with both the CSC and the stochastic concepts. The mathematic model based on experimental parameters may contribute to a better understanding of the tumor heterogeneity, and provide references on the dynamics of CSC subpopulation during radiotherapy.
Fine-Grained Indexing of the Biomedical Literature: MeSH Subheading Attachment for a MEDLINE Indexing Tool

OBJECTIVE This paper reports on the latest results of an Indexing Initiative effort addressing the automatic attachment of subheadings to MeSH main headings recommended by the NLM's Medical Text Indexer. MATERIAL AND METHODS Several linguistic and statistical approaches are used to retrieve and attach the subheadings. Continuing collaboration with NLM indexers also provided insight on how automatic methods can better enhance indexing practice. RESULTS The methods were evaluated on corpus of 50,000 MEDLINE citations. For main heading/subheading pair recommendations, the best precision is obtained with a post-processing rule method (58%) while the best recall is obtained by pooling all methods (64%). For stand-alone subheading recommendations, the best performance is obtained with the PubMed Related Citations algorithm. CONCLUSION Significant progress has been made in terms of subheading coverage. After further evaluation, some of this work may be integrated in the MEDLINE indexing workflow.
Application Of Geophysical Methods To Delineate Contamination In Fractured Rock At The University Of Connecticut Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut

An integrated suite of geophysical methods was used to characterize the hydrogeology of a fractured-rock aquifer to identify contamination or pathways for contaminant migration near a former landfill at the University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut. Surface-geophysical methods were used to identify the dominant direction of fracture orientation and to locate potential leachate plumes. Two shallow, electrically conductive anomalies near surface-water discharge areas north and south of the landfill were interpreted as leachate plumes. Two other sheet-like electromagnetic (EM) anomalies were identified and targeted for drilling and borehole-geophysical investigation. These methods were used to determine the location, orientation, and lateral continuity of fractures and to quantify the hydraulic properties of the transmissive fractures. One borehole was located to intersect an anomaly observed at a depth of about 18 meters. The EM-conductivity log measured a high electrical conductivity anomaly at a depth of 21 meters, which coincides with a layer observed to contain sulfide mineralization. The lack of high conductivity fluids in the borehole supports the interpretation that this anomaly is caused by a lithologic change rather than by fractures that contain conductive leachate. The second borehole was positioned to intersect a conductive feature at a depth of about 18 meters. A fracture with similar strike and dip was observed at a depth of about 22 meters in opticaland acoustic-televiewer images, in borehole-radar surveys, and was determined to be hydraulically conductive during heat-pulse flowmeter tests. This feature was also characterized by a high-conductivity spike in the EM log. Although the specific conductance of the fluid in this depth zone was high, it could not account for the spike in the EM log. The anomaly is interpreted to be caused by a combination of conductive fluids in the fracture and of conductive minerals in the rock. Water-quality samples from a discretely isolated zone near a depth of 22 meters indicated the presence of landfill leachate. This investigation illustrates the effectiveness of the use of combined geophysical methods for identification and evaluation of electrically conductive contaminant plumes.
Purpose-Oriented Antibody Libraries Incorporating Tailored CDR3 Sequences

The development of in vitro antibody selection technologies has allowed overcoming some limitations inherent to the hybridoma technology. In most cases, large repertoires of antibody genes have been assembled to create highly diversified libraries allowing the isolation of antibodies recognizing virtually any antigen. However, these universal libraries might not allow the isolation of antibodies with specific structural properties or particular amino acid contents that are rarely found in natural repertoires. Purpose-oriented libraries specially designed to incorporate desired characteristics have been successfully used. However, the workload required for library construction has limited the attractiveness of this approach compared to the use of large universal libraries. We have developed an approach to capture synthetic or natural diversity into the complementarity determining regions 3 (CDR3) of human antibody repertoires using Type IIS restriction enzymes. In this way, we generated several libraries either biased in amino acid content or towards long CDRH3 loops. The latter were successfully used to identify antibodies inhibiting the enzymatic activity of horseradish peroxidase, whereas libraries enriched in histidines allowed for the isolation of antibodies binding to human Fc in a pH-dependent manner. These libraries indicate that tailored diversification of CDR3 is sufficient to generate purpose-oriented libraries and isolate antibodies with uncommon properties.
H-Learning: A Reinforcement Learning Method for Optimizing Undiscounted Average Reward

In this paper, we introduce a model-bases reinforcement learning method called H-learning, which optimizes undiscounted average reward. We compare it with three other reinforcement learning methods in the domain of scheduling Automatic Guided Vehicles, and transportation robots used in modern manufacturing plants and facilities. The four methods differ along two dimensions. They are either model-based or model-free, and optimize discounted total reward or undiscounted average reward. Our experimental results indicate that H-learning is more robust with respect to changes in the domain parameters, and in many cases, converges in fewer steps to better average reward per time step than all the other methods. An added advantage is that unlike the other methods it does not have any parameters to tune.
Factors influencing subjective perceptions of everyday occupations: Comparing day centre attendees with non-attendees

Abstract Background: Subjective perceptions of everyday occupations are important for the well-being of people with psychiatric disabilities (PD) and are likely to vary with factors such as attending a day centre or not, activity level, self-mastery, sociodemographic and clinical factors. Aim: To explore differences in subjective perceptions of occupation and activity level between day centre attendees and non-attendees, and to investigate factors of importance for the subjective perceptions of occupations. Methods: The study groups comprised 175 participants: 93 day centre attendees and 82 non-attendees. Data were collected with instruments concerning; subjective perceptions of everyday occupations, activity level, self-mastery, and sociodemographic and clinical factors. Results: Day centre attendees perceived higher levels of occupational value and activity level, while the groups perceived a similar level of satisfaction with daily occupations. For the total sample, self-mastery influenced both valued and satisfying everyday occupations while only value was affected by activity level. Satisfaction with daily occupation increased with age and both value and satisfaction increased with lower levels of psychiatric symptoms. Conclusion: Day centres provide perceptions of occupational value and stimulate activity. Non-differences between the groups regarding satisfaction with everyday occupations implied, however, that day centres might not cover all relevant occupational needs.
Influence functions of some depth functions, and application to depth-weighted L-statistics

Depth functions are increasingly being used in building nonparametric outlier detectors and in constructing useful nonparametric statistics such as depth-weighted L-statistics (DL-statistics). Robustness of a depth function is an essential property for such applications. Here, robustness of three key depth functions, spatial, simplicial, and generalised Tukey, is explored via the influence function (IF) approach. For all three depths, the IFs are derived and found to be bounded, an important robustness property, and are applied to evaluate two other robustness features, gross error sensitivity and local shift sensitivity. These IFs are also used as components of the IFs of associated DL-statistics, for which through a standard approach consistency and asymptotic normality are then derived. In turn, the asymptotic normality is applied to obtain asymptotic relative efficiencies (ARE). For spatial depth, two forms of weight function suggested in the recent literature are considered and AREs in comparison with the mean are obtained. For all three depths and one of these weight functions, finite sample REs are obtained by simulation under normal, contaminated normal, and heavy-tailed t distributions. As a technical tool of general interest, needed here with the simplicial depth, the IF of a general U-statistic is derived.
Neutron particle effects on a quad-redundant flight control computer

This paper describes a single-event upset experiment performed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. A closed-loop control system consisting of a Quad-Redundant Flight Control Computer (FCC) and a B737 simulator was operated while the FCC was exposed to a neutron beam. The purpose of this test was to analyze the effects of neutron bombardment on avionics control systems operating at altitudes where neutron strikes are probable. The neutron energy spectrum produced at the Los Alamos National Laboratory is similar in shape to the spectrum of atmospheric neutrons but much more intense. The higher intensity results in accelerated life tests that are representative of the actual neutron radiation that a FCC may receive over a period of years.
Rapid word 'mapping' at 10 months of age

Where does the ‘mutual exclusivity’ bias to map novel labels onto novel objects come from? In an intermodal preferential looking task, we found that novel labels enhance 10-montholds’ interest in a novel object over a familiar object. In contrast, familiar labels and a neutral phrase gradually reduced attention to a novel object. Markman (1989, 1990) has argued that the name for a familiar object has to be recalled to rule out the object as the referent of a novel label. Yet, at 10 months of age, infants’ attention might be guided by the novelty of objects and labels, rather than knowledge of the names for familiar objects. Mutual exclusivity, as a language-specific bias, might emerge from a more general constraint on attention and learning.