Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Single‐channel properties of native and cloned rat vanilloid receptors

The responses of single‐channel currents to capsaicin were recorded using the giga‐seal patch‐clamp technique in cell‐attached and excised (inside‐out/outside‐out) patches from embryonic rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurones in culture and in Xenopus oocytes heterologously expressing the rat vanilloid receptor (rVR1). Native and cloned vanilloid receptor (VR)‐mediated currents exhibited outward rectification. In both the DRG neurones and oocytes expressing VR1, the chord conductances at −60 and +60 mV were ≈50 and ≈100 pS, respectively. At positive potentials, the channel exhibited a single conductance state. In contrast, at negative potentials, brief sojourns to subconductance states were apparent. The probability of the channel being open (Po) was dependent on the transmembrane voltage and the patch configuration (i.e. cell‐attached vs. excised). In both DRG neurones and oocytes, the Po was greater at positive (+60 mV) than at negative (‐60 mV) potentials. In cell‐attached patches, the Po was approximately twofold higher, regardless of the applied potential. Most likely, the outward rectification observed in whole‐cell currents is due to the voltage dependence of single‐channel conductance and Po. The open‐time distributions of single‐channel currents recorded from native and cloned VRs in the presence of low agonist concentrations (0.01‐0.03 μm) were best fitted with three exponential components. The closed‐time distributions were best fitted by five exponential components. At higher concentrations (0.5‐1 μm), an additional component was required to fit the open‐time distribution, and the number of exponential components needed to fit the closed‐time distributions was reduced to two. The overall mean open time at +60 mV was ≈4 ms, compared to ≈1.2 ms at −60 mV. However, the overall mean closed time was not voltage dependent. There were no significant differences between the native and cloned receptors. A comparison of single‐channel properties of native and heterologously expressed VR channels indicates that expression of the rVR1 subunit alone can account for the single‐channel behaviour of the majority of the native VRs. These results suggest that either native VRs are made up of VR1 subunits, or the incorporation of subunits other than VR1 does not influence the functional properties.
A collaborative face recognition framework on a social network platform

Face recognition has many useful applications spanning surveillance, law enforcement, information security, smart card and entertainment technologies. Very recently, a learning based face recognition system is also seen to be applied to Web platform combining face recognition and Web service. However, many existing methods which focused on recognition accuracy cannot cope with the new social network platform because the adopted static learning approach is not adaptive to daily updated photographs among the massive number of users. In this paper, we discuss the difference between a stand-alone based system and a social network based system and propose a new collaborative face recognition framework where a redundant tagging can be avoided via sharing the identification information for efficient update under the social network platform. Our Experiments (including a Web stress test) using a public database show that the proposed method records a better accuracy than that of the state-of-the-art classifier SVM adopting a polynomial kernel and has fast execution time for both training and testing.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Zingerone (4-(4-Hydroxy-3- Methoxyphenyl) Butan-2-One) in Lipopolysaccharide Induced Liver Injury Mouse Model through Downregulation of Inflammatory Mediators

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is responsible for causing inflammation leading to septic shock or organ failure. During treatment of infection, h igh amount of LPS is released in blood circulation due to immediate lysis of bacteria. Since liver helps in clearing LPS from the body, hence it remains the primary target to be stimulated by LPS releasing vigorous amount of inflammatory molecules leading to liver injury. Available anti -inflammatory chemotherapy fails in such situation because it relies predominantly on specific or non specific inhibitors of cyclooxygenase enzyme activity (COX -2) with broad range of hepatic, renal and cardiovascular side effects. There is a need to replace the potential therapies targeting suppression of LPS induced inflammation with those having no or minimal side effects. Active components from dietary medicinal plants like ginger ( Zingiber officinale) are potential source of non toxic antioxidant as well as anti -inflammatory molecules. In the present study, protective effect of zingerone was evaluated against inflammation induced by LPS in terms of liver histology, serum endotoxin levels, liver function markers (AST, ALT, ALP) and inflammatory mediators (malondialdehyde, reactive nitrogen intermediates, myeloperoxidase). Relative mRNA expression of LPS induced inflammatory markers TLR4, TNF- and iNOS was also evaluated in zingerone treated and untreated groups . Hepatoprotective effect of zingerone was observed leading to significant improvement in liver histology , decreased levels of serum endotoxin levels, liver function markers and MPO, MDA, RNI. It also showed significant down regulation of mRNA expression of TLR4, TNF- and iNOS suggesting potent anti-inflammatory activity of zingerone against P.aeruginosa LPS induced liver injury.
How Proofs are Prepared at Camelot: Extended Abstract

We study a design framework for robust, independently verifiable, and workload-balanced distributed algorithms working on a common input. The framework builds on recent noninteractive Merlin--Arthur proofs of batch evaluation of Williams~[31st IEEE Colloquium on Computational Complexity (CCC'16, May 29-June 1, 2016, Tokyo), to appear] with the basic observation that Merlin's magic is not needed for batch evaluation: mere Knights can prepare the independently verifiable proof, in parallel, and with intrinsic error-correction. As our main technical result, we show that the k-cliques in an n-vertex graph can be counted and verified in per-node O(n(ω+ε)k/6) time and space on O(n(ω+ε)k/6) compute nodes, for any constant ε>0 and positive integer k divisible by 6, where 2 ≤ ω < 2.3728639 is the exponent of square matrix multiplication over the integers. This matches in total running time the best known sequential algorithm, due to Nešetřil and Poljak [Comment. Math. Univ. Carolin. 26 (1985) 415--419], and considerably improves its space usage and parallelizability. Further results (only partly presented in this extended abstract) include novel algorithms for counting triangles in sparse graphs, computing the chromatic polynomial of a graph, and computing the Tutte polynomial of a graph.
Exploring Bessel Features for Detection of Glottal Closure Instants

For voiced speech, the most significant excitation takes place around the instant of glottal closure. Glottal closure instants (GCI) information is useful for accurate speech analysis. In particular accurate spectrum analysis is performed by considering the speech in the intervals of glottal closure. In this paper we propose an approach for detection of GCI by exploring Bessel feature, and the use of AM-FM signal. Using appropriate range of Bessel coefficients, the narrow band, band limited signal is obtained for the given signal.The bandlimited signal is considered as AM-FM signal. The signal is band limited for 0300 Hz to remove effect of formants. Amplitude envelope (AE) function of the AM-FM signal model has been estimated by the discrete energy separation algorithm (DESA). The performance of the method is demonstrated using CMU-Arctic database. The corresponding electro-glottograph (EGG) signals are used as a reference for the validation of the detected GCI locations.
Increasing Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Flux as a Treatment for Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: A Combined 13C Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance and Echocardiography Study

Although diabetic cardiomyopathy is widely recognized, there are no specific treatments available. Altered myocardial substrate selection has emerged as a candidate mechanism behind the development of cardiac dysfunction in diabetes. As pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity appears central to the balance of substrate use, we aimed to investigate the relationship between PDH flux and myocardial function in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes and to explore whether or not increasing PDH flux, with dichloroacetate, would restore the balance of substrate use and improve cardiac function. All animals underwent in vivo hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate magnetic resonance spectroscopy and echocardiography to assess cardiac PDH flux and function, respectively. Diabetic animals showed significantly higher blood glucose levels (10.8 ± 0.7 vs. 8.4 ± 0.5 mmol/L), lower PDH flux (0.005 ± 0.001 vs. 0.017 ± 0.002 s-1), and significantly impaired diastolic function (transmitral early diastolic peak velocity/early diastolic myocardial velocity ratio [E/E′] 12.2 ± 0.8 vs. 20 ± 2), which are in keeping with early diabetic cardiomyopathy. Twenty-eight days of treatment with dichloroacetate restored PDH flux to normal levels (0.018 ± 0.002 s-1), reversed diastolic dysfunction (E/E′ 14 ± 1), and normalized blood glucose levels (7.5 ± 0.7 mmol/L). The treatment of diabetes with dichloroacetate therefore restored the balance of myocardial substrate selection, reversed diastolic dysfunction, and normalized blood glucose levels. This suggests that PDH modulation could be a novel therapy for the treatment and/or prevention of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Patchwork planet: the resource dispersion hypothesis, society, and the ecology of life

Virtually nothing in nature is uniform. Observed at the right scale, most entities are clustered rather than evenly distributed, spatially and temporally, and this applies across domains from the distribution of matter in the universe, to habitats across the Earth's surface, and to energy in the landscape. Patchiness means organisms cannot carve out even territories. Instead, their shape and size depends on the dispersion of materials needed for survival and reproduction. This fundamental feature of life is intrinsically understood in ecology, for example, in the ideal free distribution and optimal foraging theory, and is represented in the anatomy as well as behaviour of organisms via the structures and strategies for moving, finding and capturing these patchy resources. But perhaps most striking of all is the role of patchiness in facilitating the formation of social groups – of societies. The resource dispersion hypothesis (RDH) suggests that where resources are dispersed and rich enough, multiple individuals can collapse into groups that share the same space at little cost to each other. Cooperation may be absent, but sociality is favoured nevertheless. Thirty years after the origin of the hypothesis, we review the accumulating models, critiques, evidence and experiments, concluding that RDH is a pervasive feature of animal spacing patterns across a wide range of species, taxonomic groups and ecosystems. In the spirit of the original objective of the Huxley Reviews to ‘suggest and inspire research that will improve our knowledge in the future’, we also take the opportunity to consider wider implications of the RDH. If we live and evolved on a patchwork planet, then we should expect broader effects. Indeed, we suggest that the RDH has played an important role in the evolution of cooperation, biodiversity, behaviour and, not least, in the social organization of humans in our evolutionary past and today.
Understanding Complex Binary Loading Behaviors

Binary loading is used extensively in many operating systems, e.g. Program execution usually involves loading dynamically linked libraries (binaries in DLL form). In Windows, binary loading is used heavily, but the process is complex and is affected by many factors - this flexibility turns out to be a rich source of attacks. When a typical Windows executable runs, many binaries are loaded, possibly from third parties. It is not uncommon for Windows programs to have binary loading vulnerabilities. However, it is difficult for software developers to identify if their programs have such vulnerabilities, how they arise, and how to fix them. We propose LDRSCOPE, to explain why binaries are loaded and detect the factors that affect the loading. This allows developers to better identify the problems and secure their code. We also deal with vulnerabilities arising from software configuration such as configuration files. Some vulnerabilities can also be due to third party libraries, we clearly identify and explain their effects.
The Structure of a Retinal-Forming Carotenoid Oxygenase

Enzymes that produce retinal and related apocarotenoids constitute a sequence- and thus structure-related family, a member of which was analyzed by x-ray diffraction. This member is an oxygenase and contains an Fe2+-4-His arrangement at the axis of a seven-bladed β-propeller chain fold covered by a dome formed by six large loops. The Fe2+ is accessible through a long nonpolar tunnel that holds a carotenoid derivative in one of the crystals. On binding, three consecutive double bonds of this carotenoid changed from a straight all-trans to a cranked cis-trans-cis conformation. The remaining trans bond is located at the dioxygen-ligated Fe2+ and cleaved by oxygen.
Articulated Skeletons of the Aetosaur Typothorax coccinarum Cope (Archosauria: Stagonolepididae) from the Upper Triassic Bull Canyon Formation (Revueltian: Early-Mid Norian), Eastern New Mexico, USA

ABSTRACT We report two nearly complete, articulated skeletons of the crurotarsan archosaur Typothorax coccinarum from the Upper Triassic Bull Canyon Formation of east-central New Mexico. These are the most complete, articulated aetosaurs from North America and provide a wealth of new anatomical and paleobiological data, including articulated presacral armor that confirms the distinctiveness of T. coccinarum from the closely related T. antiquum and from Redondasuchus. Cervical vertebrae are small, but the corresponding reduction in armor is accomplished by a reduced number of cervical osteoderms. The third row of osteoderms includes a thin, elongate, lateral spike. The ventral armor consists of 10 thoracic columns and four caudal columns of osteoderms. Spiked osteoderms near the cloacal vent are the first spikes reported in aetosaurian ventral osteoderms. The forelimb of T. coccinarum was very short, only ∼0.65 the length of the hind limb, possesses some adaptations found in digging taxa, and was held in a sprawling or ‘semi-erect’ position. In contrast the hind limb is much more robust, ‘pillar erect,’ and functionally mesotarsal. The articulated pes, including unguals, has, minimally, the phalangeal formula 2-3-3? -4? -3? with relative digit lengths III > II > IV > I > V, digits I–IV equally as wide as long and other characteristics of the footprint ichnogenus Brachychirotherium, often attributed to an aetosaurian trackmaker. Both specimens are ∼2.5 m long and the preserved armor and limb bones are as large or larger than known Typothorax fossils, suggesting that this approximates the upper size limit of T. coccinarum, and we calculate body mass estimates of ∼100–104 kg for both specimens.
A purified adenovirus 289-amino-acid E1A protein activates RNA polymerase III transcription in vitro and alters transcription factor TFIIIC

We have previously demonstrated that a purified bacterially synthesized E1A 289-amino-acid protein is capable of stimulating transcription from the promoters of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II in vitro (R. Spangler, M. Bruner, B. Dalie, and M. L. Harter, Science 237:1044-1046, 1987). In this study, we show that this protein is also capable of transactivating in vitro the adenovirus virus-associated (VA1) RNA gene transcribed by RNA polymerase III. Pertinent to the transcription of this gene is the rate-limiting component, TFIIIC, which appears to be of two distinct forms in uninfected HeLa cells. The addition of an oligonucleotide containing a TFIIIC binding site to HeLa whole-cell extracts inhibits VA1 transcription by sequestering TFIIIC. However, the addition of purified E1A to extracts previously challenged with the TFIIIC oligonucleotide restores the level of VA1 transcription. When included in the same reaction, an E1A-specific monoclonal antibody reverses the restoration. Incubation of purified E1A with either HeLa cell nuclear or whole-cell extracts alters the DNA-binding properties of TFIIIC as detected by gel shift assays. This alteration does not occur if E1A-specific antibody and E1A protein are added simultaneously to the extract. In contrast, the addition of this antibody to extracts at a later time does not reverse the alteration observed in the TFIIIC binding activities. Never at any time did we note the formation of novel TFIIIC-promoter complexes after the addition of E1A to nuclear extracts. These results clearly establish that E1A mediates its effect on VA1 transcription through TFIIIC in a very rapid yet indirect manner. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Genealogía del germoplasma de palma de aceite (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) del proyecto de mejoramiento genético de Corpoica

La genealogia del germoplasma de palma de aceite (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) incorporado al proyecto de mejoramiento genetico que ejecuta la Corporacion Colombiana de Investigacion Agropecuaria - Corpoica, indica que su procedencia y sus ancestros estan tanto en Africa como en Asia. La introduccion del material africano a Colombia se inicia en 1933 con la siembra ornamental de palmas en la Estacion Experimental de Palmira (Valle del Cauca), desde donde se disperso hacia otras estaciones experimentales del pais; mientras que el material asiatico ingreso en 1949 a la hacienda Patuca, Sevilla, Cienaga (Magdalena), constituyendose en el segundo Centro de dispersion a nivel nacional. A partir de 1970, el Centro de Investigacion "El Mira", en Tumaco (Narino), se convierte en sede principal de la investigacion en palma de aceite y como tal, el germoplasma disponible, las nuevas introducciones y las generaciones avanzadas se concentran en dicho Centro. A septiembre de 2002, el proyecto cuenta con los siguientes tipos de germoplasma: Yangambi (Zaire, Africa), La Me (Costa de Marfil, Africa), Pobe (Benin, Africa), Deli (Sumatra, Asia), Felda (Malasia, Asia), Deli (Surinam, America, origen previo Asia) y Papua (Nueva Guinea, Asia).
SilviLaser: applications of laser systems for forest assessment and inventory

In recent years, there has been rapid development and uptake of laser systems operating on a principal of Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) in the inventory, assessment and monitoring of forests. Applications of laser technology have included the estimation of forest biophysical parameters (including carbon) at the individual tree or stand level as part of local, regional and even national forest inventory. In addition, laser data have been used to monitor forest change, model susceptibility to wind or fire damage and map wildlife habitat. Laser systems can operate on groundbased, airborne and satellite platforms. They are typically categorised as profiling or scanning systems, and as supplying range and intensity data for discrete returns or full waveform information per laser pulse. SilviLaser 2008 (http://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/Silvilaser2008) was the eighth in a series of international conferences focusing on applications of laser systems for forest assessment and inventory. In September 2008, this well-established conference was brought to the UK. Previous conferences took place in Canada, Australia, Sweden, Germany, USA, Japan and Finland. The aim of SilviLaser 2008 was to bring together research scientists and forest practitioners from around the world to share their experience in the development and application of LiDAR for forest measurement. Presentations covered all forms of laser systems, from all possible platforms, and across a range of forest applications. The conference had six session themes: (1) forestry applications and inventory; (2) data fusion; (3) ecological applications and habitat mapping; (4) waveform LiDAR; (5) algorithm and techniques development; and (6) terrestrial laser scanning and laser cameras. The ecological session was sponsored by the British Ecological Society, whilst other conference sponsors included ESRI and 3D Laser Mapping. A technical workshop on terrestrial laser scanning took place the day before the conference and highlighted the growing interest of this technique for field-data collection. SilviLaser 2008 attracted over 200 delegates from 21 different countries across five continents. This event provided an informed discussion forum on the state-of-the-art in laser applications in forestry that attracted the interest of scientists, commercial foresters and system developers. The two day event included 44 poster presentations and 38 oral presentations. Due to high demand, the acceptance criteria for oral presentations at SilviLaser 2008 were very selective. The conference encouraged new and stronger linkages between LiDAR practitioners, and, in particular, between researchers, data providers and end users of derived products. The conference proceedings for SilviLaser 2008 (Hill et al. 2008) contain 68 full papers plus an additional 14 abstracts, all of which were double-blind reviewed by at least two experts in the field (http://geography.swan.ac.uk/silvilaser/). This Special Issue of the International Journal of Remote Sensing contains an invited
On Computational Complexity of Clifford Algebra

After a brief discussion of the computational complexity of Clifford algebras, we present a new basis for even Clifford algebra Cl(2m) that simplifies greatly the actual calculations and, without resorting to the conventional matrix isomorphism formulation, obtains the same complexity. In the last part we apply these results to the Clifford algebra formulation of the NP-complete problem of the maximum clique of a graph introduced by Budinich and Budinich [“A spinorial formulation of the maximum clique problem of a graph,” J. Math. Phys. 47, 043502 (2006)].