Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When can selfish nodes cooperate without extrinsic incentive mechanisms ? ]

This tutorial provides an introduction to gametheoretic analysis of selfish behavior in wireless ad hoc networks with a focus on the packet forwarding and relaying scenarios . Noncooperative game theory has been successfully applied to many problems in wireless networks, but much of the prior work on packet forwarding has been centered around the development of extrinsic incentive mechanisms including community enforcement through reputation propagation and virtual currency exchange under the implicit assumption that the benefits of cooperation are onesided. While these techniques can be effective at stimulating cooperation among selfish nodes, each has shortcomings that include, for example, additional network traffic and/or potential for fraud. Recent developments in this area have shown that there are scenarios in which the benefits of cooperation are not one-sided and selfish nodes can cooperate without extrinsic incentive mechanisms. This notion of natural cooperation is appealing in that it can be implemented at layers in the protocol stack below the application layer and can be analyzed using tools from noncooperative game theory. This article provides specific examples as well as general guidelines that describe the conditions under which natural cooperation can and cannot exist in wireless networks with selfish nodes. Comparisons between the efficiency of systems that rely on natural cooperation and systems that enforce cooperation under a central authority are also provided.
The Effects of Goal Participation on College Students & Self-Efficacy and Task Performance in an English Oral Training Class

The theory of self-regulated learning (SRL) has received increasing attention over the past 20 years. Previous researchers have suggested that self-regulated learning is closely related to success in school (Kauffman, 2004; Zimmerman, 1994; Zimmerman 2001). According to self-regulation theory (Zimmerman, 1989; Schunk, 1990), self-regulated learners are active participants in the learing process. They set personal learnig goals and apply a wide variety of self-regulatory strategies to reach them. Goal setting is an effective technique to motivate and increase individual performance (Ames, 1992; Bandura, 1988; Locke & Latham, 1990; Schunk, 1989) and it can significantly enhance students’ self-regulated learning (Pintrich, 1995). Bandura (1993) identifies two main functions of goal setting: (a) to guide learner efforts to monitor
Using Community Engagement to Inform and Implement a Community-Randomized Controlled Trial in the Anishinaabek Cervical Cancer Screening Study

Social, political, and economic factors are directly and indirectly associated with the quality and distribution of health resources across Canada. First Nations (FN) women in particular, endure a disproportionate burden of ill health in contrast to the mainstream population. The complex relationship of health, social, and historical determinants are inherent to increased cervical cancer in FN women. This can be traced back to the colonial oppression suffered by Canadian FN and the social inequalities they have since faced. Screening – the Papinacolaou (Pap) test – and early immunization have rendered cervical cancer almost entirely preventable but despite these options, FN women endure notably higher rates of diagnosis and mortality due to cervical cancer. The Anishinaabek Cervical Cancer Screening Study (ACCSS) is a participatory action research project investigating the factors underlying the cervical cancer burden in FN women. ACCSS is a collaboration with 11 FN communities in Northwest Ontario, Canada, and a multidisciplinary research team from across Canada with expertise in cancer biology, epidemiology, medical anthropology, public health, virology, women’s health, and pathology. Interviews with healthcare providers and community members revealed that prior to any formal data collection education must be offered. Consequently, an educational component was integrated into the existing quantitative design of the study: a two-armed, community-randomized trial that compares the uptake of two different cervical screening modalities. In ACCSS, the Research Team integrates community engagement and the flexible nature of participatory research with the scientific rigor of a randomized controlled trial. ACCSS findings will inform culturally appropriate screening strategies, aiming to reduce the disproportionate burden of cervical disease in concert with priorities of the partner FN communities.
Por Secretion System-Dependent Secretion and Glycosylation of Porphyromonas gingivalis Hemin-Binding Protein 35

The anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major pathogen in severe forms of periodontal disease and refractory periapical perodontitis. We have recently found that P. gingivalis has a novel secretion system named the Por secretion system (PorSS), which is responsible for secretion of major extracellular proteinases, Arg-gingipains (Rgps) and Lys-gingipain. These proteinases contain conserved C-terminal domains (CTDs) in their C-termini. Hemin-binding protein 35 (HBP35), which is one of the outer membrane proteins of P. gingivalis and contributes to its haem utilization, also contains a CTD, suggesting that HBP35 is translocated to the cell surface via the PorSS. In this study, immunoblot analysis of P. gingivalis mutants deficient in the PorSS or in the biosynthesis of anionic polysaccharide-lipopolysaccharide (A-LPS) revealed that HBP35 is translocated to the cell surface via the PorSS and is glycosylated with A-LPS. From deletion analysis with a GFP-CTD[HBP35] green fluorescent protein fusion, the C-terminal 22 amino acid residues of CTD[HBP35] were found to be required for cell surface translocation and glycosylation. The GFP-CTD fusion study also revealed that the CTDs of CPG70, peptidylarginine deiminase, P27 and RgpB play roles in PorSS-dependent translocation and glycosylation. However, CTD-region peptides were not found in samples of glycosylated HBP35 protein by peptide map fingerprinting analysis, and antibodies against CTD-regions peptides did not react with glycosylated HBP35 protein. These results suggest both that the CTD region functions as a recognition signal for the PorSS and that glycosylation of CTD proteins occurs after removal of the CTD region. Rabbits were used for making antisera against bacterial proteins in this study.
Mediators of the Relation between Depression and Obesity in Youth

Depression has a significant prospective association with overweight and obese status in children and adolescents; however, the mechanisms for or mediators of this relation are unclear. In this review, we examine four possible mediators of the depression to obesity relation: physical activity, binge eating, body dissatisfaction, and cortisol levels. Theory and evidence for the relation between depression and the potential mediator are discussed first, followed by examination of the relation between each potential mediator and weight gain, overweight status, or obesity. The research examined in this review suggests that depression may lead to weight gain by decreasing likelihood of children's and adolescents' being physically active. The literature also suggests that binge eating to cope with depressive symptoms may be another mechanism through which depression leads to weight gain in youths. More longitudinal work is needed to assess the viability of body dissatisfaction and cortisol levels as mediators of this relation. Methodological considerations and clinical implications of the literature are also discussed.
Integer sorting and routing in arrays with reconfigurable optical buses

We present deterministic algorithms for integer sorting and on-line packet routing on arrays with reconfigurable optical buses. The main objective is to identify the mechanisms specific to this type of architecture which allow building efficient integer sorting, partial permutation routing and h-relations algorithms. The consequences of these results on PRAM simulations are also investigated.
Zebrafish Models for Ectopic Mineralization Disorders: Practical Issues from Morpholino Design to Post-Injection Observations

Zebrafish (ZF, Danio rerio) has emerged as an important and popular model species to study different human diseases. Key regulators of skeletal development and calcium metabolism are highly conserved between mammals and ZF. The corresponding orthologs share significant sequence similarities and an overlap in expression patterns when compared to mammals, making ZF a potential model for the study of mineralization-related disorders and soft tissue mineralization. To characterize the function of early mineralization-related genes in ZF, these genes can be knocked down by injecting morpholinos into early stage embryos. Validation of the morpholino needs to be performed and the concern of aspecific effects can be addressed by applying one or more independent techniques to knock down the gene of interest. Post-injection assessment of early mineralization defects can be done using general light microscopy, calcein staining, Alizarin red staining, Alizarin red-Alcian blue double staining, and by the use of transgenic lines. Examination of general molecular defects can be done by performing protein and gene expression analysis, and more specific processes can be explored by investigating ectopic mineralization-related mechanisms such as apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this paper, we will discuss all details about the aforementioned techniques; shared knowledge will be very useful for the future investigation of ZF models for ectopic mineralization disorders and to understand the underlying pathways involved in soft tissue calcification.
Utility-Maximizing Scheduling for Stochastic Processing Networks

Stochastic Processing Networks (SPNs) model manufacturing, communication, or service systems. In such a network, service activities require parts and resources to produce other parts. Because service activities compete for resources, the scheduling in a SPN requires deciding which of a set of conflicting activities should be performed at any given time. The goal is to achieve throughput optimality or maximize the net utility of the production. This paper proposes a deficit maximum weight (DMW) algorithm for the problem.
Expression of Dbx1, Neurogenin 2, Semaphorin 5A, Cadherin 8, and Emx1 distinguish ventral and lateral pallial histogenetic divisions in the developing mouse claustroamygdaloid complex

We studied the lateral and ventral pallial divisions of the claustroamygdaloid complex by means of analysis of expression patterns of the developmental regulatory genes Tbr1, Dbx1, Neurogenin 2, Emx1, Cadherin 8, and Semaphorin 5A in mouse developing telencephalon, from embryonic day 12.5 until birth. Our results indicate that these genes help to distinguish distinct lateral and ventral pallial histogenetic divisions in the embryonic telencephalon. Tbr1 is broadly expressed in both lateral and ventral pallial histogenetic divisions (the lateroventral migratory stream plus the mantle) during early and intermediate embryonic development; its signal becomes weak in parts of the mantle during late embryonic development. Dbx1 is strongly and specifically expressed in progenitor cells (ventricular zone) of the ventral pallium during early embryonic development, but there is no signal of this gene in the rest of the pallium nor the subpallium. Neurogenin 2 and Semaphorin 5A are both expressed in a ventral subdivision of the lateroventral migratory stream (called by us the ventral migratory stream). Further, specific nuclei of the claustral complex and pallial amygdala show strong expression of Neurogenin 2 and/or Semaphorin 5A, including the ventromedial claustrum and endopiriform nuclei, the lateral and basomedial amygdalar nuclei, the anterior and posteromedial cortical amygdalar areas, plus the amygdalo‐hippocampal area. We interpret these nuclei or areas of the claustroamygdaloid complex as possible derivatives of the ventral pallium. In contrast, during embryonic development the dorsolateral claustrum, the basolateral amygdalar nucleus, and the posterolateral cortical amygdalar area do not express or show weak expression of Neurogenin 2 or Semaphorin 5A, but express selectively and strongly Cadherin 8 plus Emx1, and may be derivatives of the lateral pallium. The lateral pallial and ventral pallial divisions of the claustroamygdaloid complex appear to have some different sets of connections, although this requires further investigation. J. Comp. Neurol. 474:504–523, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The crystal structure of dihydrofolate reductase from Thermotoga maritima: molecular features of thermostability.

Two high-resolution structures have been obtained for dihydrofolate reductase from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima in its unliganded state, and in its ternary complex with the cofactor NADPH and the inhibitor, methotrexate. While the overall fold of the hyperthermophilic enzyme is closely similar to monomeric mesophilic dihydrofolate reductase molecules, its quaternary structure is exceptional, in that T. maritima dihydrofolate reductase forms a highly stable homodimer. Here, the molecular reasons for the high intrinsic stability of the enzyme are elaborated and put in context with the available data on the physical parameters governing the folding reaction. The molecule is extremely rigid, even with respect to structural changes during substrate binding and turnover. Subunit cooperativity can be excluded from structural and biochemical data. Major contributions to the high intrinsic stability of the enzyme result from the formation of the dimer. Within the monomer, only subtle stabilizing interactions are detectable, without clear evidence for any of the typical increments of thermal stabilization commonly reported for hyperthermophilic proteins. The docking of the subunits is optimized with respect to high packing density in the dimer interface, additional salt-bridges and beta-sheets. The enzyme does not show significant structural changes upon binding its coenzyme, NADPH, and the inhibitor, methotrexate. The active-site loop, which is known to play an important role in catalysis in mesophilic dihydrofolate reductase molecules, is rearranged, participating in the association of the subunits; it no longer participates in catalysis.
Integration of beliefs and affective values in human decision-making

Executive control relates to the human ability to monitor and flexibly adapt behavior in relation to internal mental states. Specifically, executive control relies on evaluating action outcomes for adjusting subsequent action. Actions can be reinforced or devaluated given affective value of outcomes, notably in basal ganglia and medial prefrontal cortex. Additionally, outcomes convey information to adapt behavior in relation to internal beliefs, involving prefrontal cortex. Accordingly, action outcomes convey two major types of value signals: (1) Affective values, representing the valuation of action outcomes given subjective preferences and stemming from reinforcement learning; (2) Belief values about how actions map onto outcome contingencies and relating to Bayesian inference. However, how these two signals contribute to decision remains unclear, and previous experimental paradigms confounded them. In this PhD thesis, we investigated whether their dissociation is behaviorally and neurally relevant. We present several behavioral experiments dissociating these two signals, in the form of probabilistic reversal-learning tasks involving stochastic and changing reward structures. We built a model establishing the functional and computational foundations of such dissociation. It combined two parallel systems: reinforcement learning, modulating affective values, and Bayesian inference, monitoring beliefs. The model accounted for behavior better than many other alternative models. We then investigated whether beliefs and affective values have distinct neural bases using fMRI. BOLD signal was regressed against choice-dependent and choice-independent beliefs and affective values. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) and midcingulate cortex (MCC) activity correlated with both choice-dependent variables. However, we found a double-dissociation regarding choice-independent variables, with VMPFC encoding choice-independent beliefs, whereas MCC encoded choice-independent affective values. Additionally, activity in lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) increased when decision values (i.e. mixture of beliefs and affective values) got closer to each other and action selection became more difficult. These results suggest that before decision, VMPFC and MCC separately encode beliefs and affective values respectively. LPFC combines both signals to decide, then feeds back choice information to these medial regions, presumably for updating these value signals according to action outcomes. These results provide new insight into the neural mechanisms of decision-making in prefrontal cortex.
Natural deoxynivalenol occurrence and genotype and chemotype determination of a field population of the Fusarium graminearum complex associated with soybean in Argentina

Soybean (Glycine max L.), the main source of protein throughout the world, is used both as a food and a feedstuff. Currently, limited information about the occurrence of Fusarium species and mycotoxins in soybean grain and by-products is available. The aims of the present study were: (1) to identify toxigenic Fusarium species associated with soybean during crop reproductive stages; (2) to determine the occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) in soybean seeds; (3) to determine the genotype and chemotype of selected Fg complex strains using molecular and chemical analysis, respectively; and (4) to characterize the strains using AFLPs markers. One soybean field located at Córdoba Province, Argentina, was monitored and samples of soybean tissue were harvested at three reproductive stages: flowering (R2), full seed (R6) and full maturity (R8). A total of 389 Fusarium strains F. equiseti (40%) was the most frequently species recovered followed by F. semitectum (27%) and F. graminearum (Fg) (11%). From the 40 soybean samples analysed, only two presented detectable DON levels. Based on DON occurrence on soybean seeds at ripening stages, the toxigenic ability of Fg complex strains isolated from soybean seeds, pods and flowers were analysed. The trichothecene genotype was determined by a multiplex PCR using primers based on Tri3, Tri5 and Tri7 toxin genes and then the chemotype was verified by chemical analysis. Most Fg complex strains showed 15-ADON genotype and five strains presented a DON/NIV; these also produced both toxins under in vitro culture. Neither the NIV nor the 3-ADON genotypes were detected among the members of the population evaluated. All the 15-ADON genotype strains were characterized as F. graminearum sensu stricto (lineage 7), while the strains presented a DON/NIV genotype were characterized as F. meridionale (lineage 2). The present study contributes new information on the occurrence of Fusarium species and trichothecenes toxins on soybean at the pre-harvest stages. Also, this is the first report on the chemotype, genotype and lineages among Fg complex isolated from soybean.
A provocative event, media, and religious choice in post-Soviet Russia

Abstract This paper uses the famous events related to Pussy Riot as a natural experiment to examine the effect of alternative media on church membership. A difference-in-differences strategy is used to explore the effect in question. The hypothesis is that, given a lack of religious background in the majority of the population and strong temporary interest in religious issues promoted by a particular provocative event, mass media substantially affect religious choice. To check if this is the case, I compare the dynamics of religious choice of those exposed to alternative media reports on church topics and the rest of the population. As a proxy of familiarity with an alternative view, I use a dummy variable for using the Internet to obtain news. The main finding is that, during the experiment run over the year 2012, the growth of self-reported Orthodox believers was significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group. Exposure to alternative media coverage turned out to heavily affect religious choice.
Atypical MVT, Zn-Cu-rich mineralization in the lower portion of the Bonneterre Dolomite, Viburnum Trend, southeast Missouri, U.S.A.

xi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION. 1 Geologic Setting. 3 The Viburnum Trend Ore Deposits. 7 CHAPTER II: THE LOWER SECTION MINERALIZATION. 12 Mineral Zoning and Alteration. 15 Ore Mineralogy and Paragenesis . 19 Lamotte Sandstone sulfide mineralization. 19 Cu-Ni-Co sulfide mineralization . 21 Zinc sulfide mineralization. 25 Lead sulfide mineralization. 31 Gangue cements. 31 Paragenesis. 33 CHAPTER III: CATHODOLUMINESCENT PETROGRAPHY . 35 Results. 35 Dolomite. 35 Quartz. 37 Sphalerite. 39 Other dolomite cements in southeast Missouri. 40 Summary. 41 CHAPTER IV: FLUID INCLUSION STUDIES . 43 Occurrence and compositional types of fluid inclusions. 43 Ultraviolet (UV) Fluorescence Microscopy. 44 Microthermometry. 47 Sphalerite. 47 Temporal evolution of microthermometry values (sphalerites). 50 Dolomite. 52 Temporal evolution of microthermometry values (dolomites). 52 LA-ICP-MS analysis. 53 Non-ore metals. 55 Ore metals. 56 ` Paragenetic evolution of geochemistry. 56 Comparison to the Viburnum Trend. 60 Microthermometry. 60 High temperature-salinity relationships. 63
Cooperative Resource Sharing and Pricing for Proactive Dynamic Spectrum Access via Nash Bargaining Solution

In this paper, we investigate the cooperative resource sharing and pricing for the licensed Primary User (PU) and Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs), where the PU jointly determines how to share its under-utilized radio resource with Secondary Users (SUs) and how to charge the SUs accordingly. Meanwhile, the SUs jointly determine how to utilize the shared radio resource from the PU and their preferred payments. Since both the PU and SUs expect to benefit from cooperation, we model their interactions as a Nash bargaining problem. Viewing the nonconvexity of bargaining problem, we first propose a two-step procedure to solve it efficiently. The two-step procedure explores the connection between the bargaining problem and its associated social optimization problem, and thus turns the original nonconvex bargaining problem into two consecutive convex optimization problems. We then propose two efficient algorithms, each with guaranteed convergence, to solve these two problems, respectively. Numerical results show that our proposed two-step procedure achieves the optimality of the bargaining problem with significantly reduced computational complexity. Also, our joint resource sharing and pricing scheme guarantees that each SU and PU can positively benefit from the cooperative bargaining, and the benefit is fairly allocated among them.