Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Penicillin

Penicillin was first produced by cultivation of the fungus Penicillium notatum Westling on the surface of a liquid nutrient, such as Czapek-Dox glucose medium. Such a method of cultivation is very laborious, costly, and time-consuming when practiced on a large scale. Huge numbers of bottles or pans must be washed and sterilized, relatively small volumes of nutrient media must be dispensed into individual containers, and each container with its allotment of medium must be sterilized and inoculated. The incubation period for such cultures is usually 6 to 12 days, and, at the conclusion of the fermentation, considerable hand labor is required to remove the penicillin-containing liquors from the numerous fermentation vessels and from the fungus mycelium. It was obvious that a more economical fermentation process would result from growing the mold submerged and uniformly distributed in vats or tanks such as are used in other fermentation industries. Submerged mold fermentation processes have been previously used for the production of gallic acid (Calmette, 1902), gluconic acid (Moyer et at., 1940), and lactic acid (Ward et al., 1938), and the adaptation of this method to the cultivation of P. notatum appeared to offer a means of decreasing the labor involved, of decreasing the fermentation time, and of increasing the penicillin yield. This paper deals with the selection of a strain of P. notatum Westling suitable for the production of penicillin in submerged culture, and with investigations of nutrient media and culture conditions as nearly optimal as possible for this procedure.3 (P. notatum NRRL 832 was originally selected and evaluated for submerged penicillin production by the senior author.)
Antiproliferative Plant and Synthetic Polyphenolics Are Specific Inhibitors of Vertebrate Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-Kinases and Inositol Polyphosphate Multikinase*

Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinases (IP3K) A, B, and C as well as inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK) catalyze the first step in the formation of the higher phosphorylated inositols InsP5 and InsP6 by metabolizing Ins(1,4,5)P3 to Ins(1,3,4,5)P4. In order to clarify the special role of these InsP3 phosphorylating enzymes and of subsequent anabolic inositol phosphate reactions, a search was conducted for potent enzyme inhibitors starting with a fully active IP3K-A catalytic domain. Seven polyphenolic compounds could be identified as potent inhibitors with IC50 < 200 nm (IC50 given): ellagic acid (36 nm), gossypol (58 nm), (–)-epicatechin-3-gallate (94 nm), (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG, 120 nm), aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA, 150 nm), hypericin (170 nm), and quercetin (180 nm). All inhibitors displayed a mixed-type inhibition with respect to ATP and a non-competitive inhibition with respect to Ins(1,4,5)P3. Examination of these inhibitors toward IP3K-A, -B, and -C and IPMK from mammals revealed that ATA potently inhibits all kinases while the other inhibitors do not markedly affect IPMK but differentially inhibit IP3K isoforms. We identified chlorogenic acid as a specific IPMK inhibitor whereas the flavonoids myricetin, 3′,4′,7,8-tetrahydroxyflavone and EGCG inhibit preferentially IP3K-A and IP3K-C. Mutagenesis studies revealed that both the calmodulin binding and the InsP3 binding domain in IP3K are involved in inhibitor binding. Their absence in IPMK and the presence of a unique insertion in IPMK were found to be important for selectivity differences from IP3K. The fact that all identified IP3K and IPMK inhibitors have been reported as antiproliferative agents and that IP3Ks or IPMK often are the best binding targets deserves further investigation concerning their antitumor potential.
Occlusion localization based on convolutional neural networks

In most convolutional neural networks (CNNs), the output is a single classification result by combining all the neuron activations in the last layer. As we know, local connectivity is an important characteristic of CNNs. Each neuron in the network corresponds to a local region in the original image. Hence, it is possible to simultaneously obtain local visibility of a target object by analyzing neuron activations in a vanilla network. In this paper, a method to localize partial occlusions based on an off-the-shelf CNN is proposed. Unlike most existing foreground segmentation methods, it should be noted that both classification results and foreground estimation are simultaneously obtained with no deliberate foreground annotations and no extra network designs in this paper. The contributions of the paper are twofold: First, a method to obtain occlusion maps within regions of interest is developed based on a vanilla object classification network. Second, several strategies to infer occlusion maps based on the neuron activations are developed and tested. Preliminary results on both synthetic and GTSRB traffic signs show the potential of the developed methods to infer local occlusions based on an off-the-shelf CNN.
Disruption and functional analysis of six ORFs on chromosome XII of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: YLR124w, YLR125w, YLR126c, YLR127c, YLR128w and YLR129w

In the context of the EUROFAN programme, we report the deletion and functional analysis of six open reading frames (ORFs) on the right arm of chromosome XII of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using a PCR‐based gene replacement strategy, we have systematically deleted individual ORFs and subjected the heterozygous diploids and haploid knockout strains to basic genetic and phenotypic characterization. Two ORFs, YLR127c and YLR129w, are essential for viability, whereas no growth phenotype could be detected following deletion of YLR124w, YLR125w, YLR126c or YLR128w. For each of the individual ORFs, a kanMX4 replacement cassette and the corresponding cognate wild‐type gene were cloned into appropriate plasmids. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitric Oxide‐Mediated Inhibition of the Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain in Cultured Astrocytes

Abstract: The Ca2+‐independent form of nitric oxide synthase was induced in rat neonatal astrocytes in primary culture by incubation with lipopolysaccharide (1 µg/ml) plus interferon‐γ (100 U/ml), and the activities of the mitochondrial respiratory chain components were assessed. Incubation for 18 h produced 25% inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase activity. NADH‐ubiquinone‐1 reductase (complex I) and succinate‐cytochrome c reductase (complex II–III) activities were not affected. Prolonged incubation for 36 h gave rise to a 56% reduction of cytochrome c oxidase activity and a 35% reduction in succinate‐cytochrome c reductase activity, but NADH‐ubiquinone‐1 reductase activity was unchanged. Citrate synthase activity was not affected by any of these conditions. The inhibition of the activities of these mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes was prevented by incubation in the presence of the specific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG‐monomethyl‐l‐arginine. The lipopolysaccharide/interferon‐γ treatment of the astrocytes produced an increase in glycolysis and lactate formation. These results suggest that inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain after induction of astrocytic nitric oxide synthase may represent a mechanism for nitric oxide‐mediated neurotoxicity.
Glycosylation of a Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) cell envelope protein is required for infection by bacteriophage φC31

Mutants of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) J1929 (ΔpglY) were isolated that were resistant to the Streptomyces temperate phage φC31. These strains could be transfected with φC31 DNA, but could not act as infective centres after exposure to phage. Thus, it was concluded that infection was blocked at the adsorption/DNA injection step. The mutants fell into three classes. Class I mutants were complemented by a gene, SCE87.05, isolated from the cosmid library of S. coelicolor A3(2). The product of SCE87.05 had good overall homology to a Mycobacterium tuberculosis hypothetical protein and regions with similarity to dolichol phosphate‐d‐mannose:protein O‐d‐mannosyltransferases. Concanavalin A (ConA) inhibited φC31 infection of S. coelicolor J1929, and this could be partially reversed by the addition of the sugar, α‐d‐methyl‐pyranoside. Moreover, glycosylated proteins from J1929, but not from the class I mutant DT1017, were detected using ConA as a probe in Western blots. Class I and II mutants were sensitive to φC31hc, a previously isolated phage exhibiting an extended host range phenotype, conferred by h. A phage with the same phenotype, φDT4002, was isolated independently, and a missense mutation was found in a putative tail gene. It is proposed that the φC31 receptor is a cell wall glycoprotein, and that the φC31h mutation compensates for the lack of glycosylation of the receptor.
Docetaxel (Taxotere): a review of preclinical and clinical experience. Part I: Preclinical experience.

Docetaxel is a taxoid which is currently in phase II/III clinical trials in Europe, the US and Japan. It was found to promote tubulin assembly in microtubules and to inhibit their depolymerization. In vitro, the docetaxel concentrations required to reduce murine and human cell survival by 50% ranged from 4 to 35 ng/ml and the cytotoxic effects were greater on proliferating than on non-proliferating cells. It was also found to be cytotoxic on fresh human tumor biopsies. In vivo, the drug was found to be schedule independent. A total of 13/14 murine transplantable tumors were found very sensitive to i.v. docetaxel and complete regressions of advanced stage tumors were obtained. Activity was also observed in 15/16 human tumor xenografts in nude mice at an advanced stage. In combination studies, synergism was observed in vivo with 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide and etoposide. Pharmacokinetic evaluation revealed linear pharmacokinetics in tumor-bearing mice. There was a good tumor retention with a 22 h elimination half-life. Plasma protein binding ranged from 76 to 89%. Preclinical toxicology evaluation of docetaxel included single-dose toxicity in rats, mice and dogs, 5-day toxicity in mice and dogs, intermittent-dose toxicity in rats, dogs and monkeys, genetic and reproductive toxicity, as well as investigation of the irritation and sensitization potential. The principal toxicities were hematopoietic (all species), gastrointestinal (dog, monkey) and neuromotor (mice). Dogs appeared to be the most sensitive species. The clinical entry dose of 5 mg/m2 was based on one-third of the 'toxic dose low' in dogs (15 mg/m2).
Glycyl-tRNA synthetase uses a negatively charged pit for specific recognition and activation of glycine.

The crystal structures of glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GlyRS) from Thermus thermophilus, a homodimeric class II enzyme, were determined in the enzyme-substrate and enzyme-product states corresponding to the first step of aminoacylation. GlyRS was cocrystallized with glycine and ATP, which were transformed by the enzyme into glycyl-adenylate and thus gave the enzyme-product complex. To trap the enzyme-substrate complex, the enzyme was combined with the glycine analog ethanolamine and ATP. The ligands are bound in fixed orientations in the substrate-binding pocket of the N-terminal active site domain, which contains the classical class II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS) fold. Since glycine does not possess a side-chain, much of the specificity of the enzyme is directed toward excluding any additional atoms beyond the alpha-carbon atom. Several carboxylate residues of GlyRS line the glycine binding pocket; two of them interact directly with the alpha-ammonium group. In addition, the enzyme utilizes the acidic character of the pro-L alpha-hydrogen atom by contacting it via a glutamate carboxylic oxygen atom. A guanidino eta-nitrogen atom of the class II aaRS-conserved motif 2 arginine interacts with the substrate carbonyl oxygen atom. These features serve to attract the small amino acid substrate into the active site and to position it in the correct orientation. GlyRS uses class II-conserved residues to interact with the ATP and the adenosine-phosphate moiety of glycyl-adenylate. On the basis of this similarity, we propose that GlyRS utilizes the same general mechanism as that employed by other class II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.
Macro Modelling at the NIESR: Its Recent History

This paper charts the evolution of mainly empirical research at the NIESR over the 1970s and 80s. As was all too evident there were very large discrete technical improvements in data handling and manipulation over this period. Less well appreciated were the effects on the economy of major supply-side shocks coming from the World economy leading to ‘Stagflation’ and, interconnected but somewhat later, in the UK, marked changes in macro policy regime. This latter was strongly influenced by the seminal papers of Lucas (1976) and Sims (1980); both highly critical of the then current practices in macroeconomics, though each having very different intellectual stances. The response in the NIESR was to engage at an early stage in these innovations; applying the mantra that an informed criticism was more efficient than an uninformed one. During this period it became a leader in the econometrics of applied macro modelling under different expectations assumptions, including the rational expectations hypothesis (REH). Throughout, it remained critical of the anti-empirical drift encouraged in the Lucas Critique, criticism borne out more recently by the financial instability of the 1990s and the crisis that followed.
Promoting Organizational Performance in Indian Insurance Industry: The Roles of Workplace Spirituality and Organizational Citizenship Behaviour

Interest in spirituality as a scholarly topic has grown in recent years. The present research aspires to investigate the relationship between workplace spirituality and organizational performance. First, necessity of workplace spirituality for organizational performance is investigated with the help of necessary condition analysis (NCA). Second, mediation effect of organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) in relationship between workplace spirituality and organizational performance is explored with the help of technique propagated by Baron and Kenny (1986). Hierarchal regression is used to test Baron and Kenny’s (1986) conditions of mediation. Results of NCA establish workplace spirituality as a necessary condition for occurrence of organizational performance. The OCB is also reported to partially mediate the relationship between workplace spirituality and organizational performance. Practical implications, limitations of the study and suggestions for future researchers have been discussed in the last part of the article.
No paradoxical bronchodilator response with forced oscillation technique in children with cystic fibrosis.

STUDY OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to evaluate the forced oscillation technique (FOT) in cystic fibrosis (CF) children and to participate in the discussion about the usefulness of beta2-antagonists in CF. DESIGN Pulmonary function was measured with spirometry, body plethysmography, and FOT before and after inhalation of 200 microg of albuterol (salbutamol). The following were collected: vital capacity (VC), FEV1, FEV1/VC, airway resistance (Raw), thoracic gas volume, respiratory system resistance (Rrs) and respiratory system reactance (Xrs) at 6 Hz (Rrs6 and Xrs6), and resonance frequency. SETTING The study was set up at a university hospital with a CF population of 125 children and adolescents. PATIENTS Data were collected on 20 patients in stable condition able to perform the three lung function tests. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Mean baseline values (+/-SD) were 0.36+/-0.15 kPa/L/s for Raw, 0.5+/-0.15 kPa/L/s for Rrs6, and 61+/-22% predicted for FEV1. The relationship between FEV1 and Raw or Rrs6 was poor. Xrs6 and FEV1/VC correlated weakly (r=0.56; p < 0.05). After bronchodilator administration, the mean changes +/-SD in percent of baseline were +3 +/- 11% for FEV1, -16 +/- 22% for Raw, and -16 +/- 9% for Rrs6. In six patients, a paradoxical decrease in FEV1 was measured but an increase in Rrs6 was never found; in two patients, an increase of Raw of < 10% was found. In 13 patients, the decrease of Rrs6 was > 12%. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that FOT measurements cannot replace baseline spirometric measurements in CF, but that the evaluation of the effect of beta2-agonists on the airway diameter in CF should include an FOT measurement.
Intraday Asymmetric Test of the CSI300 Index Futures Based On eGARCH Model

In this paper, the internal high frequency samples of stock index futures are taken as the research object, and the statistical characteristics of the high frequency data in the stock index futures are studied. After determining the stable data, the eGARCH model is used to test the asymmetry of the volatility in the stock index futures. The model parameter estimation results show that all the selected three samples have asymmetry, and the impact of the conditional variance of stock index futures is very strong. The futures market has been greatly shocked, and it will be difficult to disappear in the short term.
Social Innovation in Smart Tourism Ecosystems: How Technology and Institutions Shape Sustainable Value Co-Creation

In the service era, markets are reconceptualized as systems of actors interconnected through networked relationships based on resources exchange and producing value co-creation. Two of the main contemporary service research theories, Service-dominant logic and Service science, propose different organizational layouts for producing and harmonizing value co-creation: Service ecosystems and smart service systems. However, these two models show some limitations. So, this work aims at drawing an integrated model, the so called Smart service ecosystem that can be applied to hypercompetitive and experience-based sectors. The model was tested in the tourism sector by using a case study methodology. Ten interviews were administered to key informants to analyze their perception about the main dimensions of the smart service ecosystems. By adopting a holistic view, the results obtained can allow the elaboration of a framework which pinpoints: (1) the main stakeholder groups (actors); (2) the kind of resources exchanged (resource integration); (3) the tools employed (technology); (4) the institution exchange among users (institutions). Applying the model obtained to the tourism sector this work explores the main element-steps for managing and optimizing value co-creation and sustainability in the long run and thus for transitioning from innovation to social innovation.
A Review of Research and Policy on Financial Abuse within Intimate Partner Relationships

The financial abuse of women within intimate partner relationships is a means by which abusive men are able to achieve the financial power they previously held by legal default (Littwin, 2012). It was only in 1964 that the Married Women’s Property Act entitled a woman to keep half of any savings she had made from the allowance given to her by her husband. In 1970 the Equal Pay Act made it illegal for employers to pay women lower rates than men for the same work; yet at the same time working women could only secure a mortgage with the signature of a male guarantor. And as recently as thirty-five years ago, women were unable to apply for a loan or credit in their own name. Whilst it is no longer possible to deny economic rights on the basis of gender, progress towards financial equality has been slow (Littwin, 2012). Finances continue to be gendered, with men still normatively expected to take charge of money (Postmus et al., 2012). Moreover, ongoing structural inequalities facilitate the efforts of abusive men to limit women’s self-sufficiency through playing on the barriers that continue to hinder their financial independence, including part-time work and the gender pay gap (Wilcox, 2006). As Branigan (2004: 8) states, financial abuse as a control tactic is designed both ‘to create and reinforce the economic dependence of women and children on men’. Thus whilst economic dependency can be a direct outcome of financial abuse, it cannot be separated from women’s lesser economic status. It is, therefore, unsurprising that lack of access to financial income has been consistently identified by women as an obstacle to leaving abusive men (Anderson, 2007; Bell & Kober, 2008; Brandwein, 1999; Lyon, 2002; Jaffe, 2002; WNC, 2003). Analysis of British Crime Survey data by Walby and Allen (2004) indicated that women who reported that it would be difficult to find £100 at short notice were three and a half times more likely to be subject to intimate partner violence. The widespread assumption that a household income will be shared equitably (Branigan, 2004; Westaway & McKay, 2007) means that the use of money as a source of power is rarely recognised and responded to by political, economic and social institutions. That financial abuse is commonly experienced by women within the context of intimate partner violence suggests that this form of abuse is a ‘patriarchal phenomenon’ intended to ‘wage war on women’s growing equality’ (Littwin, 2012: 981). The aim of this review is to summarise what research and policy tells us about financial abuse and the ways in which it is used by abusive men to exert coercive control over/limit the options of women that they are/or have previously been in a relationship with. Since this work has been initiated by the Cooperative Bank, it also explores what the research literature tells us about the role of banks within a coordinated community response to intimate partner violence.
Principal Behaviors in Special Education: Secondary School Climate.

This study examines the relationship of the high school principal and school climate with regard to special education. Perceptions of principals and general and special education teachers regarding school climate were measured by the Organizational Climate Description Questionnaire Rutgers Secondary (OCDQRS) (Hoy, Tarter and Kottkamp, 1991). Perceptions of principal behaviors with regard to special education were measured by the Special Education Principal Behavior Profile (SEPBP), developed as a portion of this study. Findings suggested that principals and special education teachers have significantly different perceptions of school climate. Principal behaviors related to special education which were moderately correlated with the openness factor of school climate on the OCDQ-RS include making programmatic changes to meet the needs of disabled students, providing special education students with an opportunity to schedule general education classes, interacting with disabled students, and enforcing the laws and regulations and supervising the IEP process. Other principal behaviors include assisting disabled students and special education classes. Issues related to hiring practices were also identified. The perceptions of special education teachers and principals differed significantly in six areas. These include supervising the IEP process, reviewing IEP records and advising staff of special education laws and regulations. Principals and special education teachers also differed in their perceptions regarding equal access to school resources, reviewing and revising school goals, and that students with disabilities were included in goals for the school. Case studies were conducted on two high schools that received paired dichotomous scores on the OCDQ-RS and the SEPBP. Those findings indicated that both principals were minimally involved in special education programs. Responsibilities involving special education were delegated to a department head and/or an assistant principal. Supportive principal behaviors, consistency in staff, and student integration in the school and the community were primary contributors to the success or lack of success experienced by students and teachers. CHAPTER