Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An address-based routing scheme for static applications of wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs), being a relatively new technology, largely employ protocols designed for other ad hoc networks, especially mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). However, on the basis of applications, there are many differences between WSNs and other types of ad hoc network and so WSNs would benefit from protocols which take into account their specific properties, especially in routing. Bhatti and Yue recently proposed an addressing scheme for mutli-hop networks that allows networks to avoid the fatal node failure problem that could occur with the ZigBee tree structure. In this work, we develop a new routing strategy based on Bhatti and Yuepsilas addressing scheme. The primary idea is to implement a hybrid routing scheme that combines flooding with shortest path methods to yield a more practical routing protocol for static WSN applications.
Anatomy and physiology of a color system in the primate visual cortex

Staining for the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome oxidase reveals an array of dense regions (blobs) in the primate primary visual cortex. They are most obvious in the upper layers, 2 and 3, but can also be seen in layers 4B, 5, and 6, in register with the blobs in layers 2 and 3. We compared cells inside and outside blobs in macaque and squirrel monkeys, looking at their physiological responses and anatomical connections. Cells within blobs did not show orientation selectivity, whereas cells between blobs were highly orientation selective. Receptive fields of blob cells had circular symmetry and were of three main types, Broad-Band Center-Surround, Red-Green Double-Opponent, and Yellow-Blue Double-Opponent. Double-Opponent cells responded poorly or not at all to white light in any form, or to diffuse light at any wavelength. In contrast to blob cells, none of the cells recorded in layer 4C beta were Double-Opponent: like the majority of cells in the parvocellular geniculate layers, they were either Broad-Band or Color- Opponent Center-Surround, e.g., red-on-center green-off-surround. To our surprise cells in layer 4C alpha were orientation selective. In tangential penetrations throughout layers 2 and 3, optium orientation, when plotted against electrode position, formed long, regular, usually linear sequences, which were interrupted but not perturbed by the blobs. Staining area 18 for cytochrome oxidase reveals a series of alternating wide and narrow dense stripes, separated by paler interstripes. After small injections of horseradish peroxidase into area 18, we saw a precise set of connections from the blobs in area 17 to thin stripes in area 18, and from the interblob regions in area 17 to interstripes in area 18. Specific reciprocal connections also ran from thin stripes to blobs and from interstripes to interblobs. We have not yet determined the area 17 connections to thick stripes in area 18. In addition, within area 18 there are stripe-to-stripe and interstripe- to-interstripe intrinsic connections. These results suggest that a system involved in the processing of color information, especially color-spatial interactions, runs parallel to and separate from the orientation-specific system. Color, encoded in three coordinates by the major blob cell types, red-green, yellow-blue, and black-white, can be transformed into the three coordinates, red, green, and blue, of the Retinex algorithm of Land.
ALDH1A1 induces resistance to CHOP in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma through activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway

Increasing evidence has shown that aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1), a detoxifying enzyme, is responsible for chemoresistance in a variety of tumors. Although the majority of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) can be cured with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP), chemoresistance is a common cause of treatment failure. This study aims to investigate the significance of ALDH1A1 expression and the mechanism by which ALDH1A1 is involved in the chemoresistance of DLBCL cells. ALDH1A1 expression was assessed in 88 DLBCL tissues by immunohistochemistry. The association between ALDH1A1 expression and outcome was evaluated. We also investigated the effect of ALDH1A1 on CHOP resistance in DLBCL cells using functional analysis. ALDH1A1 expression levels were upregulated in patients with stable or progressive disease after CHOP and its expression positively correlated with expression of STAT3 and p-STAT3. In keeping with these observations, ALDH1A1 expression was significantly associated with short survival of DLBCL patients who received CHOP chemotherapy. In functional assays in Pfeiffer cells, overexpression of ALDH1A1 conferred resistance to CHOP, while silencing of ALDH1A1 using short hairpin RNA had the opposite effect. Furthermore, we also observed that ALDH1A1 could regulate the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, while inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway by WP1066 negated the effect of ALDH1A1 overexpression. These observations reveal that ALDH1A1 induces resistance to CHOP through activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in DLBCL, and its targeting provides a potential strategic approach for reversing CHOP resistance.
FPGA CORES FOR HARDWARE EVOLUTION OF DECISION TREE ENSEMBLES

This paper presents several IP cores for the hardware evolution of ensembles comprised from oblique or non-linear decision trees. These cores can be implemented using FPGA or ASIC technology. Results of experiments obtained using 29 datasets from the standard UCI Machine Learning Repository database suggest that the FPGA implementations offer significant improvement in the ensemble inference time when compared with the traditional software implementations. FPGA implementation of the H_DTE2 architecture has on average 693 times shorter inference time than the corresponding software implementation.
Matriona: class nesting with parameterization in Squeak/Smalltalk

We present Matriona, a module system for Squeak, a Smalltalk dialect. It supports class nesting and parameterization and is based on a hierarchical name lookup mechanism. Matriona solves a range of modularity issues in Squeak. Instead of a flat class organization, it provides a hierarchical namespace, that avoids name clashes and allows for shorter local names. Furthermore, it provides a way to share behavior among classes and modules using mixins and class hierarchy inheritance (a form of inheritance that subclasses an entire class family), respectively. Finally, it allows modules to be externally configurable, which is a form of dependency management decoupling a module from the actual implementation of its dependencies. Matriona is implemented on top of Squeak by introducing a new keyword for run-time name lookups through a reflective mechanism, without modifying the underlying virtual machine. We evaluate Matriona with a series of small applications and will demonstrate how its features can benefit modularity when porting a simple application written in plain Squeak to Matriona.
Design, Analysis, and Testing of a New Microcircuit Breaker Thermal Trip Unit Concept Based on Compliant Mechanisms

Miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) are protective devices used in low-voltage applications. To perform their protection function, MCBs contain two different trip systems: a thermal unit and an electromagnetic unit. Current thermal trip unit designs were introduced decades ago and are based on bimetal technology. This paper introduces a new technology based on compliant mechanisms that replace bimetals in MCB. The proposed architecture uses a thermosensitive compliant mechanism whose design is calibrated to perform as traditional bimetal designs do, but with the advantage of reduced heat losses. An additional advantage of the new design is its monolithic construction, which reduces the number of parts in the MCB. The design of an MCB equipped with this technology is presented. Basic sizing equations for design purposes are introduced. The performance of the thermal trip unit is analyzed using finite-element-analysis models, with special attention paid to the protective function and thermal losses of the new design. Laboratory experiments with prototypes are also presented. Results indicate that the performance of the proposed design is similar to that of the bimetal technology that it replaces, with reduced power losses.
Integration of local soil knowledge for improved soil management strategies

The increasing attention paid to local soil knowledge in recent years is the result of a greater recognition that the knowledge of people who have been interacting with their soils for a long time can offer many insights into the sustainable management of tropical soils. A participatory approach in the form of a methodological guide has been developed and used in Latin America and the Caribbean (Honduras, Nicaragua, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, Dominican Republic) and Africa (Uganda, Tanzania) in order to identify and classify local indicators of soil quality related to permanent and modifiable soil properties. This methodological tool aims to empower local communities to better manage their soil resource through better decision making and local monitoring of their environment. It is also designed to steer soil management towards developing practical solutions to identified soil constrains, as well as, to monitor the impact of management strategies implemented to address such constraints. The methodological approach presented here constitutes one tool to capture local demands and perceptions of soil constraints as an essential guide to relevant research and development activities. A considerable component of this approach involves the improvement of the communication between the technical officers and farmers and vice versa by jointly constructing an effective communication channel. The participatory process used is shown to have considerable potential in facilitating farmer consensus about which soil related constraints should be tackled first. Consensus building is presented as an important step prior to collective action by farming communities resulting in the adoption of improved soil management strategies at the landscape scale.
Interoperability in Personalized Adaptive Learning

Personalized adaptive learning requires semantic-based and context-aware systems to manage the Web knowledge efficiently as well as to achieve semantic interoperability between heterogeneous information resources and services. The technological and conceptual differences can be bridged either by means of standards or via approaches based on the Semantic Web. This article deals with the issue of semantic interoperability of educational contents on the Web by considering the integration of learning standards, Semantic Web, and adaptive technologies to meet the requirements of learners. Discussion is m ade on the state of the art and the main challenges in this field, including metadata access and design issues relating to adaptive learning. Additionally, a way how to integrate several original approaches is proposed.
Translating Signal Flowcharts into Microcode for Custom Digital Signal Processors

The retargetable microcode compiler CBC suited for application specific DSP (ASDSP) system software development is presented. The compiler is capable of generating code for various single instruction architectures. During the retargeting of the compiler a formal description of the target machine is analyzed in order to extract the machine-specific information needed for code generation. The tasks of the compiler comprise control flow transformations, code selection, data-routing and scheduling, address assignment and code mapping. The problems are discussed, the structure of the microcode compiler is given and future research directions are briefly outlined.
The Fringe-Capacitance of Etching Holes for CMOS-MEMS

Movable suspended microstructures are the common feature of sensors or devices in the fields of Complementary-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductors and Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems which are usually abbreviated as CMOS-MEMS. To suspend the microstructures, it is commonly to etch the sacrificial layer under the microstructure layer. For large-area microstructures, it is necessary to design a large number of etching holes on the microstructure to enhance the etchant uniformly and rapidly permeate into the sacrificial layer. This paper aims at evaluating the fringe capacitance caused by etching holes on microstructures and developing empirical formulas. The formula of capacitance compensation term is derived by curve-fitting on the simulation results by the commercial software ANSYS. Compared with the ANSYS simulation, the deviation of the present formula is within ±5%. The application to determine the capacitance of an electrostatic micro-beam with etching holes is demonstrated in a microstructure experiment, which agrees very well with the experimental data, and the maximum deviation is within ±8%. The present formula is with simple form, wide application range, high accuracy, and easy to use. It is expected to provide the micro-device designers to estimate the capacitance of microstructures with etching holes and predominate in the device characteristics.
Recency-sensitive model of web page authority

Traditional link-based web ranking algorithms run on a single web snapshot without concern of the dynamics of web pages and links. In particular, the correlation of web pages freshness and their classic PageRank is negative (see [11]). For this reason, in recent years a number of authors introduce some algorithms of PageRank actualization. We introduce our new algorithm called Actual PageRank, which generalizes some previous approaches and therefore provides better capability for capturing the dynamics of the Web. To the best of our knowledge we are the first to conduct ranking evaluations of a fresh-aware variation of PageRank on a large data set. The results demonstrate that our method achieves more relevant and fresh results than both classic PageRank and its "fresh" modifications.
A Multi-objective Learning Algorithm for RBF Neural Network

In this paper, the problem of multi-objective supervised learning is discussed within the non-evolutionary optimization framework. The proposed MOBJ learning algorithm performs the search of Pareto-optimal models determining weights,width, prototype vectors, and the quantity of basis functions of the RBF network. In combination with the Akaike information criterion, the algorithm provides high quality solutions.
The Structural Basis of Antibody-Antigen Recognition

The function of antibodies (Abs) involves specific binding to antigens (Ags) and activation of other components of the immune system to fight pathogens. The six hypervariable loops within the variable domains of Abs, commonly termed complementarity determining regions (CDRs), are widely assumed to be responsible for Ag recognition, while the constant domains are believed to mediate effector activation. Recent studies and analyses of the growing number of available Ab structures, indicate that this clear functional separation between the two regions may be an oversimplification. Some positions within the CDRs have been shown to never participate in Ag binding and some off-CDRs residues often contribute critically to the interaction with the Ag. Moreover, there is now growing evidence for non-local and even allosteric effects in Ab-Ag interaction in which Ag binding affects the constant region and vice versa. This review summarizes and discusses the structural basis of Ag recognition, elaborating on the contribution of different structural determinants of the Ab to Ag binding and recognition. We discuss the CDRs, the different approaches for their identification and their relationship to the Ag interface. We also review what is currently known about the contribution of non-CDRs regions to Ag recognition, namely the framework regions (FRs) and the constant domains. The suggested mechanisms by which these regions contribute to Ag binding are discussed. On the Ag side of the interaction, we discuss attempts to predict B-cell epitopes and the suggested idea to incorporate Ab information into B-cell epitope prediction schemes. Beyond improving the understanding of immunity, characterization of the functional role of different parts of the Ab molecule may help in Ab engineering, design of CDR-derived peptides, and epitope prediction.
How Colorful Was Your Day? Why Questionnaires Cannot Assess Presence in Virtual Environments

This paper argues that a scientific basis for presence as it's usually understood in virtual environments research, can not be established on the basis of postexperience presence questionnaires alone. To illustrate the point, an arbitrary mental attribute called colorfulness of the experience is conjured up, and a set of questions administered to 74 respondents with an online questionnaire. The results suggested that colorfulness of yesterday's experiences was associated with the extent to which a person accomplished their tasks, and also associated with yesterday being a good, pleasant, but not frustrating day. The meaning lessness of this analysis illustrates that the equivalent methodology used by presence researchers, may, similarly, bring into being the idea of presence in the minds of VE participants. However, it is argued that there can be no evidence on this methodological basis that presence played any role in their actual mental activity or behavior at the time of the experience. It is concluded that presence researchers must move away from heavy reliance on questionnaires in order to make any progress in this area.
Protective Measurements a

Recently, we have proposed protective measurements1-* that allow the measuring of the Schrodinger wave of a single particle. We have argued that the possibility of such measurements tells us that a quantum state has more physical meaning than is usually assumed; that is, the Schrodinger wave is real in some sense. A quantum state is not only a statistical property of an ensemble, but it is a property of a single system. Also, in recent years, we developed an approach in which a quantum system is described, at a given time, by two (instead of one) quantum states: the usual one evolving toward the future and the second evolving backwards in time from a future measurement.7-x This approach proved itself fruitful at least for describing measurements performed on preselected and postselected ensembles. In this approach, the vector describing a quantum system at a given time consists of two states. The following questions arise: Is there a contradiction between these two approaches? Which description is appropriate: the standard, single-state or our two-state description? Does the two-state vector have physical meaning for a single system? Is it possible to measure this vector on a single system? In this work, we shall try to answer these questions. In the following section, we present our method of protective measurements of a single quantum state. This is followed by a brief review of the two-state vector formalism. Thcn, the main result of this work-the method of protective measurement of a two-state vector-is presented. We conclude with a discussion of the obtained results.
Detection/estimation of the modulus of a vector. Application to point‐source detection in polarization data

Given a set of images, whose pixel values can be considered as the components of a vector, it is interesting to estimate the modulus of such a vector in some localized areas corresponding to a compact signal. For instance, the detection/estimation of a polarized signal in compact sources immersed in a background is relevant in some fields like astrophysics. We develop two different techniques, one based on the Neyman-Pearson lemma, the Neyman-Pearson filter (NPF), and another based on pre-filtering before fusion, the filtered fusion (FF), to deal with the problem of detection of the source and estimation of the polarization given two or three images corresponding to the different components of polarization (two for linear polarization, three including circular polarization). For the case of linear polarization, we have performed numerical simulations on two-dimensional patches to test these filters following two different approaches (a blind and a non-blind detection), considering extragalactic point sources immersed in cosmic microwave background (CMB) and non-stationary noise with the conditions of the 70 GHz Planck channel. The FF outperforms the NPF, especially for low fluxes. We can detect with the FF extragalactic sources in a high noise zone with fluxes ≥(0.42, 0.36) Jy for (blind/non-blind) detection and in a low noise zone with fluxes ≥(0.22, 0.18) Jy for (blind/non-blind) detection with low errors in the estimated flux and position.
A New Scalable RFID Delegation Protocol

The radio frequency identification (RFID) protocols are vulnerable to va rious attacks from an active or passive adversary. We shed light upon some existing security flaws in these delegation protocols . It is useful to mitigate many security weaknesses in such delegation protocols to promote the acceptance of RFID tags. We propose that a scalable RFID delegation protocol will be against traceability attacks with a stateful variant so that it provides the claimed secu rity requirements. Compared with the previous schemes, we emphasize three critical distinctions in our protocol. First, the reader an d the tag decrease one bitwise XOR of the message and reduce the computational complexity. Second, a solution to reducing the maximum search complexity can be that add two different flags to the tags responses in order to distinguish delegation request from delegation update. Third, the number of exchanged flows during different cases of our revision is same. Finally, the proposed s cheme achieves scalability and untraceability property without leading to a security collision.
Frequency-Specific Synchronization in the Bilateral Subthalamic Nuclei Depending on Voluntary Muscle Contraction and Relaxation in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

The volitional control of muscle contraction and relaxation is a fundamental component of human motor activity, but how the processing of the subcortical networks, including the subthalamic nucleus (STN), is involved in voluntary muscle contraction (VMC) and voluntary muscle relaxation (VMR) remains unclear. In this study, local field potentials (LFPs) of bilateral STNs were recorded in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) while performing externally paced VMC and VMR tasks of the unilateral wrist extensor muscle. The VMC- or VMR-related oscillatory activities and their functional couplings were investigated over the theta (4–7 Hz), alpha (8–13 Hz), beta (14–35 Hz), and gamma (40–100 Hz) frequency bands. Alpha and beta desynchronizations were observed in bilateral STNs at the onset of both VMC and VMR tasks. On the other hand, theta and gamma synchronizations were prominent in bilateral STNs specifically at the onset of the VMC task. In particular, just after VMC, theta functional coupling between the bilateral STNs increased, and the theta phase became coupled to the gamma amplitude within the contralateral STN in a phase-amplitude cross-frequency coupled manner. On the other hand, the prominent beta-gamma cross-frequency couplings observed in the bilateral STNs at rest were reduced by the VMC and VMR tasks. These results suggest that STNs are bilaterally involved in the different performances of muscle contraction and relaxation through the theta-gamma and beta-gamma networks between bilateral STNs in patients with PD.