Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Monopolization of Knowledge, Social Inequality, and Female Status: A Cross-Cultural Study

The author argues that various types or displays of social inequality may have been shaped by quite different phenomena. Different mechanisms of structuring or institutionalization of hierarchical systems could act in parallel in the same culture (or society) or could be specific to particular cultures in particular periods and circumstances. These mechanisms could have their foundations in the sphere of material production and property relations as well as outside this sphere. In the last case, monopolization of special knowledge and occupations (often closely connected with ideology) by certain social groups is a powerful force that often shaped and still shapes social inequality. To illustrate the idea, data on some hunter-gatherer societies where such mechanisms of social differentiation existed in the most pure and uncomplicated forms are used.
Utilizing Multifaceted Requirement Traceability Approach: a Case Study

Software evolution is inevitable. When a system evolves, there are certain relationships among software artifacts that must be maintained. Requirement traceability is one of the important factors in facilitating software evolution since it maintains the artifacts relationship before and after a change is performed. Requirement traceability can be expensive activities. Many researchers have addressed the problem of requirement traceability, especially to support software evolution activities. Yet, the evaluation results of these approaches show that most of them typically provide only limited support to software evolution. Based on the problems of requirement traceability, we have identified three directions that are important for traceability to support software evolution, i.e. process automation, procedure simplicity, and best results achievement. Those three directions are addressed in our multifaceted approach of requirement traceability. This approach utilizes three facets to generate links between artifacts, i.e. syntactical similarity matching, link prioritization, and heuristic-list based processes. This paper proposes the utilization of multifaceted approach to traceability generation and recovery in facilitating software evolution process. The complete experiment has been applied in a real case study. The results show that utilization of these three facets in generating the traceability among artifacts is better than the existing approach, especially in terms of its accuracy.
PatchIt: Self-Supervised Network Weight Initialization for Fine-grained Recognition

ConvNet training is highly sensitive to initialization of the weights. A widespread approach is to initialize the network with weights trained for a different task, an auxiliary task. The ImageNet-based ILSVRC classification task is a very popular choice for this, as it has shown to produce powerful feature representations applicable to a wide variety of tasks. However, this creates a significant entry barrier to exploring non-standard architectures. In this paper, we propose a self-supervised pretraining, the PatchTask, to obtain weight initializations for fine-grained recognition problems, such as person attribute recognition, pose estimation, or action recognition. Our pretraining allows us to leverage additional unlabeled data from the same source, which is often readily available, such as detection bounding boxes. We experimentally show that our method outperforms a standard random initialization by a considerable margin and closely matches the ImageNet-based initialization.
Poly/high-k/SiON gate stack and novel profile engineering dedicated for ultralow-voltage silicon-on-thin-BOX (SOTB) CMOS operation

We demonstrated Silicon on Thin Buried oxide (SOTB) CMOS especially designed for ultralow-voltage (ULV) operation down to 0.4 V for the first time. Utilizing i) dual-poly gate stack with high-k having quarter-gap work functions best for the ULV CMOS operation, and ii) a novel “local ground plane (LGP)” structure that significantly improves short-channel effect (Vth roll off) without increasing local variability unlike halo for bulk, low-leakage SRAM operation was demonstrated with adaptive-body-bias (ABB) scheme.
Scaling up Automatic Cross-Lingual Semantic Role Annotation

Broad-coverage semantic annotations for training statistical learners are only available for a handful of languages. Previous approaches to cross-lingual transfer of semantic annotations have addressed this problem with encouraging results on a small scale. In this paper, we scale up previous efforts by using an automatic approach to semantic annotation that does not rely on a semantic ontology for the target language. Moreover, we improve the quality of the transferred semantic annotations by using a joint syntactic-semantic parser that learns the correlations between syntax and semantics of the target language and smooths out the errors from automatic transfer. We reach a labelled F-measure for predicates and arguments of only 4% and 9% points, respectively, lower than the upper bound from manual annotations.
The Neuroprotective Effects of Oxaloacetate in Closed Head Injury in Rats is Mediated by its Blood Glutamate Scavenging Activity: Evidence From the Use of Maleate

Introduction Treatment with oxaloacetate after traumatic brain injury has been shown to decrease blood glutamate levels and protect against the neurotoxic effects of glutamate on the brain. A number of potential mechanisms have been suggested to explain oxaloacetate-induced neuroprotection. We hypothesize that the primary mechanism by which intravenous oxaloacetate provides neuroprotection is by activation of the blood glutamate-scavenging enzyme glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, increasing thereby the driving force for the efflux of excess glutamate from brain interstitial fluids into blood. If so, coadministration of maleate, a glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase-blocker is expected to prevent the neuroprotective effects of oxaloacetate. Materials and Methods A neurological severity score (NSS) was measured 1 hour after closed head injury (CHI) in rats. Then, rats received 30 μL/min/100 g infusion of saline, or 1 mmol/100 g solution of oxaloacetate, maleate, or a mixture of oxaloacetate and maleate. NSS was reassessed at 24 and 48 hour after CHI. Blood glutamate and glucose levels were measured at 0, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Results NSS improved significantly at 24 hour (P<0.001) and 48 hour (P<0.001) only in the rats treated with oxaloacetate. Blood glutamate decreased significantly in the oxaloacetate-treated group at 90 minute (at the conclusion of oxaloacetate administration) (P<0.00001), but not in the control, maleate or oxaloacetate+maleate groups. A strong correlation r2=0.86 was found to exist between the percent decrease in blood glutamate levels and percent improvement in NSS. Discussion The results of this study demonstrate that the primary mechanism by which oxaloacetate provides neuroprotective activity after CHI is related to its blood glutamate scavenging activity. Management of blood glutamate concentration may have important implications in the treatment of acute brain conditions, including CHI and stroke.
Reduced Atherosclerotic Plaque but Enhanced Aneurysm Formation in Mice With Inactivation of the Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) Gene

Development and progression of atherosclerotic lesions and aneurysm formation were investigated in mice with single or combined deficiency of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) kept on a cholesterol-rich diet for 30 weeks. Atherosclerotic lesions throughout the thoracic aorta were significantly (P <0.001) larger in mice wild-type for TIMP-1 (ApoE−/−:TIMP-1+/+) than in mice deficient in TIMP-1 (ApoE−/−:TIMP-1−/−). Aneurysms in the thoracic and abdominal aortas were less frequent in ApoE−/−:TIMP-1+/+ mice than in ApoE−/−:TIMP-1−/− mice (11±3.0 versus 23±5.1 aneurysms per 100 sections analyzed, mean±SD, P <0.001). Immunocytochemistry revealed enhanced accumulation of Oil red O–stained lipids, colocalizing with macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions of ApoE−/−:TIMP-1−/− mice (P <0.05). In situ zymography using a casein substrate showed enhanced lysis in plaques of ApoE−/−:TIMP-1−/− mice as compared with ApoE−/−:TIMP-1+/+ mice (P <0.01). MMP activity was most pronounced at sites where degradation of the elastic lamina occurred. These data suggest that enhanced MMP activity, as a result of TIMP-1 deficiency, contributes to a reduction of atherosclerotic plaque size but promotes aneurysm formation.
Item equivalence across scales: The WPPSI—R and WISC-III.

The publication of 2 Wechsler scales with multiple overlapping items, the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised (WPPSI-R) and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-III), provided an opportunity to cross-validate items. Test-age equivalents corresponding to cumulative item raw scores were extracted from the manuals or estimated with ratio scores (and checked against regression-based values). WPPSI-R test-age equivalents correlated highly with WISC-III test-age equivalents (r =.88 for the 23 overlapping items), and there were few noteworthy discrepancies. These data demonstrate the validity of the WPPSI-R and WISC-III beyond the level of subtests and IQs and to the level of item makeup
HIV-1 Tat-Mediated Induction of CCL5 in Astrocytes Involves NF-κB, AP-1, C/EBPα and C/EBPγ Transcription Factors and JAK, PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK Signaling Pathways

The incidence of HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND) has increased during recent years even though the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly curtailed the virus replication and increased the life expectancy among HIV-1 infected individuals. These neurological deficits have been attributed to HIV proteins including HIV-1 Tat. HIV-1 Tat is known to up-regulate CCL5 expression in mouse astrocytes, but the mechanism of up-regulation is not known. The present study was undertaken with the objective of determining the mechanism(s) underlying HIV-1 Tat-mediated expression of CCL5 in astrocytes. SVGA astrocytes were transiently transfected with a plasmid encoding Tat, and expression of CCL5 was studied at the mRNA and protein levels using real time RT-PCR and multiplex cytokine bead array, respectively. HIV-1 Tat showed a time-dependent increase in the CCL5 expression with peak mRNA and protein levels, observed at 1 h and 48 h post-transfection, respectively. In order to explore the mechanism(s), pharmacological inhibitors and siRNA against different pathway(s) were used. Pre-treatment with SC514 (NF-κB inhibitor), LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor), AG490 (JAK2 inhibitor) and Janex-1 (JAK3 inhibitor) showed partial reduction of the Tat-mediated induction of CCL5 suggesting involvement of JAK, PI3K/Akt and NF-κB in CCL5 expression. These results were further confirmed by knockdown of the respective genes using siRNA. Furthermore, p38 MAPK was found to be involved since the knockdown of p38δ but not other isoforms showed partial reduction in CCL5 induction. This was further confirmed at transcriptional level that AP-1, C/EBPα and C/EBPγ were involved in CCL5 up-regulation.
Regional image similarity criteria based on the Kozachenko-Leonenko entropy estimator

Mutual information is one of the most widespread similarity criteria for multi-modal image registration but is limited to low dimensional feature spaces when calculated using histogram and kernel based entropy estimators. In the present article we propose the use of the Kozachenko-Leonenko entropy estimator (KLE) to calculate higher order regional mutual information using local features. The use of local information overcomes the two most prominent problems of nearest neighbor based entropy estimation in image registration: the presence of strong interpolation artifacts and noise. The performance of the proposed criterion is compared to standard MI on data with a known ground truth using a protocol for the evaluation of image registration similarity measures. Finally, we show how the use of the KLE with local features improves the robustness and accuracy of the registration of color colposcopy images.
In search of historical methods

In September 2011 a workshop was held at the Centre for Management History at Queen Mary, University of London, UK. The title of the workshop was ‘Qualitative historical methods in management and organization studies’, which perhaps indicates some of the concerns of the participants and their research inclinations. There was a range of experiences with different methodological approaches, but a common interest in exploring and furthering more historical approaches to the study of management and organizations. In particular, there was concern about the ‘presentism’ that was felt to characterize too much work in the area. That is, investigations in a wide range of subjects failed to ground their approach in a sensitivity to the shaping of current contexts by longer-run factors. A common theme at the workshop was, accepting that historical approaches were in some ways of value, and bracketing to some degree philosophical debates about the nature of history, that there was a need to provide guidance for those who wished to put historical approaches into practice. It was felt that some of the papers presented at the workshop would be a good initial step in providing this practical guidance. The desire was to share the detailed experience of those who had used historical methods and, as far as possible, to demystify them. The result was this collection of articles. As we have already indicated, there was a range of experience among the participants, from organizational ethnography to storytelling. This produced some healthy debate, but it perhaps also operated against the background of a series of ‘others’. It is worth reflecting on these others, more or less recognized in some of the articles presented here, with a view to deepening the discussion. The others discussed in what follows are quantitative methods, business history and the archive. In each case we seek to provide some context against which to read the articles. Our first ‘other’ is that implied by the title of the workshop. A focus on qualitative research methods carries with it assumptions about the nature and presumed weaknesses of quantitative methods. In this it reflects the profound divisions within management and organization research, in which the mainstream is seen to be characterized by a scientistic adherence to elaborate statistical methods. Seen as particularly characteristic of the dominant North American journals, this engenders critique on a number of levels – levels that will be familiar to many readers and so will not be elaborated on here. However, this is completely opposite to the position within history, where the mainstream is reliant on documentary sources and where quantitative methods form a minority position. Here it has
Bilişsel Üçlü Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi:Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışmaları

Bu arastirmanin amaci, cocuk ve ergenlerin kendilerine yonelik bilissel tutumlarini etkileyen ve bilissel uclu ogeleri olarak bilinen, bireyin, kendisine, yasantisina ve gelecegine yonelik dusuncelerini olcebilecek bir arac gelistirmektir. Bilissel Uclu Olcegi (BUO) 30 maddeden olusmaktadir ve likert tipi bir olcektir. 637 ilkogretim ikinci kademe, lise ve universite ogrencisinden veri toplanarak gecerlik ve guvenirlik calismalari yapilmistir. 30 maddeli BUO toplam varyansin %53.98' sini aciklayan uc faktorlu bir yapiya sahiptir. Olcek butunu icin bulunan ic tutarlilik katsayisi . 93, olcegin maddelerinin madde-toplam korelasyonlari ise . 02 ile . 71 arasinda bulunmustur. 8 hafta ara ile testin tekrari yontemi kullanilarak bulunan korelasyon katsayisinin . 58, testi yarilama yontemiyle hesaplanan guvenirlik katsayisinin ise . 80 oldugu saptanmistir. Olcegin olcut gecerligi Fonksiyonel Olmayan Tutumlar Olcegi kullanilarak yapilmis ve iki olcek arasindaki korelasyon . 47 olarak bulunmustur. Gecerlik ve guvenirlik calismalarina iliskin bulgular Bilissel Uclu Olcegi’nin gecerli ve guvenilir bir arac oldugunu gostermektedir.
Qualitative and Quantitative Reliability Assessment

During the development of a software system, the supplier must efficiently monitor the development activities; comply with the delivery schedule; predict when a specified level of reliability will be reached, or at least check how well the software will satisfy the customer's requirements; and reduce maintenance efforts. On the other hand, the customer needs a reliable product, delivered on time and at the lowest price. Our method helps reach these goals. It is based on the analysis and evaluation of software reliability by processing failure data collected on a software product during its development and operation. Traditionally, system reliability efforts have not focused on software reliability. We believe that failure prediction can be improved if software reliability modeling is integrated into an overall approach. The method we propose is based on the combined use of descriptive analyses, trend analyses, and reliability models to control testing activities, evaluate software reliability, and plan maintenance.
The phosphoinositide 3′‐kinase p110δ modulates contractile protein production and IL‐6 release in human airway smooth muscle

Transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 increases pro‐inflammatory cytokines and contractile protein expression by human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells, which could augment airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. Phosphoinositide 3′ kinase (PI3K) is one of the signaling pathways implicated in TGFβ1 stimulation, and may be altered in asthmatic airways. This study compared the expression of PI3K isoforms by ASM cells from donors with asthma (A), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or neither disease (NA), and investigated the role of PI3K isoforms in the production of TGFβ1 induced pro‐inflammatory cytokine and contractile proteins in ASM cells. A cells expressed higher basal levels of p110δ mRNA compared to NA and COPD cells; however COPD cells produced more p110δ protein. TGFβ1 increased 110δ mRNA expression to the same extent in the three groups. Neither the p110δ inhibitor IC87114 (1, 10, 30 µM), the p110β inhibitor TGX221 (0.1, 1, 10 µM) nor the PI3K pan inhibitor LY294002 (3, 10 µM) had any effect on basal IL‐6, calponin or smooth muscle α‐actin (α‐SMA) expression. However, TGFβ1 increased calponin and α‐SMA expression was inhibited by IC87114 and LY294002 in all three groups. IC87114, TGX221, and LY294002 reduced TGFβ1 induced IL‐6 release in a dose related manner in all groups of ASM cells. PI3K p110δ is important for TGFβ1 induced production of the contractile proteins calponin and α‐SMA and the proinflammatory cytokine IL‐6 in ASM cells, and may therefore be relevant as a potential therapeutic target to treat both inflammation and airway remodeling. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 3044–3052, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self-presentation and self-promotion in an organizational setting

Abstract This study investigated the self-presentational tactic of self-promotion among individuals enrolled in a legislative intern program. The interns received a survey from either their supervisor or another intern in which they assessed their future financial aspirations and performed self-evaluations. They either wrote or did not write their names on the survey before returning it to the supervisor or peer. As expected, the interns tended to engage in the most self-promotion when their surveys were public and were returned to their supervisors.
REALIZATION OF A CERTAIN CLASS OF SEMI-GROUPS AS VALUE SEMI-GROUPS OF VALUATIONS

Given a well-ordered semi-group with a minimal sys- tem of generators of ordinal type at most ! n 1 and of rational rank r, which satisfies a positivity and increasing condition, we construct a zero-dimensional valuation centered on the ring of polynomials with r variables such that the semi-group of the values of the polynomial ring is equal to . The construction uses a generalization of Favre and Jonsson's version of MacLane's sequence of key-polynomials (3).
Time Is Money: Polychronicity as a Predictor of Performance Across Job Levels

This series of studies examined the construct and criterion-related validity of polychronicity (i.e., preferences and attitudes associated with multitasking) in managerial and nonmanagerial jobs. A person–situation approach was taken to understand the individual differences and job demand characteristics that help explain the relationship between polychronicity and job performance. Hypotheses were tested with two samples of employees in different organizations (N = 222 and 168, respectively). Results provide support for polychronicity as a predictor of job performance and a correlate of other individual differences measures (e.g., personality, job-relevant skills). In addition, polychronicity accounted for variance in job performance beyond personality, biodata, and ability. Results are discussed in the context of future research and applications for identifying contexts in which polychronicity is a salient predictor.
European Respiratory Society guidelines for the diagnosis and management of lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare lung disease, which occurs sporadically or in association with the genetic disease tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) 1, 2. Sporadic LAM affects ∼1 in 400,000 adult females; in TSC, LAM occurs in 30–40% of adult females 3, 4 and exceptionally in males and children 5, 6. Patients with LAM usually develop progressive dyspnoea and recurrent pneumothorax, chylous collections and occasional haemoptysis 1. Extra pulmonary lymphadenopathy and cystic masses of the axial lymphatics termed lymphangioleiomyomas can result in abdominal and pelvic lymphatic obstruction 7. LAM is often associated with angiomyolipoma in the kidneys 8, and an increased frequency of meningioma 9. LAM varies in clinical features and rate of progression: this together with an absence of clear prognostic factors results in patients being given conflicting information about prognosis. Diagnosis is made by tissue biopsy (generally from the lung but occasionally from lymph nodes or lymphangioleiomyomas) and/or a combination of history and high-resolution computed tomography scanning (HRCT). Pathological diagnosis relies on characteristic LAM cell morphology and positive immunoreactivity to smooth muscle actin and HMB-45 antibodies. Increasingly HRCT is used to diagnose LAM without resorting to lung biopsy; however a number of conditions with multiple pulmonary cysts can mimic LAM. As LAM is rare, there have been no controlled trials of its management. Supportive treatment includes management of airflow obstruction and hypoxaemia with bronchodilators and oxygen respectively, specific treatment for surgical or pleural complications including pneumo- and chylothorax, and interventional treatment of renal lesions 10, 11. As LAM is a disease of females and is thought to be accelerated by oestrogen, oophorectomy, tamoxifen, progesterone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues have been used without evidence that they are effective. The recent finding of abnormalities in the TSC1/2 genes resulting …