Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differences in resting metabolic rate between paraplegic and able-bodied subjects are explained by differences in body composition.

BACKGROUND Little is known about the relation between body composition and energy metabolism in paraplegia. OBJECTIVE We investigated the relation between body composition and energy metabolism in healthy paraplegics as compared with able-bodied control subjects. We hypothesized that paraplegics would have lower fat-free mass (FFM), body cell mass (BCM), resting metabolic rate (RMR), and thermic effect of feeding (TEF). DESIGN This cross-sectional study included 34 control subjects and 28 paraplegics (mean age: 29.1 +/- 7.6 and 33.9 +/- 9.2 y, respectively) with body mass indexes (in kg/m(2)) of 23.5 +/- 1.8 and 24.3 +/- 6.0, respectively. We measured RMR and TEF with indirect calorimetry, total body water with deuterium dilution, and extracellular water with corrected bromide space. We calculated FFM (total body water/0.732) and BCM [(total body water - extracellular water)/0.732)]. RESULTS FFM was higher in control subjects than in paraplegics (77.2 +/- 7.2% and 69.2 +/- 8.7%, respectively; P = 0.0002), as were BCM (47.4 +/- 6.7% and 35.9 +/- 8.1%, respectively; P < 0.0001) and RMR (7016 +/- 935 and 6159 +/- 954 kJ/d, respectively; P = 0.0007). FFM was the single best predictor of RMR in both groups (r(2) = 0.83 for control subjects and 0.70 for paraplegics, P < 0.0001 for both). RMR adjusted for FFM did not differ significantly between control subjects and paraplegics (6670 +/- 504 and 6588 +/- 501 kJ/d, respectively). TEF also did not differ significantly between control subjects and paraplegics (6.25 +/- 2.2% and 5.53 +/- 1.8% of energy intake, respectively). CONCLUSIONS FFM, BCM, and RMR, but not obligatory TEF, are lower in paraplegics than in control subjects. RMR does not differ between control and paraplegic subjects after adjustment for FFM, indicating similar metabolic activity in the fat-free compartment of the body.
Does Right-Sided Language Lateralization on BOLD-fMRI Affect Postoperative Language Outcome for AVM Patients?

AIM For cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) involving language areas, right-sided language lateralization on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been reported, which is regarded as language cortex reorganization. The authors attempted to study if this right-sided language lateralization affects postoperative language outcome. MATERIAL AND METHODS Clinical and imaging data of 43 right-handed AVM patients who underwent preoperative fMRI were retrospectively reviewed. All lesions involved the language cortex, with the Broca area involved in 13 patients and the Wernicke area involved in 30 patients. Lateralization indices (LI) of BOLD signal activations were calculated to determine language lateralization. All patients underwent craniotomy and total resection. Western aphasia battery (WAB) was used to evaluate language functions preoperatively, 1-2 weeks after surgery and 6-30 months after surgery. RESULTS On preoperative fMRI, right-sided lateralization was observed in 18 patients (41.9%, R Group), including 3 with rightsided lateralization in the Broca area alone, 14 in the Wernicke area alone, and 1 in both areas. The other 25 patients were non-rightsided lateralized (NR Group). One week after surgery, 7 patients in the R Group (38.9%) and 11 patients in the NR Group (44.0%) had language function deterioration, and no significant difference was found (p=0.983). At long-term follow-up, 3 patients in the R Group (16.7%) and 4 patients in the NR Group (16.0%) still had aphasia, and no significant difference was observed (p=1.000). CONCLUSION Although right-sided lateralization on fMRI might suggest language cortex reorganization, it is not a factor predicting better postoperative language outcome for AVM patients.
Atomic Force Microscopy in Characterizing Cell Mechanics for Biomedical Applications: A Review

Cell mechanics is a novel label-free biomarker for indicating cell states and pathological changes. The advent of atomic force microscopy (AFM) provides a powerful tool for quantifying the mechanical properties of single living cells in aqueous conditions. The wide use of AFM in characterizing cell mechanics in the past two decades has yielded remarkable novel insights in understanding the development and progression of certain diseases, such as cancer, showing the huge potential of cell mechanics for practical applications in the field of biomedicine. In this paper, we reviewed the utilization of AFM to characterize cell mechanics. First, the principle and method of AFM single-cell mechanical analysis was presented, along with the mechanical responses of cells to representative external stimuli measured by AFM. Next, the unique changes of cell mechanics in two types of physiological processes (stem cell differentiation, cancer metastasis) revealed by AFM were summarized. After that, the molecular mechanisms guiding cell mechanics were analyzed. Finally the challenges and future directions were discussed.
Exercise Therapy for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review

To achieve excellent glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes, an adequate prescription of exercise therapy is required. The meta-analyses proposed that high-intensity training improves metabolic parameters in patients with pre-diabetes or type 2 diabetes and low physical activity is associated with an increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes. Here, we would introduce literatures about effects of physical activity on mortality, cardiovascular events, and metabolic parameters, to encourage understanding of exercise therapy, and then describe how to prescribe exercise therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes. We also show the usefulness of non-exercise activity thermogenesis for diabetic patients who cannot perform volitional sporting-like exercise because of diabetic complication and/or comorbidity, by presenting results of our previous studies.
Energy metabolism in African Americans: potential risk factors for obesity.

BACKGROUND Recent reports have identified a lower resting metabolic rate in African Americans than in whites, but most studies included only females and used short-term measurements with ventilated-hood systems. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to compare 24-h measurements of energy metabolism between African American and white women and men using a respiratory chamber. DESIGN Thirty-eight African American (x +/- SD: 32 +/- 7 y of age, 24 +/- 10% body fat) and 288 white (31 +/- 7 y of age, 26 +/- 12% body fat) subjects spent 24 h in a respiratory chamber for measurement of 24-h energy expenditure (24EE), sleeping metabolic rate (SMR), 24-h respiratory quotient (24RQ), and substrate oxidation rates. RESULTS After adjustment for sex, age, and body composition (by hydrodensitometry), African Americans had lower SMR (-301 +/- 105 kJ/d; P < 0.01) and higher 24RQ (0.014 +/- 0.004; P < 0.001) than whites, whereas 24EE was similar. A sex-specific analysis, using a subset of 38 whites with an equal sex distribution and similar age and body weight, revealed that African American women had lower SMR (-442 +/- 182 kJ/d; P < 0.05) and lower 24EE (-580 +/- 232 kJ/d; P < 0.05), but similar 24RQ values compared with white women. African American men tended to have lower SMRs than white men (-355 +/- 188 kJ/d; P = 0. 07), but had higher 24RQ values, accounting for a 992 +/- 327-kJ/d lower 24-h fat oxidation rate (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS These data not only confirm the findings of a lower metabolic rate in African American than in white women, but also suggest that fat oxidation is lower in African American men than in white men.
Genetic analysis of cellulose crystallization in Gluconacetobacter xylinus

In nature, polysaccharides, such as cellulose, are important biopolymers involved in numerous biological functions including prevention of cellular desiccation, energy storage, osmoregulation, and cell wall formation. Apart from having a relevant biological role, cellulose also has a great economic importance. For instance, cellulose provides the raw material for paper and textile production, and it is predicted to become a key precursor for glucose-derived ethanol. The mechanisms underlying cellulose biosynthesis are not completely understood. Elucidation of these mechanisms are essential for efficient cellulose production and industrial applications. In an effort to gain a better understanding of the cellulose biosynthesis process and its regulation, the crystallization of cellulose was investigated in Gluconacetobacter xylinus mutants resistant to a novel inhibitor of cellulose I formation known as pellicin. Through the use of forward genetics and site-directed mutagenesis, the mutations A449T and A449V in the G. xylinus BcsA protein were found to be important to confer high levels of pellicin resistance. Phenotypic analysis of the BcsA A449T and BcsA A449V mutants did not reveal other apparent phenotypic alterations when compared to the wild type. This suggests that these mutations are exclusively involved in cellulose crystallization. The localization of the A449 amino acid residue in the BcsA protein and structural analysis of both the native and the mutant BcsA proteins, by means of 3D modelling, suggest that pellicin may inhibit cellulose crystallization either by affecting the translocation process of the glucan within the BcsA protein or by allosterically altering protein-protein interactions.
Biochemical and Molecular Roles of Nutrients Unsaturated Fatty Acids Associated with Glycogen May Inhibit Glucose-6 Phosphatase in Rat Liver

This study was conducted to identify the nature of a glycogen-associated compound that had been shown to inhibit glucose-6 phosphatase in vitro. Glycogen was purified from the liver of fed rats by potassium hydroxyde digestion and ethanol precipitation. It inhibited glucose-6 phosphatase in microsomes isolated from rats deprived of food for 48 h. Two glycogen-associated fractions were purified by anion-exchange chromatography on DOWEX 1 (200–400 mesh). These fractions inhibited microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase activity in vitro (80 { 2 and 76 { 3% of control, respectively). After chromatography, glycogen was no longer inhibitory (101 { 3% of control). Because glycogen is associated with endoplasmic reticulum membranes in the liver, we tested the hypothesis that lipids could be involved in the inhibitory process. Lipids were extracted from glycogen by Folch’s method and analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography. The glycogen-associated fractions did not contain complex lipids but contained unsaturated fatty acids, which had been shown previously to inhibit glucose-6-phosphatase in vitro. Because the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in both fractions quantitatively accounted for the inhibition of glucose-6 phosphatase observed, and because noninhibitory chromatographed glycogen reconstituted with equivalent amounts of pure unsaturated fatty acids inhibited the enzyme as glycogen did, we conclude that unsaturated fatty acids likely constitute the glycogen-associated compound that inhibits glucose-6 phosphatase activity. J. Nutr. 127:2289–2292, 1997.
Vitamin E dietary supplementation significantly affects multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease in baboons.

BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is a widely accepted risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the CVD benefit of dietary antioxidants, such as vitamin E, is controversial. OBJECTIVE Therefore, we have investigated, in the baboon model, the effects of dietary vitamin E supplementation on risk factors for CVD. DESIGN Pedigreed baboons (n = 251) were fed 2 atherogenic diets, high in fat and cholesterol, that differed in vitamin E concentrations. After 7 wk on each diet, blood samples were taken, and a panel of CVD risk factor traits (ie, indicators of lipoprotein metabolism and oxidative stress) were measured. RESULTS Vitamin E supplementation caused significantly higher total antioxidant status (TAS) and lower oxidized LDL as expected. In addition, vitamin E caused 2 paradoxical effects on HDL metabolism: higher apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) concentrations and lower HDL sizes. We calculated a difference (Delta) variable for each trait as the value on the high-vitamin E diet minus that on the low-vitamin E diet and determined that several HDL concentration Delta variables were significantly correlated with Delta TAS, but only one, Delta apo A-I, was independently correlated. Genetic analyses showed that 2 Delta variables, Delta paraoxonase and Delta HDL(2), were significantly heritable, but that neither Delta TAS nor Delta apo A-I were heritable. CONCLUSIONS Thus, our data show that dietary vitamin E improves TAS and LDL quality. They also show 2 apparently paradoxical effects on HDL metabolism: lower HDL(2), which is mediated by genes, and higher apo A-I, which is not. These effects have contrasting associations with CVD risk and may help account for the mixed results from clinical trials of dietary vitamin E.
Implementation of a 4-y, high-fiber, high-fruit-and-vegetable, low-fat dietary intervention: results of dietary changes in the Polyp Prevention Trial.

BACKGROUND The Polyp Prevention Trial (PPT) was a multicenter randomized clinical trial designed to determine the effects of a high-fiber (4.30 g/MJ), high-fruit-and-vegetable (0.84 servings/MJ), low-fat (20% of energy from fat) diet on the recurrence of adenomatous polyps in the large bowel. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to determine whether the PPT intervention plan could effect change in 3 dietary goals and to examine the intervention's effect on the intake of other food groups and nutrients. DESIGN Participants with large-bowel adenomatous polyps diagnosed in the past 6 mo were randomly assigned to either the intervention (n = 1037) or the control (n = 1042) group and remained in the trial for 4 y. Three dietary assessment instruments were used to measure dietary change: food-frequency questionnaires (in 100% of the sample), 4-d food records (in a 20% random cohort), and 24-h dietary recalls (in a 10% random sample). RESULTS Intervention participants made and sustained significant changes in all PPT goals as measured by the dietary assessment instruments; the control participants' intakes remained essentially the same throughout the trial. The absolute differences between the intervention and control groups over the 4-y period were 9.7% of energy from fat (95% CI: 9.0%, 10.3%), 1.65 g dietary fiber/MJ (95% CI: 1.53, 1.74), and 0.27 servings of fruit and vegetables/MJ (95% CI: 0.25, 0.29). Intervention participants also reported significant changes in the intake of other nutrients and food groups. The intervention group also had significantly higher serum carotenoid concentrations and lower body weights than did the control group. CONCLUSION Motivated, free-living individuals, given appropriate support, can make and sustain major dietary changes over a 4-y period.
Clone tag detection in distributed RFID systems

Although Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is poised to displace barcodes, security vulnerabilities pose serious challenges for global adoption of the RFID technology. Specifically, RFID tags are prone to basic cloning and counterfeiting security attacks. A successful cloning of the RFID tags in many commercial applications can lead to many serious problems such as financial losses, brand damage, safety and health of the public. With many industries such as pharmaceutical and businesses deploying RFID technology with a variety of products, it is important to tackle RFID tag cloning problem and improve the resistance of the RFID systems. To this end, we propose an approach for detecting cloned RFID tags in RFID systems with high detection accuracy and minimal overhead thus overcoming practical challenges in existing approaches. The proposed approach is based on consistency of dual hash collisions and modified count-min sketch vector. We evaluated the proposed approach through extensive experiments and compared it with existing baseline approaches in terms of execution time and detection accuracy under varying RFID tag cloning ratio. The results of the experiments show that the proposed approach outperforms the baseline approaches in cloned RFID tag detection accuracy.
Melodic Contour and Mid-Level Global Features Applied to the Analysis of Flamenco Cantes

This work focuses on the topic of melodic characterization and similarity in a specific musical repertoire: a cappella flamenco singing, more specifically in debla and martinete styles. We propose the combination of manual and automatic description. First, we use a state-of-the-art automatic transcription method to account for general melodic similarity from music recordings. Second, we define a specific set of representative mid-level melodic features, which are manually labelled by flamenco experts. Both approaches are then contrasted and combined into a global similarity measure. This similarity measure is assessed by inspecting the clusters obtained through phylogenetic algorithms and by relating similarity to categorization in terms of style. Finally, we discuss the advantage of combining automatic and expert annotations as well as the need to include repertoire-specific descriptions for meaningful melodic characterization in traditional music collections.
The Influence of Intraoperative Testing on Surgical Decision-making During Cochlear Implantation.

OBJECTIVE To review our use of intraoperative testing during cochlear implantation (CI) and determine its impact on surgical decision-making. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective chart review. SETTING Tertiary referral center. PATIENTS A total of 197 children and adults who underwent a total of 266 primary and/or revision CI by a single surgeon from 2010 to 2015. INTERVENTION Intraoperative electrophysiologic monitoring including evoked compound action potentials and electrical impedances. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Whether surgical management was changed based on intraoperative testing. RESULTS In only 2 of 266 patients (0.8%), the back-up device was used due to findings on intraoperative testing. In three patients (1.1%), X-ray was performed intraoperatively to confirm intracochlear electrode placement, which was found to be normal in all patients. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that with respect to CI in children and adults in straightforward cases (e.g., normal anatomy, nondifficult insertion, etc.), routine intraoperative evoked compound action potentials, impedances, and imaging rarely influence surgical decision-making in our clinic and may have limited usefulness in these patients. The implications of this are discussed and a review of the literature is presented.
Effects of binge eating on satiation, satiety, and energy intake of overweight children.

BACKGROUND Children who report episodes of binge eating gain more weight than do children not reporting binge eating. However, how binge eating affects children's food intake at meals is unknown. OBJECTIVE We compared the energy intake and postmeal satiety of children with and without a history of binge eating during buffet meals. DESIGN Sixty overweight children aged 6-12 y were categorized into those reporting past binge-eating episodes (n = 10) and those reporting no such episodes (n = 50). Children selected lunch twice from a multiple-item, 9835 kcal, buffet meal: after an overnight fast and after a standardized breakfast. Children ate ad libitum, until they reported they were full. The main outcome measures were energy intake during meals and duration of postmeal satiety, after adjustment for covariates, including age, race, sex, socioeconomic status, and body composition. RESULTS After the overnight fast, children in the binge-eating group consumed more energy [x (+/-SD): 1748 +/- 581 compared with 1309 +/- 595 kcal; P = 0.04] and exhibited a shorter satiety duration (194 +/- 84 compared with 262 +/- 89 min; P = 0.03) than did children in the non-binge-eating group. After the standardized breakfast, binge-eating children reported a shorter satiety duration (75 +/- 62 compared with 132 +/- 62 min; P = 0.01) and consumed more energy at the postbreakfast meal (1874 +/- 560 compared with 1275 +/- 566 kcal; P = 0.004). CONCLUSION The ability to consume large quantities of palatable foods, coupled with decreased subsequent satiety, may play a role in the greater weight gain found in binge-eating children.
The brain parenchyma has a type I interferon response that can limit virus spread

Significance The brain parenchyma is considered to be “immune privileged” based upon differences between the innate and adaptive immune responses of the brain and those of the periphery. This work provides a clear demonstration of an innate immune response to direct infection by a virus, a response that is capable of limiting the spread of the virus along neuronal circuitry. The question of the brain parenchyma’s response to a viral infection has implications for the use of viruses as tools by neuroscientists, for vaccine development, and for potential clinical applications. Additionally, the approach used here provides a framework for further examination of the immunologic state of the brain as well as the mechanisms by which encephalitic viruses circumvent this response. The brain has a tightly regulated environment that protects neurons and limits inflammation, designated “immune privilege. ” However, there is not an absolute lack of an immune response. We tested the ability of the brain to initiate an innate immune response to a virus, which was directly injected into the brain parenchyma, and to determine whether this response could limit viral spread. We injected vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a transsynaptic tracer, or naturally occurring VSV-derived defective interfering particles (DIPs), into the caudate–putamen (CP) and scored for an innate immune response and inhibition of virus spread. We found that the brain parenchyma has a functional type I interferon (IFN) response that can limit VSV spread at both the inoculation site and among synaptically connected neurons. Furthermore, we characterized the response of microglia to VSV infection and found that infected microglia produced type I IFN and uninfected microglia induced an innate immune response following virus injection.
Thoracic Disease Identification and Localization with Limited Supervision

Accurate identification and localization of abnormalities from radiology images play an integral part in clinical diagnosis and treatment planning. Building a highly accurate prediction model for these tasks usually requires a large number of images manually annotated with labels and finding sites of abnormalities. In reality, however, such annotated data are expensive to acquire, especially the ones with location annotations. We need methods that can work well with only a small amount of location annotations. To address this challenge, we present a unified approach that simultaneously performs disease identification and localization through the same underlying model for all images. We demonstrate that our approach can effectively leverage both class information as well as limited location annotation, and significantly outperforms the comparative reference baseline in both classification and localization tasks.