Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Natural Products from Marine Organisms and Their Associated Microbes

The marine environment is distinguished by unique groups of organisms being the source of a wide array of fascinating structures. The enormous biodiversity of marine habitats is mirrored by the molecular diversity of secondary metabolites found in marine animals, plants and microbes. The recognition that many marine invertebrates contain endo‐ and epibiotic microorganisms and that some invertebrate‐derived natural products are structurally related to bacterial metabolites suggests a microbial origin for some of these compounds. Other marine natural products, however, are clearly located in invertebrate tissue and microbial involvement in the biosynthetic process seems unlikely. The complexity of associations in marine organisms, especially in sponges, bryozoans and tunicates, makes it extremely difficult to definitively state the biosynthetic source of many marine natural products or to deduce their ecological significance. Whereas many symbiotic marine microorganisms cannot be isolated and cultured, numerous epi‐ and endobiotic marine fungi produce novel secondary metabolites in laboratory cultures. The potent biological activity of many marine natural products is of relevance for their ecological function but is also the basis of their biomedical importance.
Acting as Participatory Sense-Making

I artikeln undersoker jag skadespelarens arbete som ”forkroppsligad subjunktivitet”, dvs fran aspekten ”vad skulle jag gora om jag var i rollfigurens situation”? Jag diskuterar detta i relation till en enaktiv teori om social interaktion, namligen den om ”Participatory sense-making”, (”deltagande meningsskapande”), som utvecklats av Hanne de Jaegher och Ezequiel Paolo. Med exempel hamtade ur en kand film, Francis Ford Coppolas Gudfadern, visar jag pa likheter mellan de Jaeghers och Paolos teori om Participatory Sense Making och Konstantin Stanislavskis beskrivning av skadespelarens arbete i relation till dramats ”givna omstandigheterna”. Jag visar ocksa med exempel och citat fran den tysk-engelska performance-gruppen Gob Squad hur aven skadespelande i icke-fiktiv teater kan vara en fraga om aktion i relation till ”givna omstandigheter” och hur alltsa aven detta skadespelande kan vara ett exempel pa ”participatory sense making”. (Less)
Reliability and concurrent validity of a new iPhone® goniometric application for measuring active wrist range of motion: a cross‐sectional study in asymptomatic subjects

Measurement of wrist range of motion (ROM) is often considered to be an essential component of wrist physical examination. The measurement can be carried out through various instruments such as goniometers and inclinometers. Recent smartphones have been equipped with accelerometers and magnetometers, which, through specific software applications (apps) can be used for goniometric functions. This study, for the first time, aimed to evaluate the reliability and concurrent validity of a new smartphone goniometric app (Goniometer Pro©) for measuring active wrist ROM. In all, 120 wrists of 70 asymptomatic adults (38 men and 32 women; aged 18–40 years) were assessed in a physiotherapy clinic located at the School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Science and Health Services, Tehran, Iran. Following the recruitment process, active wrist ROM was measured using a universal goniometer and iPhone® 5 app. Two blinded examiners each utilized the universal goniometer and iPhone® to measure active wrist ROM using a volar/dorsal alignment technique in the following sequences: flexion, extension, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation. The second (2 h later) and third (48 h later) sessions were carried out in the same manner as the first session. All the measurements were conducted three times and the mean value of three repetitions for each measurement was used for analysis. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) models (3, k) and (2, k) were used to determine the intra‐rater and inter‐rater reliability, respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficients were used to establish concurrent validity of the iPhone® app. Good to excellent intra‐rater and inter‐rater reliability was demonstrated for the goniometer with ICC values of ≥ 0.82 and ≥ 0.73 and the iPhone® app with ICC values of ≥ 0.83 and ≥ 0.79, respectively. Minimum detectable change at the 95% confidence level (MDC95) was computed as 1.96 × standard error of measurement × √2. The MDC95 ranged from 1.66° to 5.35° for the intra‐rater analysis and from 1.97° to 6.15° for the inter‐rater analysis. The concurrent validity between the two instruments was high, with r values of ≥ 0.80. From the results of this cross‐sectional study, it can be concluded that the iPhone® app possesses good to excellent intra‐rater and inter‐rater reliability and concurrent validity. It seems that this app can be used for the measurement of wrist ROM. However, further research is needed to evaluate symptomatic subjects using this app.
No Significant Translocation of Inhaled 35-nm Carbon Particles to the Circulation in Humans

Human pulmonary retention of 35 nm 99mTc-labeled carbonaceous particles, produced with a modified Technegas generator, was followed for 24 h using a gamma camera imaging technique. Nine healthy subjects and four asthmatics inhaled the test particles. Particle labeling stability was tested in vitro during 48 h. We also measured in vivo leaching in blood and in urine for 24 h. One additional subject was exposed to particles with unstable labeling. There were no significant differences between healthy and asthmatic subjects in any of the parameters studied. Particle retention after 24 h was 102% (SD ± 4.7). Cumulative in vitro leaching of 99mTc activity from the particles was 1.7% (±1.1) after 24 h. In blood samples, 80 min after exposure, 1.1% (± 0.4) of initially deposited activity was detected and 91% of the activity was not bound to particles. In urine sampled during the first 24 h after exposure, 3.6% (± 0.9) of lung deposited activity was detected. Lung retention was 30% after 1 h in the subject exposed to the leaching aerosol (n = 1). Thirty-one percent of the deposited activity was detected in the blood after 80 min and 80% was not bound to particles. Fifty percent of the activity was excreted with urine within 24 h. On gamma camera images the activity visibly translocated from lungs to thyroid and gastrointestinal tract. In conclusion, over a 24-h period there was no significant translocation of inhaled 35-nm particles to the systemic circulation.
Cache-Aided Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access

In this paper, we propose a novel joint caching and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme to facilitate advanced downlink transmission for next generation cellular networks. In addition to reaping the conventional advantages of caching and NOMA transmission, the proposed cache-aided NOMA scheme also exploits cached data for interference cancellation which is not possible with separate caching and NOMA transmission designs. Furthermore, as caching can help to reduce the residual interference power, several decoding orders are feasible at the receivers, and these decoding orders can be flexibly selected for performance optimization. We characterize the achievable rate region of cache-aided NOMA and investigate its benefits for minimizing the time required to complete video file delivery. Our simulation results reveal that, compared to several baseline schemes, the proposed cache-aided NOMA scheme significantly expands the achievable rate region for downlink transmission, which translates into substantially reduced file delivery times.
Sexual Transmission Risk Behavior of Adolescents With HIV Acquired Perinatally or Through Risky Behaviors

Objective: To describe the prevalence and predictors of the transmission-related behaviors of adolescents with HIV acquired perinatally (perinatal) or through risky behaviors (behavioral). Methods: HIV-positive adolescents (n = 166) aged 13-21, receiving care in 3 US cities, reported sexual behaviors, drug use, and psychosocial and demographic characteristics. HIV-related data were abstracted from medical records. Results: Of 105 sexually experienced adolescents reporting risk history (42 perinatal, 63 behavioral), 49 had engaged in unprotected sex since learning their diagnosis (12 perinatal, 37 behavioral). Of sexually experienced girls, 19 had been pregnant (5 of 24 perinatal, 14 of 31 behavioral). Risk information was provided for 115 of 132 recent sex partners, 61 of whom had unprotected sex with study participants (10 with 8 perinatal participants; 51 with 33 behavioral participants). Recent unprotected sex was associated with sexual abuse during adolescence (adjusted odds ratio = 9.61, 95% CI: 1.07 to 86.12) and greater HIV knowledge (adjusted odds ratio = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.66) when transmission category, age, and sexual orientation were controlled. Conclusions: To limit HIV transmission and prevent unplanned pregnancies, developmentally appropriate risk-reduction interventions, and screening and treatment referral for sexual abuse, must be integrated into the care of both perinatally and behaviorally HIV-infected adolescents.
The Long Arm of Adolescence: School Health Behavioral Environments, Tobacco and Alcohol Co-Use, and the 5HTTLPR Gene

Although sociologists, demographers, and others have thoroughly studied contextual and life course influences on tobacco and alcohol use in adolescence and young adulthood, far less attention has been paid to the determinants of tobacco and alcohol co-use. This is important to remedy because co-use has a nonadditive effect on long-term health. In this article, we use nationally representative, longitudinal data from adolescents and young adults to examine patterns of joint tobacco and alcohol use behaviors across the life course. Importantly, we describe how these trajectories are linked to respondents’ high school’s joint profile of tobacco and alcohol use, measured two ways: as the proportion of tobacco and alcohol co-users, and as the “excess proportion” above that expected based on the marginal probabilities of smoking and drinking in that school. Joint tobacco and alcohol use is associated with both measures, emphasizing the “long arm” of adolescent contexts. Furthermore, we extend previous research to assess whether there is a gene-environment interaction between this school-level measure, 5HTTLPR, and tobacco and alcohol co-use, as suggested by recent work analyzing drinking and smoking separately. We find evidence of such a pattern but conclude that it is likely to be due to population stratification or other forms of confounding.
Isolation of the braZ gene encoding the carrier for a novel branched-chain amino acid transport system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO

The braZ gene for a novel branched-chain amino acid transport system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO was isolated and characterized. Determination of the nucleotide sequence showed that the braZ gene comprises 1,311 nucleotides specifying a protein of 437 amino acids. Hydropathy analysis suggested that the product is an integral membrane protein with 12 membrane-spanning segments. The amino acid sequence showed extensive homology to those of the braB and brnQ gene products, branched-chain amino acid carriers of P. aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium, respectively. By using the T7 RNA polymerase-promoter system, the braZ gene product was identified as a protein of an apparent Mr of 34,000 on a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel. Properties of the transport system encoded by braZ were studied by using P. aeruginosa PAO3537, defective in both the high- and low-affinity branched-chain amino acid transport systems (LIV-I and LIV-II, respectively). The transport system encoded by braZ was found to be another effective branched-chain amino acid transport system in P. aeruginosa PAO and was thus designated as LIV-III. This system is specific for isoleucine and valine, giving the same Km value of 12 microM for these amino acids. The system was found, however, to have a very low affinity for leucine, with a Km value of 150 microM, which contrasts with the substrate specificities of LIV-I and LIV-II.
Generation Rescheduling and Load Shedding to Alleviate Line Overloads-System Studies

A basic mathematical model to describe the problem of line overload alleviation has been developed in a companion paper. Algorithms for solving the modeland suitable for incorporation in the Newton-Raphson and decoupled load flow programs are also described. In this paper, the effectiveness of the proposed techniques is examined using a six bus model of the Saskatchewan Power Corporation system, and the IEEE 14, 30 and 57-bus test systems. A single pass of generation rescheduling and load shedding has been found to be adequate for alleviating line overloads in almost all the systems studied. Computational time of each pass of these techniques is approximately 1/2 to 3/4th of the computational time required for the initial load flow. Storage requirements are slightly more than the requirements of the load flow technique used. The proposed techniques identify and determine the existence of a physically realizable operating condition to alleviate the line overload condition. The techniques appear attractive for security and reliability studies, and for operational planning
Segmentation of Page Images Using the Area Voronoi Diagram

This paper presents a method of page segmentation based on the approximated area Voronoi diagram. The characteristics of the proposed method are as follows: (1) The Voronoi diagram enables us to obtain the candidates of boundaries of document components from page images with non-Manhattan layout and a skew. (2) The candidates are utilized to estimate the intercharacter and interline gaps without the use of domain-specific parameters to select the boundaries. From the experimental results for 128 images with non-Manhattan layout and the skew of 0°~45° as well as 98 images with Manhattan layout, we have confirmed that the method is effective for extraction of body text regions, and it is as efficient as other methods based on connected component analysis.
Juvenile and Family Drug Courts: Profile of Program Characteristics and Implementation Issues

This report was prepared by the OJP Drug Court Clearinghouse and Technical Assistance Project at American University, Washington D.C. This project is supported by Grant No. 95-DC-MX-K002 awarded by the Drug Courts Program Office, Office of Justice Programs. , U.S. Department of Justice. Points of view or opinions in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U. S. Department of Justice.
Economic Community Empowerment Through Tourist Village Development

The village is the governance structure at the bottom and directly in contact with the public. The village has the potential and assets that can be developed to build public welfare. Therefore, the village government has a strategic role in the economic empowerment of the community. The village government of Bleberan exploit the potential and assets for economic empowerment of communities through the development of tourism village. This study aims to assess the measures undertaken by the Bleberan village government in building a tourism village and its impact on the local economy. Research conducted qualitatively by the method of collecting data through observation, interview, and documentation. In addition, the questionnaire is used to complete the data. Based on the research it was found that the construction of tourism village is done through the stages of village potential exploration, build a dream, strategy, and action. Meanwhile, economic empowerment is done through awareness, provision of facilities, and training of skills. The result of development of tourism village impact on work opportunities, increased income, and investment growth in the tourism business for the local community.
Evidence of calcium‐ and SNARE‐dependent release of CuZn superoxide dismutase from rat pituitary GH3 cells and synaptosomes in response to depolarization

The antioxidant enzyme CuZn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is secreted by many cell lines. However, it is not clear whether SOD1 secretion is only constitutive or can be regulated in an activity‐dependent fashion. Using rat pituitary GH3 cells that express voltage‐dependent calcium channels and are subjected to Ca2+ oscillations, we found that treatment with high K+‐induced SOD1 release that was significantly higher than the constitutive secretion. Evoked SOD1 release was correlated with depolarization‐dependent calcium influx and was virtually abolished by removal of extracellular calcium with EGTA or by pre‐incubation of GH3 cells with Botulinum toxin A that cleaves the SNARE protein SNAP‐25. Immunofluorescence experiments performed in GH3 cells and rat brain synaptosomes showed that K+‐depolarization induced a marked depletion of intracellular SOD1 immunoreactivity, an effect that was again abolished in the absence of extracellular calcium or after treatment with Botulinum toxin A. Subcellular fractionation analysis showed that SOD1 was present in large dense core vesicles. These data clearly show that, in addition to the constitutive SOD1 secretion, depolarization induces an additional rapid calcium‐dependent SOD1 release in GH3 cells and in rat brain synaptosomes. This likely occurs through exocytosis from SOD1‐containing vesicles operated by the SNARE complex.
Occurrence of the New Tetracycline Resistance Gene tet(W) in Bacteria from the Human Gut

ABSTRACT Members of our group recently identified a new tetracycline resistance gene, tet(W), in three genera of rumen obligate anaerobes. Here, we show that tet(W) is also present in bacteria isolated from human feces. The tet(W) genes found in human Fusobacterium prausnitzii andBifidobacterium longum isolates were more than 99.9% identical to those from a rumen isolate of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens.
Schwann cells genetically modified to secrete human BDNF promote enhanced axonal regrowth across transected adult rat spinal cord

The infusion of BDNF and NT‐3 into Schwann cell (SC) grafts promotes regeneration of brainstem neurones into the grafts placed in adult rat spinal cord transected at T8 ( Xu et al. 1995b ). Here, we compared normal SCs with SCs genetically modified to secrete human BDNF, grafted as trails 5 mm long in the cord distal to a transection site and also deposited in the transection site, for their ability to stimulate supraspinal axonal regeneration beyond the injury. SCs were infected with the replication‐deficient retroviral vector pL(hBDNF)RNL encoding the human preproBDNF cDNA. The amounts of BDNF secreted (as detected by ELISA) were 23 and 5 ng/24 h per 106 cells for infected and normal SCs, respectively. Biological activity of the secreted BDNF was confirmed by retinal ganglion cell bioassay. The adult rat spinal cord was transected at T8. The use of Hoechst prelabelled SCs demonstrated that trails were maintained for a month. In controls, no SCs were grafted. One month after grafting, axons were present in SC trails. More 5‐HT‐positive and some DβH‐positive fibres were observed in the infected vs. normal SC trails. When Fast Blue was injected 5 mm below the transection site (at the end of the trail), as many as 135 retrogradely labelled neurones could be found in the brainstem, mostly in the reticular and raphe nuclei (normal SCs, up to 22, mostly in vestibular nuclei). Numerous neurones were labelled in the ventral hypothalamus (normal SCs, 0). Also, following Fast Blue injection, a mean of 138 labelled cells was present in dorsal root ganglia (normal SCs, 46) and spinal cord (39 vs. 32) rostral to the transection. No labelled spinal neurones rostral to the transection were seen when SCs were not transplanted. Thus, the transplantation of SCs secreting increased amounts of BDNF improved the regenerative response across a transection site in the thoracic cord. Moreover, the enhanced regeneration observed with infected SCs may be specific as the largest response was from neurones known to express trkB.
Human Cdc25 A inactivation in response to S phase inhibition and its role in preventing premature mitosis

The Cdc25 A phosphatase is required for the G1–S transition of the cell cycle and is overexpressed in human cancers. We found that it is ubiquitylated and rapidly degraded by the proteasome and that its levels increase from G1 until mitosis. By treating cells with the DNA synthesis inhibitor hydroxyurea, Cdc25 A rapidly decreased in abundance, and this was accompanied by an increase in Cdk2 phosphotyrosine content and a decrease in Cdk2 kinase activity. Cdc25 A overexpression altered the ability of cells to arrest in the presence of hydroxyurea, and caused them to undergo premature chromosome condensation. Cdc25 A overexpression could render tumor cells less sensitive to DNA replication checkpoints, thereby contributing to their genomic instability.
Conditional cash transfer impact evaluation: an evaluation of the costa rican secondary education program Avancemos

This paper evaluates the impact of Avancemos, a conditional cash transfer program in Costa Rica. Specifically, this paper measures the impact on student desertion for the first year of the program using a panel created with the Household Surveys for Multiple Purposes for the years 2006 and 2007, elaborated by the National Institute of Statistics and Census. Using econometric tools and quasi-experimental methodologies such as Propensity Score Matching and difference-in-differences, we find a positive impact associated to the program for desertion and reinsertion. Specifically, for between 10 and 16 percent of the students who did not leave high school, it was only due to Avancemos, meaning that without the program they would have abandoned their studies. This is why we can conclude that Avancemos had a positive impact according to its planned objectives of preventing dropouts and ensuring their reinsertion.
Genotoxic and oxidative stress‐inducing effects of deltamethrin in the erythrocytes of a freshwater biomarker fish species, Channa punctata Bloch

Deltamethrin, an α‐cyano class of pyrethroid insecticide is used in insect pest control and antimalaria programs in several countries including India. Although various toxic manifestations of deltamethrin are reported in mammals, its ecotoxicologic dimensions are not adequately researched in ecologically and commercially important fishes. In this study, we report genotoxic effect of deltamethrin in a biomarker fish Channa punctata (Bloch). Adult fish were exposed to three concentrations of technical grade deltamethrin (0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 μg/L) for 48 and 72 h. Ethyl methane sulfonate was used as a positive control. Fish were analyzed for induction of micronucleus (MN), nuclear abnormalities (NAs), and oxidative stress biomarkers in erythrocytes. Deltamethrin significantly induced MN and NAs accompanied by increased lipid peroxidation. Activity of antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase was significantly decreased but an increase was observed in reduced glutathione level after 72 h of exposure. The NAs in exposed fish included blebbed, lobed and notched nuclei, and binucleated erythrocytes. Our findings suggest that oxidative stress may, in part, be contributing to deltamethrin‐induced genotoxic damage to erythrocytes. Although MN induction is a nonspecific biomarker, it may provide an indication of pollution load of deltamethrin in the affected fish population when used as part of suite of other biomarkers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2009.