Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modernizing historical Slovene words with character-based SMT

We propose a language-independent word normalization method exemplified on modernizing historical Slovene words. Our method relies on character-based statistical machine translation and uses only shallow knowledge. We present the relevant lexicons and two experiments. In one, we use a lexicon of historical word‐ contemporary word pairs and a list of contemporary words; in the other, we only use a list of historical words and one of contemporary ones. We show that both methods produce significantly better results than the baseline.
On the Hamming-Like Upper Bound on the Minimum Distance of LDPC Codes 1

In [1] a Hamming-like upper bound on the minimum distance of regular binary LDPC codes is given. In this paper we extend the bound to the case of irregular and generalized LDPC codes over Fq. The bound is shown to lie under the Varshamov–Gilbert bound at high rates.
Sequence-based bias analysis of spontaneous facial expression databases

In this paper, cross-corpora evaluations are used to analyze the bias of spontaneous facial expression databases. Local binary pattern and Gabor feature are extracted from difference-image sequences. A Hidden Markov Model is used as the classifier to discriminate arousal (i.e. high versus low) and valence (i.e. positive versus negative) respectively. Four datasets are adopted, including: UT-Dallas, USTC-NVIE, DEAP and MAHNOB. Experimental results indicate that there exists bias among different spontaneous facial expression databases. The bias may reduce the generalization performance of algorithm trained on these databases. The emotion induction stimulus, the variety of subjects, and the segmentation may have caused such a bias.
THE REALITIES OF ORPHANED CHILDREN LIVING IN CHILD-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS

The HIV and AIDS epidemic has drastically changed the world in which children live in (Gruskin & Tarantola in Foster, Levine & Williamson, 2005:135). As a leading cause of adult mortality, the epidemic has led to many children becoming orphans worldwide. This disrupts children’s social roles, rights and obligations because as children become orphaned, there is often a premature shouldering of the burdens of adulthood without the rights, privileges and strengths associated with adult status (Barnett & Whiteside, 2006:223). The burdens of adulthood include taking care of younger siblings, providing psychological support for one another, providing for the economic needs of the family and household management (Department of Social Development, 2008:141; Mkhize, 2006:74-82). Germann (2005:364) and Mkhize (2006:82) assert that these children experience difficulties in performing these adult roles because of their tender age.
Online Search Scope Reconstruction by Connectivity Inference

To cope with the continuing growth of the web, improvements should be made to the current brute-force techniques commonly used by robot-driven search engines. We propose a model that strikes a balance between robot and directory- based search engines by expanding the search scope of conventional directories to automatically include related categories. Our model makes use of a knowledge-rich and well- structured corpus to infer relationships between documents and topic categories. We show that the hyperlink structure ofWikipedia articles can be effectively exploited to identify relations among topic categories. Our experiments show the average recall rate and precision rate achieved are 91% and between 85% and 215% of Google's respectively.
Aminoglycoside Resistance Rates, Phenotypes, and Mechanisms of Gram-Negative Bacteria from Infected Patients in Upper Egypt

With the re-emergence of older antibiotics as valuable choices for treatment of serious infections, we studied the aminoglycoside resistance of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from patients with ear, urinary tract, skin, and gastrointestinal tract infections at Minia university hospital in Egypt. Escherichia coli (mainly from urinary tract and gastrointestinal tract infections) was the most prevalent isolate (28.57%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (25.7%) (mainly from ear discharge and skin infections). Isolates exhibited maximal resistance against streptomycin (83.4%), and minimal resistance against amikacin (17.7%) and intermediate degrees of resistance against neomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. Resistance to older aminoglycosides was higher than newer aminoglycoides. The most common aminoglycoside resistance phenotype was that of streptomycin resistance, present as a single phenotype or in combination, followed by kanamycin-neomycin as determined by interpretative reading. The resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were capable of producing aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes and using efflux as mechanisms of resistance. Using checkerboard titration method, the most frequently-observed outcome in combinations of aminoglycosides with β-lactams or quinolones was synergism. The most effective combination was amikacin with ciprofloxacin (100% Synergism), whereas the least effective combination was gentamicin with amoxicillin (53.3% Synergistic, 26.7% additive, and 20% indifferent FIC indices). Whereas the studied combinations were additive and indifferent against few of the tested strains, antagonism was never observed. The high resistance rates to aminoglycosides exhibited by Gram-negative bacteria in this study could be attributed to the selective pressure of aminoglycoside usage which could be controlled by successful implementation of infection control measures.
Learning Style Preferences of Student Teachers: A Cross-Cultural Perspective.

All students learn, but not all learn in the same way. Educational researchers postulate that everyone has a learning style. This article examines how cultural variability is reflected in the learning style of students in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and United States. In this study, the learning styles of over 300 students in Teacher Education Institutions in Egypt; Saudi Arabia and United States of America were examined with What’s My Learning Style? Instrument developed by Steinbach (1993).
Motivation, depression, and naturalistic time-based prospective remembering

This study investigated the effect of a motivational manipulation on naturalistic time-based prospective memory (PM) task performance. The association between depression and PM task performance was also investigated. First-year psychology students were required to send mobile phone text messages (SMSs) at a specific time 3 days and 6 days after an initial meeting. During the delay period participants recorded details of the retrieval whenever they remembered the SMS task. Participants given the incentive of extra course credit (motivation condition) outperformed their counterparts on the PM tasks, and showed a greater increase in the reported frequency of self-initiated retrievals on target days. Depression was negatively correlated with PM task performance. The findings suggest that motivational instructions impact the controlled processes underlying PM.
Constructing Sentiment Lexicons in Norwegian from a Large Text Corpus

Sentiment lexicons are useful to automatically extract sentiment from text. In this paper, we generate several Norwegian sentiment lexicons by extracting sentiment information from two different types of Norwegian text corpus, namely, news corpus and discussions forums. The methodology is based on the Point wise Mutual Information (PMI). We introduce a modification of the PMI that considers small "blocks" of the text instead of the text as a whole. The rational of this modification is to counter the detrimental effect of the length of the text on the PMI and on the quality of the lexicon. The high computational cost due to the huge amount of textual information to be processed in addition to our modified PMI formula is tackled efficiently by relying heavily on parallelization using Map-Reduce and Mongo DB shards. Movie and product reviews are used to evaluate the generated sentiment lexicons to correctly classify review ratings. The lexicon exhibits a satisfactory performance when evaluated, in particular when considering the context change in the corpuses. In fact, surprisingly enough, sentiment lexicon generated from large News corpus exhibits a satisfactory performance when tested on annotated product and movie reviews despite that the later two have different contexts, bearing similarity to the notion of Transfer Learning [1] reported in the literature. Some suggestions on how to increase the performance are proposed. All the sentiment lexicons are publicly available for those that are interested.
Trust in Chinese relational networks: Moving from guanxi to xinren

IMP researchers’ interest in China and Asia as a source of inspiration for understanding the nature of relationships and networks has been growing (Björkman & Kock 1995; Fang 2001; Fang & Kriz 2000; Yeoh & Wilkinson 2003). Guanxi, the mandarin word for “relationships”, “connections”, or “personal connects”, has been widely regarded as the most important success factors in the Chinese business literature. However, few researchers have identified at an empirical level the Chinese view of xinren (defined in this article as deep trust) and what it encompasses (Wong 1996; Tong & Yong 1998) and importantly, less have highlighted that guanxi does not necessarily contain xinren. The aim of this paper is to convey and develop new insights with the analysis and findings of two studies on Chinese markets (Fang 1999; Kriz, 2002). This paper suggests that success in China is built on interpersonal xinren and not, as most are suggesting, on guanxi. In Chinese markets it becomes evident that guanxi opens the door but it is xinren that determines how well you will be treated once you are in. The study provides reinforcement to the researchers in IMP that there is much to be learnt about relationships and networks by investigating cultures in China and Asia. 1 Lecturer, Central Coast School of eBusiness and Management, University of Newcastle, PO Box 127, Chittaway Road, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia. Ph: 61 2 4348 4107 Fax: 61 2 4348 4101. Email: anton.kriz@newcastle.edu. au 2 Assistant Professor, School of Business, Stockholm University, Sweden. Email: tony.fang@fek.su. se
Measuring the Performance of Multimedia Instruction Sets

Many microprocessor instruction sets include instructions for accelerating multimedia applications such as DVD playback, speech recognition, and 3D graphics. Despite general agreement on the need to support this emerging workload, there are considerable differences between the instruction sets that have been designed to do so. In this paper, we study the performance of five instruction sets on kernels extracted from a broad multimedia workload. We compare the performance of contemporary implementations of each extension against each other as well as to the original compiled C performance. From our analysis, we determine how well multimedia workloads map to current instruction sets, noting what was useful and what was not. We also propose two enhancements: fat subwords and strided memory operations.
A BIST approach to delay fault testing with reduced test length

A cost-effective built-in self testing (BIST) method for the detection of delay faults is presented. A multiple-input signature register (MISR) with a constant parallel input vector is used as a test pattern generator. To reduce the test length of the MISR, a two-step approach is proposed. First, deterministic delay test generation is employed to determine a set of two-pattern tests which detect all testable path delay faults. Second, a minimal number of constant MISR input vectors is calculated such that the state sequences generated by the MISR include the pre-determined test set. The second step is formulated as a set covering problem. As the number of MISR input vectors may be exponential in the number of stages of the MISR, their calculation and the set covering are performed implicitly with BDDs. Experimental results reveal that in almost all considered cases a maximum robust path delay fault coverage is obtained with less than 100 MISR input vectors. <<ETX>>
Multiple Experiments for the Causal Link between the Quantity and Quality of Children

This article presents evidence on the child-quantity/child-quality trade-off using quasi-experimental variation due to twin births and preferences for a mixed sibling sex composition, as well as ethnic differences in the effects of these variables. Our sample includes groups with very high fertility. An innovation in our econometric approach is the juxtaposition of results from multiple instrumental variables strategies, capturing the effects of fertility over different ranges for different sorts of people. To increase precision, we develop an estimator that combines different instrument sets across partially overlapping parity-specific subsamples. Our results are remarkably consistent in showing no evidence of a quantity-quality trade-off.
On quantifying qualitative geospatial data: a probabilistic approach

Living in the era of data deluge, we have witnessed a web content explosion, largely due to the massive availability of User-Generated Content (UGC). In this work, we specifically consider the problem of geospatial information extraction and representation, where one can exploit diverse sources of information (such as image and audio data, text data, etc), going beyond traditional volunteered geographic information. Our ambition is to include available narrative information in an effort to better explain geospatial relationships: with spatial reasoning being a basic form of human cognition, narratives expressing such experiences typically contain qualitative spatial data, i.e., spatial objects and spatial relationships. To this end, we formulate a quantitative approach for the representation of qualitative spatial relations extracted from UGC in the form of texts. The proposed method quantifies such relations based on multiple text observations. Such observations provide distance and orientation features which are utilized by a greedy Expectation Maximization-based (EM) algorithm to infer a probability distribution over predefined spatial relationships; the latter represent the quantified relationships under user-defined probabilistic assumptions. We evaluate the applicability and quality of the proposed approach using real UGC data originating from an actual travel blog text corpus. To verify the quality of the result, we generate grid-based "maps" visualizing the spatial extent of the various relations.
Connections between women's glass ceiling beliefs, explanatory style, self-efficacy, career levels and subjective success

The glass ceiling metaphor is frequently used in scholarly and popular literature to describe the obstacles and barriers in front of women seeking promotions to the top levels of organizations. This thesis aims to contribute to the literature on the causes and consequences of glass ceilings, as well as explore ways to dismantle glass ceilings. It consists of five papers: a theoretical paper plus four empirical papers describing cross-sectional studies. The papers are linked as they each take a cognitive approach: the first three papers investigate glass ceiling beliefs and the next two papers investigate explanations about workplace situations, positive and negative. The studies follow a growing trend to examine the roles of positive psychology constructs in organizational psychology. Positive psychology constructs investigated throughout this thesis include resilience, optimism, occupational self-efficacy, work engagement, career satisfaction, wellbeing and happiness. The research program captured in these papers makes two major contributions to the literature. First, there is the development and validation of two new instruments which are relevant to women and men working in any organization. The first instrument, the Career Pathways Survey (CPS) measures beliefs about glass ceilings. The other instrument, the Workplace Explanations Survey (WES), measures optimism in organizations by assessing workplace explanations. Consequently, the second contribution of this thesis is the identification of a range of significant relationships between glass ceiling beliefs and workplace explanations with subjective career success indicators, occupational self-efficacy (OSE), gender and career levels. The first paper (Chapter 2) presents a unique approach to reviewing literature on glass ceilings. The review examines many of the diverse metaphors and labels that are used to highlight insights into the career advancement of women. This paper includes a classification of metaphors based on whether or not they imply characteristics of women help perpetuate the gender imbalance in leadership positions. The second paper (Chapter 3) describes the development of the CPS which allows quantitative comparisons of women's beliefs about glass ceilings. Analysis of data from two samples of women (N = 243 and N = 307) yielded a four-factor model of attitudes to glass ceilings: Resilience, Denial, Acceptance and Resignation. The factors demonstrated good internal consistency. The CPS was developed in response to the scarcity of instruments in this area, as well as psychometric concerns about the available measures. The major purpose of the third paper (Chapter 4) was to test the concurrent validity of the CPS by exploring how women’s glass ceiling beliefs are related to five major indicators of subjective career success: career satisfaction, happiness, psychological wellbeing, physical health and work engagement (WE). Regression analyses based on data from 258 women working in Australian organizations showed Denial was positively associated…
Trace Element Analysis by PIXE in Soil Samples of Hazaribagh Tannery Area

The trace elements level in 18 soil samples from Hazaribagh tannery area. Dhaka, Bangladesh, were determined using proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) method. Cr content in the samples studied was found remarkably high, which is inherent in I ether tanning process. Cr concentrations varied from 105.7 5 to 5913.33 pg/g with a mean of 1672.23:1:45 ! Jglg. Significantly increased amount of the elements K, Fe, Co. Ni, Cu, Rb and Sr was observed in the samples as well. Concentrations of K ranged from 4836.96 to 6730.38 ! J.glg with a mean of 5537.50:H9 ~tg/g. Concentrations of Fe ranged from 21551.53 to 37306.17 pg/g with a mean of 29073.24131 11g/g. The mean concentrations of Co, Ni, Cu. Rb and Sr were 46.471. 16, 47.19:t3, 32.7H3, 176.80H5 and 125.30UO ~tg/g, respectively. The concentrations ofTi, Mn, Zn, As, Br, Zr and Pb were in the same order as in IAEA standard soil-7 sample. But the concentrations of toxic elements As and Pb were higher than the standard concentration. The presence of the elevated amount of the hazardous heavy metals was primarily due to extremely high concentration of these elements in tannery effluent discharging to the ground without proper treatri1ent.
Annotea and Semantic Web Supported Collaboration

Like any other technology, the Semantic Web cannot succeed if the applications using it do not serve the needs of the users. Annotea is a Semantic Web based project for which the inspiration came from users' collaboration problems in the Web. It examined what users did naturally and selected familiar metaphors for supporting better collaboration. The selected metaphors were a good match also for demonstrating the use of the Semantic Web technologies. Metadata was generated in the form of Annotea objects. It enhanced collaboration by adding flexibility to the applications and easy creation of different views. Furthermore, Annotea objects also let users to make the metadata available beyond its original purpose for many other Semantic Web applications. The first phase of Annotea introduced Web annotations and replies, that formed reply threads, and the second phase, bookmarks and topics. All of these concepts are commonly used familiar metaphors that are general enough to suit for various purposes. As a result, normal users can easily create RDF metadata that can be merged, queried and mixed with other metadata.
Reconciling work and family life for French mothers in the Sarkozy era

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse work‐family reconciliation policy during the Sarkozy presidency in France, assessing the extent to which Sarkozy's injunction on the French to “work more to earn more” has provided a new frame for policy in this area.Design/methodology/approach – The paper analyses the policy debates and initiatives concerning work‐family reconciliation in France since 2007 and seeks to identify the frames of reference concerning the problems of and solutions to combining paid work and parenthood which have structured this policy process.Findings – The change in employment policy away from work‐sharing and towards activation of previously economically‐inactive groups has influenced work‐family reconciliation policy in that both incentive measures (creation of more collective and subsidised childcare places) and coercive measures (reduction of the length of parental leave benefits) have been put in place or debated in order to increase the number of mothers of young childre.
Continuous Time Bayesian Networks

In this paper we present a language for finite state continuous time Bayesian networks (CTBNs), which describe structured stochastic processes that evolve over continuous time. The state of the system is decomposed into a set of local variables whose values change over time. The dynamics of the system are described by specifying the behavior of each local variable as a function of its parents in a directed (possibly cyclic) graph. The model specifies, at any given point in time, the distribution over two aspects: when a local variable changes its value and the next value it takes. These distributions are determined by the variable's current value and the current values of its parents in the graph. More formally, each variable is modelled as a finite state continuous time Markov process whose transition intensities are functions of its parents. We present a probabilistic semantics for the language in terms of the generative model a CTBN defines over sequences of events. We list types of queries one might ask of a CTBN, discuss the conceptual and computational difficulties associated with exact inference, and provide an algorithm for approximate inference which takes advantage of the structure within the process.