Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analyzing multiple logs for forensic evidence 5

Information stored in logs of a computer system is of crucial importance to gather forensic evidence of investigated actions or attacks. Analysis of this information should be rigorous and credible, hence it lends itself to formal methods. We propose a model checking approach to the formalization of the forensic analysis of logs. A set of logs is modeled as a tree whose labels are events extracted from the logs. In order to provide a structure to these events, we express each event as a term of algebra. The signature of the algebra is carefully chosen to include all relevant information necessary to conduct the analysis. Properties of the model, attack scenarios, and event sequences are expressed as formulas of a logic having dynamic, linear, temporal, and modal characteristics. Moreover, we provide a tableau-based proof system for this logic upon which a model checking algorithm can be developed. We use our model in a case study to demonstrate how events leading to an SYN attack can be reconstructed from a number of system logs. a 2007 DFRWS. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Censor networks: a critique of "sensor networks" from a systems perspective

This writeup presents a critique of the field of "Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)". Literature in this domain falls into two main, distinct categories: (1) algorithms or protocols, and (2) applicationcentric system design. A striking observation is that references across these two categories are minimal, and superficial at best. We argue that this is not accidental, and is the result of three main flaws in the former category of work. Going forward, an applicationdriven, bottom-up approach is required for meaningful articulation and subsequent solution of any networking issues in WSNs.
Approximation of definable sets by compact families, and upper bounds on homotopy and homology

We prove new upper bounds on homotopy and homology groups of o‐minimal sets in terms of their approximations by compact o‐minimal sets. In particular, we improve the known upper bounds on Betti numbers of semialgebraic sets defined by quantifier‐free formulae and obtain, for the first time, a singly exponential bound on Betti numbers of sub‐Pfaffian sets.
ESACS: an integrated methodology for design and safety analysis of complex systems

The continuous increase of system complexity – stimulated by the higher complexity of the functionality provided by software-based embedded controllers and by the huge improvement in the computational power of hardware – requires a corresponding increase in the capability of design and safety engineers to maintain adequate safety and reliability levels. Emerging techniques, like formal methods, have the potential of dealing with the growing complexity of such systems and are increasingly being used for the development of critical systems (e.g., aircraft systems, nuclear plants, railways systems), where at stake are not only delays in delivering products and economical losses, but also environmental hazards and public confidence. However, the use of formal methods during certain critical system development phases, e.g. safety analysis, is still at an early stage. In this paper we propose a new methodology, based on these novel techniques and supported by commercial and state-of-the-art tools, whose goal is to improve the safety analysis practices carried out during the development and certification of complex systems. The key ingredient of our methodology is the use of formal methods during both system development and safety analysis. This allows for a tighter integration of safety assessment and system development activities, fast system prototyping, automated safety assessment since the early stages of development, and tool-supported verification and validation. more thorough verification of the system’s correctness with respect to the requirements, by using automated procedures. However, the use of formal methods for safety analysis purposes is still at an early stage. Moreover, even when formal methods are applied during system development, the information linking the design and the safety assessment phases is often carried out by means of informal specifications. The link between design and safety analysis may be seen as an “over the wall process” (Fenelon et al., 1994). A solution to the issues mentioned above is to perform the safety assessment analysis in some automated way, directly from a formal system model originating from the design and safety engineer. This approach is being developed and investigated within the ESACS project (Enhanced Safety Assessment for Complex Systems), an European Union sponsored project in the area of safety analysis, involving several research institutions and leading companies in the fields of avionics and aerospace. The methodology developed within the ESACS project is supported by state-of-the-art and commercial tools for system modeling and traditional safety analysis tools and is being trialed on a set of industrial case studies. Outline of the paper. This paper is structured as follows. In the next section we present the ESACS approach and illustrate its use through a simple example. In section 3 we present the architecture of the ESACS platform. Finally, in section 4 we draw some conclusions and discuss related work.
Feedback-based reasoning process for behavior selection during long-term interaction

This paper focused on the effectiveness of the feedback-based reasoning process for managing long-term interaction. We propose the interaction process based on self-reference that a robotic system iteratively evaluates the status and the feedback during turn-based interaction. The result of reasoning process in the previous step is added to input queues, which also generates queries to reasoning to next behaviors. Assuming that reasoning process determines appropriate behaviors, we testified the effects of feedback-based reasoning in two different examples.
A MODEL TO COMPARE THE DEGREE OF REFACTORING OPPORTUNITIES OF THREE PROJECTS USING A MACHINE ALGORITHM

Refactoring is applied to the software artifacts so as to improve its internal structure, while preserving its external behavior. Refactoring is an uncertain process and it is difficult to give some units for measurement. The amount to refactoring that can be applied to the source-code depends upon the skills of the developer. In this research, we have perceived refactoring as a quantified object on an ordinal scale of measurement. We have a proposed a model for determining the degree of refactoring opportunities in the given source-code. The model is applied on the three projects collected from a company. UML diagrams are drawn for each project. The values for source-code metrics, that are useful in determining the quality of code, are calculated for each UML of the projects. Based on the nominal values of metrics, each relevant UML is represented on an ordinal scale. A machine learning tool, weka, is used to analyze the dataset, imported in the form of arff file, produced by the three projects.
Workflow-Based Office Automation Decision-Making Support System

This article is about how to design and realistic a workflow-based office automation decision-making support system, it focuses on how to control workflow circulation through authorize control and how to use the knowledge that produced in the process of workflow through knowledge storage and inference. How to collect information from workflow files is always a problem, this article introduce an easy solution to solve it, through embed an ActiveX control DsoFramer into the web, which can edit word files and abstract information from it automation. The system is based on B/S structure, which has the advantage of convenient for maintain. To make usage more facility and efficiency, system assembled document and graphic processing module on one web page, user can modify work related graphic and insert it into working documents easily.
The mental health and psychosocial problems of survivors of torture and genocide in Kurdistan, Northern Iraq: a brief qualitative study.

BACKGROUND From 1986-9, the Kurdish population of Iraqi Kurdistan was subjected to an intense campaign of military action, and genocide by the central Iraq government. This campaign, referred to as the Anfal, included systematic attacks consisting of aerial bombings, mass deportation, imprisonment, torture, and chemical warfare. It has been estimated that around 200,000 Kurdish people disappeared. PURPOSE To gain a better understanding of current priority mental health and psychosocial problems among Kurdish survivors of the Anfal, and to inform the subsequent design of culturally appropriate and relevant assessment instruments and services to address these problems. The study examined 1) the nature and cause of current problems of survivors of torture and/or civilian attacks and their families, 2) what survivors do to address these problems, and 3) what they felt should be done. METHODS We used a grounded theory approach. Free list interviews with a convenience sample (n=42) explored the current problems of Kurdish persons affected by torture. Subsequent key informant interviews (n=21) gathered more detailed information on the priority mental health problem areas identified in the free list interviews. RESULTS Major mental health problem areas emerging from the free list interviews (and explored in the key informant interviews) included 1) problems directly related to the torture, 2) problems related to the current situation, and 3) problems related to the perception and treatment by others in the community. Problems were similar, but not identical, to Western concepts of depression, anxiety, PTSD and related trauma, and traumatic grief. CONCLUSION Iraqi Kurdish torture survivors in Iraq have many mental health and psychosocial problems found among torture survivors elsewhere. The findings suggest that the problems are a result of the trauma experienced as well as current stressors. Development of mental health assessment tools and interventions should therefore address both previous trauma and current stressors.
Multipedia: enriching DBpedia with multimedia information

Enriching knowledge bases with multimedia information makes it possible to complement textual descriptions with visual and audio information. Such complementary information can help users to understand the meaning of assertions, and in general improve the user experience with the knowledge base. In this paper we address the problem of how to enrich ontology instances with candidate images retrieved from existing Web search engines. DBpedia has evolved into a major hub in the Linked Data cloud, interconnecting millions of entities organized under a consistent ontology. Our approach taps into the Wikipedia corpus to gather context information for DBpedia instances and takes advantage of image tagging information when this is available to calculate semantic relatedness between instances and candidate images. We performed experiments with focus on the particularly challenging problem of highly ambiguous names. Both methods presented in this work outperformed the baseline. Our best method leveraged context words from Wikipedia, tags from Flickr and type information from DBpedia to achieve an average precision of 80%.
Public release of N-body simulation and related data by the Virgo consortium

We are making available on the WWW a selection of the archived data from N-body simulations carried out by the Virgo consortium and related groups. This currently includes: (i) time-slice, lightcone and cluster data from the two $10^9$-particle Hubble volume simulations described by Evrard 1998; (ii) time-slice data from simulations of 4 different cold dark matter cosmological models with $256^3$ particles analysed by Jenkins et al 1998; (iii) Dark halo catalogs, merger trees and galaxy catalogs from the GIF project described by Kauffmann et al 1999. Basic software is supplied to read the data. The data can be accessed from: this http URL
Brain SIRT1: Anatomical Distribution and Regulation by Energy Availability

SIRT1 is a nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide-dependent deacetylase that orchestrates key metabolic adaptations to nutrient deprivation in peripheral tissues. SIRT1 is induced also in the brain by reduced energy intake. However, very little is known about SIRT1 distribution and the biochemical phenotypes of SIRT1-expressing cells in the neuraxis. Unknown are also the brain sites in which SIRT1 is regulated by energy availability and whether these regulations are altered in a genetic model of obesity. To address these issues, we performed in situ hybridization histochemistry analyses and found that Sirt1 mRNA is highly expressed in metabolically relevant sites. These include, but are not limited to, the hypothalamic arcuate, ventromedial, dorsomedial, and paraventricular nuclei and the area postrema and the nucleus of the solitary tract in the hindbrain. Of note, our single-cell reverse transcription-PCR analyses revealed that Sirt1 mRNA is expressed in pro-opiomelanocortin neurons that are critical for normal body weight and glucose homeostasis. We also found that SIRT1 protein levels are restrictedly increased in the hypothalamus in the fasted brain. Of note, we found that this hypothalamic-specific, fasting-induced SIRT1 regulation is altered in leptin-deficient, obese mice. Collectively, our findings establish the distribution of Sirt1 mRNA throughout the neuraxis and suggest a previously unrecognized role of brain SIRT1 in regulating energy homeostasis.
Measurement of reduced glutathione (GSH) in human brain using LCModel analysis of difference‐edited spectra

The concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH), an antioxidant, may be altered in various brain diseases. MEGA‐PRESS was used to edit for the 1H NMR signal from GSH in the occipital lobe of 12 normal humans. In all studies, GSH was clearly detected with a spectral pattern consistent with spectra acquired from a phantom containing GSH. Retention of singlet resonances in the subspectra, a key advantage of this difference‐editing technique, provided an unambiguous reference for the offset and phase of the edited signal. Linear combination model (LCModel) analysis provided an unbiased means for quantifying signal contribution from edited metabolites. GSH concentration was estimated from the in vivo spectra as 1.3 ± 0.2 μmol/g (mean ± SD, n = 12). Magn Reson Med 50:19–23, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of differential DNA methylation in repetitive DNA of mice and humans perinatally exposed to bisphenol A

ABSTRACT Developmental exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) has been shown to induce changes in DNA methylation in both mouse and human genic regions; however, the response in repetitive elements and transposons has not been explored. Here we present novel methodology to combine genomic DNA enrichment with RepeatMasker analysis on next-generation sequencing data to determine the effect of perinatal BPA exposure on repetitive DNA at the class, family, subfamily, and individual insertion level in both mouse and human samples. Mice were treated during gestation and lactation to BPA in chow at 0, 50, or 50,000 ng/g levels and total BPA was measured in stratified human fetal liver tissue samples as low (non-detect to 0.83 ng/g), medium (3.5 to 5.79 ng/g), or high (35.44 to 96.76 ng/g). Transposon methylation changes were evident in human classes, families, and subfamilies, with the medium group exhibiting hypomethylation compared to both high and low BPA groups. Mouse repeat classes, families, and subfamilies did not respond to BPA with significantly detectable differential DNA methylation. In human samples, 1251 individual transposon loci were detected as differentially methylated by BPA exposure, but only 19 were detected in mice. Of note, this approach recapitulated the discovery of a previously known mouse environmentally labile metastable epiallele, CabpIAP. Thus, by querying repetitive DNA in both mouse and humans, we report the first known transposons in humans that respond to perinatal BPA exposure.
Examining Correlations in Usability Data to Effectivize Usability Testing

Based on a case study performed in industry, this work deals with a statistical analysis of data collected during usability testing. The data is from tests performed by usability testers from two companies in two dierent countries. One problem in the industrial situation is the scarcity of testing resources, and a need to use these resources in the most ecient way. Therefore, the data from the testing is analysed to see whether it is possible to measure usability on the basis of one single metric, and whether it is possible to judge usability problems on the basis of the distribution of use case completion times. This would allow test leaders to concentrate on situations where there are obvious problems. We find that it is not possible to measure usability through the use of one metric, but that it may be possible to gain indications of usability problems on the basis of an analysis of time taken to perform use cases. This knowledge would allow the collection of usability data from distributed user groups, and a more ecient use of scarce testing resources.
Coinfection of wild ducks by influenza A viruses: distribution patterns and biological significance

Coinfection of wild birds by influenza A viruses is thought to be an important mechanism for the diversification of viral phenotypes by generation of reassortants. However, it is not known whether coinfection is a random event or follows discernible patterns with biological significance. In the present study, conducted with viruses collected throughout 15 years from a wild-duck population in Alberta, Canada, we identified three discrete distributions of coinfections. In about one-third of the events, which involved subtypes of viruses that appear to be maintained in this duck reservoir, coinfection occurred at rates either close to or significantly lower than one would predict from rates of single-virus infection. Apparently, the better adapted an influenza A virus is to an avian population, the greater is its ability to prevent coinfections. Conversely, poorly adapted, nonmaintained viruses were significantly overrepresented as coinfectants. Rarely encountered subtypes appear to represent viruses whose chances of successfully infiltrating avian reservoirs are increased by coinfection. Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and pintails (A. acuta) were significantly more likely to be infected by a single influenza A virus than were the other species sampled, but no species was significantly more likely to be coinfected. These observations provide the first evidence of nonrandom coinfection of wild birds by influenza A viruses, suggesting that reassortment of these viruses in a natural population does not occur randomly. These results suggest that even though infections may occur in a species, all subtypes are not maintained by all avian species. They also suggest that specific influenza A virus subtypes are differentially adapted to different avian hosts and that the fact that a particular subtype is isolated from a particular avian species does not mean that the virus is maintained by that species.
Realizing the integrative capacity of educational mixed methods research teams: using a complexity-sensitive strategy to boost innovation

ABSTRACT Educational research teams are increasingly recognized as an optimal configuration for addressing more complex mixed methods research problems; however, their development is often approached as a conventional research collaboration rather than an integrative one. An approach informed by complexity theory provides the practical guidance for studying mixed methods research teams as complex adaptive systems with the capacity for generating novel educational research outcomes greater than the sum of individual contributions alone. In this paper, I advance a complexity-sensitive strategy through which to realize the integrative capacity of educational mixed methods research teams comprising of four interrelated elements: membership, contributions, interactions, and performance. These elements embody amalgamations from a decade of my readings of the literature and real-life professional experience. Each element is examined in light of the three key concepts of complex adaptive systems to describe the necessary conditions for emergence, influential challenges illustrating interdependency, and desirable individual and team adaptations. The study’s theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Appeal of Playing Online First Person Shooter Games

First Person Shooter Games (FPSG) such as Counter Strike are often the subject of public concern. Surprisingly, there is no published research available about playing these games. We conducted an exploratory Internet survey (n 5 751) in order to gather information about who the players of online first person shooters are, and why they spend time on playing this particular kind of video game. The results of our survey on the one hand confirmed the stereotype of the gamer as it is often presented in popular media: the players of online FPS were indeed almost exclusively young men (mean age about 18 years) who spend a lot of their leisure time on gaming (about 2.6 h per day). We also found that the most committed gamers, that is, the ones who were members of a (semi)professional clan, scored highest on motives with respect to competition, and challenge in comparison with members of amateur clans and online gamers who had not joined a clan. On the other hand, our results cast doubt on the accuracy of the stereotype. This study showed clearly that online FPSG are not played in isolation. More than 80% of our respondents were member of a clan. Also, the regression analysis showed that the social interaction motive was the strongest predictor of the time actually spend on gaming.
On Deﬁning Design Patterns to Generalize and Leverage Automated Constraint Solving

This position paper reﬂects on the generalization of adaptive methods for Constraint Programming (CP) solving mechanisms, and suggests the use of application-oriented descriptions as a means to broaden CP adoption in the industry. We regard as an adaptive method any procedure that modiﬁes the behavior of the solving process according to previous experience gathered from similar cases. Despite its design being much of a creativity matter, many patterns emerge from the comparison of existing methods. As a starting point, we propose a framework with design patterns for learning time, search modiﬁcation, and case discrimination. Those patterns provide a glimpse of the circumstances in which certain design choices are better suited than others, and thus deﬁne a language to handle and address application domains with diverse needs.
Utilizing micro-architecture parallelism to hide reclaiming operations for NAND multi-channel SSDs

Due to the unique erase-before-write characteristic of flash memories, flash-based solid-state disks (SSDs) use out-of-place update and require a garbage collection process to recycle invalid data space. This process brings extra operations and latencies, causing I/O blocking and performance degradation, especially when the device is close to be full. In this work, we use a parallel-unit-aware allocation policy for the internal migrating write and incoming requesting write, scheduling and packing all the operations together to utilize the micro-architecture parallelism of multi-channel SSDs. Trace-driven simulations reveal that the proposed design reduces 33.31% of response time, on average, thus improves the device performance.