Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Acetate metabolism in cell suspension cultures.

Cell suspension cultures of Paul's Scarlet rose were grown over a 14-day period, during which a 50-fold increase in fresh weight occurred. Three phases could be recognized from weight, DNA determinations, and microscopic examination. From days 0 to 7, cell division was accompanied by cell expansion; from days 7 to 10, only cell expansion occurred; and from days 10 to 14, there was no further growth.When acetate-1-(14)C was supplied continuously to 4-day and 12-day cells, (14)C was readily incorporated into lipid, CO(2), organic acids, amino acids, and protein. In the older cells, relatively greater amounts of (14)C were recovered in organic and amino acids, and accumulation of (14)C in these components continued after a steady rate of incorporation of (14)C into protein and (14)CO(2) had been established.Glutamate-(14)C was the most heavily labeled compound recovered after a pulse of acetate-1-(14)C in both cell types and was depleted when acetate-1-(14)C was removed, particularly rapidly in 4-day cells. (14)C was rapidly lost from the malate-(14)C labeled during the pulse of acetate-1-(14)C in 4-day cells, whereas malate-(14)C continued to increase in 12-day cells after the pulse. Glutamate-(14)C was shown to be the source of the (14)C accumulating in malate in 12-day cells.Several other soluble amino acids were labeled during a pulse of acetate-(14)C in both cell types. After the pulse most of the (14)C lost from these was recovered in the corresponding amino acid in protein, showing that only protein precursor pools had been labeled. The behavior of asparagine was exceptional since its (14)C content increased after the pulse and no turnover was apparent. The kinetics of labeling of aspartate, malate, and CO(2) showed that oxaloacetate generated in the tricarboxylic acid cycle following the pulse was not in equilibrium with aspartate.
Online Exploration for Detecting Shifts in Fresh Intent

In web search, recency ranking refers to the task of ranking documents while taking into account freshness as one of the criteria of their relevance. There are two approaches to recency ranking. One focuses on extending existing learning to rank algorithms to optimize for both freshness and relevance. The other relies on an aggregated search strategy: a (dedicated) fresh vertical is used and fresh results from this vertical are subsequently integrated into the search engine result page. In this paper, we adopt the second strategy. In particular, we focus on the fresh vertical prediction task for repeating queries and identify the following novel algorithmic problem: how to quickly correct fresh intent detection mistakes made by a state-of-the-art fresh intent detector, which erroneously detected or missed a fresh intent shift upwards for a particular repeating query (i.e., a change in the degree to which the query has a fresh intent). We propose a method for solving this problem. We use online exploration at the early start of what we believe to be a detected intent shift. Based on this exploratory phase, we correct fresh intent detection mistakes made by a state-of-that-art fresh intent detector for queries, whose fresh intent has shifted. Using query logs of Yandex, we demonstrate that our methods allow us to significantly improve the speed and quality of the detection of fresh intent shifts.
On image matrix based feature extraction algorithms

Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) are two important feature extraction methods and have been widely applied in a variety of areas. A limitation of PCA and LDA is that when dealing with image data, the image matrices must be first transformed into vectors, which are usually of very high dimensionality. This causes expensive computational cost and sometimes the singularity problem. Recently two methods called two-dimensional PCA (2DPCA) and two-dimensional LDA (2DLDA) were proposed to overcome this disadvantage by working directly on 2-D image matrices without a vectorization procedure. The 2DPCA and 2DLDA significantly reduce the computational effort and the possibility of singularity in feature extraction. In this paper, we show that these matrices based 2-D algorithms are equivalent to special cases of image block based feature extraction, i.e., partition each image into several blocks and perform standard PCA or LDA on the aggregate of all image blocks. These results thus provide a better understanding of the 2-D feature extraction approaches.
From the Aether to the Ethernet - Attacking the Internet using Broadcast Digital Television

In the attempt to bring modern broadband Internet features to traditional broadcast television, the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) consortium introduced a specification called Hybrid Broadcast-Broadband Television (HbbTV), which allows broadcast streams to include embedded HTML content which is rendered by the television. This system is already in very wide deployment in Europe, and has recently been adopted as part of the American digital television standard. Our analyses of the specifications, and of real systems implementing them, show that the broadband and broadcast systems are combined insecurely. This enables a large-scale exploitation technique with a localized geographical footprint based on radio frequency (RF) injection, which requires a minimal budget and infrastructure and is remarkably difficult to detect. Despite our responsible disclosure to the standards body, our attack was viewed as too expensive and with limited pay-off to the attackers. In this paper, we present the attack methodology and a number of follow-on exploitation techniques that provide significant flexibility to attackers. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the technical complexity and required budget are low, making this attack practical and realistic, especially in areas with high population density - in a dense urban area, an attacker with a budget of about $450 can target more than 20,000 devices in a single attack. A unique aspect of this attack is that, in contrast to most Internet of Things/Cyber-Physical System threat scenarios where the attack comes from the data network side and affects the physical world, our attack uses the physical broadcast network to attack the data network.
Brief Research Communication Association of the Tryptophan Hydroxylase Gene With Smoking Initiation But Not Progression to Nicotine Dependence

We investigated the association between two markers in the seventh intron of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene (TPH C218A and C779A) in a population-based case control study of 780 genotyped subjects. As in prior studies, the two markers were in strong linkage disequilibrium. The phenotypes we studied were smoking initiation and progression to nicotine dependence. Allele, genotype, and estimated haplotype frequencies for each marker were highly significantly different for smoking initiation (P<0.0004 for each comparison) and were nonsignificant for progression to nicotine dependence. An empirical test suggested that the positive results were unlikely to have resulted from population stratification. Our results are similar to those of Lerman et al. [2001: Am J Med Genet (Neuropsychiatr Genet) 105:000–000] in associating these TPH markers with a construct related to smoking initiation but dissimilar in the variable implicated. If these results replicate in other samples, the serotonergic system may be involved in the etiology of smoking initiation given the rate-limiting role of TPH in the biosynthesis of serotonin. s 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Dollars May Not Buy as Many QALYs as We Think:

The scale of health state quality that should be used to compute quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) ranges from 0 (death) to 1.0 (excellent health); this is called the "Q" scale. But many cost-utility analyses (CUAs) in the literature use the upper anchor of the scale to denote only the absence of the particular health condition under investigation, and weight the disease state proportional to this endpoint; these are called "q" scales. Computations using q-scale health-state weights ignore the fact that the average patient is still subject to chronic and acute conditions comorbid with the condition being analyzed; the absence of a particular condition is not in general the same as excellent health, i.e., the Q scale is longer than a q scale. CUAs based on q scales yield 'qALYs. " Incremental $/qALY ratios are generally lower than $/QALY ratios; in the example presented, $/qALY must be inflated by about 15% to yield $/QALY. Other CUAs correctly weight disease states using the Q scale, but erroneously assign a quality weight of 1.0 to absence of the disease in the CUA computations. The results of such analyses are called "NP-QALYs," as the correction factor to compute QALYs is not a simple proportional adjustment. The authors suggest that analysts doing cost-utility analyses without access to primary data from treated patients use average age-specific health-related quality-of-life weights from population-based studies to represent the state of not having a particular disease. Consumers of CUAs should closely examine the nature of the QALYs in any published analyses before making decisions based on their results. Key words: QALY; quality-adjusted life years; utility; quality-of-life assessment; cost-utility analysis; cost-effectiveness methodology. (Med Decis Making 1997;17:276-284)
Hierarchical Feature-Based Classification Approach for Fast and User-Interactive SAR Image Interpretation

The framework of this paper is focused on semiautomatic fast recognition of areas of interest for fast and user-interactive synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image interpretation for which only a unique intensity SAR image is available. The goal is to label regions into classes significant to a given application in an image, as rapidly as possible. A semiautomated ldquoroughrdquo classification is proposed. It defines the information extraction as a two-level procedure. The technique is based on a first partition image into homogeneous regions using the approach proposed by Galland Then, discrimination characteristics are determined in each homogeneous region. This allows one to automatically obtain a first segmentation of the image into semantic regions of interest. Finally, this segmentation can be easily modified by a user in a limited computational time. At this level, they are considered as ldquoobjects,rdquo to identify which typical class of ground it can be attached to. Among a large set of tested measures, we have selected the most pertinent ones for the considered SAR images. In fact, we will see that to obtain an accurate measures estimation, measures need to be estimated inside a neighborhood as homogeneously as possible. This can be achieved with a reasonable confidence in the proposed approach due to the homogeneity properties of the segmentation technique applied. In this paper, we focus on linear structures, urban structures, agricultural parcels, and forest areas extraction in SAR images.
Automatic speech recognition: a communication perspective

Speech recognition is usually regarded as a problem in the field of pattern recognition, where one first estimates the probability density function of each pattern to be recognized and then uses Bayes theorem to identify the pattern which provides the highest likelihood for the observed speech data. In this paper, we take a different approach to this problem. In speech recognition, the goal is communication of information by voice and we discuss the basics of speech recognition from a communication perspective. The speech signal at the acoustic level has a bit rate of 64 kb/s but the underlying sound patterns have an information rate of less than 100 b/s. What is the role of this high bit rate at the acoustic level? We discuss the principles of decoding patterns that are submerged in an ocean of seemingly irrelevant information.
Modeling multi-cell IEEE 802.11 WLANs with application to channel assignment

We provide a simple and accurate analytical model for multi-cell IEEE 802.11 WLANs. Our model applies if the cell radius, R, is much smaller than the carrier sensing range, Rcs. We argue that, the condition Rcs ≫≫ R is likely to hold in a dense deployment of Access Points (APs). We develop a scalable cell level model for such WLANs with saturated nodes as well as for TCP-controlled long file downloads. The accuracy of our model is demonstrated by comparison with ns-2 simulations. Based on the insights provided by our analytical model, we propose a simple channel assignment algorithm which provides static assignments that are Nash equilibria in pure strategies for the objective of maximizing normalized network throughput, and requires only as many steps as there are channels. Furthermore, our channel assignment algorithm does not require any a priori knowledge of topology and can be implemented in a decentralized manner. In contrast to prior work, our approach to channel assignment is based on the throughput metric.
A theoretical approach to segmenting children's walking behaviour

Purpose – This paper aims to extend research applying the principle of market segmentation to gain insight into changing the physical activity behaviour of children, particularly their walk to/from school behaviour. It further examined the utility of employing theory, specifically the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), for this purpose. Childhood obesity is a leading public health concern globally. Design/methodology/approach – An online survey was conducted with 512 caregivers of primary school children. Caregivers were targeted given their control over children’s walk to/from school behaviour. Two-step cluster analysis, based on 14 geographic, demographic, psychographic and behavioural variables, was used to investigate groupings within the data set. Findings – The analysis revealed three distinct segments of caregivers, each with unique beliefs about their children walking to/from school: short-distance frequent walkers, middle-distance sporadic walkers and long-distance non-walkers. Four variables wer.
Codes for the quantum erasure channel

The quantum erasure channel (QEC) is considered. Codes for the QEC have to correct for erasures, i.e., arbitrary errors at known positions. We show that four quantum bits are necessary and sufficient to encode one quantum bit and correct one erasure, in contrast to five quantum bits for unknown positions. Moreover, a family of quantum codes for the QEC, the quantum Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem codes, that can be efficiently decoded is introduced.
Commercial latex test for Clostridium difficile toxin A does not detect toxin A

The rapid latex test recently marketed by Marion Scientific (Div. Marion Laboratories, Inc., Kansas City, Mo.) for the detection of Clostridium difficile toxin A does not react with the toxin, based on the following findings: culture filtrates from nontoxigenic strains of C. difficile gave positive reactions in the test, culture filtrate in which toxin A had been removed gave positive reactions, purified toxin A did not react in the test, and the latex reagent bound an antigen which is distinct from toxin A and which is produced in various amounts by both toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of C. difficile.
Prognostic performance of lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: an updated meta-analysis of eleven reports

Purpose The findings on the prognostic value of lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are inconsistent. This meta-analysis was conducted to more precisely evaluate the prognostic significance of LMR in DLBCL. Methods This analysis combined eleven studies with 4,578 patients aiming to assess the association of LMR with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in DLBCL. Data from studies directly reporting a hazard ratio (HR) with 95% corresponding confidence interval (CI) in multivariate analysis were pooled to estimate the effect. Results Our results suggested that patients with decreased LMR had shorter OS (HR =1.79, 95% CI =1.54–2.08, P<0.001) and PFS (HR =2.21, 95% CI =1.80–2.72, P<0.001) in DLBCL. Stratified analyses indicated that each confounder showed consistent prognostic value in DLBCL. There was no significant heterogeneity for PFS (PH=0.192) and OS (PH=0.212) among the enrolled studies. Conclusion This meta-analysis indicated that decreased LMR might be a marker in the prediction of poor prognosis for patients with DLBCL.
As Long as They're Not Driving: A Qualitative Exploration of the Influence of a Designated Driver on Alcoholic Beverage Servers' Hypothetical Willingness to Serve Beyond Intoxication

Prior research has demonstrated that the presence of a designated driver increases alcohol consumption of non-driving patrons. This prompts the question of whether the presence of a designated driver would increase the willingness of alcoholic beverage servers to over-serve, disregarding other types of intoxication-related harm. A qualitative project was undertaken to examine circumstances under which alcoholic beverage servers working in college bars would hypothetically be willing to knowingly serve a patron beyond intoxication. Because overconsumption is a particularly acute public health problem on college campuses, a set of indepth qualitative interviews were conducted with servers who reported that they worked in bars commonly frequented by college students. Three findings were very clear: 1) most servers expressed a hypothetically willingness to serve beyond intoxication if the patron were accompanied by a designated driver; 2) non-driving-related harm due to intoxication appeared to be far removed from the conscious awareness of most servers; and 3) when awareness was primed, servers neutralized their personal responsibility for non-driving-related harm by assigning most of the responsibility for any and all types of harm to the patrons, especially the designated driver. Denise M. Reiling Professor of Sociology Department of Sociology, Anthropology, & Criminology Eastern Michigan University Ypsilanti, MI 48197 dreiling@emich.edu 734.476. 2730 Michael R. Nusbaumer Professor of Sociology Department of Sociology Indiana-Purdue University Fort Wayne, IN 46805 nusbaume@ipfw.edu 260.481. 6670
Governing Government: A Framework for Multi-tier Institution Specification and Reasoning

A key challenge of institutions is how to guide their governing into being desirable. This is important from the perspective of an agent governed by an institution to maintain specific rights, and of cross-institutional policies that require institutions' regulations to be coordinated (e.g. national legislations with supranational policy). This research addresses this problem by developing a framework for the specification and automated reasoning of institution governing institutions, in a hierarchical structure called multi-tier institutions, and automated revision of institutions for compliance. This automates guiding institutional designers towards desirable institutional specifications respecting autonomy and subsidiarity.
Accurate Isothermal Amplification Reaction Rate Determination Using High-Frequency Sampling

Background Nucleic acids quantification by amplification is currently done primarily by real-time amplification for relative quantification, or by statistical inference from replicated endpoint assays for absolute quantification. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been the dominant amplification technology, although alternative isothermal technologies have been described. Theoretical analysis of amplification kinetics and of amplification data interpretation have almost exclusively considered the PCR. Results Real-time measurements of isothermal amplification reactions can be made continuously, in contrast to the discrete per-cycle measurements of real-time PCR. Isothermal ramified rolling circle amplification (RAM) reactions were measured at frequent intervals, and amplification data subsets were fitted to an exponential amplification model. Signal-change-over-time slopes and time-zero signal intercepts were derived from the chosen subset data. Slope measurements were sufficient to determine a reaction rate (the isothermal equivalent of PCR efficiency) for each reaction. Analysis of slope and intercept together suggest that amplification reactions that were initiated from a single target molecule can be distinguished from reactions that that were initiated from greater than one target molecule. Conclusions The constant reaction environment of isothermal nucleic acid amplification allows continuous monitoring of reaction rate. Functional regions of interest in real-time data can be determined directly from the data. Accurate per-reaction efficiency can be readily measured. Improved estimation of low target copy number should improve quantification efficiency.
Direct intentions: the effects of input devices on collaboration around a tabletop display

This paper explores users' interpersonal interactions during collaboration around a tabletop display, in order to better understand the affordances offered by this medium. We investigate participants' collaborative interactions, particularly related to the type of input device provided. Stylus, mouse, and touch-based interactions were provided to allow multiple people to simultaneously interact with tabletop systems in a series of studies, and we observed how the choice of direct or indirect input device affected collaboration. In this paper, we discuss how direct and indirect input affect natural interactions, ergonomics, territoriality, gestures, and awareness of both intention and action. The findings from our studies are valuable for those who deploy and design tabletop systems, by providing them with guidelines for appropriate choice of input device.
Fuzzy Adaptive Controller Design Methodology for Robotics Systems

In this paper, an adaptive fuzzy control approach for complex task involving robot/environment interaction is presented. The approach implementation is based on fuzzy logic controller (FLC) design and optimization methodology which operates in two stages. In the first stage, the FLC parameters are trained and optimized offline using a method based on Solis' and Wetts' algorithm so that the constraints in terms of interpretability and semantics are respected. For convenience of analysis, the structure of the FLC is divided into multi-input-single-output (MISO) controllers. In the second stage, an online learning of the optimized FLC is then implemented into the proposed control structure, so that the closed-loop system maintains good performances. To show the performances of the proposed approach, simulations are carried out on a three-link robot in three dimensional space, performing contour following under force constraints
Effect of portable fine-grained locality on energy efficiency and performance in concurrent search trees

Recent research has suggested that improving fine-grained data-locality is one of the main approaches to improving energy efficiency and performance. However, no previous research has investigated the effect of the approach on these metrices in the case of concurrent data structures. This paper investigates how fine-grained data locality influences energy efficiency and performance in concurrent search trees, a crucial data structure that is widely used in several important systems. We conduct a set of experiments on three lock-based concurrent search trees: DeltaTree, a portable fine-grained locality-aware concurrent search tree; CBTree, a coarse-grained locality-aware B+tree; and BST-TK, a locality-oblivious concurrent search tree. We run the experiments on a commodity x86 platform and an embedded ARM platform. The experimental results show that DeltaTree has 13--25% better energy efficiency and 10--22% more operations/second on the x86 and ARM platforms, respectively. The results confirm that portable fine-grained locality can improve energy efficiency and performance in concurrent search trees.