Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Short-Term Hypoxia Accelerates Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Rats by Suppressing Osteoblastogenesis but Enhancing Osteoclastogenesis

Background Although it has been reported that hypoxic exposure can attenuate hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, and some other diseases, effects of hypoxia on osteoporosis are still unknown. Material/Methods The current study investigated whether short-term hypoxic exposure (in comparison with normoxic conditions) affects bone metabolism in normal or ovariectomized (OVX) adult female rats in an vivo study. Micro-computed tomography bone volume/structural analyses, histological examination, and serum bone turnover biochemical assays were used. In addition, the expressions of some associated major regulatory molecules were measured in osteoblastic cultures. Results While the 14-day hypoxic exposure did not change the bone-remodeling process in normal adult female rats, it decreased bone volume, osteoclast density, and serum bone formation marker (alkaline phosphatase) level, but increased osteoclast density and serum bone resorption marker (C-telopeptide of collagen) level in OVX rats. The bone marrow adipocyte number and serum fatty acid binding protein-4 level were increased in OVX-hypoxic rats compared with OVX-normoxic rats. Consistently, in human MG-63 osteoblastic cultures, the hypoxic condition suppressed protein expression of osteogenic transcriptional factors Runx2 and osterix, elevated protein expression of osteoclastogenic cytokine receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand, but reduced that of osteoclastogenic inhibitor osteoprotegerin. Conclusions Our results suggest that, although no change occurred in the bone-remodeling process in normal adult female rats after hypoxic exposure, under the estrogen-deficient osteoporotic condition, the hypoxic condition can alter the bone microenvironment so that it may further impair osteoblastic differentiation and enhance osteoclastic formation, and thus reduce bone formation, enhance bone resorption, and accelerate bone loss.
Interspecific variation in the phenology of advertisement calling in a temperate Australian frog community

Abstract Spatial and temporal partitioning of resources underlies the coexistence of species with similar niches. In communities of frogs and toads, the phenology of advertisement calling provides insights into temporal partitioning of reproductive effort and its implications for community dynamics. This study assessed the phenology of advertisement calling in an anuran community from Melbourne, in southern Australia. We collated data from 1432 surveys of 253 sites and used logistic regression to quantify seasonality in the nightly probability of calling and the influence of meteorological variables on this probability for six species of frogs. We found limited overlap in the predicted seasonal peaks of calling among these species. Those shown to have overlapping calling peaks are unlikely to be in direct competition, due to differences in larval ecology (Crinia signifera and Litoria ewingii) or differences in calling behavior and acoustics (Limnodynastes dumerilii and Litoria raniformis). In contrast, closely related and ecologically similar species (Crinia signfera and Crinia parinsignifera;Litoria ewingii and Litoria verreauxii) appear to have staggered seasonal peaks of calling. In combination with interspecific variation in the meteorological correlates of calling, these results may be indicative of temporal partitioning of reproductive activity to facilitate coexistence, as has been reported for tropical and temperate anurans from other parts of the globe.
Integrated building control based on occupant behavior pattern detection and local weather forecasting

Standard office building control systems operate the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning on a fixed schedule, based upon anticipated occupancy and use of the building. This study introduces and illustrates a method for integrated building heating, cooling and ventilation control to reduce energy consumption and maintain indoor temperature set points, based on the prediction of occupant behaviour patterns and local weather conditions. The experiment test-bed is setup in the Solar Decathlon House (2005), with over 100 sensor points. The results show that there is a 17.8% measured energy reduction in the cooling season test case.
Reweighting recognition using kernel method

Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) is a widely used technique in the dimension reduction, de-noising and discovering nonlinear intrinsic dimensions of data set. In this paper we describe a reweighing kernel-based classification method for improving recognition problem. Firstly, we map the training samples to the feature space by non-linear transformation, and then perform principal component analysis(PCA) using the selected kernel function in the feature space, and get the linear representation of testing samples in the feature space. Secondly, by using the idea of reweighting, we select the similarity between testing sample and each training sample as the weight of reweighting, then take the final weight as the criteria of classification. The experimental results demonstrate that our method is more accurate than Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification method and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) classification. In addition, the number of training samples that our method need is much smaller than some other methods.
On the Origin and Survival of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic-Ray Nuclei in Gamma-Ray Bursts and Hypernovae

The chemical composition of the ultra-high-energy (UHE) cosmic rays serves as an important clue to their origin. Recent measurements of the elongation rates by the Pierre Auger Observatory hint at the possible presence of heavy or intermediate-mass nuclei in the UHE cosmic rays. Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and hypernovae have been suggested as possible sources of the UHE cosmic rays. Here we derive constraints on the physical conditions under which UHE heavy nuclei, if they are accelerated in these sources, can survive in their intense photon fields. We find that in the GRB external shock and hypernova scenarios, UHE nuclei can easily survive photodisintegration. In the GRB internal shock scenario, UHE nuclei can also survive, provided the dissipation radius and/or the bulk Lorentz factor of the relativistic outflow are relatively large, or if the low-energy self-absorption break in the photon spectrum of the prompt emission occurs above several keV. In internal shocks and in the other scenarios, intermediate-mass UHE nuclei have a higher probability of survival against photodisintegration than UHE heavy nuclei such as Fe.
Inclusion and the practice of repeating Kindergarten in Australia

Abstract International evidence indicates there may be little or no academic benefit for children who are retained, and the possibility of negative long term socio-emotional outcomes for these children. Drawing on data from the nationally representative Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (n = 4464), this paper provides an Australian perspective on the practice of grade retention, specifically investigating repeating the Kindergarten year. Our results indicated that nearly half of grade retention occurring by Year 6 occurs in the Kindergarten year, the main reasons being related to learning and behavioural difficulties. The analyses identified a number of child and family factors associated with grade retention, the strongest predictors being maternal mental health and parental receptive language concern, with school readiness, receptive language skills, and child hyperactivity also relevant factors. The paper considers implications for early intervention to support children’s academic trajectories through school.
Using LJF as a Framework for Proof Systems

In this work we show how to use the focused intuitionistic logic system LJF as a framework for encoding several different intuitionistic and classical proof systems. The proof systems are encoded in a strong level of adequacy, namely the level of (open) derivations. Furthermore we show how to prove relative completeness between the different systems. By relative completeness we mean that the systems prove the same formulas. The proofs of relative completeness exploit the encodings to give, in most cases, fairly simple proofs. This work is heavily based on the recent work by Nigam and Miller, which uses the focused linear logic system LLF to encode the same proof systems as we do. Our work shows that the features of linear logic are not needed for the full adequacy result, and furthermore we show that even though encoding in LLF is more generic and streamlined, the encoding in LJF sometimes gives simpler, more natural encodings and easier proofs.
Low expression of CD200 predicts shorter time-to-treatment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

CD200, formerly known as OX-2, is a type I glycoprotein that is expressed on a variety of cell types. CD200 has been shown to be overexpressed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Although previous studies have confirmed the diagnostic value of CD200 in differentiating CLL from to other B-cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders especially mantle cell lymphoma, whether CD200 has prognostic significance in CLL remains to be determined. We evaluated the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD200 in 307 consecutive, untreated patients with CLL in our center using flow cytometry. Using a CD200 MFI cutoff of 189.5, these cases could be divided into two groups. Patients with lower CD200 MFI (< 189.5) had a significantly shorter time-to-treatment (TTT) than those with higher CD200 MFI (≥ 189.5) (median TTT: 2 months vs 28 months, p = 0.0008). However, the effect of CD200 MFI on overall survival was not significant (CD200 MFI < 189.5: undefined vs CD200 MFI ≥ 189.5: undefined, P = 0.2379). In subgroup analysis, CD200 MFI retained its prognostic value in patients with favourable characteristics such as Binet stage A disease, mutated IGHV status, normal TP53 or negative CD38 expression. In conclusion, our study identified CD200 MFI as a potential prognostic factor in CLL.
Small and Other Worlds: Global Network Structures from Local Processes1

Using simulation, we contrast global network structures—in particular, small world properties—with the local patterning that generates the network. We show how to simulate Markov graph distributions based on assumptions about simple local social processes. We examine the resulting global structures against appropriate Bernoulli graph distributions and provide examples of stochastic global “worlds,” including small worlds, long path worlds, and nonclustered worlds with many four‐cycles. In light of these results we suggest a locally specified social process that produces small world properties. In examining movement from structure to randomness, parameter scaling produces a phase transition at a “temperature” where regular structures “melt” into stochastically based counterparts. We provide examples of “frozen” structures, including “caveman” graphs, bipartite structures, and cyclic structures.
THINGS: THE H i NEARBY GALAXY SURVEY

We present “The H i Nearby Galaxy Survey (THINGS),” a high spectral (⩽5.2 km s−1) and spatial (∼6″) resolution survey of H i emission in 34 nearby galaxies obtained using the NRAO Very Large Array (VLA). The overarching scientific goal of THINGS is to investigate fundamental characteristics of the interstellar medium (ISM) related to galaxy morphology, star formation, and mass distribution across the Hubble sequence. Unique characteristics of the THINGS database are the homogeneous sensitivity as well as spatial and velocity resolution of the H i data, which is at the limit of what can be achieved with the VLA for a significant number of galaxies. A sample of 34 objects at distances 2 ≲ D ≲ 15 Mpc (resulting in linear resolutions of ∼100 to 500 pc) are targeted in THINGS, covering a wide range of star formation rates (∼10−3 to 6 M☉ yr−1), total H i masses MHI (0.01 to 14 × 109 M☉), absolute luminosities MB (−11.5 to −21.7 mag), and metallicities (7.5 to 9.2 in units of 12+log[O/H]). We describe the setup of the VLA observations, the data reduction procedures, and the creation of the final THINGS data products. We present an atlas of the integrated H i maps, the velocity fields, the second moment (velocity dispersion) maps and individual channel maps of each THINGS galaxy. The THINGS data products are made publicly available through a dedicated webpage. Accompanying THINGS papers (in this issue of the Astronomical Journal) address issues such as the small-scale structure of the ISM, the (dark) matter distribution in THINGS galaxies, and the processes leading to star formation.
Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (IRIS)—A Platform Technology for Multiplexed Diagnostics and Digital Detection

Over the last decade, the growing need in disease diagnostics has stimulated rapid development of new technologies with unprecedented capabilities. Recent emerging infectious diseases and epidemics have revealed the shortcomings of existing diagnostics tools, and the necessity for further improvements. Optical biosensors can lay the foundations for future generation diagnostics by providing means to detect biomarkers in a highly sensitive, specific, quantitative and multiplexed fashion. Here, we review an optical sensing technology, Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (IRIS), and the relevant features of this multifunctional platform for quantitative, label-free and dynamic detection. We discuss two distinct modalities for IRIS: (i) low-magnification (ensemble biomolecular mass measurements) and (ii) high-magnification (digital detection of individual nanoparticles) along with their applications, including label-free detection of multiplexed protein chips, measurement of single nucleotide polymorphism, quantification of transcription factor DNA binding, and high sensitivity digital sensing and characterization of nanoparticles and viruses.
Design and Evaluation of the LOPES Exoskeleton Robot for Interactive Gait Rehabilitation

This paper introduces a newly developed gait rehabilitation device. The device, called LOPES, combines a freely translatable and 2-D-actuated pelvis segment with a leg exoskeleton containing three actuated rotational joints: two at the hip and one at the knee. The joints are impedance controlled to allow bidirectional mechanical interaction between the robot and the training subject. Evaluation measurements show that the device allows both a "pa- tient-in-charge" and "robot-in-charge" mode, in which the robot is controlled either to follow or to guide a patient, respectively. Electromyography (EMG) measurements (one subject) on eight important leg muscles, show that free walking in the device strongly resembles free treadmill walking; an indication that the device can offer task-specific gait training. The possibilities and limitations to using the device as gait measurement tool are also shown at the moment position measurements are not accurate enough for inverse-dynamical gait analysis.
Video Analysis and Coding for Robust Transmission

Increasing heterogeneity of networks and diversity of user capabilities have determined and sustained a strong interest in robust coding of visual content and flexible adaptation of the bitstreams to network and user conditions. As a result, several methods for robust coding and transmission have been proposed that include multiple description coding, motioncompensated subband video coding, joint source-channel coding, integrated compression and error control, and adaptation/transcoding solutions. These typically increase transmission robustness and network and user awareness by using scalability, error resilience, and adaptivity at little or sometimes no extra cost in coding efficiency. However, the performance of these methods is affected by the diversity of, and complex interactions within, the visual content. Analysis methods can improve the performance of robust methods for coding and transmission by providing solutions to account for vastly different characteristics of the visual content and complex interactions among data components, to achieve optimal or near-optimal robust solutions. Among several benefits, the application of visual analysis methods within robust coding and transmission frameworks such as those mentioned earlier yields content-aware error resilient solutions and improves prioritization of the visual content for coding and transmission. This special issue focuses on the seamless integration of visual analysis methods in, or joint design with, robust compression and transmission solutions. The special issue consists of three sections that address robust video coding architectures and configurations, robust entropy coding methods, and quality issues related to robust coding, respectively:
Automatic Mutual Nonrigid Registration of Dense Surface Models by Graphical Model based Inference

Fully automatic nonrigid registration of shapes is highly desired for computer vision and medical image processing. For a nonrigid registration between two shapes ShapeA and ShapeB, the ultimate goal should be to find the correspondence between subparts of the two shapes instead of to achieve a perfect match by applying a forced deformation without constraints on the objects. Such a correspondence assignment is usually defined and achieved as an optimization problem with a cost function abstracted as H(SA(QA),SB(QB),TA→B,CA→B) to measure the difference of the two matched shapes, where SA(QA) and SB(QB) are the shape descriptors of SA and SB with shape parameters QA and QB in their own representation spaces, TA→B is a nonrigid transformation between the spatial coordinate spaces of the two shapes, and CA→B is the correspondence assignment between the subparts of the two shapes. There are two ways to define the cost function H(SA(QA),SB(QB),TA→B,CA→B). In the robust point matching (RPM), active shape model(ASM), active appearance model (AAM) (Cootes and Taylor, 2004), and nonrigid shape matching algorithms using the level set based contour and surface representation (Xu et al., 2001), shape signature harmonic embedding (Lee et al., 2006) and Gaussian mixture based shape models (Roy et al., 2007)(Jiang et al., 2007), the cost function is defined as
Towards Efficient Simulation of Task Based Parallel Applications

For computer architects and software developers, simulation is an indispensable tool for evaluating new designs and ideas. Unfortunately, it is significantly slower to simulate a parallel environment than to work on real hardware. In this work, we take a first step towards efficient simulation of Task Based Parallel (TBP) applications. Our key idea is that the number of completed tasks can be used as a work-related progress metric to sample these applications. Using this metric, we show that the complete execution of TBP programs can be accurately represented by simulating only a few samples. In fact, our TBP applications only need 5 samples on average to get a mean error below 5 %. In our experiments, when sampling at 1000 completed tasks, 5 samples correspond to 0.5 % of the total execution on average.
Early vibration assisted physiotherapy in toddlers with cerebral palsy – a randomized controlled pilot trial

Objectives: to investigate feasibility, safety and efficacy of home-based side-alternating whole body vibration (sWBV) to improve motor function in toddlers with cerebral palsy (CP). Methods: Randomized controlled trial including 24 toddlers with CP (mean age 19 months (SD±3.1); 13 boys). Intervention: 14 weeks sWBV with ten 9-minute sessions weekly (non-individualized). Group A started with sWBV, followed by 14 weeks without; in group B this order was reversed. Feasibility (≥70% adherence) and adverse events were recorded; efficacy evaluated with the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66), Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI), at baseline (T0), 14 (T1) and 28 weeks (T2). Results: Developmental change between T0 and T1 was similar in both groups; change scores in group A and B: GMFM-66 2.4 (SD±2.1) and 3.3 (SD±2.9) (p=0.412); PEDI mobility 8.4 (SD±6.6) and 3.5 (SD±9.2) (p=0.148), respectively. In two children muscle tone increased post-sWBV. 24 children received between 67 and 140 sWBV sessions, rate of completed sessions ranged from 48 to 100% and no dropouts were observed. Conclusion: A 14-week home-based sWBV intervention was feasible and safe in toddlers with CP, but was not associated with improvement in gross motor function.
Economic and Environmental Impacts of Pollution Control in a Multi-Country Model 1

School of DCIT, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia. E-Mail:rherbert@mail.newcastle. edu.au School of DCIT, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia. E-Mail:rodbell@dodo.com. au Department of Economics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia. E-Mail: g.leeves@economics.uq. edu.au School of DCIT, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia. E-Mail:lewbruce@gmail.com
Gamma-Ray Bursts as Cosmological Tools

In recent years there has been considerable activity in using gamma-ray bursts as cosmological probes for determining global cosmological parameters complementing results from type Ia supernovae and other methods. This requires a characteristics of the source to be a standard candle. We show that contrary to earlier indications the accumulated data speak against this possibility. Another method would be to use correlation between a distance dependent and a distance independent variable to measure distance and determine cosmological parameters as is done using Cepheid variables and to some extent Type Ia supernovae. Many papers have dealt with the use of so called Amati relation, first predicted by Lloyd, Petrosian and Mallozzi, or the Ghirlanda relation for this purpose. We have argued that these procedure involve many unjustified assumptions which if not true could invalidate the results. In particular, we point out that many evolutionary effects can affect the final outcome. In particular, we demonstrate that the existing data from Swift and other earlier satellites show that the gamma-ray burst may have undergone luminosity evolution. Similar evolution may be present for other variables such as the peak photon energy of the total radiated energy. Another out come of our analysis is determination of the luminosity function and the comoving rate evolution of gamma-ray bursts which does not seem to agree with the cosmic star formation rate. We caution however, that the above result are preliminary and includes primarily the effect of detection threshold. Other selection effects, perhaps less important than this, are also known to be present and must be accounted for. We intend to address these issues in future publications.