Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Overcoming the insider : reducing employee computer crime through situational crime prevention

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A national survey of self-injurious behavior in American prisons.

OBJECTIVE This study sought information about the prevalence, epidemiology, and management of self-injurious behavior by inmates in U.S. prison systems. Although self-injurious behavior has long been the source of significant challenges in correctional settings, limited research is available on this topic. METHODS Mental health directors in all 51 state and federal prison systems were invited to respond to a 30-item questionnaire available online or in hard copy. Univariate statistics were used to describe significant aspects of the national experience with self-injurious behavior, and bivariate statistics were used to examine relationships between variables. RESULTS Thirty-nine systems (77%) responded to the survey. Responses indicated that <2% of inmates per year engage in self-injurious behavior, but such events were reported to occur at least weekly in 85% of systems, with occurrences more than once daily in some systems, thus causing substantial disruptions to operations and draining resources. The highest rates of occurrence of these behaviors were in maximum-security and lockdown units and most often involved inmates with axis II disorders. Despite the seriousness of the problem, systems typically collect few, if any, data on self-injurious behaviors, and management approaches to dealing with them lack consistency within and across systems. Eighty-four percent of respondents expressed interest in participating in further studies on this topic. CONCLUSIONS The survey responses indicated the disruptive effects of self-injurious behavior in the nation's prisons, a need for better epidemiologic monitoring and data on such behavior, and the importance of developing and widely using effective interventions. The high response rate and expressed interest in follow-up projects suggest that state and federal correctional mental health directors see a need for better information and management in this area.
Do Gold Prices Cause Production Costs? Evidence from Country and Company Data

This paper analyses the causal relationship between gold production costs and gold prices using a hand-collected set of country and company data on gold mining. We find strong econometric evidence for causality running from gold prices to gold production costs. The results are supported theoretically by the small amount of annual gold production relative to the total stock and the real options embedded in gold mines. The low flow-stock ratio of gold implies low market power of gold mining firms and thus an inability to significantly influence gold prices. The real options enable gold mining firms to adjust production conditional on the gold price. Production thus follows gold prices.
SustainaBits: A framework and rating system for sustainable IT

Key challenges confronting the Information Technology (IT) industry today in defining and achieving its sustainability goals include identifying IT systems boundaries, developing sustainable operating standards and best practices, and most importantly, measuring and assessing performance against those best practices. In recent years, the trend towards sustainable methods and practices has infiltrated every part of our daily activities, but the IT industry still lacks a framework and rating system that is consistent and reliable. Without an industry accepted framework, the burden of defining sustainable practices lies with each individual IT organization or company, which has created inconsistencies and an inability for comparison and benchmarking between organizations. SustainaBits is a sustainability framework that incorporates a rating system developed by the authors for informing, recognizing, and guiding the IT sector towards a sustainable future. Ideas and strategies from industry leaders were synthesized to develop a detailed and thorough system that can be applied across the IT sector. The framework relies on collaboration between industry leaders, professional organizations, and universities to ensure that the global IT sector progresses towards its sustainability goals. The rating system is comprised of four main topic areas that encompass the holistic goals of: social responsibility, environmental preservation, economic security, and innovative recognition. Version 1.0 of SustainaBits incorporated environmental criteria exclusively. An industry leader in sustainable measures participated in the validation of SustainaBits (Ver. 1.0); the feedback of which was used to enhance the environmental criteria of the rating system. Version 2.0 was enhanced to address the benefits associated with societal, economic, and innovative contributions. The feedback from the SustainaBits version 2.0 validation effort applied to the industry leader is summarized in this paper.
Time-aware structured query suggestion

Most commercial search engines have a query suggestion feature, which is designed to capture various possible search intents behind the user's original query. However, even though different search intents behind a given query may have been popular at different time periods in the past, existing query suggestion methods neither utilize nor present such information. In this study, we propose Time-aware Structured Query Suggestion (TaSQS) which clusters query suggestions along a timeline so that the user can narrow down his search from a temporal point of view. Moreover, when a suggested query is clicked, TaSQS presents web pages from query-URL bipartite graphs after ranking them according to the click counts within a particular time period. Our experiments using data from a commercial search engine log show that the time-aware clustering and the time-aware document ranking features of TaSQS are both effective.
Combinatorial Challenge II

Please send further problems/challenges/conectures to Mike Steel Combinatorial Challenge I: Walking through trees Submitted by David Bryant An " NNI-­‐walk " is a sequence T1, T2, …, Tk of unrooted binary phylogenetic trees where each consecutive pair of trees differ by a single NNI. i. [Question] What is the shortest NNI walk that passes through all binary trees on n leaves? ii. [Question] Suppose we are given a tree T. What is the shortest NNI walk that passes through all the trees that lie at most one SPR (subtree prune and regraft) move from T? Combinatorial Challenge II Submitted by Mike Steel Given two unrooted binary phylogenetic trees T, T', each with leaf set X of size n, an agreement set for T, T' is a subset Y of X for which T|Y= T'|Y. [Question] Is there a constant c, so that for any two trees T, T' have an agreement subtree of size c ! log n ? Computational Complexity Challenge: Perfect taxon sampling Submitted by Mike Steel A collection S of subsets of X is said to be phylogenetically decisive 1 if for every binary phylogenetic X-­‐tree T, the collection T|Y: Y \in S defines T (i.e. T is the only tree that displays these trees). [Question] What is the computational complexity of determining whether S is phylogenetically decisive? This may be related to the 'No-­‐rainbow-­‐colouring' problem of Manuel Bodirsky, whose complexity appears still open.
Compensation of friction and elastic deformation for ball screw drive system

Nonlinear friction and elastic deformation seriously affect both static and dynamic performance of mechanical serve system, especially in the high-speed and high-precision systems. This paper focuses on modeling, identification, and compensation of non-linear friction and elastic deformation for ball screw drive system. Firstly, the parameters of the stribeck model are identified by the method of extended kalman filter. And then the parameters of stiffness model of the ball screw are identified by the method of the least square based on force analysis of system. Finally, the feed-forward compensation of friction and elastic deformation is performed. The experimental results show that: after the compensation, the steady state error of low-speed motion decreases from 42μm to ±3μm, and that of high-speed motion decreases from 95μm to ±5μm. Therefore, the method proposed can effectively compensate the disturbance of friction and elastic deformation, and improve the tracking accuracy of the ball screw drive system.
Determination of Grade Prices for Wool

The importance of welfare losses resulting from discrepancies between Australian Wool Corporation and trade valuations of different grades of wool is discussed. Cross-sectional data are used to relate variations in wool attributes to variations in price during 1976-7 and a model is derived for determining grade prices that are consistent with market valuations of different grades. The spatial consistency of the model is tested using data from eleven time periods and from two geographically isolated markets. Comparisons between trade valuations and the grade price differentials used in the Minimum Reserve Price Scheme by the Australian Wool Corporation are made.
The one-loop elastic coefficients for the Helfrich membrane in higher dimensions

Using a covariant geometric approach we obtain the effective bending couplings for a two-dimensional rigid membrane embedded into a (2 + D)-dimensional Euclidean space. The Hamiltonian for the membrane has three terms: the first one is quadratic in its mean extrinsic curvature. The second one is proportional to its Gaussian curvature and the last one is proportional to its area. The results we obtain are in agreement with those finding that thermal fluctuations soften the two-dimensional membrane embedded into a three-dimensional Euclidean space.
Using specular highlights as pose invariant features for 2D-3D pose estimation

We address the problem of 2D-3D pose estimation in difficult viewing conditions, such as low illumination, cluttered background, and large highlights and shadows that appear on the object of interest. In such challenging conditions conventional features used for establishing correspondence are unreliable. We show that under the assumption of a dominant light source, specular highlights produced by a known object can be used to establish correspondence between its image and the 3D model, and to verify the hypothesized pose. These ideas are incorporated in an efficient method for pose estimation from a monocular image of an object using only highlights produced by the object as its input. The proposed method uses no knowledge of lighting direction and no calibration object for estimating the lighting in the scene. The evaluation of the method shows good accuracy on numerous synthetic images and good robustness on real images of complex, shiny objects, with shadows and difficult backgrounds.
A hidden Markov model-based approach for identifying timing differences in gene expression under different experimental factors

MOTIVATION Time series experiments of cDNA microarrays have been commonly used in various biological studies and conducted under a lot of experimental factors. A popular approach of time series microarray analysis is to compare one gene with another in their expression profiles, and clustering expression sequences is a typical example. On the other hand, a practically important issue in gene expression is to identify the general timing difference that is caused by experimental factors. This type of difference can be extracted by comparing a set of time series expression profiles under a factor with those under another factor, and so it would be difficult to tackle this issue by using only a current approach for time series microarray analysis. RESULTS We have developed a systematic method to capture the timing difference in gene expression under different experimental factors, based on hidden Markov models. Our model outputs a real-valued vector at each state and has a unique state transition diagram. The parameters of our model are trained from a given set of pairwise (generally multiplewise) expression sequences. We evaluated our model using synthetic as well as real microarray datasets. The results of our experiment indicate that our method worked favourably to identify the timing ordering under different experimental factors, such as that gene expression under heat shock tended to start earlier than that under oxidative stress. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Maintaining Structural Invariants in Shape Analysis with Local Reasoning

This paper presents a novel shape analysis algorithm with local reasoning that is designed to analyze heap structures with structural invariants, such as doubly-linked lists. The algorithm abstracts and analyzes one single heap cell at a time. In order to maintain the structural invariants, the analysis uses a local heap abstraction that models the sub-heap consisting of one cell and its immediate neighbors. The proposed algorithm can successfully analyze standard doublylinked list manipulations.
Ja n 20 01 New constraints in dynamical torsion theory

The most general Lagrangian for dynamical torsion theory quadratic in curvature and torsion is considered. We impose two simple and physically reasonable constraints on the solutions of the equations of motion: (i) there must be solutions with zero curvature and nontrivial torsion and (ii) there must be solutions with zero torsion and non covariantly constant curvature. The constraints reduce the number of independent coupling constants from ten to five. The resulting theory contains Einstein’s general relativity and Weitzenböck’s absolute parallelism theory as the two sectors.
Coding Dialogs with the DAMSL Annotation Scheme

This paper describes the DAMSL annotation scheme for communicative acts in dialog. The scheme has three layers: Forward Communicative Functions, Backward Communicative Functions, and Utterance Features. Each layer allows multiple communicative functions of an utterance to be labeled. The Forward Communicative Functions consist of a taxonomy in a similar style as the actions of traditional speech act theory. The Backward CommunicativeFunctions indi- cate how the current utterance relates to the previous dialog, such as accepting a proposal, con(cid:12)rming under- standing, or answering a question. The Utterance Features include information about an utterance’s form and content, such as whether an utterance concerns the communication process itself or deals with the subject at hand. The kappa inter-annotator reliability scores for the (cid:12)rst test of DAMSL with human annota- tors show promise, but are on average 0.15 lower than the accepted kappa scores for such annotations. How- ever, the slight revisions to DAMSL discussed here should increase accuracy on the next set of tests and produce a reliable, (cid:13)exible, and comprehensive utterance annotation scheme.
A tri-stage cluster identification model for accurate analysis of seismic catalogs

In this paper we propose a tri-stage cluster identification model that is a combination of a simple single iteration distance algorithm and an iterative K-means algorithm. In this study of earthquake seismicity, the model considers event location, time and magnitude information from earthquake catalog data to efficiently classify events as either background or mainshock and aftershock sequences. Tests on a synthetic seismicity catalog demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed model in terms of accuracy perce tage (94.81 % for background and 89.46 % for aftershocks). The close agreement between lambda and cumulative plots for the id al synthetic catalog and that generated by the proposed model also supports the accuracy of the proposed technique. There is flexibility in the model design to allow for proper selection of location and magnitude ranges, depe ding upon the nature of the mainshocks present in the catalog. The effectiveness of the proposed model also is evaluated by the classification of events in three historic catalogs: California, Japan and Indonesia. As expected, for both syn hetic and historic catalog analysis it is observed that the density of events classified as background is almost uniform throughout the region, whereas the density of aftershock events are higher near the mainshocks.
A modified image denoising algorithm by labeling and 3D wavelet transform

In order to sharpen image details and reducing noise, based on the multi-analysis wavelet threshold denoising method, a Labeling-based block-matching and wavelet transform filtering method combine hard and soft threshold denoising approaches (BWHS) is proposed in this paper. First, we estimate the noise variance of image. Second compute the matching blocks, and construct the 3D data array of those similar blocks, the high and low frequency sub-bands denoised by the best soft threshold, hard threshold that result from the iterative calculation of noise variance respectively, Finally, sharpen image details using DC coefficients of LL frequency sub-bands. Simulation results show that the algorithm can preserve and sharpen image details and effectively attenuate noise. Moreover, it has better performance than the traditional soft threshold, hard threshold, median and mean denoising methods.
Synchronization of Electrically Coupled Pairs of Inhibitory Interneurons in Neocortex

We performed a systematic analysis of phase locking in pairs of electrically coupled neocortical fast-spiking (FS) and low-threshold-spiking (LTS) interneurons and in a conductance-based model of a pair of FS cells. Phase–response curves (PRCs) were obtained for real interneurons and the model cells. We used PRCs and the theory of weakly coupled oscillators to make predictions about phase-locking characteristics of cell pairs. Phase locking and the robustness of phase-locked states to differences in intrinsic frequencies of cells were directly examined by driving interneuron pairs through a wide range of firing frequencies. Calculations using PRCs accurately predicted that electrical coupling robustly synchronized the firing of interneurons over all frequencies studied (FS, ∼25–80 Hz; LTS, ∼10–30 Hz). The synchronizing ability of electrical coupling and the robustness of the phase-locked states were directly dependent on the strength of coupling but not on firing frequency. The FS cell model also predicted the existence of stable antiphase firing at frequencies below ∼30 Hz, but no evidence for stable antiphase firing was found using the experimentally determined PRCs or in direct measures of phase locking in pairs of interneurons. Despite significant differences in biophysical properties of FS and LTS cells, their phase-locking behavior was remarkably similar. The wide spikes and shallow action potential afterhyperpolarizations of interneurons, compared with the model, prohibited antiphase behavior. Electrical coupling between cortical interneurons of the same type maintained robust synchronous firing of cell pairs for up to ∼10% heterogeneity in their intrinsic frequencies.
CMOS VCO's for PLL frequency synthesis in GHz digital mobile radio communications

CMOS inductorless voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) design is discussed with the emphasis on low-noise, low-power, gigahertz-range circuits suitable for portable wireless equipment. The paper considers three VCO structures-one simple ring oscillator and two differential circuits. The design methodology followed optimization for high-speed and low-power consumption. The proposed linearized MOSFET model allows the accurate prediction of the operating frequency while the phase noise evaluation technique makes it possible to determine, through simulation, the relative phase-noise performance of different oscillator architectures. The measurement results of three VCO's implemented in 1.2-/spl mu/m CMOS technology confirm with the simulation predictions. The prototype VCO's exhibits 926-MHz operation with -83 dBc/Hz phase noise (@ 100 kHz carrier offset) and 5 mW (5 V) power consumption.
Evolution of the Vertebrate Paralemmin Gene Family: Ancient Origin of Gene Duplicates Suggests Distinct Functions

Paralemmin-1 is a protein implicated in plasma membrane dynamics, the development of filopodia, neurites and dendritic spines, as well as the invasiveness and metastatic potential of cancer cells. However, little is known about its mode of action, or about the biological functions of the other paralemmin isoforms: paralemmin-2, paralemmin-3 and palmdelphin. We describe here evolutionary analyses of the paralemmin gene family in a broad range of vertebrate species. Our results suggest that the four paralemmin isoform genes (PALM1, PALM2, PALM3 and PALMD) arose by quadruplication of an ancestral gene in the two early vertebrate genome duplications. Paralemmin-1 and palmdelphin were further duplicated in the teleost fish specific genome duplication. We identified a unique sequence motif common to all paralemmins, consisting of 11 highly conserved residues of which four are invariant. A single full-length paralemmin homolog with this motif was identified in the genome of the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus and an isolated putative paralemmin motif could be detected in the genome of the lancelet Branchiostoma floridae. This allows us to conclude that the paralemmin gene family arose early and has been maintained throughout vertebrate evolution, suggesting functional diversification and specific biological roles of the paralemmin isoforms. The paralemmin genes have also maintained specific features of gene organisation and sequence. This includes the occurrence of closely linked downstream genes, initially identified as a readthrough fusion protein with mammalian paralemmin-2 (Palm2-AKAP2). We have found evidence for such an arrangement for paralemmin-1 and -2 in several vertebrate genomes, as well as for palmdelphin and paralemmin-3 in teleost fish genomes, and suggest the name paralemmin downstream genes (PDG) for this new gene family. Thus, our findings point to ancient roles for paralemmins and distinct biological functions of the gene duplicates.
Mutual Fund Daily Conditional Performance: Selectivity and Timing Measurements

The empirical results in recent finance literature reveal that conditional performance measures generally improve our perception of fund managers. Furthermore, it has been shown that using daily data in an unconditional framework increases the proportion of abnormal performances relative to timing. This paper compares daily conditional and unconditional performance measures of Jensen (1968) and Treynor and Mazuy (1966). In a conditional bivariate GARCH framework, while our daily selectivity results are consistent with those in previous studies based on monthly data, our daily timing results show that the proportion of abnormal performance diminishes significantly when conditional risk methods are used. This result supports the general idea that returns cannot be used to assess managerial skills.