Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reformas administrativas y sus marcos cognitivos:Entre el Burocratismo, el Postburocratismo, la responsabilización o la Hibridez

Administrative Reforms and Cognitive Frameworks: Between Bureaucratism, Postbureaucratism, Accountability or both current processes of the state administrative reforms in Latin America is a key issue in different political, economic, administrative and academic spheres with the well-known State Rolling Back proposed by Political Science and Public Administration�s main authors. Overall countries of the region have been implemented three kinds of administrative policies reforms models. These include: Weberians, Managerials and Accountability. These models of reforms linked to certain diagnoses, goals and specific management matters, responded to different and conflicting cognitive frameworks that have guided the implementation of these policies in the region during the past two decades. Specific tension or confrontation between these cognitive frames rather than imposition of a single framework into another, leads to hybridity in the cognitive structure that guides the current process of State� administrative reform. In this context this article attempts to show the conflict or tension between these great common theoretical or cognitive frameworks of public management and the existing hybridizing process behind the bureaucratic phenomenon.
Geographically Weighted Regression: A Method for Exploring Spatial Nonstationarity

Spatial nonstationarity is a condition in which a simple “global” model cannot explain the relationships between some sets of variables. The nature of the model must alter over space to reflect the structure within the data. In this paper, a technique is developed, termed geographically weighted regression, which attempts to capture this variation by calibrating a multiple regression model which allows different relationships to exist at different points in space. This technique is loosely based on kernel regression. The method itself is introduced and related issues such as the choice of a spatial weighting function are discussed. Following this, a series of related statistical tests are considered which can be described generally as tests for spatial nonstationarity. Using Monte Carlo methods, techniques are proposed for investigating the null hypothesis that the data may be described by a global model rather than a non-stationary one and also for testing whether individual regression coefficients are stable over geographic space. These techniques are demonstrated on a data set from the 1991 U.K. census relating car ownership rates to social class and male unemployment. The paper concludes by discussing ways in which the technique can be extended.
TypoTweet Maps: Characterizing Urban Areas through Typographic Social Media Visualization

Analyzing the important events and news stories that have captured the public interest in a city can be useful for determining the topics that are vital to the people that live there. Social media data, such as tweets, provides a useful and ever-churning feed of data to analyze for this purpose. For even a moderately-sized city, however, individual neighborhoods can have very different characteristics from one another. Geotagged tweets can be a rich data source for determining what people are saying online about the location they are in. Relating the text data to spatial location, however, presents a unique challenge in representation and layout. In this paper, we introduce TypoTweet Maps: a technique for constructing representations of neighborhood topics as typographic maps. TypoTweet Maps show differences in neighborhood topics using only text, avoiding the channel interference of feature labels that are unnecessary for residents who are familiar with the shape of the city. We describe the process of mapping geotagged tweets to the shape of neighborhoods and streets, and present a case study applying the technique to the city of Atlanta.
SALCUSTOR: A Multidimensional Scale for Salespersons’ Customer Orientation and Implications for Customer-Oriented Selling: Empirical Evidence From India

ABSTRACT Recent studies have highlighted the limitations in the applicability of the selling-versus-customer orientation scale as a measure of a salesperson's customer orientation. Therefore, few scholars call for new research on identifying the underlying dimensions of customer-oriented selling and for developing a new scale. This study provides a new conceptualization of a salesperson's customer orientation and develops and validates a multidimensional scale to measure it. This scale, SALCUSTOR, uses multiple samples of data from salespersons from India. SALCUSTOR assesses the degree to which a salesperson (a) provides relevant and correct information to his/her customers, (b) understands and learns the underlying needs of the customers, and (c) maintains relationships with customers and thinks about their long-term benefits. We establish the reliability, convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity of SALCUSTOR. Managers can use SALCUSTOR to identify specific gaps in the three dimensions of customer-oriented selling behaviors of the salespersons, using appropriate intervention strategies.
Acute Coronary Syndromes: The Way Forward From Mechanisms to Precision Treatment

Well into the 21st century, we still triage acute myocardial infarction on the basis of the presence or absence of ST-segment elevation, a century-old technology. Meanwhile, we have learned a great deal about the pathophysiology and mechanisms of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) at the clinical, pathological, cellular, and molecular levels. Contemporary imaging studies have shed new light on the mechanisms of ACS. This review discusses these advances and their implications for clinical management of the ACS for the future. Plaque rupture has dominated our thinking about ACS pathophysiology for decades. However, current evidence suggests that a sole focus on plaque rupture vastly oversimplifies this complex collection of diseases and obscures other mechanisms that may mandate different management strategies. We propose segmenting coronary artery thrombosis caused by plaque rupture into cases with or without signs of concomitant inflammation. This distinction may have substantial therapeutic implications as direct anti-inflammatory interventions for atherosclerosis emerge. Coronary artery thrombosis caused by plaque erosion may be on the rise in an era of intense lipid lowering. Identification of patients with of ACS resulting from erosion may permit a less invasive approach to management than the current standard of care. We also now recognize ACS that occur without apparent epicardial coronary artery thrombus or stenosis. Such events may arise from spasm, microvascular disease, or other pathways. Emerging management strategies may likewise apply selectively to this category of ACS. We advocate this more mechanistic approach to the categorization of ACS to provide a framework for future tailoring, triage, and therapy for patients in a more personalized and precise manner.
Impact of a school-based interdisciplinary intervention on diet and physical activity among urban primary school children: eat well and keep moving.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of a school-based interdisciplinary health behavior intervention on diet and physical activity among children in grades 4 and 5. DESIGN A quasiexperimental field trial with 6 intervention and 8 matched control schools. Outcomes were assessed longitudinally using preintervention (fall 1995) and follow-up (spring 1997) student survey food frequency and activity measures and follow-up 24-hour recall measures of diet and activity. Change was also assessed using yearly repeated cross-sectional surveys of all grade 5 students from 1995 through 1997. PARTICIPANTS Longitudinal data were collected from 479 students initially in grade 4 in Baltimore, Md, public schools; 91% were African American. Repeated 24-hour recall measures in 1997 were collected for a random subsample of 336 students. Cross-sectional survey data were collected from all grade 5 students in 1995,1996, and 1997 (n = 2103). INTERVENTION The Eat Well and Keep Moving Program was taught by classroom teachers over 2 years in math, science, language arts, and social studies classes. Materials provided links to school food services and families and provided training and wellness programs for teachers and other staff members. Intervention materials focused on decreasing consumption of foods high in total and saturated fat and increasing fruit and vegetable intake, as well as reducing television viewing and increasing physical activity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Dietary intake and physical activity measured via repeated 24-hour recall were primary end points, with additional food frequency and activity measures. RESULTS The 24-hour recall measures indicated that, after controlling for baseline covariates, the percentages of total energy from fat and saturated fat were reduced among students in intervention compared with control schools (-1.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], -2.8 to -0.04; P = .04 and -0.60%; 95% CI, -1.2 to -0.01; P = .05). There was an increase in fruit and vegetable intake (0.36 servings/4184 kJ; 95% CI, 0.10-0.62; P=.01), in vitamin C intake (8.8 mg/4184 kJ; 95% CI, 2.0-16; P=.01), and in fiber consumption (0.7 g/4184 kJ; 95% CI, 0.0-1.4; P=.05). Television viewing was marginally reduced (-0.55 h/d; 95% CI, -1.04 to 0.04; P=.06). Analysis of longitudinal and repeated cross-sectional food frequency data indicated similar significant decreases in the percentages of total energy from fat and saturated fat. CONCLUSION Evaluation of the Eat Well and Keep Moving Program indicates effectiveness in improving dietary intake of students and reducing television viewing.
Optimizing low-frequency common spatial pattern features for multi-class classification of hand movement directions

Recent studies have demonstrated that hand movement directions can be decoded from low-frequency electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. This paper proposes a novel framework that can optimally select dyadic filter bank common spatial pattern (CSP) features in low-frequency band (0-8 Hz) for multi-class classification of four orthogonal hand movement directions. The proposed framework encompasses EEG signal enhancement, dyadic filter bank CSP feature extraction, fuzzy mutual information (FMI)-based feature selection, and one-versus-rest Fisher's linear discriminant analysis. Experimental results on data collected from seven human subjects show that (1) signal enhancement can boost accuracy by at least 4%; (2) low-frequency band (0-8 Hz) can adequately and effectively discriminate hand movement directions; and (3) dyadic filter bank CSP feature extraction and FMI-based feature selection are indispensable for analyzing hand movement directions, increasing accuracy by 6.06%, from 60.02% to 66.08%.
The Geographic Size of Markets in Manufacturing

T HE geographic extent of the market has long been recognized as an important element of industry structure. For lack of systematic and direct measures, however, previous studies have relied either on rough classifications of geographical market size (local, regional or national) (Comanor and Wilson, 1967, p. 433; Kaysen and Turner, 1959, appendixes, pp. 283-285; Stigler, 1963, pp. 265-269 and 56-57) or on output dispersion indexes such as the number of states needed to account for 75 per cent of total shipments (Collins and Preston, 1968, 1969; Fuchs, 1962). This paper develops an alternative index of market size based on the Census of Transportation. Some attempts are made to evaluate various measures of market extent by comparisons with indexes of output dispersion and with an element of transport cost. It ends with a brief summary of the geographic market sizes of United States manufacturing industries.
A novel heart rate variability algorithm for the detection of myocardial ischemia: pilot data from a prospective clinical trial.

BACKGROUND Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis has been shown to be a predictor of sudden cardiac death and all-cause mortality in patients with cardiac disease. OBJECTIVES To examine whether newer HRV analysis algorithms, as used by the HeartTrends device, are superior to exercise stress testing (EST) for the detection of myocardial ischemia in patients without known coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS We present pilot data of the first 100 subjects enrolled in a clinical trial designed to evaluate the yield of short-term (1 hour) HRV testing for the detection of myocardial ischemia. The study population comprised subjects without known CAD referred to a tertiary medical center for EST with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). All patients underwent a 1 hour electrocardiographic acquisition for HRV analysis with a HeartTrends device prior to ESTwith MPI. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV, respectively) were calculated for EST and HRV analysis, using MPI as the gold standard for the non-invasive detection of myocardial ischemia. RESULTS In this cohort 15% had a pathologic MPI result. HRV analysis showed superior sensitivity (85%), PPV (50%) and NPV (97%) as compared to standard EST (53%, 42%, 90%, respectively), while the specificity of the two tests was similar (86% and 85%, respectively). The close agreement between HRV and MPI was even more pronounced among patients > 65 years of age. CONCLUSIONS Our pilot data suggest that the diagnostic yield of the novel HeartTrends HRV algorithm is superior to conventional EST for the non-invasive detection of myocardial ischemia.
strategic learning & the balanced scorecard

The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) translates an organization's mission and strategy into a comprehensive set of performance measures that provides the framework for a strategic measurement and management system. The scorecard measures organizational performance across four linked perspectives: financial, customer, internal business process, and learning and growth. (See Exhibit 1 on page 20.) The BSC enables companies to track short‐term financial results while simultaneously monitoring their progress in building the capabilities and acquiring the intangible assets that generate growth for future financial performance.
A comparative perspective on gender and accountancy

Different theoretical approaches have been used to examine the process of assimi-lation of women into professional occupations. A Franco-British comparative study of women's incorporation into accountancy is used to test the explanatory value of different bodies of theory. The research suggests that the integration of women into the profession may have progressed further in France than in Britain, and that the process is influenced by societal characteristics. Differences in the relationship between training, the role of professional associations, organiza-tional structure and the public policy environment are shown to affect women's choices and career opportunities.
Does an Increase in Unemployment Income Lead to Longer Unemployment Spells? Evidence using Danish Unemployment Assistance Data

Danish unemployment assistance depends on age; it increases by 70% when unemployed individuals turn 25. This feature is used to identify the impact of income on the unemployment-to-employment hazard rate. A mixed proportional hazard framework based on a 10% representative Danish registry data set is used. The results indicate that the income effect for females is negative and significant, corresponding to an income elasticity of -0.4. The effect for males is positive but insignifcant.
Viral Cell Entry Induced by Cross-Linked Decay-Accelerating Factor

ABSTRACT Decay-accelerating factor (DAF) mediates cellular attachment for many human picornaviruses. In most cases, viral binding to DAF is itself insufficient to permit cell infectivity, with a second, functional internalization receptor being required to facilitate this process. Previously, we postulated that the role of DAF in enterovirus cell infection is as a sequestration receptor, maintaining a reservoir of bound virus in an infectious state, awaiting interaction with functional internalization receptors. Many of these functional receptors possess the capacity to induce relatively rapid changes in capsid conformations, resulting in the formation of altered particles (A-type particles). In this report, we show that antibody-cross-linked DAF, in contrast to endogenous surface-expressed forms, can act as a functional virus receptor to mediate coxsackie A21 virus (CAV21) lytic cell infection. In contrast to the situation with ICAM-1-mediated CAV21 infection, in which high levels of A-type particles are formed, cross-linked DAF-induced CAV21 replication occurs in the absence of detectable A-particle formation.
Team microfranchising as a response to the entrepreneurial capacity problem in low-income markets

Purpose – Drawing on a qualitative study of youth microfranchising in the Tanzanian computer sales, service, and training sector, the purpose of this study is to identify the challenges and advantages of a team-based approach to owning and operating a microfranchise business in the context of a least developed country. However, disadvantaged entrepreneurs typically still lack a critical mass of specialized technical skills and general managerial skills to manage a differentiated and competitive microenterprise business. A team-based approach to microfranchising can allow for combining specialized skills among more than one business owner; however, the potential risks and opportunities of team-microfranchising have not been studied. This study makes a contribution toward filling this gap by identifying five challenges and five advantages of team microfranchising which provide guidance for future research and practice. Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative data (interviews, observation and archival docu.
Multiperiod Pension Plans and ERISA

Corporate pension plans represent a large and growing force in the capital market. Their promised benefits comprise a large portion of the expected retirement income of millions of employees. Because of this importance, and because of some widely publicized abuses and scandals, these plans were the subject of increased governmental regulation in the 1970s. One outgrowth of this has been the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) under which the Pension Benefit Guarantee Corporation (PBGC) provides insurance of pension benefits. The objective of this paper is to develop a multiperiod model of the pension plan in order (1) to evaluate the robustness of prior analyses of the wealth transfers caused by the passage of ERISA among workers, firms, and the PBGC; (2) to characterize the nature of a PBGC insurance scheme which could, if it were so desired, reduce the potential liability of the PBGC; and (3) to serve as a prototype for modeling the multiperiod pension plan.
Diminished transcription of chromosome arm 4q is inversely related to local spreading of hepatocellular carcinoma

To identify transcriptional features associated with local spreading of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), regional expression biases were determined from the gene expression profiles of solitary HCC tumors and of HCC tumors associated with additional intrahepatic lesions and/or portal vein involvement. Regional expression biases are genetic intervals in which gene expression is coordinately changed. Often, but not always, a regional expression bias indicates an underlying chromosomal aberration. This study demonstrated that the presence or absence of a regional expression bias on chromosome arm 4q can predict the presence or absence of intrahepatic spread/portal vein involvement in 83% of cases analyzed (n = 40). These results suggest that the transcriptional state of 4q may be a marker for local spreading of HCC and that a more detailed genetic/epigenetic characterization of this locus may provide additional insights into HCC development. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Targeted inactivation of the smallest plastid genome‐encoded open reading frame reveals a novel and essential subunit of the cytochrome b6f complex

The smallest conserved open reading frame in the plastid genome, ycf6, potentially specifies a hydrophobic polypeptide of only 29 amino acids. In order to determine the function of this reading frame we have constructed a knockout allele for ycf6. This allele was introduced into the tobacco plastid genome by chloroplast transformation to replace the wild‐type ycf6 allele. Homoplasmic Δycf6 plants display a photosynthetically incompetent phenotype. Whereas the two photosystems are intact and physiologically active, we found that the electron transfer from photosystem II to photosystem I is interrupted in Δycf6 plants. Molecular analyses revealed that this block is caused by the complete absence of the cytochrome b6f complex, the redox‐coupling complex that interconnects the two photosystems. Analysis of purified cytochrome b6f complex by mass spectroscopy revealed the presence of a protein that has exactly the molecular mass calculated for the Ycf6 protein. This suggests that Ycf6 is a genuine subunit of the cytochrome b6f complex, which plays a crucial role in complex assembly and/or stability. We therefore propose to rename the ycf6 reading frame petN.
Value-at-Risk and least squares tail index estimation

The empirical evidence of heavy tails in stock return data is recognised by risk managers as an important factor in assessing the Value-at-Risk and risk profile of investment portfolios. Tail index estimation appears to be a tailor-made tool for estimating the extreme quantiles of heavy tailed distributions, as it exploits the information provided by the extreme observations. The tail shape of heavy tailed distributions resembles-to a first approximation-the hyperbolic shape of the Pareto distribution characterised by the so-called tail index. Ususally, a Hill-type estimator is used to estimate this tail index. This paper takes a new approach that hinges to a lesser extent on the choice of the treshold level and is easier to apply, by estimating the tail shape via least squares.
Real Investment, Capital Intensity and Interest Rates

In a growing economy the cash flows from investment projects can be expected to be rising over time. In this paper we explore the interactions of growth and uncertainty of cash flows with variable capital intensity in the decision to invest. We derive simple replacements for the usual neoclassical optimal investment rules based on IRR or NPV. We show that the ability to vary capital intensity raises the specter of perverse responses of investment to interest rates. Variable capital intensity is a sufficient condition for the perverse responses that can occur when growth rates are high or uncertainty is high. An empirical analysis of a panel data set on residential investment in the 1980sconfirms the predictions of the model and finds that about 40% of the observations fall in the positive response region.