Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Salt-Induced Hypertension in a Mouse Model of Liddle Syndrome Is Mediated by Epithelial Sodium Channels in the Brain

Neural precursor cell expressed and developmentally downregulated 4-2 protein (Nedd4-2) facilitates the endocytosis of epithelial Na channels (ENaCs). Both mice and humans with a loss of regulation of ENaC by Nedd4-2 have salt-induced hypertension. ENaC is also expressed in the brain, where it is critical for hypertension on a high-salt diet in salt-sensitive rats. In the present studies we assessed whether Nedd4-2 knockout (−/−) mice have the following: (1) increased brain ENaC; (2) elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sodium on a high-salt diet; and (3) enhanced pressor responses to CSF sodium and hypertension on a high-salt diet, both mediated by brain ENaC. Prominent choroid plexus and neuronal ENaC staining was present in −/− but not in wild-type mice. In chronically instrumented mice, ICV infusion of Na-rich artificial CSF increased mean arterial pressure 3-fold higher in −/− than in wild-type mice. ICV infusion of the ENaC blocker benzamil abolished this enhancement. In telemetered −/− mice on a high-salt diet (8% NaCl), CSF [Na+], mean arterial pressure, and heart rate increased significantly, mean arterial pressure by 30 to 35 mmHg. These mean arterial pressure and heart rate responses were largely prevented by ICV benzamil but only to a minor extent by SC benzamil at the ICV rate. We conclude that increased ENaC expression in the brain of Nedd4-2 −/− mice mediates their hypertensive response to a high-salt diet by causing increased sodium levels in the CSF, as well as hyperresponsiveness to CSF sodium. These findings highlight the possible causative contribution of central nervous system ENaC in the etiology of salt-induced hypertension.
Effect of multivalent ions on electroosmotic flow in micro‐ and nanochannels

In this work, the effect of multivalent ions on electroosmotic flow is investigated for multiple electrolyte components. The cases studied include incorporating Ca2+ and HPO42‐ and other monovalent ions, such as K+ and H2PO4‐, into an aqueous NaCl solution. The governing equations are derived and solved numerically. The boundary conditions for the governing equations are obtained from the electrochemical equilibrium requirements. In comparison with monovalent ions, the results show that in micro‐ and nanochannels having fixed surface charges, multivalent counterions, even in very small amounts, reduce electroosmotic flow significantly, while the multivalent co‐ions have little effect on the electroosmotic flow. Due to the enhanced ion‐wall interactions multivalent counterions compose the majority of ions in the electric double layer (EDL), causing a decrease of net charge at the surface.
The acceptance of responsibility and expressions of regret in organizational apologies after a transgression

Purpose – When organizations face a crisis that is a result of a transgression, crisis scholars suggest that the organization should apologize in order to accept responsibility for the event. In turn, this is expected to reduce the reputation damage to the organization. The assumption is that an apology statement is interpreted by stakeholders to be equal to accepting responsibility; however, this assumption has not been empirically examined. This paper seeks to address that gap.Design/methodology/approach – A three (explicitness of accepting responsibility: none, implicit, explicit) by two (expressing regret: none, explicit) between subjects design was employed. Participants read an article about a crisis event, answered questions about perceived reputation, read one of six organizational responses, and responded to questions about reputation and anger caused by the response.Findings – Results indicate that both accepting responsibility and expressing regret affect perceptions of reputation after a crisi.
Development of Resistance to Pyrethroid in Culex pipiens pallens Population under Different Insecticide Selection Pressures

Current vector control programs are largely dependent on pyrethroids, which are the most commonly used and only insecticides recommended by the World Health Organization for insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). However, the rapid spread of pyrethroid resistance worldwide compromises the effectiveness of control programs and threatens public health. Since few new insecticide classes for vector control are anticipated, limiting the development of resistance is crucial for prolonging efficacy of pyrethroids. In this study, we exposed a field-collected population of Culex pipiens pallens to different insecticide selection intensities to dynamically monitor the development of resistance. Moreover, we detected kdr mutations and three detoxification enzyme activities in order to explore the evolutionary mechanism of pyrethroid resistance. Our results revealed that the level of pyrethroid resistance was proportional to the insecticide selection pressure. The kdr and metabolic resistance both contributed to pyrethroid resistance in the Cx. pipiens pallens populations, but they had different roles under different selection pressures. We have provided important evidence for better understanding of the development and mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance which may guide future insecticide use and vector management in order to avoid or delay resistance.
Teaching assistants’ roles in daily mathematics lessons

Background: The increasing numbers of teaching assistants (TAs) and their widening role in English primary classrooms is part of wider international developments. Several large quantitative studies have been influential in shaping debate, but little qualitative research exists on TAs and the content of their activity in the key area of mathematics. Purpose: The article addresses the question: How do TAs in primary schools perceive their role in daily mathematics lessons? Sample: Twenty-four TAs employed in English primary schools participated in the study. Their experience ranged from 2 to 20 years. Two were men; the rest were women. Design and methods: Interviews were undertaken in the spring and summer of 2011, transcribed and coded using Glaser and Strauss’ recommended method (B. Glaser and A. Strauss, 1967, The discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for qualitative research; Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Company). A typology of TA activity was created and used together with other cross-cutting factors to ascertain what TAs did in general and, specifically, in mathematics teaching. Results: The results show that previous pictures generated from large-scale quantitative studies of TAs working with children seen as having the greatest difficulty in mathematics are essentially (though not universally) correct. However, they may be internally differentiated to a greater extent than previously envisaged. Conclusion: The range of TA activities in mathematics classrooms is considerably wider than previously thought; professional development for TAs and teachers needs to take account of this.
SLUP: A Semantic-Based and Location-Aware Unstructured P2P Network

The topological properties of P2P overlay networks are the key factor that dominates the performance of search. Most systems construct logical overlay topologies without considering the underlying physical topology, which causes a serious topology mismatch between the P2P overlay network and the physical network. Thus location of the underlying network should be taken into account during the construction of P2P networks. It can shorten the length of route in network layer and reduce the bandwidth consumed. Furthermore, if nodes with semantic similarity of shared resources are clustered together, queries are routed to the semantically related peers, which can increase the chances of finding the matching resources quickly. Based on these two characters, we propose a Semantic-based and location-aware unstructured P2P Model (SLUP), in which nodes are clustered into domains according to physical distance, and the nodes in a domain are clustered into groups according to similar resources. Simulation experiments show that SLUP can significantly shorten the latency of the searching process and reduce the searching overhead.
A virtual machine emulator for performance evaluation

The Seventh Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, held in December 1979, continues an excellent tradition. Part of that tradition includes the publication of some of the best papers in a subsequent issue of the Communications of the ACM. The papers from the Seventh SOSP are included here, and give a good indication of the quality of the program from which they were selected. The symposium was excellently organized by the General Chairperson, Michael Schroeder, and his assistants. The quality of the program is evidence of the unusually competent performance of the program committee under the direction of Anita Jones. Her efforts materially reduced the difficulties of preparing this special issue of Communications. The remaining papers appear in the Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, and are recommended reading for all those interested in current research in operating systems. R. Stockton Gaines Editor, Operating Systems Department
The Power of the Press: The Effects of Press Frames in Political Campaign News on Media Perceptions

This article discusses how the behaviors, roles, and standards of mainstream journalism are framed in political campaign news and empirically examines applicability and accessibility effects of so-called press frames on individuals' media perceptions, specifically on news information quality and negative aspects of content (cf. Kosicki & McLeod, 1990). Following previous work, we posited that journalists frame the press in three ways, called conduit, strategy, and accountability. Participants in a between-subjects experiment were exposed to a political campaign story about an exemplar “character issue” containing these frames. Regarding applicability effects, exposure to each press frame differentially prompted individuals to think frame-relevant propositions were salient in the story. Further, participants exposed to the strategy press frame interpreted the press as being significantly more negative than individuals exposed to the conduit or accountability frame; participants exposed to the accountability press frame interpreted the press as having higher news information quality than individuals exposed to the conduit or strategy frame. Regarding accessibility effects, only the accountability press frame prompted individuals to access prior beliefs about the news media to form opinions about negativity and quality. Implications for future study of press framing are discussed.
Fault Tolerant Planning: Toward Probabilistic Uncertainty Models in Symbolic Non-Deterministic Planning

Symbolic non-deterministic planning represents action effects as sets of possible next states. In this paper, we move toward a more probabilistic uncertainty model by distinguishing between likely primary effects and unlikely secondary effects of actions. We consider the practically important case where secondary effects are failures, and introduce n-fault tolerant plans that are robust for up to n faults occurring during plan execution. Fault tolerant plans are more restrictive than weak plans, but more relaxed than strong cyclic and strong plans. We show that optimal n-fault tolerant plans can be generated by the usual strong algorithm. However, due to non-local error states, it is often beneficial to decouple the planning for primary and secondary effects. We employ this approach for two specialized algorithms 1-FTP (blind) and 1-GFTP (guided) and demonstrate their advantages experimentally in significant real-world domains.
Design and Update of a Classification System: The UCSD Map of Science

Global maps of science can be used as a reference system to chart career trajectories, the location of emerging research frontiers, or the expertise profiles of institutes or nations. This paper details data preparation, analysis, and layout performed when designing and subsequently updating the UCSD map of science and classification system. The original classification and map use 7.2 million papers and their references from Elsevier’s Scopus (about 15,000 source titles, 2001–2005) and Thomson Reuters’ Web of Science (WoS) Science, Social Science, Arts & Humanities Citation Indexes (about 9,000 source titles, 2001–2004)–about 16,000 unique source titles. The updated map and classification adds six years (2005–2010) of WoS data and three years (2006–2008) from Scopus to the existing category structure–increasing the number of source titles to about 25,000. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a widely used map of science was updated. A comparison of the original 5-year and the new 10-year maps and classification system show (i) an increase in the total number of journals that can be mapped by 9,409 journals (social sciences had a 80% increase, humanities a 119% increase, medical (32%) and natural science (74%)), (ii) a simplification of the map by assigning all but five highly interdisciplinary journals to exactly one discipline, (iii) a more even distribution of journals over the 554 subdisciplines and 13 disciplines when calculating the coefficient of variation, and (iv) a better reflection of journal clusters when compared with paper-level citation data. When evaluating the map with a listing of desirable features for maps of science, the updated map is shown to have higher mapping accuracy, easier understandability as fewer journals are multiply classified, and higher usability for the generation of data overlays, among others.
On the Design of Optimal Digital IIR BP Filter using Opposition aided Cat Swarm Optimization Algorithm

This paper proposes a solution methodology for the design of optimal and stable digital infinite impulse response (IIR) band pass (BP) filter by employing the cat swarm optimization (CSO) algorithm with the incorporation of oppositional learning strategy. The error surface of digital IIR filters is non linear and multimodal because of the presence of the denominator terms. Therefore, the traditional filter design methods usually got stuck in the local minim. CSO is a novel population based global optimization technique which possesses global as well as local search capabilities. Here, the multicriterion optimization is used as the decisive factor that undertakes the minimization of magnitude approximation error and minimization of ripple magnitudes of pass band and stop band while satisfying the stability constraints that are imposed during the design process. For the purpose of starting with an improved solution set, the opposition based learning strategy is included in CSO. The developed algorithm is used to design the digital IIR band pass (BP) filter and attempts to find the optimal filter coefficients which are approximately close to the desired filter response. The computational results show that the proposed algorithm is capable of designing stable and optimal digital IIR BP filter structure that is better to the designs presented by other algorithms.
Detection of Programs Behaviors on Context Dependency

Anomaly detection of privileged program behaviors is one of the most important means to ensure the system security. An alternative modeling method is proposed based on the BP neural network classifier, which builds upon the concept of the context dependency short sequences and the specially designed m-nearest algorithm. It is because that the neural network classifiers have the advantages of high generalization capability on unknown data, and the context dependency can more accurately determine the nature of local behaviors for the short sequences, behavior detection performance of program traces was evidently improved as compared with the previous modeling method.
Enhanced Self-Training Superresolution Mapping Technique for Hyperspectral Imagery

An efficient superresolution technique through spatial-spectral data fusion for hyperspectral (HS) imagery is proposed in this letter. The spatial and spectral contents of an HS image are extracted using a linear mixture model and a fully constrained least squares unmixing technique. These data are then combined using a spatial correlation model through a learning-based superresolution mapping (SRM) algorithm. The proposed spatial correlation model realistically simulates a mapping model between the low-resolution (LR) HS image and its subsampled version ( LR2 HS image) to train the designed SRM algorithm for mapping from the LR to high resolution. The experiments on real HS images validate the accuracy and low complexity of the proposed autonomous technique for key information detection in HS imagery.
Skinning With Deformable Chunks

This paper presents a new technique to generate skin deformations for articulated virtual characters. Deformable chunks are utilized to represent the internal structures of a character, and they are automatically generated beneath the skin depending on user speciﬁed patches on the skin. Powered by ﬁnite element method, these chunks can deform in a controllable manner according to the skeleton posture. The deformations of the chunks lead to natural deformation of the skin of the character. Intuitive rigs are devised to facilitate the adjustments of deformation results. We have demonstrated that most of the visual characteristics of skin deformations generated by real muscle contractions can be accomplished by our method.
SHARP BOUNDS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF TREATMENT EFFECTS AND THEIR STATISTICAL INFERENCE

In this paper, we propose nonparametric estimators of sharp bounds on the distribution of treatment effects of a binary treatment and establish their asymptotic distributions. We note the possible failure of the standard bootstrap with the same sample size and apply the fewer-than-n bootstrap to making inferences on these bounds. The finite sample performances of the confidence intervals for the bounds based on normal critical values, the standard bootstrap, and the fewer-than-n bootstrap are investigated via a simulation study. Finally we establish sharp bounds on the treatment effect distribution when covariates are available.
Task Switching: A PDP Model

When subjects switch between a pair of stimulus-response tasks, reaction time is slower on trial N if a different task was performed on trial N - 1. We present a parallel distributed processing (PDP) model that simulates this effect when subjects switch between word reading and color naming in response to Stroop stimuli. Reaction time on "switch trials" can be slowed by an extended response selection process which results from (a) persisting, inappropriate states of activation and inhibition of task-controlling representations; and (b) associative learning, which allows stimuli to evoke tasks sets with which they have recently been associated (as proposed by Allport & Wylie, 2000). The model provides a good fit to a large body of empirical data, including findings which have been seen as problematic for this explanation of switch costs, and shows similar behavior when the parameters are set to random values, supporting Allport and Wylie's proposal.
Let ’ s Not Forget Validation

As we are moving from a traditional software development process to a new development paradigm where the process it largely driven by tools and automation, new challenges for verification and validation (V&V) emerge. Productivity improvements will in this new paradigm be achieved through reduced emphasis on testing of implementations, increased reliance on automated analysis tools applied in the specification domain, verifiably correct generation of sourcecode, and verifiably correct compilation. The V&V effort will now be largely focused on assuring that the formal specifications are correct and that the tools are trustworthy so that we can rely on the results of the analysis and code generation without extensive additional testing of the resulting implementation. Traditionally, most research efforts have been devoted to the verification problem. In this position paper we point out the importance of validation and argue that if we fail to adequately address the validation problem, the impact of verifying code generation and compilation will be limited.
The intimate and ironic authority of the psychoanalyst's presence.

A SESSION FROM “SESSIONS” There was a program on cable TV called Sessions. Each episode was organized around a session of psychoanalysis or psychoanalytic therapy, depending on your point of view, with various flashbacks to scenes from the patient's current life situation and childhood as the patient described them. In one episode the patient's mother has had a scare. She's been hospitalized with a heart condition, perhaps a mild heart attack. The patient is on the couch. The analyst or therapist, played by Elliot Gould, comes across as warm and engaging. The patient, who appears to be between thirty-five and forty years old, is estranged from his father. He complains to the analyst about how his father is so self-centered that even under these circumstances he could only think of himself. The patient describes his experience with his father driving home from the hospital after visiting the mother. We see the flashback. In the car the father goes on about his
Real-time shape retrieval for robotics using skip Tri-Grams

The real time requirement is an additional constraint on many intelligent applications in robotics, such as shape recognition and retrieval using a mobile robot platform. In this paper, we present a scalable approach for efficiently retrieving closed contour shapes. The contour of an object is represented by piecewise linear segments. A skip Tri-Gram is obtained by selecting three segments in the clockwise order while allowing a constant number of segments to be “skipped” in between. The main idea is to use skip Tri-Grams of the segments to implicitly encode the distant dependency of the shape. All skip Tri-Grams are used for efficiently retrieving closed contour shapes without pairwise matching feature points from two shapes. The retrieval is at least an order of magnitude faster than other state-of-the-art algorithms. We score 80% in the Bullseye retrieval test on the whole MPEG 7 shape dataset [11]. We further test the algorithm using a mobile robot platform in an indoor environment. 8 objects are used for testing from different viewing directions, and we achieve 82% accuracy.
Finitary Cech-de Rham Cohomology: much ado without smoothness

The present paper is a continuation of our work on curved finitary spacetime sheaves of incidence algebras and treats the latter along Cech cohomological lines. In particular, we entertain the possibility of constructing a non-trivial de Rham complex on these finite dimensional algebra sheaves along the lines of the first author's axiomatic approach to differential geometry via the theory of vector and algebra sheaves. The upshot of this study is that important `classical' differential geometric constructions and results usually thought of as being intimately associated with smooth manifolds carry through, virtually unaltered, to the finitary-algebraic regime with the help of some quite universal, because abstract, ideas taken mainly from sheaf-cohomology as developed in the first author's Abstract Differential Geometry theory. At the end of the paper, and due to the fact that the incidence algebras involved have been previously interpreted as quantum causal sets, we discuss how these ideas may be used in certain aspects of current research on discrete Lorentzian quantum gravity.
If We Seek, Do We Learn?

Derived from the risk information seeking and processing model (RISP), this study sought to isolate predictors of the public's knowledge of global warming. Using a national sample ( N = 805), multiple regression yielded a number of significant relationships among 13 moderators. Notably, the number of media sources used for information about global warming, information seeking effort, and general education were relatively strong predictors of knowledge. Counter to expectations, informational subjective norms were inversely related to knowledge.