Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The development of a software clone detector

Cloning, the copying and modifying of blocks of code, is the most basic means of software reuse. Code cloning has been very extensively used within the software development design community. Unofficial surveys carried out within large, long term software development projects suggest that 25-30% of the modules in this kind of system may have been cloned. A system to detect clones of procedures in large software systems is described. The system uses a self organising neural net, a SOM, to cluster feature vectors associated with the procedures. We report how a prototype system was developed and subsequently enhanced into a full product quality tool. The limitations of the SOM-based tool are the long training times and the fixed number of clone classes that are created. A second neural net model, the Dynamic Competitive Learning (DCL) net, which overcomes both these limitations is also discussed as a possible component: the results of our initial trials with the SOM-based tool and the DCL-based prototype are given.
Confirmation as coping with competition

ABSTRACT Confirmation is a widespread tendency to seek, use, interpret or remember information in such a way as to corroborate one’s hypothesis. We review various conceptions of confirmation and classify them as a function of whether they depict this phenomenon as a cognitive failure, a form of motivational prioritisation, or a pragmatic strategy. Then, we note that such a systematic and pervasive phenomenon must be a central mechanism of human activity serving an important and specific social function. We propose that confirmation is an adaptive mechanism that serves the function of coping with competitive situations. This general proposition is broken down into three implications: Confirmation occurs to a larger extent (1) when there is competition, (2) when competition is threatening, (3) when competition threatens one’s feelings of competence. A research programme is reported to illustrate each of these implications.
PrimeScreen, a brief dietary screening tool: reproducibility and comparability with both a longer food frequency questionnaire and biomarkers

Abstract Objective Diet is an important determinant of health outcomes, but physicians have few ways to identify persons with suboptimal diets. The purposes of this study were to examine the reproducibility of a short dietary assessment questionnaire (PrimeScreen) and to compare its results with those of a longer food frequency questionnaire and with plasma levels of selected nutrients. Design Each subject completed two PrimeScreen questionnaires at an interval of 2 weeks and one full length, 131-item, semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ), and had a sample of blood drawn. We compared the PrimeScreen with two reference standards, the SFFQ and plasma levels of selected nutrients. Setting A large managed care organization in New England. Subjects A total of 160 men and women, aged 19–65 years, participated. Results For foods and food groups, the mean correlation coefficient (r) was 0.70 for reproducibility and 0.61 for comparability with the SFFQ. For nutrients, the mean r was 0.74 for reproducibility and 0.60 for comparability with the SFFQ. No substantial differences were evident by sex, race, body mass index, occupation or education. Correlation coefficients for the comparison of vitamin E, β-carotene and lutein/zeaxanthin intakes from the PrimeScreen with plasma levels were 0.33, 0.43 and 0.43, respectively. These values were similar to those comparing the SFFQ with plasma levels. The median time to complete PrimeScreen was 5 min; 87% of participants required fewer than 10 min. Conclusions A quick way to assess quality of diet among adults, PrimeScreen has adequate reproducibility and its results compare well with a longer food frequency questionnaire and biomarkers.
The Fermentation Stress Response Protein Aaf1p/Yml081Wp Regulates Acetate Production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The production of acetic acid during wine fermentation is a critical issue for wineries since the sensory quality of a wine can be affected by the amount of acetic acid it contains. We found that the C2H2-type zinc-finger transcription factor YML081Wp regulated the mRNA levels of ALD4 and ALD6, which encode a cytosolic acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ACDH) and a mitochondrial ACDH, respectively. These enzymes produce acetate from acetaldehyde as part of the pyruvate dehydrogenase bypass. This regulation was also reflected in the protein levels of Ald4p and Ald6p, as well as total ACDH activity. In the absence of ALD6, YML081W had no effect on acetic acid levels, suggesting that this transcription factor’s effects are mediated primarily through this gene. lacZ reporter assays revealed that Yml081wp stimulates ALD6 transcription, in large part from a GAGGGG element 590 base pairs upstream of the translation start site. The non-annotated ORF YML081W therefore encodes a transcription factor that regulates acetate production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We propose AAF1 as a gene name for the YML081W ORF.
In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Cerebral Ischemia Show Discrepancy in Therapeutic Effects of M2 Macrophages

The inflammatory response following ischemic stroke is dominated by innate immune cells: resident microglia and blood-derived macrophages. The ambivalent role of these cells in stroke outcome might be explained in part by the acquisition of distinct functional phenotypes: classically (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. To shed light on the crosstalk between hypoxic neurons and macrophages, an in vitro model was set up in which bone marrow-derived macrophages were co-cultured with hippocampal slices subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation. The results showed that macrophages provided potent protection against neuron cell loss through a paracrine mechanism, and that they expressed M2-type alternative polarization. These findings raised the possibility of using bone marrow-derived M2 macrophages in cellular therapy for stroke. Therefore, 2 million M2 macrophages (or vehicle) were intravenously administered during the subacute stage of ischemia (D4) in a model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Functional neuroscores and magnetic resonance imaging endpoints (infarct volumes, blood-brain barrier integrity, phagocytic activity assessed by iron oxide uptake) were longitudinally monitored for 2 weeks. This cell-based treatment did not significantly improve any outcome measure compared with vehicle, suggesting that this strategy is not relevant to stroke therapy.
Outlier Detection Technique in Data Mining: A Research Perspective

While the field of data mining has been studied extensively, most of the work has concentrated on discovery of patterns. Outlier detection as a branch of data mining has many important applications, and deserves more attention from data mining community. Most methods in the early work that detects outliers independently have been developed in field of Statistics. Finding ,removing and detecting outliers is very important in data mining, for example error in large databases can be extremely common, so an important property of a data mining algorithm is robustness with respect to outliers in the database. Most sophisticated methods in data mining address this problem to some extent, but not fully, and can be improved by addressing the problem more directly. The identification of outliers can lead to the discovery of unexpected knowledge in areas such as credit card fraud detection, calling card fraud detection, discovering criminal behaviors, discovering computer intrusion, etc. In this paper we will explain the first part of our research, which is focused on outlier identification and provide a description of why an identified outlier exceptional, based on Distance-Based outlier detection and Density-Based outlier detection.
Effect of vowel on pitch discrimination of CV in Japanese

The pitch dynamics seem to be based on the pitch thresholds (DLs) between the Vowels, V and CV, and also CV and CV. In this study, the DLs were measured for discrimination of pitch (fundamental frequency) of complex tone, Japanese Vowel (V) and Consonance-Vowel (CV) speech. A nominal F0 of complex tone was 170 Hz and the pitch of V and CV speech were resynthesized same as 170Hz. Tone was band-pass filtered ranged from 1 to 5 of harmonic components. Tone and speech presented in threshold equalizing noise. As the results, the pitch DLs of V were same as the F0DL of complex tone and the DL of vowel “a” and “o” were larger and that of “e” was smaller. These results suggest that F1 information within the dominance region was used for pitch discrimination of complex tone of 170Hz-F0. It seems that temporal fine structure (TFS) information on F2 was used for pitch discrimination. For CV including /t/ and /k/, the DLs were depended on the vowel, because of voiceless consonant. Also, we measured the DLs between V and CV, as V-CV, then between CV and another CV, as CV-CV. The results shows the DLs of V-CV and CV-CV sound were estimated using the geometric mean of DLs between V and CV.
Use of prewhitening in climate regime shift detection

Time series of observations generated by a stationary red noise process are characterized by long intervals when the observations remain above or below the overall mean value. These intervals can be easily misinterpreted as “climatic regimes” with different statistics. A “prewhitening” procedure that removes the red noise component from the time series prior to an application of a regime shift detection technique is discussed. The key elements of this procedure are subsampling and bias correction of the least squares estimate of the serial correlation. A new technique to obtain a bias‐corrected estimate of the autoregressive parameter is proposed. It is shown that the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) appears to be more than just a manifestation of a red noise process.
Tamoxifen-Dependent, Inducible Bmp2CreER Drives Selective Recombinase Activity in Early Interdigital Mesenchyme and Digit Collateral Ligaments

During limb development, the interdigital mesenchyme has been proposed to play a signaling role instructing morphogenesis of different digit types, as well as undergoing programmed cell death necessary to free digits in animals not adapted for swimming or flying. We have generated a conditional, tamoxifen-dependent Cre line, Bmp2CreER, which drives highly selective recombination restricted to the distal limb mesoderm, largely restricted to the interdigits, and selectively active in digit ligament but not tendon progenitors at later stages. The Bmp2CreER provides a valuable new tool to dissect roles of interdigital mesenchyme and potentially investigate divergence of ligament and tendon lineages.
Academic career: on institutions, social capital and gender

ABSTRACT During decades of change in the Western higher education sector, new ways of understanding academic work have reinforced notions of the impact of social capital. The present study investigates researchers’ experiences of their own career making within two areas of Education Sciences in Swedish higher education: Childhood Studies (CS) and Science Education (SE). The structure at the CS departments is collaborative and integrated; teaching and research are seen as an entity. This structure creates a coherent career path where members of the collective group jointly produce and accumulate social capital; it also appears to be related to discourses of femininity. In the SE departments, the career structure is strategic and differentiated; the two career paths work in parallel through a differentiation between teaching and research. This appears to be related to discourses of masculinity. In conclusion, our analysis shows how social capital and gender mutually create different ways of doing an academic career.
Happiness Level of Teachers and Analyzing Its Relation with Some Variables.

Happy and successful societies are possible through training of healthy, happy and successful individuals. Responsibility of raising healthy happy and successful individuals belongs to parents as well as teachers. The purpose of this research is to determine the factors that differentiate happiness of teachers who work at primary, secondary and high school levels and to present the necessary suggestions for raising happier individuals. In addition, due to lack of research focused on happiness of teachers, the aim is also to contribute to the literature. Sample space consists of 448 teachers, who are teaching in elementary, middle school and high school levels, working in 36 different schools. The happiness scores of the teachers were generally higher than average and it is concluded that the teachers' happiness scores did not differ significantly according to age, marital status, number of children, seniority and income levels. However, there is a significant difference in happiness scores of teachers who are willing to go to school and teachers who are unwilling to go to school.
Error regulation strategies for Model Based visual servoing tasks: Application to autonomous object grasping with Nao robot

When applying service robotic tasks using sensor based control, a classical exponential decrease of the error is usually used in the control laws which can reduces the performance of the executed task. In fact, due to this choice, the convergence time greatly increases especially at the end of the process. To ameliorate the performance of such tasks, we present in this paper two new error regulation strategies to accelerate the service tasks execution. These propositions are compared with the classical one in the case of performing autonomous object's manipulation tasks using real-time visual servoing. The Model Based Tracking method is used to apply head servoing and grasping of different objects using Nao humanoid robot.
A theoretically consistent method for minimum mean-square error estimation of mel-frequency cepstral features

We propose a method for minimum mean-square error (MMSE) estimation of mel-frequency cepstral features for noise robust automatic speech recognition (ASR). The method is based on a minimum number of well-established statistical assumptions; no assumptions are made which are inconsistent with others. The strength of the proposed method is that it allows MMSE estimation of mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC's), cepstral mean-subtracted MFCC's (CMS-MFCC's), velocity, and acceleration coefficients. Furthermore, the method is easily modified to take into account other compressive non-linearities than the logarithmic which is usually used for MFCC computation. The proposed method shows estimation performance which is identical to or better than state-of-the-art methods. It further shows comparable ASR performance, where the advantage of being able to use mel-frequency speech features based on a power non-linearity rather than a logarithmic is demonstrated.
Granularity-based temporal data mining in hospital information system

This paper proposes granularity-based temporal data mining method which constructs clinical process conducted by nurses. The methods consist of three process. First, data on counting sum of executed orders are extracted from hospital informaton system with a given temporal granularity. Then, similarity-based methods, such as clustering and multidimensional scaling (MDS) are applied to the data and the labels for grouping are obtained. By using the labels, rule induction is applied, and classification power of each attribute is estimated. The attributes are sorted by an index of classification power, the original dataset is decomposed into subtables. Clustering, rule induction and table decomposition methods are applied to the subtables in a recursive way. The method was applied to datasets stored in hospital information system stored in 10 years. The results show that the reuse of stored data will give a powerful tool for construction of clinical process, which can be viewed as data-oriented management of nursing schedule.
Privacy Protection for the Vulnerabilities in Active Networks

Active Networks architecture is composed of execution environment. This differs from the traditional network architecture which seeks robustness and stability by attempting to remove complexity and the ability to change its fundamental operation from underlying network component. Active networking allows the possibility of highly tailored and rapid "real-time" changes to the underlying network operation. This paper proposed an efficient dual authentication key exchanged in an active network scenario. The proposed system does not require the public key cryptography like Diffie-Hellman and RSA and certificates. The scheme protects personal privacy of identity information. It also provides an effective method to protect against DOS attacks with the scope information of initiator’s random number table sent by the responder.
Grasp type understanding — classification, localization and clustering

Prehensile analysis is a research field attracting multi-disciplinary interests, including computer science, mechanology and neuroscience. For robot, grasp type recognition provides critical information for human-robot interaction and robot self-learning. One of the research direction is to discover the common modes of human hand use with first-person point-of-view wearable cameras. In contrast to previous methods based on handcraft features and multi-stage pipeline, we use a convolutional neural network to learn discriminative features of grasp types automatically, which can also achieve grasp type localization and classification simultaneously in a single-stage pipeline. Furthermore, a clustering method is also proposed to find the hierarchical relationships between different grasp types. Experiments are conducted on UT Grasp dataset and Yale human grasping dataset. The proposed method shows better accuracy and higher efficiency than traditional methods.
How Robust are Money Demand Estimations? A Meta-Analytic Approach

In this paper we perform a meta-analysis of empirical money demand studies involving almost 500 individual money demand estimations. We analyze whether the wide variety of results can be explained by characteristics of the studies, different macroeconomic environments or the imprecision of individual estimates. We find that estimates for the income elasticity of money are systematically related to various study characteristics (e.g., broadness of the monetary aggregate, inclusion of financial innovation and wealth, etc). Also, the macroeconomic environment (inflation, nominal and real uncertainties) seems to play a role. Nevertheless, a substantial part of the variability remains unexplained. Our findings thus raise some doubts about the robustness and reliability of money demand estimations.
A recursive filter for phase velocity assisted shape-based tracking of cardiac non-rigid motion

A framework for tracking pointwise periodic non-rigid motion of the heart's left ventricular (LV) wall is presented which incorporates information from two different magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. New developments in phase-contrast cine MR imaging have produced spatial maps of instantaneous velocity that heave proven accuracy within the myocardium, or wall, of the heart. This information is combined with shape-based matching techniques to provide improved estimates of trajectories, especially in regions where shape information is limited. These raw trajectories act as input to a recursive least squares (RLS) filter which applies the constraints of temporal periodicity and spatial smoothness for the final estimate. The results of the RLS filter are compared with the motion of actual implanted markers. Comparisons are also made between exclusively shape-based filtered and phase-contrast enhanced trajectory estimates using both phantom and actual canine heart MR images. <<ETX>>
Workshop on e-Voting and e-Government in the UK

The complexity of voting procedures, and their variations from country to country, make it challenging to design a secure electronic voting system. In most of the usual proposals, the security of the system relies mainly on a blackbox voting machine. Meanwhile, the most advanced proposals base their security arguments on (complicated) cryptographic protocols, e.g. blind signatures or homomorphic schemes. At Cardis 2004, Canard and Traore [4] presented cryptographic primitives specially aimed at providing anonymous services using smartcards. Among the proposed primitives is a new list signature scheme. Such schemes are specially suitable for electronic voting, as they provide specific properties such as multiple vote detection. Moreover, unlike blind signatures, they do not require the participation of a signing authority during the ballot creation process. The purpose of this paper is to present the Votinbox electronic voting system, whose security relies on a tamper-resistant smart card embedding several cryptographic protocols, including list signatures.
A logic for signature based security protocols

This paper presents a logic for signature-based security protocols. We propose an object-oriented model for the execution of security protocols, where protocol roles are modeled as classes and the programs executed by them are modeled as member functions. Unlike most of the formal verification logics, our logic is closer to the cryptography used in security protocols, and can formalize and utilize the different security levels of public-key signature schemes. We demonstrate the power of the logic by verifying the standard signature-based challenge-response protocol using signature algorithms with different security notions.
Perceived language competence modulates criteria for speech error processing: evidence from event-related potentials

ABSTRACT With event-related potentials we examined how speaker identity affects the processing of speech errors. In two experiments with probe verification and sentence correctness judgement tasks, respectively, grammatical agreement violations and slips of the tongue were embedded in German sentences spoken in native or Chinese accent. Portraits of European or Asian persons served as cues for speaker's identity. In Experiment 1, only a P600 was elicited by grammatical agreement errors in native speech in the second presentations. In Experiment 2, grammatical errors again elicited a P600 only in native speech. Slips of the tongue, however, elicited a P600 in both native and non-native speech and a N400 for native speech. Hence, perceived speaker nativeness seems to modulate the integration of grammatical agreement violations into the utterance. Slips of the tongue induced (re)interpretation processes (P600) for both native and non-native speech, whereas retrieval of lexico-semantic information (N400) is reduced in non-native speech.
Wind ringing of the ocean in presence of mesoscale eddies

Recent findings have highlighted the impact of high frequency (HF) winds on the inertial motions and the consequences on the large‐scale oceanic circulation [ Wunsch and Ferrari, 2004 ]. Within this context the present study focuses on the role of intermediate scales related to oceanic mesoscale eddies. Results show that a turbulent eddy field does not affect the impact of HF winds on the inertial motions. However the eddies efficiently and permanently concentrate the wind‐forced inertial motions in small‐scale anticyclonic structures. This leads to a spatially heterogeneous vertical mixing strongly related to the eddy field properties.