Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Particle Design of Drugs by Spherical Crystallization Techniques

Direct tabletting technique is the most easy and simplest way of making tablets. Good flowability and compressibility is prerequisite for drug to be prepared by direct compression. There are several techniques available to impart desired compressibility to drugs. Spherical crystallization techniques are the promising techniques in which the drug crystals are modified using different solvents to directly compressible spherical agglomerates, which can save money and time for tabletting. The two mostly commonly used spherical crystallization techniques are wet spherical agglomeration method (WSA), quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method (QESD, Transient emulsion). But there are two extensions of these techniques, ammonia diffusion system (ADS) and crystal-co-agglomeration technique (CCA). The ammonia diffusion system technique is mainly meant for amphoteric drugs and the crystal-co-agglomeration technique is used for direct coagglomeration of two drugs or drug with excipient simultaneously. Another technique of this process is the Neutralization technique, where first fine crystals form by neutralization then it will agglomerate by the help of a bridging liquid. By any of the above technique crystallization and agglomeration can be carried out simultaneously in one step and which has been successfully utilized for improvement of flowability and compactability of crystalline drugs.
Effect of Group Delay on Channel Estimation Performance in OFDM System

The OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) channel estimation technologies are discussed and researched in this paper. The effect of group delay on the channel estimation technologies of OFDM System is researched. After thorough theory analysis and simulation programs, the conclusion that under slow and flat circumstance, the effect of group delay on the channel estimation algorithms of OFDM System is considerably small has been made.
Challenges for e-learning for university instructors in Taiwan

Blended courses that include both face-to-face and e-learning have been offered in many universities in Taiwan but very little research has been undertaken on instructor perspectives of the challenges they faced in their e-learning teaching. This paper explores the challenges faced by university instructors in a national research-based university in Taiwan. An interpretive paradigm utilizing qualitative and quantitative methods was adopted. The paper outlines the findings from 27 e-learning instructors in in-depth interviews and 55 of 69 e-learning instructors who responded to this open-ended question in the questionnaire. Instructors noted they faced pedagogical, personal, and technological challenges. The findings suggested instructors needed to adopt different pedagogical approaches to work with new media in developing their e-learning courses so new curriculum design, new teaching methods, new ways of assessment, and new interaction approaches were needed. The instructors faced personal challenges in time management and role change if they needed to provide course materials online and respond in time. Instructors noted they also encountered four categories of technological challenges: easy access to necessary computer equipment, technical skills to access computer technology and the e-learning system, technical skills for communication, and the quality of e-learning computer facilities and technology. University administrators interested in solving the issue of the under-use of e-learning would be wise to recognize the challenges instructors face and to provide the necessary policy and practical support to help overcome these challenges if they wish to promote the use of e-learning as a part of the blended delivery of courses.
Two approaches for applet-based visible human slice extraction

Real-time interactive slicing is a tool of choice for exploring 3D anatomic data sets such as the Visible Human. We offer real-time slicing on the Web by partitioning the application between a Java applet (the client) and the Web server. Two approaches for partitioning the work between the client and the server are presented and compared. In the first approach, we transfer complete compressed slices from the server to the client. In the second approach, we successively build a local cache on the client by transferring small subvolumes of increasing resolution from the server to the client. The client is responsible for extracting the displayed slices from the local data cache. The Web-based Real-time Visible Human navigator can be accessed at our Visible Human Web site at http://visiblehuman.epfl. ch. A high-bandwidth network connection is recommended. The web server offering real-time interactive slicing together with anatomic structure labeling opens new perspectives for teaching anatomy to paramedical and medical professions.
Cyclodextrin Alters GABAergic Input to CA1 Pyramidal Cells in Wild-Type But Not in NPC1-Deficient Mice

Abstract Niemann–Pick type C1 disease (NPC1) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the NPC1 gene. Actual, no causative treatment for NPC1 is available, although some drugs have been proven to be beneficial to patients, for example, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (CDX). In this study, we used the BALB/c_Nctr-Npc1m1N/-J mouse strain to study the effect of CDX, which is described to prolong the life span and to alleviate the pathogenic phenotype. By means of patch clamp recordings, we measured inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) of CA1 pyramidal cells of CDX-treated and -untreated animals to elucidate the influence of CDX on the synaptic transmission. Surprisingly, CDX induced a significantly higher GABAergic IPSC frequency in wild-type mice than in NPC1−/− mice. Although the IPSCs were mainly GABAergic, we observed a significant reduction of the IPSC frequency in the presence of the glycine receptor antagonist strychnine. The effect of strychnine did not differ in untreated and treated animals, indicating that the effect of CDX was most likely not based on an interaction with glycinergic transmission machinery. However, the unexpected effect of CDX on the GABAergic synaptic transmission is of special interest as a disturbance plays, for example, a crucial role in epilepsy and, moreover, as CDX is currently under investigation as a treatment for NPC1 in humans.
Consumer acceptance of mobile payments: An empirical study

This paper presents empirical evidence intended to compare consumer acceptance of mobile payment systems use in comparison to other traditional online payment systems such as PayPal and conventional Credit Card methods. The study used attributes from the literature that were reported as success attributes for online payment systems. The scales used to measure these attributes were adapted for experimental simulation. Results from the study show that there was a significant difference between the use of mobile payment and traditional online payment systems. The results also showed that the mobile payment system was more acceptable to consumers than traditional online payment systems.
Changes in soil fertility induced by trash retention and fertiliser applications on the long-term trash management trial at Mount Edgecombe.

The long-term effects of green cane harvesting with trash retention, compared with burning, on soil fertility were evaluated using data from the long-term trash management trial at Mount Edgecombe (BT 1). Total and potentially mineralisable soil N were greater under green cane harvesting than burning in the surface 0-10cm layer of soil. As expected, fertiliser applications induced increases in extractable soil P and also some accumulation in soil organic P (particularly under trash retention). Both exchangeable and non-exchangeable soil K concentrations were higher in fertilised than non-fertilised treatments. Exchangeable K concentrations were also increased markedly by trash retention reflecting the large amounts of K that are returned in trash and demonstrating their positive effect on K fertility. Soil pH was lowered considerably by fertiliser applications and this effect was evident to 30cm. Mean pH to a depth of 20cm was 6.0 for unfertilised plots and 5.4 for those fertilised. Fertiliser induced acidification is attributed to annual applications of nitrogenous fertilisers at a rate of 140 kg N/ha. Trash retention also tended to result in a decline in pH due to the greater amount of N cycling in the system. It was concluded that recommended fertiliser rates are likely to be reduced under green cane harvesting and that regular lime applications are important when acidifying nitrogenous fertilisers are being used routinely.
Power-counting and the validity of the classical approximation during inflation

We use the power-counting formalism of effective field theory to study the size of loop corrections in theories of slow-roll inflation, with the aim of more precisely identifying the limits of validity of the usual classical inflationary treatments. We keep our analysis as general as possible in order to systematically identify the most important corrections to the classical inflaton dynamics. Although most slow-roll models lie within the semiclassical domain, we find the consistency of the Higgs-Inflaton scenario to be more delicate due to the proximity between the Hubble scale during inflation and the upper bound allowed by unitarity on the new-physics scale associated with the breakdown of the semiclassical approximation within the effective theory. Similar remarks apply to curvature-squared inflationary models.
Ready, Aim, Fire! Violent Video Game Play and Gun Controller Use: Effects on Behavioral Aggression and Social Norms Concerning Violence

In addition to individual risk factors, recent findings surrounding the effects of violent video game play have provided compelling evidence that the contextual features of games also contribute to increased outcome aggression. The current study focuses on the relationship between violent video game play and the use of gun controllers on both social norms related to aggression and real-life behavioral aggression. As predicted, both violent video game play and gun controller use were positively related to behavioral aggression. The implications of these findings are discussed along with their influence on future research in this area.
Developments in Partitioning XML Documents by Content and Structure Based on Combining Multiple Clusterings

The combination of multiple clusterings for partitioning XML documents is proposed as a promising method, aimed to decompose the inherently difficult problem of catching structural and content relationships within an XML corpus into a number of simpler subproblems. To verify the validity of such an intuition, a new technique for partitioning XML documents is presented, in which conventional clustering techniques operating on flattened representations of individual aspects of the XML documents (that also include some rare patterns) are used to partition the available XML corpus. The effectiveness of the devised technique is revealed by a comparative empirical evaluation on benchmark XML corpora.
Control-flow restrictor: compiler-based CFI for iOS

Runtime attacks that exploit software vulnerabilities are still an important concern nowadays. Even smartphone operating systems such as Apple's iOS are affected by such attacks since the system is implemented in Objective-C, a programming language that enables attacks such as buffer overflows. As a generic protection technique against a whole class of attacks, control-flow integrity (CFI) offers some interesting properties. Recent work demonstrated that CFI can be implemented on iOS by patching the binary during the loading process and adding an instrumentation layer that enforces CFI during runtime. However, this approach is of little practical value since it requires a jailbroken device, which hinders wide employment. Furthermore, binary patching has a certain performance impact. In this paper, we show how CFI can be implemented directly within a compiler, making the approach widely deployable on all kinds of iOS devices. We extend the LLVM compiler and add our CFI enforcement approach during the compilation phase of a given app. An empirical evaluation shows that the size and performance overhead is reasonable.
Egyptian H5N1 Influenza Viruses—Cause for Concern?

Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses are now enzootic in parts of Southeast Asia and the Middle East. Occasionally, these viruses transmit to humans and cause severe respiratory disease and fatalities. Currently, these viruses are not efficiently transmitted from person to person, although limited human-to-human transmission may have occurred [1]–[4]. A major determinant of influenza virus host range is the viral hemagglutinin (HA) protein: avian virus HA binds preferentially to sialic acid linked to the penultimate galactose residue by an α2,3-linkage (Siaα2,3Gal) [5]–[7], as found for sialic acid–containing receptors of the epithelial cells in duck intestine [8], the site of avian influenza virus replication. By contrast, human virus HA has higher affinity for Siaα2,6Gal [5]–[7], the main sialyloligosaccharide on the epithelial cells of the human upper respiratory tract [9], [10].
An extensible perceptron framework for revision RTL debug automation

Automated debugging techniques can significantly reduce the manual effort required to localize RTL errors. These techniques return to the user a set of RTL locations where a change can correct erroneous behavior. However, each location must be manually investigated. This problem is exacerbated by the increasing amount of failures in the modern regression verification cycle. Recent work in clustering-based revision debugging mitigates this cost by ranking revisions based on their likelihood of having introduced an error. This work presents a perceptron based approach to revision debugging that can be extended to leverage the revision history of a design directly. Perceptrons are trained using labeled revisions from the design history. They are then used to predict the probability that a revision has introduced an error. The proposed methodology performs competitively with the state-of-the-art, but can be extended to handle more features. This allows for an automated regression debug flow integrated with Version Control and Issue Tracking Systems.
Spherical functions on the de Sitter group

Matrix elements and spherical functions of irreducible representations of the de Sitter group are studied on the various homogeneous spaces of this group. It is shown that a universal covering of the de Sitter group gives rise to quaternion Euler angles. An explicit form of Casimir and Laplace–Beltrami operators on the homogeneous spaces is given. Different expressions of the matrix elements and spherical functions are given in terms of multiple hypergeometric functions both for finite-dimensional and unitary representations of the principal series of the de Sitter group. Applications of the functions obtained to the hydrogen atom problem are considered.
Respective involvement of TGF‐β and IL‐4 in the development of Langerhans cells and non‐Langerhans dendritic cells from CD34+ progenitors

In vivo, dendritic cells (DC) form a network comprising different populations. In particular, Langerhans cells (LC) appear as a unique population of cells dependent on transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) for its development. In this study, we show that endogenous TGF‐β is required for the development of both LC and non‐LC DC from CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) through induction of DC progenitor proliferation and of CD1a+ and CD14+ DC precursor differentiation. We further demonstrate that addition of exogenous TGF‐β polarized the differentiation of CD34+ HPC toward LC through induction of differentiation of CD14+ DC precursors into E‐cadherin+, Lag+CD68−, and Factor XIIIa−LC, displaying typical Birbeck granules. LC generated from CD34+ HPC in the presence of exogenous TGF‐β displayed overlapping functions with CD1a+ precursor‐derived DC. In particular, unlike CD14+‐derived DC obtained in the absence of TGF‐β, they neither secreted interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) on CD40 triggering nor stimulated the differentiation of CD40‐activated naive B cells. Finally, IL‐4, when combined with granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), induced TGF‐β‐independent development of non‐LC DC from CD34+ HPC. Similarly, the development of DC from monocytes with GM‐CSF and IL‐4 was TGF‐β independent. Collectively these results show that TGF‐β polarized CD34+ HPC differentiation toward LC, whereas IL‐4 induced non‐LC DC development independently of TGF‐β. J. Leukoc. Biol. 66: 781–791; 1999.
Ethics and fraud in E-banking services

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of ethics applied to everyday moral problems arising from the use of e-banking services. These services have advantages in financial transactions, but security threats and vulnerabilities must be constantly reduced. In this framework raises the “good citizen” that desires to do well and needs to avoid harmful behavior [1]. While the “bad citizen” promotes the lack of transparency, wrong attitudes and “hidden” awareness of the nature, level and scope of the financial impact which claims to reduce the social responsibility [2] and produces high level of degree of materialistic values were less likely to acquire moral [3]. Indeed, the integration of fraud on all aspects of the e-banking services requires the profound revision of the traditional commercial paradigms that have been prevailed for last years. Thus, on the one hand, the theoretical framework of this paper is based on literature about ethics and fraud, in general, and information and communication technology of the e-banking services, in particular. On the other hand, the empirical framework reflects the practices in this field of research used by banks with public data available on the Portuguese Banking Association. The results of the paper show several threats, vulnerabilities, incidents, impacts and response that face e-banking services. To mitigate these risks, the main challenge is the public discussion that will promote prevention and disclosure evidence-based incidents, not only to endorse an adequate behavior but, also, to develop guidance on practical evidence on ethics and reduce fraud.
Mining Sequences of Developer Interactions in Visual Studio for Usage Smells

In this paper, we present a semi-automatic approach for mining a large-scale dataset of IDE interactions to extract usage smells, i.e., inefficient IDE usage patterns exhibited by developers in the field. The approach outlined in this paper first mines frequent IDE usage patterns, filtered via a set of thresholds and by the authors, that are subsequently supported (or disputed) using a developer survey, in order to form usage smells. In contrast with conventional mining of IDE usage data, our approach identifies time-ordered sequences of developer actions that are exhibited by many developers in the field. This pattern mining workflow is resilient to the ample noise present in IDE datasets due to the mix of actions and events that these datasets typically contain. We identify usage patterns and smells that contribute to the understanding of the usability of Visual Studio for debugging, code search, and active file navigation, and, more broadly, to the understanding of developer behavior during these software development activities. Among our findings is the discovery that developers are reluctant to use conditional breakpoints when debugging, due to perceived IDE performance problems as well as due to the lack of error checking in specifying the conditional.
RECENT ADVANCES IN ANIMAL MODELS OF DRUG ADDICTION

Drug addiction is defined as a compulsion to take a drug with loss of control in limiting intake (33). It is considered a chronic disorder because the risk of relapse remains high even after completion of treatment and prolonged abstinence. In 1968, the term drug dependence replaced that of addiction in the nomenclature of theWorld Health Organization and the American Psychiatric Association. Defined as a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiologic symptoms indicative of an individual continuing substance use despite significant substance related problems, this term has become the accepted diagnostic term for compulsive use of a psychoactive substance. When defined as described, it is analogous to the term addiction. However, this term should not be confused with physical or psychic dependence, conditions in which the cessation or reduction of drug usage results in a withdrawal syndrome.Withdrawal and tolerance often are associated with compulsive drug use; however, they are not required for drug addiction. Although individuals suffering from chronic pain may develop tolerance to the analgesic effects of an opiate and experience withdrawal symptoms, they do not exhibit signs of compulsive drugseeking behavior. The concept of reinforcement has provided the cornerstone for current theories and animal models of drug addiction. A reinforcer is defined operationally as ‘‘any event that increases the probability of a response’’ and often is used interchangeably with ‘‘reward. ’’ In general, drugs function as positive or conditioned reinforcers by virtue of their rewarding effects, and reward often connotes additional attri-
WHITE MATTER CONNECTIVITY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SENSORIMOTOR REGIONS IN INDIVIDUALS WHO STUTTER

Heterogeneity in neural activations and structural anomalies associated with stuttering have led researchers to postulate that stuttering is due to a network default. Widespread differences in white matter integrity surrounding areas involved in sensorimotor integration have been reported in people who stutter, but the connectivity between these regions has not been examined. This preliminary study examined white matter connectivity differences between sensorimotor areas involved in speech production in people who stutter when compared to those who do not stutter. White matter connectivity was assessed using Fractional Anisotropy (FA), Quantitative Anisotropy (QA), and white matter volume. Non-parametric analyses revealed significantly decreased white matter volume in tracts connecting the left Sylvian parietal temporal region (Spt) to both rolandic operculum (RO) and supramarginal gyrus (SMG) in people who stutter when compared to those who do not. Reduced FA in tracts connecting the left RO and premotor region (PM) was also associated with stuttering. Right hemisphere analysis revealed reduced white matter volume in the tract connecting the right Spt and Hechl’s Gyrus (HG) in people who stutter when compared with those who do not. Correlational analyses showed a significant negative relationship between stuttering severity and QA of tracts connecting the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) to HG, and the IFG to SMG. QA of tracts connecting the right IFG to both the Spt and PM were also negatively correlated to stuttering severity scores. Scores assessing impact of stuttering on a person’s life had a negative correlation to QA of the left Spt -RO, and the right RO to both IFG and PM. Results of the study indicate that people who stutter showed reduced white matter volume and FA in tracts connecting sensorimotor areas and that the white matter integrity of some of the tracts were negatively correlated to stuttering severity.