Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Classification of Encrypted Traffic With Second-Order Markov Chains and Application Attribute Bigrams

With a profusion of network applications, traffic classification plays a crucial role in network management and policy-based security control. The widely used encryption transmission protocols, such as the secure socket layer/transport layer security (SSL/TLS) protocols, lead to the failure of traditional payload-based classification methods. Existing methods for encrypted traffic classification cannot achieve high discrimination accuracy for applications with similar fingerprints. In this paper, we propose an attribute-aware encrypted traffic classification method based on the second-order Markov Chains. We start by exploring approaches that can further improve the performance of existing methods in terms of discrimination accuracy, and make promising observations that the application attribute bigram, which consists of the certificate packet length and the first application data size in SSL/TLS sessions, contributes to application discrimination. To increase the diversity of application fingerprints, we develop a new method by incorporating the attribute bigrams into the second-order homogeneous Markov chains. Extensive evaluation results show that the proposed method can improve the classification accuracy by 29% on the average compared with the state-of-the-art Markov-based method.
Expression of the Long Form of Human FLIP by Retroviral Gene Transfer of Hemopoietic Stem Cells Exacerbates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis 1

Subsidence of inflammation and clinical recovery in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is postulated to involve apoptosis of inflammatory cells. To test this concept, we examined the effects of overexpressing the long form of human FLICE-inhibitory protein, a potent inhibitor of death receptor-mediated apoptosis, in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced EAE in DBA/1 mice. We found that overexpression of the long form of human FLICE-inhibitory protein by retroviral gene transfer of hemopoietic stem cells led to a clinically more severe EAE in these mice compared with control mice receiving the retroviral vector alone. The exacerbated disease was evident by an enhanced and prolonged inflammatory reaction in the CNS of these animals compared with control mice. The acute phase of EAE was characterized by a massive infiltration of macrophages and granulocytes and a simultaneous increase in TNF-α production in the CNS. In the chronic phase of the disease, there was a prolonged inflammatory response in the form of persistent CD4+ T and B cells in the CNS and a peripheral Th1 cytokine bias caused by elevated levels of IFN-γ and reduced levels of IL-4 in the spleen. Our findings demonstrate that death receptor-mediated apoptosis can be important in the pathogenesis of EAE and further emphasize the need for effective apoptotic elimination of inflammatory cells to achieve disease remission.
Computerization and Immigration: Theory and Evidence from the United States

Recent technological changes have been characterized as “routine-substituting,” reducing demand for routine tasks but increasing it for analytical and service tasks. Little is known about how these changes have impacted immigration, or task specialization between immigrants and natives. In this paper we show that such technological progress has been an important determinant of immigration, attracting immigrants who increasingly specialize in manual-service occupations. We also suggest that open- ness to immigration attenuated job and wage polarization for natives resulting from technological changes. We explain these facts with a model of technological progress and endogenous immigration. Simulations show that unskilled immigration attenuates the drop in routine employment proceeding from technological change, enhances skill-upgrading for natives, and raises economy-wide productivity and welfare.
Longitudinal distribution of components of excitatory synaptic input to motoneurones during swimming in young Xenopus tadpoles: experiments with antagonists

1 Recent studies have revealed that the excitatory synaptic input to spinal motoneurones during fictive swimming in Xenopus tadpoles has three main components: glutamatergic (Glu) from premotor excitatory interneurones, nicotinic cholinergic (nACh) from more rostral motoneurones, and electrotonic coupling from neighbouring motoneurones. During swimming, these components sum to produce two kinds of excitation: phasic excitation (EPSPs) underlying spikes, and tonic depolarization. 2 We have investigated the longitudinal distribution of these excitatory synaptic inputs to presumed motoneurones at different positions along the spinal cord using intracellular recording techniques. Different antagonists (10 μm dihydro‐β‐erythroidine (DHβE) for nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs), 2 mM kynurenate (Kyn) for glutamate receptors (GluRs), and 100 μm Cd2+ for all chemical synapses) were microperfused very locally to unmask the relative contributions of these components to the total excitatory drive, and their distribution along the spinal cord during swimming. 3 If the potentials remaining when all chemical components were blocked by Cd2+ were subtracted from potentials recorded after blocking nAChRs and GluRs with DHβE plus Kyn, a small unidentified component was observed. This component was blocked by the specific AMPA antagonist 6‐nitro‐7‐sulphamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline‐2,3‐dione (NBQX, 5 μm), so is glutamate mediated. 4 We used the potential measurements to calculate the relative synaptic conductances of the different synaptic inputs, and conclude that: (a) there is a rostral‐caudal gradient in input during EPSPs and tonic depolarization; (b) the glutamatergic component accounts for most of the excitation, and decreases caudally; (c) cholinergic and electrotonic components are relatively constant in different positions along the spinal cord; and (d) these two components provide an increasing proportion of the input in more caudal neurones. 5 We propose that the glutamate components of excitation are fundamental to rhythm generation in the brainstem and rostral cord, while the electrotonic and cholinergic components ensure that the central pattern generator activates motoneurones effectively in all parts of the spinal cord.
Low-cost hydrogen sulfide gas sensor on paper substrates; fabrication and demonstration

Drop-casted deprotonated Emeraldine base (poly)aniline (PANI) - copper chloride films on paper substrates containing ink-jet printed silver electrodes have been prepared and are shown to be promising low-cost gas-sensors for H2S at room temperature. These films showed large changes in the conductivity (three to four orders of magnitude) upon exposure to low concentrations of H2S (10ppm) due to the formation of CuS and concurrent protonation of PANI. This large response of the sensor can be explained by the relatively large roughness and porosity of the paper substrate. Furthermore, the minimum resistances are low enough to allow LED lamps to be switched on using a low-voltage battery, thus serving as a proof-of-concept for mass-produced H2S-sensors for, for example, the food packaging industry.
Employee Movements from Audit Firms to Audit Clients

Regulators have expressed concerns about the “revolving door” between auditors and clients, whereby audit employees move directly from audit firms to audit clients (i.e., “direct alumni hires”). Regulators are concerned that these direct hires could compromise audit quality, partly because these employees could have previously audited their hiring company’s financial statements. We expand the scope of the analysis by examining employees who move indirectly from audit firms to audit clients and who could not have previously audited the hiring company’s financial statements (i.e., “indirect alumni hires”). We show that indirect hires occur more often than the direct hires that have concerned regulators. We predict and find that both direct and indirect alumni hires are associated with lower rates of executive turnover. There is no evidence that the reduced rates of executive turnover are explained by managerial entrenchment. We also predict and find that both direct and indirect alumni hires are associated with lower rates of audit firm turnover. However, there is little evidence that these hires result in lower audit quality. Overall, our findings suggest that direct and indirect employee movements from audit firms to audit clients are beneficial to executives, audit clients, and audit firms as they reduce the incidence of costly turnover.
AJAX: an extensible data cleaning tool

@@@@ groups together matching pairs with a high similarity value by applying a given grouping criteria (e.g. by transitive closure). Finally, ging collapses each individual cluster into a tuple of the resulting data source. AJAX provides @@@@ for specifying data cleaning programs, which consists of SQL statements enriched with a set of specific primitives to express these transformations. AJAX also @@@@. It allows the user to interact with an executing data cleaning program to handle exceptional cases and to inspect intermediate results. Finally, AJAX provides @@@@ @@@@ that permits users to determine the source and processing of data for debugging purposes. We will present the AJAX system applied to two real world problems: the consolidation of a telecommunication database, and the conversion of a dirty database of bibliographic references into a set of clean, normalized, and redundancy free relational tables maintaining the same data.
Investigation of Key Factors Influencing the Response of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines to Three-Phase Symmetrical Short-Circuit Faults

This paper investigates the three-phase symmetrical short-circuit (SSC) characteristics of a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). Closed-form solutions are derived to predict both the steady-state and transient response of a PMSM to three-phase SSC faults. The developed expressions account for the impact of prefault operating conditions and include provisions for incorporating magnetic saturation effects. The influences of machine parameters and prefault operating conditions are studied to identify the key factors that have a major influence on the steady-state and peak transient values of the fault currents. It is shown that higher machine characteristic current values, reduced stator resistance, higher q-axis prefault current, and higher magnetic saturation all increase the peak transient value of the demagnetizing d-axis current. Time-stepped finite element (FE) simulation is performed to investigate the rotor demagnetization characteristics of PMSMs under SSC fault conditions. Both two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) FE simulations are used to build confidence in the fault current predictions of the developed analytical model, accompanied by experimental verification.
Serpine2 deficiency results in lung lymphocyte accumulation and bronchus‐associated lymphoid tissue formation

Serine proteinase inhibitor, clade E, member 2 (SERPINE2), is a cell‐ and extracellular matrix‐associated inhibitor of thrombin. Although SERPINE2 is a candidate susceptibility gene for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the physiologic role of this protease inhibitor in lung development and homeostasis is unknown. We observed spontaneous monocytic‐cell infiltration in the lungs of Serpine2‐deficient (SE2‐/‐) mice, beginning at or before the time of lung maturity, which resulted in lesions that resembled bronchus‐associated lymphoid tissue (BALT). The initiation of lymphocyte accumulation in the lungs of SE2‐/‐ mice involved the excessive expression of chemokines, cytokines, and adhesion molecules that are essential for BALT induction, organization, and maintenance. BALT‐like lesion formation in the lungs of SE2‐/‐ mice was also associated with a significant increase in the activation of thrombin, a recognized target of SE2, and excess stimulation of NF‐κB, a major regulator of chemokine expression and inflammation. Finally, systemic delivery of thrombin rapidly stimulated lung chemokine expression in vivo. These data uncover a novel mechanism whereby loss of serine protease inhibition leads to lung lymphocyte accumulation. —Solleti, S. K. , Srisuma, S. , Bhattacharya, S. , Rangel‐Moreno, J., Bijli, K. M. , Randall, T. D. , Rahman, A. , Mariani, T. J. Serpine2 deficiency results in lung lymphocyte accumulation and bronchus‐associated lymphoid tissue formation. FASEB J. 30, 2615‐2626 (2016). www.fasebj. org
The benefit of harmonics current using a new topology of hybrid active power filter

This paper presents a new idea to benefit of eliminated harmonics current by using a new topology of hybrid active power filter (HAPF) to compensate harmonics current to be sinusoidal in order to feed some loads. The design and simulation of a new three phase HAPF circuit using a shunt active power filter (APF) connected in parallel with a capacitor (C) line of a (LC) low pass filter (LPF) has been submitted. The first aim of the new circuit is to use the LPF as a path to pass the fundamental frequency (50 Hz) current and eliminate other high order frequencies, while APF compensates high order frequencies and compensate reactive power of the circuit. The second aim is to benefit from the modified wave in the high frequency branch of LPF to use it as a useful power in order to feed different loads. In addition, With this topology, the resonance problem (which usually happens between LPF and the system) will disappear because of using of APF in the high frequency branch. The control circuit has been designed based on the instantaneous reactive power theory. A Clarke transformation equations and hysteresis current controller have been used in the HAPF's design. The proposed circuit has provided a good harmonic elimination, total harmonic distortion (THD) reduced, reactive power compensation and a reasonable sinusoidal waveform.
Maturity offset in gymnasts: application of a prediction equation.

PURPOSE To verify the applicability of the prediction equation for maturity offset in a sample of female gymnasts followed longitudinally through adolescence. METHODS Fifteen gymnasts were followed longitudinally for 6-7 yr across adolescence. Weight, height, and sitting height were measured at annual intervals. The Preece-Baines Model I was fitted to longitudinal height data for individual gymnasts to derive age at peak height velocity (PHV). The curve-fitting protocol was successfully fit to the height records of 13 of the 15 gymnasts with standard errors of estimate between 0.02 and 0.28 cm. Maturity offset was calculated from measurements taken at each observation for the 13 gymnasts and also added to chronological age at each observation point to provide an estimated age at PHV. Age at PHV derived with the Preece-Baines model was used as the criterion. Differences between the criterion age at PHV and predicted age at PHV were calculated. RESULTS Maturity offset overestimates age at PHV in gymnasts. Mean predicted ages at PHV deviate linearly from the criterion age at PHV, but the difference is significant only at 9 yr. Correlations between maturity offset predicted ages at PHV and criterion age at PHV range from -0.13 to +0.76. The Bland-Altman plot of criterion and predicted ages at PHV suggest a systematic bias in the predictions. CONCLUSION Maturity offset appears to have limitations when applied to female gymnasts. Care is warranted in utilizing maturity offset per se and predicted age at PHV based on maturity offset as an indicator of maturity timing in female gymnasts and perhaps other short females.
Structural Analysis of β-Fructofuranosidase from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous Reveals Unique Features and the Crucial Role of N-Glycosylation in Oligomerization and Activity*

Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous β-fructofuranosidase (XdINV)is a highly glycosylated dimeric enzyme that hydrolyzes sucrose and releases fructose from various fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and fructans. It also catalyzes the synthesis of FOS, prebiotics that stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in human gut. In contrast to most fructosylating enzymes, XdINV produces neo-FOS, which makes it an interesting biotechnology target. We present here its three-dimensional structure, which shows the expected bimodular arrangement and also a long extension of its C terminus that together with an N-linked glycan mediate the formation of an unusual dimer. The two active sites of the dimer are connected by a long crevice, which might indicate its potential ability to accommodate branched fructans. This arrangement could be representative of a group of GH32 yeast enzymes having the traits observed in XdINV. The inactive D80A mutant was used to obtain complexes with relevant substrates and products, with their crystals structures showing at least four binding subsites at each active site. Moreover, two different positions are observed from subsite +2 depending on the substrate, and thus, a flexible loop (Glu-334–His-343) is essential in binding sucrose and β(2–1)-linked oligosaccharides. Conversely, β(2–6) and neo-type substrates are accommodated mainly by stacking to Trp-105, explaining the production of neokestose and the efficient fructosylating activity of XdINV on α-glucosides. The role of relevant residues has been investigated by mutagenesis and kinetics measurements, and a model for the transfructosylating reaction has been proposed. The plasticity of its active site makes XdINV a valuable and flexible biocatalyst to produce novel bioconjugates.
Some health benefits of physical activity. The Framingham Study.

Examination of activity in the Framingham cohort reveals that this is a sedentary population. Overall mortality and mortality due to cardiovascular and ischemic heart disease were inversely related to the level of physical activity for men. The effect of being sedentary on mortality is rather modest compared to the effects of other risk factors but, in mortality due to ischemic heart disease, it persists when these factors are taken into account. For women, the effect is negligible. In strokes, occlusive peripheral arterial disease, and cardiac failure, an inverse relationship is noted, but does not reach statistical significance. There is a statistically significant association with incidence of ischemic heart disease and with incidence of all forms of cardiovascular disease when they are taken together. Little correlation was noted between physical activity level (at the generally low level found) and the level of major risk factors. (Arch Intern Med139:857-861, 1979)
Evidence for Response Set Effects in Structured Research Interviews

The Addiction Severity Index and NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule data of 20 methadone-maintained subjects with “fake bad” invalid profiles on the Personality Assessment Inventory, 15 methadone-maintained subjects with “fake good” invalid profiles, and 158 methadone-maintained subjects with valid profiles were compared. The findings revealed a number of significant group differences on both measures with the highest scores for the fake bad subjects and lowest scores for the fake good subjects. These findings suggest that the response sets exhibited in response to the Personality Assessment Inventory questionnaire extended to performance during the two semi-structured interviews. There was no indication that interviewers were aware of misrepresentation. The limitations of the findings and alternative interpretations of the data are considered.
Failure to develop multiple sclerosis in patients with neurologic symptoms without objective evidence

Background Many patients referred to multiple sclerosis (MS) centers with symptoms suggestive of MS are found to have normal neurologic examinations, normal or non-specific brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan findings, and normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Persistent symptoms often lead to multiple consultations and repeated diagnostic investigations. We performed a study to evaluate the diagnostic utility of repeated evaluations in patients with normal initial assessments and persistent neurologic symptoms. Methods 143 patients were evaluated initially and 109 returned for a second evaluation after a mean interval of 4.4 years. Results All 143 patients had normal initial examinations, brain MRI scans, screening blood tests, and CSF studies. Spinal cord imaging was normal in all patients tested (cervical cord, n = 126; 88.1%; thoracic cord, n = 58; 40.6%). Evoked potential studies were abnormal in a small percentage of patients: visual evoked potentials, VEP (8.1%), somatosensory evoked potentials, SSEP (4.9%), and brainstem auditory evoked potentials, BAEP (2.8%). All follow-up patients (n = 109) had normal examinations and MRI scans. Repeat CSF studies (n = 35; 32.1%) and spinal cord imaging (cervical cord n = 57; 52.3%; thoracic cord n = 32; 29.4%) were normal in all follow-up patients tested. No patients at initial presentation or at follow-up fulfilled diagnostic criteria for MS. Conclusions Patients and clinicians may be reassured that persistent neurologic symptoms in the absence of objective clinical evidence do not lead to the development of MS. Costly serial investigations should be carefully considered, particularly in the presence of normal neurologic examination at follow-up.
Short- and long-term metabolic effects of recombinant human IGF-I treatment in patients with severe insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus.

UNLABELLED In patients suffering from the genetic syndromes of severe insulin resistance it appears that diabetes develops when the adaptive hypersecretion of insulin fails and often these forms of diabetes will be insensitive to insulin treatment. The objective of the present study was to examine the metabolic and hormonal responses to an unchanged insulin therapy with the addition of a subcutaneous administration of recombinant human IGF-I (rhIGF-I) during (a) a short-term (2 weeks) period with rhIGF-I given twice a day in a high dose (80 micrograms/kg body weight) in four patients with extreme insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus and (b) during a long-term (10 weeks) period with rhIGF-I given once a day in a low dose (40 micrograms/kg body weight) in three of the four patients. Two siblings had known mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the insulin receptor and a deletion of exon 17 in part of their insulin receptor mRNA, whereas the remaining two patients were suspected to have defects at receptor and/or post-receptor sites. In the short-term study period, plasma glucose levels decreased more than 35% in response to rhIGF-I in all but one patient which was paralleled by reduced levels of serum insulin (25-50%), proinsulin (40-50%) and C-peptide (10-65%) and an improvement in glycaemic control as evaluated by decreased glycosylated haemoglobin and serum fructosamine. During the long-term study period blood glucose-lowering effects of rhIGF-I were seen after 2 weeks of treatment and fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin and C-peptide levels were decreased by 40-55% after 6 weeks in the two siblings with known insulin receptor mutations. After 10 weeks of treatment fasting plasma glucose levels were still decreased whereas fasting serum insulin and C-peptide levels were increased almost to pretreatment values. IN CONCLUSION 2 weeks of high-dose rhIGF-I therapy in insulin-treated patients with severe insulin resistance has a marked lowering effect on fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin levels whereas the metabolic and glycaemic effects of 10 weeks of treatment with low-dose rhIGF-I may be modest and transient.
Dialyzability of Oxycodone and Its Metabolites in Chronic Noncancer Pain Patients with End‐Stage Renal Disease

Opioids are the preferred analgesic drugs to treat severe chronic pain conditions among dialysis patients; however, knowledge about their dialyzability features is limited. Oxycodone is increasingly used for the treatment of chronic pain conditions as oral controlled release (CR) tablets; however, evidence about this drug and its metabolites’ dialyzability is lacking.