Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Butyrate prevents muscle atrophy after sciatic nerve crush

Introduction: Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been implicated in neurogenic muscle atrophy, but the mechanisms by which HDAC inhibitors might have beneficial effects are not defined. Methods: We used sciatic nerve crush to determine the effect of butyrate on denervation‐induced gene expression and oxidative stress. Results: Butyrate treatment initiated 3 weeks before injury and continued 1 week after injury increases histone acetylation and reduces muscle atrophy after nerve crush. Butyrate delivered only after nerve crush similarly prevented muscle atrophy. Butyrate had no effect on the increase in histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) protein levels following nerve crush but prevented the increase in expression of myogenin, MuRF1, and atrogin‐1. Butyrate did not affect mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, but it increased antioxidant enzyme activity, reduced proteasome activity, and reduced oxidative damage following nerve injury. Conclusions: These data suggest that HDAC inhibitors are promising pharmacological agents for treating neurogenic muscle atrophy. Muscle Nerve 52: 859–868, 2015
Explaining language universals

Two jarringly counterposed problems dominate today's linguistic research agenda: why human languages are as different from each other as they are, and why they are as similar to each other as they are. The solution to the first problem is apportioned among sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, linguistic typology, and other subfields that focus on linguistic diversity, whether at the level of the conversationalist or that of the nation-state. Likewise, no single branch of linguistics devotes itself to the second problem. And a moment's reflection reveals why that must be so. Even at the level of grammar and lexicon, the properties that all languages share are so disparate that one could hardly expect there to be a coherent research programme devoted to explaining them. From what set of principles, for example, would follow both the fact that every language that has affricates also has stops and the fact that every language has a word for 'heart'? John A. Hawkins, the editor of Explaining language universals, is nevertheless undaunted. He imposes no limitations of scope on the contributions to this anthology, other than that they be devoted to explaining ' why. languages exhibit the commonalities and the range of variants that they do', 'why.the variants of some [are] not shared by others', and 'why.certain logically possible properties [are] not found in any known language' (3). Thus we find here attempts to explain phenomena as diverse as the fact that reflexives tend to occur in a particular configuration with respect to their antecedents; that suffixes are far more common than prefixes; and that languages have more terms to refer to the anterior region of our bodies than the posterior. Most of the contributions to this volume are revisions of papers presented at a Max-Planck-Institut-funded research project called 'Explanation in universal grammar' that was held in the Netherlands between the summers of 1983 and 1985. Each contributor apparently had the opportunity to read the pre-final drafts of the contributions of the others, as there is a fair amount
Restoration of Axon Conduction and Motor Deficits by Therapeutic Treatment with Glatiramer Acetate

Glatiramer acetate (GA; Copaxone) is an approved drug for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). The underlying multifactorial anti‐inflammatory, neuroprotective effect of GA is in the induction of reactive T cells that release immunomodulatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors at the injury site. These GA‐induced cytokines and growth factors may have a direct effect on axon function. Building on previous findings that suggest a neuroprotective effect of GA, we assessed the therapeutic effects of GA on brain and spinal cord pathology and functional correlates using the chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS. Therapeutic regimens were utilized based on promising prophylactic efficacy. More specifically, C57BL/6 mice were treated with 2 mg/mouse/day GA for 8 days beginning at various time points after EAE post‐induction day 15, yielding a thorough, clinically relevant assessment of GA efficacy within the context of severe progressive disease. Therapeutic treatment with GA significantly decreased clinical scores and improved rotorod motor performance in EAE mice. These functional improvements were supported by an increase in myelinated axons and fewer amyloid precursor protein‐positive axons in the spinal cords of GA‐treated EAE mice. Furthermore, therapeutic GA decreased microglia/macrophage and T cell infiltrates and increased oligodendrocyte numbers in both the spinal cord and corpus callosum of EAE mice. Finally, GA improved callosal axon conduction and nodal protein organization in EAE. Our results demonstrate that therapeutic GA treatment has significant beneficial effects in a chronic mouse model of MS, in which its positive effects on both myelinated and non‐myelinated axons results in improved axon function. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Neuroscience Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamic QoS Adaptation for Mobile Middleware

Computation and networking resources in mobile operating environments are much scarcer and more dynamic than in desktop operating environments. Mobile applications can leverage on the benefits of adaptive computing to optimize the QoS delivery based on contextual situations. Fuzzy control models have been successfully applied to various distributed network QoS management systems. However, existing models are either application-specific or limited to abstract modeling and simple conceptual scenarios which do not take into account overall model scalability. Specifically, the large number of QoS parameters in a mobile operating environment causes an exponential increase in the number of rules correspondingly increases the demand for processing power to infer the rules. Hierarchical fuzzy systems were introduced to reduce the number of rules using hierarchical fuzzy control, in which correlated linguistic variables are hierarchically inferred and grouped into abstract linguistic variables. In this paper, we propose a mobile QoS management framework that uses a hierarchical fuzzy control model to support a highly extensible and structured adaptation paradigm. The proposed framework integrates several levels of QoS abstractions derived from user-perceived requirements.
Aboriginal Rights in Transition: Reassessing Aboriginal Title and Governance

In a series of important decisions, the Court has come to grips with a number of issues that it did its best to avoid in the past, involving the identification and definition of Aboriginal rights, the content of Aboriginal title to land and the requirements for proving it, and the relevance of the law of New France to Aboriginal rights today. This paper will focus on these recent developments in the law, as well as attempting to identify areas where the law of Aboriginal rights is incomplete and so requires further judicial elucidation.
Comparative Evaluation of Feature Line Techniques for Shape Depiction

This paper presents a qualitative evaluation of feature line techniques on various surfaces. We introduce the most commonly used feature lines and compare them. The techniques were analyzed with respect to the degree of realism in comparison with a shaded image with respect to the aesthetic impression they create. First, a pilot study with 20 participants was conducted to make an inquiry about their behavior and the duration. Based on the result of the pilot study, the ﬁnal evaluation was carried out with 129 participants. We evaluate and interpret the trial results by using the Schulze method and give recommendations for which kind of surface, which feature line technique is most appropriate
Media Use and Human Values

Research shows that both values and some media effects develop slowly, over a similar time frame. The current study uses cross-sectional data collected during the second round of the European Social Survey— including a twenty-one-question Schwartz Value Survey—to look at links between individual values and exposure to newspapers, television news and entertainment, radio news, and the Internet. The results support the hypothesis that media exposure—particularly entertainment television and Internet use—is linked to value orientations.
Weak Lensing Mass Reconstruction of the Galaxy Cluster Abell 209

Context. Weak lensing applied to deep optical images of clusters of galaxies provides a powerful tool to reconstruct the distribution of the gravitating mass associated to these structures. Aims. We use the shear signal extracted by an analysis of deep exposures of a region centered around the galaxy cluster ABCG209, at redshift z � 0.2, to derive both a map of the projected mass distribution and an estimate of the total mass within a characteristic radius. Methods. We use a series of deep archival R-band images from CFHT-12k, covering an area of � 0.3deg 2 . We determine the shear of background galaxy images using a new implementation of the modified Kaiser-Squires-Broadhurst KSB+ pipeline for shear determination, which we has been tested against the “Shear TEsting Program 1 and 2” simulations. We use mass aperture statistics to produce maps of the 2 dimensional density distribution, and parametric fits using both Navarro-Frenk-White and singular-isothermal-sphere profiles to constrain the total mass. Results. The projected mass distribution shows a pronounced asymmetry, with an elongated structure extending from the SE to the NW. This is in general agreement with the optical distribution previously found by other authors. A similar elongation was previously detected in the X-ray emission map, and in the distribution of galaxy colours. The circular NFW mass profile fit gives a total mass of M200 = 7.7 +4.3 −2.7 10 14 M⊙ inside the virial radius r200 = 1.8 ± 0.3Mpc. Conclusions. The weak lensing profile reinforces the evidence for an elongated structure of ABCG209, as previously suggested by studies of the galaxy distribution and velocities.
Simultaneous Discovery, Estimation and Prediction Analysis of Complex Traits Using a Bayesian Mixture Model

Gene discovery, estimation of heritability captured by SNP arrays, inference on genetic architecture and prediction analyses of complex traits are usually performed using different statistical models and methods, leading to inefficiency and loss of power. Here we use a Bayesian mixture model that simultaneously allows variant discovery, estimation of genetic variance explained by all variants and prediction of unobserved phenotypes in new samples. We apply the method to simulated data of quantitative traits and Welcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) data on disease and show that it provides accurate estimates of SNP-based heritability, produces unbiased estimators of risk in new samples, and that it can estimate genetic architecture by partitioning variation across hundreds to thousands of SNPs. We estimated that, depending on the trait, 2,633 to 9,411 SNPs explain all of the SNP-based heritability in the WTCCC diseases. The majority of those SNPs (>96%) had small effects, confirming a substantial polygenic component to common diseases. The proportion of the SNP-based variance explained by large effects (each SNP explaining 1% of the variance) varied markedly between diseases, ranging from almost zero for bipolar disorder to 72% for type 1 diabetes. Prediction analyses demonstrate that for diseases with major loci, such as type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis, Bayesian methods outperform profile scoring or mixed model approaches.
A preoperative serum signature of CEA+/CA125+/CA19‐9 ≥ 1000 U/mL indicates poor outcome to pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer

Pancreatectomy is associated with significant morbidity and unpredictable outcome, with few diagnostic tools to determine, which patients gain the most benefit from this treatment, especially before the operation. This study aimed to define a preoperative signature panel of serum markers to indicate response to pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer. Over 1000 patients with pancreatic cancer treated at two independent high‐volume institutions were included in this study and were divided into three groups, including resected, locally advanced and metastatic. Eight serum tumor markers most commonly used in gastrointestinal cancers were analyzed for patient outcome. Preoperative CA19‐9 independently indicated surgical response in pancreatic cancer. Patients with CA19‐9 ≥1000 U/mL generally had a poor surgical benefit. However, a subset of these patients still achieved a survival advantage when CA19‐9 levels decreased postoperatively. CEA and CA125 in the presence of CA19‐9 ≥1000 U/mL could independently predict the non‐decrease of CA19‐9 postoperatively. The combination of the three markers was useful for predicting a worse surgical outcome with a median survival of 5.1 months vs. 23.0 months (p < 0.001) for the training cohort and 7.0 months vs. 18.2 months (p < 0.001) for the validation cohort and also suggested a higher prevalence of early distant metastasis after surgery. Resected patients with this proposed signature showed no survival advantage over patients in the locally advanced group who did not receive pancreatectomy. Therefore, a preoperative serum signature of CEA+/CA125+/CA19‐9 ≥1000 U/mL is associated with poor surgical outcome and can be used to select appropriate patients with pancreatic cancer for pancreatectomy.
Measuring the Willingness to Seek Help

Abstract This paper describes the creation and validation of an instrument designed to measure an individual's willingness to seek help. The instrument, a questionnaire with twenty-five statements in Likert format, is based on the theoretical perspective of Alan Keith-Lucas, who perceived the willingness of a person to seek help as contingent on three conditions: recognition of the need for outside assistance, readiness for self-disclosure, and willingness to relinquish some degree of control to a helper. Tests of discriminant and divergent validity as well as inter-item reliability generated promising results for this new research tool. The full questionnaire is presented in an appendix.
Crowd-based Semantic Event Detection and Video Annotation for Sports Videos

Recent developments in sport analytics have heightened the interest in collecting data on the behavior of individuals and of the entire team in sports events. Rather than using dedicated sensors for recording the data, the detection of semantic events reflecting a team's behavior and the subsequent annotation of video data is nowadays mostly performed by paid experts. In this paper, we present an approach to generating such annotations by leveraging the wisdom of the crowd. We present the CrowdSport application that allows to collect data for soccer games. It presents crowd workers short video snippets of soccer matches and allows them to annotate these snippets with event information. Finally, the various annotations collected from the crowd are automatically disambiguated and integrated into a coherent data set. To improve the quality of the data entered, we have implemented a rating system that assigns each worker a trustworthiness score denoting the confidence towards newly entered data. Using the DBSCAN clustering algorithm and the confidence score, the integration ensures that the generated event labels are of high quality, despite of the heterogeneity of the participating workers. These annotations finally serve as a basis for a video retrieval system that allows users to search for video sequences on the basis of a graphical specification of team behavior or motion of the individual player. Our evaluations of the crowd-based semantic event detection and video annotation using the Microworkers platform have shown the effectiveness of the approach and have led to results that are in most cases close to the ground truth and can successfully be used for various retrieval tasks.
Hyperactivity and Intact Hippocampus-Dependent Learning in Mice Lacking the M1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor

Members of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor family are thought to play key roles in the regulation of a large number of important functions of the CNS. However, the precise roles of the individual muscarinic receptor subtypes in modulating these processes are not well understood at present, primarily because of the lack of ligands with sufficient receptor subtype selectivity. To investigate the behavioral significance of the M1 muscarinic receptor (M1R), which is abundantly expressed in the forebrain, we subjected M1 receptor-deficient mice (M1R−/− mice) to a battery of behavioral tests. M1R−/− mice showed no significant impairments in neurological reflexes, motor coordination, pain sensitivity, and prepulse inhibition. Strikingly, however, M1R−/− mice consistently exhibited a pronounced increase in locomotor activity in various tests, including open field, elevated plus maze, and light/dark transition tests. Moreover,M1R−/− mice showed reduced immobilization in the Porsolt forced swim test and reduced levels of freezing after inescapable footshocks, suggesting thatM1R−/− mice are hyperactive under stressful conditions as well. An increased number of social contacts was observed in a social interaction test. Surprisingly,M1R−/− mice displayed no significant cognitive impairments in the Morris water maze and in contextual fear conditioning.M1R−/− mice showed slight performance deficits in auditory-cued fear conditioning and in an eight-arm radial maze, most likely because of the hyperactivity phenotype displayed by theM1R−/− mice. Our results indicate that M1 muscarinic receptors play an important role in the regulation of locomotor activity but appear to be less critical for cognitive processes, as generally assumed.
Immunobiology and species distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 5

The immunobiology and mycobacterial species distribution of immunoabsorbent affinity chromatography-purified Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 5 have been studied. In delayed hypersensitivity skin tests, antigen 5 was nearly equipotent with tuberculin-purified protein derivative in sensitized guinea pigs. In vitro, antigen 5 was capable of stimulating the production of migration inhibitory factor by cultured lymphocytes from sensitized guinea pigs and humans. Antigen 5 stimulated thymidine incorporation by cultured guinea pig lymphocytes but did not stimulate thymidine incorporation by cultured human lymphocytes. Although erythrocytes were readily sensitized with antigen 5 for passive hemagglutination, their use did not offer any advantage over previous hemagglutination techniques for the serodiagnosis or evaluation of patients with tuberculosis. By immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion, antigen 5 was readily identified in culture filtrates of 10 strains of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis but not in those of 30 strains of 12 other myobacterial species.
Baddeley revisited: The functional approach to autobiographical memory

In Baddeley's (1988) classic article he challenged researchers to take a functional approach by asking, for their phenomenon of interest, “but what the hell is it for? ” In twenty years, how far has the field advanced in addressing this question, particularly in examining the functions of autobiographical memory? This introductory article provides an overview of the functional approach. Next, eight core articles appear, each framed to address Baddeley's question. The core articles are written by experts on distinct empirically established autobiographical memory phenomena: each presents a synopsis of current research in their area and then examines the function that their specific autobiographical memory phenomenon serves in human activity and adaptation. The issue ends with two commentaries by scholars who provide analyses of the functional approach from unique perspectives. Revisiting Baddeley provides an opportunity for a current discussion of the strengths and challenges of taking a functional approach to autobiographical memory. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Logistics of Behavior Screenings: How and Why Do We Conduct Behavior Screenings at Our School?

In this article, the authors provide an overview of behavior screening tools available, including free and commercially available options. Next, the authors offer step-by-step procedures for (a) selecting, (b) scheduling, (c) preparing, (d) administering, and (e) scoring and interpreting behaviors screening tools. The authors conclude with recommendations and a brief summary.
Cuestionarios, inventarios y escalas de ansiedad social para adolescentes : una revisión crítica

The aims of this study were two. First, the social anxiety questionnaires, inventories and/or scales developed and validated in the adolescent population (Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents, SAS-A, and Questionnaire about Interpersonal Difficulties for Adolescents, QIDA) and the adolescent adaptation of the instruments firstly developed and validated for Englishspeaking adult population (Personal Report of Confidence as Speaker, PRCS; the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, FNE; the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale, SAD and the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory, SPAI) are described. Second, a psychometric comparative study about these instruments is presented, thus the reliability (internal consistency and temporal stability) and construct validity (factorial structure, relationships with others questionnaires, relationships with others assessment procedures, discrimination between groups and treatment outcome) of these instruments are compared.
Four-year impact of an alert notification system on closed-loop communication of critical test results.

OBJECTIVE One of the patient safety goals proposed by the Joint Commission urges hospitals to develop a policy for communicating critical test results and to measure adherence to that policy. We evaluated the impact of an alert notification system on policy adherence for communicating critical imaging test results to referring providers and assessed system adoption over the first 4 years after implementation. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was performed in a 753-bed academic medical center. The intervention, an automated alert notification system for critical results, was implemented in January 2010. The primary outcome was adherence to institutional policy for timely closed-loop communication of critical imaging results, and the secondary outcome was system adoption. Policy adherence was determined through manual review of a random sample of radiology reports from the first 4 years after the intervention (n = 37,604) compared with baseline outcomes 1 year before the intervention (n = 9430). Adoption was evaluated by quantifying the use of the system overall and the proportion of alerts that used noninterruptive communication as a percentage of all reports generated by 320 radiologists (n = 1,538,059). A statistical analysis of the trend at 6-month intervals over 4 years was performed using a chi-square trend test. RESULTS Adherence to the policy increased from 91.3% before the intervention to 95.0% after the intervention (p < 0.0001). There was a ninefold increase in the critical results communicated via the system (chi-square trend test, p < 0.0001). During the first 4 years after the intervention, 41,445 alerts (41% of the total number of alerts) used the system's noninterruptive process for communicating less urgent critical results, which was substantially unchanged over the 4 years postintervention, thus reducing unnecessary paging interruptions. CONCLUSION An automated alert notification system for communicating critical imaging results was successfully adopted and was associated with increased adherence to institutional policy for communicating critical test results and with reduced workflow interruptions.