Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learning from 6,000 Projects: Mining Models in the Large

Models - abstract and simple descriptions of some artifact - are the backbone of all software engineering activities. While writing models is hard, existing code can serve as a source for abstract descriptions of how software behaves. To infer correct usage, code analysis needs usage examples, though, the more, the better. We have built a lightweight parser that efficiently extracts API usage models from source code - models that can then be used to detect anomalies. Applied on the 200 million lines of code of the Gen too Linux distribution, we would extract more than 15 million API constraints, encoding and abstracting the "wisdom of Linux code".
Discriminative Product-of-Expert acoustic mapping for cross-lingual phone recognition

This paper presents a Product-of-Expert framework to perform probabilistic acoustic mapping for cross-lingual phone recognition. Under this framework, the posterior probabilities of the target HMM states are modelled as the weighted product of experts, where the experts or their weights are modelled as functions of the posterior probabilities of the source HMM states generated by a foreign phone recogniser. Careful choice of these functions leads to the Product-of-Posterior and Posterior Weighted Product-of-Expert models, which can be conveniently represented as 2-layer and 3-layer feed-forward neural networks respectively. Therefore, the commonly used error back-propagation method can be used to discriminatively train the model parameters. Experimental results are presented on the NTIMIT database using the Czech, Hungarian and Russian hybrid NN/HMM recognisers as the foreign phone recognisers to recognise English phones. With only about 15.6 minutes of training data, the best acoustic mapping model achieved 46.00% phone error rate, which is not far behind the 43.55% performance of the NN/HMM system trained directly on the full 3.31 hours of data.
Analytical Modeling of Oxide-Based Bipolar Resistive Memories and Complementary Resistive Switches

To allow for novel memory and computing schemes based on the resistive switching memory (RRAM), physically based compact models are needed. This paper presents a new analytical model for HfO2-based RRAM, relying on a simplified description of the conductive filament (CF) in terms of its diameter and gap length. The set and reset operations are described by CF growth and gap opening, respectively, activated by the local field and temperature. The analytical model is then used to describe the switching dynamics in the complementary resistive switch (CRS), consisting of an antiserial connection of two resistive devices. The impact of the gap resistivity on the CRS characteristics is discussed, highlighting the tradeoff between off-state leakage and set/reset window.
A genetic algorithm, information gain and artificial neural network based approach for hypertension diagnosis

Chronic disease are the leading cause of increase in mortality rate globally, In this study we cosidered hypertension as case study. Diagnosis and screening of hypertension plays a significant role in the prevention and reduction of the onset of cardiovascular diseases as well as the improvement of quality of life. It is of extraordinary worth to make sense of hypertension-related risk factors and further further set up a model for the forecast of hypertension with the identified risk factors. Proposed approach introduces a model that seeks for the improved performance of the classifier in terms of accuracy of classification model, number of features to build the model etc. This paper focuses on a comparative study of two appraoches to achieve improved performance. Information gain based attribute subset selection approach is compared with Genetic algorithm based appraoch to discover optimal subset of attributes that adds more to the classification. Then these attributes are given as input to multilayer perceptron neural network with backpropagation algorithm. Experimental results shows that accuarcy achieved in prediction of hypertension by using information gain approach is 97.58% with 9 features where as Genetic algorithms gives prediction accuracy of 99.19%with 9 different features. Results indicates performance of classification model of medical diagnosis can be improved with proposed approach.
Lack of correlation between pharmacokinetics and efficacy of low dose methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE To determine if the variability in the efficacy of methotrexate (MTX) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is correlated with its pharmacokinetics. METHODS MTX pharmacokinetics was evaluated in 46 patients with RA starting a weekly intramuscular low dose MTX treatment. The patients were divided into 32 responders and 14 nonresponders to MTX according to the clinical response in the 6 months after the pharmacokinetic study. MTX plasma (at T0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h) and urine concentrations were measured with the TDx Abbott fluorescence polarization immunoassay. RESULTS The MTX dosage, age, sex, RA duration, hepatic and renal functions of responders and nonresponders were not different. No difference was found either in peak concentration, residual 24th hour concentration, area under the curve, total body clearance, renal clearance, and terminal T1/2 life of MTX in responders and nonresponders. Surprisingly, patients with adverse reactions had higher total body and renal MTX clearances than those without side effects during the study. CONCLUSION These data suggest that plasma MTX measurements are not helpful in defining an optimal treatment regimen.
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Firefighters in the Central United States

Objective: To determine the prevalence and severity of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in a population-based sample of firefighters. Methods: Sleepiness was assessed using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale in a sample of male career firefighters (n = 458) from 11 randomly selected fire departments in the Midwestern United States. Results: Unadjusted EDS rates (13.7% and 14.0% for on- and off-duty, respectively) were similar to the general US population and comparable occupational groups. Factors associated with EDS included 48-hour work shifts, non-private department sleep areas, and working a second job outside the fire service (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Given firefighters' important role in public safety, concerns have been raised about whether firefighters' work schedules result in high rates of excessive sleepiness. Nevertheless, firefighters in this study did not have high rates of EDS despite their extended work schedule.
Differential Opa specificities for CD66 receptors influence tissue interactions and cellular response to Neisseria gonorrhoeae

The ability of all 11 variable opacity (Opa) proteins encoded by Neisseria gonorrhoeae MS11 to interact directly with the five CD66 antigens was determined. Transfected HeLa cell lines expressing individual CD66 antigens were infected with recombinant N. gonorrhoeae and Escherichia coli strains expressing defined Opas. Based upon the ability of these bacteria to bind and invade and to isolate specifically CD66 antigens from detergent‐soluble extracts of the corresponding cell lines, distinct specificity groups of Opa interaction with CD66 were seen. Defining these specificity groups allowed us to assign a specific function for CD66a in the Opa‐mediated interaction of gonococci with two different target cell types, which are both known to co‐express multiple CD66 antigens. The competence of individual Opas to interact with CD66a was strictly correlated with their ability to induce an oxidative response by polymorphonuclear neutrophils. The same Opa specificity was observed for the level of gonococcal binding to primary endothelial cells after stimulation with TNFα, which was shown to increase the expression of CD66a rather than CD66e. As CD66e alone is expressed on other target tissues of gonococcal pathogenicity, Opa variation probably contributes to the cell tropism displayed by gonococci.
Recognition using robust bit extraction

We present a novel technique for extracting bits from the perceptually significant components of an image transformation, thus making the recognition of objects under nonideal conditions robust. Specifically, we describe five popular face recognition transform methods [including principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), wavelet transform, wavelet transform with PCA, and wavelet transform with Fourier-Mellin transform] with robust bit extraction enhancement for various numbers of bits extracted. The robustness guarantees that all similar face images will produce almost the same bits. This property is useful for generating cryptographic keys. The theoretical results are evaluated on the Olivetti Research Laboratory (ORL) face database, showing that the extended methods significantly outperform the corresponding standard methods when the number of extracted bits reaches 100.
Evaluation of Bondability and Reliability of Single Crystal Copper Wire Bonding

Copper-based interconnect is an emerging trend in microelectronics packaging. Some studies have shown that copper wires may serve as a viable, cost-effective alternative to gold in some high-end, ball and wedge bonding applications. This study is intended to evaluate the bondability and reliability of single crystal copper wire bonding. After annealing, the copper wires are bonded on gold (1-2 micron thick) and aluminum (2 micron thick) surfaces without gas protection. The bondability of single crystal copper wire is evaluated and compared with gold and aluminum wires. The intermetallic compounds (IMCs) between copper and gold and between copper and aluminum are identified on the fractured surfaces by EDAX. After thermal aging, wire pull and ball shear tests are performed and the test results are compared with those without thermal aging. From the present study, it is found that single crystal copper wires can be bonded on the gold pad and the aluminum pad by thermosonic ball bonding and wedge bonding without gas protection. Cu 3Au and AuCu IMCs are found at the copper/gold interface while CuAl2 is found at the copper/aluminum interface. After thermal aging, Kirkendall voids are discovered at the Cu/Au interface
Evaluation of predictive ability of APACHE II system and hospital outcome in Canadian intensive care unit patients.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the ability of the acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scoring system to predict patient outcome in two Canadian intensive care units (ICUs). To compare the severity of illness and outcome of Canadian ICU patients with existing United States data. DESIGN Prospective data collection on 1,724 Canadian ICU patients for validation of the APACHE II system. Comparison of the outcome of Canadian ICU patients to retrospective United States data on 4,087 patients from the 1985 APACHE II multicenter study. SETTING Canadian data from two university teaching hospital ICUs. United States data from 13 ICUs, ten of which were in university teaching hospitals. PATIENTS Consecutive patients admitted to adult medical/surgical ICUs. Coronary care unit, neurosurgical and cardiac surgery patients were excluded. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS For each patient, demographic data, diagnosis, APACHE II score and hospital survival data were collected. The predicted risk of death was calculated for each patient using the APACHE II risk of death equation. The accuracy in outcome prediction of the APACHE II system was assessed by means of the receiver operating characteristic curve, 2 x 2 decision matrices and linear regression analysis. The severity of illness and hospital mortality for the Canadian patients was compared with that of United States patients from the 1985 APACHE II multicenter study. In 1,724 Canadian ICU patients, the mean +/- SEM APACHE II score was 16.5 +/- 0.2. The predicted death rate was 24.7% and the observed death rate was 24.8%. Using receiver operating curve analysis, good correlation was found between predicted outcome and observed outcome. The area under the curve was 0.86. From the 2 x 2 decision matrix constructed for a predicted risk of death of 0.5, 83% of patients were correctly classified. The sensitivity was 50.9% and the specificity was 93.6%. When observed death rate was plotted against predicted death rate, linear regression analysis gave an r2 of . 99. Canadian patients had a higher death rate and APACHE II score than the United States patients. After controlling for severity of illness using the APACHE II score, the Canadian and United States death rates were similar. CONCLUSIONS The ability of the APACHE II system in predicting group outcome is validated in this Canadian ICU population by receiver operating characteristic curve, 2 x 2 decision matrices and linear regression analysis. The Canadian patients had a higher overall hospital death rate than the United States patients. After controlling for severity of illness using APACHE II scores, the hospital death rate was comparable between the Canadian and United States patients.
Does Pharmacodynamic Interaction of Nonenzymatic Antioxidants Modify Response to Antioxidant Therapy in the Process of Atherosclerosis?

A discrepancy exists between clinical trials and epidemiological studies on the effect of antioxidants on cardiovascular disease. This discrepancy could be attributed to the lack of knowledge on the effect of interaction of exogenous antioxidant supplementation with one another or on the effect of interaction of exogenously administered antioxidant vitamins with endogenous ones. This study attempts a systematic review of available data on possible synergistic, additive, or antagonistic action of nonenzymatic antioxidants in atherosclerosis. Electronic databases were searched with the available search terms up to and including February 2010. Eligibility criteria were full publications, clinical trials, epidemiological studies, or in vitro or in vivo studies that investigated the effect of pharmacodynamic interaction of 2 or more antioxidants in the process of atherosclerosis and /or the mechanism of interaction. Eligible clinical trials should have at least 4 arms, 1 arm for the study of each antioxidant alone, 1 for the effect of both antioxidants, and 1 arm for the effect of placebo. In vitro data as well as the limited number of identified randomized clinical trials suggested that coadministration of antioxidants results in synergistic or additive interaction in the process of atherosclerosis. No study demonstrated antagonistic interaction between antioxidants.
An Evolutionary Growth Model with Banking Activity

In this paper, we propose an evolutionary growth model in which an innovative production sector interacts with a simplified banking sector. We explore the relationships between long-term sources of growth (technological change), and short-term/mid-term factors (such as price dynamics and interest rates). The model suggests new explanations for the endogenous emergence of sharp crises with profound effects in the long run. An interesting aspect of the model is that these crises appear in a strictly private economy, in which everything produced is sold, there are no government distortions, and there are no exogenous shocks. The crises emerge from the interactions between uneven innovation rates and market reactivity. In fact, high reactivity in financial markets can amplify the (initially small) effects of innovative competition, leading to a destabilization of economic growth. Drawing on the model results we suggest some policy implications.
IMPACT OF MICRO-CREDIT ON POVERTY REDUCTION IN NIGERIA

This paper attempts to assess the impact of micro credit on poverty reduction in Nigeria. Poverty reduction and socio-economic development could be a direct measure for real development. The fight against poverty in Nigeria has been and is still being fought from so many fronts. Among one of the fronts is the area of micro credits from profit and non profit institutions. So many efforts have been and are being made by private and public sectors in the fight' against povertythrough micro credit financing. The literature review done in this study has shown that Nigeria have been dogged in its fights against poverty through financing. Using the method of OLS regression analysis, the researcher embarked an empirical work to test the impact of micro finance activities on poverty reduction. The result showed the expected negative relationship between micro finance lending and poverty. However, the regression result and analysis have shown that there is a lot of room for improvement. The impact of micro financing on poverty reduction is still low and not significant in wiping out poverty from our land. Therefore, there is need to increase infrastructural and basic services provision for the citizens of Nigeria; and to create a friendly investment environment that will enable and attract micro enterprises and small and medium scale establishments.
PEMODELAN RETURN PORTOFOLIO SAHAM MENGGUNAKAN METODE GARCH ASIMETRIS

Investment in stocks is an alternative for investors and companies to obtain external funding sources. In the investment world there is a strong relationship between risk and return (profit), if the risk is high then return will also be high. Risks can be minimized by performing stock portfolio. Stock is the time series data in the financial sector, which usually has a tendency to fluctuate rapidly from time to time so that variance of error is not constant. Time series model in accordance with these condition is Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH). This research will apply asymmetric GARCH covering Exponential GARCH (EGARCH), Threshold GARCH (TGARCH), and Autoregressive Power ARCH (APARCH) in stock data Indocement Tunggal Tbk (INTP), Astra International Tbk (ASII), and Adaro Energy Tbk (ADRO) commencing from the date of March 1, 2013 until February 29, 2016 during an active day (Monday to Friday). The purpose of this research is to predict the value of the volatility of a portfolio of three assets stocks. The best models used for forecasting volatility in asset stocks which have asymmetric effect is ARIMA ([13],0,[2,3]) EGARCH (1,1) on a single asset data INTP, ARIMA ([2],0,[2,3]) EGARCH (1,1) on the 2 asset portfolio data ASII INTP, and ARIMA ([3],0,[2]) EGARCH (1,1) on the 3 asset portfolio data INTP-ASII-ADRO. Keywords: Stocks, Portfolio, Return, Volatility, Asymmetric GARCH.
The Effect of Disease-prevalence Adjustments on the Accuracy of a Logistic Prediction Model

The accuracy of a logistic prediction model is degraded when it is transported to pop ulations with outcome prevalences different from that of the population used to derive the model. The resultant errors can have major clinical implications. Accordingly, the authors developed a logistic prediction model with respect to the noninvasive diagnosis of coronary disease based on 1,824 patients who underwent exercise testing and coronary angiography, varied the prevalence of disease in various "test" populations by random sampling of the original "derivation" population, and determined the accu racy of the logistic prediction model before and after the application of a mathematical algorithm designed to adjust only for these differences in prevalence. The accuracy of each prediction model was quantified in terms of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve area (discrimination) and chi-square goodness-of-fit (calibration). As the prevalence of the test population diverged from the prevalence of the derivation pop ulation, discrimination improved (ROC-curve areas increased from 0.82 ± 0.02 to 0.87 ± 0.03; p < 0.05), and calibration deteriorated (chi-square goodness-of-fit statistics increased from 9 to 154; p < 0.05). Following adjustment of the logistic intercept for differences in prevalence, discrimination was unchanged and calibration improved (maximum chi-square goodness-of-fit fell from 154 to 16). When the adjusted algorithm was applied to three geographically remote populations with prevalences that differed from that of the derivation population, calibration improved 87%, while discrimination fell by 1 %. Thus, prevalence differences produce statistically significant and potentially clinically important errors in the accuracy of logistic prediction models. These errors can potentially be mitigated by use of a relatively simple mathematical correction al gorithm. Key words: logistic prediction model; accuracy; prevalence adjustments; model transportability. (Med Decis Making 1996;16:133-142)
Pax9 mediated cell survival in oral squamous carcinoma cell enhanced by c‐myb

Paired box gene 9 (Pax9) and c‐myb are transcription factors that regulate the expression of the genes involved in mediating cell proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, and migration. However, the function of Pax9 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is virtually unknown. This study examined the anti‐apoptotic roles of Pax9 and c‐myb, and clarified interaction between the two genes in KB cells. Inhibition of Pax9 caused the induction of apoptosis with enhanced cleavage of caspase‐3 and PARP, accelerated Bax, and reduced Bcl‐2 expression. Transducing c‐myb cells with adenovirus c‐myb (Ad/c‐myb) were induced cell growth and inhibited apoptosis, but dominant‐negative myb cells (Ad/DN‐myb) were not affected. Pax9 was upregulated in the Ad/c‐myb cells with simultaneous decrease in the Ad/DN‐myb infection. However, c‐myb remained unaffected in the Pax9 small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfected cells. Moreover, the Pax9 siRNA transfected cells and Ad/DN‐myb infected cells were able to arrest the cell cycle at the G0 phase. This suggests that Pax9 and c‐myb expression in KB cells is essential for cell growth, and survival is enhanced by c‐myb. Disrupting the function of c‐myb and Pax9 could be a potential target for cancer treatment. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the design of adjustable fractional delay FIR filters using digital differentiators

This paper proposes a systematic method to design adjustable fractional delay (FD) filters using the Farrow structure. The Farrow structure has even-order subfilters and the maximum magnitude approximation error determines the number of these subfilters. In the Farrow structure, different powers of the FD value are multiplied by the subfilters. As both the FD value and its powers are smaller than unity, they are considered as weighting functions. The approximation error for each subfilter can then increase in proportion to the power of the FD value. With the proposed design method, the first Farrow subfilter is a pure delay whereas the remaining subfilters are digital differentiators. Examples illustrate the proposed design method and comparison to some earlier designs shows an average reduction of 20% in arithmetic complexity.
Multiple access with asynchronous broadcasting in wireless cooperative networks

In this paper we present a multiple access scheme for wireless networks that allows multiple nodes to broadcast their packets simultaneously. The simultaneously broadcasted packets are superimposed with a random pattern at each network node that receives them. A subset of the network nodes act as cooperative relays and forward the locally superimposed packets without decoding them. Each destination node recovers the desired packet with a successive interference cancelation (SIC) and decoding algorithm that exploits the pattern of the superimposed transmissions. Different flavors of the basic scheme are investigated and combine amplify-and-forward (AF) from the relays, and also retransmissions from the initial sources.