Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An improved inspection technique

Software reviews are not a new idea. They have been around almost as long as software has. One ofthe most natural ways to check if something is correct is to look at it. Babbage and von Neumann regularly asked colleagues to examine their programs [6]. In the 1950s and 1960s, large software projects often included some sort of software review. By the 1970s, various review methods had emerged with different names: software reviews, technical reviews, formal reviews, walkthroughs, structured walkthroughs, and code inspections. Each review method had different forms to fill out, different review team sizes and makeup, and so on, but none suggested any approach for reviewing the software or other work product other than just looking at it and discussing it
Athlete's Heart: A Meta-Analysis of the Echocardiographic Experience

Meta-analytical techniques were applied to selected echocardiographic reports on athlete's heart. The combined analysis of studies in which competitive long-distance runners were compared to matched nonathletic control subjects, revealed a 10% (p < 0.001) higher left ventricular internal diameter in the runners, an 18% (p < 0.001) thicker wall and an 8% (p < 0.05) greater relative wall thickness. In strength athletes these differences averaged +2.5% (p < 0.01), +15% (p < 0.05) and +12% (p < 0.05), respectively, and in cyclists +9% (p < 0.05), +29% (p < 0.01) and +19% (p <0.05). When compared to their respective controls, left ventricular mass was larger by 64% (p < 0.01) in cyclists, 48% (p < 0.001) in runners and 25% (p < 0.05) in strength athletes. There were no differences in left ventricular systolic or diastolic function at rest. The meta-analysis of longitudinal studies, in which athletes were assessed in active and inactive periods, suggested that at least part of the differences from nonathletes can be ascribed to the training per se. In conclusion, the classification of left ventricular hypertrophy in athletes as eccentric or concentric has to be considered as a relative concept, most likely related to the fact that training regimens and/or sports activities are not exclusively of the dynamic or static type but comprise both components to a variable extent.
High-efficiency wireless power transfer by controlling free resonant frequencies

In the previous works, we proposed the method to maximize output power even in the over-coupled state by controlling free resonant frequencies. In this paper, we propose the mutual coupling approach to derive the optimum free resonant frequencies, and show the measured power transfer efficiency (PTE) using the transmission efficiency instead of the system energy efficiency. The results of the proposed approach exactly coincide with those of the previous work, and the fabricated prototype achieves the PTE of about 80% in the over-coupled state.
Time scales of response to antisymmetric surface fluxes in an aquaplanet GCM

The intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) shifts in response to hemispheric asymmetries in extratropical energy forcings. This study investigates the response time scale of this shift in an aquaplanet global climate model coupled to a slab ocean. A steady antisymmetric perturbation is abruptly added to the slab‐ocean heat flux convergence in midlatitudes. The time scale of the ITCZ shift scales linearly with the heat capacity of the combined ocean‐atmosphere system, and the shift is amplified by subtropical clear‐sky radiation and cloud radiative feedbacks.
The Biomedical Ontology Applications (BOA) Framework

The Biomedical Ontology Applications (BOA) framework consists of a set of web applications that aim at an effective exploration of biological information and knowledge discovery using Biomedical Ontologies. This paper presents three web applications: ProteInOn for semantic similarity and protein set characterization based on Gene Ontology (GO); CMPSim for semantic similarity of chemical compounds and metabolic pathways using the Chemical Entities of Biological Interest ontology (ChEBI); and GRYFUN for the visualization, filtering and analysis of GO functional annotation profiles of a given protein family. The web tools and their documentation, including videos, are freely available at http://xldb.di. fc.ul. pt/wiki/BOA
Reciprocal Angulation of Vertebral Bodies in the Sagittal Plane in an Asymptomatic Greek Population

Study Design. A prospective study conducted on several roentgenographic parameters of the standing sagittal profile of the spine in an asymptomatic Greek population. Objectives. To perform segmental analysis of the sagittal plane alignment of the normal thoracic, lumbar, and lumbosacral spines and to compare the findings with those derived from similar populations. Summary of Background Data. Until recently, little attention has been paid to the sagittal segmental alignment of the spine, and there are only a few studies (in French and American populations) in which radio‐graphic analysis of sagittal spinal alignment is investigated. Methods. Ninety‐nine consecutive asymptomatic Greek volunteers (38 men, 61 women), an average age of 52.7 ± 15 years old (range, 20‐79 years), were included in this prospective study, on the basis of several inclusion criteria. These volunteers were divided into six distinct age groups. The radiologic parameters, which were measured (by Cobb's method) on the lateral standing roentgenograms of the whole spine were: thoracic kyphosis (T4‐T12), lumbar lordosis (L1‐L5), total lumbar lordosis (T12‐S1), distal lumbar lordosis (L4‐S1), sacral inclination (measured from the line drawn parallel along the back of the proximal sacrum and the vertical line), pelvic tilting, vertebral body inclination, and relative segmental inclination between pairs of adjacent vertebrae. Results. Thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis (T12‐S1, L1‐L5) were not gender related. Thoracic kyphosis increased with age (P < 0.001), the lumbar spine (L1‐L5) gradually became less lordotic as the thoracic kyphosis increased (P < 0.003), and total lumbar lordosis was not age related. Sacral inclination correlated strongly with both thoracic kyphosis (P < 0.002) and L1‐L5 lordosis (P < 0.001). Pelvic tilting correlated strongly with L1‐L5 lordosis (P < 0.0075), but did not correlate with thoracic kyphosis and age. Vertebral body inclination showed a narrow variability in T6‐T12 and in L4 and a wide variability in T4, T5, L1‐L3, and S1. Distal lumbar lordosis represents the 68.6% of the total lumbar lordosis. Conclusions. In the results of this study, a reliable table of reference for roentgenographic parameters in the sagittal plane of the spine was established in an asymptomatic Greek population. The parameters are similar to those used in previous studies. Thus, these data should be considered in preoperative planning and postoperative evaluation of achieved correction during restoration procedures of the spine in the sagittal plane.
Efeito do alongamento e do exercício contra-resistido no músculo esquelético de rato

OBJETIVO: Analisar o efeito do alongamento e do exercicio resistido no musculo soleo de rato. MATERIAIS E METODOS: Foram avaliados 24 ratos Wistar (380±50g) divididos em quatro grupos (n=6): C, controle-intacto; Along, alongamento do musculo soleo esquerdo durante 40 minutos; ER, exercicio resistido, quatro series de dez saltos; ER+Along, exercicio resistido e alongamento. Apos oito semanas, foi realizada a eutanasia dos animais e os musculos soleos foram avaliados quanto ao peso muscular, area de seccao transversa das fibras musculares (ASTFM), comprimento muscular, numero de sarcomeros em serie, comprimento dos sarcomeros e porcentagem de tecido conjuntivo. A analise estatistica foi realizada pela comparacao entre grupos, por meio do teste de analise de variância (ANOVA) post hoc Tukey, com significância <0,05. RESULTADOS: As ASTFM dos grupos ER e Along aumentaram quando comparadas ao grupo C. O comprimento muscular e o numero de sarcomeros em serie do ER+Along foram inferiores aos dos grupos Along e ER. O numero de sarcomeros em serie do Along foi superior ao C. Nao foram encontradas alteracoes no comprimento dos sarcomeros e na porcentagem de tecido conjuntivo. CONCLUSOES: O exercicio resistido associado ao alongamento causou diminuicao no comprimento muscular e no numero de sarcomeros em serie, provavelmente devido a frequencia diaria de exercicios. A realizacao isolada do alongamento, duas vezes por semana, ou do exercicio resistido, tres vezes por semana, foi suficiente para induzir hipertrofia muscular.
Prevalence of age-related maculopathy in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.

OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of age-related maculopathy (ARM) in blacks and whites and its relation to macrovascular disease and risk factors thereof in a population studied for cardiovascular disease risk factors and outcomes. POPULATION A biracial population of 11532 adults (ranging from 48-72 years of age; 8984 whites and 2548 blacks) living in 4 US communities (Forsyth County, North Carolina; the city of Jackson, Miss; selected suburbs of Minneapolis, Minn; and Washington County, Maryland) were examined during the interval from 1993 to 1995. METHODS Drusen and other lesions typical of ARM were identified by examining a 45 degrees color fundus photograph of 1 eye of each participant and classified by means of a modification of the Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy Grading System. RESULTS The overall prevalence of any ARM was lower in blacks (3.7%) than whites (5.6%). After controlling for age and sex, the odds ratio for any ARM in blacks compared with whites was 0.73 (95% confidence interval, 0.58-0.91; P = .006). Few associations between atherosclerosis and its risk factors and the presence of early ARM or its component lesions were found. After adjusting for age, race, and sex, carotid artery plaque (odds ratio, 1.77; 95% confidence interval, 1.18-2.65) and focal retinal arteriolar narrowing (odds ratio, 1.79; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-2.98) were associated with retinal pigment epithelial depigmentation. CONCLUSIONS This population-based study documents the higher prevalence of early ARM in whites compared with blacks. Measures of atherosclerosis and its risk factors were generally unrelated to ARM and do not explain these racial differences.
Perceptually Optimized 3-D Transmission Over Wireless Networks

Many protocols optimized to transmissions over wireless networks have been proposed. However, one issue that has not been looked into is considering human perception in deciding a transmission strategy for three-dimensional (3D) objects. Several factors, such as the number of vertices and the resolution of texture, can affect the display quality of 3D objects. When the resources of a graphics system are not sufficient to render the ideal image, degradation is inevitable. It is therefore important to study how individual factors affect the overall quality, and how the degradation can be controlled given limited bandwidth resources and possibility of data loss. In this paper, the essential factors determining the display quality are reviewed. We provide an overview of our research on designing a 3D perceptual quality metric integrating two important ones, resolution of texture and resolution of mesh, that control the transmission bandwidth requirements. A review of robust mesh transmission considering packet loss is presented, followed by a discussion of the difference of existing literature with our problem and approach. We then suggest alternative strategies for packet transmission of both 3D texture and mesh. These strategies are then compared with respect to preserving 3D perceptual quality under packet loss
PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES IN PRESBYCUSIS: COCHLEAR AND CENTRAL FINDINGS IN 12 AGED PATIENTS.

Introduction PERCEPTIVE hearing loss associated with old age is well known, but the pathological basis for the hearing reduction is disputed, especially the localization and the cause of the alterations in the nervous system. Numerous works correlate audiometric data with histopathological studies, most often only in relation to a single structure or a single neuron. Causes of perceptive hearing loss in aged human beings and animals fall into five main categories: 1. Loss Due to Alterations in the Epithelial Elements of the Cochlea, Especially the Organ of Corti and the Basilar Membrane . —In the various structures of scala media the following alterations have been described in elderly patients: flattening and degeneration of the organ of Corti, reduction or total absence of hair cells, and flattening of the supporting cells. The tectorial membrane may be thin and is very often involved in the formation of synechiae, just as Reissner's membrane may
Automatic Genre-Specific Text Classification

INTRODUCTION Starting with a vast number of unstructured or semi-structured documents, text mining tools analyze and sift through them to present to users more valuable information specific to their information needs. The technologies in text mining include information extrac-In this chapter, we share our hands-on experience with one specific text mining task — text classification [Sebastiani, 2002]. Information occurs in various formats, and some formats have a specific structure or specific information that they contain: we refer to these as`genres'. Examples of information genres include news items, reports, academic articles, etc. In this paper, we deal with a specific genre type, course syllabus. A course syllabus is such a genre, with the following commonly-occurring fields: title, description, instructor's name, textbook details, class schedule, etc. In essence, a course syllabus is the skeleton of a course. Free and fast access to a collection of syllabi in a structured format could have a significant impact on education, especially for educators and lifelong learners. Educators can borrow ideas from others' syllabi to organize their own classes. It also will be easy for lifelong learners to find popular textbooks and even important chapters when they would like to learn a course on their own. Unfortunately, searching for a syllabus on the Web using Information Retrieval [Baeza-Yates & Ribeiro-Neto, 1999] techniques employed by a generic search engine often yields too many non-relevant search result pages (i.e., noise) — some of these only provide guidelines on syllabus creation; some only provide a schedule for a course event; some have outgoing links to syllabi (e.g. a course list page of an academic department). Therefore, a well-designed classifier for the search results is needed, that would help not only to filter noise out, but also to identify more relevant and useful syllabi. This chapter presents our work regarding automatic recognition of syllabus pages through text classification to build a syllabus collection. Issues related to the selection of appropriate features as well as classifier model construction using both generative models (Naïve) are discussed. Our results show that SVM outperforms NB in recognizing true syllabi.
UV-C–Irradiated Arabidopsis and Tobacco Emit Volatiles That Trigger Genomic Instability in Neighboring Plants[W]

This work shows that volatile signals, including methyl jasmonate and methyl salicylate, emitted by UV-irradiated plants can cause an increase in homologous recombination in nearby, nonirradiated bystander plants. Emission of these signals is triggered by the formation of necrotic lesions and depends on NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES1 function. We have previously shown that local exposure of plants to stress results in a systemic increase in genome instability. Here, we show that UV-C–irradiated plants produce a volatile signal that triggers an increase in genome instability in neighboring nonirradiated Arabidopsis thaliana plants. This volatile signal is interspecific, as UV-C–irradiated Arabidopsis plants transmit genome destabilization to naive tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants and vice versa. We report that plants exposed to the volatile hormones methyl salicylate (MeSA) or methyl jasmonate (MeJA) exhibit a similar level of genome destabilization as UV-C–irradiated plants. We also found that irradiated Arabidopsis plants produce MeSA and MeJA. The analysis of mutants impaired in the synthesis and/or response to salicylic acid (SA) and/or jasmonic acid showed that at least one other volatile compound besides MeSA and MeJA can communicate interplant genome instability. The NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES1 (npr1) mutant, defective in SA signaling, is impaired in both the production and the perception of the volatile signals, demonstrating a key role for NPR1 as a central regulator of genome stability. Finally, various forms of stress resulting in the formation of necrotic lesions also generate a volatile signal that leads to genomic instability.
Sea-Ice thickness retrieval in the Sea of Okhotsk using dual-polarization SAR data

Abstract We investigated the feasibility of using multi-polarization Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data to estimate the thickness of undeformed first-year ice. Analysis of the radar Signatures for the C- and L-bands Showed that the correlation between the ice thickness and VV-to-HH backscattering ratio is larger than the correlation between the ice thicknesses and the backscattering coefficients. This is in part because the ice Surface Salinity and hence the Surface reflection coefficient decreases as the ice thickens. The backscattering ratio had low Sensitivity to the Small-scale ice Surface roughness for the C-band and is almost independent of roughness at L-band. Given that the ratio is most Sensitive to ice Surface dielectric constants, which depend on Salinity, we developed an algorithm for retrieving the ice thickness that is based on the backscattering ratio and on the integral-equation-method (IEM) Surface Scattering model. Comparison of the observed and estimated ice thicknesses Showed that the correlation was much better when the thicknesses were estimated using the backscattering ratio than when the backscattering coefficient was used directly. The algorithm also performed better than previous retrievals using an empirical technique.
Bis[tris(1H-pyrazol-1-yl-κN 2)methane]nickel(II) bis{[tris(1H-pyrazol-1-yl-κN 2)methane]tris(thiocyanato-κN)nickelate(II)} methanol disolvate

Attempts to prepare the mononuclear [(tpm)NiII L 3]−1 [tpm = tris(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methane and L = thiocyanate] anion yielded the methanol-solvated salt, [(tpm)2NiII][(tpm)NiII(NCS)3]2·2CH3OH or [Ni(C10H10N6)2][Ni(NCS)3(C10H10N6)]2·2CH3OH. The asymmetric unit consists of half a centrosymmetric bis[tris(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methane]nickel(II) cation and an octahedral nickelate(II) anion bound to one tpm and three L ligands, and a methanol solvent molecule. One of the L ligands is disordered over two positions with occupancy factors of 0.650 (3) and 0.350 (3). There are O—H⋯S interactions between the methanol and the disordered thiocyanate anion, and a weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bond between the cation and the methanol O atom.
Prosodic encoding of information structure in mandarin Chinese: Evidence from picture description task

This study investigates the extent to which prosodic cues are employed during online sentence production to distinguish three different notions of information structure (informational focus, corrective focus, and givenness) at two sentential focus locations (i.e. the subject and object positions). Participants were asked to describe pictures. The information status of the subject and object characters was manipulated in the discourse preceding the presentation of each picture. Acoustic data (including duration, F 0 , and intensity) from 65 participants were analysed. Results showed consistent acoustic differences between corrective focus and givenness, confirming the findings from reading and semi-controlled production tasks. Contrary to previous studies, our results showed no durational and F 0 differences between informational focus and givenness, and no differences in intensity range between informational focus and corrective focus. Moreover, our results showed that the sentential focus locations of the target word also had an impact on the prosodic encoding of information structure in natural utterance production.
Effects of sunlight on decomposition of estuarine dissolved organic C, N and P and bacterial metabolism

The effects of natural sunlight and microbial decomposition on DOC, DON, and DOP were investigated along the salinity gradient of a temperate coastal plain estuary. The impact of sun- light-irradiated DOM on bacterial properties (bacterial abundance, production, bacterial growth effi- ciency (BGE)) was also followed. Surface-water light levels resulted in no detectable abiotic produc- tion of NH4 + or PO4 3- or loss of DOC. Bacterial decomposition of DOC was enhanced by 27 to 200% in irradiated relative to dark treatments. There was, however, no corresponding enhancement in DON and DOP remineralization. Significant differences in bacterial decomposition of light-exposed DOC were frequently observed following prolonged incubation (>7 d), suggesting that enhanced reactivity may result from photochemical modification of higher molecular weight organic matter. BGE in light relative to dark treatments was positively correlated (r 2 = 0.38, p < 0.01) with in situ NH4 + concentrations. In light treatments, significantly lower N and P remineralization in August 1999 cor- responded with low in situ inorganic nutrient concentrations and bacterial growth efficiency (BGE) and with elevated bacterial DOC utilization. In contrast, enhanced DOC reactivity in April 2000 dur- ing nutrient-replete conditions corresponded with net immobilization of inorganic N and P by bacte- rial biomass production, but without a concomitant impact on BGE. These findings suggest that the combination of photochemical and microbial alteration of DOM may increase bacterial demand for inorganic nutrients, alter BGE, and influence the partitioning of C between bacterial biomass and respiration.
Neural Coding of “Attention for Action” and “Response Selection” in Primate Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Noninvasive imaging techniques showed that the anterior cingulate cortex is related to higher-order cognitive and motor-related functions in humans. To elucidate the cellular mechanism of such cingulate functions, single-unit activity was recorded from three cingulate motor areas of macaque monkeys performing delayed conditional Go/No-go discrimination tasks using spatial (location) and nonspatial (color) visual cues. Unlike prefrontal neurons, only a few neurons coded the visual information on individual features (e.g., “left” or “red”) in all of the rostral (CMAr), dorsal (CMAd), and ventral (CMAv) cingulate motor areas. Instead, many neurons in the CMAr exhibited the attention-like activity anticipating the second (conditioned) visual cues, with the specificity to visual category (“location” or “color”). In addition, there were a number of CMAr neurons specific to motor response (Go or No-go) in relation to the second visual cues. Some of the visual category-specific neurons in the CMAr further displayed the motor response-specific activity. On the other hand, many of the task-related CMAd and CMAv neurons seemed to be implicated directly in motor functions, such as preparation and execution of movements in Go trials. The present results suggest that the CMAr neurons may participate in cognitive and motor functions of “attention for action” and “response selection” for an appropriate action according to an intention, whereas the CMAd and CMAv neurons may be involved in “motor preparation and execution”.