Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Computer vision and machine learning for archaeology

Until now, computer vision and machine learning techniques barely contributed to the archaeological domain. The use of these techniques can support archaeologists in their assessment and classification of archaeological finds. The paper illustrates the use of computer vision techniques for archaeology with two examples: (1) a content-based image retrieval system for historical glass and (2) an automatic system for medieval coin classification. The content-based image retrieval system automatically finds artifact drawings in a reference collection that are most similar to a photograph or drawing of an excavated historical glass. The similarity measurements are based on the outer shape contours of the artifacts. The system can speed up the process of classifying historical glass, and make it more objective and controllable. The coin classification system will be trained on a collection of Dutch early-medieval coins. For this system, we present preliminary results on modern coin data.
Initial Characterization of a Dedicated Breast PET/CT Scanner During Human Imaging

We have constructed a dedicated breast PET/CT scanner capable of high-resolution functional and anatomic imaging. Here, we present an initial characterization of scanner performance during patient imaging. Methods: The system consisted of a lutetium oxyorthosilicate–based dual–planar head PET camera (crystal size, 3 × 3 × 20 mm) and 768-slice cone-beam CT. The position of the PET heads (separation and height) could be adjusted for varying breast dimensions. For scanning, the patient lay prone on a specialized bed and inserted a single pendent breast through an aperture in the table top. Compression of the breast as used in mammography is not required. PET and CT systems rotate in the coronal plane underneath the patient sequentially to collect fully tomographic datasets. PET images were reconstructed with the fully 3-dimensional maximum a posteriori method, and CT images were reconstructed with the Feldkamp algorithm, then spatially registered and fused for display. Phantom scans were obtained to assess the registration accuracy between PET and CT images and the influence of PET electronics and activity on CT image quality. We imaged 4 women with mammographic findings highly suggestive of breast cancer (breast imaging reporting and data system, category 5) in an ongoing clinical trial. Patients were injected with 18F-FDG and imaged for 12.5 min per breast. From patient data, noise-equivalent counting rates and the singles-to-trues ratio (a surrogate for the randoms fraction) were calculated. Results: The average registration error between PET and CT images was 0.18 mm. PET electronics and activity did not significantly affect CT image quality. For the patient trial, biopsy-confirmed cancers were visualized on dedicated breast PET/CT on all patient scans, including the detection of ductal carcinoma in situ in 1 case. The singles-to-trues ratio was found to be inversely correlated with breast volume in the field of view, suggesting that larger breasts trend toward increased noise-equivalent counting rates for all other things equal. Conclusion: Scanning of the uncompressed breast with dedicated breast PET/CT can accurately visualize suspected lesions in 3 dimensions.
Workforce Participation by Persons With Disabilities: The National Health Interview Survey Disability Supplement, 1994 to 1995

Using the National Health Interview Survey Disability Supplement of 1994 to 1995, we examined the factors associated with employment among Americans with disabilities. Persons with disabilities who were more educated were more likely to be working. Married men were more likely to work than unmarried men (odds ratio [OR], 1.58). Blacks were less likely to work than whites (OR, 0.56). Persons with disabilities related to cardiovascular disease (OR, 0.23), musculoskeletal disease (OR, 0.37), and respiratory disease (OR, 0.23) were less likely to work than other Americans with disabilities. Among persons with psychiatric disorders, there was considerable variety in the propensity to work. Persons with schizophrenia (OR, 0.24) and paranoid delusional disorder (OR, 0.34) were markedly less likely to work; persons with bipolar disorder (OR, 0.60) and major depression (OR, 0.69) were also less likely to work. Lastly, persons with self-reported alcohol abuse (OR, 1.30) were more likely to work, and persons with self-reported drug abuse (OR, 0.93) were not less likely to work, than others in our study population of Americans with disabilities.
De-industrialization and comparative advantage in the global value chain

ABSTRACT We investigate the causes of de-industrialization and potential for re-industrialization using trade-linked input–output data from WIOD. By introducing a new global value chain measure of comparative advantage, we relate a sector's share in domestic final demand to that in production and separate the direct effect of trade on its income share. This method identifies the declining share of manufacturing value added in domestic final expenditures to be the main cause of de-industrialization. Differences in comparative advantage between countries do matter, especially in the case of employment shares, but have a limited impact via the direct trade effect on value added. The findings point to a peculiar paradox of industrial policy: precisely when it is successful in raising competitiveness and hence productivity growth of manufacturing, it also furthers the global decline of relative prices in manufacturing. In contrast to the national objectives of re-industrialization, effective industrial policies accelerate de-industrialization in the global economy.
The role of gait rhythmicity and bilateral coordination of stepping in the pathophysiology of freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease

Freezing of gait (FOG) is a disabling episodic gait disturbance that is common among patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). In this review, we describe a new approach for understanding the mechanisms underlying this puzzling phenomenon. We propose that impairments in the ongoing regulation of gait, even during periods in which freezing is not present, set the stage for the occurrence of a FOG episode. More specifically, three “interictal” walking attributes are associated with FOG: gait rhythmicity, gait asymmetry, and bilateral dyscoordination of left–right stepping. Gait is less rhythmic, more asymmetric, and less coordinated among PD patients with FOG, when compared with PD patients without FOG. We describe the relationship between these changes and other features of patients with FOG and discuss whether these gait changes may predispose to FOG or if they also cause FOG, perhaps, when they are altered beyond a certain threshold or exacerbated by another trigger. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Protocol for an observational study of delirium in the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) as a potential predictor of subsequent postoperative delirium

Introduction Postoperative delirium can be a serious consequence of major surgery, associated with longer hospital stays, readmission, cognitive and functional deterioration and mortality. Delirium is an acute, reversible disorder characterised by fluctuating course, inattention, disorganised thinking and altered level of consciousness. Delirium occurring in the hours immediately following anaesthesia and delirium occurring in the postoperative period of 1–5 days have been described as distinct clinical entities. This protocol describes an observational study with the aim of determining if delirium in the first hour following tracheal tube removal is a predictor of delirium in the 5 subsequent postoperative days. Improved understanding regarding the development of postoperative delirium would improve patient care and allow more effective implementation of delirium prevention measures. Methods and analysis Patients enrolled to the Electroencephalography Guidance of Anesthesia to Alleviate Geriatric Syndromes (ENGAGES) randomised controlled trial will be eligible for this substudy. A validated delirium assessment method, the 3-min Diagnostic Confusion Assessment Method and the Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale will be used to assess 100 patients for delirium at 30 min and 60 min following tracheal tube removal. Patients will also be assessed for delirium over postoperative days 1–5 using three validated methods, the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), CAM for the Intensive Care Unit and structured chart review. Logistic regression analysis will then be performed to test whether immediately postoperative delirium independently predicts subsequent postoperative delirium. Ethics and dissemination This observational substudy of ENGAGES has been approved by the ethics board of Washington University School of Medicine. Enrolment began in June 2016 and will continue until June 2017. Dissemination plans include presentations at scientific conferences and scientific publications. Trial registration number NCT02241655.
Effect of prewarming on the body temperature of small dogs undergoing inhalation anesthesia.

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether prewarming affects body temperature of small dogs (weighing < 10 kg [22 lb]) undergoing inhalation anesthesia. DESIGN Prospective, randomized, blinded clinical trial. Animals: 20 dogs weighing < 10 kg with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II. PROCEDURES Baseline rectal temperature was recorded. Before IM administration of buprenorphine hydrochloride and acepromazine maleate, dogs were randomly assigned to be placed in a pediatric incubator at 33°C (91.4°F) for approximately 30 to 60 minutes (prewarming group) or to receive no prewarming (control group); subsequently, dogs underwent inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane in oxygen. Rectal, esophageal, and ambient temperatures were measured every 5 minutes from induction of anesthesia (IOA) for > 1 hour by an observer who was unaware of treatment. If a dog became hypothermic (esophageal temperature < 36°C [96.8°F]), it was withdrawn from the study. Variables of interest relating to dogs, anesthesia, temperatures, hypothermia, and study withdrawal were compared between groups. RESULTS 1 dog was excluded from the prewarming group after becoming excessively excited in the incubator. Between groups, age, weight, body condition score, degree of preanesthesia sedation, interval from sedation to IOA, duration of anesthesia, baseline rectal temperature, rectal temperatures immediately prior to IOA, esophageal temperature following IOA, ambient temperature during the first 70 minutes of anesthesia, esophageal or rectal temperature during the first 90 minutes of anesthesia, and incidence of hypothermia and study withdrawal (5 dogs/group) did not differ significantly. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Prewarming in an incubator prior to IOA failed to improve or maintain body temperature of dogs weighing < 10 kg during inhalation anesthesia.
Evaluations of Clinical Faculty: The Impact of Level of Learner and Time of Year

Background: Because of the importance of faculty evaluation data for faculty development, promotion, reappointment, and remuneration, the quantity and characteristics of evaluation data need study. Purposes: To examine differences in evaluation ratings according to level of learner (student vs. resident) and time of year. Methods: Retrospective analyses of 1,281 faculty evaluations provided for 132 faculty over a 12-month period by students and residents on inpatient medicine rotations. Results: Faculty had an average of eight evaluations over a year. Students gave more favorable ratings than residents. Over the year, students became less critical and residents became more critical. Winners of teaching awards had better evaluations than other faculty. Standard errors around mean ratings for an individual faculty member were approximately 0.25 on a 4-point scale. Conclusions: The profile and precision of assessments for an individual will vary based on the number, timing, and source of ratings. Decisions based on similar data should be made with caution.
Providing Employers with Incentives to Train Low-Skilled Workers: Evidence from the UK Employer Training Pilots

We use unique workplace and employee-level data to evaluate a major UK government pilot program to increase qualification-based, employer-provided training for low-qualified employees. We evaluate the program’s effect using a difference-in-differences approach. Using data on eligible employers and workers we find noevidence of a statistically significant effect on the take-up of training in the first 3 years of the program. Our results suggest that the program involved a high level of deadweight and that improving the additionality of the subsequent national program is crucial if it is to make a significant contribution toward government targets to increase qualification levels.
Conductivity Image Reconstruction of Oblique Slice With C-Shaped Open Permanent Magnet MRI Systems

This work provides an improved image reconstruction technique, oblique slice magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (OS-MREIT), which can provide any cross-sectional conductivity distribution images with any type of MRI scanner. The OS-MREIT method can obtain conductivity distribution images using one component of magnetic field induced by injected currents with rotating subject once, and in the two-dimensional case, the conductivity distribution image can be reconstructed without rotating subject. The results of OS-MREIT studies performed with homemade C-shaped open permanent magnet MRI scanner are also presented in this work.
Comparison of static and dynamic cerebral autoregulation measurements.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cerebral autoregulation can be evaluated by measuring relative blood flow changes in response to a steady-state change in the blood pressure (static method) or during the response to a rapid change in blood pressure (dynamic method). The purpose of this study was to compare the results of the two methods in humans with both intact and impaired autoregulatory capacity. METHODS Using intraoperative transcranial Doppler sonography recordings from both middle cerebral arteries, we determined static and dynamic autoregulatory responses in 10 normal subjects undergoing elective surgical procedures. The changes in cerebrovascular resistance were estimated from the changes in cerebral blood flow velocity and arterial blood pressure in response to manipulations of blood pressure. Static autoregulation was determined by analyzing the response to a phenylephrine-induced rise in blood pressure, whereas rapid deflation of a blood pressure cuff around one thigh served as a stimulus for testing dynamic autoregulation. Both measurements were performed in patients with intact autoregulation during propofol anesthesia and again in the same patients after autoregulation had been impaired by administration of high-dose isoflurane. RESULTS There was a significant reduction in autoregulatory capacity after the administration of high-dose isoflurane, which could be demonstrated using static (P < .0001) and dynamic (P < .0001) methods. The correlation between static or steady-state and dynamic autoregulation measurements was highly significant (r = .93, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS These data show that in normal human subjects measurement of dynamic autoregulation yields similar results as static testing of intact and pharmacologically impaired autoregulation.
Score-Informed Source Separation for Multichannel Orchestral Recordings

This paper proposes a system for score-informed audio source separation for multichannel orchestral recordings. The orchestral music repertoire relies on the existence of scores. Thus, a reliable separation requires a good alignment of the score with the audio of the performance. To that extent, automatic score alignment methods are reliable when allowing a tolerance window around the actual onset and offset. Moreover, several factors increase the difficulty of our task: a high reverberant image, large ensembles having rich polyphony, and a large variety of instruments recorded within a distant-microphone setup. To solve these problems, we design context-specific methods such as the refinement of score-following output in order to obtain a more precise alignment. Moreover, we extend a close-microphone separation framework to deal with the distant-microphone orchestral recordings. Then, we propose the first open evaluation dataset in this musical context, including annotations of the notes played by multiple instruments from an orchestral ensemble. The evaluation aims at analyzing the interactions of important parts of the separation framework on the quality of separation. Results show that we are able to align the original score with the audio of the performance and separate the sources corresponding to the instrument sections.
Multicast Routing and Spectrum Assignment in Flexible-Grid Optical Networks Based on Light-Tree Sharing Approach

Studies on Flexible-Grid technology reveals that it provides desirable solution for next generation high-speed network design. Multicast Routing and Spectrum assignment (MRSA) in Flexible-Grid Optical Networks (alternately Elastic Optical Networks) generates a multicast tree for each multicast session request and spectrum frequency slots are allocated to each of the edge of the multicast tree. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technique can be used to implement MRSA algorithm. Spectrum frequency slots are allocated to the edges of the multicast tree obeying the spectrum continuity constraint and spectrum contiguity constraint, thus creating a multicast light-tree. In this paper we have proposed a lighttreesharing based multicast routing and spectrum assignment technique. Similar multicast requests are grouped together and their bandwidth requirements are added up. For each multicast session request a layered auxiliary graph is selected based on available spectrum in the network and the request's bandwidth demand. An efficient light-tree is generated from this auxiliary graph, first for the clubbed request and then for the individual requests separately. The simulation results show that our proposed algorithm significantly reduce the average tree size and increases number of requests satisfied than the well-known existing algorithm mentioned in literature. Incidentally the average number of splitters required is also reduced.
Hypothermia revisited: Impact of ischaemic duration and between experiment variability

To assess the true effect of novel therapies for ischaemic stroke, a positive control that can validate the experimental model and design is vital. Hypothermia may be a good candidate for such a positive control, given the convincing body of evidence from animal models of ischaemic stroke. Taking conditions under which substantial efficacy had been seen in a meta-analysis of hypothermia for focal ischaemia in animal models, we undertook three randomised and blinded studies examining the effect of hypothermia induced immediately following the onset of middle cerebral artery occlusion on infarct volume in rats (n = 15, 23, 264). Hypothermia to a depth of 33℃ and maintained for 130 min significantly reduced infarct volume compared to normothermia treatment (by 27–63%) and depended on ischaemic duration (F(3,244) = 21.242, p < 0.05). However, the protective effect varied across experiments with differences in both the size of the infarct observed in normothermic controls and the time to reach target temperature. Our results highlight the need for sample size and power calculations to take into account variations between individual experiments requiring induction of focal ischaemia.
The Cell‐Specific Silencer Region of the Human Dopamine β‐Hydroxylase Gene Contains Several Negative Regulatory Elements

Abstract: Dopamine β‐hydroxylase (DBH) catalyzes the conversion of dopamine to noradrenaline and is selectively expressed in noradrenergic and adrenergic neurons in the nervous system. Transient transfection assays have indicated that cell‐specific transcription of the human DBH gene may require a cell‐specific silencer region residing at −486 to −263 bp upstream of the transcription start site. This region includes a putative DBH negative regulatory element (DNRE) with sequence homology to the restrictive element‐1 (RE1)/neuron‐restrictive silencer element identified in many other neural‐specific genes. However, DNRE exerted negative regulation in both neuronal and nonneuronal cells alike, and site‐directed mutation of this element did not significantly diminish the repressive activity of the DBH silencer region. Furthermore, expression of RE1‐silencing transcription factor/neuron‐restrictive silencer factor repressed neither DBH nor tyrosine hydroxylase promoter activity. We now report identification of three protein binding sites in the silencer region of the human DBH gene: SI at −271 to −250 bp, SII at −316 to −295 bp, and SIII at −348 to −324 bp. In vitro binding studies showed that SI and SIII, but not SII, interact with nuclear proteins from DBH‐negative cells in a cell‐specific manner. Furthermore, SI and SIII preferentially repressed the heterologous thymidine kinase and homologous DBH proximal promoter activities in nonneuronal cells. Taken together, the cell‐specific silencer function of the upstream DBH region appears to involve several cis‐regulatory elements, including two cell‐specific repressor elements, SI and SIII, and a general negative regulatory element, DNRE. Based on these data, we propose that a highly restricted pattern of DBH gene expression in (nor)adrenergic cells of the nervous system may be controlled by multiple negative regulatory elements/silencers.
Construct Validity of the Item-Specific Deficit Approach to the California Verbal Learning Test (2nd Ed) in HIV Infection

Impairment in list learning and recall is prevalent in HIV-infected individuals and is strongly predictive of everyday functioning outcomes. Consistent with its predominant frontostriatal pathology, the memory profile associated with HIV infection is best characterized as a mixed encoding/retrieval profile. The Item-Specific Deficit Approach (ISDA) was developed by Wright et al. (2009) to elicit indices of Encoding, Consolidation, and Retrieval from the well-validated California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT; Delis, Kramer, Kaplan, & Ober, 1987, 2000). The current study evaluated construct validity of the ISDA for the CVLT-II in 40 persons with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HIV+/HAND+), 103 HIV-infected persons without HAND (HIV+/HAND−), and 43 seronegative comparison participants (HIV–). Results provided mixed support for the construct validity of ISDA indices. HIV+/HAND+ individuals performed significantly more poorly than persons in the HIV+/HAND− and HIV− groups on ISDA Encoding, Consolidation, and Retrieval deficit indices, which demonstrated adequate classification accuracy for diagnosing HIV+/HAND+ participants and evidence of both convergent (e.g., episodic memory) and divergent (e.g., motor skills) correlations in the HIV+/HAND+ participants. However, highly intercorrelated ISDA indices and traditional CVLT-II measures showed comparable between-groups effect sizes, classification accuracy, and correlations to other memory tests, thereby raising uncertainties about the incremental value of the ISDA approach in clinical neuroAIDS research.