Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Constructing Universes for Generic Programming

Programming languages with an expressive language for defining data types often suffer from an excess in boiler-plate code and lack of re-usable, extendible libraries. Dependently typed programming languages are especially prone to such problems. With dependent types one can specify any number of relationships between data and types, to better specify the correct behaviour of programs. Thus one might begin with a single list type and extend it to lists on a known length, or ordered lists, or ordered lists of a known length. The possibilities are endless. Each of these ‘list-like’ structures will support some kind of functorial map, yet each new variant must come with a new definition of map that looks rather like all the others. Epigram is a dependently typed functional programming language which suffers from just this proliferation of types. This thesis suggests a solution to the data type proliferation problem for Epigram, combining universes and generic programming. Universes are a means to abstract over specific classes of types. Generic or polytypic programming is a technique by which functions are specialised on the structure of the type of their arguments. By using universes to abstract over the syntax of a class of data types, generic programming can be incorporated into Epigram without extending the language. Thus, functions like map can be defined once, not just for list like structures but a whole range of types. The story begins with a class of simple types which are given a purely syntactic treatment and a second, semantic, interpretation, based on the theory of containers. The syntactic and semantic views permit complimentary access to generic programming with these types. It is then shown that the generalisation of these techniques to a rich class of types, is not a difficult jump. The system that results is strong enough to allow generic programming for any data type that can be defined in Epigram.
Draft Genome Sequence of Helicobacter suis Strain SNTW101, Isolated from a Japanese Patient with Nodular Gastritis

ABSTRACT We present here the draft whole-genome shotgun sequence of an uncultivated strain SNTW101 of Helicobacter suis, which has been maintained in the stomachs of mice. This strain was originally isolated from gastric biopsy specimens of a urea breath test-negative Japanese patient suffering from nodular gastritis.
A historical analysis of academic development using the theoretical lens of Pierre Bourdieu

This paper provides a history of academic development by examining how a South African institution coped with the potent social forces confronting it before the collapse of apartheid. Theoretically, it draws on the framework of Pierre Bourdieu and engages with a paper written a decade ago by Naidoo, who also used Bourdieu to understand institutional change in South Africa in the late 1980s. Through contrasting the habitus of two professors, it is argued that academic development helps to preserve the autonomy of the university field by refracting forces impinging on it from the economic and political realms.
Ontology-Based Model Driven Engineering for Safety Verification

Safety assessment of dependable systems is a complex verification task that is desirable to be explicitly incorporated into the development cycle during the very early stages of a project. The main reason is that the cost to correct a safety error at the late stages of system development is excessively high. Towards this aim, we introduce an ontology-based model-driven engineering process for automating transformations of models that are utilized as reusable artifacts. The logical and syntactical structures of the design and safety models have to conform to a number of metamodel constraints. These constraints are semantically represented by mapping them onto an OWL domain ontology, allowing the incorporation of a Description Logic OWL reasoner and inference rules, in order to detect lacks of model elements and semantically inconsistent parts. Model validation throughout the ontology-based transformation assures that the generated formal safety model fulfils a series of requirements that render it analyzable. Our approach has been implemented as a response to an industrial problem, where the architecture design is expressed in Architecture Analysis and Design Language (AADL) and safety models are specified in the AltaRica formal language.
Die faktorstruktuur van die Nuwe Suid-Afrikaanse Groeptoets (NSAG) by verskillende bevolkingsgroepe

Die faktorstruktuur van die Nuwe Suid-Afrikaanse Groeptoets Intermediar G ten opsigte van vier bevolkingsgroepe is ondersoek. Die toetslinge was 13-jarige St. 5-leerlinge: Afrikaanssprekend Wit, Engelssprekend Wit, Engelssprekend Indiër, en Afrikaanssprekend Kleurling. Daar is gesoek na die faktormodel wat vir al die populasies optimaal sou wees wat eenvoud en akkuraatheid betref. Alhoewel daar 'n groot mate van ooreenkoms is tussen die faktorstrukture van die vier populasies, is daar beslis geen sprake van faktoriale invariansie oor populasies nie. Die faktorstrukture van die twee hoësosio-ekonomiese statusgroepe enersyds en die twee laesosio-ekonomiese statusgroepe andersyds is egter invariant. Verder het die aard van die nie-verbale redeneringsfaktore by al die populasies grootliks ooreengekom.
Simulation of relative temporal resolution of time‐resolved MRA sequences

Time‐resolved MRA sequences are typically characterized by the display frame rate. However, true temporal resolution should be defined in a manner analogous to spatial resolution; it is not the ability of a sequence to update rapidly but rather the ability to discern changes that occur within a small time that should characterize temporal resolution. For view‐shared methods like Keyhole and time‐resolved imaging of contrast kinetics (TRICKS), regions of k‐space from multiple time frames are combined to form a single reconstructed time frame. This often causes the time needed to acquire all k‐space data points to be significantly longer than the displayed frame time, resulting in a poor frequency response. Simulated here are the temporal impulse response and temporal frequency response (TFR) curves of three time‐resolved MRA methods, including the recently introduced highly‐constrained backprojection local reconstruction (HYPR LR) method. It is found that the HYPR LR reconstruction method exhibits a better TFR for a larger spectrum of temporal and spatial frequencies than the Keyhole and TRICKS methods. Magn Reson Med 60:398–404, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ordinal Random Fields for Recommender Systems

Recommender Systems heavily rely on numerical preferences, whereas the importance of ordinal preferences has only been recognised in recent works of Ordinal Matrix Factorisation (OMF). Although the OMF can eectively exploit ordinal properties, it captures only the higher-order interactions among users and items, without considering the localised interactions properly. This paper employs Markov Random Fields (MRF) to investigate the localised interactions, and proposes a unied model called Ordinal Random Fields (ORF) to take advantages of both the representational power of the MRF and the ease of modelling ordinal preferences by the OMF. Experimental result on public datasets demonstrates that the proposed ORF model can capture both types of interactions, resulting in improved recommendation accuracy.
Reproducibility and validity of the DynaPort KneeTest.

OBJECTIVE To determine the reproducibility and validity of the DynaPort KneeTest, a performance-based test that measures quality of movement of patients undergoing total knee replacement (TKR). METHODS A total of 92 patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee performed the KneeTest twice on the same day; 94 healthy controls performed the KneeTest once. During the test, 29 activities were performed with accelerometers attached to the body. Relevant functional parameters were extracted from the accelerometers. A selection of parameters was used to calculate activity scores, based on the ability of parameters to discriminate between patients and controls (regression analyses). Based on internal consistency analyses (Cronbach's alpha), redundant activities were removed. Four cluster scores and a total KneeScore were calculated from the remaining activity scores. Reproducibility and validity of the cluster scores and the total KneeScore 2 were assessed. RESULTS Based on internal consistency analyses, the test was reduced to 23 activities. Inter- and intraobserver reliability using intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.90 (0.83-0.94) and 0.95 (0.83-0.98), respectively. Limits of inter- and intraobserver agreement were -8.3 to 11.3 and -4.2 to 9.0. Construct validity was confirmed by expected correlations with the Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index physical functioning (0.55), Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 Health Survey physical functioning (0.62), and Knee Society Score function (0.64). CONCLUSION The KneeTest is a useful performance-based measure for research in patients with knee OA undergoing TKR, with good reliability and validity. Further research is required to improve its usefulness for clinical practice.
Evolutionary dynamics of an Arabidopsis insect resistance quantitative trait locus

Glucosinolate profiles differ among Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes, caused by the composition of alleles at several glucosinolate biosynthetic loci. One of these, GS-Elong, harbors a family of methylthioalkylmalate synthase (MAM) genes that determine the side chain length of aliphatic glucosinolate structures. Fine mapping reveals that GS-Elong constitutes an insect resistance quantitative trait locus, caused by variation in glucosinolate profiles conferred by polymorphism of MAM alleles in this region. A sequence survey of randomly chosen ecotypes indicates that GS-Elong is highly variable among A. thaliana ecotypes: indel polymorphisms are frequent, as well as gene conversion events between gene copies arranged in tandem. Furthermore, statistical methods of molecular population genetics suggest that one of the genes, MAM2, is subject to balancing selection. This may be caused by ecological tradeoffs, i.e., by contrasting physiological effects of glucosinolates on generalist vs. specialist insects.
Evaluating C-SVM, CRF and LDA classification for daily activity recognition

The ability to recognize human activities from sensed information becomes more attractive to computer science researchers due to a demand on a high quality and low cost of health care services at anytime and anywhere. This work compares C-Support Vector Machine (C-SVM), Conditional Random Fields (CRF) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) for imbalanced dataset to perform automatic recognition of activities in a smart home. This comparative study offers a guideline for choosing the appropriate algorithms for automatic recognition of activities. We conduct several experiments carried out on real world dataset and show that the results obtained with C-SVM are very promising. C-SVM is able to correct the inherent bias to majority class and yields improvement in the class accuracy of activity classification (75.5%) in comparison with CRF (70.8%) and LDA (72.4%) methods.
The ion channel activity of the influenza virus M2 protein affects transport through the Golgi apparatus

High level expression of the M2 ion channel protein of influenza virus inhibits the rate of intracellular transport of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) and that of other integral membrane glycoproteins. HA coexpressed with M2 is properly folded, is not associated with GRP78- BiP, and trimerizes with the same kinetics as when HA is expressed alone. Analysis of the rate of transport of HA from the ER to the cis and medial golgi compartments and the TGN indicated that transport through the Golgi apparatus is delayed. Uncleaved HA0 was not expressed at the cell surface, and accumulation HA at the plasma membrane was reduced to 75-80% of control cells. The delay in intracellular transport of HA on coexpression of M2 was not observed in the presence of the M2-specific ion channel blocker, amantadine, indicating that the Golgi transport delay is due to the M2 protein ion channel activity equilibrating pH between the Golgi lumen and the cytoplasm, and not due to saturation of the intracellular transport machinery. The Na+/H+ ionophore, monensin, which also equilibrates pH between the Golgi lumen and the cytoplasm, caused a similar inhibition of intracellular transport as M2 protein expression did for HA and other integral membrane glycoproteins. EM data showed a dilation of Golgi cisternae in cells expressing the M2 ion channel protein. Taken together, the data suggest a similarity of effects of M2 ion channel activity and monensin on intracellular transport through the Golgi apparatus.
Zoledronate complexes. I. Poly[[mu2-aqua[mu3-1-hydroxy-2-(1H,3H-imidazol-3-ium-1-yl)ethylidenediphosphonato]potassium(I)] monohydrate].

The title compound, {[K(C(5)H(9)N(2)O(7)P(2))(H(2)O)]. H(2)O}(n), is polymeric and consists of layers parallel to (001) interconnected by hydrogen-bonding and pi-pi interactions. The K(+) cation is eightfold coordinated in a KO(8) environment by O atoms from three different chelating zoledronate units and two coordinated water molecules. The zoledronate group presents its usual zwitterionic character, with negative charges in the singly protonated phosphonate groups and a positive charge at the protonated imidazole N atom. The anion binds to three different K(+) cations in a (so far unreported) triply chelating manner. Intra- and interplanar interactions are enhanced by a variety of hydrogen bonds involving all available O-H and N-H donors. A strong imidazole-phosphonate C-H.O interaction is present in the structure.
THE RACIALIZATION OF PUBLIC DISCOURSE

ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to understand the nature and diffusion of antisemitism and Islamophobia in Italy. It is based on 1528 interviews among a representative sample of the Italian population stratified according to age, gender, and residence. The questionnaire used was built by a set of different scales: antisemitic, Islamophobic, and three others scales to take into account authoritarian, ethnocentric, and anomic attitudes. To test assumptions regarding the impact of these predictors of antisemitic and Islamophobic prejudice, it was decided to adopt the statistical technique of path analysis. Outcomes of our research draw attention on the distribution of antisemitism and Islamophobia among Italian people, their nature as a combination of old and new prejudices, and their linking with broader sets of attitudes such as anomie, ethnocentrism, and authoritarianism.
Motion estimation in image sequences using the deformation of apparent contours

The problem of determining the camera motion from apparent contours or silhouettes of curved three-dimensional surfaces is considered. In a sequence of images is shown how to use the generalized epipolar constraint on apparent contours. One such constraint is obtained for each epipolar tangency point in each image pair. Thus in theory the motion can be calculated from the deformation of a single contour. A robust algorithm for computing the motion is presented based on the maximum likelihood estimate. It is shown how to generate initial estimates on the camera motion using only the tracked contours. It is also shown how to improve this estimate by maximizing the likelihood function. The algorithm has been tested on real image sequences. The result is compared to that of using only point features. The statistical evaluation shows that the technique gives accurate and stable results.
Paraphrasing use case descriptions and Sequence Diagrams: An approach with tool support

Scenarios are an effective means of eliciting stakeholder requirements. Experience shows that users find it easier to understand real-life examples expressed in natural language than they do diagrammatic models, even though they ‘say’ the same thing. In contrast, UML's status as the de facto industry standard is testament to the popularity of graphical techniques among engineers. This ‘conflict’ can be addressed by paraphrasing the original natural language requirements in model form. Clearly the conversion process needs to be systematic; this paper proposes an isomorphic basis for representing Scenarios and Sequence Diagrams such that after eliciting and agreeing stakeholder needs in text form, a Scenario can be paraphrased automatically into a graphical ‘equivalent’.
Biomimetic Remineralization of Human Enamel in the Presence of Polyamidoamine Dendrimers in vitro

Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers, known as artificial proteins, have unique and well-defined molecular size and structure. It has previously been used to mimic protein-crystal interaction during biomineralization. In this study, generation 4.5 (4.5G) PAMAM with carboxylic acid (PAMAM-COOH) was synthesized and utilized to remineralize the surface of etched enamel in vitro. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy we observed that 4.5G PAMAM-COOH can be absorbed on the etched enamel surface and that it can induce the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals with the same orientation as that of the enamel prisms on longitudinal and transversal enamel surfaces. The self-assembly behavior of PAMAM in the mineralization solution was also investigated and the result showed that 4.5G PAMAM can assemble to microribbon structure similar to the behavior of amelogenins. Therefore, we concluded that 4.5G PAMAM-COOH assemblies can act as the organic template on enamel surface and in mineralization solution to control the nucleation site and morphology of new-grown crystals to form the biomimetic structure of human enamel, which may open a new way for repairing damaged enamel.
Antioxidant, Anti-Nephrolithe Activities and in Vitro Digestibility Studies of Three Different Cyanobacterial Pigment Extracts

Phycobiliprotein-containing water and carotenoid-containing methanolic extracts of three different cyanobacteria, Pseudanabaena sp. , Spirulina sp. and Lyngbya sp. , were studied for their DPPH scavenging, iso-bolographic studies, and anti-nephrolithe activities. The best EC50 values for DPPH scavenging were in Lyngbya water (LW, 18.78 ± 1.57 mg·mg−1 DPPH) and Lyngbya methanol (LM, 59.56 ± 37.38 mg·mg−1 DPPH) extracts. Iso-bolographic analysis revealed most of the combinations of extracts were antagonistic to each other, although LM—Spirulina methanol (SM) 1:1 had the highest synergistic rate of 86.65%. In vitro digestion studies showed that DPPH scavenging activity was considerably decreased in all extracts except for Pseudanabaena methanol (PM) and LM after the simulated digestion. All of the extracts were effective in reducing the calcium oxalate crystal size by nearly 60%–65% compared to negative control, while PM and Spirulina water (SW) extracts could inhibit both nucleation and aggregation of calcium oxalate by nearly 60%–80%.
Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered cefoperazone and sulbactam when given in combination to infected, seriously ill, elderly patients

The pharmacokinetics of cefoperazone and sulbactam in combination were evaluated in six, elderly, seriously ill patients treated with the drug combination for intra-abdominal infections. After giving informed consent, three males and three females aged 63.5 to 77.5 (mean 67.9) years and weighing 54.5 to 86.8 (mean, 67.6) kg were treated with cefoperazone (2.0 g) and sulbactam (1.0 g) infused intravenously every 12 h for at least 5 days. Cefoperazone and sulbactam pharmacokinetics were characterized on both days 1 and 5 of treatment. Eleven serial blood samples were obtained just prior to and following dose 1 on days 1 and 5 of treatment. Mean estimates of cefoperazone maximal concentration in plasma (Cmax), area under the curve of drug concentration in plasma versus time (AUC), half-life (t 1/2), apparent volume of distribution by the area method (Varea), apparent volume of distribution at steady state (Vss), and total body clearance (CL) for day 1 (day 5) were 297.5 237.5) micrograms/ml, 1,247 (1,063) micrograms.h/ml, 7.0 (4.9) h, 16.1 (13.4) liter, 13.1 (14.4) liter, and 28.9 (34.2) ml/min, respectively. Day 1 (day 5) mean values for sulbactam Cmax, AUC, t 1/2, Varea, Vss, and CL were 110.3 (78.0) micrograms/ml, 228 (217) micrograms.h/ml, 3.4 (2.5) h, 26.1 (18.5) liter, 18.9 (15.4) liter, and 97 (94) ml/min, respectively. Both drugs evidenced slower elimination and greater pharmacokinetic variability in these patients compared with values previously reported for normal volunteers. As patients improved during the course of therapy, the only pharmacokinetic parameter significantly changed between days 1 and 5 was a shortened sulbactam t 1/2. Our inability to find substantial evidence of pharmacokinetic normalization may have been related to sample size and study duration. Both drugs were present in potentially therapeutic concentrations for the entire 12-h dosing interval, but without undue accumulation from days 1 to 5.
Epidemic of diabetic and nondiabetic renal disease among the Zuni Indians: the Zuni Kidney Project.

There is an epidemic of renal disease among the Zuni Indians. The prevalence of end-stage renal disease among the Zuni Indians is 18.4-fold and 7.4-fold higher than among European Americans and American Indians/Alaskan Natives, respectively. In contrast to other American Indian tribes, nondiabetic renal disease accounts for a significant percent of the renal disease burden among the Zuni Indians. To explore this hypothesis, a community epidemiologic study of the Zuni Pueblo was conducted. A questionnaire was administered, blood and urine samples were collected, and BP, height, and weight were measured. Neighborhood household clusters were used as the sampling frame to maximize ascertainment and minimize bias. Age and gender distributions in the sample (n = 1483) were similar to those of the eligible Zuni population (n = 9228). The prevalence, age-adjusted and gender-adjusted to the Zuni population, of incipient (0.03 < or = UACR < 0.3) albuminuria (IA) (15.0% [95% confidence interval, 13.1 to 16.9%]), and overt (UACR > or = 0.3) albuminuria (OA) (4.7% [3.6 to 5.8%]) was high. The prevalence estimates for IA and OA were higher among diabetic participants (IA: 33.6% [27.6 to 39.7%]; OA: 18.7% [13.7 to 23.7%]) than nondiabetic participants (IA: 10.8% [9.0 to 12.6%]; OA: 1.8% [1.0 to 2.5%]). However, there were more nondiabetic participants; therefore, they comprised 58.0% [51.4 to 64.6%] and 30.9% [20.0 to 41.7%] of participants with IA and OA, respectively. In contrast to most other American Indian tribes, nondiabetic renal disease contributes significantly to the overall burden of renal disease among the Zuni Indians.