Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Examining Linux 2 . 6 Page-Cache Performance

Given the current trends towards ubiquitous 64-bit server/desktop computing with large amounts of cheap system memory, the performance and structure of the Linux R © page-cache will undoubtedly become more important in the future. An empirical and analytical examination of performance will be valuable in guiding future development. The current 2.6 radix-tree based design represents a huge leap forward from the old global hash-table design, but there may be some issues with the current radix-tree structure itself. The main goal is to understand performance of the current implementation, examine performance with respect to other potential datastructures, and look at ways to improve concurrency. 1 The Radix-Tree based Page Cache in Linux 2.6 The Linux 2.6 page cache is basically a collection of pages that normally belong to files. The pages are kept in memory for performance reasons. As on other UNIXR © operating systems, the page cache may take up the majority of the available memory. Whenever a thread reads from or writes to a file, takes a page fault, or is paged out, the page cache becomes involved. Hence, the performance of the page cache has a rather dramatic impact on the performance of the system. As a particular page is referenced, the page cache has to be able to locate the page, or has to determine that the page is not in the cache, in as efficient and effective way as possible with a focus on minimal memory overhead. 1.1 Evolution of the Page Cache In older versions the Linux kernel utilized a global hash-table based approach to maintain the pages in the cache. The hash based approach had some performance issues: 1. A hash key is normally not unique; hence the system has to resolve collisions. A hash chain had to be built to hold entries (each entry used up 8 bytes per referenced page). 2. A single global lock governed the page cache; causing scalability issues on SMP based systems. The radix-tree based page cache solution addresses the issues discussed above. Technically, the Linux 2.6 system consists of many smaller page cache subsystems, or more
Symmetry™ Aortic Connector Devices and Acute Renal Injury: A Comparison of Renal Dysfunction After Three Different Aortocoronary Bypass Surgery Techniques

Although the pathogenesis of acute renal injury after cardiac surgery is multifactorial, atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta and embolic burden are strong independent predictors. Use of the Symmetry™ aortic connector device (ACD) for proximal anastomosis of coronary grafts may reduce ascending aortic atheroembolism. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery performed using an ACD is associated with less postoperative renal dysfunction compared with conventional OPCAB or on-pump coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Three-thousand-three-hundred consecutive patients undergoing non-emergent aortocoronary bypass surgery were retrospectively divided into three groups by surgical procedure; Group A: OPCAB with ACD (n = 124), Group B: standard OPCAB (n = 313), Group C: on-pump CABG (n = 2863). Postoperative peak fractional change in creatinine compared with baseline was used as a measure of renal outcome. Multivariable analysis did not identify ACD use as an independent predictor of postoperative peak fractional change in creatinine (P = 0.71), although the relationships of several known renal risk factors with postoperative peak fractional change in creatinine were confirmed. We could not find evidence that OPCAB surgery using ACDs reduces acute renal injury compared with standard OPCAB or CABG surgery.
Molecular Typing of Multiple-Antibiotic-ResistantSalmonella enterica Serovar Typhi from Vietnam: Application to Acute and Relapse Cases of Typhoid Fever

ABSTRACT The rate of multiple-antibiotic resistance is increasing amongSalmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains in Southeast Asia. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and other typing methods were used to analyze drug-resistant and -susceptible organisms isolated from patients with typhoid fever in several districts in southern Vietnam. Multiple PFGE and phage typing patterns were detected, although individual patients were infected with strains of a single type. The PFGE patterns were stable when the S. entericaserovar Typhi strains were passaged many times in vitro on laboratory medium. Paired S. enterica serovar Typhi isolates recovered from the blood and bone marrow of individual patients exhibited similar PFGE patterns. Typing of S. enterica serovar Typhi isolates from patients with relapses of typhoid indicated that the majority of relapses were caused by the same S. enterica serovar Typhi strain that was isolated during the initial infection. However, some individuals were infected with distinct and presumably newly acquiredS. enterica serovar Typhi isolates.
Speaker dependent activation keyword detector based on GMM-UBM

In this paper, we present a new method for isolated keyword detection that is meant to activate a personal device from standby state. Instead of using the common method for speech recognition such as Hidden Markov Model (HMM) or Dynamic Time Warping (DTW), we modify a GMM-UBM (Gaussian Mixture Model – Universal Background Model) scheme that is better known in speaker recognition field. Since only one adapted Gaussian mixture is used to represent the keyword, a second layer of check is employed to ensure the right sequence of occurrence within the keyword. This is done by comparing it with the Longest Common Subsequence (LCS) of the highest performing GMM component obtained during the registration phase. Results for a subset of the SpeechDat-Car database are presented to validate the benefit of this modeling against moderate noise level.
Evaluation of the preventing lateral violence workshop in Adelaide, South Australia: Phase one questionnaire responses

Education and awareness workshops are important resources to the Indigenous community in Australia to tackle difficult issues and situations within communities. It is equally important that such workshops are appropriately evaluated to ensure that they are relevant, refined and continued within communities. This paper focuses on an evaluation of the one-day Preventing Lateral Violence workshop. A sample of six workshops were conducted predominately in Adelaide in 2014 using pre, post and three months post workshop measures to determine the impact on participants. Phase one measured participant changes in four areas which were awareness, understanding, knowledge as well as prevention strategies of lateral violence. Analysis of the quantitative data revealed the workshops’ success as an intervention tool both at completion and three months after the workshops. The results indicated that participants understood and resonated with the terminology and the impact on self and others, recognized their experiences of lateral violence, and had an awareness of and developed strategies to combat lateral violence. The qualitative response to open-ended questions suggested that various strategies of education and the challenging of behaviours were in place even after three months. The implications of these findings are discussed
Chimeras of Kir6.1 and Kir6.2 reveal structural elements involved in spontaneous opening and unitary conductance of the ATP-sensitive K+ channels.

The ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels, e.g. in heart and pancreatic beta-cells, open spontaneously in the absence of intracellular ATP (ATPi). Their unitary conductance is approximately 80 pS with 150 mM extracellular K+. These features are shared by the K+ channels composed of various sulfonylurea receptors (SURs) and Kir6.2, whereas SUR/Kir6.1 channels have a smaller conductance (approximately 35 pS) and do not open spontaneously in the absence of ATPi. To identify the structural elements in Kir6.0 subunits which determine these properties, we analyzed the properties of functional K+ channels composed of SUR2A, the cardiac type SUR, and various chimeras of Kir6.1 and Kir6.2 heterologously expressed in HEK (human embryonic kidney) 293T cells. The analyses indicate that the extracellular linker domain between the two putative membrane-spanning regions is responsible for the difference in the single channel conductance between SUR2A/Kir6.1 and SUR2A/Kir6.2 channels. The cytosolic N-terminal domain of Kir6.2 was mandatory for spontaneous channel opening in the absence of ATPi, although a part of C-terminus was also involved. These results implicate specific regions of Kir6.0 in the spontaneous opening and the single channel conductance.
Attachment and entry of recombinant Norwalk virus capsids to cultured human and animal cell lines

Norwalk virus (NV) is the prototype strain of a group of noncultivable human caliciviruses responsible for epidemic outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. While these viruses do not grow in tissue culture cells or animal models, expression of the capsid protein in insect cells results in the self-assembly of recombinant Norwalk virus-like particles (rNV VLPs) that are morphologically and antigenically similar to native NV. We have used these rNV VLPs to examine virus-cell interactions. Binding and internalization of VLPs to cultured human and animal cell lines were studied in an attempt to identify potentially susceptible cell lines for virus propagation in vitro and to determine if early events in the replication cycle were responsible for the narrow host range and restriction of virus growth in cell culture. Radiolabeled VLPs specifically bound to a saturable number of binding molecules on the cell surface of 13 cell lines from different origins, including human intestine (differentiated and undifferentiated Caco-2) and insect (Spodoptera frugiperda 9) ovary. Differentiated Caco-2 cells bound significantly more rNV VLPs than the other cell lines. Variations in the amount of bound VLPs among the different cell lines did not correlate with the tissue or species of origin. VLP binding was specific, as determined by competition experiments with unlabeled rNV VLPs; however, only 1.4 to 6.8% of the specifically prebound radiolabeled VLPs became internalized into cells. Blocking experiments using polygonal and monoclonal anti-rNV sera and specific antipeptide sera were performed to map the domains on rNV VLPs involved in binding to cells. One monoclonal antibody (NV8812) blocked binding of rNV VLPs to human and animal cell lines. The binding site of monoclonal antibody NV8812 was localized to the C-terminal 300 to 384 residues of the capsid protein by immunoprecipitation with truncated and cleaved forms of the capsid protein. These data suggest that the C-terminal region of the capsid protein is involved in specific binding of rNV VLPs to cells.
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Leu3 protein activates expression of GDH1, a key gene in nitrogen assimilation

The Leu3 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been shown to be a transcriptional regulator of genes encoding enzymes of the branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic pathways. Leu3 binds to upstream activating sequences (UASLEU) found in the promoters of LEU1, LEU2, LEU4, ILV2, and ILV5. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that activation by Leu3 requires the presence of alpha-isopropylmalate. In at least one case (LEU2), Leu3 actually represses basal-level transcription when alpha-isopropylmalate is absent. Following identification of a UASLEU-homologous sequence in the promoter of GDH1, the gene encoding NADP(+)-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase, we demonstrate that Leu3 specifically interacts with this UASLEU element. We then show that Leu3 is required for full activation of the GDH1 gene. First, the expression of a GDH1-lacZ fusion gene is three- to sixfold lower in a strain lacking the LEU3 gene than in an isogenic LEU3+ strain. Expression is restored to near-normal levels when the leu3 deletion cells are transformed with a LEU3-bearing plasmid. Second, a significant decrease in GDH1-lacZ expression is also seen when the UASLEU of the GDH1-lacZ construct is made nonfunctional by mutation. Third, the steady-state level of GDH1 mRNA decreases about threefold in leu3 null cells. The decrease in GDH1 expression in leu3 null cells is reflected in a diminished specific activity of NADP(+)-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase. We also demonstrate that the level of GDH1-lacZ expression correlates with the cells' ability to generate alpha-isopropylmalate and is lowest in cells unable to produce alpha-isopropylmalate. We conclude that GDH1, which plays an important role in the assimilation of ammonia in yeast cells, is, in part, activated by a Leu3-alpha-isopropylmalate complex. This conclusion suggests that Leu3 participates in transcriptional regulation beyond the branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic pathways.
Metastatic Follicular Carcinoma Associated With Hyperthyroidism

Purpose: A 68-year-old man with metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma had T3 hyperthyroidism. Material and Methods: A bone scan showed intense uptake in the thyroid and multiple areas of increased uptake in the skeleton. Hyperthyroidism persisted after total thyroidectomy. Treatment with I-131 induced a transient state of euthyroidism lasting approximately 9 months. Further tumor growth and relapse of hyperthyroidism eventually occurred and the patient died 25 months after surgery. Molecular and cytogenetic analyses were performed. Results: No mutations were detected of either of the thyrotropin receptor or of the &agr; subunit of the stimulatory guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins. Hyperthyroidism was unlikely the result of thyroid-stimulating receptor antibodies. Comparative genomic hybridization analysis showed that the tumor was characterized by multiple chromosomal imbalances. Conclusions: This is an unusual case of follicular thyroid carcinoma with initial high I-131 uptake by the thyroid and bone metastases and concurrent hyperthyroidism. Despite the increased I-131 uptake in the tumor, I-131 treatment only transiently controlled the hyperthyroidism and had no effect on tumor size. The cause of hyperthyroidism remained unknown. T3 predominance was unlikely the result of type 2 deiodinase overexpression because loss of genetic material was demonstrated at chromosome 14 long arm, where type 2 deiodinase is mapped.
SEROLOGIC RESPONSES AFTER VACCINATION OF FENNEC FOXES (VULPES ZERDA) AND MEERKATS (SURICATA SURICATTA) WITH A LIVE, CANARYPOX-VECTORED CANINE DISTEMPER VIRUS VACCINE

Abstract Fennec foxes (Vulpes zerda) and meerkats (Suricata suricatta) are considered to be susceptible to canine distemper virus (CDV) infection. Although no definitive clinical cases of natural CDV infections have been reported, mortalities due to CDV have been suspected and are reported in other closely related species. A commercially available monovalent, live, canarypox-vectored CDV vaccine induced neutralizing antibody titers that were maintained for at least a year in both fennec foxes and meerkats.
The Impact of Regulations on the Supply and Quality of Care in Child Care Markets

We examine the impact of state child care regulations on the supply and quality of care in child care markets. We exploit panel data on both individual establishments and local markets to control for state, time, and, where possible, establishment-specific fixed effects to mitigate the potential bias due to policy endogeneity. We find that the imposition of regulations reduces the number of center-based child care establishments, especially in lower income markets. However, such regulations increase the quality of services provided, especially in higher income areas. Thus, there are winners and losers from the regulation of child care services.
Impedance-Phased Dynamic Control Method for Grid-Connected Inverters in a Weak Grid

A power distribution grid exhibits the characteristics of a weak grid owing to the existence of scattered high-power distributed power-generation devices. The grid impedance affects the robust stability of grid-connected inverters, leading to harmonic resonance, or even instability in the system. Therefore, a study of the stability of grid-connected inverters with high grid impedance based on impedance analysis is presented in this paper. The output impedance modeling of an LCL-type single-phase grid-connected inverter is derived, where the effects of the PLL loop and the digital control delays on the output impedance characteristics have been taken into account. To enhance the stability of grid-connected inverters with different grid impedance, a novel impedance-phased compensation control strategy is proposed by increasing the phase margin of the grid-connected inverters. Specifically, a detailed implementation and parameter design of the impedance-phased compensation control method is depicted. Finally, an impedance-phased dynamic control scheme combined with online grid impedance measurement is introduced and also verified by the experiment results.
The mean measure of divergence: Its utility in model‐free and model‐bound analyses relative to the Mahalanobis D2 distance for nonmetric traits

The mean measure of divergence (MMD) distance statistic has been used by researchers for nearly 50 years to assess inter‐sample phenetic affinity. Its widespread and often successful use is well documented, especially in the study of cranial and dental nonmetric traits. However, the statistic has accumulated some undesired mathematical baggage through the years from various workers in their attempts to improve or alter its performance. Others may not fully understand how to apply the MMD or interpret its output, whereas some described a number of perceived shortcomings. As a result, the statistic and its sometimes flawed application(s) have taken several well‐aimed hits; a few researchers even argued that it should no longer be utilized or, at least, that its use be reevaluated. The objective of this report is to support the MMD, and in the process: (1) provide a brief history of the statistic, (2) review its attributes and applicability relative to the often‐used Mahalanobis D2 statistic for nonmetric traits, (3) compare results from MMD and D2 model‐free analyses of previously‐recorded sub‐Saharan African dental samples, and (4) investigate its utility for model‐bound analyses. In the latter instance, the ability of the D2 and other squared Euclidean‐based statistics to approximate a genetic relationship matrix and Sewall Wright's fixation index using phenotypic data, and the inability of the MMD to do so, is addressed. Three methods for obtaining such results with nonlinear MMD distances, as well as an assessment of the fit of the isolation‐by‐distance model, are presented. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Capacitance Oscillations in Cylindrical Nanowire Gate-All-Around MOS Devices at Low Temperatures

The effects of strong transverse confinement on cylindrical nanowire (NW) gate-all-around MOS are studied using a Schrodinger-Poisson simulator with full-quantum treatment. This letter is the first to show numerically that the gate capacitance oscillates toward the geometric limit as the gate voltage increases in the inversion regime for a n-type NW MOS; such oscillations are observed at a low temperature range of 5 K-38 K for an NW radius of 5-8 nm. These oscillating capacitance-voltage characteristics are the direct results of the severe nonuniformity of the electron density of states. In contrast to previous works that used semiclassical or quantum correction approaches, this letter demonstrates that full-quantum treatment is needed to observe these capacitance oscillations.
Testing geological models of evolution of the Isthmus of Panama in a phylogenetic framework

The emergence and closure of the Isthmus of Panama had regional and global impacts that were rivalled by few other Cenozoic geological events. The closure of the Central American Seaway and the rise of the Isthmus had dramatic affects on climate and air and oceanic currents worldwide. Formation of the Isthmus also drove terrestrial biotic interchange, ending the isolation of South America by permitting the mixing of its biota with that of North and Central America. A dated phylogenetic tree of a well-sampled clade of palms in the tribe Trachycarpeae (Copernicia, Pritchardia and Washingtonia) was used to conduct biogeographical analyses. Examination of the timing of lineage dispersal from North into South America was performed and two contrasting temporal hypotheses of the Isthmus formation were tested: occurrence in the Pliocene (c. 5 Mya to the present) or in the Miocene (prior to c. 5 Mya). Copernicia is inferred to have dispersed through the Isthmus of Panama region into South America and subsequently into the Caribbean, where it underwent a rapid radiation. Consistent with a geologically older age for the Isthmus than previously understood, our results support recent geological and palaeobiological data that suggest an early Oligocene to early Miocene model of evolution of the Isthmus of Panama. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, ••, ••–••.
Optimization of multiplexer trees using modified truth table

The paper presents a novel method of multiplexer tree design. An n-to-1 multiplexer is generally implemented by decomposition into smaller multiplexers (2-to-1 usually but 16-to-1 at max). We proposed efficient method for elimination multiplexers or group of multiplexers from a circuit according to our several rules. The final circuit can be made of multiplexers and also basic logic gates such as AND, NAND, OR, NOR, etc. An illustrated example and experiments are presented in the paper. The experimental results shows that our proposed method can decrease number of used gates up to 32,23 % compared to original circuit.
Caffeine facilitation of glutamate release from rat cerebral cortex nerve terminals (synaptosomes) through activation protein kinase C pathway: An interaction with presynaptic adenosine A1 receptors

The present study used nerve terminals (synaptosomes) isolated from rat cerebral cortex to investigate the relationship between caffeine and 4‐aminopyridine (4AP)‐evoked endogenous excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate release. Micromolar concentrations of caffeine facilitated 4AP, but not KCl or ionomycin‐evoked glutamate release from synaptosomes. This release facilitation resulted from an enhancement of vesicular and nonvesicular release and associated with an increase both in 4AP‐evoked depolarization of the synaptosomal plasma membrane potential and in 4AP‐evoked increase in the cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]C). In addition, the release facilitation by caffeine was significantly reduced in synaptosomes pretreated with a wide spectrum blocker of N‐ and P/Q‐type Ca2+ channels, ω‐conotoxin MVIIC. Furthermore, protein kinase C (PKC) activator and inhibitor, respectively, superseding or suppressing the caffeine‐mediated facilitation of glutamate release. These results concluded that caffeine exerts their presynaptic facilitatory effect, likely through the activation of PKC pathway, which subsequently enhances terminal excitability and Ca2+ entry to cause an increase in evoked glutamate release from rat cerebrocortical nerve terminals. Additionally, this release facilitation may involve an interaction of caffeine with presynaptic adenosine A1 receptors as adenosine A1 receptor inhibition abolished the caffeine‐mediated facilitation of evoked glutamate release. Synapse 61:401‐411, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrical Conductivity in a Mixed-Species Biofilm

ABSTRACT Geobacter sulfurreducens can form electrically conductive biofilms, but the potential for conductivity through mixed-species biofilms has not been examined. A current-producing biofilm grown from a wastewater sludge inoculum was highly conductive with low charge transfer resistance even though microorganisms other than Geobacteraceae accounted for nearly half the microbial community.