Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the role of the amino-terminal proline in the enzymatic activity catalyzed by macrophage migration inhibitory factor.

The cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) mediates several immune and inflammatory processes through unknown or poorly understood mechanisms. The protein shares structural homology with two bacterial isomerases, 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase (4-OT) and 5-(carboxymethyl)-2-hydroxymuconate isomerase (CHMI), and catalyzes the enolization of phenylpyruvate and the ketonization of (p-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate. The amino-terminal proline has been identified as the catalytic base in both the 4-OT- and CHMI-catalyzed reactions. MIF also has an amino-terminal proline that has been implicated as a catalytic group in the MIF-catalyzed reaction. To delineate further the role of Pro-1 in the MIF-catalyzed reaction, affinity labeling studies were performed with 3-bromopyruvate (3-BP). The results of this study show that 3-BP acts as an active-site-directed irreversible inhibitor of the enzymatic activity and modifies one site per monomeric subunit. The inhibitor, as its lactyl derivative, is covalently attached to an 11 residue amino-terminal fragment, Pro-1 to Arg-11. The only reasonable site for alkylation within this peptide fragment is the amino-terminal proline. Because the pKa measured for the pH dependence of kinact/KI (5.7 +/- 0.2) and that measured for the pH dependence of the kcat/Km for the enolization of phenylpyruvate (6.0 +/- 0.1) are comparable and in reasonable agreement with the previously measured pKa of Pro-1 (5.6 +/- 0.1) obtained by its direct titration [Swope, M. , Sun H. -W. , Blake, P., and Lolis, E. (1998) EMBO J. (in press)], it is concluded that Pro-1 acts as the general base catalyst in the MIF-catalyzed reaction. The structural and mechanistic parallels place 4-OT, CHMI, and MIF in a superfamily of enzymes related by their ability to catalyze the keto-enol tautomerization of a pyruvyl moiety.
Analysis of Spending Pattern on Credit Card Fraud Detection Capt . Dr

Credit card is one of the convenient way of payment in online shopping. In this on line shopping, payment is made by giving information like card no, security code , expiration date of the Credit card etc . To rectify the risk factors of using the credit card, every card holder’s spending method is modeled by using HMM. By using this authenticated security check the information of transaction is fraudulent or genuine. It is highly secured from unauthorized anomalous user using credit card and avoids fraud usage of card through online transactions.
Imaging Opiate Receptors in the Human Brain by Positron Tomography

Carfentanil is a potent, synthetic opiate that binds to mu opiate receptors with very high affinity (K1 = 0.051 n M, 37°). In rat brain, carfentanil is 90 and 250 times more selective for mu opiate receptors compared with delta and kappa opiate receptors, respectively. Carbon-11-carfentanil was synthesized by reacting [11C]methyliodide with the carboxylic acid precursor of carfentanil. Carbon-11-carfentanil was injected intravenously in man and a baboon and the distribution of the radioactivity in the brain was monitored using positron emission tomography. High concentrations of radioactivity were observed in the basal ganglia and thalamus, intermediate concentrations in the frontal and parietal cerebral cortex, and low concentrations in the cerebellum and occipital cortex; this distribution corresponds to the known regional density of opiate receptors measured using in vitro techniques. This heterogeneous distribution could be abolished by pretreatment with naloxone (1 mg/kg), an opiate antagonist. The percent inhibition of binding by naloxone is approximately 90% in the caudate nucleus and medial thalamus for the period 30–60 min after injection; therefore, this method is associated with a high level of specific binding to opiate receptors compared with nonspecific binding sites. The ability to measure opiate receptors in vivo in man makes it possible to study a variety of neurologic and psychiatric disorders in which opiate receptors are thought to be abnormal and to study physiologic role of opiate receptors in the central nervous system.
Statistical Analysis of the Concordance of Immunohistochemical Stains With the Final Diagnosis in Spitzoid Neoplasms

Introduction:The classification of spitzoid melanocytic tumors can be difficult, and pathologists rely on both histological features and clinical information to arrive at a diagnosis. We proposed that an immunohistochemical panel could be useful in classifying these neoplasms and designed a study to test the independent contribution of the panel to the final diagnosis. Methods:We identified 121 cases previously signed out either as (1) Spitz nevus, (2) atypical spitzoid neoplasm, favor Spitz nevus, (3) atypical spitzoid neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential, (4) atypical spitzoid neoplasm, favor melanoma, and (5) spitzoid melanoma. The slides were reveiwed in random order by 4 pathologists. For the first review, the pathologists received only hematoxylin and eosin sections and patient age. Subsequently, the same pathologists interpreted the immunohistochemically stained slides (S-100A6, HMB-45, and MIB-1) on the same cases in randomized order without the benefit of either hematoxylin and eosin sections or patient age. The original diagnosis (based on a combination of clinical information, hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections and immunohistochemical stains) was the gold standard used for statistical analysis. The primary aim of the study was to determine the level of agreement between interpretions based on hematoxylin and eosin sections and age, the immunostains alone, and the gold standard, thus providing a measurement of the degree to which each of these elements contributes to the final diagnosis. The agreement between the gold standard and external review was also determined for those cases sent for external review. Results:The generalized kappa statistic was 0.95 for both the hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides alone and the immunohistochemical stains alone, implying a high level of agreement among the 4 pathologists. The combined weighted kappa statistic for the comparison of hematoxylin and eosin sections and patient age to the gold standard was 0.49, and for the immunohistochemically stained slides to the gold standard 0.48, indicating that a diagnosis based on hematoxylin and eosin sections alone or immunostains alone show only a moderate and similar level of agreement with the gold standard diagnosis. Only the most controversial cases were sent for external review. The weighted kappa statistic estimate was 0.30 for the gold standard diagnosis on those cases and the external review. Conclusions:Spitzoid neoplasms remain a difficult area in dermatopathology and experts frequently disagree on the most challenging cases. An immunohistochemical panel contributes to the diagnosis of spitzoid tumors, and the contribution is statistically similar to that of hematoxylin and eosin sections and age. Interpretation remains subjective, as evidenced by the comparison of the gold standard and external review.
Appliance characterization based on spectral components analysis

Appliance detection within the total load can offer the user a better understanding of how the energy is used and can help him find solutions to reduce consumption and costs. The detection can be made based on the specific electrical signature each one has. This paper presents a new algorithm which characterize the appliances by making use of some parameters obtained from the spectral analysis of the electrical current. The obtained electrical signature is characterized by a large number of parameters which help distinguish similar appliances from each other.
SYNTHESIS OF CELLULOSE BY ACETOBACTER XYLINUM VI

Gromet-Elhanan, Zippora (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) and Shlomo Hestrin. Synthesis of cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum. VI. Growth on citric acid-cycle intermediates. J. Bacteriol. 85:284–292. 1963. —Acetobacter xylinum could be made to grow on ethanol, acetate, succinate, or l-malate. The growth was accompanied by formation of opaque leathery pellicles on the surface of the growth medium. These pellicles were identified as cellulose on the basis of their chemical properties, solubility behavior, and infrared absorption spectra. Washed-cell suspensions prepared from cultures grown on ethanol or the organic acids, in contrast to washed sugar-grown cells, were able to transform citric-cycle intermediates into cellulose. The variations in the substrate spectrum of cellulose synthesis between sugar-grown cells and organic acids-grown cells were found to be correlated with differences in the oxidative capacity of the cells. The significance of the findings that A. xylinum could be made to grow on ethanol on complex as well as synthetic media is discussed from the viewpoint of the whole pattern of Acetobacter classification.
Transistor-and Circuit-Design Optimization for Low-Power CMOS

CMOS-technology scaling has moved to a power-constrained condition regardless of the application segments. Power management in advanced CMOS technology drives the need to conciliate scaling-driven fundamental material limitations with product and application evolution requirements. Flexible CMOS technologies and tighter interaction between process development and circuit/system design are needed to efficiently realize systems on a chip. This paper reviews issues associated with transistor scaling and co-optimization for power-management circuit-design schemes for active-and leakage-power control. This paper also addresses the derived trends and implications on I/O and analog-transistor scaling.
Role of Intratympanic Steroids in the Management of Meniere’s Disease—A Review of 151 Cases

Objective: To assess the outcomes of hearing and vertigo in patients with Meniere’s disease who were treated with intratympanic methylprednisolone. Study Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Tertiary referral hospital. Methods: In our study with 151 patients [191 ears] were diagnosed as Menieres as per 1995 AAO-HNS guidelines. As an office based procedure these patients were treated with intratympanic methyl prednisolone. Results: There was a 98.6% improvement in the vertigo control rate, a 73.82% improvement in hearing and 29.31% had a definitive improvement in tinnitus. Conclusion: We conclude from our study that intratympanic steroid injection significantly controls vertigo, tinnitus and improves hearing in Meniere’s disease with minimal complications. Hence, it can be tried as a first line treatment for patients with Meniere’s disease.
Meat , dairy , and cancer 1 – 4

In 2007 the World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) report judged that the evidence for an association between red and processed meat consumption and colorectal cancer was convincing. In addition, the effect of other animal products on cancer risk has been studied, and the WCRF/AICR report concluded that milk probably decreases the risk of colorectal cancer but diets high in calcium probably increase the risk of prostate cancer, whereas there was limited evidence for an association between milk and bladder cancer and insufficient evidence for other cancers. There are several potential mechanisms relating meat to cancer, including heterocyclic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, N-nitroso compounds, and heme iron. Although the evidence in favor of a link between red and processed meat and colorectal cancer is convincing, the relations with other cancers are unclear. In this review, we summarize cohort studies conducted by the National Cancer Institute on meat and dairy intake in relation to cancer since the 2007 WCRF/AICR report. We also report the findings of meta-analyses published since 2007. Am J Clin Nutr 2014;100(suppl):386S–93S.
Associations of health behaviors with human papillomavirus vaccine uptake, completion, and intentions among female undergraduate students

This study explored associations between health behaviors and human papillomavirus vaccine receipt/intentions among female undergraduates. Participants (N = 286) completed a survey assessing human papillomavirus vaccine uptake (receiving 1–3 shots vs no shots), completion (receiving 3 shots vs 1–2 shots), and intentions as well as various health behaviors. Human papillomavirus vaccine uptake and completion were associated with receipt of other preventive medical care; completion was associated with having a regular healthcare provider. Among unvaccinated students (n = 115), increased human papillomavirus vaccine intentions were associated with flu shot and human immunodeficiency virus test receipt. Findings suggest promoting human papillomavirus vaccination with other preventive medical care might improve vaccine receipt.
Rapid Cytolysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Faropenem, an Orally Bioavailable β-Lactam Antibiotic

ABSTRACT Recent clinical studies indicate that meropenem, a β-lactam antibiotic, is a promising candidate for therapy of drug-resistant tuberculosis. However, meropenem is chemically unstable, requires frequent intravenous injection, and must be combined with a β-lactamase inhibitor (clavulanate) for optimal activity. Here, we report that faropenem, a stable and orally bioavailable β-lactam, efficiently kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis even in the absence of clavulanate. The target enzymes, l,d-transpeptidases, were inactivated 6- to 22-fold more efficiently by faropenem than by meropenem. Using a real-time assay based on quantitative time-lapse microscopy and microfluidics, we demonstrate the superiority of faropenem to the frontline antituberculosis drug isoniazid in its ability to induce the rapid cytolysis of single cells. Faropenem also showed superior activity against a cryptic subpopulation of nongrowing but metabolically active cells, which may correspond to the viable but nonculturable forms believed to be responsible for relapses following prolonged chemotherapy. These results identify faropenem to be a potential candidate for alternative therapy of drug-resistant tuberculosis.
New coplanar capacitively coupled feeding method for circularly polarized patch antenna

A new coplanar capacitively coupled feeding method for circularly polarized patch antenna is developed and discussed. The circular polarization (CP) radiation of the square patch antenna is achieved by a parallel short-ended microstrip line. A prototype has been designed and simulated and found to have an impedance bandwidth of 5.3% and a 3 dB axial-ratio bandwidth of about 1.2% at the center frequency of 2250MHz. The coupling mechanism can be approximately considered as a microstrip coupled line directional coupler, which is simple and flexible to obtain circular polarization without any alteration to the microstrip radiator such as truncating the corner and add-on slits. This single-feed circular polarization could be achieved by only adjusting the microstrip feed lines, which is independent of the square patch radiator. The proposed capacitively coupled feeding method has a coplanar structure and adequate CP bandwidth such that is suitable for a wide range of circularly polarized microstrip antenna applications.
Relations between local and global perceptual image quality and visual masking

Perceptual quality assessment of digital images and videos are important for various image-processing applications. For assessing the image quality, researchers have often used the idea of visual masking (or distortion visibility) to design image-quality predictors specifically for the near-threshold distortions. However, it is still unknown that while assessing the quality of natural images, how the local distortion visibilities relate with the local quality scores. Furthermore, the summing mechanism of the local quality scores to predict the global quality scores is also crucial for better prediction of the perceptual image quality. In this paper, the local and global qualities of six images and six distortion levels were measured using subjective experiments. Gabor-noise target was used as distortion in the quality-assessment experiments to be consistent with our previous study [Alam, Vilankar, Field, and Chandler, Journal of Vision, 2014], in which the local root-mean-square contrast detection thresholds of detecting the Gabor-noise target were measured at each spatial location of the undistorted images. Comparison of the results of this quality-assessment experiment and the previous detection experiment shows that masking predicted the local quality scores more than 95% correctly above 15 dB threshold within 5% subject scores. Furthermore, it was found that an approximate squared summation of local-quality scores predicted the global quality scores suitably (Spearman rank-order correlation 0:97).
Study of Existing Design Architectures and Frameworks in Twitter

Millions of users are active on Twitter and they consume and disseminate messages resulting in collection of massive information. In order to provide user with personalized information service, the recommendation system is considered as an effective method that can alleviate the information overload problem. The different aspects that can be recommended in Twitter are explored in this paper along with different available commercial and noncommercial architectures and frameworks. The paper aims to provide a brief overview behind the design and compares them based on their followed recommendation approach.
Two-Phase Influence Maximization in Social Networks with Seed Nodes and Referral Incentives

The problem of maximizing the spread of influence with a limited budget is central to social networks research. Most solution approaches available in the existing literature devote the entire budget towards triggering diffusion at seed nodes. This paper investigates the effect of splitting the budget across two different, sequential phases. In phase 1, we adopt the classical approach of initiating diffusion at a selected seed-set. In phase 2, we use the remaining budget to offer referral incentives. We formulate this problem and explore suitable ways to split the budget between the two phases, with detailed experiments on synthetic and real-world datasets. The principal findings from our study are: (a) when the budget is low, it is prudent to use the entire budget for phase 1; (b) when the budget is moderate to high, it is preferable to use much of the budget for phase 1, while allocating the remaining budget to phase 2; (c) in the presence of moderate to strict temporal constraints, phase 2 is not warranted; (d) if the temporal constraints are low or absent, phase 2 yields a decisive improvement in influence spread.
Direct binding of Smad3 and Smad4 to critical TGFβ‐inducible elements in the promoter of human plasminogen activator inhibitor‐type 1 gene

Smad proteins play a key role in the intracellular signalling of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), which elicits a large variety of cellular responses. Upon TGFβ receptor activation, Smad2 and Smad3 become phosphorylated and form heteromeric complexes with Smad4. These complexes translocate to the nucleus where they control expression of target genes. However, the mechanism by which Smads mediate transcriptional regulation is largely unknown. Human plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) is a gene that is potently induced by TGFβ. Here we report the identification of Smad3/Smad4 binding sequences, termed CAGA boxes, within the promoter of the human PAI‐1 gene. The CAGA boxes confer TGFβ and activin, but not bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) stimulation to a heterologous promoter reporter construct. Importantly, mutation of the three CAGA boxes present in the PAI‐1 promoter was found to abolish TGFβ responsiveness. Thus, CAGA elements are essential and sufficient for the induction by TGFβ. In addition, TGFβ induces the binding of a Smad3/Smad4‐containing nuclear complex to CAGA boxes. Furthermore, bacterially expressed Smad3 and Smad4 proteins, but not Smad1 nor Smad2 protein, bind directly to this sequence in vitro. The presence of this box in TGFβ‐responsive regions of several other genes suggests that this may be a widely used motif in TGFβ‐regulated transcription.
Extraction of Surface Recombination Velocity at Highly Doped Silicon Surfaces Using Electron-Beam-Induced Current

In this paper, we demonstrate that the surface recombination velocity of electrons Sn0 at highly p+-doped silicon surfaces can be quantified using the electron-beam-induced current (EBIC) technique. First, the 3-D electron-beam sample interaction is simulated using CASINO Monte-Carlo software in order to generate the 3-D carrier generation profile. Subsequently, this carrier generation profile is used in Sentaurus Technical Computer-Aided Design device modeling, and the EBIC response is simulated as a function of Sn0. The simulation results show a near-perfect match with the EBIC measurements obtained on a passivated and depassivated p+-emitter of n-type silicon wafer solar cells. In addition, localized Sn0 extraction on an area of 30 × 30 nm2 is presented, clearly illustrating the advantage of EBIC as an electron-beam-based characterization technique compared with optical techniques.
Adaptation of avian influenza virus to a swine host

Abstract The emergence of pathogenic RNA viruses into new hosts can have dramatic consequences for both livestock and public health. Here we characterize the viral genetic changes that were observed in a previous study which experimentally adapted a field isolate of duck influenza virus to swine respiratory cells. Both pre-existing and de novo mutations were selected during this adaptation. We compare the in vitro growth dynamics of the adapted virus with those of the original strain as well as all possible reassortants using reverse genetics. This full factorial design showed that viral gene segments are involved in complex epistatic interactions on virus fitness, including negative and sign epistasis. We also identify two point mutations at positions 67 and 113 of the HA2 subunit of the hemagglutinin protein conferring a fast growth phenotype on the naïve avian virus in swine cells. These HA2 mutations enhance the pH dependent, HA-mediated membrane fusion. A global H1 maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis, combined with comprehensive ancestry reconstruction and tests for directional selection, confirmed the field relevance of the mutation at position 113 of HA2. Most notably, this mutation was associated with the establishment of the H1 ‘avian-like’ swine influenza lineage, regarded as the most likely to cause the next influenza pandemic in humans. This multidisciplinary approach to study the genetics of viral adaptation provides unique insights on the underlying processes leading to influenza emergence in a new host species, and identifies specific targets for future surveillance and functional studies.
Lower bounds in classification for feature and algorithm selection

The objective of this paper is to study recent advancements in estimation lower bound classification results. These lower bounds are estimated for a given set of features, targets, Signal to Noise Ratios (SNRs), and representative clutter environments. The motivation of this work comes from the desire to know the best achievable classification results for a given set of features at a range of SNRs and sensor data. This will assist the end user and classifier designer to select features that maximize the theoretical classification performance (i.e. minimize the classification errors in the confusion matrix tables). It will also assist in selecting the suitable classification algorithms approaching the lower theoretical classification bounds. The theoretical bounds used in this paper in our experimental examples are based on the Bayesian approach. However, other bounds are also reviewed. These results can be applied for selecting features and classifiers for earth and deep space observations and surveillance.