Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Psychology and the legacy of Newtonianism: Motivation, intentionality, and the ontological gap

This article will contend that contemporary psychology has frequently deployed a Newtonian approach to the conceptualization and explanation of human behavior that emphasizes a mechanistic worldview and efficient causal forms of explanation. This can be most clearly seen in psychology’s frequent reliance on the concept of motivation as a means of explaining the origins of behavior. The psychology of motivation, because it has been shaped by Newtonian thinking, cannot account for meaning and intentionality in human behavior. The article examines the three most common ways this problem is addressed and concludes that none of them successfully bridge the “ontological gap” between intelligence and mechanism. The article briefly argues for an approach in which human beings are understood not as objects impelled by efficient causal forces (i.e., motivation), but rather as moral agents genuinely capable of intentional action and meaningful social engagement. In sum, this article will examine the possibility of understanding human intentionality in terms of enticements and constraints rather than forces and motivations.
Offline multi-class flow allocation in MPLS networks using a distributed multi-objective genetic algorithm

The explosion of Internet-like data traffic and services (voice, video, multiplayer games, download, etc.) is fueling the demands for higher mobile telecom network capacities. Traditionally, mobile operators are used to add new transmission links and equipments to satisfy the traffic increase. However, this solution is firstly expensive in terms of capital and operation and secondly inadequate with the new telecommunication generations as 3G and 4G. In this paper, we propose a traffic engineering based approach to maximize the network usage. Based on an advanced Multi-Objective, Multi-Population Genetic Algorithm, we propose an offline distribution of Label Switch Paths (LSPs) that takes into consideration the scalability of the network, the Quality of Service (QoS) constraints for 4 Classes of Service (CoS) and recovery path to ensure high network availability. Congestion reduction, bandwidth optimization and other objectives have been combined to offer the network planner an optimal network management.
Systemic inflammation as a function of the individual and combined associations of sedentary behaviour, physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness

Previous research demonstrates individual associations of sedentary behaviour, moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and cardiorespiratory fitness on systemic inflammation, often assessed via C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels. Their potential additive association on CRP, however, has not been fully evaluated, which was the purpose of this study.
Down-Regulation of a Nicotinate Phosphoribosyltransferase Gene, OsNaPRT1, Leads to Withered Leaf Tips1[OPEN]

Defects in a NAD salvage pathway trigger the accumulation of nicotinamide and increase histone H3K9 acetylation and expression of senescence-related genes in rice. Premature leaf senescence affects plant growth and yield in rice. NAD plays critical roles in cellular redox reactions and remains at a sufficient level in the cell to prevent cell death. Although numerous factors affecting leaf senescence have been identified, few involving NAD biosynthetic pathways have been described for plants. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of Leaf Tip Senescence 1 (LTS1) in rice (Oryza sativa), a recessive mutation in the gene encoding O. sativa nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (OsNaPRT1) in the NAD salvage pathway. A point mutation in OsNaPRT1 leads to dwarfism and the withered leaf tip phenotype, and the lts1 mutant displays early leaf senescence compared to the wild type. Leaf nicotinate and nicotinamide contents are elevated in lts1, while NAD levels are reduced. Leaf tissue of lts1 exhibited significant DNA fragmentation and H2O2 accumulation, along with up-regulation of genes associated with senescence. The lts1 mutant also showed reduced expression of SIR2-like genes (OsSRT1 and OsSRT2) and increased acetylation of histone H3K9. Down-regulation of OsSRTs induced histone H3K9 acetylation of senescence-related genes. These results suggest that deficiency in the NAD salvage pathway can trigger premature leaf senescence due to transcriptional activation of senescence-related genes.
Implant prosthodontics: current perspective and future directions.

I the 35 years since the concept of osseointegration was first applied to human patients, there have been many advances in the understanding and application of implant dentistry as a method for the replacement of missing teeth. Osseointegration as first defined by Branemark is a scientific milestone that delineates a certain sense of separation of the old from the new in implant dentistry. Osseointegration was a watershed event that has forever changed the way dentists view their options when confronted with a patient requiring tooth replacement. While dental implant therapy was an option for tooth replacement for many years prior to the publication of Branemark’s work, he gave the field a scientific basis and a sense of respectability it had lacked previously. This was particularly true in academic institutions, where dental implants were largely ignored as a viable choice for tooth replacement. Dental implants are now a major focus of didactic and clinical education in 3 dental specialties and soon will likely become mainstream in undergraduate dental school clinics. Osseointegration is the single factor that has most dramatically changed the discipline and specialty of prosthodontics since the introduction of fluoridated water. The evolution and change seen in basic science and the surgical understanding of dental implant therapy have perhaps been more far reaching than parallel advances in knowledge of the restorative aspect of dental implants. As the 20th century draws to a close, it is appropriate to review the significant advances and changes in implant prosthodontics that have occurred over the past 2 decades and, more importantly, describe future directions of investigation that are paramount to the advancement of dental implant therapy as a beneficial treatment modality.
Austism and the X Chromosome: Multipoint sib-Pair Analysis

Background: Genetic factors undoubtedly play a major etiologic role in autism, but how it is inherited remains unanswered. The increased incidence in males suggests possible involvement of the X chromosome. Methods: Using data from 38 multiplex families with autism (2 or more autistic siblings), we performed a multipoint sib-pair linkage analysis between autism and 35 microsatellite markers located on the X chromosome. The model included a single parameter, the risk ratio λ XS (ie, ratio of risk to siblings compared with the population prevalence), owing to an X-linked gene. Different λ XS values were assumed and regions of exclusion were established. Results: The entire X chromosome could be excluded for a λ XS value of 4. The ability to exclude an X-linked gene decreased with smaller λ XS values, and some positive evidence was obtained with smaller values. A maximum lod score of 1.24 was obtained at locus DXS424 with a λ XS value of 1.5. Conclusions: We were able to exclude any moderate to strong gene effect causing autism on the X chromosome. Smaller gene effects (λ XS DXS453 and DXS1001 .
Origin and Evolution of the Eukaryotic SSU Processome Revealed by a Comprehensive Genomic Analysis and Implications for the Origin of the Nucleolus

As a nucleolar complex for small-subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA processing, SSU processome has been extensively studied mainly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae but not in diverse organisms, leaving open the question of whether it is a ubiquitous mechanism across eukaryotes and how it evolved in the course of the evolution of eukaryotes. Genome-wide survey and identification of SSU processome components showed that the majority of all 77 yeast SSU processome proteins possess homologs in almost all of the main eukaryotic lineages, and 14 of them have homologs in archaea but few in bacteria, suggesting that the complex is ubiquitous in eukaryotes, and its evolutionary history began with abundant protein homologs being present in archaea and then a fairly complete form of the complex emerged in the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that ancient gene duplication and functional divergence of the protein components of the complex occurred frequently during the evolutionary origin of the LECA from prokaryotes. We found that such duplications not only increased the complex’s components but also produced some new functional proteins involved in other nucleolar functions, such as ribosome biogenesis and even some nonnucleolar (but nuclear) proteins participating in pre-mRNA splicing, implying the evolutionary emergence of the subnuclear compartment—the nucleolus—has occurred in the LECA. Therefore, the LECA harbored not only complicated SSU processomes but also a nucleolus. Our analysis also revealed that gene duplication, innovation, and loss, caused further divergence of the complex during the divergence of eukaryotes.
Factors influencing principals’ retirement decisions

This study, conducted in one state in the United States, replicated similar research from over a decade ago to compare principal demographics and reasons for remaining or leaving the profession. Demographics have trended with the nation. Principals are older, more diverse and are largely eligible for retirement within the next five years. Similar demographics are noted in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The reasons for retiring have changed dramatically since the first survey. External mandates were the number one reason for retirement. Another reason included spending more time with their family. Around the globe, other countries are considering national initiatives, such as accountability and high-stakes testing or national curriculum standards. This study may provide a cautionary note regarding the impact on principal role and retention. Thus, while the study occurred in the United States, the policies that influenced principals’ reasons for choosing to retire or stay in the profession appear to have global implications.
Promoting prosocial pupil behaviour: 2-secondary school intervention and pupil effects.

BACKGROUND In an earlier article (Mooij, 1999c) a theoretical multilevel model to promote prosocial pupil behaviour by stimulating specific educational conditions was developed. AIMS To carry out school interventions to check empirically whether pupil level effects occur because of educational changes at the classroom and school level. SAMPLES Seven secondary schools with relatively high degrees of pupil aggression were selected. Four schools took part as intervention schools, three schools served as control schools. In 1995 (pretest) and 1997 (post-test) pupils and form teachers of the first and third school years participated by completing questionnaires. Within the pupil cohorts, a longitudinal group of 352 pupils was included. METHODS Pretest questionnaires in 1995 were followed by intervention in the intervention schools. Teachers collaborated with staff and researchers to increase pupils' participation and responsibility in specifying and controlling behavioural and didactic rules, related to didactic differentiation during lessons. The validity of the intervention implementation was checked using qualitative information and quantitative data from both pre- and post-test. Longitudinal intervention effects were tested by applying two-level multiple regression analyses. RESULTS After controlling for pretest and covariables in school year 1, school intervention effects were found in school year 3 with the prediction of being a perpetrator of aggressive behaviour at school, aggressive behaviour outside school, and criminal behaviour. Some small effects were found with respect to victim behaviour. CONCLUSIONS Social-pedagogical and didactic class and school variables, but also home variables and support by peers without problematic behaviour, could be integrated more systematically to promote prosocial development of a pupil's behaviour from the beginning in school.
Specialization, agglomeration and urban manufacturing growth in the northern border cities of Mexico

Abstract The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of agglomeration economies on the manufacturing sector of the northern border cities of Mexico. It is assumed that economic globalization is an important determinant in the trend toward the relocation of manufacturing activities to the northern border region. The present research is based on the hypothesis that agglomeration has had a positive impact on the urban manufacturing growth in the northern cities studied. An econometric model was established to relate agglomeration with manufacturing growth. The results of the study revealed that the externalities caused by industrial specialization among industries make up one of the explanatory factors of manufacturing employment growth during 1988-1993. For the period 1993-1998 the control variables of total initial urban employment and total initial wage level were relevant to urban manufacturing growth. Finally, when including the effect of urban agglomeration, using the population as a proxy, a positive but small impact on manufacturing employment growth was found.
EXPERIMENTAL EXAMINATION OF SOME OF PIAGET'S SCHEMATA CONCERNING CHILDREN'S PERCEPTION AND THINKING, AND A DISCUSSION OF THEIR EDUCATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE*

Summary. This paper describes four researches designed to test the substance of some of Piaget's schemata for the mental development of children. The first two investigations are concerned with haptic perception and spatial relationships in drawing, the third is devoted to the child's logical judgments, and the fourth to his moral judgments. Large numbers of children were put in Piaget's situations, the numbers ranging from thirty-two to sixty. The reliability of the judges' interpretation of the children's responses was measured in three of the inquiries by obtaining two independent sets of judgments and correlating the results. The validity of Piaget's schemata was assessed by comparing the development of the children's thinking and perception with the criteria of chronological age, mental age, and the total score giving each child's overall level of perception and thinking. This was done by adapting Guttman's technique to this problem. Some high reliabilities and validities were found and, in general, Piaget's conclusions were substantiated. A short discussion of the educational implications of Piaget's work concludes the article.
Toward an Effective Model for Implementing Distance Education Programs.

Abstract As a response to the challenges and constraints now facing postsecondary education, institutions are attempting to find new strategies that will more effectively address the need for change in the way educational services are provided. In early September 1995, three institutions in Alberta, Canada—the University of Alberta, Fairview College, and Kayas Cultural College—embarked on a new partnership in offering a selected number of introductory Faculty of Arts courses in remote northwestern regions of the province. The primary mode of delivery was synchronized, multi‐point videoconferencing (to as many as six sites), with all courses delivered from the University of Alberta campus. Slightly more than 70% of the student cohort for the first academic year were Aboriginal. This discussion highlights the implementation and evaluation of this partnership and proposes a model for the effective planning and implementation of distance education initiatives.
Sensorimotor network parcellation for pre-surgical patients using low-pass filtered fMRI

Pre-surgical mapping of sensorimotor and language functions is crucial to reduce neurological deficits in epilepsy and tumor resection surgery. As non-invasive mapping, both resting-state and task-evoked functional MRI has been explored in pre-surgical mapping. In lack of standardized test paradigm, the reliability of fMRI mapping is still a concern for clinical use. In this study, to improve the reliability of fMRI based mapping, task fMRI data from all available task paradigms (motor movement, word repeating and picture naming) were low-pass filtered in the band of resting-state fMRI (0.01–0.08Hz) and concatenated to get more time points. With K-means clustering, it was shown that the sensorimotor network could be reliably parcellated into hand and tongue sub-regions. The resulted parcellations were further verified with invasive ECoG and ECS mapping. Both the accuracy and specificity were better than using the motor-task fMRI only. Especially, for those patients who failed in task fMRI mapping, our method was able to provide accurate mapping as well. Our results also indicate that cortical sensorimotor network pattern is intrinsic and always present during various tasks, which supports the physiological link between the spontaneous and the task-evoked BOLD signals.
Detecting summer rainfall enhancement within metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia USA

This paper presents a methodology for detecting summer rainfall enhancement within a metropolitan area. The chosen study domain is the Atlanta, Georgia USA metropolitan area, and the time period covers summer (i.e. June–August) seasons from 1949 to 2005. In order to determine if observed heavy‐rainfall frequencies at nine candidate stations in the metropolitan area are enhanced, predicted frequencies are derived from heavy‐rainfall frequencies at seven reference stations located more than 50 km from downtown Atlanta. Both parametric and non‐parametric tests are used to test for significant differences between observed frequencies and predicted frequencies within 29 overlapping 30 year periods (i.e. climatological periods). Norcross, which was ∼30 km northeast of downtown Atlanta and thus was typically downwind of urbanized Atlanta on heavy‐rainfall days at all candidate stations, was the only station to exhibit significant rainfall enhancement. The final ten climatological periods exhibited enhancement, with observed frequencies of ≥ 30 mm days for those periods being at least 20% larger than predicted frequencies. It is hoped the methods employed in this paper can be used in other metropolitan areas. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Data rate bound for mmWave hybrid beamforming systems with subarrays

In this paper, we consider single-link mmWave transmission. We investigate the usual hybrid beamforming architecture under an additional constraint on the analog precoding stage. Namely, for practical reasons only partial interconnection between the antennas and the RF chains is allowed. We present a novel upper bound for spectral efficiency under this architecture constraint. We evaluate the tightness of the bound by comparing it to the rate achievable with a proposed practical scheme. Finally, we compare the bound with the channel capacity.
A combination of temporal and general preferences for app recommendation

User preferences in various kinds of recommendations are in general made from the contents of recommending targets or the patterns that the targets are consumed in. As a result, a great number of previous works have focused on designing a good user preference. However, one important thing that is missed in the previous studies on user preference is that user preferences are affected by time. That is, it is of importance to capture the change of user preferences over time for better recommendations. This phenomenon is salient especially in using mobile apps. Therefore, this paper presents a time-based personalized application recommendation system which captures temporal changes in user preference. The proposed recommendation system can recommend dynamically the apps from an application market by considering the user preference and time. In order to recommend apps, the app descriptions are used to recommend new apps to users, and user preference is modeled using a probabilistic topic model from the descriptions. In order to incorporate time to the topic model, the proposed temporal topic model considers the usage of mobile apps over time for a specific user. The main problem of this temporal topic model is that it is not well trained when the number of apps that the user has used is small, and it can be remedied by incorporating a normal LDA-based topic model. As a result, the final recommendation model is a combination of temporal and LDA-based topic models. The proposed method is validated through a series of experiments. For app usages of three users for 35 days on average, it is compared with LDA-based topic model and the model that uses only temporal topic model. According to the experimental results, the proposed method outperforms the two baseline models up to 18% point in nDCG. This result proves that the proposed method is effective in content-based app recommendation.
Selective Sampling with Redundant Views

Selective sampling, a form of active learning, reduces the cost of labeling training data by asking only for the labels of the most informative unlabeled examples. We introduce a novel approach to selective sampling which we call co-testing. Co-testing can be applied to problems with redundant views (i.e., problems with multiple disjoint sets of attributes that can be used for learning). We analyze the most general algorithm in the cotesting family, naive co-testing, which can be used with virtually any type of learner. Naive co-testing simply selects at random an example on which the existing views disagree. We applied our algorithm to a variety of domains, including three real-world problems: wrapper induction, Web page classification, and discourse trees parsing. The empirical results show that besides reducing the number of labeled examples, naive co-testing may also boost the classification accuracy.
Induction of Olig2+ Precursors by FGF Involves BMP Signalling Blockade at the Smad Level

During normal development oligodendrocyte precursors (OPCs) are generated in the ventral spinal cord in response to Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signalling. There is also a second, late wave of oligodendrogenesis in the dorsal spinal cord independent of Shh activity. Two signalling pathways, controlled by bone morphogenetic protein and fibroblast growth factor (FGF), are active players in dorsal spinal cord specification. In particular, BMP signalling from the roof plate has a crucial role in setting up dorsal neural identity and its inhibition is sufficient to generate OPCs both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, FGF signalling can induce OPC production from dorsal spinal cord cultures in vitro. In this study, we examined the cross-talk between mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and BMP signalling in embryonic dorsal spinal cord cultures at the SMAD1/5/8 (SMAD1) transcription factor level, the main effectors of BMP activity. We have previously shown that FGF2 treatment of neural precursor cells (NPCs) derived from rat E14 dorsal spinal cord is sufficient to generate OPCs in vitro. Utilising the same system, we now show that FGF prevents BMP-induced nuclear localisation of SMAD1-phosphorylated at the C-terminus (C-term-pSMAD1). This nuclear exclusion of C-term-pSMAD1 is dependent on MAPK activity and correlates with OLIG2 upregulation, the obligate transcription factor for oligodendrogenesis. Furthermore, inhibition of the MAPK pathway abolishes OLIG2 expression. We also show that SMAD4, which acts as a common partner for receptor-regulated Smads including SMAD1, associates with a Smad binding site in the Olig2 promoter and dissociates from it upon differentiation. Taken together, these results suggest that FGF can promote OPC generation from embryonic NPCs by counteracting BMP signalling at the Smad1 transcription factor level and that Smad-containing transcriptional complexes may be involved in direct regulation of the Olig2 promoter.