Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When Timing Matters: Enabling Time Accurate and Scalable Simulation of Sensor Network Applications

The rising complexity of data processing algorithms in sensor networks combined with their severely limited computing power necessitates an in-depth understanding of their temporal behavior. However, today only cycle accurate emulation and test-beds provide a detailed and accurate insight into the temporal behavior of sensor networks. In this paper we introduce fine grained, automated instrumentation of simulation models with cycle counts derived from sensor nodes and application binaries to provide detailed timing information. The presented approach bridges the gap between scalable but abstracting simulation and cycle accurate emulation for sensor network evaluation. By mapping device-specific code with simulation models, we can derive the time and duration a certain code line takes to get executed on a sensor node. Hence, eliminating the need to use expensive instruction-level emulators with limited speed and restricted scalability. Furthermore, the proposed design is not bound to a specific hardware platform, a major advantage compared to existing emulators. Our evaluation shows that the proposed technique achieves a timing accuracy of 99% compared to emulation while adding only a small overhead. Concluding, it combines essential properties like accuracy, speed and scalability on a single simulation platform.
Estimation Consistency of Group Lasso with Special Diagonal Matrix

Group Lasso is an efficient regularized leastsquare regression algorithm, and is now being used as a computationally feasible method to select grouped variables. In this paper, we address the issue of estimation consistency of the group Lasso with special diagonal matrix. We derive sufficient condition for the consistency of group Lasso under practical assumptions, such as model misspecification. This sufficient condition, which depends mainly on the covariance of the predictor variables, states that group Lasso selects the true model consistently if the predictors that are in and not in the true model have low correlation. Specifically, the consistency condition adopts the regularization with special kernel matrix. Experiments are carried out to provide insights and understanding of this result.
Relationship of psoriasis severity to obesity using same‐gender siblings as controls for obesity

Background. Psoriasis is a multifactorial disease affected by both genetic and environmental factors. Several comorbid conditions, such as smoking, depression and obesity have been found to be associated with psoriasis. This study addressed the association of psoriasis and obesity using same‐gender full siblings as controls, correlating between body mass index (BMI) and severity of psoriasis as determined by body surface area (BSA) and the Physician’s Global Assessment (PGA).
Mass-Radius Relationships for Solid Exoplanets

We use new interior models of cold planets to investigate the mass-radius relationships of solid exoplanets, considering planets made primarily of iron, silicates, water, and carbon compounds. We find that the mass-radius relationships for cold terrestrial mass planets of all compositions we considered follow a generic functional form that is not a simple power law: log10 Rs = k1 + log10(Ms) - k2M for up to Mp ≈ 20 M⊕, where Ms and Rs are scaled mass and radius values. This functional form arises because the common building blocks of solid planets all have equations of state that are well approximated by a modified polytrope of the form ρ = ρ0 + cPn. We find that highly detailed planet interior models, including temperature structure and phase changes, are not necessary to derive solid exoplanet bulk composition from mass and radius measurements. For solid exoplanets with no substantial atmosphere we have also found the following: with 5% fractional uncertainty in planet mass and radius it is possible to distinguish among planets composed predominantly of iron or silicates or water ice but not more detailed compositions; with ~5% uncertainty water ice planets with ≳25% water by mass may be identified; the minimum plausible planet size for a given mass is that of a pure iron planet; and carbon planet mass-radius relationships overlap with those of silicate and water planets due to similar zero-pressure densities and equations of state. We propose a definition of "super-Earths" based on the clear distinction in radii between planets with significant gas envelopes and those without.
Observation vs. Observable: Maximum Likelihood Estimations according to the Assumption of Generalize

Aim: The paper aims to investigate the use of maximum likelihood estimation to infer measurement types with their distribution shape. Material and Methods: A series of twenty-eight sets of observed data (different properties and activities) were studied. The following analyses were applied in order to meet the aim of the research: precision, normality (Chi-square, KolmogorovSmirnov, and Anderson-Darling tests), the presence of outliers (Grubbs’ test), estimation of the population parameters (maximum likelihood estimation under Laplace, Gauss, and Gauss-Laplace distribution assumptions), and analysis of kurtosis (departure of sample kurtosis from the Laplace, Gauss, and Gauss-Laplace population kurtosis). Results: The mean of most investigated sets was likely to be Gauss-Laplace while the standard deviation of most investigated sets of compound was likely to be Gauss. The MLE analysis allowed making assumptions regarding the type of errors in the investigated sets. Conclusions: The proposed procedure proved to be useful in analyzing the shape of the distribution according to measurement type and generated several assumptions regarding their association.
Inactivation of N-type calcium current in chick sensory neurons: calcium and voltage dependence

We have studied the inactivation of high-voltage-activated (HVA), omega- conotoxin-sensitive, N-type Ca2+ current in embryonic chick dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Voltage steps from -80 to 0 mV produced inward Ca2+ currents that inactivated in a biphasic manner and were fit well with the sum of two exponentials (with time constants of approximately 100 ms and > 1 s). As reported previously, upon depolarization of the holding potential to -40 mV, N current amplitude was significantly reduced and the rapid phase of inactivation all but eliminated (Nowycky, M. C., A. P. Fox, and R. W. Tsien. 1985. Nature. 316:440-443; Fox, A. P., M. C. Nowycky, and R. W. Tsien. 1987a. Journal of Physiology. 394:149-172; Swandulla, D., and C. M. Armstrong. 1988. Journal of General Physiology. 92:197-218; Plummer, M. R., D. E. Logothetis, and P. Hess. 1989. Neuron. 2:1453-1463; Regan, L. J., D. W. Sah, and B. P. Bean. 1991. Neuron. 6:269-280; Cox, D. H., and K. Dunlap. 1992. Journal of Neuroscience. 12:906-914). Such kinetic properties might be explained by a model in which N channels inactivate by both fast and slow voltage-dependent processes. Alternatively, kinetic models of Ca-dependent inactivation suggest that the biphasic kinetics and holding-potential-dependence of N current inactivation could be due to a combination of Ca-dependent and slow voltage- dependent inactivation mechanisms. To distinguish between these possibilities we have performed several experiments to test for the presence of Ca-dependent inactivation. Three lines of evidence suggest that N channels inactivate in a Ca-dependent manner. (a) The total extent of inactivation increased 50%, and the ratio of rapid to slow inactivation increased approximately twofold when the concentration of the Ca2+ buffer, EGTA, in the patch pipette was reduced from 10 to 0.1 mM. (b) With low intracellular EGTA concentrations (0.1 mM), the ratio of rapid to slow inactivation was additionally increased when the extracellular Ca2+ concentration was raised from 0.5 to 5 mM. (c) Substituting Na+ for Ca2+ as the permeant ion eliminated the rapid phase of inactivation. Other results do not support the notion of current-dependent inactivation, however. Although high intracellular EGTA (10 mM) or BAPTA (5 mM) concentrations suppressed the rapid phase inactivation, they did not eliminate it. Increasing the extracellular Ca2+ from 0.5 to 5 mM had little effect on this residual fast inactivation, indicating that it is not appreciably sensitive to Ca2+ influx under these conditions. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Social Ideology as Seen through Courtroom and Courthouse Architecture

This article explores the architecture of the American courtroom and courthouse, in an effort to unearth the values and ideals embodied in American jurisprudence. The first section discusses the general notion that architecture, especially public architecture, is a spatial manifestation of social ideology that can be dissected to reveal the underlying ideology that created the architecture. The second section explores the architecture of the American courtroom and courthouse as embodiments of fundamental American legal concepts. The third section embarks on a detailed analysis of the courtroom, to unearth the ideologies underlying the actual application and practice of the law within the courtroom space. The fourth section examines courthouse exteriors in detail in order to unearth an external perception of the law that is practiced within. Finally, the fifth section assesses the insights that the previous two sections provide. That assessment reveals a legal ideology in flux. While courtroom designs have remained largely unchanged, conveying a certain stability and continuity within our legal system, changes in courthouse exteriors to styles reminiscent of corporate architecture seem to indicate that something is changing in the way the public perceives the law’s role in contemporary society.
Translation initiation of bacteriophage lambda gene cII requires integration host factor

Escherichia coli integration host factor (IHF), a DNA-binding protein, positively regulates expression of the lambda cII gene. Purified IHF stimulates cII protein synthesis in vitro, suggesting a direct role for host factor in cII expression. Further evidence for a direct role for IHF was obtained with operon and gene fusions between cII and lacZ or cII and galE. Analysis of these fusions in vivo demonstrated that IHF is essential for the initiation of cII translation. Replacement of the entire cII coding sequence with lacZ yielded a gene fusion which was still IHF dependent. However, a cII-galE fusion carrying a hybrid ribosome binding region expressed galE in IHF mutants. These results indicate that sequences which make cII translation IHF dependent lie between the ribosome binding region and the initiating codon of cII. Failure to translate cII activates a transcription terminator located within cII and results in polar effects on downstream transcription. This polarity is suppressed by the lambda N antitermination function. When cloned into another context, the terminator is active in both wild-type and IHF mutant strains. The amino terminus of cII is located near an IHF binding site in a region with considerable dyad symmetry. The role of IHF in cII translation may be to prevent formation of an RNA-RNA duplex that sequesters the ribosome binding site of cII. The binding of IHF might influence RNA structure by altering the rate of the dissociation of RNA from the DNA template.
Serum Uric Acid and Adiposity: Deciphering Causality Using a Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Approach

Background Although the relationship between serum uric acid (SUA) and adiposity is well established, the direction of the causality is still unclear in the presence of conflicting evidences. We used a bidirectional Mendelian randomization approach to explore the nature and direction of causality between SUA and adiposity in a population-based study of Caucasians aged 35 to 75 years. Methods and Findings We used, as instrumental variables, rs6855911 within the SUA gene SLC2A9 in one direction, and combinations of SNPs within the adiposity genes FTO, MC4R and TMEM18 in the other direction. Adiposity markers included weight, body mass index, waist circumference and fat mass. We applied a two-stage least squares regression: a regression of SUA/adiposity markers on our instruments in the first stage and a regression of the response of interest on the fitted values from the first stage regression in the second stage. SUA explained by the SLC2A9 instrument was not associated to fat mass (regression coefficient [95% confidence interval]: 0.05 [−0.10, 0.19] for fat mass) contrasting with the ordinary least square estimate (0.37 [0.34, 0.40]). By contrast, fat mass explained by genetic variants of the FTO, MC4R and TMEM18 genes was positively and significantly associated to SUA (0.31 [0.01, 0.62]), similar to the ordinary least square estimate (0.27 [0.25, 0.29]). Results were similar for the other adiposity markers. Conclusions Using a bidirectional Mendelian randomization approach in adult Caucasians, our findings suggest that elevated SUA is a consequence rather than a cause of adiposity.
On the Local Equilibrium Condition

A physical system is in local equilibrium if it cannot be distinguished from a global equilibrium by ``infinitesimally localized measurements''. This should be a natural characterization of local equilibrium, but the problem is to give a precise meaning to the qualitative phrase ``infinitesimally localized measurements''. A solution is suggested in form of a Local Equilibrium Condition, which can be applied to linear relativistic quantum field theories but not directly to selfinteracting quantum fields. The concept of local temperature resulting from LEC is compared to an old approach to local temperature based on the principle of maximal entropy. It is shown that the principle of maximal entropy does not always lead to physical states if it is applied to relativistic quantum field theories.
Experimental validation of the NIOS II processor-FPGA on the digital control of PFC converter

This article discusses the application of the NIOS II processor in a PFC converter. This processor was provided by ALTERA to be implemented in FPGA. The FPGA is capable of a parallel processing and hardware modification, and also offers the possibility of microprocessor implementations, which can be programmed in Assembly or C. The NIOS II is a versatile embedded processor family that has a high performance and was created for FPGA. This processor family consists of three processor cores that implement a common instruction set architecture, each optimized for either a specific cost or performance, and all supported by the same software tools. The NIOS II Processor propitiates flexibility such as: selecting the exact set of CPUs, peripherals, and interfaces, accelerating only relevant functions and eliminating the risk of processor obsolescence. The focus of this paper is the use of this processor applied to the digital control of a single-phase pre-regulated rectifier, showing the advantages and disadvantages of the use of this technology. The control strategy used aims to obtain Power Factor Correction (PFC) of a single-phase voltage doubler rectifier with a center tap at the voltage output. The FPGA used in this study is an ALTERA Cyclone II EP2C35F672C6.
Efficient Parallelization of Regular Expression Matching for Deep Inspection

Regular expression matching has been widely used in today's network security systems, where the payloads of network packets are matched against a set of rules specified by regular expressions. Due to the increasing number of rules and the complex semantics of regular expressions, state-of-the-art regular expression matching techniques hardly meet the demands of network development. The rapid growth of parallel technology calls for an efficient parallel regular expression matching method. In this paper, we propose ParaRegex, a novel approach for fast parallel regular expression matching with high efficiency and low overhead. ParaRegex is a framework that implements data- parallel regular expression matching for finite automaton based methods. Experimental evaluation shows that ParaRegex produces a high-performance regular expression matching engine with low memory overhead and linear speed-up ratio, and obtains up to 6 times faster processing speed on a commodity multi-core workstation.
Do high status people in an hierarchical society know how ordinary people attribute road crash causation? A casestudy from Thailand

Qualitative research into culture often relies on the perceptions and experiences of informants. A model method for improving transfer of Western road safety knowledge and expertise to low income countries recommends use of educated or expert informants to identify factors influencing road safety in the country, including cultural factors such as attribution of crash causation. However, such informants are likely to be high status, and may not provide reliable information about the crash cause attributions of ordinary members of society. This paper reports and comments on a secondary qualitative analysis of information obtained in two separate research projects in Thailand. One study focused on the implementation of a road safety program by Australian consultants, in which educated English-speaking Thais provided information on issues including attribution of crashes to karma. The other study addressed the experience of men with a spinal injury from a road crash and their carers, and involved interviews with educated higher status Thais, and translated interviews with the injured men and their carers. The secondary analysis of transcripts from each study, selected in order to facilitate valid comparison, showed that higher status Thai informants were accurate in their presumptions about attribution of crash causes at village level, although there were indications that this was based on inference rather than knowledge. There was also evidence that these attributions were interpreted by the informants as a lack of knowledge among an older generation which would disappear with better education in the new generations. The implications are discussed.
Exposure of Homeless Children to Family Violence

ABSTRACT This study explored whether homeless children experience an adverse effect from exposure to family violence after explaining variance due to alternative explanations. Homeless mothers (N = 109) and one child, ages 4 through 17, per mother participated by completing questionnaires and tests. The results showed that exposure to family violence is related to an adverse effect on children, beyond the adverse impact associated with the alternative explanations investigated in this study (i.e., maternal marital status, maternal education, maternal hospi-talization for mental health problems, maternal detoxification or hospi-talization for substance or alcohol abuse, gender of the child, age of the child, ethnicity of the child, residential moves during the prior two years, aggregate time homeless during the prior two years, a history of physical abuse for the child, intelligence of the child, the extent that the child is physically nurtured, and expectations that the child has for personal control). Additionally, there were three less central, but important results: (1) the rating provided by mothers about the extent to which their children had been exposed to family violence agreed with the independent rating provided by their children; (2) the data suggested that exposure to family violence might better correlate with subsequent behavioral problems when the extent of the exposure is considered; and (3) the results indicated that externalized more than internalized behavioral problems may be an outcome from exposure to family violence.
Wearable sensors for auto-event-recording on medical nursing - user study of ergonomic design

This paper proposes a method for monitoring the everyday nursing activities of medication, one part of the nurse's job that has been cited as a major cause of medical accidents. In our proposal, which we call the "E-Nightingale projects a wearable sensor can monitor the workflow of such activities constantly without impeding them. This paper describes our series of wearable sensor development and the results of a questionnaire on their ergonomics.
Constant-Round Multiparty Computation for Interval Test, Equality Test, and Comparison

We propose constant-round protocols for interval tests, equality tests, and comparisons where shared secret inputs are not given bitwise. In [9]. Damgard et al. presented a novel protocol called the bit-decomposition, which can convert a polynomial sharing of an element in prime field p into sharings of bits. Though, by using the bit-decomposition protocol, those protocols can be constructed with constant round complexities theoretically, it involves expensive computation, leading to relatively high round and communication complexities. In this paper, we construct more efficient protocols for those protocols without relying on the bit-decomposition protocol. In the interval test protocol, checking whether a shared secret exists in the known interval is reduced to checking whether a bitwise-shared random secret exists in the appropriate interval. In the comparison protocol, comparing two shared secrets is reduced to comparing the two secrets via p/2 indirectly where p is an odd prime for an underlying linear secret sharing scheme. In the equality test protocol, checking whether two shared secrets are equal is reduced to checking whether the difference of the two secrets is zero and furthermore checking whether the difference is a zero is reduced to checking quadratice residuosity of a random secret in a probabilistic way.
AN ANALYSIS OF ZMP CONTROL PROBLEM OF HUMANOID ROBOT WITH COMPLIANCES IN SOLE OF THE FOOT

Abstract This paper describes an analysis of balance control of humanoid robot based on ZMP feedback control. The purpose of this paper is to make clear understanding of ZMP control problem which is composed by inverted pendulum control and ZMP compensation control. This paper shows that this problem can be formulated as high gain output feedback and the existence of zero dynamics in closed loop system. This paper also shows stability condition of zero dynamics, and then stability of zero dynamics and closed-loop systems are analyzed using root locus. From the root locus analysis, the guidelines on finding state and output feedback gain which achieve good performance of control system, are shown.
Organizational injustice: third parties' reactions to mistreatment of employee.

BACKGROUND Research on organizational injustice has mainly focused on the victim's perspective. This study attempts to contribute to our understanding of third parties' perspective by empirically testing a model that describes third party reactions to mistreatment of employees. METHOD Data were obtained from a sample (N = 334) of Spanish employees from various organizations, nested into 66 work-groups, via a survey regarding their perceptions of organizational mistreatment. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. RESULTS The proposed model had a limited fit to the data and it was re-specified. Organizational mistreatment, employee performance, and employee organizational commitment explained internal attributions blaming the organization. Moreover, coworkers' organizational identification showed a positive impact on external attributions of responsibility. Lastly, supportive organizational climate and internal attributions accounted for a large percentage of variance in coworkers' perceptions of organizational unfairness. CONCLUSIONS The final model explains the perceptions of injustice on the basis of internal attributions of responsibility in the face of organizational mistreatment of employees.