Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Solute redistribution and Rayleigh number in the mushy zone during directional solidification of Inconel 718

The interdendritic segregation along the mushy zone of directionally solidified superalloy Inconel 718has been measured by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersion analysis spectrometry (EDAX)techniques and the corresponding liquid composition profile was presented. The liquid density and Rayleigh number (Ra) profiles along the mushy zone were calculated as well. It was found that the liquid density difference increased from top to bottom in the mushy zone and there was no density inversion due to the segregation of Nb and Mo. However carbide formation in the freezing range and the preferred angle of the odentated dendrite array could prompt the fluid flow in the mushy zone although there was no liquid density inversion. The largest relative Rayleigh number appeared at 1,326℃ for Inconel 718 where the fluid flow most easily occurred.
Research of electrical impedance tomography based on the Modified Particle Swarm Optimization

The particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a robust stochastic evolutionary computation algorithm based on the movement and intelligence of bird swarm, it can overcome the drawbacks of the Newton-like iteration algorithm in EIT. This paper presents the Modified Particle Swarm Optimization(M-PSO) algorithm to reconstruction the conductivity distribution in EIT imaging, where the circle-domain solved is discretized into irregular polygons by the Finite Element Method (FEM), trigonometric current pattern and the M-PSO are adopted to reconstruct the conductivity distribution where has one or two targets in the circle-domain. The numerical simulation result shows that the methods given in this paper can reflect accurately the conductivity distribution and locates the targets.
Making IP traffic engineering robust to intra- and inter-AS transient link failures

Intra- and inter-AS transient link failures are common in operational IP networks. Robust intra- and inter-AS traffic engineering (TE) schemes have been proposed to optimize network performance against transient link failures. The existing literature has focused solely on either intra- or inter-AS link failure. They have, however, neglected the interactions between robust intra- and inter-AS TE, specifically the impact of intra-AS link failure on inter-AS TE and vice versa. As a result, the overall network performance may not be truly robust to link failures if the interactions are neglected. This paper proposes a joint robust TE approach that takes the interactions into account for achieving good network performance under both normal state and any single intra- or inter-AS link failure. We propose a two-phase heuristic to solve the problem and compare its performance with four alternative approaches that do not consider the interactions. Evaluation results reveal that our joint robust TE approach achieves higher robustness against intra- and inter-AS link failures than all the alternatives.
CHAPTER 17 Origins and Development of Morality

INTRODUCTION 702 Organization of the Chapter 702 Overview of Definitions of Morality 702 Classical Theories of Morality and Their Evolution 704 Beyond False Dichotomies 708 THE ROOTS AND EARLY EMERGENCE OF MORALITY 710 Early Origins: Awareness of Moral Categories in Infancy 710 Moral Judgments in Early Childhood 714 Summary: Roots and Early Emergence of Morality 715 MORALITY AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MENTAL STATES 716 False Beliefs, Diverse Beliefs, and Moral Judgments 716 Understanding of Intentionality and Moral Judgments 717 Desires, Emotions, and Moral Judgments 718 Direction of Effects Between Moral Judgments and Theory of Mind 719 Neuroscience of Intentionality and Morality 719 Deception, Lying, and Theory of Mind 720 Summary: Morality and Mental State Knowledge 720 MORAL JUDGMENTS AND MORAL REASONING 721 Social-Cognitive Developmental Processes 721 Straightforward and Complex Social Interactions 721 Judgments About Harm to Others 722 Concepts of the Fair Distribution of Resources 723 Judgments About the Unfair and Prejudicial Treatment of Others 724 Conceptions of Rights 726 Neuroscience of Moral and Conventional Judgments 727 Summary: Moral Judgments and Moral Reasoning 727 MORAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE FAMILY 728 Attachment Relationships and a Mutually Responsive Orientation 729 Parenting Styles and Discipline Strategies 729 Family Discourse, Conflicts, and Responses to Transgressions 730 Summary 733 MORAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF PEER AND INTERGROUP RELATIONSHIPS 733 Peer Interactions Promoting Morality 734 Hierarchies and Inequalities in Interpersonal Peer Relationships 734 Interpersonal and Intergroup Aspects of Peer Relationships 735 Intergroup Contact Facilitating Moral Judgments 736 Peer Groups, Prejudice, and Classroom Expectations 736 Summary 737 MORALITY IN THE CONTEXT OF CIVIC ENGAGEMENT, SOCIETY, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS 737 Civic Engagement 738 Evaluations of Democratic and Other Forms of Governments 738 Social Trust Beliefs 739 Reasoning About the Sources of Social Inequalities in Society 739 CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 740 REFERENCES 742
Small Increases in Plasma Sodium Are Associated with Higher Risk of Mortality in a Healthy Population

Elevated blood pressure (BP) is the most common cause of cardiovascular disease. Salt intake has a strong influence on BP, and plasma sodium (pNa) is increased with progressive increases in salt intake. However, the associations with pNa and BP had been reported inconsistently. We evaluated the association between pNa and BP, and estimated the risks of all-cause-mortality according to pNa levels. On the basis of data collected from health checkups during 1995-2009, 97,009 adult subjects were included. Positive correlations between pNa and systolic BP, diastolic BP, and pulse pressure (PP) were noted in participants with pNa ≥138 mM/L (P<0.001). In participants aged ≥50 yr, SBP, DBP, and PP were positively associated with pNa. In participants with metabolic syndrome components, the differences in SBP and DBP according to pNa were greater (P<0.001). A cumulative incidence of mortality was increased with increasing pNa in women aged ≥50 yr during the median 4.2-yr-follow-up (P<0.001). In women, unadjusted risks for mortality were increased according to sodium levels. After adjustment, pNa ≥145 mM/L was related to mortality. The positive correlation between pNa and BP is stronger in older subjects, women, and subjects with metabolic syndrome components. The incidence and adjusted risks of mortality increase with increasing pNa in women aged ≥50 yr.
A study of the mechanisms involved in initial friction process of continuous drive friction welding

The effects of the welding conditions on the initial friction process of continuous drive friction welding are investigated using 20-Mild steel. The results show that the friction interface will sequentially experience three typical friction behaviours of abrasion, slide and stick before the initial peak torque. The torque in slide stage shows a platform feature, which transforms to stick stage with a rapidly increasing feature of the torque. As the friction pressure increases from 15 to over 60 MPa, the initial joining location (i.e. corona bond) shifts from one-fourth of the specimen radius (1/4R) towards 1/2R. The maximum surface temperatures show initial slow rising, platform and rapid rising features before the highest temperature appears, which is corresponding to the interface friction status of abrasion, slide or stick. The initial joining location virtually coincides with the location where the maximum temperature is attained.
A compact optical see-through head-worn display with occlusion support

We are proposing an optical see-through head-worn display that is capable of mutual occlusions. Mutual occlusion is an attribute of an augmented reality display where real objects can occlude virtual objects and virtual objects can occlude real objects. For a user to achieve the perception of indifference between the real and the virtual images superimposed on the real environment, mutual occlusion is a strongly desired attribute for certain applications. This paper presents a breakthrough in display hardware from a mobility (i.e. compactness), resolution, and a switching speed based criteria. Specifically, we focus on the research that is related to virtual objects being able to occlude real objects. The core of the system is a spatial light modulator (SLM) and polarization-based optics which allow us to block or pass certain parts of a scene which is viewed through the head-worn display. An objective lens images the scene onto the SLM and the modulated image is mapped back to the original scene via an eyepiece. We are combining computer generated imagery with the modulated version of the scene to form the final image a user would see.
Effect of co‐solvents on the photovoltaic performance of an inverted organic solar cell

We investigated the effect of varying polymer crystallinity, morphology, and optical property, produced by adding four different co-solvents in to the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT): [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) active layer blend solution, on the functioning of an inverted polymeric solar device. Photovoltaic devices primed with cyclohexanone co-solvent showed the best performance with power conversion efficiency (PCE) reaching a value of 3.01 ± 0.04%. Improvement in efficiency is related to an increase in photocurrent which is due to a combined result of ordered P3HT crystallite growth, as well as of the precise size and phase separation of domains. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:1382–1388, 2015. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Developing an Effective Arterial Stiffness Monitoring System Using the Spring Constant Method and Photoplethysmography

This study aimed to develop a fast and effective arterial stiffness monitoring system for diabetic patients using the spring constant method and photoplethysmography (PPG). The experimental group comprised 70 patients (4 type 1 diabetes mellitus patients and 66 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients); 23 participants suffered from atherosclerosis. All were subjected to the measurements of both the carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and the spring constants evaluated using the PPG pulse as well as the radial pulse. The control group comprised 70 normal participants (39 men and 31 women) who did not have diabetes mellitus, with an age range of 40-84 years. All control group members were only subjected to the measurement by the spring constant method. For the experimental group, statistical analysis indicated a significantly high correlation between the spring constants computed using PPG and the radial pulse (p <; 0.001, correlation coefficient =0.89). The result also showed a significant negative correlation between the cfPWV and the spring constant of PPG (p <; 0.001, correlation coefficient = -0.72); multivariate analysis similarly indicated a close relationship. In addition, we used Student's t test to examine the difference between the experimental and control groups for the spring constant of PPG. A P value less than 0.05 confirmed that the difference between the two groups was statistically significant. In the receiver operating characteristic curve, area under curve (=0.82) indicates a good discrimination, and a spring constant of PPG below 516 (g/s2) may imply a risk of arterial stiffness for diabetic patients. These findings imply that the spring constant of PPG could effectively identify normal versus abnormal characteristics of elasticity in normal and diabetic participants. As a result of some excellent characteristics in clinical monitoring, the spring constant computed using PPG shows the effectiveness and feasibility in the monitoring system of arterial stiffness.
Prognostic Relevance of Nonsustained Ventricular Tachycardia in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension

Background. Increased pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) leads to an increased afterload of right heart and cardiac remodeling which could provide the substrate or trigger for arrhythmias. Supraventricular arrhythmias were associated with clinical deterioration but were not associated with sudden cardiac death (SCD). SCD has been reported to account for approximately 30% of deaths in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Objective. The role of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (nsVT) and its prognostic relevance in patients with PH remains unclear. This study evaluated the prognostic relevance of nsVT in patients with PAH and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Methods. Retrospectively, patients with PAH and CTEPH who underwent Holter ECG monitoring and available data of survival were investigated. Results. Seventy-eight (PAH: 55, CTEPH: 23) patients were evaluated. Holter ECG revealed nsVT in 12 patients. Twenty-one patients died during follow-up. In patients with nsVT, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion was lower (p = 0.001), and systolic pulmonary arterial pressure was higher (p = 0.163). Mean survival of patients without/with nsVT was 155.2 ± 8.5/146.4 ± 21.4 months (p = 0.690). The association between arrhythmias and survival was not confounded by age (p = 0.681), gender (p = 0.752), 6-MW distance (p = 0.196), or arterial hypertension (p = 0.238). Conclusions. In patients with PH, nsVT occurs more often than previously reported, and patients with PH group 1 seem to be more at risk.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Diabetes Mellitus: Progress and Challenges

Advanced type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with significant morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular, nervous, and renal complications. Attempts to cure diabetes mellitus using islet transplantation have been successful in providing a source for insulin secreting cells. However, limited donors, graft rejection, the need for continued immune suppression, and exhaustion of the donor cell pool prompted the search for a more sustained source of insulin secreting cells. Stem cell therapy is a promising alternative for islet transplantation in type 2 diabetic patients who fail to control hyperglycemia even with insulin injection. Autologous stem cell transplantation may provide the best outcome for those patients, since autologous cells are readily available and do not entail prolonged hospital stays or sustained immunotoxic therapy. Among autologous adult stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy has been applied with varying degrees of success in both animal models and in clinical trials. This review will focus on the advantages of MSCs over other types of stem cells and the possible mechanisms by which MSCs transplant restores normoglycemia in type 2 diabetic patients. Sources of MSCs including autologous cells from diabetic patients and the use of various differentiation protocols in relation to best transplant outcome will be discussed.
Role of Parenting Style in Achieving Metabolic Control in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE To examine the role of parenting style in achieving metabolic control and treatment adherence in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Parents of 100 adolescents with type 1 diabetes completed assessments of their parenting style and sense of helplessness. Parents and patients rated patient adherence to the treatment regimen. Glycemic control was evaluated by HbA1c values. RESULTS An authoritative paternal parenting style predicted better glycemic control and adherence in the child; a permissive maternal parenting style predicted poor adherence. A higher sense of helplessness in both parents predicted worse glycemic control and lesser adherence to treatment. Parental sense of helplessness was a significant predictor of diabetes control after correcting for other confounders (patient age, sex, and treatment method). CONCLUSIONS An authoritative nonhelpless parenting style is associated with better diabetes control in adolescents. Paternal involvement is important in adolescent diabetes management. These results have implications for psychological interventions.
Blind reception of multicarrier DS-CDMA using antenna arrays

An asynchronous, multicarrier direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) array receiver is proposed based upon blind, composite channel vector estimation. Due to the fact that the combined effect of all received paths is estimated, the total number of paths can be greater than the number of antennas in the receiver array. Furthermore, the proposed approach is not limited by multipath coherency. The receiver is classified as an interference cancelling zero-forcing receiver, and multicarrier operation in a frequency-selective channel means that its performance can exceed that of a single-carrier array DS-CDMA. The effectiveness of the proposed approach, even in the presence of strong interference, is demonstrated by computer simulation studies.
The Confirmatory Research on Representative Method of Knowledge Work Process

The key point of improving the efficiency of knowledge work lies in the presentation of knowledge work process. Knowledge work is a process in human's brain on subject symbols. Representation of knowledge work based on mental operation (MO) provides an analytical methods for improving the efficiency of knowledge work. We adopted the methodology of survey and the analytical tool of structure equation model (SEM) to justify the validity of using MO concept set to represent knowledge work process. We tried to provide a conceptual framework and theoretical thinking for knowledge work management and optimization.
LitWay, Discriminative Extraction for Different Bio-Events

Even a simple biological phenomenon may introduce a complex network of molecular interactions. Scientific literature is one of the trustful resources delivering knowledge of these networks. We propose LitWay, a system for extracting semantic relations from texts. LitWay utilizes a hybrid method that combines both a rule-based method and a machine learning-based method. It is tested on the SeeDev task of BioNLP-ST 2016, achieves the state-of-the-art performance with the F-score of 43.2%, ranking first of all participating teams. To further reveal the linguistic characteristics of each event, we test the system solely with syntactic rules or machine learning, and different combinations of two methods. We find that it is difficult for one method to achieve good performance for all semantic relation types due to the complication of bio-events in the literatures.
Synthesis and Characterization of Soluble Iron Oxide−Dendrimer Composites

Carboxylated poly(amidoamine) PAMAM dendrimers (generation 4.5) have been utilized for the synthesis and stabilization of ferrimagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Oxidation of Fe(II) at slightly elevated pH and temperature results in the formation of highly soluble nanocomposites of iron oxides and dendrimer, which are stable under a wide range of temperatures and pH's. Size exclusion chromatography indicates aggregates in the 20−30-nm size regime, consistent with the oligomeric nature of the composite material. Transmission electron microscopy reveals small assemblies of mineral cores with electron diffraction and high-resolution TEM data, indicative of the mineral maghemite. SQUID magnetometry demonstrated that this crystalline composition exhibited superparamagnetism at room temperature. NMR relaxation studies of solvent (water) protons revealed unusually high T1 and T2 relaxivities, which make these materials excellent candidates as contrast agents for MR imaging.
Systematic variations in recurrence interval and moment of repeating aftershocks

The recurrence intervals for 194 repeating clusters on the Calaveras fault follow a power‐law decay relation with elapsed time after the 1984 M6.2 Morgan Hill, California, mainshock. The decay rates of repeating aftershocks in the immediate vicinity of a high‐slip patch that failed during the mainshock systematically exceed those that are farther away. The trend between relative moment and recurrence interval, which is a measure of the fault‐healing rate, varies systematically with depth and changes from negative to positive value as the distance between the repeating aftershock and the mainshock slip patch increases. We speculate that high strain rate in the early postseismic period may cause transient embrittlement and strengthening of the deep repeating clusters in the areas adjacent to the mainshock slip patch, resulting in large moments that decrease with time as the strain rate diminishes. Our observations suggest that systematic behavior of repeating aftershocks reflect variations in the fault zone rheology.
Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams Using GFRP Wraps

The objective of the experimental work described in this paper was to investigate the efficiency of GFRP composites in strengthening simply supported reinforced concrete beams designed with insufficient shear capacity. Using the hand lay-up technique, successive layers of a woven fiberglass fabric were bonded along the shear span to increase the shear capacity and to avoid catastrophic premature failure modes. The strengthened beams were fabricated with no web reinforcement to explore the efficiency of the proposed strengthening technique using the results of control beams with closed stirrups as a web reinforcement. The test results of 18 beams are reported, addressing the influence of different shear strengthening schemes and variable longitudinal reinforcement ratios on the structural behavior. The results indicated that significant increases in the shear strength and improvements in the overall structural behavior of beams with insufficient shear capacity could be achieved by proper application of GFRP wraps.
Prolonged transgene expression in glomeruli using an EBV replicon vector system combined with HVJ liposomes.

BACKGROUND Various gene transfer vectors as well as delivery systems have been developed; however, many problems remain to be solved. We already achieved a technique to introduce genes into glomerular mesangial cells by hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ) liposome-mediated gene transfer via renal artery. The main limitation of this method is the transient transgene expression. METHOD For long-term gene expression in glomeruli, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) replicon-based plasmid was employed, containing the latent viral DNA replication origin (oriP) and EBV nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1), which are the minimum EBV component of transgene-nuclear retention. To examine the effect of EBV replicon apparatus on the duration of transgene expression in glomeruli in vivo, the EBV replicon vector pEBActLuc, and the control plasmid vector pActLuc were adopted. These plasmid vectors were transferred into the kidney via renal artery by using artificial viral envelope (AVE)-type HVJ liposome method, and glomerular luciferase activities were analyzed at various time points after transfection. RESULTS On day 4, pEBActLuc and pActLuc transfer resulted in equal glomerular luciferase activity, and the luciferase gene expression was sustained for at least 56 days in glomeruli transfected with pEBActLuc, whereas it was reduced on seven days in glomeruli transfected with pActLuc. CONCLUSION The combination of EBV replicon apparatus and HVJ liposomes appears to be a powerful tool for long-term gene expression in vivo, and furthermore, it may be a promising new therapeutic method for the progression of renal disease.