Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nutrient requirements differ in two Pedicularis species in the absence of a host plant: implication for driving forces in the evolution of host preference of root hemiparasitic plants.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Facultative root hemiparasitic plants generally have a wide host range, but in most cases show an obvious host preference. The reasons for the marked difference in growth performance of hemiparasites when attached to different hosts are not fully understood. In this study, the hypothesis was tested that hemiparasites showing a preference for different hosts have different nutrient requirements. METHODS Two facultative root hemiparasitic Pedicularis species (P. rex and P. tricolor) with a different host dependency and preference were used to test their responses to inorganic solutes. The effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on growth of the hemiparasitic plants not attached to a host were determined, using an orthogonal design in pot cultivation under greenhouse conditions. Variables including biomass, shoot nutrient concentration, root:shoot (R:S) ratios and the number of haustoria were measured. KEY RESULTS As in autotrophic plants, nutrient deficiency reduced dry weight (DW) and nutrient concentrations in the root hemiparasites. Nitrogen and phosphorus significantly influenced growth of both Pedicularis species, while potassium availability influenced only shoot DW of P. rex. Nitrogen had far more effect on growth of P. rex than on P. tricolor, while phosphorus deficiency caused more marked growth depression in P. tricolor than in P. rex. Pedicularis rex grew faster than P. tricolor in a range of nutrient supplies. Different patterns of biomass allocation between the two Pedicularis species were observed. While P. rex invested more into roots (particularly fine rootlets) than P. tricolor, the number of haustoria produced by P. rex was relatively much lower than that produced by P. tricolor, which had a much smaller root system. CONCLUSIONS The two Pedicularis species differ in nutrient requirements and biomass allocation. Distinct interspecific traits in growth and nutrient requirements can be driving forces for the differential interactions between hemiparasites and their hosts.
Occupation of Twitter during gezi movement in Turkey

iii ÖZET. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.v TABLE OF CONTENTS.vi CHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTION. 1 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. An Introduction with the Internet.7 2.1. 1. Feminism and Cyberspace.9 2.1. 2. An Online Public Sphere.12 2.2. Introduction of Web 2.0 and SNS.16 2.3. Protest Friendly SNS.20 2.4. Weak ties and “False” Hopes.25 2.5. TechnoDeterminism.31 CHAPTER 3. OCCUPATION OF AN ONLINE SPACE 3.1. Logging into the “Gezi Resistance”. 34 3.2. Tactics of an Occupier.37 3.3. The Occupied “Spaces”. 42 3.4. The Revolution won’t be Tweeted, It is Live.46 3.5. The Mandatory Linkage between Online and Offline.49 3.6. Everywhere a Gezi Park.52 vii CHAPTER 4. THE TWITTER WARS 4.1. “We Invite Everyone to Stand Against”. 56 4.2. The Police are In the Gezi Park.62 4.3. Keeping the Movement Alive and “on”. 70 4.4. The First Contact.75 4.5. Twitter as a new war zone.80 4.6. Counter Collective identity and Emotional Solidification of Progovernment users.87 4.7. The Sustainability of Online Public Spaces and Collective Identities.91 4.7. 1. After the Gezi Movement, the Soma Incident.95 4.7. 2. The Twitter Wars Continue.97 CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION.101 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY.106
Ambient Air Pollution and Preterm Birth: A Time-series Analysis

Background: An emerging body of evidence suggests that ambient levels of air pollution during pregnancy are associated with preterm birth. Methods: To further investigate these relationships we used vital record data to construct a retrospective cohort of 476,489 births occurring between 1994 and 2004 in 5 central counties of metropolitan Atlanta. Using a time-series approach, we examined aggregated daily counts of preterm birth in relation to ambient levels of carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, particulate matter <10 &mgr;m in diameter (PM10), particulate matter <2.5 &mgr;m in diameter (PM2.5), and speciated PM measurements. Daily pollutant levels in 5-county Atlanta were characterized using a population-weighted spatial average of air quality monitors in the study area. We also examined ambient concentrations at individual monitors in analyses limited to mothers with residential geocodes within 4 miles of each monitor. Relationships between average pollution levels during 3 gestational windows of interest were modeled using Poisson generalized linear models. Results were adjusted for seasonal and long-term time trends. Results: Although most results were null, there were 3 positive associations between ambient pollution levels and preterm birth in the 4-mile capture-area analyses. Daily preterm birth rates were associated with average NO2 concentrations in the preceding 6 weeks and with average PM2.5 sulfate and PM2.5 water-soluble metal concentrations in the preceding week. Conclusions: Results provide limited support for late-pregnancy effects of ambient air pollution on preterm birth.
Measuring and estimating diagnostic accuracy when there are three ordinal diagnostic groups

This article studies the problem of measuring and estimating the diagnostic accuracy when there are three ordinal diagnostic groups. We use a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) surface to describe the probabilities of correct classifications into three diagnostic groups based on various sets of diagnostic thresholds of a test and propose to use the entire and the partial volume under the surface to measure the diagnostic accuracy. Mathematical properties and probabilistic interpretations of the proposed measure of diagnostic accuracy are discussed. Under the assumption of normal distributions of the diagnostic test from three diagnostic groups, we present the maximum likelihood estimate to the volume under the ROC surface and give the asymptotic variance to the estimate. We further propose several asymptotic confidence interval estimates to the volume under the ROC surface. The performance of these confidence interval estimates is evaluated in terms of attaining the nominal coverage probability based on a simulation study. In addition, we develop a method of sample size determination to achieve an adequate accuracy of the confidence interval estimate. Finally, we demonstrate the proposed methodology by applying it to the clinical diagnosis of early stage Alzheimer's disease based on the neuropsychological database of the Washington University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ICA-Derived EEG Correlates to Mental Fatigue, Effort, and Workload in a Realistically Simulated Air Traffic Control Task

Electroencephalograph (EEG) has been increasingly studied to identify distinct mental factors when persons perform cognitively demanding tasks. However, most of these studies examined EEG correlates at channel domain, which suffers the limitation that EEG signals are the mixture of multiple underlying neuronal sources due to the volume conduction effect. Moreover, few studies have been conducted in real-world tasks. To precisely probe EEG correlates with specific neural substrates to mental factors in real-world tasks, the present study examined EEG correlates to three mental factors, i.e., mental fatigue [also known as time-on-task (TOT) effect], workload and effort, in EEG component signals, which were obtained using an independent component analysis (ICA) on high-density EEG data. EEG data were recorded when subjects performed a realistically simulated air traffic control (ATC) task for 2 h. Five EEG independent component (IC) signals that were associated with specific neural substrates (i.e., the frontal, central medial, motor, parietal, occipital areas) were identified. Their spectral powers at their corresponding dominant bands, i.e., the theta power of the frontal IC and the alpha power of the other four ICs, were detected to be correlated to mental workload and effort levels, measured by behavioral metrics. Meanwhile, a linear regression analysis indicated that spectral powers at five ICs significantly increased with TOT. These findings indicated that different levels of mental factors can be sensitively reflected in EEG signals associated with various brain functions, including visual perception, cognitive processing, and motor outputs, in real-world tasks. These results can potentially aid in the development of efficient operational interfaces to ensure productivity and safety in ATC and beyond.
Differentiating stranger murders: profiling offender characteristics from behavioral styles.

The literature on "offender profiling" suggests that different "styles" of homicide will reflect differences in the background characteristics of the offender. To test this suggestion, hypotheses were drawn from studies of aggression to propose that murder crime scenes would reveal stylistic distinctions in the role of the aggression in the offense. It was further hypothesized that these distinctions would be clearest for those crime scene indicators that reflect the instrument (cognitive) actions that shape the offense rather than the more expressive (impulsive and emotional) components. Hypotheses about associated offender characteristics were also deduced on the assumption that the murder scene theme revealed the killers' typical styles of interpersonal transaction. To test these hypotheses MDS analyses were carried out on the crime scene and offender characteristics derived from 82 single offender, single victim stranger homicides. A multivariate structure resulted, including all three hypothesized styles, allowing 65% of the cases to be assigned to unique styles and a further 36% to be assigned to appropriate hybrids. Offender characteristics related in the anticipated way to the different crime scene styles, providing a basis for law enforcement inferences about offenders in stranger murders.
A framework for Soft-tissue Deformation

For the simulation of soft tissue deformation Finite ElementMethod (FEM) has been the technique which achieves most physicallyrealistic behaviour. However to provide stable force feedback,high refresh rates are needed which makes the use of FEMnon-trivial.To solve the challenge of the compromise between speed and realism,asynchronous regions which solves different parts of the modelwith different frequencies and different resolutions are used. Thelocal neighbourhood of the contact is solved with higher frequencyand resolution while the more remote regions are solved with lowerfrequency and resolutions. Different solution methods, implicit andexplicit, can be used to solve different regions and the size of theregions can be adapted depending on the strain to maximize theefficiency.
Testing for Wage Overpayment in UK Financial Services: A Stochastic Frontier Approach

Abstract The past ten years have witnessed a sharp rise in competition in UK financial services. This has been due to factors such as liberalisation, increases in technology and advancing globalisation. As a result of these pressures there has been an increasing emphasis placed on cost management and overall efficiency in the financial services firm. This article examines the impact of these developments on the degree of wage overpayment in the UK financial services sector between 1991 and 1999. By utilising stochastic frontier methodology, we surprisingly find that overpayment levels are large at around 30 per cent and that there is no evidence of a decline in overpayment levels over the testable period.
Serum lipoprotein(a) level and clinical coronary stenosis progression in patients with myocardial infarction: re-revascularization rate is high in patients with high-Lp(a).

BACKGROUND High serum lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) levels are associated with coronary artery disease. METHODS AND RESULTS The serum Lp(a) levels of 130 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) who underwent direct percutaneous coronary intervention were investigated. On the basis of Lp(a) level at 1 month after the onset of AMI, the patients were classified into 2 groups (high-Lp(a) (> or =30 mg/dl) and low-Lp(a) (< 30 mg/dl)) for evaluation of the clinical coronary stenosis progression (CCSP) rate. CCSP is defined as either target lesion revascularization (TLR) or new lesion revascularization (NLR). The CCSP rate was significantly higher in the high-Lp(a) group than in the low-Lp(a) group (65.8% vs 29.3%, p<0.01). In patients who had coronary stents in the acute phase (n=79), the CCSP and NLR rates were significantly higher in the high-Lp(a) group than in the low-Lp(a) group (45.0% vs 20.3%, p<0.05; 35.0% vs 6.8%, p<0.01), but there was no significant difference in TLR rate between the 2 groups (10.0% vs 13.6%, p=0.858). CONCLUSIONS High serum Lp(a) level is a significant risk factor for CCSP, but does not influence restenosis after stenting.
Outage Probability at Arbitrary SNR in Cooperative Diversity Networks

Abstract Cooperative diversity improves the performance of wireless networks by having several nodes transmit the same information. We present an outage probability analysis for a decode-and-forward system, valid at all signal to noise ratios (SNR). A closed form solution is obtained for independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) channels, and two tight lower bounds are presented for correlated channels.
A divulgação voluntária e o gerenciamento de resultados contábeis: evidências no mercado de capitais brasileiro

Este estudo examina a associacao entre a divulgacao voluntaria de informacoes economicas e financeiras e o gerenciamento dos resultados contabeis. Os argumentos delineados sobre o tema partem do pressuposto de que uma politica de divulgacao voluntaria consistente pode coibir o gerenciamento de resultados. A analise e conduzida em uma amostra aleatoria de 66 empresas brasileiras de capital aberto nao financeiras no periodo de 2005 a 2012. Para medir a divulgacao voluntaria, usa-se o indice proposto por Consoni e Colauto (2016). Como proxy para gerenciamento de resultados, foram utilizados accruals discricionarios (AD) estimados com base no modelo de Dechow, Sloan e Sweeney (1995). A relacao entre essas variaveis e analisada usando-se o modelo de equacoes simultâneas e o metodo de regressao de dados em painel com efeitos aleatorios. Esperava-se, a priori, uma relacao negativa e significativa; no entanto o resultado principal do estudo indica que a divulgacao voluntaria e o gerenciamento de resultados nao sao simultaneamente determinados ou associados. Embora os resultados obtidos contradigam alguns pressupostos teoricos, existem explicacoes alternativas para esse resultado. Primeiro, o conjunto de evidencias empiricas nessa pesquisa, alem daqueles de estudos anteriores, deve ser interpretado com cautela, ja que nao ha consenso em relacao as variaveis de divulgacao voluntaria e gerenciamento de resultados contabeis. Segundo, varias empresas no Brasil podem nao ter interesse em fornecer uma divulgacao voluntaria de alta qualidade porque grande parte dos seus acionistas usufrui de beneficios privados de controle. Essa situacao reduz a importância da potencial demanda de mercado por informacao, estratifica a assimetria de informacao e nao impede o gerenciamento de resultados.
Determinants of the shape of emotion intensity profiles

It has been shown that variability in the shape of emotion intensity profiles can be described in terms of three functional features, namely steepness at onset, skewness and number of peaks. However, it remains unclear which factors account for variability in each of these features. In the present study participants were asked to report intensity profiles of positive and negative emotions on a daily basis. Information was further collected regarding potential determinants of the functional features of the intensity profiles at three levels: trait-, episode-, and moment-determinants. Regarding steepness at onset, it was found for positive and negative emotions that intensity profiles have an especially explosive start when the eliciting stimulus is important, when the stimulus is still present during the beginning of the episode, and, in case of positive emotions, when the participant is an extravert. Concerning skewness, it was found for positive and negative emotions that profiles reach their peak more often towards the end when the eliciting stimulus is important, when the stimulus is absent during the beginning of the episode but present towards the end, and, in case of negative emotions, when the stimulus is uncontrollable. Regarding the number of peaks, it was found that profiles more often have multiple peaks when the eliciting stimulus is absent during the middle of the emotional episode.
Utilizing Knowledge Bases in Text-centric Information Retrieval

General-purpose knowledge bases are increasingly growing in terms of depth (content) and width (coverage). Moreover, algorithms for entity linking and entity retrieval have improved tremendously in the past years. These developments give rise to a new line of research that exploits and combines these developments for the purposes of text-centric information retrieval applications. This tutorial focuses on a) how to retrieve a set of entities for an ad-hoc query, or more broadly, assessing relevance of KB elements for the information need, b) how to annotate text with such elements, and c) how to use this information to assess the relevance of text. We discuss different kinds of information available in a knowledge graph and how to leverage each most effectively. We start the tutorial with a brief overview of different types of knowledge bases, their structure and information contained in popular general-purpose and domain-specific knowledge bases. In particular, we focus on the representation of entity-centric information in the knowledge base through names, terms, relations, and type taxonomies. Next, we will provide a recap on ad-hoc object retrieval from knowledge graphs as well as entity linking and retrieval. This is essential technology, which the remainder of the tutorial builds on. Next we will cover essential components within successful entity linking systems, including the collection of entity name information and techniques for disambiguation with contextual entity mentions. We will present the details of four previously proposed systems that successfully leverage knowledge bases to improve ad-hoc document retrieval. These systems combine the notion of entity retrieval and semantic search on one hand, with text retrieval models and entity linking on the other. Finally, we also touch on entity aspects and links in the knowledge graph as it can help to understand the entities' context. This tutorial is the first to compile, summarize, and disseminate progress in this emerging area and we provide both an overview of state-of-the-art methods and outline open research problems to encourage new contributions.
Live and/or sleep high:train low, using normobaric hypoxia

The increase in oxygen transport elicited by several weeks of exposure to moderate to high altitude is used to increase physical performance when returning to sea level. However, many studies have shown that aerobic performance may not increase at sea level after a training block at high altitude. Subsequently, the concept of living high and training low was introduced in the early 1990s and was further modified to include simulated altitude using hypobaric or normobaric hypoxia. Review is given of the main studies that have used this procedure. Hematological changes are limited to insignificant or moderate increase in red cell mass, depending on the “dose” of hypoxia. Maximal aerobic performance is increased when the exposure to hypoxia is at least over 18 days. Submaximal performance and running economy have been found increased in several, but not all, studies. The tolerance (fatigue, sleep, immunological status, cardiac function) is good when the altitude or simulated altitude is not higher than 3000 m. Virtually no data are available about the effect of this procedure upon anaerobic performance. The wide spread of these techniques deserves further investigations.
Multi-Target Ensemble Learning for Monaural Speech Separation

Speech separation can be formulated as a supervised learning problem where a machine is trained to cast the acoustic features of the noisy speech to a time-frequency mask, or the spectrum of the clean speech. These two categories of speech separation methods can be generally referred as the masking-based and the mapping-based methods, but none of them can perfectly estimate the clean speech, since any target can only describe a part of the characteristics of the speech. However, the estimated masks and speech spectrum can, sometimes, be complementary as the speech is described from different perspectives. In this paper, by adopting an ensemble framework, a multi-target deep neural network (DNN) based method is proposed, which combines the masking-based and the mapping-based strategies, and the DNN is trained to jointly estimate the time-frequency masks and the clean spectrum. We show that as expected the mask and speech spectrum based targets yield partly complementary estimates, and the separation performance can be improved by merging these estimates. Furthermore, a merging model trained jointly with the multi-target DNN is developed. Experimental results indicate that the proposed multi-target DNN based method outperforms the DNN based algorithm which optimizes a single target.
Work-based learning for enhancing the capacity of engagement: Lesson from stakeholders perspective literature

The quality of the engagement between Work-based Learning (WBL) stakeholder is an important issue that arises and that a stakeholder integrated approach is required to improve program implementation. This paper examines the literature of stakeholder perspective on WBL to enhance the capacity of engagement of WBL program. This paper investigated the perspective of the three key stakeholder, industry, students and the higher education. Conclusions are drawn and suggestions are made for further research in the WBL engagement.
Preschool children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: impairments in behavioral, social, and school functioning.

OBJECTIVE To examine differences in home, school, and medical functioning between preschool-age children with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and normal control children. METHOD A sample of 94 children (58 with ADHD, 36 normal controls) between 3 and 5 years old participated. Dependent measures included parent and teacher ratings of problem behavior and social skills, parent ratings of stress and family functioning, medical functioning data, observations of parent-child interactions and classroom behavior, and a test of preacademic skills. RESULTS Young children with ADHD exhibited more problem behavior and were less socially skilled than their normal counterparts according to behavior ratings. Parents of children with ADHD experienced greater stress and were coping less adaptively than parents of non-ADHD children. Children with ADHD exhibited more noncompliant and inappropriate behavior than normal controls, particularly during task situations. Parents of children with ADHD were more likely to display negative behavior toward their children. Children with ADHD exhibited more negative social behavior in preschool settings and scored significantly lower on a test of preacademic skills. No significant differences in injuries or utilization of medical services were found. CONCLUSIONS Preschool-age children with ADHD are at significant risk for behavioral, social, familial, and academic difficulties relative to their normal counterparts.