Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Crystal plasticity finite element analysis of deformation behaviour in SAC305 solder joint

CRYSTAL PLASTICITY FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF DEFORMATION BEHAVIOUR IN SAC305 SOLDER JOINT By Payam Darbandi Due to the awareness of the potential health hazards associated with the toxicity of lead (Pb), actions have been taken to eliminate or reduce the use of Pb in consumer products. Among those, tin (Sn) solders have been used for the assembly of electronic systems. Anisotropy is of significant importance in all structural metals, but this characteristic is unusually strong in Sn, making Sn based solder joints one of the best examples of the influence of anisotropy. The effect of anisotropy arising from the crystal structure of tin and large grain microstructure on the microstructure and the evolution of constitutive responses of microscale SAC305 solder joints is investigated. Insights into the effects of key microstructural features and dominant plastic deformation mechanisms influencing the measured relative activity of slip systems in SAC305 are obtained from a combination of optical microscopy, orientation imaging microscopy (OIM), slip plane trace analysis and crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) modeling. Package level SAC305 specimens were subjected to shear deformation in sequential steps and characterized using optical microscopy and OIM to identify the activity of slip systems. X-ray micro Laue diffraction and high energy monochromatic X-ray beam were employed to characterize the joint scale tensile samples to provide necessary information to be able to compare and validate the CPFE model. A CPFE model was developed that can account for relative ease of activating slip systems in SAC305 solder based upon the statistical estimation based on correlation between the critical resolved shear stress and the probability of activating various slip systems. The results from simulations show that the CPFE model developed using the statistical analysis of activity of slip system not only can satisfy the requirements associated with kinematic of plastic deformation in crystal coordinate systems (activity of slip systems) and global coordinate system (shape changes) but also this model is able to predict the evolution of stress in joint level
Effects of learning on dissonance judgments

Background in music cognition: A frequently posed question regards the origins of the aversion most listeners have to dissonant sounds. In the domain of psychology, attempts to address this question have included examining how early similar biases may be found in infants as well as whether they exist at all in non-human species. In contrast, another line of work has, rather than focusing on potential biological predispositions, examined the specific role that musical exposure and training may play in driving emotional judgments of dissonance. Background in music history: Speculation as to why consonant sounds are preferred to dissonant sounds dates back many centuries to the ancient Greek notion that beauty is intrinsically related to proportions. More recently, the prevailing theory is that sensory dissonance arises as a result of mechanical interference within the organ of hearing, although another plausible theory states that consonance preferences are driven by a preference for harmonicity. Aims: The current review aims to re-examine the direct evidence that may be found for a role of learning mechanisms in dissonance processing, and in doing so inform theories of dissonance perception. It also seeks to stimulate thinking about the evolution of polyphony: specifically, the role of exposure and learning on the perception of dissonance from the beginning of the second millennium when polyphonic music began to emerge. Main contribution: We highlight, in turn, the effects of exposure and more intentional forms of learning on the modulation of responses to dissonance. We demonstrate that the notion that learning plays a role in emotional judgments of dissonance finds converging evidence in a range of studies using numerous different methodological approaches. In doing so we show the relevance of complementary methodologies from psychology and affective neuroscience in addressing an age-old question. Implications: By providing compelling evidence in support of a role of learning processes in dissonance processing, the current review supports the re-examination of harmonicity as a viable driver of emotional responses to dissonance and further suggests that a parsimonious theory of dissonance should incorporate learning and memory processes. Finally, it provides a framework with which to consider the changes in music seen over the ages with respect to the composers’ use and the listeners’ reception of ‘dissonance’.
Finding Information in Multimedia Meeting Records

This paper surveys the work carried out within two large consortia, AMI and IM2, on improving access to records of human meetings using multimodal interfaces called meeting browsers. Their design has emerged as an important goal, with both theoretical interest and practical applications. Meeting browsers are assistance tools that help humans navigate through multimedia records (audio, video, documents, and metadata) in order to obtain a general idea about what happened in a meeting or to find specific pieces of information, for discovery or verification. To explain the importance that meeting browsers have gained in time, the paper summarizes findings of user studies, discusses features of meeting browser prototypes developed in AMI/IM2, and outlines the main evaluation protocol proposed (BET). Reference scores are provided for future benchmarking. These achievements in meeting browsing are the result of an iterative software process, from user studies to prototypes and then to products.
Sleep state classification using pressure sensor mats

Sleep state detection is valuable in assessing patient's sleep quality and in-bed general behavior. In this paper, a novel classification approach of sleep states (sleep, pre-wake, wake) is proposed that uses only surface pressure sensors. In our method, a mobility metric is defined based on successive pressure body maps. Then, suitable statistical features are computed based on the mobility metric. Finally, a customized random forest classifier is employed to identify various classes including a new class for pre-wake state. Our algorithm achieves 96.1% and 88% accuracies for two (sleep, wake) and three (sleep, pre-wake, wake) class identification, respectively.
New structure of automatic torch and new approach for controlling drop transfer in rotating spray welding arc

Abstract Using computer aided design/computer aided manufacturing technology, an automatic welding system is designed and manufactured for high current, high speed, and high deposition metal arc active gas (MAG) welding. The welding torch structure is evaluated and optimised via the finite element method and practical welding technology experiments. Finally, the process of high deposition MAG welding is investigated, and it is highlighted that on application of a longitudinal magnetic field to the high deposition MAG welding process, a steady metal transfer and drop deposition condition can be achieved, which is suited to the demands of high current, high speed welding technology.
Synthesis and Properties of GAP/MDI/DEG Energetic Thermoplastic Elastomer

An energetic thermoplastic elastomer GAP/MDI/DEG-ETPE (ETPE) was synthesized through melt-prepolymerization method using ethylene glycol(DEG) as chain extender for the purpose of using as high energy binder of propellants. Gel permeation in chromatography(GPC),Fourier transform infrared spectrum(FT-IR),dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA) and mechanical properties were applied to characterize the ETPE obtained. The results show that when the mole ratio of-NCO/-OH is 0.98 and aging temperature is 30 ℃ for 1 day and 90 ℃ for 3 days,the number-average molecular weight and weight-average molecular weight of ETPE having 35% hard segment are 84530 and 202400 respectively,the polydispersity exponent is 2.39. The ETPE having 35% hard segment exhibits better mechanical properties (σb=14.6 MPa,eb=414%) and lower Tg (-29.6 ℃).
Application of Ca-based geopolymer with blast furnace slag, a review

We present the differences that occur in the chemical mechanism of “alkali-activated slag” and slag-based geopolymer. The negative aspects of alkali-activation are essentially due to corrosive mixture conditions, coined “user-hostile” when compared with the mild milieu that governs geopolymerisation, coined “user-friendly”. Ca-based geopolymer with blast furnace slag generates lower CSH and Al(OH)3 content, yielding three-dimensional molecular structures of the anorthite hydrate type embedded in a solid solution comprising poly(sialate) and poly(sialate-disiloxo) structures. One distinguishes 3 types of Ca-based geopolymer, namely: 1) MK750/slag-based used for toxic and radio-active waste management; 2) Rock/slagbased for cement in building and infrastructure; 3) Fly ash/slag-based for geopolymer concrete.
Synthesis of polyHEMA hydrogels for using as biomaterials. Bulk and solution radical-initiated polymerization techniques

Dense and porous polyHEMA hydrogels were synthesized by bulk and solution radical-initiated polymerization techniques. The morphologic analysis (SEM) of obtained hydrogels showed an amorphous dense structure for the samples obtained by bulk polymerization and a porous structure with non connected porous as a result of bulk polymerization in the presence of water soluble crystals (sucrose/NaCl). The use of solution polymerization technique using different amounts of water as diluent resulted in the formation of a sponge-like structure with connected microporous in case of using water amount equal or higher than 57.5%. The saline solution uptake and dynamic mechanical behavior of dense hydrogels were influenced by the amount of crosslinking between the polymer chains.
The Prediction of Elastic Modulus Along the Grain of Poplar Veneer

The models for predicting elastic modulus along the grain of poplar veneer were built,in which compression ratio,glue content,density,and thickness of veneer were considered.The results from experiments showed that the predictions from the models could seetle for experiments at given compression ratio and glue content.In addition,the relationship between compression ratio of veneer and hot pressure would be discussed in the paper,which would be non linear expression from experimental data.
Acetylation of Chromatin-Associated Histone H3 Lysine 56 Inhibits the Development of Encysted Artemia Embryos

Background As a response to harsh environments, the crustacean artemia produces diapause gastrula embryos (cysts), in which cell division and embryonic development are totally arrested. This dormant state can last for very long periods but be terminated by specific environmental stimuli. Thus, artemia is an ideal model organism in which to study cell cycle arrest and embryonic development. Principal Finding Our study focuses on the roles of H3K56ac in the arrest of cell cycle and development during artemia diapause formation and termination. We found that the level of H3K56ac on chromatin increased during diapause formation, and decreased upon diapause termination, remaining basal level throughout subsequent embryonic development. In both HeLa cells and artemia, blocking the deacetylation with nicotinamide, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, increased the level of H3K56ac on chromatin and induced an artificial cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, we found that this arrest of the cell cycle and development was induced by H3K56ac and dephosphorylation of the checkpoint protein, retinoblastoma protein. Conclusions/Significance These results have revealed the dynamic change in H3K56ac on chromatin during artemia diapause formation and termination. Thus, our findings provide insight into the regulation of cell division during arrest of artemia embryonic development and provide further insight into the functions of H3K56ac.
Intracranial artery stenosis and progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease

Objective: To assess the impact of intracranial arterial stenosis on the progression from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer disease (AD). Methods: A total of 423 participants with MCI were included and evaluated with clinical and neuropsychological examinations annually for 4 years. The incidence of dementia due to AD was investigated. CT angiography was used to measure the stenosis of major intracranial arteries in the studied population. A mixed-effects regression model was used to analyze the association between intracranial arterial stenosis and the progression of MCI, which was assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Activities of Daily Living scale. Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify the association between intracranial arterial stenosis and dementia progression. Results: At the end of the follow-up, 116 participants had progressed to dementia due to AD, while 223 remained in the MCI stage. Participants with moderate or severe intracranial arterial stenosis had a faster decline in cognition and function relative to participants without such stenosis. The presence of moderate or severe intracranial arterial stenosis significantly increased the risk of dementia progression, even after controlling for age, sex, education, vascular risk factors, and silent MRI lesions. Conclusions: Intracranial arterial stenosis increased the risk of developing AD dementia after MCI.
Spam Detection Using Combination of Particle Swarm Optimization and Artificial Neural Network and Support Vector Machine

The increasing use of e-mail in the world because of its simplicity and low cost, has led many Internet users are interested in developing their work in the context of the Internet. In the meantime, many of the natural or legal persons, to sending e-mails unrelated to mass. Hence, classification and identification of spam emails is very important. In this paper, the combined Particle Swarm Optimization algorithms and Artificial Neural Network for feature selection and Support Vector Machine to classify and separate spam used have and finally, we compared the proposed method with other methods such as data classification Self Organizing Map and K-Means based on criteria Area Under Curve. The results indicate that the Area Under Curve in the proposed method is better than other methods.
Follow-up of a Large Prospective Cohort in the United States Using Linkage With Multiple State Cancer Registries

All states in the United States now have a well-established cancer registry. Linkage with these registries may be a cost-effective method of follow-up for cancer incidence in multistate cohort studies. However, the sensitivity of linkage with the current network of state registries for detecting incident cancer diagnoses within cohort studies is not well-documented. We examined the sensitivity of registry linkage among 39,368 men and women from 23 states who enrolled in the Cancer Prevention Study-3 cohort during 2006-2009 and had the opportunity to self-report cancer diagnoses on a questionnaire in 2011. All participants provided name and birthdate, and 94% provided a complete social security number. Of 378 cancer diagnoses between enrollment and 2010 identified through self-report and verified with medical records, 338 were also detected by linkage with the 23 state cancer registries (sensitivity of 89%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 86, 92). Sensitivity was lower for hematologic cancers (69%, 95% CI: 41, 89) and melanoma (70%, 95% CI: 57, 81). After excluding hematologic cancers and melanoma, sensitivity was 94% (95% CI: 91, 97). Our results indicate that linkage with multiple cancer registries can be a sensitive method for ascertaining incident cancers, other than hematologic cancers and melanoma, in multistate cohort studies.
Flexible connectivity in the aging brain revealed by task modulations

Recent studies have shown that aging has a large impact on connectivity within and between functional networks. An open question is whether elderly still have the flexibility to adapt functional network connectivity (FNC) to the demands of the task at hand. To study this, we collected fMRI data in younger and older participants during resting state, a selective attention (SA) task and an n‐back working memory task with varying levels of difficulty. Spatial independent component (IC) analysis was used to identify functional networks over all participants and all conditions. Dual regression was used to obtain participant and task specific time‐courses per IC. Subsequently, functional connectivity was computed between all ICs in each of the tasks. Based on these functional connectivity matrices, a scaled version of the eigenvector centrality (SEC) was used to measure the total influence of each IC in the complete graph of ICs. The results demonstrated that elderly remain able to adapt FNC to task demands. However, there was an age‐related shift in the impetus for FNC change. Older participants showed the maximal change in SEC patterns between resting state and the SA task. Young participants, showed the largest shift in SEC patterns between the less demanding SA task and the more demanding 2‐back task. Our results suggest that increased FNC changes from resting state to low demanding tasks in elderly reflect recruitment of additional resources, compared with young adults. The lack of change between the low and high demanding tasks suggests that elderly reach a resource ceiling. Hum Brain Mapp 35:3788–3804, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Contaminant Transport through a Compacted Clay Liner with the Consideration of Consolidation Effects

Professor, Institute of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering, Huazhong Univ. of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China. E-mail: puh@hust.edu. cn Shaw Professor and Head, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA 16802. Email: pjfox@psu.edu Professor and Head, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO 80523. Email: shackel@engr.colostate. edu
Changes in interleukin‐6 levels during electroconvulsive therapy may reflect the therapeutic response in major depression

Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) has been reported to be elevated in major depressive disorder (MDD) but decreased by antidepressive medication. IL‐6 levels are markedly elevated both after epileptic seizures and single electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) session, but long‐term changes in IL‐6 levels after ECT have not been studied. The correlation between immediate and long‐term changes in proinflammatory cytokines and outcome after ECT was investigated.
Effect of Allergen Inhalation on Airway Oxidant Stress, Using Exhaled Breath Condensate 8-Isoprostane, in Mild Asthma

Objective. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) 8-isoprostane concentrations are increased in asthma, but it is not known if they acutely change following bronchoprovocation. The objective of this study was to evaluate EBC 8-isoprostane concentrations following allergen-induced bronchoprovocation in asthma. Methods. This comparison study included eight mild atopic asthmatics and six controls. Asthmatics were challenged with inhaled specific allergen, methacholine, and irrelevant allergen in random order. Controls were challenged with irrelevant allergen. EBCs collected at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 23 hours by the R-tube method were measured for 8-isoprostanes by ELISA technique. Repeated measures ANOVA technique was used for analysis. Results. EBC 8-isoprostane concentrations did not change following any inhalational challenge, as compared to baseline, in either asthmatics or controls. Conclusions. EBC 8-isoprostane concentrations do not acutely change following bronchoprovocation in subjects with mild asthma.
Pyrosequencing-Based Assessment of the Bacteria Diversity in Surface and Subsurface Peat Layers of a Northern Wetland, with Focus on Poorly Studied Phyla and Candidate Divisions

Northern peatlands play a key role in the global carbon and water budget, but the bacterial diversity in these ecosystems remains poorly described. Here, we compared the bacterial community composition in the surface (0–5 cm depth) and subsurface (45–50 cm) peat layers of an acidic (pH 4.0) Sphagnum-dominated wetland, using pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes. The denoised sequences (37,229 reads, average length ∼430 bp) were affiliated with 27 bacterial phyla and corresponded to 1,269 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) determined at 97% sequence identity. Abundant OTUs were affiliated with the Acidobacteria (35.5±2.4% and 39.2±1.2% of all classified sequences in surface and subsurface peat, respectively), Alphaproteobacteria (15.9±1.7% and 25.8±1.4%), Actinobacteria (9.5±2.0% and 10.7±0.5%), Verrucomicrobia (8.5±1.4% and 0.6±0.2%), Planctomycetes (5.8±0.4% and 9.7±0.6%), Deltaproteobacteria (7.1±0.4% and 4.4%±0.3%), and Gammaproteobacteria (6.6±0.4% and 2.1±0.1%). The taxonomic patterns of the abundant OTUs were uniform across all the subsamples taken from each peat layer. In contrast, the taxonomic patterns of rare OTUs were different from those of the abundant OTUs and varied greatly among subsamples, in both surface and subsurface peat. In addition to the bacterial taxa listed above, rare OTUs represented the following groups: Armatimonadetes, Bacteroidetes, Chlamydia, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, Elusimicrobia, Fibrobacteres, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Spirochaetes, AD3, WS1, WS4, WS5, WYO, OD1, OP3, BRC1, TM6, TM7, WPS-2, and FCPU426. OTU richness was notably higher in the surface layer (882 OTUs) than in the anoxic subsurface peat (483 OTUs), with only 96 OTUs common to both data sets. Most members of poorly studied phyla, such as the Acidobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes and the candidate division TM6, showed a clear preference for growth in either oxic or anoxic conditions. Apparently, the bacterial communities in surface and subsurface layers of northern peatlands are highly diverse and taxonomically distinct, reflecting the different abiotic conditions in microhabitats within the peat profile.
Determination of layer-dependent exciton binding energies in few-layer black phosphorus

We determine the strongly layer-dependent exciton binding energies in few-layer black phosphorus by infrared spectroscopy. The attraction between electrons and holes in semiconductors forms excitons, which largely determine the optical properties of the hosting material, and hence the device performance, especially for low-dimensional systems. Mono- and few-layer black phosphorus (BP) are emerging two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors. Despite its fundamental importance and technological interest, experimental investigation of exciton physics has been rather limited. We report the first systematic measurement of exciton binding energies in ultrahigh-quality few-layer BP by infrared absorption spectroscopy, with layer (L) thickness ranging from 2 to 6 layers. Our experiments allow us to determine the exciton binding energy, decreasing from 213 meV (2L) to 106 meV (6L). The scaling behavior with layer numbers can be well described by an analytical model, which takes into account the nonlocal screening effect. Extrapolation to free-standing monolayer yields a large binding energy of ~800 meV. Our study provides insights into 2D excitons and their crossover from 2D to 3D, and demonstrates that few-layer BP is a promising high-quality optoelectronic material for potential infrared applications.