Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Edge assembly‐based memetic algorithm for the capacitated vehicle routing problem

Vehicle routing problems are at the heart of most decision support systems for real‐life distribution problems. In vehicle routing problem a set of routes must be determined at lowest total cost for a number of resources (i.e., fleet of vehicles) located at one or several points (e.g., depots, warehouses) to efficiently service a number of demand or supply points. In this article a new memetic algorithm is suggested for the standard capacitated vehicle routing problem. The proposed algorithm combines the edge assembly (EAX) crossover with well‐known local searches and allows for infeasible solutions with respect to capacity and route duration constraints after invoking the crossover. To address the constraint violation, an efficient modification algorithm is also suggested. Experimental tests on 47 standard benchmarks demonstrate that the suggested method is robust and competitive, finding new best‐known solution to 20 well‐studied instances and repeating the existing best‐known solution for 24 problems in a reasonable computing time. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2009
Crowd pedestrian detection using expectation maximization with weighted local features

This study proposes a method for crowd pedestrian detection based on monocular vision using expectation maximization (EM) with weighted local features. The proposed method mainly consists of two stages: training and detection stages. During training stage, the proposed method firstly constructs a model for describing the pedestrian appearance based on a set of salient features. During detection stage, an algorithm called expectation maximization (EM) is applied to group the extracted corners to several pedestrians based on the constructed codebook through performing E-step and M-step iteratively. The use of EM algorithm makes the proposed method be capable of detecting partially occluded pedestrians, especially in crowded scenes. In the experiment, a well-known dataset called CAVIAR is used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The Influence of the CTIP Polymorphism, Q418P, on Homologous Recombination and Predisposition to Radiation-Induced Tumorigenesis (mainly rAML) in Mice

Exposure to ionizing radiation increases the incidence of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which has been diagnosed in Japanese atomic bombing survivors, as well as patients treated with radiotherapy. The genetic basis for susceptibility to radiation-induced AML is not well characterized. We previously identified a candidate murine gene for susceptibility to radiation-induced AML (rAML): C-terminal binding protein (CTBP)-interacting protein (CTIP)/retinoblastoma binding protein 8 (RBBP8). This gene is essential for embryonic development, double-strand break (DSB) resection in homologous recombination (HR) and tumor suppression. In the 129S2/SvHsd mouse strain, a nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (nsSNP) in Ctip, Q418P, has been identified. We investigated the role of Q418P in radiation-induced carcinogenesis and its effect on CTIP function in HR. After whole-body exposure to 3 Gy of X rays, 11 out of 113 (9.7%) 129S2/SvHsd mice developed rAML. Furthermore, 129S2/SvHsd mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) showed lower levels of recruitment of HR factors, Rad51 and replication protein A (RPA) to radiation-induced foci, compared to CBA/H and C57BL/6 MEFs, isolated from rAML-sensitive and resistant strains, respectively. Mitomycin C and alpha particles induced lower levels of sister chromatid exchanges in 129S2/SvHsd cells compared to CBA/H and C57BL/6. Our data demonstrate that Q418P nsSNP influences the efficiency of CTIP function in HR repair of DNA DSBs in vitro and in vivo, and appears to affect susceptibility to rAML.
The genetic covariance between life cycle stages separated by metamorphosis

Metamorphosis is common in animals, yet the genetic associations between life cycle stages are poorly understood. Given the radical changes that occur at metamorphosis, selection may differ before and after metamorphosis, and the extent that genetic associations between pre- and post-metamorphic traits constrain evolutionary change is a subject of considerable interest. In some instances, metamorphosis may allow the genetic decoupling of life cycle stages, whereas in others, metamorphosis could allow complementary responses to selection across the life cycle. Using a diallel breeding design, we measured viability at four ontogenetic stages (embryo, larval, juvenile and adult viability), in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis and examined the orientation of additive genetic variation with respect to the metamorphic boundary. We found support for one eigenvector of G (gobsmax), which contrasted larval viability against embryo viability and juvenile viability. Target matrix rotation confirmed that while gobsmax shows genetic associations can extend beyond metamorphosis, there is still considerable scope for decoupled phenotypic evolution. Therefore, although genetic associations across metamorphosis could limit that range of phenotypes that are attainable, traits on either side of the metamorphic boundary are capable of some independent evolutionary change in response to the divergent conditions encountered during each life cycle stage.
Simulation and Interpersonal Utility

The aim of this article is to show how research in cognitive science is relevant to a certain theoretical issue in moral theory, namely, the legitimacy of interpersonal utility (IU) comparisons. The legitimacy of IU comparisons is important to ethics for at least two reasons. First, certain ethical theories rely essentially on IUjudgments, so the viability of those views rests on the tenability of such judgments. Repudiation of IU comparisons threatens not only utilitarianism but all approaches to social theory that invoke welfare comparisons across individuals. Second, skepticism about IU comparisons has led social choice theorists to adopt conceptual tools unsullied by such comparisons, but the normative adequacy of these tools is in doubt. I specifically have in mind here the concept of Pareto optimality, or Pareto efficiency. An allocation of goods is called Pareto efficient just in case there is no feasible alternative allocation where everyone would be at least as well off and at least one agent would be strictly better off. This definition invokes only interpersonal welfare comparisons. But the concept of Pareto efficiency is extremely weak as a normative concept. Pareto efficient states are a dime a dozen, and there is little temptation to regard every such state as normatively acceptable. (For example, an allocation where one agent gets everything in the economy and all others get nothing is Pareto efficient, since any reallocation would make the first agent worse off.) It is therefore essential to review the question of whether principled avoidance of IU comparisons is indeed required. As Amartya Sen points out, different moral theories may require different types of IU comparisons. ' Classical utilitarianism, for example, requires the maximization of a welfare sum, and therefore needs comparisons of welfare differences across individuals. On a Rawlsian
Enrichment of Oct3/4‐positive cells from a human bronchial epithelial cell line

Most adult stem cells are in the G0 phase of the cell cycle, accounting for only a small percentage of the cells in the tissue. Thus, isolation of stem cells from tissues for further study represents a major challenge. The anti‐tumor drug 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) selectively kills proliferating cells, sparing cells in the G0 phase. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine whether 5‐FU can be used to enrich stem cells in a human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cell population in vitro. Side population (SP) cells were isolated from untreated HBE cells or HBE cells treated with 5‐FU, and the resulting cells were subjected to colony formation assays, culturing of cell spheres, and tumorigenicity assays. Expression of Oct3/4, Sox2, PCK, and β‐catenin were examined by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. Treatment with 5‐FU increased the percentage of SP cells from 0.3% to 1.5%, and the clonogenic ability of 5‐FU‐treated cells was more than twofold higher than that of HBE cells. Cells that survived after 5‐FU treatment exhibited a higher capacity for sphere formation. Furthermore, spheres formed from 5‐FU‐treated cells possessed the capacity to generate differentiated progenies. Cells treated with 5‐FU also exhibited tumorigenic potential, based on tumor formation assays in nude mice, and Oct3/4‐positive cell aggregates were identified in the resulting tumors. In this study, we have shown that 5‐FU treatment enriched the population of cells expressing the putative embryonic markers Oct3/4 and Sox2 and exhibiting nuclear accumulation of β‐catenin. Furthermore, 5‐FU‐treated cells expressed low levels of the epithelial differentiation marker PCK. Analysis of epigenetic modifications suggested that Oct3/4‐positive cells possessed characteristics of stem cells. These results demonstrate that treatment with 5‐FU can enrich the stem cell population present in a human bronchial epithelial cell line, and implicate combined treatment with 5‐FU and serum‐free medium as a new method for isolation of stem‐like cells from the HBE cell line.
Comparison of models based on summaries or documents towards extraction of update summaries

In this paper, we experiment with methods to extract sentences as summaries for a given cluster of documents. We construct background model(s) to capture information seen so far and use these model(s) to extract summary for current cluster. We propose two methods to construct these background models using documents seen so far and using summaries of previously seen document(s). We then compare the performance of these methods in context of DUC 2007 update task.
Metaphor, Scripture and Education

Brian Hill has had long and close links with The Stapleford Centre. He has spoken at Stapleford conferences, and is a regular contributor to its journal, the Journal of Education and Christian Belief (formerly Spectrum). His collegiality and friendship with the authors spans several decades: John first met Brian while Brian was on a sabbatical in London in 1979–80; while Trevor drew extensively on Brian's writings for his Ph.D. dissertation. David has come to know Brian and interact with his work more recently.
Analysis and design of digital PRNGS based on the discretized sawtooth map

In this paper, the sawtooth map in its digital implementation is investigated as a source of pseudorandom binary numbers. Effects of precision in the arithmetic blocks used to implement the map, as well as approximation strategies and value of the map slope are discussed in terms of period and statistical properties of bits generated. Optimum values of design parameters to achieve a good quality of output bit sequences are identified, and an area-efficient implementation on a programmable device is discussed. Comparison to traditional PRNGs based on Linear-Feedback Shift Registers shows that the discretized sawtooth map is a viable solution for implementing integrated PRNG circuits.
Investigating antibody neutralization of lyssaviruses using lentiviral pseudotypes: a cross-species comparison

Cross-neutralization between rabies virus (RABV) and two European bat lyssaviruses (EBLV-1 and -2) was analysed using lentiviral pseudotypes as antigen vectors. Glycoprotein (G-protein) cDNA from RABV challenge virus standard-11 (CVS-11) and EBLV-1 and -2 were cloned and co-expressed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or murine leukemia virus (MLV) gag–pol and packageable green fluorescent protein (GFP) or luciferase reporter genes in human cells. The harvested lentiviral (HIV) vector infected over 40 % of baby hamster kidney (BHK) target cells, providing high-titre pseudotype stocks. Tests on blinded antibody-positive (n=15) and -negative (n=45) sera, predetermined by the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization (FAVN) test approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Office International des Epizooties (OIE), revealed that the CVS-11 pseudotype assay had 100 % concordance with FAVN and strongly correlated with neutralization titres (r2=0.89). Cross-neutralization tests using sera from RABV-vaccinated humans and animals on pseudotypes with CVS-11, EBLV-1 and EBLV-2 envelopes showed that the relative neutralization titres correlated broadly with the degree of G-protein diversity. Pseudotypes have three major advantages over live-virus neutralization tests: (i) they can be handled in low-biohazard-level laboratories; (ii) the use of reporter genes such as GFP or β-galactosidase will allow the assay to be undertaken at low cost in laboratories worldwide; (iii) each assay requires <10 μl serum. This robust microassay will improve our understanding of the protective humoral immunity that current rabies vaccines confer against emerging lyssaviruses, and will be applicable to surveillance studies, thus helping to control the spread of rabies.
Low-voltage ADC for sample to serial interface applications

This paper presents a CMOS implementation of a cyclic analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The sampled-hold (S/H) circuit is based on a switched-MOSFET (SM) technique, which is appropriate for low-voltage operation. The proposed analog-to-digital converter architecture works as a sample (analog) to serial (digital) interface. The proposed ADC circuit is designed and simulated by using double-polysilicon double-metal 0.8 /spl mu/m CMOS technology with 500 kbit/sec. The estimated power consumption is 20 /spl mu/W from /spl plusmn/0.75 V supply.
Theory of regular M-band wavelet bases

Orthonormal M-band wavelet bases have been constructed and applied by several authors. This paper makes three main contributions. First, it generalizes the minimal length K-regular 2-band wavelets of Daubechies (1988) to the M-band case by deriving explicit formulas for K-regular M-band scaling filters. Several equivalent characterizations of K-regularity are given and their significance explained. Second, two approaches to the construction of the (M-1) wavelet filters and associated wavelet bases are described; one relies on a state-space characterization with a novel technique to obtain the unitary wavelet filters; the other uses a factorization approach. Third, this paper gives a set of necessary and sufficient condition on the M-band scaling filter for it to generate an orthonormal wavelet basis. The conditions are very similar to those obtained by Cohen (1990) and Lawton (1990) for 2-band wavelets. >
Temporal and probability discounting by cigarette smokers following acute smoking abstinence.

INTRODUCTION Given the lack of consensus regarding changes in temporal and probability discounting as a function of smoking abstinence in cigarette smokers, the present study comprehensively examined possible changes in these processes following a period of acute smoking abstinence consistent with elevated withdrawal symptoms and craving. METHODS Computerized temporal and probability discounting assessments were collected from cigarette smokers following normal smoking and 24-hr smoking abstinence, with the order of normal smoking and abstinence sessions counterbalanced across participants. Other conditions included commodity (money and cigarettes), sign (gains and losses), and magnitude ($50 and $1,000). RESULTS Twenty four-hour smoking abstinence resulted in a reduction in expired carbon monoxide to near-zero levels and increases in withdrawal and craving. Examination of discounting parameters as a function of smoking abstinence revealed a general pattern of increase in the temporal discounting of monetary gains and losses following abstinence but not in the temporal discounting of cigarettes nor probability discounting of money or cigarettes. Pearson correlations also revealed an expected pattern of significant relationships. CONCLUSIONS The present study is a comprehensive examination of temporal and probability discounting following smoking abstinence and reveals a generalized change in intertemporal decision making for monetary rewards.
Self-Efficacy and Health-Related Outcomes of Collective Trauma A Systematic Review

The objective of our study was to systematically review research evidence for relationships between self-efficacy beliefs and psychological as well as somatic outcomes of collective traumatic events. Twenty-seven studies enrolling adult and adolescent survivors of acute, escalating, and chronic collective trauma with a total of N = 8011 participants were reviewed. Cross-sectional studies suggest medium to large effects of self-efficacy on general distress, severity and frequency of PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder) symptoms (weighted r values range from –.36 to –.77), whereas longitudinal studies indicate large effects on general distress and PTSD symptom severity (weighted r values range: –.55 to –.62). Self-efficacy was also related to better somatic health (self-reported symptoms, i.e., less pain, fatigue, or disability). Studies addressing the relationship between self-efficacy and substance abuse after collective trauma revealed a more complex picture. Some types of pretreatment self-efficacy (e.g.
Analysis of 41 kb of the DNA sequence from the right arm of chromosome II of Schizosaccharomyces pombe

We report the complete sequence of cosmid c18A7 (41 046 bp insert), located on the right arm of chromosome II of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe genome. The sequence, which partially overlaps with cosmids SPBC4F6 and SPBC336, contains 16 open reading frames (ORFs) capable of coding for proteins of at least 100 amino acid residues in length (one partial) and one small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA). Four known genes were found: swi10 (encoding a mating‐type switching protein also involved in nucleotide excision repair); dim1 (encoding a dimethyladenosine transferase); arf1 (encoding ADP‐ribosylation factor 1); and pol3 (cdc6) the partial fragment, encoding the 125 kDa catalytic subunit of the DNA polymerase type B. Six ORFs similar to known proteins were found. They include a transporter of the major facilitator superfamily class, a vacuolar sorting protein, an asparagine synthase, a nuclear protein, a reticulum oxidoreductin and a heat shock protein. Each protein product of the other six ORFs has conserved domains and can be assigned a molecular, but not a biological, function. The sequence has been submitted to the EMBL database under Accession No. AL080287. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diffusion of innovations in health care: Does the structural context determine its direction?

Objectives: The aim of this study was to present and illustrate an instrument to measure the level of innovation at country level. Methods: The data used are the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) health data 2009, in particular the information on use of medical technology. Two composite scales expressing a relative level of adoption of innovations in health care are regressed, using multilevel regression analysis, on country characteristics. The country characteristics are selected as proxies on availability or scarcity of resources in a country. We expect that scarcity will promote adoption of innovations that enhance efficiency, and that availability of resources will promote advanced, expensive innovations. Results: Two scales were constructed. One scale indicates the use of efficiency-enhancing innovations (day case treatment), and the other scale indicates availability of advanced technical innovations. The application of day case treatment is significantly associated with education level (+), the ratio of people aged 15–64 versus younger and older people (+) and the number of hospital beds (−). Availability of advanced medical devices are associated with the expenditure on health (+), demographic dependency (−), number of hospital beds (+), and the annual reduction of hospital beds (−). Conclusions: Diffusion of innovations is influenced by characteristics of the country and of the healthcare system; fewer resources encourage diffusion of innovations that enhance efficiency and more resources encourage diffusion of complex, expensive devices. This indicates that decisions by healthcare professionals on which innovation to adopt is embedded in a context that is influenced and shaped by the availability of resources on macro level.
Expression of the Murine CD27 Ligand CD70 In Vitro and In Vivo4

The interaction between TNFR family member CD27 and its ligand CD70 promotes lymphocyte expansion and effector cell formation. In humans, control of CD27 function is partly regulated by the restricted expression of CD70. We used newly developed mAbs to characterize murine (m) CD70 expression in vitro and in vivo. On resting lymphocytes and immature dendritic cells (DC), mCD70 is absent. In vitro, Ag receptor triggering induced mCD70 mRNA in T cells, but cell surface protein expression was very low. Activated B cells synthesized much higher levels of mCD70 mRNA than activated T cells and clearly expressed mCD70 at the cell surface. mCD70 cell surface expression could also be induced on the DC line D1 and on in vitro-generated murine DC upon maturation. In lymphoid organs of naive mice, virtually no mCD70-expressing cells were found, with exception of cells in the thymic medulla, which may be epithelial in origin. However, after intranasal infection with influenza virus, lung-infiltrating T cells and T and B cells in draining lymph nodes expressed mCD70 according to immunohistology. In such activated lymphocytes, mCD70 protein is largely retained intracellularly. Plasma membrane expression of mCD70 was only detectable by flow cytometry on a small proportion of lung-infiltrating T cells and peaked at the height of the primary response. Thus, expression of CD70 in the mouse is highly regulated at the transcriptional and posttranslational level. This most likely serves to limit excessive effector cell formation after antigenic stimulation.
Measurements of Matching and Noise Performance of a Prototype Readout Chip in 40 nm CMOS Process for Hybrid Pixel Detectors

The paper presents a prototype integrated circuit built in a 40 nm CMOS process for readout of a hybrid pixel detector. The core of the IC constitutes a matrix of 18 ×24 pixels with the pixel size of 100 μm ×100 μm. The paper explains the functionality and the architecture of the IC, which is designed to operate in both the standard single photon counting mode and the single photon counting mode with interpixel communication to mitigate negative effects of charge sharing. This article focuses on the measurement results of the IC operating in the standard single photon counting mode. The measured ENC is 84e- rms (for the peaking time of 48 ns), the gain is 79.7 μV/e-, while the effective threshold dispersion is 21e- rms.