A Response to the Validity of an Article Reporting Contrary Cleaning Efficacy Results for Robotic Surgical Instruments

The results of this study are unreliable due to several inconsistencies in the application of scientific best practices, including different treatments of the reference and test groups of instruments, the absence of experimental controls, and the use of an unvalidated residual protein extraction method. In this study, reference instruments (ie, common handheld surgical instruments) were reprocessed in an automated washer disinfector using an alkaline detergent, whereas the test instruments (ie, robotic surgical instruments) were reprocessed manually using a pH-neutral detergent. Correspondingly, thermal disinfection was performed on the reference instruments at 93°C for 10 minutes. Protein is denatured and becomes fixed (covalently bound) to surfaces at temperatures >55°C, making them unavailable to extraction using standardized methods. For this reason, thermal disinfection is not allowed during a test of cleaning efficacy according to the International Standards Organization specifications for washer-disinfectors (ISO 15883–1). Unless the extraction method using water and ultrasonic energy has been validated to solubilize protein fixed at high temperatures, it can be assumed that residual protein on the reference devices is not extracted. A negative control was not employed in this study, but a negative control is required to quantify potential interfering effects to the testing methodology. It is important to clarify that the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) test does not measure protein directly but measures the ability of certain amino acids and the peptide bond (at elevated temperature) to reduce copper in the reagent from Cu(II) to Cu(I). Reduced copper is then chelated by 2 BCA molecules, resulting in a shift in absorbance at 562 nm proportional to the amount of protein in the sample. Consequently, any compound that can reduce Cu(II) under the conditions of the assay will also generate a proportional signal. Due to the harsh nature of the ultrasound extraction process used for the robotic instruments, the possibility of releasing interfering substances cannot be ruled out without the use of negative controls (ie, devices that are reprocessed and extracted but not soiled). The authors neither cited nor provided evidence for the validation of their ultrasonic protein extraction method, even though validated methods have been published. The publications of the AG da Vinci Working Group provide methods for the destructive and nondestructive evaluation of robotic instruments that have been validated by controlled experimentation including recovery efficacy and blind testing at certified laboratories. Extraction in an ultrasonic bath for 30 minutes is harsh and can result in instrument damage and the release of iron and tungsten particles that interfere with the BCA protein test by reducing Cu(II) according to their relative positions in the electrochemical series. If surgical soil were present on the devices, ultrasonic energy would typically liberate the soil in particles (rather than solubilizing), which would lead to turbidity in the extract and to false-positive results in the spectrophotometric measurement. Entire robotic instruments were extracted in a large volume of water (200mL) rather than only extracting the patient contact portions of the devices. This creates an analytical issue because the BCA test gives results in μg/mL, which are then multiplied by the extract volume to give total protein in micrograms. Multiplying the result by a large number leads to an amplification of both the signal from the protein and the signal from interfering substances (and turbidity) and increases the limit of detection for the method by the same factor.