Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Charlie Brown and statistics: an exchange.

To the Editor. — A "Peanuts" cartoon has Charlie Brown exhorting his baseball team to greater efforts, saying "All right. We've heard the report from our statistician. Both our hitting and our fielding averages were down this year. So you all know what we have to do next season. " In chorus, the team responds "Get a new statistician! " The article by Spitznagel and Helzer1proposing a solution to the base rate problem in the k statistic has much the same flavor. The k statistic indicates that the validity and reliability of diagnostic tests is population-specific and tends to be low in extreme-risk populations (low or high base rate or prevalence). What to do about it? Get a new statistic! It is, of course, a fact that k is population-specific.2However, the situation is even more problematic than has been suggested, for two different clinical populations having similar base rates
Is MRI Really the Gold Standard for the Quantification of Salvage From Myocardial Infarction?

Infarct size is the major determinant of post myocardial infarction remodeling and heart failure1 and ultimately of patients' prognosis.2,3 Infarct size itself is determined by the area at risk, that is, the perfusion territory of the occluded coronary artery, the duration of ischemia, the magnitude of collateral blood flow, and only to a small extent by the hemodynamic situation, notably heart rate.4 The only way to salvage ischemic myocardium from impending infarction is by timely reperfusion; however, reperfusion also inflicts injury on the previously ischemic myocardium and contributes to final infarct size.5 Such reperfusion injury can be attenuated by ischemic conditioning strategies and certain drugs, which recruit part of the signal transduction of ischemic conditioning strategies,6,7 both in experimental animal models and in patients with reperfused acute myocardial infarction.8 Article, see p 254 The magnitude of salvage by reperfusion and cardioprotective strategies can only be quantified by comparing the actual infarct size to the hypothetical infarct size if no reperfusion had occurred, that is, the area at risk of infarction. In experimental animals, such quantitative comparison is performed by delineation of the area at risk, that is, by measurement of regional myocardial blood flow with microspheres during coronary occlusion or by infusion of a dye into the aorta during postmortem coronary reocclusion, and of infarct size by postmortem triphenyl tetrazolium …
PEMILIHAN PARADIGMA PENELITIAN AKUNTANSI: ANALISIS BERDASARKAN PEWARIGAAN DAN KECERDASAN MANUSIA

The research aims to understand that pewarigaan, human intelligence and researcher behavior are determined by their choices and relation between behavior characteristic of researcher as well as their relation to philosophy of pewayangan actors (in this case Pandawa figures). The research has used phenomenology approach to interpret (a) informants’ wewaran or pewarigaan (b) three intelligences owned by human being that most influence informants’ choices (c) symbols that are most suitable with the behavior or character of the research subjects. Findings suggest that (a) the behavior forecasting according to pewarigaan resembles daily behavior of the informants, therefore pewarigaan can be used as one of alternatives to know the behavior of people (b) emerge anomalies between paradigms suggested in the pewarigaan with the chosen paradigm by informant, could be caused by preconceived thoughts of time, cost, and easiness in the research process. Other reasons were wills to avoid statistics or certain lecturer, and friends’/lecturers’ influence (c) firmness, focus and life harmony that is owned by positivism researcher is symbolized as Arjuna; wisdom and calmness of interpretive researcher is symbolized as Nakula-Sadewa; courage and firmness of critical researcher is symbolized as Bima, while freedom and intelligence of postmodernism researcher is symbolized as Yudhistira.
The changing balance of brainstem–spinal cord modulation of pain processing over the first weeks of rat postnatal life

Brainstem–spinal cord connections play an essential role in adult pain processing, and the modulation of spinal pain network excitability by brainstem nuclei is known to contribute to hyperalgesia and chronic pain. Less well understood is the role of descending brainstem pathways in young animals when pain networks are more excitable and exposure to injury and stress can lead to permanent modulation of pain processing. Here we show that up to postnatal day 21 (P21) in the rat, the rostroventral medulla of the brainstem (RVM) exclusively facilitates spinal pain transmission but that after this age (P28 to adult), the influence of the RVM shifts to biphasic facilitation and inhibition. Graded electrical microstimulation of the RVM at different postnatal ages revealed a robust shift in the balance of descending control of both spinal nociceptive flexion reflex EMG activity and individual dorsal horn neuron firing properties, from excitation to inhibition, beginning after P21. The shift in polarity of descending control was also observed following excitotoxic lesions of the RVM in adult and P21 rats. In adults, RVM lesions decreased behavioural mechanical sensory reflex thresholds, whereas the same lesion in P21 rats increased thresholds. These data demonstrate, for the first time, the changing postnatal influence of the RVM in spinal nociception and highlight the central role of descending brainstem control in the maturation of pain processing.
Postoperative variation in neurocognitive and functional status in elderly hip fracture patients.

Regaining independence in the performance of activities of daily living (ADL) is a nursing priority in the postoperative care of hip fracture patients, though often impeded by a temporary yet reversible decrease in cognitive status postoperatively. This study investigated the incidence and evolution of decreased cognitive status in geriatric hip fracture patients from admission through to the fifth postoperative day, and the relationship between cognitive abilities and functional (ADL) status. Twenty-six elderly hip fracture patients (f: 21, m: 5) with a mean age of 79.5 years (SD = 8.2) admitted to the emergency room of an academic medical centre were monitored longitudinally from admission until the fifth postoperative day regarding neurocognitive status and ADL status, as measured by the mini-mental state exam (MMSE; including subscales of memory, linguistic ability, concentration and psychomotor executive skills) and an adapted version of the Katz ADL-scale, respectively. Patients were categorized on the basis of cognitive status as follows: no cognitive impairment (MMSE > or = 24), moderate (MMSE < or = 23 but > or = 18) and severe impairment (MMSE < or = 17). Nineteen of the 26 patients (73.1%) showed cognitive impairment (MMSE < or = 23) at some point in time before and/or after surgery. Some improvement in cognitive status was observed yet only selectively across patient cohorts and neurocognitive dimensions. Cognitive status, especially memorial ability and psychomotor executive skills, seemed to be most vulnerable to becoming impaired after hip fracture surgery. A relationship was found between cognitive and functional status, specifically, strong associations between memory and psychomotor skills relative to ADL and modest associations between linguistic ability and concentration relative to ADL. Further, patients with decreased cognitive status postoperatively remained more ADL-dependent than non-impaired patients. This study underscores the importance of a systematic assessment of the cognitive status of elderly hip fracture patients and linking these observations to functional ability in order to enhance the postoperative rehabilitation of this patient group.
The Short-Term Effects of Vitamin D Repletion on Cholesterol: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Objective—Vitamin D deficiency is common and associated with dyslipidemia. However, it is unclear whether oral vitamin D supplementation improves the lipid profile. Therefore, we conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled trial to determine the short-term effects of vitamin D repletion on the lipid profile. Methods and Results—One hundred fifty-one vitamin D−deficient (25-hydroxyvitamin D <20 ng/mL) adults with elevated risk for cardiovascular disease were randomized to receive either 50 000 IU of vitamin D3 weekly for 8 weeks or placebo. The primary outcome was the change in small low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle number. Secondary outcomes included changes in other nuclear magnetic resonance−based and chemical lipid fractions. Vitamin D failed to improve the lipid profile. Compared with the placebo, vitamin D repletion did not change small LDL particle number (mean change, +18 nmol/L; 95% CI [−80 to +116 nmol/L]; P=0.63). There were also no changes in the chemical lipid profile: total cholesterol (+5.8 mg/dL, 95% CI [−1.4 to +13.0 mg/dL], P=0.14); LDL cholesterol (+3.8 mg/dL, 95% CI [−2.5 to +10.2 mg/dL], P=0.13); high–density lipoprotein cholesterol (+0.4 mg/dL 95% CI [−1.6 to +2.6 mg/dL], P=0.71); and triglycerides (+7.9 mg/dL 95% CI [−6.5 to +22.3 mg/dL]). In the vitamin D repletion group, exploratory multivariate regression analysis demonstrates that changes in LDL cholesterol were positively correlated with the changes in serum calcium (P<0.001) and inversely with the changes in serum parathyroid hormone (P=0.02). Conclusion—In contrast to the association between low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and dyslipidemia, correcting vitamin D deficiency in the short-term does not improve the lipid profile. Repletion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels raised serum calcium levels and decreased serum parathyroid hormone levels. These expected physiological responses to vitamin D therapy were correlated with a significant increase in LDL cholesterol. Clinical Trial Registration—URL: http://www.clinicaltrials. gov. Unique identifier: NCT01008384.
Functional centrality of amygdala, striatum and hypothalamus in a “small‐world” network underlying joy: An fMRI study with music

Current knowledge about small‐world networks underlying emotions is sparse, and confined to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies using resting‐state paradigms. This fMRI study applied Eigenvector Centrality Mapping (ECM) and functional connectivity analysis to reveal neural small‐world networks underlying joy and fear. Joy and fear were evoked using music, presented in 4‐min blocks. Results show that the superficial amygdala (SF), laterobasal amygdala (LB), striatum, and hypothalamus function as computational hubs during joy. Out of these computational hubs, the amygdala nuclei showed the highest centrality values. The SF showed functional connectivity during joy with the mediodorsal thalamus (MD) and nucleus accumbens (Nac), suggesting that SF, MD, and Nac modulate approach behavior in response to positive social signals such as joyful music. The striatum was functionally connected during joy with the LB, as well as with premotor cortex, areas 1 and 7a, hippocampus, insula and cingulate cortex, showing that sensorimotor, attentional, and emotional processes converge in the striatum during music perception. The hypothalamus showed functional connectivity during joy with hippocampus and MD, suggesting that hypothalamic endocrine activity is modulated by hippocampal and thalamic activity during sustained periods of music‐evoked emotion. Our study indicates high centrality of the amygdala nuclei groups within a functional network underlying joy, suggesting that these nuclei play a central role for the modulation of emotion‐specific activity within this network. Hum Brain Mapp 35:3485–3498, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Low-dose oral cyclophosphamide therapy is effective for condylomata acuminata.

To the editor: Condylomata acuminata (CA) caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), typically types 6 and 11, is a common sexually transmitted disease. Multiple physical treatments applied against CA are all invasive therapies and associated with high recurrence rates. Alternatively, immune-based therapy is considered as a new direction against CA. Nevertheless, the ideal immune-based therapy still remains undetermined.
Application of Neural Networks for Intrusion Detection in Tor Networks

Due to the amount of anonymity afforded to users of the Tor infrastructure, Tor has become a useful tool for malicious users. With Tor, the users are able to compromise the non-repudiation principle of computer security. Also, the potentially hackers may launch attacks such as DDoS or identity theft behind Tor. For this reason, there are needed new systems and models to detect the intrusion in Tor networks. In this paper, we present the application of Neural Networks (NNs) for intrusion detection in Tor networks. We used the Back propagation NN and constructed a Tor server and a Deep Web browser (client). Then, the client sends the data browsing to the Tor server using the Tor network. We used Wireshark Network Analyzer to get the data and then use the Back propagation NN to make the approximation. The simulation results show that our simulation system has a good approximation and can be used for intrusion detection in To networks.
The Potential of TaqMan Array Cards for Detection of Multiple Biological Agents by Real-Time PCR

The TaqMan Array Card architecture, normally used for gene expression studies, was evaluated for its potential to detect multiple bacterial agents by real-time PCR. Ten PCR assays targeting five biological agents (Bacillus anthracis, Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Francisella tularensis, and Yersinia pestis) were incorporated onto Array Cards. A comparison of PCR performance of each PCR in Array Card and singleplex format was conducted using DNA extracted from pure bacterial cultures. When 100 fg of agent DNA was added to Array Card channels the following levels of agent detection (where at least one agent PCR replicate returned a positive result) were observed: Y. pestis 100%, B. mallei & F. tularensis 93%; B. anthracis 71%; B. pseudomallei 43%. For B. mallei & pseudomallei detection the BPM2 PCR, which detects both species, outperformed PCR assays specific to each organism indicating identification of the respective species would not be reproducible at the 100 fg level. Near 100% levels of detection were observed when 100 fg of DNA was added to each PCR in singleplex format with singleplex PCRs also returning sporadic positives at the 10 fg per PCR level. Before evaluating the use of Array Cards for the testing of environmental and clinical sample types, with potential levels of background DNA and PCR inhibitors, users would therefore have to accept a 10-fold reduction in sensitivity of PCR assays on the Array Card format, in order to benefit for the capacity to test multiple samples for multiple agents. A two PCR per agent strategy would allow the testing of 7 samples for the presence of 11 biological agents or 3 samples for 23 biological agents per card (with negative control channels).
Social Plans: A Preliminary Report

The formalization of multi-agent autonomous systems requires a rich ontology for capturing a variety of collective behaviours and a powerful semantics for distinguishing between collective agents having, executing, and jointly intending a plan. In this paper, we introduce the notion of social agents and social plans. A de nition of joint intentions is provided that avoids some of the problems encountered by previous formalizations. In particular, it models cooperation by requiring that agents adopt a joint goal and a joint plan of action before forming a joint intention. The paper also stresses the planning capability of agents and outlines a process for means-end reasoning by multiple agents.
Longterm quiescent cells in the aged human subventricular neurogenic system specifically express GFAP‐δ

A main neurogenic niche in the adult human brain is the subventricular zone (SVZ). Recent data suggest that the progenitors that are born in the human SVZ migrate via the rostral migratory stream (RMS) towards the olfactory bulb (OB), similar to what has been observed in other mammals. A subpopulation of astrocytes in the SVZ specifically expresses an assembly‐compromised isoform of the intermediate filament protein glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP‐δ). To further define the phenotype of these GFAP‐δ expressing cells and to determine whether these cells are present throughout the human subventricular neurogenic system, we analysed SVZ, RMS and OB sections of 14 aged brain donors (ages 74‐93). GFAP‐δ was expressed in the SVZ along the ventricle, in the RMS and in the OB. The GFAP‐δ cells in the SVZ co‐expressed the neural stem cell (NSC) marker nestin and the cell proliferation markers proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Mcm2. Furthermore, BrdU retention was found in GFAP‐δ positive cells in the SVZ. In the RMS, GFAP‐δ was expressed in the glial net surrounding the neuroblasts. In the OB, GFAP‐δ positive cells co‐expressed PCNA. We also showed that GFAP‐δ cells are present in neurosphere cultures that were derived from SVZ precursors, isolated postmortem from four brain donors (ages 63‐91). Taken together, our findings show that GFAP‐δ is expressed in an astrocytic subpopulation in the SVZ, the RMS and the OB. Importantly, we provide the first evidence that GFAP‐δ is specifically expressed in longterm quiescent cells in the human SVZ, which are reminiscent of NSCs.
Donor pretreatment with carbon monoxide prevents ischemia/reperfusion injury following heart transplantation in rats

Because inhaled carbon monoxide (CO) provides potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects against ischemia reperfusion injury, we hypothesized that treatment of organ donors with inhaled CO would decrease graft injury after heart transplantation. Hearts were heterotopically transplanted into syngeneic Lewis rats after 8 hours of cold preservation in University of Wisconsin solution. Donor rats were exposed to CO at a concentration of 250 parts per million for 24 hours via a gas-exposure chamber. Severity of myocardial injury was determined by total serum creatine phosphokinase and troponin I levels at three hours after reperfusion. In addition, Affymetrix gene array analysis of mRNA transcripts was performed on the heart graft tissue prior to implantation. Recipients of grafts from CO-exposed donors had lower levels of serum troponin I and creatine phosphokinase; less upregulation of mRNA for interleukin-6, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and tumor necrosis factor-α; and fewer infiltrating cells. Although donor pretreatment with CO altered the expression of 49 genes expressly represented on the array, we could not obtain meaningful data to explain the mechanisms by which CO potentiated the protective effects.Pretreatment with CO gas before organ procurement effectively protected cardiac grafts from ischemia reperfusion-induced injury in a rat heterotopic cardiac transplant model. A clinical report review indicated that CO-poisoned organ donors may be comparable to non-poisoned donors.
Independence and Commitment: Assumptions for Rapid Training and Execution of Rule-based POS Taggers

This paper addresses the rule-based POS tagging method of Brill, and questions the importance of rule interactions to its performance. Adopting two assumptions that serve to exclude rule interactions during tagging and training, we arrive at some variants of Brill's approach that are instances of decision list models. These models allow for both rapid training on large data sets and rapid tagger execution, giving tagging accuracy that is comparable to, or better than the Brill method.
Erosive tooth wear: diagnosis, risk factors and prevention.

PURPOSE To provide an overview on diagnosis, risk factors and prevention of erosive tooth wear, which is becoming an increasingly important factor when considering the long- term health of the dentition. RESULTS Awareness of dental erosion by the public is still not widespread due to the cryptic nature of this slowly progressing condition. Smooth silky-glazed appearance with the absence of perikymata and intact enamel along the gingival margin, with cupping and grooving on occlusal surfaces are some typical signs of enamel erosion. In later stages, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between the influences of erosion, attrition or abrasion during a clinical examination. Biological, behavioral and chemical factors all come into play, which over time, may either wear away the tooth surface, or potentially protect it. In order to assess the risk factors, patient should record their dietary intake for a distinct period of time. Based on these analyses, an individually tailored preventive program may be suggested to patients. It may comprise dietary advice, optimization of fluoride regimes, stimulation of salivary flow rate, use of buffering medicaments and particular motivation for non-destructive tooth brushing habits. The frequent use of fluoride gel and fluoride mouthrinse in addition to fluoride toothpaste offers the opportunity to minimize abrasion of tooth substance.
A performance evaluation of log-only temporal object database systems

An alternative to in-place updating of data is to eliminate the database completely, and use a log-only approach. The log is written contiguously to the disk, in a no-overwrite way, in large blocks. The log-only approach is particularly interesting for transaction time object database systems (TODB), because keeping previous versions of objects is a feature that comes for free. One of the objections against log-only databases has been that the read cost will be prohibitively high because of loss of clustering. However in our comparison of the performance of log-only and in-place update TODBs, the analysis shows that with the workload we expect to be typical for future TODBs, the log-only approach is highly competitive with the traditional in-place update approach.
Conduct disorder and decision-making in adolescent girls

Thirty females, aged 15 to 18 years, 16 of whom had conduct disorder and 14 of whom were normal controls, completed the Iowa Gambling Task, a card game that replicates real-life decision-making. The task involved selecting cards over trials from four decks: two advantageous and two disadvantageous. The hypotheses were that the controls would have better performance on the task, which is indicated by a higher final score, choosing more cards from the advantageous decks and improving along trial blocks. A final questionnaire asked the girls whether they had discovered the strategy to the game. Inconsistent with data about disorders of social conduct and its deleterious effect on decision-making, participants with conduct disorder did not have significantly lower scores, greater picks of advantageous cards, improvement over blocks of trials, or a greater understanding of strategy.
Tracking multiple objects in real time

This thesis documents the design and implementation of a real-time object tracking system capable of operating on any modern generic desktop PC including a Video-for-Windows image capture device. A secondary achievement of this thesis is a point tracking algorithm which works seamlessly (though not in real time) with the rest of the system. Multiple points within an object can be tracked. Before presenting details of the implementation, a general introduction and a theory section relative to this implementation is given. In particular, the concepts of the Hausdor distance and RGB histogrammatching are explained. Details and results of the system are presented, illustrating the preprocessing, object isolation, object tracking and histogram matching algorithms. An indication of the accuracy achieved is given by the two case studies included. Speeds of up to 2.5 frames per second were achieved with adequate object tracking accuracy. The area matching method documented herein are shown to be too slow to run in real-time. It is concluded that the multiple object tracking system described performs robustly and e ciently with an adequate accuracy. The feasibility of implementing real-time image processing applications with generic hardware is asserted.