Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Person Name Entity Recognition for Arabic

Named entity recognition (NER) is nowadays an important task, which is responsible for the identification of proper names in text and their classification as different types of named entity such as people, locations, and organizations. In this paper, we present our attempt at the recognition and extraction of the most important proper name entity, that is, the person name, for the Arabic language. We developed the system, Person Name Entity Recognition for Arabic (PERA), using a rule-based approach. The system consists of a lexicon, in the form of gazetteer name lists, and a grammar, in the form of regular expressions, which are responsible for recognizing person name entities. The PERA system is evaluated using a corpus that is tagged in a semi-automated way. The system performance results achieved were satisfactory and confirm to the targets set forth for the precision, recall, and f-measure.
Bioreactor-Based Bone Tissue Engineering

The aim of this chapter is to describe the main issues of bone tissue engineering. Bone transplants are widely used in orthopedic, plastic and reconstructive surgery. Current technologies like autologous and allogenic transplantation have several disadvantages making them relatively unsatisfactory, like donor site morbidity, chronic pain, and immunogenicity and risk hazard from infectious disease. Therefore, regenerative orthopedics seeks to establish a successful protocol for the healing of severe bone damage using engineered bone grafts. The optimization of protocols for bone graft production using autologous mesenchymal stem cells loaded on appropriate scaffolds, exposed to osteogenic inducers and mechanical force in bioreactor, should be able to solve the current limitations in managing bone injuries. We discuss mesenchymal stem cells as the most suitable cell type for bone tissue engineering. They can be isolated from a variety of mesenchymal tissues and can differentiate into osteoblasts when given appropriate mechanical support and osteoinductive signal. Mechanical support can be provided by different cell scaffolds based on natural or synthetic biomaterials, as well as combined composite materials. Three-dimensional support is enabled by bioreactor systems providing several advantages as mechanical loading, homogeneous distribution of cells and adequate nutrients/waste exchange. We also discuss the variety of osteoinductive signals that can be applied in bone tissue engineering. The near future of bone healing and regeneration is closely related to advances in tissue engineering. The optimization of protocols of bone graft production using autologous mesenchymal stem cells loaded on appropriate scaffolds, exposed to osteogenic inducers and mechanical force in bioreac‐ tor, should be able to solve the current limitations in managing bone injuries.
Relation of low body mass to death and stroke in the systolic hypertension in the elderly program. The SHEP Cooperative Research Group.

BACKGROUND There are scant data on the effect of body mass index (BMI) (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters) on cardiovascular events and death in older patients with hypertension. OBJECTIVE To determine if low body mass in older patients with hypertension confers an increased risk of death or stroke. PATIENTS Participants were 3975 men and women (mean age, 71 years) enrolled in 17 US centers in the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program trial, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of lowdose antihypertensive therapy, with follow-up for 5 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Five-year adjusted mortality and stroke rates from Cox proportional hazards analyses. RESULTS There was no statistically significant relation of death or stroke with BMI in the placebo group (P = .47), and there was a U- or J-shaped relation in the treatment group. The J-shaped relation of death with BMI in the treated group (P = .03) showed that the lowest probability of death for men was associated with a BMI of 26.0 and for women with a BMI of 29.6; the curve was quite flat for women across a wide range of BMIs. For stroke, men and women did not differ, and the BMI nadir for both sexes combined was 29, with risk increasing steeply at BMIs below 24. Those in active treatment, however, had lower death and stroke rates compared with those taking placebo. CONCLUSIONS Among older patients with hypertension, a wide range of BMIs was associated with a similar risk of death and stroke; a low BMI was associated with increased risk. Lean, older patients with hypertension in treatment should be monitored carefully for additional risk factors.
A plug-in architecture for connecting to new data sources on mobile devices

A key use for mobile devices is to search and view online information while on the go. As a result, many mobile applications serve as front ends for online databases. While there are many thousands of data sources that provide web service APIs giving access to their databases, creating mobile applications to use those sources requires significant mobile programming knowledge and a significant amount of time. We introduce Spinel, a plug-in architecture for Android, and a set of web-based configuration tools that together enable users to connect mobile applications to new data sources without programming. Spinel also provides APIs that make it easy for developers to create new applications that use those data sources. We provide three demonstration Android applications that use such data: Listpad for entering personal lists, Listviewer for viewing results of data queries, and Mapviewer for displaying query results on a map. An informal usability study showed that users could successfully attach new data sources to those applications.
Physical and Mental Health Status of Gulf War and Gulf Era Veterans: Results From a Large Population-Based Epidemiological Study

Objective: The aim of the study was to report the mental and physical health of a population-based cohort of Gulf War and Gulf Era veterans 20 years after the war. Methods: A multimode (mail, Web, or computer-assisted telephone interviewing) heath survey of 14,252 Gulf War and Gulf Era veterans. The survey consisted of questions about general, physical, mental, reproductive, and functional health. Results: Gulf War veterans report a higher prevalence of almost all queried physical and mental health conditions. The population as a whole, however, has a significant burden of disease including high body mass index and multiple comorbid conditions. Conclusions: Gulf War veterans continue to report poorer heath than Gulf Era veterans, 20 years after the war. Chronic disease management and interventions to improve health and wellness among both Gulf War and Gulf Era veterans are necessary.
Synthesis of Palladium Nanocubes/Nanorods and Their Catalytic Activity for Heck Reaction of Iodobenzene

Palladium has been used as a catalyst not only in Suzuki and Heck cross coupling reaction in organic chemistry, but also in automobile industry for the reduction of vehicle exhausts. The catalytic activity of Pd nanoparticles depends strongly on their size and exposed crystalline facets. In this study, the single crystalline palladium nanocubes/nanorods were prepared in the presence of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and potassium bromide (KBr) using the polyol method. Selected area diffraction pattern and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed by TEM. The result shows that the ratio of KBr/PVP is the key factor to determine whether the product is cubes or rods. The as-prepared Pd nanocubes were highly uniform in both size and shape. The ordered packing structures including monolayer and multilayer can be fabricated via the rate-controlled evaporation of solution solvent. The catalytic activity of these Pd nanocubes towards heck reaction of iodobenzene with acrylate or acrylic acid was found to be higher than that of Pd nanorods. We suspect it is caused by the difference of energy state while Pd nanocubes is {100} plane and nanorods is {111} plane.
Maxillary arch width and buccal corridor changes with Damon and conventional brackets: A retrospective analysis.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of Damon self-ligating and conventional bracket systems on buccal corridor widths and areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective sample of consecutively treated patients using either conventional (CG, n = 45) or Damon self-ligating (SL, n = 39) brackets was analyzed to determine any differences in buccal corridor widths and areas both within and between groups. Pretreatment and posttreatment frontal photographs were transferred to Photoshop CC, standardized using intercanthal width, and linear and area measurements were performed with tools in Photoshop CC. Ratios were then calculated for statistical analysis. Relationships between arch widths and buccal corridors were also examined. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the posttreatment intercanine or intermolar widths either within or between the CG and SL groups. There were no significant differences in any buccal corridor width or area measurement either within or between the CG and SL groups. There were strong correlations with the intercanine width and the corresponding buccal corridor smile width measurements. There was an inverse correlation with the buccal corridor area in relation to the canine and the total smile width. CONCLUSIONS It is likely that posttreatment increases in arch width can be seen in patients treated with either a conventional bracket system or the Damon system. It is highly unlikely that there is any significant difference in buccal corridor width or area in patients treated with the Damon self-ligating system or a conventional bracket system.
The semantic similarity relation of entities discovery: Using word embedding

Recently, word embedding performs well in many natural language processing tasks, which one of is capturing syntactic and semantic word relationships. It can be used in many other research fields, such as recommendation and knowledge base. In this paper, we propose a method that uses the word embedding to capture the semantic similarities of entities. We divide the projection layer into two parts: one is entity, and the other is non-entity, and add the non-entities to the negative sampling of target entities. By iterating over each sentence, the entities are embedded in the entity vector space. For the experiments, we use two kinds of text corpus, the total words of each approximates 50 million to learn the entity vectors. Finally, the experiments show that our model is faster than Skip-gram model in training task and do the better in the calculation of semantic similarity entities.
Experimental Demonstration of AlN Heat Spreaders for the Monolithic Integration of Inline Phase-Change Switches

Inline phase-change switch (IPCS) devices were fabricated on top of an AlN heat spreading layer deposited on a thick SiO2 layer. The thick SiO2 emulates the inter-layer dielectric thermal properties that prevent direct integration of IPCS devices at the end of a back-end-of-line CMOS process. The AlN acts as a heat spreading layer, enabling the proper thermal quench rate despite the low thermal conductivity of the oxide underneath. Multiple AlN thicknesses were examined and shown to properly quench the device. Use of this heat spreading layer experimentally demonstrates a substrate agnostic monolithic integration scheme, where IPCS devices can be integrated at the end of any microfabrication process—regardless of the substrate or materials underneath. This is attractive for many CMOS applications, where wafer real-estate is expensive, or in III–V applications, where the wafer thermal properties are poor and vary among different technologies.
Correlation of Blood Glucose Levels with Salivary Glucose Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Comparative Study

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is described as a global epidemic fuelled by population growth, ageing, increasing obesity, changing lifestyles and urbanisation. It is the fifth most common condition and the sixth leading cause of mortality amongst the elderly. The impact of diabetes is felt in both developed and developing countries, because of the high morbidity and mortality associated with its complications in renal, retinal, nervous and vascular system [1]. According to WHO, India has the world’s most diabetic population followed by China [1,2]. Currently, a diagnosis of diabetes is achieved by evaluating blood glucose levels. Monitoring blood glucose at frequent intervals causes unnecessary discomfort and mental trauma to patients; therefore, a much simpler and non-invasive technique for the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes is very desirable.
Novel Reduced Density Materials by Solid-State Extrusion: Proof-of-Concept Experiments*

The feasibility of extruding polymer in a solid phase encapsulated in a lower melting point polymer in a low-temperature extrusion process is demonstrated. Such solid-state extrusion has been accomplished in two different resin systems, using different mechanisms. The first system is based on rigid PVC pellets coated with a plasticizer and dusted with highly plasticized PVC powder. Here, PVC pellets, pre-foamed in a batch solid-state microcellular process, were extruded in a way that preserved the microcellular structure of the individual pellet. In the second system hollow pellets were co-extruded using polystyrene as the core material and encapsulating it with polyethylene and polyethylene methacrylate co-polymer (EMA). During extrusion, the softer, lower melting polyolefins carried the polystyrene through the extruder in the solid-state. The unique feature in both examples is that the polymer to preserved in the solid phase is not melted inside the extruder barrel.
Interval Cognitive Maps

Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) model the behavior of a system by using concepts and their relationships. They contain nodesnconcepts and weighted edges that connect the nodes and represent the cause and effect relationships among them. Both nodes and edges are fuzzy sets and are bounded in ranges provided by the experts for the problem under consideration. Membership functions are rstly determined for each fuzzy set, and fuzzication and defuzzication processes are applied for the initial crisp values. In this work, the Interval Cognitive Maps (ICMs) are proposed and the associated learning task is accomplished by the optimization of an objective function. ICMs share the same structure with FCMs but their main difference is that the concepts and the weights of FCMs are not fuzzy sets but rather interval numbers.
A NONHEREDITARY, HOST-INDUCED VARIATION OF BACTERIAL VIRUSES

In this article, Luria reported that some bacteria, when infected with phage, would modify the phage in such a way so that it cannot reproduce in that particular bacteria type. However, the variation gives the phage the ability to infect a different bacterial species, in this instance Shigella. This is the first instance of the phenomenon of restriction and modification that would soon after be explained by the discovery of restriction enzymes in bacteria. Luria's work with Human, which described bacterial restriction-modification systems, eventually led to the discovery of restriction enzymes.
Structural insights into drug development strategy targeting EGFR T790M/C797S

Treatment of non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) harboring primary EGFR oncogenic mutations such as L858R and exon 19 deletion delE746_A750 (Del-19) using gefitinib/erlotinib ultimately fails due to the emergence of T790M mutation. Though WZ4002/CO-1686/AZD9291 are effective in overcoming EGFR T790M by targeting Cys797 via covalent bonding, their efficacy is again limited due to the emergence of C797S mutation. New agents effectively inhibiting EGFR T790M without covalent linkage through Cys 797 may solve this problem. We presented here crystal structures of EGFR activating/drug-resistant mutants in complex with a panel of reversible inhibitors along with mutagenesis and enzyme kinetic data. These data revealed a previously un-described hydrophobic clamp structure in the EGFR kinase which may be exploited to facilitate development of next generation drugs targeting EGFR T790M with or without concomitant C797S. Interestingly, mutations in the hydrophobic clamp that hinder drug binding often also weaken ATP binding and/or abolish kinase activity, thus do not readily result in resistance to the drugs.
Translation is not enough: Comparing Lexicon-based methods for sentiment analysis in Persian

Sentiment analysis is a subfield of data mining and natural language processing with the aim of extracting people's opinion and appraisals from their comments on the Web. Contrary to machine learning approach, lexicon-based methods have some important advantages like domain-independency and being needless of a large annotated training corpus and hence are faster. This makes lexicon-based approach prevalent in the sentiment analysis community. However, for Persian language, in contrast to English, using lexicon-based method is a new discipline. There are limited lexicons available for sentiment analysis in Persian, almost all of them are directly translated from English. In the current study, four lexicons are compared to show the importance of lexicons in the performance of document-level sentiment analysis. Specifically, the Persian version of NRC lexicon, SentiStrength, CNRC, and Adjectives are compared in a pure lexicon-based scenario. Experiments are carried out on the document-level edition of SPerSent dataset. Results show that direct translation used in NRC leads the poorest performance while pre-processing and refining lexicons used in SentiStrength and CNRC improves the performance. Also, the results show that using just adjectives leads to higher results in comparison to using NRC.
Experimental Method in Psychology

THE position which psychology occupies to-day in relation to the other biological sciences, both theoretical and applied, is due directly to its adoption of experimental method. Yet if the psychologist is asked to point out any single unshakable discovery of first-rate psychological importance, based directly and wholly upon experiment, his attempts to answer the question are always regarded as unsatisfactory.
Electron Tomography Three Dimensional Imaging With The Transmission Electron Microscope

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Evolution of Peromyscus leucopus Mice in Response to a Captive Environment

Many wildlife species are propagated in captivity as models for behavioral, physiological, and genetic research or to provide assurance populations to protect threatened species. However, very little is known about how animals evolve in the novel environment of captivity. The histories of most laboratory strains are poorly documented, and protected populations of wildlife species are usually too small and too short-term to allow robust statistical analysis. To document the evolutionary change in captive breeding programs, we monitored reproduction and behavior across 18 generations in six experimental populations of Peromyscus leucopus mice started from a common set of 20 wild-caught founders. The mice were propagated under three breeding protocols: a strategy to retain maximal genetic diversity, artificial selection against stereotypic behaviors that were hypothesized to reflect poor adaptation to captivity, and random bred controls. Two replicates were maintained with each protocol, and inter-replicate crosses at generations 19 and 20 were used to reverse accumulated inbreeding. We found that one of the stereotypic behaviors (repetitive flipping) was positively associated with reproductive fitness, while the other (gnawing) was relatively invariant. Selection to reduce these stereotypic behaviors caused marked reduction in reproduction, and populations not under artificial selection to reduce these behaviors responded with large increases in flipping. In non-selected populations, there was rapid evolution toward much higher proportion of pairs breeding and more rapid conception. Litter size, pup survival, and weaning mass all declined slowly, to the extent that would be predicted based on inbreeding depression. Inter-crossing between replicate populations reversed these declines in fitness components but did not reverse the changes in behavior or the accelerated breeding. These findings indicate that adaptation to captivity can be rapid, affecting reproductive patterns and behaviors, even under breeding protocols designed to minimize the rate of genetic change due to random drift and inadvertent selection.
AMIE: association rule mining under incomplete evidence in ontological knowledge bases

Recent advances in information extraction have led to huge knowledge bases (KBs), which capture knowledge in a machine-readable format. Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) can be used to mine logical rules from the KB. These rules can help deduce and add missing knowledge to the KB. While ILP is a mature field, mining logical rules from KBs is different in two aspects: First, current rule mining systems are easily overwhelmed by the amount of data (state-of-the art systems cannot even run on today's KBs). Second, ILP usually requires counterexamples. KBs, however, implement the open world assumption (OWA), meaning that absent data cannot be used as counterexamples. In this paper, we develop a rule mining model that is explicitly tailored to support the OWA scenario. It is inspired by association rule mining and introduces a novel measure for confidence. Our extensive experiments show that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in terms of precision and coverage. Furthermore, our system, AMIE, mines rules orders of magnitude faster than state-of-the-art approaches.
Multilocus Microsatellite Typing System for Penicillium marneffei Reveals Spatially Structured Populations

ABSTRACT For eukaryotic pathogens that have low levels of genetic variation, multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) offers an accurate and reproducible method of characterizing genetic diversity. Here, we describe the application of an MLMT system to the emerging pathogenic fungus Penicillium marneffei. Isolates used for this study were those held in the culture collections of the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands, and the Chiang Mai University Department of Microbiology, Chang Mai, Thailand. High genetic diversity and extensive spatial structure were observed among clinical isolates, with the geographical area of origin for each isolate strongly correlating with the occurrence of two deeply divided clades. Within each clade, multilocus linkage associations were highly significant and could be explained by genetically differentiated populations or by an exclusively clonal reproductive mode, or both. Our results show that southeast Asian penicilliosis is caused by a fungus with a complex population genetic structure. Furthermore, this MLMT system generates digital data that can be easily queried against a centrally held database via the internet (http://pmarneffei.multilocus.net/ ); this provides a powerful epidemiological tool for analyzing the underlying parameters that are responsible for the emergence of P. marneffei in human immunodeficiency virus-positive populations.