Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
WORKING PAPER 3 024 R & D and Development

Lederman and Maloney trace the evolution of research Taiwan (China)-have radically deviated from the and development (R&D) expenditures along the predicted trajectory and displayed impressive R&D development process using a new global panel data set. takeoffs. The authors ask whether these countries They show that R&D effort measured as a share of GDP overinvest in R&D but find that the high estimates of the rises with development at an increasing rate. The authors social rates of return probably justify this effort. examine how four groups of countries from Latin Moreover, the returns to R&D decline with per capita America, Asia, advanced manufacturing exporters, and GDP. The authors attempt to explain why rich countries advanced natural resource-abundant countries fare invest more in R&D than poor countries. They conclude relative to the predicted development trajectory. Latin that financial depth, protection of intellectual property America generally underperforms as do some countries rights, government capacity to mobilize resources, and in Asia and Europe, but their striking finding is that the quality of research institutions are the main reasons some-Finland, Israel, the Republic of Korea, and why R&D efforts rise with the level of development. This paper-a product of the Regional Studies Program, Office of the Chief Economist, Latin America and the Caribbean Region-is part of a larger effort in the region to understand the role of innovation in development. Copies of the paper are available free from the World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433. Please contact Patricia Soto, room 18-018, telephone 202-473-7892, fax 202-522-7528, email address psoto@worldbank.org. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on theWeb at http://econ.worldbank.org. Theauthorsmaybecontactedatdlederman@worldbank.org or wmaloney@worldbank.org. April 2003. (38 pages) The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is toget the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent Produced by the Research Advisory Staff Please do not cite without authors' permission.
Physical Activity in the Life of a Woman with Severe Cerebral Palsy: Showing competence and being socially connected

We used a life‐history approach to investigate the meanings and experiences of physical activity in the life of a 25‐year‐old woman with severe cerebral palsy (Amy). Amy and her mother were interviewed about Amy’s life and her involvement in physical activity. The conversation was audio‐recorded and transcribed verbatim. We interpreted Amy’s story using psychodynamic theory. Although Amy enjoyed learning to walk, she developed a sense of inferiority on entering the school environment because her skills did not compare favourably with those of her classmates without disabilities. Despite these negative experiences, Amy became more physically active as an adult than she had been as a child and as an adolescent, with the intention of delaying further functional decline, to stay socially connected to the people around her and to gain self‐esteem through displaying competence at physical tasks. For Amy, engaging in physical activity was intimately tied to psychosocial growth, especially as a young adult. Further research should be conducted to investigate whether this relationship between physical activity and psychosocial growth is present in the lives of other people with disabilities.
Protection AgainstWeb-based Password Phishing

The increase in the number of phishing attacks goes to show that the current secure socket layer (SSL) is insufficient to protect users against fraudulent Web sites. In this paper, we discuss some of the current phishing attacks and the limitations/weaknesses of the current SSL protocol. Next, we propose an ID-based SSL protocol to overcome the limitations/weaknesses of current SSL and offer better protection for users against phishing attacks. We show in the security analysis how our protocol prevents phishing attacks that are difficult to detect, even for experienced and well-educated users
Structural Basis of Potent and Broad HIV-1 Fusion Inhibitor CP32M*

Background: CP32M is a newly designed HIV-1 fusion inhibitor. Results: The crystal structure of CP32M and its potent activity against diverse HIV-1 variants were determined. Conclusion: The crystal structure reveals the mechanistic insights of CP32M. Significance: Our data provide important information for designing potent HIV-1 fusion inhibitors. CP32M is a newly designed peptide fusion inhibitor possessing potent anti-HIV activity, especially against T20-resistant HIV-1 strains. In this study, we show that CP32M can efficiently inhibit a large panel of diverse HIV-1 variants, including subtype B′, CRF07_BC, and CRF01_AE recombinants and naturally occurring or induced T20-resistant viruses. To elucidate its mechanism of action, we determined the crystal structure of CP32M complexed with its target sequence. Differing from its parental peptide, CP621-652, the 621VEWNEMT627 motif of CP32M folds into two α-helix turns at the N terminus of the pocket-binding domain, forming a novel layer in the six-helix bundle structure. Prominently, the residue Asn-624 of the 621VEWNEMT627 motif is engaged in the polar interaction with a hydrophilic ridge that borders the hydrophobic pocket on the N-terminal coiled coil. The original inhibitor design of CP32M provides several intra- and salt bridge/hydrogen bond interactions favoring the stability of the helical conformation of CP32M and its interactions with N-terminal heptad repeat (NHR) targets. We identified a novel salt bridge between Arg-557 on the NHR and Glu-648 of CP32M that is critical for the binding of CP32M and resistance against the inhibitor. Therefore, our data present important information for developing novel HIV-1 fusion inhibitors for clinical use.
Predicting zero coefficients for High Efficiency Video Coding

Similar to previous video coding standards, transform and quantization are used in the most recent video coding standard High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) and a large number of transform coefficients are quantized to zeros. In order to reduce the computations involved in transform and quantization in HEVC, a prediction approach based on Gaussian model is proposed to predict zero quantized transform coefficients within the 4 × 4, 8 × 8, 16 × 16 and 32 × 32 blocks. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is able to effectively predict zero coefficients and thus reduce redundant computations while keeping the video quality and compression efficiency almost intact.
Do Employees Profit from Profit Sharing? Evidence from Canadian Panel Data

Using panel data from a large sample of Canadian establishments, the authors examine whether there is any link between adoption of an employee profit-sharing plan and subsequent employee earnings. Overall, growth in employee earnings during the five-year period subsequent to adoption of profit sharing was significantly higher in establishments that had adopted profit sharing, as compared with those establishments that had not done so. Employees in establishments that paid high wages before profit sharing adoption appeared to benefit more than employees in other establishments, although employees in other establishments did eventually benefit from profit sharing.
An improved publicly detectable watermarking scheme based on scan chain ordering

This paper proposes an improved version of watermarking scheme at the Design-for-Testability (DfT) stage for VLSI Intellectual Property (IP) Protection. The improved scheme overcomes the weaknesses of previous scan chain watermarking scheme by imposing the extra ordering constraints generated by the IP owner's signature on all scan flip-flops impartially. IP authorship can be publicly authenticated in the field by injecting a given test vector and matching a permuted output response vector against a transformed reference pattern. Both the output response and the reference sequence are related to a pseudorandom sequence generated by a public-key cryptographic algorithm. Experimental results show that the improved method has a low probability of coincidence and low test power overhead.
Remote Screen Recording and Playback

Microsoft Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) is used to control the screen activities of a remote computer. The RDP supports various mechanisms to reduce the amount of data transmitted over a low-bandwidth network connection, such as data compression, caching of bitmaps, etc. We used all these features to develop a remote screen recording system, which can be applied to computer education and business presentation. Presently, a variety of screen recording tools are available. However, these video based screen recording systems have problems with poor output quality and large storage requirement. Comparatively speaking, the remote screen recording and playback system we developed produces excellent output quality and requires a smaller recorded file than the compressed video files.
Plasma concentration of LH, FSH, prolactin, progesterone and estradiol-17beta throughout the 4-day estrous cycle of the rat.

Groups of female rats were decapitated at 3-hr intervals throughout 4-day estrous cycles and the plasma of each rat was assayed for LH, FSH, prolactin, progesterone and estradiol-17β. Radioimmunoassays were used to measure these hormones, except for progesterone which was determined by the competitive protein binding assay. All five hormones exhibited a peak concentration in plasma on the day of proestrus. In addition, progesterone was elevated from 0900 hr of metestrus to 0900 hr of diestrus, while plasma prolactin showed a brief rise at 1500 hr of estrus. The elevated level of estradiol on the day of proestrus followed a different pattern than the other four hormones. Estradiol concentration began to rise late on metestrus, reached a peak at noon of proestrus, and fell before peak levels of the other hormones were reached. The preovulatory elevation of LH, prolactin and progesterone occurred between noon and midnight of proestrus, while the peak of FSH lasted from noon of proestrus to noon of estrus. (E.
Temperature Control of Phospholipid Biosynthesis in Escherichia coli

The higher the growth temperature of Escherichia coli cultures the greater is the proportion of saturated fatty acids in the bacterial phospholipids. When fatty acids are exogenously supplied to E. coli, higher growth temperatures will likewise increase the relative incorporation of saturated fatty acids into phospholipids. One of the steps in the utilization of fatty acids for phospholipid biosynthesis is, therefore, temperature-controlled. The temperature effect observed in vivo with mixtures of 3H-oleate and 14C-palmitate is demonstrable in vitro by using mixtures of the coenzyme A derivative of these fatty acids for the acylation of α-glycerol phosphate to lysophosphatidic and phosphatidic acids. In E. coli extracts, the relative rates of transacylation of palmityl and oleyl coenzyme A vary as a function of incubation temperature in a manner which mimics the temperature control observed in vivo. The phosphatidic acid synthesized in vitro shows a striking enrichment of oleate at the β position analogous to the positional specificity observed in phospholipids synthesized in vivo.
Comparison of multilocus RFLPs and PCR-based marker systems for genetic analysis of the silkworm, Bombyx mori

The utility of multilocus RFLPs and three PCR-based techniques, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat-PCR (ISSR-PCR) and simple sequence repeats (SSRs) for genetic characterization was examined using 13 diverse silkworm strains. All four approaches successfully discriminated the 13 silkworm varieties but differed in the amount of polymorphism detected. The usefulness of each system was examined in terms of number of loci revealed (effective multiplex ratio, EMR) and the amount of polymorphism detected (diversity index, DI). For example, the six multilocus RFLP probes produced 180 products of which 97% were polymorphic; 15 SSR loci gave rise to an average of 8 alleles each, of which 86% were polymorphic. The ISSR-PCR produced 39 fragments of which 76.98% were polymorphic. The highest diversity index was observed for ISSR-PCR (0.957) and the lowest for RAPDs (0.744). The RAPD, ISSR-PCR and RFLP assays clearly separated the diapausing and non-diapausing silkworm varieties. These results are discussed in terms of choice of appropriate marker technology for different aspects of silkworm genome analysis.
The Relationships of Soft Systems Methodology (SSM), Business Process Modeling and e- Government

e-Government have emerged in several countries. Because of many aspects that must be considered, and because of there are exist some soft components in e-Government, then the Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) can be considered to use in e-Government systems development process. On the other hand, business process modeling is essential in many fields nowadays, as well as in e-Government. Some researchers have used SSM in e-Government. Several studies that relate the business processes modeling with e-Government have been conducted. This paper tries to reveal the relationship between SSM and business process modeling. Moreover, this paper also tries to explain how business process modeling is integrated within SSM, and further link that integration to the e-Government.
A fully immersive VR-based haptic feedback system for size measurement in inspection tasks using 3D point clouds

This paper proposes a size measurement system to be used in inspection tasks, based on the integration of fully immersive Virtual Reality visualization and haptic feedback at fingertip level. In particular, index finger and thumb are intuitively used to perform metric measurement on 3D point clouds visualized using a stereo vision Head Mounted Display. The haptic feedback consisting of contact transition and forces rendered at the fingertip is used to facilitate the user in the measurement task. Experimental results show similar performance of subjects in accomplishing the inspection task with and without the support of haptic feedback in terms of time and precision of measurements. However, qualitative questionnaire responses suggest a significant preference of subjects in using immersive environment enriched by haptic feedback.
In vivo imaging of tumor physiological, metabolic, and redox changes in response to the anti-angiogenic agent sunitinib: longitudinal assessment to identify transient vascular renormalization.

AIMS The tumor microenvironment is characterized by a highly reducing redox status, a low pH, and hypoxia. Anti-angiogenic therapies for solid tumors frequently function in two steps: the transient normalization of structurally and functionally aberrant tumor blood vessels with increased blood perfusion, followed by the pruning of tumor blood vessels and the resultant cessation of nutrients and oxygen delivery required for tumor growth. Conventional anatomic or vascular imaging is impractical or insufficient to distinguish between the two steps of tumor response to anti-angiogenic therapies. Here, we investigated whether the noninvasive imaging of the tumor redox state and energy metabolism could be used to characterize anti-angiogenic drug-induced transient vascular normalization. RESULTS Daily treatment of squamous cell carcinoma (SCCVII) tumor-bearing mice with the multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib resulted in a rapid decrease in tumor microvessel density and the suppression of tumor growth. Tumor pO2 imaging by electron paramagnetic resonance imaging showed a transient increase in tumor oxygenation after 2-4 days of sunitinib treatment, implying improved tumor perfusion. During this window of vascular normalization, magnetic resonance imaging of the redox status using an exogenously administered nitroxide probe and hyperpolarized (13)C MRI of the metabolic flux of pyruvate/lactate couple revealed an oxidative shift in tumor redox status. INNOVATION Redox-sensitive metabolic couples can serve as noninvasive surrogate markers to identify the vascular normalization window in tumors with imaging techniques. CONCLUSION A multimodal imaging approach to characterize physiological, metabolic, and redox changes in tumors is useful to distinguish between the different stages of anti-angiogenic treatment.
Analysis of happiness

I. Four Notions of Happiness. - II. Definition of Happiness. - III. The Concept of Happiness and Its Variants. - IV. The Concept of Happiness Down the Ages. - V. Pleasure and Happiness. - VI. Happiness and Unhappiness. - VII. Pleasures. - VIII. Sufferings. - IX. Little Pleasures. - X. Actual and Expected Happiness. - XI. Happiness and Mental Health. - XII. Happiness and the World. - XIII. Happiness and Time. - XIV. Obstacles to Happiness. - XV. Factors of Happiness. - XVI. Sources of Happiness. - XVII. Character and Happiness. - XVIII. Negative Rules for Happiness. - XIX. Positive Rules for Happiness. - XX. The Attainability of Happiness. - XXI. Disbelief in Happiness. - XXII. Utopian Happiness. - XXIII. The Pursuit of Happiness. - XXIV. Hedonism and Eudaemonism. - XXV. The Right to, and the Duty of, Happiness.
Optimized MEGA‐SPECIAL for in vivo glutamine detection in the rat brain at 14.1 T

Glutamine has multiple roles in brain metabolism and its concentration can be altered in various pathological conditions. An accurate knowledge of its concentration is therefore highly desirable to monitor and study several brain disorders in vivo. However, in recent years, several MRS studies have reported conflicting glutamine concentrations in the human brain. A recent hypothesis for explaining these discrepancies is that a short T2 component of the glutamine signal may impact on its quantification at long echo times.
Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation Improves the Postoperative Quality of Recovery and Analgesia after Gynecological Laparoscopic Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background. We conducted this prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effects of transcutaneous electric acupoint stimulation (TEAS) on the quality of recovery (QoR) and postoperative analgesia after gynecological laparoscopic surgery. Methods. 74 American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status (ASA) I or II patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopic surgery were randomly allocated to TEAS or control groups. The primary outcome was the quality of recovery, which was assessed on the day before surgery and 24 h after surgery using a 40-item questionnaire. Secondary outcomes included postoperative pain scores, the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), duration of postanesthesia care unit (PACU) stay, and patient's satisfaction. Results. The TEAS group had higher QoR scores than control group upon 24 h after surgery (177 versus 165; P < 0.001). Compared with the control group, postoperative pain scores and the cumulative number of opioids administered were lower in the TEAS group patients (P = 0.04). TEAS reduced the incidence of PONV and dizziness, as well as duration of PACU stay. Simultaneously, the patient's satisfaction scores were higher in the TEAS group (P = 0.002). Conclusion. Preoperative TEAS enhances QoR, improves postoperative analgesia and patient's satisfaction, alleviates postoperative side effects, and accelerates discharge after general anesthesia for gynecological laparoscopic surgery.
A social capital explanation of the relationship between functional diversity and group performance

Purpose – Functional diversity research has resulted in equivocal findings for group performance suggesting the need for theoretical clarification. A review of previous functional diversity research indicates that high quality productive relationships are a key determinant in the performance of cognitively diverse groups. A theoretical framework is provided that demonstrates that assets embedded in the social structure of group member relationships impact group performance. The primary goal of this paper is to consider the concept of social capital at the group level and explain its role in mentoring the relationship between functional diversity and group performanceDesign/methodology/approach – These concepts are supported by prior studies and theoretical development rather than empirical evidence.Findings – Social capital is introduced as a moderator in the group performance model improving the group processes of communication, social integration, and coordination. Enhanced group processes in turn lead .
Effect of adding nano‐titanium dioxide on the microstructure, mechanical properties and in vitro bioactivity of a freeze cast merwinite scaffold

In the present research, merwinite (M) scaffolds with and without nano‐titanium dioxide (titania) were synthesized by water‐based freeze casting method. Two different amounts (7.5 and 10 wt%) of n‐TiO2 were added to M scaffolds. They were sintered at temperature of 1573.15°K and at cooling rate of 4°K/min. The changes in physical and mechanical properties were investigated. The results showed that although M and M containing 7.5 wt% n‐TiO2 (MT7.5) scaffolds had approximately the same microstructures in terms of pore size and wall thickness, these factors were different for sample MT10. In overall, the porosity, volume and linear shrinkage were decreased by adding different weight ratios of n‐TiO2 into the M structure. According to the obtained mechanical results, the optimum mechanical performance was related to the sample MT7.5 (E = 51 MPa and σ = 2 MPa) with respect to the other samples, i.e.: M (E = 47 MPa and σ = 1.8 MPa) and MT10 (E = 32 MPa and σ = 1.4 MPa). The acellular in vitro bioactivity experiment confirmed apatite formation on the surfaces of all samples for various periods of soaking time. Based on cell study, the sample which possessed favorable mechanical behavior (MT7.5) supported attachment and proliferation of osteoblastic cells. These results revealed that the MT7.5 scaffold with improved mechanical and biological properties could have a potential to be used in bone substitute. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog. , 31:550–556, 2015
CCRank: Parallel Learning to Rank with Cooperative Coevolution

We propose CCRank, the first parallel algorithm for learning to rank, targeting simultaneous improvement in learning accuracy and efficiency. CCRank is based on cooperative coevolution (CC), a divide-and-conquer framework that has demonstrated high promise in function optimization for problems with large search space and complex structures. Moreover, CC naturally allows parallelization of sub-solutions to the decomposed subproblems, which can substantially boost learning efficiency. With CCRank, we investigate parallel CC in the context of learning to rank. Extensive experiments on benchmarks in comparison with the state-of-the-art algorithms show that CCRank gains in both accuracy and efficiency.