Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A study on simultaneous centralized and decentralized urban growth

Korea, a nation whose development is led by the state, has industrialized through the growth pole strategy intent on creating the raindrop effect. This effect was continuously expected throughout the selection and concentration method, and the concentration of population to growth pole has continued. However, from a mathematical view, the distribution of cities by Zipf's law shows that it changed from a concentrated pattern in some cities to a dispersed pattern. In other words, the growth of the cities and regions went through the process of centralization or decentralization based on the effects of the agglomeration economy. Therefore, in the economic growth of these Korean cities, this research tried to multilaterally analyse the dispute between centralization and decentralization of urban growth. The research results are as follows. First, the distribution of cities was decentralized from a mathematical view, but centralized from a spatial view. Second, the distribution of greater economic areas (GEAs) maintained a concentrated pattern from mathematical and spatial views. Last, the mathematical distribution of all cities intra-GEA was decentralized. So, both the centralization and decentralization processes of growth occurred in the cities at the same time.
Scalable architecture for word HMM-based speech recognition

This paper presents a scalable architecture for realizing real-time speech recognizers based on a word HMM (hidden Markov model). HMM-based recognition algorithms are classified into two acoustic models, i.e., phenome-level model and word-level model. The phenome-level HMM has been widely used in current speech recognition systems which permit large-sized vocabularies. Whereas the word-level HMM has been constrained to small-sized vocabularies because of extremely high computation cost in spite of excellent recognition performance. In order to overcome the shortage, we adopt the scalable architecture focused on the word HMM structure. The proposed architecture can flexibly improve recognition performance and extend word vocabularies. In addition, the computation time is hardly increasing. In order to demonstrate practical solutions, we have designed and evaluated a total system recognizer including speech analysis and noise robustness on a 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS standard cell library. The recognition time is 35.7 /spl mu/s/word at 128 MHz operating frequency. The recognizer can achieve over middle-sized vocabularies in real-time response.
A New Backward Euler Stabilized Optimum Controller for NPC Back-to-Back Five Level Converters

This paper presents a backward Euler stabilized-based control strategy applied to a neutral point clamped (NPC) back-to-back connected five level converters. A generalized method is used to obtain the back-to-back NPC converter system model. The backward Euler stabilized-based control strategy uses one set of calculations to compute the optimum voltage vector needed to reach the references and to balance the voltage of the DC-bus capacitors. The output voltage vector is selected using a modified cost functional that includes variable tracking errors in the functional weights, whereas in classic approaches, the weights are considered constant. The proposed modified cost functional enables AC current tracking and DC-bus voltage balancing in a wide range of operating conditions. The paper main contributions are: (i) a backward Euler stabilized-based control strategy applied to a double, back-to-back connected, five level NPC converter; (ii) the use of cost functional weight varying as a function of the controlled variable tracking errors to enforce the controlled variables and to balance the DC capacitor voltages; and (iii) the demonstration of system feasibility for this type of converter topology and control strategy, ensuring a high enough computational efficiency and extending the modulation index from 0.6 to 0.93. Experimental results are presented using a prototype of a five level NPC back-to-back converter.
Analysis of food packaging UV inks for chemicals with potential to migrate into food simulants

Ultraviolet (UV) inks are an alternative formulation system to the more usual paste or liquid inks (oils or solvents based) that dry mainly by evaporation or penetration into the printed substrate. Based on acrylic acid chemistry, UV inks dry (the exact term is ‘curing’) by the chemical process of photopolymerization. Their composition (acrylate monomers and oligomers together with photo-initiators) exposed to UV emission lamps on the printing press units enable the transformation of the freshly printed ink layer into a tack-free film. For UV inks intended for primary food packaging, special care has to be paid to potential migrating species like small photo-initiator molecules and acrylate monomers not cross-linked in the formed network. The paper presents chromatographic methods to ascertain the level of ink ingredients potentially available to migrate into food simulants (migration tests). GC/MS was employed to quantify the levels of photo-initiators or acrylic esters (acrylates).
Election year economics and political budget cycle in Israel – myth or reality

There is an issue which often emerges whenever nearing an election campaign – the fear of an ‘election year economics’ and the damage it brings. The fear is that the government will implement policies aimed at ‘benefiting the people’ in order to win re-election, such as increasing public expenditures, introducing tax cuts, raising salaries, etc. These actions, however, benefit the people only in the short term. Over the long run they may cause great damage as they force governments to borrow or print money, or to choose another route, of tax increases or government budget cuts, to be applied soon after the elections. Both options demonstrate how election economics can be seen as something akin to a ‘bribe’ given to voters, which damages not only the economy, but the entire political culture as well. Thus, it is interesting to examine whether there is an election economy in Israel. The article covers the three decades from 1982 to 2010. The findings show that during this period, the use of election economics in Israel decreased, and that in recent campaigns it seems to have completely disappeared.
Ultrastructural And Quantitative Motoneuronal Changes After Ventral Root Avulsion Favor Early Surgical Repair

This study assesses qualitative and quantitative morphological changes that occur in motoneurons after ventral root avulsion. The motoneuronal perikaryal changes in the ventral horn of the cat’s C7 cord segment were studied after survival times of 2, 8, 14, 30, 60 and 90 days. Generally, large motoneurons showed a light type of reaction, and the small ones either light or dark. In addition, neurons with a normal ultrastructural appearance were found. These latter are considered to be in a ‘steady state’, which may be associated with regenerative potency. All these types of neuron reactions were present at all survival times, but the number of cells marked by a specific reaction depends on the time of survival. Qualitative and quantitative evidence is given for cell death in 36% of the motoneuronal population between 2 and 14 days after avulsion. This reduction primarily concerns large, presumably a motoneurons with the light type reaction. Small, presumably ? motoneurons become seriously affected after 14 days. These findings suggest that early surgical repair may have the better chances for clinical recovery.
Extracting, Using and Analysing Cyclical Information

Recent events suggest that the death of the business cycle has been exaggerated; the issue of how one learns about and monitors the business cycle remains centre stage. Advent of the Euro and the potential for tensions when sovereign nations subsume their monetary policy into a single response also makes monitoring the business cycle of particular interest for Euro area policy makers. In this paper we summarize recent research on three questions relating to cycles in economic activity --- how to extract cyclical information, how to analyse it, and how to enquire into what special difficulties might be encountered when using cyclical indicators. This survey focuses on our own research which we view as a formalization of some of the procedures developed by Burns and Mitchell at the NBER. However, defence of our position goes beyond continuity with the past and is based on the view that the way in which these investigators defined the business cycle is a very natural one that connects with the way policy makers and commentators discuss the cycle.
Neural network based dynamic threshold generator for sensor failure detection in a three tank interacting level process

This paper presents neural network based dynamic threshold generator for sensor failure detection in a three tank interacting level process. The Fault Detection and Identification scheme performs the tasks of failure Detection and Identification by continuously monitoring the outputs of the sensors and the estimates of the states. Estimation errors are observed and the decision functions are formed from the estimation errors. Decision function values make fault alarms under sensor failure conditions. If the normal value of this decision function is fixed at zero, even a slight deviation, which is not necessarily because of sensor failure, can also make fault alarm. This false fault alarm is avoided by fixing threshold values for the decision functions instead of zero. The threshold values for these decision functions are to be carefully selected to avoid false fault alarm. A method of dynamic threshold generation using neural network based on set point value is proposed in this paper. The results show that the threshold values are best selected by this method so that no false fault alarm is reported.
An analysis of search engine switching behavior using click streams

In this paper, we propose a simple framework to characterize the switching behavior between search engines based on click streams. We segment users into a number of categories based on their search engine usage during two adjacent time periods and construct the transition probability matrix across these usage categories. The principal eigenvector of the transposed transition probability matrix represents the limiting probabilities, which are proportions of users in each usage category at steady state. We experiment with this framework using click streams focusing on two search engines: one with a large market share and the other with a small market share. The results offer interesting insights into search engine switching. The limiting probabilities provide empirical evidence that small engines can still retain its fair share of users over time.
A Comparison of Seasonal Linear Models and Seasonal ARIMA Models for Forecasting Intra-Day Call Arrivals

In call forecasting literature, both the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average(ARIMA) type models and seasonal linear models have been popularly suggested as competing models. However, their parallel comparison for the forecasting accuracy was not strictly investigated before. This study evaluates the accuracy of both the seasonal linear models and the seasonal ARIMA-type models when predicting intra-day call arrival rates using both real and simulated data. The seasonal linear models outperform the seasonal ARIMA-type models in both one-day-ahead and one-week-ahead call forecasting in our empirical study.
The SUN cohort study (Seguimiento University of Navarra)

Abstract Objective Cohort study (the SUN project) to identify dietary determinants of hypertension, diabetes, obesity and coronary heart disease (CHD), among other conditions. Design The SUN project is a Mediterranean dynamic prospective follow-up (cohort) study assessing participants every 2 years. The recruitment started in 2000 and it is permanently open (this is a dynamic cohort). A preliminary case–control study of myocardial infarction was also conducted, selecting incident cases of myocardial infarction and matched hospital controls. Setting The SUN study is conducted in Spain with university graduates, most of them being former students of the University of Navarra. The case–control study was conducted in three tertiary hospitals in the city of Pamplona (Spain). Subjects The case–control study included 171 cases and 171 controls. We have currently enrolled more than 17 500 participants in the SUN cohort. Approximately 7500 of them were enrolled less than 2 years ago, and have not received yet the invitation to complete the 2-year follow-up assessment. The follow-up rate for the first 10 000 participants approaches 90%. Results The case–control study found inverse associations between olive oil (or adherence to a Mediterranean food pattern) and myocardial infarction. In the SUN cohort, after 28.5 months of follow-up a higher adherence to a Mediterranean food pattern rich in olive oil was associated with a reduced risk of hypertension, though the results were statistically significant only among men. Conclusions The SUN study and the accompanying case–control study support the benefits of a Mediterranean diet and olive oil against CHD and hypertension.
Comparing population recovery after insecticide exposure for four aquatic invertebrate species using models of different complexity

Population models, in particular individual‐based models (IBMs), are becoming increasingly important in chemical risk assessment. They can be used to assess recovery of spatially structured populations after chemical exposure that varies in time and space. The authors used an IBM coupled to a toxicokinetic–toxicodynamic model, the threshold damage model (TDM), to assess recovery times for 4 aquatic organisms, after insecticide application, in a nonseasonal environment and in 3 spatial settings (pond, stream, and ditch). The species had different life histories (e.g., voltinism, reproductive capacity, mobility). Exposure was derived from a pesticide fate model, following standard European Union scenarios. The results of the IBM–TDM were compared with results from simpler models: one in which exposure was linked to effects by means of concentration–effect relationships (IBM‐CE) and one in which the IBM was replaced by a nonspatial, logistic growth model (logistic). For the first, exposure was based on peak concentrations only; for the second, exposure was spatially averaged as well. By using comparisons between models of different complexity and species with different life histories, the authors obtained an understanding of the role spatial processes play in recovery and the conditions under which the full time‐varying exposure needs to be considered. The logistic model, which is amenable to an analytic approach, provided additional insights into the sensitivity of recovery times to density dependence and spatial dimensions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:? –? © 2014 SETAC
The Economics of Special Interest Politics: The Case of the Tariff

This paper investigates the interaction of politicians and special interest lobbies. The goal is to model the equilibrium levels of redistributive policies such as taxes, subsidies, tariffs, and regulatory decisions. The model is applied throughout to the setting of tariffs. By contributing to political campaigns, special interest lobbies generate economic returns: higher tariffs generate revenue for import-competing industries through higher product prices, higher milk support prices raise dairy farm income, and so forth. The lobby invests to maximize these net economic returns. In evaluating their chances of election, politicians weigh the favorable effects of special interest money against the unfavorable association with the lobby and the social cost of the redistributive policy. Section I explores the lobby's problem: it describes a formalization of Mancur Olson's discussion of the voluntary provision of public goods and optimal contributions by lobbies to political campaigns. Section II describes determination of the equilibrium tariff positions of each politician in a political campaign.
A modified doublet bandpass filter with substrate integrated waveguide -to- defected ground structure cell for bandwidth enhancement and source-load coupling

In this paper, a substrate integrated waveguide -to- defected ground structure (SIW-DGS) cell is proposed and used to implement a symmetric modified doublet filter. The utilization of proposed SIW-DGS cell can increase the coupling strength of the master transmission path in filter, thus resulting in the enhancing of bandwidth. And the source-load coupling generated by SIW-DGS cells can also improve the tuning flexibility of transmission zero. Measured results of the filter are in good agreement with the simulated ones, with a central frequency of 32GHz and a fractional bandwidth of 8.02%, as well as a transmission zero at 34.5GHz with notch strength over 55dB, and stopband with rejection below 25dB up to 50GHz.
A near-optimal sensor placement algorithm to achieve complete coverage-discrimination in sensor networks

In this letter, we develop a robust and scalable algorithm to cope with the sensor placement problem for target location under constraints of the cost limitation and the complete coverage. The problem is NP-complete for arbitrary sensor fields. The grid-based placement scenario is adopted and the sensor placement problem formulated as a combinatorial optimization problem for minimizing the maximum distance error in a sensor field under the constraints. The proposed algorithm is based on the simulated annealing approach. The experimental results reveal that, for small sensor fields, the algorithm can find the optimal sensor placement under the minimum cost limitation. Moreover, it can also find a placement with minimum distance error for large sensor fields under the cost limitation.
Nogalamyciii Effects in Rat Liver : Inhibition of Tryptophan Pyrrolase Induction and Nucleic Acid Biosynthesis 1

In partially-hepatectomized and sham-operated rats, nogalamycin exhibits the same general patterns of inhibitory activity which are seen with actinomycin D: (a) Marked inhibition of orotate incorporation into RNA; (b) marked inhibition of thymidine incorporation into DNA at high drug levels only; and (c) little or no inhibition of valine incorporation into protein. Nogalamycin inhibited completely the hydrocortisone-induced increase in tryptophan pyrrolase activity but did not affect the substrateinduced increase. The inhibitory effects of nogalamycin adminis tration were not detected after a 24-hr period. These results are compatible with the suggestion that nogalamycin interferes pri marily with RNA, including messenger RNA, synthesis.
Licensing a Vertical Product Innovation

This paper studies the case where an outside patent holder licenses its vertical product innovation to two Cournot competitors. It is found that, under a fixed-fee contract, the patent holder prefers exclusive licensing. However, under a royalty or two-part tariff contract, the patent holder favours non-exclusive licensing. Moreover, in contrast to the standard argument by Kamien and Tauman, we show that, from the perspective of the patentee, royalty licensing can be superior to fixed-fee licensing, if the degree of innovation is small. Two-part tariff licensing generates a monopoly outcome in the final market and hence reduces both consumer surplus and social welfare, if the innovation is low.
Supporting Wide-Band Circular Polarization: CRLH Networks for High-Performance CP Antenna Arrays

Supporting wide-band circular polarization (CP) over broad bandwidths poses a significant challenge for patch antennas and arrays. In any CP antenna, not only must the antenna's impedance-matching requirements be met; the circularity of the radiated wave polarization must be considered as well [1]. The circularity can be defined by a wave? s axial ratio (AR), which describes the variation of the instantaneous electric field magnitude versus time. An AR of lower than 3 dB is usually sufficient to ensure good circularity, although many high-performance applications demand 1 dB or less. The difficulty is in the timing of the two polarizations created to form the CP wave. At microwave frequencies, even errors on the order of tens of picoseconds can dramatically worsen the circularity.
Are Good Industrial Relations Good for the Economy?

Abstract Recent US microeconomic analysis indicates that good industrial relations might improve firm performance. Of late, it has also been claimed that the benefits of industrial relations quality - proxied inversely by a strikes variable - could also extend to the macroeconomy. Using cross-country data, we find that, independent of other labor market institutions, a lower strike volume is associated with lower unemployment. Although there is a separate line of causation running from unemployment to strikes, our analysis suggests that this is not dominant. That said, support for the notion that macro performance owes something to good industrial relations is, however, weakened once we formally control for strike endogeneity.
A New Existence and Uniqueness Theorem for Continuous Games

This paper derives a general sufficient condition for existence and uniqueness in continuous games using a variant of the contraction mapping theorem applied to mappings from a subset of the real line on to itself. We first prove this contraction mapping variant, and then show how the existence of a unique equilibrium in the general game can be shown by proving the existence of a unique equilibrium in an iterative sequence of games involving such mappings. Finally, we show how a general condition for this to occur is that a matrix derived from the Jacobian matrix of best-response functions has positive leading principal minors, and how this condition generalises some existing uniqueness theorems for particular games. In particular, we show how the same conditions used in those theorems to show uniqueness, also guarantee existence in games with unbounded strategy spaces.
High‐Risk Electrocardiographic Parameters are Ubiquitous in Patients with Ischemic Cardiomyopathy

Background: The electrocardiogram (ECG) can be used to predict cardiovascular risk; however, like all risk factors with imperfect specificity, studies in low risk populations have been plagued by poor predictive accuracy. Although predictive accuracy might be improved among cohorts with a higher likelihood of cardiovascular events, this would also affect the prevalence of abnormal parameters and their exclusions.