Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Slow walking speed and cardiovascular death in well functioning older adults: prospective cohort study

Objective To study the relation between low walking speed and the risk of death in older people, both overall and with regard to the main causes of death. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Dijon centre (France) of the Three-City study. Participants 3208 men and women aged ≥65 living in the community, recruited from 1999 to 2001, and followed for an average of 5.1 years. Main outcome measures Mortality, overall and according to the main causes of death, by thirds of baseline walking speed (measured at maximum speed over six metres), adjusted for several potential confounders; Kaplan-Meier survival curves by thirds of baseline walking speed. Vital status during follow-up. Causes of death. Results During 16 414 person years of follow-up, 209 participants died (99 from cancer, 59 from cardiovascular disease, 51 from other causes). Participants in the lowest third of baseline walking speed had an increased risk of death (hazard ratio 1.44, 95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.99) compared with the upper thirds. Analyses for specific causes of death showed that participants with low walking speed had about a threefold increased risk of cardiovascular death (2.92, 1.46 to 5.84) compared with participants who walked faster. There was no relation with cancer mortality (1.03, 0.65 to 1.70). In stratified analyses, cardiovascular mortality was increased across various strata defined by sex, median age, median body mass index (BMI), and level of physical activity. Conclusion Slow walking speed in older people is strongly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality.
Extraction of Mastication in Diet Based on Facial Deformation Pattern Descriptor

In this paper, we describe a method for extraction of mastication from image sequence. Mastication is the first step of eating and is very important. However, people do not need strong mastication muscle because the advancement of cooking and food processing technology makes soft foods. The weak mastication ability of recent human is about to become a serious problem. It will be a risk factor of many diseases. To prevent this, analysis method of mastication is essential. Several studies have been conducted in the research field, but those were not applicable to eating in daily life, because of the various restrictions. We proposed a mastication analysis method using only monocular camera. The key point is Facial Deformation Pattern Descriptor, FDPD which can represent a pattern of facial deformation. By using the FDPD, we could extract mastication from video successfully, and could develop some useful mastication analysis system for healthy eating life.
Stabilizing Consensus with Many Opinions

We consider the following distributed consensus problem: Each node in a complete communication network of size n initially holds an opinion, which is chosen arbitrarily from a finite set Σ. The system must converge toward a consensus state in which all, or almost all nodes, hold the same opinion. Moreover, this opinion should be valid, i.e., it should be one among those initially present in the system. This condition should be met even in the presence of a malicious adversary who can modify the opinions of a bounded subset of nodes, adaptively chosen in every round. We consider the 3-majority dynamics: At every round, every node pulls the opinion from three random neighbors and sets his new opinion to the majority one (ties are broken arbitrarily). Let k be the number of valid opinions. We show that, if k ≤ nα, where α is a suitable positive constant, the 3-majority dynamics converges in time polynomial in k and log n with high probability even in the presence of an adversary who can affect up to o([EQUATION]) nodes at each round. Previously, the convergence of the 3-majority protocol was known for |Σ| = 2 only, with an argument that is robust to adversarial errors. On the other hand, no anonymous, uniform-gossip protocol that is robust to adversarial errors was known for |Σ| > 2.
Video Handling with Music and Speech Detection

The audio-based approach to video indexing described by the authors detects music and speech independently even when they occur simultaneously. The indexed video segments, when presented on the Video Sound Browser, let users randomly access the video. The Video in Time system provides different video condensation levels based on video structuring that can link the video segments and the director's intentions.
A Stochastic Finite-State Morphological Parser for Turkish

This paper presents the first stochastic finite-state morphological parser for Turkish. The non-probabilistic parser is a standard finite-state transducer implementation of two-level morphology formalism. A disambiguated text corpus of 200 million words is used to stochastize the morphotactics transducer, then it is composed with the morphophonemics transducer to get a stochastic morphological parser. We present two applications to evaluate the effectiveness of the stochastic parser; spelling correction and morphology-based language modeling for speech recognition.
Comparison of saccadic reaction time between normal and glaucoma using an eye movement perimeter

Aim: To compare the saccadic reaction time (SRT) in both the central and peripheral visual field in normal and glaucomatous eyes using eye movement perimetery (EMP). Materials and Methods: Fifty-four normal and 25 glaucoma subjects underwent EMP and visual field testing on the Humphrey Field Analyser (HFA) 24-2 program. The EMP is based on infrared tracking of the corneal reflex. Fifty-four test locations corresponding to the locations on the 24-2 HFA program were tested. SRTs at different eccentricities and for different severities of glaucoma were compared between normal and glaucoma subjects. Results: Mean SRT was calculated for both normal and glaucoma subjects. Mann-Whitney U test showed statistically significant (P < 0.001) differences in SRT's between normal and glaucoma subjects in all zones. Conclusion: SRT was prolonged in eyes with glaucoma across different eccentricities.
Measuring Nanoscale Thermostability of Cell Membranes with Single Gold-Diamond Nanohybrids.

Much of the current understanding of thermal effects in biological systems is based on macroscopic measurements. There is little knowledge about the local thermostability or heat tolerance of subcellular components at the nanoscale. Herein, we show that gold nanorod-fluorescent nanodiamond (GNR-FND) hybrids are useful as a combined nanoheater/nanothermometer in living cells. With the use of a 594 nm laser for both heating and probing, we measure the temperature changes by recording the spectral shifts of the zero-phonon lines of negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy centers in FNDs. The technique allows us to determine the rupture temperatures of individual membrane nanotubes in human embryonic kidney cells, as well as to generate high temperature gradients on the cell membrane for photoporation and optically controlled hyperthermia. Our results demonstrate a new paradigm for hyperthermia research and application.
An investigation into metallic impurities in silicon for solar cells

Submitted by Simon Leonard for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and entitled: An Investigation into Metallic Impurities in Silicon for Solar Cells, 2015 Photovoltaics is an exciting area of research with the potential to completely change the world’s energy landscape. Silicon still dominates the photovoltaics market and shows no sign of being overtaken by other materials systems for large scale manufacture. Huge strides have been made in recent years to reduce the cost of solar modules, mainly through the introduction of mass production solar panel plants. However producing very pure single crystalline silicon is still a relatively expensive, energy intensive process. If cheaper less pure silicon could be cast into multi-crystalline ingots, without significant losses to the conversion efficiency this could be a game changer in the photovoltaics industry. For this to happen we need to have greater knowledge and understanding of the role of metallic impurities in solar silicon. If we can find ways to passivate or getter these impurities in cost effective processes that lend themselves to mass production then this would be the key to cost effective solar energy. In the work in this thesis I have investigated some of the most common and most harmful metallic impurities in silicon solar cells using a combination of Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS), Capacitance Voltage (CV) measurements, Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy and Tunnelling Electron Microscopy (TEM). The specific transition metals I studied were iron, as it is one of the most common impurities and also titanium and molybdenum, because they are very harmful, have slow diffusivities and hard to get rid of with traditional gettering techniques. I have then looked at using hydrogen to electrically passivate these defects, and show evidence that hydrogen passivation is possible for interstitially incorporated titanium in silicon, but is unlikely to happen for interstitially incorporated iron. Another important part of this thesis was the observation and characterisation of molybdenum nano-precipitates in silicon. We have observed the nano-precipitates both electrically in DLTS, and physically in TEM. The precipitates have very interesting electrical properties, and appear to be very strong minority carrier recombination centres, which would have a very negative effect on solar cell performance. It is possible that these nanoprecipitates could form from any of the slow diffusing transition metals, and could be a key reason to explain the efficiency gap between low purity cast silicon and high purity single crystal silicon.
Verified proof carrying code

Proof Carrying Code (PCC) is a technique to exclude safety errors in low level code. Instead of runtime tests, it statically checks a proof of safety (a certificate) attached to the code. To guarantee that PCC only accepts safe code, we formalise and verify it in Isabelle/HOL, an interactive theorem prover for higher order logic. In an abstract framework we identify key components and their interfaces, specify requirements and prove theorems stating that accepted code is safe and under what conditions safe code can be certified. Our main contribution is a generic verification condition generator (VCG), which inspects code and emits proof obligations. By adjusting parameters, we instantiate this VCG to a Java-like bytecode language with objects, methods and exceptions. Bytecode with annotations in a first order assertion logic can be certified not to cause arithmetic overflow. To annotate code we integrate bytecode analysers for intervals and types. Finally, Isabelle's facilities for code generation, proof production and proof checking enable us to turn our formalisation into a runnable prototype.
Microbicides and HIV: A Review and an update

HIV is a pandemic which has continually posed challenges to the scientific society in large and to medical fraternity in particular in terms of treatment as well as prevention. The treatment is lifelong suppressive than curative; hence the importance has always been to prevention strategies. The strategies like abstinence, monogamy and consistent condom use have various societal and behavioural issues and HIV vaccine is still not at the horizon. In such a scenario, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and microbicides have emerged as newer options of prevention. Microbicides are referred to as topical PrEP. They are compounds that can be applied inside the vagina or rectum to protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV. Microbicides can be vaginal and rectal and can be formulated as gels, foams, rings, hydrogels, silicone elastomer gels, diaphragm, quick-dissolve polyvinyl alcohol based films, and bioadhesive vaginal tablets. The microbicides have been divided into various categories based on where they disrupt the pathway of sexual transmission of HIV. The article highlights the classes of microbicides and various trials conducted on them. It also enumerates various approaches in pipeline like antimicrobial peptides, aptamers, flavonoids, small interfering RNAs and DNAs, and bioengineered lactic acid bacilli.
The effects of hyaluronic acid and carboxymethylcellulose in preventing recurrence of urethral stricture after endoscopic internal urethrotomy: a multicenter, randomized controlled, single-blinded study.

BACKGROUND To evaluate the effects of hyaluronic acid (HA) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) on the recurrence of urethral stricture after treatment with endoscopic internal urethrotomy (EIU). METHODS A total of 120 patients underwent EIU for urethral stricture. Recruited patients were randomly divided into two groups: group A and B. Patients in group A (60 patients, experimental group) received HA/CMC instillation and patients in group B (60 patients, control group) received lubricant instillation after internal urethrotomy. Each patient was evaluated at 4 weeks (V1), 12 weeks (V2), and 24 weeks (V3) after the surgery. The effectiveness of HA/CMC instillation was evaluated based on the International Prostate Symptom Score/Quality of Life, peak urine flow rate, voided volume and postvoiding residual urine volume. The visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score and degree of satisfaction were also determined for each participant. RESULTS Among 120 initial participants, 53 patients in group A and 48 patients in group B had completed the experiment. VAS pain scores were 0.67±0.76 and 3.60±1.52 (p<0.001), and degrees of satisfaction were 0.28±0.50 and 0.80±0.81 in group A and group B at 1 month after surgery (p=0.001). The recurrence of urethral stricture was observed in five cases (9.4%) in group A and 11 (22.9%) in group B (p=0.029). CONCLUSIONS HA/CMC instillation during EIU may decrease the incidence of urethral stricture recurrence. In addition, the use of HA/CMC was effective in reducing pain during the early postoperative period without an adverse effect.
Developmental compartments in the larval trachea of Drosophila

The Drosophila tracheal system is a branched tubular network that forms in the embryo by a post-mitotic program of morphogenesis. In third instar larvae (L3), cells constituting the second tracheal metamere (Tr2) reenter the cell cycle. Clonal analysis of L3 Tr2 revealed that dividing cells in the dorsal trunk, dorsal branch and transverse connective branches respect lineage restriction boundaries near branch junctions. These boundaries corresponded to domains of gene expression, for example where cells expressing Spalt, Delta and Serrate in the dorsal trunk meet vein–expressing cells in the dorsal branch or transverse connective. Notch signaling was activated to one side of these borders and was required for the identity, specializations and segregation of border cells. These findings suggest that Tr2 is comprised of developmental compartments and that developmental compartments are an organizational feature relevant to branched tubular networks. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.08666. 001
On the advantages of using relative phase Toffolis with an application to multiple control Toffoli optimization

Various implementations of the Toffoli gate up to a relative phase have been known for years. The advantage over regular Toffoli gate is their smaller circuit size. However, their use has been often limited to a demonstration of quantum control in designs such as those where the Toffoli gate is being applied last or otherwise for some specific reasons the relative phase does not matter. It was commonly believed that the relative phase deviations would prevent the relative phase Toffolis from being very helpful in practical large-scale designs. In this paper, we report three circuit identities that provide the means for replacing certain configurations of the multiple control Toffoli gates with their simpler relative phase implementations, up to a selectable unitary on certain qubits, and without changing the overall functionality. We illustrate the advantage via applying those identities to the optimization of the known circuits implementing multiple control Toffoli gates, and report the reductions in the CNOT-count, T-count, as well as the number of ancillae used. We suggest that a further study of the relative phase Toffoli implementations and their use may yield other optimizations.
9‐Cis‐retinoic acid reduces ischemic brain injury in rodents via bone morphogenetic protein

Retinoic acid (RA), a biologically active derivative of vitamin A, has protective effects against damage caused by H2O2 or oxygen‐glucose deprivation in mesangial and PC12 cells. In cultured human osteosarcoma cells, RA enhances the expression of bone morphogenetic protein‐7 (BMP7), a trophic factor that reduces ischemia‐ or neurotoxin‐mediated neurodegeneration in vivo. The purpose of this study is to examine whether RA reduces ischemic brain injury through a BMP7 mechanism. We found that intracerebroventricular administration of 9‐cis‐retinoic acid (9cRA) enhanced BMP7 mRNA expression, detected by RT‐PCR, in rat cerebral cortex at 24 hr after injection. Rats were also subjected to transient focal ischemia induced by ligation of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) at 1 day after 9cRA injection. Pretreatment with 9cRA increased locomotor activity and attenuated neurological deficits 2 days after MCA ligation. 9cRA also reduced cerebral infarction and TUNEL labeling. These protective responses were antagonized by the BMP antagonist noggin given 1 day after 9cRA injection. Taken together, our data suggest that 9cRA has protective effects against ischemia‐induced injury, and these effects involve BMPs. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Schizosaccharomyces pombe Hst 4 Functions in DNA Damage Response by Regulating Histone H 3 K 56 Acetylation †

Schizosaccharomyces pombe Hst4 Functions in DNA Damage Response by Regulating Histone H3 K56 Acetylation † Devyani Haldar* and Rohinton T. Kamakaka Unit on Chromatin and Transcription, NICHD/NIH, 18 Library Dr., Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Discovery Research Division, Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India; and Department of MCD Biology, 249 Sinsheimer Labs, 1156 High Street, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064
Microbial copper resistance: importance in biohydrometallurgy

Industrial biomining has been extensively used for many years to recover valuable metals such as copper, gold, uranium and others. Furthermore, microorganisms involved in these processes can also be used to bioremediate places contaminated with acid and metals. These uses are possible due to the great metal resistance that these extreme acidophilic microorganisms possess. In this review, the most recent findings related to copper resistance mechanisms of bacteria and archaea related to biohydrometallurgy are described. The recent search for novel metal resistance determinants is not only of scientific interest but also of industrial importance, as reflected by the genomic sequencing of microorganisms present in mining operations and the search of those bacteria with extreme metal resistance to improve the extraction processes used by the biomining companies.
Cover Time and Broadcast Time

We introduce a new technique for bounding the cover time of random walks by relating it to the runtime of randomized broadcast. In particular, we strongly confirm for dense graphs the intuition of Chandra et al. \cite{CRRST97} that "the cover time of the graph is an appropriate metric for the performance of certain kinds of randomized broadcast algorithms". In more detail, our results are as follows: For any graph $G=(V,E)$ of size $n$ and minimum degree $\delta$, we have $\mathcal{R}(G)= \Oh(\frac{|E|}{\delta} \cdot \log n)$, where $\mathcal{R}(G)$ denotes the quotient of the cover time and broadcast time. This bound is tight for binary trees and tight up to logarithmic factors for many graphs including hypercubes, expanders and lollipop graphs. For any $\delta$-regular (or almost $\delta$-regular) graph $G$ it holds that $\mathcal{R}(G) = \Omega(\frac{\delta^2}{n} \cdot \frac{1}{\log n})$. Together with our upper bound on $\mathcal{R}(G)$, this lower bound strongly confirms the intuition of Chandra et al. for graphs with minimum degree $\Theta(n)$, since then the cover time equals the broadcast time multiplied by $n$ (neglecting logarithmic factors). Conversely, for any $\delta$ we construct almost $\delta$-regular graphs that satisfy $\mathcal{R}(G) = \Oh(\max \{\sqrt{n},\delta \} \cdot \log^2 n)$. Since any regular expander satisfies $\mathcal{R}(G) = \Theta(n)$, the strong relationship given above does not hold if $\delta$ is polynomially smaller than $n$. Our bounds also demonstrate that the relationship between cover time and broadcast time is much stronger than the known relationships between any of them and the mixing time (or the closely related spectral gap).
Dislocation mobility and critical stresses at finite temperatures in molecular crystal cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (β-HMX)

Cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) is an energetic material commonly found in plastic bonded explosives. Its crystallographic sensitivity to initiation and detonation has been linked to plastic slip in the various crystalline planes; shock directions which cannot accommodate substantial crystalline slip are expected to be more sensitive. In this work, we carry out constant stress-constant temperature molecular dynamics simulations of the motion of dislocations and characterize their behavior in the two most probable slip planes, (101) and (011), of this crystal. We evaluate critical thresholds for activating steady-state dislocation motion and the associated dislocation mobilities at various temperatures below 400 K. This information can be used to develop and calibrate larger scale models of plastic deformation in this material.
Typing and subtyping for mobile processes

The pi -calculus is a process algebra that supports process mobility by focusing on the communication of channels. R. Milner's (1991) presentation of the pi -calculus includes a type system assigning arities to channels and enforcing a corresponding discipline in their use. The authors extend Milner's language of types by distinguishing between the ability to read from a channel, the ability to write to a channel, and the ability both to read and to write. This refinement gives rise to a natural subtype relation similar to those studied in typed lambda -calculi. The greater precision of their type discipline yields stronger versions of some standard theorems about the pi -calculus. These can be used, for example, to obtain the validity of beta -reduction for the more efficient of Milner's encodings of the call-by-value lambda -calculus, for which beta -reduction does not hold in the ordinary pi -calculus. The authors define the syntax, typing, subtyping, and operational semantics of their calculus, prove that the typing rules are sound, apply the system to Milner's lambda -calculus encodings, and sketch extensions to higher-order process calculi and polymorphic typing. <<ETX>>
Parameters of Genetic Algorithm with Optimization for Phishing Detection Ms

Phishing has become a substantial threat for internet users and a major cause of financial losses. In these attacks the cybercriminals carry out user credential information and users can fall victim. Many different anti-phishing techniques have been used to resolve phishing problem, where anti-phishing techniques are applied at both client side and server side. This paper present the detection of phishing using the genetic algorithm based approached. Genetic algorithms can be used to evolve simple rules for preventing phishing attacks. These rules are used to differentiate normal website from phishing website. These phishing websites refer to events with probability of phishing attacks. The different optimization techniques for fake website detection like Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), which can be learned in reasonable time even for large datasets and comparison of those algorithms.