Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) A cross-dialect comparison of Peninsula-and Peruvian-Spanish vowels

A comparison was made of the acoustic properties of Spanish vowels produced by monolingual Spanish speakers from Spain and Peru. Monophthongs were produced in sentence final position. Peninsular speakers’ vowels were shorter, had lower fundamental frequency, and were more likely to be produced with creaky voice. A multivariate test on the whole vowel system did not find a significant cross-dialect difference in formant values. Implications for second-language speech perception and production research are discussed.
Imaging and modelling the internal gettering of interstitial iron by grain boundaries in multicrystalline silicon

In this paper a simple one-dimensional diffusion-capture model is used to effectively characterise the reduction in interstitial Fe concentrations near grain boundaries in multicrystalline silicon by two fitting parameters: the diffusion length of Fe atoms and the gettering velocity at the grain boundary. The measurements are achieved by photoluminescence images taken before and after dissociating FeB pairs in silicon. The measurement artefacts of lateral photon scattering and lateral carrier diffusion are discussed. The method and the model are verified by a multicrystalline silicon wafer annealed at low temperatures which are known to result in diffusion-limited internal gettering of interstitial Fe.
Brittle and ductile removal modes observed during diamond turning of carbon nanotube composites

Abstract Ultraprecision diamond turning was used to evaluate the surface integrity of a carbon nanotube (CNT) composite as a function of the cutting conditions and the percentage of CNT in the epoxy matrix. The effects of cutting conditions on the chip morphology and surface roughness were analysed. The results showed that an increase in the percentage of CNT may influence the mechanism of material removal and consequently improve the quality of the machined surface. When smaller quantities of CNT (0.02 and 0.07 wt %) are present in the matrix, microcracks form within the cutting grooves (perpendicular to the cutting direction). This indicates that the amount of CNT on the epoxy matrix may have a direct influence on the mechanical properties of these materials. Chips removed from the CNT composite samples were analysed by scanning electron microscopy in order to correlate the material removal mechanism and the surface generation process. The area average surface roughness Sa was influenced by the material removal mechanism (Sa ranging from 0.28 to 1.1 μm).
Active Learning of Multiple Source Multiple Destination Topologies

We consider the problem of inferring the topology of a network with M sources and N receivers (an M-by- N network), by sending probes between the sources and receivers. Prior work has shown that this problem can be decomposed into two parts: first, infer smaller subnetwork components (1-by- N's or 2-by-2's) and then merge them to identify the M-by- N topology. We focus on the second part, which had previously received less attention in the literature. We assume that a 1-by- N topology is given and that all 2-by-2 components can be queried and learned using end-to-end probes. The problem is which 2-by-2's to query and how to merge them with the given 1-by- N, so as to exactly identify the 2-by- N topology, and optimize a number of performance metrics, including the number of queries (which directly translates into measurement bandwidth), time complexity, and memory usage. We provide a lower bound, [N/2], on the number of 2-by-2's required by any active learning algorithm and propose two greedy algorithms. The first algorithm follows the framework of multiple hypothesis testing, in particular Generalized Binary Search (GBS). The second algorithm is called the Receiver Elimination Algorithm (REA) and follows a bottom-up approach. It requires exactly N-1 steps, which is much less than all (2N) possible 2-by-2's. Simulation results demonstrate that both algorithms correctly identify the 2-by- N topology and are near-optimal, but REA is more efficient in practice.
First Evidence and Predictions of Plasmodium Transmission in Alaskan Bird Populations

The unprecedented rate of change in the Arctic climate is expected to have major impacts on the emergence of infectious diseases and host susceptibility to these diseases. It is predicted that malaria parasites will spread to both higher altitudes and latitudes with global warming. Here we show for the first time that avian Plasmodium transmission occurs in the North American Arctic. Over a latitudinal gradient in Alaska, from 61°N to 67°N, we collected blood samples of resident and migratory bird species. We found both residents and hatch year birds infected with Plasmodium as far north as 64°N, providing clear evidence that malaria transmission occurs in these climates. Based on our empirical data, we make the first projections of the habitat suitability for Plasmodium under a future-warming scenario in Alaska. These findings raise new concerns about the spread of malaria to naïve host populations.
Instructional Conversations: Promoting Comprehension through Discussion.

Goldenberg is Assistant Research Psychologist at the University of California, Los Angeles. A former junior high school and first-grade teacher, he currently works with classroom teachers to help improve the academic achievement and literacy development of Hispanic students. Since fifth-century Greece, educators and philosophers have argued for a kind of teaching that does more than impart knowledge and teach skills. Knowl edge and skills are undoubtedly important. But true education ? real teaching ? involves helping students think, reason, comprehend, and understand important ideas. Yet teaching aimed at these important goals is presently most notable for its absence from U.S. classrooms. Goodlad (1984), for example, reports that:
\computing Eigenvalues of Very Large Symmetric Matrices { an Implementation of a Lanczos Algorithm with No Reorthogonalization,"

solving large scale eigenvalue problems," Release 2.1, available from netlib@ornl.gov in the scalapack directory. \Adaptive procedure for estimating parameters for the nonsym-Lanczos method for the numerical solution of large space generalized symmetric eigenvalue problems," Math. 32 symmetric case either. A block method called ABLE based upon two-sided nonsymmetric Lanczos is being developed by Bai, Day and Ye (1995). Software based upon subspace iteration with Chbeychev acceleration has been developed by Duu and Scott (1993). Jennifer Scott has also developed software based upon an explicitly restarted Chebyshev-Arnoldi method (Scott, 1993). Finally, the Rational Krylov method being developed by Ruhe (1984 and 1994) is very promising for the nonsymmetric problem when a factorization of the matrix is possible. The computational results presented in Section 7 are due to Zdenko Tomasic and Dan Hu. I would like to thank Rich Lehoucq for producing Figures 1{3 and for constructive comments and discussions about this work. q algebraically largest eigenvalues and a corresponding eigenspace for large, sparse symmetric matrices," In Nonsymmetric problems also arise in quantum chemistry. Researchers at University of Washington have used the code to investigate the eeects of the electric eld on InAs/GaSb and GaAs/Al x Ga 1? x quantum wells. ARPACK was used to nd highly accurate solutions to these nonsymmetric problems which deeed solution by other means. See (Li and Kuhn, 1993) for details. Researchers at University of Massachusetts have used ARPACK to solve eigenvalue problems arising in their FEM quantum well Kp model for strained layer super-lattices (Baliga et al., 1994). A nal example of nonsymmetric eigenproblems to be discussed here arises in magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) involving the study of the interaction of a plasma and a magnetic eld. The MHD equations describe the macroscopic behavior of the plasma in the magnetic eld. These equations form a system of coupled nonlinear PDEs. Linear stability analysis of the linearized MHD equations leads to a complex eigenvalue problem. Researchers at the Institute for Plasma Physics and Utrecht University in the Netherlands have modiied the codes in ARPACK to work in complex arithmetic and are using the resulting code to obtain very accurate approximations to the eigenvalues lying on the Alfven curve. The code is not only computes extremely accurate solutions, it does so very eeciently in comparison to other methods that have been tried. See (Kooper et al., 1993) for details. There are many other applications. It is hoped that the examples brieey …
Magic as Motivation for Handicapped Students

• Magic has a unique and universal appeal that captivates the interest of children. One has only to observe the fascination in their faces during magic shows. When handicapped children are introduced to instructional concepts through the device of a magic trick, their attention span and motivational levels usually increase. A rabbit pulled from a hat, for example, can be an extraordinary way to introduce a unit on animals. Magic can provide teachers and other adults with a special entree into the world of children. The fascination that it produces creates new avenues of communication which are frequently helpful in instructional situations. Most special educators believe in a multisensory approach to instruction. Magic certainly offers a creative means for stimulating the senses. Tactile, visual, and auditory senses are probably the most commonly used, although some magic tricks also involve the gustatory and olfactory senses. Magic is both an observational and participant activity. Children can enjoy watching others, or they can actually take part. Most magic tricks do not require highly developed psychomotor skills. With practice, even the most uncoordinated child can master a substantial number of feats. Success is virtually assured if the interest level is high. By
The use of spatially based complexity measures towards color gamut mapping and image resizing

Several color-imaging algorithms such as color gamut mapping to a target device and resizing of color images have traditionally involved pixel-wise operations. That is, each color value is processed independent of its neighbors in the image. In recent years, applications such as spatial gamut mapping have demonstrated the virtues of incorporating spatial context into color processing tasks. In this paper, we investigate the use of locally based measures of image complexity such as the entropy to enhance the performance of two color imaging algorithms viz. spatial gamut mapping and content-aware resizing of color images. When applied to spatial gamut mapping (SGM), the use of these spatially based local complexity measures helps adaptively determine gamut mapping parameters as a function of image content - hence eliminating certain artifacts commonly encountered in SGM algorithms. Likewise, developing measures of complexity of color-content in a pixel neighborhood can help significantly enhance performance of content-aware resizing algorithms for color images. While the paper successfully employs intuitively based measures of image complexity, it also aims to bring to light potentially greater rewards that may be reaped should more formal measures of local complexity of color content be developed.
Phases 1–3 Clinical Trials Using Adult Stem Cells in Osteonecrosis and Nonunion Fractures

Nonunion fractures and aseptic bone necrosis are two pathological conditions having some impairment of the cellular part of the repair: a reduction of MSC and of the osteoblastic activation. Both are good candidates for cell-based therapies using stem cells. We made a review of the published human trials. Only autologous bone marrow aspirate implantation was until now used. In Nonunion, a direct injection—15 to 150 ml—was made in 4 case series studies. In another, the bone marrow aspirate was concentrated before injection. The results were good. In bone necrosis, only one level 1 study was published. The results at 24 months were positive in terms of reduction of the necrosis and appearance of collapse. In 3 case series studies, a treatment with concentrated bone marrow aspirates was deemed useful with good results in 76 to 96%. These results are interesting but need confirmation by controlled studies.
The Nuclear Disk in the Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy NGC 4486A

Many ellipticals contain nuclear disks of dust and gas. Some ellipticals contain nuclear disks of stars that are distinct from the rest of the galaxy. We show that the dwarf E2 galaxy NGC 4486A contains both—it is a "Rosetta stone" object that tells us how nuclear disks evolve. Its properties suggest that, as accreted gas dissipates and settles toward the center, it forms stars and builds a stellar disk. Secular growth may explain not only the most distinct nuclear disks such as the one in NGC 4486A but also some of the disky distortions that are commonly seen in elliptical galaxies. That is, density distributions may grow secularly cuspier. This would result in chaotic mixing of stellar orbits in phase space and would tend to make an elliptical galaxy evolve toward a more nearly axisymmetric shape.
Mechanisms of Gene Duplication and Translocation and Progress towards Understanding Their Relative Contributions to Animal Genome Evolution

Duplication of genetic material is clearly a major route to genetic change, with consequences for both evolution and disease. A variety of forms and mechanisms of duplication are recognised, operating across the scales of a few base pairs upto entire genomes. With the ever-increasing amounts of gene and genome sequence data that are becoming available, our understanding of the extent of duplication is greatly improving, both in terms of the scales of duplication events as well as their rates of occurrence. An accurate understanding of these processes is vital if we are to properly understand important events in evolution as well as mechanisms operating at the level of genome organisation. Here we will focus on duplication in animal genomes and how the duplicated sequences are distributed, with the aim of maintaining a focus on principles of evolution and organisation that are most directly applicable to the shaping of our own genome.
The Lectin Receptor Kinase LecRK-I.9 Is a Novel Phytophthora Resistance Component and a Potential Host Target for a RXLR Effector

In plants, an active defense against biotrophic pathogens is dependent on a functional continuum between the cell wall (CW) and the plasma membrane (PM). It is thus anticipated that proteins maintaining this continuum also function in defense. The legume-like lectin receptor kinase LecRK-I.9 is a putative mediator of CW-PM adhesions in Arabidopsis and is known to bind in vitro to the Phytophthora infestans RXLR-dEER effector IPI-O via a RGD cell attachment motif present in IPI-O. Here we show that LecRK-I.9 is associated with the plasma membrane, and that two T-DNA insertions lines deficient in LecRK-I.9 (lecrk-I.9) have a ‘gain-of-susceptibility’ phenotype specifically towards the oomycete Phytophthora brassicae. Accordingly, overexpression of LecRK-I.9 leads to enhanced resistance to P. brassicae. A similar ‘gain-of-susceptibility’ phenotype was observed in transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing ipiO (35S-ipiO1). This phenocopy behavior was also observed with respect to other defense-related functions; lecrk-I.9 and 35S-ipiO1 were both disturbed in pathogen- and MAMP-triggered callose deposition. By site-directed mutagenesis, we demonstrated that the RGD cell attachment motif in IPI-O is not only essential for disrupting the CW-PM adhesions, but also for disease suppression. These results suggest that destabilizing the CW-PM continuum is one of the tactics used by Phytophthora to promote infection. As countermeasure the host may want to strengthen CW-PM adhesions and the novel Phytophthora resistance component LecRK-I.9 seems to function in this process.
The role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) quality in the growth enhancement of Alexandrium fundyense (Dinophyceae) in laboratory culture1

Several algal species responsible for harmful algal blooms (HABs), such as Alexandrium fundyense, are mixotrophic under certain environmental conditions. The ability to switch between photosynthetic and heterotrophic modes of growth may play a role in the development of HABs in coastal regions. We examined the influence of humic dissolved organic matter (HDOM) derived from terrestrial (plant/soil) and microbial sources on the growth of A. fundyense. We found that a terrestrially derived HDOM, Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA), did enhance A. fundyense growth; however, a microbially derived HDOM, Pony Lake fulvic acid (PLFA) did not enhance growth. A. fundyense grows in association with bacteria in culture and we observed that bacterial cell densities were much lower in A. fundyense cultures than in bacteria‐only cultures, consistent with bacterial grazing by A. fundyense in culture. In bacteria‐only cultures with added algal exudates (EX), the addition of PLFA and SRHA resulted in a slight increase in bacterial cell density compared to cultures without HDOM added. Changes over time in the chemical quality of the HDOM in the A. fundyense cultures reflected contributions of microbially derived material with similar characteristics as the PLFA. Overall, these results suggest that the chemical differences between SRHA and PLFA are responsible for the greater effect of SRHA on A. fundyense growth, and that the differential effect is not a result of an effect on the growth of associated bacteria.
HBV secretion is regulated through the activation of endocytic and autophagic compartments mediated by Rab7 stimulation

The cellular mechanisms by which hepatitis B virus (HBV) is assembled and exported are largely undefined. Recently, it has been suggested that these steps require the multivesicular body (MVB) and the autophagic machinery. However, the mechanisms by which HBV might regulate these compartments are unclear. In this study, we have found that by activating Rab7a, HBV alters its own secretion by inducing dramatic changes in the morphology of MVB and autophagic compartments. These changes are characterized by the formation of numerous tubules that are dependent upon the increase in Rab7 activity observed in the HBV‐expressing HepG2.2. 15 cells compared to HepG2 cells. Interestingly, transfection‐based expression of the five individual viral proteins indicated that the precore protein, which is a precursor of HBeAg, was largely responsible for the increased Rab7 activity. Finally, small interfering RNA (siRNA)‐mediated depletion of Rab7 significantly increased the secretion of virions, suggesting that reduced delivery of the virus to the lysosome facilitates viral secretion. These findings provide novel evidence indicating that HBV can regulate its own secretion through an activation of the endo‐lysosomal and autophagic pathway mediated by Rab7 activation.
Auditory Laterality: Dichotic Listening and fMRI Studies

Auditory laterality and hemispheric asymmetry The differing perceptual and cognitive functions of the two cerebral hemispheres is one of the great discoveries and mysteries of the human brain (see Hugdahl & Westerhausen, 2009 for a recent review of the field). Ever since the groundbreaking work by the Nobel Laureate Roger Sperry (see Sperry 1974), mapping the different functions of the cerebral hemispheres has been a major research area. Most research on hemi-spheric asymmetry was however focused on the visual system, although the principles governing the workings of the hemispheres should be supra-modal. In 1984 (Hugdahl & Andersson, 1984) our group began research on auditory laterality, using a simple technique called dichotic listening (DL) which had been introduced to neuropsychology in 1961 by Doreen Kimura. We used a variant of the technique with dichotic presentations of simple speech sounds consisting of pairs of consonant-vowel (CV) syllables (see Figure 1) that was first used by Studdert-Kennedy and Shankweiler (1970). The DL technique means that two different auditory stimuli are presented at the same time, one in each ear, and without informing the subject or patient that there are two different sounds. The task of the subject is simply to report which sound she/he perceives on each trial, typically repeating the sequence for a 100 such trials. The result is normally a 'right-ear-advantage' (REA) with better performance for the right ear stimulus, also when controlling for inter-aural differences in hearing acuity, caused by left temporal lobe processing advantage for speech sounds. This simple technique has several advantages when studying perceptual and cognitive processes particularly in psychiatric and neurological patients, not the least its simple structure which means that patients with severe disorders and diseases can be compared on the same parameters across processes. Over the years our group has used the DL technique to study deficits in hemispheric asymmetry for speech sound processing in numerous psychiatric and neuro-logical disorders, and the CV-syllables variant we developed in the 1980s is today in use in clinics and laboratories worldwide. Localising the neuronal basis of the REA In 1999 we published the first brain imaging study, using PET 15 0 with dichotic presentations of CV-syllables stimuli, which showed increased activations in the left superior temporal gyrus (Hugdahl et al., 1999), thus validating the REA performance effects with brain activation measures. The PET results have later been repli-cated with fMRI (van deen Nort et al., 2008), thus …
Self‐care management questionnaire for long‐term indwelling urinary catheter users

Self‐management is believed to be an important behavioral capacity in people with chronic illness, and self‐efficacy is an important component contributing to self‐management. Two new and related measures for urinary catheter self‐efficacy (C‐SE) and self‐management (C‐SMG) were developed based on existing tools and tested for psychometrics for use in a randomized clinical trial (RCT) teaching urinary catheter self‐management.
Antagonistic Controls of Autophagy and Glycogen Accumulation by Snf1p, the Yeast Homolog of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase, and the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Pho85p

ABSTRACT In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, glycogen is accumulated as a carbohydrate reserve when cells are deprived of nutrients. Yeast mutated in SNF1, a gene encoding a protein kinase required for glucose derepression, has diminished glycogen accumulation and concomitant inactivation of glycogen synthase. Restoration of synthesis in an snf1 strain results only in transient glycogen accumulation, implying the existence of otherSNF1-dependent controls of glycogen storage. A genetic screen revealed that two genes involved in autophagy, APG1and APG13, may be regulated by SNF1. Increased autophagic activity was observed in wild-type cells entering the stationary phase, but this induction was impaired in ansnf1 strain. Mutants defective for autophagy were able to synthesize glycogen upon approaching the stationary phase, but were unable to maintain their glycogen stores, because subsequent synthesis was impaired and degradation by phosphorylase, Gph1p, was enhanced. Thus, deletion of GPH1 partially reversed the loss of glycogen accumulation in autophagy mutants. Loss of the vacuolar glucosidase, SGA1, also protected glycogen stores, but only very late in the stationary phase. Gph1p and Sga1p may therefore degrade physically distinct pools of glycogen. Pho85p is a cyclin-dependent protein kinase that antagonizes SNF1control of glycogen synthesis. Induction of autophagy inpho85 mutants entering the stationary phase was exaggerated compared to the level in wild-type cells, but was blocked in apg1 pho85 mutants. We propose that Snf1p and Pho85p are, respectively, positive and negative regulators of autophagy, probably via Apg1 and/or Apg13. Defective glycogen storage in snf1cells can be attributed to both defective synthesis upon entry into stationary phase and impaired maintenance of glycogen levels caused by the lack of autophagy.