Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
All-sky survey mission observing scenario strategy

Abstract. This paper develops an observing strategy for space missions performing all-sky surveys, where a single spacecraft maps the celestial sphere subject to realistic constraints. The strategy is flexible, accommodates targeted observations of specific areas of the sky, and achieves the desired trade-off between survey goals. This paper focuses on missions operating in low Earth orbit with interactive and dynamic thermal and stray-light constraints due to the Sun, Earth, and Moon. The approach is applicable to broader mission classes, such as those that operate in different orbits or that survey the Earth. First, the instrument and spacecraft configuration is optimized to enable visibility of the targeted observations throughout the year. Second, a constraint-based strategy is presented for scheduling the observations throughout the year subject to a simplified subset of the constraints. Third, a heuristic-based scheduling algorithm is developed to assign the all-sky observations over short planning horizons. The constraint-based approach guarantees solution feasibility. The approach is applied to the proposed SPHEREx mission, which includes coverage of the north and south celestial poles, galactic plane, and a uniform coverage all-sky survey that maps the entire celestial sphere twice per year. Visualizations demonstrate how the all-sky survey achieves its redundancy requirements over time.
Differential requirement for c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase in TNF‐α‐and Fas‐mediated apoptosis in hepatocytes

The c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase (JNK) is involved in the regulation of cell death, but its role in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α‐and Fas‐mediated apoptosis in primary cells is not well defined. In primary rat hepatocytes expressing an IκB superrepressor, the JNK inhibitor SP600125 strongly decreased TNF‐α‐induced cell death, caspase 3 activation, and DNA laddering. In contrast, SP600125 did not rescue mouse hepatocytes from Fas‐induced apoptosis. Apoptosis in mouse hepatocytes, induced by human TNF‐α, was blocked by SP600125, indicating that TNF‐receptor (TNF‐R) 1‐mediated JNK activation is important for TNF‐α‐induced death. However, mouse TNF‐α was more efficient than human TNF‐α in activating JNK and killing mouse hepatocytes, suggesting that TNF‐R1 and TNF‐R2 cooperate in JNK activation and apoptosis. SP600125 rescued actinomycin D‐pretreated hepatocytes and hepatocytes expressing a dominant negative c‐Jun from TNF‐α, indicating that JNK exerts its proapoptotic effect independently of transcription and c‐Jun. SP600125 delayed the mitochondrial permeability transition, inhibited cytochrome c release and prevented bid degradation after TNF‐α, suggesting that JNK‐regulated proapoptotic factors act upstream of the mitochondria. Moreover, overexpression of JNK1 activated a mitochondrial death pathway in hepatocytes, albeit less efficiently than TNF‐α . This study demonstrates that JNK augments TNF‐α‐induced apoptosis in hepatocytes through a signaling pathway that is distinct from the pathway by which it regulates proliferation.
A Remote Needle Guidance System for Percutaneous Biopsies

This paper describes a teleoperated needle guidance and insertion tool to assist doctors in performing minimally invasive percutaneous biopsies remotely under computed tomography [CT] guidance. Robopsy is a user-friendly robotic device that grips, positions and inserts a biopsy needle while the patient is imaged to provide the radiologist with simultaneous needle position feedback. Patient care is improved through more precise targeting and shortened procedure times. Robopsy is made primarily of simple, lightweight, snap-together, disposable plastic parts and modular motors; contrasting devices are heavy, complex and expensive. It is designed to be taped onto a patient so as to passively compensate for respiratory chest motion and, additionally, it incorporates a novel feature, which compensates for passive needle oscillation. The design process is outlined and the first prototype presented. Initial results from testing on a cardiac phantom indicate that artifacts from the device in the CT images are negligible and that the device can successfully orientate and insert a needle remotely.
A Rainbow of Gangs: Street Cultures in the Mega-City

Foreword by Joan Moore Preface 1. Introduction 2. Looking at Gangs Cross-Culturally 3. Mexican Americans in the Barrios of Los Angeles 4. "I Just Wanted to Act Loco": Puppet's Story 5. Blacks in Los Angeles: From Central Avenue to South Central Los Angeles 6. "I Noticed the Problem but Never Had the Cure": Mookie's Story 7. Vietnamese in Southern California 8. "You Couldn't Hang by Yourself": Huc's Story 9. Salvadorans in Los Angeles: The Pico-Union Area 10. "Where Is My Father? ": Arturo's Story 11. Charting a New Future for Urban Youth Notes References Index
Clinical and histological characterization of liver disease in patients with transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia . A multicenter study of 117 cases

A B S T R A C T DANIELE PRATI MARCO MAGGIONI SILVANO MILANI MARIO CERINO PAOLO CIANCIULLI GUIDO COGGI GIAN LUCA FORNI CARMELO MAGNANO ANNA MEO ROBERTO GRAMIGNOLI PAOLO REBULLA GEMINO FIORELLI MARIA DOMENICA CAPPELLINI FOR THE COOLEYCARE COOPERATIVE GROUP Clinical and histological characterization of liver disease in patients with transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia. A multicenter study of 117 cases
Effects of Generational Competition and Substitution on Late Labour Participation and Labour Market Exit from a Multilevel Perspective

Wir untersuchen in diesem Beitrag die Auswirkungen der demografischen, okonomischen sowie arbeitsmarktspezifischen Strukturen auf die Arbeitsmarktbeteiligung und auf den Ubergang in die Nichterwerbstatigkeit (bzw. den Erwerbsausstieg) in Bezug auf altere Manner in elf europaischen Landern. Unsere Analyse orientiert sich in theoretischer Hinsicht an den Aspekten des intragenerationalen Wettbewerbs sowie des intergenerationalen Austausches. In Ubereinstimmung mit der Easterlin-Hypothese, der zufolge der intragenerationale Wettbewerb mit der Kohortengrose zunimmt, nehmen wir einen negativen Effekt der Kohortengrose auf die Arbeitsmarktbeteiligung sowie einen positiven Effekt in Bezug auf ein fruhzeitiges Ausscheiden aus dem Arbeitsmarkt an. Davon ausgehend, dass unterschiedliche Kohorten zumindest bis zu einem gewissen Grad austauschbar sind, vermuten wir, dass die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines fruhzeitigen Erwerbsausstiegs durch ein hohes intergenerationales Austauschverhaltnis zugunsten alterer Arbeitnehmer reduziert wird. Die Arbeitsmarktbeteiligung wird somit durch die Altersstruktur der Bevolkerung sowohl zum Zeitpunkt des Beginns der Erwerbstatigkeit als auch wahrend der Erwerbstatigkeit beeinflusst. Auserdem gehen wir davon aus, dass ein geringer Anteil an Hochschulabsolventen in alteren Kohorten die Chancen alterer Arbeitnehmer auf eine Arbeitsmarktbeteiligung verringert. Zusatzlich zu demografischen Strukturen wirken sich wirtschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen wie das BIP pro Kopf und dessen Entwicklung im Zeitverlauf sowohl positiv als auch negativ auf die Beschaftigung alterer Mitarbeiter aus. Auserdem wird die Erwerbsbeteiligung einzelner Personen sowie deren Ubergang in die Nichterwerbstatigkeit von Merkmalen der Arbeitsmarktstruktur wie z.B. Arbeitslosenquoten, Teilzeitquoten oder die Anzahl der Arbeitsplatze im Dienstleistungssektor beeinflusst. Wir untersuchen diese Thesen auf der Grundlage von zusammengefuhrten Daten der ersten beiden SHARE-Wellen sowie Indikatoren auf Makroebene von Eurostat. Wir verwenden fur unsere Schatzungen ein Random-Intercept-Logit-Modell mit zwei Ebenen, mit dessen Hilfe wir den Varianzanteil im Hinblick auf die spate Erwerbskarriere in den einzelnen Landern bestimmen konnen, der auf landesspezifische Faktoren zuruckzufuhren ist, und den relativen Effekt spezifischer soziodemografischer und sozio-okonomischer Hintergrunde quantifizieren konnen. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die unterschiedliche Arbeitsmarktbeteiligung in den einzelnen Landern in erster Linie auf die Auspragung von Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit und den Anteil alterer Manner mit einem hohen Bildungsabschluss zuruckzufuhren ist. Unsere Analysen lassen zwar einen gewissen intragenerationalen Wettbewerb erkennen, wir konnen jedoch keine Belege fur einen intergenerationalen Wettbewerb finden, durch den ein fruhzeitiger Erwerbsausstieg erzwungen oder die Erwerbsbeteiligung reduziert wird.
THE IRREVERSIBLE BINDING OF ACETYLCHOLINE MUSTARD TO MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS IN INTESTINAL SMOOTH MUSCLE OF THE GUINEA‐PIG

1 Acetylcholine mustard (N‐2‐chloroethyl‐N‐methyl‐2‐acetoxyethylamine), a potent muscarinic agonist, binds virtually irreversibly to muscarinic receptors in longitudinal muscle strips from guinea‐pig small intestine, as shown by the inhibition of the binding of [3H]‐propylbenzilylcholine mustard ([3H]‐PrBCM), an affinity label for the muscarinic receptor. 2 A value for the apparent binding affinity of acetylcholine mustard and a value for the rate constant for the receptor alkylation reaction have been deduced from the rate of onset of the inhibition of [3H]‐PrBCM binding. 3 The kinetic constants obtained may refer largely to the interaction between acetylcholine mustard and the desensitized receptor. 4 At high concentrations acetylcholine mustard practically abolishes the contractile response to carbachol. At these concentrations acetylcholine mustard appears to have multiple actions on the tissue.
Three-Year History of Transcription-Mediated Amplification-Based Trichomonas vaginalis Analyte-Specific Reagent Testing in a Subacute Care Patient Population

ABSTRACT A total of 7,899 specimens submitted for live clinical Trichomonas vaginalis analyte-specific reagent (ASR) screening from 2008 to 2010 were audited on the basis of patient gender, specimen source, molecular Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis results, and relative light unit (RLU) data yielded by T. vaginalis ASR. Only 1.4% of the screening was ordered by emergency department clinicians. The screening volume in 2010 was 126% higher than that in 2008. The proportions of annual female and male screening remained consistent throughout the 3-year interval (∼92 and 8%, respectively). Although 71.8 and 9.5% of screening was performed on endocervical and vaginal specimens, respectively, over the 3-year period, no significant difference was noted in the T. vaginalis detection rates (8.9 and 8.6%, P = 0.85). Increased T. vaginalis detection was derived from female urine specimens (12.6%) compared to female genital swabs (P = 0.0004). The proportion of female urine screening increased during the 3-year interval (P < 0.0002). T. vaginalis detection rate in males was 6.6%, with no difference between urethral and urine T. vaginalis detection (P = 0.53). The mean RLU value for 714 positive specimens was 3,971,441; analogous values for each female specimen source and combined male source testing showed no variance (P ≥ 0.29). Combined-gender T. vaginalis detection rate (9.1%) was significantly greater than those of C. trachomatis (5.9%) and N. gonorrhoeae (1.5%; P < 0.0002). Equivocal results presented at a rate of 0.4%. T. vaginalis ASR is an increasingly utilized assay that yields higher detection rates than other sexually transmitted infection etiologies in this community subacute care setting.
Preventing of Dewetting Effects for Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Polymers Applied in Sequentially Buildup (SBU) Technology Without Surface Pretreatments

Upon processing waveguide structures by using the ORMOCER materials ORMOCORE as core material, and a mixture of ORMOCORE and ORMOCER-III (refractive index tuning agent) as cladding material, dewetting effects of the core layer from the cladding layer were observed. A similar phenomenon was observed for a mixture of ORMOCORE and ORMOCLAD which was used as comparative refractive index tuning material. In order to use these material combinations for large-area panel (LAP) processing, a pretreatment or activation of surfaces is necessary but hard to realize. However, the addition of small amounts of ORMOCER-III or ORMOCLAD, respectively, to the core layer material, prevented the dewetting phenomenon. The objective of this, however, is to minimize the content of refractive index tuning agent in the core layer by retaining a good wetting behavior during multilayer processing. Wet film stability tests and contact angle measurements of these ORMOCER systems in various compositions on another ORMOCER surface of a specific cladding material composition were performed on a hotplate. Furthermore, contact angles of droplets formed by deionized water, formamide, and di-iodomethane on cured surfaces of these ORMOCER systems in a wide range of compositions were characterized, and surface tensions were calculated. By adding 0.1 wt% of ORMOCER-III or 5 wt% ORMOCLAD, respectively, to the pure ORMOCORE solution, the dewetting phenomenon was eliminated, while simultaneously the refractive index was affected only to a minor degree and no changes in the optical loss could be detected. It was shown that by adding ORMOCER-III or ORMOCLAD to pure ORMOCORE, the surface tension of the compound system was reduced. In comparison to silanization or gasplasma treatment to overcome dewetting effects in microelectronics multilayer processing, the investigated mixing method eliminates process steps and thus costs, and opens new process routes for LAP processing
The complete mitochondrial genome of the African palm civet, Nandinia binotata, the only representative of the family Nandiniidae (Mammalia, Carnivora)

Abstract Here I report the complete mitochondrial genome of the African palm civet, (Nandinia binotata) as sequenced from overlapping PCR products. The genome is 17,103 bp in length and contains the 37 genes found in a typical mammalian genome: 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and 2 ribosomal RNA genes. The control region of N. binotata includes both RS2 and RS3 tandem repeats. The overall base composition on the L-strand is A: 33.6%, C: 27.3%, G: 13.0%, and T: 26.1%.
Middle ear and nasopharyngeal bacterial flora and their sensitivity in active stage of mucosal disease otitis media: A comparison

Objective: Identifying the role of nasopharyngeal bacteria in recurrent middle ear (ME) infection helps in developing an effective treatment strategy. We aimed to compare bacterial flora of ME with nasopharynx (NP) and their sensitivity patterns in active stage of mucosal disease - otitis media (CSOM). Methods: Ear and nasopharyngeal swabs from patients with active ear discharge for >3 months were processed for culture and sensitivity, the organisms were identified using Gram-stain. Results: Twenty patients between 10 and 65 years and male:female ratio of 13:7 were enrolled. 9 had symptoms since childhood. 10 patients complained unilateral ear discharge; five each had discharge from the left and right ear. 11 patients had nasal symptoms; nose block due to obstruction (9), nasal discharge (8), and both symptoms were seen in eight patients. 14 patients (70.0%) had deviated nasal septum and 8 (40.0%) had discharge in the NP. Of 20 ear swabs, 19 grew bacteria; 1 was sterile (5.0%). 13 (65%) nasopharyngeal swabs grew bacteria, 7 were sterile. Culture yielded aerobic bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common bacterium (9/20, 45.0%) followed by Pseudomonas (7/20, 35.0%) isolated from the ear. The most common nasopharyngeal isolate was S. aureus (9=45%). 10 patients had common ME and nasopharyngeal flora. Organisms were sensitive to amoxicillin+clavulanic acid, fluoroquinolones. Sensitivity was observed to polymyxin, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole also. Conclusion: Common ME and nasopharyngeal flora with same antibiotic sensitivity pattern suggest nasopharyngeal etiology. Nasopharyngeal flora may have a role in recurrent ME infections in mucosal disease - otitis media. Keywords: Bacterial flora, Bacterial sensitivity, mucosal disease otitis media, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus.
Targeting mTOR globally in cancer: Thinking beyond rapamycin

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is centrally involved in growth, survival and metabolism. In cancer, mTOR is frequently hyperactivated and is a clinically validated target for drug development. Until recently, we have relied largely on the use of rapamycin to study mTOR function and its anticancer potential. Recent insights now indicate that rapamycin is a partial inhibitor of mTOR through allosteric inhibition of mTOR complex-1 (mTORC1) but not mTOR complex-2 (mTORC2). Both the mechanism of action and the cellular response to mTORC1 inhibition by rapamycin and related drugs may limit the effectiveness of these compounds as antitumor agents. We and others have recently reported the discovery of second-generation ATP-competitive mTOR kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that bind to the active sites of mTORC1 and mTORC2, thereby targeting mTOR signaling function globally (see refs. 1-4). The discovery of specific, active-site mTOR inhibitors has opened a new chapter in the 40-plus year old odyssey that began with the discovery of rapamycin from a soil sample collected on Easter Island (see Vézina C, et al. J Antibiot 1975). Here, we discuss recent studies that highlight the emergence of rapamycin-resistant mTOR function in protein synthesis, cell growth, survival and metabolism. It is shown that these rapamycin-resistant mTOR functions are profoundly inhibited by TKIs. A more complete suppression of mTOR global signaling network by the new inhibitors is expected to yield a deeper and broader antitumor response in the clinic.
Full wave analysis of FET fingers using various semiconductor physical models

We present a full wave simulation of FET fingers based on a global modeling approach. The electromagnetic fields inside the device are computed by a standard FDTD scheme and coupled to the semiconductor equations through the current density. Four different semiconductor models are used to characterize the active device. They are derived from the hydrodynamic model obtained by integration of Boltzmann's equations. The I-V characteristics of the FET are obtained for the different models. The RF voltage gain and the S parameters can be compared. This is the first time that such an analysis is performed. The wave device interactions occurring in the FET can be modeled using various physical models. This allows us to determine which semiconductor model to use for a given gate length and a given frequency range when the electromagnetic interactions are simulated.
High-resolution permanent photoresist laminate TMMF for sealed microfluidic structures in biological applications

We demonstrate the use of photosensitive epoxy laminate TMMF S2045 for the fabrication and sealing of tapered microfluidic channels. The 45 µm thick resist enables the fabrication of shallow sealed cavities featuring extreme aspect ratios of less than 1:40 (h = 45 µm, w = 2000 µm). It also provides high resolution and enables minimum feature sizes of 10 µm. For the fabrication of free-standing structures, an aspect ratio of up to 7:1 was achieved. The dry-film photoresist can be applied easily by lamination onto structured substrates. The total thickness variation of the resist across a 100 mm wafer was determined to be less than ±0.6 µm. Process parameters for the fabrication and sealing of various micro-channels are discussed and optimized in this paper. The main focus was to minimize thermal impact during lamination, soft-bake, exposure and post–exposure bake, which could lead to lid sagging or channel clogging due to liquefaction of uncured resist. We tested TMMF according to ISO 10995-5 and found it to be non-cytotoxic, enabling its use for biological applications. Swelling of less than 5% for incubation of the dry-film resist in several biologically relevant solvents, buffers and cleaning solutions was observed.
Joint scheduling and mapping in support of downlink fairness and spectral efficiency in ieee 802.16e OFDMA system

The next generation broadband wireless networks deploy orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) as the enabling technologies for broadband data transmission with QoS capabilities. In such broadband wireless systems, one major issue is how to utilize radio resource efficiently while maintaining fairness between sessions as well as providing adequate QoS. In this work, we propose an approach for OFDMA/time division duplex (TDD) downlink suitable for IEEE802.16e WiMAX systems that combines scheduling and burst mapping algorithms for a trade‐off between session fairness, QoS, and spectral efficiency. While optimizing radio resources under QoS and fairness constraints is an NP‐hard problem, we follow a heuristic approach that simplifies the complexity of the algorithm. Performance results show that while the new scheme outperforms the Proportional Fair algorithm in terms of fairness, it also improves the overall system spectral efficiency. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple instance learning for visual recognition: Learning latent probabilistic models

Many visual recognition tasks can be represented as multiple instance problems. Two examples are image categorization and video classification, where the instances are the image segments and video frames, respectively. In this regard, detecting and counting the instances of interest can help to improve recognition in a variety of applications. For example, classifying the collective activity of a group of people can be directed by counting the actions of individual people. Further, encoding the cardinality-based relationships can reduce sensitivity to clutter or ambiguity, in the form of individuals not involved in a group activity or irrelevant segments/frames in an image/video. Multiple instance learning (MIL) aims to use these counting relations in order to recognize patterns from weakly supervised data. Contrary to standard supervised learning, where each training instance is labeled, in the MIL paradigm a bag of instances share a label, and the instance labels are hidden. This weak supervision significantly reduces the cost of full annotation in many recognition tasks. However, it makes learning and recognition more challenging. In a general MIL problem, three major issues usually emerge: how to infer instance labels without full supervision; how the cardinality relations between instance labels contribute to predict the bag label; how the the bag as a whole entity which integrates the instances is labeled. In this thesis, we try to address all these challenges. To this end, first we propose a boosting framework for MIL, which can model a wide range of soft and linguistic cardinality relations. Next, a probabilistic graphical model is proposed to capture the interactions and interrelations between instances, instance labels, and the whole bag. This is a general and flexible model, which can encode any cardinality-based relations. For training this model, we introduce novel algorithms based on latent max-margin classification, kernel learning, and gradient boosting. Thus, very rich and high-capacity models are obtained for bag classification. We evaluate our proposed methods in various applications such as image classification, human group activity recognition, human action recognition, video recognition, unconstrained video event detection, and video summarization.