Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Statistical Detection of Downloaders in Freenet

Images posted to file-sharing networks without a person’s permission can remain available indefinitely. When the image is sexually explicit and involves a child, the scale of this privacy violation grows tremendously worse and can have repercussions for the victim’s whole life. Providing investigators with tools that can identify the perpetrators of child pornography (CP) trafficking is critical to addressing these violations. Investigators are interested in identifying these perpetrators on Freenet, which supports the anonymous publication and retrieval of data and is widely used for CP trafficking. We confirmed that 70,000 manifests posted to public forums dedicated to child sexual abuse contained tens of thousands of known CP images including infants and toddlers. About 35% of traffic on Freenet was for these specific manifests. In this paper, we propose and evaluate a novel approach for investigating these privacy violations. In particular, our approach aims to distinguish whether a neighboring peer is the actual requester of a file or just forwarding the requests for other peers. Our method requires only a single peer that passively analyzes the traffic it is sent by a neighbor. We derive a Bayesian framework that models the observer’s decision for whether the neighbor is the downloader, and we show why the sum traffic from downloaders relayed by the neighbor is not a significant source of false positives. We validate our model in simulation, finding near perfect results, and we validate our approach by applying it to real CP-related manifests and actual packet data from Freenet, for which we find a false positive rate of about 2%. Given these results, we argue that our method is an effective investigative method for addressing privacy violations resulting from CP published on Freenet.
Contralesional Motor Cortex Activation Depends on Ipsilesional Corticospinal Tract Integrity in Well-Recovered Subcortical Stroke Patients

Background. The relationship between structural and functional integrity of descending motor pathways can predict the potential for motor recovery after stroke. The authors examine the relationship between brain imaging biomarkers within contralesional and ipsilesional hemispheres and hand function in well-recovered patients after subcortical stroke at the level of the internal capsule. Objective. Measures of functional activation and integrity of the ipsilesional corticospinal tract might predict paretic hand function. Methods. A total of 14 patients in the chronic stable phase of motor recovery after subcortical stroke and 24 healthy age-matched individuals participated in the study. Functional MRI was used to examine BOLD contrast during passive wrist flexion–extension and paced or maximum-velocity active fist clenching. Functional integrity of the corticospinal pathway was assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation to obtain motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in the first dorsal interosseus muscle of the paretic and nonparetic hands. Fractional anisotropy and the proportion of traces between hemispheres in the posterior limb of both internal capsules were quantified using diffusion-weighted MRI. Results. Patients with smaller MEPs had a weaker paretic hand and more primary motor cortex activation in their affected hemisphere. Asymmetry between white matter tracts of either hemisphere was associated with reduced precision grip strength and increased BOLD activation within the contralesional dorsal premotor cortex for demanding hand tasks. Conclusion. There may be beneficial reorganization in contralesional secondary motor areas with increasing damage to the corticospinal tract after subcortical stroke. Associations between clinical, functional, and structural integrity measures in chronic stroke may lead to a better understanding of motor recovery processes.
A cooperative learning artificial bee colony algorithm with multiple search mechanisms

Improving Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) optimization concept and performance is still devoting substantial interest. Enhancements are usually introduced in order to deal with some challenging issues such as exploitation and exploration abilities that have important impact on the convergence of the algorithm. Balancing these two properties can be achieved by manipulating the search strategies but also the general framework of the ABC model. This work along this idea develops a novel multiple search ABC with a cooperative learning paradigm, referred to as CLABC (Cooperative Learning ABC) algorithm. The attempt is to build a novel algorithmic framework relying on a better characterization of social learning capability among swarm bees with incorporating behavioral differences. The proposed approach is tested on several benchmark functions and compared with other ABC variants and advanced metaheuristics. The performance of the proposed CLABC can be clearly deduced from the obtained results that show superiority in the most of test cases.
Dynamic amplitude coding in the auditory cortex of awake rhesus macaques.

In many animals, the information most important for processing communication sounds, including speech, consists of temporal envelope cues below approximately 20 Hz. Physiological studies, however, have typically emphasized the upper limits of modulation encoding. Responses to sinusoidal AM (SAM) are generally summarized by modulation transfer functions (MTFs), which emphasize tuning to modulation frequency rather than the representation of the instantaneous stimulus amplitude. Unfortunately, MTFs fail to capture important but nonlinear aspects of amplitude coding in the central auditory system. We focus on an alternative data representation, the modulation period histogram (MPH), which depicts the spike train folded on the modulation period of the SAM stimulus. At low modulation frequencies, the fluctuations of stimulus amplitude in decibels are robustly encoded by the cycle-by-cycle response dynamics evident in the MPH. We show that all of the parameters that define a SAM stimulus--carrier frequency, carrier level, modulation frequency, and modulation depth--are reflected in the shape of cortical MPHs. In many neurons that are nonmonotonically tuned for sound amplitude, the representation of modulation frequency is typically sacrificed to preserve the mapping between the instantaneous discharge rate and the instantaneous stimulus amplitude, resulting in two response modes per modulation cycle. This behavior, as well as the relatively poor tuning of cortical MTFs, suggests that auditory cortical neurons are not well suited for operating as a "modulation filterbank. " Instead, our results suggest that <20 Hz, the processing of modulated signals is better described as envelope shape discrimination rather than modulation frequency extraction.
Optimizing parameters in a ranked retrieval system using multi-query relevance feedback

A method is proposed by which parameters in ranked-output text retrieval systems can be automatically optimized to improve retrieval performance. A ranked-output text retrieval system implements a ranking function which orders documents, placing documents estimated to be more relevant to the user`s query before less relevant ones. The proposed method is to adjust system parameters to maximize the match between the system`s document ordering and the user`s desired ordering, given by relevance feedback. The utility of the approach is demonstrated by estimating the similarity measure in a vector space model of information retrieval. The approach automatically finds a similarity measure which performs equivalent to or better than all {open_quotes}classic{close_quotes} similarity measures studied. It also performs within 1% of an estimated theoretically optimal measure.
Ultrahigh-power-bandwidth product and nonlinear photoconductance performances of low-temperature-grown GaAs-based metal-semiconductor-metal traveling-wave photodetectors

Maximum-output-power and bandwidth performances are usually two tradeoff parameters in the design of high-speed photodetectors (PDs). In this paper, we report record high-peak output voltage (/spl sim/ 30 V) together with ultrahigh-speed performance (1.8 ps, 190 GHz) observed in low-temperature-grown GaAs (LTG-GaAs)-based metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) traveling-wave photodetectors (TWPDs) at a wavelength of 800 nm. Ultrahigh-peak output power and ultrahigh-electrical bandwidth performances were achieved due to superior MSM microwave guiding structure, short carrier trapping time, and the capability to take high bias voltage (/spl sim/ 30 V) with a LTG-GaAs layer. Under such a high bias voltage, a significant nonlinear photocurrent increase with the bias voltage was observed. The nonlinear photoconductance and ultrahigh-output power-bandwidth performances opens a new way in the application of high-performance optoelectronic mixers and photomixer devices.
Eukaryotic Replicative Helicase Subunit Interaction with DNA and Its Role in DNA Replication

The replicative helicase unwinds parental double-stranded DNA at a replication fork to provide single-stranded DNA templates for the replicative polymerases. In eukaryotes, the replicative helicase is composed of the Cdc45 protein, the heterohexameric ring-shaped Mcm2-7 complex, and the tetrameric GINS complex (CMG). The CMG proteins bind directly to DNA, as demonstrated by experiments with purified proteins. The mechanism and function of these DNA-protein interactions are presently being investigated, and a number of important discoveries relating to how the helicase proteins interact with DNA have been reported recently. While some of the protein-DNA interactions directly relate to the unwinding function of the enzyme complex, other protein-DNA interactions may be important for minichromosome maintenance (MCM) loading, origin melting or replication stress. This review describes our current understanding of how the eukaryotic replicative helicase subunits interact with DNA structures in vitro, and proposed models for the in vivo functions of replicative helicase-DNA interactions are also described.
Secrecy outage capacity of fading channels

This paper considers point to point secure communication over flat fading channels under an outage constraint. More specifically, we extend the definition of outage capacity to account for the secrecy constraint and obtain sharp characterizations of the corresponding fundamental limits under two different assumptions on the transmitter CSI (Channel state information). First, we find the outage secrecy capacity assuming that the transmitter has perfect knowledge of the legitimate and eavesdropper channel gains. In this scenario, the capacity achieving scheme relies on opportunistically exchanging private keys between the legitimate nodes. These keys are stored in a key buffer and later used to secure delay sensitive data using the Vernam's one time pad technique. We then extend our results to the more practical scenario where the transmitter is assumed to know only the legitimate channel gain. Here, our achievability arguments rely on privacy amplification techniques to generate secret key bits. In the two cases, we also characterize the optimal power control policies which, interestingly, turn out to be a judicious combination of channel inversion and the optimal ergodic strategy. Finally, we analyze the effect of key buffer overflow on the overall outage probability.
Stability Test and Quantitative and Qualitative Analyses of the Amino Acids in Pharmacopuncture Extracted from Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans

Objectives: Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans (S. subspinipes mutilans) is known as a traditional medicine and includes various amino acids, peptides and proteins. The amino acids in the pharmacopuncture extracted from S. subspinipes mutilans by using derivatization methods were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) over a 12 month period to confirm its stability. Methods: Amino acids of pharmacopuncture extracted from S. subspinipes mutilans were derived by using O-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) & 9-fluorenyl methoxy carbonyl chloride (FMOC) reagent and were analyzed using HPLC. The amino acids were detected by using a diode array detector (DAD) and a fluorescence detector (FLD) to compare a mixed amino acid standard (STD) to the pharmacopuncture from centipedes. The stability tests on the pharmacopuncture from centipedes were done using HPLC for three conditions: a room temperature test chamber, an acceleration test chamber, and a cold test chamber. Results: The pharmacopuncture from centipedes was prepared by using the method of the Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute (KPI) and through quantitative analyses was shown to contain 9 amino acids of the 16 amino acids in the mixed amino acid STD. The amounts of the amino acids in the pharmacopuncture from centipedes were 34.37 ppm of aspartate, 123.72 ppm of arginine, 170.63 ppm of alanine, 59.55 ppm of leucine and 57 ppm of lysine. The relative standard deviation (RSD %) results for the pharmacopuncture from centipedes had a maximum value of 14.95% and minimum value of 1.795% on the room temperature test chamber, the acceleration test chamber and the cold test chamber stability tests. Conclusion: Stability tests on and quantitative and qualitative analyses of the amino acids in the pharmacopuncture extracted from centipedes by using derivatization methods were performed by using HPLC. Through research, we hope to determine the relationship between time and the concentrations of the amino acids in the pharmacopuncture extracted from centipedes.
Probabilistic Search Algorithms with Unique Answers and Their Cryptographic Applications

In this paper we introduce a new type of probabilistic search algorithm, which we call the Bellagio algorithm: a probabilistic algorithm which is guaranteed to run in expected polynomial time, and to produce a correct and unique solution with high probability. We argue the applicability of such algorithms for the problems of verifying delegated computation in a distributed setting, and for generating cryptographic public-parameters and keys in distributed settings. We exhibit several examples of Bellagio algorithms for problems for which no deterministic polynomial time algorithms are known. In particular,we show such algorithms for: • finding a unique generator for Zp when p is a prime of the form kq + 1 for q is prime and k = polylog(p). The algorithm runs in expected polynomial in log p time. • finding a unique q’th non-residues of Zp for any prime divisor q of p − 1, extending Lenstra’s [11] algorithm for finding unique quadratic non-residue of Zp. The algorithm runs in expected polynomial time in log p and q. The tool we use is a new variant of the Adleman-Manders-Miller probabilistic algorithm for taking q-th roots, which outputs a unique solution to the input equations and runs in expected polynomial time in log p and q. • given a multi-variate polynomial P 6= 0, find a unique (with high probability) ~a such that P (~a) 6= 0. Alternatively you may think of this as producing a unique polynomial time verifiable certificate of inequality of polynomials. More generally, we show a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a Bellagio Algorithm for relation R: R has a Bellagio algorithm if and only if it is deterministically reducible to some decision problem in BPP. ISSN 1433-8092 Electronic Colloquium on Computational Complexity, Report No. 136 (2011)
Eyebrow movement as a cue to prominence

INTRODUCTION Speech communication is inherently multimodal in nature. While the auditory modality often provides the phonetic information necessary to convey a linguistic message, the visual modality can qualify the auditory information providing segmental cues on place of articulation, prosodic information concerning prominence and phrasing and extralinguistic information such as signals for turn-taking, emotions and attitudes. Although these observations are not novel, prosody research has largely ignored the visual modality. One reason is the primary status of auditory speech, another is the relatively more complicated generation of visual speech. Most of the work that has been done in multimodal speech perception has concentrated on segmental cues in the visual modality.
Mapping overall taiyuan graben basin deformation with SBAS-InSAR technique

Taiyuan graben basin has been suffering serious ground deformation due to the combined effects of groundwater pumping, ground fissures and faults. However, most ground deformation monitoring mainly focus on the single city, thus it is difficult to reveal the regional extent of the deformation. Fifty-five ALOS/PALSAR images acquired from three adjacent tracks from 2007 to 2011 are used to obtain annual deformation rate based on Small Baseline Subsets (SBAS-InSAR) technique. The standard deviations of deformation differences between two adjacent tracks are 3.7mm/a and 4.2mm/a, respectively. Large subsidence funnels mainly occur in the regions, where the groundwater pumping is intensive. The maximum subsidence is observed in Qingxu with the land subsidence rate up to 240mm/a, while regions with subsidence rates ranging from 50 to 90mm/a are detected in other locations. Meanwhile, significant deformation differences are retrieved in both sides of the faults, which could be explained as the faults-controlled deformation.
Agent Influence as a Predictor of Difficulty for Decentralized Problem-Solving

We study the effect of problem structure on the practical performance of optimal dynamic programming for decentralized decision problems. It is shown that restricting agent influence over problem dynamics can make the problem easier to solve. Experimental results establish that agent influence correlates with problem difficulty: as the gap between the influence of different agents grows, problems tend to become much easier to solve. The measure thus provides a general-purpose, automatic characterization of decentralized problems, identifying those for which optimal methods are more or less likely to work. Such a measure is also of possible use as a heuristic in the design of algorithms that create task decompositions and control hierarchies in order to simplify multiagent problems.
Repeat and predict—two keys to efficient text editing

We propose a simple and powerful predictive interface technique for text editing tasks. With our technique called the dynamic macro creation, when a user types a special “repeat” key after doing repetitive operations in atext editor, an editing sequence corresponding to one iteration is detected, defined as a macro, and executed at the same time. Although being simple, a wide range of repetitive tasks can be performed just by typing the repeat key. When we use another special “pre-dict” key for conventional prediction techniques in addition to the repeat key, wider range of prediction schemes can be performed depending on the order of using these two keys.
A new class of two-channel biorthogonal filter banks and wavelet bases

Proposes a novel framework for a new class of two-channel biorthogonal filter banks. The framework covers two useful subclasses: i) causal stable IIR filter banks. ii) linear phase FIR filter banks. There exists a very efficient structurally perfect reconstruction implementation for such a class. Filter banks of high frequency selectivity can be achieved by using the proposed framework with low complexity. The properties of such a class are discussed in detail. The design of the analysis/synthesis systems reduces to the design of a single transfer function. Very simple design methods are given both for FIR and IIR cases. Zeros of arbitrary multiplicity at aliasing frequency can be easily imposed, for the purpose of generating wavelets with regularity property. In the IIR case, two new classes of IIR maximally flat filters different from Butterworth filters are introduced. The filter coefficients are given in closed form. The wavelet bases corresponding to the biorthogonal systems are generated. the authors also provide a novel mapping of the proposed 1-D framework into 2-D. The mapping preserves the following: i) perfect reconstruction; ii) stability in the IIR case; iii) linear phase in the FIR case; iv) zeros at aliasing frequency; v) frequency characteristic of the filters. >
Distributed asynchronous optimization of convolutional neural networks

Recently, deep Convolutional Neural Networks have been shown to outperform Deep Neural Networks for acoustic modelling, producing state-of-the-art accuracy in speech recognition tasks. Convolutional models provide increased model robustness through the usage of pooling invariance and weight sharing across spectrum and time. However, training convolutional models is a very computationally expensive optimization procedure, especially when combined with large training corpora. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm for scalable training of deep Convolutional Neural Networks across multiple GPUs. Our distributed asynchronous stochastic gradient descent algorithm incorporates sparse gradients, momentum and gradient decay to accelerate the training of these networks. Our approach is stable, neither requiring warm-starting or excessively large minibatches. Our proposed approach enables convolutional models to be efficiently trained across multiple GPUs, enabling a model to be scaled asynchronously across 5 GPU workers with 68% efficiency. Index Terms: deep neural network, distributed optimization
Approximation of Hyperbolic Models for Chemosensitive Movement

Numerical methods with different orders of accuracy are proposed to approximate hyperbolic models for chemosensitive movements. On the one hand, first- and second-order well-balanced finite volume schemes are presented. This approach provides exact conservation of the steady state solutions. On the other hand, a high-order finite difference weighted essentially nonoscillatory (WENO) scheme is constructed and the well-balanced reconstruction is adapted to this scheme to exactly preserve steady states and to retain high-order accuracy. Numerical simulations are performed to verify accuracy and the well-balanced property of the proposed schemes and to observe the formation of networks in the hyperbolic models similar to those observed in the experiments.
Survey of influenza viruses in feral birds in 1979 and isolation of a strain possessing Hav6Nav5 from cloaca of an eastern dunlin.

In the course of a survey in 1979 of influenza VIrUS In feral birds, in cluding 255 water fowls of 19 species, 719 small migrating birds of 32 species and 126 sea birds of 6 species, an influenza virus was isolated from a cloacal swab of one of the 38 eastern dunlins (Calidris alpina sakhalina) examined. No influenza virus was isolated from the other birds. The isolate possessed Hav6 hemagglutinin and Nav5 neuraminidase and was designated as A/eastern dunlin/Hokkaido/101/79 (Hav6Nav5).
In search of a model for evaluating the quality of E-commerce Web sites

The nature of e-commerce is diverse [15]. E-commerce has been categorized into business-to-consumer (B2C), business-to-business (B2B), business-to-government (B2G), consumer-to-consumer (C2C) etc. Users of e-commerce Web sites may be consumers, software developers/designers, business/service providers, business partners, suppliers, governments etc. Researchers have also shown that there are several perspectives about evaluation on quality for e-commerce Web sites that is, one may take an approach or combination of approaches like product quality, systems as product quality, service quality of provider, quality of services offered and quality of the Human-Computer Interface (HCI) design. This paper documents the review of literature on models for evaluating the quality of e-commerce Web sites and argues that there is still a lack of research in the area because of the inherent diversity of e-commerce.