Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spatial embedding of structural similarity in the cerebral cortex

Significance The cerebral cortex can be divided into a number of distinct areas on the basis of anatomy and function. Understanding the complex pattern of connections among these areas is essential to uncovering how the brain performs its distributed computations. We report a systematic relation between the connectivity and functional similarity of cortical areas in the monkey, human, and mouse cortex. Motivated by observations that the cortical areal network is densely connected and that connections have a strong dependence on wiring length, we introduce a spatially embedded, generative model of the areal network that accounts for many observed features of cortical connectivity. Recent anatomical tracing studies have yielded substantial amounts of data on the areal connectivity underlying distributed processing in cortex, yet the fundamental principles that govern the large-scale organization of cortex remain unknown. Here we show that functional similarity between areas as defined by the pattern of shared inputs or outputs is a key to understanding the areal network of cortex. In particular, we report a systematic relation in the monkey, human, and mouse cortex between the occurrence of connections from one area to another and their similarity distance. This characteristic relation is rooted in the wiring distance dependence of connections in the brain. We introduce a weighted, spatially embedded random network model that robustly gives rise to this structure, as well as many other spatial and topological properties observed in cortex. These include features that were not accounted for in any previous model, such as the wide range of interareal connection weights. Connections in the model emerge from an underlying distribution of spatially embedded axons, thereby integrating the two scales of cortical connectivity—individual axons and interareal pathways—into a common geometric framework. These results provide insights into the origin of large-scale connectivity in cortex and have important implications for theories of cortical organization.
Integration of Coordination Architecture and Behavior Fuzzy Learning in Quadruped Walking Robots

This paper presents the design and implementation of a coordination architecture for quadruped walking robots to learn and execute soccer-playing behaviors. A typical hybrid architecture combing reactive behaviors with deliberative reasoning is developed. The reactive behaviors directly map spatial information extracted from sensors into actions. The deliberative reasoning represents temporal constraints of a robot's strategy in terms of finite state machines. In order to achieve real-time and robust control performance in reactive behaviors, fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) are used to encode the behaviors, and a two-stage learning scheme is adopted to make these FLCs adaptive to complex situations. The experimental results are provided to show the suitability of the architecture and effectiveness of the proposed learning scheme.
Forecasting of Flash Floods over Wadi Watier –Sinai Peninsula Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model

— Flash floods are considered natural disasters that can cause casualties and demolishing of infra structures. The problem is that flash floods, particularly in arid and semi arid zones, take place in very short time. So, it is important to forecast flash floods earlier to its events with a lead time up to 48 hours to give early warning alert to avoid or minimize disasters. The flash flood took place over Wadi Watier - Sinai Peninsula, in October 24 th , 2008, has been simulated, investigated and analyzed using the state of the art regional weather model. The Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model, which is a reliable short term forecasting tool for precipitation events, has been utilized over the study area. The model results have been calibrated with the real data, for the same date and time, of the rainfall measurements recorded at Sorah gauging station. The WRF model forecasted total rainfall of 11.6 mm while the real measured one was 10.8 mm. The calibration shows significant consistency between WRF model and real measurements results . rainfall-runoff and hydrodynamic models to forecast the flash flood
An affibody in complex with a target protein: Structure and coupled folding

Combinatorial protein engineering provides powerful means for functional selection of novel binding proteins. One class of engineered binding proteins, denoted affibodies, is based on the three-helix scaffold of the Z domain derived from staphylococcal protein A. The ZSPA-1 affibody has been selected from a phage-displayed library as a binder to protein A. ZSPA-1 also binds with micromolar affinity to its own ancestor, the Z domain. We have characterized the ZSPA-1 affibody in its uncomplexed state and determined the solution structure of a Z:ZSPA-1 protein–protein complex. Uncomplexed ZSPA-1 behaves as an aggregation-prone molten globule, but folding occurs on binding, and the original (Z) three-helix bundle scaffold is fully formed in the complex. The structural basis for selection and strong binding is a large interaction interface with tight steric and polar/nonpolar complementarity that directly involves 10 of 13 mutated amino acid residues on ZSPA-1. We also note similarities in how the surface of the Z domain responds by induced fit to binding of ZSPA-1 and Ig Fc, respectively, suggesting that the ZSPA-1 affibody is capable of mimicking the morphology of the natural binding partner for the Z domain.
Structure and enzymatic properties of genetically truncated forms of the water-insoluble glucan-synthesizing glucosyltransferase from Streptococcus sobrinus.

Glucosyltransferase-I (GTF-I: 175 kDa) of a cariogenic bacterium, Streptococcus sobrinus 6715, mediates the conversion of water-soluble dextran (alpha-1,6-glucan) into a water-insoluble form by making numerous alpha-1,3-glucan branches along the dextran chains with sucrose as the glucosyl donor. The structures and catalytic properties were compared for two GTF-I fragments, GTF-I' (138 kDa) and GS (110 kDa). Both lack the N-terminal 84 residues of GTF-I. While GTF-I' still contains four of the six C-terminal repeats characteristic of streptococcal glucosyltransferases, GS lacks all of them. Electron microscopy of negatively stained samples indicated a double-domain structure for GTF-I', consisting of a spherical head with a smaller spherical tail, which was occasionally seen as a long extension. GS was seen just as the head portion of GTF-I'. In the absence of dextran, both fragments simply hydrolyzed sucrose with similar K(m) and k(cat) values at low concentrations (<5 mM). At higher sucrose concentrations (>10 mM), however, GTF-I' exhibited glucosyl transfer activity to form insoluble alpha-1, 3-glucans. So did GS, but less efficiently. Dextran increased the rate and efficiency of the glucosyl transfer by GTF-I'. On removal of the C-terminal repeats of GTF-I' by mild trypsin treatment, this dextran-stimulated transfer was completely lost and the dextran-independent transfer became less efficient. These results indicate that the N-terminal two-thirds of the GTF-I sequence are organized as a structurally and functionally independent domain to catalyze not only sucrose hydrolysis but also glucosyl transfer to form alpha-1,3-glucan chains, although not efficiently; the C-terminal repeat increases the efficiency of the intrinsic glucosyl transfer by the N-terminal domain as well as rendering the whole molecule primer-dependent for far more efficient insoluble glucan synthesis.
Coded Aperture and Optical Heterodyning : A mask-based approach for Digital Refocusing and Light-Field Acquisition by Conventional Cameras

We describe a theoretical framework for reversibly modulating 4D light fields with patterned masks in the optical path of a lens based camera. Based on this framework, we present a novel design to reconstruct the 4D light field from a 2D camera image without any additional lenses as required by previous light field cameras. The patterned mask attenuates light rays inside the camera instead of bending them, and the attenuation recoverably encodes the ray on the 2D sensor. Our mask-equipped camera focuses just as a traditional camera might to capture conventional 2D photos at full sensor resolution, but the raw pixel values also hold a modulated 4D light field. The light field can be recovered by rearranging the tiles of the 2D Fourier transform of sensor values into 4D planes, and computing the inverse Fourier transform. In addition, one can also recover the full resolution image information for the in-focus parts of the scene. We also show how a broad-band mask placed at the lens enables us to compute refocusing at full sensor resolution for images of layered Lambertian scenes. This partial encoding of 4D ray-space data enables editing of image contents by depth to remove or suppress unwanted occluders, yet does not require computational recovery of the complete 4D light field.
The structure of human personality

Introduction Introduction to the Third Edition 1 Theories of personality organization 2 Methods of dimensional analysis 3 Personality traits and their measurement 4 The analysis of ratings 5 The analysis of questionnaires and inventories 6 The analysis of objective behaviour tests 7 The analysis of projective techniques 8 The analysis of physiological measures 9 The analysis of physique (body build) 10 The analysis of interests and attitudes 11 The analysis of correlations between persons 12 Causal theories of personality structure Subject index Author index
Influence of Bilirubin Uridine Diphosphate– Glucuronosyltransferase 1A Promoter Polymorphisms on Serum Bilirubin Levels and Cholelithiasis in Children With Sickle Cell Anemia

Purpose Genetic mutations in the uridine diphosphate (UDP)–glucuronosyltransferase 1A (UGT1A) enzyme promoter have been associated with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and Gilbert syndrome. The effects of UGT1A promoter polymorphisms on serum bilirubin levels and symptomatic gallstone formation were studied in a cohort of children with sickle cell anemia (SCA). Methods The UGT1A promoter genotype was determined for 115 consecutive children with SCA. Steady-state laboratory parameters and previous cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallstones were recorded retrospectively, then analyzed according to UGT1A genotype. Results Children with SCA had a lower frequency of the normal (TA) 6 UGT1A promoter allele (0.413) than the abnormal (TA) 7 allele (0.461). A previously described shorter (TA) 5 allele (frequency 0.074) and longer (TA) 8 allele (frequency 0.052) were also observed. Children with the 7/7 UGT1A genotype had a significantly higher mean bilirubin level (5.8 ± 3.1 mg/dL) than those with the 6/6 (2.4 ± 0.8 mg/dL) or 6/7 genotype (3.0 ± 1.1 mg/dL;P < 0.001 by analysis of variance). Patients with the 7/7 genotype were more likely to have previous cholecystectomy (87.5%) than those with the 6/6 (35.7%) or the 6/7 genotype (36.1%;P = 0.002 by &khgr; 2 ). Conclusions Genetic variation in the UGT1A promoter significantly influences serum bilirubin levels and the development of symptomatic cholelithiasis in children with SCA. The UGT1A promoter polymorphisms represent an important nonglobin genetic modifier of clinical disease expression in SCA.
On-the-Fly Learning in a Perpetual Learning Machine

Despite the promise of brain-inspired machine learning, deep neural networks (DNN) have frustratingly failed to bridge the deceptively large gap between learning and memory. Here, we introduce a Perpetual Learning Machine; a new type of DNN that is capable of brain-like dynamic 'on the fly' learning because it exists in a self-supervised state of Perpetual Stochastic Gradient Descent. Thus, we provide the means to unify learning and memory within a machine learning framework. We also explore the elegant duality of abstraction and synthesis: the Yin and Yang of deep learning.
Glycerylprostaglandin Synthesis by Resident Peritoneal Macrophages in Response to a Zymosan Stimulus*

Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 oxygenates arachidonic acid (AA) and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) to endoperoxides, which are subsequently transformed to prostaglandins (PGs) and glycerylprostaglandins (PG-Gs). PG-G formation has not been demonstrated in intact cells treated with a physiological agonist. Resident peritoneal macrophages, which express COX-1, were pretreated with lipopolysaccharide to induce COX-2. Addition of zymosan caused release of 2-AG and production of the glyceryl esters of PGE2 and PGI2 over 60 min. The total quantity of PG-Gs (16 ± 6 pmol/107 cells) was much lower than that of the corresponding PGs produced from AA (21,000 ± 7,000 pmol/107 cells). The differences in PG-G and PG production were partially explained by differences in the amounts of 2-AG and AA released in response to zymosan. The selective COX-2 inhibitor, SC236, reduced PG-G and PG production by 49 and 17%, respectively, indicating a significant role for COX-1 in PG-G and especially PG synthesis. Time course studies indicated that COX-2-dependent oxygenation rapidly declined 20 min after zymosan addition. When exogenous 2-AG was added to macrophages, a substantial portion was hydrolyzed to AA and converted to PGs; 1 μm 2-AG yielded 820 ± 200 pmol of PGs/107 cells and 78 ± 41 pmol of PG-Gs/107 cells. SC236 reduced PG-G and PG production from exogenous 2-AG by 88 and 76%, respectively, indicating a more significant role for COX-2 in the utilization of exogenous substrate. In conclusion, lipopolysaccharide-pretreated macrophages produce PG-Gs from endogenous 2-AG during zymosan phagocytosis, but PG-G formation is limited by substrate hydrolysis and inactivation of COX-2.
Celebrating 50 years of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

It is now 50 years since Kouwenhoven et al. [1] published their seminal paper describing the use of closed chest cardiac massage for the resuscitation of patients in cardiac arrest. The widespread adoption of these techniques by both laypersons and healthcare professionals has seen many tens of thousands of lives saved over the years. The science supporting the practice of resuscitation has grown substantially since these early descriptions. It has also become increasingly recognized that advances in science alone are insufficient to improve patient outcomes unless they can be integrated into clinical practice [2]. The International Liaison Committee for Resuscitation (ILCOR) (http://www.ilcor.org) was formed in 1992 with the aim of providing a forum for liaison between resuscitation organizations worldwide. ILCOR has been leading on an appraisal of existing evidence over the last 4 years. This process will culminate with the simultaneous publication of the International Consensus on Science and Treatment recommendations in the journals Resuscitation and Circulation on 18th October 2010. In parallel with these publications, Resuscitation Councils from around the world will publish new and updated resuscitation guidelines.
Segmental Approaches for Automatic Speaker Verification

Petrovska-Delacretaz, Dijana, ? ernocký, Jan, Hennebert, Jean, and Chollet, Gerard, Segmental Approaches for Automatic Speaker Verification, Digital Signal Processing10(2000), 198? 212.Speech is composed of different sounds (acoustic segments). Speakers differ in their pronunciation of these sounds. The segmental approaches described in this paper are meant to exploit these differences for speaker verification purposes. For such approaches, the speech is divided into different classes, and the speaker modeling is done for each class. The speech segmentation applied is based on automatic language independent speech processing tools that provide a segmentation of the speech requiring neither phonetic nor orthographic transcriptions of the speech data. Two different speaker modeling approaches, based on multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) and on Gaussian mixture models (GMMs), are studied. The MLP-based segmental systems have performance comparable to that of the global MLP-based systems, and in the mismatched train-test conditions slightly better results are obtained with the segmental MLP system. The segmental GMM systems gave poorer results than the equivalent global GMM systems.
Dust and airborne endotoxin exposure in dwellings in the Strasbourg metropolitan area (France)

was reported by 13 patients. Topical corticosteroids were used on a regular basis by 36% of patients and very seldom by 48%. Patients who rarely used corticosteroids had a strong corticosteroid phobia (5) (58%) or had experienced therapeutic failure or corticosteroid dependence (42%). Emollient creams were used by 90% of patients, among whom 54% reported intolerance problems. Antihistamines (sedative first generation 22%, nonsedative 78%) were used by 69% of patients: in 23% of cases it was on a continuous basis. Patients used antihistamines to help with the itch (59%) or to alleviate other atopic symptoms (27%) or treat the eczema itself (8%). Forty-four percentage of patients had second-line systemic treatments: oral or parenteral corticosteroid therapy (24%), psoralen plus ultraviolet A ( 1 PUVA) treatment (16%) or systemic immune suppressors (4%). Prior to the seminar, 48% of patients thought that asthma could be triggered or aggravated by successful treatment of eczema, against only 13.7% at the end of the session. Twenty-four percentage of patients had never received any information on the subject before the seminar and nearly 90% of patients among the remaining 76% had received incomplete explanations. Ninety-eight percentage of patients thought that the recommendations and advice provided during the session were pertinent and adapted to their specific needs. At the end of the session, 85% had decided to modify their attitude towards topical corticosteroids (44%), bathing (41%), clothing (39%) or emollient creams (28%).
Breast Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors in the Normal Female Updated Version

We have studied estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) in normal breast by Â¡mmunocytochemistryusing tissue biopsies and fine needle aspirates (FNA) and, in the case of ER, by enzyme immunoassay. For ER we found a high degree of reproducibility for biopsies taken from the upper outer quadrant: FNA, r = 0.56 (P < 0.002); tissue section Â¡mmunocytochemistry,r = 0.89 (P < 0.0001); and enzyme immunoassay, r = 0.76 (P < 0.0001). For PR, FNA (r = 0.56, P < 0.002) and tissue section (r = 0.97, P < 0.0001) were also found to be reproduc ible techniques. Using enzyme immunoassay, we were able to measure ER accurately in normal breast tissue. In 59 samples we found a range of 0-37 fmol/mg cytosol protein (mean, 4 fmol/mg). In an age-matched group of 126 women with breast cancer, we found a significantly higher ER (range, 0-139 fmol/mg; mean, 37 fmol/mg (P < 0.001)|. We then analyzed the ER and PR content of FNAs obtained from the upper outer quadrant of the normal breast in 143 normal women. We found that in only 23 of 143 samples (16%) were Â£50%epithelial cells stained. There was a relationship between ER and PR ( /' = 0.03) and a higher ER content in European women than in non-European women (P < 0.03). The PR content was related to high body mass index (P < 0.02) and family history of breast cancer (P = 0.04). Samples tended to be more frequently ER positive by FNA if taken in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. We conclude that, although the levels of ER and PR are low in normal breast, they can be accurately measured. There is significant variation of ER and PR with several clinical parameters.
In Vivo and Cytotoxic Assays of a Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Clay Nanocomposite Hydrogel Wound Dressing

In the present work, a nanocomposite hydrogel wound dressing was prepared on the basis of poly(vinyl alcohol) using organically-modified montmorillonite as nanoclay by the freezing–thawing cyclic method. In vivo assays were performed to evaluate its performance as an applicable wound dressing on animals. It showed an improved healing process for wounds covered by the prepared nanocomposite hydrogel compared with control wounds covered by sterile gauze. Significant improvements, such as better creation of moist surfaces on the wound with less scar formation, shorter duration of healing operation and better closing of the wound edges with enhanced tensile properties of the healed wound, i.e., tensile strength and elongation-at-break, were observed using the prepared nanocomposite hydrogel in comparison to the sterile gauze. An in vitro cytotoxic assay was also utilized to determine the biocompatibility of the prepared nanocomposite hydrogel. It showed that the prepared nanocomposite hydrogel is non-toxic and can be used as a biocompatible wound dressing in practical wound management.
Race, ethnicity, and exclusion in group identity

vi Inrtoduction 1 Social identity theory 2 Identification and self-esteem 3 Identity-based motivation 5 Why might behaviors beome identity-infused 7 Identity misclassification 9 Group norm violations and ostracism 10 Avoidance motivation 12 Previous studies and pilot data 13 Stereotype threat and alternative hypotheses 20 Study 1 22 Purpose and hypotheses 22 Method 25 Participants and design 25 Procedure 25 Materials 28 Results 30 Summary 35 Study 2 37 Purpose and hypotheses 37 Method 39 Participants and design 39 Procedure 40 Materials 42 Results 43 Summary 46 General Discussion 48 References 55
Adhesion Molecule–dependent Mechanisms Regulate the Rate of Macrophage Clearance During the Resolution of Peritoneal Inflammation

Macrophage clearance is essential for the resolution of inflammation. Much is known about how monocytes enter the inflammatory site but little is known about how resultant macro-phages are cleared. We have previously demonstrated that macrophage clearance from resolving peritonitis occurs by emigration into draining lymphatics rather than local apoptosis. We now examine mechanisms for this process, in particular by evaluating the hypothesis that modulation of adhesion interactions between macrophages and cells lining the lymphatics regulates the rate of macrophage clearance. We demonstrate in vivo that macrophages adhere specifically to mesothelium overlying draining lymphatics and that their emigration rate is regulated by the state of macrophage activation. We observed that macrophage–mesothelial adhesion is Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sensitive and partially mediated by very late antigen (VLA)-4 and VLA-5 but not αv or β2 integrins. Moreover, macrophage clearance into lymphatics can be blocked in vivo by RGD peptides and VLA-4 and VLA-5 but not β2 blocking antibodies. This is the first evidence that macrophage emigration from the inflamed site is controlled and demonstrates that this is exerted through specific adhesion molecule regulation of macrophage–mesothelial interactions. It highlights the importance of adhesion molecules governing entry of cells into the lymphatic circulation, thus opening a new avenue for manipulating the resolution of inflammation.
The dark triad of personality : predictors of on and off line bullying

 A key issue in the area surrounds the disagreement of the identification of these specific factors  Due to the fact that these concepts resemble one another conceptually and empirically  Due to the intercorrelations that exist between these traits, some view them as indistinguishable from each other in a normal sample and should be examined together instead of in isolation (McHoskey, Worzel & Szyarto, 1998)