Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pearce , Warren and Holmberg , Kim and Hellsten , Iina and Nerlich , Brigitte ( 2014 ) Climate change on Twitter : topics , communities and conversations about the 2013

In September 2013 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change published its Working Group 1 report, the first comprehensive assessment of physical climate science in six years, constituting a critical event in the societal debate about climate change. This paper analyses the nature of this debate in one public forum: Twitter. Using statistical methods, tweets were analyzed to discover the hashtags used when people tweeted about the IPCC report, and how Twitter users formed communities around their conversational connections. In short, the paper presents the topics and tweeters at this particular moment in the climate debate. The most used hashtags related to themes of science, geographical location and social issues connected to climate change. Particularly noteworthy were tweets connected to Australian politics, US politics, geoengineering and fracking. Three communities of Twitter users were identified. Researcher coding of Twitter users showed how these varied according to geographical location and whether users were supportive, unsupportive or neutral in their tweets about the IPCC. Overall, users were most likely to converse with users holding similar views. However, qualitative analysis suggested the emergence of a community of Twitter users, predominantly based in the UK, where greater interaction between contrasting views took place. This analysis also illustrated the presence of a campaign by the non-governmental organization Avaaz, aimed at increasing media coverage of the IPCC report. Citation: Pearce W, Holmberg K, Hellsten I, Nerlich B (2014) Climate Change on Twitter: Topics, Communities and Conversations about the 2013 IPCC Working Group 1 Report. PLoS ONE 9(4): e94785. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0094785 Editor: Frederic Amblard, University Toulouse 1 Capitole, France Received November 15, 2013; Accepted March 19, 2014; Published April 9, 2014 Copyright: 2014 Pearce et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: The authors acknowledge the support of the Economic and Social Research Council (RES-360-25-0068) and the Leverhulme Trust (RP2011-SP-013) in the UK, and the Dutch Scientific Organization in the Netherlands (NWO-ORA grant 464-10-077). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: warren.pearce@nottingham.ac. uk
Untangling the in fl uence of airmass history in interpreting observed atmospheric composition

Article history: Received 7 April 2011 Received in revised form 17 September 2011 Accepted 18 September 2011 Is wind direction an adequate marker of air mass history? This review looks at the evolution of methods for assessing the effect of the origin and pathway of air masses on composition change and trends. The composition of air masses and how they evolve and the changing contribution of sources and receptors are key elements in atmospheric science. Source–receptor relationships of atmospheric composition can be investigated with back trajectory techniques, tracing forward from a defined geographical origin to arrive at measurement sites where the composition may have altered during transport. The distinction between the use of wind sector analysis, trajectory models and dispersionmodels to interpret composition measurements is explained and the advantages and disadvantages of each are illustrated with examples. Historical uses of wind roses, back trajectories and dispersion models are explained aswell as themethods for grouping and clustering air masses. The interface of these methods to the corresponding chemistry measured at the receptor sites is explored. The review does not detail the meteorological derivation of trajectories or the complexity of the models but focus on their application and the statistical analyses used to compare them with in situ composition measurements. A newly developed methodology for analysing atmospheric observatory composition data according to air mass pathways calculated with the NAME dispersion model is given as a detailed case study. The steps in this methodology are explained with relevance to the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory in the UK. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
An isolated three-phase three-switch buck rectifier with inrush current limiting

In this paper a single stage structure is proposed for realizing a three-phase unity power factor rectifier. This topology utilizes a forward/flyback transformer to allow the high-frequency isolation. The principle of the operation and the applied control concept is discussed. Space vector modulation is used in order to achieve unity power factor and to have the output voltage be regulated. Furthermore, the system transient is analyzed during turn-on and a novel method is applied to the control system in order to limit inrush current during startup. The proper operation of the soft-start method is confirmed by numerical simulation of a 6KW, 380V/48Vdc. The stability of the closed-loop as well as the converter performance is verified by measurements on a low-power prototype.
Application accuracy study of a semipermanent fiducial system for frameless stereotaxis.

The accuracy of a semipermanent fiducial marker system developed at Wayne State University in collaboration with Fisher-Leibinger (Freiburg, Germany) was compared with reference to a standard stereotactic frame (Zamorano-Dujovny Localizing Unit; Fisher-Leibinger). For each patient in our study, 10 semipermanent markers were placed on the skull through a small incision and a pilot hole drilled for the marker; five markers were used for registration, and five were used for comparison. Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging was performed, and, upon registration using both ring and fiducial markers, 184 random points were collected by infrared digitization. All three-dimensional measurements (x, y, z) were converted into distance values correlating each value to the origin by the formula dij = SQRT (xij2 + yij2 + zij2). The mean difference of fiducial coordinates vs. absolute image coordinates was 1.72 +/- 0.42 mm (P = .0001), implying no significant difference. The mean difference in dij of the stereotactic ring coordinates vs. the absolute image coordinates was 3.35 +/- 0.59 mm (P = .00011). The mean difference in the fiducial markers vs. the stereotactic ring coordinates was 2.95 +/- 0.45 mm (P = .0001). All tests were declared significant at alpha = . 016. The combination of interactive guidance with semipermanent fiducial markers allows for accurate localization of intracranial targets (as accurate or even more accurate than the stereotactic frame). Semipermanent fiducial markers facilitate the procedure logistically, allow for staged procedures (i.e., at the skull base or in epilepsy), and provide access for combined supra- and infratentorial approaches. We believe that the semipermanent fiducial markers system might represent an important development leading toward widespread use of interactive image guidance in conventional neurosurgery.
The identification of 93 day periodic photometric variability for YSO YLW 16A

Aims. Periodic variability in young stellar objects (YSOs) offers indirect evidence for an active dynamical mechanism. Starspots, accretion, stellar companions, and disk veiling can contribute to the photometric variability of YSOs. Methods. As part of an ongoing study of the ρ Oph star forming region, we report the discovery of 92.6 day periodic variations for the Class I YSO YLW 16A, observed over a period of three years. A SED model was fit to available photometric data for the object. Results. We propose a triple-system with an inner binary with a period of 93 days eclipsed by a warped circum-binary disk. The nature of the secondary is unconstrained and could be stellar or sub-stellar. We confirm the discovery of a tertiary companion at a projected separation of ~40 AU that could account for the circum-binary disk warp. This light curve and model is similar to the model we proposed for WL 4 in previous work. Understanding these systems may lead to insights about the nature of stellar evolution and planetary formation, and provide valuable benchmarks for future theoretical modeling and near- and mid-infrared synoptic surveys of YSOs.
Random Generation for Finitely Ambiguous Context-free Languages

We prove that a word of length n from a finitely ambiguous context-free language can be generated at random under uniform distribution in O (n 2 log n ) time by a probabilistic random access machine assuming a logarithmic cost criterion. We also show that the same problem can be solved in polynomial time for every language accepted by a polynomial time 1 -NAuxPDA with polynomially bounded ambiguity.
ATDC induces an invasive switch in KRAS-induced pancreatic tumorigenesis

Wang et al. describe a mouse model expressing ATDC (TRIM29) that, in the presence of oncogenic KRAS, accelerates PanIN formation and the development of invasive and metastatic pancreatic cancers. ATDC up-regulates CD44 in mouse and human PanIN lesions via activation of β-catenin signaling, leading to the induction of an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype. ATDC is up-regulated by oncogenic Kras in a subset of PanIN cells that are capable of invading the surrounding stroma.
Validation of the language development survey (LDS): a parent report tool for identifying language delay in toddlers.

Two studies are reported demonstrating the reliability, validity, and clinical utility of the Language Development Survey (LDS; L. Rescorla, 1989) as a screening tool for the identification of expressive language delay in toddlers. In Study 1, 422 children (ages 24-26 months) were screened with the LDS in an epidemiological survey. The LDS manifested excellent concurrent validity with a brief direct screening measure of expressive vocabulary. Using the Rescorla (1989) Delay 3 cutoff of fewer than 50 words or no word combinations, 9.7% of the sample were language delayed (32 boys, 9 girls). In Study 2, 33 children identified as "at-risk" by the LDS Delay 3 cutoff and 33 typically developing children, matched on age, socioeconomic status, and gender, were seen for in-depth follow-up assessment approximately 3 weeks later. The LDS test-retest reliability was . 97. The LDS correlated highly with Reynell Receptive and Expressive Language Scale scores, Bayley Mental Development Index, and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Composite. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value between the screening LDS and the follow-up Reynell Expressive Language Scale were generally impressive. Finally, the at-risk group scored significantly lower than the LDS-identified typically developing group on all follow-up measures except the Child Behavior Checklist/2-3.
Microbially synthesized modular virus‐like particles and capsomeres displaying group A streptococcus hypervariable antigenic determinants

Effective and low‐cost vaccines are essential to control severe group A streptococcus (GAS) infections prevalent in low‐income nations and the Australian aboriginal communities. Highly diverse and endemic circulating GAS strains mandate broad‐coverage and customized vaccines. This study describes an approach to deliver cross‐reactive antigens from endemic GAS strains using modular virus‐like particle (VLP) and capsomere systems. The antigens studied were three heterologous N‐terminal peptides (GAS1, GAS2, and GAS3) from the GAS surface M‐protein that are specific to endemic strains in Australia Northern Territory Aboriginal communities. In vivo data presented here demonstrated salient characteristics of the modular delivery systems in the context of GAS vaccine design. First, the antigenic peptides, when delivered by unadjuvanted modular VLPs or adjuvanted capsomeres, induced high titers of peptide‐specific IgG antibodies (over 1 × 104). Second, delivery by capsomere was superior to VLP for one of the peptides investigated (GAS3), demonstrating that the delivery system relative effectiveness was antigen‐dependant. Third, significant cross‐reactivity of GAS2‐induced IgG with GAS1 was observed using either VLP or capsomere, showing the possibility of broad‐coverage vaccine design using these delivery systems and cross‐reactive antigens. Fourth, a formulation containing three pre‐mixed modular VLPs, each at a low dose of 5 μg (corresponding to <600 ng of each GAS peptide), induced significant titers of IgGs specific to each peptide, demonstrating that a multivalent, broad‐coverage VLP vaccine formulation was possible. In summary, the modular VLPs and capsomeres reported here demonstrate, with promising preliminary data, innovative ways to design GAS vaccines using VLP and capsomere delivery systems amenable to microbial synthesis, potentially adoptable by developing countries. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 1062–1070. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brain and high metabolic rate organ mass: contributions to resting energy expenditure beyond fat-free mass.

BACKGROUND The degree to which interindividual variation in the mass of select high metabolic rate organs (HMROs) mediates variability in resting energy expenditure (REE) is unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate how much REE variability is explained by differences in HMRO mass in adults and whether age, sex, and race independently predict REE after adjustment for HMRO. DESIGN A cross-sectional evaluation of 55 women [30 African Americans aged 48.7 +/- 22.2 y (mean +/- SD) and 25 whites aged 46.4 +/- 17.7 y] and 32 men (8 African Americans aged 34.3 +/- 18.2 y and 24 whites aged 51.3 +/- 20.6 y) was conducted. Liver, kidney, spleen, heart, and brain masses were measured by magnetic resonance imaging, and fat and fat-free mass (FFM) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. REE was measured by indirect calorimetry. RESULTS REE estimated from age (P = 0.001), race (P = 0.006), sex (P = 0.31), fat (P = 0.001), and FFM (P < 0.001) accounted for 70% (adjusted (2)) of the variability in REE. The addition of trunk HMRO (P = 0.001) and brain (P = 0.006) to the model increased the explained variance to 75% and rendered the contributions of age, sex, and race statistically nonsignificant, whereas fat and FFM continued to make significant contributions (both P < 0.05). The addition of brain to the model rendered the intercept (69 kcal . kg(-1) . d(-1)) consistent with zero, which indicated zero REE for zero body mass. CONCLUSIONS Relatively small interindividual variation in HMRO mass significantly affects REE and reduces the role of age, race, and sex in explaining REE. Decreases in REE with increasing age may be partly related to age-associated changes in the relative size of FFM components.
Multiple Convolutional Neural Network Training for Bangla Handwritten Numeral Recognition

Recognition of handwritten numerals has gained much interest in recent years due to its various application potentials. The progress of handwritten Bangla numeral is well behind Roman, Chinese and Arabic scripts although it is a major language in Indian subcontinent and is the first language of Bangladesh. Handwritten numeral classification is a high-dimensional complex task and existing methods use distinct feature extraction techniques and various classification tools in their recognition schemes. Recently, convolutional neural network (CNN) is found efficient for image classification with its distinct features. In this study, three different CNNs with same architecture are trained with different training sets and combined their decisions for Bangla handwritten numeral recognition. One CNN is trained with ordinary training set prepared from handwritten scan images, and training sets for other two CNNs are prepared with fixed (positive and negative, respectively) rotational angles of original images. The proposed multiple CNN based approach is shown to outperform other existing methods while tested on a popular Bangla benchmark handwritten dataset.
The Rad1-Rad10 Complex Promotes the Production of Gross Chromosomal Rearrangements From Spontaneous DNA Damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Gross chromosomal rearrangements (GCRs) have been observed in many cancers. Previously, we have demonstrated many mechanisms for suppression of GCR formation in yeast. However, pathways that promote the formation of GCRs are not as well understood. Here, we present evidence that the Rad1-Rad10 endonuclease, which plays an important role in nucleotide excision and recombination repairs, has a novel role to produce GCRs. A mutation of either the RAD1 or the RAD10 gene reduced GCR rates in many GCR mutator strains. The inactivation of Rad1 or Rad10 in GCR mutator strains also slightly enhanced methyl methanesulfonate sensitivity. Although the GCRs induced by treatment with DNA-damaging agents were not reduced by rad1 or rad10 mutations, the translocation- and deletion-type GCRs created by a single double-strand break are mostly replaced by de novo telomere-addition-type GCR. Results presented here suggest that Rad1-Rad10 functions at different stages of GCR formation and that there is an alternative pathway for the GCR formation that is independent of Rad1-Rad10.
Universal context modeling for lossy wavelet image compression

In this paper we present a new wavelet image coding scheme based on universal context modeling. The wavelet coefficients arc quantized using a layered quantization approach. The resulting symbol stream is entropy-coded with a context-based arithmetic coder. The efficiency of arithmetic coding depends on how well the probability model used by the encoder fits the data generating source. We apply the universal context mod-cling algorithm introduced by Rissanen and Weinberger to estimate both structure and parameter of the source model. This context selection strategy avoids the problem of context dilution which arises when using a plain Markov model and leads to higher compression.
Using Administrative Data to Identify Mental Illness: What Approach Is Best?

The authors estimated the validity of algorithms for identification of mental health conditions (MHCs) in administrative data for the 133 068 diabetic patients who used Veterans Health Administration (VHA) nationally in 1998 and responded to the 1999 Large Health Survey of Veteran Enrollees. They compared various algorithms for identification of MHCs from International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (ICD-9) codes with self-reported depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, or schizophrenia from the survey. Positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for identification of MHC varied by algorithm (0.65-0.86, 0.68-0.77, respectively). PPV was optimized by requiring ≥2 instances of MHC ICD-9 codes or by only accepting codes from mental health visits. NPV was optimized by supplementing VHA data with Medicare data. Findings inform efforts to identify MHC in quality improvement programs that assess health care disparities. When using administrative data in mental health studies, researchers should consider the nature of their research question in choosing algorithms for MHC identification.
Iterative Random Visual Word Selection

In content based image retrieval, one of the most important step is the construction of image signatures. To do so, a part of state-of-the-art approaches propose to build a visual vocabulary. In this paper, we propose a new methodology for visual vocabulary construction that obtains high retrieval results. Moreover, it is computationally inexpensive to build and needs no prior knowledge on features or dataset used. Classically, the vocabulary is built by aggregating a certain number of features in centroids using a clustering algorithm. The final centroids are assimilated to visual "words". Our approach for building a visual vocabulary is based on an iterative random visual word selection mixing a saliency map and tf-idf scheme. Experiment results show that it outperforms the original "Bag of visual words" based approach in efficiency and effectiveness.
Continuous Monitoring of pH and Eh in Bacterial Plaque Grown on a Tooth in an Artificial Mouth

Apparatus which enables the simultaneous continuous monitoring of pH and Eh of bacterial dental plaque as it develops on a tooth surface in an artificial mouth is described. Details of the electrodes used, monitoring equipment, and culture conditions are given. Preliminary results are given showing the Eh and pH values of plaque produced in vitro to be in close agreement with readings reported for plaque in vivo. The effect of the incorporation of 1% sucrose in the medium on these parameters is reported and a distinct inverse relationship between pH and Eh recorded.
Effect of a novel adsorbent on cytokine responsiveness to uremic plasma.

BACKGROUND Middle molecules such as beta2-microglobulin (beta2M) and advanced glycation end products (AGE)-modified proteins contribute to inflammation in uremia. The BetaSorb column is a new adsorptive device, which contains copolymeric beads, suitable for removal of beta2M and other middle molecules. We assessed the effect of this column on the bioreactivity of uremic plasma, as measured by cytokine responsiveness. METHODS Uremic plasma was perfused in vitro through the column (10 mL/min) and samples were collected after 10 to 30 passes. Endotoxin-stimulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) production by THP-1-derived monocytes was measured following brief exposure to uremic plasma. beta2M levels were measured. The contribution of AGE-modified proteins to the bioreactivity of uremic plasma was explored. RESULTS TNF-alpha and IL-10 production markedly decreased after 30 passes (629 +/- 78 vs. 144 +/- 62 pg/mL; 207 +/- 25 vs. 117 +/- 23 pg/mL; P=0.04). The column removed beta2M efficiently with a marked decline in plasma levels by 99% after 30 passes. Neutralization of AGE receptor (RAGE) resulted in a further reduction in the bioreactivity of uremic plasma. This was observed with nonperfused, as well as perfused, uremic plasma, suggesting that AGE-modified proteins were biologically active and still present after perfusion. CONCLUSION The sorbent beads removed uremic solute(s) that prime monocytes to enhanced cytokine production. Removal of beta2M was efficient, and of native and AGE-modified middle molecules likely.
Risk of severe liver disease in NAFLD with normal ALT levels: A pediatric report

We appreciated the interest in our article1 and the insightful comments from Dr. Enzo Emanuele. We believe that routine use of the proposed NASH scoring system, which comprises variables readily available to clinicians when they evaluate morbidly obese patients, can facilitate clinical decisions and help clinicians choose and tailor treatment for morbid obesity, including bariatric surgery. We agree with Dr. Emanuele that many other biomarkers may indeed increase the diagnostic performance of the proposed NASH scoring system. Further clinical translational research, including cost analysis, is needed to better define diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to obesity and its associated diseases.
Nightingale’s Environmental Theory

This author extracts the environmental theory from Florence Nightingale’s writings and recorded experiences. As Nightingale’s experiences broadened to other cultures and circumstances, she generated an ever-widening commitment to redress unjust social policies imperiling human health. She mobilized collaborators, shaped public awareness, and championed the cause of those suffering as a result of unjust policies. Nightingale challenged nurses to create environments where population health is a realistic expectation.