Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Font Size and Glare on Computer Tasks in Young and Older Adults

Purpose At a fixed viewing distance (VD), reading speed increases with print size. It is not known if this holds for computer tasks when postures are not constrained. Reflective glare on a monitor may reduce productivity. The effects of both may be modified by age. We evaluated effects of age, font size, and glare on performance for visually demanding text-based tasks on a computer. Methods Nineteen young (18 to 35 years old) and eight older (55 to 65 years old wearing progressive lenses that correct for presbyopia) subjects participated in a study with two trial factors: font size (1.78, 2.23, and 3.56 mm) and glare (produced by bright light-emitting diode task light reflective off a matte liquid crystal display monitor). The monitor location was fixed but subjects were allowed to change their posture and move the chair. Subjects performed visual tasks that required similar visual skills to common tasks such as Internet use, data entry, or word processing. Results Productivity, accuracy, and VD increased as font size increased. For each 1-mm increase in font size, there was a mean productivity gain of 3 correct clicks/min and an improvement in accuracy of 2%. Font size increase also led to lowered perceived task difficulty. Adding reflective glare on the monitor surface led to a reduced VD but had no effect on productivity or accuracy. With visual corrections for presbyopia, age had no effect on these relationships. Conclusions Productivity is improved when the font is increased from 1.78 or 2.23 to 3.56 mm for text-based computer tasks. The largest font size corresponds to a visual angle of font of 23.4 arcmin. This visual angle of font is above the high end of ISO recommendations (International Organization for Standardization, 1992, 2011). The findings may be useful for setting the font sizes for computers and for training office workers.
Structural basis for high-affinity HER2 receptor binding by an engineered protein

The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is specifically overexpressed in tumors of several cancers, including an aggressive form of breast cancer. It is therefore a target for both cancer diagnostics and therapy. The 58 amino acid residue Zher2 affibody molecule was previously engineered as a high-affinity binder of HER2. Here we determined the structure of Zher2 in solution and the crystal structure of Zher2 in complex with the HER2 extracellular domain. Zher2 binds to a conformational epitope on HER2 that is distant from those recognized by the therapeutic antibodies trastuzumab and pertuzumab. Its small size and lack of interference may provide Zher2 with advantages for diagnostic use or even for delivery of therapeutic agents to HER2-expressing tumors when trastuzumab or pertuzumab are already employed. Biophysical characterization shows that Zher2 is thermodynamically stable in the folded state yet undergoing conformational interconversion on a submillisecond time scale. The data suggest that it is the HER2-binding conformation that is formed transiently prior to binding. Still, binding is very strong with a dissociation constant KD = 22 pM, and perfect conformational homogeneity is therefore not necessarily required in engineered binding proteins. A comparison of the original Z domain scaffold to free and bound Zher2 structures reveals how high-affinity binding has evolved during selection and affinity maturation and suggests how a compromise between binding surface optimization and stability and dynamics of the unbound state has been reached.
Altered beta-actin gene expression in phorbol myristate acetate-treated chondrocytes and fibroblasts

Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), a potent tumor promoter, was shown to have opposite effects on the cellular morphology and steady-state levels of beta-actin mRNA in embryonic chicken muscle fibroblasts and sternal chondrocytes. When fibroblasts were treated with PMA, they formed foci of densely packed cells, ceased to adhere to culture plates, and had significantly reduced levels of beta-actin mRNA and protein. Conversely, when treated with PMA, floating chondrocytes attached to culture dishes, spread out, and began to accumulate high levels of beta-actin mRNA and proteins. In the sternal chondrocytes the stimulation of the beta-actin mRNA production was accompanied by increased steady-state levels of fibronectin mRNAs and protein. These alterations were concomitant with a fivefold reduction in type II collagen mRNA and a cessation in its protein production. After fibronectin and actin mRNAs and proteins reached their maximal levels, type I collagen mRNA and protein synthesis were turned on. Removal of PMA resulted in reduced beta-actin mRNA levels in chondrocytes and in a further alteration in the cell morphology. These observed correlations between changes in cell adhesion and morphology and beta-actin expression suggest that the effect of PMA on cell shape and adhesion may result in changes in the microfilament organization of the cytoskeleton which ultimately lead to changes in the extracellular matrix produced by the cells.
Completing Substance Abuse Treatment in Child Welfare: The Role of Co-Occurring Problems and Primary Drug of Choice

A significant number of substance-abusing parents in the child welfare system do not complete substance abuse treatments. Consequently, their children experience longer stays in substitute care settings, and the risk of the termination of parental rights is increased. This study identifies and determines the specific factors that explain the completion of substance abuse treatment for substance-abusing caregivers in child welfare. The sample includes 871 caregivers enrolled in the Illinois Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse waiver demonstration. Approximately 22% of these caregivers successfully completed all required levels of substance abuse treatment. The multivariate models indicate that age, employment status, and legal involvement were significantly associated with the likelihood of completing substance abuse treatment. Heroin users were significantly less likely to complete treatment as compared with alcohol, cocaine, and marijuana users. The findings are discussed in terms of policy and practice implications for public child welfare systems.
Person Recognition in Personal Photo Collections

People nowadays share large parts of their personal lives through social media. Being able to automatically recognise people in personal photos may greatly enhance user convenience by easing photo album organisation. For human identification task, however, traditional focus of computer vision has been face recognition and pedestrian re-identification. Person recognition in social media photos sets new challenges for computer vision, including non-cooperative subjects (e.g., backward viewpoints, unusual poses) and great changes in appearance. To tackle this problem, we build a simple person recognition framework that leverages convnet features from multiple image regions (head, body, etc.). We propose new recognition scenarios that focus on the time and appearance gap between training and testing samples. We present an in-depth analysis of the importance of different features according to time and viewpoint generalisability. In the process, we verify that our simple approach achieves the state of the art result on the PIPA [1] benchmark, arguably the largest social media based benchmark for person recognition to date with diverse poses, viewpoints, social groups, and events. Compared the conference version of the paper [2] , this paper additionally presents (1) analysis of a face recogniser (DeepID2+ [3] ), (2) new method naeil2 that combines the conference version method naeil and DeepID2+ to achieve state of the art results even compared to post-conference works, (3) discussion of related work since the conference version, (4) additional analysis including the head viewpoint-wise breakdown of performance, and (5) results on the open-world setup.
Unwired Collective Action: Motivations of Wireless Community Participants

A new organizational form which creates an innovative method for the deployment of a wireless communications infrastructure and promotes end-user collaboration has emerged in metropolitan areas all over the world: community-based WLANs. Insofar, research has focused on comparing the community model with commercial offerings of WLAN access and on placing wireless communities within a policy agenda. This paper attempts to explore the capabilities of community-based WLANs through a combination of theoretical reasoning and empirical evidence. It applies collective action and social dilemmas theories to attest that motivation plays a critical role in the formation and sustained existence of wireless communities. Using evidence from a large-scale survey, it characterizes wireless community participants based on their motivational inclinations. Furthermore, the paper develops a taxonomy of community participants to be used for explaining how individuals solve the social dilemmas associated with their participation in a community-based WLAN.
A systematic review of the prevalence, associations and outcomes of dementia in older general hospital inpatients

ABSTRACT Background: Older people are commonly admitted to the acute hospital and increasing numbers will have dementia. In this study we systematically reviewed the prevalence, associations and outcomes of dementia in older people in the general hospital, to examine the range of diagnostic tools used and highlight gaps in the literature. Methods: We searched the English language literature using Embase, PsychInfo and Medline. Studies were included if they used validated criteria for diagnosing dementia, involved subjects over the age of 55 years and were set in the general hospital. Results: Fourteen papers were identified. Prevalence estimates for dementia in studies with robust methodology were 12.9–63.0%. Less than a third of studies screened for delirium or depression and therefore some subjects may have been misclassified as having dementia. The data were highly heterogeneous and prevalence estimates varied widely, influenced by study setting and demographic features of the cohorts. Patients with dementia in the acute hospital are older, require more hours of nursing care, have longer hospital stays, and are more at risk of delayed discharge and functional decline during admission. Conclusions: When planning liaison services, the setting and demographic features of the population need to be taken into account. Most study cohorts were recruited from medical wards. More work is required on the prevalence of dementia in surgical and other specialties. A wider range of associations (particularly medical and psychiatric comorbidity) and outcomes should be studied so that care can be improved.
Local flare effects and correction in ArF lithography

We developed a method of correcting line width variations due to mid-range flare (which we call local flare) originating from the exposure tool. Local flare effects can be calculated using a model with a double Gaussian point spread function. Line width uniformity was improved by mask pattern correction based on our local flare effects modeling. In addition, a hybrid system that can use two optimal correction parameters with or without a double-exposure region was applied to gate layer lithography. Its results confirmed that our local flare correction method is very effective for obtaining high CD uniformity.
Voltage profile improvement of a two generator based micro grid system using STATCOM

Power shortage has become a very serious problem for the power distribution and consumers. Along with it, power demand at remote locations and providing uninterrupted power have created more challenges which have to be dealt with. The most feasible solution for these problems is distributed generation or formation of micro-grids involving renewable energy sources. But micro-grids suffer from voltage fluctuations and power oscillations, which increase the instability of the system. Use of FACTS devices can be effective for improvement of the stability of the micro-grid system. This paper presents a micro-grid system comprising of two diesel generating units using alternators and a load. A STATCOM is connected to the load bus for the voltage profile improvement of the system. Dynamic modeling of the micro-grid system is done and the system is simulated with and without STATCOM. The results are analyzed. The system is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.
Antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus in iridocorneal endothelial syndrome.

Antibody titers to Epstein-Barr virus were determined in 13 patients with iridocorneal endothelial syndrome and in 13 healthy race-, age-, and sex-matched controls. Both the geometric mean titer of IgG antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus capsid antigen and the proportion with high titers of IgG antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus capsid antigen (greater than or equal to 1:640) were significantly higher in 12 seropositive patients with iridocorneal endothelial syndrome than in 12 seropositive controls (1/761:1/202, P = .001; 83.3%:8.3%, P less than .001). Ten of 12 seropositive patients with iridocorneal endothelial syndrome and five of 12 seropositive controls had antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus-induced early antigens (greater than or equal to 1:10) (Fisher's Exact Test, P less than .05), while four seropositive patients with iridocorneal endothelial syndrome and one seropositive control had low to undetectable levels of antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus-associated nuclear antigen (less than or equal to 1:5) (P greater than .1). Antibody levels to cytomegalovirus or measles virus were not different between patients with iridocorneal endothelial syndrome and controls. Additional studies showed no evidence of humoral immune disorder or collagen vascular disease in the patients with iridocorneal endothelial syndrome. The serologic profiles suggest that the patients with iridocorneal endothelial syndrome examined had a cellular immune abnormality sufficient to permit reactivation of latent Epstein-Barr virus infection and imply, but do not establish, a role for Epstein-Barr virus infection in the pathogenesis of some cases of the iridocorneal endothelial syndrome.
Crystal structures of Paracoccus denitrificans aromatic amino acid aminotransferase: a substrate recognition site constructed by rearrangement of hydrogen bond network.

Aminotransferase reversibly catalyzes the transamination reaction by a ping-pong bi-bi mechanism with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) as a cofactor. Various kinds of aminotransferases developing into catalysts for particular substrates have been reported. Among the aminotransferases, aromatic amino acid aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1. 57) catalyzes the transamination reaction with both acidic substrates and aromatic substrates. To elucidate the multiple substrate recognition mechanism, we determined the crystal structures of aromatic amino acid aminotransferase from Paracoccus denitrificans (pdAroAT): unliganded pdAroAT, pdAroAT in a complex with maleate as an acidic substrate analog, and pdAroAT in a complex with 3-phenylpropionate as an aromatic substrate analog at 2.33 A, 2. 50 A and 2.30 A resolution, respectively. The pdAroAT molecule is a homo-dimer. Each subunit has 394 amino acids and one PLP and is divided into small and large domains. The overall structure of pdAroAT is essentially identical to that of aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) which catalyzes the transamination reaction with only an acidic amino acid. On binding the acidic substrate analog, arginine 292 and 386 form end-on salt bridges with carboxylates of the analog. Furthermore, binding of the substrate induces the domain movement to close the active site. The recognition mechanism for the acidic substrate analog in pdAroAT is identical to that observed in AspAT. Binding of the aromatic substrate analog causes reorientation of the side-chain of the residues, lysine 16, asparagine 142, arginine 292* and serine 296*, and changes in the position of water molecules in the active site to form a new hydrogen bond network in contrast to the active site structure of pdAroAT in the complex with an acidic substrate analog. Consequently, the rearrangement of the hydrogen bond network can form recognition sites for both acidic and aromatic side-chains of the substrate without a conformational change in the backbone structure in pdAroAT.
Retrovirus-mediated delivery of HPV16 E7 antisense RNA inhibited tumorigenicity of CaSki cells.

OBJECTIVE In cervical cancer, high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) genes are expressed solely in cancerous cells and have been proposed to be the most important etiological factors for cervical cancer, thus making them suitable targets for gene therapy. In this study, we aim to inactivate the HPV16 E7 in CaSki cells and test the possibility of reducing the tumorigenicity of these cells. METHODS The full-length HPV16 E7 cDNA was cloned in the pBabe-puro or pWZL-Hygro retrovirus vector in reverse orientation and was stably transfected into CaSki cells by replication-defective retrovirus infection giving rise to CaSki-E7AS and CaSki-E7AS2X cells. Immunoprecipitation/Western analysis and real-time RT-PCR were performed to document the levels of HPV16 E7 gene product. Flow cytometry was performed to study changes in the cell cycle in response to reduced E7 protein. The expression of bcl-2, RB, and E2F-1 was studied using Western blot analysis. Tumorigenicity of CaSki, CaSki-E7AS, and CaSki-E7AS2X cells was assayed with subepidermal tumor growth in nude mice. RESULTS We have documented that the delivery of the antisense gene construct resulted in the reduction of HPV16 E7 protein expression and cell proliferation in CaSki cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that these changes were accompanied by cell cycle arrest, up-regulation of RB, and down-regulation of E2F-1 and bcl-2 proteins. More importantly, dose-dependent transduction of the antisense HPV16E7 construct was able to inhibit and/or retard the tumorigenicity of CaSki cells in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Down-regulation of HPV16 E7 with antisense RNA is beneficial in reducing the tumorigenicity of CaSki cells and can potentially be useful for HPV-associated malignancy gene therapy.
Alternating MOPP and ABVD chemotherapy plus mantle-field radiation therapy in patients with massive mediastinal Hodgkin's disease.

PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (MOPP)/doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD) chemotherapy plus mantle-field radiation therapy in the treatment of patients with massive mediastinal Hodgkin's disease of any stage. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eighty patients presented with Hodgkin's disease and a mediastinal mass greater than one third the greatest chest diameter on chest radiograph. Patients were staged and treated with MOPP alternated with ABVD chemotherapy for a total of six cycles. Patients then received 10 Gy mantle-field radiation therapy delivered to the original extent of disease followed by 25 to 35 Gy to the residual abnormalities. RESULTS The complete response (CR) rate was 89%. With a median follow-up duration of 10 years, disease-free survival of the complete responders is 78% at 15 years and overall survival is 75% at 15 years. For patients with stage I or II disease, disease-free survival was 76% at 15 years and overall survival was 79%; for those with stage III or IV disease, disease-free survival was 82% at 15 years and overall survival was 64%. Age, stage, sex, B symptoms, number of extranodal sites, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and platelet count did not influence treatment outcome. Treatment-related pneumonitis was noted in 16% of patients (fatal in one), mainly in those older than age 35 years who received total doses of radiation therapy greater than 42 Gy. Fertility is more often preserved with MOPP/ABVD therapy than with MOPP chemotherapy and there appears to be less pulmonary and cardiac disease than with ABVD chemotherapy. Two patients have developed second solid tumors within radiation ports and one relapsed patient developed acute leukemia after MOPP salvage therapy. CONCLUSION MOPP/ABVD followed by mantle-field radiation therapy is an effective treatment for all stages of Hodgkin's disease that present with a large mediastinal mass. Our data suggest that the large mediastinal mass is a more dominant determinant of prognosis than Ann Arbor stage or other clinical prognostic factors.
Cascading community and ecosystem consequences of introduced coconut palms (Cocos nucifera) in tropical islands1

Biological invasions are a pervasive and dominant form of anthropogenic disturbance. However, we seldom have the opportunity to evaluate the long-term, indirect, and often slow-moving cascading effects of invasions at the community and ecosystem scale. Here we synthesize the collective knowledge from 10 years of study on the influence of the deep historical introduction of coconut palms (Cocos nucifera L.) across a series of islets at Palmyra Atoll. Through a suite of pathways, we find this palm drives near-complete ecosystem state change when it becomes dominant. Abiotic conditions are transformed, with major soil nutrients 2.7–11.5 times lower and water stress 15% elevated in palm-dominated forests compared with native forest. Faunal communities are likewise dramatically altered, not only in composition but also in behavior, body size, and body condition. Biotic interactions, including herbivory rates, palatability, and seed predation, are likewise changed. Cumulatively, these changes transform food web.
Induction of Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type I Receptors on Quiescent Naive T Lymphocytes by TGF-β12

The retrovirus human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV) type I (HTLV-I) is primarily transmitted by breast-feeding or sexual contact, by cell-to-cell contact between T cells. TGF-β, which has been shown to enhance transmission of HTLV-I in vitro, is found at high levels in breast milk and semen. In this study, the ability of TGF-β to regulate expression of molecules involved in HTLV-I binding and entry was examined. Previous studies using a soluble form of the HTLV-I envelope protein SU have shown that quiescent human T cells do not express cell surface molecules that specifically bind SU. After T cell activation, HTLV SU binding proteins are rapidly induced. In this study, we report that TGF-β induces expression of proteins that bind soluble HTLV SU and HTLV virions on naive CD4+ T lymphocytes. The induction of these proteins occurred without cell cycle entry or expression of activation markers, involved TGF-β-induced intracellular signaling, and required de novo transcription and translation. Treatment of naive CD4+ T lymphocytes with TGF-β induced expression of GLUT-1, which has recently been reported to function as a receptor for HTLV. Treatment of a TGF-β-sensitive human myeloid cell line increased the titer of both HTLV-I- and HTLV-II-pseudotyped viruses. Although earlier studies suggested that HTLV SU binding proteins might be an early marker of T cell activation and/or cell proliferation, we report in this study that TGF-β induces binding of HTLV virions and expression of glucose transporter type 1 in primary CD4+ T lymphocytes that remain quiescent.