Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mental Leaps: Analogy in Creative Thought

Part 1 First steps: a bird's backyard analogic from Socrates to Velcro and Vietnam indirect communication ripples in the air creative connections overview. Part 2 Breaking loose: funes in chains from reacting to thinking similarity structure models purpose and cause summary. Part 3 The analogical ape: sameness what Sarah thinks how thought evolved the analogies of apes the invention of problems hitting the wall summary. Part 4 The analogical child: Lori's magic carpet toward system mapping first relations early relational mapping personification the next steps summary. Part 5 The construction of similarity: making Saddam into Hitler the tumour and the fortress selection mapping evaluation learning summary. Part 6 What is to be done? : Howard's dilemma coherent decisions houses and baseball players courtroom analogies lessons of the past no more Vietnams summary. Part 7 Wondering why: gods like us Plato's cave designing the world other minds intuition pumps Asian analogies summary. Part 8 The analogical scientist: great scientific analogies purposes cognitive mechanisms social sciences invention and design lessons summary. Part 9 The web of culture: the Japanese tea ceremony Star Trek and the hidden paths what is metaphor? the analogical basis metaphorical extensions laughter and love analogy as therapy making magic summary. Part 10 The analogical computer: looking backward the computational mind parallel constraint satisfaction mapping retrieval the competition the future of analogy.
IFN-γ Production by Allogeneic Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells Is Essential for Preventing Experimental Graft-versus-Host Disease

It is emerging that CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells can produce the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ when stimulated in a Th1 cytokine environment. In this study, we report that Foxp3+ Treg cells readily produced IFN-γ in vivo in a highly inflammatory model of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and during a Th1-dominated immune response to intracellular bacteria. Moreover, stimulation in vitro via TCR in the presence of IL-12 alone was sufficient to induce IFN-γ production by Treg cells in a dose-dependent manner. Transfer of donor Treg cells can prevent lethal GVHD; therefore, we used this model as a robust readout for in vivo Treg function. Interestingly, >50% of allogeneic donor, but not residual recipient Foxp3+ Treg cells produced IFN-γ after transplantation, suggesting that this cytokine production was alloantigen specific. These IFN-γ producers were stable Foxp3+ Treg cells because methylation analysis of the Foxp3 gene locus of transferred and reisolated Treg cells during GVHD showed a fully demethylated Treg-specific–demethylated region. Next, we addressed whether IFN-γ production was supporting or rather impairing the immunosuppressive function of Treg cells during GVHD. Blocking of IFN-γ with specific mAb completely abolished the beneficial effect of donor Treg cells. We could further show that only wild-type Treg cells, but not Treg cells from IFN-γ–deficient donor mice, prevented GVHD. This indicated that Treg cell-intrinsic IFN-γ production was required for their protective function. In conclusion, our data show that IFN-γ produced by Foxp3+ Treg cells has essential immune-regulatory functions that are required for prevention of experimental GVHD.
A Dummy-Based Approach for Preserving Source Rate Privacy

Recent studies reveal that an adversary might trace the apparently insignificant traffic rate of source nodes over the net and turn such data to invaluable information so as to breach the privacy of the victim sources. Inhibiting the adversary of being able to extract information from the traffic rate of source nodes is a complicated task unless taking into consideration the flow conservation law effect of the transmitter queue. A reliable method of preserving the rate privacy that copes with the flow conservation law is to transmit original packets augmented with probabilistically dummy ones so as to change the observable aggregated traffic rate. Augmenting dummy packets, however, bears redundancy, and hence, requires extra resources in terms of bandwidth and buffer requirements, and more importantly suggests higher transmitting energy consumption. Grounded on the queueing and information theories, in this paper, we present an efficient method that minimally augments dummy packets to preserve the source rate privacy at a given degree while preserving the delay distribution of the original packets intact, and thus does not affect the quality of service parameters of the transmitted data in terms of delay and jitter. The presented method models the original packets and dummy ones with a preemptive resume 2-priority queueing system and then using information theory attempts to maximize the Fano lower bound of the best estimation of the adversary's speculation. All of the theoretically obtained results have been validated by conducting simulation experiments.
Thermal conductivity of Si/Ge quantum dot superlattices

We present both theoretical and experimental study of the lattice thermal conductivity in Si/Ge quantum dot superlattices (QDS). Our developed formalism takes into account thermal phonon scattering on quantum dots and allows us to predict with good accuracy (/spl sim/5%) lattice thermal conductivity modification in QDS compared to the bulk material. According to the theoretical model, the design of quantum dot composition, size and arrangement may be used for the effective control of QDS thermal properties. The results of numerical simulations are in a good agreement with experimental data obtained for Si/Ge QDS. The developed formalism is applicable for a wide range of semiconductor QDSs.
Towards 3D reconstruction of endoscope images using shape from shading

The 3D reconstruction problem from a single endoscope image of a smooth object is studied in the context of the shape from shading methods and considering a single light source at the camera projection center. Based on a curve expansion shape from shading algorithm, a spherical projection model for the endoscope camera and a dichromatic model for the surface reflectance, an approach to solve practical problems, namely the endoscope image distortion and the removal of the image specular reflection component, is presented. Results obtained from application of this approach to synthetic and real images are presented.
Is No Child Left Behind 'Wise Schooling' for African American Male Students?

To improve achievement among African American students, education professions must pay special attention to African American male achievement and reframe the academic achievement gap as a treatment gap. Engagement studies suggest that African American students, and African American boys in particular, are susceptible to academic disengagement. Specifically, research (Steele and Aronson 1995; Osborne 1995) suggests that education professionals' "stereotypes about ability" are partly responsible for the disengagement and lagging achievement of African American male students. This author recommends that education professionals use 'wise schooling' to minimize the effects of these stereotypes on achievement.
Spatio-Temporal motion analysis based suspicious behavior detection

Suspicious behavior detection has been developed in an unsupervised way based on spatio-temporal motion analysis in pedestrian virtual space. The pedestrian virtual plane has been constructed which consists of both the ground plane and the pedestrian head one. The suspicious behavior has been discriminated in a circular variance of pedestrian trajectories around the 3D virtual region instead of traditional 2D protected one. The protected region can be assigned as different shapes and sizes. Experiments have been shown that the proposed approach is efficient for distinguishing the anomaly in a protected region without any hypothesis for the scenario contents in advance.
An exploratory‐descriptive study of a sadomasochistically oriented sample

Demographics, sexual behavior, and self‐perceptions of a self‐defined sadomasochistic (S/M) sample of 178 men are described. These men either returned a questionnaire published in an S/M magazine or completed a questionnaire after being solicited at an S/M support‐group meeting. The composite respondent was heterosexual, well‐educated, relatively affluent, interested in both dominant and submissive roles (switchable), and engaged in a wide range of sexual activities, both S/M and non‐S/M. Most of the respondents first acknowledged interest and engaged in S/M acts as a young adult, after other sexual orientation issues were settled. Although most respondents were satisfied with the S/M aspect of their sexuality, a small percentage (approximately 6%) expressed distress concerning their behavior, and 16% had sought help from a therapist regarding their S/M desires. These data are generally similar to those obtained from a similar investigation of a West German sample (Spengler, 1975, 1977). The data from a s.
The Political Economy of Immigration, Intellectual Property, and Racial Harassment: Case Studies of the Implementation of Legal Change on Campus.

In modern higher education, few major decisions are made without considering the legal consequences, and though the core functions of higher education instruction and scholarship are remarkably free from external legal influences, no one would plausibly deny the increase of legalization on campus. We know surprisingly little about law's effect upon higher education, but virtually no one in the enterprise is untouched by statutes, regulations, case law, or institutional rules promulgated to implement legal regimes. Indeed, our understanding of the relationship between higher education and the law is rudimentary, notwithstanding the cottage industry of books, case reporters, journals, treatises, and periodicals devoted to the topic and its arcane subspecialties. For example, there is a law review devoted to postsecondary legal issues (The Journal of College and University Law), a regular newsletter devoted exclusively to the legal affairs of fraternities (The Fraternal Law Newsletter), and a biweekly commercial service ( West's Education Law Reporter) that reprints leading cases, including unpublished decisions. There is a splendid treatise available, The Law of Higher Education [29], and an instructional casebook, The Law and Higher Education [48]. Even with the extensive research resources, synthetic scholarship in the area has been a slow climb and has not ad-
recommenderlab : A Framework for Developing and Testing Recommendation Algorithms

The problem of creating recommendations given a large data base from directly elicited ratings (e.g., ratings of 1 through 5 stars) is a popular research area which was lately boosted by the Netﬂix Prize competition. While several libraries which implement recommender algorithms have been developed over the last decade there is still the need for a framework which facilitates research on recommender systems by providing a common development and evaluation environment. This paper describes recommenderlab which provides the infrastructure to develop and test recommender algorithms for rating data and 0-1 data in a uniﬁed framework. The Package provides basic algorithms and allows the user to develop and use his/her own algorithms in the framework via a simple registration procedure.
Let Your Eyes Predict

This study investigates the prediction accuracy of anticipatory pupil dilation responses in humans prior to the random presentation of alerting or neutral sounds. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the autonomous nervous system may react prior to the presentation of random stimuli. A total of 80 participants, who were matched according to gender to take into account individual differences, were asked to listen to a random sequence of 10 neutral and 10 alerting sounds. Their pupil dilation was continuously recorded and the diameter of their pupils was used to predict the category of sound, alerting, or neutral. The pupil dilation of both males and females predicted alerting sounds approximately 10% more accurately than would be expected by chance, whereas neutral sounds were predicted at the chance level. This result was confirmed using a frequentist and a Bayesian statistical approach. Following the results of the study, practical and theoretical implications of these results are discussed.
Identity, boundary and schooling: perspectives on the experiences and perceptions of refugee children 1

In assuming ethnic/national identity as problematic, we examine its dynamic aspects in the context of refugee children and their educational experiences. While the starting point of our analysis is a deconstruction of ethnic/national identity in conventional terms of language, religion, education etc., the emerging focus is the notion of boundary. On the one hand, we look at the relevance of fluid boundaries for identity formation, while on the other hand, the experience of crossing boundaries will also be examined, particularly in the case of forced migration and displacement. Boundaries are conceptualised in the context of a continuum in which the experiences of refugee children range across school, home, locality and country. To illustrate the central arguments two case studies will be highlighted: a child refugee from Kosovo, the older of two brothers arriving in the UK about four years ago, who now attends a north London primary school; and several young minors, mainly from Kosovo, who attend a youth club in south London. Preliminary observations of the child, together with subsequent small group discussions and semi‐structured interviews, serve to identify how the child relates to the various spaces in the school. The analysis of his drawings forms the main part of the argument. In the case of the youth club users, observations and conversations show how these young people construct their individual and social identities by accessing global resources in response to local interests.
Recent trends in the development of nanophytobioactive compounds and delivery systems for their possible role in reducing oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease models

Oxidative stress plays a very critical role in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), which is the second most common neurodegenerative disease among elderly people worldwide. Increasing evidence has suggested that phytobioactive compounds show enhanced benefits in cell and animal models of PD. Curcumin, resveratrol, ginsenosides, quercetin, and catechin are phyto-derived bioactive compounds with important roles in the prevention and treatment of PD. However, in vivo studies suggest that their concentrations are very low to cross blood–brain barrier thereby it limits bioavailability, stability, and dissolution at target sites in the brain. To overcome these problems, nanophytomedicine with the controlled size of 1–100 nm is used to maximize efficiency in the treatment of PD. Nanosizing of phytobioactive compounds enhances the permeability into the brain with maximized efficiency and stability. Several nanodelivery techniques, including solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, nanoliposomes, and nanoniosomes can be used for controlled delivery of nanobioactive compounds to brain. Nanocompounds, such as ginsenosides (19.9 nm) synthesized using a nanoemulsion technique, showed enhanced bioavailability in the rat brain. Here, we discuss the most recent trends and applications in PD, including 1) the role of phytobioactive compounds in reducing oxidative stress and their bioavailability; 2) the role of nanotechnology in reducing oxidative stress during PD; 3) nanodelivery systems; and 4) various nanophytobioactive compounds and their role in PD.
A Cloud-Assisted Random Linear Network Coding Medium Access Control Protocol for Healthcare Applications

Relay sensor networks are often employed in end-to-end healthcare applications to facilitate the information flow between patient worn sensors and the medical data center. Medium access control (MAC) protocols, based on random linear network coding (RLNC), are a novel and suitable approach to efficiently handle data dissemination. However, several challenges arise, such as additional delays introduced by the intermediate relay nodes and decoding failures, due to channel errors. In this paper, we tackle these issues by adopting a cloud architecture where the set of relays is connected to a coordinating entity, called cloud manager. We propose a cloud-assisted RLNC-based MAC protocol (CLNC-MAC) and develop a mathematical model for the calculation of the key performance metrics, namely the system throughput, the mean completion time for data delivery and the energy efficiency. We show the importance of central coordination in fully exploiting the gain of RLNC under error-prone channels.
Modeling E-Commerce Website Quality with Quality Function Deployment

The quality of a website is a crucial determinant of whether visitors are likely to return to the site. The research of E-commerce quality, such as Loiacono’s WEBQUALTM, neither saw the E-commerce website as a product, nor did it analyze E-commerce quality from the quality management and quality assurance. The main contribution of this paper is to construct an E-commerce website quality model from the users’ quality requirement, based on Total Quality Management’s theory and tools. The E-commerce was seen as the product of an activity process in this research. By Quality Function Deployment, the users’ demands were transformed into the quality requirement of the E-commerce website, so the Customer Satisfaction was met. First, 98 image words about E-commerce quality were collected through user survey and literature review. Using KJ tool, the words were reduced to 15. From them, the most frequent 5 quality words were chosen using user questionnaire survey. Surround the 5 words, the users’ quality requirements were acquired and showed as a level table, based on 5 sample websites and user interview. In the next phase, the quality characters were sorted and analyzed quantificationally. In the end, a hierarchical E-commerce website quality model was built.
Inference of Mixed Membership Stochastic Blockmodels for Network Data Streams

Many kinds of data can be represented as a network or graph. It is crucial to infer the latent structure underlying such a network and to predict unobserved links in the network. Mixed Membership Stochastic Blockmodel (MMSB) is a promising model for network data. Latent variables and unknown parameters in MMSB have been estimated through Bayesian inference with the entire network; however, it is important to estimate them online for evolving networks. In this paper, we first develop online inference methods for MMSB through sequential Monte Carlo methods, also known as particle filters. We then extend them for time-evolving networks, taking into account the temporal dependency of the network structure. We demonstrate through experiments that the timedependent particle filter outperformed several baselines in terms of prediction performance in an online condition. key words: mixed membership stochastic blockmodels, particle filters, dynamic networks, online inference
Promoting Computer-Mediated Communications in Community Coalitions

SUMMARY Community coalition participants are adopting new communication tools. This article identifies issues involving adoption of one type of communication tool, computer-mediated communications (CMC), based on a review of relevant literature and a recent exploratory research study of CMC adoption by community coalitions. Suggestions for aiding adoption and anticipating problems are presented and some social justice and professional value issues are highlighted. Human service professionals whose work involves community coalitions may find the theoretical background and practical advice useful in anticipating and responding to CMC changes in coalitions.
The partial reactions of the Na(+)- and Na(+) + K(+)-activated adenosine triphosphatases.

Kinetic investigations carried out in a number of laboratories have accumulated evidence favoring modification of the Albers-Post mechanism. The results of the rapid mixing studies involving the eel enzyme indicate that the complex kinetic behavior is confined to the Na(+)-activated reaction pathway (Na-ATPase). The main conceptual problem in interpreting the dephosphorylation experiments involves the intermediate component, which turns over too slowly to account for the overall velocity of Pi production in the presence of Na+ and K+ and exhibits behavior compatible with an ADP-insensitive phosphoenzyme. Attempts to simulate the dephosphorylation reaction using schemes in which the intermediate component represents a precursor to the K(+)-sensitive phosphoenzyme, E2P, were unsuccessful in reproducing both the pre-steady-state and steady-state time dependence. When Na+ and K+ were both present during phosphorylation, the time course of dephosphorylation showed no evidence of an intermediate decay component, implying that K+ either prevents its formation or accelerates its turnover. Complex kinetic behavior was also observed in the phosphorylation reaction under conditions where the reaction was initiated by the simultaneous addition of ATP, Na+, and Mg2+. Preincubation with Na+ eliminated the biexponential pattern of accumulation so that only the fast phase was seen. The proportion of EP in the slow phase of phosphorylation was approximately equal to the fraction of EP in the intermediate phase of dephosphorylation (roughly one-third of the sites), suggesting that the two may be related to the same catalytic activity. To try to explain these observations using recent modifications to the Albers-Post mechanism is difficult without invoking additional complex effects of the transported ions. We propose that a series model for phosphorylation is inadequate and that further modification of the mechanism is required. The alternative to a consecutive mechanism is a parallel pathway scheme: [sequence: see text] In this model the enzyme exists in two distinct forms which are distributed in the upper and lower pathways in a ratio of 2:1. In the lower pathway the rates of phosphorylation and E2P hydrolysis are controlled by the kinetics of ligand binding because of a structural constraint (ion channel? ) imposed by the transport protein. When phosphorylation is carried out in the presence of Na+ alone, E2P and E2P' accumulates rapidly and give rise to the fast and intermediate components of dephosphorylation, respectively. Preincubation with Na+ and K+ eliminates the functional differences between these pathways by removing the kinetic dependence of ligand binding, resulting in behavior that conforms to the Albers-Post mechanism. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Combined input shaping and feedforward control for flexible motion systems

Flexible motion systems often show dominant linear time-invariant behavior which makes them very suitable for high-precision motion tasks. One of the challenges is to reduce the repetitive part in the error as much as possible by means of a well-designed feedforward. As setpoints become more aggressive, flexibilities are excited more and more resulting in a worse performance. In this work, a method is proposed which improves the feedforward design by combining input shaping and classical feedforward such that flexibilities in the system are less excited by aggressive setpoints resulting in an improved tracking accuracy. The method is validated by means of experiments.