Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Clinical utility of the oral JAK inhibitor tofacitinib in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Immune/inflammatory cells act in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-affected patients by synthesizing several inflammatory mediators, including cytokines that initiate intracellular signaling. Recently, small molecule inhibitors of transduction and transcription signals that influence the intracellular pathways (such as the Janus kinase [JAK] family of tyrosine kinases) have been tested for RA treatment. Four members of the JAK family are known: JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TyK2. JAK1/JAK3 constitutively binds to the cytoplasmic portion of the cytokine receptor – the common gamma chain – that represents a common subunit of several cytokines involved in T-cell and natural killer cell development, as well as in B-cell activation. Tofacitinib is an oral JAK inhibitor that is now available and effective in RA treatment, as shown in multiple Phase II and Phase III clinical trials. However, long-term safety data and comparisons with other disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and small molecule inhibitors are necessary to better determine the role of tofacitinib in RA.
Frontal Dysfunctions of Impulse Control – A Systematic Review in Borderline Personality Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Disorders such as borderline personality disorder (BPD) or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are characterized by impulsive behaviors. Impulsivity as used in clinical terms is very broadly defined and entails different categories including personality traits as well as different cognitive functions such as emotion regulation or interference resolution and impulse control. Impulse control as an executive function, however, is neither cognitively nor neurobehaviorally a unitary function. Recent findings from behavioral and cognitive neuroscience studies suggest related but dissociable components of impulse control along functional domains like selective attention, response selection, motivational control, and behavioral inhibition. In addition, behavioral and neural dissociations are seen for proactive vs. reactive inhibitory motor control. The prefrontal cortex with its sub-regions is the central structure in executing these impulse control functions. Based on these concepts of impulse control, neurobehavioral findings of studies in BPD and ADHD were reviewed and systematically compared. Overall, patients with BPD exhibited prefrontal dysfunctions across impulse control components rather in orbitofrontal, dorsomedial, and dorsolateral prefrontal regions, whereas patients with ADHD displayed disturbed activity mainly in ventrolateral and medial prefrontal regions. Prefrontal dysfunctions, however, varied depending on the impulse control component and from disorder to disorder. This suggests a dissociation of impulse control related frontal dysfunctions in BPD and ADHD, although only few studies are hitherto available to assess frontal dysfunctions along different impulse control components in direct comparison of these disorders. Yet, these findings might serve as a hypothesis for the future systematic assessment of impulse control components to understand differences and commonalities of prefrontal cortex dysfunction in impulsive disorders.
Spectrophotometric Determination and Thermodynamic Parameters of Charge Transfer Complexation Between Stavudine and Chloranilic Acid

Purpose: The official assay methods for most antiretroviral drugs are limited by cost and unavailability of good test equipment in several developing countries. Therefore, this study investigates the use of charge transfer complexation in the spectrophotometric assay of stavudine as an alternative method to conventional methods. Methods: Charge transfer complex formation between stavudine (n-donor) and chloranilic acid (Π-acceptor) in 1,4-dioxan using a spectrophotometer was employed. Thermodynamic parameters of the complex formed were determined. The proposed method was employed in the analysis of commercially available stavudine dosage form. Results: The wavelength of maximum absorption (λmax) of the complex was at 526 nm compared to 457 nm for p-acceptor alone. Beer’s law was obeyed in the range of 5 - 40 mg % while the stoichiometry of the complex was found to be 2:1. The complex formed was still stable 24 h later. Its formation was spontaneous with a ΔHo of -3.78×103 J/mol. The standard entropy change was from 12.18 ± 0.78 to 11.08 ± 1.23 cal/deg/mol over the temperature range of 30 - 60 o C while molar absorptivity decreased from 2.45×105 to 1.2×105 over the same temperature range. The assay result of the standard stavudine solution was of high accuracy with a recovery value of 99.85 ± 1.95 %. Conclusion: The proposed method is reliable and reproducible and should be suitable for the quality control of stavudine in bulk and dosage forms. Keywords: Assay, Charge transfer, Stavudine, Spectrophotometric analysis, Chloranilic acid, Thermodynamic.
Scheduling schemes for N-node cooperative networks

In this paper, we consider an amplify-and-forward cooperative network composed of N nodes. Here we focus on the scheduling problem which consists in assigning the roles {source, relay} to the N nodes. Our target is to investigate and develop relay selection policies that can be used in amplify-and-forward cooperative systems. For fairness and simplicity issues, we assume that a node is chosen as a source in a Round Robin fashion. On the other hand, two relay selection schemes are proposed. In the first scheme, the relay selection problem is addressed under the knowledge of nodes positions and the relay is chosen to be the nearest neighbor of the source. This relay selection method combined with the RR source selection method will be called Network Topology based scheduling (NT-based scheduling). In the second scheme, the relay selection algorithm is based on the instantaneous channels qualities and the relay is the node with the best direct link in term of instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Since this second method requires much signaling which degrades the scheme performance, a channel feedback reduction method is proposed with the use of a threshold T. The relay selection method which use the proposed feedback reduction technique combined with the RR source selection method will be called semi Channels Qualities based scheduling (semi CQ-based scheduling). Simulation results will be provided in order to compare the performance of these scheduling schemes and to show the high performance provided by our proposed algorithms.
Chapter 2 Quantum Mechanics and Science Education Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 2.2.2 Chemistry – Education Research Papers

It has already been noted that there has not been much education research devoted to the teaching of quantum mechanics. The subject is far too specialised to have much presence in mainstream education literature. What work has been done is reported mainly in Chemistry and Physics journals. The body of the literature summary has been presented in 3 sections. The Chemistry and physics articles have been treated separately to reflect the differences in the types and styles of articles, within each discipline area the articles have been classified and grouped under one of the following four headings – History; These cover a broad selection of articles which were intended by their authors to be used by educators of the subject. These reviews are followed by a broad overview of associated educational literature to situate the results of the research and provide the theoretical framework of learning underpinning this study. For a comprehensive categorised literature bibliography covering quantum mechanics please refer to Appendix 8 for a Quantum Chemistry Literature Survey and Appendix 9 for a Quantum Physics Literature Survey. 2.2 CHEMISTRY RELATED Chemistry education research has had a presence since the 1920's with the publishing of the Journal of Chemical Education 1 in 1924 and provided a broad forum for all chemical educators. Chemistry education reached a milestone in the late 1970's when university chemistry departments recognised and began to appoint faculty to positions specifically responsible for chemistry education. For example Purdue University in 1982 established a Division of Chemical Education 2 and offers higher degree programs in chemical education. 12 In relation to the teaching of quantum mechanics, the period 1970 through to the commencement of this research has seen a steady number of articles in chemical education literature devoted to quantum theory and introductory quantum mechanics. These include short essays addressing historical and philosophical issues, descriptions of atomic models and bonding, representations of bonding and energy levels, example problems suitable for presentation and computer simulations. In Appendix 8 Quantum Chemistry Literature Survey, the papers have been categorised and grouped into the following structure. Though these papers cover a wide variety of topics, their approach is surprisingly similar. By and large they focus mainly on providing teaching support materials. One paper, chosen more or less at random, can be taken to be 13 representative and contain the common elements addressed. It is entitled Presenting the Bohr Atom (Haendlers, 1982) and …
Dynamic Programming Algorithms for Transition-Based Dependency Parsers

We develop a general dynamic programming technique for the tabulation of transition-based dependency parsers, and apply it to obtain novel, polynomial-time algorithms for parsing with the arc-standard and arc-eager models. We also show how to reverse our technique to obtain new transition-based dependency parsers from existing tabular methods. Additionally, we provide a detailed discussion of the conditions under which the feature models commonly used in transition-based parsing can be integrated into our algorithms.
Osteosarcoma: Preliminary Results of In Vivo Assessment of Tumor Necrosis After Chemotherapy With Diffusion- and Perfusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Purpose:We sought to evaluate diffusion and perfusion weighted 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting tumor necrosis with histologic correlation after preoperative chemotherapy. Materials and Methods:Eight patients (ages 11–19 years) with histologic proven osteosarcoma of the limbs underwent T1- and fat-suppressed T2-weighted spin echo and diffusion-weighted EPI sequences (b value = 700) after 5 cycles of standard chemotherapy. Tumor volume and apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) were calculated. Tumor signal intensities were measured in dynamic contrast enhanced T1-weighted fast gradient echo-sequences obtained every 3 seconds after an intravenous injection of gadolinium–DTPA. Perfusion parameters of first-pass tracing of contrast medium (time-to-peak, slope of contrast enhancement curve) were calculated, and perfusion maps were established. After MRI, all patients underwent limb resection, and the specimens were investigated macroscopically and histologically. The degree of tumor necrosis was assessed using the histologic Salzer–Kuntschik classification (grades 1–6) after chemotherapy. Results:Necrotic areas, which were confirmed by macroscopic/histologic examination, showed ADC values up to 2.7 (mean, 2.3 ± 0.2). Viable tumor areas revealed lower apparent diffusion coefficents (mean, 0.8 ± 0.3). The differences in ADC between viable and necrotic tumor were highly significant (paired t test; P = 0.01). Slopes of necrotic areas ranged from 0.1 up to 5.2%/min (mean, 1.5%/min) and those of viable tumor areas from 2.8 to 31.5%/min (mean, 16.1%/min). The time-to-peak-values (TTPs) ranged from 40 to 210 seconds (mean, 131 seconds, SD 60 seconds) in necrotic tumors and from 30 to 96 seconds (mean, 55 seconds, SD 21) in viable areas of sarcomas. The differences in slope and TTP between viable and necrotic tumor were highly significant. In necrotic areas, the linear correlation between slope (%/min) and ADC (mm2/s) and between TTP (s) and ADC were weak, respectively. Conclusion:Both dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and diffusion-weighted MRI permit recognition of tumor necrosis induced by chemotherapy in osteosarcomas. We hypothesized that diffusion-weighted imaging is correlated directly with tumor necrosis. Perfusion-weighted imaging is correlated with microvessel density, vascular permeability, local blood volume, and flow. Therefore, perfusion weighed MRI depicts areas of tumor cell necrosis indirectly.
Evaluation without references: IBM1 scores as evaluation metrics

Current metrics for evaluating machine translation quality have the huge drawback that they require human-quality reference translations. We propose a truly automatic evaluation metric based on ibm1 lexicon probabilities which does not need any reference translations. Several variants of ibm1 scores are systematically explored in order to find the most promising directions. Correlations between the new metrics and human judgments are calculated on the data of the third, fourth and fifth shared tasks of the Statistical Machine Translation Workshop. Five different European languages are taken into account: English, Spanish, French, German and Czech. The results show that the ibm1 scores are competitive with the classic evaluation metrics, the most promising being ibm1 scores calculated on morphemes and pos-4grams.
Rapid and Selective Enzymatic Debridement of Porcine Comb Burns With Bromelain-Derived Debrase®: Acute-Phase Preservation of Noninjured Tissue and Zone of Stasis

Deep burns are associated with the formation of an eschar, which delays healing and increases the risk of infection. Surgical debridement of the eschar is, at present, the fastest means to achieve an eschar-free bed, but the process can not differentiate between the viable tissue and the eschar and follow the minute irregularities of the interface between the two. We evaluated the efficacy and selectivity of a novel enzymatic bromelain-based debriding agent, Debrase® Gel Dressing (Debrase®), in a porcine comb burn model. We hypothesized that Debrase® would result in rapid debridement of the eschar without adverse effects on the surrounding uninjured skin. This is a prospective, controlled, animal experiment. Five domestic pigs (20–25 kg) were used in this study. Sixteen burns were created on each animal's dorsum using a brass comb with four rectangular prongs preheated in boiling water and applied for 30 seconds, resulting in four rectangular 10 × 20 mm full-thickness burns and separated by three 5 × 20 mm unburned interspaces representing the zone of stasis. The burned keratin layer (blisters) was removed, and the burns were treated with a single, topical, Debrase® or control vehicle application for 4 hours. The Debrase®/control was then wiped off using a metal forceps handle, and the burns were treated with a topical silver sulfadiazine (SSD). The wounds were observed, and full-thickness biopsies were obtained at 4 and 48 hours for evidence of dermal thickness, vascular thrombosis, and burn depth, both within the comb burns and the unburned interspaces in between them. Chi-square and t tests are used for data analysis. A single 4-hour topical application of Debrase® resulted in rapid and complete eschar dissolution of all the burns in which the keratin layer was removed. The remaining dermis was thinner (1.1 ± 0.7 mm) than in the control burns (2.1 ± 0.3 mm; difference 0.9 mm [95% confidence interval: 0.3–1.4]) and was viable with no injury to the normal surrounding skin or to the unburned interspaces between the burns, which represents the zone of stasis. In control burns, the entire thickness of the dermis was necrotic. At 48 hours, Debrase®-treated areas were found partially desiccated under SSD treatment. The unburned interspaces demonstrated partial-thickness necrosis in two third and full-thickness necrosis in one third of wounds. In contrast, full-thickness necrosis was noted in all control interspaces (P = .05). In a porcine comb burn model, a single, 4-hour topical application of Debrase® resulted in rapid removal of the necrotic layer of the dermis with preservation of unburned tissues. At 48 hours, SSD treatment resulted in superficial tissue damage and partial preservation of the unburned interspaces.
Force-based clustering for transitive identity mapping

In most information retrieval systems, software processes reason about passive data. Our approach instantiates each piece of information as an agent that actively seeks to organize itself with respect to other agents (including queries). Imitating the movement of bodies under physical forces, we describe a distributed algorithm ("force-based clustering," or FBC) for dynamically clustering and querying large, heterogeneous, dynamic collections of entities. The algorithm moves records in a virtual space in a way that estimates the transitive closure of the pairwise comparisons. We demonstrate FBC on a large, heterogeneous collection of records, each representing a person. We have some information about a person of interest, but no record in the collection directly matches this information. Application of FBC identifies a small subset of records that are good candidates for describing the per-son of interest, for further manual investigation and verification.
The XMM–Newton/2dF survey – V. The radio properties of the X-ray population

In this paper, we cross-correlate the FIRST (Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty centimeters) 1.4-GHz radio survey with a wide-field (1.6 deg 2 ) shallow [fx(0.5 - 8 kev) 10 -14 erg s -1 ] XMM-Newton survey. We find 12 X-ray/radio matches representing 4 per cent of the X-ray-selected sample. Most of them are found to be associated with active galactic nuclei (a total of nine) on the basis of the observed optical spectra (three), radio morphology (two) or X-ray/optical properties (four), whereas one radio source is identified with an X-ray-selected cluster. We also find two sources associated with low-redshift galaxies with narrow emission line optical spectra, X-ray luminosity L X (0.5 - 8 keV) 10 41 erg s -1 , radio luminosity density L 1.4GHz 5 x 10 22 W Hz -1 and log f X / f opt -2, suggesting 'normal' star-forming galaxies. We argue that radio surveys combined with X-ray samples could provide a powerful tool for identifying X-ray-selected 'normal' galaxies powered by stellar processes. Finally, radio-loud and radio-quiet systems in the present sample have mean X-ray spectral properties consistent with Γ 1.9.
Metabolic Rate Calibrates the Molecular Clock: Reconciling Molecular and Fossil Estimates of Evolutionary Divergence

Observations that rates of molecular evolution vary widely within and among lineages have cast doubts upon the existence of a single molecular clock. Differences in the timing of evolutionary events estimated from genetic and fossil evidence have raised further questions about the existence of molecular clocks and their use. Here we present a model of nucleotide substitution that combines new theory on metabolic rate with the now classic neutral theory of molecular evolution. The model quantitatively predicts rate heterogeneity, and reconciles differences in molecular- and fossil-estimated dates of evolutionary events. Model predictions are supported by extensive data from mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. By accounting for the effects of body size and temperature on metabolic rate, a single molecular clock explains heterogeneity in rates of nucleotide substitution in different genes, taxa, and thermal environments. This model suggests that there is indeed a general molecular clock, as originally proposed by Zuckerkandl and Pauling, but that it ticks at a constant substitution rate per unit mass-specific metabolic energy rather than per unit time. More generally, the model suggests that body size and temperature combine to control the overall rate of evolution through their effects on metabolism.
Changes in peat chemistry associated with permafrost thaw increase greenhouse gas production

Significance We address the effect of thawing permafrost, and attendant subsidence-induced shifts in hydrology and plant community structure, on CH4 and CO2 production potentials and mechanisms driven by changes in organic matter chemical composition in a thawing peatland complex. Advanced analytical characterization of peat and dissolved organic matter along the thaw progression indicated increasingly reduced organic matter experiencing greater humification rates, which were associated with higher relative CH4 and CO2 production potentials, increasing relative CH4/CO2 production ratios, and shifts from hydrogenotrophic to acetoclastic methanogenesis. The effects of this increase in organic matter reactivity with permafrost thaw could intensify the increases in CH4 and CO2 release already predicted due to increasing temperatures, permafrost carbon mobilization, and waterlogging-induced changes in redox conditions. Carbon release due to permafrost thaw represents a potentially major positive climate change feedback. The magnitude of carbon loss and the proportion lost as methane (CH4) vs. carbon dioxide (CO2) depend on factors including temperature, mobilization of previously frozen carbon, hydrology, and changes in organic matter chemistry associated with environmental responses to thaw. While the first three of these effects are relatively well understood, the effect of organic matter chemistry remains largely unstudied. To address this gap, we examined the biogeochemistry of peat and dissolved organic matter (DOM) along a ∼40-y permafrost thaw progression from recently- to fully thawed sites in Stordalen Mire (68.35°N, 19.05°E), a thawing peat plateau in northern Sweden. Thaw-induced subsidence and the resulting inundation along this progression led to succession in vegetation types accompanied by an evolution in organic matter chemistry. Peat C/N ratios decreased whereas humification rates increased, and DOM shifted toward lower molecular weight compounds with lower aromaticity, lower organic oxygen content, and more abundant microbially produced compounds. Corresponding changes in decomposition along this gradient included increasing CH4 and CO2 production potentials, higher relative CH4/CO2 ratios, and a shift in CH4 production pathway from CO2 reduction to acetate cleavage. These results imply that subsidence and thermokarst-associated increases in organic matter lability cause shifts in biogeochemical processes toward faster decomposition with an increasing proportion of carbon released as CH4. This impact of permafrost thaw on organic matter chemistry could intensify the predicted climate feedbacks of increasing temperatures, permafrost carbon mobilization, and hydrologic changes.