Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
aTTom: Long-term effects of continuing adjuvant tamoxifen to 10 years versus stopping at 5 years in 6,953 women with early breast cancer.

5 Background: In estrogen-receptor-positive (ER+) early breast cancer, 5 years of tamoxifen reduces breast cancer death rates by about a third throughout years 0-14. It has been uncertain how 10 years of tamoxifen compares with this. METHODS During 1991-2005, 6,953 women with ER+ (n=2755), or ER untested (4198, estimated 80% ER+ if status known) invasive breast cancer from 176 UK centres were, after 5 years of tamoxifen, randomized to stop tamoxifen or continue to year 10. Annual follow-up recorded compliance, recurrence, mortality, and hospital admissions. RESULTS Allocation to continue tamoxifen reduced breast cancer recurrence (580/3468 vs 672/3485, p=0.003). This reduction was time dependent: rate ratio 0.99 during years 5-6 [95%CI 0.86-1.15], 0.84 [0.73-0.95] during years 7-9, and 0.75 [0.66-0.86] later. Longer treatment also reduced breast cancer mortality (392 vs 443 deaths after recurrence, p=0.05), rate ratio 1.03 [0.84-1.27] during years 5-9 and 0.77 [0.64-0.92] later; and overall mortality (849 vs 910 deaths, p=0.1), rate ratio 1.05 [0.90-1.22] during years 5-9 and 0.86 [0.75-0.97] later. Non-breast-cancer mortality was little affected (457 vs 467 deaths, rate ratio 0.94 [0.82-1.07]). There were 102 vs 45 endometrial cancers RR=2.20 (1.31-2.34, p<0.0001) with 37 (1.1%) vs 20 (0.6%) deaths (absolute hazard 0.5%, p=0.02). Combining the similar results of aTTom and its international counterpart ATLAS (Lancet 2013) enhances statistical significance of recurrence (p<0.0001), breast cancer mortality (p=0.002) and overall survival (p=0.005) benefits. CONCLUSIONS aTTom confirms that, in ER+ disease, continuing tamoxifen to year 10 rather than just to year 5 produces further reductions in recurrence, from year 7 onward, and breast cancer mortality after year 10. Taken together with the reduction in breast cancer deaths seen in trials of 5 years of tamoxifen vs none, these results indicate that 10 years of adjuvant tamoxifen, compared to no tamoxifen, reduces breast cancer mortality by about one third in the first 10 years following diagnosis and by a half subsequently. CLINICAL TRIAL INFORMATION ISRCTN17222211.
Metric learning for incorporating privileged information in prototype-based models

Prototype-based classification models, and particularly Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ) frameworks with adaptive metrics, are powerful supervised classification techniques with good generalization behaviour. This thesis proposes three advanced learning methodologies, in the context of LVQ, aiming at better classification performance under various classification settings. The first contribution presents a direct and novel methodology for incorporating valuable privileged knowledge in the LVQ training phase, but not in testing. This is done by manipulating the global metric in the input space, based on distance relations revealed by the privileged information. Several experiments have been conducted that serve as illustration, and demonstrate the benefit of incorporating privileged information on the classification accuracy. Subsequently, the thesis presents a relevant extension of LVQ models, with metric learning, to the case of ordinal classification problems. Unlike in existing nominal LVQ, in ordinal LVQ the class order information is explicitly utilized during training. Competitive results have been obtained on several benchmarks, which improve upon standard LVQ as well as benchmark ordinal classifiers. Finally, a novel ordinal-based metric learning methodology is presented that is principally intended to incorporate privileged information in ordinal classification tasks. The model has been verified experimentally through a number of benchmark and real-world data sets.
An efficient radix-2 fast Fourier transform processor with ganged butterfly engines on field programmable gate arrays

We present a novel method to implement the radix-2 fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm on field programmable gate arrays (FPGA). The FFT architecture exploits parallelism by having more pipelined units in the stages, and more parallel units within a stage. It has the noticeable advantages of high speed and more efficient resource utilization by employing four ganged butterfly engines (GBEs), and can be well matched to the placement of the resources on the FPGA. We adopt the decimation-infrequency (DIF) radix-2 FFT algorithm and implement the FFT processor on a state-of-the-art FPGA. Experimental results show that the processor can compute 1024-point complex radix-2 FFT in about 11 µs with a clock frequency of 200 MHz.
Food Distribution and Social Bonding among the Mamaindê of Mato Grosso, Brazil

A quantitative analysis of the distribution of basic foodstuffs among the Mamaindê/Nambicuara of northwestern Mato Grosso, Brazil, indicates that their behavior in these activities very closely approximates their stated philosophy concerning them. Such distributions, which are conceptually distinguishable from "exchanges," provide participating families with shares which are very closely proportional to each family's relative size. These patterns of distribution are clearly important for the generation, maintenance, and expression of Mamaindê social integration.
Group A Streptococcus Adheres to Pharyngeal Epithelial Cells with Salivary Proline-rich Proteins via GrpE Chaperone Protein*

Background: Streptococcus pyogenes is often isolated from the oral cavity. Results: Proline-rich protein in saliva interacted with streptococcal GrpE and the interaction promoted bacterial adhesion. Conclusion: GrpE on S. pyogenes is involved in bacterial adherence to epithelial cells in the presence of saliva. Significance: This is the first report that streptococcal GrpE works as multifunctional protein such as an adhesion and a component of septum formation. Group A Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) is an important human pathogen that frequently causes pharyngitis. GAS organisms can adhere to and invade pharyngeal epithelial cells, which are overlaid by salivary components. However, the role of salivary components in GAS adhesion to pharyngeal cells has not been reported precisely. We collected human saliva and purified various salivary components, including proline-rich protein (PRP), statherin, and amylase, and performed invasion assays. The GAS-HEp-2 association ratio (invasion/adhesion ratio) and invasion ratio of GAS were increased significantly with whole human saliva and PRP, while the anti-PRP antibody inhibited the latter. GAS strain NY-5, which lacks M and F proteins on the cell surface, was promoted to cohere with HEp-2 cells by whole human saliva and PRP. The 28-kDa protein of GAS bound to PRP and was identified as GrpE, a chaperone protein, whereas the N-terminal of GrpE was found to bind to PRP. A GrpE-deficient mutant of GAS strain B514Sm, TR-45, exhibited a reduced ability to adhere to and invade HEp-2 cells. Microscopic observations showed the GrpE was mainly expressed on the surface of the cell division site of GAS. Furthermore, GrpE-deficient mutants of GAS and Streptococcus pneumoniae showed an elongated morphology as compared with the wild type. Taken together, this is the first study to show an interaction between salivary PRP and GAS GrpE, which plays an important role in GAS infection on the pharynx, whereas the expression of GrpE on the surface of GAS helps to maintain morphology.
Molecular mechanisms of pulmonary response progression in crystalline silica exposed rats

Abstract An understanding of the mechanisms underlying diseases is critical for their prevention. Excessive exposure to crystalline silica is a risk factor for silicosis, a potentially fatal pulmonary disease. Male Fischer 344 rats were exposed by inhalation to crystalline silica (15 mg/m3, six hours/day, five days) and pulmonary response was determined at 44 weeks following termination of silica exposure. Additionally, global gene expression profiling in lungs and BAL cells and bioinformatic analysis of the gene expression data were done to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of pulmonary response to silica. A significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity and albumin content in BAL fluid (BALF) suggested silica-induced pulmonary toxicity in the rats. A significant increase in the number of alveolar macrophages and infiltrating neutrophils in the lungs and elevation in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in BALF suggested the induction of pulmonary inflammation in the silica exposed rats. Histological changes in the lungs included granuloma formation, type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, thickening of alveolar septa and positive response to Masson’s trichrome stain. Microarray analysis of global gene expression detected 94 and 225 significantly differentially expressed genes in the lungs and BAL cells, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis of the gene expression data identified significant enrichment of several disease and biological function categories and canonical pathways related to pulmonary toxicity, especially inflammation. Taken together, these data suggested the involvement of chronic inflammation as a mechanism underlying the progression of pulmonary response to exposure of rats to crystalline silica at 44 weeks following termination of exposure.
Births in Captive Stump-Tailed Macaques (Macaca arctoides)

In this report, nighttime births of 3 stump-tailed macaques observed at the Aizawl Zoological Park, India, are described. Continuous focal observations were collected along with video and still photographs, on the 3 parturitions, from the first observed onset of labour. The average time taken for infant birth, beginning with visibility of the head at the vaginal opening, was 45 s. The births observed were similar in many respects, regardless of parity and social context. The average time taken for consuming the placenta was 4 min 4 s and the average number of contractions was 6.3. In all cases births occurred with the infant emerging in the occiput posterior position, assisted by the mother. Individual variations existed in the number of contractions, intercontraction intervals, self-examination of the anogenital region, duration of labour and the interval between infant birth and the delivery of the placenta. Each mother ingested the placenta completely, while holding her neonate, but without paying much attention to the neonate during placentophagia. Placentophagia appears to provide nutrition to the mothers. Detailed data on parturition in non-human primates, and particularly for Macaca arctoides, are still scarce. Data, such as those presented here, contribute to our understanding of primate birth and the adaptive pressures that shape parturition behaviour and reproductive success.
Deficient attention is hard to find: applying the perceptual load model of selective attention to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder subtypes.

BACKGROUND Whether selective attention is a primary deficit in childhood Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) remains in active debate. METHODS We used the perceptual load paradigm to examine both early and late selective attention in children with the Primarily Inattentive (ADHD-I) and Combined subtypes (ADHD-C) of ADHD. RESULTS No evidence emerged for selective attention deficits in either of the subtypes, but sluggish cognitive tempo was associated with abnormal early selection. CONCLUSIONS At least some, and possibly most, children with DSM-IV ADHD have normal selective attention. Results support the move away from theories of attention dysfunction as primary in ADHD-C. In ADHD-I, this was one of the first formal tests of posterior attention network dysfunction, and results did not support that theory. However, ADHD children with sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) warrant more study for possible early selective attention deficits.
Regional lung ventilation from volumetric CT scans using image warping functions

We describe a unique method to determine regional lung ventilation non-invasively. In this study, lungs of two sheep were imaged utilizing a multi-detector row CT while maintaining the lungs at different lung inflations in prone and supine positions. Analysis of cross-sections was then performed on the subjects. We made use of a warping function to map lung regions at different lung volumes based on a set of user-defined landmarks, and validated the warping functions using a set of implanted metal markers. The change in Hounsfield units within smaller lung regions was then used to calculate the percentage air content and regional ventilation.
Luminogenic cytochrome P450 assays

Luminogenic cytochrome P450 (CYP) assays couple CYP enzyme activity to firefly luciferase luminescence in a technology called P450-GloTM (Promega). Luminogenic substrates are used in assays of human CYP1A1, -1A2, -1B1, -2C8, -2C9, -2C19, -2D6, -2J2, -3A4, -3A7, -4A11, -4F3B, -4F12 and -19. The assays detect dose-dependent CYP inhibition by test compounds against recombinant CYP enzymes or liver microsomes. Induction or inhibition of CYP activities in cultured hepatocytes is measured in a nonlytic approach that leaves cells intact for additional analysis. Luminogenic CYP assays offer advantages of speed and safety over HPLC and radiochemical-based methods. Compared with fluorogenic methods the approach offers advantages of improved sensitivity and decreased interference between optical properties of test compound and CYP substrate. These homogenous assays are sensitive and robust tools for high-throughput CYP screening in early drug discovery.
Modeling of a Type II Photofrin-mediated Photodynamic Therapy Process in a Heterogeneous Tissue Phantom

Abstract We present a quantitative framework to model a Type II photodynamic therapy (PDT) process in the time domain in which a set of rate equations are solved to describe molecular reactions. Calculation of steady-state light distributions using a Monte Carlo method in a heterogeneous tissue phantom model demonstrates that the photon density differs significantly in a superficial tumor of only 3 mm thickness. The time dependences of the photosensitizer, oxygen and intracellular unoxidized receptor concentrations were obtained and monotonic decreases in the concentrations of the ground-state photosensitizer and receptor were observed. By defining respective decay times, we quantitatively studied the effects of photon density, drug dose and oxygen concentration on photobleaching and cytotoxicity of a photofrin-mediated PDT process. Comparison of the dependences of the receptor decay time on photon density and drug dose at different concentrations of oxygen clearly shows an oxygen threshold under which the receptor concentration remains constant or PDT exhibits no cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the dependence of the photosensitizer and receptor decay times on the drug dose and photon density suggests the possibility of PDT improvement by maximizing cytotoxicity in a tumor with optimized light and drug doses. We also discuss the utility of this model toward the understanding of clinical PDT treatment of chest wall recurrence of breast carcinoma.
Motion Capturing with Inertial Measurement Units and Kinect - Tracking of Limb Movement using Optical and Orientation Information

This paper presents an approach for the tracking of limb movements using orientation information acquired from Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) and optical information from a Kinect sensor. A new algorithm that uses a Kalman filter to fuse the Kinect and IMU data is presented. By fusing optical and orientation information we are able to track the movement of limb joints precisely, and almost drift-free. First, the IMU data is processed using the gradient descent algorithm proposed in (Madgwick et al., 2011) which calculates the orientation information of the IMU using acceleration and velocity data. Measurements made with IMUs tend to drift over time, so in a second stage we compensate for the drift using absolute position information obtained from a Microsoft Kinect sensor. The fusion of sensor data also allows to compensate for faulty or missing measurements. We have carried out some initial experiments on arm tracking. The first results show that our technique for data fusion has the potential to be used to record common medical exercises for clinical movement analysis.
Allelic changes at multiple regions of chromosome 5 are associated with progression of urinary bladder cancer

This study has analysed 65 urothelial carcinomas for allelic imbalance at 22 loci of chromosome 5 and has determined three regions of interest. A commonly duplicated region was mapped to chromosome 5p between loci D5S1473 and D5S819, one region of deletion to chromosome 5q22–23 between loci D5S2055 and D5S659, and another to chromosome 5q33–34 between loci D5S1456 and D5S1465. An allelic imbalance was detected in 54% of the cases. Only 10% of grade 1 tumours showed allelic changes at chromosome 5, whereas 60% and 63% of grade 2 and grade 3 cancers, respectively, had alterations of chromosome 5. The frequency of chromosome 5 changes increased from 24% in pTa tumours up to 72% in pT3–4 tumours. Of particular interest, ten out of 12 urothelial carcinomas showing metastatic growth in regional lymph nodes at the time of cystectomy had alterations at chromosome 5. No specific region, but genetic changes in general were associated with the grading and staging of bladder cancers. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of primary cilia and Hedgehog signaling during development of the human pancreas and in human pancreatic duct cancer cell lines

Hedgehog (Hh) signaling controls pancreatic development and homeostasis; aberrant Hh signaling is associated with several pancreatic diseases. Here we investigated the link between Hh signaling and primary cilia in the human developing pancreatic ducts and in cultures of human pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma cell lines, PANC‐1 and CFPAC‐1. We show that the onset of Hh signaling from human embryogenesis to fetal development is associated with accumulation of Hh signaling components Smo and Gli2 in duct primary cilia and a reduction of Gli3 in the duct epithelium. Smo, Ptc, and Gli2 localized to primary cilia of PANC‐1 and CFPAC‐1 cells, which may maintain high levels of nonstimulated Hh pathway activity. These findings indicate that primary cilia are involved in pancreatic development and postnatal tissue homeostasis. Developmental Dynamics 237:2039–2052, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is Negative Attention Better Than No Attention? The Comparative Effects of Ostracism and Harassment at Work

Ostracism has been recognized as conceptually and empirically distinct from harassment. Drawing from theory and research that suggests that employees have a strong need to belong in their organizations, we examine the comparative frequency and impact of ostracism and harassment in organizations across three field studies. Study 1 finds that a wide range of employees perceive ostracism, compared with harassment, to be more socially acceptable, less psychologically harmful, and less likely to be prohibited in their organization. Study 2 surveyed employees from a variety of organizations to test our theory that ostracism is actually a more harmful workplace experience than harassment. Supporting our predictions, compared with harassment, ostracism was more strongly and negatively related to a sense of belonging and to various measures of employee well-being and work-related attitudes. We also found that the effects of ostracism on well-being and work-related attitudes were at least partially mediated by a sense of belonging. Study 3 replicated the results of Study 2 with data collected from employees of a large organization and also investigated the comparative impact of ostracism and harassment on employee turnover. Ostracism, but not harassment, significantly predicted actual turnover three years after ostracism and harassment were assessed, and this was mediated by a sense of belonging albeit at p < 0.10. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed.
The Low Resolution Structure of ApoA1 in Spherical High Density Lipoprotein Revealed by Small Angle Neutron Scattering*

Spherical high density lipoprotein (sHDL), a key player in reverse cholesterol transport and the most abundant form of HDL, is associated with cardiovascular diseases. Small angle neutron scattering with contrast variation was used to determine the solution structure of protein and lipid components of reconstituted sHDL. Apolipoprotein A1, the major protein of sHDL, forms a hollow structure that cradles a central compact lipid core. Three apoA1 chains are arranged within the low resolution structure of the protein component as one of three possible global architectures: (i) a helical dimer with a hairpin (HdHp), (ii) three hairpins (3Hp), or (iii) an integrated trimer (iT) in which the three apoA1 monomers mutually associate over a portion of the sHDL surface. Cross-linking and mass spectrometry analyses help to discriminate among the three molecular models and are most consistent with the HdHp overall architecture of apoA1 within sHDL.
Specular boundary scattering and electrical transport in single-crystal thin films of CoSi2.

Faible variation de la resistivite des couches epitaxiques de CoSi 2 sur Si quand varie l'epaisseur jusqu'a ∼60 A, dimension bien inferieure a la longueur de diffusion dans le materiau massif (∼1000 A) determinee d'apres la magnetoresistance aux temperatures de He liquide: la diffusion des porteurs aux limites est essentiellement speculaire
Joystick controlled industrial robotic system with robotic arm

The popularity of using robots in industries and factories instead of human workers has seen a high rise. Through this work we have attempted to make an alternative system of human for reducing the human labor by using simple and available components. This robotic system is controlled by a user through joystick. By the use of the joystick the user can operate both the robotic vehicle and the robotic arm. It will move from one place to another according to the command of the user and pick the desired object and place it for the user. This design of the robot is easy, cheap and versatile, making it a great commercial candidate. With the increasing use of this kinds of robot the production rate will increase and the number of mishaps will decrease.
Rough Mereology: A Rough Set Paradigm for Unifying Rough Set Theory and Fuzzy Set Theory

In this work, we would like to discuss rough inclusions defined in Rough Mereology - a paradigm for approximate reasoning introduced by Polkowski and Skowron [20] - as a basis for common models for rough as well as fuzzy set theories. We would like to adhere to the point of view that tolerance (or, similarity) is the leading motif common to both theories and in this area paths between the two lie. To this end, we demonstrate that rough inclusions (which represent a hierarchy of tolerance relations) induce rough set theoretic approximations as well as partitions and equivalence relations in the sense of fuzzy set theory. For completeness sake, we also discuss granulation mechanisms based on rough inclusions with applications to Rough-Neuro Computing and Computing with Words. These considerations are also carried out in specialized cases of Menger's as well as Lukasiewicz's rough inclusions introduced in the paper.