Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Knowledge-based Question Answering by Jointly Generating, Copying and Paraphrasing

With the development of large-scale knowledge bases, people are building systems which give simple answers to questions based on consolidate facts. In this paper, we focus on simple questions, which ask about only a subject and relation in the knowledge base. Observing that certain parts of a question usually overlap with names of its corresponding subject and relation in the knowledge base, we argue that a question is formed by a mixture of copying and generation. To model that, we propose a sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) architecture which encodes a candidate subject-relation pair and decodes it into the given question, where the decoding probability is used to select the best candidate. In our decoder, the copying mode points the subject or relation and duplicates its name, while the generating mode summarizes the meaning of the subject-relation pair and produces a word to smooth the question. Realizing that although sometimes a subject or relation is pointed, different names or keywords might be used, we also incorporate a paraphrasing mode to supplement the copying mode using an automatically mined lexicon. Extensive experiments on the largest dataset exhibit our better performance compared with the state-of-the-art methods.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Hispanic Youth With Dysglycemia: Risk for Subclinical Atherosclerosis?

Context: Obese Hispanic adolescents (OHAs) with dysglycemia have increased cardiovascular disease risk burden. Objective: To investigate if nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) confers added risk for endothelial dysfunction in these youth. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Academic institution. Participants: Thirty-six OHAs (15.3 ± 0.4 years), 20 with prediabetes and 16 with type 2 diabetes, with and without NAFLD. Intervention: Evaluation of reactive hyperemia index (RHI) and augmentation index (AIx) by peripheral arterial tonometry; muscle, hepatic, and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity (IS; hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp 80 mu/m2/min, with [6,6 2H2]glucose and [2H5] glycerol); body composition; and abdominal and hepatic fat by magnetic resonance imaging/spectroscopy. Outcome Measures: RHI and AIx. Hypothesis: OHAs with dysglycemia and NAFLD have worse RHI and AIx vs those without NAFLD. Results: The NAFLD (n = 23) and non-NAFLD (n = 13) groups were of similar age, sex, glycemic status, body mass index, % body fat and abdominal fat. The NAFLD group had higher hepatic fat (P < 0.001) lower skeletal muscle IS (P = 0.01), hepatic IS (P = 0.01), and adipose tissue IS (P = 0.04). The NAFLD vs non-NAFLD group had lower RHI (1.4 ± 0.05 vs 1.7 ± 0.09, P = 0.002), greater AIx (–6.0 ± 1.6 vs –12.0 ± 2.1, P = 0.03). Hepatic fat was inversely related to RHI (r = –0.49, P = 0.002) and positively related to AIx (r = 0.45, P = 0.006). Hepatic IS (r = –0.42, P = 0.01) and adipose IS (r = –.54, P = 0.001) correlated with arterial stiffness (AIx). Conclusion: In OHAs with dysglycemia, NAFLD is associated with worse endothelial function. RHI and AIx were related to hepatic fat content. Vascular stiffness was related to hepatic and adipose tissue insulin resistance.
A Novel Hash-Based File Clustering Scheme for Efficient Distributing, Storing, and Retrieving of Large Scale Health Records

Cloud computing has been adopted as an efficient computing infrastructure model for provisioning resources and providing services to users. Several distributed resource models such as Hadoop and parallel databases have been deployed in healthcare-related services to manage electronic health records (EHR). However, these models are inefficient for managing a large number of small files and hence they are not widely deployed in Healthcare Information Systems. This paper proposed a novel Hash-Based File Clustering Scheme (HBFC) to distribute, store and retrieve EHR efficiently in cloud environments. The HBFC possesses two distinctive features: it utilizes hashing to distribute files into clusters in a control way and it utilizes P2P structures for data management. HBFC scheme is demonstrated to be effective in handling big health data that comprises of a large number of small files in various formats. It allows users to retrieve and access data records efficiently. The initial implementation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms original P2P system in term of data lookup latency.
Internalization of Staphylococcus aureus by Human Corneal Epithelial Cells: Role of Bacterial Fibronectin-Binding Protein and Host Cell Factors

ABSTRACT Wild-type Staphylococcus aureus was observed to be capable of invading human corneal epithelial cells (HCEC) in vitro. Internalization of S. aureus required expression of fibronectin-binding proteins (FnBPs); the capacity of an FnBP-deficient isogenic strain to invade HCEC was reduced by more than 99%. The binding of S. aureus to HCEC did not require viable bacteria, since UV-killed cells were observed to adhere efficiently. Invasion of HCEC by S. aureus involved active host cell mechanisms; uptake was nearly completely eliminated by cytochalasin D and genistein. These data suggest that FnBPs play a key role in host-parasite interactions and may serve as an important adhesin or invasin in ulcerative keratitis caused by S. aureus.
Research Futures: Projecting Agricultural R&D Potentials for Latin America and the Caribbean

This volume offers substantive clarification of the proper roles for public agricultural research and development (R&D) throughout Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and introduces an analytical framework for assessing cross-country collective action in funding and carrying out research. To inform research policy decisions, the book provides a wealth of newly digested information about trends in agricultural production, productivity, consumption, and trade for the region, placing those trends in a comparative international context. It also provides new information about the spatial patterns of agricultural production and productivity in LAC - especially critical information for making informed research priority decisions given the inherent agroecological specificity of many agricultural technologies.
The international business traveller: a neglected but strategic human resource

There has been considerable research over the past two decades into the various aspects of traditional expatriate assignments. However, this research has overlooked an important category of international operator: the international business traveller, also known popularly as globetrotter or frequent flier. In this paper, we report on the results of a study of ten Australian and Danish international business travellers (IBTs). The aim was to explore the roles and activities of IBTs and the factors, such as level of organizational support that may intervene in the performance of their roles. We conclude that IBTs often are a neglected resource, particularly in terms of skills and knowledge transfer.
An experimental study on a fast imaging algorithm for UWB pulse radar systems

In this paper, we have applied SEABED algorithm to experimental data. The random components in the received signal degrade the estimated image. Two kinds of smoothing method to solve this problem have been investigated. One of them directly utilizes the 2nd order derivative, which cannot improve the image accuracy. The proposed smoothing method utilizes the upper bound of the 2nd order derivative instead of the 2nd order derivative itself. The proposed smoothing method has been confirmed to significantly improve the image, which corresponds to the gain of 5 dB in S/N. In the future study, it is important to extend the proposed smoothing method in order to get rid of the required condition of target shape
Precise 3-D Object Position Tracking using FMCW Radar

This paper presents a FMCW radar system for high precision three-dimensional object position tracking. Theoretical analyses of the 3-D triangulation concept and the accuracy limits are given. Three 2.45 GHz radar modules measure the distance from different spatial locations to an active reflector unit installed on the object to be localised. By modulating the radar signal in the active reflector unit, disturbing echoes and clutter noise are suppressed. An advanced signal processing concept evaluates the difference of frequency and phase terms of two adjacent modulation components. Test measurements demonstrate a 3-D position measurement with submillimetre precision. This performance makes the new approach suitable for a wide range of applications in robotics, industrial automation and in the medical area.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ADVERTISING INFORMATION IN A U.S. AND MEXICO EDITION OF A MEN'S MAGAZINE

This study examines the information content of Mexican and U.S. advertisements in a popular men's magazine to determine the relative levels of information content in the advertising. The research team examined a year's worth of the international and domestic editions of Playboy magazine, using a 14‐point information cue criteria. The study concluded that Mexican magazine advertisements are more informative than those in the U.S. editions. Additional conclusions indicated that information cues are markedly different with respect to frequency within the advertisements of the two countries.
Caring for the critically ill patient. Current and projected workforce requirements for care of the critically ill and patients with pulmonary disease: can we meet the requirements of an aging population?

CONTEXT Two important areas of medicine, care of the critically ill and management of pulmonary disease, are likely to be influenced by the aging of the US population. OBJECTIVE To estimate current and future requirements for adult critical care and pulmonary medicine physicians in the United States. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Analysis of existing population, patient, and hospital data sets and prospective, nationally representative surveys of intensive care unit (ICU) directors (n = 393) and critical care specialists (intensivists) and pulmonary specialists (pulmonologists) (n = 421), conducted from 1996 to 1999. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Influence of patient, physician, regional, hospital, and payer characteristics on current practice patterns; forecasted future supply of and demand for specialist care through 2030. Separate models for critical care and pulmonary disease. Base-case projections with sensitivity analyses to estimate the impact of future changes in training and retirement, disease prevalence and management, and health care reform initiatives. RESULTS In 1997, intensivists provided care to 36.8% of all ICU patients. Care in the ICU was provided more commonly by intensivists in regions with high managed care penetration. The current ratio of supply to demand is forecast to remain in rough equilibrium until 2007. Subsequently, demand will grow rapidly while supply will remain near constant, yielding a shortfall of specialist hours equal to 22% of demand by 2020 and 35% by 2030, primarily because of the aging of the US population. Sensitivity analyses suggest that the spread of current health care reform initiatives will either have no effect or worsen this shortfall. A shortfall of pulmonologist time will also occur before 2007 and increase to 35% by 2020 and 46% by 2030. CONCLUSIONS We forecast that the proportion of care provided by intensivists and pulmonologists in the United States will decrease below current standards in less than 10 years. While current health care reform initiatives and modification of existing practice patterns may temporarily forestall this problem, most anticipated effects are minor in comparison with the growing disease burden created by the aging US population. JAMA. 2000;284:2762-2770.
Multibeam Pillbox Antenna Integrating Amplitude-Comparison Monopulse Technique in the 24 GHz Band for Tracking Applications

An amplitude-comparison monopulse slotted waveguide antenna array with a pillbox parabolic quasi-optical beamforming network is proposed in substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology in the 24 GHz band. The beamformer is illuminated by a cluster of horn pairs located in the focal plane of the pillbox reflector. Each horn pair is composed of two H-plane sectorial horns connected to a coupler. In-phase and out-of-phase operations of each horn pair allow radiation of the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Sigma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> beams along the antenna scanning plane (E-plane). At the design frequency of 24.15 GHz, the experimental results demonstrate an antenna field of view of ± 26°, with null depth better than −20 dB for all the measured <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> beams. The antenna gain varies between 21.6 and 20.5 dBi for the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Sigma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> beams and the measured input reflection bandwidth is about 2.4% for VSWR < 2.
Social Protection in a Context of HIV/AIDS: A Closer Look at South Africa

Abstract South Africa is unusual in that it is experiencing high levels of AIDS morbidity and mortality, but is also able to afford a relatively developed system of social assistance. However, HIV/AIDS is affecting poverty in some unique ways and compounding other challenges such as unemployment. Its nature is such that it demands immediate action, balanced with a focus on long-term development. This is requiring a conceptual shift from ‘social security’ to ‘social protection’, since social assistance is not managing to address all dimensions of poverty and is also creating perverse incentives for people not to maximise their health. In South Africa, household studies comprise the most useful evidence to explore the particular challenges posed by HIV/AIDS. They indicate a need to review policies in all the social sectors and to focus on the issue of human capital.
Power Handling Capability of Substrate Integrated Waveguide Interconnects and Related Transmission Line Systems

As a novel interconnect and planar transmission line structure, the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) is investigated in terms of its power handling capabilities (PHCs) including average and peak power handling capabilities. A heat transfer analysis based on ohmic and dielectric attenuation of SIW has been used to calculate the average power handling capability (APHC) while the maximum E-field derivation method has been selected to determine the peak power handling capability (PPHC). Results from the present investigations have shed light on some basic properties of SIW interconnects and related transmission line systems in a high-power operating environment and also can be used to analyze some application-oriented structures such as SIW bends. It is believed from the conclusions that an SIW interconnect can handle medium average power with extremely high peak power over microwave and millimeter-wave frequency bands.
Spiritual scriptures impact on six ethical models influencing organizational practices

Moral issues greet the business community constantly, confronting us with problems on handling accounting rules that can determine a company's future. We are bombarded with news regarding fraudulent activities in companies that mishandled accounting rules leading to undermining the confidence of customers, employees, suppliers, shareholders and the community. Dealing with ethical issues is often perplexing and without the benefits of a decision making model underlined by ethical positions we may be apt to repeat our old ways. Further, value and belief systems are often times absent and not connected to a decision making model in a useful manner. We argue for a modification of decision-making models that has been accepted in companies with stronger links with ethics and morality. With this aim we propose a return to the base values of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Judaism, and Islam by scriptures, underlying six dominant ethical approaches that drive practices in organizations.
A chaos analysis for Greek and Turkish equity markets

Purpose – This paper sets out to apply chaos theory to the prediction of stock returns using Greek and Turkish stock index data. The aim of the analysis is to empirically show whether the markets have informational efficiency, in a comparative perspective.Design/methodology/approach – The research employs Grassberger and Procaccia's methodology in the time series analysis in order to estimate the correlation and minimum embedding dimensions of the corresponding strange attractor. To achieve out of the sample multistep ahead prediction, the paper gives the average for overall neighbours' projections of k‐steps into the future.Findings – The results display the fact that the chaos theory is suitable to examine the time series of stock index returns. The empirical findings show that the stock markets are efficient in Greece, though in Turkey the market is predictable. The main practical implication of the findings is that the technical analysis works in Turkish markets and it is possible to beat the market, .
Differences in Us-German Time Allocation: Why Do Americans Work Longer Hours than Germans?

The conventional view is that Americans work longer hours than Germans and other Europeans but when time in household production is included, overall working time is very similar on both sides of the Atlantic. Americans spend more time on market work but German invest more in household production. This paper examines whether these differences in the allocation of time can be explained by differences in the incentive structure, this is by the taxwedge and differences in the wage differentials, as economic theory suggests. Its analysis of unique time-use data reveals that the differences in time-allocation patterns can indeed be explained by economic variables.
Current Status and Future Directions for Research on Direct Selling Channels

Direct selling is not a new method of distribution. It has a rich history. But, until the late 1980s there was a paucity of published empirical research on direct selling. This paper reviews, in a descriptive way, the research that has been done since the mid-1980s on both the sales side and consumer side of this method of distribution. In addition, a survey of executives of direct selling companies was conducted to assess whether researchers have been studying the major problems faced by direct sellers. It appears that there is a poor match between those problems perceived as most important by practitioners and the problems studied by academicians.
Generating, comparing, manipulating, categorizing: reporting, and sometimes fabricating data to comply with No Child Left Behind mandates

This article ethnographically examines the ways in which No Child Left Behind (NCLB) links local practices to the centralized processing of data through its narrowing of procedures and measurements aimed at accountability. Framed by actor-network theory, it draws upon data consistently collected between June 2005 and October 2008, and then intermittently through October 2010, to consider the ways in which policy technologies, such as standardized testing, bring together New York City (NYC) public schools, district administrators, for-profit educational support businesses, and government officials to address the accountability requirements of NCLB. This article reveals how, through a range of sophisticated mechanisms that support the generation and comparison of data, NYC schools become reduced to data calculation and management centers. NCLB’s standardization, privatization, and marketization encourage local policy actors to become complicit in standardizing and quantifying academic assessment through their reliance on services and products marketed to schools and districts that are not meeting academic benchmarks. These services, mostly offered by for-profit vendors, help keep schools in compliance with policy requirements, but replace a focus on student learning with the production, management, and sometimes the fabrication, of data.
A Note on Forecasting the Euro: Do Forecasters Have an Asymmetric Loss Function?

Based on the approach advanced by Elliott, Komunjer, and Timmermann (2005), we analyzed whether the loss function of a sample of exchange-rate forecasters is asymmetric in the forecast error. Using forecasts of the dollar/euro exchange rate, we found that the shape of the loss function varies across forecasters. Some forecasters appear to make forecasts under an asymmetric loss function, while a symmetric loss function seems to describe well the loss function of other forecasters. Accounting for an asymmetric loss function does not necessarily make forecasts ‘look’ rational.
Inflation Uncertainty and Expected Returns on Treasury Bills

At time t-1 there is uncertainty about the rate of inflation that will be observed between t-1 and t, and there is uncertainty about the expected values of future rates of inflation that will be assessed at t. The attempts to identify variation through time in expected real returns on Treasury bills as a function of the uncertainty of the inflation rate are unsuccessful. It is argued, however, that uncertainty of the inflation rate doesn't change much during the sample period (1953-71). Variation through time in uncertainty about future assessments of expected rates of inflation seems somewhat more systematic, and perhaps as a consequence relationships between this source of inflation uncertainty and expected real returns and premiums are found.
2012 Vietnam poverty assessment : well begun, not yet done - Vietnam's remarkable progress on poverty reduction and the emerging challenges

This report examines the lives of poor men, women, and children and explores the constraints and opportunities they face today in rising out of poverty. It builds on a rich body of poverty analysis and an excellent base of knowledge from previous reports and aims to do three things. First, it proposes revisions to Vietnam's poverty monitoring system - via better data, updated welfare aggregates, and new poverty lines - to bring these more in line with economic and social conditions in present-day Vietnam. Second, it revisits the stylized facts about deprivation and poverty in Vietnam, and develops an updated profile of poverty using data from the 2010 Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey (VHLSS) and new qualitative field studies. Third, it analyzes some of the key challenges for poverty reduction in the next decade, including changing regional patterns of poverty and wealth, high and persistent poverty among ethnic minorities, and rising inequality in outcomes and opportunities.
What explains Latin America's poor investment performance during the 1980–2001 period?: a panel unit root analysis

This article analyses the theoretical and empirical links between key economic variables and private investment spending in Latin America during the 1980–2001 period. The Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) estimates for the pooled investment model suggest that real (lagged) public investment, the output gap, lagged domestic credit to the private sector, and the national savings rate have a positive and significant effect on private capital formation, while the standard deviation of the real exchange rate index has a negative effect on private capital formation. A major contribution of the study is the application of recently developed panel unit roots test on the stacked residuals of the pooled regressions. The tests indicate that the included variables have a stable, non‐spurious (cointegrated) relationship. All in all, the findings in this article make an important contribution to the ongoing debate about which policies need to be promoted to raise and sustain the rate of private capital formation – Latin America's future source of employment and income creation.