Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A New Family of Sensors for Pulse Oximetry This new family of reusable sensors for noninvasive arterial oxygen saturation measurements is designed to cover all application areas. It consists of four sensors: adult, pediatric, neonatal, and ear clip.

Since the early 1980s, when pulse oximetry was introduced, this noninvasive method of monitoring the arterial oxygen saturation level in a patient’s blood (SpO2) has become a standard method in the clinical environment because of its simple application and the high value of the information it gives nurses and doctors. It is as common in patient monitoring to measure the oxygen level in the blood as it is to monitor heart activity with the ECG. In some application areas, like anesthesia in a surgical procedure, it is mandatory for doctors to measure this vital parameter. Its importance is obvious considering that a human being cannot survive more than five minutes without oxygen supply to the brain. Before the advent of pulse oximetry, the common practice was to draw blood from patients and analyze the samples at regular intervals—several times a day, or even several times an hour—using large hospital laboratory equipment. These in-vitro analysis instruments were either blood gas analyzers or hemoximeters. Blood gas analyzers determine the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood (pO2) by means of chemical sensors. Hemoximeters work on spectrometric principles and directly measure the ratio of the oxygenated hemoglobin to the total hemoglobin in a sample of blood (SaO2). HP pioneered the first in-vivo technology to measure a patient’s oxygen saturation level without the need of drawing blood samples in 1976 with the HP 47201A eight-wavelength ear oximeter. 1 An earprobe was coupled through a fiber-optic cable to the oximeter mainframe, which contained the light source (a tungsten-iodine lamp and interference filters for wavelength selection) and receivers. This instrument served as a “gold standard” for oximetry for a long time and was even used to verify the accuracy of the first pulse oximeters in clinical studies. The real breakthrough came in the 1980s with a new generation of instruments and sensors that were smaller in size, easier to use, and lower in cost. These new instruments used a slightly different principle from the older, purely empirical multiwavelength technology. Instead of using constant absorbance values at eight different spectral lines measured through the earlobe, the new pulse oximeters made use of the pulsatile component of arterial blood generated by the heartbeat at only two spectral lines. The necessary light was easily generated by two light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with controlled wavelengths. Small LEDs and photodiodes made it possible to mount the optical components directly on the sensor applied to the patient, avoiding the necessity of clumsy fiber-optic bundles.
Secure and robust virtual coordinate system in wireless sensor networks

Virtual Coordinate System (VCS)-based routing provides a practical, efficient, and scalable means for point-to-point routing in wireless sensor networks. Several VCS-based routing protocols have been proposed in the last few years, all assuming that nodes behave correctly. However, many applications require deploying sensor networks in adversarial environments, making VCS-based routing protocols vulnerable to numerous attacks. In this article, we study the security of VCS-based routing protocols, with a focus on the unique component of VCS-based routing protocols, the virtual coordinate system. We first identify the security requirements of a correctly functioning VCS-based routing protocol and a set of novel attacks that can result in the violation of each of the identified requirements. The attacks target the underlying virtual coordinate system and can be mounted with low resources. However, they are epidemic in nature and are highly destructive to system performance. We then propose lightweight defense mechanisms designed specifically for resource-constrained sensor networks against each of the identified attacks. The proposed techniques require only local information on sensor nodes and take into account the unreliable nature of wireless links and network churn. Finally, we evaluate experimentally the impact of the attacks and the effectiveness of our defense mechanisms using a well-known VCS-based routing protocol, BVR. Our experiments show that the proposed techniques successfully mitigate all the identified attacks under a realistic link model and even at a high level of network churn.
A Study on Brain Computer Interface

Brain computer interface technology characterizes a highly emergent field of research with application systems. Its influences in medical fields range from avoidance to neuronal rehabilitation from severe damages. Mind interpretation and remote communication have their distinctive fingerprintin several fields such as educational, self-regulation, production, marketing, security as well asgames and entertainment. It produces a related understanding between users and the adjacent systems. This paper demonstrates the application areas that could value from brain waves in assisting orrealizing their aims or objectives. This paper also discusseschief usability and technical challenges that face brain signals consumption in various components of BCI system. I. Introduction Brain Computer Interface (BCI) technology [13] is a powerful communication tool between users and systems. It does not need any external gadgets/devicesor muscle intervention to concern commands and concludes the interaction. The research community has primarily established BCIs with biomedical usesin mind, leading to the generation of assistive devices. They have simplified renovating the movement skill for physically challenged or locked-in clients and substituting lost motor functionality. Theencouraging future forecast for BCI has encouraged research community to study the participationof BCI in the life of non-paralyzed beings through medical applications. On the other hand, the scope of research has been additional widened tocomprise non-medical applications. More recent readings have targeted normal individuals by discovering the use of BCIs as a novel input device and examining the generation of hands-free applications. Applications [12-13] of Brain Computer Interface base its functionality on either perceiving the user state or permitting the user to convey his/her ideas. BCI system records the waves generated by brain and directs them to the computer system to complete the projected task. The transmitted waves are consequently used to direct an idea or regulate an object. Brain Computer Interface (BCI) systems build a communication link between human brain and the external world eradicating the necessity for typical information delivery approaches. They achieve the distribution of messages from human brains and translating their silent opinions. Thus they can support handicapped persons to tell and write down their thoughts and ideas via variety of methods such as in spelling applications, semantic categorization, or silent speech communication [13]. BCIs can also assist hands-free applications carrying the luxury and ease to human beings through mind-controlling of machines. They only requireintegrating brain signals in order to accomplish a set of guidelines and no muscles participation is required. BCI assistive robots can offer …
PERFORMANCE OF VOUCHER SYSTEM FOR IMPLANTED CHAIN CERTIFICATE SCHEME

SUMMARY The paper presents design, background as well as simulation results of our new communication system designed for adhoc wireless networks which supports Implanted Chain Certificates Scheme providing efficiency of certificate verification. We employ threshold cryptography to spread the certificate service over specially selected nodes, the vouchers, to achieve high fault tolerance against network partition and malicious nodes. Moreover, we present ubiquitous services of Implanted Chain Certificates Scheme in the network by voucher system and we provide some insights into the configuration of such security services in ad-hoc networks. Simulations by use of ns2 simulator confirm the effectiveness of our design.
Rank aggregation of dispersion measure orderings for estimating Gaussian mixture model language recognition performance

Gaussian mixture models with shifted delta ceptra features are known to provide high-performance language recognition. The performance of the models is typically assessed using measurements derived from detection estimation tradeoff (DET) curves, which is a costly process. This paper describes a new method for estimating Gaussian mixture model performance which reduces the need for the performance measurements. This new methodology uses dispersion measures combined with rank aggregation to order models from best-performing to worst-performing. This ranking is used to identify the top-performing N% models, which allows researchers to train models and categorize them by performance. This method reduces model testing, since researchers can select categories of models they choose to evaluate.
Sec1p Binds to Snare Complexes and Concentrates at Sites of Secretion

Proteins of the Sec1 family have been shown to interact with target-membrane t-SNAREs that are homologous to the neuronal protein syntaxin. We demonstrate that yeast Sec1p coprecipitates not only the syntaxin homologue Ssop, but also the other two exocytic SNAREs (Sec9p and Sncp) in amounts and in proportions characteristic of SNARE complexes in yeast lysates. The interaction between Sec1p and Ssop is limited by the abundance of SNARE complexes present in sec mutants that are defective in either SNARE complex assembly or disassembly. Furthermore, the localization of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Sec1p coincides with sites of vesicle docking and fusion where SNARE complexes are believed to assemble and function. The proposal that SNARE complexes act as receptors for Sec1p is supported by the mislocalization of GFP-Sec1p in a mutant defective for SNARE complex assembly and by the robust localization of GFP-Sec1p in a mutant that fails to disassemble SNARE complexes. The results presented here place yeast Sec1p at the core of the exocytic fusion machinery, bound to SNARE complexes and localized to sites of secretion.
RF Integrated Circuits in Standard CMOS Technologies

Since several years the research in the possibilities of CMOS technologies for RF applications is growning enormously. The trend towards deep sub-micron technologies allows the operation frequency of CMOS circuits above 1GHz, which opens the way to integrated CMOS RF circuits. Several research groups have developed high performance down-converters, low phase noise voltage controlled oscillators and dual modulus prescalers in standard CMOS technologies. The research has already demonstrated fully integrated receivers and VCO circuits with no external components, nor tuning or trimming. Further research on low noise amplifiers, up-converters, synthesizers and power amplifiers will hopefully result in CMOS RF circuits for fully integrated transceivers for telecommunication applications.
Estimation of Message Source and Destination from Link Intercepts

We consider the problem of estimating the endpoints (source and destination) of a transmission in a network based on partial measurement of the transmission path. Sensors placed at various points within the network provide the basis for endpoint estimation by indicating that a specific transmission has been intercepted at their assigned locations. During a training phase, test transmissions are made between various pairs of endpoints in the network and the sensors they activate are noted. From these possibly noisy measurements, we develop necessary constraints that any feasible network topology must satisfy. Randomized rounding of the solution to a semidefinite programming relaxation generated from the constraints is used to produce samples of network topologies defined over the feasible set. When a subset of the deployed sensors are activated, corresponding to the occurrence of a transmission with unknown endpoints, a monte carlo approximation of the posterior distribution of source/destination pairs given the activated sensors is computed by averaging over the topology samples and used in maximum a posterior estimation of the endpoints. We illustrate the method using simulations of power-law random
60 yEars Of POMC Regulation of feeding and energy homeostasis by α -MSH

The melanocortin peptides derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) were originally understood in terms of the biological actions of α -melanocyte-stimulating hormone ( α -MsH) on pigmentation and adrenocorticotrophic hormone on adrenocortical glucocorticoid production. However, the discovery of POMC mrNa and melanocortin peptides in the CNs generated activities directed at understanding the direct biological actions of melanocortins in the brain. Ultimately, discovery of unique melanocortin receptors expressed in the CNs, the melanocortin-3 (MC3r) and melanocortin-4 (MC4r) receptors, led to the development of pharmacological tools and genetic models leading to the demonstration that the central melanocortin system plays a critical role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Indeed, mutations in MC4r are now known to be the most common cause of early onset syndromic obesity, accounting for 2 – 5% of all cases. This review discusses the history of these discoveries, as well as the latest work attempting to understand the molecular and cellular basis of regulation of feeding and energy homeostasis by the predominant melanocortin peptide in the CNs, α -MsH.
Bond Market Event Study Methods

The procedures used in corporate bond event studies to date fail to control for heteroskedasticity due to differences in return volatility by term-to-maturity, rating, and other factors resulting in low test power. Bond return standardization yields considerably more powerful tests. Also, due to infrequent trading, use of bond transaction price observations over several days before and after an event, while giving more weight to returns calculated from transactions closer to the event, yields considerably more powerful tests than returns based solely on transactions the day before and the day after the event. Exploring the test bias caused by overlapping event dates, we find that, adjusted for rating and maturity, the correlation among standardized abnormal bond returns is small but that even fairly small correlations can result in biased test statistics. A bond market modification of the Kolari and Pynnonen (2010) procedure corrects this bias.
Empirical Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Competition Policy

This study evaluates the usefulness of different modifications of empirical models estimating the so-called Boone indicator for capturing changes in the intensity of competition. We use as “natural experiments” in this evaluation data from three cartel cases: i) international elevators and escalators cartel in various European countries during the years 1995-2004, ii) Finnish raw wood cartel during the years 1997-2004, and iii) Finnish construction cartel 1994-2002. The findings support our argument that particularly when the primary interest is to evaluate the effectiveness of a certain competition policy action, the empirical model should properly take into account a possible structural break in data due to the policy action. Furthermore, our data hint that the methodological choice of prior empirical studies to use data only from one industry at a time may lead into the false conclusions when the Boone indicator is used for evaluating the effectiveness of sector-specific competition policy actions.
Financial markets in transition; or, the decline of commercial banking

The 1980s was the most revolutionary decade in U.S. financial markets since the Great Depression. The thrift industry collapsed, necessitating a massive government bailout; commercial banks suffered an unprecedented loss of market share; households sharply reduced their direct participation in securities markets; pension funds and other institutional investors became financial powerhouses, and for the first time took an active role in the governance of corporations; trading in foreign securities soared to new heights; and there was an explosive growth in derivative markets, both on and off regulated exchanges. These changes, moreover, are just the beginning of a process that will eventually result in an entirely new landscape for the financial service industry. However, precisely what kind of financial structure we will have in the future is still not clear.
Experimental Results of a MANET Testbed in a Mixed Environment Considering Horizontal and Vertical Topologies

In Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) the absence of any fixed infrastructure and mobility brings attractiveness for its usage in time-critical applications and collaborative computing. In this paper, we investigate the performance of our MANET testbed in mixed environment considering horizontal and vertical topologies. We analyze the behavior of Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol and consider two metrics: throughput and delay. We design and implement two experimental scenarios: static scenario and moving scenario and draw conclusions regarding communications with different number of hops.
A role for endogenous glucocorticoids in wound repair

Exogenous glucocorticoids are known to inhibit wound repair, but the roles and mechanisms of action of endogenous glucocorticoids during the healing process are as yet unknown. Therefore, we wounded mice expressing a DNA‐binding‐defective mutant version of the glucocorticoid receptor (GRdim mice) and also analysed fibroblasts from these animals in vitro. We found a remarkably enlarged granulation tissue with a high fibroblast density in GRdim mice. This difference is likely to result from an increased migratory and proliferative capacity of GRdim fibroblasts and from elevated expression levels of soluble factors involved in granulation tissue formation in wounds of GRdim mice. In spite of the larger granulation tissue seen in early wounds, late wounds appeared normal, most likely due to an enhanced ability of GRdim fibroblasts to contract collagen. These results demonstrate an as yet unidentified role of endogenous glucocorticoids in the regulation of wound repair.
Spatial prediction of hydrogen sulfide in sewers with a modified Gaussian process combined mutual information

This paper proposes a data driven machine learning model for spatial prediction of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in a gravity sewer system. The gaseous H2S in the overhead of the gravity sewer is modelled using a Gaussian Process with a new covariance function due to constraints of sewer boundaries. The covariance function is proposed based on the distance between two locations computed along the lengths of the sewer network. A mutual information based strategy is used to choose the best k sensor measurements and their locations from among n potential sensor observations and their locations. This provably NP-hard combinatorial sensor selection problem is addressed by maximizing the mutual information between the selected locations and the locations that are not selected or do not have any sensor deployments. A proof-of-concept study was carried out comparing the spatial prediction of H2S with a complex model currently used by Sydney Water. The proposed approach is shown to be effective in both modelling and predicting the H2S spatial concentrations in sewers as well as identifying optimal number of H2S sensors and their locations for a required level of prediction accuracy.
Egomotion estimation with a biologically-inspired hemispherical camera

Biological inspiration has produced some successful solutions for estimation of self motion from visual information. This paper describes the advantages of egomotion estimation on a spherical image plane with respect to translational and rotational motion decoupling. The paper presents a novel 6 DoF egomotion estimation method for spherical cameras based on the image interpolation algorithm. The method was evaluated using a prototype hemispherical camera designed to mimic the optical properties of an insect compound eye. A dedicated optical flow gantry was used to generate precise three-dimensional trajectories for comparisons to the motion estimated by the hemispherical sensor. The sensor exhibited correct decoupling of translational and rotational motion in four axes, with a local position error of 150mm over an average trajectory length of 1.5m.
Veriication of Erlang Programs: Factoring out the Side-eeect-free Fragment

Erlang is a functional programming language developed at Ericsson for writing economical and yet powerful and eecient telecommunication applications. Correctness is of major importance in such applications, and since they usually exhibit a high degree of concurrency, testing is often not suucient. Veriication, namely formally proving that a system is correct, is becoming a more and more widespread practice. Due to the complexity of Erlang, there is no general method for veriication of arbitrary Erlang programs which is eeective and at the same time leads to economic proofs. However, one can do much better in specialised cases which are well-understood. A main direction of research is the identiica-tion of fragments of Erlang for which eecient veriication methods exist. One such fragment is the side-eeect-free one, in which an Erlang expression is evaluated purely for its value, and is not aaecting the environment in which it is evaluated in terms of sending messages, reading from the message queue, or process spawning. This is furthermore a very common situation, given the number of libraries of side-eeect-free functions used extensively in practice. The present paper presents work in progress and outlines an idea for compositional reasoning about the behaviour of an Erlang system modulo replacement of side-eeect-free Erlang expressions with the result of their evaluation.
Eort and the Cycle: Cyclical Implications of Eciency Wages

A number of authors have proposed theories of e ciency wages to explain the behaviour of aggregate labor markets. According to these theories, rms do not adjust wages downwards despite available unemployed job seekers, because lower wages would induce hired workers to shirk more often, which in turn would be counterproductive for the rm. E ciency wage theories thus aid in explaining, why \involuntary" unemployment can persist. According to one popular version by Shapiro and Stiglitz (1984), it is precisely the threat of unemployment which induces workers to provide e ort. The purpose of this paper is to examine the cyclical consequences of an efciency wage theory, when e ort is an adjustable variable. To that end, we examine such a theory in the context of a dynamic real business cycle framework. The paper shows, that increasing the variability of e ort due to e ciency wage consideration helps in explaining the rather large cyclical employment movements as well as the rather low cyclical movements in real wages, supporting the point made by Solow (1979), but require unplausibly large movements in the technology parameter. Because of the latter aspect, we argue that adjustable e ort due to e ciency wage considerations is unlikely to play an important role for understanding business cycles. We are grateful to Willem Buiter, Michael Burda, Gerard Pfann, John Shea, Martin Lettau, Ed Prescott and V.V. Chari as well as seminar participants at several seminars for useful comments. The addresses of the authors are: Harald Uhlig; CentER for Economic Research; Tilburg University; Postbus 90153; 5000 LE Tilburg; HOLLAND; e-mail: uhlig@kub.nl and; Yexiao Xu; Princeton University; Department of Economics; Princeton, NJ 08544; U.S.A.