Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Problem of Unemployment in the United Kingdom; With a Remedy By Organization and Training

"What is called the problem of unemployment has now, in most countries of advanced industrial development, become acute. It is not that the poverty and distress is worse than before. In the United Kingdom, indeed, — thanks to factory acts and trade unions, and other instruments for upholding and enforcing a standard of life — it is demonstrable that the poverty and distress is far less than in 1795 or 1817 or 1841 or 1879, our years of greatest depression. But those who suffer are, in all countries, more articulate than they used to be. They do not acquiesce in their misery and degradation as inevitable. They know, as we know, that the conditions of industry from which they suffer have been created by our forefathers and ourselves, and that they need not have been so created. They can at any rate be altered if we so choose. And there is, among those who do not suffer, the economists by no means excluded, a rapidly growing feeling that the present organization is indefensible, and also that it ought not to be defended. There is, in England, a growing conviction that the problem of unemployment is now one of the principal preoccupations, not only of the legislature, but also of the heads of the executive government. " - Introductory paragraph.
Working Memory Capacity: Self-control Is (in) the Goal

Self"control is defined in relation to current goals of an organism. Working memory capacity (WMC) is defined as a cognitive system for maintaining access to goal representations as needed. Self-control depends on cognitive control, which depends in large part on WMC. We discuss the proposal that WMC reflects the abilities to control attention and to control retrieval from long-term memory. From within this dual-component framework (Unsworth & Engle, 2007} we discuss research that has exam­ ined relations between WMC and some types of mental self-control failure like over-general autobio­ graphical memories, intrusive thoughts, and mind-wandering. We also discuss research examining the relation between WMC and delay discounting, a popular experimental paradigm for assessing self­ control (Rachlin, 2000). Evidence suggests that for some of these phenomena, WMC is a more primary factor than the associated clinical disorders. In other cases, WMC appears to be secondary to other fac­ tors such as intelligence. Across these mixed findings at least two generalities can be derived. The posi­ tive findings demonstrate that individual differences in WMC can be a confounding "third variable" for a proposed relation between, for example, depression and over-general autobiographical memories (Dalgleish et a! ., 2007). On the other hand, the negative findings illustrate that individual differences in WMC can obscure more primary influences in a situation like delay discounting (Shamosh et a! ., 2008). In either case it would be advisable for researchers to measure WMC as a participant factor, if only to control a major source of interindividual variability in their data. Overall, we hold to our position that WMC is critically important for maintaining good self-control in support of a wide variety of goals.
A Quillen Model Structure Approach to the Finitistic Dimension Conjectures

We explore the interlacing between model category structures attained to classes of modules of finite $\mathcal{X}$-dimension, for certain classes of modules $\mathcal{X}$. As an application we give a model structure approach to the Finitistic Dimension Conjectures and present a new conceptual framework in which these conjectures can be studied.
A Nine-Level Grid-Connected Converter Topology for Single-Phase Transformerless PV Systems

This paper presents a single-phase transformerless grid-connected photovoltaic converter based on two cascaded full bridges with different dc-link voltages. The converter can synthesize up to nine voltage levels with a single dc bus, since one of the full bridges is supplied by a flying capacitor. The multilevel output reduces harmonic distortion and electromagnetic interference. A suitable switching strategy is employed to regulate the flying-capacitor voltage, improve the efficiency (most devices switch at the grid frequency), and minimize the common-mode leakage current with the help of a novel dedicated circuit (transient circuit). Simulations and experiments confirm the feasibility and good performance of the proposed converter.
The Bayesian lasso for genome-wide association studies

MOTIVATION Despite their success in identifying genes that affect complex disease or traits, current genome-wide association studies (GWASs) based on a single SNP analysis are too simple to elucidate a comprehensive picture of the genetic architecture of phenotypes. A simultaneous analysis of a large number of SNPs, although statistically challenging, especially with a small number of samples, is crucial for genetic modeling. METHOD We propose a two-stage procedure for multi-SNP modeling and analysis in GWASs, by first producing a 'preconditioned' response variable using a supervised principle component analysis and then formulating Bayesian lasso to select a subset of significant SNPs. The Bayesian lasso is implemented with a hierarchical model, in which scale mixtures of normal are used as prior distributions for the genetic effects and exponential priors are considered for their variances, and then solved by using the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm. Our approach obviates the choice of the lasso parameter by imposing a diffuse hyperprior on it and estimating it along with other parameters and is particularly powerful for selecting the most relevant SNPs for GWASs, where the number of predictors exceeds the number of observations. RESULTS The new approach was examined through a simulation study. By using the approach to analyze a real dataset from the Framingham Heart Study, we detected several significant genes that are associated with body mass index (BMI). Our findings support the previous results about BMI-related SNPs and, meanwhile, gain new insights into the genetic control of this trait. AVAILABILITY The computer code for the approach developed is available at Penn State Center for Statistical Genetics web site, http://statgen.psu. edu.
Video-BasedOnline FaceRecognitionUsing Identity Surfaces

Recognising facesacrossmultiple views is more challenging than that from a fixedview becauseof the severe non-linearity causedby rotation in depth, self-occlusion, self-shading, and change of illumination. The problem can be related to the problem of modelling the spatiotemporal dynamicsof moving facesfrom video input for unconstrainedlive facerecognition. Bothproblemsremain largely under-developed.To addresstheproblems,a novel approach is presentedin this paper. A multi-view dynamic facemodelis designedto extract the shape-and-pose-free texturepatternsof faces.Themodelprovidesa precisecorrespondenceto the taskof recognition sincethe 3D shape information is usedto warp the multi-view facesonto the modelmeanshapein frontal-view. The identity surfaceof each subjectis constructedin a discriminantfeature space from a sparse set of face texture patterns,or more practically, from one or more learning sequencescontaining the face of the subject. Insteadof matching templatesor estimatingmulti-modaldensityfunctions,facerecognition canbeperformedbycomputingthepatterndistancesto the identity surfacesor trajectorydistancesbetweentheobject andmodeltrajectories.Experimental resultsdepictthatthis approach providesanaccuraterecognitionratewhileusing trajectory distancesachievesa more robust performance sincethe trajectoriesencodethe spatio-tempor al information and contain accumulatedevidenceabout the moving facesin a videoinput.
Efficient Object Segmentation Using Background Estimation for H.264 Video

H.264 is an up-to-date video coding standard with wide applications. In order to improve the segmentation efficiency for H.264 video, a novel object segmentation approach using background estimation is proposed in this paper. Firstly the preprocessing including spatiotemporal filtering and motion field accumulation is used to remove the noisy motion vectors and obtain the dense motion field. Then the inter-frame coding modes are applied to estimate the background region, which can reduce the processing time for the subsequent global motion compensation. Finally depending on the residual motion field, the hypothesis testing is exploited to distinguish between moving object region and background region. Experimental results for several video sequences demonstrate high processing speed and good segmentation quality. The proposed approach can effectively extract the objects from H.264 video by using the estimated background.
Non-Symmetrical Joint Zero-Diagonalization and MIMO Zero-Division Multiple Access

This paper addresses the problem of non-symmetrical joint zero-diagonalization (NSJZD) of a given set of matrices and its use in user interference cancellation for a new multiple-access multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless transmission scheme. First, sufficient conditions for uniqueness of the non-symmetrical zero-diagonalizer are described, and we propose a non-iterative efficient algorithm, termed non-symmetrical joint algebraic zero-diagonalization (NSJAZ), based on the reformulation of the initial problem into a joint generalized eigendecomposition problem. Second, we define the new concept of MIMO zero-division multiple access (ZDMA) allowing training-sequence free and simultaneous multiple access to a wireless receiver base station over a single frequency channel. Each ZDMA emitter combines two types of modulation (FSK/AM). The multiple-antenna ZDMA access point performs an NSJAZ-based blind separation of the different accesses assuming a flat fading channel. Computer simulations of such a system are presented both in analog and digital cases. Finally, to demonstrate that our multiple access scheme is technically feasible and works in a real environment, we present some preliminary results obtained with a full-analog ZDMA-based hardware prototype system that we have developed.
Prevalence and incidence of pulmonary hypertension among HIV-infected people in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective Patients infected with HIV have a direly increased risk of developing pulmonary hypertension (PH), and of dying from the condition. While Africa carries the greatest burden of HIV infection worldwide, there is unclear data summarising the epidemiology of PH among HIV-infected people in this region. Our objective was to determine the prevalence and incidence of PH among HIV-infected people living across Africa. Design A systematic review and meta-analysis. Participants HIV-infected African people residing in Africa. Outcome Prevalence and incidence of PH diagnosed through echocardiography or right heart catheterisation. Data sources Articles published in PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, African Journals Online and African Index Medicus between 1 January 1980 and 30 June 2016, without any language restriction. Results Overall, 121 studies were screened; 3 were included in this review: 1 from Southern Africa (South Africa), 1 from Eastern Africa (Tanzania) and 1 from Central Africa (Cameroon). These studies included HIV-infected adult patients selected based on presentation with cardiovascular symptoms. No study reported PH incidence or PH incidence/prevalence among children and adolescents. The quality assessment yielded moderate risk of bias. Ages of participants ranged between 18 and 78 years, and the proportion of females varied between 52.3% and 68.8%. The prevalence of PH in the pooled sample of 664 patients was 14% (95% CI 6%–23%). Limitations Only 3 studies were found eligible from 3 regions of the African continent. Conclusions The prevalence of PH among HIV-infected people in Africa seems very high. Further studies are urgently warranted to determine the incidence of HIV-induced PH, which must include all subregions of Africa. Trial registration number Review registration number PROSPERO CRD42016033863.
Treatment of Femoral Neck Fracture with a Minimal Invasive Surgical Approach for Hemiarthroplasty – Clinical and Radiological Results in 180 Geriatric Patients

Purpose : The Direct Anterior Approach (DAA) is well established as a minimal access approach in elective orthopaedic hip surgery. For the growing number of elderly patients with femoral neck fractures treated with Bipolar Hip Hemiarthroplasty (BHH), only a few results do exist. The study shows the clinical and radiological outcome for 180 patients treated by a modified DAA with BHH. Materials and Methods : The data of 180 geriatric patients with medial femoral neck fractures were evaluated retrospectively. The general and surgical complications, mobilisation using the Timed Up and Go test (TUG), the social environment pre- and postoperative and the radiological results have been compared with established approaches for geriatric hip surgery. Results : After joint replacement, 18 (10%) patients were developed pneumonia, of which 3 (1.7%) died during hospitalisation. In 7 cases (4%), surgical revision had to be carried out: three times (1.7%) because of a seroma, three times (1.7%) because of subcutaneous infection, and one time (0.6%) because the BHH was removed, owing to deep wound infection. One dislocation (0.6%) occurred, as well as one femoral nerve lesion (0.6%) occured. 88.3% of patients were mobilised on walkers or crutches; the Timed Up and Go Test showed a significant improvement during inpatient rehabilitation. 83% were discharged to their usual social environment, 10% were transferred to a short-term care facility and 7% were relocated permanently to a nursing home. 3/4 of patients had a cemented stem alignment in the range between -5° and 5°, while 2/3 of patients had a maximum difference of 1 cm in leg length. Conclusion : Using the modified DAA, a high patient satisfaction is achieved after implantation of a BHH. The rate of major complications is just as low as in conventional approaches, and rapid mobilisation is possible.
Robotic gripper design to handle an arbitrarily shaped object by emulating human finger motion

Controlling a robotic gripper to handle objects in different sizes and shapes in real-time is a complex task. The challenge is to adapt and position the gripper according to a target object. In this work, by considering a three fingered robotic gripper with a finger structure similar to that of human finger, we study the positioning of fingers in a gripper in the two dimensional plane. Using an inverse kinematic model for a pulley based underactuated mechanical finger, we derive a region of reach in the plane of the finger. Simulations demonstrate the limits of reach under different conditions. This can be used to derive the positioning of each finger, as well as in path planning to control the reach of the gripper.
Production of the Siderophore 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid Is Required for Wild-Type Growth of Brucella abortus in the Presence of Erythritol under Low-Iron Conditions In Vitro

ABSTRACT Production of the siderophore 2,3-dihyroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA) is required for the wild-type virulence of Brucella abortus in cattle. A possible explanation for this requirement was uncovered when it was determined that a B. abortus dhbC mutant (BHB1) defective in 2,3-DHBA production displays marked growth restriction in comparison to its parent strain, B. abortus 2308, when cultured in the presence of erythritol under low-iron conditions. This phenotype is not displayed when these strains are cultured under low-iron conditions in the presence of other readily utilizable carbon and energy sources. The addition of either exogenous 2,3-DHBA or FeCl3 relieves this growth defect, suggesting that the inability of the B. abortus dhbC mutant to display wild-type growth in the presence of erythritol under iron-limiting conditions is due to a defect in iron acquisition. Restoring 2,3-DHBA production to the B. abortus dhbC mutant by genetic complementation abolished the erythritol-specific growth defect exhibited by this strain in low-iron medium, verifying the relationship between 2,3-DHBA production and efficient growth in the presence of erythritol under low-iron conditions. The positive correlation between 2,3-DHBA production and growth in the presence of erythritol was further substantiated by the observation that the addition of erythritol to low-iron cultures of B. abortus 2308 stimulated the production of 2,3-DHBA by increasing the transcription of the dhbCEBA operon. Correspondingly, the level of exogenous iron needed to repress dhbCEBA expression in B. abortus 2308 was also greater when this strain was cultured in the presence of erythritol than that required when it was cultured in the presence of any of the other readily utilizable carbon and energy sources tested. The tissues of the bovine reproductive tract are rich in erythritol during the latter stages of pregnancy, and the ability to metabolize erythritol is thought to be important to the virulence of B. abortus in pregnant ruminants. Consequently, the experimental findings presented here offer a plausible explanation for the attenuation of the B. abortus 2,3-DHBA-deficient mutant BHB1 in pregnant ruminants.
The impact of broadcast localism on Delaware Valley news and talk radio

Brian Nicholas THE IMPACT OF BROADCAST LOCALISM ON DELAWARE VALLEY NEWS AND TALK RADIO 2009/10 Suzanne FitzGerald, Ph.D. Master of Arts in Public Relations The purpose of this study was to the examine the influence of Broadcast Localism on news/talk radio in the Delaware Valley to determine how it might impact the future of the medium as a viable public relations tool. A non-scientific snowball survey of 19 Delaware Valley public relations professionals was used to forecast the likely impact of localism on radio. In addition, in-depth interviews with Delaware Valley radio executives were conducted to learn what impact localism might have on the radio industry. This research collected and quantified primary data from public relations professionals using surveymonkey.com. Interview responses were collected as qualitative data and sorted by response using surveymonkey.com. This research supported the hypothesis that localism would have a negative impact on radio; however, it did not support the hypothesis that it would negatively affect radio's viability as a public relations tool.
Bandwidth-Efficient Query Answering in Semantically Heterogeneous Grids

With the rapid growth of Grid computing, more and more data are generated and stored across the grid.To fully utilize the data, efficient data search and query answering mechanism is becoming a very important issue. However, the heterogeneity and sheer amount of data poses issues that current technology cannot cope with efficiently. In this paper, we propose novel techniques that can greatly reduce bandwidth cost of distributed query processing while allowing efficient processing of complex queries, over large scale, fully decentralized, and semantically heterogeneous grids. We argue that appropriate overlay topology, semantic query routing path, and view-based caching are of significant importance towards this goal.
Word Sense Disambiguation Using Multiple Contextual Features

Word sense disambiguation (WSD) is a technique used to identify the correct sense of polysemous words, and it is useful for many applications, such as machine translation (MT), lexical substitution, information retrieval (IR), and biomedical applications. In this paper, we propose the use of multiple contextual features, including the predicate-argument structure and named entities, to train two commonly used classifiers, Naive Bayes (NB) and Maximum Entropy (ME), for word sense disambiguation. Experiments are conducted to evaluate the classifiers' performance on the OntoNotes corpus and are compared with classifiers trained using a set of baseline features, such as the bag-of-words, n-grams, and part-of-speech (POS) tags. Experimental results show that incorporating both predicate-argument structure and named entities yields higher classification accuracy for both classifiers than does the use of the baseline features, resulting in accuracy as high as 81.6% and 87.4%, respectively, for NB and ME.
Chromosomal association of Ran during meiotic and mitotic divisions

Recent studies in Xenopus egg extracts indicate that the small G protein Ran has a central role in spindle assembly and nuclear envelope reformation. We determined Ran localization and dynamics in cells during M phase. By immunofluorescence, Ran is accumulated on the chromosomes of meiosis-II-arrested Xenopus eggs. In living cells, fluorescently labeled Ran associated with the chromosomes in Xenopus and remained associated during anaphase when eggs were artificially activated. Fluorescent Ran associated with chromosomes in mouse eggs, during meiotic maturation and early embryonic divisions in starfish, and to a lesser degree during mitosis of a cultured mammalian cell line. Chromosomal Ran undergoes constant flux. From photobleach experiments in immature starfish oocytes, chromosomal Ran has a koff of ∼0.06 second-1, and binding analysis suggests that there is a single major site. The chromosomal interactions may serve to keep Ran-GTP in the vicinity of the chromosomes for spindle assembly and nuclear envelope reformation.
Getting Value Out of Value-Added: Report of a Workshop

Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. Permission is granted for this material to be shared for noncommercial, educational purposes, provided that this notice appears on the reproduced materials, the Web address of the online, full authoritative version is retained, and copies are not altered. To disseminate otherwise or to republish requires written permission from the National Academies Press. ISBN: 0-309-14814-6, 96 pages, 6 x 9, (2010)
Introduction to Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

The scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) was invented by Binnig and Rohrer and received a Nobel Prize of Physics in 1986. Together with the atomic force microscope (AFM), it enables non-destructive observing and mapping atoms and molecules on solid surfaces down to a picometer resolution. A recent development is the non-destructive observation of wavefunctions in individual atoms and molecules, including nodal structures inside the wavefunctions. STM and AFM have become indespensible instruments for scientists of various disciplines, including physicists, chemists, engineers, and biologists to visualize and utilize the microscopic world around us. Since the publication of the first edition in 1993, this book has been recognized as a standard introduction for everyone that starts working with scanning probe microscopes, and a useful reference book for those more advanced in the field. After an Overview chapter accessible for newcomers at an entry level presenting the basic design, scientific background, and illustrative applications, the book has three Parts. Part I, Principles, provides the most systematic and detailed theory of its scientific bases from basic quantum mechancis and condensed-metter physics in all available literature. Quantitative analysis of its imaging mechanism for atoms, molecules, and wavefunctions is detailed. Part II, Instrumentation, provides down to earth descriptions of its building components, including piezoelectric scanners, vibration isolation, electronics, software, probe tip preparation, etc. Part III, Related methods, presenting two of its most important siblings, scanning tunnelling specgroscopy and atomic force miscsoscopy. The book has five appendices for background topics, and 405 references for further readings.