Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Shallow Parsing using Specialized HMMs

We present a unified technique to solve different shallow parsing tasks as a tagging problem using a Hidden Markov Model-based approach (HMM). This technique consists of the incorporation of the relevant information for each task into the models. To do this, the training corpus is transformed to take into account this information. In this way, no change is necessary for either the training or tagging process, so it allows for the use of a standard HMM approach. Taking into account this information, we construct a Specialized HMM which gives more complete contextual models. We have tested our system on chunking and clause identification tasks using different specialization criteria. The results obtained are in line with the results reported for most of the relevant state-of-the-art approaches.
THE INFINITE SOURCE MODEL FOR INTERNET TRAFFIC: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND LIMIT THEOREMS

1. Introduction. The discovery by Willinger et. al. that the input process to an Ethernet cable exhibits, at least empirically, long range dependence (LRD) and self-similarity has produced many models of this phenomenon, along with many, sometimes ad-hoc, statistical methods to analyze them ([1],[5],[14],[17]). It has been observed, for example, that detecting long range dependence (LRD) in internet traffic by fitting a straight line to a variance time (VT) plot can give misleading results; in particular, this method appears to be biased towards LRD even when the underlying process is known to be short range dependent (SRD) ([7],[8],[15]). In this paper we consider VT plots in the context of a readily-interpretable model for internet traffic that avoids the use of Gaussian processes, such as fractional Brownian motion (fBm) or fractional Gaussian noise (fGn), which take on negative values, to model a process that does not (Riedi et al. [14]). This model, which has been studied (e.g., in Guerin et al. [5]) under the rubric " infinite source Poisson data traffic model " , can capture the essential features of LRD and asymptotic self-similarity, but is simple enough so that closed-form expressions can be found for the variance-covariance function of the process. For our model, we show that the variance of the cumulative input is a non-linear function of time in log-log scale, which explains the curved appearance of VT plots for simulated and empirical data (see Figure 3.1). This suggests that nonlin-ear regression might yield more accurate estimates of the model parameters. These theoretical results are confirmed by simulations, real data, and the use of residual plots, the details of which were first reported in a separate paper [15]. Following the referee's suggestion we have incorporated some of the numerical and graphical results presented there into Section 4 and summarized in Tables ((4.1), (4.2)). Our results, which apply to all SRD and LRD M/G/∞ processes, generalize those obtained by Krunz and Matta ([8]) for an important special case. A more detailed analysis of this model, given in Section 3, explains, simply and rigorously, why fitting a straight line to a VT plot is always biased towards LRD, even when the process is known to be SRD. A separate, but closely related question, is obtaining a limit theorem for the cumulative input traffic under " heavy traffic " that is consistent with empirical internet traffic measurements, a topic that has attracted …
McCormick-Synaptic to discharge RF transformation 1 Spatial and Temporal Features of 1 Synaptic to Discharge 2 Receptive Field Transformation in Cat Area 17 3 4

1 Spatial and Temporal Features of 1 Synaptic to Discharge 2 Receptive Field Transformation in Cat Area 17 3 4 Lionel G. Nowak, Maria V. Sanchez-Vives and David A. McCormick 5 6 1 Department of Neurobiology and the Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of 7 Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA. david.mccormick@yale.edu. 8 2 CerCo, Université Toulouse 3, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine de Rangueil, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 9, France. lionel.nowak@cerco.ups-tlse.fr. 10 3 ICREA-IDIBAPS, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain. msanche3@clinic.ub. es. 11 12 Running head: Synaptic to discharge RF transformation 13 14 Contact information: Dr Nowak, as above. Phone (33) 562 17 28 01, Fax (33) 562 17 28 09. 15 16 Articles in PresS. J Neurophysiol (November 11, 2009). doi:10.1152/jn.90946. 2008
A New Splice Variant of the Mouse SIRT3 Gene Encodes the Mitochondrial Precursor Protein

Background Mammals have seven NAD-dependent protein deacetylases. These proteins, called sirtuins, are homologous to yeast Sir2, and are emerging as important regulators of lifespan and intermediary metabolism. Three mammalian sirtuins, SIRT3-5 are mitochondrial. Sirtuins are highly conserved between species, yet mouse SIRT3 was reported to be markedly shorter than its human counterpart and to lack the N-terminal mitochondrial targeting signal present in the human protein. Results We have isolated a novel mouse SIRT3 splice variant. This cDNA contains two translation initiation codons upstream of the originally reported start site. We show, using immunofluorescence and protein expression analysis that these longer variants are expressed and efficiently targeted to mitochondria, and that the processed forms of these longer variants are identical in size to the endogenous mouse SIRT3. We also show that the previously described form of SIRT3 is not mitochondrial. Conclusions Our observations point to a high level of conservation of SIRT3 as a mitochondrial protein in mice and human and indicate that several previous studies, which addressed mouse Sirt3 function, need to be re-evaluated.
Lexical Bundles within English for Academic Purposes Written Teaching Materials: A Canadian Context

Research surrounding lexical bundles in English for Academic Purposes (EAP) is fundamental to the academic success of students pursuing postsecondary education. Recent studies suggest that awareness of the presence and function of lexical bundles in academic English is beneficial to students and teachers, and leads to a deeper understanding of the construction of discourse (Biber, 2004). Using corpus linguistics, this study presents the degree to which students of an English Second Language Acquisition (ESLA) program at a mid-sized Canadian university encounter four-word lexical bundles in their written teaching materials. The study uses functional taxonomy to classify the lexical bundles of the Moynie corpus I created. The results indicate the need for further research to assess the frequency of lexical bundles amongst all registers that students come across in their academic studies. This is to ensure the students achieve fluency in English, and can competently understand, recognize and utilize lexical bundles.
Cellular Localization and Processing of Primary Transcripts of Exonic MicroRNAs

Processing of miRNAs occurs simultaneous with the transcription and splicing of their primary transcripts. For the small subset of exonic miRNAs it is unclear if the unspliced and/or spliced transcripts are used for miRNA biogenesis. We assessed endogenous levels and cellular location of primary transcripts of three exonic miRNAs. The ratio between unspliced and spliced transcripts varied markedly, i.e. >1 for BIC, <1 for pri-miR-146a and variable for pri-miR-22. Endogenous unspliced transcripts were located almost exclusively in the nucleus and thus available for miRNA processing for all three miRNAs. Endogenous spliced pri-miRNA transcripts were present both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm and thus only partly available for miRNA processing. Overexpression of constructs containing the 5’ upstream exonic or intronic sequence flanking pre-miR-155 resulted in strongly enhanced miR-155 levels, indicating that the flanking sequence does not affect processing efficiency. Exogenously overexpressed full-length spliced BIC transcripts were present both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm, were bound by the Microprocessor complex and resulted in enhanced miR-155 levels. We conclude that both unspliced and spliced transcripts of exonic miRNAs can be used for pre-miRNA cleavage. Splicing and cytoplasmic transport of spliced transcripts may present a mechanism to regulate levels of exonic microRNAs.
Improving Hydrogen Production in a Reactive Distillation via Economic Optimization and Control

Sulfur/iodine cycles have a considerable potential for thermochemical hydrogen production. This contribution studied section III (HI decomposition) of sulfur/iodine by using a reactive distillation. The commercial process simulator has been applied for simulation in the steady and dynamic states to investigate optimization and control strategy of a reactive distillation column for hydrogen production. From simulation studied, it is found that the reflux ratio and distillate rate affect the product quality in the reactive distillation. The optimal configuration for the reactive distillation consists of reflux ratio 6.9 and distillate rate 194.4 kmol/hr. Under this condition indicated that the composition at the top of column consists of hydrogen 9.2%. From economic optimization investigated, it is observed that the number of stage and the feed location is a very important variable on total annual cost (TAC). The resultant optimum process design contains 24 stages and is fed at stage 21. The disturbances of feed flowrate (±5%) are used to evaluate the control performance of hydrogen production process. The control structure is considered, it performs well and good disturbance rejection is observed. Key Words-Hydrogen production, HI decomposition, reactive distillation, optimization, control
Improvement in Surface Quality with Solid Lubrication in Hard Turning

Hard turning is characterized by development of high temperatures at the cutting zone, which impairs the surface quality of the final product. Thus, an effective control of heat generated at the cutting zone is essential to ensure workpiece surface quality. Cutting fluids are generally used to avoid this. However, cutting fluids are being restricted due to their direct influence to human health and environment. New alternative approaches are in process to alleviate the problems associated with dry and wet hard turning. This study deals with an investigation of molybdenum disulphide as a solid lubricant as an alternative to the cutting fluids to reduce friction and thereby improve the surface finish of bearing steels. Experiments have been conducted using central composite rotatable design, to study the effect of molybdenum disulphide lubricant on surface roughness while hard turning bearing steel. Results indicate that there is a considerable improvement in the performance of hard turning of bearing steels using molybdenum disulphide as a solid lubricant when compared with dry hard turning in terms of surface roughness
Political Devolution without Fiscal Devolution

Using a conventional model, this paper examines the conditions under which it is possible to stabilise both the output (inflation) cycle and the budget deficit/surplus of a regional economy in a wider currency union. We find that it is never possible. But we can approximate that result (for example, by limiting budgetary instability when the cycle is smoothed) if the product and labour markets are suitably flexible. Conversely, if fiscal policy is restricted, output and inflation volatility will be extended unless all shocks are supply shocks, compared to the case where there is some fiscal autonomy. Attempts at stabilisation in this situation would lead to an unstable political equilibrium. These results are important because they show what can be expected from fiscal restraints like the Stability Pact or tax harmonisation in the Eurozone; and from fiscal autonomy at the subnational level in older unions. Calibrating the results for the EU and UK respectively, we find that denying autonomy to the regions of the UK might be rather costly in terms of performance. But imposing tax harmonisation at the EU level would not.
Chinese Herbal Mixture, Tien-Hsien Liquid, Induces G2/M Cycle Arrest and Radiosensitivity in MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells through Mechanisms Involving DNMT1 and Rad51 Downregulation

The Chinese herbal mixture, Tien-Hsien Liquid (THL), has been proven to suppress the growth and invasiveness of cancer cells and is currently regarded as a complementary medicine for the treatment of cancer. Our previous study using acute promyelocytic leukemia cells uncovered its effect on the downregulation of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) which is often overexpressed in cancer cells resulting in the repression of tumor suppressors via hypermethylation. Herein, we explored the effects of THL in MCF-7 breast cancer cells that also demonstrate elevated DNMT1. The results show that THL dose-dependently downregulated DNMT1 accompanied by the induction of tumor suppressors such as p21 and p15. THL arrested cell cycle in G2/M phase and decreased the protein levels of cyclin A, cyclin B1, phospho-pRb, and AKT. DNMT1 inhibition was previously reported to exert a radiosensitizing effect in cancer cells through the repression of DNA repair. We found that THL enhanced radiation-induced clonogenic cell death in MCF-7 cells and decreased the level of DNA double-strand break repair protein, Rad51. Our observations may be the result of DNMT1 downregulation. Due to the fact that DNMT1 inhibition is now a mainstream strategy for anticancer therapy, further clinical trials of THL to confirm its clinical efficacy are warranted.
Corporate Social Responsibility: A Real Options Approach to the Challenge of Financial Sustainability

Background In contemporary complex societies, social values like ethics, corporate social responsibility, and being respectful with the environment, among others, are becoming social requirements. Corporations are expected to fulfill them and, according to empirical evidence, an overwhelming majority aspires to good social valuation. At the same time, the maximization of market share value in the long run continues to be the central corporate goal. Making environmental and social expenses compatible with value creation is a central challenge for corporations since it implies the financial sustainability of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Methods and Results The value creation capacity of CSR projects, mainly through innovation, is widely acknowledged in economic literature and corporate practice. This fact arouses the need of having a quantitative framework capable of summarizing the value creation capacity of the variables involved in CSR projects. With this aim we build up a sensitivity analysis of real option ratios that studies and quantifies the value creation capacity of CSR projects connected with innovation. Ratio analysis has the advantage of being scale independent. Hence, it furnishes a homogeneous framework to express the interaction of value creation variables and, thus, supports strategic thinking quantitatively. Often, CSR expenses can be regarded as preliminary projects that create the opportunity to undertake a full future project. For them, we obtain the minimum expectations scenario that makes financially sustainable a preliminary project that can be interpreted as a call option. We propose a classification of CSR projects from the decision analysis perspective following a two-fold approach: Their relationship with value creation and their links with existing corporate activities. This classification of CSR projects aims at contributing to choose the best capital budgeting method to study the financial sustainability of the project and identifying those CSR projects that fulfill the required features to be studied from the real options perspective.
Opportunities and challenges of storage grid enabled by grid service

The explosive growth of data generated worldwide by information digitization has been identified as the key driver of storage system evolution. In this paper, we discuss the existing storage system architectures and pose the challenges they are facing. Drawing inspiration from Grid computing community, we propose to design a storage Grid enabled by Grid service which can solve the scalability and heterogeneity problems. However, the challenging Internet involved in the storage Grid incurs some emerging problems including the limited network performance, the unstable network environment, and etc. The Grid service involved in the storage Grid introduces much larger overhead which may result in low performance and inefficient utilization of storage resources. Because Grid service is designed for loosely coupled systems, we argue that the storage Grid can employ Grid service as a glue to manage, monitor and locate the Internet-scale storage resources which are transparent to users, while still adopting binary code to transfer data to maintain the performance. Some other solutions which may alleviate the performance pressure of Grid service and increase the efficiency of storage resource utilization are discussed as well.
K-12 Teachers' Beliefs on the Impact of Corporal Punishment on Students' Academic Performance

ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . iii DEDICATION . iv LIST OF TABLES . viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . x CHAPTER I BACKGROUND . 1 Statement of the Problem . 6 Purpose of the Study . 7 Research Questions . 9 Definitions of Terms . 9 Assumptions . 10 Delimitations . 10 Justification for the Study . 11 Summary . 15 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE . 16 Introduction . 16 Theoretical Framework . 17 History of Corporal Punishment . 20 Court Cases That Impact the Application of Corporal Punishment in Schools . 24 vi Ingraham v. Wright . 26 Garcia v. Miera . 29 Corporal Punishment and Mississippi Law . 33 Support for and Opposition of Corporal Punishment . 35 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY . 44 Research Questions . 44 Research Design. 45 Instrumentation . 46 Pilot Study . 47 Participants . 48 Collection Procedures . 48 Data Analysis . 49 Summary . 49 CHAPTER IV – ANALYSIS OF DATA . 5
Reliability-cost models for the power switching devices of wind power converters

In order to satisfy the growing reliability requirements for the wind power converters with more cost-effective solution, the target of this paper is to establish a new reliability-cost model which can connect the relationship between reliability performances and corresponding semiconductor cost for power switching devices. First the conduction loss, switching loss as well as thermal impedance models of power switching devices (IGBT module) are related to the semiconductor chip number information respectively. Afterwards simplified analytical solutions, which can directly extract the junction temperature mean value Tm and fluctuation amplitude ΔTj of power devices, are presented. With the proposed reliability-cost model, it is possible to enable future reliability-oriented design of the power switching devices for wind power converters, and also an evaluation benchmark for different wind power converter configurations is opened.
Pace Regression

This paper articulates a new method of linear regression, “pace regression,” that addresses many drawbacks of standard regression reported in the literature—particularly the subset selection problem. Pace regression improves on classical ordinary least squares (ols) regression by evaluating the effect of each variable and using a clustering analysis to improve the statistical basis for estimating their contribution to the overall regression. As well as outperforming ols, it also outperforms—in a remarkably general sense—other linear modeling techniques in the literature, including subset selection procedures, which seek a reduction in dimensionality that falls out as a natural byproduct of pace regression. The paper defines six procedures that share the fundamental idea of pace regression, all of which are theoretically justified in terms of asymptotic performance. Experiments confirm the performance improvement over other techniques.
SMART ENVIRONMENTS AS AGENTS WORKSPACES

The pervasive computing scenario provides a diffused prese nce of technological appliances distributed in the environment and interacting by means of wired or wireles s networks. These computational units should be able to fruitfully exploit interactions with other compo nents (e.g. information sources) in order to supply context aware services and support advanced forms of intera ction among users. The aim of this paper is to show how models and frameworks for Multi-Agent Systems (MAS ) can be exploited to design and implement pervasive computing systems, focusing on the Agent and Arti fact (A&A) approach. Artifacts are a conceptual, formal and computational framework supporting the realiza tion of function–oriented elements of a MAS. After a description of a scenario, the paper briefly introduces the A&A framework and shows how it can be used to define an infrastructure supporting complex interaction sc hemes provided by the scenario.
Why People Play: Artificial Lives Acquiring Play Instinct to Stabilize Productivity

We propose a model to generate a group of artificial lives capable of coping with various environment which is a set of tasks, and show play or hobbies are necessary for the group of individuals to maintain the ability to cope with various changes of the environment as a whole. This may be an another aspect of the wide variety of essential group capabilities. If the variety in a species decreases it will become extinct. We show some simulation results: in a world where a greater variety of abilities are demanded in play the performance of the whole world calculated only from job tasks becomes steady and avoids the risk of extinction of the species. This is the effect of play.
Probability and Depreciation: A History of the Stochastic Approach to Index Numbers

Early in this century economists began using the new statistical techniques of correlation and regression developed in biometrics. Thus began a period of uninterrupted growth in what became known as econometrics. ’ There were precedents. Long before, Cournot and Jevons had proposed several “econometric” projects. The statistical methods underpinning these projects had originated in astronomy. One of the projects, the estimation of demand laws, was reinvigorated to become the paradigm econometric investigation of the twentieth century. Another never became part of the canon of econometrics although it had received the full higher statistics treatment in the nineteenth century. This project-which involved the use of probabilistic reasoning in the analysis of price data-is my subject. At the end of the nineteenth century, this project may well have seemed more promising than the estimation of demand laws. In the 1860s, Jevons failed to estimate “laws of variation of price” but succeeded in applying probabilistic reasoning to the depreciation of gold. In the 1880s, Edgeworth continued the work, combining research in statistical theory with applications to economics in a way that became
Removal of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers by the UV damage repair and nucleotide excision repair pathways of Schizosaccharomyces pombe at nucleotide resolution.

In Schizosaccharomyces pombe two different repair mechanisms remove UV-induced lesions from DNA, i.e. nucleotide excision repair (NER) and UV damage repair (UVDR). Here, the kinetics of removal of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) by both pathways is determined at base resolution in the transcribed strand (TS) and the non-transcribed strand (NTS) of the sprpb2 +gene. UVDR does not remove lesions in a strand-specific manner, indicating that UVDR is neither stimulated nor inhibited by RNA polymerase II transcription. In contrast, in a UVDR-deficient strain the TS is repaired preferentially. This strong strand bias suggests that in S.pombe, as in other species, NER is coupled to transcription. In repair-proficient S.pombe the TS is repaired very rapidly, as a consequence of two efficiently operating pathways, while the NTS is repaired more slowly, mainly by UVDR. Furthermore, we demonstrate that UVDR is not always faster than NER.