Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Iranian-Russian Encounters : Empires and Revolutions since 1800

Contents List of illustrations Notes on contributors Acknowledgements Note on transliteration IntroductionIntroduction: Empires and Revolutions: Iranian-Russian Encounters since 1800 Stephanie Cronin 1 The Impact of Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union on Qajar and Pahlavi Iran: Notes toward a Revisionist Historiography Afshin Matin-asghari Part One: Romanovs and Qajars 2 The early Qajars and the Russian Wars Maziar Behrooz 3 Khosrow Mirza's mission to Saint Petersburg in 1829 Firuza Abdullaeva 4 Russian Land Acquisition in Iran: 1828 to 1911 Morteza Nourai and Vanessa Martin 5 How Russia hosted the entrepreneur who gave them indigestion: New revelations on Hajj Kazem Malek al-Tujjar Fatema Soudavar 6 Deserters, Converts, Cossacks and Revolutionaries : Russians in Iranian Military Service 1800-1920 Stephanie Cronin Part Two: Revolutionary Russia and Iran Revolutionary Iran and Russia 7 The Question of the Iranian Ijtima`iyun-e `Amiyun Party Sohrab Yazdani 8 Georgian Sources on the Iranian Constitutional Revolution (1905-1911): Sergo Gamdlishvili's Memoirs of the Gilan Resistance Iago Gocheleishvili 9 Constitutionalists and Cossacks: the Constitutional Movement and Russian Intervention in Tabriz, 1907-1911 James Clark Pahlavi Iran and the Soviet Union 10 Duping the British and outwitting the Russians? Iran's foreign policy, the `Bolshevik threat', and the genesis of the Soviet-Iranian Treaty of 1921 Oliver Bast 11 The Comintern, the Soviet Union and Working Class Militancy in Interwar Iran Touraj Atabaki 12 An Iranian-Russian Cinematic Encounter Emily Jane O'Dell 13 The Impact of Soviet Contact on Iranian Theatre: Abdolhossein Nushin and the Tudeh Party. Saeed Talajooy The Islamic Republic and post-Soviet Russia 14 Iran, Russia and Tajikistan's Civil War Muriel Atkin 15 Iran and Russia: a Tactical Entente Clement Therme Index
A preprocessing method for effective PMU placement studies

The invention of the phaser measurement unit (PMU) in mid 1980's enabled the synchronized measurements of voltages and currents in real time that has become the foundation of today's wide-area measurement, protection, and control (WAMP AC) systems. The trend in recent years is the steady increase of PMU installations worldwide for various applications, such as those targeted for State Estimation enhancement. Several algorithms/methods for optimal PMU placement have been introduced to minimize the system cost while still achieving the full observability of a power system with a minimum number of phasor measurements. These algorithms perform an optimization process by considering all system buses. In real systems, for practical reasons, some buses may be selected for mandatory PMU installations and some others can be selected as not desirable for PMU installations. In other words, a group of buses may be identified for the optimal placement. In this paper, a virtual data elimination preprocessing method and a matrix reduction algorithm are introduced for reducing the scale of a placement study. By identifying those buses with "known status", the method could significantly reduce the computation efforts. The methodology has been applied to four IEEE systems and the Brazilian National Interconnected Power System. The sizes of these systems before and after the reduction are tabulated to show the effectiveness of this method in reducing the computational effort. To prove the performance guarantee for the proposed algorithm, Lagrangian Relaxation has been applied to calculate the low bound of the minimum number of PMUs necessary for full observability. The results are shown in the simulation section.
The use of genetically modified mice in cancer risk assessment: Challenges and limitations

Abstract The use of genetically modified (GM) mice to assess carcinogenicity is playing an increasingly important role in the safety evaluation of chemicals. While progress has been made in developing and evaluating mouse models such as the Trp53+/−, Tg.AC and the rasH2, the suitability of these models as replacements for the conventional rodent cancer bioassay and for assessing human health risks remains uncertain. The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of accelerated cancer bioassays with GM mice for assessing the potential health risks associated with exposure to carcinogenic agents. We compared the published results from the GM bioassays to those obtained in the National Toxicology Program’s conventional chronic mouse bioassay for their potential use in risk assessment. Our analysis indicates that the GM models are less efficient in detecting carcinogenic agents but more consistent in identifying non-carcinogenic agents. We identified several issues of concern related to the design of the accelerated bioassays (e.g., sample size, study duration, genetic stability and reproducibility) as well as pathway-dependency of effects, and different carcinogenic mechanisms operable in GM and non-GM mice. The use of the GM models for dose-response assessment is particularly problematic as these models are, at times, much more or less sensitive than the conventional rodent cancer bioassays. Thus, the existing GM mouse models may be useful for hazard identification, but will be of limited use for dose-response assessment. Hence, caution should be exercised when using GM mouse models to assess the carcinogenic risks of chemicals.
Relationship between annual volume of patients treated by admitting physician and mortality after acute myocardial infarction.

CONTEXT Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a common condition that is treated by physicians with varying levels of clinical experience, but whether the level of experience affects outcome remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between the average annual volume of cases treated by admitting physicians and mortality after AMI. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Retrospective cohort study using linked administrative databases containing patient admission information for 98 194 patients treated by 5374 physicians between April 1, 1992, and March 31, 1998, in Ontario, Canada. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mortality risk rates for 30 days and 1 year post-AMI, adjusted by physician volume and patient, physician, and hospital characteristics. RESULTS The 30-day mortality rate was 13.5% and the 1-year mortality rate was 21.8%. A strong inverse relationship between the average annual volume of AMI cases treated by the admitting physician and mortality after an AMI was observed. The 30-day risk-adjusted mortality rate was 15.3% for physicians who treated 5 or fewer AMI cases per year (lowest quartile) compared with 11.8% for physicians who treated more than 24 AMI cases annually (highest quartile; P<.001). The 1-year risk-adjusted mortality rate was 24.2% for physicians who treated 5 or fewer AMI cases per year (lowest quartile) compared with 19.6% for physicians who treated more than 24 AMI cases annually (highest quartile; P<.001). CONCLUSION Patients with AMI who are treated by high-volume admitting physicians are more likely to survive at 30 days and 1 year.
Kinetic analysis of covalent hybrid plasminogen activators: effect of CNBr-degraded fibrinogen on kinetic parameters of Glu1-plasminogen activation.

The kinetic parameters of three activator species of Glu1-plasminogen (Glu1-Plg) were compared in their reaction at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C, in the presence and absence of CNBr-digested fibrinogen (CNBr-Fg). The urokinase- (u-PA-) derived covalent hybrid activator PlnA-u-PAB had an apparent Michaelis constant (Kplg) of 7.44 microM, a catalytic rate constant (kplg) of 51.1 min-1, and a second-order rate constant (kplg/Kplg) of 6.87 microM-1 min-1. The tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) derived covalent hybrid activator PlnA-t-PAB was characterized by a Kplg of 3.33 microM, a kplg of 1.03 min-1, and a kplg/Kplg of 0.309 microM-1 min-1. The kplg/Kplg values for the parent u-PA and t-PA activators were 6- and 16-fold higher than the respective hybrids, mainly due to an approximately 10-fold increase in the apparent Kplg for the hybrids. In the presence of CNBr-Fg, the increase of the kplg/Kplg values for u-PA and its hybrid was 1.1-fold, but for t-PA and its hybrid, the increases were 7- and 12-fold, respectively. In both the absence and presence of CNBr-Fg, activator t-PAB had an apparent Kplg of 19.1 and 27.6 microM and a kplg of 2.9 and 5.0 min-1, respectively. The increase in the kplg/Kplg value with CNBr-Fg was 1.2-fold. The streptokinase- (SK-) derived activators Glu1-plasmin.SK (Glu1-Pln.SK), Val442-Pln.SK, and Val561-Pln.SK had apparent Kplg values of 0.458, 0.268, and 0.121 microM and kplg values of 20.0, 126.0, and 63.3 min-1, respectively. In the presence of CNBr-Fg, the first two activators showed an approximately 1.4-fold increase and the last showed a 1.4-fold decrease in their kplg/Kplg values. The catalytic efficiency (kplg/Kplg) of the various activator species fell in the decreasing order SK greater than u-PA greater than t-PA, in either the presence or absence of CNBr-Fg. CNBr-Fg enhanced significantly the activities of only two activators, t-PA and PlnA-t-PAB.
Corticospinal tract degeneration and possible pathogenesis in ALS evaluated by MR diffusion tensor imaging

BACKGROUND: MR diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) appears to be a powerful method to investigate the neuronal and axonal fibre distribution in the human brain. Changes in diffusion characteristics of water molecules in the white matter can be estimated as the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and the fractional anisotropy index (FA). OBJECTIVES: To characterize DTI changes at three different levels in the corticospinal tract (CST) (corona radiata, internal capsule and pons) in order to elucidate if pathogenesis of ALS is due to an anterograde or retrograde axonal degeneration. METHODS: We studied eight ALS patients with clinical signs of upper motor neuron involvement. The patients were compared with 11 healthy age‐matched controls. RESULTS: ADC was significantly increased in the CST in ALS patients at the level of the internal capsule and also increased in the pons, but without statistical significance. ADC was unchanged at the level of the corona radiata. FA was significantly reduced at the lowest level (pons), only tended to be reduced in the internal capsule, but was also unchanged in the corona radiata. CONCLUSIONS: Segmentation of the CST into three regions supports the hypothesis of a ‘dying back’ mechanism in ALS and suggests that ADC is a more sensitive measure than FA to detect pathological changes in ALS.
The shaping of masculinity: Revisioning boys turning away from their mothers to construct male gender identity

This paper offers an understanding of the nature of the internalization processes involved in the shaping of male gender identity founded on the boy's unique struggles in separating from his mother. The underpinning for the initial development of a sense of masculinity is reconsidered as the author questions the widely held idea of Greenson and Stoller that a boy normatively has to ‘dis‐identify’ from his mother to create his gender identity. Import rather is placed on the conscious and unconscious aspects of the mother's (and father's) pre‐oedipal and oedipal relationship with their little boy in order better to understand the nature of the boy's unique identifications and subsequent sense of masculinity. Both the security of the boy's attachment to his mother, in providing the foundation for a transitional turning to an ‘other’, and the mother's capacity to reflect upon and recognize her own, as well as the father's and her son's, subjectivity and maleness, are crucial in comprehending boys' ‘attachment‐individuation’ process. Likewise, the unconscious paternal and maternal imagos and identifications of both the boy's mother and father, as well as the father's pre‐oedipal relationship with his little boy and the boy's mother, are extremely significant in shaping a son's gender identity. The author argues that these early maternal (and paternal) identifications live on in every male and continue to impact the sense of maleness in a dialectical interplay throughout the life span. A maturing gender identity develops from integrating these early, pre‐oedipal maternal identifications that no longer need be repudiated nor defensively organized as polarized gender splitting.
Lifestyle Drugs: Concept and Impact on Society

Lifestyle has changed from being an indicator of the overall well being of an individual to a cause of disease and now “lifestyle” has itself become an object of medical attention. Alcohol has been used enormously as one of the oldest ‘lifestyle’ drugs, and currently sildenafil citrate (Viagra), the drug of choice for erectile dysfunction, exemplifies a turning point in the era of modern lifestyle drugs. This drug has transformed the lifestyles of millions and greatly increased the revenue of many pharmaceutical companies. With the Indian economy growing rapidly at an annual rate of 8-9%, a new era of drug discovery and development coupled with an enormous increase in the marketing of new drugs is being seen. This has certainly made the Indian public vulnerable to issues related to lifestyle drugs. There is a need to study this concept deeply and the impact of these drugs on Indian society, particularly since this topic has already been the centre of many discussions in other developed nations.
The influence of thematic congruency, typicality and divided attention on memory for radio advertisements

We examined the effects of the thematic congruence between ads and the programme in which they are embedded. We also studied the typicality of the to-be-remembered information (high- and low-typicality elements), and the effect of divided attention in the memory for radio ad contents. Participants listened to four radio programmes with thematically congruent and incongruent ads embedded, and completed a true/false recognition test indicating the level of confidence in their answer. Half of the sample performed an additional task (divided attention group) while listening to the radio excerpts. In general, recognition memory was better for incongruent ads and low-typicality statements. Confidence in hits was higher in the undivided attention group, although there were no differences in performance. Our results suggest that the widespread idea of embedding ads into thematic-congruent programmes negatively affects memory for ads. In addition, low-typicality features that are usually highlighted by advertisers were better remembered than typical contents. Finally, metamemory evaluations were influenced by the inference that memory should be worse if we do several things at the same time.
Trends and outlook for improving transformer assessment during and after transportation

This paper gives an overview of the process of the transformer assessment after transportation. Defective condition, with impact in long-term reliability, is an important concern. Uncertain or false diagnosis is possible and unnecessary tests are often carried out. Transformer acceptance tests include the repetition of some of the factory tests and the Impact recorder data analysis. Acceptance tests also establish a baseline of the electrical and mechanical characteristics that can be used for comparisons throughout the life of the transformer. The FRA method is used to check the possible change in the internal geometry of the active parts of the transformer, displacements, deformations or clamping force loss. In some cases it is impossible to assess the severity of the defects. A new technique for direct measurement of the clamping force is presented. Also, future research and development requirements will be taken into account.
A Cancer-Associated Mutation in Atypical Protein Kinase Cι Occurs in a Substrate-Specific Recruitment Motif

A cancer-associated mutation in protein kinase Cι selectively disrupts epithelial polarity by inhibiting the binding of specific substrates. Impairing Cell Polarity Epithelial cells simultaneously interact with both the external and internal environment. To perform their function as barriers, epithelial cells are polarized, meaning that they are asymmetric in shape and in the distribution of intracellular components. Epithelial cells in tumors often show loss of polarity. Linch et al. identified a 4–amino acid motif in the ι isoform of atypical protein kinase C (PKC), a kinase that promotes cell polarity through phosphorylation of various substrates. Mutations in this motif impaired the binding of PKCι to two substrates that are involved in cell polarization, and an epithelial cell line expressing a form of PKCι with mutations in this motif formed improperly polarized epithelial structures. Somatic mutations in this motif were detected in human cancers of various types. Thus, this study provides a mechanism by which these mutations contribute to the disease. Atypical protein kinase Cι (PKCι) has roles in cell growth, cellular polarity, and migration, and its abundance is frequently increased in cancer. We identified a protein interaction surface containing a dibasic motif (RIPR) that bound a distinct subset of PKCι substrates including lethal giant larvae 2 (LLGL2) and myosin X, but not other substrates such as Par3. Further characterization demonstrated that Arg471 in this motif was important for binding to LLGL2, whereas Arg474 was critical for interaction with myosin X, indicating that multiple complexes could be formed through this motif. A somatic mutation of the dibasic motif (R471C) was the most frequent mutation of PKCι in human cancer, and the intact dibasic motif was required for normal polarized epithelial morphogenesis in three-dimensional cysts. Thus, the R471C substitution is a change-of-function mutation acting at this substrate-specific recruitment site to selectively disrupt the polarizing activity of PKCι.
SCHEMA: information on marketing and customer engagement performance – reality versus dreams

This paper aims to review the development of thinking about the information needed by companies to create an accurate picture of how well they manage their engagement with customers, taking into account the evolution of thinking and practice in this area over the past three decades towards the idea of data-driven customer engagement. It then describes the evolution and use of an assessment and benchmarking process and tool which provide the needed information. ,Literature review, conceptual analysis and explanation of the management consulting process are used. ,Companies can get an accurate picture of how well they manage customer engagement provided that a careful assessment approach is used where assessors are properly selected and trained and that there is a strong focus on compliance with requirements rather than “box-ticking” based upon managers’ perceptions. ,The assessment and benchmarking process was developed mainly for use by larger companies, though the findings could be adapted for use by smaller companies. ,Companies whose success depends upon customer engagement should consider using the assessment and benchmarking tool to guide their planning and implementation. They should heed the warnings about the risks of inaccurate assessments which may arise because of the incentives by which managers are managed. ,The assessment and benchmarking process has been used by the public sector and government, and given government’s desire to engage citizens better, they should consider adopting the ideas in this paper to reform citizen engagement. ,This is the only paper which reviews the development of the assessment process for customer engagement.
Prevalence of Lid Wiper Epitheliopathy in Subjects With Dry Eye Signs and Symptoms

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of lid wiper epitheliopathy (LWE) in patients diagnosed with dry eye disease (DED). Methods: Patients were recruited for two groups. Inclusion criteria for the DED group (n = 50) was: a score greater than 10 with the Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness questionnaire, fluorescein break-up time 5 seconds or less, corneal and conjunctival staining with fluorescein, lissamine green Grade 1 or greater (scale 0-3), and Schirmer test with anesthesia 5 mm or less. For the asymptomatic group (n = 50), inclusion criteria were: no dry eye symptoms, fluorescein break-up time 10 seconds or greater, no corneal or conjunctival staining, and Schirmer test 10 mm or greater. Sequential instillations (n = 2, 5 minutes apart) of a mixture of 2% fluorescein and 1% lissamine green solution were used to stain the lid wipers of all patients. LWE was graded (scale 0-3) using the horizontal lid length and the average sagittal lid widths of the stained wiper. Results: In symptomatic patients, 88% had LWE, of which 22% was Grade 1, 46% Grade 2, and 20% Grade 3. In asymptomatic patients, 16% had LWE, of which 14% was Grade 1, 2% was Grade 2, and 0% Grade 3. The difference in prevalence of lid wiper staining between groups was significant (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: The prevalence of LWE was six times greater for the DED group and the prevalence of LWE Grade 2 or greater was 16 times greater for the DED group than for the control group. These data further establish LWE as a diagnostic sign of dry eye disease.
Political Security Obstacles And Challenges Of Timor-Leste’s ASEAN Membership

The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste has implemented its foreign policy by participating in various international organizations. To enhance its relation with other countries, particularly at the regional level, Timor-Leste is working hard to achieve its full membership in ASEAN and has already shown its seriousness to do so, submitting a formal application in 2011. This research focuses on political-security, aiming to find and describe the obstacles and challenges to political security in Timor-Leste, in support of the country joining ASEAN in the near future. Obstacles that have already been resolved by Timor-Leste, include the political security crisis of 2006, a problem of displaced persons, reconciliation and issues regarding veterans. The issues that still need serious attention from the government, in order to be overcome, include unlawful martial arts groups, boundary issues, and comprehensive security. While, political security challenges for the country are good governance, democracy, human rights, the electoral system, and national security.
Multi-swarm particle swarm optimization with multiple learning strategies

Inspired by the division of labor and migration behavior in nature, this paper proposes a novel particle swarm optimization algorithm with multiple learning strategies (PSO-MLS). In the algorithm, particles are divided into three sub-swarms randomly while three learning strategies with different motivations are applied to each sub-swarm respectively. The Traditional Learning Strategy (TLS) inherits the basic operations of PSO to guarantee the stability. Then a Periodically Stochastic Learning Strategy (PSLS) employs a random learning vector to increase the diversity so as to enhance the global search ability. A Random Mutation Learning Strategy (RMLS) adopts mutation to enable particles to jump out of local optima when trapped. Besides, information migration is applied within the intercommunication of sub-swarms. After a certain number of generations, sub-swarms would aggregate to continue search, aiming at global convergence. Through these learning strategies and swarm aggregation, PSO-MLS possesses both good exploration and exploitation abilities. PSO-MLS was tested on a set of benchmarks and the result shows its superiority to gain higher accuracy for unimodal functions and better solution quality for multimodal functions when compared to some PSO variants.