Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Purification and Properties of Peroxidase from Nitrosomonas europaea

Peroxidase from the obligate chemosynthetic bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea was purified 1,500-fold, and its properties were examined. The enzyme had a molecular weight of 53,000 and exhibited characteristic absorption maxima at 410, 524, and 558 mμ. The optimal pH and temperature were 7.5 and 44 C, respectively. The peroxidase reaction had an energy of activation of 5,850 cal/mole and required a primary substrate (H2O2) concentration of 7 × 10−6m to proceed at half maximal velocity (Km). Reduced cytochrome, c,p-phenylenediamine and pyrogallol acted as hydrogen donors to the purified peroxidase-H2O2 complex. Conditions most suitable for the chemical oxidation of ammonium by H2O2 were determined. The reaction was rapid and produced nitrite but no nitrate. Hydroxylamine was not detected as an intermediate, but it could substitute for ammonium in the system. Neither the rate nor the extent of these reactions was influenced by purified peroxidase, and no evidence was obtained to support a conclusion that the enzyme performs a vital role in the transformation of ammonium to nitrite by N. europaea.
Secure Transmission in MISOME Wiretap Channel With Multiple Assisting Jammers: Maximum Secrecy Rate and Optimal Power Allocation

This paper investigates the secrecy rate maximization problem for the multiple-input-single-output multiple-antenna-eavesdropper (MISOME) wiretap channel with multiple randomly located jammers. The multi-antenna base station (BS) transmits information signals along with artificial noise (AN) to disturb the eavesdropper. Moreover, the friendly jammers are properly selected to assist the legitimate link for better secure transmission with some payoffs. With this system model, we first formulate a Stackelberg game between the BS and the assisting jammers with full channel state information. Stackelberg equilibriums, including optimal fraction of transmit power for AN, optimal transmit power, and asking prices of assisting jammers, are first proved to exist and then analytically derived. A policy iterative algorithm is also proposed to obtain the optimal solutions. We then extend the Stackelberg game to the case of MISOME broadcast wiretap channel with channel distribution information of eavesdropper. Numerical results verify the accuracy of the derived results and the efficiency of the proposed algorithm. The results reveal that the proposed jammer-assisted secure transmission can greatly improve the secrecy performance and meanwhile save more energy for information signals, which is significant for future wireless communication.
Access time-aware cache algorithm for SATA hard disks

: SATA has been widely used as the dominant hard disk storage technology. We tried to optimize the performance of SATA disks by devising a new cache algorithm that is aware of disk access time. To validate and test it, we implemented a simple but practical hard disk simulator. Real trace-driven simulations show that the proposed cache algorithm achieves up to 35 percent of improvement compared to LRU.
Analysis of interconnect networks using complex frequency hopping (CFH)

With increasing miniaturization and operating speeds, loss of signal integrity due to physical interconnects represents a major performance limiting factor of chip-, board- or system-level design. Moment-matching techniques using Pade approximations have recently been applied to simulating modelled interconnect networks that include lossy coupled transmission lines and nonlinear terminations, giving a marked increase in efficiency over traditional simulation techniques. Nevertheless, moment-matching can be inaccurate in high-speed circuits due to critical properties of Pade approximations. Further, moment-generation for transmission line networks can be shown to have increasing numerical truncation error with higher order moments. These inaccuracies are reflected in both the frequency and transient response and there is no criterion for determining the limits of the error. In this paper, a multipoint moment-matching, or complex frequency hopping (CFH) technique is introduced which extracts accurate dominant poles of a linear subnetwork up to any predefined maximum frequency. The method generates a single transfer function for a large linear subnetwork and provides for a CPU/accuracy tradeoff. A new algorithm is also introduced for generating higher-order moments for transmission lines without incurring increasing truncation error. Several interconnect examples are considered which demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency in both the time and frequency domains of the new method. >
Indoor and Outdoor Experiments on 5G Radio Access Using Distributed MIMO and Beamforming in 15 GHz Frequency Band

This paper presents indoor and outdoor field experimental results that clarify the 4-by-8 MIMO throughput performance when applying distributed multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) with a narrow antenna beam tracking in the 15 GHz frequency band in the downlink of a 5G cellular radio access system. The experimental results show that throughput exceeding 15 Gbps is achieved with a high average rank of 4 at an indoor office building lobby and outdoor parking area. As for the distributed MIMO gain in terms of throughput in LoS environments, we achieve throughput gain of 39 % and 105 % in the indoor office building lobby and outdoor parking area, respectively. And also throughput gain of 15 % is achieved in N-LoS environment in office building lobby in multi-path rich environment. We also observe a significant increase of throughput and rank when changing the transmission point (TP) spacing from 0.5 to 1.5 m, while only a limited performance improvement when the TP spacing exceeds 1.5 m. Finally, the throughput performance with various TP positions was tested, and the TP locations when facing each other with a TP spacing of 50 m exhibit excellent performance exceeding 10 Gpbs.
Semi-Supervised Learning on an Augmented Graph with Class Labels

In this paper, we propose a novel graph-based method for semi-supervised learning. Our method runs a diffusion-based affinity learning algorithm on an augmented graph consisting of not only the nodes of labeled and unlabeled data but also artificial nodes representing class labels. The learned affinities between unlabeled data and class labels are used for classification. Our method achieves superior results on many standard data sets.
Order Imbalance, Liquidity, and Market Returns

Traditionally, volume has provided the link between trading activity and returns. We focus on a hitherto unexplored but intuitive measure of trading activity: the aggregate daily order imbalance on the New York Stock Exchange. increase (decrease) following market declines (rises), which reveals that investors are contrarians on aggregate. Order imbalances in either direction, either excess buy or sell orders, reduce liquidity. Market-wide returns are strongly affected by contemporaneous and lagged order imbalances. Market-wide returns reverse themselves after high negative imbalance, large negative return days; the magnitude of this reversal is partially predictable from the level of the imbalance and return. Even after controlling for aggregate market volume and liquidity, market returns are affected by order imbalance.
Happiness and Alleviation of Income Poverty: Impacts of an unconditional cash transfer programme using a subjective well-being approach

This study analyzes the impact of an exogenous, positive income shock on caregivers’ subjective well-being in Malawi using panel data from 3,365 households targeted to receive Malawi’s Social Cash Transfer Programme that provides unconditional cash to ultra-poor, labour-constrained households. The study consists of a cluster-randomized, longitudinal design. After the baseline survey, half of these village clusters were randomly selected to receive the transfer and a follow-up survey was conducted 17 months later. Utilizing econometric analysis and panel data methods, we find that household income increases from the cash transfer can have substantial subjective well-being gains among caregivers. Households use the cash to improve their families’ livelihoods, ensuring provision of their basic needs including food, shelter, and clothing. Reduction of these daily stresses makes caregivers happier about their current situations and gives them hope that the future will continue to get better.
Neuropsychological sequelae of diffuse traumatic brain injury

Primary objectives: Description and analysis of neuropsychological deficits following brain trauma with diffuse lesion probably corresponding to diffuse axonal injury (DAI). Research design: A series of 111 patients suffering from traumatic brain injury could be investigated neuropsychologically within the first 4 weeks after injury and re-assessed after 5–8 months. They included 11 subjects with CT-evidence of diffuse axonal injury, but no CT-signs of focal contusions. Eleven patients with focal frontal contusions but no CT signs of DAI were matched to and compared with the DAI subjects. Seventeen TBI patients with normal CT scans served as controls.Results: When assessed within the first 4 weeks after TBI, both DAI and frontal contusion patients exhibited behavioural abnormalities and deficits in Wechsler Similarities. The DAI patients were also impaired in Digit Span backward and Stroop interference. When re-assessed, the DAI patients showed considerable deficits in the California Verbal Learning Test and in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.Conclusions: DAI leads to neuropsychological impairment dominated by executive and memory dysfunction.
Migration and Discrimination in Urban China: A Decomposition Approach

Currently, about 150 million migrant workers reside in the major Chinese cities, where they are treated like second-class citizens by the local city governments and denied access to government jobs and welfare entitlements, with large differences existing in their treatment across the cities. In this paper, we use a new and unique dataset of urban natives and rural to urban migrants from 15 different cities in China to document this differential treatment. We apply a relatively new non-parametric technique, Nopo decomposition, which takes into account differences in the distribution of observable characteristics to decompose the wage gap that exists between the two groups and estimate the extent of discrimination faced by the migrants. Rural-to-urban migrants are found to be discriminated in the urban labour market, but to a lesser extent than has been argued in the literature. We also find that a large gap exists between the national legislation on the treatment of migrants on one hand and the implementation and enforcement by city governments on the other, and that this differential treatment helps explain part of the level of discrimination.
Amplification of the Second Internal Transcribed Spacer Ribosomal DNA of Individual Trichostrongylid Nematode Larvae by Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction

The second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) is used as a genetic marker to identify trichostrongylid nematodes. However, it is often difficult to amplify by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) the ITS2 rDNA of a single trichostrongylid nematode larva or egg. A nested PCR (nPCR) assay was, therefore, developed to amplify the ITS2 from individual trichostrongylid nematode larvae. The results show that the ITS2 rDNA of a significantly greater proportion of individual larvae was amplified using nPCR compared with a standard PCR. There was also no need to column-purify the genomic DNA before nPCR, which is more time and cost effective for studies involving large sample sizes. The amplicons produced from the secondary phase of the nPCR were subjected to single-strand conformation polymorphism analyses and DNA sequencing to confirm the species identity of the larvae used in the current study as Ostertagia gruehneri. The nPCR assay was also used to amplify the ITS2 from individual trichostrongylid eggs. The ability to amplify the ITS2 rDNA from large numbers of individual nematode eggs and larvae has important implications for diagnostic testing and for conducting epidemiological studies on these parasites of veterinary importance.
Immmunohistochemical Study of the Blood and Lymphatic Vasculature and the Innervation of Mouse Gut and Gut‐Associated Lymphoid Tissue

The blood and lymphatic vascular system of the gut plays an important role in tissue fluid homeostasis, nutrient absorption and immune surveillance. To obtain a better understanding of the anatomic basis of these functions, the blood and lymphatic vasculature of the lower segment of mouse gut and several constituents of gut‐associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) including Peyer's patch, specialized lymphoid nodules in the caecum, small lymphoid aggregates and lymphoid nodules in the colon were studied by using confocal microscopy. Additionally, the innervation and nerve/immune cell interactions in the gut and Peyer's patch were investigated by using cell surface marker PGP9.5 and Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). In the gut and Peyer's patch, the nerves have contact with B cell, T cell and B220CD3 double‐positive cells. Dendritic cells, the most important antigen‐presenting cells, were closely apposed to some nerves. Some dendritic cells formed membrane–membrane contact with nerve terminals and neuron cell body. Many fine nerve fibres, which are indirectly detected by GFAP, have contact with dendritic cells and other immune cells in the Peyer's patch. Furthermore, the expression of Muscarinic Acetylcholine receptor (subtype M2) was characterized on dendritic cells and other cell population. These findings are expected to provide a route to understand the anatomic basis of neuron‐immune regulation/cross‐talk and probably neuroinvasion of prion pathogens in the gut and GALT.
Modulation of the neuronal dopamine transporter activity by the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR5 in rat striatal synaptosomes through phosphorylation mediated processes

There is considerable evidence that the activity of the neuronal dopamine transporter (DAT) is dynamically regulated and a putative implication of its phosphorylation in this process has been proposed. However, there is little information available regarding the nature of physiological stimuli that contribute to the endogenous control of the DAT function. Based on the close relationship between glutamatergic and dopaminergic systems in the striatum, we investigated the modulation of the DAT activity by metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Short‐term incubations of rat striatal synaptosomes with micromolar concentrations of the group I mGluR selective agonist (S)‐3,5‐dihydroxyphenylglycine were found to significantly decrease the DAT capacity and efficiency. This alteration was completely prevented by a highly selective mGluR5 antagonist, 2‐methyl‐6‐(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride (MPEP). The effect of (S)‐3,5‐dihydroxyphenylglycine was also inhibited by staurosporine and by selective inhibitors of protein kinase C and calcium calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II. Co‐application of okadaic acid prolonged the transient effect of the agonist, supporting a critical role for phosphorylation in the modulation of the DAT activity by mGluRs. In conclusion, we propose that striatal mGluR5 contribute to the control of the DAT activity through concomitant activation of both protein kinase C and calcium calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II.
Progression of clinical deterioration and pathological changes in patients with Alzheimer disease evaluated at biopsy and autopsy.

OBJECTIVES To quantify the progression of senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and microglial activation in the cortex and white matter of patients with Alzheimer disease evaluated at both biopsy and subsequent autopsy and correlate these changes with the progression of neurologic impairment. SETTING Academic referral center for patient with Alzheimer disease. PATIENTS Four patients meeting the clinical criteria for Alzheimer disease, enrolled in a pilot study for the evaluation of response to intracerebroventricular administration of bethanechol chloride. The patients were followed up until death occurred and autopsy was performed. RESULTS All 4 patients had progressive deterioration from the time of biopsy to autopsy (9-11 years). Pathological investigations showed a striking increase in the density of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in 2 of 4 patients from biopsy to autopsy, and a significant increase in microglial activation in 1 of 4 cases. Severity of cerebral amyloid angiopathy varied significantly among patients, 1 of whom displayed striking amyloid deposition with associated subcortical white matter atrophy. CONCLUSIONS These unique data demonstrate that the progressive neurologic impairment in Alzheimer disease is accompanied by a significant increase in senile plaque and neurofibrillary tangle counts in the frontal cortex and, possibly in some patients, by increased microglial cell activation. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy was associated with significant white matter disease.
Genetic changes in progeny of bystander human fibroblasts after microbeam irradiation with X-rays, protons or carbon ions: The relevance to cancer risk

Abstract Purpose: Radiation-induced bystander effects have important implications in radiotherapy. Their persistence in normal cells may contribute to risk of health hazards, including cancer. This study investigates the role of radiation quality and gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) in the propagation of harmful effects in progeny of bystander cells. Materials and methods: Confluent human skin fibroblasts were exposed to microbeam radiations with different linear energy transfer (LET) at mean absorbed doses of 0.4 Gy by which 0.036–0.4% of the cells were directly targeted by radiation. Following 20 population doublings, the cells were harvested and assayed for micronucleus formation, gene mutation and protein oxidation. Results: Our results showed that expression of stressful effects in the progeny of bystander cells is dependent on LET. The progeny of bystander cells exposed to X-rays (LET ∼6 keV/μm) or protons (LET ∼11 keV/μm) showed persistent oxidative stress, which correlated with increased micronucleus formation and mutation at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase (HPRT) locus. Such effects were not observed after irradiation by carbon ions (LET ∼103 keV/μm). Interestingly, progeny of bystander cells from cultures exposed to protons or carbon ions under conditions where GJIC was inhibited harbored reduced oxidative and genetic damage. This mitigating effect was not detected when the cultures were exposed to X-rays. Conclusions: These findings suggest that cellular exposure to proton and heavy charged particle with LET properties similar to those used here can reduce the risk of lesions associated with cancer. The ability of cells to communicate via gap junctions at the time of irradiation appears to impact residual damage in progeny of bystander cells.
A Model of the Dynamic Relationship between Blood Flow and Volume Changes during Brain Activation

The temporal relationship between changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral blood volume (CBV) is important in the biophysical modeling and interpretation of the hemodynamic response to activation, particularly in the context of magnetic resonance imaging and the blood oxygen level–dependent signal. Grubb et al. (1974) measured the steady state relationship between changes in CBV and CBF after hypercapnic challenge. The relationship CBVαCBFΦ has been used extensively in the literature. Two similar models, the Balloon (Buxton et al., 1998) and the Windkessel (Mandeville et al., 1999), have been proposed to describe the temporal dynamics of changes in CBV with respect to changes in CBF. In this study, a dynamic model extending the Windkessel model by incorporating delayed compliance is presented. The extended model is better able to capture the dynamics of CBV changes after changes in CBF, particularly in the return-to-baseline stages of the response.
Effect of Respiration in Heart Rate Variability (HRV) Analysis

Beat-to-beat changes in cardiac signals or heart rate variability (HRV) are controlled by the two branches of autonomic nervous system (ANS) in a very complex manner. Although traditional HRV (tHRV) analysis has shown to provide information on cardiac ANS control, it often fails to isolate the effect of two branches in HRV signals. This problem becomes more obvious especially at low respiratory rates since parasympathetic activity shifts into lower frequencies and overlaps the frequency interval where sympathetic region is defined. To investigate the effect of respiration in HRV analysis we have analyzed the data of 17 healthy subjects while they were performing normal breathing (NB) and deep breathing (DB). Data were analyzed and compared using both tHRV analysis and enhanced HRV (eHRV) analysis where we used respiration to locate the frequency interval of parasympathetic activity in HRV signal. eHRV analysis provided proper isolation and more accurate detection of parasympathetic and sympathetic control of the heart
Does the Bull Market Have “Buffett”?—An Empirical Study on Chinese Mutual Fund Value Investing in Bull and Bear Markets

“Worshipping value investing in the bear market and everyone is ‘Buffett’ in the bull market” is a general impression of China’s stock market. This article uses the open-end fund holdings data from 2006 to 2015 to test whether the investment behavior of fund consistent with value investing both in the bear market and the bull market. This paper finds that the stock with higher fund holdings in the bear market is positively related to the next quarter and the next year’s unexpected earnings, but not in the bull market. At the same time, similar conclusions have been drawn from further analysis of the new-in and new-out investment behaviors. Overall, this paper demonstrates that “the bear market follows the value investment, while the bull market ignores the value investment” has some truths.
Buffer-ring-based all-digital on-chip monitor for PMOS and NMOS process variability and aging effects

In this paper, we propose an all-digital process variability and aging monitor which utilizes a simple buffer ring with a pulse counter. The proposed circuit monitors the process variability according to a count number of a single pulse which propagates on the buffer ring and a fixed logic level after the pulse vanishes. Using the proposed circuit in combination with a simple ring oscillator which monitors its oscillation period, we can calculate the rise and fall delay values and can monitors the variabilities of PMOS and NMOS devices independently. The experimental results of the circuit simulation on 65nm CMOS process indicate the feasibility of the proposed monitoring circuit. The proposed monitoring technique is suitable not only for the on-chip process variability monitoring but also for the infield monitoring of aging effects such as negative bias instability (NBTI) and channel hot carrier (CHC).