Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Knowledge rationales in human geography: Economic, policy, empowerment, and methodological

ABSTRACT The article presents a systematic review of 152 articles in which the concept of knowledge is applied and that are published in international human geography journals. As the importance of knowledge in society is increasing, especially economic geography has taken up the task of reviewing the concept or role of knowledge in geography. However, there is a need for a more nuanced understanding of knowledge in economic geography, drawing more broadly on human geographical research. The authors analyse how the concept of knowledge is understood and applied in contemporary human geography. Their results demonstrate four knowledge rationales: economic, policy, empowerment, and methodological. Each rationale and their combinations display a particular role and purpose for knowledge, as well as a distinct approach to space. Separately, each rationale provides several insights into a more nuanced understanding of specific aspects of knowledge. When combined, the four rationales offer a holistic overview of the field. The authors conclude that the empowerment rationale offers novel methodological choices towards a more nuanced understanding of knowledge in economic geography.
A Data Mining Approach to Topic-Specific Web Resource Discovery

The rapid growth of World Wide Web in recent years has made it important to carry out resource discovery Topic-specific web crawler collects relevant web pages of interested topics from the Internet, there are many relevant researches focusing on topic-specific crawling. However few works detail the topic-specific crawling with the user interests. In this paper, we present a new user interests model to optimize the performance of the topic-specific crawler. The crawler can learn from the previous experience to improve the proportion of the number of relevant pages and the number of the whole pages by using the user information, which is collected by data mining approach.
Relativistic quantum mechanics of a Dirac oscillator

The Dirac oscillator is an exactly soluble model recently introduced in the context of many particle models in relativistic quantum mechanics. The model has been also considered as an interaction term for modelling quark confinement in quantum chromodynamics. These considerations should be enough for demonstrating that the Dirac oscillator can be an excellent example in relativistic quantum mechanics. In this paper we offer a solution to the problem and discuss some of its properties. We also discuss a physical picture for the Dirac oscillator's non-standard interaction, showing how it arises on describing the behaviour of a neutral particle carrying an anomalous magnetic moment and moving inside a uniformly charged sphere.
Estimating arm motion and force using EMG signals: On the control of exoskeletons

There is a great effort during the last decades towards building robotic devices that are worn by humans. These devices, called exoskeletons, are used mainly for support and rehabilitation, as well as for augmentation of human capabilities. Providing a control interface for exoskeletons, that would guarantee comfort and safety, as well as efficiency and robustness, is still an issue. This paper presents a methodology for estimating human arm motion and force exerted, using electromyographic (EMG) signals from muscles of the upper limb. The proposed method is able to estimate motion of the human arm as well as force exerted from the upper limb to the environment, when the motion is constrained. Moreover, the method can distinguish the cases in which the motion is constrained or not (i.e. exertion of force versus free motion) which is of great importance for the control of exoskeletons. Furthermore, the method provides a continuous profile of estimated motion and force, in contrast to other methods used in the literature that can only detect initiation of movement or intention of force. The system is tested in an orthosis-like scenario, during planar movements, through various experiments. The experimental results prove the system efficiency, making the proposed methodology a strong candidate for an EMG-based control scheme applied in robotic exoskeletons.
Partially-Distributed Resource Allocation in Small-Cell Networks

We propose a four-stage hierarchical resource allocation scheme for the downlink of a large-scale small-cell network in the context of orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA). Since interference limits the capabilities of such networks, resource allocation and interference management are crucial. However, obtaining the globally optimum resource allocation is exponentially complex and mathematically intractable. Here, we develop a partially decentralized algorithm to obtain an effective solution. The three major advantages of our work are as follows: 1) as opposed to a fixed resource allocation, we consider load demand at each access point (AP) when allocating spectrum; 2) to prevent overloaded APs, our scheme is dynamic in the sense that as the users move from one AP to the other, so do the allocated resources, if necessary, and such considerations generally result in huge computational complexity, which brings us to the third advantage: 3) we tackle complexity by introducing a hierarchical scheme comprising four phases: user association, load estimation, interference management via graph coloring, and scheduling. We provide mathematical analysis for the first three steps modeling the user and AP locations as Poisson point processes. Finally, we provide the results of numerical simulations to illustrate the efficacy of our scheme.
Partitioning of Lipid-Modified Monomeric GFPs into Membrane Microdomains of Live Cells

Many proteins associated with the plasma membrane are known to partition into submicroscopic sphingolipid- and cholesterol-rich domains called lipid rafts, but the determinants dictating this segregation of proteins in the membrane are poorly understood. We suppressed the tendency of Aequoreafluorescent proteins to dimerize and targeted these variants to the plasma membrane using several different types of lipid anchors. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements in living cells revealed that acyl but not prenyl modifications promote clustering in lipid rafts. Thus the nature of the lipid anchor on a protein is sufficient to determine submicroscopic localization within the plasma membrane.
Preliminary Draft Not for Citation What Are We Weighting For ?

The purpose of this paper is to help empirical economists think through when and how to weight the data used in estimation. We start by distinguishing two purposes of estimation: to estimate population descriptive statistics and to estimate causal effects. In the former type of research, weighting is called for when it is needed to make the analysis sample representative of the target population. In the latter type, the weighting issue is more nuanced. We discuss three distinct potential motives for weighting when estimating causal effects: (1) to achieve precise estimates by correcting for heteroskedasticity, (2) to achieve consistent estimates by correcting for endogenous sampling, and (3) to identify average partial effects in the presence of unmodeled heterogeneity of effects. In each case, we find that the motive sometimes does not apply in situations where practitioners often assume it does. We recommend diagnostics for assessing the advisability of weighting, and we suggest methods for appropriate inference. We are grateful for helpful comments from David Autor, Raj Chetty, John DiNardo, Todd Elder, Mike Elsby, Osborne Jackson, Fabian Lange, and Jason Lindo.
Generalized blockmodeling of sparse networks

The paper starts with an observation that the blockmodeling of relatively sparse binary networks (where we also expect sparse non-null blocks) is problematic. The use of regular equivalence often results in almost all units being classified in the same equivalence class, while using structural equivalence (binary version) only finds very small complete blocks. Two possible ways of blockmodeling such networks within a binary generalized blockmodeling approach are presented. It is also shown that sum of squares (homogeneity) generalized blockmodeling according to structural equivalence is appropriate for this task, although it suffers from "the null block problem". A solution to this problem is suggested that makes the approach even more suitable. All approaches are also applied to an empirical example. My general suggestion is to use either binary blockmodeling according to structural equivalence with different weights for inconsistencies or sum of squares (homogeneity) blockmodeling with null and constrained complete blocks. The second approach is more appropriate when we want complete blocks to have rows and columns of similar densities and differentiate among complete blocks based on densities. If these aspects are not important the first approach is more appropriate as it does in general produce "cleaner" null blocks.
Minimising the gender status effects on performance for women in leadership

This study explores how different workplace structures are institutionalised such that women in leadership are better able to address lower status assessments associated with the gender stereotype. Using a sample of 27 women leaders across industries, the study found that legitimate workplace structures such as opportunities for promotion into high status roles, increased opportunities to participate, equality and mentoring practices embedded in HRM policies, confuse and challenge the subliminal status effects of gender on perceived task or role performance. For instance, when institutionalised practices were prevalent, the study found that the link between the subliminal gender status and performance was irrelevant and inconsequential with women leaders displaying as much influence as men. When workplace structures were absent by comparison, women leaders had to work harder to overcome common stereotypes that they were less competent and less suited to senior roles. The study outcomes have major benefits for organisations wishing to legitimise HRM policies that help to formalise workplace structures and counter prevailing gender stereotypes.
Bringing Scheme programming to the iPhone—Experience

The iPhone SDK provides a powerful platform for the development of applications that make use of iPhone capabilities, such as sensors, GPS, Wi‐Fi, or Bluetooth connectivity. We observe that so far the development of iPhone applications has mostly been restricted to using Objective‐C. However, developing applications in plain Objective‐C on the iPhone OS suffers from limitations, such as the need for explicit memory management and lack of syntactic extension mechanism. Moreover, when developing distributed applications in Objective‐C, programmers have to manually deal with distribution concerns, such as service discovery, remote communication, and failure handling. In this paper, we discuss our experience in porting the Scheme programming language to the iPhone OS and how it can be used together with Objective‐C to develop iPhone applications. To support the interaction between Scheme programs and the underlying iPhone APIs, we have implemented a language symbiosis layer that enables programmers to access the iPhone SDK libraries from Scheme. In addition, we have designed high‐level distribution constructs to ease the development of distributed iPhone applications in an event‐driven style. We validate and discuss these constructs with a series of examples, including an iPod controller, a maps application, and a distributed multiplayer Scrabble‐like game. We discuss the lessons learned from this experience for other programming language ports to mobile platforms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning Dynamic Event Descriptions in Image

Automatic detection of dynamic events in video sequences ha s a variety of applications including visual surveillance and monitoring, video highlight extraction, intelligent transpor tation systems, video summarization, and many more. The main challeng e in most real-world applications is the learning of the event descriptors from limited data in the presence of noise and vari ations in the occurrence of such events. The main contribution of this work is a semi-supervised learning method in the aforementioned setting for detecting dynamic events in vid eo sequences. Concretely we introduce a stochastic context-f ree grammar approach for representing the events and learn the event descriptors using an entropy minimization-based sem isupervised method. Experimental results demonstrating th e efficacy of the learning algorithm and the event detection meth od applied to real-world video sequences are presented.
A Decade Later, How Much of Rwanda's Musculoskeletal Impairment Is Caused by the War in 1994 and by Related Violence?

Background In 1994 there was a horrific genocide in Rwanda following years of tension, resulting in the murder of at least 800,000 people. Although many people were injured in addition to those killed, no attempt has been made to assess the lasting burden of physical injuries related to these events. The aim of this study was to estimate the current burden of musculoskeletal impairment (MSI) attributable to the 1994 war and related violence. Methodology/Principal Findings A national cross-sectional survey of MSI was conducted in Rwanda. 105 clusters of 80 people were selected through probability proportionate to size sampling. Households within clusters were selected through compact segment sampling. Enumerated people answered a seven-question screening test to assess whether they might have an MSI. Those who were classed as potential cases in the screening test were examined and interviewed by a physiotherapist, using a standard protocol that recorded the site, nature, cause, and severity of the MSI. People with MSI due to trauma were asked whether this trauma occurred during the 1990–1994 war or during the episodes that preceded or followed this war. Out of 8,368 people enumerated, 6,757 were available for screening and examination (80.8%). 352 people were diagnosed with an MSI (prevalence = 5.2%, 95% CI = 4.5–5.9%). 106 cases of MSI (30.6%) were classified as resulting from trauma, based on self-report and the physiotherapist's assessment. Of these, 14 people (13.2%) reported that their trauma-related MSI occurred during the 1990–1994 war, and a further 7 (6.6%) that their trauma-related MSI occurred during the violent episodes that preceded and followed the war, giving an overall prevalence of trauma-related MSI related to the 1990–1994 war of 0.3% (95% CI = 0.2–0.4%). Conclusions/Significance A decade on, the overall prevalence of MSI was relatively high in Rwanda but few cases appeared to be the result of the 1994 war or related violence.
Understanding Tree: a tool to estimate one's understanding of knowledge

People learn whenever and wherever possible, and whatever they like or encounter--Mathematics, Drama, Art, Languages, Physics, Philosophy, and so on. With the bursting of knowledge, evaluation of one's possession of knowledge becomes increasingly difficult. There are a lot of demands to evaluate one's understanding of a piece of knowledge. Assessment of understanding of knowledge is conventionally through tests or interviews, but they have some limitations such as low-efficiency and not-comprehensive. This paper proposes a method called Understanding Tree to estimate one's understanding of knowledge, by keeping track of his/her learning activities. It overcomes some limitations of traditional methods, hence complements traditional methods.
High Plasma Homocysteine Increases Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in 6 to 8 Year Old Children in Rural Nepal

Little attention has been given to the association of plasma homocysteine (Hcy) with adverse metabolic conditions in children, particularly in South Asia where development of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a concern. We evaluated the association between elevated Hcy (>; 12 mmol/L) with MetS in children 6 to 8 y of age in rural Nepal. In 2006–2008, 3524 children whose mothers had participated in an antenatal micronutrient supplementation trial in 1999–2001 were assessed for lipid profiles, fasting glucose (FG), blood pressure (BP) and waist circumference (WC). Homocysteine was assessed in 1000 randomly selected children. There was an increased risk of low high density lipoproteins (HDL < 0.9mmol/L) [OR=1.77, 95% CI=1.08–2.88; P=0.02] and higher systolic or diastolic BP (≥90th percentile) [OR=1.6, 95% CI=1.1–2.46; P=0.015] with elevated Hcy, but no difference in elevated triglycerides (TG ≥1.7mmol/L), FG (≥85th percentile) or WC (≥85th percentile). Overall prevalence of MetS was 8.6% when MetS was defined as any 3 of the following: elevated BP, TG, FG or WC, or low HDL. There was an increased risk of MetS with elevated Hcy (OR=1.75, 95% CI=1.05–2.9; P=0.029). Elevated Hcy is associated with MetS that may have implications for chronic disease later in life. Supported by the Bill and Melinda Gate Foundation (Grant 614).
Connectivité fonctionnelle des réseaux neuronaux intégratifs du système limbique étudiée en IRM fonctionnelle d'activation par stimuli olfactifs

Les mecanismes precis a l’origine de la depression ne sont pas encore elucides. L’avenement des techniques de neuro-imagerie fonctionnelle telle que l’imagerie par resonance magnetique fonctionnelle (fMRI) fournit un outil puissant permettant non seulement de definir les circuits neurobiologiques perturbes dans la depression, mais aussi de mieux comprendre la contribution de chaque region. Les objectifs de ce travail ont consiste a mettre en evidence : (i) les clusters neuronaux impliques dans l’evaluation hedonique d’un odorat, (ii) les anomalies cerebrales fonctionnelles sous-tendant les deficits olfactifs dans l’episode de depression caracterisee (EDC) et (iii) les modulations de ces anomalies suite a un traitement d’antidepresseur. Trente-huit patients depressifs et trente sujets sains ont ete selectionnes pour realiser un examen de fMRI comprenant trois tâches olfactives, les trois odeurs sont la menthe crepue (odeur agreable), bois de santal (odeur neutre) et le lie de vin (odeur desagreable). D’apres notre etude nous avons conclu que les patients deprimes presentent des anomalies de fonctionnement dans le thalamus qui peut etre considere un marqueur efficace pour le pronostic de la depression. De plus, la fMRI constitue un bon outil pour juger de l’efficacite du traitement antidepresseur.
Multiple Channel Types Contribute to the Low-Voltage-Activated Calcium Current in Hippocampal CA3 Pyramidal Neurons

Hippocampal neurons exhibit low-voltage-activated (LVA) and high-voltage-activated (HVA) calcium currents. We characterized the LVA current by recording whole-cell Ca2+ currents from acutely isolated rat hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons in 2 mmCa2+. Long depolarizing steps to −50 mV revealed two components to the LVA current: transient and sustained. The transient phase had a fast decay time constant of 59 msec. The sustained phase persisted throughout the depolarization, even for steps lasting several seconds. The transient current was inhibited by the classic T-type channel antagonists Ni2+ and amiloride. The anticonvulsant phenytoin preferentially blocked the sustained phase, but ethosuximide had no effect. Steady-state inactivation of the transient component was half-maximal at −80 mV. Nimodipine, an L-type channel antagonist, partly inhibited the sustained current. BayK-8644, an L-type channel agonist, potentiated the sustained current. Calciseptine, another L-type channel antagonist, inhibited the sustained component. ω-Conotoxin-MVIIC, a nonselective toxin for HVA channels, had no effect on either of the LVA current components. ω-Grammotoxin-SIA, another nonselective toxin, partially inhibited the sustained component. The voltage dependence of activation of the nimodipine-sensitive current could be fit with a single Boltzmann, consistent with a homogenous population of L-type channels in CA3 neurons. Half-maximal activation of the nimodipine-sensitive current occurred at −30 mV, considerably more negative than the remaining HVA current. These results suggest that in physiologic Ca2+ more than one type of Ca2+ channel contributes to the LVA current in CA3 neurons. The transient current is carried by T-type channels. The sustained current is carried, at least in part, by dihydropyridine-sensitive channels. Thus, the designation “low-voltage-activated” should not be limited to T-type channels. These findings challenge the traditional designation of L-type channels as exclusively HVA and reveal a possible role in subthreshold Ca2+ signaling.
Unconventional Face‐On Texture and Exceptional In‐Plane Order of a High Mobility n‐Type Polymer

Substantial in-plane crystallinity and dominant face-on stacking are observed in thin films of a high-mobility n-type rylene-thiophene copolymer. Spun films of the polymer, previously thought to have little or no order are found to exhibit an ordered microstructure at both interfaces, and in the bulk. The implications of this type of packing and crystalline morphology are discussed as they relate to thin-film transistors.
Structural Insights into the Inhibition of Actin-Capping Protein by Interactions with Phosphatidic Acid and Phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-Bisphosphate

The actin cytoskeleton is a dynamic structure that coordinates numerous fundamental processes in eukaryotic cells. Dozens of actin-binding proteins are known to be involved in the regulation of actin filament organization or turnover and many of these are stimulus-response regulators of phospholipid signaling. One of these proteins is the heterodimeric actin-capping protein (CP) which binds the barbed end of actin filaments with high affinity and inhibits both addition and loss of actin monomers at this end. The ability of CP to bind filaments is regulated by signaling phospholipids, which inhibit the activity of CP; however, the exact mechanism of this regulation and the residues on CP responsible for lipid interactions is not fully resolved. Here, we focus on the interaction of CP with two signaling phospholipids, phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP2). Using different methods of computational biology such as homology modeling, molecular docking and coarse-grained molecular dynamics, we uncovered specific modes of high affinity interaction between membranes containing PA/phosphatidylcholine (PC) and plant CP, as well as between PIP2/PC and animal CP. In particular, we identified differences in the binding of membrane lipids by animal and plant CP, explaining previously published experimental results. Furthermore, we pinpoint the critical importance of the C-terminal part of plant CPα subunit for CP–membrane interactions. We prepared a GST-fusion protein for the C-terminal domain of plant α subunit and verified this hypothesis with lipid-binding assays in vitro.
Synthesizing style-preserving cartoons via non-negative style factorization

We present a complete framework for synthesizing style-preserving 2D cartoons by learning from traditional Chinese cartoons. In contrast to reusing-based approaches which rely on rearranging or retrieving existing cartoon sequences, we aim to generate stylized cartoons with the idea of style factorization. Specifically, starting with 2D skeleton features of cartoon characters extracted by an improved rotoscoping system, we present a non-negative style factorization (NNSF) algorithm to obtain style basis and weights and simultaneously preserve class separability. Thus, factorized style basis can be combined with heterogeneous weights to re-synthesize style-preserving features, and then these features are used as the driving source in the character reshaping process via our proposed subkey-driving strategy. Extensive experiments and examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.