Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does cloned code increase maintenance effort?

In-spite of a number of in-depth investigations regarding the impact of clones in the maintenance phase there is no concrete answer to the long lived research question, “Does the presence of code clones increase maintenance effort? ”. Existing studies have measured different change related metrics for cloned and non-cloned regions, however, no study calculates the maintenance effort spent for these code regions. In this paper, we perform an in-depth empirical study in order to compare the maintenance efforts required for cloned and non-cloned code. For the purpose of our study we implement a prototype tool which is capable of estimating the effort spent by a developer for changing a particular method. It can also predict effort that might need to be spent for making some changes to a particular method. Our estimation and prediction involve automatic extraction and analysis of the entire evolution history of a candidate software system. We applied our tool on hundreds of revisions of six open source subject systems written in three different programming languages for calculating the efforts spent for cloned and non-cloned code. According to our experimental results: (i) cloned code requires more effort in the maintenance phase than non-cloned code, and (ii) Type 2 and Type 3 clones require more effort compared to the efforts required by Type 1 clones. According to our findings, we should prioritize Type 2 and Type 3 clones when making clone management decisions.
More Use of Peritoneal Dialysis Gives Significant Savings: A Systematic Review and Health Economic Decision Model

Background Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are in need of renal replacement therapy as dialysis and/or transplantation. The prevalence of ESRD and, thus, the need for dialysis are constantly growing. The dialysis modalities are either peritoneal performed at home or hemodialysis (HD) performed in-center (hospital or satellite) or home. We examined effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of HD performed at different locations (hospital, satellite, and home) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) at home in the Norwegian setting. Methods We conducted a systematic review for patients above 18 years with end-stage renal failure requiring dialysis in several databases and performed several meta-analyses of existing literature. Mortality and major complications that required were our main clinical outcomes. The quality of the evidence for each outcome was evaluated using GRADE. Cost-effectiveness was assessed by developing a probabilistic Markov model. The analysis was carried out from a societal perspective, and effects were expressed in quality-adjusted life-years. Uncertainties in the base-case parameter values were explored with a probabilistic sensitivity analysis. Scenario analyses were conducted by increasing the proportion of patients receiving PD with a corresponding reduction in HD patients in-center both for Norway and Europian Union. We assumed an annual growth rate of 4% in the number of dialysis patients, and a relative distribution between PD and HD in-center of 30% and 70%, respectively. Results From a societal perspective and over a 5-year time horizon, PD was the most cost-effective dialysis alternative. We found no significant difference in mortality between peritoneal and HD modalities. Our scenario analyses showed that a shift toward more patients on PD (as a first choice) with a corresponding reduction in HD in-center gave a saving over a 5-year period of 32 and 10,623 million EURO, respectively, for Norway and the European Union. Conclusions PD was the most cost-effective dialysis alternative and was comparable with HD regarding efficacy outcomes. There are significant saving potentials if more end-stage renal patients are started on PD instead of HD.
PAUL KRUGMAN AND THE NEG : AN ASSESSMENT IN THE LIGHT OF THE DYNAMICS OF A “ REAL WORLD ” LOCAL SYSTEM OF FIRMS

Since the publication of Krugman's paper on "Geography and Trade" in 1991, a burgeoning literature has developed under the heading New Economic Geography. In the following we shall survey the NEG literature and critically evaluate its contribution relative to earlier work on similar topics. More specifically, we will focus our attention on a model that seems to have given new impulses to the introduction of spatial factors into the economic analysis: Krugman’s model. We will proceed with our assesment analysing if and to which extent the features of the model are effective in investigating a real local system of firms: the Etna Valley, an industrial agglomeration specialized in the production of microelectronic components in the area around the Sicilian town of Catania. What emerged from the critical analysis is that the above model results to be extremely simplified. If, on one hand this may be true for every economic model, on the other, we feel that, in our specific case study, the formalization of the processes of local development does not result to be entirely useful. Indeed, great part of the analysis of the industrial district based on the “industrial atmosphere” (Marshall, 1890) remains out of the picture. Therefore, we find more useful the positions of those authors that not drawing on the deductive methods of theorising and analysing employed by Krugman, nonetheless have managed to enlighten mechanisms that seem to be more apt to investigate dynamics taking place in developing areas. More specifically, they seem to offer more useful insights in the context of non stationary economies where markets are not yet stabilized and therefore are not entirely capable of adequately transmitting incentives and information to the actors in the economy. * Faculty of Development and Society, Sheffield Hallam University. City Campus, Howard Street, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S11WB a.ruggiero@shu.ac. uk
Mid-infrared interferometry of the massive young stellar object NGC 2264 IRS 1

Context. The optically invisible infrared-source NGC 2264 IRS 1 lying north of the Cone Nebula is thought to be a massive young stellar object (∼ 10 M⊙). Although strong infrared excess clearly shows that the central object is surrounded by large amounts of circumstellar material, no information about the spatial distribution of this circumstellar material has been available until now. Aims. We used the ESO Very Large Telescope Interferometer to perform long-baseline interferometric observations of NGC 2264 IRS 1 in the mid-infrared regime. Our observations resolve the circumstellar material around NGC 2264 IRS 1, provide the first direct measurement of the angular size of the mid-infrared emission, and yield direct constraints on the spatial distribution of the dust. Methods. We analyze the spectrally dispersed interferometric data taken with MIDI at two different position angles and baseline lengths. We use different approaches (a geometrical model, a temperature-gradient model, and radiative transfer models) to jointly model the observed interferometric visibilities and the spectral energy distribution. Results. The derived visibility values between ∼ 0.02 and ∼ 0.3 show that the mid-infrared emission is clearly resolved. The characteristic size of the MIR-emission region is ∼ 30 − 60 AU; this value is typical for other YSOs with similar or somewhat lower luminosities. A comparison of the sizes for the two position angles shows a significant elongation of the dust distribution. Simple spherical envelope models are therefore inconsistent with the data. The radiative transfer modeling of our data suggests that we observe a geometrically thin and optically thick circumstellar disk with a mass of about 0.1 M⊙. Conclusions. Our modeling indicates that NGC 2264 IRS 1 is surrounded by a flat circumstellar disk that has properties similar to disks typically found around lower-mass young stellar objects. This result supports the assumption that massive young stellar objects form via accretion from circumstellar disks.
VISUAL TRACKING WITH ROBUST TARGET LOCALIZATION

In this paper, we present a tracking method with robust target localization for tracking of visual objects. We use an adaptive appearance model that incorporates structural information to avoid drifts and can be updated incrementally using partial models. The proposed method works especially well for aerial surveillance sequences where the objects of interest are small and detecting robust feature points in a repeatable manner is difficult due to scale, blur and changing viewpoints. We compare our method using standard sequences and show results on aerial video sequences including wide-area motion imagery (WAMI).
Scale Invariance and Hierarchy in National Road Networks

Vamsi Kalapala Department of Computer Science University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM 87131 vamsi@cs.unm. edu Vishal Sanwalani Department of Computer Science University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM 87131 vishal@cs.unm. edu Aaron Clauset Department of Computer Science University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM 87131 aaron@cs.unm. edu Cristopher Moore Department of Computer Science University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM 87131 moore@cs.unm. edu
Growth Response to Competitive Shocks: Market Structure Dynamics Under Liberalisation - the Case of India

Liberalisation transforms market structures through the behavioural responses of incumbent firms and entrants, large firms and small, to enhanced freedom of choice. Change in market share volatility, and change in the effective agility of small and large firms underpin changes in market structure. We analyse these processes for Indian manufacturing industries over the 18-year period from 1980, spanning the domestic liberalisation of 1985 and the more comprehensive reforms of 1991, using a data set of large and medium firms in 83 industries. We find that while market structures themselves appeared to change little, turbulence in market shares, as well as the way growth is related to size responded markedly, differing in direction and magnitude, depending on whether the liberalisation was partial and domestic, or comprehensive. We find that they tended to offset each other, leading to little visible change in market structure itself. We also find that while drivers of market structure traditionally recognised in industrial organisation studies had significant impacts on both components of concentration change, their dynamics are captured very well by a parsimonious model that has just the announcement effects - the reform dates.
An agent-mediated approach to the support of knowledge sharing in organizations

The realization that knowledge management (KM) is primarily a management science and not a computer science implies a different role for technology in KM. This role is concerned with supporting and extending human interaction and learning, and has therefore the need for intelligence-enhanced, integrated and personalized solutions including agent-based approaches. A people-centered view of KM requires support systems that enable the flexible integration of organizational and individual requirements and objectives. This paper introduces the OperA model for organizations that supports individual initiative and collaboration while prescribing a formal structure for organizational processes. The paper introduces the main aspects of the model and describes a case study where OperA is applied to the development of a knowledge-sharing support system.
Histamine H3 Receptor-Mediated Signaling Protects Mice from Cerebral Malaria

Background Histamine is a biogenic amine that has been shown to contribute to several pathological conditions, such as allergic conditions, experimental encephalomyelitis, and malaria. In humans, as well as in murine models of malaria, increased plasma levels of histamine are associated with severity of infection. We reported recently that histamine plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of experimental cerebral malaria (CM) in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Histamine exerts its biological effects through four different receptors designated H1R, H2R, H3R, and H4R. Principal Findings In the present work, we explored the role of histamine signaling via the histamine H3 receptor (H3R) in the pathogenesis of murine CM. We observed that the lack of H3R expression (H3R−/− mice) accelerates the onset of CM and this was correlated with enhanced brain pathology and earlier and more pronounced loss of blood brain barrier integrity than in wild type mice. Additionally tele-methylhistamine, the major histamine metabolite in the brain, that was initially present at a higher level in the brain of H3R−/− mice was depleted more quickly post-infection in H3R−/− mice as compared to wild-type counterparts. Conclusions Our data suggest that histamine regulation through the H3R in the brain suppresses the development of CM. Thus modulating histamine signaling in the central nervous system, in combination with standard therapies, may represent a novel strategy to reduce the risk of progression to cerebral malaria.
Stability of the Ricci Yang-Mills flow at Einstein Yang-Mills metrics

Let $P$ be a principal U(1)-bundle over a closed manifold $M$. On $P$, one can define a modified version of the Ricci flow called the Ricci Yang-Mills flow, due to these equations being a coupling of Ricci flow and the Yang-Mills heat flow. We use maximal regularity theory and ideas of Simonett concerning the asymptotic behavior of abstract quasilinear parabolic partial differential equations to study the stability of the volume-normalized Ricci Yang-Mills flow at Einstein Yang-Mills metrics in dimension two. In certain cases, we show the presence of a center manifold of fixed points, while in others, we show the existence of an asymptotically stable fixed point.
Modeling and analysis of a bimorph piezoelectric cantilever

Minimizing system volume of the robot sensor network and maximizing system lifetime is crucial for the robot condition monitoring. Currently there are two ways for power supply of sensor network system, power supply and battery. But the power supply needs a lot of cable, limiting the flexibility of the whole sensor network system. Battery needs to be replaced periodically, causing the waste of resources and the environment pollution. Piezoelectric material is a good material for energy harvesting. It provides the possibility to the self-energy of the sensor network because it can converse the vibration energy in the surrounding environment into electricity. First of all, based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, the coupled distributed parameter model of the bimorph cantilever beam with arbitrary proof mass is established, and the closed-form solution is obtained by considering the positive and inverse piezoelectric effect. Secondly, the relationship between the output power of the bimorph and different parameters is obtained, and then the maximum output power is got by the optimized parameter. To confirm the correction of the proposed model, an experiment is performed. As a result, the experimental results are consistent with the theoretical analysis. Finally, the Linear Technology LTC3588-1 chip, which can convert the alternating current into direct current, is used to charge a super capacitor. The output power can even reach the level of microwatt, satisfying the demand of self-energized robot sensor network basically.
Z3-str: a z3-based string solver for web application analysis

Analyzing web applications requires reasoning about strings and non-strings cohesively. Existing string solvers either ignore non-string program behavior or support limited set of string operations. In this paper, we develop a general purpose string solver, called Z3-str, as an extension of the Z3 SMT solver through its plug-in interface. Z3-str treats strings as a primitive type, thus avoiding the inherent limitations observed in many existing solvers that encode strings in terms of other primitives. The logic of the plug-in has three sorts, namely, bool, int and string. The string-sorted terms include string constants and variables of arbitrary length, with functions such as concatenation, sub-string, and replace. The int-sorted terms are standard, with the exception of the length function over string terms. The atomic formulas are equations over string terms, and (in)-equalities over integer terms. Not only does our solver have features that enable whole program symbolic, static and dynamic analysis, but also it performs better than other solvers in our experiments. The application of Z3-str in remote code execution detection shows that its support of a wide spectrum of string operations is key to reducing false positives.
Agreement Among Radiographs, Fluoroscopy and Bronchoscopy in Documentation of Airway Collapse in Dogs

Background Airway collapse is a common finding in dogs with chronic cough, yet the diagnosis can be difficult to confirm without specialty equipment. Hypothesis Bronchoscopic documentation of tracheobronchial collapse will show better agreement with fluoroscopic imaging than with standard radiography. Animals Forty‐two dogs prospectively evaluated for chronic cough. Methods In this prospective study, three‐view thoracic radiographs were obtained followed by fluoroscopy during tidal respiration and fluoroscopy during induction of cough. Digital images were assessed for the presence or absence of collapse at the trachea and each lobar bronchus. Bronchoscopy was performed under general anesthesia for identification of tracheobronchial collapse at each lung segment. Agreement of imaging tests with bronchoscopy was evaluated along with sensitivity and specificity of imaging modalities as compared to bronchoscopy. Results Airway collapse was identified in 41/42 dogs via 1 or more testing modalities. Percent agreement between pairs of tests varied between 49 and 87% with poor–moderate agreement at most bronchial sites. Sensitivity for the detection of bronchoscopically identified collapse was highest for radiography at the trachea, left lobar bronchi, and the right middle bronchus, although specificity was relatively low. Detection of airway collapse was increased when fluoroscopy was performed after induction of cough compared to during tidal respiration. Conclusions Radiography and fluoroscopy are complementary imaging techniques useful in the documentation of bronchial collapse in dogs. Confirming the presence or absence of tracheal or bronchial collapse can require multiple imaging modalities as well as bronchoscopy.
Actuator Fault estimation with pole placement constraints for Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy systems with interval time varying delay: An LMI approach

Abstract: This paper adresses the problem of fault estimation for continuous-time TakagiSugeno (T-S) fuzzy systems with interval time varying delay. The approach is based on a fuzzy Adaptive Fault Diagnostic Observer (AFDO). By considering an appropriate Lyapunov function, less conservative linear-matrix-inequality (LMI) conditions for the existence of the fault estimator are proposed. Furthermore, a pole placement is introduced in order to guarantee a faster convergence of estimation errors on the states and the faults. An efficient example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed result.
A Study of the (cid:15)-NLMS Algorithm With Application to Stereophonic Acoustic Echo Cancellation

In Stereophonic Acoustic Echo Cancellation (SAEC), one of the fundamental problems lies in the misalignment in the (cid:12)lter coe(cid:14)cients due to the two strongly correlated channel-inputs. In this paper, we study the e(cid:11)ect of the normalisation factor, (cid:15), upon the convergence properties of the two-channel Normalised Least Mean Square ((cid:15)-NLMS) algorithm, through analysis and simulation studies with real speech datasets. We then show that the optimal choice for (cid:15) may be close to the variance of the channel-input data. Finally, a subband stereo echo canceller structure which uses a combination of the two-channel (cid:15)-NLMS and the Fast Least Squares (FLS) algorithms is proposed as a practical and promising solution to SAEC.
Impact of Training and Development on Organizational Performance

Training and Development, On the Job Training, Training Design and Delivery style are four of the most important aspects in organizational studies. The focus of current study is to understand the affect of Training and Development, On the Job Training, Training Design and Delivery style on Organizational performance. The back bone of this study is the secondary data comprised of comprehensive literature review. Four Hypotheses are developed to see the Impact of all the independent variables on the overall Organizational Performance. The Hypotheses show that all these have significant affect on Organizational Performance. These Hypotheses came from the literature review and we have also proved them with the help of literature review. Results show that Training and Development, On the Job Training, Training Design and Delivery style have significant affect on Organizational Performance and all these have positively affect the Organizational Performance. It means it increases the overall organizational performance. We also prove our Hypothesis through empirical data. However, results are strongly based on the literature review.
Tetris on Meshes and Multi-Dimensional S HEARSORT

Shearsort is a classical sorting algorithm working in round s on 2-dimensional meshes of processors. Its elementary and elegant run time analysis can be found in various textbooks. There is a straightforward gene ralization of Shearsort to multi-dimensional meshes. As experiments turn out, it wo rks fast. However, no method has yet been shown strong enough to provide a tight ana lysis of this algorithm. In this paper, we present an analysis of the 3-dimen sional case and show that on thel l l-mesh, it suffices to perform 2log l +10 rounds while 2 logl +1 rounds are necessary. Moreover, tools for analyzing multidimensional Shearsort are provided.
Non-invasive measurement of hemoglobin concentration using magnetic plethysmo gram

A method for determining the concentration of hemoglobin in arterial blood, non invasively, is explored in this paper. A permanent magnet is placed just above the radial artery of a person whose hemoglobin concentration is to be ascertained. The flux produced by the permanent magnet (that links with the blood flow in the radial artery) is sensed to obtain a signal called magnetic plethysmogram (MPG). In this paper, an analytical model for a magnetic plethysmogram is derived. Using the proposed analytical model, a method of estimation of the concentration of hemoglobin in arterial blood is derived. The proposed method is then validated through a limited clinical study. The results of the clinical study establish the viability of measuring hemoglobin concentration, noninvasively, using magnetic plethysmogram.