Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bank funding and firm investment in underdeveloped financial markets: evidence from India

This paper highlights the importance of banking institutions in underdeveloped financial markets. Using the concept of external dependence of firms developed in the literature, the paper examines the importance of funds from development banks in India for firm investment. Results indicate that funds from development banks are particularly important for firms with high level of external dependence for funds. It highlights why regulatory reforms related to banking institutions may have adverse implications for firm investment in under-developed financial markets.
The indirect economic effects of a terrorist attack on transport infrastructure: a proposal for a SAGE

After the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in New York on 11 September 2001 there is an increased fear of terrorism. The transport sector seems to be a main target for terrorism. Not only air‐traffic, but also main traffic junctions such as tunnels and bridges may be possible targets of terrorists. The horrific attacks on several trains in Madrid in 2004, illustrate ones more the credibility of these threats. This paper addresses the question how to measure the indirect effects of a terrorist attack on transport infrastructure via an increase in transport costs, and discusses a approach how a government may find the economically most vulnerable links in the infrastructure network. It is proposed to use a spatial applied general equilibrium model in the new economic geography tradition to measure the indirect economic effects.
Sports in Civil Society: Networks, Social Capital and Influence

Sports represent the largest category of voluntary organizations in many European countries. This article addresses questions concerning the position, centrality and influence of sports organizations as one specific part of civil society, and is based on an approach providing information on networks between categories of organizations. These networks consist of overlapping affiliations to organizations which are then interpreted as structures making communication, persuasion and influence possible. From these networks, position, centrality and potential influence of sports organizations in civil society are analysed. The article also looks more specifically at the links between sports and seven other types of voluntary organizations. The data is based on Norwegian surveys from 1982, 1990, and 2003, providing the possibility to follow sports organizations over a period of 20 years. The results show that sports organizations are influential due to size, but relatively weakly embedded and positioned in civil society. This position is, however, strengthened compared to most other organizations during the last 20 years. Regarding the relation of sports to other specific organizations some type of ‘normalization’ seems to have taken place, and sports are socially ‘closer’ to most organizations in 2003 than in 1982.
Sharpe and Treynor Ratios on Treasury Bonds

We challenge asset pricing theory with numerous stylized facts regarding risk and return on U.S. Treasury securities. Most striking is our finding that reward/risk ratios vary inversely with maturity and are incredibly high for short-term bills. Apparently investors would do much better engaging in highly leveraged investments in bills instead of purchasing long-maturity bonds or common stocks. Simulations of estimated three-factor affine term structure models do not replicate the high ratios of reward to risk for bills. Other results include business cycle patterns in risk premiums, volatility, and the reward to volatility that vary with maturity.
A Space Vector Switching Strategy for Three-Level Five-Phase Inverter Drives

A novel space vector modulation (SVM) technique for a three-level five-phase inverter is described based on an optimized five vectors concept. The concept utilizes a novel vector minimization technique that reduces the number of vectors in the <i>d</i><sub>1</sub>-<i>q</i><sub>1</sub> vector space by identifying candidate vectors in each of the ten sectors that comprise the decagon vector space. The candidate vectors are selected based on the inequality relationship between the five-phase voltages during each switching cycle. Using this technique, the original 243 inverter states are reduced to 113 candidate vectors, and from the remaining states ten possible switching sequences in each sector are utilized to develop the desired voltage reference in the <i>d</i><sub>1</sub>-<i>q</i><sub>1</sub> vector space while forcing a null vector in the <i>d</i><sub>3</sub>-<i>q</i><sub>3</sub> vector space. A novel region determination technique is also introduced to identify the subregion that the <i>d</i><sub>1</sub>-<i>q</i><sub>1</sub> voltage vector occupies. This technique significantly reduces the computational overhead required when implementing SVM techniques with multilevel and multiphase inverters. The space vector technique can utilize redundant vectors to assist in balancing subcycle variation of the dc-link capacitor voltage under unbalanced load conditions. Experiments validate simulation results where the low-order voltage harmonics show that the <i>d</i><sub>3</sub>-<i>q</i><sub>3</sub> voltage vector is null.
Efficacy of Tranexamic Acid on Myomectomy-Associated Blood Loss in Patients With Multiple Myomas

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of tranexamic acid (TA) in decreasing blood loss during and after open myomectomy for patients with 3 or more uterine fibroids. Methods: This prospective randomized trial was conducted among 132 women subjected to abdominal myomectomy. Patients were equally divided into 2 groups by simple randomization. The study group received perioperative intravenous TA while the control group did not. Intraoperative blood loss was calculated by measuring the volume in the suction apparatus and weighing the surgical swabs in addition to postoperative blood loss collected via a suction drain. Hemoglobin and hematocrit values were determined preoperatively and on the third postoperative day for all cases. Any adverse effects were recorded in both groups. Results: No significant difference was found between the two groups regarding age, body mass index, number, and size of myomas removed. The TA group showed lower amount of blood loss (407 mL) when compared to control group (677 mL; P < .01). Risk estimation has revealed that treatment with TA resulted in decrease in risk of perioperative blood loss by 40%. In the study group, 13 (19.7%) patients required blood transfusion in contrast to 23 (34.8%) patients in the control group (P < .01). Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were significantly lower in the control group on the third postoperative day (P value = .001) . Conclusion: The TA reduces blood loss during and after myomectomy for patients with multiple uterine fibroids.
Exploring Fit in Public Sector Organizations

Municipalities are complex organizational systems composed of policies, activities and resources. Using an in-depth case study analysis, the elements that make up the organizational systems of three municipalities in southern California are explored. This analysis shows how variation in fiscal health can be attributed to structural and managerial choices regarding the design and organizing of towns and cities. With a better understanding of both the internal and external fit of the organization, a city's managers may be able to make more careful decisions and improve day-to-day management and develop an area.
Do international student-athletes view the purpose of sport differently than United States student-athletes at NCAA Division I universities?

Over 16,000 international student-athletes competed at National Collegiate Athletic Association schools during the 2006-07 school year (NCAA, 2008). Many of these students came to the United States with far different sporting backgrounds than their United States-born counterparts, shaping their perspectives of high-level university sport competition. The purpose of this study was to examine differences among domestic and international NCAA Division I student-athletes’ views of the purpose of collegiate sport. Responses to a Purpose of Sport Questionnaire for 174 international student-athletes from 49 different countries were compared to those from 110 United States-born student-athletes. A statistical test of MANOVA revealed international student-athletes rated the competition aspect of the purpose of college sports significantly lower than domestic student-athletes. Utilizing a second MANOVA, comparisons were made between student-athletes from different geographical regions. Student-athletes from Western European nations rated good citizenship as a purpose of collegiate sport significantly lower than student-athletes from Eastern Europe, Central and South America, and the United States.
Isoform-specific Interaction of Golgin-160 with the Golgi-associated Protein PIST*

Golgin-160 belongs to the golgin family of Golgi-localized proteins, which have been implicated in Golgi structure and function. Golgin-160 possesses an N-terminal non-coiled-coil “head” domain followed by an extensive coiled-coil region. Using the N-terminal head domain of golgin-160 as bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen, the postsynaptic density-95/Discs large/zona occludens-1 (PDZ) domain protein interacting specifically with TC10 (PIST) was identified to interact with golgin-160. PIST (also known as GOPC, CAL, and FIG) has been implicated in the trafficking of a subset of plasma membrane proteins, supporting a role of golgin-160 in vesicular trafficking. Golgin-160 and PIST colocalize to Golgi membranes and interact in vivo. Glutathione S-transferase binding experiments identified an internal region of PIST that includes a coiled-coil domain, which interacts directly with golgin-160. Similar binding experiments identified a leucine-rich repeat within golgin-160 necessary for interaction with PIST. Therefore, our data suggest that golgin-160 may participate in PIST-dependent trafficking of cargo. Interestingly, we also discovered a widely expressed isoform of golgin-160, golgin-160B, which lacks the exon encoding the leucine repeat that mediates binding to PIST. As predicted, golgin-160B was unable to bind PIST. Full-length golgin-160 and golgin-160B may link distinct subsets of proteins to effect specific membrane trafficking pathways.
Higher Order Cognition using Computers: Learning Abstract Concepts with Recursive Graph-based Self Organizing Maps

Abstract concepts are rules about relationships such as identity or sameness. Instead of learning that specific objects belong to specific categories, the abstract concept of same/different applies to any objects that an organism might encounter, even if those objects have never been seen before. In this paper we investigate learning of abstract concepts by computer, in order to recognize same/different in novel data never seen before. To do so, we integrate recursive self-organizing maps with the data they are processing into a single graph to enable a brain-like self- adaptive learning system. We perform experiments on simple same/different datasets designed to resemble those used in animal experiments and then show an example of a practical application of same/different learning using the approach.
Growing Old Gracefully

The authors set out to deal with the question of the relationship between portfolio risk exposure and age, contracting risk constancy with systematic gradual risk reduction. They take issue with a conclusion offered by Paul Samuelson in the Fall 1994 issue of the Journal of Portfolio Management, arguing that his intuitive account of the “escrow” argument for age-phasing is misleading because it ignores the impact of the differential between risky and safe rates of return on the size of the overall accumulation. They explain with a numerical simulation that, far from age-phasing holding in general, the opposite is more likely to be true - escrow is likely to lead an investment strategy in which the proportion in risky assets increases over the life cycle. The age-phasing result will be generated on only a small number of cases where, over a life cycle, safe rates returns. They also demonstrate that for most of us, who accumulate our assets through the working phases of life, financial age-phasing may be a consequence of a savings rule. Financial planners who urge age-phasing may be advocating constant equity exposure after adjusting for the financial portfolio effects of a saving through time.
Regionalization in the World Crude Oil Market

According to Weiner (1991), the world oil market is said to be unified' if prices for same quality crude oils from different regions of the world move together and regionalized otherwise. This hypothesis of Weiner is kept unchanged. However, we are more interested in the efficiency implications of a regionalized world oil market than its policy implications as discussed by Weiner. Specifically, if these prices deviate from each other, i.e., the market is fragmented, there will be arbitrage opportunities for crude oil traders which would render the market inefficient. In this paper, the regionalization hypothesis is investigated via cointegration tests using both spot and contract prices for fifteen crude oils. Three groups of similar quality crudes are formed based on API gravity and sulfur content. Tests of cross-group co-movement which provided evidence for significant quality differences between heavy and light crudes further supported our groupings. Then the co-movement of prices is tested within each group. The crash in 1986 is explicitly dealt with following methods described in Perron (1989). Results indicate that the world crude oil market is unified over the 1980-95 period.
Does Early Posttreatment with Lidocaine Attenuate Endotoxin-induced Acute Lung Injury in Rabbits?

Background It is well known that endotoxin causes acute lung injury, resulting in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Lidocaine pretreatment has recently been shown to attenuate endotoxin-induced lung injury in rabbits. The aim of the current study was to determine whether early postinjury treatment with intravenous lidocaine could attenuate acute lung injury induced by endotoxin in rabbits.
Non-Standard C.A.P.M.'s and the Market Portfolio

RICHARD ROLL (8) CHANGED OUR WAY OF thinking about the CAPM model, both in terms of theoretical content and empirical testing. One of Roll's key contributions was to show that if the market portfolio were efficient, the SharpeLintner-Mossin or zero beta form of the CAPM must follow. The purpose of this article is to extend Roll's work to non-standard forms of the CAPM. In recent years, the literature has contained over a dozen extensions of the simple CAPM. Of particular interest have been models which incorporate uncertain inflation, differential taxes on income and capital gains, heterogenous expectations, non-marketable assets, missing assets and international securities. In this article we will show that models that have been proposed in each of these areas follow directly from the assumption that investors act as if some particular market portfolio is efficient. We believe that doing so is important for several reasons. First, it is a generalization of Roll's work which shows that his analysis and many of his conclusions can be extended well beyond his initial contribution. Second, it allows us to derive alternative equilibrium models using only algebra in a very simple and straightforward way. Furthermore, since the derivations are almost exactly parallel, having mastered one, the reader can move easily through the others. Third, we show that the differences between most non-standard forms of the CAPM come about from a difference in which market portfolio is assumed efficient and an assumption about how to change from the definition of returns used to define the market portfolio to the usual meaning of returns (dividends plus capital gains). This analysis highlights exactly what are the differences between models and shows that many of the asserted differences are nonexistent. The final reason this paper is important is that it stresses that each model arises directly from the efficiency of a particular version of the market portfolio. Therefore, on a theoretical level, one can think about which version of a portfolio is likely to be efficient and on an empirical level the correctness of any model is likely to be decided by which "market portfolio" is efficient. The following sections of the paper are divided by type of non-standard CAPM. The types discussed incorporate non-marketable assets, international assets, inflation, taxes, and heterogenous expectations.
Automatic Video Remixing Systems

There has been a tremendous increase in the amount of user generated content (UGC), and many mobile devices are also equipped with sensors (magnetic compass, accelerometer, gyroscope, etc.). We present an automatic video remixing system (AVRS), which intelligently processes UGC in combination with sensor information. The system aims to generate a video remix with minimal user effort. We present sensor-based as well as sensor-less architectures of such a system. The sensor-based AVRS system involves certain architectural choices that meet the key system requirements (leverage user generated content, use sensor information, reduce end-user burden) and user experience requirements. Architecture adaptations are required if any of the operating parameters need to be constrained for real world deployment feasibility. We present sensor-less architecture adaptations that enable the usage of the automatic remixing logic in different operating scenarios. The challenge for these system adaptations is to improve the benefits for certain key performance parameters, while reducing the compromise for other parameters. Subsequently, two key sensor-less AVRS architecture adaptations (Cloud Remix System and Smartview system) are presented. We show that significant reduction in system complexity can be achieved when a smaller reduction in the user experience is allowed. Similarly, the system can also be optimized to reduce the need for other key requirement parameters such as storage and user density.
15.5 A 930mW 69dB-DR 465MHz-BW CT 1-2 MASH ADC in 28nm CMOS

The width of RF bands commonly used for cellular telecommunications has grown from 35-to-75MHz for 2G/3G/4G platforms to 100-to-200MHz for today's LTE, and the desire for relaxed image-rejection filtering has pushed the direct IF sampling frequencies to 300+ MHz. This paper presents a continuous-time (CT) multi-stage noise-shaping (MASH) ADC IC that achieves 69dB of DR over a 465MHz signal bandwidth with a combined power consumption of 930mW from ±1.0V/1.8V supplies. The ADC IC is implemented in 28nm CMOS and achieves a peak SNDR of 65dB, a small-signal noise-spectral density (NSD) of -156dBFS/Hz, and a figure-of-merit (FOM) of 156dB over a signal bandwidth of 465MHz.
DRG11 immunohistochemical expression during embryonic development in the mouse

DRG11 is a paired domain transcription factor that is necessary for the assembly of the nociceptive circuitry in the spinal cord dorsal horn. It is expressed in small dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and in their projection area in the spinal cord. Drg11 knockout mice exhibit structural and neurochemical defects both at the DRG and spinal superficial dorsal horn and present reduced nociceptive responses. In this study, a polyclonal antibody against DRG11 was generated and used for a detailed systematic spatio‐temporal analysis of DRG11 expression during development. DRG11 is first detected at E10.5 in the spinal dorsal horn, DRG and trigeminal ganglion, where it persists until P14‐21. At the cranial level, DRG11 expression is observed from E10.5 up to the same early post‐natal ages in several cranial sensory ganglia and brain nuclei. These results suggest that DRG11 is required for the establishment of the first neuronal sensory relay along development. Developmental Dynamics 236:2653–2660, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Class of Bayesian Shared Gamma Frailty Models with Multivariate Failure Time Data

Summary For multivariate failure time data, we propose a new class of shared gamma frailty models by imposing the Box–Cox transformation on the hazard function, and the product of the baseline hazard and the frailty. This novel class of models allows for a very broad range of shapes and relationships between the hazard and baseline hazard functions. It includes the well‐known Cox gamma frailty model and a new additive gamma frailty model as two special cases. Due to the nonnegative hazard constraint, this shared gamma frailty model is computationally challenging in the Bayesian paradigm. The joint priors are constructed through a conditional–marginal specification, in which the conditional distribution is univariate, and it absorbs the nonlinear parameter constraints. The marginal part of the prior specification is free of constraints. The prior distributions allow us to easily compute the full conditionals needed for Gibbs sampling, while incorporating the constraints. This class of shared gamma frailty models is illustrated with a real dataset.
Children's Play Behavior During Board Game Play in Korea and America Kindergarten Classrooms

This study explored Korean and American children’s play behaviors during board games in a kindergarten classroom using an ethnographic approach. The Korean participants were 20 children and one teacher of one classroom at attached kindergarten of public elementary school. The American participants were 11 kindergarten children and one teacher from a kindergarten class at a public elementary school. Observations were recorded as children played board games in the natural classroom setting over the duration of 8 months (5 months in Korea, 3 month in America). Field notes and videotapes obtained throughout the observation period were analyzed via three steps. The extracted characteristics of children’s play behaviors of two countries were compared. The results of this study were as follows; First, board games functioned as play–oriented activities in Korea. But in America board games functioned as learning-oriented activities rather than as play-oriented ones in that classroom. Second, there were some differences in children’s board game commencement behavior, observation behavior of board game rules, winning strategies, and behavior at game termination, and board game behavior by demographic characteristics but there were common features also found between two countries.
A wide-angle scanning leaky-wave antenna loaded with a wideband metasurface

Phased antenna arrays suffer from a degradation in performance when being scanned to the horizon due to the effects of mutual coupling. A classical technique used to help alleviate this issue is wide-angle impedance matching (WAIM), which introduces a dielectric slab above the array, effectively acting as an impedance matching network. Here, we present a WAIM metasurface over a leaky-wave antenna comprising a pair of slotted substrate integrated waveguides, fed with a wideband coupler. It is shown that the introduction of a metasurface over this leaky-wave antenna results in a 2-3 dB improvement as the beam is scanned from 40° to 73° off broadside, over a 2 GHz frequency range centered about 11.2 GHz.
STRATEGIC CONTEXTS, KNOWLEDGE FLOWS, AND THE COMPETITIVENESS OF MNCs: A PROCEDURAL JUSTICE APPROACH

This paper analyzes five characteristics associated with the overall decision‐making process that are necessary to achieve a high degree of perceived procedural justice within four strategic contexts of focal subsidiaries. Strategic contexts are based on the role of subsidiaries as defined by the flow of knowledge between these subsidiaries and the global network of MNCs. Propositions are developed that relate the five characteristics, the four strategic contexts, and high perceived procedural justice. The propositions represent a template for managers and researchers interested in the successful implementation of global strategic decisions and the improvement of the performance of individual subsidiaries as well as the global competitiveness of multinational corporations.