Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inclusion, Disjointness and Choice: The Logic of Linguistic Classification

We investigate the logical structure of concepts generated by conjunction and disjunction over a monotonic multiple inheritance network where concept nodes represent linguistic categories and links indicate basic inclusion (ISA) and disjointness (ISNOTA) relations. We model the distinction between primitive and defined concepts as well as between closed-and open-world reasoning. We apply our logical analysis to the sort inheritance and unification system of HPSG and also to classification in systemic choice systems.
Symbolic photograph content-based retrieval

Photograph retrieval systems face the difficulty to deal with the different ways to apprehend the content of images. We consider and demonstrate here the use of multiple index representations of photographs to achieve effective retrieval. The use of multiple indexes allows integration of the complementary strengths of different indexing and retrieval models. The proposed representation supports multiple labels for regions and attributes, and handles inferences and relationships. We define links between indexing levels and the related query modes. The experiment conducted on 2400 home photographs shows the behavior of the multiple indexing levels during retrieval.
Structure of plasma sheet in magnetotail: Double‐peaked electric current sheet

The structure of the plasma sheet in the distant magnetotail observed by the Geotail satellite is examined. We found that the observed structure of the plasma sheet is often different from the standard Harris-type plasma sheet [Harris, 1962]. The observed structure can be expressed as a double-peaked current sheet which has a pair of localized electric currents away from the neutral sheet, i.e., a geometrically thick zero magnetic field region attached to the thin boundary layer with a large magnetic field gradient. This type of the plasma sheet is often observed in the distant magnetotail at radial distances of −50 > XGSM/RE > −125. We discuss a possible model to explain the formation of the double-peaked current sheet in terms of large-scale magnetic reconnection associated with slow shocks.
Pressure-Transient Analysis for a Slanted Well in a Reservoir With Vertical Pressure Support

Analytical solutions are presented for the pressure response of a slanted limited-entry well in an infinite reservoir subject to pressure support from a gas cap, bottomwater drive, or a combination of both. The well's inclination angle ranges from 0 to 90{degrees}, covering vertical and horizontal wells as limiting cases. An interpretation method based on nonlinear regression provides a useful analysis procedure for well tests from such reservoirs. The pressure support from the gas cap or bottomwater often masks the late-time reservoir features, making conventional semilog analysis difficult. Field tests are interpreted to illustrate the applicability and limitations of the regression method.
Plastic flow of oriented single crystals of olivine: 1. Mechanical data

A total of 41 selectively oriented single crystals of olivine (Fo92) were deformed under uniaxial stresses of 100–1800 bars in the temperature range 1150°–1600°C. Under uniform stress no strain inhomogeneities were observed. For all orientations both strain rate and dislocation structure stabilized after 1–2% strain and remained stable to the highest strains achieved (40%). For all orientations, creep could be represented by a power law of the form = Aσ3. 6 where A varied with orientation by a factor of 50. Shape change and crystallographic rotation data for some orientations could only be accounted for by a substantial dislocation climb contribution to the strain rate. All specimens were decorated to show the dislocation structure. Supplement is available with entire article on microfiche. Order from American Geophysical Union, 1909 K Street, N.W. , Washington, D.C. 20006. Document J77-009. Payment must accompany order.
An efficient test vector compression technique based on block merging

In this paper, we present a new test data compression technique based on block merging. The technique capitalizes on the fact that many consecutive blocks of the test data can be merged together. Compression is achieved by storing the merged block and the number of blocks merged. It also takes advantage of cases where the merged block can be filled by all 0's or all 1's. Test data decompression is performed on chip using a simple circuitry that repeats the merged block the required number of times. The decompression circuitry has the advantage of being test data independent. Experimental results on benchmark circuits demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique compared to previous approaches
Fast penetration depth estimation for elastic bodies using deformed distance fields

We present a fast penetration depth estimation algorithm between deformable polyhedral objects. We assume the continuum of non-rigid models are discretized using standard techniques, such as finite element or finite difference methods. As the objects deform, the pre-computed distance fields are deformed accordingly to estimate the penetration depth, allowing an enforcement of non-penetration constraints between two colliding elastic bodies. This approach can automatically handle self-penetration and inter-penetration in a uniform manner. We demonstrate its effectiveness on moderately complex simulation scenes.
Rook: Using Video Games as a Low-Bandwidth Censorship Resistant Communication Platform

Censorship and surveillance is increasing in scale, sophistication, and prevalence across the globe. While most censorship circumvention systems still focus on escaping a given censored region to access Internet content outside of its control, we address a different but equally pressing problem: secure and secret chat within a censored region. We present Rook as a censorship and surveillance resistant platform for communication using online games as its cover application. The use of online games represents a novel form of cover application that provides several features that make them uniquely well-suited for this purpose. Rook transmits data secretly by embedding it in the network traffic of an online game. To mitigate current attacks based on deep-packet inspection and traffic shape analysis Rook uses the normal traffic used by the game, it does not generate additional packets, does not change the length of existing packets, and ensures altered packets are still valid game packets. For evaluation, we implement Rook using the online first-person shooter Team Fortress 2. Rook is evaluated against both active and passive attacks demonstrated in recent years including anti-mimicry probes, deep-packet inspection, traffic shape analysis, statistical analyses of packet payloads, and game-specific n-gram analyses.
The management of human errors in user-centered design

User-Centered Design puts the users at the center of the design activity by involving them from the very beginning in the process and by iteratively testing and re-designing the product. In every testing and evaluation phase human error analysis plays an important role. Although it is not possible to design systems in which people do not make errors, much can be done to minimize the incidence of error, to maximize error detection, and to make easier error recovery. However, the qualitative analysis on human error has not received the attention that it deserves. In the paper the main features of the user-centered approach are sketched and a set of guidelines for handling human error is presented. An example drawn from our design experience is reported for each guideline.
Early print-tuned ERP response with minimal involvement of linguistic processing in Japanese Hiragana strings

The act of reading leads to the development of specific neural responses for print, the most frequently reported of which is the left occipitotemporal N170 component of event-related potentials. However, it remains unclear whether this electrophysiological response solely involves print-tuned neural activities. The present study examined an early print-tuned event-related potential response with minimal involvement of linguistic processing in a nonalphabetic language. Japanese Hiragana words, nonwords, and alphanumeric symbol strings were presented rapidly and the task was to detect the change in color of a fixation cross to restrict linguistic processing. As a result, Hiragana words and nonwords elicited a larger posterior N1 than alphanumeric symbol strings bilaterally, irrespective of intercharacter spacing. The fact that this N1 was enhanced specifically for rapidly presented Hiragana strings suggests the existence of print-tuned neural processes that are relatively independent of the influence of linguistic processing.
Identification of surface acoustic impedances in a reverberant room using the FDTD method

In numerical room acoustic simulations the acoustic impedance of walls and boundaries is of fundamental importance for the correct physical and perceptual synthesis of a sound field. Acoustic impedances are usually measured in reverberation chambers as absorption coefficients. In this type of measurements the sound field is assumed to be diffuse, which is an ideal condition usually not met in real rooms. This paper proposes a different approach to obtain the acoustic impedances, where a numerical model of the room is tuned with measurements using nonlinear optimization. The finite difference time domain (FDTD) method is used to simulate a sound field of a room and an optimization problem is solved to recover the acoustic impedances per frequency octave band. Results show that the use of a time-domain numerical method is advantageous as compared to a frequency-domain method, by making the measurement set-up more practical and improving the optimization convergence.
Automatically Constructing a Normalisation Dictionary for Microblogs

Microblog normalisation methods often utilise complex models and struggle to differentiate between correctly-spelled unknown words and lexical variants of known words. In this paper, we propose a method for constructing a dictionary of lexical variants of known words that facilitates lexical normalisation via simple string substitution (e.g. tomorrow for tmrw). We use context information to generate possible variant and normalisation pairs and then rank these by string similarity. Highly-ranked pairs are selected to populate the dictionary. We show that a dictionary-based approach achieves state-of-the-art performance for both F-score and word error rate on a standard dataset. Compared with other methods, this approach offers a fast, lightweight and easy-to-use solution, and is thus suitable for high-volume microblog pre-processing.
Differential activities of bacteriophage depolymerase on bacterial polysaccharide: binding is essential but degradation is inhibitory in phage infection of K1-defective Escherichia coli

Host range mutants were derived from bacteriophages PK1A and PK1E specific for the K1 polysialic acid capsule of Escherichia coli. The mutants were selected for their ability to infect E. coli bacteria with a low level of the K1 capsule. A specific loss of the cleaving activity of the phage endosialidase was observed in all the mutants, while the ability to bind specifically to the polysialic acid capsule was retained. The results indicate that the polysaccharide-binding activity of the bacteriophage enzyme is essential for the infection process. The cleaving activity, in contrast, is required for the penetration of the dense polysaccharide of wild-type bacteria but is inhibitory in the infection of bacteria with a sparse capsular polysaccharide.
JSON Web Encryption (JWE)

JSON Web Encryption (JWE) represents encrypted content using JSON- based data structures. Cryptographic algorithms and identifiers for use with this specification are described in the separate JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) specification and IANA registries defined by that specification. Related digital signature and Message Authentication Code (MAC) capabilities are described in the separate JSON Web Signature (JWS) specification.
Using perceptron-like algorithms for the analysis and the parametrization of object motion

A new approach based on the extraction of maximum consistent subsystems of linear systems is proposed for addressing the general problem of determining the linear motion parameters of unknown moving objects from a sequence of images. This type of task can be tackled using simple but effective variants of the well-known perceptron algorithm that aim at maximizing the number of patterns that are correctly classified. Unlike in the usual perceptron applications, the weight vectors determined during the training phase are not used to classify new patterns but to extract the structure and to provide the parameters of the considered piecewise linear model. The potentialities of the new approach are demonstrated for the segmentation of the optical flow. Experimental results obtained for fields from synthetic and natural images indicate various advantages of our approach with respect to some classical alternatives.
Variable-Weight and Multi-index Similarity Measure for Feature Fusion

The BoW model is a mainstream in image retrieval, and is employed in many state-of-the-art retrieval process. However, there are two main problems in this model: semantic gap caused by image quantification, and insufficient feature discriminative power. Aiming to handle the problems of semantic gap and feature fusion. This paper propose to choose multiple features to describe interest points and make evaluations for them so that the better judgement result is obtained. And then, we will generate dictionaries for each features and their cartesian product. As a result, a coupled index for all images will be built. Finally, we utilize variable-weight for the scores from those three dictionaries to obtain the total score for each image in datasets. By this means, we narrow semantic gap and implement feature fusion. At the same time, we also prove that previous fusion approaches are the special cases of our proposed approach by changing the weights. The experimental results on two public datasets show the benefit of our approach, specially at the aspect of recognition accuracy.
The mean circulation of the Atlantic Ocean north of 30s determined with the adjoint method applied to an ocean general circulation model

The large-scale mean circulation of the Atlantic Ocean is examined using a general circulation model (GCM) and its approximate adjoint. A cost function is specified that requires the model inputs to be consistent with hydrographic observations and observed air-sea fluxes of heat and freshwater, whereas the velocity field has to adjust to the modified thermohaline initial and boundary conditions. The optimized, quasi-steady model state is closer to the observed circulation state than previous prognostic steady-state models of comparable resolution. However, it is only partially consistent with the error estimates derived from the observations. In the western boundary region large deviations of the optimized surface fluxes from the observations occur. Additionally, the heat release of the ocean shows unrealistically high values at around 60N. At quasi-equilibrium, in large parts of the thermocline values for temperature and salinity along the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic current are significantly lower than those in the hydrographic data, thus tending toward winter-time conditions. The model produces a meridional overturning cell with maximum values of 16 to 23 Sv for different experiments. The corresponding heat transports reach maximum values between 0.83 and 1.07 X 10 5 W. Model deficiencies like the inappropriate spatial and temporal resolution obviously prevent realistic estimates of water mass distributions and surface fluxes not only in the area of the western boundary current. Another shortcoming of the presented results is the parameterization of eddies and subgrid-scale processes by poorly known diffusion coefficients. To overcome these problems at least partly, future models based on the adjoint method should have a seasonal and increased spatial resolution.
A Dual Workfunction Gate for Thin-Gate-Insulator Schottky-Barrier MOSFETs

A dual workfunction gate (DWG) is proposed for the thin-gate-insulator Schottky-barrier MOSFETs (SBMOS) to adjust the barrier distributions by self-aligned tilt-angle implantation. Effects of DWG on SBMOS are investigated using 2-D simulations. Against junction engineering by dopant segregation, as the gate insulator scaled, the stronger gate coupling from DWG can both improve the on-state barrier lowering for electron and enhance the off-state barrier widening for hole. By using DWG architecture, SBMOS can be successfully scaled with thinner gate insulator as the promising candidate for next-generation CMOS devices.
A Trickster'S Oaths in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes

Hermes' maturation into a god of commerce and diplomacy is punctuated by a series of oaths. At first he uses tricky or unsworn oaths in the investigation of his theft of Apollo's cattle, but eventually he and Apollo exchange oaths that evoke the protocols of ritualized friendship. Although the ceremony suggests that Hermes has achieved adulthood, a narrative sleight of hand leaves some ambiguity about the completion of the ritual.
A Novel Ionic-Liquid Strain Sensor for Large-Strain Applications

A novel liquid strain sensor was developed by using ldquoroom-temperature ionic liquidrdquo as the piezoresistive gauge material. Polydimethylsiloxane, with microchannels, was used to form gauge structures, and carbon fibers were used as electrodes. The strain performance was examined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at room temperature, and curve fitting was applied for explaining the strain response. The results show that a maximum true strain of up to 55% can be measured with good repeatability. A parabolic relationship between the real part of the impedance (Zre) and the true strain (epsiv) is observed, mainly due to the resistance change of the electrolyte. The demonstrated ionic-liquid-based strain sensor is of low cost, is environmentally friendly, and is promising for a wide variety of applications.
Online Anomaly Detection under Adversarial Impact

Security analysis of learning algorithms is gaining increasing importance, especially since they have become target of deliberate obstruction in certain applications. Some security-hardened algorithms have been previously proposed for supervised learning; however, very little is known about the behavior of anomaly detection methods in such scenarios. In this contribution, we analyze the performance of a particular method— online centroid anomaly detection—in the presence of adversarial noise. Our analysis addresses three key security-related issues: derivation of an optimal attack, analysis of its efficiency and constraints. Experimental evaluation carried out on real HTTP and exploit traces confirms the tightness of our theoretical bounds.
Extension across Tempe Terra, Mars, from measurements of fault scarp widths and deformed craters

Two independent methods, with no common assumptions, have been used to estimate the extension across the heavily deformed Tempe Terra province of the Tharsis region of Mars. One method uses measurements of normal fault scarp width with average scarp slope data for simple grabens and rifts on Mars to estimate the fault throw, which, combined with sparse fault dip data, can be used to estimate extension. Formal uncertainties in this method are only slightly greater than those in other methods, given that the total uncertainty is dominated by the likely uncertainty in the fault dip (assumed to be 60° ± 15°). Measurement of normal fault scarp widths along two N25°–50°W directed traverses across Tempe Terra both yield about 22 ± 16 km of extension (or ∼2% strain across the northern traverse and nearly 3% across the southern one). About three quarters of the extension has occurred during the two main phases of Tharsis-related deformation from Middle/Late Noachian to Early Hesperian and from Late Hesperian to Early Amazonian, with more extension closer to the center of Tharsis during the first phase. Extension across the region was also determined by measuring the elongation and elongation direction of all ancient Noachian impact craters without ejecta blankets, which predate most of the deformation. Results have been corrected for initial non circularity of craters, established from similar measurements of young (post deformation) impact craters, yielding a statistically significant mean strain of 1.96 ± 0.35% in a N38° ± 10°W direction across Tempe Terra (extension of ∼20 ± 4, comparable in magnitude and direction to the average result from the scarp measurement method). Both methods indicate an average extension for single normal fault scarps (and shortening across wrinkle ridges for the crater method) of ∼100 m. The agreement between the results of the two independent methods in overall extension and average single normal fault extension argues that the average scarp slope and fault dip data in the fault scarp width method accurately represent the actual extension across the observed structures. This conclusion supports existing geometric and kinematic models for structural features on Mars. A preliminary estimate of the total circumferential extension around Tharsis (at a radius of ∼2500 km) is roughly 60 ± 42 km; total hoop strain is about 0.4% distributed heterogeneously (Tempe Terra is the most highly strained region on Mars).
Quantification of exhumation in the Eromanga Basin and its implications for hydrocarbon exploration

Exhumation in the Eromanga Basin of South Australia and Queensland has been quantified using compaction methodology. All methods of estimating exhumation utilize rock properties that are affected by, and retain a memory of, burial in excess of that presently observed. The tool used for estimating the exhumation in this study is analysis of the degree of overcompaction of rock units. Since porosity describes compaction state, the sonic log, controlled strongly by the amount of porosity, is an appropriate indicator of compaction and, hence, is used for quantifying exhumation from compaction. The standard method of estimating exhumation based on the degree of overcompaction of a single shale unit has been modified, and seven units, predominantly shales ranging in age from the Cretaceous to the Jurassic, have been analysed. All units yield similar results. Burial at depth greater than currently observed is the most likely cause of overcompaction since it is unlikely that sedimentological and/or diagenetic processes are responsible for similar amounts of overcompaction in different lithologies. The results of the compaction analysis reveal that Late Cretaceous–Tertiary exhumation increases eastwards from the Patchawarra Trough, through the Gidgealpa–Merrimelia–Innamincka Trend and Nappamerri Trough into the Queensland sector of the basins. This study has major implications for hydrocarbon exploration. Predicted maturation of source rocks will be greater for any given geothermal history if exhumation is incorporated in maturation modelling. The exhumation study helps to quantify velocity anomalies associated with overcompaction. Exhumation values can also be used to improve porosity predictions of reservoir units in undrilled targets.