Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
INTRARATER RELIABILITY

The notion of intrarater reliability will be of interest to researchers concerned about the reproducibility of clinical measurements. A rater in this context refers to any datagenerating system, which includes individuals and laboratories; intrarater reliability is a metric for rater’s self-consistency in the scoring of subjects. The importance of data reproducibility stems from the need for scientific inquiries to be based on solid evidence. Reproducible clinical measurements are recognized as representing a well-defined characteristic of interest. Reproducibility is a source of concern caused by the extensive manipulation of medical equipment in test laboratories and the complexity of the judgmental processes involved in clinical data gathering. Grundy (1) stresses the importance of choosing a good laboratory when measuring cholesterol levels to ensure their validity and reliability. This article discusses some basic methodological aspects related to intrarater reliability estimation. For continuous data, the intraclass correlation (ICC) is the measure of choice and will be discussed in the section entitled ‘‘Intrarater reliability for continuous scores. ’’ For nominal data, the kappa coefficient of Cohen (2) and its many variants are the preferred statistics, and they are discussed in the section entitled ‘‘nominal scale score data. ’’ The last section is devoted to some extensions of kappa-like statistics aimed at intrarater reliability coefficients for ordinal and interval data.
Benthic ctenophores (Platyctenida: Coeloplanidae) in south Florida: environmental conditions, habitats, abundances, and behaviors

Two benthic ctenophores, Coeloplana waltoni and Vallicula multiformis, are contrasted in terms of their coastal environments, habitats, abundances, seasonal occurrences, and behavior in south Florida. Coeloplana waltoni occurs as an epibiont on octocorals in open water settings, and V. multiformis is present in bio-fouling communities, associated with macroalgae, bryozoans, and inanimate substrates in protected, back-water habitats. In our study, individuals of C. waltoni were found under moderate to strong current flow and relatively constant temperature and salinity (T/S) conditions, whereas individuals of V. multiformis occurred at sites of low current flow and more variable T/S conditions. In C. waltoni, individuals generally adhered tightly to host colony surfaces, whereas in V. multiformis, individuals often disassociated from substrates and floated free. Mean population densities of C. waltoni ranged ~500–850 individuals 100 mL−1 (measured as the displacement volume of the octocoral habitat), and densities of V. multiformis ranged 5–360 individuals 100 mL−1 (measured as the displacement volume of the biofouling habitat). Abundance of C. waltoni was significantly highest in the 2014 warm season (June–October) when numerous minute (≤0.5 mm body length) juveniles were present. Vallicula multiformis was abundant in the 2015 and 2016 warm seasons (July–October), and also relatively abundant in the 2016 cool season (March–April). Ctenophore abundance and surface seawater temperature indicate a significant positive response to warm-season conditions in C. waltoni, whereas numbers of V. multiformis did not show any effect of seawater temperature. Recently settled individuals of V. multiformis (≤1.0 mm) occurred throughout the year. Individuals of V. multiformis recruited to fiber-coated sponges during warm and cool periods, with mean body sizes increasing in one cohort from 1.41 to 6.46 mm over a 39-d period, suggesting a growth rate of ~4% d−1. Feeding in both species involves tentacle capture of water-borne zooplankton and particulate organic matter. Individuals of C. waltoni were also observed inserting tentacles into octocoral polyps, possibly pilfering food. Chlorophyll a was detected in extracts of both ctenophore species. The high abundances and feeding behavior of benthic ctenophores could have a strong influence on octocoral and biofouling communities.
Exploring the Potential for Rural Entrepreneurship through Integrated Community-based Intervention Strategies

This article intends to the validate measurement model for integrated community intervention strategies (ICIS) and explore the entrepreneurial orientation of community members in ecotourism destinations through ICIS. The study adopted the exploratory sequential method. The study employed focused groups, interviews and structured questionnaires for primary data collection. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and percentage analysis were conducted for testing the hypothesis. Data were gathered from four protected area based ecotourism destinations of Kerala, India, namely, Thenmala, Periyar, Parambikulam and Wayanad. The result indicates that there are three latent constructs for ICIS that is governance intervention strategies, eco-development intervention strategies and commercial intervention strategies. As far as entrepreneurial orientation is concerned, local community members are able to orient themselves in three levels of entrepreneurial requirements positively, namely, exploration, initiation and sustenance. The study gives a pragmatic model of community intervention in tourism and entrepreneurial orientation resulting from such interventions, which can be further explored to establish a standard model to enhance more inclusive and sustainable resource management practices through enterprise development. Accordingly, the results of the study can influence policymakers, stakeholders and tourism practioners.
Experimental Evaluation of a Fast Demand Response System for Small/Medium-Scale Office Buildings

Since the Great East Japan Earthquake, We have acknowledged the need for demand response. Therefore, we developed a system of experimental evaluation of fast demand response (fast DR) for small-scale buildings. Using this system, we confirmed that it is possible to achieve more than 10% reduction in energy consumption by controlling the air conditioning. In this paper, we describe outline of the fast DR system and discuss the result of evaluation.
Distributing the software process

This paper sees software development as made up of two important parts. One is the technical work in producing software. The other is the team management and coordination in large and complex systems. Support tools for software development have in general concentrated on providing technical support to improve task productivity. These have included CASE tools as well as various editors, debugging tools and so on. Trends to geographically distributed software development call for providing team support to coordinate activities across distances. This paper describes methods for providing such support using groupware. It outlines different support strategies for different team structures and describes an experimental system for supporting mission oriented teams and some results of using this experimental system.
A Typology of Cost Accounting Practices Based on Activity-Based Costing – A Strategic Cost Management Approach and a Case Study

This paper examines cost accounting methods containing one or more activity-based costing (now ABC) like dimensions. The research reviews these methods since the early stages of ABC. The objective is to analyze cost accounting proposals with, in part, a philosophy reminiscent ABC. For all the methods examined, ABC is a starting point at least one important component. The research purposes are to analyze the strategic dimension of the methods described and to build a typology useful for managers. Factors of usefulness are considered in the paper. The discussion leads to a four-dimensional typology based on three strategic objectives assigned to the cost accounting systems. The foundation of the research is the strategic cost management theory from which emerges the ABC philosophy. The methodology applies is an academic and professional literature review. The typology designed shows common points and similarities of the methods observed and their strategic dimensions. This typology could be useful for firms willing to reform their costing system. Some of the methods studied are more or less useful for practitioners, according to the situation of their companies. By company type, a cost accounting model based on ABC is more or less suitable. A case study illustrates this usefulness. The paper first introduces several developments that have emerged since the beginning of ABC. The first part presents the close relationship between strategic cost management theory and ABC. The second part develops a typology of cost accounting systems linked to ABC. The typology emerges from three objectives associated with ABC and highlights four perspectives. A case study illustrates the developments of the paper with a French firm using a cost accounting system in connection with several of the typology's perspectives.
Motivations of Individuals and Firms Participating in Open Source Community

Open source software attracts more and more attentions in the world, motivation of individuals and firms participating such activities also raises interest. This study proposes the motivation framework, including individuals and firms, their intrinsic and extrinsic motives from economic, social and technological view tries to deep understand this phenomenon. This study summarizes that intrinsic motivations is the leading role of individual programmers in determining the participation of open source community, while extrinsic motivations are more important to firms, but their motivations overlapped somewhere.
220 GHz wireless data transmission experiments up to 30 Gbit/s

A wireless data link using active MMIC components at a carrier frequency of 220 GHz is supporting record data rates of up to 30 Gbit/s. The paper presents receiver sensitivity measurements for data rates up to 30 Gbit/s and wireless data transmission experiments for distances up to 20 m. For this distance a 231 – 1 bit pattern with a data rate of 15 Gbit/s was transmitted. For a transmission distance of 10m it was possible to transmit a 25 Gbit/s signal.
Bacterial vaginosis in climacteric and menopausal women

The objective was to determine how frequently an abnormal vaginal flora occurred in women attending a menopause clinic and whether any abnormality might be related to a particular risk factor. Women completed a questionnaire on their gynaecological, sexual and medical history. Whether they were perimenopausal or postmenopausal was determined on the basis of symptomatology, duration of amenorrhoea and on a follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) assay when clinically indicated. A speculum examination of the vagina was undertaken, at which time a smear of vaginal secretion was Gram stained and the bacterial flora graded as follows: grade 1, normal; grade 2, intermediate, and grade 3, bacterial vaginosis (BV). Of 100 women examined, 44 had grade 1 flora, 17 had grade 2 flora and 18 had BV. An apparent absence of, or very scanty, vaginal bacteria in which grading was not possible was found in 21 women. Women with BV had had more sexual partners than the others, but otherwise there were no discernible factors associated with the occurrence of BV. Women with vaginal atrophy were more likely to have an apparent absence of vaginal bacteria, but a few had BV.
Application of extended participation factors to detect voltage fluctuations in distributed generation systems

The dynamics of distribution systems has been significantly modified by the increasing penetration of distributed generation in distribution grids. Distribution systems, with distributed synchronous generators, may exhibit dynamic characteristics similar to those observed in transmission systems, such as, for example, low-frequency electromechanical oscillations. The impacts related to electromechanical oscillations raise important concerns about the system stability and power quality across the distribution grids. Tools usually employed to analyze such kind of oscillations in transmission systems (such as participation factors, for example), may not be fully appropriate for analyzing this same phenomenon in distribution systems. Due to the aforementioned issues, this work proposes the use of extended participation factors as a tool to detect voltage fluctuations caused by electromechanical oscillations in distributed generation systems. The results of a case study show that, in some cases, the traditional participation factors are not able to detect these fluctuations, while the extended participation factors performed well with respect to this detection.
Research on the Relationship between External Compensation Gap of Executives and Enterprise Innovation

How to use the pay contract to encourage executives to implement innovation activities has become an important issue to be solved by the theoretical and practical circles. Based on the data of Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed companies from 2006 to 2015, this paper examines the impact of external compensation gap on corporate innovation, and further discusses the contextual effects of executive talent and property rights. The study finds that the external compensation gap of executives has a positive effect on enterprise innovation. Moreover, the higher talent executives possess, the more obvious the external compensation gap will promote the innovation of enterprises. In addition, compared with state-owned enterprises, the external compensation gap of non-state-owned enterprise executives has a more significant effect on corporate innovation. This paper not only expands the economic consequences of the external compensation gap, but also provides inspiration for companies to adjust the compensation structure and encourage executives to promote enterprise innovation.
SmartSharing: a content delivery network with local sharing of over-the-top devices

Content delivery networks (CDNs) depend on distributed cache servers to reduce the content delivery distance and latency to end users. Nevertheless, a CDN’s cache footprint is greatly limited by the high cost in deploying and maintaining largescale cache servers. To break the limit, CDN providers adopt a new content caching strategy that allows end users to share their storage/bandwidth resources with each other. Two core questions need to answer in this CDN strategy: (1) how to incentivize end users to contribute their resources? and (2) how to facilitate transparent, secure content exchange among end users? We propose a new CDN solution, called SmartSharing, where users contribute their Over-the-top (OTT) devices as mini cache servers. With SmartSharing, an OTT device can share the content the OTT owner is downloading and in addition can cache content for neighboring OTT devices in the same area. To incentivize end users to contribute their resources, SmartSharing uses game theory and the ExpectationMaximization (EM) algorithm to determine content delivery schedule and the pricing scheme. To facilitate content trading among end users, SmartSharing uses smart contracts in Ethereum to create a transparent and safe transaction platform. We evaluate SmartSharing with real-world trace driven simulation as well as smart contract prototype in Ethereum using content meta-data and the derived pricing scheme. By disclosing the internal dynamics in content delivery schedule and pricing scheme and analyzing the overhead in content trading, we show that SmartSharing is an effective new CDN solution that benefits content providers, CDN, and end users.
PATHWAYS FOR BIOSYNTHESIS OF A BACTERIAL CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE I

There has been no demonstration of net synthesis of carbohydrate from fats in animal tissues (Weinman, Strisower, and Chaikoff, 1957). Many microorganisms, however, are able to grow with acetate and other fatty acids as sole carbon sources and must therefore convert these compounds to cellular carbohydrate. This investigation was primarily concerned with the conversion of two-carbon compounds into bacterial polysaccharide capsules. Bacteria which grow and produce capsules in a mineral salts medium supplemented with single carbon sources were isolated from soil. A study has been made of capsule synthesis by one of these isolates, a gram-negative coccus. This paper reports the characterization of the organism and a study of the composition of the polysaccharide capsule which it elaborates. A preliminary report of this work has been presented (Taylor and Juni, 1958).
Has Huawei Achieved Catch-up with Forerunners?: Overall vs Core Technological Capability

This paper examines the effectiveness of Huawei’s technological catch-up with industry forerunners in two major technological fields in the telecommunication industry: data communications and wireless communications. Using US patent data between 2001 and 2012, the paper analyses Huawei’s comparative performance in technological capability against industry leaders by both overall technological caliber (OTC) and core technological caliber (CTC). The paper finds that, measured by OTC, Huawei has successfully achieved technological catch-up and, in fact, has overtaken industry forerunners in both data and wireless communication fields. On the other hand, measured by CTC, though having made progress, Huawei still lags behind industry leaders, though the emerging field of wireless communications has provided a window of opportunity for Huawei to realize faster catch-up than in the more established field of data communications. Using an improved method of patent analysis to measure technological capability, this.
Survivin: a novel target for indomethacin-induced gastric injury.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) cause gastrointestinal erosions and ulcers. Apoptosis is one of the mechanisms. The role of survivin, an antiapoptosis protein, in NSAID-induced gastric injury is unknown. We examined the role of survivin in NSAID-induced gastric mucosal and gastric cell injury. METHODS We examined: (1) the effects of indomethacin (nonselective NSAID), celecoxib and NS-398 (cyclooxygenase [COX]-2-selective NSAIDs), SC-560 (a COX-1-selective NSAID), and SC-560 plus celecoxib on survivin expression and extent of injury in rat gastric mucosa; (2) the effects of indomethacin, NS-398, SC-560, and SC-560 plus NS-398 on survivin expression and injury in gastric epithelial (RGM-1) cells; and (3) the effects of survivin suppression with small interfering RNA (siRNA) on RGM-1 cell integrity at baseline and following indomethacin injury. RESULTS Indomethacin treatment dose-dependently reduced survivin protein levels and caused severe injury of gastric mucosa and RGM-1 cells. Suppression of survivin expression with siRNA in RGM-1 cells caused cell damage and increased susceptibility to injury by indomethacin. Celecoxib treatment caused exfoliation of the mucosal surface epithelium, but neither caused deep erosions or altered survivin expression. Neither NS-398 nor SC-560 treatment altered survivin levels or produced injury in vivo or in vitro. COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor combination caused injury in vivo and in vitro but did not decrease survivin expression. CONCLUSIONS (1) Indomethacin, but not selective COX-1 or COX-2 inhibitors alone or in combination, reduces survivin expression in gastric mucosal cells and (2) significant reduction of survivin precedes greater severity of gastric injury.
Clonal Dominance of Hematopoietic Stem Cells Triggered by Retroviral Gene Marking

Gene marking with replication-defective retroviral vectors has been used for more than 20 years to track the in vivo fate of cell clones. We demonstrate that retroviral integrations themselves may trigger nonmalignant clonal expansion in murine long-term hematopoiesis. All 29 insertions recovered from clones dominating in serially transplanted recipients affected loci with an established or potential role in the self-renewal or survival of hematopoietic stem cells. Transcriptional dysregulation occurred in all 12 insertion sites analyzed. These findings have major implications for diagnostic gene marking and the discovery of genes regulating stem cell turnover.
Weather and the Transmission of Bacillary Dysentery in Jinan, Northern China: A Time-Series Analysis

Objectives. This article aims to quantify the relationship between weather variations and bacillary dysentery in Jinan, a city in northern China with a temperate climate, to reach a better understanding of the effect of weather variations on enteric infections. Methods. The weather variables and number of cases of bacillary dysentery during the period 1987–2000 has been studied on a monthly basis. The Spearman correlation between each weather variable and dysentery cases was conducted. Seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) models were used to perform the regression analyses. Results. Maximum temperature (one-month lag), minimum temperature (one-month lag), rainfall (one-month lag), relative humidity (without lag), and air pressure (one-month lag) were all significantly correlated with the number of dysentery cases in Jinan. After controlling for the seasonality, lag time, and long-term trend, the SARIMA model suggested that a 1°C rise in maximum temperature might relate to more than 10% (95% confidence interval 10.19, 12.69) increase in the cases of bacillary dysentery in this city. Conclusions. Weather variations have already affected the transmission of bacillary dysentery in China. Temperatures could be used as a predictor of the number of dysentery cases in a temperate city in northern China. Public health interventions should be undertaken at this stage to adapt and mitigate the possible consequences of climate change in the future.
Consensus-based droop control synthesis for multiple power converters in lossy micro-grids

Due to inherent distributed and heterogeneous nature of the micro-grid, the micro-grid becomes an ideal platform for consensus-based control. Conventionally, power sharing in a micro-grid is achieved by autonomous P-f and Q-V droop control on individual inverters, which suffers from the dependence on output line impedance. Inaccurate reactive power sharing will occur under strongly non-uniform line impedance. In this paper, the consensus-based P-f/Q-V and P-V/Q-F droop control with sparse communication network is proposed. When the line impedances of the grid is either lossy or even purely resistive, the operation principle of the proposed droop control is presented. In addition, the stability of the closed-loop system is studied by the transient energy function approach. Real-time simulations of a 14-bus micro-grid system are studied to validate the effectiveness of the proposed droop control method.
Ethical leadership, work engagement, and voice behavior

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to draw on ethical leadership and regulatory focus theory perspectives to examine the mediating role of work engagement in the relationship between ethical leadership and voice behavior, and it addresses the moderating effect of promotion focus on the relationship between ethical leadership and work engagement. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a sample of 239 supervisor-subordinate dyads collected from a large economic research institution in northern Taiwan to test all hypotheses. Findings – The paper finds that ethical leadership facilitates subordinates to engage in their work and encourages subordinates to speak up. This study also reveals a positive relationship between ethical leadership and work engagement that is moderated by the subordinate's self-regulatory focus, which is driven by a focus on promotion. Originality/value – The paper extends ethical leadership theory by considering that work engagement serves as a cognitive motivational underpin.