Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Not All ‘Second-Order’ Contests are the Same: Turnout and Party Choice at the Concurrent 2004 Local and European Parliament Elections in England*

The European Parliament elections in June 2004 coincided with local elections in many parts of England. In four regions of the country these elections were conducted entirely by postal ballots; in four other regions traditional methods of polling were used. Overall turnout was higher where all-postal voting was in place, but having local in addition to European elections made an independent and significant contribution to the level of electoral participation in all postal and non-postal regions alike. The pattern of party choice at the two types of contest also varied considerably. The three major political parties together took a much larger share of the overall vote at the local than at the European elections, and each independently ‘lost’ a sizeable number of its local votes to smaller parties. Aggregate level analysis suggests that voters assess the importance of electoral contests along a continuum and, in Britain in 2004 at least, treated local elections as less ‘second-order’ than pan-European ones.
Aspergillus terreus

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) has emerged as a common cause of morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised patients. At The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX), Aspergillus terreus is second to A. fumigatus as the most common cause of IA. In the current study, the authors compared the risk factors and outcomes associated with IA caused by A. terreus and IA caused by A. fumigatus.
The Market for Academic Knowledge: Its Historical Emergence and Inherent Tensions

ABSTRACT This paper contributes to the discussion about the marketisation of universities by providing a historical perspective. Going back to the time when the market for academic knowledge emerged, I argue that it was created through incorporating a number of inherent tensions that have been, and still are, shaping its development. I show how these tensions affect the self-definition of the producers and consumers in the market as well as their valuation of the products the market has to offer. They also influence the rules of exchange.
Racial Gap in Teachers’ Perceptions of the Achievement Gap

Why does the achievement gap exist, and what should we do about it? Ogbu and Simons suggested that urban minority parents “hold teachers and schools, rather than their children, responsible for poor academic performance. ” Other adults focus on the children and families, commenting on such things as poverty and lack of parental concern. And then there are the students who talk about being underestimated, dismissed, or just bored. The purpose of this study is to examine Black and White teachers’ perceptions of possible causes and potential solutions to the achievement gap. Similarities and differences in their perceptions are highlighted. Our study suggests that before we can take a discussion of solutions to the next level, teachers must first examine and move past their personal assumptions and strive to understand the whole reality.
Stages of Multiple Behavior Change as a Function of Readiness for Substance Abuse Treatment Among Women at Risk

&NA; Based on a multidimensional stages‐of‐change model, the present work examines changes in readiness to modify several types of risk behaviors among women seeking to enter substance abuse treatment. These behaviors are: seeking mental health counseling, reducing risky sexual behaviors, reducing risk of physical violence, and improving vocational/educational skills. Participants (n = 261 women; 66.3% African American, 24.1% Latina, and 9.6% Caucasian) were assessed at baseline and an average of six months later. Results of a repeated measures analysis of variance demonstrated significant increases in readiness for behavior change. The interaction between initial readiness to modify substance abuse behaviors and longitudinal change also was significant. Implications for designing programs to address the needs of women with multiple vulnerabilities are discussed.
Nonsyntenic Genes Drive Tissue-Specific Dynamics of Differential, Nonadditive, and Allelic Expression Patterns in Maize Hybrids1[OPEN]

Nonsyntenic genes are overrepresented among differential, nonadditive, and allelic expression patterns in root tissues of maize hybrids during the early developmental manifestation of heterosis. Distantly related maize (Zea mays) inbred lines display an exceptional degree of genomic diversity. F1 progeny of such inbred lines are often more vigorous than their parents, a phenomenon known as heterosis. In this study, we investigated how the genetic divergence of the maize inbred lines B73 and Mo17 and their F1 hybrid progeny is reflected in differential, nonadditive, and allelic expression patterns in primary root tissues. In pairwise comparisons of the four genotypes, the number of differentially expressed genes between the two parental inbred lines significantly exceeded those of parent versus hybrid comparisons in all four tissues under analysis. No differentially expressed genes were detected between reciprocal hybrids, which share the same nuclear genome. Moreover, hundreds of nonadditive and allelic expression ratios that were different from the expression ratios of the parents were observed in the reciprocal hybrids. The overlap of both nonadditive and allelic expression patterns in the reciprocal hybrids significantly exceeded the expected values. For all studied types of expression - differential, nonadditive, and allelic - substantial tissue-specific plasticity was observed. Significantly, nonsyntenic genes that evolved after the last whole genome duplication of a maize progenitor from genes with synteny to sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) were highly overrepresented among differential, nonadditive, and allelic expression patterns compared with the fraction of these genes among all expressed genes. This observation underscores the role of nonsyntenic genes in shaping the transcriptomic landscape of maize hybrids during the early developmental manifestation of heterosis in root tissues of maize hybrids.
Reliability Evaluation of Embedded GPGPUs for Safety Critical Applications

Thanks to the capability of efficiently executing massive computations in parallel, general purpose graphic processing units (GPGPUs) have begun to be preferred to CPUs for several parallel applications in different domains. Two are the most relevant fields in which, recently, GPGPUs have begun to be employed: high performance computing (HPC) and embedded systems. The reliability requirements are different in these two applications domain. In order to be employed in safety-critical applications, GPGPUs for embedded systems must be qualified as reliable. In this paper, we analyze through neutron irradiation typical parallel algorithms for embedded GPGPUs and we evaluate their reliability. We analyze how caches and threads distributions affect the GPGPU reliability. The data have been acquired through neutron test experiments, performed at the VESUVIO neutron facility at ISIS. The obtained experimental results show that, if the L1 cache of the considered GPGPU is disabled, the algorithm execution is most reliable. Moreover, it is demonstrated that during a FFT execution most errors appear in the stages in which the GPGPU is completely loaded as the number of instantiated parallel tasks is higher.
On Bayesian-Nash Equilibria Satisfying the Condorcet Jury Theorem: The Dependent Case

We investigate sufficient conditions for the existence of Bayesian-Nash equilibria that satisfy the Condorcet Jury Theorem (CJT). In the Bayesian game Gn among n jurors, we allow for arbitrary distribution on the types of jurors. In particular, any kind of dependency is possible. If each juror i has a constant strategy, h, si (that is, a strategy that is independent of the size n.i of the jury), such that s =(s 1,s 2, . . . ,sn . . .) satisfies theCJT, then byMcLennan (1998) there exists a Bayesian-Nash equilibrium that also satisfies the CJT. We translate the CJT condition on sequences of constant strategies into the following problem: (**) For a given sequence of binary random variables X = (X1,X2, .,Xn, .) with joint distribution P, does the distribution P satisfy the asymptotic part of the CJT ? We provide sufficient conditions and two general (distinct) necessary conditions for (**). We give a complete solution to this problem when X is a sequence of exchangeable binary random variables.
Timely Long Tail Identification through Agent Based Monitoring and Analytics

The increasing complexity and scale of distributed systems has resulted in the manifestation of emergent behavior which substantially affects overall system performance. A significant emergent property is that of the "Long Tail", whereby a small proportion of task stragglers significantly impact job execution completion times. To mitigate such behavior, straggling tasks occurring within the system need to be accurately identified in a timely manner. However, current approaches focus on mitigation rather than identification, which typically identify stragglers too late in the execution lifecycle. This paper presents a method and tool to identify Long Tail behavior within distributed systems in a timely manner, through a combination of online and offline analytics. This is achieved through historical analysis to profile and model task execution patterns, which then inform online analytic agents that monitor task execution at runtime. Furthermore, we provide an empirical analysis of two large-scale production Cloud data enters that demonstrate the challenge of data skew within modern distributed systems, this analysis shows that approximately 5% of task stragglers caused by data skew impact 50% of the total jobs for batch processes. Our results demonstrate that our approach is capable of identifying task stragglers less than 11% into their execution lifecycle with 98% accuracy, signifying significant improvement over current state-of-the-art practice and enables far more effective mitigation strategies in large-scale distributed systems worldwide.
A Hardware-Efficient VLSI Architecture for Hybrid Sphere-MCMC Detection

This paper presents a hybrid soft-output MIMO detector that searches reliable soft-information in both deterministic and probabilistic ways. The fixed-complexity sphere detector (FSD) is first applied to provide near maximum-likelihood (ML) solutions. The solutions are next used to initialize the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) detector that uses parallel Gibbs samplers (GSs) for remaining candidate enumeration. A low-complexity VLSI architecture is proposed to demonstrate the feasibility of hardware realization for high-throughput applications. Simulation results indicate that the hybrid detector has a 2.3x complexity reduction and a 2x throughput improvement compared to individual soft-output FSD and MCMC detectors.
Red clover extract: a source for substances that activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor &agr; and ameliorate the cytokine secretion profile of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages

Objective: Inflammation and hyperlipidemia or dyslipidemia contribute to an increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease represents one of the major causes of premature death worldwide. The activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) &agr;, a drug target for hyperlipidemia and dyslipidemia, leads to an improved blood lipid profile. In this study, we determined the putative anti-inflammatory and PPAR&agr; stimulatory activities of red clover, an alternative to the classic hormone therapy used currently to treat menopausal symptoms. Methods: Lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages were used as a model for anti-inflammatory activity, and a chimeric GAL4-PPAR&agr; system was used as a model for putative hypolipidemic activity. Results: Red clover extract and the isoflavones genistein and biochanin A were moderate PPAR&agr; activators. Daidzein only slightly activated PPAR&agr;, but its metabolite 6-hydroxydaidzein exerted a much higher PPAR&agr; activity. Similarly, the metabolite 3&vprime;-hydroxygenistein achieved higher activation efficiency than its precursor, genistein, did. In lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages, red clover extract and its compounds reduced the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor &agr;, increased the secretion of the anti-inflammatory interleukin-10, and/or reduced the expression of nuclear factor-&kgr;B, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and/or cyclooxygenase 2. Tumor necrosis factor &agr; production was most efficiently reduced by biochanin A and genistein. Interleukin-6 levels were most efficiently reduced by genistein and equol. Conclusions: Owing to its PPAR&agr; activation and modulation of the secreted cytokine profile, red clover extract is a putative candidate for preventing atherosclerosis and, thus, cardiovascular disease.
Extra-pair paternity and egg dumping in birds: life history, parental care and the risk of retaliation

Molecular techniques have revealed striking variation among bird species in the rates of extra–pair paternity (EPP) and intraspecific brood parasitism (IBP). In terms of the proportion of broods affected, rates of EPP and IBP vary across species from 0–95% and 0–50%, respectively. Despite a plethora of hypotheses and several careful comparative analyses, few robust correlates of this interspecific variation have been identified. One explanation for this shortfall is that most comparative studies have tended to focus on contemporary ecological factors and ignored fundamental differences in reproductive biology that evolved millions of years ago. We show that, for both EPP and IBP, over 50% of interspecific variation is due to differences among taxonomic families and orders. Therefore, we test hypotheses that predict interspecific variation in the rate of alternative reproductive strategies should be associated with differences in life history and the form of parental care. Our analyses largely support these predictions, with high rates of reproductive cheating being associated with ‘fast’ life histories. High EPP rates are associated with high rates of adult mortality and reduced paternal care. High IBP rates are associated with high–fecundity rates. These patterns remain intact whether we use species as independent data points or evolutionary contrasts based on either molecular or morphological phylogenies. These results are interpreted as supporting the idea that alternative reproductive strategies are most common in taxa in which the risks of retaliation are low. We suggest a hierarchical explanation for interspecific variation in the incidence of alternative reproductive strategies. Variation between major avian lineages in the EPP and IBP rates are determined by fundamental differences in life history and parental care that evolved many millions of years ago. Variation between populations or individuals of the same species, however, are more likely to be determined by differences in contemporary ecological and genetic factors.
A Parallel Corpus for Evaluating Machine Translation between Arabic and European Languages

We present Arab-Acquis, a large publicly available dataset for evaluating machine translation between 22 European languages and Arabic. Arab-Acquis consists of over 12,000 sentences from the JRC-Acquis (Acquis Communautaire) corpus translated twice by professional translators, once from English and once from French, and totaling over 600,000 words. The corpus follows previous data splits in the literature for tuning, development, and testing. We describe the corpus and how it was created. We also present the first benchmarking results on translating to and from Arabic for 22 European languages.
Self-efficacy and language proficiency in interpreter trainees

The aim of this paper is to empirically assess the impact of self-efficacy on the performance of trainee interpreters with different degrees of second-language competence. Self-efficacy, as understood by Bandura, is defined as people’s beliefs about their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance. This article begins by presenting an overview of this psychological construct and highlighting the difference between general self-efficacy and specific self-efficacy. Second, it reviews the literature on self-efficacy and its relation to performance, as well as the relationship between the process of second-language acquisition and the process of interpreting skills acquisition. Interpreting tasks performed by students with low linguistic competence in their B language are compared with the output of trainee interpreters with high linguistic competence, after their specific self-efficacy expectations are measured. A sample of 281 interpreting trainees was used for this study. Results show that se.
Semantics: An Interdisciplinary Reader in Philosophy, Linguistics and Psychology

Preface Acknowledgements and references to reprinted articles Part I. Philosophy: Overview Charles E. Caton Section 1. Meaning: 1. On sentence-sense, word-sense and difference of word sense. Towards a philosophical theory of dictionaries David Wiggins 2. How does one tell whether a word has one, several or many senses? William P. Alston 3 A reply to Mr Alson David Wiggins 4. Meaning H. G. Price 5. Three levels of meaning Gilbert H. Harman Section 2. Reference: 1. Reference and referents Leonard Linsky 2. Identifying reference and truth-values P. F. Strawson 3. Reference and definite descriptions Keith Donnellan 4. Singular terms Zeno Vaendler 5. The problem of proper names John R. Searle 6. The inscrutability of reference W. V. Quine Part II. Linguistics: Overview Howard Maclay Section 1. The Role of Semantics in a Grammar: 1. Deep structure, surface structure, and semantic interpretations Noam Chomsky 2. Where do noun phrases come from? James D. McCawley 3. On generative semantics George Lakoff Section 2. Meaning, Presupposition and Reference: 1. Semantic theory Jerrold J. Katz 2. Explorations in semantic theory Uriel Weinreich 3. Presupposition and relative well-formedness George Lakoff 4. Presupposition and assertion in the semantic analysis of nouns and verbs in English D. Terence Langendoen 5. Fact Paul Kiparsky and Carol Kiparsky Section 3. The Lexicon: 1. Types of lexical information Charles J. Fillmore 2. The data of semantic description Edward H. Bendix 3. On classifying semantic features Manfred Bierwisch 4. A method of semantic description R. M. W. Dixon 5. A note on a Walbiri tradition of antonymy Kenneth Hale Part III. Psychology: Overview Danny Steinberg Section 1. Theoretical Issues: 1. Where do sentences come from? Charles E. Osgood 2. Are there specifically linguistic universals? David McNeill 3. Language and cognition Eric H. Lenneberg 4. Could meaning be an rm? Jerry A. Fodor Section 2. Empirical Studies: 1. Empirical methods in the study of semantics George A. Miller 2. Some lexical structures and their empirical validity Thomas G. Bever and Peter S. Rosenbaum Index.
Edge‐disjoint Hamilton cycles in random graphs

We show that provided log50n/n≤p≤1−n−1/4log9n we can with high probability find a collection of ⌊δ(G)/2⌋ edge‐disjoint Hamilton cycles in G∼Gn,p , plus an additional edge‐disjoint matching of size ⌊n/2⌋ if δ(G) is odd. This is clearly optimal and confirms, for the above range of p, a conjecture of Frieze and Krivelevich. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg. , 46, 397–445, 2015
Facial recognition/verification using Gabor wavelets and kernel methods

A novel Gabor-kernel face classification method is proposed in this paper. This involves convolving a face image with a series of Gabor kernels at different scales, locations, and orientations to obtain feature vectors. Kernel methods such as kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) and kernel discriminant analysis (KDA) are then applied to the feature vectors for dimension reduction as well as class separability enhancement. The method has been applied to both face recognition and verification for performance evaluation. Two standard databases: FERET and BANCA database are used for testing. Both results show the robustness of the method: Gabor + KDA against the variance of expression, illumination and pose.
On the Use of Stochastic Hessian Information in Optimization Methods for Machine Learning

This paper describes how to incorporate sampled curvature information in a Newton-CG method and in a limited memory quasi-Newton method for statistical learning. The motivation for this work stems from supervised machine learning applications involving a very large number of training points. We follow a batch approach, also known in the stochastic optimization literature as a sample average approximation approach. Curvature information is incorporated in two subsampled Hessian algorithms, one based on a matrix-free inexact Newton iteration and one on a preconditioned limited memory BFGS iteration. A crucial feature of our technique is that Hessian-vector multiplications are carried out with a significantly smaller sample size than is used for the function and gradient. The efficiency of the proposed methods is illustrated using a machine learning application involving speech recognition.
A Method of Ontology Mapping Based on Instance

Ontology mapping is the key point to reach interoperability over ontologies. In semantic Web environment, ontologies are usually distributed and heterogeneous and thus it is necessary to find the mapping between them before processing across them. Many efforts have been conducted to automate the discovery of ontology mapping. However, some problems are still evident. This paper proposes an ontology similarity calculation method; this method constructs virtual instances for every concept node and takes the structure of ontology into consideration. We apply this method to PROMPT algorithm for ontology mapping and get a higher accuracy and recall through experiment.
Diet and Disease

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