Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Legitimate lies: The relationship between omission, commission, and cheating

Across four experiments, we show that when people can serve their self-interest, they are more likely to refrain from reporting the truth ( lie of omission) than actively lie ( lie of commission). We developed a novel online "Heads or Tails" task in which participants can lie to win a monetary prize. During the task, they are informed that the software is not always accurate, and it might provide incorrect feedback about their outcome. In Experiment 1, those in the omission condition received incorrect feedback informing them that they had won the game. Participants in commission condition were correctly informed that they had lost. Results indicated that when asked to report any errors in the detection of their payoff, participants in the omission condition cheated significantly more than those in the commission condition. Experiment 2 showed that this pattern of results is robust even when controlling for the perceived probability of the software error. Experiments 3 and 4 suggest that receiving incorrect feedback makes individuals feel more legitimate in withholding the truth, which, in turn, increases cheating.
Weakly Supervised Fine-Grained Image Categorization

In this paper, we categorize fine-grained images without using any object / part annotation neither in the training nor in the testing stage, a step towards making it suitable for deployments. Fine-grained image categorization aims to classify objects with subtle distinctions. Most existing works heavily rely on object / part detectors to build the correspondence between object parts by using object or object part annotations inside training images. The need for expensive object annotations prevents the wide usage of these methods. Instead, we propose to select useful parts from multi-scale part proposals in objects, and use them to compute a global image representation for categorization. This is specially designed for the annotation-free fine-grained categorization task, because useful parts have shown to play an important role in existing annotation-dependent works but accurate part detectors can be hardly acquired. With the proposed image representation, we can further detect and visualize the key (most discriminative) parts in objects of different classes. In the experiment, the proposed annotation-free method achieves better accuracy than that of state-of-the-art annotation-free and most existing annotation-dependent methods on two challenging datasets, which shows that it is not always necessary to use accurate object / part annotations in fine-grained image categorization.
Neural Learning Control of Marine Surface Vessels With Guaranteed Transient Tracking Performance

This paper studies neural learning control with predefined tracking error bound for a marine surface vessel whose accurate dynamics could not be obtained a priori. With the introduction of an error transformation function, the constrained tracking control of the original vessel is transformed into the stabilization of an unconstrained system. A filtered tracking error is introduced based on the error transformation, and radial basis function (RBF) neural networks (NNs) are employed to approximate unknown vessel dynamics. Subsequently, stable adaptive NN control is proposed to ensure ultimate boundedness of all the signals in the closed-loop system and to guarantee prescribed tracking performances. Under persistent excitation (PE) condition, the proposed adaptive NN control is shown to be capable of acquiring knowledge on the vessel dynamics and of storing the learned knowledge in memory. The stored knowledge is reused to develop neural learning control such that the improved control performance with faster tracking convergence rate and less computational burden could be achieved, while prescribed transient and steady-state tracking control performances are guaranteed. Simulation studies are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design techniques.
Bi‐directional interactions between visual areas in the awake behaving cat

The study of the cooperativity among cortical areas is essential to our understanding of brain functioning. Here we investigated the relative contributions of top-down and bottom-up directed interactions between area 17 and area 7 of the cat visual system. Bipolar local field potentials were recorded while the animals performed a go/no-go task or were in a quiet resting state. The data were analyzed by applying measures of interaction based on the Wiener–Granger causality concept. We found that during the visual task top-down directed interactions were of a similar magnitude as the bottom-up component. Second, interareal couplings tended to increase in conditions requiring a discriminative effort. Third, during behaviors not dominated by visual processing non-directed interactions increased.
Extending the size limit of protein nuclear magnetic resonance.

Xu et al. have successfully ligated together two independently expressed, folded protein domains under mild conditions in vitro, making it possible to selectively label a given fragment or domain of modular proteins (5). They have done so by taking advantage of protein splicing (6, 7). A small number of proteins are made as precursors that contain motifs called inteins. During the maturation process, inteins are excised from these precursors, and the two resulting fragments or exteins then rejoin. This process has been called protein splicing presumably because …
Toward a Theory of Quality in Cruise-Based Interpretive Guiding

A case study of cruise-based nature tourists in Alaska and the Galapagos Islands is used to examine the theoretical underpinnings of “quality” in nature-based interpretive guiding. Fixed-response and open-ended questionnaire items were used to examine the prominence of eight dimensions of quality drawn from research on effective interpretation. Results indicate that passengers define quality guides as those who are passionate, insightful, enjoyable, relevant, and easy-to-follow. Corroborating these dimensions of quality were passengers’ open-ended statements about the attributes they associate with an ideal interpretive guide. The findings seem consistent with prior research on interpretation and are grounded in behavioral theory.
Sphere detection and tracking for a space capturing operation

Capture mechanisms are used to transfer objects between two vehicles in the space with no physical contact. A sphere (canister) detection and tracking method using an enhanced Hough transform technique and Hinfin filter is proposed. The presented system aims to assist in the capture operation, currently investigated the European Space Agency and other partners, and to be used in space missions as an alternative to docking or berthing operations. Test results show the robustness and reliability of the proposed method. They also demonstrate the low computational and memory complexities needed.
Comparison of Computerized Image Analysis with Traditional Semiquantitative Scoring of Perls’ Prussian Blue Stained Hepatic Iron Deposition

Image analysis is now routinely employed as a tool in toxicologic pathology to help quantitate end points of efficacy and safety. It is regarded as a proficient and a sensitive technique to generate numerical data that can be easily interrogated for statistical evaluation. Traditional semiquantitative pathology scoring on the other hand is sometimes regarded as less accurate due to the limitations of the scoring systems employed and the day-to-day variations often noted between pathologists. We therefore decided to generate an optimized histochemical staining and image analysis protocol to compare the accuracy of semiquantitative scoring with computerized image analysis. In order to achieve this, we describe a standardized protocol for staining and image analysis that eliminates or minimizes as many sources of error as possible. The results of this experiment demonstrate that despite consistent variations in scoring between two independent pathologists, correlation with image analysis data of 0.91 to 0.95 (Spearman’s Rho test) was achieved. These data indicate that either image analysis or traditional semiquantitative scoring can generate accurate data. As a result of this, it appears that it is equally safe to employ either method dependent upon the complexity and the practicality of the task at hand provided that the experimental conditions are rigorously optimized and rigidly adhered to.
Modelling public confidence of the police: how perceptions of the police differ between neighborhoods in a city

Abstract This paper presents the results of a survey evaluating the views of 1322 residents of York, UK around their perceptions and attitudes towards crime, their local area, and the police with the aim of understanding the main factors affecting public confidence within the city. The study uses Structural Equation Modelling to develop several models which are evaluated to examine whether differences in public confidence in the police exist across disparate local communities with varying degrees of neighbourhood perceptions. The results indicate that even in a relatively small city such as York, the factors which most affect an individual’s views of the police can vary wildly depending on an individual’s perceptions regarding their local area. The results suggest that policing strategies aimed at improving public confidence must be altered depending on the views residents hold regarding their local communities.
Interpolation in semigroupoid algebras

Abstract A seminal result of Agler characterizes the so-called Schur-Agler class of functions on the polydisk in terms of a unitary colligation transfer function representation. We generalize this to the unit ball of the algebra of multipliers for a family of test functions over a broad class of semigroupoids. There is then an associated interpolation theorem. Besides leading to solutions of the familiar Nevanlinna-Pick and Carathéodory-Fejér interpolation problems and their multivariable commutative and noncommutative generalizations, this approach also covers more exotic problems.
Between Women

THE FIELD of psychoanalysis has become increasingly feminized. With few exceptions, however, men still hold most of the power, charisma, and influence in the field. When I came to the White Institute for training I selected a man for my training analysis. Most of the analytic supervisors I chose were also men. In this essay I discuss an experience that helped me to mobilize and express power and assertiveness that did not occur in my ana~ysis or with my male supervisors, although both were important background figures. The experience occurred, instead, with a female patient 1JIJho was uncomfortable with her aggression and assertiveness. She noted my discomfort with my own aggression and attacked me in various ways for not being a powerful male analySt and for being too simitar and equal to her. In the course of these attacks I became able to recognize my own aggression and assertlveness. Comrng to terms with the aggression in our relationship invigorated the analysis and engendered power and assertiveness in both the patient and me.
Inbreeding avoidance and female mate choice shape reproductive skew in capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus imitator)

Reproductive skew in multimale groups may be determined by the need for alpha males to offer reproductive opportunities as staying incentives to subordinate males (concessions), by the relative fighting ability of the alpha male (tug‐of‐war) or by how easily females can be monopolized (priority‐of‐access). These models have rarely been investigated in species with exceptionally long male tenures, such as white‐faced capuchins, where female mate choice for novel unrelated males may be important in shaping reproductive skew. We investigated reproductive skew in white‐faced capuchins at Sector Santa Rosa, Costa Rica, using 20 years of demographic, behavioural and genetic data. Infant survival and alpha male reproductive success were highest in small multimale groups, which suggests that the presence of subordinate males can be beneficial to the alpha male, in line with the concession model's assumptions. None of the skew models predicted the observed degree of reproductive sharing, and the probability of an alpha male producing offspring was not affected by his relatedness to subordinate males, whether he resided with older subordinate males, whether he was prime aged, the number of males or females in the group or the number of infants conceived within the same month. Instead, the alpha male's probability of producing offspring decreased when he was the sire of the mother, was weak and lacked a well‐established position and had a longer tenure. Because our data best supported the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis and female choice for strong novel mates, these hypotheses should be taken into account in future skew models.
Novel Bioluminescent Binding Assays for Ligand–Receptor Interaction Studies of the Fibroblast Growth Factor Family

We recently developed novel bioluminescent binding assays for several protein/peptide hormones to study their interactions with receptors using the so far brightest NanoLuc reporter. To validate the novel bioluminescent binding assay using a variety of protein/peptide hormones, in the present work we applied it to the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family using the prototype member FGF2 as an example. A fully active recombinant FGF2 retaining a unique exposed cysteine (Cys) residue was chemically conjugated with an engineered NanoLuc carrying a unique exposed Cys residue at the C-terminus via formation of an intermolecular disulfide linkage. The NanoLuc-conjugated FGF2 (FGF2-Luc) retained high binding affinity to the overexpressed FGFR1 and the endogenous FGF receptor with the calculated dissociation constants of 161 ± 21 pM (n = 3) and 25 ± 4 pM (n = 3), respectively. In competition binding assays using FGF2-Luc as a tracer, receptor-binding potencies of wild-type or mutant FGF2s were accurately quantified. Thus, FGF2-Luc represents a novel non-radioactive tracer for the quantitative measurement of ligand–receptor interactions in the FGF family. These data suggest that the novel bioluminescent binding assay can be applied to a variety of protein/peptide hormones for ligand–receptor interaction studies.
The Common NF-κB Essential Modulator (NEMO) Gene Rearrangement in Korean Patients with Incontinentia Pigmenti

Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is a rare X-linked dominant disorder characterized by highly variable abnormalities of the skin, eyes and central nervous system. A mutation of the nuclear factor-κB essential modulator (NEMO) located at Xq28 is believed to play a role in pathogenesis and the mutation occurs mostly in female patients due to fatal consequence of the mutation in males in utero. This study was designed to identify the common NEMO rearrangement in four Korean patients with IP. Deletion of exons 4 to 10 in the NEMO, the most common mutation in IP patients, was detected in all of the patients by the use of long-range PCR analysis. This method enabled us to discriminate between NEMO and pseudogene rearrangements. Furthermore, all of the patients showed skewed XCI patterns, indicating pathogenicity of IP was due to cells carrying the mutant X chromosome. This is the first report of genetically confirmed cases of IP in Korea.
Precise behavioural modelling of high-resolution switched-capacitor delta-sigma modulators

A precise behavioral modelling of switched-capacitor /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulators is presented. Considering noise (switch and op-amp thermal noise), clock jitter, nonidealities of integrators and op-amps including finite DC gain (DCG) and unity gain bandwidth (UGBW), slew-limiting, DCG nonlinearities and the input parasitic capacitance, exhaustive behavioral simulations that are close models of the transistor level ones can be performed. Evaluation and validation of the models was done via behavioral simulations for a second-order modulator using SIMULINK. The effects of the nonidealities and nonlinearities are clearly seen when compared to the ideal modulator.
Analysis of Energy Consumption in Direct Transmission and Multi-hop Transmission for Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we primary focus on prolonging the network lifetime of wireless sensor networks (WSN), since the small, portable batteries integrated into the sensor chips can not be re-charged easily from an economical point of view. We first made a further analysis about the relationship between energy consumption and hop number. Then, an optimal hop number is deduced for minimizing the energy consumption during the multi-hop transmission. The importance of hop number to the energy consumption is usually neglected by many routing protocols. In fact, a considerable amount of energy can be saved if the relationship between hop number and energy consumption is carefully studied. After further analysis about the energy consumption of different transmission manner as well as design parameters, we presented our judging criterion of transmission manner. Also, an energy efficient routing scenario is presented with diagram so as to illustrate how the network lifetime can be prolonged.
The 5′-Proximal Hairpin of Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus RNA: Its Role in Translation and Encapsidation

ABSTRACT The RNA genome of turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) consists of more than 6,000 nucleotides. During a study of the roles of the two hairpins located in its 90-nucleotide 5′ untranslated region, it was observed that stabilization of the 5′-proximal hairpin leads to a delay in the development of symptoms on plants. This delay in symptom development for both locally and systemically infected leaves was found to be dependent on a change in the free energy of the hairpin caused by introduced mutations. A protoplast transfection assay revealed that the accumulation of plus-strand full-length RNA and subgenomic RNA, as well as protein expression levels, was affected by hairpin stability. Stabilization of this hairpin inhibited translation. A model is proposed in which a destabilized 5′-proximal hairpin allows maximal translation of the viral proteins. It is suggested that this hairpin may exist in close proximity to the 5′ cap as long as its stability is low enough to enable translation. However, at an acidic pH, the hairpin structure becomes more stable and is functionally transformed into the initiation signal for viral packaging. Slightly acidic conditions can be found in chloroplasts, where TYMV assembly is driven by a low pH generated by active photosynthesis.
Extractive text summarization by feature-based sentence extraction using rule-based concept

World Wide Web is a tremendous source of knowledge. Vast amount of information available over the internet has made the humans suffer from problem of information explosion. Therefore, a good mechanism is required to extract relevant information. This calls a need for an automatic and significant tool that converts lengthy documents into concise form by extracting relevant information from it. Automatic Text Summarizer serves as one of the best tool for interpreting lengthy textual content. It represents the shorter version of the original document by choosing most important part of text, thus generating its summary. It is classified into two categories: abstraction and extraction. This paper highlights on extractive approach. Main aim is to select best sentences by weighting them. We carried out our experiment on 15 documents from DUC 2002 dataset. Each test document was first pre-processed. Then, all the sentences were represented as attribute vector of features by calculating their scores. Rule-based method was proposed to select the best sentences. Results were compared with GSM summarizer and conclusion was drawn that best average recall, precision and f-measure values was obtained for Rule-Based Summarizer.
Tylosema esculentum (Marama) Tuber and Bean Extracts Are Strong Antiviral Agents against Rotavirus Infection

Tylosema esculentum (marama) beans and tubers are used as food, and traditional medicine against diarrhoea in Southern Africa. Rotaviruses (RVs) are a major cause of diarrhoea among infants, young children, immunocompromised people, and domesticated animals. Our work is first to determine anti-RV activity of marama bean and tuber ethanol and water extracts; in this case on intestinal enterocyte cells of human infant (H4), adult pig (CLAB) and adult bovine (CIEB) origin. Marama cotyledon ethanolic extract (MCE) and cotyledon water extract (MCW) without RV were not cytotoxic to all cells tested, while seed coat and tuber extracts showed variable levels of cytotoxicity. Marama cotyledon ethanolic and water extracts (MCE and MCW, resp.) (≥0.1 mg/mL), seed coat extract (MSCE) and seed coat water extract (MSCW) (0.01 to 0.001 mg/mL), especially ethanolic, significantly increased cell survival and enhanced survival to cytopathic effects of RV by at least 100% after in vitro co- and pre-incubation treatments. All marama extracts used significantly enhanced nitric oxide release from H4 cells and enhanced TER (Ω/cm2) of enterocyte barriers after coincubation with RV. Marama cotyledon and seed coat extracts inhibited virion infectivity possibly through interference with replication due to accumulation of nitric oxide. Marama extracts are therefore promising microbicides against RV.
Membrane Topology of S2P, a Protein Required for Intramembranous Cleavage of Sterol Regulatory Element-binding Proteins*

In sterol-depleted mammalian cells, a two-step proteolytic process releases the NH2-terminal domains of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) from membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These domains translocate into the nucleus, where they activate genes of cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis. The SREBPs are oriented in the membrane in a hairpin fashion, with the NH2- and COOH-terminal domains facing the cytosol and a single hydrophilic loop projecting into the lumen. The first cleavage occurs at Site-1 within the ER lumen to generate an intermediate that is subsequently released from the membrane by cleavage at Site-2, which lies within the first transmembrane domain. A membrane protein, designated S2P, a putative zinc metalloprotease, is required for this cleavage. Here, we use protease protection and glycosylation site mapping to define the topology of S2P in ER membranes. Both the NH2 and COOH termini of S2P face the cytosol. Most of S2P is hydrophobic and appears to be buried in the membrane. All three of the long hydrophilic sequences of S2P can be glycosylated, indicating that they all project into the lumen. The HEIGH sequence of S2P, which contains two potential zinc-coordinating residues, is contained within a long hydrophobic segment. Aspartic acid 467, located ∼300 residues away from the HEIGH sequence, appears to provide the third coordinating residue for the active site zinc. This residue, too, is located in a hydrophobic sequence. The hydrophobicity of these sequences suggests that the active site of S2P is located within the membrane in an ideal position to cleave its target, a Leu-Cys bond in the first transmembrane helix of SREBPs.