Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When Sanctions Fail to Increase Cooperation in Social Dilemmas: Considering the Presence of an Alternative Option to Defect

Previous social dilemma research has shown that sanctioning defection may enhance cooperation. The authors argue that this finding may have resulted from restricting participants to two behaviors (cooperation and defection). In this article, the authors introduce the concept of a “social trilemma” (a social dilemma in which an alternative option to defect is present) and tested the effect of a sanction. The authors show that a sanction only increased cooperation and collective interests in the traditional social dilemma. In a social trilemma, the sanction failed because it caused some people to choose the alternative option to defect. Moreover, the results indicate that this was especially the case when people did not expect fellow group members to cooperate. In this case, the sanction even worked counterproductive because it decreased collective interests. It is concluded that allowing individuals to consider alternative options to defect can reveal the potential detrimental effects of sanctioning systems for the collective.
L-band propagation measurement at tropical environment

Communication and data transfer demands are growing fast in last few decades. In order to obtain higher data transfer, it is necessary to determine proper antenna placement in a wireless system. In this paper, we research propagation in tropical environment and L-Band frequency by conducting distance and high variation measurement at frequency 1.8 GHz and 2.4 GHz. The received power level decreases as the distance increases. Some discrepancies come from obstacles around the measurement set up. These results can contribute to find out the maximum channel capacity by considering an optimum antenna configuration based on received power levels.
Helminth Infection Protects Mice from Anaphylaxis via IL-10-Producing B Cells1

Modulation of the immune system by infection with helminth parasites, including schistosomes, is proposed to reduce the levels of allergic responses in infected individuals. In this study we investigated whether experimental infection with Schistosoma mansoni could alter the susceptibility of mice to an extreme allergic response, anaphylaxis. We formally demonstrate that S. mansoni infection protects mice from an experimental model of systemic fatal anaphylaxis. The worm stage of infection is shown to mediate this protective effect. In vivo depletion studies demonstrated an imperative role for B cells and IL-10 in worm-mediated protection. Furthermore, worm infection of mice increases the frequency of IL-10-producing B cells compared with that in uninfected mice. However, transfer of B cells from worm-infected mice or in vitro worm-modulated B cells to sensitized recipients exacerbated anaphylaxis, which was attributed to the presence of elevated levels of IL-4-producing B cells. Worm-modulated, IL-10-producing B cells from IL-4-deficient, but not IL-5-, IL-9- or IL-13-deficient, mice conferred complete resistance to anaphylaxis when transferred to naive mice. Therefore, we have dissected a novel immunomodulatory mechanism induced by S. mansoni worms that is dependent on an IL-10-producing B cell population that can protect against allergic hypersensitivity. These data support a role for helminth immune modulation in the hygiene hypothesis and further illustrate the delicate balance between parasite induction of protective regulatory (IL-10) responses and detrimental (IL-4) allergic responses.
Inhibition and killing of Candida albicans in vitro by five imidazoles in clinical use

Five imidazoles (clotrimazole, econazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, and tioconazole) in clinical use were compared for their ability to inhibit and kill Candida albicans. Eleven isolates were obtained from patients before therapy. By spectrophotometric determination of 50% growth inhibition, all isolates were inhibited at low concentrations, with clotrimazole slightly less active than the other four drugs. By the conventional MIC determination, tioconazole was more active than all of the others (P less than 0.01) except clotrimazole. In killing (minimum fungicidal concentration [MFC] assay), tioconazole was the most active by several analyses. Studies of the kinetics of killing indicated that the drugs studied could kill under conditions used for the MFC determination and that tioconazole and ketoconazole could kill particularly rapidly. If the drug was washed from the cells before subculturing, concentrations above the MFC were required to kill, but tioconazole could produce a lethal lesion in all cells virtually instantaneously. These findings are pertinent to MFC and killing kinetics methodology and to the observation of drug persistence after topical application. The results differ from some previous in vitro comparisons made with different methods. They are relevant to conclusions about drug mechanisms based on their abilities to inhibit and to kill, and they underscore the need to study various assay methods and fungal species.
The origins of the numerical distance effect: The same–different task

One of the most frequently used markers in research on numerical cognition is the distance effect. Recently, we have suggested that a distance effect can have different origins depending on the experimental task. By dissociating the comparison distance effect from the priming distance effect we revealed the need to study the origin of this effect before drawing any conclusions from it (van Opstal, Gevers, de Moor, & Verguts, 2008). Because a distance effect in a same–different task is also commonly used to study number representations (e.g., Dehaene & Akhavein, 1995), the present study aimed at uncovering the origin of the effect in this task. Computational and empirical results indicate clearly that the distance effect in the same–different task originates from number representations rather than a decision process.
A CONTINUOUS MODEL OF ANGIOGENESIS: INITIATION, EXTENSION, AND MATURATION OF NEW BLOOD VESSELS MODULATED BY VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR, ANGIOPOIETINS, PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR-B, AND PERICYTES

This work presents a continuous model for three early stage events in angiogenesis: initiation, sprout extension, and vessel maturation. We carefully examine the regulating mechanisms of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietins (Ang1 and Ang2) on the proliferation, migration and maturation of endothelial cells through their endothelium-specific receptor tyrosine kinase VEGFR2 and Tie2, respectively. We also consider the effect of platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B) on the proliferation and migration of pericytes. For growth factors, we present a mathematical model integrating molecular reactions on blood vessels with tissue-level diffusion. For capillary extension, we develop a visco-elastic model to couple tip cell protrusion, endothelium elasticity, and stalk cell proliferation. Our model reproduces corneal angiogenesis experiments and several anti-angiogenesis therapy results. This model also demonstrates that (1) the competition between Ang1 and Ang2 is the angiogenic switch; (2) the maturation process modulated by pericytes and angiopoietins is crucial to vessel normalization and can explain the resistance to anti-VEGF therapy; (3) combined anti-pericyte and anti-VEGF therapy enhances blood vessel regression over anti-VEGF therapy alone.
Cheap Hardware Parallelism Implies Cheap Security

The paper presents a new aspect within that PC oriented side-channel attack arena. Specifically, we present a novel square vs. multiplication oriented side-channel attack which is very unique to certain simultaneous multi threading CPU architectures and it seems that it cannot be carried out on CPU architectures without SMT hardware assistance. The simple reason for this uniqueness of our novel attack is the fact that it doesn't rest - as all other previous MicroArchitectural side-channel attacks - upon a shared resource with the persistent state property between context/process switches, for e.g., caches, BTBs, etc. Instead, it is based upon the fact that Intel's hyper-threading technology shares the ALU's large parallel integer (floating-point) multiplier between its two hardware threads, where it is noteworthy that the multiplier obviously doesn't preserve its state during context switches. As the latest OpenSSL changes, i.e., protections against side-channels attacks are already in place, cf. (Brickell et al., 2006), our paper doesn't introduce a new vulnerability into the OpenSSL library at all. Nevertheless, our attack has the following unintuitive property. Longer key sizes just make our attack scenario easier and not more difficult as one could assume at first sight. Thus, the present paper teaches that the sole presence of particular multi threading implementations requires a very deep understanding of the interplay between the underlying hardware and software, in order to appropriately judge the implied security consequences.
Exact U(1) symmetric cosmologies with local mixmaster dynamics

By applying a standard solution generating technique, we transform an arbitrary vacuum Mixmaster solution on ${S}^{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathbf{R}$ to a new solution which is spatially inhomogeneous. We thereby obtain a family of exact, spatially inhomogeneous, vacuum spacetimes which exhibit Belinskii-Khalatnikov-Lifshitz oscillatory behavior. The solutions are constructed explicitly by performing the transformations on numerically generated, homogeneous Mixmaster solutions. Their behavior is found to be qualitatively like that seen in previous numerical simulations of generic $U(1)$ symmetric cosmological spacetimes on ${T}^{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathbf{R}. $
Selective loss of imprinting in the placenta following preimplantation development in culture

Preimplantation development is a period of dynamic epigenetic change that begins with remodeling of egg and sperm genomes, and ends with implantation. During this time, parental-specific imprinting marks are maintained to direct appropriate imprinted gene expression. We previously demonstrated that H19 imprinting could be lost during preimplantation development under certain culture conditions. To define the lability of genomic imprints during this dynamic period and to determine whether loss of imprinting continues at later stages of development, imprinted gene expression and methylation were examined after in vitro preimplantation culture. Following culture in Whitten's medium, the normally silent paternal H19 allele was aberrantly expressed and undermethylated. However, only a subset of individual cultured blastocysts (∼65%) exhibited biallelic expression, while others maintained imprinted H19 expression. Loss of H19 imprinting persisted in mid-gestation conceptuses. Placental tissues displayed activation of the normally silent allele for H19, Ascl2, Snrpn, Peg3 and Xist while in the embryo proper imprinted expression for the most part was preserved. Loss of imprinted expression was associated with a decrease in methylation at the H19 and Snrpn imprinting control regions. These results indicate that tissues of trophectoderm origin are unable to restore genomic imprints and suggest that mechanisms that safeguard imprinting might be more robust in the embryo than in the placenta.
An anatomically based approach to intralesional corticosteroid injection for eyelid capillary hemangiomas.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To describe a corticosteroid injection technique for eyelid capillary hemangiomas that minimizes the risk of a central retinal artery occlusion and is based on anatomic, physiologic, and pharmacologic rationales. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this retrospective, non-comparative, interventional case series, the medical records of 50 eyes of 50 patients over a 10-year period were reviewed for retinal complications associated with the described injection technique. RESULTS Ophthalmoscopy showed no retinal complications in the 50 eyes treated with this injection technique. CONCLUSION The risk of central retinal artery occlusion from retrograde embolization can be minimized by using an anatomically based injection technique that prevents canalization of an artery and avoids injection pressures exceeding the mean systemic arterial pressure.
Investigating the variability of memory distortion for an analogue trauma

In this paper, we examine whether source monitoring (SM) errors might be one mechanism that accounts for traumatic memory distortion. Participants watched a traumatic film with some critical (crux) and non-critical (non-crux) scenes removed. Twenty-four hours later, they completed a memory test. To increase the likelihood participants would notice the film's gaps, we inserted visual static for the length of each missing scene. We then added manipulations designed to affect people's SM behaviour. To encourage systematic SM, before watching the film, we warned half the participants that we had removed some scenes. To encourage heuristic SM some participants also saw labels describing the missing scenes. Adding static highlighting, the missing scenes did not affect false recognition of those missing scenes. However, a warning decreased, while labels increased, participants' false recognition rates. We conclude that manipulations designed to affect SM behaviour also affect the degree of memory distortion in our paradigm.
Early clinical predictors of a severely abnormal amplitude‐integrated electroencephalogram at 48 hours in cooled neonates

There is a need to identify infants with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy who have a poor outcome despite therapeutic hypothermia. A severely abnormal amplitude‐integrated electroencephalogram at 48 h predicts death or disability. Our aim was to determine whether clinical assessment at age 3–5 h predicts a severely abnormal amplitude‐integrated electroencephalogram at 48 h or death in cooled infants.
Analysis of human lung morphometric data for stochastic aerosol deposition calculations

A stochastic lung model is proposed for aerosol deposition calculations. Airway geometry is selected randomly to reflect intrasubject variations in the human airway system. This may also be justified to take intersubject variations into account. The statistical analysis of the human airway geometry used is based on morphometric data measured at the Lovelace Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute. Average values and distributions of airway diameters and lengths, distributions of branching angles and criteria for determination of the pathway (when the alveolar region is reached) are presented. Correlations between the cross sections of tubes of succeeding generations and those between diameters and lengths of the same generation are also given.
Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Antigen 4 Gene Polymorphisms in Japanese Children with Infection-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

Objective: This study examined whether genetic polymorphisms in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), a negative regulator of T cells, are associated with infection-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (IHLH) in Japanese children. Methods: We investigated the alleles of four polymorphisms in the CTLA-4 gene [–318CT, +49AG, CT60 and a dinucleotide repeat length polymorphism (AT)n] in 43 Japanese children with IHLH and 100 healthy Japanese controls. The hyper-polymorphic (AT)n alleles were divided into two types; the shortest allele (designated as AT7) and the longer alleles (designated as AT>7). Results: A significant difference in the distribution of the (AT)n genotype was found between patients and controls (p = 0.028). Also, the frequency of the AT>7 allele was significantly higher in the patients with IHLH than in the controls (p = 0.007). No significant linkage disequilibrium was found between each polymorphism. With regard to laboratory data, patients homozygous for the CTLA-4 AT>7 allele showed significantly higher serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase and soluble interleukin-2 receptor than patients with the other alleles. Conclusion: These results suggest that CTLA-4 polymorphisms might play a role in the development of IHLH in Japanese children.
Optimal Cross-Layer Bandwidth Adaptation for Maximum-Throughput VBR Media Wireless Content Delivery

Emerging media overlay networks for wireless applications aim at delivering Variable-Bit-Rate (VBR) encoded media contents to nomadic end-users by exploiting the (fading-impaired and time-varying) access capacity offered by the "last-hop" wireless channel. In this application scenario, a still open question concerns the design of control policies maximizing the average throughput over the wireless last-hop, under constraints on the maximum connection bandwidth allowed at the Application (APP) layer, the queue-capacity available at the data-link (DL) layer, and the average and peak transmit energies sustained by the Physical (PHY) layer. The main feature of the approach we follow relies on the maximization (on a per-slot basis) of the throughput averaged over the fading statistics and conditioned on the queue-state. The resulting optimal controller is rate-based and operates in a cross-layer fashion that involves the APP, DL and PHY layers of the underlying protocol stack. This means that the proposed controller dynamically allocates connection bandwidth at the APP Layer, throughput at the DL layer and transmit energy at the PHY layer by basing on both current queue and channel states. The carried out numerical tests give insights about the connection bandwidth-vs.-queue delay tradeoff attained by optimal controller.
Cytogenetic Studies of Zea Hyperploid for a Chromosome Derived from Tripsacum.

NTERGENERIC hybrids of Tripsacum dactyloides and Zea mays were first pro- duced and studied by MANGELSDORF and REEVES (1931). Since only unreduced female gametes of these first generation hybrids functioned, the first backcross to Zea gave 38 chromosome plants of the constitution ZZT, containing two Zea sets each with 10 chromosomes and one Tripsacum set with 18 chromosomes (MANGELS-DORF and REEVES 1932). At meiosis in these 38 chromosome plants they reported apparently regular synapsis of the two sets of Zea chromosomes and only occasional synaptic association of Tripsacum and Zea chromosomes, so that gametes having a complete set of Zea chromosomes plus 0 to 18 Tripsacum chromosomes were pro-duced. Since in subsequent backcrosses to Zea as the pollen parent extra Tripsacum chromosomes were transmitted to the progeny with low frequency, Zea plants hyperploid for various numbers of Tripsacum chromosomes were readily isolated for study (MANGELSDORF and REEVES 1939). effect Tripsacum-derived
Plantar pressure and EMG activity of simulated and actual ski jumping take‐off

Plantar pressures and activation of the four muscles (VL – vastus lateralis, GL – gluteus, TA – tibialis anterior and GA – lat. gastrocnemius) were measured from ten ski jumpers under simulated laboratory conditions with training shoes (Lab TS) and with jumping boots (Lab JB) as well as in actual hill jumping conditions (Hill). The most significant differences between measured conditions were found in muscle activation patterns and plantar pressures prior to take‐off. The centrifugal force due to the curvature of the inrun under actual hill jumping conditions caused extra pressure under the fore and rear parts of the feet (P<0.001) and therefore higher activation in all muscles (P<0.001 for VL, TA and GA and P<0.01 for GL). The actual take‐off was characterized by high pressure under the toes during the early phase and high pressure under the heel during the latter phase of take‐off. However, this should probably he interpreted as a commonly used improper technique where the balance during take‐off is not well maintained to allow effective force production. Activation of GA, especially with regard to anteroposterior pressure distribution under the feet, differed significantly between the measured conditions. The role of GA for explosive force production during ski jumping take‐off is much smaller as compared to that of the knee and hip extensor muscles.
Outage Capacity Analysis for OFDM Decode-and-Forward Systems in Frequency Selective Rayleigh Fading Channels

This letter investigates a decode-and-forward two-hop relaying system consisting of one source, one relay and one destination, in which orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is used. We present an outage probability analysis based on approximating the probability distribution function of the total capacity by a Gaussian distribution. Tight approximations on the outage probability assuming correlated OFDM subchannels are found. As a special case, independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) OFDM subchannels are also addressed, where a closed form solution to the variance of the total capacity is obtained, leading us to even tighter approximations on the outage probability.
Identity-based key management for cloud computing

Recently, cloud computing has drawn much attention from research and industrial communities. With adoption of cloud computing, data providers can reap huge economic benefits by outsourcing their data to cloud. Because of serious privacy concerns, sensitive data should be encrypted before being outsourced. In order to share the encrypted and outsourced data, data providers need to distribute different keys to legal users. Thus, in the scenario of multiple data providers, a legal user may receive lots of keys from different providers and suffer from heavy burden from key management. In this paper, we proposed an identity-based key management scheme, which can let a legal user only maintain a single root key regardless of the number of data providers. Based on the root key, a legal user can derive different resource keys to decrypt ciphertexts from different data providers. With the help of outsourcing decryption technique, a legal user could reduce the decryption overhead by outsourcing some decryption work to cloud. We proofed the correctness and analyzed the security of the proposed scheme, further implemented the proposed scheme, and conducted extensive experiments. The results demonstrate the efficiency and practicality of our scheme. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning Bilingual Projections of Embeddings for Vocabulary Expansion in Machine Translation

We propose a simple log-bilinear softmax-based model to deal with vocabulary expansion in machine translation. Our model uses word embeddings trained on significantly large unlabelled monolingual corpora and learns over a fairly small, word-to-word bilingual dictionary. Given an out-of-vocabulary source word, the model generates a probabilistic list of possible translations in the target language using the trained bilingual embeddings. We integrate these translation options into a standard phrase-based statistical machine translation system and obtain consistent improvements in translation quality on the English–Spanish language pair. When tested over an out-of-domain testset, we get a significant improvement of 3.9 BLEU points.