Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Thermal Histories and Hydrocarbon Generation: Example from Utah-Wyoming Thrust Belt

The thermal history of the Utah-Wyoming thrust belt in the vicinity of the Pineview oil and gas field is studied with a detailed thermal model. The model incorporates a heterogeneous thermal conductivity structure, radioactive heat generation in the crust, sediment compaction, variable basal heat flow through time, and thermal effects of sedimentation, erosion, and thrust faulting. The analysis is constrained by 206 corrected bottom-hole temperatures, 660 thermal conductivity measurements, and 10 new vitrinite reflectance measurements. Present surface heat flow in this part of the Utah-Wyoming thrust belt is estimated to be 60 (± 8) mW/m2. Surface heat flow in the Late Cretaceous (about 70 Ma) is inferred to have been 38 (± 8) mW/m2 from an lysis of vitrinite reflectance data. About half of the apparent difference between ancient and present surface heat flow may be attributed to transient thermal effects of sedimentation, erosion, and thrusting. The hypothesis of a constant background thermal state in this part of the thrust belt for the last 70 m.y. may not be ruled out. However, thermal history simulations in which the background thermal state changes through time better match constraints imposed by estimated present surface heat flow and vitrinite reflectance data. Application of the thermal history analysis to hydrocarbon generation is illustrated with a kinetic model of organic maturation. Oil and gas at the Pineview field may have been generated in two stages: first stage just before and during thrusting, and the second stage during Cenozoic warming.
Multiple sensor outputs and computational intelligence towards estimating state and speed for control of lower limb prostheses

For as long as people have been able to survive limb threatening injuries prostheses have been created. Modern lower limb prostheses are primarily controlled by adjusting the amount of damping in the knee to bend in a suitable manner for walking and running. Often the choice of walking state or running state has to be controlled manually by pressing a button. This paper examines how this control could be improved using sensors attached tofa the limbs of two volunteers. The signals from the sensors had features extracted which were passed through a computational intelligence system. The system was used to determine whether the volunteer was walking or running and their movement speed. Two new features are presented which identify the movement states of standing, walking and running and the movement speed of the volunteer. The results suggest that the control of the prosthetic limb could be improved.
Leaf Area Index Variation for Crop, Pasture, and Tree in Response to Climatic Variation in the Goulburn–Broken Catchment, Australia

Previous studies have reported relationships between mean annual climatic variables and mean annual leaf area index (LAI), but the seasonal and spatial variability ofthis relationship for differentvegetation covertypes in different climate zones have rarely been explored in Australia. The authors developed simple models using remotely sensed LAI data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and gridded climaticdatafromthe Australian Water Availability Project. They were able torelate seasonal and annual LAI of three different land cover types (tree, pasture, and crop) with climatic variables for the period 2000‐09 in the Goulburn‐Broken catchment, Australia. Strong relationships were obtained between annual LAI of crop, pasture, and tree with annual precipitation (R 2 5 0.70, 0.65, and 0.82, respectively). Monthly LAI of each land covertypealsoshowedastrongrelationship(R 2 50.92,0.95,and0.95)withthedifferencebetweenprecipitation P and reference crop evapotranspiration (PET; P 2 PET) for crop, pasture, and tree. Independent model calibration and validation showed good agreement with remotely sensed MODIS LAI. The results from the application of the developed model on the future impact of climate change suggest that under all climate scenarios crop, pasture, and tree showed consistent decreases in mean annual LAI. For the future climate changescenariosconsidered,cropshowedadeclineof7%‐38%,pastureshowedadeclineof5%‐24%,andtree showedadeclineof2%‐11%fromthehistoricalmeanannual.Theseresultscanbeusedtoassesstheimpactsof future climatic and land cover changes on water resources by coupling them with hydrological models.
Five Essential Properties of Disease Maps

We argue that as the disease map user group grows, disease maps must prioritize several essential properties that support public health uses of disease maps. We identify and describe five important properties of disease maps that will produce maps appropriate for public health purposes: (1) Control the population basis of spatial support for estimating rates, (2) display rates continuously through space, (3) provide maximum geographic detail across the map, (4) consider directly and indirectly age–sex-adjusted rates, and (5) visualize rates within a relevant place context. We present an approach to realize these properties and illustrate it with small-area data from a population-based cancer registry. Users whose interests are in selecting areas for interventions to improve the health of local populations will find maps with these five properties useful. We discuss benefits and limitations of our approach, as well as future logical extensions of this work.
Identification of a Molecular Target of Psychosine and Its Role in Globoid Cell Formation

Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD) is characterized histopathologically by apoptosis of oligodendrocytes, progressive demyelination, and the existence of large, multinuclear (globoid) cells derived from perivascular microglia. The glycosphingolipid, psychosine (d-galactosyl-β-1,1′ sphingosine), accumulates to micromolar levels in GLD patients who lack the degradative enzyme galactosyl ceramidase. Here we document that an orphan G protein–coupled receptor, T cell death–associated gene 8, is a specific psychosine receptor. Treatment of cultured cells expressing this receptor with psychosine or structurally related glycosphingolipids results in the formation of globoid, multinuclear cells. Our discovery of a molecular target for psychosine suggests a mechanism for the globoid cell histology characteristic of GLD, provides a tool with which to explore the disjunction of mitosis and cytokinesis in cell cultures, and provides a platform for developing a medicinal chemistry for psychosine.
INTEGRATING REMOTELY SENSED DATA WITH AN ECOSYSTEM MODEL TO ESTIMATE CROP YIELD IN NORTH CHINA

This paper describes a method of integrating remotely sensed data (the MODIS LAI product) with an ecosystem model (the spatial EPIC model) to estimate crop yield in North China. The traditional productivity simulations based on crop models are normally sitespecific. To simulate regional crop productivity, the spatial crop model is developed firstly in this study by integrating Geographical Information System (GIS) with Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model. The integration applies a loose coupling approach. Data are exchanged using the ASCII or binary data format between GIS and EPIC model without a common user interface. It is crucial for the simulation accuracy of the spatial EPIC model to get the detailed initial conditions (sowing date, initial soil water content, etc) and management information (irrigation schedule, fertilizer schedule, tillage schedule, etc). But when applied at a large scale, the initial conditions and management information are most unlikely obtained through direct measurement. Therefore, the spatial EPIC model is integrated secondly with the MODIS LAI product from the Earth Resources Observation System (EROS) Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center. The integration of the MODIS LAI product makes the real time information taken into account in the simulation of spatial EPIC model, such as the amount of solar radiation captured by plant canopies, soil-water or nutrient effects on crop growth, and the effects of natural or man-made disturbances caused to crop yield. Finally, the method is conducted to estimate the Winter Wheat yield in North China in the year of 2003. * Corresponding author. Tel. : +81-3-5452-6417; Fax: +81-3-5452-6414; E-mail address: yangpeng@iis.u-tokyo.ac. jp
Molecular Implications of Repeated Aggression: Th, Dat1, Snca and Bdnf Gene Expression in the VTA of Victorious Male Mice

Background It is generally recognized that recurrent aggression can be the result of various psychiatric disorders. The aim of our study was to analyze the mRNA levels, in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain, of the genes that may possibly be associated with aggression consistently shown by male mice in special experimental settings. Methodology/Principal Findings The genes were Th, Dat1, Snca and Bdnf; the male mice were a group of animals that had each won 20 daily encounters in succession and a group of animals that had the same winning track record followed by a no-fight period for 14 days. Increased Th, Dat1 and Snca mRNA levels were in the fresh-from-the-fight group as compared to the controls. Increased Th and Dat1 mRNA levels were in the no-fight winners as compared to the controls. Significant positive correlations were found between the level of aggression and Th and Snca mRNA levels. Conclusions Repeated positive fighting experience enhances the expression of the Th, Dat1 and Snca genes, which are associated with brain dopaminergic systems. The expression of the Th and Dat1 genes stays enhanced for a long time.
Distinct Regulation of Developmental and Heart Disease–Induced Atrial Natriuretic Factor Expression by Two Separate Distal Sequences

Nppa, encoding atrial natriuretic factor, is expressed in fetal atrial and ventricular myocardium and is downregulated in the ventricles after birth. During hypertrophy and heart failure, Nppa expression is reactivated in the ventricles and serves as a highly conserved marker of heart disease. The Nppa promoter has become a frequently used model to study mechanisms of cardiac gene regulation. Nevertheless, the regulatory sequences that provide the correct developmental pattern and ventricular reactivation during cardiac disease remain to be defined. We found that proximal Nppa fragments ranging from 250 bp to 16 kbp provide robust reporter gene activity in the atria and correct repression in the atrioventricular canal and the nodes of the conduction system in vivo. However, depending on fragment size and site of integration into the genome of mice, the fetal ventricular activity was either absent or present in an incorrect pattern. Furthermore, these fragments did not provide ventricular reactivation in heart disease models. These results indicate that the proximal promoter does not provide a physiologically relevant model for ventricular gene activity. In contrast, 2 modified bacterial artificial chromosome clones with partially overlapping genomic Nppa sequences provided appropriate reactivation of the green fluorescent protein reporter during pressure overload–induced hypertrophy and heart failure in vivo. However, only 1 of these bacterial artificial chromosomes provided correct fetal ventricular green fluorescent protein activity. These results show that distinct distal regulatory sequences and divergent regulatory pathways control fetal ventricular activity and reactivation of Nppa during cardiac disease, respectively.
OK-432 Sclerotherapy for Malleolar Bursitis of the Ankle

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes and usefulness of OK-432 (Picibanil) sclerotherapy as a new option in the conservative treatment of patients with malleolar bursitis of the ankle. Methods: Retrospectively, we reviewed a total of 20 consecutive patients (20 feet) in whom OK-432 sclerotherapy had been performed between March 2009 and June 2010. After aspiration of fluid in the malleolar bursal sac, 0.05 mg of OK-432 was injected into the malleolar bursal sac. We evaluated the clinical outcomes and side effects at the following time points: 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after OK-432 sclerotherapy. The responses to the treatment were assessed according to the degree of fluctuation, shrinkage of the bursal sac, and soft tissue swelling. Results: Complete resolution was observed in 19 patients (95%) after the first or second application of OK-432 sclerotherapy, and a partial response was observed in 1 patient (5%) after a second application of OK-432 sclerotherapy. The physical component scores of SF-36 improved from 70.0 ± 6.8 to 76.5 ± 7.3 at the last follow-up (P = .0002). Conclusion: OK-432 sclerotherapy was a useful procedure for patients not responding to the usual conservative treatment of malleolar bursitis of the ankle. Level of Evidence: Level IV, retrospective case series.
Life Cycle Analysis of Wind Turbine

The development of cleaner and efficient energy technologies and the use of new and renewable energy sources will play an important role in the sustainable development of a future energy strategy. The promotion of renewable sources of energy and the development of cleaner and more efficient energy systems are a high priority, for security and diversification of energy supply, environmental protection, and social and economic cohesion (International Energy Agency, 2006).
Knowledge boosting: a graph-based integration approach with multi-omics data and genomic knowledge for cancer clinical outcome prediction

Objective Cancer can involve gene dysregulation via multiple mechanisms, so no single level of genomic data fully elucidates tumor behavior due to the presence of numerous genomic variations within or between levels in a biological system. We have previously proposed a graph-based integration approach that combines multi-omics data including copy number alteration, methylation, miRNA, and gene expression data for predicting clinical outcome in cancer. However, genomic features likely interact with other genomic features in complex signaling or regulatory networks, since cancer is caused by alterations in pathways or complete processes. Methods Here we propose a new graph-based framework for integrating multi-omics data and genomic knowledge to improve power in predicting clinical outcomes and elucidate interplay between different levels. To highlight the validity of our proposed framework, we used an ovarian cancer dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas for predicting stage, grade, and survival outcomes. Results Integrating multi-omics data with genomic knowledge to construct pre-defined features resulted in higher performance in clinical outcome prediction and higher stability. For the grade outcome, the model with gene expression data produced an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.7866. However, models of the integration with pathway, Gene Ontology, chromosomal gene set, and motif gene set consistently outperformed the model with genomic data only, attaining AUCs of 0.7873, 0.8433, 0.8254, and 0.8179, respectively. Conclusions Integrating multi-omics data and genomic knowledge to improve understanding of molecular pathogenesis and underlying biology in cancer should improve diagnostic and prognostic indicators and the effectiveness of therapies.
Bias Atlases for Segmentation-Based PET Attenuation Correction Using PET-CT and MR

This study was to obtain voxel-wise PET accuracy and precision using tissue-segmentation for attenuation correction. We applied multiple thresholds to the CTs of 23 patients to classify tissues. For six of the 23 patients, MR images were also acquired. The MR fat/in-phase ratio images were used for fat segmentation. Segmented tissue classes were used to create attenuation maps, which were used for attenuation correction in PET reconstruction. PET bias images were then computed using the PET reconstructed with the original CT as the reference. We registered the CTs for all the patients and transformed the corresponding bias images accordingly. We then obtained the mean and standard deviation bias atlas using all the registered bias images. Our CT-based study shows that four-class segmentation (air, lungs, fat, other tissues), which is available on most PET-MR scanners, yields 15.1%, 4.1%, 6.6%, and 12.9% RMSE bias in lungs, fat, non-fat soft-tissues, and bones, respectively. An accurate fat identification is achievable using fat/in-phase MR images. Furthermore, we have found that three-class segmentation (air, lungs, other tissues) yields less than 5% standard deviation of bias within the heart, liver, and kidneys. This implies that three-class segmentation can be sufficient to achieve small variation of bias for imaging these three organs. Finally, we have found that inter- and intra-patient lung density variations contribute almost equally to the overall standard deviation of bias within the lungs.
Abduction for Discourse Interpretation: A Probabilistic Framework

Abduction allows us to model interpretation of discourse as the explanation of observables, given additional knowledge about the world. In an abductive framework, many explanations can be constructed for the same observation, requiring an approach to estimate the likelihood of these alternative explanations. We show that, for discourse interpretation, weighted abduction has advantages over alternative approaches to estimating the likelihood of hypotheses. However, weighted abduction has no probabilistic interpretation, which makes the estimation and learning of weights difficult. To address this, we propose a formal probabilistic abductive framework that captures the advantages weighted abduction when applied to discourse interpretation.
Cre/loxP-mediated excision of a neomycin resistance expression unit from an integrated retroviral vector increases long terminal repeat-driven transcription in human hematopoietic cells

Recombinant retroviruses are currently the most attractive vehicles for gene transfer into hematopoietic cells. Retroviral vectors often contain an easily selectable marker gene in addition to the gene of interest. However, the presence and selection for expression of the selectable gene often result in a significant reduction of the expression of the gene of interest in the transduced cells. In order to circumvent this problem, we have developed a Cre/loxP recombination system for specific excision of the selectable expression unit from integrated retroviruses. A retroviral vector, containing both a neomycin resistance expression unit flanked by loxP sites and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor cDNA, was used to transduce the human hematopoietic K-562 cell line. Four transduced cell clones were then superinfected with a retrovirus containing a Cre recombinase expression unit. Molecular analyses of 30 doubly transduced subclones showed a strict correlation between cre expression and loxP-flanked selectable cassette excision, thus implying that Cre recombinase activity is very efficient in a retroviral context. Moreover, the excision of the selectable cassette results in a significant increase of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor transcription driven by the retroviral promoter.
Equalizing latency peaks using a redundant multipath-TCP scheme

In recent years, Multipath TCP [1] has been extensively studied. However, it has been mainly studied for the purpose of bandwidth aggregation or smooth failover during roaming within mobile networks. Interactive real time data for the control of machines is a special case in data transmission as failure tolerance and latency are the important Quality of Service (QoS) parameters. In order to establish reliable network connections with high real time QoS demands, a modified Multipath-TCP scheduling algorithm is being developed, which is not enhancing bandwidth via multiple connections, but enhances reliability and does latency equalization. The algorithm is optimized for interactive real time transmissions by adding redundant packets to multipath connection subflows or rather by mirroring the whole data stream on another subflow. First simulation results using our algorithm show a considerable behavior regarding the equalization of latency peaks.
Inefficiency in Self-organized Attentional Switching in the Normal Aging Population is Associated with Decreased Activity in the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Studies of the aging brain have demonstrated that areas of the frontal cortex, along with their associated top-down executive control processes, are particularly prone to the neurodegenerative effects of age. Here, we investigate the effects of aging on brain and behavior using a novel task, which allows us to examine separate components of an individual's chosen strategy during routine problem solving. Our findings reveal that, contrary to previous suggestions of a specific decrease in cognitive flexibility, older participants show no increased level of perseveration to either the recently rewarded object or the recently relevant object category. In line with this lack of perseveration, lateral and medial regions of the orbito-frontal cortex, which are associated with inhibitory control and reward processing, appear to be functionally intact. Instead, a general loss of efficient problem-solving strategy is apparent with a concomitant decrease in neural activity in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the posterior parietal cortex. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is also affected during problem solving, but age-related decline within this region appears to occur at a later stage.
A relay selection scheme for two-way amplify-and-forward relay networks

A relay selection (RS) scheme for two-way networks with multiple amplify-and-forward relays is proposed. The scheme maximizes the worse receive signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the two end users. It is proved to coincide with the best-worse RS scheme originally proposed for one-way relay networks. Through rigorous error rate analysis, the scheme is shown to achieve full diversity. For networks with two relays and any power condition and constellation, an approximation on the block error rate (BLER) of the scheme is derived in closed-form. It is shown by simulation to be effective in estimating the network reliability in the high transmit power region.
Effect of general anesthesia on the abnormal immune response in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of mental stress on the neuroendocrine-immune system in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Twenty-four patients with RA and 10 patients with osteoarthritis (OA) who underwent total knee or hip arthroplasty under general anesthesia were enrolled in this study. The blood levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), soluble TNF receptors (TNF-Rs) and other substances related to stress were measured just before administering anesthesia on the day of the operation when the patients lay on the operating table and roughly 30 min later when the patients were under general anesthesia without mental stress. These values were compared with those at the same time on the day before the operation, which were considered as controls. RESULTS In patients with RA under general anesthesia, the levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha, and TNF-R1 and TNF-R2 in the peripheral blood were significantly decreased compared with the levels before anesthesia (p < 0.01). Before anesthesia the levels of IL-1Ra in the peripheral blood were significantly higher, and the level of IL-1Ra was enhanced after the administration of general anesthesia, when compared with the level on the day before the operation (p < 0.01). Such changes were not apparent in patients with OA. CONCLUSION In patients with RA, excessive mental stress should be eliminated to modify the interaction between the stress-immune system and stress-endocrine system as a method to better control disease activity.