Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A diagnosis-based approach to software comprehension

Program comprehension is a time-consuming task performed during the process of reusing, reengineering, and enhancing existing systems. Currently, there are tools to assist in program comprehension by means of dynamic analysis, but, e.g., most cannot identify the topology and the interactions of a certain functionality in need of change, especially when used in large, real-world software applications. We propose an approach, coined Spectrum-based Feature Comprehension (SFC), that borrows techniques used for automatic software-fault-localization, which were proven to be effective even when debugging large applications in resource-constrained environments. SFC analyses the program by exploiting run-time information from test case executions to compute the components that are important for a given feature (and whether a component is used to implement just one feature or more), helping software engineers to understand how a program is structured and what the functionality's dependencies are. We present a toolset, coined Pangolin, that implements SFC and displays its report to the user using an intuitive visualization. A user study with the open-source application Rhino is presented, demonstrating the efficiency of Pangolin in locating the components that should be inspected when changing a certain functionality.
Exploring the Dimensions of Electronic Government Service Quality

Information and communication technology is progressively evolving around the world. Organizations and providers of online services, have to keep up with technological advancements when providing services and meet the redoubling expectations of its customers. At a global level there is wider adoption of e-government, a term coined in the recent past to describe the methodology that implements technology efficiently with quality of service for the general public’s administration in a government setting. This research proposes a scale for measuring quality dimension in setting of e-government by an extensive review of literature from last 3 decades and by revising the SERVQUAL scale. The proposed scale is based on 25 items and six quality dimensions namely: reliability, responsiveness, ease of use\usability, website design\content, and security\ privacy. This research is fruitful for organizations to assess, measure, and improve the quality of service concerning the e-government services they offer. Keywords-component; Service quality, E-service quality, Egovernment service quality, Determinant of quality, measurements of quality, Factors of E-service quality, Measurement of quality
Distributed upcalls: a mechanism for layering asynchronous abstractions

Procedure calls provide a synchronous interface to call downward through successive layers of abstraction, and remote procedure calls allow the layers to reside in different address spaces. A design is given for distributed upcalls, a mechanism for propagating upcalls across address space boundaries. Distributed upcalls provide a natural complement to remote procedure calls, allowing the user to arbitrarily place abstractions in the server or in the client. A server structuring system called CLAM, which is currently being used to support an extensible window management system, is presented. The CLAM system, including distributed upcalls, remote procedure call extensions to C++, dynamic loading, and basic window classes, is currently running under 4.3BSD Unix on Microvax workstations. <<ETX>>
Ruled by hetero-norms? Raising some moral questions for teachers in South Africa

Thirty-eight countries in Africa regard homosexuality as punishable by law with South Africa remaining a standout country advancing constitutional equality on the basis of sexual orientation. In the context of homophobic violence, however, concerns have been raised about schools’ potential to improve the educational, moral and social outcomes for young people. In examining how some South African teachers normalize heterosexuality the paper raises questions about moral education in addressing homophobia. By drawing on interviews conducted with teachers across different social contexts, the paper shows how rights are limited by dominant constructions of heterosexual privilege mediated by a range of interlocking social processes including gender, race and culture. The paper argues that attention to the social and cultural influences in teachers’ account of homosexuality must feature in local designs of moral education. The imperative of working with teachers is presented as a way forward to facilitate the broadening of moral education to include an interrogation of heteronormativity which has evaded the focus of South African moral education.
Cost-Aware Skyline Queries in Structured Overlays

Recently, systems providing access to extremely large data collections, managed in a distributed manner, gain emerging attention. A promising approach to implement the physical layer of such systems are structured overlays based on the peer-to-peer paradigm. On the level of query expressiveness. ranking queries like skyline queries are predestinated for providing a fast but concise overview of the data. The problem is that structured overlays are able to handle dynamic and unreliable environments. but usually support only limited query processing capabilities, which are very improper for processing such sophisticated queries. In this work, we propose three variants of a skyline operator and two extensions, especially suitable for efficient determination of skylines in the before mentioned overlay systems. Additionally, we back the introduced approaches on an appropriate cost model, ready for implementing adaptive cost-based query optimization.
Evaluation of Hardware Synchronization Support of the SCC Many-Core Processor

The integration of many cores per chip will lead to inefficiency of traditional multi-processor techniques. In particular, a hardware cache coherency protocol includes performance and hardware overhead, so that for a growing number of cores the coherence wall problem will become more serious. The Single-chip Cloud Computer (SCC) is a recent research processor of a Cluster-on-Chip architecture, that waives a hardware-based coherency and possesses a network on chip technology. An attractive alternative to enable shared memory programming models on future many-core systems is the introduction of a softwareoriented coherency. Any software based approach, such as shared virtual memory (SVM), will need fast synchronization methods. The assumption is that hardware support is essential to achieve this performance. In this paper we will study and evaluate this hypothesis.
The Right to Learn: Advantaging the Disadvantaged Student in Pharmaceutical Education

The concept that any person, who wishes to assume the role of being a student, has a right to learning opportunities is presented and discussed. Disadvantageous situations involving students occur regularly in Pharmaceutical education. Proactive policies aid procedures need to be developed and implemented to provide advantares in those instances where students already are placed at a disadvantage. Providing ethical and cross-cultural experiences in the curriculum, and in the educational institution as a whole, are imperative more important, our values and beliefs regarding the interrelated, yet distinct, notions of higher education, professional license, and occupational employmint need to be clarified and understood by those involved in the educational process.
Differential Item Functioning in Biodata: Opportunity Access as an Explanation of Gender- and Race-Related DIF

Investigations of differential item functioning (DIF) have been conducted mostly on ability tests and have found little evidence of easily interpretable differences across various demographic subgroups. In this study, we examined the degree to which DIF in biographical data items referencing academically relevant background, experiences, and interests was related to differences in judgments about access to these experiences by members of different gender and race subgroups. DIF in the location parameter was significantly related (r = –.51, p < .01) to gender differences in perceived accessibility to experience. No significant relationships with accessibility were observed for DIF in the slope parameter across gender groups or for the slope and location parameters associated with DIF across Black and White groups. Practical implications for use of biodata and theoretical implications for DIF research are discussed.
Age-Related Changes of Cerebral Autoregulation: New Insights with Quantitative T2′-Mapping and Pulsed Arterial Spin-Labeling MR Imaging

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cerebral perfusion and O2 metabolism are affected by physiologic age-related changes. High-resolution motion-corrected quantitative T2′-imaging and PASL were used to evaluate differences in deoxygenated hemoglobin and CBF of the gray matter between young and elderly healthy subjects. Further combined T2′-imaging and PASL were investigated breathing room air and 100% O2 to evaluate age-related changes in cerebral autoregulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two healthy volunteers 60–88 years of age were studied. Two scans of high-resolution motion-corrected T2′-imaging and PASL-MR imaging were obtained while subjects were either breathing room air or breathing 100% O2. Manual and automated regions of interest were placed in the cerebral GM to extract values from the corresponding maps. Results were compared with those of a group of young healthy subjects previously scanned with the identical protocol as that used in the present study. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease of cortical CBF (P < .001) and cortical T2′ values (P < .001) between young and elderly healthy subjects. In both groups, T2′ remained unchanged under hyperoxia compared with normoxia. Only in the younger but not in the elderly group could a significant (P = .02) hyperoxic-induced decrease of the CBF be shown. CONCLUSIONS: T2′-mapping and PASL in the cerebral cortex of healthy subjects revealed a significant decrease of deoxygenated hemoglobin and of CBF with age. The constant deoxyHb level breathing 100% O2 compared with normoxia in young and elderly GM suggests an age-appropriate cerebral autoregulation. At the younger age, hyperoxic-induced CBF decrease may protect the brain from hyperoxemia.
A Fivefold Reduction in the Incidence of Recurrent Ankle Sprains in Soccer Players Using the Sport-Stirrup Orthosis

A study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of a semi rigid ankle orthosis (Sport-Stirrup) on the incidence of ankle sprains in soccer players during 1 playing season. Senior soccer players were divided into 2 groups: play ers with previous ankle sprains (N = 258) and players without such history (N = 246). The players in these groups were each randomly allocated to either a semi rigid orthosis or a control group at the start of the playing season. All subsequent injuries during the season and the total number of playing hours were documented. There was a significant reduction in the incidence of ankle sprains (injuries/1 000 playing hours) by ankles in the orthosis group with previous sprains (0.14) com pared with the nonbraced group with previous sprains (0.86). The incidence of ankle sprains was significantly higher in the nonbraced group with previous sprains (0.86) compared with the nonbraced group without pre vious sprains (0.46). Thus, in this study, a semirigid or thosis significantly reduced the incidence of recurrent ankle sprains in soccer players with previous history of ankle sprains.
Both base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair in humans are influenced by nutritional factors

Lack of reliable assays for DNA repair has largely prevented measurements of DNA repair from being included in human biomonitoring studies. Using newly developed modifications of the comet assay we tested whether a fruit‐ and antioxidant‐rich plant‐based intervention could affect base excision repair (BER) and nucleotide excision repair (NER) in a group of 102 male volunteers. BER and NER repair capacities were measured in lymphocytes before and after a dietary intervention lasting 8 weeks. The study had one control group, one group consuming three kiwifruits per day and one group consuming a variety of antioxidant‐rich fruits and plant products in addition to their normal diet. DNA strand breaks were reduced following consumption of both kiwifruits (13%, p = 0.05) and antioxidant‐rich plant products (20%, p = 0.02). Increased BER (55%, p = 0.01) and reduced NER (−39%, p < 0.01) were observed in the group consuming a wide variety of plant products. Reduced NER was also observed in the kiwifruit group (−38%, p = 0.05), but BER was not affected in this group. Here we have demonstrated that DNA repair is affected by diet and that modified versions of the comet assay can be used to assess activity of different DNA repair pathways in human biomonitoring studies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
St. Gallen 2011: Summary of the Consensus Discussion

The 2011 St. Gallen Consensus Conference on early breast cancer provided mostly evidence-based treatment recommendations with a broad spectrum of acceptable clinical practice for global breast cancer care. This report summarizes the results of the 2011 international panel voting procedures with regard to locoregional and endocrine treatment, chemotherapy, targeted therapy as well as adjuvant bisphosphonate use.
Embeddedness of Ethnographic Cases: A Social Networks Perspective1

As the world becomes more complex, the work of anthropology, both theoretical and practical, becomes more demanding. People at the local level are increasingly being drawn into larger circuits through economic linkages, demographic processes, social interactions, and flows of information that transcend local and national boundaries. Such global linkages and the new embeddedness they produce require more sophisticated approaches to ethnography. This paper proposes social network analysis as a valuable approach to that end. The concept of embeddedness, which is central to the social networks perspective, is introduced. Hierarchical embeddedness of the local level in the larger society, economy, and polity is distinguished from domain embeddedness, the interpenetration of different fields of activity. Network studies of two ethnographic cases, gift giving among ! Kung and ritual celebrations in a Javanese village, illustrate the potential of social network analysis for investigating embeddedness. The paper concludes with substantive and methodological suggestions for the study of embeddedness.
Human autologous mesenchymal stem cells with extracorporeal shock wave therapy for nonunion of long bones

Background: Currently, the available treatments for long bone nonunion (LBN) are removing of focus of infection, bone marrow transplantation as well as llizarov methods etc. Due to a high percentage of failures, the treatments are complex and debated. To develop an effective method for the treatment of LBN, we explored the use of human autologous bone mesenchymal stems cells (hBMSCs) along with extracorporeal Shockwave therapy (ESWT). Materials and Methods: Sixty three patients of LBN were subjected to ESWT treatment and were divided into hBMSCs transplantation group (Group A, 32 cases) and simple ESWT treatment group (Group B, 31 cases). Results: The patients were evaluated for 12 months after treatment. In Group A, 14 patients were healed and 13 showed an improvement, with fracture healing rate 84.4%. In Group B, eight patients were healed and 13 showed an improvement, with fracture healing rate 67.7%. The healing rates of the two groups exhibited a significant difference ( P < 0.05). There was no significant difference for the callus formation after 3 months treatment ( P > 0.05). However, the callus formation in Group A was significantly higher than that in the Group B after treatment for 6, 9, and 12 months ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: Autologous bone mesenchymal stems cell transplantation with ESWT can effectively promote the healing of long bone nonunions.
Principal Components of Heritability for High Dimension Quantitative Traits and General Pedigrees

For many complex disorders, genetically relevant disease definition is still unclear. For this reason, researchers tend to collect large numbers of items related directly or indirectly to the disease diagnostic. Since the measured traits may not be all influenced by genetic factors, researchers are faced with the problem of choosing which traits or combinations of traits to consider in linkage analysis. To combine items, one can subject the data to a principal component analysis. However, when family date are collected, principal component analysis does not take family structure into account. In order to deal with these issues, Ott & Rabinowitz (1999) introduced the principal components of heritability (PCH), which capture the familial information across traits by calculating linear combinations of traits that maximize heritability. The calculation of the PCHs is based on the estimation of the genetic and the environmental components of variance. In the genetic context, the standard estimators of the variance components are Lange's maximum likelihood estimators, which require complex numerical calculations. The objectives of this paper are the following: i) to review some standard strategies available in the literature to estimate variance components for unbalanced data in mixed models; ii) to propose an ANOVA method for a genetic random effect model to estimate the variance components, which can be applied to general pedigrees and high dimensional family data within the PCH framework; iii) to elucidate the connection between PCH analysis and Linear Discriminant Analysis. We use computer simulations to show that the proposed method has similar asymptotic properties as Lange's method when the number of traits is small, and we study the efficiency of our method when the number of traits is large. A data analysis involving schizophrenia and bipolar quantitative traits is finally presented to illustrate the PCH methodology.
The effects of more conservative neck dissections and radiotherapy on nodal yields from the neck.

OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of conservative neck dissections (NDs) and preoperative radiotherapy on the quantitative recovery of lymph nodes from the neck. DESIGN Retrospective review of case series. Data were obtained for age, preoperative TNM staging, type of ND, preoperative radiotherapy, total nodal yield (tNY), and positive nodal yield (pNY). The tNY and pNY were analyzed with factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine differences among types of ND and the effect of radiotherapy. SETTING Tertiary care center for head and neck cancer. PATIENTS Consecutive sample of 135 NDs in 110 patients with cancer of the head and neck. RESULTS A significant difference in tNY was found among dissections (P<.001, ANOVA). Supraomohyoid ND had a significantly lower mean tNY (9.9 nodes) than both radical ND and modified radical ND (21.8 and 26.3 nodes, respectively; P<.05). Functional ND also had a significantly lower tNY (16.1 nodes) than modified radical ND (P<.05); the differences between radical ND and both functional ND and modified radical ND were not statistically significant. Positive nodal yield was not different among the types of dissections (P=.62). Preoperative radiotherapy significantly decreased mean tNY from 22.0 to 17.1 nodes (P=.02) over all types of dissections. Differences in tNY among dissection types were independent of the effect of radiotherapy. The presence or absence of preoperative radiotherapy had no significant effect on pNY (P=.18). CONCLUSIONS Conservative modifications of the classic radical ND differ with respect to the quantity of cervical lymph nodes excised, but survival may not be altered since the pNY is not significantly different. When compared with the radical ND, the modified radical ND and functional ND do not compromise the quantity of cervical nodes excised. Radiotherapy significantly reduces the quantity of cervical nodes, but a significant number of nodes will still remain.
Improvement of a face detection system by evolutionary multi-objective optimization

This paper presents the application of evolutionary multi-objective optimization (EMO) to the improvement of a face detection system. The face detection system is based on the boosted cascade system, and analyzes image positions on different scales in a three-step-procedure. Based on threshold settings, the algorithm decides whether to continue with the test on a finer scale at the current position. Thus, the thresholds for all scales and stages have a major influence on the performance of the system, and become the subject of the evolutionary optimization according to three objectives: low false positive rate, high detection rate and low processing time. The used EMO is the extension of the standard genetic algorithm to the EMO case by using fuzzy Pareto dominance as a meta-heuristic. The application of this EMO to the face detection system is explored and discussed using images from a standard face detection benchmark dataset. From the runtime analysis of the EMO it can be concluded that the algorithm reliably approaches the Pareto set of the problem.
Tumor-Specific Hsp70 Plasma Membrane Localization Is Enabled by the Glycosphingolipid Gb3

Background Human tumors differ from normal tissues in their capacity to present Hsp70, the major stress-inducible member of the HSP70 family, on their plasma membrane. Membrane Hsp70 has been found to serve as a prognostic indicator of overall patient survival in leukemia, lower rectal and non small cell lung carcinomas. Why tumors, but not normal cells, present Hsp70 on their cell surface and the impact of membrane Hsp70 on cancer progression remains to be elucidated. Methodology/Principal Findings Although Hsp70 has been reported to be associated with cholesterol rich microdomains (CRMs), the partner in the plasma membrane with which Hsp70 interacts has yet to be identified. Herein, global lipid profiling demonstrates that Hsp70 membrane-positive tumors differ from their membrane-negative counterparts by containing significantly higher amounts of globotriaoslyceramide (Gb3), but not of other lipids such as lactosylceramide (LacCer), dodecasaccharideceramide (DoCer), galactosylceramide (GalCer), ceramide (Cer), or the ganglioside GM1. Apart from germinal center B cells, normal tissues are Gb3 membrane-negative. Co-localization of Hsp70 and Gb3 was selectively determined in Gb3 membrane-positive tumor cells, and these cells were also shown to bind soluble Hsp70-FITC protein from outside in a concentration-dependent manner. Given that the latter interaction can be blocked by a Gb3-specific antibody, and that the depletion of globotriaosides from tumors reduces the amount of membrane-bound Hsp70, we propose that Gb3 is a binding partner for Hsp70. The in vitro finding that Hsp70 predominantly binds to artificial liposomes containing Gb3 (PC/SM/Chol/Gb3, 17/45/33/5) confirms that Gb3 is an interaction partner for Hsp70. Conclusions/Significance These data indicate that the presence of Gb3 enables anchorage of Hsp70 in the plasma membrane of tumors and thus they might explain tumor-specific membrane localization of Hsp70.