Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Innate and adaptive immunity to tumors: IL‐12 is required for optimal responses

We have investigated the importance of endogenously produced IL‐12 in innate and adaptive immunity to tumor transplants. The immunogenic lymphoma RMA and its TAP‐deficient variant RMA‐S were tested for rejection responses by normal and IL‐12‐deficient mice. IL‐12 was crucial for the immunity induced by one immunization with irradiated RMA cells, as well as for in vivo priming of a CTL response in mixed lymphocyte tumor cultures against this MHC class I‐expressing tumor. The defective in vivo response could be overcome by multiple immunizations. In further studies of in vitro CTL responses, we found that IL‐12 production from either the antigen‐pulsed dendritic cells or from host cells was necessary to obtain strong CTL responses. In the complete absence of IL‐12, no or only very weak responses could be detected. NK cell‐mediated innate resistance, as assessed in non‐immunized mice inoculated with a threshold dose of RMA‐S cells, also required IL‐12. However, NK cells with reduced activity were present in IL‐12‐deficient mice and contributed to innate resistance, as demonstrated with lower cell dose challenges. In conclusion, IL‐12 is required for optimal adaptive and innate responses against tumors.
Anti‐inflammatory effect of albuterol enantiomers during respiratory syncytial virus infection in rats

Every year in the United States, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in infants and young children cause more than 120,000 hospitalizations, often complicated by the need for mechanical ventilation; yet no effective therapy is currently available for this disease. We showed previously that RSV infection is associated with neurogenic inflammation in the lower respiratory tract. In the present study, we sought to determine whether aerosolized β2‐receptor agonists inhibit neurogenic‐mediated albumin extravasation in the airways of RSV‐infected, mechanically ventilated rats, and to compare the anti‐inflammatory effects of racemic albuterol ((RS)‐albuterol) to its individual enantiomeric components (R)‐albuterol and (S)‐albuterol. Albumin extravasation evoked by sensorineural stimulation with capsaicin was inhibited only partially by 0.63 mg (RS)‐albuterol, and higher doses had minimal incremental effects. In contrast, the anti‐inflammatory effect of (R)‐albuterol was already larger at the lowest dose of 0.31 mg, and complete inhibition of neurogenic exudation was observed at higher doses. (S)‐albuterol had no significant inhibitory effect up to 1.25 mg, and had only partial inhibitory effect at higher doses. The anti‐inflammatory effect of (R)‐albuterol was independent from the expression of substance P neurokinin 1 receptors, suggesting a direct vascular effect. Our data show that (R)‐albuterol has a much stronger inhibitory effect on neurogenic inflammation in RSV‐infected airways when aerosolized in enantiomerically pure form, rather than in a racemic mixture with (S)‐albuterol. Based on these data, we speculate that (R)‐albuterol may be more effective than other adrenergic agents in the management of bronchiolitis. Pediatr Pulmonol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Model of wireless transmission of biomedical parameters for the monitoring of patients in intensive care units

The present study aimed to design a model for monitoring and transmission of biomedical parameters based on wireless technology. This responds to a latent need in terms of improving the efficiency of the operation of the intensive care units (ICU), so progress in wireless transmissions, provides an emerging alternative to the medical-care personnel can monitor the condition of a patient in that unit. The methodology corresponds to a Feasible Project, developed through five stages: a) analysis of the situation under study, b) characterization of biomedical signals, c) establishing requirements and transmission monitoring system, d) design model and, e) model evaluation. As a result the model monitoring and transmission of biomedical parameters based on wireless technology is presented. In addition, the study failed to prove its feasibility by simulation in MatLab Software, establishing in a virtual environment system transmitter performance, through the calculated parameters. System
MEK1 protein kinase inhibition protects against damage resulting from focal cerebral ischemia.

The MEK1 (MAP kinase/ERK kinase)/ERK (extracellular-signal-responsive kinase) pathway has been implicated in cell growth and differentiation [Seger, R. & Krebs, E. G. (1995) FASEB J. 9, 726-735]. Here we show that the MEK/ERK pathway is activated during focal cerebral ischemia and may play a role in inducing damage. Treatment of mice 30 min before ischemia with the MEK1-specific inhibitor PD98059 [Alessi, D. R. , Cuenda, A. , Cohen, P. , Dudley, D. T. & Saltiel, A. R. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 27489-27494] reduces focal infarct volume at 22 hr after ischemia by 55% after transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. This is accompanied by a reduction in phospho-ERK1/2 immunohistochemical staining. MEK1 inhibition also results in reduced brain damage 72 hr after ischemia, with focal infarct volume reduced by 36%. This study indicates that the MEK1/ERK pathway contributes to brain injury during focal cerebral ischemia and that PD98059, a MEK1-specific antagonist, is a potent neuroprotective agent.
NO 10 , 2005 ESI Inward FDI and demands for skills in Sweden

We observe a substantial increase of foreign ownership in Sweden in the 1990s. Did that have any effect on relative demand for skilled labor? Has technology transfers − often associated with inward FDI − led to increased demand for skills due to skilled-biased technical change? Are there any grounds for the worries in the public Swedish debate that more skilled activities have been moved abroad to countries where the headquarters are located? We obtain support for that the share of skilled labor tends to rise in non-multinationals − but not in multinationals − that become foreign owned. Yet it does not seem to be any relationship between increased foreign ownership and the relative demand for skilled labor in Swedish manufacturing between 1986 and 2000. Interestingly, increased competition from low-wage countries, rather than inward FDI, has had significant impact on skill upgrading, and appears to have played a larger role in the 1990s than before. JEL classification: F23, J23, J31
What controls the uptake of transient tracers in the Southern Ocean?

We apply “residual mean” theory of tracer transport, in which eddy transfer plays a fundamental role, to develop scalings and idealized numerical models of the Southern Ocean uptake of transient tracers. The streamline‐averaged numerical model, which represents transport in the meridional plane, captures the observed distributions of CFC‐11, bomb‐Δ14C, and anthropogenic CO2. The model reproduces the observed relationship between CFC‐11 and bomb‐Δ14C and suggests that the upper branch of the residual overturning flow in the Southern Ocean is about 14 Sv, supporting previous inferences based on the observed buoyancy distribution and air‐sea buoyancy fluxes. Scale analysis suggests that the limit of fast air‐sea gas exchange is applicable to CFC‐11, for which the surface concentration is close to equilibrium and cumulative ocean uptake is largely determined by physical transport processes. In the slow gas exchange limit, applicable to bomb‐Δ14C, the surface concentration is far from equilibrium and the cumulative uptake is most sensitive to the parameterization of the gas transfer coefficient. Anthropogenic CO2 falls between those two limit cases and is sensitive to both transport processes and the gas transfer coefficient. Sensitivity studies using the streamline‐averaged model suggest that uncertainties in air‐sea buoyancy fluxes in current climatologies result in significant uncertainty in estimates of Southern Ocean uptake of anthropogenic CO2 based on circulation and biogeochemistry models driven by, or brought into consistency with, the climatological fluxes. This uncertainty is sufficient to explain a significant amount of the spread in a recent model comparison study.
Modélisation géologique et hydrogéochimique de réservoirs souterrains à géométrie complexe

La modelisation numerique des reservoirs souterrains est un outil essentiel a la comprehension de leur organisation, de leur fonctionnement et a la prevision des impacts des activites anthropiques sur leur evolution. Certains reservoirs se caracterisent par des geometries complexes qui vont directement influencer la connectivite hydrodynamique en leur sein, et plus largement l'heterogeneite des proprietes du milieu et tous les processus physiques qui s'y deroulent. C'est le cas des bassins miniers ennoyes, des karsts, des chenaux, ou des depots saliferes. L'objectif de mes travaux est de definir de nouvelles methodologies de modelisation numerique adaptees a ces reservoirs a geometrie complexe et ce, en fonction de l'echelle spatiale et du processus physique d'interet. Dans une premiere partie, l'accent est mis sur le lien entre la strategie de modelisation retenue et le phenomene etudie lorsque deux processus principaux, ou plus, entrent en jeu. Ceci est principalement illustre a travers des travaux menes sur la gestion de l'apres-mine lorrain. La deuxieme partie est consacree a l'analyse et a la caracterisation des objets geologiques a geometrie complexe, et notamment des systemes karstiques et chenalises. La troisieme partie s'interesse aux methodes de simulation stochastiques de ces milieux : l'objectif n'est pas de trouver la solution unique, mais d'identifier une/des solutions honorant les donnees disponibles et rendant compte de la realite, de sa complexite et des incertitudes qui lui sont associees. Le dernier chapitre dresse enfin une rapide conclusion et presente les perspectives de ces travaux a court et moyen termes.
AGRICULTURAL WATER-SAVING POTENTIAL FOR GUANZHONG IRRIGATION AREAS UNDER DIFFERENT GUARANTEED RATES OF PRECIPITATION

The Agricultural Water-saving Potential (AWP) has important influences on water-saving technology development, regional irrigation water management, agricultural production and water ecological balance protection. The study aims to design a reasonable methodology to calculate the AWP and analysis the AWP of Guanzhong irrigation area, in Weihe River Basin of China. The AWP was divided into resource-based AWP and efficiency-based AWP. The former was calculated according to the coefficient of water transmission in canals and irrigation in the field. The latter was estimated on the basis of the field evapotranspiration. The guaranteed rates of precipitation were chosen as the hydrologic conditions. Under the guaranteed rates of 25%, 50%, 75%, 90% and 95%, the annual total AWPs of the Guanzhong irrigation areas reached 30.69×106 m 3 , 111.67×106 m 3 , 11.75×106 m 3 , 12.52×106 m 3 , and 14.76×106 m 3 respectively. The efficiency-based AWP occupied a proportion of more than 50% in each condition, which indicated that the improvement of water utilization efficiency should be in preference to improvement of water conveyance efficiency in technology innovation. Summer maize, fruit tree and cotton made the largest contribution to efficiency-based AWP while there was not a big difference among the 3 crops in various irrigated areas when it came to the AWP per unit area, and their average values were 9.4, 6.3 and 4.3 mm respectively. Then the study comes up with measures and suggestions to improve the AWP according to the planting structures and features of the 9 irrigated areas. This method takes into account the water consumption during the processes of irrigation and crop growth. It can provide the support for water saving agriculture. The accurate calculation of water dissipation coefficient is the key to the efficiency of the AWP method, and the stability of the measurement coefficient will be improved in the future.
Reduction of Mutual Coupling Between Closely-Packed Antenna Elements

A simple ground plane structure that can reduce mutual coupling between closely-packed antenna elements is proposed and studied. The structure consists of a slitted pattern, without via's, etched onto a single ground plane and it is therefore low cost and straightforward to fabricate. It is found that isolations of more than -20 dB can be achieved between two parallel individual planar inverted-F antennas (PIFAs) sharing a common ground plane, with inter-antenna spacing (center to center) of 0.116 lambdao and ground plane size 0.331lambdao 2. At 2.31 GHz it is demonstrated that this translates into an edge to edge separation between antennas of just 10 mm. Similarly the structure can be applied to reduce mutual coupling between three or four radiating elements. In addition the mutual coupling between half wavelength patches and monopoles can also be reduced with the aid of the proposed ground plane structure. Results of parametric studies are also given in this paper. Both simulation and measurement results are used to confirm the suppression of mutual coupling between closely-packed antenna elements with our slitted ground plane.
[Sacral neuromodulation is effective in the treatment of fecal incontinence with intact sphincter muscles; a prospective study].

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the therapeutic effect of sacral neuromodulation on faecal incontinence in patients with structurally intact sphincters. DESIGN Prospective. METHOD In the period April 1st, 2000 to November 30th, 2001, patients with faecal incontinence and structurally intact sphincters were included, with or without previous surgery, in whom medicinal treatment and biofeedback therapy gave no improvement. Incontinence was defined as involuntary loss of stool at least once a week, which was objectified by completion of a 3-week bowel habit diary. Patients underwent 3 weeks of trial stimulation during which they also kept a diary. The trial stimulation was considered successful if the diary showed a > or = 50% improvement in continence. RESULTS 38 patients (31 women) with an average age of 54 years (range: 26-73) underwent trial stimulation. Trail stimulation was carried out using a permanent electrode in 6 patients and using peripheral neural evaluation in the remaining 32 patients. Two patients did not respond to peripheral neural evaluation. Upon assessment after the trial stimulation period. continence was found to have improved by > or = 50% in 31 (82%) patients. The number of incontinence episodes decreased by an average of 86% (range: 50-100). In 27 patients an implantable pulse generator was implanted for continuous stimulation. During the average follow-up of 6 months the effect remained satisfactory. Anal manometry during stimulation showed no increase of sphincter pressures. CONCLUSION Sacral neuromodulation was of therapeutic value in most of the patients treated for faecal incontinence without sphincter damage.
The Origin, Form, and Logic of Qualitative Physical Laws

Recentl~there has been a areat deal of interest aithin the . \rtificial intelligence communits in deseloping a qualiiauseph~sies (e.g. qualitatiseprocesstheor~. ensisioning. naiveph~sics) that predicts and explains the behasiorof mechanismsin qualitatiseterms. The goalsfor the qualitatisephysics are(1) to be far simpler thanclassical ph~sicsand ~et retainall the importantdistinctions(e.g. state,oscillation, gain, momentum) without insokng the mathematicsof continuousl~sarsingquantitiesanddifferential equations,(2) to produce causalaccountsof phssicaimechanismsthat are easy to understand, and (3) to prosidethe foundationsfor common-sensemodels for the next generationof expertsystems.This paperconsistsof threeparts. First, se present a framework for understandingand unifying the various approachesto qualitative physics as well as posing certain criteria that sucha physics should satisfy. Second,we compareand contrastthreeapproachesto qualitativephysics. Finally, we explore theuseof proofasexplanationandtherole reduciio ad absurduni plays in qualitativeargumentsin physics.
Analysis and optimization of 3-D seismic acquisition geometries by focal beams

Summary The acquisition geometry of a 3-D seismic survey should be designed in such a way that it fulfils the imaging requirements while satisfying the economical constraints. Focal source and focal detector beams are defined which describe the focusing properties of the source and detector geometry. These beams can be computed and evaluated separately. The computation of these beams can be done very efficiently using a Fourier transform of the source and receiver sampling function. In the case of a stationary spread the potential resolution and accuracy of AVP information can be obtained from these beams. Using the combination rules (per template) for the focal beams a relation between the basic template layout and the roll along distance can be derived in order to optimize the quality of the focal functions. This property can be used to design cost effective acquisition geometries. Conventional marine acquisition geometries yield strong side lobes of the resolution function in the cross-line direction due to the large distance between the sail-lines. By changing the source configuration the side lobe level can be reduced by at least 10 dB.
The TGF-(3 family and its composite receptors

Acknowledgements We thank W. leffefy, E. Schierenberg and our colleagues in Villefranche i:or their comments on the manuscript. 41 SCHIERENBERG, E. and STROME, S. (1992) Semin. Dev. BioL 3, 25-33 42 HIRD, S. N. and WHITE, J. G. (I 993) j. Ceil Biol. 121,134~i . ~55 43 HARA, K. (1971) Wilhelm RouxArch. Develop. BioL 167, 183-186 44 SAVAGE, R. M. and DANILCHICK, M. V. (1993) Dev. Biol. 157, 371-382 45 HOULISTON, E. , CARRE, D. , JOHNSTON, J. A. and SARDET, C. (1993) Development 117, 75-87 46 DOHMEN, M. R. (1983) in Time, Space and Pattern in Embryonic Development (leffery, W. R. and Raff, R. F., eds), pp. 197-220, Alan Liss 47 CONRAD, G. W. , SCHANTZ, A. R. and PATRON, (1990) An,,u. Rev. NY Acad. Sci. 582, 273-294 48 FREEMAN, G. (1983) in Time, Space and Pattern in Embryonic Development (Jeffery, W. R. and Raft, R. A., eds), pp. 171-196, Alan Liss 49 AKIYAMA, T. and OKADA, M. (1992) Development 115, 1175-1182 50 THOMSEN, G. H. and MELTON, D. A. Cell 74, 433-441 51 DALE, L. , MAI"rHEWS, G. and COLMAN, A. (1993) EMBOJ. 12, 4471-480
aluating health visitor assessments of mother – infant interactions : mixed methods study

Background: Given the significance of reliably detecting cases where mother–infant relationships are not developing successfully, it is important that initial assessment processes are as sensitive and specific as possible. Objectives: This study sought to examine the processes by which health visitors identify problems in mother–infant relationships in the post-natal period. Design: Mixed methods. Settings: Two universities and two primary care trusts. Participant: In Phase One 17 first-time mothers and their 6to 16-week-old infants were recruited. In Phase Two, a sample of 12 health visitors participated. Methods: The study incorporated two data collection phases. In Phase One, each mother’s interaction with her baby was video-recorded for 20 min in an observation laboratory. The video-recordings were coded and resultant data were analysed to derive a number of quantitative measures of interaction quality, including mothers’ responsiveness and sensitivity to their infants as rated by the Global Ratings Scales (GRS) of Mother–Infant Interaction. In Phase Two, 12 health visitors rated and assessed 9 clips of the videorecorded mother–infant interactions. The rationales for their ratings were then explored through in-depth interviews. Health visitor ratings of the video clips were compared to the GRS ratings. The relationship between the main focus of each health visitor rating, as reported in the interview, and the consistency of ratings with the GRS ratings were then
Changing practice to improve pain control for renal patients

Pain is a common symptom described by patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) but remains ineffectively managed. The aim of this audit was to determine what proportion of these patients report pain, then introduce the use of an analgesic ladder adapted specifically for ESKD, and finally re-evaluate the prevalence of pain symptoms, looking for an improvement. A cohort of inpatients on the renal wards of a West London teaching hospital was studied. The number of patients reporting pain and the severity of their pain on a scale of 1–10 were recorded. A considerable number of patients were barred from participating because of a language barrier. Interpreters were introduced, and the phase was repeated. The World Health Organization (WHO) three-step analgesic ladder was adapted for patients with ESKD and introduced to medical staff on the renal wards. The number of patients reporting pain and the severity of their pain were re-recorded. There was a significant reduction in the number of patients reporting pain and the severity of their pain. Pain control in patients with ESKD is improved through the use of an adapted version of the WHO analgesic ladder. Strategies must be in place for effective communication with foreign patients.
Understanding the margin squeeze: Differentiation in fitness‐related traits between central and trailing edge populations of Corallina officinalis

Abstract Assessing population responses to climate‐related environmental change is key to understanding the adaptive potential of the species as a whole. Coralline algae are critical components of marine shallow water ecosystems where they function as important ecosystem engineers. Populations of the calcifying algae Corallina officinalis from the center (southern UK) and periphery (northern Spain) of the North Atlantic species natural distribution were selected to test for functional differentiation in thermal stress response. Physiological measurements of calcification, photosynthesis, respiration, growth rates, oxygen, and calcification evolution curves were performed using closed cell respirometry methods. Species identity was genetically confirmed via DNA barcoding. Through a common garden approach, we identified distinct vulnerability to thermal stress of central and peripheral populations. Southern populations showed a decrease in photosynthetic rate under environmental conditions of central locations, and central populations showed a decline in calcification rates under southern conditions. This shows that the two processes of calcification and photosynthesis are not as tightly coupled as previously assumed. How the species as whole will react to future climatic changes will be determined by the interplay of local environmental conditions and these distinct population adaptive traits. OPEN RESEARCH BADGES This article has earned an Open Materials Badge for making publicly available the components of the research methodology needed to reproduce the reported procedure and analysis. All materials are available at https://doi.pangaea. de/10.1594/PANGAEA.899568.
Analysis of Dropout in Online Learning

Deep learning is the state-of-the-art in fields such as visual object recognition and speech recognition. This learning uses a large number of layers and a huge number of units and connections. Therefore, overfitting is a serious problem with it, and the dropout which is a kind of regularization tool is used. However, in online learning, the effect of dropout is not well known. This paper presents our investigation on the effect of dropout in online learning. We analyzed the effect of dropout on convergence speed near the singular point. Our results indicated that dropout is effective in online learning. Dropout tends to avoid the singular point for convergence speed near that point.