Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Are we underestimating the burden of traumatic brain injury? Surveillance of severe traumatic brain injury using centers for disease control International classification of disease, ninth revision, clinical modification, traumatic brain injury codes.

BACKGROUND The epidemiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is often studied through the use of International classification of disease, ninth revision, clinical modification (ICD-9-CM), diagnosis codes from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention TBI Surveillance System. Recent studies suggest that these codes may underestimate the burden of TBI because of inaccuracies and low sensitivity. OBJECTIVE To determine the sensitivity and specificity of ICD-9-CM codes in a severe TBI population. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed medical records of all hospital admissions including computed tomography of the head at a single center to identify severe blunt TBI patients, their injuries, and the neurosurgical procedures performed. We calculated sensitivity and specificity by comparing ICD-9-CM diagnosis and procedure codes assigned by hospital coders with medical records, the gold standard. RESULTS In 2008, there were 148 qualifying admissions. These codes were 89% sensitive for the presence of any severe TBI. However, one-fifth of these cases were identified only with a code defining a nonspecific head injury. Next, we studied types of TBI by categories defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (morbidity groups) and by ICD-9-CM codes for types of injury (any skull fracture, intracranial contusion, intracranial hemorrhage, concussion/loss of consciousness) and found widely varying sensitivity and specificity for both. In general, these codes had higher specificity than sensitivity. Both sensitivity and specificity were > 80% for only 2 categories: any skull fracture and intracranial hemorrhage. In contrast, we found high sensitivity and specificity for neurosurgical procedures (97% and 94%). CONCLUSION ICD-9-CM codes were sensitive for the presence of any severe TBI, but further classification of specific types of TBI was limited by variable sensitivity/specificity. Use of these codes should be supplemented by other methodology.
Influence of patient and treatment factors on adherence to adjuvant endocrine therapy in breast cancer.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To comprehensively assess the patient and illness or treatment factors that may predict nonadherence to adjuvant endocrine therapy and to explore whether an interaction occurs between these factors in women with breast cancer. DESIGN Repeated-measures design. SETTING The Outpatient Services of the Women's Cancer Program at the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and participants' homes. SAMPLE 91 women with early-stage breast cancer who received endocrine therapy. METHODS Adherence was assessed continuously for the first 18 months of endocrine therapy. Patient and illness or treatment factors were assessed at four time points (Time 1 to Time 4). Time 1 (baseline) was within two weeks prior to the initiation of endocrine therapy. Times 2-4 occurred at six-month intervals, as many as 18 months after Time 1. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Adherence, patient factors, and illness or treatment factors. FINDINGS Adherence to endocrine therapy declined significantly during the first 18 months of treatment in women with breast cancer. The presence of negative mood and symptoms before starting treatment predicted nonadherence to endocrine therapy over time. Perceptions of financial hardship, symptoms, disease stage, and more complex medication regimens intensified the effect of negative mood on adherence over time. CONCLUSIONS Women with breast cancer may be at risk for nonadherence to prescribed endocrine therapy if they experience depression or anxiety and symptoms prior to initiating therapy. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Oncology nurses should be alert to women with breast cancer who are depressed or anxious or who are experiencing symptoms. Management of negative mood and symptoms may result in better adherence.
Motivating learners in educational computer games

The purpose of this study was to identify motivational elements for an online multiplayer educational computer game. A secondary purpose was to compare high, medium, and low participating group members' participation in the game with respect to the motivational elements. The educational game selected was “Quest Atlantis,” a learning and teaching project that uses a 3D multi-user environment to immerse children in educational tasks. In researching this game, design ethnography with naturalistic interpretations was used as a research method. Semi-structured interviews were the primary method of data collection. A total of twenty interviews were completed with participants playing the educational game. Prolonged observations were conducted where participants played the game in a natural setting. The constant comparison method of grounded theory was used for analyzing interview and observation records. The qualitative methods used in this study provided additional insights into the previous research on motivation, offering a more complete list of motivational categories than did previous research. Thirteen categories emerged for the kids as the motivational elements to play this game: identity presentation, social relations, playing, learning, achievement, rewards, immersive context, fantasy, uniqueness, creativity, curiosity, control and ownership, and context of support. These categories are interpreted in a way that has experience-local meaning while also having experience-distance significance to others analyzing motivation in other contexts and conditions. This study replicated the conclusions of previous research on motivation in finding that the constructs of curiosity, control, choice, fantasy, achievement, and rewards motivated learners. It advanced the field in finding that the availability of choice options to learners was more important than previously thought. It further offered the constructs of creativity, identity of learners, social relations, and active learning as important constructs in providing motivation. Most importantly, it integrated many past contributions in the field that were perceived as distinct, such as intrinsic and extrinsic motivators, playing and learning, and achievement and rewards into a coherent framework of motivation. This framework, “Multiple Motivations Framework,” advances motivation as distributed among many elements, some of which are intrinsic and extrinsic to the learners, and which treats playing and learning together as a strong motivator.
Negative-Unlabeled Tensor Factorization for Location Category Inference from Inaccurate Mobility Data

Identifying significant location categories visited by mobile users is the key to a variety of applications. This is an extremely challenging task due to the possible deviation between the estimated location coordinate and the actual location, which could be on the order of kilometers. To estimate the actual location category more precisely, we propose a novel tensor factorization framework, through several key observations including the intrinsic correlations between users, to infer the most likely location categories within the location uncertainty circle. In addition, the proposed algorithm can also predict where users are even in the absence of location information. In order to efficiently solve the proposed framework, we propose a parameter-free and scalable optimization algorithm by effectively exploring the sparse and low-rank structure of the tensor. Our empirical studies show that the proposed algorithm is both efficient and effective: it can solve problems with millions of users and billions of location updates, and also provides superior prediction accuracies on real-world location updates and check-in data sets.
Neural processes for learning and monitoring sequential regularities in changeable environments

Neural processes for learning and monitoring sequential regularities in changeable environments. A dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts by Abigail LaBombard Noyce The world is largely stable and predictable. Humans and other organisms are sensitive to that stability, and use it to support cognitive processes. This work consists of a series of studies that explore how humans learn about such stability, use that information to generate predictions about forthcoming sensory input, and detect when such predictions are inadequate. First, I present a modeling study that quantified the distributions of errors that people make on a complex, visuomotor sequence learning task, and examine the serial position dynamics of several parameters describing short-term visual memory. Both precision and capacity for these sequences increases with familiarity, and the worst-represented items show the largest increases. Next, I present an experiment that used the same task to understand the effects of deviant items within familiar sequences. By measuring ERPs to new, familiar, and deviant items, I dissociate the neural activity associated with detecting a deviant from that associated with encoding task-relevant stimulus characteristics. Finally, I present an experiment investigating the role of prediction in a task that is stochastic, rather than sequential, and in which deviant events occurred among the distractors rather than among the task-relevant stimuli. Unexpected events among the distractors seem to obligatorily attract attention, enhancing or impairing performance. Further, I show that the individual differences in the neural response to such unexpected events is predicted by temperament. Together, these studies illuminate how the brain learns about predictability in a range of settings, and leverages such predictability to facilitate cognition. vi
Guarantee IP lookup performance with FIB explosion

The Forwarding Information Base (FIB) of backbone routers has been rapidly growing in size. An ideal IP lookup algorithm should achieve constant, yet small, IP lookup time and on-chip memory usage. However, no prior IP lookup algorithm achieves both requirements at the same time. In this paper, we first propose SAIL, a Splitting Approach to IP Lookup. One splitting is along the dimension of the lookup process, namely finding the prefix length and finding the next hop, and another splitting is along the dimension of prefix length, namely IP lookup on prefixes of length less than or equal to 24 and IP lookup on prefixes of length longer than 24. Second, we propose a suite of algorithms for IP lookup based on our SAIL framework. Third, we implemented our algorithms on four platforms: CPU, FPGA, GPU, and many-core. We conducted extensive experiments to evaluate our algorithms using real FIBs and real traffic from a major ISP in China. Experimental results show that our SAIL algorithms are several times or even two orders of magnitude faster than well known IP lookup algorithms.
Vulnerability of Southern Afar pastoralists to climate variability and change, Ethiopia

The present study was carried out in the Southern Afar region in Ethiopia to assess the vulnerability of pastoral communities to climate change and variability. A household questionnaire survey was employed to collect data at a household level. A total of 250 pastoral households were sampled using stratified random sampling. The results revealed that 28.8% of the pastoral households were highly vulnerable. Most of the households (53.6%) were moderately vulnerable. Only 17.6% of the households were capable of coping even though there would be a high probability of moving from less vulnerable to a moderate or high vulnerability level in the future if no appropriate adaptive measures would be taken by decision-makers. Policies with emphasis on empowerment of women, such as improving their access to and control over resources through a better institutional set-up; improving irrigation facilities and skills; expanding the participation of pastoral households on irrigation farming; creating opportunities for non-farm income; and improving access to credits, markets, health and veterinary services, are expected to enhance pastoralists’ resilience. Keywords: climate; irrigation; livestock; pastoralists; vulnerability.
An Integrative Approach to Changing Children’s Intergroup Attitudes

This edited volume captures an exciting new trend in research on intergroup attitudes and relations, which concerns how individuals make judgments, and interact with individuals from different group categories, broadly defined in terms of gender, race, age, culture, religion, sexual orientation, and body type. This new approach is an integrative perspective, one which draws on theory and research in the areas of developmental and social psychology. Throughout human history, intergroup conflict has often served as the basis for societal conflict, strife, and tension. Over the past several decades, individual and group mobility has enabled individuals to interact with a wider range of people from different backgrounds than ever before. On the one hand, this level of societal heterogeneity contributes to intergroup conflict. On the other hand, the experience of such heterogeneity has also reduced stereotypes, and increased an understanding of others' perspectives and experiences. Where does it begin? When do children acquire stereotypes about the other? What are the sources of influence, and how does change come about? To provide a deeper understanding of the origins, stability, and reduction of intergroup conflict, scholars in this volume report on current, cutting edge theory and new research findings. Progress in the area of intergroup attitudes relies on continued advances in both the understanding of the origins and the trajectory of intergroup conflict and harmony (as historically studied by developmental psychologists) and the understanding of contexts and conditions that contribute to positive and negative intergroup attitudes and relations (as historically studied by social psychologists). Recent social and developmental psychology research clarifies the multifaceted nature of prejudice and the need for an interdisciplinary approach to addressing prejudice.
Social Ties, Communication Channels, and Personal Well-Being

In this study, we analyze the personal networks of 379 college students in Singapore to explore the social affordances of traditional and new channels in communicating with different types of social relationships and their associations with personal well-being. Results suggest communication channels play a complex role in how strong and weak ties are related to personal well-being. On one hand, face-to-face communication, landlines, mobile phones, text messaging, and social network sites are associated with the strong ties that boost personal well-being. On the other hand, mobile phones, text messaging, social network sites, and video chat (but not face-to-face or landline communication) are associated with weak ties and personal well-being. This study contributes to the literature in two ways. First, we show that strong and weak ties are both important to the personal well-being of college students in Singapore; second, we show how different communication channels are associated with different kinds of social ties. Mobile and social media play a critical role in these social ties.
Electrocardiographic inverse problem: Spatial characterization of the left ventricle potential

In this work, we present a method for spatial characterization of the electrical activity of the left ventricle (LV). The presented method, electrocardiographic LV imaging, aims at characterization of main morphological features of the LV electrical activity via simple inverse reconstruction of the electrocardiogram on a standard LV segment model. The method is demonstrated with a case study dealing with the spatial characterization of an old myocardial infarction (MI). The results are encouraging: the centroid of the MI region is localized correctly, and the shape of the reconstructed infarcted region is similar to that in the golden standard solution, even though a patient-specific thorax model was not used.
Redistribution of mouse sperm surface galactosyltransferase after the acrosome reaction

Gamete recognition in the mouse is mediated by galactosyltransferase (GalTase) on the sperm surface, which binds to its appropriate glycoside substrate in the egg zona pellucida (Lopez, L. C., E. M. Bayna, D. Litoff, N. L. Shaper, J. H. Shaper, and B. D. Shur, 1985, J. Cell Biol., 101:1501-1510). GalTase has been localized by indirect immunofluorescence to the dorsal surface of the anterior sperm head overlying the intact acrosome. Sperm binding to the zona pellucida triggers induction of the acrosome reaction, an exocytotic event that results in vesiculation and release of the outer acrosomal and overlying plasma membranes. Consequently, we examined the fate of sperm surface GalTase after the acrosome reaction. Contrary to our expectations, surface GalTase is not lost during the acrosome reaction despite the loss of its membrane domain. Rather, double-label indirect immunofluorescence assays show that GalTase is redistributed to the lateral surface of the sperm, coincident with the acrosome reaction. This apparent redistribution of GalTase was confirmed by direct enzymatic assays, which show that 90% of sperm GalTase activity is retained during the acrosome reaction. No GalTase activity is detectable on plasma membrane vesicles released during the acrosome reaction. In contrast, removal of plasma membranes by nitrogen cavitation releases GalTase activity from the sperm surface, showing that GalTase redistribution requires a physiological acrosome reaction. The selective redistribution of GalTase to a new membrane domain from one that is lost during the acrosome reaction suggests that GalTase is repositioned for some additional function after initial sperm-zona binding.
Zinc and Health : Current Status and Future Directions Cellular Zinc Fluxes and the Regulation of Apoptosis / Gene-Directed Cell

The maintenance of discrete subcellular pools of zinc (Zn) is critical for the functional and structural integrity of cells. Among the important biological processes influenced by Zn is apoptosis, a process that is important in cellular homeostasis (an important cellular homeostatic process). It has also been identified as a major mechanism contributing to cell death in response to toxins and in disease, offering hope that novel therapies that target apoptotic pathways may be developed. Because Zn levels in the body can be increased in a relatively nontoxic manner, it may be possible to prevent or ameliorate degenerative disorders that are associated with high rates of apoptotic cell death. This review begins with brief introductions that address, first, the cellular biology of Zn, especially the critical labile Zn pools, and, second, the phenomenon of apoptosis. We then review the evidence relating Zn to apoptosis and address three major hypotheses: (1) that a specific pool or pools of intracellular labile Zn regulates apoptosis; (2) that systemic changes in Zn levels in the body, due to dietary factors, altered physiological states or disease, can influence cell susceptibility to apoptosis, and (3) that this altered susceptibility to apoptosis contributes to pathophysiological changes in the body. Other key issues are the identity of the molecular targets of Zn in the apoptotic cascade, the types of cells and tissues most susceptible to Zn-regulated apoptosis, the role of Zn as a coordinate regulator of mitosis and apoptosis and the apparent release of tightly bound intracellular pools of Zn during the later stages of apoptosis. This review concludes with a section highlighting areas of priority for future studies. J. Nutr. 130: 1459S—1466S, 2000.
Elevated expression of thyroid hormone receptor α 2 (c-erb A- α 2) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Differential display was used to identify genes differentially expressed between cultured normal nasal epithelial cells and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines. A 130 bp cDNA fragment showing homology with thyroid hormone receptor α2 (TR-α2 or c-erb A-α2) was identified in NPC cell lines. Northern blot analysis using the 130 bp cDNA fragment and a TR-α2 specific cDNA containing part of the coding region as probes, we were able to detect a 2.7 kb transcript corresponding to that of TR-α2 in NPC cell lines but not in normal nasal epithelial cells. RNA in situ hybridization was used to detect TR-α2 expression in clinical biopsies obtained from NPC patients and non-tumour controls. TR-α2 mRNA was detected in 1 out of 24 (4.2%) normal nasopharynx epithelium biopsies, in 5 out of 27 (18.5%) primary and 15 out of 24 (62.5%) recurrent tumours. The positive rate of TR-α2 expression in recurrent NPC biopsies was significantly higher than that in normal nasopharynx epithelium (P < 0.00001). The relevance of the elevated expression of TR-α2 in the pathogenesis process of NPC was discussed. © 2000 Cancer Research Campaign http://www.bjcancer. com
Recognizing user context via wearable sensors

We describe experiments in recognizing a person's situation from only a wearable camera and microphone. The types of situations considered in these experiments are coarse locations (such as at work, in a subway or in a grocery store) and coarse events (such as in a conversation or walking down a busy street) that would require only global, non-attentional features to distinguish them.
Multiobjective data mining from solutions by evolutionary multiobjective optimization

One research direction in the field of evolutionary multiobjective optimization (EMO) is a post-analytical process of non-dominated solutions in order to analyze the relationship between design variables and objective functions for optimization problems. For this purpose, data mining techniques have been used in some studies. From a practical point of view, this process itself should be considered as a multiobjective optimization problem. In this paper, multiobjective genetic fuzzy rule selection is applied to the post-analytical process of solutions obtained by EMO algorithms. First, multiple regions of interest are specified in the objective space. Each region with a number of solutions is handled as a different class. A set of patterns is generated by the labeled solutions. Second, a number of fuzzy if-then rules are generated by classification rule mining. Finally, an EMO algorithm is applied to combinatorial optimization of fuzzy if-then rules in order to obtain a number of non-dominated fuzzy classifiers with respect to accuracy and complexity. Through computational experiments using two engineering problems, we show that we can obtain various classifiers with a variety of complexity-accuracy tradeoff.
Sexual awareness: contraception sexual behaviors and sexual attitudes.

Abstract An investigation was conducted to provide additional evidence for the validity of the Sexual Awareness Questionnaire (SAQ), designed to measure four personality tendencies associated with sexual awareness and sexual assertiveness: sexual consciousness (attention to internal private sexual cues), sexual—monitoring (sensitivity to others' evaluations of one's sexuality), sexual assertiveness (self-reliance in sexual decision making) and sexiness consciousness (awareness of one's own public sexiness). The results revealed that sexual assertiveness in both males and females was predictive of greater contraceptive use, but only among males was sexual consciousness and sexual monitoring found to predict more favorable attitudes toward condom use. In addition, for both females and males, sexual consciousness, sexual monitoring, and sexual assertiveness were found to be positively associated with a greater variety and a more extensive history of sexual experiences. Therapy and research applications are d.