Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Classification of mycobacteria by HPLC and pattern recognition.

Traditional methods have relied on classification based on morphology and enzymatic tests, which are subjective and can be time-consuming (typical turnaround from sample collection to results is measured in weeks). Recently, it has been demonstrated that the fatty acids of the cell walls of these bacteria are diagnostic for some species (1). These fatty acids are mainly comprised of high molecular weight (C70–C90) α-branched, β-hydroxy mycolic acids, which, due to their involatility, are not as amenable to gas chromatographic procedures. However, liquid chromatography of these mycolic acids can be utilized (2), and such an approach can provide a more rapid and reproducible method for the identification of target species of Mycobacteria. In this note, chromatographic results from the HPLC method are analyzed with chemometric methods. Principal Components Analysis is shown to aid in visual classification and determination of the presence of outlying or aberrant samples. Predictive models were built for use in rapid, routine classification using the K-Nearest Neighbors approach and SIMCA, the latter based on principal component models of individual classes.
Persistence of borrelial DNA in the joints of Borrelia burgdorferi‐infected mice after ceftriaxone treatment

Yrjänäinen H, Hytönen J, Hartiala P, Oksi J, Viljanen MK. Persistence of borrelial DNA in the joints of Borrelia burgdorferi‐infected mice after ceftriaxone treatment. APMIS 2010; 118: 665–73.
Virologic and clinical features of primary infection with human parvovirus 4 in subjects with hemophilia: frequent transmission by virally inactivated clotting factor concentrates

BACKGROUND: Human parvovirus 4 (PARV4) is a newly discovered parvovirus prevalent in injecting drug users and other groups with histories of parenteral exposure including persons with hemophilia exposed to non–virally inactivated clotting factor concentrates. To investigate its potential ongoing transmission to persons with hemophilia treated with plasma‐derived, virally inactivated clotting factors, we screened a large cohort of persons with hemophilia for antibody seroconversion to PARV4 over a 5‐year observation period.
Exploring the optimal combination therapy in hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus

Diabetes causes approximately 2.9 million deaths yearly, mainly through an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. In hypertensive diabetics, blood pressure reduction determines a significantly lower rate of cardiovascular and renal events. Conversely, reaching the generally recommended target of lower than 130/80 mmHg is a difficult challenge and, in most cases, two or more antihypertensive drugs are required. Until recently, there was a general consensus that combination treatment should include a diuretic as one of the two fundamental agents. However, recently published trials using calcium channel blockers plus renin–angiotensin system-blocking agents showed that such a combination reduces the risk of major cardiovascular events, provides greater renoprotection, and improves metabolic outcomes as compared with diuretic-based combinations. The present review explores the potential for an ‘optimal’ combination therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension, in view of recent experimental and clinical evidence.
Contact resistance Study of “edge-contacted” metal-graphene interfaces

The contact resistance RC of “edge-contacted” metal-graphene interfaces is systematically studied. Our experiments demonstrate a reduction of contact resistance by intentional patterning of graphene to create “edge contacts”. The parameter space for different hole patterns in graphene is explored. The contact resistance is reduced from 1518 Ωμm for structures without holes to 456 Ωμm in structures with holes of 500 nm diameter everywhere under the contact. These values were achieved at the Dirac point, i.e. at the point of minimum carrier density in graphene and they correspond to a reduction of 70%. These results provide a clear path towards higher performance in graphene based electronic devices, which are often limited by unreliable and high RC.
Effects of an Employment Subsidy in Long-Run Stagnation

We develop a money-in-the-utility-function model with two features. One is that a Phillips curve relationship between nominal wages and unemployment appears because of efficiency wages. The other is that as in the Japanese economy since the early 1990s, unemployment attributable to aggregate demand deficiency arises even in the long run. We analyze the effect of an employment subsidy in this long-run stagnation and show that an increase in the subsidy may worsen aggregate demand deficiency and unemployment.
In vivo measurement and imaging of tumor oxygenation using coembedded paramagnetic particulates

Tumor tissue oxygenation is an important parameter that is positively correlated to the chemo‐ or radiation treatment outcome of certain tumors. Hence, methods to accurately and noninvasively determine the concentration of oxygen (pO2) in tumors will be valuable. In this study, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, utilizing microcrystalline particulates of lithium phthalocyanine (LiPc), was used to perform repeated measurements of pO2 as a function of tumor growth. We permanently embedded the particulates in the tumor by coimplanting them with RIF‐1 tumor cells during inoculation in mice. This procedure enabled repeated measurements of oxygen concentration in the tumor to be obtained for >2 weeks during its growth phase. The particulates were stable and nontoxic to the tumor cells. Both an in vitro clonogenic assay and an in vivo tumor growth rate examination in C3H mice showed no apparent effect on cell proliferation or tumor growth rate. The measurements indicated that the pO2 of the tumor decreased exponentially with tumor growth and reached hypoxic levels (∼4 mmHg) within 4 days after inoculation of the tumor cells. Spatial EPR imaging revealed a nonuniform distribution of the embedded particulates, which were localized mainly in the middle of the tumor volume. Oxygen mapping of the tumor, obtained by spectroscopic EPR imaging, showed significant variation of pO2 within the tumor. In summary, EPR spectroscopy and imaging with an embedded oximetry probe enabled accurate and repeated measurements of pO2 to be obtained in growing tumors under nonperturbing conditions. Magn Reson Med 52:650–657, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interprofessional handover and patient safety in anaesthesia: observational study of handovers in the recovery room.

BACKGROUND We aimed to describe how anaesthetists hand over information and professional responsibility to nurses in the operating theatre recovery room. METHODS We carried out non-participant practice observation and in-depth interviews with practitioners working in the recovery room of an English hospital and used qualitative methods to analyse the resulting transcripts. RESULTS We observed 45 handovers taking place between 17 anaesthetists and 15 nurses in the recovery room of the operating theatre suite. These took place in an environment that is event-driven, time-pressured, and prone to concurrent distractions. Anaesthetists and nurses often had differing expectations of the content and timing of information transfer. The point at which transfer of responsibility for the patient occurred during the handover process was variable and depended not only on the condition of the patient but also on the professional relationship between the nurse and doctor concerned. Handover also provided an 'audit point' in care where the patient's intraoperative progress was reviewed and plans were made for further management. Here, as in the transfer of responsibility, we found evidence that nurses play a greater role in defining the limits of anaesthetists' practice than might be expected. CONCLUSIONS Patient handovers in the recovery room are largely informal, but nevertheless show many inherent tensions, both professional and organizational. Although formalized handover procedures are often advocated for the promotion of safety, we suggest that they are likely to work best when the informal elements, and the cultural factors underlying them, are acknowledged.
Antigenic variation in Babesia bovis occurs through segmental gene conversion of the ves multigene family, within a bidirectional locus of active transcription

Antigenic variation in Babesia bovis is one aspect of a multifunctional virulence/survival mechanism mediated by the heterodimeric variant erythrocyte surface antigen 1 (VESA1) protein that also involves endothelial cytoadhesion with sequestration of mature parasitized erythrocytes. The ves1α gene encoding the VESA1a subunit was previously identified. In this study, we present the unique organization of the genomic locus from which ves1α is transcribed, and identify a novel branch of the ves multigene family, ves1β. These genes are found together, closely juxtaposed and divergently oriented, at the locus of active transcription. We provide compelling evidence that variation of both transcriptionally active genes occurs through a mechanism of segmental gene conversion involving sequence donor genes of similar organization. These results also suggest the possibility of epigenetic regulation through in situ switching among gene loci, further expanding the potential repertoire of variant proteins.
Economic Analysis of the Banana Price Fluctuation

Banana price fluctuation is directly related to the income of the banana farmers, and affects the healthy and stable development of the banana industry in China. In this paper, the banana price fluctuation in recent year is analyzed from the perspective of economics, using the supply and demand theorem. The results showed that the spread of rumors for banana, the quality, other fruits competition over the same period changed the demand of the banana market. And the expansion of banana cultivation, concentrated market time and transport flow changed the supply of the banana market. Both these factors in the demand and supply caused fluctuation in banana price. Early warning mechanisms should be established, the information system strengthened, banana deep processing developed and the quality improved so as to promote the healthy development of the banana industry.
Fibrin Affinity of Erythrocyte-Coupled Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activators Endures Hemodynamic Forces and Enhances Fibrinolysis in Vivo

Plasminogen activators (PAs; e.g., tissue-type, tPA) coupled to red blood cells (RBCs) display in vivo features useful for thromboprophylaxis: prolonged circulation, minimal extravasation, and preferential lysis of nascent versus preexisting clots. Yet, factors controlling the activity of RBC-bound PAs in vivo are not defined and may not mirror the profile of soluble PAs. We tested the role of RBC/PA binding to fibrin in fibrinolysis. RBC/tPA and RBC/tPA variant with low fibrin affinity (rPA) bound to and lysed plasminogen-containing fibrin clots in vitro comparably. In contrast, when coinjected in mice with fibrin emboli lodging in pulmonary vasculature, only RBC/tPA accumulated in lungs, which resulted in a more extensive fibrinolysis versus RBC/rPA (p < 0.01). Reconciling this apparent divergence between in vitro and in vivo behaviors, RBC/tPA, but not RBC/rPA perfused over fibrin in vitro at physiological shear stress bound to fibrin clots and caused greater fibrinolysis versus RBC/rPA (p < 0.001). These results indicate that because of high fibrin affinity, RBC/tPA binding to clots endures hemodynamic stress, which enhances fibrinolysis. Behavior of RBC/PAs under hemodynamic pressure is an important predictor of their performance in vivo.
Reduced In Vivo Biological Activity of In Vitro Glycosylated Insulin

We evaluated the in vivo biological activity of in vitro extensively glycosylated insulin (GI) with the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic glucose-clamp technique in postabsorptive nondiabetic subjects. Insulin-mediated glucose disposal was ∼30% lower (P < .03) with GI (9.2 ± 1.2 mg · kg−1 · min−1, mean ± SE) than with the nonglycosylated hormone (12.6 ± 0.7 mg · kg−1 · min−1) at comparable plasma insulin concentrations (∼90 μU/ml). Binding of GI to a specific receptor on circulating cells (erythrocytes and monocytes) was normal. We conclude that in vitro extensive glycosylation of insulin reduces its biological activity in vivo, as reflected by insulin-mediated glucose disposal, probably at a postreceptor level.
The Nurses Quest For A Professional Identity

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A "speech acts" approach to grounding in conversation

We propose that Grounding, the process of achieving mutual understanding between participants in a conversation, be analyzed in terms of the actions performed by the conversants which contribute to achieving this mutual understanding. We propose a set of Grounding Acts which facilitate this analysis. This paper describes Grounding Acts, and a \grammar" stipulating which series of performance of grounding acts result in grounded content
A review of models of vertical, leg, and knee stiffness in adults for running, jumping or hopping tasks

Abstract The ‘stiffness’ concept originates from Hooke's law which states that the force required to deform an object is related to a spring constant and the distance that object is deformed. Research into stiffness in the human body is undergoing unprecedented popularity; possibly because stiffness has been associated with sporting performance and some lower limb injuries. However, some inconsistencies surrounding stiffness measurement exists bringing into question the integrity of some research related to stiffness. The aim of this study was to review literature which describes how vertical, leg and knee stiffness has been measured in adult populations while running, jumping or hopping. A search of the entire MEDLINE, PubMed and SPORTDiscus databases and an iterative reference check was performed. Sixty-seven articles were retrieved; 21 measured vertical stiffness, 51 measured leg stiffness, and 22 measured knee stiffness. Thus, some studies measured several ‘types’ of stiffness. Vertical stiffness was typically the quotient of ground reaction force and centre of mass displacement. For leg stiffness it was and change in leg length, and for the knee it was the quotient of knee joint moments and change in joint angle. Sample size issues and measurement techniques were identified as limitations to current research.
Identification of a 283-kDa protein component of the particulate matrix associated with cardiac mesenchyme formation.

The elaboration of cardiac mesenchyme is controlled by a particulate form of extracellular matrix that is produced by the myocardium. This matrix consists of at least 7-10 major proteins or protein subunits. However, at present only a few of these proteins have been identified (i.e., ES130, fibronectin, transferrin). We report here the identification of a 283-kDa protein associated with this complex. This protein was identified using a new monoclonal antibody that is highly specific for this protein. The antibody does not react with human plasma fibronectin, chicken fibronectin or chicken cytotactin. In addition, this antibody inhibits the formation of mesenchyme when used in a bioassay of mesenchyme formation.
Development of a bi-specific monoclonal antibody for simultaneous detection of rabbit IgG and horseradish peroxidase: use as a general reagent in immunocytochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

We describe the development of bi-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAb) capable of simultaneous recognition of rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for use in a variety of immunobased techniques. This bi-specific antibody, named McC8, was produced by fusion of the aminopterin-sensitive mouse hybridoma MAP.Ag. 1, which secretes MAb against HRP, and splenocytes from a mouse previously immunized with whole rabbit IgG. The resultant hybrid-hybridoma co-dominantly expresses and secretes the immunoglobulin chains, i.e., IgG1 and IgG2b, of its respective parents, as determined by radial immunodiffusion. The binding sites on rabbit IgG for McC8 were determined on Western blots and in competition solid-phase enzymatic immunoassays with the use of allotype-specific rabbit sera. Both these techniques demonstrated that McC8 recognizes the light chain of the rabbit IgG molecule with preferential binding to the B4 kappa light-chain allotype. McC8 was successfully used in two-step immunocytochemistry for localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in fibers of the superficial layers of the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the rat, as well as for localization of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactive sites in primary rat septal cell cultures, thus demonstrating its potential as a general developing reagent in conventional immunocytochemistry. McC8 compared favorably with peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemistry with respect to sensitivity. However, the bi-specific developing reagent proved superior to the conventional peroxidase-antiperoxidase procedure when both were employed in a similar fashion in tissues prone to display high background staining. Finally, McC8 was also employed as a developing reagent in a competitive ELISA designed for quantitation of CGRP with the use of a rabbit anti-CGRP primary antibody. The sensitivity of this quantitative ELISA (190 pg or 50 fmol CGRP per well) renders this bi-specific antibody suitable for use in quantitative immunoassays for detection of relevant peptides in biological systems.
Uplink Ergodic Mutual Information of OFDMA-Based Two-Hop Cooperative Relay Networks with Imperfect CSI

This paper analyzes the ergodic mutual information of OFDMA cooperative relay networks when the Channel State Information (CSI) imperfection is considered at resource allocation unit. Based on the derived ergodic mutual information, a quantitative characterization of the impact of CSI inaccuracy on the ergodic mutual information is presented. A network with multiple subscriber stations, relay stations and one base station that employ a Selection-Decode-and-Forward (SDF) relaying scheme is considered in the uplink mode. Subscriber stations act as relay stations to assist other transmitting subscriber stations. Numerical evaluations illustrate that considering the CSI imperfection based on priori knowledge of the error statistics brings substantial gain to the network in terms of ergodic mutual information, and takes the MAC layer resource allocation algorithms a step ahead towards practical implementations.
Carpal tunnel syndrome in elderly patients: results of surgical decompression

Abstract This study prospectively compared preoperative and postoperative (6 months after surgical release) clinical and electrophysiological evaluation and self‐administered Boston questionnaire (BQ) findings of a series of elderly carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) patients with those of young and adult patients. Three hundred twenty three consecutive hands (282 patients) underwent surgery between 1997 and 2000. Patients were divided into four age groups: group 1 (20–40 years), 49 hands; group 2 (41–54 years), 96 hands; group 3 (55–69 years), 106 hands; and group 4 (70–90 years), 72 hands. Sex ratio, education, duration and bilaterality of CTS, history of wrist and hand trauma, connective tissue and thyroid diseases, diabetes, polyneuropathy, renal failure, and other nerve entrapment syndromes were recorded. The elderly group (group 4) only had more cases of diabetes than groups 1 and 2 (young and adult patients). Before surgery, elderly patients showed more severe clinical objective and electrophysiological findings than young and adult patients. Preoperative subjective findings (BQ scores) were similar in all four groups. Although their absolute postoperative BQ scores and clinical objective and electrophysiological stages improved, elderly patients showed less improvement in all findings than the 20–54 age groups, presumably due to greater preoperative damage and less repair capacity of the compressed nerve. This, however, is not a contraindication for surgical release in elderly patients.
Carbon Price Volatility and Financial Risk Management

Carbon dioxide emissions represent a new traded asset that, in addition to reducing carbon dioxide emissions through cap-and-trade initiatives, can offer financial risk diversification benefits. In this paper, multivariate generalized auto-regressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) models are used to model conditional correlations between carbon prices, oil prices, natural gas prices and stock prices. Compared with the diagonal or dynamic conditional correlation model, the constant conditional correlation model is found to fit the data the best and is used to generate hedge ratios and optimal portfolios. Carbon does not appear to be useful for hedging oil or the S&P 500 index but does seem to be useful for hedging natural gas. The average weight for the carbon/natural gas portfolio indicates that for a US$1 portfolio, 29 cents should be invested in carbon and 71 cents invested in natural gas. Hedge ratios and optimal portfolio weights vary considerably over the sample period, indicating that financial positions should be monitored frequently.
Sexual vs. Nonsexual Currently Most Upsetting Trauma: A Fresh Look at Attenuation of Sexual Response, Alcohol Intoxication, and Post-Traumatic Stress

This study examined the dependence of sexual response (vaginal pulse amplitude [VPA] and subjective sexual arousal) on alcohol intoxication (.10% breath alcohol concentration [BrAC] versus no alcohol) and the nature of a woman’s currently most upsetting traumatic event (C-MUTE), whether it was sexual (e.g., rape) or nonsexual (e.g., combat). Self-reported sexual outcomes were also compared by C-MUTE type. A total of 117 women completed background measures and either drank alcoholic or nonalcoholic beverages. They were shown erotic films and their VPA was assessed. A two (sexual versus nonsexual C-MUTE) by two (.10% BrAC versus no alcohol) analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that, controlling for post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptoms, women with a sexual C-MUTE showed lower percent VPA change than women with a nonsexual C-MUTE. No significant effects were found for subjective sexual arousal. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed that women with a sexual C-MUTE reported more frequent anxiety and inhibition during partnered sex and more frequent lack of vaginal lubrication versus women with a nonsexual C-MUTE. There was no significant interaction between C-MUTE and alcohol intoxication. Whether a woman is currently upset by past sexual victimization may influence current sexual difficulties. Attenuated VPA may be attributable to the sexual nature of a C-MUTE as opposed to general trauma exposure.