Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Altered Neuronal Markers Following Treatment with Mood Stabilizer and Antipsychotic Drugs Indicate an Increased Likelihood of Neurotransmitter Release

Objective Given the ability of mood stabilizers and antipsychotics to promote cell proliferation, we wanted to determine the effects of these drugs on neuronal markers previously reported to be altered in subjects with psychiatric disorders. Methods Male Sprauge-Dawley rats were treated with vehicle (ethanol), lithium (25.5 mg per day), haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg), olanzapine (1.0 mg/kg) or a combination of lithium and either of the antipsychotic drugs for 28 days. Levels of cortical synaptic (synaptosomal associated protein-25, synaptophysin, vesicle associated protein and syntaxin) and structural (neural cell adhesion molecule and alpha-synuclein) proteins were determined in each treatment group using Western blots. Results Compared to the vehicle treated group; animals treated with haloperidol had greater levels of synaptosomal associated protein-25 (p<0.01) and neural cell adhesion molecule (p<0.05), those treated with olanzapine had greater levels of synaptophysin (p<0.01) and syntaxin (p<0.01). Treatment with lithium alone did not affect the levels of any of the proteins. Combining lithium and haloperidol resulted in greater levels of synaptophysin (p<0.01), synaptosomal associated protein-25 (p<0.01) and neural cell adhesion molecule (p<0.01). The combination of lithium and olanzapine produced greater levels of synaptophysin (p<0.01) and alpha-synuclein (p<0.05). Conclusion Lithium alone had no effect on the neuronal markers. However, haloperidol and olanzapine affected different presynaptic markers. Combining lithium with olanzapine additionally increased alpha-synuclein. These drug effects need to be taken into account by future studies examining presynaptic and neuronal markers in tissue from subjects with psychiatric disorders.
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Hierarchical Static Test Method in C Source Code

To increase the output's accuracy and credibility of fast static analysis tool, this paper proposes a hierarchical static testing method of C program. The first level is to access static analysis tools with speed heavy proportion and generated the initial output of detection, the second level is extracted the program slicing of the initial test results based on the warning message. Warning program slicing is formalized abstraction into Boolean formula to solve by the SAT solver. It can determine the slicing true or false. The results of the first level and the second level are composited to improve the accuracy of the analytical tools. The experiment showed that the method could improve the accuracy and credibility a certain extent. It also could effectively reduce false positives.
Optimising student cognitive load in computer education

Cognitive Load Theory provides a coherent way to optimise students cognitive processing load during learning. A range of principles identified in this theory can be applied to improve student processing during learning computing content. These principles range from the goal free problem solving to worked examples, split-attention, redundancy and variability effects. However, these principles need to be applied strategically. In this paper the most important consideration for strategic planning of computer education, ranging from the content element interactivity, mental effort measurement to student prior knowledge, are organised into a set of instructional choices. These choices are summarised in a flow chart, which can be used in the educational planning, as a tool to help ensure the identified issues are considered in an optimal sequence.
BMP signaling orchestrates photoreceptor specification in the zebrafish pineal gland in collaboration with Notch

A variety of signaling pathways have been shown to regulate specification of neuronal subtype identity. However, the mechanisms by which future neurons simultaneously process information from multiple pathways to establish their identity remain poorly understood. The zebrafish pineal gland offers a simple system with which to address questions concerning the integration of signaling pathways during neural specification as it contains only two types of neurons – photoreceptors and projection neurons. We have previously shown that Notch signaling inhibits the projection neuron fate. Here, we show that BMP signaling is both necessary and sufficient to promote the photoreceptor fate. We also demonstrate that crosstalk between BMP and Notch signaling is required for the inhibition of a projection neuron fate in future photoreceptors. In this case, BMP signaling is required as a competence factor for the efficient activation of Notch targets. Our results indicate that both the induction of a photoreceptor fate and the interaction with Notch relies on a canonical BMP/ Smad5 pathway. However, the activation of Notch-dependent transcription does not require a canonical Smad5-DNA interaction. Our results provide new insights into how multiple signaling influences are integrated during cell fate specification in the vertebrate CNS.
Interactive Volume Visualization of Complex Flow Semantics

Comprehending results from 3D CFD simulation is a difficult task. In this paper, we present a semantics-based approach to featurebased volume rendering of 3D flow data. We make use of interactive feature specification to acquire derived data about what is most interesting to the user. This process results in so-called degree-ofinterest (DOI) values, associated with the original data items. This information is then used during the visualization mapping to allow for visualization of flow semantics. We present three different approaches in this paper: (a) isosurfacing the degree of interest – the result is a triplet (or quintuplet) of iso-surfaces representing levels of interest; (b) feature volumes – volume rendering is used to depict 3D distributions of DOI values; and (c) interest-based seeding of streamlines, resulting in reduced clutter while focusing on the most interesting parts of the 3D flow. We utilize fast volume rendering (RTVR) for real-time viewing, also providing two-level volume rendering, which allows to seamlessly integrate all of the above-mentioned approaches. CR Categories: I.6. 6 [Simulation, Modelling, and Visualization]: simulation output analysis; I.6. 9 [Simulation, Modelling, and Visualization]: visualization—flow visualization, information visualization, multivariate visualization, volume visualization;
Passwords in peer-to-peer

One of the differences between typical peer-to-peer (P2P) and client-server systems is the existence of user accounts. While many P2P applications, like public file sharing, are anonymous, more complex services such as decentralized online social networks require user authentication. In these, the common approach to P2P authentication builds on the possession of cryptographic keys. A drawback with that approach is usability when users access the system from multiple devices, an increasingly common scenario. In this work, we present a scheme to support logins based on users knowing a username-password pair. We use passwords, as they are the most common authentication mechanism in services on the Internet today, ensuring strong user familiarity. In addition to password logins, we also present supporting protocols to provide functionality related to password logins, such as resetting a forgotten password via e-mail or security questions. Together, these allow P2P systems to emulate centralized password logins. The results of our performance evaluation indicate that incurred delays are well within acceptable bounds.
Seeing Less and Knowing More The Benefits of Perceptual Ignorance

We suggest that dispositions are more automatically inferred from nonlinguistic than from linguistic behavior, and thus the attributional processing of linguistic behavior is more easily impaired by peripheral cognitive activities. In Experiment 1, subjects observed an applicant who claimed to possess the requisite attributes for a desirable job, but who failed to display nonlinguistic behavior to support that claim. Subjects who performed a concurrent visual detection task based their attributions primarily on the applicant's nonlinguistic behavior and drew less biased inferences than did control subjects. In Experiments 2 and 3, subjects heard an unenthusiastic essayist who was constrained to read a political speech. Subjects who performed either a concurrent visual detection task or a concurrent social influence task drew less biased inferences than did control subjects. These studies suggest that person perception includes subprocesses that differ in their characteristic degrees of automaticity and that performing simultaneous cognitive operations may enable perceivers to avoid certain kinds of inferential errors.
Appearance-based motion strategies for object detection

This paper investigates an object detection problem using a mobile robot equipped with a vision sensor. The main novelty of this work is an approach that combines localization of the robot relative to an object believed to be the target and confirmation of this object's identity. Since the position of the robot relative to the candidate target is never exactly known, we model this position by a probability distribution over a set of cells forming a decomposition of the workspace around the candidate target. By performing a series of moves the robot acquires several images and runs a target detector module on each image. Its goal is not only to reach a position where the target detector can confirm the target with high confidence (as this approach would be prone to false positives). It is also to reach a position where, with high probability, the target detector will confirm with high confidence that the candidate target is actually the target. This twofold goal reduces drastically the likelihood of false positives. The target confirmation problem is modeled as a Partially-Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP), which is solved using Stochastic Dynamic Programming (SDP).
A Somatically Diversified Defense Factor, FREP3, Is a Determinant of Snail Resistance to Schistosome Infection

Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease, owes its continued success to freshwater snails that support production of prolific numbers of human-infective cercariae. Encounters between schistosomes and snails do not always result in the snail becoming infected, in part because snails can mount immune responses that prevent schistosome development. Fibrinogen-related protein 3 (FREP3) has been previously associated with snail defense against digenetic trematode infection. It is a member of a large family of immune molecules with a unique structure consisting of one or two immunoglobulin superfamily domains connected to a fibrinogen domain; to date fibrinogen containing proteins with this arrangement are found only in gastropod molluscs. Furthermore, specific gastropod FREPs have been shown to undergo somatic diversification. Here we demonstrate that siRNA mediated knockdown of FREP3 results in a phenotypic loss of resistance to Schistosoma mansoni infection in 15 of 70 (21.4%) snails of the resistant BS-90 strain of Biomphalaria glabrata. In contrast, none of the 64 control BS-90 snails receiving a GFP siRNA construct and then exposed to S. mansoni became infected. Furthermore, resistance to S. mansoni was overcome in 22 of 48 snails (46%) by pre-exposure to another digenetic trematode, Echinostoma paraensei. Loss of resistance in this case was shown by microarray analysis to be associated with strong down-regulation of FREP3, and other candidate immune molecules. Although many factors are certainly involved in snail defense from trematode infection, this study identifies for the first time the involvement of a specific snail gene, FREP3, in the phenotype of resistance to the medically important parasite, S. mansoni. The results have implications for revealing the underlying mechanisms involved in dictating the range of snail strains used by S. mansoni, and, more generally, for better understanding the phenomena of host specificity and host switching. It also highlights the role of a diversified invertebrate immune molecule in defense against a human pathogen. It suggests new lines of investigation for understanding how susceptibility of snails in areas endemic for S. mansoni could be manipulated and diminished.
Route Fingerprinting in Anonymous Communications

Peer discovery and route set-up are an integral part of the processes by which anonymizing peer-to-peer systems are made secure. When systems are large, and individual nodes only gain random knowledge of part of the network, their traffic can be detected by the uniqueness of the information they have learnt. We discuss this problem, which occurred in the initial design of Tarzan, and other related problems from the literature
Identifying meaningful locations

Existing context-aware mobile applications often rely on location information. However, raw location data such as GPS coordinates or GSM cell identifiers are usually meaningless to the user and, as a consequence, researchers have proposed different methods for inferring so-called places from raw data. The places are locations that carry some meaning to user and to which the user can potentially attach some (meaningful) semantics. Examples of places include home, work and airport. A lack in existing work is that the labeling has been done in an ad hoc fashion and no motivation has been given for why places would be interesting to the user. As our first contribution we use social identity theory to motivate why some locations really are significant to the user. We also discuss what potential uses for location information social identity theory implies. Another flaw in the existing work is that most of the proposed methods are not suited to realistic mobile settings as they rely on the availability of GPS information. As our second contribution we consider a more realistic setting where the information consists of GSM cell transitions that are enriched with GPS information whenever a GPS device is available. We present four different algorithms for this problem and compare them using real data gathered throughout Europe. In addition, we analyze the suitability of our algorithms for mobile devices
Simultaneous optimization of gait and design parameters for bipedal robots

A walking bipedal robot's energy efficiency depends on its gait as well as its design, whereas design changes affect the optimal gaits. We propose a method to take these interdependencies into account via simultaneous optimization of gait as well as design parameters. The method is applied to a planar robot with hybrid zero dynamics control and a torsion spring between its thighs. Periodic gaits are simulated by means of the hybrid zero dynamics. The implementation of the simultaneous optimization of gait parameters and spring stiffness via sequential quadratic programming is presented. Subsequently, an error analysis is performed to gain good convergence and short computation times of the optimization. The evaluation of gradients is identified as crucial for the algorithm's convergence and therefore performed via complex step derivative approximations. The resulting implementation exhibits good convergence behavior and is provided as supplement to this paper. At 2.3 m/s, the simultaneous optimization results in savings in energy expenditure of up to 55%. A consecutive optimization of first gait and then stiffness yields only 11%, demonstrating the advantage of the presented method.
Influence of Urbanization Factors on Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity: A Comparison of Countries at Different Developmental Phases

Urbanization is a global problem with demographic trends. The urban heat island plays a dominant role in local climate systems. Despite existing efforts to understand the impacts of multiple urbanization factors on the urban heat island globally, very little is known about the attribution of urban heat island magnitude to urbanization in different locations or developmental phases. In this study, based on global land surface temperature data, urban spatial domain data, gross domestic product (GDP), and population data, we analyzed the influence of multiple urbanization factors on global surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII). We also tentatively compared the abovementioned factors between different regions across the globe, especially between China and the USA, the largest countries that are experiencing or have experienced rapid urbanization in recent decades. The results showed that global SUHII had remarkable spatial heterogeneity due to the geographical and socioeconomic variation between cities. There was a significant correlation between SUHII and population as well as GDP in global cities. Moreover, this study suggested that the impacts of population on SUHII might be stronger in the early stages of urbanization, and the GDP factor would become a critical factor at a certain development level. The urban area also had non-ignorable impacts on SUHII, while the correlation between SUHII and urban shape was relatively weak. All these may imply that the best approach to slow down SUHII is to find other solutions, e.g., optimize the spatial configuration of urban internal landscapes, when the urbanization reaches a high level.
Non-uniform sampling strategies for continuous correction based trajectory estimation

Sliding window estimation is widely used for online simultaneous localization and mapping. While increasing the sliding window size generally yields improved accuracy, it also comes at an increase in computational cost. In order to reduce this cost, we propose smarter non-uniform sampling of the trajectory representation over the sliding window. This non-uniform temporal resolution is possible with continuous-time representations that allow freely adjustable knots location. Four strategies for selecting the knots location are presented and evaluated based on a real data laser-odometry SLAM problem. The results clearly show that non-uniform distributions of knots can be superior to uniform distribution in terms of accuracy per computation time.
Social Presence in Multi-User Virtual Environments : A Review and Measurement Framework for Organizational Research

As computer-mediated work continues to evolve, and online interactions between individuals become more immersive and socially nuanced, the experiences of individuals within virtual environments will no doubt be a recurrent topic of organizational research. Presence, or the subjective experience of “being” in an environment, has been suggested by researchers in multiple disciplines to be an important factor in the effective utilization of virtual worlds. This paper reviews the relevant literature on social presence and presents a framework through which this construct can reliably and validly be measured. The goal of this paper is to propose a conceptuallyand statistically-sound strategy for how to define and measure presence for purposes of testing hypotheses in organizational behavior research. Quite naturally, as computers have become more sophisticated, so have the virtual environments within which individuals are able to interact. For instance, many of the earliest socially-oriented virtual environments were text-based, referred to as multi-user dungeons (MUDs; Leslie, 1993). Over time, such environments have evolved to include not only textbased information, but visual and auditory stimuli as well as avatar embodiment. Exemplars of current-day virtual environments are the multi-player online games World of Warcraft (Mortensen, 2006) and Second Life (Atkinson, 2008; Berente, Hansen, Pike, & Bateman, 2008). A growing organizational trend in the use of technology as a communicative medium is the mounting popularity of multi-user virtual environments (MUVEs) such as Second Life, which can
Pruning SIFT for Scalable Near-duplicate Image Matching

The detection of image versions from large image collections is a formidable task as two images are rarely identical. Geometric variations such as cropping, rotation, and slight photometric alteration are unsuitable for content-based retrieval techniques, whereas digital watermarking techniques have limited application for practical retrieval. Recently, the application of Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) interest points to this domain have shown high effectiveness, but scalability remains a problem due to the large number of features generated for each image. In this work, we show that for this application domain, the SIFT interest points can be dramatically pruned to effect large reductions in both memory requirements and query run-time, with almost negligible loss in effectiveness. We demonstrate that, unlike using the original SIFT features, the pruned features scales better for collections containing hundreds of thousands of images.
Reduced-Order-Model Interpolation for use in Global Modal Parameterization

Interpolation of reduced order models (ROM) is an important topic in many areas of model reduction. Recently, a system-level model reduction technique for flexible multibody systems, Global Modal Parameterization (GMP), has been proposed. This method is based on an interpolation of ROMs for different undeformed configurations in order to reduce model equation assembly time. As is shown in this paper, the way this interpolation is performed significantly impacts the accuracy of the simulation. This work compares 3 different interpolation strategies. Firstly two strategies which directly interpolate the reduced mass and stiffness matrix, through linear and quadratic interpolation, are considered. A third novel interpolation strategy, which operates in the eigenspace of the ROMs, is proposed in order to obtain better accuracy for the eigenfrequencies of the interpolated system. Finally the three approaches are compared through a numerical validation on a planar slider-crank mechanism.