Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does the milk of callitrichid monkeys differ from that of larger anthropoids?

The generalization that anthropoid primates produce dilute milks that are low in protein and energy is based primarily on data from large monkeys of the families Cebidae and Cercopithecidae, as well as humans. The marmosets and tamarins (Callitrichidae) are not only much smaller in body size, but also typically raise multiple offspring during a relatively brief lactation. We hypothesized that selection for small body size and high reproductive rate might favor secretion of milk of higher energy and protein concentrations. To test this hypothesis, 46 milk samples collected from 10 common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus, ca. 350 g) were assayed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), fat, and sugar; and gross energy (GE) was calculated from these constituents. We also assayed five samples collected from three golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia, ca. 700 g) and six samples collected from a single pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea, ca. 150 g) over two lactation periods. All samples were collected between days 10 and 57 post partum, representing mid lactation for these species. The milks of these three species were similar, containing 14.0%, 16.1%, and 13.7% DM; 2.7%, 2.6%, and 2.9% CP; 3.6%, 5.2%, and 3.7% fat; 7.4%, 7.2%, and 7.8% sugar; and 0.76, 0.90, and 0.82 kcal/g for common marmosets, golden lion tamarins, and the pygmy marmoset, respectively. These species produced milks with energy values that were within the range reported for large anthropoids, albeit with slightly higher protein concentration. However, milk composition did vary substantially among individual common marmoset females, especially in the proportion of milk energy derived from fat. In contrast, CP as expressed as a percent of GE was remarkably constant among common marmoset females. Callitrichid milk appeared to be similar to that of larger anthropoid primates in GE, but was higher in CP and in the proportion of GE from CP. However, the small sample sizes for the golden lion tamarin and the pygmy marmoset, and the wide variation in milk composition found among common marmoset females cautions against definitively characterizing the milks of callitrichids from these data. Am. J. Primatol. 56:117–127, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
5G Architectural Design Patterns

In this work, we present novel Architectural Design Patterns towards open, cloud-based 5G communications. We provide a brief classification of technologies that cannot be ignored in the design process of 5G systems and illustrate how a new technological added value can be created, when current methodologies, design paradigms, as well as design patterns and their extensions are properly exploited in efficient Radio Access Network (RAN) architectures. We believe that in many cases, the required technology is already there; nevertheless the correct approach has to be worked out and placed within an appropriate context, especially in the case of the integration of complex RAN systems. The enhancements in RF optimization, the progress in cloud computing, Software Defined Networks (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV), new design concepts such as Network Slicing have to become part of the RAN design methodology. Diverse architectural concepts should break existing stereotypes to pave the way towards the true 5G system integration.
Sustainable Tourism

To prevent environmental or cultural damage that curtails tourism, operators and planners need to cooperate with government authorities and managers in other industries to establish planning strategies and other mechanisms to ensure that tourism to a locale does not exceed the capacity of that destination. The goal of sustainable tourism can be achieved if the capacity of the many attributes of a destination to support human activity can be assessed and not exceeded. An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is one mechanism for determining that capacity. An EIA should take into account the relationship between demand from travelers and the sensitive environmental characteristics of the site. Unfortunately the actual capacities of many locations are only partially known or have been learned only in retrospect. An ecosystem approach to travel planning, one that accounts for demands of other industries on the environment, will help create plans for sustainable tourism and development. Such a plan is in effect in such places as Prince Edward Island and the Maldive Islands. Ecotourism promises to be one aspect of sustainable tourism, although the current concept of ecotourism is so ill defined as to be deceiving.
Cytoplasmic Localization of WT1 and Decrease of miRNA-16-1 in Nephrotic Syndrome

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a glomerular disease that is defined by the leakage of protein into the urine and is associated with hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. Steroid-resistant NS (SRNS) patients do not respond to treatment with corticosteroids and show decreased Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) expression in podocytes. Downregulation of WT1 has been shown to be affected by certain microRNAs (miRNAs). Twenty-one patients with idiopathic NS (68.75% were SSNS and 31.25% SRNS) and 10 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Podocyte number and WT1 location were determined by immunofluorescence, and the serum levels of miR-15a, miR-16-1, and miR-193a were quantified by RT-qPCR. Low expression and delocalization of WT1 protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm were found in kidney biopsies of patients with SRNS and both nuclear and cytoplasmic localization were found in steroid-sensitive NS (SSNS) patients. In sera from NS patients, low expression levels of miR-15a and miR-16-1 were found compared with healthy controls, but only the miR-16-1 expression levels showed statistically significant decrease (p = 0.019). The miR-193a expression levels only slightly increased in NS patients. We concluded that low expression and delocalization from the WT1 protein in NS patients contribute to loss of podocytes while modulation from WT1 protein is not associated with the miRNAs analyzed in sera from the patients.
Impacts of Inductance on the Figures of Merit to Optimize Global Interconnect

With aggressive scaling of CMOS technology, different performance parameters: latency, bandwidth, repeater power consumption and area, and delay variation of global interconnects are not scaling accordingly with those of devices and local interconnects. There have been various optimization schemes to minimize the discrepancy of performance between the devices and global interconnect lines. But these optimization schemes are based on RC delay concepts, which assume that the total inductance is less than a critical inductance and the system is over damped; hence the impact of inductance can be ignored. This paper attempts to identify the limitations of these figures of merit (FOMs), and address the impact of line inductance on the methodology of global interconnect width and spacing optimization, and on different FOMs. The paper examines the impacts of inductance on various performance parameters, such as, band width, delay, delay uncertainty, and repeater power and area, which were previously based on RC models
Conditional and unconditional inequality and growth relationships

This study tests the conditional and unconditional relationship between income inequality and growth in the post-Second World War period using WIDER inequality database. Regression results suggest that income inequality is declining over time. Inequality is also declining in growth of income. There is a significant regional heterogeneity in the levels and development of inequality over time. The Kuznets hypothesis represents a global U-shape relationship between inequality and growth.
Stochastic Specification in an Aggregate Demand Model of the United Kingdom

An eight equation dynamic model of aggregate demand in the United Kingdom is estimated by a variety of methods which make different assumptions about, and provide different treatments of, the problems of simultaneity and serial correlation, the latter being both within and between equations. Although the system appears to perform quite well on conventional criteria, the alternative estimators reveal a number of misspecifications and demonstrate the sensitivity of the results to estimator choice. The paper also considers the methodological problems involved in estimating dynamic simultaneous equation models with possibly auto-correlated errors using seasonally unadjusted quarterly data.
Is small beautiful? Village level taxation of natural resources in Tanzania

This article examines collection of natural resources revenue by village governments in Tanzania as part of a decentralisation reform. An analysis of empirical data in the form of taxation records from 14 villages, which collect and retain revenues on natural resources utilisation suggests that decentralising revenue collection to the lowest local government tier may yield: (i) considerable increases in revenue collection; (ii) increased transparency in public finances through requirements that village governments document their incomes and expenditures to the villagers; and (iii) a financial surplus that is used to finance public services at the village level. The evidence presented in this article suggests that decentralising taxation to the lowest local government tier may be a viable approach to enhance revenue collection on the utilisation of relatively low value natural resources, and assure that a share of the collected revenue is used to finance public services. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A boy with a submicroscopic 22qter deletion, general overgrowth and features suggestive of FG syndrome

Over recent years, submicroscopic subtelomeric rearrangements have been shown to be a significant cause of mental retardation and, therefore, such abnormalities should be considered in every child with moderate to severe retardation with additional features suggestive of a chromosomal abnormality. The FG syndrome is an X‐linked recessive mental retardation syndrome with congenital hypotonia, relative macrocephaly, a characteristic facies and constipation. We describe a severely mentally retarded boy with a history of severe constipation, truncal hypotonia, facial dysmorphism, fetal pads, and joint laxity, leading to an initial diagnosis of FG syndrome at the age of 3 years. Clinical re‐evaluation at the age of 6 years, when he showed signs of general overgrowth, initiated a telomere screen, and a submicroscopic 22q13.3 telomere deletion was detected. The features suggestive of FG syndrome in this boy with a 22q13.3→qter deletion may indicate testing for submicroscopic 22qter deletions in patients with atypical features of FG syndrome without a definite X‐linked family history.
Momentum Trading

Momentum traders buy stock (often on margin) as prices rise and sell as prices fall. In essence, they are trying to obtain the benefits of a call option--upside participation with limited risk on the downside--without any payment of an option premium. The strategy appears to offer a chance of huge gains with little risk and minimal cost, but its real risks and costs become known only when it's too late--after the strategy has failed, and taken markets down with it.
Formulating and Evaluating Tou Rism Policy Using Importance-Performance Analysis

The purpose of this paper is to explore the applicability of Importance-Perform ance Analysis (IPA) technique in the formulation and evaluation of tourism policy. The authors discuss the use of this survey research technique and the key elements in the development of an effective research design using IPA. The paper illustrates how the IPA technique was used in two very different tourism destinations to solve problems and resolve tourism policy issues.
Earnings Per Share and Cash Flow Per Share as Determinants of Share Value: Tests of Significance Using the Bootstrap with Demsetz's Method

Abstract Demsetz (1995) develops a method to determine the relationship between share prices and accounting profitability measures. Unfortunately, the probability distributions of the underlying statistics are unknown. This paper uses bootstrap methodology for obtaining standard errors associated with these statistics as well as percentiles for the respective distributions. We apply the bootstrap analysis to test for the relative importance of earnings per share (EPS) and cash flow per share (CPS) in explaining share prices. Contemporaneous year-on-year changes in EPS is statistically significantly better at explaining year-on-year changes in share prices than year-on-year changes in CPS. This confirms that the analysis of EPS is economically meaningful.
Commonalities outweigh differences in the communication of emotions across human cultures

In a recent study, Jack et al. (1) examined the perception of emotional facial expressions using reverse correlations of viewers’ classifications of randomly generated muscle movements. The authors argued that their findings refute the notion that facial expressions of emotions are shared across human cultures. The reverse-correlation approach is an interesting contribution to the cross-cultural study of emotional communication. However, the strong claim of refutation is not supported by their data.
The relationship between tourism receipts, real effective exchange rate and economic growth in Tunisia

The objective of this paper is to analyse the role of tourism in the Tunisian economic growth. We used a trivariate model of real gross domestic product (GDP), real international tourism receipts and real effective exchange rate to discuss the relationship between tourism and economic growth. By using annual data for Tunisia for the period of 1970–2007, our results reveal that there is a cointegrating relationship between tourism and economic growth. In addition, our results for the Granger causality test indicate that tourism has a positive impact on GDP growth unidirectionally. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reducing Test Anxiety among Third Grade Students through the Implementation of Relaxation Techniques.

The purpose of this study was to reduce the negative effects that self-perceived levels of test anxiety have on third-grade students. The participants in this study consisted of 177 third-grade students at two Midwestern public elementary schools. Students at one school were taught relaxation techniques, while students at the second school served as the control group, receiving no training. The Westside test anxiety scale (Driscoll 2007), elevator breathing and guided relaxation were utilized to measure and manage levels of anxiety. The results indicated that the relaxation intervention had a significant effect in reducing test anxiety in the experimental group. In contrast, no significant decrease in test anxiety was found among the control group. This study highlights the implications for counselors, parents and teachers working with elementary students facing high-stakes testing.
Recent Developments in German Capital Markets and Corporate Governance

Financial economists continue to point to Germany as a relatively successful model of a "bank-centered," as opposed to a market-based, economy. But few seem to recognize that, in the years leading up to World War I, German equity capital markets were among the most highly developed in the world. Although there are now only about 750 companies listed on German stock exchanges, in 1914 there were almost 1,200 (as compared to only about 600 stocks then listed on the New York Stock Exchange). 2001 Morgan Stanley.
The National Vaccine Advisory Committee weighs in with eight recommendations for more stable vaccine funding.

An Institute of Medicine (IOM) committee recommended a dramatic change in the national approach to financing immunizations in the United States. Major features were an insurance mandate to cover immunization, federal government subsidy for the purchase of vaccines, and vouchers for uninsured people. The National Vaccine Advisory Committee (NVAC), while agreeing with many of the IOM observations, did not agree with the recom- mendations for action. NVAC recommended, among other things, expanding and stabilizing funding through the existing Vaccination Assistance Act (Section 317 of the Public Health Service Act), expansion of the Vaccines for Children program, and assurance of adequate reimbursement for administration of vaccines.
Volatility Spillovers: Evidence On U.S. Oil Product Markets

This paper provides evidence on the lead, the contemporaneous and the lagged transmission mechanism of extreme shocks across energy products. Our findings reveal a weak leadership of crude oil in guiding hedgers against risk that is specific to natural gas whose changes show a weak reliance on changes in crude oil. Moreover, our findings are consistent with the competitive use of energy products. It follows that substitutability characterizes the relationship between heating oil and natural gas when extreme standardized shocks are considered.
A Propose Neuro-Fuzzy-Genetic Intrusion Detection System

exponential growth and development of the internet has created many problems on network security. Current intrusion detection system has failed to fully protect system against sophisticated attacks. This research work explores some dedicated methodologies such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Fuzzy Logic, and Genetic Algorithms applied to Intrusion Detection Systems but attacks against networks and information systems are still successful. We proposed Neuro- fuzzy Genetic Intrusion Detection System which is a fusion of the three Artificial Intelligence techniques. We foresee they would stand a fighting chance against any sophisticated attack, improve accuracy, precision rate and reduce the false positive rate and would protect data integrity, confidentiality and availability. We also discuss the dataset for evaluating the system. In this work we have identified a new research direction in the related field. Keywords-fuzzy, Genetic algorithm, Artificial Neural Network, Fuzzy logic, intrusion detection system and Dataset.
OPTIMAL BID MODEL FOR PRICE-TIME BIPARAMETER CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS

Construction clients are increasingly calling for bids that require competing contractors to submit both the bid price and contract time. In such situations contractors are faced with the problem of deciding which combination of bid price and contract time to submit. An important consideration is the cost of time to the client. This varies from contract to contract and is usually expressed in terms of a unit time value such as liquidated damages rate or, for highway contracts, a daily road user cost. The unit time value is normally set out in the contract appendix and often used by the client as a basis for determining the contractor's total combined bid. This kind of procurement method is commonly referred to as the A + B method. To illustrate the mechanism of price-time biparameter procurement, a total combined bid Iso-map is developed in this study. The contractor's price-time performance curve is then incorporated into the map to determine the contractor's optimal bid parameters: tender price and contract time. Also, based on this mechanism, a mathematical optimization bid model is developed for calculating the optimal bid parameters.
Reducing the Illicit Trade in Endangered Wildlife

The market reduction approach is a crime reduction strategy that aims to reduce and disrupt stolen goods markets, in addition to reducing theft levels by making it more risky for thieves to sell stolen property. Initially, the concept has shown promise in England with regard to reducing traditional forms of property-related crime as well as disrupting certain types of stolen goods markets. Additionally, strides have been made using property as a unit of analysis rather than traditional foci of attention when examining crime patterns and designing tactical responses. In line with the 2005 United Nations program of work on transnational and organized crime, this article uses the specific example of the illegal trade of endangered flora and fauna to explore how the market reduction approach can be expanded beyond its current use into the realm of nontraditional types of property crime.
Promoting Participation in Sustainable Living Educational Programming Events among Non-Environmentally-Motivated Individuals: The Importance of Key Informant Involvement*

Many social science researchers agree that overconsumption of resources and consumer goods is a major problem in Western culture today, particularly in the United States. Thus, promoting sustainable behavior among the public in rural and urban areas alike is important. Although existing research offers suggestions for promoting sustainable behaviors among environmentally-motivated audiences, a void remains with respect to encouraging non-environmentally-motivated individuals to adopt more sustainable behaviors. In response, I conducted a formative experiment aimed specifically at: 1) fostering participation among non-environmentallymotivated individuals in sustainable living educational programming events, and 2) promoting subsequent behavior change among those participants in the direction of more sustainable lifestyles. This article focuses on the first goal, and specifically on the role of key informant involvement in achieving increasing levels of participation for each of the four iterations comprising this project. This strategy has the potential to improve participation in similar programming among various target audiences, including those in the rural areas familiar to JRSS readership.
Institutional Shareholder Activism and Limited Investor Attention

We investigate whether limited investor attention is a factor in the effectiveness of institutional shareholder activism. Prior research has shown that an inability of market participants to allocate sufficient intellectual effort to the investment decision can have an impact on market price and volume behavior. We extend this research in an applied setting by considering the effectiveness of the California Public Employees’ Retirement System (CalPERS) focus list, whose aim is to improve the performance and corporate governance of target firms. We find that the share price and volume response to being included in the focus list is a function of the investor attention in a stock, which in turn has an impact on the subsequent managerial response. This suggests that when attention is a scarce cognitive resource, the proactive exploitation of news signals can be an efficient activism strategy.
A method for obtaining living leukocytes from human peripheral blood by acceleration of erythrocyte sedimentation.

A simple method for obtaining living leukocytes from human peripheral blood is presented. It consists of the addition of fibrinogen to heparinized blood. Essentially all the leukocytes remain in plasma suspension and essentially all the erythrocytes are sedimented out at the end of one hour. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors wish to express their thanks to Miss Alma Manieri, who did all the blood counts for this study, and to Mr. Antol Herskovitz, who prepared the photomicrographs.
Alcohol and the youth: a bottom-up approach to develop educational measures

A major challenge for governments as well as schools and health professionals is developing educational measures to decrease the amount of alcohol consumptions among youth. This article reports the findings of a qualitative study examining young people‟s beliefs and behaviours according to the use of alcohol the participants‟ social context and their opinion on alcohol prevention. Fourteen people between 15 and 17 years old were interviewed using a semi-structured interview list. The findings suggest that responsibility is the main topic in this study. Students feel responsible for their own behaviour and also parents give the massage to drink responsible. Whatever this concept means depends highly on the social backgrounds and beliefs of the participants. When the participants talk about the educational measures and prevention programmes they have followed, they mention a gap between these programmes and their own experiences.