Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Possibility of “International Community”

The term “international community” has recently become commonplace in leaders’ and academics’ discourse and the subject of some analysis. While scholars have begun to explore its usage, there has not yet been a modern theoretical evaluation of the prerequisites for creating an international community. This article conducts a theoretical analysis on the types of international communities that can be generated in international politics and the structural factors necessary for their manifestation. It continues by investigating the possibility of forming a unitary actor, called the “International Community,” tasked with resolving global commons issues through an international organization, such as the United Nations. The article concludes by arguing that the conditions do not yet exist for a meaningful “International Community. ”
Nonadditive Effects in the Prediction of Academic Achievement

variable which singly provides the most information about future academic performance at the college level as measured by college grade point average (GPA) (Segel, 1934; Travers, 1949) or attrition (Lindsay, Marks, and Hamel, 1964). This predictive relationship has been attributed to the hypothesized multidimensional nature of HSA, which has been assumed to reflect such factors as scholastic ability, motivation, the development and utilization of skills relevant to scholastic performance, and others (Fishman, 1962). As such, HSA is treated as a vector, the several components of which reflect factors important to college academic achievement. Demonstration of the informational properties of HSA is typically undertaken by utilizing statistical models such as bivariate or kvariate regression where the equation is assumed linear in the parameters and in the independent variables. Where two secondary schools differ in quality of students, quality of instruction, competitiveness, or grading standards, there is
Inducible deletion of epidermal Dicer and Drosha reveals multiple functions for miRNAs in postnatal skin

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate the expression of many mammalian genes and play key roles in embryonic hair follicle development; however, little is known of their functions in postnatal hair growth. We compared the effects of deleting the essential miRNA biogenesis enzymes Drosha and Dicer in mouse skin epithelial cells at successive postnatal time points. Deletion of either Drosha or Dicer during an established growth phase (anagen) caused failure of hair follicles to enter a normal catagen regression phase, eventual follicular degradation and stem cell loss. Deletion of Drosha or Dicer in resting phase follicles did not affect follicular structure or epithelial stem cell maintenance, and stimulation of anagen by hair plucking caused follicular proliferation and formation of a primitive transient amplifying matrix population. However, mutant matrix cells exhibited apoptosis and DNA damage and hair follicles rapidly degraded. Hair follicle defects at early time points post-deletion occurred in the absence of inflammation, but a dermal inflammatory response and hyperproliferation of interfollicular epidermis accompanied subsequent hair follicle degradation. These data reveal multiple functions for Drosha and Dicer in suppressing DNA damage in rapidly proliferating follicular matrix cells, facilitating catagen and maintaining follicular structures and their associated stem cells. Although Drosha and Dicer each possess independent non-miRNA-related functions, the similarity in phenotypes of the inducible epidermal Drosha and Dicer mutants indicates that these defects result primarily from failure of miRNA processing. Consistent with this, Dicer deletion resulted in the upregulation of multiple direct targets of the highly expressed epithelial miRNA miR-205.
The prospect of using large eddy and detached eddy simulations in engineering design, and the research required to get there

In this paper, we try to look into the future to envision how large eddy and detached eddy simulations will be used in the engineering design process about 20–30 years from now. Some key challenges specific to the engineering design process are identified, and some of the critical outstanding problems and promising research directions are discussed.
Anomaly-Based Intrusion Detection System Sharing Normal Behavior Databases among Different Machines

A number of studies have examined anomaly detection systems based ontraining of system call sequences in the normal execution ofapplications. However, many of these anomaly detection systems havelow detection accuracy when the training is not sufficient. Thisoccurs because the normal behavior data obtained through training onone machine cannot be used for detection on another machine. In thispaper, we propose an anomaly detection system that sharesnormal behavior data between multiple machines. In the proposedsystem, normal behavior data obtained on each machine is accumulatedin a server and the integrated data is distributed to each machine.This system improves the detection accuracy by integrating the dataused for anomaly detection on each machine. The proposed system notonly provides a straightforward algorithm for integration, but alsotwo improved algorithms, namely, the majority algorithm and thesimilarity algorithm. The proposed system was implemented on theLinux operating system, and its behavior was compared experimentallywith that of an existing system.
Use of Functional Polymorphisms To Elucidate the Peptide Binding Site of TAP Complexes

TAP1/TAP2 complexes translocate peptides from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum lumen to enable immune surveillance by CD8+ T cells. Peptide transport is preceded by peptide binding to a cytosol-accessible surface of TAP1/TAP2 complexes, but the location of the TAP peptide-binding pocket remains unknown. Guided by the known contributions of polymorphic TAP variants to peptide selection, we combined homology modeling of TAP with experimental measurements to identify several TAP residues that interact with peptides. Models for peptide–TAP complexes were generated, which indicate bent conformation for peptides. The peptide binding site of TAP is located at the hydrophobic boundary of the cytosolic membrane leaflet, with striking parallels to the glutathione binding site of NaAtm1, a transporter that functions in bacterial heavy metal detoxification. These studies illustrate the conservation of the ligand recognition modes of bacterial and mammalians transporters involved in peptide-guided cellular surveillance.
Dyke Methods or Principles for the Discovery/Creation of the Withstanding∗

Alarmed by the domination inherent in the patriarchal idea of truth, the author sketches principles that allow her to develop accounts of reality—to “do theory”—without implying that others should agree. This epistemological setting supports differences among wimmin that are expressed in different understandings of the world; it also supports agreement.
Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Community-Onset Acinetobacter baumannii Infections

In the era of community-onset healthcare-associated infections, potentially antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, are now becoming a challenge for clinicians in emergency departments. ' Inappropriate antimicrobial therapy for A. baumannii infection is associated with a significantly poor outcome. " The identification of clinical characteristics defining patients at high risk for A. baumannii infections could aid clinicians in the appropriate management of these life-threatening conditions. We performed a case-control study to evaluate risk factors associated with A. baumannii infection in community-onset gram-negative bacterial infections. The medical records of individuals diagnosed with A. baumannii infections from January 2007 to December 2009 were reviewed and samples were collected from Samsung Medical Center, a 1,950-bed tertiary care university hospital located in Seoul, Korea. Patients were included in the study if their cultures were drawn in the emergency department and if the culture results were positive for A. baumannii. Those with asymptomatic A. baumannii colonization were excluded. For each case, one control was randomly chosen from whom Enterobacteriaceae had been isolated in a clinical sample collected in the emergency department. Control patients were chosen by matching the date the specimen was collected ( ± 2 months) and the type of specimen cultured to those of the A. baumannii cohort. A. baumannii infection and other gram-negative bacterial infections were defined as the presence of organisms in the proper specimen obtained from patients, together with clinical features compatible with local or systemic inflammatory signs. The site of infection was determined by physicians, on the basis of clinical evaluation and isolates of gram-negative bacteria from the presumed portal of entry. We assessed in vitro resistance to five classes of antimicrobial drugs: extended-spectrum cephalosporin, piperacillin, imipenem, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides. A multidrug-resistant strain was defined as a strain resistant to three or more of the five categorized classes. Community-onset infection was defined as occurrence within 48 hours of admission, and the cases were considered healthcare associated if any of the criteria previously described were present. Otherwise, cases were considered to be community associated.
UCAM-CORE: Incorporating structured distributional similarity into STS

This paper describes methods that were submitted as part of the *SEM shared task on Semantic Textual Similarity. Multiple kernels provide different views of syntactic structure, from both tree and dependency parses. The kernels are then combined with simple lexical features using Gaussian process regression, which is trained on different subsets of training data for each run. We found that the simplest combination has the highest consistency across the different data sets, while introduction of more training data and models requires training and test data with matching qualities.
The stanford mobile visual search data set

We survey popular data sets used in computer vision literature and point out their limitations for mobile visual search applications. To overcome many of the limitations, we propose the Stanford Mobile Visual Search data set. The data set contains camera-phone images of products, CDs, books, outdoor landmarks, business cards, text documents, museum paintings and video clips. The data set has several key characteristics lacking in existing data sets: rigid objects, widely varying lighting conditions, perspective distortion, foreground and background clutter, realistic ground-truth reference data, and query data collected from heterogeneous low and high-end camera phones. We hope that the data set will help push research forward in the field of mobile visual search.
COHORT PROFILE Cohort Profile : The Themba Lethu Clinical Cohort , Johannesburg , South Africa

Centre for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA, Right to Care, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA, Department of International Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA and Clinical HIV Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Extraction of weld defect from radiographic images using the level set segmentation without re-initialization

All level set based image segmentation methods are based on an assumption that the level set function is close to a signed distance function (SDF). Small time step and costly re-initialization procedure must be applied to guarantee this assumption, and in order to calculate the gradient, simple numerical schemes, based on finite differences, are applied. In this paper, in order to achieve higher order accuracy in the temporal discretization, we have used Total Variation Diminishing (TVD) Runge Kutta (RK) methods. The spatial derivatives are determined by using the Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory methods (WENO-5) that accurately capture the formation of sharp gradients in the moving fronts. In the other hand, we have used the level set method without re-initialization in order to speed up the evolutionary process. Experiments results show that we have obtained good results both on synthetic and real images.
Requirement for complement in antibody responses is not explained by the classic pathway activator IgM

Animals lacking complement factors C1q, C2, C3, or C4 have severely impaired Ab responses, suggesting a major role for the classic pathway. The classic pathway is primarily initiated by antigen–Ab complexes. Therefore, its role for primary Ab responses seems paradoxical because only low amounts of specific Abs are present in naive animals. A possible explanation could be that the classic pathway is initiated by IgM from naive mice, binding with sufficient avidity to the antigen. To test this hypothesis, a knock-in mouse strain, Cμ13, with a point mutation in the gene encoding the third constant domain of the μ-heavy chain was constructed. These mice produce IgM in which proline in position 436 is substituted with serine, a mutation previously shown to abrogate the ability of mouse IgM to activate complement. Unexpectedly, the Ab response to sheep erythrocytes and keyhole limpet hemocyanin in Cμ13 mice was similar to that in WT mice. Thus, although secreted IgM and the classic pathway activation are both required for the normal primary Ab response, this does not require that IgM activate C. This led us to test Ab responses in animals lacking one of three other endogenous activators of the classic pathway: specific intracellular adhesion molecule-grabbing nonintegrin R1, serum amyloid P component, and C-reactive protein. Ab responses were also normal in these animals.
CRAWLER: An experimentation platform for system monitoring and cross-layer-coordination

Applications and protocols for wireless and mobile systems have to deal with volatile environmental conditions such as interference, packet loss, and mobility. Utilizing cross-layer information from other protocols and system components such as sensors can improve their performance and responsiveness. However, application and protocol developers lack a convenient way of monitoring, experimenting and specifying optimizations to evaluate their cross-layer ideas. We present CRAWLER, a novel experimentation architecture for system monitoring and cross-layer-coordination that facilitates evaluation of applications and wireless protocols. It alleviates the problem of complicated access to relevant system information by providing a unified interface for accessing application, protocol and system information. The generic design of this interface further enables a convenient and declarative way to specify and experiment how a set of cross-layer optimizations should be composed and adapted at runtime. Our evaluation demonstrates the usability of CRAWLER by experimenting, monitoring and improving TCP's congestion control algorithm.
Eccentric torque–velocity and power–velocity relationships in men and women

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the eccentric torque–velocity and power–velocity relationships of the elbow flexors. Forty recreationally trained individuals (20 men, 20 women) performed maximal eccentric actions at each of five different velocities (1.04 rad · s−1, 2.09 rad · s−1, 3.14 rad · s−1, 4.18 rad · s−1, and 5.23 rad · s−1, in random order) and maximal isometric actions on a Biodex isokinetic dynamometer. A 2×6 (sex×velocity) mixed-factor repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess peak elbow flexor torque during the eccentric and isometric actions. There was no interaction, but there were significant main effects for sex and velocity. Pairwise comparisons demonstrated that values for men were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those for women at all speeds. Furthermore, torques for both sexes were significantly less at 3.14 rad · s−1 (men: 103.94±28.28 N · m; women: 49.24±11.69 N · m) than at 4.18 rad · s−1 (men: 106.39±30.23 N · m; women: 52.77±11.31 N · m) and 5.23 rad · s−1 (men: 108.75±28.59 N · m; women: 53.3±11.67 N · m), while isometric torque was significantly less than at all other speeds (men: 98.66±28.0 N · m; women: 45.25±11.15 N · m). A 2×5 (sex×velocity) mixed-factor repeated-measures ANOVA was used to assess peak eccentric elbow flexor power. There were significant main effects for sex and velocity. Pairwise comparisons demonstrated that values for men were significantly higher than those for women at all speeds. Pairwise comparisons for velocity indicated that peak eccentric power increased across all speeds from 1.04 rad · s−1 (men: 110.44±32.56 W; women 54.36±13.05 W) to 5.23 rad · s−1 (men: 569.46±149.73 W; women: 279.10±61.10 W). These results demonstrate that an increase in velocity had little or no effect on eccentric elbow flexor torque, while eccentric elbow flexor power increased significantly with increases in velocity.
Saying “I Don’t” to Matrimony: An Investigation of Why Long-Term Heterosexual Cohabitors Choose Not to Marry

Research indicates the continuance of a rising trend in cohabitation among heterosexual couples. Although most cohabitors eventually marry or break up, there is a subset of cohabitors that are consciously committed to remaining unmarried. Based on interviews with 45 committed unmarried heterosexual couples residing in the United States, this study investigates the reasons why some choose to abstain from legal marriage altogether. Participants indicate a variety of reasons for forgoing legal marriage, including political views, economic practicalities, divorce concerns, and a lack of rationales or incentives to marry. The reasons offered fit into two larger categories: unease about the meanings associated with marriage and concerns about what marriage does to the relationship. As a subset of cohabitors often overlooked in research, it is important to understand what motivates some into saying “I Don’t” to legal marriage.
On the Cost and Benefit of Cost and Benefit

Cost-benefit analysis of reaction times has become a popular chronometric tool in the study of cognitive processes. We review the technique, assumptions underlying its application, and pitfalls that are encountered in actually implementing it in various experimental contexts, this review suggests that the unthoughtful application of the technique may cause one to draw improper conclusions about the underlying mechanisms that produce costs and benefits. The keys to the mind are few in number. Because of this, the small number of paradigms available to experimental cognitive psychology are exploited ubiquitously to reveal characteristics of a variety of mental activities. When a new technique is invented, it is eagerly coopted by large numbers of investigators who hope to unravel yet more of the mysteries of cognitive life. This is as it should be, given the limited repertoire of methodological resources. However, care must be taken to ensure that new empirical tools are examined critically and that their flaws are laid bare before they are put to use. Often this is not feasible until a technique has been used for some time, thereby permitting sufficient examples of its product to be scrutinized. Also, some period of fairly extensive application of an experimental procedure is required before investigators begin to amass occasionally discomforting feelings about its use. These feelings typically arise during day-to-day activities in the laboratory when otherwise mundane decisions about the details of an experimental design lead one to question some basic assumptions about the empirical technique that is being applied. We have had such feelings of uncertainty. The paradigm that produces our symptoms is
The impact of Megan's Law on sex offender recidivism: the Minnesota experience

Although Megan's Law was passed more than 10 years ago, very little is known as to whether it reduces sex offender recidivism significantly. Using a retrospective quasi-experimental design, we examine whether community notification has a deterrent effect by comparing the recidivism rates of 155 level 3 (“high public risk”) sex offenders released from Minnesota prisons between 1997 and 2002 who were subject to broad notification with two separate control groups who were not. The first control group (referred to as the prenotification group) contained 125 sex offenders released between 1990 and 1996 (the 7 years preceding the implementation of the Community Notification Act) who likely would have been subject to broad community notification had the law been in effect at the time of their release. The second control group (referred to as the non-notification group) was composed of 155 offenders (37 level 1 and 118 level 2) released between 1997 and 2002 who were not subject to broad community notification. The results from the Cox proportional hazards models reveal that broad community notification significantly reduced the risk of time to a sex reoffense (rearrest, reconviction, and reincarceration) compared with both control groups. The findings were mixed, however, for both non-sex and general reoffending. Whereas broad community notification significantly reduced the risk of timing to both non-sex and general recidivism compared with the prenotification group, no such effects were found in the non-notification group analyses. We discuss the implications of these results and attempt to explain why Megan's Law seems to reduce sex offense recidivism in Minnesota.
Spoken language understanding from unaligned data using discriminative classification models

While data-driven methods for spoken language understanding reduce maintenance and portability costs compared with handcrafted parsers, the collection of word-level semantic annotations for training remains a time-consuming task. A recent line of research has focused on building generative models from unaligned semantic representations, using expectation-maximisation techniques to align semantic concepts. This paper presents an efficient, simple technique that parses a semantic tree by recursively calling discriminative semantic classification models. Results show that it outperforms methods based on the Hidden Vector State model and Markov Logic Networks, while performance is close to more complex grammar induction techniques. We also show that our method is robust to speech recognition errors, by improving over a handcrafted parser previously used for dialogue data collection.