Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Individual Differences in Chunking Ability Predict On-line Sentence Processing

There are considerable differences in language processing skill among the normal population. A key question for cognitive science is whether these differences can be ascribed to variations in domain-general cognitive abilities, hypothesized to play a role in language, such as working memory and statistical learning. In this paper, we present experimental evidence pointing to a fundamental memory skill—chunking—as an important predictor of crossindividual variation in complex language processing. Specifically, we demonstrate that chunking ability reflects experience with language, as measured by a standard serial recall task involving consonant combinations drawn from naturally occurring text. Our results reveal considerable individual differences in participants’ ability to use chunk frequency information to facilitate sequence recall. Strikingly, these differences predict variations across participants in the on-line processing of complex sentences involving relative clauses. Our study thus presents the first evidence tying the fundamental ability for chunking to sentence processing skill, providing empirical support for construction-based approaches to language.
Integrated Concurrency-Coherency Controls for Multisystem Data Sharing

The authors propose an integrated control mechanism and analyze the performance gain due to its use. An extension to the data sharing system structure is examined in which a shared intermediate memory is used for buffering and for early commit processing. Read-write-synchronization and write-serialization problems arise. The authors show how the integrated concurrency protocol can be used to overcome both problems. A queueing model is used to quantify the performance improvement. Although using intermediate memory as a buffering device produces a moderate performance benefit, the analysis shows that more substantial gains can be realized when this technique is combined with the use of an integrated concurrency-coherency control protocol. >
Children Seeking Asylum in Wales

While there is an emerging body of research on children seeking asylum, the UK-based studies have to date been largely conducted in England. This paper presents the findings of qualitative research on the experiences of children seeking asylum in Wales, a nation within the UK whose National Assembly has devolved responsibility for social welfare and educational services. The research involved interviews and focus groups with children, relevant professionals and a small number of parents. The findings described in this paper relate to some aspects of the children's daily lives, their hopes and fears and their attitudes towards being dispersed to a strange and unknown country.
Origin, adaptive radiation and diversification of the Hawaiian lobeliads (Asterales: Campanulaceae)

The endemic Hawaiian lobeliads are exceptionally species rich and exhibit striking diversity in habitat, growth form, pollination biology and seed dispersal, but their origins and pattern of diversification remain shrouded in mystery. Up to five independent colonizations have been proposed based on morphological differences among extant taxa. We present a molecular phylogeny showing that the Hawaiian lobeliads are the product of one immigration event; that they are the largest plant clade on any single oceanic island or archipelago; that their ancestor arrived roughly 13 Myr ago; and that this ancestor was most likely woody, wind-dispersed, bird-pollinated, and adapted to open habitats at mid-elevations. Invasion of closed tropical forests is associated with evolution of fleshy fruits. Limited dispersal of such fruits in wet-forest understoreys appears to have accelerated speciation and led to a series of parallel adaptive radiations in Cyanea, with most species restricted to single islands. Consistency of Cyanea diversity across all tall islands except Hawai i suggests that diversification of Cyanea saturates in less than 1.5 Myr. Lobeliad diversity appears to reflect a hierarchical adaptive radiation in habitat, then elevation and flower-tube length, and provides important insights into the pattern and tempo of diversification in a species-rich clade of tropical plants.
Transdermal agomelatine microemulsion gel: pyramidal screening, statistical optimization and in vivo bioavailability

Abstract Agomelatine is a new antidepressant having very low oral drug bioavailability less than 5% due to being liable to extensive hepatic 1st pass effect. This study aimed to deliver agomelatine by transdermal route through formulation and optimization of microemulsion gel. Pyramidal screening was performed to select the most suitable ingredients combinations and then, the design expert software was utilized to optimize the microemulsion formulations. The independent variables of the employed mixture design were the percentages of capryol 90 as an oily phase (X1), Cremophor RH40 and Transcutol HP in a ratio of (1:2) as surfactant/cosurfactant mixture ‘Smix’ (X2) and water (X3). The dependent variables were globule size, optical clarity, cumulative amount permeated after 1 and 24 h, respectively (Q1 and Q24) and enhancement ratio (ER). The optimized formula was composed of 5% oil, 45% Smix and 50% water. The optimized microemulsion formula was converted into carbopol-based gel to improve its retention on the skin. It enhanced the drug permeation through rat skin with an enhancement ratio of 37.30 when compared to the drug hydrogel. The optimum ME gel formula was found to have significantly higher Cmax, AUC 0–24 h and AUC0–∞ than that of the reference agomelatine hydrogel and oral solution. This could reveal the prosperity of the optimized microemulsion gel formula to augment the transdermal bioavailability of agomelatine.
β1-Integrin: A Potential Therapeutic Target in the Battle against Cancer Recurrence

Primary cancer treatment, involving both local and often systemic adjuvant therapy, is often successful, especially if the cancer is detected at an early stage of progression. However, for some patients, the cancer may recur either locally or as distant metastases, in some cases many years after apparently successful primary treatment. Significant tumor dormancy has been documented in several cancers, such as breast, melanoma, and renal cancer. Tumor dormancy has long been recognized as an important problem in management of cancer patients. Recent work has clarified biologic aspects of tumor dormancy and has shown that dormant tumor cells may be resistant to cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiation. This work has led to recognition of a key role for β1-integrin in regulating the switch from a dormant state to active proliferation and metastasis. Here we discuss the role of β1-integrin and its signaling partners in regulating the dormant phenotype. We also consider possible therapeutic approaches, such as small molecules or antibodies (ATN-161, volociximab, and JSM6427), directed against β1-integrin signaling to target dormant cancer cells and to prevent metastatic recurrence. Clin Cancer Res; 17(23); 7219–23. ©2011 AACR.
Deconstructing Teacher-Centeredness and Student-Centeredness Dichotomy: A Case Study of a Shanghai Mathematics Lesson.

Teacher-dominated classrooms with some student-centered elements are a perplexing phenomenon of Chinese mathematics classrooms. In-depth exploration of this phenomenon is helpful for understanding the features of mathematics teaching in China. This paper demonstrates how the teacher can encourage students to actively generate knowledge under the teacher’s control from a perspective of variation and further deconstruct the legitimacy of teacher-centeredness and student-centeredness dichotomy.
HEADLINE GENERATION FOR WRITTEN AND BROADCAST NEWS

This technical report is an overview of work done on Headline Generation for written and broadcast news. The report covers HMM Hedge, a statistical approach based on the noisy channel model, Hedge Trimmer, a parse-andtrim approach using linguistically motivated trimming rules, and Topiary, a combination of Trimmer and Unsupervised Topic Discovery. Automatic evaluation of summaries using ROUGE and BLEU is described and used to evaluate the Headline Generation systems.
A Social‐Cognitive Theory of Desire

An examination of our preconceptions about desire, together with a comparison of these with the available empirical evidence, leads to a theory in which desire is characterized as a cognitive phenomenon which is heavily influenced by social learning. Following an introductory outline, the second section clarifies what exactly is at issue in attempting to reduce conation to cognition. Section 3 assesses the conditions required for knowledge of our own desires, and this concern is extended in 4 to an appraisal of the role played by self-knowledge in the process of change through psychotherapy. The concluding section argues that the Social-cognitive Theory of Desire is compatible with contemporary neo-Dar-winian views of evolution.
Parent support, peer support, and peer acceptance in healthy lifestyle for asthma management among early adolescents.

PURPOSE This study aims to investigate the association between social support variables and healthy lifestyle for asthma management among early adolescents (ages 9-14 years). DESIGN AND METHODS Questionnaires were completed by 86 parent-adolescent dyads. RESULTS Healthy lifestyle was associated with social support variables. The association with peer acceptance was stronger among adolescents who received less asthma-specific support from peers. Age was negatively associated with healthy lifestyle, but the association was attenuated after adjustment for asthma-specific peer support. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The findings of this study suggest recognizing the developmental change of social support during early adolescence.
Strategies-Based Instruction for Learners of a Second Language

The goal of strategies-based instruction is to help learners become more responsible for their efforts to learn and use the target language. It also aims to help them become more effective learners by atlowing them to individualize the language learning experience. Teachers who have used this approach report their students become more efficient in completing classroom language tasks, take more responsibility for directing their own learning outside class, and gain more confidence in their ability to learn and use the target language.
Wave V detection using continuous wavelet transform of auditory brainstem response signal

Auditory brainstem response (ABR) audiometry is well known tools for detection of hearing loss. It is a neurologic test of ABR in response to the stimuli such as click sound, tone burst or chirp. The non-invasive electrodes are used to obtain the ABR signals. In ABR, wave V of the ABR signals is used as indicator of hearing loss because it is the most dominant and robust peak wave. In current device, there are about 2000 sweeps of the ABR signals have to be averaged in order to get the meaningful signal which required about 4 minutes for one single stimulation level, which is consumed a lot of time. Therefore it is compulsory to have a fast detection method to reduce the recording time. Several types of signal processing techniques have been introduced by researchers to obtain the best technique to detect the ABR signals such as Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT). In this study, the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) of ABR signal had been introduced as a marker to identify the ABR waves. Study showed that the CWT of auditory brainstem response can be used a marker to identify the ABR waves with the sensitivity, 0.63 and the speciflcity, 0.83.
Evaluation of carpal tunnel syndrome in patients with polyneuropathy

The difference between the median nerve latency to the second lumbrical muscle and the ulnar nerve latency to the second interosseous muscle (L‐I DIFF) was tested in a prospective study to discriminate whether prolonged distal motor latency of the median nerve in patients with polyneuropathy (PNP) reflects an additional carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). We investigated 92 patients (107 hands) with CTS, 30 patients (34 hands) with PNP, 22 patients (27 hands) with CTS and coexisting PNP (PNP+CTS), and 77 controls (87 hands). L‐I DIFF was significantly prolonged in both the CTS and PNP+CTS patients as compared to PNP patients and controls. It proved to be the most specific test to differentiate between diffuse (PNP) and focal (entrapment) nerve disorder. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve, 20, 153–157, 1997.
Single case studies of neurological disorders: Their contribution to the cognitive neuroscience of vision

Cognitive neuroscience has never had it so good. In recent years, great progress has been made in our understanding of the functional and neuroanatomical bases of vision, language, attention, motor control, and a variety of other cognitive processes. These advances are a considerable achievement, given the massive complexity of the brain as a biological system. One factor in the rapid evolution of the field has undoubtedly been the development of new sophisticated techniques for functional brain imaging such as fMRI, PET, and MEG. Indeed, some have claimed that these new methods have already superseded other (what have been referred to as “traditional”) ways of studying human brain–behaviour relations, such as cognitive neuropsychological investigations of acquired neurological disorders (e.g., Crease, 1993; Ungerleider & Haxby, 1994). For example, in contrasting the contribution that the two approaches can make to cognitive neuroscience, Ungerleider and Haxby (1994, p. 160) wrote that “Functional brain imaging makes it possible to map the organisation of human . cortex with far greater precision than is possible with human lesion studies, and without the confounding influence of compensatory responses to brain injury,” And Crease (1993, p. 588) has commented that cognitive neuropsychology could only ever “crudely sketch the relations between brain structures and behaviour”. But, although techniques like functional brain imaging undeniably hold considerable promise, the important contribution that other methods—such as cognitive neuropsychology—make to cognitive neuroscience should not be so easily discounted. In fact, on the basis of such views one could be forgiven for thinking that patient research had very little indeed to offer. On the contrary, nothing could be further from the truth.
Costs and Benefits: A Review of Research on Take-up of Income-Related Benefits

ABSTRACT This paper reviews recent research on take-up with a view to identifying the most promising lines of further enquiry. In the late 1970s take-up research seemed to be foundering in the face of the complexity of the factors affecting claiming decisions. Progress came via the development of models of the claiming process. The most influential postulated a series of thresholds which claimants must pass in a set sequence on the way to claiming a benefit. One question for future research is whether this model is still the best starting point or whether there are others which capture the key factors and their interaction more fully and accurately. Another approach is to look at claiming decisions indirectly by applying multivariate techniques to continuous survey data to examine the relationship between variables such as age, income and housing tenure and differing probabilities of claiming. A second question is what the two approaches can offer each other. Overhanging all the issues facing take-up research is the problem of sampling a population—eligible non-recipients—for which, almost by definition, no suitable sampling frame exists. The paper concludes by examining various options for identifying this elusive group.
SOME NEW MEASURES OF THE DISPERSION OF DEPENDENCY IN A SITUATION−RESOURCE GRID

New measures for the dispersion of dependency in a situation-resource grid are derived from information theory. These can be computed for any grid containing dependency data, and they lie in a standardized zero-one range. The bivariate counterpart, the uncertainty coefficient, can be used to show the relationship between situations and resources and differentiate between dilated and healthy dispersion of dependency. Seriation, a technique which reorders such grids to highlight similarity in dependency profiles, also produces a differentiating index, the correlation ratio.
Lasting Effects on Body Weight and Mammary Gland Gene Expression in Female Mice upon Early Life Exposure to n-3 but Not n-6 High-Fat Diets

Exposure to an imbalance of nutrients prior to conception and during critical developmental periods can have lasting consequences on physiological processes resulting in chronic diseases later in life. Developmental programming has been shown to involve structural and functional changes in important tissues. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether early life diet has a programming effect on the mammary gland. Wild-type mice were exposed from 2 weeks prior to conception to 6 weeks of age to a regular low-fat diet, or to high-fat diets based on either corn oil or flaxseed oil. At 6 weeks of age, all mice were shifted to the regular low-fat diet until termination at 10 weeks of age. Early life exposure to a high-fat diet, either high in n-6 (corn oil) or in n-3 (flaxseed oil) polyunsaturated fatty acids, did not affect birth weight, but resulted in an increased body weight at 10 weeks of age. Transcriptome analyses of the fourth abdominal mammary gland revealed differentially expressed genes between the different treatment groups. Exposure to high-fat diet based on flaxseed oil, but not on corn oil, resulted in regulation of pathways involved in energy metabolism, immune response and inflammation. Our findings suggest that diet during early life indeed has a lasting effect on the mammary gland and significantly influences postnatal body weight gain, metabolic status, and signaling networks in the mammary gland of female offspring.
Bhubaneswar : from a temple town to a capital city

When Orissa was constituted as the eleventh province of British India in 1936, the need for a new capital was immediately evident. In explaining the political, economic, and religious reasons for constructing the new capital of the region at Bhubaneswar, Ravi Kalia notes the often conservative attitudes of the Oriyan people, who initially opposed the transformation of this revered site into a capital city. Before it became the capital of Orissa in 1948, Bhubaneswar had been a temple town and an important Hindu cultural and religious center to followers of Buddhism, Jainism, Shaivism, and Vaishnavism. The presence of so many different religions in fact gave the city its pluralistic character, one of the factors responsible for its eventual selection as the capital city.The German planner Otto Koenigsberger was hired to implement the design of the new capital city. As Kalia explains, Koenigsberger and the Oriyas disagreed broadly in concept, with Koenigsberger perceiving the development of New Bhubaneswar along secular lines. He saw a flourishing city with political autonomy, organized commercial relationships, and brave new architecture that could accommodate the requirements of modern life. In contrast, the Oriyas wanted the city to retain its close relationship to its religious past. As a result, the conflicting concepts of temple town and capital city struggled for dominance.In the end, even though Koenigsberger provided a master plan, the developments in Bhubaneswar were carried out by British-trained Indians eager to find their own identity. The final shape and style of Bhubaneswar, Kalia concludes, bear the imprint of Indian religion as much as that of Western rationalism. "
Characterization and expression of plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA3) in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii antennal gland during molting

SUMMARY The discontinuous pattern of crustacean cuticular mineralization (the molting cycle) has emerged as a model system to study the spatial and temporal regulation of genes that code for Ca2+-transporting proteins including pumps, channels and exchangers. The plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA) is potentially of significant interest due to its role in the active transport of Ca2+ across the basolateral membrane, which is required for routine maintenance of intracellular Ca2+ as well as unidirectional Ca2+ influx. Prior research has suggested that PMCA expression is upregulated during periods of elevated Ca2+ influx associated with postmolt cuticular mineralization. This paper describes the cloning, sequencing and functional characterization of a novel PMCA3 gene from the antennal gland (kidney) of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. The complete sequence, the first obtained from a non-genetic invertebrate species, was obtained through reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) techniques. Crayfish PMCA3 consists of 4148 bp with a 3546 bp open reading frame coding for 1182 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 130 kDa. It exhibits 77.5-80.9% identity at the mRNA level and 85.3-86.9% identity at the protein level with PMCA3 from human, mouse and rat. Membrane topography was typical of published mammalian PMCAs. Northern blot analysis of total RNA from crayfish gill, antennal gland, cardiac muscle and axial abdominal muscle revealed that a 7.5 kb species was ubiquitous. The level of PMCA3 mRNA expression in all tissues (transporting epithelia and muscle) increased significantly in pre/postmolt stages compared with relatively low abundance in intermolt. Western analysis confirmed corresponding changes in PMCA protein expression (130 kDa).
Comparing Smooth Arm Movements with the Two-Thirds Power Law and the Related Segmented-Control Hypothesis

The movements of the human arm have been extensively studied for a variety of goal-directed experimental tasks. Analyses of the trajectory and velocity of the arm have led to many hypotheses for the planning strategies that the CNS might use. One family of control hypotheses, including minimum jerk, snap and their generalizations to higher orders, comprises those that favor smooth movements through the optimization of an integral cost function. The predictions of each order of this family are examined for two standard experimental tasks: point-to-point movements and the periodic tracing of figural forms, and compared both with experiment and the two-thirds power law. The aim of the analyses is to generalize previous numerical observations as well as to examine movement segmentation. It is first shown that contrary to recent statements in the literature, the only members of this family of control theories that match reaching movement experiments well are minimum jerk and snap. Then, for the case of periodic drawing, both the ellipse and cloverleaf are examined and the experimentally observed power law is derived from a first-principles approach. The results for the ellipse are particularly general, representing a unification of the two-thirds power law and smoothness hypotheses for ellipses of all reasonable eccentricities. For complex shapes it is shown that velocity profiles derived from the cost-function approach exhibit the same experimental features that were interpreted as segmented control by the CNS. Because the cost function contains no explicit segmented control, this result casts doubt on such an interpretation of the experimental data.
The Trust Management Model of Trusted Software

The interconnection of software engineering and security engineering has been bringing research challenges and opportunities to us. We propose a layered framework for the trust management model of trusted software, including three layers: the application behavior layer, the trust check engineer layer, and the trust policy layer. The multi-layer approach attempts to organize a complex security design into simpler layers that can be evaluated against security requirements. Each layer has its own form of state information and thus each may be modeled.