Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of unintended events in hospitals: inter-rater reliability of constructing causal trees and classifying root causes.

BACKGROUND Root cause analysis is a method to examine causes of unintended events. PRISMA (Prevention and Recovery Information System for Monitoring and Analysis: is a root cause analysis tool. With PRISMA, events are described in causal trees and root causes are subsequently classified with the Eindhoven Classification Model (ECM). It is important that root cause analysis tools are reliable, because they form the basis for patient safety interventions. OBJECTIVES Determining the inter-rater reliability of descriptions, number and classifications of root causes. DESIGN Totally, 300 unintended event reports were sampled from a database of 2028 events in 30 hospital units. The reports were previously analysed using PRISMA by experienced analysts and were re-analysed to compare descriptions and number of root causes (n = 150) and to determine the inter-rater reliability of classifications (n = 150). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Percentage agreement and Cohen's kappa (kappa). RESULTS Agreement between descriptions of root causes was satisfactory: 54% agreement, 17% partial agreement and 29% no agreement. Inter-rater reliability of number of root causes was moderate (kappa = 0.46). Inter-rater reliability of classifying root causes with the ECM was substantial from highest category level (kappa = 0.71) to lowest subcategory level (kappa = 0.63). Most discrepancies occurred in classifying external causes. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that causal tree analysis with PRISMA is reliable. Analysts formulated similar root causes and agreed considerably on classifications, but showed variation in number of root causes. More training on disclosure of all relevant root causes is recommended as well as adjustment of the model by combining all external causes into one category.
Evolutionary algorithms for overlapping correlation clustering

In Overlapping Correlation Clustering (OCC), a number of objects are assigned to clusters. Two objects in the same cluster have correlated characteristics. As opposed to traditional clustering where objects are assigned to a single cluster, in OCC objects may be assigned to one or more clusters. In this paper, we present Biased Random-Key Genetic Algorithms for OCC. We present computational experiments such results outperformed the state of art methods for OCC.
Flex memory: Exploiting and managing abundant off-chip optical bandwidth

The emerging nanophotonic technology can avoid the limitation of I/O pin count, and provide abundant memory bandwidth. However, current DRAM organization has mainly been optimized for a higher storage capacity and package pin utilization. The resulted data fetching mechanism is quite inefficient in performance and energy saving, and cannot effectively utilize the abundant optical bandwidth in off-chip communication. This paper inspects the opportunity brought by optical communication, and revisits the DRAM memory architecture considering the technology trend towards multiprocessors. In our FlexMemory design, super-line prefetching is proposed to boost system performance and promote energy efficiency, which leverages the abundant photonic bandwidth to enlarge the effective data fetch size per memory cycle. To further preserve locality and maintain service parallelism for different workloads, page folding technique is employed to achieve adaptive data mapping in photonics-connected DRAM chips via optical wavelengths allocation. By combining both techniques, surplus off-chip bandwidth can be utilized and effectively managed adapting to the workloads intensity. Experimental results show that our FlexMemory achieves considerable improvements in performance and energy efficiency.
Dangerous (toxic) atmospheres in UK wood pellet and wood chip fuel storage

ABSTRACT There is growing use of wood pellet and wood chip boilers in the UK. Elsewhere fatalities have been reported, caused by carbon monoxide poisoning following entry into wood pellet storage areas. The aim of this work was to obtain information on how safely these two fuels are being stored in the UK. Site visits were made to six small-scale boiler systems and one large-scale pellet warehouse, to assess storage practice, risk management systems and controls, user knowledge, and potential for exposure to dangerous atmospheres. Real time measurements were made of gases in the store rooms and during laboratory tests on pellets and chips. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted and the microbiological content of the fuel was also determined. Knowledge of the hazards associated with these fuels, including confined space entry, was found to be limited at the smaller sites, but greater at the large pellet warehouse. There has been limited risk communication between companies supplying and maintaining boilers, those manufacturing and supplying fuel, and users. Risk is controlled by restricting access to the store rooms with locked entries; some store rooms have warning signs and carbon monoxide alarms. Nevertheless, some store rooms are accessed for inspection and maintenance. Laboratory tests showed that potentially dangerous atmospheres of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, with depleted levels of oxygen may be generated by these fuels, but this was not observed at the sites visited. Unplanned ventilation within store rooms was thought to be reducing the build-up of dangerous atmospheres. Microbiological contamination was confined to wood chips.
Rheology of the Lower Crust and Upper Mantle: Evidence from Rock Mechanics, Geodesy, and Field Observations

Rock-mechanics experiments, geodetic observations of postloading strain transients, and micro- and macrostructural studies of exhumed ductile shear zones provide complementary views of the style and rheology of deformation deep in Earth's crust and upper mantle. Overall, results obtained in small-scale laboratory experiments provide robust constraints on deformation mechanisms and viscosities at the natural laboratory conditions. Geodetic inferences of the viscous strength of the upper mantle are consistent with flow of mantle rocks at temperatures and water contents determined from surface heat-flow, seismic, and mantle xenolith studies. Laboratory results show that deformation mechanisms and rheology strongly vary as a function of stress, grain size, and fluids. Field studies reveal a strong tendency for deformation in the lower crust and uppermost mantle in and adjacent to fault zones to localize into systems of discrete shear zones with strongly reduced grain size and strength. Deformation mechanisms .
SOFLOPO: Towards Systematic Software Exploitation for Low-Power Designs

The SOFLOPO project has dealt with the software-related energyoptimization for embedded applications. Based upon the fact that software has a conceivable impact upon the total energy dissipation, we tried to minimize this impact, using assembly-level code transformations. The instruction costs were obtained through the tried-and-tested methodology of physical measurements. Two target processors have been selected: the ARM7TDMI RISC processor and the Motorola DSP56156 DSP processor. The obtained results were verified upon a commercial implementation of the IEEE 802.11 wireless multimedia protocol.
Spatial Filter comparison for a Brain Computer Interface

This paper aims to evaluate and compare different spatial filtering methods on EEG data in order to improve the classification of Motor Imagery electrical brain information. Multiple spatial filtering methods, such as Laplacian filter, Common Average Reference method, Weighted Average Filter, Spatial Smoothing Filter, Common Spatial Patterns method and the Non-Homogeneous filter, have been analyzed. A Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network was used as classifier and its input features are the EEG signals extracted with Wavelet Packet Decomposition. Best results were obtained using the Laplacian Filter, attaining a correct classification average increment of 10% over no spatially filtered data.
Specificity and Sensitivity of PROMIR, ERPIN and MIR-ABELA in Predicting Pre-MicroRNAs in the Chicken Genome

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous 21-23 nucleotide molecules that are known to regulate about 30% of protein-coding genes through the RNAi pathway. Low level expression of some miRNA has limited their in-situ discovery. Such limitations could be ameliorated by in-silico methodologies. The efficacies of three major programs (ERPIN, ProMir and miR-abela) in detecting known pre-miRNA were evaluated using chicken pre-miRNA data. The sensitivity of ProMir, miR-abela and ERPIN were 53%, 57% and 93%, respectively. The specificity of the three algorithms using 5000 random sequences was 98.94%, 99.46%, and 99.10% for ProMir-g, ERPIN and miR-abela, respectively. The sensitivities of the existing programs are low for chicken data and an efficient algorithm may be needed to predict novel chicken pre-miRNAs.
Mutation Rates in Plastid Genomes: They Are Lower than You Might Think

Within plastid-bearing species, the mutation rate of the plastid genome is often assumed to be greater than that of the mitochondrial genome. This assumption is based on early, pioneering studies of land plant molecular evolution, which uncovered higher rates of synonymous substitution in plastid versus mitochondrial DNAs. However, much of the plastid-containing eukaryotic diversity falls outside of land plants, and the patterns of plastid DNA evolution for embryophytes do not necessarily reflect those of other groups. Recent analyses of plastid and mitochondrial substitution rates in diverse lineages have uncovered very different trends than those recorded for land plants. Here, I explore these new data and argue that for many protists the plastid mutation rate is lower than that of the mitochondrion, including groups with primary or secondary plastids as well as nonphotosynthetic algae. These findings have far-reaching implications for how we view plastid genomes and how their sequences are used for evolutionary analyses, and might ultimately reflect a general tendency toward more efficient DNA repair mechanisms in plastids than in mitochondria.
Non-overlapping rings: A new architecture for designing switch clusters in data centers

The data center network is an important component of the modular cloud data center. Currently, a common architecture involves connecting servers in the data center by switches arranged in a generalized tree topology. However, cloud computing service providers are considering adding “east-west” horizontal links between top of rack (TOR) switches to improve latency performance and/or reducing cost between groups of TOR switches and to off-load traffic from the tree network. One possible method to achieve this involves connecting TOR switches into clusters. Some clusters would be designated as high performance clusters providing low latency, while other clusters would be optimized for cost, while still providing adequate latency performance. In this paper, we present an algorithm for designing lower-cost network clusters using non-overlapping rings (NOR). We describe some of the performance characteristics of these NOR clusters such as coverage vs. number of rings. We show that cost savings can be achieved with minimal increase in end-to-end delay, and that good performance can also be maintained under failure conditions. We also describe how incremental network growth can be easily accommodated using a smooth growth design through our algorithm. As cabling is a major practical consideration for cluster based architectures, we also define a simple cabling architecture for NOR networks.
Working with material from the Sheppey archive

This article reflects on the experience of working with archived data in the Living and Working on Sheppey project which revisited material from Ray Pahl’s research on the Isle of Sheppey, published in the modern sociological classic, Divisions of Labour (1984). The article considers the reasons for revisiting archived material and some of the opportunities and challenges of working with archived material. For this discussion, we focus on one particular element of the original research: a collection of essays written by school leavers in 1978, and the archived notes from Pahl’s preliminary analysis of these data. We also draw on interviews with Pahl about this aspect of his research, and our experience of repeating the essay-writing exercise. We conclude with some comments on the dynamic character of the archive.
Photolithoautotrophic growth and control of CO2 fixation in Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Rhodospirillum rubrum in the absence of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase

Rhodospirillum rubrum and Rhodobacter sphaeroides were shown to be capable of photolithoautotrophic growth in the absence of the reductive pentose phosphate (Calvin) cycle. Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RubisCO) deletion strains were incapable of photolithoautotrophic growth using hydrogen as an electron donor but were able to grow in the absence of organic carbon using less reduced inorganic electron donors, i.e., thiosulfate or sulfide. Wild-type R. rubrum grown in the presence of thiosulfate contained RubisCO levels that were 50-fold lower compared with those in cells growth with hydrogen as an electron donor without substantially influencing rates of photolithoautotrophic growth. These results suggest there are two independent CO2 fixation pathways that support photolithoautotrophic growth in purple nonsulfur photosynthetic bacteria, indicating that these organisms have developed sophisticated control mechanisms to regulate the flow of carbon from CO2 through these separate pathways.
Dome fracture of the talus. A report of ten cases.

1. Ten consecutive fractures of the dome of the talus are reported. Six were lateral, three medial and one anterior. 2. The injury is most commonly seen in the second and third decades of life, and with the exception of the rare anterior dome fracture, results from an inversion injury of the ankle. The possibility of a dome fracture associated with strain of the lateral ligament of the ankle joint should therefore always be borne in mind. 3. Antero-posterior views in neutral and in plantar fiexion are helpful in diagnosing medial dome fractures. Lateral fractures are best seen in an antero-posterior view taken in neutral flexion with 10 degrees inward rotation of the limb. 4. A large dome fracture with displacement should be accurately reduced by open operation in order to preserve congruity of the joint surface. 5. A small fracture with no displacement may be treated conservatively until radiographically it appears united. 6. A small fracture with marked displacement is best treated by early excision of the fragment to prevent further damage to the ankle joint.
Job satisfaction and gender: an expanded specification from the NLSY

Estimates the determinants of job satisfaction for younger US workers. While age representative data from both the USA and Britain routinely show women reporting greater job satisfaction, this is not true for the younger US cohort in National Longitudinal Survey of Youth sample. Finds no gender satisfaction gap, but does find that the job satisfaction of women is less sensitive to both actual and comparison earnings than that of men. Moreover, estimates an expanded specification showing substantial gender differences in the influence of fringe benefit provision (including childcare) on job satisfaction. The expanded specification also demonstrates that while general skills are associated with greater job satisfaction, specific skills are associated with lower job satisfaction, argues that the results are in keeping with human capital theory.
A Model of Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta) Habitat and Movement in the Oceanic North Pacific

Habitat preferences for juvenile loggerhead turtles in the North Pacific were investigated with data from two several-year long tagging programs, using 224 satellite transmitters deployed on wild and captive-reared turtles. Animals ranged between 23 and 81 cm in straight carapace length. Tracks were used to investigate changes in temperature preferences and speed of the animals with size. Average sea surface temperatures along the tracks ranged from 18 to 23 °C. Bigger turtles generally experienced larger temperature ranges and were encountered in warmer surface waters. Seasonal differences between small and big turtles suggest that the larger ones dive deeper than the mixed layer and subsequently target warmer surface waters to rewarm. Average swimming speeds were under 1 km/h and increased with size for turtles bigger than 30 cm. However, when expressed in body lengths per second (bl s−1), smaller turtles showed much higher swimming speeds (>1 bl s −1) than bigger ones (0.5 bl s−1). Temperature and speed values at size estimated from the tracks were used to parameterize a habitat-based Eulerian model to predict areas of highest probability of presence in the North Pacific. The model-generated habitat index generally matched the tracks closely, capturing the north-south movements of tracked animals, but the model failed to replicate observed east-west movements, suggesting temperature and foraging preferences are not the only factors driving large-scale loggerhead movements. Model outputs could inform potential bycatch reduction strategies.
The Relationship Between Theories of Child Development and the Early Childhood Curriculum

Developmental theories have been a resource in developing early childhood curriculum. Development is not a unified field, with a single integrated set of theories, nor does one theory or set of theories predominate. Many different competing theories exist, some dealing with only limited domains of development, and theories are perpetually being revised. The theories discussed in this article in relation to early childhood curriculum include maturationist theory, behaviorist theory, psychoanalytic theory and constructivist theories of cognitive development. Two conceptions of early childhood programs are analysed and the relationship between children's ways of thinking and their ways of knowing is discussed. The discussion concludes with a look at translating these ideas into the early childhood curriculum.
MUTATIONS OF BACTERIA FROM VIRUS SENSITIVITY TO VIRUS RESISTANCE’-’

HEN a pure bacterial culture is. attacked by a bacterial virus, the culW ture will clear after a few hours due to destruction of the sensitive ceIls by the virus. However, after further incubation for a few hours, or sometimes days, the culture will often become turbid again, due to the growth of a bacterial variant which is resistant to the action of the virus. This variant can be isolated and freed from the virus and will in many cases retain its resistance to the action of the virus even if subcultured through many generations in the absence of the virus. While the sensitive strain adsorbed the virus readily, the resistant variant will generally not show any affinity to it. The resistant bacterial variants appear readily in cultures grown from a single cell. They were, therefore, certainly not present when the culture was started. Their resistance is generally rather specific. It does not extend to viruses that are found to differ by other criteria from the strain in whose presence the resistant culture developed. The variant may differ from the original strain in morphological or metabolic characteristics, or in serological type or in colony type. Most often, however, no such correlated changes are apparent, and the variant may be distinguished from the original strain only by its resistance to the inciting strain of virus. The nature of these variants and the manner in which they originate have been discussed by many authors, and numerous attempts have been made to correlate the phenomenon with other instances of bacterial variation. The net effect of the addition of virus consists of the appearance of a variant strain, characterized by a new stable character-namely, resistance to the inciting virus. The situation has often been expressed by saying that bacterial viruses are powerful “dissociating agents. ” While this expression summarizes adequately the net effect, it must not be taken to imply anything about the mechanism by which the result is brought about. A moment’s reflection will show that there are greatly differing mechanisms which might produce the same end result. D’HERELLE (1926) and many other investigators believed that the virus by direct action induced the resistant variants. GRATIA (1921), BURNET (I929), and others, on the other hand, believed that the resistant bacterial variants are produced by mutation in the culture prior to the addition of virus. The
Phasor based analysis of FRET images recorded using spectrally resolved lifetime imaging

The combined analysis of spectral and lifetime images has the potential to provide more accurate and more detailed information about Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). We have developed a novel FRET analysis method to analyze images recorded by multispectral lifetime imaging. The new method is based on a phasor approach and facilitates the simultaneous analysis of decay kinetics of donor and acceptor molecules. The method is applicable to both molecules that exhibit a mono-exponential decay and a bi-exponential decay. As an example we show the possibility of extracting the energy transfer efficiency and the fraction of interacting molecules even in the presence of non-interacting molecules. The reliability of the method is investigated by comparing it with conventional FRET-FLIM analyses. We show that, with the same number of detected photons, the spectrally resolved phasor approach provides higher accuracy than other analysis methods; the confidence interval is improved and the FRET efficiency is closer to the real value.
Curriculum Wars: National Identity in Education.

This paper explores the politics of education in countries affected by conflict. Drawing particularly on the Palestinian experience, it looks at the power relations among internal and external actors that shape the curriculum-building process. In the increasingly politicised world of international aid, especially in the Middle East, it challenges the idea that international agencies and donors can take a neutral approach to education. Unlike the other three pillars of humanitarian response – food, health and shelter – education is never neutral, it is intrinsically ideological and political.
A Novel Efficient Index Model and Modified Chord Protocol for Decentralized Service Repositories

Distributed service repository systems are now being deployed widely rather than the traditional centralized service repository systems, issues such as information redundancy and service failures are still prevailing in existing models and search algorithms. Inverted index structure is a widely adopted model for service management and retrieval in service repositories, but the inverted index shows considerable redundancies which can significantly increase the retrieval time in large- scale distributed repositories. Chord is a widely used protocol for service retrieval in structured P2P networks. However, it is not sufficiently abundant for efficient service discovery and retrieval among all the nodes, since each node's finger table only contains the clockwise direction key-node information. To this end, this paper develops a multilevel index model for service maintenance and retrieval for decentralized service repositories, for the purpose of reducing the service retrieval time. In addition, a modified algorithm, called MLBChord, is deployed in this paper, for improving the search efficiency. Experiments conducted on a realistic simulation environment shows that our developed model reduces the retrieval time more than 50% to that Chord with inverted index, thus achieves an effective search retrieval time.