Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Design and Analysis Issues in Community-Based Drug Abuse Prevention

This article reviews the design and analysis issues that face community-based drug abuse prevention trials. Such trials allocate intact social groups to study conditions and fall within the general class of studies called “community trials. ” Special concerns for community trials include selection bias, differential mortality and maturation, contamination, poorly defined constructs, weak interventions, violation of assumptions underlying analysis methods, and low power. Potential solutions include careful selection of comparison units, tight control over distribution of intervention materials, matching, randomization, adding more units to each condition or more frequent observations in each unit, monitoring exposure to intervention-like activities in all sites, regression adjustment for covariates, modeling time, and selection of an appropriate analysis model. Four approaches to analysis are illustrated in an example based on an adolescent tobacco use prevention study.
Structural analysis of enniatin H, I, and MK1688 and beauvericin by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and their production by Fusarium oxysporum KFCC 11363P

The molecular structures of enniatins H, I, and MK1688 and beauvericin were investigated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). MS fragmentation occurred by loss of -CO after opening of the cyclic molecule to carbonyl carbon, and cleavage of the peptide and ester bonds in the molecular structure. Fusarium oxysporum KFCC 11363P was tested for its ability to produce beauvericin and enniatins H, I, and MK1688 on five cereal substrates: rice, barley, maize, wheat, and Indian millet kernels. Furthermore, optimal conditions for the production of the four mycotoxins by the Fusarium isolate were examined on maize at four temperatures (15, 20, 25, and 30°C) and at three moisture contents (10, 20, and 40%). Large amounts of beauvericin and enniatin H were present in maize cultures at 25°C (232.4 and 196.4 µg g−1, respectively). Enniatins I and MK1688 were maximally formed at 20°C (221.5 and 180.2 µg g−1, respectively). The optimal moisture contents for the production of enniatins H (196.4 µg g−1) and MK1688 (165.6 µg g−1), were 40%.
SELint: An SEAndroid Policy Analysis Tool

SEAndroid enforcement is now mandatory for Android devices. In order to provide the desired level of security for their products, Android OEMs need to be able to minimize their mistakes in writing SEAndroid policies. However, existing SEAndroid and SELinux tools are not very useful for this purpose. It has been shown that SEAndroid policies found in commercially available devices for multiple manufacturers contain mistakes and redundancies. In this paper we present a new tool, SELint, which aims to help OEMs to produce better SEAndroid policies. SELint is extensible and configurable to suit the needs of different OEMs. It is provided with a default configuration based on the AOSP SEAndroid policy, but can be customized by OEMs.
Rebuilding Schumpeter's Theory of Entrepreneurship

This unique and original work contends that, despite the differences between Marshallian and Schumpeterian thinking, they both present formidable challenges to a broad type of social science beyond economics, particularly under the influence of the German historical school. In a departure from the received view on the nature of the works of Marshall and Schumpeter, the contributors explore their themes in terms of an evolutionary vision and method of evolution; social science and evolution; conceptions of evolution; and evolution and capitalism.
Mortality in the L'Aquila (Central Italy) Earthquake of 6 April 2009

This paper presents the results of an analysis of data on mortality in the magnitude 6.3 earthquake that struck the central Italian city and province of L'Aquila during the night of 6 April 2009. The aim is to create a profile of the deaths in terms of age, gender, location, behaviour during the tremors, and other aspects. This could help predict the pattern of casualties and priorities for protection in future earthquakes. To establish a basis for analysis, the literature on seismic mortality is surveyed. The conclusions of previous studies are synthesised regarding patterns of mortality, entrapment, survival times, self-protective behaviour, gender and age. These factors are investigated for the data set covering the 308 fatalities in the L'Aquila earthquake, with help from interview data on behavioural factors obtained from 250 survivors. In this data set, there is a strong bias towards victimisation of young people, the elderly and women. Part of this can be explained by geographical factors regarding building performance: the rest of the explanation refers to the vulnerability of the elderly and the relationship between perception and action among female victims, who tend to be more fatalistic than men and thus did not abandon their homes between a major foreshock and the main shock of the earthquake, three hours later. In terms of casualties, earthquakes commonly discriminate against the elderly and women. Age and gender biases need further investigation and should be taken into account in seismic mitigation initiatives.
Modified toluidine blue: an alternative stain for Helicobacter pylori detection in routine diagnostic use and post-eradication confirmation for gastric cancer prevention.

BACKGROUND Modified toluidine blue staining (MTBs) is a simple, inexpensive and time saving method to detect H. pylori in gastric biopsy specimens. As a metachromatic stain, it simultaneously highlights intestinal metaplasia, a gastric cancer precancerous lesion. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of MTBs compared with hematoxylin-eosin (H and E) for H. pylori detection using immunoperoxidase staining as the gold standard. This technique would be beneficial for a routine diagnosis and confirmation of H. pylori eradication in developing countries where endoscopic-based approaches are dominant. MATERIALS AND METHODS Esophagogastroduodenoscopy with triple site gastric biopsies was undertaken in 207 dyspeptic patients at Thammasat University Hospital, Thailand between 1997 and 1999. H and E, MTBs and immunoperoxidase staining were applied to each specimen. The presence or absence of H. pylori with each stain was interpreted separately and the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of H and E and MTBs were calculated. RESULTS A total of 282 specimens from 207 patients were evaluated. Using immunoperoxidase staining, organisms were positive in 117 specimens (41%). MTBs proved almost equally sensitive as immunoperoxidase (99%) and significantly more sensitive than H and E (85%). It has comparable specificity (96% vs 96%), PPV (95% vs 94%), and NPV (99% vs 90%) to H and E, using immunoperoxidase staining as gold standard. MTBs compared with immunoperoxidase staining, is cheaper (2 USD vs 12 USD) and faster (20 min vs 16 hrs) compared to immunoperoxidase staining. CONCLUSIONS MTBs is effective, economical and easy to use in daily practice for the detection of H. pylori in gastric biopsy specimens. In addition to saving time in evaluating H. pylori associated gastritis, with a high sensitivity and ability to demonstrate intestinal metaplasia, the technique may have a role in confirmation of H. pylori eradication for gastric cancer prevention in a developing country setting.
The discovery of zinc fingers and their development for practical applications in gene regulation and genome manipulation

Abstract A long-standing goal of molecular biologists has been to construct DNA-binding proteins for the control of gene expression. The classical Cys2His2 (C2H2) zinc finger design is ideally suited for such purposes. Discriminating between closely related DNA sequences both in vitro and in vivo, this naturally occurring design was adopted for engineering zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) to target genes specifically. Zinc fingers were discovered in 1985, arising from the interpretation of our biochemical studies on the interaction of the Xenopus protein transcription factor IIIA (TFIIIA) with 5S RNA. Subsequent structural studies revealed its three-dimensional structure and its interaction with DNA. Each finger constitutes a self-contained domain stabilized by a zinc (Zn) ion ligated to a pair of cysteines and a pair of histidines and also by an inner structural hydrophobic core. This discovery showed not only a new protein fold but also a novel principle of DNA recognition. Whereas other DNA-binding proteins generally make use of the 2-fold symmetry of the double helix, functioning as homo- or heterodimers, zinc fingers can be linked linearly in tandem to recognize nucleic acid sequences of varying lengths. This modular design offers a large number of combinatorial possibilities for the specific recognition of DNA (or RNA). It is therefore not surprising that the zinc finger is found widespread in nature, including 3% of the genes of the human genome. The zinc finger design can be used to construct DNA-binding proteins for specific intervention in gene expression. By fusing selected zinc finger peptides to repression or activation domains, genes can be selectively switched off or on by targeting the peptide to the desired gene target. It was also suggested that by combining an appropriate zinc finger peptide with other effector or functional domains, e.g. from nucleases or integrases to form chimaeric proteins, genomes could be modified or manipulated. The first example of the power of the method was published in 1994 when a three-finger protein was constructed to block the expression of a human oncogene transformed into a mouse cell line. The same paper also described how a reporter gene was activated by targeting an inserted 9-base pair (bp) sequence, which acts as the promoter. Thus, by fusing zinc finger peptides to repression or activation domains, genes can be selectively switched off or on. It was also suggested that, by combining zinc fingers with other effector or functional domains, e.g. from nucleases or integrases, to form chimaeric proteins, genomes could be manipulated or modified. Several applications of such engineered ZFPs are described here, including some of therapeutic importance, and also their adaptation for breeding improved crop plants.
Tile size selection revisited

Loop tiling is a widely used loop transformation to enhance data locality and allow data reuse. In the tiled code, however, tiles of different sizes can lead to significant variation in performance. Thus, selection of an optimal tile size is critical to performance of tiled codes. In the past, tile size selection has been attempted using both static analytical and dynamic empirical (auto-tuning) models. Past work using static models assumed a direct-mapped cache for the purpose of analysis and thus proved to be less robust. On the other hand, the auto-tuning models involve an exhaustive search in a large space of tiled codes. In this article, we propose a new analytical model for tile size selection that leverages the high set associativity in modern caches to minimize conflict misses. Our tile size selection model targets data reuse in multiple levels of cache. In addition, it considers the interaction of tiling with the SIMD unit in modern processors in estimating the optimal tile size. We find that these factors, not considered in previous models, are critical in developing a robust model for tile size selection. We implement our tile size selection model in a polyhedral compiler and test it on 12 benchmark kernels using two different problem sizes. Our model outperforms the previous analytical models that are based on reusing data in a single level of cache and achieves an average performance improvement of 9.7% and 20.4%, respectively, over the best square (cubic) tiles for the two problem sizes. In addition, the tile size chosen by our tile size selection algorithm is similar to the best performing size obtained through an extensive search, validating the analytical model underlying the algorithm.
Experience of Subjective Symptoms in Euthymic Patients with Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar patients often experience subjective symptoms even if they do not have active psychotic symptoms in their euthymic state. Most studies about subjective symptoms are conducted in schizophrenia, and there are few studies involving bipolar patients. We examined the nature of the subjective symptoms of bipolar patients in their euthymic state, and we also compared it to that of schizophrenia and normal control. Thirty bipolar patients, 25 patients with schizophrenia, and 21 normal control subjects were included. Subjective symptoms were assessed using the Korean version of the Frankfurter Beschwerde Fragebogen (K-FBF) and the Symptom Check List 90-R (SCL90-R). Euthymic state was confirmed by assessing objective psychopathology with the Positive and Negative Syndrome scale of Schizophrenia (PANSS), the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), and the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). K-FBF score was significantly higher in bipolar patients than in normal controls, but similar to that in schizophrenia patients (F=5.86, p=0.004, R2=2033.6). In contrast, SCL90-R scores did not differ significantly among the three groups. Euthymic bipolar patients experience subjective symptoms that are more confined to cognitive domain. This finding supports the hypothesis that subtle cognitive impairments persists in euthymic bipolar patients.
Bars and edges: What makes a feature for human vision?

There have been two main approaches to feature detection in human and computer vision - luminance-based and energy-based. Bars and edges might arise from peaks of luminance and luminance gradient respectively, or bars and edges might be found at peaks of local energy, where local phases are aligned across spatial frequency. This basic issue of definition is important because it guides more detailed models and interpretations of early vision. Which approach better describes the perceived positions of elements in a 3-element contour-alignment task? We used the class of 1-D images defined by Morrone and Burr in which the amplitude spectrum is that of a (partially blurred) square wave and Fourier components in a given image have a common phase. Observers judged whether the centre element (eg ±458 phase) was to the left or right of the flanking pair (eg 0o phase). Lateral offset of the centre element was varied to find the point of subjective alignment from the fitted psychometric function. This point shifted systematically to the left or right according to the sign of the centre phase, increasing with the degree of blur. These shifts were well predicted by the location of luminance peaks and other derivative-based features, but not by energy peaks which (by design) predicted no shift at all. These results on contour alignment agree well with earlier ones from a more explicit feature-marking task, and strongly suggest that human vision does not use local energy peaks to locate basic first-order features. [Supported by the Wellcome Trust (ref: 056093)]
A SLAM based on auxiliary marginalised particle filter and differential evolution

FastSLAM is a framework for simultaneous localisation and mapping (SLAM) using a Rao-Blackwellised particle filter. In FastSLAM, particle filter is used for the robot pose (position and orientation) estimation, and parametric filter (i.e. EKF and UKF) is used for the feature location's estimation. However, in the long term, FastSLAM is an inconsistent algorithm. In this paper, a new approach to SLAM based on hybrid auxiliary marginalised particle filter and differential evolution (DE) is proposed. In the proposed algorithm, the robot pose is estimated based on auxiliary marginal particle filter that operates directly on the marginal distribution, and hence avoids performing importance sampling on a space of growing dimension. In addition, static map is considered as a set of parameters that are learned using DE. Compared to other algorithms, the proposed algorithm can improve consistency for longer time periods and also, improve the estimation accuracy. Simulations and experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm is effective.
Cross-lingual experiments with phone recognition

Research on speaker-independent continuous phone recognition for both French and English is presented. The phone accuracy is assessed on the BREF corpus for French, and on the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) and TIMIT corpora for English. Cross-language differences concerning language properties are presented. It is found that French is easier to recognize at the phone level (the phone error for BREF is 23.6% vs. 30.1% for WSJ), but harder to recognize at the lexical level due to the larger number of homophones. Experiments with signal analysis indicate that a 4 kHz signal bandwidth is sufficient for French, whereas 8 kHz is needed for English. Phone recognition is a powerful technique for language, sex, and speaker identification. With 2 s of speech, the language can be identified with better than 99% accuracy. Sex-identification for BREF and WSJ is error-free. Speaker identification accuracies of 98.2% on TIMIT (462 speakers) and 99.1% on BREF (57 speakers) were obtained with one utterance per speaker. 100% accuracies were obtained with two utterances per speaker. <<ETX>>
AUDITORY AND VISUAL LEARNING OF A PAIRED-ASSOCIATE TASK BY SECOND GRADE CHILDREN

If practice is the most potent variable in determining the influence of sense modality on the rate of learning (2), very young children might be expected to be oriented toward auditory reception of verbal material and become increasingly visually oriented through practice in reading ordinarily encountered in school. Budoff and Quinlan (1) found that second grade children learned a meaningful paired-associate task more efficiently under auditory presentation than under visual presentation. His Ss read the words during the visual task, using a newly acquired skill, and recognized spoken words for the auditory task, using a skill of long standing. If the visual material had been presented in the form of pictures rather than words would the auditory presentation retain its superiority? Thircy-two second-grade children were chosen from the class rolls of a public school using Budoff and Quinlan's (1964) criteria of eligibility. The words in the pairedassociate tasks were raken from the preprimers used in the school system. These were paired at random and tested for ease of recognition with other Ss. Four lists of eight word pairs each were compiled. Simple black and white drawings of the words were presented on a Kodak Carousel Slide Projector for the visual presentation. A Wollensak magnetic tape recorder was used to present the auditory material. The anticipation interval was 5 sec. for both types of presentation. All Ss were given both the visual and auditory lists in counterbalanced order with approximately 1 hr. between presentations. The children were first shown cards with picrures of the words used in the task and required to say the name of the object on the card. Preliminary training was given at the beginning of both tasks with three pairs of sample words. A maximum of 15 trials was given for each task. The results in terms of the number of trials to a criterion of 1 errorless trial were submitted to analysis of variance using a two-factor repeated measuremencs design, with sense modality and order as the main effects. Neither sense modality nor order contributed significantly to the variance (F < 1.00 in each case), but significant interaction was found (F = 17.87, fi < ,001). This interaction reflects lack of transfer from the auditory task to the visual task and ~ositive transfer from the visual task to the auditory task. The results suggest that, when task difficulty is equated, the rate of learning a single task is not affected by modality of stimulation. Visual presentation of verbal material, however, appears to provide a broader base for transfer than auditory presentation for second grade children.
Reading the Narratives: Relocation, Investment and Development in Ethiopia

This article examines the narratives presented on the subjects of relocation, investment and development in Ethiopia. In particular, we focus upon representations given by the Government of Ethiopia and Human Rights Watch (HRW) of the Gambella Region. The article deconstructs and critically assesses the discourse and the way in which representations and descriptions are made in order to advocate a particular position. We argue for a less polarizing and more comprehensive narrative from all parties. The article concludes with some reflections on the role and influence of advocacy reporting and, therefore, the responsibility in publishing such reports.
Classification of Sets using Restricted Boltzmann Machines

We consider the problem of classification when inputs correspond to sets of vectors. This setting occurs in many problems such as the classification of pieces of mail containing several pages, of web sites with several sections or of images that have been pre-segmented into smaller regions. We propose generalizations of the restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) that are appropriate in this context and explore how to incorporate different assumptions about the relationship between the input sets and the target class within the RBM. In experiments on standard multiple-instance learning datasets, we demonstrate the competitiveness of approaches based on RBMs and apply the proposed variants to the problem of incoming mail classification.
The assessment of neuronal density of CA1 and CA2 regions in hippocampus of newborn rats born from mothers fed by Cantharellus cibarius hidroalcoholic extract

One of the characteristics of human is the ability to change behavior based on previous experience and learning is the gaining the information that makes it possible. Memory is somewhere the preserve and storing this information. The hippocampus is one of centers in the brain responsible for learning and this center is a part of limbic system where new neurons are generated through neurogenesis. The aim of this study was to assess the changes in neuronal density in CA1 and CA2 regions in hippocampus of rats born from mothers fed by Cantharellus cibarius extract. In this experimental study, 24 female Wistar rats weighing 200 250 g were randomly divided to randomize controlled and 1, 2 and 3 treated groups with Cantharellus cibarius hydroalcoholic extract with doses of 100, 250 and 500. Treatment was performed through gavage method 7 days before mating. After delivery, one newborn rat of each mother was accidentally selected and anesthetized with ether, and after removing the skull, tissue processing was per182 Zahra Esmaili and Maryam Tehranipour formed in order to study the neuronal density in CA1 and CA2 areas by stereology and dissector methods, and all findings were compared by using ANOVA and t-test at significance level, (p<0.05). In control and 1, 2 and 3 experimental groups, the mean of neuronal density of CA1 was 2423 ±1.59, 3425±183, 4003 ± 101 and 4822 ±19.5, respectively, in CA2 area it was 2066±390, 3568±150, 3993 ±65.05 and 4629 ±64.7. Statistical analysis showed significant increase in neuronal density in (CA1, CA2) areas in experimental group (doses of 100, 250 and 500 mg / kg hydroalcoholic extract) compared to the control group, (p<0.05). It is possible that the Cantharellus cibarius extract increases the neurogenesis by excess neuronal density due to minerals such as magnesium, calcium, zinc, vitamin D and vitamin E.