Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Immuno Gold Electron Microscopy In Virus Diagnosis And Research

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Current evidence on the association of the metabolic syndrome and dietary patterns in a global perspective

Abstract The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a key indicator of two main causes of death worldwide: CVD and diabetes. The present paper aimed to perform a review of the population-based research on the association of dietary patterns and the MetS in terms of methodology and findings. For the purpose of the present study, a scoping literature review was conducted using MEDLINE and EMBASE databases and hand searching in Google Scholar. Thirty-nine population-based studies were selected. Most of these studies used the factor analysis method and the a priori dietary approach, which had been initially extracted via a posteriori methods such as using the Mediterranean dietary pattern. The main finding was that following the Mediterranean or similar ‘healthy’ pattern reduced risk of the MetS, while following a ‘Western’ pattern increased risk of the MetS. The methodological approach in determining the dietary pattern of a population, whether a priori or a posteriori, should be chosen based on the purpose of the research. Overall, evidence suggests a diet based on the components of the Mediterranean diet and the avoidance of the ‘Western’ diet can aid in preventing the MetS.
Gaussian and Exponential Lateral Connectivity on Distributed Spiking Neural Network Simulation

We measured the impact of long-range exponentially decaying intra-areal lateral connectivity on the scaling and memory occupation of a distributed spiking neural network simulator compared to that of short-range Gaussian decays. Indeed, while previous studies adopted short-range connectivity, recent experimental neurosciences studies are pointing out the role of longer-range intra-areal connectivity with implications on neural simulation platforms. Two- dimensional grids of cortical columns composed by up to 11 M point-like spiking neurons with spike frequency adaption were connected by up to 30 G synapses using short- and long-range connectivity models. The MPI processes composing the distributed simulator were run on up to 1024 hardware cores, hosted on a 64 nodes server platform. The hardware platform was a cluster of IBM NX360 M5 16-core compute nodes, each one containing two Intel Xeon Haswell 8-core E5-2630 v3 processors, with a clock of 2.40G Hz, interconnected through an InfiniBand network, equipped with 4 QDR switches.
Structural basis of influenza virus fusion inhibition by the antiviral drug Arbidol

Significance Influenza virus is an important human pathogen. The circulating strains of influenza virus are constantly mutating and are acquiring resistance to all approved drugs. Therefore, development of influenza therapeutics against novel targets is urgently required. The hemagglutinin envelope glycoprotein (HA) is a promising target for small-molecule design. However, Arbidol is the only available antiviral drug that targets the HA. The absence of structural information on drug–HA complexes has hindered further therapeutic development efforts against this viral pathogen. Here, we report crystal structures of Arbidol in complex with influenza HAs. This structural information advances our understanding of how small molecules, such as Arbidol, can function as influenza fusion inhibitors and can be used for development of broad-spectrum, small-molecule therapeutics. The broad-spectrum antiviral drug Arbidol shows efficacy against influenza viruses by targeting the hemagglutinin (HA) fusion machinery. However, the structural basis of the mechanism underlying fusion inhibition by Arbidol has remained obscure, thereby hindering its further development as a specific and optimized influenza therapeutic. We determined crystal structures of Arbidol in complex with influenza virus HA from pandemic 1968 H3N2 and recent 2013 H7N9 viruses. Arbidol binds in a hydrophobic cavity in the HA trimer stem at the interface between two protomers. This cavity is distal to the conserved epitope targeted by broadly neutralizing stem antibodies and is ∼16 Å from the fusion peptide. Arbidol primarily makes hydrophobic interactions with the binding site but also induces some conformational rearrangements to form a network of inter- and intraprotomer salt bridges. By functioning as molecular glue, Arbidol stabilizes the prefusion conformation of HA that inhibits the large conformational rearrangements associated with membrane fusion in the low pH of the endosome. This unique binding mode compared with the small-molecule inhibitors of other class I fusion proteins enhances our understanding of how small molecules can function as fusion inhibitors and guides the development of broad-spectrum therapeutics against influenza virus.
Development of a High-Density SNP-Based Linkage Map and Detection of QTL for β-Glucans, Protein Content, Grain Yield per Spike and Heading Time in Durum Wheat

High-density genetic linkage maps of crop species are particularly useful in detecting qualitative and quantitative trait loci for important agronomic traits and in improving the power of classical approaches to identify candidate genes. The aim of this study was to develop a high-density genetic linkage map in a durum wheat recombinant inbred lines population (RIL) derived from two elite wheat cultivars and to identify, characterize and correlate Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for β-glucan, protein content, grain yield per spike and heading time. A dense map constructed by genotyping the RIL population with the wheat 90K iSelect array included 5444 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers distributed in 36 linkage groups. Data for β-glucan and protein content, grain yield per spike and heading time were obtained from replicated trials conducted at two locations in southern Italy. A total of 19 QTL were detected in different chromosome regions. In particular, three QTL for β-glucan content were detected on chromosomes 2A and 2B (two loci); eight QTL controlling grain protein content were detected on chromosomes 1B, 2B, 3B (two loci), 4A, 5A, 7A and 7B; seven QTL for grain yield per spike were identified on chromosomes 1A, 2B, 3A (two loci), 3B (two loci) and 6B; and one marker-trait association was detected on chromosome 2A for heading time. The last was co-located with a β-glucan QTL, and the two QTL appeared to be negatively correlated. A genome scan for genomic regions controlling the traits and SNP annotated sequences identified five putative candidate genes involved in different biosynthesis pathways (β-glucosidase, GLU1a; APETALA2, TaAP2; gigantea 3, TaGI3; 14-3-3 protein, Ta14A; and photoperiod sensitivity, Ppd-A1). This study provides additional information on QTL for important agronomic traits that could be useful for marker-assisted breeding to obtain new genotypes with commercial and nutritional relevance.
Ion-assisted coating for large-scale Bimorph deformable mirror

We have fabricated a 410 x 468 mm size deformable mirror with 100 Bimorph piezoceramic actuators for the LFEX laser system at Osaka University. In the case of Bimorph-type deformable mirrors, the mirror surface had to be polished and coated after bonding the piezoceramic actuators to the rear side of the thin mirror substrate. This provides a good surface figure, but the coating temperature for the high-reflection mirror was strictly limited because of the thermal fragility of piezoceramic actuators. The mirror substrate with the actuators was polished, and an ion-assisted multilayer dielectric coating was produced at 60 degrees Celsius with our 80-inch coating chamber. The flatness of the mirror just after coating was 7 μm, and reduced by aging to 3.2 μm when the mirror was assembled. The surface figure of the assembled mirror with 20 piezostack bonded actuators is demonstrated and a laser-induced damage threshold tested with a witness sample is also reported.
How do the compliant legs affect walking stability

The dynamics of walking can be achieved by using the compliant legs. Understanding the compliant mechanisms during walking would improve the design of assistive devices for humans. We studied how and the extent to which the compliant legs would affect the passive stability of walking. From the biomechanics of human walking, we built three 2D models with compliant legs of different leg structures. The three models had the same performance during constant-average-speed walking. We then perturbed these models by changing the elevation of the ground. We found that the compliant legs from different structures provided passive stability to resist perturbation from the ground. The SLIP model can maintain stability in a broader range of perturbation magnitude than the SSEG or STSM. By splicing legs from pure models with two identical legs to create hybrid models, we found the passive stability of hybrid models can be inherited from the pure models. The mechanical properties of the leg properties hence determine the passive stability. Understanding the passive stability from the compliant mechanism of legged locomotion helps to improve the design and control of powered prostheses and legged robots.
The right thalamus may play an important role in anesthesia-awakening regulation in frogs

Background Previous studies have shown that the mammalian thalamus is a key structure for anesthesia-induced unconsciousness and anesthesia-awakening regulation. However, both the dynamic characteristics and probable lateralization of thalamic functioning during anesthesia-awakening regulation are not fully understood, and little is known of the evolutionary basis of the role of the thalamus in anesthesia-awakening regulation. Methods An amphibian species, the South African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) was used in the present study. The frogs were immersed in triciane methanesulfonate (MS-222) for general anesthesia. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were recorded continuously from both sides of the telencephalon, diencephalon (thalamus) and mesencephalon during the pre-anesthesia stage, administration stage, recovery stage and post-anesthesia stage. EEG data was analyzed including calculation of approximate entropy (ApEn) and permutation entropy (PE). Results Both ApEn and PE values differed significantly between anesthesia stages, with the highest values occurring during the awakening period and the lowest values during the anesthesia period. There was a significant correlation between the stage durations and ApEn or PE values during anesthesia-awakening cycle primarily for the right diencephalon (right thalamus). ApEn and PE values for females were significantly higher than those for males. Discussion ApEn and PE measurements are suitable for estimating depth of anesthesia and complexity of amphibian brain activity. The right thalamus appears physiologically positioned to play an important role in anesthesia-awakening regulation in frogs indicating an early evolutionary origin of the role of the thalamus in arousal and consciousness in land vertebrates. Sex differences exist in the neural regulation of general anesthesia in frogs.
A Model of Grammatical Category Acquisition in the Spanish Language Using Adaptation and Selection

A Model of Grammatical Category Acquisition in the Spanish Language Using Adaptation and Selection Camille L. Judd Department of Communication Disorders, BYU Master of Science Most typically developing children have achieved a knowledge of the grammatical categories of the words in their native language by school age. To model this achievement, researchers have developed a variety of explicit, testable models or algorithms which have had partial but promising success in extracting the grammatical word categories from the transcriptions of caregiver input to children. Additional insight into children’s learning of the grammatical categories of words might be obtained from an application of evolutionary computing algorithms, which simulate principles of evolutionary biology such as variation, adaptive change, self-regulation, and inheritance. Thus far, however, this approach has only been applied to English language corpora. The current thesis applied such a model to corpora of language addressed to five Spanish-speaking children, whose ages ranged from 0;11 to 4;8 (years; months). The model evolved dictionaries which linked words to their grammatical tags and was run for 5000 cycles; four different rates of mutation of offspring dictionaries were assessed. The accuracy for coding the words in the corpora of language addressed to the children peaked at about 85%. Directions for further development and evaluation of the model and its application to Spanish language corpora are suggested.
Tracking elusive cargo: Illuminating spatio‐temporal Type 3 effector protein dynamics using reporters

Type 3 secretion systems form an integral part of the arsenal of many pathogenic bacteria. These injection machines, together with their cargo of subversive effector proteins, are capable of manipulating the cellular environment of the host in order to ensure persistence of the pathogen. In order to fully appreciate the functions of Type 3 effectors, it is necessary to gain spatio‐temporal knowledge of each effector during the process of infection. A number of genetic modifications have been exploited in order to reveal effector protein secretion, translocation and subsequent activity, and localisation within host cells. In this review, we will discuss the many available approaches for tracking effector protein dynamics and discuss the challenges faced to improve the current technologies and gain a clearer picture of effector protein function.
Shifts in Species Interactions Due to the Evolution of Functional Differences between Endemics and Non-Endemics: An Endemic Syndrome Hypothesis

Species ranges have been shifting since the Pleistocene, whereby fragmentation, isolation, and the subsequent reduction in gene flow have resulted in local adaptation of novel genotypes and the repeated evolution of endemic species. While there is a wide body of literature focused on understanding endemic species, very few studies empirically test whether or not the evolution of endemics results in unique function or ecological differences relative to their widespread congeners; in particular while controlling for environmental variation. Using a common garden composed of 15 Eucalyptus species within the subgenus Symphyomyrtus (9 endemic to Tasmania, 6 non-endemic), here we hypothesize and show that endemic species are functionally and ecologically different from non-endemics. Compared to non-endemics, endemic Eucalyptus species have a unique suite of functional plant traits that have extended effects on herbivores. We found that while endemics occupy many diverse habitats, they share similar functional traits potentially resulting in an endemic syndrome of traits. This study provides one of the first empirical datasets analyzing the functional differences between endemics and non-endemics in a common garden setting, and establishes a foundation for additional studies of endemic/non-endemic dynamics that will be essential for understanding global biodiversity in the midst of rapid species extinctions and range shifts as a consequence of global change.
Learning by doing: observing an interprofessional process as an interprofessional team

Abstract New competencies exist for interprofessional education, which are centered on the goal of improving quality of care and patient safety through improved interprofessional collaboration. Interprofessional education and effective interprofessional collaboration are cornerstones of the Veterans Affairs Quality Scholars fellowship program. The purpose of this project was to evaluate an innovative interprofessional education strategy in which teams of physicians and nurses were “learning by doing” as they observed and analyzed the functioning of an interprofessional process, specifically, inpatient discharge. Fellows completed voluntary, anonymous surveys seeking their perspectives about the project. Fellows’ feedback revealed several themes, with both positive and negative characteristics related to team functioning, interprofessional understanding, microsystem knowledge, pooled knowledge and assignment challenges. The strength of this strategy is exemplified by the fact that fellows not only learned from each other’s separate professional observations, but also observed the emergence of a shared interprofessional perspective through working together.
The Influence of Whole Grain Products and Red Meat on Intestinal Microbiota Composition in Normal Weight Adults: A Randomized Crossover Intervention Trial

Intestinal microbiota is related to obesity and serum lipid levels, both risk factors for chronic diseases constituting a challenge for public health. We investigated how a diet rich in whole grain (WG) products and red meat (RM) influences microbiota. During a 10-week crossover intervention study, 20 healthy adults consumed two isocaloric diets, one rich in WG products and one high in RM. Repeatedly data on microbiota were assessed by 16S rRNA based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). A blood sample and anthropometric data were collected. Mixed models and logistic regression were used to investigate effects. Microbiota showed interindividual variability. However, dietary interventions modified microbiota appearance: 8 bands changed in at least 4 participants during the interventions. One of the bands appearing after WG and one increasing after RM remained significant in regression models and were identified as Collinsella aerofaciens and Clostridium sp. The WG intervention lowered obesity parameters, while the RM diet increased serum levels of uric acid and creatinine. The study showed that diet is a component of major relevance regarding its influence on intestinal microbiota and that WG has an important role for health. The results could guide investigations of diet and microbiota in observational prospective cohort studies. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01449383
Design of super-conformable, foldable materials via fractal cuts and lattice kirigami

Materials that can expand and collapse, fold, and transform into a variety of shapes have attracted significant interest and have applications in the design of flexible electronics, color displays, smart windows, actuators, sensors, and both photonic and phononic devices. But how can we render a rigid device super-flexible so that it can wrap around a sphere without bending and stretching? How can flat surfaces be transformed into any desired three-dimensional (3D) structure without disruptive or catastrophic deformation? The key lies in cuts. Here, we review recent research progress in the design of super-conformable and foldable materials by employing fractal cutting and lattice-based kirigami elements that combine cutting and folding. By prescribing cuts with different motifs, identifying edges in the right geometry, and by programming the folding directions, we show that a single flat sheet can be transformed into a variety of targeted 2D and 3D structures—a pluripotent platform for new technologies.
Influence of different species range types on the perception of macroecological patterns

In the face of increasing availability and use of distribution data, large-scale approaches of mapping species distribution patterns have become a central component of development of large-scale conservation policies. Particularly in tropical regions and for non-vertebrate taxa, knowledge on distribution patterns at large spatial extents remains woefully limited. Datasets are often geographically and taxonomically incomplete, have presence-only character and lack abundance information. One intermediate step for the application of such data common to most approaches is the construction of species geographic ranges. In this study, we investigated the effects of different methods for constructing species ranges on range attributes and species richness. We selected the Neotropical palm genus Bactris as a typical example for a diverse tropical plant taxon that is comparatively well researched, but under collected. For 48 Bactris species, we compared point-to-grid ranges, expert ranges, convex polygons and modelled ranges. Range attributes and resulting species richness patterns differed tremendously and were constrained by incompleteness of the respective data type and by the errors associated to the method itself. The consequences of applying different methods to construct species ranges highlighted here can aid in selecting appropriate methods for analysing distribution data at large geographic scales.
Hallucinating face by eigentransformation

In video surveillance, the faces of interest are often of small size. Image resolution is an important factor affecting face recognition by human and computer. In this paper, we propose a new face hallucination method using eigentransformation. Different from most of the proposed methods based on probabilistic models, this method views hallucination as a transformation between different image styles. We use Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to fit the input face image as a linear combination of the low-resolution face images in the training set. The high-resolution image is rendered by replacing the low-resolution training images with high-resolution ones, while retaining the same combination coefficients. Experiments show that the hallucinated face images are not only very helpful for recognition by humans, but also make the automatic recognition procedure easier, since they emphasize the face difference by adding more high-frequency details.
Numerical and Experimental Study on Mechanism of Low Frequency Noise from Heat Recovery Steam Generator

The low frequency noise from heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) makes dominant contribution to the noise on the boundary of plant, which generation mechanism is investigated in this presentation. The non-stationary flow field and aeroacoustic noise is studied with hybrid numerical simulation, which is comprised of CFD method based on Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and acoustic analogy by using Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings equation. Models of cylindrical tube, fin-tube and tube array are established respectively to investigate the feature of vortex noise. The results of numerical simulation are compared with the acoustic intensities measured at the site. It can been understood from the simulation that the flow passing through the heat exchanger tube will induce vortex shedding, which results in the low frequency noise in HRSG. The vortex noise of a cylindrical tube lead to the obvious characteristic tone frequency as same as the vortex shedding frequency, but the spiral fin reduces the characteristic frequency and sound level. For the tube array of heat exchanger, due to the enhanced interaction of the flow field among tubes, the vortex noise is narrowband noise with some bandwidth. More targeted methods can be used for noise reduction of HRSG according to the research results.