Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How Humans Integrate the Prospects of Pain and Reward during Choice

The maxim “no pain, no gain” summarizes scenarios in which an action leading to reward also entails a cost. Although we know a substantial amount about how the brain represents pain and reward separately, we know little about how they are integrated during goal-directed behavior. Two theoretical models might account for the integration of reward and pain. An additive model specifies that the disutility of costs is summed linearly with the utility of benefits, whereas an interactive model suggests that cost and benefit utilities interact so that the sensitivity to benefits is attenuated as costs become increasingly aversive. Using a novel task that required integration of physical pain and monetary reward, we examined the mechanism underlying cost–benefit integration in humans. We provide evidence in support of an interactive model in behavioral choice. Using functional neuroimaging, we identify a neural signature for this interaction such that, when the consequences of actions embody a mixture of reward and pain, there is an attenuation of a predictive reward signal in both ventral anterior cingulate cortex and ventral striatum. We conclude that these regions subserve integration of action costs and benefits in humans, a finding that suggests a cross-species similarity in neural substrates that implement this function and illuminates mechanisms that underlie altered decision making under aversive conditions.
Route guidance: State of the art vs. state of the practice

Route guidance is an essential component of intelligent transportation systems and a necessary ingredient to any automatic piloting system. Looking at the literature on Route Guidance, one can quickly see a chasm in how the problem is seen in the academic community and how it is seen in the automotive, industrial world. There seems to be different levels of interest in this problem and divergent assessment of its level of difficulty and the nature of challenges that are inhibiting its becoming a reality. In this paper, we examine the literature in the field, identify the prerequisites for a viable implementation of Route Guidance, and examine the state of development of each of these pre-requisites.
Identification of incident stroke in Norway: hospital discharge data compared with a population-based stroke register.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The validity of hospital discharge diagnoses is essential in improving stroke surveillance and estimating healthcare costs of stroke. The aim of this study was to assess sensitivity, positive predictive value, and accuracy of discharge diagnoses compared with a stroke register. METHODS A record linkage was made between a population-based stroke register and the discharge records of the hospital serving the population of the stroke register (n=70 000). The stroke register (including patients aged 15 and older and with no upper age limit), applied here as a "gold standard," was used to estimate sensitivity, positive predictive value, and accuracy of the discharge diagnoses classification. The length of stay in hospital by stroke patients was measured. RESULTS Identifying cerebrovascular diseases by hospital discharge diagnoses (International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision [ICD-9], codes 430 to 438.9, first admission) lead to a substantial overestimation of stroke in the target population. Restricting the retrieval to acute stroke diagnoses (ICD-9 codes 430, 431, 434, and 436) gave an incidence estimate closer to the "true" incidence rate in the stroke register. Selecting ICD-9 codes 430 to 438 of cerebrovascular diseases gave the highest sensitivity (86%). The highest positive predictive value (68%) was achieved by selecting acute stroke diagnoses (ICD-9 codes 430, 431, 434, and 436), at the expense of a lower sensitivity (81%). Accuracy of ICD codes 430 to 438.9 (n=678) revealed the highest proportion of incident strokes identified by the acute stroke diagnoses (ICD-9 codes 430, 431, 434, and 436). Seventy-four percent of hospital discharge diagnoses classified as first-ever stroke kept the original diagnosis. Only 4.6% of the discharge diagnoses were classified as nonstroke diagnoses after validation. The estimation of length of stay in the hospital was improved by selection of acute stroke diagnoses from hospital discharge data (ICD-9 codes 430, 431, 434, and 436), which gave the same estimate of length of stay, a median of 8 days (2.5 percentile=0 and 97.5 percentile=56), compared with a median of 8 days (2.5 percentile=0 and 97.5 percentile=51) based on the stroke register. CONCLUSIONS Hospital discharge data may overestimate stroke incidence and underestimate the length of stay in the hospital, unless selection routines of hospital discharge diagnoses are restricted to acute stroke diagnoses (ICD-9 codes 430, 431, 434, and 436). If supplemented by a validation procedure, including estimates of sensitivity, positive predictive value, and accuracy, hospital discharge data may provide valid information on hospital-based stroke incidence and lead to better allocation of health resources. Distinguishing subtypes of stroke from hospital discharge diagnoses should not be performed unless coding practices are improved.
Efficient Recognition of Objects by Cascading Approximate Nearest Neighbor Searchers

For object recognition based on nearest neighbor search of local descriptors such as SIFT, it is important to keep the nearest neighbor search efficient to deal with a huge number of descriptors. In this report we propose a new method of efficient recognition based on the observation that the level of accuracy of nearest neighbor search for correct recognition depends on images to be recognized. The proposed method is characterized by the mechanism that multiple recognizers with approximate nearest neighbor search are cascaded in the order of the level of approximation so as to improve the efficiency by adaptively controlling the level to be applied depending on images. From experimental results with 10,000 images, we have confirmed that the proposed method is capable of achieving a recognition rate of 98% in 1 ms / query, which is 1/10 of the recognition time without the cascade, and 1/40 of the recognition time with conventional approximate nearest neighbor search such as ANN and LSH. In addition, a recognition error rate of the proposed method has been suppressed to 0% by allowing a rejection rate of 8.6%. Experimental results with 100,000 images show high scalability of the proposed method.
Genomic Aberrations in the HTPAP Promoter Affect Tumor Metastasis and Clinical Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

We previously reported that the intronic tagSNP +357G/C in the metastasis suppressor HTPAP is associated with metastasis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to investigate whether SNPs in the HTPAP promoter modulate HTPAP expression and prognosis of HCC. Genomic DNA from 572 microdissected HCCs were genotyped by pyrosequencing and verified by direct sequencing. Haplotype blocks were analyzed. Reporter plasmids were constructed and transfected into HCC cell lines. Transcriptional activities of plasmids were analyzed by dual-luciferase reporter systems. HTPAP expression was measured by real-time quantitative PCR, western blots, and tissue microarrays. Invasion was assessed by Matrigel assays. The prognostic values of HTPAP promoter SNPs in HCC were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. We identified six SNPs, including -1053A/G and +64G/C, in the HTPAP promoter. The SNPs were in complete linkage disequilibrium, resulting in three promoter haplotypes (promoter I:-1053AA/+64GG, promoter II: -1053AG/+64GC, and promoter III: -1053GG/+64CC). Promoter I manifested the highest luciferase index (p<0.005). However, no significant difference was observed between promoters II and III. We consistently found that HTPAP mRNA and protein levels were significantly higher in promoter I than that of promoter II+III (p<0.001). Invasion was increased in HCC cells transfected with promoters II+III compared to those transfected with promoter I (p<0.05). The HTPAP promoter II+III haplotype was associated with significantly increased metastasis compared to that of promoter I (p = 0.023). The postoperative five-year overall survival of patients with promoters II+III was lower than that of patients with promoter I (p = 0.006). Multivariate analysis showed that the promoter II+III haplotype was an adverse prognostic marker in HCC. The genetic variants at loci –1053 and +64 of the HTPAP promoter affect the expression of HTPAP, which might be a novel determinant and target for HCC prognosis.
Hyperdoc: An Adaptive Narrative System for Dynamic Multimedia Presentations

Previous approaches to adaptive presentation have highlighted conflicts of interest between adapting the content, media type or quality and structure of a presentation. By using the three level model of narrative as a starting point, we can gain a greater understanding of the relationship between these. In this paper we present the prototype Hyperdoc system, which applies adaptive techniques at the separate levels of narrative in order to achieve a tailored web presentation within a certain domain.
An Investment Criterion Incorporating Real Options

Investment in infrastructure such as the information and communication technology sector requires large, substantial amounts, most of which are sunk or irreversible. Uncertainty of market demand, competition, costs and public policy complicates the investment decision process. This paper provides an investment decisionmaking criterion under uncertainty using (deferred) real options methodology to evaluate if an investment should be made immediately, cautiously, deferred (wait-and-watch), or foregone. A decision-making index d is developed, which is equal to the expectation of net present value (NPV) normalized by its standard deviation. Under a lognormal assumption of the distribution of NPV discounted by risk-free rate, we find the "break-even point" at which the NPV equals the real option value (ROV): d = D* = 0.276. Using the absolute value of D*, one can make sophisticated decisions considering opportunity losses. This new decision index, d, provides a criterion to make investment decisions to capture underlying uncertainty. When making a decision, a manager only has to observe three parameters: expectation of future cash flow, its uncertainty as measured by its standard deviation, and the magnitude of investment. We discuss examples using this criterion and show its value. The criterion is particularly useful when NPV lies near zero or uncertainty is large.
A Case of Successful Colonoscopic Treatment of Acute Appendiceal Bleeding by Endoclips

Lower gastrointestinal bleeding is a common disease among elderly patients. The common sources of lower gastrointestinal bleeding include vascular disease, Crohn's disease, neoplasm, inflammatory bowel disease, hemorrhoid, and ischemic colitis. However, bleeding from the appendix has been reported very rarely in patients with lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding. In general, after a colonoscopic diagnosis of appendiceal bleeding, a laparoscopic or surgical appendectomy would be recommended. We report a case of successful colonoscopic treatment of appendiceal bleeding without complications by endoclips. This report suggests that colonoscopic clipping is a safe and effective means to treat bleeding from appendiceal lesions. Further study is needed to evaluate procedure-related complications and to confirm the procedure's safety and efficacy.
PHENYLTHIOHYDANTOINS IN PROTEIN ANALYSIS

Some years ago I described a procedure (P. Edman, 1949, 1950, 1953) for the stepwise degradation of simple peptides using phenylthiohydantoins (PTH). In principle, this degradation reaction should work for amino acid sequences of any length and variety provided the amino acids are linked by normal peptide bonds. However, this extension has not come easily. In view of its importance for development in the field of protein structure, I have devoted some efforts to bringing it about. My presentation will be concerned chiefly with this problem, but I shall also draw attention to other applications of the PTH technique in protein analysis. Several problems had to be solved before it became feasible to attack large structures, and they will be dealt with in turn. First it was necessary to find means of identifying the split-off amino acids directly. The identification of the amino acid after its regeneration by hydrolysis of the PTH is not entirely satisfactory as certain amino acids are not returned unmodified. A direct identification of the PTH’s was therefore made the objective. This can be achieved by paper chromatography (J. Sjoquist, 1953; P. Edman and J. Sjoquist, 1956) for most of the PTH’s, but PTH-arginine, PTH-histidine, and PTH-cysteic acid are preferably identified by paper electrophoresis. The iodine-azide reaction used for locating the spots has the weakness of being nonstoichiometric and rather unspecific. This method of location is therefore always supplemented by a method based on the very high UV absorption of the PTH’s. For this purpose, I have found it convenient to use a fluorescent screen excited by UV light and having its secondary emission in the visible red (P. Edrnan and J. Sjoquist, 1956). The arrangement is shown in FIGURE 1. The spots appear as dark shadows on a bright red background. This allows the spots to be cut out from the paper, eluted, and the content of PTH determined. In conjunction with a method for quantitative microsynthesis of PTH’s from free amino acids (J. Sjoquist, 1957a), this paper chromatographic procedure offers a quick and fairly accurate means of analyzing amino acid mixtures. In this connection, I also draw attention to the highly accurate and fully automatic procedure of Sjoquist (19573) used for the same purpose. A partition column procedure is employed to separate the PTH’s, and their UV absorption is automatically recorded in the effluent as they emerge. The application of the method to an hydrolysate of bovine serum albumin is indicated in FIGURE 2 and TABLE 1. Another problem in the degradation of long sequences stems from the fact that the splitting off of the ”terminal amino acid requires a strongly acid medium. When aqueous acids are used this leads to a partial hydrolysis along the peptide chain with the consequent generation of new N-terminal amino acids; the results, therefore, become ambiguous after only a few degradative steps. This fact
Simultaneous people tracking and localization for social robots using external laser range finders

Robust localization of robots and reliable tracking of people are both critical requirements for the deployment of service robots in real-world environments. In crowded public spaces, occlusions can impede localization using on-board sensors. At the same time, teams of service robots working together need to share the locations of people and other robots on the same global coordinate system in order to provide services efficiently. To solve this problem, our approach is to use an infrastructure of sensors embedded in the environment to provide an inertial reference frame and wide-area coverage. Based on a people-tracking system we have previously established which uses laser range finders to track people's trajectories, we have developed a technique to localize a team of service robots on a shared global coordinate system. Each robot's odometry data is associated with the observed trajectory of an entity detected by the laser tracking system, and Kalman filters are used to correct rotational offsets between the robots' individual coordinate systems and the global reference frame. We present our data association and pose correction algorithms and show results demonstrating the performance of our system in a shopping arcade.
Depth and Scene Flow from a Single Moving Camera

We show that it is possible to reconstruct scene flow and depth from a single moving camera whose motion is known. To do so, we assume that the local scene motion can be approximated by a constant velocity in a small temporal window. This assumption makes it possible to unambiguously reconstruct scene flow and depth using as few as 3 frames from the sequence. We propose a variational approach to directly solve for structure and flow, and we demonstrate the results on challenging real-world data with both rigid and non-rigid motion. The experiments illustrate that the inclusion of flow in the case of non-rigid motion allows us to reconstruct a better geometry than if motion was simply ignored.
Using fine grain multithreading for energy efficient computing

We investigate extremely fine-grain multithreading as a means for improving energy efficiency of single-task program execution.Our work is based on low-overhead threads executing an explicitly parallel program in a register-sharing context. The thread-based parallelism takes the place of instruction-level parallelism, allowing us to use simple and more energy-efficient in-order pipelines while retaining performance that is characteristic of classical out-of-order processors. Our evaluation shows that in energy terms, the parallelized code running over in-order pipelines can outperform both plain in-order and out-of-order processors.
Behavioral tracing demonstrates dietary nutrient discrimination in two-spotted crickets Gryllus bimaculatus

Animals select appropriate diets to meet their nutritional requirements. Here, we demonstrate the availability for analysis of feeding preference using an orthopteran, the two-spotted cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. A time-course study of these insects, involving continuous recording and tracing behavior for 9 h, allowed us to monitor discrimination of diet that contained various nutrients.
Redox-Based Inactivation of Cysteine Cathepsins by Compounds Containing the 4-Aminophenol Moiety

Background Redox cycling compounds have been reported to cause false positive inhibition of proteases in drug discovery studies. This kind of false positives can lead to unusually high hit rates in high-throughput screening campaigns and require further analysis to distinguish true from false positive hits. Such follow-up studies are both time and resource consuming. Methods and Findings In this study we show that 5-aminoquinoline-8-ol is a time-dependent inactivator of cathepsin B with a kinact/KI of 36.7±13.6 M−1s−1 using enzyme kinetics. 5-Aminoquinoline-8-ol inhibited cathepsins H, L and B in the same concentration range, implying a non-specific mechanism of inhibition. Further analogues, 4-aminonaphthalene-1-ol and 4-aminophenol, also displayed time-dependent inhibition of cathepsin B with kinact/KI values of 406.4±10.8 and 36.5±1.3 M−1s−1. No inactivation occurred in the absence of either the amino or the hydroxyl group, suggesting that the 4-aminophenol moiety is a prerequisite for enzyme inactivation. Induction of redox oxygen species (ROS) by 4-aminophenols in various redox environments was determined by the fluorescent probe 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. Addition of catalase to the assay buffer significantly abrogated the ROS signal, indicating that H2O2 is a component of the ROS induced by 4-aminophenols. Furthermore, using mass spectrometry, active site probe DCG-04 and isoelectric focusing we show that redox inactivation of cysteine cathepsins by 5-aminoquinoline-8-ol is active site directed and leads to the formation of sulfinic acid. Conclusions In this study we report that compounds containing the 4-aminophenol moiety inactivate cysteine cathepsins through a redox-based mechanism and are thus likely to cause false positive hits in the screening assays for cysteine proteases.
Classical ctxB gene in Vibrio cholerae O1 and O56 serogroups from Kerala, South India.

Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of the life-threatening diarrhoeal disease cholera. Cholera toxin (CT), the major enterotoxin produced by V. cholerae, is responsible for profuse diarrhoea. The major biotypes of V. cholerae O1 (El Tor and classical) are differentiated on the basis of some phenotypic and genotypic traits (Safa et al., 2010). The genotypic traits are based on variations in tcpA, rstR (Safa et al., 2010) and hlyA gene sequence (Rivera et al., 2001). The tcpA, hlyA and rstR genes encode a major pilin subunit, a cytotoxic haemolysin and a repressor (which regulates the replication of phage DNA), respectively. Strains other than O1 and O139 (collectively called non-O1/nonO139) are ubiquitously distributed in aquatic environments and are not associated with epidemic cholera (Islam et al., 1994). However, sporadic cases of diarrhoea and extraintestinal infections caused by non-O1/non-O139 strains have been reported widely (Sharma et al., 1998; Cheng et al., 2004; Restrepo et al., 2006). Recently, many new genotypes of El Tor strains have emerged carrying variants of CT (Bhuiyan et al., 2009; Joshi & Albert, 2009; Taneja et al., 2009). These variants have spread to countries of Asia and Africa including India and Bangladesh (Safa et al., 2010). In the present study, the biotypeassociated phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of recently isolated O1 and O56 strains from southern Kerala, India, were analysed. The ctxB genes from all the strains were amplified by using Phusion High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase (NEB) and ctxB-F and ctxB-R primers (Olsvik et al., 1993). The purified PCR products were ‘A’ tailed and subsequently ligated to the pGEM-T Easy vector and sequenced on both strands using T7 and SP6 primers with the BigDye Terminator kit (Applied Biosystems). Four strains were analysed in the present investigation. Strains A199 and A217 were isolated from Vembanad Lake, Allapuzha district, whereas O1 strain A880 was isolated from a drinking water source in Allapuzha district, Kerala. MCV09, a clinical O1 strain, was isolated from a hospitalized patient admitted to Medical College Hospital, Trivandrum, Kerala. All the test strains were positive in the Voges–Proskauer test and for b-haemolysis of sheep erythrocytes and exhibited resistance to polymyxin B (Table 1). The O1 strains showed El Tor-specific tcpA and hlyA genes. However, O56 serogroup strains exhibited the El Tor-specific hlyA gene and a variant allele of the tcpA gene (GenBank accession no. EU362122). The strains of serogroup O56 showed both the classical and El Tor type of rstR gene whereas O1 strains showed only the El Tor type of rstR. This indicates the presence of two different copies of CTX prophages in O56 strains. Unexpectedly, ctxB gene sequencing in all test strains revealed 100 % identity to ctxB of classical strain 569B (GenBank accession no. U25679). Hence according to the new genotyping scheme developed by Safa et al. (2010), the O1 and O56 serogroup strains investigated could be classified into ctxB genotype 1 since they possess the ctxB1 allele.