Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Requirements for mediator complex subunits distinguish three classes of notch target genes at the Drosophila wing margin

Spatial and temporal gene regulation relies on a combinatorial code of sequence‐specific transcription factors that must be integrated by the general transcriptional machinery. A key link between the two is the mediator complex, which consists of a core complex that reversibly associates with the accessory kinase module. We show here that genes activated by Notch signaling at the dorsal–ventral boundary of the Drosophila wing disc fall into three classes that are affected differently by the loss of kinase module subunits. One class requires all four kinase module subunits for activation, while the others require only Med12 and Med13, either for activation or for repression. These distinctions do not result from different requirements for the Notch coactivator Mastermind or the corepressors Hairless and Groucho. We propose that interactions with the kinase module through distinct cofactors allow the DNA‐binding protein Suppressor of Hairless to carry out both its activator and repressor functions. Developmental Dynamics 240:2051–2059, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organizational Renewal in Family Firms

The authors investigate whether organizational renewal impacts on the performance of family firms and identify aspects of ‘familiness’ acting as facilitators or inhibitors of organizational renewal. A survey instrument captured data on relevant family-related characteristics, organizational renewal and firm performance from the CEOs of 140 family firms in Greece. Regression analysis was used to test hypotheses. Strong evidence was found that organizational renewal impacts positively on the profit growth of family firms. Where CEOs had a strong growth aspiration for the future and were firm founders, and where succession planning was taking place, renewal was more likely to be enacted. Efforts are focused on creating a business that will thrive in the future, and not on curating an organizational heirloom shaped and constrained by the past. Their strong future focus liberates these family firms from possible cross-generational path dependency, allowing the special resources of their family's business to act instead as a springboard for ongoing organizational renewal. Conversely, those family firms with a high level of family altruism indicated by extensive kin employment seem to be more likely to be destined for stagnation than stewardship, as they promote (past-focused) historical family sentiment and tradition. The dangers of cross-generational path dependency indeed seem pronounced in such past-focused firms.
On the Positive Role of Financial Intermediation in Allocation of Venture Capital in a Market with Imperfect Information

This paper develops a theory of financial intermediation that highlights the contribution of intermediaries as informed agents in a market with imperfect information. We consider a venture capital market where the entrepreneurs select the qualities of projects and their perquisite consumptions, about which the investors are imperfectly informed. It is shown that when all investors have positive search costs, the entrepreneurs are induced to offer the unacceptable inferior projects (“lemons” only), and the investors will not enter the venture capital market, but put their funds in other low return investments–an undesirable allocation of resources. Beginning with an initial undesirable situation, the financial intermediaries may evolve as informed agents that induce a Pareto-preferred allocation, leading the investors to a higher welfare state. We focus our analysis on the existence of intermediation equilibra when the market for intermediation services is competitive. The distribution of returns on projects, the fees charged by intermediaries, and the fraction of institutional holdings are all endogenous in equilibrium. It is shown that (i) there cannot be a competitive intermediation equilibrium with very high institutional holdings, and (ii) in other cases multiple equilibra may exist, but the one with the highest institutional holdings dominates the others in a Pareto sense.
Electron mobility modeling in strained-Si n-MOSFETs using TCAD

To continue with the trend of Moore's law, the use of conventional Si-MOSFETs can be replaced with high mobility channel MOSFETs. Among the high mobility channels, strained-Si channel MOSFETs have gained interest as they provide both hole and electron mobility enhancement which leads to higher performance of MOSFETs with downscaling. In this paper the electron mobility in strained Si channel has been modelled analytically and simulated for a long channel device using TCAD tool. The simulation results are verified with the experimental data available in literature. Moreover, the same model has been implemented for a short channel device to investigate the device characteristics. The experimentally reported mobility improvement factor is found to be consistent with the simulation results obtained for both short channel and long channel devices. Furthermore, improvement of overall device characteristics have been reported compared to conventional bulk Si devices.
The effects of medical insurance on durables consumption in rural China

Purpose - The New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme (NRCMS), implemented in China since 2003, has greatly increased the access of the poor to health services and alleviated the hardship caused by catastrophic medical payments. Both the precautionary saving theory and the Buffer-Stock saving theory would predict a positive effect of this event on consumption. The purpose of this paper is to empirically study the effects of medical insurance on durables consumption in rural China. Design/methodology/approach - Using China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) data, the authors study the effects of medical insurance on durable goods consumption in rural China through a panel binary choice model. Findings - It is found that households with medical insurance have a significantly higher level of durables consumption, and their probabilities of purchasing durables increase by 2.0 per cent-4.4 per cent, which support the precautionary saving theory and the Buffer-Stock saving theory. Originality/value - Unlike previous studies, the authors focus on the effects of medical insurance on the consumption of durables, which have a big weight in household wealth and are more sensitive to income uncertainty.
Cerebrovascular Reactivity Mapping: An Evolving Standard for Clinical Functional Imaging

SUMMARY: This review article explains the methodology of breath-hold cerebrovascular reactivity mapping, both in terms of acquisition and analysis, and reviews applications of this method to presurgical mapping, particularly with respect to blood oxygen level–dependent fMRI. Its main application in clinical fMRI is for the assessment of neurovascular uncoupling potential. Neurovascular uncoupling is potentially a major limitation of clinical fMRI, particularly in the setting of mass lesions in the brain such as brain tumors and intracranial vascular malformations that are associated with alterations in regional hemodynamics on either an acquired or congenital basis. As such, breath-hold cerebrovascular reactivity mapping constitutes an essential component of quality control analysis in clinical fMRI, particularly when performed for presurgical mapping of eloquent cortex. Exogenous carbon dioxide challenges used for cerebrovascular reactivity mapping will also be discussed, and their applications to the evaluation of cerebrovascular reserve and cerebrovascular disease will be described.
Crude oil — end‐product linkages in the European petroleum markets

Crude oil prices were found to have a significant impact on retail petroleum product prices and were shown to affect inflation and other key economic indicators. This article analyses the former's link in the European Union (EU) within a multi-national and multi-product framework. The results indicate that the old EU countries from North-West Europe are well integrated in the global petroleum markets, while the Mediterranean and Eastern European countries depend on the low-quality Russian oils. Furthermore, while product prices in the North West Europe are driven by the world benchmark crudes, countries with easy access to Russian oil are in the bidirectional relationship with its prices.
Quantifying Published Scholarly Works of Experiential Education Directors

Objective. To determine the amount and potential impact of scholarly works that directors of experiential education in US colleges and schools of pharmacy have published since 2001. Methods. A search in Web of Science was used to identify publications and citations for the years 2001-2011 by experiential education directors as identified by the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) Roster of Faculty and Professional Staff in 2011. Publication productivity was analyzed by position title, faculty rank, and type of institution (public vs private, research vs nonresearch-intensive). Types of published works were characterized, related citations were identified, and a reported h-index was collected for each person who published during this period. Results. Ninety-seven of 226 (43%) experiential education directors published 344 scholarly works which had received 1841 citations, for an average of 1 publication every 3 years and an average citation rate of 5.3 per publication. Directors at publicly funded and research-intensive institutions published slightly more than did their counterparts at private and nonresearch-intensive schools. Publications were concentrated in 6 journals with a weighted mean publication impact factor of 1.5. Conclusion. Many experiential education directors have published scholarly works even though their titles and ranks vary widely. While the quantity of such works may not be large, the impact is similar to that of other pharmacy practice faculty members. These results could be used to characterize the scholarly performance of experiential education directors in recent years as well as to establish a culture of scholarship in this emerging career track within pharmacy education.
Shareholder Value and Workforce Downsizing, 1981–2006

This paper develops a theoretical account of the reconstruction of workforce downsizing as a shareholder-value strategy since the 1980s. This account has two components. First, building on resource-dependence theory, I suggest that growing corporate dependence on institutional investors makes firms susceptible to their demand for greater returns, especially when these institutional investors are blockholders and resistant to counter-pressure from managers. Second, building on Fligstein’s theory of conceptions of control, I suggest that the rise of shareholder value reorients managerial behavior, by changing the decision context in a way that induces managers to maximize shareholder value. Crucial to constructing this new decision context are a set of agency-theory prescriptions for reforming corporate governance. My analysis of downsizing announcements, drawing on a sample of 714 US firms between 1981 and 2006, shows that both the pressure from institutional investors and the new decision context encourage firms to downsize more frequently. By demonstrating how both pressure from investors and changed managerial decision contexts have contributed to the prevalence of workforce downsizing, this paper makes a strong case for the financialization of the American corporation, and contributes to the sociological research on growing job insecurity and income inequality over the past three decades.
Immigration, Polarization, or Gentrification? Accounting for Changing House Prices and Dwelling Values in Gateway Cities

Past research has identified immigration, social polarization, and gentrification as factors with significant impacts upon price movements and other housing characteristics in gateway cities. This study attempts to compare the effects of these three factors in Toronto and Vancouver, Canada's primary gateway cities, over the period from 1971 to 1996. The paper describes house price changes from Multiple Listing Service rolls and changes of dwelling values in census tracts, and interprets visual evidence for the effects of the three factors. The observed centralization of price gains is then sharpened in a univariate and multivariate analysis of changes in dwelling values for census tracts in each metropolitan area. While there is consistency in the spatial patterns of changes in housing prices and dwelling values between the two cities, there are differences in the importance of the three processes at different times and places. Moreover, strong effects at the metropolitan scale become much more blurred with spatial disaggregation.
Satisfaction of Individual Mobile Phone Users in Spain

Consumer satisfaction is a key determinant of consumer retention, consumer welfare, and is also a strategic variable for competition and international comparisons. Spain's mobile customer satisfaction is the lowest in the European Union. The focus of this paper is to identify the determinants of residential mobile phone users' satisfaction among private consumers of mobile telecommunications in Spain. Two innovative aspects of this paper are the focus on a nationwide representative sample of residential consumers in Spain, and the usage of rich individual data to convey high quality statistical information. The correlation of each of the aspects to the overall satisfaction are measured. Also, relationships between different aspects of satisfaction and its determinants are formulated. The paper specifies econometric models and estimates them using a survey of 4249 mobile phone users. The results indicate that customers are less satisfied with larger carriers, and are more satisfied with smaller and newer operators. Policy recommendations are suggested to improve customer satisfaction, contribute to customer retention and improve the position of the country in the international rankings.
A Comparison of the Stable and Student Distributions as Statistical Models for Stock Prices: Reply

There has been a great deal of discussion about the statistical distribution of rates of return on common stocks. At an early stage the prevalent belief was that distributions of rates of return on common stocks were adequately characterized by the normal distribution. This belief seemed to be consistent with the pioneering work of Bachelier.1 It was also observed, however, that empirical distributions of such returns had more kurtosis (i.e., "fatter tails") than that predicted by the normal distribution. The evidence provided by Mandelbrot and Fama suggested that one could explicitly account for the observed "fat tails" by using the symmetric-stable distribution.2 This article considers another family of symmetric distributions that can also account for the observed "fat tails" of returns distribution. This alternative is the Student (or t) distribution. It will be indicated that this alternative model has implications for empirical and theoretical work that are quite different from those of the symmetric-stable model. The descriptive validity of the Student model, relative to that of the symmetric-stable model, will be assessed using actual daily rates of return. This article is organized as follows: Section II describes the prop-
Classification Shifting Using the 'Corporate/Other' Segment

SYNOPSIS: In this paper, we examine management's use of the “corporate/other” segment to mask the true performance of operating (or core) segments. The corporate/other segment represents firm-wide expenses not allocated to core segments. We find that managers take advantage of vague cost allocation requirements to shift expenses between the corporate/other segment and core segments. Specifically, in the presence of agency problems (i.e., transfer of resources to underperforming segments), our evidence is consistent with expenses being shifted from core segments to the corporate/other segment. This shifting increases the reported performance of underperforming core segments. In addition, when proprietary concerns are high (i.e., operations in less competitive industries), we find evidence consistent with corporate/other expenses being shifted to core segments. By shifting expenses to core segments, core profits are concealed when proprietary motives are present. Our research contributes to a growing liter.
Calculated Vibrational Intensities in the Ã-&Xtilde; Electronic Transition of Acetylene.

Relative intensities in the vibrational structure of the Ã(1)A(u)(C(2h))-&Xtilde;(1)Sigma(+)(g)(D(infinityh)) electronic transition of acetylene are calculated. The calculation takes account of the large change of geometry and the change in the normal coordinates (the Dushinskií effect) between the two states. Because conventional vibrational wavefunctions for a nonlinear state do not behave correctly at linear geometries the vibrational integrals are only evaluated approximately. The transition ((1)Sigma(u)(-)-(1)Sigma(+)(g)) is forbidden at linear geometries, and so calculations are performed without and with a factor proportional to the angle of bend from linearity. Good agreement with experiment is obtained for the first few quanta of the absorption spectrum, lending support to the Ã-state harmonic potential of Tobiason et al., J. Chem. Phys. 99, 5762 (1993). Qualitative agreement is obtained for the emission spectrum (Jacobson and Field, J. Phys. Chem. 104, 3073 (2000)) when allowance is made for anharmonicity in the &Xtilde; state, but more quantitative agreement will require improvements in the empirical potential of the &Xtilde;-state, or an ab initio potential to higher energies than available at present. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.
Benchmarking of phase locked loop based synchronization techniques for grid-connected inverter systems

Grid-connected renewables are increasingly developed in recent years, e.g. wind turbine systems and photovoltaic systems. Synchronization of the injected current with the grid is mandatory. However, grid disturbances like voltage sags, harmonics, and frequency deviations may occur during operation, becoming inevitable challenges to the synchronization of the grid-connected renewable energy systems. In order to ensure the quality of the power generation from the renewables, robust and reliable synchronization methods are in demand. Among the prior-art solutions, Phase Locked Loop (PLL) based synchronization methods have gained much popularity in grid-connected applications. However, an appropriate selection and thus a proper design of the selected PLL synchronization remain of interest in practice, especially for single-phase systems. Therefore, in this paper, a benchmarking of the main PLL synchronization methods for single-phase grid-connected inverter systems in terms of accuracy, dynamic response, harmonic immunity, etc., has been conducted. Experiments on a 1-kW single-phase grid-connected system, suffering from different grid disturbances, are performed for the benchmarking. The experimental results have verified the discussions.
Enhancement of gas‐filled microbubble R2* by iron oxide nanoparticles for MRI

Gas‐filled microbubbles have the potential to become a unique intravascular MR contrast agent due to their magnetic susceptibility effect, biocompatibility, and localized manipulation via ultrasound cavitation. However, microbubble susceptibility effect is relatively weak when compared with other intravascular MR susceptibility contrast agents. In this study, enhancement of microbubble susceptibility effect by entrapping monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONs) into polymeric microbubbles was investigated at 7 T in vitro. Apparent T2 enhancement (ΔR2*) induced by microbubbles was measured to be 79.2 ± 17.5 sec−1 and 301.2 ± 16.8 sec−1 for MION‐free and MION‐entrapped polymeric microbubbles at 5% volume fraction, respectively. ΔR2* and apparent transverse relaxivities (r2*) for MION‐entrapped polymeric microbubbles and MION‐entrapped solid microspheres (without gas core) were also compared, showing the synergistic effect of the gas core with MIONs. This is the first experimental demonstration of microbubble susceptibility enhancement for MRI application. This study indicates that gas‐filled polymeric microbubble susceptibility effect can be substantially increased by incorporating iron oxide nanoparticles into microbubble shells. With such an approach, microbubbles can potentially be visualized with higher sensitivity and lower concentrations by MRI. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of HER2 Expression in Primary Tumor and Disseminated Tumor Cells in the Bone Marrow of Breast Cancer Patients

Objective: The aim of this study was to measure the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status of disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) from bone marrow (BM) aspirates and to assess correspondence or discrepancy with the primary tumor. Methods: DTCs were isolated from the BM of 156 breast cancer patients. Cytokeratin-positive DTCs were further analyzed by the chromogenic in situ hybridization method to detect HER2 gene amplification. Results: A significant correlation (p = 0.021) was found between the HER2 status of DTCs and the primary tumors. Sixty-one (68.5%) patients had a corresponding status. However, a shift of phenotype between primary tumor and DTCs was found in the remaining patients. Conclusion: This study showed a significant grade of discordance of the HER2 status between primary tumors and DTCs in the BM of a relevant subgroup of patients. Detection of HER2 amplification on DTCs could therefore help to better stratify patients for a more tailored therapy, since they would benefit from a HER2-targeted therapy.
The determination of high cost and low cost spare parts by using the comparison between EOQ model and lot-for-lot inventory model: A case study of slow moving item

Basically, EOQ inventory model is well known approach using for arrangement of spare parts stocking policy. But EOQ model cannot be used for explanation about the separation between high and low cost material that is not available to be the reference boundary between high and low. Thus, the interesting of the separation between high and low cost spare part will be issued in order to fulfill this niche. Meaningfully, this is the study of finding the representative line which is used for classifying either high or low cost spare part. The aftermath of this result can be in accordingly applied to the inventory model until entirely reduced parts as zero inventories. Furthermore, the case study is emphasized and thought by based on slow moving item. And the extension of EOQ model will be applied in order to meet discrete demand.
Surface Plasmon Resonance for Measurements of Biological Interest

Genetic manipulations, including gene knock‐outs and mutant screens, provide an initial hint as to the function of a gene product and indicate possible associated factors. To unravel complicated biological processes, which control the development of organisms, one must identify the interacting components. An in vitro technique based on an optical phenomenon, called surface plasmon resonance (SPR), can simultaneously detect interactions between unmodified proteins and directly measure kinetic parameters of the interaction. This technique is gaining popularity, due to the increased availabilty oif user‐friendly machines, and an overview of the technology is presented in this unit.