Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Edge Coverage Analysis for Software Architecture Testing

Software architecture is perceived as one of the most important artifacts created during a system's design, to control software complexity, improve system quality, support software development and reuse and so on. Coverage analysis is a structural testing technique, which helps to eliminate gaps in a test suite and determines when to stop testing. To compute test coverage, the paper presents a new concept - coverage about edge based on C2-style architecture. Firstly, the software architecture is represented using C2-style, then we use architecture component interaction graph (CIG) to describe interface connection relationship, then we define three testing criteria and introduce algorithms to generate testing coverage set according to edge types of CIG. Finally, we present four edges coverage to compute coverage effectiveness.
Design Heuristics for Computer Supported Collaborative Creativity

Technical support of collaborative creativity is a complex challenge because the interacting people usually have differing backgrounds or ways of thinking, and their collaboration is only weakly structured. We outline the heterogeneous characteristics of creative collaboration and its dimensions, and the barriers to be overcome. On this basis, five CSCW-oriented design heuristics have been derived: Supporting the larger picture - the visualization of rich material; malleability of shared material and stimulation of variations; support of convergence within evolutionary documentation; smooth transitions between different modes of creative collaboration; integration of communication with work on shared material.
Monoclonal Antibody Process Development Using Medium Concentrates

A fed‐batch process using concentrated medium was evaluated for its ability to improve cell culture longevity and final monoclonal antibody (MAb) titers for two monoclonal antibody producing cell lines. It was found to result in up to 7‐fold increases in final antibody titers compared to batch culture controls. Although the development of cell line specific fed‐batch protocols is critical to the development of cost‐efficient largescale production processes, the use of complete medium concentrates provided us with a quick and simple method for producing large quantities of antibodies in the early stages of process development, thus accelerating early work on purification process development, analytical development, biochemical characterization, and safety studies. Insights gained from the concentrated medium fed‐batch approach were valuable for the development of refined, cell line specific feeding strategies yielding final MAb titers on the order of 1–2 g/L. Process development data on the effects of inhibitory growth byproducts, medium osmolarity, and the mode of nutrient feed addition on culture longevity and MAb production and information on culture metabolic behavior were successfully incorporated in the development of the optimized fed‐batch protocols.
Long-term brand development versus short-term business targets: the impact of price promotions on branded food products

Although the importance of taking a long-term perspective in the development of brands is well recognised, short-term price promotion is increasingly used for manufacturer-branded products within the food industry. There has been limited discussion in the literature regarding the long-term consequences and value of price promotion for food brands and food manufacturers. This paper presents the findings from a study of one of Europe's largest food brand manufacturers in the convenience food sector. The research was carried out in two stages. Stage 1 investigated the level and use of price promotions of a leading product brand over a 10-year period from 2000 to 2009. Stage 2 involved in-depth interviews with the key managers involved in the development, marketing and branding of this food brand to ascertain their perceptions and opinions in relation to the findings from Stage 1. The findings illustrate that over half of the sales growth in the period under study came from additional price-promotional activity. Prior to the study the managers appeared to be unaware of the overall impact on the core rate of sale during the 10-year period. Key implications in relation to balancing long-term brand objectives and short-term organisational objectives are discussed.
The Capital Structure Decisions of Nascent Entrepreneurs

The capital financing resources used by nascententrepreneurs are examined. The two goals of the study are: (1) to discover hownascent entrepreneurs fund themselves, and (2) to explain the funding choicesthey make. Financial exchanges between small firms and funding sources areinefficient, marred by informational problems typical of small firm capitalmarkets and features of small firms and their owners. Hypotheses relating to capital sources utilized and their number, growthexpectations of nascent entrepreneurs, and teams of capital structure areexplored. To test the hypotheses, the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics(PSED) was used to identify 698 nascent entrepreneurs, and the finance-relatedvariables were derived and analyzed. Principal hypotheses confirmed include thefollowing: Because of the problems in the exchange between the startupentrepreneur and the private capital market, most nascent entrepreneurs usedinternal funding. Use of external funding is avoided by startups reportinglower levels of initial funding, compared to firms with higher levels ofinitial funding. To start their firms, nascent entrepreneurs will use few ofthe resources available to them. Also found that level of initial wealth is notpositively related to expectations of rapid growth, and that "solo"nascent entrepreneurs will not avoid debt financing, compared with team-basedstartups. Overall, concludes that entrepreneurs will use financial capital sourcesthat are responsive to their situation. In general, they will avoid externalfunding in preference to internal, close, relations-basedfunding. (TNM)
Transfer of Sucrose-Fermenting Ability and Nisin Production Phenotype among Lactic Streptococci

Transfer of sucrose fermentation ability, nisin production, and nisin resistance from Streptococcus lactis to S. lactis and Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis occurred between cells immobilized on nitrocellulose filters in the presence of DNase. Transconjugants were able to act as donors to transfer the Suc-Nis phenotype in subsequent mating. No changes in sensitivity to lytic phage c2 were noted in S. lactis transconjugants. However, temperature-independent restriction of lytic phage 18-16 was noted in transconjugants of S. lactis subsp. diacetylactis 18-16. Adsorption studies with phage-resistant transconjugants showed that resistance was not due to lack of adsorption by the lytic phage. Physical evidence for the presence of introduced plasmid DNA was not found in lysates of transconjugants.
Hybrid Excitation Synchronous Machines: Energy-Efficient Solution for Vehicles Propulsion

In this paper, the suitability of a class of electric machines for vehicle traction applications is discussed. These machines, which are known as hybrid excitation synchronous machines, combine permanent-magnet (PM) excitation with wound field excitation. The goal behind the principle of hybrid excitation is to combine the advantages of PM excited machines and wound field synchronous machines. It is shown that these machines have good flux weakening capability compared with PM machines, and that they constitute an energy-efficient solution for vehicle propulsion.
Impact of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography on patient management: first year's experience in a clinical center.

PURPOSE To measure the impact of whole-body fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) on patient management during its first year of use in a community hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS First-year FDG-PET impact was determined from 463 referring physicians' evaluations of their patients' PET imaging results using two surveys. Survey 1 was given to all physicians referring patients to PET to discover whether PET changed patient management or had decision-making value in the patient's clinical algorithm. Survey 2 was given to one surgeon and one pulmonologist after therapy to determine how PET affected the surgical, chemotherapeutic, and/or radiotherapeutic treatment for the 53 cancer patients they referred. RESULTS The 463 responses to survey 1 described 23 different PET indications. Lung (40%), head and neck (18%), and colorectal cancers (11%) were the three leading causes of referral. PET changed patient management/therapy in 45% of all patients referred and had inferential/decision-making value in another 44%. Overall, PET had some type of positive influence in 412 (89%) of the patients. Survey 2 provided a more detailed assessment of 53 referrals from two specialists. PET positively affected surgery in 31 patients (58%), prompted the addition of chemotherapy or radiation therapy in nine patients (17%), and eliminated chemotherapy or radiation therapy in four cases (8%). Overall, PET affected patient management/therapy in 70% of the cases and had some decision-making value in another 26%, for a combined PET impact on patient management of 96%. CONCLUSION FDG-PET can be valuable for physicians in clinical practice. Its sensitivity and specificity in metabolic imaging, when combined with complementary anatomic imaging techniques, contribute significantly to the clinical treatment of cancer patients. In addition, the high accuracy of FDG-PET makes it a cost-effective radiologic procedure in the work-up of all suspected and/or recurrent cancer patients. Further research is needed to link this demonstrated impact on patient management to cost-effectiveness.
Lessons from experimental disruption of estrous cycles and behaviors.

In female mammals reproduction is highly sensitive to the food supply. During lean times, females suspend reproductive attempts in favor of maintaining processes necessary for survival; fertility is restored once the food supply is again abundant. Nearly all aspects of reproduction are affected, including puberty, adult ovulatory cycles, and reproductive behaviors. Work with experimental animals reveals that caloric restriction inhibits release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and female sexual behavior via similar, although separate, processes. The primary metabolic event affecting LH release as well as female sexual behavior is the short-term (minute-to-minute, hour-to-hour) availability of oxidizable metabolic fuels, rather than any aspect of body size or composition (e.g., body fat content). Metabolic fuel availability is detected in the hindbrain and perhaps in peripheral tissues. Metabolic information is then transmitted synaptically from the visceral hindbrain to the forebrain effector circuits. In the forebrain, signaling via corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors appears to be crucial for inhibition of both LH secretion and female sexual behavior.
Asset Allocations in a Thai Defined Contribution Fund: A Behavioural Experiment Conditioned on Financial Expertise

This paper reports the results of a behavioural finance experiment on the ability of Thai individuals to make informed investment decisions under a defined contribution self-management option. Using an asset allocation dataset from members of the Thai Government Pension Fund (TGPF) and a control sample of financially knowledgeable individuals (MBA finance students), we report that TGPF members are relatively more risk averse, exhibit a greater home investment bias, and over-react to market price movements. Financially savvy MBA students hold more shares and international securities, and earn greater long term returns. The fact that the worse performing TGPF member allocations outperform the TGPF default plan, along with strong preferences for time liquidity diversification, provide challenges for TGPF managers to increase their financial engineering and to continue to lobby for restrictive investment ceilings to be revised.
Randomized, double-blind, phase 2a trial of falciparum malaria vaccines RTS,S/AS01B and RTS,S/AS02A in malaria-naive adults: safety, efficacy, and immunologic associates of protection.

BACKGROUND To further increase the efficacy of malaria vaccine RTS,S/AS02A, we tested the RTS,S antigen formulated using the AS01B Adjuvant System (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals). METHODS In a double-blind, randomized trial, 102 healthy volunteers were evenly allocated to receive RTS,S/AS01B or RTS,S/AS02A vaccine at months 0, 1, and 2 of the study, followed by malaria challenge. Protected vaccine recipients were rechallenged 5 months later. RESULTS RTS,S/AS01B and RTS,S/AS02A were well tolerated and were safe. The efficacy of RTS,S/AS01B and RTS,S/AS02A was 50% (95% confidence interval [CI], 32.9%-67.1%) and 32% (95% CI, 17.6%-47.6%), respectively. At the time of initial challenge, the RTS,S/AS01B group had greater circumsporozoite protein (CSP)-specific immune responses, including higher immunoglobulin (Ig) G titers, higher numbers of CSP-specific CD4(+) T cells expressing 2 activation markers (interleukin-2, interferon [IFN]-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, or CD40L), and more ex vivo IFN-gamma enzyme-linked immunospots (ELISPOTs) than did the RTS,S/AS02A group. Protected vaccine recipients had a higher CSP-specific IgG titer (geometric mean titer, 188 vs 73 mug/mL; P < .001), higher numbers of CSP-specific CD4(+) T cells per 10(6) CD4(+) T cells (median, 963 vs 308 CSP-specific CD4(+) T cells/10(6) CD4(+) T cells; P < . 001), and higher numbers of ex vivo IFN-gamma ELISPOTs (mean, 212 vs 96 spots/million cells; P < .001). At rechallenge, 4 of 9 vaccine recipients in each group were still completely protected. CONCLUSIONS The RTS,S/AS01B malaria vaccine warrants comparative field trials with RTS,S/AS02A to determine the best formulation for the protection of children and infants. The association between complete protection and immune responses is a potential tool for further optimization of protection. Trial registration. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00075049.
Improved HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Measurement of Allantoin and Uric Acid in Plasma

Uric acid is generated by the oxidation of purines, but no enzyme is present to oxidize it further. It is present in plasma at a concentration approaching 500 J.lIIlollL and has been proposed as an important antioxidant. 1 In agreement with this proposal experiments in vitro have shown the protective effect of uric acid against oxidative damage. The first and major product of uric acid oxidation is allantoin, and it has been suggested that allantoin may be useful as a 'marker' of free radical reactions in vivo.2,3 However, methods currently used for the analysis of allantoin in body fluids are tedious and complicated, and since allantoin is very polar' it is difficult to obtain resolution from other serum constituents that have a similar polarity on a reverse-phase HPLC column. In the method of Grootveld and Halliwelluric acid is first analysed by HPLC, and allantoin is then measured in a separate procedure which involves initial separation and fraction collection by HPLC, hydrolysis and derivatization of allantoin, and finally separation of the derivatives by HPLC. We have developed a unique chromatographic assay to determine uric acid and allantoin simultaneously in plasma ultrafiltrate which is a significant improvement on previous HPLC methods.
Glycine propionyl-L-carnitine modulates lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide in human subjects.

OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy of glycine propionyl-L-carnitine (GPLC) to decrease lipid peroxidation, elevate nitric oxide, and improve blood lipid profiles in human subjects. METHODS Thirty untrained, normolipidemic subjects performed eight weeks of supervised aerobic exercise while supplementing GPLC at one of two doses (1 or 3 grams daily of PLC + glycine) or placebo, following random assignment in a double-blind manner. Fasting blood samples were analyzed at rest for malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and lipids before and after the intervention. RESULTS Malondialdehyde was decreased (p<0.05) from pre- to post-intervention with 1 g GPLC (1.08+/-0.24 vs. 0.69+/-0.25 micromol.L (-1)) and 3 g GPLC (0.94+/-0.18 vs. 0.66+/-0.17 micromol.L (-1)), but did not change statistically (p>0.05) with placebo (1.12+/-0.21 vs. 1.03+/-0.23 micromol.L (-1)). Nitric oxide was increased (p<0.05) from pre- to post-intervention with 3 g GPLC (21.34+/-2.27 vs. 29.46+/-3.61 micromol.L (-1)), but did not change statistically (p>0.05) with 1 g GPLC (23.22+/-4.13 vs. 26.24+/-4.32 micromol.L (-1)) or placebo (24.31+/-3.90 vs. 26.14+/-4.11 micromol.L (-1)). No main effects or interaction effects were noted for blood lipids (p>0.05). CONCLUSION GPLC supplementation combined with eight weeks of aerobic exercise decreases lipid peroxidation and elevates nitric oxide, but does not further improve blood lipid profiles in normolipidemic subjects.
"Influence of Motivation on Tea Factory Employee Performance in Kenya. A Case of Kisii County, Kenya"

The current state of affairs in Kisii County in general as relating to the motivation of tea factory workers makes it necessary to speculate on the extent of achieving the goals of the tea factories. The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of motivation on tea factory employee performance in Kisii County, Kenya. The specific objectives were to establish the influence of promotions, to examine the influence of reward system and to determine the influence of bonuses on tea factory employee performance in tea factories of Kisii County. The study made use of a conceptual framework to explain the relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable. This study employed a descriptive survey research design. The target population for this study consisted of twenty managers, 200 permanent employees and 300 temporary employees from the tea factories in Kisii County. Purposive sampling was used to sample key informants who in this case are the twenty managers. In this study, 30% of permanent and temporary employees comprised the sample size. Simple random sampling was used to select the permanent and semi-permanent employees. The sample size therefore comprised of 20 managers, 60 permanent employees and 90 temporary employees. This study used questionnaires, interview schedules and document analysis as data collection instruments. The reliability and validity of research instruments was conducted before embarking in data collection. In this, study data was organized, presented, analyzed and interpreted using descriptive statistical techniques. The findings of the study may enable the management of tea factories in Kisii County in general to establish the motivational structures responsible for motivation of the employees in the factory.
Delays in Diagnosis of Childhood Cancer in Southeastern Turkey and the Associated Factors

In childhood cancer patients, early diagnosis may have an impact on survival that reduces the potential morbidity. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with delay in diagnosis in children with cancer in southeastern Turkey. The clinical records of 682 patients with childhood cancer were evaluated. Study variables were classified as factors related to the patient, their disease, and the health care system. The median parental delay, physician delay, and total delay were determined as 20, 23, and 60 days, respectively. There was a significant relationship between parental delay, physician delay, and total delay and age at diagnosis (P = .005, P = .008, and P = .004, respectively). Long parental delay was least frequent in children younger than 1 year (P = .001). Parental, physician, and total delay were longer in patients with solid tumors than in patients with leukemias (P = .007, P = .000, and P = .000, respectively). Patients with tumors of the genitalia had longer physician delay and total delay than patients with other solid tumors (P = .001 and P = .000, respectively). Patients with solid tumor and early-stage disease had longer physician delay and total delay (P = .016 and P = .013, respectively). According to the first physician contacted, long physician delay was less frequent among pediatricians (P = .003). Delayed diagnosis was associated with age, type/localization and stage of tumor, the first physician consulted, and area of residence. A sustained effort should be made to raise the level of awareness of childhood cancer among parents and to sensitize all physicians, especially those who treat pediatric patients infrequently, with regard to the warning signs of the disease.
ZnT‐2, a mammalian protein that confers resistance to zinc by facilitating vesicular sequestration.

A cDNA encoding a second zinc transporter (ZnT‐2) was isolated from a rat kidney cDNA expression library by complementation of a zinc‐sensitive BHK cell line. The protein predicted from the open reading frame of ZnT‐2 cDNA has 359 amino acids and initiates with a CTG codon. It resembles ZnT‐1 (a plasma membrane protein that stimulates zinc efflux) in overall topology in that it has six membrane‐spanning domains, a histidine‐rich intracellular loop and a long C‐terminal tail; however, the overall amino acid identity is only 26%. Unlike ZnT‐1, which is in the plasma membrane and lowers cellular zinc by stimulating zinc efflux, ZnT‐2 is localized on vesicles and allows the zinc‐sensitive BHK cells to accumulate zinc to levels that are much higher than non‐transformed cells can tolerate. Zinc was visualized within these vesicles with zinquin, a zinc‐specific fluorescent probe. The intracellular compartment that accumulates zinc is acidic as revealed by staining with acridine orange or LysoTracker. Prolonged exposure of cells expressing ZnT‐2 to zinc causes an accretion of intracellular vesicles. We suggest that ZnT‐2 protects these cells from zinc toxicity by facilitating zinc transport into an endosomal/lysosomal compartment.
Modulation of FLT3 signaling targets conventional dendritic cells to attenuate acute lung injury

Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) have been reported to participate in the pathophysiology of acute lung injury (ALI). Fms‐like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) signaling represents a highly specific pathway for the manipulation of cDCs in vivo. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of FLT3 signaling on the accumulation and maturation of pulmonary cDCs, and whether inhibition of FLT3 signaling may attenuate acute lung inflammation and lung injury. C57BL/6 mice were pretreated with FLT3‐ligand (FLT3L) and lestaurtinib separately for five consecutive days. A murine model of ALI was subsequently generated by intra‐tracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lung specimens were harvested 24 h later. Flow cytometry was conducted to measure the accumulation and maturation of pulmonary cDCs. IL‐6, IFN‐γ, IL‐4, MPO activity and transcription factor T‐bet/GATA‐3 mRNA ratio were quantified to evaluate lung inflammation. Lung injury was estimated by lung wet weight/body weight ratio (LWW/BW) and histopathological analysis. LPS challenge resulted in rapid accumulation and maturation of pulmonary cDCs. FLT3L pretreatment further stimulated the accumulation and maturation of pulmonary cDCs, leading to a markedly increased LWW/BW and aggravated lung histopathology. Meanwhile, lung MPO activity, T‐bet/GATA‐3 mRNA ratio and concentrations of IL‐6 and IFN‐γ were elevated by FLT3L administration. In contrast, lestaurtinib pretreatment inhibited the accumulation and maturation of pulmonary cDCs, leading to a significantly decreased LWW/BW and improved lung histopathology. Lestaurtinib administration also suppressed lung MPO activity, T‐bet/GATA‐3 mRNA ratio and production of IL‐6 and IFN‐γ. Our findings show that FLT3 signaling ameliorates ALI by regulating the accumulation and maturation of pulmonary cDCs, suggesting an innovative pharmacotherapy for ALI.