Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Internet attacks and intrusion detection system: A review of the literature

Purpose The paper addresses various cyber threats and their effects on the internet. A review of the literature on intrusion detection systems (IDSs) as a means of mitigating internet attacks is presented, and gaps in the research are identified. The purpose of this paper is to identify the limitations of the current research and presents future directions for intrusion/malware detection research. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents a review of the research literature on IDSs, prior to identifying research gaps and limitations and suggesting future directions. Findings The popularity of the internet makes it vulnerable against various cyber-attacks. Ongoing research on intrusion detection methods aims to overcome the limitations of earlier approaches to internet security. However, findings from the literature review indicate a number of different limitations of existing techniques: poor accuracy, high detection time, and low flexibility in detecting zero-day attacks. Originality/value This paper provides a review of major issues in intrusion detection approaches. On the basis of a systematic and detailed review of the literature, various research limitations are discovered. Clear and concise directions for future research are provided.
Classification of prefrontal activity due to mental arithmetic and music imagery using hidden Markov models and frequency domain near-infrared spectroscopy

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has recently been investigated as a non-invasive brain–computer interface (BCI). In particular, previous research has shown that NIRS signals recorded from the motor cortex during left- and right-hand imagery can be distinguished, providing a basis for a two-choice NIRS-BCI. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of an alternative two-choice NIRS-BCI paradigm based on the classification of prefrontal activity due to two cognitive tasks, specifically mental arithmetic and music imagery. Deploying a dual-wavelength frequency domain near-infrared spectrometer, we interrogated nine sites around the frontopolar locations (International 10–20 System) while ten able-bodied adults performed mental arithmetic and music imagery within a synchronous shape-matching paradigm. With the 18 filtered AC signals, we created task- and subject-specific maximum likelihood classifiers using hidden Markov models. Mental arithmetic and music imagery were classified with an average accuracy of 77.2% ± 7.0 across participants, with all participants significantly exceeding chance accuracies. The results suggest the potential of a two-choice NIRS-BCI based on cognitive rather than motor tasks.
Comparison of CT and fluoroscopic guidance for lumbar puncture in an obese population with prior failed unguided attempt

Background and purpose In the past 50 years, fluoroscopic guidance has been used to improve upon lumbar puncture (LP) technique that was unchanged for over a century. Recently, CT has seen increasing use as a guidance modality due to its ability to demonstrate soft tissue contrast and provide millimeter accuracy with needle targeting. This study compared procedure time and radiation dosages for fluoroscopic and CT guided LP. Materials and methods This institutional review board and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) compliant study was a retrospective review of a consecutive cohort referred for image guided LP. For CT, 45 patients aged 49 years (range 20–78, SD 14) with body mass index (BMI) values of 33 kg/m2 (range 20–50, SD 12) were included. For fluoroscopy, 100 patients aged 47 years (range 18–88, SD 17) with BMI values of 29 kg/m2 (range 15–56, SD 9) were included. CT procedure time was determined using picture archiving and communication system (PACS) image time stamps. Radiation dose was determined using the CT dose report and effective dose conversion factors. Fluoroscopic procedure time was determined from nursing. Fluoroscopic radiation dose was calculated from dose–area product (DAP) and fluoroscopy times, with effective dosage calculated using simulation software. Results For CT, procedure time average was 14 min (range 5–42, SD 8.5). Average dose–length product was 120 mGy×cm (range 39–211, SD 43) and average effective dose was 1.98 mSv (range 0.2–8.18, SD 4.4). For fluoroscopy, procedure time averaged 12 min (range 12–30, SD 6). Average DAP was 10 Gy×cm2 (range 0.1–70, SD 11) and effective dose estimate averaged 2.9 mSv (range 0.9–9.4, SD 1.9). There were no unsuccessful taps or complications. Conclusions Both fluoroscopic and CT guidance may be used to perform an LP in an obese population with a short procedure time and low radiation dose.
Spreading Misandry: The Teaching of Contempt for Men in Popular Culture

Acknowledgements Preface Introduction: Misandry in Popular Culture Laughing at Men: The Last of Vaudeville Looking Down on Men: Separate but Unequal Bypassing Men: Women Alone Together Blaming Men: A History of Their Own Dehumanizing Men: From Bad Boys to Beats Demonizing Men: The Devil Is a Man Making the World Safe for Ideology: The Roots of Misandry Conclusion Appendix 1: Quasi-Misandric Movies Appendix 2: The Misandric Wee on Television Appendix 3: Misandric Movie Genres Appendix 4: Populist or Elitist: Talk Shows in the Context of Democracy Appendix 5: Deconstructionists and Jacques Derrida, Founding Hero Appendix 6: Film Theory and Ideological Feminism
A study of proof search algorithms for resolution and polynomial calculus

The paper is concerned with the complexity of proofs and of searching for proofs in two propositional proof systems: Resolution and Polynomial Calculus (PC). For the former system we show that the recently proposed algorithm of E. Ben-Sasson and A. Wigderson (1999) for searching for proofs cannot give better than weakly exponential performance. This is a consequence of showing optimality of their general relationship, referred to as size-width trade-off. We moreover obtain the optimality of the size width trade-off for the widely used restrictions of resolution: regular, Davis-Putnam, negative, positive and linear. As for the second system, we show that the direct translation to polynomials of a CNF formula having short resolution proofs, cannot be refuted in PC with degree less than /spl Omega/ (log n). A consequence of this is that the simulation of resolution by PC of M. Clegg, J. Edmonds and R. Impagliazzo (1996) cannot be improved to better than quasipolynomial in the case where we start with small resolution proofs. We conjecture that the simulation of M. Clegg et al. is optimal.
Sporulation of Myxococcus xanthus in liquid shake flask cultures

When suspended in a liquid starvation medium, exponentially growing Myxococcus xanthus sporulated within 3 days. These myxospores were similar to spores developed within fruiting bodies, as determined by electron microscopy and the production of spore-specific protein S. This liquid sporulation system may be useful as a means of preparing large quantities of myxospores and extracellular fluid for biochemical studies, including isolation of chemical signals produced during the sporulation process.
Explaining Credit Default Swap Spreads With the Equity Volatility and Jump Risks of Individual Firms

This paper tries to explain the credit default swap (CDS) premium, using a novel approach to identify the volatility and jump risks of individual firms from high-frequency equity prices. Our empirical results suggest that the volatility risk alone predicts 50 percent of the variation in CDS spread levels, while the jump risk alone forecasts 19 percent. After controlling for credit ratings, macroeconomic conditions, and firms’ balance sheet information, we can explain 77 percent of the total variation. Moreover, the pricing effects of volatility and jump measures vary consistently across investmentgrade and high-yield entities. The estimated nonlinear effects of volatility and jump risks on credit spreads are in line with the implications from a calibrated structural model with stochastic volatility and jumps, although the challenge of simultaneously matching credit spreads and default probabilities remains.
The Relationships Among The Parent-Child Affective Bonding, Self-Differentiation and Interpersonal Relationship

The main objectives of this study are to examine the relationships among the Bu-Ja- Yu-Chin-SungCheong, child's self differentiation and interpersonal relationship and to compare the effects of the cultural virtues. Bu-Ja-Yu-Chin-Sung-Cheong which is the Korean traditional parent-child affective bonding defined as a characteristic of relationship between parents and children within Korean culture by Choi, sang jin. The subject of the study are 656 students from 4 different elementary schools in Seoul : they were 5 and 6th grades. The study was executed by surveying them with questionnaire and the results were analyzed through co-relation analysis and multiple regression. Findings were: (l)the Korean traditional parent-child affective bonding has a positive effect on self differentiation and interpersonal relationship of a child. (2)The Korean traditional bonding has a impact on a child's acceptance of others and social behavior. However, according to the level of a child's self differentiation a child's dominance-ascendance, ostentation-narcism interpersonal relationship inclination increased.
A Comparative Study on Game Theoretic Approaches for Resource Allocation in Cloud Computing Architectures

Cloud Computing is a revolutionary model that offers everything as a service (storage, servers, network, etc.). It enables users to outsource their data and entrust a service provider with its storage and processing. However, we are doing with resource-limited environment where users compete to have enough resources for their tasks. Thus, a resource allocation model is needed for a better utilization of shared resources. In this paper, we will present an overview of the resource allocation models adopted in literature. We will focus essentially on game theoretic approaches for resource allocation. A comparative study is given at the end of this paper. To this purpose, a set of criteria have been defined so as to assess the performance of the proposed game models with respect to cloud computing needs.
Is telework effective for organizations

Purpose - Telework is an alternative work relationship with demonstrated positive benefits for individuals and society, yet it has not been implemented with enthusiasm by most organizations. This could be due to the lacking, consolidated evidence for management regarding whether or not telework is a good thing for the firm. The purpose of this paper is to integrate multidisciplinary literature that reports effects of telework on organizational outcomes with the aim of providing a clearer answer to the question: is telework effective for organizations? Design/methodology/approach - Meta-analytical methods were used, beginning with an interdisciplinary search for effect sizes in eight databases. Limited to scholarly journals and dissertations, results included 991 articles scanned for inclusion criteria. The independent variable is telework, measured as a dichotomous variable. Dependent variables are outcomes of interest to organizations: productivity, retention, turnover intention, commitment, and performance. In total, 22 studies were double coded and meta-analyzed using Hunter and Schmidt's approach, followed by five exploratory moderator analyses: level of analysis, level of the employee, response rate, proportion of females, and country of the study. Significant results are discussed. Findings - Review and meta analysis of 32 correlations from empirical studies find that there is a small but positive relationship between telework and organizational outcomes. Telework is perceived to increase productivity, secure retention, strengthen organizational commitment, and to improve performance within the organization. In other words, it is indeed beneficial for organizations. All five hypotheses are supported. Originality/value - To the authors' knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis of telework research at the organizational level, providing a unique contribution to the field in filling the gap between research on effects to the individual and society. Additional contributions resulted from the moderator analyses: first, in finding that the relationship between telework and performance is moderated by whether or not the sample was one individual per firm, or many individuals from one; and second, in finding that the relationship between telework and organizational commitment is moderated by age. Thus, the paper provides unique contributions with both scholarly and practical implications.
INTRACELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF SULFONATED meso‐TETRAPHENYLPORPHINES IN A HUMAN CARCINOMA CELL LINE *

Abstract— The intracellular localization of meso‐tetraphenylporphines sulfonated to different degrees (TPPSn), in a human cervix carcinoma cell line (NHIK 3025), was studied by fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. After an 18 h incubation, TPPS4, TPPS2a and TPPS2o were localized in extranuclear granules. Studies of cells stained with both TPPS4 and acridine orange, which is known to fluoresce red in lysosomes, indicated that these granules were lysosomes. In addition, a fraction of the cellbound TPPS4, TPPS2a and TPPS2o seems to be associated with the plasma membrane. Fluorescence quenching studies of cells doublestained with acridine orange and TPPS4 indicated that TPPS4 is also localized in the nucleus and in the extralysosomal cytoplasm. The intracellular location of TPPS, differed from that of the other TPPSns studied: In 6 out of 9 experiments fluorescing extranuclear granules were found. A diffuse fluorescence extending from the perinuclear area was also observed.
Dynamic Online-Advertising Auctions as Stochastic Scheduling

We study dynamic models of online-advertising auctions in the Internet: advertisers compete for space on a web page over multiple time periods, and the web page displays ads in differentiated slots based on their bids and other considerations. The complex interactions between the advertisers and the website (which owns the web page) is modeled as a dynamic game. Our goal is to derive ad-slot placement and pricing strategies which maximize the expected revenue of the website. We show that the problem can be transformed into a scheduling problem familiar to queueing theorists. When only one advertising slot is available on a webpage, we derive the optimal revenue-maximizing solution by making connections to the familiar cμ rule used in queueing theory. More generally, we show that a cμ-like rule can serve as a good suboptimal solution, while the optimal solution itself may be computed using dynamic programming techniques.
In Aspergillus nidulans the Suppressors suaA and suaC Code for Release Factors eRF1 and eRF3 and suaD Codes for a Glutamine tRNA

In Aspergillus nidulans, after extensive mutagenesis, a collection of mutants was obtained and four suppressor loci were identified genetically that could suppress mutations in putative chain termination mutations in different genes. Suppressor mutations in suaB and suaD have a similar restricted spectrum of suppression and suaB111 was previously shown to be an alteration in the anticodon of a gln tRNA. We have shown that like suaB, a suaD suppressor has a mutation in the anticodon of another gln tRNA allowing suppression of UAG mutations. Mutations in suaA and suaC had a broad spectrum of suppression. Four suaA mutations result in alterations in the coding region of the eukaryotic release factor, eRF1, and another suaA mutation has a mutation in the upstream region of eRF1 that prevents splicing of the first intron within the 5′UTR. Epitope tagging of eRF1 in this mutant results in 20% of the level of eRF1 compared to the wild-type. Two mutations in suaC result in alterations in the eukaryotic release factor, eRF3. This is the first description in Aspergillus nidulans of an alteration in eRF3 leading to suppression of chain termination mutations.
Perceptions on the emergence and future development of corporate social disclosure in Ireland: Engaging the voices of non-governmental organisations

Purpose – This study presents an in‐depth investigation of non‐governmental organisations' (NGO) perceptions of CSD (corporate social disclosure) in Ireland. It commences the process of addressing a lacuna in the CSD literature, whereby the perspectives of non‐managerial stakeholders have been largely ignored. In particular, it responds to O'Dwyer call for research to examine the nature and extent of stakeholder demand for CSD in Ireland in order to inform the future development of accountable Irish CSD practices.Design/methodology/approach – Evidence is collected from in‐depth interviews with senior representatives of major Irish NGOs. The paper focuses on the nature of NGO demand for administrative reforms encompassing types of CSD and the prospects for supporting institutional reforms aimed at further empowering less powerful stakeholder groups.Findings – A demand for the development of stand‐alone, mandated, externally verified CSD mechanisms predominates the perspectives. This is motivated by a desir.
MED29, a component of the mediator complex, possesses both oncogenic and tumor suppressive characteristics in pancreatic cancer

Mediator complex subunit 29 (MED29) is part of a large multiprotein coactivator complex that mediates regulatory signals from gene‐specific activators to general transcription machinery in RNA polymerase II mediated transcription. We previously found that MED29 is amplified and overexpressed in pancreatic cancer and that MED29 silencing leads to decreased cell survival in PANC‐1 pancreatic cancer cells with high MED29 expression. Here we further demonstrate decreased migration, invasion and colony formation in PANC‐1 cells after MED29 silencing. Unexpectedly, lentiviral‐based overexpression of MED29 led to decreased proliferation of NIH/3T3 cells as well as MIAPaCa‐2 pancreatic cancer cells with low endogenous expression. More importantly, subcutaneous inoculation of the MED29‐transduced pancreatic cancer cells into immuno‐compromised mice resulted in dramatic tumor suppression. The mock‐control mice developed large tumors, whereas the animals with MED29‐xenografts showed both decreased tumor incidence and a major reduction in tumor size. Gene expression analysis in the MED29‐transduced pancreatic cancer cells revealed differential expression of genes involved in control of cell cycle and cell division. The observed gene expression changes are expected to modulate the cell cycle in a way that leads to reduced cell growth, explaining the in vivo tumor suppressive phenotype. Taken together, these data implicate MED29 as an important regulator of key cellular functions in pancreatic cancer with both oncogenic and tumor suppressive characteristics. Such a dualistic role appears to be more common than previously thought and is likely to depend on the genetic background of the cancer cells and their surrounding environment.
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Hemagglutinin Gene of Recent H9n2 Phylogenetic Analysis of the Hemagglutinin Gene of Recent H9n2 Avian Infl Uenza Viruses Isolated from Broiler Fl Ocks in Iran Avian Infl Uenza Viruses Isolated from Broiler Fl Ocks in Iran

Phylogenetic analysis of Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin gene of recent H9N2 avian infl uenza viruses isolated from broiler the hemagglutinin gene of recent H9N2 avian infl uenza viruses isolated from broiler fl ocks in Iran fl ocks in Iran. ABSTRACT In the present study, the genetic variations were examined of hemagglutinin genes of 4 recent H9N2 subtype avian infl uenza viruses isolated in the Tehran province of Iran. These hemagglutinin genes were amplifi ed and sequenced in order to compare these viruses with the previous isolates from Iran and some other countries from all over the world. The full length hemagglutinin genes of 112 H9N2 avian infl uenza strains isolated from chickens, and also migratory birds from all over the world, including 68 strains isolated in Iran during 1998-2012, were genetically analyzed. The amino acids in the hemagglutinin cleavage site of the all 4 recent isolates possessed a PAKSSR/GL motif, which is a different motif when compared with the predominant PARSSR/GL motif in the hemagglutinin of the Iranian H9N2 strains isolated before 2010. All 4 recent isolates possessed histidine, alanin, leucine and isoleucine at positions 183, 190, 226 and 227 respectively, which are the key residues in receptor-binding sites. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin genes showed that recent H9N2 strains isolated from chickens in Iran during 2010-2012, formed a distinct subgroup of the previous strains. Recent changes in the H9N2 viruses may be the result of the widespread circulation of these viruses in recent years. This may be due to the lack of adequate surveillance and control programs, such as vaccination and quarantine. Hence, it is highly recommended that continuous surveillance programs and genetic analysis of ongoing changes to H9N2 should be considered. Introduction Introduction All infl uenza viruses are currently members of the family Orthomyxoviridae. Although infl uenza viruses are divided into three different types (A, B, and C), on the basis of
Self-organizing approach to moving surface reconstruction

In this paper we introduce a novel self-organizing method of moving surface reconstruction from the data obtained from measuring real-world objects. The core of the approach is using Kohonen's Self Organizing Maps model. As that model is not traditionally applied to mesh deformation or surface reconstruction, in the paper we propose its modification enforcing input data approximation and time-space smoothing. The main idea is to generate the moving surface via deformation. Since the mesh is to be adapted only around areas of surface changes, we deform the existing mesh where it is necessary in order to fit the new point cloud corresponding to the surface. In place of processing all the sample points of unknown surface, we choose the points randomly and therefore it is possible to avoid the issues of oversampling and control the mesh quality in the case of undersampling. We can vary the mesh nodes density by picking the sampled points in the specified areas more often. Due to stochastic nature of the proposed method, in many cases it is not necessary to employ additional denoising or data filtering. Moreover, while deforming a mesh, no user assistance is needed. Underlying self-organizing principles make the technique human-free, efficient and easy to parallelize.
Toward a new force sensor for twisted string actuator: A study about the force on separator

The twisted string actuator (TSA) shows promise as a good substitution for biological muscle in robotics. In this paper, a new force sensing mechanism is suggested utilizing the separator which exists in some kind of TSAs. We have identified a relation between the force acting on the separator and the load on the actuator and propose a mathematical model based on this original phenomenon. We also propose an estimation method of the load acting on the TSA using the mathematical model. This relationship has been verified in experiment. A contribution of this research is that the actuation load can be estimated by use of internal structure in TSA which in some circumstances can result in a simpler system compared to direct measurement of load in line.