Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Economic benefits of increased diagnosis of celiac disease in a national managed care population in the United States.

OBJECTIVES To estimate the rate of celiac disease diagnosis and evaluate the economic benefits of diagnosis by analyzing retrospective cohorts from a national managed-care-population database. METHODS We identified patients who received a new diagnosis of celiac disease. We also identified 3 control groups, persons without a diagnosis of celiac disease but who exhibited 1, 2, or 3 or more symptoms associated with the disease. Using claims, encounter, and eligibility data of approximately 10.2 million managed care members across the United States between January 1999 and December 2003, we measured and compared direct standardized relative value based (RVU) medical costs and utilization of selected health care services among the 4 study cohorts. RESULTS The rate of new diagnosis for celiac disease more than doubled over the 4-year period. The celiac disease cohort had a significant trend reduction in direct standardized medical costs relative to the three control groups. RVU-based medical costs in the celiac cohort were 24%, 33%, and 27% lower than cohort 1 (p<0.05), 29.0%, 38%, and 24% lower than cohort 2 (p<0.05), and 38%, 33%, and 31% lower than cohort 3 (p<0.01) for the 12-month, 24-month and 36-month post-diagnosis periods, respectively. The reductions in costs were attributable to decreasing trends in utilization of office visits, lab, diagnostic, imaging, and endoscopy procedures relative to the 3 comparative cohorts over the 3-year follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS There was an increase in the rate of celiac disease diagnosis, which was associated with significant reduction in direct standardized RVU-based medical costs and utilization of selected health care services over time.
The effects of climate downscaling technique and observational data set on modeled ecological responses.

Assessments of future climate change impacts on ecosystems typically rely on multiple climate model projections, but often utilize only one downscaling approach trained on one set of observations. Here, we explore the extent to which modeled biogeochemical responses to changing climate are affected by the selection of the climate downscaling method and training observations used at the montane landscape of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, USA. We evaluated three downscaling methods: the delta method (or the change factor method), monthly quantile mapping (Bias Correction-Spatial Disaggregation, or BCSD), and daily quantile regression (Asynchronous Regional Regression Model, or ARRM). Additionally, we trained outputs from four atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) (CCSM3, HadCM3, PCM, and GFDL-CM2.1) driven by higher (A1fi) and lower (B1) future emissions scenarios on two sets of observations (1/8º resolution grid vs. individual weather station) to generate the high-resolution climate input for the forest biogeochemical model PnET-BGC (eight ensembles of six runs). The choice of downscaling approach and spatial resolution of the observations used to train the downscaling model impacted modeled soil moisture and streamflow, which in turn affected forest growth, net N mineralization, net soil nitrification, and stream chemistry. All three downscaling methods were highly sensitive to the observations used, resulting in projections that were significantly different between station-based and grid-based observations. The choice of downscaling method also slightly affected the results, however not as much as the choice of observations. Using spatially smoothed gridded observations and/or methods that do not resolve sub-monthly shifts in the distribution of temperature and/or precipitation can produce biased results in model applications run at greater temporal and/or spatial resolutions. These results underscore the importance of carefully considering field observations used for training, as well as the downscaling method used to generate climate change projections, for smaller-scale modeling studies. Different sources of variability including selection of AOGCM, emissions scenario, downscaling technique, and data used for training downscaling models, result in a wide range of projected forest ecosystem responses to future climate change.
Is This A Joke ?

The deconstruction of humor in text is well studied in linguistics and literature; computationally, techniques center around modeling text structure and hand crafting features surgically designed to emulate linguistic tendences in specific types of jokes. We take a more hands-off approach, leveraging light linguistic features in conjunction with learned semantic word vectors in a neural network to learn humor. The system performs at a reasonable level and the extensions are promising.
Ethnic Sorting in The Netherlands

This paper examines the residential mobility behaviour of immigrants and natives in The Netherlands using a rich administrative individual data file. The inclination to move and the choice of destination neighbourhood are estimated, correcting for the selection bias of movers. Subsequently, the role of preferences and discrimination in the mobility behaviour is implicitly derived from regression estimates. The analysis shows that the percentage of natives in the destination neighbourhood is predicted to be about 18 percentage points lower for non-Western immigrants than for natives. About 65 per cent of the differential is explained by their observable characteristics; the remaining part can largely be attributed to preferences and discrimination. No indication is found of the spatial assimilation of second-generation non-Western immigrants. On the other hand, the mobility pattern of the second-generation Western immigrants is similar to that of natives.
Themes and risk of sexual violence among the mentally ill: implications for understanding and treatment

Abstract This study examined the files of 11 men from a regional forensic service who committed acts of sexual violence in the context of a mental disorder. The aim was to identify what factors other than a mental disorder may be relevant when considering acts of sexual violence by the mentally ill and what treatment implications this might raise. Several men experienced troubled childhoods, involving abuse in the home and outside and adulthoods were marked by employment difficulties, psychiatric morbidity and criminality. Static-99 found most men presented a medium-high or higher risk of re-offending and risk was mostly linked to sexual deviance and range of victims. Thematic analysis suggested sexual violence was primarily motivated by factors such as anger/violence; psychotic drive; sexual disinhibition and paedophilia. However, medication was the primary treatment intervention, with no treatments aimed at addressing other motivational or risk factors. Although men with a mental illness exhibit similar psychiatric features, this study found they commit sexual violence for a variety of reasons. However, whilst anti-psychotic medication is an important treatment, there is a need to consider others if the nature and level of their future risk is to be effectively managed.
A developmental approach to global leadership

Global leadership development has received increased attention in recent years from practitioners and researchers. Drawing from global mindset, constructive development, and intercultural sensitivity literatures, this article proposes a model for developing global leaders. While developmental activities are challenging for most individuals, it is proposed that training domestic leaders to develop psychological capital will facilitate their growth into global leaders.
Individual Differences in Word Association and Inference Generation From Brief Discourse

When people read a short discourse, both more and less skilled readers make word associations. However, it has also been found that, whereas more skiJied readers generate inferences from the text, less skilled readers do not (Long, Oppy, & Seely, 1994). The present study partially replicates and extends the study of Long et a! (1994) by investigating the pattern of word associations and whether less skilled readers may be able to generate inferences if given more time to process the discourse. In particular, the study investigates whether word association are made and inferences are drawn as part of an automatic or an attentional cognitive process. Several models of cognitive processing are compared. The design of the study was a 2 skill level (more skilled/less skilled readers) x 2 target type (associate and inference words) x 2 target congruence (appropriateness or inappropriateness to the context of the discourse) x 3 SOAs (Stimulus Onset Asynchronies or processing time allowed) (400msec, 750msec, and 1500msec). Ninety~six university social sciences students (20 males and 76 females) undertook a lexical decision task, and their perfonnance in terms of response times and error rates was analysed. The pattern of responses found for word associations in Long et al.'s study was not replicated in the present study as the priming effect for word asso:iations did not occur. A priming effect for inferences did not occJ. ~• <md it was found that giving less skilled readers more time to process inference words did not assist them to generate inferences. Both groups of readers were raster in their responses to associate words than to inference words. Future studies could investigate finding an accurate baseline from which to measure priming. Individual Differences iii
Membrane Traffic and Fusion at Post-Golgi Compartments

Complete sequencing of the Arabidopsis genome a decade ago has facilitated the functional analysis of various biological processes including membrane traffic by which many proteins are delivered to their sites of action and turnover. In particular, membrane traffic between post-Golgi compartments plays an important role in cell signaling, taking care of receptor–ligand interaction and inactivation, which requires secretion, endocytosis, and recycling or targeting to the vacuole for degradation. Here, we discuss recent studies that address the identity of post-Golgi compartments, the machinery involved in traffic and fusion or functionally characterized cargo proteins that are delivered to or pass through post-Golgi compartments. We also provide an outlook on future challenges in this area of research.
Competences for Learning to Learn and Active Citizenship: Different Currencies or Two Sides of the Same Coin?.

In the context of the European Union Framework of Key Competences and the need to develop indicators for European Union member states to measure progress made towards the ‘knowledge economy’ and ‘greater social cohesion’ both the learning to learn and the active citizenship competences have been highlighted. However, what have yet to be discussed are the links and the overlaps between these two competences. Based on the development of research projects on these two fields, this article will compare the two sets of competences, both qualitatively and quantitatively. It will describe how the values and dispositions that motivate and inform active citizenship and learning to learn are related to each other, both empirically and theoretically. Both these competences are tools for empowering individuals and giving them the motivation and autonomy to control their own lives beyond the social circumstances in which they find themselves. In the case of active citizenship, the ability to be able to participate in society and voice their concerns, ensure their rights and the rights of others. In the case of learning to learn to be able to participate in work and everyday life by being empowered to learn and update the constantly changing competences required to successfully manage your life plans. When measuring both these competences then certain values relating positively towards democracy and human rights are common in their development
Stability of embedded non-Foster metamaterials with potentially unstable circuit parameters

Recent advances have motivated renewed interest in the development of wideband metamaterials using non-Foster circuits. In contrast to passive metamaterials, the presence of active circuits in non-Foster metamaterials requires consideration of stability issues. Stability arguments for non-Foster metamaterials are often predicated on analysis of lumped-element representations of individual unit cells comprising the metamaterial. The present work considers the use of such potentially unstable non-Foster unit cells to form a stable system in the limit, under certain embedding constraints. Stability of an embedded active metamaterial is first considered. Then, non-Foster elements are introduced into a lumped-element transmission line model of a unit cell. Combining the two analyses, conditions are presented for stable systems in the limit, with straightforward extension to multidimensional non-Foster metamaterials.
Accelerating Parallel Maximum Likelihood-Based Phylogenetic Tree Calculations Using Subtree Equality Vectors

Heuristics for calculating phylogenetic trees for a large sets of aligned rRNA sequences based on the maximum likelihood method are computationally expensive. The core of most parallel algorithms, which accounts for the greatest part of computation time, is the tree evaluation function, that calculates the likelihood value for each tree topology. This paper describes and uses Subtree Equality Vectors (SEVs) to reduce the number of required floating point operations during topology evaluation. We integrated our optimizations into various sequential programs and into parallel fastDNAml, one of the most common and efficient parallel programs for calculating large phylogenetic trees. Experimental results for our parallel program, which renders exactly the same output as parallel fastDNAml show global runtime improvements of 26% to 65%. The optimization scales best on clusters of PCs, which also implies a substantial cost saving factor for the determination of large trees.
Blogging in the Shadow of Parties: Exploring Ideological Differences in Online Campaigning

Blogging is an increasingly important practice in election campaigns, showing interesting variations across contexts. Recent research has shown that the adoption and use of blogs is strongly shaped by national institutional settings, that is, the different roles given to parties within political systems. However, intra-national differences in the practice of political blogging are yet to be explained. This article investigates the variation in usage of blogs in electoral campaigns in Sweden, a country characterized by strong political parties and a party-centered form of representative democracy. The central argument is that different parties utilize blogging in different ways. Just as blogging is shaped by how institutions support persons or parties, we propose that political blogging is shaped by party affiliation and ideological positions on individualism and collectivism. The empirical analysis, based on a survey among over 600 blogging politicians, confirms that ideological positions towards individualism and collectivism have a great impact on the uptake and usage of political blogs, portraying political blogging as a strongly ideologically situated practice of political communication.
A physical classification scheme for blazars

Blazars are currently separated into BL Lacertae objects (BL Lacs) and flat spectrum radio quasars based on the strength of their emission lines. This is performed rather arbitrarily by defining a diagonal line in the Ca H&K break value-equivalent width plane, following Marcha et al. We readdress this problem and put the classification scheme for blazars on firm physical grounds. We study ∼100 blazars and radio galaxies from the Deep X-ray Radio Blazar Survey (DXRBS) and 2-Jy radio survey and find a significant bimodality for the narrow emission line [O III] λ5007. This suggests the presence of two physically distinct classes of radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGN). We show that all radio-loud AGN, blazars and radio galaxies, can be effectively separated into weak- and strong-lined sources using the [O III] λ5007-[O II] λ3727 equivalent width plane. This plane allows one to disentangle orientation effects from intrinsic variations in radio-loud AGN. Based on DXRBS, the strongly beamed sources of the new class of weak-lined radio-loud AGN are made up of BL Lacs at the ∼75 per cent level, whereas those of the strong-lined radio-loud AGN include mostly (∼97 per cent) quasars.
Relatedness and the Evolution of Conspecific Brood Parasitism

In conspecific brood parasitism (CBP), a parasitic female takes advantage of the parental care performed by a host female by laying eggs in the nest of the host. The host female raises the offspring of the parasitic female as well as her own. In species where local females are related, direct costs for the host might be more than compensated for by gains in inclusive fitness through increased reproduction of a related parasite, but the role of relatedness in CBP is debated. This inclusive‐fitness model of parasitism, structured as a game between host and parasite, suggests that both females can gain inclusive fitness and that host‐parasite relatedness can therefore facilitate the evolution of CBP. Crucial assumptions are that there is kin discrimination and a potential for host resistance to parasitism by unrelated females but close relatives are accepted. The cost of parasitism in terms of reduced clutch size or offspring survival for the host must not be large; otherwise, parasitism will reduce her inclusive fitness. Therefore, if these costs are high, it does not benefit a host to accept a parasite, even if the parasite is closely related. The secondary female may still have higher fitness from parasitism, but if the costs are high, she should parasitize an unrelated host, not a relative. This requires that the reduction in parasite success that a host can cause by resistance is not too large; otherwise, it will be better for the secondary female to parasitize an accepting related host or to nest solitarily. For these reasons, host‐parasite relatedness is most likely to occur in animals where costs of being parasitized are low and host resistance can markedly reduce the success of an unrelated parasite. When costs are higher, parasitism of unrelated hosts may be better, and if host resistance strongly reduces parasite success, solitary breeding is preferable. In some cases, CBP is directly advantageous for the host, and it may sometimes evolve in close connection with cooperative breeding, which is also considered in the model. Some but not all empirical results support these ideas, and more detailed studies of behavior, relatedness, and reproduction of host and parasite are needed for critical tests.
Online subspace learning and nonlinear classification of Big Data with misses

`Big Data' classification is hindered by the large volume of often high-dimensional data, missing or absent features and, in streaming operation, the need for real-time processing. This paper aims at learning a kernelized support-vector-machine (SVM) classifier from (generally nonlinearly separable) large-scale incomplete data `on the fly. ' Leveraging the low-rank attribute of the (even incomplete) data matrix, a novel online algorithm is developed for tracking the latent linear subspace jointly with the nonlinear classifier. Tailored for big data applications, dimensionality reduction based on the learned subspace is carried out online, while at the same time seeking the classifier in the reduced dimension. Performance analysis along with preliminary tests corroborate the effectiveness of the novel approach.
DNA-Mediated Fluctuations in Ionic Current through Silicon Oxide Nanopore Channels. Nano Lett., 4(8), 1551-1556

Single molecule sensors in which nanoscale pores within biological or artificial membranes act as mechanical gating elements are very promising devices for the rapid characterization and sequencing of nucleic acid molecules. The two terminal electrical measurements of translocation of polymers through single ion channels and that of ssDNA molecules through protein channels have been demonstrated, and have sparked tremendous interest in such single molecule sensors. The prevailing view regarding the nanopore sensors is that there exists no electrical interaction between the nanopore and the translocating molecule, and that all nanopore sensors reported to-date, whether biological or artificial, operate as a coulter-counter, i.e., the ionic current measured across the pore decreases (is mechanically blocked) when the DNA molecule transverses through the pore. We have fabricated nanopore “channel” sensors with a silicon oxide inner surface, and our results challenge the prevailing view of exclusive mechanica.
Attentional processes, anxiety, and the regulation of cortisol reactivity

Abstract Attentional processing biases have been demonstrated in trait anxious individuals. The current study evaluated the interaction of trait anxiety and attentional bias in the regulation of cortisol responses to threat cues. Undergraduates (N=63) completed a dot-probe task featuring social threat words. Trait anxiety was associated with avoidance of threat cues. Attentional avoidance predicted decreased cortisol responses at higher levels of trait anxiety, and elevated cortisol responses at lower levels of trait anxiety. The results suggest that attentional processes are involved in the regulation of physiological arousal for anxious individuals.
Contextual School Counseling

The current article provides a framework for training professional school counselors based on contextual school counseling (CSC). This framework includes a competency-based approach to training using the clusters identified by the Council of Counseling Psychology Training Programs (CCPTP) working group on master’s-level professional psychology training—professionalism, relational, science, application, and systems. Foundational competencies for school counselors are proposed under each cluster, and the differences between clinical mental health competencies and school counseling competencies are emphasized and discussed. The proposed framework is followed by implications for counseling psychologists and counselor educators who train school counselors, and include supervision of school counselors-in-training, curriculum needs for school counselors-in-training, practice for school counselors, and suggestions for related future research.