Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A critical review of the effects of entrepreneurship training in developing countries

The published literature suggests that entrepreneurship training is an effective means of promoting entrepreneurship. The present study reviews 30 published and unpublished studies that evaluated 10 different entrepreneurship training programmes in developing countries. The review indicates that entrepreneurship training seems to positively affect entrepreneurial performance. Moreover, it suggests that different training content may influence different facets of business success. However, the vast majority of the reviewed evaluation studies face serious methodological problems, thus limiting the conclusiveness of their results. Only two studies used sound methodologies. Hence, the present review stresses that it is essential to apply sound methodology to evaluate entrepreneurship training. Otherwise the results of the training programmes could be spurious.
Logical inventory database integration into network problems frequency detection process

Network elements from telecommunications network have capability to generate unsolicited messages known as notifications. In the case of alarm, notification contains details about network resource malfunction. When general network problem occurs, it is represented as a sequence of alarms coming from one or more different network elements. Typically, alarms are processed by network personal, requiring response action within reasonable time interval. If network operator is overwhelmed with huge number of alarms, time needed for network problem recognition may increase. The worst case scenario - problem will be detected after occupying of call center by customer calls. Hence it is necessary to recognize network problems automatically, correlating incoming alarms. This paper describes potential usage of mathematical Apriori algorithm, with potential improvements proposals that will lead toward efficient correlation rules candidates' generation.
Improving conservation community group effectiveness using mind mapping and action research

This paper examines a case study where mind mapping is used within an action research project to foster improved community group effectiveness and decision-making. The case study focusses on the social dynamics experienced during the formative stage of a community action group in Byron Bay, New South Wales; one of a network of such groups, formed to ensure that sustainable environmental management practices are followed in proposed coal-seam gas developments. In the context of examining systemic social interactions within such a group, the study recognises both the importance of communication and the susceptibility of individuals to certain behavioural patterns. Negative emergent norms led to excessive behaviours that threatened to hinder effective communication and group behaviour. Use of mind mapping countered this negative tendency, focussing the inherent positive qualities of the group, and thus enabling more efficient decision-making. Shown to be an effective tool for overcoming communication barriers and increasing cohesion; its power lies in maintaining process transparency, removing power-structures and ego-centric personal barriers, hence facilitating effective communal knowledge sharing, clarification, idea crystallisation, and planning.
Deterministic and Stochastic Methods for Estimation of Intra-day Seasonal Components with High Frequency Data

type="main" xml:lang="en"> We introduce a model for the analysis of intra-day volatility based on unobserved components. The stochastic seasonal component is essential to model time-varing intra-day effects. The model is estimated with high frequency data for Deutsche mark–US dollar for 1993 and 1996. The model performs well in terms of coherence with the theoretical aggregation properties of GARCH models, it is effective in terms of both forecasting ability and describing reactions to macroeconomic news. (J.E.L.: C14, C53, F31).
A new micro-payment protocol based on P2P networks

Introducing micro-payment mechanism into P2P systems will bring economic incentives to various P2P applications and encourage peers to share their resources. In this paper, we present a new micro-payment protocol, CPay, which exploits unique characteristics of P2P systems. The protocol establishes dynamic consistent hashing map between the set of all peers in the system and its subset of high performance peers. In each transaction, the payer's corresponding high performance peer checks the transaction to make sure that any illegal use of the e-coin would be timely detected. The protocol effectively exploits the heterogeneity of the P2P system and can achieve load balance
An Alternative Treatment of Secondary Products in Input-Output Analysis: Frustration

ten Raa, Chakraborty and Small (1984) rule out industry technology based input-output coefficients in favor of a construct based on the commodity technology model. The latter, however, produces negative coefficients. This note shows that the negatives cannot be ascribed to errors of measurement. The very framework of deriving unique technical coefficients matrices from the black-box of a single pair of input and output flows must be abandoned.
Loss aversion and the price of risk

This paper derives a simple theoretical relationship between the degree of loss aversion, the concavity/convexity of the value function, and the equilibrium market price of risk. We show that while the degree of loss aversion is key in determining the market price of risk, the convexity/concavity of the value function is much less important in this respect. The theoretical relationship obtained is tested empirically by using international data from 16 different countries during over 100 years, as documented by Dimson et al. [Triumph of the Optimists: 101 Years of Global Investment Returns, 2002 (Princeton University Press)]. The empirical data yield an estimate of λ=2.3 for the loss aversion index. This value is in striking agreement with estimates obtained in the very different methodology of laboratory experiments of individual decision-making.
Simultaneous Recruitment of Coactivators by Gcn4p Stimulates Multiple Steps of Transcription In Vivo

ABSTRACT Transcriptional activation by Gcn4p is dependent on the coactivators SWI/SNF, SAGA, and Srb Mediator, which are recruited by Gcn4p and stimulate assembly of the preinitiation complex (PIC) at the ARG1 promoter in vivo. We show that recruitment of all three coactivators is nearly simultaneous with binding of Gcn4p at ARG1 and is followed quickly by PIC formation and elongation by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) through the open reading frame. Despite the simultaneous recruitment of coactivators, rapid recruitment of SWI/SNF depends on the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) subunit of SAGA (Gcn5p), a non-HAT function of SAGA, and on Mediator. SAGA recruitment in turn is strongly stimulated by Mediator and the RSC complex. Recruitment of Mediator, by contrast, occurs independently of the other coactivators at ARG1. We confirm the roles of Mediator and SAGA in TATA binding protein (TBP) recruitment and demonstrate that all four coactivators under study enhance Pol II recruitment or promoter clearance following TBP binding. We also present evidence that SWI/SNF and SAGA stimulate transcription elongation downstream from the promoter. These functions can be limited to discrete time intervals, providing evidence for multiple stages in the induction process. Our findings reveal a program of coactivator recruitment and PIC assembly that distinguishes Gcn4p from other yeast activators studied thus far.
Power System Stabilization Using Virtual Synchronous Generator With Alternating Moment of Inertia

The virtual synchronous generator (VSG) is a control scheme applied to the inverter of a distributed generating unit to support power system stability by imitating the behavior of a synchronous machine. The VSG design of our research incorporates the swing equation of a synchronous machine to express a virtual inertia property. Unlike a real synchronous machine, the parameters of the swing equation of the VSG can be controlled in real time to enhance the fast response of the virtual machine in tracking the steady-state frequency. Based on this concept, the VSG with alternating moment of inertia is elaborated in this paper. The damping effect of the alternating inertia scheme is investigated by transient energy analysis. In addition, the performance of the proposed inertia control in stability of nearby machines in power system is addressed. The idea is supported by simulation and experimental results, which indicates remarkable performance in the fast damping of oscillations.
An Analysis of Wage Differentials Received by Workers on Dangerous Jobs

This study examines the wage differentials received by workers on hazardous jobs. The hypothesis that workers are compensated for the risk of experiencing a nonfatal or fatal accident was confirmed using BLS industry accident rates and a sample of full-time workers. The estimated value of a life at the average risk level for the sample implied by the estimated risk premium was about $3.2 million. However, the estimated value of a life declined as risk increased. This was explained by the fact that individuals found on riskier jobs are collectively less risk averse than individuals on safer jobs. An important interaction was also found between fatal accident risk and union status. Compared to nonunion workers, union members received substantially higher fatal accident premiums. These premiums imply that union members collectively place a higher value on life. Various explanations for this difference are discussed.
The value of freedom: a case study of Ukraine

The instrumental and terminal values of freedom are differentiated and considered in the context of its particular forms: freedom to, freedom from and freedom together. It is demonstrated that the contradiction between power and freedom does not hold for all these forms. Namely, freedom to has a very similar meaning to power to and freedom together – to transformative power. This approach sheds new light on the Ukrainian case. The case study involves using two types of analysis: statistical analysis, namely with the help of a multiple regression model, of the World Values Survey data-set (N = 1000 in Ukraine in 2006) and content analysis of the official programmes of 10 presidential candidates in 2010.
Modeling Magnetic Field Amplification in Nonlinear Diffusive Shock Acceleration

This research was motivated by the recent observations indicating very strong magnetic fields at some supernova remnant shocks, which suggests in-situ generation of magnetic turbulence. The dissertation presents a numerical model of collisionless shocks with strong amplification of stochastic magnetic fields, self-consistently coupled to efficient shock acceleration of charged particles. Based on a Monte Carlo simulation of particle transport and acceleration in nonlinear shocks, the model describes magnetic field amplification using the state-of-the-art analytic models of instabilities in magnetized plasmas in the presence of non-thermal particle streaming. The results help one understand the complex nonlinear connections between the thermal plasma, the accelerated particles and the stochastic magnetic fields in strong collisionless shocks. Also, predictions regarding the efficiency of particle acceleration and magnetic field amplification, the impact of magnetic field amplification on the maximum energy of accelerated particles, and the compression and heating of the thermal plasma by the shocks are presented. Particle distribution functions and turbulence spectra derived with this model can be used to calculate the emission of observable nonthermal radiation.
A novel CS-based non-orthogonal multiple access MIMO system for downlink of MTC in 5G

The main challenges for machine type communication (MTC) are not only supporting the random access of massive users, but also increasing the spectral efficiency in future 5G system. To address these challenges, we propose a novel compressed sensing (CS) based non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) multiple input multiple output (MIMO) scheme, called CS-NOMA MIMO scheme, for the downlink of MTC. In the proposed scheme, a version of low mutual coherence spreading signatures, named CS signatures, is introduced to enable system overloading. Furthermore, a novel CS-based tensor frame structure is proposed, in which symbols are spread over multiple CS signatures. In order to allow CS based multiuser detection (CS-MUD) to be deployed in the user receivers, we provide the theoretical analysis of restricted isometry property (RIP) for the effective channel matrix which guarantee the sparse signal recovery. Simulation results using two CS algorithms show that the proposed scheme achieves a relatively high system overload (up to 3) when the active users are relatively sparse with an activity ratio of 1%.
Simple Pricing Schemes for Pollution Control under Asymmetric Information

Abstract Most policies for pricing pollution under asymmetric information proposed in the literature to date are rarely  if ever  used in practice. This is likely due to their complexity. We investigate the scope for using somewhat simpler policies that are more closely related to pricing schemes already used by regulators in many jurisdictions. These schemes have a discrete block pricing (DBP) structure whereby a given unit price for pollution is applied up to a specified level of pollution for any given polluter, and a higher unit price is applied to any pollution from that polluter above the specified level. If the same price schedule is applied uniformly to all firms, we call it UDBP. We derive the optimal UDBP schedule for any given number of price blocks. We also derive the optimal limiting case of the UDBP schedule (with an infinite number of price blocks) as a uniform linear increasing marginal price schedule (ULIMP). The optimal ULIMP scheme strikes a balance between the information-related benefits of increasing marginal prices on one hand, and an increase in aggregate abatement cost, due to the non-equalization of marginal abatement costs across firms, on the other. In particular, the optimal schedule is steeper with larger aggregate uncertainty about marginal abatement costs, and flatter with more observable heterogeneity across firms. We then compare our price schemes with those proposed by Weitzman (1978) and Roberts and Spence (1976).
The impact of work-limiting disabilities on earnings and income mobility

This article uses the 1968–2007 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to examine how work-limiting disabilities influence the intragenerational earnings and income mobility of individuals. The results show that work-limiting disabilities increase the probability of downward mobility for several years after onset. Furthermore, the probability of being in the bottom portions of the distributions increases significantly, not only during the year of onset but also for at least 10 years afterwards. These results are more pronounced for those individuals suffering from a disability that is more chronic or severe in nature. Income from spousal earnings and government transfer payments offers some protection against disability’s adverse effect, with more protection being provided to those who are more chronically disabled.
On the performance of widely linear quaternion based MVDR beamformer for an acoustic vector sensor

Widely linear model has recently been used for signal processing applications due to its ability to achieve better performance than conventional linear filtering for non-circular complex random variables (CRVs) and improper quaternion random variables (QRVs). In this paper, we study the time-domain widely linear quaternion model based minimum variance distortionless response beamformer (WL-QMVDR) for a single acoustic vector sensor (AVS) and analyze its performance in general through the use of beampatterns. We verify by simulation results that the estimated output of the WL-QMVDR is identical to the conventional linear model based MVDR beamformer when applied to an AVS in the non-reverberant and ideal sensor response scenario.
Counter‐Regulatory Responses to Continuous and Intermittent Therapy With Nitroglycerin

BackgroundVasodilator therapy may be associated with reflex counter-regulatory responses, and these responses may play a role in the development of tolerance to nitroglycerin (GTN). Methods and ResultsStanding systolic blood pressure, body weight, urinary sodium, and hormonal responses to continuous (n = 10) and intermittent (n = 10) transdermal GTN administration were studied in normal volunteers. There was rapid attenuation of the hypotensive response to transdermal GTN therapy in the continuous but not in the intermittent therapy group. Significant weight gain and sodium retention occurred during continuous but not during intermittent GTN therapy. This was accompanied by a greater decrease in hematocrit in the continuous group, a finding that suggests that plasma volume expansion occurred during continuous GTN therapy. Continuous GTN therapy was associated with increases in plasma norepinephrine, atrial natriuretic peptide, arginine, vasopressin, and plasma renin activity. A different pattern of neurohormonal response was seen during intermittent therapy, with values tending to return to baseline levels after the nitrate-free interval. ConclusionsContinuous transdermal GTN therapy leads to counter-regulatory responses associated with sodium retention and probable plasma volume expansion. By contrast, intermittent transdermal GTN therapy is associated with a different pattern of hormonal response, the lack of sodium retention and no evidence of plasma volume expansion. It is likely that these counter-regulatory responses play an important role in the attenuation of nitrate effects.
Evidence for a Membrane Exchangeable Glucose Pool in the Functioning of Rat Liver Glucose-6-phosphatase (*)

We have investigated the kinetics of tracer uptake into rat liver microsomes in relation to [14C]glucose 6-phosphate (Glu-6-P) hydrolysis by glucose 6-phosphatase (Glu-6-Pase). 1) The steady-state levels of intravesicular tracer accumulated during the rapid (AMP1) and slow (AMP2) phases of uptake both demonstrate Michaelis-Menten kinetics relative to outside Glu-6-P concentrations with K values similar to those observed for the initial burst (V) and steady-state (V) rates of Glu-6-P hydrolysis. 2) The AMP1/AMP2 ratio is constant (mean value = 0.105 ± 0.018) over the whole range of outside Glu-6-P concentrations and is equal to the AMP/AMP ratio (0.109 ± 0.032). 3) Linear relationships are observed between the initial rates of glucose transport during the slow uptake phase (V2) and [AMP1], and between [V] and [AMP2]. 4) The value of V exceeds by more than 10-fold that of V. 5) It is concluded that the substrate transport model is incompatible with those results and that AMP1 represents a membrane exchangeable glucose pool. 6) We propose a new version of the conformational model in which the catalytic site lies deep within a hydrophilic pocket of an intrinsic membrane protein and communicates with the extra- and intravesicular spaces through channels with different glucose permeabilities.
The Helsinki Neural Machine Translation System

We introduce the Helsinki Neural Machine Translation system (HNMT) and how it is applied in the news translation task at WMT 2017, where it ranked first in both the human and automatic evaluations for English--Finnish. We discuss the success of English--Finnish translations and the overall advantage of NMT over a strong SMT baseline. We also discuss our submissions for English--Latvian, English--Chinese and Chinese--English.
Unifying model of carpal mechanics based on computationally derived isometric constraints and rules-based motion – the stable central column theory

This study was part of a larger project to develop a (kinetic) theory of carpal motion based on computationally derived isometric constraints. Three-dimensional models were created from computed tomography scans of the wrists of ten normal subjects and carpal spatial relationships at physiological motion extremes were assessed. Specific points on the surface of the various carpal bones and the radius that remained isometric through range of movement were identified. Analysis of the isometric constraints and intercarpal motion suggests that the carpus functions as a stable central column (lunate–capitate–hamate–trapezoid–trapezium) with a supporting lateral column (scaphoid), which behaves as a ‘two gear four bar linkage’. The triquetrum functions as an ulnar translation restraint, as well as controlling lunate flexion. The ‘trapezoid’-shaped trapezoid places the trapezium anterior to the transverse plane of the radius and ulna, and thus rotates the principal axis of the central column to correspond to that used in the ‘dart thrower’s motion’. This study presents a forward kinematic analysis of the carpus that provides the basis for the development of a unifying kinetic theory of wrist motion based on isometric constraints and rules-based motion.
The requirement for energy during export of beta‐lactamase in Escherichia coli is fulfilled by the total protonmotive force.

The energy requirement for the maturation and export of the plasmid‐encoded TEM beta‐lactamase in Escherichia coli K12 was shown to be fulfilled by the total protonmotive force. This was demonstrated by assessing the inhibition of proteolytic processing of the precursor form of beta‐lactamase caused by perturbation of the energized state of the membrane in cells treated with valinomycin. The magnitude of the membrane potential was manipulated by varying the concentration of KCl in the medium and the pH gradient was manipulated by varying the external pH. Both components were simultaneously affected by addition of the protonophore carbonylcyanide‐p‐ trifluoromethoxy phenylhydrazone (FCCP). Inhibition of processing was demonstrated in a mutant strain having a defective ATP synthase where protonmotive force could be dissipated without altering the intracellular level of ATP, indicating that the observed inhibition was not the result of decreased ATP concentration. Half‐maximal accumulation of precursor of beta‐lactamase was observed in all cases when the level of protonmotive force was decreased to approximately 150 mV. Under those conditions the membrane potential varied from 65 to 140 mV (internally negative) and the pH gradient from 95 to 25 mV (internally alkaline). Thus, the energy requirement is satisfied by the total protonmotive force, with no specificity for either the membrane potential or the pH gradient.
Metaphoric boundary objects as co‐ordinating mechanisms in the knowledge sharing of innovation processes

Purpose – In order that knowledge distribution in companies can be efficient and effective, it should take place without boundaries. However, this is not often the reality. People tend to build up their own boundaries, often creating overly technical terminology so that others cannot participate in what they do. In other words, identity hinges on difference. Establishing these identities weakens the existence of real innovative companies and reinforces barriers within and between organisations. The ability of companies to transcend these barriers is partly based on the recognition of boundary objects. This means that the better the companies understand the nature of the existing boundary objects, the better they can take actions that will help to overcome existing barriers. Therefore the goal of the paper is to highlight boundary objects that co‐ordinate knowledge sharing within and between firms' innovation processes.Design/methodology/approach – There are many different types of boundary objects. The co.