Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biogeochemistry of the Tana estuary and delta (northern Kenya)

The estuarine mixing zone of the Tana River (northern Kenya) and an extensive deltaic area just south of the estuary were sampled in April 2004 with the aim of identifying the distribution, sources, and processing of particulate and dissolved organic carbon (POC, DOC) and inorganic carbon (DIC). C4 inputs from the catchment contributed ~50% to the POC pool in the Tana River and estuary, and in the mangrove creek water column and intertidal sediments. The δ13C values of DOC, however, were typically much more negative than that of POC, indicating a substantially higher contribution by C3 and/or mangrove‐derived carbon in the DOC pool. The undersaturation of O2, high pCO2, and the nonconservative nature of DIC and δ13CDIC suggest a strongly heterotrophic water column, particularly in the freshwater part of the Tana and in the tidal creeks in the delta, where high additional inputs of organic matter were observed. However, some of these sites showed δ18ODO signatures lower than the atmospheric equilibrium (i.e., +24.2‰) indicative of significant O2 production by photosynthesis. Therefore, the heterotrophic signature in the water column is likely the result of a strong interaction with the large intertidal areas, whereby respiratory activity in sediments and in the overlying water column during tidal inundation leave a marked signature on the water column. This is confirmed by the covariation between salinity‐normalized total alkalinity and DIC, whose slope indicates an important role for anaerobic diagenetic processes. If our data are representative for other large river systems in the region, current estimates are likely to underestimate suspended matter and both inorganic and organic C fluxes to the Indian Ocean from tropical east Africa.
Optimal torque and stiffness control in compliantly actuated robots

Anthropomorphic robots that aim to approach human performance agility and efficiency are typically highly redundant not only in their kinematics but also in actuation. Variable-impedance actuators, used to drive many of these devices, are capable of modulating torque and passive impedance (stiffness and/or damping) simultaneously and independently. Here, we propose a framework for simultaneous optimisation of torque and impedance (stiffness) profiles in order to optimise task performance, tuned to the complex hardware and incorporating real-world constraints. Simulation and hardware experiments validate the viability of this approach to complex, state dependent constraints and demonstrate task performance benefits of optimal temporal impedance modulation.
Novel Decomposition of Tensor Distance into Shape and Orientation Distances

A novel geometric framework for decomposition of tensor distance into shape and orientation distances is proposed. We show that such shape distance leads to the development of a novel and robust anisotropy measure that reveals strikingly superior white matter profile of DT-MR brain images than fractional anisotropy (FA) and analytically show that it has a higher signal to noise ratio than FA. Using orientation distance, we show how to rotationally interpolate tensors with a scalar linear interpolation.
A Simple Equation for Regional Climate Change and Associated Uncertainty

Abstract Simple equations are developed to express regional climate changes for the twenty-first century and associated uncertainty in terms of the global temperature change (GTC) without a dependence on the underlying emission pathways. The equations are applied to regional temperature and precipitation changes over different regions of the world, and relevant parameters are calculated using the latest multimodel ensemble of global climate change simulations. Examples are also shown of how to use the equations to develop probability density functions (PDFs) of regional climate change based on PDFs of GTC. The main advantage of these equations is that they can be used to estimate regional changes from GTC obtained either from simple and intermediate complexity models or from target CO2 stabilization concentrations.
Combinatorial Geometry of Graph Partitioning - I

The {\sc $c$-Balanced Separator} problem is a graph-partitioning problem in which given a graph $G$, one aims to find a cut of minimum size such that both the sides of the cut have at least $cn$ vertices. In this paper, we present new directions of progress in the {\sc $c$-Balanced Separator} problem. More specifically, we propose a family of mathematical programs, that depend upon a parameter $p > 0$, and is an extension of the uniform version of the SDPs proposed by Goemans and Linial for this problem. In fact for the case, when $p=1$, if one can solve this program in polynomial time then simply using the Goemans-Williamson's randomized rounding algorithm for {\sc Max Cut} \cite{WG95} will give an $O(1)$-factor approximation algorithm for {\sc $c$-Balanced Separator} improving the best known approximation factor of $O(\sqrt{\log n})$ due to Arora, Rao and Vazirani \cite{ARV}. This family of programs is not convex but one can transform them into so called \emph{\textbf{concave programs}} in which one optimizes a concave function over a convex feasible set. It is well known that the optima of such programs lie at one of the extreme points of the feasible set \cite{TTT85}. Our main contribution is a combinatorial characterization of some extreme points of the feasible set of the mathematical program, for $p=1$ case, which to the best of our knowledge is the first of its kind. We further demonstrate how this characterization can be used to solve the program in a restricted setting. Non-convex programs have recently been investigated by Bhaskara and Vijayaraghvan \cite{BV11} in which they design algorithms for approximating Matrix $p$-norms although their algorithmic techniques are analytical in nature.
Model Reference Adaptive System using Rotor Flux and Back Emf techniques for speed estimation of an Induction Motor operated in Vector Control mode: A comparative study

Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) is a simple approach for speed estimation of an Induction Motor (IM). It is an attractive scheme for analysis especially when knowledge relating to system parameters are poor. The technique incorporates an error signal to be generated by comparing the output of the reference model (RM) and the adjustable model (AM), respectively. The error signal generated drives an adaptation mechanism (ADM) towards computation of speed. In this paper, an attempt has been made to compare two different methods based on the principle of MRAS for determination of rotor speed of IM operated in Vector Control (VC) mode. Speed estimated and the dynamics under various modes of operation in both MRAS strategies are compared. Analysis has been carried out in MATLAB environment using Sim Power System (SPS) and Simulink toolboxes in discrete time frame.
MRI of groove pancreatitis.

PURPOSE The purpose of this work is to describe the findings on MRI in patients with groove pancreatitis, a specific form of chronic pancreatitis affecting the groove between the pancreatic head, the duodenum, and the common bile duct. METHOD MR images, including MR cholangiopancreatography, of five patients with groove pancreatitis were reviewed. Three patients underwent pancreatoduodenectomy due to serve duodenal stenosis, and the MR findings were compared to the histologic findings. RESULTS A sheet-like mass was demonstrated between the pancreatic head and the duodenum in all patients. The masses were hypointense relative to pancreatic parenchyma on T1-weighted images and iso- to slightly hyperintense on T2-weighted images. After administration of Gd-DTPA, the masses showed delayed enhancement. Histologically, fibrous scar tissue was detected in the groove. CONCLUSION MR images can clearly demonstrate the fibrous tissue in the groove in groove pancreatitis, and MR cholangiopancreatography can also provide useful information.
Immunochemical Characterization of a Chicken Egg Yolk Antibody to Secretory Forms of Rat Incisor Amelogenin

Amelogenins represent the major component of the organic matrix of enamel, and consist of several intact and degraded forms. A precise knowledge of their respective distributions throughout the enamel layer could provide some insight into their functions. To date, no antibody exists that can selectively detect the secretory forms of amelogenin. In this study we used the chicken egg yolk system to generate an antibody to recombinant mouse amelogenin. Immunoblots of whole homogenates from rat incisor enamel organs and enamel showed that the resulting antibody (M179y) recognized proteins corresponding to the five known secretory forms of rat amelogenin. Immunogold cytochemistry demonstrated that reactivity was restricted to ameloblasts and enamel. Secretory forms of amelogenin persisted in significant amounts throughout the enamel layer. The density of labeling was highest over the surface portion of the enamel layer, but enamel growth sites in this region showed a localized paucity of gold particles. Immunoreactivity was lowest over the mid-portion of the layer and increased moderately near the dentino–enamel junction. These results indicate that intact forms of amelogenin probably have a more complex distribution in the enamel layer than was heretofore suspected.
Stratigraphic analysis of Dome Fuji Antarctic ice core using an optical scanner

Abstract Long-term changes of snow-accumulation rate in Antarctica are a major uncertainty in our understanding of past climate. Because the visible strata in polar ice are due to variations in the sizes and concentrations of air inclusions and microparticles, the scattered light intensity from an ice core yields valuable information on the stratification, which is likely to provide estimates of the annual accumulation rates. Identification of each layer is therefore necessary, and we developed an optical scanner apparatus to record detailed visible strata of ice cores. The apparatus records the two-dimensional distribution of light-scattering intensity along ice-core samples and produces an image of the whole ice-core sample by an image analysis process. These images showed that ice from Dome Fuji ice core contained a large number of layers. Volcanic layers were also well identified. We processed the scattering intensity on the enhanced intensity images to produce an intensity profile. This profile showed that the period of the intensity variations is consistent with a core-dating model applied to the Dome Fuji ice core. We also found that the intensity peaks are closely correlated to peaks in Ca2+ ion concentrations. Thus, our scanning method is a promising approach to measuring annual-layer thickness and, as a result, may be used to infer past accumulation rates in Antarctica.
EFFECT OF CARBAMIDE PEROXIDE-BASED BLEACHING AGENTS CONTAINING FLUORIDE OR CALCIUM ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF HUMAN ENAMEL

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of carbamide peroxide-based bleaching agents (CPG) containing fluoride (CF) or calcium (CCa) on the ultimate tensile strength of enamel (UTS). Method: A "cube-like" resin composite structure was built-up on the occlusal surface of twenty-two sound third molars to facilitate specimen preparation for the micro-tensile test. The restored teeth were serially sectioned in buccal-lingual direction in slices with approximate 0.7 mm thickness. Each slice was trimmed with a fine diamond bur to reduce the buccal, internal slope enamel of the cusps to a dumb-bell shape with a cross-sectional area at the "neck" of less than 0.5 mm2. The samples were randomly divided into 12 groups (n=11). The control groups were not submitted to the bleaching regimen. Specimens were treated with 10% CPG gel or with 10% CPG formulations containing CF (0.2% and 0.5%) or CCa (0.05% and 0.2%). Bleached groups received the application of the 10% CPGs for 6 hours/day at 37° C, during 14 consecutive days and were stored in artificial saliva (AS) or 100% relative humidity (RH) among each application. After bleaching, specimens were tested with the microtensile method at 0.5 mm/min. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey test (5%). Results: No significant difference was observed between groups stored in AS or RH. Specimens treated with CF or CCa presented similar UTS as unbleached control groups. Conclusion: Either 10% CPG formulations containing CF or CCa can preserve the UTS after bleaching regimen.
The movement and entrapment of petroleum fluids in the subsurface

This paper discusses the migration of petroleum from its formation in a source rock to its subsequent possible entrapment in a reservoir. The chemical and physical properties of petroleum gases and liquids are stressed, particularly their phase behaviour under subsurface conditions which is shown to be a very important factor in determining migration behaviour. Engineering correlations are presented for estimating the properties of petroleum fluids under geologically realistic conditions. The directions and magnitudes of the forces acting on migrating petroleum are deduced from the combined effects of buoyancy and water flow in compacting sediments. These forces are combined, using a fluid potential description. This procedure allows the direction of migration to be denned. The rate of migration is then estimated from the properties of the sediments involved, allowing a distinction to be made between ‘lateral’ and ‘vertical’ carrier beds. This simplified approach is suitable for rapid predictive calculations in petroleum exploration. It is compared with the more complex 3-D computer modelling approaches which are currently becoming available. Migration losses are related to the cumulative pore volume employed by the petroleum in establishing a migration pathway. The petroleum migration mechanism is shown to be predominantly by bulk flow, with a small diffusive contribution for light hydrocarbons over distances less than c. 100 m. The loss factors involved in secondary migration are estimated from field evidence. The mechanism of reservoir filling is presented as a logical extension to those described for migration. This, together with the inefficiency of in-reservoir mixing by diffusion or convection, is shown to tend to cause significant lateral compostional gradients in reservoirs over and above the gravitationally induced vertical gradients described by other workers.
A Type-logical Treebank for French

The goal of the current paper is to describe the TLGbank, a treebank of type-logical proof semi-automatically extracted from the French Treebank. Though the framework chosen for the treebank are multimodal type-logical grammars, we have ensured that the analysis is compatible with other mondern type-logical grammars, such the displacement calculus and first-order linear logic. We describe the extraction procedure, analyse first results and compare the treebank to the CCGbank.
The Addition of Persistence to Ada95 and Its Consequences

Research into persistent programming languages and systems in recent years has shown that the technology is useful for developing complex software in many problem domains. This paper explores the issues and consequences of adding persistence to Ada95. The persistence extensions support transparent migration of objects between a program's address space and a persistent store in a way that preserves both type safety and encapsulation of abstract data types.
Origins of microfossil bonebeds: insights from the Upper Cretaceous Judith River Formation of north-central Montana

Abstract Microfossil bonebeds are multi-individual accumulations of disarticulated and dissociated vertebrate hardparts dominated by elements in the millimeter to centimeter size range (≥75% of bioclasts ≤5 cm maximum dimension). Modes of accumulation are often difficult to decipher from reports in the literature, although predatory (scatological) and fluvial/hydraulic origins are typically proposed. We studied the sedimentology and taphonomy of 27 microfossil bonebeds in the Campanian Judith River Formation of Montana in order to reconstruct formative histories. Sixteen of the bonebeds examined are hosted by fine-grained facies that accumulated in low-energy aquatic settings (pond/lake microfossil bonebeds). Eleven of the bonebeds are embedded in sandstones that accumulated in ancient fluvial settings (channel-hosted microfossil bonebeds). In lieu of invoking separate pathways to accumulation based on facies distinctions, we present a model that links the accumulation of bioclasts in the two facies. We propose that vertebrate material initially accumulates to fossiliferous levels in ponds/lakes and is later reworked and redeposited as channel-hosted assemblages. This interpretation is grounded in reasonable expectations of lacustrine and fluvial depositional systems and supported by taphonomic data. Moreover, it is consistent with faunal data that indicate that channel-hosted assemblages and pond/lake assemblages are similar with regard to presence/absence and rank-order abundance of taxa. This revised model of bonebed formation has significant implications for studies of vertebrate paleoecology that hinge on analyses of faunal data recovered from vertebrate microfossil assemblages. Pond/lake microfossil bonebeds in the Judith River record are preserved in situ at the scale of the local paleoenvironment, with no indication of postmortem transport into or out of the life habitat. Moreover, they are time-averaged samples of their source communities, which increases the likelihood of capturing both ecologically abundant species and more rare or transient members of the paleocommunity. These attributes make pond/lake microfossil bonebeds excellent targets for paleoecological studies that seek to reconstruct overall community membership and structure. In contrast, channel-hosted microfossil bonebeds in the Judith River record are out of place from a paleoenvironmental perspective because they are reworked from preexisting pond/lake assemblages and redeposited in younger channel facies. However, despite a history of exhumation and redeposition, channel-hosted microfossil bonebeds are preserved in relatively close spatial proximity to original source beds. This taphonomic reconstruction is counter to the commonly held view that microfossil bonebeds are biased samples that have experienced long-distance transport and significant hydrodynamic sorting.
On the problem of the near ocean surface wind speed retrieval by radar altimeter: A two-parameter algorithm

In this paper we present results from a theoretical investigation of the scattering of microwave radar signal by the ocean surface. The aim of the research is to generate an improved altimeter wind speed retrieval algorithm, and to achieve this a new theoretical approach to the problem of microwave scattering has been developed. The inadequacy of the assumption of a single valued relationship between surface wind speed and microwave radar backscatter is discussed, and a more complex approach adopted taking into account the nature of the sea surface. Two versions of a two-parameter algorithm (NA1 and NA2) for near surface wind speed retrieval are developed and presented in a tabular form. Co-located altimeter and buoy data are used to test this new algorithm. Good agreement is found between measured and retrieved values with the new algorithms: NA1- the mean difference M=-0.03 m s -1 and rms=1.47 m s -1 ; NA2- M=0.03 m s -1, rms=1.54 m s -1 . Note, that the currently used algorithm WC91 (see below) has the following characteristics: M=0.43 m s -1 and rms=1.69 m s -1 . The importance of taking into account the regional specific conditions is emphasized.
The Influence of Temporal Information on Human Action Recognition with Large Number of Classes

Human action recognition from video input has seen much interest over the last decade. In recent years, the trend is clearly towards action recognition in real-world, unconstrained conditions (i.e. not acted) with an ever growing number of action classes. Much of the work so far has used single frames or sequences of frames where each frame was treated individually. This paper investigates the contribution that temporal information can make to human action recognition in the context of a large number of action classes. The key contributions are: (i) We propose a complementary information channel to the Bag-of- Words framework that models the temporal occurrence of the local information in videos. (ii) We investigate the influence of sensible local information whose temporal occurrence is more vital than any local information. The experimental validation on action recognition datasets with the largest number of classes to date shows the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Cyclone: A Safe Dialect of C

Cyclone is a safe dialect of C. It has been designed from the ground up to prevent the buffer overflows, format string attacks, and memory management errors that are common in C programs, while retaining C’s syntax and semantics. This paper examines safety violations enabled by C’s design, and shows how Cyclone avoids them, without giving up C’s hallmark control over low-level details such as data representation and memory management.
Are flat‐field snow depth measurements representative? A comparison of selected index sites with areal snow depth measurements at the small catchment scale

Single or a limited number of point observations, such as from index stations, are commonly assumed to be representative for the snow cover of larger areas in many applications. This study presents a systematic investigation of the relationship between point observations and areal mean snow depths ranging from the scale of tens of metres to entire catchments. We analyse aerial snow depth information from four mountain regions in the European Alps, one in the Spanish Pyrenees and one in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, obtained from airborne laser scanning surveys. This rich data set allowed to compare point values with snow cover statistics, reflecting the real snow depth distribution of the investigation areas. We present two contrasting approaches in order to assess the representativeness of typical flat‐field snow depth measurements. In the first approach, we define potential index stations based on topographic characteristics as commonly applied for snow cover monitoring stations. The point observations of these index stations are then compared with the mean values in their vicinities. We show that most of the index stations strongly overestimate the snow depth of the catchment and of their surrounding area at distances of several hundreds of metres. Results confirm the expectation that the larger the support area, the smaller the difference to the mean of the complete catchment. The second approach was to analyse topographic characteristics of all cells with snow depths that deviated less than 10% from the catchment mean. It appears that these representative cells are rather randomly distributed and cannot be identified a priori. In summary, our results show large potential biases of index stations with respect to snow distribution and therefore also snow water equivalent. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.