Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determining Phylogenies by Distance Matrix

The sites that arouse skepticism in the parsimony method are the ones with the greatest number of changes. Compatibility is a technique related to parsimony, and is well suited to trees for which parsimony would produce frequent changes between states. Unfortunately, however, compatibility also treats small noise artifacts as significant. Definition 18.1: A site is compatible with a tree if and only if each state of that site arises no more than once on the tree, i.e., the number of changes for that site is one less than the number of states of that site. Compatibility attempts to maximize the number of such sites. Definition 18.2: Two sites are compatible if and only if there is a tree T such that each site is compatible with T. How can compatibility be used to construct a phylogenetic tree? Suppose only two states are considered as possibilities (i.e. f0; 1g or fY;Rg, where Y represents C or T , and R represents A or G). For two sites, count how many of the four pairs of states occur together in any species: the two sites are compatible if and only if fewer than four pairs occur together. Example 18.3: In the four species labeling the leaves below, only three of the four pairs of states occur together, so the two sites are compatible. The tree itself certifies that compatibility. 00 01 11 11 \ / \ / 01 11 \ / \ / 01 87
Measurements of the Aerodynamic Normal Forces on a 12-kW Straight-Bladed Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

The knowledge of unsteady forces is necessary when designing vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs). Measurement data for turbines operating at an open site are still very limited. The data obtained from wind tunnels or towing tanks can be used, but have limited applicability when designing large-scale VAWTs. This study presents experimental data on the normal forces of a 12-kW straight-bladed VAWT operated at an open site north of Uppsala, Sweden. The normal forces are measured with four single-axis load cells. The data are obtained for a wide range of tip speed ratios: from 1.7 to 4.6. The behavior of the normal forces is analyzed. The presented data can be used in validations of aerodynamic models and the mechanical design for VAWTs.
Axioms for vulnerability measurement of online social network profiles

The increase in online social network (OSN) usage has led to personal details known as attributes being readily displayed in online profiles. This can lead to the profile owners being vulnerable to social engineering attacks. Our vulnerability model is based upon a way to quantify the vulnerability of a profile and consists of three components. The individual vulnerability is determined by the presence of values for the profile attributes which may contribute towards the composite personal vulnerability via a weight based system. The relative vulnerability indicates the contribution of collective vulnerability of the profile's friends, whereas the absolute vulnerability is the overall composite vulnerability for the profile by considering the contributions of the individual and relative vulnerabilities. In this paper we introduce a set of axioms on probability dependent effect of profile attributes and probability change for OSN profiles. The research offers a formal background for future work on estimating how attribute changes for an OSN profile influence the individual vulnerability of the profile and validating this composite model.
Marijuana and Crime: Is There a Connection Beyond Prohibition?

We examine the relationship between marijuana use and non-drug related crime using data on arrests from the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program and Uniform Crime Reports. There is a positive association between self-reported use at the time of the offence and non-drug related violent, property and income-producing crime even after accounting for other substance use in the ADAM data. Reduced form equations using both data sets only provide evidence supporting a causal mechanism for property and income-producing crime. In the case of violent crime, we find a statistically significant association with arrests but not reported crime, suggesting that marijuana use may just influence the likelihood of getting caught committing these crimes.
The supergiant fast X-ray transient IGR J18483-0311 in quiescence : XMM-Newton, Swift and Chandra observations

IGR J18483-0311 was discovered with INTEGRAL in 2003 and later classified as a supergiant fast X-ray transient. It was observed in outburst many times, but its quiescent state is still poorly known. Here, we present the results of XMM-Newton, Swift and Chandra observations of IGR J18483-0311. These data improved the X-ray position of the source, and provided new information on the timing and spectral properties of IGR J18483-0311 in quiescence. We report the detection of pulsations in the quiescent X-ray emission of this source, and give for the first time a measurement of the spin-period derivative of this source. In IGR J18483-0311, the measured spin-period derivative of -(1.3 +/- 0.3) x 10-9 s s-1 likely results from light travel time effects in the binary. We compare the most recent observational results of IGR J18483-0311 and SAX J1818.6-1703, the two supergiant fast X-ray transients for which a similar orbital period has been measured.
Fault-tolerant resource allocation in multi-hop wireless sensor networks

Data gathering is one of the most popular applications in multi-hop wireless sensor networks. Since resources are limited, it is important to efficiently allocate the resource while providing desired performance. In this paper, we consider resource allocation in the uplink of multi-hop wireless networks with the use of data buffers of finite size in the presence of transmission error. We first analyze the probability of buffer occupation of each router and then derive the outage probability associated with buffer overflow and transmission latency. Exploiting the analytic results, we design a resource allocation algorithm that minimally utilizes the resource in multi-hop wireless sensor networks, while guaranteeing desired performance. Finally, the proposed scheme is verified by computer simulation.
Tree-level split helicity amplitudes in ambitwistor space

We study all tree-level split helicity gluon amplitudes by using the recently proposed Britto-Cachazo-Feng-Witten recursion relation and Hodges diagrams in ambitwistor space. We pick out the contributing diagrams and find that all of them can be divided into triangles in a suitable way. We give the explicit expressions for all of these amplitudes. As an example, we reproduce the six-gluon split next-to-maximally-helicity-violating amplitudes in momentum space.
Towards a Semantic Annotation of English Television News - Building and Evaluating a Constraint Grammar FrameNet

This paper presents work on the semantic annotation of a multimodal corpus of English television news. The annotation is performed on the second-by-secondaligned transcript layer, adding verb frame categories and semantic roles on top of a morphosyntactic analysis with full dependency information. We use a rulebased method, where Constraint Grammar mapping rules are automatically generated from a syntactically anchored Framenet with about 500 frame types and 50 semantic role types. We discuss design decisions concerning the Framenet, and evaluate the coverage and performance of the pilot system on authentic news data.
Interactive Realities : A Tutorial on Multi-Modal , Collaborative Virtual Reality

In the field of virtual reality, there is much attention to the notion of multi-modal environments. These environments use various senses of the human body to achieve an overall immersion in the environment leading to an increased sense of presence. In addition, there is much work in collaborative architectures allowing users to interact with each other and the world itself. This tutorial introduces the topic of software infrastructures for collaborative, multi-modal environments and then surveys the work and progress in this area. Within multi-modal environments, most applications have covered both the visual and auditory senses. However, it has only been in recent years that research has progressed in the haptic and olfactory areas. A software infrastructure for multi-modal environments should address all the senses, and research testbeds fulfilling this requirement are beginning to appear. Adding collaboration within the environment requires addressing aspects of its own. All these multi-modal and collaborative issues are discussed and existing research testbeds are surveyed. By putting multi-modal environments together with collaborative environments, the goal of an immersive, presence-grabbing environment will be met.
Offloading AI for peer-to-peer games with dead reckoning

In this paper, we study the performance of an offloaded AI agent with increasing network latencies and demonstrate that dead reckoning is effective in mitigating the observed degradation. Dead reckoning refers to a class of algorithms typically employed to predict the state of objects in existing games to mitigate the effects of game lag and improve player experience. For a deployed realtime tank game, we found that increasing latencies will cause gradual degradation to the performance of an AI agent and the performance is severely degraded when latencies reach about 300 ms. We show that a simple implementation of dead reckoning is able to delay the onset of performance degradation for round-trip latencies up to 250 ms and is relatively robust to network jitter and packet loss. Since the observed average latency within the continental North America is approximately 55 ms and inter-continental latencies are in the vicinity of 250 ms, our results demonstrate that it is feasible to offload AI to client machines. Most importantly, our method is practical because it does not require much additional code and it allows offloaded AI agents to be developed in a network-oblivious manner similar to what is presently done for server-based AI.
Predicting the Performance of Reconfigurable Interconnects in Shared-Memory Systems

Reconfigurable optical interconnect technologies will allow the fabrication of run-time adaptable networks for connecting processors and memory modules in shared-memory multiprocessor machines. Since switching is typically slow compared to the memory access time, reconfiguration exploits low frequency dynamics in the network traffic patterns. These are however not easily captured in tools employing statistical traffic generation, which is commonly used for fast design space exploration. Here, we present a technique that can predict network performance based on actual traffic patterns, but without the need to perform slow full-system simulations for every parameter set of interest. This again allows for a quick comparison of different network implementations with good relative accuracy, narrowing down the design space for more detailed examination. Keywords—prediction, reconfiguration, interconnect, shared-memory
Regulation of Mucin Gene Expression by CREB via a Nonclassical Retinoic Acid Signaling Pathway

ABSTRACT Vitamin A and its metabolite retinoic acid (RA) are essential elements for normal lung development and the differentiation of lung epithelial cells. We previously showed that RA rapidly activated cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in a nonclassical manner in normal human tracheobronchial epithelial (NHTBE) cells. In the present study, we further demonstrated that this nonclassical signaling of RA on the activation of CREB plays a critical role in regulating the expression of airway epithelial cell differentiation markers, the MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC5B genes. We found that RA rapidly activates the protein kinase Cα isozyme and transmits the activation signal to CREB via the Raf/MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase/p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) pathway. Activated RSK translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where it phosphorylates CREB. Activated CREB then binds to a cis-acting replication element motif on the promoter (at nucleotides [nt] −878 to −871) of the MUC5AC gene. The depletion of CREB using small interfering RNA abolished not only the RA-induced MUC5AC but also RA-induced MUC2 and MUC5B. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that CREB activation via this nonclassical RA signaling pathway may play an important role in regulating the expression of mucin genes and mediating the early biological effects of RA during normal mucous differentiation in NHTBE cells.
Social Class, Group-Based Anger, and Collective Action Intentions in China

This research examines the anger and collective action intentions among different social classes in China. Based on social cognition theory with respect to social class, we proposed that the relationship between group-based anger and collective action intentions would be moderated by social class. To test this hypothesis, two studies were conducted. First, using data collected from a sample of 100 residents of Hubei Province, China, Study 1 found that the relationship between group-based anger and collective action intentions was moderated by social class: group-based anger can predict collective action intentions among the upper social class but not among the lower social class. Then, Study 2 employed a 2 × 2 completely randomised design. Its 118 participants were manipulated to experience a momentary change in their subjective social class and the level of their group-based anger before measuring their collective action intentions. The results were consistent with Study 1. Taken together, the findings suggest that social class does moderate the relationship between group-based anger and collective action intentions.
A System for Melody Extraction from Various Humming Inputs

For a QBH (query-by-humming) system, it is important to extract melody from various humming inputs (whistle, nasal, singing, and humming). We use a new method to classify the humming inputs into two types (whistle and non-whistle), and two different ways to extract fundamental frequency (FO). Two phase of cepstrum with zero-process is introduced to get proper fundamental frequency from the non-whistle type. With tracking the energy difference curve and pitch curve, assisted by cepstrum peak value curve, note segmentations are made. Rough experiments show that this approach is effective and efficient
A Step toward Semantic Indexing of an Encyclopedic Corpus

This paper investigates a method for extracting and acquiring knowledge from Linguistic resources. In particular, we propose an NLP based architecture for building a semantic network out of an XML on line encyclopedic corpus. The general application underlying this work is a question-answering system on proper nouns within an encyclopedia.
Systematic discovery of nonobvious human disease models through orthologous phenotypes

Biologists have long used model organisms to study human diseases, particularly when the model bears a close resemblance to the disease. We present a method that quantitatively and systematically identifies nonobvious equivalences between mutant phenotypes in different species, based on overlapping sets of orthologous genes from human, mouse, yeast, worm, and plant (212,542 gene-phenotype associations). These orthologous phenotypes, or phenologs, predict unique genes associated with diseases. Our method suggests a yeast model for angiogenesis defects, a worm model for breast cancer, mouse models of autism, and a plant model for the neural crest defects associated with Waardenburg syndrome, among others. Using these models, we show that SOX13 regulates angiogenesis, and that SEC23IP is a likely Waardenburg gene. Phenologs reveal functionally coherent, evolutionarily conserved gene networks—many predating the plant-animal divergence—capable of identifying candidate disease genes.
Enhanced Privilege Separation for Commodity Software on Virtualized Platform

Conventional privilege separation can effectively reduce the TCB size by granting privilege to only the privileged compartments. However, since they this approach relies on process isolation to ensure security assurance, malware exploiting against kernel components can easily compromise. Meanwhile, the frequent inter-process communications between separated processes inevitably incur notable overhead. To ameliorate these problems, we propose to perform privilege separation without partitioning application into two processes. Instead, we leverage virtualization to enforce the isolation of sensitive portions from other untrusted code. The virtual machine monitor intercepts all the code context switches transparently without requiring the application to explicitly use IPC as privilege context transition. We have implemented a prototype of our system, named Coir, based on commodity hyper visor Xen. Evaluation of our prototype includes a real-world remote control application, which is partitioned and protected in \oir-enabled hyper visor on unmodified Windows XP. We discuss the isolation strength as well as the performance penalty of our system based on the practical case.
Strategic service partnerships and boundary-spanning behaviour : a study of multiple, cascading policy windows

This study explores the role of boundary-spanning individuals in the development of Strategic Service Partnerships (SSPs). SSPs are the latest manifestation of Public- Private Partnerships (PPPs). However, these partnerships are remarkably underresearched. Furthermore, the role of key boundary-spanning individuals in developing and maintaining PPPs and other partnership forms is poorly understood. This study closes these gaps in the literature by examining the development of SSPs and showing how the role and contribution of boundary-spanning individuals can be understood. Boundary-spanners are shown to exist as dynamic, structurally contextualised agents whose actions are shaped by a combination of organisational and contingency pressures and their own individual psychology. To understand the development of an SSP and the role of boundary-spanners, the study develops and tests a conceptual framework. This framework combines a sequential account of emergent interorganisational relationships with a policy process model. The thesis presents case study evidence from an in depth qualitative investigation of an emergent SSP in an English Local Authority to show that interaction between public and private sector organisations is critical to development of an SSP. It is also shown that boundaryspanning individuals are of critical importance in managing and shaping these interactions. This study represents an advance in understanding both PPPs and boundary-spanning individuals.
Reordered Speculative Execution of Critical Sections

A Chrysanthemum plant named Empire Citrine, particularly characterized by its flat capitulum form; daisy capitulum type with 2 to 3 rows of ray florets; light yellow ray floret color; flowers have an average of 57 ray florets and 161 disc florets; diameter across face of capitulum of 45 to 50 mm when fully open; fully expanded ray florets approximately 23 mm long and 7 mm wide with dentate tips; ray florets open with a spoon shape and as they mature, remain closed at base and broaden to a wide flat keel, tapering to a rounded dentate tip; early natural season flowering date of September 15 in Hartford, N.Y. ; flowering response of 7.5 weeks in a controlled Light/Shade program; compact growth habit with good spread and breaking, exhibiting 8 to 10 branches per plant after pinch two weeks after planting rooted cutting in New Hartford, N.Y. ; compact cushion habit makes it suitable for production in 4'' to 8'' containers; and adaptability to greenhouse or garden cultures.
Sender and Recipient Anonymous Communication without Public Key Cryptography

We propose a new idea to achive an anonymous communication network which provides both sender and recipient anonymities under the condition that the overall traac may be analyzed. The proposed protocol , which is based on a secret function computation of addition using secret sharing schemes, is estimated with regards to bandwidth and time delay. We show that the bandwidth spend in computation of the proposed protocol is linear to the number of entities, but is limited within a fraction of the total bandwidth.
Relational Memory and the Hippocampus: Representations and Methods

Since the discovery of the importance of the hippocampus for normal memory, considerable research has endeavored to characterize the precise role played by the hippocampus. Previously we have offered the relational memory theory, which posits that the hippocampus forms representations of arbitrary or accidentally occurring relations among the constituent elements of experience. In a recent report we emphasized the role of the hippocampus in all manner of relations, supporting this claim with the finding that amnesic patients with hippocampal damage were similarly impaired on probes of memory for spatial, sequential, and associative relations. In this review we place these results in the context of the broader literature, including how different kinds of relational or source information are tested, and consider the importance of specifying hippocampal function in terms of the representations it supports.
Percepciones de Estudiantes y Docentes: Evaluación Formativa en Proyectos de Aprendizaje Tutorados

This article presents the results of some educational research about connecting the academic and professional environments in the education degree within two Catalan universities (UAB, UdG). The goal of this study is to analyse perceptions of faculty members, psychomotricity teachers and students about formative assessment in Project of Oriented Learning (POL) to facilitate the acquisition of psychomotor professional skills in pre-service education. This research has been developed in two obligatory subjects in two Spanish university degrees, with a sample of 170 students, 2 lecturers and 7 psychomotricity teachers. Both subjects have developed an assessment and learning activity called: documentation psychomotor session in groups, in POL format. This study is conceived within the interpretative approach, also called qualitative, naturalist or humanist. Two research techniques are used; a Likert scale questionnaire and two focus groups. Statistical analysis was carried out through arithmetic mean and the standard deviation. The qualitative analysis of the focus groups has been done using the categorical analysis. The resulting data and the conclusions reveal that students: a) are generally satisfied with the assessment and shared or co-assessment developed in the POL; b) this assessment has benefited their acquisition of professional skills; c) feedback allows students to be more aware of their process and their mistakes; and d) students, lecturers and teachers agree on the need to review the POL assessment instruments and assess them through rubrics.
Approximate volume rendering for curvilinear and unstructured grids by hardware‐assisted polyhedron projection

A hardware polygon rendering pipeline can be used with hardware compositing to volume render arbitrary unstructured grids composed of convex polyhedral cells. This technique is described, together with the global sorting necessary for back‐to‐front compositing, and the modifications that must be made to approximate curvilinear cells, whose faces may not be planar. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 11, 53–61, 2000