Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Glycine Decarboxylase Activity Drives Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Tumor-Initiating Cells and Tumorigenesis

Wen Cai Zhang,1,3 Ng Shyh-Chang,1 He Yang,5 Amit Rai,6 Shivshankar Umashankar,6,7 Siming Ma,1 Boon Seng Soh,1 Li Li Sun,1 Bee Choo Tai,11 Min En Nga,9 Kishore Kumar Bhakoo,12 Senthil Raja Jayapal,13 Massimo Nichane,1 Qiang Yu,2 Dokeu A. Ahmed,4 Christie Tan,4 Wong Poo Sing,10 John Tam,10 Agasthian Thirugananam,14 Monireh Soroush Noghabi,1 Yin Huei Pang,9 Haw Siang Ang,5 Wayne Mitchell,16,17 Paul Robson,1 Philipp Kaldis,13 Ross Andrew Soo,5,8 Sanjay Swarup,6,7 Elaine Hsuen Lim,3,8,15,* and Bing Lim1,18,* 1Stem Cell and Developmental Biology 2Cancer Biology and Pharmacology Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672 3Department of Respiratory Medicine 4Department of Thoracic Surgery Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433 5Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456 6Metabolites Biology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543 7NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), T-Lab Building (TL), National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411 8Department of Haematology-Oncology 9Department of Pathology 10Department of Thoracic Surgery National University Hospital, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074 11Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597 12Translational Molecular Imaging Group (TMIG), Laboratory of Molecular Imaging (LMI), Singapore BioImaging Consortium (SBIC), 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138667 13Cell Division and Cancer Laboratory (PRK), Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673 14Department of Thoracic Surgery 15Department of Medical Oncology National Cancer Centre, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169610 16Bioinformatics, Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669 17Divisionof InformationSciences,School ofComputerEngineering,NanyangTechnologicalUniversity, 50NanyangAvenue,Singapore639798 18Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA *Correspondence: elainelim77@ymail.com (E.H.L.), limb1@gis.a-star.edu. sg (B.L.) DOI 10.1016/j.cell. 2011.11. 050
How are These Pictures Different? A Quantitative Comparison of the US State Department and Amnesty International Human Rights Reports, 1976-1995

* Steven C. Poe is an Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of North Texas, and Director of that University’s Peace Studies Program. His research on human rights has been published in a wide variety of Political Science and International Relations journals. ** Sabine C. Carey is a doctoral candidate at the Government Department at the University of Essex, UK. She has previously published on human rights violations and democratization and her current research is on the relationship between protest and repression. *** Tanya C. Vasquez is a Special Assistant in the House Democratic Leader’s Office and has worked on political campaigns in Texas, Kansas, and California. She was a Ronald E. McNair Scholar at the University of North Texas.
Structure Comparison and Optimal Design of 6-RUS Parallel Manipulator Based on Kinematic and Dynamic Performances

THE EFFECTS OF DISTINCTIVE PARAMETERS SUCH AS REVOLUTE JOINT ANGLE OR SPHERICAL JOINT LOCATION OF MOBILE PLATFORM IN A 6-DOF 6-RUS PARALLEL MANIPULATORS ON WORKSPACE, KINEMATIC, AND DYNAMIC INDICES ARE INVESTIGATED IN THIS STUDY TO SELECT PROPER STRUCTURE COMMENSURATE WITH PERFORMANCE. INTELLIGENT MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION METHOD IS USED TO DESIGN THE MANIPULATOR. CONSIDERING DISTINCTIVE PARAMETERS, RELEVANT RELATIONS FOR DEVELOPING INVERSE KINEMATIC AND JACOBIN MATRIX ARE OBTAINED. IN ORDER TO STUDY DYNAMIC PROPERTIES, MASS MATRIX IS OBTAINED FROM CALCULATING THE TOTAL KINETIC ENERGY OF THE MANIPULATOR. AFTER MODIFYING MULTI-OBJECTIVE BEES ALGORITHM, IT USED TO OPTIMIZE THE MANIPULATOR STRUCTURE CONSIDERING ALL GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS WITH PROPER CONSTRAINTS. IN ADDITION OF COMPARISON OF THREE WELL KNOWN 6-RUS MANIPULATORSÂ TYPES, VARIATION DIAGRAM OF WORKSPACE, LOCAL AND GLOBAL DYNAMICS AND KINEMATICS PERFORMANCE INDICES HAVE BEEN DRAWN WITH RESPECT TO STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS VARIATION AND LIMITATION OF THESE PARAMETERS WITH PROPER VALUE ARE DETERMINED. MOREOVER, CONSIDERING ALL DIMENSIONAL PARAMETERS, PARETO FRONT LINE OF MULTI OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION OF STRUCTURE IS PRESENTED BASED ON DYNAMIC AND KINEMATIC PERFORMANCE IN PRE-DETERMINED WORKSPACE. BASED ON THE RESULTS, A FAIRLY COMPARISON AMONG VARIOUS TYPES OF 6-RUS MANIPULATORS CAN BE CONDUCTED AND THE MOST APPROPRIATE SET OF DIMENSIONAL PARAMETERS ARE SELECTED BASED ON SPECIFIC DEMAND.
Conditioning and the Voluntary Control of the Pupillary Light Reflex

Resume LE CONDITIONNEMENT ET LE GOUVERNEMENT VOLONTAIRE DU REFLEXE PUPILLAIRE DE LUMIERE 1. Le probleme etudie a ete celui de conditionner la pupille de l'oeil humain aux stimuli verbaux et a d'autres stimuli sujets au gouvernement du sujet. On a cru que des resultats positifs d'une telle experience nous donneraient une meilleure comprehension de la soi-disant activite volontaire. 2. Le processus de conditionner a ete le suivant: (a) La pupille a ete d'abord conditionnee a une sonnette, la lumiere etant le stimulus non conditionne. (b) On a ensuite employe une contraction de la main du sujet pour etablir les circuits de la lumiere et de la sonnette. La relaxation de la main a coupe les měmes circuits. On a employe des ordres verbaux de l'experimentateur pour evoquer les reponse de la main. (c) Les reponses de la sonnette et de la main ont ete enfin eliminees, laissant seulement les ordres verbaux comme stimuli conditionnes. (d) Enfin, on a fait repeter les stimuli verbaux par les sujets a haute voix, ensu.
Incidence and mortality of postoperative acute kidney injury in non-dialysis patients: comparison between the AKIN and KDIGO criteria

Abstract Objectives This retrospective study determines whether the kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) criteria are superior to acute kidney injury network (AKIN) criteria in detecting non-dialysis AKI events and predicting mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients after surgery. Methods Surgical patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit were enrolled. Non-dialysis AKI cases were defined using either KDIGO or AKIN creatinine criteria and stratified by CKD stages. The adjusted hazard ratios (AHRs) for in-hospital mortality are compared to those without AKI. The cumulative survival curves and the predictability for mortality are accessed by Kaplan–Meier method and calculating the area under the curve (AUC) for the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, respectively. Results From a total of 826 postoperative patients, the overall in-hospital mortality rate was 11.6% (96 cases) and that for AKI according to KDIGO and AKIN criteria was 30.0% (248 cases) and 31.0% (256 cases). The cumulative survival curve stratified by CKD and AKI stages were comparable between KDIGO and AKIN criteria. The discriminative power for mortality stratified by CKD stages for KDIGO and AKIN criteria are as followed: all subjects: 0.678 versus 0.670 (both ps <0.001); non-CKD: 0.800 versus 0.809 (both ps <0.001); early-stage CKD: 0.676 versus 0.676 (both ps <0.001); late-stage CKD: 0.674 versus 0.660 (ps were <0.001 and 0.003). Conclusion The KDIGO criteria are superior to AKIN criteria in predicting mortality after surgery, especially in those with advanced CKD.
Simultaneous Binding of Basic Peptides at Intracellular Sites on a Large Conductance Ca2+-activated K+ Channel

The homologous Kunitz inhibitor proteins, bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) and dendrotoxin I (DTX-I), interact with large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (maxi-KCa) by binding to an intracellular site outside of the pore to produce discrete substate events. In contrast, certain homologues of the Shaker ball peptide produce discrete blocking events by binding within the ion conduction pathway. In this study, we investigated ligand interactions of these positively charged peptide molecules by analysis of single maxi-KCa channels in planar bilayers recorded in the presence of DTX-I and BPTI, or DTX-I and a high-affinity homologue of ball peptide. Both DTX-I (K d, 16.5 nM) and BPTI (K d, 1,490 nM) exhibit one-site binding kinetics when studied alone; however, records in the presence of DTX-I plus BPTI demonstrate simultaneous binding of these two molecules. The affinity of BPTI (net charge, +6) decreases by 11.7-fold (K d, 17,500 nM) when DTX-I (net charge, +10) is bound and, conversely, the affinity of DTX-I decreases by 10.8-fold (K d, 178 nM) when BPTI is bound. The ball peptide homologue (BP; net charge, +6) exhibits high blocking affinity (K d, 7.2 nM) at a single site when studied alone, but has 8.0-fold lower affinity (K d, 57 nM) for blocking the DTX-occupied channel. The affinity of DTX-I likewise decreases by 8.4-fold (K d, 139 nM) when BP is bound. These results identify two types of negatively coupled ligand–ligand interactions at distinct sites on the intracellular surface of maxi-KCa channels. Such antagonistic ligand interactions explain how the binding of BPTI or DTX-I to four potentially available sites on a tetrameric channel protein can exhibit apparent one-site kinetics. We hypothesize that negatively coupled binding equilibria and asymmetric changes in transition state energies for the interaction between DTX-I and BP originate from repulsive electrostatic interactions between positively charged peptide ligands on the channel surface. In contrast, there is no detectable binding interaction between DTX-I on the inside and tetraethylammonium or charybdotoxin on the outside of the maxi-KCa channel.
Fish responses to flow velocity and turbulence in relation to size, sex and parasite load

Riverine fish are subjected to heterogeneous flow velocities and turbulence and may use this to their advantage by selecting regions that balance energy expenditure for station holding while maximizing energy gain through feeding opportunities. This study investigated microhabitat selection by guppies Poecilia reticulata in terms of flow characteristics generated by hemisphere boulders in an open channel flume. Velocity and turbulence influenced the variation in swimming behaviour with respect to size, sex and parasite intensity. With increasing body length, fish swam further and more frequently between boulder regions. Larger guppies spent more time in the areas of high-velocity and low-turbulence regions beside the boulders, whereas smaller guppies frequented the low-velocity and high-turbulence regions directly behind the boulders. Male guppies selected the regions of low velocity, indicating possible reduced swimming ability owing to hydrodynamic drag imposed by their fins. With increasing Gyrodactylus turnbulli burden, fish spent more time in regions with moderate velocity and lowest turbulent kinetic energy which were the most spatially and temporally homogeneous in terms of velocity and turbulence. These findings highlight the importance of heterogeneous flow conditions in river channel design owing to the behavioural variability within a species in response to velocity and turbulence.
Test Directive Generation for Functional Coverage Closure Using Inductive Logic Programming

Functional verification is a complex and time-consuming task in the design process. Recently, various approaches have been developed to improve verification efficiency, including advanced coverage analysis techniques, coverage-driven verification methodologies and coverage-directed stimulus generation techniques. One remaining challenge is to fully automate functional coverage closure. This paper presents a novel approach for coverage-directed stimulus generation based on inductive learning from examples. Test sequences and their related coverage are examined to induce general rules which describe the characteristics of these tests. Coverage closure can be automated by applying the rule learning to clusters similar to the target coverage hole and combining the resulting rules to obtain directives for test generation. The validity of the approach is demonstrated on a pilot case study
The educational use of home robots for children

Korea, with the world's top class infrastructure in IT, has entered in full scale, the experimental phase of e-learning, and speedily extended to even m-learning. Backed by its IT environment and advances in robot technology, Korea developed the world's first available e-learning home robot and demonstrated the prospect of robots as a new educational media. This study compared the effects of traditional media-assisted learning and Web-based instruction(WBI), with the effects of home robot-assisted learning, which automatically updates e-contents and software through wireless network. The results showed that children felt a home robot was friendlier than other media assisted learning programs. Compared to other learning programs, the home robot was superior in promoting and improving students concentration, interest, and academic achievement.
Continuous improvement framework: implications for academia

Purpose – To analyze the main elements of continuous improvement (CI) in higher education and the concerns of academia's stakeholders in the implementation of such an approach. Suggests guidelines for the development of a culture more receptive to the implementation and maintenance of a CI approach in higher education.Design/methodology/approach – A review of published literature (1982‐2004) facilitates identification of elements of CI, and concerns of academia's stakeholders for the adoption of a CI approach in higher education. The reviewed sources are grouped into three major sections: the CI approach, implications of CI, and an illustrative example – EQUIS.Findings – The adoption of a CI approach in higher education requires not only upper administration commitment, but also uncovering the current underlying culture and examining the appropriateness of the objectives to adopt CI. A culture of a long‐term commitment to CI implies engaging the administrative and academic systems and all the stakeholders.
Toward a theory of the educational encounter: Gert Biesta’s educational theory and the right to the city

This paper outlines a theory of the educational encounter, the space of, and the right to that encounter. Situated in response to neoliberal educational reforms, this theory is developed through a reading and synthesis of the educational theory of Gert Biesta, the architectural component of his theory, and literature on the right to the city. The author argues that the notion of the encounter is latent yet central in Biesta’s work and that it can be further cultivated and more precisely attended to by turning to theoretical work on the right to the city, which is engaged here primarily through the lens of the encounter. Several themes are drawn out from the literature that can help in formulating a theory of the educational encounter such as the habitat/inhabit dialectic, the use/use-value/exchange-value framework of space, and the role of struggle in the production and maintenance of space.
Multi-time resolution analysis of speech: evidence from psychophysics

How speech signals are analyzed and represented remains a foundational challenge both for cognitive science and neuroscience. A growing body of research, employing various behavioral and neurobiological experimental techniques, now points to the perceptual relevance of both phoneme-sized (10–40 Hz modulation frequency) and syllable-sized (2–10 Hz modulation frequency) units in speech processing. However, it is not clear how information associated with such different time scales interacts in a manner relevant for speech perception. We report behavioral experiments on speech intelligibility employing a stimulus that allows us to investigate how distinct temporal modulations in speech are treated separately and whether they are combined. We created sentences in which the slow (~4 Hz; Slow) and rapid (~33 Hz; Shigh) modulations—corresponding to ~250 and ~30 ms, the average duration of syllables and certain phonetic properties, respectively—were selectively extracted. Although Slow and Shigh have low intelligibility when presented separately, dichotic presentation of Shigh with Slow results in supra-additive performance, suggesting a synergistic relationship between low- and high-modulation frequencies. A second experiment desynchronized presentation of the Slow and Shigh signals. Desynchronizing signals relative to one another had no impact on intelligibility when delays were less than ~45 ms. Longer delays resulted in a steep intelligibility decline, providing further evidence of integration or binding of information within restricted temporal windows. Our data suggest that human speech perception uses multi-time resolution processing. Signals are concurrently analyzed on at least two separate time scales, the intermediate representations of these analyses are integrated, and the resulting bound percept has significant consequences for speech intelligibility—a view compatible with recent insights from neuroscience implicating multi-timescale auditory processing.
Effects of Exogenous and Endogenous Cannabinoids on GABAergic Neurotransmission between the Caudate-Putamen and the Globus Pallidus in the Mouse

Globus pallidus neurons receive GABAergic input from the caudate-putamen via the striatopallidal pathway. Anatomical studies indicate that many CB1 cannabinoid receptors are localized on terminals of striatopallidal axons. Accordingly, the hypothesis of the present work was that activation of CB1 receptors presynaptically inhibits neurotransmission between striatopallidal axons and globus pallidus neurons. In sagittal mouse brain slices, striatopallidal axons were electrically stimulated in the caudate-putamen, and the resulting GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) were recorded in globus pallidus neurons. The synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists R(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-[(morpholinyl)methyl] pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazinyl]-(1-naphthalenyl)-methanone mesylate (WIN55212-2) and (-)-cis-3-[2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)-phenyl]-trans-4-(3-hydroxy-propyl)-cyclohexanol (CP55940) decreased the amplitude of IPSCs. The CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant prevented the inhibition by WIN55212-2, pointing to involvement of CB1 receptors. Depolarization of globus pallidus neurons induced a weak and short-lasting suppression of IPSCs [i.e., depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI) occurred]. Prevention of DSI by rimonabant indicates that endocannabinoids released from the postsynaptic neurons acted on CB1 receptors to suppress synaptic transmission. WIN55212-2 did not modify currents in globus pallidus neurons elicited by GABA released from its chemically bound (“caged”) form by a flash pulse, suggesting that WIN55212-2 depressed neurotransmission presynaptically. For studying the mechanism of the inhibition of GABA release, terminals of striatopallidal axons were labeled with a calcium-sensitive fluorescent dye. WIN55212-2 depressed the action potential-evoked increase in axon terminal calcium concentration. The results show that activation of CB1 receptors by exogenous and endogenous cannabinoids leads to presynaptic inhibition of neurotransmission between striatopallidal axons and globus pallidus neurons. Depression of the action potential-evoked calcium influx into axon terminals is the probable mechanism of this inhibition.
The Wit and Wisdom of Chinese Tour Guides: A Critical Tourism Perspective 从批判角度探讨中国导游的智慧

This research article examines the communicative techniques and discourse employed by Chinese tour guides during their interaction with English-speaking tourists. In-depth interviews were conducted with tour guides in three locations, intending to capture a cross section of major destinations for visitors to China where the interface between the Chinese host and visitors is likely to be most instructive. The locations for the interviews included Beijing, the cultural and historical center of China; Shanghai, the country's commercial center; and Guilin, a major nature-based tourism destination. The findings indicate that, from a functional perspective, Chinese tour guides employ a variety of communicative strategies when interacting with tourists, which may be indicative of coping behavior or reflective of their inherent attitudes toward visitors. These interactive communication strategies include the use of proverbs, metaphors, analogies, similes, and humor. The prevalent utilization of such techniques in the tour guides’ discourse with visitors not only manifests guides’ wit and wisdom but, viewed from critical tourism and sociolinguistic perspectives, also likely arises in large part from their intent to maintain China's traditional social, political, and economic order in the face of the dramatic changes now taking place in China.
Continuous myoelectric control for powered prostheses using hidden Markov models

This paper represents an ongoing investigation of dexterous and natural control of upper extremity prostheses using the myoelectric signal. The scheme described within uses a hidden Markov model (HMM) to process four channels of myoelectric signal, with the task of discriminating six classes of limb movement. The HMM-based approach is shown to be capable of higher classification accuracy than previous methods based upon multilayer perceptrons. The method does not require segmentation of the myoelectric signal data, allowing a continuous stream of class decisions to be delivered to a prosthetic device. Due to the fact that the classifier learns the muscle activation patterns for each desired class for each individual, a natural control actuation results. The continuous decision stream allows complex sequences of manipulation involving multiple joints to be performed without interruption. The computational complexity of the HMM in its operational mode is low, making it suitable for a real-time implementation. The low computational overhead associated with training the HMM also enables the possibility of adaptive classifier training while in use.
Definable versions of theorems by Kirszbraun and Helly

Kirszbraun's theorem states that every Lipschitz map S → ℝn, where S⊆ ℝm, has an extension to a Lipschitz map ℝm → ℝn with the same Lipschitz constant. Its proof relies on Helly's theorem: every family of compact subsets of ℝn, having the property that each of its subfamilies consisting of at most (n + 1) sets share a common point, has a non‐empty intersection. We prove versions of these theorems valid for definable maps and sets in arbitrary definably complete expansions of ordered fields.
Learning vector autoregressive models with focalised Granger-causality graphs

While the importance of Granger-causal (G-causal) relationships for learning vector autoregressive models (VARs) is widely acknowledged, the state-of-the-art VAR methods do not address the problem of discovering the underlying G-causality structure in a principled manner. VAR models can be restricted if such restrictions are supported by a strong domain theory (e.g. economics), but without such strong domain-driven constraints the existing VAR methods typically learn fully connected models where each series is G-caused by all the others. We develop new VAR methods that address the problem of discovering structure in the G-causal relationships explicitly. Our methods learn sparse G-causality graphs with small sets of \emph{focal} series that govern the dynamical relationships within the time-series system. While maintaining competitive forecasting accuracy, the sparsity in the G-causality graphs that our methods achieve is far from reach of any of the state-of-the-art VAR methods.