Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Midstream social marketing intervention to influence retailers’ compliance with the minimum legal drinking age law

Purpose Alcohol availability is strongly related to excessive alcohol consumption. This study aims to examine social marketing’s response to concerns about retailers’ noncompliance with the minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) law by proposing and evaluating a social marketing intervention directed at sellers in off-premise stores. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on a non-randomized quasi-experimental design, focusing on an evaluation of the implementation of the “18 rules! ” intervention in four cities in Slovenia. Two waves of underage purchase attempts were conducted pre- and post-intervention in 24 off-premise businesses, following a mystery shopping protocol. Findings The initial rate of retailers’ noncompliance with the MLDA law in off-premise establishments was high. After the social marketing intervention, an increase with compliance with the law was observed; the proportion of cashiers selling alcohol to minors after the intervention decreased from 96 to 67 per cent. Qualitative insight suggests an existence of retailers’ dilemma in complying with the MLDA. Research limitations/implications A social marketing approach could contribute to a better understanding of the social working of the MLDA law. Practical implications A social marketing approach could complement the usual enforcement strategies and contribute to a better understanding of the social working of the MLDA law, and encourage deliberate retailers’ compliance with it while developing valuable exchanges among people and stakeholders. Originality/value The paper conceptualizes retailers’ dilemma in complying with the minimal legal drinking age law and offers social marketing response to it. Results of the study show that also solely non-coercive measures have the potential in increasing retailers’ compliance with regulations.
Organization of connectivity of the rat presubiculum: II. Associational and commissural connections

The regional, laminar, and longitudinal organization of intrinsic projections in the presubiculum was examined in the rat with the retrograde tracer horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin and the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin. Cells of origin of intrinsic projections in the presubiculum were distributed in layers II and V, with almost none in layers III and VI. Projections from layer II cells were bilateral and confined to layers II and V and also to the deep portion of layer I, whereas projections from layer V cells were ipsilateral and confined largely to layer V, with fewer projections to layer II. Septotemporal and proximodistal differences in both the projection and the distribution of layer II cells were found: layer II cells in the septal and mid presubiculum, especially those located in the distal part, provided long projections to the temporal presubiculum, whereas layer II cells in the temporal presubiculum provided slightly shorter projections almost entirely within the mid and temporal presubiculum. Layer II cells aggregated massively in the distal portions of the septal and mid presubiculum, but very few layer II cells were found in the most proximal part, especially in the temporal presubiculum. On the other hand, in layer V, cells of origin and their terminals were diffusely and equally distributed throughout the entire proximodistal extent of the presubiculum. Layer V cells did not project longitudinally as far as layer II cells. These longitudinal connections, in layers II and V, make it possible to merge information conveyed by parallel pathways in the presubiculum. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:640–658, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Determination of UK Corporate Capital Gearing

This article seeks to explain the high current level of UK corporate capital gearing. It also explores the empirical relationship between gearing and a range of financial characteristics. Analysis of aggregate data suggests that the sharp rise in gearing between 1999 and 2002 cannot all be explained by an increase in its long-run equilibrium level, according to a model where that equilibrium is determined by the trade-off between the tax benefits of debt and the risks of financial distress. There are a number of factors not captured by that model that could have contributed to a sustainable increase in gearing. But on balance it seems that gearing has been above a sustainable level, causing firms to adjust their balance sheets by paying lower dividends and issuing more equity and perhaps by investing less than they otherwise would have done. Analysis of company accounts data suggests that gearing levels are persistent, positively related to company size and negatively correlated with growth opportunities and the importance of intangible assets. In the past, highly profitable companies had low gearing, but this relationship has broken down since 1995 as more profitable firms have increased their debt.
Compressive CSI Acquisition and Non-Orthogonal Pilot Design for Downlink Massive MIMO Systems

Channel state information (CSI) is usually necessary for downlink precoding, power allocation, etc. in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. When the base stations (BS) are equipped with massive elements, the training overhead required by conventional CSI estimation methods becomes overwhelming, leading to unacceptable loss of spectrum efficiency. In this paper, we investigate pilot design and CSI acquisition issues for downlink massive MIMO transmission. By exploiting the sparsity of beam domain channel, we first derive the optimal pilot structure in case of non-orthogonal pilots with compressive sensing (CS) framework. A deterministic sensing matrix design method is then proposed that satisfies the restricted isometry property (RIP). As beam domain channels are usually approximately sparse, we propose a modified subspace pursuit (SP) algorithm to recover the signals with tradeoff between noise and approximation error. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed sensing matrices have better performance than conventional random CS matrices, and the new channel estimation scheme achieves significant performance improvement with reduced pilots consumption over conventional least square (LS) method.
How valid is dopamine transporter imaging as a surrogate marker in research trials in Parkinson's disease?

To use functional imaging data as indices of disease progression, it is essential that methods are valid. It is not possible for that validation to come from pathology and the methods can only gain validity from the relationship to clinical indices of progression. Validity as a measurement of disease progression depends upon sensitivity to clinical progression, low scan‐to‐scan error, and resilience to confounding effects. Data from the available dopamine transporter (DAT) positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies are examined for these three key factors. Presently, there are insufficient data to enable the satisfactory design of neuroprotection studies and to enable statements on their relevance to disease progression and neuroprotection. The recently completed CALM‐PD neuroimaging study is examined. There is sufficient doubt surrounding the sensitivity, reproducibility, and confounding effects in this study that these data should not be used to formulate a decision on de novo therapy in Parkinson's disease. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Optimal Time Allocation for Wireless Information and Power Transfer in Wireless Powered Communication Systems

In this paper, a three-node wireless powered communication system is studied, where a power receiver harvests energy from a wireless power transmitter via wireless power transfer in the downlink and then executes information transfer in the uplink. According to this simple harvest-then-transmit protocol, the power receiver cannot harvest energy and send information simultaneously. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the tradeoff between wireless power transfer and information transfer to obtain good performance. The goal of this paper is to achieve the maximum throughput by balancing the time duration between the wireless power transfer phase and the information transfer phase while satisfying the energy causality constraint, the time duration constraint, and the quality-of-service constraint (i.e., the symbol error rate is lower than a target value). By solving the optimization problem, an optimal time allocation can be obtained. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the solution.
Histological evaluation of renal allograft protocol biopsies in the early period and 1 year after transplantation

Abstract: We histologically evaluated protocol biopsy specimens of renal allografts obtained in the early period and 1 year after transplantation. The patients were divided into those with at least one history of acute rejection (AR group) and no history of rejection (NAR group), and the histopathological features in the two groups were compared. A total of 45 early protocol biopsy specimens were obtained from 40 patients, and 31 1‐year biopsy specimens were obtained from 30 patients. Acute rejection (AR) or borderline change was observed in the early protocol biopsy specimens from 19 (45.2%) cases. AR or borderline change was observed in 12 of 19 (63.2%) in the AR group, and in 7/26 cases (26.9%) in the NAR group. The incidence of AR or borderline change in the AR group was higher than in the NAR group. Toxic tubulopathy was found in the early protocol biopsy in 16 cases (35.6%). The 1‐year biopsies tended to reveal more complicated findings. Chronic rejection (CR) was seen in 8/16 cases (50.0%) in the AR group, and it was more frequent than NAR group (two cases, 13.3%). In conclusion, the incidences of both AR and CR were higher in the cases with a previous episode of AR. The early protocol biopsy was useful in screening for subclinical AR and toxic tubulopathy. The 1‐year biopsy was useful for evaluating various types of chronic graft damage. We expect that adequate treatment based on protocol biopsy findings in each patient will lead to better graft survival.
Roy’s Safety‐First Portfolio Principle in Financial Risk Management of Disastrous Events

Roy pioneers the concept and practice of risk management of disastrous events via his safety‐first principle for portfolio selection. More specifically, his safety‐first principle advocates an optimal portfolio strategy generated from minimizing the disaster probability, while subject to the budget constraint and the mean constraint that the expected final wealth is not less than a preselected disaster level. This article studies the dynamic safety‐first principle in continuous time and its application in asset and liability management. We reveal that the distortion resulting from dropping the mean constraint, as a common practice to approximate the original Roy’s setting, either leads to a trivial case or changes the problem nature completely to a target‐reaching problem, which produces a highly leveraged trading strategy. Recognizing the ill‐posed nature of the corresponding Lagrangian method when retaining the mean constraint, we invoke a wisdom observed from a limited funding‐level regulation of pension funds and modify the original safety‐first formulation accordingly by imposing an upper bound on the funding level. This model revision enables us to solve completely the safety‐first asset‐liability problem by a martingale approach and to derive an optimal policy that follows faithfully the spirit of the safety‐first principle and demonstrates a prominent nature of fighting for the best and preventing disaster from happening.
Mechanism of Regulatory Target Selection by the SOX High-Mobility-Group Domain Proteins as Revealed by Comparison of SOX1/2/3 and SOX9

ABSTRACT SOX proteins bind similar DNA motifs through their high-mobility-group (HMG) domains, but their action is highly specific with respect to target genes and cell type. We investigated the mechanism of target selection by comparing SOX1/2/3, which activate δ-crystallin minimal enhancer DC5, with SOX9, which activates Col2a1 minimal enhancer COL2C2. These enhancers depend on both the SOX binding site and the binding site of a putative partner factor. The DC5 site was equally bound and bent by the HMG domains of SOX1/2 and SOX9. The activation domains of these SOX proteins mapped at the distal portions of the C-terminal domains were not cell specific and were independent of the partner factor. Chimeric proteins produced between SOX1 and SOX9 showed that to activate the DC5 enhancer, the C-terminal domain must be that of SOX1, although the HMG domains were replaceable. The SOX2-VP16 fusion protein, in which the activation domain of SOX2 was replaced by that of VP16, activated the DC5 enhancer still in a partner factor-dependent manner. The results argue that the proximal portion of the C-terminal domain of SOX1/2 specifically interacts with the partner factor, and this interaction determines the specificity of the SOX1/2 action. Essentially the same results were obtained in the converse experiments in which COL2C2 activation by SOX9 was analyzed, except that specificity of SOX9-partner factor interaction also involved the SOX9 HMG domain. The highly selective SOX-partner factor interactions presumably stabilize the DNA binding of the SOX proteins and provide the mechanism for regulatory target selection.
Coherent J-Band radiating arrays based on ×27 CMOS activemultiplier chips

Abstract This paper presents a hybrid design of 1 × 2 and 1 × 4 arrays operating in 0.277–0.292 THz on 65 nm Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Each of the chips has an X-band input with 3 ×3 multiplier stages and connected at the output to an on-chip ring antenna. A wideband microstrip Wilkinson four-way and two-way power dividers have been developed on a multilayer printed circuit board to feed the array elements with proper radio frequency and direct current inputs. Demonstrating improvements in effective isotropically radiated power and in total radiated power compared to a single CMOS element, the hybrid integration approach proves effective in implementing coherent THz transmitter arrays. Theoretical and practical factors that reduce the radiated power compared with ideal arrays are also discussed.
Cloning, sequence analysis, and overexpression of Escherichia coli folK, the gene coding for 7,8-dihydro-6-hydroxymethylpterin-pyrophosphokinase

The gene coding for the Escherichia coli enzyme 7,8-dihydro-6-hydroxymethylpterin-pyrophosphokinase has been cloned and sequenced. This gene, designated folK, codes for a protein of 159 amino acids, including an amino-terminal methionine. The protein was overexpressed in E. coli MC4100 by cloning the gene behind the lacUV5 promoter in a high-copy-number plasmid. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity. Amino-terminal analysis of the purified protein showed that the amino-terminal methionine had been removed. The compositional molecular mass (17,945 Da) was identical to the molecular mass determined by mass spectrometry. The enzyme was observed to have a large number of proline residues and migrated anomalously in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, with an apparent molecular mass of 23,000 Da.
ELT today: From dilemma to professional responsibilities

In order to develop individual and community identities in a globalising world, pedagogies of connection are compelled to move beyond a ‘method’ approach to English language teaching (ELT). A postmethod pedagogy looks to facilitate contextsensitive, location-specific pedagogy which is based on an understanding of the local linguistic, sociocultural and political context. In this paper, implications of globalisation for ELT are discussed. Globalisation is defined and the ways in which it can be examined from a language perspective are explored. This exploration reveals that globalisation presents English language teachers with a significant dilemma: the domination of culturally based methodologies, such as communicative language teaching (CLT), which have accompanied the spread of the language itself. This paper argues that if this dilemma is seen as a professional responsibility we can derive some guidelines for an informed approach to ELT in a globalising world. The overarching goal of such an approach is to develop ways of teaching English that lead to additive bilingualism. In order to accomplish this goal, the researchers argue that English language teachers have three professional responsibilities to fulfil: 1) adopt a nuanced view of English as a global language; 2) focus on context; and 3) proceed in small steps.
Study of nano-manipulation approach based on the least action principle using AFM based robotic system

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is originally used to observe the sample surface, and then extended to the area of nano-manipulation. It can be quite valuable in the further study of maneuvering nano-particles. Because of the influence of the tip morphology on the tip pushing direction, it is difficult to establish an effective operating model for stably manipulating nanoparticles with controllable manipulation results. To resolve this problem, the acting force of manipulating the nano-particle is analyzed firstly based on the least action principle. Then the influence of the contact point between the nano-particle and the tip is taken into account on the pushing direction, and manipulation of the nano-particle is modeled to predict its position after manipulation. Next, the model parameter is calibrated through several tests. Finally, the proposed model is verified by assembling the nano-structure. The experimental results illustrate that the model can effectively predict the nano-particle position after maneuvering, and can improve the manipulation efficiency.
What effect does development aid have on productivity in recipient countries?

Development aid does not always positively impact economic growth. Instead, aid may decrease total factor productivity (TFP) and discourage the recipient country's own effort to grow. This study contributes to research on macroeconomic aid transmission channels by using panel data from 51 recipient countries over a 36-year period and applying panel time-series techniques. The main aim is to study the aid– productivity relation by analyzing the impact of different forms of aid (grants; loans; and bilateral, multilateral, and sector-related aid) on productivity while accounting for institutional factors and economic policy. The analysis controls for endogeneity and autocorrelation to ensure consistent and efficient estimates. To examine possible vicious circles often attributed to aid, we run quantile regressions to determine the role of aid across productivity quantiles. We find evidence that aid reduced TFP through grants and bilateral aid from 1972 to 1999 and in all quantiles of the TFP distribution from 1972 to 2009. We also find differences in the impact of sector-related aid, where aid is harmful in more productive countries.
Cool and hot executive function as predictors of aggression in early childhood: Differentiating between the function and form of aggression.

Executive function (EF) has been implicated in childhood aggression. Understanding of the role of EF in aggression has been hindered, however, by the lack of research taking into account the function and form of aggression and the almost exclusive focus on cool EF. This study examined the role of cool and hot EF in teacher reported aggression, differentiating between reactive and proactive as well as physical and relational aggression. Children (N = 106) completed laboratory tasks measuring cool (inhibition, planning, working memory) and hot EF (affective decision-making, delay of gratification). Cool, but not hot, EF significantly contributed to understanding of childhood aggression. Inhibition was a central predictor of childhood aggression. Planning and working memory, in contrast, were significant independent predictors of proactive relational aggression only. Added to this, prosocial behaviour moderated the relationship between working memory and reactive relational aggression. This study therefore suggests that cool EF, particularly inhibition, is associated with childhood aggression across the different functions and forms.
Direct Torque Control for Matrix Converter-fed Three phase Induction Motor

This paper develops a direct torque control method (DTC) using a matrix converter fed induction motor. The advantages of matrix converters are combined with the advantages of the DTC technique; under the constraint of the unity input power factor, the required voltage vectors are generated to implement the conventional DTC method of induction motor. The proposed DTC algorithm is applied to induction motors and the simulation results are given in steady-state and transient conditions, while the discussion about the trend of the DTC method using the MC is also carried out.
A Conceptual Framework for Retro Marketing in Sport

Retro marketing has become a staple in sport marketing practices. Teams and leagues are attempting to connect their fans to the past in a magnitude of ways. Despite the influx of retro marketing in sport, there has been no examination of it to date. This study examined the various usages of retro marketing in sport and through an inductive approach created a framework that categorized and broadly defined each usage. The five practical areas of retro marketing in sport were constructed: imagery, merchandising, venue, gameday promotions, and advertising. The authors shaped and framed retro marketing in sport through these five dimensions, as they encompassed the retro marketing practices examined and are often relied upon marketing elements. Further, the authors suggest multiple avenues for future research on this topic, including understanding a sport organization’s usage of these practices and the impact they have on sport consumers.
The Political Context of Evaluation: What does this Mean for Independence and Objectivity?

Evaluation takes place within a political and stakeholder context that has benefits for the relevance and usefulness of the evaluation. However, the politicised context also presents challenges in preserving evaluator independence and objectivity, with potential adverse consequences for the credibility of the evaluation. This article proposes that evaluators need to recognise and negotiate these challenges effectively to ensure that a quality evaluation results.
Necessity of the heart, for lung resection.

Cardiac complications are the second most common cause of perioperative morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing non-cardiac thoracic surgery. The estimated risk of major postoperative cardiac complications within the first 30 days after surgery is 2–3% and account for at least one-third of perioperative deaths (1,2). Aside from mortality, perioperative cardiac complications result in substantial morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, and increased cost. Furthermore, such events can negatively impact both the intermediate and long-term prognosis of the thoracic malignancies being treated operatively. Therefore, preoperative cardiovascular risk evaluation should be considered mandatory and essential in the assessment of patients undergoing non-cardiac thoracic surgery. Frequently debated is the nature of the cardiac testing that should be performed given the lack of uniform guidelines.