Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
GL 3 Encodes a bHLH Protein That Regulates Trichome Development in Arabidopsis Through Interaction With GL 1 and TTG 1 C .

Arabidopsis trichome development and differentiation is a well-studied model for plant cell-fate determination and morphogenesis. Mutations in TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 (TTG1) result in several pleiotropic defects including an almost complete lack of trichomes. The complex phenotype caused by ttg1 mutations is suppressed by ectopic expression of the maize anthocyanin regulator R. Here it is demonstrated that the Arabidopsis trichome development locus GLABRA3 (GL3) encodes an R homolog. GL3 and GLABRA1 (GL1) interact when overexpressed together in plants. Yeast two-hybrid assays indicate that GL3 participates in physical interactions with GL1, TTG1, and itself, but that GL1 and TTG1 do not interact. These data suggest a reiterated combinatorial model for the differential regulation of such diverse developmental pathways as trichome cell-fate determination, root hair spacing, and anthocyanin secondary
A masking-threshold-adapted weighting filter for excitation search

Most LPC-based audio coders improve the reproduction quality by using predictor coefficients to embody perceptual masking in noise spectral shaping. Since the predictor coefficients were originally derived to characterize sound production models, they cannot precisely describe the human ear's nonlinear responses to frequency and loudness. We report on new approaches to exploiting the masking threshold in the design of a perceptual noise-weighting filter for excitation searches. To track the nonstationary evolution of a masking threshold, an autoregressive spectral analysis with finite order has been shown to be capable of providing sufficient accuracy. In seeking a faster response, an artificial neural network was also trained to extract autoregressive modeling parameters of the masking threshold from typical audio signals via mapping. Furthermore, we propose the concept of sinusoidal excitation representation to better track the intrinsic characteristics of prediction error signals. Simulation results indicate that the combined use of a multisinusoid excitation model and a masking-threshold-adapted weighting filter allows the implementation of an LPC-based audio coder that delivers near transparent quality at the rate of 96 kb/s.
Optimal energy storage control policies for the smart power grid

Electric energy storage devices are prime candidates for demand load management in the smart power grid. In this work, we address the optimal energy storage control problem from the side of the utility operator. The operator controller receives power demand requests with different power requirements and durations that are activated immediately. The controller has access to one energy storage device of finite capacity. The objective is to devise an energy storage control policy that minimizes long-term average grid operational cost. The cost is a convex function of instantaneous power demand that is satisfied from the grid, and it reflects the fact that each additional unit of power needed to serve demands is more expensive as the demand load increases. For the online dynamic control problem, we derive a threshold-based control policy that attempts to maintain balanced power consumption from the grid at all times, in the presence of continual generation and completion of demands. The policy adaptively performs charging or discharging of the storage device. The former increases power consumption from the grid and the latter satisfies part of the grid demand from the stored energy. We prove that the policy is asymptotically optimal as the storage capacity becomes large, and we numerically show that it performs very well even for finite capacity. The off-line problem over a finite time horizon that assumes a priori known power consumption to be satisfied at all times, is formulated and solved with Dynamic Programming. Finally, we show that the model, approach and structure of the optimal policy can be extended to also account for a renewable source that feeds the storage device.
Making the Most of Tweet-Inherent Features for Social Spam Detection on Twitter

Social spam produces a great amount of noise on social media services such as Twitter, which reduces the signal-to-noise ratio that both end users and data mining applications observe. Existing techniques on social spam detection have focused primarily on the identification of spam accounts by using extensive historical and network-based data. In this paper we focus on the detection of spam tweets, which optimises the amount of data that needs to be gathered by relying only on tweet-inherent features. This enables the application of the spam detection system to a large set of tweets in a timely fashion, potentially applicable in a real-time or near real-time setting. Using two large hand-labelled datasets of tweets containing spam, we study the suitability of five classification algorithms and four different feature sets to the social spam detection task. Our results show that, by using the limited set of features readily available in a tweet, we can achieve encouraging results which are competitive when compared against existing spammer detection systems that make use of additional, costly user features. Our study is the first that attempts at generalising conclusions on the optimal classifiers and sets of features for social spam detection over different datasets.
Effect of C-peptide Alone or in Combination with Nicotinamide on Insulin Levels from Pancreatic Islets in Mouse.

BACKGROUND Both c-peptide and nicotinamide are known to increase blood insulin in diabetes. In the present study, we examined the effect of c-peptide alone or in combination with nicotinamide on insulin levels in pancreatic islets in mice. METHODS This study was conducted with 60 adult male Naval Medical Research Institute (NMARI) mice weighing 25 to 30 g. Pancreatic islets from normal mice were isolated by the collagenase digestion method. Mice were divided into ten groups of six (n = 6): control, glyburide (1 and 10 μM), C-peptide (50 and 100 nM), nicotinamide (10, 25, and 100 mM), nicotinamide + C-peptide (100 mM and 100 nM), and buffer in different glucose concentrations (2.8, 5.6, and 16.7 mM). Insulin secretion was measured using insulin radioimmunoassay method. RESULTS Insulin secretion significantly increased at 16.7 mM glucose concentration compared with 2.8 and 5.6 mM glucose concentrations. Incubation of islets at 2.8 and 5.6 mM glucose concentrations and nicotinamide + C-peptide, nicotinamide 25 and 100 mM, and C-peptide 100 nM significantly increased insulin secretion compared with the control group. In addition, incubation of islets at 16.7 mM glucose with nicotinamide + C-peptide significantly increased insulin secretion. Glyburide at 10 μM concentration was more effective than nicotinamide at 10 and 100 mM, C-peptide 50 and 100 nM in the presence of 16.7 mM glucose concentration. However, the combination of nicotinamide + C-peptide was more effective than glyburide at a concentration of 10 μM in the presence of a 16.7 mM glucose concentration. CONCLUSIONS This paper suggests that c-peptide, nicotinamide, and the combination of c-peptide and nicotinamide in-creases insulin secretion from pancreatic islets.
Evaluation of Culture Methods To Identify Bovine Feces with High Concentrations of Escherichia coli O157

ABSTRACT Our objective was to evaluate methods for identifying cattle with high concentrations of Escherichia coli O157 in their feces. In two experiments, feces were collected from cattle orally inoculated with nalidixic acid (Nal)-resistant E. coli O157, and direct plating of diluted feces on sorbitol MacConkey agar with cefixime and potassium tellurite (CT-SMAC) containing Nal was considered the gold standard (GS) method. In experiment 1, methods evaluated were preenrichment direct streak, immunomagnetic separation with most probable number (MPN), and postenrichment direct streak with MPN, all using CT-SMAC. The mean concentration of Nal-resistant E. coli O157 in samples (n = 59) by use of the GS was 3.6 log10 CFU/g. The preenrichment streak detected >3.0 log10 CFU/g samples with a 74.4% sensitivity and 68.8% specificity. Postenrichment direct streak-MPN and immunomagnetic separation-MPN concentrations were correlated significantly with GS concentrations (r = 0.53 and r = 0.39, respectively). In experiment 2 (480 samples), pre- and postenrichment direct streaking performed in triplicate and spiral plating on CT-SMAC were evaluated. For preenrichment streaks, sensitivity was 79.7% and specificity was 96.7% for detecting >3.0 log10 CFU/g when the criterion was positive cultures on at least two plates. For spiral plating at that concentration, sensitivity and specificity were 83.9% and 56.3%, respectively. Postenrichment streaking performed relatively poorly. Triplicate preenrichment streaks of 1:10-diluted feces on CT-SMAC may be useful for identifying cattle shedding high concentrations of E. coli O157. Estimates of sensitivity and specificity enable appropriate application of methods and interpretation of results and may enhance applied research, surveillance, and risk assessments.
Design, Fabrication, and Characterization of Near-Milliwatt-Power RCLEDs Emitting at 390 nm

We report on the realization and first demonstration of CW near-milliwatt-power emission at λ = 390 nm from resonant-cavity light-emitting diode (RCLED) on GaN templates. The vertical cavity consists of a bottom AlGaN/GaN distributed Bragg reflector and a top dielectric SiO2/ZrO2 mirror enclosing a GaInN/GaN multiple-quantum-well active layer. RCLEDs with total optical output of about 600 μW at an injection current of 20 mA were achieved before packaging, taking account of current growth and processing considerations. Dislocations generated during the growth of the RCLED structure seem to be affecting the mean light output. This can be further improved by the use of high-quality low-dislocation-density GaN templates or freestanding GaN substrates.
Fusion of satellite images of different spatial resolutions: Assessing the quality of resulting images

Methods have been proposed to produce multispectral images with enhanced spatial resolution using one or more images of the same scene of better spatial resolution. Assuming that the main concern of the user is the quality of the transformation of the multispectral content when increasing the spatial resolution, this paper defines the properties of such enhanced multispectral images. It then proposes both a formal approach and some criteria to provide a quantitative assessment of the spectral quality of these products. Five sets of criteria are defined. They measure the pe$ormance of a method to synthesize the radiometry in a single spectral band as well as the multispectral information when increasing the spatial resolution. The influence of the type of landscape present in the scene upon the assessment of the quality is underlined, as well as its dependence with scale. The whole approach is illustrated by the case of a SPOT image and three different standard methods to enhance the spatial resolution.
Metabolic syndrome and its associated risk factors in Iranian adults: A systematic review

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex clustering cardiovascular risk factors such as abdominal obesity, hypertension, diabetes and dylipedemia. It has been a growing health problem in Iranian adults in recent decade. The objective of this article was to review the prevalence of MetS and the corresponding risk factors among Iranian adults. Methods: We conducted a systematic review to extract the published articles regarding metabolic syndrome and its risk factors among Iranian adults aged >19 years by searching in PubMed, Google Scholar, SID, Magiran and Iranmedex databases. The forty-three published articles were selected regarding MetS among Iranian adults in this review during 2005-2014. Results: From the 43 studies, the rate of MetS varied from 10% to 60% depending on sex, age and region. The highest rate reported among postmenopausal women in Shiraz was over 60%. There was almost a consistent finding that the rate of MetS was higher among women compared with men across national level except in one study. A very sharp difference (43.3% vs. 17.1%) was observed in western Iran (Kordestan province) between sexes. MetS was significantly more prevalent among older adults, postmenopausal women, less-educated people, those living in urban areas and those with low physical activity and unhealthy eating habits across national level consistently. Conclusion: An emerging high rate of MetS across national level highlights the lifestyle modification as preventive measures in Iranian population by focusing primarily on high risk profiles such as low socioeconomic background, low level of education, older age and postmenopausal women.
Classification and Selection of Biomarkers in Genomic Data Using LASSO

High-throughput gene expression technologies such as microarrays have been utilized in a variety of scientific applications. Most of the work has been done on assessing univariate associations between gene expression profiles with clinical outcome (variable selection) or on developing classification procedures with gene expression data (supervised learning). We consider a hybrid variable selection/classification approach that is based on linear combinations of the gene expression profiles that maximize an accuracy measure summarized using the receiver operating characteristic curve. Under a specific probability model, this leads to the consideration of linear discriminant functions. We incorporate an automated variable selection approach using LASSO. An equivalence between LASSO estimation with support vector machines allows for model fitting using standard software. We apply the proposed method to simulated data as well as data from a recently published prostate cancer study.
Light-Induced Phosphorylation and Degradation of the Negative Regulator PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR1 from Arabidopsis Depend upon Its Direct Physical Interactions with Photoactivated Phytochromes[W]

The phytochrome (phy) family of photoreceptors regulates changes in gene expression in response to red/far-red light signals in part by physically interacting with constitutively nucleus-localized phy-interacting basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors (PIFs). Here, we show that PIF1, the member with the highest affinity for phys, is strongly sensitive to the quality and quantity of light. phyA plays a dominant role in regulating the degradation of PIF1 following initial light exposure, while phyB and phyD and possibly other phys also influence PIF1 degradation after prolonged illumination. PIF1 is rapidly phosphorylated and ubiquitinated under red and far-red light before being degraded with a half-life of ∼1 to 2 min under red light. Although PIF1 interacts with phyB through a conserved active phyB binding motif, it interacts with phyA through a novel active phyA binding motif. phy interaction is necessary but not sufficient for the light-induced phosphorylation and degradation of PIF1. Domain-mapping studies reveal that the phy interaction, light-induced degradation, and transcriptional activation domains are located at the N-terminal 150–amino acid region of PIF1. Unlike PIF3, PIF1 does not interact with the two halves of either phyA or phyB separately. Moreover, overexpression of a light-stable truncated form of PIF1 causes constitutively photomorphogenic phenotypes in the dark. Taken together, these data suggest that removal of the negative regulators (e.g., PIFs) by light-induced proteolytic degradation might be sufficient to promote photomorphogenesis.
Mining Sequential Patterns of Event Streams in a Smart Home Application

Recent advances in sensing techniques enabled the possibility to gain precise information about switched-on devices in smart home environments. One is particularly interested in exploring different patterns of electrical usage of indoor appliances and using them to predict activities. This in turns results with many useful applications like inferring effective energy saving procedures. The necessity to derive this knowledge in the real time and the huge size of generated data initiated the need for a precise stream sequential pattern mining approach. Most available approaches are less accurate due to their batch-based nature. We present a smart home application of the PBuilder algorithm which uses a batch-free approach to mine sequential patterns of a real dataset collected from appliances. Additionally, we present the StrPMiner which uses the PBuilder to find sequential patterns within multiple streams. We show through an extensive evaluation over a smart home real dataset the superiority of the StrPMiner algorithm over a state-of-the-art approach.
How to Believe a Machine-Checked Proof

Suppose I say "Here is a machine-checked proof of Fermat's last theorem (FLT)". How can you use my putative machine-checked proof as evidence for belief in FLT? I start from the position that you must have some personal experience of understanding to attain belief, and to have this experience you must engage your intuition and other mental processes which are impossible to formalise. By machine-checked proof I mean a formal derivation in some given formal system; I am talking about derivability, not about truth. Further, I want to talk about actually believing an actual formal proof, not about formal proofs in principle; to be interesting, any approach to this problem must be feasible. You might try to read my proof, just as you would a proof in a journal; however, with the current state of the art, this proof will surely be too long for you to have confidence that you have understood it. This paper presents a technological approach for reducing the problem of believing a formal proof to the same psychological and philosophical issues as believing a conventional proof in a mathematics journal. The approach is not entirely successful philosophically as there seems to be a fundamental difference between machine checked mathematics, which depends on empirical knowledge about the physical world, and informal mathematics, which needs no such knowledge (see section 3.2.2). In the rest of this introduction I outline the approach and mention related work. In following sections I discuss what we expect from a proof, add details to the approach, pointing out problems that arise, and concentrate on what I believe is the primary technical problem: expressiveness and feasibility for checking of formal systems and representations of mathematical notions.
Hierarchical Density Shaving: A clustering and visualization framework for large biological datasets

In many clustering applications for bioinformatics, only part of the data clusters into one or more groups while the rest needs to be pruned. For such situations, we present hierarchical density shaving (HDS), a framework that consists of a fast, hierarchical, density-based clustering algorithm. Our framework also provides a simple yet powerful 2D visualization of the hierarchy of clusters that can be very useful for further exploration. We present results to show the effectiveness of our methods
Design of area efficient chip layout of fractional N-phase locked loop using VLSI technology. A review

In communication system power is one of the most important parameter. Power is the amount to function or generating out energy. This means that it is a way of measuring how fast a function can be carried out. So power has become one of the most important parameter in various communication systems such as optical data links, wireless products, microprocessor. This topic presents the design of an area efficient chip layout of fractional-N phase locked loop for Bluetooth application using VLSI technology. Phase locked loop is a control system that generates an output signal whose phase is realated to the phase of an input signal. This phase locked loop is designed using VLSI technology, which offers high speed performance at low power. Loop filter and Sigma-Delta modulator are the most important factors in improving the performance of fractional-N phase locked loop. The digital Sigma- Delta modulator provides a useful noise shaping for the phase noise introduced by the fractional division operation, while the loop filter bandwidth limits the speed of switching time between the synthesized frequencies.
From grid cells to place cells: A mathematical model

Anatomical connectivity and recent neurophysiological results imply that grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex are the principal cortical inputs to place cells in the hippocampus. The authors propose a model in which place fields of hippocampal pyramidal cells are formed by linear summation of appropriately weighted inputs from entorhinal grid cells. Single confined place fields could be formed by summing input from a modest number (10–50) of grid cells with relatively similar grid phases, diverse grid orientations, and a biologically plausible range of grid spacings. When the spatial phase variation in the grid‐cell input was higher, multiple, and irregularly spaced firing fields were formed. These observations point to a number of possible constraints in the organization of functional connections between grid cells and place cells. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Palm cooling delays fatigue during high-intensity bench press exercise.

UNLABELLED Local cooling can induce an ergogenic effect during a short-term intense exercise. One proposed method of personal cooling involves heat extraction from the palm. PURPOSE In this study, we hypothesized that local palm cooling (PC) during rest intervals between progressive weight training sets will increase total repetitions and exercise volume in resistance-trained subjects exercising in a thermoneutral (TN) environment. METHODS Sixteen male subjects (mean +/- SD; age = 26 +/- 6 yr, height = 178 +/- 7 cm, body mass = 81.5 +/- 11.3 kg, one-repetition maximum (1RM) bench press = 123.5 +/- 12.6 kg, weight training experience = 10 +/- 6 yr) performed four sets of 85% 1RM bench press exercise to fatigue, with 3-min rest intervals. Exercise trials were performed in a counterbalanced order for 3 d, separated by at least 3 d: TN, palm heating (PH), and PC. Heating and cooling were applied by placing the hand in a device called the rapid thermal exchanger, set to 45 degrees C for heating or 10 degrees C for cooling. This device heats or cools the palm while negative pressure (-35 to -45 mm Hg) is applied around the hand. RESULTS Total exercise volume during the four PC sets (2480 +/- 636 kg) was significantly higher than that during TN (1972 +/- 632 kg) and PH sets (2156 +/- 668 kg, P < 0.01). The RMS of the surface EMG with PC exercise was higher (P < 0.01), whereas esophageal temperature (P < 0.05) and RPE (P < 0.05) were lower during PC compared with TN and PH. CONCLUSIONS PC from 35 degrees C to 20 degrees C temporarily overrides fatigue mechanism(s) during intense intermittent resistance exercise. The mechanisms for this ergogenic function remain unknown.