Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Rough Note on Example Based Super Resolution

This note is a rough summary of the super resolution methods that I recently learned. To begin with, what’s the definition of super resolution? Super Resolution (SR) is a class of techniques that enhance the resolution of an image. For example, given a 256 × 256 image as input, the output of a SR process is a corresponding 512× 512 image. Notice that super resolution is a highly ill-posed problem. Because for a given low resolution (LR) image, there exists infinitely many (a large number at the same scale, infinitely many scales) high resolution (HR) images that can produce the same LR image. Therefore, the goal of super resolution is to impose different kinds of priors to narrow down the space of HR images that when downsampling, produce an indentical LR image as the input. Roughly speaking, the techniques of super resolution can be categorized into three class:
Axonal Damage in Repetitive Concussive Traumatic Brain Injury: Characterization and Contributing Factors

XIII CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY . 1 1.2 CONSEQUENCES OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY . 2 1.3 AXONAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY IN TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY . 3 1.4 SUMMARY . 5 CHAPTER 2: MODELING REPETITIVE CONCUSSION IN MOUSE . 7 2.
The Mental Organization of People's Permanent and Situational Attributes

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High‐pressure adaptation of muscle proteins from deep‐sea fishes, Coryphaenoides yaquinae and C. armatus

The evolutionary adaptations of functional genes to life at high pressures are not well understood. To elucidate the mechanisms of protein adaptation to high pressures, we isolated two muscle protein‐encoding cDNAs, α‐actin and myosin heavy chain (MyHC), derived from skeletal muscles of two deep‐sea fishes, Coryphaenoides yaquinae and C. armatus, and two non‐deep‐sea fishes, C. acrolepis and C. cinereus. The α‐actins from two deep‐sea fishes have three amino acid substitutions in comparison to those of non‐deep‐sea fishes. These substitutions enable the deep‐sea fish actins to function even at 60 MPa. The MyHCs of the two deep‐sea fishes have a proline residue in the loop‐1 region and have a shorter loop‐2 region than the non‐deep‐sea fishes. Additionally, the MyHCs of deep‐sea fishes have biased amino acid substitutions at core positions within the coiled‐coil structure of the rod region. The roles of these substitutions in the deep‐sea fishes MyHCs, however, remain unclear.
Alergológica 2005. Methodological aspects and sample characteristics of the study.

BACKGROUND In this article we present the basic methodological aspects of the clinical epidemiologic study Alergológica-2005, a project launched by the Spanish Society of Allergology and Clinical Immunology replicating the objectives and methods of a similar study carried out in 1992. OBJECTIVE The aim of this nation-wide study was to describe the profile of the patients treated in Spanish allergology departments, the normal clinical practice followed by the specialists in these departments, the social and healthcare repercussions of allergic diseases in Spain together with the additional objective of identifying any possible relevant changes that may have taken place regarding these factors during the decade since the original study was completed (1992-2005). METHODS An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out over the year 2005 using a convenience sample of allergic patients (recruited consecutively from a different random date for each researcher participating in the study) who were treated in the departments, both private and public, of 340 specialists in allergology working in the Spanish healthcare system. The sample was stratified geographically by autonomous region in a ratio proportional to the population of each geographical area. RESULTS Clinical, epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic, social and general healthcare data were collected from 4991 allergic patients presenting for the first time in the departments of the researchers involved in the study. The results and conclusions will be presented classified by disorder in the following research articles published in this issue. CONCLUSIONS The methodological aspects described guarantee the accuracy of the estimates made in the current study and the comparability of the results with those of Alergológica-92 project.
What can 'people-nearby' applications teach us about meeting new people?

'People-nearby' applications for meeting new people online are some of the most popular examples of systems that lead people from an online interaction to an offline interaction. This paper provides a critical review of available applications, and identifies three key properties that are essential for the applications: physical location, identity management, and trust. The paper suggests open research questions that can explain the success of these applications and guide the design of new technologies that encourage offline interactions.
Comparative efficacy and safety of local and systemic methotrexate injection in cesarean scar pregnancy

Objective To investigate the efficacy of methotrexate (MTX) injection in treatment of cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP). Method A randomized controlled study was performed in 104 CSP patients receiving either local or systemic MTX injection at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital from the year 2008 to 2013. Results Complete cure was defined as regression of ultrasonographic findings and normalization of serum β-hCG within 60 days. It was regarded as delayed cure if additional dilation and curettage (D&C) was needed. The overall cure rate (complete cure plus delayed cure) was 69.2% versus 67.3% for local injection versus systemic administration (P>0.05). The median time for serum β-hCG remission and uterine mass disappearance after systemic administration (42 [21–69] days and 40 [20–67] days) were significantly lower than those receiving local injection (56 [24–92] days and 53 [23–88] days), with P=0.029 and 0.046, respectively. The mean pretreatment serum β-hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) level and lesion size in cured group (21,941±18,351 mIU/mL and 2.9±1.3 cm, respectively) were significantly lower than those in the failed group (37,047±30,864 mIU/mL and 3.6±1.3) with P=0.038 and 0.044, respectively. Conclusion MTX injection is effective in CSP treatment. Systemic administration shows similar overall cure rate compared to local injection, but requires shorter time for serum β-hCG remission and uterine mass disappearance.
Differential Expression of the Chlamydomonas [FeFe]-Hydrogenase-Encoding HYDA1 Gene Is Regulated by the COPPER RESPONSE REGULATOR11[C][W]

The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii adapts to anaerobic or hypoxic conditions by developing a complex fermentative metabolism including the production of molecular hydrogen by [FeFe]-hydrogenase isoform1 (HYDA1). HYDA1 transcript and hydrogenase protein accumulate in the absence of oxygen or copper (Cu). Factors regulating this differential gene expression have been unknown so far. In this study, we report on the isolation of a Chlamydomonas mutant strain impaired in HYDA1 gene expression by screening an insertional mutagenesis library for HYDA1 promoter activity using the arylsulfatase-encoding ARYLSULFATASE2 gene as a selection marker. The mutant strain has a deletion of the COPPER RESPONSE REGULATOR1 (CRR1) gene encoding for CRR1, indicating that this SQUAMOSA-PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN (SBP) domain transcription factor is involved in the regulation of HYDA1 transcription. Treating the C. reinhardtii wild type with mercuric ions, which were shown to inhibit the binding of the SBP domain to DNA, prevented or deactivated HYDA1 gene expression. Reporter gene analyses of the HYDA1 promoter revealed that two GTAC motifs, which are known to be the cores of CRR1 binding sites, are necessary for full promoter activity in hypoxic conditions or upon Cu starvation. However, mutations of the GTAC sites had a much stronger impact on reporter gene expression in Cu-deficient cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that the CRR1 SBP domain binds to one of the GTAC cores in vitro. These combined results prove that CRR1 is involved in HYDA1 promoter activation.
Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy with Vinorelbine plus Split-Dose Cisplatin may be an Option in Inoperable Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Single-Center Experience

Background Concurrent chemoradiotherapy is the current standard treatment for inoperable stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study we aimed to investigate the efficacy and toxicity of CCRT with split dose of cisplatin (30 mg/m2) and vinorelbine (20 mg/m2) in patients with inoperable stage III NSCLC followed in our oncology clinic. Material/Methods Medical records of 97 patients with inoperable stage III NSCLC treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy with cisplatin-vinorelbine were retrospectively analyzed. Cisplatin (30 mg/m2) and vinorelbine (20 mg/m2) were administered on days 1, 8, 22, and 29 during radiotherapy. Two cycles of consolidation chemotherapy were given. All patient data, including pathological, clinical, radiological, biochemical, and hematological data, were assessed retrospectively using our database system. Results Our study included 97 unresectable stage III NSCLC patients who were treated with CCRT. Median age was 58 years old (range 39–75) and 87 (89.7%) of the patients were men. ECOG performance score was 0–1 in 93 patients (95.9%). Squamous histology, the most common histology, was diagnosed in 46 patients (47.4%). Median follow-up time was 23.8 months. Median progression-free survival (PFS) and median overall survival time (OS) were 10.3 months and 17.8 months, respectively. Objective response rate and clinical benefit rate were 75.3% and 83.5%, respectively. Distant and local relapse rate were 57.1% and 42.9%, respectively. Hematological and non-hematological grade 3–4 toxicities were seen in 13 (13.4%) and 16 (16.5%) patients, respectively. Six (6.1%) patients died due to toxicity. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that split-dose cisplatin may offer fewer grade III–IV toxicities without sacrificing efficacy and could be an option in patients with inoperable stage III NSCLC during CCRT. Similar to past studies, despite high response rate during CCRT, distant relapse is the major parameter that influences patient survival in long-term in NSCLC.
Synthesis of asymmetrical multiantennary human milk oligosaccharides

Significance Human breast milk is rich in a family of structurally diverse unconjugated glycans. These human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) can shape the intestinal microbiome, serve as soluble decoys for receptors of pathogens, and have immune-modulatory properties. Virtually nothing is known about the importance of the molecular complexity of HMOs for binding and biological activity, which hampers exploitation of their biomedical potential. We have developed a synthetic approach that can provide highly complex, asymmetrical, multiantennary HMOs. These compounds have been used in the development of a glycan microarray, which makes it possible to examine the biology of individual compounds. Binding studies with the array uncovered that the complex architecture of HMOs greatly affects protein–glycan binding. Despite mammalian glycans typically having highly complex asymmetrical multiantennary architectures, chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis has almost exclusively focused on the preparation of simpler symmetrical structures. This deficiency hampers investigations into the biology of glycan-binding proteins, which in turn complicates the biomedical use of this class of biomolecules. Herein, we describe an enzymatic strategy, using a limited number of human glycosyltransferases, to access a collection of 60 asymmetric, multiantennary human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which were used to develop a glycan microarray. Probing the array with several glycan-binding proteins uncovered that not only terminal glycoepitopes but also complex architectures of glycans can influence binding selectivity in unanticipated manners. N- and O-linked glycans express structural elements of HMOs, and thus, the reported synthetic principles will find broad applicability.
Joint Sparse Representation and Embedding Propagation Learning: A Framework for Graph-Based Semisupervised Learning

In this paper, we propose a novel graph-based semisupervised learning framework, called joint sparse representation and embedding propagation learning (JSREPL). The idea of JSREPL is to join EPL with sparse representation to perform label propagation. Like most of graph-based semisupervised propagation learning algorithms, JSREPL also constructs weights graph matrix from given data. Different from classical approaches which build weights graph matrix and estimate the labels of unlabeled data in sequence, JSREPL simultaneously builds weights graph matrix and estimates the labels of unlabeled data. We also propose an efficient algorithm to solve the proposed problem. The proposed method is applied to the problem of semisupervised image clustering using the ORL, Yale, PIE, and YaleB data sets. Our experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm.
On the Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is increasingly recognized as a prevalent anxiety disorder with a chronic course and signifi cant impairment (APA, 2000; Ballenger et al., 2001; Weisberg, 2009). In the Netherlands, according to the second Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS-2; De Graaf, Ten Have, & Van Dorsselaar, 2010) GAD was found to have a 4.5% lifetime prevalence rate, and the 12-month prevalence rate was reported to be 1.7%. GAD is a long-term illness with a high likelihood of recurrence. For instance, during the 12 years of a large longitudinal study, the Harvard-Brown Anxiety Research Project (HARP; Bruce et al., 2005), the average amount of time that patients met diagnostic criteria of GAD was 74%. Further, GAD was found to have a probability of recovery of 0.58 in the 12 years the study lasted, and the probability of recurrence in patients who recovered was 0.45. GAD has been found to be associated with considerable impairment and severity. For instance, in one study GAD was the anxiety disorder with the highest rate of moderate to severe disability (Sanderson & Andrews, 2002). Further, lifetime and current GAD were found to be associated with decreased overall well-being (Stein & Heimberg, 2004) and with impairment that was equivalent in magnitude to the impairment caused by major depressive disorder (Kessler, Dupont, Berglund, & Wittchen, 1999).
Surface Quality Assessment with Advanced Texture Analysis Techniques Topi Mäenpää Machine Vision Group

Surface properties such as cloudiness and granularity can not be easily measured in a quantitative way. Traditional computer vision methods such as thresholding-based object feature detectors do not provide sufficiently reliable information. On the other hand, most texture analysis methods are overwhelmingly complex and slow. This paper presents a technique that uses statistical texture measures and a self-organizing feature map to automatically arrange textures into different categories. Unlike most other texture measures the proposed technique is simple and robust against artifacts such as illumination changes. Therefore, it performs better in many real world applications. Simplicity also means low computational burden which makes it possible to perform sophisticated analys in real time.
Minimum-variance cone-excitation ratios and the limits of relational color constancy

Relational color constancy refers to the constancy of the perceived relations between the colors of surfaces of a scene under changes in the spectral composition of the illuminant. Spatial ratios of cone excitations provide a natural physical basis for this constancy, as, on average, they are almost invariant under illuminant changes for large collections of natural surfaces and illuminants. The aim of the present work was to determine, computationally, for specific surfaces and illuminants, the constancy limits obtained by the application of a minimum-variance principle to cone-excitation ratios and to investigate its validity in predicting observers' surface-color judgments. Cone excitations and their changes due to variations in the color of the illuminant were estimated for colored surfaces in simulated two-dimensional scenes of colored papers and real three-dimensional scenes of solid colored objects. For various test surfaces, scenes, and illuminants, the estimated levels of relational color constancy mediated by cone-excitation ratios varied significantly with the test surface and only with certain desaturated surfaces corresponded to ideal matches. Observers' experimental matches were compared with predictions expressed in CIE 1976 (u′,v′) space and were found to be generally consistent with minimum-variance predictions.
Hybrid Real-time Operating System for Resource-constraint Wireless Sensor Nodes

Wireless sensor network (WSN) has been used in widespread domains, and the real-time response is required by many WSN applications. However, due to the memory resources limitation on the sensor nodes, the current WSN OSs such as TinyOS, Contiki, SOS, mantisOS, etc., are not real-time ones. To achieve the objective of designing a real- time OS with low memory resource consumption, a new WSN OS named HEROS is developed and presented in this paper. For HEROS, it adopts a hybrid scheduling strategy. Both the event-driven and multithreading schedulers are implemented in parallel, and these two schedulers can switch to each other when necessary. By this means, HEROS take advantages of both the event-driven system's low memory resource consumption as well as multithreading system's high real-time performance. Besides these, HEROS uncouples the applications from the underlying systems by using the pre-linked mechanism (PLM). With this mechanism, a user-friendly development environment can be provided to the WSN users. Finally, to evaluate the performance of HEROS, it is compared with some other WSN OSs on the iLive platform (8-bit AVR microcontroller). The final experimental and evaluation results prove that HEROS is a memory resources efficient, real-time supported and user-friendly OS, and can be used on most resource-constrained sensor nodes to support the diverse kinds of WSN applications.
An improved LC-MS/MS procedure for brain prostanoid analysis using brain fixation with head-focused microwave irradiation and liquid-liquid extraction Published, JLR Papers in Press, January 9, 2008.

High-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection (LC-MS/MS) allows a highly selective, sensitive, simultaneous analysis for prostanoids (PG) without derivatization. However, high chemical background noise reduces LC-MS/MS selectivity and sensitivity for brain PG analysis. Four common methods using different solvent systems for PG extraction were tested. Although these methods had the same recovery of PG, the modified acetone extraction followed by liquid/liquid purification had the greatest sensitivity. This method combined with hexane/2-propanol extraction permits the simultaneous analysis of other lipid molecules and PG in the same extract. We also determined that PG mass in brain powder stored at −80°C was reduced 2- to 4- fold in 4 weeks; however, PG were stable for long periods (>3 months) in hexane/2-propanol extracts. PG mass was increased significantly when mice were euthanized by decapitation and the brains rapidly flash-frozen rather than euthanized using head-focused microwave irradiation. This reduction is not the result of PG trapping or destruction in microwave-irradiated brains, demonstrating its importance in limiting mass artifacts during brain PG analysis. Our improved procedure for brain PG analysis provides a reliable, rapid means to detect changes in brain PG mass under both basal and pathological conditions and demonstrates the importance of sample preparation in this process.
Association Between Carotid Plaque Characteristics and Subsequent Ischemic Cerebrovascular Events: A Prospective Assessment With MRI—Initial Results

Background and Purpose— MRI is able to quantify carotid plaque size and composition with good accuracy and reproducibility and provides an opportunity to prospectively examine the relationship between plaque features and subsequent cerebrovascular events. We tested the hypothesis that the characteristics of carotid plaque, as assessed by MRI, are possible predictors of future ipsilateral cerebrovascular events. Methods— A total of 154 consecutive subjects who initially had an asymptomatic 50% to 79% carotid stenosis by ultrasound with ≥12 months of follow-up were included in this study. Multicontrast-weighted carotid MRIs were performed at baseline, and participants were followed clinically every 3 months to identify symptoms of cerebrovascular events. Results— Over a mean follow-up period of 38.2 months, 12 carotid cerebrovascular events occurred ipsilateral to the index carotid artery. Cox regression analysis demonstrated a significant association between baseline MRI identification of the following plaque characteristics and subsequent symptoms during follow-up: presence of a thin or ruptured fibrous cap (hazard ratio, 17.0; P≤0.001), intraplaque hemorrhage (hazard ratio, 5.2; P=0.005), larger mean intraplaque hemorrhage area (hazard ratio for 10 mm2 increase, 2.6; P=0.006), larger maximum %lipid-rich/necrotic core (hazard ratio for 10% increase, 1.6; P=0.004), and larger maximum wall thickness (hazard ratio for a 1-mm increase, 1.6; P=0.008). Conclusions— Among patients who initially had an asymptomatic 50% to 79% carotid stenosis, arteries with thinned or ruptured fibrous caps, intraplaque hemorrhage, larger maximum %lipid-rich/necrotic cores, and larger maximum wall thickness by MRI were associated with the occurrence of subsequent cerebrovascular events. Findings from this prospective study provide a basis for larger multicenter studies to assess the risk of plaque features for subsequent ischemic events.