Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Polymorphism measures for early risk prediction

Polymorphism is an essential feature of the object-oriented paradigm. However, polymorphism induces hidden forms of class dependencies, which may impact software quality. In this paper, we define and empirically investigate the quality impact of polymorphism on OO design. We define measures of two main aspects of polymorphic behaviors provided by the C++ language: polymorphism based on compile time linking decisions (overloading functions for example) and polymorphism based on run-time binding decisions (virtual functions for example). Then, we validate our measures by evaluating their impact on class fault-proneness, a software quality attribute. The results show that our measures are capturing different dimensions than LOC a size measure, as well as they are significant predictors of fault proneness. In fact, we show that they constitute a good complement to the existing OO design measures.
Children and the Risk of Fractures Caused by Oral Corticosteroids

Oral corticosteroids are known to increase the risk of fracture in adults, but their effects in children remain uncertain. The medical records of general practitioners in the United Kingdom (from the General Practice Research Database) were used to estimate the incidence rates of fracture of children ages 4‐17 years taking oral corticosteroids (n = 37,562) and of control children taking nonsystemic corticosteroids (n = 345,748). Each child with a fracture (n = 22,846) was subsequently matched by age, sex, practice, and calendar time to one child without a fracture. The average duration of treatment was 6.4 days (median, 5 days). The risk of fracture was increased in children with a history of frequent use of oral corticosteroids; children who received four or more courses of oral corticosteroids had an adjusted odds ratio (OR) for fracture of 1.32 (95% CI, 1.03‐1.69). Of the various fracture types, the risk of humerus fracture was doubled in children who received four or more courses of oral corticosteroids (adjusted OR, 2.17 [1.01‐4.67]). Fracture risk was also increased among children using 30 mg prednisolone or more each day (adjusted OR for fracture, 1.24 [1.00‐1.52]) and among those receiving four or more courses of oral corticosteroids (OR, 1.32 [1.03‐1.69]). Children who stopped taking oral corticosteroids had a comparable risk of fracture to those in the control group. Our findings suggest that children who require more than four courses of oral corticosteroid as treatment for underlying disease are at increased risk of fracture. It is not entirely clear whether this relates directly to oral corticosteroid use or the underlying disease and its severity. Irrespective of these issues, this group of children is at increased risk of fracture.
Transforming Fuzzy Description Logic ALCFL into Classical Description Logic ALCH

In this paper, we present a satisfiability preserving transformation of the fuzzy Description Logic ALCFL into the classical Description Logic ALCH. We can use the already existing DL systems to do the reasoning of ALCFL by applying the result of this paper. This work is inspired by Straccia, who has transformed the fuzzy Description Logic fALCH into the classical Description Logic ALCH.
Transdermal delivery of a ~13 kDa protein—an in vivo comparison of physical enhancement methods

The availability of several enhancement techniques has made it possible to study delivery of macromolecules through skin. This study was conducted to evaluate the transdermal delivery of a ~13 kDa protein using iontophoresis, sonophoresis, and microneedles alone or in combination. In vivo delivery experiments were carried out using hairless rats with daniplestim (DP) as the model protein (molecular weight: 12.760 kDa; isoelectric point, 6.2). Delivery enhancement abilities of the above techniques were evaluated at two different drug concentrations in the patch: 2 mg/mL and 5 mg/mL. At a drug loading concentration of 2 mg/mL maximum delivery was seen with the combination of microneedles and iontophoresis. At 5 mg/mL, sonophoresis alone gave a Cmax of 8.22 ± 5.9 ng/mL and a combination of sonophoresis and iontophoresis gave a Cmax of 4.9 ± 1.8 ng/mL. The results of this study suggest that combination of microneedles and iontophoresis was the most effective approach in delivering a 13 kDa protein through the skin.
Active shape model based segmentation of bone structures in hip radiographs

This paper presents a novel method for segmentation of bone structures in anterior-posterior (AP) radiographs based on active shape models. A priori global knowledge of the geometric structure of each hip is captured by a statistical deformable template integrating a set of admissible deformations. Then, to represent the image structure expected at each shape point, two statistical models are built: the first model contains knowledge about the edges extracted from the radiograph. This information is summarized in shape context histograms. The second model describes the local image structure around each model point. After gathering these two types of data over the training set, an independent component analysis allows us to derive two data representations for each contour part of the shape. The search is performed over a median pyramid using the shape context model. The obtained segmentation is refined at the original radiograph resolution using the more local model. A leave-one-out test was used to evaluate the performance of the proposed method and to compare it with other conventional methods. The results demonstrate that the method is very robust and precise, and that it can be useful in the context of preoperative planning of hip surgery.
Patlak Image Estimation From Dual Time-Point List-Mode PET Data

We investigate using dual time-point PET data to perform Patlak modeling. This approach can be used for whole body dynamic PET studies in which we compute voxel-wise estimates of Patlak parameters using two frames of data for each bed position. Our approach directly uses list-mode arrival times for each event to estimate the Patlak parametric image. We use a penalized likelihood method in which the penalty function uses spatially variant weighting to ensure a count independent local impulse response. We evaluate performance of the method in comparison to fractional changes in SUV values (%DSUV) between the two frames using Cramer Rao analysis and Monte Carlo simulation. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are used to compare performance in differentiating tumors relative to background based on the dynamic data sets. Using area under the ROC curve as a performance metric, we show superior performance of Patlak relative to %DSUV over a range of dynamic data sets and parameters. These results suggest that Patlak analysis may be appropriate for analysis of dual time-point whole body PET data and could lead to superior detection of tumors relative to %DSUV metrics.
A type assignment for the strongly normalizable |?-terms

This paper provides an assignment of type symbols to the λK-terms which are βη-strongly normalizable. The assignment can be viewed as an extension of the formulas-as-types approach to the study of intuitionistic logic and, consequently, may be said to have its ultimate origins in the remarks of Curry and Feys (1958, pp. 313-315). The type symbols employed are formulas built up from grouping indicators, propositional parameters, →, and the new connective ∩. 1 The intuitive meaning of ∩ can be explained by saying that to assert A∩B is to assert that one has a reason for asserting A which is also a reason for asserting B. Taken together with the usual intuitionist understanding of →, this reading of ∩ provides a nice motivation for all but one of the rules used in the first system defined below to establish the promised assignment of type symbols. The exception is a rule designed to allow for as full a treatment of η-conversion as possible. In Curry and Feys (1958, pp. 313-315) it is pointed out that the functional characters assigned to closed terms in the basic theory of functionality are in effect the theorems of intuitionist propositional logic in which the only logical constant which occurs is →. Given this, it is natural in the present setting to define A to be a theorem iff it is the type symbol of a closed term and then consider the properties of ∩ in the light of this definition. Although the bulk of this paper is devited 2 to questions which arise from considering the systems presented here as providing as 3 assignment of type symbols to λ-terms, the consequences of this definition are explored briefly in section 6. In particular, it will be shown that the behavior of → and ∩ is quite different from the behavior of → and &. This is to be expected, since, according to the usual intuitionist understanding of &, to assert A&B is to assert that one has a pair of reasons, the first of which is a reason for asserting A and the second of which is a reason for asserting B. Evidently, this is quite different from the reading for ∩ given above. The point of section 6 is to show how this intuitive difference manifests itself formally, The results proved here should be compared with the recent work on extended type assignments for λ-terms contained in Coppo and Dezani-Ciancaglini (1978), Sallé (1978), Coppo, Dezani-Ciancaglini, and Sallé (1979), and Coppo and Dezani-Ciancaglini (1980). They are especially similar to the results presented in Coppo and Dezani-Ciancaglini (1980) but go beyond the latter in that they cover the λK-terms and include a treatment of η-
PASTHA: parallelizing stencil calculations in Haskell

Stencils are typical building blocks for many numerical scientific applications. Different parallelization methods exist, the choice of a method depends on the given stencil, parallel programming system etc. Implementing stencils in a library simplifies application programming, allows to experiment with different parallelization methods, and supports their automatic adaptation to a given stencil. This paper introduces PASTHA, a prototype for a Haskell library that allows to declaratively describe stencil-based problems and calculate them in parallel. The description is flexible enough to cover all 2D stencils we are aware of. Implementation is based on task queues and strict evaluation. We report on experiments with a Gauß-Seidel stencil, where we achieved speedups of up to 4 on six cores, and with global and local sequence scoring from the Haskell bioinformatics library bio. For local scoring, the running time was reduced by a factor of 55, which is partially due to PASTHA.
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (Stat)-Induced Stat Inhibitor 1 (Ssi-1)/Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 (Socs1) Inhibits Insulin Signal Transduction Pathway through Modulating Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 (Irs-1) Phosphorylation

Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-induced STAT inhibitor 1 (SSI-1) is known to function as a negative feedback regulator of cytokine signaling, but it is unclear whether it is involved in other biological events. Here, we show that SSI-1 participates and plays an important role in the insulin signal transduction pathway. SSI-1–deficient mice showed a significantly low level of blood sugar. While the forced expression of SSI-1 reduced the phosphorylation level of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), SSI-1 deficiency resulted in sustained phosphorylation of IRS-1 in response to insulin. Furthermore, SSI-1 achieves this inhibition both by binding directly to IRS-1 and by suppressing Janus kinases. These findings suggest that SSI-1 acts as a negative feedback factor also in the insulin signal transduction pathway through the suppression of IRS-1 phosphorylation.
Mitochondria as Crucial Players in Demyelinated Axons: Lessons from Neuropathology and Experimental Demyelination

Mitochondria are the most efficient producers of energy in the form of ATP. Energy demands of axons, placed at relatively great distances from the neuronal cell body, are met by mitochondria, which when functionally compromised, produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in excess. Axons are made metabolically efficient by myelination, which enables saltatory conduction. The importance of mitochondria for maintaining the structural integrity of myelinated axons is illustrated by neuroaxonal degeneration in primary mitochondrial disorders. When demyelinated, the compartmentalisation of ion channels along axons is disrupted. The redistribution of electrogenic machinery is thought to increase the energy demand of demyelinated axons. We review related studies that focus on mitochondria within unmyelinated, demyelinated and dysmyelinated axons in the central nervous system. Based on neuropathological observations we propose the increase in mitochondrial presence within demyelinated axons as an adaptive process to the increased energy need. An increased presence of mitochondria would also increase the capacity to produce deleterious agents such as ROS when functionally compromised. Given the lack of direct evidence of a beneficial or harmful effect of mitochondrial changes, the precise role of increased mitochondrial presence within axons due to demyelination needs to be further explored in experimental demyelination in-vivo and in-vitro.
Priority based congestion avoidance hybrid scheme for Wireless Sensor Network

Congestion control and avoidance inWireless Sensor Network has becoming the major area of concern in research. This is because the congestion in the network can create various issues like more energy consumption, loss of packets, more delay, less packet delivery ratio and hence low throughput. If the congestion is avoided then these parameters can be easily controlled. Controlling the congestion, or jamming of data, is more important in case of healthcare WSN which is also called Body Area Network. This is because the variation in the above parameters like increase in delay can also cause the death of the patient. So, to elude congestion in the network, we propose a priority based congestion avoidance scheme PCAH which not only avoids the congestion problem but also provides efficient mechanism to save energy. We evaluated the proposed scheme in NS2 simulator.
Modelling multiple REIT indices using TAR models based on aggregation functions

The aim of this paper is to compare descriptive and predictive qualities of multivariate TAR models with threshold variables obtained via aggregation functions versus one-dimensional TAR models with endogenous as well as exogenous threshold variables. Time series of REIT indexes of 5 selected G7 countries (USA, Japan, Great Britain, France, Canada) were modelled. They manifest similar behaviour in the considered time period, January 1, 2000-May 8, 2012, divided into 3 sub-periods determined by the recent global financial markets crisis (July 1, 2008-April 30, 2009). The multivariate TAR models with threshold variables constructed via aggregation functions have in all cases better descriptive properties and in most cases they also show better prediction properties. A new subclass of those models, based on the OMA type of aggregation functions, exhibit promising properties both with respect to their descriptive and predictive performance.
Highlighted Topic Mechanisms and Modulators of Temperature Regulation Thermal Provocation to Evaluate Microvascular Reactivity in Human Skin

Minson CT. Thermal provocation to evaluate microvascular reactivity in human skin. increased interest in predic-tive medicine, development of a relatively noninvasive technique that can improve prediction of major clinical outcomes has gained considerable attention. Current tests that are the target of critical evaluation, such as flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery and pulse-wave velocity, are specific to the larger conduit vessels. However, evidence is mounting that functional changes in the microcir-culation may be an early sign of globalized microvascular dysfunction. Thus development of a test of microvascular reactivity that could be used to evaluate cardiovascular risk or response to treatment is an exciting area of innovation. This mini-review is focused on tests of microvascular reactivity to thermal stimuli in the cutaneous circulation. The skin may prove to be an ideal site for evaluation of microvascular dysfunction due to its ease of access and growing evidence that changes in skin vascular reactivity may precede overt clinical signs of disease. Evaluation of the skin blood flow response to locally applied heat has already demonstrated prognostic utility, and the response to local cooling holds promise in patients in whom cutaneous disorders are present. Whether either of these tests can be used to predict cardiovascular morbidity or mortality in a clinical setting requires further evaluation. THE NEED TO MEASURE VASCULAR reactivity in the skin spans basic research on the nature of skin blood flow, identification of cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk in patients, measurement and evaluation of disease progression or treatment, and evaluation of microvascular or endothelial dysfunction in cu-taneous disorders. The skin is an ideal site for evaluation of microvascular reactivity because it is easily accessible, and stimuli can be applied with non-or minimally invasive approaches. It has been suggested the cutaneous circulation can serve as a model for generalized microvascular dysfunction (35, 53, 89), and an increasing number of studies back this sentiment. For example, changes in skin vascular reactivity are often observed before clinical signs of microvascular dysfunc-tion during the early stages of some diseases, suggesting skin vascular reactivity may serve as a harbinger of more globalized microvascular dysfunction (38, 39, 51–55, 65). However, clinical enthusiasm for the development of such tests must not precede careful assessment. Despite great leaps in our knowledge over the last decade, many of the complexities in the regulation of cutaneous vascular tone remain unclear. Furthermore , if tests of microvascular function are to be of …
A nationwide study of stressful life events in Mainland China.

&NA; The Stressful Life Events Rating Scale, a recently developed instrument specifically designed for the measurement of stressful life events in Mainland China, was administered along with the Chinese version of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist to 4054 Chinese “normal” subjects who were sampled from 24 sites across Mainland China. “Problems with Interpersonal Relationship” was the most commonly encountered psychosocial stressor in Chinese daily life. At least once a year, about 34% of normal Chinese subjects were stressed by being misunderstood or berated; 17% of married persons experienced difficulties with child rearing; 15% of married women had troubles with mothers‐in‐law. These stressors strongly influenced the well‐being of Chinese residing in Mainland China. Stressors in the categories of “Study” and “Health” also contributed substantially. The life events experienced and stressfulness perceived varied in different life stages. Similarly, the major patterns of psychological responses obtained from the Hopkins Symptom Checklist differed in age groups. Similar to reports from other cultures, death of spouse is the most stressful life event in China. On the other hand, the rank order of stressfulness of several other stressful life events differed significantly across cultures. The impact of divorce was ranked more highly in most previous Western studies, whereas among the Chinese, death of a close family member received the second highest ranking. The total score of the Stressful Life Events Rating Scale for 99% of normal Chinese was below 74. A score over 74 suggests that the individual's psychosocial stress may be perceived as excessive or an overload and may be associated with a heightened risk of psychological and/or psychophysiological dysfunction(s).
Collaborative Representation based Classification for Face Recognition

By coding a query sample as a sparse linear combination of all training samples and then classifying it by evaluating which class leads to the minimal coding residual, sparse representation based classification (SRC) leads to interesting results for robust face recognition. It is widely believed that the l1- norm sparsity constraint on coding coefficients plays a key role in the success of SRC, while its use of all training samples to collaboratively represent the query sample is rather ignored. In this paper we discuss how SRC works, and show that the collaborative representation mechanism used in SRC is much more crucial to its success of face classification. The SRC is a special case of collaborative representation based classification (CRC), which has various instantiations by applying different norms to the coding residual and coding coefficient. More specifically, the l1 or l2 norm characterization of coding residual is related to the robustness of CRC to outlier facial pixels, while the l1 or l2 norm characterization of coding coefficient is related to the degree of discrimination of facial features. Extensive experiments were conducted to verify the face recognition accuracy and efficiency of CRC with different instantiations.
A Case Study on Stacked Generalization with Software Reliability Growth Modeling Data

We study on stacked generalization performance with software reliability growth data by using a pseudoinverse learning algorithm for feedforward neural networks. The experiments show that for noisy data, us-ing stacked generalization can not improve the network performance when overtrained networks are engaged. With properly trained networks, stacked generalization can improve the network generalization performance
IMPAIRED AUDITORY ATTENTION SKILLS FOLLOWING MIDDLE-EAR INFECTIONS

The present study investigated auditory attention skills in a sample of children with non-chronic otitis media with effusion (OME). Twenty children with repeated episodes of OME but not found in the need for myringotomy and insertion of ventilating tubes were compared to 20 control children with no known episodes of OME based on parental reports and medical records. Mean age during assessment was 9 years, and none of the children showed signs of impaired language functions and with normal general cognitive abilities. They were assessed with dichotic listening CV-syllables (DLCV-108) free recall and directed attention tasks. The control children showed the expected right ear advantage during free recall and the directed right condition, and demonstrated a shift toward a left ear advantage during the directed left. The children with a history of OME showed a predominant right ear advantage across all three tasks. Although some change in ear accuracy occurred across tasks, impaired auditory attention skills were found following a history of middle ear infections. These results replicate those reported earlier from a sample of children with persistent otitis media with effusion, and suggest that treatment with ventilating tubes does not appear to make any difference in the development of auditory attention skills, whereas occurrence of OME must be considered when testing auditory attentional skills as a part of a neuropsychological assessment. The writing of this report was facilitated with a grant from L. Meltzer Høyskolefond and financial support from the University of Bergen to Dr. Arve E. Asbjørnsen
Automatic Acquisition of Adjectival Subcategorization from Corpora

This paper describes a novel system for acquiring adjectival subcategorization frames (SCFs) and associated frequency information from English corpus data. The system incorporates a decision-tree classifier for 30 SCF types which tests for the presence of grammatical relations (GRs) in the output of a robust statistical parser. It uses a powerful pattern-matching language to classify GRs into frames hierarchically in a way that mirrors inheritance-based lexica. The experiments show that the system is able to detect SCF types with 70% precision and 66% recall rate. A new tool for linguistic annotation of SCFs in corpus data is also introduced which can considerably alleviate the process of obtaining training and test data for subcategorization acquisition.