Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The American National Corpus: A Standardized Resource for American English

Linguistic research has become heavily reliant on text corpora over the past ten years. Such resources are becoming increasingly available through efforts such as the Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC) in the US and the European Language Resources Association (ELRA) in Europe. However, in the main the corpora that are gathered and distributed through these and other mechanisms consist of texts which can be easily acquired and are available for re-distribution without undue problems of copyright, etc. This practice has resulted in a vast over-representation among available corpora of certain genres, in particular newspaper samples, which comprise the greatest percentage of texts currently available from, for example, the LDC, and which also dominate the training data available for speech recognition purposes. Other available corpora typically consist of technical reports, transcriptions of parliamentary and other proceedings, short telephone conversations, and the like. The upshot of this is that corpusbased natural language processing has relied heavily on language samples representative of usage in a handful of limited and linguistically specialized domains.
Robust THP Transceiver Designs for Multiuser MIMO Downlink with Imperfect CSIT

We present robust joint nonlinear transceiver designs for multiuser multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) downlink in the presence of imperfections in the channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT). The base station (BS) is equipped with multiple transmit antennas, and each user terminal is equipped with one or more receive antennas. The BS employs Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP) for interuser interference precancellation at the transmitter. We consider robust transceiver designs that jointly optimize the transmit THP filters and receive filter for two models of CSIT errors. The first model is a stochastic error (SE) model, where the CSIT error is Gaussian-distributed. This model is applicable when the CSIT error is dominated by channel estimation error. In this case, the proposed robust transceiver design seeks to minimize a stochastic function of the sum mean square error (SMSE) under a constraint on the total BS transmit power. We propose an iterative algorithm to solve this problem. The other model we consider is a norm-bounded error (NBE) model, where the CSIT error can be specified by an uncertainty set. This model is applicable when the CSIT error is dominated by quantization errors. In this case, we consider a worst-case design. For this model, we consider robust (i) minimum SMSE, (ii) MSE-constrained, and (iii) MSE-balancing transceiver designs. We propose iterative algorithms to solve these problems, wherein each iteration involves a pair of semidefinite programs (SDPs). Further, we consider an extension of the proposed algorithm to the case with per-antenna power constraints. We evaluate the robustness of the proposed algorithms to imperfections in CSIT through simulation, and show that the proposed robust designs outperform nonrobust designs as well as robust linear transceiver designs reported in the recent literature.
Mycetoma due to Nocardia farcinica

A 60-year-old female presented an infection due to Nocardia farcinica and demonstrated successful intervention with surgical exploration and prolonged combined chemotherapy. She was brought with a history of multiple discharging sinuses over the right foot and swelling of the same foot since two months after a thorn prick. Physical examination showed chronic skin changes on the leg, with swelling and yellow fluid-draining sinuses. She was admitted in the surgery in-patients, and under strict aseptic conditions, pus and two swabs were collected from the discharging sinuses.
The Critical Role of the Staff Nurse in Antimicrobial Stewardship--Unrecognized, but Already There.

An essential participant in antimicrobial stewardship who has been unrecognized and underutilized is the "staff nurse. " Although the role of staff nurses has not formally been recognized in guidelines for implementing and operating antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) or defined in the medical literature, they have always performed numerous functions that are integral to successful antimicrobial stewardship. Nurses are antibiotic first responders, central communicators, coordinators of care, as well as 24-hour monitors of patient status, safety, and response to antibiotic therapy. An operational analysis of inpatient admissions evaluates these nursing stewardship activities and analyzes the potential benefits of nurses' formal education about, and inclusion into, ASPs.
The calibration of Ray tracer based on indoor office measurement at 28 GHz

In this paper, the calibration procedure of Ray tracing simulator (RT) is introduced and channel characteristics are studied based on the measurement in the NYU indoor office scenario in the millimeter wave (mm-Wave) band. 3D scenario model of the office is constructed and the dielectric parameters of the indoor materials are calibrated iteratively. The error between RT simulation result and the measured data reduces from 5.49 dB to 0.98 dB. More simulations are realized by using the RT with the calibrated material parameters and the path loss exponent (PLE) of CI model is fitted. Compared with the PLE of measurement, the error is 0.1. Therefore, the calibration is validated and the RT can be used to analyze more channel characteristics and guide communication system design.
Hyperspectral interferometry: Sizing microscale surface features in the pine bark beetle

A new method of interferometry employing a Fabry–Perot etalon model was used to locate and size microscale features on the surface of the pine bark beetle. Oscillations in the reflected light spectrum, caused by self‐interference of light reflecting from surfaces of foreleg setae and spores on the elytrum, were recorded using white light hyperspectral microscopy. By making the assumption that pairs of reflecting surfaces produce an etalon effect, the distance between surfaces could be determined from the oscillation frequency. Low frequencies of less than 0.08 nm−1 were observed in the spectrum below 700 nm while higher frequencies generally occupied wavelengths from 600 to 850 nm. In many cases, two frequencies appeared separately or in combination across the spectrum. The etalon model gave a mean spore size of 3.04 ± 1.27 μm and a seta diameter of 5.44 ± 2.88 μm. The tapering near the setae tip was detected as a lowering of frequency. Spatial fringes were observed together with spectral oscillations from surfaces on the exoskeleton at higher magnification. These signals were consistent with embedded multi‐layer reflecting surfaces. Possible applications for hyperspectral interferometry include medical imaging, detection of spore loads in insects and other fungal carriers, wafer surface and subsurface inspection, nanoscale materials, biological surface analysis, and spectroscopy calibration. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of oscillations directly observed by microscopy in the reflected light spectra from Coleoptera, and the first demonstration of broadband hyperspectral interferometry using microscopy that does not employ an internal interferometer. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:873–885, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Performance Enhancement of Bulk Heterojunction Hybrid Solar Cell Using Macroporous Silicon

This article focuses on the work which deals with the effect of introducing macroporous silicon as the cathode of hybrid solar cell. This work shows that the photocurrent of bulk-heterojunction hybrid solar cell can be enhanced by using macroporous silicon (macro-PSi) as the cathode that provided increased effective contact surface area at the interface of organic-inorganic material. The organic compound (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) polymer blend at 1:1 ratio was used to fabricate the solar cell. It was found that the pore-diameter of the porous silicon plays an important role on short-circuit current of the fabricated hybrid solar cell. Huge enhancement of short-circuit current density (~ 73 times) was obtained when the average pore diameter of macro-PSi was comparable to the photogenerated carrier transport length of the photoactive polymer. The annealing of the whole structure further enhanced the overall performance of the fabricated hybrid solar cell.
An Area-Conscious Low-Voltage-Oriented 8T-SRAM Design under DVS Environment

This paper demonstrates that an 8T memory cell can be alternative design to a 6T cell in a future highly-integrated SRAM, in a 45-nm process and later with large threshold-voltage variation. The proposed voltage-control scheme that improves a write margin and read current, and the write-back scheme that stabilizes unselected cells are applied to the 8T SRAM. We verified that the low-voltage operation at 0.42 V in a 90-nm 64-Mb SRAM is possible under dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) environment.
Physical Activity and Cancer Outcomes: A Precision Medicine Approach

There is increasing interest in applying a precision medicine approach to understanding exercise as a potential treatment for cancer. We aimed to inform this new approach by appraising epidemiologic literature relating postdiagnosis physical activity to cancer outcomes overall and by molecular/genetic subgroups. Across 26 studies of breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer patients, a 37% reduction was seen in risk of cancer-specific mortality, comparing the most versus the least active patients (pooled relative risk = 0.63; 95% confidence interval: 0.54–0.73). Risks of recurrence or recurrence/cancer-specific death (combined outcome) were also reduced based on fewer studies. We identified ten studies of associations between physical activity and cancer outcomes by molecular or genetic markers. Two studies showed statistically significant risk reductions in breast cancer mortality/recurrence for the most (versus least) physically active estrogen receptor–positive/progesterone receptor–positive (ER+/PR+) patients, while others showed risk reductions among ER−PR− and triple-negative patients. In colorectal cancer, four studies showed statistically significant risk reductions in cancer-specific mortality for patients with high (versus low) physical activity and P21 expression, P27 expression, nuclear CTNNB1−, PTGS2 (COX-2)+, or IRS1 low/negative status. One prostate cancer study showed effect modification by Gleason score. As a means to enhance this evidence, future observational studies are needed that will measure physical activity objectively before and after diagnosis, use standardized definitions for outcomes, control for competing risks, assess nonlinear dose–response relations, and consider reverse causality. Ultimately, randomized controlled trials with clinical cancer outcomes and a correlative component will provide the best evidence of causality, relating exercise to cancer outcomes, overall and for molecular and genetic subgroups. Clin Cancer Res; 22(19); 4766–75. ©2016 AACR.
Lab-on-Chip Technology: A Review on Design Trends and Future Scope in Biomedical Applications

Lab-on-Chip (LoC) integrates various analyses such as biochemical operations, chemical synthesis, DNA sequencing onto a single chip which otherwise would have been performed in laboratory taking sufficient amount of time. Due to the miniaturization of these biochemical operations, better diagnostic speed, cost efficiency, ergonomy, sensitivity and so on can be achieved. This paper gives the detailed description of Lab-onChip technology including its system components. Ongoing worldwide research projects based on LoC technology have been investigated and various constraints that need to be fulfilled for designing a LoC system are presented. The biomedical applications of LoC in different fields like in diagnostics, cellomics, in environmental studies to control the effect of pathogens, to check the food quality such as for the detection of various antibiotic families in raw milk have also been discussed. Finally, the current open research issues of this technology along with the possible future research scope in the biomedical area have been presented.
Language Spread Rates and Prehistoric American Migration Rates

Spread rates for language families can be calculated from the family’s range (which is generally known rather precisely) and age (which is only rarely known precisely but can often be estimated with useful accuracy). Spread rates are calculated here for a number of different language families and subfamilies in different cultural and economic contexts. Deliberate long‐distance migrations, imperial conquest, and transport using wheels or sails make for very rapid spread rates. The rate of prestate, pretransport spreads depends primarily on ecology (latitude, coast vs. interior, mountains, vegetation, climate); presence versus absence of food production and movement into inhabited versus abandoned land have little impact on spread rates. This fact makes rates of recent language spreads applicable to early prehistory, where they can be used to model prehistoric colonization rates. Average rates for various ecologies are calculated for a spread from a North American entry point to the archaeological site at Monte Verde, Chile (14,500 calendar years ago). The time required gives a latest possible date for the first settlement of the Americas. Entry dates postdating the end of glaciation all require implausibly fast rates of spread.
Solutions for near real time cartography from a mini-quadrotor UAV

In this article, we present another way to acquire centimetric data using a quad-rotor UAV and the specific tools developed to perform near real time cartography. After setting the context of the UAVs, we will present the design and the realization of our quad-rotor Vertical Take Off and Landing solution and it's capacity for Very High Resolution imagery. Then we will describe the tools we developed to improve its ability for operational mapping : how to perform flight in immersion with a customizable HUD that takes the video broadcast from the UAV and adds vector information in real-time on virtual reality goggles, how to combine satellite and vector data with path optimization algorithm to design relevant flight plans and update them in real time to ensure data completeness, how to generate relevant geolocalization meta-data to be able to navigate in the produced image database few minutes after the landing and finally, how to employ home-made open-source mosaicer to take advantage of the three simultaneous on-board digital camera.
Inversion-Mode Self-Aligned $\hbox{In}_{0.53}\hbox{Ga}_{0.47}\hbox{As}$  N-Channel Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor With HfAlO Gate Dielectric and TaN Metal Gate

A high-performance In<sub>0.53</sub>Ga<sub>0.47</sub>As n-channel MOSFET integrated with a HfAlO gate dielectric and a TaN gate electrode was fabricated using a self-aligned process. After HCl cleaning and (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>S treatment, the chemical vapor deposition HfAlO growth on In<sub>0.53</sub>Ga<sub>0.47</sub>As exhibits a high-quality interface. The fabricated nMOSFET with a HfAlO gate oxide thickness of 11.7 nm shows a gate leakage current density as low as 2.5 times 10<sup>-7</sup> A/cm<sup>2</sup> at V<sub>g</sub> of 1 V. Excellent inversion capacitance was illustrated. Silicon implantation was self-aligned to the gate, and low-temperature activation for source and drain was achieved by rapid thermal annealing at 600degC for 1 min. The source and drain junction exhibited an excellent rectifying characteristic and high forward current. The result of an In<sub>0.53</sub>Ga<sub>0.47</sub>As nMOSFET shows well-performed I<sub>d</sub>-V<sub>d</sub> and I<sub>d</sub>-V<sub>g</sub> characteristics. The record high peak electron mobility of 1560 cm<sup>2</sup>/Vs has been achieved without any correction methods considering interface charge and parasitic resistance.
Recent developments in coupled SPE‐CE

This article presents an overview of coupled SPE‐CE systems that have been reported in the literature between April 2007 and June 2009. The use of in‐line and on‐line SPE‐CE is covered in this review. Special attention is paid to the use of monoliths and molecularly imprinted polymers in coupled SPE‐CE systems. Application‐oriented research is discussed in which in‐line and on‐line SPE‐CE systems have been used in biomedical, pharmaceutical, environmental and food analysis. The SPE‐CE studies are presented in tables, including information on sample type, SPE sorbent, detection and LOD. Finally, some future developments that may increase the applicability of coupled SPE‐CE are highlighted.
Fast DNBTI components in p-MOSFET with SiON dielectric

For the first time, we perform a systematic investigation of the fast components of dynamic negative biased temperature instability (DNBTI) in p-MOSFET with an ultrathin SiON gate dielectric. Experimental results unambiguously show a fast DNBTI component measured by a recently developed fast measurement method, and this component is due to trapping and detrapping of hole traps N/sub ot/ in SiON. The cumulative degradation increases with increasing stress frequency. Model simulations are in excellent agreement with all experimental data.
In vivo three‐dimensional whole‐brain pulsed steady‐state chemical exchange saturation transfer at 7 T

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) is a technique to indirectly detect pools of exchangeable protons through the water signal. To increase its applicability to human studies, it is needed to develop sensitive pulse sequences for rapidly acquiring whole‐organ images while adhering to stringent amplifier duty cycle limitations and specific absorption rate restrictions. In addition, the interfering effects of direct water saturation and conventional magnetization transfer contrast complicate CEST quantification and need to be reduced as much as possible. It is shown that for protons exchanging with rates of less than 50–100 Hz, such as imaged in amide proton transfer experiments, these problems can be addressed by using a three‐dimensional steady state pulsed acquisition of limited B1 strength (∼1 μT). Such an approach exploits the fact that the direct water saturation width, magnetization transfer contrast magnitude, and specific absorption rate increase strongly with B1, while the size of the CEST effect for such protons depends minimally on B1. A short repetition time (65 ms) steady‐state sequence consisting of a brief saturation pulse (25 ms) and a segmented echo‐planar imaging train allowed acquisition of a three‐dimensional whole‐brain volume in approximately 11 s per saturation frequency, while remaining well within specific absorption rate and duty cycle limits. Magnetization transfer contrast was strongly reduced, but substantial saturation effects were found at frequencies upfield from water, which still confound the use of magnetization transfer asymmetry analysis. Fortunately, the limited width of the direct water saturation signal could be exploited to fit it with a Lorentzian function allowing CEST quantification. Amide proton transfer effects ranged between 1.5% and 2.5% in selected white and grey matter regions. This power and time‐efficient 3D pulsed CEST acquisition scheme should aid endogenous CEST quantification at both high and low fields. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Validation and norming of the Intelligibility in Context Scale in Northern Viet Nam

ABSTRACT Vietnamese is one of the 20 most commonly spoken languages in the world; however, there are no standardised tools to assess Vietnamese children’s speech. This study aimed to validate and norm the Vietnamese version of the Intelligibility in Context Scale (ICS-VN). Data were collected from parents of 181 children (aged 2;0-5;11) living in Ha Noi, Northern Viet Nam. The mean ICS-VN score was 4.43 (out of a maximum of 5), indicating that children were ‘usually’ to ‘always’ intelligible; however, item-level scores demonstrated significant differences between communication partners. Children with parental concerns about speech and language had significantly lower mean scores than children without parental concerns. Scores also differed by children’s age, parents’ occupation and mothers’ education level but not by sex of child or fathers’ education level. The ICS-VN had good psychometric properties indicating it to be a valid tool for use with Vietnamese-speaking children in Northern Viet Nam.
Simultaneous detection of five biothreat agents in powder samples by a multiplexed suspension array

A suspension array-based multiplexed immunoassay was developed for rapid, sensitive, specific, and simultaneous detection of multiple biothreat-associated agents in powder samples. The 5-plexed immunoassays using sets of 9-plexed coupled fluorescent beads were employed to simultaneously detect five representative biothreat agents, including B. anthracis spore, Y. pestis, SARS-CoV, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and ricin from a single powder sample and the feasibility for field samples was demonstrated by both blinded and standard laboratory trials. The detection sensitivity and dynamic range for the five biothreat agents from different powders might be varied depending on the nature of the powder and the feature of the contaminating agent. The limit of detection for Y. pestis, B. anthracis spores, SEB, ricin, SARS-CoV N protein in milk powder was 20 cfu, 111 cfu, 110pg, 5.4 ng and 2 ng per test respectively. Compared to conventional ELISA method, the suspension array has a higher sensitive ability, and can detect five biothreat agents simultaneously with high reproducibility.
Specification of endoderm and mesoderm in the sea urchin

It has long been recognized that micromeres have special significance in early specification events in the sea urchin embryo. Micromeres have the ability to induce a secondary axis if transferred to the animal pole at the 16-cell stage of sea urchin embryos (Hörstadius, 1939). Without micromeres an isolated animal hemisphere develops into an ectodermal ball called a dauer blastula. Addition of micromeres to an animal half rescues a normal pluteus larva, including endoderm (Hörstadius, 1939). Despite these well-known experiments, however, neither the molecular basis of that induction nor the endogenous inductive role of micromeres in development was known. In recent experiments we learned that if one eliminates micromeres from the vegetal pole at the 16-cell stage the resulting embryo makes no secondary mesenchyme. Earlier it had been found that β-catenin is crucial for specification events that lead to mesoderm and endoderm (Wikra-manayake et al., 1998; Emily-Fenouil et al., 1998; Logan et al., 1999). We noticed that at the 16-cell stage β-catenin enters the nuclei of micromeres, then enters the nuclei of macromeres at the 32-cell stage (Logan et al., 1999). Since nuclear entry of β-catenin is known to be important for its signalling function in the Wnt pathway, we asked whether β-catenin functions in the micromere induction pathway.