Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Development, dissemination, implementation and evaluation of a clinical pathway for oxygen therapy.

BACKGROUND Oxygen is commonly administered to patients in hospital, but prescribing and monitoring of such therapy may be suboptimal. The objective of this study was to develop, disseminate, implement and evaluate a multidisciplinary clinical pathway for the administration of oxygen. METHODS The authors developed a clinical pathway for the ordering, titration and discontinuation of oxygen, which was disseminated through teaching sessions, in-service training sessions and information posters in a medical clinical teaching unit (CTU). Implementation of the pathway was ensured by means of reminders and patient-centred audit and feedback to CTU nurses and house staff. During a 3-month intervention phase, consecutive patients requiring supplemental oxygen were treated according to the pathway. During a 1-month "wash-out" phase followed by a 3-month non-intervention phase, patients were treated at the discretion of the CTU team. Clinical and economic data were collected in both phases. RESULTS In the 2 phases, patient characteristics, the concentration and duration of oxygen prescribed, the frequency of oxygen saturation monitoring, the frequency of arterial blood gas testing and the clinical outcomes were similar. However, there were more discontinuation orders in the intervention phase (p < 0.001). In the intervention phase, costs were higher for monitoring of oxygen saturation ($44.95/patient v. $36.17/patient, p = 0.048) and for order transcription ($2.71/patient v. $1.28/patient, p < 0.001); total costs, including those for personnel, were also higher in the intervention phase ($76.93/patient v. $56.67/patient, p = 0.02). The cost of education about the oxygen pathway was $45.71/patient. When the education cost was included, the total cost of oxygen therapy during the intervention phase was $122.64/patient; this was significantly higher than the total cost of oxygen therapy during the non-intervention phase ($56.67/patient) (p < 0.001). INTERPRETATION This multidisciplinary, multimethod oxygen pathway led to changes in oxygen-prescribing behaviour, consumed more resources than standard management and was not associated with changes in patient outcome. Appropriate management of oxygen prescribing and monitoring by physicians and nurses take time and costs money.
Does Reducing Union Bargaining Power Increase Productivity

The effect of unionisation on productivity is an unresolved empirical question. Many studies have found a range of results. Unlike nearly all preceding studies, this study is based on a sharply defined natural experiment which is provided by the Australian Workplace Relations Act 1996. This Act increased flexibility in bargaining at unionised firms as well as directly and indirectly reducing union bargaining power. Using a sample of union and non-union small and medium sized firms between 1994/95 and 1997/98 we estimate, using the Levinsohn-Petrin methodology, Cobb- Douglas production functions and total factor productivity. Identification is enabled by the use of stock rather than flow measures of labour. We find relatively rapid growth in unionised firm productivity growth following the introduction of the WRA consistent with reducing trade union power leading to an increase in productivity. This increase, though, is typically not statistically significantly different from zero.
Basins of Attraction of Cellular Automata Based Associative Memory and Its Rule Space

In this paper, we analytically establish two important observations reported in (P. Maji et al., 2003) and (N. Ganguly et al., 2002) - the nature of the basins of attraction of a special class of non-linear cellular automata (CA), referred to as generalized multiple attractor CA (GMACA) (P. Maji et al., 2003); and the characteristics of the evolved GMACA rule space (N. Ganguly et al., 2002). Characterization of the basins of attraction of the GMACA ensures the sparse network of CA as a powerful pattern recognizer for memorizing unbiased patterns. An in-depth analysis of GMACA rule space has established that more heterogeneous CA rules are capable of executing complex computation like pattern recognition. That is, the rule space of the pattern recognizing CA lies at the edge of chaos
Chlamydomonas flagellar mutants lacking radial spokes and central tubules. Structure, composition, and function of specific axonemal components

The fine structure, protein composition, and roles in flagellar movement of specific axonemal components were studied in wild-type Chlamydomonas and paralyzed mutants pf-14, pf-15A, and pf-19. Electron microscope examination of the isolated axoneme of pf-14 showed that it lacks the radial spokes but is otherwise structurally normal. Comparison of isolated axonemes of wild type and pf-14 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the mutant is missing a protein of 118,000 mol wt; this protein is apparently a major component of the spokes. Pf-15A and pf-19 lack the central tubules and sheath; axonemes of these mutants are missing three high molecular weight proteins which are probably components of the central tubule-central sheath complex. Under conditions where wild-type axonemes reactivated, axonemes of the three mutants remained intact but did not form bends. However, mutant and wild-type axonemes underwent identical adenosine triphosphate-induced disintegration after treatment with trypsin; the dynein arms of the mutants are therefore capable of generating interdoublet shearing forces. These findings indicated that both the radial spokes and the central tubule-central sheath complex are essential for conversion of interdoublet sliding into axonemal bending. Moreover, because axonemes of pf-14 remained intact under reactivating conditions, the nexin links alone are sufficient to limit the amount of interdoublet sliding that occurs. The axial periodicities of the central sheath, dynein arms, radial spokes, and nexin links of Chlamydomonas were determined by electron microscopy using the lattice- spacing of crystalline catalase as an internal standard. Some new ultrastructural details of the components are described.
Accurate and Generic Sender Selection for Bulk Data Dissemination in Low-Power Wireless Networks

Data dissemination is a fundamental service offered by low-power wireless networks. Sender selection is the key to the dissemination performance and has been extensively studied. Sender impact metric plays a significant role in sender selection, since it determines which senders are selected for transmission. Recent studies have shown that spatial link diversity has a significant impact on the efficiency of broadcast. However, the existing metrics overlook such impact. Besides, they consider only gains but ignore the costs of sender candidates. As a result, existing works cannot achieve accurate estimation of the sender impact. Moreover, they cannot well support data dissemination with network coding, which is commonly used for lossy environments. In this paper, we first propose a novel sender impact metric, namely, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula>, which jointly exploits link quality and spatial link diversity to calculate the <italic>gain/cost</italic> ratio of the sender candidates. Then, we develop a generic sender selection scheme based on the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> metric (called <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-component) that can generally support both types of dissemination using native packets and network coding. Extensive evaluations are conducted through real testbed experiments and large-scale simulations. The performance results and analysis show that <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> achieves far more accurate impact estimation than the existing works. In addition, the dissemination protocols based on <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-component outperform the existing protocols in terms of completion time and transmissions (by 20.5% and 23.1%, respectively).
Urban pollution monitoring through opportunistic mobile sensor networks based on public transport

The development of an opportunistic sensor network deployed on regular public transport vehicles with the aim of obtaining a flexible pollution monitoring system over large urban areas is presented. Georeferenced pollution data is acquired by a modular autonomous sensing system placed on vehicles which has been developed and is being currently tested. Short and long range communication systems are used to transmit data from the mobile sources to the central data processing and mapping unit. Within this unit an application to represent the geopositioned pollutant measurements has been implemented based on Google Earth. This provides the user with an interface allowing the study of the evolution of the gas concentrations along a given bus route as well as on the whole urban area.
Average Effective Tax Rates on Capital, Labour and Consumption

Over the past 15 years, tax reforms have profoundly changed the shape of OECD tax systems and rekindled interest in measuring effective tax burdens. Indeed, in order to understand past reforms or to evaluate the tax policies of particular countries, it is necessary to go beyond statutory rates since these sometimes bear little relation to rates actually paid. This paper updates and extends the Mendoza et al. estimates of average effective tax rates (AETRs) and presents new estimates based on modifications to the methodology to make some of the underlying assumptions more realistic. In particular, the assumption that all income from self-employment is capital income is dropped in favour of assuming that the self-employed earn both labour and capital income. This change raises estimates of the AETR on capital and reduces the estimated AETR on labour but does not alter the trends observed in the updated Mendoza et al. estimates. Both sets of estimates show that, on average, the . Au cours des quinze dernieres annees, diverses reformes ont profondement modifie la structure des systemes fiscaux des pays de l'OCDE et ravive l'interet pour une mesure de la charge fiscale effective. De fait, pour comprendre les reformes anterieures ou pour evaluer les politiques fiscales de certains pays, il est necessaire d'aller au dela des taux statutaires, ceux-ci ayant parfois bien peu de relation avec ceux effectivement payes. Cet article actualise et etend les estimations des TIEM (taux d'imposition effectifs moyens) mis au point par Mendoza et al. et presente de nouvelles estimations fondees sur des modifications de la methodologie visant a rendre plus realists certaines des hypotheses sous-jacentes. En particulier l'hypothese selon laquelle l'ensemble des revenus des travailleurs independants doit etre considere comme revenu du capital est abandonnee en faveur d'une hypothese selon laquelle les revenus des travailleurs independants representent a la fois des revenus du .
Automatic Information Extraction from Documents: A Tool for Intelligence and Law Enforcement Analysts

We have developed a number of systems to aid analysts in tracking the activities and associations of various criminal elements. These systems each consist of a relational data base containing the details on the relevant entities, activities, and associations, assorted tools for retrieving and analyzing those details, including link analysis, and a tool for automatically extracting those details from documents.
Trade, economic growth and environment

The literature on trade openness, economic development, and the environment is largely inconclusive about the environmental consequences of trade. This study review previous studies focusing on treating trade and income as endogenous and estimating the overall impact of trade openness on environmental quality using the instrumental variables technique. The results show that whether or not trade has a beneficial effect on the environment varies depending on the pollutant and the country. Trade is found to benefit the environment in OECD countries. It has detrimental effects, however, on sulfur dioxide (SO2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in non-OECD countries, although it does lower biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) emissions in these countries. The results also find the impact is large in the long term, after the dynamic adjustment process, although it is small in the short term.
Advances of Quantitative IR-Thermal Imaging in Medical Diagnostics

This review will show the state of the art in thermal IR-imaging from the point of view of medical diagnostics. Advantages and limitations of IR thermal imaging, including tomography procedures, based on thermal properties of living tissues, will be presented. Properties of this modality will be discussed mainly from the point of view of skin burn evaluation. K e y w o r d s — thermal tissue properties, thermal tomography, medical diagnostics
Strength-weakness-opportunities-threats analysis of Penang National Park for strategic ecotourism management.

The Penang National Park (PNP), formerly known as Pantai Acheh forest is one of the few natural heritages in Northern Peninsular Malaysia with many unique features such as the meromictic lake, turtle sanctuary and so forth. These features could prove to be potentials and opportunities for ecotourism. This SWOT analysis is based on empirical field observation and on secondary sources was carried out on the PNP. Socio-economic factors and environmental factors were taken into account for the SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis has shown that the gazettement and unique features of the PNP were the strength whereas sensitive environment and absence of strict environmental management were found to be the weaknesses. Income generation and environmental education were found to be the main few opportunities. Land scarcity issues and political interventions were found to be the main threat. Through the findings, TOWS analysis technique was deployed to identify strategic management options. It was conducted in a manner that internal strengths and external opportunities were maximised while the internal weaknesses and external threats on the PNP were minimised. Several strategic management for PNP in ecotourism context have been identified which are economic opportunities, environmental education and research. In addition to that, strategic options have been identified to counter against the external threats and internal weaknesses such as land scarcity, encroachment and poachers of flora and fauna. SWOT analysis however could be further improved with open ended question to identify more options for strategic management.
A mobile indoor navigation system interface adapted to vision-based localization

Vision-based approaches for mobile indoor localization do not rely on the infrastructure and are therefore scalable and cheap. The particular requirements to a navigation user interface for a vision-based system, however, have not been investigated so far. Such mobile interfaces should adapt to localization accuracy, which strongly relies on distinctive reference images, and other factors, such as the phone's pose. If necessary, the system should motivate the user to point at distinctive regions with the smartphone to improve localization quality. We present a combined interface of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) elements with indicators that help to communicate and ensure localization accuracy. In an evaluation with 81 participants, we found that AR was preferred in case of reliable localization, but with VR, navigation instructions were perceived more accurate in case of localization and orientation errors. The additional indicators showed a potential for making users choose distinctive reference images for reliable localization.
New Cost Estimating Tool

For decades, the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA) tool for determining the expected purchasing power of the financial resources available to highway agencies was the Bid Price Index (BPI), which was a compilation of nationwide data on highway construction prices. Transportation planners employed the BPI for estimating the costs of road-building projects, and FHWA used it in various analyses. However, FHWA recently developed and deployed a new approach to generate cost compilations. The new National Highway Construction Cost Index (NHCCI) is replacing the BPI as the national database for determining the purchasing power of road-building resources. This article discusses the origin of the BPI and its use as well as its shortcomings. The development of the NHCCI then is described, with emphasis on its data and edits used to improve data quality. The NHCCI provides an understanding of historical and recent price trends in highway construction. The new tool is intended as a price index that can be used both to track pure price changes associated with highway construction costs and to convert current-dollar expenditures on highway construction to real- or constant-dollar expenditures. Although the NHCCI offers many improvements over the BPI, additional research is need to further advance its quality and use.
Isotropy, Homogeneity, and Dipole Saturation

A distribution of points that satisfies the property of local isotropy is not necessarily homogeneous: homogeneity is implied by the condition of local isotropy together with the assumption of analyticity or regularity. Here we show that the evidence of dipole saturation in galaxies (and clusters) catalogues, together with a monotone growth of the monopole, is an evidence of isotropy but not of homogeneity. This is fully compatible with a fractal structure which has the property of local isotropy, but it is non-analytic and non-homogeneous.
Fault tolerant routing using improved safety vectors

The safety vector [12] of a node in an n-cube, is a vector of n bits, each bit being a zero or 1. A value 1 in the kth bit of a node's safety vector guarantees a fault-free path to any node at Hamming distance k from it. In [13], it was shown that use of extended safety vector gives better performance at the cost of some extra computation. In this paper we have made a modification of the safety vector, and called it improved safety vector. Here, each element of the vector can have 4 possible values, 3,2,1, and 0. Experimental results show that improved safety vector gives better performance in hypercube. Unlike extended safety vector, improved safety vector leads to a better performance compared to safety vector even in the absence of link faults.
Geohash index based spatial data model for corporate

Spatial data wrapped and processed by an application known as Geographic Information Systems (Geographical Information System / GIS). In desktop based GIS, the spatial information services only occurs when a variety of basic data has been loaded into the applications database. The development of information technology has provide ready to access, worldwide scale, web based mapping system, like Google Maps. The addition of the information content to the map can also be done easily by any user into the system. Until now, both the basic data provided by Google Maps or data that is added by users are loosely connected, meaning that there are minimum linkage between data. Thus, the data for greater benefit of a corporation or government where the data is closely related to each other still yet to be served. As spatial data being managed are voluminous, the scalability of querying performance will be a challenge. To anticipate this, we describe an improvement that built on top of our proposed spatial data model. We used a special data which derived by interleaving bits obtained from latitude-longitude pairs of a spatial data, the string called geohash. A geohash can be used as an index of every object in Spatial data table. The longer the Geohash string, the more precise the bounding box around the location it references. This approach will improve the performance of querying process of a single or even collection of spatial data in the data table of corporate GIS. The main study of this research is to provide information services along with the availability of a variety of basic spatial data owned by Google Maps. This paper highlights our recent effort in theoretical and applied research in spatial data management.
Emerging selection bias in large‐scale climate change simulations

Climate change simulations are the output of enormously complicated models containing resolved and parameterized physical processes ranging in scale from microns to the size of the Earth itself. Given this complexity, the application of subjective criteria in model development is inevitable. Here we show one danger of the use of such criteria in the construction of these simulations, namely the apparent emergence of a selection bias between generations of these simulations. Earlier generation ensembles of model simulations are shown to possess sufficient diversity to capture recent observed shifts in both the mean surface air temperature as well as the frequency of extreme monthly mean temperature events due to climate warming. However, current generation ensembles of model simulations are statistically inconsistent with these observed shifts, despite a marked reduction in the spread among ensemble members that by itself suggests convergence towards some common solution. This convergence indicates the possibility of a selection bias based upon warming rate. It is hypothesized that this bias is driven by the desire to more accurately capture the observed recent acceleration of warming in the Arctic and corresponding decline in Arctic sea ice. However, this convergence is difficult to justify given the significant and widening discrepancy between the modeled and observed warming rates outside of the Arctic.
Perceptual Kalman Filtering Speech Enhancement

To enhance the noisy speech signal, a perceptual weighting based Kalman filtering is investigated. Our study is to seek a high perceptual quality of speech enhancement system which optimizes the trade-off between the speech distortion and noise reduction. Using perceptual weighting to replace the masking threshold avoids the frequency domain complexity, it is suitable for time domain Kalman filtering to estimate the state-space vector in only the time domain. Through many simulations, it is demonstrated that the proposed perceptual Kalman filtering outperforms the conventional Kalman filtering
Effects of Kerr space-time on spectral features from X-ray illuminated accretion discs

ABSTRA C T We performed detailed calculations of the relativistic effects acting on both the reflection continuum and the iron line from accretion discs around rotating black holes. Fully relativistic transfer of both illuminating and reprocessed photons has been considered in Kerr space‐time. We calculated overall spectra, line profiles and integral quantities, and present their dependences on the black hole angular momentum. We show that the observed EW of the lines is substantially enlarged when the black hole rotates rapidly and/or the source of illumination is near above the hole. Therefore, such calculations provide a way to distinguish between different models of the central source.
China: Competing in the Global Economy

China's economic reforms over the past two decades have brought tremendous economic transformation, rapid growth, and closer integration into the global economy. Real income per capita has increased fivefold, raising millions of Chinese out of poverty. Despite these achievements, difficult reforms--involving the state-owned enterprises and the financial sector--must still be completed, while social pressures from rising unemployment and income inequalities need to be addressed. China's recent accession to the World Trade Organization will bring benefits but will also impose obligations on the economy, and could prove to be a watershed for the reform process. China: Competing in the Global Economy looks at the country's reform process, its past successes and future challenges.