Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Marginal bone loss as success criterion in implant dentistry: beyond 2 mm.

AIM The aim of this study was to analyze marginal bone loss (MBL) rates around implants to establish the difference between physiological bone loss and bone loss due to peri-implantitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five hundred and eight implants were placed in the posterior maxilla in 208 patients. Data were gathered on age, gender, bone substratum (grafted or pristine), prosthetic connection, smoking and alcohol habits, and previous periodontitis. MBL was radiographically analyzed in three time frames (5 months post-surgery and at 6 and 18 months post-loading). Nonparametric receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis and mixed linear model analysis were used to determine whether implants could be classified as high or low bone loser type (BLT) and to establish the influence of this factor on MBL rates. RESULTS Marginal bone loss rates were significantly affected by BLT, connection type, bone substratum, and smoking. Bone loss rates at 18 months were associated with initial bone loss rates: 96% of implants with an MBL of >2 mm at 18 months had lost 0.44 mm or more at 6 months post-loading. CONCLUSION Implants with increased MBL rates at early stages (healing and immediate post-loading periods) are likely to reach MBL values that compromise their final outcome. Initial (healing, immediate post-loading) MBL rates around an implant of more than 0.44 mm/year are an indication of peri-implant bone loss progression.
Classification of Grassland Successional Stages Using Airborne Hyperspectral Imagery

Plant communities differ in their species composition, and, thus, also in their functional trait composition, at different stages in the succession from arable fields to grazed grassland. We examine whether aerial hyperspectral (414–2501 nm) remote sensing can be used to discriminate between grazed vegetation belonging to different grassland successional stages. Vascular plant species were recorded in 104.1 m2 plots on the island of Oland (Sweden) and the functional properties of the plant species recorded in the plots were characterized in terms of the ground-cover of grasses, specific leaf area and Ellenberg indicator values. Plots were assigned to three different grassland age-classes, representing 5–15, 16–50 and >50 years of grazing management. Partial least squares discriminant analysis models were used to compare classifications based on aerial hyperspectral data with the age-class classification. The remote sensing data successfully classified the plots into age-classes: the overall classification accuracy was higher for a model based on a pre-selected set of wavebands (85%, Kappa statistic value = 0.77) than one using the full set of wavebands (77%, Kappa statistic value = 0.65). Our results show that nutrient availability and grass cover differences between grassland age-classes are detectable by spectral imaging. These techniques may potentially be used for mapping the spatial distribution of grassland habitats at different successional stages.
Helicopter electromagnetic and magnetic survey data and maps, northern Bexar County, Texas

Front Cover: Colored apparent resistivity map at 115,000 Hz with highs shown in warmer colors. Photograph (A.K. Clark, 2003) looking south along Salado Creek at Camp Bullis training site. The outcropping rocks compose a biostrome in the upper Glen Rose Limestone (hydrogeologic unit D). The hill in the background is the earthen dam across Salado Creek. The black line shows approximate location of the biostrome on the geophysical map. Disclaimer: Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. This report has not been reviewed for stratigraphic nomenclature Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. Summary This open-file report is a data release for a helicopter electromagnetic (HEM) and magnetic Geological Survey (USGS) contracted the survey to Fugro Airborne of Toronto, Canada. Fugro flew a similar survey under contract to the USGS in the Seco Creek area (fig. 1) of the Edwards aquifer (Smith and others, 2003). The objective of these surveys was to collect geophysical data to map and image subsurface features important in understanding groundwater resources in the area (Smith and others, 2003). In particular, the survey has refined the location of mapped faults in the survey area and suggested many unmapped faults exist. These faults can control groundwater flow and storage. New lithologic variations in the Edwards Recharge were mapped in both the shallow and deep subsurface. Images of the subsurface in the confined zone demonstrated a structural complexity not previously appreciated. Geophysical mapping in the Trinity aquifer also showed previously unmapped structures and lithologic variations. Figure 1. General index map showing areas of airborne electromagnetic surveys carried out in Edwards Aquifer studies. The success of the airborne geophysical work at Seco Creek (Smith, Irvine, and others, 2003) ". led to a meeting of USGS and Camp Stanley Storage Activity (CSSA, Brian Murphy) personnel organized by Parsons Technology (Gary Cobb) to evaluate the possible use of airborne geophysical methods at that site. The area of the CSSA, about 10 square miles, is considerably smaller than the Seco Creek survey area of 80 square miles. Consequently, the general cost per line mile for this small area was estimated to be a factor of 4 to 5 times higher than for the larger area of the Seco …
An Empirical Study of the Impact of Bad Designs on Defect Proneness

To reduce loss from software defects, in the past decades, a number of software engineering researchers have proposed many software defect prediction techniques, which mainly focus on predicting the defect prone software modules, source code files, or code changes. Prior research have identified software design has significant impacts on software quality, especially the bad designs, e.g., anti-patterns, high dependency design, and large source code files, have made various software engineering tasks more difficult. Given these prior works, various bad designs indicators have been widely considered as the fundamental defect prediction metrics in various defect prediction models. Even though the performance of these techniques have been investigated empirically, researchers have not yet gained a clear understanding of correlation between these design metrics and defects proneness. To bridge this gap, in this paper, we investigate the impact of the three kinds of bad design indicators on software defect proneness by conducting a comprehensive empirical study on 18 release versions of the Apache Commons series. In details, we discuss the defect proneness on the file level of three kinds of bad designs, corresponding to seven defect proneness metrics, including various types of well defined code smells, high method dependency, and the files of large size. Furthermore, we investigate the performance of each defect proneness metrics and the overlap between the file sets involved in the bad designs. The experiment results indicate that the three types of bad designs do have impact on defect proneness, the files participating in some special code smell, the large number of code calls to other modules and the large number of lines of code are significantly more likely to be faulty. Moreover, the overlaps of three types of bad designs are relatively small, which means that each group of defect proneness metrics is independent of each other.
From knowledge bases to decision models

Abstract In recent years there has been a growing interest among AI researchers in probabilistic and decision modelling, spurred by significant advances in representation and computation with network modelling formalisms. In applying these techniques to decision support tasks, fixed network models have proven to be inadequately expressive when a broad range of situations must be handled. Hence many researchers have sought to combine the strengths of flexible knowledge representation languages with the normative status and well-understood computational properties of decision-modelling formalisms and algorithms. One approach is to encode general knowledge in an expressive language, then dynamically construct a decision model for each particular situation or problem instance. We have developed several systems adopting this approach, which illustrate a variety of interesting techniques and design issues.
Positive Tuberculin Skin Test or Interferon-Gamma Release Assay in Patients with Radiographic Lesion Suggesting Old Healed Tuberculosis

Radiographic lesions suggesting old healed tuberculosis (TB) is considered a risk factor for the subsequent development of active TB. The aim of this study was to estimate the positive rates of tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) in persons with old healed TB. Participants with lesions suggesting old healed TB on chest images and controls without such lesions were prospectively enrolled between January 1, 2010, and January 31, 2011. TST and the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test (QFT-GIT) were performed. In total, 193 participants with old healed TB and 126 controls were recruited. The rates of positive TST and QFT-GIT among patients with old healed TB were 54.6% and 77.7%, respectively. The rates of positive TST and QFT-GIT among patients without old healed TB were 38.9% and 61.9%. Sixteen percent of participants with old healed TB showed negative results by both TST and QFT-GIT. The positive rate of TST waned among participants with old healed TB who were older than 60 yr, whereas QFT-GIT positivity was unaffected by age. The positive rates of TST and IGRA among participants with radiographic lesions suggesting old healed TB was higher than without those lesions. In addition, IGRA may be more accurate than TST for the detection of latent TB infection, especially in populations of individuals older than 60 yr.
Model comparison for the calculation of Linke's turbidity factor

Pyrheliometric measurements of direct solar radiation performed at Athens Observatory (NOA) from 1954 to 1992, were used to test the applicability of several models which compute the Linke's turbidity factor, TL. The models used in this analysis belong to two categories: the direct, or the so-called pyrheliometric, formula and the indirect, or parameterized, method. The statistical indicators, mean bias (MBE) and root-mean-square (RMSE) errors in combination with the t statistic are proposed for the evaluation and comparison of TL as produced by various models. The direct method is presented using three different parameterized algorithms for δR(λ), proposed by Louche et al., Grenier et al. and Kasten; whereas the indirect schemes were Dogniaux's and Valko's parameterized models. Based on the comparison against the early pyrheliometric method, Grenier et al.'s model performed the best with respect to R2, MBE, and RMSE, whereas adjusted Louche et al.'s, Louche et al.'s, Valko's, and Dogniaux's II and I models follow in that order. It is significant that Valko's model performed the best with respect to the t statistic. Dogniaux's scheme was found to depend strongly on the aerosol's microphysics loading in the atmosphere, whereas Valko's scheme did not show such a dependence. Finally, the probable dependence on the water vapour content of the relationship linking TL to Angstrom's turbidity coefficient β, is discussed. © 1997 by the Royal Meteorological Society. Int. J. Climatol. 17: 551–563, 1997.
Imputation of Missing Genotypes From Sparse to High Density Using Long-Range Phasing

Related individuals share potentially long chromosome segments that trace to a common ancestor. We describe a phasing algorithm (ChromoPhase) that utilizes this characteristic of finite populations to phase large sections of a chromosome. In addition to phasing, our method imputes missing genotypes in individuals genotyped at lower marker density when more densely genotyped relatives are available. ChromoPhase uses a pedigree to collect an individual’s (the proband) surrogate parents and offspring and uses genotypic similarity to identify its genomic surrogates. The algorithm then cycles through the relatives and genomic surrogates one at a time to find shared chromosome segments. Once a segment has been identified, any missing information in the proband is filled in with information from the relative. We tested ChromoPhase in a simulated population consisting of 400 individuals at a marker density of 1500/M, which is approximately equivalent to a 50K bovine single nucleotide polymorphism chip. In simulated data, 99.9% loci were correctly phased and, when imputing from 100 to 1500 markers, more than 87% of missing genotypes were correctly imputed. Performance increased when the number of generations available in the pedigree increased, but was reduced when the sparse genotype contained fewer loci. However, in simulated data, ChromoPhase correctly imputed at least 12% more genotypes than fastPHASE, depending on sparse marker density. We also tested the algorithm in a real Holstein cattle data set to impute 50K genotypes in animals with a sparse 3K genotype. In these data 92% of genotypes were correctly imputed in animals with a genotyped sire. We evaluated the accuracy of genomic predictions with the dense, sparse, and imputed simulated data sets and show that the reduction in genomic evaluation accuracy is modest even with imperfectly imputed genotype data. Our results demonstrate that imputation of missing genotypes, and potentially full genome sequence, using long-range phasing is feasible.
Evidence of skeletal muscle metabolic reserve during whole body exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

When freed from central cardiorespiratory limitations, healthy human skeletal muscle has exhibited a significant metabolic reserve. We studied the existence of this reserve in 10 severely compromised (FEV1 = 0.97 +/- SE 0.01) patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). To manipulate O2 supply and O2 demand in locomotor and respiratory muscles, subjects performed both maximal conventional two-legged cycle ergometry (large muscle mass) and single-leg knee extensor exercise (KE, small muscle mass) while breathing room air (RA), 100% O2, and 79% helium + 21% O2 (HeO2). With each gas mixture, peak ventilation, peak heart rate, and perceived breathlessness were lower in KE than cycle exercise (p < 0. 05). Arterial O2 saturation and maximal work capacity increased in both exercise modalities while subjects breathed 100% O2 (work: +10% bike, +25% KE, p < 0.05). HeO2 increased maximal work capacity on the cycle (+14%, p < 0.05) but had no effect on KE. HeO2 resulted in the greatest maximum minute ventilation in both bike and KE (p < 0. 05) but had no effect on arterial O2 saturation. Thus, a skeletal muscle metabolic reserve in these patients with COPD is evidenced by: (1) greater muscle mass specific work in KE; (2) greater work rates with higher fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2); (3) an even greater effect of FIO2 during KE (i.e., when the lungs are less challenged); and (4) the positive effect of HeO2 on bicycle work rate. This skeletal muscle metabolic reserve suggests that reduced whole body exercise capacity in COPD is the result of central restraints rather than peripheral skeletal muscle dysfunction, while the beneficial effect of 100% O2 (with no change in maximum ventilation) suggests that the respiratory system is not the sole constraint to oxygen consumption.
A Haptic-Audio Simulator Indoor Navigation: To Assist Visually Impaired Environment Exploration

VirtuNav is a haptic-, audio- enabled Virtual Reality (VR) simulator that facilitates persons with visual impairment to explore a 3D computerized model of a real-life indoor location, such as a classroom or hospital. For administrative purposes, the screen displays a 2D overhead view of the map to monitor user progress and location relative to the reconstructed 3D environment. The system offers two unique interfaces: a free-roam interface where a user can freely navigate and interact with the model, and an edit mode where an administrator can manage test users, manage maps and retrieve test data. VirtuNav is developed as a practical application offering several unique features including map design, semi-automatic 3D map reconstruction and object classification from 2D map data. Visual and haptic rendering of real-time 3D map navigation are provided, and automated administrative functions including determination of shortest path taken, comparison with the actual path taken, and assessment of performance indicators relating to time taken for exploration and collision data. VirtuNav is a research tool for investigation of user familiarity developed after repeated exposure to the indoor location, to determine the extent to which haptic and/or sound cues improve a visually impaired user's ability to navigate a room or building with or without occlusion. System testing reveals that spatial awareness and memory mapping improve with user iterations within VirtuNav. The application is for greater real world engagement: to build confidence in real world experiences, enabling persons with sight impairment to more comfortably and readily explore and interact with environments formerly unfamiliar or unattainable to them.
Crowdsensing traces using bluetooth low energy (BLE) proximity tags

Designing massive scale crowdsensing experiments using smartphones can be very challenging. In this work, we define a new approach for designing massive crowdsensing applications where we offload the burden of sensing from smartphones to low cost off-the-shelf Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) proximity tags. We discuss the usage of advertisements in BLE tags as a new energy-efficient sensing resource for massive scale crowd mobility trace collection. We performed a large experimental deployment with 600 tags and 10 smartphones conducted during the 5 days of the world largest annual gathering (The Hajj). We were able to achieve ~90% detectability rate while effectively reconstructing the routes of the participants.
Predicting cyclone tracks in the north Indian Ocean: An artificial neural network approach

Predicting cyclone tracks in the Indian Ocean has been a challenging problem. In this paper, we used past 12 hours of observations (2 positions, at 6 hourly intervals and the present position) to predict the position of a cyclone 24 hours in advance in terms of latitude and longitude. For this purpose we adopted an artificial neural network approach using 32 years (1971–2002) of tropical cyclone best track analysis over the Indian Ocean. The mean absolute error between the estimated and actual latitude (longitude) is 0.75 (0.87) degrees with correlation coefficient of 0.98 (0.99) for the prediction data set that was not used for developing the model. The mean error of estimation of the distance between the best track and the predicted positions is 137.5 km. Forecasts for 12, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours were also attempted.
Large Cosmic Variance in the Clustering Properties of Lyman Α Emitters at Z ≃ 5

We reported in a previous paper the discovery of large-scale structure of Lymanα emitters (LAEs) atz = 4.86±0.03 with a projected size of 20 h−1 70 Mpc× 50h −1 70 Mpc in narrow-band data of a 25 ×45 area of the Subaru Deep Field ( Ω0 = 0.3,λ0 = 0.7,H0 = 70h70 km s−1 Mpc−1). However, the surveyed area, which corresponds to 55h−1 70 Mpc ×100h −1 70 Mpc, was not large enough that we can conclude that we are seei ng a typical distribution of z ≃ 5 LAEs. In this Letter, we report the results of follow-up ima ging of the same sky area using a new narrowband filter (NB704,λc = 7046Å and FWHM= 100Å) to detect LAEs at z = 4.79, i.e., LAEs lying closer to us by 39h−1 70 Mpc on average than the z = 4.86 objects. We detect 51 LAEs at z = 4.79±0.04 down to NB704 = 25 . 7, and find that their sky distribution is quite different from t hez = 4.86 LAEs’. The clustering of z = 4.79 LAEs is very weak on any scales and there is no large-scale high-cont rast structure. The shape and the amplitude of the angular correlation function are thus largely different be tween the two samples. These results demonstrate a large cosmic variance in the clustering properties of LAEs on scal es of∼ 50h−1 70 Mpc. Subject headings: cosmology: observations — cosmology: early universe — cosm ology: large-scale structure of universe — galaxies: high-redshift — galaxies: evolution — galaxies: photometry
An Interference Aware Heuristic Routing Protocol for Wireless Home Automation Networks

Wireless Home Automation Networks consist of battery powered sensors and actuators that communicate with each other over wireless channels. The sensor nodes collect environmental information such as temperature, light intensity, humidity, and pressure to provide context-aware services and to facilitate smart home control. However, resource limitations, unpredictable topology changes, and interference introduce a number of challenges to the design of home automation protocols. One of the challenging tasks is developing energy efficient routing protocols to prolong the network lifetime. This paper proposes an interference aware heuristic routing protocol which determines the forwarding path between sensors and the base station using a heuristic function and a heuristic search algorithm. On the basis of local and global distance, longevity factor (LF), and link quality (LQ), the heuristic function generates a heuristic value for each node and this value is used in A_ search algorithm to determine the efficient route. Simulation results show that the proposed routing scheme outperforms GAHR and AODVjr protocols in terms of network lifetime, energy consumption, and message throughput. Furthermore, it achieves up to 15% increase in packet delivery ratio over GAHR protocol in a noisy environment
Improving Embedding Capacity by using the Z4-linearity of Preparata Codes

This paper presents a novel steganographic scheme based on nonlinear Preparate codes that can achieve better performance for application in steganography than simple linear codes currently in use. The idea of this paper is to use the Z4-linearity of Preparata non-linear codes for the construction of a new steganographic scheme and to show that quaternary covering functions can provide embedding capacity higher than binary ones and can maintain good image quality as well.
HLS: combining statistical and symbolic simulation to guide microprocessor designs

As microprocessors continue to evolve, many optimizations reach a point of diminishing returns. We introduce HLS, a hybrid processor simulator which uses statistical models and symbolic execution to evaluate design alternatives. This simulation methodology allows for quick and accurate contour maps to be generated of the performance space spanned by design parameters. We validate the accuracy of HLS through correlation with existing cycle-by-cycle simulation techniques and current generation hardware. We demonstrate. The power of HLS by exploring design spaces defined by two parameters: code properties and value prediction. These examples motivate how HLS can be used to set design goals and individual component performance targets.