Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diffusion in micellar systems: theory and molecular modelling

Recent development of experimental methods of investigation of diffusion in micellar systems and rethinking of the available material led to an increase in the number of theoretical studies in this field. This review summarizes the achievements in the general theory of micellization based on the law of mass action and in its applications to migration of surfactants in micellar systems. The law of mass action itself is modified to describe aggregative systems not only at low but also at moderate concentrations. New methods for calculating the concentrations of monomers and micelles in nonionic and ionic micellar systems are presented. Methods for estimating the micellar diffusion coefficient and the aggregation number from experimental data on surfactant diffusion are described. The theory of diffusion of electrically neutral micelles in concentrated ionic micellar solutions is developed. Computer simulation is an important tool complementing analytical and experimental methods of investigation of diffusion processes in micellar systems. The review addresses modern methods of molecular modelling of micellar systems, such as the all-atom molecular dynamics, molecular dynamics within coarse-grained models, and Brownian dynamics, which allow one to obtain a most detailed description of the structural and transport properties of micellar solutions. Various versions of cluster analysis and the role of this approach in calculations of surfactant diffusion coefficients in micellar solutions are discussed. The results of calculations of the diffusion coefficients of aggregates with different aggregation numbers, ions and water molecules from the data of all-atom molecular dynamics simulations at different total surfactant concentrations in the presence and in the absence of electrolyte are presented. The bibliography includes 77 references.
Fast Automatic Passage Ranking (MultiText Experiments for TREC-8)

TREC-8 represents the fth year that the MultiText project has participated in TREC [2, 1, 4, 5]. The MultiText project develops and prototypes scalable technologies for parallel information retrieval systems implemented on networks of workstations. Research issues are addressed in the context of this parallel architecture. Issues of concern to the MultiText Project include data distribution, load balancing, fast update, fault tolerance, document structure, relevance ranking, and user interaction. The MultiText system incorporates a unique technique for arbitrary passage retrieval. Since our initial participation in TREC-4 our TREC work has explored variants of this technique. For TREC-8 we focused our e orts on the Web track. In addition, we submitted runs for the Adhoc task (title and title+description) and a run for the Question Answering task.
Understanding and Treating Depression in Couples

Abstract Current couples approaches to the treatment of depression show considerable promise but also room for improvement. Conjoint approaches that are efficacious may not benefit the majority of depressed persons in intimate relationships in the community. Depressed persons whose partners refuse to participate in therapy highlight the need for individual treatments that can enhance marital functioning without relying on a conjoint format. Depressed persons who report marital satisfaction highlight the need for ways to focus on the dyad without implying the relationship is distressed. Developing a more flexible set of options for implementing treatment with a marital focus seems important.
Microarray Glycan Profiling Reveals Algal Fucoidan Epitopes in Diverse Marine Metazoans

Despite the biological importance and pharmacological potential of glycans from marine organisms, there are many unanswered questions regarding their distribution, function and evolution. Here we describe microarray-based glycan profiling of a diverse selection of marine animals using antibodies raised against fucoidan isolated from a brown alga. We demonstrate the presence of two fucoidan epitopes in six animals belonging to three phyla including Porifera, Molusca and Chordata. We studied the spatial distribution of these epitopes in Cliona celata (‘boring sponge’) and identified their restricted localisation on the surface of internal chambers. Our results show the potential of high-throughput screening and probes commonly used in plant and algal cell wall biology to study the diversity and distribution of glycan structures in metazoans.
Proton Beam Radiation Therapy in the Treatment of Pediatric Central Nervous System Malignancies: A Review of the Literature

One of 5 pediatric cancers occurs within the central nervous system. Although outcomes have improved, the greatest challenge with these patients remains the balance between cure and long-term morbidity. Patients who have undergone radiation therapy remain at high risk for developing a multitude of severe long-term sequelae. As radiation therapy remains a mainstay of treatment much attention has gone into improving its quality and precision. Multiple options exist for these patients, including conventional photon radiotherapy, conformal radiation, and now, proton beam radiotherapy. Proton beams are able to provide utmost precision for targeting the site of the tumor while decreasing radiation doses to surrounding tissues. Studies are showing that the benefits of proton therapy surpass both conventional radiation as well as conformal radiation therapy, and as a result medical centers around the United States are working to open more facilities and improve patient access. As research becomes more readily available and new centers open, pediatric patients will have the option to be treated with this technology in order to preserve cognitive function and decrease long-term effects.
A new cell-based clustering method for large, high-dimensional data in data mining applications

Recently data mining applications require a large amount of high-dimensional data. However, most clustering methods for data miming do not work efficiently for dealing with large, high-dimensional data because of the so-called 'curse of dimensionality'[1] and the limitation of available memory. In this paper, we propose a new cell-based clustering method which is more efficient for large, high-dimensional data than the existing clustering methods. Our clustering method provides an efficient cell creation algorithm using a space-partitioning technique and uses a filtering-based index structure using an approximation technique. Finally, we compare the performance of our cell-based clustering method with the CLIQUE method in terms of cluster construction time, precision, and retrieval time. The experimental results show that our clustering method achieves better performance on cluster construction time and retrieval time.
Differential ability scales: Profiles of learning‐disabled subtypes

The purpose of this study was to determine whether distinct subgroups of children with learning disabilities could be identified using a single, recently developed instrument—the Differential Ability Scales (DAS). Ward's method of cluster analysis was used to group 83 school-verified children with learning disabilities from the standardization sample. The following six subgroups were identified: (a) generalized, (b) high functioning, (c) normal, (d) underachievement, (e) borderline, and (f) dyseidetic. Not all subgroups displayed the expected discrepancy between intelligence and achievement associated with the current definitions of I.D. In subsequent discriminant analyses, both achievement and diagnostic subtests were necessary for accuracy in classification. This study provided evidence of the DAS's ability to diagnose the learning disabled differentially and provided distinct profiles for LD subgroups. Administration of the diagnostic subtests along with achievement subtests can provide the clinician with valuable diagnostic information for LD.
Architecture-level analysis and evaluation of transient errors on NoC

Scaling IC technology, lower voltage supply and high frequency etc cause transient errors to dominate in VLSI reliability design. NoC, as the most promising communication infrastructure for many-core system, also faces bits upset challenge due to transient errors. In this paper, we focus on analysis and evaluation of transient errors on NoC from architecture perspective: 1) classify the transient errors in NoC and analyse the cross-relationship between different types of errors to explore fine grain transient errors effect; 2) define the unified architecture-level metrics for evaluating transient errors effect on performance and reliability to guide fault tolerance methods selection; 3) do some cases study about transient errors in NoC based on accurate simulation results to validate our approach.
Fatal and non-fatal injuries among U.S. Air Force personnel resulting from the terrorist bombing of the Khobar Towers.

BACKGROUND Culminating with the events of September 11, 2001, U.S. civilian and military populations are vulnerable to terrorist attacks. Information about the patterns of injuries and their causes inform disaster management planning and can improve structural and architectural design. This report documents the injuries following an estimated 20K bomb at the Khobar Towers military compound in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. METHODS US Air Force personnel in the compound at the time of the bombing were evaluated. Data were collected through a mail survey, and a review of military medical records and autopsy reports. Outcome measures included injury types, treatment status, severity, and causes of injuries. RESULTS The study identified 574 persons who were injured in the bombing; 19 persons died. A total of 420 (73%) persons were injured directly in the blast and 154 (27%) persons were injured during evacuation, search and rescue, during cleanup, or sustained only auditory or inhalation trauma. Sixteen percent of survivors injured directly in the blast were hospitalized; 6% were critical. Soft tissue and foreign body injuries of the lower extremities were the most common injuries among survivors, most often caused by glass. Persons who died suffered extensive, multiple injuries from blunt trauma and one death was caused by glass. CONCLUSIONS All deaths were immediate and the majority of survivors suffered minor to moderate injuries. Injuries and deaths were consistent with extensive glass damage in the compound and fragmentation of building concrete. Improved building designs and retrofits such as blast-resistant glass and prevention of structural collapse or building fragmentation should be considered in building design and construction in high threat areas.
CLIP: A Checkpointing Tool for Message Passing Parallel Programs

Checkpointing is a useful technique for rollback recovery. We present CLIP, a user-level library that provides semi-transparent checkpointing for parallel programs on the Intel Paragon multicomputer. Creating an actual tool for checkpointing a complex machine like the Paragon is not easy, because many issues arise that require careful design decisions to be made. We detail what these decisions are, and how they were made in CLIP. We present performance data when checkpointing several long-running parallel applications. These results show that a convenient, general-purpose checkpointing tool like CLIP can provide fault-tolerance on a massively parallel multicomputer with good performance.
Viscosity-based Height Reflex for Quadrupedal Locomotion on Rough Terrain

Legged robots are meant to traverse unstructured environments. In some cases, high steps (level changes) can pose significant challenges. These terrain features can be successfully addressed by whole body optimization when a map of the environment is available. Despite recent advances in this field [8], optimal planning is still far from being realized in real time, due to the complexity of the optimization process, the need to have both reasonably accurate 3D maps of the environment [5] and reliable state estimation [3]. In particular these approaches are of limited applicability in cases of visual deprivation where a reactive approach is preferable [1, 6]. In this abstract we propose a height reflex strategy to successfully negotiate big height changes (e.g. when the robot steps down from a high pallet). In this context, an important issue is the loss of mobility of the swing leg, when trying to establish a new foothold during a reaching motion [7]. An elegant way to address this situation, is to ”squat” the whole trunk to aid the reaching motion. In other words, the swing motion can be ”reconfigured” by mapping it among the four legs. This results in a reaching motion without stretching too much the swing leg. Another way of seeing this is that the height reflex is able to extend the workspace of the swing leg, through the motion of the body. This behaviour is somewhat similar to the one presented in [2], but we tackle the problem from a planning perspective rather than a control one. With our approach we were able to address higher obstacles, up to 24cm which is 33% of the leg length and 58% of its retractable leg range [9]. The proposed approach is also able to incorporate kinematic limits.
Influence of a relaxation session and an exercise class on emotional states in pregnant women

Objective: The aim of the study was to compare changes in state anxiety and mood dimensions in pregnant women after a session of physical exercise and relaxation. Methods: This study used a quantitative comparative design to compare two groups of pregnant women aged 22–38 years: (1) 46 women participated in physical exercise for pregnant women and (2) 46 women participated in relaxation session. Emotional states were assessed with the UWIST Mood Adjective Checklist and State–Trait Anxiety Inventory. The measurement of emotional states was done immediately before and after the classes. Results: The main time effect was observed in all emotional states assessed: the level of state anxiety and tension arousal decreased and the level of hedonic tone and energetic arousal increased. The main group effect was significant only for energetic arousal (higher level in the exercise group). Analysis within the groups found significant time effect for energetic arousal only in the exercise group. Conclusions: Both a relaxation session and one-time physical exercise can improve the emotional comfort of pregnant women. Relaxation training will probably bring more benefits to women having higher levels of anxiety or depression, while physical exercise can be particularly useful for women having problems with fatigue and decreased energy levels.
A New Method for Fast and Accurate Derivation of Molecular Conformations

During molecular simulations, three-dimensional conformations of biomolecules are calculated from the values of their bond angles, bond lengths, and torsional angles. In this paper we study how to efficiently derive three-dimensional molecular conformations from the values of torsional angles. This case is of broad interest as torsional angles greatly affect molecular shape and are always taken into account during simulations. We first review two widely used methods for deriving molecular conformations, the simple rotations scheme and the Denavit-Hartenberg local frames method. We discuss their disadvantages which include extensive bookkeeping, accumulation of numerical errors, and redundancies in the local frames used. Then we introduce a new, fast, and accurate method called the atomgroup local frames method. This new method not only eliminates the disadvantages of earlier approaches but also provides lazy evaluation of atom positions and reduces the computational cost. Our method is especially useful in applications where many conformations are generated or updated such as in energy minimization and conformational search.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Global Research Trends

Abstract The induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) was first described more than 10 years ago and is currently used in various basic science and clinical research fields. The aim of this report is to examine the trends in research using iPSCs over the last 10 years. The 2006–2016 PubMed database was searched using the MeSH term “induced pluripotent stem cells. ” Only original research articles were selected, with a total of 3323 articles. These were classified according to research theme into reprogramming, differentiation protocols for specific cells and/or tissues, pathophysiological research on diseases, and discovery of new drugs, and then the trends over the years were analyzed. We also focused on 232 research publications on the pathophysiological causes of diseases and drug discovery with impact factor (IF; Thomson Reuters) of six or more. The IF of each article was summed up by year, by main target disease, and by country, and the total IF score was expressed as trends of research. The trends of research activities of reprogramming and differentiation on specific cells and/or tissues reached maxima in 2013/2014. On the other hand, research on pathophysiology and drug discovery increased continuously. The 232 articles with IF ≥6 dealt with neurological, immunological/hematological, cardiovascular, and digestive tract diseases, in that order. The majority of articles were published from the United States, followed by Japan, Germany, and United Kingdom. In conclusion, iPSCs have become a general tool for pathophysiological research on disease and drug discovery.
The practice of promoting primary pupils’ autonomy: examples of teacher feedback

Background: Some authors consider the ultimate purpose of Assessment for Learning to be the promotion of pupils’ autonomy. But the concept of autonomy is problematic and teachers’ attempts to promote autonomy in the classroom can seem both vague and impractical. Purpose: In this paper, following Ecclestone (2002), I suggest that a full definition of autonomy includes children’s independence, proactivity and critical inquiry in the classroom – which by their nature centre around the individual’s capacity for self-directed learning and meta-learning in their lives. I illustrate how one teacher promoted all three aspects of autonomy through her classroom feedback. Feedback is conceptualised as all the comments made by the teacher as a reaction to any activity or behaviour by pupils. Design and methods: These examples draw on research data collected in 2009–11 in which nine ‘profile’ Year 5 (aged 9–10) children and their teacher were observed and interviewed about teacher feedback and ways in which it might promote autonomy. Five lessons across six months during 2010, which were video-taped, audio-recorded, observed and followed up by interviews with individuals, pairs or threes from among the nine profile children, have been analysed in detail. Findings: Findings from this detailed analysis of lesson and interview transcripts suggested that the teacher employed a range of skilfully crafted autonomy-promoting feedback. Categories for this feedback consisted of the teacher feedback during the five lessons encouraging the pupil’s: independence, usually in the sense of the child cultivating a view that might stand out from the general view (23 instances observed); proactivity in learning, manifested through that child’s unsolicited engagement with a topic (80 occasions noted); metasocial critical inquiry, which was subdivided into: firstly, metasocial critical inquiry into rules about life including assessment (60 instances); and secondly, metasocial critical inquiry into relationships, including social relationships occurring during learning collaboration (27 occasions); and finally, most frequently, critical inquiry into learning processes (94 examples noted). Conclusions: I conclude by noting that the teacher’s feedback – whether intentionally or not – had the potential to inspire children’s immediate and longer-term developments in independent learning, proactivity and critical inquiry.
Reflexive Standardization: Side Effects and Complexity in Standard Making

This paper addresses the general question proposed by the call of this special issue: "What historical or contingent events and factors influence the creation of ICT standards, and in particular, their success or failure? " Based on a case study conducted over a period of three years in a Norwegian hospital on the standardization process of an electronic patient record (EPR), the paper contributes to the current discussion on the conceptualization of standard-making in the field of Information Systems. By drawing upon the concepts of logic of ordering adopted from actor-network theory and upon reflexivity and the unexpected side effects adopted from reflexive modernization, the paper makes three key contributions: (1) it demonstrates the socio-technical complexity of IS standards and standardization efforts; (2) it shows how complexity generates reflexive processes that undermine standardization aims; and (3) it suggests a theoretical interpretation of standardization complexity by using ideas from complexity theory and the theory of reflexive modernization. These research questions are addressed by offering an historical and contingent analysis of the complexity dynamics emerging from the case.
Scaling Effects and Spatio-Temporal Multilevel Dynamics in Epileptic Seizures

Epileptic seizures are one of the most well-known dysfunctions of the nervous system. During a seizure, a highly synchronized behavior of neural activity is observed that can cause symptoms ranging from mild sensual malfunctions to the complete loss of body control. In this paper, we aim to contribute towards a better understanding of the dynamical systems phenomena that cause seizures. Based on data analysis and modelling, seizure dynamics can be identified to possess multiple spatial scales and on each spatial scale also multiple time scales. At each scale, we reach several novel insights. On the smallest spatial scale we consider single model neurons and investigate early-warning signs of spiking. This introduces the theory of critical transitions to excitable systems. For clusters of neurons (or neuronal regions) we use patient data and find oscillatory behavior and new scaling laws near the seizure onset. These scalings lead to substantiate the conjecture obtained from mean-field models that a Hopf bifurcation could be involved near seizure onset. On the largest spatial scale we introduce a measure based on phase-locking intervals and wavelets into seizure modelling. It is used to resolve synchronization between different regions in the brain and identifies time-shifted scaling laws at different wavelet scales. We also compare our wavelet-based multiscale approach with maximum linear cross-correlation and mean-phase coherence measures.
On-demand test suite reduction

Most test suite reduction techniques aim to select, from a given test suite, a minimal representative subset of test cases that retains the same code coverage as the suite. Empirical studies have shown, however, that test suites reduced in this manner may lose fault detection capability. Techniques have been proposed to retain certain redundant test cases in the reduced test suite so as to reduce the loss in fault-detection capability, but these still do concede some degree of loss. Thus, these techniques may be applicable only in cases where loose demands are placed on the upper limit of loss in fault-detection capability. In this work we present an on-demand test suite reduction approach, which attempts to select a representative subset satisfying the same test requirements as an initial test suite conceding at most l% loss in fault-detection capability for at least c% of the instances in which it is applied. Our technique collects statistics about loss in fault-detection capability at the level of individual statements and models the problem of test suite reduction as an integer linear programming problem. We have evaluated our approach in the contexts of three scenarios in which it might be used. Our results show that most test suites reduced by our approach satisfy given fault detection capability demands, and that the approach compares favorably with an existing test suite reduction approach.