Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Potassium-argon ages of some northern Queensland basalts and an interpretation of late Cainozoic history

Abstract The palaeotopography of an east‐west valley on the eastern flank of the Great Divide is reconstructed from a consideration of early Tertiary and Palaeozoic rocks. This valley confined the olivine basalt lavas of the Nulla Province—the lavas originating from vents near the head of the valley. The distribution of vents shows that eruption took place along north‐east lineaments in the cratonic basement. The rates of entrenchment of streams in the province indicate that the area of the Great Divide where the basalts originated was actively rising during the eruptions and it is inferred that this uplift took place along the lineaments. Potassium‐argon ages from the eastern half of the province show that vulcanism was confined to brief episodes 4.0–4.5 m.y. ago, at 2.3 m.y. , 1.3 m.y. and 1.1 m.y. ago, and, in more recent time, probably no longer than 100,000 years ago. These ages assist in providing a time scale for certain geological or geomorphic events within the province which, in turn, leads to a .
Investigating the frequency dependence of mantle Q by stacking P and PP spectra

Using seismograms from globally distributed, shallow earthquakes between 1988 and 1998, we compute spectra for P arrivals from epicentral distances of 40° to 80° and PP arrivals from 80° to 160°. Selecting records with estimated signal-to-noise ratios greater than 2, we find 17,836 P and 14,721 PP spectra. We correct each spectrum for the known instrument response and for an ω−2 source model that accounts for varying event sizes. Next, we stack the logarithms of the P and PP spectra in bins of similar source-receiver range. The stacked log spectra, denoted as log(DP′) and log(DPP′), appear stable between about 0.16 and 0.86 Hz, with noise and/or bias affecting the results at higher frequencies. Assuming that source spectral differences are randomly distributed, then for shallow events, when the PP range is twice the P range, the average residual source spectrum may be estimated as 2 log(DP′)–log(DPP′), and the average P wave attenuation spectrum may be estimated as log(DPP′) – log(DP′). The residual source spectral estimates exhibit a smooth additional falloff as ω−0.15±0.05 between 0.16 and 0.86 Hz, indicating that ω−2.15±0.05 is an appropriate average source model for shallow events. The attenuation spectra show little distance dependence over this band and have a P wave t¯* value of ∼0.5 s. We use t¯* measurements from individual P and PP spectra to invert for a frequency-independent Q model and find that the upper mantle is nearly 5 times as attenuating as the lower mantle. Frequency dependence in Qα is difficult to resolve directly in these data but, as previous researchers have noted, is required to reconcile these values with long-period Q estimates. Using Q model QL6 [Durek and Ekstrom, 1996] as a long-period constraint, we experiment with fitting our stacked log spectra with an absorption band model. We find that the upper corner frequency f2 in the absorption band must be depth-dependent to account for the lack of a strong distance dependence in our observed t¯* values. In particular, our results indicate that f2 is higher in the top 220 km of the mantle than at greater depths; the lower layer is about twice as attenuating at 1 Hz than at 0.1 Hz, whereas the upper mantle attenuation is relatively constant across this band.
Habitat use and diet selection of reintroduced white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) in Pafuri, Kruger National Park

vi Opsomming viii List of Tables xiii List of Figures xiv CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION CONSERVATION CRISIS 1 Solutions 3 REINTRODUCTIONS 5 Risks 5 Benefits 7 CURRENT CONTEXT. 8 STUDY AREA 12 Climate 13 Economic significance 13 Ecological significance 14 STUDY ANIMAL 17 The Rhinocerotidae 17 The White Rhino 18 OBJECTIVES AND THESIS OUTLINE 21 REFERENCES 23 CHAPTER 2 LANDSCAPE PREFERENCES OF WHITE RHINOCEROS IN PAFURI, THE FAR NORTHERN KRUGER NATIONAL PARK INTRODUCTION 34 METHODS 36 Study area 36 Field data collection 38 Data analysis 38 RESULTS 42 DISCUSSION 46 CONCLUSION 51 REFERENCES 52
Human Cancer Biology Ewing Tumors That Do Not Overexpress BMI-1 Are a Distinct Molecular Subclass with Variant Biology : A Report from the Children ' s Oncology Group

Purpose: Ewing sarcoma family tumors (ESFT) are aggressive tumors of putative stem cell origin for which prognostic biomarkers and novel treatments are needed. In several human cancers, high expression of the polycomb protein BMI-1 is associated with poor outcome. We have assessed the potential clinical significance of BMI-1 expression level in ESFT. Experimental Design: BMI-1 expression was assessed in 130 tumors by immunostaining and associations with clinical features and outcome determined. The molecular signatures of BMI-1–low and BMI-1– high tumors were compared usingmicroarrays and differentially activated canonical pathways identified by gene-specific enrichment analysis. Automated quantitative analysis of phosphoproteins was used to assess relative levels of pathway activation. Sensitivity to IGF1-R inhibition was determined using MTS [3-(4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] assays. Results: BMI-1 is overexpressed by the vast majority of ESFTs. However, in 20% of cases, BMI-1 levels are low to undetectable. Significantly, although clinical presentation and outcome were similar between BMI1–high and BMI-1–low tumors, whole genome expression array analysis showed marked differences in their respective gene expression profiles. Gene-specific enrichment analysis identified that several cancerassociated canonical biological pathways, including IGF1, mTOR, and WNT, are significantly downregulated in BMI-1–low compared with BMI-1–high tumors. Consistent with these in vivo data, the response to IGF1-R inhibition in vitrowas diminished in BMI-1–low compared with BMI-1–high ESFT cells. Conclusion: ESFT that do not overexpress BMI-1 represent a novel subclass with a distinct molecular profile and altered activation of and dependence on cancer-associated biological pathways. Clin Cancer Res; 17(1); 56–66. 2010 AACR.
Dynamic modeling of self-reconfigurable multi-arm space robotic system with variable topology

Modular self-reconfigurable space robots, which can change their topology for the on-orbital missions, can reduce costs, increase reliability, and permit the rapid repair and refueling of future spacecraft. However, the dynamic modeling is very difficult since the topology of the multi-body system is variable. In this paper, we design a self-reconfigurable multi-arm space robotic system, analyze the topology for the possible configuration, and derived the corresponding dynamic model. According to the possible mission, the space robot can work with the following configurations: free-flying three-arm system, compounded single-foot dual-arm system, compounded dual-foot single-arm system, and compounded single-foot single-arm system. The dynamic equations are resolved by the Runge-Kutta-Gill method, and realized using the standard C language. At last, the virtual prototype models are created based on ADAMS software. The developed dynamic models are verified by comparing the calculation results of the C code and ADAMS model under the same conditions. Simulation results show the developed dynamics models and calculation code.
A short film about VJs: using documentary film to engage performers in design

VJing is a live performance of visual media. In their performances VJs utlize technologies in ways which subvert and evolve current interfaces; presenting qualities such as performativeness and expression. By developing interfaces in direct response to a VJ's work, we can learn how to develop fresh styles of interaction. The subtle nuances of a VJ's use of technology may not be achieved through a simple observation or dialogue with VJs; as they are difficult to decouple from the performer's creative process. In this film we present a design process that utilizes video documentary to explore the working practices of a collection of VJs. The documentary frames our engagement with the creative processes which shape an individual artist's performance. We describe the process detailing the initial creation of the documentary, and a participatory design workshop inspired by the film. We conclude with an example of how the process has been used in the design of a personal interactive tool for one of our participants.
Split-by-edges trees

A split-by-edges tree of a graph G on n vertices is a binary tree T where the root = V(G), every leaf is an independent set in G, and for every other node N in T with children L and R there is a pair of vertices {u, v}  N such that L = N \ {v}, R = N \ {u}, and uv is an edge in G. The distance from the root to an independent set I is n – |I| and the maximum independent sets of G are the ones closest to the root. For every independent set X of G there is a leaf Y in T such that X  Y, thus every maximal independent set in G is a leaf in T. In a uniquified split-byedges tree a maximum independent set is found in a layer-by-layer search in at the most 2 (n) time, in terms of number of split operations, whith (n) = O(0.369425n) for random graphs. The SBE-tree An independent set I in a graph G = (V, E) is a set of vertices no two of which are adjacent, and if G has no larger independent set then I is a maximum independent set of G. Tarjan and Trojanowski point out that, given a vertex v  V, any maximum independent set of G must be a subset of either V – N(v) or V – v, using that as the starting point for an algorithm that finds a maximum independent set in less than 2 time [1]. Relatedly, given an edge uv  E and a maximum independent set M  V, either M  V \ {u} or M  V \ {v}. This gives rise to the following definition. Definition 1: Let G be graph and let T be a binary tree of subsets of V(G). Then T is a split-by-edges tree, or SBE-tree, of G if and only if the root of T = V(G), every leaf in T is an independent set of G, and for every other node N in T with children L and R there is a pair of vertices {u, v}  N such that L = N \ {u}, R = N \ {v}, and u and v are adjacent in G. Figure 1. An SBE-tree of the graph at the upper left. The leaves have bold blue frames. The gray nodes are duplicates of others. The branching labels, which do not belong to the tree, show the splitting edges. Theorem 1. Given a graph G and a split-by-edges tree T of G, for every independent set X of G there is a leaf Y in T such that X  Y. Proof: Given an independent set I of G, for every node N in T, if I  N then I  L(N) or I  L(N).  Corollary 1.1. Every maximal independent set of G is a leaf in T. 
Learning Hypergraph Labeling for Feature Matching

This study poses the feature correspondence problem as a hypergraph node labeling problem. Candidate feature matches and their subsets (usually of size larger than two) are considered to be the nodes and hyperedges of a hypergraph. A hypergraph labeling algorithm, which models the subset-wise interaction by an undirected graphical model, is applied to label the nodes (feature correspondences) as correct or incorrect. We describe a method to learn the cost function of this labeling algorithm from labeled examples using a graphical model training algorithm. The proposed feature matching algorithm is different from the most of the existing learning point matching methods in terms of the form of the objective function, the cost function to be learned and the optimization method applied to minimize it. The results on standard datasets demonstrate how learning over a hypergraph improves the matching performance over existing algorithms, notably one that also uses higher order information without learning.
Elastodynamic Analysis of a Hollow Cylinder with Decagonal Quasicrystal Properties: Meshless Implementation of Local Integral Equations

A meshless approximation and local integral equation (LIE) formulation are proposed for elastodynamic analysis of a hollow cylinder made of quasicrystal materials with decagonal quasicrystal properties. The cylinder is assumed to be under shock loading. Therefore, the general transient elastodynamic problem is considered for coupled phonon and phason displacements and stresses. The equations of motion in the theory of compatible elastodynamics of wave type for phonons and wave-telegraph type for phasons are employed and can be easily modified to the elasto-hydro dynamic equations for quasicrystals (QCs). The angular dependence of the tensor of phonon–phason coupling coefficients handicaps utilization of polar coordinates, when the governing equations would be given by partial differential equations with variable coefficients. Despite the symmetry of the geometrical shape, the local weak formulation and meshless approximation are developed in the Cartesian coordinate system. The response of the cylinder in terms of both phonon and phason stress fields is obtained and studied in detail.
Immunomodulation of inflammatory leukocyte markers during intravenous immunoglobulin treatment associated with clinical efficacy in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy

The objective of the study was to profile leukocyte markers modulated during intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) treatment, and to identify markers and immune pathways associated with clinical efficacy of IVIg for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) with potential for monitoring treatment efficacy.
Three‐dimensional micromagnetic analysis of stability in fine magnetic grains

We examine the stability of magnetic remanences in grains of magnetite near the critical single-domain grain size (d0). The magnetic structure of a grain is followed during a 180° magnetization reversal, and it is shown that noncoherent reversals can occur even in grains smaller than d0. The energy barrier to noncoherent revesal is much lower than that of coherent rotation, so that pseudo-single-domain grain behavior will be exhibited by grains significantly smaller than d0.
Competency assessment of short free text answers

The increased adoption of competency-based education has posed the need of an automated competency assessment. Most of the existing assisted assessment does not cater for competency assessment. The high percentage on the use of short free text answer as competency assessment shows that the need of the competency assisted assessment is urgent. This paper studies on the need and also review on existing assisted assessments focusing on short free text answer. A Node Link (NL) Scoring technique is proposed as an alternative automated solution to assess learners' competency in short free text answers.
Signature File Methods for Indexing Object-oriented Database Systems

Although object-oriented database systems ooer more powerful modeling capability than relational database systems, their performance suuers from the increased complexity in the data model. Thus, eecient index mechanisms must be used to improve the performance. In this paper, two new signature methods for indexing object-oriented databases and the associated operations are described. The cost models for the analysis of storage overhead and performance of the methods are presented.
Capacity Analysis of Decoupled Downlink and Uplink Access in 5G Heterogeneous Systems

Our traditional notion of a cell is changing dramatically given the increasing degree of heterogeneity in 4G and emerging 5G systems. Rather than belonging to a specific cell, a device would choose the most suitable connection from the plethora of connections available. In such a setting, given the transmission powers differ significantly between downlink (DL) and uplink (UL), a wireless device that sees multiple Base Stations (BSs) may access the infrastructure in a way that it receives the downlink (DL) traffic from one BS and sends uplink (UL) traffic through another BS. This situation is referred to as Downlink and Uplink Decoupling (DUDe). In this paper, the capacity and throughput gains brought by decoupling are rigorously derived using stochastic geometry. Theoretical findings are then corroborated by means of simulation results. A further constituent of this paper is the verification of the theoretically derived results by means of a real-world system simulation platform. Despite theoretical assumptions differing from the very complete system simulator, the trends in the association probabilities and capacity gains are similar. Based on the promising results, we then outline architectural changes needed to facilitate the decoupling of DL and UL.
Error exponents for Neyman-Pearson detection of a continuous-time Gaussian Markov process from noisy irregular samples

This paper addresses the detection of a stochastic process in noise from irregular samples. We consider two hypotheses. The \emph{noise only} hypothesis amounts to model the observations as a sample of a i.i. d. Gaussian random variables (noise only). The \emph{signal plus noise} hypothesis models the observations as the samples of a continuous time stationary Gaussian process (the signal) taken at known but random time-instants corrupted with an additive noise. Two binary tests are considered, depending on which assumptions is retained as the null hypothesis. Assuming that the signal is a linear combination of the solution of a multidimensional stochastic differential equation (SDE), it is shown that the minimum Type II error probability decreases exponentially in the number of samples when the False Alarm probability is fixed. This behavior is described by \emph{error exponents} that are completely characterized. It turns out that they are related with the asymptotic behavior of the Kalman Filter in random stationary environment, which is studied in this paper. Finally, numerical illustrations of our claims are provided in the context of sensor networks.
Deficiency Zero Petri Nets and Product Form

Consider a Markovian Petri net with race policy. The marking process has a “product form” stationary distribution if the probability of viewing a given marking can be decomposed as the product over places of terms depending only on the local marking. First we observe that the Deficiency Zero Theorem of Feinberg, developed for chemical reaction networks, provides a structural and simple sufficient condition for the existence of a product form. In view of this, we study the classical subclass of free-choice nets. Roughly, we show that the only Petri nets of this class which have a product form are the state machines, which can alternatively be viewed as Jackson networks.
A Practical Markov Chain Monte Carlo Approach to Decision Problems

Decision and optimization problems involving graphs arise in many areas of artificial intelligence, including probabilistic networks, robot navigation, and network design. Many such problems are NP-complete; this has necessitated the development of approximation methods, most of which are very complex and highly problemspecific. We propose a straightforward, practical approach to algorithm design based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), a statistical simulation scheme for efficiently sampling from a large (possibly exponential) set, such as the set of feasible solutions to a combinatorial task. This facilitates the development of simple, efficient, and general solutions to whole classes of decision problems. We provide detailed examples showing how this approach can be used for spanning tree problems such as Degree-Constrained Spanning Tree, Maximum Leaf Spanning Tree, and Kth Best Spanning Tree.
Decision Fusion Over Noncoherent Fading Multiaccess Channels

In this paper, we consider a distributed detection scenario where a number of remote sensors is linked to a decision fusion center by a fading multiaccess channel. The communication is assumed to be noncoherent meaning that channel gains are unknown at both sensors and the fusion center. Each sensor makes a binary local decision and communicates it to the fusion center simultaneously. We investigate the detection performance of the system in terms of error probability and error exponent under both Rayleigh and Rician fading scenarios. We reveal that on-off keying is the most energy efficient modulation scheme when the channel is subject to Rayleigh fading and that optimizing the modulation scheme can lead to a gain in error exponent under Rician fading scenario. Under both fading scenarios, optimal decision fusion rules can be reduced to simple threshold tests.
Errors in the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and magnetic remanence of unconsolidated sediments produced by sampling methods

Samples from glacial varves were obtained by cutting cubes and by pushing plastic cubical containers into the sediment. The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility results show that the mean angular difference in the kmax direction can be altered by 32° by pushing in the sample containers in a north to south versus an east to west direction. The values of lineation and Q are raised or lowered dependent upon the direction of push and the original fabric direction. Mean remanence directions can deviate by as much as 43° in a single clay layer dependent upon the direction in which the sample containers are inserted into the sediment. Corresponding changes in mean intensity of the remanence also demonstrate that the remanence has been affected by pushing in sample containers. The overall results underline the need to adopt trustworthy procedures for the sampling of soft sediments deposited by settling and traction.
Wiki content templating

Wiki content templating enables reuse of content structures among wiki pages. In this paper we present a thorough study of this widespread feature, showing how its two state of the art models (functional and creational templating) are sub-optimal. We then propose a third, better, model called lightly constrained (LC) templating and show its implementation in the Moin wiki engine. We also show how LC templating implementations are the appropriate technologies to push forward semantically rich web pages on the lines of (lowercase) semantic web and microformats.