Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The jump is definable in the structure of the degrees of unsolvability

Recursion theory deals with computability on the natural numbers. A function ƒ from N to N is computable (or recursive) if it can be calculated by some program on a Turing machine, or equivalently on any other general purpose computer. A major topic of interest, introduced in Post [23], is the notion of relative difficulty of computation. A function ƒ is computable relative to a function g if after equipping the machine with a black box subroutine that provides the values of g, there is a program (which now may call g via the subroutine) which computes ƒ . In this case we write ƒ <T g. Two functions are Turing equivalent if each is computable relative to the other; the equivalence classes are called Turing degrees. These degrees form a partial ordering 3 under the induced reducibility relation < . The structural analysis of the partial ordering 3 has been a major area of research in recursion theory since the pioneering paper of Kleene and Post [14]. Kleene and Post proved a number of results on the structure of 3 including the embeddability of arbitrary countable partial orders into 3 , and obtained partial results on extendability of a given embedding to a larger domain. This line of investigation was pursued by many people over the next twenty-five years, culminating in essentially complete solutions of these problems, and a characterization of the possible ideals of the structure 3 (see Lachlan and Lebeuf [16] and Lerman [17], [18]). Kleene and Post also considered the enriched structure 3 equipped with the "jump operator", denoted ' , which is a canonical operation on degrees which takes each degree d to a strictly
Virtual source panning using multiple-wise vector base in the multispeaker stereo format

In the last few decades, various panning algorithms have been proposed to generate virtual sound localization in loudspeaker systems. Vector base amplitude panning (VBAP) is the most widely adopted pair-wise amplitude panning method. However, pair-wise amplitude panning has a directional discontinuity problem in the multichannel surround panning. In particular, sound localization for the virtual source does not smoothly vary in the direction of the near speaker. While coincident panning using multiple loudspeakers, such as Ambisonics, performs better, it has less stability in sound localization due to the precedence effect. In this paper, a multiple-wise vector base virtual source panning algorithm is proposed. To generate more stable localization of panning sound, the proposed panning algorithm calculates the amplitude panning gains using multiple-wise vector base formulation. Additionally, the angle-dependent and nonnegative gain control function is applied to prevent artifacts caused by negative amplitude gains. The subjective listening tests using the method of adjustment (MOA) are performed to evaluate the sound localization of the proposed algorithm, which is compared with the conventional amplitude panning methods.
2 Stroke July 2014 existing practices and improve the quality of life of stroke patients

Background and Purpose—The purpose of this statement is to delineate basic expectations regarding primary palliative care competencies and skills to be considered, learned, and practiced by providers and healthcare services across hospitals and community settings when caring for patients and families with stroke. Methods—Members of the writing group were appointed by the American Heart Association Stroke Council’s Scientific Statement Oversight Committee and the American Heart Association’s Manuscript Oversight Committee. Members were chosen to reflect the diversity and expertise of professional roles in delivering optimal palliative care. Writing group members were assigned topics relevant to their areas of expertise, reviewed the appropriate literature, and drafted manuscript content and recommendations in accordance with the American Heart Association’s framework for defining classes and level of evidence and recommendations. Results—The palliative care needs of patients with serious or life-threatening stroke and their families are enormous: complex decision making, aligning treatment with goals, and symptom control. Primary palliative care should be available to all patients with serious or life-threatening stroke and their families throughout the entire course of illness. To optimally deliver primary palliative care, stroke systems of care and provider teams should (1) promote and practice patientand family-centered care; (2) effectively estimate prognosis; (3) develop appropriate goals of care; (4) be familiar with the evidence for common stroke decisions with end-of-life implications; (5) assess and effectively manage emerging stroke symptoms; (6) possess experience with palliative treatments at the end of life; (7) assist with care coordination, including referral to a palliative care specialist or hospice if necessary; (8) provide the patient and family the opportunity for personal growth and make bereavement resources available if death is anticipated; and (9) actively participate in continuous quality improvement and research. Conclusions—Addressing the palliative care needs of patients and families throughout the course of illness can complement Palliative and End-of-Life Care in Stroke A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association
Estimating GFR using serum cystatin C alone and in combination with serum creatinine: a pooled analysis of 3,418 individuals with CKD.

BACKGROUND Serum cystatin C was proposed as a potential replacement for serum creatinine in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimation. We report the development and evaluation of GFR-estimating equations using serum cystatin C alone and serum cystatin C, serum creatinine, or both with demographic variables. STUDY DESIGN Test of diagnostic accuracy. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS Participants screened for 3 chronic kidney disease (CKD) studies in the United States (n = 2,980) and a clinical population in Paris, France (n = 438). REFERENCE TEST Measured GFR (mGFR). INDEX TEST Estimated GFR using the 4 new equations based on serum cystatin C alone, serum cystatin C, serum creatinine, or both with age, sex, and race. New equations were developed by using linear regression with log GFR as the outcome in two thirds of data from US studies. Internal validation was performed in the remaining one third of data from US CKD studies; external validation was performed in the Paris study. MEASUREMENTS GFR was measured by using urinary clearance of iodine-125-iothalamate in the US studies and chromium-51-EDTA in the Paris study. Serum cystatin C was measured by using Dade-Behring assay, standardized serum creatinine values were used. RESULTS Mean mGFR, serum creatinine, and serum cystatin C values were 48 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (5th to 95th percentile, 15 to 95), 2.1 mg/dL, and 1.8 mg/L, respectively. For the new equations, coefficients for age, sex, and race were significant in the equation with serum cystatin C, but 2- to 4-fold smaller than in the equation with serum creatinine. Measures of performance in new equations were consistent across the development and internal and external validation data sets. Percentages of estimated GFR within 30% of mGFR for equations based on serum cystatin C alone, serum cystatin C, serum creatinine, or both levels with age, sex, and race were 81%, 83%, 85%, and 89%, respectively. The equation using serum cystatin C level alone yields estimates with small biases in age, sex, and race subgroups, which are improved in equations including these variables. LIMITATIONS Study population composed mainly of patients with CKD. CONCLUSIONS Serum cystatin C level alone provides GFR estimates that are nearly as accurate as serum creatinine level adjusted for age, sex, and race, thus providing an alternative GFR estimate that is not linked to muscle mass. An equation including serum cystatin C level in combination with serum creatinine level, age, sex, and race provides the most accurate estimates.
The Impact of Repeated Sensory-Motor Experience With Multimodal Objects Upon the Emergence of Infant Reaching

Previous studies found that providing infants with repeated opportunities for reaching improved the emergence and quality of the behavior, presumably via exploratory and selective processes (Bojczyk & Corbetta, 2004; Lobo et al., 2008). Here we further examined the effects of opportunities for reaching by exposing infants to multimodal objects that were activated either continuously by a hidden motor or contingently by hand-toy contact. We asked if such objects would motivate infants to try to reach for them even more than still and silent objects. Forty-four pre-reaching infants were recruited within the week prior to turning three months of age and were seen for 16 consecutive days. Three groups received daily exposure to objects that either moved and made noise continuously (continuous), moved and made noise only on hand-object contact (contingent), or did not move or make noise when touched (repeated task exposure). A control group received no daily experience. On day 1, all infants were assessed in the laboratory to ensure they were not reaching. From days 2-15, an experimenter tested the repeated groups in the home. On day 16, all infants‟ reaching was reassessed in our laboratory. Arm kinematics were recorded during laboratory visits. All testing was the same: infants were seated in an infant chair behind a table and an experimenter placed 1 toy on the table at midline for one minute. Infants received ten trials per day. We measured amount of intentional reaches, hand-toy distance, and peak movement speed. Intentional reaching significantly increased for all repeated groups. Examination of infants that improved showed that the contingent group displayed a significantly higher gain in reaching over time relative to the repeated task exposure and continuous groups. Kinematic measures indicated that these young infants modulated the speed of their reaching movements to vi match task demands. Specifically, infants in the continuous group displayed increased peak speeds of their movements in order to contact a moving object. Results suggest that repeated opportunities to reach for objects underlies the emergence of reaching; however this process may be aided by providing a salient, multimodal link that highlights the effects of successful action.
A Dynamic Buffer Management Scheme for End-to-End QoS Enhancement of Multi-flow Services in HSDPA

End-user multi-flow services support is a crucial aspect of current and next generation mobile networks. This paper presents a dynamic buffer management strategy for HSDPA end-user multi-flow traffic with aggregated real-time and non-real-time flows. The scheme incorporates dynamic priority switching between the flows for transmission on the HSDPA radio channel. The end-to-end performance of the proposed strategy is investigated with an end-user multi-flow session of simultaneous VoIP and TCP-based downlink traffic using detailed HSDPA system-level simulations. Compared to an equivalent static buffer management scheme, the results show that end-to-end throughput performance gains in the non-real-time flow and better HSDPA channel utilization is attainable without compromising the real-time VoIP flow QoS constraints.
Mapping into LUT structures

Mapping into K-input lookup tables (K-LUTs) is an important step in synthesis for Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). The traditional FPGA architecture assumes all interconnects between individual LUTs are “routable”. This paper proposes a modified FPGA architecture which allows for direct (non-routable) connections between adjacent LUTs. As a result, delay can be reduced but area may increase. This paper investigates two types of LUT structures and the associated tradeoffs. A new mapping algorithm is developed to handle such structures. Experimental results indicate that even when regular LUT structures are used, area and delay can be improved 7.4% and 11.3%, respectively, compared to the high-effort technology mapping with structural choices. When the dedicated architecture is used, the delay can be improved up to 40% at the cost of some area increase.
Monitoring the biological activity of abdominal aortic aneurysms Beyond Ultrasound

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are an important cause of morbidity and, when ruptured, are associated with >80% mortality. Current management decisions are based on assessment of aneurysm diameter by abdominal ultrasound. However, AAA growth is non-linear and rupture can occur at small diameters or may never occur in those with large AAAs. There is a need to develop better imaging biomarkers that can identify the potential risk of rupture independent of the aneurysm diameter. Key pathobiological processes of AAA progression and rupture include neovascularisation, necrotic inflammation, microcalcification and proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix. These processes represent key targets for emerging imaging techniques and may confer an increased risk of expansion or rupture over and above the known patient-related risk factors. Magnetic resonance imaging, using ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide, can identify and track hotspots of macrophage activity. Positron emission tomography, using a variety of targeted tracers, can detect areas of inflammation, angiogenesis, hypoxia and microcalcification. By going beyond the simple monitoring of diameter expansion using ultrasound, these cellular and molecular imaging techniques may have the potential to allow improved prediction of expansion or rupture and to better guide elective surgical intervention.
Psychomotor Changes in Major Depressive Disorder during Sertraline Treatment

Background: There is a relative scarcity of studies on major depressive disorder that use objective assessment methods to explore the psychomotor effects of antidepressants. Striatal dopaminergic disturbances are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder that is associated with psychomotor retardation. Because of its additional dopaminergic mechanism, the psychomotor effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor sertraline merit further exploration. Methods: In 19 patients diagnosed with a current major depressive episode, clinical variables and graphic motor activity were assessed applying digitized figure copying tasks during a 6-week regimen of sertraline. Patients’ baseline and weekly psychomotor performance was compared with the outcomes of 22 healthy, unmedicated controls. Results: Patients’ psychomotor slowing had improved after 6 weeks on sertraline as reflected by reductions in initiation and movement times on the simple line and figure copying tasks and decreased initiation times for the complex figure copying task relative to their baseline outcomes. Conclusions: The current study found evidence pointing to potential beneficial effects of sertraline after a 6-week treatment period in the lower-order cognitive and motor components involved in the graphic motor performance of depressed patients. The present findings are discussed in terms of the mechanism of action of sertraline.
Developmental Trajectories of ADHD Symptoms to Adolescent Substance Use: What Influence Do Peer, Family and Neighborhood Factors Have?

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been consistently linked to risk for early substance use. However, the potential mediating mechanisms and moderators of this association remain unclear. The current study examined peer rejection, school bonding and internalizing problems as potential mediators of the association between childhood ADHD symptoms and adolescent substance use in a longitudinal study following children from fourth to ninth grade. Results suggest that ADHD symptoms follow a path to early initiation of tobacco use through the combined effects of peer rejection and internalizing problems as well as through internalizing problems alone. ADHD symptoms did not follow developmental pathways to overall frequency of substance use or initiation of alcohol or marijuana use. Neighborhood problems, family activities and parenting styles did not moderate the developmental pathways from ADHD symptoms to substance use frequency. Results identify important development factors in children with ADHD symptoms that highlight the need for primary prevention and psychological interventions that target these factors and thus minimize substance use during adolescence.
Heuristic decision making with incomplete information: Conditions for ecological rationality

Ecological rationality is the study of when certain decision making strategies exploit specific environments so efficiently that further information and computation would not necessarily increase accuracy. This perspective challenges many of the normative accounts of rationality by arguing that heuristics, i.e. decision making strategies that ignore some available information, in some environments can make decisions faster, more efficiently, and/or more accurately than analytic decision making strategies. The challenge for many researchers and proponents of ecological rationality is to determine when heuristics are ecologically rational. Research has previously identified some important environmental structures: uncertainty, redundancy, sample size, and variability in weights. This paper introduces a new environmental structure, a measure of distribution of incomplete information called complete attribute pairs, and shows how this structure indicates when two well-studied heuristics, Take-the-Best (TTB) and Tallying, are ecologically rational under conditions of incomplete information. Specifically this paper presents the results of a simulation measuring the accuracy and effort of TTB and Tallying alongside two analytic decision making strategies, weighted-additive (WADD) and equal weighting (EW), in scenarios with incomplete information, showing that the analytic strategies were almost invariant to changes in complete attribute pairs while increases in complete attribute pairs increased the accuracy of TTB and Tallying. These results identify complete attribute pairs as a parameter that is potentially capable of indicating ecological rationality of TTB and Tallying.
Learning and adaptation of periodic motion primitives based on force feedback and human coaching interaction

Dynamic movement primitives (DMP) allow efficient learning and control of complex robot behaviors for both periodic and discrete point-to-point movements either in joint or Cartesian space. They also allow efficient modulation by changing of parameters. In this paper we introduce and evaluate the means of adapting periodic DMP trajectories with respect to force feedback. We simultaneously consider two aspects: 1) adaptation of whole trajectories to comply with the constraints set by the environment; and 2) partially modifying the trajectories during the execution based on human intervention to improve the task performance. The latter can either be force-based, i. e. through physical contact, or through predefined gestures. By intervening when necessary the human acts as a tutor, instructing the robot how to modify the trajectory and bypassing the need to learn new trajectories by autonomous exploration. We introduce the approach in the context of wiping a surface, where the robot first has to acquire and maintain contact, and where later the human tutor modifies the originally learned trajectory in order to achieve the desired robot behavior. We present simulation and real world results of wiping a surface with a Kuka 7 degree-of-freedom LWR robot.
A study on instance-based learning with reduced training prototypes for device-context-independent activity recognition on a mobile phone

This paper presents a study of two simple methods for reducing the complexity of the instance-based classification technique and demonstrates their use in device-context independent activity recognition on a mobile phone. A projection-based method for signal rectification has been implemented on an iPhone in order to handle with variation in device orientations. The transformation matrix is estimated on a ten-second dynamic data buffer. To search for a suitable set of training prototypes for iPhone implementation, an activity recognition experiment is conducted with twenty different device contexts performed by eight subjects. With the developed mobile application, the recognition results along with the user's location can be displayed on both iPhone and the web application in real time.
A numerical procedure for filtering and efficient high-order signal differentiation

In this paper, we propose a numerical algorithm for filtering and robust signal differentiation. The numerical procedure is based on the solution of a simplified linear optimization problem. A compromise between smoothing and fidelity with respect to the measurable data is achieved by the computation of an optimal regularization parameter that minimizes the Generalized Cross Validation criterion (GCV). Simulation results are given to highlight the effectiveness of the proposed procedure.
Estimating collective judgement of rumours in social media

Social media is a rich source of rumours and corresponding community reactions. Determining the extent of community belief in a rumour is of value for marketing, politics and journalism. Moreover, collective judgements have been shown to correlate with ground truth. We formulate the problem of estimating the collective judgement of a rumour in social media as a supervised learning using annotated examples. Rumours reflect different characteristics, some shared and some individual. We consider both supervised and unsupervised domain adaptation, in which rumour predictions are made on the basis of other annotated rumours. Evaluation on a set of several thousands tweets on seven rumours shows that we can successfully predict individual and collective judgements.
Subjectively Evaluated Effects of Domestic Violence on Well-Being in Clinical Populations

Effects of domestic violence are reflected in victims' physical, psychological, and sexual health as well as in victims' subjective evaluations of health or subjective well-being. The principal aim of this study was to study the extent to which the consequences of domestic violence are reflected in patients' subjectively evaluated well-being, life management, and sense of security in an emergency department, a maternity department, and a reception unit of a psychiatric hospital. A questionnaire on the effects of domestic violence was administered to 530 patients. 61 patients reported either current or previous domestic violence that affected their current well-being and life management. Domestic violence was reported to have an effect on subjective well-being and sense of security: the more recent or frequent the experience of violence was, the greater was considered its impact on well-being and sense of security. Routine inquiry can uncover hidden cases of abuse and hence would be of great benefit in the healthcare context. Early identification of abuse victims can prevent further harm caused by violence.
Milestones in Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering History: A Comparative Review

We present a review of the historical evolution of software engineering, intertwining it with the history of knowledge engineering because “those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. ” This retrospective represents a further step forward to understanding the current state of both types of engineerings; history has also positive experiences; some of them we would like to remember and to repeat. Two types of engineerings had parallel and divergent evolutions but following a similar pattern. We also define a set of milestones that represent a convergence or divergence of the software development methodologies. These milestones do not appear at the same time in software engineering and knowledge engineering, so lessons learned in one discipline can help in the evolution of the other one.