Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Internationally Comparable Measures of Occupational Status for the 1988 International Standard Classification of Occupations

Abstract This paper provides operational procedures for coding internationally comparable measures of occupational status from the recently published International Standard Classification of Occupation 1988 (ISCO88) of the International Labor Office (ILO, 1990). We first discuss the nature of the ISCO88 classification and its relationship to national classifications used around the world and also to its predecessor, ISCO68 (ILO, 1969), which has been widely utilized in comparative research. We argue that comparative research would gain much from adopting ISCO88 as the standard tool of classification and provide guidance on how to do this. We then outline the procedures we have used to generate new standard recodes for three internationally comparable measures of occupational status: Treiman's Standard International Occupational Prestige Scale (SIOPS), Ganzeboom et al.'s International Socio-Economic Index of Occupational Status (ISEI), and Erikson and Goldthorpe's class categories (EGP). To update the SIOPS prestige scores we have directly matched the occupational titles in the SIOPS scale to the categories of the ISCO88 classification. For ISEI scores we have replicated the procedure used to create scores for the ISCO68 categories, employing the same data but using newly developed matches between the underlying national occupational classifications and ISCO88. To construct the EGP class codes we have mapped the ISCO88 occupation categories into a 10-category classification developed by the CASMIN project for a 12-country analysis. To validate these scales, we estimated parameters of a basic status-attainment model from an independent source of data: the pooled file from the International Social Justice Project (a large international data file that combines data from sample surveys in 14 countries). Estimates based on occupational status scales derived from ISCO88 and ISCO68 are highly similar.
Quasi-static finite-element analysis of a skewed microstrip crossover

In this work, we present a quasistatic analysis of a microstrip crossover on a dielectric substrate. The microstrips are located at different planes and may cross at an arbitrary angle. Capacitances and inductances are calculated from scalar potentials. For magnetostatic formulation, the boundary conditions for scalar potential are introduced by means of partitioning surfaces. The use of the adaptive finite element method provides the required flexibility with respect to the analyzed geometry, optimal discretization and good efficiency.
Immunodominant Major Outer Membrane Proteins ofEhrlichia chaffeensis Are Encoded by a Polymorphic Multigene Family

ABSTRACT Several immunodominant major proteins ranging from 23 to 30 kDa were identified in the outer membrane fractions of Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia canis. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of a 28-kDa protein of E. chaffeensis (one of the major proteins) was determined. The gene (p28), almost full length, encoding the 28-kDa protein was cloned by PCR with primers designed based on the N-terminal sequence of the E. chaffeensis 28-kDa protein and the consensus sequence between the C termini of the Cowdria ruminantium MAP-1 andAnaplasma marginale MSP-4 proteins. The p28gene was overexpressed, and antibody to the recombinant protein was raised in a rabbit. The antibody and serum from a patient infected withE. chaffeensis reacted with the recombinant protein, three proteins (29, 28, and 25 kDa) of E. chaffeensis, and a 30-kDa protein of E. canis. Immunoelectron microscopy with the rabbit antibody revealed that the antigenic epitope of the 28-kDa protein was exposed on the surface of E. chaffeensis. Southern blot analysis with a 32P-labeled p28gene probe revealed multiple copies of genes homologous top28 in the E. chaffeensis genome. Six copies of the p28 gene were cloned and sequenced from the genomic DNA by using the same probe. The open reading frames of these gene copies were tandemly arranged with intergenic spaces. They were nonidentical genes and contained a semivariable region and three hypervariable regions in the predicted protein molecules. One of the gene copies encoded a protein with an internal amino acid sequence identical to the chemically determined N-terminal amino acid sequence of a 23-kDa protein of E. chaffeensis. Immunization with the recombinant P28 protein protected mice from infection with E. chaffeensis. These findings suggest that the 30-kDa-range proteins of E. chaffeensis represent a family of antigenically related homologous proteins encoded by a single gene family.
Contemporary developments and issues in China's economic transition

List of Figures List of Tables List of Contributors Introduction Acknowledgements Map of Provinces PART I: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS Economic Reforms and Recent Macroeconomic Performance C.Harvie Growth, Inflation and the Asian Financial Crisis T.Van Hoa Corporate Governance and State-Owned Enterprise Reform C.Harvie & T.Naughton Business Alliances, Organizational Change and Township and Village Enterprises C.Harvie Financial Sector Reform G.O'Leary Trade and Investment C.S. Suh & J.S. Seo PART II: KEY ISSUES Balanced Development: The Challenge for Science, Technology and Innovation Policy T.Turpin & X.Liu Labour Migration since 1978 R.Iredale Regional Income Inequality K.Chowdhury, C.Harvie & A.Levy Land Reform and the Competitiveness of China's Cities D.McKay Index
The Effect of Volatility Changes on the Level of Stock Prices and Subsequent Expected Returns

This paper estimates volatility changes in daily returns to the Dow Jones Industrial Average over the sample period 1897 through 1988. This allow a direct investigation of the reaction of the level of stock prices and subsequent expected returns to these estimated changes in volatility. The authors provide empirical evidence consistent with relatively large and systematic revisions in stock prices and subsequent expected returns to volatility changes. However, there appears to be an asymmetry in the market's reaction to volatility increases as opposed to volatility decreases. A majority of their volatility changes cannot be associated with the release of significant economic information. Copyright 1991 by American Finance Association.
Are all financial crises created equal? Wholesale funding and two financial crises

We use financial information on banks from Asia, Europe, North America and Oceania to examine the role of wholesale funding on the transmission of financial crises to bank lending, as well as to study the response of financial institutions in different regions during the crises. We consider the role of wholesale funding during the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and Asian Financial Crisis (AFC). Our results suggest that during the GFC, wholesale funding dependence had a negative effect on loans growth across regions, but with substantial regional heterogeneity. The growth of loans from financial institutions in Asia and Europe was consistently sensitive to wholesale funding dependence. Although wholesale funding did not play a significant role in the transmission mechanism of the AFC, a subsample of financial institutions in Asia, who depended more heavily on wholesale funding, experienced a faster loan growth and may have been able to better withstand the crisis.
Bank Dividends and Signaling to Information-Sensitive Depositors

This study investigates whether banks use dividends to signal asset quality and liquidity to their debtholders. We exploit an exogenous shock to the asset opaqueness and perception of risks of Brazilian banks caused by the global financial turmoil of 2008. Our empirical identification takes advantage of the cross-sectional heterogeneity of types of depositors in Brazilian banks and the existence of several owner-managed banks (for which shareholder-targeted signaling is implausible) to identify that information-sensitive depositors (institutional investors) are targets of dividend signaling by banks. These costly signaling efforts are particularly strong during financial crises when asset opaqueness, informational asymmetry and depositors’ concerns regarding bank liquidity are exacerbated. From a policy perspective, our results favor the imposition of limits on bank dividends during financial crises, because the banks’ need to signal their financial health through dividends during crises intensifies the pro-cyclical effects of bank capital on lending.
Accommodation and Apparent Distance

The ability to judge egocentric distance was assessed in sixteen normal observers under conditions where monocular blur-driven accommodation provided the only source of information regarding changes in target dioptric distance. Accommodation and apparent distance were measured over an optical range of 2 to 6 D for each of three targets which differed in their effectiveness as accommodative stimuli (excellent, moderate, and poor). For the excellent and moderate accommodative targets, apparent distance decreased as accommodation increased, with both targets sharing a common linear function. Apparent distance, however, tended to exceed accommodative distance and was relatively compressed in scale. As expected, accommodative response and apparent distance diminished in range as target effectiveness was reduced. The poor accommodative target represented the limiting case wherein accommodation failed to deviate from the tonic level, and apparent distance remained constant. There were considerable intersubject differences in the ability to judge distances on the basis of accommodation. The results indicate that accommodation can indeed serve as a source of distance information, particularly for some individuals.
The Commodity Battle: a product-market perspective on innovation resource allocation in the Process Industries

Companies in the Process Industries often try to avoid being commodity producers and strive to develop more functional products with higher profit margins. When such products are introduced on the market, they are usually imitated before long. Prices then decline, and the products degenerate in a never-ending product contest conceptualised as the Commodity Battle. The company's position in the supply-chain has been used as a point of departure, and four related matrices have been designed as roadmaps for guiding strategic allocation of resources to innovation. The framework and the empirical findings give theoretical insight, and can already be deployed as one tool for innovation resource allocation.
Does it pay to be SMarT

The Save More Tomorrow plan has proven effective at raising employee saving rates and appears to be popular among participants and the media. An important question has remained on the minds of economists despite this success: just how close does the prescriptive SMarT plan come to approximating the normative life-cycle/permanent-income consumption rule? That is, does it pay (in a lifetime utility sense) to participate in a SMarT plan? We attempt to provide some rigorous answers to this question by employing a quantitative-theoretic model to perform dynamic welfare analysis, and our results tend to support the SMarT plan as a decent first approximation to the life-cycle/permanent-income rule. We also consider the problem of an altruistic employer seeking to maximize the lifetime utility of employees by appropriately choosing the default SMarT parameters in the face of employee heterogeneity in saving rates and uncertainty about whether they will actually stick with the plan. The employer's problem is augmented to include employee heterogeneity concerning risk taking, and we also consider the possibility that SMarT saving may be met with increased borrowing.
A megawatt-class 220 GHz conventional cavity gyrotron

In this paper, a first preliminary design study of a 220 GHz, 1 MW gyrotron cavity is presented for probable continuous wave applications in space power grids and electron cyclotron heating and current drive (ECH&CD) in future magnetically confined thermonuclear fusion plasmas. The present work includes a careful selection of the candidate modes followed by studies on mode competition, cold cavity design and initial RF-behavior computations.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of Phenothiazine Derivatives

Phenothia zines are heterocyclic molecules containing two benzene rings linked in a tricyclic system through nitrogen and sulfur atoms. Phenothiazine derivatives having amino alkyl side chain and these are connected to the nitrogen atom of heterocyclic unit playing crucial role in medicinal chemistry. From last few decades a considerable amount of attention has been focussed on synthesis of phenothiazines derivatives and screening them for different pharmacological activities. The investigation of substituted 10H Phe nothiazines has steadily strong growth because they exhibit a wide range of applications. These moieties are widely employed as antibacterial, antiviral, anti - inflammatory, anticancer, sedatives, tranquilizers agents etc. Slight change in substitution patt ern in phenothiazine nucleus causes distinguishable difference in their biological activities. In this review we are discussing about synthesis and various biological activities of newly synthesized Phenothiazine derivatives.
EFFECT OF LEAD NITRATE ON THE LIVER OF THE DEVELOPING CHICK EMBRYOS

The liver of chick embryos treated with 0.03, 0.05 and 0.1 mg lead nitrate/egg showed disorganization of hepatic cords, abnormally enlarged blood sinusoids and extensive cell necrosis. The hepatocytes of lead-treated embryos possessed vacuolated cytoplasm beside small irregular and darkly stained nuclei. Liver proteins of lead-treated chick embryos show insignificant variations during almost all developmental stages. However, a significant increase in liver proteins was noticed in 9-day embryos treated with 0.1 mg lead nitrate/egg. The percentages of all liver protein bands of lead-treated embryos during different stages varied markedly from those of corresponding controls. Different doses of lead nitrate caused an increase of the activity of all investigated enzymes, with a variable values, at almost all developmental stages. Liver alkaline phosphatase and GOT of 9-day chick embryos appeared to be sensitive even to the low doses of lead nitrate while those of late stages can tolerate the same doses.
Structural Change In Exports and Economic Growth: Evidence From Jordan (1964-2004)

This paper analyzes the effects of the growth of exports, manufactured and primary exports on the growth of GDP for Jordan between 1964 and 2004. This contribution shows that structural changes have such an impact on the sources of growth, which in turn will affect the export-growth relationship. A VAR analysis of Jordanian yearly trade and GDP growth has been used; causality tests are applied to the entire period as well as two subperiods. Statistical tests confirm export-led growth for the full period and for the first subperiod, but tests on the recent subperiod 1989-2004, show growth causing primary exports. In addition, there is a bidirectional causal relationship between primary exports and manufactured exports. Therefore, policies in Jordan should not discriminate against the export of primary products. Instead, they should conform to policies that aim at export promotion.
Embracing European Law

Accession to the European Union (EU) demands the adoption of a vast body of legislation. This paper analyses compliance with EU directives in eight post-communist countries during the Eastern enlargement and tries to account for the puzzling embrace of EU law in Central and Eastern Europe. Drawing on a new data set tracking the transposition of a sample of 119 directives, the paper finds effects of both political preferences and government capacity on the likelihood of timely transposition. Furthermore, important sectoral differences are uncovered, with trade-related legislation having a better chance and environmental legislation having a significantly worse chance of being incorporated into national legal systems on time. Beyond the conditionality of the accession process, the paper unveils a complex causal structure behind the ups and downs in transposition performance.
Bulgarian Hotel Managers’ Recruitment Perceptions

Bulgarian hotel managers’ recruitment perceptions, with respect to managerial job applicants, were examined. Collected quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and systemic network analysis to gain deeper insights into this issue. The managers desired managerial recruits to possess conceptual, interpersonal, and leadership competencies as opposed to administrative and technical competencies. They might have violated European Union equality legislation due to their discriminatory recruitment preferences based on applicants’ age, health status, appearance, origin, and sexual orientation. This study recommends the managers to adopt diversity management to curb sometimes inappropriate recruitment practices.
Distribution and biochronology of Camarasaurus (Dinosaria, Sauropoda) from the Jurassic Morrison Formation of the Rocky Mountain Region

––The stratigraphic distribution of fossil remains of Camarasaurus (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) allows recognition of five biozones in the upper Jurassic Morrison Formation: (1) no Camarasaurus Zone (early-mid Kimmeridgian), (2) Camarasaurus grandis Zone (mid Kimmeridgian), (3) C. lentus Zone (late Kimmeridgian), (4) transition Zone (early Tithonian), and (5) C. supremus Zone (Tithonian). Paleobiogeographically, C. grandis is known from south and central Wyoming, central Colorado, and New Mexico; C. lentus occurs in Wyoming and Utah and C. supremus in south-central Colorado to western Oklahoma. However, the geographic occurrences may only reflect stratigraphic distribution as locally appropriate beds may not be exposed or were eroded. Camarasaurus might have a much wider distribution in the Rocky Mountain area than indicated by its distribution of the fossil remains. Additionally, the data provide new insights into the taxonomy of Camarasaurus. FIGURE 1. Geological features in the Rocky Mountain region and major dinosaur quarries in the Morrison Formation. The map is modified from King (1977, fig. 74). Areal definition of the Morrison Formation is based on Turner and Peterson (1999).
Assessing Marketing Research Use in Tourism with the USER Instrument

The USER (use of research) instrument has been devel oped recently to measure the use of marketing research studies by organizations. The basis of the USER framework is the underlying forms or types of use and the extent of use of research studies in decision making. The original USER research was conducted using a sample of a variety of member firms of the American Marketing Association and the Mar keting Science Institute, with no explicit consideration of tourism organizations. This article reports on a partial repli cation of the USER research in the context of tourism organizations. There is mixed support for both the conceptualization of USER and the construction of its questionnaire items. Suggestions are made for improving USER before the instrument is used widely within the tourism industry.
Generalization and PAC learning: some new results for the class of generalized single-layer networks

The ability of connectionist networks to generalize is often cited as one of their most important properties. We analyze the generalization ability of the class of generalized single-layer networks (GSLNs), which includes Volterra networks, radial basis function networks, regularization networks, and the modified Kanerva model, using techniques based on the theory of probably approximately correct (PAC) learning which have previously been used to analyze the generalization ability of feedforward networks of linear threshold elements (LTEs). An introduction to the relevant computational learning theory is included. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions on the number of training examples required by a GSLN to guarantee a particular generalization performance. We compare our results to those given previously for feedforward networks of LTEs and show that, on the basis of the currently available bounds, the sufficient number of training examples for GSLNs is typically considerably less than for feedforward networks of LTEs with the same number of weights. We show that the use of self-structuring techniques for GSLNs may reduce the number of training examples sufficient to guarantee good generalization performance, and we provide an explanation for the fact that GSLNs can require a relatively large number of weights.
The regularity of primary and secondary muscle spindle afferent discharges

1. The patterns of nerve impulses in the afferent fibres from muscle spindles have been studied using the soleus muscle of the decerebrate cat. Impulses from up to five single units were recorded simultaneously on magnetic tape, while the muscle was stretched to a series of different lengths. Various statistics were later determined by computer analysis.
Network-level effects of kinase inhibitors modulate TNF-α–induced apoptosis in the intestinal epithelium

Network rewiring converts a survival-promoting kinase into a deadly one. Rewired for death The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF-α) stimulates various kinases and can trigger cell death. Gierut et al. analyzed the kinetics of the phosphorylation of signaling proteins and the of induction of cell death in the intestinal epithelium of mice pretreated with various kinase inhibitors and then administered TNF-α. Unexpectedly, inhibitors that targeted the same kinase with equal efficiencies had different effects on TNF-α–induced apoptosis. For example, an inhibitor of a kinase enhanced cell death, whereas other inhibitors targeting this kinase reduced cell death. Mathematical analysis of the data predicted, and in vivo experiments confirmed, that the kinase Akt, which usually promotes cell survival, increased TNF-α–induced apoptosis when the network had been altered by the death-enhancing inhibitor. Together, these data illustrate that network context is just as important as drug target when predicting the response to an inhibitor. Individual signaling pathways operate in the context of the broader signaling network. Thus, the response of a cell to signals from the environment is affected by the state of the signaling network, such as the clinically relevant example of whether some components in the network are inhibited. The cytokine tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF-α) promotes opposing cellular behaviors under different conditions; the outcome is influenced by the state of the network. For example, in the mouse intestinal epithelium, inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase MEK alters the timing of TNF-α–induced apoptosis. We investigated whether MAPK signaling directly influences TNF-α–induced apoptosis or whether network-level effects secondary to inhibition of the MAPK pathway alter the cellular response. We found that inhibitors of the MAPK kinase kinase Raf, MEK, or extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) exerted distinct effects on the timing and magnitude of TNF-α–induced apoptosis in the mouse intestine. Furthermore, even different MEK inhibitors exerted distinct effects; one, CH5126766, potentiated TNF-α–induced apoptosis, and the others reduced cell death. Computational modeling and experimental perturbation identified the kinase Akt as the primary signaling node that enhanced apoptosis in the context of TNF-α signaling in the presence of CH5126766. Our work emphasizes the importance of integrated network signaling in specifying cellular behavior in response to experimental or therapeutic manipulation. More broadly, this study highlighted the importance of considering the network-level effects of pathway inhibitors and showed the distinct effects of inhibitors that share the same target.