Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of the exercise mode on exercise capacity: bicycle testing revisited.

STUDY OBJECTIVE To test the performance of a tool designed to estimate functional capacity in order to select a bicycle ramp protocol yielding a test duration from 8 to 12 min in healthy individuals, and to assess differences in exercise responses between bicycle and treadmill tests. PARTICIPANTS AND MEASURES Forty-one healthy and physically active volunteers (10 women; median age, 37 years; interquartile range [IQR], 29.5 to 41 years) performed an individualized ramp exercise protocol on a bicycle ergometer and a treadmill in random order. Prior to testing, the Veterans Specific Activity Questionnaire (VSAQ) combined with a modified variant of the VSAQ nomogram (metabolic equivalents [METs] derived from VSAQ and age with the modified nomogram, resulting in METs nomogram) was used to estimate exercise capacity and to select the treadmill protocol. The corresponding bicycle work capacity nomogram (in watts) was derived by the following equation: (METs nomogram - 1) x body weight/3.486. RESULTS Using treadmill tests, all 41 participants (100%) achieved maximal exercise from 8 to 12 min, as compared to 33 participants (80%) for the bicycle tests (p = 0.003). Peak oxygen uptake (V(O2)) [bicycle: median, 49.7 mL/kg/min (IQR, 45.4 to 56.6 mL/kg/min); vs treadmill: median, 53.1 mL/kg/min (IQR, 47.3 to 57.7 mL/kg/min; p < 0.0001)] was lower using the bicycle compared to the treadmill. However, the difference in peak V(O2) values between the two exercise modes was lower (2.6 mL/kg/min; IQR, 1.1 to 4.3 mL/kg/min), corresponding to 4.6% (IQR, 2.4 to 8.5%) of the lower of both values than reported in previous studies, and seven participants (17%) even achieved a higher peak V(O2) using the bicycle. CONCLUSIONS A modified version of the VSAQ can be effectively used to select appropriate ramp rates for exercise testing using a bicycle ergometer in healthy individuals. Differences in maximal responses are less than those previously reported, suggesting that the bicycle ergometer is an appropriate alternative to the treadmill test in healthy volunteers.
Is drive for muscularity related to body checking behaviors in men athletes?

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between drive for muscularity and body checking behaviors in men athletes. Two hundred and twelve Brazilian athletes over 15 years of age participated. We used the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) to evaluate the drive for muscularity. The Male Body Checking Questionnaire was used to assess body checking behaviors. The ﬁndings demonstrated a relationship between the ‘‘body image-oriented mus-cularity’’ subscale of the DMS and body checking behaviors ( p = 0.001). The results indicated differences in body checking among athletes with high and low levels of drive for muscular-ity. We concluded that drive for muscularity was related to body checking behaviors in men athletes. © 2016 Col´egio Brasileiro de Ciˆencias do Esporte. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. This is an
An EM based training algorithm for cross-language text categorization

Due to the globalization on the Web, many companies and institutions need to efficiently organize and search repositories containing multilingual documents. The management of these heterogeneous text collections increases the costs significantly because experts of different languages are required to organize these collections. Cross-language text categorization can provide techniques to extend existing automatic classification systems in one language to new languages without requiring additional intervention of human experts. In this paper, we propose a learning algorithm based on the EM scheme which can be used to train text classifiers in a multilingual environment. In particular, in the proposed approach, we assume that a predefined category set and a collection of labeled training data is available for a given language L/sub 1/. A classifier for a different language L/sub 2/ is trained by translating the available labeled training set for L/sub 1/ to L/sub 2/ and by using an additional set of unlabeled documents from L/sub 2/. This technique allows us to extract correct statistical properties of the language L/sub 2/ which are not completely available in automatically translated examples, because of the different characteristics of language L/sub 1/ and of the approximation of the translation process. Our experimental results show that the performance of the proposed method is very promising when applied on a test document set extracted from newsgroups in English and Italian.
A Reduced-Dimension fMRI Shared Response Model

Multi-subject fMRI data is critical for evaluating the generality and validity of findings across subjects, and its effective utilization helps improve analysis sensitivity. We develop a shared response model for aggregating multi-subject fMRI data that accounts for different functional topographies among anatomically aligned datasets. Our model demonstrates improved sensitivity in identifying a shared response for a variety of datasets and anatomical brain regions of interest. Furthermore, by removing the identified shared response, it allows improved detection of group differences. The ability to identify what is shared and what is not shared opens the model to a wide range of multi-subject fMRI studies.
Genetic Effects on Carotid Intima-Media Thickness: Systematic Assessment and Meta-Analyses of Candidate Gene Polymorphisms Studied in More Than 5000 Subjects

Background—Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is highly heritable and associated with stroke and myocardial infarction, making it a promising quantitative intermediate phenotype for genetic studies of vascular disease. There have been many CIMT candidate gene association studies, but no systematic review to identify consistent, reliable findings. Methods and Results—We comprehensively sought all published studies of association between CIMT and any genetic polymorphism. We obtained additional unpublished data and performed meta-analyses for the 5 most commonly studied genes (studied in at least 2 studies in a total of >5000 subjects). We used a 3-step meta-analysis method: meta-analysis of variance; genetic model selection; and random effects meta-analysis of the mean CIMT difference between genotypes. We performed subgroup analyses to investigate effects of ethnicity, vascular risk status, and study size. We accounted for potential reporting bias by assessing qualitatively the possible effects of including unavailable data. Polymorphisms in 3 of the 5 genes (apolipoprotein E, angiotensin I converting enzyme, and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase) had an apparent association with CIMT, but for all these, we found evidence of small study bias. Apolipoprotein E ϵ2/ϵ3/ϵ4 was the only polymorphism with a persistent, statistically significant but modest association when we restricted analysis to larger studies (>1000 subjects). Conclusions—Of the most extensively studied polymorphisms, apolipoprotein E ϵ2/ϵ3/ϵ4 is the only one so far with a convincing association with CIMT. Larger studies than have generally been performed so far may be needed to confirm the associations identified in future genome-wide association studies, and to investigate modification of effect according to characteristics such as ethnicity and vascular risk status.
The relative attractiveness of different types of information about another person

Four distinctions are drawn between the epistemological and associated theoretical status of stimuli presented to subjects within the affect-reinforcement and information-processing frameworks for investigating interpersonal attraction. Three types of information about others have been used in studies of attractiveness: external (physical properties, sociological status, etc.); impersonal (evidence about the other's attitudes to events or objects); interpersonal (evidence about the other's characteristic descriptions of or attitudes about other individuals). These three types of information are, in terms of the distinctions made earlier, of crucially different significance and status as informers about the other's cognitive structure and content: hence it is predicted that they have different weights as attractive stimuli. A factorial experiment manipulating the three types of information x two levels of similarity showed that information type interacted significantly (P 0.05) with the similarity manipulation, as predicted. The results are interpreted as indicating the likely processes of inference made by strangers about one another as a means of determining future profitability of further acquaintance.
Discriminative training for Bayesian sensing hidden Markov models

We describe feature space and model space discriminative training for a new class of acoustic models called Bayesian sensing hidden Markov models (BS-HMMs). In BS-HMMs, speech data is represented by a set of state-dependent basis vectors. The relevance of a feature vector to different bases is determined by the precision matrices of the sensing weights. The basis vectors and the precision matrices of the reconstruction errors are jointly estimated by optimizing a maximum mutual information (MMI) criterion. Additionally, we discuss the training of an fMPE-style discriminative feature transformation under the same criterion given these models. Experimental results on an LVCSR task show that the proposed models outperform discriminatively trained conventional HMMs with Gaussian mixture models (GMMs). Cross-adapting the baseline GMM-HMMs to the BS-HMM output yields a 6% relative gain which indicates that the two systems make different errors.
Methods to Assess the Impact of Mass Oral Cholera Vaccination Campaigns under Real Field Conditions

There is increasing interest to use oral cholera vaccination as an additional strategy to water and sanitation interventions against endemic and epidemic cholera. There are two internationally-available and WHO-prequalified oral cholera vaccines: an inactivated vaccine containing killed whole-cells of V. cholerae O1 with recombinant cholera toxin B-subunit (WC/rBS) and a bivalent inactivated vaccine containing killed whole cells of V. cholerae O1 and V. cholerae O139 (BivWC). The efficacy, effectiveness, direct and indirect (herd) protection conferred by WC/rBS and BivWC are well established. Yet governments may need local evidence of vaccine impact to justify and scale-up mass oral cholera vaccination campaigns. We discuss various approaches to assess oral cholera vaccine protection, which may be useful to policymakers and public health workers considering deployment and evaluation of the vaccine.
Cross-Layer Active Predictive Congestion Control Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), there are numerous factors that may cause network congestion problems, such as the many-to-one communication modes, mutual interference of wireless links, dynamic changes of network topology and the memory-restrained characteristics of nodes. All these factors result in a network being more vulnerable to congestion. In this paper, a cross-layer active predictive congestion control scheme (CL-APCC) for improving the performance of networks is proposed. Queuing theory is applied in the CL-APCC to analyze data flows of a single-node according to its memory status, combined with the analysis of the average occupied memory size of local networks. It also analyzes the current data change trends of local networks to forecast and actively adjust the sending rate of the node in the next period. In order to ensure the fairness and timeliness of the network, the IEEE 802.11 protocol is revised based on waiting time, the number of the node's neighbors and the original priority of data packets, which dynamically adjusts the sending priority of the node. The performance of CL-APCC, which is evaluated by extensive simulation experiments. is more efficient in solving the congestion in WSNs. Furthermore, it is clear that the proposed scheme has an outstanding advantage in terms of improving the fairness and lifetime of networks.
Religious education in the experience of young people from mixed‐faith families

On the basis of a recent ethnographic study at the University of Warwick of the religious identity formation of young people in ‘mixed‐faith’ families, this article focuses on their (and their parents’) experiences and perceptions of religious education (RE) and of religious nurture in the community. The young people’s experience of RE differed between primary and secondary school and only a few were engaged in supplementary classes. We highlight the complementarity between school and home in young people’s religious learning and draw out implications for RE.
Transformational leadership related to school climate

Across the nation, quality leadership and positive school climate are critical to the success of every principal, student, and school. As a result, this study examined the relationship between teacher perceptions of the degree to which a principal displays the factors of transformational leadership and the perceived school climate. A purposeful sample of 399 teachers, representing five high schools in a large urban school district in southeast Texas, were administered the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire to assess his or her principal in terms of being a transformational leader and the Organizational Climate Description Questionnaire for Secondary Schools to evaluate the climate of his or her respective school. The results of the HLM analysis indicated that there was a correlation between transformational leadership and the supportive, engaged, and frustrated elements of a school’s climate.
Endovascular treatment strategy for direct carotid-cavernous fistulas resulting from rupture of intracavernous carotid aneurysms.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Reported treatments and outcomes in aneurysmal carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) have been admixed with those of cases considered to be symptomatic of intracavernous aneurysm. However, aneurysmal CCFs have clinical features distinct from those of dural arteriovenous fistulas, and treatment strategies similar to those of traumatic CCF are required. We evaluated our experience in placing detachable balloons in the management of spontaneous CCFs due to rupture of an intracavernous aneurysm. METHODS Six patients (one man, five women; mean age, 64.7 years) were treated for spontaneous direct CCF at our institution between 1995 and 2001. All patients presented with sudden ocular symptoms including exophthalmos, conjunctival injection, chemosis, and ocular motor palsies. Detachable latex balloons were used as the embolic material in five patients, and in one patient the cavernous sinus was packed transarterially with coils. RESULTS All six patients were successfully treated by means of transarterial embolization, and symptoms improved within a week. CONCLUSION Although other techniques using a transvenous approach and/or detachable coils may also be useful, embolization with detachable balloons should be a safe and effective method to immediately occlude the fistula.
Gambling and problem gambling in Norway: What part does the gambling machine play?

In this article, the findings of a Norwegian national gambling survey carried out in 2002 among the adult population (aged 15–74 years) are discussed. While the survey shows a high level of gambling in the population as a whole (80.6% participation over the last 12 months), problem gambling levels are comparatively low (1.4% over the lifetime). This article suggests that this may partly be the result of a bias in the sample, and should be considered a conservative estimate. However, it also suggests that the scarcity of social arenas may have contributed to holding problem gambling levels down. This article concludes that further investigation should focus on the role of the social aspects of gambling in the problem-generating process. Problem gambling occurs more frequently among young people, men and people born outside Norway. The most common type of gambling for problem gamblers is playing on gambling machines; non-problem gamblers seem to prefer lotteries.
Who Wants to Live Forever? Living, Dying and Grieving in Our Digital Society

Almost ubiquitous hardware technology, such as smart phones, ensures that social networking sites are part of users’ everyday norms and routines. However, some are now using these new communication technologies to deal with the issues of death, dying and grief. With the hope of being able to create digital memories to leave behind for future generations, the opportunity to “live on” and become digitally immortal is seen as empowering to some: but what about those left behind? Through a review of the current literature exploring how social media are being used as a new space to grieve and mourn, this paper contributes to the literature by arguing for the need for clarity in the lexicon being used by thanatologists and other disciplines. Furthermore, it introduces the term “digital zombie” to describe the dead who remain “alive” in our digital society. The paper concludes by joining the call for further research into the nascent phenomena being generated by human-computer interaction.
An operational semantics for Scheme 1

This paper presents an operational semantics for the core of Scheme. Our specification improves over the denotational semantics from the Revised5 Report on Scheme specification in four ways. First, it covers a larger part of the language, specifically eval , quote, dynamicwind , and the top level. Second, it models multiple values in a way that does not require changes to unrelated parts of the language. Third, it provides a faithful model of Scheme’s undefined order of evaluation. Finally, we have implemented our specification in PLT Redex, a domain-specific language for writing operational semantics. The implementation allows others to experiment with our specification and allows us to build a specification test suite, which improves our confidence that our system is a faithful model of Scheme. In addition to a specification of Scheme, this paper contributes three novel modeling techniques for Felleisen Hieb-style rewriting semantics. All three techniques are applicable to a wider range of problems than modeling Scheme, and they combine seamlessly in our model, suggesting that they would scale to complete models of other languages.
Distributed vs. Centralized Particle Swarm Optimization for Learning Flocking Behaviors

In this paper we address the automatic synthesis of controllers for the coordinated movement of multiple mobile robots. We use a noise-resistant version of Particle Swarm Optimization to learn in simulation a set of 50 weights of a plastic artificial neural network. Two learning strategies are applied: homogeneous centralized learning, in which every robot runs the same controller and the performance is evaluated externally with a global metric, and heterogeneous distributed learning, in which robots run different controllers and the performance is evaluated independently on each robot with a local metric. The two sets of metrics enforce Reynolds’ flocking rules, resulting in a good correspondence between the metrics and the flocking behaviors obtained. Results demonstrate that it is possible to learn the collective task using both learning approaches. The solutions from the centralized learning have higher fitness and lower standard deviation than those learned in a distributed manner. We test the learned controllers in real robot experiments and also show in simulation the performance of the controllers with increasing number of robots.
Outcome of patients with metastatic breast carcinoma treated at a private medical oncology clinic

Metastatic breast carcinoma usually is fatal. The median survival after recurrence is 2 years. Five‐year survival after recurrence is approximately 10–20%. Although encouraging data have been reported from clinical trials, two issues confound the translation of clinical research to the general medical community: patient selection bias and the absence of untreated controls. Therefore, the authors examined their community‐based metastatic breast carcinoma patients, comparing their results with reports from clinical trials and with untreated historic controls.
Rorschach Texture Responses Are Related to Adult Attachment via Tactile Imagery and Emotion

This study examined an underlying mechanism of the relationships among Rorschach texture responses and adult attachment dimensions (attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance), focusing on the vividness of tactile imagery and emotion as mediators. In Study 1, Japanese undergraduate students (n = 20) completed the Rorschach and the Vividness of Tactile Imagery Scale. A poisson regression analysis revealed that greater vividness of tactile imagery was associated with an increased number of texture responses. In Study 2, Japanese undergraduate students (n = 224) completed the Experiences in Close Relationship Scale for the Generalized Other and the Vividness of Tactile Imagery Scale. A path analysis revealed that attachment avoidance weakened the strength of emotional responses accompanying the generation of tactile imagery, and greater emotional responses enhanced the vividness of tactile imagery. These results suggest the possibility that attachment avoidance indirectly reduces texture responses on the Ro.
The Nonlinear Evolution of Galaxy Intrinsic Alignments

The non-Gaussian contribution to the intrinsic halo spin alignments is analytically modeled and numerically detected. Assuming that the growth of non-Gaussianity in the density fluctuations caused the tidal field to have a nonlinear-order effect on the orientations of the halo angular momentum, we model the intrinsic halo spin alignments as a linear scaling of the density correlations on large scales, which is different from the previous quadratic scaling model based on the linear tidal torque theory. Then, we analyze the halo catalogs from the recent high-resolution Millenium Run simulation at four different redshifts (z = 0, 0.5, 1, and 2) and measure quantitatively the degree of the nonlinear effect on the halo spin alignments and its changes with redshifts. A clear signal of spin correlations is found on scales as large as 10 h−1 Mpc at z = 0, which marks a detection of the nonlinear tidal effect on the intrinsic halo alignments. We also investigate how the nonlinear effect depends on the intrinsic properties of the halos. It is found that the degree of the nonlinear tidal effect increases as the halo mass scale decreases, the halo specific angular momentum increases, and the halo peculiar velocity decreases. We discuss the implications of our results for weak gravitational lensing.
Dictionary Learning for Incoherent Sampling with application to plenoptic imaging

We propose a method for object reconstruction from images obtained by a plenoptic camera. Our approach exploits a plenoptic system model based on diffraction analysis in order to formulate an inverse problem for object reconstruction. To solve this inverse problem, we propose a dictionary learning algorithm for signal reconstruction from measurements obtained by a deterministic linear system. In contrast to prior work in Compressive Sensing, we do not impose constraints on the measurement matrix, but allow it to be defined by the properties of a specified camera system. Given the measurement matrix, the proposed algorithm learns a dictionary from a large database of examples and simultaneously minimizes the mutual coherence between the measurement matrix and the dictionary. We evaluate the performance of the algorithm on object reconstruction from plenoptic system measurements and show that it outperforms existing solutions.