Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary Patterns of Cranial Nerve Efferent Nuclei in Vertebrates

All vertebrates have a similar series of rhombomeric hindbrain segments within which cranial nerve efferent nuclei are distributed in a similar rostrocaudal sequence. The registration between these two morphological patterns is reviewed here to highlight the conserved vs. variable aspects of hindbrain organization contributing to diversification of efferent sub-nuclei. Recent studies of segmental origins and migrations of branchiomotor, visceromotor and octavolateral efferent neurons revealed more segmental similarities than differences among vertebrates. Nonetheless, discrete variations exist in the origins of trigeminal, abducens and glossopharyngeal efferent nuclei. Segmental variation of the abducens nucleus remains the sole example of efferent neuronal homeosis during vertebrate hindbrain evolution. Comparison of cranial efferent segmental variations with surrounding intrinsic neurons will distinguish evolutionary changes in segment identity from lesser transformations in expression of unique neuronal types. The diversification of motoneuronal subgroups serving new muscles and functions appears to occur primarily by elaboration within and migration from already established segmental efferent pools rather than by de novo specification in different segmental locations. Identifying subtle variations in segment-specific neuronal phenotypes requires studies of cranial efferent organization within highly diverse groups such as teleosts and mammals.
Electron-CH4 scattering in the Ramsauer-Townsend minimum region (0.10-1.0 eV).

We report a-italicb-italic i-italicn-italici-italict-italici-italico-italic calculations for the electron-CH/sub 4/ elastic scattering around the Ramsauer-Townsend (RT) minimum region (0.1--1.0 eV). A model potential approach, in the fixed-nuclei and one-center-expansion formalism, is employed in which the total optical potential is composed of three interaction terms: an accurate static potential of the Hartree-Fock level, an exchange interaction in the Hara free-electron-gas-exchange approximation (plus the orthogonalization), and a semiempirical polarization of the form -(.cap alpha./sub 0//2r/sup 4/)(1-e/sup =/) /sup 6/, where r-italic/sub c-italic/ is an adjustable parameter. The final results on the total and momentum-transfer cross sections compare reasonably well with experimental data. In particular, a shallow RT structure rather than a pronounced dip in the total cross section is reproduced, which is in good agreement with recent measurements. We also determine the scattering length to be a-italic = -3.4 a.u. by extrapolating our very-low-energy eigenphases (E-italicapprox. =0.001 eV) to the limit of zero energy: From a simple s-italic-wave analysis, this value gives the RT minimum position around 0.4 eV, which is in close agreement with the correct value.
Finding the Right Number of Articles

The current medical environment makes information retrieval a matter of practical importance for clinicians. Many avenues present themselves to the clinician, but here we focus on MEDLINE by summarizing the current state of the art and providing an innovative approach for skill enhancement. Because new search engines appear rapidly, we focus on generic principles that can be easily adapted to various systems, even those not yet available. We propose an idealized classification system for the results of a MEDLINE search. Type A searches produce a few articles of high quality that are directly focused on the immediate question. Type B searches yield a large number of articles, some more relevant than others. Type C searches produce few or no articles, and those that are located are not germane. Providing that relevant, high-quality articles do exist, type B and C searches may often be improved with attention to search technique. Problems stem from poor recall and poor precision. The most daunting task lies in achieving the balance between too few and too many articles. By providing a theoretical framework and several practical examples, we prepare the searcher to overcome the following barriers: a) failure to begin with a well-built question; b) failure to use the Medical Subject Headings; c) failure to leverage the relationship between recall and precision; and d) failure to apply proper limits to the search. Thought and practice will increase the utility and enjoyment of searching MEDLINE.
Dietary Macronutrient Intake During the First 10 Years of Life in a Cohort of Italian Children

Objective: To describe the longitudinal pattern of dietary energy and macronutrient intakes during the first 10 years of life in a sample of healthy Italian children. Patients and Methods: Sixty-one healthy children were followed from birth to 10 years of age. At 1, 5, 8, and 10 years of age, anthropometric measurements were taken and nutritional habits evaluated using a standardized food frequency questionnaire. Results: Compared to the Italian recommended dietary allowances, the children's diet was high in protein at any age, high in lipids from age 5 onward, and high in calories at 5 years of age. At 1 year, mean (SD) protein, carbohydrate, and lipid intake, expressed as percentage of total energy, was 20% (3%), 48% (7%), and 34% (5%), respectively. Afterward, the corresponding mean value ranged around 14% to 15%, 57% to 60%, and 29% to 32%. The mean glycemic load and overall glycemic index ranged around 143 to 150 and 58 to 59, respectively. A difference between boys and girls was found in the longitudinal pattern for the intake of energy (P < 0.0001) and glycemic load (P < 0.0001). The individual longitudinal dietary pattern varied over time for the intake of total energy (P < 0.0001), any macronutrient (P < 0.0001), and overall glycemic index (P = 0.05). Conclusions: Although the amount of energy intake was in accordance with the Italian recommended dietary allowances, children consumed a high-protein and high-lipid diet. Early and continuous dietary education of children and parents may provide support for adequate nutritional habits throughout their childhood.
Your processor leaks information — and there's nothing you can do about it

Timing channels are information flows, encoded in the relative timing of events, that bypass the system's protection mechanisms. Any microarchitectural state that depends on execution history and affects the rate of progress of later executions potentially establishes a timing channel, unless explicit steps are taken to close it. Such state includes CPU caches, TLBs, branch predictors and prefetchers; removing the channels requires that the OS can partition such state or flush it on a switch of security domains. We measure the capacities of channels based on these microarchitectural features on several generations of processors across the two mainstream ISAs, x86 and ARM, and investigate the effectiveness of the flushing mechanisms provided by the respective ISA.We find that in all processors we studied, at least one significant channel remains. This implies that closing all timing channels seems impossible on contemporary mainstream processors.
Development of a decision support tool for supply chain coordination using contracts

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe a decision support tool based on various types of contracts in a two‐level supply chain. A supply chain (SC) consists of disparate but interdependent members, dependent on each other to manage various resources (inventory, money and information). The conflicting objectives between these members may cause uncertainties in supply and demand, which can be managed by adopting coordination with the help of contracts (such as buyback, revenue sharing and quantity flexibility). Design/methodology/approach: A decision support tool for SC coordination using contracts (DSTSCCC) has been developed to explore the applicability of contracts and to compare different types of contracts in various situations. The DSTSCC is comprised of an analytical module, which is an extension of the classical newsboy problem and a simulation module. Findings: DSTSCCC helps in determining decision variables for different scenarios of contracts in the best interest of all SC members as well as whole SC. Practical implications: DSTSCCC is a simple‐to‐use and easy‐to‐implement decision making tool which helps in taking decisions prior to the actual start of SC activities. The prior decisions may help to handle future exceptions. SC members may jointly select the most profitable contract to share risks and rewards. Originality/value: DSTSCCC comprised of analytical module and simulation module presents an Integrative framework which cannot be dealt in isolation. The output of analytical module becomes input for simulation to quantify performance measures. The improvement in performance measures after satisfying the objectives of all SC members helps in realizing coordination in SC.
The Welfare Costs of Content Protection: The Automotive Industry in Latin America

One manifestation of the underdeveloped world's " taste " for industrialization has been the strenuous efforts these countries have made to emulate the pattern of production of the developed countries. This aspect of current development strategy is nowhere more vividly illustrated than in recent programs to develop the automotive industry in a number of countries. In particular, at least nine countries in Latin America have undertaken the development of domestic automotive industries in one form or another. In three of these countries-Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico-domestic production already represents the major source of supply for the home market. ' For an industry so often thought to possess substantial economies of scale, replacement of imports by small-scale domestic production would seem to imply a rather sharp increase in the cost of satisfying respective national demands for motor vehicles. The development of automotive manufacturing capabilities in the three major markets of Latin America is the result of deliberate national "content" programs. These programs have the explicit aim of inducing foreign-controlled firms to locate manufacturing facilities within the country in question. The devices used to implement this goal have varied from threat of exclusion from the national market to explicit pecuniary incentives, such as tariffs, subsidies, and tax rebates. The test of compliance with these separate national programs has usually been some variant of a content criterion-that is, a requirement that a certain amount of domestic materials be used in producing the final output. Since production in these countries is generally more expensive than in the developed countries,
The Performance of Equity Funds in Developing Countries: A Case of Kenya Mutual Funds over the Period 2006 to 2009

This research evaluates the performance of equity mutual funds in Kenya. The objective was to compare fund performance for the period 1 st January 2006 to 31 st December 2009. The research was motivated by the facts that there is hardly any research on mutual funds carried out in less developing economy such as Kenya. The target population was all mutual funds in Kenya. The research used both primary and secondary data. As a source of primary data, structured questionnaires and scheduled interview were used. The secondary data included mutual funds daily returns and annual reports for the period 2005 to 2009 so as to calculate the net asset value and also performance of mutual funds in Kenya. Performance of mutual funds was analyzed using composite performance evaluation models proposed by Sharpe (1966) , Jensen (1968) and Treynor and Mazuy (1966) . Over the research period, the finding was that the mutual funds did not perform better than the market on a risk- adjusted basis using various performance measures. The funds were neither preferable nor outperform the market. Further, there were no portfolio diversifications as shown by lower coefficient of determination. However, the individual funds risks were generally lower compared to that of the market as measured using standard deviations and beta. This was consistent with many other empirical findings.
Real-time multidirectional modal parameter estimation of beam-shaped objects using high-speed stereo vision

In this study, we develop a dynamics-based visual inspection system that can simultaneously estimate the multidirectional modal parameters of a beam-shaped object under unknown excitation in the audio-frequency range. Our system can measure the three-dimensional (3D) vibration distribution of a beam-shaped object by processing stereo 512×96 images at 10000 fps in real time. Furthermore, it can determine its resonant frequencies and mode shapes along 72 different directions around its axis for inspecting the asymmetric dynamic properties around the axis by implementing a fast output-only modal parameter estimation method on a stereo high-speed vision system. To demonstrate the performance of our system, several steel cantilever beams with artificial cracks vibrating at hundreds of hertz were estimated in real time in order to inspect their asymmetric dynamic properties due to the cracks by estimating their modal parameters along the 72 directions around their beam axes.
The Road from Economic Growth to Sustainable Development: How was it Traversed?

Development theory has come a long way over the last century. It started with the notions of economic growth and development, and eventually has reached a stage where governments and academics are looking at more holistic patterns of living than merely growth. Sustainable development, eventually, has become the most important notion of the day, and provides a more comprehensive definition of development, linking up ecological services and quality of life with economic growth. Such a paradigm shift in a phase of less than a century is no less than a revolution. The path has been traversed with a whole lot of cognitive dissonance, debate and scholastic antagonism. This article attempts to trace the story of how the road has been traversed, by highlighting the various theories of economic growth and development, and the debates between the economists over the years that have helped the discipline traverse such a long way.
Intermittent hypoxia and sleep-disordered breathing: current concepts and perspectives

There are three major types of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) with respect to prevalence and health consequences, i.e. obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS), Cheyne–Stokes respiration and central sleep apnoea (CSR-CSA) in chronic heart failure, and obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS). In all three conditions, hypoxia appears to affect body functioning in different ways. Most of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that occur in response to SDB-related hypoxia remain unknown. In OSAS, an inflammatory cascade mainly dependent upon intermittent hypoxia has been described. There is a strong interaction between haemodynamic and inflammatory changes in promoting vascular remodelling. Moreover, during OSAS, most organ, tissue or functional impairment is related to the severity of nocturnal hypoxia. CSR-CSA occurring during heart failure is primarily a consequence of cardiac impairment. CSR-CSA has deleterious consequences for cardiac prognosis and mortality since it favours sympathetic activation, ventricular ectopy and atrial fibrillation. Although correction of CSR-CSA seems to be critical, there is a need to establish therapy guidelines in large randomised controlled trials. Finally, OHS is a growing health concern, owing to the worldwide obesity epidemic and OHS morbidities. The pathophysiology of OHS remains largely unknown. However, resistance to leptin, obesity and severe nocturnal hypoxia lead to insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. In addition, several adipokines may be triggered by hypoxia and explain, at least in part, OHS morbidity and mortality. Overall, chronic intermittent hypoxia appears to have specific genomic effects that differ notably from continuous hypoxia. Further research is required to fully elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms.
NOTE ON THE INFLATIONARY IMPLICATIONS OF THE WAGE-FIXING ASSUMPTION OF THE CAMBRIDGE ECONOMIC POLICY GROUP

THE wage-fixing relationships of the CEPG model2 contain three basic elements: (1) that there are periodic settlements of money wage rates which at the time of the settlement have the effect of raising the real wage up to the level of a target real wage, which is itself growing at some constant rate; (2) that prices are set periodically by producers through a fixed profit margin on the variable cost ruling at some date shortly before the time of the mark-up; and (3) that there is an underlying constant rate of growth of output per head. Such are the formal properties of the CEPG wage-fixing equation. In its application its authors recognise that there is a strong political element in the process of wage-fixing and that the inflation rate is likely to shift from time to time for no very clear economic reasons. They regard the equation rather as a formal structure which may be useful in the consideration of the effects of economic politics over a limited span of time. The present note on the contrary is concerned solely with the formal implications of a strict application of the model. If the target real wage demand is rising at a rate which is in excess of the underlying rate of growth of output per head, this type of model will lead to an explosive-inflationary situation. The purpose of the present note is to explain and discuss these underlying explosive-inflationary implications by means of the simplest possible feed-back model of the three basic elements enumerated above; and for this reason we neglect taxes and foreign trade, we assume prices to be set by a constant mark-up on variable costs which are made up wholly of labour costs, and we neglect any difference between wage rates and earnings. These neglected features are of importance; but they do not alter the fact of the underlying explosive-inflationary nature of the model.
Identities-in-Practice in a Figured World of Achievement: Toward Curriculum and Pedagogies of Hope

In the current high stakes context of standardization and accountability, deficit perspectives about minoritized students are perpetuated by discourses of achievement that reproduce dominant raced, classed, and gendered norms in society. Discourses about equity, effort, and colorblindness shape figured worlds of achievement in which certain academic identities become available and function to position students as “achievers” or “non-achievers. ” Focusing primarily on an assemblage of narratives from and about a “failing” student who “passes,” this article examines the interrelatedness of multiple identities, experiences of curriculum, and academic achievement of minoritized students in a selective urban middle school and conceptualizes identities-in-practice in figured worlds as a lens that can foster curricula and pedagogies of hope.
Operator Fusion in a Data Parallel Library

To more fully utilize the potential offered by multi-core processors, programming languages must have features for expressing parallelism. One promising approach is collection-oriented operations, which are easily expressed by the programmer and can be implemented by the runtime system in a parallel fashion for improved performance. However, the ordinary implementation requires a barrier synchronization among all the processors after each parallel operation, thereby creating a performance penalty that grows with the number of processors. For large numbers of processors, this inhibits scalability and reduces performance especially for smaller size data sets. This paper explores a optimization technique called operator fusion, which removes the necessity for barrier synchronization. The general principles and rules governing the use of operator fusion are described and then illustrated with a specific collectionoriented parallel library that we have developed for the objectoriented programming language Scala, which is an extension of the language Java. Performance improvement resulting from operator fusion is analyzed for several benchmark programs on a computer with a multi-core processor.
The Natural History of Main Duct–Involved, Mixed-Type Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm: Parameters Predictive of Progression

Objective:As such, the natural history of MPD-involved IPMN is poorly understood. Background:The high-risk of malignancy associated with main pancreatic duct (MPD)-involved intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) has been established by surgical series. The International Consensus Guidelines recommend surgical resection of MPD-involved IPMN in fit patients. Methods:A review of a prospectively collected database (1992–2012) of patients with IPMN undergoing primary surveillance was performed. Invasive progression was defined as invasive carcinoma on pathology and/or positive cytopathology. Analyses included univariate, logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses. Results:A total of 503 patients with IPMN underwent primary surveillance, 70 for MPD-involved, mixed-type IPMN. Indications for intensive surveillance of these 70 high-risk patients were comorbidities, patient choice, and early/borderline MPD dilation (42%, 51%, and 7%, respectively). Mean follow-up was 4.7 years. Nine patients (13%) progressed at a mean of 3.5 (range, 1–9) years during follow-up. Univariate analyses yielded weight loss, interval (from isolated branch-duct IPMN) to MPD involvement, diffuse MPD dilation, increase of MPD diameter, absence of extra pancreatic cysts, elevated serum CA19-9 levels, and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase levels as significant. Maximum MPD and/or branch-duct diameter were not significant. In logistic regression, diffuse MPD dilation, serum CA19-9 and serum alkaline phosphatase levels, and absence of extra pancreatic cysts were predictors of invasiveness. The receiver operating characteristic curve indicated that the combination of these 4 factors achieved an accuracy of 98% in predicting progression. Conclusions:Primary surveillance of mixed-type IPMN may be a reasonable strategy in select patients. Diffuse MPD dilation, serum CA19-9, serum alkaline phosphatase, and absence of extrapancreatic cysts predict patients likely to progress during primary surveillance.
Polycentric Total Knee Arthroplasty

Polycentric total knee arthroplasty in 56 patients provided significant relief of pain in 90.7% and a stable knee in 92.7%. Postoperative increase in range of motion averaged 13.7% for all patients (18.5° in rheumatoid arthritis and 8.7° in degenerative arthritis). This increase in excursion is attributed to the design of the prosthesis, a vigorous postoperative rehabilitation program, and careful surgical technic. A 'failure rate of 12.7% was due to infection, mechanical instability, and unexplained pain. Contraindications to surgery and technical recommendations are noted.
How Has CEO Turnover Changed?

We study CEO turnover – both internal (board driven) and external (through takeover and bankruptcy) – from 1992 to 2007 for a sample of large US companies. Annual CEO turnover is higher than that estimated in previous studies over earlier periods. Turnover is 15.8% from 1992 to 2007, implying an average tenure as CEO of less than 7 years. In the more recent period since 2000, total CEO turnover increases to 16.8%, implying an average tenure of less than 6 years. Internal turnover is significantly related to three components of firm stock performance – performance relative to industry, industry performance relative to the overall market, and the performance of the overall stock market. The relations are stronger in the more recent period since 2000. We find similar patterns for both forced and unforced turnover, suggesting that some, if not most, turnover labeled as unforced is actually not voluntary. The turnover‐performance sensitivity is modestly related to block shareholder ownership and board independence.