Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hippocampal Malrotation Is Associated With Prolonged Febrile Seizures: Results of the FEBSTAT Study.

OBJECTIVE Hippocampal malrotation is characterized by incomplete hippocampal inversion with a rounded shape and blurred internal architecture. There is still debate about whether hippocampal malrotation has pathologic significance. We present findings from the Consequences of Prolonged Febrile Seizures in Childhood (FEBSTAT) study on the frequency of and risk factors for hippocampal malrotation. SUBJECTS AND METHODS FEBSTAT is a prospective multicenter study investigating the consequences of febrile status epilepticus in childhood. MRI studies of 226 patients with febrile status epilepticus were analyzed visually by two board-certified neuroradiologists blinded to clinical details and were compared with MRI studies of 96 subjects with first simple febrile seizure. Quantitative analysis of hippocampal volume was performed by two independent observers. RESULTS Hippocampal malrotation was present in 20 of 226 (8.8%) patients with febrile status epilepticus compared with two of 96 (2.1%) control subjects (odds ratio [OR], 4.56; 95% CI, 1.05-19.92). Hippocampal malrotation was exclusively left-sided in 18 of 22 (81.8%) patients and bilateral in the remaining four patients (18.2%). There was no case of exclusively right-sided hippocampal malrotation. Hippocampal malrotation was more common in boys than in girls (OR, 6.1; 95% CI, 1.7-21.5). On quantitative volumetric MRI analysis, the left hippocampal volume was smaller in patients with hippocampal malrotation than in control subjects with simple febrile seizure (p = 0.004), and the right-to-left hippocampal volume ratio was higher in the hippocampal malrotation group than in the simple febrile seizure group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Hippocampal malrotation is a developmental malformation that predominantly affects the left hippocampus in male patients and is more frequently found in children with prolonged febrile status epilepticus than in control subjects. These data provide further evidence that hippocampal malrotation represents a pathologic error in brain development rather than a normal variant.
Principles for Drafting an Investment Policy with Illustrations

During the past few decades, significant theoretical advances in portfolio theory and asset pricing have substantially increased our understanding of how to construct optimal portfolios. These theoretical developments have challenged professional portfolio management to develop appropriate tools to incorporate these novel ideas. In this paper, we contribute by focusing on the critical role of the investment policy as a tool that connects portfolio theory to portfolio management. We select, list, discuss and illustrate with examples several principles that are essential items of an investment policy.
Wage Responsiveness within the Firm : Evidence from France

Using linked employer-employee data we evaluate the responsiveness of wages within a rm to idiosyncratic shocks on its productivity. Our estimation strategy is based on Guiso et al. (2005) and allows for testing responsiveness to both temporary and permanent idiosyncratic shocks. Like similar studies with Italian and Portuguese data sets, we nd that French workers are exposed to permanent shocks and that rms provide insurance against temporary shocks. We then suggest a way to augment the methodology to test the responsiveness to idiosyncratic TFP shocks where TFP shocks are estimated in the spirit of Blundell and Bond (2000) and show that there are no signicant changes in the estimates of the responsiveness of wages to TFP shocks in comparison to shocks to rm’s output alone. Finally, we analyze factors associated with wage exibility and nd that small rms provide the least amount of insurance against permanent shocks and that only low-skilled workers in large companies are exposed to transitory shocks.
Photostability of 2D Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Perovskites

We analyze the behavior of a series of newly synthesized (R-NH3)2PbX4 perovskites and, in particular, discuss the possible reasons which cause their degradation under UV illumination. Experimental results show that the degradation process depends a lot on their molecular components: not only the inorganic part, but also the chemical structure of the organic moieties play an important role in bleaching and photo-chemical reaction processes which tend to destroy perovskites luminescent framework. In addition, we find the spatial arrangement in crystal also influences the photostability course. Following these trends, we propose a plausible mechanism for the photodegradation of the films, and also introduced options for optimized stability.
THE CASH-IN-ADVANCE CONSTRAINT IN MONETARY GROWTH MODELS WITH LABOR MARKET SEARCH

We study the sensitivity of the inflation–growth trade-off in monetary growth models to the introduction of search frictions in the labor market. We consider three types of endogenous growth models: (1) the AK model, (2) the Lucas supply-side model, and (3) the two-sector model of Jones and Manuelli. We show that the effects depend on the specification of the cash-in-advance constraint and the magnitude of the semi-interest elasticity of the income velocity. For the AK model, economic growth increases with higher inflation. For the other two models, growth declines for the case of the standard cash-in-advance constraint on consumption, whereas it either increases or decreases if money is introduced, as in the cash–credit good economy of Dotsey and Ireland, depending on the semi-interest elasticity of the income velocity. The welfare effects of inflation are shown to be economically significant in the presence of search unemployment.
Anticholinergic medications for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

burden of COPD and that they address any demographic disparities in patients’ use of resources. These data would help clinicians and other health care professionals in developing disease-management programs that best suit a specific population. Bronchodilators are the mainstay for managing the symptoms of COPD. They may be prescribed on an as-needed basis at early stages of disease, but typically they should be given as scheduled maintenance therapy in patients with persistent symptoms. Some bronchodilators are delivered by metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) that contain chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as propellants. However, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, which has been signed by more than 165 countries, calls for the phased withdrawal of CFCcontaining MDIs. Accordingly, many COPD patients will need to be switched to newer formulations and delivery systems. Most recently, ipratropium bromide (Atrovent HFA [hydrofluoroalkane], Boehringer Ingelheim) has become available in a CFC-free MDI, and a once-daily anticholinergic, tiotropium (Spiriva, Boehringer Ingelheim), is available as a dry powder. The advent of these new formulations provides an opportune time to reassess inhaled anticholinergic therapies in COPD. Combination products containing ipratropium plus the shortacting beta2-agonist albuterol sulfate are also available in the U.S. for treating COPD: Combivent (Boehringer Ingelheim) and DuoNeb (Dey, LP).
Modelling migration dynamics in Albania: a hazard function approach

Since 1990, migration flows from Albania have been massive, relative to the size of the country and its population, but they have also fluctuated over time. In the first section of the paper various descriptive trends are presented, mainly in graphical form, and discussed. The data come from the 2005 Albanian Living Standards Measurement Survey, and cover the period 1990–2004. The resulting observed trends reflect changing push and pull factors in Albania and the two main host countries, Greece and Italy. The paper presents a hazard approach to modelling Albanian emigration and return migration. This analysis highlights the relevance of networks in Albanian migration dynamics, both to promote emigration and to delay return.
Public Sector Size and Peripherality

Abstract This paper develops a model that shows how a country can endogenously become differentiated into a private-sector dominated ‘core’ region and a public-sector dominated ‘periphery’. A large public sector is closely associated with peripheral economies, although it is unclear to what extent it is a cause of peripherality rather than a symptom. The paper takes a minimum public sector size, dependent on each region's population, to present a public sector increasing in volume relative to falling population. This modelling activity is an attempt to quantify empirical and quantitative observations on the size of regional public sectors in terms of the new economic geography, and demonstrates that under various conditions a relatively large public sector can be beneficial for a peripheral region. RÉSUMÉ La présente communication développe un modèle montrant la façon dont un pays peut devenir, de façon endogène, différencié dans une région essentielle dominée par le secteur privé, et une « périphérie » dominée par le secteur public. Il existe des rapports étroits entre un secteur public important et des économies périphériques, bien que l'on ne puisse déterminer dans quelle mesure il s'agit d'une cause de périphéricité plutôt que d'un symptôme. Cette communication utilise une taille minimale de secteur public, en fonction de la population de chaque région, pour présenter un secteur public augmentant en volume relativement à la diminution de la population. Cette activité de modélisation est une tentative de quantification d'observations empiriques et quantitatives sur la taille des secteurs publics régionaux sur le plan de la nouvelle géographie économique, et démontre que, dans certaines conditions, un secteur public d'envergure relativement importante peut être bénéfique pour une région périphérique. EXTRACTO Este estudio desarrolla un modelo que muestra cómo un país puede llegar a diferenciarse endógenamente como una región ‘central’ dominada por el sector privado y una ‘periferia’ dominada por el sector público. Un sector público amplio se asocia estrechamente con economías periféricas, aunque no está claro hasta qué punto es una causa de la periferalidad en lugar de un síntoma. El estudio toma un tamaño mínimo de sector público, dependiente de la población de cada región, para presentar un sector público que aumenta en volumen en relación con una población decreciente. Esta actividad de modelación es un intento de cuantificar observaciones empíricas y cuantitativas sobre el tamaño de los sectores públicos regionales en términos de la nueva geografía económica, y demuestra que bajo varias condiciones, un sector público relativamente grande puede ser beneficioso para una región periférica. 公共部门规模和边缘性 摘要 : 本文提出了一种新的模型 , 使一个国家内生分化成私营部门主导的‘核心’区域和公共部门主导的‘外围’区域。 大量公共部门都与外围经济紧密相连 , 尽管尚不清楚它们在多大程度上决定了是边缘化还是虚拟化。 本文参照各个地区的人口数目相应地采用最小的公共部门规模 ， 证明在人口下降时公共部门体积增加。 这一建模过程是为了尝试使用新的经济地理学方法对区域公共部门规模的经验和定量观察结果进行量化。 结果显示在多种不同情况下，相对大的公共部门对外围区域有益。
Computed Tomographic Evaluation of the Normal Adult Odontoid: Implications for Internal Fixation

Study Design Compute tomography scans of the dens were performed on patients who had no atlantoaxial pathology. Objectives To determine whether one or two screws is optimal for fracture fixation and whether two screws can always negotiate the intramedullary odontoid cavity. Summary of Background Data. Fixation of Type Ii dens fractures traditionally has used C1-C2 posterior wiring and fusion. Two screws placed across an odontoid fracture as a method of rigid internal fixation also has been described. However, it is not known whether two screws can always negotiate the odontoid canal. Methods Ninety-two consecutive computerized tomography scans of the dens were performed on adults who had no atiantoaxial pathology. Measurements were taken from the scan and compared with the cross-sectional diameter of two odontoid screws. Results The critical diameter for the placement of two 3.5-mm cortical screws with tapping was 9.0 mm. This dimension was present in 95% of the patients studied. Conclusions Correct orientation of the computerized tomography scanner is critical for accurate measurements. Two 3.5-mm screws can be used in internal fixation of Type II dens fractures in 95% of the patients if the inner cortex is tapped.
Cartel formation and oligopoly structure: a new assessment of the crude oil market

While economic theorists regard OPEC as a perfect example of a long-lasting cartel, energy economists strongly deny such view. Applying the ideas of New Empirical Industrial Organization, a market description is derived. Cartel theory and empirical evidence fit together well. Stable long-lasting cartels can be explained only for subclasses of market models and exactly such type of model is obtained here. A variety of different market models is tested. OPEC and the market for crude oil is best described by a price-leader model.
Automatic J–A Model Parameter Tuning Algorithm for High Accuracy Inrush Current Simulation

Inrush current simulation plays an important role in many tasks of the power system, such as power transformer protection. However, the accuracy of the inrush current simulation can hardly be ensured. In this paper, a Jiles–Atherton (J–A) theory based model is proposed to simulate the inrush current of power transformers. The characteristics of the inrush current curve are analyzed and results show that the entire inrush current curve can be well featured by the crest value of the first two cycles. With comprehensive consideration of both of the features of the inrush current curve and the J–A parameters, an automatic J–A parameter estimation algorithm is proposed. The proposed algorithm can obtain more reasonable J–A parameters, which improve the accuracy of simulation. Experimental results have verified the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
Indirect Networks: An Intangible Resource for Biotechnology Innovation

In the context of the emergence of new modular organizational forms, especially in high-tech sectors such as the biotechnology sector, this article proposes that while a firm observes benefits from direct alliances, it also benefits from indirect linkages. First, a theoretical framework revolving around indirect ties is built on the basis of social network and innovation management literature. It ends with the proposition of two research hypotheses linking the indirect network position of a firm to its innovation capacities. To test those hypotheses, data on strategic partnerships and collaborations were collected through 40 interviews with biotech firms from the nutrition sector in the biotech clusters of Quebec (Canada). Using network analysis, centrality measures and hierarchical regressions, results of this study indicate that by occupying a central position in a network of indirect ties, a firm is more likely to access useful knowledge from its direct partners and increase innovation. We suggest, as a conclusion, that indirect network position could be considered as an intangible strategic resource for biotech firms.
Mode Transition and Related Discharge Phenomena of a Tube Plasma Source Operating in Low-Pressure Pure Nitrogen Atmosphere

A low-frequency (20-80 kHz) tube plasma source was designed for plasma beam generation at low pressure. In the atmosphere of pure nitrogen, the plasma source exhibited two distinct discharge states. The discharge sustained at low current (G mode) was a capacitive discharge and transited into a resistive discharge self-pulsing mode (SP mode) when the current exceeded a critical level. The SP-mode discharge was identified to be a mixing discharge consisting of continuous discharge and periodic sparks or pulsing arcs. Powered with 10-110 W, the SP-mode discharge created a plasma plume with high electron density (0.9-5.1×1011 cm-3) and relatively low electron temperature (1.62-0.55 eV). The vibrational and rotational temperatures of the SP-mode plasma in the tube were determined to be ~5000 K and 350-700 K by fitting the optical emission spectra, respectively, distinguishing from those of the G-mode discharge.
In Vitro Comparison of Stone Fragmentation When Using Various Settings with Modern Variable Pulse Holmium Lasers.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE There are limited data regarding optimal laser and energy settings during stone fragmentation. We assessed effects on fragmentation using a variety of energy and frequency settings with two laser systems. METHODS Artificial stones were created using BegoStone. A clear polyvinylchloride (PVC) tube with an inner diameter of 13 mm was closed at one end with a removable plug to create the in vitro ureteral and caliceal environments. The Lumenis Pulse 120H and the Cook Rhapsody H-30 holmium lasers were studied in the caliceal and ureteral models. A single urologist fragmented each stone to <2 mm. The caliceal studies assessed the time to fragmentation (n = 56). The ureteral studies measured the retropulsion distance of each stone phantom after 5 minutes of laser treatment time using different pulse width settings (n = 15). RESULTS Complete treatment of the stone with the 120H required 10.9 minutes at ≥1 J vs 26.9 minutes at <1 J (p < 0.001). The H-30 showed similar results with treatment times of 11.2 minutes at ≥1 J vs 22.8 minutes at <1 J (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in treatment time when comparing the two lasers using settings of 0.8 J × 8 Hz and 1.5 J × 10 Hz (25.5 minutes vs 24.8 minutes, p = 0.861; and 13.2 minutes vs 9.5 minutes, p = 0.061; respectively). Retropulsion distances using the 120H were 13.9 cm using long pulse, 25.2 cm using medium pulse, and 56.6 cm using short pulse. Retropulsion distances using the H-30 laser were 7 cm using long pulse and 14.5 cm using short pulse, which differed from the 120H (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Laser fragmentation was faster with both lasers when energy settings of ≥1 J were used. Treatment times using the 120H and the H-30 lasers were equivalent. Retropulsion distances were less with both lasers when longer pulse widths were used. The H-30 resulted in less stone retropulsion compared with the 120H.
Perception of Risk and Surveillance Practices of Women With a Family History of Breast Cancer

A retrospective study was designed to examine the relationship between perception of risk and surveillance activities (mammography and clinical breast examination) in women with a family history of breast cancer. The Revised Susceptibility, Benefits, and Barriers Scale for Mammography Screening, the Centre for Epidemiology Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), and a demographic form were administered to a convenience sample of 56 women. There were no significant relationships between perceived risk and screening activities. No significant correlations were found between age or depressive symptoms with either perceived risk or screening behaviors. Women with postsecondary qualifications were more likely to obtain regular mammograms. A substantial portion (34.5%) of participants reported depressive symptoms at a level associated with clinically significant levels of depression (≥16 on the CES-D). Women over age 50 reported significantly more depressive symptoms than younger women. Perceived risk was not associated with screening; however, depression should be considered closely when dealing with women with higher-than-average risk of breast cancer.
Inside-Trading and Incentives

The traditional arguments against inside trading (insiders "take advantage of' other investors;' inside-trading profits overcompensate managers [see Ross 1979]; too much information is collected if inside trading is allowed [see Fama and Laffer 1971; Hirshleifer 1971]) emphasize the social costs of prohibiting such trading, without explaining the private incentives shareholders have to sanction this trading. The efficiency argument in favor of inside trading-inside trading improves the functioning of the stock market because information, as a public good, will be underproduced unless those who acquire it profit through inside trading (Demsetz 1969)-does not explain shareholders' support of inside trading, because the owners of a firm do not seek to improve the efficiency of the stock market by sacrificing trading profits to insiders. Several alternative hypotheses for shareholders' failure to impose restrictions on inside trading have been advanced: This paper analyzes shareholders' incentives to sanction inside trading. I show that if a manager of a firm is initially compensated with earnings-contingent contracts, then the welfare of that manager and all of the firm's shareholders can be improved by allowing the manager to trade on his private information. This result is established in the context of a multiple principal (the shareholders)/single agent (the manager) model, with the manager's trades observable ex post, and is robust with respect to the specification of investors' preferences and the definition of stock market equilibrium. * The topic of this paper originated in conversations with Steve Allen. His comments, as well as those of Nicholas Dopuch, Daniel Fischel, Sanford Grossman, Merton Miller, Robert Verrecchia, and other members of the Workshops on the Applications of Economics and on Accounting Research, both at the University of Chicago, are gratefully acknowledged. 1. For a list of such arguments, see references in Manne (1966, chap. 1).
Is Trading on Earnings Surprises a Profitable Strategy? Canadian Evidence

This study examines the profitability of trading on earnings surprises in the post-earnings announcement period for Canadian equities spanning the period 1994–2009. There is clear evidence that stock prices drift in the direction of earnings surprise for several months following an earnings announcement. Specifically, we find that standardized unexpected earnings based on analyst forecasts (SUEAF), our main definition of earnings surprise, indicates that a hedge strategy of going long on firms in the highest SUEAF decile and going short on firms in the lowest SUEAF decile generates a greater than 6% excess return in the 60 days following the earnings announcement. We also show that that while both the SUEAF and standardized unexpected earnings (SUE) capture earnings surprise, each contains information that is not entirely subsumed by the other. In summary, we advance that the post-earnings announcement drift is caused by the market's delay in responding to earnings information. Our findings have major investment implications, since investors in general and Canadian investors in particular can exploit this anomaly.