Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Invention of the integrated circuit

T BACKGROUND HE FIRST electronic equipments were composed of a few dozen components and could readily be asselnbled by hand-soldering techniques. Each component mas manufactured separately by a process optimized for the purpose. As electronic equipment became more complex, shortcomings in this procedure began to appear. The cost of the equipment increased more rapidly than the cornponent count, and equipment reliability suffered a corlesponding decrease. Because of their interest in complex electronic system, the problem was particularly apparent to the militav y. Each B-29 required nearly a thousand vacuum tubes a ~ l d tens of thousands of passive devices. Its electronics equipments were among the most complex systems in being at the time. By the end of World War I1 it was apparent that future systems would be limited by the cost, bulk, and reliability of the electronics. One of the first attempts to simplify the manufacturing process was carried out under National Bureau of Sta’qdards sponsorship. Their proximity fuse requirements necessitated compact rugged electronic subsystems. The Centralab Division of Globe-Union, Inc. proposed a design in which ceramic substrates would carry metal interco:? nections and chip capacitors, with miniaturized vacuum tubes attached. This proposal was developed by Rubenstein, Ehlers, Sherwood, and White of Centralab [l], and was probably the first attempt to form components in sit^ After the war, NBS and Centralab continued to work in this area. The Centralab effort, under R. L. Wolff and A. S. Khouri, developed high-volume screening techniqu(3s for production. Centralab built substantial quantities ~ a f amplifiers for hearing aid applications, with several dozen passive components and three or four tube sockets for active device attachment. They further simplified the concept by the use of a substrate with a high dielectric constant, permitting the fabrication of low cost RC net,works for radio and television applications. About 14.0 million circuits of this type were produced by 1962. The NBS effort, originally led by Brunetti and later by Franklin [2], also continued to develop two-dimensicn (2-D) circuit assemblies. A complete in-house fabricatien capability was established. In the early 1 9 5 0 ’ ~ ~ Robe::t Henry of this group, working under Navy sponsorshila, abandoned the 2-D concept and produced a novel design in which ceramic wafers with one to four passive components per wafer were stacked and interconnected with vertical riser wires. A tube socket was mounted above tk.e
How fiscally tolerable is Thailand’s social security pension fund to early retirement decisions?

This research paper assesses the fiscal tolerability of the Thai Social Security Pension Fund to early retirement decisions, particularly among the workforce aged 50-54. Starting from 2014, the Social Security Pension Fund is due to pay regular monthly pension benefits to eligible insured persons. There has been increasing concern over the potentially high proportion of early retirees opting for one-time lump-sum old-age benefits instead of the more modest amount of monthly retirement pension. This can create severe shocks to the system. Forecasts and sensitivity analyses under alternative scenarios are conducted using an actuarial method. The estimation employs the latest 2010 National Economic and Social Development Board population forecast. In the worst case scenario, with an early retirement rate of 9 percent or higher per year, the tolerability of the system can be maintained for no longer than 25 years from now. The future generations risk facing a situation in which the old-age benefits may not be promptly received in the expected amount. This points to the important policy precaution that the currently high level of reserves in the Social Security Pension Fund does not ensure fiscal sustainability and tolerability as commonly believed. The result also implies that withdrawal from the social security pension fund by the government for other purposes is fiscally detrimental to life of the fund.
PR controller implementation using double update mode digital PWM for grid connected inverter

This paper proposes Proportional Resonant (PR) controller implementation with double update mode digital PWM for grid connected single phase inverter. Digital implementation of PR compensator to track the sinusoidal current reference is also presented. A distinctive advantage of PR controller over conventional Proportional Integral (PI) controller for disturbance rejection capability and lower steady state error is achieved. Model of double update digital PWM is analysed and implemented through DSP. The advantage of modulation delay reduction in proposed digital PWM in double update mode improves the closed loop performance. The PR controllers are tuned to suppress the lower order harmonics. Design of the controllers and their tuning methodology is elaborated and analysed through simulation in MATLAB. Phase Lock Loop (PLL) elimination in grid synchronization and removal of switching noise component in sampled signals is demonstrated. The experimental results of 100W grid connected inverter with the PR digital controller implementation through TMS320F28027 are validated for the proposed control scheme.
A Rapid Vibration Reduction Method for Macro–Micro Composite Precision Positioning Stage

A macro-micro composite precision positioning stage is mainly used in microelectronics manufacturing to achieve high velocity, high precision, and large-stroke positioning. The positioning accuracy and working efficiency of the stage are influenced by the inertial vibration caused by motion with high acceleration. This paper proposes an active vibration reduction (AVR) method employing a piezoelectric device for a designed macro-micro motion stage. The design model of the stage is established and its dynamic models are explored. The feasibility of the piezoelectric device as a vibration damper for the designed positioning stage is demonstrated through theoretical analyses, including natural frequency analysis and inertial vibration energy analysis. Furthermore, an optimal design of the stage with the AVR mechanism is established and then verified experimentally. The performance of the AVR method is examined and characterized through investigation of the differences in inertial vibration energy with and without the AVR, and the performance of the proposed method in terms of the vibration amplitude and positioning time is measured at different accelerations, velocities, and strokes. The theoretical and experimental analyses indicate the effectiveness of the proposed vibration reduction method, and this method could be employed in several applications that require vibration reduction.
The Use of the Double-Hurdle Model in Estimating the Rate of Return to Education in South Africa

Abstract In this study, the Double-Hurdle Model (DHM) is compared to the more traditional technique, the Heckman's (1976) two-stage selection model in estimating the private rate of return to education in South Africa. The Heckman's model compares well with the DHM with correlated errors between the participation and employment functions. According to the DHM, the private rates of return to education of males and females are found to be respectively, 11,5 and 13 per cent for Blacks; 17 and 18 for Coloureds, 7,5 and 11 for Asians and 0,7 and 9,5 for Whites. It has also been indicated that in general, tertiary education is the most profitable private educational investment in South Africa.
Parallel MRI near metallic implants

indicates the location of metal implants. b) Auto-calibrated SENSE (RMSE = 1037). c) SENSE with single calibration (RMSE = 3364). The arrow indicates image artifacts. d) Autocalibrated ARC (RMSE=372). e) ARC recon using single calibration (RMSE = 383). f) ARC recon using two concatenated calibration data sets (RMSE = 364). Figure 3: a) Fast spin-echo image. b) Fully sampled MAVRIC image c)Under-sampled MAVRIC image d) Autocalibrated ARC recon (RMSE = 504593). e) ARC recon using single calibration with zero resonance frequency offset data as calibration data (RMSE = 2687053). f) ARC recon using single calibration with two concatenated data as calibration data (RMSE = 1872306) Parallel MRI near metallic implants
Asset Allocation in a Downside Risk Framework

Executive Summary. The traditional Markowitz portfolio optimization has two serious drawbacks. First, mean-variance portfolio optimization is inadequate when asset returns are skewed. Second, investor risk aversion is ignored. A more efficient measure of risk that focuses only on the deviation below a pre-specified target rate of return is defined in a generalized lower partial moment (LPM) framework. The concepts of LPM and co-LPM, a downside measure of the covariance of return, are extended to Markowitz's model to provide a more efficient and robust optimization process. This article demonstrates that downside risk models can be easily implemented using spreadsheet programs and illustrates how investor risk aversion can be incorporated into a downside risk asset optimization model.
Supplementary material of : On the robustness of the generalized fused lasso to prior specifications

Our objective here is to show how to rewrite the criterion arising in the joint modeling framework as a particular case of the generalized fused lasso. Recall the form of function f defined in Section 2.1 of the paper and introduce the function J : R → R such that J (yi, zi β) = log f(yi,β, φ), which states the dependency on zi more clearly. With the same notations as in Section 2.2 of the main paper, the criterion considered in the joint modeling context can then be written,
Comparison of Two Measures of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Load in HIV Risk Groups

ABSTRACT Levels of viral burden were compared across risk group and gender populations among 485 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected participants consisting of 190 male injection drug users (IDUs), 92 female IDUs, and 203 homosexual men. Viral burden was quantified by a microculture technique to determine cell-associated infectious units per 106 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (IUPM) and by reverse transcriptase PCR (Amplicor) to determine plasma HIV RNA levels. Adjusting for CD4+ cell count, females had a lower infectious HIV load than all males combined (0.33 log10 lower; P = 0.004), and homosexual men had a 0.29 log10 higher infectious viral load than all IDUs combined (P = 0.001). For HIV RNA levels, females had lower levels than males (0.19 log10 lower;P = 0.04), but no differences were observed by risk group. After controlling for percent CD4+ cells, no differences were found by risk group for either assay, but females still had a 0.25 log10 lower infectious viral load than males (P = 0.04) and a viral RNA load similar to that of males (P = 0.25). The correlation between infectious viral load and HIV RNA load was 0.58 overall, which did not differ by gender or risk group. Our data suggest that differences in viral load may exist by gender and that any differences observed by risk group are driven predominantly by gender or percent CD4+ cell differences. These data also confirm a moderate correlation between cell-associated infectious viral load and plasma HIV RNA load, which appears to be similar by gender and across risk groups.
Stochastic dominance and the momentum effect of the China’s A-share market

Abstract This study applies stochastic dominance with and without risk-free assets to examine the profitability of momentum strategies for the period 1997 to 2006 in China’s A-share market. In order to capture actual phenomenon of real world realistically, the estimation of investment portfolio includes transaction costs exactly. Empirical evidences show that winner portfolios stochastically dominate loser portfolios at SSD and SSDR over the horizon of 3-, 6-, 9- and 12-month. The losers’ returns dominate winners’ returns at SSDR just in 1-month. Then ranking by the different categories of past returns, we could find out that the smallest size firms of both loser and winner portfolios execute better performance. Furthermore, considering the current regulation about China’s stock price limits, this study supports the obvious underreaction on volatilities of stock prices.
Do consumers discount parallel imports?

Using data from Taiwan’s Yahoo! auctions of Nikon cameras, this paper investigates whether there exists any difference in transaction results between commodities which are sold by authorized sellers and those which are parallel imports. We find that the parallel imports and the authorized products differ not only in the warranty duration offered by the sellers, but also in the formats in which they are listed, both of which substantially affect trade probability and transaction price. We show that, after taking into account the endogenous choice of listing formats and the characteristics of the sellers and the items, an authorized product has a 7% higher trade probability than that of a parallel import and, if there is a sale, the transaction price as a ratio of the manufacturer’s suggested retail price is 0.093 higher. A small number of less-experienced parallel import sellers, in an attempt to maintain a price comparable to the authorized product, list their items in pure auction with unusually high starting bids. This accounts for the overall lower trade probability for the parallel imports. If we disregard these sellers who adopt pure auction, the authorized product has higher transaction price than, but about the same trade probability as, the parallel import.
Account of Runtime Verification

In this paper, a brief account of the field of runtime verification is given. Starting with a definition of runtime verification, a comparison to well-known verification techniques like model checking and testing is provided, and applications in which runtime verification brings out its distinguishing features are pointed out. Moreover, extensions of runtime verification such as monitor-oriented programming, and monitor-based runtime reflection are sketched and their similarities and differences are discussed. Finally, the use of runtime verification for contract enforcement is briefly pointed out.
Human Resource Systems and Ethical Climates: A Resource‐Based Perspective

We know very little about how ethical climates are built and the potential role of a firm's HR system in facilitating the development of this resource. The resource-based view (RBV) of the firm suggests that human resource systems directly influence a firm's performance through the development of resources that are deeply woven in a firm's history and culture. How this occurs though has not been thoroughly considered in the research literature. Drawing on the theoretical insights from the resource-based view of the firm, this article explores how HR systems can foster the development and maintenance of five types of ethical climates. In so doing, this article improves our conceptual understanding of why ethical climates may be seen as having strategic value for firms and how HR systems may influence that value. In addition, it contributes to theory by extending the domain of the resource-based view of the firm by exploring its integration with the varied types of ethical climates.
Optimization for training neural nets

Various techniques of optimizing criterion functions to train neural-net classifiers are investigated. These techniques include three standard deterministic techniques (variable metric, conjugate gradient, and steepest descent), and a new stochastic technique. It is found that the stochastic technique is preferable on problems with large training sets and that the convergence rates of the variable metric and conjugate gradient techniques are similar.
Fowl aviadenovirus serotype 1 confirmed as the aetiological agent of gizzard erosions in replacement pullets and layer flocks in Great Britain by laboratory and in vivo studies

ABSTRACT An investigation into the aetiology and pathogenesis of adenoviral gizzard erosion has been conducted following three natural outbreaks affecting one flock of 6-week-old replacement pullets and two consecutive placements of free range layers at the age of 21 and 23 weeks. Affected flocks showed increased mortality (0.12–0.30% per week), and gizzard lesions were consistent with fowl aviadenovirus (FAdV) involvement. To substantiate the initial findings, a selection of archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded gizzard samples from another 12 pullet and layer flocks, for which macroscopic and histopathological diagnosis of the disease were recorded in Great Britain during the period 2009–2016, were also investigated. In situ hybridization (ISH), virology and/or PCR confirmed the presence of FAdV species-A, serotype-1 (FAdV-A, FAdV-1) DNA in gizzard samples of all 15 cases investigated. Co-infections with additional FAdV serotypes including FAdV-8a were detected by serology and/or virology in two of the pullet flocks. However, species-specific in situ hybridization revealed that pathological changes of affected gizzards were only associated with the detection of FAdV-A. A subsequent in vivo study infecting 21-day-old SPF pullets with FAdV-1 or FAdV-8a strains isolated from the 6-week-old replacement pullets revealed characteristic pathomorphological changes only in the gizzards from birds infected with FAdV-1. While infection with FAdV-8a was confirmed by virology and serology, infected SPF birds did not develop pathomorphological changes. Therefore, the aetiological involvement of the isolated FAdV-8a in the development of adenoviral gizzard erosion in commercial pullets has been ruled out.
Third-party disability in family members of people with aphasia: a systematic review

Purpose: The WHO’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) describes third-party disability as the disability experienced by significant others as a consequence of their family members’ health condition (WHO, 2001). A systematic review of the literature was conducted to summarize the current knowledge of third-party disability in aphasia. Method: PubMed, CINAHL and three other databases were searched for peer-reviewed studies reporting on how aphasia affects family members with no date restrictions. Findings from relevant studies that met the inclusion criteria were extracted and mapped to the ICF. Results: This paper summarizes what is known about the experience of family members of people with aphasia, describing negative outcomes in the body functions and activities and participation components of the ICF. However, due to the limited consensus between studies, this review reveals an incomplete understanding of the nature of third-party disability. Conclusion: While current literature suggests there is a broad range of consequences for family members of people with aphasia, the sequelae of disability for family members of people with aphasia are not well understood. Further research is needed to better describe the nature and degree of third-party disability in aphasia. Implications for Rehabilitation Third-party disability occurs when family members experience changes to their functioning as a consequence of their significant other’s health condition (e.g. aphasia), even though they do not have the condition themselves. Aphasia has widespread impact on the family members of people with aphasia, including negative effects on their body functions, activities and participation. Future research using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health is needed to guide rehabilitation professionals when providing family-centred care to people with aphasia and their family members.
Dynamic Asset Allocation Using a Combined Criteria Decision System

In this paper we examine the predictability of asset returns by developing an approach that combines quantitative methods of forecasting, based on technical analysis. As an innovation we introduce a multiple criteria decision system making simultaneous use of trend indicators and other confirming indicators. By combining trend indicators with confirming indicators it is possible to build a superior technical trading strategy that captures a more comprehensive aspect of predictability in past prices. This study also proposes a test for weak form efficiency based on a combining approach. Previous approaches typically make inferences based on the empirical results of testing only one class of technical rules. Applying the combining criteria decision system the evidence suggests that the strategies proposed here have predictive ability on a data sample based on three European stocks Index Markets. Our results rejects the null hypothesis that the returns earned from applying trading rules are equal to those achieved from a naive buy and hold strategy, even after deducting transaction costs. Evidence also suggests that oscillators capture some aspect of predictability in past prices that moving averages do not detect. JEL: G12: G14
Audit fee determinants: the plural nature of risk

Addresses concerns regarding perceptions and measurement of risk and the resultant confusion relating to understanding of the market for audit services. Examines the theoretical justification for a plural approach to dealing with “risk” in audit fee models. Reviews the relevant literature and undertakes a factor analysis of 229 Western Australian firms in search of evidence of plurality. Argues for recognition of the idea that risk in the audit context is composed of two separate but related concepts: audit risk and business risk.
Impact of pretransplant infections on clinical outcomes of liver transplant recipients

Whether pretransplant nonviral infections influence outcomes after transplantation in liver transplant recipients in the current era is not well defined. One hundred consecutive patients undergoing liver transplantation in 2005‐2008 were studied. Demographics, posttransplant clinical events, and mortality were compared between recipients with and without infections within 12 months before transplantation. In all, 32% of the patients (32/100) developed 45 episodes of pretransplant infections, which included spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (35.6%), bloodstream infections (28.9%), cellulitis (13.3%), pneumonia (8.9%), urinary tract infections (6.7%), and other infections (6.7%). Compared with 68 recipients without pretransplant infections, those with infections had a higher Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease score and a lower likelihood of transplantation from home and required longer and more frequent hospital care before and after transplantation (P < 0.05). Mortality at 90 (9.4% versus 2.9%) and 180 days (15.6% versus 10.3%) post‐transplant did not differ significantly between recipients with and without pretransplant infections (P = not significant). A higher Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease score (P < 0.05) and posttransplant infections (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001), but not pretransplant infections, were associated with posttransplant mortality at 90 and 180 days. In conclusion, pretransplant infections that have been adequately treated do not pose a significant risk for poor outcomes, including posttransplant mortality. Liver Transpl 16:222–228, 2010. © 2010 AASLD.
Repeat testing in antenatal screening for Down syndrome using dimeric inhibin‐A in combination with other maternal serum markers

The effect on screening performance of collecting a second fresh blood sample in antenatal screening for Down syndrome has been previously reported for the commonly used double and triple tests. Recently, dimeric inhibin‐A has been used with the triple test (together constituting the quadruple test) in several centres and here we assess the effect of repeat testing using inhibin‐A. Routine repeat testing using the quadruple test did not yield a material increase in performance compared with having no repeat testing. For a 5% false‐positive rate the increase in detection rate was only about 3–5 percentage points; a modest increase which is probably not worthwhile in the light of the extra cost and delay. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.