Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lincoln’s well-considered political economy (the ‘American System’) trumped the Free Trade British System

The Whigs could legitimately emphasise what Hamilton’s Report had not touched upon: urban labourers made unemployed by import competition could not shift to ‘collateral employments’ with the presumptive ease asserted by Free Trader Democrats. More than anything, it was the structural cyclical instability (Minsky moments) that engendered a new party (Republican) to exert political pressures for government involvement in the management of the economy (mercantilism). Economic beliefs played the most fundamental role in Lincoln’s career, and his mercantilist views, in conformity with Hamilton, Clay and the economist Carey, were key determinants in effectuating the Industrial Revolution within the United States through tariffs, government-supported macro-projects and structurally stimulating aggregate demand through a national currency. Permeating Lincoln's political economy was a fierce non-neutral view of money wherein banks created the funds to ignite the American System. Henry Clay, Henry Carey and Abraham Lincoln were seeking to supplant the Ricardo–Malthus long-term model of economic growth (emphasising distribution within a relatively stagnant economy) with one of expanding productive powers and rising wage levels. These interventionist issues are still quite relevant since US economics students are taught modernised versions of the doctrines of Ricardo and Malthus which were controverted more than a century ago by the American School, and more specifically by Abraham Lincoln.
Colonoscopy first for iron-deficiency anaemia: a Numbers Needed to Investigate approach.

BACKGROUND British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines recommend that gastrointestinal investigations should be considered in males and post-menopausal women presenting with iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA). AIM To compare the diagnostic yields and clinical effectiveness of upper and lower gastrointestinal (GI) investigation in detecting malignancy among patients presenting with IDA. DESIGN Retrospective review of case notes, endoscopy records and radiology reports. METHODS We reviewed the results of 3798 investigations in 2600 patients presenting to our hospital with IDA from October 1995 to December 2003. The findings of the 2318 gastroscopies were compared with those of the 896 colonoscopies and the 584 barium enemas. Patients diagnosed with GI malignancy were identified and their outcomes determined. RESULTS Gastroscopy identified 44 patients with newly-diagnosed upper GI cancer (18 oesophageal, 26 gastric). Thus for patients being gastroscoped for IDA, the Numbers Needed to Investigate (NNI) to detect each cancer was 53. Five-year survival for these 44 patients was 10%, so the NNI to identify each curable upper GI malignancy was 527. Colonoscopy or barium enema identified 111 (7.5%) patients with newly diagnosed colorectal cancer, giving a NNI of 13. Their 5-year survival was 35%, giving a NNI to identify each curable colorectal cancer patient of 38. DISCUSSION Potentially curable gastrointestinal malignancy was diagnosed over 13 times more commonly using colonoscopy or barium enema vs. gastroscopy. For patients presenting with IDA, our findings favour investigating the lower GI tract first, or performing both gastroscopy and colonoscopy during the same endoscopy list.
Globalization and Income Inequality: An O.E.C.D. Analysis

The link between globalization and income inequality has become a major political preoccupation in recent years. This paper examines the relationship between trade and financial globalization and the rise in income inequality observed in most OECD countries over the past 15 years. This paper departs from the existing literature by including governance variables, providing evidence that governments have a significant role in affecting the distribution of income. The analysis finds that trade globalization, technology, and access to education is associated with a reduction in income inequality, governance is associated with an increase in inequality. The study concludes that policies aimed at reducing barriers to trade and increasing access to education can allow the benefits of globalization to be shared more equally.
Upstream and downstream of erythroid transcription factor GATA‐1

All mature blood lineages in the peripheral circulation are derived from pluripotent haematopoietic stem cell. Progressive lineage‐restriction of this stem cell is executed, in part, by the interplay and cross‐talk between a host of lineage‐restricted as well as ubiquitous transcription factors. To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms underlying the erythroid gene regulation, it is essential to understand how individual transcription factors contribute to the regulation of specific target genes, and how these erythroid transcription factor genes are regulated in turn. These key issues of mammalian development have been addressed by examining the activities controlling the prototype transcription factor, GATA‐1. The transcriptional regulation of GATA‐1 has been intensively investigated, thereby leading to the identification of its developmental stage‐specific regulatory sequences. Loss‐of‐function mutant animals, combined with specific marking of the primitive and definitive erythroid lineages have also shed new insight into how GATA‐1 activity is required in vivo at specific developmental stages. Procedures have also been developed for ascertaining whether or not the GATA‐1 protein actually binds in vivo to regulatory GATA motifs in candidate target genes. Application of a similar multifaceted approach should enable investigators to examine the physiological roles that any transcription factor might play in vivo during the differentiation of any well defined cell lineage.
Effect of Core Magnetization on Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) of Power Transformers

This paper presents how the frequency response analysis (FRA) measurements on a transformer can be influenced by magnetization condition of the core. Measurements were performed on two transformers at different magnetization levels to show effects of remanent magnetization in the core due to removal of 3-supply, of relaxation demagnetization and of dc flux on the frequency response of winding impedance. The most important observations were that any sudden change of excitation field (applying or removing magnetization current) yields a slowly varying magnetic relaxation, which causes the impedance to change with time due to magnetic viscosity. Results of diagnostic measurements of transformer winding impedance can therefore depend on the level of remanent magnetic flux appearing in the core limbs after switching-off a transformer. These observations lead to a conclusion that, for avoiding the effects of core magnetization, diagnostic FRA measurements on power transformers should not be performed directly after disconnection from network.
Examining quality improvement programs: the case of Minnesota hospitals.

OBJECTIVE To determine if there is a hierarchy of improvement program adoption by hospitals and outline that hierarchy. DATA SOURCES Primary data were collected in the spring of 2007 via e-survey from 210 individuals representing 109 Minnesota hospitals. Secondary data from 2006 were assembled from the Leapfrog database. STUDY DESIGN As part of a larger survey, respondents were given a list of improvement programs and asked to identify those programs that are used in their hospital. DATA COLLECTION/DATA EXTRACTION: Rasch Model Analysis was used to assess whether a unidimensional construct exists that defines a hospital's ability to implement performance improvement programs. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the relationship of the Rasch ability scores with Leapfrog Safe Practices Scores to validate the research findings. Principal Findings. The results of the study show that hospitals have widely varying abilities in implementing improvement programs. In addition, improvement programs present differing levels of difficulty for hospitals trying to implement them. Our findings also indicate that the ability to adopt improvement programs is important to the overall performance of hospitals. CONCLUSIONS There is a hierarchy of improvement programs in the health care context. A hospital's ability to successfully adopt improvement programs is a function of its existing capabilities. As a hospital's capability increases, the ability to successfully implement higher level programs also increases.
A method to generate the reactive power on single-phase photovoltaic inverter

A method for generating reactive power in photovoltaic (PV) inverters is presented. This method is based on the extraction of active and reactive components present in the output current of a PV-Inverter using a scheme consisted of low pass filter. The extraction results, together with the unity sinusoidal signal obtained from the phase lockup loop is used to generate a reference for current controller. Current controler will inject output current that have a phase-shift relative to the grid voltage reflecting the active and reactive power output content of the PV-inverter. The mathematical explanation and proposed technical realization is presented.
Modulation by group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors of depotentiation in the dentate gyrus of freely moving rats

In the hippocampus, synaptic depression of potentiated synapses in the form of depotentiation, or of naive synapses in the form of long‐term depression (LTD) is mediated by distinct molecular mechanisms. Activation of group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) is critically required for both hippocampal long‐term potentiation (LTP) and LTD in vivo, but their involvement in depotentiation is unclear. In this study, we investigated whether this class of mGluRs contributes to depotentiation in freely moving rats. Male adult Wistar rats underwent chronic implantation of stimulating and recording electrodes in the perforant path and dentate gyrus granule cell layer, respectively, as well as an injection cannula in the ipsilateral cerebral ventricle. Robust LTP which endured for over 24 h, was induced by high frequency tetanization (HFT, 200 Hz). Depotentiation was induced with LFS (5 Hz, 600 pulses) given 5 min after the LTP‐inducing tetanus was applied. The selective group 1 mGluR antagonists, (S)‐4‐carboxyphenylglycine and (R,S)‐1‐aminoindan‐1,5‐dicarboxylic acid significantly inhibited both depotentiation and LTP. Activation of group I mGluRs leads to changes in postsynaptic intracellular calcium levels. These findings suggest that activation of group I mGluRs mediate thresholds for depotentiation and for persistent LTP. Effects may be linked to the intensity and duration of the calcium signal elicited by LFS and HFT. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CD94 Defines Phenotypically and Functionally Distinct Mouse NK Cell Subsets1

Understanding of heterogeneous NK subsets is important for the study of NK cell biology and development, and for the application of NK cell-based therapies in the treatment of disease. Here we demonstrate that the surface expression of CD94 can distinctively divide mouse NK cells into two approximately even CD94low and CD94high subsets in all tested organs and tissues. The CD94high NK subset has significantly greater capacity to proliferate, produce IFN-γ, and lyse target cells than does the CD94low subset. The CD94high subset has exclusive expression of NKG2A/C/E, higher expression of CD117 and CD69, and lower expression of Ly49D (activating) and Ly49G2 (inhibitory). In vivo, purified mouse CD94low NK cells become CD94high NK cells, but not vice versa. Collectively, our data suggest that CD94 is an Ag that can be used to identify functionally distinct NK cell subsets in mice and could also be relevant to late-stage mouse NK cell development.
Effect of residual of self-interference in performance of full-duplex D2D communication

This paper studies possibility of using full-duplex (FD) radios in underlay device-to-device communication (D2D) in cellular networks. We consider a cellular system with one D2D pair and one cellular user. Cellular user is sharing the radio resources with D2D link which is equipped with full-duplex radios. The problem of sum-power minimization of cellular system and D2D link both in uplink and downlink period is considered. Considering the interference caused because of exploiting the same radio resources, for uplink period, we use fixed point iterations to solve the optimization problem to calculate transmit powers of users. To design the optimal receiver in the base station, linear minimum mean squared error method is used. In the downlink, to calculate optimal transmit precoder at base station and optimal D2D transmit powers, the optimization problem is formulated as a second order cone problem (SOCP) and solved using CVX in Matlab. Since the available full-duplex radios are not able to cancel the self-interference completely, residual of self-interference is considered in D2D receivers. Performance of the full-duplex D2D with different amounts of self-interference cancelation is compared to that of half-duplex D2D. Results show that full-duplex radios with 110 dB self-interferece cancelation can provide double the throughput for D2D compared to half-duplex radios.
The burden of hepatitis C in Sweden: a national study of inpatient care

Summary. The spread of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Sweden in the 1970s indicated that serious liver complications (SLC) would increase in the 2000s. The aim of this study was to analyse the burden of HCV‐associated inpatient care in Sweden, to demonstrate the changes over time and to compare the findings with a noninfected population. The HCV‐cohort (n: 43 000) was identified from the national surveillance database 1990–2006, and then linked to national registers to produce an age‐, sex‐, and region‐matched noninfected comparison population (n: 215 000) and to obtain information on demographics, cancers, inpatient care and prescriptions. Cox regression was used to estimate the likelihood (hazard ratios) for admission to hospital in the HCV compared with the noninfected cohort. The hazard ratios were 4.03 (95% CI: 3.98–4.08) for all care, 77.52 (71.02–84.60) for liver‐related care and 40.74 (30.58–54.27) for liver cancer care. The admission rate in the HCV‐cohort compared with the noninfected cohort, the rate ratio (age‐ and sex‐adjusted) for all inpatient care was 5.91 (95% CI: 5.87–5.94), and the rate ratio for liver‐related care was 70.05 (66.06–74.28). In the HCV‐cohort, 45% of all episodes were for psychiatric, mostly drug‐related, care. Inpatient care for SLC increased in the 2000s. To conclude, drug‐related care was common in the HCV‐infected cohort, the demand for liver‐related care was very high, and SLC increased notably in the 2000s, indicating that the burden of inpatient care from serious liver disease in HCV‐infected individuals in Sweden is an increasing problem.
ACOD, a Modified CHOP Regimen for Elderly Patients with Aggressive Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

The aim of this study is to verify the feasibility and the clinical activity of a new CHOP-like schedule (ACOD) with a fractionated days 1 and 8 administration in elderly patients. This regimen was chosen in the attempt to allow a sufficient dose intensity (DI) of each drug with better compliance. Fifty-two patients, (74 years, median age), with diffuse large B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were retrospectively evaluated. Patients received ADM 25 mg/sqm, CTX 500 mg/sqm, VCR 1.2 mg/sqm (max 2 mg intravenously) days 1 and 8 and PDN 50 mg orally, days 1-8. Results showed that 54% of patients reached a complete remission, 21% a partial remission with an overall response rate of 75%. Two-thirds of the patients received at least 70% of the planned dose of cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin and 50% of vincristine and prednisone. The median duration of follow up was 12.6 months (range 0.7-61.4). The estimated median OS was 15.2 months (95%CI=[11.6, not estimable]); the estimated median PFS was 5.7 months (95%CI=[5.12, not estimable]). After 2 years, the proportion of patients alive was 47% (95%CI=34-64%) and the proportion of patients free from progression was 39% (95%CI=27-57%). Grade 3-4 leukopenia was observed in 61% of patients with 11% of febrile neutropenia. In conclusion, the ACOD chemotherapy regimen seems safe and feasible in elderly patients. This schedule allowed a sufficient DI of chemotherapic agents with clinical results very similar to those recorded with the standard CHOP regimen in young adults.
Real-life experience of quality of life, treatment satisfaction, and adherence in patients receiving oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation

Introduction Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have shown noninferiority to vitamin K antagonists (VKA) in stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. DOAC treatment may be less demanding than VKA, improving quality of life. To date, there have been no studies of the real-life experience of outpatients receiving anticoagulation therapy for atrial fibrillation in France. Methods An observational descriptive real-life epidemiological study used three validated questionnaires (EQ-5D, PACT-Q2, and MMAS-8 French Translation) to assess quality of life, treatment satisfaction, and adherence, respectively, in 200 patients managed on an outpatient basis for atrial fibrillation who were receiving anticoagulation therapy by VKA or DOAC for at least 3 months. Patients were distributed between four groups: primary VKA (P-VKA), switch from VKA to DOAC (S-DOAC), primary DOAC (P-DOAC), and switch from DOAC to VKA (S-VKA). Results Two hundred patients responded to the questionnaires: 89, 50, 52, and 9 in the P-VKA, S-DOAC, P-DOAC and S-VKA groups, respectively. Only the first three groups were compared statistically, because of the small size of the S-VKA group. Quality of life and satisfaction were good in all three groups, with no significant difference in quality of life but significantly greater satisfaction with respect to the “convenience” and “satisfaction” dimensions for DOACs (S-DOAC and P-DOAC groups versus P-VKA group; p<0.001, for both dimensions). Adherence did not significantly differ between groups. Conclusion The experience of patients under oral anticoagulation therapy for atrial fibrillation managed on an outpatient basis was good, with comparable quality of life under DOACs and VKA, and significantly greater satisfaction under DOACs, without impact on adherence. Taking account of patient preference in “shared decision-making” for the choice of type of anticoagulant could improve the patients’ experience of treatment.
Rectal and postmenopausal bleeding: consultation and referral of patients with and without severe mental health problems.

BACKGROUND People with severe mental health problems receive less effective care for some physical conditions. There is concern that this could apply to rectal bleeding or postmenopausal bleeding. Published estimates of consultation rates and outcomes for these symptoms vary widely. AIM To estimate rates of first-ever consultation for rectal bleeding and postmenopausal bleeding in general practice, together with subsequent referrals and outcomes. To identify inequalities for patients with severe mental health problems. DESIGN OF STUDY Cohort study. SETTING Primary care. METHOD Patients with first-ever consultations for rectal or postmenopausal bleeding were identified among more than 3 million patients from 328 practices contributing routine data to the QRESEARCH database. Their records were followed for 2 years. RESULTS There were 30 175 first consultations for rectal bleeding (2.6 per thousand patients per year at age 25-29 years, rising to 4.8 over age 85 years) and 10 142 for postmenopausal bleeding (highest at 7.4 per thousand per year aged 55-59 years). Overall, 2.2% of those with rectal bleeding and 1.7% of those with postmenopausal bleeding went on to have a relevant cancer diagnosis within 2 years. Cancer risk was strongly related to age, and was higher for males with rectal bleeding than females with rectal bleeding. Recorded referrals were at similar rates among patients with and without severe mental health problems. CONCLUSION The rate of first consultations for rectal bleeding or postmenopausal bleeding is relatively low. Less than 2.5% overall have a relevant cancer diagnosis within 2 years. There is no evidence of inequality in referral for patients with severe mental health problems.
Sequence analysis of mouse vomeronasal receptor gene clusters reveals common promoter motifs and a history of recent expansion

We have analyzed the organization and sequence of 73 V1R genes encoding putative pheromone receptors to identify regulatory features and characterize the evolutionary history of the V1R family. The 73 V1Rs arose from seven ancestral genes around the time of mouse–rat speciation through large local duplications, and this expansion may contribute to speciation events. Orthologous V1R genes appear to have been lost during primate evolution. Exceptional noncoding homology is observed across four V1R subfamilies at one cluster and thus may be important for locus-specific transcriptional regulation.
A comparison of transanal excision and endoscopic resection for early rectal cancer.

AIM To compare the outcomes of endoscopic resection with transanal excision in patients with early rectal cancer. METHODS Thirty-two patients with early rectal cancer were treated by transanal excision or endoscopic resection between May 1999 and December 2007. The patients were regularly re-examined by means of colonoscopy and abdominal computed tomography after resection of the early rectal cancer. Complications, length of hospital-stay, disease recurrence and follow up outcomes were assessed. RESULTS Sixteen patients were treated by endoscopic resection and 16 patients were treated by transanal excision. No significant differences were present in the baseline characteristics. The rate of complete resection in the endoscopic resection group was 93.8%, compared to 87.5% in the transanal excision group (P = 0.544). The mean length of hospital-stay in the endoscopic resection group was 2.7 ± 1.1 d, compared to 8.9 ± 2.7 d in the transanal excision group (P = 0.001). The median follow up was 15.0 mo (range 6-99). During the follow up period, there was no case of recurrent disease in either group. CONCLUSION Endoscopic resection was a safe and effective method for the treatment of early rectal cancers and its outcomes were comparable to those of transanal excision procedures.
Implicações Sociais, Econômicas e Ambientais de Uma Iniciativa de Manejo Florestal Comunitário em Assentamento na Amazônia Oriental

Resumo: Este estudo buscou analisar as conexões entre a participação em manejo florestal comunitário (MFC) e as variáveis mobilidade, renda e desmatamento. O trabalho foi conduzido na região da rodovia Transamazônica, no Projeto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (PDS) Virola-Jatobá, em Anapu (PA), onde o MFC tem sido, desde 2006, uma das principais propostas do governo para conter o desmatamento, coibir a rotatividade ocupacional dos lotes e melhorar a renda. A análise de uma iniciativa de manejo florestal através de acordo empresa-comunidade indica que recursos derivados da venda de madeira não foram suficientes para conter a mobilidade espacial, reduzir o desmatamento e garantir a manutenção de meios de vida locais. Observações diretas em pesquisa-ação, de cunho antropológico, indicam que o MFC só será bem-sucedido se resultar de ação coletiva minimamente congregando os diversos e divergentes segmentos sociais do PDS. Identificou-se a resiliência de determinadas normas sociais locais em torno do cultivo da roça, como instituição camponesa, com potencial de gerar ação coletiva, inclusive para o manejo florestal. Considerando-se a diversidade de atores e a complexidade de contextos, conclui-se que o ajuste dessas normas sociais locais articulando a produção agrícola com o manejo florestal é condição essencial para a efetividade do MFC e de uma reforma agrária ambientalmente diferenciada.