Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Static Type Analysis for Python

Python is a kind of dynamic-typed language which provides flexibility but leaves the programmer without the benefits of static typing. This paper describes Type, a tool that works for static type annotation and inference for python. It could simulate the built-in modules, transform the Python source code to IR(Intermediate representation) which we design and annotate, infer and reduce the IR into the type system. Type could provide the explicit type information, detect the type errors at compile time and improve the efficiency of development and the accuracy of point-to analysis. By the evaluation of applying Type to a suite of benchmarks, we find that Type can annotate and infer the types with a good precision and coverage in accept time.
Bioavailable fucoidan and methods for preparing the same

The invention (a) sulfuric acid group content of 20-40%, (b) in the 1,000-30,000 Da weight-average molecular weight, (c) the dispersion index of 1-6, and (d) 0-200 centipoise (centi-poise ) bioavailability (bioavailable), characterized in that has a viscosity of the invention relates to fucoidan, and a process for producing the same. Bioavailability of the invention is, the improvement in the human body absorption rate greatly improves the end, bioavailability (bioavailability) significantly because it represents a small average molecular weight, low polydispersity index and viscosity, and high water solubility of the high sulfate content, 30,000 Da or less unique physiological activity of fucoidan in the body (tumor growth inhibition, anti-oxidation, blood sugar increase inhibitory, anti-coagulation, anti-oxidation, triglyceride and cholesterol lowering function and promote ulcer healing function) can be sufficiently exhibited. In addition, the improved properties of bioavailability fucoidan of the present invention can solve the problems of non-uniformity of the conventional gender fucoidan product quality. Fucoidan, bioavailability, pyruvic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, vinegar, viscosity, water-soluble, sulfuric acid group
A dynamically controlled and refreshed low-power level-up shifter

A low-power level-up shifter circuit is presented. This circuit produces a digital output signal in the 0-300 V range from a digital input signal in the 0-5 V range. The proposed circuit reduces power consumption through two key features: dynamic charge control that decreases the power dissipated in the level-up stage, and a "break before make" logic that reduces the short-circuit power of the output stage. An asynchronous control circuit is designed to refresh the dynamic node so that the proposed circuit can work at any low frequency. Detailed design methodologies are described in this paper. This circuit is designed and implemented under DALSA semiconductor's 0.8 /spl mu/m 5 V/HV CMOS/DMOS technology. Simulation results validate its operation and performance.
Controller-based power management for control-flow intensive designs

This paper presents a low-overhead controller-based power management technique that redesigns control logic to reconfigure the existing data path components under idle conditions so as to minimize unnecessary activity. Controller-based power management exploits the fact that though the control signals in a register-transfer level implementation are fully specified, they can be respecified under certain states/conditions when the data path components that they control need not be active. We demonstrate that controller-based power management is often better-suited to control-flow intensive designs than comparable conventional power management techniques such as operand isolation. We present an algorithm to perform power management through controller redesign that consists of constructing an activity graph for each data path component, identifying conditions under which the component need not be active, and relabeling the activity graph resulting in redesign of the corresponding control expressions. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the potential side effects of controller-based power management on circuit delay, glitching activity at control and data path signals, and formation of false combinational cycles. Our algorithm avoids the above negative effects of controller-based power management to maximize power savings and minimize overheads. We present experimental results which demonstrate that (1) controller-based power management results in large power savings at minimal overheads for control-flow intensive designs, which pose several challenges to conventional power management techniques and (2) it is important to consider the various potential negative effects while performing controller-based power management in order to obtain maximal power savings.
Family Reinforcement of Illness Behavior: A Comparison of Adolescents with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Juvenile Arthritis, and Healthy Controls

&NA; Parental encouragement of illness behavior is hypothesized to correlate with psychosocial dysfunction in adolescents with chronic illness. To explore this hypothesis, adolescents aged 11 to 17 years with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) (n = 10), juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) (n = 16), and healthy adolescents (n = 14) were recruited for the study. Measures included the Achenbach parent and youth self report forms, the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale‐II (FACES II), the Children's Depression Rating Scale, and number of days absent from school. The Illness Behavior Encouragement Scale (IBES) generated measures of parental reinforcement of illness behavior. As predicted, the teens with CFS scored statistically higher on measures of depression, total competence, and number of days of school missed in the previous 6 months (mean = 40). Children with JRA scored significantly lower than the CFS group on the measure of parental reinforcement of illness behavior. The healthy group produced intermediate scores. Results and implications for future clinical and research activity are discussed.
A Protocol For Storage Limitations and Upgrades in Decentralised Networks

Within the MaidSafe distributed network, users are able to store mutable and immutable data, which will remain accessible on the network in a distributed hash table, essentially forever. This raises an obvious question as to how to restrict malicious parties from making use of excessive network resources, in order to ensure the storage capacity of the network is not quickly depleted by a small number of users making excessive use of storage. Such activity risks preventing legitimate use of the network. This paper explores two possible means of secure storage quota management on such a decentralised network, and presents the concept of manager verification. It then presents a protocol-based solution to allow users to purchase extra storage from other users in a decentralised network, with irrepudiable and non-forgeable agreements, which are verifiable by any third party.
Tomographic Three-dimensional Reconstruction of Insect Flight Muscle Partially Relaxed by AMPPNP and Ethylene Glycol

Rigor insect flight muscle (IFM) can be relaxed without ATP by increasing ethylene glycol concentration in the presence of adenosine 5′-[β′γ- imido]triphosphate (AMPPNP). Fibers poised at a critical glycol concentration retain rigor stiffness but support no sustained tension (“glycol-stiff state”). This suggests that many crossbridges are weakly attached to actin, possibly at the beginning of the power stroke. Unaveraged three-dimensional tomograms of “glycol-stiff” sarcomeres show crossbridges large enough to contain only a single myosin head, originating from dense collars every 14.5 nm. Crossbridges with an average 90° axial angle contact actin midway between troponin subunits, which identifies the actin azimuth in each 38.7-nm period, in the same region as the actin target zone of the 45° angled rigor lead bridges. These 90° “target zone” bridges originate from the thick filament and approach actin at azimuthal angles similar to rigor lead bridges. Another class of glycol-PNP crossbridge binds outside the rigor actin target zone. These “nontarget zone” bridges display irregular forms and vary widely in axial and azimuthal attachment angles. Fitting the acto-myosin subfragment 1 atomic structure into the tomogram reveals that 90° target zone bridges share with rigor a similar contact interface with actin, while nontarget crossbridges have variable contact interfaces. This suggests that target zone bridges interact specifically with actin, while nontarget zone bridges may not. Target zone bridges constitute only ∼25% of the myosin heads, implying that both specific and nonspecific attachments contribute to the high stiffness. The 90° target zone bridges may represent a preforce attachment that produces force by rotation of the motor domain over actin, possibly independent of the regulatory domain movements.
Lymphocyte Migration in Lymphocyte Function-associated Antigen (LFA)-1–deficient Mice

Using lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA)-1−/− mice, we have examined the role of LFA-1 and other integrins in the recirculation of lymphocytes. LFA-1 has a key role in migration to peripheral lymph nodes (pLNs), and influences migration into other LNs. Second, the α4 integrins, α4β7 and α4β1, have a hitherto unrecognized ability to compensate for the lack of LFA-1 in migration to pLNs. These findings are confirmed using normal mice and blocking LFA-1 and α4 monoclonal antibodies. Unexpectedly, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, which is essential in inflammatory responses, serves as the ligand for the α4 integrins on pLN high endothelial venules. VCAM-1 also participates in trafficking into mesenteric LNs and Peyer's patch nodes where mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1), the α4β7-specific ligand, dominates. Both α4β1, interacting with ligand VCAM-1, and also LFA-1 participate in substantial lymphocyte recirculation through bone marrow. These observations suggest that organ-specific adhesion receptor usage in mature lymphocyte recirculation is not as rigidly adhered to as previously considered, and that the same basic sets of adhesion receptors are used in both lymphocyte homing and inflammatory responses.
Dynamin triple knockout cells reveal off target effects of commonly used dynamin inhibitors

Summary Dynamin, which is encoded by three genes in mammals, is a GTPase implicated in endocytic membrane fission. Dynamin 1 and 3 are predominantly expressed in brain, whereas dynamin 2 is ubiquitously expressed. With the goal of assessing the impact of the lack of dynamin on cell physiology, we previously generated and characterized dynamin 1 and 2 double knockout (DKO) fibroblasts. These DKO cells were unexpectedly viable in spite of a severe impairment of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. As low-level expression of the dynamin 3 gene in these cells could not be excluded, we have now engineered dynamin 1, 2 and 3 triple KO (TKO) fibroblasts. These cells did not reveal any additional defects beyond what was previously observed in DKO fibroblasts. Surprisingly, although fluid-phase endocytosis and peripheral membrane ruffling were not impaired by the lack of all three dynamins, two structurally similar, widely used dynamin inhibitors, dynasore and Dyngo-4a, robustly inhibited these two processes both in wild-type and TKO cells. Dynamin TKO cells will be useful tools for the further exploration of dynamin-dependent processes and the development of more specific dynamin inhibitors.
Reverse-engineering the genetic circuitry of a cancer cell with predicted intervention in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Cellular behavior is sustained by genetic programs that are progressively disrupted in pathological conditions—notably, cancer. High-throughput gene expression profiling has been used to infer statistical models describing these cellular programs, and development is now needed to guide orientated modulation of these systems. Here we develop a regression-based model to reverse-engineer a temporal genetic program, based on relevant patterns of gene expression after cell stimulation. This method integrates the temporal dimension of biological rewiring of genetic programs and enables the prediction of the effect of targeted gene disruption at the system level. We tested the performance accuracy of this model on synthetic data before reverse-engineering the response of primary cancer cells to a proliferative (protumorigenic) stimulation in a multistate leukemia biological model (i.e., chronic lymphocytic leukemia). To validate the ability of our method to predict the effects of gene modulation on the global program, we performed an intervention experiment on a targeted gene. Comparison of the predicted and observed gene expression changes demonstrates the possibility of predicting the effects of a perturbation in a gene regulatory network, a first step toward an orientated intervention in a cancer cell genetic program.
EXPLOSIVE EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH A SURGE

The solar atmosphere contains a wide variety of small-scale transient features. Here, we explore the interrelation between some of them such as surges, explosive events, and blinkers via simultaneous spectral and imaging data taken with the TRACE imager, the SUMER and Coronal Diagnostics Spectrometer (CDS) on board SOHO, and Swedish Vacuum Solar Telescope La Palma. The features were observed in spectral lines with formation temperatures from 10,000 K to 1 MK and with the TRACE Fe ix/x 171 Å filter. The Hα filtergrams were taken in the wings of the Hα 6365 Å line at ±700 mÅ and ±350 mÅ. The alignment of all data in both time and solar XY shows that SUMER line profiles, which are attributed to explosive events, are due to a surge phenomenon. The surge's up- and downflows, which often appear simultaneously, correspond to the blue- and redshifted emission of the transition region N v 1238.82 Å and O v 629.77 Å lines as well as radiance increases of the C i, S i, and S ii and Si ii chromospheric lines. Some parts of the surge are also visible in the TRACE 171 Å images which could suggest heating to coronal temperatures. The surge is triggered, most probably, by one or more Elerman bombs which are best visible in Hα ± 350 Å but were also registered by TRACE Fe ix/x 171 Å and correspond to a strong radiance increase in the CDS Mg ix 368.07 Å line. With the present study, we demonstrate that the division of small-scale transient events into a number of different subgroups, for instance explosive events, blinkers, spicules, surges or just brightenings, is ambiguous, implying that the definition of a feature based only on either spectroscopic or imaging characteristics as well as insufficient spectral and spatial resolution can be incomplete.
Human postmeiotic sex chromatin and its impact on sex chromosome evolution

Sex chromosome inactivation is essential epigenetic programming in male germ cells. However, it remains largely unclear how epigenetic silencing of sex chromosomes impacts the evolution of the mammalian genome. Here we demonstrate that male sex chromosome inactivation is highly conserved between humans and mice and has an impact on the genetic evolution of human sex chromosomes. We show that, in humans, sex chromosome inactivation established during meiosis is maintained into spermatids with the silent compartment postmeiotic sex chromatin (PMSC). Human PMSC is illuminated with epigenetic modifications such as trimethylated lysine 9 of histone H3 and heterochromatin proteins CBX1 and CBX3, which implicate a conserved mechanism underlying the maintenance of sex chromosome inactivation in mammals. Furthermore, our analyses suggest that male sex chromosome inactivation has impacted multiple aspects of the evolutionary history of mammalian sex chromosomes: amplification of copy number, retrotranspositions, acquisition of de novo genes, and acquisition of different expression profiles. Most strikingly, profiles of escape genes from postmeiotic silencing diverge significantly between humans and mice. Escape genes exhibit higher rates of amino acid changes compared with non-escape genes, suggesting that they are beneficial for reproductive fitness and may allow mammals to cope with conserved postmeiotic silencing during the evolutionary past. Taken together, we propose that the epigenetic silencing mechanism impacts the genetic evolution of sex chromosomes and contributed to speciation and reproductive diversity in mammals.
Reactions to claimed and granted overinclusion: Extending research on the effects of claimball versus cyberball

ABSTRACT Social outcomes can result both from people’s own behavior (claim process) and from the behavior of others (grant process). Prior research compared the effect of these two processes on people’s experience of inclusion and outperformance, using two virtual ball-toss games: claimball and cyberball. We extend this work by using the same games to assess reactions to a third social outcome, overinclusion. Participants obtained the majority of the ball-tosses (overinclusion) or almost no ball-tosses (ostracism) in claimball or cyberball. Results showed that (1) overinclusion was more satisfying than ostracism, (2) especially when granted by others and less so when claimed for oneself. These results advance knowledge about people’s experience of social outcomes, depending on the processes leading to them.
RCMAC Hybrid Control for MIMO Uncertain Nonlinear Systems Using Sliding-Mode Technology

A hybrid control system, integrating principal and compensation controllers, is developed for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) uncertain nonlinear systems. This hybrid control system is based on sliding-mode technique and uses a recurrent cerebellar model articulation controller (RCMAC) as an uncertainty observer. The principal controller containing an RCMAC uncertainty observer is the main controller, and the compensation controller is a compensator for the approximation error of the system uncertainty. In addition, in order to relax the requirement of approximation error bound, an estimation law is derived to estimate the error bound. The Taylor linearization technique is employed to increase the learning ability of RCMAC and the adaptive laws of the control system are derived based on Lyapunov stability theorem and Barbalat's lemma so that the asymptotical stability of the system can be guaranteed. Finally, the proposed design method is applied to control a biped robot. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme for the MIMO uncertain nonlinear system
Patellar and hamstring autografts are associated with different jump task loading asymmetries after ACL reconstruction

After anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), there is a higher re‐injury rate to the contralateral limb in athletes who undergo surgery using a bone‐patellar‐tendon‐bone (BPTB) autograft than using a semitendinosus and gracilis hamstring tendon (HT) autograft. This may be influenced by differing lower‐limb loading asymmetries present when athletes of each graft type return to play (RTP). The aim of this study was to compare bilateral countermovement jump (CMJ) phase‐specific impulse asymmetries between athletes with BPTB and HT autografts 9 months post‐ACLR, and to identify the relationship between impulse and isokinetic strength asymmetries. Male field sport athletes with a BPTB (n = 22) or HT (n = 22) autograft were tested approximately 9 months post‐ACLR. An uninjured control group (n = 22) was also tested on a single occasion. Phase‐specific bilateral absolute impulse asymmetries were calculated during the CMJ and compared between groups using Kruskal‐Wallis and post‐hoc testing. A linear regression model was used to assess the relationship between impulse asymmetries and isokinetic concentric knee extensor strength asymmetries. BPTB athletes demonstrated greater impulse asymmetries than HT athletes during the eccentric (P = 0.01) and concentric (P = 0.008) phases of the jump. Isokinetic strength asymmetry was a significant predictor of CMJ concentric impulse asymmetry in both BPTB (r2 = 0.39) and HT athletes (r2 = 0.18) but not eccentric impulse asymmetry in any group. The greater loading asymmetries demonstrated by BPTB than HT athletes 9 months after ACLR may contribute to the differing incidence rates of contralateral ACL injury. The findings suggest that graft‐specific loading asymmetries should be targeted during rehabilitation prior to RTP.
SWIMMY: Free Software for Teaching Neurophysiology of Neuronal Circuits

To circumvent the many problems in teaching neurophysiology as a “wet lab,” we developed SWIMMY, a virtual fish that swims by moving its virtual tail by means of a virtual neural circuit. SWIMMY diminishes the need for expensive equipment, troubleshooting, and manual skills that require practice. Also, SWIMMY effectively replaces live preparations, which some students find objectionable. Using SWIMMY, students (1) review the basics of neurophysiology, (2) identify the neurons in the circuit, (3) ascertain the neurons’ synaptic interconnections, (4) discover which cells generate the motor pattern of swimming, (5) discover how the rhythm is generated, and finally (6) use an animation that corresponds to the activity of the motoneurons to discover the behavioral effects produced by various lesions and explain them in terms of their neural underpinnings. SWIMMY is a genuine inquiry-based exercise producing data that requires individual thought and interpretation. It is neither a cookbook exercise nor a demonstration. We have used SWIMMY for several terms with great success. SWIMMY solidifies students’ understanding of material learned in traditional lecture courses because they must apply the concepts. Student ratings of SWIMMY have been very positive, particularly ratings from students who have also been exposed to a “wet” neurophysiology lab. Because SWIMMY requires only computers for implementation and makes minimal demands on instructional resources, it provides for a great deal of flexibility. Instructors could use SWIMMY as part of a traditional lab course, as a classroom exercise, in distance learning, or in blended instructional formats (internet with classroom). SWIMMY is now available for free online complete with student and instructor manuals at http://mdcune.psych.ucla.edu.
Beauty and the Beast--Toward a Measurement Framework for Example Program Quality

Examples are important tools for programming education. In this paper, we investigate desirable properties of programming examples from a cognitive and a measurement point of view. We argue that some cognitive aspects of example programs are “caught” by common software measures, but they are not sufficient to capture all important aspects of understandability. We propose a framework for measuring the understandability of example programs that also considers factors related to the usage context of examples.