Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Egyptian Women Workers and Entrepreneurs

Women are a powerful force for sustainable economic growth. A growing body of microeconomic empirical evidence and emerging macroeconomic analysis shows that gender inequality limits economic growth in developing economies. Research also shows that considerable potential for economic growth could be realized if countries support women's full economic participation. Increases in women's income tend to correlate with greater expenditure on family welfare and children, because women often spend a greater share of their income on their children's nutrition, health care, and education. From an economic perspective, removing gender biases and maintaining a level playing field reduces possible market distortions or malfunctioning. Moreover, promoting women's participation in business may bolster women's overall participation in the labor market, because women-owned businesses are more likely to employ other women. This report analyzes the main reasons for this disparity in the Arab Republic of Egypt and proposes solutions to level the playing field and enable women's full economic contributions. The Investment Climate Survey (ICS) of 1,156 enterprises from the manufacturing sector was carried out in October 2008, using the World Bank standard methodology. The recall questionnaire of 566 enterprises was conducted in October 2008. The gender workers module was conducted in August 2005. It sampled about 15 full-time workers from each firm covered by the ICS recall survey. About 70 percent of the ICS sample is made up of small and medium firms, about 85 percent of which are owned by individuals or families. Large firms employing more than 150 workers account for about 30 percent of the sample. In about 35 percent of the sample, a woman is a main shareholder; in 15 percent of these firms, women own the majority of the firm.
An Intellectual History of Terror: War, Violence and the State

1. Introduction: To Terrorize and to Theorize Part 1: Investigative Signposts 2. Killing Words: On Justifying Violence 3. The Violently Privileged: On the State 4. Beyond the Line: On Frontierlands Part 2: Archive of Terrors 5. Terror as Fright: The Concept of Terror before the French Revolution 6. Terror as Policy: The Concept of Terror during the French Revolution 7. Terror as Crime: The Concept of Terror after the French Revolution Part 3: Pirates and Terrorists 8. Pirates and Barbarians: the Barbary 'Axis of Piracy' and Western 'Anti-Terror'-Campaigns 9. Enemy of Humanity: the Anti-Piracy Discourse in Present Day Anti-Terrorism 10. State Pirates: Warriors in the Maritime Frontierland Part 4: States of Terror, States of Humanity 11. All Talk and No Security: the Securitist Critique of the Liberal Democracy's Irresponsibility 12. The Humanitarian Sovereign: Cosmopolitan Warfare in the New Global Frontierland
Effects of variations in a formulated protein meal on the fecundity and fertility of female mosquitoes

Abstract. A formulated protein meal developed by Kogan (1990) for adult female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes was evaluated and modified to increase egg and pupal yield. A vigorous laboratory colony was maintained with the females fed exclusively on this dietary formula for about twenty‐five generations over more than 2 years. Extra modifications were made to produce a diet suitable for Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles stephensi females to produce eggs. Both formulations contain bovine albumin, haemoglobin and globulin in a ringer based solution, plus ATP as a phagostimulant for Ae.aegypti. Compared to Kogan's original, our Aedes formula doubled the production of pupae per female after a single meal, although the yield was still significantly lower than from mosquitoes fed on animal hosts or defibrinated pig blood. In varying the proportions of different constituents during attempts to optimize the formula, no relationship was found between total protein content (within the range 80–220 mg/ml) and fecundity, percentage hatch or pupal yield of Ae.aegypti. Equivocal results were found when an isoleucine supplement was added to the formula.
A home-page overhaul using other Web sites

The best prototype for designing a new user interface is your old user interface. The second best prototype is a competing product. Your competitors have invested significant resources in designing and implementing what they believe to be good user interfaces. You can glean much of what you need to create a new interface by examining products designed to solve similar problems. As with your own old user interface, you can analyze competing interfaces to see what works and what doesn't. You can also watch how users interact with competing products, and thus learn how they approach tasks. This, in essence, is competitive usability analysis. I recommend performing it very early in the usability engineering life-cycle-after you have visited the customer, gathered requirements, and defined the product vision, but before you design and prototype your new user interface. <<ETX>>
Enhanced Susceptibility of Ogg1 Mutant Mice to Multiorgan Carcinogenesis

The role of deficiency of oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (Ogg1) Mmh homolog, a repair enzyme of the 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) residue in DNA, was investigated using the multiorgan carcinogenesis bioassay in mice. A total of 80 male and female six-week-old mice of C57BL/6J background carrying a mutant Mmh allele of the Mmh/Ogg1 gene (Ogg1−/−) and wild type (Ogg1+/+) mice were administered N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN), N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN), N-bis (2-hydroxypropyl) nitrosamine (DHPN) and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH) (DMBDD) to induce carcinogenesis in multiple organs, and observed up to 34 weeks. Significant increase of lung adenocarcinomas incidence was observed in DMBDD-treated Ogg1−/− male mice, but not in DMBDD-administered Ogg1+/+ animals. Furthermore, incidences of lung adenomas were significantly elevated in both Ogg1−/− males and females as compared with respective Ogg1−/− control and DMBDD-treated Ogg1+/+ groups. Incidence of total liver tumors (hepatocellular adenomas, hemangiomas and hemangiosarcomas) was significantly higher in the DMBDD-administered Ogg1−/− males and females. In addition, in DMBDD-treated male Ogg1−/− mice, incidences of colon adenomas and total colon tumors showed a trend and a significant increase, respectively, along with significant rise in incidence of simple hyperplasia of the urinary bladder, and a trend to increase for renal tubules hyperplasia in the kidney. Furthermore, incidence of squamous cell hyperplasia in the forestomach of DMBDD-treated Ogg1−/− male mice was significantly higher than that of Ogg1+/+ males. Incidence of small intestine adenomas in DMBDD Ogg1−/− groups showed a trend for increase, as compared to the wild type mice. The current results demonstrated increased susceptibility of Ogg1 mutant mice to the multiorgan carcinogenesis induced by DMBDD. The present bioassay could become a useful tool to examine the influence of various targets on mouse carcinogenesis.
Statistical Evidence in Medical Trials: What Do the Data Really Tell Us?

Markov models, and translation conditional models. This chapter essentially discusses how one would analyze DNA sequences, which is at best modeled by a heterogeneous Markov chain. This is the richest chapter in the book in terms of statistical theory. Chapters 5–7 get into the nitty gritty of analyzing DNA sequences or word occurrences. Chapter 5 deals with statistical properties of word occurrences. Section 1 deals with modeling word count, Section 2 with word position and distances between words and Section 3 deals with distribution of words along a sequence. Exact distribution, Gaussian approximations, compound Poisson approximations, compound Poisson distribution and compound Poisson processes are discussed in the context of estimating parameters. This chapter gives some highlights into actually analyzing these sequences. Chapter 6 deals with words with unexpected frequencies. This chapter talks about practical issues like pvalue in detecting if a word is unexpected. Four fairly detailed examples are given. Practical issues like model influence and comparing p-values make this chapter invaluable for practitioners. Words with unexpected locations is the topic of Chapter 7. Here, too, examples are given to clarify issues. This is the last chapter and it ends with “the last word” by the authors. This is a thought provoking section discussing the limitations of finding biological results “in silico” as the authors put it. The authors discuss that finding “neutral variability” which is the norm in these problems. To quote, “Yet neutral variability is not easy to characterize, maybe not possible at all. We are only able to give rough representations of normal, and several such representation are available. ” To sum up, this is a very well written book, and surprisingly full of “tongue in cheek” humor. It is not an easy book to read, neither for statisticians nor for biologists. Indeed it is meant for statisticians with an interest in analyzing DNA sequences and who are well aware of the biological side as well. But it is a comprehensive book, with a good balance of theory and data examples. In my opinion this would be invaluable for statisticians working on DNA sequences.
The work of negotiating HIV as a chronic condition: a qualitative analysis

ABSTRACT Living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the industrialised world has for over a decade been conceptualised as living with a chronic illness. People living with HIV now are amongst the first to live and age with the virus. Drawing on a qualitative longitudinal study in a low-incidence area in a low-incidence country, this paper investigates the nuanced ways that people negotiate this condition. While it has been argued that HIV is a condition like any other chronic disease, our thematic analysis reveals some similarities and particularities around living with the condition. In comparing themselves to others with the condition, high levels of diversity of experience were identified that extended well beyond length of time from diagnosis. In comparing their illness with other illnesses, the location, for example, of their specialist service within a clinic for those with acute sexually transmitted diseases was identified as problematic. The work involved in maintaining a coherent sense of self in the face of existing and shifting challenges as a result of their infection was a second strong theme. The final theme involved flux and flex work in the ways people sought to gain and maintain control over various aspects of their lives. All of these experiences are mediated by place; that is the experience is not the same as that of those who live where there is a much higher incidence of infection. The work involved in negotiating this condition in low-incidence environments deserves more attention, but aspects of these findings are significant in higher incidence contexts as well; in particular, passivity in face of infection as one ages and the potential for medication refusal as a means of maintaining control over life and death.
A simple method for the simultaneous determination of gas production and volatile fatty acid concentration in the rumen.

Zusammenfassung Eine einfache Methode ist beschrieben zur gleichzeitigen in-vivo-Bestimmung der Pansengasbildung und der fluchtiger Fettsaurenkonzentration. Die Schnelligkeit der Gasproduktion kann bestimmt werden und die Einflusse der Verbindungen, im Pansen infusiert, direkt gemessen werden.
The anti‐apoptotic molecules Bcl‐xL and Bcl‐w target protein phosphatase 1α to Bad

Bcl‐xL and Bcl‐w specifically interact with PP1α and Bad. A phosphatase activity sensitive to okadaic acid was detected in Bcl‐xL, Bcl‐w and Bad immunoprecipitates. Serine phosphorylation of Bcl‐xL and Bcl‐w correlates with the number of trimolecular complexes formed. Depletion of Bcl‐xL and Bcl‐w decreases the remaining Bad‐associated phosphatase activity and association of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1)α to Bad. Bcl‐xL and Bcl‐w contain the R/K X V/I X F consensus motif shared by PP1 targeting subunits. This motif, in addition to F X X R X R motif, is involved in binding of Bcl‐xL and Bcl‐w to PP1α. Disruption of Bcl‐xL/PP1α or Bcl‐w/PP1α association strongly decreases Bad‐associated phosphataseactivity and stability of trimolecular complexes. These results suggest that Bcl‐xL and Bcl‐w are PP1α targeting subunits and this trimolecular complex may be involved in the control of apoptosis.
How Accurate are Private Sector Forecasts? Cross-Country Evidence from Consensus Forecasts of Output Growth

This paper evaluates the performance of Consensus Forecasts of GDP growth for industrialized and developing countries from 1989 to 1998. The questions addressed are (1) How do forecast errors differ across industrialized and developing countries? (2) How well do forecasters predict recessions? (3) Are forecasts efficient and unbiased? (4) How does private sector performance compare with that of international organizations? (5) Is forecaster discord a reliable predictor of forecast accuracy? Two key results emerge. First, the record of failure to predict recessions is virtually unblemished. Second, there is high degree of similarity between private forecasts and those of international organizations.
Construction and Validation of a Prognostic Index for Patients With Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Objectives: To identify prognostic factors in patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Methods: The relationship between patient characteristics and outcome was examined by multivariate regression analyses of data from 409 consecutive patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma who had been treated with a gemcitabine-containing regimen, and we stratified the patients into 3 risk groups according to the number of prognostic factors they had for a poor outcome. A validation data set obtained from 145 patients who had been treated with agents other than gemcitabine was analyzed. The prognostic index was applied the each of the patients. Results: The multivariate regression analyses revealed that the presence of pain, peritoneal dissemination, liver metastasis, and an elevated serum C-reactive protein value significantly contributed to a shorter survival time. The patients were stratified into 3 groups according to their number of risk factors, and their outcomes of the 3 groups were significantly different. When the prognostic index was applied to the validation data set, the respective outcomes of the 3 groups were found to be significantly differed from each other. Conclusions: Pain, peritoneal dissemination, liver metastasis, and an elevated serum C-reactive protein value are important prognostic factors for patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
When Social Norms Overpower Competition: Gift Exchange in Experimental Labor Markets

Do competitive markets remove the effect of social norms on market outcomes? Or are norms capable of exerting a persistent influence? In this article we report the results of a series of competitive market and bilateral bargaining experiments. They indicate that the norm of reciprocity gives rise to wages that are persistently above the competitive level. Moreover, wages under bilateral bargaining conditions coincide with wages in competitive markets, indicating that competition has a limited effect when the norm of reciprocity is operative. In addition, the results show that workers' reciprocal behavior increases effort and, hence, the efficiency of trades.
OBSTACLES FACING SAUDI ARABIAN FOOD AND CHEMICAL EXPORTERS

This study examined responses from 58 food and chemical exporters in Saudi Arabia. Managerial perceptions on 24 export obstacles that were derived from the literature are analyzed and reported. The single most important obstacle perceived by the sample exporters is fierce competition in foreign markets. Competition is followed by high cost of imported raw materials, absence of information about foreign markets, wide fluctuations in the foreign exchange rate, and high overseas transportation costs. The eight categories of the obstacles are: market information, competition, shipping, government policy, foreign market risks, export procedures, production/marketing cost, and internal/technical problems. MANOVA analysis showed that chemical and food exporters are statistically different in their mean response to these obstacles. ANOVA pinpointed those variables that are different at the . 05 level. They are: risks involved in selling abroad, language and cultural differences, complex export procedures, lack of adequate export revenue insurance program, and absence of an export management and consulting company. Managerial and policy implications are discussed. Further, recommendations for tackling the top export obstacles are presented.
Will New Multilateral Arrangements Help Southeast Asian States Solve Illegal Fishing?

Illegal cross-border fishing is an important maritime security issue in Southeast Asia. Southeast Asian states, along with other states with interests in the region, have created three new multilateral fisheries-relevant arrangements of agencies with overlapping but different memberships: the Regional Program of Action on Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing; the ASEAN–Southeast Asia Fisheries Development Center Strategic Partnership; and the Coral Triangle Initiative. Each of these multilateral arrangements has the potential to help Southeast Asian states deal with fisheries-based security issues more effectively by building polycentric coalitions and capacity. So far, however, they have had a limited impact. This is partly because they are still principally technical support bodies rather than management organizations. In addition, states need to make greater strides towards settling outstanding border disputes and address fisheries overcapacity and overfishing in waters under their jurisdiction. States are unable to address these problems adequately because the fishery sector is typically low in national priority. Moreover, national interest in fisheries remains concentrated on immediate food and economic needs, and, in international relations, on jurisdictional rights.
THE EFFECT OF PHOSPHOMOLYBDIC ACID ON THE STAINABILITY OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES BY VARIOUS DYES

The mechanism of the selective staining of connective tissue obtained in trichrome methods (e.g. Masson, Heidenhain, Goldner) by "mordanting" with phosphomolybdic acid was investigated in sections of rat intestine. Information on the distribution of phosphomolybdic acid was obtained by treating sections with this acid and then with stannous chloride. The molybdenum blue thus obtained was located in those very structures which were stained selectively in trichrome methods. The chemical characteristics of the dyes taken up after phosphomolybdic acid treatment were investigated by comparing sections stained with acid, basic and amphoteric dyes. In the absence of phosphomolybdic acid, only dyes with acidic groups yielded a staining of connective tissue, but this staining was not selective. In sections pretreated with phosphomolybdic acid, only dyes with basic groups stained connective tissue, and only dyes with strong basic groups yielded a selective staining of these structures. Basic and amphoteric dyes applied after phosphomolybdic acid had the same distribution as this acid. It is concluded that the polyvalent phosphomolybdic acid is forming a bridge between the substrate and the dye, holding the dye and probably also the substrate by their cationic groups.
Comparative Analysis and Functional Characterization of HC-AFW1 Hepatocarcinoma Cells: Cytochrome P450 Expression and Induction by Nuclear Receptor Agonists

Enzymatic conversion of most xenobiotic compounds is accomplished by hepatocytes in the liver, which are also an important target for the manifestation of the toxic effects of foreign compounds. Most cell lines derived from hepatocytes lack important toxifying or detoxifying enzymes or are defective in signaling pathways that regulate expression and activity of these enzymes. On the other hand, the use of primary human hepatocytes is complicated by scarce availability of cells and high interdonor variability. Thus, analyses of drug metabolism and hepatotoxicity in vitro are a difficult task. The cell line HC-AFW1 was isolated from a pediatric hepatocellular carcinoma and so far has been used for tumorigenicity and chemotherapy resistance studies. Here, a comprehensive characterization of xenobiotic metabolism in HC-AFW1 cells is presented along with studies on the functionality of the most important transcriptional regulators of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Results from HC-AFW1 cells were compared with commercially available HepaRG cells and cultured primary human hepatocytes. Data show that the nuclear receptors and xenosensors AHR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor), CAR (constitutive androstane receptor), PXR (pregnane-X-receptor), NRF2 [nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)–like 2], and PPARα (peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor α) are functional in HC-AFW1 cells, comparable to HepaRG and primary cells. HC-AFW1 cells possess considerable activities of different cytochrome P450 enzymes, which, however, are lower than corresponding enzyme activities in HepaRG cells or primary hepatocytes. In summary, HC-AFW1 are a new promising tool for studying the mechanisms of the regulation of drug metabolism in human liver cells in vitro.
Introduction of Electronic Communication Technology into Schools

Surveys and site-based interviews and observation were used to examine the introduction of electronic mail (e-mail) into three elementary schools. A contingency model of technology adoption by organizations was used to develop the instruments and interpret the results. Surveys were given to all of the school staff to capture information on key factors such as: expectations fore-mail, influence of peers and administrators, training, technical support, and other logistical factors. On-site observation was used to expand on the findings of the surveys. Strong differences were seen between the schools in their use of the new email system and in their responses to questions pertaining to various contingency factors. In addition, significant correlations were found between the contingency factors and self-reported e-mail usage. The results of this study not only point to the importance of attending to the contingency factors identified in this study, but emphasizing that many other factors play a role in the adoption of technology in organizations. These results have implications not only for future introductions of technology into schools, but also for the business community.
A purely logical characterization of circuit uniformity

Utilizing the connection between uniform constant-depth circuits and first-order logic with numerical predicates, the author provides a purely logical characterization of uniformity based on the intrinsic properties of these predicates. By requiring a numerical predicate R to satisfy a natural extensibility condition-that it can be translated to a polynomially magnified domain based on tuple constructions-he shows that R must already be elementarily definable from < and bit (both of which satisfy the extensibility condition). The answer is motivated by, and coincides with, DLOGTIME uniformity. <<ETX>>