Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A large-scale comparison of prospective and retrospective memory development from childhood to middle age

We present the first large-scale comparison of prospective memory (PM) and retrospective memory (RM) from 8 to 50 years of age (N = 318,614). Participants in an Internet study were asked to remember to click on a smiley face (single-trial event-based PM test) and to indicate whether/where a picture had changed from study to test (single-trial RM test), in both cases after retention intervals filled with working-memory tests and questionnaires. Both PM and RM improved during childhood; however, whereas maximal PM was reached by teenagers, with approximately linear decline through the 20s–40s, RM continued to improve through the 20s and 30s. On both tests, females outperformed males and achieved maximal success at earlier ages. Strikingly, 10–11-year-old girls performed significantly better than females in their late 20s on the PM test. The presence of the smiley face at encoding and temporal uncertainty (expecting it “later” rather than at the “end” of the test) both benefited PM; these effects decreased and increased, respectively, from childhood to middle age. The findings demonstrate that in a cross-sectional study (a) developmental trajectories are qualitatively different between PM and RM, and (b) the relative influence of PM cues differs between younger and older ages.
Atlantic Bluefin Tuna: A Novel Multistock Spatial Model for Assessing Population Biomass

Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) is considered to be overfished, but the status of its populations has been debated, partly because of uncertainties regarding the effects of mixing on fishing grounds. A better understanding of spatial structure and mixing may help fisheries managers to successfully rebuild populations to sustainable levels while maximizing catches. We formulate a new seasonally and spatially explicit fisheries model that is fitted to conventional and electronic tag data, historic catch-at-age reconstructions, and otolith microchemistry stock-composition data to improve the capacity to assess past, current, and future population sizes of Atlantic bluefin tuna. We apply the model to estimate spatial and temporal mixing of the eastern (Mediterranean) and western (Gulf of Mexico) populations, and to reconstruct abundances from 1950 to 2008. We show that western and eastern populations have been reduced to 17% and 33%, respectively, of 1950 spawning stock biomass levels. Overfishing to below the biomass that produces maximum sustainable yield occurred in the 1960s and the late 1990s for western and eastern populations, respectively. The model predicts that mixing depends on season, ontogeny, and location, and is highest in the western Atlantic. Assuming that future catches are zero, western and eastern populations are predicted to recover to levels at maximum sustainable yield by 2025 and 2015, respectively. However, the western population will not recover with catches of 1750 and 12,900 tonnes (the “rebuilding quotas”) in the western and eastern Atlantic, respectively, with or without closures in the Gulf of Mexico. If future catches are double the rebuilding quotas, then rebuilding of both populations will be compromised. If fishing were to continue in the eastern Atlantic at the unregulated levels of 2007, both stocks would continue to decline. Since populations mix on North Atlantic foraging grounds, successful rebuilding policies will benefit from trans-Atlantic cooperation.
Visualization of Interaction Patterns in Collaborative Knowledge Networks for Medical Applications

By combining virtual communities with Internet portal and content management technologies, Collaborative Knowledge Networks (CKNs) (Gloor, 2002) share, access and extend the tacit and explicit knowledge within and across organizations. CKNs are a special kind of web-enabled communities of practice, where like-minded people collaborate and work together towards a common goal, sharing the same vision and values. CKNs are highly relevant also for biomedical Web-based communities to share knowledge and collaborate. In this paper we describe a system for the semi-automatic localization of CKNs in organizations. We identify structural properties and parameters of successful CKNs, based on automated analysis of e-mail archives. We then outline applications of CKNs in the medical field, looking at research collaboration such as new drug development, educational communities such as patient communities, and diagnosis and treatment communities such as clinical trial communities
A real-time distributed storage system for multi-resolution virtual synchrophasor

With the continuing large-scale deployment of Phasor Measurement Units (PMU), the Wide-Area Measurement System (WAMS) technology is envisioned to evolve towards a distributed architecture where multiple sets of distributed Phasor Data Concentrators (PDCs) collectively process PMU data to achieve real-time distributed intelligence. Emerging applications developed under this vision will pose stringent but heterogeneous real-time requirements on throughput, delay, and reliability performance of the underlying communication and computing infrastructure. To address this problem, we present a novel virtual PMU (vPMU) architecture that decomposes phasor samples into multiple resolution layers. For a particular receiver with a certain resolution requirement, a complete set of PMU data can be composed by combining samples from the lower layers, without the need for samples from higher layers. We design and implement a real-time distributed storage system to support the virtual PMU data communication. We extend the Chord algorithm so that the response time of data communication can be bounded by our storage system. In addition, we use queuing theory to analyze the response time of requests with our stochastic model.
Characterizing Score Reliability for the South Oaks Gambling Screen

Accurate measurement of problem gambling and subsequent interpretation of results require that assessment devices yield strong psychometric properties. In terms of consistent measurement, reliability estimates must be calculated with each administration, as changes in sample characteristics may alter the scale's ability to generate reliable scores. The purpose in the present study was to explore reliability reporting practices and variability in reliability estimates on a frequently used problem gambling detection measure, the South Oaks Gambling Screen. All empirical research employing the South Oaks Gambling Screen was retained for analysis. Of the 121 studies used in the present study, only 13 (10.7%) reported reliability for the data at hand. The remaining studies either induced reliability (42%) or did not cite reliability at all (46%). The median internal consistency estimate across 15 samples was . 86, ranging from . 69 to . 97. Predictor variables did not demonstrate significant relationships with score reliability. Results from this study indicate wide variability in reliability coefficients across studies. Therefore, it is suggested that further psychometric analysis be conducted on the SOGS in order to yield more consistent and accurate measurement of problem gambling.
Variants in the Fat Mass–and Obesity-Associated (FTO) Gene Are Not Associated With Obesity in a Chinese Han Population

OBJECTIVE— Recently, genome-wide association studies have provided evidence that several common variants within the fat mass–and obesity-associated (FTO) gene were significantly associated with obesity in populations of European origin. However, their effects in other ethnic populations remain to be elucidated. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— In this study, we examined the association between three FTO variants (rs8050136, rs9939609, and rs9930506) and obesity and related traits in a population-based study of 3,210 unrelated Chinese Han subjects from Shanghai and Beijing. In secondary analyses, we also tested for association with type 2 diabetes and related traits. Logistics regression and generalized linear models were used to test for additive and dominant effects of the risk alleles. RESULTS— The minor allele frequencies of rs8050136, rs9939609, and rs9930506 in our population (0.12, 0.12, and 0.20, respectively) were substantially lower than those observed for populations of European descent (e.g., for CEU population of HapMap: 0.45, 0.48, and 0.45, respectively). Despite our study being sufficiently powered to detect effects similar to those previously reported, none of the FTO SNPs were found to be associated with obesity, overweight, BMI, waist circumference, or body fat percentage. In addition, none of the SNPs exhibited significant associations with fasting levels of plasma glucose, A1C, insulin, or β-cell function (estimated via homeostasis model assessment) under either an additive or a dominant model in the quantitative trait analyses. Analyses stratified by sex or geographical region did not change these observations. CONCLUSIONS— Our data do not support that the FTO common variants are major contributors of obesity or type 2 diabetes in the Chinese Han population.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human erythropoietin in athletes. Blood sampling and doping control.

1. The pharmacokinetics of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) were initially determined in two healthy volunteers after a single subcutaneous dose (50 u kg-1). Twenty subjects then received repeated subcutaneous administrations of high dose (200 u kg-1) rHuEpo and 10 subjects received placebo. An immunoradiometric assay was used to measure the concentrations of erythropoietin (Epo) in serum and urine. 2. Serum Epo concentration-time profiles were best described by a one-compartment open model with zero-order input. The mean elimination half-life (+/- s.d.) was 42.0 +/- 34.2 h. Clearance, uncorrected for bioavailability, was 0.05 +/- 0.011 h-1 kg-1. Erythropoietin concentrations returned to normal values in serum and urine, 7 and 4 days after the last administration, respectively. 3. The recombinant hormone was well tolerated. Significant changes in reticulocytes and red blood cells, haemoglobin concentrations and haematocrit were observed after administration of rHuEpo. In the control group, these parameters remained unchanged. 4. The change in reticulocytes was used as an index of the therapeutic effect of rHuEpo. The concentration-effect relationship was best described by an exponential model. 5. These data show the limitations of the measurement of Epo concentrations in blood and urine samples, collected in athletes during competition, for antidoping control. Epo doping can be detected only during or within 4 to 7 days of ending a course of rHuEpo.
A study of methods for negative relevance feedback

Negative relevance feedback is a special case of relevance feedback where we do not have any positive example; this often happens when the topic is difficult and the search results are poor. Although in principle any standard relevance feedback technique can be applied to negative relevance feedback, it may not perform well due to the lack of positive examples. In this paper, we conduct a systematic study of methods for negative relevance feedback. We compare a set of representative negative feedback methods, covering vector-space models and language models, as well as several special heuristics for negative feedback. Evaluating negative feedback methods requires a test set with sufficient difficult topics, but there are not many naturally difficult topics in the existing test collections. We use two sampling strategies to adapt a test collection with easy topics to evaluate negative feedback. Experiment results on several TREC collections show that language model based negative feedback methods are generally more effective than those based on vector-space models, and using multiple negative models is an effective heuristic for negative feedback. Our results also show that it is feasible to adapt test collections with easy topics for evaluating negative feedback methods through sampling.
High Ambulatory Arterial Stiffness Index Is an Independent Risk Factor for Rapid Age-Related Glomerular Filtration Rate Decline in the General Middle-Aged Population

Arterial stiffness is a risk factor for cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease. However, the role of arterial stiffness as a predictor of the age-related glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline in the general population remains unresolved because of difficulty in measuring GFR with sufficient precision in epidemiological studies. The ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) is a proposed indicator of arterial stiffness easily calculated from ambulatory blood pressure. We investigated whether AASI could predict GFR decline measured as iohexol clearance in the general population. We calculated AASI from baseline ambulatory blood pressure and measured the iohexol clearance at baseline and follow-up in the RENIS-FU study (Renal Iohexol Clearance Survey Follow-Up). AASI was defined as 1 minus the regression slope of the diastolic blood pressure measurement over the systolic blood pressure measurement for each patient. The RENIS cohort included a representative sample of the general middle-aged population without baseline diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, or kidney disease (n=1608). The participant age was 50 to 62 years old at baseline, and the median observation time was 5.6 years. The mean (SD) of the GFR decline rate was 0.95 mL/min per year (2.23) and that of the AASI was 0.38 mL/min per year (0.13). Baseline ambulatory blood pressure or the night/day systolic or diastolic ambulatory blood pressure ratios were not associated with GFR decline. In multivariable-adjusted linear mixed regression analysis, 1 SD of increase in the baseline AASI was associated with a 0.14 mL/min per year (95% confidence interval, −0.26 to −0.02) steeper GFR decline. We conclude that the AASI is an independent risk factor for accelerated age-related GFR decline in the general middle-aged population.
Bistable Perception Modeled as Competing Stochastic Integrations at Two Levels

We propose a novel explanation for bistable perception, namely, the collective dynamics of multiple neural populations that are individually meta-stable. Distributed representations of sensory input and of perceptual state build gradually through noise-driven transitions in these populations, until the competition between alternative representations is resolved by a threshold mechanism. The perpetual repetition of this collective race to threshold renders perception bistable. This collective dynamics – which is largely uncoupled from the time-scales that govern individual populations or neurons – explains many hitherto puzzling observations about bistable perception: the wide range of mean alternation rates exhibited by bistable phenomena, the consistent variability of successive dominance periods, and the stabilizing effect of past perceptual states. It also predicts a number of previously unsuspected relationships between observable quantities characterizing bistable perception. We conclude that bistable perception reflects the collective nature of neural decision making rather than properties of individual populations or neurons.
Hidden Vector Encryption Fully Secure Against Unrestricted Queries

Predicate encryption is an important cryptographic primitive (see [3, 6, 11, 14]) that enables fine-grained control on the decryption keys. Roughly speaking, in a predicate encryption scheme the owner of the master secret key Msk can derive secret key SkP , for any predicate P from a specified class of predicates P. In encrypting a message M , the sender can specify an attribute vector ~x and the resulting ciphertext X̃ can be decrypted only by using keys SkP such that P (~x) = 1. Our main contribution is the first construction of a predicate encryption scheme that can be proved fully secure against unrestricted queries by probabilistic polynomial-time adversaries under non-interactive constant sized (that is, independent of the length ` of the attribute vectors) hardness assumptions on bilinear groups of composite order. Specifically, we consider hidden vector encryption (HVE in short), a notable case of predicate encryption introduced by Boneh and Waters [6] and further developed in [24, 13, 22]. In a HVE scheme, the ciphertext attributes are vectors ~x = 〈x1, . , x`〉 of length ` over alphabet Σ, keys are associated with vectors ~y = 〈y1, . , y`〉 of length ` over alphabet Σ ∪ {? } and we consider the Match(~x, ~y) predicate which is true if and only if, for all i, yi 6= ? implies xi = yi. Previous constructions restricted the proof of security to adversaries that could ask only non-matching queries; that is, for challenge attribute vectors ~x0 and ~x1, the adversary could ask only for keys of vectors ~y for which Match(~x0, ~y) = Match(~x1, ~y) = false. Our proof employs the dual system methodology of Waters [26], that gave one of the first fully secure construction in this area, blended with a careful design of intermediate security games that keep into account the relationship between challenge ciphertexts and key queries.
Tap model that considers key arrangement to improve input accuracy of touch panels

The use of mobile devices that utilize touch panels as interfaces, such as smartphones and tablet PCs, has spread in recent years, and these have many advantages. For example, panels can be operated more intuitively than those with conventional physical buttons, and the devices are much more flexible than those that use traditional fixed UIs. However, mistakes frequently occur when inputting with a touch panel because the buttons have no physical boundaries and users cannot get tactile feedback from their fingers. Thus, the input accuracy of touch-panel devices is lower than that of devices with physical buttons. There have been studies on improving input accuracy. Most of them have used language models for typing natural language or probabilistic models to describe the errors made when users tap panels with their fingers. However, these models are not practical because they deal with kinematic errors, not cognitive errors. Thus, we propose a more practical model for improving input accuracy in this paper, in which the tap model includes cognitive errors to avoid tapping neighboring objects to a target object. We consider that our model can describe important properties for designing various UIs depending on practical applications. We also conducted experiments to build our model in a calibrated way and discussed our evaluation of the model and revision of the model.
Building Scenarios from a Heterogeneous Alert Stream

We describe a realtime algorithm for combining the alerts produced by several heterogeneous intrusion detection sensors into scenarios. Each scenario represents a sequence of actions performed by a single actor or organization. Our algorithm, which is probabilistic in nature, can determine the scenario membership of a new alert in time proportional to the number of candidate scenarios. It is capable of finding scenarios even if an intruder has used stealthy attack methods such as forged source IP addresses or long latencies between attack components.
Toward Operational Space-Based Space Surveillance

■ On 1 October 2000, the Space-Based Visible (SBV) sensor on the Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) satellite was transitioned to operational status as a Space Surveillance Network (SSN) sensor for the U.S. Air Force. This transition continues a long Lincoln Laboratory history of technology insertion into the nation’s space control capability, which started in 1957 with the advent of satellite tracking at the Millstone Hill radar. The transition is an important milestone for the Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD) program, which allowed the use of a “residual” experimental/demonstration asset in an operational role directly supporting the warfighter. The information developed during the ACTD was also critical to the definition of and advocacy for a follow-on operational constellation of space-based space-surveillance satellites, which is now planned for funding starting in the 2003 fiscal year.
Customization of On-line Services with Simultaneous Client-Specific Views

With the Internet success, a new trend has come up: online distributed services. Business companies (acting as client systems of these services) that are able to integrate such services effectively within their internal workflow will become leaders in their business markets. This however introduces the situation where multiple independent client systems are simultaneously accessing the same on-line service instance. This introduces a new research challenge concerning client-specific customization of an on-line service: different client systems may have different – possibly conflicting customization needs with respect to the functional and non-functional features of the on-line service. The problem with this is that all the different clientspecific views must be simultaneously imposed on the same distributed service instance; thus after the distributed service has become operational. We propose a dynamic customization model, Lasagne, that supports such client-specific combination of features at the instance level. In Lasagne a distributed service is structured as consisting of a minimal functional core – implemented as a component-based system, and an unbound set of potential extensions that can be selectively integrated within this core functionality. An extension to this core may be a new service, due to new requirements of end users. Another important category of extensions we consider, are non-functional services such as authentication, which typically introduce interaction refinements at the application level. Each extension is implemented as a layer of mixin-like wrappers. Wrappers are utterly useful for customizing on-line distributed services, since wrappers operate at the instance level, enabling runtime customization. The novelty of this work is that the composition logic, responsible for integrating extensions into the core system, is completely separated from the code of the core system, extensions and clients as well. Clients can customize this composition logic dynamically on a per client request basis by attaching extension identifiers to their interactions with the core system, enabling easyclient-specific customization.
Non-Trivial Output Synchronization of Heterogeneous Passive Systems

In this technical note, we present conditions for non-trivial output synchronization in heterogeneous networks of passive linear systems. A network is said to be non-trivially output synchronized if its individual system outputs asymptotically converge to a common trajectory that is not identically zero. Though conditions for output synchronization in a heterogeneous network of passive systems have been revealed in previous literature, those conditions do not provide a criterion to check whether the network is synchronized trivially or non-trivially. Furthermore, we hardly found simulation results in the literature showing the non-trivial synchronization. In this technical note, we present necessary and sufficient conditions for the non-trivial output synchronization based on properties of passive linear systems and internal model principle. In addition, we present a systematic procedure for the realization of the internal model which fully satisfies the presented conditions.