Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mutations at amino acid position 315 of the katG gene are associated with high-level resistance to isoniazid, other drug resistance, and successful transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Netherlands.

The prevalence of mutations at amino acid (aa) position 315 in the katG gene of isoniazid (INH)-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in The Netherlands and the mutation's association with the level of INH resistance, multidrug resistance, and transmission were determined. Of 4288 M. tuberculosis isolates with available laboratory results, 295 (7%) exhibited INH resistance. Of 148 aa 315 mutants, 89% had MICs of 5-10 microg/mL, whereas 75% of the other 130 INH-resistant strains had MICs of 0.5-1 microg/mL. Of the aa 315 mutants, 33% exhibited monodrug resistance, compared with 69% of other INH-resistant strains (P<.0001). Multidrug resistance was found among 14% of the aa 315 mutants and 7% of the other INH-resistant strains (P>.05). The probability of being in an IS6110 DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism cluster was similar for aa 315 mutants and INH-susceptible strains, but the probability was reduced in other INH-resistant strains. Thus, aa 315 mutants lead to secondary cases of tuberculosis as often as INH-susceptible strains do.
Osseous metaplasia in a tubular adenoma of the colon

An 85 year old woman presented with a one month history of change in her bowel habits in the form of alternating diarrhoea and constipation. She also noted some rectal bleeding. Flexible sigmoidoscopy revealed a 1.5 cm polyp 30 cm from the anus. The polyp was removed during the sigmoidoscopy by electrocautery and sent for histological examination. The polyp was a tubular adenoma with mild dysplasia. The adenoma contained numerous foci of metaplastic bone. These consisted of irregular islands of mineralised osteoid bone rimmed by a layer of scattered osteoblasts. This is the first case of osseous metaplasia in a tubular adenoma of the colon to be reported.
The Use of Machine Semantic Analysis in Plagiarism Detection

Plagiarism detection systems are known for years in the university community. However, most of the existing detectors for the natural language texts use rather simple comparison methods that make the instances of plagiarism easy to hide. The software, designed for plagiarism detection in computer programs, utilizes far more advanced techniques. We propose a method, which adds functionalities similar to tokenization and tree matching, to the natural language texts-oriented detectors. This method requires noticeable work to be applied in practice, but also makes use of the existing software for parsing and word sense disambiguation.
An essential role for RasGRP1 in mast cell function and IgE-mediated allergic response

Cross-linking of the FcɛRI activates the phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Previous studies demonstrate that Ras guanyl nucleotide-releasing protein (RasGRP)1 is essential in T cell receptor–mediated Ras-Erk activation. Here, we report that RasGRP1 plays an important role in FcɛRI-mediated PI3K activation and mast cell function. RasGRP1-deficient mice failed to mount anaphylactic allergic reactions. RasGRP1−/− mast cells had markedly reduced degranulation and cytokine production. Although FcɛRI-mediated Erk activation was normal, PI3K activation was diminished. Consequently, activation of Akt, PIP3-dependent kinase, and protein kinase C δ was defective. Expression of a constitutively active form of N-Ras could rescue the degranulation defect and Akt activation. We further demonstrated that RasGRP1−/− mast cells were defective in granule translocation, microtubule formation, and RhoA activation. Our results identified RasGRP1 as an essential regulator of mast cell function.
CNS axons retain their competence for myelination throughout life

An important question relevant to developing remyelination therapies is whether axons that remain without myelin sheaths after an episode of demyelination retain myelination competence. To resolve this, we have developed a model of transplantation into the nerve fibre layer of the adult rat retina, where the axons are unmyelinated. In the adult, these axons can be myelinated by transplantation of both the oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and an OPC line (CG4). The extent of myelination achieved following transplantation of OPCs is the same in young adult recipients (2 months old) as that which occurs in old adult recipients (12–18 months old), indicating that there are no changes in axons remaining unmyelinated for many months that would prevent effective remyelination. This finding suggests that chronically demyelinated regions of axons such as those in seen in multiple sclerosis are likely to remain competent to be remyelinated. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Information-Flow Tracking for Web Security

The Web is evolving into a melting pot of content coming from multiple stakeholders. In this mutually distrustful setting, the combination of code and data from different providers demands new security approaches. This thesis explores information-flow control technologies to provide security for the current Web. With focus on practicality grounded in solid theoretical foundations, we aim to fulfill the demands with respect to security, permissiveness, and flexibility. We offer solutions for securing both the server and the client. On the server side, we suggest a taint analysis to track the information provided by the user. If the information reaches a sensitive operation without sanitization, we raise an alarm, mitigating potential exploitations. On the client side, we develop JSFlow, a JavaScript interpreter for tracking information flow in the browser. It covers the full ECMA-262 standard and browser APIs. The interpreter soundly guarantees non-interference, a policy to avoid information leaks to third-parties. A security mechanism is only practical if it is not overly restrictive. This means that it is not enough to reject all insecure programs; an enforcement should also allow the execution of as many secure programs as possible. Permissiveness is key to reduce the number of false alarms and increase the practicality of the mechanism. This thesis pushes the limit towards more permissive sound enforcements in two approaches: a runtime hybrid system and the introduction of the value-sensitivity concept. Finally, we study the trade-offs between security and flexibility. In some situations, non-interference is a too strong property and it can be relaxed depending on the attacker model. The contributions go from foundational results, such as the introduction of value-sensitivity, to practical tools, like JSFlow and a Python taint-analysis library.
An e-collaborative learning environment based on dynamic workflow system

In this paper, we present a DSC (Dynamic Shared Context) model which bases on collaborative learning environment. Firstly, we present the DSC methodology. This is a way to measure the relevance between events and roles in the collaborative environment. We can share the most appropriate event information for each specific role with this measurement. Then, we apply and verify this method in our project with Google App supported E-learning collaborative environment. Most kinds of events in collaborative learning activities can be supported and adequately shared in this environment.
Simultaneous Communication Protocols with Quantum and Classical Messages

We study the simultaneous message passing (SMP) model of communication complexity, for the case where one party is quantum and the other is classical. We show that in an SMP protocol that computes some function with the first party sending q qubits and the second sending c classical bits, the quantum message can be replaced by a randomized message of O(qc) classical bits, as well as by a deterministic message of O(qclogq) classical bits. Our proofs rely heavily on earlier results due to Scott Aaronson [1, 2]. In particular, our results imply that quantum-classical protocols need to send ( p n/logn) bits/qubits to compute Equality on n-bit strings, and hence are not significantly better than classical-classical protocols (and are much worse than quantum-quantum protocols such as quantum fingerprinting). This essentially answers a recent question of Wim van Dam [7]. Our results also imply, more generally, that there are no superpolynomial separations between quantumclassical and classical-classical SMP protocols for functional problems. This contrasts with the situation for relational problems, where exponential gaps between quantum-classical and classical-classical SMP protocols are known. We show that this surprising situation cannot arise in purely classical models: there, an exponential separation for a relational problem can be converted into an exponential separation for a functional problem.
Laser-induced damage in nonlinear crystals on irradiation direction and polarization

Nonlinear-optical crystals are attractive materials for the high-power frequency converter with high damage threshold, phase matching characteristics, wide transparency range, and large effective nonlinear coefficients. Especially as to the power laser applications, its laser-induced damage threshold determines the limit of performance in the optical system. The threshold depends not only on the intrinsic material parameters but also on the laser beam parameters is use. We have investigated the bulk damage threshold of several crystals at a single-shot operation for frequency converter depending on the laser irradiation direction and its polarization. For KDP and CLBO crystals, the damage threshold in the direction of c-axis is about tow times higher than that in the a- or b-axis at 1.064 micrometers of wavelength. This result is consistent with the molecular bonding structure in different directions of the crystal. The relation between the bulk damage pattern and the crystal structure is also discussed.
Concurrent chemoradiotherapy vs radiotherapy alone in stage II nasopharyngeal carcinoma: phase III randomized trial.

BACKGROUND Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) has been shown to improve outcomes for stage III-IV nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients compared with radiotherapy (RT) alone, but the effectiveness of the combined therapy for stage II NPC patients is unknown. METHODS Patients with Chinese 1992 stage II NPC were randomly assigned to receive either RT alone (n = 114) or CCRT (n = 116). The CCRT patients were given concurrent cisplatin (30 mg/m(2) on day 1) weekly during RT. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Secondary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS), distant metastasis-free survival, and locoregional relapse-free survival. All patients were analyzed by the intent-to-treat principle. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and in multivariable analyses to test the independent statistical significance of treatment intervention. Toxic effects and the response to treatment were analyzed using the χ(2) test. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS With a median follow-up of 60 months, adding chemotherapy statistically significantly improved the 5-year OS rate (94.5% vs 85.8%; HR of death = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.12 to 0.76; P = .007), PFS (87.9% vs 77.8%; HR of progression = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.23 to 0.88; P = .017), and distant metastasis-free survival (94.8% vs 83.9%; HR of distant relapse = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.10 to 0.74; P = .007); however, there was no statistically significant difference in the 5-year locoregional relapse-free survival rate (93.0% vs 91.1%; HR of locoregional relapse = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.25 to 1.51; P = .29). Multivariable analysis showed that the number of chemotherapy cycles was the only independent factor that was associated with OS, PFS, and distant control in stage II NPC. The CCRT arm experienced statistically significantly more acute toxic effects (P = .001), although the rate of late toxic effects did not increase statistically significantly. CONCLUSION Concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy is associated with a considerable survival benefit for patients with stage II NPC.
Generating Code For Expressing Simple Preferences: Moving On From Hardcoding And Randomness

Software expressing intent and justifying creative decisions are important considerations when building systems in the context of Computational Creativity. However, getting software to express subjective opinions like simple preferences is difficult without mimicking existing people’s opinions or using random choice. In this paper, we propose an alternative way of enabling software to make meaningful decisions in smallscale subjective scenarios, such as choosing a favourite colour. Our system uses a combination of metrics as a fitness function for evolving short pieces of code that choose between artefacts. These ‘preference functions’ can make choices between simple items that are neither random nor based on an already existing opinion, and additionally have a sense of consistency. We describe the system, offer some example results from the work and suggest how this might lead to further developments in generative subjectivity in the future.
Degradation of Dead Microbial Biomass in a Marine Sediment

The availability of dead microbial biomass in a marine beach sand to degradation and mineralization was examined. Microbial sand populations were labeled with [14C]glutamic acid, [3H]adenine, or [3H]thymidine and killed with chloroform. Live sand or seawater (or both) was added to the sterile labeled sand, and biochemical components of the populations were monitored for 10 days. Labeled RNA was degraded more quickly than labeled DNA, but both nucleic acids were degraded to approximately the same extent (60 to 70%). 3H2O was a major acid-soluble breakdown product. RNA (and possibly DNA) breakdown products were reincorporated into DNA (and possibly RNA) during the incubation period. In addition to metabolite salvage, 32% of the total macromolecular 14C was respired in the 10-day period regardless of whether sand or seawater was used as the inoculum. Respiration was essentially complete in 3 days, whereas nucleic acid degradation continued throughout the 10-day incubation. The results indicate that dead microbial biomass is a labile component of the sediment ecosystem.
Addressing sexual dysfunction following radiation therapy for a gynecologic malignancy.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To review the aspects of normal sexual response, current incidence of sexual dysfunction following radiation therapy for a gynecologic malignancy, nursing interventions for each symptom that may occur, and nursing research priorities. DATA SOURCES Published articles, book chapters, American Cancer Society materials, healthcare professionals working in the field of radiation oncology, and patients. DATA SYNTHESIS Radiation therapy frequently is the treatment of choice for a gynecologic malignancy. High-dose radiation to the pelvis causes varying degrees of sexual dysfunction because of its effects on the ovaries and vagina. CONCLUSIONS Sexual dysfunction resulting from the effects of radiation therapy on the ovaries and vagina can be prevented, minimized, or managed when the nurse is aware of the needs, desires, and expectations of patients receiving this treatment. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Sexuality is an important aspect of quality of life that most healthcare professionals do not address. Nursing assessment and practical care strategies for sexual dysfunction can be implemented. Additional nursing research on this subject is warranted.
Fermentation and enzyme treatments for sorghum

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench) is the fifth most produced cereal worldwide. However, some varieties of this cereal contain antinutritional factors, such as tannins and phytate that may form stable complexes with proteins and minerals which decreases digestibility and nutritional value. The present study sought to diminish antinutritional tannins and phytate present in sorghum grains. Three different treatments were studied for that purpose, using enzymes tannase (945 U/Kg sorghum), phytase (2640 U/Kg sorghum) and Paecilomyces variotii (1.6 X 107 spores/mL); A) Tannase, phytase and Paecilomyces variotii, during 5 and 10 days; B) An innovative blend made of tanase and phytase for 5 days followed by a Pv increase for 5 more days; C) a third treatment where the reversed order of B was used starting with Pv for 5 days and then the blend of tannase and phytase for 5 more days. The results have shown that on average the three treatments were able to reduce total phenols and both hydrolysable and condensed tannins by 40.6, 38.92 and 58.00 %, respectively. Phytase increased the amount of available inorganic phosphorous, on the average by 78.3 %. The most promising results concerning tannins and phytate decreases were obtained by the enzymes combination of tannase and phytase. The three treatments have shown effective on diminishing tannin and phytate contents in sorghum flour which leads us to affirm that the proposed treatments can be used to increase the nutritive value of sorghum grains destined for either animal feeds or human nutrition.
Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation Dovepress Alcohol Use Disorder: Pathophysiology, Effects, and Pharmacologic Options for Treatment

Alcohol use disorders (AUD) continue to be a concerning health issue worldwide. Harmful alcohol use leads to 2.5 million deaths annually worldwide. Multiple options exist for the management of dependence on alcohol, not all of which are approved by drug-regulating agencies. Current practice in treating AUD does not reflect the diversity of pharmacologic options that have potential to provide benefit, and guidance for clinicians is limited. Few medications are approved for treatment of AUD, and these have exhibited small and/or inconsistent effects in broad patient populations with diverse drinking patterns. The need for continued research into the treatment of this disease is evident in order to provide patients with more specific and effective options. This review describes the neurobiological mechanisms of AUD that are amenable to treatment and drug therapies that target pathophysiological conditions of AUD to reduce drinking. In addition, current literature on pharmacologic (both approved and non-approved) treatment options for AUD offered in the United States and elsewhere are reviewed. The aim is to inform clinicians regarding the options for alcohol abuse treatment, keeping in mind that not all treatments are completely successful in reducing craving or heavy drinking or increasing abstinence.
Blowing Agents: The Next Generation

The most promising long term replacements for the HCFC blowing agents are likely to be the HFCs. Although other chemicals such as fluoroethers are feasible, much less is known concerning their toxicological and chemical stability properties. Amongst the HFCs two general options are possible: liquid blowing agents and gaseous blowing agents. Gaseous HFCs which are already commercially available or are likely to become available in the near future include HFCs 152a, 134a, 32, 125 and 143a. These gases are not as efficient thermal insulators as HCFC-141b or HCFC-22. Nor are they as soluble in polyols on a theoretical substitution basis as HCFC-22, which may have some effect on foam processing characteristics. Although a large number of HFC liquids are known, many of them are impractical because of high molecular weights or are flammable
Stokes imaging polarimetry using image restoration at the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope II : A calibration strategy for Fabry-Perot based instruments

The new CRISP filter at the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope provides opportunities for observing the solar atmosphere with unprecedented spatial resolution and cadence. In order to benefit from the high quality of observational data from this instrument, we have developed methods for calibrating and restoring polarized Stokes images, obtained at optical and near infrared wavelengths, taking into account field-of-view variations of the filter properties. In order to facilitate velocity measurements, a time series from a 3D hydrodynamical granulation simulation is used to compute quiet Sun spectral line profiles at different heliocentric angles. The synthetic line profiles, with their convective blueshifts, can be used as absolute references for line-of-sight velocities. Observations of the Ca II 8542 A line are used to study magnetic fields in chromospheric fibrils. The line wings show the granulation pattern at mid-photospheric heights whereas the overlying chromosphere is seen in the core of the line. Using full Stokes data, we have attempted to observationally verify the alignment of chromospheric fibrils with the magnetic field. Our results suggest that in most cases fibrils are aligned along the magnetic field direction, but we also find examples where this is not the case. Detailed interpretation of Stokes data from spectral lines formed in the chromospheric data can be made using non-LTE inversion codes. For the first time, we use a realistic 3D MHD chromospheric simulation of the quiet Sun to assess how well NLTE inversions recover physical quantities from spectropolarimetric observations of Ca II 8542 A. We demonstrate that inversions provide realistic estimates of depth-averaged quantities in the chromosphere, although high spectral resolution and high sensitivity are needed to measure quiet Sun chromospheric magnetic fields.
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Sample Preparation of Si(1-x)Gex in c-Plane Sapphire Substrate

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration-invented X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods, including the total defect density measurement method and the spatial wafer mapping method, have confirmed super hetero epitaxy growth for rhombohedral single crystalline silicon germanium (Si1-xGex) on a c-plane sapphire substrate. However, the XRD method cannot observe the surface morphology or roughness because of the method s limited resolution. Therefore the authors used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with samples prepared in two ways, the focused ion beam (FIB) method and the tripod method to study the structure between Si1-xGex and sapphire substrate and Si1? xGex itself. The sample preparation for TEM should be as fast as possible so that the sample should contain few or no artifacts induced by the preparation. The standard sample preparation method of mechanical polishing often requires a relatively long ion milling time (several hours), which increases the probability of inducing defects into the sample. The TEM sampling of the Si1-xGex on sapphire is also difficult because of the sapphire s high hardness and mechanical instability. The FIB method and the tripod method eliminate both problems when performing a cross-section TEM sampling of Si1-xGex on c-plane sapphire, which shows the surface morphology, the interface between film and substrate, and the crystal structure of the film. This paper explains the FIB sampling method and the tripod sampling method, and why sampling Si1-xGex, on a sapphire substrate with TEM, is necessary.