Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Overview of the TREC 2009 Legal Track

Abstract : TREC 2009 was the fourth year of the Legal Track, which focuses on evaluation of search technology for "discovery" (i.e., responsive review) of electronically stored information in litigation and regulatory settings. The track included two tasks: an Interactive task (in which real users could iteratively refine their queries and/or engage in multi-pass relevance feedback) and a Batch task (two-pass search in a controlled setting with some relevant and nonrelevant documents manually marked after the first pass). This paper describes the design of the two tasks and presents the results.
Detection of Political Manipulation in Online Communities through Measures of Effort and Collaboration

Online social media allow users to interact with one another by sharing opinions, and these opinions have a critical impact on the way readers think and behave. Accordingly, an increasing number of manipulators deliberately spread messages to influence the public, often in an organized manner. In particular, political manipulation—manipulation of opponents to win political advantage—can result in serious consequences: antigovernment riots can break out, leading to candidates’ defeat in an election. A few approaches have been proposed to detect such manipulation based on the level of social interaction (i.e., manipulators actively post opinions but infrequently befriend and reply to other users). However, several studies have shown that the interactions can be forged at a low cost and thus may not be effective measures of manipulation. To go one step further, we collect a dataset for real, large-scale political manipulation, which consists of opinions found on Internet forums. These opinions are divided into manipulators and nonmanipulators. Using this collection, we demonstrate that manipulators inevitably work hard, in teams, to quickly influence a large audience. With this in mind, it could be said that a high level of collaborative efforts strongly indicates manipulation. For example, a group of manipulators may jointly post numerous opinions with a consistent theme and selectively recommend the same, well-organized opinion to promote its rank. We show that the effort measures, when combined with a supervised learning algorithm, successfully identify greater than 95% of the manipulators. We believe that the proposed method will help system administrators to accurately detect manipulators in disguise, significantly decreasing the intensity of manipulation.
Functional characterization of cohesin SMC3 and separase and their roles in the segregation of large and minichromosomes in Trypanosoma brucei

Minichromosomes in the nuclear genome of Trypanosoma brucei exhibit unusual patterns of mitotic segregation. To address whether differences in their mode of segregation in relation to large chromosomes are reflected at a molecular level, we characterized two different proteins that have highly conserved functions in eukaryotic chromosomes segregation: the SMC3 protein, a component of the chromatid cohesion apparatus, and the protease separase that resolves the cohesin complex at the onset of anaphase and has, in other organisms, additional functions during mitosis. Using in situ hybridization we show that RNA interference‐mediated depletion of SMC3 has no visible effect on the segregation of the minichromosomal population but interferes with the faithful mitotic separation of large chromosomes. In contrast, separase depletion causes missegregation of both mini‐ and large chromosomes. We also show that SMC3 persists as a soluble protein throughout the cell cycle and only associates with chromatin between G1 and metaphase. Separase is present in the cell during the entire cell cycle, but is excluded from the nucleus until the metaphase–anaphase transition, thereby providing a potential control mechanism to prevent the untimely cleavage of the cohesin complex.
Individual Growth Analysis Using PROC MIXED

Individual growth models are designed for exploring longitudinal data on individuals over time. PROC MIXED allows the growth parameters for each individual to be examined as random effects in the model. Individual-level covariates can be entered into the model as fixed effects to determine their impact on the dependent variable alone and in interaction with the growth parameters. The structure of the variance-covariance matrix of the repeated measurements can also be examined and entered into the model. A model building exercise will be demonstrated using up to eight systolic blood pressure measurements of youths aged 7-22. INTRODUCTION Essential hypertension (EH) is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease, which remains the leading cause of death in the USA. Prior to middle age, the prevalence of EH in African Americans (AAs) is approximately twice as in European Americans (EAs), and EH-related mortality rates are 10 times higher in AAs compared to EAs. The early natural progression of the development of high systolic blood pressure (SBP) from childhood to adulthood within the context of ethnicity and sex is not completely understood. A better understanding might contribute to a better identification of people at risk and, in turn, lead to improved prevention of hypertension. This study evaluated the effect of sex and ethnicity upon the development of SBP over an eight year period. The ages of the children over this eight years ranged from 7 to 22 years. The data consisted of 3187 records on 524 individuals (129 EA males, 128 EA females, 122 AA males, 273 AA females). To be included in the analysis an individual had to have at least 4 out of 8 possible SBP measurements denoted as WAVEs which are measurements taken a year apart. The frequency distribution of the number of measurements is seen in Table 1. Over half of the individuals had 7 or 8 measurements and this was consistent within the ethnicity-sex subgroups. Table 1. Measurement count distribution Number of SBP measurements Frequency Percent
INformation fusion engine for real-time decision-making (INFERD): A perceptual system for cyber attack tracking

Information fusion engine for real-time decision- making (INFERD) is a perceptual information fusion engine designed and developed for the purpose of cyber attack tracking and network situational awareness. While the original application was cyber orientated, the engine itself is designed to generalize and has been ported to other application environments such as maritime domain awareness and medical syndromic surveillance. Comparisons and contrasts are drawn to the traditional Kalman ground target tracking science, motivating high level architectural modules and presenting the cyber environment complexities and assumptions. Performance results are presented showing success in both detection accuracy and temporal expedience, an important design goal.
Nonthermal Radiation from Clusters of Galaxies: The Role of Merger Shocks in Particle Acceleration

Nonthermal radiation is observed from clusters of galaxies in the radio, hard X-rays, and possibly in the soft X-ray/UV bands. While it is known that radiative processes related to nonthermal electrons are responsible for this radiation, the sites and nature of particle acceleration are not known. We investigate here the acceleration of protons and electrons in the shocks that originated during mergers of clusters of galaxies, where the Fermi acceleration may work. We propose a semianalytical model to evaluate the Mach number of the shocks generated during cluster mergers, and we use this procedure to determine the spectrum of the accelerated particles for each one of the shocks produced during the merger history of a cluster. We follow the proton component, accumulated over cosmological timescales, and the short-lived electron component. We conclude that efficient particle acceleration, resulting in nonthermal spectra that compare with observations, occurs mainly in minor mergers, namely, mergers between clusters with very different masses. Major mergers, often invoked to be sites for the production of extended radio halos, are found to have on average too weak of shocks and are unlikely to result in appreciable nonthermal activity.
The impact of habitat fragmentation and social structure on the population genetics of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) in Central Europe

Nine out of 57 bovine and caprine microsatellites investigated have proved polymorphic in roe deer populations from Central Europe. The polymorphism of four to nine microsatellites (with two to 16 alleles each) has been screened in 492 roe deer from 27 sample locations in Germany, the Netherlands and France, and 10 allozyme loci have been investigated in 118 roe deer from Germany. These studies have revealed a genetically homogeneous population, but with a local scatter of allele frequencies. The mean genetic distance among sample pairs, and the overall fixation index for the 27 population samples were D=0.1638 and GST=0.0972 for four microsatellite loci, and D=0.0598 and GST=0.1459 for 10 allozyme loci. No isolation-by-distance was observed. Roe deer from isolated habitats could be distinguished by various measures of genetic variability. The expected heterozygosity and the allelic diversity were higher in male than in female roe deer, but mean genetic distances and fixation indices were higher in females. The fixation indices of pairs of adjacent samples, and the genetic distance among these samples correlated highly significantly with the density of human settlement, measured by the percentage of land surface covered by roads and villages. The utility of allozymes and microsatellites for population genetic studies in cervids are compared.
Distributional Measures as Proxies for Semantic Relatedness

The automatic ranking of word pairs as per their semantic relatedness and ability to mimic human notions of semantic relatedness has widespread applications. Measures that rely on raw data (distributional measures) and those that use knowledge-rich ontologies both exist. Although extensive studies have been performed to compare ontological measures with human judgment, the distributional measures have primarily been evaluated by indirect means. This paper is a detailed study of some of the major distributional measures; it lists their respective merits and limitations. New measures that overcome these drawbacks, that are more in line with the human notions of semantic relatedness, are suggested. The paper concludes with an exhaustive comparison of the distributional and ontology-based measures. Along the way, significant research problems are identified. Work on these problems may lead to a better understanding of how semantic relatedness is to be measured.
Multispectral demosaicking with novel guide image generation and residual interpolation

A one-shot multispectral imaging system using a multispectral filter array (MSFA) provides a practical solution for compact, low-cost, and real-time multispectral imaging. However, multispectral demosaicking is a challenging problem because each spectral band is significantly undersampled in the MSFA. In this paper, we propose a novel demosaicking algorithm for the MSFA proposed in [1, 2]. Main contributions of this paper are (i) we utilize multispectral correlations for generating a guide image, which is effectively used for interpolation preserving image structures, and (ii) we effectively use residual interpolation (RI) [3] for generating the guide image and interpolating each spectral band. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art algorithms.
Relieving Pain After Arthroscopic Knee Surgery: Ultrasound-Guided Femoral Nerve Block or Adductor Canal Block?

OBJECTIVE To compare the analgesic effects of femoral nerve block (FNB) and adductor canal block (ACB) after arthroscopic knee surgery. METHODS This was a prospective randomised clinical trial that enrolled 92 patients undergoing arthroscopic knee surgery. Ultrasound-guided FNB or ACB was performed immediately after surgery for pain relief. Visual analogue scale (VAS) scores and modified sedation-agitation scale (SAS) were recorded and analysed immediately following block and at 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours. The satisfaction level was also evaluated using a Likert-based patient questionnaire. RESULTS VAS scores decreased to 4.1±0.8 from 5.6±1.2 immediately after any nerve block, and within 3 hours, they continued to decrease to 2.0±0.6 in the FNB group and 3.4±1.0 in the ACB group (P=0.014). More patients in the FNB group were satisfied with the quality of the pain control compared to the ACB group. Additionally, patients in the ACB group required more supplemental analgesia compared to the FNB group. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that patients with FNB had denser analgesia after arthroscopic knee surgery and had less analgesic requirement compared with ACB. Greater satisfaction scores also reflected superior analgesia in patients receiving FNB.
T cells conditioned with MDSC show an increased anti-tumor activity after adoptive T cell based immunotherapy

The success of adoptive T cell-based immunotherapy (ACT) in cancer is limited in part by the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), which block several T cell functions, including T cell proliferation and the expression of various cytotoxic mediators. Paradoxically, the inhibition of CD8+ T cell differentiation into cytotoxic populations increased their efficacy after ACT into tumor-bearing hosts. Therefore, we aimed to test the impact of conditioning CD8+ T cells with MDSC on their differentiation potential and ACT efficacy. Our results indicate that MDSC impaired the progression of CD8+ T cells into effector populations, without altering their activation status, production of IL-2, or signaling through the T cell receptor. In addition, culture of CD8+ T cells with MDSC resulted in an increased ACT anti-tumor efficacy, which correlated with a higher frequency of the transferred T cells and elevated IFNγ production. Interestingly, activated CD62L+ CD8+ Tcells were responsible for the enhanced anti-tumor activity showed by MDSC-exposed T cells. Additional results showed a decreased protein synthesis rate and lower activity of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) in T cells conditioned with MDSC. Silencing of the negative mTOR regulator tuberous sclerosis complex-2 in T cells co-cultured with MDSC restored mTOR activity, but resulted in T cell apoptosis. These results indicate that conditioning of T cells with MDSC induces stress survival pathways mediated by a blunted mTOR signaling, which regulated T cell differentiation and ACT efficacy. Continuation of this research will enable the development of better strategies to increase ACT responses in cancer.
Inversion Transduction Grammar for Joint Phrasal Translation Modeling

We present a phrasal inversion transduction grammar as an alternative to joint phrasal translation models. This syntactic model is similar to its flat-string phrasal predecessors, but admits polynomial-time algorithms for Viterbi alignment and EM training. We demonstrate that the consistency constraints that allow flat phrasal models to scale also help ITG algorithms, producing an 80-times faster inside-outside algorithm. We also show that the phrasal translation tables produced by the ITG are superior to those of the flat joint phrasal model, producing up to a 2.5 point improvement in BLEU score. Finally, we explore, for the first time, the utility of a joint phrasal translation model as a word alignment method.
Multipole representation of the Fermi operator with application to the electronic structure analysis of metallic systems

The Fermi operator, i.e., the Fermi-Dirac function of the system Hamiltonian, is a fundamental quantity in the quantum mechanics of many-electron systems and is ubiquitous in condensed-matter physics. In the last decade the development of accurate and numerically efficient representations of the Fermi operator has attracted lot of attention in the quest for linear scaling electronic structure methods based on effective one-electron Hamiltonians. These approaches have numerical cost that scales linearly with N, the number of electrons, and thus hold the promise of making quantummechanical calculations of large systems feasible. Achieving linear scaling in realistic calculations is very challenging. Formulations based on the Fermi operator are appealing because this operator gives directly the single-particle density matrix without the need for Hamiltonian diagonalization. At finite temperature the density matrix can be expanded in terms of finite powers of the Hamiltonian, requiring computations that scale linearly with N owing to the sparse character of the Hamiltonian matrix. 1 These properties of the Fermi operator are valid not only for insulators but also for metals, making formulations based on the Fermi operator particularly attractive. Electronic structure algorithms using a Fermi operator expansion FOE were introduced by Baroni and Giannozzi 2 and Goedecker et al. 3,4 see also the review article 5 . These authors proposed polynomial and rational approximations of the Fermi operator. Major improvements were made recently in a series of publications by Parrinello and coauthors, 6‐11 in which a new form of Fermi operator expansion was introduced based on the grand canonical formalism.
Interpretation of Feature Space using Multi-Channel Attentional Sub-Networks

Convolutional Neural Networks have achieved impressive results in various tasks, but interpreting the internal mechanism is a challenging problem. To tackle this problem, we exploit a multi-channel attention mechanism in feature space. Our network architecture allows us to obtain an attention mask for each feature while existing CNN visualization methods provide only a common attention mask for all features. We apply the proposed multi-channel attention mechanism to multi-attribute recognition task. We can obtain different attention mask for each feature and for each attribute. Those analyses give us deeper insight into the feature space of CNNs. The experimental results for the benchmark dataset show that the proposed method gives high interpretability to humans while accurately grasping the attributes of the data.
Critter: Augmenting Creative Work with Dynamic Checklists, Automated Quality Assurance, and Contextual Reviewer Feedback

Checklists and guidelines have played an increasingly important role in complex tasks ranging from the cockpit to the operating theater. Their role in creative tasks like design is less explored. In a needfinding study with expert web designers, we identified designers' challenges in adhering to a checklist of design guidelines. We built Critter, which addressed these challenges with three components: Dynamic Checklists that progressively disclose guideline complexity with a self-pruning hierarchical view, AutoQA to automate common quality assurance checks, and guideline-specific feedback provided by a reviewer to highlight mistakes as they appear. In an observational study, we found that the more engaged a designer was with Critter, the fewer mistakes they made in following design guidelines. Designers rated the AutoQA and contextual feedback experience highly, and provided feedback on the tradeoffs of the hierarchical Dynamic Checklists. We additionally found that a majority of designers rated the AutoQA experience as excellent and felt that it increased the quality of their work. Finally, we discuss broader implications for supporting complex creative tasks.
Discovery of WASP-113b and WASP-114b, two inflated hot-Jupiters with contrasting densities

Aims. We present the discovery and characterisation of the exoplanets WASP-113b and WASP-114b by the WASP survey, SOPHIE and CORALIE. Methods. The planetary nature of the systems was established by performing follow-up photometric and spectroscopic observations. The follow-up data were combined with the WASP-photometry and analysed with an MCMC code to obtain system parameters. Results. The host stars WASP-113 and WASP-114 are very similar. They are both early G-type stars with an effective temperature of ∼ 5900 K, [Fe/H]∼ 0.12 and log g ∼ 4.1dex. However, WASP-113 is older than WASP-114. Although the planetary companions have similar radii, WASP-114b is almost 4 times heavier than WASP-113b. WASP-113b has a mass of 0.48 MJup and an orbital period of ∼ 4.5 days; WASP-114b has a mass of 1.77 MJupand an orbital period of ∼ 1.5 days. Both planets have inflated radii, in particular WASP-113 with a radius anomaly of R = 0.35. The high scale height of WASP-113b (∼ 950 km ) makes it a good target for follow-up atmospheric observations.
Estimation of typical sum of lognormal random variables using log shifted gamma approximation

The sum of lognormal distributions is a well-known problem that no closed-form expression exists and it is difficult to evaluate numerically. In this paper, log shifted gamma (LSG) approximation method is proposed to represent the sum of lognormal distributions and to derive a closed-form expression of the typical value of the sum. Illustrative results show that the LSG model provides much more accurate approximation than other previous methods for a wide range of lognormal variances.
The monogenic curvelet transform

In this article, we reconsider the continuous curvelet transform from a signal processing point of view. We show that the analyzing elements of the curvelet transform, the curvelets, can be understood as analytic signals in the sense of the partial Hilbert transform. We then replace the usual curvelets by the monogenic curvelets, which are analytic signals in the sense of the Riesz transform. They yield a new transform, called the monogenic curvelet transform, which has the interesting property that it behaves at the fine scales like the usual curvelet transform and at the coarse scales like the monogenic wavelet transform. In particular, the new transform is highly anisotropic at the fine scales and yields a well-interpretable amplitude/phase decomposition of the transform coefficients over all scales.
Parametricity in an Impredicative Sort

Reynold's abstraction theorem is now a well-established result for a large class of type systems. We propose here a definition of relational parametricity and a proof of the abstraction theorem in the Calculus of Inductive Constructions (CIC), the underlying formal language of Coq, in which parametricity relations' codomain is the impredicative sort of propositions. To proceed, we need to refine this calculus by splitting the sort hierarchy to separate informative terms from non-informative terms. This refinement is very close to CIC, but with the property that typing judgments can distinguish informative terms. Among many applications, this natural encoding of parametricity inside CIC serves both theoretical purposes (proving the independence of propositions with respect to the logical system) as well as practical aspirations (proving properties of finite algebraic structures). We finally discuss how we can simply build, on top of our calculus, a new reflexive Coq tactic that constructs proof terms by parametricity.