Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Annual energy yield: A comparison between various monolithic and mechanically stacked multijunction solar cells

Using EtaOpt the detailed balance efficiency of the classic lattice matched InGaP/GaAs/Ge 3-junction cell and those of optimized band gap combinations for both monolithic and mechanical stacks are calculated under 500×AM1.5D illumination. The results are 48.7% (mono) and 59.2% (mech) for the classic and 59.6% (mono) and 60.3% (mech) for the optimized band gap structures. For these devices we calculated the (ideal) annual energy yield (AEY) under realistic spectra that represent a typical meteorological year for a certain location. Both monolithic stacks have AEYs - 44.3% (class) and 56.1% (optim) - that are lower than those of the mechanical stacks - 60.1% (class) and 61.4% (optim). Mechanical stacks are found to be less sensitive to spectral variations caused by time of day changes and atmospheric conditions. In the quest for higher efficiencies monolithic solar cell manufacturers are looking towards increasing the number of junctions to up to 6. The performance of such a monolithic 6-junction cell is compared to that of the optimized 3-junction mechanical stack.
Estimating the Demand for Salmon Angling in Ireland

This paper reports the results of a count data travel cost model for estimating the demand and economic value of salmon angling in Co. Donegal, Ireland. Angling quality, age and nationality were found to affect angling demand, while estimated consumer surplus per angler per day was approximately IR£138 based on a truncated negative binomial model allowing for endogenous stratification.
History and Current Status of Development and Use of Viral Insecticides in China

The use of insect viruses as biological control agents started in the early 1960s in China. To date, more than 32 viruses have been used to control insect pests in agriculture, forestry, pastures, and domestic gardens in China. In 2014, 57 products from 11 viruses were authorized as commercial viral insecticides by the Ministry of Agriculture of China. Approximately 1600 tons of viral insecticidal formulations have been produced annually in recent years, accounting for about 0.2% of the total insecticide output of China. The development and use of Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus, Mamestra brassicae nucleopolyhedrovirus, Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus, and Periplaneta fuliginosa densovirus are discussed as case studies. Additionally, some baculoviruses have been genetically modified to improve their killing rate, infectivity, and ultraviolet resistance. In this context, the biosafety assessment of a genetically modified Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus is discussed.
Relation of Glycemic Control to Diabetic Complications and Health Outcomes

Data from the Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy (WESDR) demonstrated that the incidence of diabetic complications is directly related to glycemic control. The results of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and Stockholm Study showed that intensive insulin therapy and improved glycemic control reduced diabetic complications in people with type 1 diabetes. Results of the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study Group and the Kumamoto trial also support the relationship between glycemic control and diabetic complications in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Preliminary WESDR health outcomes data suggest that higher levels of glycemia are related to a decreasing quality of life. This study and others showing that higher levels of glycemia are associated with an increased incidence of complications suggest that it is the complications of diabetes that contribute to a decrease in quality of life. Despite evidence of the benefits of improved glycemic control, a large percentage of people with diabetes maintain poor glucose control in part because of the limitations of the therapies available for diabetes management.
The effect of entrepreneurial orientation on business performance

Purpose – Focusing on the corporate entrepreneurship in China's emerging economy, the purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of network capabilities on entrepreneurial orientation and business performance.Design/methodology/approach – Questionnaires and statistical analysis are applied in this research.Findings – Based on the survey of small to medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in the north‐east of China, it is found that entrepreneurial orientation (EO) has a positive effect on business performance, and network capabilities (NC) can significantly moderate relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and business performance.Originality/value – This paper, theoretically, fills a gap by finding out how network capabilities impact the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and business performance in China's emerging economy; it enriches China's entrepreneurial theory, and, in the practical sense, pays attention to the development of network capabilities in the day‐to‐day running of SMEs.
DIVIDEND POLICY: BALANCING SHAREHOLDERS' AND CREDITORS' INTERESTS

Dividend policies provide an opportune setting to examine how firms simultaneously manage the diverging interests of shareholders and creditors. Dividends ease shareholders' concerns about expropriation by insiders while exacerbating creditors' concerns about expropriation by shareholders. Firm insiders should set dividend policies to minimize the agency costs of equity and debt. Using a sample of 39 countries for 1991–2010, we find strong evidence that dividends are more positively sensitive to creditor (shareholder) rights when shareholders (creditors) are adequately protected. Our research emphasizes the importance of accounting for the interactions between both agency relationships when studying corporate policies.
The principles of educational leadership and management

Fully revised and thoroughly updated, the second edition of this classic book brings together many leading international authors on educational leadership, with brand new chapters from leaders in the field Ken Leithwood, Paul Begley, Allan Walker and Alma Harris. Providing an overview of essential topics within the field, this book adopts an international perspective and offers conceptual and empirical insights into: moral and ethical leadership; distributed leadership; developing leaders; leadership for learning; building and leading learning cultures; managing human and financial resources; leadership for diversity; leadership, partnerships and community; and, professionalism and professional development. The book is for scholars, researchers and postgraduate students in educational leadership, management and administration, as well as for senior leaders in education and those taking professional leadership qualifications.
THE SOCIAL BENEFITS OF URBAN CULTURAL AMENITIES

This paper uses a two-stage hedonic wage approach to derive the benefits from improvement of five cultural amenities. It is argued that the hedonic approach permits valuation of both private and local public aspects of cultural goods since access to the amenity is an essential input in the production of the final service flow. Empirical estimates of willingness to pay suggest price and income elasticities are approximately unity. Lower-bound estimates of marginal benefits for a representative city range from $0.85 million for an additional theater to $57.9 million for an additional zoo facility.
Short Pulse Propagation through Dispersive and Lossy Dielectric Materials: Time-Domain Simulation

This paper presents time-domain simulation results of electromagnetic pulse propagation through dielectric slabs having dispersive, complex susceptibility. The linear material used in the simulation has a Lorentzian dielectric constant with a single resonance. The effect of the resonant frequency on the pulse propagation is studied. An accurate transmission line modelling method based on the stub-technique is used to simulate Lorentzian susceptibility. It is shown that due the presence of resonance in permittivity, imaginary part of the complex permittivity may become significant in the vicinity of frequencies of interest, giving rise to losses.
The Calculation of Implied Variances from the Black‐Scholes Model: A Note

BLACK AND SCHOLES [2] HAVE derived a model for the equilibrium price of a European Stock Purchase option. According to the Black and Scholes model, equilibrium option prices are a function of the time to maturity of the option, the exercise price, the current price of the underlying stock, the risk free rate of interest, and the instantaneous variance of the stock's rate of return. Of these five variables, only the first four can be directly observed; the instantaneous variance of the stock's return can only be estimated. Recently, severdl authors [3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11], rather than estimating a variance from past data, have attempted to employ the Black-Scholes option pricing formula to derive an "implied variance. " An implied variance is the value of the instantaneous variance of the stock's return which, when employed in the BlackScholes formula, results in a model price equal to the market price. U-nfortunately, the implied variance cannot be calculated explicitly, and previous researchers have used numerical methods such as the Newton-Raphson method and its variants [8]. However for many options, no values of implied variance could be found to justify the observed option prices. In this note, necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a positive implied variance are given. An algorithm is presented which converges monotonically and quadratically to the (unique) implied variance, when it exists. The most valuable feature of this algorithm is that it provides a starting value for the first iteration of the Newton-Raphson procedure. If one applies the Newton-Raphson procedure without the correct starting value, solutions that do exist can be overlooked. The option pricing formula of Black and Scholes is:
Apolipoprotein (APOE) gene is associated with progression of age‐related macular degeneration (AMD)

Progression of age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of blindness in the elderly, was followed in a cohort of 238 individuals from a single center. Individuals with an epsilon (ε)2 genotype (c.526C>T of reference sequence NM_000041.2) of the apolipoprotein (APOE) gene were found to be strongly associated with disease with a significant 4.8‐fold increased relative risk compared to individuals with an ε4 genotype (c.388T>C of reference sequence NM_000041.2) (odds ratio [OR], 4.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19–19.09) and a nearly significant three‐fold increased relative risk compared to individuals with an ε3 genotype (reference sequence NM_000041.2) (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 0.96–19.09). This finding was present only in females who progressed with AMD, which suggests that there may be a gender‐specific role in progression of AMD in individuals with an ε2 allele. A gender‐related factor is therefore implicated either directly or indirectly in the AMD disease process. Hum Mutat 27(4), 337–342, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Production and Investment in Natural Resource Industries

There has been a recent tendency for economists to view natural resource scarcity as a diminishing threat to man's existence and his ability to produce an abundant supply of worldly goods (see John V. Krutilla). This change in view has emanated from the world's experience of the last few decades with technological development, and the absence of any evidence that this rapid accumulation of technical knowledge will cease. In some respects, one might think that modern technology has removed the need for an economic theory of conservation (temporal allocation) of natural resources. On the other hand, conservation of natural resources can now be looked upon with less emotion since the dire consequences of too rapid exploitation are no longer a threat. The question of conservation is thus a cold economic problem removed from many of its older value connotations. There is indeed, considerable effort taking place in the economics profession to fill this need for a quantitative economic theory of conservation; however, with one exception (Vernon Smith), focus has been limited to specific resources. Earlier works by Lewis C. Gray and Harold Hotelling concerning the "Theory of the Mine" have recently been extended in numerous papers (see R. Cummings and 0. Burt, Richard L. Gordon, Anthony Scott 1967). Problems associated with petroleum production are considered in Paul Davidson, and the fishery is considered in J. A. Crutchfield and Arnold Zellner, H. Scott Gordon, James Quirk and Vernon Smith, Anthony Scott (1955), and Ralph Turvey. An extensive literature exists on the temporal allocation of groundwater; two recent contributions are Gardner Brown and Charles B. McGuire, and Burt. ' A logical problem has been encountered, however, in efforts to examine the optimum allocation of a natural resource over time without explicitly considering the rate of investment associated with resource use. This difficulty stems from the long life of many capital items used in the process of exploiting the natural resource. Earlier studies have either tacitly or explicitly amortized costs of investment associated with resource use and proceeded as though all costs of production were essentially variable. Smith was the first to explicitly bring capital investment into a production model for natural resources, and his work was followed by the authors where only exhaustible resources were considered. More recently, Quirk and Smith have introduced a dynamic model of the fishery in which capital investment is treated explicitly. It seems then that there is a need for a comprehensive model for simultaneously optimizing the rate of resource use and investment in natural resource industries
Macroeconomics of Extensive Margins: A Simple Model

How do monopolistically competitive industries react to shocks in the context of a New Keynesian macro model? I bridge macroeconomics and trade theory by considering market dynamics. I use an analytically tractable closed-economy model with endogenous entry of firms and show the implications of markets structure for the transmission of real shocks on aggregate variables and welfare. Shock sources become crucial for the results: traditional productivity shocks cause an extensive effect on production; shocks on innovation cause an intensive impact. More patient populations bring the economy to a richer market, although it cushions the extensive effect after an innovation shock.
The Determinants of Hiring Older Workers: Evidence from Hong Kong

A 1996 survey of Hong Kong establishments designed to identify hiring and employment patterns by workers' age shows that, as in the United States, many firms employed older workers but did not hire older workers. This pattern appears to reflect mainly economic forces, rather than public policy, given that no laws prohibited age discrimination or required uniform fringe benefit provision in Hong Kong. The empirical evidence from the survey is consistent with two broad hypotheses. First, workers and firms are more willing to invest in training when workers are young. Second, delayed compensation more effectively deters shirking among young workers than among older workers and is more readily accepted by young workers.
Assessment of the Chinese-Version SF-36 in the Chinese Opiate Addicts

This study was designed to assess the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36) assessed with opiate addicts in China. The sample was composed of 442 questionnaires from three regions in China, in 2004. The reliability of Chinese-version SF-36 was obtained using Cronbach's α and split-half coefficients and the validity was calculated using correlation analysis and confirmatory factor analysis method. The results of reliability and validity provide the first evidence that Chinese-version SF-36 is validated for Chinese addicts. The study's limitations are noted.
Trazodone for the Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction Induced by Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: A Preliminary Open-Label Study

Introduction:Treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may lead to sexual dysfunction in up to 70% of patients. Because the SSRIs are widely used antidepressants, their propensity to cause sexual dysfunction may affect compliance with therapy and ultimately treatment success. To date, the pathophysiological mechanism of sexual dysfunction caused by SSRIs remains incompletely understood, and the management of SSRIs-induced sexual dysfunction remains unsatisfactory. We suggest that medications that antagonize serotonin receptors such as trazodone may improve sexual dysfunction reverting the stimulation of serotonin receptors by SSRIs. Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of trazodone administration in the management of SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction. Methods:Twenty patients (11 men/9 women) with SSRIs-induced sexual dysfunction were recruited for the study. Trazodone was added to the existing SSRI regimen in open-label fashion for 4 weeks (50 mg for the first week increased to 100 mg until the completion of the study). The improvement in the 4 dimensions of sexual function (desire, erection or lubrication problems in women, ejaculation or orgasm in women, and overall satisfaction by both sexes) was the primary outcome measure of the study. Results:Fifteen subjects completed the study. Results indicated improvement in sexual function and overall clinical improvement (depression, anxiety) as well. Specific gender differences indicated improvement in erectile performance in men and lubrication in women. No correlations were noted between clinical improvement of depression or anxiety and improvement in sexual dysfunction. Conclusions:The 5-HT2 antagonist, trazodone, may be beneficial in the management of SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction. Large-scale, placebo-controlled, double-blind studies with 5-HT2 antagonists are required to substantiate these preliminary observations.
The effect of social inequality on civil society access and participation in communities in rural Iowa

Civil society theory tends to posit that civil society is normatively positive; in its ideal form, civil society is functional in character. Additionally, civil society is assumed to have ameliorative effects on inequality and stratification, however, much of the existing civil society literature does not address the converse relationship of how social inequality might affect civil society. It was hypothesized that social inequality related to class, race, gender, and age would lead to differences in attitudes towards and structural conditions related to access to and inclusion in civil society, as well as to actual participation in civil society on the part of residents. These hypotheses were tested using cross-tabulation comparisons of data taken from a 2004 survey of residents in 99 Iowa communities, and then examined further using Lazarsfeld’s elaboration model, utilizing additional test variables. Findings indicated that social class, race, and to a lesser extent, age, continue to play a significant role in actual access to and inclusion in civil society, as well as personal participation in civil society. Contrary to theoretical expectations, gender did not apparently play a significant role in civil society activity in this study. Little support was indicated for a defining role of attitudinal measures of civil society inclusion, access, and participation.
The dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3) variable number of tandem repeats domain enhances transcription in dopamine neurons

The dopamine (DAT) and serotonin (SERT) transporter genes both contain variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in non‐coding gene regions which have been correlated with a predisposition to a variety of CNS disorders. There is considerable homology between individual DAT and SERT repeat DNA sequences, which is reflected in their ability to compete with each other for specific protein binding as demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The SERT VNTR has recently been shown to act as a transcriptional enhancer. Because of the similarities between SERT and DAT VNTRs, the DAT VNTR may also enhance transcription. This study demonstrates by lipid transfection into an immortalized dopaminergic cell line and biolistic transfection into dopamine neurons in neonatal rat midbrain slices that the human nine‐repeat DAT VNTR can enhance transcription. This enhancing activity suggests that the DAT VNTR may play a role in regulation of DAT gene expression.
Culture and Sun Exposure in Immigrant East Asian Women Living in Australia

In this qualitative study, researchers examined cultural and attitudinal factors that might be related to sun-exposure behaviors among East Asian women living in Australia. Researchers asked Chinese (n = 20) and Korean (n = 16) immigrant women who participated in a larger cross-sectional quantitative study of vitamin D blood levels to volunteer to participate in an in-depth interview in 2010. These women reported a number of cultural factors related to their attitudes and behaviors with regard to sun exposure. They expressed preference for fair skin, a tradition of covering skin when outdoors, and no sunbathing culture. They believed that fair skin was more beautiful than tanned skin. They reported that beauty was the reason for active avoidance of sunlight exposure. Although they reported knowledge of the need for sun avoidance due to skin cancer risk, few reported knowledge about the benefits of sun exposure for adequate vitamin D levels. These findings may provide some reasons for vitamin D deficiency previously reported in these populations. Thus, researchers recommend that these attitudes of excessive sun protection and limiting sun exposure be further investigated as they may have implications for planning and delivery of health promotion programs to this growing population of immigrants in Australia.
Neuropsychological functioning in postmenopausal breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen or exemestane after AC-chemotherapy: Cross-sectional findings from the neuropsychological TEAM-side study

Background. Previous studies have indicated that a subset of cancer patients treated with chemotherapy show cognitive deficits and/or experience cognitive complaints, whereas literature about the influence of hormonal therapies on cognition is sparse. Because of the accumulating knowledge about the importance of estrogen for cognitive functioning, there is growing concern about adjuvant hormonal therapy for breast cancer (BC) affecting cognition. We examined the cognitive functioning of postmenopausal BC patients who were, following doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide (AC) chemotherapy, randomized to tamoxifen or exemestane, and compared their performance with that of non-cancer controls. Materials and methods. Thirty BC patients using tamoxifen and 50 patients using exemestane underwent interviews, questionnaires and cognitive tests, on average two years after completion of AC chemotherapy. Forty eight healthy controls were tested with similar measures. Results. Memory complaints were reported by 28% of AC/tamoxifen users, 24% of AC/exemestane users and 6% of healthy controls (p=0.02). Cognitive testing revealed no statistically significant differences between tamoxifen and exemestane users, but suggested that tamoxifen use is possibly related to worse verbal functioning, while exemestane use is possibly related to slower manual motor speed. Both patient groups performed significantly worse than healthy controls on verbal fluency and information processing speed. Discussion. Our findings show that sequential treatment of AC-chemotherapy and hormonal therapy in postmenopausal, primary BC is associated with lower test scores for certain cognitive functions, and provide indications for possibly distinctive associations for different types of hormonal treatment. Future research with larger groups is recommended to obtain a more definite picture.