Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How Good Is Local Type Inference

A partial type inference technique should come with a simple and precise specification, so that users predict its behavior and understand the error messages it produces. Local type inference techniques attain this simplicity by inferring missing type information only from the types of adjacent syntax nodes, without using global mechanisms such as unification variables. The paper reports on our experience with programming in a full-featured programming language including higher-order polymorphism, subtyping, parametric datatypes, and local type inference. On the positive side, our experiments on several nontrivial examples confirm previous hopes for the practicality of the type inference method. On the negative side, some proposed extensions mitigating known expressiveness problems turn out to be unsatisfactory on close examination. Comments University of Pennsylvania Department of Computer and Information Science Technical Report No.MSCIS-99-17. This technical report is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/cis_reports/180 How Good is Local Type Inference? Haruo Hosoya Benjamin C. Pierce Department of CIS Department of CIS University of Pennsylvania University of Pennsylvania hahosoya@linc.cis . upenn.edu bcpierce@cis.upenn.edu University of Pennsylvania Technical Report MS-CIS-99-17
ECC Processor with Low Die Size for RFID Applications

This paper presents the design of a special purpose processor with elliptic curve digital signature algorithm (ECDSA) functionality. This digital signature generation device (SGD) was developed especially for RFID tags. The design parameters were low energy consumption, small chip area, robustness against cryptographic attacks, and flexibility. The SGD was designed to work as digital processor in an RFID tag requiring the tag to provide the secret key storage and a PRNG. The SHA-1 calculation needs to be included into the SGD to avoid a microcontroller on the tag. The asymmetric cryptosystem allows authentication of the tag to untrusted third parties without revealing the secret key. The ECDSA functionality was implemented using a prime field GF(p) and affine coordinates, an alternative way to reduce the die size and the costs of the tag. The standard-cell based implementation of the device is fully scalable for different prime fields sizes. The GF(p192) version will need 23k gate equivalents or 1.3 mm2 for a 0.35 mum process. 502k clock cycles are used for signature generation. The near-Spice level power simulation with Nanosim estimated the final energy consumption to 0.846 mWs for a generated signature.
Error-resilient packet switched H.264 mobile video telephony with LT coding and reference picture selection

Packet switched video telephony over wireless networks for hand-held devices requires low-delay, low-complexity error control mechanisms to deal with packet loss. We present an efficient solution for 3G networks based on LT coding, reference picture selection, and cross-layer optimization. Experimental results on a 3G network simulator for H.264 compressed standard video sequences show that our method achieves significant peak-signal-to-noise ratio and percentage degraded video duration improvements over a state of the art technique.
Intracellular distribution of 5-bis(2-chloroethyl) aminouracil-2-C-14 in tissues of tumor-bearing rats.

Rats bearing the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma were given injections intraperitoneally of 5-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminouracil-2-C14. At various time intervals following the administration of the drug, the animals were sacrificed, the tissues were excised, and the specific activities of the DNA, RNA, and the proteins of the various intracellular fractions were determined. The label of the aminouracil mustard was mainly incorporated into the RNA of the nucleus and cytoplasmic sap in the tissues studied and, to a lesser extent, into the DNA. The specific activities of the proteins were one-fourth or less than the specific activities of the RNA of the same tissues. The nuclear RNA had a higher specific activity than RNA of other cellular fractions at early time points. These data suggest that 5-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminouracil suppresses amino acid incorporation into nuclear proteins by binding to templates of protein synthesis—primarily nuclear RNA.
Acupuncture Therapy for Stroke: Approaches from the Acupuncture Literature

Acupuncture therapy for rehabilitation following stroke is very popular in China and has also been investigated in the West, notably in Scandinavia. The traditional method is body acupuncture using yang meridian points. Yin meridians are probably more beneficial when treatment has been delayed for some months after the stroke. Scalp acupuncture, either the Japanese Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture, a microsystem which requires great accuracy, or a Chinese variety such as the Zhu approach or the Shanghai scalp technique, has become very popular and published work has demonstrated superiority to traditional body acupuncture. Additionally, a new technique, Xingnao Kaiqiao, has been developed that uses strongly stimulated body points to induce twitching in the affected limbs. This method seems to have given good results in large-scale usage and is not difficult to learn. However, all of these acupuncture techniques require many sessions of treatment and are thus, with perhaps the exception of Yamamoto scalp acupuncture, heavily labour intensive. None the less, the benefits in terms of cost savings as well as effective return to an independent life-style are clear.
Analysis of the Enzymatic Properties of a Broad Family of Alanine Aminotransferases

Alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) has been studied in a variety of organisms due to the involvement of this enzyme in mammalian processes such as non-alcoholic hepatocellular damage, and in plant processes such as C4 photosynthesis, post-hypoxic stress response and nitrogen use efficiency. To date, very few studies have made direct comparisons of AlaAT enzymes and fewer still have made direct comparisons of this enzyme across a broad spectrum of organisms. In this study we present a direct kinetic comparison of glutamate:pyruvate aminotransferase (GPAT) activity for seven AlaATs and two glutamate:glyoxylate aminotransferases (GGAT), measuring the KM values for the enzymes analyzed. We also demonstrate that recombinant expression of AlaAT enzymes in Eschericia coli results in differences in bacterial growth inhibition, supporting previous reports of AlaAT possessing bactericidal properties, attributed to lipopolysaccharide endotoxin recognition and binding. A probable lipopolysaccharide binding region within the AlaAT enzymes, homologous to a region of a lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) in humans, was also identified in this study. The AlaAT enzyme differences identified here indicate that AlaAT homologues have differentiated significantly and the roles these homologues play in vivo may also have diverged significantly. Specifically, the differing kinetics of AlaAT enzymes and how this may alter the nitrogen use efficiency in plants is discussed.
Native LDL Induces Proliferation of Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells via Redox-Mediated Activation of ERK 1/2 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

This study investigated mechanisms underlying native low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-stimulated proliferation of human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Experiments were performed to determine whether native LDL affects reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and whether redox-sensitive pathways contribute to LDL-induced cell proliferation. Native LDL (100 &mgr;g/mL, 24 hours) increased cell proliferation (to 303 to 388% of control, P <0.0001) as determined by [methyl-3H] thymidine incorporation. This effect was completely blocked either by the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine, Tiron, or nordihydroguaiaretic acid; the flavin-inhibitor diphenylene iodonium; or superoxide dismutase (all P <0.0001), and partly blocked by ERK-inhibitor PD98059 or meclofenamate (P <0.01). Exposure of VSMC to native LDL for 20 minutes stimulated ROS formation, measured by dichlorodihydrofluorescein oxidation, and increased ERK1/2 activity by 3.1-fold (P <0.001). The latter effect was sensitive to MEK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 and Tiron (P <0.001), and in part to N-acetylcysteine or diphenylene iodonium (P <0.05). These results demonstrate that native LDL induces acute formation of ROS and subsequent activation of redox-sensitive ERK 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinases, pathways that appear to be important for mitogenic signaling of native LDL in human vascular smooth muscle cells.
Evaluating the Efficacy of Questioning Strategies in Lecture-Based Classroom Environments: Are We Asking the Right Questions?

Teachers on all levels have used questions for thousands of years to stimulate students’ thinking and learning. Socrates, for instance, embraced the value of inquiry in the development of thought, using questioning to teach students to reason from specific cases to general principles (Boghos-sian, 2006). Although advances in technology and pedagogical methods are changing the ways in which teachers teach, basic question-and-answer approaches continue to be a fundamentally important aspect of instruction in modern college classrooms (Nilson, 2010; Prince & Felder, 2006). Ques -tioning is a commonly recommended method for stimulating students’
Prognostic significance and molecular associations of 18q loss of heterozygosity: a cohort study of microsatellite stable colorectal cancers.

PURPOSE Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at chromosome 18q frequently occurs late during colon cancer development and is inversely associated with microsatellite instability (MSI). 18q LOH has been reported to predict shorter survival in patients with colorectal cancer, whereas MSI-high status has been associated with superior prognosis. However, it is unclear whether 18q LOH in colorectal cancer has any prognostic implication independent of MSI status and other potential predictors of clinical outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS Among 555 non-MSI-high colorectal cancers (stage I to IV) in two independent prospective cohort studies, we examined 18q LOH in relation to other molecular events and patient survival. Cox proportional hazard models computed hazard ratio of death, adjusted for clinical and tumoral characteristics, including KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, beta-catenin, p53, CpG island methylator phenotype, LINE-1 methylation, and John Cunningham (JC) virus T antigen. RESULTS In multivariate logistic regression, 18q LOH was independently associated with JC virus T antigen (odds ratio [OR] = 1.93; P = .0077), body mass index > or = 30 kg/m(2) (obesity; OR = 2.01; P = .014), high tumor grade (OR = 0.40; P = .018), KRAS mutation (OR = 0.66; P = .40), and LINE-1 hypomethylation (for a 30% decrease; OR = 1.92; P = .045). Five-year colorectal cancer-specific survival was 75% among patients with 18q LOH-positive tumors and 74% among those with 18q LOH-negative tumors (log-rank P = .80). Five-year overall survival was 70% among patients with 18q LOH-positive tumors and 68% among those with 18q LOH-negative tumors (log-rank P = .54). Multivariate analysis did not show prognostic significance of 18q LOH. CONCLUSION In our large prospective study of patients with non-MSI-high colorectal cancer, 18q LOH or allelic imbalance was not associated with patient survival.
A Dynamic Query Processing Architecture for Data Integration Systems

Execution plans produced by traditional query optimizers for data integration queries may yield poor performance for several reasons. The cost estimates may be inaccurate, the memory available at run-time may be insufficient, or the data delivery rate can be unpredictable. All these problems have led database researchers and implementors to resort to dynamic strategies to correct or adapt the static QEP. In this paper, we identify the different basic techniques that must be integrated in a dynamic query engine. Following on our recent work [6] on the problem of unpredictable data arrival rates, we propose a dynamic query processing architecture which includes three dynamic layers: the dynamic query optimizer, the scheduler and the query evaluator. Having a three-layer dynamic architecture allows reducing significantly the overheads of the dynamic strategies.
Robotic wheelchair moving with multiple companions

We have been conducting research on ways to contribute to reducing the workload of caregivers. We developed a wheelchair capable of following a single accompanying caregiver in a parallel position. However, observations in actual care facilities revealed that people often move as a group: for instance, two caregivers each pushed a wheelchair together. Therefore, we now aim to develop a robotic wheelchair system that allows multiple wheelchairs and accompanying caregivers to coordinate their movement together. However, such a situation necessitates a complex system. Making such a system practical represents an enormous challenge. Therefore, as a first step we decided to break down this complex “multiple-multiple” situation by isolating particular instances with multiple wheelchairs and/or multiple caregivers. In this paper, we focus on the “single-multiple” situation; i.e., a situation where a single wheelchair user is accompanied by multiple accompanies. We propose a robotic wheelchair system that facilitates coordinated movement between the wheelchair and the caregivers. In other words, the wheelchair system will track multiple people in the vicinity using GPGPU, and distinguish the accompanying caregivers from among other passersby based on the trajectory of the individuals' movement.
Using harmonic phase information to improve ASR rate

Spectral phase information is usually discarded in automatic speech recognition (ASR). The Relative Phase Shift (RPS), a novel representation of the phase information of the speech, has features which seem to be appropriate to improve the ASR recognition rate. In this paper we describe the RPS representation, discuss different ways to parameterize this information in a suitable way for the HMM modelling, and present the results of the evaluation experiments. WER improvements ranging from 12 to 22% open promising perspectives for the use of this information jointly with the classical MFCC parameterization
Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 and Serum Glucocorticoid–regulated Kinase 1 Are Critical Mediators of Lung Injury in Overventilated Mice In Vivo

Background: Mechanical ventilation can cause lung endothelial barrier failure and inflammation cumulating in ventilator-induced lung injury. Yet, underlying mechanotransduction mechanisms remain unclear. Here, the authors tested the hypothesis that activation of the mechanosensitive Ca2+ channel transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV4) by serum glucocorticoid–regulated kinase (SGK) 1 may drive the development of ventilator-induced lung injury. Methods: Mice (total n = 54) were ventilated for 2 h with low (7 ml/kg) or high (20 ml/kg) tidal volumes and assessed for signs of ventilator-induced lung injury. Isolated-perfused lungs were inflated with continuous positive airway pressures of 5 or 15 cm H2O (n = 7 each), and endothelial calcium concentration was quantified by real-time imaging. Results: Genetic deficiency or pharmacologic inhibition of TRPV4 or SGK1 protected mice from overventilation-induced vascular leakage (reduction in alveolar protein concentration from 0.84 ± 0.18 [mean ± SD] to 0.46 ± 0.16 mg/ml by TRPV4 antagonization), reduced lung inflammation (macrophage inflammatory protein 2 levels of 193 ± 163 in Trpv4−/− vs. 544 ± 358 pmol/ml in wild-type mice), and attenuated endothelial calcium responses to lung overdistension. Functional coupling of TRPV4 and SGK1 in lung endothelial mechanotransduction was confirmed by proximity ligation assay demonstrating enhanced TRPV4 phosphorylation at serine 824 at 18% as compared to 5% cyclic stretch, which was prevented by SGK1 inhibition. Conclusions: Lung overventilation promotes endothelial calcium influx and barrier failure through a mechanism that involves activation of TRPV4, presumably due to phosphorylation at its serine 824 residue by SGK1. TRPV4 and SGK1 may present promising new targets for prevention or treatment of ventilator-induced lung injury.
A LDA-Based Approach for Interactive Web Mining of Topic Evolutionary Patterns

Many real-world Web mining tasks need to discover topics interactively, which means the users are likely to interfere the topic discovery and selection processes by expressing their preferences. In this paper, a new algorithm based on Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) is proposed for interactive topic evolution pattern detection. To eliminate those topics not interested, it allows the users to add supervised information by adjusting the posterior topic-word distributions, which may influence the inference process of the following iteration. A framework is designed to incorporate different kinds of supervised information. Experiments on English and Chinese corpus show that the extracted topics capture meaningful themes and the suppervised information can help to find better topics more efficiently.
The pantograph: a large workspace haptic device for multimodal human computer interaction

A multi-modal user interface taking advantage of kinesthesia force display, soundj and graphics, to improve human-computer interaction is described. This design primarily addresses the needs of visually impaired persons working in an office situation, but is presently applied to numerous other instances of human-machine interaction; such as operator workstations in control rooms or cockpits. The main technological item introduced here is the haptic interface itself (nicknamed the “Pantograph”) which measures position and velocity of a manipulated knob and displays forces in two dimensions over a wide frequency range. Programmed mechanical models are used to kinesthetically describe the features of the interface. These models are analogous to iconic representations in conventional graphic interfaces. Users, acting and perceiving through the haptic channel, simultaneously perceive simulated objects through the visual and auditory channels. Further developments are briefly reported.
cAMP-Inhibits Cytoplasmic Phospholipase A2 and Protects Neurons against Amyloid-β-Induced Synapse Damage

A key event in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the production of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and the loss of synapses. In cultured neurons Aβ triggered synapse damage as measured by the loss of synaptic proteins. α-synuclein (αSN), aggregates of which accumulate in Parkinson’s disease, also caused synapse damage. Synapse damage was associated with activation of cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), an enzyme that regulates synapse function and structure, and the production of prostaglandin (PG) E2. In synaptosomes PGE2 increased concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) which suppressed the activation of cPLA2 demonstrating an inhibitory feedback system. Thus, Aβ/αSN-induced activated cPLA2 produces PGE2 which increases cAMP which in turn suppresses cPLA2 and, hence, its own production. Neurons pre-treated with pentoxifylline and caffeine (broad spectrum phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors) or the PDE4 specific inhibitor rolipram significantly increased the Aβ/αSN-induced increase in cAMP and consequently protected neurons against synapse damage. The addition of cAMP analogues also inhibited cPLA2 and protected neurons against synapse damage. These results suggest that drugs that inhibit Aβ-induced activation of cPLA2 and cross the blood–brain barrier may reduce synapse damage in AD.
Lifting in equation-free methods for molecular dynamics simulations of dense fluids

Within the context of multiscale computations, equation-free methods have been developed. In this approach, the evolution of a system is simulated on the macroscopic level while only a microscopic model is explicitly available. To this end, a coarse time stepper for the macroscopic variables can be constructed, based on appropriately initialized microscopic simulations. In this paper, we investigate the initialization of the microscopic simulator using the macroscopic variables only (called lifting in the equation-free framework) when the microscopic model is a molecular dynamics (MD) description of a mono-atomic dense fluid. We assume a macroscopic model to exist in terms of the lowest order velocity moments of the particle distribution (density, velocity and temperature). The major difficulty is to design a lifting operator that accurately reconstructs the physically correct state of the fluid (i.e., the higher order moments) at a reasonable computational cost. We construct a lifting operator, as well as a restriction operator for the reverse mapping. For a simple model problem, we perform a systematic numerical study to assess the time scales on which the lifting errors disappear after reinitialization (healing); we also examine the effects on the simulated macroscopic behavior. The results show that, although in some cases accurate initialization of the higher order moments is not crucial, in general a detailed study of the lifting operator is required.
Hydrogels for Engineering of Perfusable Vascular Networks

Hydrogels are commonly used biomaterials for tissue engineering. With their high-water content, good biocompatibility and biodegradability they resemble the natural extracellular environment and have been widely used as scaffolds for 3D cell culture and studies of cell biology. The possible size of such hydrogel constructs with embedded cells is limited by the cellular demand for oxygen and nutrients. For the fabrication of large and complex tissue constructs, vascular structures become necessary within the hydrogels to supply the encapsulated cells. In this review, we discuss the types of hydrogels that are currently used for the fabrication of constructs with embedded vascular networks, the key properties of hydrogels needed for this purpose and current techniques to engineer perfusable vascular structures into these hydrogels. We then discuss directions for future research aimed at engineering of vascularized tissue for implantation.
I Was Confused: Robust Accountability for Permission Delegation in Cloud Federations

Cloud federations allow cloud providers to mitigate the limitation of local resources, enabling service provision for more customers. They allow a provider to either share its unused resources with providers of other clouds or request resources from them when its own resources are not enough to respond to customer demand. Thus, access control is required to manage access to those shared resources. The service provider determines who can access cloud resources by delegating permissions for that purpose. Breakdown in accountability can occur in delegation of permissions among multiple clouds because of ambiguity regarding the interpretation of permission specifications. This paper discusses the breakdown in accountability for delegated permissions in cloud federations, and then demonstrates a trust model to achieve breakdown-robust accountability.
Calibration of The Spatial Pose Between Inertial and Visual Sensors WithAn Inclinometer

An improved inertial and visual sensors calibration method is proposed in this paper, which is the method of fractional step to calibrate between inertial and visual sensors. The relationship of the rotation between inertial and vision sensors can be obtain by solving the improvement of hand-eye calibration equations. The inclinometer sensor is intro- duced in the process of calibration and the output of inclinometer data is utilized to optimize the rotation matrix between inertial and vision sensors; the translation between inertial and vision sensors can be obtain through solving the basic hand-eye calibration equations. The experiment results demonstrate that the method can precisely calibrate the relative po- sition of the space between inertial and visual sensors.