Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cholera Epidemic in Guinea-Bissau (2008): The Importance of “Place”

Background As resources are limited when responding to cholera outbreaks, knowledge about where to orient interventions is crucial. We describe the cholera epidemic affecting Guinea-Bissau in 2008 focusing on the geographical spread in order to guide prevention and control activities. Methodology/Principal Findings We conducted two studies: 1) a descriptive analysis of the cholera epidemic in Guinea-Bissau focusing on its geographical spread (country level and within the capital); and 2) a cross-sectional study to measure the prevalence of houses with at least one cholera case in the most affected neighbourhood of the capital (Bairro Bandim) to detect clustering of households with cases (cluster analysis). All cholera cases attending the cholera treatment centres in Guinea-Bissau who fulfilled a modified World Health Organization clinical case definition during the epidemic were included in the descriptive study. For the cluster analysis, a sample of houses was selected from a satellite photo (Google Earth™); 140 houses (and the four closest houses) were assessed from the 2,202 identified structures. We applied K-functions and Kernel smoothing to detect clustering. We confirmed the clustering using Kulldorff's spatial scan statistic. A total of 14,222 cases and 225 deaths were reported in the country (AR = 0.94%, CFR = 1.64%). The more affected regions were Biombo, Bijagos and Bissau (the capital). Bairro Bandim was the most affected neighborhood of the capital (AR = 4.0). We found at least one case in 22.7% of the houses (95%CI: 19.5–26.2) in this neighborhood. The cluster analysis identified two areas within Bairro Bandim at highest risk: a market and an intersection where runoff accumulates waste (p<0.001). Conclusions/Significance Our analysis allowed for the identification of the most affected regions in Guinea-Bissau during the 2008 cholera outbreak, and the most affected areas within the capital. This information was essential for making decisions on where to reinforce treatment and to guide control and prevention activities.
Markers and Methods for Cell Sorting of Human Embryonic Stem Cell‐Derived Neural Cell Populations

Neural cells differentiated in vitro from human embryonic stem cells (hESC) exhibit broad cellular heterogeneity with respect to developmental stage and lineage specification. Here, we describe standard conditions for the use and discovery of markers for analysis and cell selection of hESC undergoing neuronal differentiation. To generate better‐defined cell populations, we established a working protocol for sorting heterogeneous hESC‐derived neural cell populations by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS). Using genetically labeled synapsin‐green fluorescent protein‐positive hESC‐derived neurons as a proof of principle, we enriched viable differentiated neurons by FACS. Cell sorting methodology using surface markers was developed, and a comprehensive profiling of surface antigens was obtained for immature embryonic stem cell types (such as stage‐specific embryonic antigen [SSEA]‐3, ‐4, TRA‐1‐81, TRA‐1‐60), neural stem and precursor cells (such as CD133, SSEA‐1 [CD15], A2B5, forebrain surface embryonic antigen‐1, CD29, CD146, p75 [CD271]), and differentiated neurons (such as CD24 or neural cell adhesion molecule [NCAM; CD56]). At later stages of neural differentiation, NCAM (CD56) was used to isolate hESC‐derived neurons by FACS. Such FACS‐sorted hESC‐derived neurons survived in vivo after transplantation into rodent brain. These results and concepts provide (a) a feasible approach for experimental cell sorting of differentiated neurons, (b) an initial survey of surface antigens present during neural differentiation of hESC, and (c) a framework for developing cell selection strategies for neural cell‐based therapies.
Differential Effects of Encoding Instructions on Brain Activity Patterns of Item and Associative Memory

Evidence from neuroimaging studies suggests a critical role of hippocampus and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in associative relative to item encoding. Here, we investigated similarities and differences in functional brain correlates for associative and item memory as a function of encoding instruction. Participants received either incidental (animacy judgments) or intentional encoding instructions while fMRI was employed during the encoding of associations and items. In a subsequent recognition task, memory performance of participants receiving intentional encoding instructions was higher compared with those receiving incidental encoding instructions. Furthermore, participants remembered more items than associations, regardless of encoding instruction. Greater brain activation in the left anterior hippocampus was observed for intentionally compared with incidentally encoded associations, although activity in this region was not modulated by the type of instruction for encoded items. Furthermore, greater activity in the left anterior hippocampus and left IFG was observed during intentional associative compared with item encoding. The same regions were related to subsequent memory of intentionally encoded associations and were thus task relevant. Similarly, connectivity of the anterior hippocampus to the right superior temporal lobe and IFG was uniquely linked to subsequent memory of intentionally encoded associations. Our study demonstrates the differential involvement of anterior hippocampus in intentional relative to incidental associative encoding. This finding likely reflects that the intent to remember triggers a specific binding process accomplished by this region.
Musical Genre Classification by Instrumental Features

Automatic musical genre classification is very useful for many musical applications. In this paper, the features of instrument distribution and instrument-based notes are proposed to represent the high-level characteristics of music. Experimental results show that the proposed features have a good performance in musical genre classification. Comparison between our proposed features with the commonly used features --Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) and MFCC with energy term illustrates that our proposed features perform better in discriminating some musical genres, such as Pop, Jazz, and Rock.
Pitch Labels with Single and Multiple Meanings: A Study with French-Speaking Children

It has been suggested that English-speaking children have difficulty labeling pitch because of the multiple connotations of the terms “high” and “low. ” In this study, we examined whether the use of single or multiple-meaning labels affects young children's identification of pitch changes. French-speaking children received instruction on the use of the single-meaning terms aigu and grave (which as a pair of opposite terms is only used to label high and low sounds) or the multiple-meaning words haut and bas (which as its English counterparts“high” and “low” are used to label pitch, space, and intensity). Children were asked to describe the instructor's high and low voice, strike a drum whenever they heard a two-octave pitch change in a melody, and label the melody's high and low fragments. Children identified most of the pitch changes of the melody and used the newly learned labels with a high degree of accuracy. Those who were taught the single-meaning terms labeled high and low stimuli more correctly than did those who were taught the multiple-meaning terms.
From Knowledge to Power: The Rise of the Science Empire in France, 1860-1939

Acknowledgments Introduction 1. From second empire to third republic: the great scientific mutation 2. Fata morgana: positivism in nineteenth-century French biology 3. Biology in the University: the success of marine biology leads but to paradigm lost 4. The industrial connection of University science 5. Science in agriculture: an increasing role in the new land of plenty 6. Science in the catholic universities 7. Scientific publication: the flood of monographs, books, and journals unleashed by the new research imperative in schools and societies 8. Science funding in the twentieth century: laying the foundations of the science empire 9. The denouement of the 1930s: a new scientific function for the state Notes Bibliography Index.
Recognizing Textual Entailment with Logical Inference

With the goal of producing explainable entailment decisions, and ultimately having the computer "understand" the sentences it is processing, we have been pursuing a (somewhat) "logical" approach to recognizing entailment. First our system performs semantic interpretation of the sentence pairs. Then, it tries to determine if the (logic for) the H sentence subsumes (i.e., is implied by) some inference-elaborated version of the T sentence, using WordNet (including logical representations of its sense definitions) and the DIRT paraphrase database as its sources of knowledge. For pairs where it can conclude or refute entailment, the system often produces explanations which appear insightful, but also sometimes produces explanations which are clearly erroneous. In this paper we present our system and illustrate its good and bad behaviors. While the good behaviors are encouraging, the primary challenges continue to be: lack of lexical and world knowledge; poor quality of existing knowledge; and limitations of using a deductive style of reasoning with imprecise knowledge. Our best scores were: 56.5% (2-way task) and 48.1% (3-way task)
Reading ability and text difficulty as influences on second graders' oral reading errors.

This study assessed the influence of reading ability and difficulty of material on the types of oral reading errors made by second-grade children. The results showed that, overall, the proportion of graphically similar errors increased as material became more difficult, while the proportions of grammatically acceptable and semantically appropriate errors decreased. The interactions between reading ability and difficulty level were also significant, however, indicating that poor readers showed less change in all types of errors than good or normal readers. These results may be attributable to a greater flexibility in the reading strategies used by more skilled readers. Methodological implications of these findings for the reinterpretation of the results of past research and for the design of future studies are discussed.
Measurement of the bladder volume with a limited number of ultrasonic transducers

An urination management, containing the voided volume, the post-voiding residual urine, and the flow rate of urine in voiding, is important clinically for patients suffering from the voiding dysfunction. Therefore, the development of the noninvasive and simplified measuring instrument has been eagerly waiting, that enable to measure these urination parameters. Our research group previously developed the simplified device for estimation of the bladder volume, consisting of a limited number of ultrasonic transducers. To apply it to urination management, we also have proposed a novel algorithm that makes possible for the device to accurately assess the bladder volume of the wide range, and the device driver was modified to allow continuous measurement. In this study, a total of 61 different bladder volumes were measured, in order to evaluate the validity of this developed device. In pre-voiding measurement, the estimated bladder volumes based on this device were compared with the actual voided volume without residual urine. The results showed an excellent agreement (r=0.96). Furthermore, the estimated urine volumes trend during the voiding was in close accord with the actual volumes trends. As the result of this study, the utility of the developed device as an urination management system was demonstrated.
Architectural support for address translation on GPUs: designing memory management units for CPU/GPUs with unified address spaces

The proliferation of heterogeneous compute platforms, of which CPU/GPU is a prevalent example, necessitates a manageable programming model to ensure widespread adoption. A key component of this is a shared unified address space between the heterogeneous units to obtain the programmability benefits of virtual memory. To this end, we are the first to explore GPU Memory Management Units(MMUs) consisting of Translation Lookaside Buffers (TLBs) and page table walkers (PTWs) for address translation in unified heterogeneous systems. We show the performance challenges posed by GPU warp schedulers on TLBs accessed in parallel with L1 caches, which provide many well-known programmability benefits. In response, we propose modest TLB and PTW augmentations that recover most of the performance lost by introducing L1 parallel TLB access. We also show that a little TLB-awareness can make other GPU performance enhancements (e.g., cache-conscious warp scheduling and dynamic warp formation on branch divergence) feasible in the face of cache-parallel address translation, bringing overheads in the range deemed acceptable for CPUs (10-15\% of runtime). We presume this initial design leaves room for improvement but anticipate that our bigger insight, that a little TLB-awareness goes a long way in GPUs, will spur further work in this fruitful area.
Modes of Discrimination in the Recruitment Process: Formalisation, Fairness and Efficiency

Equal opportunities policies, and other programmes for the elimination of racial and sexual discrimination at work, frequently place great store by the formalisation of the recruitment process. This article suggests that such recommendations fail to take account of the nature of recruitment to most occupations. This point is developed by the presentation of both a typology of modes of discrimination in the recruitment process and an empirical case study.
Highly angle and frequency selective absorption by mushroom metasurfaces for indoor propagation control

Highly angle and frequency selective, very high absorption over 35 dB is observed by a two-dimensional array of mushroom structure artificially constructed on a very thin (∼ λ/20) dielectric substrate. The prototypes operating at the V-band are designed and their angle selectivity and absorption level are measured by using a free-space measurement system. It is shown that the high absorption occurs in consequence of exciting the guided waves in the mushroom structure by incident waves with a certain angle and certain frequencies.
Learning expressive computational models of gene regulatory sequences and responses

The regulation and responses of genes involve complex systems of relationships between genes, proteins, DNA, and a host of other molecules that are involved in every aspect of cellular activity. In this thesis, I present algorithms that learn expressive computational models of cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) and gene-regulatory networks. These models are expressive because they are able to represent key aspects of interest to biologists, often involving unobserved underlying phenomena. The algorithms presented in this thesis are designed specifically to learn in these expressive model spaces. I have developed a learning approach based on models of CRMs that represent not only the standard set of transcription factor binding sites, but also logical and spatial relationships between them. I show that my expressive models learn more accurate representations of CRMs in genomic data sets than current state-of-the-art learners and several less expressive baseline models. I have developed a probabilistic version of these CRM models which is closely related to hidden Markov models. I show how these models can perform inference and learn parameters efficiently when processing long promoter sequences, and that these expressive probabilistic models are also more accurate than several baselines. Another contribution presented in this thesis is the development of a general-purpose regression learner for sequential data. This approach is used to discover mappings from sequence features in DNA (e.g. transcription or sigma factor binding sites) to real-valued responses (e.g. transcription rates). The key contribution of this approach is its ability to use the real values directly to discover the relevant sequence features, as opposed to choosing the features beforehand or learning them from sequence alone, and without losing information in a discretization process. Finally, I present and evaluate a gene-regulatory network that learns the hidden underlying state of regulators from expression data and a set of cellular conditions under which expression is measured. I show that using sequence data to estimate the role of regulators (activator or repressor) increases the accuracy of the learned models.
The Development of a Transactional Analysis Scale for the Adjective Check List

Summary An important aspect of the personality theory of Transactional Analysis is the ego state concept. The psyche of every individual is postulated to have three components: Parent, Adult, and Child. A special Transactional Analysis (TA) scale for the Adjective Check List (ACL) was developed to assess the positive and negative aspects of the three ego states. The ACL is a popular self-report measure of personality traits. The TA scale appears to hold promise for understanding the personality dynamics of an individual and his interpersonal relations.
Differential Regulation of Caspase-1 Activation, Pyroptosis, and Autophagy via Ipaf and ASC in Shigella-Infected Macrophages

Shigella infection, the cause of bacillary dysentery, induces caspase-1 activation and cell death in macrophages, but the precise mechanisms of this activation remain poorly understood. We demonstrate here that caspase-1 activation and IL-1β processing induced by Shigella are mediated through Ipaf, a cytosolic pattern-recognition receptor of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family, and the adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a C-terminal caspase recruitment domain (ASC). We also show that Ipaf was critical for pyroptosis, a specialized form of caspase-1-dependent cell death induced in macrophages by bacterial infection, whereas ASC was dispensable. Unlike that observed in Salmonella and Legionella, caspase-1 activation induced by Shigella infection was independent of flagellin. Notably, infection of macrophages with Shigella induced autophagy, which was dramatically increased by the absence of caspase-1 or Ipaf, but not ASC. Autophagy induced by Shigella required an intact bacterial type III secretion system but not VirG protein, a bacterial factor required for autophagy in epithelial-infected cells. Treatment of macrophages with 3-methyladenine, an inhibitor of autophagy, enhanced pyroptosis induced by Shigella infection, suggesting that autophagy protects infected macrophages from pyroptosis. Thus, Ipaf plays a critical role in caspase-1 activation induced by Shigella independently of flagellin. Furthermore, the absence of Ipaf or caspase-1, but not ASC, regulates pyroptosis and the induction of autophagy in Shigella-infected macrophages, providing a novel function for NLR proteins in bacterial–host interactions.
Interest Points Image Detectors: Performance Evaluation

Most of computer vision applications employs interest points of the scene (images or frames) to under stand it. Therefore an accurate detection of the interest points is essential for many computer vision applications. The interest points must be invariant to rotation, zoom, blur, illumination and point of view changes. This paper presents a performance comparison of the most popular interest points detectors, such as Harris, Harris-Laplace, Laplacian of Gaussian and SIFT, in order to know which of them could be the most accurate. In the evaluation, the average variation of the interest points through those changes is compared. Frame sequences of several environments are used to perform the evaluations. The comparison results can be used for selection of an adequate detector and furthermore improvement of the performance of them.
The role of other orientation in team selection and anticipated performance

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand how the individual difference of other orientation affects the rational calculation between team input and anticipated performance.Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from 222 junior and senior level undergraduate business students. Of those students, 176 chose to take a scheduled exam as a team endeavour. Individuals were the unit of analysis in order to determine the individuals' motivation for working in teams. Other orientation was measured using the Comparative Emphasis Scale (CES). Students were asked to report their anticipated exam grade and anticipated total team hours studied. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to determine the main effects and moderation.Findings – Other orientation moderated the relationship between the decision to take an exam with a teammate and anticipated performance. Other orientation also moderated the relationship between the anticipated amount of effort studying and anticipated performance. In bo.
Now, He’s Not Alive

Through a mini-educational ethnography of a queer cultural center at a midsized, Western U.S. university, I explored the center’s cultural importance on the college campus and in its surrounding community. During the course of this study, one of my gay male participants, an undergraduate student leader of the center, committed suicide. While interviewing several participants (three gay males and one lesbian), I inquired into their feelings about suicide in the gay community in general and into the suicide of the center’s leader in particular. The words of four of my participants are captured in this poem.