Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Search-based generation of human readable test data and its impact on human oracle costs

The frequent non-availability of an automated oracle makes software testing a tedious manual task which involves the expensive performance of a human oracle. Despite this, the literature concerning the automated test data generation has mainly focused on the achievement of structural code coverage, without simultaneously considering the reduction of human oracle cost. One source of human oracle cost is the unreadability of machine-generated test inputs, which can result in test scenarios that are hard to comprehend and time-consuming to verify. This is particularly apparent for string inputs consisting of arbitrary sequences of characters that are dissimilar to values a human tester would normally generate. The key objectives of this research is to investigate the impact of a seeded search-based test data generation approach on test data oracle costs, and to propose a novel technique that can generate human readable test inputs for string data types. The first contribution of this thesis is the result of an empirical study in which human subjects are invited to manually evaluate test inputs generated using the seeded and unseeded search-based approaches for 14 open source case studies. For 9 of the case studies, the human manual evaluation was significantly less time-consuming for inputs produced using the seeded approach, while the accuracy of test input evaluation was also significantly improved in 2 cases. The second contribution is the introduction of a novel technique in which a natural language model is incorporated into the search-based process with the aim of improving the human readability of generated strings. A human study is performed in which test inputs generated using the technique for 17 open source case studies are evaluated manually by human subjects. For 10 of the case studies, the human manual evaluation was significantly less time consuming for inputs produced using the language model. In addition, the results revealed that accuracy of test input evaluation was also significantly enhanced for 3 of the case studies.
NF‐M (chicken C/EBP beta) induces eosinophilic differentiation and apoptosis in a hematopoietic progenitor cell line.

CAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs) are transcriptional activators implicated in the differentiation processes of various cell lineages. We have shown earlier that NF‐M, the chicken homolog of C/EBP beta, is specifically expressed in myelomonocytic and eosinophilic cells of the hematopoietic system. To investigate the role of NF‐M in hematopoietic cell lineage commitment, we constructed a conditional form of the protein by fusing it to the hormone binding domain of the human estrogen receptor. This construct was stably expressed in a multipotent progenitor cell line transformed by the Myb‐Ets oncoprotein. We report here that both NF‐M‐dependent promoter constructs and resident genes could be activated by addition of beta‐estradiol to the NF‐M‐estrogen receptor expressing progenitors. At the same time, we observed a down‐regulation of progenitor‐specific surface markers and the up‐regulation of differentiation markers restricted to the eosinophil and myeloid lineages. In addition to the onset of differentiation, cell death was induced with typical apoptotic features. Our results suggest that NF‐M plays an important role in commitment along the eosinophil lineage and in the induction of apoptosis.
[Increased expression of HOXA9 gene in Hirschsprung disease].

OBJECTIVE Hirschsprung disease is characterized by segmental aganglionosis of the terminal bowel. Neurons of the enteric nervous system arise from neural crest, migrate and colonize intestinal muscle coat where they proliferate and differentiate. The first pathophysiologic hypothesis suggests an absence of neural cell migration. The most recent hypothesis involves disorders of their homing and/or their differentiation due to an altered intestinal microenvironment. PATIENTS AND METHODS We analyzed the expression of muscle markers and laminin isoforms by immunocytochemistry and of homeotic genes involved in the regionalization of the intestinal mesenchyme during development (HOXA4, HOXA9, HOXD9) by RT-PCR, in colon specimens from two children with Hirschsprung disease (pathological and transition regions) and from healthy adult controls. RESULTS We showed an increase in HOXA9 gene expression in Hirschsprung disease specimens while HOXA4 and HOXD9 mRNA expressions were unchanged. No significant differences in the muscle markers nor in the laminin isoforms were noted. CONCLUSION These data suggest that intrinsic dysregulation of the intestinal wall microenvironment could account for the pathophysiology of Hirschsprung disease.
DISLOCATION MECHANISMS OF PLASTIC DEFORMATION OF ICE

Characters and properties of dislocations in ice are thoroughly reviewed on the basis of the knowledge hitherto obtained by the X-ray topographic method as well as recently found dynamical behavior. Extremely low energy of the faults on the basal plane found by the method leads us to conclude that all of the dislocations in ice should be extended as wide as several tens to one hundred nano-meter, depending upon their Burgers vectors, on the basal plane. The motion of dislocations, therefore, is severely restricted on the basal plane. The strong anisotropy of plastic deformation of ice single crystal is interpreted in terms of this restriction; i.e., the primary slip caused by glide motion of the (1/3) dislocations on (0001) is a unique easy slip system in ice because glide planes of the other dislocations do not coincide with their extended plane or the basal plane. It is also shown that the secondary slip system /{1010} is due to glide motion of the constricted (1/3) dislocations on the-prismatic planes {lOTO). Since only very short segments can glide on {1010) owing 'to the tendency of the dislocations to lie on (0001), this slip system is far less easier than the primary one in spite of larger velocities of the segments than the basal Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi. org/10.1051/jphyscol:1987124
Layered architecture(s): principles and practice in concurrent and distributed systems

Architecture plays a crucial role in the management of the development of complex systems, by identifying components and connections, and by showing how these may be aggregated or decomposed to give the various levels of detail essential for a complete understanding of what is intended to be developed or what has been developed. This paper sets out a form of layered architecture which can be used to describe a real-time distributed computing system from the functional, design, distribution and execution viewpoints. Strong traceability between these four layers is achieved by the common application of a structural concept based on independently operating processing components which interact with one another and with the system environment, through explicitly defined interaction components. Of particular importance is the set of protocols which characterise the interactions from a functional viewpoint, and which directly translate into route connections in a design model. Routes are shown to have well defined distribution and execution properties. Some implementation issues and application examples are discussed. The layered architecture approach grows out of and feeds into, real industrial applications. It is supported by development tools and generic components which have demonstrated their value in terms of economic development and product robustness.
To treat or not to treat: metabolomics reveals biomarkers for treatment indication in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients

In chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), the clinical course of patients is heterogeneous. Some present an aggressive disease onset and require immediate therapy, while others remain without treatment for years. Current disease staging systems developed by Rai and Binet may be useful in forecasting patient survival time, but do not discriminate between stable and progressive forms of the disease in the early stages. Recently ample attention has been directed towards identifying new disease prognostic markers capable of predicting clinical aggressiveness at diagnosis. In the present study serum samples from stable (n = 51) and progressive (n = 42) CLL patients and controls (n = 45) were used with aim to discover metabolic indicators of disease status. First an LC-MS based metabolic fingerprinting method was used to analyse selected samples in order to find a potential markers discriminating aggressive from indolent patients. Ten of these discovered markers were validated on the whole set of samples with an independent analytical technique. Linoleamide (p = 0.002) in addition to various acylcarnitines (p = 0.001–0.000001) showed to be significant markers of CLL in its aggressive form. Acetylcarnitine (p = 0.05) and hexannoylcarnitine (p = 0.005) were also distinguishable markers of indolent subjects. Forming a panel of selected acylcarnitines and fatty acid amides, it was possible to reach a potentially highly specific and sensitive diagnostic approach (AUC = 0.766).
The June 23, 2001 Peru earthquake and the southern Peru subduction zone

The plate boundary between the South American and Nazca plate along the south‐central Peru coast has been the site of large destructive earthquakes for many centuries, including the June 23, 2001 (MW=8.4) event. This underthrusting event has a fault area of 320 km by 100 km based on relocated aftershocks during the first three weeks following the mainshock. Modeling of the teleseismic broadband P waves of the 2001 Peru earthquake indicates two pulses of moment release with the larger second pulse located 130 km southeast of the mainshock initiation, indicating a unilateral rupture to the southeast. Based on intensity and tsunami reports, previous earthquakes in 1868 and 1604 were larger than the 2001 earthquake, while an event in 1784 was smaller. This provides further evidence that the size of earthquakes along the Peru coast has changed between successive earthquake cycles.
Toward a beaconless geographic routing with cooperative communications for wireless sensor networks. (Vers un protocole de routage géographique avec contention et communications coopératives pour les réseaux de capteurs)

In Wireless Sensor Networks, the routing task is an essential service that forwards the sensor readings to some data collection points in the network on the basis of the multi-hop relaying. The routing task is particularly challenging as it should be realized in an energy efficiency manner with limited amount of information. Geographic routing is a promising approach because of its good scalability and local information use, but when deploying such approach, some problems still remain because of some practical difficulties. In this thesis, some techniques have been explored to address two issues in geographic routing protocols: i) Cost associated to: the wireless channel impairments due to fading, mobility patterns or high dynamic environment and ii) the management of constrained resources of the nodes. To tackle these issues, two protocols were presented: a beaconless Cooperative Geographic cross-layer protocol for ad hoc and sensor networks (CoopGeo) and a Relay-Aware Cooperative Routing protocol (RACR). CoopGeo deals the wireless impairments by means of a cross-layer framework where a beaconless geographic routing approach was used to build the route not only in a local manner, but also on the y worked with a relay selection mechanism to exploit the broadcast nature of the wireless communications. The RACR protocol exploits the coverage extension as a result from node cooperation to improve the non-cooperative geographic routing. It is an alternative to scenarios where network resources like energy should be preserved while respecting a Symbol Error Rate constraint (SER).
Sweet 452 km – a report on the first type 1 diabetes patient to finish Double Ironman, a 30-hour endurance triathlon race

Scientific research of type 1 diabetes patients is often limited by ethical or technical reasons. Therefore, when people with diabetes decide to push their own limits and stretch the limits of our knowledge on their own, we can just observe and try to alleviate possible dangers. Here we would like to present a case of the first type 1 diabetes patient to safely complete the Double Ironman triathlon race. The race consisted of consecutive 7.6 km of swimming, 360 km of cycling, and 84.4 km of running.
Query-by-Example Search with Discriminative Neural Acoustic Word Embeddings

Query-by-example search often uses dynamic time warping (DTW) for comparing queries and proposed matching segments. Recent work has shown that comparing speech segments by representing them as fixed-dimensional vectors --- acoustic word embeddings --- and measuring their vector distance (e.g., cosine distance) can discriminate between words more accurately than DTW-based approaches. We consider an approach to query-by-example search that embeds both the query and database segments according to a neural model, followed by nearest-neighbor search to find the matching segments. Earlier work on embedding-based query-by-example, using template-based acoustic word embeddings, achieved competitive performance. We find that our embeddings, based on recurrent neural networks trained to optimize word discrimination, achieve substantial improvements in performance and run-time efficiency over the previous approaches.
The spatiality of trust: Antecedents of trust and the role of face-to-face contacts

In this paper we analyze how the spatiality of interactions influences trust creation in multi-site corporate innovation projects. By drawing on insights from the discussion on initial and gradual trust and connecting them to contributions from the field of economic geography, we examine different antecedents of trust and their dependence on face-to-face interaction. We thereby illustrate the complexity of initial and gradual trust creation and the interplay between personality traits, group-based similarities, situational and institutional factors, reputational inference, and personal interaction as trust antecedents. We can show that the speed and level of resilient trust creation is decisively influenced by the frequency and duration of face-to-face exchange between key project actors. The empirical insights are based on two qualitative case studies on specific innovation projects in multinational companies. Our findings stress the need to incorporate space as a facilitating factor in the analysis of trust development.
Distributed Protocol Stacks: A Framework for Balancing Interoperability and Optimization

This paper discusses architectural details related to a possible evolution in the protocol stack design, enabling to move a set of functions implemented at a particular layer of the protocol stack of one node to another element of the network (node, router, or base station). Communication with the functional block detached in such way is performed using a predefined communication interface. This novel paradigm is refereed to as distributed protocol stacks, and aims at providing a framework for performance optimization of data transfer, improved QoS provisioning, as well as advances in network design, operation, and management.
2 Cases of Microblogging Adoption in Project Teams

Social Software shows a fascinating range of usage possibilities in enterprises. Such tools are very simple and provide individual users with high degrees of freedom. This implies the need for a negotiation process, where users develop a shared understanding of how to use the tools in order to work together towards a common goal. In several case studies on organisational usage of microblogging we found that these adoption processes can be described by using Tuckman-Jensen’s model of group development, proposing five generic stages: forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning. We apply this model to describe and interpret observations of microblogging adoption and argue that this process is mainly driven by social interactions rather than technical constraints.
Colloidal gold reaction in multiple sclerosis.

MULTIPLE sclerosis is a not uncommon disorder of the central nervous system. Although characteristic pathologic changes have been demonstrated, the cause is unknown, and there is as yet no really adequate treatment. The onset may be gradual or sudden; the course, acute, chronic, remissive or progressive. Because of the multiplicity of lesions, the clinical manifestations are extremely variable. Obviously, such a disorder may be simulated by, or may simulate, various other conditions. Indeed, it has been proposed that it is not an entity but is in reality a syndrome that may be produced by various pathologic processes. The diagnosis is made readily, and usually erroneously, by casual consideration, or more correctly by the painstaking process of exclusion. In such a situation any laboratory aid is welcome. There is as yet no test specific for multiple sclerosis. Nonspecific alterations in the cell count, protein concentration and/or colloidal gold reaction of the
Fermentative Hydrogen Production by Enterobacter sp. KTSMBNL-01 Isolated from Municipal Sewage Sludge: Optimization Studies

A fermentative hydrogen-producing strain KTSMBNL-01 was isolated from the sewage sludge and identified as Enterobacter sp. on the basis of the biochemical characteristics and 16S rRNA gene analysis. The optimization of batch conditions for the production of hydrogen by Enterobacter sp. was investigated. Various parameters namely initial pH, temperature and substrate concentrations were varied for hydrogen production. Maximum hydrogen yield (0.86 mol/mol G) and cell growth (1.59 g/L) was obtained at pH 7.0 and at 37 °C. The strain was capable of producing hydrogen in the presence glucose, fructose, xylose, maltose, lactose, cellulose and starch, where the best results revealed with glucose. This study showed that Enterobacter sp. can efficiently produce H2 and it is a one more model microorganism for biohydrogen production.
On the stability analysis of boundary conditions for the wave equation by energy methods. Part I: the homogeneous case

We reconsider the stability theory of boundary conditions for the wave equation from the point of view of energy techniques. We study, for the case of the homogeneous half-space, a large class of boundary conditions including the so-called absorbing conditions. We show that the results of strong stability in the sense of Kreiss, studied from the point of view of the modal analysis by Trefethen and Halpern, always correspond to the decay in time of a particular energy. This result leads to the derivation of new estimates for the solution of the associated mixed problem.
Turkish School Counselors’ Experiences of Reporting Child Sexual Abuse: A Brief Report

This article reports results from a qualitative study conducted with a purposive sample of 25 Turkish school counselors who reported child sexual abuse. Participants were asked to identify resources they consulted, describe how they felt, and identify sources of support and barriers in the reporting process. The laws (68%) were the most consulted resource, while negative feelings (84%) were cited the most. The most cited sources of support were colleagues, lawyers, and school principals (20% each), while school principals also ranked first as barriers (44%), followed by incest victims’ families (32%). Participants predominantly desired safety and security of the reporter ensured (48%). Implications for a more functional child protection system and a reporter-friendly legal system in Turkey are discussed.
Enhancement patterns of pancreatic adenocarcinoma on conventional dynamic multi-detector row CT: correlation with angiogenesis and fibrosis.

AIM To evaluate retrospectively the correlation between enhancement patterns on dynamic computed tomography (CT) and angiogenesis and fibrosis in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. METHODS Twenty-three patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma underwent dynamic CT and tumor resection. In addition to the absolute and relative enhanced value that was calculated by subtracting the attenuation value on pre-contrast from those on contrast-enhanced CT in each phase, we defined one parameter, "tumor-aorta enhancement ratio", which was calculated by dividing enhancement of pancreatic cancer by enhancement of abdominal aorta in each phase. These enhancement patterns were correlated with the level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), microvessel density (MVD), and extent of fibrosis. RESULTS The absolute enhanced value in the arterial phase correlated with the level of VEGF and MVD (P = 0.047, P = 0.001). The relative enhanced value in arterial phase and tumor-aorta enhancement ratio (arterial) correlated with MVD (P = 0.003, P = 0.022). Tumor-aorta enhancement ratio (arterial) correlated negatively with the extent of fibrosis (P = 0.004). The tumors with greater MVD and higher expression of VEGF tended to show high enhancement in the arterial dominant phase. On the other hand, the tumors with a larger amount of fibrosis showed a negative correlation with the grade of enhancement during the arterial phase. CONCLUSION Enhancement patterns on dynamic CT correlated with angiogenesis and may be modified by the extent of fibrosis.
Research Note - The Allure of Homophily in Social Media: Evidence from Investor Responses on Virtual Communities

Millions of people participate in online social media to exchange and share information. Presumably, such information exchange could improve decision making and provide instrumental benefits to the participants. However, to benefit from the information access provided by online social media, the participant will have to overcome the allure of homophily-which refers to the propensity to seek interactions with others of similar status e.g., religion, education, income, occupation or values e.g., attitudes, beliefs, and aspirations. This research assesses the extent to which social media participants exhibit homophily versus heterophily in a unique context-virtual investment communities VICs. We study the propensity of investors in seeking interactions with others with similar sentiments in VICs and identify theoretically important and meaningful conditions under which homophily is attenuated. To address this question, we used a discrete choice model to analyze 682,781 messages on Yahoo! Finance message boards for 29 Dow Jones stocks and assess how investors select a particular thread to respond. Our results revealed that, despite the benefits from heterophily, investors are not immune to the allure of homophily in interactions in VICs. The tendency to exhibit homophily is attenuated by an investor's experience in VICs, the amount of information in the thread, but amplified by stock volatility. The paper discusses important implications for practice.
Mutation analysis of M . tuberculosis nucleotide sequences from patients in Belarus

from patients in Belarus R.S. Sergeev, I.S. Kavaliou, A. Gabrielian, A. Rosenthal, A.V. Tuzikov, United Institute of Informatics Problems NASB, 6 Surganova str. , Minsk, 220012, Belarus, roma.sergeev@gmail.com Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA EPAM Systems, 1/1 Academician Kuprevich str. , Minsk, 220141, Belarus