Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
European species of Hypocrea Part I. The green-spored species

At present 75 species of Hypocrea have been identified in temperate Europe. Nineteen green-spored species and their Trichoderma asexual states are here described in detail. Extensive searches for Hypocrea teleomorphs in 14 European countries, with emphasis on Central Europe, yielded more than 620 specimens within five years. The morphology of fresh and dry stromata was studied. In addition, available types of species described from Europe were examined. Cultures were prepared from ascospores and used to study the morphology of cultures and anamorphs, to determine growth rates, and to extract DNA that was used for amplification and sequencing of three genetic markers. ITS was used for identification, while RNA polymerase II subunit b (rpb2) and translation elongation factor 1 alpha (tef1) were analyzed for phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus. Several unexpected findings resulted from this project: 1) The previous view that only a small number of Trichoderma species form a teleomorph is erroneous. 2) All expectations concerning the number of species in Europe are by far exceeded. Seventy-five species of Hypocrea, two species of Protocrea, and Arachnocrea stipata, are herein identified in temperate Europe, based on the ITS identification routine using fresh material, on species described earlier without molecular data and on species recently described but not collected during this project. 3) Current data suggest that the biodiversity of Hypocrea / Trichoderma above soil exceeds the number of species isolated from soil. 4) The number of Trichoderma species forming hyaline conidia has been considered a small fraction. In Europe, 26 species of those forming teleomorphs produce hyaline conidia, while 42 green-conidial species are known. Three of the detected Hypocrea species do not form an anamorph in culture, while the anamorph is unknown in four species, because they have never been cultured. This work is a preliminary account of Hypocrea and their Trichoderma anamorphs in Europe. Of the hyaline-spored species, H. minutispora is by far the most common species in Europe, while of the green-spored species this is H. strictipilosa. General ecology of Hypocrea is discussed. Specific associations, either with host fungi or trees have been found, but the majority of species seems to be necrotrophic on diverse fungi on wood and bark. The taxonomy of the genus will be treated in two parts. In this first part 19 species of Hypocrea with green ascospores, including six new teleomorph and five new anamorph species, are described in detail. All green-spored species belong to previously recognised clades, except H. spinulosa, which forms the new Spinulosa Clade with two additional new species, and H. fomiticola, which belongs to the Semiorbis Clade and forms effuse to large subpulvinate stromata on Fomes fomentarius, a trait new for species with green ascospores. Anamorph names are established prospectively in order to provide a basis for possible policy alterations towards their use for holomorphs.
Profile-based Translation in Multilingual Expertise Retrieval

In the current multilingual environment of the web, authors contribute through a variety of languages. Therefor retrieving a number of specialists, who have publications in different languages, in response to a user-specified query is a challenging task. In this paper we try to answer the following questions: (1) How does eliminating the documents of the authors written in languages other than the query language affect the performance of a multilingual expertise retrieval (MLER) system? (2) Are the profiles of the multilingual experts helpful to improve the quality of the document translation task? (3) What constitutes a good profile and how should it be used to improve the quality of translation? In this paper we show that authors’ documents are usually related topically in different languages. Interestingly, it has been shown that such multilingual contributions can help us to construct profile-based translation models in order to improve the quality of document translation. We further provide an effective profile-based translation model based on topicality of translations in other publications of the authors. Experimental results on a MLER collection reveal that the proposed method provides significant improvements compared to the baselines.
Grounding toponyms in an Italian local news corpus

In this paper we present a study carried out over toponyms contained in an Italian news collection, in order to determine the degree of ambiguity of toponyms and how difficult could be to resolve such ambiguities. The results show that frequent toponyms are usually less ambiguous than rare to-ponyms. The resolution of ambiguities on a sample of 1,042 toponyms with different features confirms that ambiguous toponyms are spatially autocorrelated.
Redox Modulation Protects Islets From Transplant-Related Injury

OBJECTIVE Because of reduced antioxidant defenses, β-cells are especially vulnerable to free radical and inflammatory damage. Commonly used antirejection drugs are excellent at inhibiting the adaptive immune response; however, most are harmful to islets and do not protect well from reactive oxygen species and inflammation resulting from islet isolation and ischemia-reperfusion injury. The aim of this study was to determine whether redox modulation, using the catalytic antioxidant (CA), FBC-007, can improve in vivo islet function post-transplant. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The abilities of redox modulation to preserve islet function were analyzed using three models of ischemia-reperfusion injury: 1) streptozotocin (STZ) treatment of human islets, 2) STZ-induced murine model of diabetes, and 3) models of syngeneic, allogeneic, and xenogeneic transplantation. RESULTS Incubating human islets with catalytic antioxidant during STZ treatment protects from STZ-induced islet damage, and systemic delivery of catalytic antioxidant ablates STZ-induced diabetes in mice. Islets treated with catalytic antioxidant before syngeneic, suboptimal syngeneic, or xenogeneic transplant exhibited superior function compared with untreated controls. Diabetic murine recipients of catalytic antioxidant–treated allogeneic islets exhibited improved glycemic control post-transplant and demonstrated a delay in allograft rejection. Treating recipients systemically with catalytic antioxidant further extended the delay in allograft rejection. CONCLUSIONS Pretreating donor islets with catalytic antioxidant protects from antigen-independent ischemia-reperfusion injury in multiple transplant settings. Treating systemically with catalytic antioxidant protects islets from antigen-independent ischemia-reperfusion injury and hinders the antigen-dependent alloimmune response. These results suggest that the addition of a redox modulation strategy would be a beneficial clinical approach for islet preservation in syngeneic, allogeneic, and xenogeneic transplantation.
Identification of significant genes in genomics using Bayesian variable selection methods

In the studies of genomics, it is essential to select a small number of genes that are more significant than the others for research ranging from candidate gene studies to genome-wide association studies. In this study, we proposed a Bayesian method for identifying the promising candidate genes that are significantly more influential than the others. We employed the framework of variable selection and a Gibbs sampling based technique to identify significant genes. The proposed approach was applied to a genomics study for persons with chronic fatigue syndrome. Our studies show that the proposed Bayesian methodology is effective for deriving models for genomic studies and for providing information on significant genes.
Beyond Choices: The Design of Ethical Gameplay

Today's blockbuster video games -- and their never-ending sequels, sagas, and reboots -- provide plenty of excitement in high-resolution but for the most part fail to engage a player's moral imagination. In Beyond Choices, Miguel Sicart calls for a new generation of video and computer games that are ethically relevant by design. In the 1970s, mainstream films -- including The Godfather, Apocalypse Now, Raging Bull, and Taxi Driver -- filled theaters but also treated their audiences as thinking beings. Why can't mainstream video games have the same moral and aesthetic impact? Sicart argues that it is time for games to claim their place in the cultural landscape as vehicles for ethical reflection.Sicart looks at games in many manifestations: toys, analog games, computer and video games, interactive fictions, commercial entertainments, and independent releases. Drawing on philosophy, design theory, literary studies, aesthetics, and interviews with game developers, Sicart provides a systematic account of how games can be designed to challenge and enrich our moral lives. After discussing such topics as definition of ethical gameplay and the structure of the game as a designed object, Sicart offers a theory of the design of ethical game play. He also analyzes the ethical aspects of game play in a number of current games, including Spec Ops: The Line, Beautiful Escape: Dungeoneer, Fallout New Vegas, and Anna Anthropy's Dys4Ia. Games are designed to evoke specific emotions; games that engage players ethically, Sicart argues, enable us to explore and express our values through play.
Psychometric analysis of the Brisbane Practice Environment Measure (B-PEM).

PURPOSE To undertake rigorous psychometric testing of the newly developed contemporary work environment measure (the Brisbane Practice Environment Measure [B-PEM]) using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. METHODS Content validity of the 33-item measure was established by a panel of experts. Initial testing involved 195 nursing staff using principal component factor analysis with varimax rotation (orthogonal) and Cronbach's alpha coefficients. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using data from a further 983 nursing staff. RESULTS Principal component factor analysis yielded a four-factor solution with eigenvalues greater than 1 that explained 52.53% of the variance. These factors were then verified using confirmatory factor analysis. Goodness-of-fit indices showed an acceptable fit overall with the full model, explaining 21% to 73% of the variance. Deletion of items took place throughout the evolution of the instrument, resulting in a 26-item, four-factor measure called the Brisbane Practice Environment Measure-Tested. CONCLUSIONS The B-PEM has undergone rigorous psychometric testing, providing evidence of internal consistency and goodness-of-fit indices within acceptable ranges. The measure can be utilised as a subscale or total score reflective of a contemporary nursing work environment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE An up-to-date instrument to measure practice environment may be useful for nursing leaders to monitor the workplace and to assist in identifying areas for improvement, facilitating greater job satisfaction and retention.
Borrelia burgdorferi upregulates expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and promotes transendothelial migration of neutrophils in vitro

The accumulation of leukocytic infiltrates in perivascular tissues is a key step in the pathogenesis of Lyme disease, a chronic inflammatory disorder caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. During an inflammatory response, endothelial cell adhesion molecules mediate the attachment of circulating leukocytes to the blood vessel wall and their subsequent extravasation into perivascular tissues. Using cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in a whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we demonstrated that B. burgdorferi activated endothelium in a dose- and time-dependent fashion as measured by upregulation of the adhesion molecules E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). As few as one spirochete per endothelial cell stimulated increased expression of these molecules. Expression of E-selectin peaked after spirochetes and HUVEC were coincubated for 4 h and returned to near-basal levels by 24 h. In contrast, expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 peaked at 12 h and remained elevated at 24 h. HUVEC monolayers cultured on acellular amniotic tissue were used to investigate the consequences of endothelial cell activation by spirochetes. After incubation of HUVEC-amnion cultures with B. burgdorferi, subsequently added neutrophils migrated across the endothelial monolayers. This process was mediated by E-selectin and by CD11/CD18 leukocytic integrins. The extent of migration depended on both the number of spirochetes used to stimulate the HUVEC and the length of the coincubation period. These results raise the possibility that B. burgdorferi induces a host inflammatory response and accompanying perivascular damage through activation of vascular endothelium.
Knowledge Acquisition and Representation Using Fuzzy Evidential Reasoning and Dynamic Adaptive Fuzzy Petri Nets

The two most important issues of expert systems are the acquisition of domain experts' professional knowledge and the representation and reasoning of the knowledge rules that have been identified. First, during expert knowledge acquisition processes, the domain expert panel often demonstrates different experience and knowledge from one another and produces different types of knowledge information such as complete and incomplete, precise and imprecise, and known and unknown because of its cross-functional and multidisciplinary nature. Second, as a promising tool for knowledge representation and reasoning, fuzzy Petri nets (FPNs) still suffer a couple of deficiencies. The parameters in current FPN models could not accurately represent the increasingly complex knowledge-based systems, and the rules in most existing knowledge inference frameworks could not be dynamically adjustable according to propositions' variation as human cognition and thinking. In this paper, we present a knowledge acquisition and representation approach using the fuzzy evidential reasoning approach and dynamic adaptive FPNs to solve the problems mentioned above. As is illustrated by the numerical example, the proposed approach can well capture experts' diversity experience, enhance the knowledge representation power, and reason the rule-based knowledge more intelligently.
To have loved and lost: Adolescent romantic relationships and rejection

To Have Loved and Lost: Adolescent Romantic Relationships and Rejection Bonnie L. Barber Murdoch University Fisher (this volume) has written a provocative chapter about romantic love and rejection. She brings into her writing work from a number of fields to explain the origins and manifestations of romance and the consequent risks of rejection. Her major contribution in this chapter is her ability to lead us to focus our attention on the neuroscience of social emotions. In our efforts to measure and study love and romance, we often focus on subjective interpretations recorded in interviews or surveys, without consideration for underlying biological experiences. Fisher reminds us that this focus on cognitive constructions of the emotions and motivations for sex and social bonding provides an incomplete view. Here, I take several approaches to the topic of adolescent romantic relationships and rejection. First, I examine neuroimaging studies focused on romantic love and consider the evidence for the psychophysiological properties of romantic love as a distinct drive system. Although I suggest that the data do not clearly show that romantic love is a distinct biological system, I agree with Fisher that rejection is both common and painful, and a topic of central importance in the study of adolescent romantic relations and sexuality. Relationship break-ups also may offer opportunities for personal growth. In support of these ideas, I conclude this chapter with data on sequelae of adolescent relationship break-ups. Is the Reward System in the Brain Activated Uniquely by a Romantic Partner?
Efficient domination and polarity

This thesis considers Efficient Domination, Efficient Edge Domination, Polarity, and Monopolarity, graph problems that ask for a vertex or edge subset that is a packing and a covering at the same time. Efficient Domination seeks for an independent vertex subset D such that all other vertices have exactly one neighbor in D. Here, packing means that the vertices of D must not be too close to each other and, in contrast, covering requires that they have to be near to the other vertices. Efficient Edge Domination is the edge version of Efficient Domination. Polarity asks for a vertex subset that induces a complete multipartite graph—the packing aspect—and that contains a vertex of every induced P3—the covering aspect. Monopolarity is the special case of Polarity where the complete multipartite graph has to be edgeless. Since all these problems are NP-complete in general, for each problem a lot of effort has been put into separating the graph classes on which the problem remains NP-complete from those that admit an efficient algorithm. This thesis pursues both directions. On the one hand, we introduce a framework for our NP-completeness proofs and use it to sharpen known results for all mentioned problems. On the other hand, we reveal new tractable cases: Efficient Domination As we figure out that the problem is NP-complete on F -free graphs whenever F is not a linear forest, we clarify the complexity on F -free graphs for linear forests F with at most six vertices, except the P6. In particular, we show that the problem is efficiently solvable if F has at most five vertices. Efficient Edge Domination We provide a linear time algorithm for chordal bipartite graphs and an O(nm)-time algorithm for hole-free graphs, which solves the open question, whether Efficient Edge Domination is efficiently solvable on weakly chordal graphs. Monopolarity We formulate a graph property that enables the reduction from Monopolarity to 2-SAT and refine this idea to develop an efficient algorithm for a graph class that contains nearly all known efficiently solvable cases. Polarity Motivated by our result that Polarity is NP-complete on planar graphs, we introduce an algorithmic framework for subclasses of planar graphs. We show that the framework can be implemented efficiently for hole-free planar and maximal planar graphs.
Plasma Membrane Transporters of Serotonin, Dopamine, and Norepinephrine Mediate Serotonin Accumulation in Atypical Locations in the Developing Brain of Monoamine Oxidase A Knock-Outs

Genetic loss or pharmacological inhibition of monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) in mice leads to a large increase in whole-brain levels of serotonin (5-HT). Excess 5-HT in mouse neonates prevents the normal barrel-like clustering of thalamic axons in the somatosensory cortex. Projection fields of other neuron populations may develop abnormally. In the present study, we have analyzed the localization of 5-HT immunolabeling in the developing brain of MAOA knock-out mice. We show numerous atypical locations of 5-HT during embryonic and postnatal development. Catecholaminergic cells of the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, hypothalamus, and locus ceruleus display transient 5-HT immunoreactivity. Pharmacological treatments inhibiting specific monoamine plasma membrane transporters and genetic crosses with mice lacking the dopamine plasma membrane transporter show that the accumulation of 5-HT in these catecholaminergic cells is attributable to 5-HT uptake via the dopamine or the norepinephrine plasma membrane transporter. In the telencephalon, transient 5-HT immunolabeling is observed in neurons in the CA1 and CA3 fields of the hippocampus, the central amygdala, the indusium griseum, and the deep layers of the anterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortices. In the diencephalon, primary sensory nuclei, as well as the mediodorsal, centrolateral, oval paracentral, submedial, posterior, and lateral posterior thalamic nuclei, are transiently 5-HT immunolabeled. The cortical projections of these thalamic nuclei are also labeled. In the brainstem, neurons in the lateral superior olivary nucleus and the anteroventral cochlear nucleus are transiently 5-HT immunolabeled. None of these structures appear to express the monoamine biosynthetic enzymel-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase. The administration of monoamine plasma membrane transporter inhibitors indicates that the 5-HT immunolabeling in these structures is attributable to an uptake of 5-HT by the 5-HT plasma membrane transporter. This points to neuron populations that form highly precise projection maps that could be affected by 5-HT during specific developmental stages.
An Innovative Braille System Keyboard for the Visually Impaired

A keyboard is specially designed and constructed to provide easy typing technology for the visually impaired. There are totally 6 logical sensing switches that are used for acquiring the characters. The whole keyboard works based on Braille system. There are also five other specially used switches like SHIFT (Number Alphabet toggle button), SPACE, BACK SENSE, CAPS LOCK and SPEAK. This keyboard is a device made of logical switches and uses Braille system technique for sensing the characters. In this system, the sensors are aligned according to the Braille language i.e. alphabets or numeric/special characters. The main advantage of this project is that the visually impaired do not need any training since most of them are already specialized in Braille language. This keyboard is interfaced with a computer in a similar way to that of the primary keyboards that are available.
WEKA: The Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis

WEKA is a workbench designed to aid in the application of machine learning technology to real world data sets, in particular, data sets from New Zealand’s agricultural sector. In order to do this a range of machine learning techniques are presented to the user in such a way as to hide the idiosyncrasies of input and output formats, as well as allow an exploratory approach in applying the technology. The system presented is a component based one that also has application in machine learning research and education.
Visual Analytics in Urban Computing: An Overview

Nowadays, various data collected in urban context provide unprecedented opportunities for building a smarter city through urban computing. However, due to heterogeneity, high complexity and large volumes of these urban data, analyzing them is not an easy task, which often requires integrating human perception in analytical process, triggering a broad use of visualization. In this survey, we first summarize frequently used data types in urban visual analytics, and then elaborate on existing visualization techniques for time, locations and other properties of urban data. Furthermore, we discuss how visualization can be combined with automated analytical approaches. Existing work on urban visual analytics is categorized into two classes based on different outputs of such combinations: 1) For data exploration and pattern interpretation, we describe representative visual analytics tools designed for better insights of different types of urban data. 2) For visual learning, we discuss how visualization can help in three major steps of automated analytical approaches (i.e., cohort construction; feature selection & model construction; result evaluation & tuning) for a more effective machine learning or data mining process, leading to sort of artificial intelligence, such as a classifier, a predictor or a regression model. Finally, we outlook the future of urban visual analytics, and conclude the survey with potential research directions.