Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intrinsic Functional Component Analysis via Sparse Representation on Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative Database

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia (accounting for 60% to 80%) and is the fifth leading cause of death for those people who are 65 or older. By 2050, one new case of AD in United States is expected to develop every 33 sec. Unfortunately, there is no available effective treatment that can stop or slow the death of neurons that causes AD symptoms. On the other hand, it is widely believed that AD starts before development of the associated symptoms, so its prestages, including mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or even significant memory concern (SMC), have received increasing attention, not only because of their potential as a precursor of AD, but also as a possible predictor of conversion to other neurodegenerative diseases. Although these prestages have been defined clinically, accurate/efficient diagnosis is still challenging. Moreover, brain functional abnormalities behind those alterations and conversions are still unclear. In this article, by developing novel sparse representations of whole-brain resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging signals and by using the most updated Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset, we successfully identified multiple functional components simultaneously, and which potentially represent those intrinsic functional networks involved in the resting-state activities. Interestingly, these identified functional components contain all the resting-state networks obtained from traditional independent-component analysis. Moreover, by using the features derived from those functional components, it yields high classification accuracy for both AD (94%) and MCI (92%) versus normal controls. Even for SMC we can still have 92% accuracy.
After an Episode of Acute Low Back Pain, Recurrence Is Unpredictable and Not as Common as Previously Thought

Study Design. Inception cohort study. Objective. To provide the first reliable estimate of the 1-year incidence of recurrence in subjects recently recovered from acute nonspecific low back pain (LBP) and to determine factors predictive of recurrence in 1 year. Summary of Background Data. Previous studies provide potentially flawed estimates of recurrence of LBP because they do not restrict the cohort to those who have recovered and are therefore eligible for a recurrence. Methods. We identified 1334 consecutive patients who presented to primary care with acute LBP; of these 353 subjects recovered before 6 weeks and entered the current study. The primary outcome measure was recurrence of LBP in the next year. Specifically, an episode of recurrence was defined in 2 ways: recall of recurrence at the 12-month follow-up and report of pain at the 3- or 12-month follow-up. Risk factors for recurrence were assessed at baseline. Pain intensity was assessed at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 12 months and recurrence at 12 months. Factors that could plausibly affect recurrence were chosen a priori and evaluated using a multivariable regression analysis. Results. Recurrence of LBP was found to be much less common than previous estimates suggest, ranging from 24% (95% CI = 20%–28%) using “12-month recall” definition of recurrence, to 33% (95% CI = 28%–38%) using “pain at follow-up” definition of recurrence. However, only 1 factor, previous episode(s) of LBP, was consistently predictive of recurrence within the next 12 months (odds ratio = 1.8–2.0, P = 0.00–0.05). Conclusion. This study challenges the assumption that the majority of subjects will have a recurrence of LBP in a 1-year period. After the resolution of an episode of acute LBP, about 25% of subjects will have a recurrence in the next year. It is difficult to predict who will have a recurrence within the next year.
Aggresome Formation by the Adenoviral Protein E1B55K Is Not Conserved among Adenovirus Species and Is Not Required for Efficient Degradation of Nuclear Substrates

ABSTRACT Much of the work on the basic molecular biology of human adenoviruses has been carried out on a very limited number of the more than 60 serotypes, primarily the highly related species C viruses adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) and Ad2 and, to some extent, Ad12 of species A. Until recently, it has been widely assumed that insights obtained with these model viruses were representative of all human adenoviruses. Recent studies on the E3 ubiquitin ligase formed by the viral E1B55K and E4orf6 proteins with a cellular Cullin-based complex indicated that although all species form such a functional complex, significant variations exist in terms of complex composition and the substrates that are degraded. In the present report we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the localization of E1B55K products from representatives of six of the seven adenovirus species in the presence and the absence of the corresponding E4orf6 protein. We found that although in some species E1B55K localized in aggresomes, such was not always the case, suggesting that these structures are not necessary for the efficient degradation of substrates. In addition, differences were evident in the localization of E1B55K, although all forms readily associated with PML. Finally, Ad5 E1B55K was seen to localize in close proximity to Rab11, a marker for the endosomal recycling compartment, and both focused at the microtubule organizing center. These findings suggest that E1B55K from some species may employ the transport system utilized by the membrane recycling pathway to assemble aggresomes and the possibility that this structure might then affect recycling of cell surface components.
Visual Interpretation of Kernel‐Based Prediction Models

Statistical models are frequently used to estimate molecular properties, e.g., to establish quantitative structure‐activity and structure‐property relationships. For such models, interpretability, knowledge of the domain of applicability, and an estimate of confidence in the predictions are essential. We develop and validate a method for the interpretation of kernel‐based prediction models. As a consequence of interpretability, the method helps to assess the domain of applicability of a model, to judge the reliability of a prediction, and to determine relevant molecular features. Increased interpretability also facilitates the acceptance of such models. Our method is based on visualization: For each prediction, the most contributing training samples are computed and visualized. We quantitatively show the effectiveness of our approach by conducting a questionnaire study with 71 participants, resulting in significant improvements of the participants’ ability to distinguish between correct and incorrect predictions of a Gaussian process model for Ames mutagenicity.
Role of Microstructure and Doping on the Mechanical Strength and Toughness of Polysilicon Thin Films

The role of microstructure and doping on the mechanical strength of microscale tension specimens of columnar grain and laminated polysilicon doped with different concentrations of phosphorus was investigated. The average tensile strengths of undoped columnar and laminated polysilicon specimens were 1.3 ± 0.1 and 2.45 ± 0.3 GPa, respectively. Heavy doping reduced the strength of columnar polysilicon specimens to 0.9 ± 0.1 GPa. On grounds of Weibull statistics, the experimental results from specimens with gauge sections of 1000 μm × 100 μm × 1 μm predicted quite well the tensile strength of specimens with gauge sections of 150 μm × 3.75 μm × 1 μm, and vice versa. The large difference in the mechanical strength between columnar and laminated polysilicon specimens was due to sidewall flaws in columnar polysilicon, which were introduced during reactive ion etching (RIE) and were further exacerbated by phosphorus doping. Removal of the large defect regions at the sidewalls of columnar polysilicon specimens via ion milling increased their tensile strength by 70%-100%, approaching the strength of laminated polysilicon, which implies that the two types of polysilicon films have comparable tensile strength. Measurements of the effective mode I critical stress intensity factor, KIC,eff, also showed that all types of polysilicon films had comparable resistance to fracture. Therefore, additional processing steps to eliminate the edge flaws in RIE patterned devices could result in significantly stronger microelectromechanical system components fabricated by conventional columnar polysilicon films.
Perineural Spread in Noncutaneous Head and Neck Cancer: New Insights into an Old Problem

Abstract Head and neck malignancies have the propensity to invade nerves. Perineural tumor invasion is common, with some series reporting rates of 30 to 100%. Squamous cell carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma are the most commonly involved tumors. The most commonly involved nerves are the trigeminal (cranial nerve [CN] V) and facial (CN VII) and their branches. Neural spread away from a tumor is encountered less often and usually causes specific symptoms such as pain, muscle weakness, and atrophy, depending on the involved nerves. While clinical symptoms and physical examination may suggest the presence of neural invasion, specific imaging modalities such as fat-suppressed T1-weighted magnetic resonance images, should be utilized to identify perineural tumor spread in its early phases. Perineural tumor spread should be considered and addressed in the treatment planning of patients with head and neck or skull base cancers as it can influence the extent of surgery, and the dosage and fields of radiation therapy. In the current review, we discuss the clinical course of perineural tumor spread and its therapeutic implications.
Lexicon Reduction for Urdu / Arabic Script Based Character Recognition : A Multilingual OCR

Arabic script character recognition is challenging task due to complexity of the script and huge number of ligatures. We present a method for the development of multilingual Arabic script OCR (Optical Character Recognition) and lexicon reduction for Arabic Script and its derivative languages. The objective of the proposed method is to overcome the large dataset Urdu and similar scripts by using GCT (Ghost Character Theory) concept. Arabic and its sibling script languages share the similar character dataset i.e. the character set are difference in diacritic and writing styles like Naskh or Nasta’liq. Based on the proposed method, the lexicon for Arabic and Arabic script based languages can be minimized approximately up to 20 times. The proposed multilingual Arabic script OCR approach have been evaluated for online Arabic and its derivative language like Urdu using BPNN. The result showed that proposed method helps to not only the reduction of lexicon but also helps to develop the Multilanguage character recognition system for Arabic Script.
Inhibition of In Vivo and In Vitro Fertilization in Rodents by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Antagonists1

Abstract We have examined the effect of two GnRH antagonists, Ac-D-Nal1-Cl-D-Phe2-3-Pyr-D-Ala3-Arg5-D-Glu(AA)6-GnRH (Nal-Glu) and Ac3,4-dehydro-Pro1,-p-fluoro-D-Phe2,D-Trp3,6-GnRH (4pF), on in vivo and in vitro fertilization in rodents. Female rats were treated in the afternoon of proestrus with 2 μl of Nal-Glu or 4pF (0.5 and 5 mM) injected directly into one oviductal horn (experimental); saline was injected into the contralateral horn (control). Females were then mated and the oviducts were perfused for egg and sperm recovery. The results indicate that both antagonists inhibited in vivo fertilization. Thus, the percentage of fertilized eggs in control oviducts ranged from 92% ± 5% to 100% ± 0%, whereas in treated oviducts, fertilization ranged from 25% ± 6% to 73% ± 5%. GnRH antagonists did not interfere with the process of ovulation, sperm migration to the site of fertilization, or early embryo development. In additional experiments with mice, GnRH antagonists inhibited in vitro fertilization. One fertilization event that was specifically inhibited by GnRH antagonists was the process of sperm binding to the zona pellucida. This step was precisely monitored using the hemizona assay. GnRH antagonists did not affect sperm movement or acrosomal status. These observations indicated that local treatment with GnRH antagonists inhibit in vivo fertilization and give additional support to the idea that endogenous GnRH may play an important role during fertilization by increasing the efficiency of sperm-zona binding.
Rotational Spectra of Symmetric Top Molecules in Ground and Different Vibrational Excited States, and Phenomenon of Resonance – Applying in CF3CCH

This paper deals with review of exploration of resonance in symmetric top molecules in different vibrational excited states, vt = n (n =1, 2, 3, 4). Calculations for CF3CCH shows that resonance take place at k=xℓℓ+(A-B)-2AζAζ-(A-B) and k=xℓℓ+(A-B)-2AζAζ-(A-B) for v10 = 2 and v10 = 3 respectively. In order to account for splitting about 3 MHz for the − 2 series in v10 = 4 is necessary to introduce the element 〈 J,k, ℓ|f24| J,k + 2, ℓ − 4〉 in fitting program.
Prenatal diagnosis of hypochondroplasia: Report of two cases

Hypochondroplasia (HCH) is an autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia characterized by short extremities, short stature and lumbar lordosis, usually exhibiting a phenotype similar to but milder than achondroplasia (ACH). Mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene are present in a significant proportion of HCH patients. Reports of prenatal diagnosis of HCH are very rare and the phenotype/genotype correlation in these patients is poor. Here we present two sporadic cases with second trimester ultrasound findings consistent with a diagnosis of a non‐lethal skeletal dysplasia. Ultrasound evaluation after 23 weeks of gestation showed a decreased rate of development of the femora (femur length
Interannual variability of the South China Sea in a data assimilation model

Sea surface height (SSH) variations in the South China Sea are examined using results from a data assimilation model. After the SSH data have had the annual cycle removed, principal component analysis illustrates two distinct anomaly patterns. The first mode, strongest off Vietnam, would affect the basin‐wide gyre intensity. The second mode consists of a meridional dipole feature with a nodal line around 12°N and is related to the development of the eastward jet and upwelling off Vietnam. Both EOF modes have significant interannual variations and are highly correlated to the ENSO events. The leading phase of mode 2 coefficient provides preliminary evidence for the air‐sea interaction and the Pacific‐East Asian teleconnection. An innovative mechanism is proposed to describe a weakened upwelling off Luzon in winter 1998. An extra‐strong basin‐wide warming in summer 1998 persists into fall and winter, preventing the formation of winter upwelling off Luzon in that year.
Quasi-2D Surface-Potential-Based Critical Length for Drift-Diffusion

The diffusive mobility (μD) shifts toward ballistic mobility (μB) dominant transport in deep submicrometer MOSFETs. The ballistic behavior is noticeable at much larger length scales in III-V-based devices. The transition between diffusive to ballistic mechanism is still not well modeled. In this letter, we present a physics-based model for the critical length (δ) derived from the quasi-2D solution of the 2D Poisson equation. The onset of ballistic behavior is better estimated from the S rather than the channel length (L). The role of S in determining the carrier transport mechanism in conceptual MOS devices is discussed. The presented model scales with the device electrostatics and can be used with the conventional compact models to get a smooth transition between different operating regimes due to channel-length scaling.
The use of camera mobile phone to assess emergency ENT radiological investigations

no patient was put at extra risk of recurrence. For full details as to whether coblation is suitable for tonsillectomy, we would refer readers to the National Prospective Tonsillectomy Audit results. It was never an objective, in this study, to determine this, and our advocation for coblation tonsillectomy is a personal statement made from our unit’s experience. We used random numbers to determine side of operation and believe correct randomization occurred. It is recommended to use coblation on the lowest possible setting, and from our experience a setting of 8 for tonsillotomy and 6 for tonsillectomy resulted in minimal tissue damage whilst maintaining adequate effect of the instrument. The analgesia given to patients was not recorded, but as patients acted as their own control, this was not thought to be relevant to the study. Arvind Singh Royal Marsdon, Fulham Road, London, UK, E-mail: singha@doctors.org. uk
Adjectival inflection and the licensing of empty categories in DP

This paper is about the licensing conditions on empty categories in DP, dealing in particular with the distribution of the null noun pro in adjectival contexts. I will show that N-pro is submitted to requirements of formal licensing and identification, in which inflexional morphology plays a crucial role. Under this scenario, the contrast between English and other languages with respect to N-pro can be attributed to the absence versus presence of inflexional morphology within the nominal domain.
Diabetes in America: Epidemiology and Scope of the Problem

Epidemiological studies performed over the past 40 years have shown that the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes has increased dramatically in the U.S. and that a substantial proportion of the population has undiagnosed diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes is most prevalent in minority populations, such as African-Americans, Native Americans, and Mexican Americans. Increasing prevalence of diabetes has led to increases in microvascular complications such as blindness, end-stage renal disease, and lower limb amputations. Poor glycemic control contributes to the high incidence of these complications, yet community-based studies of diabetic patients show their mean fasting plasma glucose concentration is generally >180 mg/dl compared with 100 mg/dl for nondiabetic individuals. In people with diabetes, risk factors for cardiovascular disease including elevated fasting plasma glucose, blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and obesity partly explain the high proportion of deaths (60–70%) caused by cardiovascular disease in people with diabetes. More intensive diabetes management and improved glycemic control could minimize long-term complications of the disease and would be expected to reduce the morbidity, mortality, and costs associated with diabetes.
Type Checking Without Types

um Proponimus linguam ordinatri TypeCore, systema classificationis eius, a classificationes dependentes quidem derivata, non copiis constructa, sed qualitate mereologica est. In lingua ea, omnis res certe classificatione, si subclassificatio illius est. Omnibus rebus classificationibus, syntax speciala classificationium non necesse est. Exemplo gratia, classificationes datorum algebraicorum puncto stabile definire potes, quomodo functiones recursivas definis. Simile, classificationes existentiales comprehensionibus, universales functionibus expressibiles sunt.
Predicting efficacy of antiinfectives with pharmacodynamics and Monte Carlo simulation: CME REVIEW ARTICLE

1. To describe how antibiotic absorption and elimination can vary depending on the route of administration, the age of the child and function of the organs involved in antibiotic metabolism. 2. To be able to discuss the fact that the antibiotic exposure to the pathogen, over time, varies from tissue to tissue but can be measured at many target sites where the infections actually occur, such as the bloodstream, cerebrospinal fluid or middle ear fluid. 3. To describe the variables providing data to the Monte Carlo simulation. 4. To recall that data used to describe the variables in a published Monte Carlo simulation in a journal may not necessarily reflect the data that would be used to describe those variables for a particular physician’s own patient.
Soft Switching System Based on Weighted Probabilities for Stochastic Hybrid Multiple Model-based Control Systems

Stochastic hybrid model-based control refers to controlling uncertain systems, which are modeled as a multiple-model set with a varying variable structure and the use of interacting multiple model (IMM) estimator and generalized predictive control (GPC) algorithm as described in [1]. For a hard switching system, the plant model is determined by the selection of the “most reliable” model in the model set. However as indicated in [2], the hard switching system can be destabilized with some switching sequences even if every model in the model set is globally stabilized. Now we consider the use of a soft switching system where the plant model is formed by the weighted probabilities from several models in the model set. It provides a smoother and smaller offset error in a tracking process. This paper presents some stabilizability conditions for the soft switching signals of continuous and discrete stochastic hybrid model-based control systems.
An Algorithm for High-Speed Digital Filters

This paper describes an algorithm that is suitable for fast implementations of nonrecursive and recursive digital filters. High speed is realized at the expense of memory; however, the memory-speed tradeoff is flexible so that many hardware and software implementations are practical. When memory is not limited, the time required to compute a filter output value is independent of the order of the filter.
The Behavioural Neurology Assessment

ABSTRACT: Background: We present information regarding the standardization, reliability and clinical validity of two versions of the Behavioural Neurology Assessment (BNA). The BNA-Long Form consists of 24 subtests within separate domains: Attention, Memory, Language, Visuospatial Function, Executive Function, and Praxis. The BNA-Short Form consists of 13 subtests within the domains of Attention, Memory, Naming, Visuospatial Function and Executive Function. In addition to individual domain indices, a Grand Total score was calculated for both BNA versions. Objective: To standardize the administration and scoring and validate the BNA for detection of dementia. Methods: Standardized normative data were obtained on 115 healthy subjects ranging in age from 50 to 95. Test-retest stability was obtained on 19 subjects and clinical validity was investigated by administering the BNA and Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) to 29 patients with dementia and 29 age-matched healthy subjects (controls). Results: Age had a significant effect on all but the Visuospatial and Praxis indices of the BNA-Long Form and an effect on Naming and Grand Total score of the Short-Form. Internal consistency (Cronbach's coefficient a) was . 87 and . 67 for the Long and Short Forms (.95 and .96 for dementia and control groups combined). Test-retest stability was acceptable. Grand Total indices of both BNA versions showed significant, positive correlations with the MMSE. Both BNA versions had superior sensitivity to dementia relative to the MMSE (.93 versus .79). Specificity was equivalent to the MMSE (.93 versus .97). Conclusions: Positive predictive values of the BNA and MMSE are equivalent but the BNA provides superior negative predictive value.