Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Decision Making and Decisional Tipping Points in Homicide Investigations: An Interview Study of British and Norwegian Detectives

An interview study explored criminal detectives' views of critical factors related to decision making in homicide investigations. Experienced homicide investigators in Norway (n = 15) and the UK (n = 20) were asked to identify decisional ‘tipping points’—decisions that put detectives in a mindset focused on verifying the guilt of a suspect—and situational or individual factors that relate to these decisions. Two types of decisions were identified as typical and potentially critical tipping points: (1) decisions to name, arrest, or charge a suspect, and (2) decisions on main strategies and lines of inquiry in the case. Moreover, 10 individual factors (e.g. experience) and 14 situational factors (e.g. information availability) were reported as related to the likelihood of a mindset shift, most of which correspond well with findings in previous decision-making research. The consensus between British and Norwegian detectives was very high, and the findings indicate that experienced detectives are aware of many of the risk factors and obstacles to optimal decision making that exist in criminal investigations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preexposure Prophylaxis with Albumin-Conjugated C34 Peptide HIV-1 Fusion Inhibitor in SCID-hu Thy/Liv Mice

ABSTRACT PC-1505 is a C34 peptide derived from the heptad repeat 2 region of HIV-1 gp41 conjugated to human serum albumin for sustained in vivo activity. One single preexposure dose of PC-1505 reduced viral RNA in HIV-1-infected SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice by 3.3 log10 and protected T cells from virus-mediated depletion. In contrast, a single preexposure dose of Truvada reduced viral RNA by only 0.8 log10 and was substantially less effective in preventing T cell depletion.
System Justification Theory as Compliment, Complement, and Corrective to Theories of Social Identification and Social Dominance

System justification theory seeks to understand how and why people provide cognitive and ideological support for the status quo and what the social and psychological consequences of supporting the status quo are, especially for members of disadvantaged groups (e.g., Jost & Banaji, 1994; Jost & Burgess, 2000). Although system justification theorists have been influenced tremendously by theories of social identification and social dominance, these other theories underestimate the strength of system justification motives and the power of false consciousness to lead people to endorse system-serving beliefs that are contrary to their own social and political interests. In support of a strong, dissonance-based form of the system justification hypothesis but contrary to the other two theoretical accounts, evidence is presented that lower income respondents are more likely than high income respondents to support the social order and its authorities. Several additional limitations of social identity theory are reviewed, including the fact that it overemphasizes ingroup favoritism and neglects outgroup favoritism, it has been used to make inconsistent, contradictory predictions regarding the effects of status on intergroup behavior, it provides no theoretically satisfying account of why low status group members would perceive the system to be legitimate and stable or why they would accept the constraints of "social reality", and it has contributed little to our empirical understanding of ideology and the systemic level of analysis. Social dominance theory is also criticized from a system justification standpoint, largely on the grounds that its sociobiological assumptions serve as a "legitimizing myth" for inequality and that the conceptualization of social dominance orientation conflates the distinction between group justification and system justification.
A SPARSE APPROXIMATE INVERSE PRECONDITIONER FOR NONSYMMETRIC POSITIVE DEFINITE MATRICES

We develop an algorithm for computing a sparse approximate inverse for a nonsymmetric positive deflnite matrix based upon the FFAP- INV algorithm. The sparse approximate inverse is computed in the factored form and used to work with some Krylov subspace methods. The precon- ditioner is breakdown free and, when used in conjunction with Krylov- subspace-based iterative solvers such as the GMRES algorithm, results in reliable solvers. Some numerical experiments are given to show the e-- ciency of the preconditioner.
Selection method of cluster head in wireless sensor networks of wireless physical conversion for spectrum sharing

In the physical conversion sensor networks (PhyCSN), the sensor controls the frequency of carrier according to the sensed result and all the nodes inform the sensed results to the fusion center, simultaneously. Since the bandwidth of modulated signal is so narrow, the unused short span of frequency bandwidth is available for the secondary use. However, when the sensing area is wide, the cluster head collects the sensed data in each location. Since the available bandwidth in each cluster is different, the mismatch between the frequency of carrier and the quantization level of sensed data is problem. This paper proposes the mapping algorithm between the frequency of carrier and the quantization level of sensed result and the selection method of cluster head for enlarging the amount of quantization level.
Discriminant Pattern Recognition Using Transformation-Invariant Neurons

To overcome the problem of invariant pattern recognition, Simard, LeCun, and Denker (1993) proposed a successful nearest-neighbor approach based on tangent distance, attaining state-of-the-art accuracy. Since this approach needs great computational and memory effort, Hastie, Simard, and Sckinger (1995) proposed an algorithm (HSS) based on singular value decomposition (SVD), for the generation of nondiscriminant tangent models. In this article we propose a different approach, based on a gradient-descent constructive algorithm, called TD-Neuron, that develops discriminant models. We present as well comparative results of our constructive algorithm versus HSS and learning vector quantization (LVQ) algorithms. Specifically, we tested the HSS algorithm using both the original version based on the two-sided tangent distance and a new version based on the one-sided tangent distance. Empirical results over the NIST-3 database show that the TD-Neuron is superior to both SVD- and LVQ-based algorithms, since it reaches a better trade-off between error and rejection.
Expertise with Artificial Nonspeech Sounds Recruits Speech-Sensitive Cortical Regions

Regions of the human temporal lobe show greater activation for speech than for other sounds. These differences may reflect intrinsically specialized domain-specific adaptations for processing speech, or they may be driven by the significant expertise we have in listening to the speech signal. To test the expertise hypothesis, we used a video-game-based paradigm that tacitly trained listeners to categorize acoustically complex, artificial nonlinguistic sounds. Before and after training, we used functional MRI to measure how expertise with these sounds modulated temporal lobe activation. Participants' ability to explicitly categorize the nonspeech sounds predicted the change in pretraining to posttraining activation in speech-sensitive regions of the left posterior superior temporal sulcus, suggesting that emergent auditory expertise may help drive this functional regionalization. Thus, seemingly domain-specific patterns of neural activation in higher cortical regions may be driven in part by experience-based restructuring of high-dimensional perceptual space.
Complexing Methylene Blue with Phosphorus Dendrimers to Increase Photodynamic Activity

The efficiency of photodynamic therapy is limited mainly due to low selectivity, unfavorable biodistribution of photosensitizers, and long-lasting skin sensitivity to light. However, drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles may overcome the limitations mentioned above. Among others, dendrimers are particularly attractive as carriers, because of their globular architecture and high loading capacity. The goal of the study was to check whether an anionic phosphorus dendrimer is suitable as a carrier of a photosensitizer—methylene blue (MB). As a biological model, basal cell carcinoma cell lines were used. We checked the influence of the MB complexation on its singlet oxygen production ability using a commercial fluorescence probe. Next, cellular uptake, phototoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and cell death were investigated. The MB-anionic dendrimer complex (MB-1an) was found to generate less singlet oxygen; however, the complex showed higher cellular uptake and phototoxicity against basal cell carcinoma cell lines, which was accompanied with enhanced ROS production. Owing to the obtained results, we conclude that the photodynamic activity of MB complexed with an anionic dendrimer is higher than free MB against basal cell carcinoma cell lines.
Two Parsing Algorithms by Means of Finite State Transducers

We present a new approach, illustrated by two algorithms, for parsing not only Finite State Grammars but also Context Free Grammars and their extension, by means of finite state machines. The basis is the computation of a fixed point of a finite-state function, i.e. a finite-state transducer. Using these techniques, we have built a program that parses French sentences with a grammar of more than 200,000 lexical rules with a typical response time of less than a second. The first algorithm computes a fixed point of a non-deterministic finite-state transducer and the second computes a fixed point of a deterministic bidirectional device called a bimachine. These two algorithms point out a new connection between the theory of parsing and the theory of representation of rational transductions.
A Comparative Evaluation of Mode Switching Techniques

In this study six different mode switching techniques (i.e. timeout mode switching, non-preferred hand mode switching, barrel button mode switching, pressure mode switching, tilt mode switching and azimuth mode switching) based on multiple parameters pen input are proposed. The results indicate that the techniques utilizing tilt angle and azimuth offer faster performance than the others.
Scamper: a scalable and extensible packet prober for active measurement of the internet

Large scale active measurement of the Internet requires appropriate software support. The better tools that we have for executing consistent and systematic measurements, the more confidence we can have in the results. This paper presents scamper, a powerful open-source packet-prober for active measurement of the Internet designed to stand alone from coordination mechanisms. We built scamper and populated it with specific measurement techniques, making design decisions aimed at allowing Internet researchers to focus on scientific experiments rather than building accurate instrumentation.
Gender Differences of African American Adolescents When Exposed to Race Related Stress

For African Americans, issues of discrimination, oppression, and belonging to a minority group may significantly impact their identity formation, and their cognitive and subjective beliefs regarding racial issues. Racism-related stress as it affects African American adolescents has become an area of concern for African American researchers. Racism related stress can be characterized as the negative psychological or physiological response to a perceived instance of a racism related attitude or behavior. African American adolescents, because of their race, continue to be subjected to various social stressors that lead to negative stress that depletes them of their abilities to cope in response. Without the ability to effectively cope with threatening life episodes African American adolescents experience more stressful and negative lifestyles. This study examined: (a) whether there are gender differences with regards to race related stress, (b) the association of SES and race related stress, (c) the association of the type of neighborhood one live in and race related stress, and (d) the association of which parent(s) the adolescent lives with and race related stress. Independent samples T-tests and Analysis of Variance were conducted to determine if there was a difference in gender with regard to race related stress. A significant difference was found with regards to the overall stress measure, as well as on the individual and collective subscales. Pearson-product moment correlations coefficients were conducted to determine the relations among demographic variables and race related stress. A significant positive relation was found between SES and family dynamic and race related stress. Race Related Stress vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii Abstract v Chapter I
Enzalutamide as a second generation antiandrogen for treatment of advanced prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignancy, and the third leading cancer-related cause of death among men of the Western world. Upon PCa progression into metastatic disease, androgen deprivation therapy is applied as the first-line treatment, and has been shown to be effective in most patients, leading to a decrease in serum prostate-specific antigen and relief of disease-related symptoms. However, advanced PCa almost inevitably progresses to a castration-resistant state, and is currently regarded as incurable. The large body of evidence indicates that PCa cells remain dependent on androgen receptor (AR) signaling even in an androgen-deprived environment. As such, development of drugs that target AR and AR signaling pathways have become one of the major milestones in treatment of castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Nevertheless, currently available therapies that target AR signaling are still regarded as palliative and more potent therapies are in great need. Over the past few years, a wide range of novel therapies has entered clinical trial for treatment of CRPC, including androgen synthesis inhibitors (abiraterone acetate), chemotherapeutic agents (docetaxel and cabazitaxel), and immunotherapies (sipuleucel-T). In this context, enzalutamide (previously referred to as MDV3100) is a novel second generation antiandrogen that has been demonstrated to significantly improve survival in men with metastatic CRPC in several clinical trials. In this paper we summarize recently completed and ongoing clinical trials of enzalutamide, and briefly discuss the efficacy of the novel antiandrogen therapy and its limitations for treatment of CRPC.
Iterative Regularization Methods for Nonlinear Ill-Posed Problems

Nonlinear inverse problems appear in many applications, and typically they lead to mathematical models that are ill-posed, i.e., they are unstable under data perturbations. Those problems require a regularization, i.e., a special numerical treatment. This book presents regularization schemes which are based on iteration methods, e.g., nonlinear Landweber iteration, level set methods, multilevel methods and Newton type methods.
Surface display vectors for selective detection and isolation of high level antibody producing cells

Cell line generation for production of biopharmaceuticals in mammalian cells usually involves intensive screening of clones to identify the rare high producers. In order to facilitate efficient and selective fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) based enrichment and cloning of antibody producing CHO cells, we developed a special vector setup by inserting a leaky translation termination signal between the heavy chain of an IgG antibody and an IgG transmembrane domain. Partial read‐through during translation of the antibody heavy chain leads to display of a subset of the produced antibody on the surface of the expressing cell. We could show that the level of surface expression correlates well with the productivity. By applying FACS, high producing cells can be selectively enriched and cloned. Two sequential FACS enrichment cycles were performed which led to more than eightfold increased productivities of transfected and selected cell populations without cloning. The combination of selective FACS enrichment and FACS cloning with the new vector setup led to a sevenfold higher average productivity of the resulting clones as compared to a reference vector. Productivity and production stability assessment of clones generated with the new vector showed no negative impact of the co‐expression of transmembrane antibody. Clone productivities of 4 g/L in a generic shake flask fed‐batch model were achieved. Thus, this new vector setup facilitates fast and selective isolation of high producing production cell lines and allows significant reduction of clone screening efforts during cell line development for production cell lines. Additionally, the high productivity of FACS‐enriched but non‐clonal cell populations supports rapid, high yield, and cost efficient material production in early project phases. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2386–2393. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Costs, knowledge and market structure: understanding the puzzle of international competitiveness with Greek export data

This is an analysis of the sources of international competitiveness with Greek export data for the period 1987–2007. The framework used in the study incorporates factors that do not only represent cost competitiveness but also shed light on the determinants of economic complexity. Economic complexity is the amount of knowledge capabilities embodied in exports that indicates – as a source of comparative advantage – the ability for product differentiation and product variety. The empirical analysis shows that industries benefit substantially from their own R&D activity but, owing to weak economic complexity in the country, there are no cross-industry knowledge spillovers (both at national and international level) that can benefit export activity. Greek exports were found to be sensitive to relative unit labour costs (RULC) but the most important export component of this index is relative labour productivity and not labour cost. Not all institutional arrangements have the same impact on exports, for example high trade union density might harm competitiveness but this factor is uncorrelated with R&D investment. In the view of these findings, Greece’s route to international competitiveness should be primarily by improving its economic complexity, making sure that the country specialises in productive activities that enrich its knowledge capabilities as well as increase the potential of knowledge transfer.
Valoración del dolor en el paciente adulto con afección cardiovascular

La evaluacion del dolor ha supuesto tradicionalmente una tarea dificil, teniendo en cuenta la complejidad de un concepto multidimensional compuesto de tan diversas ramificaciones e implicaciones; por lo que se refiere tanto a las dimensiones cuantitativas como a las implicaciones psicologicas y comportamentales del dolor. Es importante establecer un proceso documentado que incluya la escala visual analoga (EVA) y que permita una correcta valoracion del dolor a fin de intervenir con cuidados eficientes y oportunos para cubrir las necesidades del paciente desde el ambito tecnico e interpersonal
Using Word-level Features to Better Predict Student Emotions during Spoken Tutoring Dialogues

This paper describes our work in developing features and models for detecting student emotional states, given only pitch and lexical information available during a spoken tutoring dialogue. Prior research has primarily focused on the use of turnlevel features as predictors. We apply the features at the word level and resolve the problem of combining multiple features per turn using a simple word-level emotion model. Our results show an improvement in prediction using word-level features over using turn-level features. We observe that as turn length increases word-level features constantly outperform turn-level features. Furthermore, our results show that the combination of lexical and pitch features at the word level is a consistent best performer in experiments across corpus-learner combinations.
Sesamin Induces Human Leukemic Cell Apoptosis via Mitochondrial and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathways

Background Sesamin is a purified compounds extracted from the seeds of Sesamum orientale Linn. , which contains antioxidant and anticancer activities. The objective of this study was to identify the mechanistic effect of sesamin on human leukemic HL-60, U937 and Molt-4 cell apoptosis. Methods The cytotoxicity was performed by 3-(4,5-dimethyl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Reactive oxygen species was measured by employing 2', 7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and flow cytometry. The mitochondrial transmembrane potential was determined by 3,3'-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide and flow cytometer. Caspase-3 and -8 activities were detected by using fluorogenic DEVD-AMC and IETD-AMC substrates, respectively. The protein expression of cytochrome c and GADD153, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress protein, was illustrated by immunoblot. Results Sesamin was cytotoxic to HL-60 > U937 > Molt-4 > PBMCs and caused the three cell lines to die with the morphology of apoptotic character, i.e., condensed nuclei and apoptotic bodies. It produced reactive oxygen species in all cell lines, with a decrease in mitochondrial transmembrane potential. The caspase-3 activity was increased in sesamin-induced HL-60 cell apoptosis whereas casase-8 activity did not alter. Cytochrome c release was not increased. The expression of GADD153 was increased time dependently, indicating the involvement of ER stress pathway in HL-60 cells. Conclusions Sesamin-induced human leukemic cell apoptosis was via oxidative stress, the mitochondrial and ER stress pathways.
CommTrust: Reputation based trust evaluation in E-Commerce applications

Reputation and trust are two important key factors in e-commerce applications where as sellers or product ratings. In ecommerce applications, reputation is used to select best sellers among different available sellers by users. The reputation system models are used to project the different sellers based on their offering services and quality they provide to users. The trustworthiness of sellers are computed based on different models and method they opt in each model. Feedback comments of trust computation will be good impression as the users are free to direct themselves in free text feedback reviews. In proposed work we have calculating good reputation scores from users feedbacks based on a multidimensional trust model. In order to work this model, we have used algorithm for weights and ratings computation by mining feedback comments in which NLP, Topic Modelling techniques are used.