Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High-Resolution X-Ray Spectroscopy of the Fe K Complex in IC 4329A

We report the detection of complex Fe K line emission from a Chandra High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer (HETGS) observation of the Seyfert 1 galaxy IC 4329A. The line emission is double-peaked, one peak centered at ~6.3 keV and the other at ~6.9 keV in the source rest frame. When modeled by Gaussians, the lower energy peak is resolved by the high-energy grating at greater than 99% confidence, while the higher energy peak is resolved at only less than 90% confidence. The best-fitting widths are ~21,000 and ~4000 km s-1 FWHM for the ~6.3 and ~6.9 keV peaks, respectively. If the peaks correspond to two distinct emission lines, then the peak energies are redshifted with respect to the expected line energies of Fe I Kα and Fe XXVI Lyα by at least 650 and 950 km s-1, respectively. Alternatively, the Fe K line profile may be due to a single line from a relativistic accretion disk. In that case, the inclination angle of the disk is required to be 24 degrees, the outer radius is constrained to several tens of gravitational radii, and the radial line emissivity is flatter than r-0.7. Another possibility is that both peaks are due to distinct lines but that each one is relativistically broadened by a disk. In that case, the lower energy peak could correspond to emission from Fe in a low ionization state and the high-energy peak to Fe XXVI Lyα emission. Then the inclination angle is even less, restricted to a few degrees. However, the radial emissivity law is allowed to be steeper (~r-2.5), and the outer radius does not have to be fine-tuned. Yet another scenario is that the lower energy peak originates in a disk but the higher energy peak originates in more distant matter. The disk inclination angle is then intermediate between the last two cases, but the emissivity is again required to be flat. We cannot rule out Fe XXV He-like absorption modifying the observed line profile. However, the data and the inferred emission-line parameters are insensitive to the presence of a Compton reflection continuum. Including Compton reflection does, however, allow a steeper radial emissivity law for the relativistic line. Future missions, such as Astro-E2, will be able to break a lot of the degeneracy in the physically distinct models that can all account for the Chandra data. Since IC 4329A is one of the brightest Seyfert 1 galaxies, it should be a good astrophysical laboratory for studying the ionization structure of accretion disks around supermassive black holes.
Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK) Activation and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase 1 Induction by Pulsatile Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in Pituitary Gonadotrophs

The frequency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse secreted from the hypothalamus differently regulates the expressions of gonadotropin subunit genes, luteinizing hormone β (LHβ) and follicle-stimulating hormone β (FSHβ), in the pituitary gonadotrophs. FSHβ is preferentially stimulated at slower GnRH pulse frequencies, whereas LHβ is preferentially stimulated at more rapid pulse frequencies. Several signaling pathways are activated, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), protein kinase C, calcium influx, and calcium-calmodulin kinases, and these may be preferentially regulated under certain conditions. Previous studies demonstrated that MAPK pathways, especially the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), play an essential role for induction of gonadotropin subunit gene expression by GnRH, whereas, MAPK phosphatases (MKPs) inactivate MAPKs through dephosphorylation of threonine and/or tyrosine residues. MKPs are also induced by GnRH, and potential feedback regulation between MAPK signaling and MKPs within the GnRH signaling pathway is evident in gonadotrophs. In this paper, we reviewed and mainly focused on our observations of the pattern of ERK activation and the induction of MKP by different frequencies of GnRH stimulation.
THE JCMT GOULD BELT SURVEY: A FIRST LOOK AT DENSE CORES IN ORION B

We present a first look at the SCUBA-2 observations of three sub-regions of the Orion B molecular cloud: LDN 1622, NGC 2023/2024, and NGC 2068/2071, from the JCMT Gould Belt Legacy Survey. We identify 29, 564, and 322 dense cores in L1622, NGC 2023/2024, and NGC 2068/2071 respectively, using the SCUBA-2 850 μm map, and present their basic properties, including their peak fluxes, total fluxes, and sizes, and an estimate of the corresponding 450 μm peak fluxes and total fluxes, using the FellWalker source extraction algorithm. Assuming a constant temperature of 20 K, the starless dense cores have a mass function similar to that found in previous dense core analyses, with a Salpeter-like slope at the high-mass end. The majority of cores appear stable to gravitational collapse when considering only thermal pressure; indeed, most of the cores which have masses above the thermal Jeans mass are already associated with at least one protostar. At higher cloud column densities, above 1–2 × 1023 cm−2, most of the mass is found within dense cores, while at lower cloud column densities, below 1 × 1023 cm−2, this fraction drops to 10% or lower. Overall, the fraction of dense cores associated with a protostar is quite small (<8%), but becomes larger for the densest and most centrally concentrated cores. NGC 2023/2024 and NGC 2068/2071 appear to be on the path to forming a significant number of stars in the future, while L1622 has little additional mass in dense cores to form many new stars.
Cooperation Reliability Based on Reinforcement Learning for Cognitive Radio Networks

The primary objective of cooperation in Cognitive Radio (CR) networks is to increase the efficiency and improve the network performance. However, CR users may act destructively and decrease both their own and others'' performances. This can be due to Byzantine adversaries or unintentional erroneous conduct in cooperation. This work presents an autonomous cooperation solution for each CR user, i.e., each CR user decides with whom to cooperate. The objective of the proposed solution is to increase the spectrum access in cooperative CR networks. To realize this, a Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithm is utilized to determine the suitability of the available cooperators and select the appropriate set of cooperators. In addition, the proposed so-lution determines the most appropriate number of cooperators to achieve the highest efficiency for spectrum access. Accordingly, the control communication overhead is reduced. The simulation results demonstrate the learning capabilities of the proposed to achieve reliable behavior under highly unreliable conditions.
Discovery of an absorbed cluster of galaxies (XMMU J183225.4{103645) close to the Galactic plane with XMM-Newton

During an XMM-Newton observation of the galactic supernova remnant G21.5-09 a bright, previously uncatalogued, source (XMMU J183225.4{103645) was detected 18 0 from G21.5-09. The European Photon Imaging Camera data inside 1 0 (180 h 1 50 kpc) radius are consistent with a source at a redshift of 0:1242 0:0003 0:0022 with an optically thin thermal spectrum of temperature 5:8 0:6 keV and a metal abundance of 0:60 0:10 solar. This model gives a 2{10 keV luminosity of 3:5 +0:8 0:4 h 2 50 10 44 erg s 1 . These characteristics, as well as the source extent of 2: 0 (350 h 1 50 kpc), and the surface brightness prole are consistent with emission from the central region of a moderately rich cluster containing a cooling flow with mass flow rate of 400{600 M yr 1 . The absorption is (7:9 0:5) 10 22 atom cm 2 , 5 times that inferred from low-resolution HI data but consistent with higher spatial resolution infrared dust extinction estimates. XMMU J183225.4{103645 is not visible in earlier ROSAT observations due to high amount of absorption. This discovery demonstrates the capability of XMM-Newton to map the cluster distribution close to the Galactic plane, where few such systems are known. The ability of XMM- Newton to determine cluster redshifts to 1% precision at z =0 :1 is especially important in optically crowded and absorbed elds such as close to the Galactic plane, where the optical redshift measurements of galaxies are dicult.
Heterobasidion species detected using High Throughput Sequencing (HTS) methods on British Columbia nursery plants

Abstract A total of 15 out of 26 local and imported plant samples from British Columbia nurseries were obtained, and following DNA extraction, PCR was conducted to amplify the fungal ribosomal ITS region which was sequenced using High Throughput Sequencing methods. Bioinformatics analysis of these sequences revealed the presence of Heterobasidion irregulare and H. occidentale. A total of 529 Heterobasidion Illumina DNA sequence reads were found in the 13/15 successfully PCR amplified plant samples, with H. irregulare comprising 86% of the Heterobasidion DNA reads and was more commonly found (13/15 samples) than H. occidentale (10/15 samples). Previously, H. irregulare has been mentioned only once before as being present in BC. The presence of Heterobasidion DNA in nearly all successfully PCR amplified samples from plants grown locally or recently imported, is interpreted as the result of local spore dispersal, likely originating from nearby infected trees. This raises the question whether asymptomatic nursery plants can participate in the spread of H. irregulare in BC and elsewhere in Canada.
Facilitating maximum benefit for students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in distance education

Traditional distance education environments are not conducive to learners with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. The purpose of this literature review is to address how learners with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) can better succeed in distance education learning environments. The review defines distance education, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and briefly explains some of the details of each. It then reviews strategies for helping students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Considerations for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in distance education are addressed. It discusses media, interaction, engagement of learners, feedback, motivation, and support systems as possible ways to help learners with ADHD succeed. Sources reviewed were books and articles by subject experts in distance education and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. This review supports the idea that distance education can not only be an acceptable medium for education with students with ADHD, but that it may even be more beneficial than the traditional classroom when implemented properly to meet the learner's needs.
Aligning usability and security: a usability study of Polaris

Security software is often difficult to use thus leading to poor adoption and degraded security. This paper describes a usability study that was conducted on the software 'Polaris'. This software is an alpha release that uses the Principle of Least Authority (POLA) to deny viruses the authority to edit files. Polaris was designed to align security with usability. The study showed that despite this aim, usability problems remained, especially when the study participants had to make security related decisions. They also showed apathy towards security, and knowingly compromised their security to get work done faster. This study also demonstrates the difficulty in achieving security and usability alignment when the usability is a post hoc consideration added to a developed product, rather than being integrated from the start. The alleviation of usability problems from security software proposed in this paper are threefold: reducing the burden on the user to make security related decisions, counteracting user's apathy by ensuring that the fast way of doing things is the secure way, and integrating security software with the operating system throughout development.
OAM generation in optical fibre and free space devices

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) beam generation has been investigated using all-fibre and free space configurations. In the first approach, the composite fused coupler is based on a single mode fibre (SMF) and an air-core fibre. The second approach exploits geometrical phase introduced by nanostructuring of silica glass. Both approaches are demonstrated to achieve power coupling efficiencies in excess of 80% at telecom wavelengths.
AR-model of faded MIMO set-up optimized for ITU channels

Autoregressive (AR) model based approximation for highly faded frequency selective time varying multi input multi output (MIMO) channels synthesized as per ITU specifications is investigated and reported in this paper. A semiblind approach is adopted for determining the channel state information (CSI) aided by training sequences and steepest gradient descent based on least mean square (LMS) adaptation. The AR model approximated for a given case is used to predict CSI of subsequent states. AR model order is derived for optimum performance of the system and a tradeoff is obtained between computational complexity and spectral efficiency of the system. Computational complexity for different cases of the channel is also discussed. Finally, signal to noise ratio (SNR) vs. bit error rate (BER) curve for different channel conditions for optimized AR model order is shown and certain conclusions drawn.
Allogeneic carrier-specific enhancement of hapten-specific secondary B- cell responses

We have analyzed the capacity of carrier-specific T cells to enhance the immune response of hapten-specific secondary B cells which do not share genes in the H-2 complex with the T cells. For this analysis we have used the in vitro splenic focus technique which allows assessment of monoclonal responses of B cells isolated in splenic fragment cultures of irradiated reconstituted carrier primed mice. A previous report from this laboratory demonstrated that syngeny in the I region of the H-2 complex was necessary between collaborating hapten-specific primary (nonimmune) B cells and carrier-specific T cells for responses yielding IgG1 but not IgM antibody. These findings lead up to postulate that the expression of I-region gene products on the surface of primary B cells and I-region syngeny with collaborating carrier-specific T cells were essential elements in the triggering events leading to IgG1 synthesis by primary B cells. The results presented in the present report indicate that, unlike primary B cells, the majority of secondary B cells can be stimulated to produce IgG1 antibody in carrier-primed allogeneic recipients. Although the enhancement of secondary IgG1 responses is slightly greater with syngeneic T cells, the allogeneic collaborative interaction requires both carrier priming of recipient mice and stimulation with the homologous hapten-carrier complex and thus appears to be specific. These findings clearly discriminate secondary from primary B cells and indicate that the mechanism of stimulation of secondary B cells to yield IgG1-producing clones differs fundamentally from the stimulation of primary B cells in that the requisite for I-region syngeny is obviated.
Tuberculosis of the Breast: An Initial Presentation of the Metabolic Syndrome with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Young Nigerian Woman

Breast tuberculosis is an uncommon presentation of extra pulmonary tuberculosis. A 40-year-old obese woman presented with a right breast abscess which had failed to heal after surgical drainage. There was no family history of breast disease. Biopsy and histology of the lesion showed chronic granulomatous inflammation with positive stains for acid fast bacilli compatible with tuberculosis. Further evaluation confirmed metabolic syndrome with type 2 diabetes mellitus. She was placed on antituberculosis chemotherapy and appropriate therapy for diabetes mellitus with complete resolution of the lesion. We report this case because of its rarity and to highlight the association between tuberculosis an infectious disease and overnutrition in diabetes mellitus, a noncommunicable disease.
Family caregiving and dementia : stresses, satisfactions and mediating factors in taking on and continuing in the caring role

Background and aims The predominant focus of research into family caregiving and dementia has been on the stresses of caring. This project aimed to look at both the stresses and satisfactions derived from caring for a close family member with dementia, and to explore mediating factors in the decision to take on and continue in the caring role. Design and participants A two part, non-experimental design was used. Qualitative methods were used to look at the subjective experiences of two groups of carers, 5 spouse/partners and 6 adult child carers. Quantitative data were obtained from a postal survey of 115 people from a clinical service. Measures Data were collected from semi-structured interviews and from standardised questionnaires on mood state and on the stresses and rewards of caring. Results The main stresses for carers were related primarily to emotional and relationship factors and to practical restrictions imposed by the caring role. The main satisfactions derived from caring were also related to emotional and relationship factors, including the well-being of the care recipient. For many carers the role had evolved over time and some felt they had not made an informed decision in taking on care. Implications An instrumental approach to the effects of caring may be less helpful than focusing on the carers' goals and the extent to which they perceive themselves as achieving these.
From Conceptualization to Formulation in Generating Spatial Descriptions

Architectures of the language production system are usually subdivided into three processing modules, which are usually termed conceptualizer, formulator, and articulator (LEVELT 1989). Generally, these three subsystems compute specific representations as input for the next subsystem. Within the conceptualizer content selection, preparation, and linearization takes place. The linearized conceptual representation—the “preverbal message”, in LEVELT’s terms—is handed on to the formulator. Planning the preverbal message is crucially influenced by the speaker’s beliefs of what the addressee beliefs, what their goals, plans, and intentions might be. Additional knowledge sources a speaker considers while planning the message are the spatial representation, the discourse protocol which keeps track of what has been said, additional situative beliefs, and encyclopedic knowledge. The formulator take the preverbal message as input and computes a phonetic plan as output by means of grammatical and phonological encoding. Finally, the phonetic plan triggers the articulator. Although the processes and representations that have been assigned to the conceptualizer are decisively driving the whole production process, relatively little is known about them, compared with the number of works concerning the formulator and articulator. Existing insights into conceptualization processes have also often been investigated independent of each other. Therefore, a comprehensive modeling of conceptualization processes in language production can shed some additional light on these ‘hidden’ processes which are accessible only indirectly, e. g. through linguistic data. Hence, in modeling the cognitive mechanisms for conceptualizing, an interaction of the investigated factors must be worked out, additional assumptions about specific structures and processes have to be postulated where necessary, and the adequacy of the model must be tested by means of an implementation. In planning the content of spatial descriptions several decisions have to be drawn, concerning e. g. the points of view the speaker should take, the strategies for describing the object constellation, or the function of an object as reference or primary object, which will be discussed in detail below. We will proceed as follows. After presenting the problems that appear in the generation of spatial descriptions, we will provide some empirical results with respect to these problems. Based on this discussion we will describe the current state of our computational model of the production of spatial descriptions and the hypotheses which have been derived from the model.
Linear network coding

Consider a communication network in which certain source nodes multicast information to other nodes on the network in the multihop fashion where every node can pass on any of its received data to others. We are interested in how fast each node can receive the complete information, or equivalently, what the information rate arriving at each node is. Allowing a node to encode its received data before passing it on, the question involves optimization of the multicast mechanisms at the nodes. Among the simplest coding schemes is linear coding, which regards a block of data as a vector over a certain base field and allows a node to apply a linear transformation to a vector before passing it on. We formulate this multicast problem and prove that linear coding suffices to achieve the optimum, which is the max-flow from the source to each receiving node.
Targeting Non-Coding RNAs in Plants with the CRISPR-Cas Technology is a Challenge yet Worth Accepting

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as versatile master regulator of biological functions in recent years. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous ncRNAs of 18–24 nucleotides in length that originates from long self-complementary precursors. Besides their direct involvement in developmental processes, plant miRNAs play key roles in gene regulatory networks and varied biological processes. Alternatively, long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) are a large and diverse class of transcribed ncRNAs whose length exceed that of 200 nucleotides. Plant lncRNAs are transcribed by different RNA polymerases, showing diverse structural features. Plant lncRNAs also are important regulators of gene expression in diverse biological processes. There has been a breakthrough in the technology of genome editing, the CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9) technology, in the last decade. CRISPR loci are transcribed into ncRNA and eventually form a functional complex with Cas9 and further guide the complex to cleave complementary invading DNA. The CRISPR-Cas technology has been successfully applied in model plants such as Arabidopsis and tobacco and important crops like wheat, maize, and rice. However, all these studies are focused on protein coding genes. Information about targeting non-coding genes is scarce. Hitherto, the CRISPR-Cas technology has been exclusively used in vertebrate systems to engineer miRNA/lncRNAs, but it is still relatively unexplored in plants. While briefing miRNAs, lncRNAs and applications of the CRISPR-Cas technology in human and animals, this review essentially elaborates several strategies to overcome the challenges of applying the CRISPR-Cas technology in editing ncRNAs in plants and the future perspective of this field.
A fuzzy logic based approach to bandwidth allocation in network virtualization

We present a fuzzy logic based methodology of decision making on bandwidth allocation in a substrate network with DaVinci architecture, according to which the physical substrate network is divided into virtual networks. This methodology describes a fuzzy modification of the adaptive bandwidth allocation mechanism introduced in order to optimize decision making under uncertain network conditions by using fuzzification and defuzzification principles and the expert knowledge database of fuzzy rules. The effectiveness of it is evaluated on the link level for two traffic types within simulation experiments realized by using Coloured Petri Nets Tools.