Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Types of Positions, Job Responsibilities, and Training Backgrounds of Outdoor/Adventure Leaders

Academic degree programs in outdoor leadership continue to proliferate. There is little research, however, to indicate that employment in the field of adventure programming hinges on the possession of an academic degree in a related field. To investigate the role of academic degrees in outdoor/adventure leadership, a survey was designed to determine the types of positions, job responsibilities, and training backgrounds of outdoor/adventure leaders. This study surveyed 203 attendees of the 28th Annual Association for Experiential Education International Conference in Tucson, AZ on November 2–5, 2000. The results of the study revealed various types of positions and job responsibilities across age and gender. Personal experience was the most common type of training background identified by respondents, and 91% of the subjects had either earned or were pursuing an academic degree. The number and level of degrees earned increased over the last four decades with over one quarter of the degrees earned in the last three years.
Complex adaptive leading‐ship and open‐processional change processes

Purpose – This paper aims to determine what leader‐leading competencies enable management of turbulent, uncertain change and what principles from a complex adaptive systems perspective constitute it.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is a qualitative research case study.Findings – It is found that there are three leading‐ship competencies: administrative, adaptive and enabling.Originality/value – The paper illustrates that complex adaptive organizations oblige leaders to view differently organizational networks and their role within such networks.
Graph of visual words for semantic annotation of remote sensing images

Nowadays semantic image annotation is becoming more than ever a very challenging issue since it helps improving image interpretation and retrieval. Currently, most semantic annotation methods represent images as lists of keywords or histogram of visual words, and do not consider the spatial distribution of regions, nor any prior knowledge concerning objects in a scene. This obviously leads to weak and limited representation of image content. In this paper, we propose a new method for semantic image annotation that simultaneously handles all the available information of the image (contextual, spatial, and spectral). We use a remote sensing ontology as semantic resource and develop an annotation process producing a graph representing objects of a scene as well as their spatial relations.
Does Governance Matter for School Improvement?

The governance of schools reconstituted by the Conservative Education Reform Acts of 1986/88 has been the subject of review since the turn of the century, with questions raised about the roles and responsibilities of governing bodies. Do governors as volunteers have too many responsibilities? Do they contribute to school improvement? Do they matter? This paper reports on a national study of governance and school improvement in Wales. It presents original data that shows an association between good governance – especially the practice of scrutiny – and the performance of schools.
Crossing the threshold: engendered definitions of socially acceptable domestic violence in Chennai, India

The objective of this study was to examine the pathways by which gender norms may influence marital violence in low‐income communities of Chennai, India. As part of a multisite international behavioural HIV intervention trial, 48 in‐depth interviews and 14 focus groups with men and women were conducted in two randomly selected low‐income communities within the city. Interviews were taped, transcribed, translated, coded and analysed to identify recurrent themes. A multi‐layered conceptual framework was used to examine individual, relational, community and societal level determinants of marital violence in this setting. Participants noted that husbands hold decision‐making power in economic, social and sexual spheres. Clear patterns of violence were present; respondents reported that husbands regularly beat wives in most marriages. Marital conflicts were intensified by the presence of community level stressors such as poverty and unemployment. Participants perceived violence to be a necessary tool that served to discipline wives and ultimately enforce gender norms. Although many respondents felt wife‐beating was the norm, the acceptable intensity of violence varied by gender. Interventions that reconsider gender‐based roles and empower men and women to lower the threshold of socially acceptable violence should be developed to alleviate the consequences of violence.
A Novel Photodiode for Reflectance Pulse Oximetry in low-power applications

The amount of light collected is crucial for low-power applications of pulse oximetry. In this work a novel ring-shaped backside photodiode has been developed for a wearable reflectance pulse oximeter. The photodiode is proven to work with a dual LED with wavelengths of 660 nm and 940 nm. For the purpose of continuously monitoring vital signs of a human, a temperature sensor is integrated onto the chip containing the photodiode. This biomedical multisensor chip is made for integration into "the electronic patch", an autonomous monitoring system for humans.
Temperature Effect Inversion-Aware Power-Performance Optimization for FinFET-Based Multicore Systems

Energy and temperature are the main constraints for modern high-performance multicore systems. To save power or increase performance, dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) is widely applied in literally all computing systems. As CMOS technology continues scaling, FinFET has recently become the common choice for multicore systems. In contrast with planar CMOS, FinFET is characterized by lower delay under higher temperatures in super-threshold voltage region, an effect called temperature effect inversion (TEI). This paper explores TEI-aware performance improvement and energy savings for multicore systems. Our experimental results show that on average 15.70% throughput improvement or 31.26% energy savings can be achieved in steady state by a TEI-aware DVFS policy over a TEI-agnostic one. By further investigation, multiple sweet spots (SSs) resulting from TEI effects are observed. Based on these SS operation regimes, this paper introduces fast algorithms which provide iso-power maximum performance or iso-performance minimum energy consumption. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach by exhibiting a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$45.9 \times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>–<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$55.3 \times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> speedup when compared to state-of-the-art algorithms while losing only 0.22% or 0.68% in achieved performance or energy, respectively.
Disrupting the prefrontal cortex diminishes the human ability to build a good reputation

Reputation formation pervades human social life. In fact, many people go to great lengths to acquire a good reputation, even though building a good reputation is costly in many cases. Little is known about the neural underpinnings of this important social mechanism, however. In the present study, we show that disruption of the right, but not the left, lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) with low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) diminishes subjects' ability to build a favorable reputation. This effect occurs even though subjects' ability to behave altruistically in the absence of reputation incentives remains intact, and even though they are still able to recognize both the fairness standards necessary for acquiring and the future benefits of a good reputation. Thus, subjects with a disrupted right lateral PFC no longer seem to be able to resist the temptation to defect, even though they know that this has detrimental effects on their future reputation. This suggests an important dissociation between the knowledge about one's own best interests and the ability to act accordingly in social contexts. These results link findings on the neural underpinnings of self-control and temptation with the study of human social behavior, and they may help explain why reputation formation remains less prominent in most other species with less developed prefrontal cortices.
Automatic coefficient selection in Weighted Maximum Margin Criterion

In this paper, one of the problems of linear discriminant analysis (LDA), that is, it pays more attention on minimizing the within-class scatter than on maximizing the between-class scatter, is treated. Though the weighted maximum margin criterion (WMMC) with an appropriate weighted coefficient can solve this problem, how to select this coefficient automatically is still difficult as most of previous works determine it manually. To deal with this problem, a novel approach to determine the coefficient automatically is proposed. The description and analysis of the approach are given in details, and the experiments on BernDBS face database and JAFFE expression database are performed. The results show that the WMMC with the weighted coefficients determined by this novel approach outperforms traditional LDA.
A Data-Mining Approach for Investigating Social and Economic Geographical Dynamics of $\beta$-Thalassemia's Spread

beta-Thalassemia is an anemic genetic disorder that remains a major global health issue, especially in the globalized era where public health, economics, and education are tightly interwoven. Previous studies have examined the disease's rate and heredity. This study analyzed beta-thalassemia's socioeconomic geography and how it affects the afflicted population. We processed survey data and performed data mining using self-organizing maps to identify underlying data structure. We hypothesized that certain variables mark subgroups within the affected population and we aimed at identifying these subgroups and used a correlation-based measure to assess the variable's importance to the subgroup's distinction. The population's education level was one of the major factors that divided it into different subgroups. Our study showed that recurring patterns of specific variables separated the affected population into disparate subgroups based on their response to questionnaires. Future studies can use such tools to delve deeper into how other variables (e.g. socioeconomic and genomic) can identify subgroups within larger affected populations.
Do university teachers become more effective with experience? A multilevel growth model of students' evaluations of teaching over 13 years.

Do university teachers, like good wine, improve with age? The purpose of this methodological/substantive study is to apply a multiple-level growth modeling approach to the long-term stability of students' evaluations of teaching effectiveness (SETs). For a diverse cohort of 195 teachers who were evaluated continuously over 13 years (6,024 classes, an average of 30.9 classes per teacher), there was little evidence that teachers became either more or less effective with added experience. This stability of SETs generalized reasonably well over undergraduate- and graduate-level courses, early career teachers, and teachers who differed substantially in terms of their teaching effectiveness overall. Whereas there were substantial individual differences between teachers in terms of their teaching effectiveness, these individual differences were also highly stable over time. Although highly supportive of the use of SETs for many purposes, the results provide a serious challenge for existing programs that assume that SET feedback alone is sufficient to improve teaching effectiveness.
Global Expression Patterns of Three Festuca Species Exposed to Different Doses of Glyphosate Using the Affymetrix GeneChip Wheat Genome Array

Glyphosate has been shown to act as an inhibitor of an aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathway, while other pathways that may be affected by glyphosate are not known. Cross species hybridizations can provide a tool for elucidating biological pathways conserved among organisms. Comparative genome analyses have indicated a high level of colinearity among grass species and Festuca, on which we focus here, and showed rearrangements common to the Pooideae family. Based on sequence conservation among grass species, we selected the Affymetrix GeneChip Wheat Genome Array as a tool for the analysis of expression profiles of three Festuca (fescue) species with distinctly different tolerances to varying levels of glyphosate. Differences in transcript expression were recorded upon foliar glyphosate application at 1.58 mM and 6.32 mM, representing 5% and 20%, respectively, of the recommended rate. Differences highlighted categories of general metabolic processes, such as photosynthesis, protein synthesis, stress responses, and a larger number of transcripts responded to 20% glyphosate application. Differential expression of genes encoding proteins involved in the shikimic acid pathway could not be identified by cross hybridization. Microarray data were confirmed by RT-PCR and qRT-PCR analyses. This is the first report to analyze the potential of cross species hybridization in Fescue species and the data and analyses will help extend our knowledge on the cellular processes affected by glyphosate.
China's Environmental Crisis: An Enquiry into the Limits of National Development

Race relations in the United States have long been volatile - marked on the one hand by distrust and violence, but tempered on the other by periods of conciliation, integration and relative harmony. This path-breaking blend of history, sociology, political science and economics argues that the key factor determining the quality of race relations is economic: When economic equality spreads so do social and political equality. Conversely, economic downturns and widening income disparities promote political inequality, polarizing blacks and whites. To support this provocative thesis the author examines key events and eras in American history since the Reconstruction - particularly the black migration and the New Deal policies of the interwar years, the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 60s, and the rise and decline of affirmative action in the late twentieth century. He also analyzes the racial policies and politics of the major political parties and shows how they "played the race card" to win support.
Reducing the Model Order of Deep Neural Networks Using Information Theory

Deep neural networks are typically represented by a much larger number of parameters than shallow models, making them prohibitive for small footprint devices. Recent research shows that there is considerable redundancy in the parameter space of deep neural networks. In this paper, we propose a method to compress deep neural networks by using the Fisher Information metric, which we estimate through a stochastic optimization method that keeps track of second-order information in the network. We first remove unimportant parameters and then use non-uniform fixed point quantization to assign more bits to parameters with higher Fisher Information estimates. We evaluate our method on a classification task with a convolutional neural network trained on the MNIST data set. Experimental results show that our method outperforms existing methods for both network pruning and quantization.
Single local interneurons in the locust make central synapses with different properties of transmitter release on distinct postsynaptic neurons

Quantal analysis has been applied to the inhibitory synapses made by single spiking local interneurons onto several nonspiking local interneurons (and motorneurons) in the locust CNS. Transmission at these synapses appears to be mediated by GABA. The apparent reversal potential of the IPSP and inhibitory postsynaptic current were -80 to - 85 mV, a value similar to that of the potential evoked by pressure- applied GABA. This reversal potential was 25–30 mV more negative than the resting potential of the nonspiking interneurons in the experimental conditions. The statistical properties of release at these synapses were studied by recording simultaneously from pre- and postsynaptic interneurons with intracellular electrodes. The distribution of postsynaptic potential amplitudes could be described by a simple binomial model, implying uniformity of binomial p (probability of release at a single release site) for each synapse. The mean quantal amplitude was 290 +/- 110 microV, and the mean quantal content m of the IPSPs was 6.25 +/- 2.83. The mean values of binomial n (average size of the releasable pool) and p were 13.11 +/- 2.8 and 0.45 +/- 0.16, respectively. Numerical simulations of statistical experiments were performed to test whether the IPSP amplitude distribution histograms might be misleadingly indicative of quantal release. These simulations showed that such a hypothesis was very unlikely. When a spiking local interneuron was impaled, several of its target interneurons could sometimes be successively sampled. Quantal analysis was then performed with the different IPSPs evoked, in identical conditions, by a same presynaptic interneuron, and the quantal parameters were compared between the synapses. It was found that binomials n and p and their product m generally differed between the synapses made by a given spiking interneuron onto different target neurons. These results show that quantal contents can vary for the many synapses made centrally by one interneuron, and suggest that this variability may arise from differences in release probabilities between the sites associated with different synapses.
Performance Modelling of Partially Replicated In-Memory Transactional Stores

This paper presents PROMPT, a PeRfOrmance Model for Partially replicated in-memory Transactional cloud stores. PROMPT combines white box Analytical Modelling and Machine Learning techniques, with the goal of achieving the best of the two methodologies: low training times, high extrapolation power, and portability across heterogeneous cloud infrastructures. We validate PROMPT via an extensive experimental study based on a popular open-source transactional in-memory data store (Red Hat's Infinispan), industry-standard benchmarks, and deployments on both public and private cloud infrastructures.
When is crying cathartic? An international study

The idea that crying is a cathartic experience, leading to relief from distress, has deep roots. However, empirical evidence for catharsis after crying is mixed. One explanation for the inconsistent results is that variations in the social context of the crying situation determine whether or not crying-related catharsis occurs. To evaluate the role of social context and other contextual features in crying-related catharsis, self-report data were collected on characteristics of the most recent crying episode and its effects on mood in 2,181 male and 2,915 female students in 35 countries. It was hypothesized that the experience of catharsis after crying would be associated with social support during crying, reasons for crying, and characteristics of the situation where the crying occurred. Several contextual features of crying episodes were indeed predictive of crying-related catharsis. Specifically, the receipt of social support, experiencing a resolution to the event that caused the crying episode, and ac.
Transition Leadership in a Shifting Policy Environment

While transformational leadership has received much attention in recent years, the purpose of this article is to explicate the concept of transition leadership and its centrality to understanding policy implementation and school change through a case study of one district and its school principals, transitioning from court-ordered desegregation to unitary status. The article begins with a discussion of the concept of transition leadership and then examines school principals’ transitional leadership, that is, the process of helping to guide an organization’s response to a very significant change in citywide policy. Data reported in this article are based on a series of open-ended, in-depth interviews with a sample of the district’s elementary and middle school principals. Analyses suggest that transition leadership entails an unmaking of past policy while simultaneously remaking new policies and a heavy reliance on establishing a social fabric and sense of community. The conclusion calls for added attention to the balancing of continuity and change that may be necessary to the leadership of a policy transition.
Sensation-based photo cropping

This paper proposes a novel method for automatically cropping a photo using a quality classifier that assesses whether the cropped region is agreeable to users. We statistically build this quality classifier using large photo collections available on websites where people manually insert quality scores to photos. We first trim the original image and then decide on the candidates for cropping. We find the cropped region with the highest quality score by applying the quality classifier to the candidates. Current automatic photo cropping techniques search for attention grabbing regions that consist of salient pixels from the original photo. They are not always pleasant to users because they do not take into account the quality of the cropped region. Our method with the quality classifier outperforms a state-of-the-art method that takes into consideration only the user's attention for automatic photo cropping.
Individual and Family Factors Related to Psychosocial Adjustment in Stepmother Families With Adolescents

This article presents additional data analyses from an earlier study on risk and resilience factors linked with adjustment in stepfamilies with adolescents. The primary objective addressed how individual and family-level factors impacted adjustment in a sample composed of 3 members (biological father, stepmother, and adolescent) from a subsample of 39 stepmother families. Multiple regression results showed that each stepmother family member's adjustment is affected by both shared and nonshared processes. Results also highlighted the role of triangulations and role ambiguity in the psychosocial adjustment of stepmother family members. This study was approved by the Ethics Bureau of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the Université de Montréal, and was supported financially by graduate scholarships from the Fonds Québécois de Recherche sur la Société et la Culture, and the Conseil de Développement de la Recherche sur la Famille du Québec. The author wishes to thank the participants for their interest and collaboration.