Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HFE inhibits apical iron uptake by intestinal epithelial (Caco‐2) cells

Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is a common autosomal recessive disorder of iron metabolism characterized by increased intestinal iron absorption, which leads to progressive iron overload. The protein product of C282Y, the main mutation observed in HH, has lost the capacity to associate with β2‐microglobulin, preventing its targeting to the plasma membrane. The physiological mechanisms by which HFE, the normal product of the HH gene, regulates intestinal iron absorption are unknown. Under the hypothesis that HFE regulates intestinal iron absorption, we characterized the effect of HFE overexpression on apical iron uptake in intestinal epithelial Caco‐2 cells. We found that the primary effect of HFE overexpression was a marked reduction of apical iron uptake, despite a working iron responsive element/iron regulatory protein system and an eightfold increase in the mass of the iron transporter DMT1. The inhibitory effect of HFE on apical iron uptake reported here provides an explanation for the increased absorption of iron observed in HH, where the normal function of HFE is lost.
Non-linear Error Correction and the Efficient Market Hypothesis: The Case of German Dual-Class Shares

Abstract The efficient market hypothesis implies that (risk-adjusted) asset prices cannot be cointegrated. On the other hand, arbitrage processes prevent prices of fundamentally related assets from drifting too far away. An attractive model that reconciles these two conflicting facts is the non-linear error correction mechanism (ECM). Such a process tolerates small deviations from the long-run relationship. For more substantial deviations, an effective adjustment process pushes the diverging prices towards their fundamental relationship. In this paper parametric and non-parametric techniques are employed to investigate the ECM between prices of voting and non-voting stocks. Despite its intuitive appeal, we find little evidence for a non-linear relationship between German dual-class shares. Only in four out of 12 cases does the threshold ECM yield a substantial improvement of fit. In other cases, the evidence for non-linearity is rather weak and the threshold ECM fails to outperform the linear model.
Overexpression of HOXA10 in murine hematopoietic cells perturbs both myeloid and lymphoid differentiation and leads to acute myeloid leukemia

Multiple members of the A, B, and C clusters of Hox genes are expressed in hematopoietic cells. Several of these Hox genes have been found to display distinctive expression patterns, with genes located at the 3' side of the clusters being expressed at their highest levels in the most primitive subpopulation of human CD34+ bone marrow cells and genes located at the 5' end having a broader range of expression, with downregulation at later stages of hematopoietic differentiation. To explore if these patterns reflect different functional activities, we have retrovirally engineered the overexpression of a 5'-located gene, HOXA10, in murine bone marrow cells and demonstrate effects strikingly different from those induced by overexpression of a 3'-located gene, HOXB4. In contrast to HOXB4, which causes selective expansion of primitive hematopoietic cells without altering their differentiation, overexpression of HOXA10 profoundly perturbed myeloid and B-lymphoid differentiation. The bone marrow of mice reconstituted with HOXA10-transduced bone marrow cells contained in high frequency a unique progenitor cell with megakaryocytic colony-forming ability and was virtually devoid of unilineage macrophage and pre-B-lymphoid progenitor cells derived from the transduced cells. Moreover, and again in contrast to HOXB4, a significant proportion of HOXA10 mice developed a transplantable acute myeloid leukemia with a latency of 19 to 50 weeks. These results thus add to recognition of Hox genes as important regulators of hematopoiesis and provide important new evidence of Hox gene-specific functions that may correlate with their normal expression pattern.
The Effectiveness of Alliances and Acquisitions: The Role of Resource Combination Activities

Resource complementarity increases the potential value of alliances and acquisitions, but the extent to which the value potential of an alliance or an acquisition becomes realized depends on the ability of the firm to discover and conduct productive resource combinations. Using a sample of 319 small firms, we separate domestic from international alliances and acquisitions and show that alliances and acquisitions bring limited benefits to firms unless deliberate effort is devoted to resource combination. These findings help resolve conflicts in the resource–based literature concerning the benefits of alliances and acquisitions.
Sustainable Tourism Using Regulations, Market Mechanisms and Green Certification: A Case Study of Barbados

Tourist destinations are under market pressure to offer a green product, including the Caribbean, one of the world’s most tourism-dependent regions. A decade after the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States convened in 1994, sustainable tourism remains a priority for Caribbean countries. This paper, using Barbados as a case study, attempts to establish if sustainable tourism policy existed, if so, how was it being implemented, and if not, what were the main areas of weakness. It found that although there was a vacuum in sustainable tourism plans and policies, the government was indirectly influencing sustainable tourism through regulatory mechanisms such as land use and infrastructure planning and market instruments. Additionally, industry was playing its part through voluntary compliance with green certification. There was a clear indication of government-industry cooperation. However, despite these measures and approaches, key infrastructure was inadequate, environmental impact assessments for potentially damaging tourism projects were not required by law and public participation was weak. The paper concludes that there are challenges for Barbados and other similar SIDS in attaining sustainable tourism in the long haul.
Financial Literacy and Financial Planning: Evidence from India

In this study we report findings about financial literacy and financial planning behavior based on a financial advisory program in India. We evaluate survey responses to three standard questions previously used to measure financial literacy. We then break down the data across particular demographic and socioeconomic groups and compare responses. Finally, we examine the investment behavior, liability choice, risk tolerance and insurance usage of program participants. We find that the vast majority of respondents appear to be financially literate based on their answers to questions concerning interest rates (numeracy), inflation, and risk/diversification. However, we do find variation across demographic and socioeconomic groups. We are also able to obtain additional information about the financial tendencies of the program participants (including risk tolerance, investment preferences, investment goals, etc.) and to relate those tendencies to financial literacy.
The Willingness to Pay to Keep a Football Club in a City: How Important are the Methodological Issues?

The contingent valuation method (CVM) is used to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) to keep a football club in a city in Spain (R. C. Deportivo de A Coruña). The authors pay attention to the distinction between genuine and protest zeros in the answer to an open-ended question. The authors propose the use of a Double Hurdle model where the information in the questionnaire for identifying the zeros is not used. The estimated nonuse value represents more than 81% of the total value. Nevertheless, when aggregating the sample estimates to population figures, the WTP is far below the amount of money of some potential decisions of the public authorities.
The sum of sales - SME marketing

The aim of the study is to provide deeper insight into the differences in the levels of market orientation and entrepreneurial orientation, especially among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The data was collected from 77 SME managers across Australia. The results indicate that there are significant differences in aggregate market orientation and entrepreneurial orientation between the more effective SMEs (leaders) and the less-effective SMEs (laggards). The paper contributes towards sales knowledge by examining and highlighting the importance of market orientation and entrepreneurial orientation to achieving sales effectiveness in Australian SMEs.
Design of balanced hybrid C band MESFET-based frequency tripler

This paper presents two balanced concepts of frequency triplers for the C band. The circuits are based on 4 × 75 ¿m 0.5 ¿m MESFETs in hybrid environment. Measurements resulted in a conversion gain of 1.2 dB and a suppression of 28 dB for fo and 45 dB for 2fo for a 3-FET tripler.
Inequality, Growth, and the Dynamics of Social Segmentation

In this paper, we investigate the link between the dynamics of society segmentation into communities and the growth process, based on a simple human capital growth model. Using coalition theory, we study the socioeconomic dynamics of an economy over time, characterize it and prove that the economy converges to a steady state partition that may be segmented. Eventually the whole economy tends to a balanced growth path, exhibiting persistent inequality in the case of segmentation. We then provide sufficient conditions on initial inequality and the technology parameters generating local and global externalities for obtaining a segmented society in the long run. On the whole, the relationship between inequality and growth cannot be assessed without taking into consideration the stratification phenomena at work in society over time.
An American Perspective on the U.K. Financial Services Authority: Politics, Goals & Regulatory Intensity

Although similarities between the British and American systems of financial regulation are often remarked upon in academic commentary, the organizational structure of financial supervision in the two countries has diverged substantially in the past decade, as the United Kingdom has now largely consolidated its financial regulatory agencies in the Financial Services Authority whereas the United States has maintained the world’s most decentralized and fragmented collection of financial supervisory agencies. In this essay, Professor Howell Jackson explores various reasons why financial regulation in these two countries differs so dramatica lly in organizational structure. Focusing first on the differences in political economy that surrounded the enactment of the Financial Services and Markets Act of 2000 in the United Kingdom and the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 in the United States, Professor Jackson discusses deeper differences in the regulatory philosophies of the two countries and also presents data on the relative intensity of financial regulation in both jurisdiction. He speculates that the comparatively more ambitious regulatory agenda of the U.S. system pushes the country towards a more elaborate system of financial oversight that is inherently more difficult to consolidate. In the United Kingdom, in contrast, the goals of the financial regulators are more modest and, to the extent that cost efficiency is one of the country’s regulatory objectives in the field of financial regulation, that policy tends to foster a less cumbersome system of financial regulation that more easily accommodates consolidation of regulatory functions. The paper concludes with some broader comparative data suggesting that while British financial regulation may be less intensive than financial regulation in the United States, it is substantially more intensive than financial regulation in many other jurisdictions, particularly civil law jurisdictions on the Continent.
Exploration and Exploitation: Toward a Theory of Knowledge Sharing in Digital Government Projects

Knowledge sharing processes are a central feature of the functioning of government. This has become even more evident with the rise of digital government initiatives, as these have a networking effect on bureaucracies. With multiple agencies and multidisciplinary knowledge coming together, it is necessary to combine and reconnect the required knowledge. Based on empirical data from four digital government projects (DGPs) in Switzerland and the United States of America, a theoretical model for knowledge sharing in DGPs is proposed. The model ties together processes and content of knowledge sharing through two task dimensions, each of them subdivided into two phases: (1) Conception and implementation of the project, and (2) Exploration and exploitation of knowledge. I show that the implementation of DG requires a balanced mix of exploration and exploitation of knowledge, where exploration is more important in the conceptual phase, and exploitation becomes more fruitful in the implementation phase. I found that DGPs rely on sparse networks during the conceptual phase of the project, and tend to employ teams or tightly-bound groups as the project moves towards implementation.
Variation in the Position of the Jugal Medial Ridge Among Lizards (Reptilia: Squamata): Its Functional and Taxonomic Significance

The course of the medial ridge in the lizard jugal shows considerable morphological variation. There are four basic configurations: (1) the medial ridge is located ventral to mid‐height on the suborbital process and anterior to mid‐length on the postorbital process; (2) the medial ridge is located ventrally on the suborbital process (as above), but posteriorly on the postorbital process; (3) the medial ridge is located dorsally on the suborbital process and anteriorly on the postorbital process; and (4) the medial ridge is centrally located along the entire length of the jugal. Ancestral character state reconstruction shows that type 1 is plesiomorphic for Squamata regardless of the broad‐scale phylogenetic topology. Type 3 is present in chamaeleonids and convergently in Anolis barbatus. Type 3 is a synapomorphy of the chamaeleonids. Type 2 is considered plesiomorphic for Anguidae, Heloderma and Xenosaurus, although it is independently modified in some extant members. These taxa form a clade in molecular phylogenies of Squamata, and the course of the medial ridge of the jugal therefore provides some measure of morphological support for this arrangement. The course of the medial ridge may be best explained by the position of the eye and by the angle of the jugal; its relations with other bony orbital structures (supraocular osteoderms, palpebral, supraorbital flanges) and the posterior extent of the maxilla are also discussed. Anat Rec, 297:2262–2272, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Health Insurance, Liquidity and Growth

Within the context of an endogenous growth model, it is shown that in the presence of health risks which influence household income, the introduction of a private insurance company increases the long-term economic growth rate. The introduction of such an institution has two effects on savings: a level effect and a composition effect. Although the presence of this risk-reducing institution induces a decrease in the level of total savings, as suggested in earlier papers, the rate of illiquid savings, which contribute to growth, increases. Copyright 2000 by The editors of the Scandinavian Journal of Economics.
Charting a new course in California [electricity market restructuring]

The California Public Utilities Commission issued a decision in December 1995 that made it official: the investor-owned electric utility industry in California will be restructured to allow for wholesale and retail competition beginning in 1998. Under the plan, an independent system operator will operate, as a single control area, the transmission systems that at present are owned and operated by the three largest investor-owned utilities in the state. The independent system operator will be responsible for ensuring that schedules for use of the transmission system are feasible, operating the transmission system in real time, and settling financially with parties who use the transmission system. It will guarantee open access to the transmission grid, so that no particular group of market participants is favored, wholesale or retail. While wholesale open access is required under Federal law, retail open access is new. A separate power exchange will serve as a daily spot market for electricity with publicly posted prices. That is, an auction will be held daily in which bids will be taken for each hour of the next operating day. The state's plan for competitive power markets is expected to to better serve customers.
Estimating the Benefit of High School for University‐Bound Students: Evidence of Subject‐Specific Human Capital Accumulation

Numerous studies suggest that the value of high school education is large for potential dropouts, yet we know much less about the benefits for students who will go on to post‐secondary education. To help fill this gap I measure, using a recent Ontario high school reform, the value‐added (in terms of university grades) of an extra year of high‐school mathematics for university‐bound students. The estimated benefit is small for these students: 2.3 points on a 100‐point scale. This evidence helps to explain why the literature has found only modest effects of taking more mathematics in high school on wages. Mesurer les avantages de l'ecole secondaire pour les etudiants qui se destinent a l'universite : resultats pour une analyse de l'accumulation de capital humain dans des cours specifiques. De nombreuses etudes suggerent que la valeur de l'education secondaire est grande pour les decrocheurs potentiels, par contre on en sait beaucoup moins sur les avantages pour les etudiants qui continuent leurs etudes au niveau postsecondaire. Pour examiner cette question, on mesure la valeur ajoutee (en termes de notes a l'universite) d'une annee supplementaire de mathematiques au secondaire pour les etudiants qui vont a l'universite a l'aide de donnees pour les cohortes differentes engendrees par une recente reforme en Ontario. Il semble que l'avantage est minime pour ces etudiants, 2.3 points sur une echelle de 100. Ces resultats aident a expliquer pourquoi la litterature specialisee n'a decouvert que de modestes effets de mathematiques supplementaires au secondaire sur les niveaux de salaires.
Sentinel lymph node localization in early breast cancer.

METHODS Thirty-two patients with clinical node-negative breast cancer underwent sentinel node localization study as part of a National Cancer Institute-sponsored multicenter trial. Anatomical and histopathologic characteristics of sentinel lymph node (SLN) and a kinetic analysis of nodal uptake were studied. Patients were injected with 1 mCi/4 ml unfiltered 99mTc-sulfur colloid in four divided doses around the palpable lesion or immediately adjacent to the excision cavity if prior biopsy was performed. SLN biopsy was performed 1.5-6 hr (mean = 3 hr) postinjection. Intraoperative localization was performed using a gamma probe. All patients underwent complete axillary dissection. RESULTS SLN was identified in 30 of 32 (94%) patients. There were no false-negative SLN biopsies. CONCLUSION This study supports the clinical validity of SLN biopsy in breast cancer and confirms that, unlike the blue dye technique, the learning curve with unfiltered 99mTc-sulfur colloid and the gamma detection probe is short, and SLN localization is achievable in over 90% of cases by surgeons with modest experience. The use of unfiltered 99mTc-sulfur colloid (larger particle size) with larger injected volume permits effective localization of SLNs.
Contract Form and Procurement Costs: The Impact of Compulsory Multiple Contractor Laws in Construction

It is claimed that many regulatory rules enforce inefficiencies in order to achieve the appearance of cost control. We assess the importance of these claims by measuring the effect of New York state's compulsory multiple contractor law on the cost of public construction in New York City. Multiple contractor laws, which exist in many states, prohibit the use of general contractors in order to promote the appearance of competition. Contrasts of construction costs between buildings with identical blind cost estimates indicate that this law increases public construction costs by 8% and increases construction delays by more than a calendar year.
Work‐life balance: Expatriates reflect the international dimension

Studies by ORC Worldwide have found that long hours, travel, and other work-related factors intrude into personal lives and create stress for a significant portion of HR professionals and expatriates around the world. But while HR professionals believe work-life balance policies have benefited their organization and themselves, expatriates believe quite the opposite. Given the cost of expatriate assignments and the potential for work-life imbalance to erode employee commitment, organizations can do more to communicate and support work-life practices outside their home country, and to better prepare the expatriate and family for life in their new location.
Security Interests and Bankruptcy Priorities: A Review of Current Theories

In recent years, finance economists have begun to study several practices that the law traditionally regulates. Examples include attempted explanations of the variety of debt and equity instruments that firms issue, the nature of bond covenants, the functions that trade credit serves and the likely actions of creditors when their debtor becomes insolvent. These studies are illuminating and provocative, but represent only the beginning of coherent explanations of the phenomena. Also, the normative implications of this relatively incomplete understanding have been unexplored. Lawyers assume these financial practices to be well understood and, consequently, have erected regulatory structures that presuppose the truth of what now seem preliminary or questionable positivist theories. This paper explores a particular financial practice-the issuance of debt secured by personal property--and a regulatory scheme relevant to this practice--the setting of distributional priorities when an insolvent firm is liquidated. My principal purpose is to illuminate the unresolved problems in this field and to illustrate the relevance of the achievements and unaccomplished tasks of modern finance to areas of business law that have developed largely independently of this discipline.
Verifiable secret-ballot elections

Privacy in secret-ballot elections has traditionally been attained by using a ballot box or voting booth to disassociate voters from ballots. Although such a system might achieve privacy, there is often little confidence in the accuracy of the announced tally. This thesis describes a practical scheme for conducting secret-ballot elections in which the outcome of an election is verifiable by all participants and even by non-participating observers. All communications are public, yet under a suitable number-theoretic assumption, the privacy of votes remains intact. The tools developed here to conduct such elections have additional independent applications. Cryptographic capsules allow a prover to convince verifiers that either statement A or statement B is true without revealing substantial information as to which. Secret sharing homomorphisms enable computation on shared (secret) data and give a method of distributing shares of a secret such that each shareholder can verify the validity of all shares.