Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Classification of Time-Varying Volume Data Based on the Time Histogram

An important challenge in the application of direct volume rendering to time-varying data is the specification of transfer functions for all time steps. Very little research has been devoted to this problem, however. To address this issue we propose an approach which allows simultaneous classification of the entire time series. We explore options for transfer function specification that are based, either directly or indirectly, on the time histogram. Furthermore, we consider how to effectively provide feedback for interactive classification by exploring options for simultaneous rendering of the time series, again based on the time histogram. Finally, we apply this approach to several large time-varying data sets where we show that the important features at all times are captured with about the same effort it takes to classify one time step using conventional classification.
Allelic length of a CA dinucleotide repeat in the egfr gene correlates with the frequency of amplifications of this sequence—first results of an inter‐ethnic breast cancer study

Overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a common finding in invasive breast cancer and represents a potential target for new treatment options. However, little is known about the parameters that might indicate a potential clinical response for these anti‐EGFR‐based therapies. In order to gain further insights into the interplay between the length of a CA‐SSR I repeat in intron 1 of egfr, copy numbers of this untranslated regulatory sequence, and protein expression, the present study investigated breast cancers from Germans and Japanese patients by microsatellite analysis, quantitative 5′ nuclease assay by egfr enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Japanese breast cancer patients displayed significantly longer alleles for the CA‐SSR I repeat (p < 0.001), associated with significantly lower EGFR expression (mean 65 versus 36 fmol/mg membrane protein). Allelic imbalance (restricted to CA‐SSR I) was observed in 55% of the informative Japanese breast cancers compared with only 34% of the German breast cancer reference group. Using a quantitative 5′ nuclease assay for egfr, a significantly higher percentage of Japanese breast cancer patients revealed amplifications of the CA‐SSR I repeat (p < 0.01). Japanese patients with these amplifications were characterized by a significantly higher EGFR content compared with the German breast cancer patients (p < 0.05). These data show, on the one hand, that the correlation of EGFR overexpression and an inherited CA repeat polymorphism within intron 1 of egfr is a general finding in breast cancer, as has been shown previously. On the other hand, the data demonstrate clearly for the first time an interaction between the length of a polymorphism in intron 1 of egfr as an inherited genetic factor and the frequency of egfr amplification, as an acquired genetic factor, both factors contributing to EGFR overexpression in breast cancer. This new knowledge about mechanisms of regulation of EGFR expression might serve as an additional basis for evaluating anti‐EGFR‐based therapies. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analytical evaluation of NIAM'S grammar for conceptual schema diagrams

Abstract. Nijssen's Information Analysis Method (niam) provides a powerful grammar for generating conceptual schema diagrams. We evaluate this grammar systematically using an ontological model proposed by Bunge, Wand and Weber. Our analysis shows niam'Sgrammar has many desirable features. Nevertheless, we conclude it is deficient in three respects. First, we argue that construct overload occurs in niam'Sgrammar. Multiple real‐world features are represented by the same grammatical construct in niam. As a result, we predict users of niam will sometimes be confused about which characteristics of the real world are being represented by niam'Soverloaded grammatical constructs. Second, we argue that construct redundancy occurs in niam. Multiple grammatical constructs can be used to represent the same real‐world feature. As a result, we predict users of niam will choose to employ only one of the grammatical constructs provided to represent a particular real‐world feature. Alternatively, they will equivocate in their choice of a grammatical construct and thus undermine their effectiveness and efficiency in using niam. Third, we argue niam has construct deficit. Some ontological constructs have no corresponding grammatical construct in niam. As a result, we predict users of niam will employ other grammars to represent real‐world features that cannot be represented by niam'Sgrammar. We predict that using multiple grammars to represent real‐world features, however, will evoke other problems associated with attaining consistent representations among the scripts generated via the grammars.
Globalization, borderless worlds, and the Tower of Babel

Discusses the visions of “global villages”, “borderless worlds” and “towers of Babel” which, according to the visionaries of our day, we are heading towards, enhanced by the rapid development of communications and information technologies. Explores the shortcomings of these metaphors and the visions conveyed by them. Considers the means by which alternative metaphors could be constructed in an effort to make sense of how information technology‐supported globalization will re‐shape the world in which we live.
Temporal compression in episodic memory for real-life events

ABSTRACT Remembering an event typically takes less time than experiencing it, suggesting that episodic memory represents past experience in a temporally compressed way. Little is known, however, about how the continuous flow of real-life events is summarised in memory. Here we investigated the nature and determinants of temporal compression by directly comparing memory contents with the objective timing of events as measured by a wearable camera. We found that episodic memories consist of a succession of moments of prior experience that represent events with varying compression rates, such that the density of retrieved information is modulated by goal processing and perceptual changes. Furthermore, the results showed that temporal compression rates remain relatively stable over one week and increase after a one-month delay, particularly for goal-related events. These data shed new light on temporal compression in episodic memory and suggest that compression rates are adaptively modulated to maintain current goal-relevant information.
Testing problems with sub-learning sample complexity

We study the problem of determining, for a class of functions H, whether an unknown target function f is contained in H or is “far” from any function in H. Thus, in contrast to problems of learning, where we must construct a good approximation to f in H on the basis of sample data, in problems of testing we are only required to determine the existence of a good approximation. Our main results demonstrate that, over the domain [0; 1] for constant d, the number of examples required for testing grows only as ~ O( p s) for both decision trees of size s and a special class of neural networks with s hidden units. This is in contrast to the (s) examples required for learning these same classes. Our tests are based on combinatorial constructions demonstrating that these classes can be approximated by small classes of coarse partitions of space, and rely on repeated application of the well-known birthday paradox.
Corpora in machine translation

In spite of this quote there are many machine translation systems in use today, and more are being made, as the need for translations is seemingly boundless. For instance the contracts, agreements, laws and parliamentary sessions of the EU need to be translated somehow, and even if machine translation as good as human translation is infeasible, as that is what Bar-Hillel was concerned about, even quickly made, partial and rudimentary translations can be of help to a translator, or to choose what texts need to be properly translated in the first place. Intriguingly, it turns out that corpora can help with the second claim of the quote, that “Computer understanding of text is too difficult. ”. Corpora can provide some understanding of the world simply by being a source for deriving frequencies or other statistically significant phenomena like finding collocations and words that don’t follow the rules. In this paper I will zoom in from the general to the specific, going from the past up to today. Section 2 looks at early use of corpora and machine translation (hereafter MT), section 3 is about modern MT and its growing dependence on corpus linguistics and finally, section 4 is about a specific MT-project that is still under development and its use of corpora, namely LOGON (Lonning et al., 2004).
Buyers' Perceptions of the Risks of Internet Enabled Reverse Auctions

In addition to reducing the purchasing cost, Internet Enabled Reverse Auctions (RAs) are now being used by buyer firms to explore new suppliers. The decision to use RAs is increasingly being recognized for its strategic importance to buyer firms. However, such decisions of strategic importance are presumably accompanied by equally serious risks. The first step to managing such risks is identifying what they are. Unfortunately, there is no validated check list of buyer risks that can assist firms when using RAs. We have taken the first step towards addressing this issue by developing an authoritative list of the important risks associated with the use of RAs as a sourcing strategy. By employing a rigorous ranking type Delphi survey methodology, we developed a comprehensive list of the key risks ranked by their relative importance. Implications of our findings for both researchers and sourcing professionals are discussed.
Microarray Data Analysis Toolbox (MDAT): for normalization, adjustment and analysis of gene expression data

SUMMARY We introduce a novel Matlab toolbox for microarray data analysis. This toolbox uses normalization based upon a normally distributed background and differential gene expression based on five statistical measures. The objects in this toolbox are open source and can be implemented to suit your application. AVAILABILITY MDAT v1.0 is a Matlab toolbox and requires Matlab to run. MDAT is freely available at http://microarray.omrf. org/publications/2004/knowlton/MDAT.zip.
IQGAP1 controls tight junction formation through differential regulation of claudin recruitment

ABSTRACT IQGAP1 is a scaffolding protein previously implicated in adherens junction formation. However, its role in the establishment or maintenance of tight junctions (TJs) has not been explored. We hypothesized that IQGAP1 could regulate TJ formation by modulating the expression and/or localization of junctional proteins, and we systematically tested this hypothesis in the model Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line. We find that IQGAP1 silencing enhances a transient increase in transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) observed during the early stages of TJ formation (Cereijido et al., 1978). Quantitative microscopy and biochemical experiments suggest that this effect of IQGAP1 on TJ assembly is accounted for by reduced expression and TJ recruitment of claudin 2, and increased TJ recruitment of claudin 4. Furthermore, we show that IQGAP1 also regulates TJ formation through its interactor CDC42, because IQGAP1 knockdown increases the activity of the CDC42 effector JNK and dominant-negative CDC42 prevents the increase in TER caused by IQGAP1 silencing. Hence, we provide evidence that IQGAP1 modulates TJ formation by a twofold mechanism: (1) controlling the expression and recruitment of claudin 2 and recruitment of claudin 4 to the TJ, and (2) transient inhibition of the CDC42–JNK pathway.
Trend analysis pilot aided channel estimation in OFDM systems

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique has a major problem due to the impact of the flat fading channel. Many channel estimation techniques addressed this problem. This paper presents a technique named trend analysis pilot aided (TAPA) channel estimation, which is dynamic technique minimizes the required training data. Simulation results show that the proposed technique exhibits almost the same BER performance with other training techniques.
Spiking patterns of hippocampus networks in DC electrical field

Effects of electrical field on CA3 hippocampus network are investigated based on the novel models of CA3 neuron and neuronal network in electrical field we developed in our study. Firing patterns of single neuron in different DC electrical field are investigated. It's found that firing activities are sensitive to the amplitude of the DC electrical fields, which may imply the role of endogenous electrical field in modulating brain activities. In network scale, spatiotemporal behaviors, especially synchronization, are studied in DC electrical field. Application of electrical field can change the synchronous states of the CA3 network. Electrical field and the non-synaptic connection may have effects on the generation and propagation of epileptiform activities. Furthermore, control strategies based on electrical field may be developed to inhibit the epileptiform activities.
The Association between Smoking and Ectopic Pregnancy: Why Nicotine Is BAD for Your Fallopian Tube

Epidemiological studies have shown that cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for tubal ectopic pregnancy but the reason for this remains unclear. Here, we set out to determine the effect of smoking on Fallopian tube gene expression. An oviductal epithelial cell line (OE-E6/E7) and explants of human Fallopian tubes from non-pregnant women (n = 6) were exposed to physiologically relevant concentrations of cotinine, the principle metabolite of nicotine, and changes in gene expression analyzed using the Illumina Human HT-12 array. Cotinine sensitive genes identified through this process were then localized and quantified in Fallopian tube biopsies from non-pregnant smokers (n = 10) and non-smokers (n = 11) using immunohistochemistry and TaqMan RT-PCR. The principle cotinine induced change in gene expression detected by the array analysis in both explants and the cell line was significant down regulation (P<0.05) of the pro-apoptotic gene BAD. We therefore assessed the effect of smoking on cell turnover in retrospectively collected human samples. Consistent with the array data, smoking was associated with decreased levels of BAD transcript (P<0.01) and increased levels of BCL2 transcript (P<0.05) in Fallopian tube biopsies. BAD and BCL2 specific immunolabelling was localized to Fallopian tube epithelium. Although no other significant differences in levels of apoptosis or cell cycle associated proteins were observed, smoking was associated with significant changes in the morphology of the Fallopian tube epithelium (P<0.05). These results suggest that smoking may alter tubal epithelial cell turnover and is associated with structural, as well as functional, changes that may contribute to the development of ectopic pregnancy.
Estimation of salivary flow rate, pH, buffer capacity, calcium, total protein content and total antioxidant capacity in relation to dental caries severity, age and gender

Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, calcium, total protein content and total antioxidant capacity in relation to dental caries, age and gender. Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of 120 healthy children aged 7–15 years that was further divided into two groups: 7–10 years and 11–15 years. In this 60 children with DMFS/dfs = 0 and 60 children with DMFS/dfs ≥5 were included. The subjects were divided into two groups; Group A: Children with DMFS/dfs = 0 (caries-free) Group B: Children with DMFS/dfs ≥5 (caries active). Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from all groups. Flow rates were determined, and samples analyzed for pH, buffer capacity, calcium, total protein and total antioxidant status. Salivary antioxidant activity is measured with spectrophotometer by an adaptation of 2,2’-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) assays. Results: The mean difference of the two groups; caries-free and caries active were proved to be statistically significant (P < 0.05) for salivary calcium, total protein and total antioxidant level for both the sexes in the age group 7–10 years and for the age 11–15 years the mean difference of the two groups were proved to be statistically significant (P < 0.05) for salivary calcium level for both the sexes. Salivary total protein and total antioxidant level were proved to be statistically significant for male children only. Conclusions: In general, total protein and total antioxidants in saliva were increased with caries activity. Calcium content of saliva was found to be more in caries-free group and increased with age.
Vacuolar H+-ATPase Activity Is Required for Endocytic and Secretory Trafficking in Arabidopsis[W]

In eukaryotic cells, compartments of the highly dynamic endomembrane system are acidified to varying degrees by the activity of vacuolar H+-ATPases (V-ATPases). In the Arabidopsis thaliana genome, most V-ATPase subunits are encoded by small gene families, thus offering potential for a multitude of enzyme complexes with different kinetic properties and localizations. We have determined the subcellular localization of the three Arabidopsis isoforms of the membrane-integral V-ATPase subunit VHA-a. Colocalization experiments as well as immunogold labeling showed that VHA-a1 is preferentially found in the trans-Golgi network (TGN), the main sorting compartment of the secretory pathway. Uptake experiments with the endocytic tracer FM4-64 revealed rapid colocalization with VHA-a1, indicating that the TGN may act as an early endosomal compartment. Concanamycin A, a specific V-ATPase inhibitor, blocks the endocytic transport of FM4-64 to the tonoplast, causes the accumulation of FM4-64 together with newly synthesized plasma membrane proteins, and interferes with the formation of brefeldin A compartments. Furthermore, nascent cell plates are rapidly stained by FM4-64, indicating that endocytosed material is redirected into the secretory flow after reaching the TGN. Together, our results suggest the convergence of the early endocytic and secretory trafficking pathways in the TGN.
Cryptanalysis of an ADC-based Random Number Generator from a chaotic oscillator

The presented work introduces the algebraic cryptanalysis of an Analog-Digital Converter (ADC) based Random Number Generator (RNG) utilizing a chaotic oscillator. The proposed attack system focuses on discovering the weak points of ADC-based RNG from security point of view. The master-slave synchronization scheme is utilized to prove the convergence of the proposed attack system. Here, the RNG structure and the observed scalar time series of the target chaotic oscillator are the only available information for cryptanalysis. The feasibility of the proposed attack system is verified by presenting numerical and simulation results. The RNG, does not fulfill the Big Crush and Diehard statistical test suites, additionally the previous and the following bits are predictable. Moreover, the same bit sequence of the RNG can be generated.
Performance of maximum likelihood estimation for multipath TDOA passive ranging

This paper presents an estimation procedure for exploiting multipath signal propagation in shallow water to perform passive ranging. The scenario of interest is a pair of sensors receiving an underwater acoustic signal that has arrived via a bounce from the ocean floor. This approach also applies in other situations, for example, to multiple airborne sensors passively receiving emissions from an airborne source with signal bounce off the earth's surface. We develop an implicitly-defined maximum likelihood estimator; provide a numerical scheme for calculating the estimate; and derive expressions for the estimator bias and variance. Finally, we show that at low noise, the bias is negligible and the variance is equivalent to the usual Cramer-Rao bound on unbiased estimators.
Emergent Semantic Patterns in Large Scale Image Dataset: A Datamining Approach

In this paper we investigate an unsupervised learning method applied to low level image features extracted from a large collection of images using data mining strategies. The mining process resulted in several interesting emergent semantic patterns. Initially, local image features are extracted using image processing techniques which are then clustered to generate a bag of words (BoW) for each image. These bags of words are then used for mining co-occurring patterns. The generated patterns were either global in nature i.e. showed a behavior spread across many images or a local and more rare behavior found across few images. These patterns are assigned semantic names to build a semantic relationship among images containing them.
FRACTIONAL-ORDER SPECTRA FOR COMPLEX VISCOELASTIC MATERIALS

Recently much of the research has been dedicated to the application of fractional calculus in rheology. In this paper fractional-order spectra are presented for the complex viscoelastic materials, which mechanical analogy are constructed by fractional elements connected in series or parallel. Fractional-order spectra connect directly to the material’s constitutive relation with fractional derivatives and reflect the characteristic of networks of mechanical analogy. The calculation method for fractional-order spectra is provided. The spectra for some fractional models which are commonly used are determined.
Modeling news spread as an SIR process over temporal networks

News spread in internet media outlets can be seen as a contagious process generating temporal networks representing the influence between published articles. In this article we propose a methodology based on the application of natural language analysis of the articles to reconstruct the spread network. From the reconstructed network, we show that the dynamics of the news spread can be approximated by a classical SIR epidemiological dynamics upon the network. From the results obtained we argue that the methodology proposed can be used to make predictions about media repercussion, and also to detect viral memes in news streams.