Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Piston Assemblies for Road Transport Oil Engines

After reviewing the more usual types of piston failures such as breakage, seizure, ring sticking, land breakage, land scuffing, and groove destruction, means are suggested for their avoidance. There follows a consideration of the limiting factors of piston life, as indicated by the oil consumption of the engine. Dangers of overscraping new engines are emphasized and a method of retaining a minimum consumption over a long life is suggested. Examination of the rates of wear of the various components of the piston assembly leads to the conclusion that the top compression ring is the weakest point. Service test results with different piston ring materials are given and improved materials are suggested. Chromium-plated piston rings give the best results and are recommended for use as the upper compression ring. Finally, suggestions are given for designing the successful oil engine piston with a strong recommendation for the use of 12 per cent silicon alloy material and an adequate path for heat flow from the p.
Influence of Al2O3 on Equilibrium Sinter Phase in N2 Atmosphere

As the increasing utilization of Australia iron ore with high Al2O3 in BF in iron and steel factory, 1) the content of Al2O3 in sinter increased and brought up several negative influences on its metallurgical properties, such as strength decreasing, RDI increasing, unsuitable changes of melting and drop points etc. N. V. Y. Scarlett et al. have studied the reaction sequences in the formation of silicoferrites of calcium and aluminum (SFCA) in iron ore sinter. X. R. Liu et al. have studied the mineralogical characteristics such as composition, microstructure and crystallographic characteristics of ferrite in low-temperature sinters. Y. Wu has studied the effect of Al2O3 content of present sinter on its properties. Other researchers also have made numerous valuable work on this, but most of them focused on the process technology of sinter or iron making. Hitherto, most of essential mechanism is unclear. Especially, the distribution and behaviors of Al2O3 in sinter, with high level Al content, are unknown, which is the key to determine phase compositions and metallurgical properties of sinter. As the result, it leads to the difficulty to control its metallurgy process in BF. Therefore, to make out the thermodynamic reasons of metallurgical property worsening of high Al-bearing sinter, it is necessary to investigate the distribution of Al and other elements in equilibrium phases of the sinter, which can provide the foundation to resolve the problems of Al-bearing iron ore sintering and metallurgy as well.
Defect Behavior in BF2 Implants For S/D Applications as a Function of Ion Beam Characteristics

This study investigates characteristics of defects induced by BF2 implantation with 2 different types of ion beams — a spot beam and the other a parallel ribbon beam — on blanket wafers. The effect of dose rate on defect behaviour was also investigated. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Ellipsometry measurements were made to understand the damage characteristics. Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) analysis was conducted to understand dopant distribution and segregation. In addition, activation of Boron was characterized by sheet resistance measurements. We conclude that it is primarily the inherent difference in dose rate of batch versus single wafer implanters that affects induced defect behaviour in Si.
Virulence of Fusarium oxysporum and F. commune to Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings

Summary Fusarium species can cause damping-off and root rot of young conifer seedlings, resulting in severe crop and economic losses in forest nurseries. Disease control within tree nurseries is difficult because of the inability to characterize and quantify Fusarium spp. populations with regard to disease potential because of high variability in isolate virulence. Fusarium isolates were collected from healthy and diseased seedlings of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western white pine (Pinus monticola) from a nursery in Idaho, USA. Molecular markers such as DNA sequences (mitochondrial small subunit and nuclear translation elongation factor 1-alpha) and amplified fragment length polymorphism were used to identify isolates as either F. oxysporum or F. commune. In addition, diagnostic primers were developed to detect and distinguish F. commune from F. oxysporum. In vitro and greenhouse virulence tests were completed on Douglas-fir germinants and seedlings. For Douglasfir germinants and seedlings, F. oxysporum isolates generally caused less severe symptoms, whereas most F. commune isolates caused mortality through damping-off. This is the first report of direct evidence that F. commune can cause damping-off disease on Douglas-fir seedlings under greenhouse conditions.
Group VIB Calcium-Independent Phospholipase A2 (iPLA2γ) Regulates Platelet Activation, Hemostasis and Thrombosis in Mice

In platelets, group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2α) has been implicated as a key regulator in the hydrolysis of platelet membrane phospholipids, leading to pro-thrombotic thromboxane A2 and anti-thrombotic 12-(S)-hydroxyeicosatetranoic acid production. However, studies using cPLA2α-deficient mice have indicated that other PLA2(s) may also be involved in the hydrolysis of platelet glycerophospholipids. In this study, we found that group VIB Ca2+-independent PLA2 (iPLA2γ)-deficient platelets showed decreases in adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-dependent aggregation and ADP- or collagen-dependent thromboxane A2 production. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis of platelet phospholipids revealed that fatty acyl compositions of ethanolamine plasmalogen and phosphatidylglycerol were altered in platelets from iPLA2γ-null mice. Furthermore, mice lacking iPLA2γ displayed prolonged bleeding times and were protected against pulmonary thromboembolism. These results suggest that iPLA2γ is an additional, long-sought-after PLA2 that hydrolyzes platelet membranes and facilitates platelet aggregation in response to ADP.
Virtually Pipelined Network Memory

We introduce virtually-pipelined memory, an architectural technique that efficiently supports high-bandwidth, uniform latency memory accesses, and high-confidence throughput even under adversarial conditions. We apply this technique to the network processing domain where memory hierarchy design is an increasingly challenging problem as network bandwidth increases. Virtual pipelining provides a simple to analyze programing model of a deep pipeline (deterministic latencies) with a completely different physical implementation (a memory system with banks and probabilistic mapping). This allows designers to effectively decouple the analysis of their algorithms and data structures from the analysis of the memory buses and banks. Unlike specialized hardware customized for a specific data-plane algorithm, our system makes no assumption about the memory access patterns. In the domain of network processors this will be of growing importance as the size of the routing tables, the complexity of the packet classification rules, and the amount of packet buffering required, all continue to grow at a staggering rate. We present a mathematical argument for our system's ability to provably provides bandwidth with high confidence and demonstrate its functionality and area overhead through a synthesizable design. We further show that, even though our scheme is general purpose to support new applications such as packet reassembly, it outperforms the state of the art in specialized packet buffering architectures
Physicochemical characterization of nebulized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs).

BACKGROUND Aerosol-mediated delivery of nano-based therapeutics to the lung has emerged as a promising alternative for treatment and prevention of lung diseases. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have attracted significant attention for such applications due to their biocompatibility and magnetic properties. However, information is lacking about the characteristics of nebulized SPIONs for use as a therapeutic aerosol. To address this need, we conducted a physicochemical characterization of nebulized Rienso, a SPION-based formulation for intravenous treatment of anemia. METHODS Four different concentrations of SPION suspensions were nebulized with a one-jet nebulizer. Particle size was measured in suspension by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and in the aerosol by a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). RESULTS The average particle size in suspension as measured by TEM, PCS, and NTA was 9±2 nm, 27±7 nm, and 56±10 nm, respectively. The particle size in suspension remained the same before and after the nebulization process. However, after aerosol collection in an impinger, the suspended particle size increased to 159±46 nm as measured by NTA. The aerosol particle concentration increased linearly with increasing suspension concentration, and the aerodynamic diameter remained relatively stable at around 75 nm as measured by SMPS. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that the total number and particle size in the aerosol were modulated as a function of the initial concentration in the nebulizer. The data obtained mark the first known independent characterization of nebulized Rienso and, as such, provide critical information on the behavior of Rienso nanoparticles in an aerosol. The data obtained in this study add new knowledge to the existing body of literature on potential applications of SPION suspensions as inhaled aerosol therapeutics.
The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Module: An Ontological Approach to Semantic Interoperability of Metadata

This article presents the methodology that has been successfully used over the past seven years by an interdisciplinary team to create the International Committee for Documentation of the International Council of Museums (CIDOC) CONCEPTUAL REFERENCE MODEL (CRM), a high-level ontology to enable information integration for cultural heritage data and their correlation with library and archive information. The CIDOC CRM is now in the process to become an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard. This article justifies in detail the methodology and design by functional requirements and gives examples of its contents. The CIDOC CRM analyzes the common conceptualizations behind data and metadata structures to support data transformation, mediation, and merging. It is argued that such ontologies are property-centric, in contrast to terminological systems, and should be built with different methodologies. It is demonstrated that ontological and epistemological arguments are equally important for an effective design, in particular when dealing with knowledge from the past in any domain. It is assumed that the presented methodology and the upper level of the ontology are applicable in a far wider domain.
Serial Assessment of Myocardial Properties Using Cyclic Variation of Integrated Backscatter in an Adriamycin-Induced Cardiomyopathy Rat Model

Although adriamycin (Doxorubicin) is one of the most effective and useful antineoplastic agents for the treatment of a variety of malignancies, its repeated administration can induce irreversible myocardial damage and resultant heart failure. Currently, no marker to detect early cardiac damage is available. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether an assessment of the acoustic properties of the myocardium could enable the earlier detection of myocardial damage after adriamycin chemotherapy. Forty Wistar rats were treated with adriamycin (2 mg/kg, i.v.) once a week for 2, 4, 6 or 8 weeks consecutively. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was calculated using M-mode echocardiography data. The magnitude of cardiac cycle dependent variation of integrated backscatter (CVIB) of the myocardium was measured in the mid segment of the septum and in the posterior wall of the left ventricle, using a real time two dimensional integrated backscatter imaging system. LVEF was significantly lower in the adriamycin-treated 8-week group than in the controls (75 ± 9 vs 57 ± 8%, p < 0.05). Myocyte damage was only seen in the 8-week adriamycin-treated group. However, no significant changes of CVIB were observed between baseline or during follow-up in the ADR or control group. In conclusion, serial assessment of the acoustic properties of the myocardium may not be an optimal tool for the early detection of myocardial damage after doxorubicin chemotherapy in a rat model.
Helicase Domain of West Nile Virus NS3 Protein Plays a Role in Inhibition of Type I Interferon Signalling

West Nile virus (WNV) is a neurotropic flavivirus that can cause encephalitis in mammalian and avian hosts. In America, the virulent WNV strain (NY99) is causing yearly outbreaks of encephalitis in humans and horses, while in Australia the less virulent Kunjin strain of WNV strain has not been associated with significant disease outbreaks until a recent 2011 large outbreak in horses (but not in humans) caused by NSW2011 strain. Using chimeric viruses between NY99 and NSW2011 strains we previously identified a role for the non-structural proteins of NY99 strain and especially the NS3 protein, in enhanced virus replication in type I interferon response-competent cells and increased virulence in mice. To further define the role of NY99 NS3 protein in inhibition of type I interferon response, we have generated and characterised additional chimeric viruses containing the protease or the helicase domains of NY99 NS3 on the background of the NSW2011 strain. The results identified the role for the helicase but not the protease domain of NS3 protein in the inhibition of type I interferon signalling and showed that helicase domain of the more virulent NY99 strain performs this function more efficiently than helicase domain of the less virulent NSW2011 strain. Further analysis with individual amino acid mutants identified two amino acid residues in the helicase domain primarily responsible for this difference. Using chimeric replicons, we also showed that the inhibition of type I interferon (IFN) signalling was independent of other known functions of NS3 in RNA replication and assembly of virus particles.
Towards a Class-Based Representation of Perceptual Tempo for Music Retrieval

Tempo is a common criterion by which humans describe and categorize music, and this has spawned a large amount of research in the field of automatic tempo estimation. Most tempo estimation systems focus mainly on detecting the temporal repetition and periodicity present within a signal, and represent tempo as a count of beats-per-minute (BPM). However, in real-world music retrieval applications such as music navigation and playlist generation, a rough perceptual representation of tempo may be more appropriate than a BPM representation. In this paper, the problem of tempo estimation is presented as a statistical classification problem. Four Perceptual Tempo Classes are defined which correspond to rough semantic terms that average users may use to describe tempo. Statistical models of each class are built using low-level audio features. Experimental results show that the Perceptual Tempo Class representation outperforms several conventional BPM-based tempo estimation systems when applied to the tasks of music navigation and playlist generation.
EMD and Envelope Spectrum Based Bearing Fault Detection

A novel method to fault diagnosis of bearing based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and envelope spectrum is presented. EMD method is self-adaptive to non-stationary and non-linear signal. The methodology developed in this paper decomposes the original vibration signal in intrinsic oscillation modes, using the empirical mode decomposition. Then the envelope spectrum is applied to the selected intrinsic mode function that stands for the bearing faults. The basic principle is firstly introduced in detail. Then the EMD is applied in the research of the fault detection and diagnosis of the bearing. The experimental results show that the proposed method based on EMD and envelope spectrum analysis technique can effectively diagnose the faults of bearing.
Dr. Paul Tessier and Facial Skeletal Masculinization

The male facial skeleton is larger and more angular than that of the female. The male skull has bossing in the area of the frontal sinuses (there is bossing even without presence of the sinuses—5% of people do not have a frontal sinus) and a small flat spot in the mid forehead between the areas of bossing and usually slightly above them. Also there is bossing in the superior lateral orbital angle. The chin on an average basis is 17% vertically higher in the male and there is more fullness laterally. The angle of the mandible is larger inferioro-posteriorly and generally flares out more laterally. The oblique line is fuller in the male. To date 6 males who have wanted to have a more masculine face have been operated on forehead, chin, and mandible. All 6 have done well and without complications. Their acceptance of this surgery has been great.
Rational design of InhA inhibitors in the class of diphenyl ether derivatives as potential anti-tubercular agents using molecular dynamics simulations

A series of diphenyl ether derivatives were developed and showed promising potency for inhibiting InhA, an essential enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase involved in mycolic acid biosynthesis, leading to the lysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To understand the structural basis of diphenyl ether derivatives for designing more potent inhibitors, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed. Based on the obtained results, the dynamic behaviour in terms of flexibility, binding free energy, binding energy decomposition, conformation, and the inhibitor–enzyme interaction of diphenyl ether inhibitors were elucidated. Phe149, Tyr158, Met161, Met199, Val203 and NAD+ are the key residues for binding of diphenyl ether inhibitors in the InhA binding pocket. Our results could provide the structural concept to design new diphenyl ether inhibitors with better enzyme inhibitory activity against M. tuberculosis InhA. The present work facilitates the design of new and potentially more effective anti-tuberculosis agents.
FORMATION OF COMPLEXES COMPOSED OF Cr, Cs, AND C INACTIVATOR IN HUMAN SERUM ON ACTIVATION OF C1

CI subcomponent complexes in normal serum incubated with Clq binding substances or with proteolytic enzymes were studied by crossed Immunoelectrophoresis. Cr, Cs, trypsin. Heat aggregated IgG, immune complexes, cell‐bound antibody or complexes of C‐reactive protein with‐ protamine sulphate gave rise to dissociation of CI and the appearance of Cls protein in the 02 position. In contrast, plasmin, DNA and endotoxin did not affect the normal Cls protein pattern. Following incubation with Cr, Cs, trypsin, or complexes containing C‐reactive protein, the Cq in serum was found in a cathodal position similar to that of purified Cq. The Cs protein in the α2 position was shown to be part of a complex composed of Cr, Cs and C inactivator proteins. Cr in the complex was only detected immunochemically by using anti Cr and anti Cls in combination. The complex had a molecular weight of about 5 105 daltons. The results show that complexes of Cr, Cs and C inactivator proteins in serum are formed on C activation, implying that the complexes contain activated Cr and Cs (Cr‐Cs‐C IA). Cr‐Cs complexes with (Si mobility were not formed in vitro, β1 Clr‐Cls complexes in pathological sera could be converted to Cr‐Cs‐C IA by treatment with Cr and Cs and also, provided Clq was available in serum, by treatment with heat aggregated IgG. It was concluded that β1 Cr‐Cs complexes in serum contain Cr and Cs in proenzyme form.
Improved Combinatorial Algorithms for Facility Location Problems ∗

We present improved combinatorial approximation algorithms for the uncapacitated facility location problem. Two central ideas in most of our results are cost scaling and greedy improvement. We present a simple greedy local search algorithm which achieves an approximation ratio of 2.414+ in Õ(n/ ) time. This also yields a bicriteria approximation tradeoff of (1 + γ, 1 + 2/γ) for facility cost versus service cost which is better than previously known tradeoffs and close to the best possible. Combining greedy improvement and cost scaling with a recent primal-dual algorithm for facility location due to Jain and Vazirani, we get an approximation ratio of 1.853 in Õ(n) time. This is very close to the approximation guarantee of the best known algorithm which is LP-based. Further, combined with the best known LP-based algorithm for facility location, we get a very slight improvement in the approximation factor for facility location, achieving 1.728. We also consider a variant of the capacitated facility location problem and present improved approximation algorithms for this. ∗This work was done while while both authors were at Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, and their research was supported by he Pierre and Christine Lamond Fellowship, and the IBM Cooperative Fellowship, respectively, along with NSF Grant IIS-9811904 and NSF Award CCR-9357849, with matching funds from IBM, Mitsubishi, Schlumberger Foundation, Shell Foundation, and Xerox Corporation. †Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, 35 Olden Street, Princeton, NJ 08544. Email: moses@cs.princeton. edu ‡Department of Computer Information Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 3330 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104. Email: sudipto@cis.upenn. edu