Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cross Language Higher Level Clone Detection-Between Two Different Object Oriented Programming Language Source Codes

Similar type of source codes or repetition of source codes in the software is known code clones. Clone detection technique is capable of identifying the similar type of source codes present in software applications. These code clones increases the fault and maintenance cost. New source codes obtained from another source code without any proper changes lead to error. Detection of code clones help in reducing the software maintenance and plagiarism detection. Some of the clone detection techniques are token based approach, tree based method, etc. But, the process involved in them are very multifaceted and also identifies only lower level clones of same programming language source code. The system mainly focuses on higher level (Method, File, and Directory) clone detection in different programming language source code called cross language higher level clone detection. The metric based approach helps to reduce the computational cost in terms of resources and time with high precision. This cross language clone detection increases the interest in multiple languages. Clone detection results can be measured using precision and recall. Keywords— Higher level code clone; metric values; high precision
Complaint Selective encryption for H.264/AVC video streams

This paper presents a novel selective encryption scheme that allows for secure transmission of video streams such as H.264/AVC ones, while keeping complete backward compatibility with the corresponding video standard. This compatibility allows consequently any standard compliant decoder to decode the ciphered stream without specific provision in terms of resynchronization procedure, albeit incorrectly from the visual point of view. The bits to be encrypted are chosen with respect to the video standard, the full compatibility being achieved by encrypting bits for which the impact of each of the encrypted configurations gives a non-desynchronized and fully standard compliant bitstream. Numerical results obtained with this partial ciphering algorithm in the context of H.264/AVC show that PSNR degradations of about 25 to 30 dB are obtained when the ciphering key is unknown
Estimation of Received Signal Strength Distribution for Smart Meters With Biased Measurement Data Set

This letter presents an experimental study and a novel modeling approach of the wireless channel of smart utility meters placed in basements or sculleries. The experimental data consist of signal strength measurements of consumption report packets. Since such packets are only registered if they can be decoded by the receiver, the part of the signal strength distribution that falls below the receiver sensitivity threshold is not observable. We combine a Rician fading model with a bias function that captures the cut-off in the observed signal strength measurements. Two sets of experimental data are analyzed. It is shown that the proposed method offers an approximation of the distribution of the signal strength measurements that is better than a naïve Rician fitting.
A Magnetoelastic Model for Villari-Effect Magnetostrictive Sensors

Abstract : A magnetomechanical model for the design and control of Villari-effect magnetostrictive sensors is presented. The model quantifies the magnetization changes that a magnetostrictive material undergoes when subjected to a dc excitation field and variable stresses. The magnetic behavior is characterized by considering the Jiles-Atherton mean field theory for ferromagnetic hysteresis, which is constructed from a thermodynamic balance between the energy available for magnetic moment rotation and the energy lost as domain walls attach to and detach from pinning sites. The effect of stress on magnetization is quantified through a law of approach to the anhysteretic magnetization. Elastic properties of the sensor are incorporated by means of a wave equation that quantifies the strains and stresses arising in response to moment rotations. This yields a nonlinear PDE system for the strains, stresses and magnetization state of a magnetostrictive transducer as it drives or is driven by external loads. Because the model addresses the magnetoelastic coupling, it is applicable to both magnetostrictive sensors and actuators. Properties of the model and approximation method are illustrated by comparison with experimental data collected from a Terfenol-D sensor.
Testing for Stochastic Unit Roots - Some Monte Carlo evidence

This paper considers the properties of the tests of the null hypothesis of a random walk against the alternative of a stochastic unit root when the data are generated by a process related to, but not exactly equal to, the processes under the null and alternative. The extensive Monte Carlo experiments demonstrate that the test statistics are particularly sensitive to non-stationary RCAR processes with mean root less than unity, random walk processes with structural change in the variance, processes with changing persistence and trend-stationary processes with a break in the trend.
The effect of red noise on planetary transit detection

Since the discovery of short-period exoplanets a decade ago, photometric surveys have been recognized as a feasible method to detect transiting hot Jupiters. Many transit surveys are now underway, with instruments ranging from 10-cm cameras to the Hubble Space Telescope. However, the results of these surveys have been much below the expected capacity, estimated in the dozens of detections per year. One of the reasons is the presence of systematics (‘red noise’) in photometric time-series. In general, yield predictions assume uncorrelated noise (‘white noise’). In this paper, we show that the effect of red noise on the detection threshold and the expected yields cannot be neglected in typical ground-based surveys. We develop a simple method to determine the effect of red noise on photometric planetary transit detections. This method can be applied to determine detection thresholds for transit surveys. We show that the detection threshold in the presence of systematics can be much higher than that with the assumption of white noise, and obeys a different dependence on magnitude, orbital period and the parameters of the survey. Our method can also be used to estimate the significance level of a planetary transit candidate (to select promising candidates for spectroscopic follow-up). We apply our method to the OGLE planetary transit search, and show that it provides a reliable description of the actual detection threshold with real correlated noise. We point out in what way the presence of red noise could be at least partly responsible for the dearth of transiting planet detections from existing surveys, and examine some possible adaptations in survey planning and strategy. Finally, we estimate the photometric stability necessary to the detection of transiting ‘hot Neptunes’.
Wellness and Recovery Through Asset Building Services

Mental illness is often a life of poverty, which most often has a devastating human and financial cost to the individual, his or her family, and society (Swarbrick, 2006). Poverty is one of the most pervasive, significant, and debilitating barriers to achieving recovery and full participation in the community for persons with mental illness. People living with mental illness often state they feel unproductive and feel powerless to make decisions and effect change in their own lives. The impact of poverty on the lives and recovery of persons living with serious forms of mental illness has not been fully addressed by the traditional mental health service system (Swarbrick, 2006). The wellness model focuses on capacity building and on providing supports that assist people living with a mental illness to chart their own path to recovery. Persons living with a mental illness learn to make a paradigm shift in their thinking as they see themselves moving from a class of persons who are dependent and need to be taken care of, to persons who have strengths and are deserving of the rights and privileges of citizenship. To promote this paradigm shift, systems changes are needed that include financial mechanisms that will support mental health consumers to take steps toward reaching the ‘‘American Dream’’ of being financially secure and independent. The financial services model, including savings accounts and financial literacy
Detecting and Locating Man-in-the-Middle Attacks in Fixed Wireless Networks

We propose a novel method to detect and locate a Man-in-the-Middle attack in a fixed wireless network by analyzing round-trip time and measured received signal strength from fixed access points. The proposed method was implemented as a client-side application that establishes a baseline for measured round trip time (RTTs) and received signal strength (RSS) under no-threat scenarios and applies statistical measures on the measured RTT and RSS to detect and locate Man-in-the-Middle attacks. We show empirically that the presence of a Man-in-the-Middle attack incurs a significantly longer delay and larger standard deviation in measured RTT compared to that measured without a Man-in-the-Middle attack. We evaluated three machine learning algorithms on the measured RSS dataset to estimate the location of a Man-in-the-Middle attacker. Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively detect and locate a Man-in-the-Middle attack and achieves a mean location estimation error of 0.8 meters in an indoor densely populated metropolitan environment.
Can someone fabricate verifiable details when planning in advance? It all depends on the crime scenario

In the current study we examined the effect of having the opportunity to plan an alibi in advance on the suitability of the verifiability approach in two crime scenarios that differed in their opportunity to carry out innocent activities at the time of the crime. One hundred and two participants imagined being involved in stealing money either from a café at a time when it was open (allows innocent activities) or from a bank at a time when it was closed (does not allow innocent activities). We asked participants about their strategies and difficulties in preparing a verifiable alibi in advance, and to write down their prepared alibis. The participants in both groups found this task difficult and did not differ in the difficulties they experienced, however they differed in their strategies (plans to include true witnesses) and actual success in the task. Participants in the Café scenario provided 30% more verifiable details than the participants in the Bank scenario. Strategies and difficulties mentioned by the participants are presented in the paper, and the implications of the study's results on the application of the verifiability approach are discussed.
An Adaptive Policy to Minimize Energy and SLA Violations of Parallel Jobs on the Cloud

Energy consumption for Cloud providers and data centers is a major problem. Dynamic Power Management is a common solution to this problem, switching off and on idle servers as needed. However, failing to predict the impact of switching costs may adversely affect energy and/or SLA violations. This paper contributes a policy that adaptively decides when to switch servers on and off under a workload of parallel jobs. Its objective is to minimize both the energy consumption and the number of SLA violations. Experimental results using Cloud Sim show that our proactive policy strikes a good balance between consumed energy and the number of SLA violations and compares favorably with other policies from the literature.
Selection Indicates Preference in Diverse Habitats: A Ground-Nesting Bird (Charadrius melodus) Using Reservoir Shoreline

Animals use proximate cues to select resources that maximize individual fitness. When animals have a diverse array of available habitats, those selected could give insights into true habitat preferences. Since the construction of the Garrison Dam on the Missouri River in North Dakota, Lake Sakakawea (SAK) has become an important breeding area for federally threatened piping plovers (Charadrius melodus; hereafter plovers). We used conditional logistic regression to examine nest-site selection at fine scales (1, 3, and 10 m) during summers 2006–2009 by comparing characteristics at 351 nests to those of 668 random sites within nesting territories. Plovers selected sites (1 m2) that were lower than unused random sites, increasing the risk of nest inundation. Plovers selected nest sites that were flat, had little silt, and at least 1 cobble; they also selected for 3-m radius nest areas that were relatively flat and devoid of vegetation and litter. Ninety percent of nests had <38% coverage of silt and <10% slope at the site, and <15% coverage of vegetation or litter and <31% slope within the 3-m radius. Gravel was selected for at nest sites (11% median), but against in the area 10-m from the nest, suggesting plovers select for patches or strips of gravel. Although elevation is rarely evaluated in studies of ground-nesting birds, our results underscore its importance in habitat-selection studies. Relative to where plovers historically nested, habitat at SAK has more diverse topography, substrate composition, vegetation communities, and greater water-level fluctuations. Accordingly, our results provide an example of how habitat-selection results can be interpreted as habitat preferences because they are not influenced by desired habitats being scarce or absent. Further, our results will be useful for directing habitat conservation for plovers and interpreting other habitat-selection studies.
Reconstructing static scene viewed through smoke using video

In this paper we present a method for reconstructing static scene viewed through thick smoke using multiple images. Based on spatiotemporal statistical approach our method works well on noisy videos containing swirling smoke. We apply statistical analysis on regions of color input images, and show the way to reconstruct scene by transforming images to alter mean and deviation locally. We introduce a method to extract necessary parameters using multiple frames of a video. We verify our method with the widely used physical model of aerosols, highlighting some differences from removing haze and fog - a widely studied area. Furthermore, our approach eliminates the need for complex optimization, making real-time processing possible. Results show that our method is capable of reconstructing scene in challenging cases.
Performance of an Iterative Multi-User Receiver for MIMO-OFDM Systems in a Real Indoor Scenario

This paper aims at validation of an iterative receiver for multiple-input multiple-output with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems using real-measurement channel data from an indoor scenario. The receiver performs iterative multi-user detection (MUD) and Channel Estimation (CE) via soft information from the single- user decoders. The channel measurements were performed for a dynamic dual MIMO link scenario. The case with two users with multiple antennas interfering each other is considered. CE at the receiver exploits the frequency correlation of the MIMO link. Simulation results for the performance are shown in terms of bit- error rate (BER) vs. signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Performance for the whole system are provided and compared with respect to the case of perfect channel-state information (PCSI) at the receiver, as well as for the single user. We also provide an analysis of BER with respect to signal-to-interference ratio (SIR). CE performance are evaluated in terms of normalized mean square error (NMSE).
Contact map prediction using a large-scale ensemble of rule sets and the fusion of multiple predicted structural features

MOTIVATION The prediction of a protein's contact map has become in recent years, a crucial stepping stone for the prediction of the complete 3D structure of a protein. In this article, we describe a methodology for this problem that was shown to be successful in CASP8 and CASP9. The methodology is based on (i) the fusion of the prediction of a variety of structural aspects of protein residues, (ii) an ensemble strategy used to facilitate the training process and (iii) a rule-based machine learning system from which we can extract human-readable explanations of the predictor and derive useful information about the contact map representation. RESULTS The main part of the evaluation is the comparison against the sequence-based contact prediction methods from CASP9, where our method presented the best rank in five out of the six evaluated metrics. We also assess the impact of the size of the ensemble used in our predictor to show the trade-off between performance and training time of our method. Finally, we also study the rule sets generated by our machine learning system. From this analysis, we are able to estimate the contribution of the attributes in our representation and how these interact to derive contact predictions. AVAILABILITY http://icos.cs. nott.ac. uk/servers/psp.html. CONTACT natalio.krasnogor@nottingham.ac. uk SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Sexual orientation and labor market outcomes

Studies from countries with laws against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation suggest that gay and lesbian employees report more incidents of harassment and are more likely to report experiencing unfair treatment in the labor market than are heterosexual employees. Gay men are found to earn less than comparably skilled and experienced heterosexual men. For lesbians, the patterns are ambiguous: in some countries they have been found to earn less than their heterosexual counterparts, while in others they earn the same or more. Both gay men and lesbians tend to be less satisfied with their jobs than their heterosexual counterparts.
"High-interest loans": The phonology of English loanword adaptation in Burmese

Lexical borrowing is a common process across languages. Even so, words borrowed into a language are rarely borrowed perfectly, but instead undergo modification vis-a-vis their realization in the source language from which they were borrowed. This process of modification may result from the influence of the phonology native to the borrowing language, from general principles of Universal Grammar (UG), or from a combination of the two. In recent years, loanword adaptation has been modeled in various ways (e.g., Silverman 1992, Paradis 1996, Kenstowicz 2001, Steriade 2002) that say different things about the stages of adaptation and the relative importance of factors such as the borrower’s proficiency in the source language and the veridicality of cross-language speech perception. The present study concerns the adaptation of loanwords borrowed from English into Burmese, a language that is phonologically very different from English. English loanwords undergo systematic modifications in Burmese, some reflecting aspects of native Burmese phonology and others having no correlate in Burmese phonology. This case of loanword adaptation has implications for models of loanword phonology, suggesting that Burmese loanword adaptation occurs in a two-stage process, beginning with an initial English-to-Burmese mapping that occurs on a phoneme-to-phone basis. Segmental and syllabic structure is accounted for in this way, but tone assignment appears to be governed by a combination of Burmese tone laws and principles of UG that remains to be characterized. This issue of tone assignment is left as a question for future research.
Identifying Sensory Preferences Using Written Language: Curriculum and Resources

Indentifying Sensory Preferences Using Written Language The primary purpose of this project is for students to learn how to identify and self regulate sensory processing needs through written language lessons in English-Language Arts. The curriculum includes multiple lessons which are designed to be implemented by general or special educator who serve elementary students as well as assist students with Sensory Processing Disorders (SPD). There is discussion regarding consultation with a credentialed occupational therapist to address individual student sensory needs. The curriculum is devised to be used to teach academic content in elementary writing skills, with the topics addressing the sensory system and self regulation. The project consists of three units which help students in identifying the senses, learning to incorporate sensory experiences in everyday classroom activities, and supporting self-regulation. Each lesson includes reflective journaling and descriptive writing. The results of this sensory writing project expose the importance of consulting with qualified professionals as well as following a prescribed curriculum when teaching the skills needed to utilize sensory strategies in the classroom. Qualified professionals can assess and recommend specific activities, resources, and ideas for the classroom and school environment. This curriculum is designed as such, so as to foster the collaborative consulting methods for specifically qualified professionals when providing sensory opportunities for student with SPD.
Structured Compressive Sensing-Based Channel Estimation for Time Frequency Training OFDM Systems Over Doubly Selective Channel

This letter proposes a novel doubly selective channel estimation scheme based on structured compressive sensing (SCS) for time-frequency training orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. By exploiting the proposed pilot pattern, an SCS model is built by utilizing the jointly sparse property of the coefficient vectors corresponding to the channel expansion bases. The doubly selective channel can be recovered through the proposed adaptive support-aware block orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme has superior performance than conventional counterparts over doubly selective channel with lower computational complexity.
Instant Feedback for Increasing the Presence of Solutions in Peer Reviews

We present the design and evaluation of a web-based peer review system that uses natu-ral language processing to automatically evaluate and provide instant feedback regarding the presence of solutions in peer reviews. Student reviewers can then choose to either revise their reviews to address the system’s feedback, or ignore the feedback and submit their original reviews. A system deployment in multiple high school classrooms shows that our so-lution prediction model triggers instant feed-back with high precision, and that the feed-back is successful in increasing the number of peer reviews with solutions.
Missing the Memory Wall: The Case for Processor/Memory Integration

Current high performance computer systems use complex, large superscalar CPUs that interface to the main memory through a hierarchy of caches and interconnect systems. These CPU-centric designs invest a lot of power and chip area to bridge the widening gap between CPU and main memory speeds. Yet, many large applications do not operate well on these systems and are limited by the memory subsystem performance.This paper argues for an integrated system approach that uses less-powerful CPUs that are tightly integrated with advanced memory technologies to build competitive systems with greatly reduced cost and complexity. Based on a design study using the next generation 0.25&micro;m, 256Mbit dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) process and on the analysis of existing machines, we show that processor memory integration can be used to build competitive, scalable and cost-effective MP systems.We present results from execution driven uni- and multi-processor simulations showing that the benefits of lower latency and higher bandwidth can compensate for the restrictions on the size and complexity of the integrated processor. In this system, small direct mapped instruction caches with long lines are very effective, as are column buffer data caches augmented with a victim cache.