Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Simple Label Switching Algorithm for Semisupervised Structural SVMs

Abstract In structured output learning, obtaining labeled data for real-world applications is usually costly, while unlabeled examples are available in abundance. Semisupervised structured classification deals with a small number of labeled examples and a large number of unlabeled structured data. In this work, we consider semisupervised structural support vector machines with domain constraints. The optimization problem, which in general is not convex, contains the loss terms associated with the labeled and unlabeled examples, along with the domain constraints. We propose a simple optimization approach that alternates between solving a supervised learning problem and a constraint matching problem. Solving the constraint matching problem is difficult for structured prediction, and we propose an efficient and effective label switching method to solve it. The alternating optimization is carried out within a deterministic annealing framework, which helps in effective constraint matching and avoiding poor local minima, which are not very useful. The algorithm is simple and easy to implement. Further, it is suitable for any structured output learning problem where exact inference is available. Experiments on benchmark sequence labeling data sets and a natural language parsing data set show that the proposed approach, though simple, achieves comparable generalization performance.
The Evolution of Modern States: Sweden, Japan, and the United States

This book was awarded The 2011 Gunnar Myrdal Prize. The Gunnar Myrdal Prize is awarded annually for the best monograph on a theme broadly in accord with the European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy (EAEPE) theoretical perspectives. EAEPE originated in 1988 and its main purpose is to promote evolutionary, dynamic and realistic approaches to economic theory and policy. EAEPE is now the foremost European association for heterodox economists and is the second-largest association for economists in Europe.
An Extensible Metamodel for Program Analysis (abstract only)

Software maintenance tools for program analysis and refactoring rely on a metamodel capturing the relevant properties of programs. However, what is considered relevant may change when the tools are extended with new analyses, refactorings, and new programming languages. This paper proposes a language independent metamodel and an architecture to construct instances thereof, which is extensible for new analyses, refactorings, and new front-ends of programming languages. Due to the loose coupling between analysis, refactoring, and front-end components, new components can be added independently and reuse existing ones. Two maintenance tools implementing the metamodel and the architecture, VlZZANALYZER and X-DEVELOP, serve as proof of concept.
Robust Feature Matching for Remote Sensing Image Registration Based on $L_{q}$ -Estimator

This letter proposes a robust feature matching algorithm for remote sensing images based on lq -estimator. We start with a set of initial matches provided by a feature matching method such as scale-invariant feature transform and then focus on global transformation estimation from contaminated observations and outliers elimination as well. We use an affine model to describe the global transformation and minimize a new cost function based on lq -norm. We apply an augmented Lagrangian function and an alternating direction method of multipliers to solve such a nonconvex and nonsmooth optimization problem. Extensive experiments on real remote sensing data demonstrate that the proposed method is effective, efficient, and robust. Our method outperforms state-of-the-art methods and can easily handle situations with up to 90% outliers. In addition, the proposed method is much faster than RANSAC.
Single amino acid substitutions in the transmembrane domains of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) alter cross resistance patterns in transfectants

Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) is a member of ATP‐binding cassette transporters that has an N‐terminal ATP binding domain and a C‐terminal transmembrane domain (TM). Expression of wild‐type BCRP confers resistance to multiple chemotherapeutic agents such as mitoxantrone, SN‐38 and topotecan, but not to doxorubicin. We made 32 BCRP mutants with an amino acid substitution in the TMs (7 E446‐mutants in TM2, 15 R482‐mutants in TM3, 4 N557‐mutants in TM5 and 6 H630‐mutants in TM6) and examined the effect of the substitutions on cellular drug resistance. PA317 cells transfected with any one of the 7 E446‐mutant BCRP cDNAs did not show drug resistance. Cells transfected with any one of the 13 R482X2‐BCRP cDNAs (X2 = N, C, M, S, T, V, A, G, E, W, D, Q and H, but not Y and K) showed higher resistance to mitoxantrone and doxorubicin than the wild‐type BCRP‐transfected cells. Cells transfected with N557D‐BCRP cDNA showed similar resistance to mitoxantrone but lower resistance to SN‐38 than the wild‐type BCRP‐transfected cells. Cells transfected with N557E‐, H630E‐ or H630L‐BCRP cDNA showed similar degrees of resistance to mitoxantrone and SN‐38. Estrone and fumitremorgin C reversed the drug resistance of cells transfected with R482‐, N557‐ or H630‐mutant BCRP cDNA. Cells transfected with R482G‐ or R482S‐BCRP cDNA showed less intracellular accumulation of [3H]mitoxantrone than the wild‐type BCRP‐transfected cells. These results suggest that E446 in TM2, R482 in TM3, N557 in TM5 and H630 in TM6 play important roles in drug recognition of BCRP. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The singularity expansion method: Background and developments

The singularity expansion method (SEM) arose from the observation that the transient response of complex electromagnetic scatterers appeared to be dominated by a small number of damped sinusoids. In the complex frequency plane, these damped sinusoids are poles of the Laplace-transformed response. The question is then one of characterizing the object response (time and frequency domains) in terms of all the singularities (poles, branch cuts, entire functions) in the complex frequency plane (hence singularity expansion method). Building on the older concept of natural frequencies, formulae were developed for the pole terms from an integral-equation formulation of the scattering process. The resulting factoring of the pole terms has important application consequences. Later developments include the eigenmode expansion method (EEM) which diagonalizes the integral-equation kernels and which can be used as an intermediate step in ordering the SEM terms. Additional concepts which have appeared include eigenimpedance synthesis and equivalent electrical networks. Of current interest is the use of the theoretical formulae to efficiently analyze and order experimental data, Related to this is the application of SEM results to target identification. This paper does not delve into the mathematical details; it presents an overview of the history and major concepts and results in SEM and EEM and related matters.
Low Threshold Current Operation of Stacked InAs/GaAs Quantum Dot Lasers with GaP Strain-Compensation Layers

We report the device characteristics of stacked InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) with GaP strain compensation (SC) layers grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. By inserting GaP SC layers within the stacked structures, decrease in the density of QDs by stacking QDs can be suppressed and the heterostructure interface between a p-clad and an active layer can be improved due to reduction of overall compressive strain within the stacked QDs. Ground-state lasing at a wavelength of 1.265 mum of six layers of InAs/GaAs QDs with GaP SC layers is demonstrated at a threshold current density of 108 A/cm2 . We also assess the internal loss and maximum modal gain of the fabricated QD lasers by using a segmented contact method. The internal loss is as low as 5 cm-1, and the maximum modal gain of the ground state of the stacked QDs is approximately 10 cm-1
Possibilities and limitations of IDDQ testing in submicron CMOS

IDDQ Testing is a well accepted testing approach based on the observation of the quiescent current consumption. Its growing industrial implementation is based on the possibility of detecting defects which escape other more traditional testing methods. However, its application costs are higher and its effectiveness in deep submicron technologies may decrease if the current trend of leakage increase is not stopped by creative innovation.
An Independent Homology Analysis Method in Compound Pyramid Model

Protein secondary structure prediction plays an important role in protein engineering. But its accuracy has not been improved dramatically in recent years and many methods rely on servers to get first data. So an independent homology analysis method is proposed. Besides, this method is successfully applied to the homology analysis module located at comprehensive layer in our compound pyramid model and get better results in our experiment comparing with other methods. The accuracy of the prediction is 83.06% on the RS126 data set and 80.49% on the CB513 data set.
Differentiat ion o f Naive CD 4 + T Cells

Naive CD4 + T cells can differentiate into cells predominantly involved in humoral immunity, known as T helper type 2 cells (Th2), or cells involved in cell-mediated immunity, known as Th l cells. In this report, we show that priming o f C D 4 + T cells bearing a transgene-encoded T cell receptor can lead to differentiation into Thl-l ike cells producing abundant interferon ~/ when the cells are exposed to high antigen doses, while low doses of the same peptide induce cells with the same T cell receptor to differentiate into Th2-1ike cells producing abundant interleukin 4. Thus antigen dose is one factor that can control the differentiation fate of a naive CD4 + T cell.
Herd immunity to filarial infection is a function of vector biting rate

Despite the existence of an impressive body of work on human immune responses against filarial infections, the occurrence of a protective response to infection remains unclear. Here, we use a combined modelling and comparative data analysis framework to address this issue for human infections with the filarial parasite, Wuchereria bancrofti. By analogy with previous work, the analysis involves the comparison of observed field patterns of infection with epidemiological patterns predicted by a mathematical model of parasite immunity. Unlike most other human helminths, which are transmitted by ingestion or dermal penetration, exposure to infection with lymphatic filariasis can be measured explicitly in terms of vector mosquito biting rates, thereby also allowing, probably for the first time, examination of the suggested role of exposure in generating herd immunity to macroparasites. Observed field patterns in this study were derived from 19 different published studies, which gave parallel estimates of community exposure rates and the corresponding age–prevalence patterns of infection, while predictions of the epidemiological impact of herd immunity were obtained using a catalytic model framework. The results provide the first conclusive evidence to date that variations in the observed age–prevalence patterns of infection in filariasis can be effectively explained by the occurrence of an exposure–driven acquisition of herd immunity. We discuss this result in terms of implications for the new World Health Organization–led initiative for the global control of this parasitic disease.
A study of influencing factors of patent value based on social network analysis

This study proposes a different angle to evaluate patent value, namely regarding patent value as a combination of static characteristics and dynamic relationship. On one hand, a majority of patent static characteristics are fixed in their application, which means these characteristics are controlled by the owner of patent; on the other hand, the dynamic citation relationship is formed by forward citation and backward citation, which means not controlled by the owner. If a patent takes an important position in other citation relationships, this implies the patent has more chance to gain and control technology and knowledge, and to have an important influence on subsequent patents. In other words, this patent is valuable. This study applies social network analysis to carry out the research purpose, regarding patent as a node and citation as the connection between nodes to build patent citation network. This study can provide a thinking mode based on social network analysis for companies; offer a more rational way to evaluate patent value from the perspective of dynamic development; construct an effective early warning mechanism for patent litigation.
The Potential Role of Small Depressions as Water Storage Features in the Central Maya Lowlands

Small depressions are a frequent landscape feature in the northeast Petén and northwestern Belize. Although generally considered the remains of seasonal ancient Maya water cisterns, they have not been subject to systematic study. Excavation of 16 depressions in northwestern Belize showed that these features are either natural sinkholes (dolines) or quarried cavities. In three depressions, quarrying for construction materials and mining for clay was evident and two depressions are the remains of collapsed chultuns. Depressions probably also served as areas where household activities were carried out, they may have played a role as gardens, and were used as trash dumps. For one quarter of the sample, a water storage function was established. Water input-output calculations showed that these features could have held water year round and thus theoretically could have played a much more important role in supplying water than commonly assumed. The study indicates that Classic Maya population could have relied on decentralized water sources and suggests that hypotheses of centralized water management in the central Maya lowlands should be critically reviewed.
Secure Communication with Chaos and Electronic Circuit Design Using Passivity-Based Synchronization

This work deals with the passive control-based chaos synchronization with circuit design for secure communication. First, the numerical simulation and electronic circuit design of a simple five-term chaotic system are performed. The numerical simulation and electronic circuit design outputs have confirmed each other. Then, the passive control method is applied for synchronizing two identical five-term chaotic systems using only one state control signal. After the synchronization study, design and analysis for secure communication by chaotic masking method are conducted in Matlab–Simulink platform. Finally, an electronic circuit design is performed for the designed communication system. In the designed communication system with Matlab–Simulink platform and electronic circuit design, information signal which is sent from the transmitter unit is successfully retrieved at the receiver unit. As a result, the electronic circuit design has shown that a single state passivity-based synchronization signal can be effectively used for secure data communication applications for the real environment.
Mouse Hepatitis Virus Infection as a Highly Contagious, Prevalent, Enteric Infection of Mice

Summary Mouse hepatitis viruses were readily isolated, by a variety of technics, from pooled feces of weanling mice of the majority of colonies tested. The infection was highly contagious to contacts from a non-infected mouse stock. Evidence is presented that contact infection with hepatitis viruses produced high mortality in infant mice of the non-infected stock.
Optimizing HVAC Energy Usage in Industrial Processes by Scheduling Based on Weather Data

Industrial buildings are demonstrating increasing rates of energy consumption, with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) typically constituting over 50% of this consumption. However, these energy requirements are heavily influenced by weather conditions based on the season, the time of day, and different in-building activities. These activities take place in industrial setup over 24 h and have different HVAC energy requirements. In this paper, we propose a binary (0,1) integer linear programming approach to efficiently schedule activities based on weather forecasting, thus minimizing the energy required by HVAC. Experimental results show that energy consumption can be reduced by up to 30%.
Serum Ischemia-Modified Albumin Levels in Children With Epileptic Seizures

Objectives The aim of the present study was to determine the level of ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) in children with epileptic seizures (ESs) and its relation with the seizure duration. Methods The study was performed with 88 children as a prospective case-control study. Blood samples for IMA were obtained from 57 patients (mean age [SD], 50.86 [51.15] months) within 3 hours after ES and 31 healthy control subjects (mean age [SD], 53.13 [40.87] months). Ischemia-modified albumin was measured by the albumin cobalt binding test. Results Although the mean (SD) of serum IMA level of the patients with seizure was 13.66 (13.16) U/mL, the mean (SD) of serum IMA level for the control group was 3.73 (1.93) U/mL. Ischemia-modified albumin levels were significantly higher in patients with seizure, compared with that in the control group (P < 0.01). When patients were grouped in itself according to the duration of ESs, the levels of IMA were detected to be increased in patients as the duration of seizures was lengthened. Conclusions Increased IMA levels after seizures suggest that IMA assay during seizure may be useful for predicting the diagnosis and severity of convulsion.
Identification of a Novel Tumor-Specific CTL Epitope Presented by RMA, EL-4, and MBL-2 Lymphomas Reveals Their Common Origin

C57BL/6 mice generate a vigorous H-2Db-restricted CTL response against murine leukemia virus (MuLV)-induced tumors. For many years it has been suggested that this response is directed to an MuLV-encoded peptide as well as to a nonviral tumor-associated peptide. Recently, a peptide from the leader sequence of gag was demonstrated to be the MuLV-derived epitope. Here we describe the molecular identification of the tumor-associated epitope. Furthermore, we show that the CTL response against this epitope can restrict the outgrowth of MuLV-induced tumors in vivo. The epitope is selectively presented by the MuLV-induced T cell tumors RBL-5, RMA, and MBL-2 as well as by the chemically induced T cell lymphoma EL-4. Intriguingly, these tumors share expression of the newly identified epitope because they represent variants of the same clonal tumor cell line, as evident from sequencing of the TCR α- and β-chains, which proved to be identical. Our research shows that all sources of RBL-5, RMA, RMA-S, MBL-2, and EL-4 tumors are derived from a single tumor line, most likely EL-4.
Improved early identification of arthritis: evaluating the efficacy of Early Arthritis Recognition Clinics

Objective Only 31% of Dutch rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-patients visit a rheumatologist within 12 weeks after symptom onset; this is mainly due to delay at the level of the general practitioner (GP). In order to reduce delay of GPs in identifying early arthritis, we initiated an Early Arthritis Recognition Clinic (EARC). Methods EARCs were initiated at the Leiden and Groningen University Medical Centers. At this EARC, patients filled in a questionnaire about their symptoms, followed by a short visit with only a full joint examination by an experienced rheumatologist. If arthritis was present the patient got an appointment the same week at the regular outpatient clinic. The main outcome parameter was the GP-delay; the secondary outcome parameter was the total delay. In both centres, patients included in early arthritis clinics that had arrived via regular referrals served as control group. Results Four hundred patients visited the Leiden EARC and 212 patients the Groningen EARC. Arthritis was detected in 42% and 49% respectively. The median GP-delay for these arthritis patients was 2.0 (0.4–7.3) and 2.0 (0.4–10.0) weeks and the median total delay 8.6 (3.6–22.3) and 10.6 (3.1–30.8) weeks respectively. At these two clinics 59% and 51% of all arthritis patients and 65% and 53% of the patients that were subsequently diagnosed with undifferentiated arthritis or RA were seen within 12 weeks after symptom onset. In the Leiden and Groningen control groups that arrived via regular referrals, only 32% and 38% were seen within 12 weeks time. Conclusions The EARC increased the early identification of arthritis and RA.
Effects of perfluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons/surfactant emulsions on growth and viability of group B streptococci and Escherichia coli

ObjectivePartial liquid ventilation with perfluorocarbons (PFC) might be used as a new ventilatory strategy to treat respiratory insufficiency in congenital pneumonia. The present study investigates for the first time effects of PFC on growth and viability of group B streptococci (GBS) and Escherichia coli, bacteria frequently causing congenital pneumonia. DesignProspective, in vitro study. SettingResearch laboratory in a university. MaterialGroup B streptococci 090 Ia HD Colindale and E. coli K12, JM 101. InterventionsE. coli (107/mL) were grown in the absence or presence of different PFC (RM 101, PF 5080, FO 6167) for up to 6 hrs. To study bacterial viability, GBS (5×107/mL) were incubated in saline with or without different PFC, PFC/surfactant emulsions, or surfactant (Curosurf) for up to 5 hrs. Every 2 hrs, the colony forming units were determined by plating different dilutions of bacteria on agar. Measurements and Main Results RM 101 or PF 5080 alone and in emulsions with surfactant had no effect on viability of GBS or growth of E. coli. For FO 6167, a previously described toxicity was found, even if 1 mL of GBS suspension was incubated with only 100 &mgr;L of FO 6167, verifying the experimental design that guarantees a PFC bacteria contact. The toxic effects were almost prevented by forming a PFC-in-surfactant emulsion but not by preincubation of GBS with surfactant and subsequent FO 6167 exposure. ConclusionRM 101 and PF 5080 did not influence bacterial growth in vitro; direct effects on bacterial proliferation during partial liquid ventilation in congenital pneumonia seem, therefore, unlikely. Interestingly, we found that the known toxic effects of FO 6167 can be prevented by covering PFC with a surfactant film. Surfactant reduced the cytotoxic effects of FO 6167, probably by preventing a direct contact between FO 6167 and the bacterial cell wall.