Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intended and unintended termination of international joint ventures

This study proposes that international joint ventures (IJVs) are terminated either when the initial purposes of the formation of the IJV have been achieved (intended termination), or when unanticipated contingencies that emerge in the external, internal, or inter-partner conditions after the establishment of the IJV impede the continuation of its operation (unintended termination). Our study examines the factors that affect intended and unintended termination and the longevity of IJVs. The findings show that approximately 90 percent of all IJV terminations are unintended and 10 percent intended, and that the frequency of intended termination and unintended termination varies noticeably depending on the initial purposes of formation. This suggests that the termination of IJVs is significantly contingent on their formation. The findings also show that the longevity of IJVs varies according to the initial purposes of formation, the initial conditions under which the IJV is formed, and the types of unanticipated contingencies that it encounters. The key theoretical issues and practical implications of the distinction between the intended and unintended termination of IJVs are also discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Marketing in the Network Economy

As the twenty-first century dawns, marketing is poised for revolutionary changes in its organizational context, as well as in its relationship with customers. Driven by a dynamic and knowledge-rich environment, the hierarchical organizations of the twentieth century are disaggregating into a variety of network forms, including internal networks, vertical networks, intermarket networks, and opportunity networks. The role of marketing in each network is changing in profound ways. Marketing increasingly will be responsible for creating and managing new marketing knowledge, education, real-time market information systems, intrafirm integration, conflict resolution, technology forecasting, risk and investment analysis, transfer pricing of tangibles and intangibles, and the coordination of the network's economic and social activities. It will explore new frontiers in multilateral marketing, reshape markets through technology convergence and electronic commerce, organize consumer communities, and aggregate consumer information and demand into saleable business assets. The most radical implication for marketing is the shift from being an agent of the seller to being an agent of the buyer, from being a marketer of goods and services to being a customer consultant and manager of his or her saleable consumption assets.
Channel Management Through Selective Announcement of Reward and Punishment Decisions

Purpose: Although channel influence strategies such as reward and punishment are useful for firms to manage certain channel partners, the social effect of these strategies has not been examined in the literature. In practice, firms selectively announce their reward and punishment decisions, hoping that these announcements can help encourage or prevent the channel behaviors of other channel members. The main purpose of this article is to provide a theoretical understanding of this business practice in channel management. Methodology: The authors conducted interviews and a scenario experiment with sales managers. The experiment is a 2 (degree of institutionalization: high vs. low) × 2 (power of distributors: powerful vs. less powerful) × 2 (influence strategy: punishment vs. reward) design. Findings: The authors found that firms are more likely to announce their reward decisions than punishment decisions. Also, when institutionalization of marketing channel is low, firms tend to announce all their reward decisions, but they are reluctant to announce their punishment decisions regarding powerful channel members. When institutionalization of marketing channel is high, we find that firms are more likely to announce rewards and punishments regarding less powerful channel members. Contribution: An important contribution of this research is that we are among the first to explore the social effects of power exercise in channel management. We extend the channel power literature by arguing that selective announcements of power exercise (reward and punishment) can influence more channel members. In addition, we combine institutional theory and channel power theory to explain the underlying mechanisms. That is, the degree of institutionalization in marketing channel influences how firms make selective public announcements of their channel decisions.
A process-scalable low-power charge-domain 13-bit pipeline ADC

A 13-bit ADC is implemented using a novel charge-domain architecture. Enhanced bucket-brigade circuitry and a tapered charge pipeline provide precision charge-domain operation in a standard CMOS process, while eliminating the need for signal-path op-amps. The prototype ADC, implemented in 0.18 mum CMOS, provides 10.65 ENOB at 250 MS/s while consuming only 140 mW, yielding an exceptionally low FoM of 0.28 pJ/conversion-step. Simulations indicate that the architecture and circuitry are well suited to scaling below 90 nm.
Nucleophilicities of Lewis Bases B and Electrophilicities of Lewis Acids A Determined from the Dissociation Energies of Complexes B⋯A Involving Hydrogen Bonds, Tetrel Bonds, Pnictogen Bonds, Chalcogen Bonds and Halogen Bonds

It is shown that the dissociation energy De for the process B⋯A = B + A for 250 complexes B⋯A composed of 11 Lewis bases B (N2, CO, HC≡CH, CH2=CH2, C3H6, PH3, H2S, HCN, H2O, H2CO and NH3) and 23 Lewis acids (HF, HCl, HBr, HC≡CH, HCN, H2O, F2, Cl2, Br2, ClF, BrCl, H3SiF, H3GeF, F2CO, CO2, N2O, NO2F, PH2F, AsH2F, SO2, SeO2, SF2, and SeF2) can be represented to good approximation by means of the equation De=c′NBEA, in which NB is a numerical nucleophilicity assigned to B, EA is a numerical electrophilicity assigned to A, and c′ is a constant, conveniently chosen to have the value 1.00 kJ mol−1 here. The 250 complexes were chosen to cover a wide range of non-covalent interaction types, namely: (1) the hydrogen bond; (2) the halogen bond; (3) the tetrel bond; (4) the pnictogen bond; and (5) the chalcogen bond. Since there is no evidence that one group of non-covalent interaction was fitted any better than the others, it appears the equation is equally valid for all the interactions considered and that the values of NB and EA so determined define properties of the individual molecules. The values of NB and EA can be used to predict the dissociation energies of a wide range of binary complexes B⋯A with reasonable accuracy.
The Long-Term Effects of Mild to Moderate Hypothermia on Gray and White Matter Injury After Spinal Cord Ischemia in Rats

BACKGROUND: The short-term effects of hypothermia on gray matter injury after spinal cord ischemia (SCI) have been established. We sought to investigate the long-term effects of mild to moderate hypothermia on gray and white matter injury after SCI. METHODS: Ninety-five rats were randomly divided into eight groups according to body temperature during SCI (32°C, 35°C, or 38°C) and reperfusion interval (2 or 28 days). SCI was conducted for 15 min using a balloon catheter and blood withdrawal. After assessing the hindlimb motor function, gray and white matter injury was assessed using the number of normal neurons and the extent of vacuolation, respectively. RESULTS: Hindlimb motor function at 2 and 28 days was significantly better in hypothermic groups of 32°C and 35°C than in the normothermic group. The number of normal neurons at 2 and 28 days was significantly higher in the hypothermic group of 32°C than in the normothermic group. The percentage areas of vacuolation at 2 and 28 days were significantly lower in hypothermic groups of 32°C and 35°C than in the normothermic group. CONCLUSIONS: The neuroprotective effects of intraischemic mild to moderate hypothermia on gray and white matter injury are mostly sustained for a long-term period of 28 days after SCI.
Identifying Vendor Risks In Remote Infrastructure Management Services

Abstract Remote Infrastructure Management Services (RIMS) is a fast growing service in IT which has been outsourced to third party service providers by leading global firms. Service providers in this line face huge challenges because they have to ensure agreed upon service levels by monitoring and controlling the client’s infrastructure from an offshore location. This research paper explores the relatively nascent area of RIMS to identify and categorize service provider risks. The three categories of risks that emerged from this analysis are: (i) Service delivery risks, (ii) Relationship specific risks, and (iii) Macroeconomic risks. There is a close relationship between the first two categories of risks and similar categories of risks in application development. However, dimensions of timeline and requirements uncertainty elicit a different set of risks in RIMS. Relationship maturity, nature of client, contract design, and nature of service are contextual factors which influence the degree of risks in RIMS.
The Changing Way We Pay: Trends in Consumer Payments

The Reserve Bank of Australia's third Survey of Consumers' Use of Payment Methods was conducted in November 2013. The survey used a diary and end-of-survey questionnaire to collect data on the use of cash, cards and a range of other payment methods, both at the point of sale and via remote channels (online, mail and telephone). The 2013 data show that cash and cheque use has continued to fall. The use of cards has risen significantly, and there has also been an increase in the use of PayPal. The growth in the use of cards and the reduction in cash use are evident across households in all age and household income groups. The strong growth in remote payments is one contributor to the observed change in the use of cash and cards. However, the main contribution is from the increased use of cards at the point of sale, which is likely to reflect both growth in the availability of card terminals at merchants and changing consumer preferences as authentication methods have evolved. In particular, we find some indication that the adoption of contactless technology, which lowers the tender time of card payments at the point of sale, may have increased card use. The paper presents detailed information about the use of contactless card and smartphone payments by demographic group and payment type. It also provides an update on the payment of surcharges on card payments, including information about the value of card surcharges that were paid by consumers, and the payment of ATM fees.
Multiple-weight unit load storage assignment strategies for energy-efficient automated warehouses

Energy-efficient manufacturing claims for a change in warehousing operations management, moving from the traditional time-based perspective to the energy-based one. In automated storage and retrieval systems, this new approach leads to revise storage assignment policies, so that the least energy can be consumed by cranes for unit load movements. Dedicated energy-based policies and related zone shapes are analysed with particular attention to the role of unit load weight and the design option of rack stratification from floor to ceiling. Energy performance of dedicated, class-based, and random storage policies are then compared for different demand curves and rack shape. In order to enhance flexibility while maximising energy efficiency, new dynamic energy-based policies are also introduced and evaluated.
Vibroacoustic Prediction and Mechanism Analysis of Claw Pole Alternators

A multiphysics simulation model that consists of electromagnetic field, mechanical field, and acoustic field was established to predict the electromagnetic vibration and noise of claw pole alternators. First, magnetic force exerted on the stator inner surface was calculated by three-dimensional (3-D) transient electromagnetic field analysis and the characteristic of magnetic force was analyzed. Second, finite-element modal analysis of alternator assembly was conducted while taking into account the anisotropy of the stator core and armature winding and the installation condition. Simulation result was validated by modal test. Afterward, magnetic force was transferred to the structural mesh using mesh mapping method and the vibration and noise were predicted by using mode superposition method and boundary-element method, respectively. Simulation results agree well with those measured by experiments. Finally, the mechanism of electromagnetic vibration and noise of the claw pole alternator was revealed with the help of 2-D Fourier transform of magnetic force and the mode participation factor of each mode. Results show that for three-phase 12-pole/36-slot claw pole alternator, electromagnetic vibration, and noise are mainly caused by the zeroth-order (circumferential spatial order) force harmonics whose frequencies are 36kfr (k = 1, 2, 3,…) and the sixth-order (circumferential spatial order) force harmonics whose frequencies are (36k ± 6)fr (k = 1, 2, 3,…).
Electronic scholarly publishing and open access

A review of recent developments in electronic publishing, with a focus on Open Access (OA) is provided. It describes the two main types of OA, i.e. the `gold' OA journal route and the `green' repository route, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of the two, and the reactions of the publishing industry to these developments. Quality, cost and copyright issues are explored, as well as some of the business models of OA. It is noted that whilst so far there is no evidence that a shift to OA will lead to libraries cancelling subscriptions to toll-access journals, this may happen in the future, and that despite the apparently compelling reasons for authors to move to OA, so far few have shown themselves willing to do so. Conclusions about the future of scholarly publications are drawn.
Influenza A Infection Enhances Cross-Priming of CD8+ T Cells to Cell-Associated Antigens in a TLR7- and Type I IFN-Dependent Fashion

The initiation of antitumor immunity relies on dendritic cells (DCs) to cross-present cell-associated tumor Ag to CD8+ T cells (TCD8+) due to a lack of costimulatory molecules on tumor cells. Innate danger signals have been demonstrated to enhance cross-priming of TCD8+ to soluble as well as virally encoded Ags; however, their effect on enhancing TCD8+ cross-priming to cell genome-encoded Ags remains unknown. Furthermore, influenza A virus (IAV) has not been shown to enhance antitumor immunity. Using influenza-infected allogeneic cell lines, we show in this study that TCD8+ responses to cell-associated Ags can be dramatically enhanced due to enhanced TCD8+ expansion. This enhanced cross-priming in part involves TLR7- but not TLR3-mediated sensing of IAV and is entirely dependent on MyD88 and IFN signaling pathways. We also showed that the inflammasome-induced IL-1 and IFN-γ did not play a role in enhancing cross-priming in our system. We further demonstrated in our ex vivo system that CD8+ DCs are the only APCs able to prime TCR-transgenic TCD8+. Importantly, plasmacytoid DCs and CD8− DCs were both able to enhance such priming when provided in coculture. These observations suggest that IAV infection of tumor cells may facilitate improved cross-presentation of tumor Ags and may be used to augment clinical vaccine efficacy.
Platelet-derived growth factor does not induce c-fos in NIH 3T3 cells expressing the EJ-ras oncogene

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), the calcium ionophore A23187, and the tumor promoter phorbol myristate acetate stimulated c-fos mRNA levels in control NIH 3T3 cells. However, NIH 3T3 cells transformed by EJ-ras DNA transfection, which have diminished PDGF-stimulated phospholipase C activity, showed a 95% reduction in PDGF-stimulated c-fos mRNA levels. The responses to A23187 and phorbol myristate acetate were also attenuated, but not as severely as the PDGF-mediated induction. The reduction in PDGF-stimulated c-fos induction did not appear to be a general result of cellular transformation, since src-transformed NIH 3T3 cells displayed a strong PDGF-stimulated c-fos induction. Despite the reduction in PDGF-stimulated c-fos induction, EJ-ras-transformed cells still responded mitogenically to PDGF. These data suggest that the magnitude of c-fos induction cannot be directly correlated with PDGF-stimulated mitogenesis in EJ-ras-transformed NIH 3T3 cells.
Does Trust Matter? Exploring the Effectsof Interorganizational and Interpersonaltrust on Performance

A conceptual challenge in exploring the role of trust in interorganizational exchange is translating an inherently individual-level concept-trust-to the organizational-level outcome of performance. We define interpersonal and interorganizational trust as distinct constructs and draw on theories of interorganizational relations to derive a model of exchange performance. Specifically, we investigate the role of trust in interfirm exchange at two levels of analysis and assess its effects on negotiation costs, conflict, and ultimately performance. Propositions were tested with data from a sample of 107 buyer-supplier interfirm relationships in the electrical equipment manufacturing industry using a structural equation model. The results indicate that interpersonal and interorganizational trust are related but distinct constructs, and play different roles in affecting negotiation processes and exchange performance. Further, the hypotheses linking trust to performance receive some support, although the precise nature of the link is somewhat different than initially proposed. Overall, the results show that trust in interorganizational exchange relations clearly matters.
Security Patterns: Integrating Security and Systems Engineering

Chapter 1: The Pattern Approach. Patterns at a Glance. No Pattern is an Island. Patterns Everywhere. Humans are the Target. Patterns Resolve Problems and Shape Environments. Towards Pattern Languages. Documenting Patterns. A Brief Note on The History of Patterns. The Pattern Community and its Culture. Chapter 2: Security Foundations. Overview. Security Taxonomy. General Security Resources. Chapter 3: Security Patterns. The History of Security Patterns. Characteristics of Security Patterns. Why Security Patterns? Sources for Security Pattern Mining. Chapter 4: Patterns Scope and Enterprise Security. The Scope of Patterns in the Book. Organization Factors. Resulting Organization. Mapping to the Taxonomy. Organization in the Context of an Enterprise Framework. Chapter 5: The Security Pattern Landscape. Enterprise Security and Risk Management Patterns. Identification & Authentication (I&A) Patterns. Access Control Model Patterns. System Access Control Architecture Patterns. Operating System Access Control Patterns. Accounting Patterns. Firewall Architecture Patterns. Secure Internet Applications Patterns. Cryptographic Key Management Patterns. Related Security Pattern Repositories Patterns. Chapter 6: Enterprise Security and Risk Management. Security Needs Identification for Enterprise Assets. Asset Valuation. Threat Assessment. Vulnerability Assessment. Risk Determination. Enterprise Security Approaches. Enterprise Security Services. Enterprise Partner Communication. Chapter 7: Identification and Authentication (I&A). I&A Requirements. Automated I&A Design Alternatives. Password Design and Use. Biometrics Design Alternatives. Chapter 8: Access Control Models. Authorization. Role-Based Access Control. Multilevel Security. Reference Monitor. Role Rights Definition. Chapter 9: System Access Control Architecture. Access Control Requirements. Single Access Point. Check Point. Security Session. Full Access with Errors. Limited Access. Chapter 10: Operating System Access Control. Authenticator. Controlled Process Creator. Controlled Object Factory. Controlled Object Monitor. Controlled Virtual Address Space. Execution Domain. Controlled Execution Environment. File Authorization. Chapter 11: Accounting. Security Accounting Requirements. Audit Requirements. Audit Trails and Logging Requirements. Intrusion Detection Requirements. Non-Repudiation Requirements. Chapter 12: Firewall Architectures. Packet Filter Firewall. Proxy-Based Firewall. Stateful Firewall. Chapter 13: Secure Internet Applications. Information Obscurity. Secure Channels. Known Partners. Demilitarized Zone. Protection Reverse Proxy. Integration Reverse Proxy. Front Door. Chapter 14: Case Study: IP Telephony. IP Telephony at a Glance. The Fundamentals of IP Telephony. Vulnerabilities of IP Telephony Components. IP Telephony Use Cases. Securing IP telephony with patterns. Applying Individual Security Patterns. Conclusion. Chapter 15: Supplementary Concepts. Security Principles and Security Patterns. Enhancing Security Patterns with Misuse Cases. Chapter 16: Closing Remarks. References. Index.
STUDY OF A BACTERIOPHAGE INFECTING THE MYXOBACTERIUM CHONDROCOCCUS COLUMNARIS

Lysed areas suggestive of phage activity were observed on a plate in the course of isolation of a strain of Chondrococcus columnaris from trout at the Fisheries Center of the University of Washington. C. columnaris is an aquatic fruiting myxobacterium responsible for epizootics in salmonid and other fishes (Ordal and Rucker, 1944). Subsequently a bacteriophage was isolated which infected and lysed this particular strain of C. columnaris. Up to this time bacteriophages have not been reported for members of either the Myxobacteriales or the Spirochaetales, the orders of flexible bacteria characterized by the absence of rigid cell walls. In view of the basic difference in structure of the eubacteria and the myxobacteria, a study was undertaken to compare the properties of the myxophage with those of the well studied eubacterial phages. For this purpose a system for a quantitative assay of myxophages had to be developed.
STAT4 activation in smokers and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Activation of the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)‐4 is critical for the differentiation of T‐helper 1 cells/type‐1 cytotoxic T‐cells and the production of interferon (IFN)‐γ. Expression of STAT4, phospho‐STAT4, IFN‐γ and T‐box expressed in T‐cells (T‐bet) proteins in bronchial biopsies and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)‐derived lymphocytes, obtained from 12 smokers with mild/moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 59±16% predicted), 14 smokers with normal lung function (FEV1 106±12% pred) and 12 nonsmoking subjects (FEV1 111±14% pred), was examined by immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry. In bronchial biopsies of COPD patients, the number of submucosal phospho‐STAT4+ cells was increased (240 (22–406) versus 125 (0–492) versus 29 (0–511) cells·mm−2) when compared with both healthy smokers and control nonsmokers, respectively. In smokers, phospho‐STAT4+ cells correlated with the degree of airflow obstruction and the number of IFN‐γ+ cells. Similar results were seen in BAL (2.8 (0.2–5.9) versus 1.03 (0.09–1.6) versus 0.69 (0–2.3) lymphocytes·mL−1×103). In all smokers who underwent lavage, phospho‐STAT4+ lymphocytes correlated with airflow obstruction and the number of IFNγ+ lymphocytes. T‐bet expression was not altered in bronchial biopsies and BAL‐derived lymphocytes between the three groups. In conclusion, this study suggests that stable mild/moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with an active T‐helper 1 cell/type‐1 cytotoxic T‐cell inflammatory process involving activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 and interferon-gamma production.