Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The processing of pronouns and the production of referring expressions in L 2 English

Psycholinguistic research investigating production and comprehension of referring expressions has shown that successful reference implies choosing/interpreting a form among a set of referring expressions (e.g., Arnold 2010 for a review). Native speakers are usually very fast and efficient in making these decisions in order to keep up with the flow of normal conversation, requiring them to comprehend and produce referring expressions at a fast pace. Research on second language (L2) acquisition has shown that, differently from native speakers, L2 learners may show residual indeterminacy in the L2 referential choice (e.g., Sorace & Filiaci, 2006), even at the highest levels of proficiency. Previous research on L2 comprehension and production of referring expressions has mainly focused on learners who acquire null subject languages (e.g., Spanish, Italian), and has primarily used offline experimental designs (see Wilson 2009, for a study on L2 German using eyetracking during listening, and Roberts et al., 2008, for a study on L2 Dutch using eye-tracking during reading). The present study contributes to filling this gap by examining the process of comprehension and production in L2 speakers of a non null-subject language (English) whose first language is nullsubject (Spanish), using both off-line and on-line methods. The paper is organized as follows. We will first present evidence from cross-linguistic research on anaphora resolution and referential choice showing the main differences between English and Spanish. Secondly, we will review evidence from the literature on L2 acquisition illustrating that L2 learners show a different pattern of anaphora resolution and referential choice than native speakers (L1). Then, we will present two main experimental studies that adopt off-line and online methodologies to address our research questions. We use eye-tracking measures during listening to examine the time course of pronoun resolution during language processing (Experiment 1) and behavioral measures of accuracy in a story telling task to test L2's production abilities (Experiment 2). To anticipate our findings, in Experiment 1 L2 speakers performed similarly to English native speakers on the eye-tracking task. In Experiment 2, we observed a difference in the type of referring expressions used by the two groups. When the native speakers prefer to use a full NP, L2 learners tend to frequently choose a pronoun, even in contexts where twoentities share the same biological gender, i.e., the use of a pronoun leads to ambiguity.
Support for Young Informal Carers of Persons with Mental Illness: A Mixed-Method Study

The aim of this study was to explore how young (16–25 year old) informal carers of a person with a mental illness experience and use support. In a mixed method approach, we interviewed 12 young carers, and 241 completed a self-administered questionnaire. While the young carers strive to maintain control, their main support seems to be others in their lives, who often define the situation differently. The carers said web-support, counseling, and group counseling might be helpful, yet very few had any professional support. Young carers are greatly in need of support and it should be provided.
Research on the Self-Organization of the Ecosystem of Cyber-Society

Based on the perspective of System Synergetics, this paper starts with the analysis of definition and characteristics of self-organization of the Ecosystem of Cyber-society. Then it analyzes the formation process of the self-organization of the Ecosystem of Cyber-society and constructs the dynamic model of its self-organization. Studies have shown that using the dynamic model self-organization of the Ecosystem of Cyber-society can not only be able to identify the main order parameters of the Ecosystem of Cyber-society, but also can predict the future development of the Ecosystem of Cyber-society to a certain extent to make sure that the Ecosystem of Cyber-society can self-develop and self-improve under this orderly mechanism.
Singapore Armed Forces Medical Corps-Ministry of Health clinical practice guidelines: management of heat injury.

The Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) Medical Corps and the Ministry of Health (MOH) have published clinical practice guidelines on Management of Heat Injury to provide doctors and patients in Singapore with evidence-based guidance on the prevention and clinical management of exertional heat injuries. This article reproduces the introduction and executive summary (with recommendations from the guidelines) from the SAF Medical Corps-MOH clinical practice guidelines on Management of Heat Injury, for the information of readers of the Singapore Medical Journal. Chapters and page numbers mentioned in the reproduced extract refer to the full text of the guidelines, which are available from the Ministry of Health website: http://www.moh. gov.sg/mohcorp/publications.aspx? id=25178. The recommendations should be used with reference to the full text of the guidelines. Following this article are multiple choice questions based on the full text of the guidelines.
Exact representation of antenna system diversity performance from input parameter description

A simplc formulation Io compute thc envelope correlation of an antenna divemiry system is dcrired. 11 is shown how to compute the envelope correlation hom the S-parameter descnplian of the antenna system. This approach has the advantage that i t does not require the computation nor the measurement of the radiation panem of the antenna system. It also offers the advantage of providing a clca understanding ofthe effects ofmutual coupling and input match on the diversity performance of the antcnnii system.
Growth of Edge-Homogeneous Tessellations

A tessellation is understood to be a 1-ended, locally finite, 3-connected planar map. The edge-symbol $\langle p,q;k,\ell\rangle$ of an edge of a tessellation $T$ is a 4-tuple listing the valences $p$ and $q$ of its two incident vertices and the covalences $k$ and $\ell$ of its two incident faces. To say that $T$ is edge-homogeneous means that all edges of $T$ have the same edge-symbol. By a result of Grunbaum and Shephard, each edge-transitive tessellation may be identified with its edge-symbol. It is shown that the growth rate of $T$ is given by a function $g(t)=\frac12(t-2+\sqrt{t^2-4t})$ of the single variable $t=(\frac{p+q}2-2)(\frac{k+\ell}2-2)$, except that the growth rate equals $g(t-1)$ when the edge-symbol of $T$ or its planar dual has the form $\langle3,q;4,4\rangle$, where $q\geq6$. Thus, for each integer $t\geq4$, there are only finitely many edge-homogeneous tessellations whose growth rate equals $g(t)$, allowing a complete list of such tessellations to be compiled in terms of increasing growth rate. The maximum value of the quantity $\frac1p+\frac1q+\frac1k+\frac1\ell$ for tessellations with given value $t$ is shown to decrease monotonically as $t$ increases, while the minimum value decreases only asymptotically. Methods are demonstrated for concrete enumeration of the sets of faces and vertices at any given facial distance from a fixed face, edge, or vertex.
Preface: Design of Resilient Communication Networks

This special issue of Networks, entitled Design of Resilient Communication Networks, is dedicated to the RNDM 2016 Workshop (8th International Workshop on Resilient Networks Design and Modeling) held in Halmstad, Sweden on September 13–15, 2016. Similar to previous editions of RNDM, this 8th edition (organized as a single-track event) was attended by leading researchers in the network resilience community from both academia and industry. The program of RNDM 2016 offered presentations of 27 research papers organized into eight technical sessions, and was enriched by two keynote talks and a panel discussion. The primary focus of RNDM is on network resilience, defined in the context of communication networks as the ability of a network to provide and maintain an acceptable level of service in the face of various faults and challenges to normal operation [10]. Faults in communication networks are inevitable and can be caused by either unintentional activities such as cable cuts (e.g., by street work), malicious human activities (commonly referred to as attacks), or activities of Nature (including hurricanes, earthquakes, or volcano eruptions) [7]. Therefore, network resilience is viewed as one of the most important features in the design of communication networks. In particular, to efficiently handle the failure scenarios, a number of protection/restoration strategies have been developed so far based on allocation of additional network resources: for example, for the purpose of establishing alternate (backup) communication paths [11]. Eight papers included in this special issue were carefully selected from among the top RNDM 2016 contributions addressing various optimization problems. The contents of the issue are organized as follows. Canale et al. [2] investigate a network with perfect nodes and imperfect links that fail randomly and independently. The authors focus on diameter-constrained reliability and determine the most irrelevant links, making an important step towards Factorization theory in diameter-constrained reliability. The authors present the respective Factorization algorithm in the latter part of their paper. Martins et al. [6] present a time-efficient recursive heuristic algorithm to calculate the shortest simple path between a given pair of end nodes that traverses a specified set of network nodes. A node-disjoint backup path is investigated to
The VU Sound Corpus: Adding More Fine-grained Annotations to the Freesound Database

This paper presents a collection of annotations (tags or keywords) for a set of 2,133 environmental sounds taken from the Freesound database (www.freesound.org). The annotations are acquired through an open-ended crowd-labeling task, in which participants were asked to provide keywords for each of three sounds. The main goal of this study is to find out (i) whether it is feasible to collect keywords for a large collection of sounds through crowdsourcing, and (ii) how people talk about sounds, and what information they can infer from hearing a sound in isolation. Our main finding is that it is not only feasible to perform crowd-labeling for a large collection of sounds, it is also very useful to highlight different aspects of the sounds that authors may fail to mention. Our data is freely available, and can be used to ground semantic models, improve search in audio databases, and to study the language of sound.
Fusion to C3d Enhances the Immunogenicity of the E2 Glycoprotein of Type 2 Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

ABSTRACT The use of DNA and protein subunit vaccines in animals provides an opportunity to introduce vaccines that are arguably the safest that can be developed. For that reason, considerable effort is under way to devise methods of enhancing the immunogenicity of such vaccines. Seven years ago it was shown that fusing complement fragment C3d to hen egg lysozyme (HEL) enhanced the immunogenicity of HEL 10,000-fold. Based on this observation, we decided to evaluate the effect of C3d on the immunogenicity of the E2 protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). E2 is the major target of neutralizing antibody during BVDV infection. To test the effect of C3d on E2 immunogenicity, expression cassettes encoding a secreted form of E2 alone (E2s) or E2 fused to three copies of murine C3d (E2s-C3d) were constructed. The proteins were purified from the supernatants of transfected cells and used to immunize mice. The immune response was monitored by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for E2s-specific antibody and by a virus neutralization test. The ELISA results indicated that the E2s-C3d protein is 10,000-fold more immunogenic than the E2s protein alone. The maximum primary immune response was elicited with <0.1 μg of E2s-C3d protein without an adjuvant. In addition, we have shown for the first time that high levels of anti-E2s and neutralizing antibodies can be elicited when this same low concentration of E2s-C3d is used to both prime and boost the immune response. We conclude that the E2s-C3d fusion protein has significant potential as a subunit vaccine against BVDV infection.
Position-independent transgene expression mediated by boundary elements from the apolipoprotein B chromatin domain

The human apolipoprotein B (apoB) gene resides within a 47.5-kb chromatin domain that is flanked by sequences that bind to the nuclear matrix. These matrix attachment regions (MARs) are boundaries between nuclease-sensitive and -resistant chromatin. As domain boundaries are thought to function as insulator elements, shielding sequences between them from effects of neighboring chromatin, this raised the possibility that the apoB MARs have functions that could be assayed by transfection. To test this possibility, we examined effects of the apoB MARs on transgene expression in transiently and stably transfected rat and human hepatoma cells. The apoB MARs had no effects on expression of transiently transfected reporters, but they altered expression of stably integrated transgenes in dramatic and reproducible ways. Single integrated copies of transgenes that contained the apoB promoter and second intron enhancer, which are sufficient for high-level expression in transient assays, were expressed at low and variable levels in stable transfectant clones. In contrast, transgenes containing the apoB 5' and 3' MARs were expressed at levels nearly 200-fold higher than levels of the minimal reporters in stable transfectants, and expression was position independent. Transgenes that contained the apoB MARs and an additional 3.3 kb of apoB 5' flanking sequence were also expressed in an elevated, position-independent manner. Surprisingly, tandem transgene arrays in multicopy transfectants were transcriptionally inactive. These observations suggest that the apoB MARs function as insulator elements, shielding transgene expression from effects of neighboring chromatin domains.
Schizophrenia in the NAS-NRC panel of 15,909 veteran twin pairs.

THE CLASSICAL twin method has played a major role in influencing the direction of psychiatric thought on the relative importance of heredity and environment in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Fundamentally, this method is a comparison of a group of monozygotic or "identical" twins with a group of dizygotic or "fraternal" twins. The percentage of pairs where both twins are affected by a particular disease is compared in the two groups. This percentage is called the pairwise concordance rate. Since monozygotic twins are assumed to be genetically identical, while dizygotic twins no more so than nontwin siblings, comparisons of concordance rates between these two groups have been used to estimate the genetic contribution to a given illness. In the past, studies showing a high concordance rate for schizophrenia in monozygotic twins and a much lower one in dizygotic twins have been accepted as
Resting arterial hypoxaemia in subjects with chronic heart failure, pulmonary hypertension and patent foramen ovale

What is the central question of this study? Does a patent foramen ovale contribute to resting arterial hypoxaemia, defined as arterial oxygen saturation <95%, in subjects with chronic heart failure with or without pulmonary arterial hypertension? What is the main finding and its importance? The presence of a patent foramen ovale contributed to resting arterial hypoxaemia only in subjects with chronic heart failure with pulmonary arterial hypertension. These data suggest that the presence of a patent foramen ovale should be considered in chronic heart failure patients with arterial hypoxaemia and pulmonary hypertension.
Novel Inhibitors of Rac 1 in Metastatic Breast Cancer

Author correspondence to: Surangani Dharmawardhane PhD, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 365067, San Juan, PR00936. Tel: 787-758-2525 ext. 1630/1610 • Fax: 787-274-8724 • E-mail: su.d@upr.edu & Cornelis P. Vlaar PhD, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Medical Sciences Campus University of Puerto Rico, Tel: (787) 758-2525 ext. 5432/1236 • Fax: (787) 767-2796 • E-mail: cornelis.vlaar@upr.edu Objective: Rho family GTPases are molecular switches that control signaling pathways regulating a myriad of cellular functions. Rac1, a Rho family member, plays a critical role in several aspects of tumorigenesis, cancer progression, invasion, and metastasis. Rac proteins are not mutated in most invasive human cancers but are found to be overactive or over-expressed. Since Rho GTPases are activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), inhibition of the interaction of Rac with its GEFs is a targeted strategy for blocking Rac activation. Methods: The IC50 of NSC23766, an inhibitor of the interaction of Rac1 with a subset of GEFs, is too high for therapeutic use and more efficacious inhibitors are desired. Therefore, we initiated the synthesis of new derivatives of NSC23766 with modifications of the substituents connected to the central pyrimidine ring, and tested their Rac1 inhibitory activity. Results: Several of the NSC23766 derivatives were shown to inhibit Rac1 activity of cancer cells with higher efficiency (20-50% more) than NSC23766. The new compounds are not toxic to normal mammary epithelial cells and are more efficient (60-70%) than NSC23766 in inhibiting cell migration and reducing cell spreading and extension of lamellipodia, cell functions regulated by Rac that contribute to cancer invasion. Conclusion: Based on the results, we conclude that the novel compounds show promise of further development as small molecule inhibitors of invasive breast cancer progression. [P R Health Sci J 2010;4:348-356]
Suppression of Cyclic Prefix in Down-Link LTE like Systems to Increase Capacity

In this paper it is presented a proposal to increase the capacity of Down-Link (DL) transmissions in Long Term Evolution (LTE) like systems based on Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). The augment of the data rate is achieved with the total or partial suppression of the Cyclic Prefix (CP), which requires the use of a variable number of samples without conveying any information. The proposal is based on an iterative cancellation of the main impairments that the CP suppression supposes, the Inter Symbol and Inter Carrier Interferences. The interference mitigation procedure demands adequate channel estimations obtained in two different stages. Firstly, this new scheme requires the utilization of a preamble symbol appended to the beginning of the data transmission, which enables an initial Maximum Likelihood channel estimation. Secondly, time-variant channels will be estimated using a Least Squares estimator by the use of scattered pilots within the LTE frame structure. Through simulations it has been demonstrated that, despite the interferences arisen due to the CP suppression, our proposal attains adequate channel estimations which converge to theoretical bounds and the overall system obtains values of Bit Error Rate similar to the ideal situation of not suppressing the CP. It is also presented that considering the typical values of CP in the LTE standard the increment of the capacity employing this strategy can range between 7% and 25%.
The RGD‐containing domain of exogenous HIV‐1 Tat inhibits the engulfment of apoptotic bodies by dendritic cells

Objective:HIV-1 Tat can be released by infected cells and exert various extracellular functions on bystander cells, possibly contributing to immunodeficiency. In order to investigate whether exogenous Tat can affect antigen presentation, the effects of synthetic Tat on the function of dendritic cells displaying antigen presenting cell phenotype were studied. Design:Cultured dendritic cells were challenged with apoptotic bodies and monitored for cell engulfment and free intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) increase. The effect of synthetic HIV-1 Tat and its RGD-containing domain (peptide 65–80) or basic domain (peptide 46–60) on both functions was investigated. Methods:Dendritic cells were obtained by culture of monocytes with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Apoptosis was induced in Jurkat cells by sublethal irradiation. Engulfment of radiolabelled apoptotic bodies by dendritic cells was obtained by a 45 min co-incubation at 37°C. Non-ingested apoptotic bodies were removed and cell-associated radioactivity evaluated in a γ-counter after cell lysis. Single cell analysis of calcium fluxes was performed by video-microscopy and ratio-imaging, after cell staining with the fluorescent calcium chelator FURA-2. Results:Apoptotic bodies were engulfed by dendritic cells: this process was accompanied by [Ca2+]i rise. Synthetic HIV-1 Tat inhibited both apoptotic body engulfment and [Ca2+]i increase. The same inhibition was obtained with the RGD-containing domain (peptide 65–80), but not with the basic domain (peptide 46–60) of Tat, suggesting the involvement of an integrin. This integrin is likely to be anb3, since RGD-containing peptides from vitronectin, but not from fibronectin, inhibited apoptotic body engulfment. Furthermore, both HIV-1 Tat and its 65–80 peptide blocked [Ca2+]i increase due to b3-integrin cross-linking. Conclusions:Our results support a role for HIV-1 Tat in decreasing the function of dendritic cells, possibly impairing antigen presentation.
Computational modeling of neuronal map development: insights into disease

The study of the formation of neuronal maps in the brain has greatly increased our understanding of how the brain develops and, in some cases, regenerates. Computational modeling of neuronal map development has been invaluable in integrating complex biological phenomena and synthesizing them into quantitative and predictive frameworks. These models allow us to investigate how neuronal map development is perturbed under conditions of altered development, disease and regeneration. In this article, we use examples of activity-dependent and activity-independent models of retinotopic map formation to illustrate how they can aid our understanding of developmental and acquired disease processes. We note that fully extending these models to specific clinically relevant problems is a largely unexplored domain and suggest future work in this direction. We argue that this type of modeling will be necessary in furthering our understanding of the pathophysiology of neurological diseases and in developing treatments fo.
Type reconstruction in Fω

We investigate Girard's calculus Fω as a ‘Curry style’ type assignment system for pure lambda terms. First we show an example of a strongly normalizable term that is untypable in Fω. Then we prove that every partial recursive function is nonuniformly represented in Fω (even if quantification is restricted to constructor variables of level 1). It follows that the type reconstruction problem is undecidable and cannot be recursively separated from normalization.
On the analysis of signals in a permutation Lempel-Ziv complexity - permutation Shannon entropy plane

The aim of this paper is to introduce the Lempel-Ziv permutation complexity vs permutation entropy plane as a tool to analyze time series of different nature. This two quantities make use of the Bandt and Pompe representation to quantify continuous-state time series. The strength of this plane is to combine two different perspectives to analyze a signal, one being statistic (the permutation entropy) and the other being deterministic (the Lempel-Ziv complexity). This representation is applied (i) to characterize non-linear chaotic maps, (ii) to distinguish deterministic from stochastic processes and (iii) to analyze and differentiate fractional Brownian motion from fractional Gaussian noise and K-noise given a same (averaged) spectrum. The results allow to conclude that this plane is "robust" to distinguish chaotic signals from random signals, as well as to discriminate between different Gaussian and nonGaussian noises.