Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Elevated neuron number in the limbic thalamus in major depression.

OBJECTIVE The mediodorsal and anteroventral/anteromedial nuclei of the thalamus are brain regions of interest in the study of mood disorders because they connect subcortical limbic system structures such as the amygdala with the prefrontal, cingulate, and temporal cortices. Anatomical abnormalities have been observed both in the amygdala and in the aforementioned cortical regions in affective disorder patients. Neuroanatomical studies of the thalamus have rarely been conducted in patients with mood disorders. METHOD Postmortem tissue from the Stanley Foundation Brain Bank was obtained from subjects diagnosed with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia as well as a nonpsychiatric comparison group (N=10-13 per group). The optical disector stereological procedure was used to count neurons in the mediodorsal and anteroventral/anteromedial nuclei of the thalamus in each brain. RESULTS There were significantly more neurons in the mediodorsal (37%) and anteroventral/anteromedial (26%) nuclei in subjects with major depressive disorder relative to the nonpsychiatric comparison subjects. Neuron numbers and volumes in these limbic thalamic nuclei were normal in the schizophrenia and bipolar subjects. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that there is an elevation in total neuron number in the limbic thalamus that is specific for major depressive disorder. This represents the first report of a neuropsychiatric disorder being associated with an increase in total regional neuron number. The present findings, along with recent data, indicate that significant anatomical and functional abnormalities are present in limbic circuits in major depressive disorder.
Review of X‐linked syndromes with arthrogryposis or early contractures—aid to diagnosis and pathway identification

The following is a review of 50 X‐linked syndromes and conditions associated with either arthrogryposis or other types of early contractures. These entities are categorized as those with known responsible gene mutations, those which are definitely X‐linked, but the responsible gene has not been identified, and those suspected from family history to be X‐linked. Several important ontology pathways for known disease genes have been identified and are discussed in relevance to clinical characteristics. Tables are included which help to identify distinguishing clinical features of each of the conditions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers.

Two data sources--self-reports and peer ratings--and two instruments--adjective factors and questionnaire scales--were used to assess the five-factor model of personality. As in a previous study of self-reports (McCrae & Costa, 1985b), adjective factors of neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness-antagonism, and conscientiousness-undirectedness were identified in an analysis of 738 peer ratings of 275 adult subjects. Intraclass correlations among raters, ranging from . 30 to . 65, and correlations between mean peer ratings and self-reports, from . 25 to . 62, showed substantial cross-observer agreement on all five adjective factors. Similar results were seen in analyses of scales from the NEO Personality Inventory. Items from the adjective factors were used as guides in a discussion of the nature of the five factors. These data reinforce recent appeals for the adoption of the five-factor model in personality research and assessment.
A Mitosis Block Links Active Cell Cycle with Human Epidermal Differentiation and Results in Endoreplication

How human self-renewal tissues co-ordinate proliferation with differentiation is unclear. Human epidermis undergoes continuous cell growth and differentiation and is permanently exposed to mutagenic hazard. Keratinocytes are thought to arrest cell growth and cell cycle prior to terminal differentiation. However, a growing body of evidence does not satisfy this model. For instance, it does not explain how skin maintains tissue structure in hyperproliferative benign lesions. We have developed and applied novel cell cycle techniques to human skin in situ and determined the dynamics of key cell cycle regulators of DNA replication or mitosis, such as cyclins E, A and B, or members of the anaphase promoting complex pathway: cdc14A, Ndc80/Hec1 and Aurora kinase B. The results show that actively cycling keratinocytes initiate terminal differentiation, arrest in mitosis, continue DNA replication in a special G2/M state, and become polyploid by mitotic slippage. They unambiguously demonstrate that cell cycle progression coexists with terminal differentiation, thus explaining how differentiating cells increase in size. Epidermal differentiating cells arrest in mitosis and a genotoxic-induced mitosis block rapidly pushes epidermal basal cells into differentiation and polyploidy. These observations unravel a novel mitosis-differentiation link that provides new insight into skin homeostasis and cancer. It might constitute a self-defence mechanism against oncogenic alterations such as Myc deregulation.
Global performance metrics for synchronization of heterogeneously rated power systems: The role of machine models and inertia

A recent trend in control of power systems has sought to quantify the synchronization dynamics in terms of a global performance metric, compute it under very simplified assumptions, and use it to gain insight on the role of system parameters, in particular, inertia. In this paper, we wish to extend this approach to more realistic scenarios, by incorporating the heterogeneity of machine ratings, more complete machine models, and also to more closely map it to classical power engineering notions such as Nadir, Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF), and inter-area oscillations. We consider the system response to a step change in power excitation, and define the system frequency as a weighted average of generator frequencies (with weights proportional to each machine's rating); we characterize Nadir and RoCoF by the L∞ norm of the system frequency and its derivative, respectively, and inter-areas oscillations by the L2 norm of the error of the vector of bus frequencies w.r. t. the system frequency. For machine models where the dynamic parameters (inertia, damping, etc.) are proportional to rating, we analytically compute these norms and use them to show that the role of inertia is more nuanced than in the conventional wisdom. With the classical swing dynamics, inertia constant plays a secondary role in performance. It is only when the turbine dynamics are introduced that the benefits of inertia become more prominent.
A nonsmooth Newton solver for capturing exact Coulomb friction in fiber assemblies

We focus on the challenging problem of simulating thin elastic rods in contact, in the presence of friction. Most previous approaches in computer graphics rely on a linear complementarity formulation for handling contact in a stable way, and approximate Coulombs's friction law for making the problem tractable. In contrast, following the seminal work by Alart and Curnier in contact mechanics, we simultaneously model contact and exact Coulomb friction as a zero finding problem of a nonsmooth function. A semi-implicit time-stepping scheme is then employed to discretize the dynamics of rods constrained by frictional contact: this leads to a set of linear equations subject to an equality constraint involving a nondifferentiable function. To solve this one-step problem we introduce a simple and practical nonsmooth Newton algorithm which proves to be reasonably efficient and robust for systems that are not overconstrained. We show that our method is able to finely capture the subtle effects that occur when thin elastic rods with various geometries enter into contact, such as stick-slip instabilities in free configurations, entangling curls, resting contacts in braid-like structures, or the formation of tight knots under large constraints. Our method can be viewed as a first step towards the accurate modeling of dynamic fibrous materials.
Theoretical Frameworks for Research in Chemistry/Science Education

PART I: CONSTRUCTIVIST FRAMEWORKS Chapter 1: The Role of Theoretical Frameworks in Chemistry Education Research George M. Bodner, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University Chapter 2: Constructivism and Social Constructivism Robert L. Ferguson, Department of Teaching Education, Cleveland State University Chapter 3: Symbolic Interactionism Dawn Del Carlo, Department of Chemistry, University of Northern Iowa Chapter 4: Models and Modeling Mike Briggs, Chemistry Department, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Chapter 5: Pedagogical Content Knowledge Matthew L. Miller, Department of Chemistry, South Dakota State University PART II: HERMENEUTIC FRAMEWORKS Chapter 6: Hermeneutics and the Meaning of Understanding Joseph W. Shane, Department of Chemistry, Shippensburg University Chapter 7: Phenomenology Kirsten Casey, Department of Chemistry, Anne Arundel Community College Chapter 8: Phenomenography MaryKay Orgill, Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas Chapter 9: Action Research as a Framework for Science Education Research William J. F. Hunter, Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University Chapter 10: Ethnography and Ethnomethodology Gautam Bhattacharyya, Department of Chemistry, Clemson University Chapter 11: Situated Cognition MaryKay Orgill, Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas Chapter 12: Communities of Practice Alexius Smith Macklin, Department of Libraries, Purdue University Chapter 13: Telling the Whole Story via Narrative Analysis Joseph W. Shane, Department of Chemistry, Shippensburg University and Trisha Anderson, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University PART III: CRITICAL THEORY FRAMEWORKS Chapter 14: Critical Theory Provi M. Mayo, Department of Chemistry, South Dakota State University Chapter 15: Feminism Brenda M. Capobianco, Department of Curriculum and Instruction, Purdue University Chapter 16: The Afrocentric Framework Chana Hawkins and Michael Thompson, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University
Mathematics teacher noticing: Seeing through teachers’ eyes

Section I: Introduction 1. Situating the Study of Teacher Noticing, Miriam Gamoran Sherin, Victoria R. Jacobs, Randolph A. Philipp Section II: Foundations of Teacher Noticing 2. On Noticing Teacher Noticing, Frederick Erickson 3. Noticing: Roots and Branches, John Mason 4. Situation Awareness in Teaching: What Educators Can Learn From Video-Based Research in Other Fields, Kevin F. Miller 5. Reflections on the Study of Teacher Noticing, Bruce Sherin and Jon Star 6. Accessing Mathematics Teachers' In-the-Moment Noticing, Miriam Gamoran Sherin, Rosemary S. Russ, and Adam A. Colestock Section III: Studies of Mathematics Teacher Noticing 7. Deciding How to Respond on the Basis of Children's Understandings, Victoria R. Jacobs, Lisa L. C. Lamb, Randolph A. Philipp, and Bonnie P. Schappelle 8. Using Video to Improve Preservice Mathematics Teachers' Abilities to Attend to Classroom Features: A Replication Study, Jon R. Star, Kathleeen Lynch and, Natasha Perova 9. A Framework for Learning to Notice Student Thinking, Elizabeth A. van Es 10. From Teacher Noticing to a Framework for Analyzing and Improving Classroom Lessons, Rossella Santagata 11. Using Classroom Artifacts to Focus Teachers' Noticing: Affordances and Opportunities, Lynn T. Goldsmith and Nanette Seago 12. Noticing Leaders' Thinking About Videocases of Teachers Engaged in Mathematics Tasks in Professional Development, Elham Kazemi, Rebekah Elliott, Judith Mumme, Cathy Carroll, Kristin Lesseig, and Megan Kelley-Peterson 13. Examining the Behavior of Operations: Noticing Early Algebraic Ideas, Deborah Schifter Section IV: Conclusion 14. Noticing Matters. A Lot. Now What? Alan H. Schoenfeld
The Endangered Species Act and Critical Habitat Designation: An Integrated Biological and Economic Approach

The Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended, assigns the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service the responsibility for listing species of plants and animals in the United States whose existence is either threatened or endangered. After a species is listed, the Service is responsible for, among other things, developing recovery plans, reviewing proposed federal actions to ensure that they do not compromise recovery efforts, and designating critical habitat. The designation of critical habitat for endangered species involves reallocation of resources. This paper sets forth the methodology and results from two case studies that measured the economic impacts of designating critical habitat. The case studies vary in regional scope. The first study incorporates seven states along a 2200 mile stretch of the Colorado River and its major tributaries and focuses on six endangered fishes. A second study analyzes two endangered fishes in a two county study region in Utah and Nevada through which the Virgin River flows. The methodology utilized in both case studies was to measure the impacts of designating critical habitat and involves the following steps: (1) determining how the biological needs of endangered fish will affect the allocation of resources among river users; (2) assessing the direct economic impacts of resource reallocations on river users; and (3) using a set of applied general equilibrium models of the affected region in order to capture all of the direct and indirect effects of resource reallocations. Approaching the estimation of the impacts of designating critical habitat in this fashion insures that all actions taken on behalf of the endangered species will be captured in the analyses as a reallocation of resources. This insures that impacts are inclusive of negative as well as positive effects that stem from the reallocation process. The principle results of the two case studies are that sectoral impacts are both positive and negative. The sub-regional impacts for both case studies are not distributed evenly. The regional impacts, whether positive or negative, are small relative to a baseline level of economic activity representing no actions taken on behalf of the fishes. The national efficiency effects as determined in the Colorado study are effectively zero for the designation of critical habitat.
The capacity region of the interference channel with a relay in the strong interference regime subject to phase fading

The interference channel with a relay (ICR) is the fundamental building block of cooperation in wireless networks consisting of multiple communicating pairs. This work considers ICRs in which the links are subject to i.i. d. phase fading. Strong interference conditions are derived for the case where the links from the sources to the relay are good, leading to the characterization of the capacity region of the ICR for such scenarios. This is the first time the capacity region of this model is characterized for a non-degraded, non-cognitive scenario when all links are active and the SNRs are finite.
The ins and outs of venous access: part II.

Selection of the proper venous access device is important to maximize patient benefit and minimize patient discomfort, morbidity, mortality, and cost. The decision of which device to use is based on whether or not the patient requires central venous access and whether the need is short-term ( 6 to 8 weeks) or long-term. Shortterm venous access devices include short peripheral IV catheters, midline catheters, peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC), and central venous catheters (CVC). This article reviews each of these short-term devices and their indications, contraindications, advantages, and disadvantages. Part 1 covers Venous Anatomy and Short-Term Venous Access; Part 2, to be published in the June issue, covers Long-Term Venous Access. More than 150 million vascular access devices (VAD) are purchased annually in the United States, at a cost of approximately $840 million. Of these, 5 million are central venous catheters (CVC) or pulmonary artery catheters. Approximately 500,000 long-term CVC are inserted in the United States annually, mainly for chemotherapy and parenteral nutrition (PN). Although there is no absolute cutoff, long-term CVC are indicated when venous access is required for more than 6 to 8 weeks. Before discussing the options for short-term VAD, the venous anatomy will be briefly reviewed.
The impact of multiple memory formation on dendritic complexity in the hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex assessed at recent and remote time points

Consolidation processes, involving synaptic and systems level changes, are suggested to stabilize memories once they are formed. At the synaptic level, dendritic structural changes are associated with long-term memory storage. At the systems level, memory storage dynamics between the hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) may be influenced by the number of sequentially encoded memories. The present experiment utilized Golgi-Cox staining and neuron reconstruction to examine recent and remote structural changes in the hippocampus and ACC following training on three different behavioral procedures. Rats were trained on one hippocampal-dependent task only (a water maze task), two hippocampal-dependent tasks (a water maze task followed by a radial arm maze task), or one hippocampal-dependent and one non-hippocampal-dependent task (a water maze task followed by an operant conditioning task). Rats were euthanized recently or remotely. Brains underwent Golgi-Cox processing and neurons were reconstructed using Neurolucida software (MicroBrightField, Williston, VT, USA). Rats trained on two hippocampal-dependent tasks displayed increased dendritic complexity compared to control rats, in neurons examined in both the ACC and hippocampus at recent and remote time points. Importantly, this behavioral group showed consistent, significant structural differences in the ACC compared to the control group at the recent time point. These findings suggest that taxing the demand placed upon the hippocampus, by training rats on two hippocampal-dependent tasks, engages synaptic and systems consolidation processes in the ACC at an accelerated rate for recent and remote storage of spatial memories.
An Interval Type-2 Neural Fuzzy Classifier Learned Through Soft Margin Minimization and its Human Posture Classification Application

This paper proposes an interval type-2 neural fuzzy classifier learned through soft margin minimization (IT2NFC-SMM) and applies it to human body posture classification. The IT2NFC-SMM consists of interval type-2, zero-order Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy rules established through online structure learning. The antecedent part of the IT2NFC-SMM uses interval type-2 fuzzy sets to decrease the number of rules and manage noisy data. For parameter learning, the consequent parameters are learned through a linear support vector machine (SVM) for soft margin minimization to improve the generalization ability. The proposed SVM-based learning addresses the problem that the orders of the fuzzy rules in computing the outputs of an interval type-2 fuzzy system depend on the consequent values that are unknown in advance. To address this problem, the IT2NFC-SMM uses weighted bound-set boundaries to simplify the type-reduction operation and a novel crisp-to-interval linear SVM learning algorithm. Based on the soft margin minimization, the antecedent parameters are tuned using the gradient descent algorithm. The IT2NFC-SMM is applied to a vision-based human body posture classification system. The system uses two cameras and novel classification features extracted from a silhouette of the human body to classify the four postures of standing, bending, sitting, and lying. The classification performance of the IT2NFC-SMM is verified through results in clean and noisy classification examples and through the posture classification problem, as well as through comparisons with various type-1 and type-2 fuzzy classifiers. The overall result shows that the IT2NFC-SMM achieves higher classification rates with a smaller or similar model size than the classifiers used for comparison, especially for noisy classification problems.
South African perspectives on the Pentateuch between synchrony and diachrony

Jurie le Roux (University of Pretoria, RSA) - Prologue Eckart Otto (University of Munich, Germany) - New Horizons for Pentateuch Scholarship in the Years to come. Gerda de Villiers (University of Pretoria, RSA) - The tools and what they are designed for. Christo Lombaard (University of Pretoria, RSA) - The Pentateuch between diachrony and sinchrony: two reasons for favouring the former. Louis Jonker (University of Stellenbosch, RSA) - Reading with one eye closed? Or: What you miss when you do not read biblical texts multidimensionally. Jaco Gericke (University of Pretoria, RSA) - Synchrony, diachrony and reality - the anti-realist ontological implications of theological pluralism in the Pentateuch. Emmanuel Usue (University of Mkar-Gboko, Nigeria) - Reservations about the JEDP hypothesis: the Abrahamic covenant (Gn 15:1-21 17:1-27) and the name and source of Yahweh, a reference point. Jurie le Roux (University of Pretoria, RSA) - To be touched by the past (through the text). Sakkie Spangenberg (University of South Africa, RSA) - Will Pentateuch research in the RSA keep the scientific study of the Bible alive? Hans van Deventer (University of North West, RSA) - The Pentateuch between synchrony and diachrony: bridging the gap between Africa and the West. Hans Ulrich Steymans (University of Fribourg, Switzerland) - The Blessings in Genesis 49 and Deuteronomy 33: Awareness of Intertextuality. Hendrik Bosman (University of Stellenbosch, RSA) - An intertextual approach to the synchrony - diachrony dichotomy and the decalogue in Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5. Eben Scheffler (University of South Africa, RSA) - Criticism of government: Deuteronomy 17:14-20 between synchrony and diachrony. Frances Klopper (University of South Africa, RSA) - The Pentateuch in pictures: synchronically and diachronically. Alphonso Groenewald (University of Pretoria, RSA) - The Pentateuch between synchrony and diachrony: what can the study of the Psalms contribute? Piet Venter (University of Pretoria, RSA) - Synchrony and Diachrony: a Contribution from Apocalyptic Studies Willem Boshoff (University of South Africa, RSA) - What archaeology can contribute to the problem of syncrhony and diachrony Jurie le Roux (University of Pretoria, RSA) - Epilogue.
Back to the Past: Supporting Interpretations of Forgotten Stories by Time-aware Re-Contextualization

Fully understanding an older news article requires context knowledge from the time of article creation. Finding information about such context is a tedious and time-consuming task, which distracts the reader. Simple contextualization via Wikification is not sufficient here. The retrieved context information has to be time-aware, concise (not full Wikipages) and focused on the coherence of the article topic. In this paper, we present an approach for time-aware recontextualization, which takes those requirements into account in order to improve reading experience. For this purpose, we propose (1) different query formulation methods for retrieving contextualization candidates and (2) ranking methods taking into account topical and temporal relevance as well as complementarity with respect to the original text. We evaluate our proposed approaches through extensive experiments using real-world datasets and ground-truth consisting of over 9,400 article/context pairs. To this end, our experimental results show that our approaches retrieve contextualization information for older articles from the New York Times Archive with high precision and outperform baselines significantly.