Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Government Grants to Private Charities: Do They Crowd-Out Giving or Fundraising?

When the government makes a grant to a private charitable organization, does it displace private giving? This is one of the fundamental policy questions in public finance, and much theoretical and empirical research has been devoted to understanding the relationship between private donations and government funding. Under the classic crowding-out hypothesis, donors let their involuntary tax contributions and substitute for their voluntary contributions. This paper raises the prospect of a second reason: that the stretegic response of the charity will be to pull back on its fundraising efforts after receiving a grant. We develop a theoretical model to show a charity that chooses its level of fundraising efforts strategically will reduce fundraising in response to government grants. We then analyze data on tax returns of 474 social services organizations and 245 arts organizations between 1982 and 1996. These two types of charitable organizations differ in both the nature of the services they provide and in their reliance on private donations and government grants. We find evidence that government grants to nonprofits are causing significant reductions in fundraising efforts, after looking at different types of fundraising activities. This finding is important for two reasons. First, it means that the behavior of the nonprofit organizations is consistent with the predictions of an economic model within a strategic environment. Second, it adds an important new dimension to the policy discussions on the effectiveness of government grants to increase the services of charitable nonprofit organizations. Charities are not passive receptables of contributions, as they have so often been treated in the past, but are active players in the market for donations. When the government gives a grant to charities, we shoul take into account the behavioral response of the charity itself, as well as the behavioral responses of the individual donors.
Trypanosoma evansi and Surra: A Review and Perspectives on Transmission, Epidemiology and Control, Impact, and Zoonotic Aspects

This paper reviews the transmission modes of Trypanosoma evansi. Its worldwide distribution is attributed to mechanical transmission. While the role of tabanids is clear, we raise questions on the relative role of Haematobia sp. and the possible role of Stomoxys sp. in delayed transmission. A review of the available trypanocidal drugs and their efficacy in various host species is useful for understanding how they interact in disease epidemiology, which is complex. Although there are similarities with other mechanically transmitted trypanosomes, T. evansi has a more complex epidemiology due to the diversity of its hosts and vectors. The impact of clinical and subclinical disease is difficult to establish. A model was developed for buffaloes in the Philippines, which could be transferred to other places and livestock systems. Since Trypanosoma evansi was reported in humans, further research is required to investigate its zoonotic potential. Surra remains a potentially emerging disease that is a threat to Australia, Spain, and France. A number of questions about the disease have yet to be resolved. This brief review of the basic knowledge of T. evansi suggests that there is renewed interest in the parasite, which is spreading and has a major economic impact.
Systematic approach for optimal placement and sizing of STATCOM to assess the voltage stability

Reactive power deficient systems are more prone to voltage collapse. Improving reactive power handling capacity by modern FACTS devices is one of the best remedies for such systems. Choosing the optimal location and size of the FACTS devices to get benefits in terms of improvement of voltage stability is a challenging task. This paper presents the systematic approach for the optimal location and sizing of STATCOM. Voltage stability assessment has been carried out by tangent vector method, with and without STATCOM using user-friendly power system analysis toolbox (PSAT) of MATLAB. Results tested on a standard IEEE-6 bus and IEEE-14 bus test systems show that optimally placed and sized STATCOM not only improves loadability margin but also voltage profile of the system. The novelty of the work lies in developing the systematic approach assessing the voltage stability under different conditions, like the screening of contingencies, the establishment of loadability and novel loading scenario before and after placement of STATCOM in the system. This is very useful for getting maximum benefits of reactive compensation methods which depend greatly on the placement and sizing of FACTS devices.
Some Computer Organizations and Their Effectiveness

A hierarchical model of computer organizations is developed, based on a tree model using request/service type resources as nodes. Two aspects of the model are distinguished: logical and physical. General parallel- or multiple-stream organizations are examined as to type and effectiveness-especially regarding intrinsic logical difficulties. The overlapped simplex processor (SISD) is limited by data dependencies. Branching has a particularly degenerative effect. The parallel processors [single-instruction stream-multiple-data stream (SIMD)] are analyzed. In particular, a nesting type explanation is offered for Minsky's conjecture-the performance of a parallel processor increases as log M instead of M (the number of data stream processors). Multiprocessors (MIMD) are subjected to a saturation syndrome based on general communications lockout. Simplified queuing models indicate that saturation develops when the fraction of task time spent locked out (L/E) approaches 1/n, where n is the number of processors. Resources sharing in multiprocessors can be used to avoid several other classic organizational problems.
Translation of Drug Metabolic Enzyme and Transporter (DMET) Genetic Variants into Star Allele Notation using SAS

Conversion of genotyping results from metabolic enzyme and transporter (DMET) genetic assays into the consensus star allele nomenclature is necessary for clinical utilization of DMET genetics. The problem involves translation of variant genotypes, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or small insertion-deletion events, into gene level star allele nomenclature. Genetic variants in the DMET genes can occur in combinations. In some instances a single variant or often these combinations define a star allele. When and how these variants combine is often poorly understood. However, given adequate definitions, a simple algorithm based on vector addition and comparison can be easily implemented in SAS proc IML to perform the conversion. The simplicity and transparency of this algorithm can help de-mystify the translation process and allow statisticians and data management experts to handle this new type of patient information.
Type-II Fuzzy Decision Support System for Fertilizer

Type-II fuzzy sets are used to convey the uncertainties in the membership function of type-I fuzzy sets. Linguistic information in expert rules does not give any information about the geometry of the membership functions. These membership functions are mostly constructed through numerical data or range of classes. But there exists an uncertainty about the shape of the membership, that is, whether to go for a triangle membership function or a trapezoidal membership function. In this paper we use a type-II fuzzy set to overcome this uncertainty, and develop a fuzzy decision support system of fertilizers based on a type-II fuzzy set. This type-II fuzzy system takes cropping time and soil nutrients in the form of spatial surfaces as input, fuzzifies it using a type-II fuzzy membership function, and implies fuzzy rules on it in the fuzzy inference engine. The output of the fuzzy inference engine, which is in the form of interval value type-II fuzzy sets, reduced to an interval type-I fuzzy set, defuzzifies it to a crisp value and generates a spatial surface of fertilizers. This spatial surface shows the spatial trend of the required amount of fertilizer needed to cultivate a specific crop. The complexity of our algorithm is O(mnr), where m is the height of the raster, n is the width of the raster, and r is the number of expert rules.
SVM-FastICA Based Detection Ensemble System of EEG

An EEG signal detection ensemble system to solve the low rate of vision detection is developed when analysis so many EEG signals. A novel FastICA method is presented, in which the independent component analysis approach is used to acquire the high order statistic information of EEG intrusion action mode and mapped the input mode space into the corresponding independent component space. Then the generalized maximal margin hyperplane is constructed in the independent component space using the support vector machine. Testing results show that the system integrates the features of FastICA and SVM to response real-time and lower the rate of false negative.
Multimodal Therapy for the Treatment of Severe Ischemic Stroke Combining Endovascular Embolectomy and Stenting of Long Intracranial Artery Occlusion

Embolic occlusion of cerebral arteries is a major cause for stroke. Intravenous thrombolysis showed positive results in this condition, however even when strict criteria are used, the risk of hemorrhagic transformation is possible. Microsurgical embolectomy has been described earlier. Purpose. We performed multimodal therapy of cerebral artery occlusion. Case Report. We present a case of a 49-year-old female patient who—according to the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS)—was rated as 19 due to acute occlusion of the horizontal segment of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA). After failed i.v. thrombolysis, only a part of the clot could be evacuated by the endovascular approach—without restoration of blood flow. Normal patency of the left MCA was re-established after stenting. Within 72 hours, the patient had an NIHSS score of 14, with a small haematoma in the left hemisphere. Conclusion. In our case multimodal therapy combining i.v. thrombolysis, mechanical disruption of thrombus, MCA stenting and platelet function antagonists, resulted in successful recanalization of the acutely occluded left MCA.
Least-restrictive enforcement of the Chinese wall security policy

The Chinese Wall security policy states that information from objects that are to be confidential from one another should not flow to a subject. It addresses conflict of interest, and was first articulated in the well-cited work of Brewer and Nash, which proposes also an enforcement mechanism for the policy. Work subsequent to theirs has observed that their enforcement mechanism is overly restrictive -- authorization states in which the policy is not violated may be rendered unreachable. We present two sets of novel results in this context. In one, we present an enforcement mechanism for the policy that is simple and efficient, and least-restrictive -- an authorization state is reachable if and only if it does not violate the policy. In our enforcement mechanism, the actions of a subject can constrain the prospective actions of another, a trade-off that we show every enforcement mechanism that is least-restrictive must incur. Our other set of results is that the enforcement mechanism of Brewer-Nash is even more restrictive than previous work establishes. Specifically, we show: (1) what is called the *-rule is overspecified in that one of its sub-rules implies the other, and, (2) if a subject is authorized to write to an object that contains confidential information, then all objects that contain confidential information must belong to the same conflict of interest class. Our work sheds new light on what is generally considered to be important work in information security.
Circular chromosomal DNA in the sulfur-dependent archaebacterium Sulfolobus acidocaldarius.

The shape of the chromosomal DNA of the sulfur-dependent archaebacterium Sulfolobus acidocaldarius was analyzed by the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis(PFGE). S.acidocaldarius DNA digested with Notl showed two DNA bands at around 1.0 Mbp and 2.1 Mbp. Notl-linking clones were isolated from the library of S.acidocaldarius chromosomal DNA. It contained two Notl sites. Both 1.0 and 2.1 Mbp DNA band separated by PFGE were hybridized with the two independent Notl-linking fragment. Each right and left arms of two Notl-linking fragments were hybridized with one of the two DNA bands separated by PFGE. The results indicated that the chromosomal DNA of S.acidocaldarius is circular.
From Physical Security to Cyber Security ?

Security is a critical concern around the world. In many domains from cyber-security to sustainability, limited security resources prevent complete security coverage at all times. Instead, these limited resources must be scheduled (or allocated or deployed), while simultaneously taking into account the importance of different targets, the responses of the adversaries to the security posture, and the potential uncertainties in adversary payoffs and observations, etc. Computational game theory can help generate such security schedules. Indeed, casting the problem as a Stackelberg game, we have developed new algorithms that are now deployed over multiple years in multiple applications for scheduling of security resources. These applications are leading to real-world use-inspired research in the emerging research area of “security games”. The research challenges posed by these applications include scaling up security games to real-world sized problems, handling multiple types of uncertainty, and dealing with bounded rationality of human adversaries. In cyber-security domain, the interaction between the defender and adversary is quite complicated with high degree of incomplete information and uncertainty. While solutions have been proposed for parts of the problem space in cyber-security, the need of the hour is a comphrensive understanding of the whole space including the interaction with the adversary. We highlight the innovations in security games that could be used to tackle the game problem in cyber-security.
Verification of bidirectional model to model transformation in model driven development

One of the prominent elements in MDD is model transformation where the developed model can be automatically transformed into other models. Many approaches were proposed to simplify the model transformation processes. However most of the processes focus on unidirectional transformation. In order to achieve full benefit of MDD, a pragmatic bidirectional model transformation (BMT) with a strong theoretical foundation is required. BMT must address reversible transformation in deducing forward and backward transformation automatically. This paper proposes a novel approach to BMT by introducing a pragmatic conceptual framework as a guideline in the specification and verification of BMT. In the proposed framework, metamodel and verification processes will be respectively specified using descriptive and procedural formal specification.
Quantifying Susceptibility of CD4+ Stem Memory T-Cells to Infection by Laboratory Adapted and Clinical HIV-1 Strains

CD4+ T cells are principal targets for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. CD4+ T cell subsets are heterogeneous cell populations, divided by functional and phenotypic differences into naïve and memory T cells. The memory CD4+ T cells are further segregated into central, effector and transitional memory cell subsets by functional, phenotypic and homeostatic characteristics. Defining the distribution of HIV-1 infection in different T cell subsets is important, as this can play a role in determining the size and composition of the viral reservoir. Both central memory and transitional memory CD4+ T cells have been described as long-lived viral reservoirs for HIV. Recently, the newly described stem memory T cell subset has also been implicated as a long-lived HIV reservoir. Using green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter strains of HIV-1 and multi parameter flow cytometry, we developed an assay to simultaneously quantify the susceptibility of stem memory (TSCM), central memory, effector memory, transitional memory and naïve CD4+ T cell subsets, to HIV-1 infection in vitro. We show that TSCM are susceptible to infection with laboratory adapted and clinical HIV-1 strains. Our system facilitates the quantitation of HIV-1 infection in alternative T cell subsets by CCR5- and CXCR4-using viruses across different HIV-1 subtypes, and will be useful for studies of HIV-1 pathogenesis and viral reservoirs.
Title: Sports Genetics Moving Forward -lessons Learned from Medical Research 1 2 Short Running Title: Sports Genetics Moving Forward 3 4

22 Sports genetics can take advantage of lessons learned from human disease genetics. By 23 righting past mistakes and increasing scientific rigor, the breadth and depth of knowledge in 24 the field can be magnified. We present an outline of challenges facing sports genetics in the 25 light of experiences from medical research. 26 Sports performance is complex, resulting from a combination of a wide variety of different 27 traits and attributes. Improving sports genetics will foremost require analyses based on 28 detailed phenotyping. In order to find widely valid, reproducible common variants associated 29 with athletic phenotypes, study sample sizes must be dramatically increased. One paradox is 30 that in order to confirm relevance, replications in specific populations must be undertaken. 31 Family studies of athletes may facilitate the discovery of rare variants with large effects on 32 athletic phenotypes. The complexity of the human genome, combined with the complexity of 33 athletic phenotypes, will require additional metadata and biological validation to identify a 34 comprehensive set of genes involved. 35 Analysis of personal genetic and multiomic profiles contribute to our conceptualization of 36 precision medicine; the same will be the case in precision sports science. In the refinement of 37 sports genetics it is essential to evaluate similarities and differences between genders and 38 among ethnicities. Sports genetics to date have been hampered by small sample sizes and 39 biased methodology which can lead to erroneous associations and overestimation of effect 40 sizes. Consequently, currently available genetic tests based on these inherently limited data 41 cannot predict athletic performance with any accuracy. 42
A realistic substrate for Small-world networks modeling

Small-World networks are networks with high local clustering and small distance between the nodes. In order to study the properties of these kinds of networks, Watts and Strogatz developed a method based on varying the probability of rewiring each edge on a regular graph. As initial substrate for the regular graph, some specific topologies are usually selected, such as for example, ring-lattice or grids. These regular graphs are not suitable for modeling of certain hierarchical topologies such as for example, holonic systems and Internet. We present a new regular substrate that models more accurately topologies with certain hierarchical properties. We also investigate the dynamics of the diffusion of information packages over the network for different types of network substrates.
A New Framework for Secure M-Commerce

By combining the wireless network and E-commerce, suppliers can provide a more convenient and quicker service on a human scale for their customers. The main advantages of such services are their high availability, independence of physical location and time. Mobile commerce raises a number of security and privacy challenges. However, security has always been the key issue for the development of mobile E-commerce, which is more vulnerable than the traditional E-commerce mode. In order to solve the problem of security gap in the transmission of mobile E-commerce information, a framework based on J2ME/MIDP is proposed, which combines double layer encryption schemes, stego-image and secure XML messages which transferred between the mobile terminal and the server. Our method provide strong secure and invisible communication with high security and high operating efficiency that compatible with many types of mobile terminal.
Recent Trends in Job Stability and Job Security: Evidence from the March CPS

Over the past few years there has been a keen interest, both in the popular press and among researchers, in whether job stability and job security have declined. Anecdotal evidence suggests that stability and security declined in the 1980s and 1990s. But academic studies have been divided in their findings. This paper uses sheds additional light on this question using data from the March CPS. The main advantage to using March CPS data is that the transition variables are defined consistently over the 1975-76 through 2000-2001 period covered by my data. I find that overall job separation rates changed very little over this time period, but that there were large changes in the component transitions. Employment-to-unemployment transitions declined dramatically, indicating a significant increase in job security. For men, nearly all of the increase in job security occurred in the 1990s, while for women, the increase was more uniform throughout the period. There was an equally dramatic increase in employment-to-employment transitions (job changes with two or fewer weeks of unemployment), indicating that it has become easier to change employers. I also examine trends in these transitions treating married couples as a unit. I find that job stability fell for married couples, but that job security increased. The decrease in stability would have been smaller and the increase in security would have been larger were it not for the increase in the proportion of couples in which the wife’s earnings are a significant share of total earnings.
How do natural and man-made disasters affect international trade? A country-level and industry-level analysis

This study examines the influence of disasters on international trade with a gravity equation model. Four types of disasters will be introduced: natural disasters, technological disasters, political risks, and financial crises. Existing literature implies that any type of disasters can either positively or negatively associated with international trade. The effects of disasters are different across the socioeconomic status of trade pairs and across industries as well as across different types of disasters. Results from country-level and industry-level show that natural disasters reduce international trade flows by raising trading and security costs and hardening borders. In contrast to previous findings, these results show that terrorism activities and technological disasters increase the international trade particularly between developed countries. The econometric specification controls unobserved characteristics of trade pairs and endogeneity problems. Managerial implications and future research are discussed.
Analysis of Coded OFDMA in a Downlink Multi-Cell Scenario

In this paper a coded OFDMA downlink concept for 4G in a multi-cell environment is analyzed. A radio resource management can be applied for the downlink transmission scheme and this can improve the performance for low system loads. The paper also examines the use of a time/frequency hopping component. Further investigations are done by introducing a propagation model taking into account path loss and shadowing. Additionally, a Gaussian approximation (GA) for the interfering signals is investigated to reduce the complexity of the multi-cell scenario. Simulation results are given to determine the effectiveness of the proposed radio resource management and time/frequency hopping. Simulations show that the GA is an appropriate assumption for the interfering signals.