Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Low‐frequency variability of the large‐scale ocean circulation: A dynamical systems approach

Oceanic variability on interannual, interdecadal, and longer timescales plays a key role in climate variability and climate change. Paleoclimatic records suggest major changes in the location and rate of deepwater formation in the Atlantic and Southern oceans on timescales from millennia to millions of years. Instrumental records of increasing duration and spatial coverage document substantial variability in the path and intensity of ocean surface currents on timescales of months to decades. We review recent theoretical and numerical results that help explain the physical processes governing the large‐scale ocean circulation and its intrinsic variability. To do so, we apply systematically the methods of dynamical systems theory. The dynamical systems approach is proving successful for more and more detailed and realistic models, up to and including oceanic and coupled ocean‐atmosphere general circulation models. In this approach one follows the road from simple, highly symmetric model solutions, through a “bifurcation tree,” toward the observed, complex behavior of the system under investigation. The observed variability can be shown to have its roots in simple transitions from a circulation with high symmetry in space and regularity in time to circulations with successively lower symmetry in space and less regularity in time. This road of successive bifurcations leads through multiple equilibria to oscillatory and eventually chaotic solutions. Key features of this approach are illustrated in detail for simplified models of two basic problems of the ocean circulation. First, a barotropic model is used to capture major features of the wind‐driven ocean circulation and of the changes in its behavior as wind stress increases. Second, a zonally averaged model is used to show how the thermohaline ocean circulation changes as buoyancy fluxes at the surface increase. For the wind‐driven circulation, multiple separation patterns of a “Gulf‐Stream like” eastward jet are obtained. These multiple equilibria are followed by subannual and interannual oscillations of the jet and of the entire basin's circulation. The multiple equilibria of the thermohaline circulation include deepwater formation near the equator, near either pole or both, as well as intermediate possibilities that bear some degree of resemblance to the currently observed Atlantic overturning pattern. Some of these multiple equilibria are subject, in turn, to oscillatory instabilities with timescales of decades, centuries, and millennia. Interdecadal and centennial oscillations are the ones of greatest interest in the current debate on global warming and on the relative roles of natural and anthropogenic variability in it. They involve the physics of the truly three‐dimensional coupling between the wind‐driven and thermohaline circulation. To arrive at this three‐dimensional picture, the bifurcation tree is sketched out for increasingly complex models for both the wind‐driven and the thermohaline circulation.
An event-centric approach to authoring stories in crowds

We present a graphical authoring tool for creating complex narratives in large, populated areas with crowds of virtual humans. With an intuitive drag-and-drop interface, our system enables an untrained author to assemble story arcs in terms of narrative events that seamlessly control either principal characters or choreographed heterogeneous crowds within the same conceptual structure. Smart Crowds allow groups of characters to be dynamically assembled and scheduled with ambient activities, while also permitting individual characters to be selected from the crowd and featured more prominently as an individual in a story with more sophisticated behavior. Our system runs in real-time at interactive rates with no pause or costly pre-computation step between creating a story and simulating it, making this approach ideal for storyboarding or pre-visualization of narrative sequences.
XAMPS detector readout ASIC for LCLS

An ASIC for the readout of signals from X-ray Active Matrix Pixel Sensor (XAMPS) detectors to be used at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) is presented. The X-ray Pump Probe (XPP) instrument, for which the ASIC has been designed, requires a large input dynamic range on the order of 104 photons at 8 keV with a resolution of half a photon FWHM. Due to the size of the pixel and the length of the readout line, large input capacitance is expected, leading to stringent requirement on the noise optimization. Furthermore, the large number of pixels needed for a good position resolution and the fixed LCLS beam period impose limitations on the time available for the single pixel readout. Considering the periodic nature of the LCLS beam, the ASIC developed for this application is a time-variant system providing low-noise charge integration, filtering and correlated double sampling. In order to cope with the large input dynamic range a charge pump scheme implementing a zero-balance measurement method has been introduced. It provides an on chip 3-bit coarse digital conversion of the integrated charge. The residual charge is sampled using correlated double sampling into analog memory and measured with the required resolution. The first 64 channel prototype of the ASIC has been fabricated in TSMC CMOS 0.25 μm technology. In this paper, the ASIC architecture and performances are presented.
Allatostatin immunoreactivity in the honeybee brain

Information transmission and processing in the brain is achieved through a small family of chemical neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and a very large family of neuropeptides. In order to understand neural networks in the brain it will be necessary, therefore, to understand the connectivity, morphology, and distribution of peptidergic neurons, and to elucidate their function in the brain. In this study we characterize the distribution of substances related to Dip‐allatostatin I in the honeybee brain, which belongs to the allatostatin‐A (AST) peptide family sharing the conserved c‐terminal sequence ‐YXFGL‐NH2. We found about 500 AST‐immunoreactive (ASTir) neurons in the brain, scattered in 18 groups that varied in their precise location across individuals. Almost all areas of the brain were innervated by ASTir fibers. Most ASTir neurites formed networks within functionally distinct areas, e.g., the antennal lobes, the mushroom bodies, or the optic lobes, indicating local functions of the peptide. A small number of very large neurons had widespread arborizations and neurites were found in the corpora cardiaca and in the cervical connectives, suggesting that AST also has global functions. We double‐stained AST and GABA and found that a subset of ASTir neurons were GABA‐immunoreactive (GABAir). Double staining AST with backfills of olfactory receptor neurons or mass fills of neurons in the antennal lobes and in the mushroom bodies allowed a more fine‐grained description of ASTir networks. Together, this first comprehensive description of AST in the bee brain suggests a diverse functional role of AST, including local and global computational tasks. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:1391–1417, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Examining lactate in severe TBI using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Primary objective: Clinical management of acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) has emphasized identification of secondary mechanisms of pathophysiology. An important objective in this study is to use proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (pMRS) to examine early metabolic disturbance due to TBI. Research design: The current design is a case study with repeated measures. Method and procedure: Proton magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine neurometabolism in this case of very severe brain trauma at 9 and 23 days post-injury. MRI was performed on a clinical 1.5 Tesla scanner. Main outcomes and results: These data also reveal that pMRS methods can detect lactate elevations in an adult surviving severe head trauma and are sensitive to changes in basic neurometabolism during the first month of recovery. Conclusions: The current case study demonstrates the sensitivity of pMRS in detecting metabolic alterations during the acute recovery period. The case study reveals that lactate elevations may be apparent for weeks after severe neurotrauma. Further work in this area should endeavour to determine the ideal time periods for pMRS examination in severe TBI as well as the ideal locations of data acquisition (e.g. adjacent or distal to lesion sites).
Fan Fiction as a Vehicle for Meaning Making: Eudaimonic Appreciation, Hedonic Enjoyment, and Other Perspectives on Fan Engagement With Television

Fan fiction has received minimal attention from psychological researchers. To begin to fill that gap, we analyzed fan fiction about the TV show Mad Men to investigate how fans use fan fiction to make meaning from the source text. A sample of fan fiction stories was coded for the presence of eudaimonic and hedonic story components, the emotions expressed in the stories, the perspectives adopted by the fan writers, and plots that function as wish fulfillment. Findings indicated that fan fiction writers’ motivations were more eudaimonic than hedonic, the stories often contained mixed or negative emotional content, the writers frequently took the perspective of a female character in their stories, and in some cases the stories enabled characters to achieve positive resolutions denied them by the source text. Taken together, the results point to the many ways in which fans engage with and make sense of a popular TV show. Future psychological research on fan fiction of additional popular culture texts would be valuable for understanding the ways fans grapple with various elements of those texts.
A comparative study on time delay estimation in reverberant and noisy environments

Time delay estimation (TDE) has been a research topic of significant practical importance in many fields. It is the first stage that feeds into subsequent processing blocks of a multiple-channel system for identifying, localizing, and tracking radiating sources. Various TDE algorithms were developed in the past few decades, and their performance was assessed independently of each other when each algorithm was developed. This paper is to provide a comparative study to illustrate the performance differences among several representative TDE algorithms in room acoustic environments where reverberation, noise, and interference are commonly encountered.
PENGARUH LEARNING CYCLE 5E TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR IPA SISWA KELAS IV SDN SENDANGADI 1

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh learning cycle 5E terhadap hasil belajar IPA siswa kelas IV SD N Sendangadi 1. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah quasi experiment. Populasi penelitian ini adalah 63 siswa kelas IV SD N Sendangadi 1. Pengumpulan data dengan menggunakan tes. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis deskriptif dan uji t untuk pengujian hipotesis. Hasil penelitian menunjukan rata-rata posttest kelompok eksperimen adalah 81,14 dan rata-rata posttest kelompok kontrol adalah 69,23. Hasil analisis dengan menggunakan Independent Sample T-test antara kelompok eksperimen dan kelompok kontrol diperoleh nilai t-hitung sebesar 4,687 dan nilai t-tabel sebesar 1,99962, serta taraf signifikansi sebesar 0,000. Jadi, dapat disimpulkan bahwa hasil belajar IPA siswa yang belajar menggunakan model pembelajaran learning cycle 5E lebih baik daripada hasil belajar IPA siswa yang belajar menggunakan model pembelajaran konvensional di kelas IV SD Negeri Sendangadi 1 Mlati. Kata kunci: learning cycle 5E, hasil belajar IPA, siswa kelas IV SD Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effect of learning cycle 5E model to science learning achievement in 4th grade students in Sendangadi 1 Elementary School. The approach used in this research was quasi-experimental design. The population were 63 4th grade students of Sendangadi 1 Elementary School. The data were collected using test. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis to serve the data and Independent Sample T Test to examine the hypothesis. The results showed that average of experiment group posttest was 81,1 and control group posttest was 69,23. Based on independent sample t test between experiment group and control group, the results showed, t tes was 4,687 and t tabel was 1,99962, and the result of significance was 0,000. The conclusion was science learning achievement of students who learned using learning cycle 5E model was better than science learning achievement of students who learned using conventional learning model in 4th grade students in Sendangadi 1 Elementary School. Keywords: learning cycle 5E, science learning achievement, 4th grade elementary school students
An Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for QoS Provisioning in Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks

The explosive growth in the use of real-time applications on mobile devices has resulted in new challenges to the design of medium access control (MAC) protocols for ad hoc networks. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient cognitive radio (CR) MAC protocol for QoS provisioning, called ECRQ-MAC, which integrates the spectrum sensing at physical (PHY) layer and the channel-timeslots allocation at MAC layer. We consider the problem of providing QoS guarantee to CR users as well as to maintain the most efficient use of scarce band- width resources. The ECRQ-MAC protocol exploits the advantage of both multiple channels and TDMA, and achieves aggressive power savings by allowing CR users that are not involved in communication to go into doze mode. The proposed ECRQ-MAC protocol allows CR users to identify and use the unused frequency spectrum of li- censed band in a way that constrains the level of interfer- ence to the primary users. Our scheme improves network throughput significantly, especially when the network is highly congested. The simulation results show that our proposed protocol successfully exploits multiple channels and significantly improves network performance by using the licensed spectrum opportunistically, and protects QoS provisioning over cognitive radio ad hoc networks.
A Case-Based Reasoning Model for Depression Based on Three-Electrode EEG Data

Depression, threatening the well-being of millions, has become one of the major diseases in the past decade. However, the current method of diagnosing depression is questionnaire-based interviews, which is labor-intensive and highly dependent on doctors’ experience. Thus, objective and cost-efficient methods are needed. In this paper, we present a case-based reasoning model for identifying depression. Electroencephalography data were collected using a portable three-electrode EEG device, and then processed to remove artifacts and extract features. We applied multiple classifiers. The best performing k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) was selected as the evaluation function to select the effective features which were then used to create the case base. Based on the weight set of standard deviations, the similarity was calculated using normalized Euclidean distance to get the optimal recognition rate of depression. The accuracy of optimal similarity identification of patients with depression was 91.25 percent, which was improved compared to the accuracy using KNN classifier (81.44 percent) or previously reported classifiers. Thus, we provide a novel pervasive and effective method for automatic detection of depression.
Prime Online: Exploring Teacher Professional Development for Creating Inclusive Elementary Mathematics Classrooms

Enhancing all students’ academic performance continues to be a national priority, and although achievement gains have been made overtime, shortfalls in mathematics learning for students with disabilities (SWD) remain. Research reveals that a substantial portion of the variability in students’ mathematics achievement gains is due to the teacher. To address the need for teacher professional development (PD) in mathematics for SWD and other struggling mathematics learners, we designed and studied Prime Online—a yearlong, online, PD program with support from an Institute of Education Sciences (IES) Goal 2 Development and Innovation research grant. In this article, the development process and an exploratory study are discussed. Study findings suggest that Prime Online positively influenced general and special education teachers’ reported beliefs and practices, and their learning of mathematics content for teaching, and generated high teacher satisfaction ratings. No difference in the performance of SWD on a state accountability measure of mathematics was found. Implications for further research are discussed.
Exploring Halo Substructure with Giant Stars: The Velocity Dispersion Profiles of the Ursa Minor and Draco Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies at Large Angular Separations

We analyze velocity dispersion profiles for the Draco and Ursa Minor (UMi) dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxies based on published and new Keck HIRES spectra for stars in the outer UMi field. Washington + DDO51 filter photometric catalogs provide additional leverage on membership of individual stars and, beyond 0.5 King limiting radii (rlim), identify bona fide dSph members up to 4.5 times more efficiently than simple color-magnitude diagram selections. Previously reported "cold populations" at rlim are not obvious in the data and appear only with particular binning; more or less constant and platykurtic dispersion profiles are characteristic of these dSphs to large radii. We report the discovery of UMi stars to at least 2.7rlim (i.e., 210' or 4 kpc). Even with conservative assumptions, a UMi mass of M > 4.9 × 108 M☉ is required to bind these stars, implying an unlikely global mass-to-light ratio of M/L > 900 (M/L)☉. We conclude that we have found stars tidally stripped from UMi.
Near-Winners in Status Competitions: Neglected Sources of Dynamism in the Matthew Effect

Current research on status hierarchy dynamics focuses on the potential for, and constraints to, individual mobility. In this essay, I argue that Merton’s Matthew Effect incorrectly categorizes activity below a status threshold as linear. This misspecification calls into question existing models of competitions for social status. I argue for an improved theory of status tournaments as asymmetric, non-binary, and agentic. Through that new perspective, I raise questions for the legitimacy and power of stratifying institutions.
A new basis selection paradigm for wavelet packet image coding

In this paper, work on a new wavelet packet basis selection paradigm is reported which emphasizes the crucial role of the quantization strategy being used. This paradigm is coupled with a new Markov chain based estimation of the cost of zerotree quantization to develop a progressive wavelet packet image coder which gives better results than its wavelet counterpart.
Expression of the murine homeobox-containing gene Hox-2.3 suggests multiple time-dependent and tissue-specific roles during development.

This study reports the expression pattern of the murine homeobox-containing gene Hox-2.3 during development. Using in situ hybridization, we first detect Hox-2.3 transcripts in the allantois primordium at 7.5 days post coitum (p.c.). One day later transcripts are found in embryonic ectoderm and mesoderm. In 9.5- and 10.5- day embryos Hox-2.3 expression is observed in the central nervous system (CNS) from a rostral boundary in the upper spinal cord to the caudal end. Within this anteroposterior domain, Hox-2.3 expression is also found in the peripheral nervous system, in the mesoderm and in the hindgut epithelium. The rostral boundary in the mesoderm is located at the level of the 11th somite and thus shifted posteriorwards compared to the rostral boundary in the neural tube. During subsequent development, the initially broad expression pattern in the somitic, lateral plate and intermediate mesoderm becomes restricted to structures in the urogenital system. In adults, the spinal cord and the derivatives of the Wolffian and Müllerian ducts continue to express the gene at a high level. The described temporal and tissue-specific changes in expression of Hox-2.3 are suggestive of several levels of regulation as reported for Drosophila homeotic genes and argue for more than one role of the gene during development and in adults.
An asynchronous, decentralised commitment protocol for semantic optimistic replication

We study large-scale distributed cooperative systems that use optimistic replication. We represent a system as a graph of actions (operations) connected by edges that reify semantic constraints between actions. Constraint types include conflict, execution order, dependence, and atomicity. The local state is some schedule that conforms to the constraints; because of conflicts, client state is only tentative. For consistency, site schedules should converge; we designed a decentralised, asynchronous commitment protocol. Each client makes a proposal, reflecting its tentative and{\slash}or preferred schedules. Our protocol distributes the proposals, which it decomposes into semantically-meaningful units called candidates, and runs an election between comparable candidates. A candidate wins when it receives a majority or a plurality. The protocol is fully asynchronous: each site executes its tentative schedule independently, and determines locally when a candidate has won an election. The committed schedule is as close as possible to the preferences expressed by clients.
Chemicals as the Sole Transformers of Cell Fate

Forced expression of lineage-specific transcription factors in somatic cells can result in the generation of different cell types in a process named direct reprogramming, bypassing the pluripotent state. However, the introduction of transgenes limits the therapeutic applications of the produced cells. Numerous small-molecules have been introduced in the field of stem cell biology capable of governing self-renewal, reprogramming, transdifferentiation and regeneration. These chemical compounds are versatile tools for cell fate conversion toward desired outcomes. Cell fate conversion using small-molecules alone (chemical reprogramming) has superiority over arduous traditional genetic techniques in several aspects. For instance, rapid, transient, and reversible effects in activation and inhibition of functions of specific proteins are of the profits of small-molecules. They are cost-effective, have a long half-life, diversity on structure and function, and allow for temporal and flexible regulation of signaling pathways. Additionally, their effects could be adjusted by fine-tuning concentrations and combinations of different small-molecules. Therefore, chemicals are powerful tools in cell fate conversion and study of stem cell and chemical biology in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, transgene-free and chemical-only transdifferentiation approaches provide alternative strategies for the generation of various cell types, disease modeling, drug screening, and regenerative medicine. The current review gives an overview of the recent findings concerning transdifferentiation by only small-molecules without the use of transgenes.