Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Somatodendritic localization of 5‐HT1A and preterminal axonal localization of 5‐HT1B serotonin receptors in adult rat brain

The 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT1B receptors of serotonin play important roles as auto‐ and heteroreceptors controlling the release of serotonin itself and of other neurotransmitters/modulators in the central nervous system (CNS). To determine the precise localization of these receptors, we examined their respective cellular and subcellular distributions in the nucleus raphe dorsalis and hippocampal formation (5‐HT1A) and in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra (5‐HT1B), using light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry with specific antibodies. Both immunogold and immunoperoxidase preembedding labelings were achieved. In the nucleus raphe dorsalis, 5‐HT1A immunoreactivity was found exclusively on neuronal cell bodies and dendrites, and mostly along extrasynaptic portions of their plasma membrane. After immunogold labeling, the density of membrane‐associated 5‐HT1A receptors could be estimated to be at least 30–40 times that in the cytoplasm. In the hippocampal formation, the somata as well as dendrites of pyramidal and granule cells displayed 5‐HT1A immunoreactivity, which was also prominent on the dendritic spines of pyramidal cells. In both substantia nigra and globus pallidus, 5‐HT1B receptors were preferentially associated with the membrane of fine, unmyelinated, preterminal axons, and were not found on axon terminals. A selective localization to the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of microvessels was also observed. Because the 5‐HT1A receptors are somatodendritic, they are ideally situated to mediate serotonin effects on neuronal firing, both as auto‐ and as heteroreceptors. The localization of 5‐HT1B receptors to the membrane of preterminal axons suggests that they control transmitter release from nonserotonin as well as serotonin neurons by mediating serotonin effects on axonal conduction. The fact that these two receptor subtypes predominate at extrasynaptic and nonsynaptic sites provides further evidence for diffuse serotonin transmission in the CNS. J. Comp. Neurol. 417:181–194, 2000. ©2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organising cyber security in Australia and beyond

ABSTRACT The Internet is an interconnected network and cyber security requires collective action. How that action is organised has important implications for national security, including the defence against cyber attacks and malicious activities. This article explains the origins and institutionalisation of cyber security in Australia—particularly ‘civilian cyber security’. The authors trace the origin of Australia’s first computer emergency response team and explain how this organisational form spread from the USA. Through it, Australia helped enable international cooperation. Domestically, however, the authors argue that the Australian government has struggled with the delegation, orchestration and abdication of responsibility for civilian cyber security, underinvesting in civilian organisations while overrelying on military and intelligence agencies. The history of this organisational field provides valuable insight into how to improve national policy and operations for cyber security.
Thou shalt not cheat: how to reduce internet use in web surveys on political knowledge

By means of a split-ballot survey experiment, we study whether a normative instruction not to use the internet when answering political knowledge questions reduces cheating in web surveys. The knowledge questions refer to basic facts about the European Union and the data come from the Italian National Election Study web panel carried out in Italy before the 2014 European Election. Our analysis shows that a simple normative instruction significantly reduces cheating. We also show that reducing cheating is important to achieve a correct assessment of reliability of knowledge scales, while a decrease of cheating leaves unaltered the knowledge gap between lower and higher educated respondents. These results invite caution when including political knowledge questions in an online survey. Our advice is to include a normative instruction not to search the internet to reduce cheating and obtain more genuine answers. More generally, we conclude by stressing the need to consider the implications of online data collection when building questionnaires for public opinion research.
Phase locking between human primary and secondary somatosensory cortices

Unilateral stimulation of human peripheral nerves activates the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) contralaterally and the secondary somatosensory cortex (SII) bilaterally. We aimed at characterizing phase locking between SI and SII in response to electric stimuli applied once every 3 s to the right median nerve at the wrist; phase locking between brain regions has been proposed to either reflect joined processing or information exchange. Ongoing neuromagnetic activity of healthy volunteers was recorded with 204 planar gradiometers covering the whole scalp. After selecting a sensor maximally sensitive to activity in the left (contralateral) SI, phase locking between this sensor and the other 203 sensors was examined from single trial data. Statistically significant phase locking was found at ≈20 Hz, 80–90 ms after the stimuli between the left SI and the right SII in 9 of 10 subjects. Sensors with high phase-locking values over the left SI and right SII were separated by sensors with no phase-locked activity over the scalp midline, indicating that the phase locking was not caused by the sensors seeing activity from the same sources. The observed SI–SII phase locking would not be reflected in the evoked responses because a considerable part of it was not time-locked to the stimuli. Thus, our finding reveals a unique interaction in the sensorimotor system.
Essays in the Economics of Transport

This paper shows that the traditional additivity property of Sandmo (1975) for taxation of atmospheric externalities needs modification when household time allocation is modeled in a Becker (1965) setup and it address the question of distributional consequences in a model with explicit modeling of household time allocation. The insights obtained have important policy implications in the transport sector, since we show that time saving activities should have their externality tax reduced compared to the pure Pigouvian case. The traditional arguments for marginal cost pricing thus looses some of its appeal.
Neurocognitive impairment influences quality of life in HIV-infected patients receiving HAART

The objective of the study was to determine the association of neurocognitive impairment with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Seventy subjects were cross-sectionally analysed with a standardized neuropsychological test battery and a questionnaire including an Italian translation of the MOS-HIV Health Survey. The presence of neurocognitive impairment was significantly associated with lower HRQoL scores: pain (P = 0.03), physical functioning (P = 0.01), role functioning (P = 0.01), social functioning (P = 0.029), mental health (P = 0.001), energy (P = 0.036), health distress (P = 0.002), cognitive functioning (P = 0.05), current health perception (P <0.001), physical health summary score (PHS) (P = 0.005), mental health summary score (MHS) (P = 0.002). Years of education (odds ratio [OR] 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65-0.96), PHS (OR 0.71; 95% CI 0.54-0.95) and MHS (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.51-0.88) were also associated with cognitive impairment. Neurocognitive impairment in patients receiving HAART was associated with reduced HRQoL. Identifying cognitive impairment may provide motivation for additional treatment to help patients to compensate for deficits in functioning.
Morphometrics and molecular characterization of new isolate of entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, 1976 (Nematoda, Rhabditida) from the north of Iran.

For the first time during the survey of entomopathogenic nematodes in north of Iran, a geographical isolates of Heterorhabditis recovered from soil using Galleria baiting technique. Based on morphological and molecular characterization this isolates was identified as Heterorhabditis bacteriophora NIR1. Morphometric and morphological comparisons of the new isolate with type species and other described isolates from different areas showed that H. bacteriophora NIR1 is morphologically similar to others but differ from type species in the following cases. For infective juvenile, means of body length (582 vs 570 μm), distance from anterior end to nerve ring (86 vs 83 μm) and esophagus length (121 vs 125 μm) and for male, means of body length (910 vs 820 μm), maximum body width (60 vs 43 μm), anal body width (27 vs 23 μm), esophagus length (114 vs 103 μm), distance from anterior end to excretory pore (155 vs 121 μm) and spicule length (42 vs 40 μm) were different from type isolate. Molecular studies of rDNA ITS regions showed that the Iranian isolate is closely related to the other described isolates of H. bacteriophora from other area. Sequence length of amplified region of ITS-rDNA of NIR1 isolate (819 base pairs) is the same as in type species. Intraspecific relationships among isolates of H. bacteriophora showed that geographic distribution is associated with the genetic and morphologic differences.
New Approaches to Evaluating Community Initiatives. Concepts, Methods, and Contexts. Roundtable on Comperhensive Community Initiatives for Children and Families.

The Roundtable on Comprehensive Community Initiatives for Children and Families is a forum in which persons involved in the current generation of community-based cross-systems can engage in discussion about their work. Roundtable members, now numbering 30, meet biannually to share lessons they are learning and to work on common problems they face. The Roundtable has created a Steering Committee on Evaluation to develop new approaches to program evaluation. As a first step in its work, the Committee commissioned papers to serve as the launch point for a session in August 1994 that resulted in the Committee's detailed work plan. The commissioned papers presented here are: (1) "Introduction" (Anne C. Kubisch, Carol H. Weiss, Lisbeth B. Schorr, and James P. Connell); (2) "Evaluating Comprehensive Community Initiatives: A View from History" (Alice O'Connor); (3) "Nothing as Practical as Good Theory: Exploring Theory-based Evaluation for Comprehensive Community Initiatives" (Carol Hirschon Weiss); (4) "How Do Urban Communities Affect Youth? Using Social Science Research To Inform the Design and Evaluation of Comprehensive Community Initiatives" (James P. Connell, J. Lawrence Aber, and Gary Walker); (5) "Problems in the Evaluation of Community-Wide Initiatives" (Robinson G. Hollister and Jennifer Hill); (6) "Using Community-Level Indicators of Children's Well-Being in Comprehensive Community Initiatives" (Claudia J. Coulton); and (7) "The Role of the Evaluator in Comprehensive Community Initiatives" (Prudence Brown). (SLD) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ***********************************************************************
Six-Minute Walk Test in Renal Failure Patients: Representative Results, Performance Analysis and Perceived Dyspnea Predictors

Objectives Six-minute walk test in dialysis population hasn’t been consistently evaluated for the isolated impact of renal failure and other predictive factors. We measured six-minute walk distance in patients representative for low level of comorbidity and searched for potentially modifiable predictive factors of performance and dyspnea. Methods This was a cross-sectional study with hemodialysis patients (N = 90) and control subjects (N = 140). Main outcome measures: six-minute walk test distance and dyspnea severity using the 10-item Borg scale. Results Median distance decreased from 600m below the 6th decade to 420m in the 8th decade of age. Dialysis dependence predicted 101.5m shorter distance in the adjusted model that explained 70% of variability in results. Adjusted for significant covariates of age, height and spontaneous gait speed, fat mass (but not lean body mass) and serum total iron binding capacity were significantly associated with distance (95% CI for B coefficients -4.6 to –1.4 m/kg and 0.1 to 5 m/μmol/l, respectively). Serum total iron binding capacity as an explanatory variable was superior to C-reactive protein and albumin. Dialysis dependence, odds ratio (OR) 2.97 (1.11–7.94), spontaneous gait speed, OR 0.08 (0.02–0.41), rate-pressure product, OR 1.15 (1.08–1.23) and hemoglobin, OR 0.95 (0.92–0.98) predicted dyspnea in the adjusted model. Conclusions Renal failure without the confounding effect of comorbidity is a significant negative predictor of performance at six-minute walk test and perceived level of dyspnea. Body fat mass and serum total iron binding capacity are the main potentially modifiable predictors of performance, total iron binding capacity being superior to C-reactive protein and albumin. Although hemoglobin is not associated with test performance, it negatively predicts perceived shortness of breath.
Specification for reactive bulk-synchronous programming

Extends bulk-synchronous programming (BSP) to incorporate reactive (i.e. non-terminating) programming. We propose a semantic model for BSP which allows a process to have infinitely many supersteps. The semantics reveals the essential difference between BSP and sequential specifications. Based on the model, a specification language, called the Super-Step Specification (SSS) language, is proposed to support modularised programming and to hide communication and synchronisation details in specifications. The notion of a public variable is proposed in order to substantially simplify reactive programming. The normal forms of BSP and SSS are identified, and complete sets of laws for the two languages are given. Finally, a few refinement laws are used to provide a BSP treatment of the dining philosophers problem, which illustrates the power of BSP reactive programming. Much of the formalism presented in this paper can also be applied to non-reactive programming.
Bevacizumab-Induced Inhibition of Angiogenesis Promotes a More Homogeneous Intratumoral Distribution of Paclitaxel, Improving the Antitumor Response

The antitumor activity of angiogenesis inhibitors is reinforced in combination with chemotherapy. It is debated whether this potentiation is related to a better drug delivery to the tumor due to the antiangiogenic effects on tumor vessel phenotype and functionality. We addressed this question by combining bevacizumab with paclitaxel on A2780-1A9 ovarian carcinoma and HT-29 colon carcinoma transplanted ectopically in the subcutis of nude mice and on A2780-1A9 and IGROV1 ovarian carcinoma transplanted orthotopically in the bursa of the mouse ovary. Paclitaxel concentrations together with its distribution by MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) were measured to determine the drug in different areas of the tumor, which was immunostained to depict vessel morphology and tumor proliferation. Bevacizumab modified the vessel bed, assessed by CD31 staining and dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI), and potentiated the antitumor activity of paclitaxel in all the models. Although tumor paclitaxel concentrations were lower after bevacizumab, the drug distributed more homogeneously, particularly in vascularized, non-necrotic areas, and was cleared more slowly than controls. This happened specifically in tumor tissue, as there was no change in paclitaxel pharmacokinetics or drug distribution in normal tissues. In addition, the drug concentration and distribution were not influenced by the site of tumor growth, as A2780-1A9 and IGROV1 growing in the ovary gave results similar to the tumor growing subcutaneously. We suggest that the changes in the tumor microenvironment architecture induced by bevacizumab, together with the better distribution of paclitaxel, may explain the significant antitumor potentiation by the combination. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(1); 125–35. ©2015 AACR.
Multi-modal learning for social image classification

There is growing interest in social image classification because of its importance in web-based image application. Though there are many approaches on image classification, it is a great problem to integrate multi-modal content of social images simultaneously for social image classification, since the textual content and visual content are represented in two heterogeneous feature spaces. In this study, we proposed a multi-modal learning algorithm to fuse the multiple features through their correlation seamlessly. Specifically, we learn two linear classification modules for the two types of feature, and then they are integrated by the l2 normalization via a joint model. With the joint model, the classification based on visual feature can be reinforced by the classification based on textual feature, and vice verse. Then, the test image can be classified based on both the textual feature and visual feature by combing the results of the two classifiers. The evaluate the approach, we conduct some experiments on real-world datasets, and the result shows the superiority of our proposed algorithm against the baselines.
Statistical motion modeling of the thorax applied to respiratory gated FDG PET

Accurate attenuation correction in PET/CT relies upon an anatomically matched PET and CT. Respiratory motion introduces attenuation mismatch because the PET and CT scans are not necessarily temporally correlated. Acquiring a 4DCT scan in which each frame of the 4DCT is matched with a frame in a 4D gated PET is one strategy for obtaining temporally correlated PET and CT frames. In this paper we propose a statistical motion model as an alternative method to obtain correlated gated PET and CT frames. The model simulates the motion of all attenuating organs within the thorax. A PCA algorithm was used to extract components of motion from the gated CT scans of a cohort of 10 patients. The components were fitted to respiratory gated 4DPET frames to produce an artificial, yet realistic patient specific motion field. The first 5 components were fitted to large displacements in the 4DPET such that the model accounted for 95% of the movement in the most sensitive region of the PET camera. The fitted deformation field was then applied to the static spiral CT image to produce correlated frames. We propose this approach as the basis for a robust method of transforming a static spiral CT into correlated attenuation maps.
Safety of TNF inhibitors in adolescents and children

This article describes the use of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors in children, reviews the pharmacology of these agents, and reviews and summarizes the current safety information available for etanercept, adalimumab, and infliximab. TNF inhibitors are being used for a variety of indications in children including Crohn’s disease and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. However, the full safety profile of these agents is still not known. In adult patients, TNF inhibitors have demonstrated a variety of adverse effects including increased risk of infection, malignancy, demyelinating disorders, and reactivation of latent diseases. In children the rate of adverse effects is harder to elucidate due to the limited number of patients in clinical trials and limited case reports. However, based on the data available, TNF inhibitors have been implicated in increasing the rate of malignancy in children, especially the rate of lymphoma. In addition, similarly with adults the rate of infections is increased and the types of infections are more rare or opportunistic. One of the more common adverse effects continues to be infusion or injection-site reactions, although children tend to have a lower rate of infusion reactions with infliximab compared to adults. Based on the limited safety information and long-term effect data, TNF inhibitors should be reserved in children for patients with refractory disease and the risks need to be understood and assessed prior to initiation.
Distinguishing fractal noises and motions using Tsallis wavelet entropies

Scaling processes of parameter α are ubiquitous in science and engineering. Depending upon α, stationary and nonstationary models are obtained. The presence or absence of stationarity dictates the choice of the analysis methods, estimation techniques and stochastic models to be used. Wavelet entropy has recently been proposed as a powerful tool to describe the degree of order/disorder in a time series. This paper generalizes Shannon wavelet entropy and based on the study of entropy planes and filtering properties, proposes the use of Tsallis entropies of order β to effectively discriminate between scaling processes of parameter α in the vicinity of α < 1 − | ε |, ε ∈ ℝ, ε ∈ (0.1, 0.5). The influence of β in the discrimination process is discussed in some detail. Theoretical results are validated by experimental studies where numerous ƒBm and ƒGn signals were artificially generated.
Does Fiscal Deficit Affect Interest Rate in India? An Empirical Investigation

Fiscal deficit above a certain limit is not good for the country because high government borrowings raise the interest rate and crowd out private investment. This article is an attempt to analyze the impact of fiscal deficit on real interest rate in India over the time period of 1980–1981 to 2013–2014. Autoregressive distributed lags bound testing approach for cointegration and vector error correction model for Granger casualty are used in a multivariate framework in which money supply and inflation are included as additional variables. Bound test results confirm the long-run equilibrium relationship among the competing variables. Further, the rate of interest and fiscal deficit are positively related with each other in long run, whereas money supply and inflation are found to be negative and statistical significant. In addition, results of vector error correction model showed that there is unidirectional causality running from inflation to real interest rate in short run. Based on the findings, it is suggested that that proper fiscal consolidation is required to control high fiscal deficit and burgeoning interest rate in India. Further, government should move from market borrowing to tax revenue to offset fiscal deficit.
Chapter 10 Earnings Mobility, Earnings Inequality, and Labor Market Institutions in Europe

The economic reality of the 1990s in Europe forced the labor markets to become more flexible. Using a consistent comparative dataset for 14 countries, the European Community Household Panel (ECHP), we explore the degree of earnings mobility and inequality across Europe, and the role of labor market institutions in understanding the cross-national differences in earnings mobility. We study the degree of rank mobility and the degree of mobility as equalizer of long-term earnings. The country ranking in long-term earnings inequality is similar with the country ranking in annual inequality, which is a sign of limited long-term equalizing mobility within countries with higher levels of annual inequality. In long-term earnings inequality, Denmark renders the most mobile earnings distribution with the second highest equalizing effect. The only disequalizing mobility in a lifetime perspective is found in Portugal. With respect to the relationship between earnings mobility and earnings inequality, we find a significant negative association both in the short and the long run. Based on the rankings in long-term Fields mobility and long-term inequality, Denmark is expected to have the lowest lifetime earnings inequality in Europe, followed by Finland, Austria, and Belgium. The Mediterranean countries (Spain and Portugal) are expected to have the highest long-term inequality. With respect to the institutional factors that may be related to earnings mobility, we bring evidence that the deregulation in the labor and product markets, the degree of unionization, the degree of corporatism and the spending on ALMPs are positively associated with earnings mobility.