Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nonenzymatic Oxidation of Trienoic Fatty Acids Contributes to Reactive Oxygen Species Management in Arabidopsis*

In higher plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana, omega-3 trienoic fatty acids (TFAs), represented mainly by α-linolenic acid, serve as precursors of jasmonic acid (JA), a potent lipid signal molecule essential for defense. The JA-independent roles of TFAs were investigated by comparing the TFA- and JA-deficient fatty acid desaturase triple mutant (fad3-2 fad7-2 fad8 (fad3 fad7 fad8)) with the aos (allene oxide synthase) mutant that contains TFAs but is JA-deficient. When challenged with the fungus Botrytis, resistance of the fad3 fad7 fad8 mutant was reduced when compared with the aos mutant, suggesting that TFAs play a role in cell survival independently of being the precursors of JA. An independent genetic approach using the lesion mimic mutant accelerated cell death2 (acd2-2) confirmed the importance of TFAs in containing lesion spread, which was increased in the lines in which the fad3 fad7 fad8 and acd2-2 mutations were combined when compared with the aos acd2-2 lines. Malondialdehyde, found to result from oxidative TFA fragmentation during lesion formation, was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Its levels correlated with the survival of the tissue. Furthermore, plants lacking TFAs overproduced salicylic acid (SA), hydrogen peroxide, and transcripts encoding several SA-regulated and SA biosynthetic proteins. The data suggest a physiological role for TFAs as sinks for reactive oxygen species.
A Unified Approach to Analysing Cell Motility

SUMMARY The quantitative analysis of cell motility in culture has several important functions. First, it gives a concise and accurate description of the motile process and can detect subtle differences in motility due to different genetic makeup or experimental conditions. Second, its objectivity means that results can be communicated precisely and used unambiguously to test hypotheses about motility. Third, it may be used to derive a mathematical model with the same statistical properties as the motile process and thus elucidate the mechanism of motility. In this paper, we introduce a general procedure for analysing cell motility in a wide variety of circumstances. We describe a pilot project for the analysis of simple geometrical data obtained from randomly moving fibroblasts. Finally, as an example, we show how an analysis of the translocation of the fibroblasts can lead to insights into the mechanism of motility that are arguably not obtainable by any other approach.
Facilitators and obstacles to cooperation in international development networks: a network approach

ABSTRACT This paper draws attention to the value of a network approach for understanding cooperation in international development networks. The approach emphasises the impact of social interaction, and the values, ideas, and behaviours of individuals on the achievement of development goals. Social network analysis is used to analyse the social structure and dynamics of interaction in an aid-funded development network organisation that aimed to develop optometry capacity in Mozambique. The analysis shows the value of combining quantitative and qualitative methods in a complementary way to identify factors facilitating (network consciousness and social skill) and hindering (power dynamics) cooperation.
Evolutionary Stigmergy in Multipurpose Navigation Systems

Autonomous robot navigation involves many challenges and difficulties which are augmented when multiple robots operate together. Sophisticated computational techniques are required to cope with autonomous navigation in collective robotics, being the biologically-inspired approaches the most frequently adopted. Stigmergy, i.e. the ants communication by means of pheromones, is the main biological metaphor used in this work to perform multi-robot communication. The robots will be able to mark regions of the environment with artificial pheromones, according to past experiences, assisting one another in a cooperative and indirect way to accomplish the navigation objectives. Each robot is controlled by an autonomous navigation system (ANS) based on learning classifier system, which evolves during navigation from no a priori knowledge. Besides learning to avoid obstacles and capture targets, the systems must also learn how and where to lay artificial pheromones. Some experiments and simulations are performed intending to particularly investigate the ANS from three main perspectives: capability of learning to achieve the navigation objectives in collective scenarios, adaptability in face of environmental changes and ability to obtain optimized navigation behaviors by means of stigmergy.
The Empirical Analysis of Long-term Memory in Stock Market

Investors react to information in a nonlinear way. When passing the critical point, information that once has been neglected will burst up in cluster as the result of long-term memory in the stock market. Using the trading volume series of Shanghai Stock Market, we suggest that the Shanghai market is the long-term memory dependent and conclude the reasons which include abundant noise traders in the market, the lack of hedging tools and the imperfect information disclosures. The latler two factors in turn magnify investor's cluster reaction.
Innovative University-School Partnerships Co-Teaching in Secondary Settings.

In an era of standardized exams to support No Child Left Behind, the influence a teacher candidate has on a P-12 classroom can greatly impact the academic achievement of students. Yet, Bacharach, Heck, and Dahlberg (2010) note that institutions find great difficulty in finding high-quality placements due to the hesitancy of cooperating teachers to accept a teacher candidate into their classrooms. And when there are placements, student teachers are often isolated or inadequately supported (Bacharach, 2014). This is attributed to the insecurities of cooperating teachers to release their students to teacher candidates and risk unknown results on high stakes exams. The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Educators (NCATE) Blue Ribbon Panel Report (2010) suggested that teacher preparation programs and school districts need to view the preparation of teachers as the responsibility of both institutions. Current research in teacher education points to the co-teaching model in elementary classrooms developed by St. Cloud State University (MN) as one example of systemic change. St. Cloud authors Bacharach, Heck, and Dahlberg (2010) state that co-teaching “has
In vitro effect of cyclophosphamide on the binding of radiopharmaceuticals (99mTcO4- and 99mTc-MDP) to blood elements.

Sodium pertechnetate (99mTcO4-) and many 99mTc-products are the radiopharmaceuticals most frequently used in nuclear medicine. Using an in vitro model, we evaluated the effect of cyclophosphamide on percent radioactivity of 99mTcO4- and methylenediphosphonic acid (99mTc-MDP) bound to isolated blood elements. Blood samples were incubated with the two radiopharmaceuticals, plasma and blood cells were separated and precipitated, and soluble and insoluble fractions were separated. To evaluate the effect of cyclophosphamide, blood was incubated with this drug 1 h prior to the addition of the radiopharmaceuticals. The fraction of 99mTcO4- radioactivity was slightly higher in plasma (61.2 to 53.8%) than in blood cells (38.8 to 46.2%) up to 6 h and cyclophosphamide did not interfere with this distribution. The amount of 99mTc-MDP radioactivity was higher in plasma (91.1 to 87.2%) than in blood cells (8.9 to 12.8%) up to 24 h and cyclophosphamide did not modify it. The binding of 99mTcO4- to the insoluble fraction of plasma (4.9 to 6.1%) was low and cyclophosphamide did not interfere with it up to 6 h, but a small blockade (9.8 to 4.8%) was observed at 24 h. From 3 h on, cyclophosphamide slightly inhibited 99mTcO4- binding to blood cells (23.1 to 16.6%) and increased it at 24 h (31.2 to 14.3%). Cyclophosphamide did not alter 99mTc-MDP binding to the insoluble fraction of blood cells and slightly decreased 99mTc-MDP binding to the insoluble fraction of plasma (29.8 to 23.6%) up to 6 h. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cohort differences in intergenerational income transmission in Finland

Major social changes such as occupational restructuring, educational expansion and increasing income inequality are likely to significantly influence the intergenerational transmission of income. The aim in this article is to investigate this question in an analysis of the transmission of low and high income in Finland in five birth cohorts born between 1956 and 1978. The focus is on the contribution of parental social class and personal educational level to this association. The analyses are based on a longitudinal register-based data set that is a representative 11-per-cent sample of the Finnish population. The level of intergenerational income transmission among those with a low- and a high-income parental background is stable among men, and is increasing slightly among women. Simultaneously, the role of achieved education as a mechanism strengthens slightly upon entry to the lowest income level, and declines upon entry to the highest level. These results indicate that despite the increasing income inequality, intergenerational transmission remains rather stable, but the mediating role of educational qualifications may have changed. Occupational restructuring seems to have no clear influence on the process.
Measurement of interstitial insulin in human muscle

Sjöstrand, Mikaela,Agneta Holmäng, and Peter Lönnroth. Measurement of interstitial insulin in human muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 276 (Endocrinol. Metab. 39): E151–E154, 1999. —Previous measurements in lymph and adipose tissue have indicated that interstitial insulin concentrations are ,40% lower than in plasma. Measurements of insulin in human muscle interstitial fluid have not been performed yet. We developed a new external reference technique for calibration of microdialysis catheters in situ. This technique allows correct assessments of interstitial peptide concentrations and was employed to estimate the insulin concentration in medial quadriceps femoris muscle in 11 individuals (age: 37 6 3 yr; body mass index: 25.2 6 1.2 kg/m2) during a two-step euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. At steady-state insulin and glucose infusion, plasma glucose was 5.9 6 0.2 mmol/l, plasma insulin was 155 6 17 mU/l, and interstitial muscle insulin was 67 6 19 mU/l (n 5 9; P , 0.01). At a higher insulin infusion rate, the steady-state plasma insulin concentration was 379 6 58 mU/l, and interstitial insulin concentration was 180 6 40 mU/l (P , 0.01). The data show for the first time that high physiological and supraphysiological plasma insulin levels give 30–50% lower interstitial concentrations of insulin in the muscle. The importance of capillary delivery as a rate-limiting step for the insulin effect is suggested.
Rate adaptation with hybrid ARQ based on cross layer information for satellite communication systems

We propose an efficient hvbrid ARQ scheme bused on cross laver information for satellite commzmication systems, and estimate its pei:fiirmance. We can improve tlie sy. ~tem eJjiciency by zrsing adaptive rule code transmission with cross layer iiqbrmation. The ruff adaptation scheme improves pouer <ffiiciency while keeping packet deluy minimized. By considering tliis. we combine the hyhrid ARQ with an adaptive coding scheme to improve performance. The proposed Izylirid A R Q schemes with the cross layer information arid efficient I-etrunsmission ~t~irctzrre~ highly improve tlie throzighpzit performance in the satellite cummimication systern. Index Terms Hybrid ARQ, Rata compatible codes, Cross layer information.
Recurrent convolutional neural networks for structured speech act tagging

Spoken language understanding (SLU) is one of the important problem in natural language processing, and especially in dialog system. Fifth Dialog State Tracking Challenge (DSTC5) introduced a SLU challenge task, which is automatic tagging to speech utterances by two speaker roles with speech acts tag and semantic slots tag. In this paper, we focus on speech acts tagging. We propose local coactivate multi-task learning model for capturing structured speech acts, based on sentence features by recurrent convolutional neural networks. An experiment result, shows that our model outperformed all other submitted entries, and were able to capture coactivated local features of category and attribute, which are parts of speech act.
Infection of Dendritic Cells by the Maedi-Visna Lentivirus

ABSTRACT The early stages of lentivirus infection of dendritic cells have been studied in an in vivo model. Maedi-visna virus (MVV) is a natural pathogen of sheep with a tropism for macrophages, but the infection of dendritic cells has not been proven, largely because of the difficulties of definitively distinguishing the two cell types. Afferent lymphatic dendritic cells from sheep have been phenotypically characterized and separated from macrophages. Dendritic cells purified from experimentally infected sheep have been demonstrated not only to carry infectious MVV but also to be hosts of the virus themselves. The results of the in vivo infection experiments are supported by infections of purified afferent lymph dendritic cells in vitro, in which late reverse transcriptase products are demonstrated by PCR. The significance of the infection of afferent lymph dendritic cells is discussed in relation to the initial spread of lentivirus infection and the requirement for CD4 T cells.
Resource‐allocation tradeoffs in caddisflies facing multiple stressors

Abstract The replacement of native forests by exotic tree monocultures, such as those of Eucalyptus, decreases the quality of leaf litter inputs to streams and often reduces riparian cover, which can elevate water temperature. The combined effects of these stressors on the survival and performance of detritivores may be important, as detritivore species loss leads to reduced litter breakdown, a key ecosystem process. Potential loss of cased caddisfly larvae is of particular concern because they are the predominant detritivores in many streams, they are sensitive to warming, and they expend energy on building and carrying their cases, which may be an added burden under times of stress. In a microcosm experiment, we tested whether (i) poor‐quality Eucalyptus globulus litter impaired case construction by larvae of Sericostoma pyrenaicum (due to preferential allocation of the scarcer available energy to larval fitness) compared to high‐quality Alnus glutinosa litter; (ii) whether this effect was enhanced by higher temperatures (15 vs. 10°C) resulting in faster metabolism and greater energy expenditure; but (iii) reduced in the presence of chemical cues from a predatory fish (due to greater investment in more protective cases). We found that Eucalyptus had lethal and sublethal effects on larval caddisflies, increasing mortality, reducing growth, and impairing case construction, compared to larvae fed Alnus. Temperature did not reinforce the effects of exotic litter on case construction, but predator chemical cues triggered the construction of more protective cases (i.e., longer and better cemented) despite the lower resource quality, providing evidence for environmentally mediated resource‐allocation tradeoffs.
A Survey on Paraphrase Detection Techniques for Indian Regional Languages

Whenever the text contains multiple ways of saying “the same thing,” but the application requires the same treatment of those various alternatives, an automated paraphrase recognition mechanism would be useful. One reason why paraphrase recognition systems have been difficult to build is because paraphrases are hard to define. Although the strict interpretation of the term “paraphrase” is quite narrow because it requires exactly identical meaning, in linguistics literature paraphrases are most often characterized by an approximate equivalence of meaning across sentences or phrases. This paper presents a survey of paraphrase detection techniques for Indian regional languages.
Treatment of primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas of follicle center cell origin: a clinical follow-up study of 55 patients treated with radiotherapy or polychemotherapy.

PURPOSE Primary cutaneous follicle center cell lymphomas (PCFCCL) are a distinct group of cutaneous B-cell lymphomas with a favorable prognosis after radiotherapy (RT) or polychemotherapy (PCT). In the literature, conflicting data exist regarding the efficacy and the relapse rate of both treatment modalities. In the present study, treatment results and follow-up data of a large group of PCFCCL are evaluated. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty-five patients with a PCFCCL who presented with skin lesions on either the head (n = 12), the trunk (n = 35), or lower legs (n = 8), and who were initially treated with RT (40 cases) or PCT (15 cases) were studied. RESULTS RT resulted in a complete remission in all 40 cases. Eight cases relapsed and three of these patients died as a result of their lymphoma. The estimated 5-year survival was 89%. Four of eight relapses and all three lymphoma-related deaths occurred in the group of patients presenting with tumor(s) on the lower legs. Treatment with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) or cyclophosphomide, vincristine, and prednisone (COP) resulted in a complete remission in 14 of 15 cases. All four cases treated with COP relapsed, whereas only two of 11 patients treated with CHOP had a relapse. The estimated 5-year survival rate of the PCT group was 93%. CONCLUSION Both RT and CHOP PCT are highly effective modes of treatment for PCFCCL. In localized PCFCCL, RT is the treatment of choice. In patients with multiple tumors involving anatomic nonrelated parts of the skin, CHOP rather than COP PCT is the preferred mode of treatment. PCFCCL on the lower legs, a subgroup that characteristically occur in elderly patients, have a higher relapse rate and a less favorable prognosis than PCFCCL presenting on the head or trunk.
Rapid Modulation of Spinach Leaf Nitrate Reductase by Photosynthesis : II. In Vitro Modulation by ATP and AMP.

Assimilatory nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in crude spinach leaf (Spinacia oleracea) extracts undergoes rapid changes following fluctuations in photosynthesis brought about by changes in external CO(2) or by water stress (WM Kaiser, E Brendle-Behnisch [1991] Plant Physiol 96:363-367). A modulation of NRA sharing several characteristics (stability, response to Mg(2+) or Ca(2+), kinetic constants) with the in vivo modulation was obtained in vitro by preincubating desalted leaf extracts with physiological concentrations of Mg(2+) and ATP (deactivating) or AMP (activating). When nitrate reductase (NR) was inactivated in vivo by illuminating leaves at the CO(2) compensation point, it could be reactivated in vitro by incubating leaf extracts with AMP. For the in vitro inactivation, ATP could be replaced by GTP or UTP. Nonhydrolyzable ATP analogs (beta, gamma-imido ATP, beta, gamma-methyl-ATP) had no effect on NR, whereas gamma-S-ATP caused an irreversible inactivation. This suggests that NR modulation involves ATP hydrolysis. In contrast to NR in crude leaf extracts, partially purified NR did not respond to ATP or AMP. ATP and AMP levels in whole leaf extracts changed in the way predicted by the modulation of NRA when leaves were transferred from photosynthesizing (low ATP/AMP) to photorespiratory (high ATP/AMP) conditions. Adenine nucleotide levels in leaves could be effectively manipulated by feeding mannose through the leaf petiole. NRA followed these changes as expected from the in vitro results. This suggests that cytosolic ATP/AMP levels are indeed the central link between NRA in the cytosol and photosynthesis in the chloroplast. Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of NR or of NR-regulating protein factors is discussed as a mechanism for a reversible modulation of NR by ATP and AMP.
Costs and Benefits of Underground Pupal Chambers Constructed by Insects: A Test Using Manduca sexta

Many holometabolous insects metamorphose in belowground pupal chambers. Although the chambers may be elaborate and their construction costly, their functions are unknown. Using laboratory and field experiments, we examined the costs and functions of chambers made by the hawk moth Manduca sexta (Sphingidae). Costs were large in some circumstances; prepupal larvae lost up to 60% of their body mass when constructing chambers in dry soils. We tested three alternative hypotheses about what, if anything, chambers do for the individuals that make them: (1) chambers provide critical open space underground, allowing room for ecdysis and preventing soil from deforming the metamorphosing individual; (2) chambers raise the local relative humidity, so that cuticular and respiratory water losses are minimized; and (3) chamber walls prevent predators and pathogens from attacking. The data support the first hypothesis (about open space) and largely exclude the other two. These results provide a simple and potentially broad explanation for the evolution of chamber building in metamorphosing insects.
A 60-GHz Outphasing Transmitter in 40-nm CMOS

This paper presents the analysis, design, and implementation of a 60-GHz outphasing transmitter in 40-nm bulk CMOS. The 60-GHz outphasing transmitter is optimized for high output power and peak power-added efficiency (PAE) while maintaining sufficient linearity. The chip occupies an active area of 0.33 mm2 and consumes 217 mW from a 1-V supply voltage, delivering 15.6-dBm linear output power with 25% PAE (PA). It achieves a 500-Mb/s 16QAM modulation with 12.5-dBm average output power and 15% average efficiency (PA) at an EVM of -22 dB. Mismatch compensation and phase correction are applied to further improve the average output power and efficiency by about 1.6 dB and 4%, respectively.
The Effects of Proximate Determinants of the Money Supply in the Interwar Period

Recent studies of the role of monetary policy in the interwar period and the Great Depression of 1929-33 typically focus on the money supply or the monetary base. ' For several reasons, however, it is instructive to study the separate impact of money's three proximate determinants. In this paper we focus on the interwar period and present empirical evidence on the importance of the three proximate determinants of the money supply in explaining fluctuations in output and prices. We define the interwar period as July 1922-June 1938 for reasons explained in Beard and McMillin [2]. As developed by Friedman and Schwartz [15] and extended by Cagan [10], changes in the M2 stock of money can be attributed arithmetically to changes in three proximate determinantsthe monetary base, the ratio of currency to deposits (the currency ratio) and the ratio of reserves to deposits (the reserve ratio). 2 The three proximate determinants are affected by different economic forces or react differently to the same variables. Each is under the immediate control of different economic agents. Changes in any one of the three proximate determinants can have, and have had, important effects on the stock of money. Cagan [10] analyzed in detail the contribution of changes in each of the three proximate determinants to cyclical fluctuations in the rate of change in the money stock over the long period 1877 to 1954. The base and the reserve ratio were each responsible for about one-fourth of these variations; the currency ratio was the most important single contributor, being responsible for roughly one-half of the variations. While the contribution of the currency ratio varied from cycle to cycle, major deviations occurred at times of financial panics when it often played a dominant role. Cagan found that the establishment of the Federal Reserve reduced the relative importance of changes in the reserve ratio and increased the relative importance of changes in the base. While the amplitude of cyclical movements in the reserve ratio fell after 1914 and the ratio itself trended downward, there was a sharp increase in the reserve ratio in the 1930s.