Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
VELOCITY-RESOLVED [C ii] EMISSION AND [C ii]/FIR MAPPING ALONG ORION WITH HERSCHEL

We present the first ∼7. ′5 × 11. ′5 velocity-resolved (∼0.2 km s−1) map of the [C ii] 158 μm line toward the Orion molecular cloud 1 (OMC 1) taken with the Herschel/HIFI instrument. In combination with far-IR (FIR) photometric images and velocity-resolved maps of the H41α hydrogen recombination and CO J = 2–1 lines, this data set provides an unprecedented view of the intricate small-scale kinematics of the ionized/photodissociation region (PDR)/molecular gas interfaces and of the radiative feedback from massive stars. The main contribution to the [C ii] luminosity (∼85%) is from the extended, FUV-illuminated face of the cloud (G0 > 500, n H > ? > 5 × 103 cm−3) and from dense PDRs ( G 0 ≳ ? > 104, n H ≳ ? > 105 cm−3) at the interface between OMC 1 and the H ii region surrounding the Trapezium cluster. Around ∼15% of the [C ii] emission arises from a different gas component without a CO counterpart. The [C ii] excitation, PDR gas turbulence, line opacity (from [13C ii]), and role of the geometry of the illuminating stars with respect to the cloud are investigated. We construct maps of the L[C ii]/ L FIR ? > and L FIR ? > / M Gas ? > ratios and show that L[C ii]/ L FIR ? > decreases from the extended cloud component (∼10−2–10−3) to the more opaque star-forming cores (∼10 − 3 − ? > 10−4). The lowest values are reminiscent of the “[C ii] deficit” seen in local ultraluminous IR galaxies hosting vigorous star formation. Spatial correlation analysis shows that the decreasing L[C ii]/ L FIR ? > ratio correlates better with the column density of dust through the molecular cloud than with L FIR ? > / M Gas ? > . We conclude that the [C ii]-emitting column relative to the total dust column along each line of sight is responsible for the observed L[C ii]/ L FIR ? > variations through the cloud.
Executive control in older Welsh monolinguals and bilinguals

ABSTRACT Evidence for a bilingual advantage in executive control has led to the suggestion that being bilingual might protect against late-life cognitive decline. We assessed the performance of socially homogeneous groups of older (≥60 years) bilingual Welsh/English (n = 50) and monolingual English (n = 49) speakers on a range of executive control tasks yielding 17 indices for comparison. Effect sizes (>.2) favoured monolinguals on 10 indices, with negligible differences observed on the remaining 7 indices. Univariate analyses indicated that monolinguals performed significantly better on 2 of 17 indices. Multivariate analysis indicated no significant overall differences between the two groups in performance on executive tasks. Older Welsh bilinguals do not show a bilingual advantage in executive control, and where differences are observed, these tend to favour monolinguals. A possible explanation may lie in the nature of the socio-linguistic context and its influence on cognitive processing in the bilingual group.
ESTIMATION OF SINGLE GENERATION MIGRATION DISTANCES FROM GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN ANIMAL MITOCHONDRIAL DNA

A new approach is introduced for the analysis of dispersal from the geographic distributions of mtDNA lineages. The method is based on the expected spatial distributions of lineages arising under a multigeneration random walk process. Unlike previous methods based on the predicted equilibria between genetic drift and gene flow, this approach is appropriate for non‐equilibrium conditions, and yields an estimate of dispersal distance rather than dispersal rate. The theoretical basis for this method is examined, and an analysis of mtDNA restriction site data for Peromyscus maniculatus is presented as an example of how this approach can be applied to empirical data.
Investigating the Effect of Pre-Purchase Search and Ongoing Search on Post-Purchase Dissonance

In the era of Internet, the issue of information search has obtained attention since the Internet provides more convenient search channel for consumers to change consumers’ searching behaviours. The pu rpose of this study aims to understand how different types of information search influences consumers’ postpurchase mental state while their amount of information search are influenced by the consumers’ product knowledge. The result shows that consumer product knowledge has positive influence on different types of information search, and has negative influence on post-purchase dissonance. Meanwhile, online prepurchase search and post-purchase search have negative influence on post-purchase dissonance.
“CANthings”(Context Aware Network for the Design of Connected Things) service modeling based on Timed CPN

In the past few years, the advances in context-aware systems and sensor technologies, has elevated the Internet of Things (IoT) development greatly and rather quickly. Services of IoT systems must be reasonably designed to provide not only the user's requirements and requests, but also perceive the environmental context and customized services to get user's satisfaction. Systematic modeling methodologies are essential to control the correctness of the services and the systems behaviors among dynamic changing contexts. The presented solution will be a novel IoT framework, “CANthings” (Context-Aware Networks for the Design of Connected Things) to identify IoT needs.This paper mainly promotes and analyzes an IoT system modeling methodology based on Timed Colored Petri Net (TCPN) to check the effectiveness of the provided services in the CANthings framework. Our goal is to present a standard solution that can be used in high-technical research and industrial projects.
Maternal dietary PUFAs intake and human milk content relationships during the first month of lactation.

Maternal dietary fatty acids (FFAs) intake and corresponding human milk composition relationships have been assessed throughout the first month of lactation in 34 lactating women consecutively enrolled. All mothers were on their habitual diet. Food records (95 items) were administered to the mothers, six-times during the first month of lactation (1 day after delivery, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after colostrum appearance) and referred to maternal dietary intake of the day before. Milk collected on day 1 was considered as colostrum, day 4 and 7 samples as transitional milk, and day 14, 21 and 28 samples as mature milk. Five gas chromatographic analyses were performed on each sample. Statistics were made using Friedman's and Pearson's test. Maternal dietary saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were significantly related to the corresponding milk pattern in the phase of transitional milk (P<0.01), while total polyunsaturated (PUFAs) content was significantly related only to the mature milk (P<0.01); in this phase about 42% of the variations occurring in PUFAs milk content can be related to variation of maternal PUFAs dietary intake. The results in the present study provide evidence of the relationships between maternal diet and milk composition. The degree of correlation between maternal diet and PUFAs milk content increases throughout milk maturational process and reaches significance only in mature milk. This would imply that advancing lactation, milk PUFAs provision sources gradually shift from adipose tissue catabolism to maternal diet.
A novel HRAS substitution (c.266C>G; p.S89C) resulting in decreased downstream signaling suggests a new dimension of RAS pathway dysregulation in human development

Costello syndrome is caused by HRAS germline mutations affecting Gly12 or Gly13 in >90% of cases and these are associated with a relatively homogeneous phenotype. Rarer mutations in other HRAS codons were reported in patients with an attenuated or mild phenotype. Disease‐associated HRAS missense mutations result in constitutive HRAS activation and increased RAF‐MEK‐ERK and PI3K‐AKT signal flow. Here we report on a novel heterozygous HRAS germline alteration, c.266C>G (p.S89C), in a girl presenting with severe fetal hydrops and pleural effusion, followed by a more benign postnatal course. A sibling with the same mutation and fetal polyhydramnios showed a Dandy–Walker malformation; his postnatal course was complicated by severe feeding difficulties. Their apparently asymptomatic father is heterozygous for the c.266C>G change. By functional analyses we identified reduced levels of active HRASS89C and diminished MEK, ERK and AKT phosphorylation in cells overexpressing HRASS89C, which represent novel consequences of disease‐associated HRAS mutations. Given our patients' difficult neonatal course and presence of this change in their asymptomatic father, we hypothesize that its harmful consequences may be time limited, with the late fetal stage being most sensitive. Alternatively, the phenotype may develop only in the presence of an additional as‐yet‐unknown genetic modifier. While the pathogenicity of the HRAS c.266C>G change remains unproven, our data may illustrate wide functional and phenotypic variability of germline HRAS mutations. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Virulence Factors of Enterococcus faecalis

Two hundred seventy six samples collected from different sources. The samples were divided into three groups; first included 40 stool samples collected from healthy individuals; second group included 125 clinical samples from patients who admitted to teaching general Hilla hospital. The third group included 111 samples collected from environment of same hospital . The morphological characterization and biochemical reactions showed 33 isolates diagnosed as Enterococcus faecalis , of which , 15 isolates from normal flora of intestine, 11 isolates from clinical cases ,and 7 isolates from hospital environment. The results of detection of virulence factors showed that E.faecalis possessed the followed factors; adhesion factors (45.4%), haemagglutination (87.8%), hemolysin (15.1%), gelatinase (9.0%) , lipase (6.0%) and bacteriocin (90.9%). The significance of these factors in the pathogenesis of enterococcal infection needs to be elucidated in further studies.
The Princeton Trilogy Revisited: How Have Racial Stereotypes Changed in South Africa?

We investigate how the content of racial stereotypes has changed in response to the profound social and political transformation in South Africa. Following the theorizing in previous work, we expected stereotypes to have changed in response to changing intergroup relations. We replicated a classic stereotype study with a matched sample, and extended the research to include an analysis of stereotype uniformity and contrasts between personal and cultural stereotypes. The results showed that a new language of group difference had emerged, but that many of the representations and trends observed in that study have persisted. The favourability comparisons over time do not suggest that racial stereotypes are fading in South Africa. We found mixed support for the hypothesis that cultural stereotypes will remain relatively stable over time while personal stereotypes may undergo revision. In sum, the research shows that the racial stereotypes have a remarkable inertia, even in the face of dramatic historical change.
Universally Composable Three-Party Key Distribution

In this paper, we formulate and realize a definition of security for three-party key distribution within the universally composable (UC) framework. That is, an appropriate ideal functionality that captures the basic security requirements of three-party key distribution is formulated. We show that UC definition of security for three-party key distribution protocol is strictly more stringent than a previous definition of security which is termed AKE-security. Finally, we present a real-life protocol that securely realizes the formulated ideal functionality with respect to non-adaptive adversaries
Achieving accurate results with a circuit simulator

Techniques for controlling errors in circuit simulations are given. The presentation will be geared toward describing how designers can recognize and control common simulations problems. These errors, if not well controlled, can result in significant error. The circuit itself can either magnify errors made by the simulator and the models, or, conversely, it can be very tolerant of such errors. Circuits that can be very sensitive to simulator errors include oscillators and charge storage circuits such as switched-capacitor circuits.
Biophysical modeling and optical imaging tools for studies of cerebellar motor learning

Coordinated control of movement requires properly timed motor control signals. In many cases, such timing must be ensured by an internal clock within the central nervous system [49-51]. Despite decades of work studying specific mechanisms and general principles for temporal processing in neural circuits [14, 52-56], we still lack a framework that can explain the temporal precision of animal behavior in terms of specific patterns of connectivity. Here we study the mechanism by which well-timed motor control signals are generated in cerebellum-dependent classical eyeblink conditioning. By analyzing this form of motor learning in a statistical estimation framework, we derive a quantitative measure of the number of effective degrees of freedom for temporal processing by a neural network. The number of degrees of freedom is a statistical measure that reflects the richness of the network’s temporal dynamics, as well as the noise level and the dynamic range of synaptic plasticity. We simulate the dyn amics of a simple model of cerebellar granule and Golgi cells and show that the striking geometric organization of cerebellar cortex may improve the representation of time by increasing the number of degrees of freedom for temporal processing relative to an isotropic network. Classical conditioning of the eyelid reflex is a convenient experimental model of a learned motor reflex in which internally generated timing signals play a critical role. In this paradigm, subjects are trained with repeated presentations of a conditioned stimulus (CS), such as a tone or light, together with an unconditioned stimulus (US), such as an airpuff or electrical stimulation of the eyelid. After training with hundreds of such pairings, subjects learn to produce a blink conditioned response (CR) following presentation of the CS alone. When the relative time between the onset of the CS and delivery of the US is fixed during training, subjects learn to produce CRs that peak precisely at the time of the expected onset of
Body composition in stunted, compared to non-stunted, black South African children, from two rural communities

Abstract Background: The objective was to compare the body composition of black stunted, and non-stunted, children, from two rural communities in South Africa, and investigate whether increased total and central adiposity is found in stunted children. The design was a cross-sectional study. The setting was two study populations of children in rural South Africa. The subjects were 351 children aged 10–15 years old [Transition and Health during Urbanisation of South Africans (THUSA BANA) study], and 1 760 children aged 6–13 years old [Ellisras Longitudinal Growth and Health Study (ELS)]. Method: The body mass index (BMI), BMI for age z-score, sum of triceps and subscapular skin folds (SSF), waist circumference (WC), waist:height ratio (WHtR) of stunted, and non-stunted, children, were compared. Results: Almost 10% (n = 203) of children were stunted, and 34% had a BMI for age z-score below -2. After adjustment for age, non-stunted children had significantly higher values for BMI and WC, in both boys and girls. SSF was similar in stunted and non-stunted boys, but tended to be greater in non-stunted, rather than stunted girls. In the ELS, stunted boys and girls had significantly higher WHtR than non-stunted children, while similar results were found in the THUSA BANA study, although the difference was not significant in the girls. All stunted groups had a WHtR greater than 0.41, proposed as a cut-off point due to its association with increased risk for high blood pressure in children. Conclusion: More research needs to be carried out on anthropometric indices for the distribution of body fat, independent of age, race, gender, and sexual maturation, in children and adolescents. This study showed inconsistent results, and highlights the complexity of using various adiposity measures in stunted and non-stunted children.
Number and Migratory Activity of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells Inversely Correlate With Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease

Abstract— Recent studies provide increasing evidence that postnatal neovascularization involves bone marrow-derived circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). The regulation of EPCs in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is unclear at present. Therefore, we determined the number and functional activity of EPCs in 45 patients with CAD and 15 healthy volunteers. The numbers of isolated EPCs and circulating CD34/kinase insert domain receptor (KDR)-positive precursor cells were significantly reduced in patients with CAD by ≈40% and 48%, respectively. To determine the influence of atherosclerotic risk factors, a risk factor score including age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, positive family history of CAD, and LDL cholesterol levels was used. The number of risk factors was significantly correlated with a reduction of EPC levels (R =−0.394, P =0.002) and CD34-/KDR-positive cells (R =−0.537, P <0.001). Analysis of the individual risk factors demonstrated that smokers had significantly reduced levels of EPCs (P <0.001) and CD34-/KDR-positive cells (P =0.003). Moreover, a positive family history of CAD was associated with reduced CD34-/KDR-positive cells (P =0.011). Most importantly, EPCs isolated from patients with CAD also revealed an impaired migratory response, which was inversely correlated with the number of risk factors (R =−0.484, P =0.002). By multivariate analysis, hypertension was identified as a major independent predictor for impaired EPC migration (P =0.043). The present study demonstrates that patients with CAD revealed reduced levels and functional impairment of EPCs, which correlated with risk factors for CAD. Given the important role of EPCs for neovascularization of ischemic tissue, the decrease of EPC numbers and activity may contribute to impaired vascularization in patients with CAD. The full text of this article is available at http://www.circresaha. org.
Dual roles of Atg8−PE deconjugation by Atg4 in autophagy

Modification of target molecules by ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like (Ubl) proteins is generally reversible. Little is known, however, about the physiological function of the reverse reaction, deconjugation. Atg8 is a unique Ubl protein whose conjugation target is the lipid phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Atg8 functions in the formation of double-membrane autophagosomes, a central step in the well-conserved intracellular degradation pathway of macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy). Here we show that the deconjugation of Atg8−PE by the cysteine protease Atg4 plays dual roles in the formation of autophagosomes. During the early stage of autophagosome formation, deconjugation releases Atg8 from non-autophagosomal membranes to maintain a proper supply of Atg8. At a later stage, the release of Atg8 from intermediate autophagosomal membranes facilitates the maturation of these structures into fusion-capable autophagosomes. These results provide new insights into the functions of Atg8−PE and its deconjugation.
Phenotype Data: A Neglected Resource in Biomedical Research?

To a great extent, our phenotype is determined by our genetic material. Many genotypic modifications may ultimately become manifest in more or less pronounced changes in phenotype. Despite the importance of how specific genetic alterations contribute to the development of diseases, surprisingly little effort has been made towards exploiting systematically the current knowledge of genotype-phenotype relationships. In the past, genes were characterized with the help of so-called "forward genetics" studies in model organisms, relating a given phenotype to a genetic modification. Analogous studies in higher organisms were hampered by the lack of suitable high-throughput genetic methods. This situation has now changed with the advent of new screening methods, especially RNA interference (RNAi) which allows to specifically silence gene by gene and to observe the phenotypic outcome. This ongoing large-scale characterization of genes in mammalian in-vitro model systems will increase phenotypic information exponentially in the very near future. But will our knowledge grow equally fast? As in other scientific areas, data integration is a key problem. It is thus still a major bioinformatics challenge to interpret the results of large-scale functional screens, even more so if sets of heterogeneous data are to be combined. It is now time to develop strategies to structure and use these data in order to transform the wealth of information into knowledge and, eventually, into novel therapeutic approaches. In light of these developments, we thoroughly surveyed the available phenotype resources and reviewed different approaches to analyzing their content. We discuss hurdles yet to be overcome, i.e. the lack of data integration, the missing adequate phenotype ontologies and the shortage of appropriate analytical tools. This review aims to assist researchers keen to understand and make effective use of these highly valuable data.
2D Euclidean distance transform algorithms: A comparative survey

The distance transform (DT) is a general operator forming the basis of many methods in computer vision and geometry, with great potential for practical applications. However, all the optimal algorithms for the computation of the exact Euclidean DT (EDT) were proposed only since the 1990s. In this work, state-of-the-art sequential 2D EDT algorithms are reviewed and compared, in an effort to reach more solid conclusions regarding their differences in speed and their exactness. Six of the best algorithms were fully implemented and compared in practice.
A Time-Lagged Study of the Relationship Between Big Five Personality and Ethical Ideology

Our objective is to examine the effects of Big Five personality traits on ethical ideologies using a time-lagged design of 406 employees of higher education institutions in Pakistan. Based on low/high idealism versus relativism, we investigate the conceptual linkage between each of the personality traits and moral philosophy. The results illustrate that extraversion and openness to experience believed on subjectivism moral philosophy, agreeableness believed on situationism, and neuroticism believed on absolutism moral philosophies. In addition, contentiousness believed on exceptionism moral philosophy. Furthermore, managerial implications and future research directions are suggested.
How does transformational leadership impact employees’ psychological strain?

Although transformational leadership has received much empirical attention over the last few years, there is little research linking it to health. Previous studies have predominantly used overall measures of transformational leadership, and have neglected to specify effects of the sub dimensions. Therefore, in this study, the relationships between transformational leadership and perceived strain were examined on the level of dimensions with two independent samples. Moreover, moderating processes were addressed. As expected, we found specific relations for the different leadership dimensions with perceived strain. Particularly, individualized consideration and idealized influence (attributed) appeared to be the most important predictors, whereas inspirational motivation and idealized influence (behavior) did not explain incremental variance in strain. It was revealed that the relation between leaders’ individualized consideration and idealized influence (attributed) and perceived strain is moderated by affective organizational commitment.