Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dynamical Evolution in Function Finding

As a branch of evolutionary computation (EC), genetic programming (GP) and genetic expression programming (GEP) have been applied widely in auto-programming. Inspired by the statistical mechanism, a new selection operator based on statistical mechanics is proposed, an algorithm - dynamical evolutionary programming (DEP) algorithm is constructed by applying this new selection operator. The experimental results show that DEP is better than GEP in terms of the quality of average fitness.
Toxicity Assessment of Thiodiglycol

Sulfur mustard (HD) undergoes hydrolysis to form various products such as thiodiglycol (TG) in biological and environmental systems. TG is a precursor in the production of HD and it is also considered as a “Schedule 2” compound (dual-use chemicals with low to moderate commercial use and high-risk precursors). Several toxicological studies on TG were conducted to assess environmental and health effects. The oral LD50 values were >5000 mg/kg in rats. It was a mild skin and moderate ocular irritant and was not a skin sensitizer in animals. It was not mutagenic in Ames Salmonella, Escherichia coli, mouse lymphoma, and in vivo mouse micronucleus assays, but it induced chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells. A 90-day oral subchronic toxicity study with neat TG at doses of 0, 50, 500, and 5000 mg/kg/day (5 days/week) in Sprague-Dawley rats results show that there are no treatment-related changes in food consumption, hematology, and clinical chemistry in rats of either sex. The body weights of both sexes were significantly lower than controls at 5000 mg/kg/day. Significant changes were also noted in both sexes in absolute weights of kidneys, kidney to body weight ratios, and kidney to brain weight ratios, in the high-dose group. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for oral toxicity was 500 mg/kg/day. The developmental toxicity conducted at 0, 430, 1290, and 3870 mg/kg by oral gavage showed maternal toxicity in dams receiving 3870 mg/kg. TG was not a developmental toxicant. The NOAEL for the developmental toxicity in rats was 1290 mg/kg. The provisional oral reference dose (RfD) of 0.4 mg/kg/day was calculated for health risk assessments. The fate of TG in the environment and soil showed biological formation of thiodiglycalic acid with formation of an intermediate ((2-hydroxyethyl)thio)acetic acid. It was slowly biodegraded under anaerobic conditions. It was not toxic to bluegill sunfish at 1000 mg/L and its metabolism and environmental and biochemical effects are summarized.
Information Diffusion Based Explanations of Asset Pricing Anomalies

In this paper we develop information based factors which outperform other popular factors used in the multifactor pricing literature such as the Fama and French size and book-to-market factors. The first factor is based on the age of an asset, measured by the number of months since the asset’s IPO, while the second factor is based on the percentage of trading days an asset does not trade in a given year. Both factors attempt to capture the quality and speed of information diffusion on the market. Our information factors perform particularly well on momentum portfolios, which, Hong et al (2000) have shown to result from gradual-information diffusion. This gradual information diffusion explanation is consistent with the information argument underlying our factors, namely that, assets plagued with information problems can be miss-priced for sustained periods of time. Furthermore, our multifactor model successfully prices most industry portfolios and performs as well as the Fama and French model when pricing the 25 size/book-to-market sorted portfolios.
The Love Affair of Generation-X Consumers with the Winery Cellar Door

The purpose of this article was to demonstrate and highlight to industry practitioners that the Generation X group constitutes a significant proportion of their cellar door visitors and hence wine tourists. As actual numbers are hard to argue away, it was concluded that there is indeed a ‘love affair’ between Generation Xers and cellar doors in wine regions as they cannot seem to stay away from them… or perhaps maybe they just ‘love’ the total experience and that is why they engage so heavily therein. Sharp quantitative insights were also provided from specifically the smaller winery’s cellar door perspective. It was shown that Generation X wine consumers is collectively the largest group in terms of cellar door visitation on a cross-regional basis in Australia, that a highly significant proportion of them are on their first visit ever to the winery and that their wine buying yield rate at cellar doors is upwards of 60%. Also that the wines bought at cellar door are taken home with them for later consumption - a factor that increases their exposure to the brand images they’ve been in direct contact with prior. These consumers are mainly females who are highly educated and in the higher income categories.
Performance of Islamic and Conventional Exchange Traded Funds in Malaysia

ETFs have attracted many investors as one of the most innovative products of financial engineering. By virtue of the nascent nature of MyETF-DJIM Titan 25 and FBM 30ETF in Malaysia, comparative performance studies are essential during a financial crisis. MyETF is different from FBM 30ETF in terms of investment scope and Shari’ah governance structure. While MyETF has achieved its objective in tracking its index, FBM 30ETF has failed in this respect. Despite its higher total risk, MyETF performed better than its index. The same applies in the case of FBM 30ETF. Although MyETF has bigger net assets, economies of scale, and better diversification, the performances of the two funds are lacklustre and similar, with FBM 30ETF performing somewhat better. Notwithstanding their success to outperform their respective benchmarks, both ETFs had comparable negative performance, with decline in prices and NAV. The negative returns have caused abnormality in their measurements.
AIS Electronic Library (AISeL) AIS Electronic Library (AISeL)

Enterprise 2.0 takes on the full benefits of Web 2.0 services and has great potential in delivering business benefits. Many organizations have invested in this platform yet many are still hesitant to the adoption of it. This research paper explores the use of Enterprise 2.0 and how it can be incorporated into the changing business environment. The paper delineates the principles of KM and draw inferences where the appropriate use of Enterprise 2.0 will improve knowledge sharing. The underlying principles of KM and the desired transformation discussed, illustrates challenges and gaps in knowledge sharing. The subsequent discussion explores the identified gaps and proposed the appropriate use of Enterprise 2.0, based on social capital theory. The study will contribute to a deeper understanding of the coherence of Enterprise 2.0 and knowledge sharing and identify the potential areas of improvements through appropriate use of Enterprise 2.0.
In Vitro Living Systems for Biological Application

In the past few years, many high-throughput screening (HTS) technologies together with significant efforts to develop diagnostics tools such as biosensors have revolutionized the process of drug discovery to screen hundreds of thousands of compounds against disease targets to find novel drugs. Typically HTS studies are performed through a combination of modern robotics, data processing and control software, liquid handling devices, and sensitive detectors. However, robots and other equipment required for HTS studies are often expensive. Large volumes of cost-intensive chemicals are required to perform such tests. Another limitation is the time it takes to assay individual samples. In the end, even as these sets of facilities are fixed, the experimental data are not reliable for clinical application and, therefore, animal testing and clinical trials are required in order to get approval for the product (drug) after a very long processing time. The above problems are among the many limitations of current technologies using materials in many aspects of biological applications. Despite considerable effort at developing methods to enable testing of many conditions, it still takes a highly specialized and expensive screening lab to run a HTS operation, and these studies often are limited to large or moderately sized research institutions. The purpose of our study is to use microengineering, biomaterial sciences, and biological principles to develop 3D in vitro living organs with controlled microvasculature and tissue architecture. These 3D models will be useful for in vitro diagnostics and drug screening applications as well as for transplantation. Furthermore, 3D in vitro living organs contribute significantly to the development of microscale biosensors that will be more portable and scalable for pointof-care sample analysis and real time diagnosis. Modern biosensors based on microand nanoscale techniques have the potential to greatly enhance methods of detecting foreign and potentially dangerous toxins and may result in cheaper, faster, and easier to use analytical tools. Microscale technologies are potentially powerful tools for addressing some of the challenges in 3D in vitro models. MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS), which are an extension of techniques used in the semiconductor and microelectronics industries, can be used to control features at length scales <1 μm to > 1 cm3. In the past few years, microfabrication has been used increasingly in biomedical and biological applications. This is partially due to the emergence of such techniques as soft lithography to fabricate microscale 3D In Vitro Living Systems for Biological Application
THE SPATIAL EXTENT OF (U)LIRGs IN THE MID-INFRARED. I. THE CONTINUUM EMISSION

We present an analysis of the extended mid-infrared (MIR) emission of the Great Observatories All-Sky LIRG Survey sample based on 5–15 μm low-resolution spectra obtained with the Infrared Spectrograph on Spitzer. We calculate the fraction of extended emission (FEE) as a function of wavelength for the galaxies in the sample, FEEλ, defined as the fraction of the emission which originates outside of the unresolved component of a source at a given distance. We find that the FEEλ varies from one galaxy to another, but we can identify three general types of FEEλ: one where FEEλ is constant, one where features due to emission lines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons appear more extended than the continuum, and a third which is characteristic of sources with deep silicate absorption at 9.7 μm. More than 30% of the galaxies have a median FEEλ larger than 0.5, implying that at least half of their MIR emission is extended. Luminous Infrared Galaxies (LIRGs) display a wide range of FEE in their warm dust continuum (0 ≲ FEE13.2 μm ≲ 0.85). The large values of FEE13.2 μm that we find in many LIRGs suggest that the extended component of their MIR continuum emission originates in scales up to 10 kpc and may contribute as much as the nuclear region to their total MIR luminosity. The mean size of the LIRG cores at 13.2 μm is 2.6 kpc. However, once the IR luminosity of the systems reaches the threshold of LIR ∼ 1011.8 L☉, slightly below the regime of Ultra-luminous Infrared Galaxies (ULIRGs), all sources become clearly more compact, with FEE13.2 μm ≲ 0.2, and their cores are unresolved. Our estimated upper limit for the core size of ULIRGs is less than 1.5 kpc. Furthermore, our analysis indicates that the compactness of systems with LIR ≳ 1011.25 L☉ strongly increases in those classified as mergers in their final stage of interaction. The FEE13.2 μm is also related to the contribution of an active galactic nucleus (AGN) to the MIR emission. Galaxies which are more AGN dominated are less extended, independently of their LIR. We finally find that the extent of the MIR continuum emission is correlated with the far-IR IRAS log(f60 μm/f100 μm) color. This enables us to place a lower limit to the area in a galaxy from where the cold dust emission may originate, a prediction which can be tested soon with the Herschel Space Telescope.
Vote by Foot: Investor Impatience and Corporate Governance

This paper provides a theoretical analysis of how investor impatience comes into being as a result of the weak governance scheme of the institutional investors and the corporate management. It argues that investor impatience can be an alternative mechanism of corporate governance because investor impatience will build up a commitment to terminating inferior investment projects. Though investor impatience could have a side effect of causing managerial myopia, it could be efficiency-enhancing when the corporate governance scheme is weak. The paper further shows that the conventional cash-payout signaling mechanism can hardly work in some circumstances with weak corporate governance. The paper also sheds light on the degree of investor impatience in the presence and absence of institutional investors. It shows that when the corporate governance of the firm and the institutional investors are strong, investor impatience could be diminished with the existence of institutional investors.
A Study on the Effect of Trust on Customer Participation in Digital Environment：Focused on the Online Travel Market

Recent market environment shows a new relationship between customer and company. You can easily observe customers take initiatives to get involved in the marketing activities such as product development, pricing and distribution etc. Despite the fact there are a lot of marketing activities initiated by customers in the online travel market, customer participation has been given little attention in the academic literature. Our research is grounded in the well-known commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing, originally proposed by Morgan and Hunt(1994). According to the theory, trust is central to successful relationship marketing. This study explores the effect of trust on customer participation in the online travel market. Consequently, this study suggests some managerial implications for marketing strategies in response to customer initiative In the marketing activities on the online travel market.
Auditor-Client Interdependence and Audit Quality: Partner-Level Evidence

In this study, we argue that an increased economic bonding may develop between the auditor and the clients when an auditor will switch to a new audit firm because the turnover auditor's better payoff expected from switching to the new firm (e.g., promotion, larger share of firm profits, more perks, more authority and peer respect) are often enhanced by the number of clients he can bring to the new firm. The auditor and the client can use audit quality as a bargaining tool to divide the incremental payoff generated from the joint auditor-client switch. We thus hypothesize that the turnover partners treat follower clients more favorably (by making less downward audit adjustments to pre-audit earnings or allowing greater discretionary accruals) than they treat other clients around the joint auditor-client turnover. Using the data in China where engagement-specific audit partner information is available, we find evidence supporting our hypothesis under the condition that both the former engagement and review auditors later switch to the same successor audit firm to perform the audits for the follower clients. Our partner-level evidence is consistent with the widespread concern that audit quality is lower when there is a greater level of auditor-client bonding.
Title Structure of the C-terminal domain of the multifunctionalICP 27 protein from herpes simplex virus 1

Herpesviruses are nuclear-replicating viruses that have successfully evolved to evade the immune system of humans, establishing lifelong infections. ICP27 from herpes simplex virus is a multifunctional regulatory protein that is functionally conserved in all known human herpesviruses. It has the potential to interact with an array of cellular proteins, as well as intronless viral RNAs. ICP27 plays an essential role in viral transcription, nuclear export of intronless RNAs, translation of viral transcripts, and virion host shutoff function. It has also been implicated in several signaling pathways and the prevention of apoptosis. Although much is known about its central role in viral replication and infection, very little is known about the structure and mechanistic properties of ICP27 and its homologs. We present the first crystal structure of ICP27 C-terminal domain at a resolution of 2.0 Å. The structure reveals the C-terminal half of ICP27 to have a novel fold consisting of -helices and long loops, along with a unique CHCC-type of zinc-binding motif. The two termini of this domain extend from the central core and hint to possibilities of making interactions. ICP27 essential domain is capable of forming self-dimers as seen in the structure, which is confirmed by analytical ultracentrifugation study. Preliminary in vitro phosphorylation assays reveal that this domain may be regulated by
Protective effects of exercise preconditioning on hindlimb unloading‐induced atrophy of rat soleus muscle

Aim: A chronic decrease in the activation and loading levels of skeletal muscles as occurs with hindlimb unloading (HU) results in a number of detrimental changes. Several proteolytic pathways are involved with an increase in myofibrillar protein degradation associated with HU. Exercise can be used to counter this increase in proteolytic activity and, thus, may be able to protect against some of the detrimental changes associated with chronic decreased use. The purpose of the present study was to determine the potential of a single bout of preconditioning endurance exercise in attenuating the effects of 2 weeks of HU on the mass, phenotype and force‐related properties of the soleus muscle in adult rats.
Massspectrometrical analysis of recombinant human growth hormone Norditropin® reveals amino acid exchange at M14_V14 rhGH

Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) is used for the treatment of several disorders. Structural integrity of rhGH is of critical importance for its clinical use and modifications thereof may act as markers in situations such as rhGH doping, as illegal rhGH‐abuse in sports is of increasing interest. In the current study we investigated homogeneity of Norditropin®, a recombinant human growth hormone frequently used in medicine, expressed in E. coli, strain MC1061. The most recent proteomics technologies including 2‐DE, MALDI‐MS followed by MALDI‐MS/MS and LC‐MS followed by LC‐MS/MS were used for the characterisation of rhGH. MALDI‐TOF‐TOF and electrospray LC‐MS analysis revealed one major protein with an average molecular mass of 22 126.0 Da and some additional minor components. Electrospray LC‐MS/MS of the enzymatically digested Norditropin® sample showed deamidation of N12 N149 and N159, oxidation of M14, M125 and M170 and one amino acid exchange V14 for M14 present in <1% of Norditropin®. While deamidation and oxidation may be due to technical reasons, the single amino acid exchange may reflect infidelity of translation rather than codon usage and copy editing by E. coli.
Results of the DARPA 1998 Offline Intrusion Detection Evaluation

DARPA sponsored the first realistic and systematic evaluation of research intrusion detection systems in 1998. As part of this evaluation, MIT Lincoln Laboratory developed a test network which simulated a medium-size government site. Background traffic was generated over two months using custom traffic generators which looked like 100’s of users on 1000’s of hosts performing a wide variety of tasks and generating a rich mixture of network traffic. While this background traffic was being generated, automated attacks were launched against three UNIX victim machines (SunOS, Solaris, Linux) located on the inside of this simulated government site behind a router. More than 300 instances of 38 different attacks were embedded in roughly two months of training data and two weeks of test data. Six DARPA research sites participated in a blind evaluation where test data was provided without specifying the location of embedded attacks. Results were analyzed by generating receiver operating characteristic curves (ROCs) to determine the attack detection rate as a function of the false alarm rate. Performance was evaluated for old attacks included in the training data, new attacks which only occurred in the test data, and novel new never-before-seen attacks developed specifically for this evaluation. Detection performance for the best systems was reasonable (above 60% correct) at a false alarm rate of 10 false alarms per day for both old and new probe attacks and attacks where a local user illegally becomes root (u2r). Intrusion detection systems trained on old probe or u2r attacks generalized well to other attacks in these same categories. Detection rates were worse, especially for new and novel denial of service (dos) attacks and attacks where a remote user illegally accesses a local host (r2l). Although detection accuracy for old attacks in these two categories was roughly 80%, detection accuracy for new and novel attacks was below 25% even at high false alarm rates. An intrusion detection system formed from the best components of the submitted systems performed much better than a baseline keyword spotting system that
Individual Investor Trading in Leverage Products - Risk Appetite and Positioning Around Earnings Announcements

We study the trading behavior of individual investors in leverage bank-issued products around earnings announcements. The trading activity increases substantially around earnings announcements. Aggregated individual investor trading is strongly correlated, both pre- and post event. We find intense aggregate positive positioning ahead of earnings announcements, irrespective of the direction of the subsequent earnings surprise. Thus, individual investors are subject to an "optimism bias". The risk appetite of individual investors increases in the run-up to earnings announcements. We find that neither pre-event risk appetite nor pre-event imbalances can be attributed to informed trading. We attribute the increased risk appetite to investor overconfidence. Overall, individual investor trading in leverage products is not particularly skillful.
Intratympanic steroid injection as a first-line therapy in uremia patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss

Abstract Conclusions: ITSI as a first-line therapy in uremia patients with SSNHL offers a valid and safe treatment compared with intravenous systemic steroid treatment. A specific pathophysiology caused by possible sodium pump paralysis may be explained for uremia patients with SSNHL. Objective: To compare the efficacy of intratympanic steroid injection (ITSI) with that of systemic intravenous steroids as a first-line therapy in uremia patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL). Materials and methods: A total of 23 consecutive uremia patients with SSNHL were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into two groups: the ITSI group (n = 15) and the non-ITSI group (n = 8), in which patients received intravenous systemic steroid treatment. The two groups were homogeneous in all respects. Results: The hearing improvement and relative gain were statistically significant between the two groups. The value of hearing gain (ΔPTA = PTA pre – PTA post) in the ITSI group and the non-ITSI group was 24.6 ± 16.4dB and 8.4 ± 19.3dB. The value of relative gain (ΔPTA/PTApre) in the ITIS group and the non-ITSI group was 31.1 ± 22% and 9.4 ± 20.5%. In the ITSI group, 11 patients (73.3%) exhibited hearing recovery (ΔPTA > 10 dB).