Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differential Reactivity of Germ Line Allelic Variants of a Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibody to a gp41 Fusion Intermediate Conformation

ABSTRACT Genetic factors, as well as antigenic stimuli, can influence antibody repertoire formation. Moreover, the affinity of antigen for unmutated naïve B cell receptors determines the threshold for activation of germinal center antibody responses. The gp41 2F5 broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) uses the VH2-5 gene, which has 10 distinct alleles that use either a heavy-chain complementarity-determining region 2 (HCDR2) aspartic acid (DH54) or an HCDR2 asparagine (NH54) residue. The 2F5 HCDR2 DH54 residue has been shown to form a salt bridge with gp41 665K; the VH2-5 germ line allele variant containing NH54 cannot do so and thus should bind less avidly to gp41. Thus, the induction of 2F5 bNAb is dependent on both genetic and structural factors that could affect antigen affinity of unmutated naïve B cell receptors. Here, we studied allelic variants of the VH2-5 inferred germ line forms of the HIV-1 gp41 bNAb 2F5 for their antigen binding affinities to gp41 linear peptide and conformational protein antigens. Both VH2-5 2F5 inferred germ line variants bound to gp41 peptides and protein, including the fusion intermediate protein mimic, although more weakly than the mature 2F5 antibody. As predicted, the affinity of the NH54 variant for fusion-intermediate conformation was an order of magnitude lower than that of the DH54 VH2-5 germ line antibody, demonstrating that allelic variants of 2F5 germ line antibodies differentially bind to gp41. Thus, these data demonstrate a genetically determined trait that may affect host responses to HIV-1 envelope epitopes recognized by broadly neutralizing antibodies and has implications for unmutated ancestor-based immunogen design.
Revenue sharing among ISPs in two-sided markets

In this paper, we study the revenue sharing and rate allocation for Internet Service Providers (ISPs) that jointly provide network connectivity between content providers and end-users. Without colluding, each ISP may selfishly set a high transit-price to cover its cost and maximize its own profit, which inevitably results in a loss in social profit. We model this noncooperative interaction between an “eyeball” ISP and a “content” ISP as a Stackelberg game and quantify the resulting loss in social profit. To recover the profit loss, we propose a revenue sharing contract between ISPs by modeling them as a supply chain to deliver traffic in a two-sided market. Parameterized by the profit division factor, the sharing contract coordinates ISPs' objectives such that they aim to maximize the social profit self-incentively. We further propose a Nash bargaining process to determine the profit division factor such that all ISPs are simultaneously better off compared to the noncooperative equilibrium.
Reading the Disclosures with New Eyes: Bridging the Gap between Information Security Disclosures and Incidents

This paper investigates the relationship between information security related disclosures in financial reports and the impacts of information security incidents. First, by drawing upon the theories in accounting literature, we regress stock price reactions to a number of information security incidents from 1997 to 2006 on the number of disclosures along with control variables. Our findings demonstrate that new information security risk factor disclosures can mitigate the effect of information security incidents in terms of cumulative abnormal return (CAR). Second, a clustering analysis is performed on the disclosures in financial reports before and after the incidents. The results demonstrate that companies react to information security incidents by disclosing more emerging risk factors in financial reports. A prediction model is also built based on disclosures. The model can correctly classify a firm as either breached or non-breached twothirds of the time. This paper not only contributes to the literature in information security and accounting but also sheds light on how managers can evaluate their information security policies and convey information security practices more effectively to the investors.
Student Nurses' Experiences of The Clinical Psychiatric Learning Environment in an Education Institution

This study investigated lived experiences of student nurses working in a clinical psychiatric learning environment in South Africa. Participants were 29 fourth-year student nurses in the clinical psychiatric learning environment at a nursing education institution (females = 27; males =2). They engaged in focus group discussion on their experiences of the clinical psychiatric learning environment. The data were thematically analyzed using Tesch's method of open coding. The student nurses experienced the environment as growth enhancing on a professional and personal level.
OpenC : Extending C Programs with Computational Reflection

Computational reflection has shown much promise for improving the quality of software by providing programming language techniques to address issues of modularity, reusability, maintainability, and extensibility. In this paper, we describe how to bring the power of computational reflection to C through a meta-object protocol (MOP), named OpenC, which offers a framework to build arbitrary source-to-source program transformation libraries for large software systems written in C. The design focus of OpenC is to automate program transformations in a straightforward and transparent way through techniques of code generation, so that client users only need to add a simple annotation to their code to be manipulated, while removing the need to know the details on how the transformations are performed. The paper provides a general motivation for using reflection and explains briefly the design and implementation of the OpenC framework. In addition, this paper will show, as an example, how OpenC can be used to build a library that can automate the use of OpenMP to parallelize a sequential program written in C.
Tree Expectation Propagation for ML Decoding of LDPC Codes over the BEC

We propose a decoding algorithm for LDPC codes that achieves the maximum likelihood (ML) solution over the binary erasure channel (BEC). In this channel, the tree-structured expectation propagation (TEP) decoder improves the peeling decoder (PD) by processing check nodes of degree one and two. However, it does not achieve the ML solution, as the tree structure of the TEP allows only for approximate inference. In this paper, we provide the procedure to construct the structure needed for exact inference. This algorithm, denoted as generalized tree-structured expectation propagation (GTEP), modifies the code graph by recursively eliminating any check node and merging this information in the remaining graph. The GTEP decoder upon completion either provides the unique ML solution or a tree graph in which the number of parent nodes indicates the multiplicity of the ML solution. We also explain the algorithm as a Gaussian elimination method, relating the GTEP to other ML solutions. Compared to previous approaches, it presents an equivalent complexity, it exhibits a simpler graphical message-passing procedure and, most interesting, the algorithm can be generalized to other channels.
Radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy.

INTRODUCTION Retrograde distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy is the standard procedure for cancers of the body and tail of the pancreas. However, this procedure has limitations in terms of the posterior extent of resection and the ability to achieve a complete N1 node resection. METHODS A new antegrade procedure has been developed that provides improved visibility, removes N1 nodes, and permits adjustment of the depth of the posterior extent of resection coupled with early rather than late control of the vasculature. RESULTS Ten patients, 6 with adenocarcinomas of the body of the pancreas, have undergone the procedure since 1999. Nine of 10 patients had negative resection margins, and the median node count in patients who did not receive neoadjuvant radiation was 9 nodes. Three patients had complications develop; no postoperative deaths occurred. CONCLUSION Early results with the procedure are encouraging.
Shaping the Way Five Women Coaches Develop: Their Primary and Secondary Socialization

Using Jarvis’ (2006) psychosocial perspective of human learning, we explore how the career choices and the subsequent coaching approaches of five Canadian women coaches have been influenced by their primary and secondary socialization. A content analysis was performed to identify how coaches learned in their primary socialization with their family, and in their secondary socialization at school and in their sport experiences. The findings indicate that the learning situations in their primary and secondary socialization influence the coaches’ career choices and their subsequent coaching approaches. These findings have implications for coaching education, enabling course developers and facilitators to understand (a) the importance of creating environments where coaches are able to critically reflect, and (b) how coaching approaches can be influenced by early life experiences.
Correlation of Meaningfulness of Life to Psychological Time in Personality

The article considers the issue of correlation between the meaning of life and psychological time of a personality, while the temporal distribution of the meaningful constituents in the human life is a very important aspect of the meaning of life. The specific issue concerning the ratio of the meaning of life's quantitative aspect manifested by means of its meaningfulness' level to some peculiar characteristics of the personality's psychological time was raised within the frames of the denoted problem. The aim of the present empirical research was to reveal the above mentioned correlation. The level of the meaningfulness of life was determined applying the Life-Purpose Orientations Questionnaire (LPO) that consists of five factors: goals in life, emotional intensity of life, self-actualization satisfaction, life locus of control, Ego locus of control. The parameters of the psychological time were estimated using the Estimation of Five-Year Intervals Method (EFI) that reveals the life way by means of its perceived efficiency's temporal dynamics. The current research surveyed the postgraduate students of the Kazan Federal University (n=140). The obtained findings reported that the level of the meaningfulness of life and such a parameter of the personality's psychological time, as a developmental age, demonstrate no interconnections: the surveyed, who are psychologically either younger, or older than their chronological age is, equally estimate their life as meaningful. At that, quantitative data on the meaningfulness of life are closely interconnected to other characteristics estimated by means of the EFI method to both the actualization and emotional intensity of life. The peculiarities of interconnections between the criteria of the meaningfulness of life and parameters of actualization and general emotional intensity of life for men and women were also detected. The men better evaluate the emotional intensity of both the past and future of their life at higher level of the meaningfulness of life. The women with the higher level of the meaningfulness of life better estimate its eventual intensity in the future, while they evaluate their past as poorer for events.
Atmospheric pressure photo-ionization liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric determination of aflatoxins in food

A comparison between electrospray ionization (ESI) and the recent introduced atmospheric pressure photo-ionization (APPI) technique is described for the liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric (LC/MS) determination of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 in food. For the optimization of APPI, several APPI ion source parameters were examined. Furthermore, the chemical noise and signal suppression of ESI and APPI by sample matrix interference were investigated. The results indicated that APPI has the low chemical noise and the little signal suppression in comparison with ESI. The mean recovery of each aflatoxin from peanuts, corn, nutmeg and red pepper sample spiked at 1 ng g−1 ranged from 89 to 105% with relative standard deviations of 3.3–5.1%. The limit of detection (S/N = 3) in all food was in the range 0.11–0.5 ng g−1. From these studies, it is suggested that APPI can be used as an additional tool in food residue analysis.
Functional specialization of stomatal bHLHs through modification of DNA-binding and phosphoregulation potential

Significance Developmental complexity often parallels expansion of transcription factor families, and highly similar proteins can play related but distinct roles in the development of cell lineages and cell types. Comparative sequence analyses can point to regions of proteins that may be involved in specialization, but complementary functional approaches are required to confirm these roles. Using the “natural laboratory” of stomatal development in which closely related basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors regulate distinct sequential processes, we assign functions to unique domains and identify functional divergences hidden within regions of sequence identity. Transcription factor duplication events and subsequent specialization can drive evolution by facilitating biological innovation and developmental complexity. Identification of sequences that confer distinct biochemical function in vivo is an important step in understanding how related factors could refine specific developmental processes over time. Functional analysis of the basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) protein SPEECHLESS, one of three closely related transcription factors required for stomatal lineage progression in Arabidopsis thaliana, allowed a dissection of motifs associated with specific developmental outputs. Phosphorylated residues, shown previously to quantitatively affect activity, also allow a qualitative shift in function between division and cell fate-promoting activities. Our data also provide surprising evidence that, despite deep sequence conservation in DNA-binding domains, the functional requirement for these domains has diverged, with the three stomatal bHLHs exhibiting absolute, partial, or no requirements for DNA-binding residues for their in vivo activities. Using these data, we build a plausible model describing how the current unique and overlapping roles of these proteins might have evolved from a single ancestral protein.
New and Old in Pediatric Exercise Physiology

Researchers in pediatric exercise physiology sometimes overlook previously published findings that are similar, or even identical, to their own. The intent of this review is to provide examples for the above pattern. These examples relate to the following topics: 1) is the O2 uptake plateau a necessary criterion for the establishment of maximal O2 uptake in children? 2) children's greater utilization of fat during prolonged exercise, 3) children's lower maximal blood lactate levels, 4) the higher metabolic energy cost of locomotion in children and the possible causes for this phenomenon, and 5) the lower cardiac output and stroke volume in children, at any given O2 uptake.
Towards Demonstrating Limited Cognitive Reception Bandwidth

Limited cognitive load has come up frequently in literature especially with respect to learning. It provides an explanation to a number of phenomena that are observed in learning. However, it does not explain how experts learn better from diverse sources while novices learn better from a clear limited source of information. Nor does it explain how sequential presentation of a cognitively demanding task is accomplished with ease compared to a split-attention presentation on the same screen of the same task. This paper, introduces a small addition to existing theory by suggesting a limited cognitive reception bandwidth. This implies that students are limited by how much information transfer can take place in parallel. This informs technology based systems in particular these that are capable of parallel information presentation through multiple windows.
Sociocultural Conventions in Avatar-Mediated Nonverbal Communication: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Virtual Proxemics

We examined whether virtual worlds in which participants interact as avatars could be used as a novel instrument for cross-cultural and intercultural communication research. We explored differences between Asian and European cultures regarding their social spatial behavior (i.e., proxemics) in dyadic avatar interactions. Asian dyads interacted at larger distances than European dyads, which is consistent with the cross-cultural differences typically observed in face-to-face interactions. Mixed-culture dyads did not differ from the European dyads, indicating that Asians were more tolerant regarding the invasion of their personal (virtual) space. Since there is no culturally neutral physical environment, such intercultural interactions could not be studied in the physical world.
Using 2 Assessment Methods May Better Describe Dietary Supplement Intakes in the United States.

BACKGROUND One-half of US adults report using a dietary supplement. NHANES has traditionally assessed dietary supplement use via a 30-d questionnaire but in 2007 added a supplement module to the 24-h dietary recall (24HR). OBJECTIVE We compared these 2 dietary assessment methods, examined potential biases in the methods, and determined the effect that instrument choice had on estimates of prevalence of multivitamin/multimineral dietary supplement (MVMM) use. METHODS We described prevalence of dietary supplement use by age, sex, and assessment instrument in 12,285 adults in the United States (>19 y of age) from NHANES 2007-2010. RESULTS When using data from the questionnaire alone, 29.3% ± 1.0% of men and 35.5% ± 1.0% of women were users of MVMMs, whereas data from the 24HR only produced prevalence estimates of 26.3% ± 1.1% for men and 33.2% ± 1.0% for women. When using data from both instruments combined, 32.3% ± 1.2% of men and 39.5% ± 1.1% of women were classified as MVMM users. Prevalence estimates were significantly higher by 2-9% in all age-sex groups when using information from both instruments combined than when using data from either instrument individually. A digit preference bias and flattened slope phenomenon were observed in responses to the dietary supplement questionnaire. A majority (67%) of MVMMs were captured on both instruments, whereas 19% additional MVMMs were captured on the questionnaire and 14% additional on the 24HR. Of those captured only on the 24HR, 26% had missing label information, whereas only 12% and 9% of those captured on the questionnaire or both, respectively, had missing information. CONCLUSIONS Use of both the dietary supplement questionnaire and the 24HR can provide advantages to researchers over the use of a single instrument and potentially capture a larger fraction of dietary supplement users.
Carotid intima-media thickness and plaque volume changes following 2-year angiotensin II-receptor blockade. The Multicentre Olmesartan atherosclerosis Regression Evaluation (MORE) study.

OBJECTIVE The Multicentre Olmesartan atherosclerosis Regression Evaluation (MORE) study was a double-blind trial in patients with hypertension at increased cardiovascular risk with carotid wall thickening and a defined atherosclerotic plaque that used non-invasive 2- and 3-dimensionaL (D) ultrasound (US), to compare the effects of a 2-year treatment based on either olmesartan medoxomil or atenolol on common carotid (CC) intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaque volume (PV). METHODS A total of 165 patients (with systolic/diastolic blood pressure 140-180/ 90-105 mmHg) were randomized to receive either olmesartan (20-40 mg/day) or atenolol (50-100 mg/day). US was performed at baseline and 28, 52 and 104 weeks. The primary efficacy outcome was the change from baseline ( Delta) in CC-IMT assessed by 2D US. Secondary outcomes included Delta PV assessed by 3D US and blood pressure (BP). RESULTS Olmesartan and atenolo produced comparable significant reductions in CC-IMT; mean Delta IMT (SEM) was -0.090 (0.015) mm for oLmesartan and -0.082 (0.014) mm for atenolol. Mean Delta PV was -4.4 (2.3) microl and 0.1 (1.5) microl in the olmesartan and atenolol treated subjects, respectively, without significant between-treatment differences. In the subgroup of patients with baseLine PV > or = median (33.7 microl), significant between-treatment differences existed in Delta PV (p = 0.023), because PV regressed significantly with olmesartan (Delta PV: -11.5 (4.4) microl) but not with atenolol ( Delta PV: 0.6 (2.5) microl). In these patients BP reductions were comparabLe. CONCLUSIONS Carotid IMT and BP decreased similarly with olmesartan and atenolol, but only olmesartan reduced the volume of larger atherosclerotic plaques.
Antiparkinson concentrations of pramipexole and PHNO occupy dopamine D2high and D3high receptors

Because the high‐affinity state of dopamine D2 receptors, D2High, is the functional state of D2, and because the proportion of D2 receptors in the high‐affinity state correlates with dopamine behavioral supersensitivity, the present study was designed to determine the affinities of antiparkinson dopamine agonists at the D2High site by means of competition with [3H]domperidone. In contrast to [125I]iodosulpride or [3H]spiperone, which are not sensitive to low concentrations of dopamine agonists, [3H]domperidone readily reveals dissociation constants (Ki) for antiparkinson agonists at D2High and D3High receptors. The Ki values for the human cloned D2High and D3High receptors, respectively, were 19 and 9 nM for pramipexole, 0.24 and 0.6 nM for (+)PHNO, 0.7 and 1.3 nM for bromocriptine, 0.5 and 2.6 nM for apomorphine, and 0.09 and 0.25 nM for (−)N‐propylnorapomorphine. After correcting for the fraction of drug bound to plasma proteins, the known clinical concentrations in plasma or plasma water of these drugs, including pramipexole and (+)PHNO, are sufficient to occupy and activate the high‐affinity state of D2, D2High, in treating Parkinson's disease. The D3High receptors are less selectively occupied by (+)PHNO, bromocriptine, apomorphine, and (−)NPA. Synapse 58:122–128, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improving students' critical thinking : Empirical support for explicit instructions combined with practice

This experiment investigated the impact of different types of critical thinking instruction and dispositions on bias in economics students' (N=141) reasoning performance. The following conditions were compared: (A) implicit instruction; (B) implicit instruction with practice; (C) implicit instruction with explicit instruction and practice; (D) implicit instruction with explicit instruction, practice, and self-explanation prompts; and (E) implicit instruction with explicit instruction, practice, and activation prompts. Results showed that explicit instruction combined with practice is required to improve critical thinking (i.e., conditions A/B<C/D/E). Prompting during practice had no added performance benefits. Participants' dispositions toward actively open-minded thinking predicted their pre-test and post-test scores but did not interact with instruction condition, suggesting that receiving explicit instruction combined with practice was equally effective for all students.