Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
AN INVESTIGATION INTO FOUNDATIONAL CONCEPTS RELATED TO SLOPE: AN APPLICATION OF THE ATTRIBUTE HIERARCHY METHOD

The mathematics education community has been working for more than two decades to reform K – 12 school mathematics programs. The literature consistently emphasizes the importance of students understanding and making sense of mathematics, which is characterized by complex networks of knowledge reflecting the conscious organization of related facts and processes. Understanding of slope is an essential milestone in a person’s mathematical development, yet assessments often measure student knowledge of slope in terms of their procedural fluency rather than their conceptual understanding. The purpose of this study was to explore the concepts students should possess to demonstrate understanding of selected foundational concepts related to slope, to determine a cognitive model hypothesizing how this understanding develops, and to design an instrument to assess understanding of selected foundational concepts related to understanding slope as described in the model. The instrument was administered to a sample of Kansas students in middle and high school mathematics courses. This study provided an example of one way to implement components of EvidenceCentered Design. The study was conducted in two phases. The first phase included a domain analysis and yielded a theoretical cognitive model of how selected foundational concepts related to slope are acquired. The second phase included a task analysis and the development of an assessment containing items that targeted the knowledge described in the cognitive model. Test responses were analyzed using Item Response Theory, and students were classified into knowledge states based on their test response data using the Attribute Hierarchy Method (AHM). Students demonstrated varying levels of knowledge with regard to the selected foundational concepts of slope. The AHM revealed that students who participated in this study demonstrated three main levels of understanding of the selected foundational concepts of slope. First, students demonstrate the ability to identify quantities that are related as covariates. Second, students demonstrate the ability to identify the direction of covariation in a problem setting. Third, students demonstrate the ability to interpret a slope ratio in terms of a problem’s context variables.
The Contribution of Large‐Scale Assessment Programmes to Research on Gender Differences

Abstract The topic of gender differences in subject achievement continues to hold interest for educators and educational politicians alike, especially as these might bear on efforts to promote greater gender equity in occupational opportunity. Gender‐related differences in language, mathematics, science and other subjects are now well‐documented, with evidence that gender gaps in both subject interest and achievement establish in pre‐adolescence, to be strengthened or weakened through the influence of curricular and other experiences as children move through their secondary schooling. Large‐scale national and international surveys of educational achievement were instrumental in initially revealing the general picture, and have since served to add detail to our knowledge in this field. This paper offers a necessarily summarised overview of the collective contributions of such programmes, highlighting similarities and complementarities in findings against a background of diversity in programme design and ex.
Comparing Activity Measurements and Ratings

The purpose of this article is to examine the relationship between rated and measured activity in children. Activity level is a theoretical component of temperament, and empirical studies of child behavior disorder consistently reveal hyperactivity as a behavior disorder. This article demonstrates that the Conners Teacher Rating Scale, Motor Excess subscale of the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist, and the Nervous-Overactive subscale of the Child Behavior Checklist-Teacher Rating Form are significantly and substantially intercorrelated, thereby supporting their construct validity. Additional large significant correlations between all three ratings and measured activity (steps per hour) further support the concurrent validity of activity ratings by teachers. However, important discrepancies exist between rated and measured activity for a substantial proportion of the boys. This finding strongly suggests that a second opinion be obtained through a 2-week behavioral sample using an activity measuring instrument, especially when concemn exists over excessive activity prior to reaching diagnostic and/or treatment conclusions.
On the Inapproximability of Disjoint Paths and Minimum Steiner Forest with Bandwidth Constraints

In this paper, we study the inapproximability of several well-known optimization problems in network optimization. We show-that the max directed vertex-disjoint paths problem cannot be approximated within ratio 2log1? n unless NP? DTIME2polylogn, the max directed edge-disjoint paths problem cannot be approximated within ratio 2log1? n unless NP? DTIME2polylogn, the integer multicommodity flow problem in directed graphs cannot be approximated within ratio 2log1? n unless NP? DTIME2polylogn, the max undirected vertex-disjoint paths problem does not have a polynomial time approximation scheme unless P=NP, and the minimum Steiner forest with bandwidth constraints problem cannot be approximated within ratio exp(poly(n)) unless P=NP.
Improving the dietary intake of under nourished older people in residential care homes using an energy-enriching food approach: a cluster randomised controlled study.

BACKGROUND To examine whether the nutritional status of aged undernourished residents in care could be improved through dietary modification to increase energy intake but not portion size. METHODS A 12-week cluster randomised controlled trial was carried out in 21 residential care homes. Participants comprised undernourished residents with a body mass index (BMI) <18.5 kg m(-2) . All menus were analysed to evaluate nutrient provision. Energy and macronutrient intakes of undernourished residents were estimated using 3-day weighed food intake diaries. Those resident in homes randomised to intervention had their usual meals enriched with energy-dense foods to a maximum of +1673 kJ day(-1) . RESULTS Of 445 residents screened, 41 (9%) had a BMI <18.5 kg m(-2) and entered the study. Despite adequate food provision, energy and macronutrient intakes were below UK dietary reference values. Mean (SEM) energy intake increased [+556 (372) kJ, P = 0.154] in residents allocated to intervention but fell in those residents in 'control homes' receiving usual care [-151 (351) kJ, P = 0.676]. Weight change [+1.3 (0.53) kg, P = 0.03] was seen in intervention residents but not in controls [-0.2 (1.5) kg, P = 0.536]. Between-group differences for changes in weight and energy intake were not significant (P = 0.08 and 0.20, respectively). Six residents allocated to the intervention increased their BMI >18.5 kg m(-2) (P = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS Achieving weight gain in frail older people is difficult. These results suggest that enriching food could help address undernutrition and slow chronic weight loss. Interventions of a longer duration are needed to confirm or exclude the value of food enrichment.
Biogeosciences Coastal hypoxia and sediment biogeochemistry

The intensity, duration and frequency of coastal hypoxia (oxygen concentration <63μM) are increasing due to human alteration of coastal ecosystems and changes in oceanographic conditions due to global warming. Here we provide a concise review of the consequences of coastal hypoxia for sediment biogeochemistry. Changes in bottomwater oxygen levels have consequences for early diagenetic pathways (more anaerobic at expense of aerobic pathways), the efficiency of re-oxidation of reduced metabolites and the nature, direction and magnitude of sediment-water exchange fluxes. Hypoxia may also lead to more organic matter accumulation and burial and the organic matter eventually buried is also of higher quality, i.e. less degraded. Bottom-water oxygen levels also affect the organisms involved in organic matter processing with the contribution of metazoans decreasing as oxygen levels drop. Hypoxia has a significant effect on benthic animals with the consequences that ecosystem functions related to macrofauna such as bio-irrigation and bioturbation are significantly affected by hypoxia as well. Since many microbes and microbial-mediated biogeochemical processes depend on animal-induced transport processes (e.g. re-oxidation of particulate reduced sulphur and denitrification), there are indirect hypoxia effects on biogeochemistry via the benthos. Severe long-lasting hypoxia and anoxia may result in the accumulation of reduced compounds in sediments and elimination of macrobenthic communities with the consequences that biogeochemical properties during trajectories of decreasing and increasing oxygen may be different (hysteresis) with consequences for coastal ecosystem dynamics. Correspondence to: J. J. Middelburg (j.middelburg@nioo.knaw.nl)
Global music city: knowledge and geographical proximity in London's recorded music industry

Drawing from debates in economic geography on relational and organisational proximity as a substitute for geographical proximity, the paper explores characteristics of knowledge transfer in London’s recorded music industry through an examination of organisational connections on local and global scales. The paper demonstrates that knowledge transfer within the industry occurs simultaneously across multiple geographical scales, with certain organisational connections facilitating the transfer of tacit knowledge across organisational boundaries. However, the paper argues that these connections do not offer the same scope for trust as is afforded by frequent face-to-face contact and therefore offer only a partial substitute for geographical proximity.
Beyond Teaching Methods: A Complexity Approach

A complexivist perspective to teaching critiques the commonplace teaching "methods" and illuminates alternative approaches to teaching and teacher preparation. Focusing on system growth, the mutual influence of systems on one another, and nonlinear connectedness of systems, this paper defines four important components to teaching: A need for mutual influence among teachers, students, the content being taught and the curriculum; enculturation into a scholarly community; reflection on the part of teachers and students; and a need for teacher improvisation. The implication of these components for teacher preparation is then examined.
Big wars, little wars, and theory construction

I argue that there is no a priori ground for claiming that a general theory of all wars is preferable to separate theories of big wars and little wars, or vice‐versa. The analytical distinction between “big” war and “little” war is excessively vague and devoid of empirical content, and it begs the more important question of what typologies of wars (if any) are most useful for the purposes of theory construction. Moreover, the relative utility of a single or separate theories depends on the specific question one wishes to answer, on the theory one constructs for that purpose, and on the tradeoffs one is willing to make among different criteria of theory evaluation. The tradeoffs between the parsimony and analytic power of a theory and its descriptive accuracy and predictive power are particularly important. These tradeoffs cannot be made in the abstract, for they require an evaluation of the degree of empirical support of each theory as well as its analytic power.
Jaffee v. Redmond's Impact: Life After the Supreme Court's Recognition of a Psychotherapist-Patient Privilege

The United States Supreme Court's recognition of a psychotherapist-patient privilege in its 1996 decision in Jaffee v. Redmond was assumed by many mental health professionals to signal an era of greater legal respect for the work of psychotherapists and the importance of protecting therapist-patient communications from judicial intrusion. In this article, the authors review the short-term impact of Jaffee and offer strategies for therapists to address concerns with the confidentiality of therapist—pat ient communications. When the United States Supreme Court rendered its decision in Jaffee v. Redmond (1996), many mental health professionals expressed relief that the Court had recognized both the existence and the importance of a privilege limiting judicially compelled disclosure of therapist-patient communications (DeBell & Jones, 1997; Remley, Herlihy, & Herlihy, 1997). Three years have passed since that decision, providing the opportunity to examine, in the shortterm, how the Court's recognition of a psychotherapist-patient privilege has changed the law and affected psychological practice. This article addresses the legal legacy of Jaffee, assesses its impact on confidentiali ty and privilege for psychotherapy, and offers strategies for therapists to address these issues in therapy. Although the Court's decision recognizing a psychotherapistpatient privilege reinforces the critical role of mental health care, practically, its impact on the law and psychological practice is limited by numerous factors. Jaffee v. Redmond (1996) only addresses the law of privilege in cases tried in federal court governed by the Federal Rules of Evidence (1975). It has no legal authority in state court cases, where most psychotherapist-patient privilege
Sirtuins: The ‘magnificent seven’, function, metabolism and longevity

The sirtuin family of histone deacetylases (HDACs) was named after their homology to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene silent information regulator 2 (Sir2). In the yeast, Sir2 has been shown to mediate the effects of calorie restriction on the extension of life span and high levels of Sir2 activity promote longevity. Like their yeast homologs, the mammalian sirtuins (SIRT1‐7) are class III HDACs and require NAD+ as a cofactor to deacetylate substrates ranging from histones to transcriptional regulators. Through this activity, sirtuins are shown to regulate important biological processes ranging from apoptosis, adipocyte and muscle differentiation, and energy expenditure to gluconeogenesis. We review here the current knowledge regarding the role of sirtuins in metabolism, longevity, and discuss the possible therapeutic applications that could result from the understanding of their function in different organs and pathologies.
Investigating the efficacy of concept mapping with pupils with autistic spectrum disorder

Pupils with autism often present significant challenges to teachers. They seem to have real strengths in visual processing but a cognitive style that encourages them to focus on detail rather than the overarching connections between concepts. Veronica Roberts, currently undertaking doctoral training at the Institute of Education, University of London, in order to become an educational psychologist, and Richard Joiner, senior lecturer in the Department of Psychology at the University of Bath, set out to explore these issues. In this article, they report the outcomes of a naturalistic experiment in which they investigated the utility of concept mapping as an educational strategy with pupils diagnosed with an autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). Theoretical arguments supporting the use of concept mapping with an autistic population are outlined in the paper. A tutor group of ten pupils with ASD, aged between 11 and 14 years, took part in the study. Concept mapping tasks were integrated within National Curriculum science lessons in collaboration with the school's science teacher. The study found that the increase in pupil performance in subject-specific questionnaires was nearly four times greater in the concept mapping condition than after a more conventional teaching intervention. Veronica Roberts and Richard Joiner tentatively draw out the implications of their work for staff who work with pupils with ASD and make recommendations for further research into the use of these learning strategies.
THE VALUE OF SCMC IN SLA: COMMENTS ON LIN, HUANG & LIOU (2013)

Alan M. Taylor, Brigham Young University-Idaho Meta-analytic methods are often used to determine the effectiveness of certain treatments across studies. However, we are often unaware of how a meta-analysis can provide value to researchers and practitioners. This paper offers a brief commentary on a meta-analysis conducted by Lin, Huang and Liou (2013) in LLT, providing further statistical evidence of the importance of their results.
Examining the Davidson’s Model via an exercise variable in individuals with intellectual disabilities

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the psychological affect of walking exercise as measured by electroencephalogram (EEG) resting frontal asymmetry in persons with ID. Methods: Resting EEG frontal asymmetry (F4-F3) was collected from twelve participants to represent affective responsiveness pre and post a 20-minute treadmill walking exercise at moderate intensity. Results: The association between frontal asymmetry and reported RPE is evident. In addition, the decreased frontal asymmetry from pre-exercise to post-exercise indicates their decreased affect to walking exercise. Conclusions: Resting EEG frontal asymmetry was reflective of affective repsonsivity to exercise in persons with ID. Our finding is not consistent with previous research in the typical population who showed increased frontal brain asymmetry after exercise. The decreased experience of affect pronounced after 20-minute brisk treadmill walking in persons with ID may explain their low motivation to exercise adherence. Therefore, extra motivating factors, such as music or challenging task maybe needed to accomplish exercise and its related benefits in persons with ID.
Multidimensional Assessment of Religiousness/Spirituality and Health Behaviors in College Students

Research has demonstrated a positive relation between particular religious/spiritual variables and health behaviors and outcomes. However, recent conceptualizations of religiousness/spirituality (R/S) and health acknowledge the multidimensionality of both constructs. Consequently, it is important to study these constructs in ways that allow for simultaneous consideration of their multiple dimensions and then determine relations between the latent higher order constructs formed by these analyses. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the relations between multidimensional constructions, based on multivariate analysis, of both R/S and health behaviors in first- and second-year college students, individuals who are at a time of transition. To achieve this aim, the authors used canonical correlation to determine if one or more latent R/S variables might be identified and associated with one or more latent health behavior variables. Participants were 266 first- and second-year undergraduates (61% female; M age = 18.6 years) who completed measures of R/S and health behaviors. Results indicated one significant canonical correlation relating the latent variable named Relational Personal Spirituality positively with the second latent variable, Healthy College Behavior. These findings suggest the need for multidimensional assessment and multivariate analysis of both R/S and health behaviors and support further exploration of the role of personal spirituality in promoting healthier behaviors among college students.
A Paradigm for Learning Queries on Big Data

Specifying a database query using a formal query language is typically a challenging task for non-expert users. In the context of big data, this problem becomes even harder as it requires the users to deal with database instances of big sizes and hence difficult to visualize. Such instances usually lack a schema to help the users specify their queries, or have an incomplete schema as they come from disparate data sources. In this paper, we propose a novel paradigm for interactive learning of queries on big data, without assuming any knowledge of the database schema. The paradigm can be applied to different database models and a class of queries adequate to the database model. In particular, in this paper we present two instantiations that validated the proposed paradigm for learning relational join queries and for learning path queries on graph databases. Finally, we discuss the challenges of employing the paradigm for further data models and for learning cross-model schema mappings.
Missing data imputation for spectral audio signals

With the recent attention to audio processing in the time -frequency domain we increasingly encounter the problem of missing data. In this paper we present an approach that allows for imputing missing values in the time-frequency domain of audio signals. The presented approach is able to deal with real-world polyphonic signals by performing imputation even in the presence of complex mixtures. We show that this approach outperforms generic imputation approaches, and we present a variety of situations that highlight its utility.
Diversity and overlap of parvalbumin and somatostatin expressing interneurons in mouse presubiculum

The presubiculum, located between hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, plays a fundamental role in representing spatial information, notably head direction. Little is known about GABAergic interneurons of this region. Here, we used three transgenic mouse lines, Pvalb-Cre, Sst-Cre, and X98, to examine distinct interneurons labeled with tdTomato or green fluorescent protein. The distribution of interneurons in presubicular lamina for each animal line was compared to that in the GAD67-GFP knock-in animal line. Labeling was specific in the Pvalb-Cre line with 87% of labeled interneurons immunopositive for parvalbumin (PV). Immunostaining for somatostatin (SOM) revealed good specificity in the X98 line with 89% of fluorescent cells, but a lesser specificity in Sst-Cre animals where only 71% of labeled cells were immunopositive. A minority of ∼6% of interneurons co-expressed PV and SOM in the presubiculum of Sst-Cre animals. The electrophysiological and morphological properties of fluorescent interneurons from Pvalb-Cre, Sst-Cre, and X98 mice differed. Distinct physiological groups of presubicular interneurons were resolved by unsupervised cluster analysis of parameters describing passive properties, firing patterns and AP shapes. One group consisted of SOM-positive, Martinotti type neurons with a low firing threshold (cluster 1). Fast spiking basket cells, mainly from the Pvalb-Cre line, formed a distinct group (cluster 3). Another group (cluster 2) contained interneurons of intermediate electrical properties and basket-cell like morphologies. These labeled neurons were recorded from both Sst-Cre and Pvalb-Cre animals. Thus, our results reveal a wide variation in anatomical and physiological properties for these interneurons, a real overlap of interneurons immuno-positive for both PV and SOM as well as an off-target recombination in the Sst-Cre line, possibly linked to maternal cre inheritance.