Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Novel Rules Extraction Method Based on Clustering Analysis

Clustering is a method of unsupervised learning, and a common technique for statistical data analysis used in many fields, including machine learning, data mining, pattern recognition, image analysis and bioinformaticsa novel algorithm based on clustering to extract rules from neural networks is proposed. After neural networks have been trained and pruned successfully, inner-rules are generated by discrete activation values of hidden units. According to discrete activation values of this hidden unit, cluster weights from input units to it. The incremental rules are extracted and the existing rule set is updated based on this algorithm. The result shows this method is quite valuable.
Biomechanical risk factors and mechanisms of knee injury in golfers

Knee injuries in golf comprise approximately 8% of all injuries, and are considered to result from overuse, technical faults or a combination of those factors. This review examines factors involved in injury, including the structure of the knee joint, kinematics and kinetics of the golf swing, forces sustained by knee joint structures and the potential for joint injury as well as injury prevention strategies. The golf swing generates forces and torques which tend to cause internal or external rotation of the tibia on the femur, and these are resisted by the knee ligaments and menisci. Research has shown that both maximum muscle forces and the forces sustained during a golf swing are less than that required to cause damage to the ligaments. However, the complex motion of the golf swing, involving both substantial forces and ranges of rotational movement, demands good technique if the player is to avoid injuring their knee joint. Most knee injury in golf is likely related to joint laxity, previous injuries or arthritis, and such damage may be exacerbated by problems in technique or overuse. In addition to appropriate coaching, strategies to remedy discomfort include specific exercise programmes, external bracing, orthotics and equipment choices.
Two similar but atypical strains of coryneform group A-4 isolated from patients with endophthalmitis

Corynebacterium species and other coryneform organisms isolated from clinical specimens are frequently considered contaminants. We isolated two strains of a gram-positive organism from the vitreous fluid of two patients with endophthalmitis who had previously received intraocular lens transplants. The biochemical characteristics and gas chromatographic patterns of both isolates were similar to those of coryneform group A-4 strains. Major differences included esculin hydrolysis, nitrate reduction, growth pigment, and lactic acid production. These two strains along with a limited number of strains collected at the Special Bacterial Pathogens Laboratory (Division of Bacterial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga.) may represent a subgroup of coryneform group A-4. Results of in vitro susceptibility testing performed with antimicrobial agents commonly used to treat patients with bacterial endophthalmitis underscore the importance of determining MBCs for slow-growing organisms. This report cautions microbiologists not to discard organisms frequently considered contaminants when isolated from body fluids that are normally sterile and from patients receiving local steroids.
Formation control of heterogeneous agents over directed graphs

This paper studies the formation control problem of a leader-follower heterogeneous network, for which some agents can freely fly in a 3D space while others are confined in a 2D space. The sensing graph is assumed to be directed and the onboard local coordinate systems associated with the agents may not be coincident with each other. More specifically, the agents may have aligned z-axis but hold inconsistent x and y axes due to the absence of a common sense about north. This paper develops a distributed formation control law that solves the formation control problem for a leader-follower heterogeneous network without relying on a common coordinate system. Moreover, it is shown that the proposed control law guarantees global convergence towards any desired formation shape as long as certain graph connectivity conditions hold. Simulation results are provided to validate our control law.
Botswana Early Childhood Educators’ Perceptions on Factors associated with the Inclusion of Children with Disabilities

Abstract. The study examines the perception of Early Childhood Educators’ (ECEds) on factors associated with the inclusion of children with disabilities in Early Childhood Education (ECE) settings in Botswana. ECEds (128) completed a Support Scale for Preschool Inclusion (SSPI) to air their views regarding the necessary/available factors for the inclusion of Children With Disabilities (CWD) in ECE settings. Findings of the study revealed that factors like principal support, family involvement, appropriate materials, peer acceptance of CWD, knowledge and skills about curriculum adaptation/ implementation, promoting positive interaction among children, positive attitudes of school personnel for inclusion, and a few others were considered necessary by ECDs; believed that most of them were not available in ECE settings; and in-service training, extra time for collaboration and reduced class size were least available. The findings suggested professional development of ECEds along with additional in service training necessary for successful inclusion of young CWD in ECE settings of Botswana. Keyword: Inclusion, Early Childhood Education, Children with disabilities, Inclusive Education, Botswana
A Riemannian Stopping Criterion for Unsupervised Phonetic Segmentation

With the availability of large and heterogeneous corpora of untranscribed speech we have recently seen regained interest for algorithms to perform automatic segmentation of such data into acoustically homogeneous or phonetic units. In this paper, we face the problem of phonetic segmentation under a hierarchical clustering (HC) framework. Concretely, we focus on the task of automatically estimating the optimum number of segments in speech data. For this purpose we present aRiemannian stopping criterion that is able to automatically stop the HC processing when it is close to the underlying number of phonetic segments while providing a lower variance(robust) estimation of the optimal number of segments. We test the proposed criterion using TIMIT data and show that it outperforms previous approaches obtaining a significantly lower over/under-segmentation variance by 46, 1% relative and average improvement of 0:14 compared to a previously proposed approach. We also show that the proposed method is robust in automatically finding the correct number of segments under data source variations.
Inversion and sensitivity analysis of Ground Penetrating Radar data with waveguide dispersion using deterministic and Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) has found widespread application for the non-invasive characterization of the subsurface. Nevertheless, the interpretation of GPR measurements remains difficult in some cases, particularly when the subsurface contains thin horizontal layers with contrasting dielectric properties that might act as waveguides for electromagnetic wave propagation. GPR data affected by waveguide dispersion are typically interpreted using the socalled dispersion curve, which describes the phase velocity as a function of frequency. These dispersion curves are commonly analyzed with deterministic optimization algorithms and which return dielectric properties of the subsurface as well as the location and depth of the respective soil layers. Unfortunately, current state-of-the-artinversion methods do not provide estimates of the associated uncertainty of the inferred subsurface properties. Here, we apply a Bayesian inversion methodology using the recently developed DiffeRential Evolution Adaptive Metropolis DREAM(ZS) algorithm. This Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation method is admirably suited to estimate (nonlinear) parameter uncertainty and treat measurement error explicitly. Analysis of synthetic GPR data showed that the frequency range used in the inversion has an important influence on the estimated values of the parameters. This is related to the parameter sensitivity that varies with frequency. Our results also demonstrate that measurement errors of the dispersion curve are frequency dependent, and that the estimated model parameters become severely biased if this error is not properly treated. We demonstrate how frequency dependent measurement errors can be estimated jointly with the model parameters using the DREAM(ZS) algorithm. The posterior distribution of the model parameters derived this way compared well with inversion results for a reduced frequency bandwidth which is another method to reduce the bias introduce through measurement error. Altogether, the inversion procedure presented herein provides an objective methodology for analysis of dispersive GPR data, and appropriately treats measurement error and
Refinement of an Educational Toolkit to Promote Cervical Cancer Screening among Hispanic Immigrant Women in Rural Southern Georgia

Cervical cancer incidence and mortality continue to affect Hispanic women in the U.S. disproportionately. Our project sought to refine a cervical cancer intervention designed for use by community health workers, or promotoras, in rural southern Georgia. We collaborated with Hispanic promotoras to refine a Spanish language educational flipchart featuring cervical cancer topic areas for use in screening promotion.
Teaching, learning and leading in today’s complex world: reaching new heights with a developmental approach

‘What is happening in education today? ’ and ‘What is most needed for the future of teaching, learning and leading? ’ This article presents a developmental approach to learning, leadership and advancing professional learning—one that takes into account adults’ diverse meaning making processes—that can help educators build the internal capacities needed to meet the mounting challenges that define education today. The increasingly complex demands of our current world call for greater internal capacities that many adults do not yet have. To be more effectively equipped to teach, learn and lead in today’s world, we need to learn how to support each other’s growth and learning as well as our own, employ practices that support such growth and learn to collaborate and work together in teams in ways that help us to meet the implicit and explicit demands that we encounter every day in our work and that enable us to grow. In order for these to occur, we must create conditions that nurture such growth. This article helps us to do this by discussing the following: (1) Understanding that, as adults, we make meaning in qualitatively different ways; (2) Being mindful of the kinds of standards that can guide professional learning (all of which involve collaboration and teamwork); (3) Recognizing the need to differentiate the kinds of developmental supports and challenges that we offer to each other in order to support growth; and (4) Employing pillar practices (i.e. teaming, providing adults with leadership roles, inviting adults to engage in collegial inquiry and mentoring) with developmental intentionality so that we can grow internal capacities while engaging in these practices.
Testing the Purchasing Power Parity Hypothesis for the New Member and Candidate Countries of the European Union: Evidence from Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Tests with Structural Breaks

This paper investigates the validity of purchasing power parity (PPP) for the eleven Central and East European transition countries and three market economy countries, Cyprus, Malta, and Turkey. Unlike previous studies on PPP, this study uses Lagrange multiplier (LM) unit root tests that incorporate structural breaks in the data series. The findings indicate that in cases of one and two structural breaks, for a U.S. dollar-based real exchange rate series, there is little evidence supporting the validity of PPP. For a deutsche mark-based real exchange rate series, for the cases of both one and two breaks, there is evidence of stationarity of real exchange rates for eight sample countries, which is consistent with PPP. The results also indicate that the estimated half-life of a shock to the real exchange rate ranges from 1.25 (15.05 months) to 2.72 (32.72 months) years across countries. The empirical findings may provide direction for policy makers to coordinate monetary policies for the process of European monetary integration.
Transcriptome Profile of Human Colorectal Adenomas

Colorectal cancers are believed to arise predominantly from adenomas. Although these precancerous lesions have been subjected to extensive clinical, pathologic, and molecular analyses, little is currently known about the global gene expression changes accompanying their formation. To characterize the molecular processes underlying the transformation of normal colonic epithelium, we compared the transcriptomes of 32 prospectively collected adenomas with those of normal mucosa from the same individuals. Important differences emerged not only between the expression profiles of normal and adenomatous tissues but also between those of small and large adenomas. A key feature of the transformation process was the remodeling of the Wnt pathway reflected in patent overexpression and underexpression of 78 known components of this signaling cascade. The expression of 19 Wnt targets was closely correlated with clear up-regulation of KIAA1199, whose function is currently unknown. In normal mucosa, KIAA1199 expression was confined to cells in the lower portion of intestinal crypts, where Wnt signaling is physiologically active, but it was markedly increased in all adenomas, where it was expressed in most of the epithelial cells, and in colon cancer cell lines, it was markedly reduced by inactivation of the β-catenin/T-cell factor(s) transcription complex, the pivotal mediator of Wnt signaling. Our transcriptomic profiles of normal colonic mucosa and colorectal adenomas shed new light on the early stages of colorectal tumorigenesis and identified KIAA1199 as a novel target of the Wnt signaling pathway and a putative marker of colorectal adenomatous transformation. (Mol Cancer Res 2007;5(12):1263–75)
Note-Taking Instruction for College Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder

ABSTRACT Using a multiple baseline across participants design, this study examines the functional relationship between instruction in note-taking skills and the ability of young adults with autism spectrum disorder to take notes on college lectures. The three participants were enrolled in a program aligned with the Higher Education Opportunity Act (Public Law 110-315) to support students with significant cognitive disabilities in attending community college classes. All had graduated high school on a special diploma status and had mild cognitive disabilities. Despite some variability in performance during baseline (when only the note-taking template was introduced), all three students demonstrated increased performance during intervention when they were taught skills such as distinguishing between subtopics and details, paraphrasing, and using abbreviations and symbols. Participants’ improvements were maintained after the intervention instruction stopped. Participant Tau-U effect sizes ranged from 0.67 to 1.00, and the weighted average Tau-U effect size was 0.88 (CI95 = 0.53 to 1.24). The discussion addresses implications for the postsecondary participation of students with autism spectrum disorder as well as possible changes needed in their secondary education.
The balance of forward and backward hippocampal sequences shifts across behavioral states

Place cell firing patterns in the rat hippocampus are often organized as sequences. Sequences falling within cycles of the theta (6–10 Hz) local field potential (LFP) oscillation represent segments of ongoing behavioral trajectories. Sequences expressed during sharp wave ripple (SWR) complexes represent spatial trajectories through the environment, in both the same direction as actual trajectories (forward sequences) and in an ordering opposite that of behavior (backward sequences). Although hippocampal sequences could fulfill unique functional roles depending on the direction of the sequence and the animal's state when the sequence occurs, quantitative comparisons of sequence direction across behavioral and physiological states within the same experiment, employing consistent methodology, are lacking. Here, we used cross‐correlation and Bayesian decoding to measure the direction of hippocampal sequences in rats during active behavior, awake rest and slow‐wave sleep. During pretask sleep, few sequences were detected in either direction. Sequences within theta cycles during active behavior were overwhelmingly forward. Sequences during quiescent moments of behavior were both forward and backward, in equal proportion. During postbehavior sleep, sequences were again expressed in both directions, but significantly more forward than backward sequences were detected. The shift in the balance of sequence direction could reflect changing functional demands on the hippocampal network across behavioral and physiological states. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Frontal Face Detection Based on Skin Color Segmentation and Partial Face Classifier

This paper proposes a frontal face detection system based on skin color segmentation and partial face classifier. Firstly, the non-skin color pixels in the input image are removed by the skin color classifier which uses the mixed color model in RGB and CbCr spaces. Secondly, possible face block positions are detected by using the face detector which consists of the partial face classifier and the facial structure test. The experimental result for the proposed face detection system showed 95.3% detection rate.
A spatially and temporally explicit risk assessment for salmon from a prey base exposed to agricultural insecticides

This risk assessment applied a framework for determining probable co‐occurrence of juvenile spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) with agricultural pesticides in the Willamette Basin, Oregon (Teply et al. this issue ) to characterize risk to the threatened population. The assessment accounted for spatial and temporal distribution of 6 acetylcholinesterase‐inhibiting insecticides in salmonid habitat within the basin and their relative contributions to mixture toxicity estimated from chemical monitoring data. The 6 insecticides were chlorpyrifos, diazinon, malathion, carbaryl, carbofuran, and methomyl. Seasonal distributions of the juvenile salmon prey base across the basin were determined and compared to co‐occurrence with the insecticide mixture to determine the probability of prey reduction and reduced production of juvenile fish. Probability of effect on freshwater aquatic invertebrates was based on acute toxicity species sensitivity distributions (normalized to the most potent compound, chlorpyrifos) using a novel approach to apply the toxicological concept of concentration addition to species sensitivity distributions with differing slopes. The chlorpyrifos distribution was then used to determine relative sensitivity among various species tested within the important taxa making up the prey base. A prey base index was devised, incorporating diet composition and prey availability, to evaluate the indirect effects of the insecticide mixture on juvenile salmon production occurring as a result of a reduction in the prey base. Our analysis targeted fish use of backwater and off‐channel habitat units, because they generally coincide with agricultural lands in lowlands and represent shallow habitat with limited water exchange. The percentage of agricultural land use within 300 m of critical habitat stream reaches was used to scale chemical measurement data from a site with high agricultural land use across the full extent of the basin to provide estimates of chemical exposure in each reach. Seasonal impacts were evaluated from mean monthly concentrations. Stressor impact on 5 key taxa was evaluated at each time step and for each reach, and the outcome was compared to a conservation threshold assigned to the prey base index. Only 13% of juveniles reared in backwater, off‐channel habitat within 300 m of agricultural land. Percent reduction of carrying capacity as a consequence of reduced prey was estimated to be 5% over the entire brood year. This can be considered lost capacity that is probably compensated elsewhere via increased occupancy (emigration to other habitat units within the reach), which is not accounted for in the model. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2012; 8: 285–300. © 2011 SETAC
The IBM System/360 model 91: machine philosophy and instruction-handling

The System/360 Model 91 central processing unit provides internal computational performance oneto two orders of magnitude greater than that of the IBM 7090 Data Processing Systemt hrough a combination of advancements in machine organization, circuit design, and hardware packaging. The circuits employed will switch at speeds of less than 3 nsec, and the circuit environment is such that delay is approximately 5 nsec per circuit level. Organizationally, primary emphasis is placed on (1) alleviating the disparity between storage time and circuit speed, and (2) the development of high speed floating-point arithmetic algorithms. This paper deals mainly with item (1) of the organization. A design is described which improves the ratio of storage bandwidth and access time to cycle time through the use of storage interleaving and CPU buffer registers. It is shown that history recording (the retention of complete instruction loops in the CPU) reduces the need to exercise storage, and that sophisticated employment of buffering techniques has reducedt he effective access time. The system is organized so that execution hardware is separated fromth e instruction unit; the resulting smaller, semiautonomous "packages" improve intra-area communication.
Tumor rejection requires a CTLA4 ligand provided by the host or expressed on the tumor: superiority of B7-1 over B7-2 for active tumor immunization.

Although transfection to express any of a multitude of immunomodulatory molecules can lead to the rejection of murine tumors in vivo, it is not clear which of these cofactors are truly important for the induction of tumor-specific CTL. Examination of the costimuli used by the host immune response during the normal rejection of immunogenic tumors should reveal critical cofactors for CTL differentiation in vivo. The involvement of a host B7 family costimulator molecule in the rejection of immunogenic tum- variants of the mastocytoma P815 was explored. Rejection of immunogenic P815 variants was prevented by mCTLA4 gamma 3, a fusion protein between the extracellular domain of murine CTLA4 and the Fc portion of a murine IgG3 Ab, indicating the importance of a CTLA4 ligand provided by the host in the rejection of B7- tumors. Tumor rejection also was prevented by mCTLA4 gamma 3 in the absence of CD4+ cells, suggesting that CD8+ lymphocytes may receive direct costimulation by B7 in vivo. Finally, although living transfectants of poorly immunogenic P1.HTR cells expressing B7-1 or B7-2 were equally rejected by syngeneic mice, if delivered as multiple injections of irradiated cells, only B7-1 transfectants successfully induced CTL activity and protected against living tumor challenge. Our results indicate that a CTLA4 ligand is normally involved in the generation of CD8+ CTL against tumor Ag and suggest that immunization with irradiated B7-1-transfected tumor cells may be superior to immunization with irradiated B7-2 transfectants as an approach to tumor Ag vaccination in patients.