Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Change in objectively measured physical activity during the transition to adolescence

Background Physical activity (PA) declines during adolescence but change in different PA intensities across population subgroups is rarely explored. We describe change in sedentary (SED) time, light (LPA), moderate (MPA) and vigorous PA (VPA) assessed at three time points over 4 years. Methods Accelerometer-assessed PA (min) was obtained at baseline (N=2064), 1 and 4 years later among British children (baseline mean±SD 10.2±0.3-year-old; 42.5% male). Change in SED (<100 counts/min (cpm)), LPA (101–1999 cpm), MPA (2000–3999 cpm) and VPA (≥4000 cpm) was studied using three-level (age, individual and school) mixed-effects linear regression including participants with data at ≥2 time points (N=990). Differences in change by sex, home location and weight status were explored with interactions for SED, LPA and moderate and vigorous PA (MVPA). Results SED increased by 10.6 (95% CI 9.1 to 12.2) min/day/year. MPA and VPA decreased by 1.4 (1.0 to 1.8) and 1.5 (1.1 to 1.8) min/day/year, respectively. VPA decreased more than MPA as a percentage of the baseline value. MVPA declined more steeply among boys (3.9 (3.0 to 4.8)) versus girls (2.0 (1.2 to 2.7) min/day/year) despite lower MVPA among girls at all ages; rural (4.4 (3.5 to 5.2)) versus urban individuals (1.3 (0.4 to 2.3) min/day/year) and on weekends (6.7 (5.2 to 8.1)) versus weekdays (2.8 (1.9 to 3.7) min/day/year). MVPA was consistently lower among overweight/obese individuals (−17.5 (−3.9 to −2.5) min/day/year). Conclusions PA decreases and is replaced by SED during early adolescence in British youth. Results indicate the urgency of PA promotion among all adolescents but especially girls and in rural areas. Increasing VPA and targeting PA promotion during weekends appear important.
Guest Editorial, part of a Special Feature on Exploring Resilience in Social-Ecological Systems Exploring Resilience in Social-Ecological Systems Through Comparative Studies and Theory Development: Introduction to the Special Issue

This special issue of Ecology and Society on exploring resilience in social-ecological systems draws together insights from comparisons of 15 case studies conducted during two Resilience Alliance workshops in 2003 and 2004. As such, it represents our current understanding of resilience theory and the issues encountered in our attempts to apply it.
Static, Dynamic and Incremental MAC Combined Approach for Storage Integrity Protection

Storage systems are more distributed and more subject to attacks. One basic security requirement is to authenticate the stored data. This paper describes SDI-MAC, a static, dynamic and incremental MAC combined approach to guarantee end-to-end data integrity to clients in distributed data storage environment. SDI-MAC associates two different integrity codes to different granularities of the stored data, applies incremental conversion between the two different kinds of integrity codes, and enhances the ability of MAC based data authentication to resist against replay attack. At last, SDI-MAC can make balance among performance, cost and security. Related approach and system implementation are elaborated, as well as testing results. Theoretical analysis and experimental simulations show that it is a practical and available way to realize data authentication of network storage system.
The Involvement of SMILE/TMTC3 in Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response

Background Thestate of operational tolerance has been detected sporadically in some renal transplanted patients that stopped immunosuppressive drugs, demonstrating that allograft tolerance might exist in humans. Several years ago, a study by Brouard et al. identified a molecular signature of several genes that were significantly differentially expressed in the blood of such patients compared with patients with other clinical situations. The aim of the present study is to analyze the role of one of these molecules over-expressed in the blood of operationally tolerant patients, SMILE or TMTC3, a protein whose function is still unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings We first confirmed that SMILE mRNA is differentially expressed in the blood of operationally tolerant patients with drug-free long term graft function compared to stable and rejecting patients. Using a yeast two-hybrid approach and a colocalization study by confocal microscopy we furthermore report an interaction of SMILE with PDIA3, a molecule resident in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In accordance with this observation, SMILE silencing in HeLa cells correlated with the modulation of several transcripts involved in proteolysis and a decrease in proteasome activity. Finally, SMILE silencing increased HeLa cell sensitivity to the proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib, a drug that induces ER stress via protein overload, and increased transcript expression of a stress response protein, XBP-1, in HeLa cells and keratinocytes. Conclusion/Significance In this study we showed that SMILE is involved in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response, by modulating proteasome activity and XBP-1 transcript expression. This function of SMILE may influence immune cell behavior in the context of transplantation, and the analysis of endoplasmic reticulum stress in transplantation may reveal new pathways of regulation in long-term graft acceptance thereby increasing our understanding of tolerance.
Nasal Administration of Stem Cells: A Promising Novel Route to Treat Neonatal Ischemic Brain Damage

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation is a promising therapy to regenerate the brain after an ischemic event. We investigated the possibility to use the nasal route as a noninvasive method to repair the neonatal damaged brain. Nine-day-old mice underwent cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (HI), and MSCs were transplanted intranasally 10 d after HI. At 28 d after HI, MSCs were still present in the affected hemisphere but had not differentiated into cerebral cell types. Intranasal MSC treatment significantly improved sensorimotor function in the cylinder rearing test at 21 and 28 d after HI. Furthermore, intranasal MSC treatment decreased gray and white matter area loss when determined 28 d after HI by 34 and 37%, respectively. MSC cultured in vitro with brain extracts obtained 10 d after HI, responded to the ischemic brain by up-regulation of several growth factors, including fibroblast growth factor 2 and nerve growth factor in comparison with brain extracts of sham-operated controls. In conclusion, MSC can reliably be delivered to the brain via the nasal route to induce functional recovery and a reduction in brain lesion size. We propose that MSC function by stimulating endogenous cerebral repair by adapting their secretion profile to the ischemic brain leading to up-regulation of repair promoting factors.
First molecular detection and genetic analysis of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in shelter cats in Seoul , Korea

Article history: Received 5 May 2016 Received in revised form 25 October 2016 Accepted 28 October 2016 Available online 29 October 2016 Here, we report themolecular detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in shelter cats in Korea and the relationships between A. phagocytophilum gene sequences and the pathogenicity, region, and host specificity of this bacterium. Two (0.9%) out of 222 shelter cats from Seoul, Korea, yielded positive results for the A. phagocytophilum 16S rRNA, groEL, andmsp2 genes. Phylogenetic analysis divided groEL gene sequences into two groups (alanine and serine), based on their nucleotide and amino acid sequences. A. phagocytophilum msp2 gene sequences were grouped per the region of isolation (Europe vs. USA, including Korea). Some nucleotide and amino acid sequences of groEL and msp2 showed distinctive patterns according to the region of isolation, which helped in distinguishing A. phagocytophilum gene sequences detected in Korea from those detected in the USA and Europe. Although the limited number of clinical anaplasmosis cases caused by A. phagocytophilum belonging to the alanine group prevents any firm conclusions, the results of the present study tend to refute the previous view that the pathogenicity of A. phagocytophilum is associated with the serine group. Moreover, our results suggest that genetic analyses of groEL and msp2 can be used to obtain a regional fingerprint of A. phagocytophilum. © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
What targets for international development policies are appropriate for improving health in Russia?

BACKGROUND The OECD countries and the United Nations have agreed to co-ordinate their work around a series of International Development Targets. The targets for health are based on improvements in infant, child and maternal mortality. Progress towards these goals will be used to assess the effectiveness of development policies. OBJECTIVES To assess the potential impact of achievement of the International Development Targets on health in Russia, and to identify possible alternatives that may be more relevant to transition countries. DESIGN The study covered the population of the Russian Federation from 1995-99. The effects of reducing infant, child and maternal mortality on Russian life expectancy at birth were modelled using construction of life tables. Three scenarios were modelled, reducing rates to those of the best performing regions in Russia, those required to achieve the International Development Targets and current UK rates. The results were compared with the effect on life expectancy at birth of policies to reduce adult mortality in different ways. RESULTS Achieving the International Development Targets for infant, child and maternal mortality (66.7 and 75% reductions) will contribute very little to improving life expectancy in Russia (0.96 years). In contrast, even a 20% reduction in adult mortality would give rise to an increase in male life expectancy at birth of 1.86 years. CONCLUSION Targets for health improvement in transition countries such as Russia should take account of adult mortality as well as the indicators contained in the International Development Targets.
The Effects of Mobility on Multicast Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Performance evaluation of ad hoc routing protocols typically depends on simulation, since the deployment of ad hoc networks is still relatively rare. However, past evaluations of multicast routing protocols have utilized a single, simple mobility model, and thus do not capture the variety of mobility patterns likely to be exhibited by ad hoc applications. In this paper, we explore the impact of several different mobility models on multicast routing performance, using techniques that have been demonstrated to be effective for unicast routing protocols. We demonstrate that three key mobility metrics help to explain the performance variations that we observe for flooding, ODMRP, and ADMR. In addition, we study a high density, high traffic scenario and find that ODMRP copes with this extreme situation much better than ADMR.
Phylogenetic analysis of platelet-derived growth factor by radio- receptor assay

Competition between 125I-labeled platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and unlabeled PDGF forms the basis of a specific "radio-receptor assay" for quantifying PDGF in clotted blood serum. Human clotted blood serum contains 15 ng/ml of PDGF by radio-receptor assay; this corresponds to a PDGF content of approximately 7.5 x 10(-5) pg per circulating platelet, a figure which is corroborated by purification data. Clotted blood sera from mammals, lower vertebrates and marine invertebrates were screened for homologues of human PDGF by radio-receptor assay. All tested specimens from phylum Chordata contain a mitogenic agent that competes with human PDGF for receptor binding. Sera from tunicates down on the chordate line of evolution and sera from all tested animals on the arthropod line of development were negative. The phylogenetic distribution of PDGF homologue does not correlate with platelet distribution since platelets and their precursor cell--the bone marrow megacaryocyte--are unique to the mammalian hematopoietic system. One anatomical feature appearing coordinately with PDGF on the vertebrate line of development is a pressurized circulatory system. The coincidental appearance of these features may lend support to the hypothesis that PDGF plays a role in maintenance and repair of the vascular lining in vivo.
Phonological Acquisition in Optimality Theory: the Early Stages Phonological Acquisition in Optimality Theory: the Early Stages

* Abstract Recent experimental work indicates that by the age of ten months, infants have already learned a great deal about the phonotactics (legal sounds and sound sequences) of their language. This learning occurs before infants can utter words or apprehend most phonological alternations. I will show that this early learning stage can be modeled with Optimality Theory. Specifically, the Markedness and Faithfulness constraints can be ranked so as to characterize the phonotactics, even when no information about morphology or phonological alternations is yet available. Later on, the information acquired in infancy can help the child in coming to grips with the alternation pattern. I also propose a procedure for undoing some learning errors that are likely to occur at the earliest stages. There are two formal proposals. One is a constraint ranking algorithm, based closely on Tesar and Smolensky's Constraint Demotion, which mimics the early, " phonotactics only " form of learning seen in infants. I illustrate the algorithm's effectiveness by having it learn the phonotactic pattern of a simplified language modeled on Korean. The other proposal is that there are three distinct default rankings for phonological constraints: low for ordinary Faithfulness (used in learning phonotactics); low for Faithfulness to adult forms (in the child's own production system); and high for output-to-output correspondence constraints. and Johns Hopkins. All are absolved from any remaining shortcomings. Prince and Tesar (1999/this volume) was composed simultaneously with, but independently from, the present paper. The authors present a proposal about phonotactic learning that is quite similar to what is proposed here. In clarifying and focusing the original version of this paper (Hayes 1999c) for the present volume I have benefited considerably from reading Prince and Tesar's work. For a comparison of the ranking algorithms proposed in the two papers, see Appendix A.
An Efficient Approach for Real Time Tracking of Intruder and Abandoned Object in Video Surveillance System

Object Detection and Intruder detection is one of the important tasks in video surveillance system. This paper proposes an integrated approach for the tracking of abandoned and unknown objects using background subtraction and morphological filtering. The aim of the approach is to automatically recognize activities around restricted area to improve safety and security of the servicing area by multiplexing hundreds of video streams in real time. The tracking module takes as input per camera tracking and recognition results and fuses these into object estimation. A novel algorithm for object tracking in video pictures, based on image segmentation is proposed. With the image segmentation all objects in images can be detected whether they are moving or not by using image segmentation results of successive frames. Consequently, the proposed algorithm can be applied to multiple movements. The algorithm was tested on real time video surveillance system and it produces very low false alarms and missing detection. This approach definitely provides security and detects the moving object in real time video sequence and live video streaming.
Making sure services deliver for people with advanced heart failure: a longitudinal qualitative study of patients, family carers, and health professionals

The objective of this study was to evaluate the key components of services for people with advanced heart failure from multiple perspectives and recommend how care might be delivered in line with UK policies on long-term conditions, palliative and end-of-life care. Serial interviews were conducted over 2 years with patients, case-linked family carers and professionals (n =162); followed by four focus groups involving patients, carers and key professionals (n =32). There were 36 patients with advanced heart failure, 30 family carers and 62 professionals included in the study from a UK health region with various heart failure care models. Participants confirmed the value of a key health professional coordinating care, holistic assessment and regular monitoring. A lack of time and resources due to competing priorities in primary care, failure to respond to the fluctuations of a heart failure illness trajectory, concerns about the balance between direct care from specialist nurses or a more advisory role and difficulty in judging when to move towards palliative care hindered consistent access to proactive care. A heart failure care framework, with key stages and service responses, was developed. We conclude that patients with long-term conditions needing palliative care should be identified and managed using pragmatic criteria that include a proactive shift in care goals.
p600 Plays Essential Roles in Fetal Development

p600 is a multifunctional protein implicated in cytoskeletal organization, integrin-mediated survival signaling, calcium-calmodulin signaling and the N-end rule pathway of ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated proteolysis. While push, the Drosophila counterpart of p600, is dispensable for development up to adult stage, the role of p600 has not been studied during mouse development. Here we generated p600 knockout mice to investigate the in vivo functions of p600. Interestingly, we found that homozygous deletion of p600 results in lethality between embryonic days 11.5 and 13.5 with severe defects in both embryo and placenta. Since p600 is required for placental development, we performed conditional disruption of p600, which deletes selectively p600 in the embryo but not in the placenta. The conditional mutant embryos survive longer than knockout embryos but ultimately die before embryonic day 14.5. The mutant embryos display severe cardiac problems characterized by ventricular septal defects and thin ventricular walls. These anomalies are associated with reduced activation of FAK and decreased expression of MEF2, which is regulated by FAK and plays a crucial role in cardiac development. Moreover, we observed pleiotropic defects in the liver and brain. In sum, our study sheds light on the essential roles of p600 in fetal development.
Improving the Routine Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Value of Tight Control

Evidence is mounting that adopting a tight control approach to the management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) yields superior clinical outcomes including inhibition of progressive structural damage. While this approach has been successfully implemented in other chronic diseases, such as diabetes, its use in RA is less straightforward as there is not a simple “gold standard” measure for disease activity. A key component of the tight control approach is the availability of easily implemented and clinically relevant assessment measures of disease activity that allow physicians to monitor progress toward preset goals. This article summarizes the evidence from clinical trials demonstrating the benefits of achieving tight control and surveys the instruments available to assess patient progress in a consistent manner. A case study clearly demonstrates the benefits of the tight control approach in routine clinical practice.
Synaptic sodium spikes trigger long‐lasting depolarizations and slow calcium entry in rat olfactory bulb granule cells

In the mammalian olfactory bulb, axonless granule cells mediate self‐ and lateral inhibitory interactions between mitral/tufted cells via reciprocal dendrodendritic synapses. Synaptic output from granule cells occurs on both fast and slow timescales, allowing for multiple granule cell functions during olfactory processing. We find that granule cell sodium action potentials evoked by synaptic activation of the sensory input via mitral/tufted cells are followed by a long‐lasting depolarization that is not observed after current‐evoked action potentials or large excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the same cell. Using two‐photon imaging in acute rat brain slices, we demonstrate that this prolonged electrical response is paralleled by an unusual, long‐lasting postsynaptic calcium signal. We find that this slow synaptic Ca2+ signal requires sequential activation of NMDA receptors, a nonselective cation conductance ICAN and T‐type voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels. Remarkably, T‐type Ca2+ channels are of critical importance for the ‘globalization’ of Ca2+ transients. In individual active spines, the local synaptic Ca2+ signal summates at least linearly with the global spike‐mediated Ca2+ signal. We suggest that this robust slow synaptic Ca2+ signal triggers dendritic transmitter release and thus contributes to slow synaptic output of the granule cell. Therefore, the synaptic sodium spike signal could represent a special adaptation of granule cells to the wide range of temporal requirements for their dendritic output. Our findings demonstrate with respect to neuronal communication in general that action potentials evoked by somatic current injection may lack some of the information content of ‘true’ synaptically evoked spikes.
Endoscopic Detection of Small Bowel Dysplasia and Adenocarcinoma in Crohn’s Disease: A Prospective Cohort-Study in High-Risk Patients

Background and Aims: Crohn’s disease [CD] is associated with an increased risk of small bowel adenocarcinoma [SBA]. There are no recommendations on endoscopic screening of SBA in CD patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and value of endoscopic screening for SBA in CD patients at high-risk of SBA. Methods: We performed an exploratory multi-centre study in a prospective cohort of CD patients at high-risk of SBA defined as long-term small bowel disease without bowel resection for the past 10 years. Depending on the location of the disease, baseline upper and/or lower enteroscopies were performed. Random and targeted biopsies using chromoendoscopy were taken. Patients were followed-up for at least 1 year after inclusion. Results: In total, 101 patients [62 men; median age: 48 years; median duration of disease: 19 years] were recruited in ten centres. The endoscopic procedure was incomplete in 47 cases because of impassable strictures and dilation was performed in four patients. Indeterminate small bowel dysplasia was identified in two patients at endoscopic screening; SBA was confirmed in one after surgical resection. With an at least 1-year follow-up duration, two additional cases of SBA were identified in patients who underwent surgery for obstruction, resulting in a 33% sensitivity rate for SBA endoscopic screening. Conclusion: In a cohort of high-risk patients, the prevalence of dysplasia and SBA on CD was 4%. Because of its low sensitivity, endoscopic screening cannot be recommended for surveillance in CD patients at high-risk of SBA.