Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neural changes when actions change: Adaptation of strong and weak expectations

Repeated experiences with an event create the expectation that subsequent events will expose an analog structure. These spontaneous expectations rely on an internal model of the event that results from learning. But what happens when events change? Do experience‐based internal models get adapted instantaneously, or is model adaptation a function of the solidity of, i.e., familiarity with, the corresponding internal model? The present fMRI study investigated the effects of model solidity on model adaptation in an action observation paradigm. Subjects were made acquainted with a set of action movies that displayed an altered script when encountered again in the scanning session. We found model adaptation to result in an attenuation of the premotor‐parietal network for action observation. Model solidity was found to modulate activation in the parahippocampal gyrus and the anterior cerebellar lobules, where increased solidity correlated with activity increase. Finally, the comparison between early and late stages of learning indicated an effect of model solidity on adaptation rate. This contrast revealed the involvement of a fronto‐mesial network of Brodmann area 10 and the ACC in those states of learning that were signified by high model solidity, no matter if the memorized original or the altered action model was the more solid component. Findings suggest that the revision of an internal model is dependent on its familiarity. Unwarranted adaptations, but also perseverations may thus be prevented. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detection of metabolites in rabbit brain by 13C NMR spectroscopy following administration of [1‐13C]glucose

1H‐decoupled 13C NMR spectra (20.2 MHz) of the living rabbit brain were collected with a surface coil following the intravenous infusion of [1‐13C]glucose. Within 15 min of infusion, the α and β anomers of glucose were detected and, shortly thereafter, the carbon atoms at positions C4, C3, and C2 of glutamate and(or) glutamine. After reductions of inspired oxygen from 30 to 5%, lactate C3 was detected. The intensity of the lactate resonance rose progressively during hypoxia and later fell during recovery with oxygen. The 13C fractional isotopic enrichment of arterial blood glucose was measured by 1H NMR providing information on the rate and extent of blood glucose labeling. © 1986 Academic Press, Inc.
Data Processing and Algorithm Analysis of Vehicle Path Planning Based on Wireless Sensor Network

Optimizing the path planning to reduce the time and cost is an essential consideration in modern society, and existing research has mostly concentrated on static path planning and real-time data information in vehicle navigational applications. Using dynamic path planning to adjust and update the path information in time is a challenging approach to reduce road congestion and traffic accidents. In this paper, we present a data analysis algorithm that determines an efficient dynamic path for vehicle repair-scrap sites and navigates more flexibly to avoid obstacles, where the key idea is to design the sensor wireless network that helps to obtain data from different devices. Firstly, the data processing scheme for real-time data with regional cluster and node division can be obtained from different sensor devices through the wireless senor network. Secondly, the search space and the relevant road information are restricted to a strongly connected graph. The most important strategy for an optimal solution to find the shortest path is the search method. Finally, to validate the performance of our design and algorithm, we have conducted a simulation based on necessary traffic variables. The performance simulation results show that real-time dynamic path planning can be significantly optimized using our data processing scheme.
An Asynchronous Encryption Arithmetic Based on Laguerre Chaotic Neural Networks

Based on best square approximation theory, new feed-forward neural networks are introduced where hidden units activation functions employ Laguerre orthogonal polynomials. Use these neural networks as the identifier model of the chaotic time series. Then, by varying the chaotic initial value and inputting to the networks, can produce new chaotic series, which are close to the theoretical values. We extract a subsequence as same length as the plaintext from the chaotic series and sort it. At last, by permuting the plaintext according to the sorted results of the subsequence, we can achieve the ciphertext. In the encryption system, the security of it depends completely on the complexity and unpredictability of the chaos. Especially, by varying the chaotic initial value, we can implement asynchronous “one-time pad cipher” encryption. The theoretical analysis and encryption instances proved that our arithmetic is useful, simple and high security, and it also has many advantages that a synchronous system can never achieve.
A Prospective Study of the Prevalence of Tuberculosis and Bacteraemia in Bangladeshi Children with Severe Malnutrition and Pneumonia Including an Evaluation of Xpert MTB/RIF Assay

Background Severe malnutrition is a risk factor for pneumonia due to a wide range of pathogens but aetiological data are limited and the role of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is uncertain. Methods We prospectively investigated severely malnourished young children (<5 years) with radiological pneumonia admitted over a 15-month period. Investigations included blood culture, sputa for microscopy and mycobacterial culture. Xpert MTB/RIF assay was introduced during the study. Study children were followed for 12 weeks following their discharge from the hospital. Results 405 eligible children were enrolled, with a median age of 10 months. Bacterial pathogens were isolated from blood culture in 18 (4.4%) children, of which 72% were Gram negatives. Tuberculosis was confirmed microbiologically in 7% (27/396) of children that provided sputum - 10 by culture, 21 by Xpert MTB/RIF assay, and 4 by both tests. The diagnostic yield from induced sputum was 6% compared to 3.5% from gastric aspirate. Sixty (16%) additional children had tuberculosis diagnosed clinically that was not microbiologically confirmed. Most confirmed tuberculosis cases did not have a positive contact history or positive tuberculin test. The sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF assay compared to culture was 67% (95% CI: 24–94) and 92% (95% CI: 87–95) respectively. Overall case-fatality rate was 17% and half of the deaths occurred in home following discharge from the hospital. Conclusion and Significance TB was common in severely malnourished Bangladeshi children with pneumonia. X-pert MTB/RIF assay provided higher case detection rate compared to sputum microscopy and culture. The high mortality among the study children underscores the need for further research aimed at improved case detection and management for better outcomes.
The Pix pilus adhesin of the uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain X2194 (O2 : K(-): H6) is related to Pap pili but exhibits a truncated regulatory region.

Adhesins provide a major advantage for uropathogenic Escherichia coli in establishing urinary tract infections (UTIs). A novel gene cluster responsible for the expression of a filamentous adhesin of the pyelonephritogenic E. coli strain X2194 has been identified, molecularly cloned, and characterized. The 'pix operon' contains eight open reading frames which exhibit significant sequence homology to corresponding genes in the pap operon encoding P pili, the prevalent E. coli adhesins in non-obstructive acute pyelonephritis in humans. Although a pixB gene corresponding to the PapB regulator was identified, a papI homologue could not be found in the pix operon. Instead, a fragment of the R6 gene of the highly uropathogenic E. coli strain CFT073 was identified upstream of pixB. The R6 gene is located in a pathogenicity island containing several pilus-encoding sequences and shows homology to a transposase of Chelatobacter heintzii. In a pixA-lacZ fusion system it was demonstrated that the expression of Pix pili is regulated at the transcriptional level by the R6 gene sequence. A significantly reduced transcription was observed by deleting this fragment and by lowering the growth temperature from 37 to 26 degrees C. In contrast to other filamentous adhesin systems, Pix pili are mainly expressed in the steady state growth phase and were not repressed by the addition of glucose.
Relational spirituality and depression among married couples in Antigua

ABSTRACT The World Health Organization indicates depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide. At the same time researchers have found religion/spirituality is inversely associated with depression. However, the mechanisms by which spirituality/religion impacts mental health have not been clearly identified particularly in non-western populations. Relational spirituality is a concept that focuses attention on the ways people relate to the sacred. This study examines whether different ways of relating to the sacred are implicated in levels of depression and whether marital partners affect each other’s level of relational spirituality and depression. Ninety-one (n = 91) married heterosexual couples in the Caribbean Island of Antigua completed measures of relational spirituality and depression. Data were analysed using path analysis and through Actor Partner Interdependence Model methods. Results of the analysis showed wives’ and husbands’ depression scores covaried (COV = 6.59, Pearson r = .28, p < .05). Three dimensions of relational spirituality predicted wives increased depression low disappointment scores (β = −.24, unstandardised B = −3.23, se = 1.30), and higher instability scores (β = .49, unstandardised B = 5.46, se = .96). The husbands’ disappointment (β = .21, unstandardised B = 2.17, se = .95) and instability (β = .54, unstandardised B = 4.65, se = .72) were positively related to their depression scores. The results demonstrate relational spirituality is a useful framework for addressing depression in individuals as well as married couples.
Tracing Arab-Islamic Inheritance in Madagascar: Study of the Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA in the Antemoro

Madagascar is located at the crossroads of the Asian and African worlds and is therefore of particular interest for studies on human population migration. Within the large human diversity of the Great Island, we focused our study on a particular ethnic group, the Antemoro. Their culture presents an important Arab-Islamic influence, but the question of an Arab biological inheritance remains unresolved. We analyzed paternal (n=129) and maternal (n=135) lineages of this ethnic group. Although the majority of Antemoro genetic ancestry comes from sub-Saharan African and Southeast Asian gene pools, we observed in their paternal lineages two specific haplogroups (J1 and T1) linked to Middle Eastern origins. This inheritance was restricted to some Antemoro sub-groups. Statistical analyses tended to confirm significant Middle Eastern genetic contribution. This study gives a new perspective to the large human genetic diversity in Madagascar.
Effects of Long-term Consumption of a Fermented Infant Formula (with Bifidobacterium breve c50 and Streptococcus thermophilus 065) on Acute Diarrhea in Healthy Infants

Objective: To determine whether long-term consumption of a fermented infant formula could influence the incidence of acute diarrhea and its severity in healthy infants. Method: Nine hundred seventy-one infants, ranging in age from 4 to 6 months, were included in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial during a period of 5 months. They consumed daily either a fermented infant formula (FF) (fermentation with Bifidobacterium breve C50 and Streptococcus thermophilus 065) or a standard infant formula (SF) of the same nutritional composition. Evaluation Criteria: Number and duration of acute diarrhea episodes were evaluated. Severity of the episodes was determined by the number of hospital admissions, incidence of dehydration, number of medical consultations, number of oral rehydration solution prescriptions, and number of formula switches. Results: Growth of the infants and acceptability of the formulas were identical in the two groups. Incidence, duration of diarrhea episodes, and number of hospital admissions did not differ significantly between groups. Episodes were less severe in the FF (fermented formula) group. There were fewer cases of dehydration 2.5%versus 6.1% (P = 0.01), fewer medical consultations (46%v 56.6%, P = 0.003), fewer ORS prescriptions 41.9%v 51.9% (P = 0.003) and fewer switches to other formulas (59.5%v 74.9%, P = 0.0001) in FF infants compared to SF. Conclusion: A fermented formula may reduce the severity of acute diarrhea among healthy young infants. This outcome may be linked to the bifidogenic effects of fermentation products and their interactions with the intestinal immune system.
Developing an Approach for Why-Question Answering

In the current project, we aim at developing an approach for automatically answering why-questions. We created a data collection for research, development and evaluation of a method for automatically answering why-questions (why-QA) The resulting collection comprises 395 why-questions. For each question, the source document and one or two user-formulated answers are available in the data set. The resulting data set is of importance for our research and it will contribute to and stimulate other research in the field of why-QA. We developed a question analysis method for why-questions, based on syntactic categorization and answer type determination. The quality of the output of this module is promising for future development of our method for why-QA.
Link-time optimization of address calculation on a 64-bit architecture

Compilers for new machines with 64-bit addresses must generate code that works when the memory used by the program is large. Procedures and global variables are accessed indirectly via global address tables, and calling conventions include code to establish the addressability of the appropriate tables. In the common case of a program that does not require a lot of memory, all of this can be simplified considerably, with a corresponding reduction in program size and execution time. We have used our link-time code modification system OM to perform program transformations related to global address use on the Alpha AXP. Though simple, many of these arewhole-program optimizations that can be done only when we can see the entire program at once, so link-time is an ideal occasion to perform them. This paper describes the optimizations performed and shows their effects on program size and performance. Relatively modest transformations, possible without moving code, improve the performance of SPEC benchmarks by an average of 1.5%. More ambitious transformations, requiring an understanding of program structure that is thorough but not difficult at link-time, can do even better, reducing program size by 10% or more, and improving performance by an average of 3.8%. Even a program compiled monolithically with interprocedural optimization can benefit nearly as much from this technique, if it contains statically-linked pre-compiled library code. When the benchmark sources were compiled in this way, we were still able to improve their performance by 1.35% with the modest transformations and 3.4% with the ambitious transformations.
Definability of Truth in Probabilistic Logic ( Early draft )

The first and most popular is to work with meta-languages. For any language L we may form a new language by adding a predicate True, which acts only on sentences of L (i.e., sentences without the symbol True) and satisfies property 1. We can iterate this construction to obtain an infinite sequence of languages L1, L2, . , each of which contains the preceding language’s truth predicate. ∗UC Berkeley. Email: paulfchristiano@eecs.berkeley. edu †Machine Intelligence Research Institute ‡Google §Google
Linkage Disequilibrium Mapping of CHEK2: Common Variation and Breast Cancer Risk

Background Checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) averts cancer development by promoting cell cycle arrest and activating DNA repair in genetically damaged cells. Previous investigation has established a role for the CHEK2 gene in breast cancer aetiology, but studies have largely been limited to the rare 1100delC mutation. Whether common polymorphisms in this gene influence breast cancer risk remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to assess the importance of common CHEK2 variants on population risk for breast cancer by capturing the majority of diversity in the gene using haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tagSNPs). Methods and Findings We analyzed 14 common SNPs spanning 52 kilobases (kb) of the CHEK2 gene in 92 Swedish women. Coverage evaluation indicated that these typed SNPs would efficiently convey association signal also from untyped SNPs in the same region. Six of the 14 SNPs predicted well both the haplotypic and single SNP variations within CHEK2. We genotyped these six tagSNPs in 1,577 postmenopausal breast cancer cases and 1,513 population controls, but found no convincing association between any common CHEK2 haplotype and breast cancer risk. The 1100delC mutation was rare in our Swedish population—0.7% in cases and 0.4% in controls—with a corresponding odds ratio for carriers versus noncarriers of 2.26 (95% confidence interval, 0.99–5.15). Estimates of the population frequency and the odds ratio of 1100delC indicate that our sample is representative of a Northern European population. Conclusions Notwithstanding the involvement of the CHEK2 gene in breast cancer aetiology, we show that common polymorphisms do not influence postmenopausal breast cancer risk.
Delay Stability Regions of the Max-Weight Policy under Heavy-Tailed Traffic

We carry out a delay stability analysis (i.e., determine conditions under which expected steady-state delays at a queue are finite) for a simple 3-queue system operated under the Max-Weight scheduling policy, for the case where one of the queues is fed by heavy-tailed traffic (i.e, when the number of arrivals at each time slot has infinite second moment). This particular system exemplifies an intricate phenomenon whereby heavy-tailed traffic at one queue may or may not result in the delay instability of another queue, depending on the arrival rates. While the ordinary stability region (in the sense of convergence to a steady-state distribution) is straightforward to determine, the determination of the delay stability region is more involved: (i) we use "fluid-type" sample path arguments, combined with renewal theory, to prove delay instability outside a certain region; (ii) we use a piecewise linear Lyapunov function to prove delay stability in the interior of that same region; (iii) as an intermediate step in establishing delay stability, we show that the expected workload of a stable M/GI/1 queue scales with time as $\mathcal{O}(t^{1/(1+\gamma)})$, assuming that service times have a finite $1+\gamma$ moment, where $\gamma \in (0,1)$.
Nonlinear Robust Observers for State-of-Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Cells Based on a Reduced Electrochemical Model

Advanced battery management systems rely on accurate cell- or module-level state-of-charge (SOC) information for effective control, monitoring, and diagnostics. Electrochemical models provide arguably the most accurate and detailed information about the SOC of lithium-ion cells. In this brief, two nonlinear observer designs are presented based on a reduced order electrochemical model. Both observers consist of a Luenberger term acting on nominal errors and a variable structure term for handling model uncertainty. Using Lyapunov's direct method, the design of the Luenberger term in each observer is formulated as a linear matrix inequality problem, whereas the variable structure term is designed assuming uncertainty bounds. Simulation and experimental studies are included to demonstrate the performance of the proposed observers.
Reply to “Comments on ‘A Convolution and Product Theorem for the Linear Canonical Transform’”

In this letter, we reply to the comment regarding our recent report on filtering. The authors found that two kinds of filtering methods are essentially the same . However, we will demonstrate that the multiplicative filter in the linear canonical transform (LCT) domain is carried out easily using our convolution structure. Considering the designing of filter, firstly, we can easily convert the multiplicative filter in the LCT domain to the time domain using our formula. Secondly, we can easily implement with hardware unit though our filtering model. Lastly, we present a simple example to illustrate the advantage of our convolution structure.
The functions of structural priming

Structural priming refers to speakers’ tendency to produce sentences with previously heard or produced syntactic structures. We review arguments and evidence for three common accounts of the functions of structural priming. One is that structural priming enhances fluency. Only some (reaction time and fluency measure) evidence supports this view. A second account argues that structural priming stems from implicit learning of how features of meaning are linked to syntactic configurations. We describe evidence suggesting that structural priming exhibits effects characteristic of both learning and implicitness. A third account claims that structural priming is an aspect of coordination or alignment among interlocutors. Consistent with this, some evidence shows that structural priming involves a shorter-term component that is broadly sensitive to repeated bindings of wide-ranging types of knowledge. Together, these observations suggest that structural priming is likely a multifaceted force that reflects implicit learning and, possibly independently, alignment among interlocutors.
Integrating Text and Face Detection for Finding Informative Poster Frames

Digital video is rapidly becoming an important source of information and entertainment, and is used in a host of multimedia applications. With the size of digital video collections growing to many thousands of hours, technology is needed to allow rapid browsing of videos. One way to summarize a video is to select poster frames to represent segments of the video. Previous techniques for extracting poster frames were based on scene segmentation, using color histograms or optical flow. To provide more informative poster frames, this work combines algorithms for extracting image content, specifically faces and on-screen text, with existing scene segmentation technology.
Open instructional design

Without prudent application of Instructional Design, the process of learning simply boils down to an optimistic experimentation rather than an enlightened guidance. Predominantly, learners are not exposed to the instructional design process that the instructor followed to rationalize the resultant pedagogy. In fact, learners are led to believe that learning is a by-product of effective exposure to instructional material and instructional activities. We challenge the utility and sustainability of such a belief and advance that learners be allowed to inspect the instructional design processes adapted by the course designer and the chosen instructional design product, and use them as a guideline for a better understanding of their learning. First, we discuss arguments in favour of opening up the instructional design process to learners and outline results obtained from a study that allowed learners to investigate the theory of self-regulated learning as the underlying instructional design. Second, we present a consultative process that engages learners and instructors to collaborate in the construction of the instructional design.