Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Baseline Intrusion Detection Framework for 6LoWPAN Devices

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is working on 6LoW-PAN standard which allows smart devices to be connected to Internet using large address space of IPV6. 6LoWPAN acts as a bridge between resource constrained devices and the Internet. The entire IoT space is vulnerable to local threats as well as the threats from the Internet. Due to the random deployment of the network nodes and the absence of tamper resistant shield, the resource constrained IoT elements face potential insider attacks even in presence of front line defense mechanism that involved cryptographic protocols. To detect such insidious nodes, an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is required as a second line of defense. In this paper, we attempt to analyze such potential insider attacks, while reviewing the IDS based countermeasures. We attempt to propose a baseline for designing IDS for 6LoWPAN based IoT system.
LOCALIZATION BASED ON MATCHING LOCATION OF AGV

Localization is a critical issue in mobile vehicles. Mobile vehicles must know its position and orientation in order to movement to reach the goals precisely. In this paper, we describe localization techniques for AGV that is based on the principle of Kalman Filtering (KF) algorithm estimation. This paper addresses the problems of factory navigation and modelling with focus on keeping automatic travelling along the control path of the AGV. AGV path is generated by cubic polynomial trajectory and stored in memory. Position and orientation is measured by using encoder sensor on driving and steering axes. We develop the control and localization system. Reference path and observation measurement are matched. To keep track of the matching result of both positions, the estimated location information used to update the vehicle’s position by using the Kalman Filtering (KF) algorithm. The proposed algorithm is verified by simulation using Matlab software and implemented on PLC TSX micro from SCHNEIDER. The implemented program is written by PL7 Pro using Grafcet techniques.
Changing the guard or moving the deckchairs: political change and performance change in English local government

A large body of literature has emerged on the determinants of public service performance in recent years, but so far this has concentrated on managerial factors. By contrast, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the impact of political systems in general or political parties in particular. While party effects on expenditure and taxation have been tested extensively, the relationship between party control and public service performance has not been examined. With this paper we make a contribution to both literatures by assessing whether politics matters for the service performance of local authorities in England. Does the party in control of the council make any difference to the quality of public services and citizen satisfaction, and does performance improve or deteriorate when one ruling party replaces another? We develop three theoretical models: (i) the ‘ideological parties’ model which conventionally suggests that ‘left’ parties will be associated with better public services (ii) the ‘instrumental’ model which implies that all parties are vote maximisers, and (iii) the ‘mixed’ model which suggests that party ideologies come into play only if the majority on the council is sufficiently large as to make the next election appear uncompetitive. We test hypotheses about control and changes in control against a five-year panel of all English upper-tier local authorities. Our findings provide partial support for the mixed model, but with the twist that ‘right’ party control is linked with better public services. Conservative control and change to Conservative control tend to be associated with higher performance and satisfaction, but only if the Conservative majority is sufficiently small to pose a threat of loss of office at the next council election. 1 Author order is alphabetical: all make an equal contribution to the paper. We thank the ESRC Public Services Programme for support.
Transmission Mechanism of Monetary Policy in Romania. Insights into the Economic Crisis

The paper analyzes the monetary policy transmission mechanism in Romania focusing on the exchange rate channel. The analysis is made in the context of an economy described by a mix of institutional and market behaviors illustrated by a SVAR model in which the restrictions imposed on the coefficients underline the adopted behavior hypotheses. The behavior of the four economic variables, as reflected by the SVAR analysis, is consistent with the measures adopted by the National Bank of Romania after the 2008 economic crisis. In this respect, the results underline three main aspects: 1) the importance of the interest rate channel; 2) the key role of demand, and of stimulating the demand through the right economic measures; 3) the complex impact of the exchange rate channel.
Dynamical Modeling of the Demographic Prisoner’s Dilemma

Abstract: Epstein (1998) demonstrates that in the demographic Prisoner's Dilemma game it is possible to sustain cooperation in a repeated game played on a finite grid, where agents are spatially distributed and of fixed strategy type ('cooperate' or'defect') . We introduce a methodology to formalize the dynamical equations for a population of agents distributed in space and in wealth, which form a system similar to the reaction-diffusion type. We determine conditions for stable zones of sustained cooperation in a one-dimensional version of the model. Defectors are forced out of cooperation zones due to a congestion effect, and accumulate at the boundaries. ;
Network Intrusion Detection using Selected Data Mining Approaches: A Review

Due to the rapid progress in network technologies, easy availability of the internet and lower cost of mobile devices with wireless network connection facility, the number of internet users is increasing at an exponential rate now-a-days, so does the number of intrusion. Despite the implausible advancement in Information Technology, Intrusion Detection has remained as one of the biggest challenges encountered by network security specialists. Data mining can play a vital role in addressing this issue. In this paper, some selected data mining algorithms available for Network Intrusion Detection have been reviewed, such asSupport Vector Machine, KNearest Neighbor, Naïve Bayesian Classifier, Decision tree Algorithm (C4.5), Genetic Algorithm, Logistic Regression, Artificial Neural network, K-means clustering, EM algorithm, Fuzzy Logic and Hidden Markov Chain; along with addressing the advantages and disadvantages of each of them. General Terms Network Security, Data Mining Algorithms
Exploring the Assumed Benefits of Global Software Development

In existing global software development (GSD) literature, much focus has been on identifying the challenges that practitioners may face (such as socio-cultural and temporal distance issues), while potential benefits have not been extensively analyzed. We reverse this trend by studying these potential benefits. We question whether they are well-founded assumptions and whether they are attainable in practice. This paper presents findings from a multi-case study at three multi-national companies that have extensive experience in GSD. We identify the benefits mentioned in GSD literature, analyze them with regards to the companies' experiences and then conclude whether or not each benefit is being realized in practice. Our findings reveal that the realization of the assumed benefits cannot be simply taken for granted
Runtime Data Declustering based on Bandwidth-on-Demand and its Evaluation over SAN-connected PC cluster

Clusters of computers are used in large scale server sites recently, because of their good scalability and cost/performance ratio. In addition, Storage Area Network (SAN) is introduced in order to consolidate back end of such systems. I/O-bottleneck is serious problem in such an environment, because some important data-intensive applications often access part of data concurrently and repeatedly through SAN. In order to resolve this problem, an idea of “Bandwidth-on-Demand” is introduced in this paper. Runtime declustering middleware based on this idea is implemented on SAN-connected PC cluster, and evaluated with data mining application. According to the results of experiments, an overhead of this middleware is trivial, and I/O-bottleneck problem is resolved after declustering is completed, therefore, preferably good performance improvement is achieved. The runtime declustering middleware achieves better performance improvement especially when the number of nodes used in the cluster is large, because I/O-bottleneck problem becomes serious in such a case. Furthermore, data migration after declustering costs minimal overhead.
Edinburgh Research Explorer Interaction between Path and Type Constraints

XML [7], which is emerging as an important standard for data exchange on the World-Wide Web, highlights the importance of semistructured data. Although the XML standard itself does not require any schema or type system, a number of proposals [6, 17, 19] have been developed that roughly correspond to data de(cid:12)nition languages. These allow one to constrain the structure of XML data by imposing a schema on it. These and other proposals also advocate the need for integrity constraints, another form of constraints that should, for example, be capable of expressing inclusion constraints and inverse relationships. The latter have recently been studied as path constraints in the context of semistructured data [4, 9]. It is likely that future XML proposals will involve both forms of constraints, and it is therefore appropriate to understand the interaction between them. This paper investigates that interaction. In particular it studies constraint implication problems, which are important both in understanding the semantics of type/constraint systems and in query optimization. A number of results on path constraint implication are established in the presence and absence of type systems. These results demonstrate that adding a type system may in some cases simplify reasoning about path constraints and in other cases make it harder. For example, it is shown that there is a path constraint implication problem that is decidable in PTIME in the untyped context, but that becomes undecidable when a type system is added. On the other hand, there is an implication problem that is undecidable in the untyped context, but becomes not only decidable in cubic time but also (cid:12)nitely axiomatizable when a type system is imposed.
Algorithm Research for Mining Maximal Frequent Itemsets Based on Item Constraints

Frequent item mining has been extensively used in association rules mining. The goal of frequent itemset mining is to discover all the itemsets whose supports in the database exceed a user-specified threshold. However, it often generates a large number of candidate itemset, which reduce the e¿ectiveness of the mining algorithms. Constraint-based mining enables users to provide restraints on mining their interested association rules and can greatly improve the e¿ciency of mining tasks. In this paper, we propose a fast constraint-based algorithm for mining maximal frequent itemsets. The algorithm introduces item-constraints into the Eclat algorithm, and adopts itemset extension pruning strategy to prun search space. Empirical evaluation showed that the algorithm is very e¿ective and can solve the lack of constrained frequent itemsets algorithm in mining long pattern and intensive database.
Convergence in mammalian nucleus of solitary tract during development and functional differentiation of salt taste circuits

To determine the type and extent of neural rearrangements that are made during functional differentiation of circuits for salt taste processing, we determined receptive field size and salt response characteristics of second-order taste cells in 3 age groups of sheep. Neurophysiological recordings were made from single cells in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) in fetal, perinatal, and postnatal sheep. Responses to NH4Cl, NaCl, and KCl were measured, and location and number of fungiform papillae in the receptive field were determined by stimulating individual papillae with anodal electrical current. The data are compared with previous, parallel measures from chorda tympani nerve afferent taste fibers to permit conclusions about convergence or divergence onto second-order cells. Receptive field size of second- order taste neurons increases during development, in contrast to the decrease in field size observed previously for chorda tympani nerve fibers during the same period. Furthermore, receptive fields of second- order cells are significantly larger than those of first-order fibers at perinatal and lamb ages, but not fetal. Thus, there is convergence of first-order taste afferents onto brain-stem neurons, and the convergence increases remarkably between fetal and perinatal periods. Associated with the increase in convergence are increased salt response frequencies relative to afferent fibers for NaCl in perinatal animals and lambs, and for KCl in lambs. The increase in frequencies occurs before NST neurons are functionally mature, as indicated by the rapid response adaptation of many cells in young animals. Convergence in NST during development apparently functions to maximize gain for processing neural responses to NaCl. In the periphery, response frequencies to NaCl are very low in fetuses, and increase progressively during development. In the NST, NaCl response frequencies are high even in fetuses, and remain high. The process of convergence onto second-order cells is accomplished with maintenance of order in afferent projections because receptive fields of NST neurons are composed of fungiform papillae that are clustered together, not dispersed over the tongue. Our quantification of taste receptive field size at 2 neural levels provides strong evidence for increasing convergence in the NST during development. Altering patterns of afferent neural input and geometry of second-order neurons may have a role in establishing convergence. The convergence has an apparently special function: to increase gain for NaCl taste sensation. Therefore, neural rearrangements during differentiation of salt taste pathways result in specific functional outcomes.
Flexure of Venusian Lithosphere Measured from Residual Topography

Received 19 September 2000; revised 3 August 2001; accepted 20 September 2001; published 26 February 2002. [1] The elastic lithosphere thickness Te for various locations on Venus is estimated by modeling lithospheric flexure associated with rifts, coronae, chasmata, and the moats visible around certain large volcanoes. By modeling flexure using the residual topography, a range of elastic thicknesses was found, from around 10 to 40 km or greater. A number of these values are not well-determined and only constrain Te to be >10 km. The shear stresses predicted from the topography, given these values for Te, reach several hundred MPa, with surface faulting visible in the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images at many locations. The elastic thickness was also estimated at seven volcanolike structures by modeling the gravity predicted from the observed topography. This yielded elastic thickness estimates varying between approximately 20 and 60 km, which were generally more tightly constrained. However, an elastic thickness of 25 km fits almost all the observed profiles within uncertainty, and the results from modeling the gravity yield an average global elastic thickness of 29 ± 6 km. There is no evidence that the elastic thickness falls anywhere outside this range. The lack of large-scale regional variations in Te on Venus, in contrast to the situation observed on the Earth, is consistent with a lack of water and plate tectonics on Venus. INDEX TERMS: 6295 Planetology: Solar System Objects: Venus; 8149 Tectonophysics: Planetary tectonics (5475); 1236 Geodesy and Gravity: Rheology of the lithosphere and mantle (8160); 1227 Geodesy and Gravity: Planetary geodesy and gravity (5420, 5714, 6019); KEYWORDS: Venus, elastic thickness, lithosphere, flexure, residual topography, gravity
Adiponectin Alleviates Genioglossal Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Rats Exposed to Intermittent Hypoxia

Background Genioglossal dysfunction is involved in the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea hypoxia syndrome (OSAHS) characterized by nocturnal chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). The pathophysiology of genioglossal dysfunction and possible targeted pharmacotherapy for alleviation of genioglossal injury in CIH require further investigation. Methodology/Principal Findings Rats in the control group were exposed to normal air, while rats in the CIH group and CIH+adiponectin (AD) group were exposed to the same CIH condition (CIH 8 hr/day for 5 successive weeks). Furthermore, rats in CIH+AD group were administrated intravenous AD supplementation at the dosage of 10 µg, twice a week for 5 consecutive weeks. We found that CIH-induced genioglossus (GG) injury was correlated with mitochondrial dysfunction, reduction in the numbers of mitochondrias, impaired mitochondrial ultrastructure, and a reduction in type I fibers. Compared with the CIH group, impaired mitochondrial structure and function was significantly improved and a percentage of type I fiber was elevated in the CIH+AD group. Moreover, compared with the control group, the rats’ GG in the CIH group showed a significant decrease in phosphorylation of LKB1, AMPK, and PGC1-α, whereas there was significant rescue of such reduction in phosphorylation within the CIH+AD group. Conclusions CIH exposure reduces mitochondrial biogenesis and impairs mitochondrial function in GG, while AD supplementation increases mitochondrial contents and alleviates CIH-induced mitochondrial dysfunction possibly through the AMPK pathway.
Behavioral Neuroscience

associated with specific damages in the PFC (Aron et al., 2003; Li et al., 2006). Other studies have highlighted neuroanatomical and functional correlates of mental abnormalities that are significantly associated with violence, such as antisocial personality disorder (Raine et al., 2000), psychopathy (Raine et al., 1997), and borderline personality disorder (Herpetz et al., 2001). Taken together, these studies show that specific regions of the brain, particularly within the PFC, are involved in the development of antisocial behavior and in the overt expression of various forms of violence. Research in behavioral genetics provided strong evidence that specific genetic polymorphisms are risk factors for the development of violence and other forms of psychiatric illnesses (see Züchner et al., 2007 for a review). For example, the low-activity alleles of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene have been associated with a significant volume reduction (i.e. 8%) in brain regions that are known to be altered in antisocial groups, such as the amygdala, the anterior cingulate cortex, and the orbitofrontal cortex (Meyer-Lindenberg et al., 2006). MAOA was also found to be implicated in antisocial behavior in both animals (Cases et al., 1995) and humans (Caspi et al., 2002). The emergence of a new field of research which combines behavioral genetics and cognitive neuroscience, has allowed the relationship between cognitive and behavioral correlates of
A Simple and Eecient Simulation Smoother for State Space Time Series Analysis

SUMMARY A simulation smoother in state space time series analysis is a procedure for drawing samples from the conditional distribution of state or disturbance vectors given the observations. We present a new technique for this which is both simple and computationally eecient. The treatment includes models with diiuse initial conditions and regression eeects. Computational comparisons are made with the previous standard method. Two illustrations are provided using real data.
Persistence and the German Unemployment Problem: Empirical Evidences on German Labor Market Flows

Using a retrospective monthly calendarium of individuals' major economic activities, this paper characterizes the monthly employment and unemployment rates and the monthly transition intensities between the states of employment, unemployment, and out-of-the-labor- force for the German labor market between January/February 1983 and November/December 1994. The analysis provides a detailed portrait for demographic cells defined by gender, three age groups, and three education groups. Overall, the German labor market displays a high level of persistence, but important differences exist across demographic groups. By contrast, almost no changes can be observed across time, apart from a drastic decrease of male job finding rates during the early 1990s. When compared to France, the German labor market does not appear to be excessively rigid, although the differences with the fluid US labor market are very substantial.
Determinants of Exchange Rate Practices in the Mena Countries: Some Further Empirical Results

This paper analyses the determinants of exchange rate practices in 15 MENA countries for the 1977- 2007 period placing special emphasis on structural and macroeconomic explanations. We use three different exchange rate regime classifications in order to avoid potentially misleading specification. Even though the empirical results using the de facto classifications are very different from those obtained from the de jure specification, we find that international reserves play a major role in determining exchange rate practices in the MENA countries.
Equivalence Checking for Partial Implementations Revisited

In this paper we consider the problem of checking whether a partial implementation can (still) be extended to a complete design which is equivalent to a given full specification. In particular, we investigate the relationship between the equivalence checking problem for partial implementations (PEC) and the validity problem for quantified Boolean formulae (QBF) with so-called Henkin quantifiers. Our analysis leads us to a sound and complete algorithmic solution to the PEC problem as well as to an exact complexity theoretical classification of the problem.
Empirical Evaluation of Network Externalities in Data Standards Diffusion in a Subset of European Organizations

Network externalities are particular effects in information goods markets that increase the value of goods depending on the number of adopters. This peculiar effect can have relevant consequences in data standards diffusion, a critical aspect of ICT markets due to the impact on interoperability among institutions and software infrastructures. We propose in this paper an approach to help understanding the existence of these effects and evaluating their importance. The approach can help organizational stakeholders to better understand dynamics in different scenarios, like the migration to a new software application or strategies targeted at augmenting the diffusion of a standard inside the organization. We apply the method to a case study of six European Public Organizations focusing on different categories of data standards. We derived useful lessons from the deployment of the approach, above all that the approach although not fully automated has been unintrusive in the activities of the organizations involved. In this sense, transparency, and unintrusiveness of the data collection activities are of foremost importance, at least as important as the results submitted to the committing organization. Main findings of the case study are that the presence of network externalities is stronger in some standards categories rather than others, and that a full generalization to other institutions cannot be achieved due to the peculiarities of each organization, from organizational size to budget available.