Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Devnagari handwritten character recognition (DHCR) for ancient documents: A review

The field of character recognition has attracted more concentration of researchers for recognizing text from ancient documents. But because of some of the problems like error in recognition in text lines, overlapped characters, joined text line, ages, damage in text lines it is becoming more challenging for them to recognize the text. However, Most of devnagari handwritten ancient documents are not available for all, because of their delicate condition. The purpose of recognizing such document is to preserve and retrieve ancient knowledge from ancient manuscripts. So here we are giving review of some of the methods for detection of characters easily with less error in retrieved text.
Investigation of small signal stability of a renewable energy based electricity distribution system

As the issues on market deregulation and renewable energy utilization are gaining significance, distributed generators are planned and installed in distribution systems to supply consumers directly. The distribution system is, therefore facing new challenges on its dynamic behavior with the addition of new dynamic devices. This paper investigates the small signal stability of renewable energy based distribution system. The distribution system is fed by synchronous, induction and static generators. The voltage controlled and power factor controlled operations of the synchronous generator are also considered. The results showed that wind generator dynamics are very significant in the system oscillations. The solar PV generator improves the small signal behavior of the system. The impact of penetration of renewable energy resources on a system is demonstrated through eigenvalue analyses. The eigenvalue results are corroborated with the help of time domain analysis.
Facial expression anlysis using eye gaze information

Psychologists found that human eye gaze direction has a very strong influence on facial expression. However, there exist few researches that took eye gaze direction into consideration while recognizing facial expressions. This paper makes use of the combination of eye gaze and facial expression information to detect human emotion. First, eye gaze direction is categorized into direct gaze and avert gaze. We then carry on facial expression recognition based on the eye gaze analysis results. This could provide the confusion between some of the facial expressions therefore improve the recognition rate of emotion detection. Experimental results show that our proposed method can provide more accurate recognition rate then recognizing facial expression alone.
Simultaneous Semi-NMF and PCA for Clustering

Cluster analysis is often carried out in combination with dimension reduction. The Semi-Non-negative Matrix Factorization (Semi-NMF) that learns a low-dimensional representation of a data set lends itself to a clustering interpretation. In this work we propose a novel approach to finding an optimal subspace of multi-dimensional variables for identifying a partition of the set of objects. The use of a low-dimensional representation can be of help in providing simpler and more interpretable solutions. We show that by doing so, our model is able to learn low-dimensional representations that are better suited for clustering, outperforming not only Semi-NMF, but also other NMF variants.
Cooperative Signaling with Soft Information Combining

We propose a Decode-and-Forward (DF) scheme using distributed Turbo code (DTC) for a three-node (source, relay, and destination) wireless cooperative communication system. The relay decodes, then interleaves, and reencodes the decoded data. It then forwards the reencoded packet and its instantaneous receive SNR to the destination. The performances using both ideal and quantized SNR are studied. The destination uses a modified metric within a Turbo decoding algorithm to scale the soft information calculated for the relay code. The proposed scheme is simple to implement and performs well.
An Analysis of Reliable Classifiers through ROC Isometrics

Reliable classiﬁers abstain from uncertain instance classiﬁcations. In this paper we extend our previous approach to construct reliable classiﬁers which is based on isometrics in Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) space. We analyze the conditions to obtain a reliable classiﬁer with higher performance than previously possible. Our results show that the approach is generally applicable to boost performance on each class simultaneously. Moreover, the approach is able to construct a classiﬁer with at least a desired performance per class.
Multi-method dispatching: a geometric approach with applications to string matching problems

1 Introduction Current object oriented programming languages (OOPLs) rely on mono-method dispatching. Recent research has identified multi-methods as a new, powerful feature to be added to OOPLs, and several experimental OOPLs now have multi-methods. Their ultimate success and impact in practice depends, among other things, on whether multi-method dispatching can be supported efficiently. We show that the multi-method dispatching problem can be transformed to a geometric problem on multi-dimensional integer grids, for which we then develop a data structure that uses near-linear space and has log-logarithmic query time. This gives a solution whose performance almost matches that of the best known algorithm for mono-method dispatching. In this paper we study problems from two different areas: the multi-method dispatching problem for object-oriented (00) languages and two string matching problems. It turns out that these problems are surprisingly similar: we prove that they can all be reduced to the same problem on multi-dimensional integer grids-see below for a description of this geometric problem. We present an efficient data structure for this problem, which allows various trade-offs between space and query time. This leads to significantly improved solutions to the multi-method dispatching problem and the string matching problems. In the rest of this introduction, as well as in the remainder of the paper, we lirst focus on the multi-method dispatching problem and then turn our attention to the string matching problems. Our geometric data structure has other applications as well, namely in two string matching problems: matching multiple rectangular patterns against a rectangular query text, and approximate dictionary matching with edit distance at most one. Our results for the former, long-standing open problem are substantially improved, near-linear time bounds. For the latter problem, which has applications in checking password security and the design of filtering tools, we obtain a near-linear solution as well. The multi-method dispatching problem Object-oriented languages. The 00.paradigm is becoming the norm for software development; languages such as Java, C++, and Smalltalk that embody some of the basic tenets of the 00.paradigm are highly popular. Recent research has identified new, powerful features that can enhance the current 00.technology, and the focus now is on understanding the implication of adding these features-their power and their cost in terms of the additional complexity. One such feature is the concept of multi-methods found in the new generation 00-languages such as CommonLoops [BK+86], CLOS [BD+88], Poly-Glot [AQl], Kea [MHHSl], Cecil [ChSZ] and Dylan [Ap94]. …
A comparison of two methods of estimating losses in the Modular Multi-Level Converter

The transmission losses in an HVDC interconnection represent lost revenue to the purchaser (usually a transmission Utility) and are therefore heavily penalised. At the bid stage, the purchaser calculates the Net Present Value (NPV) of the revenue lost due to power losses over the operating life of the system (typically 30 years) and uses this to derive a loss capitalisation value which is typically in the range of 4000€/kW. Bidders are required to calculate and guarantee the power losses of the converter station under certain idealised operating conditions. Presently there is no agreed method for calculating the losses for the Multi Modular Converter (MMC). This paper presents a mathematical analysis for calculating both the conduction and switching losses for a VSC HVDC station using the MMC topology, comparing it to an equivalent model based on MATLAB/Simulink model. The results show very good agreement for conduction loss; however the error for the switching loss are much more significant and require further development.
Sequencing of refactoring techniques by Greedy algorithm for maximizing maintainability

Software maintainability is the ease with which a software system can be modified to correct faults, improve performance or other attributes of the source code. Bad smells are symptoms of deeper problem that indicates the need for refactoring which is the process of changing internal structure of the software without affecting its external attributes. Applying different refactoring techniques in different parts of a code results in changed maintainability value every time. Therefore, sequence in which refactoring should be applied is important so that optimal results can be obtained. In this study, we have proposed an approach for evaluating sequence of refactoring by with the help of greedy algorithm. The algorithm selects locally optimal solution at each stage with the hope of finding global optimal solution. Different sequences are generated and applied to the source code to calculate sum of software maintainability values. Greedy algorithm helps in finding the optimal sequence out of all the search space. We have evaluated the approach with source code having god class, long method, feature envy, long parameter list, data clumps, data class, class hierarchy problem, empty catch block, exception thrown in finally block and nested try statement bad smells which are detected manually. Hence our approach is able to identify sequence for refactoring as well as best refactoring which will increase maintainability and enhance software quality.
Forced symmetry breaking from SO(3) to SO(2) for rotating waves on a sphere

In this article, we consider a small SO(2)-equivariant perturbation of a reaction–diffusion system on a sphere, which is equivariant with respect to the group SO(3) of all rigid rotations. We consider a normally hyperbolic SO(3)-group orbit of a rotating wave on a sphere that persists to a normally hyperbolic SO(2)-invariant manifold M(ε). We investigate the effects of this forced symmetry breaking by studying the perturbed dynamics induced on M(ε) by the above reaction–diffusion system. We prove that depending on the frequency vectors of the rotating waves that form the relative equilibrium SO(3)u0, these rotating waves will give SO(2)-orbits of rotating waves or SO(2)-orbits of modulated rotating waves (if some transversality conditions hold). The orbital stability of these solutions is determined as well.
Electron Beam Irradiation of Cellulosic Materials—Opportunities and Limitations

The irradiation of pulp is of interest from different perspectives. Mainly it is required when a modification of cellulose is needed. Irradiation could bring many advantages, such as chemical savings and, therefore, cost savings and a reduction in environmental pollutants. In this account, pulp and dissociated celluloses were analyzed before and after irradiation by electron beaming. The focus of the analysis was the oxidation of hydroxyl groups to carbonyl and carboxyl groups in pulp and the degradation of cellulose causing a decrease in molar mass. For that purpose, the samples were labeled with a selective fluorescence marker and analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS), refractive index (RI), and fluorescence detectors. Degradation of the analyzed substrates was the predominant result of the irradiation; however, in the microcrystalline samples, oxidized cellulose functionalities were introduced along the cellulose chain, making this substrate suitable for further chemical modification.
Economic Policy Coordination in EMU: What Role for the SGP?. CEPS Working Documents No. 202, 1 June 2004

The implications of the recent institutional crisis in the EU provoked by the failure of the Economic and Financial Affairs Council (ECOFIN) to impose the sanctions on Germany and France provided for in the Stability and Growth Pact are the subject of this Working Document. The paper situates the debate concerning the application of the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) in a broader evolution of the struggle between two schools of thought concerning macroeconomic policy-making in the EU: the school calling for a strengthening of competences at the EU level (federal economic government) and the school arguing for preserving national competences for budgetary policy even in the face of the transfer of competence for monetary policy to the European Central Bank (ECB). The paper argues that the SGP is an acceptable comprise between the two schools in so far as it establishes rules to be respected without actually transferring competence to the Council in the field of budgetary policy. Consequently, the SGP has not and does not add to the ‘democratic deficit’ within the EU institutional framework. The paper argues, nevertheless, that the excessive deficit procedure (EDP) puts too strong an emphasis on the government budget deficit and suggests that emphasis on the sustainable level of public debt would ensure a stronger basis for assessing whether a given budget deficit may be considered excessive or not.
Cross-species Gene Normalization at the University of Iowa

Background: With the increasing availability of full text articles through open access publishing, the scope of biomedical text mining is no longer limited to the abstracts of research literature. Cross-species gene normalization using full-text articles is an important step towards the use of full text articles in the area of biomedical text-mining research. This was one of the goals of the BioCreative III Challenge. Results: In this paper, we present a gene normalization strategy based on the identification of gene and species entities in full text articles and their association. ABNER and LingPipe were used as gene name taggers and LINNAEUS was used for species identification. To associate a species name with a gene name, proximity of the gene and species names was considered. Various window sizes for character boundaries were chosen for this proximity-based association. Based on these associations, a unique Entrez gene identifier, if found, was returned for each gene mentioned in an article. Conclusions: For the test set, our estimation shows best results with a strategy that considers only the Entrez Gene identifiers found in common by separate runs using ABNER and LingPipe as gene name taggers. This strategy used a 1000 character boundary window for gene-species name association. The highest TAP-k (k = 20) score returned by our system was 0.1662 for this strategy (Run 2).
Human Gene Expression in Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria

To examine human gene expression during uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria, we obtained three samples (acute illness, treatment, and recovery) from 10 subjects and utilized each subject's recovery sample as their baseline. At the time of acute illness (day 1), subjects had upregulation of innate immune response, cytokine, and inflammation-related genes (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, and IFN-γ), which was more frequent with parasitemias >100,000 per μL and body temperatures ≥39°C. Apoptosis-related genes (Fas, BAX, and TP53) were upregulated acutely and for several days thereafter (days 1–3). In contrast, the expression of immune-modulatory (transcription factor 7, HLV-DOA, and CD6) and apoptosis inhibitory (c-myc, caspase 8, and Fas Ligand G) genes was downregulated initially and returned to normal with clinical recovery (days 7–10). These results indicate that the innate immune response, cytokine, and apoptosis pathways are upregulated acutely in uncomplicated malaria with concomitant downregulation of immune-modulatory and apoptosis inhibitory genes.
SIFT and SURF Performance Evaluation for Mobile Robot-Monocular Visual Odometry

Visual odometry is the process of estimating the motion of mobile through the camera attached to it, by matching point features between pairs of consecutive image frames. For mobile robots, a reliable method for comparing images can constitute a key component for localization and motion estimation tasks. In this paper, we study and compare the SIFT and SURF detector/ descriptor in terms of accurate motion determination and runtime efficiency in context the mobile robot-monocular visual odometry. We evaluate the performance of these detectors/ descriptors from the repeatability, recall, precision and cost of computation. To estimate the relative pose of camera from outlier-contaminated feature correspondences, the essential matrix and inlier set is estimated using RANSAC. Experimental results demonstrate that SURF, outperform the SIFT, in both accuracy and speed. 
A constraint-based strategy for task-consistent safe human-robot interaction

Tight human-robot interaction and collaboration will characterize future robot tasks. Robot working environments will be increasingly unstructured, as safety barriers will be removed to allow a continuous cooperation of robotic and human workers. Such a working scenario calls for novel safety systems capable of combining productivity with workers' safety. In this paper, a method for the definition of a task-consistent collision avoidance safety strategy is presented. A classification of task constraints based on relevance for task completion is introduced. Control of task constraints enforcement is performed through a state machine. A template for such state machine is proposed. Experimental validation of the proposed safety system on a dual-arm industrial robot prototype is presented.
PG 1115+166 - a long-period DA+DB binary

We present spectra of the DAB white dwarf PG 1115+166. Radial velocity measurements of the Balmer lines and the He i 6678 A line show that this is a binary white dwarf with a period of 30.09 d in which the Balmer lines move in anti-phase to the He i line, i.e. PG 1115+166 is a DA+DB binary. The minimum masses of the stars are MDA= 0.43 ± 0.15 M⊙ and MDB= 0.52 ± 0.12 M⊙. The separation of the stars is about 45 R⊙, which is much smaller than a typical asymptotic giant branch (AGB) progenitor of a white dwarf, implying that there has been at least one common envelope phase in this binary. Indeed, it is possible that this binary may have suffered up to three mass transfer episodes – two associated with the red giant phase prior to the formation of each white dwarf, and a third associated with the ‘born-again’ red giant phase of the DB white dwarf. PG 1115+166 has the longest orbital period of any post common envelope white dwarf–white dwarf binary found to date. Published models for the formation of white dwarf–white dwarf binaries do not predict any white dwarfs with the combination of a long orbital period and high mass found in PG 1115+166. We conclude that PG 1115+166 is a key object for testing models of binary star evolution, and it may also be a key object for our understanding of the formation of DB white dwarfs. We outline the observational tests which can be applied to scenarios for the formation of PG 1115+166 and apply them to the simplest case of a single common-envelope phase. This suggests that some part of the internal energy stored in the envelope of the AGB star, e.g. as ionized hydrogen, may have contributed to the ejection of the common envelope, but there are several unanswered questions concerning this simple scenario.
Walker use, but not falls, is associated with lower physical functioning and health of residents in an assisted-living environment

The relationship between perceived health and walker use has seldom been addressed. Concerns over falls and falls risk are precursors to walker use. We compared the SF-36 scores of 26 women and 14 men, mean age 86.8 ± 6.0 years based on walker use and faller status. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with age as the covariate, compared groups for the SF-36 constructs and totals score. Significant differences were noted between walker users and nonusers in physical functioning, role limitations due to physical problems, general health, and the total SF-36 score. Pairwise comparisons favored nonusers, while no differences were seen due to faller status. Walker use is associated with lower self-perceptions of physical functioning, role limitations due to physical problems, and general health in assisted-living residents. Faller status is not associated with self-perceived health status. Although walker use aids mobility and lowers the probability of falls, further research is needed to determine if the prescription of assistive devices has a more negative impact on self-perceived health than does falling. This possibility could be explained, in part, by the greater activity levels of those individuals who do not depend on walkers.
A Review on Power Efficient Energy- Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

The most necessary issue that has got to be resolved in coming up with a knowledge transmission algorithmic program for wireless detector networks (WSNs) is the way to save detector node energy whereas meeting the desires of application as the detector nodes are battery restricted. Whereas satisfying the energy saving demand, it's conjointly necessary to realize the standard of service. Just in case of emergency work, it's necessary to deliver the info on time. Achieving quality of service in WSNs is additionally necessary. So as to realize this demand, Power-efficient Energy-Aware routing protocol for wireless detector networks is projected that saves the energy by expeditiously choosing the energy economical path within the routing method. Once supply finds route to destination, it calculates I for every route. The worth I relies on largest minimum residual energy of the trail and hop count of the trail. If a route has higher I, then that path is chosen for routing the info. the worth of I± are higher, if the biggest of minimum residual energy of the trail is higher and also the range of hop count is lower. Once the trail is chosen, knowledge is transferred on the trail.