Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Microarchitecture-level power management

In this paper, we present a strategy for run-time profiling to optimize the configuration of a superscalar microprocessor dynamically so as to save power with minimum-performance penalty. The configuration of the processor is changed according to the parallelism and power profile of the running application. To identify the optimal configuration, additional hardware with minimal overhead is used to detect the parts of the running application which have good potential for energy savings. Experiments on some benchmark programs show good savings in total energy consumption; we have observed a mean decrease of 18% in average power, and 9% in total energy. Our proposed approach can be used for energy-aware computing in either portable applications or in desktop environments where power density is becoming a concern. This approach can also be incorporated in power-management strategies like advanced configuration and power interface (ACPI) as a replacement for classic thermal management schemes such as static-clock throttling. Our approach is shown to be better than static-throttling methods presently used in power management.
Frequent subclinical high-altitude pulmonary edema detected by chest sonography as ultrasound lung comets in recreational climbers

Objective:The ultrasound lung comets detected by chest sonography are a simple, noninvasive, semiquantitative sign of increased extravascular lung water. The aim of this study was to evaluate, by chest sonography, the incidence of interstitial pulmonary edema in recreational high-altitude climbers. Design:Observational study. Subjects:Eighteen healthy subjects (mean age 45 ± 10 yrs, ten males) participating in a high-altitude trek in Nepal. Interventions:Chest and cardiac sonography at sea level and at different altitudes during ascent. Ultrasound lung comets were evaluated on anterior chest at 28 predefined scanning sites. Measurements and Main Results:At individual patient analysis, ultrasound lung comets during ascent appeared in 15 of 18 subjects (83%) at 3440 m above sea level and in 18 of 18 subjects (100%) at 4790 m above sea level in the presence of normal left and right ventricular function and pulmonary artery systolic pressure rise (sea level = 24 ± 5 mm Hg vs. peak ascent = 42 ± 11 mm Hg, p < .001). Ultrasound lung comets were absent at baseline (day 2, altitude 1350 m, 1.06 ± 1.3), increased progressively during the ascent (day 14, altitude 5130 m: 16.5 ± 8; p < .001 vs. previous steps), and decreased at descent (day 20, altitude 1355 m: 2.9 ± 1.7; p = nonsignificant vs. baseline). An ultrasound lung comet score showed a negative correlation with o2 saturation (R = −.7; p < .0001). Conclusions:In recreational climbers, chest sonography revealed a high prevalence of clinically silent interstitial pulmonary edema mirrored by decreased o2 saturation, whereas no statistically significant relationship with pulmonary artery systolic pressure was observed during ascent.
Semantic Framework for Complex Knowledge Domains

Large amounts of scientific digital contents, potentially available for public sharing and reuse, are nowadays held by scientific and cultural institutions which institutionally collect, produce and store information valuable for dissemination, work, study and research. Semantic technology offers to these stakeholders the possibility to integrate dispersed heterogeneous yet related resources and to build value-added sharing services (overcoming barriers such as e.g. knowledge domain complexity, different classification, language, data format, localization) by exploiting semantic annotation and building virtual content aggregation schemas on top of distributed collections. Applications in real cases are anyway often hampered by difficulties related to the proper formalization of complex scientific knowledge (ontology engineering) and the classification of contents (semantic annotation). This paper illustrates the lessons learnt in applying the Semantic Web specifications to support content management and sharing in complex knowledge domains and provides practical example of application in an EC-funded project.
Electron Cryotomography Reveals the Portal in the Herpesvirus Capsid

ABSTRACT Herpes simplex virus type 1 is a human pathogen responsible for a range of illnesses from cold sores to encephalitis. The icosahedral capsid has a portal at one fivefold vertex which, by analogy to portal-containing phages, is believed to mediate genome entry and exit. We used electron cryotomography to determine the structure of capsids lacking pentons. The portal vertex appears different from pentons, being located partially inside the capsid shell, a position equivalent to that of bacteriophage portals. Such similarity in portal organization supports the idea of the evolutionary relatedness of these viruses.
An Experiment to Assess the Cost-Benefits of Code Inspections in Large Scale Software Development: A Preliminary Report

This experiment (currently in progress) is designed to measure costs and benefits of different code inspection methods. It is being performed with a real development team writing software for a commercial product. The dependent variables for each code unit's inspection are the elapsed time and the number of defects detected. We manipulate the method of inspection by randomly assigning reviewers, varying the number of reviewers and the number of teams, and when using more than one team, randomly assigning author repair and non-repair of detected defects between code inspections. After collecting and analyzing the first 17% of the data, we have discovered several interesting facts about reviewers, about the defects recorded during reviewer preparation and during the inspection collection meeting, and about the repairs that are eventually made. (1) that reviewers record in their preparations are true defects that are later repaired. Defects recorded at the inspection meetings fall into three categories: the author makes changes readability code standard enforcement, 25% true defects elapsed inspections
Integration of a GPS aided Strapdown Inertial Navigation System for Land Vehicles

The estimation accuracy of a low-cost inertial navigation system (INS) is limited by the accuracy of the used sensors and the imperfect mathematical modeling of the error sources. By fusing the INS data with GPS data, the errors can be bounded and the accuracy increases considerably. In this project, a low-cost in-house constructed inertial measurement unit (IMU) and an off-the-shelf GPS receiver are used for the data acquisition. The measurements are integrated with a loosely coupled GPS aided INS approach. For the assessment of the results, one data set with real data obtained from a field test is available. The tuning of the covariance matrices is a delicate adjustment and does not always provide convergence. Values for acceptable results could be found and two implementations of inertial navigation systems are compared. The use of nonholonomic constraints showed a dramatic increase in the accuracy. An analysis of the importance and influence of different IMU sensor errors provides a foundation for the modeling and inclusion of further error states in the extended Kalman filter.
Evaluating Scattering Contributions to C-Band Radar Backscatter From Snow-Covered First-Year Sea Ice at the Winter–Spring Transition Through Measurement and Modeling

In this paper, we present model and measurement results for time-series angular dependencies of C-band HH and VV normalized radar cross-sections (NRCS) over first-year snow-covered sea ice during a winter–spring transition period. Experimental scatterometer and physical data were collected near Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, Canada, between May 20 and May 28, 2014, covering a severe storm event on May 25. We use the small perturbation scattering theory to model small-scale surface scattering, the Mie scattering theory to estimate the level of volume scattering in snow, and the Kirchhoff physical optics model to compute the large-scale surface scattering component. We observed good agreement between the model and experimental HH and VV NRCS. Before the storm, $R^{2}$ between model and experimental NRCS was 0.88 and 0.82 for VV and HH, respectively. After the storm, $R^{2}$ was 0.81 and 0.78 for VV and HH, respectively. Our model results suggest an overall increase in surface roughness after the storm event, supported by LiDAR measurements of the snow surface topography. Before the storm, the large-scale and small-scale surface scattering from the air-snow interface as well as volume scattering components dominated. After the storm, the large- and small-scale scattering contributions increased, while the volume scattering component considerably dropped. We attribute these effects to the increase in surface roughness and snow moisture content during the poststorm period. Our results could aid in interpretation of time-series synthetic aperture radar images with respect to physical properties of snow and ice during the winter–spring transition period.
THE USE OF FUNCTIONAL NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (FNIRS) TO ASSESS COGNITIVE WORKLOAD OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS

In this study, we used fNIRS in an En Route simulation to examine the effectiveness of a decision aid, Conflict Resolution Advisory (CRA). CRA provides controllers with possible resolutions to avoid conflicts in order to reduce their workload during a decision making stage. First, we compared cognitive workload of different air traffic levels. We then compared controller positions and CRA conditions. Finally, we conducted event-related analyses to examine epochs only around decision making timeframes.
VALIDITY OF TWO ALTERNATIVE SYSTEMS FOR MEASURING VERTICAL JUMP HEIGHT

Vertical jump height is frequently used by coaches, health care professionals, and strength and conditioning professionals to objectively measure function. The purpose of this study is to determine the concurrent validity of the jump and reach method (Vertec) and the contact mat method (Just Jump) in assessing vertical jump height when compared with the criterion reference 3-camera motion analysis system. Thirty-nine college students, 25 females and 14 males between the ages of 18 and 25 (mean age 20.65 years), were instructed to perform the countermovement jump. Reflective markers were placed at the base of the individual's sacrum for the 3-camera motion analysis system to measure vertical jump height. The subject was then instructed to stand on the Just Jump mat beneath the Vertec and perform the jump. Measurements were recorded from each of the 3 systems simultaneously for each jump. The Pearson r statistic between the video and the jump and reach (Vertec) was 0.906. The Pearson r between the video and contact mat (Just Jump) was 0.967. Both correlations were significant at the 0.01 level. Analysis of variance showed a significant difference among the 3 means F2,235 = 5.51, p < 0.05. The post hoc analysis showed a significant difference between the criterion reference (M = 0.4369 m) and the Vertec (M = 0.3937 m, p = 0.005) but not between the criterion reference and the Just Jump system (M = 0.4420 m, p = 0.972). The Just Jump method of measuring vertical jump height is a valid measure when compared with the 3-camera system. The Vertec was found to have a high correlation with the criterion reference, but the mean differed significantly. This study indicates that a higher degree of confidence is warranted when comparing Just Jump results with a 3-camera system study.
Neuroretinal rim measurement error using PC‐based stereo software

The neuroretinal rims of a set of glaucoma patients were measured using digitized stereo photographs, to determine the reproducibility of computerized stereo measurements of the neuroretinal rim. Each rim was measured five times at 18 locations, with measurement error (ME) defined as the mean of standard deviations of each set of measurements. The following ME were determined: (i) inter‐sessional variability (n = 27 right and 24 left eyes, at t1 and t2); (ii) inter‐assessor variability (n = 9, 2 assessors); and (iii) variability after colour adjustment algorithms were applied (n = 15). The results were as follows: (i) inter‐sessional variability was 3.41 ± 1.08 for t1 and 3.22 ± 0.84 for t2;; (ii) there was a significant difference between the two assessors, although the ME was still low; and (iii) there was no significant differences between the ME of unadjusted and adjusted images. With a measurement error of up to 11% of rim width, these results show that low‐ cost rim measurements can be made using PC‐based software.
Machine Learning to Data Fusion Approach for Cooperative Spectrum Sensing

Cooperative spectrum sensing has been shown to be an effective method to improve the detection performance of the licensed user availability by exploiting spatial diversity. However, cooperation among cognitive radio (CR) users may also introduce a variety of overheads due to the extra sensing time, delay, energy, and operations that limit achievable cooperative gain. In responding to this paper, we propose a machine learning based fusion center algorithm that can provide real time per frame training and decision based cooperative spectrum sensing. The new fusion algorithm based on training a machine learning classifier over a set containing some frame energy test statistics along with their corresponding decisions about the presence or absence of the primary user (PU) transmission, so as to predict the decisions for new frames with new energy test statistics. The simulation and numerical results show that the new approach performs the same as the current fusion rule with less sensing time, delay and operations. In this paper we also present a simulation comparison of four supervised machine learning classifiers: K-nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), Naive Bayes (NB), and Decision Tree (DT) in classifying 1000 testing frames after training these classifiers over a set containing 1000 frames. It shows that KNN and DT classifier outperform the other two classifiers in the accuracy of classifying the new frames.
Word Context During Initial Exposure Influences Degree of Priming in Word Fragment Completion

Priming in word fragment completion is revealed by the increased probability of correctly completing a fragment like "_ l l_p_e" when the word "ellipse" was seen recently. Three experiments investigated the effects on priming of manipulating the context in which the words were seen. Three principal results emerged. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that there was much more priming for words studied in a to-be-learned list than read in meaningful passages. In these same two experiments, low-frequency words were subject to more priming than were higher frequency words, regardless of context. Experiment 3 revealed more priming for words when they did not fit sensibly into connected discourse than when they did. The results suggest that context plays a critical role in priming: As a word moves from being contextually bound in meaningful discourse to being isolated in a list, its probability of priming increases.
Extraction of Daily Changing Words for Question Answering

This paper proposes a method for extracting Daily Changing Words (DCWs), words that indicate which questions are real-time dependent. Our approach is based on two types of template matching using time and named entity slots from large size corpora and adding simple filtering methods from news corpora. Extracted DCWs are utilized for detecting and sorting real-time dependent questions. Experiments confirm that our DCW method achieves higher accuracy in detecting real-time dependent questions than existing word classes and a simple supervised machine learning approach.
Analog Circuits Implementation of Connectionist Network for Minimax Problems

It is a well established result that nding the solution to the minimum spanning tree(MST) problem is an easy task if the solution to the all-pairs minimax path problem(MPP) is known. As the MST problem has a broad range of applications, a fast solution to the problem is very beneecial. Previous work has established a connectionist architecture based on the binary relation inference network which can be implemented as a uniform feedback arrangement using conventional maximum and minimum circuits as basic building blocks. Although the parallel and asynchronous operating nature of the network promises a solution time independent of problem size, limitations in practical implementation platfroms may not help to realize such merit. This paper investigates a particular implemenetation of the aforementioned network for nding the MST of a 10-node graph using commercially available electronic components. The propagation delay of signals and accuracy of the converged network output are studied as well as the discovered instability issue are discussed.
ORGANIZING COMPLEX MULTICELLULAR CONSTRUCTS USING STENCIL-DELINEATED ELECTROACTIVE PATTERNING (S-DEP)

Attempts to regulate and monitor the roles of cell-cell interactions in engineered multicellular constructs have motivated numerous approaches to cell patterning. We present here a stencil-delineated electroactive patterning (S-DEP) that combines dielectrophoresis (DEP) and stencil patterning to create cell clusters with customizable shapes, positions, and internal cell organization. We demonstrate the use of S-DEP to investigate the motility of epidermoid carcinoma cells initially organized as striped cell clusters. In addition to cell tracking, S-DEP enables correlation of cell locations within the cluster to their phenotypes and provides avenues for creating mosaic tissue-like constructs of phenotypically or genetically distinct cells.
The Evolutionary Dynamics of Digital and Nucleotide Codes: A Mutation Protection Perspective

Both digital codes in computers and nucleotide codes in cells are protected against mutations. Here we explore how mutation protection affects the random change and selection of digital and nucleotide codes. We illustrate our findings with a computer simulation of the evolution of a population of self replicating digital amoebae. We show that evolutionary programming of digital codes is a valid model for the evolution of nucleotide codes by random change within the boundaries of mutation protection, not for evolution by unbounded random change. Our mutation protection perspective enhances the understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of digital and nucleotide codes and its limitations, and reveals a paradox between the necessity of dysfunctioning mutation protection for evolution and its disadvantage for survival. Our mutation protection perspective suggests new directions for research into mutational robustness.
Human urine proteome analysis by three separation approaches

The urinary proteome is known to be a valuable field of study related to organ functions. There have been several extensive urine proteome studies. However, the overlapping rate among different studies is relatively low. Whether the low overlapping rate was caused by different sample sources, preparation, separation and identification methods is unknown. Moreover, low molecular mass (<10 kDa) proteins have not been studied extensively. In this report, male and female pooled urine samples were collected from healthy volunteers. The urinary proteins were acetone precipitated, separated and identified by three approaches, 1‐DE plus 1‐D LC/MS/MS, direct 1‐D LC/MS/MS and 2‐D LC/MS/MS. 1‐D tricine gels were used to separate low molecular mass proteins. The tandem mass spectra of positive identifications were quality controlled both by manual validation and using advanced mass spectrum scanner software. A total of 226 urinary proteins were identified; 171 proteins were identified by proteomics approach for the first time, including 4 male‐specific proteins. Twelve low molecular mass proteins were identified. Most urinary proteins had a molecular mass between 30 and 60 kDa and a pI between 4 and 10. The apparent molecular masses of many proteins were different from theoretical ones, which indicated their post‐translational modification and degradation. The effects of sample preparation, separation and identification methods on the overlapping rate of different experiments are discussed.
An Unified Dynamic Description Logic Model for Databases: Relational Data, Relational Operations and Queries

The paper presents an unified Description Logic (DL) model for databases. Describing database models using DLs is a fundamental problem in many areas because it turns databases to logical systems with enriched semantics and enhanced reasoning mechanism. A typical relational database model comprises three components: relational data model, relational operations, and queries. Therefore, a DL model for databases should also unify these three components together. However, most available DL models for databases only describe one or two components of database models. After pointing out the two key factors resulting in the absence of such a model, the paper develops an extended dynamic description logic language DALCP based on PDLC with enriched form of action modal operators. Based on PALCP, an unified DL models for databases is presented. It represents relational data by ALC, represents relational operations by atomic modal operators representation; and represents queries by complex modal operators. In addition, translation functions are provided to transform arbitrary database systems into DL systems automatically. Because the model unifies data and operations together, query processing could be done based on the logical inference mechanism which is very different from other work.
Observation of hydration of single, modified carbon aerosols

We have compared the hydration behavior of single carbon particles that have been treated by exposure to gaseous H2SO4 with that of untreated particles. Untreated carbon particles did not hydrate as the relative humidity varied from 0 to 80% at 23 C. In contrast, treated particles hydrated under subsaturation conditions; mass increases of up to 30% were observed. The mass increase is consistent with sulfuric acid equilibration with the ambient relative humidity in the presence of inert carbon. For the samples studied, the average amount of absorbed acid was 14% +/- 6% by weight, which corresponds to a surface coverage of approximately 0.1 monolayer. The mass fraction of surface-absorbed acid is comparable to the soluble mass fraction observed by Whitefield et al. (1993) in jet aircraft engine aerosols. Estimates indicate this mass fraction corresponds to 0.1% of the available SO2 exiting an aircraft engine ending up as H2SO4 on the carbon aerosol. If this heterogeneous process occurs early enough in the exhaust plume, it may compete with homogeneous nucleation as a mechanism for producing sulfuric acid rich aerosols.