Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Induction of trehalase in Arabidopsis plants infected with the trehalose-producing pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae.

Various microorganisms produce the disaccharide trehalose during their symbiotic and pathogenic interactions with plants. Trehalose has strong effects on plant metabolism and growth; therefore, we became interested to study its possible role in the interaction of Arabidopsis thaliana with Plasmodiophora brassicae, the causal agent of clubroot disease. We found that trehalose accumulated strongly in the infected organs (i.e., the roots and hypocotyls) and, to a lesser extent, in the leaves and stems of infected plants. This accumulation pattern of trehalose correlated with the expression of a putative trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (EC 2.4.1.15) gene from P. brassicae, PbTPS1. Clubroot formation also resulted in an induction of the Arabidopsis trehalase gene, ATTRE1, and in a concomitant increase in trehalase (EC 3.2.1.28) activity in the roots and hypocotyls, but not in the leaves and stems of infected plants. Thus, induction of ATTRE1 expression was probably responsible for the increased trehalase activity. Trehalase activity increased before trehalose accumulated; therefore, it is unlikely that trehalase was induced by its substrate. The induction of trehalase may be part of the plant's defense response and may prevent excess accumulation of trehalose in the plant cells, where it could interfere with the regulation of carbon metabolism.
Presenting Diversity Aware Recommendations: Making Challenging News Acceptable

Recommender systems find relevant content for us online, including the personalized news we increasingly receive on Twitter and Facebook. As a consequence of personalization, we increasingly see content that agrees with our views, we cease to be exposed to views contrary to our own. Both algorithms and the users themselves filter content, and this creates more polarized points of view, so called “filter bubbles” or “echo chambers”. This paper presents a vision of a diversity aware recommendation model, for the selection and presentation of a diverse selection of news to users. This diversity aware recommendation model considers that: a) users have different requirements on diversity (e.g., challenge-averse or diversity seeking), and that b) items will satisfy these requirements to different extents (e.g., liberal or conservative news). By considering both item and user diversity this model aims to maximize the amount of diverse content that users are exposed to, without damaging system reputation.
Mutations in LACS2, a Long-Chain Acyl-Coenzyme A Synthetase, Enhance Susceptibility to Avirulent Pseudomonas syringae But Confer Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis1[OA]

We identified an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant, sma4 (symptoms to multiple avr genotypes4), that displays severe disease symptoms when inoculated with avirulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato, although bacterial growth is only moderately enhanced compared to wild-type plants. The sma4 mutant showed a normal susceptible phenotype to the biotrophic fungal pathogen Erysiphe cichoracearum. Significantly, the sma4 mutant was highly resistant to a necrotrophic fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. Germination of B. cinerea spores on sma4 mutant leaves was inhibited, and penetration by those that did germinate was rare. The sma4 mutant also showed several pleiotropic phenotypes, including increased sensitivity to lower humidity and salt stress. Isolation of SMA4 by positional cloning revealed that it encodes LACS2, a member of the long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases. LACS2 has previously been shown to be involved in cutin biosynthesis. We therefore tested three additional cutin-defective mutants for resistance to B. cinerea: att1 (for aberrant induction of type three genes), bodyguard, and lacerata. All three displayed an enhanced resistance to B. cinerea. Our results indicate that plant cutin or cuticle structure may play a crucial role in tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress and in the pathogenesis of B. cinerea.
A Molecular Dynamics Investigation of the Effect of Pressure and Orientation on the Cu Consumption in Cu-Cu3Sn Interface under Isothermal Ageing and Its Dissipative Mechanisms during Traction

In this paper, the nanoscale dissipative mechanisms of a Cu pad in a Ball Grid Array (BGA) packaging structure during isothermal ageing and uniaxial tension were investigated by the molecular dynamics (MD) method and experiments. From the result of the isothermal ageing test, a nonuniform consumption of Cu and large amount of Kirkendall voids were observed at the interface of Cu and Cu3Sn. To study the effect of pressure and orientation on this phenomenon, MD simulations were conducted on four types of Cu-Cu3Sn interface structures with different orientations of Cu. By comparing the diffusion coefficients of atoms in those cases, it was found that the tensile stress would inhibit the diffusion of atoms, whereas compressive stress would accelerate it, and this would be more significant under a larger magnitude of stress and temperature. Note that, in the model with the (101) surface Cu at the interface, both Cu and Cu3Sn have a higher diffusion coefficient compared with the model with (001) surface Cu. Thus, the orientation of Cu will also contribute to the uniform consumption of the pad. Uniaxial tension simulation combined with DXA and CSP analyses on those models also shows the model with (001) surface Cu has a greater mechanical reliability in our simulations and related experiments.
Design of a novel wearable human computer interface based on electrooculograghy

People with severe motor disabilities are not able to move their limbs voluntarily and speech overtly, though the cognitive parts of their brain are intact. Human computer interfaces, as an assistive technology, provide a new channel of communication to help these people. In this study, a novel wearable miniaturized human computer interface system was designed and tested allowing these people to state their intentions and feelings just by using their eyes. The system that can be installed on glasses, records the electrooculogram signal and transfers the digitized data wirelessly to a laptop. By analyzing the signals, eight directions of eye movements consist of up, down, right, left and four diagonal directions, as well as the voluntary blinking were recognized and used in a high performance graphical user interface to type alphabetical letters and numbers, just by two moves and two selections. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the developed system. Precision, sensitivity and accuracy of recognizing the user intention were obtained 95%, 98% and 93% respectively and the average rate of communication was 5.88 character per minute. This low-cost wearable device is light-weight with small size which assures high level of mobility and comfort. The users could learn to type with the system in a short time, and easily work with it without fatigue.
e-mmersive Book: the AR book that assists the syntopical reading

Recently, researchers have actively explored ways to enhance reading experiences by utilizing Augmented Reality (AR) technologies. Augmenting a 3D virtual model on top of the real story book or science textbook is the typical way of using AR to enhance user experiences of reading activities. We present a new AR-based book system, e-mmersive Book, that assists the syntopical reading, where users read more than one book in an inspectional way to find answers to particular questions. Our new AR-based book system provides new possibilities to enhance reading experiences for students and researchers.
Photoinduced changes in the chlorophyll a to chlorophyll B ratio in young bean plants.

An alternating light-dark system is described under which etiolated bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) leaves form selectively chlorophyll a.This system consists of cycles of 2 minutes of white light alternating with 98-minute dark periods.Etiolated tissue exposed to a series of such light-dark cycles accumulates chlorophyll a predominantly, with no lag phase in its biosynthesis. A very high ratio of chlorophyll a:chlorophyll b is thus established. The ratio increases with the number of light exposures up to about 45 such exposures and then it declines. Transfer of the etiolated tissue to continuous illumination after a number of such light exposures results in a dramatic drop of the chlorophyll a:chlorophyll b ratio to values normally found in green plants.
Honey Encryption for Language

Honey Encryption (HE), introduced by Juels and Ristenpart (Eurocrypt 2014, [13]), is an encryption paradigm designed to produce ciphertexts yielding plausible-looking but bogus plaintexts upon decryption with wrong keys. Thus brute-force attackers need to use additional information to determine whether they indeed found the correct key. At the end of their paper, Juels and Ristenpart leave as an open question the adaptation of honey encryption to natural language messages. A recent paper by Chatterjee et al. [5] takes a mild attempt at the challenge and constructs a natural language honey encryption scheme relying on simple models for passwords. In this position paper we explain why this approach cannot be extended to reasonable-size human-written documents e.g. e-mails. We propose an alternative solution and evaluate its security.
Same-sex sexuality and psychiatric disorders in the second Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS-2).

PURPOSE Sexual orientation has been shown to be a risk factor for psychiatric disorders. This study compared whether sexual orientation-related disparities in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders are similar based on homosexual behavior versus attraction and tested whether, with increased acceptance of homosexuality, these disparities have diminished over time. METHODS The Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0 was administered with a total of 6,646 Dutch persons, aged 18 to 64 years. RESULTS Between 2.0% and 2.5% of the participants reported same-sex sexual behavior in the preceding year or same-sex attraction. Homosexually active persons and persons with same-sex attraction reported a higher prevalence of disorders than heterosexual persons. There were more disparities in the prevalence of disorders based on sexual attraction than based on sexual behavior. Comparing these results with a previous study, showed that no significant changes over time have occurred in the pattern of health disparities. CONCLUSIONS Sexual orientation continues to be a risk factor for psychiatric disorders, stressing the need for understanding the origins of these disparities.
Paracrine effect of GTP cyclohydrolase and angiopoietin-1 interaction in stromal fibroblasts on tumor Tie2 activation and breast cancer growth

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a key role in promoting tumor growth, acting through complex paracrine regulation. GTP cyclohydrolase (GTPCH) expression for tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis in tumor stroma is implicated in angiogenesis and tumor development. However, the clinical significance of GTPCH expression in breast cancer is still elusive and how GTPCH regulates stromal fibroblast and tumor cell communication remains unknown. We found that GTPCH was upregulated in breast CAFs and epithelia, and high GTPCH RNA was significantly correlated with larger high grade tumors and worse prognosis. In cocultures, GTPCH expressing fibroblasts stimulated breast cancer cell proliferation and motility, cancer cell Tie2 phosphorylation and consequent downstream pathway activation. GTPCH interacted with Ang-1 in stromal fibroblasts and enhanced Ang-1 expression and function, which in turn phosphorylated tumor Tie2 and induced cell proliferation. In coimplantation xenografts, GTPCH in fibroblasts enhanced tumor growth, upregulating Ang-1 and alpha-smooth muscle actin mainly in fibroblast-like cells. GTPCH inhibition resulted in the attenuation of tumor growth and angiogenesis. GTPCH/Ang-1 interaction in stromal fibroblasts and activation of Tie2 on breast tumor cells could play an important role in supporting breast cancer growth. GTPCH may be an important mechanism of paracrine tumor growth and hence a target for therapy in breast cancer.
Simple tunable all-fiber delay line filter for dispersion compensation

A delay line filter with tunable group delay for residual dispersion compensation is presented. The device is suitable for channel bit rates of 40 Gb/s and consists mainly of two 3 /spl times/ 3 fiber couplers connected in series. Due to the all-fiber implementation, it has low polarization sensitivity and can be directly inserted in the transmission line. Its dispersion value can be tuned by simply changing the optical phase in one filter path. Thereby, a tuning range of /spl plusmn/50 ps/nm is realized with a very good agreement between simulation and measurement.
Dmrta1 regulates proneural gene expression downstream of Pax6 in the mammalian telencephalon

The transcription factor Pax6 balances cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation in the mammalian developing neocortex by regulating the expression of target genes. Using microarray analysis, we observed the down‐regulation of Dmrta1 (doublesex and mab‐3‐related transcription factor‐like family A1) in the telencephalon of Pax6 homozygous mutant rats (rSey2/rSey2). Dmrta1 expression was restricted to the neural stem/progenitor cells of the dorsal telencephalon. Overexpression of Dmrta1 induced the expression of the proneural gene Neurogenin2 (Neurog2) and conversely repressed Ascl1 (Mash1), a proneural gene expressed in the ventral telencephalon. We found that another Dmrt family molecule, Dmrt3, induced Neurog2 expression in the dorsal telencephalon. Our novel findings suggest that dual regulation of proneural genes mediated by Pax6 and Dmrt family members is crucial for cortical neurogenesis.
Numerical experiments with model monophyletic and paraphyletic taxa

The problem of how accurately paraphyletic taxa versus monophyletic (i.e., holophyletic) groups (clades) capture underlying species patterns of diversity and extinction is explored with Monte Carlo simulations. Phylogenies are modeled as stochastic trees. Paraphyletic taxa are defined in an arbitrary manner by randomly choosing progenitors and clustering all descendants not belonging to other taxa. These taxa are then examined to determine which are clades, and the remaining paraphyletic groups are dissected to discover monophyletic subgroups. Comparisons of diversity patterns and extinction rates between modeled taxa and lineages indicate that paraphyletic groups can adequately capture lineage information under a variety of conditions of diversification and mass extinction. This suggests that these groups constitute more than mere “taxonomic noise” in this context. But, strictly monophyletic groups perform somewhat better, especially with regard to mass extinctions. However, when low levels of paleontologic sampling are simulated, the veracity of clades deteriorates, especially with respect to diversity, and modeled paraphyletic taxa often capture more information about underlying lineages. Thus, for studies of diversity and taxic evolution in the fossil record, traditional paleontologic genera and families need not be rejected in favor of cladistically-defined taxa.
Hot-potato worm routing is almost as easy as store-and-forward packet routing

The theory of worm routing (rather than packet routing) recently attracts an increased attention as an abstraction of the underlying communication mechanisms in many parallel machines. Routing the worms in the hot-potato style is a desired form of communication in high-speed optical interconnection networks. The authors develop a simple method for the design of parallel hot-potato worm routing algorithms. The basic approach is to simulate known packet routing algorithms, so that in each step worms are moved around instead of packets. For hot-potato permutation routing of worms of size k the authors have the following results. They get a O(k/sup 2.5/n) algorithm for the n*n mesh, and a O(k/sup 1.5/n) algorithm for the corresponding offline problem. For the 2/sup n/-nodes hypercube they get a O(k/sup 3/n log /sup 2/n) deterministic algorithm, and a O(k/sup 3/n) randomized algorithm. Although the results are given for permutation routing on the mesh and the hypercube, the general method can be applied to many other networks and to more general communication patterns as well. Moreover, once better routing algorithms are found for the underlying network, the worm routing algorithm improves, too. <<ETX>>
Meiosis of mouse eggs before and after sperm penetration.

Mature mice were induced to ovulate by injections of PMS and HCG and their eggs were prepared, using an air-dry technique, for the examination of chromosomes during the first and second meiotic divisions. Sixty percent of 72 eggs recovered from follicles between 10 and 8.5 hours before ovulation were at prophase, whereas 91%–64% of 139 eggs were at metaphase I from 7 to 3 hours before ovulation. Anaphase I and telophase I were seen in 17 eggs 4.5–0 hours before ovulation. The bivalents were clumped together in a single mass at the earliest stage of diakinesis. Separate, extended bivalents which underwent contraction up to metaphase I were observed later. Counts of bivalents in 82 eggs at diakinesis and metaphase I revealed no deviation from the haploid number (n = 20). The dyads in the first polar body were usually extended and somewhat diffuse in appearance, whereas those in the egg were not. A total of 295 eggs were examined from 24 females inseminated 1.5 hours after ovulation. At 3, 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 hours after ovulation 3%, 20%, 26% and 43% of recovered eggs respectively were penetrated by sperm, indicating that a certain length of time may be required for capacitation of mouse sperm. Approximately 90% of eggs with an intact sperm head (Type I) were at metaphase II and nearly 100% of eggs with a swollen sperm head (Types III and IV) were at telophase II. Four distinct configurations of metaphase II, “spread,” “clumped,” “compact,” and “granular” were seen in 384 unfertilized eggs recovered from 36 females at various times after induced ovulation. The haploid number of dyads was observed in all of 70 eggs counted at metaphase II in the “spread” configuration. The proportion of unfertilized eggs with a “compact” metaphase II increased from 2% at 5–7 hours to 12% at 24–31.5 hours after ovulation, while the proportion of eggs with a “granular” metaphase II increased from 11% to 47% over the same period. The second meiotic metaphase exhibited these degenerative changes mainly at the end of the fertilizable period of the egg.
Shock Therapy versus Gradualism: The End of the Debate

China's economy has undergone a fundamental change from planned economy to market economy. The economic strength of the country was intensified constantly. Meanwhile, East European countries and Baltic States advocated radical reforms and rapid transformation. So, it is difficult to say which is better between Shock Therapy and Gradualism. According to different views, this essay will explain the debate in detail.
Free energy barrier estimation of unfolding the α‐helical surfactant‐associated polypeptide C

Molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to estimate the free energy barrier of unfolding surfactant‐associated polypeptide C (SP‐C) from an α‐helical conformation. Experimental studies indicate that while the helical fold of SP‐C is thermodynamically stable in phospholipid micelles, it is metastable in a mixed organic solvent of CHCl3/CH3OH/0.1 M HCl at 32:64:5 (v/v/v), in which it undergoes an irreversible transformation to an insoluble aggregate that contains β‐sheet. On the basis of experimental observations, the free energy barrier was estimated to be ∼100 kJ/mole by applying Eyring's transition state theory to the experimental rate of unfolding [Protein Sci 1998;7:2533–2540]. These studies prompted us to carry out simulations to investigate the unwinding process of two helical turns encompassing residues 25–32 in water and in methanol. The results give an upper bound estimation for the free energy barrier of unfolding of SP‐C of ∼20 kJ/mole. The results suggest a need to reconsider the applicability of a single‐mode activated process theory to protein unfolding. Proteins 2001;43:395–402. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex Differences in Self-Confidence as a Function of Feedback and Social Cues

Sex differences in self-confidence were assessed by measuring the discrepancy between 20 male and 20 female subjects' perceived and actual reaction times (RTs) in a matching task. Subjects judged whether or not two letters were the same. After each trial, perceived and actual RTs were recorded. Whereas half of the subjects received RT feedback from the experimenter after the experimental trials, the other half did not. Half of the subjects were given a standard by which to evaluate their own performance and the other half were not. The absence of a significant difference between the actual RTs of 20 male and 20 female subjects indicates that they were equally efficient in matching letters. However, the extent to which subjects would underestimate their RTs was sex-dependent: without RT feedback, women underestimated their actual RTs more than men. In contrast to previous findings, relative to men, women exhibited no tendency to devaluate their performance.
Erosion of upland hillslope soil organic carbon: Coupling field measurements with a sediment transport model

Little is known about the role of vegetated hillslope sediment transport in the soil C cycle and soil‐atmosphere C exchange. We combined a hillslope sediment transport model with empirical soil C measurements to quantify the erosion and temporal storage of soil organic carbon (SOC) within two grasslands in central California. The sites have contrasting erosional mechanisms: biological perturbation (Tennessee Valley (TV)) versus clay‐rich soil creep (Black Diamond (BD)). The average SOC erosion rates from convex slopes were 1.4–2.7 g C m−2 yr−1 at TV and 5–8 g C m−2 yr−1 at BD, values that are <10% of above ground net primary productivity (ANPP) at both sites. The eroded soil accumulates on depositional slopes. The long term SOC accumulation (or C sink) rates are ∼1.9 g C m−2 yr−1 in the TV hollow and 1.7–2.8 g C m−2 yr−1 in the BD footslope. We found that the hillslope C sink is driven primarily by the burial of in situ plant production rather than preservation of eroded SOC, a finding that differs from existing hypotheses. At TV, the net sequestration of atmospheric C by long‐term hollow evacuation and refilling depends on the fate of the C exported from the zero order watershed. This study suggests that erosion and deposition are coupled processes that create a previously unrecognized C sink in undisturbed upland watersheds, with a potential to substantially affect the global C balance presently, and over geological timescales.