Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Generalized Hartle-Hawking initial state: Quantum field theory on Einstein conifolds

Recent arguments have indicated that the sum over histories formulation of quantum amplitudes for gravity should include sums over conifolds, a set of histories with more general topology than that of manifolds. This paper addresses the consequences of conifold histories in gravitational functional integrals that also include scalar fields. This study will be carried out explicitly for the generalized Hartle-Hawking initial state, that is the Hartle-Hawking initial state generalized to a sum over conifolds. In the perturbative limit of the semiclassical approximation to the generalized Hartle-Hawking state, one finds that quantum field theory on Einstein conifolds is recovered. In particular, the quantum field theory of a scalar field on de Sitter spacetime with $RP^3$ spatial topology is derived from the generalized Hartle-Hawking initial state in this approximation. This derivation is carried out for a scalar field of arbitrary mass and scalar curvature coupling. Additionally, the generalized Hartle-Hawking boundary condition produces a state that is not identical to but corresponds to the Bunch-Davies vacuum on $RP^3$ de Sitter spacetime. This result cannot be obtained from the original Hartle-Hawking state formulated as a sum over manifolds as there is no Einstein manifold with round $RP^3$ boundary.
Experimental Demonstration of an IFFT/FFT Size Efficient DFT-Spread OFDM for Short Reach Optical Transmission Systems

We experimentally demonstrate an IFFT/FFT size efficient discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-spread orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) based on complex-valued IFFT/FFT operations without Hermitian symmetry constraint at the input, for short-reach intensity-modulated and directly-detected optical fiber transmission systems. The only complex-valued IFFT-based OFDM has the similar peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and bit error rate (BER) performance, but with only half of the IFFT/FFT size as the conventional real IFFT-based OFDM. In this paper, the complex IFFT-based OFDM combined with DFT-spread technique is proposed and applied to reduce PAPR and IFFT/FFT size, and improve BER performance at the same time. The experimental results show that, with the help of PAPR reduction enabled by DFT-spread, more than 2-dB improvement in receiver sensitivity has been achieved after 20.62 km of single mode fiber transmission at a BER of 3.8 × 10-3 (7% hard-decision forward error correction threshold). In addition, by using the DFT-spread technique, the BER performance comparison between complex IFFT-based OFDM and real IFFT-based OFDM is also performed. The results show that, the BER performance of the former is slightly worse than the latter, but has lower hardware complexity and less power consumption due to the reduced IFFT/FFT size.
Make it or Break it

N AuGUST 1945, NUCLEAR WEAPON SCIENTISTS BECAME HEROES. THE U.S. atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki signaled the end to a long and bloody world war. The scientific expertise that gave birth to the Bomb has also helped secure nuclear weapons and weapons-usable materials. During the Manhattan Project, the United States sent scientists throughout Europe to stop Nazi Germany from building the Bomb. This dual role continued throughout the Cold War, as the national weapons laboratories maintained the
Aerospike: Architecture of a Real-Time Operational DBMS

In this paper, we describe the solutions developed to address key technical challenges encountered while building a distributed database system that can smoothly handle demanding real-time workloads and provide a high level of fault tolerance. Specifically, we describe schemes for the efficient clustering and data partitioning for the automatic scale out of processing across multiple nodes and for optimizing the usage of CPUs, DRAM, SSDs and networks to efficiently scale up performance on one node. The techniques described here were used to develop Aerospike (formerly Citrusleaf), a high performance distributed database system built to handle the needs of today's interactive online services. Most real-time decision systems that use Aerospike require very high scale and need to make decisions within a strict SLA by reading from, and writing to, a database containing billions of data items at a rate of millions of operations per second with sub-millisecond latency. For over five years, Aerospike has been continuously used in over a hundred successful production deployments, as many enterprises have discovered that it can substantially enhance their user experience.
Delay and synchronization control middleware to support real-time multimedia services over wireless PCS networks

This paper presents a discussion of several middleware design issues related to the support of real-time multimedia communications over wireless personal communication services (PCS) networks. Specific interests are given to error recovery and synchronization mechanisms. A hybrid automatic repeat request (ARQ) scheme is employed for error control in the proposed system because it can efficiently adapt to nonstationary wireless channels and yield high throughput and reliability. In particular, delay and delay jitter control related to retransmissions in the error control module are addressed. An adaptive source rate control mechanism is used to handle the fluctuation of the effective channel data rate due to retransmissions. An adaptive synchronization scheme is developed to compensate for long-term delay variation caused by large-scale fading so that synchronization is preserved and end-to-end delay is kept low. Simulation results from the performance evaluation of the system are presented.
Effect of New Zealand Blackcurrant Extract on Repeated Cycling Time Trial Performance

New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) extract increased 16.1 km cycling time trial performance. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of NZBC extract on 2 × 4 km time trial performance. Ten male cyclists (age: 30 ± 12 years, body mass: 74 ± 9 kg, height: 179 ± 7 cm, body fat: 11 ± 3%, V˙O2max: 55 ± 7 mL·kg−1·min−1, mean ± SD) volunteered. Participants were familiarized with the time trials. Participants consumed capsulated NZBC extract (300 mg·day−1 CurraNZ™; containing 105 mg anthocyanin) or placebo for seven days (double blind, randomised, cross-over design, wash-out at least seven days) before 2 × 4 km time trials (10 min active self-paced recovery between trials) (SRM ergometer, SRM International, Germany). Heart rate was recorded and blood lactate sampled immediately after each trial and 8 min into recovery between the trials. Times over comparable one km distances in each 4 km time trial were similar. No effect was observed for the time to complete the first (placebo: 380 ± 28 s, NZBC: 377 ± 27 s) and second 4 km of cycling (placebo: 391 ± 32 s, NZBC: 387 ± 30 s), within both groups the second 4 km times slower by 11 ± 8 s and 11 ± 9 s for placebo and NZBC, respectively. However, the total time of the two 4 km cycling trials was 0.82% faster with NZBC extract (placebo: 771 ± 60 s, NZBC 764 ± 56 s, p = 0.034) with seven participants having faster total times. There was no effect of NZBC on heart rate and lactate values at identical time points. New Zealand blackcurrant extract seems to be beneficial in repeated short-distance cycling time trials for overall performance.
Dominance and the Working Wife

JN RECENT years the proportion of families in America with working wives and mothers has markedly increased. The increasing frequency of the working-wife family makes more urgent the answer to the question: What effect does such a shift in the wife's role have on other aspects of family life? The present study was designed to help answer some parts of this broad question. Its primary focus has been on the effect of the wife's working on the decision-making process in the family. Unfortunately, most of the existing studies on the effects of the working wife on family life have been based on predominantly middle-class cases. The dearth of studies of the effects on family life of the working-class working wife is especially untoward because a far larger proportion of working-class families than of middle-class families are working-wife families. Therefore, it was decided that in the present study explicit attention would be given to comparing the effect of the working wife on family decision-making in the working class with its effect in the middle class. The existing literature contains three previous studies which have dealt with the effect of the wife's working on family decision-making. Kligler, in a predominantly middle-class sample of respondents from the New York area, showed that the working mother influenced family decisions on major purchases, loans, savings, and investments to a greater extent than did the nonworking mother. This difference was statistically significant at beyond the . 05 level. ' Fougeyrollas, in a study of respondents in a suburb of Paris, France, demonstrated that the working wife had greater authority in making decisions in a variety of areas. The sample contained respondents from all social classes but results were not published showing the effect on decision-making of the wife's working for different social classes separately.2 The third existing study relating the effect of the wife's work status to family decision-making came to publication when the present study was in progress. In a reanalysis of their data comparing 500 delinquents with 500 matched nondelinquents, Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck show that for both the delinquent and nondelinquent sample, the working mother is more apt to dominate family affairs than the nonworking mother.3 The Gluecks do not explain how they decided that either the mother or the father dominated family affairs. Apparently for the most part the information was obtained from the coding of unstructured interviews usually with the mother alone, sometimes with the father, with both parents, or with one of the boy's older siblings or a relative. We are also told that "we had the judgment of the psychiatrist which was made following his interview with the boy. "4
Antennas for the next generation of low-frequency radio telescopes

The next generation of large telescopes for radio astronomy at frequencies below 100 MHz will consist of tens of thousands of wide-band dipole-like antennas, each individually instrumented with a receiver and combined using digital signal processing. At these frequencies, the sensitivity of a telescope is limited by Galactic noise, with the result that even simple dipoles can deliver extraordinary useable bandwidth. In this paper the necessary characteristics for these antennas are explained, some bounds on performance are developed, and a few candidate designs are analyzed. It is shown that antenna systems consisting of simple wire dipoles, a 360 K active balun, and a long coaxial feedline can achieve Galactic noise-limited performance over large portions of the range 10-100 MHz. It is further shown that when these antennas are used as elements in a compact array, their Galactic noise-limited characteristics are not significantly affected.
Novel immunogenic antigens increase classification accuracy in meningioma to 93.84%

There is growing evidence that simultaneous analysis of multiple autoantibody reactions can be utilized for diagnosis of neoplasms. Using a set of 57 meningioma‐associated antigens, we recently separated meningioma patients from individuals without known disease with an accuracy of 90.3%. Here, we ask whether a largely increased set of immunogenic antigens can further improve this discrimination. We used an array with 1,827 human recombinant clones and measured reactivity of serum autoantibodies against the clones by a novel automated image analysis procedure. We were able to separate meningioma sera from sera of healthy controls with a specificity of 95.62%, a sensitivity of 91.83% and an accuracy of 93.84%. Of the analyzed clones, 23 in‐frame clones were highly informative for the classification of meningioma vs. normal sera as shown by their AUC values. These results demonstrate that the accuracy of a serum‐based diagnostic can be readily and considerably improved by screening extended sets of proteins.
Characterization of the Extravascular Component of Coronary Resistance by Instantaneous Pressure‐Flow Relationships in the Dog

To investigate the mechanical effects of the myocardium on the blood perfusion of the canine left ventricle, phasic total left ventricular (LV) coronary blood flow, perfusion pressure, LV pressure, aortic flow rate, and LV segment length were recorded continuously in an open-chested dog heart preparation. These variables were analyzed on a digital computer and time synchronized so that coronary pressure-flow curves could be drawn for various instants in the cardiac cycle. During diastole, the pressure-flow relationship is linear, changing to a nonlinear curve with the onset of systole. To estimate phasic patterns of coronary resistance and intramyocardial pressure (IMP), a model based on the vascular waterfall mechanism was developed and fitted to the experimental data. The results of this operation show inferred coronary resistance patterns that increase during ejection and remain constant during diastole and isovolumic contraction. Assuming LV pressure to represent endocardial IMP, the estimated epicardial IMP signal averages 42.1 ± 13.3% of peak LV pressure at this instant of peak pressure. Furthermore, increases in end-diastolic volume reduced the changes in inferred coronary resistance taking place during ejection, but the epicardial IMP signal remained practically unchanged. Circ Res 45: 378-390, 1979
Serum opacity factor promotes group A streptococcal epithelial cell invasion and virulence

Serum opacity factor (SOF) is a bifunctional cell surface protein expressed by 40–50% of group A streptococcal (GAS) strains comprised of a C‐terminal domain that binds fibronectin and an N‐terminal domain that mediates opacification of mammalian sera. The sof gene was recently discovered to be cotranscribed in a two‐gene operon with a gene encoding another fibronectin‐binding protein, sfbX. We compared the ability of a SOF(+) wild‐type serotype M49 GAS strain and isogenic mutants lacking SOF or SfbX to invade cultured HEp‐2 human pharyngeal epithelial cells. Elimination of SOF led to a significant decrease in HEp‐2 intracellular invasion while loss of SfbX had minimal effect. The hypoinvasive phenotype of the SOF(–) mutant could be restored upon complementation with the sof gene on a plasmid vector, and heterologous expression of sof49 in M1 GAS or Lactococcus lactis conferred marked increases in HEp‐2 cell invasion. Studies using a mutant sof49 gene lacking the fibronectin‐binding domain indicated that the N‐terminal opacification domain of SOF contributes to HEp‐2 invasion independent of the C‐terminal fibronectin binding domain, findings corroborated by observations that a purified SOF N‐terminal peptide could promote latex bead adherence to HEp‐2 cells and inhibit GAS invasion of HEp‐2 cells in a dose‐dependent manner. Finally, the first in vivo studies to employ a single gene allelic replacement mutant of SOF demonstrate that this protein contributes to GAS virulence in a murine model of necrotizing skin infection.
Example-Based Machine Translation : A New Paradigm

Machine translation (MT) is aimed to enable a computer to transfer natural language utterances in either text or speech from one language into another while preserving the meaning and interpretation. MT technology has gone through several paradigms from its very beginning in the past half century, including word-to-word direct translation, rule-based transfer approach, inter-lingua approach and knowledge-based machine translation (KBMT). The direct translation approach relies too much on dictionary look-up. The transfer approach incorporates language analysis and representation at various linguistic levels, but cannot find adequate knowledge to resolve ambiguities involved in the language analysis, transfer and generation. The inter-lingua approach rests on the assumption that all languages share a common underlying representation, but such a goal appears unreachable. The knowledge-based approach attempts, mostly in the fashion of knowledge engineering (KE) in traditional symbolic AI, to acquire and encode various kinds of knowledge (e.g., encyclopedic knowledge) for the purpose of disambiguation, but the source of knowledge remains a serious problem. Most recent MT research falls into statistical MT and examplebased MT. It is argued in Somers (1998; 2000a) that statistical MT is also an example-based approach.
Polymorphic Political Geographies

NEW POLITICAL GEOGRAPHIES Welcome to another issue of Territory, Politics, Governance that illustrates the expanding breadth and depth of an inter-disciplinary engagement with political geography. The papers represented here come from six disciplines – Geography, Sociology, Political Science, Anthropology, Economics, Area Studies – and have been written by interesting authors drawn from across the northern hemisphere – these scholars being based in the UK, USA, Canada, Germany, Finland and Greece. Their topics and methodologies range from North American water governance to European Union (EU) diplomacy in Kenya, from the political science of intergovernmental relations to neo-Marxist situations of the state as a social relation, capturing how exciting and dynamic the field of territory, politics and governance has become. In doing so, they illustrate the importance of this journal in providing the collective platform for bringing together these bodies of critical thinking. It is a pleasure to position these papers, individually and collectively, in their broader intellectual environment of ‘new political geography’ (JONES et al., 2004, 2015a ,p . 2–4). There have, of course, been a number of different approaches to defining the shifting field of political geography. To some scholars, political geography has been about the study of political bounded territorial units, demarcated borders and administrative sub-divisions (ALEXANDER, 1963). For others, political geography is the study of political processes, differing from political science only in the emphasis given to geographical influences and outcomes and in the application of spatial analysis techniques (BURNETT and TAYLOR, 1981). A third approach holds that political geography should be defined in terms of its key concepts, which the proponents of this approach generally identify as territory and the state (COX, 2002, 2013). This approach shares with the earlier two approaches a desire to identify the ‘essence’ of political geography such that a definitive classification can be made of what is and what is not ‘political geography’. Yet, the doing of political geography, i.e. how it is actually researched, is much messier than these definitions suggest (witness the variety of papers published in Territory, Politics, Governance to date – compare, ELDEN, 2013 ;J ESSOP, 2016 ;P ECK, 2013 ;S ASSEN 2013; STORPER, 2014). As such, scholars, who have sought to define political geography in a much more open and inclusive manner, have taken a fourth and more relational approach. Agnew, for example, defines political geography as ‘the study of how politics
Prenatal psychosocial risk assessment using event history calendars with Black women.

OBJECTIVE To explore the clinical acceptability and perceptions of use of a prenatal event history calendar (EHC) for prenatal psychosocial risk assessment in Black pregnant women. DESIGN A qualitative descriptive study focused on interviews and prenatal EHCs completed by Black pregnant women. SETTING Inner city hospital prenatal care clinic in Southeastern Michigan. PARTICIPANTS Thirty 18-35 year old pregnant Black women receiving prenatal care at the participating clinic. METHODS Women completed the prenatal EHCs and their perceptions of its use were obtained through face to face interviews. The constant comparative method of analysis (Glaser, 1978, 1992) revealed themes from participants' descriptions about use of a prenatal EHC for prenatal psychosocial risk assessment. RESULTS Three main themes emerged describing how the prenatal EHC enhanced communication. The prenatal EHC provided "an opening" for disclosure, "an understanding with you," and a way for providers to "know you, your life, and future plans. " The participants' completed prenatal EHCs included information regarding their pre-pregnancies, trimester histories, and future plans. These completed prenatal EHCs showed patterns of change in life events and behaviors that included worries, stressors, and risk behaviors. The participants perceived the prenatal EHC as an easy to use tool that should be used to improve communication with health care providers. CONCLUSIONS The prenatal EHC allows the patient and provider to "start on the same page" and provides an additional avenue for discussion of sensitive psychosocial issues with Black pregnant women. As a clinical tool, the prenatal EHC facilitated patient-provider communication for pregnant women often marked by health disparities. The prenatal EHC is a clinically acceptable tool to assess for psychosocial risk factors of Black women in a prenatal clinical setting.
How to Monitor the Brain during Immediate Neonatal Transition and Resuscitation: A Systematic Qualitative Review of the Literature

Background: The brain is vulnerable to injury and dysfunction during transition after birth in neonates. Clinical assessment of the neurological status immediately following birth is difficult, especially during resuscitation. Objective: Our aim was to review physiological monitoring of the brain during immediate postnatal transition - the first 15 min after birth. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed and EMBASE was performed using the following terms: newborn, neonate, neonates, transition, after-birth, delivery room, cerebral, brain, monitoring, neurology, oxygenation, saturation, activity, imaging, perfusion, Doppler, and blood flow. Additional articles were identified by manual search of cited references. Only human studies describing cerebral changes during the first 15 min after birth were included. Results: Six studies were identified, which described sequential measurements of cerebral perfusion using Doppler sonography, one of these in combination with continuous monitoring of cerebral tissue oxygenation with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). A further 15 studies were identified that used NIRS to continuously monitor cerebral tissue oxygenation. In one study, cerebral activity was continuously monitored with an additional amplitude-integrated encephalogram. Conclusion: Monitoring the brain provides additional information during immediate transition and may help to guide resuscitation. Doppler sonography is technically challenging during resuscitation and is therefore of limited value. NIRS provides continuous monitoring and is feasible even in very-low-birth-weight infants. In the future, an amplitude-integrated encephalogram might give further information on the status of the brain, but before any of these modalities can routinely be recommended during neonatal resuscitation, clinical trials targeting stable brain function parameters are needed.