Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
New and emerging contraceptives: a state-of-the-art review

Background The first hormonal contraceptive was introduced onto the market in several countries 50 years ago; however, the portfolio of contraceptive methods remains restricted with regards to their steroid composition, their cost, and their ability to satisfy the requirements of millions of women/couples in accordance with their different reproductive intentions, behaviors, cultures, and settings. Methods A literature review was conducted using Medline, Embase, and Current Contents databases, up to September 1, 2013 to identify publications reporting new contraceptives in development using combinations of the search terms: contraception, contraceptives, oral contraceptives, patch, vaginal ring, implants, intrauterine contraceptives, and emergency contraception (EC). Also, several experts in the field were also consulted to document ongoing projects on contraception development. Additionally, the Clinicaltrial.gov website was searched for ongoing studies on existing contraceptive methods and new and emerging female contraceptives developed over the past 5 years. Information was also obtained from the pharmaceutical industry. Results Early sexual debut and late menopause means that women may require contraception for up to 30 years. Although oral, injectable, vaginal, transdermal, subdermal, and intrauterine contraceptives are already available, new contraceptives have been developed in an attempt to reduce side effects and avoid early discontinuation, and to fulfill women’s different requirements. Research efforts are focused on replacing ethinyl-estradiol with natural estradiol to reduce thrombotic events. In addition, new, less androgenic progestins are being introduced and selective progesterone receptor modulators and new delivery systems are being used. In addition, research is being conducted into methods that offer dual protection (contraception and protection against human immunodeficiency virus transmission), and contraceptives for use “on demand. ” Studies are also investigating non-hormonal contraceptive methods that have additional, non-contraceptive benefits. Conclusion The most pressing need worldwide is, first, that the highly effective contraceptive methods already available should be affordable to most of the population and also that these methods should fulfill the needs of women of different ages and with different reproductive requirements. The development of new contraceptive methods should also take advantage of the knowledge obtained over the past 30 years on gamete physiology and gamete interaction to avoid the use of steroid compounds.
Deriving Link Context through Dependency Analysis

Link context is a beneficial complement to the anchor text when we predict the topic of the target web page. In this paper, we have defined the link context of the anchor text as a word set in which each word has dependency relationship with it. We have proposed an effective method for the extraction of the link context. Firstly, we have decomposed the whole sentence into some sub-clauses through dependency analysis of the sentence. Each sub-clause represents a semantic group. Secondly, we have found out the sub-clause set of each anchor. Finally, we have chosen one sub-clause(which contains the anchor text and meets the selection rule) from the sub-clause set as the link context of the anchor.To our best knowledge, it is the first time to derive link context by a NLP(natural language processing)technique, the dependency relationship analysis of sentence.The preliminary result has shown the quality of the link context obtained by this method has been significantly improved, and can fill up the deficiency of some heuristic methods based on the HTML structure of the web page in the respect of text analysis.
Mastication as a Stress-Coping Behavior

Exposure to chronic stress induces various physical and mental effects that may ultimately lead to disease. Stress-related disease has become a global health problem. Mastication (chewing) is an effective behavior for coping with stress, likely due to the alterations chewing causes in the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system. Mastication under stressful conditions attenuates stress-induced increases in plasma corticosterone and catecholamines, as well as the expression of stress-related substances, such as neurotrophic factors and nitric oxide. Further, chewing reduces stress-induced changes in central nervous system morphology, especially in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. In rodents, chewing or biting on wooden sticks during exposure to various stressors reduces stress-induced gastric ulcer formation and attenuates spatial cognitive dysfunction, anxiety-like behavior, and bone loss. In humans, some studies demonstrate that chewing gum during exposure to stress decreases plasma and salivary cortisol levels and reduces mental stress, although other studies report no such effect. Here, we discuss the neuronal mechanisms that underline the interactions between masticatory function and stress-coping behaviors in animals and humans.
Distributed under Creative Commons Cc-by 4.0 the Relative Importance of Dna Methylation and Dnmt2-mediated Epigenetic Regulation on Wolbachia Densities and Cytoplasmic Incompatibility

Wolbachia pipientis is a worldwide bacterial parasite of arthropods that infects germline cells and manipulates host reproduction to increase the ratio of infected females, the transmitting sex of the bacteria. The most common reproductive manipulation , cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), is expressed as embryonic death in crosses between infected males and uninfected females. Specifically, Wolbachia modify developing sperm in the testes by unknown means to cause a post-fertilization disruption of the sperm chromatin that incapacitates the first mitosis of the embryo. As these Wolbachia-induced changes are stable, reversible, and affect the host cell cycle machinery including DNA replication and chromosome segregation, we hypothesized that the host methylation pathway is targeted for modulation during cytoplasmic incompatibility because it accounts for all of these traits. Here we show that infection of the testes is associated with a 55% increase of host DNA methylation in Drosophila melanogaster, but methylation of the paternal genome does not correlate with pene-trance of CI. Overexpression and knock out of the Drosophila DNA methyltransferase Dnmt2 neither induces nor increases CI. Instead, overexpression decreases Wolbachia titers in host testes by approximately 17%, leading to a similar reduction in CI levels. Finally, strength of CI induced by several different strains of Wolbachia does not correlate with levels of DNA methylation in the host testes. We conclude that DNA methylation mediated by Drosophila's only known methyltransferase is not required for the transgenerational sperm modification that causes CI.
Document Routing as Statistical Classiication the Routing Problem Step 1: Local Regions Step 2: Document Representations N(nr+nn? ? Nr?nn+) 2 Summary of Routing Algorithm

In this paper, we compare learning techniques based on statistical classiication to traditional methods of relevance feedback for the document routing problem. We consider three classiication techniques which have decision rules that are derived via explicit error minimization: linear discriminant analysis, logistic regression , and neural networks. We demonstrate that the classiiers perform 10-15% better than relevance feedback via Rocchio expansion for the TREC-2 and TREC-3 routing tasks. Of the two classical information retrieval tasks 1 document routing is most amenable to machine learning. A xed, standing query, and a training collection of judged documents 2 is provided and the task is to assess the relevance of a fresh set of test documents. This can clearly be approached as a problem of statistical text classiication: documents are to be assigned to one of two categories, relevant or non-relevant, and inference is possible from the labeled documents. In contrast, the classical ad-hoc search problem presumes only a query and an unlabelled collection is provided. The standard approach to document routing models document content as a bag-of-words, represented as a sparse, very high-dimensional vector, with one component for each unique term in the vocabulary (Salton, Wong, & Yang 1975). Vector weights are proportional to term frequency and inversely proportional to collection frequency. 3 The general technique is to score test documents with respect to their closeness to the query (also represented a sparse, high-dimensional vector), Authors listed in alphabetic order. 1 as deened and evaluated by the TREC confer-ences(Harman 1994; 1995) 2 Actually, only a few documents are explicitly labeled, including most of the relevant documents and a few of the irrelevant documents. All other documents are implicitly assumed to be irrelevant. 3 The exact expression varies across systems, but is typ-where closeness is measured by the cosine between vectors. A modiied and expanded query is learned from the training set via Rocchio-expansion Relevance Feedback (Buckley, Salton, & Allan 1994), which essentially constructs a linear combination of the query vector, the centroid of the relevant documents and, occasionally, the centroid of select irrelevant documents 4. The net result is a scored list of test documents, which may be ranked in decreasing score order for the purposes of presentation and evaluation. Evaluation typically proceeds by averaging precision 5 at a number of recall 6 thresholds. Rocchio-expansion Relevance Feedback employs a weak learning method. However, the application of stronger methods faces two problems: the …
Multi-camera Based Human Tracking with Non-overlapping Fields of View

This paper presents approach for an automated surveillance system which performs human detection and tracking across multiple non-overlapping cameras. Emphasis is put at single camera level where motion based segmentation is achieved using optical flow estimation. Feature matching and region-based shape descriptors are used for tracking. The proposed approach then extends feature and region-based shape matching across fields of view (FOV) of multiple non-overlapping cameras in order to obtain inter-camera correspondences. Evaluation of the system was performed in different scenarios which verify that the proposed method can efficiently perform video motion tracking with high processing speeds.
Impact of Occupational Stress, Interpersonal Trust, and Organizational Commitment on Valence, OCB and Job Satisfaction: A Variance-Based SEM Analysis

This study analyzes the impact of these three cognitive forces (occupational stress, interpersonal trust and organizational commitment) on valence, Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and job satisfaction in the healthcare sector of Karachi (Pakistan). A sample of 375 responses is drawn from seven healthcare institutions of Karachi on a self-administered questionnaire. Using PLS-SEM, hypotheses and predictive relevance are tested with bootstrapping method and cross-validated redundancy analysis respectively. The results show that all three cognitive forces have significant impact on valence with the minor exception of affective commitment and strain. Moreover, valence has significant impact on both OCB has also shown a significant effect on job satisfaction. OCB has also shown a significant effect on job satisfaction. The findings of this study substantially contribute in the under-researched domain of OCB and job satisfaction in the context of the healthcare sector of Pakistan. Managerial implications and directions for future research are also discussed.
Non-stationary interval type-2 fuzzy logic systems

This paper presents non-stationary interval type-2 fuzzy logic system(NSIT2FLS). Firstly, non-stationary type-2 fuzzy set(NST2FS) is investigated as extended version of non-stationary fuzzy set and type-2 fuzzy set. Secondly, special case is concentrated on its interval counterpart, whose three basic operators, such as intersection, union and complement, are investigated in more detail. Thirdly, non-stationary interval type-2 fuzzy inference system (NSIT2FIS) is also presented, whose calculation procedure is the research focus. Finally, a few numerical examples are illustrated to verify our proposing system.
UNLIMITED ACCELERATION OF A CHARGED PARTICLE BY AN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE WITH A PURELY TRANSVERSE ELECTRIC FIELD

It is shownthata chargedparticlecanbetrappedin amagneticneutralsheetproducedby thecombinationof a staticmagnetic field B 0 and anelectromagneticwavepropagatingperpendicularlyto B0 with its magneticfield componentparallelto B0. The neutralsheetaswell asthetrappedparticlemoveswith thephasevelocityofthewaveandthetrappedparticlefeels a constant force.Oncetheparticleis trappedit neverdetrapsandtheaccelerationcontinuesunlimited.Possiblewaysofcreatingsuchaslow electromagneticwavewhichcan interactwith theparticlesarebriefly discussed.
Performance Comparison of Detection Schemes for MAC Layer Misbehavior

This paper revisits the problem of detecting greedy behavior in the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol by evaluating the performance of two previously proposed schemes: DOMINO and the sequential probability ratio test (SPRT). The evaluation is carried out in four steps. We first derive a new analytical formulation of the SPRT that takes into account the discrete nature of the problem. Then we develop a new tractable analytical model for DOMINO. As a third step, we evaluate the theoretical performance of SPRT and DOMINO with newly introduced metrics that take into account the repeated nature of the tests. This theoretical comparison provides two major insights into the problem: it confirms the optimality of SPRT and motivates us to define yet another test, a nonparametric CUSUM statistic that shares the same intuition as DOMINO but gives better performance. We finalize the paper with experimental results, confirming our theoretical analysis and validating the introduction of the new nonparametric CUSUM statistic.
On the Use of Declarative Meta Programming for Managing Architectural Software Evolution

When looking at existing tools that provide support for architectural software evolution, we can distinguish between support for run-time, pre-execution time and design- time evolution; between support for unconstrained and constrained evolution; and between proactive, reactive and retroactive support for evolution. Current tools that support architectural evolution can only deal with a subset of the above issues. Moreover, they typically address only some particular aspects of software evolution (e.g., impact analysis, reverse engineering, etc ). We propose declarative meta programming as an expressive and uniform medium for building tools that support architectural evolution. Amongst others, this enables the integration and combination of such tools, and allows the construction of new tools by sharing and reusing earlier codified knowledge.
Application of high-order Higdon non-reflecting boundary conditions to linear shallow water models

SUMMARY A shallow water model with linear time-dependent dispersive waves in an unbounded domain is considered. The domain is truncated with artificial boundaries B where a sequence of high-order non-reflecting boundary conditions (NRBCs) proposed by Higdon are applied. Methods devised by Givoli and Neta that afford easy implementation of Higdon NRBCs are refined in order to reduce computational expenses. The new refinement makes the computational effort associated with the boundary treatment quadratic rather than exponential (as in the original scheme) with the order. This allows for implementation of NRBCs of higher orders than previously. A numerical example for a semi-infinite channel truncated on one side is presented. Finite difference schemes are used throughout. Copyright q 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Denoising Of Hyperspectral Image

The amount of noise included in a Hyperspectral images limits its application and has a negative impact on Hyperspectral image classification, unmixing, target detection, so on. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) systems can acquire both spectral and spatial information of ground surface simultaneously and have been used in a variety of applications such as object detection, material identification, land cover classification etc. In Hyperspectral images, because the noise intensity in different bands is different, to better suppress the noise in the high noise intensity bands & preserve the detailed information in the low noise intensity bands, the denoising strength should be adaptively adjusted with noise intensity in different bands. We propose a Hyperspectral image denoising algorithms employing a spectral spatial adaptive total variation (TV) model, in which the spectral noise difference & spatial information differences are both considered in the process of noise reduction. To reduce the computational load in the denoising process, the split Bergman iteration algorithm is employed to optimize the spectral spatial Hyperspectral TV model and accelerate the speed of Hyperspectral image denoising. A number of experiments illustrate that the proposed approach can satisfactorily realize the spectral spatial adaptive mechanism in the denoising process, and superior denoising result are provided.
Adaptive object code compression

Previous object code compression schemes have employed static and semiadaptive compression algorithms to reduce the size of instruction memory in embedded systems. The suggestion by a number of researchers that adaptive compression techniques are unlikely to yield satisfactory results for code compression has resulted in virtually no investigation of their application to that domain. This paper presents a new adaptive approach to code compression which operates at the granularity of a program's cache lines, where the context for compression is determined by an analysis of control flow in the code being compressed. We introduce a novel data structure, the compulsory miss tree, that is used to identify a partial order in which compulsory misses will have occurred in an instruction cache whenever a cache miss occurs. This tree is used as a basis for dynamically building and maintaining an LZW dictionary for compression/decompression of individual instruction cache lines. We applied our technique to eight benchmarks taken from the MiBench and MediaBench suites, which were compiled with size optimization and subsequently compacted using a link-time optimizer prior to compression.Results from our experiments demonstrate object code size elimination averaging between 7.7% and 18.3% of the original linked code size, depending on the cache line length under inspection.
Optimize or Wait? Using llc Fast-Prototyping Tool to Evaluate CUDA Optimizations

Over the last few years, we have witnessed the proliferation of GPU devices onHPC environments. Manufacturers produce new versions of their devices every few years, though, posing a new problem for scientists and engineers using their technology: is it worth the time and effort spent optimizing the codes for the current version? Or it is better to wait until a new architecture appears? In this paper, we present a comparison of various CUDA versions, in order to compare their architectures, and optimize codes for each version. This work would require a tremendous coding effort if done manually. However, using fast prototyping tools, like llCoMP, this is an effortless process. Applying loop optimization techniques, we evaluate three different algorithms. With each one, we apply a set of optimization techniques, showing the performance benefit or penalty, in three CUDA architecture versions, including Fermi. The results of these techniques will guide developers on the right path towards efficient code optimization. Preliminary results show that some optimizations recommended for older CUDA architectures may not be useful in Fermi.
Martian minerals components at Gale crater detected by MRO CRISM hyperspectral images

Gale Crater on Mars has the layered structure of deposit covered by the Noachian/Hesperian boundary. Mineral identification and classification at this region can provide important constrains on environment and geological evolution for Mars. Although Curiosity rove has provided the in-situ mineralogical analysis in Gale, but it restricted in small areas. Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) aboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) with enhanced spectral resolution can provide more information in spatial and time scale. In this paper, CRISM near-infrared spectral data are used to identify mineral classes and groups at Martian Gale region. By using diagnostic absorptions features analysis in conjunction with spectral angle mapper (SAM), detailed mineral species are identified at Gale region, e.g., kaolinite, chlorites, smectite, jarosite, and northupite. The clay minerals' diversity in Gale Crater suggests the variation of aqueous alteration. The detection of northupite suggests that the Gale region has experienced the climate change from moist condition with mineral dissolution to dryer climate with water evaporation. The presence of ferric sulfate mineral jarosite formed through the oxidation of iron sulfides in acidic environments shows the experience of acidic sulfur-rich condition in Gale history.
Electronic throttle controller design using a triple-step nonlinear method

For the electronic throttle control problem, a new nonlinear controller design method is proposed to improve the tracking control performance. The design procedure is formalized as a triple-step deduction, and the derived controller consists of 3 parts: steady-state-like control, feedforward control based on reference dynamics, and state-dependent feedback control. The asymptotical stability of the closed-loop error system is proved based on Lyapunov method. Finally the designed controller is evaluated by experimental tests, which show that the proposed controller satisfies the control requirement.
PD-1 Upregulated on Regulatory T Cells during Chronic Virus Infection Enhances the Suppression of CD8+ T Cell Immune Response via the Interaction with PD-L1 Expressed on CD8+ T Cells

Regulatory T (Treg) cells act as terminators of T cell immuniy during acute phase of viral infection; however, their role and suppressive mechanism in chronic viral infection are not completely understood. In this study, we compared the phenotype and function of Treg cells during acute or chronic infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Chronic infection, unlike acute infection, led to a large expansion of Treg cells and their upregulation of programmed death-1 (PD-1). Treg cells from chronically infected mice (chronic Treg cells) displayed greater suppressive capacity for inhibiting both CD8+ and CD4+ T cell proliferation and subsequent cytokine production than those from naive or acutely infected mice. A contact between Treg and CD8+ T cells was necessary for the potent suppression of CD8+ T cell immune response. More importantly, the suppression required cell-specific expression and interaction of PD-1 on chronic Treg cells and PD-1 ligand on CD8+ T cells. Our study defines PD-1 upregulated on Treg cells and its interaction with PD-1 ligand on effector T cells as one cause for the potent T cell suppression and proposes the role of PD-1 on Treg cells, in addition to that on exhausted T cells, during chronic viral infection.