Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intentional thought dynamics during exercise performed until volitional exhaustion

Abstract Using a non-linear approach, intentional dynamics of thoughts were examined during constant cycling performed until volitional exhaustion. Participants (n = 12) completed two sessions at 80% Wmax. Their (1) intrinsic thought dynamics (i.e., no-imposed thoughts condition) and (2) intentional thought dynamics (i.e., imposed task-unrelated thoughts condition; TUT) were recorded and then classified into four categories: internal and external TUT (TUT-I, TUT-E) and external and internal task-related thoughts (TRT-E, TRT-I). The probability estimates for maintaining each thought category stable, the rate of switching from one category to another, and the entropy dynamics along the testing procedure were assessed and compared through time phase. Friedman ANOVA tests revealed a significant effect of effort increase on thought contents only in the imposed TUT test. While TUT-I probabilities decreased significantly (P < .001) as effort increased, TRT-I probabilities increased (P < .05). Moreover, the entropy to the entire thought dynamics increased at the outset of task performance and decreased upon approaching volitional exhaustion (P < .001). As time spent in constant effort increased, and volitional exhaustion approached, task relatedness (TUT, TRT), direction (internal, external), and entropy of thought contents changed unintentionally providing further evidence for a nonlinear dynamics of attention focus.
Designing Major Policy Reform: Lessons from the Transport Sector

The policy components of Bank operations have received increasing attention in recent years. Formerly regarded as additional components in a lending operation, policy reforms are increasingly viewed as their main purpose. Projects are now being specifically designed to facilitate policy reform. This paper reviews how effective the Bank has been at promoting policy reform and considers how the design of policy reform components could be improved. It does so by drawing on general Bank experience and specific case studies of Bank transport projects approved between 1964 and 1982 in Colombia, Ethiopia, Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, Mali, Mexico, Pakistan, Senegal, Turkey and Yugoslavia. The paper then draws on lessons learned from this experience to propose a better analytical framework for examining policy reform and designing policy reform components for inclusion in Bank operations.
LRP4 Is Critical for Neuromuscular Junction Maintenance

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a synapse between motor neurons and skeletal muscle fibers, and is critical for control of muscle contraction. Its formation requires neuronal agrin that acts by binding to LRP4 to stimulate MuSK. Mutations have been identified in agrin, MuSK, and LRP4 in patients with congenital myasthenic syndrome, and patients with myasthenia gravis develop antibodies against agrin, LRP4, and MuSK. However, it remains unclear whether the agrin signaling pathway is critical for NMJ maintenance because null mutation of any of the three genes is perinatal lethal. In this study, we generated imKO mice, a mutant strain whose LRP4 gene can be deleted in muscles by doxycycline (Dox) treatment. Ablation of the LRP4 gene in adult muscle enabled studies of its role in NMJ maintenance. We demonstrate that Dox treatment of P30 mice reduced muscle strength and compound muscle action potentials. AChR clusters became fragmented with diminished junctional folds and synaptic vesicles. The amplitude and frequency of miniature endplate potentials were reduced, indicating impaired neuromuscular transmission and providing cellular mechanisms of adult LRP4 deficiency. We showed that LRP4 ablation led to the loss of synaptic agrin and the 90 kDa fragments, which occurred ahead of other prejunctional and postjunctional components, suggesting that LRP4 may regulate the stability of synaptic agrin. These observations demonstrate that LRP4 is essential for maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the NMJ and that loss of muscle LRP4 in adulthood alone is sufficient to cause myasthenic symptoms.
Herding and the Thin Trading Bias in a Start-Up Market: Evidence from Vietnam

Research in behavioural finance has denoted the significant presence of herd behaviour in emerging capital markets. However, although the latter are typified by substantial levels of thin trading, its impact over the measurement of herding has been the subject of very little attention. We address this issue in the context of the Vietnamese market and our results indicate that correcting for thin trading leads to the depression of the herd's significance. Our findings are suggestive of thin trading introducing a bias over herding estimations which we interpret through existing literature evidence related to the illiquid structures of emerging markets.
Automatic scoring of sleep stages and cortical arousals using two electrodes on the forehead: validation in healthy adults

Accuracy and limitations of automatic scoring of sleep stages and electroencephalogram arousals from a single derivation (Fp1–Fp2) were studied in 29 healthy adults using a portable wireless polysomnographic recorder. All recordings were scored five times: twice by a referent scorer who viewed the standard polysomnographic montage and observed the American Academy of Sleep Medicine rules (referent scoring and blind rescoring); and once by the same scorer who viewed only the Fp1–Fp2 signal (alternative scoring), by another expert from the same institution, and by the algorithm. Automatic, alternative and independent expert scoring were compared with the referent scoring on an epoch‐by‐epoch basis. The algorithm's agreement with the reference (81.0%, Cohen's κ = 0.75) was comparable to the inter–rater agreement (83.3%, Cohen's κ = 0.78) or agreement between the referent scoring and manual scoring of the frontopolar derivation (80.7%, Cohen's κ = 0.75). Most misclassifications by the algorithm occurred during uneventful wake/sleep transitions, whereas cortical arousals, rapid eye movement and stable non‐rapid eye movement sleep were detected accurately. The algorithm yielded accurate estimates of total sleep time, sleep efficiency, sleep latency, arousal indices and times spent in different stages. The findings affirm the utility of automatic scoring of stages and arousals from a single frontopolar derivation as a method for assessment of sleep architecture in healthy adults.
Development of an Evaluation Model for XBRL-enabled Tools Intended for Investors

As the first decade of the new millennium draws to a close, individual investors will find that a new era in financial analysis is beginning. The United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) now requires corporations to use eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) when submitting their disclosure filings. XBRL has been developed by an international nonprofit consortium to meet corporate reporting needs. XBRL documents will be made available to the public as soon as they are filed. XBRL-enabled financial analysis tools will enable investors to perform their financial analysis more quickly and accurately. It is now time to consider the needs of financial information stakeholders who will use the information contained in XBRL instance documents. The SEC is encouraging software developers to create XBRL-enabled tools to meet the needs of individual investors and other financial information stakeholders. This paper proposes an evaluation model for reviewing XBRL-enabled financial analysis tools to be used by individual investors. Four freely available XBRL viewers were examined using the evaluation model. The SEC’s currently available tool was evaluated in detail to better demonstrate the use of the model. To place this evaluation model in its proper context, this paper examines what XBRL is and how it will contribute to financial analysis. The SEC’s XBRL tool is then evaluated in detail in light of the model and suggestions are made for how future tools can be developed to fill the needs of individual investors.
5D Multi-Purpose Land Information System

The complexity of modern urban environments has led to the introduction of 3D Land Information Systems (LISs), which tend to replace traditional 2D LIS architectures for the purposes of urban planning and regeneration, land administration, real estate management and civil development. Both the need for 3D visualization of the geometry of buildings in various time instances through the years and the need for acquisition of 3D models in various levels of detail (LoDs), which not only fulfill the requirements of the various users but also they speed up the visualization process, are obvious. Thus, additional dimensions, that is, for time and scale, need to be supported by a modern LIS. This paper introduces a 5D modelling pipeline that may be adopted by a multi-purpose LIS for the selective creation of 3D models of an urban area in various time instances and at various LoDs, enriched with cadastral and other spatial data. The methodology is based on automatic change detection algorithms for spatial-temporal analysis of the spatial changes that took place in subsequent time periods, using image orientation, dense image matching and structure from motion algorithms; the procedure requires photogrammetric stereo plotting, implements procedural modelling and relies on the availability of overlapping aerial and terrestrial imagery, ground control points and cadastral information. Finally, an application based on the proposed methodology in an urban area in Greece is presented and the future work is discussed.
Public Procurement Auctions and Macroeconomic Variables: Evidence from Turkey

This paper investigates effects of macroeconomic conditions in an economy on government procurement (GP) auctions. Specifically, two research questions are examined: 1) What are the effects of macroeconomic variables on the competitive environment (number of bidders) in GP auctions? 2) How does the procurement price (winning bid in GP auctions) respond to changes in macroeconomic variables? We use a unique and extensive data set provided by the Public Procurement Authority (PPA) of Turkey that covers all government procurement auctions for the years 2004-2009. We analyze 357455 first-price GP auctions. We have two major results. First, number of bidders are significantly affected by inflation, industrial production and unemployment rate. All macroeconomic variables have negative effects. Second, after controlling for possible endogeneity, we show that inflation and industrial production significantly and positively affects the procurement price. Unemployment rate does not have an effect on the procurement price. The empirical results presented in the paper can be used by policy makers to design efficient government procurement mechanisms under different macroeconomic conditions.
Do Liquidity Constraints in the First year of Trading Reduce the Likelihood of Firm Growth and Survival? Evidence from England

This paper uses a survey of new businesses and focuses on the effect of liquidity constraints on firm growth and survival. We also consider a wide range of human capital, strategy and industrial variables. The empirical framework adopted allows for sample censoring arising from firm exit. Our results suggest that being financially constrained at the start-up does not have any significant impact on firm growth, but affects negatively its survival.
Fusion-Defective Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus Vectors Can Be Rescued by Homologous but Not Heterologous Soluble Envelope Proteins

ABSTRACT Murine leukemia virus (MLV)-derived envelope proteins containing alterations in or adjacent to the highly conserved PHQ motif present at the N terminus of the envelope surface subunit (SU) are incorporated into vector particles but are not infectious due to a postbinding block to viral entry. These mutants can be rendered infectious by the addition of soluble receptor-binding domain (RBD) proteins in the culture medium. The RBD proteins that rescue the infectivity of these defective MLV vectors can be derived from the same MLV or from other MLVs that use distinct receptors to mediate entry. We have now constructed functional immunologically reactive gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) envelope proteins, tagged with a feline leukemia virus (FeLV)-derived epitope tag, which are efficiently incorporated into infectious particles. Tagged GALV envelope proteins bind specifically to cells expressing the phosphate transporter protein Pit1, demonstrating for the first time that Pit1 is the binding receptor for GALV and not a coreceptor or another type of GALV entry factor. We have also determined that GALV particles bearing SU proteins with an insertion C-terminal to the PHQ motif (GALV I10) bind Pit1 but fail to infect cells. Incubation with soluble GALV RBD renders GALV I10 particles infectious, whereas incubation with soluble RBDs from MLV or FeLV-B does not. This finding is consistent with the results obtained by Lauring et al. using FeLV-T, a virus that employs Pit1 as a receptor but requires soluble FeLV RBD for entry. MLV and GALV RBDs are not able to render FeLV-T infectious (A. S. Lauring, M. M. Anderson, and J. Overbaugh, J. Virol. 75:8888-8898, 2001). Together, these results suggest that fusion-defective FeLV-T and GALV are restricted to homologous RBD rescue of infectivity.
Selecting overseas markets and entry modes: two decision processes or one?

Contrary to the prevalent theory approaches that treat market selection and market entry mode selection as two related but essentially separate decisions, this paper argues that these should most appropriately be looked on as two aspects of one decision process. It proposes that an exhaustive list of factors that can influence outcomes of such an integrated process be developed and argues that an inclusive spectrum of analysis would be able to accommodate all business contexts and most relevant business practice. It then presents a new market and market entry mode selection model (MEMS) which conforms to the proposed inclusive spectrum of the underlying decision process analysis.
Simonsiella filaments isolated from erosive lesions of the human oral cavity

The morphology and cultural characteristics of bacteria of the Simonsiella genus isolated from erosions of oral mucosa are reported here. Direct microscopic examination of smeared oral swabs and the consequent selection of suitable culturing procedures and media are compulsory for recovering Simonsiella microorganisms from clinical specimens in routine work.
Trifluoromethyl-Substituted Large Band-Gap Polytriphenylamines for Polymer Solar Cells with High Open-Circuit Voltages

Two large band-gap polymers (PTPACF and PTPA2CF) based on polytriphenylamine derivatives with the introduction of electron-withdrawing trifluoromethyl groups were designed and prepared by Suzuki polycondensation reaction. The chemical structures, thermal, optical and electrochemical properties were characterized in detail. From the UV-visible absorption spectra, the PTPACF and PTPA2CF showed the optical band gaps of 2.01 and 2.07 eV, respectively. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement displayed the deep highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels of −5.33 and −5.38 eV for PTPACF and PTPA2CF, respectively. The hole mobilities, determined by field-effect transistor characterization, were 2.5 × 10−3 and 1.1 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 S−1 for PTPACF and PTPA2CF, respectively. The polymer solar cells (PSCs) were tested under the conventional device structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polymer:PC71BM/PFN/Al. All of the PSCs showed the high open circuit voltages (Vocs) with the values approaching 1 V. The PTPACF and PTPA2CF based PSCs gave the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 3.24% and 2.40%, respectively. Hence, it is a reliable methodology to develop high-performance large band-gap polymer donors with high Vocs through the feasible side-chain modification.
Breakthrough Technologies Agroinjection of Tomato Fruits . A Tool for Rapid Functional Analysis of Transgenes Directly in Fruit 1

Transient expression of foreign genes in plant tissues is a valuable tool for plant biotechnology. To shorten the time for gene functional analysis in fruits, we developed a transient methodology that could be applied to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv Micro Tom) fruits. It was found that injection of Agrobacterium cultures through the fruit stylar apex resulted in complete fruit infiltration. This infiltration method, named fruit agroinjection, rendered high levels of 35S Cauliflower mosaic virus-driven b-glucuronidase and yellow fluorescence protein transient expression in the fruit, with higher expression levels around the placenta and moderate levels in the pericarp. Usefulness of fruit agroinjection was assayed in three case studies: (1) the heat shock regulation of an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) promoter, (2) the production of recombinant IgA antibodies as an example of molecular farming, and (3) the virus-induced gene silencing of the carotene biosynthesis pathway. In all three instances, this technology was shown to be efficient as a tool for fast transgene expression in fruits.
PENGARUH PENILAIAN KERJA, KOMPENSASI TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN MELALUI MOTIVASI PADA PT BANK NEGARA INDONESIA (PERSERO) TBK CABANG UNDIP SEMARANG

Email: christinegultom23@gmail.com Abstract: Human resources has a very important role in the company, because human resources is an important key in empowering other resources. The success of a company in achieving its objectives can’t be separated from human resources. Because resources provide an important role, the company always strives to be able to allocate substantial funds to improve human resources. In the situation of banking competition, banks need a great effort, then one effort is to further improve the performance of employees optimally. So that the objectives set by the company achieved well. The purpose of this research was to determine whether there is influence appraisal, compensation to employee performance through motivation at PT. Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero), Tbk Branch Undip Semarang. The population in this study were all employees' fixed numbering 70 people, so this study uses census research. The analytical tool used in this research is simple regression, regression, and path. Results of analysis and hypothesis testing showed that job appraisal, compensation, and motivation have an impact on employee performance. Judging from the calculation of the regression coefficients indicate that job appraisal, compensation, motivation is able to explain the variable performance of the employee, where the results of the regression coefficient has an influence appraisal of 0.279, compensation of 0.022, and the motivation of 0.76 to employee performance. This shows that the assessor job has a greater impact and has a strong degree of closeness of relationship to employee performance. Thus we can conclude the influence appraisal, compensation to employee performance through motivation at PT. Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero), Tbk Branch Undip Semarang. Advice can be given in this study and the need to increase attention to compensation and motivation can be done by paying attention to the results of the work, can be in the form of bonuses from employers so that employees are encouraged to work optimally.
Capital structure and firm value in China: A panel threshold regression analysis

Since the study of Modigliani and Miller (1958), a large number of studies have contributed to the discussion about the optimal capital structure, which is a fundamental topic of corporate finance. In this study, we investigate whether there is an optimal leverage at which point firm is able to maximize its value. An advanced panel threshold regression model is applied to test the panel threshold effect of debt ratio on firm value among 650 A-shares of Chinese listed firms from 2001 to 2006. The results confirm that a triple-threshold effect does exist and show an inverted-U correlation between leverage and firm value. This study shows that it is possible to identify the definitive level beyond which a further increase in debt financing does not improve proportional firm value. Some important policy implications emerge from the findings.
Short-Put Exposures in Hedge Fund Returns: Are They Really There?

Previous studies have shown that systematic risk in hedge fund returns is partly captured by short positions in put option returns. This is suggestive of a potential ‘peso problem’ in hedge fund returns: a series of steady returns may alternate with an occasional crash. In this paper, we analyze whether equity option-exposures are actually there, and find they are not. Although some hedge fund indices show some exposure to put or call-returns, several robustness analysis as well as an analysis of individual hedge fund returns show that exposures are not consistent with fundamental characteristics of options, such as put-call parity and the positive relation between option prices and volatility.
Serotonin 5-HT7 Receptor Is Critically Involved in Acute and Chronic Inflammation of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Background:Intestinal inflammation is often associated with an increased level of serotonin (5-HT), an important gastrointestinal signaling molecule involved in gut homeostasis through stimulation of specific receptors. In this study, we investigated the role of 5-HT7 receptor (5-HT7R) in the induction and development of intestinal inflammation using a mouse model of acute and chronic colitis and human patients with Crohn's disease (CD). Methods:Acute colitis was induced through administration of dextran sodium sulfate to wild-type, 5-HT7R–deficient mice and hematopoietic bone marrow chimera. Chronic colitis was induced in interleukin 10–deficient mice. The role of 5-HT7R in gut inflammation was assessed using agonist/antagonist treatment. We investigated expression and distribution of 5-HT7R, extent of gut inflammation with magnetic resonance imaging and histological analysis, survival rate, and disease activity index. Finally, biopsies from the large intestine of patients with CD were analyzed. Results:Under basal conditions, 5-HT7R is expressed both in enteric neurons and CD11c+ cells of the large intestine. Expression of 5-HT7R significantly increased after induction of colitis in mice and in inflamed intestinal regions of patients with CD in CD11c/CD86 double-positive cells. Pharmacological blockade or genetic ablation of 5-HT7R resulted in increased severity of both acute and chronic dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis, whereas receptor stimulation showed an anti-inflammatory effect. Analysis of bone marrow chimera indicated importance of 5-HT7R expressed by hematopoietic cells in intestinal inflammation. Conclusions:The 5-HT7R expressed on CD11c/CD86-positive myeloid cells modulates the severity of intestinal inflammation in an acute and chronic colitis and thus represents a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory disorders such as CD.
A Case Study in Knowledge Acquisition in the Domain of Cataract Surgery

This paper discusses the development of an intelligent information system for cataract surgery. The system shall provide a knowledge base combining formal and informal knowledge to assist ophthalmologists in clinical practice. The application scenario requires application site specific adaptation and long-term maintenance of the knowledge base, ideally performed directly by experts. To comply with these requirements we discuss a customized knowledge acquisition environment and report about early experiences.