Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Factors decomposition of energy intensity: the case of liaoning province

This paper introduces factors decomposition methods on calculating factors contributions to energy intensity (EI) changes and indicates that sector intensity contributions and efficiency contributions are different. Then it adopts factors decomposition methods to analyze the decrease of EI in Liaoning Province, the heavy industry base in northeast China. The results show that according to the division of three industries, the sector intensity fall played a major role to the EI fall in Liaoning. When considering the product structure and product energy efficiencies, for the contribution of EI decline, residents' energy-saving share is 6.58%, the efficiency share is 30.9%, and the product structure share is 62.5% during 2000-2005. This revealed that structure changes had a great effect on the EI decline in Liaoning Province. Finally, Reasonable proposals are given for Liaoning Province to complete the energy-saving objectives in 11th Five-Year period.
Strategy and Tactics: Marketing Leisure Facilities

Marketing is marketing is marketing. Some practitioners would like it believed that the principles of marketing apply to all sectors of commerce, while many in the agency/fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) world believe that the marketers in the fast rising sector of services are lagging behind in both their understanding of marketing and the implementation of marketing practices. This article examines marketing, its definition, scope and use in the context of leisure facilities, broadly defined, in the UK. While training for such marketing may not be formalised, and the strategic direction may not always be in the hands of the marketers concerned, the tactical fundamentals of marketing management exist with a conviction worthy of the envy of many FMCG/industrial marketers.
Epidemiological and clinical aspects of human papillomavirus detection in the prevention of cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is a major cause of death, and the second most frequent cancer in women worldwide. Many studies have indicated a causal relation between genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and cervical cancer. High‐risk HPV genotypes have been detected in almost 100% of all cervical cancers, and the process of HPV mediated carcinogenesis has been partly clarified. The concept that HPV is a obligatory cause in cervical cancer development has lead to extensive research regarding the incorporation of HPV detection in (1) cervical cancer prevention programs, (2) triage of women with abnormal cervical scrapes in the screening program, and (3) follow‐up of patients treated for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).
Internal Heterogeneity of a Deprived Urban Area and its Impact on Residents' Perception of Deviance

Based on a survey of 707 residents of a deprived area in Cologne, Germany, the paper assesses whether the area is internally heterogeneous. The theoretical approach is based in a multi-level model combining census data, such as percentage of social assistance and migration rate, further social collective efficacy and intergenerational closure at the meso level, and several variables at the micro level, such as perceived deviant behaviour, disorder and willingness-to-move out. Decomposing the total area into six neighbourhoods, considerable variation is found in the extent of social mix between these areas. Further, heterogeneity varies by indicator of social mix. Due to this heterogeneity, effects on dependent variables differ significantly. Further, neighbourhood exhibits different means on all variables but comparatively similar values of heterogeneity. Since multi-level analyses could not be applied due to the small number of neighbourhoods, correspondence analysis is suggested as a method to specify and visualize the relations between the variables of different levels. Correspondence analysis reveals the six neighbourhoods to have different levels of norms and different correlations with the explanatory variables, such as transfer income. Two major conclusions emerge from the analyses. First, seemingly homogeneous deprived areas are internally heterogeneous, which may account for the inconsistent findings on social mix on behavioural outcomes. Second, studies and policies of social mix should give more attention to the problem of dimensions (and their combination) of social mix.
Interrogating the role of the state and nonstate actors in community-based tourism ventures: toward a model for spreading the benefits to the wider community

The main objective of this article is to present a model of community-based tourism (CBT) and to expound on its benefits in relation to community development. It argues that, in order to promote holistic community development, genuine community-based enterprises must be under the full control of community members to avoid domination by the elite or external actors. The article posits that the character and methodology of intervention by external actors are paramount in determining the outcome of CBT development projects. In terms of who benefits from CBT ventures, this article argues that the benefits must be community wide. It reflects on two types of CBT (labeled types 1 and 2) and weighs their values in terms of their benefit to communities. Issues regarding cooperation between CBT ventures, common ownership of physical assets and the relevance of the accommodation sector are expounded. The main conclusion reached is that, regardless of the type of CBT services or facilities adopted, these ventures should remain fully owned, managed and controlled by community members (or groups of independent micro and small ventures under the same CBT management organization); external partners should provide facilitative and other supporting services instead of being a partner in the CBT venture itself.
Validation of body fat measurement by skinfolds and two bioelectric impedance methods with DEXA--the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study [CURES-3].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Although Asian Indians have been shown to have increased body fat compared to Europeans, there have been very few studies in Asian Indians validating the various methods available for body fat measurement. The aim of this study was to test the validity of body fat measured by two commercial impedance analyzers (leg-to-leg and hand-held) as well as by skinfolds with Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) as the reference method in a population based study in southern India. METHODS Body fat percentage (BF%) was measured in 162 South Indian urban men (n=76) and women (n=86) randomly selected from the "Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study" (CURES), an ongoing population based study of a representative population of Chennai. The mean age of the subjects was 45.1 +/- 9.0 years and the body mass index ranged from 16.4 - 34.4 kg/m2. Percentage body fat was measured using DEXA, segmental impedance (leg-to-leg: BF%IMP-LEG; and hand-held BF%IMP-HAND) using the manufacturer's software and skinfolds using the prediction equation from the literature (BF%SKFD). RESULTS Body fat (%) determined by the leg-to-leg method (BF%IMP-LEG 35.10 +/- 7.26) and the skinfolds (BF%SKFD 35.77 +/- 6.06) did not differ significantly from the reference method DEXA (BF%DEXA 35.82 +/- 8.33), but the hand-held impedance method (BF%IMP-HAND 31.38 +/- 6.24) showed significant difference (p < 0.001). The bias for estimation of body fat (%) for the bioimpedance leg-to-leg, hand-held and skinfolds were 0.73 +/- 5.70, 4.45 +/- 4.83 and 0.06 +/- 5.86 respectively. All the three methods showed a fairly good correlation with DEXA (BF%IMP-LEG: r = 0.741, p<0.001; BF%IMP-HAND: r = 0.817, p< 0.001; BF%SKFD: r 0.710, p< 0.001). CONCLUSION The study shows that in urban south Indians, measurement of body fat by the leg-to-leg impedance and the skinfold method have better agreement (lower bias) with DEXA than the hand-held impedance. However, all three methods (skinfolds, the leg-to-leg bioelectric impedance and hand-held impedance) show a fairly good correlation with DEXA.
Prospects for the Digital Economy in South Africa: Technology, Policy, People, and Strategies

This chapter explores the on-going development of a global digital economy through a case-study analysis of its impact on and prospects in South Africa. It argues that four factors are key to understanding the impact of the digital economy on a developing country: (1) the level of technology, including its information and communications infrastructure and system of production and distribution; (2) the policy and regulatory framework and initiatives; (3) the human capacity and income distribution; and (4) the strategic approach of the state in response to dramatic global and domestic processes. The chapter explores these four factors in the Republic of South Africa, with a focus on the period 1995-2000. Data for the study are drawn from survey research, published reports from national and international bodies, scholarly journals, structured interviews, and participant observation. Key findings of the study are as follows: an insufficient information and communications infrastructure remains a barrier to growth of the information economy in South Africa, especially in peri-urban and rural areas; awareness of the importance of the information economy is growing, but current human resources and development strategies are insufficient to meet human capital requirements; significant efforts have been made in order to re-orient the South African policy environment into one supportive of growth in a global digital economy; and South Africa's role as a leading African and developing world economy places additional burdens on its need to engage in regional, and global policy formulation activities in support of the emergence of a new regime for global e-commerce that is supportive of the strategic goals of the developing world.
The Golden Age of European growth: A review essay

This paper surveys recent scholarship on the economic growth of Europe during its Golden Age, 1950â€“73, as represented by three recent collections of essays. The essays generally agree that rapid economic growth in the Golden Age originated in reconstruction from World War II. They explore several different arguments to explain why the Golden Age continued after reconstruction was complete and use a variety of economic tools to argue that the Golden Age was a transitory historical phenomenon. There is far more agreement on the origins of the Golden Age than on its demise. I suggest that insights from new growth theory are limited and that the end of the Golden Age may have been brought about by the â€˜shockâ€™ of restrictive monetary policies used to combat inflation after the oil crises of the 1970s.
The dynamics of welfare gains and losses: An African case study

This article uses panel survey data for Cote d'Ivoire to investigate the determinants of welfare gains and losses of households over time. A first-difference model is estimated which takes account of initial conditions. For urban areas, it was found that human capital is not only a key explanatory factor for levels of welfare, but also the most important endowment to explain welfare changes over time. In rural areas, physical capital, especially land and farm equipment, mattered most. Household size and composition and socioeconomic characteristics of the household also affected welfare changes. Policy implications are discussed.
Coprecipitation of nonoxynol-9 with polyvinylpyrrolidone to decrease vaginal irritation potential while maintaining spermicidal potency

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) would increase the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of nonoxynol-9 (N-9), providing a reduction in its irritation potential, while maintaining essential spermicidal activity. Solid coprecipitates of N-9 with PVP were manufactured with the use of a modified lyophilization process. The irritation potential of N-9 was estimated by an in vitro assay, monitoring the extent of hemolysis of red blood cells. CMCs of N-9 were measured in the presence of various concentrations of PVP. A modified Sander-Cramer assay was implemented to measure the spermicidal activity of N-9 and the N-9/PVP coprecipitates. With the use of the lyophilization process and more suitable solvents, solid coprecipitates of N-9/PVP were manufactured with no residual organic solvents. The irritation potential of N-9 was reduced when in the presence of PVP-50% hemolysis values increased from 0.054mM to more than 0.2mM. N-9 CMC values increased in the presence of PVP from 0.085mM (0% PVP) to 0.110mM (3.5% PVP) and 0.166mM (10% PVP). However, spermicidal activities ranged from 0.213mM to 0.238mM, N-9 remaining steady regardless of the amount of PVP. By use of N-9/PVP coprecipitates, the self-association properties and irritation potentials of N-9 were altered. This result suggests a process to produce a spermicidal product that reduces the detrimental implications to the vaginal epithelium while maintaining the essential spermicidal activity.
Superior episodic memory in inconsistent-handers: a replication and extension using fNIRS

ABSTRACT A large body of evidence supports the existence of a robust handedness difference in episodic memory retrieval, with inconsistent-handedness being associated with superior memory across a wide variety of paradigms, including superior retrieval of lab-based and real world memories. Despite superior episidoc memory in inconsistent-handers, and despite neuroanatomical and neurophysiological differences in cortical regions between inconsistent- and consistent-handers, we are aware of no studies to date that have examined physiological activity in the brains of inconsistent- versus consistent-handers while engaged in memory tasks. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to present a first look at this issue, using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) as a simple, non-invasive measure of frontal lobe activity during encoding and recall of list words in inconsistent- and consistent-handers. Behaviourally, we replicated prior studies, finding a significant inconsistent-handed advantage in free recall. Using fNIRS-derived oxygenated haemoglobin (O2Hb) as a measure of frontal lobe activity, we found the first evidence for handedness differences in brain activity that are associated with the handedness differences in episodic retrieval. Specifically, the primary finding was that increased O2Hb in the right hemisphere during recall was associated with better retrieval, but for consistent-handers only.
Energy-efficient control through power mode placement with discrete DVFS and Body Bias

Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) is a very efficient way to manage performance/power trade-off in embedded systems. It consists in switching between low and high voltage-frequency operating points according to the required processing performance. However, with novel technologies such as UTBB FD-SOI, circuits can be designed to work on very wide frequency ranges. In this case, substantial power savings can be achieved through efficient power mode design. In this paper, we propose a method to determine the optimal position of intermediate operating points that maximizes the power reduction on the operating frequency range by exploiting Body Bias combined with DVFS. Results from circuit measurements illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method with average power reduction up to 35% on a 1800MHz wide operating frequency range, with peaks up to 50.3%.
Structure of the luteinizing hormone receptor gene and multiple exons of the coding sequence.

The genomic structure of the LH receptor is important to our understanding of its expression mechanisms, functional domains, relationships with other hormone receptors, and evolution. We have isolated four overlapping cosmid clones and six subgenomic clones of the rat LH receptor gene. They span a total of 95.6 kilobases (kb) and extend from 23 kb upstream of the translation start site to 13 kb down-stream of the stop codon. In addition, part of the human LH receptor gene has been isolated. The coding region of the rat hormone receptor gene spans over 60 kb and consists of 11 exons and 10 introns. Southern blots hybridized with exon 1 and exon 11 probes as well as gene dose analyses demonstrate that a single copy gene encodes the rat LH receptor. Sequence comparison suggests that the porcine and human LH receptor genes have similar, if not identical, exon-intron structures. There is no consensus cAMP-responsive element within 600 basepairs up-stream of the translation start site in spite of the cAMP responsiveness of the LH receptor gene. There are, however, unconventional cAMP-responsive elements in the region: one which is identical, several which are homologous to the activating protein-2-binding elements, CCCCAGGC, and several sequences which are similar to the G-rich cAMP-responsive element found in P450c21, a steroid 21-hydroxylase. The first 10 exons encode the N-terminal half of the molecule, while exon 11 encodes the C-terminal half of the molecule. This last exon is the same in the rat and human genes. The DNA and amino acid sequences of the first 10 exons show significant similarities and reveal repetitive sequence motifs. They have similar sizes which occur in the range of 69 and 183 bases; 8 of them are from 69-81 bases. Despite these remarkable similarities, structural predictions of exons 1-10 show a diversity of structures. The N-terminal half of the LH receptor appears to have a folded structure, with frequent turns and an extensive surface area. Part of the surface is predicted to be covered by amphiphilic helices and beta structures, types of secondary structure frequently found at the interfaces between subunits or between 2 interacting molecules. The introns dividing these exons also share many similarities. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Analysis of travel bloggers' characteristics and their communication about Austria as a tourism destination

Travel blogs are becoming an increasingly important mechanism for exchanging information among tourists, and for destinations and businesses to learn about the attitudes of their markets. The purpose of this research was to analyse blog entries relating to trips to Austria posted to www.travelblog. org. The research sought to establish similarities and differences between those posting blog entries and Austria's tourism markets. It analysed the content of blog entries to identify positive and negative perceptions of Austria as a tourism destination, and compared these with other research into Austria's destination image. The research found a largely homogenous population of blog authors that had quite different demographic and touristic characteristics from Austria's total population of visitors. Blog authors were visiting Austria as part of a larger European tour, and they provided relatively few insights that might assist in understanding Austria's destination image. The value of monitoring blogs may depend on locating blog authors who are more likely to influence key markets.
Kinetics of glucose oxidase excretion by recombinant Aspergillus niger

The kinetics of glucose oxidase (GOD) excretion by recombinant Aspergillus niger NRRL‐3 (GOD3‐18) were investigated using enzymatic activity measurements as well as gel electrophoresis techniques. The majority of GOD was produced during rapid growth in the first phase of the cultivation. The high excretion rate during this phase did not prevent the endocellular accumulation of GOD up to 40% of the total soluble cell protein demonstrating that the production rate exceeded the excretion rate of the enzyme into the culture medium. During the second phase of the cultivation, excretion of GOD occurred at a slower rate, although the majority of GOD produced during the first phase was excreted during the second phase of the cultivation. At the end, about 90% of the total GOD produced was recovered from the culture medium. Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis provided evidence that endo‐ and exocellular GOD were indistinguishable, revealing identical posttranslational modifications (e.g., signal sequence cleavage, glycosylation pattern). The results demonstrate that the initial steps of the secretory pathway are fast and that the excretion of the enzyme into the culture fluid was most likely delayed due to retention by the cell wall. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Taylor Rule and Monetary Policy in Ghana

Using time series estimations of simple forward and backward-looking Taylor type reaction functions to characterise monetary policy rules, this paper assesses to what extent these rules provide a description of interest rate response to inflation in Ghana, a developing African country widely regarded as having relatively strong state actors and good governance. Ghana’s central bank officially adopted an inflation-targeting monetary policy in March 2002 following its operational independence. The paper finds that Taylor rule is not a good predictor of interest rate behaviour.
Dengue-2 vaccine: preparation from a small-plaque virus clone

The S-1 clone of dengue type 2 virus was used for the preparation of a live-attenuated vaccine after passage in DBS-FRhL-2 cell culture. The vaccine virus had a relatively higher replicative capacity at superoptimal temperatures than its precursor virus, S-1, passaged in primary green monkey kidney cells (S-1 PGMK). There was also a tendency for the S-1 vaccine virus to exhibit leakiness at increased temperatures. Another in vitro marker, replication in monkey peripheral blood leukocytes, indicated less host restriction for the S-1 vaccine in comparative assays with S-1 PGMK virus. Mouse virulence appeared to remain stable on passage in DBS-FRhL-2 cells, whereas monkey immunogenicity decreased. Cautious trials of the dengue type 2 S-1 vaccine in humans are indicated.
A monoclonal antibody against a 135‐K Golgi membrane protein.

A monoclonal antibody (53FC3) has been produced against a Golgi membrane protein with a mol. wt. of 135 000 which was originally identified using a polyclonal antiserum. Treatment of isolated, intact Golgi vesicles with protease caused a decrease in mol. wt. of 5000‐10 000, whereas in the presence of Triton X‐100, the protein was completely degraded. This shows that the protein spans the bilayer and that most of its mass is on the luminal side of Golgi membranes. Using two immunoelectron microscopic techniques, the protein was found in one or two cisternae on one side of the Golgi stack which, in normal rat kidney cells, had 4‐6 cisternae. As an illustration of the use to which this monoclonal antibody can be put we present a light microscopic study of the disassembly and reassembly of the Golgi complex during mitosis.
Market and Institutional Factors in Corporate Contributions

Corporate gifts to nonprofit organizations are determined by both market and institutional factors. Among the leading market factors are a firm's pre-tax earnings, advertising and customer relations, and community and national reputation. Among the main institutional factors are a company's size, program professionalization, senior management commitment, local and national business attitudes toward giving, sectoral concentration, and company reorganization. The blend of factors in corporate giving suggests that appeals—whether from an outside group to a company or from a contributions manager to a chief executive—must be responsive to both market and institutional concerns.