Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigating the role of relational responding and relational flexibility in human cognition.

There is increasing recognition that relational processes are closely linked to, and may even provide the basis for many higher-order cognitive processes (e.g., Gentner, 2003b; Hayes, Barnes-Holmes, & Roche 2001). The primary aim of the current doctoral research was to explore the relationship between relational processes and human intelligence, focusing particularly on relational flexibility. The current research employed a relatively new methodology, called the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP; Barnes-Holmes et al, 2006) The IRAP is a computerised task, which requires participants to respond quickly and accurately in ways that are either consistent or inconsistent with previously learned relations. Response latencies are recorded on both consistent and inconsistent trials. A difference-score is also calculated by subtracting latencies on consistent trials from those on inconsistent trials. The difference-score therefore, provides a relatively “pure” measure of relational flexibility. The current work comprises of four correlational studies. In Study 1 participants completed before/after and similar/different relational tasks, presented on the IRAP. They then completed the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (K-BIT; Kaufman & Kaufman, 1990). Study 2 was a replication and extension of Study 1, in which, participants completed the same relational tasks, but were subsequently exposed to extensive and comprehensive cognitive abilities measures, including the WAIS-IIIUK (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Third UK Edition: Wechsler, 1997). Study 3 involved the presentation of more complex relational tasks, including verbal and perceptual analogies and arithmetic. Study 4 returned once again to more basic relational frames. Specifically, in this study hierarchical and iv comparative relations were targeted, and subsequently the AH4 (Alice Heim 4; Heim, 1970) and the WAIS-IIIUK were administered. In general the results of the studies demonstrated that participants with higher scores on the intelligence test were not only faster at responding relationally, but also demonstrated a greater degree of relational flexibility than those with lower IQ scores. Interesting however, the more complex relational tasks presented in Study 3, produced fewer significant correlations with the intelligence measures than the relatively basic relational tasks. The results also indicated that particular types of relational frames predict performances on certain types of cognitive tasks. Overall, the data obtained from the current research facilitate a greater understanding and greater specification of the processes underlying human intelligence. They also highlight the utility and sensitivity of the IRAP for investigating relational responding. Furthermore, the results suggest that targeting the fluid and flexible development of relational repertoires, may be crucially important in terms of promoting intelligent and creative behaviours in educational settings.
Journal of Graph Algorithms and Applications Orthogonal-ordering Constraints Are Tough 2 Brandes and Pampel Orthogonal-ordering Constraints Are Tough

We show that rectilinear graph drawing, the core problem of bend-minimum orthogonal graph drawing, and uniform edge-length drawing, the core problem of force-directed placement, are N P-hard even for embedded paths if subjected to orthogonal-ordering constraints. We are grateful to two anonymous reviewers whose comments helped to improve the exposition.
MODELING THE EXTRAGALACTIC BACKGROUND LIGHT FROM STARS AND DUST

The extragalactic background light (EBL) from the far-infrared through the visible and extending into the ultraviolet is thought to be dominated by starlight, either through direct emission or through absorption and reradiation by dust. This is the most important energy range for absorbing γ-rays from distant sources such as blazars and gamma-ray bursts and producing electron–positron pairs. In previous work, we presented EBL models in the optical through ultraviolet by consistently taking into account the star formation rate (SFR), initial mass function (IMF), and dust extinction, and treating stars on the main sequence as blackbodies. This technique is extended to include post-main-sequence stars and reprocessing of starlight by dust. In our simple model, the total energy absorbed by dust is assumed to be re-emitted as three blackbodies in the infrared, one at 40 K representing warm, large dust grains, one at 70 K representing hot, small dust grains, and one at 450 K representing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. We find that our best-fit model combining the Hopkins and Beacom SFR using the Cole et al. parameterization with the Baldry and Glazebrook IMF agrees with available luminosity density data at a variety of redshifts. Our resulting EBL energy density is quite close to the lower limits from galaxy counts, though in two cases below the lower limits, and agrees fairly well with other recent EBL models shortward of about 5 μm. Deabsorbing TeV γ-ray spectra of various blazars with our EBL model gives results consistent with simple shock acceleration theory. We also find that the universe should be optically thin to γ-rays with energies less than 20 GeV.
Contribution of the Sympathetic Nervous System to Vascular Resistance in Conscious Young and Adult Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

SUMMARY Although evidence exists for exaggerated sympathetic nervous system activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), there are no studies in conscious animals that directly demonstrate that this increased activity is functionally involved in the elevated vascular resistance of these animals. In our present study, 8-week-old and 13-week-old SHR and Wistar Kyoto controls (WKY) were chronically Instrumented with arterial and venous catheters and miniaturized pulsed Doppler flow probes on the renal and mesenteric arteries and lower abdominal aorta. While the rats were conscious and unrestrained, bexamethonium was administered intravenously to block sympathetic nervous system transmission. Prior to bexamethonlum, the mean arterial pressure of young SHR and WKY averaged 123 ± 5 and 109 ± 4 nun Hg respectively (p < 0.05), while adult SHR and WKY averaged 159 ± 7 and 128 ± 3 mm Hg respectively (p < 0.05). Hexamethonium produced an equivalent fall in arterial pressure of young SHR (-32%) and WKY (-30%) and adult SHR (-39%) and WKY (-41%). Vascular resistance was reduced by hexamethonium in the kidney, gut, and hindquarters, but the percent changes were not significant between SHR and WKY. These data suggest that, in both young and adult SHR, vascular resistance and arterial pressure are sustained at elevated levels by some other mechanism than aeurally-derived vasoconstrictor tone.
Aggregation-Based QoS Routing in the Internet

In this paper, we study the problem of QoS routing with two concave constraints in the Internet. We propose an efficient approach for computing the supported QoS across domains based on the aggregated intradomain topology. The time complexity of our approach is polynomial. Moreover, our approach can be incorporated in the distance-vector based routing protocol, such as BGP, the de facto inter- domain routing protocol in the Internet. Our simulation results show that our interdomain QoS routing protocol can successfully serve more than 80% of the total connection requests and is very scalable.
An Improved Document Classification Approach with Maximum Entropy and Entropy Feature Selection

Document classification is an important task in the field of document management. Bayesian model needs the feature independent assumption; artificial neural network suffers from the overfitting problem; support vector machine (SVM) does not do well in real-value feature. This paper proposes to combine entropy and machine learning techniques for document classification. Firstly, the cross entropy and average mutual information are presented to effectively extract the features. Secondly, the support vector machine and maximum entropy model is adopted respectively to perform the classification task in the feature space. Furthermore, an improved feature description instead the binary feature with the real-value is presented in this text, since the prior knowledge of each word is helpful to document classification. Finally, we compare our method with the traditional methods, and the experiment showed our method increased 2.78 % F-measures than basic ME model, and 0.95% than naive Bayes model which was smoothed by Good-Turing algorithm.
The Effect of Perioperative Ketorolac on the Clinical Failure Rate of Meniscal Repair

Background: There has been recent interest in the effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications on musculoskeletal healing. No studies have yet addressed the effect of these medications on meniscal healing. Hypothesis: The administration of ketorolac in the perioperative period will result in higher rates of meniscal repair clinical failure. Study design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 110 consecutive patients underwent meniscal repair at our institution between August 1998 and July 2001. Three patients were lost to follow-up, and the remaining 107 (mean age, 15.9 ± 4.4 years) had a minimum 5-year follow-up (mean follow-up, 5.5 years). Thirty-two patients (30%) received ketorolac perioperatively. The primary outcome measure was reoperation for continued symptoms of meniscal pathology. Asymptomatic patients were evaluated by the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Form, Short Form–36 (SF-36) Health Survey, and Knee Outcome Osteoarthritis Score (KOOS). Results: Kaplan-Meier survivorship revealed no difference in reoperation rates with and without the administration of perioperative ketorolac (P = .95). There was an overall failure rate of 35% (37/107 patients), with a 34% failure rate in patients receiving ketorolac (11/32 patients). Multivariable Cox regression confirmed that age, duration of symptoms, meniscal tear type, fixation technique, concurrent anterior cruciate ligament repair, and ketorolac usage did not have an impact on the rate of failure (P > .05 for all; ketorolac use, P > .50). Female sex (P = .04) and medial location (P = .01) were predictive of an increased risk for reoperation. Conclusion: Failure of meniscal repair was not altered with the administration of perioperative ketorolac. Further work studying the effects of longer term anti-inflammatory use after meniscal repair is necessary before stating that this class of medications has no effect on meniscal healing. Clinical Relevance: Results of this study suggest that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory ketorolac can be administered perioperatively during a meniscal repair procedure to harness its benefits of decreased narcotic requirement, decreased pain, and shorter length of hospital stay without negatively influencing the long-term outcome of the surgery.
Comparisons of clinicopathological correlations between immediate and slow graft function in renal transplant recipients

Abstract: The functional recovery state of renal transplants can be divided into three types: immediate graft function (IGF), slow graft function (SGF) and delayed graft function (DGF). In contrast to the well‐known clinical outcomes for IGF and DGF, the pathological findings and clinical outcomes of SGF are undetermined. This study evaluated possible clinicopathological correlations in 237 patients with SGF compared with patients with IGF. IGF and SGF were defined by serum creatinine levels (IGF < 1.2 mg/day l; SGF: ≥1.2 mg/dL) at day 14 after renal transplantation. Graft biopsy was performed on this day, and pathological classification was performed using the Banff schema. The SGF group of patients (n = 121) showed higher rates of cadaver donors and male recipients than the IGF group (n = 116), but there were no significant differences in recipient or donor age, numbers of HLA mismatches, types of immunosuppressant or follow‐up periods between two groups. The SGF group showed higher serum creatinine levels at discharge, and a higher incidence of acute rejection than the IGF group (24.8% vs. 8.6%, P < 0.05) and lower graft survival rates (1 year, 93.3% vs. 100%; 5 years, 85.4% vs. 98.6%, respectively; P < 0.05). The presence of acute rejection in the SGF patients indicated a significantly decreased 5‐year survival rate compared with the IGF group. The SGF group of patients with borderline pathology had a higher incidence of acute rejection than the IGF group, and significant increases in the expression of mRNA for pro‐apoptotic genes (Fas‐ligand, granzyme B and perforin) compared with the IGF group. In conclusion, SGF represents the activated immune state and is associated with poor graft outcome. Anti‐rejection treatment or modified immunosuppressive regimen may thus be indicated for patients with SGF.
Does chronic cervical myelopathy affect respiratory function?

OBJECT Although respiratory function is often impaired by acute cervical spinal cord injury, changes in respiratory function in patients with chronic cervical myelopathy (CCM) are not well documented. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the respiratory function of patients with CCM. METHODS Spirometric parameters were measured in 94 patients with CCM before they underwent expansive laminoplasty. These measurements were compared with those obtained in age- and sex-matched control group patients without myelopathy. The study patients were also subdivided into two groups: those with spinal compressive lesions above or below the C3-4 disc level were compared in terms of respiratory function. The vital capacity values measured in patients with CCM were significantly lower than those in the control group. In patients in whom spinal cord compression was present above C3-4, vital capacity values were lower than in patients in whom the compression level was below C3-4. The resting respiratory rate per minute was elevated in the CCM group. Peak expiratory flow rate was significantly decreased, and expiratory velocities at 50 and 25% of vital capacity were significantly increased in the CCM group. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that expiratory flow may be impaired or incomplete in patients with CCM. An underlying subclinical respiratory dysfunction appears to be associated with CCM.
Testing Assignments to Constraint Satisfaction Problems

For a finite relational structure A, let CSP(A) denote the CSP instances whose constraint relations are taken from A. The resulting family of problems CSP(A) has been considered heavily in a variety of computational contexts. In this article, we consider this family from the perspective of property testing: given an instance of a CSP and query access to an assignment, one wants to decide whether the assignment satisfies the instance, or is far from so doing. While previous work on this scenario studied concrete templates or restricted classes of structures, this article presents comprehensive classification theorems. Our first contribution is a dichotomy theorem completely characterizing the structures A such that CSP(A) is constant-query testable: (i) If A has a majority polymorphism and a Maltsev polymorphism, then CSP(A) is constant-query testable with one-sided error. (ii) Else, testing CSP(A) requires a super-constant number of queries. Let ∃CSP(A) denote the extension of CSP(A) to instances which may include existentially quantified variables. Our second contribution is to classify all structures A in terms of the number of queries needed to test assignments to instances of ∃CSP(A), with one-sided error. More specifically, we show the following trichotomy (i) If A has a majority polymorphism and a Maltsev polymorphism, then ∃CSP(A) is constant-query testable with one-sided error. (ii) Else, if A has a (k + 1)-ary near-unanimity polymorphism for some k ≥ 2, and no Maltsev polymorphism then ∃CSP(A) is not constant-query testable (even with two-sided error) but is sublinear-query testable with one-sided error. (iii) Else, testing ∃CSP(A) with one-sided error requires a linear number of queries.
Sensitivity-guided metaheuristics for accurate discrete gate sizing

The well-studied gate-sizing optimization is a major contributor to IC power-performance tradeoffs. Viable optimizers must accurately model circuit timing, satisfy a variety of constraints, scale to large circuits, and effectively utilize a large (but finite) number of possible gate configurations, including Vt and Lg. Within the research-oriented infrastructure used in the ISPD 2012 Gate Sizing Contest, we develop a metaheuristic approach to gate sizing that integrates timing and power optimization, and handles several types of constraints. Our solutions are evaluated using a rigorous protocol that computes circuit delay with Synopsys PrimeTime. Our implementation Trident outperforms the best-reported results on all but one of the ISPD 2012 benchmarks. Compared to the 2012 contest winner, we further reduce leakage power by an average of 43%.
A 0 . 027-mm 2 Self-Calibrating Successive Approximation ADC Core in 0 . 18-μ m CMOS

We present a 10-bit 1-MS/s successive approximation analog-to-digital converter core including a charge redistribution digitalto-analog converter and a comparator. A new linearity calibration technique enables use of a nearly minimum capacitor limited by kT/C noise. The ADC core without digital control blocks has been fabricated in a 0. 18μm CMOS process and consumes 118 μW at 1.8 V power supply. Also, the active area of ADC core is realized to be 0.027 mm2. The calibration improves the SNDR by 13.4 dB and the SFDR by 21.0 dB. The measured SNDR and SFDR at 1 kHz input are 55.2 dB and 73.2 dB respectively. key words: analog to digital converter, charge redistribution type digital to analog converter, successive approximation architecture, calibration technique
Explorations in Personality

Foreword by Dan P. McAdams 1. Introduction 2. Proposals for a Theory of Personality 3. Variables of Personality 4. Judgements of Personality 5. The Genetical Investigation of Personality: Childhood Events 6. Procedures 7. Case History: Case of Earnst 8. Conclusions
THE INNERVATION OF HUMAN INTRACRANIAL ARTERIES: A STUDY BY SCANNING AND TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Combined scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy was done on external features of human intracranial arteries, including large vessels at the base of the brain and secondary and tertiary branches of the middle and posterior cerebral arteries. Linear structures lying on the external surface of these arteries could be easily identified and followed for distances of several millimeters. These were well-circumscribed and often branched before disappearing into the depths of the adventitia. With TEM the linear structures observed with SEM could be identified as bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons embedded in collagenous fibrils, with surrounding perineurial sheaths composed of overlapping fibrocyte processes. The scanning electron microscope provides a striking and relatively simple method for studying the extent and distribution of vascular innervation.
Predicting upgrade failures using dependency analysis

Upgrades in component based systems can disrupt other components. Being able to predict the possible consequence of an upgrade just by analysing inter-component dependencies can avoid errors and downtime. In this paper we precisely identify in a repository the components p whose upgrades force a large set of others components to be upgraded. We are also able to discriminate whether all the future versions of p have the same impact, or whether there are different classes of future versions that have different impacts. We perform our analysis on Debian, one of the largest FOSS distributions.
Characterization of the upstream region of the formate dehydrogenase operon of Methanobacterium formicicum

The fdhA and fdhB genes of Methanobacterium formicicum, which code for the alpha and beta subunits of formate dehydrogenase, were cotranscribed as part of a large transcript. By using Northern (RNA) gel blot analysis, the transcription start site was located within a 1.6-kilobase BglII-NcoI fragment 4.3 kilobases upstream from the fdhA gene. The precise transcription start site within the fragment was determined with the aid of primer extension analysis and S1 nuclease protection studies. A putative promoter sequence for structural genes of methanogenic archaebacteria is proposed based on a comparison of DNA sequences of the upstream region of methanogen operons for which transcription initiation sites are known. Comparison of the DNA sequence of the upstream region of the fdh operon of M. formicicum with the sequence upstream of the fdhF gene of Escherichia coli revealed regions of considerable identity.
The assessment of serotonin function in major depression.

The serotonergic system has been implicated in the aetiology and treatment of depression by a wealth of preclinical and clinical evidence. This includes findings that drug increasing serotonin neurotransmission have antidepressant action and inhibition of serotonin synthesis (via tryptophan depletion) can induce relapse of symptoms in depressed patients. Neuroendocrine challenges are an established method of indirectly examining brain serotonergic function, utilising changes in the secretion of pituitary hormones influenced by tonic serotonergic activity at the level of the hypothalamus. This thesis describes the development of two such neuroendocrine challenge tests, using the selective serotonertic probes, zolmitriptan and citalopram. Orally administered zolmitriptan, licensed for the treatment of migraine, clearly elevated plasma growth hormone in healthy subjects. This growth hormone response was antagonised by ketanserin suggesting mediation by postsynaptic 5-HT1D receptors. The response to zolmitriptan was attenuated in melancholic depressed subjects, and further reduced following antidepressant treatment. This implies a dysfunction of postsynaptic 5-HT1D receptor function in melancholia, and further 5-HT1D functional downregulation following antidepressant treatment. Citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, administered at low dose intravenously was associated with an increase in plasma prolactin and cortisol in healthy subjects. The postsynaptic serotonin receptor subtype mediating these responses was not clearly elucidated from experiments using available 5-HT2 and 5-HT1A ligands. Depressed subjects demonstrated an attenuated prolactin response to citalopram suggesting impaired presynpatic 5-HT neuron function. These findings confirm impaired 5-HT function is depressed patients and assist in more clearly defining the nature of this impairment.
A family of non-binary TLDPC codes: density evolution, convergence and thresholds

We generalize the results about how to compute iterative decoding thresholds over the binary erasure channel of non-binary LDPC code ensembles of [16] to non-binary TLDPC codes [2], [3]. We show in this case how density evolution can be performed in order to calculate iterative decoding thresholds and find several families with a very simple regular structure and thresholds close to the Shannon limit. To check the performances of these codes over other channels we have tested one of the simplest codes over F4 which has rate 1/2 on the Gaussian channel. For the (binary) length 1008 for instance, without any optimization on the permutation structure of the code, it matches the performances of the best binary codes of the same length up to the word-error rate 10-3. We also notice that all LDPC codes (binary or not) having at least two symbols of degree 2 per parity-check equation can be represented as a special kind of TLDPC codes. We show that this representation and the associated decoding algorithm leads in the case of cycle codes to a significant reduction of the number of iterations which are needed for iterative decoding.