Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Part 1-Introduction to Linguistic Problems and Methods in Information Retrieval

2 Acknowledgements First, I want to say a couple a words about the background of this dissertation. When I started my Information Science studies in 1991 in the Department of Information Studies, University of Tampere, my goal was to become a librarian. When I was finishing my Master's thesis in 1994 Prof. Kalervo Järvelin asked if I was willing to continue as a IR researcher. First I wondered why Kal made such a strange proposition. Doing scientific research is difficult. I was not a scientist, I thought. However, I started my career as a researcher and started on this work, and was lucky to have Kal as my supervisor. Now years have passed, here I am with my dissertation. But I wouldn't be without going through Kal's hard school. I would like to thank Kal for his assistance, expertise, enthusiasm, justified criticism, good comments and ideas, and encouragement. As the Head of the Department of Information Studies, and as a researcher and a university teacher Kal has several responsibilities. However, somehow he managed to find the time to supervise this work. I am greatly indebted to him for this. I wish to thank my other colleagues, Eero Sormunen, Jaana Kekäläinen, and Heikki Keskustalo. I am greatful to them for their helpful comments and expert suggestions. The technical support provided by Heikki was very valuable. I would like to extend thanks to the former and the present Heads of the Department of Information Studies, Prof. Pertti Vakkari and Prof. Kalervo Järvelin for providing favourable research conditions for the researchers working in the Department. Without good facilities and an encouraging atmosphere high quality research would not be possible. Jaakko Astola, for the financial support and the atmosphere that prevailed in the TISE. Researchers were given the chance to fully concentrate on their own research without unnecessary bureaucratic duties. This facilitates fruitful research. Preparing a dissertation is also a family project. I want to thank my wife, Arja, for her patience and encouragement. to thank for their "interest in scientific research". When I was concentrating on my work and had to quiet lively children, they immediately started to ask about my work. Actually, a researcher looking for a peaceful environment does not expect a response like this. In any case, it is positive that a new generation of scientists seems to be emerging; curiosity is a prerequisite of scientific research. My son Risto, …
Multiple Nuclear Gene Phylogenetic Analysis of the Evolution of Dioecy and Sex Chromosomes in the Genus Silene

In the plant genus Silene, separate sexes and sex chromosomes are believed to have evolved twice. Silene species that are wholly or largely hermaphroditic are assumed to represent the ancestral state from which dioecy evolved. This assumption is important for choice of outgroup species for inferring the genetic and chromosomal changes involved in the evolution of dioecy, but is mainly based on data from a single locus (ITS). To establish the order of events more clearly, and inform outgroup choice, we therefore carried out (i) multi-nuclear-gene phylogenetic analyses of 14 Silene species (including 7 hermaphrodite or gynodioecious species), representing species from both Silene clades with dioecious members, plus a more distantly related outgroup, and (ii) a BayesTraits character analysis of the evolution of dioecy. We confirm two origins of dioecy within this genus in agreement with recent work on comparing sex chromosomes from both clades with dioecious species. We conclude that sex chromosomes evolved after the origin of Silene and within a clade that includes only S. latifolia and its closest relatives. We estimate that sex chromosomes emerged soon after the split with the ancestor of S. viscosa, the probable closest non-dioecious S. latifolia relative among the species included in our study.
Acute Effect of Noradrenergic Modulation on Motor Output Adjustment in Men

Purpose To determine the role of noradrenergic modulation in the control of motor output, we compared the acute effect of reboxetine (REB), a noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, to a placebo (PLA) on knee extensors motor performance and cortical and spinal excitability. Methods Eleven young men took part in two randomized experiments during which they received either 8 mg of REB or a PLA. The torque produced during a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and its variability (i.e., coefficient of variation) during submaximal contractions ranging from 5% to 50% MVC were measured. Paired electrical (PES) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) were used to assess changes in voluntary activation during MVC, and corticospinal (motor-evoked potential (MEP)) and spinal excitability (Hoffmann (H) reflex) during contraction at 20% MVC. Results MVC torque and torque steadiness increased respectively by 9.5% and 24% on average in REB compared with PLA condition (P < 0.001). Voluntary activation tested by TMS and PES was greater (~3%; P < 0.05) in REB than PLA condition. The increase in voluntary activation in REB condition was significantly correlated with subjects’ initial voluntary activation level when tested by TMS (r = −0.62; P = 0.048) and PES (r = −0.86; P < 0.01). The maximal amplitudes of H reflex and MEP and the slope of their recruitment curves were enhanced by REB (P < 0.05). The ratio between the TMS-induced EMG silent period and the corresponding MEP (silent period/MEP) was reduced in REB condition (P < 0.01). Conclusions The present findings indicate that voluntary activation and accuracy in force control can be increased by an enhanced level of noradrenaline concentration. This improvement in motor performance is accompanied by changes located at both cortical and spinal levels.
A Secure Collaborative Network Protocol

Cloud storage services allow a simple collaborative environment in which users share their files. To perform this, users state which files they want to share and who is able to access them. Recently, Silva et al. introduced an idea that does not require users to explicitly state who is able to access their files. It allows users to share their files based on common interests. As a result, users do not need to know any information (e.g., email addresses) about each other before sharing files. Unfortunately, security is not a concern in the first scheme that implements this idea. In this paper, we proposed an improved protocol that takes security into account.
Sphingosine kinase 1 mediates AGEs-induced fibronectin upregulation in diabetic nephropathy

Activation of sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) signaling pathway mediates fibronectin (FN) upregulation in glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) under high glucose (HG) condition. However, the roles of SphK1 in advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-induced DN have not been elucidated. Here we show that AGEs upregulated FN and SphK1 and SphK1 activity. Inhibition of SphK1 signaling attenuated AGEs-induced FN synthesis in GMCs. Inhibition of AGE receptor (RAGE) signaling reduced the upregulation of FN and SphK1 and SphK1 activity in GMCs induced by AGEs. Treatment of aminoguanidine ameliorates the renal injury and fibrosis in STZ-induced diabetic mice and attenuated SphK1 expression and activity in diabetic mouse kidneys. The renal injury and fibrosis in diabetic SphK1-/- mice was significantly attenuated than WT mice. Furthermore, AGEs upregulated SphK1 by reducing its degradation and prolonging its half-life. Conclusion: SphK1 mediates AGEs-induced FN synthesis in GMCs and diabetic mice under hyperglycemic condition.
Management of the flabby ridge in complete denture construction.

UNLABELLED As the prevalence of edentulousness has decreased, dentists can expect to treat increasing numbers of partially dentate patients. The number of adults who are edentate in the maxilla and partially dentate in the mandible is considerable, and present particular clinical challenges. A common finding is that of the flabby ridge, which affects retention and stability of the maxillary complete denture. This article describes some of the clinical problems, and suggests some management strategies. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The strategies for management of the flabby edentulous ridge can be used in everyday clinical practice and are based on recognized prosthodontic principles.
Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Latex-Pigment Composites for Enhanced Hiding in Latex

The Dow Chemical Company has developed a new and unique technology, EVOQUETM Pre-Composite Polymer, that offers improvements in TiO2 hiding efficiency through the development of a polymer-pigment composite. During the paint making process, the pre-composite polymer combines with TiO2 to form a polymer-pigment composite which improves both the wet and dry hiding efficiency through improved ordering of the TiO2 particles. Because the latex typically used in paints are soft, film forming polymers at room temperatures, Cryo-SEM is useful in characterizing the morphology in the undeformed wet state. Cryo-SEM has been used to characterize various aspects of latex paints including Freeze Thaw behavior[1] TiO2 distribution[2] and TiO2 hiding efficiency[3]. In this work we have used Cryo-SEM to characterize the formation of latex/ TiO2 composites and characterize the resulting film morphology
The non‐biphenyl‐tetrazole angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist eprosartan is a unique and robust inverse agonist of the active state of the AT1 receptor

Conditions such as hypertension and renal allograft rejection are accompanied by chronic, agonist‐independent, signalling by angiotensin II AT1 receptors. The current treatment paradigm for these diseases entails the preferred use of inverse agonist AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs). However, variability in the inverse agonist activities of common biphenyl‐tetrazole ARBs for the active state of AT1 receptors often leads to treatment failure. Therefore, characterization of robust inverse agonist ARBs for the active state of AT1 receptors is necessary.
Study of poly(styrene) films by neutron and x-ray reflectometry

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Modulated Nd : YAG laser welding of Ti–6Al–4V

Modulating the output of Nd : YAG laser sources has been evaluated as a technique for producing high quality welds in titanium alloys. Welds with high internal quality were produced when a square wave form was used with a modulation frequency ≥125 Hz and a duty cycle of 50%. Undercut present in the weld profile can be reduced if the correct combination of modulation amplitude and laser beam focal plane position are used. High speed observation and subsequent Fourier analysis of the vapour plume and keyhole behaviour have shown that they both exhibit the same periodic tendencies. With the correct parameters, an oscillating wave can be set up in the weld pool, which appears to manipulate the vapour plume behaviour and hence reduce porosity formation.
One anastomosis gastric bypass versus Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity: a meta‐analysis

We aim to review the available literature on morbidly obese patients treated with one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) or Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) in order to compare the clinical outcomes of the two methods. A literature search was performed in PubMed, Cochrane library and Scopus, in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria (7452 patients). OAGB was associated with shorter mean operative time. The length of hospital stay was comparable between the two procedures. The incidence of leaks, marginal ulcer, dumping, bowel obstruction, revisions and mortality was similar between the two approaches. The incidence of malnutrition was increased in patients treated with OAGB, while the incidence of internal hernia and bowel obstruction was greater in the RYGB group. In addition, the percentage excess weight loss at 1, 2 and 5 years post‐operatively was greater for the OAGB group. The rate of type 2 diabetes remission was greater in the OAGB group. The rate of hypertension and dyslipidemia remission was also similar between OAGB and RYGB. Randomized controlled trials, comparing RYGB to OAGB, are necessary to further assess their clinical outcomes.
Microarray analyses reveal genes related to progression and prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is a high morbidity and mortality cancer in China. Here are few biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Our study was aimed to identify candidate genes correlated to ESCC. Oncomine, The Cancer Genome Atlas, Gene Expression Omnibus were retrieved for eligible ESCC data. Deregulated genes were identified by meta-analysis and validated by an independent dataset. Survival analyses and bioinformatics analyses were used to explore potential mechanisms. Copy number variant analyses identified upstream mechanisms of candidate genes. In our study, top 200 up/down-regulated genes were identified across two microarrays. A total of 139 different expression genes were validated in GSE53625. Survival analysis found that nine genes were closely related to prognosis. Furthermore, Gene Ontology analyses and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses showed that different expression genes were mainly enriched in cell division, cell cycle and cell-cell adhesion pathways. Copy number variant analyses indicated that overexpression of ECT2 and other five genes were correlated with copy number amplification. The current study demonstrated that ECT2 and other eight candidate genes were correlated to progression and prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, which might provide novel insights to the mechanisms.
Unconventional Microfabrication Using Polymers

iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Dr. William P. King, for giving me the support I needed to work creatively on a wide range of research projects. I also thank Dr. for working with me and providing me with lab support on the projects described in this thesis. Yueming Hua and Ashanté Allen were also integral parts of the projects described in this thesis. I also thank my fellow graduate students who provided assistance to me iv TABLE OF CONTENTS A PMMA cube is wrapped with copper tape, the copper tape is coated with low-melting temperature solder, cubes are self-assembled and bonded, and the PMMA is coated with low-melting temperature solder. Figure 9. A) Electrically Actuated, Self-Assembled Capacitors and LEDs on a Penny (LED is lit). B) Methyl methacrylate (MMA) was used to dissolve PMMA from Electrically Actuated, Self-Assembled Capacitors and LEDs (LED on right is lit). 20 Figure 10. Process for micromolding ceramic micro structures on etched silicon: A) Begin with an etched silicon master. B) Vacuum mold ceramic precursor into the master and heat ceramic precursor to 75 ºC for 2 hours to harden into green body. C) Heat the ceramic precursor to 450 ºC for 2 hours at a ramp rate of 5 ºC/sec. D) Remove the ceramic from the master. Figure 12. Process of Micropatterning thermally decomposable polymer via embossing and vacuum molding ceramic: A) Begin with unpatterned thermally decomposable vi polymer. B) Emboss a micropattern into the thermally decomposable polymer at room temperature with 22 MPa Pressure for 5 minutes. C) Remove the embossing tool. D) Vacuum mold ceramic precursor to the embossed thermally decomposable polymer and heat ceramic precursor to 75 ºC for 2 hours to harden into green body. E) Heat the ceramic precursor to 450 ºC for 4 hours at a ramp rate of 5 ºC/sec to cure ceramic and decompose polymer. Figure 14. Process of micromolding ceramic structures with a PDMS mold: A) Begin with a PDMS master molded from silicon. B) Vacuum mold ceramic precursor into master. C) Heat ceramic precursor to 75 ºC for 2 hours to harden precursor into green body and then release green body from PDMS. D) Heat green body to 450 ºC for 2 hours at a ramp rate of 5 ºC/sec. Figure 16. Process for molding curved ceramic with microstructures on inside of curve: A) Begin with a flexible PDMS …
Tracking patterns of needs during a telephone follow-up programme for family caregivers of persons with stroke

Abstract Purpose: Programmes that address stroke family caregiver needs and skill-building are recommended based on the literature and patient care guidelines for stroke rehabilitation. The purpose of this study was to explore patterns of perceived needs and skill-building during a stroke caregiver intervention programme. Method: Descriptive statistics were used to analyse data from 123 stroke caregivers enrolled in the intervention group of a randomised controlled clinical trial. Caregivers received eight weekly telephone sessions, with a booster session a month later. At each session, the Caregiver Needs and Concerns Checklist (CNCC) was used to identify and prioritise current needs that were then addressed through skill-building strategies. Results: Perceived needs changed over time. Information about stroke was the highest priority need during Session 1. Managing survivor emotions and behaviours was the highest priority for Sessions 2 through 4. Caregivers generally waited until Sessions 5 through 9 to address their own emotional and physical health needs. Physical and instrumental care needs were relatively low but stable across all nine sessions. Skill-building was consistently high, though it peaked during Sessions 2 and 3. Conclusions: Tracking patterns of needs and skill-building suggest appropriate timing for targeting different types of family caregiver support during stroke rehabilitation. Implications for Rehabilitation Family caregivers of stroke survivors play an essential role in the rehabilitation process of the stroke survivor. Identifying and addressing the priority needs and concerns of stroke caregivers during the early discharge period enables caregivers to provide sustained support for the stroke survivor. Rehabilitation professionals are in a key position to address evolving caregiver needs and concerns as they transition to home settings with follow-up care.
Anti‐tumor effects of a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug zaltoprofen on chondrosarcoma via activating peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma and suppressing matrix metalloproteinase‐2 expression

Surgical resection is the only treatment for chondrosarcomas, because of their resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy; therefore, additional strategies are crucial to treat chondrosarcomas. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a ligand‐activated transcription factor, which has been reported as a possible therapeutic target in certain malignancies including chondrosarcomas. In this study, we demonstrated that a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, zaltoprofen, could induce PPARγ activation and elicit anti‐tumor effects in chondrosarcoma cells. Zaltoprofen was found to induce expressions of PPARγ mRNA and protein in human chondrosarcoma SW1353 and OUMS27 cells, and induce PPARγ‐responsible promoter reporter activities. Inhibitory effects of zaltoprofen were observed on cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion, and the activity of matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP2); these effects were dependent on PPARγ activation and evidenced by silencing PPARγ. Moreover, we showed a case of a patient with cervical chondrosarcoma (grade 2), who was treated with zaltoprofen and has been free from disease progression for more than 2 years. Histopathological findings revealed enhanced expression of PPARγ and reduced expression of MMP2 after administration of zaltoprofen. These findings demonstrate that zaltoprofen could be a promising drug against the malignant phenotypes in chondrosarcomas via activation of PPARγ and inhibition of MMP2 activity.
A Model of Children ' s Acquisition of Grammatical Word Categories Using an Adaptation and Selection Algorithm

A Model of Children's Acquisition of Grammatical Word Categories Using an Adaptation and Selection Algorithm Teresa Young Department of Communication Disorders, BYU Master of Science Most children who follow a typical developmental timeline learn the grammatical categories of words in their native language by the time they enter school. Researchers have worked to provide a number of explicit, testable models or algorithms in an attempt to model this language development. These models or algorithms have met with some varying success in terms of determining grammatical word categories from the transcripts of adult input to children. A new model of grammatical category acquisition involving an application of evolutionary computing algorithms may provide further understanding in this area. This model implements aspects of evolutionary biology, such as variation, adaptive change, self-regulation, and inheritance. The current thesis applies this model to six English language corpora. The model created dictionaries based on the words in each corpus and matched the words with their grammatical tags. The dictionaries evolved over 5,000 generations. Four different mutation rates were used in creating offspring dictionaries. The accuracy achieved by the model in correctly matching words with tags reached 90%. Considering this success, further research involving an evolutionary model appears warranted.
Refinement of Mouse Protocols for the Study of Platelet Thromboembolic Responses In Vivo

Abstract Mouse models of thromboembolism are frequently used to investigate platelet function in vivo and, according to European Union (EU) legislation, must be conducted in the context of replacement, refinement and reduction. We have previously developed a refined real-time mouse model of thromboembolism as an alternative to models of thromboembolic mortality which inflict considerable pain and suffering. Real-time monitoring involves infusion of radiolabelled platelets into the circulation of anaesthetized mice, and platelet aggregation is measured as increases in platelet-associated counts in the pulmonary vasculature following injection of platelet agonists. This gives a definitive data set on the tissue localization and extent of platelet activation. We developed an additional, more simplistic alternative to mortality models based on blood microsampling which entails the measurement of circulating platelet counts following agonist stimulation. Blood microsamples were collected from the tail vein of anaesthetized mice at three different time points leading to a reduction in animal numbers. Platelet counts significantly dropped 1 minute after stimulation with collagen or thrombin and were restored over 10 minutes. These results correlate with those obtained via real-time monitoring and were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Pre-treatment of mice with aspirin significantly inhibited the decrease in platelet counts following collagen. These data suggest that blood microsampling may be implemented as a simplistic refined alternative to mortality models of thromboembolism when specialized monitoring equipment, or use of radioactive isotopes for real-time monitoring, which remains the ‘gold standard’, is not feasible. Microsampling refines and reduces animal procedures in compliance with current EU legislation.