Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
General Paradigm for Distilling Classical Key From Quantum States

In this paper, we develop a formalism for distilling a classical key from a quantum state in a systematic way, expanding on our previous work on a secure key from bound entanglement (Horodecki et al, 2005). More detailed proofs, discussion, and examples are provided of the main results. Namely, we demonstrate that all quantum cryptographic protocols can be recast in a way which looks like entanglement theory, with the only change being that instead of distilling Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs, the parties distill private states. The form of these general private states are given, and we show that there are a number of useful ways of expressing them. Some of the private states can be approximated by certain states, which are bound entangled. Thus, distillable entanglement is not a requirement for a private key. We find that such bound entangled states are useful for a cryptographic primitive we call a controlled private quantum channel (PQC). We also find a general class of states, which have negative partial transpose (are NPT), but which appear to be bound entangled. The relative entropy distance is shown to be an upper bound on the rate of a key. This allows us to compute the exact value of a distillable key for a certain class of private states.
A Perspective of Applying Autonomia to Content Filtering at Network

In this information burst, the content filtering at network must be of the function of self-discovering, self-thinking and self-making decision. This paper presents an approach by applying autonomia architecture to network text filtering. The practical automatic environment is set up to prove the autonomia concept, and techniques of arithmetic are discussed to enhance the efficiency of filtering. Its potential and scalable performance is demonstrated.
Effects of stairclimbing on VO2max and quadriceps strength in middle-aged females.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 12 wk of stairclimbing with and without an external load on aerobic capacity and quadriceps strength of sedentary (initial VO2max 25.3 +/- 0.73 ml.kg-1.min-1) (mean +/- SEM) middle aged females (50-65 yr). Three groups, LOAD (stairclimbing with external load, N = 8), STAIR (no load, N = 9), and CONTROL (N = 7) were tested. By week 4, subjects warmed up 5 min on a cycle ergometer followed by 35 min on the stairclimber at 80-85% maximum heart rate (MHR) 4 d.wk-1. In week 6, the LOAD group carried an external load of 4% of body weight increasing to 8% for weeks 7-12. STAIR and LOAD group significantly increased (P < 0.01) VO2max by 11.1% and 9.6%, respectively. Isokinetic strength tests showed increased (P < 0.05) peak torque and total work for STAIR and LOAD at 120 and 180 degrees.s-1. For total work, a significant increase (P < 0.05) of 10.5% was observed at 60 degrees.s-1 for the LOAD group. The results indicate stairclimbing is an appropriate exercise for middle-aged females improving both aerobic capacity and strength following 12 wk of training.
Can We Identify Sources of Fine Particles Responsible for Exercise-Induced Ischemia on Days with Elevated Air Pollution? The ULTRA Study

Epidemiologic studies have shown that ambient particulate matter (PM) has adverse effects on cardiovascular health. Effective mitigation of the health effects requires identification of the most harmful PM sources. The objective of our study was to evaluate relative effects of fine PM [aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5)] from different sources on exercise-induced ischemia. We collected daily outdoor PM2.5 samples between autumn 1998 and spring 1999 in Helsinki, Finland. The mass of PM2.5 was apportioned between five sources. Forty-five elderly nonsmoking persons with stable coronary heart disease visited a clinic biweekly for submaximal exercise testing, during which the occurrence of ST segment depressions was recorded. Levels of PM2.5 originating from local traffic and long-range transport were associated with ST segment depressions > 0.1 mV, with odds ratios at 2-day lag of 1.53 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.19–1.97] and 1.11 (95% CI, 1.02–1.20) per 1 μg/m3, respectively. In multipollutant models, where we used indicator elements for sources instead of source-specific PM2.5, only absorbance (elemental carbon), an indicator of local traffic and other combustion, was associated with ST segment depressions. Our results suggest that the PM fraction originating from combustion processes, notably traffic, exacerbates ischemic heart diseases associated with PM mass.
THE USE OF THE T-CULVERT GUARD TO PROTECT ROAD CULVERTS FROM PLUGGING DAMAGE BY BEAVERS

Since 1978 t h e r e has been a cont i -nual e f f o r t by Region 9 o f t h e New York S ta te Department o f Env i ronmenta l Conservat ion t o develop dev i ces capable o f p r o t e c t i n q road c u l v e r t s f rom p l u g g i n g damageWby beavers (Cas to r canadens is) . Var ious p r o t e c t i v e dev i ces were developed. The most succ e s s f u l was t h e T c u l v e r t guard. T r i a l i n s t a l l a t i o n s o f T c u l v e r t guards were made a t 4 s i t e s expe r i enc ing beaver damage. T c u l v e r t s c o n s i s t e d o f a 4 f t. o r l a r g e r d iameter c u l v e r t and a smal l e r d iamete r c u l v e r t which connected i t t o t h e road c u l v e r t . D i r ec t i o n s f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n , i n s t a l l a t i o n and maintenance o f T c u l v e r t s a r e given. Costs f o r a t y p i c a l 4 ft. d iameter T c u l v e r t a t 1985 p r i c e s were $226.00 f o r ma te r i a1 s, $1 60.000. f o r backhoe r e n t a l and 3 worker days f o r l a b o r . Average annual maintenance c o s t was es t imated t o be . 27 worker days and . 27 h rs . o f backhoe t ime. T c u l v e r t s a l l e v i a t e d beaver damage by concea l i ng f l ows which were cons idered d e t e c t a b l e t o beavers. I t i s be1 i eved t h a t these dev ices may prove u s e f u l i n p r o t e c t i n g water l e v e l c o n t r o l s t r u c t u r e s such as a r e used i n ponds and marshes.
Bayesian regression of functional neuroimages

A Bayesian approach is proposed for statistical analysis of fMRI data sets in a two state (“on-off”) activation study. The approach is based on the Relevance Vector Machine (RVM) regression framework. According to this approach the shape of the activations is a superposition of kernel functions, one at each pixel of the image, and a hierarchical Bayesian model is employed which imposes a sparse representation by selecting a number relevant kernel functions. We have implemented an incremental method for constructing the RVM model and, in addition, we have employed a cross-validation criterion to deal with the problem of kernel width selection. The proposed method allows the accurate estimation of the activation locations when correlated noise is present even at low signal-to-noise ratios. We tested this method using an artificial phantom derived from a previous neuroimaging study with promising results compared with previous approaches.
Nut consumption in relation to cardiovascular disease risk and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.

BACKGROUND Many prospective cohort studies have investigated the association between nut consumption and risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, results have been inconsistent. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the association between nut consumption and risk of CAD, stroke, hypertension, and T2D. DESIGN PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched up to October 2013. All prospective cohort studies of nut consumption and risk of CAD, stroke, hypertension, and T2D were included. Summary RRs with 95% CIs were estimated by using a fixed- or random-effects model. RESULTS A total of 23 prospective studies (9 studies for CAD, 4 studies for stroke, 4 studies for hypertension, and 6 studies for T2D) from 19 publications were included in the meta-analysis. There were 179,885 participants and 7236 CAD cases, 182,730 participants and 5669 stroke cases, 40,102 participants and 12,814 hypertension cases, and 342,213 participants and 14,400 T2D cases. The consumption of each 1 serving of nuts/d was significantly associated with incident CAD (RR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.91; P < 0.001) and hypertension (RR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.44, 1.00; P = 0.049). However, there was no association between the consumption of each 1 serving of nuts/d and risk of stroke (RR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.71, 1.14) or T2D (RR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.57, 1.14). CONCLUSIONS A higher consumption of nuts was associated with reduced risk of CAD and hypertension but not stroke or T2D. Large randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm the observed associations.
Improving canopy processes in the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4) using global flux fields empirically inferred from FLUXNET data

[1] The Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4) overestimates gross primary production (GPP) compared with data-driven estimates and other process models. We use global, spatially gridded GPP and latent heat flux upscaled from the FLUXNET network of eddy covariance towers to evaluate and improve canopy processes in CLM4. We investigate differences in GPP and latent heat flux arising from model parameterizations (termed model structural error) and from uncertainty in the photosynthetic parameter Vcmax (termed model parameter uncertainty). Model structural errors entail radiative transfer, leaf photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, and canopy scaling of leaf processes. Model structural revisions reduce global GPP over the period 1982–2004 from 165 Pg C yr−1 to 130 Pg C yr−1, and global evapotranspiration decreases from 68,000 km3 yr−1 to 65,000 km3 yr−1, within the uncertainty of FLUXNET-based estimates. Colimitation of photosynthesis is a cause of the improvements, as are revisions to photosynthetic parameters and their temperature dependency. Improvements are seen in all regions and seasonally over the course of the year. Similar improvements occur in latent heat flux. Uncertainty in Vcmax produces effects of comparable magnitude as model structural errors, but of offsetting sign. This suggests that model structural errors can be compensated by parameter adjustment, and this may explain the lack of consensus in values for Vcmax used in terrestrial biosphere models. Our analyses show that despite inherent uncertainties global flux fields empirically inferred from FLUXNET data are a valuable tool to guide terrestrial biosphere model development and evaluation.
Simplified Representation of Concepts and Relations on Screen

The fully automated generation of diagnostic codes requires a knowledge-based system which is capable of interpreting noun phrases. The sense content of the words must be analysed and represented for this purpose. The codes are then generated based on this representation.In comparison with other knowledge-based systems, a system of this kind places the emphasis on the data structures and not on the calculus; coding itself is a simple matter compared to the much more difficult task of incorporating the complex information contained in the words used in natural language in a systematic data model. Initial attempts were based on the assumption that each word was linked to one conceptual meaning, whereas such a naive viewpoint certainly no longer applies today. The notation of concepts and their relations is the task at hand.Existing notation methods include predicate logic, conceptual graphs (CGs) as proposed by J. F. Sowa [2], GRAIL as used by the GALEN Project [1] and methods developed as part of the WWW consortium, e.g. RDF's (Resource Description Frameworks). For the purpose of coding, we developed a notation system using "concept particles" back in 1989 [3]. In 1996, the resulting experience led us to represent "concept molecules" (CM), with which both complex data structures and multi-branched rules can be denoted in a simple manner [4]. In this paper we shall explain the principles behind this notation and compare it with another modern concept representation system, conceptual graphs.
A Theoretical Model to Predict Both Horizontal Displacement and Vertical Displacement for Electromagnetic Induction-Based Deep Displacement Sensors

Deep displacement observation is one basic means of landslide dynamic study and early warning monitoring and a key part of engineering geological investigation. In our previous work, we proposed a novel electromagnetic induction-based deep displacement sensor (I-type) to predict deep horizontal displacement and a theoretical model called equation-based equivalent loop approach (EELA) to describe its sensing characters. However in many landslide and related geological engineering cases, both horizontal displacement and vertical displacement vary apparently and dynamically so both may require monitoring. In this study, a II-type deep displacement sensor is designed by revising our I-type sensor to simultaneously monitor the deep horizontal displacement and vertical displacement variations at different depths within a sliding mass. Meanwhile, a new theoretical modeling called the numerical integration-based equivalent loop approach (NIELA) has been proposed to quantitatively depict II-type sensors’ mutual inductance properties with respect to predicted horizontal displacements and vertical displacements. After detailed examinations and comparative studies between measured mutual inductance voltage, NIELA-based mutual inductance and EELA-based mutual inductance, NIELA has verified to be an effective and quite accurate analytic model for characterization of II-type sensors. The NIELA model is widely applicable for II-type sensors’ monitoring on all kinds of landslides and other related geohazards with satisfactory estimation accuracy and calculation efficiency.
Annotation of Adversarial and Collegial Social Actions in Discourse

We posit that determining the social goals and intentions of dialogue participants is crucial for understanding discourse taking place on social media. In particular, we examine the social goals of being collegial and being adversarial. Through our early experimentation, we found that speech and dialogue acts are not able to capture the complexities and nuances of the social intentions of discourse participants. Therefore, we introduce a set of 9 social acts specifically designed to capture intentions related to being collegial and being adversarial. Social acts are pragmatic speech acts that signal a dialogue participant's social intentions. We annotate social acts in discourses communicated in English and Chinese taken from Wikipedia talk pages, public forums, and chat transcripts. Our results show that social acts can be reliably understood by annotators with a good level of inter-rater agreement.
Weakly supervised cross-view action recognition via sequential motion accumulation

In real application scenarios, the visual observations of the same type of action vary significantly from one view to another. This paper addresses the action recognition problem under the view changes, especially when no labels are available in the target view. A novel feature, called Sequential Motion Accumulation (SMA), is proposed to characterize actions. The SMA descriptor depicts the temporal structure of motion property to explore the distinguishing action characteristics and their invariances across views. Moreover, we propose a weakly supervised categorization approach to generate target-view categorical prior for learning a cross-view metric, which can further improve the recognition accuracy of the SMA descriptor. Our method is verified on the multiview IXMAS dataset, and it achieves superior performance compared with the state-of-the-art methods.
Asymptotic behaviour of approximate Bayesian estimators

Although approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) has become a popular technique for performing parameter estimation when the likelihood functions are analytically intractable there has not as yet been a complete investigation of the theoretical properties of the resulting estimators. In this paper we give a theoretical analysis of the asymptotic properties of ABC based parameter estimators for hidden Markov models and show that ABC based estimators satisfy asymptotically biased versions of the standard results in the statistical literature.
Transcription factors LRF and BCL11A independently repress expression of fetal hemoglobin

Reactivating the fetal globin gene Mutation of adult-type globin genes causes sickle cell disease and thalassemia. Although treating these hemoglobinopathies with gene therapy is possible, there is a pressing need for pharmacologic approaches to treat general patient populations. One promising approach is to reactivate repressed expression of fetal-type hemoglobin (HbF) in adult erythroid cells. Masuda et al. reveal a molecular mechanism governing HbF repression as mediated by the LRF/ZBTB7A transcription factor. The study may encourage the development of new HbF reactivation therapies for hemoglobinopathies. Science, this issue p. 285 Reactivation of fetal globin gene expression may enable treatment of hemoglobinopathies. Genes encoding human β-type globin undergo a developmental switch from embryonic to fetal to adult-type expression. Mutations in the adult form cause inherited hemoglobinopathies or globin disorders, including sickle cell disease and thalassemia. Some experimental results have suggested that these diseases could be treated by induction of fetal-type hemoglobin (HbF). However, the mechanisms that repress HbF in adults remain unclear. We found that the LRF/ZBTB7A transcription factor occupies fetal γ-globin genes and maintains the nucleosome density necessary for γ-globin gene silencing in adults, and that LRF confers its repressive activity through a NuRD repressor complex independent of the fetal globin repressor BCL11A. Our study may provide additional opportunities for therapeutic targeting in the treatment of hemoglobinopathies.
Epidemiology of analgesic use: a gender perspective

Background and objective: Women consistently report significantly more frequent analgesic use in epidemiological studies. The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of medical and non-medical factors on the difference in use of analgesics between women and men from a population perspective. Methods: Cross-sectional survey. Postal questionnaires were sent to a random sample of the general population in the county of Uppland, Sweden (5404 answered the questionnaire, response rate: 68%). Results: 34.8% of the women and 21.4% of the men had used analgesics during the two week recall period (Odds Ratio = 1.96). Social structure, social status, marital status, educational level, economic situation, lifestyle, attitudes toward drugs, medication knowledge and self-care orientation were of minor importance for the difference in use between women and men. Difference in prevalence of various types of pain and ache and the degree of pain experienced were the most influential factors affecting the difference in use. However, when all factors were analysed there remained a substantial difference in use between women and men (OR = 1.39, CI (95%) 1.20 to 1.60). Conclusions: In the population, women use analgesics much more frequently than men. Consequently women may be at greater risk for adverse effects and dependency. Some of the gender difference is explained by the greater frequency of pain conditions among women, but a significant difference in use still remains to be explained.
Innovation Path in E-Health - Illustration in Three Finnish Medicine Delivery Initiatives

Modern citizens consider fast, safe, trustworthy and affordable health care systems as a natural cornerstone of a modern society. However, currently in most countries the rather well situation has not born out of nowhere, and has demanded a long chain of innovations. All innovations that have contributed to the advance in health care solutions in Finland have not been reviewed and are maybe not even identified yet. This article makes an effort to understand the typical innovation path in health care information systems in Finland. The article proposes that a natural way to develop information system solutions is to start with the structure of the domain to be developed. After appropriate structures, processes and workflows can be implemented. Based on the prior work, successful information systems can be implemented. All other ways to proceed are doomed to fail or at least to run into severe difficulties. This article concentrates on the health care information systems domain, and draws on Finnish examples, but the gained insights might help in understanding and framing system development initiatives in other domains and countries too.
An Algorithm for Real-Time Blind Image Quality Comparison and Assessment

This research aims at providing means to image comparison from different image processing algorithms for performance assessment purposes. Reconstruction of images corrupted by blur and noise requires specialized filtering techniques. Due to the immense effect of these corruptive parameters, it is often impossible to evaluate the quality of a reconstructed image produced by one technique versus another. The algorithm presented here is capable of performing this comparison analytically and quantitatively at a low computational cost (real-time) and high efficiency. The parameters used for comparison are the degree of blurriness, information content, and the amount of various types of noise associated with the reconstructed image. Based on a heuristic analysis of these parameters the algorithm assesses the reconstructed image and quantify the quality of the image by characterizing important aspects of visual quality. Extensive effort has been set forth to obtain real-world noise and blur conditions so that the various test cases presented here could justify the validity of this approach well. The tests performed on the database of images produced valid results for the algorithms consistently. This paper presents the description and validation (along with test results) of the proposed algorithm for blind image quality assessment. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.11591/ijece.v2i1. 112 Full Text: PDF