Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Topographical organization of the cerebellar cortical projection to nucleus interpositus anterior in the cat.

1. A new methodological approach for detailed study of the organization of the cerebellar corticonuclear projection was evaluated in barbiturate‐anaesthetized cats. Extracellular field potentials were simultaneously recorded in nucleus interpositus anterior and in the forelimb area of the C3 zone, at the cerebellar surface. On electrical and natural stimulation of the forelimb skin, the evoked positive field potentials in the nucleus and the climbing fibre field potentials in the cerebellar cortex had similar characteristics, indicating that the nuclear potentials were related to climbing fibre activity. 2. Application of a local anaesthetic to the cerebellar surface reversibly diminished the positive field potentials in the nucleus, demonstrating that the potentials were dependent on cerebellar cortical activity. It was thus concluded that the positive field potentials were mainly generated by climbing fibre‐activated Purkinje cells and reflected synaptic inhibitory potentials in nuclear neurones. Accordingly, the positive field potentials in the nucleus could be used to reveal the termination area of Purkinje cells activated by a specific climbing fibre input evoked on peripheral stimulation. 3. The topographical organization of the cerebellar cortical projection to the forelimb part of nucleus interpositus anterior was then investigated by systematically mapping the cutaneous tactile and nociceptive ‘receptive fields’ of the positive field potentials at different sites in the nucleus. Five groups of receptive fields were distinguished and tentatively divided into a total of nineteen subgroups. 4. Each group of receptive fields corresponded to one or two of the previously described receptive field classes of climbing fibres to the C1, C3 and Y zones and was represented in a single area of the nucleus. Within each area there was an orderly representation of different receptive fields. The results suggest that microzones in the C1, C3 and Y zones with similar climbing fibre input project to a common set of neurones in nucleus interpositus anterior. 5. We propose a modular organization for the cerebellar control of forelimb movements through the rubrospinal tract. Each module would consist of a set of neurones in nucleus interpositus anterior and their afferent microzones in the C1, C3 and Y zones. A module would control a specific group of muscles and receive a homogeneous climbing fibre input related to the movement controlled.
The gene cluster aur1 for the angucycline antibiotic auricin is located on a large linear plasmid pSA3239 in Streptomyces aureofaciens CCM 3239.

We previously identified a polyketide synthase gene cluster, aur1, responsible for the production of the angucycline antibiotic auricin in Streptomyces aureofaciens CCM 3239. A sequence analysis of the aur1 flanking regions revealed the presence of several genes encoding proteins homologous to those for Streptomyces linear plasmid replication, partitioning and telomere-binding. Pulse-field gel electrophoresis detected the single, 240-kb linear plasmid, pSA3239, in S. aureofaciens CCM3239. The presence of the auricin cluster in pSA3239 was confirmed by several approaches. In addition to aur1, pSA3239 also carries a large number of regulatory genes, and two gene clusters involved in the production of secondary metabolites: the aur2 cluster for an unknown secondary metabolite and the bpsA cluster for the blue pigment indigoidine.
Capital Flows, Default, and Renegotiation in a Small Open Economy

The post-2008 period focused attention on "twin-crises". Banking crises may lead to sovereign crises where fiscal vulnerabilities are exacerbated by the extension of support for the banking system. We develop a model that describes private sector generated capital inflow that is used to finance investment and consumption expenditure. In the event of an economic contraction, the (convex) haircut on outstanding debt is negotiated, or bargained, centrally by the sovereign. Two results arise: the volume of debt and haircut rate are inefficient. In this setting the accumulation of capital achieves two goals. First, it generates sufficient optimism about future income to allow the debt market to function. Second, and counter-intuitively, it increases expected haircuts by raising the value of the outside option of complete default. These competing forces characterize the optimal balanced-budget macroprudential policy targeting capital investment.
Contouring performance-oriented cross-coupled desired compensation adaptive robust control for a flexure-based stage

This paper develops a practically effective contouring control strategy for a flexure-based parallel micro-motion stage to achieve excellent high-speed contouring performance. Such flexure-based micro-motion systems used in many industrial applications usually have the problems of dynamical nonlinearity, model uncertainty and disturbance, especially under high-speed contouring tasks, which will greatly degrade the system performance unless eliminated. Here we propose cross-coupled desired compensation adaptive robust control (CDCARC) for flexure-based micro-motion systems to achieve high-precision and high-speed contouring performance. In particular, the proposed controller includes a desired compensation adaptive robust controller (DCARC) for dealing with the model uncertainty and uncertain disturbance and a cross-coupled controller (CCC) for improvement of contour accuracy. Thus, the whole control scheme can greatly improve the contour accuracy of the micro-motion stage. Representative experiments are performed on the micro-motion stage and the experimental results prove the ability of the proposed control method to achieve great contouring performance.
Mechanisms of Transformation of the Antioxidant Kaempferol into Depsides. Gamma-Radiolysis Study in Methanol and Ethanol

Abstract Marfak, A. , Trouillas, P., Allais, D. P., Calliste, C. A. , Cook-Moreau, J. and Duroux, J. L. Mechanisms of Transformation of the Antioxidant Kaempferol into Depsides. Gamma-Radiolysis Study in Methanol and Ethanol. Radiat. Res. 160, 355–365 (2003). In this study, we irradiated the antioxidant kaempferol in ethanol and methanol solutions with γ rays at doses ranging from 0.2–20 kGy. NMR and ES-MS spectroscopy were used to identify radiolysis products. Two depsides, {2-[(4′-hydroxybenzoyl)oxy]-4,6-dihydroxyphenyl}(oxo) methyl acetate and {2-[(4′-hydroxybenzoyl)oxy]-4,6-dihydroxyphenyl}(oxo) ethyl acetate, were the major compounds of kaempferol degradation in methanol and in ethanol, respectively. Other products formed in low concentrations were identified as [4-hydroxyphenyl](oxo) methyl acetate, [4-hydroxyphenyl](oxo) ethyl acetate, and depside {2-[(4′-hydroxybenzoyl)oxy]-4,6-dihydroxyphenyl}(oxo) acetic acid. The formation of the latter was observed in both solvents. We propose degradation mechanisms that suggest that ·CH2OH and CH3·CHOH, produced by solvent radiolysis, react with the 3-OH kaempferol group because of its high H-donor capacity. π-Electron delocalization in the flavonoxy formed after the first H-transfer leads to C-ring opening and consequently to the formation of depsides. G calculation of the degradation products and of ·CH2OH and CH3·CHOH radicals confirmed the proposed mechanism of kaempferol radiolysis. The rate constants for the reaction between kaempferol and these free radicals were also calculated. Formation of depside has also been observed in many studies of the oxidation of flavonoids; those studying human metabolism have suggested similar redox transformation of flavonols. The antioxidant activities of radiolysis products were evaluated and compared to those of kaempferol.
University Knowledge Spillovers, Geographic Proximity and Innovation: An Analysis of Patent Filings Across U.S. Counties

The literature suggests that knowledge production intensity depends upon the geographic proximity of knowledge and information sources. On the other hand, there have been arguments that the rapid development of communication technologies would reduce the importance of proximity to the production of knowledge. That is, distance would not matter. In this paper, we propose a measure for university knowledge spillovers as a gauge for the importance of proximity to knowledge creation. Using a cross-section of 3110 United States counties in recent years - 2009 to 2011 - we empirically test the relationship between knowledge spillovers and innovative activities as measured by patent filings. We use university research and development (R&D) expenditures in STEM fields as the foundation for our metric of knowledge spillovers and a decay function to reflect the diminishing influence of those expenditures as the distance from the university increases. Using patent counts to measure the local technological innovation as our dependent variable, we test knowledge spillovers as spherical scores of university R&D expenditures as our explanatory variables of interest using three distance thresholds - 50, 100 and 250 miles. We also control for the private R&D intensity and regional social and economic characteristics, including a county’s employment density, educational attainment, proprietorship rates and venture capital inflows. We find that the influence of university knowledge spillovers can reach as far as 250 miles, but evidence that spillovers decline with distance is not unambiguous. Research intensive counties exhibit different spillover effects from counties without research anchor institutions. We find evidence that counties with higher concentrations of R&D expenditures and concentrations of science and engineering programs will exhibit higher patent rates.
Visualization of interactions between organic polymer surfaces and ion beams obtained from molecular dynamics Simulations

Molecular dynamics simulation combined with sophisticated visualization techniques may be one of the most powerful scientific tools for the study of atomic-level surface reactions during plasma-wall interactions. This paper shows visualization of an organic polymer model substrate before and during molecular beam injections. The classical interatomic potential model functions used in the present work are developed to describe chemical reactions, i.e., formation and breakup of chemical bonds under strongly nonthermal-equilibrium conditions. We have observed that, during beam injections, nonthermal-equilibrium chemical reactions take place in a nano-scale thin layer of the substrate top surface, which determines characteristics of the process, such as etching/deposition rates and selectivity.
Artificial bandwidth extension using deep neural networks for spectral envelope estimation

Many artificial speech bandwidth extension (ABE) approaches perform source-filter decomposition of the input narrowband speech, with subsequent computation of upper frequency band (UB) spectral envelope posteriors. In this paper we perform a direct comparison of HMM- and deep neural network (DNN)-based modeling of likelihoods or posteriors for ABE UB envelope estimation. DNN-based approaches turn out to significantly exceed GMM-based ones in speech quality. Further analysis reveals that this is not due to a better shape of the estimated UB spectral envelope, but primarily due to a much better estimate of the energy ratio of the upper band vs. the lower band - an important result with significant impact on ABE speech quality particularly for fricative sounds.
Tractography Mapping for Dissimilarity Space across Subjects

Structural brain connectivity can be studied with the help of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI), through which the pathways of the neuronal axons of the white matter can be reconstructed at the millimeter scale. Such connectivity structure, called deterministic tractography, is represented as a set of polylines in 3D space, called streamlines. Streamlines have a non-homogeneous number of points and, for this reason, the dissimilarity representation (DR) has been proposed as accurate Euclidean embedding. By providing a vectorial representation of the streamlines, DR enables the use of most machine learning and pattern recognition algorithms for connectivity analysis. However, the DR is subject-specific and thus applies only to intra-subject analysis, while neuroscientific studies often address inter-subject comparisons. For this reason, in this work, we propose an algorithmic solution to build a common vectorial representation for streamlines across subjects. The core idea is based on finding a small set of corresponding streamlines, a problem known as streamline mapping. With experiments on a task of segmentation, we show that the quality of alignment of tractographies, through the common vectorial representation, is even superior to that of the traditional linear registration.
Molecular Identification of Rare Clinical Mycobacteria by Application of 16S-23S Spacer Region Sequencing

Objective(s) In addition to several molecular methods and in particular 16S rDNA analysis, the application of a more discriminatory genetic marker, i.e., 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer gene sequence has had a great impact on identification and classification of mycobacteria. In the current study we aimed to apply this sequencing power to conclusive identification of some Iranian clinical strains of mycobacteria. Materials and Methods The test strains consisted of nineteen mycobacterial isolates which were initially identified by the use of conventional phenotypic techniques and molecular methods and subjected to further definitive identification using the 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer gene sequencing. Results Out of 19 studied strains, 7 isolates were found to be rapidly growing and 12 isolates as slowly growing mycobacteria. With the exception of one isolate, i.e., the isolate HNTM87, which yielded a distinct ITS sequence incomparable with all previously identified mycobacteria, the remaining isolates produced the sequences similar to the established mycobacteria and were clearly identified and differentiated from closely related taxa. A phylogenetic tree based on maximum parsimony analysis of 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer gene sequences constructed showing the relatedness of Iranian clinical isolates with the closely related type species of mycobacteria. Conclusion This study showed that the 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer gene of the genus Mycobacterium exhibits a high variation which is of value for discriminating closely related taxa and could be used independently or in combination with 16S rDNA sequencing to delineate the true identity of rare mycobacterial species.
Social Experiments in Real Time

This paper examines the empirical analysis of treatment e ects on duration outcomes from data that contain instrumental variation. We focus on social experiments in which an intention to treat is randomized and compliance may be imperfect. We distinguish between cases where the treatment starts at the moment of randomization and cases where it starts at a later point in time. We derive exclusion restrictions under various informational and behavioral assumptions and we analyze identi ability under these restrictions. It turns out that randomization (and by implication, instrumental variation) by itself is often insuÆcient for inference on interesting e ects, and needs to be augmented by a semiparametric structure. We develop corresponding nonor semiparametric tests and estimation methods. Department of Economics, Free University Amsterdam, and Tinbergen Institute. Email: jabbring@econ.vu. nl. Department of Economics, Free University Amsterdam, Tinbergen Institute, IFAUUppsala, and CEPR. Email: gberg@feweb.vu. nl. Address for correspondence: Department of Economics, Free University, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Intraluminal proteolytic activation plays an important role in replication of type 1 reovirus in the intestines of neonatal mice

Oral inoculation of suckling mice with reovirus serotype 1 (strain Lang) results in the conversion of intact virions to intermediate subviral particles (ISVPs) in the intestinal lumen. Digestion of virus in vitro with chymotrypsin or trypsin reveals two distinct forms of ISVPs, while the predominant species of ISVPs found in the small intestinal lumen appears to be identical to the chymotrypsin product. The in vivo conversion of virions to ISVPs was blocked by pretreatment of mice with protease inhibitors, resulting in inefficient replication of reovirus in intestinal tissue. The early inhibition of viral replication in suckling mice pretreated with protease inhibitors was not observed when suckling mice were inoculated with ISVPs generated by in vitro digestion with either chymotrypsin or trypsin. However, replication was decreased during secondary rounds of replication in mice receiving repeated doses of protease inhibitors, suggesting that luminal proteolytic digestion is important in rendering progeny virions infectious in the gut.
Spatiotemporal multivariate mixture models for Bayesian model selection in disease mapping

It is often the case that researchers wish to simultaneously explore the behavior of, and estimate the overall risk for, multiple related diseases with varying rarity while accounting for potential spatial and/or temporal correlation. In this paper, we propose a flexible class of multivariate spatiotemporal mixture models to fill this role. Further, these models offer flexibility with the potential for model selection as well as the ability to accommodate lifestyle, socioeconomic, and physical environmental variables with spatial, temporal, or both structures. Here, we explore the capability of this approach via a large‐scale simulation study and examine a motivating data example involving three cancers in South Carolina. The results, which are focused on four model variants, suggest that all models possess the ability to recover the simulation ground truth and display an improved model fit over two baseline Knorr‐Held spatiotemporal interaction model variants in a real data application.
Competitive Balance and Consumer Demand in the English Football League

Competitive balance in sports leagues is often used to justify revenue sharing agreements. The justification is that competitive balance leads to higher attendance and higher attendance generates more revenues. By sharing revenue, small market teams can afford to pay for high quality talent, assuring more equal distribution of that talent. Unlike US professional leagues, English football operates under a system of relegation and promotion so that at the end of each season the worst performing teams are "relegated" and the top performing teams in the next level down are "promoted". This may serve as an alternative to revenue sharing to maintain competitive balance. Using data from the top English football league (currently the Premiership) from 1888-89 through the 2014-15 season we calculate multiple measures of league competitive balance for each year using both 3-1-0 and 2-1-0 point systems. We then use these measures with available macroeconomic control variables to examine the relationship between competitive balance and match attendance. We find that, counter to related work in US sports leagues, competitive balance in English football is negatively associated with attendance. This is particularly true in the case of the Premiership era, wherein only five teams have won the championship and in the past 10 seasons, the top 4 places of the championship has been dominated by 7 clubs, yet attendance has steadily increased. This result raises questions about the utility of revenue sharing in increasing attendance in English football.
32P chromic phosphate radiosynovectomy for chronic haemophilic synovitis

The principal medical consequence of haemophilia is the development of arthropathy, initiated by a haemarthrosis giving rise to chronic synovitis. Traditional methods of synovectomy include open excision and arthroscopy each of which require substantial amounts of clotting factor concentrate for several weeks, and in the case of open synovectomy, is often associated with loss of range of motion and arthrofibrosis. Radiosynovectomy, the intra‐articular injection of low penetration radiocolloids, has been utilized outside the United States for over 20 years. Since 1988, our centre has performed 170 radiosynovectomies utilizing 32P chromic phosphate (32P). This study reports results of 130 32P radiosyovectomies with an average follow‐up of 36.5 months (6–140 months). For primary procedures, excellent and good results (haemarthrosis reduction from 75 to 100%) were obtained in 79.2% of cases at 6 months to 8 years. For repeat procedures a combination of excellent and good results were obtained in 62.4% of cases at 6 months to 3 years. Regression analysis showed no correlation between results and age or degree of arthropathy. Radiation was well contained within the joint. There were no observed or identified complications. The procedure is highly cost effective in comparison to open surgical or arthroscopic synovectomy.
Nox2 and Cyclosporine-Induced Renal Hypoxia

Background We hypothesized that nicotinamide adenosine diphosphate oxidase 2 (Nox2) plays an important role in cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced chronic hypoxia. Methods We tested this hypothesis in Fisher 344 rats, C57BL/6 J wild type and Nox2−/− mice, and in liver transplant recipients with chronic CsA nephrotoxicity. We used noninvasive molecular imaging (blood oxygen level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging) and molecular diagnostic tools to assess intrarenal oxygenation and perfusion, and the molecular phenotype of CsA nephrotoxicity. Results We observed that chemical and genetic inhibition of Nox2 in rats and mice resulted in the prevention of CsA-induced hypoxia independent of regional perfusion (blood oxygen level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, pimonidazole, HIF-1&agr;). Nicotinamide adenosine diphosphate oxidase 2 knockout was also associated with decreased oxidative stress (Nox2, HIF-1&agr;, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxynonenal), and fibrogenesis (&agr;-smooth muscle actin, picrosirius red, trichrome, vimentin). The molecular signature of chronic CsA nephrotoxicity using transcriptomic analyses demonstrated significant changes in 40 genes involved in injury repair, metabolism, and oxidative stress in Nox2−/− mice. Immunohistochemical analyses of kidney biopsies from liver transplant recipients with chronic CsA nephrotoxicity showed significantly greater Nox2, &agr;-smooth muscle actin and picrosirius levels compared with controls. Conclusions These studies suggest that Nox2 is a modulator of CsA-induced hypoxia upstream of HIF-1&agr; and define the molecular characteristics that could be used for the diagnosis and monitoring of chronic calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity.