Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
New method for determining the thickness of non-edge-on disk galaxies

Department of Astronomy, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Chinae-mail: yhzhao, qhpeng, taohu@nju.edu. cnthe date of receipt and acceptance should be inserted laterAbstract. In this paper we report a new method for determining the thickness of the non-edge-on disk galaxies.Our method is based on the observation comparing with the theoretical researches of the distribution of thevertical velocity dispersion, which is obtained from the solutions of three dimensional Poisson’s equation and thegalactic dynamical equation. This method also allows us to investigate the mass-to-light ratio of the disk. Asexamples, the thickness and mass-to-light ratio of two disk galaxies, NGC 1566 and NGC 5247, which have beenextensively studied in spectroscopy, have been calculated and the results are presented.Key words.Galaxy: disk — kinematics and dynamics — structure — galaxies: individual (NGC 1566, NGC 5247)
Stress Degradation Behavior of Atorvastatin Calcium and Development of a Suitable Stability-Indicating LC Method for the Determination of Atorvastatin, its Related Impurities, and its Degradation Products

A rapid, reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method was developed for the quantitative determination of Atorvastatin calcium, its related substances (12 impurities), and degradation impurities in bulk drugs. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a Zorbax Bonus-RP column by employing a gradient elution with water–acetonitrile–trifluoroacetic acid as the mobile phase in a shorter run time of 25 min. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and the detection wavelength was 245 nm. The drug substance was subjected to stress studies such as hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis, and thermal degradation, and considerable degradation was observed in acidic hydrolysis, oxidative, thermal, and photolytic stress conditions. The formed degradation products were reported and were well-resolved from the Atorvastatin and its related substances. The stressed samples were quantified against a qualified reference standard and the mass balance was found to be close to 99.5% (w/w) when the response of the degradant was considered to be equal to the analyte (i.e. Atorvastatin), which demonstrates the stability-indicating capability of the method. The method was validated in agreement with ICH requirements. The method developed here was single and shorter (25 min method for the determination of all 12 related impurities of Atorvastatin and its degradation products), with clearly better resolution and higher sensitivity than the European (85 min method for the determination of six impurities) and United States pharmacopeia (115 min and 55 min, two different methods for the determination of six related substances).
The effect of demographic changes on saving for life-cycle motives in developing countries.

If developing countries follow the same paths that industrialized countries have followed, saving for retirement will initially become more important as the population growth rate declines. To calculate the potential importance of life-cycle savings (saving for retirement), the paper presents a simulation model that translates demographic projections into savings-rate projections. It simulated aggregate rates for life-cycle savings for Brazil, China, Korea, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan and Turkey. The savings rates increase 5 or 6 percentage points when the last baby boomers enter the work force and begin to save after their children leave home. The effect on life-cycle savings is dramatic; the effect on total savings rates which are often three or four times as high, is not. Simulated life-cycle savings rates peak at an absolute 10 percent or less in all cases. The patterns of these projections seem robust with regard to assumptions about productivity growth, interest rates, and age-specific participation in the labor force.
Escaping Lock-In: The Scope for a Transition Towards Sustainable Growth?

In this paper we develop a simple endogenous growth model with two competing production technologies and learning spillover effects between firms that use the same technology. Investments are directed to the technology with highest current and expected returns. Since current investments increase future returns through learning, the economy will usually lock in, that is specialise in one of the two technologies. In case the economy has selected a relative polluting technology, sustainable growth requires a transition towards the clean technology. We analyse the scope for (environmental) policies that induce such a transition. expectations
Challenges of using LSI for concept location

Encouraged by the successful application of Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) in natural language analysis and web search engines, researchers recently adopted the LSI technique to locate the source code where a specific feature was implemented, which is called concept location. However, such applications are still at an early stage and need more validation. This paper tries to discuss in depth some challenges of using LSI technique in concept location, both theoretically and practically, with a hope that this work could lead a good research direction to tackle those challenges so that the LSI can be effectively used in concept location.
On shortest paths amidst convex polyhedra

We consider the problem of computing the Euclidean shortest path between two points in three-dimensional space which must avoid the interiors of <italic>k</italic> given disjoint convex polyhedral obstacles, having altogether <italic>n</italic> faces. Although this problem is hard to solve when <italic>k</italic> is arbitrarily large, it had been efficiently solved by Mount [Mo84] (cf. also Sharir and Schorr [SS84]) for <italic>k</italic> = 1, i.e. in the presence of a single convex polyhedral obstacle, in time <italic>&Ogr;</italic>(<italic>n</italic><supscrpt>2</supscrpt>log <italic>n</italic>). In this paper we consider the generalization of this technique to the cases <italic>k</italic> = 2 and <italic>k</italic> > 2. In the first part of this presentation we describe an algorithm which calculates shortest paths amidst two convex polyhedral obstacles in time <italic>&Ogr;</italic>(<italic>n</italic><supscrpt>3</supscrpt><italic>α</italic>(<italic>n</italic>)<supscrpt><italic>&Ogr;</italic>(<italic>α</italic>(<italic>n</italic>)<supscrpt>7</supscrpt>)</supscrpt>log <italic>n</italic>), where <italic>α</italic>(<italic>n</italic>) is the functional inverse of Ackermann's function (and is thus extremely slowly growing). This result is achieved by constructing a new kind of Voronoi diagram, called <italic>peeper's Voronoi diagram</italic>, which is introduced and analyzed here. In the second part we show that shortest paths amidst <italic>k</italic> > 2 disjoint convex polyhedral obstacles can be calculated in time polynomial in the total number <italic>n</italic> of faces of these obstacles (but exponential in the number of obstacles). This is a consequence of the following result: Let <italic>K</italic> be a 3-D convex polyhedron having <italic>n</italic> vertices. Then the number of <italic>shortest-path edge sequences</italic> on <italic>K</italic> is polynomial in <italic>n</italic> (specifically <italic>&Ogr;</italic>(<italic>n</italic><supscrpt>7</supscrpt>)), where a shortest-path edge sequence &xgr; is a sequence of edges of <italic>K</italic> for which there exist two points <italic>X</italic>, <italic>Y</italic> on the surface <italic>S</italic> of <italic>K</italic> such that &xgr; is the sequence of edges crossed by the shortest path from <italic>X</italic> to <italic>Y</italic> along <italic>S</italic>.
Numerical implementation of a 3 D continuum theory of dislocation dynamics and application to micro-bending

Crystal plasticity is governed by the motion of lattice dislocations. Although continuum theories of static dislocation assemblies date back to the 1950s, the line-like character of these defects posed serious problems for the development of a continuum theory of plasticity which is based on the averaged dynamics of dislocation systems. Only recently the geometrical problem of performing meaningful averages over systems of moving, oriented lines has been solved. Such averaging leads to the definition of a dislocation density tensor of second order along with its evolution equation. This tensor can be envisaged as the analogue of the classical dislocation density tensor in an extended space which includes the line orientation as an independent variable. In the current work, we discuss the numerical implementation of a continuum theory of dislocation evolution that is based on this dislocation density measure and apply this to some simple benchmark problems as well as to plane-strain micro-bending.
Preferences, Uncertainty, And Optimality: Essays In Honor Of Leonid Hurwicz

This volume consists of eleven previously unpublished papers by some of the world's most distinguished economic theorists. The papers were written in honour of Leonaid Hurwicz, and they address and extend his classic work on welfare and consumer preferences. Part one on preferences and optimality deals with the relationship between welfare measurement and consumer preferences. The papers in part two extend the classical theory of rational consumer behaviour to uncertain environments. The subject of part three is production under uncertainty. "Preferences, Uncertainty, and Optimality" is essential reading for scholars and advanced students of consumer behaviour and welfare economics.
Learning representations for affective video understanding

Among the ever growing available multimedia data, finding multimedia content which matches the current mood of users is a challenging problem. Choosing discriminative features for the representation of video segments is a key issue in designing video affective content analysis algorithms, where no dominant feature representation has emerged yet. Most existing affective content analysis methods either use low-level audio-visual features or generate hand-crafted higher level representations. In this work, we propose to use deep learning methods, in particular, convolutional neural networks (CNNs), in order to learn mid-level representations from automatically extracted raw features. We exploit only the audio modality in the current framework and employ Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) features in order to build higher level audio representations. We use the learned representations for the affective classification of music video clips. We choose multi-class support vector machines (SVMs) for classifying video clips into affective categories. Preliminary results on a subset of the DEAP dataset show that a significant improvement is obtained when we learn higher level representations instead of using low-level features directly for video affective content analysis. We plan to further extend this work and include visual modality as well. We will generate mid-level visual representations using CNNs and fuse these visual representations with mid-level audio representations both at feature- and decision-level for video affective content analysis.
Stemming impact on Arabic text categorization performance: A survey

The significant growth of online textual information has increased the demand for effective content-based Arabic text categorization methods. The categorization of Arabic texts has some challenges that need to be addressed specially when using stemming. In the literature, we found a debate among researchers about the benefits of using stemming in Arabic text categorization. Hence, we performed a study of this feature reduction method to clarify the impact of this widely used method in text mining and document classification. We also presented some Arabic text cases to deny the importance of stemming in Arabic text categorization.
Author ' s personal copy A lattice Boltzmann model for coupled diffusion

Diffusion coupling between different chemical components can have significant effects on the distribution of chemical species and can affect the physico-chemical properties of their supporting medium. The coupling can arise from local electric charge conservation for ions or from bound components forming compounds. We present a new lattice Boltzmann model to account for the diffusive coupling between different chemical species. In this model each coupling is added as an extra relaxation term in the collision operator. The model is tested on a simple diffusion problem with two coupled components and is in excellent agreement with the results obtained through a finite difference method. Our model is observed to be numerically very stable and unconditional stability is shown for a class of diffusion matrices. We further develop the model to account for advection and show an example of application to flow in porous media in two dimensions and an example of convection due to salinity differences. We show that our model with advection loses the unconditional stability, but offers a straightforward approach to complicated two-dimensional advection and coupled diffusion problems. Diffusion processes play a major role in the transport of heat and chemical components in nature. They have been shown to play an important role in the mass balance and element distribution in lakes and oceans [24,31] as well as the composition of minerals at the crystal scale. When multiple chemical components diffuse simultaneously, coupling of each component can arise because of local charge conservation for the case of ions or because the different components interact through bonds to form larger diffusing compounds. Physical and numerical models for multicomponent diffusion must account for these coupling effects. The multicomponent diffusion problem is usually described by a diffusion matrix where the non-diagonal terms represent the coupling interaction between the different diffusing species. The determination of the non-diagonal terms of the diffusion matrix is difficult as it depends on the collective behavior of all diffusing species present. The general approach used to determine these coefficients is semi-empirical, where the theoretical basis is described by Onsager's theory for non-equilibrium thermodynamics [28,29,25–27]. The non-diagonal terms of the diffusion matrix can be related to Onsager's phenomenological coefficients, however explicit relationships require experimental measurements [26,16,17,8,9]. Various multicomponent transport models have been developed for a macroscopic description of the transport equations using finite differences [8], finite volume and finite element methods [23]. However, these methods prove to be challenging …
Testable Theory Development for Small-N Studies: Critical Realism and Middle-Range Theory

Theory testing within small-N research designs is problematic. Developments in the philosophy of social science have opened up new methodological possibilities through, among other things, a novel notion of contingent causality that allows for contextualized hypothesis generation, hypothesis testing and refinement, and generalization. This article contributes to the literature by providing an example of critical realist one such new development in the philosophy of social science theory development for a small-N comparative case study that includes hypothesis testing. The article begins with the key ontological assumptions of critical realism and its relation to theory and explanation. Then, the article presents an illustrative example of an e-government comparative case study, focusing on the concept of trust, which follows these ontological assumptions. The focus of the example is on the nature and process of theory and hypothesis development, rather than the actual testing that occurred. Essential to developing testable hypotheses is the generation of tightly linked middle-range and case-specific theories that provide propositions that can be tested and refined. The link provides a pathway to feed back the concrete empirical data to the higher level more abstract and generalizable middle-range theories.
SREM: A Service Requirements Elicitation Mechanism based on Ontology

The service-oriented computing paradigm aims to support automated discovery and selection of web services according to user's requirements. At present, user's requirements are often represented in certain existing standard interoperable service description languages such as WSDL/OWL-S. However, general service requestors may find such languages hard to use directly due to the reason that service requirements are often partially elicited and fragmented. In this paper, we propose an automated service requirements elicitation mechanism (SREM) to help extract and accumulate relevant knowledge on service requirements. First, the SREM elicitation approach proposes to use a list of questions to narrow generic service requirements down to specific expressions of user preferences. Then, a service requirements and capability ontology is adopted to capture services requirements in breadth and precision. By integrating service requirements issued by different requestors, SREM provides non-trivial requirements guidelines and heuristic rules on service publication and discovery, also provided is a service requirements analysis mechanism that improves the accuracy of service discovery and efficiency of service composition continuously.
A Comparison of Pen Pressure and Tilt in Precision Parameter Manipulation

In this paper, we comparatively investigate the performance of using pen pressure, tilt and key press, which is a reference baseline for analysis, to manipulate high precision parameters. We elaborate the experiment design framework and evaluate the three techniques. Results show that for completion time, pressure performed outstanding, key press the next, tilt the worst. For error rate, there are no significant different among these three techniques. However, tilt has the lowest error rate in 0.0026 scale conditions and no error in 0.0060 scale conditions. Results also show that tilt has the most significant learning effect, which is promising in pen-based user interface design.
A better understanding of hydroxyl radical photochemical sources in cloud waters collected at the puy de Dome station - experimental versus modelled formation rates.

Abstract. The oxidative capacity of the cloud aqueous phase is investigated during three field campaigns from 2013 to 2014 at the top of the puy de Dome station (PUY) in France. A total of 41 cloud samples are collected and the corresponding air masses are classified as highly marine, marine and continental. Hydroxyl radical (HO•) formation rates (RHO•f) are determined using a photochemical setup (xenon lamp that can reproduce the solar spectrum) and a chemical probe coupled with spectroscopic analysis that can trap all of the generated radicals for each sample. Using this method, the obtained values correspond to the total formation of HO• without its chemical sinks. These formation rates are correlated with the concentrations of the naturally occurring sources of HO•, including hydrogen peroxide, nitrite, nitrate and iron. The total hydroxyl radical formation rates are measured as ranging from approximately 2 × 10−11 to 4 × 10−10 M s−1, and the hydroxyl radical quantum yield formation (ΦHO•) is estimated between 10−4 and 10−2. Experimental values are compared with modelled formation rates calculated by the model of multiphase cloud chemistry (M2C2), considering only the chemical sources of the hydroxyl radicals. The comparison between the experimental and the modelled results suggests that the photoreactivity of the iron species as a source of HO• is overestimated by the model, and H2O2 photolysis represents the most important source of this radical (between 70 and 99 %) for the cloud water sampled at the PUY station (primarily marine and continental).
New Enhanced Artificial Bee Colony (JA-ABC5) Algorithm with Application for Reactive Power Optimization

The standard artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm involves exploration and exploitation processes which need to be balanced for enhanced performance. This paper proposes a new modified ABC algorithm named JA-ABC5 to enhance convergence speed and improve the ability to reach the global optimum by balancing exploration and exploitation processes. New stages have been proposed at the earlier stages of the algorithm to increase the exploitation process. Besides that, modified mutation equations have also been introduced in the employed and onlooker-bees phases to balance the two processes. The performance of JA-ABC5 has been analyzed on 27 commonly used benchmark functions and tested to optimize the reactive power optimization problem. The performance results have clearly shown that the newly proposed algorithm has outperformed other compared algorithms in terms of convergence speed and global optimum achievement.
ROUTING OPTIMIZATION FOR FORCES BASED ON TRAFFIC MATRIX

The research of the ForCES technology has made a gr at p ogress. However current research of ForCES mainly focuses on architecture and techniques. In o rder to ensure ForCES architecture network works we ll, it is significant to take account of routing optimi zation for ForCES architecture. In this paper, we w ill introduce the minimizing sum of path-cost model bas ed on multiple traffic matrices to optimize the rou ting at FE sides in ForCES architecture. At last, throug h simulation experiment we prove that it achieves g ood results in routing optimization.
Large deviations for sums of i.i.d. random compact sets

We prove a large deviation principle for Minkowski sums of i.i. d. random compact sets in a Banach space, that is the analog of Cramer theorem for random compact sets. Several works have been devoted to deriving limit theorems for random sets. For i.i. d. random compact sets in R, the law of large numbers was initially proved by Artstein and Vitale [1] and the central limit theorem by Cressie [3], Lyashenko [10] and Weil [16]. For generalizations to non compact sets, see also Hess [8]. These limit theorems were generalized to the case of random compact sets in a Banach space by Gine, Hahn and Zinn [7] and Puri and Ralescu [11]. Our aim is to prove a large deviation principle for Minkowski sums of i.i. d. random compact sets in a Banach space, that is, to prove the analog of the Cramer theorem. We consider a separable Banach space F with norm || ||. We denote by K(F ) the collection of all non empty compact subsets of F . For an element A of K(F ), we denote by coA the closed convex hull of A. Mazur’s theorem [5, p 416] implies that, for A in K(F ), coA belongs to coK(F ), the collection of the non empty compact convex subsets of F . The space K(F ) is equipped with the Minkowski addition and the scalar multiplication: for A1, A2 in K(F ) and λ a real number, A1 +A2 = { a1 + a2 : a1 ∈ A1, a2 ∈ A2 } , λA1 = {λa1 : a1 ∈ A1 } . 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. 60D05, 60F10.