Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Excess Growth of Tertiary Sector

﻿Excess Growth of Tertiary Sector B B Bhattacharya Arup Mitra IN response to our paper [Bhattacharya and Mitra, 1990] Nagaraj [1991) questions the empirical justification of the proposition concerning the excess growth of the tertiary sector. He presents some empirical evidence to indicate that the tertiary sector already had a high initial share in net domestic product and in subsequent years has grown slower than the secondary sector. He, however, concedes that during the period 1966-67 to 1976-77 the tertiary sector has grown faster than the secondary sector. But for the period as a whole (1950-51 to 1987-88) and especially in the eighties the tertiary sector has grown slower than the secondary sector. Also he argues that the rate of growth of the percentage share of tertiary sector in NDP has been slower than that of secondary sector.
Serum elevated gamma glutamyltransferase levels may be a marker for oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease

ABSTRACT Background: Gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) plays a role in cellular glutathione uptake, which is an important element of antioxidant mechanisms. An increase in serum GGT is thought to be an early and sensitive marker of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress has a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of this study was to investigate the GGT levels in AD. Method: In this cross-sectional study, 132 patients with AD (mean age: 74.1 ± 7.4, female 62.9%) and 158 age- and gender-matched normal controls (mean age: 74.5 ± 6.3, female 67.1%) were evaluated. For cognitive assessment, MMSE and clock drawing tests were performed; DSM-IV and NINCDS-ADRDA criteria were used. Serum GGT, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase concentrations were determined. Results: Median (min-max) GGT levels were 18 (9–70) in AD group and 17 (5–32) in normal controls. Mann-Whitney U test showed that GGT levels were significantly higher in AD patients (p = 0.012). Linear regression analysis revealed AD was an independent correlate of elevated GGT levels. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol were not associated with GGT levels. Conclusion: GGT levels were increased significantly in AD patients. To evaluate the role of GGT as a marker of oxidative stress in AD, further studies are needed.
Commensal Bacteria-Dependent CD8αβ+ T Cells in the Intestinal Epithelium Produce Antimicrobial Peptides

The epithelium of the intestine functions as the primary “frontline” physical barrier for protection from enteric microbiota. Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) distributed along the intestinal epithelium are predominantly CD8+ T cells, among which CD8αβ+ IELs are a large population. In this investigation, the proportion and absolute number of CD8αβ+ IELs decreased significantly in antibiotic-treated and germ-free mice. Moreover, the number of CD8αβ+ IELs was correlated closely with the load of commensal microbes, and induced by specific members of commensal bacteria. Microarray analysis revealed that CD8αβ+ IELs expressed a series of genes encoding potent antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), whereas CD8αβ+ splenocytes did not. The antimicrobial activity of CD8αβ+ IELs was confirmed by an antimicrobial-activity assay. In conclusion, microbicidal CD8αβ+ IELs are regulated by commensal bacteria which, in turn, secrete AMPs that have a vital role in maintaining the homeostasis of the small intestine.
Multilingual Word Segmentation: Training Many Language-Specific Tokenizers Smoothly Thanks to the Universal Dependencies Corpus

This paper describes how a tokenizer can be trained from any dataset in the Universal Dependencies 2.1 corpus (UD2) (Nivre et al., 2017). A software tool, which relies on Elephant (Evang et al., 2013) to perform the training, is also made available. Beyond providing the community with a large choice of language-specific tokenizers, we argue in this paper that: (1) tokenization should be considered as a supervised task; (2) language scalability requires a streamlined software engineering process across languages.
The chloroplast division protein ARC6 acts to inhibit disassembly of GDP-bound FtsZ2

Chloroplasts host photosynthesis and fulfill other metabolic functions that are essential to plant life. They have to divide by binary fission to maintain their numbers throughout cycles of cell division. Chloroplast division is achieved by a complex ring-shaped division machinery located on both the inner (stromal) and the outer (cytosolic) side of the chloroplast envelope. The inner division ring (termed the Z ring) is formed by the assembly of tubulin-like FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 proteins. ARC6 is a key chloroplast division protein that interacts with the Z ring. ARC6 spans the inner envelope membrane, is known to stabilize or maintain the Z ring, and anchors the Z ring to the inner membrane through interaction with FtsZ2. The underlying mechanism of Z ring stabilization is not well-understood. Here, biochemical and structural characterization of ARC6 was conducted using light scattering, sedimentation, and light and transmission EM. The recombinant protein was purified as a dimer. The results indicated that a truncated form of ARC6 (tARC6), representing the stromal portion of ARC6, affects FtsZ2 assembly without forming higher-order structures and exerts its effect via FtsZ2 dynamics. tARC6 prevented GDP-induced FtsZ2 disassembly and caused a significant net increase in FtsZ2 assembly when GDP was present. Single particle analysis and 3D reconstruction were performed to elucidate the structural basis of ARC6 activity. Together, the data reveal that a dimeric form of tARC6 binds to FtsZ2 filaments and does not increase FtsZ polymerization rates but rather inhibits GDP-associated FtsZ2 disassembly.
Meteoric Metal Chemistry in the Martian Atmosphere

Recent measurements by the Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph (IUVS) instrument on NASA's Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN mission show that a persistent layer of Mg+ ions occurs around 90 km in the Martian atmosphere but that neutral Mg atoms are not detectable. These observations can be satisfactorily modeled with a global meteoric ablation rate of 0.06 t sol−1, out of a cosmic dust input of 2.7 ± 1.6 t sol−1. The absence of detectable Mg at 90 km requires that at least 50% of the ablating Mg atoms ionize through hyperthermal collisions with CO2 molecules. Dissociative recombination of MgO+. (CO2)n cluster ions with electrons to produce MgCO3 directly, rather than MgO, also avoids a buildup of Mg to detectable levels. The meteoric injection rate of Mg, Fe, and other metals—constrained by the IUVS measurements—enables the production rate of metal carbonate molecules (principally MgCO3 and FeCO3) to be determined. These molecules have very large electric dipole moments (11.6 and 9.2 Debye, respectively) and thus form clusters with up to six H2O molecules at temperatures below 150 K. These clusters should then coagulate efficiently, building up metal carbonate‐rich ice particles which can act as nucleating particles for the formation of CO2‐ice clouds. Observable mesospheric clouds are predicted to occur between 65 and 80 km at temperatures below 95 K and above 85 km at temperatures about 5 K colder.
Nexus between Economic Growth and the Economic Structure in Indian Economy: An Empirical Analysis

India's economic base was gradually shifted from agricultural-based to industrial and service -based country for the last 30 years. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of those structural changes on economic structures. In order to estimate the relationship between economic growth and economic structure a log -linear model is used which is estimated using Newey-West methodology. For the result, an incremental employment in agricultural sector yielded a negative effect on the Indian economy. Also, an increase in employment in service sector was better than industrial sector in supporting economic growth. Thus, the government should give priority to service-based economy even though agricultural sector is the backbone of Indian economy.
Pathogenic Leptospira Species in Insectivorous Bats, China, 2015

PCR amplification of the rrs2 gene indicated that 50% (62/124) of insectivorous bats from eastern China were infected with Leptospira borgpetersenii, L. kirschneri, and several potentially new Leptospira species. Multilocus sequence typing defined 3 novel sequence types in L. kirschneri, suggesting that bats are major carriers of Leptospira.
Tracking Mobile Targets through WirelessHART

WirelessHART has emerged as strong alternative to other WSN. In this paper we are going to present design for tracking mobile targets through WirelessHART in process industries. This system can give real time data for gas leakage areas also it will track location of worker moving in that particular area and alert him from hidden danger. Field devices are installed in factory and location of field devices is stored in network manager when there is gas leakage and worker carrying handheld device moving in leakage area then network manager will determine location of worker by RSSI based localization method and alert will be given to worker and his life can be saved
Developing a complex intervention to support timely engagement with palliative care for patients with advanced cancer in primary and secondary care in the UK: a study protocol

Introduction For patients with advanced cancer, timely access to palliative care can improve quality of life and enable patients to participate in decisions about their end-of-life care. However, in a UK population of 2500 patients who died from cancer, one-third did not receive specialist palliative care, and of those who did, the duration of involvement was too short to maximise the benefits. Initiating a conversation about palliative care is challenging for some health professionals and patients often have unmet information needs and misconceptions about palliative care. We will work closely with patients and health professionals to develop a patient decision aid and health professional training module designed to facilitate a timely and informed conversation about palliative care. Methods and analysis This study is being conducted over 24 months from November 2017 to October 2019 and follows the UK Medical Research Council framework for developing complex interventions and the International Patient Decision Aids Guideline. The Ottawa Decision Support Framework underpins the study. The Supporting Timely Engagement with Palliative care (STEP) intervention will be developed though an iterative process informed by interviews and focus groups with patients with advanced cancer, oncologists, general practitioners and palliative care doctors. An expert panel will also review each iteration. The expert panel will consist of a patient representative with experience of palliative care, health professionals who are involved in advanced cancer care decision-making, a medical education expert and the National Council for Palliative Care director of transformation. The feasibility and acceptability of the decision aid and doctor training will be tested in oncology and general practice settings. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval for the study has been granted by the Office for Research Ethics Committees Northern Ireland (ORECNI), approval reference 17/NI/0249. Dissemination and knowledge transfer will be conducted via publications, national bodies and networks, and patient and family groups.
Influence of trophic ecology and spatial variation on the isotopic fingerprints of seabirds

Notwithstanding the potential applications of stable isotopes in feeding and migra- tion studies, the simultaneous influence of diet, foraging behavior and spatial variation on the stable isotope signatures of seabirds is poorly understood. Many studies have interpreted their isotopic signatures without considering local baseline and prey isotopic signatures; consequently, the main factors causing isotopic differences between populations have frequently not been dis- cerned. To examine the influence of these factors on the stable isotopic signatures of seabirds, we analyzed the δ 15 N, δ 13 C, δ 34 S and Hg concentrations of chick feathers of the European shag Pha- lacrocorax aristotelis, its main fish prey and baseline indicator organisms (mussels), all sampled in 2 sectors of northwest coastal Spain with marked differences in primary productivity. Our results show that the δ 15 N signature and Hg concentration of shags are influenced by both feeding ecology and spatial variation. The δ 13 C and δ 34 S signatures, however, mainly related to spatial differences and can thus be used as reliable geographic markers. Our findings also highlight the importance of assessing spatio-temporal variation in baseline isotopic signatures and their pro- gressive integration through the food web. Omission of potential prey and baseline values, or application of only a single baseline to the food webs of the 2 sectors, assuming isotopic homo- geneity because of geographical proximity, would have led to significantly distorted interpreta- tions of feeding ecology of shag chicks.
Outage probability of multi-carrier NOMA systems under joint I/Q imbalance

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been recently proposed as a viable technology that can potentially improve the spectral efficiency of fifth generation (5G) wireless networks and beyond. However, in practical communication scenarios, transceiver architectures inevitably suffer from radio-frequency (RF) front-end related impairments that can lead to degradation of the overall system performance, with in-phase/quadrature-phase imbalance (IQI) constituting a major impairment in direct-conversion transceivers. In the present work, we quantify the effects of joint transmitter/receiver IQI on the performance of NOMA based multi-carrier (MC) systems under multipath fading conditions. Furthermore, we derive the asymptotic diversity order of the considered MC NOMA set up. Capitalizing on these results, we demonstrate that the effects of IQI differ considerably among NOMA users and depend on the underlying system parameters. For example, it is shown that the first sorted user appears more robust to IQI, which indicates that higher order users are more sensitive to the considered non-negligible impairment.
The Fire INventory from NCAR (FINN): a high resolution global model to estimate the emissions from open burning

Abstract. The Fire INventory from NCAR version 1.0 (FINNv1) provides daily, 1 km resolution, global estimates of the trace gas and particle emissions from open burning of biomass, which includes wildfire, agricultural fires, and prescribed burning and does not include biofuel use and trash burning. Emission factors used in the calculations have been updated with recent data, particularly for the non-methane organic compounds (NMOC). The resulting global annual NMOC emission estimates are as much as a factor of 5 greater than some prior estimates. Chemical speciation profiles, necessary to allocate the total NMOC emission estimates to lumped species for use by chemical transport models, are provided for three widely used chemical mechanisms: SAPRC99, GEOS-CHEM, and MOZART-4. Using these profiles, FINNv1 also provides global estimates of key organic compounds, including formaldehyde and methanol. Uncertainties in the emissions estimates arise from several of the method steps. The use of fire hot spots, assumed area burned, land cover maps, biomass consumption estimates, and emission factors all introduce error into the model estimates. The uncertainty in the FINNv1 emission estimates are about a factor of two; but, the global estimates agree reasonably well with other global inventories of biomass burning emissions for CO, CO2, and other species with less variable emission factors. FINNv1 emission estimates have been developed specifically for modeling atmospheric chemistry and air quality in a consistent framework at scales from local to global. The product is unique because of the high temporal and spatial resolution, global coverage, and the number of species estimated. FINNv1 can be used for both hindcast and forecast or near-real time model applications and the results are being critically evaluated with models and observations whenever possible.
Does the apex optimization line matter for single‐channel vaginal cylinder brachytherapy planning?

Abstract The objective of this study is to test the impact of the use of the apex optimization line for new vaginal cylinder (VC) applicators. New single channel VC applicators (Varian) that have different top thicknesses but the same diameters as the old VC applicators (2.0 cm diameter, 2.3, 2.6, 3.0, and 3.5 cm) were compared using phantom studies. Old VC applicator plans without the apex optimization line were also compared to the plans with an apex optimization line. The apex doses were monitored at 5 mm depth doses (eight points) where a prescription dose (Rx) of 6 Gy was prescribed. VC surface doses (eight points) were also analyzed. The new VC applicator plans without apex optimization line presented significantly lower 5‐mm depth doses over the Rx (on average −31 ± 7%, P < 0.00001) due to thicker VC tops (3.4 ± 1.1 mm thicker with the range of 1.2–4.4 mm) than the old VC applicators. Old VC applicator plans also showed a statistically significant reduction (P < 0.00001) due to the Ir‐192 source anisotropic effect at the apex region, but the percent reduction over the Rx was only −7 ± 9%. However, by adding the apex optimization line to the new VC applicator plans, the plans improved 5‐mm depth doses (−7 ± 9% over Rx) that were not statistically different from old VC applicator plans (P = 0.923), along with apex VC surface doses (−22 ± 10% over old VC vs −46 ± 7% without using apex optimization line). The use of the apex optimization line is important in order to avoid significant additional cold doses (−24 ± 2%) at the prescription depth (5 mm) of the apex, specifically for the new VC applicators that have thicker tops. A template‐based vaginal cylinder planning reduced the intra‐ and inter‐planner variations of manual generation of apex optimization line, along with treatment time.
Forecasting basketball players' performance using sparse functional data *

Statistics and analytic methods are becoming increasingly important in basketball. In particular, predicting players' performance using past observations is a considerable challenge. The purpose of this study is to forecast the future behavior of basketball players. The available data are sparse functional data, which are very common in sports. So far, however, no forecasting method designed for sparse functional data has been used in sports. A methodology based on two methods to handle sparse and irregular data, together with the analogous method and functional archetypoid analysis is proposed. Results in comparison with traditional methods show that our approach is competitive and additionally provides prediction intervals. The methodology can also be used in other sports when sparse longitudinal data are available.
Methodology for Dealing With Duplicate Study Effects in a Meta-Analysis

Study effects developed from the same data set and duplicated in more than one publication likely will bias the aggregated effects in a meta-analysis. This threat to the validity of meta-analyses in organizational research is significant. Methods of detecting overt and covert duplication of publication are presented through an analysis of five published meta-analyses. An unpublished meta-analysis of salesperson turnover is used to present the implications of nonindependence. Options for the correction of duplication are discussed. It is recommended that study effects gathered during the literature search use the proposed screening heuristic to detect and address duplicate study effects.
Optimizing WSN lifetime based on a new centrality multi-criteria routing approach

Wireless sensor networks are provided to be the key technology for Internet of Things and a medium between physical infrastructure, information and communication technologies. This requires a constantly growing necessity for efficient energy and resource management of overall sensor network, in order to guarantee a reliable and efficient infrastructure for IoT systems. Routing approaches, especially conceived for wireless sensor networks, diversify according to the application requirements, applied mechanisms and network topology. In this article, a new adaptive and dynamic multi-constraint routing approach is presented. This approach provides a routing mechanism, which create the routing tree based on the evaluation of many criteria. These criteria are combination of two parts; those presented the global aspect of network like the topological metrics (centrality measures, distances) of nodes and those who formed a field representing local metrics like estimated power consumption to reach each directly neighbour and residual energy of each node. These criteria are controlled and supervised dynamically through a detection scheme. In addition, a dynamic selection mechanism based on multi attribute decision-making (MADM) methods is implemented to build and update the routing tree. In response to changes in the network state, criteria and application-defined goals, the elect mechanism provides the best routing neighbour between each node and the Sink.
SPADE: Evaluation Dataset for Monolingual Phrase Alignment

We create the SPADE (Syntactic Phrase Alignment Dataset for Evaluation) for systematic research on syntactic phrase alignment in paraphrasal sentences. This is the ﬁrst dataset to shed lights on syntactic and phrasal paraphrases under linguistically motivated grammar. Existing datasets available for evaluation on phrasal paraphrase detection deﬁne the unit of phrase as simply sequence of words without syntactic structures due to difﬁculties caused by the non-homographic nature of phrase correspondences in sentential paraphrases. Different from these, the SPADE provides annotations of gold parse trees by a linguistic expert and gold phrase alignments identiﬁed by three annotators. Consequently, 20 , 276 phrases are extracted from 201 sentential paraphrases, on which 15 , 721 alignments are obtained that at least one annotator regarded as paraphrases. The SPADE is available at Linguistic Data Consortium for future research on paraphrases. In addition, two metrics are proposed to evaluate to what extent the automatic phrase alignment results agree with the ones identiﬁed by humans. These metrics allow objective comparison of performances of different methods evaluated on the SPADE. Benchmarks to show performances of humans and the state-of-the-art method are presented as a reference for future SPADE users.
Line-Drawn Scenes Provide Sufficient Information for Discrimination of Threat and Mere Negativity

Previous work using color photographic scenes has shown that human observers are keenly sensitive to different types of threatening and negative stimuli and reliably classify them by the presence, and spatial and temporal directions of threat. To test whether such distinctions can be extracted from impoverished visual information, we used 500 line drawings made by hand-tracing the original set of photographic scenes. Sixty participants rated the scenes on spatial and temporal dimensions of threat. Based on these ratings, trend analysis revealed five scene categories that were comparable to those identified for the matching color photographic scenes. Another 61 participants were randomly assigned to rate the valence or arousal evoked by the line drawings. The line drawings perceived to be the most negative were also perceived to be the most arousing, replicating the finding for color photographic scenes. We demonstrate here that humans are very sensitive to the spatial and temporal directions of threat even when they must extract this information from simple line drawings, and rate the line drawings very similarly to matched color photographs. The set of 500 hand-traced line-drawing scenes has been made freely available to the research community: http://www.kveragalab. org/threat.html.