Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Food Consumption and Nutrient Intake by Children Aged 10 to 48 Months Attending Day Care in The Netherlands

The diet of young children is an important determinant of long-term health effects, such as overweight and obesity. We analyzed two-day food consumption records from 1526 young children (10–48 months old) attending 199 daycare centers across The Netherlands. Data were observed and recorded in diaries by caregivers at the day nursery and by parents at home on days that the children attended the daycare center. According to national and European reference values, the children had an adequate nutrient intake with exception of low intakes of total fat, n-3 fatty acids from fish and possibly iron. Intakes of energy and protein were substantially higher than recommended and part of the population exceeded the tolerable upper intake levels for sodium, zinc and retinol. Consumption of fruit, fats, fish, and fluids was substantially less than recommended. The children used mostly (semi-)skimmed milk products and non-refined bread and cereals, as recommended. Two thirds of the consumed beverages, however, contained sugar and contributed substantially to energy intake. In young children, low intakes of n-3 fatty acids and iron are a potential matter of concern, as are the high intakes of energy, protein, sugared beverages, and milk, since these may increase the risk of becoming overweight.
Stakeholder Management Theory: A Critical Theory Perspective

Abstract: This article elaborates a normative Stakeholder Management Theory (SHMT) from a critical theory perspective. The paper argues that the normative theory elaborated by critical theorists such as Habermas exhibits important advantages over its rivals and that these advantages provide the basis for a theoretically more adequate version of SHMT. In the first section of the paper an account is given of normative theory from a critical theory perspective and its advantages over rival traditions. A key characteristic of the critical theory approach is expressed as a distinction between three different normative realms, viz., legitimacy, morality, and ethics. In the second section, the outlines of a theory of stakeholder management are provided. First, three basic tasks of a theoretically adequate treatment of the normative analysis of stakeholder management are identified. This is followed by a discussion of how a critical theory approach to SHMT is able to fulfill these three tasks.
Kava: a Java dialect with a uniform object model for lightweight classes

Object‐oriented programming languages have always distinguished between ‘primitive’ and ‘user‐defined’ data types, and in the case of languages like C++ and Java the primitives are not even treated as objects, further fragmenting the programming model. The distinction is especially problematic when a particular programming community requires primitive‐level support for a new data type, as for complex, intervals, fixed‐point numbers, and so on.
A Single Exposure to Amphetamine Is Sufficient to Induce Long-Term Behavioral, Neuroendocrine, and Neurochemical Sensitization in Rats

Repeated treatment with psychostimulant drugs causes long-lasting behavioral sensitization and associated neuroadaptations. Although sensitization induced by a single psychostimulant exposure has also been reported, information on the behavioral and neurochemical consequences of a single psychostimulant exposure is sparse. Therefore, to evaluate whether behavioral sensitization evoked by single and repeated psychostimulant pretreatment regimens represent the same neurobiological phenomenon, the time-dependent expression of behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine sensitization after a single exposure to amphetamine was investigated in rats. A single exposure to amphetamine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) caused context-independent sensitization of the locomotor effects of amphetamine, which intensified over time. Thus, sensitization to amphetamine was marginal at 3 d after treatment and more evident after 1 week, whereas 3 weeks after treatment, profound sensitization, as well as cross-sensitization, to cocaine was observed. Amphetamine pretreatment caused an increase in the electrically evoked release of [3H]dopamine from nucleus accumbens, caudate putamen, and medial prefrontal cortex slices and of [14C]acetylcholine from accumbens and caudate slices. The hyperreactivity of dopaminergic nerve terminals appeared to parallel the development of locomotor sensitization, i.e., whereas hyperreactivity of accumbens dopaminergic terminals increased between 3 d and 3 weeks after treatment, the hyperreactivity of medial prefrontal dopaminergic terminals decreased. Pre-exposure to amphetamine also sensitized the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis response to amphetamine at 1 and 3 weeks, but not at 3 d after treatment. Because these data closely resemble those reported previously for repeated amphetamine pretreatment, it is concluded that a single exposure to amphetamine is sufficient to induce long-term behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine sensitization in rats.
Simulating the Effects of Financial Aid Packages on College Student Stopout, Reenrollment Spells, and Graduation Chances

This study investigates the impact that different financial aid packages have on student stopout, reenrollment, and graduation probabilities. The authors simulate how various financial aid packaging regimes affect the occurrence and timing of these events. Their findings indicate that the number and duration of enrollment and stopout spells affect graduation chances. Simulations conducted indicate that the way financial aid is packaged over students’ academic careers can significantly affect their stopout, reenrollment, and subsequent graduation chances.
Biochemical Characterization of Uracil Processing Activities in the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum *

Deamination of cytosine to uracil and 5-methylcytosine to thymine represents a major mutagenic threat particularly at high temperatures. In double-stranded DNA, these spontaneous hydrolytic reactions give rise to G·U and G·T mispairs, respectively, that must be restored to G·C pairs prior to the next round of DNA replication; if left unrepaired, 50% of progeny DNA would acquire G·C → A·T transition mutations. The genome of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum has been recently shown to encode a protein, Pa-MIG, a member of the endonuclease III family, capable of processing both G·U and G·T mispairs. We now show that this latter activity is undetectable in crude extracts of P. aerophilum. However, uracil residues in G·U mispairs, in A·U pairs, and in single-stranded DNA were efficiently removed in these extracts. These activities were assigned to a ∼22-kDa polypeptide named Pa-UDG (P. aerophilum uracil-DNA glycosylase). The recombinantPa-UDG protein is highly thermostable and displays a considerable degree of homology to the recently described uracil-DNA glycosylases from Archaeoglobus fulgidus andThermotoga maritima. Interestingly, neitherPa-MIG nor Pa-UDG was inhibited by UGI, a generic inhibitor of the UNG family of uracil glycosylases. Yet a small fraction of the total uracil processing activity present in crude extracts of P. aerophilum was inhibited by this peptide. This implies that the hyperthermophilic archaeon possesses at least a three-pronged defense against the mutagenic threat of hydrolytic deamination of cytosines in its genomic DNA.
Barriers to Health Care Among People With Disabilities Who are Members of Underserved Racial/Ethnic Groups: A Scoping Review of the Literature

Background:Understanding barriers to health care access experienced by people with disabilities who are members of underserved racial/ethnic groups is key to developing interventions to improve access. Objective:To conduct a scoping review of the literature to examine the published literature on barriers to health care access for people with disabilities who are members of underserved racial/ethnic groups. Data Sources:Articles cited in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL between the year 2000 and June 19, 2013. In addition, table of contents of 4 journals and the reference lists of the included article were reviewed for potentially relevant titles. Study Selection and Extraction:Studies examining barriers to health care access among adults aged 18–64 with disabilities who are members of an underserved racial/ethnic group were included. Two reviewers screened abstracts, screened each full-text article and extracted data, and discrepancies were resolved by consensus. Results:Ten studies were identified that met all inclusion criteria. The most frequently described barriers were uninsurance, language, low education level, and no usual source of care. Barriers to health care access related to race or ethnicity (6 studies) and disability (1 study) were observed less often than those related to socioeconomic status or health care systems factors (9 studies). Conclusions:Our findings reflect a critical gap in the literature. Greater attention is needed to subgroup differences including race, ethnicity, and culture within the population of people with disabilities.
This Provisional PDF corresponds to the article as it appeared upon acceptance. Fully formatted PDF and full text (HTML) versions will be made available soon. Neuronal injury biomarkers and prognosis in ADNI subjects with normal cognition

Abstract Introduction Based on previous studies, a preclinical classification for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been proposed. However, 1) specificity of the different neuronal injury (NI) biomarkers has not been studied, 2) subjects with subtle cognitive impairment but normal NI biomarkers (SCINIB) have not been included in the analyses and 3) progression to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia of the AD type (DAT), referred to here as MCI/DAT, varies between studies. Therefore, we analyzed data from 486 cognitively normal (CN) and 327 DAT subjects in the AD Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)-1/GO/2 cohorts. Results In the ADNI-1 cohort (median follow-up of 6 years), 6.3% and 17.0% of the CN subjects developed MCI/DAT after 3 and 5 years follow-up, respectively. NI biomarker cutoffs [structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tau] were established in DAT patients and memory composite scores were calculated in CN subjects in a cross-sectional sample (n = 160). In the complete longitudinally followed CN ADNI cohort (n = 326, median follow-up of 2 years), CSF and MRI values predicted an increased conversion to MCI/DAT. Different NI biomarkers showed important disagreements for classifying subjects as abnormal NI [kappa = (−0.05)-(0.33)] and into AD preclinical groups. SCINIB subjects (5.0%) were more prevalent than AD preclinical stage 3 subjects (3.4%) and showed a trend for increased progression to MCI/DAT.
Microfluidic capture of endothelial colony-forming cells from human adult peripheral blood: phenotypic and functional validation in vivo.

INTRODUCTION Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) are endothelial progenitors that circulate in peripheral blood and are currently the subject of intensive investigation due to their therapeutic potential. However, in adults, ECFCs comprise a very small subset among circulating cells, which makes their isolation a challenge. MATERIALS AND METHODS Currently, the standard method for ECFC isolation relies on the separation of mononuclear cells and erythrocyte lysis, steps that are time consuming and known to increase cell loss. Alternatively, we previously developed a novel disposable microfluidic platform containing antibody-functionalized degradable hydrogel coatings that is ideally suited for capturing low-abundance circulating cells from unprocessed blood. In this study, we reasoned that this microfluidic approach could effectively isolate rare ECFCs by virtue of their CD34 expression. RESULTS We conducted preclinical experiments with peripheral blood from four adult volunteers and demonstrated that the actual microfluidic capture of circulating CD34(+) cells from unprocessed blood was compatible with the subsequent differentiation of these cells into ECFCs. Moreover, the ECFC yield obtained with the microfluidic system was comparable to that of the standard method. Importantly, we unequivocally validated the phenotypical and functional properties of the captured ECFCs, including the ability to form microvascular networks following transplantation into immunodeficient mice. DISCUSSION We showed that the simplicity and versatility of our microfluidic system could be very instrumental for ECFC isolation while preserving their therapeutic potential. We anticipate our results will facilitate additional development of clinically suitable microfluidic devices by the vascular therapeutic and diagnostic industry.
Adolescents' Honesty in a Survey of Sexual Behavior

Adolescents' reports of whether they told the truth about having had intercourse when answering a two years prior survey of sexual behavior are used to examine the correlates of such behavior. Seven percent of the young people say they did not tell the truth at Time 1. Another substan tial proportion seem to be unclear about what they said, and, perhaps, about the timing of their first intercourse. Implications of these findings for survey researchers are discussed.
The Early Development of Sight-Reading Skills in Adulthood

In this study the effects of skill development on the eye movements of beginning adult sight-readers were examined, focusing on changes in the allocation of visual attention within metrical units as well as in the processing of larger melodic intervals. The participants were future elementary school teachers, taking part in a 9-month-long music training period. During this period, 15 novice sight-readers’ development was observed in three measurements, with 15 amateur musicians functioning as a comparison group. The novices’ allocation of fixation time within metrical units gradually approached a pattern demonstrated by the amateurs in which increased sensitivity to metrical divisions was evinced by larger average fixation times on the latter halves of bars. Concerning larger melodic skips in otherwise stepwise melodic contexts, an analysis of fixation times suggested that the novices’ visual processing of skips did not proceed in terms of note comparison across the skip but rather through a direct identification of the notational symbols involved. Skill development was seen, then, as increasing fluency of this identification process. These and similar findings may lead to a better understanding of the problems encountered by novice sight-readers and thus to advancements in the pedagogy of music reading.
Detection of hepatitis A antigen in human liver

For the first time, hepatitis A viral antigen (HAAg) was shown in liver biopsy tissue from a patient in the acute phase of hepatitis type A by light and electron microscopy, using the peroxidase-antibody technique. Under light microscopy, the staining for HAAg appeared as a fine, granular reaction product, scattered throughout the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and sinusoidal lining cells. Standard thin-section electron microscopy revealed virus-like particles, 24 to 27 nm in diameter, in cytoplasmic vesicles of hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. By immunoperoxidase electron microscopy, HAAg was detected on particles aggregated within cytoplasmic vesicles of hepatocytes, thus demonstrating that the virus-like particles (24 to 27 nm) are hepatitis A virus. The surrounding membrane of the vesicles was also positive for HAAg. The distribution patterns of HAAg in human liver were virtually identical to those described for experimentally infected marmosets. It is notable that most HAAg was detected within vesicles of liver cell cytoplasm, suggesting the possibility of vesicle-oriented morphogenesis of hepatitis A virus.
Konrad-zuse-zentrum F ¨ Ur Informationstechnik Berlin Anisotropic Filtering of Non-linear Surface Features Anisotropic Filtering of Non-linear Surface Features ‡

A new method for noise removal of arbitrary surfaces meshes is presented which focuses on the preservation and sharpening of non-linear geometric features such as curved surface regions and feature lines. Our method uses a prescribed mean curvature flow (PMC) for sim-plicial surfaces which is based on three new contributions: 1. the definition and efficient calculation of a discrete shape operator and principal curvature properties on simplicial surfaces that is fully consistent with the well-known discrete mean curvature formula, 2. an anisotropic discrete mean curvature vector that combines the advantages of the mean curvature normal with the special anisotropic behaviour along feature lines of a surface, and 3. an anisotropic prescribed mean curvature flow which converges to surfaces with an estimated mean curvature distribution and with preserved non-linear features. Additionally, the PMC flow prevents boundary shrinkage at constrained and free boundary segments.
How to train your dragon: an introduction to the special issue on treatment programmes for high-risk offenders

The plot of the popular movie How to Train Your Dragon includes several features that are paralleled in the efforts of programme designers and treatment providers who work with the highest risk offenders in criminal justice systems. This introduction to the special feature on programmes for high-risk offenders notes that there are important differences in how treatments are provided for offenders with varying levels of risk, need, and responsivity. It asks if what is known about effective offender intervention – much of it derived from moderately risky offenders – applies to those who are thought to be at high risk of new criminal activity. It observes that the relative lack of intervention theory for these offenders provides an important justification for a feature that focuses primarily on describing a range of these interventions and their theoretical underpinnings. The papers that follow are then introduced.
Women teachers' aspirations to school leadership in Uganda

Purpose – The under‐representation of women in the leadership of secondary schooling is a problem common to many developing countries, raising issues of social justice and sustainable development. It has its roots in societal understandings about leadership, the schooling and career aspirations of girls, the organizational characteristics of the education system, and the expectations and preparation of teachers for leadership positions. The purpose of this paper is to identify factors, both specific to the country and common across cultures, contributing to the low numbers of female teachers leading Ugandan secondary schools.Design/methodology/approach – A survey of 62 female secondary school teachers from six coeducational schools in different areas of Uganda, is used to establish leadership aspirations and teacher perceptions of the factors helping or hindering them in realizing these aspirations.Findings – The paper reveals that the majority of female teachers surveyed aspired to school leadership, but.
Impact of occupational, physical, and speech and language therapy in preschoolers with hyperactive/inattentive symptoms: A naturalistic 2-year follow-up study

ABSTRACT Objective: Impact of speech and language therapy (ST) and occupational/physical therapy (OT/PT) on language and motor skills was examined in hyperactive/inattentive children. Methods: Preschoolers were divided into those receiving and not receiving ST or OT/PT. Results: Children receiving ST showed no gains in language functioning relative to those not receiving ST. OT/PT yielded similar results for motor functions. Hours of a service did not predict improvement. However, children who received ST showed improvement in social skills. Discussion: The apparent lack of benefit suggests the need for further investigation into efficacy of these treatments in hyperactive/inattentive preschool children.
The focus of attention in working memory—from metaphors to mechanisms

Many verbal theories describe working memory (WM) in terms of physical metaphors such as information flow or information containers. These metaphors are often useful but can also be misleading. This article contrasts the verbal version of the author's three-embedded-component theory with a computational implementation of the theory. The analysis focuses on phenomena that have been attributed to the focus of attention in WM. The verbal theory characterizes the focus of attention by a container metaphor, which gives rise to questions such as: how many items fit into the focus? The computational model explains the same phenomena mechanistically through a combination of strengthened bindings between items and their retrieval cues, and priming of these cues. The author applies the computational model to three findings that have been used to argue about how many items can be held in the focus of attention (Oberauer and Bialkova, 2009; Gilchrist and Cowan, 2011; Oberauer and Bialkova, 2011). The modeling results imply a new interpretation of those findings: The different patterns of results across those studies don't imply different capacity estimates for the focus of attention; they rather reflect to what extent retrieval from WM is parallel or serial.
Serotonin gene polymorphisms and bipolar I disorder: Focus on the serotonin transporter

The pathogenesis of bipolar disorder may involve, at least in part, aberrations in serotonergic neurotransmission. Hence, serotonergic genes are attractive targets for association studies of bipolar disorder. We have reviewed the literature in this field. It is difficult to synthesize results as only one polymorphism per gene was typically investigated in relatively small samples. Nevertheless, suggestive associations are available for the 5HT2A receptor and the serotonin transporter genes. With the availability of extensive polymorphism data and high throughput genotyping techniques, comprehensive evaluation of these genes using adequately powered samples is warranted. We also report on our investigations of the serotonin transporter, SLC6A4 (17q11.1‐q12). An insertion/deletion polymorphism (5HTTLPR) in the promoter region of this gene has been investigated intensively. However, the results have been inconsistent. We reasoned that other polymorphism/s may contribute to the associations and the inconsistencies may be due to variations in linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns between samples. Therefore, we conducted LD analyses, as well as association and linkage using 12 polymorphisms, including 5HTTLPR. We evaluated two samples. The first sample consisted of 135 US Caucasian nuclear families having a proband with bipolar I disorder (BDI, DSM IV criteria) and available parents. For case‐control analyses, the patients from these families were compared with cord blood samples from local Caucasian live births (n = 182). Our second, independent sample was recruited through the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP‐BD, 545 cases, 548 controls). No significant associations were detected at the individual polymorphism or haplotype level using the case‐control or family‐based analyses. Our analyses do not support association between SLC6A4 and BDI families. Further studies using sub‐groups of BDI are worthwhile.
Combining Documentation and Research: Ongoing Work on an Endangered Language

This paper is intended for an audience of speech technology specialists who believe that "automatic processing of under-resourced languages is a way to study language diversity with a multi-disciplinary view" (L. Besacier, keynote speech at this conference). It aims (i) to provide an illustration of the way in which data are collected in fieldwork on endangered languages, bringing attention to the quality of the transcriptions and annotations created by linguists, (ii) to present the contents and format of a set of endangered-language documents synchronizing sound and text, which are currently available online, and (iii) to sketch out some of the research purposes and applications to which these documents lend themselves, and which we intend to pursue in future work.