Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Examination of Reliability of Missing Value Recovery in Data Mining

Missing data imputation is an important task in cases where it is crucial to use all available data and no discard records with missing values. However, most of the existing algorithms are focused on missing at random (MAR) or missing completely at random (MCAR). In this paper, an information decomposition imputation (IDIM) algorithm using fuzzy membership function is proposed for addressing the missing value problem which is not missing at random (NMAR). The reliability of missing value recovery at not missing at random is examined. Firstly, this paper will discuss the proposed IDIM algorithm with detailed examples. Then, the reliability of the proposed approach is evaluated with extensive experiments compared with some typical algorithms, and the results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has a higher accuracy rate than the exiting imputation methods in terms of normal root mean square error (NRMSE) and predictive accuracy at different set of data with missing values, which shows our method is more reliable in imputing missing values.
Supervised and Unsupervised Classification of PolSAR Images from SIRC and ALOS / PALSAR Using PolSARPro

 SIR-C quad-pol MLC data acquired in 1994 and ALOS PALSAR quad-pol and dual pol SLC data acquired in 2006 and 2007 over several Indian sites have been processed using PolSARpro software for classification of various land features. The land features include ocean, clear water, settlements, agriculture fields, arid lands, grown and young forest, hilly terrain, mangrove forest, etc. Both unsupervised and supervised classifications techniques are used for classification. The classification technique used is based upon polarimetric decomposition classification parameters: Entropy, Anisotropy and Alpha. The test sites used are SIR-C Land C-band Kolkata city and its surroundings, ALOS PALSAR data over several areas covering West Bengal, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Mumbai. For Kolkata city we observed that classification results for Land C-bands are slightly different. Index Terms  Radar polarimetry, synthetic aperture radar, speckle, target decomposition, terrain classification.
Patchable control store for reduced microcode risk in a VLSI VAX microcomputer

A VLSI VAX microcomputer, which implements the native VAX computer architecture and instruction set, uses 16K by 40 bits of ROM control store. To decrease the cost of making changes to released microcode, the hardware supports a patching mechanism whereby control flow can be switched between the read-only control memory and a smaller writable control memory. This paper describes the system design considerations that led to the development of the patchable control store, actual implementation of the control store, the effectiveness of the patching scheme, and its impact on system performance.
Co-Designing Multi-Packet Reception, Network Coding, and MAC Using a Simple Predictive Model

Abstract : We design a cross-layer approach to optimize the joint use of multi-packet reception and network coding, in order to relieve congestion. We construct a model for the behavior of the 802.11 MAC and apply it to several key canonical topology components and their extensions to any number of nodes. The results obtained from this model match the available experimental results, which are for routing and opportunistic network coding, with fidelity. Using this model, we show that fairness allocation by the MAC can seriously impact performance; hence, we devise a new MAC that not only substantially improves throughput relative to the current 802.11 MAC, but also provides fairness to flows of information rather than to nodes. We show that the proper combination of network coding, multi-packet reception, and our new MAC protocol achieves super-additive throughput gains of up to 6.3 times that of routing alone with the use of the standard 802.11 MAC. Finally, we extend the model to analyze the asymptotic behavior of our new MAC as the number of nodes increases.
Feature clustering and mutual information for the selection of variables in spectral data

Spectral data often have a large number of highly-correlated features, making feature selection both necessary and uneasy. A methodology combining hierarchical constrained clustering of spectral variables and selection of clusters by mutual information is proposed. The clustering allows reducing the number of features to be selected by grouping similar and consecutive spectral variables together, allowing an easy interpretation. The approach is applied to two datasets related to spectroscopy data from the food industry.
Evaluation of Quality and Information Content of CHRIS Hyper-Spectral Images

This work focuses on evaluating quality and estimating information of CHRIS hyper- spectral images. Quality is assessed through the characterisation of the noise while information is estimated by means of an operative definition according to which the information content of a data set is given by the amount of information that cannot be predicted from the data that have already been acquired and, consequently, by the entropy of the derived prediction errors. A noise model is first verified and the parameters of the model are then estimated. Afterwards, lossless data compres- sion is exploited to measure the entropy of the prediction errors through their bit-rate. The information content of the data is estimated by considering that the bit-rate achieved by the reversible compres- sion process is due both to the contribution of the noise, whose relevance is null to a user, and to the hypothetically noise-free data. To perform the estimation of the information characterizing the noise-free data, an entropy-variance model is assumed for the ideal source. Once all the parameters of the model have been estimated, the entropy of the noise-free source is derived. Results are reported and discussed for hyper-spectral data sets acquired by CHRIS spectrometer. Information assessment is investigated before and after the radiometric correction process for evaluating the contribution of any effect introduced in the processed data. Different areas of the same image are then processed in order to assess the noise model. Eventually, the procedure is utilised to characterise data sets that have been acquired in different times in order to verify any potential operational change occurred in the instrument set-up or in the processing chain.
Quality Assurance in Web Information Systems Development

Information systems that are accessible via the web have become a very important class of large-scale software systems. In order to assure a high quality of such systems we propose a layered approach using integrated methods for all levels. In doing so we bring together knowledge from semiotics, goal-oriented requirements engineering, conceptual modelling, databases, human-computer interaction and web-oriented languages. In this paper we outline our approach and argue why the systematic application of our methodology to web information systems development will result in quality.
Exploiting an event-based infrastructure to develop complex distributed systems

The development of complex distributed systems demands for the creation of suitable architectural styles (or paradigms) and related run-time infrastructures. An emerging style that is receiving increasing attention is based on the notion of event. In an event-based architecture, distributed software components interact by generating and consuming events. The occurrence of an event in a component (called source) is asynchronously notified to any other component (called recipient) that has declared some interest in it. This paradigm holds the promise of supporting a flexible and effective interaction among highly reconfigurable distributed software components. We have developed an object-oriented infrastructure, called JEDI (Java Event-based Distributed Infrastructure), to support the development and operation of event-based systems. During the past year, JEDI has been used to implement a significant example of distributed system, namely, the OPSS workflow management system. The paper illustrates JEDI main features and how we have used it to implement the OPSS workflow management system. Moreover, it provides an initial evaluation of our experiences in using an event-based architectural style.
Multi-mode screensaver for embedded system based on μC/OS-II

A multi-mode screensaver for embedded system is designed to realize autonomous power management and improve utilization of system resource. Application of a three-mode screensaver, including Black Screen (Mode_B), Photo Slide (Mode_P) and Clock Display (Mode_C), has been validated on a multimedia platform based on μC/OS-II embedded system. During its engineering implementation, optimizations on code execution effciency and memory space allocation are taken into account. The screensaver is designed to be configurable according to individual needs. The validation result demonstrates that the software-only multi-mode screen saver can be applied in practical products of embedded system in our daily life to bring in actual benefits.
Shadow organizing: a metaphor to explore organizing as intra-relating

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to conceive “organizing” as an indeterminate process taking place in the interstices of intra-acting elements, beyond visible/rational/intentional organizing. The term intra-activity refers to relationships between multiple elements (human and more-than-human) that are understood not to have clear or distinct boundaries. The paper aims at reframing organizing, as the effect of multiple intra-acting elements, by introducing the metaphor of shadow organizing. It offers examples as diverse as knowledge spillover, evidence-based medicine and improvisation, and the mafia’s organizational rules. Design/methodology/approach The frame of reference is metaphorical theorization, based on the metaphor of shadow organizing, and is explored through three metonymies: the forest and its sheltered spaces in penumbra; the shadow as a grey zone between canonical and non-canonical practices; and secret societies, hidden in the shadow. The shadow is the symbol of what is “betwixt and between. ” Findings Shadow organizing focuses on the way that situated elements (people, technologies, knowledge, infrastructures, society) intra-relate and acquire agency. Whilst organizing as the effect of intentional coordination, planning, and strategizing represents a well-established theorization, shadow organizing sheds light on what happen in the interstices of intentional and structured processes. The paper identifies the dimensions of shadow organizing as performativity, liminality, and secrecy. Originality/value The passage from elements in interaction to intra-acting relations that form elements is a challenge both for theory and methodology. To face this challenge, metaphorical thinking proves useful since it enhances scholars’ imaginations and emotional participation.
Programs and types

The first two sections of this paper motivate and outline a constructive theory of (data) types which we developed for formal program verification. The executable component of the theory provides a very high level programming language with a rich type structure. A theory of this generality appears necessary to manage complex programming and formal reasoning about it. The logical component, influencea by AUTOMATH and LCF and based on Martin-Löf's ITT, appears strong enough to formalize constructive mathematics; hence a theory or this generality is probably sufficient for program development and verification. The last two sections of the paper illustrate the richness of the theory and the benefits of generality by describing with it different "denotational" semantics for programs. Because the theory is constructive, these abstract semantics are also computational.
A Designer's View to Economics and Finance

We review basic concepts from economics and finance relevant to product development. Case studies are used to demonstrate how these concepts relate to complex design decisions within the producing enterprise, with a specific formulation for product portfolios. We conclude with a proposed synthesis of engineering design, economics and finance under a single decision-making model. Nomenclature C: cost
Inner Presence Consciousness As A Biological Phenomenon

Thank you very much for reading inner presence consciousness as a biological phenomenon. As you may know, people have search numerous times for their favorite readings like this inner presence consciousness as a biological phenomenon, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they cope with some malicious virus inside their computer.
Effects of 12 Weeks High-Intensity & Reduced-Volume Training in Elite Athletes

It was investigated if high-intensity interval training (HIT) at the expense of total training volume improves performance, maximal oxygen uptake and swimming economy. 41 elite swimmers were randomly allocated to a control (CON) or HIT group. For 12 weeks both groups trained ∼12 h per week. HIT comprised ∼5 h vs. 1 h and total distance was ∼17 km vs. 35 km per week for HIT and CON, respectively. HIT was performed as 6-10×10-30 s maximal effort interspersed by 2–4 minutes of rest. Performance of 100 m all-out freestyle and 200 m freestyle was similar before and after the intervention in both HIT (60.4±4.0 vs. 60.3±4.0 s; n = 13 and 133.2±6.4 vs. 132.6±7.7 s; n = 14) and CON (60.2±3.7 vs. 60.6±3.8 s; n = 15 and 133.5±7.0 vs. 133.3±7.6 s; n = 15). Maximal oxygen uptake during swimming was similar before and after the intervention in both the HIT (4.0±0.9 vs. 3.8±1.0 l O2×min−1; n = 14) and CON (3.8±0.7 vs. 3.8±0.7 l O2×min−1; n = 11) group. Oxygen uptake determined at fixed submaximal speed was not significantly affected in either group by the intervention. Body fat % tended to increase (P = 0.09) in the HIT group (15.4±1.6% vs. 16.3±1.6%; P = 0.09; n = 16) and increased (P<0.05) in the CON group (13.9±1.5% vs. 14.9±1.5%; n = 17). A distance reduction of 50% and a more than doubled HIT amount for 12 weeks did neither improve nor compromise performance or physiological capacity in elite swimmers.
A prospective study of change in sleep duration: associations with mortality in the Whitehall II cohort.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Although sleep curtailment has become widespread in industrialised societies, little work has examined the effects on mortality of change in sleep duration. We investigated associations of sleep duration and change in sleep duration with all-cause, cardiovascular, and non-cardiovascular mortality. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. Data are from baseline (Phase 1, 1985-88) and Phase 3 (1991-93), with mortality follow-up of 17 and 12 years respectively. SETTING The Whitehall II study of 10,308 white-collar British civil servants aged 35-55 at baseline. PARTICIPANTS 9781 participants with complete data were included in the analyses at Phase 1, and 7729 of the same participants were included in the analyses at Phase 3 and the analyses of change in sleep duration. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS U-shaped associations were observed between sleep (< or =5, 6, 7, 8, > or =9 hours) at Phase 1 and Phase 3 and subsequent all-cause, cardiovascular, and non-cardiovascular mortality. A decrease in sleep duration among participants sleeping 6, 7, or 8 hours at baseline was associated with cardiovascular mortality, hazard ratio 2.4 (95% confidence intervals 1.4-4.1). However, an increase in sleep duration among those sleeping 7 or 8 hours at baseline was associated with non-cardiovascular mortality, hazard ratio 2.1 (1.4-3.1). Adjustment for the socio-demographic factors, existing morbidity, and health-related behaviours measured left these associations largely unchanged. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show that both a decrease in sleep duration and an increase in sleep duration are associated with an increase in mortality via effects on cardiovascular death and non-cardiovascular death respectively.
Further Studies of 1E 1740.7–2942 with ASCA

We report the ASCA results of the Great Annihilator 1E 1740.7-2942 obtained with five pointing observations in a time span of 3.5 yr. The X-ray spectrum for each period is well fitted with a single power law absorbed by a high column of gas. The X-ray flux changes by a factor of 2 from period to period, but the other spectral parameters show no significant change. The photon index is flat with Γ = 0.9-1.3. The column density of hydrogen NH is ~ 1.0 × 1023 H cm-2 and that of iron NFe is ~ 1019 Fe cm-2. These large column densities indicate that 1E 1740.7-2942 is near the Galactic center. The column density ratio leads the iron abundance to be 2 times larger than the other elements in a unit of the solar ratio. The equivalent width of the Kα line from a neutral iron is less than 15 eV in 90% confidence. This indicates that the iron column density within several parsecs from 1E 1740.7-2942 is less than 5 × 1017 Fe cm-2. In addition, the derived hydrogen column density is about one-sixth of that of giant molecular clouds in the line of sight. All these facts support the fact that 1E 1740.7-2942 is not in a molecular cloud, but possibly in front of it; the X-rays are not powered by accretion from a molecular cloud, but from a companion star like ordinary X-ray binaries.
Measuring the Diversity of a Test Set With Distance Entropy

Most existing metrics that we call white-box metrics, such as coverage metrics, require white-box information, like program structure information, and historical runtime information, to evaluate the fault detection capability of a test set. In practice, such white-box information is usually unavailable or difficult to obtain, which means they often cannot be used. In this paper, we propose a black-box metric, distance entropy, based on the diversification idea behind many published diversity-based techniques. Distance entropy provides a possible solution for test set evaluation when white-box information is not available. The empirical study illustrates that distance entropy can effectively evaluate test sets if the distance metric between tests is well defined. Meanwhile, distance entropy outperforms simple diversity metrics without increasing time complexity.
An optimization-based categorization of reinforcement learning environments

1 This paper proposes a categorization of reinforcement learning environments based on the optimization of a reinforcement signal over time. Environments are classiied by the simplest agent that can possibly achieve optimal reinforcement. Two parameters, h and , abstractly characterize the complexity of an agent: the ideal (h,)-agent uses the input information provided by the environment and at most h bits of local storage to choose an action that maximizes the discounted sum of the next reinforcements. In an (h,)-environment, an ideal (h,)-agent achieves the maximum possible expected reinforcement for that environment. The paper discusses the special cases when either h = 0 or = 1 in detail, describes some theoretical bounds on h and and re-explores a well-known reinforcement learning environment with this new notation.
Ag effects on the elastic modulus values of nanoporous Au foams

To study both the effect of Ag and the relative density on the elastic properties of nanoporous Au (np-Au) foams, partially as well as fully dealloyed np-Au samples with various ligament sizes were prepared. Additionally, Ag-coated np-Au samples were synthesized by immersing np-Au in a 1 M Ag nitrate solution, followed by drying and thermal decomposition of the deposited Ag nitrate salt to Ag, NO_2, and O_2. Cross-sectional analysis revealed that this method yields a homogeneous Ag distribution and that the Ag concentration can be adjusted within the range of 0 to 20 at. %. Mechanical testing was performed by depth-sensing nanoindentation. It was observed that the effect of the relative density on the elastic properties of np-Au seems to be much stronger than predicted by the Gibson and Ashby relationship: Even Ag contents as low as 1 at. % can significantly change the modulus values. On the other hand, the elastic modulus of np-Au seems to be independent of the ligament size.
Can Dental Cone Beam Computed Tomography Assess Bone Mineral Density?

Mineral density distribution of bone tissue is altered by active bone modeling and remodeling due to bone complications including bone disease and implantation surgery. Clinical cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been examined whether it can assess oral bone mineral density (BMD) in patient. It has been indicated that CBCT has disadvantages of higher noise and lower contrast than conventional medical computed tomography (CT) systems. On the other hand, it has advantages of a relatively lower cost and radiation dose but higher spatial resolution. However, the reliability of CBCT based mineral density measurement has not yet been fully validated. Thus, the objectives of this review are to discuss 1) why assessment of BMD distribution is important and 2) whether the clinical CBCT can be used as a potential tool to measure the BMD. Brief descriptions of image artefacts associated with assessment of gray value, which has been used to account for mineral density, in CBCT images are provided. Techniques to correct local and conversion errors in obtaining the gray values in CBCT images are also introduced. This review can be used as a quick reference for users who may encounter these errors during analysis of CBCT images.
A New Image Segmentation Approach with Structure Tensor and Random Walk

This paper proposes a novel approach for image segmentation by first applying the structure tensor to random walk. The method firstly presents the definition of scale vector by analyzing the structure tensor, to calculate the weight between two graph-nodes. And then, apply the random walk algorithm to achieve segmentation. The nature of structure tensor helps the new weight retain more structure information of image, and that makes the segment more accurately. In addition, the paper also presents an anisotropy filter, replacing the Gaussian function, to average the structure tensor. The new filtering function makes structure tensor retain more information of complicated structure. In experiments conducted on various images, the algorithm shows a notable visual improvement.
MSE bounds dominating the cramer-RAO bound

Traditional Cramer-Rao type bounds provide benchmarks on the variance of any estimator of a deterministic parameter vector, while requiring a priori specification of a desired bias gradient. However, in applications, it is often not clear how to choose the required bias. A direct measure of the estimation error that takes both the variance and the bias into account is the mean-squared error (MSE). Here, we develop bounds on the MSE in estimating a deterministic vector x0 using estimators with linear bias vectors, which includes the traditional unbiased estimation as a special case. We show that there often exists linear bias vectors that result in an MSB bound that dominates the CRLB, so that it is smaller than the CRLB for all x0 . Furthermore, we explicitly construct estimators that achieve these bounds by linearly transforming the maximum-likelihood estimator