Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A PCA-based distributed approach for intrusion detection in wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are applied to various applications, ranging from military to civilian fields. Due to the critical nature of such applications, security issues are of significant importance. WSNs are vulnerable to different types of attacks since they are often deployed in hostile and unprotected environments. In this paper, we present a novel distributed intrusion detection approach, called PCADID, for detecting routing attacks in WSNs. In the approach, we partition a WSN into groups of sensor nodes. In each group, some nodes are selected as monitor nodes, which cooperate with each other to compose a global normal profile. Every monitor node establishes a subprofile of its own normal network traffic using principal component analysis (PCA) and sends it to other monitor nodes. Every monitor node composes the global normal profile based upon all received subprofiles and uses it to detect anomalies in its own network traffic. As the normal network behavior changes over time, the global normal profile is updated. We demonstrate that PCADID achieves a high detection rate with a low false alarm rate, while minimizes the communication overhead and energy consumption in the network.
Towards real-time traffic sign detection and classification

This paper aims to deal with real-time traffic sign recognition, i.e. localizing what type of traffic sign appears in which area of an input image at a fast processing time. To achieve this goal, a two-module framework (detection module and classification module) is proposed. In detection module, we firstly transform the input color image to probability maps by using color probability model. Then the traffic sign proposals are extracted by finding maximally stable extremal regions on these maps. Finally, an SVM classifier which trained with color HOG features is utilized to further filter out the false positives and classify the remaining proposals to their super classes. In classification module, we use CNN to classify the detected signs to their sub-classes within each super class. Experiments on the GTSDB benchmark show that our method achieves comparable performance to the state-of-the-art methods with significantly improved computational efficiency, which is 20 times faster than the existing best method.
Identification of an Amphipathic Helix Important for the Formation of Ectopic Septin Spirals and Axial Budding in Yeast Axial Landmark Protein Bud3p

Correct positioning of polarity axis in response to internal or external cues is central to cellular morphogenesis and cell fate determination. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bud3p plays a key role in the axial bud-site selection (axial budding) process in which cells assemble the new bud next to the preceding cell division site. Bud3p is thought to act as a component of a spatial landmark. However, it is not clear how Bud3p interacts with other components of the landmark, such as the septins, to control axial budding. Here, we report that overexpression of Bud3p causes the formation of small septin rings (∼1 µm in diameter) and arcs aside from previously reported spiral-like septin structures. Bud3p closely associates with the septins in vivo as Bud3p colocalizes with these aberrant septin structures and forms a complex with two septins, Cdc10p and Cdc11p. The interaction of Bud3p with the septins may involve multiple regions of Bud3p including 1–858, 850–1220, and 1221–1636 a.a. since they all target to the bud neck but exhibit different effects on septin organization when overexpressed. In addition, our study reveals that the axial budding function of Bud3p is mediated by the N-terminal region 1–858. This region shares an amphipathic helix (850–858) crucial for bud neck targeting with the middle portion 850–1103 involved in the formation of ectopic septin spirals and rings. Interestingly, the Dbl-homology domain located in 1–858 is dispensable for axial bud-site selection. Our findings suggest that multiple regions of Bud3p ensure efficient targeting of Bud3p to the bud neck in the assembly of the axial landmark and distinct domains of Bud3p are involved in axial bud-site selection and other cellular processes.
Using Factual Density to Measure Informativeness of Web Documents

The information obtained from the Web is increasingly important for decision making and for our everyday tasks. Due to the growth of uncertified sources, blogosphere, comments in the social media and automatically generated texts, the need to measure the quality of text information found on the Internet is becoming of crucial importance. It has been suggested that factual density can be used to measure the informativeness of text documents. However, this was only shown on very specific texts such as Wikipedia articles. In this work we move to the sphere of the arbitrary Internet texts and show that factual density is applicable to measure the informativeness of textual contents of arbitrary Web documents. For this, we compiled a human-annotated reference corpus to be used as ground truth data to measure the adequacy of automatic prediction of informativeness of documents. Our corpus consists of 50 documents randomly selected from the Web, which were ranked by 13 human annotators using the MaxDiff technique. Then we ranked the same documents automatically using ExtrHech, an open information extraction system. The two rankings correlate, with Spearman’s coefficient = 0.41 at significance level of 99.64%.
Effect of overreaching on cognitive performance and related cardiac autonomic control

The purpose of this study was to characterize the effect of a 2‐week overload period immediately followed by a 1‐week taper period on different cognitive processes including executive and nonexecutive functions, and related heart rate variability. Eleven male endurance athletes increased their usual training volume by 100% for 2 weeks, and decreased it by 50% for 1 week. A maximal graded test, a constant speed test at 85% of peak treadmill speed, and a Stroop task with the measurement of heart rate variability were performed at each period. All participants were considered as overreached. We found a moderate increase in the overall reaction time to the three conditions of the Stroop task after the overload period (816 ± 83 vs 892 ± 117 ms, P = 0.03) followed by a return to baseline after the taper period (820 ± 119 ms, P = 0.013). We found no association between cognitive performance and cardiac parasympathetic control at baseline, and no association between changes in these measures. Our findings clearly underscore the relevance of cognitive performance in the monitoring of overreaching in endurance athletes. However, contrary to our hypothesis, we did not find any relationship between executive performance and cardiac parasympathetic control.
Hierarchical implicit surface refinement

A novel method of hierarchical implicit modeling is presented in which an implicit object is modeled using a hierarchy of implicit surfaces. The hierarchy provides both layered local refinement and global deformation. Local refinement allows the introduction of higher-level detailed surfaces. Global deformation changes the overall shape of the surface while maintaining the integrity of surface details. The model is gradually refined by introducing appropriate new primitives in specified surface areas. Refinement constraints, such as a local area constraint and a level constraint, are designed to be applied to the implicit object so as to achieve finer control of the local surface. The method provides a dynamic representation of implicit surfaces and can be used in modeling complex implicit objects, animating the surfaces, and simulating the deformations of various objects.
Taxonomy of literacies

Purpose – Digital technologies have transformed what it means to be literate and to experience literacy. Various literacies have been coined to capture this transformation including established literacies like computer literacy, information literacy, digital literacy, media literacy and internet literacy, to newer conceptions like transliteracy, metaliteracy and multimodal literacy. The purpose of this paper is to assimilate the various conceptions of literacy and literacy types is becoming increasingly more complex. There is a need for a taxonomy of literacies that reflects more recent developments, one that more comprehensively captures the current literacy landscape and one that might have affordances in the future. Design/methodology/approach – “Library and Information Science Abstracts” (LISA), “Education Resources Information Center” (ERIC) and “British Education Index” were searched for documents relating to digital technologies and literacy. Relevant documents were retrieved and reviewed. This was.
Eastern Germany: Can't We Be More Optimistic?

This paper argues that the application of the `2% rule' to the case of Eastern Germany, which implies convergence in three decades or more, is overly pessimistic. First, it ignores discrete improvements in initial conditions related to the transition, which have been significant to date. Because labour productivity in manufacturing exhibits wide sectoral dispersion, structural change is likely to increase aggregate productivity further. Second, convergence is also driven by physical and human capital mobility, which in contrast to labour mobility appears to be high in Eastern Germany. Finally, an unusually high rate of physical investment in Eastern Germany will accelerate convergence.
Change Management in Information System Development and Implementation Projects

Summary As demonstrated by numerous research studies, a major number of information system development and implementation projects tend to end in failure. As an inevitable factor of contemporary business operations, changes make a strong impact on the success of a project. As changes are inevitable, it is essential to identify them in advance, if possible, and manage them in an appropriate manner. Change management is a vital component of information system development and implementation projects, and, in addition to risk management and appropriate methodologies, increases the chances for success of a project.
Design and Verification of Hybrid Dynamic Worm Detection System

This paper proposes a new design scheme for hybrid dynamic worm detection system. In the proposed scheme, the features of matching detection method based on protocol analysis, Bayesian detection method based on probability, and honeypot-based detection method are integrated for a relative complemented function to develop the advantages and avoid the disadvantages of each detection method. The designed hybrid dynamic worm detection system can be used for effective detection of abnormal data behavior of the hosts attacked by worms, and it also serves for dynamic real-time update of the rule base. Then a preliminary functional verification is performed on this system.
Norepinephrine Controls Both Torpor Initiation and Emergence via Distinct Mechanisms in the Mouse

Some mammals, including laboratory mice, enter torpor in response to food deprivation, and leptin can attenuate these bouts of torpor. We previously showed that dopamine β-hydroxylase knockout (Dbh −/−) mice, which lack norepinephrine (NE), do not reduce circulating leptin upon fasting nor do they enter torpor. To test whether the onset of torpor in mice during a fast requires a NE-mediated reduction in circulating leptin, double mutant mice deficient in both leptin (ob/ob) and DBH (DBL MUT) were generated. Upon fasting, control and ob/ob mice entered torpor as assessed by telemetric core Tb acquisition. While fasting failed to induce torpor in Dbh −/− mice, leptin deficiency bypassed the requirement for NE, as DBL MUT mice readily entered torpor upon fasting. These data indicate that sympathetic activation of white fat and suppression of leptin is required for the onset of torpor in the mouse. Emergence from torpor was severely retarded in DBL MUT mice, revealing a novel, leptin-independent role for NE in torpor recovery. This phenotype was mimicked by administration of a β3 adrenergic receptor antagonist to control mice during a torpor bout. Hence, NE signaling via β3 adrenergic receptors presumably in brown fat is the first neurotransmitter-receptor system identified that is required for normal recovery from torpor.
Remote sensing of cloud properties using ground‐based measurements of zenith radiance

[1] We have conducted the first extensive field test of two new methods to retrieve optical properties for overhead clouds that range from patchy to overcast. The methods use measurements of zenith radiance at 673 and 870 nm wavelengths and require the presence of green vegetation in the surrounding area. The test was conducted at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Oklahoma site during September–November 2004. These methods work because at 673 nm (red) and 870 nm (near infrared (NIR)), clouds have nearly identical optical properties, while vegetated surfaces reflect quite differently. The first method, dubbed REDvsNIR, retrieves not only cloud optical depth τ but also radiative cloud fraction. Because of the 1-s time resolution of our radiance measurements, we are able for the first time to capture changes in cloud optical properties at the natural timescale of cloud evolution. We compared values of τ retrieved by REDvsNIR to those retrieved from downward shortwave fluxes and from microwave brightness temperatures. The flux method generally underestimates τ relative to the REDvsNIR method. Even for overcast but inhomogeneous clouds, differences between REDvsNIR and the flux method can be as large as 50%. In addition, REDvsNIR agreed to better than 15% with the microwave method for both overcast and broken clouds. The second method, dubbed COUPLED, retrieves τ by combining zenith radiances with fluxes. While extra information from fluxes was expected to improve retrievals, this is not always the case. In general, however, the COUPLED and REDvsNIR methods retrieve τ to within 15% of each other.
Language-independent multi-document text summarization with document-specific word associations

The goal of automatic text summarization is to generate an abstract of a document or a set of documents. In this paper we propose a word association based method for generating summaries in a variety of languages. We show that a robust statistical method for finding associations which are specific to the given document(s) is applicable to many languages. We introduce strategies that utilize the discovered associations to effectively select sentences from the document(s) to constitute the summary. Empirical results indicate that the method works reliably in a relatively large set of languages and outperforms methods reported in MultiLing 2013.
Review: GMM based Speaker Verification using MFCC Feature Multitaper MFCC for Robust Speaker Verification

In speech & audio applications, short-term signal spectrum is often represented using mel-frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC) computed from a windowed discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Windowing reduces spectral leakage but variance of the spectrum estimate remains high. An extension to windowed DFT is called multitaper method which uses multiple time domain windows (Tapers) with frequency domain averaging. Then detailed statistical analysis of MFCC bias & variance is done. For speaker verification the extracted feature is used to build a model using classifier (GMM), which implements likelihood ratio test to decide whether to accept or reject the speaker.
Proton- and ammonium-sensing by histaminergic neurons controlling wakefulness

The histaminergic neurons in the tuberomamillary nucleus (TMN) of the posterior hypothalamus are involved in the control of arousal. These neurons are sensitive to hypercapnia as has been shown in experiments examining c-Fos expression, a marker for increased neuronal activity. We investigated the mechanisms through which TMN neurons respond to changes in extracellular levels of acid/CO2. Recordings in rat brain slices revealed that acidification within the physiological range (pH from 7.4 to 7.0), as well as ammonium chloride (5 mM), excite histaminergic neurons. This excitation is significantly reduced by antagonists of type I metabotropic glutamate receptors and abolished by benzamil, an antagonist of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, or by ouabain which blocks Na+/K+ ATPase. We detected variable combinations of 4 known types of ASICs in single TMN neurons, and observed activation of ASICs in single dissociated TMN neurons only at pH lower than 7.0. Thus, glutamate, which is known to be released by glial cells and orexinergic neurons, amplifies the acid/CO2-induced activation of TMN neurons. This amplification demands the coordinated function of metabotropic glutamate receptors, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and Na+/K+ ATPase. We also developed a novel HDC-Cre transgenic reporter mouse line in which histaminergic TMN neurons can be visualized. In contrast to the rat, the mouse histaminergic neurons lacked the pH 7.0-induced excitation and displayed only a minimal response to the mGluR I agonist DHPG (0.5 μM). On the other hand, ammonium-induced excitation was similar in mouse and rat. These results are relevant for the understanding of the neuronal mechanisms controlling acid/CO2-induced arousal in hepatic encephalopathy and obstructive sleep apnoea. Moreover, the new HDC-Cre mouse model will be a useful tool for studying the physiological and pathophysiological roles of the histaminergic system.
Incorporating higher dimensionality in joint decomposition of EEG and fMRI

EEG-fMRI research to study brain function became popular because of the complementarity of the modalities. Through the use of data-driven approaches such as jointICA, sources extracted from EEG can be linked to regions in fMRI. Joint-ICA in its standard formulation however does not allow for the inclusion of multiple EEG electrodes, so it is a rather arbitrary choice which electrode is used in the analysis. In this study, we explore several ways to include the higher dimensionality of the EEG during a joint decomposition of EEG and fMRI. Our results show that incorporation of multiple channels in the jointICA can reveal new relations between fMRI activation maps and ERP features.
Downlink Rate Analysis for Virtual-Cell Based Large-Scale Distributed Antenna Systems

Despite substantial rate gains achieved by joint transmission from a massive amount of geographically distributed antennas, the resulting computational cost and channel measurement overhead could be unaffordable for a large-scale distributed antenna system (DAS). A scalable signal processing framework is therefore highly desirable, which could be established based on the concept of virtual cell. In a virtual-cell based DAS, each user chooses a few neighboring base-station (BS) antennas to form its virtual cell, i.e, its own serving BS antenna set. In this paper, we focus on a downlink DAS with a large number of users and BS antennas uniformly distributed in a certain area, and aim to study the effect of the virtual cell size on the average user rate. Specifically, by assuming that maximum ratio transmission (MRT) is adopted in each user's virtual cell, the achievable ergodic rate of each user is derived as an explicit function of the large-scale fading coefficients from all the users to their virtual cells, and an upper-bound of the average user rate is established, based on which a rule of thumb is developed for determining the optimal virtual cell size to maximize the average user rate. The analysis is further extended to consider multiple users grouped together and jointly served by their virtual cells using zero-forcing beamforming (ZFBF). In contrast to the no-grouping case where a small virtual cell size is preferred, it is shown that by grouping users with overlapped virtual cells, the average user rate can be significantly improved by increasing the virtual cell size, though at the cost of a higher signal processing complexity.
Insertion or voice-off in rendition of graphic codes: an experiment in Persian dubbing

Concerning graphic codes, there are currently three methods for their rendition in dubbing: audio-rendition of the target graphic codes (TGC) with an actor’s voice-off and adding the voice-off when the close shot is on the original graphic code (OGC); subtitling the OGC; and editing and inserting new TGCs replacing the OGCs in the film. The purpose of the current mixed-methods study was to compare the efficiency of voice-off versus insertion, two methods of rendition of graphic codes in dubbing, in terms of viewers’ comprehension and information processing. To this end, the Persian-dubbed versions of the Sherlock TV series broadcast on BBC Persian, using the insertion method, and on Iranian official television, using voice-off, were selected. The findings of the experiment revealed that the participants experienced better information recall and comprehension of the content of the graphic codes when they were translated using the insertion method. In the qualitative phase, the retrospective interview data involved issues in terms of the genre of audiovisual material, dialogue interaction, types of graphic codes, target language cultural references, literacy and viewing ability of the audience as relevant variables in the preference of each of the two methods.
Quantitative determination of serum triglycerides by the use of enzymes.

We describe a novel method for determining serum triglycerides, in which an enzymatic hydrolysis replaces the more commonly used saponification procedure. Under the conditions of the assay, the enzymatic hydrolysis can be completed in less than 10 min by the combined action of a microbial lipase and a protease. We have been able to demonstrate complete hydrolysis of triglycerides by thin-layer chromatography of the reaction products, by recovery of glycerol from sera of known triglycerides content, and by comparison of triglyceride assays on a number of sera assayed by our method vs. the AutoAnalyzer procedure. The hydrolysis is directly coupled to the enzymatic determination of glycerol, and is followed through absorbance changes at 340 nm. The assay is simple, rapid, and requires only 50 µl or less of sample. Because the enzymes used do not release glycerol from other compounds in serum, the hydrolysis can be considered specific for triglycerides.
FUNCTIONS IN CHILDREN WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY

Executive functions (EF) play a key role in child’s cognitive, behavioral and emotional development. There are many instruments and tests created to measure different aspects of EF in children. One of the most widely used measures for assessing EF is the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). The goal of the present study was to assess the factor structure of the 8 domains of EF in children with intellectual disability. Special education teachers of 90 children with intellectual disability aged 7-15 years (54 boys, 36 girls) filled the Bosnian translation of BRIEFteacher version. BRIEF is valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of executive functions. It is composed of the 8 EF domains: Inhibit, Shift, Emotional Control, Initiate, Working Memory, Plan/Organize, Organization of Materials and Monitor. The results of this study confirmed the original two factor structure of the BRIEF for children with intellectual disability. Total percentage of explained variance for two factors was 83.6%. The data obtained in this study almost perfectly followed the original factor structure of the BRIEF. BRIEF seems to have stable factor structure across the samples. Thus, it can be validly used in many clinical populations. Given the format of the BRIEF, it can be used in identifying weaknesses and creating programs for enhancing EF in children.