Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Idiomatic Object Usage and Support Verbs

Every language contains complex expressions that are language-specific. The general problem when trying to build automated translation systems or human-readable dictionaries is to detect expressions that can be used idiomatically and then whether the expressions can be used idiomatically in a particular text, or whether a literal translation would be preferred. It follows from the definition of idiomatic expression that when a complex expression is used idiomatically, it contains at least one element which is semantically "out of context". In this paper, we discuss a method that finds idiomatic collocations in a text corpus. The method detects semantic asymmetry by taking advantage of differences in syntactic distributions. We demonstrate the method using a specific linguistic phenomenon, verb-object collocations. The asymmetry between a verb and its object is the focus in our work, and it makes the approach different from the methods that use e.g. mutual information, which is a symmetric measure.
A Typology of Interpreter-Mediated Events

AbstractInterpreter-mediated events have become more frequent and more complex in the past few decades. This article attempts to account for the variables that shape such events, treating them both as communicative acts which can be described in terms of what we know about human communication in general, and as instances of intercultural communication which can only be adequately described with reference to culture-specific norms of behaviour. The proposed typology of interpreter-mediated events adopts a prototype rather than a taxonomic approach to the data and attempts to categorize such events in terms of two broad parameters: mode of delivery, including the use or non-use of ancillary equipment, and elements of the communicative situation, namely primary and secondary participants, topic, type of text, spatial and temporal specificities and the nature of the goals pursued by participants. These parameters are particularly important in determining the degree of culture specificity of an event, which ha.
Notes for Graduate Student Seminar : Lang ’ s Thesis

The Brauer group Br(k) of a field k is an important object of study in number theory. A convenient condition to force the Brauer group to be trivial is for k to be a quasi-algebraically closed field. Quasialgebraically closed fields are part of a more general notion of Ci fields, introduced in Lang’s thesis in 1951. The goal of this talk is to prove that finite fields Fq and function fields k(t) over algebraically closed fields are quasi-algebraically closed hence have trivial Brauer groups. Disclaimer. These notes follow [2], [3], and [4] verbatim.
Coordination specification of the analytical target cascading process using the Chi language

Optimal design problems of large-scale and complex engineering systems are typically decomposed into a number of smaller and tractable subproblems. Analytical target cascading (ATC) is a methodology for translating overall system design targets to individual specifications for the subsystems and components that make up the system based on a hierarchical partition. We propose to use the χ language and software tools to specify and implement the coordination of the analytical target cascading process. ATC is implemented as parallel processes that exchange data via channels, which represent the links between the subproblems. The process specifications define how individual processes communicatewith other coupled processes. We show the advantages of χ for coordinating the ATC process by means of an illustrative example, and demonstrate that different coordination strategies can be implemented and evaluated efficiently.
Smart Meter Speed Dating, short-term relationships for improved privacy in Smart Metering

Smart Metering is one of the most important services within the Smart Grid. But by threatening the privacy of customers, its introduction poses also one of the most discussed challenges of the Smart grid. To overcome this challenge, privacy-aware Smart Metering protocols are necessary. But the limited capabilities of the Smart Metering infrastructure has to be taken into account when specifying Smart Metering protocols. In this paper, we propose Smart Meter Speed Dating (SMSD), a privacy-aware Smart Metering protocol with very low requirements and complexity. It uses rapidly changing pairings of peers to remove privacy relevant information from meter readings. We describe SMSD and provide an evaluation and anlyzation of provided privacy which shows its applicability as a privacy-aware Smart Metering protocol.
Voltage-mode quaternary FPGAs: An evaluation of interconnections

This work presents a study about FPGA interconnections and evaluates their effects on voltage-mode binary and quaternary FPGA structures. FPGAs are widely used due to the fast time-to-market and reduced non-recurring engineering costs in comparison to ASIC designs. Interconnections play a crucial role in modern FPGAs, because they dominate delay, power and area. The use of multiple-valued logic allows the reduction of the number of signals in the circuit, hence providing a mean to effectively curtail the impact of interconnections. The most important characteristic of the results are the reduced fanout, fewer number of wires and the smaller wire length presented by the quaternary devices. We use a set of arithmetic circuits to compare binary and quaternary implementations. This work presents the first step on developing quaternary circuits by mapping any binary random logic onto quaternary devices.
Stochastic Optimization Techniques for Quantification Performance Measures

The estimation of class prevalence, i.e., the fraction of the population that belongs to a certain class, is a very useful tool in data analytics and learning, and finds applications in many domains, such as sentiment analysis, epidemiology, etc. For example, in sentiment analysis, the objective is often not to estimate whether a specific text conveys positive or negative sentiment, but rather estimate the overall distribution of positive and negative sentiment during an event window. A popular way of performing the above task, often dubbed quantification, is to use supervised learning to train a prevalence estimator from labelled data. In this paper we propose the first online stochastic algorithms for directly optimizing (i) performance measures for quantification, and (ii) hybrid performance measures that seek to balance quantification and classification performance. We prove rigorous bounds for our algorithms which demonstrate that they exhibit optimal convergence. Our algorithms present a significant advancement in the theory of multivariate optimization. We also report extensive experiments on benchmark and real data sets which demonstrate that our methods significantly outperform existing optimization techniques used for the quantification problem.
Bubbles and crashes: Escape dynamics in financial markets

We develop a financial market model focused on fund managers who continuously adjust their exposure to risk in response to the payoff gradient. The base model has a stable equilibrium with classic properties. However, bubbles and crashes occur in extended models incorporating an endogenous market risk premium based on investors’ historical losses and constant gain learning. When losses have been small for a long time, asset prices inflate as fund managers adopt riskier portfolios. Then slight losses can trigger a crash, as a widening risk premium accelerates the decline in asset price.
On-Chip Photovoltaic Power Harvesting System With Low-Overhead Adaptive MPPT for IoT Nodes

Extracting maximum power from a photovoltaic (PV) harvester with minimum power transfer loss is one of the primary design goals of an energy processing circuit. This paper presents a fully integrated PV power harvesting system with a low-overhead adaptive maximum power point tracking (MPPT) scheme for Internet-of-Things (IoT) nodes. The proposed scheme tracks the MPPs within 12 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> by utilizing an inherent negative feedback loop, within a tracking error of 0.6%. The tracking range has been improved by ~57% using a current-starved voltage-controlled oscillator (CS-VCO) instead of a polynomial VCO. The overhead area and power consumed by this tracking scheme are approximately 0.013% and 0.1%, respectively. Using commercially available solar cell of area 11.3 cm<sup>2</sup>, the proposed system can provide 833 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of power with a light intensity of 600 lx. The proposed energy processing circuit has been designed using 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> CMOS technology node and the circuit simulations demonstrate that the proposed scheme can track maximum power point (MPP) under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions with a peak tracking efficiency of 99%.
Two-dimensional dynamic modeling of a sliding motion of a soft fingertip focusing on stick-to-slip transition

We describe here our proposed method to investigate the sliding motion of a soft fingertip in the dexterous manipulation. This paper focuses on analyzing dynamic sliding motion of a 2-dimensional (2-D) soft fingertip on a plane. To investigate the deformation of the fingertip during this process, we consider the soft fingertip as if it was composed of a finite number of elastic cantilevers which are compressible and bendable. Simulation will be carried out firstly on this 2-D model of soft fingertip, focusing on the analysis of incident slip-page. After that, various experimental results will be shown to verify this model.
Human Prion Protein (PrP) 219K Is Converted to PrPSc but Shows Heterozygous Inhibition in Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Infection*

Prion protein gene (PRNP) E219K is a human polymorphism commonly occurring in Asian populations but is rarely found in patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Thus the polymorphism E219K has been considered protective against sporadic CJD. The corresponding mouse prion protein (PrP) polymorphism variant (mouse PrP 218K) is not converted to the abnormal isoform (PrPSc) and shows a dominant negative effect on wild-type PrP conversion. To define the conversion activity of this human molecule, we herein established knock-in mice with human PrP 219K and performed a series of transmission experiments with human prions. Surprisingly, the human PrP 219K molecule was converted to PrPSc in variant CJD infection, and the conversion occurred more efficiently than PrP 219E molecule. Notably the knock-in mice with PRNP codon 219E/K showed the least efficient conversion compared with their hemizygotes with PRNP codon 219E/0 or codon 219K/0, or homozygotes with PRNP codon 219E/E or codon 219K/K. This phenomenon indicated heterozygous inhibition. This heterozygous inhibition was observed also in knock-in mice with PRNP codon 129M/V genotype. In addition to variant CJD infection, the human PrP 219K molecule is conversion-competent in transmission experiments with sporadic CJD prions. Therefore, the protective effect of PRNP E219K against sporadic CJD might be due to heterozygous inhibition.
Socio–Psychological Barriers to Peace Making: The Case of the Israeli Jewish Society

The present article describes the socio–psychological barriers that play a major role in Israeli Jewish society in the attempts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict peacefully. After presenting the general conceptual framework of the socio–psychological barriers, our analysis of Israeli Jewish society focuses on two main aspects: conflict-supporting beliefs that provide well-based arguments that feed the continuation of the conflict, and emotions of fear and hatred that fuel it. Despite major changes in Israeli Jewish society through the years, many of these beliefs and emotions have remained dominant and continue to obstruct possible peaceful resolution of the conflict. They inhibit penetration of new information that could aid in facilitating the development of the peace process. The article presents the obstructing beliefs and emotions in detail, relying mostly on national surveys conducted between 2000 and 2009. Finally, it discusses the implications of the presented data and proposes ways to overcome these socio–psychological barriers.
Persistent Pseudo-Clearance Problem in IEEE802.11 Mesh Networks and its Multicast Based Solutions

Wireless mesh networks are flexible solutions to extend services from wireless LANs. The current IEEE 802.11 Specification, however, needs to be modified in various ways to be a suitable technology for this purpose. In particular, in order to handle the well-known hidden node problem (HNP), the Specification adopts MACAW by employing an RTS/CTS/DATA/ACK 4-way handshake. Some flaws of this scheme have been noticed, e.g. the Masked Node Problem (MNP). In this work, we identify a critical problem of the Specification's 4-way handshake, called persistent pseudo-clearance (PPC). PPC occurs when for two sender/receiver pairs a CTS from one pair's receiver collides with the DATA frames of the other pair. This logjam can persist for a period of time despite of the random backoff the senders employ. The persistent frame losses in PPC can cause more serious problems. The effect of giving up a frame transfer after reaching the maximum number of retries can propagate to upper layers, causing routing errors or TCP sender backoff. Multicast RTS (or MRTS) provides a good solution framework to break the cycle of losses and retransmissions between such peers. With minimal modification to MRTS, we provide an effective and efficient solution to PPC. Our experiments show that MRTS breaks the logjam of PPC while fully utilizing the network capacity.
Two different 16S rRNA genes in a mycobacterial strain

Sequencing of the gene coding for 16S rRNA (16S rDNA) is a well-established method used to identify bacteria, particularly mycobacteria. Unique sequences allow identification of a particular genus and species. If more than one 16S rDNA is present on one mycobacterial genome, their sequences are assumed to be strictly or almost identical. We have isolated a slowly growing Mycobacterium strain, "X", identified by conventional biochemical tests as Mycobacterium terrae. Identification by amplification and direct sequencing of 16S rDNA yielded ambiguous results in two variable regions, suggesting the presence of different copies of the sequenced gene. Total DNA was digested by restriction enzymes and hybridized after Southern blotting to a probe representing about two-thirds of the 16S rDNA. Two copies of 16S rDNA were identified and cloned. By sequencing, the clones were of two different types, A and B, differing in 18 positions. Oligonucleotides specific to each copy of the 16S rDNA were used to distinguish the positions of the two genes observed in the Southern blot. We conclude that Mycobacterium strain "X" has two different copies of 16S rDNA. Variations in the sequence between two copies of 16S rDNA gene have been described in archaeobacteria, but not in mycobacteria. When placed in a phylogenetic tree together with other slowly growing mycobacteria gene A shows a common root with M. terrae, whereas gene B is placed separately.
Bacillus subtilis β-1, 4-Endoglucanase Products from Intact and Truncated Genes Are Secreted into the Extracellular Medium by Escherichia coli

We compared the secretion of a Bacillus subtilis endo-β-1,4-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) in B. subtilis and of the product from the cloned gene (pC6.3) expressed in Escherichia coli. The cloned enzyme has been isolated previously as the 52.2-kilodalton (kDa) species predicted from the gene sequence (R. M. MacKay, A. Lo, G. Willick, M. Zuker, S. Baird, M. Dove, F. Moranelli, and V. Seligy, Nucleic Acids Res., 14:9159-9170, 1986); this 52.2-kDa species is then converted to an active 35.8-kDa species. The 35.8-kDa species has a segment removed from the COOH terminus. Endoglucanase products were identified by use of an antibody directed to the 35.8-kDa enzyme. Time course studies of the secretion in B. subtilis showed that the enzyme was first secreted as a 52.2-kDa proenzyme. This was cleaved progressively to a product of about 32 kDa. Time course analysis of the expression of the cloned product from pC6.3 in E. coli showed that about 70% of the endoglucanase activity was found extracellularly. Analysis of active products from three deletion clones showed that the expression pattern of the endoglucanase was not affected by removal of the transcription termination signal and that neither expression nor secretion was substantially altered by removal of a region coding for up to 163 residues of the carboxyl terminus.
Inferring better contracts

Considerable progress has been made towards automatic support for one of the principal techniques available to enhance program reliability: equipping programs with extensive contracts. The results of current contract inference tools are still often unsatisfactory in practice, especially for programmers who already apply some kind of basic Design by Contract discipline, since the inferred contracts tend to be simple assertions - the very ones that programmers find easy to write. We present new, completely automatic inference techniques and a supporting tool, which take advantage of the presence of simple programmer-written contracts in the code to infer sophisticated assertions, involving for example implication and universal quantification. Applied to a production library of classes covering standard data structures such as linked lists, arrays, stacks, queues and hash tables, the tool is able, entirely automatically, to infer 75% of the complete contracts - contracts yielding the full formal specification of the classes - with very few redundant or irrelevant clauses.
The Role of the STAS Domain in the Function and Biogenesis of a Sulfate Transporter as Probed by Random Mutagenesis*

Sulfate transporters in plants represent a family of proteins containing transmembrane domains that constitute the catalytic part of the protein and a short linking region that joins this catalytic moiety with a C-terminal STAS domain. The STAS domain resembles an anti-sigma factor antagonist of Bacillus subtilis, which is one distinguishing feature of the SLC26 transporter family; this family includes transporters for sulfate and other anions such as iodide and carbonate. Recent work has demonstrated that this domain is critical for the activity of Arabidopsis thaliana sulfate transporters, and specific lesions in this domain, or the exchange of STAS domains between different sulfate transporters, can severely impair transport activity. In this work we generated a Saccharomyces cerevisiae expression library of the A. thaliana Sultr1;2 gene with random mutations in the linking region-STAS domain and identified STAS domain lesions that altered Sultr1;2 biogenesis and/or function. A number of mutations in the β-sheet that forms the core of the STAS domain prevented intracellular accumulation of Sultr1;2. In contrast, the linking region and one surface of the STAS domain containing N termini of the first and second α-helices have a number of amino acids critical for the function of the protein; mutations in these regions still allow protein accumulation in the plasmamembrane, but the protein is no longer capable of efficiently transporting sulfate into cells. These results suggest that the STAS domain is critical for both the activity and biosynthesis/stability of the transporter, and that STAS sub-domains correlate with these specific functions.
Modeling and Scheduling Interruptable Multi Batching Server System

The interruptable multi-batching-server system (IMBSS) is abstracted from several complicated scheduling problems in different research areas, and the most important characteristic of IMBSS is that a server can be interrupted by accepting new service requests and/or releasing finished service requests. The IMBSS is modelled by object-oriented Petri-nets. Based on this model, elevator group control problem is taken as a typical case to show how to schedule the IMBSS. Simulation results show that the modelling method is feasible to schedule the IMB-SS, and the proposed scheduling algorithm behaves better performance in optimizing multiple objectives.
Lysosomal Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Sandhoff Disease Leads to Accumulation of Ganglioside-Bound Amyloid-β Peptide

Alterations in the lipid composition of endosomal–lysosomal membranes may constitute an early event in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the possibility that GM2 ganglioside accumulation in a mouse model of Sandhoff disease might be associated with the accumulation of intraneuronal and extracellular proteins commonly observed in AD. Our results show intraneuronal accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ)-like, α-synuclein-like, and phospho-tau-like immunoreactivity in the brains of β-hexosaminidase knock-out (HEXB KO) mice. Biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses confirmed that at least some of the intraneuronal Aβ-like immunoreactivity (iAβ-LIR) represents amyloid precursor protein C-terminal fragments (APP-CTFs) and/or Aβ. In addition, we observed increased levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 peptides in the lipid-associated fraction of HEXB KO mouse brains, and intraneuronal accumulation of ganglioside-bound Aβ (GAβ) immunoreactivity in a brain region-specific manner. Furthermore, α-synuclein and APP-CTFs and/or Aβ were found to accumulate in different regions of the substantia nigra, indicating different mechanisms of accumulation or turnover pathways. Based on the localization of the accumulated iAβ-LIR to endosomes, lysosomes, and autophagosomes, we conclude that a significant accumulation of iAβ-LIR may be associated with the lysosomal–autophagic turnover of Aβ and fragments of APP-containing Aβ epitopes. Importantly, intraneuronal GAβ immunoreactivity, a proposed prefibrillar aggregate found in AD, was found to accumulate throughout the frontal cortices of postmortem human GM1 gangliosidosis, Sandhoff disease, and Tay–Sachs disease brains. Together, these results establish an association between the accumulation of gangliosides, autophagic vacuoles, and the intraneuronal accumulation of proteins associated with AD.
Measuring the reusability of test collections

While test collection construction is a time-consuming and expensive process, the true cost is amortized by reusing the collection over hundreds or thousands of experiments. Some of these experiments may involve systems that retrieve documents not judged during the initial construction phase, and some of these systems may be "hard" to evaluate: depending on which judgments are missing and which judged documents were retrieved, the experimenter's confidence in an evaluation could potentially be very low. We propose two methods for quantifying the reusability of a test collection for evaluating new systems. The proposed methods provide simple yet highly effective tests for determining whether an existing set of judgments is useful for evaluating a new system. Empirical evaluations using TREC datasets confirm the usefulness of our proposed reusability measures. In particular, we show that our methods can reliably estimate confidence intervals that are indicative of collection reusability.