Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ir-genes in H-2 regulate generation of anti-viral cytotoxic T cells. Mapping to K or D and dominance of unresponsiveness

H-2 dependent and virus-specific Ir genes regulate the generation of primary virus-specific K or D restricted cytotoxic T-cell responses in vivo. The following examples have been analyzed in some detail: first, Dk restricted responses to vaccinia in Sendai viruses are at least 30 times lower than the corresponding K-restricted responses irrespective of the H-2 haplotypes (k, b, d, dxs, dxq) of K and I regions; in contrast, LCMV infection generates high responses to Dk. These findings are consistent with but do not prove that this Ir gene maps to D. Second, Db restricted responses to vaccinia and Sendai viruses are high in strains possessing the Kq or KbIb, KbaIb haplotype, are very low in strains with Kk, and relatively low in mouse strains of the KdI-Ad haplotype; LCMV generates high Db restricted response in the presence of Kk. This Ir gene for the response to vaccinia and Sendai viruses maps to K since B10.BYR (KqIkdDb) is a responder and B10.A (2R) is a nonresponder (KkIkdDb). Third, virus and K or D allele specific nonresponsiveness is dominant with variable penetrance; in heterozygous mice the nonresponder Kk allele over-rides responsiveness normally found in KbDb or KqDb combinations. Fourth, when (responder X nonresponder)F1 lymphocytes are stimulated in an environment expressing vaccinia virus plus only a high responder Kb or Kq allelle and Db, response to vaccinia Db is high; in contrast when the same F1 cells are stimulated in an environment expressing the low responder allele Kk, response to vaccinia Db is low. Thus absence of Kk during immunization allows generation of high responsive Db restricted vaccinia specific cytotoxic T cells. The Dk dependent low response to vaccinia Dk can be explained by a preclusion rule or by failure of vaccinia to complex with Db; however the analysis of Kk dependent low response to vaccinia Db does not support these explanations or that self-tolerance is responsible for this Ir effect but is compatible with the interpretation that Kk vaccinia is immunodominant over Db vaccinia. These results are discussed with respect to (a) possible mechanisms of regulation by Ir genes and (b) H-2 polymorphism and HLA-disease association.
An Improved Analytical Superscalar Microprocessor Memory Model

As the number of transistors that can be integrated onto a single chip continues to increase exponentially, a growing challenge is modeling performance with reasonable accuracy in the early stages of processor design. While methodologies for execution driven simulations are well understood, comparatively little is known about how to develop accurate analytical models. Processor architects in industry have occasionally employed ad hoc analytical modeling techniques in an attempt to rapidly focus the search for higher performance designs. Moreover, analytical models can provide insights that a detailed performance simulator may not. This paper proposes techniques to accurately model the performance impact of long latency data cache misses in a superscalar microprocessor. A pending data cache hit results from a memory reference to a cache block for which a request has already been initiated by another instruction but has not yet completed (i.e., the requested block is still on its way from memory). These pending cache hits have a non-negligible influence on accuracy of analytical models when analyzing memory intensive benchmarks. We propose a technique to quickly identify pending data cache hits and account for their effect on performance by analyzing memory reference patterns without performing detailed performance simulations. We also propose a novel profiling method to take account of the maximum number of outstanding cache misses supported by the memory system. Overall, these approaches improve performance prediction accuracy by a factor of 3.9 on average (error decreases from 39.7% to 10.3%) for a set of memory intensive benchmarks when the maximum number of outstanding misses supported is unlimited. Moreover, on average our model achieves 151 and 170 times speedup over detailed simulations with less than 10% error, when the maximum number of outstanding misses supported is sixteen and eight, respectively.
Fuel selection in animals.

I first became interested in biochemistry as a medical student in Cambridge and this led me to take the Part I1 biochemistry course in 1946-47. I would have been content to be either a biochemist or a physician, but at the critical points in my undergraduate and postgraduate education at Cambridge and at University College Hospital I was encouraged to attempt to be both. The view at the time was that medical research was in need of physicians who were professional scientists. There are comparatively rare individuals who can direct laboratory research at a challenging level from the bedside or who can divide their time between the two activities and suceed at both. 1 am not one of them. I t is necessary for me to do experiments with my own hands in order to have ideas and to advise students and fellows in their work. Because of this I eventually gave up clinical work on appointment as Professor of Biochemistry at Bristol. My present appointment as a Clinical Professor in the Oxford Medical School is perhaps a recognition of the need for scientists in clinical schools a healthy trend which may be lost if current deprivation continues. The Biochemical Society's award of the CIBA Medal is an honour which I value and appreciate deeply. My current research is concerned with the mechanisms which regulate reversible phosphorylation in the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and branched chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complexes in relation to effects of diabetes and of diet. This lecture is concerned with the PDH complex. its role in fuel selection, and the mechanisms which may mediate effects of diabetes and diet on its activity.
Capturing programming content in online discussions

In this paper, we introduce a new problem: automatically capturing programming content in online discussions. We expect solving this problem helps enhance visual presentation of programming forum content, qualitative analysis of forum contributions, and forum text preprocessing and normalization. We map this problem to a sequence learning problem and use Conditional Random Fields to solve it. We compare the performance with a word-feature based baseline and a nonsequence classification method (Naïve Bayes). The best results are produced by CRF method with an F1-Score as of 86.9%. Moreover, we demonstrate that the CRF classifier maintains a good accuracy across different domains; a model learned from a C++ forum performs almost as well on other programming language forums for Java and Python. As a demonstration of how captured information can be used, we provide an example of user profiling with programming content. In particular, we correlate the percentage of programming content in student answers to the student's course performance.
Equivalence of Models of Computation for Nearly Linear Time

Theorem 1 (Main Theorem). Every non-deterministic RAM computation in time t can be simulated by a non-deterministic oblivious two-tape TM in time t polylog(t). We prove this theorem in two steps. First, we show how to simulate non-deterministic RAM machines using non-deterministic multi-tape TMs with polylogarithmic overhead. Then, we show how to simulate multi-tape TMs using oblivious two-tape TMs.
Germ cell‐specific disruption of the Meig1 gene causes impaired spermiogenesis in mice

Meiosis expressed gene 1 (Meig1) was originally identified in a search for mammalian genes potentially involved in meiosis. Seven mouse Meig1 transcripts with the same coding region, but different 5′‐UTRs, have been identified. These transcripts have different tissue distributions, two are only present in the testis. In the testis, Meig1 is present in germ cells and Sertoli cells. A Meig1 conditional knockout model has been generated. When Meig1 was inactivated globally by crossing with Cmv‐Cre transgenic mice, the Meig1‐deficient males were sterile due to severe spermiogenic defects, and had no obvious defects in meiosis. To further study its role in individual cell types in the testis, the Meig1flox mice were crossed with Hsp2a‐Cre, Prm‐Cre, and Amh‐Cre mice, in which the Cre recombinase is driven by the heat shock protein 2 (Hsp2a) gene promoter (expressed in spermatocytes), the protamine 1 gene promoter (expressed in post‐meiotic spermatids) and the anti‐Mullerian hormone (Amh) gene promoter (expressed in Sertoli cells) respectively. Both Meig1 mRNA and protein were undetectable in testis of the Hsp2a‐Cre; Meig1flox/flox mice and all the mutant adult males tested were sterile. This phenotype mirrors that of the Cmv‐Cre; Meig1flox/flox mice. Even though the total testicular Meig1 mRNA and protein expression levels were dramatically reduced in testis of the Prm‐Cre; Meig1flox/flox males, all the mice tested were fertile, and there was no significant difference in sperm count and sperm motility compared with age‐matched Meig1flox/flox male mice. Disruption of Meig1 in the Sertoli cells did not affect the MEIG1 protein expression. Amh‐Cre; Meig1flox/flox males were fertile, and produced the same amount of spermatozoa as age‐matched Meig1flox/flox mice. The testicular histology was also normal. Our results indicate that MEIG1 regulates spermiogenesis through effects in germ cells alone, and that the Meig1 gene must be active during a discrete period in spermatogenesis after which it is dispensable.
GENERATION FOR FTV IN CIRCULAR CAMERA

There are many researches about the methods to generate free viewpoint image in linear camera arrangement, but it is rare in circular camera arrangement. In this paper, we propose a novel method to generate free viewpoint image for FTV in circular camera arrangement. This method is based on the Ray-Space method, which is one of the Image Based Rendering (IBR) techniques. We can generate arbitrary views by interpolating ray data of the Ray-Space that is constructed by collecting all images of a sequence captured by cameras arranged circularly but not enough in number. Moreover, by analyzing the trajectory of a ray in the Ray-Space, our method can be applied to the case using perspective cameras or the case that the object is not at the center of the circle or it is not small enough compared to the circle.
Extensible markup language (XML) in health care: integration of structured reporting and decision support

The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a newly adopted Internet protocol for data interchange designed to bring the key features of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML; ISO 8879:1986)--extensibility, complex structures, and validation--to the World Wide Web. In this paper, we describe an architecture that uses XML to mediate between disparate client-server systems for structured reporting and decision support.
INVESTIGATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FLOURISHING AND SELF-COMPASSION: A STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING APPROACH

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between flourishing and self-compassion. Participants were 347 (194 female and 153 male) university students, between age range of 18-24, who completed a questionnaire package that included the Flourishing Scale and the Self-compassion Scale. The relationships between flourishing and self-compassion were examined using correlation analysis and the hypothesis model was tested through structural equation modeling. In correlation analysis, self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness factors of self-compassion were found positively and self-judgment, isolation, and over-identification factors of self-compassion were found negatively related to flourishing. The model demonstrated fit (χ²=37.12, χ²/df = 4.12, RMSEA = .095, SRMR = .074, GFI = .97, AGFI = .91, CFI= .97, and NFI = .96). According to path analysis results, self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness were predicted positively by flourishing. Further, flourishing predicted self-judgment, isolation, and over-identification in a negative way. Results were discussed in the light of the related literature.
Has a 970 MHz Pulsed Exposure an Effect on the Memory Related Behaviour of Rats?

In the present study we examine the effect of microwave exposure to a GSM-like frequency of 970 MHz pulsed waves on the memory in rats by means of an object recognition task. Two populations of Wistar albino rats, each composed of 2 subgroups of 32 rats, have been exposed to low level radiofrequent radiation for 2 hours/day during 2 and 15 months, respectively. The rats that have been exposed for 2 months show normal exploratory behaviour. The animals that have been exposed for 15 months show derogatory behaviour. They do not make the distinction between a familiar and an unfamiliar object
A Digital PLL Using Oversampling Delta-Sigma TDC

A digital phase-locked loop (DPLL) using a delta-sigma time-to-digital converter (ΔΣTDC) is presented. This ΔΣTDC adopts the oversampling and feedforward techniques to improve the phase noise of the DPLL. The DPLL is fabricated in a 40-nm CMOS process. The proposed ΔΣTDC consumes 0.519 mW at a supply of 1.1 V, and its area is 0.0027 mm<sup>2</sup>. The measured output frequency is 4 GHz, and the division ratio is 128. The power of the DPLL is 3.51 mW, and its rms jitter is 861 fs.
Woda 2003 Icse Workshop on Dynamic Analysis Table of Contents Program Analysis: a Hierarchy

Program analysis tools are based on four reasoning techniques: (1) deduction from code to concrete runs, (2) observation of concrete runs, (3) induction from observations into abstractions, and (4) experimentation to find causes for specific effects. These techniques form a hierarchy, where each technique can make use of lower levels, and where each technique induces capabilities and limits of the associated tools.
MapReduce for Experimental Search

This report presents preliminary results for the TREC 2010 ad-hoc web search task. We ran our MIREX system on 0.5 billion web documents from the ClueWeb09 crawl. On average, the system retrieves at least 3 relevant documents on the first result page containing 10 results, using a simple index consisting of anchor texts, page titles, and spam removal.
10 years of service quality measurement: reviewing the use of the SERVQUAL instrument

En 1988, Parasuraman, Zeithaml y Berry elaboraron un instrumento para medir la calidad del servicio. Desde esa fecha, este instrumento ha sido utilizado en numerosos estudios sobre distintas industrias y en diferentes países, tanto por académicos como por profesionales. Sin embargo, a pesar de su amplia difusión, pocos estudios tratan los aspectos de dimensionalidad y validez de esta escala de medición. El presente artículo describe las prácticas observadas con relación a estos aspectos a través del análisis de los estudios que han usado SERVQUAL durante los últimos diez años. A partir de una muestra de 60 trabajos empíricos que usan la escala SERVQUAL, se analiza los principales aspectos de validez tratados por cada autor, empleando una plantilla de análisis adaptada del estudio de Stokes y Miller (1975). Con base en los datos disponibles, el estudio sugiere que la escala desarrollada por Parasuraman, Zeithaml y Berry (1988) no presenta una estructura dimensional estable de cinco factores. Finalmente, el artículo evalúa la influencia de las caraterísticas del diseño de la investigación sobre la confiabilidad de SERVQUAL.
Relationships of Cotinine and Self-Reported Cigarette Smoking With Hemoglobin A1c in the U.S.

OBJECTIVE Whether nicotine leads to a persistent increase in blood glucose levels is not clear. Our objective was to assess the relationship between cotinine, a nicotine metabolite, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), an index of recent glycemia. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2008. We limited our analysis to 17,287 adults without diabetes. We created three cotinine categories: <0.05 ng/mL, 0.05–2.99 ng/mL, and ≥3 ng/mL. RESULTS Using self-report, 25% of the sample were current smokers, 24% were former smokers, and 51% were nonsmokers. Smokers had a higher mean HbA1c (5.36% ± 0.01 SE) compared with never smokers (5.31% ± 0.01) and former smokers (5.31% ± 0.01). In a similar manner, mean HbA1c was higher among participants with cotinine ≥3 ng/mL (5.35% ± 0.01) and participants with cotinine 0.05–2.99 ng/mL (5.34% ± 0.01) compared with participants with cotinine <0.05 ng/mL (5.29% ± 0.01). In multivariable-adjusted analysis, we found that both a cotinine ≥3 ng/mL and self-reported smoking were associated with higher HbA1c compared with a cotinine <0.05 ng/mL or not smoking. People with a cotinine level ≥3 ng/mL had a relative 5% increase in HbA1c compared with people with a cotinine level <0.05 ng/mL, and smokers had a relative 7% increase in HbA1c compared with never smokers. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that cotinine is associated with increased HbA1c in a representative sample of the U.S. population without diabetes.
Lipopolysaccharide derived from the digestive tract activates inflammatory gene expression and inhibits casein synthesis in the mammary glands of lactating dairy cows

To meet the nutrition requirements of lactation, dairy cows are usually fed a high concentrate diet (HC). However, high-grain feeding causes subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), a metabolic disorder that causes milk protein depression. This study aimed to investigate the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) released in the rumen on inflammatory gene expression and casein synthesis in mammary glands of lactating dairy cows fed a HC diet. We found that milk protein was significantly decreased in the HC group after 15 weeks of feeding. Overall, LPS concentrations in the rumen fluid, lacteal artery and vein were increased in the HC group. Transcriptome microarray was used to evaluate alterations in the signaling pathway in mammary glands. Signaling pathways involved in inflammatory responses were activated, whereas those involved in protein synthesis were inhibited in the HC group. mRNA expression involved in inflammatory responses, including that of TLR4, NF-кB and pro-inflammatory genes, was increased in the HC group, while αs1-casein (CSN1S1), β-casein (CSN2), mTOR and S6K gene expression were decreased. Moreover, protein expression was consistent with the corresponding gene expression. After feeding with an HC diet, LPS derived from the rumen increased inflammatory gene expression and inhibited casein synthesis in the mammary glands of lactating dairy cows fed a HC diet.
The role of social-pragmatic cues in word learning: a neural network model

Human infants begin to produce speech at the beginning of the second year of life. Some theories propose that language is acquired by simply recognising statistical properties in linguistic input. Other hypotheses consider the interactive environments in which humans are raised, looking for links between emerging social skills and word learning. The social-pragmatic theory of language acquisition suggests that the foundation of word learning is an ability to read the intentions of another, especially the intention to communicate (Akhtar and Tomasello, 2000). The theory posits a special role for the ability to respond to joint attention, a form of intention recognition which has been shown to facilitate word learning (Baldwin, 1993). Social-pragmatic theory argues that the cognitive abilities that develop in the second year of life are not merely coincidental, but are an essential component of language acquisition. This first goal of this thesis is to develop a neural network model to investigate word learning by implementing key concepts of the social-pragmatic theory. Cognitive skills that develop in the second year of life are shown to facilitate word learning, with the model reproducing characteristics of the ’vocabulary spurt’ that can be seen around 18 months of age (O’Grady, 2005). The second goal is to relate the model to current neurobiological research. The neural correlates of intention recognition and lexical retrieval are tentatively defined, permitting a discussion of the brain regions common to both processes. The prefrontal cortex, in particular, is discussed to investigate how its general functions could be harnessed by mechanisms for word learning and intention recognition. One novel contribution of the model is to tie together joint attention and word learning using a rewardbased learning scheme.
Applying cognitive training to target executive functions during early development

Developmental psychopathology is increasingly recognizing the importance of distinguishing causal processes (i.e., the mechanisms that cause a disease) from developmental outcomes (i.e., the symptoms of the disorder as it is eventually diagnosed). Targeting causal processes early in disordered development may be more effective than waiting until outcomes are established and then trying to reverse the pathogenic process. In this review, I evaluate evidence suggesting that neural and behavioral plasticity may be greatest at very early stages of development. I also describe correlational evidence suggesting that, across a number of conditions, early emerging individual differences in attentional control and working memory may play a role in mediating later-developing differences in academic and other forms of learning. I review the currently small number of studies that applied direct and indirect cognitive training targeted at young individuals and discuss methodological challenges associated with targeting this age group. I also discuss a number of ways in which early, targeted cognitive training may be used to help us understand the developmental mechanisms subserving typical and atypical cognitive development.
Techniques for minimizing the effects of PCR inhibitors in the chytridiomycosis assay

Chytridiomycosis is an amphibian disease of global conservation concern that is caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Since the discovery of Bd in 1998, several methods have been used for detection of Bd; among these polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from skin swabs is accepted as the best method due to its noninvasiveness, high sensitivity and ease of use. However, PCR is not without problems – to be successful, this technique is dependent upon the presence of nondegraded DNA template and reaction contents that are free from inhibitors. Here, we report on an investigation of several techniques aimed at improving the reliability of the Bd PCR assay by minimizing the effects of humic acid (HA), a potent PCR inhibitor. We compared the effectiveness of four DNA extraction kits (DNeasy, QIAamp DNA Stool, PowerLyzer Power Soil and PrepMan Ultra) and four PCR methods (Amplitaq Gold, bovine serum albumin, PowerClean DNA Clean‐up and inhibitor resistant Taq Polymerase). The results of this and previous studies indicate that chytridiomycosis studies that use PCR methods for disease detection may be significantly underestimating the occurrence of Bd. Our results suggest that to minimize the inhibitory effects of HA, DNeasy should be used for sample DNA extraction and Amplitaq Gold with bovine serum albumin should be used for the Bd PCR assay. We also outline protocols tested, show the results of our methods comparisons and discuss the pros and cons of each method.