Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Urban Applications of School-Wide Positive Behavior Support

Researchers and educators have recognized that typical school-wide approaches to discipline and the prevention and management of problem behavior are often insufficient to address the needs of many students in inner-city schools with high base rates of problem behavior. This article outlines critical issues and lessons learned in the planning and implementation of effective and self-sustaining Positive Behavior Support (PBS) efforts in inner-city schools. Among these issues are methods for the facilitation of school—university partnerships, the incorporation of PBS into existing comprehensive school improvement efforts, the maintenance of school-wide PBS efforts, and the formalization of exit strategies and arrangements for subsequent technical assistance. The importance of service integration, family support, youth development, and community development are emphasized in ensuring the effectiveness and sustainability of school-wide PBS efforts in inner-city settings.
Meadow Fescue, Tall Fescue, and Orchardgrass Response to Defoliation Management

Meadow fescue [Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv. ] represents an alternative to temperate grasses typically used in forage-livestock systems. Our objective was to compare the productivity, nutritive value, and persistence of diverse meadow fescue cultivars with that of tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh. ] and orchardgrass (Dactylisglomerata L.) when harvested by regimes representing lax and severe hay production and rotational grazing. 'Azov' (plant introduction strain cross), 'Bartura' (commercial cultivar), and 'Hidden Valley' (naturalized population) meadow fescue, 'Barolex' tall fescue, and 'Bronc' orchardgrass were harvested infrequently (40- to 65-d harvest interval) or frequently (when plants reached 25-cm sward height) to a 5- or 10-cm residual sward height (RSH) at two Wisconsin locations in 2 yr. Annual dry matter (DM) yield of all grasses was greater when harvested infrequently (7.46 Mg ha -1 ) than frequently (5.92 Mg ha -1 ), or at 5 cm (7.52 Mg ha -1 ) than 10-cm RSH (5.88 Mg ha -1 ). Tall fescue and orchardgrass annual yield was greater than that of all meadow fescues when harvested infrequently, but differences among grasses were relatively small when harvested frequently, particularly at 10-cm RSH. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) of meadow fescue was 30 to 80 g kg -1 neutral detergent fiber (NDF) greater than that of tall fescue or orchardgrass at every harvest in all environments. Meadow fescue cultivars were less persistent than tall fescue after 2 yr, but were usually equal to or more persistent than orchardgrass. Meadow fescue should be considered as a viable alternative to tall fescue and orchardgrass in temperate, managed intensive rotational grazing systems due to its comparable yield and superior digestibility.
Mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathways are required for melatonin‐mediated defense responses in plants

Melatonin enhances pathogen resistance by inducing the expression of a number of plant defense‐related genes. To examine whether the melatonin‐mediated pathogen resistance is associated with mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, Arabidopsis and tobacco leaves were treated with melatonin and investigated for MAPK activation using an antiphospho‐p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2) monoclonal antibody. Two MAPKs, MPK3 and MPK6, were activated rapidly and transiently by 1 μm melatonin treatment in Arabidopsis. Its tobacco ortholog MAPKs were also activated. The activation of MPK3 and MPK6 by 2‐hydroxymelatonin and N‐acetylserotonin was also observed, albeit to a lesser degree than that by melatonin. Furthermore, MAPK activation by melatonin was uncoupled from G‐protein signaling, because melatonin efficiently activated two MAPKs in a G‐protein β knockout mutant (agb1). Suppression of both MPK3 and MPK6 in transgenic Arabidopsis exhibited significant decreases in the induction of defense‐related gene expression and pathogen resistance relative to wild‐type plants. Using an array of MAP kinase kinase (MKK) knockout mutants, we found that four MKKs, namely MKK4, MKK5, MKK7, and MKK9, are responsible for the activation of MPK3 and MPK6 by melatonin, indicating that melatonin‐mediated innate immunity is triggered by MAPK signaling through MKK4/5/7/9‐MPK3/6 cascades.
MWE Alignment in Phrase Based Statistical Machine Translation

Multiword Expression (MWE) contributes to major lexical ambiguity problems for any language and poses a big challenge in statistical machine translation. This paper presents the role of MWEs in improving the performance of phrase based Statistical machine Translation (PB-SMT) system. We preprocess the parallel corpus by single tokenizing the MWEs on both sides which leads to significant improvement over baseline PBSMT system. Automatically aligned MWEs have been incorporated into PBSMT in two ways: indirectly, i.e., added as additional parallel training examples, and directly integrated into the word alignment model. Both the indirect and direct approaches bring some improvements in terms of system performance and the improvements are at par. For MWE alignment, we used baseline PBSMT systems trained on the same parallel corpus in both directions. String level edit distance is used for alignment validation. We bootstrap the whole procedure to get more MWE alignments. Integration of MWE alignment into PB-SMT achieves significant improvements (7.0 BLEU points absolute, 64.1% relative improvement) over the baseline, while bootstrapping with single iteration provides further improvement (9.24 BLEU points absolute, 84.7% relative improvement) in an English—Bengali translation task.
Impact of navigator timing on free‐breathing submillimeter 3D coronary magnetic resonance angiography

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of navigator timing on image quality in navigator‐gated and real‐time motion‐corrected, free‐breathing, three‐dimensional (3D) coronary MR angiography (MRA) with submillimeter spatial image resolution. Both phantom and in vivo investigations were performed. 3D coronary MRA with real‐time navigator technology was applied using variable navigator time delays (time delay between the navigator and imaging sequences) and varying spatial resolutions. Quantitative objective and subjective image quality parameters were assessed. For high‐resolution imaging, reduced image quality was found as a function of increasing navigator time delay. Lower spatial resolution coronary MRA showed only minor sensitivity to navigator timing. These findings were consistent among volunteers and phantom experiments. In conclusion, for submillimeter navigator‐gated and real‐time motion‐corrected 3D coronary MRA, shortening the time delay between the navigator and the imaging portion of the sequence becomes increasingly important for improved spatial resolution. Magn Reson Med 47:196–201, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tear Dynamics in Healthy and Dry Eyes

Abstract Purpose: Dry-eye disease, an increasingly prevalent ocular-surface disorder, significantly alters tear physiology. Understanding the basic physics of tear dynamics in healthy and dry eyes benefits both diagnosis and treatment of dry eye. We present a physiological-based model to describe tear dynamics during blinking. Materials and methods: Tears are compartmentalized over the ocular surface; the blink cycle is divided into three repeating phases. Conservation laws quantify the tear volume and tear osmolarity of each compartment during each blink phase. Lacrimal-supply and tear-evaporation rates are varied to reveal the dependence of tear dynamics on dry-eye conditions, specifically tear osmolarity, tear volume, tear-turnover rate (TTR), and osmotic water flow. Results: Predicted periodic-steady tear-meniscus osmolarity is 309 and 321 mOsM in normal and dry eyes, respectively. Tear osmolarity, volume, and TTR all match available clinical measurements. Osmotic water flow through the cornea and conjunctiva contribute 10 and 50% to the total tear supply in healthy and dry-eye conditions, respectively. TTR in aqueous-deficient dry eye (ADDE) is only half that in evaporative dry eye (EDE). Conclusions: The compartmental periodic-steady tear-dynamics model accurately predicts tear behavior in normal and dry eyes. Inclusion of osmotic water flow is crucial to match measured tear osmolarity. Tear-dynamics predictions corroborate the use of TTR as a clinical discriminator between ADDE and EDE. The proposed model is readily extended to predict the dynamics of aqueous solutes such as drugs or fluorescent tags.
Prediction Model to Maximize Impact of Syphilis Partner Notification—San Francisco, 2004–2008

Background: Syphilis cases increased 55% in San Francisco from 2007 (n = 354) to 2008 (n = 548). The San Francisco Department of Public Health interviews syphilis patients to identify sex partners needing treatment, but interviewing resources are limited. We developed and validated a model to prioritize interviews likely to result in treated partners. Methods: We included data from interviews conducted from July 2004 through June 2008. We used multivariate analysis to model the number of treated partners per interview in a random half of the data set. We applied the model to the other half, calculating predicted and observed proportions of partners successfully treated and interviews conducted if limiting interviews by syphilis patient characteristics. Results: In 1340 patient interviews, 1665 partners were named; of those, 827 (49.7%) were treated. Ratios of treated partners were significantly higher among patients aged <50 years, compared with ≥50 years (ratio 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0–1.9); patients with primary/secondary syphilis, compared with early latent (ratio 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1–1.8); and patients diagnosed at the municipal sexually transmitted disease clinic, compared with elsewhere (ratio 1.7; 95% CI: 1.4–2.1). Limiting interviews to patients aged <50 years would reduce interviews by 14% and identify 92% of partners needing treatment. Limiting interviews to primary/secondary syphilis patients would reduce interviews by 35% and identify 68% of partners needing treatment. Conclusions: Our model can provide modest efficiencies in allocating resources for syphilis partner notification. Health departments should consider developing tools to maximize impact of syphilis prevention and control activities.
Title A Changing Window Approach to Exploring Gene ExpressionPatterns

This paper presents a changing window approach to exploring gene expression patterns in “snapshot windows”. A snapshot window is a sub-matrix of co-expressed microarray data representing certain expression pattern. In this approach, we use a feature weighting k-means subspace clustering algorithm to generate a set of clusters and each cluster defines a set of “snapshot windows” which are characterized by different sets of ordered sample weights that were assigned by the clustering algorithm. We define an accumulated weighting threshold (AWT) as the sum of weights of samples in the “snapshot window”. Given a cluster, different “snapshot windows” can be obtained by changing AWT to explore all possible local expression patterns in the cluster. Experiment results have shown our approach is effective and flexible in exploring various expression patterns and identifying novel ones.
Equilibrium Models of Galaxy Clusters with Cooling, Heating, and Conduction

It is generally argued that most clusters of galaxies host cooling flows in which radiative cooling in the center causes a slow inflow. However, recent observations by Chandra and XMM conflict with the predicted cooling flow rates. Among other mechanisms, heating by a central active galactic nucleus and thermal conduction have been invoked in order to account for the small mass deposition rates. Here we present a family of hydrostatic models for the intracluster medium where radiative losses are exactly balanced by thermal conduction and heating by a central source. We describe the features of this simple model and fit its parameters to the density and temperature profiles of Hydra A.
Graft Versus Host Disease in Intestinal Transplantation

Our aim was to analyze the clinical course and outcome of patients with graft vs. host disease (GVHD) after intestinal transplantation (ITx). All patients receiving ITx between May, 1990 and December, 2003 were retrospectively reviewed for evidence of GVHD. Two hundred and fifty patients underwent ITx during the study period. Graft vs. host disease was suspected clinically in 23 patients on the clinical basis of presentation such as skin rash, ulceration of oral mucosa, diarrhea, lymphadenopathy, or native liver dysfunction. Fourteen (eight children and six adults) patients (5.6% of total patient population) had GVHD confirmed by histopathological criteria including keratinocyte necrosis (n = 9), epithelial apoptosis of the native gastrointestinal tract (n = 4), and epithelial cell necrosis of oral mucosa (n = 1). Donor‐cell tissue infiltration or extensive peripheral blood donor‐cell chimerism was documented on seven occasions. The majority of cases of GVHD resolved with steroid administration and optimization of tacrolimus immunosuppression.
Pallidal neurons in the rat

The globus pallidus has been examined in rat brains with Golgi methods. Most of the impregnated cells, the typical pallidal neurons, have relatively large cell bodies and thick, infrequently branched dendrites that are several hundred microns long. Most dendrites have one or two spines, some of them are moderately spiny, and a few are quite spiny. Although the dendrites generally end by simply becoming thinner and beaded, they occasionally form special dendritic ramifications, which are similar to the complicated dendritic endings reported in primate brains. The variability in the size of the somata and in the structure of the dendrites is not sufficiently consistent to permit dividing the neurons into distinctive subsets. However, two forms of dendritic trees can be defined. The neurons in the center of the pallidum have radiate dendritic trees, whereas the cells along the borders have compressed dendritic trees. Two axonal patterns have been seen: ones with and ones without collaterals. All of the axons are beaded.
High prevalence of hepatitis E antibodies among Danish prisoners and drug users

Injecting drug users and prisoners have high prevalences of antibodies to hepatitis A–C. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis E virus (anti‐HEV) in two Danish high‐risk populations and correlate anti‐HEV with risk factors for transmission. Three hundred thirty male prisoners and 137 patients at a drug treatment center were tested for anti‐HEV with an in‐house enzyme‐linked immunoassay (EIA) utilizing antigens derived from open reading frame 2 (ORF2). This was compared with a commercial test with antigens derived from ORF2 and ORF3 (Abbott HEV EIA). In addition the samples were tested for antibodies against hepatitis A–C viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1 and 2, human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV) I and II and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV2). The participants were interviewed about risk factors for transmission. The anti‐HEV prevalence was 16.9% (95% CI 14–21) for the in‐house assay compared to 4.1% (95% CI 2.5–6.3) with the commercial assay. The correlation between the two assays was low (87% overall agreement; κ value 0.32). One sample was strongly anti‐HEV IgM positive, suggesting recent HEV infection inside Denmark. The presence of anti‐HEV was associated significantly with anti‐HAV among prisoners and increased with age in both groups. In contrast, associations were not found with injecting drug use or sexual risk factors. With the commercial assay an increased prevalence of anti‐HEV was found among participants who had spent more than 5 years outside Northern Europe. In conclusion, anti‐HEV was highly prevalent among Danish prisoners and drug users but not related to risk factors for blood‐borne or sexual transmission. J. Med. Virol. 66:49–55, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factors Affecting Incomplete Excision of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers in New Zealand

New Zealand is known to have one of the highest incidences of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the world. The baseline incidence increases 10-fold for patients over 75 years of age and is also known to double with each 8to 10-degree decrement in latitude. Similarly, in the United States and Australia they also make up the most common skin cancers. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a major etiological factor, producing DNA alterations, as well as immune modulation, with a higher risk for those persons exposed to excessive UV light in childhood or receiving sporadic, heavy exposure. BCCs account for around 60% of skin malignancies, while SCCs comprise about 25%. Nonmelanoma skin cancers predominate in the head and neck. In fact, 70–80% of BCCs and half of SCCs occur above the clavicle (collarbone). Several treatment methods for BCC and SCC have been described: curettage, primary surgical resection, Mohs micrographic surgery, radiotherapy, cryotherapy, and laser excision. Surgical resection is still the most common method of treatment in the United Kingdom (and New Zealand), with 80% being primarily closed, although healing by secondary intention, skin grafting, and loco regional or free flaps are also possible. A cure rate of 90%–95% is usually quoted. Guidelines have been formulated as to which margins of excision are acceptable for lowor high-risk lesions. Excision is usually complete if we take a 4-mm margin for BCC and 6 mm for SCC and only adding 10 mm for lesions 20 mm. Furthermore, skin cancer represents an ideal model for cancer prevention, early detection, and treatment since we know the high-risk groups, the etiology is generally well understood, and tumors are usually able to be detected and treated curatively. Cancer is thought to be incompletely excised when it shows positive margins pathologically. Numerous studies have shown positive margins to be predictive of nonmelanoma skin cancer recurrence (about 4 times as likely to recur). The goal of this study was to step back and investigate some of the factors that result in excisions with positive margin.
High Frequency Study of Magnetic Nanostructures

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Structure of the chicken myelomonocytic growth factor gene and specific activation of its promoter in avian myelomonocytic cells by protein kinases

In chicken myeloid cells but not in erythroid cells, kinase-type oncogenes activate expression of the chicken myelomonocytic growth factor (cMGF). The autocrine loop established this way plays a key role in lineage-specific cooperation of nuclear and kinase-type oncogenes in retrovirally induced myeloid leukemia. In this report, we describe the cloning of the cMGF gene, including its promoter. The structure of the cMGF gene is homologous to those of the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-6 genes. Expression from reporter constructs containing the cMGF promoter is specific to myelomonocytic cells. Kinases activate cMGF at the transcriptional level in macrophages and strongly induce reporter expression in myelomonocytic cells.
Unpacking the Baggage of Ecotourism : Nature , Science , and Local Participation

Ecotourism has arisen as a popular strategy for merging the interests of environmental conservation and development. One way of analyzing ecotourism is to consider how this linkage between environment and development is constructed in various environmental discourses to promote ecological, economic, and/or human interests. Although a variety of definitions and discursive models of ecotourism are circulated among academic circles, non-governmental organizations, and multi-lateral institutions, ecotourism remains an ambiguous term that allows actors to speak the same language while pursuing different objectives. Following an assessment of the discourses of ecotourism, this paper explores three of its underlying assumptions. First, the dominant vision of nature upheld through ecotourism is critiqued as an enforcement of western environmental values. Second, the presumed authority of conservation scientists is examined. Finally, the promotion of local involvement and participation is criticized for its concealment of the uneven distribution of power and benefits among institutions and social groups that occurs in practice. It is only if and when these assumptions are questioned that an ‘ideal’ form of ecotourism might be possible.
Targeting Genes and Proteins in the Analysis of Learning and Memory: Caveats and Future Directions

Gene targeting using homologous recombination in embryonic stem (ES) cells and transgenic approaches in general allow one to precisely manipulate single genes and investigate their in vivo function in the mouse. Geneticists argue that these techniques are superior to pharmacological approaches as they obviate the lack of highly specific pharmacological agents in the study of brain function and behavior. However, by now it has become clear that transgenic approaches also have some limitations. One problem is spatial and temporal specificity of the genetic manipulation. The other is the possibility that the introduced genetic alteration gives rise to complex, secondary phenotypic changes. This may be a disadvantage in the functional analysis of genes associated with learning and memory especially if the gene of interest plays roles in embryonic development of the brain as well as in adult neural function. Examples of such genes include, but are not limited to, those encoding neurotrophins, cell adhesion molecules, and protein kinases. Second generation gene targeting with inducible and cell type restricted knock-out, or transgenic approaches with inducible gene expression systems, will solve some problems. However, at present these strategies also suffer from difficulties inherent to the traditional knock-out. Several strategies alternative to transgenic approaches are also available. Antisense oligonucleotides, antibodies, or pharmacological agents may be used to manipulate molecular events at the transcription, translation, or protein function levels. I review these strategies briefly and suggest yet another approach: protein targeting with the use of recombinant immunoadhesins. I suggest that this latter approach has the specificity of gene targeting but lacks some of its disadvantages.
Deep Feature Embedding for Accurate Recognition and Retrieval of Handwritten Text

We propose a deep convolutional feature representation that achieves superior performance for word spotting and recognition for handwritten images. We focus on: -(i) enhancing the discriminative ability of the convolutional features using a reduced feature representation that can scale to large datasets, and (ii) enabling query-by-string by learning a common subspace for image and text using the embedded attribute framework. We present our results on popular datasets such as the IAM corpus and historical document collections from the Bentham and George Washington pages. On the challenging IAM dataset, we achieve a state of the art mAP of 91.58% on word spotting using textual queries and a mean word error rate of 6.69% for the word recognition task.