Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Vesicular glutamate transporter DNPI/VGLUT2 is expressed by both C1 adrenergic and nonaminergic presympathetic vasomotor neurons of the rat medulla

The main source of excitatory drive to the sympathetic preganglionic neurons that control blood pressure is from neurons located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). This monosynaptic input includes adrenergic (C1), peptidergic, and noncatecholaminergic neurons. Some of the cells in this pathway are suspected to be glutamatergic, but conclusive evidence is lacking. In the present study we sought to determine whether these presympathetic neurons express the vesicular glutamate transporter BNPI/VGLUT1 or the closely related gene DNPI, the rat homolog of the mouse vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT2. Both BNPI/VGLUT1 and DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNAs were detected in the medulla oblongata by in situ hybridization, but only DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA was present in the RVLM. Moreover, BNPI immunoreactivity was absent from the thoracic spinal cord lateral horn. DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA was present in many medullary cells retrogradely labeled with Fluoro‐Gold from the spinal cord (T2; four rats). Within the RVLM, 79% of the bulbospinal C1 cells contained DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA. Bulbospinal noradrenergic A5 neurons did not contain DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA. The RVLM of six unanesthetized rats subjected to 2 hours of hydralazine‐induced hypotension contained tenfold more c‐Fos‐ir DNPI/VGLUT2 neurons than that of six saline‐treated controls. c‐Fos‐ir DNPI/VGLUT2 neurons included C1 and non‐C1 neurons (3:2 ratio). In seven barbiturate‐anesthetized rats, 16 vasomotor presympathetic neurons were filled with biotinamide and analyzed for the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity and/or DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA. Biotinamide‐labeled neurons included C1 and non‐C1 cells. Most non‐C1 (9/10) and C1 presympathetic cells (5/6) contained DNPI/VGLUT2 mRNA. In conclusion, DNPI/VGLUT2 is expressed by most blood pressure‐regulating presympathetic cells of the RVLM. The data suggest that these neurons may be glutamatergic and that the C1 adrenergic phenotype is one of several secondary phenotypes that are differentially expressed by subgroups of these cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 444:207–220, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pattern motion selectivity in population responses of area 18

It is commonly believed that the complexity of visual stimuli represented by individual neurons increases towards higher cortical areas. However, even in early visual areas an individual neuron's response is influenced by stimuli presented outside its classical receptive field. Thus, it has been proven difficult to characterize the coding of complex stimuli at the level of single neurons. We therefore investigated population responses using optical imaging in cat area 18 to complex stimuli, plaids. Plaid stimuli are composed of two superimposed gratings moving in different directions. They may be perceived as either two separate surfaces or as a global pattern moving in intermediate direction to the components' direction of motion. We found that in addition to activity maps representing the individual components' motion, plaid stimuli produced activity distributions matching the predictions from a pattern‐motion model in central area 18. Thereby, relative component‐ and pattern‐like modulations followed the degree of psychophysical pattern bias in the stimulus. Thus, our results strongly indicate that area 18 exhibits a substantial response to pattern‐motion signals at the population level suggesting the presence of intrinsic or extrinsic mechanisms that allow for integration of motion responses from far outside the classical receptive field.
DNA excision repair and double-strand break repair gene polymorphisms and the level of chromosome aberration in children with long-term exposure to radon

Abstract Purpose: To study polymorphic variants of repair genes in people affected by long-term exposure to radon. The chromosome aberration frequency in peripheral blood lymphocytes was used as the biological marker of genotoxicity. Materials and methods: Genotyping of 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms in DNA repair genes (APE, XRCC1, OGG1, ADPRT, XpC, XpD, XpG, Lig4 and NBS1) was performed in children with long-term resident exposure to radon. Quantification of the aberrations was performed using light microscopy. Results: The total frequency of aberrations was increased in carriers of the G/G genotype for the XpD gene (rs13181) polymorphism in recessive model confirmed by the results of ROC-analysis (‘satisfactory predictor’, AUC = 0.609). Single chromosome fragments frequency was increased in carriers of the G/G genotype in comparison with the T/T genotype. In respect to the total frequency of aberrations, the G/G genotype for the XpG gene (rs17655) polymorphism was also identified as a ‘satisfactory predictor’ (AUC = 0.605). Carriers of the T/C genotype for the ADPRT gene (rs1136410) polymorphism were characterized by an increased level of single fragments relative to the T/T genotype. Conclusion: The relationships with several types of cytogenetic damage suggest these three SNP (rs13181, rs17655 and rs1136410) may be considered radiosensitivity markers.
Metabolisable energy and amino acid digestibility of high-oil maize, low-phytate maize and low-phytate soybean meal for White Pekin ducks

1. Two experiments were conducted to determine the metabolisable energy and amino acid digestibilities of high-oil maize (HOM), low-phytate maize (LPM) and low-phytate soybean meal (LPSBM) as compared with normal maize (NM) and normal soybean meal (NSBM) using male White Pekin ducks. 2. In the first experiment, the TMEN (kJ/g) value of HOM (16·58) was higher than that of NM (16·05), but that of LPM (16·11) did not differ from those of HOM or NM. The true digestibility coefficients for methionine (0·874, 0·871 or 0·876), lysine (0·805, 0·816 or 0·813) and tryptophan (0·946, 0·959 or 0·960) did not differ among NM, LPM and HOM, respectively. The average true digestibility coefficients for all amino acids in NM, LPM or HOM (0·886, 0·890 or 0·900, respectively) did not differ among the three ingredients. 3. In the second experiment, the TMEN value of LPSBM (12·39) was approximately 8% higher than that of NSBM (11·46). The true digestibility coefficients for most amino acids were higher for LPSBM than for NSBM, except in the case of histidine, cysteine and tyrosine, which were not different. The average true digestibility coefficient for all amino acids in LPSBM (0·945) was higher than in NSBM (0·924). 4. Results of the two experiments indicate that the energy and amino acids in the feed ingredients evaluated were well utilised by ducks and that LPSBM has a higher energy value as well as digestible essential amino acid concentration than NSBM for ducks.
Multiple Identity Organizations and Performance

This chapter discusses multiple identity organizations and the implications this holds for multi-level mission-driven institutions. This review examines congruency between organizational mission statements as an identity utilitarian element, and rules and regulations as an identity normative element. In addition, the authors argue that organizational outcomes should be aligned with each of these multiple identities. The review uses a sample of Catholic universities and higher education institutions within the United States for analysis. The scholarly research emphasis of business departments/schools among these institutions is the common element used to measure this relationship. Bibliometrics and written language analysis were utilized. The findings provide initial evidence for misalignment and incongruence between their multiple identities and organizational outcomes.
Quantifying the Similarity in Perceptions of Multiple Stakeholders in Dingcheng, China, on Agricultural Drought Risk Governance

In recent years, integrated disaster risk governance of multi-stakeholders, multi-scales, and multi-measures has received great attention. The way different stakeholders perceive how the risk of drought is governed affects their coordination in dealing with drought. Quantifying the extent to which the perceptions of different stakeholders are similar will deepen understanding of how they cooperate; this will subsequently improve regional integrated drought risk governance and promote regional sustainable development of agriculture. An indicator system of perception similarity and a model were constructed around the perceptions of government managers (G), village committees (V), and households (H) in Zhoujiadian Town, of the drought risk governance. Based on perspectives of “bottom-up” and “horizontal-vertical”, the effort led to the following main conclusions: (1) The perception similarity of homogeneous stakeholders is quite different, sorted by the values as G > V > H; (2) The greater the hierarchical difference between stakeholders, the more marked the differences between their perceptions, as sorted by the values as G&V > V&H > G&H; (3) All stakeholders have obvious perception differences in the fairness of the allocation of disaster relief funds and the most suitable recovery methods. Considering the needs of multiple stakeholders in integrated risk governance, the paper quantified the differences between individuals through a study of perception similarity, which makes up for the shortcomings in the current research—which only considers the perception of stakeholders—and provides new ideas and references for further exploration of rational system design, optimization of cooperation efficiency, and consensus of multiple stakeholders in integrated drought risk governance.
Price Analysis of Bitcoin: Volatility, Key Drivers and Evolution

4 Introduction . 9 Literature Review . 12 Literature on Money Theory . 12 Literature on Bitcoin . 15 Methodology . 19 Methodological aspects . 19 Sample . 19 Empirical Analysis . 21 Error Correction Model . 21 Stationarity . 21 Cointegration . 31 Vector Error Correction Model . 33 Heteroscedastic Models . 38 Univariate Analysis . 38 Regression model with heteroscedastic errors . 55 GARCH-in-mean model . 55 Exponential GARCH-in-mean model . 59 Threshold GARCH-in-mean model . 61 Conclusions . 65 Appendix . 67 References. 69
Is acute type A aortic dissection a true surgical emergency?

Untreated acute aortic dissection involving the ascending aorta (type A) is associated with a high early mortality owing to rupture. Despite advancements in surgical technique and critical care, early mortality remains high. Operative mortality may be related to the technical challenges associated with intervening on the acutely dissected aorta as well as the multiorgan insult it induces. In this article, we review our approach to acute type A aortic dissection with regard to diagnosis, initial medical management, surgical repair, and timing of repair.
Effect of Probable and Guaranteed Monetary Value Gains and Losses on Cybersecurity Behavior of Users

The objective of this research is to examine users’ cybersecurity behavior in monetary gain and loss scenarios. Using Prospect Theory, we hypothesize that users are more likely to engage in risky cybersecurity behavior to avoid monetary losses than to benefit from monetary gains. We also hypothesize that guaranteed gains have a greater effect on a user’s risktaking behavior than potential gains, and potential losses have a greater effect on a user’s risk-taking behavior than guaranteed losses. An experimental study is proposed to test the research hypotheses.
Effect of elevated CO2 on phosphorus nutrition of phosphate-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh under different nitrogen forms

Phosphorus (P) nutrition is always a key issue regarding plants responses to elevated CO2. Yet it is unclear of how elevated CO2 affects P uptake under different nitrogen (N) forms. This study investigated the influence of elevated CO2 (800 µl l–1) on P uptake and utilization by Arabidopsis grown in pH-buffered phosphate (P)-deficient (0.5 µM) hydroponic culture supplying with 2mM nitrate (NO3 −) or ammonium (NH4 +). After 7 d treatment, elevated CO2 enhanced the biomass production of both NO3 −- and NH4 +-fed plants but decreased the P amount absorbed per weight of roots and the P concentration in the shoots of plants supplied with NH4 +. In comparison, elevated CO2 increased the amount of P absorbed per weight of roots, as well as the P concentration in plants and alleviated P deficiency-induced symptoms of plants supplied with NO3 −. Elevated CO2 also increased the root/shoot ratio, total root surface area, and acid phosphatase activity, and enhanced the expression of genes or transcriptional factors involving in P uptake, allocation and remobilization in P deficient plants. Furthermore, elevated CO2 increased the nitric oxide (NO) level in roots of NO3 −-fed plants but decreased it in NH4 +-fed plants. NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO) inhibited plant P acquisition by roots under elevated CO2. Considering all of these findings, this study concluded that a combination of elevated CO2 and NO3 − nutrition can induce a set of plant adaptive strategies to improve P status from P-deficient soluble sources and that NO may be a signalling molecule that controls these processes.
PHYLOGEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS IN MITOCHONDRIAL DNA OF THE DESERT TORTOISE (XEROBATES AGASSIZI), AND EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE NORTH AMERICAN GOPHER TORTOISES

Restriction‐fragment polymorphisms in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were used to evaluate population‐genetic structure in the desert tortoise Xerobates agassizi and to clarify evolutionary affinities among species of the gopher tortoise complex. Fourteen informative endonucleases were employed to assay mtDNAs from 56 X. agassizi representing 22 locations throughout the species' range. The mtDNA genotypes observed were readily partitioned into three major phylogenetic assemblages, each with striking geographic orientation. Overall, the X. agassizi mtDNA genotypes typify a common phylogeographic pattern, in which broad genetic uniformity of populations is interrupted by geographic features that presumably have functioned as dispersal barriers. The geologic history of the Colorado River area, which includes extensive marine incursions, may account for the marked mtDNA divergence between eastern and western X. agassizi assemblages.
The relative influence of calcium intake and vitamin D status on serum parathyroid hormone and bone turnover biomarkers in a double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group, longitudinal factorial design.

BACKGROUND Adequate calcium and vitamin D are needed to maintain calcium balance. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine the influence of calcium intake and vitamin D exposure separately and their interaction on biomarkers of calcium sufficiency. DESIGN Healthy men and women, age 20-80 yr, were randomly allocated to four groups: 1) double placebo, 2) calcium (1200 mg daily) plus placebo, 3) vitamin D(3) (100 microg) plus placebo, and 4) vitamin D(3) and calcium. Fasting serum and urine as well as serum and urine 2 h after a calcium load (600 mg of calcium carbonate) were obtained at baseline and 3 months. RESULTS Ninety-nine participants were randomized; 78 completed the study. Baseline demographics, protein intake and laboratory studies did not differ among the four groups. Study medication compliance was 90%. Fasting bone turnover markers declined after 3 months only in the two groups given calcium supplements and increased in the vitamin D(3) plus placebo calcium group. The calcium load resulted in a decrease in PTH and in bone turnover markers that did not differ among groups. Urinary calcium excretion increased in the combined group. Mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D increased from a baseline of 67 (18 sd) nmol/liter to 111 (30 sd) nmol/liter after vitamin D supplementation. CONCLUSION Increased habitual calcium intake lowered markers of bone turnover. Acute ingestion of a calcium load lowered PTH and bone turnover markers. Additional intake of 100 microg/d vitamin D(3) did not lower PTH or markers of bone turnover.
A single, sequential, genome‐wide test to identify simultaneously all promising areas in a linkage scan

Inflation of type I error occurs when conducting a large number of statistical tests in genome‐wide linkage scans. Stringent α‐levels protect against the high numbers of expected false positives but at the cost of more false negatives. A more balanced tradeoff is provided by the theory of sequential analysis, which can be used in a genome scan even when the data are collected using a fixed‐sample design. Sequential tests allow complete, simultaneous control of both the type I and II errors of each individual test while using the smallest possible sample size for analysis. For fixed samples, the excess N “saved” can be used in a confirmatory, replication phase of the original findings. Using the theory of sequential multiple decision procedures [Bechhoffer et al., 1968], we can replace the series of individual marker tests with a new single, simultaneous genome‐wide test that has multiple possible outcomes and partitions all markers into two subsets: the “signal” versus the “noise,” with an a priori specifiable genome‐wide error rate. These tests are demonstrated for the Haseman‐Elston approach, are applied to real data, and are contrasted with traditional fixed‐sampling tests in Monte Carlo simulations of repeated genome‐wide scans. The method allows efficient identification of the true signals in a genome scan, uses the smallest possible sample sizes, saves the excess to confirm those findings, controls both types of error, and provides one elegant solution to the debate over the best way to balance between false positives and negatives in genome scans. Genet. Epidemiol. 19:301–322, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Salicylamide sulfate cell entry in perfused rat liver: A multiple‐indicator dilution study

The hepatocellular entry of salicylamide sulfate conjugate, which binds to both red blood cells and albumin, was examined with the multiple‐indicator dilution technique in the perfused rat liver, with medium containing both 20 red cells and 1 albumin (set A), red cells only (set B), albumin only (set C) and neither red cells nor albumin (set D). [14C]Salicylamide sulfate, 51Cr‐labeled red cells (a vascular reference), 125I‐labeled albumin, [3H]sucrose or [58Co] ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (high and low molecular weight interstitial references, respectively) and 3H2O or D2O (a cellular reference) were injected as a bolus into the portal vein. Among all sets of outflow data, the earliest immediate vascular recoveries for the [14C] salicylamide sulfate were lower than those for the vascular reference. For sets A and B, the upslopes precessed those for the 58Co‐EDTA curve, then crossed over the 58Co‐EDTA curves, with lower magnitude peaks occurring at the same time as those for labeled albumin, whereas for sets C and D, in which red cells were absent, the upslopes of [14C]salicylamide sulfate lagged behind those for labeled albumin and [3H]sucrose, reaching lower magnitude peaks coincidental in time with those for labeled sucrose. The precession of the [14C]salicylamide sulfate curve over 58Co‐EDTA or [3H]sucrose in the presence (sets A and B) but not in the absence (sets C and D) of red cells and the absence of precession with albumin alone (set C) suggest that a red cell effect on the upslope is more evident than that for albumin. For all experiments, the downslopes of the sulfate curve crossed over those of the labeled red cells, albumin, 58Co‐EDTA and sucrose curves and then the water curve at around the peak. The downslopes of the [14C]salicylamide sulfate were similar to those for labeled water, suggesting rapid cellular influx and efflux of salicylamide sulfate. Quantitative evaluation with a barrier‐limited space‐variable transit‐time model for rapidly equilibrating red cell and albumin binding accounted for the upslope effects on [14C]salicylamide sulfate behavior and demonstrated its relatively high liver cell permeability. Values for the unbound permeability surface area product (0.029 to 0.036 ml sec−1·gm−1) were not different, regardless of the presence or absence of red cells and albumin, and slightly exceeded values for hepatic blood flow (0.0186 ± 0.0016 ml sec−1·gm−1). Comparable influx (0.083 to 0.14 sec−1) and efflux (0.10 to 0.18 sec−1) coefficients were obtained, suggesting rapid cellular entry and efflux of salicylamide sulfate. The ratio of the derived rate constants, which corresponds to the concentration ratio across the membrane, was 0.40 to 0.55. The findings contrast sharply with those for acetaminophen sulfate, which enters liver cells poorly. (Hepatology 1994; 19:229–244).
Financial stress relationships among Euro area countries: an R-vine copula approach

ABSTRACT One of the biggest challenges of keeping Euro area financial stability is the negative co-movement between the vulnerability of public finance, the financial sector, security markets stresses as well as economic growth, especially in peripheral economies. This paper utilizes a ARMA-GARCH based R-vine copula method to explore tail dependance between the Financial Stress Indices of 11 euro area countries with an aim of understanding how financial stress are interacting with each other. We find larger economies in the Euro area tend to have closer upper tail dependence in terms of positive shocks, while smaller economies tend to have closer lower tail dependence with respect to negative shocks. The R-vine copula results underline the complex dynamics of financial stress relations existing between Euro Area economies. The estimated R-vine shows Spain, Italy, France and Belgium are the most inter-connected nodes which underlying they might be more efficient targets to treat in order to achieve a quicker stabilizing. Our results relate to the fact that Eurozone is not a unified policy making area, therefore, it needs to follow divergent policies for taming the effects of financial instability to different regions or groups of economies that are more interconnected.
An RCT of coping and support groups to reduce burnout among nurses.

BACKGROUND Burnout is a fundamental problem among nurses. Nurses need to be trained to reduce burnout. AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of coping and support group interventions to reduce burnout among nurses. METHODS A randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted at a University Hospital in Izmir, Turkey. Level of burnout was measured with Maslach Burnout Inventory before and after the intervention as well as in the following 6 months. A total of 108 nurses met the selection criteria and agreed to participate. To determine the effectiveness of the intervention, two-factor repeated-measures analysis of variance and paired t-test with Bonferroni correction were used when appropriate. All analyses were conducted on an intention-to-treat basis. RESULTS Right after the intervention, there was an immediate reduction in emotional exhaustion dimension of burnout with respect to time. However, in 6 months, scores were increased again. No significant difference was noted between groups and from the point of group × time interaction. There was not any change in depersonalization and personal accomplishment dimensions of burnout after the intervention. CONCLUSION By means of person-directed interventions, emotional exhaustion level can be decreased. The fact that burnout reduces after the intervention and an increase is observed in 6 months is an important result. Repetitive interventions can render the effect to be long lasting. It is recommended that the number of intervention studies to reduce burnout be increased and that long-term outcomes be observed.