Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Achillon® Achilles Tendon Repair: Is it Strong Enough?

Background: Open repair of the Achilles tendon is associated with wound breakdown, infection and percutaneous methods risk sural nerve injury. The Achillon® mini-incision technique can reduce these risks and may provide the opportunity for early active rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to compare the strength of the Achillon® method with the commonly used Kessler method and to assess whether the strength of the repair was related to tendon diameter. Materials and Methods: Simulated ruptures in sheep Achilles tendons were repaired using either the Achillon® method or a two-strand Kessler technique with a No. 2 Ticron suture (Tyco Healthcare, UK). Each tendon diameter was measured, and matched for both groups. Specimens were loaded to failure using an Instron tensile testing machine (Instron Limited, UK). Results: Mean load to failure for the Achillon® repair was 153 N ± 60 (range, 65 to 270), and the mean load to failure for the Kessler Repair was 123 N ± 24 (range, 75 to 150). This difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.21). There was a statistically significant higher mean load to failure for wider tendons repaired by the Achillon® method (p = 0.05), however mean load to failure was not related to tendon width in Kessler repairs (p = 0.23). Conclusion: This is the first study to compare these two methods of repair. The Achillon® repair has comparable tensile strength to the Kessler Repair. Clinical Relevance: The Achillon® repair appears to be a biomechanically sound method of repair for the acutely ruptured Achilles tendon.
Sneak Preview: How ISS Dictates Equity Plan Design

Proxy advisory firms are highly influential in the design and approval of equity compensation plans. The largest proxy advisory firm — Institutional Shareholder Services — uses a variety of tests to determine its recommendation on equity plan proposals. Among these is a proprietary metric called Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT). ISS automatically recommends a vote against a company’s equity plan if its SVT exceeds a certain allowable cap that is determined by ISS. At the same time, ISS provides little transparency into the computation of this cap and instead sells companies access to this information.A growing body of evidence suggests that companies pay significant attention to their SVT caps and rely on this information to design their equity plans.We examine this issue in detail. We ask: Should market participants be concerned with ISS’s influence over equity plan design? Without transparent disclosure, how can shareholders be sure that ISS’s SVT allowable caps are “correct”? Does profit motive affect ISS’s incentive to be transparent about the computation and disclosure of SVT caps? Topics, Issues and Controversies in Corporate Governance and Leadership: The Closer Look series is a collection of short case studies through which we explore topics, issues, and controversies in corporate governance. In each study, we take a targeted look at a specific issue that is relevant to the current debate on governance and explain why it is so important. Larcker and Tayan are co-authors of the books Corporate Governance Matters and A Real Look at Real World Corporate Governance.
Outcome Status of Students With Learning Disabilities at Ages 21 and 24

This study investigated whether the presence of learning disabilities (LD) at age 10 was related to later schooling, employment, income, receipt of public aid, involvement in crime, and feeling of victimization at ages 21 and 24. Confidential self-report data were collected in a prospective, longitudinal panel study from a sample of 571 students, of whom 60 (10.5%) were children with LD. After controlling for gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, the following results were obtained: The highest postsecondary school attainment for young adults with LD was not significantly different from that of their peers without LD, both at age 21 and age 24. The rate of employment and amount of earned income of young adults with LD were not significantly lower than those of their peers without LD both at age 21 and age 24. Young adults with LD were not significantly different from their peers without LD at age 21 and age 24 with respect to having children, but young adults with LD received significantly more public aid (such as food stamps, supplemental security income, and unemployment compensation) at age 21 but not at age 24. Young adults with LD were not significantly different from their peers without LD in committing crimes or feeling victimized at age 21 and age 24.
The human resource strategies of Chinese state crewing agencies with special reference to labour export and the experience of Chinese seafarers

The Chinese shipping industry is one of the fastest developing sectors in the Chinese economy. However, few studies have explored the changes within it, especially concerning its human resource element - seafarers - and the newly formed crewing agencies through which they are employed. This research seeks to explore the contemporary experience of Chinese seafarers and especially how this is impacted by the management strategies of Chinese crewing agencies. In doing so, it contributes to debates about changes in Chinese society - that is, whether the economic reform has led to a new market economy in China. The idea of the emergence of a modernized, free Chinese seafarer labour market is critically examined through research into the employment and labour supply strategies of two ship crewing agencies, which have been reformed to different degrees, and the experience of the seafarers who work for them. The research utilises qualitative methods, with twenty-two managers and fifty seafarers being interviewed extensively, supplemented by documentary research. It seeks to explain why China's seafaring labour export is far lower than people have expected. It is seen that it is difficult to characterise China's seafarer labour market as a free market. The state has limited the liberalization of the market by granting foreign manning qualification to less than sixty state-owned crewing agencies. It is seen that institutions at higher levels still intervene in the operation of the agencies, with their management consequently showing a lack of market orientation to different extents, which constrains the development of China's labour export. It is also difficult to characterise the movement of Chinese seafarers in the labour market as free movement. The argument that Chinese economic reform leads to the transformation of Chinese seafarers into freelancers, which implies a substantial increase of seafarer export due to the attractiveness of working in foreign shipping companies, is too simplistic. In addition, the wages of Chinese seafarers working in the global labour market are lower than the international benchmark rates and are not necessarily higher than the payments by domestic shipping companies. This weakens the willingness of Chinese seafarers to work in foreign shipping companies.
Hyperthermia Treatment Planning in Clinical Cancer Therapy:Modelling, Simulation, and Visualization

\noindent The speaker and his co-workers in Scientific Computing and Visualization have established a close cooperation with medical doctors at the Rudolf--Virchow--Klinikum of the Humboldt University in Berlin on the topic of regional hyperthermia. In order to permit a patient--specific treatment planning, a special software system ({\sf\small HyperPlan}) has been developed. \noindent A mathematical model of the clinical system ({\it radio frequency applicator with 8 antennas, water bolus, individual patient body}) involves Maxwell's equations in inhomogeneous media and a so--called bio--heat transfer PDE describing the temperature distribution in the human body. The electromagnetic field and the thermal phenomena need to be computed at a speed suitable for the clinical environment. An individual geometric patient model is generated as a quite complicated tetrahedral ``coarse'' grid (several thousands of nodes). Both Maxwell's equations and the bio--heat transfer equation are solved on that 3D--grid by means of {\em adaptive} multilevel finite element methods, which automatically refine the grid where necessary in view of the required accuracy. Finally optimal antenna parameters for the applicator are determined . \noindent All steps of the planning process are supported by powerful visualization methods. Medical images, contours, grids, simulated electromagnetic fields and temperature distributions can be displayed in combination. A number of new algorithms and techniques had to be developed and implemented. Special emphasis has been put on advanced 3D interaction methods and user interface issues.
Exploiting protein destruction for constructive use

Discovering the biological roles of a protein is best accomplished by observing the consequences of its removal. However, such loss-of-function studies are rarely straightforward. In the case of genetic experiments, including those dealing with knockout mice, gene functions in one tissue type are often disguised by deleterious phenotypes, including lethality, in another. Even when this problem is overcome, for example, by tissue-specific gene deletion using the Cre/loxP system, it can be difficult to dissect primary from secondary effects to determine the molecular basis of a phenotype. The difficulty lies in the speed at which the biological events being studied occur. For example, after transcription of the Cre recombinase is induced, considerable time will lapse before recombination of the targeted gene and dissipation of preexisting pools of the target gene's RNA and protein. During this period, the studied cells could have, for example, responded to extracellular signals, undergone cell divisions, changed position or shape, and even differentiated into a new cell type. Alternative methods, such as RNA interference or small-molecule inhibition, allow regulation of the protein of interest during tighter time windows. Unfortunately, these techniques have their own shortcomings. RNA interference suffers from nonspecific effects, unpredictable degrees of “knockdown,” and slow kinetics of onset and reversibility. Small-molecule regulation is generally very fast and usually reversible; however, identifying or developing a small molecule that is genuinely specific with reliable pharmacokinetics challenges even the largest pharmaceutical company. To this end, researchers have devoted considerable energy to develop new technologies that merge gene-based methods (to create impeccable specificity) with chemical-based strategies (to provide rapid on/off regulation). In a recent issue of PNAS, Pratt et al. (1) report a new approach that uses a generic drug to induce the recovery of a native target protein from a fusion protein that is otherwise destined for destruction (1). This method adds to the growing toolbox available to researchers interested in perturbing biological systems closer to physiologically relevant speeds.
Human adrenoleukodystrophy protein and related peroxisomal ABC transporters interact with the peroxisomal assembly protein PEX19p.

Four ABC half transporters (ALDP, ALDRP, PMP70, and PMP69) have been identified in the mammalian peroxisomal membrane but no function has been unambiguously assigned to any of them. To date X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is the only human disease known to result from a defect of one of these ABC transporters, ALDP. Using the yeast two-hybrid system and in vitro GST pull-down assays, we identified the peroxin PEX19p as a novel interactor of ALDP, ALDRP, and PMP70. The cytosolic farnesylated protein PEX19p was previously shown to be involved in an early step of the peroxisomal biogenesis. The PEX19p interaction occurs in an internal N-terminal region of ALDP which we verified to be important for proper peroxisomal targeting of this protein. Farnesylated wild-type PEX19p and a farnesylation-deficient mutant PEX19p did not differ in their ability to bind to ALDP. Our data provide evidence that PEX19p is a cytosolic acceptor protein for the peroxisomal ABC transporters ALDP, PMP70, and ALDRP and might be involved in the intracellular sorting and trafficking of these proteins to the peroxisomal membrane.
Peer review and critical thinking in nursing students

Different models are available to help engage and motivate students as well as to model professional thinking and action (Irby, 1994). Their effect increases when regularly used, particularly when supplemented with feedback. Among them, the Paul-Elder´s Elements of Thought, or the Ennis´s FRISCO guidelines may be used for develop clinical skills. The objective of this study is analyse the effect of educational intervention on critical thinking, in nursing students of the 2nd year, based on the peer review, using the Cornell test (Level X) before and after intervention. Of the 74 students who participated in the study, 75.7% were female with an average age of 20.8 years. The average scores of critical thinking before intervention was 21.3 and after was 28.5, the average was statistically significant different between the two time points (p <0.01).
On the production of the spirit of feminism

3 6 I N T E R A C T I O N S S E P T E M B E R – O C T O B E R 2 016 This piece is no exception. Yet the tale we tell here is not another report of inequalities uncovered. Instead, it is a story of an awakening, a story that takes place within an already feministidentified group about how we came to a different way of thinking. This transformation took place in a series of workshops on feminism and social media at the Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) conferences in 2014 and 2015. In putting ideals into practice in these events, we as organizers gained insight into what the word feminist means to us and what we think it can mean more globally within the tech communities of which we are a part. References to feminism in our community are usually triggered by the appearance of something controversial or seemingly atypical, like sexism in the comments section of a site. Feminism also gets invoked when recognizing the inequities between male and “Other-ed” developers, or when acknowledging the asymmetries intrinsic in modern realities such as algorithmic culture. Here, the moniker feminist is pointedly used to distinguish something from the mainstream, from the “normal” way of doing things. It also immediately charges what is to come with an alternative set of logics and values. On the Production of the Spirit of Feminism Ingrid Erickson, Rutgers University Libby Hemphill, Illinois Institute of Technology Amanda Menking, University of Washington Stephanie Steinhardt, Cornell University
Functional interaction between serotonin-S2 and dopamine-D2 neurotransmission as revealed by selective antagonism of hyper-reactivity to tryptamine and apomorphine.

The functional significance of the interaction between serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission is still uncertain. To document this interaction further, specific behavioral responses of rats to tryptamine and apomorphine were studied. The sequential injection of these agonists, at time intervals with minimal direct behavioral interference, was used to observe response changes with respect to a single challenge. The antagonists haloperidol, ritanserin and risperidone, with known actions on serotonin-S2 (5-HT2) and dopamine-D2 (D2) receptors were used to evaluate effective antagonism of single and sequential challenges. When tryptamine was preceded by an apomorphine challenge the effective doses of the 5-HT2 antagonists ritanserin and risperidone for 50% inhibition of the seizures increased by a factor of 2.5. The dose-response curve of haloperidol remained virtually unchanged, apparently because of the potent dopamine-D2 antagonism associated with these doses which may block the potentiating effect of apomorphine. When apomorphine was preceded by a tryptamine challenge, the total agitation score of the control animals increased by 59% on the average. Haloperidol was equally effective against the enhanced as against the unenhanced apomorphine response. Ritanserin reduced agitation only by the part corresponding to the tryptamine enhancement. Risperidone's activity against the enhanced agitation started at very low doses and was complete at a dose still about 2.5 times lower than that required against the single apomorphine challenge. Mutual enhancement of tryptamine and apomorphine appears to occur even at a time when the behavioral effects of the first agonist are no longer manifest. The enhanced agitation remains largely dopamine-D2-specific and the enhanced seizures serotonin 5-HT2-specific. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Optic disc edema in raised intracranial pressure. I. Evolution and resolution.

Progressively growing intracranial space-taking lesions were simulated in 32 rhesus monkeys by balloons introduced into the subarachnoid space of the temporal region. Optic disc edema (ODE) first appeared at the lower pole, then the upper pole, then the nasal part, and last the temporal part of the disc; severity of edema generally followed sult, most severe at the lower pole (P less than .005). Fluorescein fundus angiography showed that swelling of the optic disc preceded the vascular changes associated with ODE. Raised intracranial pressure for 24 hours, or less, could cause ODE. The atrophic part of the optic disc did not develop ODE. The studies indicate that swelling of the optic disc is the first sign of raised intracranial pressure and is due to swelling of the nerve fibers in the optic disc; the various associated vascular changes are secondary.
The long march to universal coverage : lessons from China

The march to Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in China is unparalleled. Since the establishment of the State Council Medical Reform team in 2006,4 the basic objective of China's health reforms has been to provide the whole nation with basic medical and health care, while ensuring equal access to, and affordability of, health services. The Chinese government announced the national three-year reform plan in 2009, after which the country has made remarkable progress toward achieving nearly universal health coverage. The recent health reform initiatives under the 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015) continue to center on five areas. Building on recent experience, more effort is directed toward a structural change of the health system and building an environment that will facilitate policy implementation. This includes optimizing resource distribution, encouraging hospital competition, strengthening regulation and accountability, and enhancing human resources and information technology. While China has successfully extended the breadth of Health Coverage to the Poor (HCP), its scope (the comprehensiveness of services covered) and depth (the degree of financial risk protection) appear to be insufficient. Hospital admissions have increased significantly; suggesting improved access, up to 50 percent of current admissions may be amenable to more cost-effective outpatient care. Thus, it is critical to look into problems beyond the HCP program design, such as institutional arrangements, intergovernmental transfers, and supply constraints. This case study concludes with a discussion of the impacts of HCP and the needed next steps to advance HCP as an intermediate objective to the country's longer-term goals of equitable access and high quality of services.
Joining the loops: β‐Globin gene regulation

The mammalian β‐globin locus is a multigene locus containing several globin genes and a number of regulatory elements. During development, the expression of the genes changes in a process called “switching. ” The most important regulatory element in the locus is the locus control region (LCR) upstream of the globin genes that is essential for high‐level expression of these genes. The discovery of the LCR initially raised the question how this element could exert its effect on the downstream globin genes. The question was solved by the finding that the LCR and activate globin genes are in physical contact, forming a chromatin structure named the active chromatin hub (ACH). Here we discuss the significance of ACH formation, provide an overview of the proteins implicated in chromatin looping at the β‐globin locus, and evaluate the relationship between nuclear organization and β‐globin gene expression. © 2008 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 60(12): 824–833, 2008
Public Health Benefits of End-Use Electrical Energy Efficiency in California: An Exploratory Study

LBNL59669 ERNEST ORLANDO LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY J Public Health Benefits of End- Use Electrical Energy Efficiency in California: An Exploratory Study Agnes B. Lobscheid Thomas E. McKone ; Environmental Energy Technologies Division · June 2006 This work was supported by the California Energy Commission and the US Environmental Protection Agency through the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02- OSCH11231.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism of rRNA genes for molecular typing of members of the family Legionellaceae

Typing of Legionella pneumophila remains important in the investigation of outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease and in the control of organisms contaminating hospital water. We found that the discriminatory power of a nonradioactive ribotyping method could be improved by combining results obtained with four restriction enzymes (HindIII, NciI, ClaI, and PstI). Fifty-eight clinical and environmental L. pneumophila strains including geographically unrelated as well as epidemiologically connected isolates were investigated. Epidemiologically related strains had the same ribotypes independent of the combinations of enzymes used. Some strains belonging to the same serogroup were assigned to different ribotypes, and some ribotypes contained members of different serogroups, indicating, as others have found, that serogroup and genotype are not always related. The discriminatory power of the method was estimated by calculating an index of discrimination (ID) for individual enzymes and combinations thereof. The combined result with all four enzymes was highly discriminatory (ID = 0.97), but results for three enzymes also yielded ID values acceptable for epidemiological purposes. In addition, the testing of 27 type strains and 6 clinical isolates representing Legionella species other than L. pneumophila indicated that ribotyping might be of value for species identification within this genus, as previously suggested.
A Novel Approach for Intrusion Detection to improve the detection rate using Artificial Immune system and Neural Network Technique

Research in the field of computer and network science demands for tools and methodology to test their security effectively. Intrusion Detection System is used to perform the same with a fact that an intruder’s behavior will be noticeably different from that of a legitimate user and would exploit security vulnerabilities. IDS have thousands of alerts per day; some are mistakenly triggered by begin events. This make it extremely difficult to correctly identify alerts related to attack. The use of artificial immune systems in intrusion detection is an appealing concept for two reasons . Firstly the human immune system provides the human body with a high level of protection from invading pathogens in a robust, self organized and distributed manner. Secondly, current techniques used in computer security are not able to cope with the dynamic and increasingly complex nature of computer systems and their security. This research paper proposes a neural network approach to building a network-based IDS, which is inspired by a artificial immune system to find the unseen or unknown attack