Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
National Institute of Mental Health research roundtable on prepubertal bipolar disorder.

OBJECTIVE A research roundtable meeting was convened at the National Institute of Mental Health on April 27, 2000, to discuss the existing controversial areas in the diagnosis of bipolar disorder in prepubertal children. METHOD Invited clinicians and researchers with expertise on bipolar disorder in children were asked to share and discuss their perspectives on diagnostic issues for bipolar disorder in prepubertal children. RESULTS The group reached agreement that diagnosis of bipolar disorder in prepubertal children is possible with currently available psychiatric assessment instruments. In addition to phenotypes that fit DSM-IV criteria for bipolar I and bipolar II, participants agreed on the existence of other phenotypic possibilities that do not meet diagnostic criteria. Bipolar not otherwise specified (NOS) was recommended as a "working diagnosis" for the non-DSM-IV phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Bipolar disorder exists and can be diagnosed in prepubertal children. In children who present with both the DSM-lV and non-DSM-IV phenotypes (i.e., those given a diagnosis of bipolar-NOS), assessment should include careful evaluation of all behaviors that are impairing. Moreover, these children should be monitored systematically to explore stability and change over time in diagnosis and impairment.
Early Parental Loss and Intimate Relationships in Adulthood: A Nationwide Study

Being able to form and maintain intimate relationships is an essential part of development and the early loss of a parent may negatively affect this ability. This study investigates the association between parental loss before the age of 18 years and the formation and dissolution of marriage and cohabitation relationships in adulthood, in relation to factors that may help identify potentially vulnerable subgroups of bereaved children, that is, sex of the deceased parent, cause of death and child’s age at the time of death. Using data from national registries, we followed all children born in Denmark between 1970 and 1995 (n = 1,525,173) and used Poisson regression models to assess rate ratios by gender for relationship formation and separation according to early parental loss. We stratified the analyses by sex of the deceased parent, cause of death and child’s age at the time of death, and adjusted for the confounding effects of parental income, education level, and psychiatric illness. We found that parental loss was associated with a higher rate of relationship formation for young women, but not young men, and higher rates of separation for both men and women. The associations with separation were stronger for persons who lost a parent to suicide than to other causes. The effects were relatively small, a possible testimony to the resilience of developmental processes in most children. However, as long-term relationships are associated with physical and psychological health, interventions for bereaved children and families are important, especially in the subgroup bereaved by suicide.
The nicotinic α6 subunit gene determines variability in chronic pain sensitivity via cross-inhibition of P2X2/3 receptors

Finding that nicotinic receptors containing the α6 subunit, but not the α4, inhibit chronic pain points to a new set of potential therapeutic drugs. Which receptor underlies chronic pain? Pain, especially of the chronic variety, is not well controlled by current drugs, and recent clinical trials have been unsuccessful. By seeking genes with expression levels that correlate with a chronic pain–like test in mice, Wieskopf et al. show that we may have set our sights on the wrong target. Nicotinic receptors that contain the α6 subunit were highly expressed when chronic pain was low, and genetic experiments confirmed that this subunit is the cause. The α6 subunit was required for analgesia, whereas the α4 subunit—the target of recent drug development efforts—was not. A human genetic study showing that people with a certain allele in the α6 subunit gene are at increased risk of chronic pain lends confidence in the clinical relevance of these results. Chronic pain is a highly prevalent and poorly managed human health problem. We used microarray-based expression genomics in 25 inbred mouse strains to identify dorsal root ganglion (DRG)–expressed genetic contributors to mechanical allodynia, a prominent symptom of chronic pain. We identified expression levels of Chrna6, which encodes the α6 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), as highly associated with allodynia. We confirmed the importance of α6* (α6-containing) nAChRs by analyzing both gain- and loss-of-function mutants. We find that mechanical allodynia associated with neuropathic and inflammatory injuries is significantly altered in α6* mutants, and that α6* but not α4* nicotinic receptors are absolutely required for peripheral and/or spinal nicotine analgesia. Furthermore, we show that Chrna6’s role in analgesia is at least partially due to direct interaction and cross-inhibition of α6* nAChRs with P2X2/3 receptors in DRG nociceptors. Finally, we establish the relevance of our results to humans by the observation of genetic association in patients suffering from chronic postsurgical and temporomandibular pain.
The Immunology of Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a psychiatric condition associated with elevated frequency of clinical comorbidities and cognitive impairment. The neurobiology of BD is not completely understood. Recent evidence has implicated immune dysfunction in its physiopathology. Here, we review several data supporting the presence of immunological dysfunction in BD: (i) increased frequency of autoimmune diseases; (ii) distinct immune cell profile; (iii) release of/altered cytokines by stimulated mononuclear cells; (iv) elevated levels of circulating immune markers, and (v) inflammatory changes in the central nervous system. We also discuss the interplay between immunological dysfunction and neuroprogression in BD.
Ribosome structures to near-atomic resolution from thirty thousand cryo-EM particles

Although electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) single-particle analysis has become an important tool for structural biology of large and flexible macro-molecular assemblies, the technique has not yet reached its full potential. Besides fundamental limits imposed by radiation damage, poor detectors and beam-induced sample movement have been shown to degrade attainable resolutions. A new generation of direct electron detectors may ameliorate both effects. Apart from exhibiting improved signal-to-noise performance, these cameras are also fast enough to follow particle movements during electron irradiation. Here, we assess the potentials of this technology for cryo-EM structure determination. Using a newly developed statistical movie processing approach to compensate for beam-induced movement, we show that ribosome reconstructions with unprecedented resolutions may be calculated from almost two orders of magnitude fewer particles than used previously. Therefore, this methodology may expand the scope of high-resolution cryo-EM to a broad range of biological specimens. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.00461. 001
Saliva polymerase-chain-reaction assay for cytomegalovirus screening in newborns.

BACKGROUND Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is an important cause of hearing loss, and most infants at risk for CMV-associated hearing loss are not identified early in life because of failure to test for the infection. The standard assay for newborn CMV screening is rapid culture performed on saliva specimens obtained at birth, but this assay cannot be automated. Two alternatives--real-time polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR)-based testing of a liquid-saliva or dried-saliva specimen obtained at birth--have been developed. METHODS In our prospective, multicenter screening study of newborns, we compared real-time PCR assays of liquid-saliva and dried-saliva specimens with rapid culture of saliva specimens obtained at birth. RESULTS A total of 177 of 34,989 infants (0.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.4 to 0.6) were positive for CMV, according to at least one of the three methods. Of 17,662 newborns screened with the use of the liquid-saliva PCR assay, 17,569 were negative for CMV, and the remaining 85 infants (0.5%; 95% CI, 0.4 to 0.6) had positive results on both culture and PCR assay. The sensitivity and specificity of the liquid-saliva PCR assay were 100% (95% CI, 95.8 to 100) and 99.9% (95% CI, 99.9 to 100), respectively, and the positive and negative predictive values were 91.4% (95% CI, 83.8 to 96.2) and 100% (95% CI, 99.9 to 100), respectively. Of 17,327 newborns screened by means of the dried-saliva PCR assay, 74 were positive for CMV, whereas 76 (0.4%; 95% CI, 0.3 to 0.5) were found to be CMV-positive on rapid culture. Sensitivity and specificity of the dried-saliva PCR assay were 97.4% (95% CI, 90.8 to 99.7) and 99.9% (95% CI, 99.9 to 100), respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 90.2% (95% CI, 81.7 to 95.7) and 99.9% (95% CI, 99.9 to 100), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Real-time PCR assays of both liquid- and dried-saliva specimens showed high sensitivity and specificity for detecting CMV infection and should be considered potential screening tools for CMV in newborns. (Funded by the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders.).
Cytisine versus nicotine for smoking cessation.

BACKGROUND Placebo-controlled trials indicate that cytisine, a partial agonist that binds the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and is used for smoking cessation, almost doubles the chances of quitting at 6 months. We investigated whether cytisine was at least as effective as nicotine-replacement therapy in helping smokers to quit. METHODS We conducted a pragmatic, open-label, noninferiority trial in New Zealand in which 1310 adult daily smokers who were motivated to quit and called the national quitline were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive cytisine for 25 days or nicotine-replacement therapy for 8 weeks. Cytisine was provided by mail, free of charge, and nicotine-replacement therapy was provided through vouchers for low-cost patches along with gum or lozenges. Low-intensity, telephone-delivered behavioral support was provided to both groups through the quitline. The primary outcome was self-reported continuous abstinence at 1 month. RESULTS At 1 month, continuous abstinence from smoking was reported for 40% of participants receiving cytisine (264 of 655) and 31% of participants receiving nicotine-replacement therapy (203 of 655), for a difference of 9.3 percentage points (95% confidence interval, 4.2 to 14.5). The effectiveness of cytisine for continuous abstinence was superior to that of nicotine-replacement therapy at 1 week, 2 months, and 6 months. In a prespecified subgroup analysis of the primary outcome, cytisine was superior to nicotine-replacement therapy among women and noninferior among men. Self-reported adverse events over 6 months occurred more frequently in the cytisine group (288 events among 204 participants) than in the group receiving nicotine-replacement therapy (174 events among 134 participants); adverse events were primarily nausea and vomiting and sleep disorders. CONCLUSIONS When combined with brief behavioral support, cytisine was found to be superior to nicotine-replacement therapy in helping smokers quit smoking, but it was associated with a higher frequency of self-reported adverse events. (Funded by the Health Research Council of New Zealand; Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number, ACTRN12610000590066.).
Individual, social, and family factors associated with high school dropout among low‐SES youth: Differential effects as a function of immigrant status

BACKGROUND In most Western countries, the individual, social, and family characteristics associated with students' dropout in the general population are well documented. Yet, there is a lack of large-scale studies to establish whether these characteristics have the same influence for students with an immigrant background. AIMS The first aim of this study was to assess the differences between first-, second-, and third-generation-plus students in terms of the individual, social, and family factors associated with school dropout. Next, we examined the differential associations between these individual, social, and family factors and high school dropout as a function of students' immigration status. SAMPLE Participants were 2291 students (54.7% with an immigrant background) from ten low-SES schools in Montreal (Quebec, Canada). METHOD Individual, social, and family predictors were self-reported by students in secondary one (mean age = 12.34 years), while school dropout status was obtained five or 6 years after students were expected to graduate. RESULTS Results of logistic regressions with multiple group latent class models showed that first- and second-generation students faced more economic adversity than third-generation-plus students and that they differed from each other and with their native peers in terms of individual, social, and family risk factors. Moreover, 40% of the risk factors considered in this study were differentially associated with first-, second-, and third-generation-plus students' failure to graduate from high school. CONCLUSION These results provide insights on immigrant and non-immigrant inner cities' students experiences related to school dropout. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Genome-Wide Meta-Analysis Identifies Regions on 7p21 (AHR) and 15q24 (CYP1A2) As Determinants of Habitual Caffeine Consumption

We report the first genome-wide association study of habitual caffeine intake. We included 47,341 individuals of European descent based on five population-based studies within the United States. In a meta-analysis adjusted for age, sex, smoking, and eigenvectors of population variation, two loci achieved genome-wide significance: 7p21 (P = 2.4×10−19), near AHR, and 15q24 (P = 5.2×10−14), between CYP1A1 and CYP1A2. Both the AHR and CYP1A2 genes are biologically plausible candidates as CYP1A2 metabolizes caffeine and AHR regulates CYP1A2.
Dysregulation of interleukin 5 expression in familial eosinophilia

Familial eosinophilia (FE) is a rare autosomal dominant inherited disorder characterized by the presence of lifelong peripheral eosinophilia (>1500/μL). Mapped to chromosome 5q31‐q33, the genetic cause of FE is unknown, and prior studies have failed to demonstrate a primary abnormality in the eosinophil lineage.
Beyond hand hygiene: a qualitative study of the everyday work of preventing cross-contamination on hospital wards

Background Hospital-acquired infections are the most common adverse event for inpatients worldwide. Efforts to prevent microbial cross-contamination currently focus on hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment (PPE), with variable success. Better understanding is needed of infection prevention and control (IPC) in routine clinical practice. Methods We report on an interventionist video-reflexive ethnography study that explored how healthcare workers performed IPC in three wards in two hospitals in New South Wales, Australia: an intensive care unit and two general surgical wards. We conducted 46 semistructured interviews, 24 weeks of fieldwork (observation and videoing) and 22 reflexive sessions with a total of 177 participants (medical, nursing, allied health, clerical and cleaning staff, and medical and nursing students). We performed a postintervention analysis, using a modified grounded theory approach, to account for the range of IPC practices identified by participants. Results We found that healthcare workers' routine IPC work goes beyond hand hygiene and PPE. It also involves, for instance, the distribution of team members during rounds, the choreography of performing aseptic procedures and moving ‘from clean to dirty’ when examining patients. We account for these practices as the logistical work of moving bodies and objects across boundaries, especially from contaminated to clean/vulnerable spaces, while restricting the movement of micro-organisms through cleaning, applying barriers and buffers, and trajectory planning. Conclusions Attention to the logistics of moving people and objects around healthcare spaces, especially into vulnerable areas, allows for a more comprehensive approach to IPC through better contextualisation of hand hygiene and PPE protocols, better identification of transmission risks, and the design and promotion of a wider range of preventive strategies and solutions.
Coupled microalgal cultivation with the treatment of domestic sewage and high-level CO2

ABSTRACT The ability of Scenedesmus quadricauda SDEC-13 to accumulate biomass and remove nutrients in domestic sewage from campus when incorporated with 15% CO2 was explored. The maximum specific growth rate, biomass productivity, biomass concentration, and CO2 fixation rate were 0.14 d−1, 0.08 g/L/d, 0.69 g/L, and 0.076 g-CO2/L/d, respectively. The lipid content of SDEC-13 at different culture phases was also evaluated and it increased following nutrient limitation. The removal efficiencies of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, nitrate, and ammonium were all above 90%. A coupled system was designed with hydraulic retention time of 8.33 d and biomass harvest ratio of 12%, which could yield 0.54 g/L biomass and 25% lipid content with efficient domestic sewage treatment.
Fullerenol nanoparticles decrease ischaemia-induced brain injury and oedema through inhibition of oxidative damage and aquaporin-1 expression in ischaemic stroke

ABSTRACT Background: We examined the possible protective effects of fullerenol nanoparticles on brain injuries and oedema in experimental model of ischaemic stroke through inhibition of oxidative damage and aquaporin-1 (AQP-1) expression. Methods: Experiment was done in three groups of rats (N = 66): sham, control ischaemia and ischaemic treatment. Ischaemia was induced by 90-minutes middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. Rats received a dose of 10 mg/kg of fullerenol 30 minutes before MCAO. Infarction, brain oedema, malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrate contents as well as mRNA level of AQP-1 were determined 24 hours after termination of MCAO. Results: Administration of fullerenol before MCAO significantly reduced the infarction of cortex and striatum by 72 and 77%, respectively. MCAO induced brain oedema in control ischaemic rats (3.83 ± 0.53%), whereas, fullerenol significantly reduced it (0.91 ± 0.55%). The contents of MDA and nitrate increased in ischaemic hemispheres by 86 and 41%, respectively. Fullerenol considerably reduced the MDA and nitrate contents by 83 and 48%, respectively. Moreover, MCAO noticeably increased the mRNA level of AQP-1 in ischaemic hemispheres by 22%, whereas fullerenol significantly decreased it by 29%. Discussion: Fullerenol is able to reduce ischaemia-induced brain injuries and oedema possibly through inhibition of oxidative damage and AQP-1 expression in ischaemic stroke.
GPQ: Directly Optimizing Q-measure based on Genetic Programming

Ranking plays an important role in information retrieval system. In recent years, a kind of research named 'learning to rank' becomes more and more popular, which applies machine learning technology to solve ranking problems. Lots of ranking models belonged to learning to rank have been proposed, such as Regression, RankNet, and ListNet. Inspired by this, we proposed a novel learning to rank algorithm named GPQ in this paper, in which genetic programming was employed to directly optimize Q-measure evaluation metric. Experimental results on OHSUMED benchmark dataset indicated that our method GPQ could be competitive with Ranking SVM, SVMMAP and ListNet, and improve the ranking accuracies.
Rising Expectations: Access to Biomedical Information

Summary Objective To provide an overview of the expansion in public access to electronic biomedical information over the past two decades, with an emphasis on developments to which the U.S. National Library of Medicine contributed. Methods Review of the increasingly broad spectrum of webaccessible genomic data, biomedical literature, consumer health information, clinical trials data, and images. Results The amount of publicly available electronic biomedical information has increased dramatically over the past twenty years. Rising expectations regarding access to biomedical information were stimulated by the spread of the Internet, the World Wide Web, advanced searching and linking techniques. These informatics advances simplified and improved access to electronic information and reduced costs, which enabled inter-organizational collaborations to build and maintain large international information resources and also aided outreach and education efforts The demonstrated benefits of free access to electronic biomedical information encouraged the development of public policies that further increase the amount of information available. Conclusions Continuing rapid growth of publicly accessible electronic biomedical information presents tremendous opportunities and challenges, including the need to ensure uninterrupted access during disasters or emergencies and to manage digital resources so they remain available for future generations.
Construction and application of affective metaphor corpus

Metaphors are commonly used in human languages, and are an important way of conceptualizing complicated and abstract emotions for humans. Meanwhile, metaphors also play an important role in affective computing. Affective computing requires a large amount of high-quality corpus for application to both computer science and linguistics in order to perform additional extensive research. Based on this idea, we construct a large-scale Chinese-English bilingual emotional metaphor corpus to meet the urgent demand for affective computing. First, we introduce the theoretical framework for the construction of emotional metaphor corpora. Then, we introduce the framework from five perspectives:concept definitions, design principles, data collection, data annotations, and quality control. Finally, we analyze the application of the constructed corpus on the area of machine translation and English teaching.
Efficient Superpixel-Level Multitask Joint Sparse Representation for Hyperspectral Image Classification

In this paper, we propose a superpixel-level sparse representation classification framework with multitask learning for hyperspectral imagery. The proposed algorithm exploits the class-level sparsity prior for multiple-feature fusion, and the correlation and distinctiveness of pixels in a spatial local region. Compared with some of the state-of-the-art hyperspectral classifiers, the superiority of the multiple-feature combination, the spatial prior utilization, and the computational complexity are maintained at the same time in the proposed method. The proposed classification algorithm was tested on three hyperspectral images. The experimental results suggest that the proposed algorithm performs better than the other sparse (collaborative) representation-based algorithms and some popular hyperspectral multiple-feature classifiers.