Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Computing Practices Im Some Issu E

ociety acquires much of its character from the ways in which people interact. Although the computer in the home or office is now commonplace, our interaction with one another is more or less the same now as it was a decade ago. As the technologies of computers and other forms of electronic communicat ion continue to converge, however, people will continue to interact in new and dif ferent ways. One probable outcome of this technological marr iage is the electronic workp lace an organizationwide system that integrates information processing and communication activities. The study of such systems is par t of a new muhidisciplinary field: Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) [29]. Drawing on the expert ise and collaboration of many specialists, including social scientists and computer scientists, CSCW looks at how groups work and seeks to discover how technology (especially computers) can help them work. Commercial CSCW products, such as The Coordinator TM [24] and other PC-based software [67], are often refer red to as examples of groupware. This term is frequently used almost synonymously with CSCW technology (see [8] or [44] for general descriptions of, and strong motivation for groupware). Others define groupware as software for small or narrowly focused groups, not organization-wide suppor t [30]. We propose a somewhat b roader view, suggesting that groupware be viewed as the class of applications, for small groups and for organizations, arising from the merging of computers and large information bases and communications technology. These applications may or may not specifically suppor t cooperation. This article explores groupware in this larger sense and delineates classes of design issues facing groupware developers. It is divided into five main sections. First, the Overv iew defines groupware in terms o f a group 's common task and its need for a shared environment. Since our definit ion of groupware covers a range of systems, the second section provides a Taxonomy of Groupware Systems. The third describes the widely ranging Perspect ives of those who build these systems. The fourth section, Concepts and Example , introduces some common groupware concepts, and applies these to GROVE, one example of a groupware system. The fifth section contains a discussion of some Design Issues facing groupware designers and developers. Our emphasis in this section is upon system-level issues within real-time groupware. In our conclusion to this article we both issue a note of caution concerning the difficulty of developing successful groupware due to social and organizational effects, and in-
Inflation, growth, and central banks : theory and evidence

The author reviews the theory and evidence on inflation and growth and provides additional empirical evidence for a large cross-section of countries. The evidence, he reports, suggests a robust negative relationship between inflation and growth. He argues that inflation limits growth mainly by reducing the efficiency of investment rather than its level. But this finding is difficult to explain using traditional theories that rely on the effects of inflation on employment, which are not supported by the data. Explanations focusing on the effects of inflation on the allocation of talents and the functioning of financial markets may help in understanding better the long-run relationship between inflation and growth. The author also reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on how central banks affect inflation and output growth. An independent central bank can be effective in reducing inflation if the public perceives that it is tough on inflation. But inflation persists because the cost of reducing it is high - the most evident cost being the loss of output from disinflation. The author concludes that although serious progress has been made in recent years in assessing empirically how central banks affect macroeconomic performance, the results are still inconclusive. The empirical evidence shows a negative correlation between inflation and central bank independence, especially in OECD countries, but the effects on growth are less conclusive. It is fair to say that the bulk of the evidence suggests that central bank independence produces lower inflation at no real costs.
Localization accuracy of multi-mode emitters in target-dense scenarios

This paper extends previous work on the prediction of passive emitter localization accuracy to the case of multiple closely-spaced sources that emit agile, pulsed waveforms. The proposed approach is based on the iterative calculation of the multi-source Cramér-Rao Bound, conditioned by the probability of generating a measurement for a given source at a specific time instant. Such probability is derived from the probability of intercepting a pulse train by a frequency scanning receiver when multiple, eventually interfering, signals impinge on the receiving antennas. The proposed approach is compared with well-known lower bounds. Comparable results are yielded for well separated emitters in ideal conditions, whereas imperfect, realistic observation conditions clearly privilege the use of the newly proposed approach.
Pupils’ Thinking Skills Development across Grade 4 - 6: An Investigation of 2096 Pupils in Mainland China Based on APTS

A variety of thinking skills interventions have been implemented in schools and relative assessments emerged. However, due to inconsistencies of assessment techniques and lack of norms from large-scale samples, it remains problematic to compare the effects of various thinking interventions in general. This study aimed to investigate the current situation of thinking skills of 2096 pupils in 4th, 5th, and 6th grade from six primary schools located in Beijing, Guangzhou, and Xi’an respectively. The “Assessment of Pupils’ Thinking Skills (APTS)” measure developed by Burke and Williams (2012) was translated into Chinese and used as the instrument. Results demonstrated that there were significant improvements in the pupils’ overall thinking skills from 4th to 5th grade and from 5th to 6th grade as well. However, the pupils’ metacognitive reflection did not improve significantly from 4th grade to 5th grade while they increased dramatically from 5th to 6th grade. The pupils’ definition of thinking skills and application of some thinking skills (i.e., Grouping, Finding Reasons and Conclusions, Decision Making and Problem Solving) showed the same trends as metacognitive reflection. Differentiations in thinking skills development were found when compared among schools. Reasons for these differentiations and implications for teaching thinking in primary schools were discussed.
Chromosomal “Stress-Response” Domains Govern the Spatiotemporal Expression of the Bacterial Virulence Program

ABSTRACT Recent studies strongly suggest that the gene expression sustaining both normal and pathogenic bacterial growth is governed by the structural dynamics of the chromosome. However, the mechanistic device coordinating the chromosomal configuration with selective expression of the adaptive traits remains largely unknown. We used a holistic approach exploring the inherent relationships between the physicochemical properties of the DNA and the expression of adaptive traits, including virulence factors, in the pathogen Dickeya dadantii (formerly Erwinia chrysanthemi). In the transcriptomes obtained under adverse conditions encountered during bacterial infection, we explored the patterns of chromosomal DNA sequence organization, supercoil dynamics, and gene expression densities, together with the long-range regulatory impacts of the abundant DNA architectural proteins implicated in pathogenicity control. By integrating these data, we identified transient chromosomal domains of coherent gene expression featuring distinct couplings between DNA thermodynamic stability, supercoil dynamics, and virulence traits. IMPORTANCE We infer that the organization of transient chromosomal domains serving specific functions acts as a fundamental device for versatile adjustment of the pathogen to environmental stress. We believe that the identification of chromosomal “stress-response” domains harboring distinct virulence traits and mediating the cellular adaptive behavior provides a breakthrough in understanding the control mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity. We infer that the organization of transient chromosomal domains serving specific functions acts as a fundamental device for versatile adjustment of the pathogen to environmental stress. We believe that the identification of chromosomal “stress-response” domains harboring distinct virulence traits and mediating the cellular adaptive behavior provides a breakthrough in understanding the control mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity.
Protein interactions and ligand binding: From protein subfamilies to functional specificity

The divergence accumulated during the evolution of protein families translates into their internal organization as subfamilies, and it is directly reflected in the characteristic patterns of differentially conserved residues. These specifically conserved positions in protein subfamilies are known as “specificity determining positions” (SDPs). Previous studies have limited their analysis to the study of the relationship between these positions and ligand-binding specificity, demonstrating significant yet limited predictive capacity. We have systematically extended this observation to include the role of differential protein interactions in the segregation of protein subfamilies and explored in detail the structural distribution of SDPs at protein interfaces. Our results show the extensive influence of protein interactions in the evolution of protein families and the widespread association of SDPs with protein interfaces. The combined analysis of SDPs in interfaces and ligand-binding sites provides a more complete picture of the organization of protein families, constituting the necessary framework for a large scale analysis of the evolution of protein function.
Genome Editing in Caenorhabditis briggsae using the CRISPR / Cas 9 System 1 " 2 "

12" The CRISPR/Cas9 system is an efficient technique for generating targeted alterations in an 13" organism’s genome. Here we describe a methodology for using the CRISPR/Cas9 system to 14" generate mutations via non-homologous end joining in the nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae, a 15" sister species of C. elegans. Evidence for somatic mutations and off-target mutations are also 16" reported. The use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in C. briggsae will greatly facilitate comparative 17" studies to C. elegans. 18" . CC-BY 4.0 International license peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not . http://dx.doi. org/10.1101/021121 doi: bioRxiv preprint first posted online Jun. 18, 2015;
The Face of Suspicion

Because Whites use positivity to conceal bias, people of color may question whether Whites’ positivity is genuine. We predicted that those suspicious of Whites’ motives may mentally represent Whites as less trustworthy and more hostile than those low in suspicion. We tested these predictions using reverse correlation. First, we examined high- and low-suspicion Black participants’ mental representations of Whites using neutrally expressed (Study 1a) and smiling (Study 2a) White base faces. In Study 2b, we compared suspicious Black participants’ mental representations of Whites to a randomly generated control. In Study 2c, we extend these results to perceptions of smile authenticity and rule out a potential stimulus effect. The results suggest that compared to unsuspicious participants and controls, suspicious Black participants hold less trustworthy, less authentic, and sometimes more hostile representations of Whites. Suspicion’s effect on intergroup dynamics may therefore extend up the cognitive stream to the fundamental mental representations of Whites.
HREE-DIMENSIONAL PROBABILISTIC MAPS OF THE OCCIPITAL ULCI OF THE HUMAN BRAIN IN STANDARDIZED TEREOTAXIC SPACE

bstract—Developments in functional neuroimaging in noral human subjects, such as functional magnetic resonance maging (fMRI), have permitted the mapping of several visual reas of the human brain and have already provided proviional identification of some of the visual areas that were first escribed in nonhuman primates. However, the lack of a etailed description of the sulcal patterns of the human ocipital lobe makes it difficult to establish clear relationships etween sulcal landmarks and identified visual areas with unctional neuroimaging. In the present study we used magetic resonance images to investigate the morphological ariation of the human occipital sulci in both the left and right emispheres of 40 normal adult human brains. We identified 1 occipital sulci, the parieto-occipital fissure and the temoro-occipital incisure, and their corresponding gray matter oxels were marked in the magnetic resonance volumes hich had been transformed into the Montreal Neurological nstitute standard proportional stereotaxic space. Probability aps were then constructed for each occipital sulcus. These robability maps provide a quantitative measure of the varibility of the occipital sulci in standard stereotaxic space and re a useful tool to identify the location of voxels of other agnetic resonance imaging images transformed in the ame stereotaxic space. © 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier td. All rights reserved.
Control variates as screening functions

Suppose that the mean μ = E[F(X)] of a given function F: ℝ → ℝ is to be estimated by the empirical average Sn: = 1/nΣi=1n F(Xi) of the values F(Xi), where X1,X2, . , Xn are independent samples distributed like X. In cases when the mean v = E[U(X)] of a different function U: ℝ → ℝ is known, we introduce a sampling rule, called the "screened estimator," which states that we should only consider estimates that correspond to times n when the empirical average of the {U(Xi)} is sufficiently close to its known mean. Under the assumption that U dominates F in an appropriate sense, it is shown that the screened estimates admit exponential error bounds, even when F(X) is heavy-tailed. A geometric interpretation, in the spirit of Sanov's theorem, is given for this fact, and nonasymptotic, explicit exponential bounds for the screened estimates are derived. The mathematical tools used in the analysis consist, primarily, of large deviations techniques. A detailed Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation example illustrates that, in certain MCMC scenarios, screening can be very effective in terms of variance reduction, even in cases where the standard technique of control variates fails.
Implementation of a Cloud Computing Environment for Hiding Huge Amounts of Data

In this paper, we use the Hadoop system to build the cloud computing environment. By using data hiding technology to embed data into cover images, we show that the approach using cloud computing would take less execution time than that using a single computer when processing a huge amount of data. Thus, cloud computing provides a convenient platform and also reduces the cost of the equipment required for processing huge amounts of data.
Sociopolitical ideology and the morality of green behaviour

ABSTRACT Combating climate change and protecting the environment is a significant topic amongst political leaders and concerned citizens across the globe. The degree to which individuals perceive green issues as important is connected to their politics, those subscribing to conservative ideologies being less supportive of pro-environmental initiatives and less concerned about climate change than those endsorsing liberal ideologies. Examining political ideology as a uni- and bi-dimensional construct, the present research investigated whether political liberals (vs. conservatives), those higher (vs. lower) in right-wing authoritarianism, and those higher (vs. lower) in social dominance orientation differ in their perceptions of the morality of green behaviours. In Studies 1 (n = 200) and 2 (n = 150), liberal (vs. conservative) ideologies related to perceiving pro-environmental behaviours as more moral. Further, in Study 2, the relation between ideology and perceptions of green behaviours as moral was explained by positive feelings associated with the self engaging in green behaviours.
Recipes for adjoint code construction

Adjoint models are increasingly being developed for use in meteorology and oceanography. Typical applications are data assimilation, model tuning, sensitivity analysis, and determination of singular vectors. The adjoint model computes the gradient of a cost function with respect to control variables. Generation of adjoint code may be seen as the special case of differentiation of algorithms in reverse mode, where the dependent function is a scalar. The described method for adjoint code generation is based on a few basic principles, which permits the establishment of simple construction rules for adjoint statements and complete adjoint subprograms. These rules are presented and illustrated with some examples. Conflicts that occur due to loops and redefinition of variables are also discussed. Direct coding of the adjoint of a more sophisticated model is extremely time consuming and subject to errors. Hence, automatic generation of adjoint code represents a distinct advantage. An implementation of the method, described in this article, is the tangent linear and adjoint model compiler (TAMC).
Inter-Individual and Inter-Strain Variations in Zebrafish Locomotor Ontogeny

Zebrafish exhibit remarkable alterations in behaviour and morphology as they develop from early larval stages to mature adults. In this study we compare the locomotion parameters of six common zebrafish strains from two different laboratories to determine the stability and repeatability of these behaviours. Our results demonstrate large variability in locomotion and fast swim events between strains and between laboratories across time. These data highlight the necessity for careful, strain-specific controls when analysing locomotor phenotypes and open up the possibility of standardising the quantification of zebrafish behaviour at multiple life stages.
Generation of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells and Their Therapeutic Applications

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that bridge innate and adaptive immune responses, thereby leading to immune activation. DCs have been known to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and nucleic acids via their pattern recognition receptors, which trigger signaling of their maturation and effector functions. Furthermore, DCs take up and process antigens as a form of peptide loaded on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and present them to T cells, which are responsible for the adaptive immune response. Conversely, DCs can also play a role in inducing immune suppression under specific circumstances. From this perspective, the role of DCs is related to tolerance rather than immunity. Immunologists refer to these special DCs as tolerogenic DCs (tolDCs). However, the definition of tolDCs is controversial, and there is limited information on their development and characteristics. In this review, we discuss the current concept of tolDCs, cutting-edge methods for generating tolDCs in vitro, and future applications of tolDCs, including clinical use.
Imputation and quality control steps for combining multiple genome-wide datasets

The electronic MEdical Records and GEnomics (eMERGE) network brings together DNA biobanks linked to electronic health records (EHRs) from multiple institutions. Approximately 51,000 DNA samples from distinct individuals have been genotyped using genome-wide SNP arrays across the nine sites of the network. The eMERGE Coordinating Center and the Genomics Workgroup developed a pipeline to impute and merge genomic data across the different SNP arrays to maximize sample size and power to detect associations with a variety of clinical endpoints. The 1000 Genomes cosmopolitan reference panel was used for imputation. Imputation results were evaluated using the following metrics: accuracy of imputation, allelic R2 (estimated correlation between the imputed and true genotypes), and the relationship between allelic R2 and minor allele frequency. Computation time and memory resources required by two different software packages (BEAGLE and IMPUTE2) were also evaluated. A number of challenges were encountered due to the complexity of using two different imputation software packages, multiple ancestral populations, and many different genotyping platforms. We present lessons learned and describe the pipeline implemented here to impute and merge genomic data sets. The eMERGE imputed dataset will serve as a valuable resource for discovery, leveraging the clinical data that can be mined from the EHR.
Improving image segmentation via shape PCA reconstruction

This paper proposes a post-processing method for image segmentation to take advantage of information not directly available from the image. Specifically, the proposed method improves the segmentation of an image by making use of shape information learned from training shapes in groundtruth images. To obtain shape prior, training shapes are first aligned by congealing, and then landmark interpolation is performed, followed by shape PCA on aligned shapes. To improve a segmentation, subsequently, shape PCA reconstruction is performed using the first few principal components on objects in the segmented image. Shape PCA is performed locally instead of globally, on parts of the object deemed inaccurate, using a method based on radius-vector function. Experimental results show that shape PCA reconstruction, especially local shape PCA reconstruction, improves the segmentation in an ore-size measurement application significantly.
Loss of the smallest subunit of cytochrome c oxidase, COX8A, causes Leigh-like syndrome and epilepsy.

Isolated cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) deficiency is one of the most frequent respiratory chain defects in humans and is usually caused by mutations in proteins required for assembly of the complex. Mutations in nuclear-encoded structural subunits are very rare. In a patient with Leigh-like syndrome presenting with leukodystrophy and severe epilepsy, we identified a homozygous splice site mutation in COX8A, which codes for the ubiquitously expressed isoform of subunit VIII, the smallest nuclear-encoded subunit of complex IV. The mutation, affecting the last nucleotide of intron 1, leads to aberrant splicing, a frame-shift in the highly conserved exon 2, and decreased amount of the COX8A transcript. The loss of the wild-type COX8A protein severely impairs the stability of the entire cytochrome c oxidase enzyme complex and manifests in isolated complex IV deficiency in skeletal muscle and fibroblasts, similar to the frequent c. 845_846delCT mutation in the assembly factor SURF1 gene. Stability and activity of complex IV could be rescued in the patient's fibroblasts by lentiviral expression of wild-type COX8A. Our findings demonstrate that COX8A is indispensable for function of human complex IV and its mutation causes human disease.