Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Testability Guidance Using a Process Modeling

Software testability took a lot of interests of software community. Indeed, this concept has been interpreted in a variety of ways. One interpretation is concerned with the extent of the modifications a program component requires, so that the entire behavior of the component is observable and controllable. Another interpretation is the ease with which faults, if present in a program, can be revealed and estimated by the testing process and the propagation, infection and execution (PIE) model. It has been suggested that this particular interpretation of testability might be linked with two concepts: 1) the metric domain-to-range ratio (DRR), i.e. the ratio of the cardinality of the set of all inputs (the domain) to the cardinality of the set of all outputs (the range) and 2) the semantic fault size. First, this paper describes the connections between 1) the domain-to-range ratio and the observability and controllability aspects of testability and 2) the PIE model and fault size. The main goal of the work described here, is to seek greater understanding of testability in general and, ultimately, to find easier ways of determining it. Second, in this paper we try to model the PIE estimation using formalism for process representation system which is MAP formalism. We also use this process model to elaborate and to present the relationship between testability, PIE, DRR and fault size. Our aim is to enhance the guidance mechanisms of the process execution. After clarifying the existing relationship between semantic fault and testability, we improve the MAP model by adding qualitative criteria. We then offer a way to express maps to offer an automatic guidance of the map.
Survey of public definitions of the term ‘overdiagnosis’ in the UK

Objectives To determine how ‘overdiagnosis’ is currently conceptualised among adults in the UK in light of previous research, which has found that the term is difficult for the public to understand and awareness is low. This study aimed to add to current debates on healthcare in which overdiagnosis is a prominent issue. Design An observational, web-based survey was administered by a survey company. Setting Participants completed the survey at a time and location of their choosing. Participants 390 consenting UK adults aged 50–70 years. Quota sampling was used to achieve approximately equal numbers in three categories of education and equal numbers of men and women. Primary outcome measures Participants were asked whether they had seen or heard the term ‘overdiagnosis’. If they had, they were then invited to explain in a free-text field what they understood it to mean. If they had not previously encountered it, they were invited to say what they thought it meant. Responses were coded and interpreted using content analysis and descriptive statistics. Results Data from 390 participants were analysed. Almost a third (30.0%) of participants reported having previously encountered the term. However, their responses often indicated that they had no knowledge of its meaning. The most prevalent theme consisted of responses related to the diagnosis itself. Subthemes indicated common misconceptions, including an ‘overly negative or complicated diagnosis’, ‘false-positive diagnosis’ or ‘misdiagnosis’. Other recurring themes consisted of responses related to testing (ie, ‘too many tests’), treatment (eg, ‘overtreatment’) and patient psychology (eg, ‘overthinking’). Responses categorised as consistent with ‘overdiagnosis’ (defined as detection of a disease that would not cause symptoms or death) were notably rare (n=10; 2.6%). Conclusions Consistent with previous research, public awareness of ‘overdiagnosis’ in the UK is low and its meaning is often misunderstood or misinterpreted.
Conflict management styles of users and analysts, and their impact on conflict resolution

The topics of conflict and conflict resolution are important to an understanding of the information system development (ISD) process. The present paper explores conflict management behaviors and relates their use to the satisfactory resolution of conflicts in ISD. Project-level scores representing users' and analysts' typical modes of behavior were developed for 116 ISD projects. Analysis of these behaviors indicated remarkable similarities in user and analyst actions. Both engaged in high levels of integrative problem-solving behaviors and low levels of avoiding behaviors, with levels of compromising, asserting and avoiding actions in between. Users and analysts also had similar reactions to the use of these different styles. Problem-solving was found to be the mast effective behavioral style for engendering satisfaction both for oneself and for the other party in a conflict situation. Avoiding and asserting were each found to be dysfunctional.
Doing More with Less: Women's Leisure During Their Partners’ Military Deployment

Women whose partners have been deployed on military missions during wartime typically experience increased stress as they adjust to maintaining work, family, and household roles. The purpose of this study was to explore leisure in the lives of women during their partners’ deployment. Semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 10 employed mothers whose partners had been deployed for at least a six-month period. Findings indicated that the loss of daily support from partners and concern for partners’ safety contributed to women shifting their focus from individual to family leisure as a means of coping and caring for their children.
Refractory effects in picture naming as assessed in a semantic blocking paradigm

In the cyclic semantic blocking paradigm participants repeatedly name sets of objects with semantically related names (homogeneous sets) or unrelated names (heterogeneous sets). The naming latencies are typically longer in related than in unrelated sets. In Experiment 1 we replicated this semantic blocking effect and demonstrated that the effect only arose after all objects of a set had been shown and named once. In Experiment 2, the objects of a set were presented simultaneously (instead of on successive trials). Evidence for semantic blocking was found in the naming latencies and in the gaze durations for the objects, which were longer in homogeneous than in heterogeneous sets. For the gaze-to-speech lag between the offset of gaze on an object and the onset of the articulation of its name, a repetition priming effect was obtained but no blocking effect. Experiment 3 showed that the blocking effect for speech onset latencies generalized to new, previously unnamed lexical items. We propose that the blocking effect is due to refractory behaviour in the semantic system.
Parallel processing for simulating 2D radial dambreak using FVM HLLE flux on OpenMP

This paper presents the simulation of 2D dry-wet radial dambreak cases using shallow water equations on multicore processing. Here, OpenMP for parallel computing is used. The CPU time for parallel programming with N = 800 points is shown almost similar to the the CPU time for serial programming with N = 400. The speedup and efficiency using parallel with 16 processors are obtained 7.8 times for dry simulation, 8.6 times for wet simulation and 50% from the serial respectively. This means the computational cost using parallel reduces 50% from the average of computational cost by a single processor.
Insights of the dental calculi microbiome of pre-Columbian inhabitants from Puerto Rico

Background The study of ancient microorganisms in mineralized dental plaque or calculi is providing insights into microbial evolution, as well as lifestyles and disease states of extinct cultures; yet, little is still known about the oral microbial community structure and function of pre-Columbian Caribbean cultures. In the present study, we investigated the dental calculi microbiome and predicted function of one of these cultures, known as the Saladoid. The Saladoids were horticulturalists that emphasized root-crop production. Fruits, as well as small marine and terrestrial animals were also part of the Saladoid diet. Methods Dental calculi samples were recovered from the archaeological site of Sorcé, in the municipal island of Vieques, Puerto Rico, characterized using 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing, and compared to the microbiome of previously characterized coprolites of the same culture, as well modern plaque, saliva and stool microbiomes available from the Human Microbiome Project. Results Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes comprised the majority of the Saladoid dental calculi microbiome. The Saladoid dental calculi microbiome was distinct when compared to those of modern saliva and dental plaque, but showed the presence of common inhabitants of modern oral cavities including Streptococcus sp. , Veillonella dispar and Rothia mucilaginosa. Cell motility, signal transduction and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites may be unique features of the Saladoid microbiome. Discussion Results suggest that the Saladoid dental calculi microbiome structure and function may possibly reflect a horticulturalist lifestyle and distinct dietary habits. Results also open the opportunity to further elucidate oral disease states in extinct Caribbean cultures and extinct indigenous cultures with similar lifestyles.
On how to efficiently accelerate brain network analysis on FPGA-based computing system

The ability to map neural networks is of fundamental importance for the understanding of the plasticity of neural connections, their behavior and organization, as well as the clinical implications related to neurological conditions. Being able to quickly and accurately model and map neural interconnections through Brain Networks (BNs) is critical for the study and modeling of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Essential Tremor. However, both the construction and the analysis of BNs require massive amounts of computing resources. Currently, it is conceivable to analyze only few hundred of neural nodes in reasonable time. In this paper, we focus on the development of an hardware accelerator for the analysis of autofluorescence of mitochondria, the clinical technique used to derive BNs. Our results are state of the art for the construction and analysis of BNs, providing the community, both academic and industrial, a fundamental tool to enable further development in this field.
A Framework for Over-the-Air Reciprocity Calibration for TDD Massive MIMO Systems

One of the biggest challenges in operating massive multiple-input multiple-output systems is the acquisition of accurate channel state information at the transmitter. To take up this challenge, time division duplex is more favorable thanks to its channel reciprocity between downlink and uplink. However, while the propagation channel over the air is reciprocal, the radio-frequency front-ends in the transceivers are not. Therefore, calibration is required to compensate the RF hardware asymmetry. Although various over-the-air calibration methods exist to address the above problem, this paper offers a unified representation of these algorithms, providing a higher level view on the calibration problem, and introduces innovations on calibration methods. We present a novel family of calibration methods, based on antenna grouping, which improves accuracy and speeds up the calibration process compared to existing methods. We then provide the Cramér–Rao bound as the performance evaluation benchmark and compare maximum likelihood and least squares estimators. We also differentiate between the coherent and non-coherent accumulation of calibration measurements, and point out that enabling non-coherent accumulation allows the training to be spread in time, minimizing the impact to the data service. Overall, these results have special value in allowing the design of reciprocity calibration techniques that are both accurate and resource-effective.
Motion capture in robotics review

This survey reviews motion capture technologies and the current challenges associated with their application in robotic systems. Various sensor systems used in current literature are introduced and evaluated based on the relative strengths and weaknesses. Some research problems pursued with these sensors in robotics are reviewed and application areas are discussed. Significant methodologies in analysing the sensor data are discussed and evaluated based on the perceived benefits and limitations. Finally, results from experimentation with an inertial motion capture system are shown based on clustering and segmentation techniques.
The Importance of ‘Mechnikov’s Thorn’ for an Improved Understanding of 21st Century Medicine and Immunology: A View from the Eye

In 1908, Ehrlich and Mechnikov shared the Nobel Prize in Medicine for their independent studies that set the scene for the modern understanding of innate and adaptive immunity. However, 20th century immunology thinking was dominated by aberrant adaptive immunity but this never adequately explained the full spectrum of inflammatory disease. This article draws on medical observations, from where immunology originated, and uses the example of the eye to illustrate how the integration of medicine and immunology leads to an improved understanding of inflammation against self. The spectrum of ocular inflammation can be viewed as either predominantly adaptive immune mediated (mostly the realm of immunology), or predominantly due to ocular tissues factors that lead to regional innate immune activation (the realm of medicine), or a variable interaction between the two. Just as the thorns that Mechnikov inserted into molluscs lead to localized innate immune activation; ocular inflammation can likewise be driven by non‐immune factors that include tissue degeneration or microdamage. The present article emphasizes the importance of such factors in the initiation or phenotypic expression of ocular immunopathology allowing different immunological dogmas including self–non‐self discrimination, immunological tolerance and immunoprivilege to be viewed in a different light. This scheme also leads to an appreciation of how the innate immune system may be the sole perpetuator of some ocular immunopathologies. We propose that this integrated view of medicine and immunology is crucial for understanding immunology from a translational angle and has implications far beyond ocular disease.
The influence of treatment programmes on the recidivism of juvenile and adult offenders: An european meta-analytic review

Abstract Meta-analyses have examined the effectiveness of different treatment techniques on delin-quent and criminal behaviour in America and Europe. In one of the last meta-analyses, that integrated the results of programmes applied in European countries (Redondo, Garrido, and Sanchez-Meca, 1997), the global effect size obtained for all treatment and effectiveness measures (Psychological factors, education, etc.) was d = 0.3039 (r = 0.15). In general, it muld be interpreted that treatment groups surpassed controls by 15%, On this work, the results of a meta-analysis to determine which treatments are more effective in reducing on recidivism rates are presented. A total of 32 European studies that evaluated recidivism during an average follow-up period of two years obtained a global Effect size of d = 0.243 (r = 0.12), equivalent to a 12% reduction in recidivism. Regarding the differential influence of treatment models, behavioural and cognitive-behaviourd techniques were most beneficial in reducing recidi.
On a Dynamical Brauer-Manin Obstruction

Let F : X --> X be a morphism of a variety defined over a number field K, let V be a K-subvariety of X, and let O_F(P)= {F^n(P) :n=0,1,2,. } be the orbit of a point P in X(K). We describe a local-global principle for the intersection of V and O_F(P). This principle may be viewed as a dynamical analog of the Brauer-Manin obstruction. We show that the rational points of V(K) are Brauer--Manin unobstructed for power maps on P^2 in two cases: (1) V is a translate of a torus. (2) V is a line and P has a preperiodic coordinate. A key tool in the proofs is the classical Bang-Zsigmondy theorem on primitive divisors in sequences. We also prove analogous local-global results for dynamical systems associated to endomoprhisms of abelian varieties.
Monotonic Optimization Framework for the Two-User MISO Interference Channel

Resource allocation and transmit optimization for the multiple-antenna Gaussian interference channel are important but difficult problems. The spatial degrees of freedom can be exploited to avoid, align, or utilize the interference. In recent literature, the upper boundary of the achievable rate region has been characterized. However, the resulting programming problems for finding the sum-rate, proportional fair, and minimax (egalitarian) operating points are non-linear and non-convex. In this paper, we develop a non-convex optimization framework based on monotonic optimization by outer polyblock approximation. First, the objective functions are represented in terms of differences of monotonic increasing functions. Next, the problems are reformulated as maximization of increasing functions over normal constraint sets. Finally, the idea to approximate the constraint set by outer polyblocks is explained and the corresponding algorithm is derived. Numerical examples illustrate the advantages of the proposed framework compared to an exhaustive grid search approach.
Consumerism, Activism, Intrinsic Motivation, and Balance: An Interview with Tim Kasser

A year after receiving his PhD in psychology from the University of Rochester, Tim Kasser accepted a position at Knox College, in Galesburg, Illinois, where he is currently professor of psychology. He regularly teaches psychology classes on personality, clinical and abnormal psychology, dreaming, and research methods, as well as an interdisciplinary American studies/environmental studies class on alternatives to consumerism. The year before receiving tenure, he won the Philip Green Wright/Lombard College Prize for distinguished teaching at Knox College. Kasser is the author of two books, has coedited another book, and has written more than 60 journal articles and book chapters on materialism, values, goals, and quality of life, among other topics. From 2005 through 2009, Tim served as an associate editor for Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: Personality Processes and Individual Differences. He also works with activist groups that try to protect children from commercialization and that encourage a more “inwardly rich” lifestyle than what is offered by consumerism. Tim lives with his wife, two sons, and assorted animals in the western Illinois countryside. Jared Keeley is an assistant professor in the Department of Psychology at Mississippi State University, where he teaches abnormal psychology and psychopathology. He is an active member of the Society for the Teaching of Psychology and is a consulting editor for Teaching of Psychology. Jared's research interests include the scholarship of teaching and learning as well as the classification of psychopathology.
Fit for purpose? Western Australian insights into the efficacy of principal preparation

Purpose – This paper aims to highlight what principals consider their most severe challenges in the first three years of appointment and the extent to which they believe they were adequately prepared to meet these challenges.Design/methodology/approach – The paper reports on the initial Western Australian findings of a survey developed for Phase Three of the International Study of Principal Preparation (ISPP). The survey was designed as a common instrument across international contexts to investigate those aspects of principals' work perceived to be most challenging in the early years in the position and the extent to which principals believe they were prepared for these challenges. The survey was administered to 45 novice principals in Western Australia.Findings – The preliminary results of the survey have yielded some insights that draw attention to what principals regard as their main challenges and the extent to which they felt prepared to deal with them.Research limitations/implications – The sample .
A competent decoding algorithm for Trellis Code in Digital Mobile Radio

A competent and fast decoding method for a Rate 3/4 Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM) used in Digital Mobile Radio systems, is proposed in this paper. Digital Mobile Radio (DMR) is a standard for digital radio. European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI) developed the specification for the Professional Mobile Radio (PMR) users. TCM is a bandwidth efficient modulation. In TCM, doubling of constellation points helps the bandwidth conservation. TCM incorporates the best of plethoric non-binary modulation and finite state encoder. In this paper, we present an implementation of Trellis coding in DMR systems. The algorithm utilizes the Finite State Table of the coder and also the constellation mapper. BER analysis shows a coding gain of 2dB roughly. The simulations are performed by using MATLAB and the channel used for simulation is Additive White Gaussian Noise.
Class Loader Firmware on Java SoC

Java is one of the most popular programming architectures because of its platform-independence. A Java processor called “JOP” accelerates the speed of Java applications by executing Java bytecode instructions directly instead of by software emulation. However, instructions in Java executable file need to be resolved before executed. JOP finishes this resolving procedure in the Java application compiling stage and generates a memory image of Java run-time environment from Java class files. As the result of that, one of Java’s outstanding features — platform-independence is lost. This paper gives a design of Java class loader firmware which is integrated with Java processor into a System-on-Chip (SoC) and builds up a whole embedded Java platform which runs as a traditional Java Virtual Machine (JVM). The class loader firmware is essentially a resolved Java program which can be executed directly by Java processor. It offers service of loading and resolving other Java executable files for Java applications at run-time and makes these files really executable for a Java processor.
Ethical issues in research using datasets of illicit origin

We evaluate the use of data obtained by illicit means against a broad set of ethical and legal issues. Our analysis covers both the direct collection, and secondary uses of, data obtained via illicit means such as exploiting a vulnerability, or unauthorized disclosure. We extract ethical principles from existing advice and guidance and analyse how they have been applied within more than 20 recent peer reviewed papers that deal with illicitly obtained datasets. We find that existing advice and guidance does not address all of the problems that researchers have faced and explain how the papers tackle ethical issues inconsistently, and sometimes not at all. Our analysis reveals not only a lack of application of safeguards but also that legitimate ethical justifications for research are being overlooked. In many cases positive benefits, as well as potential harms, remain entirely unidentified. Few papers record explicit Research Ethics Board (REB) approval for the activity that is described and the justifications given for exemption suggest deficiencies in the REB process.