Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Size gradients of barreloids in the rat thalamus

The spatial organization of the anatomical structures along the trigeminal afferent pathway of the rat conserves the topographical order of the receptor sheath: The brainstem barrelettes, thalamic barreloids, and cortical barrels all reflect the arrangement of whiskers across the mystacial pad. Although both the amount of innervation in the mystacial pad and the size of cortical barrels were shown previously to exhibit increasing gradients toward the ventral and caudal whiskers, whether similar gradients existed in the brainstem and thalamus was not known. Here, the authors investigated the size gradients of the barreloids in the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the rat thalamus. Because the angles used to cut the brain were crucial to this study, the optimal cutting angles were determined first for visualization of individual barreloids and of the entire barreloid field. Individual barreloids, arcs, and rows as well as entire barreloid fields were clearly visualized using cytochrome oxidase staining of brain slices that were cut with the optimal cutting angles. For the first five arcs (including straddlers), the length of barreloids increased in the direction of dorsal‐to‐ventral whiskers and of caudal‐to‐rostral whiskers. These gradients reveal an inverse relationship between the size of barreloids and whiskers (length and follicle diameter) along arcs and rows. The largest barreloids in the ventral posteromedial nucleus were those that represent whiskers C2–C4, D2–D4, and E2–E4, which are neither the largest nor the most innervated whiskers in the mystacial pad. This implies that the extended representation is not merely a reflection of peripheral innervation biases and probably serves an as yet unknown processing function. J. Comp. Neurol. 429:372–387, 2001. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Hybrid Approach to the Test of Cache Memory Controllers Embedded in SoCs

Software-based self-test (SBST) is increasingly used for testing processor cores embedded in SoCs, mainly because it allows at-speed, low-cost testing, while requiring limited (if any) hardware modifications to the original design. However, the method requires effective techniques for generating suitable test programs and for monitoring the results. In the case of processor core testing, a particularly complex module to test is the cache controller, due to its limited accessibility and observability. In this paper we propose a hybrid methodology that exploits an Infrastructure Intellectual Property (I-IP) to complement an SBST algorithm for testing the data and instruction cache controllers of embedded processors in SoCs. In particular, the I-IP may be programmed to monitor the system buses and generate the appropriate feedback about the correct result of the executed programs (in terms of obtained hit or miss operations). The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is evaluated resorting to a sample SoC design.
The SINMAP Approach to Terrain Stability Mapping

A promising approach to modeling the spatial distribution of shallow debris slides combines a mechanistic infinite slope stability model with a steady-state hydrology model. The spatial distribution of a "stability index" is governed primarily by specific catchment area (the upslope area per unit contour length) and slope. The model can be interactively calibrated to the unique characteristics of the topography, rainfall, and soils of a particular study area using simple parameters, graphs and maps. Once a landslide and terrain inventory is completed using aerial photographs, this approach is shown to have the capability of producing a stability classification map of a huge area in a very short time. An analysis of the Kilpala watershed of northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia is presented as an example. RESUME: Une approche prometteuse a modeler la distribution spatiale des glissments de debris peu profondes combine un modele mecaniste de stabilite de pente infini avec un modele d'hydrologie equilibre. La distribution spatiale d'un "classe de stabilite " est regie principalement par le bassin de captation specifique (la surface vers le haut de la pente par longueur de decoupe d'unite) et la pente. Le modele peut etre calibre en mode interactif aux seules caracteristiques de la topographie, des precipitations, et des sols d'une zone particuliere d'etude en utilisant des parametres, des graphiques et des cartes simples. Une fois qu'un inventaire de terrain et de glissments de terrain est termine en utilisant les photographies aeriennes, cette approche est montree pour avoir la capacite de produire une carte de classification de stabilite d'une zone enorme dans en temps tres peu. Une analyse de la ligne de partage de Kilpala de L'ile Nordique de Vancouver, Colombie Britannique est presentee comme exemple.
Curcumin inhibits UV irradiation‐induced oxidative stress and apoptotic biochemical changes in human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells

Ultraviolet (UV) light is a strong apoptotic trigger that induces caspase‐dependent biochemical changes in cells. Previously we showed that UV irradiation can activate caspase‐3, and the subsequent cleavage and activation of p21Cdc42/Rac‐activated kinase 2 (PAK2) in human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells. In this study we demonstrate that curcumin (Cur), the yellow pigment of Curcuma longa with known anti‐oxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties, can prevent UV irradiation‐induced apoptotic changes, including c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) activation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial release of cytochrome C, caspase‐3 activation, and cleavage/activation of PAK2 in A431 cells. Flow cytometric analysis using the cell permeable dye 2′,7′‐dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCF‐DA) as an indicator of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation revealed that the increase in intracellular oxidative stress caused by UV irradiation could be abolished by Cur. In addition, we found that SP600125, a JNK‐specific inhibitor, reduced UV irradiation‐induced JNK activation as well as caspase‐3 activation, indicating that JNK activity is required for UV irradiation‐induced caspase activation. Collectively, our results demonstrate that Cur significantly attenuates UV irradiation‐induced ROS formation, and suggest that ROS triggers JNK activation, which in turn causes MMP change, cytochrome C release, caspase activation, and subsequent apoptotic biochemical changes. J. Cell. Biochem. 90: 327–338, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discovery of a New X-Ray Filled Radio Supernova Remnant around the Pulsar Wind Nebula in 3EG J1809–2328

We report the discovery of a partial ~2° diameter nonthermal radio shell coincident with Taz, the pulsar wind nebula (PWN) in the error box of the apparently variable γ-ray source 3EG J1809–2328. We propose that this radio shell is a newly identified supernova remnant (SNR G7.5–1.7) associated with the PWN. The SNR surrounds an amorphous region of thermal X-rays detected in archival ROSAT and ASCA observations, putting this system in the mixed-morphology class of supernova remnants. G7.5–1.7 is the fifth such supernova remnant coincident with a bright GeV source, and the fourth containing a pulsar wind nebulae.
Low-cost simulation of robotic surgery

The high expenses associated with acquiring and maintaining robotic surgical equipment for minimally invasive surgery entail that training on this equipment is also expensive. Virtual reality (VR) training simulators can reduce this training time; however, the current simulators are also quite expensive. Therefore, we propose a low-cost simulation of minimally invasive surgery and evaluate its feasibility. Using off-the-shelf hardware and a commercial game engine, a prototype simulation was developed and evaluated against the use of a surgical robot. The participants of the evaluation were given a similar exercise to test with both the robot and the simulation. The usefulness of the simulation to prepare the participants for the surgical robot was rated "useful" by the participants, with an average of 3.1 on a scale of 1 to 5. The low-cost game controllers used in the prototype proved to effectively simulate the controls of the surgical robot. Another test was carried out to determine the benefits of various stereoscopic displays for this simulation. This test did not show significant improvements compared to a regular display but indicated that a mobile stereoscopic display might be the most suitable option for a low-cost simulation of robotic surgery.
Analyzing closeness of code dependencies for improving IR-based Traceability Recovery

Information Retrieval (IR) identifies trace links based on textual similarities among software artifacts. However, the vocabulary mismatch problem between different artifacts hinders the performance of IR-based approaches. A growing body of work addresses this issue by combining IR techniques with code dependency analysis such as method calls. However, so far the performance of combined approaches is highly dependent to the correctness of IR techniques and does not take full advantage of the code dependency analysis. In this paper, we combine IR techniques with closeness analysis to improve IR-based traceability recovery. Specifically, we quantify and utilize the “closeness” for each call and data dependency between two classes to improve rankings of traceability candidate lists. An empirical evaluation based on three real-world systems suggests that our approach outperforms three baseline approaches.
Robust features tracking for robotic applications: towards 2 1/2 D visual servoing with natural images

This paper deals with the robust tracking of features extracted from a sequence of images taken with an uncalibrated camera mounted on a mobile robot. Unlike most vision systems, the 3D structure of the observed objects is completely unknown. Thus, position-based visual servoing cannot be used. Similarly, one must be careful when using image-based visual servoing since the depths of the features are unknown. On the other hand, 2 1/2 D visual servoing can easily deal with unknown environments since it is only based on projective reconstruction. In order to obtain a good projective reconstruction for a safe vision-based control, we propose a multi-scale real-time approach to extract robust features. Experiments show that our algorithm can be used in robotics applications when images are noisy and uncontrolled perturbations can break the continuity of the robot motion.
Exploratory Analysis of CIA Factbook Data Using Kohonen Self-Organizing Maps

A visual country comparison is of great importance to research and practice. The method of Kohonen Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) is able to present the data in a visual map and at the same time tries to maintain the topological features of the data. We employ SOM and use data from the 2007 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) World Factbook to identify what patterns exist between selected countries and their people, economies, communications, and defense forces. Examining 22 indicator variables on 190 countries, we generate a SOM as a means to better understand plausible groupings between countries of the world. The SOM allows us to see a clear visualization of country characteristics by producing multicolored two dimensional hexagonal lattices. In the analysis of these lattices, we identify a tendency for countries to cluster around their particular geographical location – and find that each of these identified clusters has pronounced characteristics associated with each. Extensions of this work over several years may help those interested in world demographics to see the shift in countries over time. This article is accessible to readers with an intermediate level of statistics.
RNA Recombination between Persisting Pestivirus and a Vaccine Strain: Generation of Cytopathogenic Virus and Induction of Lethal Disease

ABSTRACT Molecular analysis of a cytopathogenic (cp) bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) isolate (1741) obtained from a case of mucosal disease (MD) led to the identification of five different viral subgenomic RNAs in addition to a noncytopathogenic (noncp) strain (NCP 1741). For each of the subgenomes, a large internal deletion was found together with an inserted sequence encoding part of ribosomal protein S27a fused to an N-terminally truncated ubiquitin monomer. Surprisingly, the two cellular insertions together with flanking viral sequences encoding parts of NS3 and NS4B are >99% identical to the previously described sequence of BVDV vaccine strain RIT (P. Becher, M. Orlich, and H.-J. Thiel, J. Virol. 72:8697–8704, 1998), while the remainder of the subgenomes is derived from the genome of NCP 1741. Further analyses including molecular cloning and nucleotide sequencing of the recombination partners revealed that both homologous and nonhomologous RNA recombination contributed to the generation of the viral subgenomes. Interestingly, for another cp BVDV isolate (CP 4584) from an independent case of MD, again an insertion of a RIT-derived sequence element was detected. In contrast to CP 1741, for CP 4584 a duplication of the genomic region encoding NS3 and parts of NS4A and NS4B was found. Transfection of bovine cells with RNA transcribed from a chimeric cDNA construct showed that the RIT-derived insertion together with the CP 4584-specific duplication of viral sequences represents the genetic basis of cytopathogenicity of CP 4584. Remarkably, passages of the recovered cp virus in cell culture led to emergence of noncp BVDV and a number of viral subgenomes whose genome organization was similar to that in BVDV 1741.
A real-time traceback scheme for DDoS attacks

Due to the fact that IP spoofing technique is frequently used, defending distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks faces extreme difficulty. Recently, several approaches have been proposed for path identification to trace DDoS attacks. However, most of these schemes require very large number of packets to conduct the traceback process, which results in lengthy and complicated procedure. This paper proposes a novel DDoS traceback scheme based on real-time consideration by dividing the tracing process into two steps. In the first step, probabilistic packet marking (PPM) based on autonomous system (AS) (ASPPM) is adopted to determine the attack-originating AS. In the second step, random number packet marking (RNPM) is used to identify the exact origin of the attacks in the specific AS. Compared with previous schemes, the two-step traceback scheme has the benefits of quick convergence speed, light computational overhead and low false positive, hence making it possible to trace the DDoS source on a real-time basis.
Improving Point of View Scene Recognition by Considering Textual Data

At the current rate of technological advancement and social acceptance thereof, it will not be long before wearable devices will be common that constantly record the field of view of the user. We introduce a new database of image sequences, taken with a first person view camera, of realistic, everyday scenes. As a distinguishing feature, we manually transcribed the scene text of each image. This way, sophisticated OCR algorithms can be simulated that can help in the recognition of the location and the activity. To test this hypothesis, we performed a set of experiments using visual features, textual features, and a combination of both. We demonstrate that, although not very powerful when considered alone, the textual information improves the overall recognition rates.
Multiobjective evolutionary optimization of number of beams , their orientations and weights for IMRT

We propose a hybrid multiobjective (MO) evolutionary optimization algorithm (MOEA) for intensity modulated radiotherapy inverse planning and apply it to optimize the number of incident beams, their orientations and intensity profiles. The algorithm produces a set of efficient solutions, which represent different clinical tradeoffs and contains information such as variety of dose distributions and dosevolume histograms (DVH). No importance factors are required and solutions can be obtained in regions not accessible by conventional weighted sum approaches. The application of the algorithm using a test case, a prostate and a head and neck tumor case is shown. The results are compared with MO inverse planning using a gradient-based optimization algorithm. E. Schreibmann et al: Multiobjective evolutionary optimization 2/25
Efficient Shadows for GPU-based Volume Raycasting

GPU-based raycasting has emerged as the defacto standard for interactive volume rendering on off-the-shelf graphics hardware. Even though in theory this technique can be easily extended by shadow feelers in order to support shadows, this obvious approach has a major impact on the rendering performance. In this paper we will investigate shadowing extensions for GPUbased volume raycasting and compare them with respect to their quality and their performance. In particular, we will consider shadow rays, shadow mapping and deep shadow maps. For these techniques we will address their implementations using current graphics boards, and we will compare their visual results as well as their runtime behavior.
Extreme Learning Machine Algorithm to Discover New Attributes From Unseen sites

In this paper develop a learning framework for adding the information or knowledge extraction methods based wrapper methods for new attribute discovery, it aims at automatically adapting a formerly learning wrapper beginning the source Web site to an innovative unobserved site for information extraction. One exclusive distinguishing of our structure is that it can determine original or formerly unknown attributes as fine as headers starting the innovative site. But the wrapper methods are generative representation for the creation of text fragments associated to attribute items and arrangement data in a Web page. To overcome these problem propose an automatic learning algorithm using ELM machine learning algorithm and exact attribute discovery problem is solved by using EM technique . ELM learning algorithm method to mechanically choose a set of training samples with wrapper based result for unknown web sites, A ELM learning algorithm is developed to determine the innovative attributes and their corresponding headers. EM model which examine the nearby textbook fragments of the attributes in the original unobserved site. EM system is working in together machine learning models.ELM is a learning algorithm which increases the performance in determines new attributes from unobserved sites. Experimental results were carrying out from a numeral of real-world Web sites to show the efficiency of our structure.
Testing the Robustness of Team Structures with Social Simulation

Organizational structure design has been one of major topics in management, social science, operation research, etc. In this paper, we used a meta-matrix method and a simulation to test the robustness of team structures. We examined five top structures and five bottom structures form America’s Army on-line game. Because we have prior knowledge about the robustness of the structures, we compare the performance measures from the simulations to the prior knowledge. According to our result, the performance measures can classify the top structures and the bottom structures. Furthermore, the classification based on the measures becomes clearer as simulation proceeds. After the simulation result analysis, we discuss possible improvements of this approach and future applications.
Emerging Patterns of Intersection and Segmentation when Computerization Movements Interact

Kling and Iacono introduced and investigated computerization movements, counter computerization movements, and computerization organizations in a series of papers starting in the late 1980’s. Their analyses focus on characterizing structural properties, ideologies, and consequences of computerization movements and organizations. This paper starts from their foundations to investigate a set of three new computerization movements: open source software development, computer games, and grid computing. I focus attention on examining not only structural properties, ideologies, and consequences of these three computerization movements and associated organizations, but also on structural processes that characterize what happens when computerization movements come together, and consequences that emerge as a result of these intersecting movements. This focus on identifying emerging patterns of intersecting computerization movements, as well as the segmenting of these computerization movements is the principal contribution of this chapter.
A dynamic and mixed routing algorithm for 2D mesh NoC

To solve the congestion of NoC caused by overload such as injection rate increase, this paper proposes a novel routing algorithm, that is Dynamic and Mixed Routing(MIXROUT) which is based on XY Routing(XY) and Multiple and Load-Balance Path Routing(MULTI). Although MULTI is an adaptive routing that can relieve traffic congestion state, it has a higher operating power and temperature than other routing mechanism. So a dynamic routing strategy is proposed on the status of the network. It works as follows: MULTI is selected as the routing algorithm when NoC is in heavy load state, otherwise XY is chosen for a lower operating power and temperature. Experimental results show that under the condition of 4*4 topology sizes, MIXROUT is better than XY and MULTI used singly in term of thermal gradient, with a value 1.882°C, 4.116°C and 4.542°C respectively.
Planning and programming with first-order markov decision processes: insights and challenges

Markov decision processes (MDPs) have become the de facto standard model for decision-theoretic planning problems. However, classic dynamic programming algorithms for MDPs [22] require explicit state and action enumeration. For example, the classical representation of a value function is a table or vector associating a value with each system state; such value functions are produced by iterating over the state space. Since state spaces grow exponentially with the number of domain features, the direct application of these models to AI planning problems is limited. Furthermore, for infinite and continuous spaces, such methods cannot be used without special knowledge of the form of the value function or optimal control policy.
A lightweight Chinese semantic dependency parsing model based on sentence compression

This paper is concerned with lightweight semantic dependency parsing for Chinese. We propose a novel sentence compression based model for semantic dependency parsing without using any syntactic dependency information. Our model divides semantic dependency parsing into two sequential sub-tasks: sentence compression and semantic dependency recognition. Sentence compression method is used to get backbone information of the sentence, conveying candidate heads of arguments to the next step. The bilexical semantic relations between words in the compressed sentence and predicates are then recognized in a pairwise way. We present encouraging results on the Chinese data set from CoNLL 2009 shared task. Without any syntactic information, our semantic dependency parsing model still outperforms the best reported system in the literature.