Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Behavior-based Incentives for Node Cooperation in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) adopts a decentralized communication architecture which relies on cooperation among nodes at each layer of the protocol stack. Its reliance on cooperation for success and survival makes the ad hoc network particularly sensitive to variations in node behavior. Specifically, for functions such as routing, nodes which are limited in their resources may be unwilling to cooperate in forwarding for other nodes. Such selfish behavior leads to degradation in the performance of the network and possibly, in the extreme case, a complete cessation of operations. Consequently it is important to devise solutions to encourage resource-constrained nodes to cooperate. Incentive schemes have been proposed to induce selfish nodes to cooperate. Though many of the proposed schemes in the literature are payment-based, nodes can be incentivized to cooperate by adopting policies which are non-monetary in nature, but rather are based on the threat of retaliation for non-cooperating nodes. These policies, for which there is little formal analysis in the existing literature on node cooperation, are based on observed node behavior. We refer to them as behavior-based incentives. In this work, we analyze the effectiveness of behavior-based incentives in inducing nodes to cooperate. To determine whether an incentive scheme is effective in fostering cooperation we develop a game-theoretic model. Adopting a repeated game model, we show that nodes may agree to cooperate in sharing their resources and forward packets, even if they perceive a cost in doing so. This happens as the nodes recognize that refusing to cooperate will result in similar behavior by others, which ultimately would compromise the viability of the network as a whole. A major shortcoming in the analysis done in past works is the lack of consideration of practical constraints imposed by an ad hoc environment. One such example is the assumption that a node, when making decisions about whether to cooperate, has perfect knowledge of every other node's actions. In a distributed setting this is impractical. In our work, we analyze behavior-based incentives by incorporating such practical considerations as imperfect monitoring into our game-theoretic models. In modeling the problem as a game of imperfect public monitoring (nodes observe a common public signal that reflects the actions of other nodes in the network) we show that, under the assumption of first order stochastic dominance of the public signal, the grim trigger strategy leads to an equilibrium for nodes to cooperate. Even though a …
FAMILIES OF ULTRAFILTERS, AND HOMOMORPHISMS ON INFINITE DIRECT PRODUCT ALGEBRAS

Abstract Criteria are obtained for a filter ${\cal F}$ of subsets of a set I to be an intersection of finitely many ultrafilters, respectively, finitely many κ-complete ultrafilters for a given uncountable cardinal $\kappa . $ From these, general results are deduced concerning homomorphisms on infinite direct product groups, which yield quick proofs of some results in the literature: the Łoś–Eda theorem (characterizing homomorphisms from a not-necessarily-countable direct product of modules to a slender module), and some results of Nahlus and the author on homomorphisms on infinite direct products of not-necessarily-associative k-algebras. The same tools allow other results of Nahlus and the author to be nontrivially strengthened, and yield an analog to one of their results, with nonabelian groups taking the place of k-algebras. We briefly examine the question of how the common technique used in applying the general results of this note to k-algebras on the one hand, and to nonabelian groups on the other, might be extended to more general varieties of algebras in the sense of universal algebra. In a final section, the Erdős–Kaplansky theorem on dimensions of vector spaces ${D^I}$ $(D$ a division ring) is extended to reduced products ${D^I}/{\cal F},$ and an application is noted.
How green the LTE technology can be?

Reducing Carbon emissions in general in ICT from the present 3 percent and in particular in Mobile communications has been of a serious concern. In the next generation cellular technologies like LTE, base stations are very energy hungry, as they need to provide high spectral efficiency and wide coverage. Given that there is no cooling required for modern systems, the transmit power in a typical link is the most important constituent in a base station. This is mainly due to its power amplifiers and also due to energy loss in the power supply. LTE uses OFDM in downlink, which requires huge complex computations, and the power consumption of the transceiver hardware. With the latest CMOS technology, a two-fold reduction in the operating voltage from 130 nm technology to 22 nm technology, results in a four-fold reductions in the transceiver power consumption. With the LTE technology poised to take off, it is interesting to see the energy consumption assessment of LTE considering the projection of technology and exploiting the different mode of operation and the methods of reducing energy consumption. This paper discusses about the various possibilities and makes a practical assessment of a possible green form of LTE.
Hybrid Garbage Collection for Multi-Version Concurrency Control in SAP HANA

While multi-version concurrency control (MVCC) supports fast and robust performance in in-memory, relational databases, it has the potential problem of a growing number of versions over time due to obsolete versions. Although a few TB of main memory is available for enterprise machines, the memory resource should be used carefully for economic and practical reasons. Thus, in order to maintain the necessary number of versions in MVCC, versions which will no longer be used need to be deleted. This process is called garbage collection. MVCC uses the concept of visibility to define garbage. A set of versions for each record is first identified as candidate if their version timestamps are lower than the minimum value of snapshot timestamps of active snapshots in the system. All such candidates, except the one which has the maximum version timestamp, are safely reclaimed as garbage versions. In mixed OLTP and OLAP workloads, the typical garbage collector may not effectively reclaim record versions. In these workloads, OLTP applications generate a high volume of new versions, while long-lived queries or transactions in OLAP applications often block garbage collection, since we need to compare the version timestamp of each record version with the snapshot timestamp of the oldest, long-lived snapshot. Thus, these workloads typically cause the in-memory version space to grow. Additionally, the increasing version chains of records over time may also increase the traversal cost for them. In this paper, we present an efficient and effective garbage collector called HybridGC in SAP HANA. HybridGC integrates three novel concepts of garbage collection: timestamp-based group garbage collection, table garbage collection, and interval garbage collection. Through experiments using mixed OLTP and OLAP workloads, we show that HybridGC effectively and efficiently collects garbage versions with negligible overhead.
Thinking in Terms of Structure-Activity-Relationships (T-SAR): A Tool to Better Understand Nanofiltration Membranes

A frontier to be conquered in the field of membrane technology is related to the very limited scientific base for the rational and task-specific design of membranes. This is especially true for nanofiltration membranes with properties that are based on several solute-membrane interaction mechanisms. “Thinking in terms of Structure-Activity-Relationships” (T-SAR) is a methodology which applies a systematic analysis of a chemical entity based on its structural formula. However, the analysis become more complex with increasing size of the molecules considered. In this study, T-SAR was combined with classical membrane characterization methods, resulting in a new methodology which allowed us not only to explain membrane characteristics, but also provides evidence for the importance of the chemical structure for separation performance. We demonstrate an application of the combined approach and its potential to discover stereochemistry, molecular interaction potentials, and reactivity of two FilmTec nanofiltration membranes (NF-90 and NF-270). Based on these results, it was possible to predict both properties and performance in the recovery of hydrophobic ionic liquids from aqueous solution.
Argument Schemes and Critical Questions for Decision Aiding Process

Our ambition in this paper is to begin to specify in argumentative terms (some of) the steps involved in a decision-aiding process. To do that, we make use of the popular notion of argument schemes, and specify the related critical questions. A hierarchical structure of argument schemes allows to decompose the process into several distinct steps---and for each of them the underlying premises are made explicit, which allows in turn to identify how these steps can be dialectically defeated via critical questions. This work initiates a systematic study which aims at constituting a significant step forward for forthcoming decision-aiding tools. The kind of system that we foresee and sketch here would allow: (i) to present a recommendation that can be explicitly justified; (ii) to revise any piece of reasoning involved in this process, and be informed of the consequences of such moves; and possibly (iii) to stimulate the client by generating contradictory arguments.
The Influence of Peer Groups on Students’ Anxiety in EFL Learning

This research aimed to identify the factors in peer groups which positively and negatively influence the students’ anxiety in learning English and determine which peer groups have more effect to the students’ anxiety in terms of grouping division by the teacher or by the students. The researcher applied descriptive qualitative research method. The data collection was done through observation and interview. The participants of the research were the second grade students of SMAN 2 Parepare. They were selected by using purposive sampling referring to the English teachers who provide their classrooms in grouping teaching method and also referring to the students who were involved in peer groups. The result of data analysis showed that some factors which positively influence the students’ anxiety in learning English consist of communication skill development, sharing diverse assumption, and collaborative learning. Meanwhile, students’ self-perception, low language proficiency, and peer rejection are factors which negatively influence their anxiety. Besides, competitiveness becomes one factor in peer group which positively and also negatively influence the students’ anxiety in learning English. Furthermore, grouping division by the teacher which created heterogeneous grouping gave better impact to the students’ anxiety in learning than by the students which created homogeneous grouping. Therefore, it is suggested to the English teacher to know how to create a good condition in teaching and learning environment among the students in order that they can do some methods or teaching strategies that provide students to work in a group. They can be more concerned with some factors that cause students’ anxiety and help them to reduce their anxiety in EFL learning.
The effectiveness of cares dementia training modules on delivery of person centered care inside a memory care unit : utilizing the cares observational tool

This study compared the efficacy of using online dementia training modules on both direct and non-direct care providers in long-term care settings and how this impacted their delivery of Person Centered Care (PCC), as well as their knowledge of caring for residents with a diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease (AD), dementia. Traditional educational opportunities for staff working specifically with demented residents inside Memory Care Units (MCU) were investigated, along with an alternative approach of training all staff (to include direct and non-direct care providers). The option of utilizing online dementia training modules for all staff was then evaluated by using an observational Person Centered Care tool, to see if education had made an impact on interactions between staff and the demented residents that they care for. This study utilized a single-group, repeated measures design to test a 10-week, standardized and computerized set of 10 interactive training modules in a 60-bed MCU . Fifty-one observations were made between MCU residents and staff and included in this study, employing a single-group pre-post-posttest design. The findings suggest that online dementia training modules may be beneficial for both knowledge and delivery of PCC to staff in MCUs who care for residents with a diagnosis of AD.
Problem-Based Learning on Parenting Programs at Early Childhood Education Institutions in Indonesia

: In the last five years, parenting program is a program that must be implemented by early childhood education institutions. The aim of this program is improving the parent's competence in caregiving in the family. Currently, the parenting program model has been implemented variably in accordance with the capabilities of each early childhood education institutions, so there has not yet been found the most effective specific model to be applied in Indonesia that addresses issues and problems, socio-cultural, and parents conditions. Many models have been done, one of which is the problem-based learning model. This model raises the real problems faced by parents in carrying out parenting in the family to further serve as a subject matter in parenting program. This study was conducted in Bandung, West Java, with participants of early childhood education manager institutions and parents who participated in parenting program in early childhood education institutions selected using purposive sampling. The results show that parenting has benefits for parents in improving self-efficacy, building effective communication within the family, controlling emotions in parenting, and building family co-operation. This result implies that the problem-based learning model in the parenting program has been effective in improving the quality of family care.
Questions about certainty and uncertainty in clinical practice.

PURPOSE This article offers a critical response to Kamhi's (2011) essay regarding the need to balance certainty and uncertainty in evidence-based practice (EBP). METHOD Points of concordance and discordance (counterpoints) between Kamhi's essay and the author's frames of reference were considered. RESULTS In agreement with Kamhi, a major role is outlined for clinicians to use questions strategically (i.e., acting on uncertainty) to prioritize intervention targets and select approaches that best fit the context and stakeholders' values for purposes of planning, accomplishing, and evaluating change. The first counterpoint emphasizes a need for larger roles for theoretical frameworks involving systems theory and collaborative, contextualized approaches to assessment and intervention. The second notes opportunities for self-correction by using outcome data from relevant contexts outside of treatment sessions. CONCLUSION Clinicians should capitalize on Kamhi's ideas by working with other key stakeholders to make points of certainty and uncertainty explicit. By generating insightful questions that can guide the process of EBP and gathering evidence from broader outcomes, clinicians can gain external validation for the approach taken or for the need to consider alternatives.
Homogeneous Poisson structures on symmetric spaces

We calculate, in a relatively explicit way, the Hamiltonian systems which arise from the Evens-Lu construction of homogeneous Poisson structures on both compact and noncompact type symmetric spaces. A corollary is that the Hamiltonian system arising in the noncompact case is isomorphic to the generic Hamiltonian system arising in the compact case. In the group case these systems are also isomorphic to those arising from the Bruhat Poisson structure on the flag space, and hence, by results of Lu, can be completely factored.
Deconvolution of astronomical images using the multiscale maximum entropy method

Following the ideas of Bontekoe et al. who noticed that the classical Maximum Entropy Method (MEM) had diculties to eciently restore high and low spatial frequency structure in an image at the same time, we use the wavelet transform, a mathematical tool to decompose a signal into dierent frequency bands. We introduce the concept of multi-scale entropy of an image, leading to a better restoration at all spatial frequencies. This deconvolution method is flux conservative and the use of a multiresolution support solves the problem of MEM to choose the parameter, i.e. the relative weight between the goodness-of-t and the entropy. We show that our algorithm is ecient too for ltering astronomical images. A range of practical examples illustrate this approach.
Factors moderating neuropsychological outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury: A meta-analysis

There continues to be debate about the long-term neuropsychological impact of mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). A meta-analysis of the relevant literature was conducted to determine the impact of MTBI across nine cognitive domains. The analysis was based on 39 studies involving 1463 cases of MTBI and 1191 control cases. The overall effect of MTBI on neuropsychological functioning was moderate (d = .54). However, findings were moderated by cognitive domain, time since injury, patient characteristics, and sampling methods. Acute effects (less than 3 months postinjury) of MTBI were greatest for delayed memory and fluency (d = 1.03 and .89, respectively). In unselected or prospective samples, the overall analysis revealed no residual neuropsychological impairment by 3 months postinjury (d = .04). In contrast, clinic-based samples and samples including participants in litigation were associated with greater cognitive sequelae of MTBI (d = .74 and .78, respectively at 3 months or greater). Indeed, litigation was associated with stable or worsening of cognitive functioning over time. The implications and limitations of these findings are discussed. (JINS, 2005, 11, 215–227.)
Small nucleolar RNA interference in Trypanosoma brucei: mechanism and utilization for elucidating the function of snoRNAs

Expression of dsRNA complementary to small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) in Trypanosoma brucei results in snoRNA silencing, termed snoRNAi. Here, we demonstrate that snoRNAi requires the nuclear TbDCL2 protein, but not TbDCL1, which is involved in RNA interference (RNAi) in the cytoplasm. snoRNAi depends on Argonaute1 (Slicer), and on TbDCL2, suggesting that snoRNA dicing and slicing takes place in the nucleus, and further suggesting that AGO1 is active in nuclear silencing. snoRNAi was next utilized to elucidate the function of an abundant snoRNA, TB11Cs2C2 (92 nt), present in a cluster together with the spliced leader associated RNA (SLA1) and snR30, which are both H/ACA RNAs with special nuclear functions. Using AMT-UV cross-linking and RNaseH cleavage, we provide evidence for the interaction of TB11Cs2C2 with the small rRNAs, srRNA-2 and srRNA-6, which are part of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA. snoRNAi of TB11Cs2C2 resulted in defects in generating srRNA-2 and LSUβ rRNA. This is the first snoRNA described so far to engage in trypanosome-specific processing events.
The uraemic retention solute para-hydroxy-hippuric acid attenuates apoptosis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from healthy subjects but not from haemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND Disturbed polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) apoptosis contributes to the dysregulation of the non-specific immune system in uraemia. Intracellular Ca(2+) modulates PMNL apoptotic cell death. We investigated the effect of para-hydroxy-hippuric acid (PHA), an erythrocyte plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor accumulating in uraemic sera, and of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), an inhibitor of the sarko/endoplasmatic Ca(2+)-ATPase, on PMNL apoptosis. METHODS Apoptosis of PMNLs from healthy subjects and from haemodialysis (HD) patients was assessed after incubation for 20 h by evaluating morphological features under the fluorescence microscope and by measuring the DNA content and caspase activities by flow cytometry. The intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) was determined by measurement of fura-2 fluorescence using the 340/ 380 nm dual wavelength excitation. RESULTS Spontaneous apoptosis of PMNLs from healthy subjects and from HD patients did not differ. PHA significantly attenuated, while CPA increased, the apoptotic cell death of PMNLs from healthy subjects. The PHA effect was not observed with PMNLs from HD patients, irrespective of whether the blood was drawn before or after HD treatment. Baseline [Ca(2+)](i) was increased in PMNLs obtained from HD patients before dialysis but reversed after dialysis. The PHA effects were not mediated via [Ca(2+)](i). The chemotactic peptide N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP) induced a [Ca(2+)](i) increase and reduced PMNL survival. Extracellular Ca(2+) did not affect CPA- and fMLP-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS PHA, without affecting [Ca(2+)](i), attenuates apoptosis of healthy but not of uraemic PMNLs. CPA and fMLP enhance PMNL apoptosis independently of Ca(2+) influx.
New native QMD code in Geant4

Recently the number of hadron therapy facilities has been increasing rapidly. Some of them are designed for heavy ions and need a tool to simulate the passage of ions through matter. As well, the space engineering field requires good estimates of device damage caused by bombarding ions in cosmic rays. As a result, demands for detailed simulations of nucleus-nucleus interactions have increased. Quantum Molecular Dynamics (QMD) is the quantum extension of the classical molecular-dynamics model and is widely used to analyze various aspects of heavy ion reactions, especially for many-body processes, in particular the formation of complex fragments. A new C++ version of the QMD code has been developed for the Geant4 toolkit. Derivation of equations of motion and production of initial “ground state” nuclei are based on JQMD and R-JQMD. Recently proposed Lorentz covariant kinematics treatment in R-JQMD is also included. Final states of two-body collisions are calculated by the same scatter class which the Binary Cascade model uses. After the termination of the time evolution of QMD system, cluster identification carry out and identified clusters are regarded as a excited fragment nucleus and they are passed to excitation model in Geant4. Validation results represent a significant improvement over current Geant4 nucleus-nucleus collision models.