Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cannabis (Marijuana) - Effects on Human Performance and Behavior.

Cannabis is one of the oldest and most commonly abused drugs in the world. Recently, tremendous advances have been made in our understanding of the endogenous cannabinoid system with the identification of cannabinoid receptors, cannabinoid receptor antagonists, endogenous neurotransmitters, metabolic enzymes, and reuptake mechanisms. These advances have helped us to elucidate the mechanisms of action of cannabis and the side effects and toxicities associated with its use. In addition, potential therapeutic applications are being investigated for the use of smoked cannabis and synthetic THC (dronabinol). Most workplace, military, and criminal justice positive urine drug tests are due to the use of cannabis. In addition, alternative matrices, including saliva, sweat, and hair, are being utilized for monitoring cannabis use in treatment, employment, and criminal justice settings. Experimental laboratory studies have identified cognitive, physiological, and psychomotor effects following cannabis. Epidemiological studies reveal that cannabis is the most common illicit drug world-wide in impaired drivers, and in motor vehicle injuries and fatalities. Driving simulator studies also indicate performance impairment following cannabis use; however, the results of open- and closed-road driving studies and of culpability studies do not consistently document increased driving risk. Clearly a combination of ethanol and cannabis use significantly increases risks. This article reviews the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabis and places special emphasis on the effects of cannabis on complex tasks such as driving and flying.
A Forecast Comparison of Volatility Models in Chinese Financial Markets

The realized volatility estimators constructed by high-frequency data have gained popularity in measuring and comparing the forecast abilities of different volatility models.We employ intra-day high frequency data of two main indexes in Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Markets in constructing two kinds of non-parametric estimators realized volatility and realized range,which are used to compare GARCH and CARR families and build their extensions.Mincer-Zarnowitz regression equation and an asymptotic normal statistics based the equation are used to judge the satistical significance of their superiority.The results show that standard CARR model performs the best,and GARCH extensions as well as those CARR extensions do not improve the standard model's forecasting ability in the sense of statistical significance,which demonstrates empirically that modeling volatility with daily price ranges of CARR model is highly efficient.
Spatial variation of mortality for common and rare cancers in Piedmont, Italy, from 1980 to 2000: a Bayesian approach

A Bayesian hierarchical model was used to study the spatial variation in mortality risk from lung and pleural cancer in both sexes, and breast and soft tissue sarcoma (STS) in women in Piedmont (north-west Italy, average population 4 349 411) from 1980 to 2000. Of these four neoplasms, two are common (lung and breast) and two rare (pleura and STS); two have well recognized risk factors (lung and pleura) while the other two (breast and STS) have no single strong risk factor. Data were analysed at a small-area level (1206 municipalities, population 39 to 989 663), using both standardized mortality ratios and Bayesian-estimated mortality risks. The Bayesian model allowed for both heterogeneity (through spatially independent random effects) and clustering (through spatially correlated random effects) and, by borrowing information from neighbouring areas, provided stable estimates for areas with sparse data. The aim was to reduce the noise in the disease maps to highlight the true underlying mortality distribution. Lung cancer in men showed strong spatial structure with a marked east–west gradient, but no appreciable urban–rural differences. In contrast, high mortality areas for female lung cancer were observed around conurbations. Female breast cancer and STS appeared to be spread uniformly across the region. Pleural cancer mortality clusters were evident around areas with major asbestos manufacturers, or natural asbestiform fibre pollution. Maps of Bayesian-estimated mortality risk provided appreciably clearer pictures of risk distribution than did maps of the standardized mortality ratio.
On the properties and sequence context of structurally ambivalent fragments in proteins

The goal of this work is to characterize structurally ambivalent fragments in proteins. We have searched the Protein Data Bank and identified all structurally ambivalent peptides (SAPs) of length five or greater that exist in two different backbone conformations. The SAPs were classified in five distinct categories based on their structure. We propose a novel index that provides a quantitative measure of conformational variability of a sequence fragment. It measures the context‐dependent width of the distribution of (ϕ,ξ) dihedral angles associated with each amino acid type. This index was used to analyze the local structural propensity of both SAPs and the sequence fragments contiguous to them. We also analyzed type‐specific amino acid composition, solvent accessibility, and overall structural properties of SAPs and their sequence context. We show that each type of SAP has an unusual, type‐specific amino acid composition and, as a result, simultaneous intrinsic preferences for two distinct types of backbone conformation. All types of SAPs have lower sequence complexity than average. Fragments that adopt helical conformation in one protein and sheet conformation in another have the lowest sequence complexity and are sampled from a relatively limited repertoire of possible residue combinations. A statistically significant difference between two distinct conformations of the same SAP is observed not only in the overall structural properties of proteins harboring the SAP but also in the properties of its flanking regions and in the pattern of solvent accessibility. These results have implications for protein design and structure prediction.
Demystifying the Professoriate in Visual Art and Design Education

48 I build on Brekhus’ (1998) notion of the marked and unmarked “as basic features of social perception” (p. 36) to include extraordinary experiences [denoted in orange throughout], which represent the “uncommon features of social life” (p. 34) and ordinary experiences [denoted in blue], which embody the “taken-for-granted elements of social reality” (p. 34). Visual disruptions in the text give readers, or current and prospective graduate students in visual art and design education, the space to internalize these professional experiences from a range of academic careers. My aim below is to demystify the professoriate by highlighting what un/markedness does (Colebrook, 2002). I have placed interpretative meanings about un/markedness in A M B E R W A R D
Formal Analysis of Android's Permission-Based Security Model,

In this work we present a comprehensive formal specification of an idealized formulation of Android’s permission model. Permissions in Android are basically tags that developers declare in their applications, more precisely in the so-called application manifest, to gain access to sensitive resources. Several analyses have recently been carried out concerning the security of the Android system. Few of them, however, pay attention to the formal aspects of the permission enforcing framework. We provide a complete and uniform formulation of several security properties using the higher order logic of the Calculus of Inductive Constructions and sketch the proofs that have been developed and verified using the Coq proof assistant. We also analyze how the changes introduced in the latest version of Android, that allows to manage permissions at runtime, impact the presented model.
Non linear phase retrieval from fresnel diffraction patterns using the frechet derivative

Several methods of phase retrieval for in line phase tomography have already been investigated based on the linearization of the relation between the phase shift induced by the object and the diffracted intensity. They use the Transport Intensity Equation (TIE) or the Contrast Transfer Function (CTF), or mixed approaches. In this work, we present a non linear iterative approach using the Frechet derivative of the intensity recorded at a few number of propagation distances. The inverse problem is regularized with the smoothing L2 norm of the phase gradient. The evaluation of the method was performed using a simple phase map, both with and without noise. Our approach outerperforms the linear methods on simulated noisy data up to high noise levels.
Selectivity of the ubiquitin pathway for oxidatively modified proteins: relevance to protein precipitation diseases

There is now consensus that the accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins is cytotoxic and causally related to several age‐related diseases, including the amyloid diseases and age‐related cataracts. There is also general agreement that proteolytic pathways provide a quality control mechanism to limit accumulation of damaged proteins. Although many researchers assume that the ubiquitin pathway is involved in recognition and proteolytic removal of oxidatively modified proteins, which are produced upon cellular stress, there has been no direct evidence to support this hypothesis. In this work, we used a novel proteolysis‐resistant ubiquitin variant to demonstrate that ubiquitin conjugates isolated from oxidatively stressed mammalian cells are enriched 3.3 ‐ 15‐fold for oxidatively modified proteins and that failure to execute ubiquitin‐dependent proteolysis renders various cell types more susceptible to oxidative stress‐related cytotoxicity. These results were corroborated using several inhibitors of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway, including PS‐341, an anticancer drug in clinical use. Taken together the data indicate that the ubiquitin proteolytic pathway recognizes and removes oxidatively modified proteins, and that failure of this system, as occurs upon aging or stress, may be involved in and exacerbate cytotoxicity and age‐related syndromes in which accumulation of ubiquitinated and oxidatively modified proteins has an etiologic role.
Action and localization of glycine and taurine in the cat retina.

The effects on retinal ganglion cells of iontophoretically applied glycine, taurine and strychnine were studied in the optically intact eye of the cat. Glycine and taurine suppressed the light‐evoked discharge of all on‐centre and off‐centre brisk ganglion cells, regardless of the visual stimulus used. Strychnine blocked the action of externally applied glycine and taurine. The light‐evoked response of all ganglion cells was raised by strychnine. The tonic discharge of the light response was suppressed or raised by the drugs more than the phasic response. A population of amacrine cells, which was heavily labelled by [3H]glycine, did not take up [3H]taurine. [3H]taurine was only weakly accumulated by inner nuclear layer neurones and was predominantly located in the outer retina.
Radome enhancing multi-sector antenna radiation performances

A novel and original concept of relevant radome has been introduced and validated by the design of a foam radome prototype applied to a multi-sector antenna. Metallic elements, directly positioned into the radome, allow to control the antenna radiation pattern. The fact of using radome to support the metallic elements makes it an integral part of the antenna system. Obtained measurements results on a realized 4-sector antenna system with optimized radome patterns showed significant gain improvement and a slight reduction of the cross-polarization level. These interesting results were obtained without modifying the initial antenna dimensions and without significantly degrading the antenna matching in the design frequency band.
Role of nitric oxide in the airway response to exercise in healthy and asthmatic subjects.

A role of nitric oxide (NO) has been suggested in the airway response to exercise. However, it is unclear whether NO may act as a protective or a stimulatory factor. Therefore, we examined the role of NO in the airway response to exercise by using N-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA, an NO synthase inhibitor), L-arginine (the NO synthase substrate), or placebo as pretreatment to exercise challenge in 12 healthy nonsmoking, nonatopic subjects and 12 nonsmoking, atopic asthmatic patients in a double-blind, crossover study. Fifteen minutes after inhalation of L-NMMA (10 mg), L-arginine (375 mg), or placebo, standardized bicycle ergometry was performed for 6 min using dry air, while ventilation was kept constant. The forced expiratory volume in 1-s response was expressed as area under the time-response curve (AUC) over 30 min. In healthy subjects, there was no significant change in AUC between L-NMMA and placebo treatment [28.6 +/- 17.0 and 1.3 +/- 20.4 (SE) for placebo and L-NMMA, respectively, P = 0.2]. In the asthmatic group, L-NMMA and L-arginine induced significant changes in exhaled NO (P < 0.01) but had no significant effect on AUC compared with placebo (geometric mean +/- SE: -204.3 +/- 1.5, -186.9 +/- 1.4, and -318.1 +/- 1.2%. h for placebo, L-NMMA, and L-arginine, respectively, P > 0.2). However, there was a borderline significant difference in AUC between L-NMMA and L-arginine treatment (P = 0.052). We conclude that modulation of NO synthesis has no effect on the airway response to exercise in healthy subjects but that NO synthesis inhibition slightly attenuates exercise-induced bronchoconstriction compared with NO synthase substrate supplementation in asthma. These data suggest that the net effect of endogenous NO is not inhibitory during exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma.
Debt, poverty, and financial exclusion

Summary Over-indebtedness of impoverished households and its relevance to the social work profession have not received sufficient attention in the professional discourse. It is the intention of this article to put over-indebtedness on the professional agenda, to review the literature about it, and to present initial data from a study on over-indebtedness in Israel carried out with special attention to debtors’ coping with their debts. The research was conducted as a door-to-door survey in a neighborhood with low socio-economic characteristics and included questions about the nature of the debts, the strategies people use to cope with debts and the obstacles they face while doing so. Findings The research findings indicate a severe debt problem among the participants. Out of 142 interviewees, 61% had debt that was overdue and 27% of them did not have an active bank account – a significant parameter of financial exclusion. Moreover, the proliferation of debts per household, and the high level of debt-to-income ratio also indicate high risk for financial exclusion. Notwithstanding, the findings indicate that most debtors made active efforts in order to close their debts, using two distinct strategies, namely: trying to reach a payment arrangement with the creditor or paying off the debt by increasing their financial resources. Most debtors used the first strategy, although it was found as the less successful one. Applications The article discusses these findings in the framework of the concept of financial exclusion and proposes policy and direct interventions as well as further research on the topic.
Monetary Shocks and Labor Market Equilibrium

This paper will investigate labor market equilibrium in a rational expectations model where unforeseen monetary shocks have real effects. On a less complex level than either paper, this paper attempts to investigate a job search model similar to that found in Lucas and Prescott [2] in the context of a rational expectations model similar to that originally investigated in Lucas [3]. The model developed generates an equilibrium pool of unemployed job searchers and hence what could be called a natural rate of unemployment due to the fact that there are firm specific demand shocks causing relative price fluctuations and inducing workers located in low demand markets to search out better employment alternatives and due to the fact that search is costly and hence the cost of increasing the probability a successful search to one is prohibitive. Unforeseen monetary shocks have an impact on the size of this pool of unemployed job searchers because they are in part confused with firm specific demand shocks. Rational expectations models having the characteristic that unforeseen monetary shocks can have real effects are by now quite familiar; however, no previous models have specifically analyzed a job search model in the context of a rational expectations model of the Lucas [3] variety. After construction of the model, the main focus of the paper will be to analyze the impact of changes in the variance of the aggregate monetary shock to which the economy is assumed subject upon the natural rate of unemployment. The paper is organized as follows. In Section II the basic model and behavioral assumptions are discussed. Equilibrium price and labor demand equations are derived in Sections III, IV, and V. In Section VI the conditions determining labor market equilibrium are derived and comparative statics analysis is investigated. Section VII summarizes the conclusions of the model.
When women disappear from the labour market: occupational status of Dutch women at marriage in a modernizing society, 1865–1922

Between 1865 and 1922 the labour force participation of women at marriage dropped considerably in the Netherlands. At the same time, girls' educational participation increased and egalitarian gender values started to spread. We expect these developments to have affected the occupational status of those women who stayed in the labour market. Using a large dataset of Dutch marriages and municipal-level information on female labour force participation, educational participation, and an indicator of gender values, we show that women's status dropped until around 1885 and then started to rise. The retreat of women from the labour market coincided with a decline in the status of the women who remained, whereas, especially after 1900, the increasing educational participation of girls and the dissemination of egalitarian gender values counteracted this trend by causing women's status to rise.
Similarity of sli-1, a regulator of vulval development in C. elegans, to the mammalian proto-oncogene c-cbl

Vulval induction during Caenorhabditis elegans development is mediated by LET-23, a homolog of the mammalian epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase. The sli-1 gene is a negative regulator of LET-23 and is shown here to encode a protein similar to c-Cbl, a mammalian proto-oncoprotein. SLI-1 and c-Cbl share approximately 55 percent amino acid identity over a stretch of 390 residues, which includes a C3HC4 zinc-binding motif known as the RING finger, and multiple consensus binding sites for Src homology 3 (SH3) domains. SLI-1 and c-Cbl may define a new class of proteins that modify receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated signal transduction.
An adaptive approach for the fault tolerant control of a nonlinear system

In this paper hybridisation between two optimisation methods such as modified bacterial foraging optimisation algorithm (MBFOA) and adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is presented for determining the optimal proportional-integral (PI) controller parameters, for fault tolerant control (FTC) in an wind energy conversion system (WECS). Initially, detection and diagnosis of fault is performed by the ANFIS. The wind turbine actual output performance and the estimated output values are given as an input to the ANFIS. The residuals, which are the outputs of ANFIS is used for deciding, whether the signal is a fault signal or a non-fault signal, which utilises the knowledge-based computation technique. By using the step size modified bacterial foraging optimisation algorithm-based FTC, the gain parameters are optimised based on the occurrence of fault. Then the proposed hybrid fault tolerant control model is implemented in the MATLAB/SIMULINK platform and the effectiveness is analysed by comparing with the other techniques. The comparison results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach and confirm its potential in controlling the fault in a WECS.
Dual-phase 18V 280μA charge pump with active switches and passive level shifter for low-voltage high-density capacitors

This paper describes the implementation of a high-output current charge pump with passive level shifters, aiming the reliable driving of internal active switches. The technique described here enables advantageous use of high-density integrated Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) capacitors with low breakdown voltage, and active switches (MOS transistors). This enables to obtain high power density integration. In addition, capacitor area optimization and feedback control allowing generate constant output voltage are discussed. The 10MHz charge pump was integrated in 0. 13μm CMOS process. Thanks to extra epitaxial trench isolation, 18V output voltage with the output current ranging up to 280μA is reached. The target application is the quadrature/frequency compensation of a 3-axis vibratory MEMS Gyroscope.
A Voltage-Behind-Reactance Synchronous Machine Model for the EMTP-Type Solution

A full-order, voltage-behind-reactance synchronous machine model has recently been proposed in the literature. This paper extends the voltage-behind-reactance formulation for the electromagnetic transient program (EMTP)-type solution, in which the rotor subsystem is expressed in qd coordinates and the stator subsystem is expressed in abc phase coordinates. The model interface with the nodal-analysis network solution is non-iterative and simultaneous. An example of a single-machine, infinite-bus system shows that the proposed model is more accurate and efficient than several existing EMTP machine models
Three-Dimensional Modelling of Demagnetization and Utilization of Poorer Magnet Materials for EV/HEV Applications

High performance electric motor designs with ferrite magnets have recently gained interest due to the high and volatile price of rare earth magnets. However, due to the relatively poor coercivity of ferrite magnets, these designs are highly susceptible to demagnetization, as a result of which accurate modelling and better understanding of this phenomenon is particularly important. In this paper, the impact of the motor stack length and level of magnetic saturation on the demagnetization risk are studied based on 3-dimensional finite element simulations and a proposed lumped circuit model. It is shown that reducing the stack length can significantly enhance the demagnetization resistance with the effect being more pronounced for designs with a higher level of magnetic saturation. To benchmark the practicality of the concept, a previously presented high-performance ferrite-based design is modified by using a 30% weaker grade of ferrite magnet whilst shortening the stack length. It is shown that the demagnetization withstand capability of the design was significantly enhanced and exceeded the short circuit requirement with a good safety margin. The theoretical findings have been supported by prototype testing.