Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Timescales for the penetration of IMF By into the Earth's magnetotail

Previous studies have shown that there is a correlation between the By component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and the By component observed in the magnetotail lobe and in the plasma sheet. However, studies of the effect of IMF By on several magnetospheric processes have indicated that the By component in the tail should depend more strongly on the recent history of the IMF By rather than on the simultaneous measurements of the IMF. Estimates of this timescale vary from ∼25 min to ∼4 h. We present a statistical study of how promptly the IMF By component is transferred into the neutral sheet, based on Cluster observations of the neutral sheet from 2001 to 2008, and solar wind data from the OMNI database. Five thousand nine hundred eighty‐two neutral sheet crossings during this interval were identified, and starting with the correlation between instantaneous measurements of the IMF and the magnetotail (recently reported by Cao et al. (2014)), we vary the time delay applied to the solar wind data. Our results suggest a bimodal distribution with peaks at ∼1.5 and ∼3 h. The relative strength of each peak appears to be well controlled by the sign of the IMF Bz component with peaks being observed at 1 h of lag time for southward IMF and up to 5 h for northward IMF conditions, and the magnitude of the solar wind velocity with peaks at 2 h of lag time for fast solar wind and 4 h for slow solar wind conditions.
Genome-wide macroevolutionary signatures of key innovations in butterflies colonizing new host plants

The mega-diversity of herbivorous insects is attributed to their co-evolutionary associations with plants. Despite abundant studies on insect-plant interactions, we do not know whether host-plant shifts have impacted both genomic adaptation and species diversification over geological times. We show that the antagonistic insect-plant interaction between swallowtail butterflies and the highly toxic birthworts began 55 million years ago in Beringia, followed by several major ancient host-plant shifts. This evolutionary framework provides a valuable opportunity for repeated tests of genomic signatures of macroevolutionary changes and estimation of diversification rates across their phylogeny. We find that host-plant shifts in butterflies are associated with both genome-wide adaptive molecular evolution (more genes under positive selection) and repeated bursts of speciation rates, contributing to an increase in global diversification through time. Our study links ecological changes, genome-wide adaptations and macroevolutionary consequences, lending support to the importance of ecological interactions as evolutionary drivers over long time periods. Arms races between herbivores and plants have likely affected their evolutionary histories, which could have led to their high diversity. Allio et al. find that butterflies shifting to new host plants have more adaptive molecular signatures across their genomes and show repeated bursts of speciation rates.
Adaptive Input–Output Feedback-Linearization-Based Torque Control of Synchronous Reluctance Motor Without Mechanical Sensor

In this paper, a well-known adaptive input-output feedback-linearization (AIOFL) technique is used for speed and torque-tracking control of synchronous reluctance motor drive. This controller is capable of estimating motor two-axis inductances (Ld, Lq) simultaneously. The overall stability of the proposed control and the persistency of excitation condition are proved based on Lyapunov theory. In addition, the maximum rate of change of torque control scheme is applied to generate the motor d- and q-axis reference currents which are needed for AIOFL controllers. Another contribution of this paper is to estimate the rotor speed and position. For low-speed estimation, we have to eliminate the current and voltage sensors' dc offsets, detect the stator resistance, and take into account the voltage drop of the inverter power switches. We solve these problems by using a simple technique for eliminating the voltage sensors and a simple method for online estimation of the stator resistance and modeling the voltage drop of the inverter power switches. It is worthwhile to mention that the current sensors' dc offsets, seen on the measured currents, are negligible. Finally, the validity of the proposed method is verified by experimental results.
C-shaped root canal system in mandibular second molars in a Chinese population evaluated by cone-beam computed tomography.

AIM To evaluate the anatomical features of C-shaped canal systems in Chinese mandibular second molars by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). METHODOLOGY A total of 608 patients of Chinese descent with healthy, well-developed mandibular second molars were enrolled. These patients were referred to the West China Hospital of Stomatology and required radiographic examination by CBCT as part of their routine dental treatment. Of the 608 examined CBCT images, 528 showed unilateral intact molars and 80 showed bilateral intact molars. Bilateral molar data were only used to analyse the distribution of unilateral and bilateral occurrences of C-shaped canals. The following in vivo CBCT observations were made: (i) frequency and type of root; (ii) frequency of C-shaped canals by gender, age and tooth position (left versus right); (iii) the classification of cross-sectional canal images of C-shaped canals; and (iv) unilateral and bilateral occurrences of C-shaped canals. RESULTS Fused roots were present in 39% of molars. A C-shaped canal system was present in 39% of the teeth. This prevalence did not differ with gender, age and tooth position. Most (81%) of the C-shaped canals in individuals with bilateral molars were symmetrical. Most of the canals with uninterrupted 'C'-shapes appeared to divide into two or more canals towards the canal terminus. CONCLUSION There was high prevalence of C-shaped canals in the mandibular second molars of Chinese population. The canal systems varied considerably in their anatomical configuration.
Characterization and identification of streptococci from golden pompano in China.

Streptococcal infections cause significant mortality and high economic losses in the fish farm industry worldwide, including in the culture of golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus L. , a species gaining popularity in China. A total of 9 streptococcal strains were isolated from cage-cultured diseased golden pompano in Beihai, Zhanjing, and Shenzhen, China, between 2012 and 2014. Conventional and rapid identification systems were used to determine that the isolates were Streptococcus agalactiae, S. iniae, and S. dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae. All isolates were gram-positive cocci cells in pairs or short-chain, non-motile, catalase negative, α or β hemolytic cocci. The results of multiplex PCR assays and 16S rRNA BLAST analysis also showed that the β hemolytic strains were S. agalactiae and S. iniae and the α hemolytic strain was S. dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae, respectively. Pathogenicity assays revealed that S. agalactiae (lethal dose [LD50]: 6.38 × 10(4) CFU ml(-1)) was more virulent for golden pompano than S. iniae (LD50: 1.47 × 10(7) CFU ml(-1)) and S. dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae (LD50: 2.57 × 10(6) CFU ml(-1)) when they were challenged by intraperiotoneal (i.p.) injection. The results of antibiotic susceptibility showed that all strains were extremely susceptible to cefradine, erythromycin, and cefotaxime but resistant to gentamicin, penicillin G, novobiocin, neomycin, ciprofloxacin, roxithromycin, furazolidone, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, kanamycin, ampicillin, tetracycline, and vancomycin This is the first report of a phenomenon of golden pompano coinfection with S. agalactiae and S. iniae, which will contribute to the diagnosis and prevention of streptococcicosis.
Prevalence of Psychosomatic and Genitourinary Syndrome Among Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Introduction The menopausal transition represents the passage from reproductive to non-reproductive life and is characterized by a number of menstrual disturbances. We systematically reviewed the evidence on the prevalence of psychosomatic and genitourinary syndrome among menopausal women and compared the risk of symptoms between premenopausal, perimenopausal, and post-menopausal women. Methods We performed a systematic search in MEDLINE, CINAHL, and ScienceDirect through March 2021. Case series/reports, conference papers and proceedings, articles available only in abstract form, editorial reviews, letters of communication, commentaries, systematic reviews, and qualitative studies were excluded. Two reviewers independently extracted and assessed the quality of data using the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis. The outcomes were assessed with random-effects model using the Review Manager software. Results In total, 29 studies had a low risk of bias and were included in the review. Our findings showed that the pooled prevalence of somatic symptoms in post-menopausal women (52.6%) was higher than in the premenopausal and perimenopausal stages (34.6 and 39.5%, respectively). There was a low prevalence of psychological symptoms in premenopausal women (28.4%). The genitourinary syndrome was highest among post-menopausal women (55.1%), followed by perimenopausal (31.9%) and premenopausal (19.2%) women. Conclusion Post-menopausal women have a higher risk of experiencing menopausal symptoms particularly genitourinary syndrome than premenopausal and perimenopausal women. It is pertinent for healthcare professionals to evaluate the symptoms in order to provide them with a better quality of life. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd. york.ac. uk/prospero/display_record. php? ID=CRD42021235958
Humanitarian aid policy changes following the 2010 cholera outbreak in Haiti

The current cholera outbreak in Haiti arose as a result of inadequate humanitarian aid management by the United Nations following the 2010 earthquake in the country. Nepalese peacekeepers spread the water-borne disease through improper sanitation and waste disposal, resulting in re-emergence of the infection after 150 years. In 2016, the United Nations formally apologized for its role in the spread of the cholera epidemic that has killed more than nine thousand Haitians to date. Though many studies discuss the origin of the epidemic, there is a lack of comparison between initial response practices and current practices. Therefore, it is difficult to understand how disaster relief has evolved as a result of the Haiti epidemic. This paper argues that the training of humanitarian aid workers to avoid spreading infectious diseases like cholera in areas receiving disaster relief has not sufficiently improved. Specifically, this paper will analyze what recommendations were put forth following the 2010 Haitian earthquake and to what extent those recommendations have been implemented. By comparing past and current humanitarian aid practices in areas requiring disaster relief, this paper will outline the ways in which humanitarian practices need to change to prevent the spread of infections from emergency workers.
Physiology of hot flashes

Hot flashes are the most common symptom of the climacteric, although prevalence estimates are lower in some rural and non‐Western areas. The symptoms are characteristic of a heat‐dissipation response and consist of sweating on the face, neck, and chest, as well as peripheral vasodilation. Although hot flashes clearly accompany the estrogen withdrawal at menopause, estrogen alone is not responsible since levels do not differ between symptomatic and asymptomatic women. Until recently it was thought that hot flashes were triggered by a sudden, downward resetting of the hypothalamic setpoint, since there was no evidence of increased core body temperature. Evidence obtained using a rapidly responding ingested telemetry pill indicates that the thermoneutral zone, within which sweating, peripheral vasodilation, and shivering do not occur, is virtually nonexistent in symptomatic women but normal (about 0.4°C) in asymptomatic women. The results suggest that small temperature elevations preceding hot flashes acting within a reduced thermoneutral zone constitute the triggering mechanism. Central sympathetic activation is also elevated in symptomatic women which, in animal studies, reduces the thermoneutral zone. Clonidine reduces central sympathetic activation, widens the thermoneutral zone, and ameliorates hot flashes. Estrogen virtually eliminates hot flashes but its mechanism of action is not known. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13:453–464, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brexit and the implications for financial services

On 23rd February 2017, SUERF and EY organized a conference on “Brexit and the Implications for Financial Services” at EY’s offices, Churchill Place, Canary Wharf, London. While the outcome of the Brexit negotiations remains highly uncertain, the conference discussed the burning questions for financial firms, markets and regulators with a range of different viewpoints expressed on a number of important themes: the systemic risks from Brexit; the possible role of equivalence versus passporting to continue to facilitate cross-European financial transactions; the effects on the deep wholesale markets located in London and the question as to whether the sheer size and interconnectedness of London as a financial center implied that it would still act as a magnet for European business; the effects on Europe if the result created fragmentation of markets and CCPs; and the implications for bank, insurer and asset manager business models, in particular whether Brexit would act as a catalyst for restructuring and retrenchment from activity in the EU27.
Elongation Factor ELL (Eleven-Nineteen Lysine-rich Leukemia) Acts as a Transcription Factor for Direct Thrombospondin-1 Regulation

The eleven-nineteen lysine-rich leukemia (ELL) gene undergoes translocation and fuses in-frame to the multiple lineage leukemia gene in a substantial proportion of patients suffering from acute forms of leukemia. Studies show that ELL indirectly modulates transcription by serving as a regulator for transcriptional elongation as well as for p53, U19/Eaf2, and steroid receptor activities. Our in vitro and in vivo data demonstrate that ELL could also serve as a transcriptional factor to directly induce transcription of the thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) gene. Experiments using ELL deletion mutants established that full-length ELL is required for the TSP-1 up-regulation and that the transactivation domain likely resides in the carboxyl terminus. Moreover, the DNA binding domain may localize to the first 45 amino acids of ELL. Not surprisingly, multiple lineage leukemia-ELL, which lacks these amino acids, did not induce expression from the TSP-1 promoter. In addition, the ELL core-response element appears to localize in the −1426 to −1418 region of the TSP-1 promoter. Finally, studies using zebrafish confirmed that ELL regulates TSP-1 mRNA expression in vivo, and ELL could inhibit zebrafish vasculogenesis, at least in part, through up-regulating TSP-1. Given the importance of TSP-1 as an anti-angiogenic protein, our findings may have important ramifications for better understanding cancer.
Effects of weather and season on human brain volume

We present an exploratory cross-sectional analysis of the effect of season and weather on Freesurfer-derived brain volumes from a sample of 3,279 healthy individuals collected on two MRI scanners in Hartford, CT, USA over a 15 year period. Weather and seasonal effects were analyzed using a single linear regression model with age, sex, motion, scan sequence, time-of-day, month of the year, and the deviation from average barometric pressure, air temperature, and humidity, as covariates. FDR correction for multiple comparisons was applied to groups of non-overlapping ROIs. Significant negative relationships were found between the left- and right-cerebellum cortex and pressure (t = −2.25, p = 0.049; t = −2.771, p = 0.017). Significant positive relationships were found between left- and right-cerebellum cortex and white matter between the comparisons of January/June and January/September. Significant negative relationships were found between several subcortical ROIs for the summer months compared to January. An opposing effect was observed between the supra- and infra-tentorium, with opposite effect directions in winter and summer. Cohen’s d effect sizes from monthly comparisons were similar to those reported in recent psychiatric big-data publications, raising the possibility that seasonal changes and weather may be confounds in large cohort studies. Additionally, changes in brain volume due to natural environmental variation have not been reported before and may have implications for weather-related and seasonal ailments.
Anode-Spot Formation and Motion of Vacuum Arcs

This paper reports about experimental investigations on high-current vacuum-arc phenomena, especially anode-spot formation, arc states, and motion. The presented work was stimulated by lack of information about the transition process from the diffuse low-current mode to the high-current mode characterized by anode spot(s). Optoelectronic measurements, streak photographs, high-speed movies, and correlated arc voltage/current records yielded remarkable results on power-frequency vacuum arcs. Three different high-current vacuum arc modes can be observed beyond a certain threshold current. Which mode appears depends mainly on the momentary electrode distance. The modes are characterized by different anode-spot behavior and interelectrode phenomena. The transition between different arc modes is continuous. The arc modes observed on ring electrodes producing a magnetic blast field are the same as those appearing on butt-type electrodes. Anode-spot formation is preceded by congregations of cathode spots and may be initiated by thermal overload of the anode surface opposite to these cathode-spot clusters.
Trust Repair Strategies with Self-Driving Vehicles: An Exploratory Study

Trust is important for any relationship, especially so with self-driving vehicles: passengers must trust these vehicles with their life. Given the criticality of maintaining passenger’s trust, yet the dearth of self-driving trust repair research relative to the growth of the self-driving industry, we conducted two studies to better understand how people view errors committed by self-driving cars, as well as what types of trust repair efforts may be viable for use by self-driving cars. Experiment 1 manipulated error type and driver types to determine whether driver type (human versus self-driving) affected how participants assessed errors. Results indicate that errors committed by both driver types are not assessed differently. Given the similarity, experiment 2 focused on self-driving cars, using a wide variety of trust repair efforts to confirm human-human research and determine which repairs were most effective at mitigating the effect of violations on trust. We confirmed the pattern of trust repairs in human-human research, and found that some apologies were more effective at repairing trust than some denials. These findings help focus future research, while providing broad guidance as to potential methods for approaching trust repair with self-driving cars.
Stochastic extinction of tumor cells due to synchronization effect through time periodic treatment in a tumor-immune interaction model

The response to a time periodic treatment of the immunotherapy in a stochastic model of tumor-immune interaction is numerically investigated. Due to the effect of synchronization among the intrinsic oscillation and the treatment, an enhanced extinction of the tumor cells is observed. It suggests that compared with the static treatment, by controlling the period of the treatment, the time periodic treatment could be an effective way of treatment leading to tumor extinction.
Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 Promotes Microglial Activation, Proliferation, and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9-Mediated Neuron Death1

Activated microglia contribute to cell death in ischemic and neurodegenerative disorders of the CNS. Microglial activation is regulated in part by NF-κB, and the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) enhances NF-κB binding to DNA. In this study, the role of PARP-1 in microglia-mediated neurotoxicity was assessed using microglia from wild-type (wt) and PARP-1−/− mice. Cultured microglia were incubated with TNF-α, a cytokine that is up-regulated in many neurological disorders. When stimulated with TNF-α, wt microglia proliferated, underwent morphological changes characteristic of activation, and killed neurons placed in coculture. The effects of TNF-α were markedly attenuated both in PARP-1−/− microglia and in wt microglia treated with the PARP enzymatic inhibitor 3,4-dihydro-5-[4-(1-piperidinyl)butoxy]-1(2h)-isoquinolinone. These effects were also blocked by (E)-3-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)-2-propenenenitrile, which inhibits translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus. TNF-α also up-regulated microglial release of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), an enzyme with potential neurotoxic properties that is transcriptionally regulated by NF-κB. This up-regulation was blocked in PARP-1−/− microglia and in wt microglia by the PARP inhibitor 3,4-dihydro-5-[4-(1-piperidinyl)butoxy]-1(2h)-isoquinolinone. Microglia from MMP-9−/− mice were used to evaluate the contribution of MMP-9 to microglial neurotoxicity. MMP-9−/− microglia treated with TNF-α showed substantially reduced neurotoxicity relative to the wt microglia. TNF-α-stimulated wt microglia treated with the MMP inhibitor ilomastat also showed reduced neurotoxicity. These findings suggest that PARP-1 activation is required for both TNF-α-induced microglial activation and the neurotoxicity resulting from TNF-α-induced MMP-9 release.
Explanation Systems for Influence Maximization Algorithms

The field of influence maximization (IM) has made rapid advances, resulting in many sophisticated algorithms for identifying “influential” members in social networks. However, in order to engender trust in IM algorithms, the rationale behind their choice of “influential” nodes needs to be explained to its users. This is a challenging open problem that needs to be solved before these algorithms can be deployed on a large scale. This paper attempts to tackle this open problem via four major contributions: (i) we propose a general paradigm for designing explanation systems for IM algorithms by exploiting the tradeoff between explanation accuracy and interpretability; our paradigm treats IM algorithms as black boxes, and is flexible enough to be used with any algorithm; (ii) we utilize this paradigm to build XplainIM, a suite of explanation systems; (iii) we illustrate the usability of XplainIM by explaining solutions of HEALER (a recent IM algorithm) among ∼200 human subjects on Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT); and (iv) we provide extensive evaluation of our AMT results, which shows the effectiveness of XplainIM.
New Metrics for Assessing the Reliability and Economics of Microgrids in Distribution System

This paper proposes a series of new metrics for the reliability and economic assessment of microgrids in distribution system. These metrics include reliability parameters for a microgrid in the islanded mode, indices indicating distributed generation (DG) and load characteristics in the microgrid, microgrid economic indices, and customer based microgrid reliability indices. A two-step Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method is proposed to assess the reliability and economics of a microgrid with intermittent DGs as well as the reliability of distribution system with microgrids. An application in IEEE-RBTS shows the effectiveness of the reliability and economic assessment technique with the proposed metrics, which can provide scientific and comparative information for the design and operation of microgrids.