Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Competition and Collusion in Dealer Markets

This article develops a game-theoretic model to analyze marketmakers' intertemporal pricing strategies. The authors show that dealers who adopt noncooperative pricing strategies may set bid-ask spreads above competitive levels. This form of 'implicit collusion' differs from explicit collusion, where dealers cooperate to fix prices. Price discreetness or asymmetric information are not required for collusion to occur. Rather, institutional arrangements that restrict access to the order flow are important determinants of the ability to collude because they reduce dealers' incentives to compete on price. Public policy efforts to increase interdealer competition should focus on such restrictions. Copyright 1997 by American Finance Association.
Job search on the Internet and its outcome

Purpose – This paper aims to estimate the impact of job search on the internet on the probability of re‐employment and the duration of unemployment spells.Design/methodology/approach – The study uses national panel datasets from Germany (SOEP 2003‐2007) and South Korea (KLIPS 1996‐2006) to estimate probit and Hausman‐Taylor IV models of the impact of job search on the internet on the probability of re‐employment. The study also explores duration analysis with the aim of estimating the impact of internet job search on the duration of unemployment.Findings – In Germany and South Korea job seekers who used the internet had a 7.1 and 12.7 percentage point higher probability, respectively, of being re‐employed in the next 12 months. Furthermore, job seekers who used the internet had a shorter duration of unemployment in both Germany and South Korea.Practical implications – Over the past decade, internet penetration rates and use of the internet in job search have risen sharply across the world. The internet ha.
KIBS Innovative Entrepreneurship Networks on Social Media

The analysis of the use of social media for innovative entrepreneurship in the context has received little attention in the literature, especially in the context of Knowledge Intensive Business Services (KIBS). Therefore, this paper focuses on bridging this gap by applying text mining and sentiment analysis techniques to identify the innovative entrepreneurship reflected by these companies in their social media. Finally, we present and analyze the results of our quantitative analysis of 23.483 posts based on eleven Spanish and Italian consultancy KIBS Twitter Usernames and Keywords using data interpretation techniques such as clustering and topic modeling. This paper suggests that there is a significant gap between the perceived potential of social media and the entrepreneurial behaviors at the social context in business-to-business (B2B) companies.
The Significance of a World Government in the Process of Globalisation in the 21st Century

This paper discusses the process of globalization and analyses those pressing global issues that have been unresolved due to the lack of an integrated global system and effective international institutions. It highlights a number of global issues that require global ethics and global action. The paper discusses how a globally integrated system, with a world government, a world parliament and a world central bank as its components, is no longer an idealistic concept. The paper highlights the dynamic gains of the transformation of nations and the future of this planet, once an integrated global system is in place. It analyses the challenges overcome during the integration of the US in the 19th century and the process of the formation of the EU in the 20th century. It argues that the creation of a globally integrated system, based on new and effective international institutions would be easier to implement than the formation of the US in the 19th Century or the EU in the 20th century, as we now have technology that did not exist in the 19th century and the process of globalization has already removed many previous financial, technological, cultural, language and other barriers to integration.
Emergence Delirium

Emergence delirium (ED) also referred to as emergence agitation (EA) is a well documented phenomenon occurring in children and adults in the immediate postoperative period. With the recent popularity of the newer inhalation agents desflurane and sevoflurane, numerous clinical studies have been published questioning the association of these anesthetics with an increased incidence of emergence delirium.
Public Perception of Ocean Governance and Marine Resources Management in Taiwan

Understanding public perception of the oceans, and relationship between society and the sea is an important key to the sustainable management of marine resources. This research reports the first population-based survey on Taiwanese public knowledge, attitudes, and actions on marine-related issues. The stratified random sampling by county was completed with 1,120 telephone respondents from October to December 2010. More than 60% of the respondents have heard about global warming, sea-level rising, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, the coral reef bleaching crisis, and Japan whaling fisheries. However, less than 20% of the respondents are aware of Taiwanese domestic marine policies, such as the Ocean White Paper. On resources conservation, 74.7% of the respondents support the bluefin tuna catches regulations and 76.6% agree that the shark fin fisheries will impact shark resources. Education and age are the major affecting variables for resource conservation and knowledge. Higher education and age 40–49 are most supportive of conservation measures. For marine recreational activities, 42.2% of the respondents can swim, and 44.2% of the respondents had not visited the beach in the previous year. The results suggest that the government could establish a specialized agency to strengthen its marine policy and take more actions to protect ocean environment and conserve marine resources. To encourage more Taiwanese to participate in ocean recreational activities, the government could build a safe facility for marine recreation, cooperate with the private sectors in education, and provide outreach to raise public awareness of the oceans.
Policy relevance and the valence of interests: Policy learning in the liberalization of the railways and the electricity sector in Belgium

Policy learning designates the relatively enduring alterations of policymakers’ beliefs and preferences regarding policies, following new information and experience. Policy leaning being a crucial factor of policy change, the study of its factors is central. The objective of this paper is to assess the influence of policymakers’ interests on the evolution of their policy preferences. Personal interests and organizational interests are examined separately. In accordance with existing results, the paper shows that policymakers’ preferences actually evolve according to the perceived impacts (relevance) of policies on their interests. Beyond this, the valence characterizes the emotional quality of an idea that makes it more or less attractive. The valence of interests is high for people who attach a lot of importance to their material well-being in their daily life. Contrary to the hypothesis, the connection between the relevance of policies and the evolution of policymakers’ preferences is not significantly stronger among those policymakers who give much importance (valence) to their interests. The results, however, show that the policy preferences of the policymakers giving much importance to their personal interests evolved more negatively than the preferences of the other policymakers. Following prospect theory, this tendency could be interpreted as the result of a heuristic-based mode of reasoning, in which policymakers who are more attentive to their interests, to protect these interests, perceive policy changes and impacts more negatively. To demonstrate these results, 413 policymakers were surveyed about their attitude with regard to the liberalization policy process in two Belgian network industries: the railways and the electricity sector. They were asked to compare their beliefs regarding the European liberalization policy at the beginning of the process with their current beliefs. Their personal interests and their organizational interests were then considered. The influence of interests on belief and preference changes has never been explicitly addressed by the literature on policy learning. The paper also contributes to the literature on political attitudes by considering the influence of interests on attitudinal change and by introducing the concept of valence. It also improves the measurement of interests by adopting a subjective approach: rather than an indirect measure of interests deduced by the researcher from the standing of the respondent, the study is based on the subjective answers of the respondents about the impacts of the liberalization policy on their interests (relevance), as well as about the importance they give to their interests (valence).
Fast smoke simulation of moving object

We describe a novel method for efficiently controlling the smoke's shape. Given a moving object's shape sequence represented by a geometric model sequence, our method can generate a simulation in which smoke flows out somewhere and quickly forms shapes in sequence. It looks like a cloud of moving smoke that maintains fundamentally the object shapes and the fluid‐like behavior. By adding two control forces to the physics‐based free flow, the smoke shape can be controlled well while flowing. In our system, the free flow and the shape‐controlled flow can be easily switched to each other. The additional computation to controlling the shape is negligible compared with the free flow, and is less than that of previous work. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The double bromodomain protein Brd4 binds to acetylated chromatin during interphase and mitosis

Previous in vitro studies showed that the bromodomain binds to acetyllysines on histone tails, leading to the proposal that the domain is involved in deciphering the histone code. However, there is little in vivo evidence supporting the binding of bromodomains to acetylated chromatin in the native environment. Brd4 is a member of the BET family that carries two bromodomains. It associates with mitotic chromosomes, a feature characteristic of the family. Here, we studied the interaction of Brd4 with chromatin in living cells by photobleaching. Brd4 was mobile and interacted with chromatin with a rapid “on and off” mode of binding. This interaction required both bromodomains. Indicating a preferential interaction with acetylated chromatin, Brd4 became less mobile upon increased chromatin acetylation caused by a histone deacetylase inhibitor. Providing biochemical support, salt solubility of Brd4 was markedly reduced upon increased histone acetylation. This change also required both bromodomains. In peptide binding assays, Brd4 avidly bound to di- and tetraacetylated histone H4 and diacetylated H3, but weakly or not at all to mono- and unacetylated H3 and H4. By contrast, it did not bind to unacetylated H4 or H3. Further, Brd4 colocalized with acetylated H4 and H3 in noncentromeric regions of mitotic chromosomes. This colocalization also required both bromodomains. These observations indicate that Brd4 specifically recognizes acetylated histone codes, and this recognition is passed onto the chromatin of newly divided cells.
ChemR23, the Receptor for Chemerin and Resolvin E1, Is Expressed and Functional on M1 but Not on M2 Macrophages

ChemR23 is a G protein–coupled receptor that is triggered by two ligands, the peptide chemerin and the eicosapentaenoic acid–derived lipid mediator resolvin E1 (RvE1). Chemerin acts as a chemoattractant for monocytes and macrophages, whereas RvE1 promotes resolution of inflammation-inducing macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils. Although ChemR23-mediated signaling plays a role in mononuclear cell migration to inflamed tissue, as well as in the resolution of inflammation, its regulation in different polarization states of macrophages is largely unknown. We analyzed the expression and function of ChemR23 in monocytes and differently activated human primary macrophages. Using 5′ RACE, we identified three transcription start sites and several splice variants of ChemR23 in both monocytes and macrophages. Although the promoters P1 and P3 are used equally in unpolarized macrophages, stimulation with LPS or IFN-γ leads to increased transcription from P3 in inflammatory M1 macrophages. Such ChemR23-expressing M1 macrophages are chemotactic to chemerin, whereas M2 macrophages not expressing ChemR23 surface receptor are not. Repolarization of ChemR23-expressing M1 macrophages with 10 nM RvE1 increases IL-10 transcription and phagocytosis of microbial particles, leading to a resolution-type macrophage distinct from the M2 phenotype. These results show that ChemR23 is tightly regulated in response to inflammatory and anti-inflammatory stimuli. The restricted expression of ChemR23 in naive and M1 macrophages supports the role of ChemR23 in the attraction of macrophages to inflamed tissue by chemerin and in the initiation of resolution of inflammation through RvE1-mediated repolarization of human M1 macrophages toward resolution-type macrophages.
Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences

The National Institutes of Health Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) Program is a multiinstitutional effort to identify and sequence a cDNA clone containing a complete ORF for each human and mouse gene. ESTs were generated from libraries enriched for full-length cDNAs and analyzed to identify candidate full-ORF clones, which then were sequenced to high accuracy. The MGC has currently sequenced and verified the full ORF for a nonredundant set of >9,000 human and >6,000 mouse genes. Candidate full-ORF clones for an additional 7,800 human and 3,500 mouse genes also have been identified. All MGC sequences and clones are available without restriction through public databases and clone distribution networks (see http://mgc.nci.nih.gov).
Pick your poison: economic crises, international monetary fund loans and leader survival

Loans from international organizations impose large costs on the receiving nation. The decisions to accept such loans and then whether or not to implement the prescribed reforms are made with high stakes in mind. Domestic leaders are most likely facing punishment for the current economic crisis, but what is their incentive to implement the arrangements if the costly reforms associated with the loans may reduce their ability to satisfy their supporters? To fully understand this relationship, I develop a theory that explains leader tenure in the post-reform period as a function of the rational decision to accept a loan. Leaders who expect to be secure in the adjustment period are more willing to accept the conditions that accompany loans rather than attempt to withstand the crisis on their own. With the use of a selection duration model, I examine the interplay between electoral incentives and institutional dynamics to show that leaders governing under different institutional arrangements are affected differently for involvement in IMF loans. Since leaders choose when to accept IMF loans based on their own expectations of post-reform tenure, democratic leaders are less likely to participate in loans. Authoritarian leaders, on the other hand, are more likely to participate in agreements because their hold on power in the post-reform period is stronger.
Infectious complications of a rituximab-based immunosuppressive regimen in patients with glomerular disease

Abstract Background Recent years have seen increasing use of rituximab (RTX) for various types of primary and secondary glomerulopathies. However, there are no studies that specifically address the risk of infection related to this agent in patients with these conditions. Methods We reviewed the outcomes of all patients who received RTX therapy for glomerular disease between June 2000 and October 2011 in eight French nephrology departments. Each case was analysed for survival, cause of death if a non-survivor and/or the presence of infectious complications, including severe or opportunistic infection occurring within the 12 months following RTX infusion. Results Among 98 patients treated with RTX, 25 presented with at least one infection. We report an infection rate of 21.6 per 100 patient-years. Five patients died within 12 months following an RTX infusion, of whom four also presented with an infection. The median interval between the last RTX infusion and the first infectious episode was 2.1 months (interquartile range 0.5–5.1). Most infections were bacterial (79%) and pneumonia was the most frequent infection reported (27%). The presence of diabetes mellitus (P = 0.006), the cumulative RTX dose (P = 0.01) and the concomitant use of azathioprine (P = 0.03) were identified as independent risk factors. Renal failure was significantly associated with an increased infection risk by bivariate analysis (P = 0.03) and was almost significant by multivariate analysis (P = 0.05). Nephrotic syndrome did not further increase the risk of infection and/or death. Conclusion The risk of infection after RTX-based immunosuppression among patients with glomerulopathy must be considered and patients should receive close monitoring and appropriate infection prophylaxis, especially in those with diabetes and high-dose RTX regimens.
Distribution, Characterization, and Diversity of the Endophytic Fungal Communities on Korean Seacoasts Showing Contrasting Geographic Conditions

Abstract This study analyzed the distribution of endophytic fungi in 3 coastal environments with different climatic, geographical, and geological characteristics: the volcanic islands of Dokdo, the East Sea, and the West Sea of Korea. The isolated fungal endophytes were characterized and analyzed with respect to the characteristics of their host environments. For this purpose, we selected common native coastal halophyte communities from three regions. Molecular identification of the fungal endophytes showed clear differences among the sampling sites and halophyte host species. Isolates were also characterized by growth at specific salinities or pH gradients, with reference to previous geographical, geological, and climate studies. Unlike the East Sea or West Sea isolates, some Dokdo Islands isolates showed endurable traits with growth in high salinity, and many showed growth under extremely alkaline conditions. A smaller proportion of West Sea coast isolates tolerate compared to the East Sea or Dokdo Islands isolates. These results suggest that these unique fungal biota developed through a close interaction between the host halophyte and their environment, even within the same halophyte species. Therefore, this study proposes the application of specific fungal resources for restoring sand dunes and salt-damaged agricultural lands and industrialization of halophytic plants.
A Neoclassical Model of the Dual Economy with Capital Accumulation in Agriculture

An economy consisting of two production sectors, with different technologies, distribution systems and labour markets is generally referred to as the dual economy. This term has been used mainly for developing countries where the industrial and agricultural sectors differ markedly with respect to the above-mentioned aspects. Jorgenson (1967) has classified dual models for developing countries into two types, classical and neoclassical. The main difference between the two lies in their assumptions about behaviour in the agricultural sector, which in turn have a bearing on the existence of surplus labour. Although the relevance of the assumptions is an empirical question, we should also pay attention to the analysis of Dixit (1970) which shows that when surplus labour disappears in the classical model, the differences between the two are not substantial. The neoclassical model originated by Jorgenson (1961) discusses the condition for the industrial sector to emerge from the purely agrarian economy (the viability condition). That is, when per capita food production of the purely agrarian economy exceeds a critical level, the supply of both labour and food is sufficient to enable the development of the industrial sector to begin. If the " viability " condition is met, per capita income and the proportion of labour in industry increase monotonically. There are three points to note about Jorgenson's model. The first is that the production functions of both sectors are specified to be of the Cobb-Douglas type. The second is his assumption on the price and income elasticities of demand for food. He assumes both elasticities to be zero in the dual development process. The third is that his model either assumes away capital accumulation in agriculture or includes it in the exogenous technical progress. (See Marino (1975) and Zarembka (1970) for discussions of the first two points, and also Dixit (1973) and Marglin (1966). ) In this paper an attempt is made, by relaxing the aforementioned assumptions, to elucidate some important aspects of the dual economy which are relevant from the normative as well as positive points of view, but which have so far been hardly accounted for. ' Specifically, taking for granted that the viability condition for the emergence of industry is satisfied, we shall study the alternative growth processes of the dual economy. It is shown that even if the viability condition is met, a long-run equilibrium path for the dual economy may not exist, and the economy may stagnate at a low wage level attained in the purely agrarian economy. We shall also show that when the equilibrium growth path exists, the sum of the income and price elasticities of demand for food plays a crucial role in the long-run behaviour of the system. In particular, if the sum is always not larger than unity, then the long-run equilibrium is locally stable, and the economy typically sustains continual rises in per capita income and the proportion of labour in industry. On the other hand if the above sum is sufficiently larger than unity, then the equilibrium becomes
Hedging pressure and speculation in commodity markets

We propose a micro-founded equilibrium model to examine the interactions between the physical and the derivative markets of a commodity. This model provides a unifying framework for the hedging pressure and storage theories. The model shows a variety of behaviors at equilibrium that can be used to analyze price relations for any commodity. Further, through a comparative statics analysis, we precisely identify the losers and winners in the financialization of the commodity markets. Therefore, this paper clarifies the political economy of regulatory issues, like speculators’ influence on prices.
The Radical Right in Postwar Italy

an important role in Italian politics. Yet the social and political sciences, at least in Italy, have all but ignored them. The official neo-fascist party, the MSI (Italian Social Movement), founded in 1946, is the fourth largest party in the countryl and is thus possibly the strongest neo-fascist party in the advanced industrial countries. Certainly, it has been the most enduring. Yet, besides brief discussions in works dealing with the Italian system in general and some &dquo;local&dquo; researches, there are only two monographs on the MSI, both of them by non-Italian scholars.2 No full-scale research has been devoted to either of the two major neo-fascist extra-parliamentary groups, Ordine Nuovo and Avanguardia Nazionale (New Order and National Vanguard), whose presence has been constant and overwhelming in the postwar drama of the radical Right.3 3