Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The expression of the DNA ligase gene of Escherichia coli is stimulated by relaxation of chromosomal supercoiling

Many genes of Escherichia coli have been shown to be sensitive to DNA superhelicity. The superhelicity of the chromosome is itself also supercoiling‐dependent. We have developed a general strategy for investigating how a particular gene responds to changes in DNA topology. This approach is used to study the E. coli ligase gene. The thermosensitivity of the E. coli ligts251 mutation can be phenotypically suppressed by mutations which map close to, or in, the gyrB gene and which affect the degree of DNA supercoillng. The level of suppression correlates with the degree of DNA relaxation observed, suggesting that the gene encoding the E. coli DNA ligase is activated by relaxation of the chromosomal DNA.
Hollywood wives revisited: a study of customer involvement in the XC90 project at Volvo Cars

This paper presents a case study of customer involvement in the XC90 project at Volvo Cars. A group of female customers in Southern California influenced the development of the XC90 by continuous involvement in the project. In a cost‐effective way, the project management team acquired a common understanding of the target customer, giving context to new product development decision‐making and eventually shaping the market offer. Customer interaction has been managed in a more subtle way than normally suggested by literature – tacit design by customer presence. The pragmatic and experimental approach to customer involvement used in the project complements conventional market research activities and is as associated with organisational innovation as it is with product innovation. This account of value co‐creation in the XC90 project offers guidelines for firms wanting to increase connectivity with customers in their new product development efforts.
A highly scalable opposite side floating-gate flash memory cell

In this paper, a Flash memory structure with the floating-gate at the opposite side of conduction channel (refer as OSFG-Flash) is proposed and demonstrated by two-dimensional (2-D) simulation. With the decoupling of the read oxide and tunneling oxide, very thin read oxide can be used to suppress short channel effect while a thick back-tunneling oxide around 10 nm can be used to provide sufficient charge retention time. Excellent scalability of the memory cell is demonstrated through a 2-D simulator down to 50 nm.
The Relationship Between Economic Growth And Tax Revenue: BoundsTesting

Taxes are one of the most important sources of finance; moreover they are able to have various impacts on chief indicators of economy. However, taxes may have negative as well as positive impacts. The relationship between economic growth and tax revenue in Turkish economy has been studied in this survey. In the survey, the existence of relationship between series and cointegration as well as long and short term links have been studied through ARDL bounds testing and it was observed that series moved together in the long term. In the long term analysis, a relationship between indirect and direct taxes with economic growth has a meaningful and positive relationship. It was found out that direct taxes effect bigger than indirect taxes. In the short term analysis, the coefficient of vector error correction model was signed negative and statistically meaningful. This means that the deviation, which took place in the short term between series which moved together in the long term, has disappeared and series came close to each other. Again, both types of taxes in the analysis of short-term growth is positive and statistically significant influenced, besides in the short term analysis it was observed that indirect taxes effect bigger than direct taxes.
A Straightforward Method for Wide-Area Fault Location on Transmission Networks

Local practices in fault location require measurements from one or more terminals of the faulted line to be available. On the other hand, the nonlinearity of circuit equations associated with wide-area fault location makes their solving process iterative and computationally demanding. This paper proposes a non-iterative method for wide-area fault location by taking advantage of the substitution theorem. Accordingly, a system of equations is constructed which can be easily solved using the linear least-squares method. The distributed-parameter line model is considered to provide a highly accurate estimation. Besides, due to inherent errors of current transformers, the current data is not taken into account to preserve the accuracy. In order to avoid uncertainties in relation with construction of zero-sequence network, just positive- and negative-sequence networks are exploited. Nonetheless, the method still is capable of pinpointing all types of short-circuit faults by using a restricted number of synchronized pre- and post-fault voltage phasors. Numerous simulation studies conducted on the WSCC 9-bus and New England 39-bus test systems verify the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed fault location method, even with limited coverage of synchronized measurements.
The Impact of Corruption on Consumer Markets: Evidence from the Allocation of Second-Generation Wireless Spectrum in India

Theoretical predictions of the impact of corruption on economic efficiency are ambiguous, with models allowing for positive, negative, or neutral effects. While much evidence exists on levels of corruption, less is available on its impact, particularly its impacts on consumer markets. This paper investigates empirically the effect of the corrupt sale of spectrum licenses to ineligible firms on the wireless-telecommunications market in India. I find that the corrupt allocation had, at worst, no impact on the number of subscribers, prices, usage, revenues, competition, and measures of quality. I argue that the market-based transfer of licenses to competent firms other than the original awardees, combined with fierce competition in the telecommunications sector, may have mitigated potential deleterious impacts of corruption on consumers. These results suggest that the original corrupt allocation did not matter, which provides support for the Coase theorem.
E-MICE: Energy-Efficient Concurrent Exploitation of Multiple Wi-Fi Radios

The concurrent use of multiple Wi-Fi radios in individual frequency channels is a solution readily available today to the increase of a mobile station’s communication capacity, but at the expense of occasional performance deterioration (when the heterogeneity of capacity between interfaces gets severe) and additional power consumption. This paper proposes a mobile-side solution for the concurrent use of multiple radios in a performance-aware and energy-efficient manner, with which a mobile station activates and deactivates radio interfaces dynamically according to traffic demands and a predicted capacity gain. To this end, the proposed solution is composed of multiple prediction algorithms and a control algorithm. Prediction when activating an additional radio interface is relatively difficult since no information of the disabled interface’s current status (and the corresponding frequency channel’s) is available at the time of prediction. Our experiments show that, despite different types and used channels, different radio interfaces have a strong correlation of received signal strengths and used PHY rates between them. Based on this observation, the proposed solution learns a correlation pattern between interfaces whenever multiple interfaces are active and makes prediction of the coverage, expected PHY rate and capacity impact of an inactive interface based on the learned correlation with a currently active interface. The design of the prediction algorithms are based on a simple or machine-learning technique (SVM). The control algorithm then keeps monitoring the utilization of active interfaces and, if any of them has utilization over a threshold, checks if each inactive interface is within coverage and a valid rate range based on an active interface’s received signal strength. Finally, an action of a configuration change (either activation, deactivation, or no change) selected based on the prediction of the resulting capacity is applied. Testbed experiments using COTS dual-band Wi-Fi interfaces demonstrate that the solution can enhance throughput by up to 29.6 percent (in a close distance to AP) and at most halve power consumption compared to legacy aggregation while the gain varies depending on the location and traffic conditions.
Flow Cytometric Sorting of Bacterial Surface‐Displayed Libraries

The protocols herein detail methods for isolating binding peptides from a combinatorial library displayed on the surface of bacterial cells. These methods are appropriate for a variety of display scaffolds and a large range of library sizes, up to ∼5 × 109 or more. Instructions have been provided for isolating peptides that bind to both proteins and non‐protein targets, such as whole cells or inorganic particles. Qualitative analysis by flow cytometry can be exploited for bacterial libraries to characterize a displayed peptide's binding properties with a target of interest, and sorting conditions can be tuned to maximize binding affinity. Curr. Protocol. Cytom. 42:4.6. 1‐4.6. 27. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
American Option Pricing: A Simulated Approach

This study examines methods of pricing American style options, moving from the binomial model to the Black Scholes method and finishing with simulated method of option pricing. A simulated approached is based off the work established by Longstaff and Schwartz (2001) and extended by Rambharat and Brockwell (2010). Downfalls of these methods are discussed, as are ways to improve upon them. Using Monte Carlo methods and particle filtering will lead to a platform where options are priced with greater detail. Also, these simulated methods lead to faster computing time allowing for a more efficient use of resources and a theoretical framework of pricing. AMERICAN OPTION PRICING 3 Introduction In Episode V of the Star Wars series Yoda teaches an uncertain Luke Skywalker “Always in motion is the future. ” Just as Luke has to make a decision to act based on partial information so must investors. The future is unknown; what the future stock price will be is equally unknown. Using past data and current market conditions can lead to an educated guess; however; it is still a guess. The closer a model can get to uncertainty the better that model will be at reflecting real life. By making fewer assumptions, such as, what will the volatility of a stock be in the future this uncertainty can be brought within reach. Unknown volatility can be estimated by simulating the stock path based off of stochastic processes. Then the question will rise, how much is the option to buy or sell in the future worth today?
Regional Development by Means of Broadened Entrepreneurship

Today entrepreneurship does not constitute one grand narrative, rather it consists of a plurality of sub-discourses, some of them in sharp contrast to others. In academic texts as well as in practice, we find both dominant and broader meanings of entrepreneurship. It is discussed in this article how a dominant meaning of entrepreneurship historically can be associated with industrialization, large firms, hero entrepreneurs and ideas of “bürgerlichen Gesellschaft”. As we now live in a society where large manufacturing firms no longer dominate, broader conceptions of entrepreneurship emerges, allowing for the idea of an entrepreneurial potential of ordinary (wo)men. This article gives glimpses of how a broad entrepreneurship is enacted in a regional context. These glimpses illustrate the following. 1. Networks which give plenty of room for spontaneous interaction can mobilize entrepreneurial identities. 2. Individuals provide role models for how “Gesellschaft” can be resisted and balanced by “Gemeinschaft” in the society of today 3. The core of entrepreneurship does not need to be thought of in terms of an exclusive capacity for innovation but rather as something which is an outflow of ordinary life when not restricted by discourse. Adopting a broad view of entrepreneurship implies for policy-makers to encourage the mobilization of entrepreneurship instead of trying to “pick the winners”.
The Effects of Temperature on Clot Microstructure and Strength in Healthy Volunteers

BACKGROUND:Anesthesia, critical illness, and trauma are known to alter thermoregulation, which can potentially affect coagulation and clinical outcome. This in vitro preclinical study explores the relationship between temperature change and hemostasis using a recently validated viscoelastic technique. We hypothesize that temperature change will cause significant alterations in the microstructural properties of clot. METHODS:We used a novel viscoelastic technique to identify the gel point of the blood. The gel point identifies the transition of the blood from a viscoelastic liquid to a viscoelastic solid state. Furthermore, identification of the gel point provides 3 related biomarkers: the elastic modulus at the gel point, which is a measure of clot elasticity; the time to the gel point (TGP), which is a measure of the time required to form the clot; and the fractal dimension of the clot at the gel point, df, which quantifies the microstructure of the clot. The gel point measurements were performed in vitro on whole blood samples from 136 healthy volunteers over a temperature range of 27°C to 43°C. RESULTS:There was a significant negative correlation between increases in temperature, from 27°C to 43°C, and TGP (r = −0.641, P < 0.0005). Conversely, significant positive correlations were observed for both the elastic modulus at the gel point (r = 0.513, P = 0.0008) and df (r = 0.777, P < 0.0005) across the range of 27°C to 43°C. When temperature was reduced below 37°C, significant reductions in df and TGP occurred at ⩽32°C (Bonferroni-corrected P = 0.0093) and ⩽29°C (Bonferroni-corrected P = 0.0317), respectively. No significant changes were observed when temperature was increased to >37°C. CONCLUSIONS:This study demonstrates that the gel point technique can identify alterations in clot microstructure because of changes in temperature. This was demonstrated in slower-forming clots with less structural complexity as temperature is decreased. We also found that significant changes in clot microstructure occurred when the temperature was ⩽32°C.
The effect of regulatory Ca2+ on the in situ structures of troponin C and troponin I: a neutron scattering study.

The effects of regulatory amounts of Ca2+ on the in situ structures of troponin C (TnC) and troponin I (TnI) in whole troponin have been investigated by neutron scattering. In separate difference experiments, 97% deuterated TnC and TnI within whole troponin were studied +/-Ca2+ in 41.6% 2H2O buffers in which protonated subunits were rendered "invisible". We found that the radius of gyration (Rg) of TnI decreased by approximately 10% upon addition of regulatory Ca2+ indicating that it was significantly more compact in the presence of Ca2+. The apparent cross-sectional radius of gyration (Rc) of TnI increased by about 9% when regulatory Ca2+ was bound to TnC. Modeling studies showed that the high-Q scattering patterns of TnI could be fit by a TnI which consisted of two subdomains: one, a highly oblate ellipsoid of revolution containing about 65% of the mass and the other, a highly prolate ellipsoid of revolution consisting of about 35% of the mass. No other fits could be found with this class of models. Best fits were achieved when the axes of revolution of these ellipsoids were steeply inclined with respect to each other. Ca2+ addition decreased the center of mass separation by about 1.5 nm. The Rg of TnI, its high-Q scattering pattern, and the resultant structure were different from previous results on neutron scattering by TnI in the (+Ca2+) TnC.TnI complex. The Rg of TnC indicated that it was elongate in situ. The Rg of TnC was not sensitive to the Ca2+ occupancy of its regulatory sites. However, Rc increased upon Ca2+ addition in concert with expectations from NMR and crystallography of isolated TnC. The present observations indicate that TnI acts like a molecular switch which is controlled by smaller Ca2+-induced changes in TnC.
The Stability of Economic Integration and Endogenous Growth

This paper examines the transitional dynamics of economic integration in the two country endogenous growth model of Rivera-Batiz and Romer (1991) and in an extension by Rivera-Batiz and Xie (1992). It is shown that, in the absence of knowledge flows across countries economic integration will generically lead to a corner solution where only one country does all the R&D and the other specializes in manufactures. When countries are symmetric the world growth rate in this equilibrium will always be higher than in autarky. When countries differ in their human capital endowment, the world growth rate with trade is always greater than the autarky growth rate of the "low-growth"country, but may or may not be greater than the autarky growth rate of the "high-growth" country.
Microeconomic Analysis of Time-use Data. Did we reach the promised land?

This paper surveys the last decade of micro-economic research using time-use data. Focusing on the household production model, time-use as an investment activity, and the distribution of extended income, issues of data collection, measurement errors, model specification and estimation as well as substantive results are reviewed and discussed. Although time-use data have specific characteristics which need be considered in analysis there is more to learn from these data and in particular if present short-comings are dealt with in future data collection.
Tobacco use harm reduction, elimination, and escalation in a large military cohort.

OBJECTIVES We evaluated changing patterns of tobacco use following a period of forced tobacco abstinence in a US military cohort to determine rates of harm elimination (e.g., tobacco cessation), harm reduction (e.g., from smoking to smokeless tobacco use), and harm escalation (e.g., from smoking to dual use or from smokeless tobacco use to smoking or dual use). METHODS Participants were 5225 Air Force airmen assigned to the health education control condition in a smoking cessation and prevention trial. Tobacco use was assessed by self-report at baseline and 12 months. RESULTS Among 114 baseline smokers initiating smokeless tobacco use after basic military training, most demonstrated harm escalation (87%), which was 5.4 times more likely to occur than was harm reduction (e.g., smoking to smokeless tobacco use). Harm reduction was predicted, in part, by higher family income and belief that switching from cigarettes to smokeless tobacco is beneficial to health. Harm escalation predictors included younger age, alcohol use, longer smoking history, and risk-taking. CONCLUSIONS When considering a harm reduction strategy with smokeless tobacco, the tobacco control community should balance anticipated benefits of harm reduction with the risk of harm escalation and the potential for adversely affecting public health.
The West Wing as a Pedagogical Tool

For those who study and teach politics or history for a living, The West Wing unsheathes a double-edged sword. A great strength of the series is its ability to put a human face on engaging political discussions, demonstrating that politics can be accessible and enjoyable. However, this fictional White House also presents potential dangers. The purpose of The West Wing is to entertain rather than to educate, and the program deliberately plays the emotions of viewers through such techniques as background music and sophisticated camera work.
PRE- AND POSTNATAL DRIVERS OF CHILDHOOD INTELLIGENCE: EVIDENCE FROM SINGAPORE

Summary This study seeks to investigate what influences intelligence in early childhood. The Singapore Cohort Study of the Risk Factors of Myopia (SCORM) is used to assess determinants of childhood IQ and changes in IQ. This longitudinal data set, collected in 1999, includes a wealth of demographic, socioeconomic and prenatal characteristics. The richness of the data allows various econometric approaches to be employed, including the use of ordered and multinomial logit analysis. Mother's education is found to be a consistent and key determinant of childhood IQ. Father's education and school quality are found to be key drivers for increasing IQ levels above the average sample movement.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa relA Contributes to Virulence in Drosophila melanogaster

ABSTRACT The stringent response is a mechanism by which bacteria adapt to nutritional deficiencies through the production of the guanine nucleotides ppGpp and pppGpp, produced by the RelA enzyme. We investigated the role of the relA gene in the ability of an extracellular pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, to cause infection. Strains lacking the relA gene were created from the prototypical laboratory strain PAO1 as well as the mucoid cystic fibrosis isolate 6106, which lacks functional quorum-sensing systems. The absence of relA abolished the production of ppGpp and pppGpp under conditions of amino acid starvation. We found that strains lacking relA exhibited reduced virulence in a D. melanogaster feeding assay. In conditions of low magnesium, the relA gene enhanced production of the cell-cell signal N-[3-oxododecanoyl]-l-homoserine lactone, whereas relA reduced the production of the 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone signal during serine hydroxamate induction of the stringent response. In the relA mutant, alterations in the Pseudomonas quinolone system pathways seemed to increase the production of pyocyanin and decrease the production of elastase. Deletion of relA also resulted in reduced levels of the RpoS sigma factor. These results suggest that adjustment of cellular ppGpp and pppGpp levels could be an important regulatory mechanism in P. aeruginosa adaptation in pathogenic relationships.
On the Rate of Convergence of Flux Reconstruction for Steady-State Problems

This paper derives analytical estimates for the rates of convergence of numerical first and second derivative operators involved in flux reconstruction (FR). These estimates yield the rate of convergence for steady-state advection-diffusion problems when error is measured in the vector seminorm induced by the advection-diffusion operator. This serves to rigorously quantify the effect of polynomial order, correction functions, and upwinding coefficients on the accuracy of FR schemes. We prove that for centered fluxes, the derivative operator exhibits superconvergence for a special class of correction functions, designated “SFR," which includes the nodal DG scheme. Finally, we also show that the rate of convergence of the vector $\ell^2$ norm of error for such steady-state problems is identical to the short-time rate of convergence for time-dependent problems derived in [K. Asthana et al., Analysis and Design of Optimal Discontinuous Finite Element Schemes, Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 2.