Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A standard format proposal for hierarchical analyses and representations

In the realm of digital musicology, standardizations efforts to date have mostly concentrated on the representation of music. Analyses of music are increasingly being generated or communicated by digital means. We demonstrate that the same arguments for the desirability of standardization in the representation of music apply also to the representation of analyses of music: proper preservation, sharing of data, and facilitation of digital processing. We concentrate here on analyses which can be described as hierarchical and show that this covers a broad range of existing analytical formats. We propose an extension of MEI (Music Encoding Initiative) to allow the encoding of analyses unambiguously associated with and aligned to a representation of the music analysed, making use of existing mechanisms within MEI's parent TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) for the representation of trees and graphs.
Analysis and compensation of hysteresis of PZT micro-actuator used in high precision dual-stage servo system

Piezoelectric micro–actuator made from (PZT) has been a suitable choice as the secondary actuator of a dual–stage actuator system. However, like any other piezoelectric actuator, this secondary PZT micro–actuator also exhibits hysteresis which is the inherent nonlinearity characteristic of piezoelectric material. Therefore, the advantage gained by the precision of secondary actuator is somewhat lost by this hysteresis, if not compensated. This paper proposes a rigorous technique for analysing, identifying and compensating the hysteresis of PZT actuator used in dual–stage actuator system. Identification and compensation are the two parts of the paper. In the first part of the paper, the parameters of generalised Prandtl–Ishlinskii (GPI) model are identified offline by particle swarm optimisation (PSO) technique. In compensation part, inverse GPI as the hysteresis compensator is obtained from the identified hysteresis model. Then in case of parameter uncertainty, PSO–based online tuning method is employed to adaptively adjust the parameters of inverse GPI model. For the linear controller of dual–stage, a simple design approach is followed. Simulation results show that the proposed technique can be efficiently used for the identification and compensation of hysteresis of PZT micro–actuator.
Student-generated questions: A meaningful aspect of learning in science

This study was conducted to (a) identify the types of questions that students ask during science learning, (b) explicate the role of students' questions in the knowledge construction process, particularly in educational discourse, (c) investigate the relationship between students' questions and approaches to learning and (d) discuss some emergent issues related to student questioning. Six Grade 8 students were observed during class activities, and interviewed before and after instruction about related science concepts. Students' questions included basic information (factual and procedural) questions which were typical of a surface learning approach, and wonderment (comprehension, prediction, anomaly detection, application, and planning) questions which were indicative of a deep approach. Unlike wonderment questions which stimulated the students to hypothesize, predict, thought-experiment and generate explanations, basic information questions generated little productive discussion. Problem-solving activities elicited more and a wider range of wonderment questions than teacherdirected activities. Although the students did not always ask wonderment questions spontaneously, they were able to generate such questions when prompted to do so.
Development of Attributional Beliefs and Strategic Knowledge in Years 5–9: A longitudinal analysis

This paper reports on a three‐year longitudinal study of students’ attributional beliefs and strategic knowledge in school learning. Two cohorts of primary and high school students were followed for three years from Years 5–7 and 7–9, respectively. Data were collected each year on students’ attributional beliefs regarding the reasons for their school success and failure, their knowledge and reported use of learning strategies, and academic achievement. Intervention programs were implemented in six Year 6 and seven Year 8 English classes in the second year of the longitudinal project. The intervention aimed to promote strategic learning in students through combining the teaching of learning strategies with attempts to change students’ attributional beliefs. In the third year of the project, the intervention continued in three Year 7 and three Year 9 English classes as well as in three Year 7 and one Year 9 mathematics classes. This paper focuses on the causal influences of prior measures of attributional beliefs, strategic knowledge, and achievement on measures taken in the following year. Results of the differential patterns of causal influence of these measures for intervention and non‐intervention students are reported.
Effect of Ethanol on Metabolic Responses to Treadmill Running in Well‐Trained Men

The metabolic effects of ethanol on treadmill performance were determined in four trained runners. Ethanol in doses of 25 mL in 150 mL of grapefruit juice (total volume) or grapefruit juice was randomly administered 10 minutes before and at 30 minutes of a 60‐minute treadmill run. The speed and grade of the treadmill was adjusted to elicit an average oxygen consumption (VO2) of 80 to 85% of the subjects' VO2max. Three of the four subjects could not complete the treadmill run after the administration of ethanol. Administration of ethanol resulted in significant increases in the heart rate responses to treadmill running above those for the placebo grapefruit treatment. VO2 was higher after ethanol administration than the placebo grapefruit juice treatment, but these values were not significant. Blood glucose content rose significantly between 0 and 30 minutes of treadmill running for both the ethanol and placebo grapefruit juice treatments. Between 30 minutes of treadmill running and the termination of the exercise, the blood glucose level decreased significantly by 24% after the second ethanol treatment at 30 minutes of exercise. Plasma fatty acid, triglyceride, creatine phosphokinase, and renin contents followed expected exercise changes. It was concluded that the administration of ethanol adversely influenced treadmill exercise performance by eliciting a hypoglycemic effect between 30 minutes and the termination of the exercise.
Efficient locking for concurrent operations on B-trees

The B-tree and its variants have been found to be highly useful (both theoretically and in practice) for storing large amounts of information, especially on secondary storage devices. We examine the problem of overcoming the inherent difficulty of concurrent operations on such structures, using a practical storage model. A single additional “link” pointer in each node allows a process to easily recover from tree modifications performed by other concurrent processes. Our solution compares favorably with earlier solutions in that the locking scheme is simpler (no read-locks are used) and only a (small) constant number of nodes are locked by any update process at any given time. An informal correctness proof for our system is given.
Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor over‐expression in the forebrain ameliorates Huntington’s disease phenotypes in mice

Huntington’s disease (HD), a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by relatively selective degeneration of striatal neurons, is caused by an expanded polyglutamine tract of the huntingtin (htt) protein. The htt mutation reduces levels of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the striatum, likely by inhibiting cortical BDNF gene expression and anterograde transport of BDNF from cortex to striatum. However, roles of the BDNF reduction in HD pathogenesis have not been established conclusively. We reasoned that increasing striatal BDNF through over‐expression would slow progression of the disease if BDNF reduction plays a pivotal role in HD pathogenesis. We employed a Bdnf transgene driven by the promoter for the alpha subunit of Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent kinase II to over‐express BDNF in the forebrain of R6/1 mice which express a fragment of mutant htt with a 116‐glutamine tract. The Bdnf transgene increased BDNF levels and TrkB signaling activity in the striatum, ameliorated motor dysfunction, and reversed brain weight loss in R6/1 mice. Furthermore, it normalized DARPP‐32 expression of the 32 kDa dopamine and cAMP‐regulated phosphoprotein, increased the number of enkephalin‐containing boutons, and reduced formation of neuronal intranuclear inclusions in the striatum of R6/1 mice. These results demonstrate crucial roles of reduced striatal BDNF in HD pathogenesis and suggest potential therapeutic values of BDNF to HD.
Metabolic changes in skeletal muscle and blood of greyhounds during 800-m track sprint.

The aim of this study was to examine some metabolic properties and changes that occur in skeletal muscle and blood of greyhounds after an 800-m sprint. Three prime moving fast-twitch muscles were selected: biceps femoris (BF), gastrocnemius (G), and vastus lateralis (VL). The amount of glycogen utilized during the event was 42.57, 43.86, and 42.73 mumol glucosyl units/g wet wt, respectively. Expressed as a function of race time (48.3 +/- 0.7 s, n = 3), the mean rate of glycogen breakdown was 53.48 +/- 0.5 mumol.g wet wt-1.min-1 during the sprint. This is equivalent to an ATP turnover of 160 mumol.g wet wt-1.min-1, assuming 100% anaerobic conversion to lactate. This represents a conservative estimate, since greyhound muscle is heterogeneous and comprised of a large percentage of fast-twitch oxidative fibers (Armstrong et al., Am. J. Anat. 163: 87-98, 1982). The large decrease in muscle glycogen was accompanied by a 6- to 7-fold increase in muscle lactate from 3.48 +/- 0.13 to 25.42 +/- 3.54 (BF), 2.54 +/- 1.05 to 18.96 +/- 2.60 (G), and 4.57 +/- 0.44 to 30.09 +/- 1.94 mumol.g wet wt (VL), and a fall in muscle pH from 6.88 +/- 0.03 to 6.40 +/- 0.02 (BF), 6.92 +/- 0.02 to 6.56 +/- 0.02 (G), and 6.93 +/- 0.02 to 6.47 +/- 0.01 (VL). Cytosolic phosphorylation potential in BF decreased 10-fold from 11,360 +/- 680 to 1,184 +/- 347, and redox potential decreased 5-fold, indicating a marked reduction in the cytosol at this time. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A New Authentication Method with Distributed Hash Table for P2P Network

In recent years, P2P networks have been evolving at a rapid pace. Authentication of nodes in P2P networks, however, remains a difficult task to conduct efficiently. In this paper, we therefore propose a new authentication method called hash-based distributed authentication method (HDAM). HDAM realizes a decentralized efficient mutual authentication mechanism for each pair of nodes in the P2P network. It performs a distributed management of public keys by using Web of trust and distributed hash table. Our proposal significantly reduces both the memory size requirement and the overhead of communication data sent by the nodes.
A Criterion for Adaptive Rake/Equalizer Configuration of Mobile Receivers

This paper introduces a low-complexity criterion enabling a reconfigurable receiver to select dynamically the most appropriate configuration between a Rake receiver and a chip-level equalizer in the downlink of a DS-CDMA system. To this end, the proposed criterion accounts for the frequency selectivity of the channel and the signal to noise ratio in a natural and integrated fashion, so that the criterion value provides a rough estimate of the minimum performance gain the equalizer can achieve with respect to the Rake receiver. This latter feature allows the receiver selection to be performed according to a performance/complexity trade-off, without activating any of the receivers. Simulation results in the context of a WCDMA downlink show the practical efficiency of the proposed approach
Histidine Kinase Activity of the Ethylene Receptor ETR1 Facilitates the Ethylene Response in Arabidopsis1[W][OA]

In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), ethylene is perceived by a receptor family consisting of five members. Subfamily 1 members ETHYLENE RESPONSE1 (ETR1) and ETHYLENE RESPONSE SENSOR1 (ERS1) have histidine kinase activity, unlike the subfamily 2 members ETR2, ERS2, and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE4 (EIN4), which lack amino acid residues critical for this enzymatic activity. To resolve the role of histidine kinase activity in signaling by the receptors, we transformed an etr1-9;ers1-3 double mutant with wild-type and kinase-inactive versions of the receptor ETR1. Both wild-type and kinase-inactive ETR1 rescue the constitutive ethylene-response phenotype of etr1-9;ers1-3, restoring normal growth to the mutant in air. However, the lines carrying kinase-inactive ETR1 exhibit reduced sensitivity to ethylene based on several growth response assays. Microarray and real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses of gene expression support a role for histidine kinase activity in eliciting the ethylene response. In addition, protein levels of the Raf-like kinase CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1 (CTR1), which physically associates with the ethylene receptor ETR1, are less responsive to ethylene in lines containing kinase-inactive ETR1. These data indicate that the histidine kinase activity of ETR1 is not required for but plays a modulating role in the regulation of ethylene responses. Models for how enzymatic and nonenzymatic regulation may facilitate signaling from the ethylene receptors are discussed.
Physico‐ and Immunochemical Properties of Staphylococcal Protein A Extracellularly Produced by a Set of Mutants from Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I

Mutant strains of Staphylococcus aureus have been isolated using a simple cosedimentation technique. While the parental strain contains predominantly a cell‐bound protein A, the mutant strains exclusively produce extracellular protein A. The mutant forms of protein A all have lower molecular weights than that of protein A from the parental strain. They showed the same antigenicity as the parental protein A and gave similar reactivity with immunoglobulin to the parental one except for one mutant. A conspicuous spur was observed between the parental protein A and that produced by the mutant against normal dog serum in the micro‐Ouchterlony immunodiffusion test.
Stopping Wife Abuse via Physical Aggression Couples Treatment

Summary The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of an empirically tested program for physical aggression: Physical Aggression Couples Treatment (PACT). Although we do not advocate standard “marital therapy” when there is ongoing husband-to-wife interspousal aggression, we present the rationale for, description of, and empirical support for a conjoint treatment approach to wife abuse abatement.
STUDIES ON THE LEUKOCYTOSIS AND LYMPHOCYTOSIS INDUCED BY BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS

Peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated from normal mice and mice undergoing pertussis-induced lymphocytosis. After labeling in vitro with tritiated uridine the cells were transfused into normal or pertussis-treated mice. It was found that the lymphocytes from pertussis-treated mice entered the lymph nodes of both normal mice and pertussis-treated mice to a significantly lesser extent than did normal lymphocytes which had been transfused into either class of recipient. In addition, an interdependence of changes in the various body compartments examined was found when normal lymphocytes were injected into either type of recipient. However, when pertussis lymphocytes were injected into normal mice there was no interrelationship between the changes in the node with those in the blood, liver, lung, or spleen. In the case of pertussis lymphocytes transfused into pertussis-treated mice no interrelationship between any two compartments was observed. It was concluded that in pertussis-treated mice there is an inhibition of lymphocyte emigration which is primarily the consequence of an effect on the cell.
Pathophysiological mechanisms of high-intensity focused ultrasound-mediated vascular occlusion and relevance to non-invasive fetal surgery

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a non-invasive technology, which can be used occlude blood vessels in the body. Both the theory underlying and practical process of blood vessel occlusion are still under development and relatively sparse in vivo experimental and therapeutic data exist. HIFU would however provide an alternative to surgery, particularly in circumstances where serious complications inherent to surgery outweigh the potential benefits. Accordingly, the HIFU technique would be of particular utility for fetal and placental interventions, where open or endoscopic surgery is fraught with difficulty and likelihood of complications including premature delivery. This assumes that HIFU could be shown to safely and effectively occlude blood vessels in utero. To understand these mechanisms more fully, we present a review of relevant cross-specialty literature on the topic of vascular HIFU and suggest an integrative mechanism taking into account clinical, physical and engineering considerations through which HIFU may produce vascular occlusion. This model may aid in the design of HIFU protocols to further develop this area, and might be adapted to provide a non-invasive therapy for conditions in fetal medicine where vascular occlusion is beneficial.
About the Ontology of Actions

Philosophers, physicists, and cognitive psychologists, as well as many other scientists in their areas of research, have been dealing with the question of how the world is constructed or in a human-centered view its structure is perceived by us. This central question and related ones have occupied thinkers for thousands of years, going back at least to Aristotle. In the meantime, descriptions of the physical material world, partially based on and reflected in studies and models of the visual system, have been well developed, at least compared to other areas of perception and thinking and aspects of the world. Particularly and inherently difficult seems the (formal) modeling of dynamic aspects of the world, i.e. concepts which have a time-related dimension, like actions, plans, and events.
A fundamental study on routing and scheduling for multi-hop wireless networks with adaptive array

The interference between nearby links in a wireless multi-hop network degrades the area spectral efficiency. Thus there have been many works on a use of narrow beam antenna or adaptive array capable of forming nulls. Especially, the adaptive array allows simultaneous transmissions in multiple links within a limited area by suppressing the interference among those. However, efficient routing and scheduling are definitely required to exploit the benefit. In the paper, the performance on achievable system throughput is evaluated under ideal routing and scheduling. The results successfully indicate the potential ability of the adaptive array.
A New Data Gathering Scheme Based on Set Cover Algorithm for Mobile Sinks in WSNs

Recent advances in solid state and packaging technologies have enabled production of more efficient and reasonably small devices such as micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS). Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can gather data from sensor nodes and are now at the practical stage of realizations because of the above advances. Conventional researches have mainly focused on extending the lifetime of WSNs because sensor nodes are only equipped with small-capacity batteries. Mobile ubiquitous LAN extension (MULE) is one of the approaches to meet such demand, and it can gather data from isolated nodes. The KAT mobility scheme is one of the mobility schemes on MULE focusing on the efficiency. Therefore, this scheme is expected to prolong the lifetime of the network. However, this scheme cannot ensure that the mobile sinks can gather the data from all of the nodes. In this paper, we focus on the fairness issue of data gathered by the mobile sinks while also considering the efficiency of data gathering. We propose a new mobility scheme based on a new clustering method and the set cover algorithm to ensure that the mobile sinks can gather data from all of the nodes, and simulation results show that fairness of data gathering by the proposed mobility scheme is greatly improved as compared to conventional KAT mobility scheme.
Model Centred Approach to Scientific Visualization

One of the crucial requirements for a Scientific Visualization system is to produce reliable and accurate results. There are many possible sources of errors that could jeopardise these efforts, such as measurement or simulation errors in the pre-analysis stage, or errors generated in the visualization process itself. Our focus here is to control errors introduced during the visualization processes. To this end we propose a conceptual model for visualization known as the Model Centred Approach (MCA). This new paradigm separates the modelling and viewing processes in visualization, and this provides the opportunity to consistently utilise a single modelling function throughout the visualization process. Results show that consistent visualizations are produced by our approach when compared to conventional methods.
Dissecting Low Atmospheric Pressure Stress: Transcriptome Responses to the Components of Hypobaria in Arabidopsis

Controlled hypobaria presents biology with an environment that is never encountered in terrestrial ecology, yet the apparent components of hypobaria are stresses typical of terrestrial ecosystems. High altitude, for example, presents terrestrial hypobaria always with hypoxia as a component stress, since the relative partial pressure of O2 is constant in the atmosphere. Laboratory-controlled hypobaria, however, allows the dissection of pressure effects away from the effects typically associated with altitude, in particular hypoxia, as the partial pressure of O2 can be varied. In this study, whole transcriptomes of plants grown in ambient (97 kPa/pO2 = 21 kPa) atmospheric conditions were compared to those of plants transferred to five different atmospheres of varying pressure and oxygen composition for 24 h: 50 kPa/pO2 = 10 kPa, 25 kPa/pO2 = 5 kPa, 50 kPa/pO2 = 21 kPa, 25 kPa/pO2 = 21 kPa, or 97 kPa/pO2 = 5 kPa. The plants exposed to these environments were 10 day old Arabidopsis seedlings grown vertically on hydrated nutrient plates. In addition, 5 day old plants were also exposed for 24 h to the 50 kPa and ambient environments to evaluate age-dependent responses. The gene expression profiles from roots and shoots showed that the hypobaric response contained more complex gene regulation than simple hypoxia, and that adding back oxygen to normoxic conditions did not completely alleviate gene expression changes in hypobaric responses.
Evaluating Deer Hunters’ Support for Hunting Deer with Dogs

Hunting deer with dogs (dog hunting) has a long tradition in the United States but has created conflict among deer hunters. Our objectives were to determine factors predicting support for dog hunting in North Carolina. Using a 2006 survey of North Carolina deer hunters, we evaluated factors that potentially influenced support for dog hunting (e.g., geographic region, hunting method, perceptions about deer populations and hunter participation, leasing practices). Nearly half (46%) of the deer hunters (n = 5,005) believed dog hunting should be illegal. Most deer hunters who opposed dog hunting neither dog hunted nor hunted in regions where dog hunting had a strong history. Concerns among non–dog hunters mostly focused on competition for deer hunting opportunities. Our results indicate a need to promote greater awareness among the diverse hunting groups and suggest dog hunters may be important allies in efforts to acquire large contiguous tracts of hunting land.