Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
IC Layout Design of Decoder Using Electric VLSI Design System

—This paper discusses the design of an Integrated Circuit (IC) layout for a decoder. The layout was designed by using an open source software namely Electric VLSI Design System as the Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tool. In order to produce the layout, the basic knowledge of fabrication process and IC design rules are expounded. The complete layout of the decoder was designed based on its schematic circuit, which consists of NOT gates, 2-input NAND gates, 3-input NAND gates, 4-input NAND gates, 2-input AND gates and 3-input AND gates. The layout had undergone Design Rule Check (DRC) set by the Electric VLSI Design System to check for any design rule error. Both layout and schematic circuit of the decoder were then simulated through Layout versus Schematic (LVS) to ensure they were identical. LTspice is used as simulator to carry out the simulation work and verify the validity of the function. The simulation output indicated that results of the layout and schematic circuit for decoder were essentially identical and matches the theoretical results. 
The Effect of Source Phase Noise on Stimulated Brillouin Amplification

The impact of laser phase noise on the Brillouin gain is studied. It is shown that insufficient coherence of the laser sources used in stimulated Brillouin amplification setups not only leads to reduced gain but also to source-induced gain fluctuations (noise), which may affect their performance. Under commonly encountered conditions, even a relatively coherent source, having a linewidth of a few megahertz, has enough phase noise to become the dominant contributor to the observed Brillouin gain fluctuations. For equally phase-noised pump and signal (also called probe), their (separately) induced gain and gain fluctuations are different: 1) the gain penalty is higher for phase-noised pump; 2) the signal output power is noisier for phase-noised signal, resulting in a larger standard deviation; and 3) the probability distribution function of the signal output power is quite symmetric for the phase-noised pump and distinctively asymmetric for the phase-noised signal. The results for continuous pump and signal waves, obtained numerically from the governing differential equations and validated experimentally, may contribute to the judicial choice of laser sources in practical Brillouin-based setups.
Arabidopsis ABCG14 is essential for the root-to-shoot translocation of cytokinin

Significance Roots and shoots communicate with each other to synchronize and optimize plant growth and respond to environmental changes. Shoots and roots exchange signals to sense the status and respond to the needs of the other organ. Cytokinins, which are phytohormones that regulate various aspects of growth and development, are recognized as the most important signal transmitted from roots to shoots. Whereas the enzymes underlying cytokinin biosynthesis and the corresponding receptors have been identified, our knowledge of cytokinin transport is limited. In this study, we identified the Arabidopsis ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily G14 as a major component in the transfer of cytokinins from roots to shoots and hence as a regulator of shoot development. This finding represents a major breakthrough in the field. Cytokinins are phytohormones that induce cytokinesis and are essential for diverse developmental and physiological processes in plants. Cytokinins of the trans-zeatin type are mainly synthesized in root vasculature and transported to the shoot, where they regulate shoot growth. However, the mechanism of long-distance transport of cytokinin was hitherto unknown. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter subfamily G14 (AtABCG14) is mainly expressed in roots and plays a major role in delivering cytokinins to the shoot. Loss of AtABCG14 expression resulted in severe shoot growth retardation, which was rescued by exogenous trans-zeatin application. Cytokinin content was decreased in the shoots of atabcg14 plants and increased in the roots, with consistent changes in the expression of cytokinin-responsive genes. Grafting of atabcg14 scions onto wild-type rootstocks restored shoot growth, whereas wild-type scions grafted onto atabcg14 rootstocks exhibited shoot growth retardation similar to that of atabcg14. Cytokinin concentrations in the xylem are reduced by ∼90% in the atabcg14 mutant. These results indicate that AtABCG14 is crucial for the translocation of cytokinin to the shoot. Our results provide molecular evidence for the long-distance transport of cytokinin and show that this transport is necessary for normal shoot development.
Developmental regulation of CUP gene expression through DNA methylation in Mucor spp

Inserts which carried the CUP gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Mucor racemosus were used as hybridization probes to measure the methylation state and expression of the CUP gene from Mucor rouxii at different stages of growth. It was observed that the fungus contains a CUP multigene family. All the CUP genes were present in a hypermethylated DNA region in nongrowing and isodiametrically growing spores and were not transcribed at these stages. After germ tube emergence, CUP genes became demethylated and transcriptionally active. Development, demethylation, and transcription of CUP genes were blocked by the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor 1,4-diaminobutanone. These results suggest that genes that are activated during development became demethylated in this fungus.
Classifier Optimization and Combination in the English All Words Task

We report on the use of machine learning techniques for word sense disambiguation in the English all words task of SENSEVAL2. The task was to automatically assign the appropriate sense to a possibly ambiguous word form given its context. A "word expert" approach was adopted, leading to a set of classifiers, each specialized in one single word form-POS combination. Experts consist of multiple classifiers trained on Semcor using two types of learning techniques, viz. memory-based learning and rule-induction. Through optimization by crossvalidation of the individual classifiers and the voting scheme for combining them, the best possible word expert was determined. Results show that especially memory-based learning in a word-expert approach is a feasible method for unrestricted word-sense disambiguation, even with limited training data.
Neuronal chromatolysis in the subgemmal plexus of gustatory papillae in horses with grass sickness.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Diagnosis of equine grass sickness (EGS) can be challenging. We hypothesised that subgemmal plexus neurons are chromatolytic in EGS. If correct, histopathological examination of gustatory papillae biopsies could aid premortem diagnosis of EGS, and EGS could represent a spontaneous model of subgemmal neuronal chromatolysis to facilitate study of the pathology of structures involved in taste. OBJECTIVE To compare subgemmal plexi and gustatory papillae in EGS and control horses. STUDY DESIGN Observational study. METHODS Conventional histology and immunohistochemistry were used to compare subgemmal plexi and gustatory papillae in post mortem samples from 10 EGS and 13 control horses. RESULTS Chromatolytic neurons were present in all 57 EGS sections which had identifiable neurons, and in only one of 57 control sections. Blinded examination of all haematoxylin-eosin stained sections from each horse for chromatolysis facilitated accurate differentiation of EGS and control horses, with a sensitivity of 100% (95% confidence interval 93.7-100) and specificity of 98.2% (90.6-100) for diagnosing EGS; however, the presence of chromatolytic neurons in one control section indicated that multiple sections per horse must be analysed to achieve diagnostic accuracy. Equine grass sickness was not associated with alterations in taste bud density or morphology, proportion of taste buds with neurofilament immunopositive intragemmal axons or proportion of taste buds containing cells undergoing apoptosis, suggesting taste buds had adequate neurotrophic support at the time of sampling. Horses with EGS had no detectable alteration in lingual gland morphology, but had increased proportions of apoptotic lingual serous gland cells. CONCLUSIONS While identification of chromatolytic subgemmal neurons in post mortem samples correctly differentiated EGS and control horses, further study is required to evaluate this technique for premortem EGS diagnosis. Equine grass sickness represents a spontaneous model of subgemmal neuronal chromatolysis that facilitates study of the pathology of structures involved in taste.
An ant colony‐based, receiver‐initiated multicast mesh protocol for collaborative applications of mobile ad hoc networks

Mobile ad hoc (ODMRP), another mesh‐based multicast approach for mobile ad hoc networks in two scenarios, namely typical scenario and collaborative scenario. The simulation is carried out in NS‐2 and comparison is conducted for the metrics packet delivery ratio, group reliability ratio, and end‐to‐end average delay by varying node mobility and by increasing number of senders in each group. From the results, we observed that the proposed protocol performs well in all cases. Especially for collaborative scenarios in which number of senders is high within the group, RIMM outperforms ODMRP. Also, we observed that probability of reaching multicast members within the mesh is always high for RIMM than for ODMRP. For certain simulations, we compared RIMM with other receiver‐initiated mesh‐based multicast approaches namely Protocol for Unified Multicasting through multicast Announcement and an ant‐based method called Multicast for Ad Hoc Networks with Swarm Intelligence and found that RIMM has better packet delivery ratio and comparable control overhead. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PRODUCTION OF CALCIUM SULPHATE ALPHA-HEMIHYDRATE FROM CITROGYPSUM IN UNHEATED SULPHURIC ACID SOLUTION

Alpha-hemihydrate of calcium sulphate can be obtained by suspending gypsum in boiling or almost boiling aqueous solution of an inorganic acid salts or sulphuric acid at atmospheric pressure. The task was to try to obtain it from citrogypsum in unheated solution of this acid. The experiment proved it possible if 10, 15, 20, 30, or 40 wt% solution was used, and that the resulting alpha-hemihydrate developed at various ratios and had different properties, depending on the acid solution concentration and the gypsum/acid solution mixing ratio. An alpha-hemihydrate composed of smooth, compact, acicular monocrystals, which according to reference data promises the best utilitarian aspect, was obtained using 20 wt% acid solution at 0.25 g/cm 3 mixing ratio.
Generic menu optimization for multi-profile customer systems

The use of optimal ATM menu structuring for different customer profiles is essential because of usability, efficiency, and customer satisfaction. Especially in competitive industries such as banking, having optimal user interface (UI) is a must. Determining the optimal menu structure is generally accomplished through manual adjustment of the menu elements. However, such an approach is inherently flawed due to the overwhelming size of the optimization variables' search space. Previous studies on menu optimization either are based on customer questionnaires or made for only a specific menu type using heuristic approaches (i.e., not generic). In this paper, we propose an systematic optimization method for menu structuring problem through a novel Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) framework. Our optimization approach is not specific to a predetermined menu class, on the contrary, the MIP model is designed to be a generic optimization framework that can be applied to a wide range of menu optimization problems. We evaluated the performance gains on a dataset of actual ATM usage logs for a period of 18 months consisting of 40 million transactions. We validated our results with both simulation application and mining of existing data logs. The results show that the proposed optimization approach provides significant reduction in the average transaction completion time and the overall click count.
No association between tuberculin skin test and atopy in a bacillus Calmette‐Guérin vaccinated birth cohort

Previously, an inverse association was suggested between mycobacterial infection and atopy. We aimed to determine the association between tuberculin skin test (TST) and allergic manifestations in a birth cohort where all infants were vaccinated with bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) at birth. Newborns were enrolled randomly and prospectively followed up for a period of 5 yr. Information on family history and environmental factors was obtained at birth, International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood asthma questionnaire, physical examination, skin prick test to common inhalant and food allergens and TST were performed at 2 and 5 yr of age. Positive TST reactivity was defined as an induration of ≥10 mm. A total of 399 newborns were enrolled, 293 and 125 were available for a followup visit at 2 and 5 yr of age respectively. The prevalence of ever asthma, rhinitis and allergen sensitization tended to increase while eczema decreased with time. No significant association was found between TST reactivity and ever and current wheeze, doctor diagnosed asthma or atopic sensitization both at 2 and 5 yr of age. This prospectively designed birth cohort study did not confirm the previously suggested inverse correlation between TST reactivity and atopic sensitization or any allergic manifestations in Turkish children vaccinated with BCG at birth.
The Chemical Modification of the Essential Groups of β‐N‐Acetyl‐D‐glucosaminidase from Turbo cornutus Solander

The chemical modification of β‐N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosaminidase (EC3.2.1.30) from Turbo cornutus Solander has been first studied. The results demonstrate that the sulfhydryl group of cysteine residues and the hydroxyl group of serine residues are not essential to the enzyme's function. The modification of indole group of tryptophan of the enzyme by N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS) can lead to the complete inactivation, accompanying the absorption decreasing at 278 nm and the fluorescence intensity quenching at 335 nm, indicating that tryptophan is essential residue to the enzyme. The modification of amino group of lysine residue by formaldehyde and trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid also inactivates the enzyme completely. The results show that lysine and tryptophan are probably situated in the active site of the enzyme. The modification of the imidazole residue and carboxyl group leads to inactivate incompletely, indicating they are not the composing groups of the enzyme active center, and they are essential for maintaining the enzyme's conformation which is necessary for the catalytic activity of the enzyme. IUBMB Life, 55: 547‐552, 2003
Contributions for Solving the Author Name Ambiguity Problem in Bibliographic Citations

Bibliographic citations are an essential component of scientific-publication digital libraries. Studies about bibliographic citations can lead to interesting results about the coverage of topics, tendencies, quality and impact of publications of a specific sub-community or individuals, patterns of collaboration in social networks, etc. However, it is usual to find ambiguous author names in bibliographic citations due to authors referenced by multiple name variations (synonyms) or when two or more authors have exactly the same name or share a same name variation (polysems). This can lead to an incorrect assignment of a citation to an author, or the separation of several citations of the same author as if they belong to different authors. Supervised methods that exploit training examples in order to distinguish ambiguous author names are among the most effective solutions for the problem, but they require skilled human annotators in a laborious and continuous process of manually labeling citations in order to provide enough training examples. In this thesis, we describe a new three-step disambiguation method, SAND (standing for Self-training Associative Name Disambiguator). SAND eliminates the need of any manual labeling effort by automatically acquiring examples using a clustering method that groups citation records based on the similarity among coauthor names. SAND also is able to detect unseen authors not included in any of the given training examples. Experiments conducted with standard public collections, using the minimum set of attributes present in a citation (i.e., author names, work title and publication venue), demonstrated that our proposed method outperforms representative unsupervised disambiguation methods that exploit similarities between citation records and is as effective as, and in some cases superior to, supervised ones, without manually labeling any training example. In order to facilitate the evaluation of name disambiguation methods in various realistic scenarios and under controlled conditions, we here propose SyGAR, a new Synthetic Generator of Authorship Records that generates citation records based on author profiles. SyGAR can be used to generate successive loads of citation records simulating a living digital library that evolves according to various desired patterns. We validate SyGAR by comparing the results produced by three representative name disambiguation methods on real as well as synthetically generated collections of citation records. We also demonstrate its applicability by evaluating those methods on a time evolving digital library collection, considering several dynamic and realistic scenarios.
Autworks: a cross-disease analysis application for Autism and related disorders.

Background: Motivated in part by the genetic heterogeneity of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and its overlap in behavior with other diseases, we tested the concept that more insight can be gained from the study of the network of ASD candidate genes than can be gained from the study of single genes alone, and in particular, the hypothesis that “knowledge links” to other related neurological disorders will add important context to identify novel candidate genes for experimental testing.
13 In Situ : Groundwater Bioremediation

In situ groundwater bioremediation of hydrocarbons has been used for more than 40 years. Most strategies involve biostimulation; however, recently bioaugmentation have been used for dehalorespiration. Aquifer and contaminant profiles are critical to determining the feasibility and strategy for in situ groundwater bioremediation. Hydraulic conductivity and redox conditions, including concentrations of terminal electron acceptors are critical to determine the feasibility and strategy for potential bioremediation applications. Conceptual models followed by characterization and subsequent numerical models are critical for efficient and cost effective bioremediation. Critical research needs in this area include better modeling and integration of remediation strategies with natural attenuation.
ESW-FI: An Improved Analysis of Frequent Itemsets Mining

Frequent itemsets mining play an essential role in many datamining tasks. The frequent itemset mining over data streams is to find an approximate set of frequent itemsets in transaction with respect to a given support and threshold. It should support the flexible trade-off between processing time and mining accuracy. It should be time efficient even when the user-specified minimum support threshold is small. The objective was to propose an effective algorithm which generates frequent patterns in a very less time. Our approach has been developed based on improvement and analysis of MFI algorithm. In this paper, we introduce a new algorithm ESW-FI, to maintain a dynamically selected set of item sets over a sliding window. We keep some advantages of the previous approach and resolve the drawbacks, and produce the improved runtime and memory consumption. The proposed algorithm gave a guarantee of the output quality and also a bound on the memory usage.
3D Network-on-Chip with on-chip DRAM: an empirical analysis for future Chip Multiprocessor

With the increasing number of on-chip components and the critical requirement for processing power, Chip Multiprocessor (CMP) has gained wide acceptance in both academia and industry during the last decade. However, the conventional bus-based on- chip communication schemes suffer from very high communication delay and low scalability in large scale systems. Network-on-Chip (NoC) has been proposed to solve the bottleneck of parallel on- chip communications by applying different network topologies which separate the communication phase from the computation phase. Observing that the memory bandwidth of the communication between on-chip components and off-chip memory has become a critical problem even in NoC based systems, in this paper, we propose a novel 3D NoC with on-chip Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) in which different layers are dedicated to different functionalities such as processors, cache or memory. Results show that, by using our proposed architecture, average link utilization has reduced by 10.25% for SPLASH-2 workloads. Our proposed design costs 1.12% less execution cycles than the traditional design on average.
Assessing the Validity of Self-Reported Medication Adherence in Hepatitis C Treatment

Objective: To assess the validity of self-reported medication adherence provided by individuals in treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with a regimen of peginterferon and ribavirin. Methods: Adherence was evaluated prospectively among 196 African American and 205 white subjects enrolled in Virahep-C (Viral Resistance to Antiviral Therapy of Chronic Hepatitis C), a treatment study for genotype 1 HCV infection. Adherence to the prescribed dose was measured by 2 methods: self-report questions administered during multiple clinic visits, using a touch screen computer; and recordings of bottle openings, using an electronic monitor placed inside the cap of prescription containers. Self-reported responses were compared with the electronic monitor data. Nonparametric tests were used to test the association between adherence measures at 4, 12, 24, 36, and 48 weeks of treatment. Results: The estimated proportion of participants who were adherent prior to a given visit ranged from 85% to 97% (ribavirin) and 97% to 100% (peginterferon) by self report and from 69% to 90% (ribavirin) and 64% to 100% (peginterferon) by electronic monitors. For ribavirin, the percentage of cases in which the 2 measurement methods agreed varied from 68% to 90%; peginterferon agreement was from 84% to 100%. Overall, adherence was higher for peginterferon than for ribavirin but decreased over time for both medications. Self-reported adherence was usually higher than that assessed by electronic measures, and the level of discrepancy increased during the course of treatment. Conclusions: Adherence to peginterferon and ribavirin decreased gradually during therapy but remained relatively high. Simple self-reported measures can be used to screen for nonadherence to HCV drug therapy, but should be considered as overestimation of the actual amounts taken.