Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Declarative Memory Consolidation Odor Cues During Slow-Wave Sleep Prompt

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Assessing progression in students’ economic understanding: the role of threshold concepts

This paper reports an analysis of qualitative differences between students’ understanding of flows of income in the whole economy. Previous analyses of qualitative differences in understanding of economic phenomena have been largely restricted to ‘micro’ phenomena such as price and trade. Our major interest lies in the usefulness of ‘threshold concepts’ as a way of interpreting these differences in ways of understanding. Threshold concepts (Meyer and Land 2003) have been proposed as concepts that transform and integrate previous learning with the effect that a new way of thinking is opened up. We analyse the revealed variation in conceptions of flows of income in the economy and conclude that the threshold concepts approach provides a plausible interpretation. This is important for teaching because threshold concepts potentially create considerable challenges for teachers and learners that need to be understood by both if the process of learning and teaching is to avoid slipping into create an appearance of understanding that has not been developed.
Comparison of ActiGraph activity monitors in persons with multiple sclerosis and controls

Purpose: The current study compared output from the vertical axis of two models of ActiGraph accelerometers under free-living and laboratory conditions in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) and matched controls. Method: The sample included 41 cases of MS and 41 controls matched by age, sex, height and weight. Participants concurrently wore 7164 and GT3X accelerometers for 6 days under free-living conditions, and undertook up to five, 6-minute periods of walking at five speeds on a motor-driven treadmill. Results: Under free-living conditions, there was substantial, but not absolute, agreement (Intraclass correlation = 0.983) between devices and the output from the model 7164 accelerometer was significantly greater (p < 0.01) than that of the GT3X, resulting in a 7.0% difference between devices. The treadmill-walking conditions indicated that this difference in output between accelerometers was based on slow-walking speeds where there was a statistically significant (p < 0.01) and 30.3% discrepancy. Conclusions: The ActiGraph model 7164 and GT3X accelerometers are not interchangeable under free-living conditions, and the discrepancy in measurement between devices might be explained by the difference in output under slow-walking conditions. Researchers and clinicians should be aware of the difference in output between generations of ActiGraph accelerometers, and perhaps other brands, in future applications involving persons with MS and controls. Implications for Rehabilitation There is a discrepancy in output between ActiGraph accelerometer models under free-living conditions and slow-treadmill walking. Researchers should consider developing equations to translate outputs between ActiGraph accelerometers. Clinicians should be aware that these accelerometers are not interchangeable within and between applications involving persons with multiple sclerosis.
How Do Jamaica’s Unattached Youth View Their Career Prospects and Life Skills?

How do unattached Jamaican youth regard their educational and employment prospects? We investigate perceptions by out-of-school, unattached youth, ages 14–24, who are neither employed nor attending training program. From a human capital theoretical perspective, and based on surveys of Jamaican youth, we explore the prevalence and variability of perceptions. Our findings indicate significant gender differences. We discuss overall perceptions in the context of Jamaica’s educational system and employment opportunities. We identify policy implications and future research directions with respect to institutional attempts to change the bleak outlook for lower social status youth.
Heterogeneous learning in zero-sum stochastic games with incomplete information

Learning algorithms are essential for the applications of game theory in a networking environment. In dynamic and decentralized settings where the traffic, topology and channel states may vary over time and the communication between agents is impractical, it is important to formulate and study games of incomplete information and fully distributed learning algorithms which for each agent requires a minimal amount of information regarding the remaining agents. In this paper, we address this major challenge and introduce heterogeneous learning schemes in which each agent adopts a distinct learning pattern in the context of games with incomplete information. We use stochastic approximation techniques to show that the heterogeneous learning schemes can be studied in terms of their deterministic ordinary differential equation (ODE) counterparts. Depending on the learning rates of the players, these ODEs could be different from the standard replicator dynamics, (myopic) best response (BR) dynamics, logit dynamics, and fictitious play dynamics. We apply the results to a class of security games in which the attacker and the defender adopt different learning schemes due to differences in their rationality levels and the information they acquire.
Secure communication over MISO cognitive radio channels

In this paper, we address the physical-layer security issue of a secondary user (SU) in a spectrum-sharing cognitive radio network (CRN) from an information-theoretic perspective. Specially, we consider a secure multiple-input single-output (MISO) cognitive radio channel, where a multi-antenna SU transmitter (SU-Tx) sends confidential information to a legitimate SU receiver (SU-Rx) in the presence of an eavesdropper and on the licensed band of a primary user (PU). The secrecy capacity of the channel is characterized, which is a quasiconvex optimization problem of finding the capacity-achieving transmit covariance matrix under the joint transmit power and interference power constraints. Two numerical approaches are proposed to derive the optimal transmit covariance matrix. The first approach recasts the original quasiconvex problem into a single convex semidefinite program (SDP) by exploring its inherent convexity; while the second one explores the relationship between the secure CRN and the conventional CRN and transforms the original problem into a sequence of optimization problems associated with the conventional CRN, which helps to prove that beamforming is the optimal strategy for the secure MISO CR channel. In addition, to reduce the computational complexity, three suboptimal schemes are presented, namely, scaled secret beamforming (SSB), projected secret beamforming (PSB) and projected cognitive beamforming (PCB). Lastly, computer simulation results show that the three suboptimal schemes can approach the secrecy capacity well under certain conditions.
Inclusion and Exclusion: A Case Study of an English Class for LGBT Learners.

This article presents a case study of an English conversation class organised by a nonpolitical group of lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgender (LGBT) people in Japan. The primary aims of this study are to explore what kinds of learning needs these students had and to consider more generally how educators can best meet LGBT students’ needs. Using interview data from six class participants, the author uses an applied thematic analysis to examine their experiences of learning in mainstream, commercial educational contexts as lesbian and gay students. He then contrasts this with their experiences of learning in the LGBT English class. He shows how the LGBT class allowed the necessary space for students to speak honestly as themselves, an affordance increasingly seen as crucial in the development of second language proficiency, which was often not granted to them in commercial conversation schools. However, the inclusivity of the LGBT class was not a given; new members often struggled to establish themselves in the group. Moreover, the content of the LGBT class often restricted learners’ voices in other ways by focusing on issues not relevant to learners’ lived experiences, disadvantaging students who had limited interest in mainstream gay culture, and at times reinforcing heteronormative discourses and essentialised images of gay identities.
FAMILIARITY GATED LEARNING FOR INFERENTIAL USE OF EPISODIC MEMORIES IN NOVEL SITUATIONS-A ROBOT SIMULATION

This paper presents a method for familiarity gated encoding of episodic memories for the purpose of their inferential use in a spatial navigation task. The method is strongly inspired by the state of the art understanding of the hippocampal functioning and especially its role in novelty detection and episodic memory formation in relation to spatial context. A navigation task is used to provide an experimental setup for behavioral testing with a rat-like agent. The model is build on three presumptions: First that episodic memory formation has behavioral, as well as sensory and perceptual correlates; second, hippocampal involvement in the novelty/familiarity detection and episodic memory formation, experimentally supported by neurobiological experiments; and third, that a straightforward parallel exists between internal hippocampal and abstract spatial representations. Some simulation results are shown to support the reasoning and reveal the methods applicability for practically oriented behavioral simulation.
THE LATE TRIASSIC TETRAPOD ICHNOTAXON APATOPUS LINEATUS ( BOCK 1952 ) AND ITS DISTRIBUTION

The tetrapod ichnotaxon Apatopus lineatus is a relatively uncommon component of Late Triassic footprint assemblages. This might be related to the semi-aquatic lifestyle of the trackmakers, which were almost certainly phytosaurs and whose skeletons are known from coeval deposits with a Pangea-wide distribution. Originally described from the Passaic Formation of New Jersey, Apatopus lineatus has been reported from other localities and horizons in the Newark Supergroup and from the Chinle Group of the American Southwest. In recent years, new discoveries of Apatopus footprints and trackways have been made in North America, North Africa and Europe. A footprint with skin impressions from the Passaic Formation of Pennsylvania and material from the Stuttgart and Hassberge formations (Carnian) of Germany is described here for the first time. Parallel to the osteological record of phytosaurs, the ichnotaxon Apatopus lineatus reflects a widespread group of archosaurs living in habitats that only randomly overlapped those of fully terrestrial chirotherian trackmakers. The reevaluation of the phylogenetic position of phytosaurs in recent studies and the supposed stratigraphic range of Phytosauria from the Early to the Late Triassic suggest a terrestrial lifestyle for early members of the group and a later adaptation to aquatic environments, similar to the evolutionary developments in crocodylomorphs that took place in the Jurassic-Cretaceous. Morphologically and temporally, some chirothere footprints from Early-Middle Triassic deposits such as Synaptichnium could fill this gap in the early record of Phytosauria.
1. Multichannel Sequence Analysis Applied to Social Science Data

Applications of optimal matching analysis in the social sciences are typically based on sequences of specific social statuses that model the residential, family, or occupational trajectories of individuals. Despite the broadly recognized interdependence of these statuses, few attempts have been made to systematize the ways in which optimal matching analysis should be applied multidimensionally—that is, in an approach that takes into account multiple trajectories simultaneously. Based on methods pioneered in the field of bioinformatics, this paper proposes a method of multichannel sequence analysis (MCSA) that simultaneously extends the usual optimal matching analysis (OMA) to multiple life spheres. Using data from the Swiss household panel (SHP), we examine the types of trajectories obtained using MCSA. We also consider a random data set and find that MCSA offers an alternative to the sole use of ex-post sum of distance matrices by locally aligning distinct life trajectories simultaneously. Moreover, MCSA reduces the complexity of the typologies it allows to produce, without making them less informative. It is more robust to noise in the data, and it provides more reliable alignments than two independent OMA.
Helping Educators to Orchestrate Learning Situations Involving Multiple Physical and Virtual Spaces

The massive adoption of ICT makes feasible new learning situations involving multiple physical and virtual spaces, both within and beyond the walls of traditional classrooms. However, the orchestration of such learning situations is still a challenge for teachers. Some approaches try to help teachers in these scenarios using Augmented Reality and authoring tools. But usually, these approaches are limited to specific authoring and enactment technologies, and also oriented to specific types of activities. This PhD thesis explores how to help teachers in the orchestration of this kind of learning situations, allowing the use of a range of existing authoring and enactment technologies, pedagogies and types of activities. This paper presents the work plan and the current state of the thesis.
Renewable Energy, Authenticity, and Tourism: Social Acceptance of Photovoltaic Installations in a Swiss Alpine Region

Abstract With the increasing emergence of renewable energy sites in Switzerland, new impacts on the landscape can be observed. Above the Alpine village of Bellwald, a pilot project testing avalanche barriers as a possible site for photovoltaic installations was inaugurated in 2012. This study focused on social aspects of the project and asked questions about local residents' and tourists' perceptions of and attitudes toward the installations. Its findings reveal that the new elements are not perceived as a drastic intrusion into the landscape, because the view was already affected by the avalanche barriers, which are accepted because of their vital protective function. No significant difference was found between residents' and tourists' evaluation of the new photovoltaic installations. However, different factors influenced the perceptions of these 2 groups. In both groups, conceptions related to place played an important role in the evaluation of possible photovoltaic sites.
Advanced three‐dimensional tailored RF pulse for signal recovery in T2*‐weighted functional magnetic resonance imaging

T 2* ‐weighted functional MR images are plagued by signal loss artifacts caused by susceptibility‐induced through‐plane dephasing. We present major advances to the original three‐dimensional tailored RF (3DTRF) pulse method that pre‐compensates the dephasing using three‐dimensional selective excitation. The proposed 3DTRF pulses are designed iteratively with off‐resonance incorporation and with a novel echo‐volumar trajectory that frequency‐encodes in z and phase‐encodes in x,y. We also propose a computational scheme to accelerate the pulse design process. We demonstrate effective signal recovery in a 5‐mm slice in both phantom and inferior brain, using 3DTRF pulses that are only 15.4 ms long. Compared to the original method, the new approach leads to significantly reduced pulse length and enhancement in slice selectivity. 3D images of the slice volume confirm fidelity of the excited phase pattern and slice profile. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the baseline concentrations and physiologic responses of gut hormones to food in

Background: Disturbances in gastrointestinal hormones have been widely identified in persons with eating disorders (EDs) and have been implicated in their clinical pathologies. Objective: The objective was to identify, critically examine, and summarize studies investigating the short-term response of gastrointestinal hormones to food in persons with an ED, including the subtypes anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Design: A priori inclusion and exclusion criteria were set and included a procedure in which a test meal or glucose load was given and blood hormone concentrations measured. All studies included a healthy control group for comparison. The outcome variable was defined as the mean difference between fasting plasma hormone concentrations and the maximum postprandial peak or nadir. The difference in baseline values between groups was also examined. Pooled standardized mean differences were calculated and analyzed where possible. Results: A total of 28 studies were identified, including sufficient studies to perform a meta-analysis for ghrelin, peptide YY, cholecystokinin, insulin, and pancreatic polypeptide. Persons with an ED had higher baseline concentrations of ghrelin (large effect), peptide YY (medium effect), and cholecystokinin (medium effect for ED, large effect for anorexia nervosa). The response of insulin to food was decreased in persons with an ED (medium effect). No further differences were found in the release of gut peptides to a standardized test meal. Conclusions: All of the studies had low power for the different subtypes of EDs. High heterogeneity among the studies was observed, and limitations are discussed. The findings suggest that the physiologic changes observed in patients with EDs are highly variable and subject to multiple confounding factors. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:755‐65.
Tracking a maneuvering target using neural fuzzy network

A fast target maneuver detecting and highly accurate tracking technique using a neural fuzzy network based on Kalman filter is proposed in this paper. In the automatic target tracking system, there exists an important and difficult problem: how to detect the target maneuvers and fast response to avoid miss-tracking? To solve this problem, neural network and fuzzy algorithms have been issued recently. However, the normal neural networks such as backpropagation networks usually produce the extra problems of low convergence speed and/or large network size, and the fuzzy algorithms are not easy to partition the parameters. To overcome these defects and to make use of neural learning ability, a developed standard Kalman filter with a self-constructing neural fuzzy inference network (KF-SONFIN) algorithm for target tracking is presented in this paper. Without having to change the structure of Kalman filter nor modeling the maneuvering target, SONFIN algorithm, can always find itself an economic network size with a fast learning process. Simulation results show that the KF-SONFIN is superior to the traditional IE and VDF methods in estimation accuracy.
Herba Gelsemii elegantis is detoxified by ramulus et folium Mussaendae pubescentis extract by modulating hepatic cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase enzymes in rats

Herba Gelsemii elegantis (GE) has been frequently used as a Chinese folk medicine but has high acute toxicity. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, it may be detoxified by Ramulus et Folium Mussaendae pubescentis (MP), but the detoxification mechanism has remained elusive. The present study aimed to evaluate the detoxification mechanisms by which MP modulates the effect of GE in rats, including the inhibition of hepatic cytochrome P (CYP)450 and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes. Male Sprague Dawley rats were orally administered GE at three doses (0.36, 0.43 or 0.54 g/kg) alone and, at the highest dose, in combination with MP (21.6 g/kg) every day for 7 consecutive days. The control group of animals received the same volume of saline. The mRNA and protein expression of hepatic CYPs representative of two subfamilies (CYP2E1 and CYP1A2) were separately assessed by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blot and immunohistochemistry assays. The mRNA and protein expression as well as enzyme activity of hepatic GST were assessed by RT-qPCR, western blot and colorimetric assays, respectively. The results indicated that GE significantly inhibited CYP2E1 mRNA and protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. Co-administration of MP increased CYP2E1 mRNA and protein expression as compared with the high GE dose alone. Cells expressing CYP2E1, located around the hepatic vascular plexus under a clear background, were identified by immunohistochemical staining. The results for CYP1A2 were similar to those for CYP2E1. At all concentrations used, GE significantly inhibited GST mu 1 (GSTm1) mRNA and protein expression in a dose-dependent manner, as compared with the control. Combination of GE and MP increased the mRNA and protein expression of GSTm1 as compared with the high dose of GE. However, the differences in GST-pi mRNA and protein expression between the GE and GE + MP groups were not significant. Of note, rats co-treated with MP were significantly protected from the decrease in GST activity produced by GE. The present study indicated that co-administration of GE and MP upregulated the activities of CYP450 and GST enzymes when compared with GE alone. This modulation may explain for the effect of MP in reducing the acute toxicity of GE.