Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Then There were Languages: Bahasa Indonesia was One Among many

Having lost its naive objectivism, universalism has been unfashionable among many in the humanities. One consequence of this is illustrated in the discourses on the concept of 'culture'. In the last 50 years or so, culture has been severely deconstructed, demystified and pluralised. One culmination of such awareness finds articulation in the work of Joel S. Kahn, who argues that, despite its inclusive claims and pretensions, 'universalism always has its others and this is unavoidable . universalism is a culture like any other, differing only in that it always fails to recognise itself as such' (Kahn, 2001: 23). Having seen this we must, nonetheless, admit that the legacies of universalism survive in various areas and often in implicit ways. A case in point is the idea of 'language;' 'human' is another. This chapter looks at one such universalist legacy in the invention of 'bahasa' (now commonly translated as 'language') in post-colonial Indonesia, the world's fourth most populous nation, and more specifically during the authoritarian government of New Order (1966-98). It will exa mine the historical circumstances under which such invention could take place the way it did. In order to highlight the radical social transformation that the invention has required, a brief reconstruction of the situation before invention will be attempted. This is a story of an irreversible, though incomplete, restructuring of pre-existing vernacular world-views and social activities of non-Western and non-industrialised communities. I will proceed with an introductory note of the major features of vernacular Javanese and Malay communities, w here 'language' was neither existent, nor imaginable. For contrast, salient characteristics of contemporary Bahasa Indonesia will then be examined. Finally, I will suggest some preliminary interpretation of how develop mentalism as one form of universalism and practice came to the fore in this historical process. I will also note some of the resistance that the process has provoked.
Case Report Form Reporter: A Key Component for the Integration of Electronic Medical Records and the Electronic Data Capture System

To improve the efficiency of clinical research, we developed a system to integrate electronic medical records (EMRs) and the electronic data capture system (EDC). EDC is divided into case report form (CRF) reporter and CDMS with CRF receiver with data communication using the operational data model (ODM). The CRF reporter is incorporated into the EMR to share data witth the EMR. In the data transcription type, doctors enter data using a progress note template, which are transmitted to the reporter template. It then generates the ODM. In the direct record type, reporter templates open from the progress note and generate narrative text to make record in the progress note. The configuration files for a study are delivered from the contents server to minimize the setup. This system has been used for 15 clinical studies including 3 clinical trials. This system can save labor and financial costs in clinical research.
Negative Policy Rates, Banking Flows and Exchange Rates

Setting negative nominal rates is one of the unconventional policies implemented after the Great Recession to overcome the Zero Lower Bound. Using data from the euro area and Denmark, I assess the impact of introducing a negative interest rate on reserves. I find that it did put a depreciation pressure on the currency due to a reversal in banking flows. This effect is not only caused by policy differentials, but also by a distinct impact of going into negative territory from lowering interest rates.
Physicians resources in Lithuania: change comes slowly.

AIM To analyze the structure of the physician workforce in Lithuania at the time when the country gained independence, changes it has undergone since 1990, and physician resource planning activities. METHODS National and international databases were examined to determine the changes in the structure of physician workforce after 1990. Studies and reports, funded by international and national governmental organizations, were reviewed to examine the recommendations for physician resource planning and the rate of their acceptance. Since there was no government plan, a study using Delphi technique was conducted to find consensus among practitioners and policy makers on the physician-to-population ratio needed in Lithuania. Medical residents and physicians in Lithuania were surveyed to assess their emigration intentions. RESULTS In comparison with other Baltic countries, the number of physicians in Lithuania has remained high despite dramatic reductions in the number of students enrolled to medical schools. There is still a maldistribution of physician resources geographically and by specialty. The government has accepted few recommendations based on the international studies. None of the internal databases provided all the needed information on the physician workforce and the existing databases could not be linked to gain access to all required information. CONCLUSIONS The physician-to-population ratio remained high after Lithuania had gained independence. There has been little planning at the government level to determine the number of physicians needed in a reformed health system. Changes in the number of students admitted to medical schools did not follow from a well thought-out long-term plan for physician workforce the country will need in the future. To develop a frequently updated database of physicians is essential for the successful planning of future physician workforce.
Response of the upper esophageal sphincter to esophageal distension is affected by posture, velocity, volume, and composition of the infusate.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Studies of the pressure response of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) to simulated or spontaneous gastroesophageal reflux have shown conflicting results. These discrepancies could result from uncontrolled influence of variables such as posture, volume, and velocity of distension. We characterized in humans the effects of these variables on UES pressure response to esophageal distension. METHODS We studied 12 healthy volunteers (average, 27 ± 5 years old; 6 male) using concurrent esophageal infusion and high-resolution manometry to determine UES, lower esophageal sphincter, and intraesophageal pressure values. Reflux events were simulated by distal esophageal injections of room temperature air and water (5, 10, 20, and 50 mL) in individuals in 3 positions (upright, supine, and semisupine). Frequencies of various UES responses were compared using χ(2) analysis. Multinomial logistical regression analysis was used to identify factors that determine the UES response. RESULTS UES contraction and relaxation were the overriding responses to esophageal water and air distension, respectively, in a volume-dependent fashion (P < .001). Water-induced UES contraction and air-induced UES relaxation were the predominant responses among individuals in supine and upright positions, respectively (P < .001). The prevalence of their respective predominant response significantly decreased in the opposite position. Proximal esophageal dp/dt significantly and independently differentiated the UES response to infusion with water or air. CONCLUSIONS The UES response to esophageal distension is affected by combined effects of posture (spatial orientation of the esophagus), physical properties, and volume of refluxate, as well as the magnitude and rate of increase in intraesophageal pressure. The UES response to esophageal distension can be predicted using a model that incorporates these factors.
Methods of lipid-normalization for multi-tissue stable isotope analyses in tropical tuna.

RATIONALE The bias associated with lipid contents in fish tissues is a recalcitrant topic for trophic studies using stable isotopes. Lipids are depleted in the heavy carbon isotope ((13)C) and the lipid content varies considerably among species, tissues and in both time and space. We have applied and assessed different correction methods for tropical tuna tissues. METHODS We tested two types of normalization methods to deal with variable lipid content in liver, gonads, and white and red muscles of yellowfin, bigeye and skipjack tuna: a chemical extraction using dichloromethane and a mathematical correction based on three modeling approaches (linear, non-linear and mass balance models). We measured isotopic ratios of bulk and lipid-free tissues and assessed the predictive ability of the correction models with the lipid-free measurements. The parameters of the models were estimated from our dataset and from results from published studies on other species. RESULTS Comparison between bulk, lipid-free and lipid-corrected isotopic ratios demonstrated that (1) chemical extraction using dichloromethane did not affect δ(15)N values; (2) the change in δ(13)C values after extraction was tissue-specific; (3) lipid-normalization models using published parameter estimates failed to predict lipid-corrected δ(13)C values; and (4) linear and non-linear models using parameters estimated for each tissue from our dataset provided accurate δ(13)C predictions for all tissues, and mass balance model for white muscle only. CONCLUSIONS Models using published estimates for parameters from other species cannot be used. Based on a range of lipid content that do not exceed 45%, we recommend the linear model to correct the bulk δ(13)C values in the investigated tissues but the parameters have to be estimated from a proportion of the original data for which chemical extraction is required and the isotopic values of bulk and lipid-free tissues are measured.
Intravesical capsaicin versus resiniferatoxin for the treatment of detrusor hyperreflexia in spinal cord injured patients: a double-blind, randomized, controlled study.

PURPOSE Chemical defunctionalization of C-fiber bladder afferents with intravesical vanilloids such as capsaicin (CAP) or resiniferatoxin (RTX) improves detrusor hyperreflexia in humans and animals. The little existing data comparing the efficacy and tolerance of these 2 vanilloid agents seem to favor RTX in 10% alcohol over CAP, which is usually diluted in 30% alcohol. We compared the efficacy and tolerability of the 2 vanilloid agonists in what to our knowledge is the first randomized, controlled study comparing nonalcohol CAP vs RTX in 10% alcohol in neurogenic patients with detrusor hyperreflexia. MATERIALS AND METHODS This single center, randomized, double-blind, parallel groups study included 39 spinal cord injured adults with detrusor hyperreflexia. On day 0 patients were randomized to receive 1, 100 ml intravesical instillation of 100 nMol/l RTX diluted in 10% ethanol or 1 mmol/l CAP diluted in glucidic solvent. Efficacy (voiding chart and cystomanometry) and tolerability were evaluated during a 3-month followup. RESULTS On day 30 clinical and urodynamical improvement was found in 78% and 83% of patients with CAP vs 80% and 60% with RTX, respectively, without a significant difference between the 2 treated groups. The benefit remained in two-thirds of the 2 groups on day 90. There were no significant differences in regard to the incidence, nature or duration of side effects in CAP vs RTX treated patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results strongly argue for the importance of accounting for the role of vanilloid solute when interpreting the efficacy and tolerance of vesical vanilloid instillation in detrusor hyperreflexia cases. They suggest that a glucidic solute is a valuable solvent for vanilloid instillation.
The Ethics of Tax Evasion: A Survey of Episcopal Seminarian Opinion

In 1944, Martin Crowe, a Catholic priest, wrote a doctoral dissertation titled The Moral Obligation of Paying Just Taxes. His dissertation summarized and analyzed 500 years of theological and philosophical debate on this topic, which identified three basic philosophical positions on the issue. Since Crowe's dissertation, not much has been written on the topic of tax evasion from an ethical perspective. The present paper is an empirical study, the goal of which is to determine the strength of the 15 arguments justifying tax evasion that Crowe identified plus 3 more recent arguments. A survey was constructed using a seven-point Likert scale that included all three positions and all 18 arguments and distributed to 26 students at an Episcopal seminary in the southern United States. The 18 arguments were ranked in terms of strength, from strongest to weakest. Comparisons were also made between male and female responses.
ATP depletion inhibits the endocytosis of ClC‐2

The chloride channel, ClC‐2 is expressed ubiquitously and participates in multiple physiological processes. In particular, ClC‐2 has been implicated in the regulation of neuronal chloride ion homeostasis and mutations in ClC‐2 are associated with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Despite the physiological and pathophysiological significance of this channel, its regulation remains incompletely understood. The functional expression of ClC‐2 at the cell surface has been shown to be enhanced by depletion of cellular ATP, implicating its possible role in cellular energy sensing. In the present study, biochemical assays of cell surface expression suggest that this gain of function reflects, in part, an increase in channel number due to the reduction in ClC‐2 internalization by endocytosis. Cell surface expression of the disease‐causing mutant: G715E, thought to lack wild‐type nucleotide binding affinity, is similarly affected, suggesting that ATP‐depletion modifies the function of proteins in the endocytic pathway rather than ClC‐2 directly. Using a combination of immunofluorescence and biochemical studies, we confirmed that ClC‐2 is internalized via dynamin‐dependent endocytosis and that the change in surface expression evoked by ATP depletion is partially mimicked by inhibition of dynamin function using a dynamin dominant‐negative mutant (DynK44A). Furthermore, trafficking via the early endosomal compartment occurs in part through rab5‐associated vesicles and recycling of ClC‐2 to the cell surface occurs through a rab11 dependent pathway. In summary, we have determined that the internalization of ClC‐2 by endocytosis is inhibited by metabolic stress, highlighting the importance for understanding the molecular mechanisms mediating the endosomal trafficking of this channel. J. Cell. Physiol. 214:273–280, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Near-Infrared Detection Using Pulsed Tunneling Junction in Silicon Devices

We exploit the potential of the pulsed tunneling bias condition in silicon junctions (the Zener junction and the drain surface junction in nMOSFETs) to detect near-infrared (NIR) photon signals. A combination of the Franz-Keldysh effect and avalanche multiplication with minimization of the thermal effect through a pulsed tunneling bias is found to provide infrared radiation sensitivities as high as 1.18 and 0.89 A/W at the wavelengths of 1310 and 1550 nm, respectively, in a Zener diode. The potential of the drain surface junction in MOSFETs to function as an NIR sensor is also investigated using a similar bias scheme.
“I'm Not Telling”: The Effects of Racial Disparities Communications on Task Persistence Among Blacks

Research suggests that communications about racial health disparities may adversely affect Blacks. In this study, we varied the message content (Black–White cardiovascular-related disparities + neutral health topics vs. neutral health topics only) embedded in public service announcements given to Black and White participants (N = 86) and had them complete a purported health self-assessment. We used the number of items completed as a measure of task persistence. Our results showed that participants in the disparities condition completed fewer items on average than participants in the neutral condition (p < .01). Planned contrasts revealed that this effect was driven by the responses of Blacks who completed fewer items in the disparities condition (p < .01), though Whites evinced a comparable condition-based trend (p = .12). We found no Black–White differences in the number of items completed in either of our experimental conditions (ps ≥ .53). Although preliminary, our findings suggest that Blacks and Whites exposed to comparative racial disparities messaging about cardiovascular diseases could experience reduced task persistence. Research implications and study limitations are also discussed.
High‐resolution 3D proton spectroscopic imaging of the human brain at 3 T: SNR issues and application for anatomy‐matched voxel sizes

In a systematic study on the interdependence of linewidth, signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), and spatial resolution in 3D proton spectroscopic imaging (1H‐SI) at 3 T, we demonstrate reduced linewidths with increased spatial resolution due to reduced magnetic inhomogeneity within the brain. High‐precision quantitative data (0.75–0.094 cm3) were obtained for all resolutions, enabling the creation of metabolic maps that display details such as the ventricles, sulci, and gyri. High‐resolution 1H‐SI allows differences in metabolic ratios to be estimated for anatomically defined regions in gray (GM) and white matter (WM). Seven distinct regions in a healthy brain were anatomically segmented and their metabolic ratios were compared quantitatively. Data from a tumor patient are also presented to demonstrate potential clinical applications. Because of the high resolution, the metabolite ratios could be determined for distinct pathologic regions within the tumor and its surroundings. The method was additionally applied to a patient with patchy Pelizaeus Merzbacher disease (PMD), and compared to single‐voxel spectroscopy performed in the same session. High‐resolution SI data were demonstrated in our study to allow the direct matching of anatomic and metabolic images. This may enhance the clinical value of 1H‐SI. Magn Reson Med 49:299–306, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elevation of circulating and ventricular adrenomedullin in human congestive heart failure.

BACKGROUND Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a newly discovered vasodilating and natriuretic peptide that may play an important role in cardiorenal regulation. Although ADM was originally isolated from human pheochromocytoma, ADM-like immunoreactivity has also been widely detected in various tissues, including the cardiovascular system. METHODS AND RESULTS In view of reports that ADM circulates in the body and that ADM gene and ADM-like immunoreactivity are present in the heart, the present study was designed to determine the plasma concentration of ADM in healthy subjects and in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and to investigate the immunohistochemical presence and localization of ADM in normal and failing human hearts. Plasma ADM concentration was 13.2 +/- 2.3 pg/mL in healthy subjects (n = 11) and increased to 47.3 +/- 6.7 pg/mL in patients with CHF (n = 11 P < .05 versus normal). Human cardiac tissues were obtained from five patients with end-stage CHF undergoing cardiac transplantation. Five normal donor hearts that were used for cardiac transplantation served as sources for normal atrial tissues. Normal ventricular myocardium was also obtained by endomyocardial biopsy from the right ventricles of these donor hearts immediately before cardiac transplantation. Positive immunostaining was detected within the myocardia in both atria and ventricles of healthy and severely failing human transplanted hearts and was more intense in the atria than in the ventricles. Although there were no significant differences in the intensity of immunoreactivity between normal and failing atria, ADM immunoreactivity was significantly more intense in the ventricular myocytes from failing hearts compared with normal hearts. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that plasma concentration of ADM is increased in patients with CHF and that ADM is present in the human heart. ADM immunoreactivity is markedly increased in the failing human ventricle, suggesting that ventricular ADM expression may be influenced by the circumstances associated with CHF. This supports a potential role for this newly identified vasoactive and natriuretic peptide, ADM, in the neurohumoral activation that characterizes human CHF.
Overexpression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiaeMannosylphosphodolichol Synthase-Encoding Gene in Trichoderma reesei Results in an Increased Level of Protein Secretion and Abnormal Cell Ultrastructure

ABSTRACT Production of extracellular proteins plays an important role in the physiology of Trichoderma reesei and has potential industrial application. To improve the efficiency of protein secretion, we overexpressed in T. reesei the DPM1 gene ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae, encoding mannosylphosphodolichol (MPD) synthase, under homologous, constitutively acting expression signals. Four stable transformants, each with different copy numbers of tandemly integrated DPM1, exhibited roughly double the activity of MPD synthase in the respective endoplasmic reticulum membrane fraction. On a dry-weight basis, they secreted up to sevenfold-higher concentrations of extracellular proteins during growth on lactose, a carbon source promoting formation of cellulases. Northern blot analysis showed that the relative level of the transcript ofcbh1, which encodes the major cellulase (cellobiohydrolase I [CBH I]), did not increase in the transformants. On the other hand, the amount of secreted CBH I and, in all but one of the transformants, intracellular CBH I was elevated. Our results suggest that posttranscriptional processes are responsible for the increase in CBH I production. The carbohydrate contents of the extracellular proteins were comparable in the wild type and in the transformants, and no hyperglycosylation was detected. Electron microscopy of theDPM1-amplified strains revealed amorphous structure of the cell wall and over three times as many mitochondria as in the control. Our data indicate that molecular manipulation of glycan biosynthesis in Trichoderma can result in improved protein secretion.
A six-week hand exercise programme improves strength and hand function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of hand exercise in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and to compare the results with healthy controls. METHODS Forty women (20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 20 healthy controls) performed a hand exercise programme. The results were evaluated after 6 and 12 weeks with hand force measurements (with a finger extension force measurement device (EX-it) and finger flexion force measurement with Grippit). Hand function was evaluated with the Grip Ability Test (GAT) and with patient relevant questionnaires (Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) and Short Form-36). Ultrasound measurements were performed on m. extensor digitorum communis for analysis of the muscle response to the exercise programme. RESULTS The extension and flexion force improved in both groups after 6 weeks (p < 0.01). Hand function (GAT) also improved in both groups (p < 0.01). The rheumatoid arthritis group showed improvement in the results of the DASH questionnaire (p < 0.05). The cross-sectional area of the extensor digitorum communis increased significantly in both groups measured with ultrasound. CONCLUSION A significant improvement in hand force and hand function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis was seen after 6 weeks of hand training; the improvement was even more pronounced after 12 weeks. Hand exercise is thus an effective intervention for rheumatoid arthritis patients, leading to better strength and function.