Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Clustering in Big Data: A Review

BIG DATA[1] is a term for data sets that are so large or complex that traditional data processing[4] applications are inadequate. Accuracy in big data may lead to more confident decision making, and better decisions can result in greater operational efficiency, cost reduction and reduced risk. Various algorithms and techniques like Classification, Clustering, Regression, Artificial Intelligence, Neural Networks, Association Rules, Decision Trees, Genetic Algorithm, Nearest Neighbor method are used for knowledge discovery from databases. Cluster is a group of objects that belongs to the same class. In other words, similar objects are grouped in one cluster and dissimilar objects are group in another cluster. Clustering methods can be classified into Partitioning Method, Hierarchical Method, Density-based Method. Clustering analysis is used in several applications like market research, pattern recognition, data analysis. K-means clustering is well known partitioning method. But this method has problem of empty cluster. The problems with existing system[6] were analysis, capture, search, sharing, storage, transfer, visualization, querying-updating. These problems can be reduced by using proposed algorithm. In this paper clustering and proposed algorithm is discussed.
Response of rat muscle to acute resistance exercise defined by transcriptional and translational profiling

To further understand molecular mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle hypertrophy, expression profiles of translationally and transcriptionally regulated genes were characterized following an acute bout of maximally activated eccentric contractions. Experiments demonstrated that translational mechanisms contribute to acute gene expression changes following high resistance contractions with two candidate mRNAs, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and elongation factor‐1 alpha (EF1α), targeted to the heavier polysomal fractions after a bout of contractions. Gene profiling was performed using Affymetrix Rat U34A GeneChips with either total RNA or polysomal RNA at one and six hours following contractions. There were 18 genes that changed expression at one hour and 70 genes that were different (60 genes increased:10 genes decreased)at six hours after contractions. The model from this profiling suggests that following high resistance contractions skeletal muscle shares a common growth profile with proliferating cells exposed to serum. This cluster of genes can be classified as ‘growth’ genes and is commonly associated with progression of the cell cycle. However, a unique aspect was that there was induction of a cluster of tumour suppressor or antigrowth genes. We propose that this cluster of ‘antigrowth’ genes is induced by the stress of contractile activity and may act to maintain skeletal muscle in the differentiated state. From the profiling results, further experiments determined that p53 levels increased in skeletal muscle at 6 h following contractions. This novel finding of p53 induction following exercise also demonstrates the power of expression profiling for identification of novel pathways involved in the response to muscle contraction.
Flow cytometry as a method for studying effects of stressors on primary rat neurons

The mechanisms associated with cell death have been an important focus for neurobiology research. In the present study, the methodology of flow cytometry was used to optimize quantification of the toxic effects of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), trans‐4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal (4‐HNE), and aged amyloid‐β (Aβ1–42) on rat primary cortical neurons. The fluorescent dyes annexin V‐FITC and propidium iodide (PI) were used to identify populations of viable, early apoptotic, necrotic and late apoptotic cells by flow cytometry. Prior to exposure, the primary cultures showed 83% cell viability. Flow cytometry following labeling of cells with a specific neuronal marker, TUJ‐1, revealed 82% pure neuronal populations, whereas approximately 7% were astrocytic as shown by glial fibrillary acidic protein positivity. Exposure of primary cultures to TNF‐α, 4‐HNE, and aged Aβ1–42 gave an increased number of early apoptotic cells. We show that flow cytometry is a suitable method for quantifying effects of different stressors on neurons in primary cultures. This technique could be useful for screening and testing of pharmacological compounds relevant to neurodegenerative disorders. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis and Understanding of High‐Dimensionality Data by Means of Multivariate Data Analysis

Multivariate analysis such as principal‐components analysis (PCA) and partial‐least‐squares‐discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) have been applied to peptidomics data from clinical urine samples subjected to LC/MS analysis. We show that it is possible to use these methods to get information from a complex set of clinical data. The aim of the work is to use this information as a first step in the further search for clinical biomarker data. It is possible to identify peptide‐biomarker fingerprints related to disease diagnosis and progression. Further, we review clinical proteomics and pharmacogenomics data analyzed with the same multivariate approach.
Effect of phenylalanine and phenylpropanoids on the accumulation of capsaicinoids and lignin in cell cultures of chili pepper (capsicum annuum L.)

SummaryChili pepper (Capsicum annuum L., cv. Tampiqueño 74) cell suspensions were employed to study the influence of phenylalanine and phenylpropanoids on the total production of capsaicinoids, the hot taste compounds of chili pepper fruits. The effect of capsaicinoid precursors and intermediates on the accumulation of lignin as an indicator of metabolic diversion was also investigated. Addition of 100 μM of either phenylalanine, cinnamic or caffeic acids to chili pepper cell cultures did not cause significant increases in total capsaicinoids (expressed as capsaicin content, and calculated as averages of the measured values) during the growth cycle. The highest total capsaicinoid content was recorded in cultures grown in the presence of vanillin (142.61 μg g−1 f.wt.), followed by cells treated with 100 μM vanillylamine (104.88 μg g−1 f.wt.), p-coumaric acid (72.36 μg g−1 f.wt.). and ferulic acid (34.67 μg g−1 f.wt.). Capsaicinoid content for control cells was 13.97 μg g−1 f.wt. Chili pepper cell suspensions cultured in the presence of 100 μM of either phenylalanine, or cinnamic, caffeic, or ferulic acids, or the same concentration, of vanillin and vanillylamine, did not exhibit statistically significant differences in the content of lignin as compared with control cells. However, addition of p-coumaric acid (100 μM) to the cultute medium significantly increased thelignin production (c. 10–15 times the contents of control cells).
The Impact of Innovation into the Economic Growth

Competition between companies differentiates a lot nowadays compared to many years before. They compete in "nicety" that are so small but so important. Companies are trying to achieve competitive advantage in order to help them obtain a better and a stable position in the marketplace. The best way for companies to achieve a competitive advantage is through innovation. This paper addresses the meaning of innovation what does innovation present, types of innovation specifically discussing the right way of usage. In order for companies to get the as more innovations as possible it is necessary for them to be familiar with the process of innovation and its principles which innovation was found on. There are several types of innovation or ways in which companies can achieve innovation in a level of whole organization. This paper discusses the ways how that can be achieved, starting from their products and services, ways of selling, supply ect. Innovation is essential for sustainable growth and economic development. Several core conditions enable innovation and encourage economic growth. In the modern economy, innovation is crucial for value creation, growth and employment and innovation processes take place at the enterprise, regional and national level. Innovation will lead to new businesses as well as to the increased competitiveness of existing enterprises. In this paper are not covered all the characteristics of innovation but it presents a very good basis for a proper usage of innovation and ways of transforming it in competitive advantage for companies. Also this paper identifies the impact that innovation has on economic growth.
Bronchodilator treatment of stable COPD: long-acting anticholinergics

Since airflow obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is to some extent reversible, bronchodilators play an important role in the maintenance treatment of COPD the more they reduce hyperinflation and, as a result, improve dyspnoea and exercise capacity. Since parasympathetic activity is the dominant reversible component of airflow obstruction in COPD, inhaled short-acting anticholinergic agents (SAAC), in particular ipratropium, became an efficient and safe first-line treatment, especially when combined with a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist. Even better results were obtained when combining the SAAC ipratropium to a long-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist (LABA), once they became available. Recently, tiotropium bromide, the first of a new class of selective and long-acting anticholinergic agents was introduced for once-daily maintenance treatment of COPD patients. Several large long-term randomised clinical trials comparing tiotropium to placebo as well as to the SAAC ipratropium and the LABA salmeterol, have confirmed the long-acting and superior bronchodilator effect of tiotropium without any evidence of drug tolerance developing. These studies also have clearly demonstrated that tiotropium positively affects several other important health outcomes, such as dyspnoea sensation, exercise capacity, utilisation of rescue bronchodilators, health-related quality of life, COPD exacerbations and hospitalisations because of exacerbations. The improvement in these real-life outcomes appears related to the reduction in both static and dynamic hyperinflation. In all these studies, tiotropium was well tolerated and safe; the only relevant side-effect encountered being dry mouth, usually mild and often transitory. Finally, it has been shown that the combination of tiotropium with a LABA affords superior bronchodilatation than both agents alone, indicating that both classes of long-acting bronchodilators should be regarded as complements rather than opponents. In conclusion, a sufficiently large and convincing database now exists to propose the once-daily long-acting anticholinergic tiotropium as first-line maintenance treatment for all chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease (GOLD)-class II and above, with a step-up to its combination with a long-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist in case of suboptimal clinical effect.
Serving the Poor: Designing a Mobile Service Platform for Smallholder Farmer Inclusion in Global Value Chains

The starting point for this research was the rapid proliferation of mobile devices, which had covered 95% of the world’s population by 2014. This research addresses the role of multi-sided mobile service platforms in improving the lives of smallholder farmers, who make up a large proportion of the world’s poor. The mobile phone has the potential to serve as a ‘two-sided market’ to intermediate between two or more groups of agents, smallholder farmers at the one hand and, providers of public and private services at the other hand, to offer each other network benefits, particularly in the application of traceability to connect smallholder farmers to global value chains. First, mobile service approaches for the rural poor in agriculture were reviewed, followed by semi-structured interviews with key informants to identify platform providers, stakeholders and business models. We then investigated the role of smallholders, use of mobile platforms to enable traceability from farms to consumers, and user context of smallholder farmers in Indonesia. Then we described the methodology for the design of requirements, structural specifications and a prototype mobile service platform. Through user and stakeholder interviews in Indonesia between 2011 and 2013, requirements for the platform were used to analyze both from a service provider and consumer aspect, where the service offers marginal benefits and serves strategic and operational interests. Through a field experiment, we investigated the technology acceptance model for smallholder farmers to deliver traceability data to global value chains, adding value to the market for premium cocoa and creating a better economic position for themselves. This research makes a strong case to focus on designing solutions using the principles of two-sided markets, service platforms, stakeholders and business models, to include the world’s poor in the global economy.
An intrusion detection system based on RBF neural network

Based on the information system of Shanhua Company, this paper discusses the structure and function of intrusion detection system based on RBF, the steps and method of intrusion detection. In the experiment of network simulation, through continuous training of input normal samples and abnormal sample, keeping an eye on if the RBF neural networks can distinguish the known intrusion behavior character among the training samples with high exactness and distinguish new intrusion behavior character and mutation of known intrusion behavior character with some probability. The result of experiment proves that RBF network is better than BP network in its property of optimal approximation, classify ability and the rapidity of study, RBF can improve the detection performances of IDS.
When Recursion is Better than Iteration: A Linear-Time Algorithm for Acyclicity with Few Error Vertices

Planarity, bipartiteness and (directed) acyclicity are basic graph properties with classic linear time recognition algorithms. However, the problems of testing whether a given (di)graph has k vertices whose deletion makes it planar, bipartite or a directed acyclic graph (DAG) are all fundamental NP-complete problems when k is part of the input. As a result, a significant amount of research has been devoted to understanding whether, for every fixed k, these problems admit a polynomial time algorithm (where the exponent in the polynomial is independent of k) and in particular, whether they admit linear time algorithms. While we now know that for any fixed k, we can test in linear time whether a graph is k vertices away from being planar [FOCS 2009, SODA 2014] or bipartite [SODA 2014, SICOMP 2016], the best known algorithms in the case of directed acyclicity are the algorithm of Garey and Tarjan [IPL 78] which runs in time O(nk−1 m) and the algorithm of Chen, Liu, Lu, O'Sullivan and Razgon [JACM 2008] which runs in time O(k! 4kk4 nm). In other words, it has remained open whether it is possible to recognize in linear time, a graph which is 2 vertices away from being acyclic! In this paper, we settle this question by giving an algorithm that decides whether a given graph is k vertices away from being acyclic, in time O(k! 4kk5(n + m)). That is, for every fixed k, our algorithm runs in time O(m + n), thus mirroring the case for planarity and bipartiteness. Our algorithm is designed via a general methodology that shaves off a factor of n from some algorithms that use the powerful technique of iterative compression. The two main features of our methodology are: (i) This is the first generic technique for designing linear time algorithms for directed cut-problems and (ii) it can be used in combination with future improvements in algorithms for the compression version of other well-studied cut-problems such as m ulticut and D irected S ubset F eedback V ertex S et .
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome : A Study of 17 Cases.

Seventeen cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome are reported. Clinical manifestations and laboratory findings have been described. Only 5 cases had classical triad of conjunctivitis, stomatitis and urethritis with skin lesions. Four patients had corneal ulcerations. There were 3 deaths. Sulfonamides, acetylsalicylic acid, thia-cetazone, isoniazide, phenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone and streptopenicillin were the responsible drugs for the development of Stevens-Johnson syndrome in I I cases, whereas no cause could be ascertained in 6 cases.
Serially connected bi-directional DFE suitable for 8-VSB modulation

A serially connected bi-directional decision feedback equalizer (SB-DFE) is proposed to improve the performance of channel equalization by exploiting implicit multipath diversity. The SB-DFE improves equalization performance by cascading normal and time-reversed DFEs. Conventional bi-directional DFEs obtain improved performance by combining the two DFEs in parallel. They, however, need accurate channel estimation and the performance is not guaranteed for multi-level modulation because they utilize each DFEs hard decided output symbols. On the other hand, the SB-DFE utilizes the soft output of the normal DFE at the first DFE as the input to the following time-reversed DFE without channel estimation. The performance of the SB-DFE is compared with that of the normal DFE and the bi-directional arbitrated DFE (BAD) in the 8-level vestigial sideband (8-VSB) modulation system with Brazilian digital high-definition television (HDTV) test channels. The SB-DFE has 1 /spl sim/ 1.8 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gains over the others.
On Stability Properties of Nonlinear Time-Varying Systems by Semi-definite Time-Varying Lyapunov Candidates

Abstract Stability properties (uniform stability/uniform asymptotic stability) of nonlinear time-varying systems are explored using positive semi-definite time-varying Lyapunov candidates whose derivative along trajectories is either non-positive or negative semi-definite. Once these positive semi-definite time-varying Lyapunov candidates are available, conditional stability properties on some specific sets can be used to ensure stability properties (unform stability and unform asymptotic stability) of nonlinear time-varying systems.
Overexpression of cysteine proteinase 2 in Entamoeba histolytica or Entamoeba dispar increases amoeba‐induced monolayer destruction in vitro but does not augment amoebic liver abscess formation in gerbils

To study the role of cysteine proteinases in the pathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica, we have attempted to overexpress the three main cysteine proteinases (EhCP1, EhCP2, EhCP5) of this parasite in trophozoites of E. histolytica as well as in non‐pathogenic Entamoeba dispar by episomal transfection. Although each of the corresponding coding sequences were cloned in identical expression plasmids, we were unable to overexpress EhCP1 and EhCP5, respectively, but could substantially induce expression of EhCP2 in both amoeba species by sevenfold, leading to a threefold increase in total cysteine proteinase activity. Overexpression of EhCP2 did not influence expression of other cysteine proteinases and could be attributed to an increase of a single 35 kDa activity band in substrate gel electrophoresis. In contrast to previous findings, which indicated that amoeba cysteine proteinases are involved in erythrophagocytosis and liver abscess formation, cells overexpressing EhCP2 showed no difference in erythrophagocytosis or liver abscess formation compared with respective controls. However, overexpression of EhCP2 in both amoeba species resulted in a marked increase of in vitro monolayer destruction.
Spectroscopy of the Formation of Microporous Transition Metal Ion Containing Aluminophosphates under Hydrothermal Conditions This work was supported by the Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-Vlaanderen (F.W.O) and the Geconcerteerde Onderzoeksactie (G.O.A.) of the Flemish Government. B.M.W. thank

Publisher Summary This chapter presents in situ diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) that has been used to investigate the crystallization process of MeAPO-5 molecular sieves, with Me = cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and vanadium (V), as a function of the synthesis time and conditions. A specially developed synthesis cell is used, which helps to probe the coordination environment of the transition metal ions in situ during hydrothermal conditions and to obtain high-quality molecular sieves starting from a homogeneous synthesis gel.
Avian predators as a biological control system of common vole (Microtus arvalis) populations in north-western Spain: experimental set-up and preliminary results.

BACKGROUND Ecologically based rodent pest management using biological control has never been evaluated for vole plagues in Europe, although it has been successfully tested in other systems. The authors report on the first large-scale replicated experiment to study the usefulness of nest-box installation for increasing the breeding density of common kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) and barn owls (Tyto alba) as a potential biological control of common vole (Microtus arvalis) abundance in agricultural habitats in north-western Spain. RESULTS The results show that: (1) population density of both predator species increased in response to both nest-site availability and vole density; (2) voles are a major prey for the common kestrels during the breeding period; (3) vole density during the increase phase of a population cycle may be reduced in crop fields near nest boxes. CONCLUSION The installation of nest boxes provides nesting sites for barn owls and kestrels. Kestrel populations increased faster than in areas without artificial nests, and the common vole was one of their main prey during the breeding season. The results suggest that local (field) effects could be found in terms of reduced vole density. If so, this could be an environmentally friendly and cheap vole control technique to be considered on a larger scale.
ECVAM's Activities in Promoting the Three Rs in the Quality Control of Biologicals

This paper summarises key activities initiated and the progress achieved between April 1993 and November 2002, in promoting the Three Rs in one of ECVAM's priority areas — the production and quality control of biologicals. These have included organising nine key workshops, financially supporting and/or participating in a number of prevalidation and/or validation studies, financial contributions and sponsorship to relevant international workshops, symposia and conferences, and financial support to the compilation of manuals, expert reports and training in test methods.