Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PMS an expeditious marking scheme to combat with the DDoS attack

Distributed denial of service (DDoS) is real time challenging problem for Internet users. Due to unknown nature of attack, any defense mechanism should perform these two tasks: immediately detect the attack and take measurements to stop the upcoming flood. Currently deployed defense mechanisms can easily be defeated by the attackers because they know the weaknesses in the systems. Yaar proposed Pi marking scheme using the 16 bit IP header identification field. The performance of Pi marking is not effective because of static 1 bit or 2 bit marking criteria. Our technique decides the packet marking dynamically on the bases of number of hop counts. The performance is promising as compared to other existing schemes
OxLDL upregulates caveolin‐1 expression in macrophages: Role for caveolin‐1 in the adhesion of oxLDL‐treated macrophages to endothelium

Caveolin‐1, a principle component of caveolae, is present in several cell types known to play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. In this study, its distribution and expression were studied in the arterial walls of hypercholesterolemic rabbits and apo‐E‐deficient mice and in oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (oxLDL)‐treated RAW264.7 macrophages. Immunohistochemical studies showed that staining for caveolin‐1 expression was stronger in atherosclerotic lesions in hypercholesterolemic rabbits and apo‐E‐deficient mice compared to normal rabbits and mice and was closely associated with macrophages. OxLDL treatment increased caveolin‐1 protein expression in RAW264.7 macrophages in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. The increase in caveolin‐1 expression was dependent on phosphorylation of the mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) extracellular signal‐regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), p38, and Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and the transcriptional activation and translocation of nuclear factor‐? B (NF‐κB). OxLDL also induced caveolin‐1 mRNA expression and this effect was not seen in the presence of inhibitors for transcription or de novo protein synthesis. OxLDL increased the adhesion of RAW264.7 macrophages to endothelial cells via an increase in caveolin‐1 expression, and the adhesion was reduced by the use of anti‐caveolin‐1 antibody or caveolin‐1‐specific shRNA. These results show that oxLDL increases caveolin‐1 expression in macrophages through the MAPKs/NF‐κB pathway. The caveolin‐1 levels are closely associated with the adherence of monocytes/macrophages to endothelial cells and their accumulation within the arterial intima after hypercholesterolemia insult, resulting in the progression of atherosclerosis. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 460–472, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimal direct determination of sparse Jacobian matrices

It is well known that a sparse Jacobian matrix can be determined with fewer function evaluations using finite differencing or forward automatic differentiation (AD) passes than the number of independent variables of the underlying function. In this paper, we show that by grouping together rows into blocks and partitioning the resulting column segments, one can reduce this number further. We suggest a graph colouring technique for row partitioned Jacobian matrices to efficiently determine the nonzero entries using direct determination. We characterize optimal direct determination and derive results on the optimality of any direct determination technique based on column computation. Previously published computational results by the authors [S. Hossain and T. Steihaug, Graph colouring in the estimation of sparse derivative matrices: Instances and applications, Discrete Appl. Math. 156(2) (2008), pp. 280–288; S. Hossain, CsegGraph: A graph colouring instance generator, Int. J. Comput. Math. 86(10–11) (2009), pp. 1956–1967] have demonstrated that the row partitioned direct determination can yield considerable savings in function evaluations or AD passes over methods based on the Curtis, Powell, and Reid technique.
水産物小売業におけるCustomer Relationship Managementの提案

Businesses are in a constant race to increase profits, keep the current customers and gain or poach new ones, competing for customers on a globalised market like never before. One of the many sets of tools aimed at aiding the interaction between supplier and customer are the Customer Relationship Management methodologies. CRM is aimed at building strong long term relationships that keep customers coming back repeatedly. It aims to help organizations build individual customer relationships in such a way that both the firm and the customer get the most out of the exchange, providing both parties with long term benefits. The purpose of this thesis is to provide a better understanding of the usages of CRM in B2B firms. To reach this understanding the thesis starts with three research questions based on this purpose on which theory is collected. The three areas of concern are: objectives, strategy and measurement of CRM. Using the collected theory about these questions a frame of reference is chosen and used to collect information from two large firms operating from Sweden, Haldex and Nefab. These companies were studied through case analysis and compared to each other and to theory. The data collected from them was primarily attained through structured interviews. The findings indicate that much of the explored theory regarding CRM is true for the B2B sector. There are however a few areas in which the firms diverge from theory, specifically those relating to the usages of estimated values such as loyalty and satisfaction in customer evaluations. It was also found that there is a lack of research in the areas of evaluation of CRM. Furthermore the findings indicates that CRM in B2B focuses on the organizational aspects of CRM, and a strong goal for businesses is to unlock the information the employees have and store it in a place the business can own. Table of
Targeted Inactivation of Cerberus Like-2 Leads to Left Ventricular Cardiac Hyperplasia and Systolic Dysfunction in the Mouse

Previous analysis of the Cerberus like 2 knockout (Cerl2−/−) mouse revealed a significant mortality during the first day after birth, mostly due to cardiac defects apparently associated with randomization of the left-right axis. We have however, identified Cerl2-associated cardiac defects, particularly a large increase in the left ventricular myocardial wall in neonates that cannot be explained by laterality abnormalities. Therefore, in order to access the endogenous role of Cerl2 in cardiogenesis, we analyzed the embryonic and neonatal hearts of Cerl2 null mutants that did not display a laterality phenotype. Neonatal mutants obtained from the compound mouse line Cer2−/−::Mlc1v-nLacZ24+, in which the pulmonary ventricle is genetically marked, revealed a massive enlargement of the ventricular myocardium in animals without laterality defects. Echocardiography analysis in Cerl2−/− neonates showed a left ventricular systolic dysfunction that is incompatible with a long lifespan. We uncovered that the increased ventricular muscle observed in Cerl2−/− mice is caused by a high cardiomyocyte mitotic index in the compact myocardium which is mainly associated with increased Ccnd1 expression levels in the left ventricle at embryonic day (E) 13. Interestingly, at this stage we found augmented left ventricular expression of Cerl2 levels when compared with the right ventricle, which may elucidate the regionalized contribution of Cerl2 to the left ventricular muscle formation. Importantly, we observed an increase of phosphorylated Smad2 (pSmad2) levels in embryonic (E13) and neonatal hearts indicating a prolonged TGFβs/Nodal-signaling activation. Concomitantly, we detected an increase of Baf60c levels, but only in Cerl2−/− embryonic hearts. These results indicate that independently of its well-known role in left-right axis establishment Cerl2 plays an important role during heart development in the mouse, mediating Baf60c levels by exerting an important control of the TGFβs/Nodal-signaling pathway.
Genotype-specific effects of Mecp2 loss-of-function on morphology of Layer V pyramidal neurons in heterozygous female Rett syndrome model mice

Rett syndrome (RTT) is a progressive neurological disorder primarily caused by mutations in the X-linked gene methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2). The heterozygous female brain consists of mosaic of neurons containing both wild-type MeCP2 (MeCP2+) and mutant MeCP2 (MeCP2-). Three-dimensional morphological analysis was performed on individually genotyped layer V pyramidal neurons in the primary motor cortex of heterozygous (Mecp2+/-) and wild-type (Mecp2+/+) female mice ( > 6 mo.) from the Mecp2tm1.1Jae line. Comparing basal dendrite morphology, soma and nuclear size of MeCP2+ to MeCP2- neurons reveals a significant cell autonomous, genotype specific effect of Mecp2. MeCP2- neurons have 15% less total basal dendritic length, predominantly in the region 70–130 μm from the cell body and on average three fewer branch points, specifically loss in the second and third branch orders. Soma and nuclear areas of neurons of mice were analyzed across a range of ages (5–21 mo.) and X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) ratios (12–56%). On average, MeCP2- somata and nuclei were 15 and 13% smaller than MeCP2+ neurons respectively. In most respects branching morphology of neurons in wild-type brains (MeCP2 WT) was not distinguishable from MeCP2+ but somata and nuclei of MeCP2 WT neurons were larger than those of MeCP2+ neurons. These data reveal cell autonomous effects of Mecp2 mutation on dendritic morphology, but also suggest non-cell autonomous effects with respect to cell size. MeCP2+ and MeCP2- neuron sizes were not correlated with age, but were correlated with XCI ratio. Unexpectedly the MeCP2- neurons were smallest in brains where the XCI ratio was highly skewed toward MeCP2+, i.e., wild-type. This raises the possibility of cell non-autonomous effects that act through mechanisms other than globally secreted factors; perhaps competition for synaptic connections influences cell size and morphology in the genotypically mosaic brain of RTT model mice.
In vitro activities of combinations of amphotericin B, posaconazole and four other agents against Rhizopus.

Sir, Zygomycosis is a severe, life-threatening fungal infection that occurs mainly in patients with diabetes mellitus, or with haematological malignancies, after organ transplantation, in conditions of iron overload or those treated with immunosuppressive drugs. Rhizopus oryzae, followed by Rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis, are the most frequently involved organisms, accounting for � 75% of all cases. Amphotericin B is the drug of choice for the treatment of zygomycosis, but overall mortality rate is high. Recently, posaconazole has shown to be active as salvage therapy for disseminated zygomycosis, 1 but few studies still exist and the search of novel therapeutic strategies is still necessary. Combination of antifungal agents with different active mechanisms could be an interesting therapeutic option for improving clinical outcomes. Few data exist on the in vitro effect of combinations of antifungal drugs against zygomycetes. Only associations of amphotericin B with flucytosine and of terbinafine with either amphotericin B or triazoles have been evaluated. 2,3 The interaction between amphotericin B and azoles against zygomycetes has not been investigated. There is recent evidence for synergistic interaction between the echinocandin drug caspofungin and amphotericin B lipid complex in a murine model of disseminated R. oryzae infection. 4 However, in vitro studies on interactions of echinocandins with other antifungals against Rhizopus spp. have not been performed. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro interaction of amphotericin B and micafungin, a recently developed echinocandin, and of each with posaconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole or ravuconazole against Rhizopus. Nineteen clinical isolates were tested, comprising 9 isolates of R. oryzae and 10 of R. microsporus var. rhizopodiformis . T he isolates were grown on potato dextrose agar plates and incubated at 308C for 4‐7 days. Inocula were prepared following the CLSI (formerly NCCLS) M38-A document. The spore suspensions were adjusted to a final concentration of 4 � 10 3 ‐5 � 10 4 cfu/mL with a haemocytometer. Candida krusei ATCC 6258 and Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 were included as quality controls.
This Stage-Play World: Texts and Contexts, 1580-1625

Preface 1. Tradition and Innovation 2. Living in Society 3. Women and the Family 4. Travellers and Others 5. World Pictures 6. Religion 7. Education 8. The Court and its Arts 9. The Theatre Conclusion Chronology Notes Suggestions for Further Reading Index
MRF optimization by graph approximation

Graph cuts-based algorithms have achieved great success in energy minimization for many computer vision applications. These algorithms provide approximated solutions for multi-label energy functions via move-making approach. This approach fuses the current solution with a proposal to generate a lower-energy solution. Thus, generating the appropriate proposals is necessary for the success of the move-making approach. However, not much research efforts has been done on the generation of “good” proposals, especially for non-metric energy functions. In this paper, we propose an application-independent and energy-based approach to generate “good” proposals. With these proposals, we present a graph cuts-based move-making algorithm called GA-fusion (fusion with graph approximation-based proposals). Extensive experiments support that our proposal generation is effective across different classes of energy functions. The proposed algorithm outperforms others both on real and synthetic problems.
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE CAUSAL EFFECT OF UNEMPLOYMENT DURATION ON WAGES: EVIDENCE FROM UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE EXTENSIONS

This paper provides estimates of the causal effect of unemployment duration on wages. The paper shows that if the path of reemployment wages throughout the unemployment spell does not shift in response to unemployment insurance (UI) extensions this implies reservation wages do not bind. Under this condition, UI extensions can be used as an instrumental variable (IV) to obtain the average causal effect of unemployment duration among all individuals whose unemployment duration responds to the policy change. UI extensions occurring with exact age in Germany had small but precisely estimated effects on wages, without affecting the path of reemployment wages. The resulting IV estimates yield substantial negative effects of unemployment duration on wages of 0.8% per month. This estimate implies that declines in wage offers over the unemployment spell can explain about a third of average wage declines at unemployment, and that wage reductions can substantially raise the costs of long-term unemployment. Johannes F. Schmieder Department of Economics Boston University 270 Bay State Road Boston, MA 02215 and IZA and also NBER johannes@bu.edu Till M. von Wachter Department of Economics University of California, Los Angeles 8283 Bunche Hall MC 147703 Los Angeles, CA 90095 and NBER tvwachter@econ.ucla. edu Stefan Bender Institute for Employment Research (IAB) Regensburger Str. 104 90478 Nuremberg Germany stefan.bender@iab.de An online appendix is available at: http://www.nber. org/data-appendix/w19772
Descriptive names in X.500

This paper presents a new name form for the OSI X.500 directory system. The primary function of the directory is to provide a name-to-object look-up facility for OSI objects. The directory consists of a set of agents and a database which is distributed among the agents. The directory database is structured as a tree where each node, or entry, corresponds to an object. An entry consists of a set of attributes where one or more attributes are designated as the object name relative to the entry's immediate superior. X.500 defines a name as an ordered sequence of entry names starting from the root and terminating at the object. Therefore, a user must know the names of all the superiors of an object. In contrast, the descriptive name form is an unordered set of attributes. Only enough attributes need be given to distinguish the object from other objects. As a result, users do not have to know or understand the underlying hierarchy of the directory in order to do name look-up.
Differential influence of organ site on three subpopulations of a single mouse mammary tumor at two distinct steps in metastasis

Tumor subpopulations 66c 14, 168FARN, and 4T07 are drug‐resistant variants selected from sister subpopulations derived from a single mouse mammary tumor. These subpopulations are heterogeneous in their capacities to form experimental metastatic growth in the lungs and liver. Initial survival kinetics of arrested cells, determined by the clearance of 125IUdR‐labelled cells, and subsequent growth rates, determined by sequential recovery of clonogenic tumor cells from occult metastases, both correlated with organ‐colonizing potential as determined by necropsy. The growth rates of these 3 subpopulations were determined in vitro in monolayer and in situ in the subcutis, in the liver following intrasplenic injection, and in the lung following intravenous injection. Clonogenic potential of all 3 lines was similar in vitro (54‐59%). Growth rates in vitro (population doubling times 16.5‐21 hr) and in the subcutis (tumor volume doubling times 5.2‐7.4 days) were similar for the 3 subpopulations, but differed significantly in the liver and lungs. For line 4T07, the most metastatic line to both lung and liver, population doubling times in vitro and in the lung and liver were similar, ranging from 17 to 26 hr. For lines 66c 14 and 168FARN, the growth rates in lungs and livers were much slower than in vitro. Line 66c14, which is relatively more metastatic to the lungs, grew much faster in the lung (39 hours) than in the liver (91 hr), but line 168FARN, which is relatively more metastatic to the liver, grew at a faster rate in the liver (37 hr) than in the lung (63 hr). Thus, 3 tumor subpopulations (seeds) derived from a single tumor were differentially affected by host organ factors (soil) at 2 distinct stages in the metastatic process.
DENV Inhibits Type I IFN Production in Infected Cells by Cleaving Human STING

Dengue virus (DENV) is a pathogen with a high impact on human health. It replicates in a wide range of cells involved in the immune response. To efficiently infect humans, DENV must evade or inhibit fundamental elements of the innate immune system, namely the type I interferon response. DENV circumvents the host immune response by expressing proteins that antagonize the cellular innate immunity. We have recently documented the inhibition of type I IFN production by the proteolytic activity of DENV NS2B3 protease complex in human monocyte derived dendritic cells (MDDCs). In the present report we identify the human adaptor molecule STING as a target of the NS2B3 protease complex. We characterize the mechanism of inhibition of type I IFN production in primary human MDDCs by this viral factor. Using different human and mouse primary cells lacking STING, we show enhanced DENV replication. Conversely, mutated versions of STING that cannot be cleaved by the DENV NS2B3 protease induced higher levels of type I IFN after infection with DENV. Additionally, we show that DENV NS2B3 is not able to degrade the mouse version of STING, a phenomenon that severely restricts the replication of DENV in mouse cells, suggesting that STING plays a key role in the inhibition of DENV infection and spread in mice.
Physiological Effects of Chitosan Coating on Wheat Growth and Activities of Protective Enzyme with Drought Tolerance

Seedling period is an important stage of plant growth. This research was mainly to analysis the influence of chitosan on wheat seedling growth and physiological mechanisms under drought stress. The results showed that the group coated with chitosan significantly improved the growth index such as germination rate, wet weight, root length, root active, and impacted physiological indices such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT)), the content of malwondialdehyde (MDA) and chlorophyll compared with CK under drought stress. Activities of POD, CAT and SOD increased and then decreased, the content of MDA increased under drought stress. But. variation rates of the group coated with chitosan were slower than that of CK, which indicates that chitosan can significantly improve anti-oxidant enzymes activity to clear timely active oxygen and reduce the content of MDA so as to alleviate the degree of damage in the drought stress and make seedlings grow better. The results also showed that chitosan improved chloro-phyll content than that of CK, which demonstrated that chlorophyll content significantly influenced the photosynthetic efficiency of the mutant and added wheat above ground biomass and the field experiment results showed that chitosan increased yield 13.6% than that of CK.
Towards Improving Object-Oriented Software Maintenance during Change Impact Analysis

Today, resources are geared towards modifying rather than developing new software systems. Changes are necessary during the system’s lifetime to keep it useful but the major challenge is how these changes are controlled and managed. Software systems are complex with large dependency webs and components that are fault-prone. Modifying components without regard to its dependencies or its fault-proneness may have some unpredicted and potential effects on the quality or increase their risk to fail. Objectoriented software (OOS) systems are not exception. Identifying these components early may reduce system failure risks when implementing changes. Traditional researches on change impact analysis (CIA) of software code change and failure prediction are disjointed. Therefore, the main goal is to propose a change impact analysis framework that incorporates change and failure prediction while enhancing software quality and reducing maintenance time, cost and effort. By way of contribution and extension of existing knowledge, this research will explore and analyze OOS component’s relationship for effective change impact analysis and predicting early, the failure associated with fault-prone components by utilizing OO metrics.
Memory Efficient Folding Algorithms for Circular RNA Secondary Structures

BACKGROUND A small class of RNA molecules, in particular the tiny genomes of viroids, are circular. Yet most structure prediction algorithms handle only linear RNAs. The most straightforward approach is to compute circular structures from 'internal' and 'external' substructures separated by a base pair. This is incompatible, however, with the memory-saving approach of the Vienna RNA Package which builds a linear RNA structure from shorter (internal) structures only. RESULT Here we describe how circular secondary structures can be obtained without additional memory requirements as a kind of 'post-processing' of the linear structures. AVAILABILITY The circular folding algorithm is implemented in the current version of the of RNAfold program of the Vienna RNA Package, which can be downloaded from http://www.tbi. univie.ac. at/RNA/
A Performance Study of Cube Pruning for Large-Scale Hierarchical Machine Translation

In this paper, we empirically investigate the impact of critical configuration parameters in the popular cube pruning algorithm for decoding in hierarchical statistical machine translation. Specifically, we study how the choice of the k-best generation size affects translation quality and resource requirements in hierarchical search. We furthermore examine the influence of two different granularities of hypothesis recombination. Our experiments are conducted on the large-scale Chinese! English and Arabic! English NIST translation tasks. Besides standard hierarchical grammars, we also explore search with restricted recursion depth of hierarchical rules based on shallow-1 grammars.