Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Toledo Çevirmenler Okulu'nda Gerçekleştirilen Çalışmaların Kültürlerarası Yeri ve Önemi

This work examines the contribution of studies that took place between 12th and 13th century in the “Toledo School of Translators” to world culture and the history of translation. It explains how different cultures that form the world heritage interact with and transform each other through translation. Important philosophers, scientists, and translators who assumed the role of cultural ambassadors of their era are examined via particular translations and translation methods. The centuries-old effects of Islamic sages on Medieval Christian Europe can be detected through the process in which the East Islamic culture and philosophy translated from Arabic into Latin in Toledo is acquired by European culture. In our work, historical and social conditions that facilitated the studies in “The Toledo School of Translators” will be discussed while emphasizing the era's other particular culture and translation centers such as Paris, Italy, and Baghdad. Certainly, King Alfonso X's support had a massive impact on creating mature conditions for this issue. The role achieved by translation in cultural politics was indisputably improved by Alfonso X, who also established schools in the other cities of Spain. While the starting point of our work in this context is the studies conducted in the “Toledo School of Translators” and the scientists and the philosophers who labored in these studies, the sources that we will use in the course of our study will be the works by eminent scholars of history, culture and literature that came out from two geographies - the Iberian and Anatolian Peninsula.
Interleukin-6 Induces Keratin Expression in Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Keratin 8 (K8) and keratin-18 (K18) are the major intermediate filament proteins in the intestinal epithelia. The regulation and function of keratin in the intestinal epithelia is largely unknown. In this study we addressed the role and regulation of K8 and K18 expression by interleukin 6 (IL-6). Caco2-BBE cell line and IL-6 null mice were used to study the effect of IL-6 on keratin expression. Keratin expression was studied by Northern blot, Western blot, and confocal microscopy. Paracellular permeability was assessed by apical-to-basal transport of a fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran probe (FD-4). K8 was silenced using the small interfering RNA approach. IL-6 significantly up-regulated mRNA and protein levels of K8 and K18. Confocal microscopy showed a reticular pattern of intracellular keratin localized to the subapical region after IL-6 treatment. IL-6 also induced serine phosphorylation of K8. IL-6 decreased paracellular flux of FD-4 compared with vehicle-treated monolayers. K8 silencing abolished the decrease in paracellular permeability induced by IL-6. Administration of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) significantly increased intestinal permeability in IL-6-/- mice compared with wild type mice given DSS. Collectively, our data demonstrate that IL-6 regulates the colonic expression of K8 and K18, and K8/K18 mediates barrier protection by IL-6 under conditions where intestinal barrier is compromised. Thus, our data uncover a novel function of these abundant cytoskeletal proteins, which may have implications in intestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease wherein barrier dysfunction underlies the inflammatory response.
Characterization of Imjin Virus, a Newly Isolated Hantavirus from the Ussuri White-Toothed Shrew (Crocidura lasiura)

ABSTRACT Until recently, the single known exception to the rodent-hantavirus association was Thottapalayam virus (TPMV), a long-unclassified virus isolated from the Asian house shrew (Suncus murinus). Robust gene amplification techniques have now uncovered several genetically distinct hantaviruses from shrews in widely separated geographic regions. Here, we report the characterization of a newly identified hantavirus, designated Imjin virus (MJNV), isolated from the lung tissues of Ussuri white-toothed shrews of the species Crocidura lasiura (order Soricomorpha, family Soricidae, subfamily Crocidurinae) captured near the demilitarized zone in the Republic of Korea during 2004 and 2005. Seasonal trapping revealed the highest prevalence of MJNV infection during the autumn, with evidence of infected shrews' clustering in distinct foci. Also, marked male predominance among anti-MJNV immunoglobulin G antibody-positive Ussuri shrews was found, whereas the male-to-female ratio among seronegative Ussuri shrews was near 1. Plaque reduction neutralization tests showed no cross neutralization for MJNV and rodent-borne hantaviruses but one-way cross neutralization for MJNV and TPMV. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences for the different MJNV genomic segments revealed nearly the same calculated distances from hantaviruses harbored by rodents in the subfamilies Murinae, Arvicolinae, Neotominae, and Sigmodontinae. Phylogenetic analyses of full-length S, M, and L segment sequences demonstrated that MJNV shared a common ancestry with TPMV and remained in a distinct out-group, suggesting early evolutionary divergence. Studies are in progress to determine if MJNV is pathogenic for humans.
Native Mutant Huntingtin in Human Brain

Background: In brain lysates denatured huntingtin is full-length and fragmented. Results: Blue Native PAGE analysis revealed huntingtin as a soluble full-length monomer and resistant to exogenous protease cleavage. Exposure to denaturants cleaved mutant huntingtin. Conclusion: Native mutant huntingtin in brain is unstable compared with wild-type huntingtin. Significance: Native conditions may improve detection of full-length huntingtin in human brain. Huntington disease (HD) is caused by polyglutamine expansion in the N terminus of huntingtin (htt). Analysis of human postmortem brain lysates by SDS-PAGE and Western blot reveals htt as full-length and fragmented. Here we used Blue Native PAGE (BNP) and Western blots to study native htt in human postmortem brain. Antisera against htt detected a single band broadly migrating at 575–850 kDa in control brain and at 650–885 kDa in heterozygous and Venezuelan homozygous HD brains. Anti-polyglutamine antisera detected full-length mutant htt in HD brain. There was little htt cleavage even if lysates were pretreated with trypsin, indicating a property of native htt to resist protease cleavage. A soluble mutant htt fragment of about 180 kDa was detected with anti-htt antibody Ab1 (htt-(1–17)) and increased when lysates were treated with denaturants (SDS, 8 m urea, DTT, or trypsin) before BNP. Wild-type htt was more resistant to denaturants. Based on migration of in vitro translated htt fragments, the 180-kDa segment terminated ≈htt 670–880 amino acids. If second dimension SDS-PAGE followed BNP, the 180-kDa mutant htt was absent, and 43–50 kDa htt fragments appeared. Brain lysates from two HD mouse models expressed native full-length htt; a mutant fragment formed if lysates were pretreated with 8 m urea + DTT. Native full-length mutant htt in embryonic HD140Q/140Q mouse primary neurons was intact during cell death and when cell lysates were exposed to denaturants before BNP. Thus, native mutant htt occurs in brain and primary neurons as a soluble full-length monomer.
Analysis of the SREBF2 gene as a genetic risk factor for vascular dementia

A case‐control study was performed to examine the association between vascular dementia and the polymorphisms of the human gene encoding sterol regulatory element binding protein‐2 (SREBF2) that regulates cholesterol metabolism. The 16 genetic variants of SREBF2 were identified in 24 Koreans, and 5 out of 16 variants were genotyped in 207 vascular dementia patients and 207 control subjects. Significant association with vascular dementia was shown in 34995G/T with the GT genotype (odds ratio [OR] = 1.57; 95% CI = 1.04–2.37; P < 0.05) and the GG genotype (OR = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.44–0.96; P < 0.05). The CGC, the most common haplotype combined with three SNPs, 24489C/T, 34995G/T, and 68891C/T, was associated with the disease (OR = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.53–0.97; P < 0.05), and the individuals with the CGC might be less susceptible to vascular dementia than those carrying any haplotype including at least one minor allele. This study implied that the variants of SREBF2 might be genetic factors involved in the pathogenesis of vascular dementia. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex Differences in the Dorsolateral Telencephalon Correlate with Home Range Size in Blenniid Fish

Blenniid fish exhibit a polygynandric mating system with parental care restricted to males. Nest-holder males defend a breeding territory centered on their nest, usually a crevice or hole in a rocky substrate, to which they attract females to spawn. Females, on the other hand, must search for nests in order to spawn and usually are the choosy sex, producing several sequential egg batches and broods during the breeding season. Therefore, male blennies are more site-attached than females. This situation offers an opportunity to investigate potential neural correlates of intraspecific differences in selective pressures for different spatial abilities in these species. Since the dorsolateral telencephalon has been considered a teleost homologue of the mammalian hippocampus, we predicted that the spatial abilities required for females to locate and return accurately to nests of males may have produced a sex difference in the size of the telencephalic nuclei involved in spatial abilities, biased towards females. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the home ranges and measured the size of the dorsolateral telencephalon of both sexes during the breeding season in two blenniid species, the shanny (Lipophrys pholis) and the Azorean rock-pool blenny (Parablennius parvicornis). We chose these two species because they differ in the degree of chemical communication they use, and this could also lead to differences in telencephalic areas. As predicted, in both species females present considerably larger home ranges paralleled by larger dorsolateral ventral telencephalic nuclei (DLv) than males. Other telencephalic nuclei that were measured did not show any sex difference in size. These results suggest that the DLv is involved in spatial abilities in blenniid fish and that sexual selection may be promoting this divergence as already described for mammals and birds.
A Revisit to Capital Control Policies When Bitcoin Is in Town

This paper presents a novel notion of Law of One Price violation between Bitcoin and Foreign Exchange markets. We ﬁrst document the magnitude and statistical properties of triangle arbitrage gains. We further show that the violations increase in the capital control intensity of the arbitrage- linked countries. We argue that this triangular arbitrage opportunity, originating from the price gap of the domestic currency between two markets, incorporates information about local investors’ demand for the domestic currency. When economic and political uncertainties surge in the home country, the gap widens. We further test the predictability of our gap measure for foreign exchange markets and ﬁnd that the predictability peaks in three days and decays afterward. The pattern is stronger in the recent years. We provide suggestive evidence that this predictability reﬂects a real shift in the demand for domestic currency without future reversals.
Democratic Purpose and Educational Leadership Policies in Sweden and in Texas.

In this study we analyze the extent to which policy documents that include standards and expectations for the preparation of school principals (i.e., head teachers) influence democratic practices. This comparative research examines educational policies that influence the work of principals both in Sweden and in the U.S., the state of Texas asking: What does it mean for a principal to create a school environment that emphasizes democratic practices? The context of education is provided for both populations, including the role of principals as related to the importance and function of schools in a democracy in a society.
An Empirical Investigation into Institutions Unlocking Entrepreneurial Activity

Entrepreneurship scholars tend to agree that institutional factors influence entrepreneurship; however, empirical studies have led to different conclusions with regard to the relative importance of each driver. This study empirically investigates the influence that the regulatory, cognitive, normative and conducive institutional factors have on different types of entrepreneurial activity (EA) in South Africa. Following a survey of 163 ventures, regression results reveal that it is the cognitive and conducive institutional environments, which have a significant impact on EA. These results highlight the importance of institutional environmental factors in relation to opportunity-based EA. Additionally, the findings provide key insights to scholars and policymakers where institutional factors in an emerging market context serve as a catalyst for EA.
Living the creed: How chapters of Sigma Lambda Beta International Fraternity, Inc., contribute to civic engagement

National associations such as the Association of American Colleges and Universities (AAC&U) and Campus Compact create initiatives that promote service-learning and campus based service programs to improve civic engagement in higher education; they often fail to include Greek-letter organizations, especially Latino Greek-letter organizations, as co-curricular service opportunities. The purpose of this exploratory case study of five chapters of Sigma Lambda Beta International Fraternity Inc. (SLB) in the Midwest region of the United States, was to provide an in-depth understanding of chapters’ service experiences and perceptions of benefits. In this qualitative study, a revised version of Yosso’s (2005) community cultural wealth served as a conceptual framework to illustrate how chapters of SLB contribute to service. Implications for higher education and the Executive Office of SLB are discussed as well as recommendations for future research.
An Evaluation of Lymph Node Yield and Lymph Node Ratio in Well-Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma

It is unknown whether the number of lymph nodes harvested (lymph node yield, LNY) or the proportion of metastatic lymph nodes resected (metastatic lymph node ratio, MLNR) influence survival in well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma (WDTC). We hypothesized that overall survival in WDTC is influenced by the LNY and MLNR. We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database to identify all patients with primary, nonmetastatic WDTC who underwent thyroidectomy with at least one lymph node removed between 1988 and 2004. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for LNY and MLNR were compared using the log rank test. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models included tumor and patient-specific factors. WDTC patients that met entry criteria totaled 9926. In the univariate model, LNY and MLNR had a significant impact on survival (P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, increasing LNY was associated with poorer survival in all patients (P = 0.001) and node-negative patients (P = 0.03), but not for node-positive patients (P = 0.27). MLNR did not influence survival in node-positive patients (P = 0.84). Among patients with WDTC treated with thyroidectomy and lymphadenectomy, increasing LNY and MLNR were associated with decreased survival. The decrease in survival associated with increasing LNY, even in node-negative patients, indicates that nodal understaging is inconsequential to WDTC survival.
Gender-specific differences in the association of adiponectin gene polymorphisms with body mass index.

OBJECTIVE Adiponectin gene polymorphisms are associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The study evaluated possible associations of +45T/G and -11391G/A adiponectin gene polymorphisms with body mass index (BMI), waist circumferences (WC), and blood pressure in diabetic and non-diabetic Iranians. METHODS This cross-sectional study involved two groups of subjects: 243 diabetic patients and 173 non-diabetic subjects recruited from Rafsanjan city in the south-east of Iran. RESULTS No significant association was found between +45T/G and -11391G/A adiponectin gene polymorphisms and systolic or diastolic blood pressure. However, male carriers of the TT genotype of +45T/G had a significantly higher mean BMI than male GG homozygotes (p = 0.018). Also, male carriers of the GG genotype of -11391G/A had significantly higher mean BMI than male GA or AA homozygotes (p = 0.041). Female carriers of the GG genotype of -11391G/A had significantly higher mean WC than female GA or AA homozygotes (p = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS We observed a significantly higher BMI in women, and GA or AA carriers of -11391G/A polymorphism. Also, there was a significantly lower WC in females and GG carriers of +45T/G. These results point to a gender-specific impact of the studied genotypes on BMI and WC.
Ionic modeling of mineral structures and energies in the electron gas approximation : TiO , polymorphs , quartz , forsterite , diopside

The modified electron gas (MEG) theory has been used to calculate non-empirical shortrange repulsive parameters, which were then employed to calculate minimum-energy structural configurations for quartz, forsterite, diopside and the TiO, polymorphs using the ionic model. The structure parameters of the TiO, polymorph models match the observed ones to within a few percent, but do not model the slight distortions of TiOu octahedra precisely. Calculated structure energies show rutile more stable than anatase by less than 4 kJ/mole and more stable than brookite by about 20 kJ/mole. The model forsterite structure matches the observed one rather well; the sense of SiOo tetrahedral distortions are correct in the model, although the absolute values are not precise. Distortions of model Ml and M2 polyhedra are qualitatively correct but exaggerated in magnitude. Modeling of quartz is less successful; the model structure resembles high quartz closer than low quartz, but the SiO-Si angle is 163'rather than the observed 145'. Diopside is modeled extremely poorll some Ml-O and M2-O distances are long by up to l30o/0. Resulting changes in Ml and M2 coordination lead to charge balanced oxygen atoms in the model structure, in contrast to local electrostatic charge imbalances that exist on all oxygens in the observed structure.
Critical perspectives on ‘ manufactured ’ risks arising from Eurocentric business practices in Africa

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The nature of accessibility studies

Accessibility has come to play a pivotal role on the world’s stage, gradually pervading different aspects of our lives as well as a vast range of fields, giving rise to a plethora of fruitful new ideas, methods and models, and becoming an ever more key issue within a process that is reshaping the very fabric of society. The ubiquitous effects of accessibility have led to the emergence of a new research field, namely accessibility studies (AS). This paper presents both the path that has led towards the emergence of AS as well as the distinctive features of this new field. AS is defined as the field concerned with the investigation of accessibility processes and phenomena, and the design, implementation and evaluation of accessibility-based and accessibility-oriented methodologies. The analysis is carried out mainly, though not exclusively, in reference to media accessibility (MA), as it is one of the most mature areas in which the process of the formation of AS has been taking place. It concludes by arguing that AS is a timely field that addresses the most pressing issues our society is facing nowadays and appealing to MA to embrace its identity as an area of AS.
The Role and Effects of Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper in the Context of Inflammation Resolution

Glucocorticoid (GC)-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) has been shown to mediate or mimic several actions of GC. This study assessed the role of GILZ in self-resolving and GC-induced resolution of neutrophilic inflammation induced by LPS in mice. GILZ expression was increased during the resolution phase of LPS-induced pleurisy, especially in macrophages with resolving phenotypes. Pretreating LPS-injected mice with trans-activator of transcription peptide (TAT)–GILZ, a cell-permeable GILZ fusion protein, shortened resolution intervals and improved resolution indices. Therapeutic administration of TAT-GILZ induced inflammation resolution, decreased cytokine levels, and promoted caspase-dependent neutrophil apoptosis. TAT-GILZ also modulated the activation of the survival-controlling proteins ERK1/2, NF-κB and Mcl-1. GILZ deficiency was associated with an early increase of annexin A1 (AnxA1) and did not modify the course of neutrophil influx induced by LPS. Dexamethasone treatment resolved inflammation and induced GILZ expression that was dependent on AnxA1. Dexamethasone-induced resolution was not altered in GILZ−/− mice due to compensatory expression and action of AnxA1. Our results show that therapeutic administration of GILZ efficiently induces a proapoptotic program that promotes resolution of neutrophilic inflammation induced by LPS. Alternatively, a lack of endogenous GILZ during the resolution of inflammation is compensated by AnxA1 overexpression.
SThM Temperature Mapping and Nonlinear Thermal Resistance Evolution With Bias on AlGaN/GaN HEMT Devices

Channel temperature has a strong impact on the performance of a microwave power transistor. In particular, it has a strong influence on the power gain, energetic efficiency, and reliability of the device. The thermal optimization of device geometry is therefore a key issue, together with precise measurements of temperature within the channel area. In this paper, we have used scanning thermal microscopy to perform temperature mapping, at variable dc bias points, on an AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistor made on epilayers grown on silicon carbide substrate. We have analyzed the variation of the thermal resistance values, which are deduced from these measurements, with bias conditions VGS and VDS. The observed nonlinear behavior is found to be in excellent agreement with physical simulations, strongly pointing out the large variability of the extension of the dissipation area with the dc bias conditions
Path following for robotic rollators via simulated passivity

Robotic walkers are a particular class of devices used to assist users with physical or cognitive impairments in their navigation of large public spaces. In this context, a guidance mechanism is a controller that steers the user towards the desired path when he/she deviates. Passive guidance mechanisms do not directly propel the vehicle and leave the user in control of his/her walk. The inherent safety of passive guidance and the intuitive behaviour of the device make this class of solutions preferable to any other for robot assisted walking. The possible ways to obtain a passive behaviour in robotic walkers either require complex and expensive sensors or generate potentially rough (bang-bang) manoeuvres that are detrimental to the user's comfort. The contribution of this work is a path following controller that simulates passivity using a pair of active motors operating on the rear wheels of the walker. The system estimates and tracks the velocity desired by the user and the motors generate a rotational torque only when a turn toward the path is required. The proposed solution delivers high levels of comfort, does not rely on expensive hardware and preserves all the important properties of a passive mechanism.