Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extract Class Refactoring by analyzing class variables

Figure 6: Strongly related (SSM based) functional sets and similarities between them, Case Study I. Nodes represent set of closely related methods; weight of the edge between two nodes represents the average value of SSM among the methods of the corresponding sets. Non trivial sets are represented by smaller circles and are merged with trivial sets (bigger circles) of the same color. Figure 11: SSM based graph, case study I, minCoupling = 0 – This is a graphical representation of the SSM based structural similarity between every pair of methods Figure 12: VSM based graph, case study I, minCoupling = 0 – This is a graphical representation of the VSM based structural similarity between every pair of methods Figure 13: SSM matrix representation, case study I, minCoupling = 0 – This is the matrix representation of the SSM based structural similarity between every pair of methods vi Figure 14: VSM matrix representation, case study I, minCoupling = 0 – This is the matrix representation of the VSM based structural similarity between every pair of methods Figure 15: SSM based graph, case study I, minCoupling = 0.72 – This is a graphical representation of the SSM based structural similarity between every pair of methods Figure 16: VSM based graph, case study I, minCoupling = 0.69 – This is a graphical representation of the VSM based structural similarity between every pair of methods Figure 17: SSM matrix representation, case study I, minCoupling = 0.72 – This is the matrix representation of the SSM based structural similarity between every pair of methods for the input class . Figure 18: VSM matrix representation, case study I, minCoupling = 0.69 – This is the matrix representation of the VSM based structural similarity between every pair of methods for the input class . Figure 19: SSM matrix representation, case study II, minCoupling = 0 – This is the matrix representation of the SSM based structural similarity between every pair of methods Figure 20: VSM matrix representation, case study II, minCoupling = 0 – This is the matrix representation of the VSM based structural similarity between every pair of methods Figure 22: VSM matrix representation, case study II, minCoupling = 0.78 – This is the matrix representation of the VSM based structural similarity between every pair of methods for the input class .
Provided for Non-commercial Research and Education Use Only. Not for Reproduction, Distribution or Commercial Use. Impacts of Hydrodynamics and Benthic Communities on Phytoplankton Distributions in a Large, Dreissenid-colonized Lake (lake Simcoe, Ontario, Canada)

Freshwater Biological Association. The attached offprint is provided to the author for research and education use (including use by others within their institution for such purposes) and for sharing with interested colleagues, provided the use of the article is for non-commercial purposes, and copies offered are not for sale and are not distributed in a systematic way. Please note that posting of the published version of the article to personal/academic websites or institutional repositories is not permitted, except for authors who have paid an 'open early' fee. All authors are permitted to post the submitted version of their manuscript (as prior to peer-review), provided it is clearly stated that the manuscript is unpublished, and full bibliographic reference to the published article is given. Authors who have paid an 'open early' fee are permitted to post the final published version of the article to their personal/ academic website or institutional repository, provided that it is non-commercial and there is a link to the published article on the journal website, Abstract We quantified the vertical and horizontal variation of chlorophyll a (Chl-a) to test how benthic filter feeders (dreissenid mussels), rooted macrophytes, and hydrodynamics influence phytoplankton distributions in a large lake (Lake Simcoe, Canada). Water column Chl-a did not differ significantly among sites of different depth, distance offshore, or rooted macrophyte biomass, but among the nearshore sites (7.5–10 m deep) it was higher where mussel biomass was greater. This counterintuitive result may be explained by wind-driven horizontal circulation during our specific study periods together with the patchy distribution of the mussels in the lake. Information on mixing depths, vertical eddy diffusivity, and mussel biomass was used to predict when and where the grazing pressure of mussels would likely deplete near-bottom phytoplankton. Chl-a depletion was frequently predicted at sites with moderate or high mussel biomass and sufficient thermal stratification to impede vertical mixing but never at sites without thermal stratification. Observations were consistent with predictions in most cases. The results suggested that mussels at depths of 7.5–15 m (a depth range of generally high mussel biomass in the lake) may frequently suffer food limitation due to near-bottom depletion during the early and middle stratified season. A deep Chl-a maximum was documented and may be important for mussel nutrition at such times.
The “lob-pass” problem and an on-line learning model of rational choice

We consider an on-line learning model of rational choice, in which the goal of an agent is to choose its actions so as to maximize the number of successes, while learning about its reacting environment through th$e very sctions. In particular, we consider a model of tennis play, in which the only actions that the player can take are a ‘pass’ and a ‘lob,’ and the opponent is modeled by two linear (probabilistic) functions ~’(r) = alr + bl and jp(r) = a2r + ~, specifying the probabllit y that a 10b (and a pass, respectively) will win a point when the proportion of lobs in the put trials is r. We measure the performance of a player in this model by its expected regret, namely how many less points it expects to win as compared to the ideal player (one that knows the two probabilistic functions) ss a function oft, the total number of trials. which is unknown to the player a priori. A&urning that the probabilistic functions satisfy the matching shoulder condition, i.e. f~ (0) = ~P (l), we obtain a variety of upper bounds for sssmuptions and restrictions of varying degrees, ranging from o(logt),’o(t*), O(t+), O(t:), O(tf) to O(t$) as well as a matching lower bound of order $l(log t) for the most restrictive case. When the total number of trials t is given to the player in advance, the upper bo~nds can be improved sigrdkantly.
Personalized Semantic Ranking for Collaborative Recommendation

Recently a ranking view of collaborative recommendation has received much attention in recommendation systems. Most of existing ranking approaches are based on pairwise assumption, i.e., everything that has not been selected is of less interest for a user. However it is usually not proper in many cases. To alleviate the limitation of this assumption, in this work, we present a unified framework, named Personalized Semantic Ranking (PSR). PSR models the personalized ranking and the user-generated content (UGC) simultaneously, and the semantic information extracted from UGC can make a remedy for the pairwise assumption. Moreover, utilizing the semantic information, PSR can capture the more subtle information of the user-item interaction and alleviate the overfitting problem caused by insufficient ratings. The learned topics in PSR can also serve as proper explanations for recommendation. Experimental results show that the proposed PSR yields significant improvements over the competitive compared methods on two typical datasets.
Short-Term Effect of Strength Training With and Without Superimposed Electrical Stimulation on Muscle Strength and Anaerobic Performance. A Randomized Controlled Trial. Part I

Herrero, AJ, Martín, J, Martín, T, Abadía, O, Fernández, B, and García-López, D. Short-term effect of strength training with and without superimposed electrical stimulation on muscle strength and anaerobic performance. A randomized controlled trial. Part I. J Strength Cond Res 24(6): 1609-1615, 2010-The purpose of this study was to compare strength training with and without superimposed electromyostimulation (EMS) on muscle strength and anaerobic power. Twenty-eight subjects were assigned to: weight + EMS (ES), weight (VOL), or control group (CG). ES and VOL performed 4 training sessions per week during 4 weeks on a knee extension machine (8 sets; 8 repetitions; 1-second concentric phase from 90° to 0°, 1-second eccentric phase from 0° to 90°, 1-second rest at 90°; 3-minute rest between sets; 70% maximal voluntary contraction). Group ES received EMS in the concentric phase of each action (120 Hz, 400 microseconds). Before training, after training, and 2 weeks after the end of the training (detraining), maximal voluntary contraction, squat jump, countermovement jump (CMJ), countermovement jump with free arms (CMJA), and 20-m sprint time were analyzed. After the training period, ES and VOL increased their muscle strength (40.2% and 31.4%, respectively, p < 0.001). After the detraining period, this gain remained above baseline values for ES and VOL (49.1% and 24.5%, respectively, p < 0.001). Changes in muscle strength between baseline and detraining were higher in ES than in VOL (p < 0.01). Anaerobic performance was not affected by training in any group, but percentage change between baseline and after training suggests that the CMJ and CMJA with free arms performance were impaired in ES with respect to VOL and CG. Superimposed EMS onto voluntary contractions increases strength more than voluntary training alone; nevertheless, a detraining period should be respected to observe this delayed adaptation. To improve anaerobic power with superimposed EMS, a complementary and specific work such as plyometrics should be carried out.
Optimal Decision-Theoretic Classification Using Non-Decomposable Performance Metrics

We provide a general theoretical analysis of expected out-of-sample utility, also referred to as decision-theoretic classification, for non-decomposable binary classification metrics such as F-measure and Jaccard coefficient. Our key result is that the expected out-of-sample utility for many performance metrics is provably optimized by a classifier which is equivalent to a signed thresholding of the conditional probability of the positive class. Our analysis bridges a gap in the literature on binary classification, revealed in light of recent results for non-decomposable metrics in population utility maximization style classification. Our results identify checkable properties of a performance metric which are sufficient to guarantee a probability ranking principle. We propose consistent estimators for optimal expected out-of-sample classification. As a consequence of the probability ranking principle, computational requirements can be reduced from exponential to cubic complexity in the general case, and further reduced to quadratic complexity in special cases. We provide empirical results on simulated and benchmark datasets evaluating the performance of the proposed algorithms for decision-theoretic classification and comparing them to baseline and state-of-the-art methods in population utility maximization for non-decomposable metrics.
A Bayesian Method for the Extinction

Abstract We propose a Bayesian method to measure the total Galactic extinction parameters, RV and AV. Validation tests based on the simulated data indicate that the method can achieve the accuracy of around 0.01 mag. We apply this method to the SDSS BHB stars in the northern Galactic cap and find that the derived extinctions are highly consistent with those from Schlegel et al. (1998). It suggests that the Bayesian method is promising for the extinction estimation, even the reddening values are close to the observational errors.
Analysis of Cell Capacity in FDD-LTE Network

With the introduction of technologies such as OFDM, MIMO and higher order modulation, it's more complex in capacity analysis in LTE network. This paper focuses on cell capacity in FDD-LTE network. Firstly, a foundation of the theoretical upper bound on capacity will be established followed by the constraints of overhead channels. Lastly, the factors that influence cell capacity are discussed and the practical cell throughput is given by simulation.
Is there an Ethiopian language area

This article addresses the question of whether or not there is an Ethiopian language area, as proposed by Charles A. Ferguson in 1970. Competing approaches to the concept of language area are evaluated, arriving at the conclusion that the existence of a language area may be conclusively demonstrated only in the presence of genetically unrelated languages and of a multilateral convergence process. It is further argued that the notion of an Ethiopian language area is false. Although the Ethiopian languages display numerous common features, these are either retentions from a common Afro-Asiatic stock or the result of long-standing unilateral contact, followed by language loss and substratal retention, but without multilateral convergence towards a common model.
A formal model of satellite communication system network control protocol based on generalized stochastic Petri nets

Satellite network control protocol plays an important part in satellite communication systems. Any bug in protocol design and development phase will cause great losses or damages. To avoid the potential errors, the formal method Petri nets is applied to describe the satellite network control signaling protocol and verify some critical properties of protocol. The paper focuses on interaction behaviors in signaling protocol and abstracts basic patterns from protocol. Then, it provides a generalized stochastic Petri nets based signaling protocol model. By means of the formal model, the protocol reliability and performance are evaluated through interaction behavior analysis, structure analysis and quantitative analysis.
Clustering similar acoustic classes in the Fishervoice framework

In the Fishervoice (FSH) based framework, the mean supervectors of the speaker models are divided into several subvectors by mixture index. However, this division strategy cannot capture local acoustic class structure information among similar acoustic classes or discriminative information between different acoustic classes. In order to verify whether or not local structure information can help improve system performance, we develop five different speaker supervector segmentation methods. Experiments on NIST SRE08 prove that clustering similar acoustic classes together improves the system performance. In particular, the proposed method of equal size clustering achieves 5.1% relative decrease on EER compared to FSH1.
Movement direction-based approaches for pedestrian detection in road scenes

Pedestrian Detection is a critical technique for avoiding the collision between the vehicle and people, and it can be used in the advanced driver assistance system. Most research of the pedestrian detection areas are focused on the standing or walking people at the training process. INRIA's pedestrian dataset is composed of persons standing and facing the front, however another datasets comprise various types of pedestrian without classification for direction. In other words, movement directions of the pedestrian are not considered on creating detectors. In this paper, we propose a pedestrian detection method using pedestrian data classified into four by moving directions such as front, back, left and right. Each of detectors created by categorized data are integrated, which are used for pedestrian detection. For the training, we use histograms of oriented gradients using the direction distribution of the edges. In the experiments, we use the pedestrian datasets obtained by moving vehicle in order to enhance public confidence. Our result shows the improved detection ratio in comparison to existing methods underutilized the moving direction.
Expected shortfall in credit portfolios with extremal dependence

We consider the risk of a portfolio comprised of loans, bonds, and financial instruments that are subject to possible default. We are interested in efficiently estimating expected excess loss conditioned on the event that the portfolio incurs large losses over a fixed time horizon; this risk measure is often referred to as expected shortfall. We consider a heterogeneous mix of obligors and assume a portfolio dependence structure that supports extremal dependence among obligors and does not hinge solely on correlation. We first derive sharp asymptotics that illustrate the implications of extremal dependence among obligors in the risk of the portfolio. Using this as a stepping stone, we develop a multistage importance sampling algorithm that is shown to have bounded relative error in estimating expected shortfall.
A Study of QSO Evolution in the X-Ray Band with the Aid of Gravitational Lensing

We present results from a mini-survey of relatively high redshift (1.7<z<4) gravitationally lensed radio-quiet quasars observed with the Chandra X-ray Observatory and with XMM-Newton. The lensing magnification effect allows us to search for changes in quasar spectroscopic and flux variability properties with redshift over three orders of magnitude in intrinsic X-ray luminosity. It extends the study of quasar properties to unlensed X-ray flux levels as low as a few times 10^{-15} erg cm^{-2} s^{-1} in the observed 0.4-8 keV band. We find a possible correlation between the X-ray powerlaw photon index and X-ray luminosity of the gravitationally lensed radio-quiet quasar sample. The X-ray spectral slope steepens as the X-ray luminosity increases. This correlation is still significant when we combine our data with other samples of radio-quiet quasars with z>1.5, especially in the low luminosity range between 10^{43}-10^{45.5} erg s^{-1}. This result is surprising considering that such a correlation is not found for quasars with redshifts below 1.5. We suggest that this correlation can be understood in the context of the hot-corona model for X-ray emission from quasar accretion disks, under the hypothesis that the quasars in our sample accrete very close to their Eddington limits and the observed luminosity range is set by the range of black hole masses (this hypothesis is consistent with recent predictions of semi-analytic models for quasar evolution). The upper limits of X-ray variability of our relatively high redshift sample of lensed quasars are consistent with the known correlation between variability and luminosity observed in Seyfert 1s when this correlation is extrapolated to the larger luminosities of our sample.
Mechanical properties of the tracheal mucosal membrane in the rabbit. I. steady-state stiffness as a function of age.

Airway responsiveness is exaggerated in infancy and declines with maturation. These age-related differences (R.S. Tepper, T. Du, A. Styhler, M. Ludwig, and J.G. Martin. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151: 836-840, 1995; R.S. Tepper, S.J. Gunst, C.M. Doerschuk, Y. Shen, and W. Bray. J. Appl. Physiol. 78: 505-512, 1995; R.S. Tepper, J. Stevens, and H. Eigen. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 149: 678-681, 1994) could be due to changes in the smooth muscle, the lung, and/or the airway wall. Folding of the mucosal membrane can provide an elastic load (R.K. Lambert, J. Appl. Physiol. 71: 666-673, 1991), which impedes smooth muscle shortening. We hypothesized that increased stiffness of the mucosal membrane occurs during aging, causing an increased mechanical load on airway smooth muscle and a decrease in airway responsiveness. Forty female New Zealand White rabbits between 0.75 and 35 mo of age were studied. Rectangular mucosal membrane strips oriented both longitudinally and circumferentially to the long axis of the trachea were dissected, and the stress-strain relationships of each strip were tested. The results showed that the membrane was stiffer in the longitudinal than in the circumferential direction of the airway. However, there was no significant change with age in either orientation. We conclude that the mechanical properties of the airway mucosal membrane did not change during maturation and were not likely to influence age-related changes in airway responsiveness.
Tree-structure-aware GP operators for automatic gait generation of quadruped robot

In this paper, we suggest tree-structure-aware GP operators that heed tree distributions in structure space and their possible structural difficulties. The main idea of the proposed GP operators is to place the generated offspring of crossover and/or mutation in a specified region of tree structure space insofar as possible, taking into account the observation that most solutions are found in that region. To enable that, the proposed operators are designed to utilize information about the region to which the parents belong and node/depth statistics of the subtree selected for modification. The proposed approach is applied to automatic gait generation of quadruped robot to demonstrate the effectiveness of it. The results show that the results using the proposed tree-structure-aware operators are superior to the results of standard GP for gait problem in both fitness and velocity.
Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, Calcium Intake, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes After 5 Years

OBJECTIVE To examine whether serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and dietary calcium predict incident type 2 diabetes and insulin sensitivity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 6,537 of the 11,247 adults evaluated in 1999–2000 in the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab) study, returned for oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in 2004–2005. We studied those without diabetes who had complete data at baseline (n = 5,200; mean age 51 years; 55% were women; 92% were Europids). Serum 25OHD and energy-adjusted calcium intake (food frequency questionnaire) were assessed at baseline. Logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between serum 25OHD and dietary calcium on 5-year incidence of diabetes (diagnosed by OGTT) and insulin sensitivity (homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity [HOMA-S]), adjusted for multiple potential confounders, including fasting plasma glucose (FPG). RESULTS During the 5-year follow-up, 199 incident cases of diabetes were diagnosed. Those who developed diabetes had lower serum 25OHD (mean 58 vs. 65 nmol/L; P < 0.001) and calcium intake (mean 881 vs. 923 mg/day; P = 0.03) compared with those who remained free of diabetes. Each 25 nmol/L increment in serum 25OHD was associated with a 24% reduced risk of diabetes (odds ratio 0.76 [95% CI 0.63–0.92]) after adjusting for age, waist circumference, ethnicity, season, latitude, smoking, physical activity, family history of diabetes, dietary magnesium, hypertension, serum triglycerides, and FPG. Dietary calcium intake was not associated with reduced diabetes risk. Only serum 25OHD was positively and independently associated with HOMA-S at 5 years. CONCLUSIONS Higher serum 25OHD levels, but not higher dietary calcium, were associated with a significantly reduced risk of diabetes in Australian adult men and women.
Exploring scalar quantum walks on Cayley graphs

A quantum walk, i.e., the quantum evolution of a particle on a graph, is termed scalar if the internal space of the moving particle (often called the coin) has dimension one. Here, we study the existence of scalar quantum walks on Cayley graphs, which are built from the generators of a group. After deriving a necessary condition on these generators for the existence of a scalar quantum walk, we present a general method to express the evolution operator of the walk, assuming homogeneity of the evolution. We use this necessary condition and the subsequent constructive method to investigate the existence of scalar quantum walks on Cayley graphs of groups presented with two or three generators. In this restricted framework, we classify all groups - in terms of relations between their generators - that admit scalar quantum walks, and we also derive the form of the most general evolution operator. Finally, we point out some interesting special cases, and extend our study to a few examples of Cayley graphs built with more than three generators.