Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Proof-Planning Critics

Discovering unknown lemmas, generalisations and other eureka steps is a major challenge for automated theorem proving. Proof-planning critics can help automate these steps by making use of information from failed proof attempts. Our proposed research will extend existing critics for higher-order logic in the IsaPlanner system, as well as develop new critics. With the assistance of critics we expect IsaPlanner to be able to automatically prove many conjectures that previously required user intervention.
Ideology, Civilian Authority and the Zimbabwean Military

Since 2002, many scholars and Zimbabwean politicians have argued that Zimbabwe's Joint Operations Command (JOC), which comprises the Zimbabwe Defence Forces (ZDF) commander and heads of the army, prisons, police, air force and intelligence, increasingly poses a threat to civilian authority. A notorious statement made by the ZDF commander Vitalis Zvinavashe in 2002 is often cited as evidence of the JOC or military elites' partisan support for President Robert Gabriel Mugabe and his Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front ZANU[PF]) party. This article argues that Zvinavashe's 2002 statement has been interpreted in selective ways, and that external factors that played a crucial part in precipitating his intervention in 2002 have been neglected. This has resulted in an impoverished understanding of the full import of Zvinavashe's 2002 statement. Using Zvinavashe as an example, the article also demonstrates that some military elites' allegiance to Mugabe and ideological commitment to ZANU(PF) rule must be seen as unstable and contradictory. Be that as it may, Mugabe retains effective control of military elites for a variety of reasons, namely power derived from his status as ZDF commander in chief and his high position in ZANU(PF)'s 1970s nationalist hierarchy; his shrewd use of prebends to maintain loyalty; and the staunch ideological commitment of sections of the military elite to ZANU(PF).
Flow characteristics of the proximal pulmonary arteries and vena cava in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: correlation between 3.0 T phase-contrast MRI and right heart catheterization.

PURPOSE We aimed to determine the correlation between flow characteristics of the proximal pulmonary arteries and vena cava obtained by 3.0 T phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and hemodynamic characteristics by right heart catheterization in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty consecutive patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and 20 sex- and age-matched healthy volunteers were included prospectively. All patients and controls underwent phase-contrast MRI to determine the flow characteristics including peak velocity, mean velocity, and mean blood flow of the proximal pulmonary artery and vena cava. All patients underwent right heart catheterization to determine the hemodynamics. RESULTS Peak velocity and mean velocity of the proximal pulmonary artery were significantly lower in the patient group. In patients, both peak velocity and mean blood flow were sequentially decreased in the main pulmonary artery, left and right pulmonary arteries, and left and right interlobar pulmonary arteries. Inferior vena cava had higher peak velocity, mean velocity, and mean blood flow than superior vena cava. Peak velocity of the main pulmonary artery correlated with mean and diastolic pulmonary artery pressure. Peak velocity of both inferior and superior vena cava strongly correlated with the pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) (r=-0.68, P < 0.001 and r=-0.74, P < 0.001, respectively). Mean velocity of the main pulmonary artery and right pulmonary artery strongly correlated with PVRI and mean pulmonary artery pressure. Mean velocity of the superior vena cava and mean blood flow of the main pulmonary artery strongly correlated with PVRI and right cardiac work index. CONCLUSION Blood flow in the proximal pulmonary artery and vena cava evaluated by phase-contrast MRI correlate with hemodynamic parameters of right heart catheterization and can be used to noninvasively evaluate the severity of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and, potentially, to follow up the treatment response.
Survival and Inactivation of Arcobacter spp., a Current Status and Future Prospect

Arcobacter spp. has been isolated from food of animal origin (particularly meats) and from various kind of water. Despite its phylogenetically related neighbor Campylobacter, Arcobacter is regarded as an emerging foodborne pathogen. Since Arcobacter differs in its phenotypic characteristics, the physical and chemical treatments designed for elimination of campylobacters from food and environment needs to be verified. This review focuses on the occurrence, and mainly on susceptibility to various physical and chemical treatments for inactivation of Arcobacter spp. The existing studies have been critically discussed and new challenges were proposed for further studies.
Dietary factors and risk of pancreatic cancer: Results of a Canadian population‐based case‐control study

Dietary information from a case‐control study of pancreatic cancer conducted in Metropolitan Toronto between 1983 and 1986 is reported. A total of 249 cases and 505 populationbased controls completed quantitative diet histories from which total caloric intake and the intake of a number of nutrients were estimated. A positive association with total caloric intake was observed with a relative risk of 2.39, 95% confidence interval 1.18–4.83 (highest versus lowest quartile), due primarily to the intake of carbohydrates. Inverse associations were seen with fibre from fruit, vegetable and cereal sources, with a relative of risk of 0.42, 0.22–0.78 (highest versus lowest quartile), for total fibre intake.
Addition chain length minimization with evolutionary programming

This paper presents the use of an evolutionary metaheuristic algorithm called evolutionary programming to minimize the length of addition chains, which is an NP-hard problem. Addition chains are used in modular exponentiation for data encryption and decryption public-key cryptosystems, such as RSA, DSA and others. The algorithm starts with a population of feasible addition chains. After that, the combination of a mutation operator, which allows each individual to generate a feasible offspring, and a replacement process based on stochastic encounters provides a simple approach which is tested on exponents with different features. The proposed algorithm is able to find competitive results with respect to other nature-inspired metaheuristic approaches but with a lower number of evaluations per run.
Inverse Density as an Inverse Problem: the Fredholm Equation Approach

In this paper we address the problem of estimating the ratio $\frac{q}{p}$ where $p$ is a density function and $q$ is another density, or, more generally an arbitrary function. Knowing or approximating this ratio is needed in various problems of inference and integration, in particular, when one needs to average a function with respect to one probability distribution, given a sample from another. It is often referred as {\it importance sampling} in statistical inference and is also closely related to the problem of {\it covariate shift} in transfer learning as well as to various MCMC methods. It may also be useful for separating the underlying geometry of a space, say a manifold, from the density function defined on it. Our approach is based on reformulating the problem of estimating $\frac{q}{p}$ as an inverse problem in terms of an integral operator corresponding to a kernel, and thus reducing it to an integral equation, known as the Fredholm problem of the first kind. This formulation, combined with the techniques of regularization and kernel methods, leads to a principled kernel-based framework for constructing algorithms and for analyzing them theoretically. The resulting family of algorithms (FIRE, for Fredholm Inverse Regularized Estimator) is flexible, simple and easy to implement. We provide detailed theoretical analysis including concentration bounds and convergence rates for the Gaussian kernel in the case of densities defined on $\R^d$, compact domains in $\R^d$ and smooth $d$-dimensional sub-manifolds of the Euclidean space. We also show experimental results including applications to classification and semi-supervised learning within the covariate shift framework and demonstrate some encouraging experimental comparisons. We also show how the parameters of our algorithms can be chosen in a completely unsupervised manner.
Body Mass Index, Waist-circumference and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Iranian Adults: Isfahan Healthy Heart Program

Considering the main effect of obesity on chronic non-communicable diseases, this study was performed to assess the association between body mass index (BMI), waist-circumference (WC), cardiometabolic risk factors and to corroborate whether either or both BMI and WC are independently associated with the risk factors in a sample of Iranian adults. This cross-sectional study was performed on data from baseline survey of Isfahan Healthy Heart Program (IHHP). The study was done on 12,514 randomly-selected adults in Isfahan, Najafabad and Arak counties in 2000-2001. Ages of the subjects were recorded. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2-hour post-load glucose (2hpp), serum lipids, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), BMI, WC, smoking status, and total daily physical activity were determined. Increase in BMI and WC had a significant positive relation with the mean of FBG, 2hpp, SBP, DBP, serum lipids, except for HDL-C (p<0.001 for all). After adjustment for age, smoking, physical activity, socioeconomic status (SES), and BMI, the highest odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) for diabetes mellitus (DM) according to WC was 3.13 (1.93-5.08) and 1.99 (1.15-3.44) in women and men respectively. Moreover, the highest ORs based on BMI with adjustment for age, smoking, physical activity, SES, and WC were for dyslipidaemia (DLP) [1.97 (1.58-2.45) in women and 2.96 (2.41-3.63) in men]. The use of BMI or WC alone in the models caused to enhance all ORs. When both BMI and WC were entered in the model, the ORs for all risk factors, in men, according to BMI, were more compared to WC. However, in women, ORs for DM and hypertension (HTN) in WC quartiles were more than in BMI quartiles. BMI is the better predictor of DM, HTN, and DLP in men compared to WC. Conversely, in women, WC is a superior predictor than BMI, particularly for DM and HTN. Furthermore, the measurement of both WC and BMI in Iranian adults may be a better predictor of traditional risk factors of CVDs compared to BMI or WC alone.
An Omitted Level: An Examination of Relational Orientations and Viral Suppression Among HIV Serodiscordant Male Couples

Abstract:Couples' adopting a relational orientation, when partners regard themselves as a collective unit, is associated with optimal health. HIV-positive men and their HIV-negative partners (N = 116 serodiscordant male couples) were surveyed. Logistic regression showed greater relational orientations of HIV-positive [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 7.87; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.63 to 38.05] and HIV-negative partners (aOR = 6.16; 95% CI: 1.43 to 26.59) and HIV-positive partners' higher income (aOR = 2.95; 95% CI: 1.13 to 7.70) and lower depression (aOR = 0.39; 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.97) were associated with viral suppression with no evidence of mediation by adherence. Incorporating relationship dynamics into biomedical strategies is a promising avenue for research and intervention.
The effect of disease activity on fat-free mass and resting energy expenditure in patients with rheumatoid arthritis versus noninflammatory arthropathies/soft tissue rheumatism

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic joint disease of undetermined cause that is associated with significant disability. Low-grade fever, anemia, and weight loss are recognized extra-articular features associated with increased disease activity. Weight loss and cachexia are well-established features of RA. The mechanism behind weight loss in RA is not known and may be multifactorial. Reduced energy intake and hypermetabolism are the major two factors frequently implicated in the etiology of RA cachexia. One would expect the effect of the above two factors to be highest during increased disease activity and lowest during remission. The purpose of this study was: (a) to establish whether in RA patients changes in body composition mirror changes in disease activity, (b) to investigate the relation between the energy expenditures and weight loss, (c) to examine the dietary energy intake and its role in weight loss in RA patients, and (d) to investigate the relation between the cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 and other variables including resting energy expenditure (REE), body composition, and acute phase reactants. Fourteen patients with RA were age-, sex-, and race-matched with 14 controls from patients with noninflammatory diseases/soft tissue rheumatism. The measurements included the following: disease activity assessment, anthropometric measurements, indirect calorimetry, and measurements of dietary intake. Blood was collected to measure the acute-phase reactants and IL-6 levels. We demonstrated that loss of fat-free mass (FFM) might accelerate during times of increased disease activity and is only partially restored during periods of reduced disease activity. This probably means that the extent of cachexia in RA patients is determined by the frequency and intensity of disease activity (flare) for a given disease duration. Hypermetabolism with increased REE was more evident during increased disease activity. Hypermetabolism in the face of increased energy intake continued to cause loss of the FFM. Interleukin-6 correlates with increased REE and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. There was no direct association between IL-6 level and low FFM. We conclude that loss of FFM is common in RA, cytokine production in RA is associated with altered energy metabolism, and preservation of FFM is important in maintaining good quality of life in patients with RA.
A marketing paradox

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explain and discuss a paradoxical tension in the practice of marketing and the consequent dilemmas posed for practitioners in general and planners in particular.Design/methodology/approach – A “Viewpoint” contribution, with implicit permission to “think aloud. ” Informed opinion and logical argument are in this case founded on but not exclusively derived from the existing research‐based marketing literature, plus selected transfer of principles from other disciplines.Findings – The paradox is that, by concentrating on the contribution of accepted theory and principles to practice, in fact intellectual and conceptual progress might be hindered. A way out of this dilemma is to shift the focus from marketing‐as‐content (doing) to marketing‐as‐questioning (thinking). A new working definition emphasizes the value of this focus and the benefits of equal participation in the process by both academics and practitioners.Practical implications – A route map is offered for pr.
LBJ, the Rhetoric of Transcendence, and the Civil Rights Act of 1968

The Civil Rights Act of 1968 was the result of a complex convergence of presidential public persuasion in a context of increasing domestic violence associated with a series of summer disturbances and the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. Analysis of Lyndon Johnson's public discourse supporting the 1968 Civil Rights Act reveals that rhetorical transcendence was employed as a recurrent strategy in attempts to pass legislation.
The University of Illinois submission to the WMT 2015 Shared Translation Task

In this year’s WMT translation task, Finnish-English was introduced as a language pair of competition for the first time. We present experiments examining several variations on a morphologically-aware statistical phrase-based machine translation system for translating Finnish into English. Our system variations attempt to mitigate the issue of rich agglutinative morphology when translating from Finnish into English. Our WMT submission for Finnish-English preprocesses Finnish data with omorfi (Pirinen, 2015), a Finnish morphological analyzer. We also present results for two other language pairs with morphologically interesting source languages, namely German-English and Czech-English.
Th1-Th17 Cells Mediate Protective Adaptive Immunity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans Infection in Mice

We sought to define protective mechanisms of immunity to Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans bloodstream infections in mice immunized with the recombinant N-terminus of Als3p (rAls3p-N) vaccine plus aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH3) adjuvant, or adjuvant controls. Deficiency of IFN-γ but not IL-17A enhanced susceptibility of control mice to both infections. However, vaccine-induced protective immunity against both infections required CD4+ T-cell-derived IFN-γ and IL-17A, and functional phagocytic effectors. Vaccination primed Th1, Th17, and Th1/17 lymphocytes, which produced pro-inflammatory cytokines that enhanced phagocytic killing of both organisms. Vaccinated, infected mice had increased IFN-γ, IL-17, and KC, increased neutrophil influx, and decreased organism burden in tissues. In summary, rAls3p-N vaccination induced a Th1/Th17 response, resulting in recruitment and activation of phagocytes at sites of infection, and more effective clearance of S. aureus and C. albicans from tissues. Thus, vaccine-mediated adaptive immunity can protect against both infections by targeting microbes for destruction by innate effectors.
New Product Development in an Emerging Economy: Analysing the Role of Supplier Involvement Practices by Using Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo Technique

The research question is whether the positive relationship found between supplier involvement practices and new product development performances in developed economies also holds in emerging economies. The role of supplier involvement practices in new product development performance is yet to be substantially investigated in the emerging economies (other than China). This premise was examined by distributing a survey instrument (Jayaram’s (2008) published survey instrument that has been utilised in developed economies) to Malaysian manufacturing companies. To gauge the relationship between the supplier involvement practices and new product development (NPD) project performance of 146 companies, structural equation modelling was adopted. Our findings prove that supplier involvement practices have a significant positive impact on NPD project performance in an emerging economy with respect to quality objectives, design objectives, cost objectives, and “time-to-market” objectives. Further analysis using the Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm, yielding a more credible and feasible differentiation, confirmed these results (even in the case of an emerging economy) and indicated that these practices have a 28% impact on variance of NPD project performance. This considerable effect implies that supplier involvement is a must have, although further research is needed to identify the contingencies for its practices.
Kinetic evidence for a ligand-binding-induced conformational transition in the T cell receptor

Thermodynamics and kinetics of the interaction between T cell receptor specific for cytomegalovirus peptide (TCRCMV) and its specific ligand, pp65–HLA-A*0201 complex, were studied by surface plasmon resonance and stopped-flow methods. In the latter measurements, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between fluorescently labeled reactants was used. Thermodynamic data derived from surface plasmon resonance measurements suggest that the complex formation is driven by both favorable enthalpy and entropy. Two reaction phases were resolved by the stopped-flow measurements. The rate constant of the first step was calculated to be close to the diffusion-controlled limit rate (3·105 to 106 M−1·s−1), whereas the second step's reaction rate was found to be concentration independent and relatively slow (2–4 s−1 at 25°C). These findings strongly suggest that the interactions between the TCR and its ligand, the peptide–MHC complex, proceed by a two-step mechanism, in which the second step is an induced-fit process, rate determining for antigen recognition by TCR.
Blending Voices: Negotiating Educational Choices for Upper/Middle Class Well-Educated Interracial Couples' Children

Education is a critical parenting issue that may have a strong racial component. Using the framework of Cultural Contracts Theory, this study seeks to explore how interracial couples negotiate priorities on education as they raise their children. We found that couples' strategic choices displayed (a) distinct attitudes about the meaning of a good education, (b) distinct identification priorities depending on their particular minority background, and (c) the influence of intersecting factors such as generational variables related to socioeconomic status, immigrant background, and individual and partner conflict resolution style preferences. The choices also demonstrated tendencies to (a) identify overlapping roles common to each culture, (b) honor the mother's role, and (c) value 2 cultures and 2 perspectives. Unlike research marking interracial relationships as dysfunctional, interracial couples have the benefit of multiple perspectives and show willingness to have quasi-completed and cocreated cultural contracts with their spouses when negotiating their children's educational choices.
A semi-exact sequential Monte Carlo filtering algorithm in Hidden Markov Chains

Bayesian filtering is an important issue in Hidden Markov Chains (HMC) models. In many problems it is of interest to compute both the a posteriori filtering pdf at each time instant n and a moment Θn thereof. Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) techniques, which include Particle filtering (PF) and Auxiliary PF (APF) algorithms, propagate a set of weighted particles which approximate that filtering pdf at time n, and then compute a Monte Carlo (MC) estimate of Θn. In this paper we show that in models where the so-called Fully Adapted APF (FA-APF) algorithm can be used such as semi-linear Gaussian state-space models, one can compute an estimate of the moment of interest at time n based only on the new observation yn and on the set of particles at time n - 1. This estimate does not suffer from the extra MC variation due to the sampling of new particles at time n, and is thus preferable to that based on that new set of particles, due to the Rao-Blackwell (RB) theorem. We finally extend our solution to models where the FA-APF cannot be used any longer.
SimpleMAC: A Simple Wireless MAC-Layer Countermeasure to Intelligent and Insider Jammers

In wireless networks, users share a transmission medium. For efficient channel use, wireless systems often use a Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol to perform channel coordination by having each node announce its usage intentions and other nodes avoid making conflicting transmissions. Traditionally, such announcements are made on a common control channel. However, this control channel is vulnerable to jamming because its location is pre-assigned and known to attackers. Furthermore, the announcements themselves provide information useful for jamming. We focus on a situation where transmitters share spectrum in the presence of intelligent and insider jammers capable of adaptively changing their jamming patterns. Despite the complex threat model, we propose a simple MAC scheme, called SimpleMAC, that effectively counters network compromise and MAC-aware jamming attacks. We then study the optimal adversarial behavior and analyze the performance of the proposed scheme theoretically, through Monte Carlo simulations, and by implementation on the WARP software-defined radio platform. In comparison to the Nash equilibrium alternative of disabling the MAC protocol, SimpleMAC quickly attains vastly improved performance and converges to the optimal solution (over six-fold improvement in SINR and 50% gains in channel capacity in a realistic mobile scenario).