Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Low-Fidelity Polymerases of Alphaviruses Recombine at Higher Rates To Overproduce Defective Interfering Particles

ABSTRACT Low-fidelity RNA-dependent RNA polymerases for many RNA virus mutators have been shown to confer attenuated phenotypes, presumably due to increased mutation rates. Additionally, for many RNA viruses, replication to high titers results in the production of defective interfering particles (DIs) that also attenuate infection. We hypothesized that fidelity, recombination, and DI production are tightly linked. We show that a Sindbis virus mutator replicating at a high multiplicity of infection manifests an earlier and greater accumulation of DIs than its wild-type counterpart. The isolated DIs interfere with the replication of full-length virus in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, the ability of the mutator virus to overproduce DIs could be linked to an increased recombination frequency. These data confirm that RNA-dependent RNA polymerase fidelity and recombination are inversely correlated for this mutator. Our findings suggest that defective interference resulting from higher recombination rates may be more detrimental to RNA virus mutators than the increase in mutational burden. IMPORTANCE Replication, adaptation, and evolution of RNA viruses rely in large part on their low-fidelity RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Viruses artificially modified in their polymerases to decrease fidelity (mutator viruses) are attenuated in vivo, demonstrating the important role of fidelity in viral fitness. However, attenuation was attributed solely to the modification of the viral mutation rate and the accumulation of detrimental point mutations. In this work, we described an additional phenotype of mutator viruses: an increased recombination rate leading to defective interfering particle (DI) overproduction. Because DIs are known for their inhibitory effect on viral replication, our work suggests that fidelity variants may be attenuated in vivo via several mechanisms. This has important implications in the development of fidelity variants as live attenuated vaccine strains.
WIRELESS MESH NETWORKS

Acknowledgement I would like to thank respected Mr……. and Mr. ……. for giving me such a wonderful opportunity to expand my knowledge for my own branch and giving me guidelines to present a seminar report. It helped me a lot to realize of what we study for. Secondly, I would like to thank my parents who patiently helped me as i went through my work and helped to modify and eliminate some of the irrelevant or unnecessary stuffs. Thirdly, I would like to thank my friends who helped me to make my work more organized and well-stacked till the end. Next, I would thank Microsoft for developing such a wonderful tool like MS Word. It helped my work a lot to remain error-free. Last but clearly not the least, I would thank The Almighty for giving me strength to complete my report on time. Preface I have made this report file on the topic Wireless Mesh Networks; I have tried my best to elucidate all the relevant detail to the topic to be included in the report. While in the beginning I have tried to give a general view about this topic. My efforts and wholehearted co-corporation of each and everyone has ended on a successful note. I express my sincere gratitude to …………. who assisting me throughout the preparation of this topic. I thank him for providing me the reinforcement, confidence and most importantly the track for the topic whenever I needed it.
Afferent connections of the dorsal premammillary nucleus

The dorsal premammillary nucleus (PMd) is thought to play a critical role for the expression of fear responses to environmental threats. We have reported previously that during an encounter with a predator the PMd presents an impressive increase in Fos levels and cell body‐specific chemical lesions therein virtually eliminate the expression of escape and freezing responses. In the present study, we carried out a systematic analysis of PMd afferent connections combining anterograde and retrograde tracing methods in the rat. We show that the nucleus receives inputs from several widely distributed areas in the forebrain and, to a much lesser extent, from the brainstem as well. From this information, it seems that the major telencephalic source of input to the PMd is the interfascicular nucleus of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis. In addition, substantial telencephalic inputs to the nucleus seem to arise from the infralimbic and prelimbic areas, and the lateral septal nucleus. In the diencephalon, massive inputs to the PMd arise from the anterior hypothalamic nucleus, specific parts of the perifornical region, the retinoceptive region of the lateral hypothalamic area, and the anterior and dorsomedial parts of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. In contrast, the ventral tegmental nucleus seems to be the only brainstem site that provides substantial inputs to the PMd. Overall, the present analysis helps to delineate prosencephalic circuits seemingly critical for the organization of innate fear responses to environmental threats, where the PMd presents a major associative role. Furthermore, by means of massive inputs from the ventral tegmental nucleus, the PMd is in a position to integrate information from a neural system involved in spatial working memory, which may be of particular relevance for an effect of attentional mechanisms on the selection of appropriate escape strategies. J. Comp. Neurol. 423:83–98, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of the iterative decoding of product codes using the Gaussian approximation

In this paper we introduce a model of the iterative decoding of product codes. For each iteration, an approximation of the bit error rate (BER) at the output of the decoders is used to evaluate the density of the extrinsic information. The decoding thresholds obtained for the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and the Rayleigh fading channel are consistent with the simulation results available in the literature.
In vitro analysis of mechanisms underlying age‐dependent failure of axon regeneration

Severed axons of the inferior colliculus (IC) commissure can regenerate across a lesion in organotypic cultures from postnatal day (P) 6 gerbils, but this regenerative capacity is lost by P12 (Hafidi et al. [ 1995 ] J Neurosci 15:1298–1307, [1999] J Neurobiol 41:267–280). In the present study, we examined the mechanisms underlying this age‐dependent failure of axons to regenerate. In P6–P12 heterochronic cultures, the P12 axons failed to cross the lesion site and project to the contralateral P6 IC lobe. In contrast, axons originating from the P6 lobe could regenerate through the lesion and invade the contralateral P12 IC lobe. To determine whether this age‐dependent change in regenerative capacity can develop in organotypic cultures, IC slices with an intact commissure were obtained from P6 animals, grown in vitro for 6 days, and then lesioned at the commissure. In these slices, axon regeneration failure was similar to that observed in normal P12 tissue. Several in vitro treatments enhanced axon regeneration: removal of the entire midline region, inhibition of protein synthesis at the lesion site, and exposure to ABC chondroitinase. Furthermore, when the injured commissural axons were provided with a carpet of C6‐R cells (a radial glia‐like cell line), significantly more axons projected to the contralateral lobe of the IC. Taken together, these results suggest that the maturation of nonneuronal cells within the lesion site lead to failed axon regeneration in mature animals, and show that ameliorative strategies can be evaluated in vitro. J. Comp. Neurol. 470:80–92, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Child abuse experiences in adolescents with externalizing disorders

Objectives The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of experiencing childhood abuse on externalizing disorders in a sample of adolescents from Mansoura Adolescents Unit. Patients and methods A total of 300 adolescents were included in the study; of them 100 were diagnosed as having externalizing disorders, whereas the other 200 were control adolescents from the outpatient clinic of Dermatology Department and Pediatric Hospital of Mansura University. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents was used for diagnosis, and a questionnaire on child abuse experiences was administered for assessment of parental abuse (physical and psychological) and sexual abuse. Finally, the modified Global assessment of functioning scale was used to assess the outcome of externalizing disorders. Results Paternal psychological abuse is significantly associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (combined type), conduct disorder (CD), and substance use disorders (SUDs), whereas paternal physical abuse is significantly associated with CD and SUDs. Maternal physical abuse is associated with CD and oppositional defiant disorder, whereas maternal psychological abuse and sexual abuse are significantly associated with CD and SUDs. Therefore, paternal physical abuse is considered the only predictor of externalizing disorders. Conclusion This study has implications for the assessment of effect of childhood abuse on externalizing disorders during adolescence. Children physically abused, especially by the father in the sample, appeared to be at a greater risk for externalizing disorders. However, all types of child abuse were associated with externalizing disorders.
An HMM-Based Algorithm for Content Ranking and Coherence-Feature Extraction

In this paper, we propose an algorithm called coherence hidden Markov model (HMM) to extract coherence features and rank content. Coherence HMM is a variant of HMM and is used to model the stochastic process of essay writing and identify topics as hidden states, given sequenced clauses as observations. This study uses probabilistic latent semantic analysis for parameter estimation of coherence HMM. In coherence-feature extraction, support vector regression (SVR) with surface features and coherence features is used for essay grading. The experimental results indicate that SVR can benefit from coherence features. The adjacent agreement rate and the exact agreement rate are 95.24% and 59.80%, respectively. Moreover, this study submits high-scoring essays to the same experiment and finds that the adjacent agreement rate and exact agreement rate are 98.33% and 64.50%, respectively. In content ranking, we design and implement an intelligent assisted blog writing system based on the coherence-HMM ranking model. Several corpora are employed to help users efficiently compose blog articles. When users finish composing a clause or sentence, the system provides candidate texts for their reference based on current clause or sentence content. The experimental results demonstrate that all participants can benefit from the system and save considerable time on writing articles.
Real-time adaptive background segmentation

Automatic analysis of digital video scenes often requires the segmentation of moving objects from the background. Historically, algorithms developed for this purpose have been restricted to small frame sizes, low frame rates or offline processing. The simplest approach involves subtracting the current frame from the known background. However, as the background is unknown, the key is how to learn and model it. This paper proposes a new algorithm that represents each pixel in the frame by a group of clusters. The clusters are ordered according the likelihood they model the background and are adapted to deal with background and lighting variations. Incoming pixels are matched against the corresponding cluster group and are classified according to whether the matching cluster is considered part of the background. The algorithm has been subjectively evaluated against three other techniques. It demonstrated equal or better segmentation than the other techniques and proved capable of processing 320 /spl times/ 240 video at 28 fps, excluding post-processing.
On the Performance of Orthogonal Source Separation Algorithms

Source separation consists in recovering a set of n independent signals from m n observed instantaneous mixtures of these signals, possibly corrupted by additive noise. Many source separation algorithms use second order information in a whitening operation which reduces the non trivial part of the separation to determining a unitary matrix. Most of them further show a kind of invariance property which can be exploited to predict some general results about their performance. Our rst contribution is to exhibit a lower bound to the performance in terms of accuracy of the separation. This bound is independent of the algorithm and, in the i.i. d. case, of the distribution of the source signals. Second, we show that the performance of invariant algorithms depends on the mixing matrix and on the noise level in a speciic way. A consequence is that at low noise levels, the performance does not depend on the mixture but only on the distribution of the sources, via a function which is characteristic of the given source separation algorithm.
Deep generation of metaphors

We report here on progress toward a pipeline for the deep generation of metaphorical expressions in natural language. Our approach uses a combination of artificial intelligence and deep natural language generation. Metaphor is ubiquitous in forms of everyday discourse [1], [2], such as ordinary conversation, news articles, popular novels, advertisements, etc. Metaphor is an important resource for clearly and economically conveying ideas of prime human interest, such as relationships, money, disease, states of mind, passage of time. Since most Artificial Intelligence (AI) research has been about understanding rather than generating metaphorical language, such ubiquity presents a challenge to those working toward improving the ways in which AI systems understand inter-human discourse (e.g. newspaper articles, etc), or produce more natural-seeming language. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in generation, but accounts of metaphor understanding are still relatively more advanced. To redress the balance towards generation of metaphor, we directly tackle the role of AI systems in communication, uniquely combining this with corpus linguistics, deep generation and other natural language processing techniques, in order to guide output toward more natural forms of expression.
Subject Tests for SAT I: Reasoning Test: Impact on Admitted Class Composition and Quality

Using data from a sample of 10 colleges at which most students had taken both SAT I: Reasoning tests and SAT II: Subject tests, we simulated the effects of making selection decisions using SAT II scores in place of SAT I scores. Specifically, we treated the students in each college as forming the applicant pool for a more select college, and then selected the top two thirds (and top one third) of the students using high school grade point average combined with either SAT I scores or the average of SAT II scores. Success rates, in terms of first-year grade point averages, were virtually identical for students selected by the different models. The percentage of African American, Asian American, and White students selected varied only slightly across models. Appreciably more Mexican American and Other Latino students were selected with the model that used SAT II scores in place of SAT I scores because these students submitted subject test scores for the Spanish test on which they had high scores.
Numerical Approximations of Pressureless and Isothermal Gas Dynamics

We study several schemes of first- or second-order accuracy based on kinetic approximations to solve pressureless and isothermal gas dynamics equations. The pressureless gas system is weakly hyperbolic, giving rise to the formation of density concentrations known as delta-shocks. For the isothermal gas system, the infinite speed of expansion into vacuum leads to zero timestep in the Godunov method based on exact Riemann solver. The schemes we consider are able to bypass these difficulties. They are proved to satisfy positiveness of density and discrete entropy inequalities, to capture the delta-shocks, and to treat data with vacuum.
A generalization of mean value analysis to higher moments: moment analysis

Closed product-form queueing networks are considered. Recursive schemata are proposed for the higher moments of the number of customers in the queues, called “moment analysis”. As with mean value analysis (MVA), in general no state probabilities are needed. Approximation techniques for these schemata similar to those existing for MVA are introduced.
A comparison of rates, risk factors, and outcomes of gestational diabetes between aboriginal and non-aboriginal women in the Saskatoon health district.

OBJECTIVE To determine possible differences in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) between aboriginal and non-aboriginal people in the Saskatoon Health District. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a prospective survey of all women admitted for childbirth to the Saskatoon Royal University Hospital between January and July 1998. We compared prevalence rates, risk factors, and outcomes of GDM between aboriginal and non-aboriginal women. RESULTS Information was obtained from 2,006 women, of whom 252 aboriginal and 1,360 non-aboriginal subjects had been tested for GDM. The overall rates of GDM were 3.5% for women in the general population and 11.5% for aboriginal women. For those living within the Saskatoon Health District, GDM rates were 3.7 and 6.4%, respectively. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that aboriginal ethnicity, most notably when combined with obesity, was an independent predictor for GDM. Pregravid BMI > or = 27 kg/m(2) and maternal age > or = 33 years were the most important risk factors for GDM in aboriginal women, whereas previous GDM, family history of diabetes, and maternal age > or = 38 years were the strongest predictors for GDM in non-aboriginal women. CONCLUSIONS There may be fundamental differences in GDM between aboriginal and non-aboriginal people. Because GDM contributes to an increased risk for type 2 diabetes in aboriginal women and their offspring, the impact of prevention and optimal treatment of GDM on the type 2 diabetes epidemic in susceptible populations are important areas for further investigation.
Dynamically generated embeddings of spacetime

We discuss how embeddings in connection with the Campbell–Magaard (CM) theorem can have a physical interpretation. We show that any embedding whose local existence is guaranteed by the CM theorem can be viewed as a result of the dynamical evolution of initial data given in a four-dimensional spacelike hypersurface. By using the CM theorem, we establish that for any analytical spacetime, there exist appropriate initial data whose Cauchy development is a five-dimensional vacuum space into which the spacetime is locally embedded. We shall see also that the spacetime embedded is Cauchy stable with respect to the initial data.
Creating Original Products and Infomercials to Study Rhetorical Analysis

Rhetorical analysis was a required unit of study for college students enrolled in intermediate English as a second language (ESL) composition. Twenty-six students participated in a project creating an original product and its infomercial. The project aimed at increasing student motivation to continue writing essays in English and providing a space for them to collaborate in small groups to do independent work. The research questions guiding the project were as follows: What are the linguistic gains for ESL students participating in rhetoric practice in a college composition course creating an original product and its infomercial? What can be learned about fostering learner independence as a result of implementing this project? Therefore, the students created infomercials of original products, used persuasion and argumentation strategies, transmitted social messages, and engaged in civic literacy. Independent learning occurred as students worked in small groups and made decisions, planned, applied new/previous knowledge, and shared resources. The students were able to construct knowledge and scaffold each other’s learning successfully.
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF BONE REMODELING CONSIDERING MECHANOREGULATORY MECHANISMS: THEORETICAL MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND NUMERICAL STUDIES

Bone remodeling involves the coordinated removal of bone by osteoclasts and addition of bone by osteoblasts, a process that is modulated by the prevailing mechanical environment. In this paper a fully coupled model of bone remodeling is developed, based on coupling a bone cell population model with a micromechanical homogenization scheme of bone stiffness. While the former model considers biochemical regulatory mechanisms between bone cells such as the RANK-RANKL-OPG pathway and action of TGF-beta, the latter model allows for accurate upscaling of the mechanical properties of bone. Importantly, we consider bone remodeling as being controlled proportionally to the microscopic strain energy density, on the observation scale where the sensing of the mechanical loading takes place, estimated by means of continuum micromechanics-based strain concentration. This approach allows to address two fundamental questions of bone biology: (i) How do biochemical changes influ- ence bone remodeling and so affect the composition and mechanical properties of bone? and (ii) What mechanisms are responsible for mechanoregulation of bone remodeling? Numerical studies highlight the conceptual advantage of this new approach compared to conventional phenomenological models. It is demonstrated that the proposed model is able to simulate changes of the bone constituent volume fractions that are in qualitative agreement with exper- imental observations for osteoporotic and disuse syndromes.
Trajectories of Neighborhood Change: Spatial Patterns of Increasing Ethnic Diversity

Western cities are increasingly ethnically diverse and in most cities the share of ethnic minorities is growing. Studies analyzing changing ethnic geographies often limit their analysis to changes in ethnic concentrations in neighborhoods between two points in time. Such a static approach limits our understanding of pathways of ethnic neighborhood change, and of the underlying factors contributing to change. This paper analyzes full trajectories of neighborhood change in the four largest cities in the Netherlands between 1999 and 2013. Our modelling strategy categorizes neighborhoods based on their unique growth trajectories of the ethnic population composition, providing a longitudinal view of ethnic segregation. Our results show that the ethnic composition in neighborhoods remains relatively stable over time. We find evidence for a slow trend towards deconcentration of ethnic minorities and increased (spatial) population mixing in most neighborhoods. We show how residential mobility decreases segregation, while natural population growth tends to reinforce segregation. While the ethnic minority presence in cities grows, there is a substantial share of neighborhoods which can be identified as white citadels; characterized by a stable large native population, with high incomes and high house values. These neighborhoods seem to be inaccessible to ethnic minorities, which illustrates the spatial manifestation of exclusionary elitism in increasingly ethnically diverse cities.