Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Source Software Development : A Case Study of FreeBSD

A common claim is that open source software development produces higher quality software at lower cost than traditional commercial development. To validate such claims, researchers have conducted case studies of “successful” open source development projects. This case study of the FreeBSD project provides further understanding of open source development. The FreeBSD development process is fairly well-defined with proscribed methods for determining developer responsibilities, dealing with enhancements and defects, and for managing releases. Compared to the Apache project, FreeBSD uses a smaller set of core developers that implement a smaller portion of the system, and uses a more well-defined testing process. FreeBSD and Apache have a similar ratio of core developers to (1) people involved in adapting and debugging the system, and (2) people who report problems. Both systems have similar defect densities, and the developers are also users in both systems.
Routine Mucosal Closure with a Detachable Snare and Clips after Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Gastric Epithelial Neoplasms: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background/Aims The aim of this study was to determine whether the routine closure of mucosal defects after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) can enhance mucosal healing and reduce ESD-associated bleeding. Methods Patients with gastric epithelial neoplasias and no obvious submucosal invasion were prospectively enrolled. Mucosal defects were left untreated in the control group. In the study group, mucosal closure was attempted with a 2-channel endoscope, a detachable snare, and clips. All participants received a second-look endoscopy the day after ESD, and coagulation therapy was administered to patients with visible vessels and active bleeding points. Results Fifty-two patients were enrolled in the study, and 26 patients were assigned to each group. Complete mucosal defect closure occurred in 16 patients (61%) in the study group; incomplete closure occurred in 8 patients (31%) in the study group, and failed closure occurred in 2 patients (8%). Coagulation therapy at the second-look endoscopy was performed more often in the control group than in the study group (31% vs 4%, p=0.024). There were no significant differences in the incidence of immediate or delayed bleeding or in the two-week decrease in hemoglobin between the groups. The prevalence of open ulcers after 8 weeks was significantly lower in the study group than in the control group (18% vs 43%, p=0.012). Conclusions Routine mucosal closure after ESD supports earlier healing of artificial ulcers. A larger-scale trial is necessary to determine whether mucosal closure can reduce ESD-associated bleeding.
Statically checking API protocol conformance with mined multi-object specifications

Programmers using an API often must follow protocols that specify when it is legal to call particular methods. Several techniques have been proposed to find violations of such protocols based on mined specifications. However, existing techniques either focus on single-object protocols or on particular kinds of bugs, such as missing method calls. There is no practical technique to find multi-object protocol bugs without a priori known specifications. In this paper, we combine a dynamic analysis that infers multi-object protocols and a static checker of API usage constraints into a fully automatic protocol conformance checker. The combined system statically detects illegal uses of an API without human-written specifications. Our approach finds 41 bugs and code smells in mature, real-world Java programs with a true positive rate of 51%. Furthermore, we show that the analysis reveals bugs not found by state of the art approaches.
An Examination of a Reciprocal Relationship Between Religiosity and Different Forms of Delinquency Within a Theoretical Model

This study of 1,093 adolescents from six public high schools does not support the argument that property crimes, crimes against persons, and use of alcohol and other drugs are behavior manifestations of an interrelated constellation or syndrome of delinquency. A factor analysis clearly shows that the various forms of delinquency studied load on three distinct factors. In addition, whereas the hypothesized theoretical model does explain considerable variation in frequency of alcohol use and of criminal behavior (22 percent and 24 percent, respectively), it does not account for much variance in drug use (6 percent). Whereas there are reciprocal relationships between religiosity and drug use and religiosity and crime, only the feedback effect of religiosity on alcohol use is significant. These latter findings suggest that future studies need to examine reciprocal relationships and that the relationship between alcohol use and religiosity needs to be reexamined conceptually and empirically in future studies.
Combining radiotherapy with AZD2171, a potent inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling: pathophysiologic effects and therapeutic benefit

AZD2171 is a highly potent, orally active inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling. The potential for AZD2171 to enhance the antitumor effects of radiotherapy was investigated in lung (Calu-6) and colon (LoVo) human tumor xenograft models. Combined treatment resulted in a significantly enhanced growth delay compared with either modality alone. The enhancement was independent of whether chronic once daily AZD2171 treatment was given 2 h prior to each radiation fraction (2 Gy daily for 3 or 5 consecutive days), and daily thereafter, or commenced immediately following the course of radiotherapy. Histologic assessments revealed that 5 days of radiation (2 Gy) or AZD2171 (3 or 6 mg/kg/d) reduced vessel density and perfusion. Concomitant AZD2171 and radiation enhanced this effect and produced a significant increase in tumor hypoxia. Concomitant AZD2171 (6 mg/kg/d) was also found to reduce tumor growth significantly during the course of radiotherapy (5 × 2 Gy). However, the extent and duration of tumor regression observed postradiotherapy was similar to sequentially treated tumors, suggesting that preirradiated tumors were sensitized to AZD2171 treatment. An enhanced antivascular effect of administering AZD2171 postradiotherapy was observed in real-time in Calu-6 tumors grown in dorsal window chambers. Collectively, these data support the clinical development of AZD2171 in combination with radiotherapy. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(2):599–606]
Team Alignment in Negotiation: The Impact of Intra- and Inter-Team Discussions

The present research examined how intra- and inter-team discussions prior to negotiations affect negotiation processes and outcomes. A Pilot Study showed that intra-team discussions motivate negotiators to understand the underlying interests more deeply (i.e. epistemic motivation), whereas inter-team discussions foster a greater concern for the counterpart (i.e. prosocial motivation). Experiment 1 showed that teams, independent of their power, achieved greater economic and social outcomes when they engaged in intra- and inter-team discussions instead of just one discussion format or none at all. In a multiparty setting, Experiment 2 showed why: intra-team discussions resulted in greater economic outcomes because they increased negotiators' understanding of the underlying interests, whereas inter-team discussions improved social outcomes because they encouraged cooperative behaviour. Experiment 3 examined the order in which both discussion formats are administered and found that an intra-team discussion, followed by an inter-team discussion resulted in better economic and social outcomes than a reverse order because it established greater alignment between negotiating teams.
A HMM-Embedded Unsupervised Learning to Musical Event Detection

In this paper, an HMM-embedded unsupervised learning approach is proposed to detect the music events by grouping the similar segments of the music signal. This approach can cluster the segments based on their similarity of the spectral as well as the temporal structures. This is not easily done for clustering with the traditional similarity measures. Together with a Bayesian information criterion, the proposed approach can obtain a suitable event set to regularize the complexity of the model structure. The natural product of the approach is a set of music events modeled by the HMMs. Our experimental analyses show that the detected musical events have more perceptual meaning and are more consistent than the KL-distance based clustering. The learned events match better with our experience in spectrogram reading. Its capacity is further evaluated on a task of music identification. The identification error rate is reduced to 1.57%, and 56.3% relative error rate reduction is observed comparing with the system trained using the KL-distance clustering method
Parallel Processing for Multi Face Detection and Recognition

— In this paper, a robust approach for real time face recognition where the images come from live video is proposed. To improve the algorithmic efficiency of face detection, we combine the eigenface method using Haar-like features to detect both of eyes and face, and Robert cross edge detector to locate the human face position. Robert Cross uses the integral image representation and simple rectangular features to eliminate the need of expensive calculation of multi-scale image pyramid. Moreover, In order to provide fast response in our system, we use Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to reduce the dimensionality of the training set, leaving only those features that are critical for face recognition. Eigendistance is used in face recognition to match the new face while it is projected on the face space. The matching is done when the variation difference between the new image and the stored image is below the threshold value. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme significantly improves the recognition performance. Overall, we find the system outperforms other techniques. Moreover, the proposed system can be used in different vision-based human computer interaction such as ATM, cell phone, intelligent buildings, etc.
Cell surface polypeptide CshA mediates binding of Streptococcus gordonii to other oral bacteria and to immobilized fibronectin

Isogenic mutants of Streptococcus gordonii DL1 (Challis) in which the genes encoding high-molecular-mass cell surface polypeptides CshA and/or CshB were inactivated were deficient in binding to four strains of Actinomyces naeslundii and two strains of Streptococcus oralis. Lactose-sensitive interactions of S. gordonii with A. naeslundii ATCC 12104 and PK606 were associated with expression of cshA but not of cshB. Lactose-insensitive interactions of S. gordonii with A. naeslundii T14V and WVU627, and with S. oralis C104 and 34, were dependent on expression of cshA and cshB. S. gordonii DL1 cells bound to immobilized human fibronectin (Fn), but not to soluble Fn, in a dose-dependent manner, and binding was noninhibitable by heparin. S. gordonii cshA and cshB mutants were also deficient in binding to immobilized human Fn. Antibodies to an NH2-terminal nonrepetitive region (amino acid residues 42 to 886) of recombinant CshA inhibited binding of S. gordonii DL1 cells to A. naeslundii T14V and PK606 and to immobilized Fn. Conversely, antibodies to an amino acid repeat block segment of the COOH-terminal domain (amino acid residues 2026 to 2508) were not inhibitory to adherence. Assays using CshA-specific antibodies revealed that surface expression of CshA was reduced in cshB mutants. The results suggest that CshA acts as a multifunctional adhesin in S. gordonii and that major adhesion-mediating sequences are specified within the nonrepetitive NH2-terminal region of the polypeptide.
Posterior urethral injuries and the Mitrofanoff principle in children

To report our experience of children with trauma causing posterior urethral injury who at some stage underwent a Mitrofanoff intervention, as post‐traumatic urethral injuries can demand long‐term treatment which (regardless of the surgical intervention) requires a period of dilatation of the reconstructed urethra.
Electromyographic Correlates of Learning an Internal Model of Reaching Movements

Theoretical and psychophysical studies have suggested that humans learn to make reaching movements in novel dynamic environments by building specific internal models (IMs). Here we have found electromyographic correlates of internal model formation. We recorded EMG from four muscles as subjects learned to move a manipulandum that created systematic forces (a “force field”). We also simulated a biomechanical controller, which generated movements based on an adaptive IM of the inverse dynamics of the human arm and the manipulandum. The simulation defined two metrics of muscle activation. The first metric measured the component of the EMG of each muscle that counteracted the force field. We found that early in training, the field-appropriate EMG was driven by an error feedback signal. As subjects practiced, the peak of the field-appropriate EMG shifted temporally to earlier in the movement, becoming a feedforward command. The gradual temporal shift suggests that the CNS may use the delayed error–feedback response, which was likely to have been generated through spinal reflex circuits, as a template to learn a predictive feedforward response. The second metric quantified formation of the IM through changes in the directional bias of each muscle’s spatial EMG function, i.e., EMG as a function of movement direction. As subjects practiced, co-activation decreased, and the directional bias of each muscle’s EMG function gradually rotated by an amount that was specific to the field being learned. This demonstrates that formation of an IM can be represented through rotations in the spatial tuning of muscle EMG functions. Combined with other recent work linking spatial tunings of EMG and motor cortical cells, these results suggest that rotations in motor cortical tuning functions could underlie representation of internal models in the CNS.
Veteran Parents in Child Protective Services: Theory and Implementation.

“Veteran parents” (VPs), or parents who have experienced challenges concerning their children's health and then mentor other families through similar situations, are widely used for parent support. This model has been adopted by Child Protective Services (CPS) to increase parent engagement. Here, we expand the theoretical discussion of VPs in CPS to address the unique challenges and implementation issues associated with maltreating families. We contend that this model, as originally evaluated in pediatrics, is compromised within CPS. VP programs in CPS will require the same rigorous investigation as other new programs.
Recent Developments in Aircraft Wireless Networks

This report discusses some key recent developments in the area of wireless networking on aircraft. We discuss the products and services in commercial aviation that have been driven by the demand for in-flight entertainment and connectivity. We also touch on the research that has enabled this technology. Lastly, we mention the developments in military aircraft wireless networks, and the standards behind them.
Blind separation of speech and sub-Gaussian signals in underdetermined case

Conventional blind source separation (BSS) algorithms are applicable when the number of sources equals to that of observations; however, they are inapplicable when the number of sources is larger than that of observations. Most underdetermined BSS algorithms have been developed based on an assumption that all sources have sparse distributions. These algorithms are applicable to separate speech signals with super-Gaussian distribution in the underdetermined case. However, they fail to separate the underdetermined mixtures of speech signals and sub-Gaussian signals. In this paper, a novel method for separating the underdetermined mixtures of sources with both superand sub-Gaussian distributions is proposed. In the proposed method, underdetermined BSS problem is converted to conventional BSS problem by generating hidden observations so that the probability of estimated sources is maximized. Simulation results show that the proposed method can separate the underdetermined mixtures of speech signals and sub-Gaussian signals.
Parser Adaptation for Social Media by Integrating Normalization

This work explores different approaches of using normalization for parser adaptation. Traditionally, normalization is used as separate pre-processing step. We show that integrating the normalization model into the parsing algorithm is more beneficial. This way, multiple normalization candidates can be leveraged, which improves parsing performance on social media. We test this hypothesis by modifying the Berkeley parser; out-of-the-box it achieves an F1 score of 66.52. Our integrated approach reaches a significant improvement with an F1 score of 67.36, while using the best normalization sequence results in an F1 score of only 66.94.
Evolutionary Algorithms: Concepts, Designs, and Applications in Bioinformatics: Evolutionary Algorithms for Bioinformatics

Since genetic algorithm was proposed by John Holland (Holland J. H., 1975) in the early 1970s, the study of evolutionary algorithm has emerged as a popular research field (Civicioglu & Besdok, 2013). Researchers from various scientific and engineering disciplines have been digging into this field, exploring the unique power of evolutionary algorithms (Hadka & Reed, 2013). Many applications have been successfully proposed in the past twenty years. For example, mechanical design (Lampinen & Zelinka, 1999), electromagnetic optimization (Rahmat-Samii & Michielssen, 1999), environmental protection (Bertini, Felice, Moretti, & Pizzuti, 2010), finance (Larkin & Ryan, 2010), musical orchestration (Esling, Carpentier, & Agon, 2010), pipe routing (Furuholmen, Glette, Hovin, & Torresen, 2010), and nuclear reactor core design (Sacco, Henderson, Rios-Coelho, Ali, & Pereira, 2009). In particular, its function optimization capability was highlighted (Goldberg & Richardson, 1987) because of its high adaptability to different function landscapes, to which we cannot apply traditional optimization techniques (Wong, Leung, & Wong, 2009). Here we review the applications of evolutionary algorithms in bioinformatics.
QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BLOOD AND URINE KETONE LEVELS IN DIABETIC KETOSIS.

In the study of ketosis in diabetic patients, certain problems have gone largely unanswered due to the lack of sufficiently accurate methods for blood ketone determinations. With the development of blood ketone methods accurate at low as well as high blood concentrations, it has been possible to study the problems of (1) the renal threshold for the ketone bodies, and (2) the quantitative relationship between the urinary ketone excretion and the blood ketone level. The studies to be presented summarize the results obtained on (1) 13 diabetic patients in mild ketosis, produced by withdrawing insulin for 12 to 24 hours, a ketogenic diet for 12 to 24 hours, or a combination of a ketogenic diet and insulin withdrawal; and (2) 7 patients entering the Los Angeles County Hospital in moderate to severe ketosis (several in diabetic "coma"). In both types of patients, after initial levels of blood and urine ketone bodies were obtained, insulin and fluids were given as required by . the individual case, and blood and urine ketone levels were. followed until ketosis, as indicated by the qualitative urinary acetone test (modified Lange test), disappeared. The blood ketones 1 were determined by the Barnes-Wick (1) method, and the urine ketones by the Van Slyke (2) gravimetric method in most instances. Table I summarizes the results obtained in the diabetic patients in mild ketosis, and Table II the results in patients -in moderate to severe ketosis. Figures 1 and 2 give the clinical course, during therapy, of two of the most completely studied cases, one in mild ketosis, the other in severe ketosis. These are patients "Ha" and "Wi," from Tables I and II, respectively. The figures illustrate how the data listed in the tables were obtained.
Evidence for a Role for Nanoporosity and Pyridinoline Content in Human Mild Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous connective tissue disorder characterized by bone fragility that arises from decreased bone mass and abnormalities in bone material quality. OI type I represents the milder form of the disease and according to the original Sillence classification is characterized by minimal skeletal deformities and near‐normal stature. Raman microspectroscopy is a vibrational spectroscopic technique that allows the determination of bone material properties in bone biopsy blocks with a spatial resolution of ∼1 µm, as a function of tissue age. In the present study, we used Raman microspectroscopy to evaluate bone material quality in transiliac bone biopsies from children with a mild form of OI, either attributable to collagen haploinsufficiency OI type I (OI‐Quant; n = 11) or aberrant collagen structure (OI‐Qual; n = 5), as a function of tissue age, and compared it against the previously published values established in a cohort of biopsies from healthy children (n = 54, ages 1 to 23 years). The results indicated significant differences in bone material compositional characteristics between OI‐Quant patients and healthy controls, whereas fewer were evident in the OI‐Qual patients. Differences in both subgroups of OI compared with healthy children were evident for nanoporosity, mineral maturity/crystallinity as determined by maxima of the v1PO4 Raman band, and pyridinoline (albeit in different direction) content. These alterations in bone material compositional properties most likely contribute to the bone fragility characterizing this disease. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
A Survey on Implementing Public Key Cryptography on RFID Tags

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an emerging technology, which brings enormous productivity benefits in applications, where objects have to be identified automatically. This paper presents issues concerning security and privacy of RFID systems. RFID tags are a new generation of barcodes with added functionality. The risk related to using the tags for several applications. In particular if no appropriate cryptography measures are taken, the privacy of a user carrying tagged items can be severely damaged. To enable these applications and at the same time minimize the risks, Public Key Cryptography (PKC) offers attractive solution. We focus on the problem of anti-counterfeiting measures that can be provided by RFID tags. PKC –based identification protocols are useful for this application. Keywords— RFID, Authentication, public key cryptography, WIPR
Blockchains everywhere - a use-case of blockchains in the pharma supply-chain

Blockchains are on the top of the Gartner Hype Cycle 2016 and many start-ups are integrating blockchains into their technology portfolio. While blockchains have emerged in the context of financial applications, non-financial application areas are of interest as well. In this paper, modum.io is presented, a start-up that uses IoT (Internet of Things) sensor devices leveraging blockchain technology to assert data immutability and public accessibility of temperature records, while reducing operational costs in the pharmaceutical supply-chain. The medical industry has many complex and strict environmental control process (e.g., temperature and humidity) to ensure quality control and regulatory compliance over the transport of medical products. The sensor devices monitor the temperature of each parcel during the shipment to fully ensure GDP regulations. All data is transferred to the blockchain where a smart contract assesses against the product attributes. As modum.io is not the only non-financial start-up working with blockchains, a list of areas and other start-ups is provided that aim to reduce bureaucracy, distribute the infrastructure, and saving costs using blockchains.