Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Patterns of safe collaboration

When practicing secure programming, it is important to understand the restrictive influence programmed entities have on the propagation of authority in a program. To precisely model authority propagation in patterns of interacting entities, we present a new formalism Knowledge Behavior Models (KBM). To describe such patterns, we present a new domain specific declarative language SCOLL (Safe Collaboration Language), which semantics are expressed by means of KBMs. To calculate the solutions for the safety problems expressed in SCOLL, we have built SCOLLAR: a model checker and solver based on constraint logic programming. SCOLLAR not only indicates whether the safety requirements are guaranteed by the restricted behavior of the relied-upon entities, but also lists the different ways in which their behavior can be restricted to guarantee the safety properties without precluding their required functionality and (re-)usability. How the tool can help programmers to build reliable components that can safely interact with partially or completely untrusted components is shown in elaborate examples.
A study of the relationships between work values and creativities across different generations

This study tends to empirically test the relationships between work values and creativities across various generations. Using the data collected from working employees in great Tainan area via. convenient but random sampling, the results generally indicated that significant relationships were found between work values and creativities; significant differences were found in work values across different generations; no significant difference was found for creativities across generations; and significant differences were found between the relationships work values and creativities across generations.
Relationship marketing and imaginary organizations: a synthesis

Explores the dependency between relationship marketing (RM) and new developments in organization theory. In RM, relationships, networks and interaction are in focus. The primary role of marketing is to connect suppliers and customers but RM also includes relationships with other stakeholders, both inside and outside the organization. Presents a theoretical discourse based on two recent developments in Nordic research. One is RM and its emergence from traditional marketing, services marketing, the network approach of industrial marketing, and quality management. The other is research concerning imaginary organizations, in which the organization consists of a network of relationships between suppliers, customers, subcontractors, competitors, authorities and others, rather than being a structure with clear boundaries. The synthesis of RM and imaginary organizations leads to the concept of complete marketing equilibrium, where not only the market but also the organization and society are included in a network of interactive relationships.
A Survey Paper for Bug Localization

: Bug localization is the task to locate the source code entities which are relevant from the bug report. Manual bug localization is a time consuming and labor consuming task as developers has to go through thousands of source code entities to locate the relevant one. Current research provides methods as various IR techniques, classifiers, combination of classifiers to improve bug localization. To make bug localization partial or maximum automated some tools are available but mostly they are based on simple query, IR techniques or eliminating unnecessary stack traces or use basis of previous bug reports and its changed files and based on that history relevant source files will be identified. There is automated path generation for software fault localization. But none of all these tools/techniques achieves highest efficiency as they work only on one area or combination of areas. To make automation more successful and efficient there is a need for finding hybrid approaches. This paper provides the literature survey about what is done regarding bug localization so far and what is the future scope for automation in bug localization. It also points how efficient automated bug localization may help maintain the software cost.
The activity periods and life-cycle of the tick Ixodes uriae (Acari: Ixodidae) in relation to host breeding strategies

SUMMARY We investigated the timing of seasonal activity of the seabird tick Ixodes uriae by examining engorgement rates of off-host ticks and the prevalence of infested common guillemots (Uria aalge) and kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) on the Isle of May, Scotland. More than 99% of I. uriae fed during the period late April to early August which coincided with the seabird breeding season. No ticks fed in the autumn and winter, and none over-wintered in the engorged state. Peak tick feeding activity was during the hosts' incubation period in May and early June, when over 70% of birds were parasitized. Few ticks were active when guillemot chicks were being brooded, or during the early part of kittiwake chick-rearing. Adult female tick feeding peaked in the first week of June, while nymphal and larval activity peaked in the third week of May. Adult female ticks fed later than nymphs on guillemots and larvae on both guillemots and kittiwakes; however, there was considerable temporal overlap in the feeding periods of the 3 stages on both hosts. All larvae and nymphs fed in May and early June, but up to 18% of adult females remained unengorged at this time, and probably deferred feeding by 1 year. A small proportion of individuals which fed as larvae in May appeared to feed again as nymphs in July of the same season, thereby shortening their life-cycle by 1 year. The duration of the life-cycle of I. uriae on the Isle of May is typically 3 years but varies from 2 to 4 years. Ticks feeding on guillemots did so significantly earlier than those feeding on kittiwakes, possibly because guillemots start breeding earlier in the year. Breeding of both guillemots and kittiwakes was later in 1994 than in 1993. This delayed the activity of all tick stages on kittiwakes and adult female ticks on guillemots, but did not affect the timing of activity of nymphs or larvae feeding on guillemots.
Financial education and financial satisfaction: Financial literacy, behavior, and capability as mediators

Purpose: To investigate the roles of financial literacy, financial behavior, and financial capability as mediating factors between financial education and financial satisfaction.Methodology: The data is from the 2012 National Financial Capability Study, a large national dataset with rich information on financial literacy related variables. Mediation analyses are used to answer research questions. Findings: Financial education may affect financial satisfaction, a measure of subjective financial well-being, through financial literacy, financial behavior, and financial capability variables. Results show that subjective financial literacy, desirable financial behavior and a financial capability index are strong mediators between financial education and financial satisfaction.Research limitations: The study has used cross sectional data that can only document associations between financial education, literacy, and satisfaction. Future research could use relevant longitudinal data to verify multiple benefits of financial education. Practical implications: The findings have implications for financial service professionals to take advantages of multiple benefits of financial education in content acquisition, confidence in knowledge and ability, and action taking when they communicate with their clients.Social implications: Policy makers on consumer financial education may use the information to advocate and promote effective education programs to improve consumer financial well being. Originality/value: This study is the first of this kind to directly examine the association between financial education and financial satisfaction using relevant mediating factors.
Non-Reflective Thinkers Are Predisposed to Attribute Supernatural Causation to Uncanny Experiences

For unknown reasons, individuals who are confident in their intuitions are more likely to hold supernatural beliefs. How does an intuitive cognitive style lead one to believe in faith healing, astrology, or extrasensory perception (ESP)? We hypothesize that cognitive style is critically important after one experiences an uncanny event that seems to invite a supernatural explanation. In three studies, we show that irrespective of their prior beliefs in the supernatural, non-reflective thinkers are more likely than reflective thinkers to accept supernatural causation after an uncanny encounter with astrology and ESP. This is the first time that controlled experiments demonstrate the negative dynamics of reflection and supernatural causality attribution. We consider the possible generalization of our findings to religious beliefs and their implications for the social vulnerability of non-reflective individuals.
SKOS: Requirements for standardization

This paper poses three questions regarding the planned development of the Simple Knowledge Organisation System (SKOS) towards W3C Recommendation status. Firstly, what is the fundamental purpose and therefore scope of SKOS? Secondly, which key software components depend on SKOS, and how do they interact? Thirdly, what is the wider technological and social context in which SKOS is likely to be applied and how might this influence design goals? Some tentative conclusions are drawn and in particular it is suggested that the scope of SKOS be restricted to the formal representation of controlled structured vocabularies intended for use within retrieval applications. However, the main purpose of this paper is to articulate the assumptions that have motivated the design of SKOS, so that these may be reviewed prior to a rigorous standardization initiative.
The interface between biomarker discovery and clinical validation: The tar pit of the protein biomarker pipeline

The application of “omics” technologies to biological samples generates hundreds to thousands of biomarker candidates; however, a discouragingly small number make it through the pipeline to clinical use. This is in large part due to the incredible mismatch between the large numbers of biomarker candidates and the paucity of reliable assays and methods for validation studies. We desperately need a pipeline that relieves this bottleneck between biomarker discovery and validation. This paper reviews the requirements for technologies to adequately credential biomarker candidates for costly clinical validation and proposes methods and systems to verify biomarker candidates. Models involving pooling of clinical samples, where appropriate, are discussed. We conclude that current proteomic technologies are on the cusp of significantly affecting translation of molecular diagnostics into the clinic.
Benchmarking as an action research process

This study participates in the debate on advancing theoretical developments in the field of benchmarking processes. It suggests that approaching benchmarking as a research method helps to explicate the basis of benchmarking processes and at the same time offers tools for scientific research in this field. Adopting an interpretative, comparative concept analysis the study approaches benchmarking as an action research. The results indicate that benchmarking might be regarded as a special kind of action research; however, in that case, more attention would need to be addressed to the preliminary planning, observation, reflection and the use of theoretical frames, all of which are essential for distinguishing a scientifically‐conducted action research process from practical work. Thus, adopting an action research approach might improve the implementation as well as the theoretical foundation of the benchmarking process.
Disposal cost sharing and bargaining for coordination and profit division in a three-echelon supply chain

This paper focuses on coordination and profit division in a manufacturer–distributer–retailer supply chain. The manufacturer supplies a perishable product to the retailer through the distributer in a single lot. The product deteriorates at a constant rate and it cannot be reworked. The retailer disposes of the product without any salvage value. The manufacturer and the distributer form a coalition that shares the retailer's disposal cost aiming at channel coordination. Further, to divide the channel surplus first the retailer bargains with the coalition and then the manufacturer and the distributer bargain within the coalition. This simple side-payment contract resolves channel conflict and the channel members' profits are win–win for the disposal cost share within a range. The proposed mechanisms for coordination and surplus division are illustrated by a numerical example.
Mining product features and sentiment orientation from Chinese customer reviews

At mining product features and polarity of customer’s opinion from Chinese online customer reviews,in order to help manufactures and service providers improve their products and services,and gain competitive advantages. This paper proposed an approach based on Apriori algorithm which unsupervised feature extraction algorithm and supervised sentiment analysis technology to realize the summery information of customer reviews. And then ranked the work features and opinions based on customer attention strength. Several actual Internet products reviews were tested by an experimental model. Final results demonstrate the validity of the method.
A Pilot Study to Reduce Risk for Antepartum Depression Among Women in A Public Health Prenatal Clinic

This pilot study evaluated the feasibility, effectiveness, and helpfulness of Insight-Plus, a brief culturally-tailored cognitive behavioral intervention for African-American and Caucasian rural low-income women at risk for APD [Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) ≥10]. Forty two percent (63/149) of women in this non-randomized study were at risk for APD and 41% (26/63) of women, who met all eligibility criteria, initially agreed to participate. Seventeen participants completed all six intervention sessions. Ninety-four percent (16/17) who completed their one-month post-intervention interviews had an antepartum recovery rate of 81% (13/16, EPDS ≤10). Participants reported that many aspects of the program were helpful and they continued to use the intervention exercises after the sessions ended.
Research Proposal: Corporate Risk-taking and Stock Returns to Distressed Firms

Motivated by i) the ‘unexpected negative shock’ explanation on the distress risk puzzle by Chava and Purnanandam (2010a) and ii) the positive relation between the stock returns of distressed firms and the marketwide volatility reported by Campbell et al. (2008), I propose a testable hypothesis on the distress risk puzzle that the anomalous phenomenon is attributable to the low returns for distressed firms with high tendency towards asset substitution. The hypothesis is based on the corporate finance theory that asset substitution is a common channel for risk-shifting from the equityholders to the debtholders. In the preliminary empirical tests, I proxy for a firm’s propensity toward corporate risk taking by using the Pearson correlation coefficient between the expected market volatility and the firm’s investment intensity. The result of the analysis supports my hypothesis: I do find very low FamaFrench 3-factor alphas for distressed firms with risk-taking investment activities (high asset substitution).
Detection of mRNAs present at low concentrations in rat liver by in situ hybridization: application to the study of metabolic regulation and azo dye hepatocarcinogenesis.

In situ hybridization on tissue sections was used to detect mRNAs present at low concentrations during metabolic adaptation and azo dye carcinogenesis in rat liver. The method consisted of hybridizing the slices at relatively high stringency with [35S]-labeled single-stranded probes derived from cDNA insert clones into the M13 phage. L-pyruvate kinase mRNA was proved to be present at very low concentrations in hepatocytes of fasted rats and to be relatively abundant in all hepatocytes after 18 hr of refeeding on a carbohydrate-rich diet. Aldolase A mRNA concentrations have been previously shown to increase markedly in liver of 3'-methyl DAB-fed rats, with a maximum at the fourth week. We demonstrate here, using our in situ hybridization technique, that this phenomenon is not due to re-expression of this "fetal marker" in hepatocytes but to its abundancy in proliferating small cells (i.e., so-called oval and transitional cells). Small amounts were also detected in sinusoidal cells. In normal liver, aldolase A mRNAs were detected only in some sinusoidal cells.
Diverse mechanisms evolved by DNA viruses to inhibit early host defenses

Abstract In mammalian cells, early defenses against infection by pathogens are mounted through a complex network of signaling pathways shepherded by immune-modulatory pattern-recognition receptors. As obligate parasites, the survival of viruses is dependent on the evolutionary acquisition of mechanisms that tactfully dismantle and subvert the cellular intrinsic and innate immune responses. Here, we review the diverse mechanisms by which viruses that accommodate DNA genomes are able to circumvent activation of cellular immunity. We start by discussing viral manipulation of host defense protein levels by either transcriptional regulation or protein degradation. We next review viral strategies used to repurpose or inhibit these cellular immune factors by molecular hijacking or by regulating their post-translational modification status. Additionally, we explore the infection-induced temporal modulation of apoptosis to facilitate viral replication and spread. Lastly, the co-evolution of viruses with their hosts is highlighted by the acquisition of elegant mechanisms for suppressing host defenses via viral mimicry of host factors. In closing, we present a perspective on how characterizing these viral evasion tactics both broadens the understanding of virus–host interactions and reveals essential functions of the immune system at the molecular level. This knowledge is critical in understanding the sources of viral pathogenesis, as well as for the design of antiviral therapeutics and autoimmunity treatments.
First-pass renal perfusion imaging using MS-325, an albumin-targeted MRI contrast agent.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES MR angiography is proving to be a useful clinical study for the diagnosis of vascular disorders of renal arteries. However, its utility in terms of stenosis characterization is still limited. Renal perfusion could provide supplemental information that could allow for a comprehensive evaluation of renal artery stenosis by MR imaging. METHODS MS-325 is a small-molecule blood pool agent that reversibly binds with serum albumin and hence leads to higher relaxivity and longer residence times in the blood. In this study, the authors evaluated the use of MS-325 to perform first-pass perfusion imaging and contrast-enhanced MR angiography in the characterization of renal artery stenosis in an animal model. RESULTS Quantitative perfusion estimates were obtained in the renal cortex (258 +/- 19.8 mL/min/100 g) and are comparable to microsphere measurements (198 +/- 12.2 mL/min/100 g), given the practical constraints. Based on these measurements, perfusion showed minimal changes even when the diameter reductions reached 75%. CONCLUSIONS MS-325 could provide quantitative perfusion estimates that when combined with MR angiography may lead to comprehensive evaluation of renal artery stenosis.
The Underpricing of A-REIT IPOs in Australia During 2002 to 2008

Abstract This study analyses 45 Australian Real Estate Investment Trust (A-REIT) initial public offerings (IPOs) in Australia from January 2002 to June 2008, since the introduction of the single responsible entity to oversee the activities of listed property trusts (LPTs) rather than the trustee and manager roles. The study finds that this sample of A-REIT IPOs had a significant 3.37% underpricing and that the direct costs of capital raising help explain this indirect cost of underpricing. There is some evidence to suggest that A-REIT IPOs that seek to raise more equity capital have less underpricing, while those that are subscribed to more quickly have higher underpricing. The findings offer insights for issuers who seek to maximize the value of the A-REIT at the time of the IPO, underwriters who guarantee the success of the capital raising and for investors who are looking to invest in Australian A-REIT IPOs.
'Other People’s Money': The Trading Performance of Household Investors vs. Delegated Money Managers

We utilize seventeen years of comprehensive daily portfolio and trading data identified at the individual investor level, to analyze the relative trading performance of the entire universe of households, all domestic financial institutions and all foreign institutions in the Finnish market. We introduce a new methodology we dub the “holding-period-invariant” (HPI) portfolio approach. The conventional calendar-time portfolio approach imposes a heroic assumption that all investors mechanically realize (i.e., trade) their portfolio at specified intervals corresponding to an assumed horizon. By contrast, our methodology is free of such bias and allows for the endogenous nature of investment timing decisions made by numerous informed households (and, for that matter, domestic institutions). Adopting a random informationless trading benchmark, we find that the households who choose to trade for themselves are economically and statistically superior traders, achieving an impressive internal rate of return of 42.84% p.a. , or 0.0288% of traded value, when foreign institutions are their exclusive counterparty. (Domestic institutions trading with foreigners do even better at 51.8% p.a.). Our findings are contrary to some of the existing empirical literature on household investors derived from calendar-time portfolios. When we split households into informationally advantaged (i.e., located near Nokia) and disadvantaged, we find that while the former are the superior traders, both household groups continue to outperform foreign investors and Helsinki households outperform their domestic institutional rivals.
A Binary Coded Fireﬂy Algorithm that Solves the Set Covering Problem

This work presents a study of a new binary coded ﬁreﬂy algo-rithm. The ﬁreﬂy algorithm is a novel nature-inspired metaheuristic, inspired by the social behavior of ﬁreﬂies, which is being applied to solve many optimization problems. We test the proposed binary coded ﬁreﬂy algorithm solving the non-unicost set covering problem which is a well-known NP-hard discrete optimization problem with many practical applications. To tackle the mapping from a continuous search space to a discrete search space we use diﬀerent transfer functions which are investigated in terms of convergence speed and accuracy of results. The experimental results show the eﬀectiveness of our approach where the binary coded ﬁreﬂy algorithm produce competitive results solving a portfolio of set covering problems from the OR-Library