Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sliding mode control for a quadrotor slung load system

This paper studies the modeling and control of a quadrotor with a suspended load. It is shown that the excessive load swing is the part of the system dynamics, which may degrade the quadrotor control performance. A detailed analysis about the system modeling with the load swing effect is carried out based on Newton-Euler and Euler-Lagrange method. A framework for sliding mode control of the quadrotor slung load system is then developed. The simulation results show the excellent modeling and control performance.
The Crystal Structure of Human CD1b with a Bound Bacterial Glycolipid12

The human MHC class I-like molecule CD1b is distinctive among CD1 alleles in that it is capable of presenting a set of glycolipid species that show a very broad range of variation in the lengths of their acyl chains. A structure of CD1b complexed with relatively short acyl chain glycolipids plus detergent suggested how an interlinked network of channels within the Ag-binding groove could accommodate acyl chain lengths of up to 80 carbons. The structure of CD1b complexed with glucose monomycolate, reported in this study, confirms this hypothesis and illustrates how the distinctive substituents of intracellular bacterial glycolipids can be accommodated. The Ag-binding groove of CD1b is, uniquely among CD1 alleles, partitioned into channels suitable for the compact accommodation of lengthy acyl chains. The current crystal structure illustrates for the first time the binding of a natural bacterial lipid Ag to CD1b and shows how its novel structural features fit this molecule for its role in the immune response to intracellular bacteria.
Possible Worlds and the Qualification Problem

In this paper, we propose a solution to McCarthy's qualification problem (1O] based on the notion of possible worlds [3, 6]. We begin by noting that existing formal solutions to qualification seem to us to suffer from serious epistemological and computational difficulties. We present a formalization of action based on the notion of possible worlds, and show that our solution to the qualification problem avoids the difficulties encountered by earlier ones by associating to each action a set of domain constraints that can potentially block it. We also compare the computational resources needed by our approach with those required by other formulations.
GROWTH , LIPID CONTENT , AND LIPID PROFILE OF THE GREEN ALGA , CHLORELLA VULGARIS BEIJ . , UNDER DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF Fe AND CO 2

The effects of Fe (2.4E-05 and 4.8E-05 mol/L) in the growth medium, and CO2 in air (0.036, 1, and 2%) on the growth, total lipid content (TLC), total lipid production (TLP) and fatty acid (FA) profile of the green alga, Chlorella vulgaris Beij. , were investigated, in vitro. Hi-Fe (4.8E-05 mol Fe/L) with 2% CO2 provided the best growth for the alga with 460.0 ± 10 mg/L dry biomass, while the culture with lo-Fe (2.4E-05 mol Fe/L) and 2% CO2 provided the maximum TLC of 27.0 ± 0.8%. The maximum TLP both obtained from hi-Fe with 1% CO2 and lo-Fe with 2% CO2 at 116.4 ± 5.4 mg/L. Both of these lipids displayed FA profile suitable for biodiesel production, but the later condition displayed superior fuel property in terms of iodine value, cetane number, and viscosity, satisfying the specifications by both the European (EN 14214) and US (ASTM B100) standards. The study also showed the possibility of manipulating the FA composition in freshwater green alga, Chlorella vulgaris Beij. by varying the concentrations of CO2 in aeration and Fe +3 in the growth medium.
Quantum Interpretations for Building Science/Religion Bridges

This paper attempts a systematic comparison of the multiple interpretations of quantum mechanics (QM). The article ends with a summary table that has 13 rows and 10 columns. The columns are metaphysical principles such as determinism and reality. The rows are the main interpretations from 1925 to the present. Each row has entries such as Yes/No/Agnostic. We have contacted most of the living authors and based on their comments we have modified the entry for their interpretation. However, there is reasonable space for disagreement when it comes to determining the correct value of each box (Yes/No/Agnostic). We hope to improve the table in the future. We have also eliminated one of the columns and replaced it with two new columns. We believe that this topic is especially relevant to bridge building in dialogues on science, religion and spirituality because of the unique way that QM brings out metaphysical questions from within science. While any science may lend itself to metaphysical speculation, few sciences beyond QM have such a wide range of metaphysical speculation that all correspond to the same empirical results. This fact may humble scientists and have interesting consequences for how to build bridges between conflicting worldviews. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:. 0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
Structure and autonomic innervation of the swim bladder in the zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Many teleosts actively regulate buoyancy by using a gas‐filled swim bladder, which is thought to be under autonomic control. Here we investigated the swim bladder in the zebrafish to determine possible mechanisms of gas‐content regulation. Fluorescently labelled phalloidin revealed myocytes that appeared to form a possible sphincter at the junction of the pneumatic duct and esophagus. Myocytes also formed thick bands along the ventral surface of the anterior chamber and bilaterally along the posterior chamber. Thinner layers of myocytes were located elsewhere. Staining of peroxidase within erythrocytes revealed a putative rete and smaller blood vessels in muscle bands and elsewhere. The antibodies zn‐12, a general neuronal marker, and SV2, a synaptic vesicle marker labelling presynaptic terminals, revealed widespread innervation of the swim bladder system. Widespread innervation of the swim bladder was also indicated by acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, but choline acetyltransferase‐immunoreactive (‐IR) somata and fibers were limited to the junction of the pneumatic duct and esophagus. In contrast, varicose tyrosine hydroxylase‐IR fibers innervated muscles and blood vessels throughout the system. Neuropeptide Y‐IR somata were located near the junction of the duct and esophagus and varicose fibers innervated muscles and vasculature of the posterior chamber and duct. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity was abundant throughout the anterior chamber but sparsely distributed elsewhere. Serotonin‐IR fibers and varicosities were located only along blood vessels near the junction of the pneumatic duct and posterior chamber. Our results suggest that the zebrafish swim bladder is a complex and richly innervated organ and that buoyancy‐regulating effectors may be controlled by multiple populations of autonomic neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 495:587–606, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel method for multipath routing using cross layer approach in vehicular adhoc networks

Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) is playing a vital role in recent research. Designing an effective routing protocol for VANET is a challenging task as the VANET nodes move very fast. The design of the routing protocol normally is particular to the specific topology. This paper proposes CLMR, a multipath routing protocol based on cross layer design and also using Redundant Array Inexpensive Disks (RAID). Cross layer is designed among application, network, Media Access Control, and physical layers. It is employed to reduce the end to end delay in network, and RAID is used to minimize the number of re‐transmissions. Three variations of RAID are implemented—Distributed Parity along Single path, Double Distributed Parity, and Distributed Parity among Multiple paths. Multipath routing protocol based on cross layer‐Distributed Parity along Single path recovers 1 packet loss per parity packet along the corresponding path, CLMR‐Double Distributed Parity recovers 2 packets per parity packet along the corresponding path, and CLMR‐Distributed Parity among Multiple paths recovers the packets of the failed path. The evaluation is carried out to test the Quality of Service parameters‐end to end delay, throughput, packet delivery ratio, and number of retransmissions. The results projected show that the CLMR performs better when compared with the legacy protocol Adhoc On‐demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing.
Dexamethasone inhibits activation of monocytes/macrophages in a milieu rich in 27-oxygenated cholesterol

Molecular mechanisms underlying the decreased number of macrophages and T cells in the arteries of cholesterol-fed-rabbits following dexamethasone administration are unknown. We investigated the possibility that dexamethasone could affect activation of monocytic cells induced by oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol (oxysterols) using THP-1 monocyte/macrophage cells. 27-Hydroxycholesterol (27OHChol), an oxysterol elevated with hypercholesterolemia, enhanced production of CCL2, known as MCP1, chemokine from monocytes/macrophages and migration of the monocytic cells, but the CCL2 production and the cell migration were reduced by treatment with dexamethasone. Dexamethasone inhibited superproduction of CCL2 induced by 27OHChol plus LPS and attenuated transcription of matrix metalloproteinase 9 as well as secretion of its active gene product induced by 27OHChol. The drug downregulated cellular and surface levels of CD14 and blocked release of soluble CD14 without altering transcription of the gene. Dexamethasone also inhibited expression and phosphorylation of the NF-κB p65 subunit enhanced by 27OHChol. Collectively, these results indicate that dexamethasone inhibits activation of monocytes/macrophages in response to 27OHChol, thereby leading to decreased migration of inflammatory cells in milieu rich in oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol.
Consequences of reductive evolution for gene expression in an obligate endosymbiont

The smallest cellular genomes are found in obligate symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria living within eukaryotic hosts. In comparison with large genomes of free‐living relatives, these reduced genomes are rearranged and have lost most regulatory elements. To test whether reduced bacterial genomes incur reduced regulatory capacities, we used full‐genome microarrays to evaluate transcriptional response to environmental stress in Buchnera aphidicola, the obligate endosymbiont of aphids. The 580 genes of the B. aphidicola genome represent a subset of the 4500 genes known from the related organism, Escherichia coli. Although over 20 orthologues of E. coli heat stress (HS) genes are retained by B. aphidicola, only five were differentially expressed after near‐lethal heat stress treatments, and only modest shifts were observed. Analyses of upstream regulatory regions revealed loss or degradation of most HS (σ32) promoters. Genomic rearrangements downstream of an intact HS promoter yielded upregulation of a functionally unrelated and an inactivated gene. Reanalyses of comparable experimental array data for E. coli and Bacillus subtilis revealed that genome‐wide differential expression was significantly lower in B. aphidicola. Our demonstration of a diminished stress response validates reports of temperature sensitivity in B. aphidicola and suggests that this reduced bacterial genome exhibits transcriptional inflexibility.
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas: reporting clinically relevant features

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) of the pancreas can exhibit a wide spectrum of macroscopic and microscopic appearances. This not only causes occasional difficulties for the reporting pathologist in distinguishing these tumours from other lesions, but is also relevant clinically. As evidence accumulates, it becomes clear that multiple macroscopic and histological features of these neoplasms are relevant to the risk for malignant transformation and, consequently, of prime importance for clinical patient management. The need for detailed reporting is therefore increasing. This review discusses the panoply of gross and microscopic features of IPMN as well as the recommendations from recent consensus meetings regarding the pathology reporting on this tumour entity.
Machine Learning Based Approach to S-clause Segmentation

When a dependency parser analyzes long sentences with fewer subjects than predicates, it is difficult to recognize which predicate governs which subject. To handle such syntactic ambiguity between subjects and predicates, we define a "S(ubject)-clause" as a group of words containing several predicates and their common subject. This paper proposes a method to segment S-clauses and perform syntactic analysis of long sentences using S-clause segmentation. To segment S-clauses, various machine learning methods were applied. We found that the Logitboost method produced the best performance. In our experimental evaluation, S-clause information turned out to be effective in determining the governor of a subject and that of a predicate in dependency parsing. Further syntactic analysis using S-clauses achieved an improvement in precision by 5.25 percent.
Ventricular late potentials studied by nonstationary signal analysis

The time-frequency characteristics of late potentials (EP) of preprocessed ECG signals were investigated by means of FFT-spectrograms and the wavelet transform. The averaged ECGs of 21 patients with ventricular tachycardia and of 29 normal subjects were studied. The time-frequency distribution plots of wavelet transforms demonstrate a considerable high resolution for both variables. Quantification of an adequate distribution parameter allowed the discrimination between the two groups.
Series-parallel switched-capacitor based multilevel inverter

This paper proposes a new structure of series-parallel switched-capacitor based multilevel inverter with a simple control strategy and the minimum number of switches in comparison with the other similar structures. This converter steps up the output voltage and produce multilevel waveform to reduce the harmonic distortions of the output voltage and current. The proposed inverter steps up voltage by using of the switching capacitors without using any transformer or inductor. So, small size, light weight and high efficiency, are the main advantages of the proposed inverter. The proposed inverter with these advantages may be useful in the low-voltage applications such as photovoltaic and fuel cell.
Gene and protein responses of human lung tissue explants exposed to ambient particulate matter of different sizes

Context: Exposure to ambient particulate air pollution is associated with increased cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality. It is necessary to understand causal pathways driving the observed health effects, particularly if they are differentially associated with particle size. Objectives: To investigate the effect of different size ranges of ambient particulate matter (PM) on gene and protein expression in an in vitro model. Materials and methods: Normal human tracheobronchial epithelium (NHTBE) three-dimensional cell constructs were exposed for 24 h to washed ambient PM of different sizes (size 1: 7–615 nm; size 2: 616 nm–2.39 µm; size 3: 2.4–10 µm) collected from a residential street. A human stress and toxicity PCR array was used to investigate gene expression and iTRAQ was used to perform quantitative proteomics. Results: Eighteen different genes of the 84 on the PCR array were significantly dysregulated. Treatment with size 2 PM resulted in the greatest number of genes with altered expression, followed by size 1 and lastly size 3. ITRAQ identified 317 proteins, revealing 20 that were differentially expressed. Enrichment for gene ontology classification revealed potential changes to various pathways. Discussion and conclusions: Different size fractions of ambient PM are associated with dysregulatory effects on the cellular proteome and on stress and toxicity genes of NHTBE cells. This approach not only provides an investigative tool to identify possible causal pathways but also permits the relationship between particle size and responses to be explored.
Radar imaging

Radar systems combining coherent signals with frequency and angular diversity offer the possibility of synthesizing images of complex objects with spatial resolution of a few wavelengths. The availability of high‐quality microwave sources and components, high‐speed digital computers, and efficient signal‐processing algorithms allows radar imaging to be implemented in laboratory environments using commercially‐available equipment. The paper summarizes fundamental issues by addressing conceptual and practical limits of radar imaging and presents examples obtained from results of measurements in a laboratory environment. Implementation details of sophisticated operational imaging radars are not covered. ©1993 John Wiley & Sons Inc
Phase II clinical trial of CD34+ cell therapy to explore endpoint selection and timing in patients with critical limb ischemia.

BACKGROUND A prior phase I/IIa clinical trial provided evidence for safety, feasibility and potential efficacy of i.m. injection of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-mobilized CD34+ cells in patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI). METHODS AND RESULTS A phase II trial of CD34+ cell therapy was conducted in patients with CLI to explore endpoint selection and timing. No-option CLI patients (n=11) underwent i.m. transplantation of G-CSF-mobilized CD34+ cells isolated by magnetic sorting. Ischemic rest pain scales improved from week 2 vs. baseline (P<0.05). Skin perfusion pressure (P=0.0175), transcutaneous partial oxygen pressure (P=0.0446) and pain-free walking distance (P=0.0056) improved from week 2, total walking distance from week 8 (P=0.0182) and toe brachial pressure index from week 12 (P=0.0174) vs. baseline. These parameters peaked at week 36 or 52. Rutherford's category improved from week 24 vs. baseline (P=0.0065). CLI-free ratio serially increased and peaked (85.7%) at week 36. Serial change in Rutherford's category correlated with that in Rest Pain Scale (P=0.0374), but not with that in any physiological parameters. CONCLUSIONS Ischemic rest pain scales and physiological parameters improved relatively early after cell therapy, then plateaued later accompanied by recovery from the CLI state. Rutherford's category and CLI-free ratio at week 36 or later may be suitable endpoints in cell therapy clinical trials for CLI. Functional parameters should be evaluated independently of such clinical endpoints for ischemia severity. ( CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: https://dbcentre3.jmacct.med.or.jp/jmactr/Default.aspx. Unique identifier: JMA-IIA00022)
Separating the effects of albedo from eco‐physiological changes on surface temperature along a successional chronosequence in the southeastern United States

In the southeastern United States (SE), the conversion of abandoned agricultural land to forests is the dominant feature of land‐cover change. However, few attempts have been made to quantify the impact of such conversion on surface temperature. Here, this issue is explored experimentally and analytically in three adjacent ecosystems (a grass‐covered old‐field, OF, a planted pine forest, PP, and a hardwood forest, HW) representing a successional chronosequence in the SE. The results showed that changes in albedo alone can warm the surface by 0.9°C for the OF‐to‐PP conversion, and 0.7°C for the OF‐to‐HW conversion on annual time scales. However, changes in eco‐physiological and aerodynamic attributes alone can cool the surface by 2.9 and 2.1°C, respectively. Both model and measurements consistently suggest a stronger over‐all surface cooling for the OF‐to‐PP conversion, and the reason is attributed to leaf area variations and its impacts on boundary layer conductance.
Antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and phytochemical analysis of an endophytic species of Nigrospora isolated from living fossil Ginkgo biloba

Nigropsora sp. was isolated as an endophyte from a medicinal plant, Ginkgo biloba. Ethyl acetate extract of the fungus was evaluated for antimicrobial and free radical scavenging (DPPH) activity. Ethyl acetate extract was effective against Escherichia coli (R-2046), Klebsiella sp. (R2434), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Candida albicans (NCIM 3471) and Geotrichum sp. (NFCCI- 2521) while it did not show activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NFCCI-1248), Nodulisporium sp. (NFCCI- 2264) and Syncephalastrum sp. (NFCCI-2269). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ethyl acetate extract evaluated by tube broth dilution method was recoerded as 2.5mg/ml against all test organisms while by agar dilution method it was recorded as 1.25mg/ml against E. coli, 0.15625mg/ml against S. aureus and 0.3125mg/ml against Klebsiella sp. and C. albicans. The TLC-bioautography assay, used to screen the plant extracts for antimicrobial activity and localization of the active compounds indicated the presence of a number of inhibitory compounds with activity against tested microorganisms. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence phenolic compounds and anthraquinones. Nigrospora sp. was also examined for in vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging assay. The ethyl acetate extract of the fungus showed potent antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 9. 28µg/ml compared to the IC50 value of standard ascorbic acid, 1. 74μg/ml.
The Relative Contribution of Subjective Office Referrals to Racial Disproportionality in School Discipline

To improve our understanding of where to target interventions, the study examined the extent to which school discipline disproportionality between African American and White students was attributable to racial disparities in teachers’ discretionary versus nondiscretionary decisions. The sample consisted of office discipline referral (ODR) records for 1,154,686 students enrolled in 1,824 U.S. schools. Analyses compared the relative contributions of disproportionality in ODRs for subjectively and objectively defined behaviors to overall disproportionality, controlling for relevant school characteristics. Results showed that disproportionality in subjective ODRs explained the vast majority of variance in total disproportionality. These findings suggest that providing educators with strategies to neutralize the effects of implicit bias, which is known to influence discretionary decisions and interpretations of ambiguous behaviors, may be a promising avenue for achieving equity in school discipline.