Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Historical Account of Stroke and the Evolution of Nursing Care for Stroke Patients

The concept of stroke was first noted from 460 to 370 before the Common Era by Hippocrates. At this time, the symptoms of convulsions and paralysis were referred to as apoplexy. Over the next several hundred years, scholars focused on physical symptoms and potential causes. It was not uncommon for patients to be treated with enemas and bloodletting. As technology advanced, physicians and scholars began to evaluate pathophysiological changes. These changes noted by scholars such as Thomas Willis and Jakob Wepfer led to medical interventions. Nurses' main focus was to help patients cope with and adjust to their disabilities. Within the last decade, the magnitude of research has grown exponentially. The term apoplexy has faded, and the term stroke has become common place in the medical setting. This article reviews the concept of apoplexy from a historical perspective to the current concept of stroke. Research related to the present concept including classification, diagnostic testing, treatment, nursing care, and prevention is reviewed and discussed.
Organizational Leadership and Management in Interorganizational Partnerships: Varieties of Networking in the Era of New Governance.

BAXTER, FIONA MARGARET. Organizational Leadership and Management in Interorganizational Partnerships: Varieties of Networking in the Era of New Governance. (Under the direction of James H. Svara, Ph.D.) The challenges of administering in today’s networked world are considerable. Setting coherent goals and striving for intraorganizational collaboration to achieve specific objectives is challenging within a single public agency, assuming it is at least structurally capable of unified action. These tasks become even more difficult in the era of new governance where public managers must engage in interorganizational arrangements where they may find themselves sharing the formal authority that they have traditionally wielded by themselves with their partners. So, why do public administrators decide to work together and, when such efforts are undertaken, what are the institutional constraints that influence behavior? This question is the focus of this research. This researcher contends that by using rational choice institutionalism and sociological institutionalism, it is possible to move beyond description to explain why organizations come together to accomplish a shared goal and how preferences and institutional arrangements affect outcomes. Based on a review of the literature, an integrated model of institutionalism for interorganizational collaboration will be developed. This model will then be evaluated using research findings from one partnership between three community colleges reputed to be effectively engaged in addressing issues of workforce development in Central Florida. Of interest to this study is to demonstrate the usefulness of an integrated model of institutional theory for understanding and explaining interorganizational collaboration. Findings suggest that actors are initially driven to collaborate by decisions that can be explained by rational choice institutionalism. However, as the collaboration process unfolds, participants may have mixed preferences or shift between exogenous and endogenous preferences depending on circumstances (Mouritzen and Svara 2003: Heikkila and Isett 2004). The analysis of this study supports, in part, that participants’ self-interest is an important incentive for participants to decide to collaborate. However, findings also indicate that as partners work together regularly and learn more about one another, the attainment of shared goals is important to keeping actors working together. An unanticipated finding of this analysis is that the leadership role of the community college presidents emerged as critical to not only launching but also sustaining the collaboration. ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT IN INTERORGANIZATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS: VARIETIES OF NETWORKING IN THE ERA OF NEW GOVERNANCE By FIONA MARGARET BAXTER A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Metaworkflows and Workflow Interoperability for Heliophysics

Heliophysics is a relatively new branch of physics that investigates the relationship between the Sun and the other bodies of the solar system. To investigate such relationships, heliophysicists can rely on various tools developed by the community. Some of these tools are on-line catalogues that list events (such as Coronal Mass Ejections, CMEs) and their characteristics as they were observed on the surface of the Sun or on the other bodies of the Solar System. Other tools offer on-line data analysis and access to images and data catalogues. During their research, heliophysicists often perform investigations that need to coordinate several of these services and to repeat these complex operations until the phenomena under investigation are fully analyzed. Heliophysicists combine the results of these services; this service orchestration is best suited for workflows. This approach has been investigated in the HELIO project. The HELIO project developed an infrastructure for a Virtual Observatory for Heliophysics and implemented service orchestration using TAVERNA workflows. HELIO developed a set of workflows that proved to be useful but lacked flexibility and re-usability. The TAVERNA workflows also needed to be executed directly in TAVERNA workbench, and this forced all users to learn how to use the workbench. Within the SCI-BUS and ER-FLOW projects, we have started an effort to re-think and re-design the heliophysics workflows with the aim of fostering re-usability and ease of use. We base our approach on two key concepts, that of meta-workflows and that of workflow interoperability. We have divided the produced workflows in three different layers. The first layer is Basic Workflows, developed both in the TAVERNA and WS-PGRADE languages. They are building blocks that users compose to address their scientific challenges. They implement well-defined Use Cases that usually involve only one service. The second layer is Science Workflows usually developed in TAVERNA. They implement Science Cases (the definition of a scientific challenge) by composing different Basic Workflows. The third and last layer,Iterative Science Workflows, is developed in WSPGRADE. It executes sub-workflows (either Basic or Science Workflows) as parameter sweep jobs to investigate Science Cases on large multiple data sets. So far, this approach has proven fruitful for three Science Cases of which one has been completed and two are still being tested.
Development of anti‐immigrant attitudes in adolescence: The role of parents, peers, intergroup friendships, and empathy

Ethnic and racial intergroup attitudes are assumed to develop due to the influence of socialization contexts. However, there is still little longitudinal evidence supporting this claim. We also know little about the relative importance of socialization contexts, the possible interplay between them as well as about the conditions and mechanisms that might underlie socialization effects. This longitudinal study of adolescents (N = 517) examined the effects of parents and peers’ anti‐immigrant attitudes as well as intergroup friendships on relative changes in adolescents’ anti‐immigrant prejudice, controlling for the effects of socioeconomic background. It also examined whether the effects of parents or peers would depend on adolescents’ intergroup friendships. In addition, it explored whether the effects of parents, peers, and intergroup friendships would be mediated or moderated by adolescents’ empathy. Results showed significant effects of parents, peers, intergroup friendships, and socioeconomic background on changes in youth attitudes, highlighting the role of parental prejudice. They also showed adolescents with immigrant friends to be less affected by parents and peers’ prejudice than youth without immigrant friends. In addition, results showed the effects of parents, peers, and intergroup friendships to be mediated by adolescents’ empathic concern. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
ISO14001: The Challenges in Establishing Environmental Management Systems in Tourism and Hospitality Establishments

In the last decades, the tourism and hospitality industries have increased their awareness toward environmental sustainability and the application of Environmental Management Systems (EMS). However, research into EMS application and its challenges in the hospitality industry has been left out of sight. In fact, it appears that most hospitality and tourism organizations have neglected to adopt and implement EMS and have failed to recognize the benefits EMS can offer. Perhaps this may explain mixed findings on EMS success adoption and implementation to date. This conceptual paper investigates the challenges and opportunities within the concept of sustainability and aims to sum the existing knowledge on EMSs and the opportunities for its successful implementation in tourism and hospitality establishments. The findings will raise awareness of the importance of EMS and stimulate changes in the way management puts its effort toward enhancing the value these establishments put on adoption and implementation of EMS. Hanafi Hamzah Universiti Putra, Malaysia Shahrim Karim Universiti Putra, Malaysia Angelo Camillo Woodbury University, USA Svetlana Holt Woodbury University, USA
Role of cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in auditory sensory memory and mismatch negativity generation: implications for schizophrenia.

Working memory refers to the ability of the brain to store and manipulate information over brief time periods, ranging from seconds to minutes. As opposed to long-term memory, which is critically dependent upon hippocampal processing, critical substrates for working memory are distributed in a modality-specific fashion throughout cortex. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors play a crucial role in the initiation of long-term memory. Neurochemical mechanisms underlying the transient memory storage required for working memory, however, remain obscure. Auditory sensory memory, which refers to the ability of the brain to retain transient representations of the physical features (e.g., pitch) of simple auditory stimuli for periods of up to approximately 30 sec, represents one of the simplest components of the brain working memory system. Functioning of the auditory sensory memory system is indexed by the generation of a well-defined event-related potential, termed mismatch negativity (MMN). MMN can thus be used as an objective index of auditory sensory memory functioning and a probe for investigating underlying neurochemical mechanisms. Monkeys generate cortical activity in response to deviant stimuli that closely resembles human MMN. This study uses a combination of intracortical recording and pharmacological micromanipulations in awake monkeys to demonstrate that both competitive and noncompetitive NMDA antagonists block the generation of MMN without affecting prior obligatory activity in primary auditory cortex. These findings suggest that, on a neurophysiological level, MMN represents selective current flow through open, unblocked NMDA channels. Furthermore, they suggest a crucial role of cortical NMDA receptors in the assessment of stimulus familiarity/unfamiliarity, which is a key process underlying working memory performance.
Weighted inf-sup condition and pointwise error estimates for the Stokes problem

Convergence of mixed finite element approximations to the Stokes problem in the primitive variables is examined in maximum norm. Quasi-optimal pointwise error estimates are derived for discrete spaces satisfying a weighted inf-sup condition similar to the Babuska-Brezzi condition. The usual techniques employed to prove the inf-sup condition in energy norm can be easily extended to the present situation, thus providing several examples to our abstract framework
The influence of CEO power on agency costs in non-profit organisations: evidence from the global microfinance industry

This paper examines agency costs incurred by microfinance organisations. We argue that differences in agency costs not only stem from differences in ownership form but are also influenced by the amount of power wielded by the chief executive officer (CEO). We proxy for agency costs using operating expenses, asset utilisation, liquidity and tangible asset intensity. Using a sample of 374 microfinance organisations located in 76 countries, we find evidence that agency costs are higher in microfinance organisations set up as non-profits, but only if the CEO is powerful. Our empirical evidence illustrates the importance of installing proper governance mechanisms to minimise agency costs, in particular in the non-profit sector.
Complete Genome Sequence of the Novel Escherichia coli Phage phAPEC8

ABSTRACT Bacteriophage phAPEC8 is an Escherichia coli-infecting myovirus, isolated on an avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strain. APEC strains cause colibacillosis in poultry, resulting in high mortality levels and important economic losses. Genomic analysis of the 147,737-bp double-stranded DNA phAPEC8 genome revealed that 53% of the 269 encoded proteins are unique to this phage. Its closest relatives include the Salmonella phage PVP-SE1 and the coliphage rv5, with 19% and 18% similar proteins, respectively. As such, phAPEC8 represents a novel, phylogenetically distinct clade within the Myoviridae, with molecular properties suitable for phage therapy applications.
Modeling of nitro group in explosives: spectroscopic measurements and theoretical calculations

Calibration is the process of constructing a mathematical model to relate the output of an instrument to properties of samples. Prediction is the process of using the model to predict properties of a sample given and instrument output. A statistical description, based on discriminant analysis, of explosive substances allows a characterization and classification of the spectroscopic properties of the effect of nitro group in accordance with the molecular structure. This description should help for predicting the nitro group effect in other explosives and be a primary actor in sensor design based on IR and Raman spectroscopies. The variables used in this analysis were the Raman shift and IR wavenumber (spectral locations) of the symmetric and asymmetric mode of the nitro group. A second group of variables were the absorbance and Raman scattering intensity. A statistical model using forty five explosives is presented.
A New Flap Prefabrication Model: Prefabricated Neural-Island Flap

The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of a new flap prefabrication method. A peripheral nerve was implanted into the subcutaneous tissue to prefabricate a skin flap that was supplied solely by the intrinsic vasculature of that nerve after a preliminary delay period. The study was composed of 2 parts. In the first part, anatomic dissections were performed to discover the anatomy and the potential nerve to be used as a pedicle for prefabrication of a skin flap. At the end of these dissections, we decided to use the sciatic nerve as the vascular source and the lumbar region skin for prefabrication of the flap. In the second part, 2 groups were formed. In the first group (prefabricated neural island flap group) after dissection of the nerve, it was transected from its distal part, rotated to the dorsum of the rat, and implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of the skin flap prepared in this area. The delay procedure was completed in 2 periods and at the end of the second delay period, the neural island flap was harvested solely based on the nerve itself. In the second group, the same procedures were repeated with the exception that the sciatic nerve supplying the island flap was ligated and transected just after the second delay period, and the skin flap was replaced in situ as a graft. The mean survival of the skin flaps in the prefabricated neural island flap group was 93.9% ± 4.40%, whereas the survival in the graft group was 0.9% ± 1.44% on postoperative day 7. The microangiographic and the histologic findings were in accordance with direct observation. In this study, we have experimentally demonstrated that, a skin flap that is supplied solely by the intrinsic vasculature of a nerve can be prefabricated after the implantation of that nerve into the subcutaneous tissue of that flap after a preliminary delay period. We termed this “Prefabricated Neural-Island Flap. ” We believe that the clinical application of this new flap will gradually develop on the basis of further experimental studies.
A qualitative study of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression

Psychotherapeutic interventions containing training in mindfulness meditation have been shown to help participantswith a variety of somatic and psychological conditions. Mindfulness-basedcognitive therapy (MBCT) is a meditation-based psychotherapeutic interventiondesigned to help reduce the risk of relapse of recurrent depression.There is encouraging early evidence from multi-centre randomized controlled trials. However, little is known of the process by which MBCT may bring therapeutic benets. This study set out to explore participants’ accounts of MBCT in the mental-health context. Seven participantswere interviewed in two phases. Interviewdata from four participants were obtained in the weeks following MBCT. Grounded theory techniqueswere used to identify several categories that combine to describe the ways in which mental-health difculties arose as well as their experiences of MBCT. Three further participants who have continued to practise MBCT were interviewed so as to further validate, elucidate and extend these categories. The theory suggested that the preconceptions and expectations of therapy are important inuences on later experiences of MBCT. Important areas of therapeutic change (‘coming to terms’) were identied, including the development of mindfulness skills, an attitude of acceptance and ‘living in the moment’. The development of mindfulness skills was seen to hold a key role in the development of change. Generalization of these skills to everyday life was seen as important, and several ways in which this happened, including the use of breathing spaces, were discussed. The study emphasized the role of continued skills practice for participants’ therapeutic gains. In addition, several of the concepts and categories offered support to cognitive accounts of mood disorder and the role of MBCT in reducing relapse.
Polarization diversity circuit based on silica waveguides and photonic crystal waveplates for a 4×4 silicon optical switch

We propose a compact polarization diversity circuit for a silicon waveguide device. It consists of silica waveguides and photonic crystal waveplates, and can convert input light with various polarization states into two output light signals with the same polarization. Setting these circuits at the front and rear of two silicon optical switches, the polarization dependence in the switch can be dramatically suppressed. We fabricated polarization diversity circuits for a 4×4 silicon optical switch and realized a polarization insensitive 4×4 optical switch. The polarization dependent loss was reduced to 1.1 dB and the polarization dependent crosstalk was less than −17 dB.
Peripheral NMDA and non‐NMDA glutamate receptors contribute to nociceptive behaviors in the rat formalin test

THE present study demonstrates that local cutaneous administration of either the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor antagonist MK-801 or the non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist 6-cyano7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) significantly attenuates formalin-induced nociceptive behaviors. Specifically, pretreatment with either drug reduced the magnitude and time course of lifting and licking behavior in the late phase of formalin pain; however, flinching behavior was not affected. In contrast, posttreatment of formalin pain with either antagonist did not affect lifting and licking behavior, although flinching behavior was mildly attenuated. We hypothesize that these actions result from blocking of peripheral glutamate receptors located on unmyelinated axons at the dermal–epidermal junction. These data suggest that peripheral glutamate receptors on cutaneous axons can be manipulated to reduce certain aspects of pain of peripheral origin. This route of administration offers the advantage of avoiding the side effects of systemic administration.
The Transformation of Corporate Bond Investors and Fragility : Evidence on Mutual Funds and ETFs

Villanova, PA 19085. She can be reached at caitlin.dannhauser@villanova.edu. Phone: 610-519-4348. Saeid Hoseinzade is at the Sawyer Business School, Suffolk University, 120 Tremont Street, Boston, MA 02108. He can be reached at Email: shoseinzade@suffolk.edu . We thank Pierluigi Balduzzi, Jeffrey Pontiff, Jonathan Reuter, Ronnie Sadka, and Hassan Tehranian for helpful comments. The Transformation of Corporate Bond Investors and Fragility: Evidence on Mutual Funds and ETFs
Exponentially small splittings of separatrices with applications to KAM theory and degenerate bifurcations

Both upper and lower estimates are establishedfor the separatrix splitting of rapidly forced systems with a homoclinic orbit. The general theory is applied to the equation φ + sin φ =S sin(^t-_Є) for illustration. There are two types of results. First,fix η > 0 and let 0 < E ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ S ≤ S_0 where S_0 is sufficiently small. If the separatrices split, they do so by an amount that is no more than C S exp(-^1-є(^π-2-η)) where C = C(S_0) is a constant depending on S_0 but is uniform in E and S . Second, if we replace S by єP S, p ≥ 8, then we have the sharper estimate C_2 є^p S e ^(-π/2є) ≤ splitting distance ≤ C_1є^P S є -^(π/2є) for positive constants C_1 and C_2 depending on So alone. In particular, in this second case, the Melnikov criterion correctly predicts exponentially small splitting and transversal intersection of the separatrices. After developing this theory we discuss some of its applications, concentrating on a 2:I resonance that occurs in a KAM (Kolmogorov, Arnold, and Moser) situation and in the/orced saddle node bifurcation described by X + µX + x^2 + x^3 = Sf(t)
Potential Benefits of ICT towards Rural Positive Youth Development in Malaysia

Information Communication Technology (ICT) offers an abundance of benefits to users especially in socio-economic aspects. Rural youth are one group of users that has experienced such benefits. They are able to access more opportunities due to their superior ICT knowledge and compatibility. This study aims to identify the potential benefits of ICT usage for rural youth development. Through document analyses and review of literature, it can be concluded that the benefits offered from ICT usage towards youth development can be categorized in the aspects of competency, character, confidence, caring, connection and contribution. With all of these aspects of potential benefits in place, it is hoped that consistent involvement from youths in rural development can be ensured.