Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PER models of subtyping, recursive types and higher-order polymorphism

We relate standard techniques for solving recursive domain equations to previous models with types interpreted as partial equivalence relations (per's) over a Dm lambda model. This motivates a particular choice of type functions, which leads to an extension of, such models to higher-order polymorphism. The resulting models provide natural interpretations for function spaces, records, recursively defined types, higher-order type functions, and bounded polymor-phic types Y-X <: Y. A where the bound may be of a higher kind. In particular, we may combine recursion and polymorphism in a way that allows the bound Y in VX <: Y. A to be recursive y defined. The model may also be used to interpret so-called " F-bounded polymorphism. " Together, these features allolv us to represent several forms of type and type functions that seem to arise naturally in typed object-oriented programming. 1 Introduction In type systems aimed towards object-oriented programming , several typing ideas naturally arise. The most basic are subtyping, the fact that values of one type may be treated as values of another, polymor-phism, and recursively defined types. the Powell Foundation. t s~lpported in part by an NSF PYI Award, matching funds from Digital Equipment Corporation, the Powell Foundation, and Xerox Corporation NSF grant CCR-881 4921 and the Wal-lace F. and Lucille M. Davis Faculty Scholarship. Pennksion to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that tie copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of tbe publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of tbe Association for Computing Machinery. To copy otherwise , or to republish, requires a fee sad/or specific permission. the existing, implemented type systems for object-oriented languages have notable errors (see, [CO089]), it is important to prove the soundness of these type systems. The primary technique for doing so is by constructing a selmantic model. A class of semantic models for languages with subtyp-ing, polymorphism and recursion are developed in [Cop85, Ama91, Car89, AP90]. These models all interpret types as partial equivalence relations (per's) over suitable Dm structures obtained by the so-called " inverse limit') construction. The main contributions of this paper are to provide a general framework for understanding type recursion in these models and to extend per models to higher-order type functions and additional forms of polymorphism. Since the use of per's over …
Uniqueness typing for functional languages with graph rewriting semantics

We present two type systems for term graph rewriting: conventional typing and (polymorphic) uniqueness typing. The latter is introduced as a natural extension of simple algebraic and higher-order uniqueness typing. The systems are given in natural deduction style using an inductive syntax of graph denotations with familiar constructs such as let and case. The conventional system resembles traditional Curry-style typing systems in functional programming languages. Uniqueness typing extends this with reference count information. In both type systems, typing is preserved during evaluation, and types can be determined effectively. Moreover, with respect to a graph rewriting semantics, both type systems turn out to be sound.
HsMCM6: a new member of the human MCM/P1 family encodes a protein homologous to fission yeast Mis5

The tight regulatory mechanism that prevents more than one round of chromosomal DNA replication per cell cycle is thought to require the function of Mcm/P1 proteins. We report here the structural and functional analyses of HsMcm6, a human homologue of the Mis5 of Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
Regularized CSP with Fisher's criterion to improve classification of single-trial ERPs for BCI

A brain-computer interface (BCI) based on the combination of oddball paradigm and face perception has been introduced. Such BCI mainly exploits three event-related potential (ERP) components, namely vertex positive potential (VPP), N170 and P300 instead of only P300. With different temporal and spatial distributions of the three ERP components, a regularized common spatial pattern (CSP) with Fisher's criterion (FC), named FCCSP, is proposed to extract the most discriminative features for single trial classification of ERP components. With linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classifier, the proposed FCCSP spatial filtering method yields an average classification accuracy of 95.4% on seven healthy subjects for single-trial ERP components, which outperforms no spatial filtering, the CSP and the FC.
GENDER STEREOTYPES IN ROMANIAN SOCIETY. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF MASCULINITY AND FEMININITY

Gender stereotypes represent an important topic approached by the specialists in the field of gender studies, due to their implication for the identity development and perception of others. Gender stereotypes origin in the social categorization, considered a necessary and adaptive component of the information processing, yet inducing a number of biases of the social perception, as prejudice and even discrimination (Tajfel, 1981). Concerning the measurement, the study of the stereotypes has been based on the assignment by the respondents of some traits seen as characteristic for the target group. Our sample consisted in 100 participants with different educational level and employment status, 50 women and 50 men, aged between 18 and 53. Based on the list of personality traits contained in Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) (Bem, 1974), in our study we tried to identify the extent at which the traits typically associated to masculinity and femininity in different cultures are considered differentially desirable for men and women by the Romanian respondents. We presented the manner in which traits were considered to be descriptive for the prototypes of the two categories presented, namely man and woman, and we discussed the implications for the measurement of masculinity and femininity in Romanian society.
Parameters of Human Hepatitis Delta Virus Genome Replication: the Quantity, Quality, and Intracellular Distribution of Viral Proteins and RNA

ABSTRACT Assembly of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) in infected human hepatocytes involves association of the 1,679- nucleotide single-stranded genomic RNA (δRNA) with multiple copies of both small and large forms of the delta protein (δAg) to form a ribonucleoprotein particle which in turn interacts with envelope proteins of the natural helper virus, hepatitis B virus. Subsequently, for initiation of a new round of replication, the amount of small δAg within the assembled HDV particle is both necessary and sufficient. Quantitative assays were used in order to better understand just how much δAg is needed. The molar ratio of δAg species to genomic δRNA in assembled HDV particles was approximately 200. Next, this ratio was determined for cells under several different experimental situations in which HDV genome replication was occurring. These included replication in woodchuck liver and also in mouse liver and skeletal muscle, as well as replication in stably and transiently transfected cultured human hepatoblastoma cells. Surprisingly, in almost all these situations the molar ratios were comparable to that observed for HDV particles. This was true for different times after the initiation of replication and was independent of whether or not virus assembly was occurring. Cell fractionation combined with quantitative assays was used to test whether the majority of δAg and δRNA were colocalized during HDV replication in transfected cells. The cytoplasmic fraction contained the majority of δAg and genomic δRNA. Finally, the quality of δAg and δRNA, especially at relatively late times after the initiation of replication, was examined by using reverse transcription-PCR, cloning, and sequencing through the entire δAg open reading frame. When virus assembly and spread were not possible, 20% or less of the predicted δAg would have been able to support HDV replication. In summary, an examination of the quantity, quality and intracellular distribution of δAg and δRNA in several different experimental systems has provided a better understanding of the parameters associated with the initiation, maintenance, and ultimate decline of HDV genome replication.
Automatic detection of mispronunciation for language instruction

This work is part of a project aimed at developing a speech recognition system for language instruction that can assess the quality of pronunciation, identify pronunciation problems, and provide the student with accurate feedback about specific mistakes. Previous work was mainly concerned with scoring the quality of pronunciation. In this work we focus on automatic detection of mispronunciation. While scoring quantifies the mispronunciation, detection identifies the occurrence of a specific problem. Detecting pronunciation problems is necessary for providing feedback to the student. We use pronunciation scoring techniques to evaluate the performance of our mispronunciation model.
A Method of Protein Model Classification and Retrieval Using Bag-of-Visual-Features

In this paper we propose a novel visual method for protein model classification and retrieval. Different from the conventional methods, the key idea of the proposed method is to extract image features of proteins and measure the visual similarity between proteins. Firstly, the multiview images are captured by vertices and planes of a given octahedron surrounding the protein. Secondly, the local features are extracted from each image of the different views by the SURF algorithm and are vector quantized into visual words using a visual codebook. Finally, KLD is employed to calculate the similarity distance between two feature vectors. Experimental results show that the proposed method has encouraging performances for protein retrieval and categorization as shown in the comparison with other methods.
Experiments on the Automatic Induction of German Semantic Verb Classes

This article presents clustering experiments on German verbs: A statistical grammar model for German serves as the source for a distributional verb description at the lexical syntax-semantics interface, and the unsupervised clustering algorithm k-means uses the empirical verb properties to perform an automatic induction of verb classes. Various evaluation measures are applied to compare the clustering results to gold standard German semantic verb classes under different criteria. The primary goals of the experiments are (1) to empirically utilize and investigate the well-established relationship between verb meaning and verb behavior within a cluster analysis and (2) to investigate the required technical parameters of a cluster analysis with respect to this specific linguistic task. The clustering methodology is developed on a small-scale verb set and then applied to a larger-scale verb set including 883 German verbs.
Improving performance and lifetime of DRAM-PCM hybrid main memory through a proactive page allocation strategy

Phase change memory (PCM), given its non-volatility and low static energy consumption, is a promising candidate to be used as main memory. However, due to its limited endurance and slow write performance, state-of-the-art solutions tend to construct a DRAM-PCM hybrid memory instead of using PCM exclusively. While existing optimizations to this hybrid architecture focus on tuning DRAM configurations to further reduce writes to PCM, we aim at developing a proactive solution. Specifically, we exploit the flexibility of mapping virtual pages to physical pages, and propose a page allocation algorithm that considers both segment information and conflict misses in DRAM to distribute heavily written pages across different DRAM sets. Trace-driven experiments confirm the effectiveness of proposed technique in reducing both DRAM misses and PCM writes, thus simultaneously improving performance and lifetime of DRAM-PCM hybrid main memory.
Problem-Based Learning no Ensino de Contabilidade Gerencial: Relato de uma Experiência Brasileira

This study aimed to report on the operation of the PBL method in a management accounting discipline in the Accounting course of a Brazilian Higher Education institution. The research technique used was the case study, involving a descriptive approach to PBL classes, whose purpose was to present the properties of the classes, how to act and the profile of the students and teachers. The field research took place in 2013. The data were collected through interviews with teachers, participant observation and document analysis. The empirical analysis in this research rested on the studies by Araujo and Arantes (2009), Dochy, Segers, Bossche and Gijbels (2003), Duch, Groh and Allen (2001), MacDonald and Savin-Baden (2004), Ribeiro (2008), Schmidt (1983), Sockalingam and Schmidt (2011), among others. The results show that the integration between academics and businesses based on the use of practical and real problems the students brought from the work environment offered gains, such as: the student broadens the potential to solve practical and professional problems; and the company is benefited, as it can receive qualified professionals in the future, who are able for research and the proposal of solutions to problems. Teachers also gain as they are exposed to a contemporary setting, providing major updates in terms of use of concepts and theories, because of the contextualization. The PBL helps to engage Generation Y students, given that the desire for participation and communication in an interactive environment using technological tools are the main marks of that generation. The skills developed in the PBL approach are similar to those required from the management accountant.
Zwischen Wunsch und Wirklichkeit - der Alltag erwerbsorientierter Paare beim Übergang zur Elternschaft: Methodenbericht einer qualitativen Längsschnittstudie

Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Schulz, F. , Jabsen, A. , & Rost, H. (2008). Zwischen Wunsch und Wirklichkeit der Alltag erwerbsorientierter Paare beim Übergang zur Elternschaft: Methodenbericht einer qualitativen Längsschnittstudie (ifb-Materialien, 4-2008). Bamberg: Staatsinstitut für Familienforschung an der Universität Bamberg (ifb). https://nbn-resolving.org/ urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-125388
On the Iwasawa-Taniguchi effect of radio-quiet AGN

Aims. The existence of an anti-correlation between the Equivalent Width ( EW ) of the neutral narrow core of the iron K α emission line and the 2–10 keV luminosity (the so-called “X-ray Baldwin” or “Iwasawa-Taniguchi” effect) has been debated in the last years. We aim at testing this claim on the largest catalogue of radio quiet AGN high-quality X-ray spectra ever published. Methods. The final sample comprises 157 objects. We search for a relation of the iron line EW not only with the X-ray luminosity, but also with the Black Hole mass, the Eddington ratio and the cosmological distance. The data presented here were analyzed homogeneously, all spectra are from the same instrument and with high Signal-to-Noise Ratio. Results. A linear censored fit on the EW versus 2–10 keV luminosity is highly significant and yields $\log(EW_{\rm Fe})$ = (1.73 ± 0.03) + (-0.17 ± 0.03) $\log(L_{\rm X,44}$), where EW Fe is the EW of the neutral iron K α line in eV and L X,44 is the 2–10 keV X-ray luminosity in units of 10 44 erg s -1 . The anti-correlation with the Eddington ratio is also very significant, while no dependence of the iron EW on the BH mass is apparent.
Karyopherin α 3 and Karyopherin α 4 Proteins Mediate the Nuclear Import of Methyl-CpG Binding Protein 2*

Background: MeCP2 is a key nuclear protein that binds methylated DNA to regulate the chromatin state. Results: KPNA3 and KPNA4 bind to overlapping domains within MeCP2 to traffic it into the nucleus. Conclusion: KPNA3 permits the nuclear localization of truncated forms of MeCP2, reconciling discrepancies between predictions and experimental observations. Significance: Understanding the mechanism of MeCP2 nuclear import is critical for analyzing genotype-phenotype correlations in patients with Rett syndrome. Methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is a nuclear protein with important roles in regulating chromatin structure and gene expression, and mutations in MECP2 cause Rett syndrome (RTT). Within the MeCP2 protein sequence, the nuclear localization signal (NLS) is reported to reside between amino acids 255–271, and certain RTT-causing mutations overlap with the MeCP2 NLS, suggesting that they may alter nuclear localization. One such mutation, R270X, is predicted to interfere with the localization of MeCP2, but recent in vivo studies have demonstrated that this mutant remains entirely nuclear. To clarify the mechanism of MeCP2 nuclear import, we isolated proteins that interact with the NLS and identified karyopherin α 3 (KPNA3 or Kap-α3) and karyopherin α 4 (KPNA4 or Kap-α4) as key binding partners of MeCP2. MeCP2-R270X did not interact with KPNA4, consistent with a requirement for an intact NLS in this interaction. However, this mutant retains binding to KPNA3, accounting for the normal localization of MeCP2-R270X to the nucleus. These data provide a mechanism for MeCP2 nuclear import and have implications for the design of therapeutics aimed at modulating the function of MeCP2 in RTT patients.
Hyperactivity of the Arabidopsis cryptochrome (cry1) L407F mutant is caused by a structural alteration close to the cry1 ATP-binding site

Plant cryptochromes (cry) act as UV-A/blue light receptors. The prototype, Arabidopsis thaliana cry1, regulates several light responses during the life cycle, including de-etiolation, and is also involved in regulating flowering time. The cry1 photocycle is initiated by light absorption by its FAD chromophore, which is most likely fully oxidized (FADox) in the dark state and photoreduced to the neutral flavin semiquinone (FADH°) in its lit state. Cryptochromes lack the DNA-repair activity of the closely related DNA photolyases, but they retain the ability to bind nucleotides such as ATP. The previously characterized L407F mutant allele of Arabidopsis cry1 is biologically hyperactive and seems to mimic the ATP-bound state of cry1, but the reason for this phenotypic change is unclear. Here, we show that cry1L407F can still bind ATP, has less pronounced photoreduction and formation of FADH° than wild-type cry1, and has a dark reversion rate 1.7 times lower than that of the wild type. The hyperactivity of cry1L407F is not related to a higher FADH° occupancy of the photoreceptor but is caused by a structural alteration close to the ATP-binding site. Moreover, we show that ATP binds to cry1 in both the dark and the lit states. This binding was not affected by cry1's C-terminal extension, which is important for signal transduction. Finally, we show that a recently discovered chemical inhibitor of cry1, 3-bromo-7-nitroindazole, competes for ATP binding and thereby diminishes FADH° formation, which demonstrates that both processes are important for cry1 function.
Quantitative proteomic profiling reveals novel region‐specific markers in the adult mouse brain

Despite major advances in neuroscience, a comprehensive understanding of the structural and functional components of the adult brain compartments remains to be fully elucidated at a quantitative molecular level. Indeed, over half of the soluble‐ and membrane‐annotated proteins are currently unmapped within online digital brain atlases. In this study, two complementary approaches were used to assess the unique repertoire of proteins enriched within select regions of the adult mouse CNS, including the brain stem, cerebellum, and remaining brain hemispheres. Of the 1200 proteins visualized by 2D‐DIGE, approximately 150 (including cytosolic and membrane proteins) were found to exhibit statistically significant changes in relative abundance thus representing putative region‐specific brain markers. In addition to using a high‐precision 18O‐labeling strategy for the quantitative LC‐MS/MS mapping of membrane proteins isolated from myelin‐enriched fractions, we have identified over 1000 proteins that have yet to be described in any other mammalian myelin proteome. A comparison of our myelin proteome was made to an existing transcriptome database containing mRNA abundance profiles during oligodendrocyte differentiation and has confirmed statistically significant abundance changes for ∼500 of these newly mapped proteins, thus revealing new roles in oligodendrocyte and myelin biology. These data offer a resource for the neuroscience community studying the molecular basis for specialized neuronal activities in the CNS and myelin‐related disorders. The MS proteomics data associated with this manuscript have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium with the dataset identifier PXD000327 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD000327).
Hypercholesterolemia, lipid-lowering agents, and the risk for brain infarction

Article abstractClinical trials in the 1990s using HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) showed that cholesterol-lowering treatment significantly reduces cardiovascular events including strokes in the primary and secondary prevention of myocardial infarction (MI). Paradoxically, the link between serum cholesterol level and the incidence of stroke remains to be fully established. This is largely due to conflicting evidence from a series of observational cohort studies and a suggestion that lowering serum cholesterol increased the risk for hemorrhagic stroke. These findings have tended to influence the treatment of stroke, despite alternative interpretations for the failure of these studies to find a clear association between cholesterol levels and stroke.The statin trials present a strong argument for a reappraisal of the link between cholesterol and stroke. Three meta-analyses have all shown a relative risk reduction in stroke of 12 to 48% in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) after MI. There was no statistically significant increase in hemorrhagic stroke. Recently, gemfibrozil has also been shown to reduce the relative risk for stroke (25%), which contradicts the findings of previous fibrate trials.It is becoming clear that the clinical action of many cholesterol-lowering drugs is the result of pleiotropic/antiatherogenic effects rather than simply a reduction in cholesterol. There is also evidence that these agents exert direct effects that promote atherosclerotic plaque stability. After these observations, it is now generally accepted that lipid-lowering treatment should be considered in all stroke patients with a history of CHD/MI. However, for the remaining patients with ischemic stroke, there is no proven therapeutic approach, and several large randomized, placebo-controlled trials are under way or planned for this indication.