Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Distinctive population of Gfap‐expressing neural progenitors arising around the dentate notch migrate and form the granule cell layer in the developing hippocampus

In the adult hippocampus, granule cells continue to be generated from astrocyte‐like progenitors expressing glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) that differ from embryonic neocortical progenitors. However, during the embryonic period, dentate granule neurons and neocortical pyramidal neurons are derived from the ventricular zone (VZ) of the pallium. Our question is when do GFAP+ progenitors of granule neurons appear in the developing hippocampus during the embryonic period, and how do they form the granule cell layer. The present analysis using Gfap‐GFP transgenic mice shows that the GFP+ distinct cell population first appears in the VZ of the medial pallium at the dorsal edge of the fimbria on embryonic day 13.5. During the perinatal period, they form a migratory stream from the VZ to the developing dentate gyrus, and establish the germinal zones in the migratory stream, and the marginal and hilar regions in the developing dentate gyrus. GFP+ cells in these regions were positive for Sox2 and Ki67, but negative for BLBP. GFP+ cells with Neurogenin2 expression were largely distributed in the VZ, whereas GFP+ cells with Tbr2 and NeuroD expressions were seen in the migratory stream and developing dentate gyrus. Prox1‐expressing GFP+ cells were restricted to the developing dentate gyrus. These results suggest that distinctive Gfap‐expressing progenitors arising around the dentate notch form germinal regions in the migratory stream and the developing dentate gyrus where they differentiate into granule neurons, indicating that distinct astrocyte‐like neural progenitors continue to generate granule neurons, from the beginning of dentate development and throughout life. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:261–283, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Forêts alluviales d'Europe

Forets alluviales d'Europe : ecologie, biogeographie, valeur intrinseque. SCHNITZLER-LENOBLE Annik, Lavoisier, 2007. C'est un ouvrage de synthese des connaissances actuelles sur les forets alluviales de l'Europe, de l'Oural a Madere… Bien illustre de photos et de schemas, il permet de pour mieux comprendre ces ecosystemes exceptionnels et raviront l'ornithologue, le mycologue, le botaniste et (.)
Co-Ordinated Secure Beamforming in $K$-User Interference Channel With Multiple Eavesdroppers

In this letter, we consider secrecy communications over multiple-input single-output K-user interference channel in the presence of multiple eavesdroppers. Each legitimate data link is wiretapped by several eavesdroppers. To keep the eavesdroppers ignorant of the confidential messages, we propose a co-ordinated secure beamforming scheme for maximizing the secrecy sum-rate subject to the individual power constraint of each transmitter. To solve the resultant nonconvex problem, we approximate it into a few semidefinite programs (SDPs) by employing the semidefinite relaxation (SDR) technique and a conservative convex approximation. It is demonstrated experimentally that the proposed algorithm converges within a few iterations. Furthermore, we prove that the SDP problem obtained via SDR always yields a rank-one solution such that the SDR is tight. Simulations show the efficacy of the proposed scheme.
Supporting Knowledge-assisted Rule Creation in a Behavior-based Malware Analysis Prototype

The ever increasing number of malicious software (malware) requires domain experts to shift their analysis process towards more individualized approaches to acquire more information about presently unknown malware samples. KAMAS is a knowledge-assisted visual analytics prototype for behavioral malware analysis, which allows IT-security experts to categorize and store potentially harmful system call sequences (rules) in a knowledge database. In order to meet the increasing demand for individualization of analysis processes, analysts have to be able to create individual rules. This paper is a visualization design study, which describes the design and implementation of a separate Rule Creation Area (RCA) into KAMAS and its evaluation by domain experts.It became clear that continuous integration of experts in interaction processes improves the analysis and knowledge generation mechanism of KAMAS. Additionally, the outcome of the evaluation revealed that there is a demand for adjustment and re-usage of already stored rules in the RCA.
A V-band switched beam-forming network using absorptive SP4T switch integrated with 4×4 Butler matrix in 0.13-µm CMOS

An integrated switched beam forming network is demonstrated at V-band by integrating an absorptive single-pole four-throw (SP4T) switch together with a 4×4 Butler matrix using 0.13 µm CMOS process. The fabricated absorptive SP4T switch shows a measured insertion loss of 4.5 dB at 60 GHz and isolation higher than 31 dB from 57 to 63 GHz. The return losses of the deactivated output ports also maintain better than 14 dB due to the absorptive configuration. The entire insertion loss of the integrated beam former IC was around 7.5 dB at 60 GHz, among which 3 dB is attributed to Butler matrix. The overall phase error was within ±12%. The calculated array factor from the measured S-parameters shows that the beam-forming network generates four beams at ±14°, ±54°. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of CMOS switched beam-forming network integrating an absorptive SP4T switch and Butler matrix at V-band.
Effects of switching time on output voltages of a multilevel inverter used in high frequency applications

Employing multilevel inverters is a proper solution to reduce harmonic content of output voltage and electromagnetic interference (EMI) in high power electronic applications. In this paper, a new pulse width modulation method for multilevel inverters is proposed in which power devices' on-off switching times have been considered. This method can be surveyed in order to analyze the effect of switching time on harmonic contents of output voltage in high frequency applications when a switching time is not negligible compare to a switching cycle. FFT calculation and analysis of output voltage waveforms and harmonic contents with regard to switching time variation are presented in this paper for a single phase (3, 5)-level inverters used in high voltage and high frequency converters. Mathematical analysis and MATLAB simulation results have been carried out to validate the proposed method.
Method for Estimating the Charge Density Distribution on a Dielectric Surface

Abstract High-quality color output from digital photocopiers and laser printers is in strong demand, motivating attempts to achieve fine dot reproducibility and stability. The resolution of a digital photocopier depends on the charge density distribution on the organic photoconductor surface; however, directly measuring the charge density distribution is impossible. In this study, we propose a new electron optical instrument that can rapidly measure the electrostatic latent image on an organic photoconductor surface, which is a dielectric surface, as well as a novel method to quantitatively estimate the charge density distribution on a dielectric surface by combining experimental data obtained from the apparatus via a computer simulation. In the computer simulation, an improved three-dimensional boundary charge density method (BCM) is used for electric field analysis in the vicinity of the dielectric material with a charge density distribution. This method enables us to estimate the profile and quantity of the charge density distribution on a dielectric surface with a resolution of the order of microns. Furthermore, the surface potential on the dielectric surface can be immediately calculated using the obtained charge density. This method enables the relation between the charge pattern on the organic photoconductor surface and toner particle behavior to be studied; an understanding regarding the same may lead to the development of a new generation of higher resolution photocopiers.
Substrate Integrated Waveguide couplers: A semi-analytical design approach based on side leakage

Substrate Integrated Waveguide, an emerging technology for microwave and mm-wave circuits, can be used to manufacture several different devices, in particular couplers. A straightforward implementation for SIW couplers is based on a narrow-wall multi-hole architecture. This paper presents a semi-analytical approach, based on the quantitative determination of the SIW side leakage, to design this type of SIW couplers with arbitrary coupling. The proposed approach is verified against full-wave simulations.
Origin of fundus hyperautofluorescent spots and their role in retinal degeneration in a mouse model of Goldmann-Favre syndrome

SUMMARY Goldmann-Favre syndrome, also known as enhanced S-cone syndrome, is an inherited retinal degeneration disease in which a gain of photoreceptor cell types results in retinal dysplasia and degeneration. Although microglia have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases, the fundamental role of these cells in this disease is unknown. In the current study, sequential analyses suggest that microglia are recruited and appear after outer nuclear layer folding. By crossing rd7 mice (a model for hereditary retinal degeneration owing to Nr2e3 mutation) with mice carrying the macrophage Fas-induced apoptosis (Mafia) transgene, we generated double-mutant mice and studied the role of the resident retinal microglia. Microglial cells in these double-mutant mice express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and a suicide gene that can trigger Fas-mediated apoptosis via systemic treatment with AP20187 (FK506 dimerizer). We demonstrated that more than 80% of the EGFP+ cells in retinas from rd7/rd7;Tg/Tg mice express Iba-1 (a microglial marker), and resident microglia are still present in the retina because AP20187 does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Hence, only circulating bone marrow (BM)-derived microglia are depleted. Depletion of circulating BM-derived microglia accelerates retinal degeneration in rd7 mice. An increased number of autofluorescent (AF) spots is a consequence of resident microglia proliferation, which in turn establishes an inflammatory cytokine milieu via the upregulation of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα expression. This inflammation is likely to accelerate retinal degeneration. This study not only identifies inflammation as a crucial step in the pathogenesis of retinal degeneration, but also highlights the involvement of specific cytokine genes that could serve as future treatment targets in retinal degenerations.
The need for standardisation of peak flow charts

Peak expiratory flow (PEF) monitoring is recommended in asthma guidelines as a tool for assessing severity, monitoring response to treatment, detecting exacerbations, identifying triggers, and providing objective justification for treatment to the patient, but some clinicians have expressed concerns about its relevance in the management of asthma. We have identified a sevenfold variation in the scale of existing PEF charts, with resulting wide variation in the appearance of the same PEF date on different charts. There is an obvious need for standardisation of PEF charts to avoid confusion for patients and to allow development of pattern recognition skills by clinicians. Evidence is provided from visual perception studies to suggest that preference should be given to a horizontally compressed PEF chart to facilitate identification of exacerbations and of overall trends, but this needs to be formally evaluated by retrospective and prospective studies. It is hoped that clinical expertise in PEF pattern recognition can eventually be incorporated into electronic decision making algorithms, as has occurred in occupational asthma, but, in the meantime, the ideal PEF chart for asthma management will represent a compromise between ease of manual data entry and ease of interpretation.
Analysis of P300 Classifiers in Brain Computer Interface Speller

In this paper, the performance of five classifiers in P300 speller paradigm are compared. Theses classifiers are Linear Support Vector Machine (LSVM), Gaussian Support Vector Machine (GSVM), Neural Network (NN), Fisher Linear Discriminant (FLD), and Kernel Fisher Discriminant (KFD). In classification of P300 waves, there has been a trend to use SVM classifiers. Although they have shown a good performance, in this paper, it is shown that the FLD classifiers outperform the SVM classifiers. FLD classifier uses only ten channels of the recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. This makes them a very good candidate for real-time applications. In addition, FLD approach does not need any optimization similar to other methods. In addition, in this paper, it is shown that the efficiency of using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for feature reduction results in decreasing the time for the classification and increasing the accuracy
Growth hormone inhibition of lipogenesis in sheep adipose tissue: requirement for gene transcription and polyamines.

The chronic inhibitory effect of growth hormone (GH) on lipogenesis in sheep adipose tissue explants was investigated in an in vitro tissue culture system. In the absence of other hormones, GH caused a decrease in the rate of lipogenesis after 6 h of culture. In contrast, when lipogenesis was stimulated by the presence of insulin plus dexamethasone, GH again decreased lipogenesis but after a lag of at least 12 h. Actinomycin D, an inhibitor of gene transcription, prevented the effect of GH on lipogenesis in both the absence and presence of insulin plus dexamethasone. Actinomycin D added to tissue previously incubated for 6 h in the presence of GH alone prevented further decline in lipogenesis over the next 5 h, suggesting that transcription of a short-lived mediator protein is required for the GH effect to occur. An increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity was detected in explants exposed to GH, reaching a peak after 12 h incubation; this was prevented by actinomycin D. Methylglyoxal bis-(guanylhydrazone), an inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis, partially alleviated the effect of GH on lipogenesis; this was reversed by addition of spermidine. However, spermidine did not reverse the effects of actinomycin D, implicating a short-lived protein in addition to ornithine decarboxylase in the action of GH. In the absence of other hormones GH had no effect on either the expressed (initial) or total activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, but GH prevented the increase in both expressed and total activities of the enzyme induced by insulin plus dexamethasone. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Accelerated Degradation Test Planning Using the Inverse Gaussian Process

The IG process models have been shown to be an important family in degradation analysis. In this paper, we are interested in optimal constant-stress accelerated degradation tests (ADTs) planning when the underlying degradation follows the inverse Gaussian (IG) process. We first consider ADT planning for the IG process without random effects. Asymptotic variance of the estimate of a lower quantile is derived, and the objective of the planning is to minimize this variance by properly choosing the testing stresses, and the number of samples allocated to each stress. Next, ADT planning for a random-effects IG process model is considered. We then applied the IG process to fit the stress relaxation data of a component, and use the developed methods to help with the optimal ADT design.
Cultivation of Porcine Hepatocytes in Polyurethane Nonwovens as Part of a Biohybrid Liver Support System

Many patients suffering from end-stage liver disease cannot be transplanted within reasonable time due to the shortage of donor organs. Bioartificial liver support systems may contribute to the liver regeneration or bridging the time until a liver graft for transplantation becomes available. Nonwovens with integrated oxygenation capacity have been developed and manufactured by melt blow technology using thermoplastic polyurethane. Capillary membranes for oxygenation were integrated into the nonwoven during the processing. The polyurethane nonwoven structures with adapted pore size and high pore volume allow high cell densities in the hepatocyte culture. The three-dimensional cell culture was housed by a flow bioreactor system and was integrated in a closed loop circulation with monitoring possibilities for pressure, pH, temperature, ammonia, and oxygen. Hepatocytes were isolated from rats or pigs by collagenase perfusion and infused into the medium-perfused circulation. Cells showed high viability and hepatocyte specific cytochrome P450-dependent metabolic function in culture (MEGX test).
Single correlator receiver for wideband multipath channel

This paper presents a novel architecture of DS-CDMA digital receiver. Conventional RAKE receivers, used in DS-CDMA systems, utilizes multiple correlators called fingers to despread multipaths of the received signal, where all the multipaths are correlated separately then aligned and combined before a bit decision is made. The proposed DS-CDMA digital receiver uses a single correlator and single code sequence generator to recover the energy in multipaths. Correlator consists of a specialized integrator, which performs correlations of the received sequence chips with the code sequence chips in a single chip time period. Detected multipaths are recovered by taking advantage of time diversity and their orthogonal structure. Finally, Correlator outputs are sent to maximal ratio combiner for a bit decision. The main advantage of the proposed receiver engine is that it requires a single correlator and code generator as compared to the conventional RAKE receiver, which requires multiple correlators and code generators.
Expression analysis of genes induced in barley after chemical activation reveals distinct disease resistance pathways.

Abstract Salicylic acid (SA) and its synthetic mimics 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (DCINA) and benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH), protect barley systemically against powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei, Bgh) infection by strengthening plant defence mechanisms that result in effective papillae and host cell death. Here, we describe the differential expression of a number of newly identified barley chemically induced (BCI) genes encoding a lipoxygenase (BCI-1), a thionin (BCI-2), an acid phosphatase (BCI-3), a Ca(2+)-binding EF-hand protein (BCI-4), a serine proteinase inhibitor (BCI-7), a fatty acid desaturase (BCI-8) and several further proteins with as yet unknown function. Compared with SA, the chemicals DCINA and BTH were more potent inducers of both gene expression and resistance. Homologues of four BCI genes were detected in wheat and were also differentially regulated upon chemical activation of disease resistance. Except for BCI-4 and BCI-5 (unknown function), the genes were also induced by exogenous application of jasmonates, whereas treatments that raise endogenous jasmonates as well as wounding were less effective. The fact that BCI genes were not expressed during incompatible barley-Bgh interactions governed by gene-for-gene relationships suggests the presence of separate pathways leading to powdery mildew resistance.
Serum and glucocorticoid‐inducible kinase (SGK) is a target of the PI 3‐kinase‐stimulated signaling pathway

Serum and glucocorticoid‐inducible kinase (SGK) is a novel member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family that is transcriptionally regulated. In this study, we have investigated the regulatory mechanisms that control SGK activity. We have established a peptide kinase assay for SGK and present evidence demonstrating that SGK is a component of the phosphoinositide 3 (PI 3)‐kinase signaling pathway. Treatment of human embryo kidney 293 cells with insulin, IGF‐1 or pervanadate induced a 3‐ to 12‐fold activation of ectopically expressed SGK. Activation was completely abolished by pretreatment of cells with the PI 3‐kinase inhibitor, LY294002. Treatment of activated SGK with protein phosphatase 2A in vitro led to kinase inactivation. Consistent with the similarity of SGK to other second‐messenger regulated kinases, mutation of putative phosphorylation sites at Thr256 and Ser422 inhibited SGK activation. Cotransfection of PDK1 with SGK caused a 6‐fold activation of SGK activity, whereas kinase‐dead PDK1 caused no activation. GST‐pulldown assays revealed a direct interaction between PDK1 and the catalytic domain of SGK. Treatment of rat mammary tumor cells with serum caused hyperphosphorylation of endogenous SGK, and promoted translocation to the nucleus. Both hyperphosphorylation and nuclear translocation could be inhibited by wortmannin, but not by rapamycin.
Comparison of the faecal microflora of patients with ankylosing spondylitis and controls using molecular methods of analysis.

OBJECTIVES To determine whether differences within the complex intestinal microflora can be demonstrated between patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and healthy individuals. METHODS The composition of the faecal microflora of 15 ankylosing spondylitis patients and 15 matched controls was determined using a variety of nucleic acid-based methods, including denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Concentrations of serum antibodies reactive with intestinal bacteria were determined. T-cell proliferation responses to autologous intestinal bacteria were determined using a bioluminescent assay. RESULTS DGGE demonstrated a unique and stable bacterial community in the faeces of each individual. No specific differences in colonization profiles were discernible between patients and controls. Analysis of individual bacterial groups using nucleic acid-based methods showed no differences in faecal colonization with Klebsiella pneumoniae or Bacteroides vulgatus. A significantly higher proportion of faecal samples from AS patients were found to contain sulphate-reducing bacteria compared with samples from controls (P=0.0004). Three out of five patients showed elevated T-cell proliferation responses to Bacteroides species cultured from their own faeces. The concentrations of serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgM antibodies reactive with klebsiella or bacteroides cells were lower in the patient group relative to the controls. CONCLUSIONS By using DGGE, we have demonstrated the complexity and individuality of the human intestinal microflora and shown that this is a confounding factor in determining the possible significance of individual organisms in the pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis. Nevertheless, we demonstrated a higher prevalence of sulphate-reducing bacteria in the faeces of patients with AS. These organisms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. We also detected a possible loss of immunological tolerance to autologous Bacteroides isolates in patients with AS.
Assessing sinkhole activity in the Ebro Valley mantled evaporite karst using 1 advanced DInSAR 2 3

19 Sinkholes in karst areas may cause subsidence damage in transportation infrastructures, 20 demolition of buildings and even the loss of human lives when they occur in a 21 catastrophic way. Differential Interferometry (DInSAR) is a promising technology for 22 detecting and characterizing sinkholes, as well as for reducing the associated risk when 23 combined with other sources of data such as a sinkhole inventory. In this work, the 24 usefulness of InSAR techniques and data for sinkhole risk management have been 25