Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effective and Complete Discovery of Order Dependencies via Set-based Axiomatization

Integrity constraints (ICs) provide a valuable tool for expressing and enforcing application semantics. However, formulating constraints manually requires domain expertise, is prone to human errors, and may be excessively time consuming, especially on large datasets. Hence, proposals for automatic discovery have been made for some classes of ICs, such as functional dependencies (FDs), and recently, order dependencies (ODs). ODs properly subsume FDs, as they can additionally express business rules involving order; e.g., an employee never has a higher salary while paying lower taxes compared with another employee. We address the limitations of prior work on OD discovery which has factorial complexity in the number of attributes, is incomplete (i.e., it does not discover valid ODs that cannot be inferred from the ones found) and is not concise (i.e., it can result in "redundant" discovery and overly large discovery sets). We improve significantly on complexity, offer completeness, and define a compact canonical form. This is based on a novel polynomial mapping to a canonical form for ODs, and a sound and complete set of axioms (inference rules) for canonical ODs. This allows us to develop an efficient set-containment, lattice-driven OD discovery algorithm that uses the inference rules to prune the search space. Our algorithm has exponential worst-case time complexity in the number of attributes and linear complexity in the number of tuples. We prove that it produces a complete, minimal set of ODs (i.e., minimal with regards to the canonical representation). Finally, using real and synthetic datasets, we experimentally show orders-of-magnitude performance improvements over the current state-of-the-art algorithm and demonstrate effectiveness of our techniques.
Supervised and unsupervised approaches to measuring usage similarity

Usage similarity (USim) is an approach to determining word meaning in context that does not rely on a sense inventory. Instead, pairs of usages of a target lemma are rated on a scale. In this paper we propose unsupervised approaches to USim based on embeddings for words, contexts, and sentences, and achieve state-of-the-art results over two USim datasets. We further consider supervised approaches to USim, and find that although they outperform unsupervised approaches, they are unable to generalize to lemmas that are unseen in the training data.
SIGNATURE OF THE EXISTENCE OF THE POSITRONIUM MOLECULE

The positronium molecule $({\mathrm{Ps}}_{2})$ has not been experimentally observed yet because its tiny (4.5 eV) binding energy cannot be detected when the molecule annihilates by emitting two photons with energy of 0.51 MeV each. It is shown in this paper that the electric dipole transition between the recently found $L=1$ excited state and the $L=0$ ground state with its characteristic photon energy of 4.94 eV is a clear signature of the existence of the positronium molecule and the possibility of its experimental observation is realistic. The probability of this transition is about 17% of the total decay rate. Another Coulomb four-body system containing positron HPs (the positronium hydride or hydrogen positride), is also included for comparison.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Outcomes and Appropriateness of Carotid Endarterectomy: Impact of Patient and Provider Factors

Background and Purpose— Prior work documented racial and ethnic disparities in incidence of stroke, stroke risk factors, and use of carotid endarterectomy. Less is known about disparities in outcomes and appropriateness of carotid endarterectomy or reasons for such inequalities. Methods— This was a population-based cohort of carotid endarterectomy performed in Medicare beneficiaries in New York. Clinical data were abstracted from medical charts to assess sociodemographics, clinical indication for carotid endarterectomy, disease severity, comorbidities, and deaths and strokes within 30 days of surgery. Appropriateness was based on validated criteria from a national expert panel. Differences in patients, providers, outcomes, and appropriateness were compared using &khgr;2 tests. Differences in risk-adjusted rates of death or nonfatal stroke were compared using multiple logistic regression accounting for patient, physician, and hospital-level risk factors. Results— Overall, 95.3% of patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy were white, 2.5% black, and 2.2% Hispanic (N=9093). Minorities had more severe neurological disease and more comorbidities and were more likely to be cared for by lower-volume surgeons and hospitals (P<0.0001). Rates of 30-day death/stroke were higher in Hispanics (9.5%) and blacks (6.9%) than whites (3.8%; P<0.0001). Multivariable analyses that adjusted for presurgical patient risk and provider characteristics found that blacks no longer had significantly worse outcomes (OR=1.37; CI, 0.78 to 2.40), although the higher risk of death/stroke in Hispanics persisted (OR=1.87; CI, 1.09 to 3.19). Minorities had higher rates of inappropriate surgery (Hispanics 17.6%, black 13.0%, white 7.9%; P<0.0001) largely due to higher comorbidity. Conclusions— Minorities had worse outcomes and higher rates of inappropriate surgery. Differences in underlying presurgical risk factors and provider characteristics explained the higher risk of complications in blacks, but not Hispanics.
A preliminary in vitro assessment of GroBiotic®-A, brewer's yeast and fructooligosaccharide as prebiotics for the red drum Sciaenops ocellatus

This study examined the effects of brewers yeast, fructooligosaccharide (FOS), and GroBiotic®-A, a mixture of partially autolyzed brewers yeast, dairy components and dried fermentation products, on the intestinal microbial community of red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. Gastrointestinal (GI) tracts were aseptically removed from three sub-adult red drum previously maintained on a commercial diet and placed in an anaerobic chamber. Intestinal contents were removed, diluted and incubated in vitro in one of four liquid media: normal diet alone, diet + 2% (w/w) GroBiotic®-A, diet + 2% brewers yeast, and diet + 2% FOS. After 24 and 48 h of incubation at 25°C, supernatants were removed for volatile fatty acid (VFA) analysis and DNA was extracted for denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on a highly conserved region of M 16S rDNA and the amplicons were subjected to DGGE. The microbial community (MC) fingerprint was used to distinguish microbial populations. The intestinal contents incubated with GroBiotic®-A had significantly (P < 0.05) higher acetate and total VFA concentrations at 48 h compared to the other treatments. DGGE analysis demonstrated that the microbial community was significantly altered by Grobiotic®-A and brewers yeast.
Exciton in a quantum-well structure for arbitrary magnetic field strengths.

The magnetic-field-strength and quantum-well-width dependence of the ground-state energies of a magnetoexciton in a GaAs/Ga1-xAlxAs quantum-well structure are studied for arbitrary magnetic field strengths. The results show that the energy of the magnetoexciton will increase with increasing quantum-well width and magnetic field strength. We also found that the magnetoexciton in the l(e,h) = 1 state is more stable than in the l(e,h) = 2 state.
Towards Best Practice Standards for Enhanced Knowledge Discovery Systems

Assessing enhanced knowledge discovery systems (eKDSs) constitutes an intricate issue that is understood merely to a certain extent by now. Based upon an analysis of why it is difficult to formally evaluate eKDSs, it is argued for a change of perspective: eKDSs should be understood as intelligent tools for qualitative analysis that support, rather than substitute, the user in the exploration of the data; a qualitative gap will be identified as the main reason why the evaluation of enhanced knowledge discovery systems is difficult. In order to deal with this problem, the construction of a best practice model for eKDSs is advocated. Based on a brief recapitulation of similar work on spoken language dialogue systems, first steps towards achieving this goal are performed, and directions of future research are
Reduced-order dynamic observer error linearization for discrete-time systems

This paper addresses reduced-order dynamic observer error linearization (RDOEL) for discrete-time systems, which is a modified version of dynamic observer error linearization (DOEL). We define the concept of RDOEL and provide a necessary and sufficient condition for RDOEL. Moreover, we discuss the relation between RDOEL and DOEL when the auxiliary dynamics is an arbitrary linear controllable system. Using the relationship and an existing algorithm for DOEL, we also propose an algorithm for RDOEL that offers lower dimensional observers than DOEL. Finally, a simple example is included to illustrate the theory.
Coupling Soil Oxygen and Greenhouse Gas Dynamics

Dynamic soil hydrology triggers important shifts in soil biogeochemical and physical processes that control greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Soil oxygen (O 2 ), a direct control on biogenic GHG production (e.g. nitrous oxide-N 2 O, carbon dioxide-CO 2 and methane-CH 4 ), may serve as both an important proxy for determining sudden shifts in subsurface biogenic GHG production as well as the physical transport of soil GHG to the atmosphere. Recent technological advancements offer opportunities to link in-situ , near-continuous measurements of soil O 2 concentration to soil biogeochemical processes and soil gas transport. Using high frequency data, this study asked: Do soil O 2 dynamics correspond to soil GHG concentration and GHG surface flux? Change in subsurface CO 2 and N 2 O concentrations were inversely related to short-term (< 48 hrs) change in soil O 2 concentration at 10 and 20 cm whereas CH 4 concentrations did not change in response to soil O 2 dynamics. Although soil O 2 dynamics at 10 cm did not correspond with change in surface N 2 O and CH 4 flux, change soil O 2 concentration at 10 cm had a significant positive linear relationship with change in surface CO 2 flux. Our study suggests that coupling near-continuous soil O 2 concentration and soil gas flux under dynamic soil hydrology may lead to greater understanding of climate change feedbacks and serve as a relevant predictive tool for future climate change mitigation.
Identity confers power: The new view of leadership in social psychology

Introduction In this chapter we examine the question ‘what is leadership? ’ and how it is understood from the perspective of social psychology. This field traditionally has been very interested in the question of leadership, with Kurt Lewin being one of the first to describe and empirically investigate the workings of authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-faire leaders (Lewin, Lippett and White 1939). Despite an encouraging start, in the post-war period the leadership question tended to disappear in social psychology, shifting into organisational psychology and other fields. The topic was approached largely implicitly in the ‘group dynamics’ tradition and through the study of ‘group processes’ – most fundamentally, of ‘social influence‘ (Turner 1991). At the end of the 1970s, however, a new theory of the psychological group emerged — self-categorisation theory (for example, Turner, Oakes, Haslam and McGarty 1994; Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher and Wetherell 1997). Over the last 20 or so years, research on self-categorisation theory (SCT) has produced a new way of understanding leadership in social psychology (for example, Turner and Haslam 2001).
L2 acquisition of Bulgarian clitic doubling: A test case for the Interface Hypothesis

The purpose of this study is to expand the testing ground of the Interface Hypothesis (Sorace, 2006) by investigating the degree to which second language (L2) learners of Bulgarian with English as their first language (L1) had acquired the pragmatic function of clitic doubling as a topicality marker. Advanced and intermediate L2 speakers of Bulgarian, as well as a control group of Bulgarian native speakers, participated in the experiment. The experimental materials included a proficiency test and a pragmatic felicity task. The results showed that the intermediate participants did not differentiate between the felicitous and the infelicitous options in the pragmatic felicity task in a target-like manner as their responses either did not exhibit a statistically significant difference or favored the response closest to the L1. However, the advanced L2 learners had successfully acquired the pragmatic meaning of clitic doubling in Bulgarian and performed in a native-like manner. The study highlights the fact that successful learning at the syntax–discourse interface cannot be excluded, and more research – exploring as many interface conditions as possible – needs to be carried out in order to validate the Interface Hypothesis as a legitimate constraint that permanently hinders native-like performance.
Hiroshima City University at Evaluation Subtask in the NTCIR-8 Patent Translation Task

evaluation of computer-produced texts is an important research problem for automatic text summarization and machine translation. Traditionally, computer-produced texts were evaluated automatically by n-gram overlap with human-produced texts. However, these methods cannot evaluate texts correctly, if the n-grams do not overlap between computer-produced and human-produced texts, even though the two texts convey the same meaning. We explore the use of paraphrases for the refinement of traditional automatic methods for text evaluation. In our previous work, we devised an evaluation method for text summarization using multiple paraphrase methods. Our goal in NTCIR-8 is to confirm the effectiveness of our method for machine translation. We evaluated 1200 computer-produced translations by six proposed methods and two baseline methods, and confirmed the effectiveness of our methods.
The Cinderella complex: Punishment, society and community sanctions

This article explores the neglect of community sanctions (probation, parole etc.) in contemporary punishment and society scholarship, and seeks to understand why this part of the penal field has not attracted significant attention from researchers, despite expansion and diversification in a variety of jurisdictions. Following a review of punishment and society scholarship, which confirms the ‘Cinderella’ status of community sanctions, three arguments are proposed to help make sense of this finding. These concern the problems of language and labelling, the (in)visibility of the field and the debateable penal character of community sanctions. The article concludes with a ‘call to arms’ for punishment and society scholars, which entails recognising Cinderella as a key actor in the stories we tell about penal change, and pushing her out of the shadows of punishment and society scholarship.
Strathprints Institutional Repository Movement-related Cortical Potentials in Paraplegic Patients: Abnormal Patterns and Considerations for Bci-rehabilitation

(2014) Movement-related cortical potentials in paraplegic patients : abnormal patterns and considerations for BCI-rehabilitation. Strathprints is designed to allow users to access the research output of the University of Strathclyde. Unless otherwise explicitly stated on the manuscript, Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Please check the manuscript for details of any other licences that may have been applied. You may not engage in further distribution of the material for any profitmaking activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute both the url (http://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/) and the content of this paper for research or private study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Non-invasive EEG-based Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) can be promising for the motor neuro-rehabilitation of paraplegic patients. However, this shall require detailed knowledge of the abnormalities in the EEG signatures of paraplegic patients. The association of abnormalities in different subgroups of patients and their relation to the sensorimotor integration are relevant for the design, implementation and use of BCI systems in patient populations. This study explores the patterns of abnormalities of movement related cortical potentials (MRCP) during motor imagery tasks of feet and right hand in patients with paraplegia (including the subgroups with/without central neuropathic pain (CNP) and complete/incomplete injury patients) and the level of distinctiveness of abnormalities in these groups using pattern classification. The most notable observed abnormalities were the amplified execution negativity and its slower rebound in the patient group. The potential underlying mechanisms behind these changes and other minor dissimilarities in patients' subgroups, as well as the relevance to BCI applications, are discussed. The findings are of interest from a neurological perspective as well as for BCI-assisted neuro-rehabilitation and therapy.
A Digital Vision Chip for Early Feature Extraction with Rotated Template-Matching CA

We discuss a cellular-automata (CA) LSI core that extracts early features of objects in images, such as sizes and skeletons. A CMOS-image sensor with a CA core enables high-speed image processing. We propose an efficient CA algorithm based on rotated template matching. Each cell circuit in the proposed CA is implemented by a digital circuit, and transistors in each cell circuit number 198 in full customized design. The CA LSI consists of a large number of cell circuits operating in parallel to ensure fast, efficient object extraction as the number of cells increases. With a 0. 25μm CMOS process, the total area of each cell circuit is 30 30μm2. Simulation results indicated that image processing with 320 240 cells operates at up to 25MHz.
Clinical outcomes after sentinel lymph node biopsy in clinically node-negative breast cancer patients

Purpose To evaluate non-sentinel lymph node (LN) status after sentinel lymph node biopsy (SNB) in patients with breast cancer and to identify the predictive factors for disease failure. Materials and Methods From January 2006 to December 2007, axillary lymph node (ALN) dissection after SNB was performed for patients with primary invasive breast cancer who had no clinical evidence of LN metastasis. A total of 320 patients were treated with breast-conserving surgery and radiotherapy. Results The median age of patients was 48 years, and the median follow-up time was 72.8 months. Close resection margin (RM) was observed in 13 patients. The median number of dissected SNB was two, and that of total retrieved ALNs was 11. Sentinel node accuracy was 94.7%, and the overall false negative rate (FNR) was 5.3%. Eleven patients experienced treatment failure. Local recurrence, regional LN recurrence, and distant metastasis were identified in 0.9%, 1.9%, and 2.8% of these patients, respectively. Sentinel LN status were not associated with locoregional recurrence (p > 0.05). Close RM was the only significant factor for disease-free survival (DFS) in univariate and multivariate analysis. The 5-year overall survival, DFS, and locoregional DFS were 100%, 96.8%, and 98.1%, respectively. Conclusion In this study, SNB was performed with high accuracy and low FNR and high locoregional control was achieved.
T-cell receptor (TCR) interaction with peptides that mimic nickel offers insight into nickel contact allergy

T cell-mediated allergy to Ni++ is one of the most common forms of allergic contact dermatitis, but how the T-cell receptor (TCR) recognizes Ni++ is unknown. We studied a TCR from an allergic patient that recognizes Ni++ bound to the MHCII molecule DR52c containing an unknown self-peptide. We identified mimotope peptides that can replace both the self-peptide and Ni++ in this ligand. They share a p7 lysine whose εNH2 group is surface-exposed when bound to DR52c. Whereas the TCR uses germ-line complementary-determining region (CDR)1/2 amino acids to dock in the conventional diagonal mode on the mimotope–DR52c complex, the interface is dominated by the TCR Vβ CDR3 interaction with the p7 lysine. Mutations in the TCR CDR loops have similar effects on the T-cell response to either the mimotope or Ni++ ligand. We suggest that the mimotope p7 lysine mimics Ni++ in the natural TCR ligand and that MHCII β-chain flexibility in the area around the peptide p7 position forms a common site for cation binding in metal allergies.
THE RESPONSE OF ELDERLY FEMALE FAST GAIT TO WHOLE BODY VIBRATION

xvii Chapter One – Introduction 1 1.0 Overview 2 1.1 The Disablement Process 3 1.1.1 Pathology 4 1.1.2 Impairments 4 1.1. 3 Functional Limitations 4 1.1. 4 Disability 5 1.1. 5 Extra-Individual, Intra-Individual and Risk Factors 6 1.1. 6 A Modified Model of the Disablement Process 6 1.2 Australian Ageing Demographics 7 Chapter Two Literature Review (Gait) 10 2.0 Human Gait Nomenclature 11 2.1 Gait of Older Adults 16 2.2 Issues Concerning the Reporting of Gait Data 18 Summary of Key Points 20 2.3 Mechanisms Leading to Changes in Gait 21 2.3. 1 Cognition 23 2.3. 2 Disease 24 2.3. 3 Fall History 27 2.3. 4 Sensory Components of Gait 31 2.3. 5 Neuromuscular Changes 32 2.4 Exercise Interventions to Improve Gait 35
Expatriate Employees’ Perception Of Challenges In Their Work Environment In The Ngo Sector In Nairobi Kenya

This study examined how expatriate employees perceive the challenges in their work environment in the NGO sector in Nairobi, Kenya. The study question was “how do expatriate employees’ workings in the NGOs sector in Kenya perceive the challenges in their work environment? ” The study was anchored on person-environment fit theory and the culture shock theory of adaptation to explain the strategies employed by expatriate employees to cope with challenges in their work environment. The research design used was a descriptive survey with a target population of 2394 NGOs based in Nairobi, Kenya. The study sample consisted of 120 expatriates, although only 84 participated in the final study drawn from 60 NGOs. Questionnaires were used to collect the data. Data was analyzed using SPSS. The result showed that expatriate employees working in the Kenyan NGOs respond to challenges in their work environment by finding a fit between the Kenyan culture and that of their countries. However, sometimes there is a big clash between the two cultures which makes it difficult for the expatriates to adjust well. Some have devised some strategies to interact with the locals that have improved their communication skills and ability to work on the assignments. In cases where conversing in the local languages has been a challenge, the expatriates have sought the help of locals as interpreters. Some expatriates accompanied by their families to provide psychological support. The study therefore recommends that since the expatriate employees seem to have integrated well into the Kenya society, they can be a great source of strength to those who are taking up new assignments in this country -Kenya. The future studies could focus on how the extent of expatriate employees ‘adjustment to the conditions in the host country affects their performance. In addition, they are a source of transmission of management ‘know-how’. This makes them a strong pillar as the local employees rely on their explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge to manage the NGOs even after their repatriation.
Thermal analysis of coaxial coupler for a space helix TWT

Thermal and structural analysis of the coaxial coupler for Ku-band 140 W helix space TWT have been carried out using ANSYS software v.10. 1 and discussed in the present paper. To evaluate thermal and structural aspects of the coaxial coupler and helix assembly with three APBN support rods, related studies of the coupler assembly with ten turn of helix and output wave guide coupler for the Ku-band 140 W space TWT during extreme case of operation, i.e. at saturation and with perfectly rigid base-plate at 80 °C have also been carried out.