Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigational hemagglutinin-targeted influenza virus inhibitors

ABSTRACT Introduction: Seasonal influenza and pandemic outbreaks typically result in high mortality and morbidity associated with severe economic burdens. Vaccines and anti-influenza drugs have made great contributions to control the infection. However, antigenic drifts and shifts allow influenza viruses to easily escape immune neutralization and antiviral drug activity. Hemagglutinin (HA)is an important envelope protein for the entry of influenza viruses into host cells, thus, HA-targeted agents may be potential anti-influenza drugs. Areas covered: In this review, we describe arbidol, a unique licensed drug targeting HA; discuss and summarize HA-targeted anti-influenza agents been tested before or being tested currently in clinical trials, including monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, proteins and peptides. Other small molecule inhibitors are also briefly introduced. Expert opinion: Exploring new clinical applications for existing drugs can provide additional anti-influenza candidates with promising safety and bioavailability, and largely shortened time and costs. To enhance therapeutic efficacy and avoid drug-resistance, combination therapy involving in HA-targeted anti-influenza agent is reasonable and attractive. For drug discovery, it is helpful to keep an eye on the development of methodology in organic synthesis and probe into the co-crystal structure of HA in complex with small molecule.
Does a cycling program combined with education and followed by coaching promote physical activity in subacute stroke patients? A randomized controlled trial

Abstract Background: To investigate the effects of a three month active cycling program followed by coaching on physical activity in subacute stroke patients. Methods: Patients (n = 59; mean age =65.4 ± 10.3) aged ≤80 years with first stroke and able to cycle at 50 revolutions/minute enrolled 3–10 weeks post stroke. Patients were randomly allocated to three month active cycling group (n = 33) or to a control group (n = 26), 3 x 30 minutes training/week. Afterwards, the active cycling group was randomized into a coaching (n = 15) versus non-coaching group (n = 16) for nine months. Physical activity was measured by objective and self-reported measures, which were taken before/after the active cycling program and during six and 12 months, except the Baecke-questionnaire, which was used at baseline and 12 months. Results: A significant difference was found in Baecke/sport (95% confidence interval: 0.06, 2.24; p = 0.039) between the active cycling group and the control group, in patients with severe motor function deficits at baseline. Patients in the control group performed significant less sports at 12 months (mean Baecke/sportbaseline =3.07 ± 1.21, mean Baecke/sport12months = 1.43 ± 0.98; p = 0.01). Furthermore, all groups showed significant changes over time in all measures at three months (except: Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities, diary/Mets*minutes-moderate) and 12 month and additionally in a subgroup with severe motor function deficits (except diary Mets*minutes-sedentary). Conclusion: When active cycling combined with education is used in subacute patients with severe motor function deficits, more sport participation might be observed after one year. No other significant group differences were found over time. In all groups, however, patients showed significant improvement over time in physical activity measures. Future work is needed to explore the most effective coaching approach after an aerobic training program. Implications for Rehabilitation The active cycling program combined with education is applicable in subacute stroke patients as it required little stand-by assistance due to chip cards, the intensity was gradually built and the involvement of caregivers in the educational sessions. This training approach also revealed applicable in severely impaired stroke patients and might facilitate sport participation on the long-term. This randomized controlled study aims to quantify physical activity after stroke by using a combination of objective and self-report measures, which revealed detailed information about different aspects of physical activity levels. There is a need for coaching approaches that facilitate aerobic exercise after ending a supervised program. A coaching approach needs to guide patients in adopting aerobic exercise as a part of a lifestyle change and needs to be less time consuming.
Whose voice? An exploration of the current policy interest in pupil involvement in school decision‐making

This paper discusses the sociological issues raised by a recent study on school councils in England. This study revealed a lack of clarity among policy‐makers and schools regarding the purpose of provision for pupil voice. The paper argues that this allows important questions about the functions of pupil voice to be avoided. While suggesting ways in which schools could refine their provision, the paper asks whether more effective pupil voice would make the concept less attractive to policy‐makers and schools in the first place. It goes on to highlight more fundamental questions raised by critiques of notions of ‘voice’. Connected to this, the paper outlines the potential for pupil voice to support neo‐liberal as well as progressive ends. It concludes by arguing that teachers must grasp the opportunities provided by pupil voice to ensure that it serves ‘collaborative’ rather than ‘managerial’ professionalism.
Black minority ethnic communities and levels of satisfaction with policing: Findings from a study in the north of England

Using data from an original qualitative study carried out during 2009–10 with a sample located in the north of England (NES), this article considers the satisfaction levels of black minority ethnic (BME) groups with a north of England police force (NEPF). The study sought to examine existing levels (as well as improve) satisfaction with police responses among BME populations. This was done by asking local BME communities about their encounters with NEPF, including how they felt the police should respond when they are a victim of crime and more broadly how the police could better engage with BME populations. What emerged in the responses was not just practical ‘solutions’ for ‘better engagement’ but a series of narratives that placed the broader historical and contemporary complexities, and recent developments of BME relations with the police into focus. The article begins by exploring current literature and claims to knowledge in the areas of problematic police responses, especially with the use of ‘race’1 in stop and search, and developments in communicating police progress. The literature setting the context draws upon case studies from the north of England but also more generally from across the UK, using examples that while geographically located beyond the NES context have had significant impact more broadly. The findings section discusses the qualitative data from the study and explores the emerging themes of communication and the local community nexus, disconnections from young people and police (ab)use of stop and search powers. The article highlights how in addition to actually policing in a fair way, direct and indirect communication plays a key role in satisfaction levels with police services. Achieving effective communication between the police force and BME groups is a complex matter, although not impossible, mediated at times by local and historical precedents with different BME groups.
Social Networking Spam : Will You Be My Friend ?

We begin by discussing the recent trend towards spam on Social Networking web sites. We then study the performance of three types of classifiers in order to detect spam on these sites. While Naïve Bayes has been a mainstay in text-categorization and spam filtering, we compare its performance to a boosting algorithm and a decision-tree algorithm. While boosting algorithms show improvements over Naïve Bayes, decision-trees provide more accurate spam detection than both. Decision-trees are able to achieve strong results using a very small number of features.
Low-Rank Matrices on Graphs: Generalized Recovery & Applications

Many real world datasets subsume a linear or non-linear low-rank structure in a very low-dimensional space. Unfortunately, one often has very little or no information about the geometry of the space, resulting in a highly under-determined recovery problem. Under certain circumstances, state-of-the-art algorithms provide an exact recovery for linear low-rank structures but at the expense of highly inscalable algorithms which use nuclear norm. However, the case of non-linear structures remains unresolved. We revisit the problem of low-rank recovery from a totally different perspective, involving graphs which encode pairwise similarity between the data samples and features. Surprisingly, our analysis confirms that it is possible to recover many approximate linear and non-linear low-rank structures with recovery guarantees with a set of highly scalable and efficient algorithms. We call such data matrices as Low-Rank matrices on graphs and show that many real world datasets satisfy this assumption approximately due to underlying stationarity. Our detailed theoretical and experimental analysis unveils the power of the simple, yet very novel recovery framework Fast Robust PCA on Graphs.
Kinetics of fragmentation

A general discussion of the kinetics of continuous, irreversible fragmentation processes is presented. For a linear process, where particle breakup is driven by an external force, the authors develop a scaling theory to describe the evolution of the cluster size distribution. They treat the general case where the breakup rate of a cluster of mass x varies as xlambda . When lambda >0, corresponding to larger clusters more likely to break up, the scaled cluster size distribution, phi (x), decays with the scaled mass, x, as x-2 exp(-axlambda ), as x. For small mass, phi (x) has the log-normal form, exp(-a ln2 x), if the breakup kernel has a small-size cutoff, while phi (x) has a power-law tail in the absence of a cutoff. They also show that a conventional scaling picture applies only for the case lambda >0. For lambda >0, they develop an alternative formulation for the cluster size distribution, in which the typical mass scale is determined by the initial condition. In this regime, they also investigate the nature of a 'shattering' transition, where mass is lost to a 'dust' phase of zero-mass particles. They also study the kinetics of a nonlinear, collision-induced fragmentation process. They analyse the asymptotic behaviour of a simple-minded class of models in which a two-particle collision results in either: (1) both particles splitting into two equal pieces, (2) only the larger particle splitting in two, or (3) only the smaller particle splitting. They map out the kinetics of these models by scaling arguments and by analytic and numerical solutions of the rate equations. Scaling is found to hold for different ranges of homogeneity index for the three models.
An Inner Rotor Flux-Modulated Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine for Low-Speed High-Torque Applications

Applications for low-speed high-torque machines include marine propulsion and wind power generation. Since electric machinery size is more directly related to required torque than to required power, high required torque leads to large machines. Mechanical gears increase the speed and lower the required torque of the machine to reduce size. This, however, results in increased noise and maintenance, and decreased reliability. Magnetic gears offer the advantages of mechanical gears without the disadvantages created by physical contact. Integrating magnetic gears into the machine structure offers additional mass savings. This study proposes a novel machine architecture, which integrates magnetic gearing and a permanent magnet synchronous machine to create an inner rotor flux-modulated permanent magnet synchronous machine. Unlike previous arrangements, the proposed machine utilizes a more desirable inner rotor configuration and avoids multiple magnet arrays. This study presents a finite-element-based design model of the proposed machine to be utilized in an optimization-based design environment. A multiobjective design study is presented for a laboratory scale application. The resulting tradeoff between mass and loss is compared with that of a permanent magnet synchronous machine for the same application.
Gendering, courtship and pay equality: developing attraction theory to understand work-life balance and entrepreneurial activity

Objectives: This paper examines one of the most intractable problems of the last 40 years: the difficulty in closing the pay inequality gap. Current wisdom is that the pay gap exists because of men's power to control the workplace, and men's dominant position in society generally. This paper examines an emergent literature on matriarchal power structures and proposes Attraction Theory as a holistic framework. Prior Work: This paper acknowledges a range of feminist literature that examines the underlying social relations and power structures that impact on pay differentials. This is critiqued on the basis of findings from courtship research as well as studies emerging from liberal / progressive writers in the men's movement. Approach: This paper is conceptual, using an inter-disciplinary understanding of social processes to critically appraise both the dominant discourse on equal pay and its emergent alternative. Attraction Theory is presented as a framework for exploring a complex discourse that unequal pay exists both because of men's power to control the workplace and women's power to control courtship and family life. Implications: Tackling pay inequality and work-life balance issues by focussing on power sharing in the workplace represents only a partial policy solution. Further progress depends on power-sharing in parental rights through academic recognition and political action to tackle negative stereotypes that impact on men during romantic courtship, conception, birth and divorce. Value: The value of the paper lies in the originality of the analysis and the range of insights that Attraction Theory provides into societal dynamics that impact on equal pay. The identification of paradoxes in the dominant discourse opens up new avenues for research and policy development on work-life balance. Whether these will close the pay gap is unclear, but it would advance equality and diversity goals by creating confidence that consensual choices rather the institutional inequalities perpetuate any remaining inequalities reported in statistics.
Multiple endmember spectral-angle-mapper (sam) analysis improves discrimination of savanna tree species

Differences in within-species phenology and structure driven by factors including topography, edaphic properties, and climatic variables across the landscape present important challenges to species differentiation with remote sensing. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the classification performance of a multipleendmember spectral angle mapper (SAM) classification approach in discriminating seven common African savanna tree species and to compare the results with the traditional SAM classifier based on a single endmember per species or class. The leaf spectral reflectances of seven common tree species in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, Combretum apiculatum, Combretum hereroense, Combretum zeyheri, Gymnosporia buxifolia, Gymnosporia senegalensis, Lonchocarpus capassa and Terminalia sericea were used in this study. Discriminating species using all training spectra for each species as reference endmembers (i.e. the multiple endmember approach or more conventionally termed Knearest neighbour classifier) yielded a higher classification accuracy of 60% compared to the conventional SAM classifier based on the mean of the training spectra for each species (overall accuracy = 44%). Further analysis using endmembers selected after cluster analysis of all the spectra for each species yielded the highest classification accuracy for the species (overall accuracy = 74%). This study underscores two important phenomena; (i) within-species spectral variability affects the discrimination of savanna tree species with the SAM classifier and (ii) the effect of within-species spectral variability can be minimised by adopting a multiple endmember approach with the SAM classifier. This study further highlights the importance of the quality of the reference endmember or spectral library.
An Active Machine Hearing System for Auditory Stream Segregation

This study describes a binaural machine hearing system that is capable of performing auditory stream segregation in scenarios where multiple sound sources are present. The process of stream segregation refers to the capability of human listeners to group acoustic signals into sets of distinct auditory streams, corresponding to individual sound sources. The proposed computational framework mimics this ability via a probabilistic clustering scheme for joint localization and segregation. This scheme is based on mixtures of von Mises distributions to model the angular positions of the sound sources surrounding the listener. The distribution parameters are estimated using block-wise processing of auditory cues extracted from binaural signals. Additionally, the proposed system can conduct rotational head movements to improve localization and stream segregation performance. Evaluation of the system is conducted in scenarios containing multiple simultaneously active speech and non-speech sounds placed at different positions relative to the listener.
Maybe we can find Some Common Ground: Indigenous Perspectives, a Music Teacher’s Story

Abstract This paper examines the idea of embedding Indigenous perspectives drawing upon a metaphor for designing an environment that nurtures Indigenous cultural identity and relationships. This paper constitutes a teacher’s personal story of emerging understandings of Indigenous Standpoint Theory and pedagogy, which began with embedding Indigenous perspectives within a tertiary music and sound curriculum. These understandings were developed into “rules of thumb” that have had transferable implications for research that examines community music-making projects in urban Indigenous and cross-cultural communities. These ideas are explored through case studies that examine them in context. Furthermore, the idea of embedding Indigenous perspectives in my own value systems is explored and a growing awareness of the embodied understanding that stems from an open, continuous and critical discourse with Indigenous people. This reveals a relationship of belonging and welcoming interfaced with obligation and a growing knowledge of people, community and country and its effect on my “white understanding” of relationships. This proposal stems from several successful projects where participants have experienced both nurturing of Indigenous knowledge and a productive tension. This does not advocate an argument for positive discrimination but rather seeks to build the idea that interfaces which simultaneously develop embodied understanding alongside Indigenous pride can lead to compelling and unique learning experiences for students, teachers and communities.
The sensitive capillary electrophoretic‐LIF method for simultaneous determination of curcuminoids in turmeric by enhancing fluorescence intensities of molecules upon inclusion into (2‐hydroxypropyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin

Curcuminoids have received great attention in the past decades due to their health benefit properties. The aim of this study is to develop a very simple, rapid, and sensitive capillary zone electrophoresis technique coupled with a laser induced fluorescence detector (LIF) for the simultaneous determination of three major curcuminoids of turmeric, namely, curcumin, demethoxy curcumin (DMC), and bisdemethoxy curcumin (BDMC). Background electrolyte was selected as borate at pH 9.6 and (2‐hydroxypropyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin (2‐HP‐β‐CD) was added to prevent rapid alkali degradation of curcuminoids in buffer and to increase fluorescence intensities of molecules. With the addition of 2‐HP‐β‐CD to the separation electrolyte, the fluorescence signal intensities of curcuminoids were enhanced considerably by 30, 40, and 54 fold for curcumin, DMC, and BDMC, respectively. The three curcuminoids of turmeric were fully separated and quantified in less than 4.5 min. The repeatability of the peak areas of curcuminoids for intra‐day and inter‐day experiments was in the satisfactory range of 2.26 and 2.55%, respectively. The LOD and LOQ values for the developed method were equal to or less than 0.081 and 0.270 μg/mL, respectively, for all curcuminoids. The developed method was successfully applied to find curcuminoids amount in turmeric samples and herbal supplements.
Role of Biomaterials in Neural Stem Cell Fate

In this article we review the types of natural and synthetic materials that are being used in brain tissue engineering applications for traumatic brain injury and stroke. We analyse modifications of scaffolds including immobilizing drugs, growth factors and extracellular matrix molecules to improve central nervous system regeneration and functional recovery. This review attempts to outline the varieties of biomaterial parameters that are applied as biophysical and biochemical signals to direct NSC fate and behaviour. The understanding on the interaction of NSCs decision and biomaterial parameters is helping to advance NSCs-based clinical approaches for nerve tissue regeneration and repair.
WikiSimple: Automatic Simplification of Wikipedia Articles

Text simplification aims to rewrite text into simpler versions and thus make information accessible to a broader audience (e.g., non-native speakers, children, and individuals with language impairments). In this paper, we propose a model that simplifies documents automatically while selecting their most important content and rewriting them in a simpler style. We learn content selection rules from same-topic Wikipedia articles written in the main encyclopedia and its Simple English variant. We also use the revision histories of Simple Wikipedia articles to learn a quasi-synchronous grammar of simplification rewrite rules. Based on an integer linear programming formulation, we develop a joint model where preferences based on content and style are optimized simultaneously. Experiments on simplifying main Wikipedia articles show that our method significantly reduces the reading difficulty, while still capturing the important content.
New 2D pupil and spot center positioning technology under real — Time eye tracking

Eye tracking technology is an important technology in the field of artificial intelligence(AI). Eye tracking will promote the development of human-computer interaction(HCI). Spot Center Corneal Reflex (PCCR) is an eye tracking technique that relies on pupils and reflected light spots. Therefore, it is significant to accurately locate the pupil position and reflected spot position. The traditional algorithm used the edge and the gray information of the image to extract the contours of the pupil and the spot, and then determine the location through the fitting. However, the collected images will be affected by many environmental factors, the boundary point and the fitting calculation will greatly affect the efficiency and stability of the algorithm. In this paper, a new method combining image gradient information with threshold segmentation is proposed. Gradient detection and threshold segmentation are carried out in the region of interest, and the pupil and reflection spot are extracted directly. So, this paper use the centroid method to calculate the center coordinates more accurately. The algorithm has a good robust performance to avoid noise and environmental effects. The algorithm used to develop human eye tracking system to achieve real-time eye tracking, while ensuring accuracy.