Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Einsatz von Computertomographie in der Reverse-Engineering-Technologie

Kurzfassung Unter vollständigem Reverse-Engineering (RE) versteht man die physische Rekonstruktion eines Bauteils ohne Kenntnis seiner Konstruktionsdaten. Am Anfang einer vollständigen Reverse-Engineering-Prozesskette steht das Originalbauteil, am Ende seine physische Kopie. Sollen auch innere Bauteilgeometrien erfasst werden, ist Computertomographie (CT) mit Röntgenstrahlen ein wesentlicher Bestandteil dieser Prozesskette. In diesem Beitrag wird am Beispiel eines Zylinderkopfes — einer historischen Motorkomponente eines Horch 853 Automobils von 1935—37 — eine vollständige RE-Prozesskette dargestellt und der Einfluss der verschiedenen Prozessschritte auf die Rekonstruktion des Originalteils untersucht. Die Prozesskette besteht aus der Bestimmung von äußeren und inneren Geometrien durch optische und CT-Messtechnik, der Verschmelzung der Ausgangsmessdaten zu einem einzigen Multisensordatensatz und dem Erstellen des virtuellen Modells, d.h. eines geeigneten Konstruktionsdatensatzes als Ausgangsbasis für die Fertigung der Bauteilkopien. Die Fertigung baut hier auf weiteren abgeleiteten Datensätzen auf, die gießtechnische sowie Bearbeitungsmodifikationen enthalten. Durch die notwendige Adaption an moderne Fertigungstechniken beinhaltet die Rekonstruktion eines historischen Bauteils immer auch eine partielle Umkonstruktion. Der originale Zylinderkopf diente als Vorlage für ein virtuelles Modell, von dem mehrere Kopien aus unterschiedlichen Materialien (Grauguss, Aluminium) angefertigt wurden. Der Beitrag stellt die angewandte, optimierte Prozesskette dar.
Fabrication of Micro Glass Lens Mould by Using Ultra-Precision Micro-Grinding Process

With the rapid development of information technology and electro-optical communication industry, various micro optical lenses have been used widely. Especially, because of great advantages concerning life, stability and imaging characteristics, the demand for glass lens is increasing the high-precision imaging. This paper studies on the ultra-precision parallel grinding technique of micro glass lens mould and investigates the form error compensation technique in grinding process. Grinding test of micro-lens mould with 10mm in diameter is conducted, and the surface roughness of R a 5.98nm, R z 34.95nm and form accuracy of PV 113nm , RMS 23nm are obtained.
Pyrroloquinoline quinone induces chondrosarcoma cell apoptosis by increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species

Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) has been reported to contribute to cancer cell apoptosis and death; however, little is known of its underlying mechanisms. The present study was designed to investigate the role of PQQ in chondrosarcoma cell apoptosis and the underlying mechanism. A cell cytotoxicity assay was used to detect cell death; flow cytometry analysis was also performed to determine cell apoptosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Biochemical methods were employed to detect the activity and the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD)1, SOD2 and glutathione. The present study also examined the effect on tumorigenesis in vivo. The results demonstrated that the apoptosis of SW1353 cells induced by PQQ increased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, which may be attributable to the accumulation of intracellular ROS. In the in vivo experiments, PQQ inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis, increased ROS levels and caused DNA damage in transplanted cells. Taken together, the findings of the present study confirmed that PQQ induced apoptosis in human chondrosarcoma SW1353 cells and transplanted cells, by increasing intracellular ROS and reducing the ability of scavenging oxygen free radicals.
SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF CURCUMIN AND SILIBININ USING VALIDATED RP-HPLC-PDA METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION IN PHARMACEUTICAL NANOFORMULATION

Objective: The present study was aimed to develop a high performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous estimation of curcumin and silibinin and to implement the developed method for the estimation of curcumin and silibinin encapsulated in polymeric nanoparticles. Methods: Method development for simultaneous estimation of curcumin and silibinin was performed using various solvent, buffer-solvent ratio, flow rate and elution mode. The developed method was validated in accordance with international conference on harmonisation guideline. The developed method was implemented to estimate the amount of curcumin and silibinin encapsulated in Eudragit E 100 nanoparticles. Results: The optimum chromatographic condition with adequate resolution for curcumin (11.44 minutes) and silibinin (2.92 minutes) was achieved when the separation was carried using C18 column at a column oven temperature of 35°C with an isocratic elution mode of mobile phase composed of a degassed mixture of 0.1% ortho phosphoric acid and acetonitrile (50:50 v/v) at 1.0 mLmin-1 flow rate with a total run time of 15 minutes. The developed method was validated for system suitability, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, linearity, range and robustness. The encapsulation efficiency of curcumin (94% & 79%) and silibinin (85% & 73%) was estimated using the developed method. Conclusion: The developed analytical method is simple, precise, and reproducible and thus can be used for routine analysis of curcumin and silibinin in pharmaceutical formulation.
Correlating grain boundary properties to distributions during anisotropic grain growth - an interface field study in two and three dimensions

A multi-phase field method is presented both in two and three dimensions to model grain boundary migration and to study the effect of anisotropy in boundary energy on populations during grain growth. The misorientation-dependent distribution of boundaries is correlated to the anisotropy in boundary energy, which scales with the sum of surface energies for grains on either side. These surface energies are inclination-dependent in the crystal frame of reference. The steady-state morphology of isolated grains, shrinking with time, is different for varying anisotropic conditions. For a given anisotropy of boundary energy, it is shown that the evolution of grain boundary character is different in the case of isolated shrinking grains when compared to that of polycrystalline grain growth. The effect of different boundary conditions imposed at junctions is found to be the key factor influencing the development of anisotropic grain boundary character in polycrystalline systems. In the later half of the present work grain boundary energies for arbitrary boundary types are estimated through use of appropriate interpolation methods and distance metrics. The anisotropy in boundary populations is correlated to the anisotropy in interpolated energies to demonstrate that for an initial random texture, an inverse relation between boundary energy and population holds true across the entire grain boundary space.
Nanosecond pulsed discharge plasma actuation: characteristics and flow control performance

Nanosecond pulsed discharge plasma actuation is a novel method for high speed flow control. This paper provides an overview of our recent progress in the characteristics and flow control performance of nanosecond pulsed dielectric barrier discharge (NPDBD) plasma actuation. Both plasma and induced flow characteristics were investigated through optical emission spectroscopy, high speed schlieren, PIV and other methods. A twodimensional plasma-fluid coupled model was established to reveal the plasma evolution, fast heating and fluid responses from nanoseconds to seconds. At subsonic conditions, NPDBD plasma actuation is effective in controlling airfoil/wing leading edge flow separation and cascade corner separation. At supersonic conditions, the effect of NPDBD plasma actuation on shock wave/boundary layer interaction is very tiny, which needs further investigation and optimization.
THE X-RAY LUMINOSITY FUNCTION OF M37 AND THE EVOLUTION OF CORONAL ACTIVITY IN LOW-MASS STARS

We use a 440.5 ks Chandra observation of the ≈500 Myr old open cluster M37 to derive the X-ray luminosity functions of its ≤1.2 stars. Combining detections of 162 M37 members with upper limits for 160 non-detections, we find that its G, K, and M stars have a similar median (0.5–7 keV) X-ray luminosity , whereas the -to-bolometric-luminosity ratio ( ) indicates that M stars are more active than G and K stars by order of magnitude at 500 Myr. To characterize the evolution of magnetic activity in low-mass stars over their first , we consolidate X-ray and optical data from the literature for stars in six other open clusters: from youngest to oldest they are, the Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC), NGC 2547, NGC 2516, the Pleiades, NGC 6475, and the Hyades. For these, we homogenize the conversion of instrumental count rates to by applying the same one-temperature emission model as for M37, and obtain masses using the same empirical mass-absolute magnitude relation (except for the ONC). We find that for G and K stars X-ray activity decreases orders of magnitude over their first 600 Myr, and for M stars, ≈1.5. The decay rate of the median follows the relation , where for G stars, −0.82 ± 0.16 for K stars, and −0.40 ± 0.17 for M stars. In space, the slopes are −0.68 ± 0.12, −0.81 ± 0.19, and −0.61 ± 0.12, respectively. These results suggest that for low-mass stars the age-activity relation steepens after , consistent with the faster decay in activity observed in solar analogs at .
The Magnetic States of Co- and Cr-Doped Ni-Mn-(In, Sn) Heusler Alloys

In this paper we report on the equilibrium magnetic and structural reference states of complex Cr doped Ni-Co-Mn-(In, Sn) Heusler alloys, which are studied from first-principles within the density functional theory. The off-stoichiometric compositions were treated by using the supercell approach. Three different ferrimagnetic and one ferromagnetic spin configurations were considered. The results of energy relaxation calculations have been averaged over different atomic distributions. It is found that Ni14Co2Mn11Cr1(In, Sn)4 the ferromagnetic (a ferrimagnetic) spin configuration in austenite (martensite) is energetically stable, respectively.
The molecular structure of the glycoside hydrolase domain of Cwp19 from Clostridium difficile

Clostridium difficile is a burden to healthcare systems around the world, causing tens of thousands of deaths annually. The S‐layer of the bacterium, a layer of protein found of the surface of cells, has received a significant amount of attention over the past two decades as a potential target to combat the growing threat presented by C. difficile infections. The S‐layer contains a wide range of proteins, each of which possesses three cell wall‐binding domains, while many also possess a “functional” region. Here, we present the high resolution structure of the functional region of one such protein, Cwp19 along with preliminary functional characterisation of the predicted glycoside hydrolase. Cwp19 has a TIM barrel fold and appears to possess a high degree of substrate selectivity. The protein also exhibits peptidoglycan hydrolase activity, an order of magnitude slower than that of lysozyme and is the first member of glycoside hydrolase‐like family 10 to be characterised. This research goes some way to understanding the role of Cwp19 in the S‐layer of C. difficile.
High Speed TEM Sample Preparation by Xe FIB

Preparation of Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) samples by Focused Ion Beam (FIB) milling is one of the most precise techniques now routinely used for example in failure analysis or material science. These TEM samples are commonly prepared using Ga FIB technology, starting more than 20 years ago [13]. Presently FIB columns are commonly combined with the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) technique for observation during the preparation process and for the enhanced navigation, end-pointing and analytical capabilities. This FIB-SEM combination makes TEM sample preparation process much easier than before. However, when TEM sample size increases to several tens of m, the preparation time increases considerably due to low Ga FIB milling speed. This preparation time drops the throughput of the method and limits the size of Ga-FIB-prepared samples to 5-10 m. The new Xenon plasma FIB tool equipped by ECR plasma ion source (i-FIB) offers more than 50x higher milling speed, while still having sharp current distribution well adapted for sub-100 nm thickness samples preparation required for high-quality TEM images. TEM sample preparation obtained with a single-beam plasma FIB instrument has already been shown [4]. Nevertheless, the combination of the high resolution SEM and the high current plasma FIB [5, 6] offers more chance to speed up the preparation of extremely large TEM samples. This lecture will present the first results of the large TEM lamella preparation by ECR plasma FIB (Orsay Physics) which currently equips the SEM-FIB TESCAN FERA3 instrument. The different steps of extra-large TEM lamella preparation will be detailed (deposition of protective layer, rough milling, polishing and TEM imaging of the prepared sample).
Morphological integration of anatomical, developmental, and functional postcranial modules in the crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis).

OBJECTIVES Integration and modularity reflect the coordinated action of past evolutionary processes and, in turn, constrain or facilitate phenotypic evolvability. Here, we analyze magnitudes of integration in the macaque postcranium to test whether 20 a priori defined modules are (1) more tightly integrated than random sets of postcranial traits, and (2) are differentiated based on mode of definition, with developmental modules expected to be more integrated than functional or anatomical modules. MATERIALS AND METHODS The 3D morphometric data collected for eight limb and girdle bones for 60 macaques were collated into anatomical, developmental, and functional modules. A resampling technique was used to create random samples of integration values for each module for statistical comparison. RESULTS Our results found that not all a priori defined modules were more strongly integrated than random samples of postcranial traits and that specific types of modules did not present consistent patterns of integration. Rather, girdle and joint modules were consistently less integrated than limb modules, and forelimb elements were less integrated than hindlimbs. DISCUSSION The results suggest that morphometrically complex modules tend to be less integrated than simple limb bones, irrespective of the number of available traits. However, differences in integration of the fore- and hindlimb more likely reflects the multitude of locomotory, feeding, and social functions involved. It remains to be tested whether patterns of integration identified here are primate universals, and to what extent they vary depending on phylogenetic or functional factors.
Experimental research on dispersion characteristics of strip InP/InGaAsP-MQW-EAM

With the 81910A photonic all-parameter tester from Agilent Company the chromatic dispersion characteristics of strip InP/In1-xGaxAs1-yPy-multiple-quantum-well electro-absorption-modulator(MQW-EAM)with different component ratios are studied,and the bandwidth of EAM is estimated.The research results show that the dispersion characteristics of III-V semiconductor MQW-EAM are closely related to materials.Therefore,the materials for semiconductor photonic devices with the same type applied to high-speed optical communication system must be accordant to the greatest extent,so as to ensure the consistency of high-speed performance of semi-conductor photonic devices.
Determination of the Length of the Poly ( A ) Tails of the Arabis mosaic nepovirus Genomic RNAs

The genomic RNAs 1 and 2 of the NW isolate of the Arabis mosaic nepovirus were polyguanylated and amplified by RT-PCR, to determine the lengths of their poly(A) tails. Primers specific of ArMV-NW RNAs 1 or 2 were used in combination with a primer designed to hybridize at the junction poly(A)-poly(G) introduced at the end of the poly(A) tail during the polyguanylation procedure of the viral RNAs. The RT/PCR products were cloned and sequenced. The poly(A) tails in the different clones ranged from 10 to 81 adenosine residues for RNA 1, and from 10 to 120 adenosine residues for RNA 2, revealing an unexpected variability in the length of the ArMV genomic RNAs poly(A) tails. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Statistical Decision Functions

The foundations of a general theory of statistical decision functions, including the classical non-sequential case as well as the sequential case, was discussed by the author in a previous publication [3]. Several assumptions made in [3] appear, however, to be unnecessarily restrictive (see conditions 1-7, pp. 297 in [3]). These assumptions, moreover, are not always fulfilled for statistical problems in their conventional form. In this paper the main results of [3], as well as several new results, are obtained from a considerably weaker set of conditions which are fulfilled for most of the statistical problems treated in the literature. It seemed necessary to abandon most of the methods of proofs used in [3] (particularly those in section 4 of [3]) and to develop the theory from the beginning. To make the present paper self-contained, the basic definitions already given in [3] are briefly restated in section 2.1.
Electrical Properties of Ni/GaN Schottky Contacts on High-Temperature Annealed GaN Surfaces

The recent improvement of GaN material quality launched new perspective for its application in power devices. However, ion-implanted guard-ring edge terminations, necessary to improve the breakdown voltage, are not well developed as in SiC technology. Indeed, the effects of high-temperature annealing, required for the electrical activation of the implanted species in GaN, on the electrical behaviour of Schottky contact was not reported. In this work, the influence of high temperature annealing (1150-1200°C) on the surface morphology of GaN and on the electrical behaviour of Schottky contact was studied. Although the morphology of GaN surface did not substantially change after annealing, a worsening of the electrical behaviour of Schottky contact was observed. This latter was ascribed to the formation of a high density of interface states after annealing.
Physical Activity and Bone Mineral Accrual in Boys with Different Body Mass Parameters during Puberty: A Longitudinal Study

The aim of our longitudinal study was to investigate the relationships between physical activity and bone mass in boys with different body mass status during the years surrounding pubertal growth spurt. Two hundred and six boys entering puberty took part in this study. The subjects were divided into underweight (), normal weight (), overweight () and obese () groups at baseline according to age related categories. Whole-body DXA scans were performed at baseline, after 12 and 24 months to assess body composition (lean body mass, fat mass), and total body (TB), lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) bone mineral density (BMD) parameters. Physical activity was measured by 7- day accelerometry. For longitudinal analysis, multilevel fixed effects regression models were constructed. Biological age, height and lean body mass had an effect for explanation of TB BMD, FN BMD and LS BMD. Moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), vigorous physical activity (VPA) and sedentary time (SED) had the significant effect only on FN BMD. Being an underweight boy at the baseline indicated greater chance (p<0.01) to have lower TB BMD in the future (2 years at follow up) development, compared to normal weight (estimates = −0.038), overweight (estimates = −0.061) and obese boys (estimates = −0.106).
Outage Performance of Cognitive-Radio Relay System Based on the Spectrum-Sharing Environment

In the spectrum sharing systems, an unlicensed (secondary) user may share a frequency band with its licensed (primary) user as long as its transmission does not interfere with the primary user's communications. For the cognitive wireless relay networks, this interference regulation from the primary user may affect its cooperative scheme. In this paper, we investigate the outage performance of cognitive wireless relay networks in a spectrum sharing environment, in which the secondary users including the source and relays may take advantage of a frequency band of the primary user to transmit data to the receiver while not interfering with the primary user's communication. In particular, we quantify the relation between the outage performance of the secondary relay link and the interference inflicted on the primary user.
Type 2 diabetes prevalence and its risk factors in HIV: A cross-sectional study

Background Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has a reported greater prevalence and poorer treatment outcomes in people living with HIV (PLWH) than comparable HIV-uninfected cohorts. We conducted a cross-sectional study to delineate the factors driving T2D in PLWH in an ethnically diverse cohort, and additionally observed how these have changed over time. Setting We studied a diverse HIV cohort in London to determine the prevalence and risk factors for T2D, and compared them to a cohort studied 10 years previously. Methods Patients were classified as normoglycaemic (fasting glucose <6.0 mmol/l) or dysglycaemic (≥6.0 mmol/l). The relative contribution to dysglycaemia of modifiable and fixed factors, including demographics, anthropometrics, comorbidities, immune status, and HIV therapy, were analysed using univariate and logistic regression analyses. Results T2D prevalence was 15.1% in 2015 with a relative risk of 2.4 compared to the general population. The prevalence compared to 6.8% ten years earlier. The 2015 versus the 2005 cohort was significantly older (median age 49 (42–57) years versus 41 (IQR 35–47), p<0.001), had a higher BMI (27.4 (23.3–29.9) versus 24.9 (22.4–28.0) kg/m2 respectively, p = 0.019) and hypertensive (37.9% versus 19.6 respectively, p<0.001). The strongest predictors of dysglycaemia in the 2015 cohort were hepatic steatosis and hypertension, odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) 6.74 (3.48–13.03) and 2.92 (1.66–5.16) respectively, and also HIV-related factors of weight gain following antiretroviral initiation and longer known duration of HIV infection (OR 1.07 (1.04–1.11) and 1.06 (1.02–1.10) respectively). Conclusions The alarmingly high prevalence of T2D in HIV requires improved screening, targeted to older patients and those with a longer duration of exposure to antiretrovirals. Effective diabetes prevention and management strategies are needed urgently to reduce this risk; such interventions should target both conventional risk factors, such as abdominal obesity, and HIV-specific risk factors such as weight gain following initiation of antiretrovirals.