Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Immediate Test-Retest Changes in WAIS Scores among College Males

The WAIS was administered twice, in immediate succession, in standardized fashion, to 35 undergraduate male introductory psychology students. The effects of having just immediately completed the test were reflected in the amount of change in scores from test to retest. On the average, the Verbal IQs increased by 3.1 IQ points and the Performance IQs increased by 14.2 IQ points. Full Scale IQ increased by an average of 8.3 IQ points on retest. Subtests most susceptible to gain on immediate retest were Object Assembly, Picture Arrangement, Digit Symbol, Arithmetic, and Block Design, all of which are timed. Verbal subtests were less affected by prior testing than were Performance subtests. Test-retest reliability coefficients for the Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, and Full Scale IQ were . 86, . 86, and . 88, respectively. Subtest reliabilities ranged from a low of . 61 for Object Assembly to a high of . 91 for Vocabulary. Retest effects were discussed in terms of previous findings, relevant variables, and the need for further systematic research.
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers: Present and Future Prospective

Molecular Imprinting Technology (MIT) is a technique to design artificial receptors with a predetermined selectivity and specificity for a given analyte, which can be used as ideal materials in various application fields. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs), the polymeric matrices obtained using the imprinting technology, are robust molecular recognition elements able to mimic natural recognition entities, such as antibodies and biological receptors, useful to separate and analyze complicated samples such as biological fluids and environmental samples. The scope of this review is to provide a general overview on MIPs field discussing first general aspects in MIP preparation and then dealing with various application aspects. This review aims to outline the molecularly imprinted process and present a summary of principal application fields of molecularly imprinted polymers, focusing on chemical sensing, separation science, drug delivery and catalysis. Some significant aspects about preparation and application of the molecular imprinting polymers with examples taken from the recent literature will be discussed. Theoretical and experimental parameters for MIPs design in terms of the interaction between template and polymer functionalities will be considered and synthesis methods for the improvement of MIP recognition properties will also be presented.
Acculturation Attitudes among Young Immigrants as a Function of Perceived Parental Attitudes toward Cultural Change

This study investigated the acculturation attitudes among young Third World immigrants in a predominantly culturally homogeneous society, Norway. How these attitudes were influenced by perceived parental attitudes toward cultural change was examined also. Questionnaire responses from young adolescents 10 through 17 years of age (N = 568) indicated that integration and separation were the two most preferred forms of acculturation, and that these were related to the length of time the individual had been exposed to the acculturation experience. The preference given to integration and separation suggested that these adolescents placed a great deal of importance on the maintenance of their cultural heritage when it came to their acculturation. Boys more than girls were found to favor assimilation. Perceived parental attitudes were found to account for about 20% of the variation of the adolescents' mode of acculturation, with perceived parental attitude toward living like a Norwegian as the most important single predictor.
Relationships Between Stigma, Depression, and Treatment in White and African American Primary Care Patients

Although many depressed patients are treated in primary care, depression in these settings has been underdetected and undertreated, which may be influenced by mental health beliefs such as stigma. This study examined the relationships among depression, mental health stigma, and treatment in African American and white primary care patients. Data were collected at 3 primary care settings from 1103 patients who completed surveys measuring depression, stigma, and treatment use. Overall, African American patients reported greater mental health stigma than whites. African American women reported greater stigma than white women. White patients were found to be more likely to use depression treatment than African American patients. Multivariate analyses showed that greater depression severity fully mediated the relationship between stigma and treatment use, and that patients with the highest depression scores had significantly higher stigma scores as well. These results suggest that greater severity of depressive symptoms may override stigma and other beliefs about mental health in determining treatment use, but may be important to address for patients with more moderate levels of symptomatology.
The Phenomenology of Depressive Illness in People with a Learning Disability and Autism

People with autism may develop new behaviours in adolescence or early adult life, in addition to those associated with the primary disorder. Some of these behaviours have been postulated to be symptoms of depressive disorder. This article notes the methodological problems of investigating depression in people with autism. The authors also attempt to clarify the symptoms that may be significant in diagnosing depression in this group, by using treatment response methods.
Error rate performance analysis of coded free-space optical links over gamma-gamma atmospheric turbulence channels

Error control coding can be used over free-space optical (FSO) links to mitigate turbulence-induced fading. In this paper, we derive error performance bounds for coded FSO communication systems operating over atmospheric turbulence channels, considering the recently introduced gamma-gamma turbulence model. We derive a pairwise error probability (PEP) expression and then apply the transfer function technique in conjunction with the derived PEP to obtain upper bounds on the bit error rate. Simulation results are further demonstrated to confirm the analytical results
The development of intrapersonal intelligence in pupils experiencing social, emotional and behavioural difficulties

This article draws from an evaluative case study of a group work approach – Support Groups – designed by the author to support pupils perceived as having Social and Emotional Behavioural Difficulties within a Secondary school situated in an area of multiple deprivation in Scotland. The study, which is principally qualitative, draws from the accounts of 69 pupils who participated within the intervention during its first four years of inception and from a range of stakeholder accounts – parents, Support Group Leaders, class teachers and senior managers. The intervention focused upon collaborative, discussion-based activities designed to foster reflection, understanding and thinking skills. The study utilises data drawn from attendance, attainment and discipline statistics, comparing the Support Group population to wider comparator groups, in addition to questionnaires (open and closed), scheduled interviews and focus group discussion. This article focuses specifically upon the extent to which pupils developed intrapersonal intelligence. The findings indicate that the majority of pupils had, to at least an extent, developed greater understanding of their behaviour and that these outcomes were still in evidence up to two years after intervention.
Iterative Rounding and Relaxation

In this survey paper we present an iterative method to analyze linear programming formulations for combinatorial optimization problems. This method is introduced by Jain to give a 2-approximation algorithm for the survivable network design problem. First we will present Jain’s method and the necessary background including the uncrossing technique in Section 2. Then we extend the iterative method by a new relaxation step to tackle degree-bounded network design problems, and obtain approximation algorithms with only additive constant errors on the degrees in Section 3. For the minimum bounded degree spanning tree problem, this gives a very simple approximation algorithm with error at most one on the degrees, proving a conjecture of Goemans in Section 4. This method can also be applied to directed graphs, and some recent results on the minimum bounded degree arborescence problem will be highlighted in Section 5. Finally, we discuss how this method provides new proofs of exact linear programming formulations for classical combinatorial optimization problems, and present some new results for the degree bounded matroid problem and the degree bounded submodular flow problem in Section 6. Remark. Most of the material in this survey is extracted from a longer survey
Monoamine Release in the Cat Lumbar Spinal Cord during Fictive Locomotion Evoked by the Mesencephalic Locomotor Region

Spinal cord neurons active during locomotion are innervated by descending axons that release the monoamines serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) and these neurons express monoaminergic receptor subtypes implicated in the control of locomotion. The timing, level and spinal locations of release of these two substances during centrally-generated locomotor activity should therefore be critical to this control. These variables were measured in real time by fast-cyclic voltammetry in the decerebrate cat’s lumbar spinal cord during fictive locomotion, which was evoked by electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) and registered as integrated activity in bilateral peripheral nerves to hindlimb muscles. Monoamine release was observed in dorsal horn (DH), intermediate zone/ventral horn (IZ/VH) and adjacent white matter (WM) during evoked locomotion. Extracellular peak levels (all sites) increased above baseline by 138 ± 232.5 nM and 35.6 ± 94.4 nM (mean ± SD) for NE and 5-HT, respectively. For both substances, release usually began prior to the onset of locomotion typically earliest in the IZ/VH and peaks were positively correlated with net activity in peripheral nerves. Monoamine levels gradually returned to baseline levels or below at the end of stimulation in most trials. Monoamine oxidase and uptake inhibitors increased the release magnitude, time-to-peak (TTP) and decline-to-baseline. These results demonstrate that spinal monoamine release is modulated on a timescale of seconds, in tandem with centrally-generated locomotion and indicate that MLR-evoked locomotor activity involves concurrent activation of descending monoaminergic and reticulospinal pathways. These gradual changes in space and time of monoamine concentrations high enough to strongly activate various receptors subtypes on locomotor activated neurons further suggest that during MLR-evoked locomotion, monoamine action is, in part, mediated by extrasynaptic neurotransmission in the spinal cord.
Comments on the motivational status of self-esteem in social identity and intergroup discrimination

The background and development of motivational hypotheses in social identity theory are examined, revealing two general motives for intergroup discrimination: a desire for cognitive coherence, or good structure; and a need for positive self-esteem. The latter (self-esteem hypothesis: SEH) has received most attention. Both the theoretical and empirical bases of the SEH are largely rooted in research using the minimal group paradigm. However, it remains unclear whether self-esteem is to be considered primarily as a cause or an effect of discrimination. When real social groups are considered the SEH appears to provide only a partial explanation, and a variety of more or less powerful alternative social motives may underlie discriminatory behaviour. We explore some social-structural, individual and interpersonal limits to the SEH, and we call for an awareness of these motives and a re-examination of the good-structure thesis. The SEH, as it stands, provides only a partial contribution to our understanding of the relationship between social identity and discriminatory intergroup behaviour.
Analytical Bit Error Rate Calculation for BICM(-ID) Assuming Imperfect CSI

In this paper, we analytically derive the bit error rate (BER) for bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) under the assumption of a temporally correlated flat Rayleigh fading channel. We assume the channel state information (CSI) to be unknown at receiver side and consider a linear minimum mean-squared error (LMMSE) channel estimator that relies on periodically inserted pilot symbols. We give asymptotic results for both non-iterative BICM and BICM with iterative decoding (BICM-ID). Furthermore, we show that the interpretation of the channel estimation error as an SNR degradation holds true in these cases.
Naturally Occurring Truncated trkB Receptors Have Dominant Inhibitory Effects on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Signaling

trkB encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase activated by three neurotrophins—brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3, and neurotrophin-4/5. In vivo, three isoforms of the receptor are generated by differential splicing—gp145trkB or the full-length trkB receptor, and trkB.T1 and trkB.T2, two cytoplasmically truncated receptors that lack kinases, but contain unique C termini. Although the truncated receptors appear to be precisely regulated during nervous system development and regeneration, their role in neurotrophin signaling has not been directly tested. In this paper, we studied the signaling properties and interactions of gp145trkB, trkB.T1, and trkB.T2 by expressing the receptors in a Xenopus oocyte microinjection assay. We found that oocytes expressing gp145trkB, but not trkB.T1 or trkB.T2, were capable of eliciting45Ca efflux responses (a phospholipase C-γ-mediated mechanism) after stimulation by BDNF. When trkB.T1 and trkB.T2 were coexpressed with gp145trkB, they acted as dominant negative receptors, inhibiting the BDNF signal by forming nonfunctional heterodimers with the full-length receptors. An ATP-binding mutant of gp145trkB had similar dominant inhibitory effects. Our data suggest that naturally occurring truncated trkB receptors function as inhibitory modulators of neurotrophin responsiveness. Furthermore, the homodimerization of gp145trkB appears to be an essential step in activation of the BDNF signaling cascade.
Data association and tracking for automotive radar networks

Radar sensors in the 24- and 77-GHz frequency domain will be used to increase comfort and safety in many future automotive applications. In this paper, a radar network with four short-range radars is considered. Each sensor measures individually only the range information of all targets inside the observation area. The Cartesian coordinates of each target are calculated by a trilateration technique based on range measurements selected in a data-association procedure. Estimating a target position based on range measurements is called trilateration. In contrast to this, estimation of a target position based on pure angular measurements is called triangulation. In automotive applications, situations with multiple targets almost always occur. Therefore, a high-performance data association is very important to separate and to distinguish between these targets. To avoid errors in the data-association step and resulting ghost targets, this paper describes a technique that combines the procedures of data association and position estimation into a single step. This signal-processing technique shows very good results in multitarget situations and reduces the number of ghost targets drastically.
Health care-associated infections: a meta-analysis of costs and financial impact on the US health care system.

IMPORTANCE Health care-associated infections (HAIs) account for a large proportion of the harms caused by health care and are associated with high costs. Better evaluation of the costs of these infections could help providers and payers to justify investing in prevention. OBJECTIVE To estimate costs associated with the most significant and targetable HAIs. DATA SOURCES For estimation of attributable costs, we conducted a systematic review of the literature using PubMed for the years 1986 through April 2013. For HAI incidence estimates, we used the National Healthcare Safety Network of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). STUDY SELECTION Studies performed outside the United States were excluded. Inclusion criteria included a robust method of comparison using a matched control group or an appropriate regression strategy, generalizable populations typical of inpatient wards and critical care units, methodologic consistency with CDC definitions, and soundness of handling economic outcomes. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Three review cycles were completed, with the final iteration carried out from July 2011 to April 2013. Selected publications underwent a secondary review by the research team. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Costs, inflated to 2012 US dollars. RESULTS Using Monte Carlo simulation, we generated point estimates and 95% CIs for attributable costs and length of hospital stay. On a per-case basis, central line-associated bloodstream infections were found to be the most costly HAIs at $45,814 (95% CI, $30,919-$65,245), followed by ventilator-associated pneumonia at $40,144 (95% CI, $36,286-$44,220), surgical site infections at $20,785 (95% CI, $18,902-$22,667), Clostridium difficile infection at $11,285 (95% CI, $9118-$13,574), and catheter-associated urinary tract infections at $896 (95% CI, $603-$1189). The total annual costs for the 5 major infections were $9.8 billion (95% CI, $8.3-$11.5 billion), with surgical site infections contributing the most to overall costs (33.7% of the total), followed by ventilator-associated pneumonia (31.6%), central line-associated bloodstream infections (18.9%), C difficile infections (15.4%), and catheter-associated urinary tract infections (<1%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE While quality improvement initiatives have decreased HAI incidence and costs, much more remains to be done. As hospitals realize savings from prevention of these complications under payment reforms, they may be more likely to invest in such strategies.
Learning to teach history writing: discovering what works 1

Abstract Statistics indicated under achievement by 18-year-old Advanced (A) level History students in a mixed comprehensive school, by comparison with their results in the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) at 16. Further investigation highlighted a weakness in essay writing. A teaching strategy was developed to improve essay writing by (a) clarifying the purpose of essay writing; (b) enhancing essay structuring; (c) ensuring students obtained a firm understanding of the topics studied; and (d) providing students with appropriate study skills to enable them to work effectively. An action plan, which drew heavily on the ideas of phenomenography (Hounsell, 1984, 1987), was devised to tackle these areas. The results of students who were taught in this way and who took their examinations in 1998 showed a dramatic improvement over the three previous years.
‘No Interest in Land': Legal and Spatial Enclosure of Gypsy-Travellers in Britain

This paper examines the place of Gypsy-Travellers within the British legal system. It considers the function of the law in establishing moral and social norms and pathologising aspects of Traveller life. It examines how a variety of legal principles, discourses and bureaucratic agencies combine to construct travellers as deviant with regard to the moral and social order. It considers the attempts in British law to control Travellers' spatial practices and nomadic lifestyle, and the ambivalent nature of legislation in this area. The Caravan Sites Act 1968 is examined in terms of its formation and implementation. The origin and impact of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 are assessed. It contends that the criminal justice system has its own rationality which may conflict with both that of the formal law and other parts of the state. It is argued that institutional discrimination exists within the legal system, based on ingrained ‘sedentarist' assumptions about what constitutes a normal way of life. Both the 1968 and the 1994 Acts can be criticised in these terms. Travellers have, however, been able to resist many of the practices of legal and spatial enclosure to which they are subject.
Cross-National Evidence for Compatibility of Psychological Type in Polish and American Samples

We tested whether persons with similar Psychological Types are found in the same occupation and academic majors in Poland and in the United States. A measure of Psychological Type was completed by three Polish samples: 71 managers; 107 marketing and management (M&M) students; and 75 English Language (EL) students. As hypothesized, the Psychological Type distributions of the Polish managers and the Polish M&M students demonstrated convergent validity with one another—and with type distributions of American managers and business students—with all four groups showing preferences for Extraversion, Sensing, Thinking, and Judging. Also as hypothesized, discriminant validity for Psychological Type was demonstrated when Polish students of EL showed a nearly opposite type distribution (Introversion, Intuition, and Perceiving) from those the Polish managers and M&M students. Further, the type distribution of the Polish students of EL demonstrated convergent validity with a type distribution of American liberal arts students. Because Psychological Type is similarly compatible with occupation (i.e., manager) and with academic major (i.e., business, liberal arts) in Poland and in the United States, it is concluded that Psychological Type Theory shows promise as a cross-culturally universal theory of individual differences in explaining relationships between personality and academic major/occupational choice.
Investigation of the reliability of the "reading the mind in the eyes test" in a Turkish population.

OBJECTIVE The "Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test"(RMET) is one of the most widely used tasks for examining the Theory of Mind. In this study, the goal was to determine the reliability of a Turkish version of the RMET and the distribution of the results in a healthy population. METHOD The original test is made up of 36 pictures of solely the eye region of different individuals. Subjects are asked to choose the option that best describes the mental state of individual in the picture. After 3 piloting studies each conducted with different sets of 8 people, 2 items (25 and 35) in which most of the subjects consistently replied to foil words, were excluded in final step. 117 healthy volunteers were given the test, and 70 of these individuals were re-tested two weeks later. The Bland and Altman method was used to examine test re-test reliability RESULTS The mean value of the number of correct responses was 24.46 (SD=3.44) for the test and 24.13 (SD=4.36) for the re-test. No significant difference was shown between test and re-test results (p=0.815). After excluding items 19 and 21 which failed to show reliability, the mean correct response rates were 23.64 (SD=3.38) and 23.40 (SD=4.32), respectively. The educational level significantly affected the correct response rates. CONCLUSION The Turkish version of the RMET was found to be reliable in a healthy population. The educational level should be taken into account. The 32-item version of the Turkish RMET can be used to evaluate the social, cognitive and emotional processes in adults.