Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What happens after an ad click?: quantifying the impact of landing pages in web advertising

Unbeknownst to most users, when a query is submitted to a search engine two distinct searches are performed: the organic or algorithmic search that returns relevant Web pages and related data (maps, images, etc.), and the sponsored search that returns paid advertisements. While an enormous amount of work has been invested in understanding the user interaction with organic search, surprisingly little research has been dedicated to what happens after an ad is clicked, a situation we aim to correct. To this end, we define and study the process of context transfer, that is, the user's transition from Web search to the context of the landing page that follows an ad-click. We conclude that in the vast majority of cases the user is shown one of three types of pages, namely, Homepage (the homepage of the advertiser), Category browse (a browse-able sub-catalog related to the original query), and Search transfer (the search results of the same query re-executed on the target site). We show that these three types of landing pages can be accurately distinguished using automatic text classification. Finally, using such an automatic classifier, we correlate the landing page type with conversion data provided by advertisers, and show that the conversion rate (i.e., users' response rate to ads) varies considerably according to the type. We believe our findings will further the understanding of users' response to search advertising in general, and landing pages in particular, and thus help advertisers improve their Web sites and help search engines select the most suitable ads.
Children's and Young People's Reading in 2013: Findings from the 2013 National Literacy Trust's Annual Survey.

We are the only national charity dedicated to raising literacy levels in the UK. Our research and analysis make us the leading authority on literacy. We run projects in the poorest communities, campaign to make literacy a priority for politicians and parents, and support schools. Visit www.literacytrust. org.uk to find out more, donate or sign up for a free email newsletter. You can also find us on Facebook and follow us on Twitter. We will consider requests to use extracts or data from this publication provided that you: • Acknowledge that the content is the work of the National Literacy Trust and provide appropriate references in any publications or accompanying publicity; • State that any views expressed are yours and not necessarily those of the National Literacy Trust. Acknowledgements We would like to thank the pupils and staff at the following schools without whom this study would not have been possible: Our sincere thanks to Slaughter and May for their generous financial contribution that enabled us to conduct this annual survey.
Linguistics. An Interdisciplinary Journal of the Language Sciences

: At the heart of this special issue are partitive elements (i. e., partitive articles, partitive pronouns, and partitive case markers) which can express different “shades” of partitivity, namely true partitivity, pseudopartitivity, or indefiniteness, that is, the absence of a part-whole relation in the meaning, in contrast to (pseudo)partitivity. Since these partitive elements express (at least) two such notions, as they can be truly partitive but often are not, the questions around partitivity are complex, interrelated and challenging. This special issue, with a strong and wide crosslinguistic (typological) coverage, deals with two overarching topics: first, the geographical distribution of partitive elements and the identification of potential instances of language contact, and, second, sometimes in combination with the first topic, the formal description and explanation of different partitive constructions. Abstract: At the heart of this special issue are partitive elements (i. e., partitive articles, partitive pronouns, and partitive case markers) which can express different “ shades ” of partitivity, namely true partitivity, pseudopartitivity, or indefiniteness, that is, the absence of a part-whole relation in the meaning, in contrast to (pseudo) partitivity. Since these partitive elements express (at least) two such notions, as they can be truly partitive but often are not, the questions around partitivity are complex, interrelated and challenging. This special issue, with a strong and wide crosslinguistic (typological) coverage, deals with two overarching topics: first, the geographical distribution of partitive elements and the identification of potential instances of language contact, and, second, sometimes in combination with the first topic, the formal description and explanation of different partitive constructions. and Jud 1928 – 1940). The areal distribution of partitive objects under negation in the Northern Italian Dialects is addressed by Garzonio and Poletto (this issue). As for Cerruti and Regis (this issue), they examine the main paradigmatic differences between partitive determiners in varieties of Piedmontese and discuss the role of contact between Piedmontese and standard Italian (as well as with French for some period) and to the “ superposition ” of both an official standard language like Italian and a regional koine over local varieties of Piedmontese.
Interference management of femtocell in macro-cellular networks

This paper investigates the impact of femtocell interference on existing macrocells with fractional frequency reuse (FFR). Instead of using complicated transmission techniques by coordinating multiple base stations (BSs), this paper adaptively configures FFR pattern to avoids interference caused by femtocells, depending on density and locations of femtocells. Simulation results show that the proposed femtocell BS deployment can effectively reduce downlink interference to macro-cellular networks.
Journalists under fire: the psychological hazards of covering war

Chiding the military establishment for failing to provide adequate aftercare for wounded servicemen is a favourite media pastime and the psychological toll of conflict among service veterans has been popularised by the press. What is less well known – indeed, virtually invisible to the public gaze – is the psychological toll within the news media itself as journalists and photographers deliberately expose themselves to the risks and horrors of conflict to seek out the grotesque in pursuit of the big story and the best picture. Journalists Under Fire is not a textbook of post-traumatic stress disorder or psychological trauma: rather it puts flesh on the bones of the sanitised, sterile descriptions of psychopathology in the academic literature. This book makes for uncomfortable reading: sometimes disturbing and upsetting but always compelling, Feinstein uses personal narrative to vividly and chillingly describe the psychological effects of war reporting on those journalists who bear witness to the brutality and inhumanity of conflict. The social consequences of trauma are starkly depicted: broken families, broken careers, broken lives; all too often sublimated and disguised by a fast-living, hard-drinking machismo lifestyle and culture that goes with the territory. What is most disturbing, is not so much the incidence or nature of psychopathology among journalists, but the fact that so few of them get any sort of help or treatment. News organisations (who have a duty of care no less than the much-maligned military establishment) typically turn a blind eye and offer little in the way of support. Then there are freelancers who lack any of the benefits and protection that a concerned and responsible employer should provide. Remarkably, this is the first published investigation looking specifically at journalists as a vulnerable group. It should give news organisations pause for thought and a stimulus to get their own house in order, before casting brickbats at the military. If they fail to act, and with no end in sight to the endless stream of war and terrorism flashed across our TV screens and news media, increasing numbers of naive young men and women will be put at risk without warning, preparation or aftercare merely to satisfy the insatiable public interest and voyeuristic appetite for war reportage.
People Detection and Re-identification for Multi Surveillance Cameras

Re-identifying people in a network of non overlapping cameras requires people to be accurately detected and tracked in order to build a strong visual signature of people appearances. Traditional surveillance cameras do not provide high enough image resolution to iris recognition algorithms. State of the art face recognition can not be easily applied to surveillance videos as people need to be facing the camera at a close range. The different lighting environment contained in each camera scene and the strong illumination variability occurring as people walk throughout a scene induce great variability in their appearance. %In addition, surveillance scene often display people whose images occlud each other onto the image plane making people detection difficult to achieve. In addition, people images occlud each other onto the image plane making people detection difficult to achieve. We propose a novel simplified Local Binary Pattern features to detect people, head and faces. A Mean Riemannian Covariance Grid (MRCG) is used to model appearance of tracked people to obtain highly discriminative human signature. The methods are evaluated and compared with the state of the art algorithms. We have created a new dataset from a network of 2 cameras showing the usefulness of our system to detect, track and re-identify people using appearance and face features.
Modeling Repeated Time-to-event Health Conditions with Discontinuous Risk Intervals

Summary Objectives: Researchers have often used rather simple approaches to analyze repeated time-to-event health conditions that either examine time to the first event or treat multiple events as independent. More sophisticated models have been developed, although previous applications have focused largely on such outcomes having continuous risk intervals. Limitations of applying these models include their difficulty in implementation without careful attention to forming the data structures. Methods: We first review time-to-event models for repeated events that are extensions of the Cox model and frailty models. Next, we develop a way to efficiently set up the data structures with discontinuous risk intervals for such models, which are more appropriate for many applications than the continuous alternatives. Finally, we apply these models to a real dataset to investigate the effect of gender on functional disability in a cohort of older persons. For comparison, we demonstrate modeling time to the first event. Results: The GEE Poisson, the Cox counting process, and the frailty models provided similar parameter estimates of gender effect on functional disability, that is, women had increased risk of bathing disability and other disability (disability in walking, dressing, or transferring) as compared to men. These results, especially for other disabilities, were quite different from those provided by an analysis of the first-event outcomes. However, the effect of gender was no longer significant in the counting process model fully adjusted for covariates. Conclusion: Modeling time to only the first event may not be adequate. After properly setting up the data structures, repeated event models that account for the correlation between multiple events within subjects can be easily implemented with common statistical software packages.
Deterministic Oversubscription Planning as Heuristic Search: Abstractions and Reformulations

While in classical planning the objective is to achieve one of the equally attractive goal states at as low total action cost as possible, the objective in deterministic oversubscription planning (OSP) is to achieve an as valuable as possible subset of goals within a fixed allowance of the total action cost. Although numerous applications in various fields share the latter objective, no substantial algorithmic advances have been made in deterministic OSP. Tracing the key sources of progress in classical planning, we identify a severe lack of effective domain-independent approximations for OSP. With our focus here on optimal planning, our goal is to bridge this gap. Two classes of approximation techniques have been found especially useful in the context of optimal classical planning: those based on state-space abstractions and those based on logical landmarks for goal reachability. The question we study here is whether some similar-in-spirit, yet possibly mathematically different, approximation techniques can be developed for OSP. In the context of abstractions, we define the notion of additive abstractions for OSP, study the complexity of deriving effective abstractions from a rich space of hypotheses, and reveal some substantial, empirically relevant islands of tractability. In the context of landmarks, we show how standard goal-reachability landmarks of certain classical planning tasks can be compiled into the OSP task of interest, resulting in an equivalent OSP task with a lower cost allowance, and thus with a smaller search space. Our empirical evaluation confirms the effectiveness of the proposed techniques, and opens a wide gate for further developments in oversubscription planning.
Who is a Laowai ? Chinese Interpretations of Laowai as a Referring Expression for Non-Chinese

Laowai , a referring expression popularly used for non-Chinese, has found favor in the discourse of Chinese people. This article investigates Chinese interpretations of laowai based on survey data from a sample of 290 native Chinese. The results show that not all non-Chinese are called laowai . This expression—connoting a more complimentary meaning—is more often used by the Chinese respondents to name Western white people than any other cultural groups. For those who are not called laowai , other traits are used to refer to them—for example their nationality, skin color, or other features. The use of the expression laowai is generally based on ethnicity rather than nationality. Chinese interpretations of laowai reflect two features. First, the respondents tend to oversimplify the heterogeneity of other cultures. Second, the Chinese idea of shuren society regulates the respondents’ choice of the term laowai , which serves a dual purpose: 1) separating an “out-group” from the “in-group”, and 2) expressing a willingness to cultivate a friendly relationship between Chinese and non-Chinese.
Exogenous Addition of a C-Xylopyranoside Derivative Stimulates Keratinocyte Dermatan Sulfate Synthesis and Promotes Migration

As C-Xyloside has been suggested to be an initiator of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis, and GAGs such as Dermatan sulfate (DS) are potent enhancers of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) - 10 action, we investigated if a C-Xylopyranoside derivative, (C-β-D-xylopyranoside-2-hydroxy-propane, C-Xyloside), could promote DS production by cultured normal human keratinocytes, how this occurs and if C-Xyloside could also stimulate FGF-dependent cell migration and proliferation. C-Xyloside-treated keratinocytes greatly increased secretion of total sulfated GAGs. Majority of the induced GAG was chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) of which the major secreted GAG was DS. Cells lacking xylosyltransferase enzymatic activity demonstrated that C-Xyloside was able to stimulate GAG synthesis without addition to core proteins. Consistent with the observed increase in DS, keratinocytes treated with C-Xyloside showed enhanced migration in response to FGF-10 and secreted into their culture media GAGs that promoted FGF-10-dependent cellular proliferation. These results indicate that C-Xyloside may enhance epithelial repair by serving as an initiator of DS synthesis.
Regulation of antiapoptotic and cytoprotective pathways in colonic epithelial cells in ulcerative colitis

Abstract Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease involving the colon resulting in bloody diarrhea and increased risk of colorectal cancer in certain patient subgroups. Increased apoptosis in the epithelial cell layer causes increased permeability, especially during flares; this leads to translocation of luminal pathogens resulting in a continued inflammatory drive. The present work investigates how epithelial apoptosis is regulated in ulcerative colitis. The main results are that Fas mediated apoptosis is inhibited during flares of ulcerative colitis, probably by an upregulation of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 (cIAP2) and cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein. cIAP2 is upregulated in regenerative epithelial cells both in ulcerative colitis and in experimental intestinal wounds. Inhibition of cIAP2 decreases wound healing in vitro possibly through inhibition of migration. Altogether, it is shown that epithelial cells in ulcerative colitis responds to the hostile microenvironment by activation of cytoprotective pathways that tend to counteract the cytotoxic effects of inflammation. However, the present studies also show that epithelial cells produce increased amounts of reactive oxygen species during stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ resulting in DNA instability. The combined effect of increased DNA-instability and decreased apoptosis responses could lead to neoplasia.
Improving video captioning for deaf and hearing-impaired people based on eye movement and attention overload

Deaf and hearing-impaired people capture information in video through visual content and captions. Those activities require different visual attention strategies and up to now, little is known on how caption readers balance these two visual attention demands. Understanding these strategies could suggest more efficient ways of producing captions. Eye tracking and attention overload detections are used to study these strategies. Eye tracking is monitored using a pupilcenter- corneal-reflection apparatus. Afterward, gaze fixation is analyzed for each region of interest such as caption area, high motion areas and faces location. This data is also used to identify the scanpaths. The collected data is used to establish specifications for caption adaptation approach based on the location of visual action and presence of character faces. This approach is implemented in a computer-assisted captioning software which uses a face detector and a motion detection algorithm based on the Lukas-Kanade optical flow algorithm. The different scanpaths obtained among the subjects provide us with alternatives for conflicting caption positioning. This implementation is now undergoing a user evaluation with hearing impaired participants to validate the efficiency of our approach.
Genetic structure and historical demography of Schizothorax nukiangensis (Cyprinidae) in continuous habitat

Geographic distance, different living habitats or Pleistocene climatic oscillations have frequently been found to shape population genetic structure in many species. The genetic structure of Schizothorax nukiangensis, a high altitude, valuable fish species, which is distributed throughout the Nujiang River, was investigated by mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis. The cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), cytochrome b (cytb), and the mitochondrial control region (MCR) of S. nukiangensis were concatenated for examination of population structure and demographic history. The concatenated data set (2405 bp) implied a pronounced genetic population structure (overall FST = 0.149) and defined two population units. Strong differentiation was detected between the Sanjiangkou (SJK) population and other populations due to environmental heterogeneity, dispersal ability, and/or glacial cycles. Additional DNA sequencing of the nuclear RAG2 gene also examined significant differentiation between two units and between SJK and the upstream populations (U-unit). Recent expansion events suggest that S. nukiangensis may have undergone a rapid increase during warm interglacial periods. Surprisingly, S. nukiangensis appears to have undergone an obvious expansion during the last glaciations (LG) for cold hardiness and a sharp contraction from 1.5 ka to the present. However, two population units exhibited different reflections during the LG, which might be closely related to their living habitats and cold hardiness. A clear pattern of isolation by distance was detected in S. nukiangensis due to feeding habits, limited dispersal ability, and/or philopatry. It is vitally important that more attention be given to S. nukiangensis due to low genetic diversity, lack of gene flow, and recent population contraction.
Scalable failover method for Data Center Networks using OpenFlow

With the emergence of significant amounts of mobile and cloud services, the scale of Data Center Networks (DCNs) has been growing rapidly. A DCN has different network requirements compared to a traditional Internet Protocol (IP) network, and the existing Ethernet/IP style protocols constrain the DCNs scalability and its manageability. In this paper, we present a scalable failover method for large scale DCNs. Because most of the current DCNs are managed in a logically centralized manner with a specialized topology and growth model, we adopt Fat-Tree [1] as the reference DCN topology and design our failover method using an OpenFlow-based approach. Further, to provide scalability, we design our failover algorithm in a local optimal manner, with which only three switches must be modified for handling a single fault, regardless of the size of the target network. We evaluate our failover method in terms of failover time by varying the network size and load balancing capability during failover. The experiment results show that our method scales well, even for a large-scale DCN with more than ten thousands hosts.
Stochastic image reconstruction method for Compton camera

Compton camera has been proposed as an imaging tool in astronomy, industry, homeland security and medical imaging where source location can be identified based on detection of Compton scattered and photoabsorbed photons. However, due to the geometrical complexity of the problem, image reconstruction from Compton camera data is difficult and/or ineffective when using techniques such as filtered backprojection (FBP) or maximum likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM). In this paper, we propose a novel stochastic origin ensembles (SOE) approach based on Markov chains (previously implemented and tested for PET) to the reconstruction of Compton camera data. The advantages of this method are that it is universal (i.e. works with any camera geometry), does not require any rebinning of acquired data, parallelizable, and does not require forward- and back-projection operations nor voxelization of the image space. During image reconstruction the origins of every measured events are the randomly assigned locations on the conical surface (which is the Compton camera analog of lines-of-response in PET). Therefore, the image is defined as an event ensemble holding the coordinates of all possible event origins. During the course of the reconstruction, origins of the events are randomly moved and the acceptance of the new event origin is determined by the acceptance probability, which is proportional to the change in event density. For example, if event density at the new location is higher than in the previous location, the new position is always accepted. As a result of many iterations, the reconstructed image converges to the quasi-stationary state which can be voxelized and displayed. Comparison to the list-mode MLEM shows that SOE algorithm has similar performance in terms of image quality while clearly outperforming it in terms of reconstruction time. Implementation of corrections for detector energy resolution can be done at almost no additional computational cost, which is a major advantage of SOE over other reconstruction methods.