Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chronic Stage Multiple Sclerosis Lesions Contain a Relatively Quiescent Population of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells

In the past decade, considerable progress has been made in the understanding of the biology of rodent oligodendrocyte precursor cells and their role in the generation of oligodendrocytes in the developing and adult rodent CNS. Much less is known about human oligodendrocyte lineage cells and about the reasons for the failure of the regeneration of the oligodendrocyte population during chronic stages of multiple sclerosis (MS). In particular, the fate of the oligodendrocyte precursor population in MS has remained elusive. The present study examined the possibility that oligodendrocyte regeneration ultimately fails because of the local destruction of both oligodendrocytes and their precursor cells. Analysis of chronic stage MS tissue suggested that this is not the case, because all chronic MS lesions studied contained significant numbers of oligodendrocyte precursor cells, identified as process-bearing cells that bound the O4 antibody but not antibodies to GalC and GFAP. The oligodendrocyte precursor cells appeared, however, to be relatively quiescent, because none expressed the nuclear proliferation antigen recognized by the Ki-67 antibody, and because most lesions lacked myelinating oligodendrocytes in their centers. Thus, it appears that the regeneration of the oligodendrocyte population fails during chronic stages of MS because of the inability of oligodendrocyte precursor cells to proliferate and differentiate rather than because of the local destruction of all oligodendrocyte lineage cells. The identification of ways of stimulating the endogenous oligodendrocyte precursor population to expand and generate remyelinating cells may represent an alternative to transplantation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells to promote myelin repair in MS.
GLR Parser with Conditional Action Model(CAM)

There are two different approaches in the LR parsing. The first one is the deterministic approach that performs the only one action using the control rules learned without any LR parsing resource. It shows good performance in speed. But it has a disadvantage that it cannot correct the previous mistakes, thus directly affects the parsing result. The second one is the probabilistic LR parsing approach, which uses annotated corpora and LR table. In this paper, we propose a new probabilistic GLR parsing method that can solve the problems of conventional LR parsing approaches. The parser takes probabilistic shift or reduce action on the graph-structured stack, which is conditioned on the partially constructed parse. It chooses the most probable action sequences for the given input sentence when it reaches the final state. With the probabilistic model, it can overcome the shortcomings of the deterministic LR parsing scheme, and it uses richer information in the stack than the previous probabilistic methods.
Topical PageRank: A Model of Scientific Expertise for Bibliographic Search

We model scientific expertise as a mixture of topics and authority. Authority is calculated based on the network properties of each topic network. ThemedPageRank, our combination of LDA-derived topics with PageRank differs from previous models in that topics influence both the bias and transition probabilities of PageRank. It also incorporates the age of documents. Our model is general in that it can be applied to all tasks which require an estimate of document‐document, document‐ query, document‐topic and topic‐query similarities. We present two evaluations, one on the task of restoring the reference lists of 10,000 articles, the other on the task of automatically creating reading lists that mimic reading lists created by experts. In both evaluations, our system beats state-of-the-art, as well as Google Scholar and Google Search indexed againt the corpus. Our experiments also allow us to quantify the beneficial effect of our two proposed modifications to PageRank.
SPRNT: An Aggressive Approach to Dynamically Schedule Resources with Limited Service Failure in VM-Based Data Centers

Effective virtualized resource provisioning is one of the most challenging tasks of the cloud computing system. Especially when visits to an online service are rapidly increasing, state-of-the-art approaches cannot response to the workload changes in time. In this paper we introduce SPRNT, a framework that accelerates the resource provisioning. By using SPRNT, the cloud system can quickly adapt to the explosively increasing workload and ensure that the SLA is not violated. The experimental results show that SPRNT can deal with the tremendously increasing of the workload and can also reduce the over-provisioned resources efficiently and effectively.
Leadership: Limits and Possibilities

Introduction What is Leadership: Person, Result, Position or Process? Leadership as Person: Putting the "Ship" Back into Leadership Leadership as Results: Putting the Subjunctive Back Where it Belongs Leadership as Process: Leadership as a Reflection of Community Leadership as Position: Hydras and Elephants Bibliography Index
Derivation of the sliding domain for a buck-based switching amplifier in wideband signal tracking applications

One of the major drawbacks that precludes the use of sliding-mode control wideband signal tracking in buck-based switching power amplifiers is the lack of a design-oriented analysis of tracking bandwidth limits. In this paper the tracking limits for a linear-surface sliding-mode controlled ideal buck converter are addressed for different representative cases, namely, for a single tone, two tones, multiple tone, and a generalization to an arbitrary wideband signal. Analytical design-oriented equations are matched with simulations both for synthetic single-tone and arbitrary wideband noise signal as well as for the envelope signal corresponding to the EDGE standard in an envelope elimination and restoration technique polar RF transmitter architecture.
Identification of Vibration Transfer to Car-body from Road Roughness by Driving Car

The article presents results of the research on identification of vibration transfer to car-body from road roughness by driving car. It is the case study of multiple sources of vibration generate on vehicle and transfer to driver and passengers. During the research the passenger car was driven on special test track and vibrations in 3 octagonal axes of the floor panel were recorded at locations where the vibrations were transferred into the human organism. The analysis of time-frequency distribution of the vibration allows to separate the main components of the signal.
Hamstring Muscles: Architecture and Innervation

Knowledge of the anatomical organization of the hamstring muscles is necessary to understand their functions, and to assist in the development of accurate clinical and biomechanical models. The hamstring muscles were examined by dissection in six embalmed human lower limbs with the purpose of clarifying their gross morphology. In addition to obtaining evidence for or against anatomical partitioning (as based on muscle architecture and pattern of innervation), data pertaining to architectural parameters such as fascicular length, volume, physiological cross-sectional area, and tendon length were collected. For each muscle, relatively consistent patterns of innervation were identified between specimens, and each was unique with respect to anatomical organization. On the basis of muscle architecture, three regions were identified within semimembranosus. However, this was not completely congruent with the pattern of innervation, as a primary nerve branch supplied only two regions, with the third region receiving a secondary branch. Semitendinosus comprised two distinct partitions arranged in series that were divided by a tendinous inscription. A singular muscle nerve or a primary nerve branch innervated each partition. In the biceps femoris long head the two regions were supplied via a primary nerve branch which divided into two primary branches or split into a series of branches. Being the only muscle to cross a single joint, biceps femoris short head consisted of two distinct regions demarcated by fiber direction, with each innervated by a separate muscle nerve. Architecturally, each muscle differed with respect to parameters such as physiological cross-sectional area, fascicular length and volume, but generally all partitions within an individual muscle were similar in fascicular length. The long proximal and distal tendons of these muscles extended into the muscle bellies thereby forming elongated musculotendinous junctions.
Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Based Rapid Secondary-Metabolite Profiling of Marine Pseudoalteromonas sp. M2

The ocean is a rich resource of flora, fauna, and food. A wild-type bacterial strain showing confluent growth on marine agar with antibacterial activity was isolated from marine water, identified using 16S rDNA sequence analysis as Pseudoalteromonas sp. , and designated as strain M2. This strain was found to produce various secondary metabolites including quinolone alkaloids. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, we identified nine secondary metabolites of 4-hydroxy-2-alkylquinoline (pseudane-III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, and XI). Additionally, this strain produced two novel, closely related compounds, 2-isopentylqunoline-4-one and 2-(2,3-dimetylbutyl)qunoline-4-(1H)-one, which have not been previously reported from marine bacteria. From the metabolites produced by Pseudoalteromonas sp. M2, 2-(2,3-dimethylbutyl)quinolin-4-one, pseudane-VI, and pseudane-VII inhibited melanin synthesis in Melan-A cells by 23.0%, 28.2%, and 42.7%, respectively, wherein pseudane-VII showed the highest inhibition at 8 µg/mL. The results of this study suggest that liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS-based metabolite screening effectively improves the efficiency of novel metabolite discovery. Additionally, these compounds are promising candidates for further bioactivity development.
SOUTH AFRICA'S POST‐LIBERALISED CAPITAL FLOWS AND BUSINESS CYCLE FLUCTUATIONS

This study used Christiano and Fitzgerald filtered correlation analysis to investigate the cyclical relationships between South Africa's post-liberalised capital flows and domestic business cycle fluctuations. The results show that foreign direct investment inflows are counter-cyclical and proactive, while the “hot” inflows are acyclical. Thus, South Africa's post-liberalisation “hot” inflows have not been significantly associated with domestic business cycle fluctuations. In contrast, the capital outflows are found to be consistently procyclical and proactive, suggesting that the outflows are more significantly associated with domestic business cycle fluctuations than the capital inflows. In addition, it is found that the cyclical relationships between the capital inflows and the business cycle components of exports, household consumption and gross fixed investment are generally procyclical, except for portfolio inflows, which have a counter-cyclical relationship with fixed investment. In contrast, the capital outflows are counter-cyclically associated with exports and household consumption, and procyclically associated with fixed investment.
Energy generation system behaviour using a clocked fuzzy peak current control

In this paper is analyzed by simulations the nonlinear phenomena in the boost converter used as power interface into the energy generation system (EGS). Transition to chaos in one or more stages depends on the initial conditions and the bifurcation diagrams with the reference current as the variable parameter have been reported. The simulation results show that the EGS without large energy storage device (ESD) shift to chaos as the parameter is modified. Two kind of the peak current controller are used. The proposed fuzzy peak current controller provides better dynamic response, robustness against system uncertainty disturbances, and an implicit stability proof.
Tupleware: Distributed Machine Learning on Small Clusters

There is a fundamental discrepancy between the targeted and actual users of current analytics frameworks. Most systems are designed for the challenges of the Googles and Facebooks of the world— petabytes of data distributed across large cloud deployments consisting of thousands of cheap commodity machines. Yet, the vast majority of users operate clusters ranging from a few to a few dozen nodes, analyze relatively small datasets of up to several terabytes in size, and perform primarily compute-intensive operations. Targeting these users fundamentally changes the way we should build analytics systems. This paper describes our vision for the design of Tupleware, a new system specifically aimed at performing complex analytics (e.g., distributed machine learning) on small clusters. Tupleware’s architecture brings together ideas from the database and compiler communities to create a powerful end-to-end solution for data analysis. Our preliminary results show orders of magnitude performance improvement over alternative systems.
Architecting Access Control for Business Processes in the Cloud

Enterprise architecture (EA) aims to provide management with appropriate indicators and controls to steer and model service-oriented enterprises. Nevertheless, common enterprises architecture frameworks lack of access control mechanisms supporting security requirements within organizations. Moreover, the rapid permeation of information technology motivates new computing paradigms such as cloud computing. In this paper, we propose an approach for modeling access control requirements in enterprise architecture, and supporting its provisioning in Cloud providers. The idea is to leverage EA paradigms to ensure business-IT alignment when modeling access control, and deploying access control mechanisms in the Cloud. Our approach is illustrated through the handling of an e-Government scenario, in which EA modeling and appropriate Cloud resources provisioning are motivated.
The impact of international tertiary education policy on social capital in universities : a comparative case study of three state universities in Mexico

The purpose of the present study is to explain the incongruence between certain policy objectives of the tertiary education reform programme in Mexico, as well as some of its unexpected outcomes. Currently that incongruence is overlooked, whilst the disjuncture between national policy and local realities is explained in terms of a 'lack of motivation' which performance management strategies will resolve. Personal experience, suggests that, on the contrary, such strategies may, in some cases, aggravate underlying tensions. Adopting an historical and anthropological perspective on the context in which the reforms take place, this thesis focuses on the underlying continuity in national tertiary education policy of the use of a clientalist strategy of social control through the distribution of resources, as well as the extent to which that strategy is embedded in the socio-political structure of Mexican society. Developing Bourdieu's relational approach to social capital, this thesis firstly, differentiates the objectives and strategies of the World Bank and OECD approaches to tertiary education policy, which co-exist in the Mexican reform programme; secondly, it analyses the precise way in which they propose to transform, either directly or indirectly, the value of different capitals in the field of tertiary education policy; thirdly, on the basis of the comparative analysis of three case studies, it compares these potential areas of impact with their actual impact in particular contexts. The data analysis reveals the distinct outcomes of policy in each university, thus undermining World Bank and OECD assumptions concerning homogenous social capital which can be centrally controlled by performance management. The key factors identified in the comparative analysis, suggest the importance of increasingly linking scientific capital to university capital in a context which favours levels of individual and institutional autonomy necessary for knowledge transfer.
Recognition of Electrical Tree Progress in Solid Insulator

Insulation failure of electrical system depends on the continuous stresses imposed on the system. Electrical tree and discharges are generated by the stresses and insulation failures of the system finally occurred. And prediction on insulation condition and tree progress is important for safety operation of electrical power system. From the prediction of insulation failure not only can decrease the cost of maintenance and repair, but also prevent system fault. So, in this paper, we studied the prediction on electrical tree discharge, three types of electrical tree models are made, that is, needle to plane electrode in insulator, needle with void to plane electrode and needle with metal tip to plane electrode in insulator. Partial discharge (PD) data are acquired from PD detector, and then statistical distributions calculated to recognize progress of electrical tree from initial to final stage. And also these statistical distributions are applied as input data of the classification tools to classify PD sources. The results show good recognition rates of electrical tree models
A Study of CAPTCHAs for Securing Web Services

Atomizing various Web activities by replacing human to human interactions on the Internet has been made indispensable due to its enormous growth. However, bots also known as Web-bots which have a malicious intend and pretending to be humans pose a severe threat to various services on the Internet that implicitly assume a human interaction. Accordingly, Web service providers before allowing access to such services use various Human Interaction Proof's (HIPs) to authenticate that the user is a human and not a bot. Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHA) is a class of HIPs tests and are based on Artificial Intelligence. These tests are easier for humans to qualify and tough for bots to simulate. Several Web services use CAPTCHAs as a defensive mechanism against automated Web-bots. In this paper, we review the existing CAPTCHA schemes that have been proposed or are being used to protect various Web services. We classify them in groups and compare them with each other in terms of security and usability. We present general method used to generate and break text-based and image-based CAPTCHAs. Further, we discuss various security and usability issues in CAPTCHA design and provide guidelines for improving their robustness and usability.
A qualitative study of the student culture in a selected comprehensive high school in the United States

Schools today, especially large comprehensive high schools, are besieged with studies, critiques, and proposals for reform. Many critics have exposed factors that contribute to putting our nation at risk because of its schools. Despite reports targeted on the weaknesses of high school education, constructive attempts are being made to study root causes and implement changes that work to improve and make lasting changes in the schools. As early as 1945, a body of research has focused on improving high schools by fiilly imderstanding student culture and promoting ideas and structures which facilitate improvements in student culture. It is believed that significant changes can be made by addressing factors that improve school culture, particularly student culture. The purpose of this study was to describe the student culture and the organizational factors or school-related factors that influence the student culture. Qualitative methodology was employed, and the study was conducted in two phases during 10 days at Crosstown High
Protection against Web 2.0 Client-Side Web Attacks Using Information Flow Control

The dynamic nature of the Web 2.0 and the heavy obfuscation of web-based attacks complicate the job of the traditional protection systems such as Firewalls, Anti-virus solutions, and IDS systems. It has been witnessed that using ready-made toolkits, cyber-criminals can launch sophisticated attacks such as cross-site scripting (XSS), cross-site request forgery (CSRF) and botnets to name a few. In recent years, cyber-criminals have targeted legitimate websites and social networks to inject malicious scripts that compromise the security of the visitors of such websites. This involves performing actions using the victim browser without his/her permission. This poses the need to develop effective mechanisms for protecting against Web 2.0 attacks that mainly target the end-user. In this paper, we address the above challenges from information flow control perspective by developing a framework that restricts the flow of information on the client-side to legitimate channels. The proposed model tracks sensitive information flow and prevents information leakage from happening. The proposed model when applied to the context of client-side web-based attacks is expected to provide a more secure browsing environment for the end-user.
Modeling Forest Aboveground Biomass and Volume Using Airborne LiDAR Metrics and Forest Inventory and Analysis Data in the Pacific Northwest

The United States Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program provides a diverse selection of data used to assess the status of the nation’s forests using sample locations dispersed throughout the country. Airborne laser scanning (ALS) systems are capable of producing accurate measurements of individual tree dimensions and also possess the ability to characterize forest structure in three dimensions. This study investigates the potential of discrete return ALS data for modeling forest aboveground biomass (AGBM) and gross volume (gV) at FIA plot locations in the Malheur National Forest, eastern Oregon utilizing three analysis levels: (1) individual subplot (r = 7.32 m); (2) plot, comprising four clustered subplots; and (3) hectare plot (r = 56.42 m). A methodology for the creation of three point cloud-based airborne LiDAR metric sets is presented. Models for estimating AGBM and gV based on LiDAR-derived height metrics were built and validated utilizing FIA estimates of AGBM and gV derived using regional allometric equations. Simple linear regression models based on the plot-level analysis out performed subplot-level and hectare-level models, producing R2 values of 0.83 and 0.81 for AGBM and gV, utilizing mean height and the 90th height percentile as predictors, respectively. Similar results were found for multiple regression models, where plot-level analysis produced models with R2 values of 0.87 and 0.88 for AGBM and gV, utilizing multiple height percentile metrics as predictor variables. Results suggest that the current FIA plot design can be used with dense airborne LiDAR data to produce area-based estimates of AGBM and gV, and that the increased spatial scale of hectare plots may be inappropriate for modeling AGBM of gV unless exhaustive tree tallies are available. Overall, this study demonstrates that ALS data can be used to create models that describe the AGBM and gV of Pacific Northwest FIA plots and highlights the potential of estimates derived from ALS data to augment current FIA data collection procedures by providing a temporary intermediate estimation of AGBM and gV for plots with outdated field measurements.