Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The view from the left

Pattern matching has proved an extremely powerful and durable notion in functional programming. This paper contributes a new programming notation for type theory which elaborates the notion in various ways. First, as is by now quite well-known in the type theory community, definition by pattern matching becomes a more discriminating tool in the presence of dependent types, since it refines the explanation of types as well as values. This becomes all the more true in the presence of the rich class of datatypes known as inductive families (Dybjer, 1991). Secondly, as proposed by Peyton Jones (1997) for Haskell, and independently rediscovered by us, subsidiary case analyses on the results of intermediate computations, which commonly take place on the right-hand side of definitions by pattern matching, should rather be handled on the left. In simply-typed languages, this subsumes the trivial case of Boolean guards; in our setting it becomes yet more powerful. Thirdly, elementary pattern matching decompositions have a well-defined interface given by a dependent type; they correspond to the statement of an induction principle for the datatype. More general, user-definable decompositions may be defined which also have types of the same general form. Elementary pattern matching may therefore be recast in abstract form, with a semantics given by translation. Such abstract decompositions of data generalize Wadler's (1987) notion of ‘view’. The programmer wishing to introduce a new view of a type $\mathit{T}$, and exploit it directly in pattern matching, may do so via a standard programming idiom. The type theorist, looking through the Curry–Howard lens, may see this as proving a theorem, one which establishes the validity of a new induction principle for $\mathit{T}$. We develop enough syntax and semantics to account for this high-level style of programming in dependent type theory. We close with the development of a typechecker for the simply-typed lambda calculus, which furnishes a view of raw terms as either being well-typed, or containing an error. The implementation of this view is ipso facto a proof that typechecking is decidable.
A Selective Defense for Application Layer DDoS Attacks

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks remain among the most dangerous and noticeable attacks on the Internet. Differently from previous attacks, many recent DDoS attacks have not been carried out over the network layer, but over the application layer. The main difference is that in the latter, an attacker can target a particular application of the server, while leaving the remaining applications still available, thus generating less traffic and being harder to detect. Such attacks are possible by exploiting application layer protocols used by the target application. This paper proposes a novel defense for Application Layer DDoS attacks (ADDoS) based on the Adaptive Selective Verification (ASV) defense used for mitigating Network Layer DDoS attacks. We formalize our defense mechanism in the computational system Maude and demonstrate by using the statistical model checker PVeStA that it can be used to prevent ADDoS. In particular, we show that even in the presence of a great number of attackers, an application running our defense still has high levels of availability. Moreover, we compare our results to a defense based on traffic monitoring proposed in the literature and show that our defense is more robust and also leads to less traffic.
A Novel Photosensitive Tunneling Transistor for Near-Infrared Sensing Applications: Design, Modeling, and Simulation

In this paper, a novel device structure, operating on the principle of band-to-band tunneling, has been designed for near-infrared (1-1.5 μm) multispectral optical sensing applications. A drain current model based on line tunneling approach has been developed to illustrate the device operation. The results of the model are compared with the simulated data for devices with similar dimension and structure, indicating good accuracy of the developed model. Spectral response of the device is studied by estimating the relative values of its transfer-as well as output-characteristics, and also by measuring the variation of threshold voltage, V<sub>T</sub> and ON-state current, I<sub>ON</sub>. V<sub>T</sub> and I<sub>ON</sub> are found to be sensitive to wavelength variations at moderate gate doping levels. V<sub>T</sub> is found to increase by ~40 mV and I<sub>ON</sub> decreases by 35% for a change of illumination wavelength from 1 to 1.5 μm at a gate doping of 1 × 10<sup>18</sup> cm<sup>-3</sup>. Peak spectral sensitivity at an illumination intensity of 0.75 W/cm<sup>2</sup> is found to be 318.38, 2.02 × 10<sup>3</sup>, and 672.2 corresponding to the change in wavelength from (1-1.2 μm), (1.2-1.45 μm), and (1.45-1.5 μm), respectively.
Replication of Relevant SNPs Associated with Cardiovascular Disease Susceptibility Obtained from GWAs in a Case-Control Study in a Canarian Population

Recent genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) association studies (GWAS) have identified a number of SNPs that were significantly associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI). We tested for replication of the previously described association with CAD in our case-control datasets of SNPs variants located at 1p13.1, 2q33.1, 10q11.1, 9p21, and 21q22. We observed a small significant risk associated of the SNP rs10757274 with CAD in the PROCAGENE study. Besides, the multilocus combination rs10757274 and rs1333048 gave a near significant result. We confirmed that the SNP rs10757274 showed association with CAD in the PROCAGENE study, although after applying the Bonferroni correction was not longer significant. Independent replication studies in other populations are needed to unequivocally confirm the association.
3D polygonal representation of dense point clouds by triangulation, segmentation, and texture projection

A basic concern of computer graphic is the modeling and realistic representation of three-dimensional objects. In this paper we present our reconstruction framework which determines a polygonal surface from a set of dense points such those typically obtained from laser scanners. We deploy the concept of adaptive blobs to achieve a first volumetric representation of the object. In the next step we estimate a coarse surface using the marching cubes method. We propose to deploy a depth-first search segmentation algorithm traversing a graph representation of the obtained polygonal mesh in order to identify all connected components. A so called supervised triangulation maps the coarse surfaces onto the dense point cloud. We optimize the mesh topology using edge exchange operations. For photo-realistic visualization of objects we finally synthesize optimal low-loss textures from available scene captures of different projections. We evaluate our framework on artificial data as well as real sensed data.
Kinetochores accelerate centrosome separation to ensure faithful chromosome segregation

At the onset of mitosis, cells need to break down their nuclear envelope, form a bipolar spindle and attach the chromosomes to microtubules via kinetochores. Previous studies have shown that spindle bipolarization can occur either before or after nuclear envelope breakdown. In the latter case, early kinetochore–microtubule attachments generate pushing forces that accelerate centrosome separation. However, until now, the physiological relevance of this prometaphase kinetochore pushing force was unknown. We investigated the depletion phenotype of the kinetochore protein CENP-L, which we find to be essential for the stability of kinetochore microtubules, for a homogenous poleward microtubule flux rate and for the kinetochore pushing force. Loss of this force in prometaphase not only delays centrosome separation by 5–6 minutes, it also causes massive chromosome alignment and segregation defects due to the formation of syntelic and merotelic kinetochore–microtubule attachments. By contrast, CENP-L depletion has no impact on mitotic progression in cells that have already separated their centrosomes at nuclear envelope breakdown. We propose that the kinetochore pushing force is an essential safety mechanism that favors amphitelic attachments by ensuring that spindle bipolarization occurs before the formation of the majority of kinetochore–microtubule attachments.
Magnet Arrangement in Novel Flux-Modulating Synchronous Machines With Permanent Magnet Excitation

This paper investigates the appropriate permanent magnet (PM) arrangement of novel flux-modulating synchronous machines (FMSMs) in which PMs are embedded in the stator back iron. Using finite element analysis (FEA), three types of FMSMs with different PM arrangements are designed, and their performance characteristics are compared. As a result of the investigation, it was found that the FMSM with a V-shaped PM arrangement has a higher torque capability than do other FMSMs. The accuracy of the FEA simulations was confirmed through experiments on a prototype machine.
Magnetact: Magnetic-sheet-based Haptic Interfaces for Touch Devices

We describe a method for rapid prototyping of haptic interfaces for touch devices. A sheet-like touch interface is constructed from magnetic rubber sheets and conductive materials. The magnetic sheet is thin, and the capacitive sensor of the touch device can still detect the user's finger above the sheet because of the rubber's dielectric nature. Furthermore, tactile feedback can be customized with ease by using our magnetizing toolkit to change the magnetic patterns. Using the magnetizing toolkit, we investigated the appropriate size and thickness of haptic interfaces and demonstrated several interfaces such as buttons, sliders, switches, and dials. Our method is an easy and convenient way to customize the size, shape, and haptic feedback of a wide variety of interfaces.
Direct attachment of fibronectin to tresyl chloride-activated titanium.

The aim of this study was to bind fibronectin directly to a titanium surface treated with tresyl chloride (2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonyl chloride) for the development of a strong connection of a dental implant to subepithelial connective tissues and/or peri-implant epithelia. Basic terminal OH groups of mirror polished titanium were allowed to react with tresyl chloride at 37 degrees C for 2 days. The tresylated titanium disk was then immersed into a fibronectin/phosphate-buffered saline solution for 24 h at 37 degrees C. The activation reaction of the basic OH of titanium with tresyl chloride was confirmed by S2p, F1s, and O1s spectra using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and -O-S-O2- bonds using Fourier transform infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy. After the reaction of fibronectin with titanium, the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the remarkable effect of the activation of terminal OH groups with the tresyl chloride treatment. The N1s peak derived from the attached fibronectin still remained after 60 s of argon-ion sputtering after tresyl chloride treatment. In contrast, the N1s peak of the specimen not treated with tresyl chloride almost disappeared after only 10 s of argon-ion etching. Fibronectin, a well-known cell-adhesive protein, could easily be attached to the titanium surface by use of the tresyl chloride activation technique.
Analysis of Structures, Functions, and Epitopes of Cysteine Protease from Spirometra erinaceieuropaei Spargana

Spirometra erinaceieuropaei cysteine protease (SeCP) in sparganum ES proteins recognized by early infection sera was identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. The aim of this study was to predict the structures and functions of SeCP protein by using the full length cDNA sequence of SeCP gene with online sites and software programs. The SeCP gene sequence was of 1 053 bp length with a 1011 bp biggest ORF encoding 336-amino acid protein with a complete cathepsin propeptide inhibitor domain and a peptidase C1A conserved domain. The predicted molecular weight and isoelectric point of SeCP were 37.87 kDa and 6.47, respectively. The SeCP has a signal peptide site and no transmembrane domain, located outside the membrane. The secondary structure of SeCP contained 8 α-helixes, 7 β-strands, and 20 coils. The SeCP had 15 potential antigenic epitopes and 19 HLA-I restricted epitopes. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of SeCP, S. erinaceieuropaei has the closest evolutionary status with S. mansonoides. SeCP was a kind of proteolytic enzyme with a variety of biological functions and its antigenic epitopes could provide important insights on the diagnostic antigens and target molecular of antisparganum drugs.
Stability analysis and control law design for acrobots

This paper presents a novel control strategy based on a non-smooth Lyapunov function to guarantee the stability of the system in the whole motion space. Three control laws that are derived based on three Lyapunov functions are applied successively in three stages of motion control to achieve a suitable posture and increase the energy so as to make the acrobot move into the area around the unstable inverted equilibrium position, and to stabilize it at that position. These three Lyapunov functions are combined into one non-smooth function, which theoretically guarantees the stability of the acrobot in the whole motion space. Simulation results have demonstrated the validity of this strategy
Genome-Wide Analysis of 24-nt siRNAs Dynamic Variations during Rice Superior and Inferior Grain Filling

24 nt-siRNAs are the most abundant small interfering RNAs in rice grains aside from microRNAs. To investigate the roles that 24 nt-siRNAs played in the poor grain filling of rice inferior grains, dynamic variations of 24 nt-siRNAs in inferior grains were compared with those of superior grains by using small RNA deep sequencing technology. The results showed that 24 nt-siRNAs derived from multiple regions of rice genome, and the maintenance of the two strands of 24 nt-siRNA duplex was a non-random process. The amounts of 24 nt-siRNAs declined with the process of grain filling in both superior and inferior grains, but 24 nt-siRNAs in inferior grains was much higher than that of superior grains in each period we sampled. Bioinformatics prediction indicated that 24 nt-siRNAs targeted on more genes involved in most of the known KEGG rice pathways, such as the starch and sucrose biosynthesis pathway. Combined with digital gene expression profiling of target genes, 24 nt-siRNAs mapped on the antisense strands of exons were specifically investigated, but the abundance of 24 nt-siRNAs did not show negative correlations with their corresponding target genes. The results indicated that 24 nt-siRNAs were not involved in down-regulation of target genes. The potential biological meanings for this inconsistency were probably the results of methylation directed gene expression activation, or competition for small RNA stability methylation.
Shape Structuralizer: Design, Fabrication, and User-driven Iterative Refinement of 3D Mesh Models

Current Computer-Aided Design (CAD) tools lack proper support for guiding novice users towards designs ready for fabrication. We propose Shape Structuralizer (SS), an interactive design support system that repurposes surface models into structural constructions using rods and custom 3D-printed joints. Shape Structuralizer embeds a recommendation system that computationally supports the user during design ideation by providing design suggestions on local refinements of the design. This strategy enables novice users to choose designs that both satisfy stress constraints as well as their personal design intent. The interactive guidance enables users to repurpose existing surface mesh models, analyze them in-situ for stress and displacement constraints, add movable joints to increase functionality, and attach a customized appearance. This also empowers novices to fabricate even complex constructs while ensuring structural soundness. We validate the Shape Structuralizer tool with a qualitative user study where we observed that even novice users were able to generate a large number of structurally safe designs for fabrication.
A structural model of personality factors, learning approaches, thinking styles and academic achievement

In This Research a short form of the Big Five personality factors Inventory, Study Process Questionnaire, and Thinking Styles Inventory were conducted on a sample of 419 subjects (214 and 205 males and females respectively). Measures of academic achievement were also obtained. Using the path analysis, the direct and indirect effects of personality traits on learning approaches (deep and surface approaches), thinking styles (thinking styles have five dimensions - Functions, Forms, Levels, Scopes, and Leanings) and academic achievement were tested. The obtained results indicated that openness and conscientiousness have a significant positive effect on deep learning approach, while openness and conscientiousness have significant negative effect and neuroticism has a significant positive effect on surface learning approach. The results also showed that openness, neuroticism, conscientiousness, and extraversion respectively have significant positive effect on judicial, global, and liberal thinking styles; on executive, local, and conservative thinking styles; on legislative and hierarchical thinking styles; and on global, liberal, hierarchical and external thinking styles (with the exception of openness that has a significant negative effect on conservative thinking styles).
Practical character physics for animators

Physical realism is an important aspect of producing convincing 3D character animation. This is particularly true for live-action visual effects where animated characters occupy the same scene as the live actors. In such a scenario, a virtual character's movements must visually match the behavior and movements of the live environment, else the discrepancy will be obvious to the viewer.
Answering Learners’ Questions by Retrieving Question Paraphrases from Social Q&A Sites

Information overload is a well-known problem which can be particularly detrimental to learners. In this paper, we propose a method to support learners in the information seeking process which consists in answering their questions by retrieving question paraphrases and their corresponding answers from social Q&A sites. Given the novelty of this kind of data, it is crucial to get a better understanding of how questions in social Q&A sites can be automatically analysed and retrieved. We discuss and evaluate several pre-processing strategies and question similarity metrics, using a new question paraphrase corpus collected from the WikiAnswers Q&A site. The results show that viable performance levels of more than 80% accuracy can be obtained for the task of question paraphrase retrieval.
Fast Adaptive Evolutionary PM Traction Motor Optimization Based on Electric Vehicle Drive Cycle

This paper introduces an evolutionary optimization procedure for the design of permanent-magnet motors (PMMs) for electric vehicle (EV) applications, considering a specific drive cycle with multiple operating points. For the purposes of the analysis, the New European Drive Cycle (NEDC) has been employed with two alternative PMM configurations. Energy distribution over the NEDC for a small passenger's EV has been calculated and the equivalent multiple operating points have been extracted, using appropriate weights, in order to maintain an equal energy consumption basis, resulting in reduced computational cost. The proposed optimization technique is constituted of an adaptive differential evolution (DE) algorithm involving dynamic variation of the mutation factor, combined with finite-element (FE) and circuit models. The procedure is based on the precise calculation of the two axes input current components for each candidate solution and operating condition. The methodology introduced presents stable and fast convergence characteristics and has been applied to optimize the geometry of both surface-mounted and interior PMM configurations. The proposed motor is based on the thorough tradeoff among the two alternative optimized geometries and has been validated through measurements on a prototype.
A Human Gait Classification Method Based on Radar Doppler Spectrograms

An image classification technique, which has recently been introduced for visual pattern recognition, is successfully applied for human gait classification based on radar Doppler signatures depicted in the time-frequency domain. The proposed method has three processing stages. The first two stages are designed to extract Doppler features that can effectively characterize human motion based on the nature of arm swings, and the third stage performs classification. Three types of arm motion are considered: free-arm swings, one-arm confined swings, and no-arm swings. The last two arm motions can be indicative of a human carrying objects or a person in stressed situations. The paper discusses the different steps of the proposed method for extracting distinctive Doppler features and demonstrates their contributions to the final and desirable classification rates.
Maternal-Zygotic Epistasis and the Evolution of Genetic Diseases

Many birth defects and genetic diseases are expressed in individuals that do not carry the disease causing alleles. Genetic diseases observed in offspring can be caused by gene expression in mothers and by interactions between gene expression in mothers and offspring. It is not clear whether the underlying pattern of gene expression (maternal versus offspring) affects the incidence of genetic disease. Here we develop a 2-locus population genetic model with epistatic interactions between a maternal gene and a zygotic gene to address this question. We show that maternal effect genes that affect disease susceptibility in offspring persist longer and at higher frequencies in a population than offspring genes with the same effects. We find that specific forms of maternal-zygotic epistasis can maintain disease causing alleles at high frequencies over a range of plausible values. Our findings suggest that the strength and form of epistasis and the underlying pattern of gene expression may greatly influence the prevalence of human genetic diseases.
Sex‐related differences in the initiation of allergic rhinitis in mice

Background: Several clinical and epidemiologic studies have investigated sex differences in the prevalence of allergic rhinitis. At present, however, no reports have demonstrated such differences in experimental models with local, but not parenteral, sensitization with antigens that may reflect natural exposure to allergens. We have recently developed murine models of allergic rhinitis after repeated intranasal sensitization with antigens in the absence of adjuvants. In this study, we investigated the role of sex in the initiation of the disease in vivo.
An Improved Collaborative Filtering Algorithm Combining User Activity Level

Collaborative filtering (CF), which plays an important role in making personalized recommendation, is one of the most traditional and effective recommendation algorithms. However, there are several factors that impact its recommendation accuracy, e.g., the sparse matrix problem. In the past studies, most researchers merely focused on user ratings to model user profile but ignored the implying patterns. In this paper, we utilize user activity to discriminate user rating patterns and propose a new method of user-based collaborative filtering based on user activity level. Experimental results on movie-lens data-set has proved that the algorithm we proposed improves recommendation accuracy significantly compared with traditional user-based CF algorithm with respect to various evaluation metrics.