Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why It Is Hard to Label Our Concepts.

1 But if the knowledge which we acquired before birth was lost by us at birth, and afterwards by the use of the senses we recovered that which we previously knew, will not that which we call learning be a process of recovering our knowledge, and may not this be rightly termed recollection? -Plato, Phaedo (c.a. 412BCE) One way to think about infants before they acquire their native tongue is as second-language (or reincarnated) learners whose task is only to find out how priorly known concepts, at the level of both words and sentences, are mapped onto linguistic forms. Life for these Platonic infants would be much easier than that faced by Quine's linguist, trapped in an exotic land where not only pronunciations but, simultaneously, the modes of thought, may be different from one's own. We ask here which of these models is closer to the real case, concentrating attention on the task of acquiring a first lexicon. The test bed for this question as raised in this chapter concerns the changing character of child vocabularies in the first three years of life. Specifically, the first vocabulary (the first 100 words or so), in various languages and under marvelously varying child-rearing conditions, massively over-represents the noun lexical class, compared to its frequency in the input corpus, and massively under-represents the verbs. A second widely observed property is that those verbs that do appear at the earliest stages of child speech and comprehension are largely limited to action terms such as go, run, and throw even though verbs like think and look are frequent in maternal speech. What accounts for such input-output disparities? Speaking very broadly, we can distinguish two general kinds of explanations for these systematic asynchronies in aspects of vocabulary development. The first of these emphasizes children's cognitive development. The alternative, which we will try to defend in this chapter, emphasizes linguistic development. The burden in maintaining this latter stance is to understand why, all the same, the abstract words are manifestly harder to acquire than the concrete ones. Plausibly enough, the changing character of vocabularies over developmental time is usually taken to reflect the changing character of the child's conceptual life. This kind of hypothesis comes in two main flavors, depending on whether the causal machinery for cognitive change is taken to be maturational or experiential. But in either case, the changes in the function over time are assigned …
Span: An Energy-Efficient Coordination Algorithm for Topology Maintenance in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks

This paper presents Span, a power saving technique for multi-hop ad hoc wireless networks that reduces energy consumption without significantly diminishing the capacity or connectivity of the network. Span builds on the observation that when a region of a shared-channel wireless network has a sufficient density of nodes, only a small number of them need be on at any time to forward traffic for active connections. Span is a distributed, randomized algorithm where nodes make local decisions on whether to sleep, or to join a forwarding backbone as a coordinator. Each node bases its decision on an estimate of how many of its neighbors will benefit from it being awake, and the amount of energy available to it. We give a randomized algorithm where coordinators rotate with time, demonstrating how localized node decisions lead to a connected, capacity-preserving global topology. Improvement in system lifetime due to Span increases as the ratio of idle-to-sleep energy consumption increases. Our simulations show that with a practical energy model, system lifetime of an 802.11 network in power saving mode with Span is a factor of two better than without. Additionally, Span also improves communication latency and capacity.
Expression and Dendritic Trafficking of BDNF-6 Splice Variant are Impaired in Knock-In Mice Carrying Human BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism

Background: The human Val66Met polymorphism in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a key factor in neuroplasticity, synaptic function, and cognition, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. BDNF is encoded by multiple transcripts with distinct regulation and localization, but the impact of the Val66Met polymorphism on BDNF regulation remains unclear. Methods: In BDNF Val66Met knock-in mice, which recapitulate the phenotypic hallmarks of individuals carrying the BDNFMet allele, we measured expression levels, epigenetic changes at promoters, and dendritic trafficking of distinct BDNF transcripts using quantitative PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and in situ hybridization. Results: BDNF-4 and BDNF-6 transcripts were reduced in BDNFMet/Met mice, compared with BDNFVal/Val mice. ChIP for acetyl-histone H3, a marker of active gene transcription, and trimethyl-histone-H3-Lys27 (H3K27me3), a marker of gene repression, showed higher H3K27me3 binding to exon 5, 6, and 8 promoters in BDNFMet/Met. The H3K27 methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is involved in epigenetic regulation of BDNF expression, because in neuroblastoma cells BDNF expression was increased both by short interference RNA for EZH2 and incubation with 3-deazaneplanocin A, an inhibitor of EZH2. In situ hybridization for BDNF-2, BDNF-4, and BDNF-6 after pilocarpine treatment showed that BDNF-6 transcript was virtually absent from distal dendrites of the CA1 and CA3 regions in BDNFMet/Met mice, while no changes were found for BDNF-2 and BDNF-4. Conclusions: Impaired BDNF expression and dendritic targeting in BDNFMet/Met mice may contribute to reduced regulated secretion of BDNF at synapses, and may be a specific correlate of pathology in individuals carrying the Met allele.
Role for Complement in Development of Helicobacter-Induced Gastritis in Interleukin-10-Deficient Mice

ABSTRACT The mechanisms by which the immune response can eradicate gastric Helicobacter infection are unknown. We hypothesized that Helicobacter-induced activation of the complement system could promote both inflammation and eradication of Helicobacter from the stomach. In vitro studies demonstrated that Helicobacter felis activates complement in normal mouse serum but not in serum from Rag2−/− mice, indicating that H. felis activates complement through the classical pathway. Next, we infected complement-depleted wild-type control and interleukin-10-deficient (IL-10−/−) mice with H. felis. Helicobacter infection of wild-type mice elicited a mild, focal gastritis and did not alter serum complement levels. Infection of IL-10−/− mice with H. felis elicited severe gastritis. After the initial colonization, the IL-10−/− mice completely cleared Helicobacter from the stomach by day 8. In contrast to wild-type mice, H. felis-infected IL-10−/− mice had a marked increase in serum complement levels. Complement depletion of wild-type mice did not affect the intensity of gastric inflammation or the extent of Helicobacter colonization compared to that for the wild-type control mice. In contrast, complement depletion of Helicobacter-infected IL-10−/− mice decreased the severity of gastritis, decreased the Helicobacter-induced infiltration of neutrophils into the stomach, and delayed the clearance of bacteria. In vitro studies of stimulated splenocytes and neutrophils from IL-10−/− mice produced a twofold increase in complement production compared to that for wild-type mice. Pretreatment with IL-10 inhibited this increase. These studies identify a role for complement in the local immune response to gastric Helicobacter in IL-10−/− mice and suggest a role for IL-10 in the regulation of complement production.
Wireless link scheduling under a graded SINR interference model

In this paper, we revisit the wireless link scheduling problem under a graded version of the SINR interference model. Unlike the traditional thresholded version of the SINR model, the graded SINR model allows use of "imperfect links", where communication is still possible, although with degraded performance (in terms of data rate or PRR). Throughput benefits when graded SINR model is used instead of thresholded SINR model to schedule transmissions have recently been shown in an experimental testbed. Here, we formally define the wireless link scheduling problem under the graded SINR model, where we impose an additional constraint on the minimum quality of the usable links, (expressed as an SNR threshold βQ). Then, we present an approximation algorithm for this problem, which is shown to be within a constant factor from optimal. We also present a more practical greedy algorithm, whose performance bounds are not known, but which is shown through simulation to have much better average performance than the approximation algorithm. Furthermore, we investigate, through both simulation and implementation on an experimental testbed, the tradeoff between the minimum link quality threshold βQ and the resulting network throughput.
Trail Making Test: Manual for Administration and Scoring

A magnetic head drum includes an upper section that carries a set of magnetic heads and rotates at a preselected head speed, and a stationary lower section that is characterized by a reduced diameter step formed along the tape wrap path thereover (e.g., a helical path for a helical scan recorder). Because of the reduced diameter step, tape pressure is shifted from the lower drum section to the upper drum section which, by virtue of its rotation, produces a low friction air bearing. The reduction in diameter to produce the above-described step, moreover, results in a shoulder or ledge along the lower edge of the tape wrap path, which shoulder serves as a guide for the tape, and promotes accurate tape tracking over the drum.
Enhancing Language Models in Statistical Machine Translation with Backward N-grams and Mutual Information Triggers

In this paper, with a belief that a language model that embraces a larger context provides better prediction ability, we present two extensions to standard n-gram language models in statistical machine translation: a backward language model that augments the conventional forward language model, and a mutual information trigger model which captures long-distance dependencies that go beyond the scope of standard n-gram language models. We integrate the two proposed models into phrase-based statistical machine translation and conduct experiments on large-scale training data to investigate their effectiveness. Our experimental results show that both models are able to significantly improve translation quality and collectively achieve up to 1 BLEU point over a competitive baseline.
Uncertainties Management Framework - Foundational Principles

Uncertainties management is the crucial part of modern software engineering practices, which is mostly ignored by management and modern software development practices or dealt with reactively. In the result unhandled uncertainties do introduce a lot of threads and cause later delivery of projects or over-budgeting, which means the failure of the software engineering process in most cases. In this paper foundation principles of uncertainties management framework are defined.
Sigma-Metrics of Electrolyte Tests From a Recently Launched New-Generation Proficiency Testing Program of the Korean Association of Quality Assurance for Clinical Laboratory

Hee Jin Huh, M.D.*, Yun Mi Park, M.D.*, Seungok Lee, M.D., Chunhwa Ihm, M.D., Soyeon Seo, M.D., Sang Gon Lee, M.D., Joonseok Park, M.D., and Hae-il Park, M.D. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang; Siemens Healthineers, Seoul; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon; Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon; Samkwang Medical Laboratories, Seoul; Green Cross Laboratories, Yongin; Hanmi Medicare Inc., Seoul; Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
Parameters Tied to Treewidth

Treewidth is a graph parameter of fundamental importance to algorithmic and structural graph theory. This article surveys several graph parameters tied to treewidth, including separation number, tangle number, well‐linked number, and Cartesian tree product number. We review many results in the literature showing these parameters are tied to treewidth. In a number of cases we also improve known bounds, provide simpler proofs, and show that the inequalities presented are tight.
A statistical approach to URL-based web page clustering

Most web page classifiers use features from the page content, which means that it has to be downloaded to be classified. We propose a technique to cluster web pages by means of their URL exclusively. In contrast to other proposals, we analyze features that are outside the page, hence, we do not need to download a page to classify it. Also, it is non-supervised, requiring little intervention from the user. Furthermore, we do not need to crawl extensively a site to build a classifier for that site, but only a small subset of pages. We have performed an experiment over 21 highly visited websites to evaluate the performance of our classifier, obtaining good precision and recall results.
Genital flora in pregnancy and its association with intrauterine growth retardation

A study of risk factors for intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) was conducted among a cohort of 13,914 pregnant women enrolled in the multicenter Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study. From 23 through 26 weeks of gestational age, cultures of specimens from the vagina and cervix were done for group B streptococci, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans, Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and anaerobic gram-negative rods belonging to the genera Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, and Prevotella. Newborns who were small for their gestational age were delivered by 1,251 women, and infants of the appropriate weight for their gestational age were delivered by 10,332 women. When controlling for ethnicity and smoking and excluding women treated with antibiotics, the Mantel-Haenszel adjusted relative risk of IUGR was 1.16 for Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Porphyromonas spp. (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.01 to 1.33), 1.16 for M. hominis (95% CI, 1.04 to 1.29), 1.20 for U. urealyticum (95% CI, 1.05 to 1.38), and 1.22 for T. vaginalis (95% CI, 1.05 to 1.42). There was also a strong and significant trend for an increasing risk of IUGR with the number of these four microbes recovered. Among women colonized with all four isolates, the adjusted odds ratio of IUGR was 1.79 (95% CI, 1.27 to 2.52) in comparison with women not colonized with any of these microorganisms. Group B streptococci, N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, and C. albicans were not significantly associated with IUGR. These results suggest that infection is associated with some cases of IUGR and that specific microorganisms, alone or in combination, are involved. Since genital isolates are highly correlated with each other, the relative contribution of each microbe is difficult to determine.
FaMSA: Fast Multi-Scan Alignment with Partially Known Correspondences

This paper presents FaMSA, an efficient method to boost 3D scan registration from partially known correspondence sets. This situation is typical at loop closure in large laser-based mapping sessions. In such cases, scan registration for consecutive point clouds has already been made during open loop traverse, and the point match history can be used to speed up the computation of new scan matches. FaMSA allows to quickly match a new scan with multiple consecutive scans at a time, with the consequent benefits in computational speed. Registration error is shown to be comparable to that of independent scan alignment. Results are shown for dense 3D outdoor scan matching.
Fuzzy Logic Based Constrained Control Allocation for an Advanced Fighter

A fuzzy logic based optimization approach is employed to solve the constrained control allocation problem via intelligent adjusting the components of output vector and find a proper vector in the attainable moment set (AMS) autonomously. The basic idea is to minimize the L2 norm of error between the desired moment and achievable moment using the designing freedom provided by redundantly allocated actuators and control surfaces. Considering the constraints of control surfaces, in order to obtain acceptable performance of aircraft such as stability and maneuverability, the fuzzy weights are updated by the learning algorithm, which makes the close-loop system self-adaptation. With above approach, additional closed-loop specifications such as decoupling of different modes and reconfigurable control can also be achieved. Finally, an application example of flight control designing for an advanced fighter is discussed as a demonstration.
Ultrastructural and morphometrical changes of mice ovaries following experimentally induced copper poisoning

Background Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element involved in normal reproduction but its overexposure may produce some detrimental effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of copper sulfate poisoning on morphometery of mice ovarian structures and probable intracellular changes. Methods Thirty mature female mice were randomly allocated to control and two treatment groups. In treatment groups, two different doses of copper sulfate including 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg in 0.2 cc were applied once a day for 35 consecutive days by gavage. Control animals received normal saline using the same volume and similar method. Animals from each experimental group were sacrificed 14 and 35 days after the beginning of drug administration and the left ovaries were removed for stereological evaluations by light microscopy and right ovaries were obtained for preparing electron microscopic sections. Results The morphometrical results showed that only the number of antral follicles was decreased by 100 mg/kg copper sulfate on day 14 compared to the control group (P=0.043). Hence, higher copper dose or longer consumption period significantly reduced different classes of follicles and corpora lutea. With 100 mg/kg copper sulfate some mild ultrastructural cell damages such as decrease of zona pellucida thickness, limited vacuolated areas and nuclear envelop dilation were seen on day 14. Higher or longer Cu administration produced more detrimental effects including more vacuolated areas, presence of secondary lysosomes, irregularity in cell shape and segmented nuclei with condensed and marginated chromatin and more enlarged and damaged mitochondria. Conclusion New evidences of early as well as late intracellular damages of copper has been presented by accurate stereological and ultrastructural methods. Antral follicles was the most susceptible cells with the lower and shorter copper consumption and long term or higher dose of copper affected the whole of ovarian structures.
The thermal evolution of the donors in AM Canum Venaticorum binaries

We calculate the full stellar structural evolution of donors in AM CVnAM Canum Venaticorum (AM CVn) systems formed through the white dwarf (WD) channel coupled to the binary's evolution. Contrary to assumptions made in prior modelling, these donors are not fully convective over much of the AM CVn phase and do not evolve adiabatically under mass loss indefinitely. Instead, we identify three distinct phases of evolution: a mass-transfer turn-on phase (during which P orb continues to decrease even after contact, the donor contracts, and the mass-transfer rate accelerates to its maximum), a phase in which the donor expands adiabatically in response to mass loss, and a cooling phase beginning at P orb ≈ 45-55 min during which the donor contracts. The physics that determines the behaviour in the first and third phases, both of which are new outcomes of this study, are discussed in some detail. We find the overall duration of the turn-on phase to be between ∼10 4 and ∼10 6 yr, significantly longer than prior estimates. We predict the donor's luminosity, L, and effective temperature, T eff . During the adiabatic expansion phase (ignoring irradiation effects), L ≈ 10 -6 -10 -4 L ⊙ and T eff ≈ 1000-1800 K. However, the flux generated in the accretion flow dominates the donor's intrinsic light at all times. The impact of irradiation on the donor extends the phase of adiabatic expansion to longer P orb , slows the contraction during the cooling phase, and alters the donor's observational characteristics. Irradiated donors during the adiabatic phase can attain surface luminosities up to ≈10 -2 L ⊙ . We argue that the turn-on and cooling phases both will leave significant imprints on the AM CVn population's P orb -distribution. Finally, we show that the eclipsing AM CVn system SDSS J0926+3624 provides evidence that WD channel systems with non-zero entropy donors contribute to the AM CVn population, and we discuss the observational signature of the donor in this system.
Compressed Sensing with Very Sparse Gaussian Random Projections

We study the use of very sparse random projections for compressed sensing (sparse signal recovery) when the signal entries can be either positive or negative. In our setting, the entries of a Gaussian design matrix are randomly sparsified so that only a very small fraction of the entries are nonzero. Our proposed decoding algorithm is simple and efficient in that the major cost is one linear scan of the coordinates. We have developed two estimators: (i) the {\em tie estimator}, and (ii) the {\em absolute minimum estimator}. Using only the tie estimator, we are able to recover a $K$-sparse signal of length $N$ using $1.551 eK \log K/\delta$ measurements (where $\delta\leq 0.05$ is the confidence). Using only the absolute minimum estimator, we can detect the support of the signal using $eK\log N/\delta$ measurements. For a particular coordinate, the absolute minimum estimator requires fewer measurements (i.e., with a constant $e$ instead of $1.551e$). Thus, the two estimators can be combined to form an even more practical decoding framework. Prior studies have shown that existing one-scan (or roughly one-scan) recovery algorithms using sparse matrices would require substantially more (e.g., one order of magnitude) measurements than L1 decoding by linear programming, when the nonzero entries of signals can be either negative or positive. In this paper, following a known experimental setup, we show that, at the same number of measurements, the recovery accuracies of our proposed method are (at least) similar to the standard L1 decoding.
Modeling and Analysis of Energy Efficiency and Interference for Cellular Relay Deployment

By relying on a wireless backhaul link, relay stations enhance the performance of cellular networks by achieving the required reliability at a savings of infrastructure cost and energy, but at the same time, they can aggravate the interference issue. In this paper, we analyze the maximum energy gain provided by relays for several coding schemes, including energy-optimized partial decode-forward relaying, accounting for the additional relay-generated interference to neighboring cells. First, we define new energy-efficient service areas for relaying in log-normal shadowing environments and propose easily computable and tractable models to predict: 1) the probability of energy-efficient relaying; 2) the spatial distribution of energy consumption within a cell; and 3) the average interference generated by relays. These models allow finding the optimal location and the number of relays with significantly lower complexity and execution time, as compared with system simulations. Finally, we analyze the gains provided by more advanced relaying coding schemes and propose a map showing how to use them across a cell, as a function of their respective circuitry consumption. The inclusion of more advanced relaying schemes not only alleviates the interference issue, but also leads to a reduction in the number of relays required for the same rate and outage performance.