Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive resequence‐analysis of 250 kb region of 8q24.21 in men of African ancestry

Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have identified that a ∼1 M region centromeric to the MYC oncogene on chromosome 8q24.21 harbors at least five independent loci associated with prostate cancer risk and additional loci associated with cancers of breast, colon, bladder, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Because GWAS identify genetic markers that may be indirectly associated with disease, fine‐mapping based on sequence analysis provides important insights into patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) and is critical in defining the optimal variants to nominate for biological follow‐up.
On the convergence of Fourier series of computable Lebesgue integrable functions

This paper studies how well computable functions can be approximated by their Fourier series. To this end, we equip the space of Lp‐computable functions (computable Lebesgue integrable functions) with a size notion, by introducing Lp‐computable Baire categories. We show that Lp‐computable Baire categories satisfy the following three basic properties. Singleton sets {f } (where f is Lp‐computable) are meager, suitable infinite unions of meager sets are meager, and the whole space of Lp‐computable functions is not meager. We give an alternative characterization of meager sets via Banach‐Mazur games. We study the convergence of Fourier series for Lp‐computable functions and show that whereas for every p > 1, the Fourier series of every Lp‐computable function f converges to f in the Lp norm, the set of L1‐computable functions whose Fourier series does not diverge almost everywhere is meager (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Tropospheric Halogen Chemistry: Sources, Cycling, and Impacts

In the past 40 years, atmospheric chemists have come to realize that halogens exert a powerful influence on the chemical composition of the troposphere and through that influence affect the fate of pollutants and may affect climate. Of particular note for climate is that halogen cycles affect methane, ozone, and particles, all of which are powerful climate forcing agents through direct and indirect radiative effects. This influencecomes from the high reactivity of atomic halogen radicals (e.g.,Cl, Br, I) and halogen oxides (e.g., ClO, BrO, IO, and higher oxides), known as reactive halogen species in this review. These reactive halogens are potent oxidizers for organic and inorganic compounds throughout the troposphere.
Non-parametric Information-Theoretic Measures of One-Dimensional Distribution Functions from Continuous Time Series

We study non-parametric measures for the problem of comparing distributions, which arise in anomaly detection for continuous time series. Non-parametric measures take two distributions as input and produce two numbers as output: the difference between the input distributions and the statistical significance of this difference. Some of these measures, such as Kullback-Leibler measure, are defined for comparing probability distribution functions (PDFs) and some others, such as Kolmogorov-Smirnov measure, are for cumulative distribution functions (CDFs). We first show how to adapt the PDF based measures to compare CDFs, resulting in a total of 23 CDF based measures. We then provide a unified functional form that subsumes all these measures. We present our methodology to determine the significance (of the measures) by simulations only. Finally, we evaluate these measures for the anomaly detection in continuous time series.
Six-minute-walk test in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: test validation and minimal clinically important difference.

RATIONALE The 6-minute-walk test (6MWT) is a practical and clinically meaningful measure of exercise tolerance with favorable performance characteristics in various cardiac and pulmonary diseases. Performance characteristics in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) have not been systematically evaluated. OBJECTIVES To assess the reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the 6MWT and estimate the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) in patients with IPF. METHODS The study population included all subjects completing a 6MWT in a clinical trial evaluating interferon gamma-1b (n = 822). Six-minute walk distance (6MWD) and other parameters were measured at baseline and at 24-week intervals using a standardized protocol. Parametric and distribution-independent correlation coefficients were used to assess the strength of the relationships between 6MWD and measures of pulmonary function, dyspnea, and health-related quality of life. Both distribution-based and anchor-based methods were used to estimate the MCID. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Comparison of two proximal measures of 6MWD (mean interval, 24 d) demonstrated good reliability (coefficient = 0.83; P < 0.001). 6MWD was weakly correlated with measures of physiologic function and health-related quality of life; however, values were consistently and significantly lower for patients with the poorest functional status, suggesting good construct validity. Importantly, change in 6MWD was highly predictive of mortality; a 24-week decline of greater than 50 m was associated with a fourfold increase in risk of death at 1 year (hazard ratio, 4.27; 95% confidence interval, 2.57- 7.10; P < 0.001). The estimated MCID was 24-45 m. CONCLUSIONS The 6MWT is a reliable, valid, and responsive measure of disease status and a valid endpoint for clinical trials in IPF.
The International Journal of Biostatistics The Comparison of Alternative Smoothing Methods for Fitting Non-Linear Exposure-Response Relationships with Cox Models in a Simulation Study

We examined the behavior of alternative smoothing methods for modeling environmental epidemiology data. Model fit can only be examined when the true exposure-response curve is known and so we used simulation studies to examine the performance of penalized splines (Psplines), restricted cubic splines (RCS), natural splines (NS), and fractional polynomials (FP). Survival data were generated under six plausible exposure-response scenarios with a right skewed exposure distribution, typical of environmental exposures. Cox models with each spline or FP were fit to simulated datasets. The best models, e.g. degrees of freedom, were selected using default criteria for each method. The root mean-square error (rMSE) and area difference were computed to assess model fit and bias (difference between the observed and true curves). The test for linearity was a measure of sensitivity and the test of the null was an assessment of statistical power. No one method performed best according to all four measures of performance, however, all methods performed reasonably well. The model fit was best for P-splines for almost all true positive scenarios, although fractional polynomials and RCS were least biased, on average.
Can Wittgenstein help free the mind from rules? The philosophical foundations of connectionism

The question whether the construct 'rule' is essential or not for cognition is one of the main divisions between connectionist and rival approaches in cognitive science. In this paper, the philosophical significance of this division is examined, and its implications for cognitive research, in the light of several possible interpretations of Wittgenstein's paradox of following a rule are considered. The conclusion is that the rejection of rules by connectionism makes it philosophically incompatible with the symbolic rule-governed approach; however, the rejection of rules does not necessarily lead, on its own, to a single way of conceptualizing the mind and its place in nature. Wittgenstein's notions of 'form of life' and 'language games' are used as an aid in forming the philosophical foundations of connectionism.
Data compression apparatus and method

A data compression device, and searching for the domain blocks in the search range, search the domain block and by comparing the data of the range block generates the difference value and the domain block of cost selected in generating a cost explorer and, searcher according to the difference values ​​and is composed of the distance information and cost to the coder that coded by compressed data of the range block, the range block is characterized in that a block to be compared with the data block and the domain block of the compressed object data are range blocks. Compression, navigation, the coding
A new approach for a better recovery of cluster head nodes in underwater sensor networks

Energy efficiency is an important issue during the design and the overall performance evaluation of an UWSN system. Clustering sensor nodes have proven to be an effective method to improve the load balancing and scalability of the network while minimizing the system's overall energy consumption. In this paper, a new clustering algorithm is proposed to provide an improved cluster system against cluster-head failures. This study suggests that system CH failures could be further minimized when simultaneously a CH (primary CH) and a vice/backup CH are selected. Thus, when a primary CH fails due to an irreparable fault, a backup CH will take its place and it will operates as a head node. This study proposes two major procedures in order this to be accomplished, the detection failure and the recovery procedures. The first one initially detects any failures that occurred in the network and then reports this information to the relevant nodes to initiate recovery. The recovery procedure actually decides who and when will trigger the recovery function according to the origin of the CH node failure which can be either the energy depletion of the CH's battery or a software/hardware malfunction. The simulation results clearly indicate that there is an improvement in terms of network lifetime expectancy and energy consumption.
Relays do not leak - CMOS does

This paper describes the micro-architectural and circuit design techniques for building complex VLSI circuits with microelectromechanical (MEM) relays and presents experimental results to demonstrate the viability of this technology. By tailoring the circuits and micro-architecture to the relay device characteristics, the performance of the relay-based multiplier is improved by an order of magnitude over any known static CMOS style implementation, and by ~4x over CMOS pass-gate equivalent implementations. A 16-bit relay multiplier is shown to offer -10x lower energy per operation at sub-10 MOPS throughputs when compared to an optimized CMOS multiplier at an equivalent 90 nm technology node. The functionality of the primary multiplier building block, a full (7:3) compressor built with 46 scaled MEM-relays, which is the largest working MEM-relay circuit reported to date, is also demonstrated.
Glucocorticoids Improve Myogenic Differentiation In Vitro by Suppressing the Synthesis of Versican, a Transitional Matrix Protein Overexpressed in Dystrophic Skeletal Muscles

In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a dysregulated extracellular matrix (ECM) directly exacerbates pathology. Glucocorticoids are beneficial therapeutics in DMD, and have pleiotropic effects on the composition and processing of ECM proteins in other biological contexts. The synthesis and remodelling of a transitional versican-rich matrix is necessary for myogenesis; whether glucocorticoids modulate this transitional matrix is not known. Here, versican expression and processing were examined in hindlimb and diaphragm muscles from mdx dystrophin-deficient mice and C57BL/10 wild type mice. V0/V1 versican (Vcan) mRNA transcripts and protein levels were upregulated in dystrophic compared to wild type muscles, especially in the more severely affected mdx diaphragm. Processed versican (versikine) was detected in wild type and dystrophic muscles, and immunoreactivity was highly associated with newly regenerated myofibres. Glucocorticoids enhanced C2C12 myoblast fusion by modulating the expression of genes regulating transitional matrix synthesis and processing. Specifically, Tgfβ1, Vcan and hyaluronan synthase-2 (Has2) mRNA transcripts were decreased by 50% and Adamts1 mRNA transcripts were increased three-fold by glucocorticoid treatment. The addition of exogenous versican impaired myoblast fusion, whilst glucocorticoids alleviated this inhibition in fusion. In dystrophic mdx muscles, versican upregulation correlated with pathology. We propose that versican is a novel and relevant target gene in DMD, given its suppression by glucocorticoids and that in excess it impairs myoblast fusion, a process key for muscle regeneration.
A wideband slot antenna for moblie phone applications

A wideband impedance matching technique is presented on slot antenna for mobile handset applications at lower frequency band. The antenna is printed on a 60*115 mm2 FR-4 substrate with 0.8 mm thickness. Two rectangular slots are etched on the ground with open ends at opposite edges. One of the two is called the main slot with size of 5 mm*50 mm, the other one is called the additional slot with size of 40 mm*1 mm. The main slot is fed by a 50 Ω microstrip connected with a folded strip surrounding around the boundary of the main slot inside the main slot region. The strip with folded shape can induce the current flowing around the main slot from the close end to the open end on the ground, which results in the increase of the current distribution path and the decrease of the frequency of the first resonant mode. The additional slot is etched on the top portion of the ground above the main slot to excite more current distributing around the main slot region. With the technique, two resonant modes are excited at the lower frequency band, and a wide frequency bandwidth of 0.82~1.18 GHz is obtained.
UCD-generator - a LESSA application for use case design

In object-oriented design, use cases are one of the important but complex components to design. UCD-Generator is a LESSA based application that makes this process more simple and easy. UCD-Generator is an automated system that has vigorous ability to directly interact wit the user. This research paper presents a natural language processing based approach LESSA that is used for automatically understanding the natural language text and extract required information. This information is used to draw the use case diagrams. User writes his interface based preferences in simple English in a few paragraphs and the designed system has conspicuous ability to analyze the given script. After compound analysis and extraction of associated information, the designed system actually draws the use case class diagrams. Other conventional CASE tools require a complete understanding of the intended business scenario and lot of extra time and efforts from the system analyst during the process of creating, arranging, labeling and finishing the USE case diagrams. The designed system provides a quick and reliable way to generate use case diagrams to save the time and budget of both the user and system analyst.
Case study: visualization of laser confocal microscopy datasets

The paper presents an example of how existing visualization methods can be successfully applied-after minor modifications-for allowing new, sometimes unexpected insight into scientific questions, in this case for better understanding of unknown, microscopic biological structures. The authors present a volume rendering system supporting the visualization of LCM datasets, a new microscopic tomographic method allowing for the first time accurate and fast in-vivo inspection of the spatial structure of microscopic structures, especially important in (but not restricted to) biology. The speed, flexibility and versatility of the system allows fast, convenient, interactive operation with large datasets on small computers (workstation or PC). By testing different datasets, they have been able to significantly improve the performance of understanding the internal structure of LCM data. Most important, they have been able to show static and dynamic structures of cells never seen before and allowing significant insight in the cell movement process. Therefore they regard the system as a universal tool for the visualization of such data.
Sample Size for a Binomial Proportion with Autocorrelation

A flexible sample size computation is desired for a binomial outcome consisting of repeated binary measures with autocorrelation over time. This type of outcome is common in viral shedding studies, in which each individual's outcome is a proportion: the number of samples on which virus is detected out of number of samples assessed. Autocorrelation between proximal samples occurs in some conditions such as herpes infection, in which reactivation is episodic. We determine a sample size computation that accounts for: (1) participant-level differences in outcome frequency, (2) autocorrelation in time between samples, and (3) varying number of samples per participant. In addition, we develop a computation appropriate for crossover designs that accounts for the dependence of the investigational treatment effect on the pre-treatment detection frequency. The computations are validated through comparison with real and simulated data, and sensitivity to misspecification of parameter values is examined graphically.
Shared Success: The Challenge of Caring for Today's Health Education Educators

Caring has been identified as one of the normative values of nursing and health care. In many ways, caring is seen as being at the core of the profession. Although defined in various ways by numerous scholars (Gaut, 1983;Leininger, 1988;Parse, Coyne, & Smith, 1985;Roach, 1984;Watson, 1979), caring is generally recognized as a "mutual human process with identifiable behaviors" (Hanson & Smith, 1996, p. 105). Leininger (1981)suggests that caring be examined by identifying specific activities that are aimed at assisting, supporting, or enabling another person. Watson, whose name is most associated with the concept of caring in nursing, has developed a list of carative factors based upon the caring behaviors that can be observed between nurses and their patients.
An Outlier Detection Based DDoS Defense Method

An outlier detection based large scale Distributed Denial of Service defense method (ODM) is proposed. The ODM method filters suspicious traffic strictly, and establishes a white list at the mean time. Experimental results show that ODM method can be used to defend against lager scale DDoS, and it gives a new way to mitigate collateral damage.
Analysis of a dielectric EAP as smart component for a neonatal respiratory simulator

Nowadays, respiratory syndrome represents the most common neonatal pathology. Nevertheless, being respiratory assistance in newborns a great challenge for neonatologists and nurses, use of simulation-based training is quickly becoming a valid meaning of clinical education for an optimal therapy outcome. Commercially available simulators, are, however, not able to represent complex breathing patterns and to evaluate specific alterations. The purpose of this work has been to develop a smart, lightweight, compliant system with variable rigidity able to replicate the anatomical behavior of the neonatal lung, with the final aim to integrate such system into an innovative mechatronic simulator device. A smart material based-system has been proposed and validated: Dielectric Electro Active Polymers (DEAP), coupled to a purposely shaped silicone camera, has been investigated as active element for a compliance change simulator able to replicate both physiological and pathological lung properties. Two different tests have been performed by using a bi-components camera (silicone shape coupled to PolyPower film) both as an isolated system and connected to an infant ventilator. By means of a pressure sensor held on the silicon structure, pressure values have been collected and compared for active and passive PolyPower working configuration. The obtained results confirm a slight pressure decrease in active configuration, that is in agreement with the film stiffness reduction under activation and demonstrates the real potentiality of DEAP for active volume changing of the proposed system.
NIMH collaborative program on the psychobiology of depression: Clinical

As part of the National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Program of Depression study, data were collected on 2, 225 first‐degree relatives of 612 probands. A subset consisting of 187 families of bipolar patients was made available to participants of Genetic Analysis Workwhop 5 (GAW5). A description of these data, including sample sizes, diagnoses, and a summary of published analyses, is given.
Serpin Inhibition Mechanism: A Delicate Balance between Native Metastable State and Polymerization

The serpins (serine proteinase inhibitors) are structurally similar but functionally diverse proteins that fold into a conserved structure and employ a unique suicide substrate-like inhibitory mechanism. Serpins play absolutely critical role in the control of proteases involved in the inflammatory, complement, coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways and are associated with many conformational diseases. Serpin's native state is a metastable state which transforms to a more stable state during its inhibitory mechanism. Serpin in the native form is in the stressed (S) conformation that undergoes a transition to a relaxed (R) conformation for the protease inhibition. During this transition the region called as reactive center loop which interacts with target proteases, inserts itself into the center of β-sheet A to form an extra strand. Serpin is delicately balanced to perform its function with many critical residues involved in maintaining metastability. However due to its typical mechanism of inhibition, naturally occurring serpin variants produces conformational instability that allows insertion of RCL of one molecule into the β-sheet A of another to form a loop-sheet linkage leading to its polymerization and aggregation. Thus understanding the molecular basis and amino acid involved in serpin polymerization mechanism is critical to devising strategies for its cure.
Learning of Context-Free Languages: A Survey of the Literature

We survey methods for learning context-free languages (CFL's) in the theoretical computer science literature. We (cid:12)rst present some im-portant negative results. Then, we consider (cid:12)ve types of methods: those that take text as input, those that take structural information as input, those that rely on CFL formalisms that are not based on context-free grammars, those which learn subclasses of CFL's, and stochastic methods. A description of the subclasses of CFL's consid-ered is provided, as is an extensive bibliography.