Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity of chandelier neurons in monkey neocortex: Corticotropin‐releasing factor‐and parvalbumin‐immunoreactive populations

Chandelier neurons are a unique subclass of cortical nonpyramidal neurons. The axons of these neurons terminate in distinctive vertically arrayed cartidges that synapse on the axon initial segment of pyramidal neurons. In this study, the rapid Golgi method and immunohistochemical techniques were used to characterize the morphology, regional distribution, laminar location, and biochemical content of chandelier neurons in the prefrontal and occipital cortices of three monkey species. As in our previous studies of visual areas V1 and V2 (Lund:Journal of Comparative Neurology 257:60‐92, 1987; Lund et al.:Journal of Comparative Neurology 202:19‐45, 1981, 276:1‐29, 1988), Golgi impregnations of areas 46 and 9 of macaque prefrontal cortex show chandelier neurons to be present in layers 2 through superficial 5. The vertical arrays of terminal boutons (axon cartridges) typical of this neuron class are also present in layers 2‐6 of the prefrontal cortex, but are not found in layer 1 or the subcortical white matter. In immunohistochemical studies, a calcium‐binding protein, parvalbumin, and a neuropeptide, corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF), identify rod‐like structures that are morphologically similar to the axon cartridges of chandelier neurons seen in the Golgi material. In addition, both parvalbumin‐and CRF‐immunoreactive cartridges are located below the somata of unlabeled pyramidal neurons and appear to outline the axon initial segment of these neurons. However, we find that parvalbumin and CRF are present in only subpopulations of chandelier axon cartridges. For example, in adult primary visual cortex, parvalbumin‐labeled cartridges are present in very low numbers only in layers 2‐3, whereas in prefrontal and occipital association cortices these cartridges are a very prominent component of layers 2‐superficial 3 and are present in much lower density in the deeper cortical layers. In contrast to these findings in adult macaque monkeys, prefrontal and occipital association cortices of infant macaque monkeys contain a very high density of parvalbumin‐labeled cartridges in layer 4 and relatively few in the superficial cortical layers. Furthermore, in adult squirrel monkey prefrontal cortex, CRF‐labeled cartridges are predominately present in layer 4, but these CRF‐immunoreactive structures have not been observed in the homologous regions of infant or adult macaque monkeys. These findings indicate that even for neurons of such distinctive morphology and presumably constant functional role as chandelier neurons, factors such as regional and laminar location, age, and primate species are associated with differences in the biochemical content of subpopulations of these neurons.
Roles of developers as part of a software process model

The software development process is the core process of any IT organization. This process has required radical redesign as organizations have adopted object-oriented application development approach and client/server architecture. The article raises an important issue noted when organizations have adopted object-oriented client/server application development process models, namely the roles of the developers. Since software is developed by people, the management of these people should be part of the software development process. This article points out the roles and responsibilities needed in object-oriented client/server application development. It also shows how to integrate the roles easily with the process model. The combination of the role model and the object-oriented client/server development model (Team-Based Object-Oriented Client/Server model, OOCS model) has evolved to its current form over the past five years. This article discusses briefly the theoretical premises underlying the model and reports on the lessons learnt when implementing the roles.
The use of the iPad for poststroke hand rehabilitation; A pilot study

Rehabilitation of the weak hand is an important aspect of improving daily activities post-stroke. iPad applications have opened new opportunities for rehabilitation by facilitating goal-oriented, repetitive and motivating hand movements. This pilot study assessed the suitability of the iPad for improving hand function post-stroke. Eleven individuals with and 11 without stroke experienced existing iPad apps and motor abilities were measured. Significant differences between groups and correlations between the app performances to the motor abilities of the weak hand were found. These preliminary findings point to the potential of using apps in the process of post-stroke hand rehabilitation.
Going Digital: Transforming Medical Checklists for Improved Patient Care

This panel is aimed at addressing the implications and challenges of designing, developing, implementing and evaluating digital checklists in clinical settings. Panelists will share their experiences with checklist design and development, and discuss how digital formats may further improve the impact of the checklist in a range of settings. This is an important panel to have at AMIA in order to engage the community in discussing critical questions about advancing the checklist mechanisms in increasingly digital medical environments. Learning objectives include: (a) formulate an approach for designing digital checklists in a clinical setting; (b) formulate an approach for implementing digital checklist in a clinical setting; and (c) evaluate the effectiveness and impact of digital checklists using both simulated and clinical settings.
Suppression of NF-kappaB activity by sulfasalazine is mediated by direct inhibition of IkappaB kinases alpha and beta.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Activation of NF-kappaB/Rel has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Various drugs used in the treatment of IBD, such as glucocorticoids, 5-aminosalicylic acid, and sulfasalazine, interfere with NF-kappaB/Rel signaling. The aim of this study was to define the molecular mechanism by which sulfasalazine inhibits NF-kappaB activation. METHODS The effects of sulfasalazine and its moieties on NF-kappaB signaling were evaluated using electromobility shift, transfection, and immune complex kinase assays. The direct effect of sulfasalazine on IkappaB kinase (IKK) activity was investigated using purified recombinant IKK-alpha and -beta proteins. RESULTS NF-kappaB/Rel activity induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, or overexpression of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase, IKK-alpha, IKK-beta, or constitutively active IKK-alpha and IKK-beta mutants was inhibited dose dependently by sulfasalazine. Sulfasalazine inhibited tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced activation of endogenous IKK in Jurkat T cells and SW620 colon cells, as well as the catalytic activity of purified IKK-alpha and IKK-beta in vitro. In contrast, the moieties of sulfasalazine, 5-aminosalicylic acid, and sulfapyridine or 4-aminosalicylic acid had no effect. Activation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) 1 and 2, c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) 1, and p38 was unaffected by sulfasalazine. The decrease in substrate phosphorylation by IKK-alpha and -beta is associated with a decrease in autophosphorylation of IKKs and can be antagonized by excess adenosine triphosphate. CONCLUSIONS These data identify sulfasalazine as a direct inhibitor of IKK-alpha and -beta by antagonizing adenosine triphosphate binding. The suppression of NF-kappaB activation by inhibition of the IKKs contributes to the well-known anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of sulfasalazine.
Designer Aminoglycosides That Selectively Inhibit Cytoplasmic Rather than Mitochondrial Ribosomes Show Decreased Ototoxicity

Background: Whether the mitochondrial or cytoplasmic protein synthesis inhibition predominates to aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity is unclear. Results: The ototoxicity of an aminoglycoside correlates primarily with its ability to block mitochondrial rather than cytoplasmic protein synthesis. Conclusion: Designer aminoglycosides that selectively inhibit cytoplasmic rather than mitochondrial ribosome show decreased ototoxicity. Significance: The results are beneficial for development of aminoglycoside-based drugs to treat human genetic diseases. There is compelling evidence that aminoglycoside (AG) antibiotics can induce the mammalian ribosome to suppress disease-causing nonsense mutations and partially restore the expression of functional proteins. However, prolonged AG treatment can cause detrimental side effects in patients, including most prominently, ototoxicity. Recent mechanistic discussions have considered the relative contributions of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic protein synthesis inhibition to AG-induced ototoxicity. We show that AGs inhibit mitochondrial protein synthesis in mammalian cells and perturb cell respiration, leading to a time- and dose-dependent increase in superoxide overproduction and accumulation of free ferrous iron in mitochondria caused by oxidative damage of mitochondrial aconitase, ultimately leading to cell apoptosis via the Fenton reaction. These deleterious effects increase with the increased potency of AG to inhibit the mitochondrial rather than cytoplasmic protein synthesis, which in turn correlates with their ototoxic potential in both murine cochlear explants and the guinea pig in vivo. The deleterious effects of AGs were alleviated in synthetic derivatives specially designed for the treatment of genetic diseases caused by nonsense mutations and possessing low affinity toward mitochondrial ribosomes. This work highlights the benefit of a mechanism-based drug redesign strategy that can maximize the translational value of “readthrough therapy” while mitigating drug-induced side effects. This approach holds promise for patients suffering from genetic diseases caused by nonsense mutations.
Relationship between Depression Level and Bio-signals by Emotional Stimuli

Recent studies in mental/physical health monitoring have noted to improve health and wellbeing with the help of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and in particular, application of biosensors has mainly done because signal acquisition by non-invasive sensors is relatively simple as well as bio-signal is less sensitive to social/cultural difference. Prior to developing a depression monitoring system based on non-invasive bio-signals, we examined a relationship of depressive level and changes of biological features during exposure of emotional stimuli. Ninety-six subjects’ depressive level was measured by a self-rating depression scale (SDS). Electrocardiogram (ECG) and photoplethysmograph (PPG) were recorded during six baseline and emotional states (interest, joy, neutral, pain, sadness and surprise) and heart rate (HR) and pulse transit time (PTT) were extracted. Pearson’s correlation was conducted to examine the relation of depressive level and biological features. The results showed that relation of depressive level and HR is positive in emotional states and there is a negative correlation between depressive level and PTT. We identified that they are meaningful biological features related to depression.
Polyaniline electrochromic micro-display powered by on-chip Mg/AgCl battery for wireless data transfer of disposable bio-sensing chip

We developed an 8 pixel electrochromic micro-display, which can be used as a data transmitter in a disposable bio-sensor chip for easy-to-use disease diagnosis system [1]. A fully-functionalized demonstration system consisting of the proposed electrochromic micro-display, a voltage booster, a control circuit, a Mg/AgCl on-chip battery and a temperature sensor instead of a bio-sensor was developed. The device was self-powered in NH4Cl solution and real-time data transmission using a pattern recognition system was demonstrated. The data transfer rate was 80 bps respectively.
KFDA-waveletcluster based intrusion detection technology

In this paper, we propose a new intrusion detection technology which combines feature extraction with wavelet clustering method. Our intrusion detection model setup has two phases, where the first phase is to project the input data into high dimensional space by using the discriminant vectors extracted by Kernel Fisher Discriminant Analysis. By using KFDA, we can reduce the dimension of the input data and make the dataset more separable. Then the second phase is to set up the detection model based on wavelet clustering. We extend original wavelet clustering algorithm for intrusion detection. Second transformation of feature space is processed by using wavelet transform for removing the outliers and making the boundary between clusters clear. Clusters are set up on the second transformed feature space and we label the clusters by using the similarity information between training datasets and clusters. Experiments using the KDD CUP99 dataset demonstrate that by combining KFDA and wavelet clustering can be an effective way for intrusion detection.
First Nearly Complete Genome Sequence of Feline immunodeficiency virus from Brazil

ABSTRACT Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) has worldwide distribution; nevertheless, only a few FIV genomes from domestic cats are available. This is the first report of a nearly complete genome of FIV from a Brazilian cat (8,967 nucleotides [nt]), including the entire coding region and the 3′ untranslated region.
Phenotypic variation in the phenology of ascospore production between European populations of oak powdery mildew

Abstract• Oak powdery mildew severity (Erysiphe alphitoides) is usually mild in Europe because epidemics start late in spring, at the end of the first oak growth unit maturation. However, the disease can occasionally be very severe when strong infection occurs early during the development of the first growth unit, suggesting that host-pathogen synchrony in spring could be a critical factor in disease severity. • We studied the timing of ascospore production in a given environment for four E. alphitoides populations sampled from SW France to the Czech Republic to determine whether this trait shows variation within Europe. • Timing of ascospore production was clearly influenced by environmental factors as chasmothecia from a single origin showed very different dates of optimal ascospore production when transferred for overwintering in locations with different climate. In common garden experiments, no differences were observed between populations for the date of optimal ascospore production. • Results suggest little genetic differentiation for timing of ascospore production for E. alphitoides populations across Europe and therefore a lack of local adaptation to their host phenology. Availability in ascospore inoculum is limited during host budburst, explaining the low infection usually observed on the first oak growth unit. Résumé• L’oïdium du chêne (Erysiphe alphitoides) est généralement peu sévère en Europe, la maladie se développant tard au printemps, après le débourrement des chênes. E. alphitoides peut toutefois être sévère quand de fortes infections se produisent tôt durant le débourrement, suggérant que la synchronisation entre hôte et pathogène pourrait être un facteur déterminant la sévérité des épidémies. • Nous avons caractérisé la dynamique de production d’ascospores dans un environnement donné pour quatre populations d’E. alphitoides échantillonnées du sud-ouest de la France à la République Tchèque pour tester si ce trait est variable en Europe. • Des chasmothèces d’une même origine présentent des dates d’optima de production d’ascospores très différentes quand elles sont transférées durant l’hiver dans des zones à climats différents montrant que ce trait est sous dépendance de l’environnement. Par contre, les quatre populations ont la même date d’optimum de production d’ascospores quand elles sont placées dans un même environnement. • Les résultats suggèrent que les populations d’E. alphitoides européennes ne sont pas différentiées génétiquement pour le timing de production d’ascospores et donc qu’elles ne sont pas localement adaptées à la phénologie de leur hôte. L’inoculum ascospores est très peu présent durant le débourrement, expliquant en partie l’absence d’infection sur la première unité de croissance des chênes.
School-based screening of plantar pressures during level walking with a backpack among overweight and obese schoolchildren

Abstract Among children, postural modifications due to backpack carriage have direct consequences on how forces are exchanged between body and ground and thus on plantar pressure distribution. However, it is unknown whether such alterations are influenced by the foot structure and functionality typical of obesity. In this study, we tested 65 overweight/obese primary schoolchildren using a pressure platform while walking with and without the backpack. Contact areas, arch index, peak and mean plantar pressures in the forefoot, midfoot and rearfoot were compared with those from an additional 65 age- and gender-matched group of normal-weight children. Backpack carriage modified pressure distribution similarly in both groups, with the exception of mean midfoot pressure, which increased significantly among normal-weight children but not in the overweight/obese group. Notably, the pressure values associated with mass excess and backpack carriage still raise some concerns regarding potential long-term adverse consequences on foot structure and functionality of overweight/obese children. Practitioner summary: Backpack carriage by overweight/obese schoolchildren altered plantar pressures similar to what was observed in their normal-weight peers. Yet, high pressures were found among the overweight/obese children. This raises concerns regarding potential long-term adverse consequences on foot structure and functionality, and supports establishing more specific limits for the carried load.
AB ve Türkiye Öğretmen Yetiştirme Programlarının Karşılaştırılması ve Türkiye İçin Bir Model Önerisi

Bu arastirmanin temel amaci, AB ulkelerindeki ogretmen yetistirme modelleri ile Turkiye’deki Ogretmen yetistirme modellerinin karsilastirmasi sonucunda elde edilen veriler ve egitim fakultesi ogretim elemanlarinin gorusleri dogrultusunda Turkiye icin bir model onerisi belirlemektir. Bu modelde, ogretmen adaylarinin universitelerdeki egitim fakultelerine secilmeleri, egitim fakultelerinde alacaklari egitimin duzenlenmesi ve ogretmen atama kriterlerinin belirlenmesi olmak uzere uc farkli alan belirlenmistir. Arastirma, genel tarama turunde betimsel ve dokuman analizini bir arada kullandigindan cesitleme de denilen zenginlestirilmis desen (triangulation design) modeli kullanilmistir. Bu amacla tarama boyutuyla ilgili verileri toplamak icin arastirmaci tarafindan gelistirilen “Ogretmen Yetistirme Sistemi Ile Ilgili Gorus Anketi“ yardimiyla, 2010-2011 ogretim yilinda 12 farkli universitenin egitim fakultelerinde gorev yapan 368 ogretim elemaninin gorusleri alinmistir. Nitel boyutla ilgili olarak, 6 farkli AB ulkesinin ogretmen yetistirme sistem dokumanlari icerik analizine tabi tutulmustur. Elde edilen veriler ogretmen adaylarinin universitelerdeki egitim fakultelerine secilmeleri, egitim fakultelerinde alacaklari egitimin duzenlenmesi ve ogretmen atama kriterleri olmak uzere uc baslik altinda toplanmistir. Arastirmanin sonucunda ogretmen adaylarinin secimi icin yapilacak sinavlar merkezi bir yapi yerine, egitim fakulteleri tarafindan duzenlenmeli ve yapilmalidir. Bu sinavda yazili ya da test sinavlarinin yaninda mulakat teknikleri de uygulanmalidir. Ogretmen yetistirme programinda islenecek dersler ve derslerin icerikleri egitim fakulteleri, MEB’e ait okullar, sivil toplum kuruluslarinin isbirligi ile belirlenmelidir. Ozellikle ders icerikleri belirlenirken ogretmenlerle surekli isbirligi icinde olunmalidir. Egitim fakultelerine basvuran ogretmen adaylarinin ilk yili deneme suresi olmalidir. Ogretmen adaylari dort yillik lisans egitimi sonrasinda iki yil suren staj egitiminden sonra ogretmen olarak a tanmalidirlar .
Evolving Hyper-Heuristics for a Highly Constrained Examination Timetabling Problem

A lot of research has been conducted on hyper-heuristics for examination timetabling. However, most of this work has been focused on an uncapacitated version of the problem. This study reports on evolving hyper-heuristics for a highly constrained version of the problem, namely, the set of problems from the second International Timetabling Competition (ITC ’07). Previous work has shown that using an evolutionary algorithm (EA) based hyper-heuristic with more than one chromosome representation is more effective than the standard EA using a single representation. This study evaluates an EA hyper-heuristic, using three different chromosome representations, in solving the capacitated examination timetabling problem. The results produced by the hyper-heuristic were found to be comparable to other methodologies applied to the same problem set.
Two degree-of-freedom of Generalized Predictive Control for MIMO systems based on state space approach

Generalized Predictive Control(GPC) can achieve a robust tracking to step-type reference signal because of integral compensation in it. But if there is neither modeling error nor disturbance, it does not need the integral compensation for tracking to step-type reference signal. And the integral compensation may cause a slow transient response or generate an extra control input. Although the authors have proposed a design method of two degree-of-freedom GPC for SISO systems and m-input m-output systems, the design method has not been considered for MIMO systems, which has different number of inputs and outputs. Therefore, this paper explores a design method of two degree-of-freedom GPC for MIMO systems and its effectiveness is evaluated.
Pedestrian Detection Based on Imbalance Prior for Surveillance Video

Pedestrian detection for surveillance video, which is the basic of person re-identification, aims to capture the pedestrians in the monitors. However, the existing pedestrian detection algorithms still have two issues: (1) The recall and precision are not applicable for complicated scenes; (2) It is limited for processing the high-resolution video in real-time. Therefore, pedestrian detection algorithm based on imbalance prior for surveillance video is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the structure of pedestrian is described with a color difference based image edge detection algorithm, namely color difference map (CDM). Then, the imbalance prior is proposed and used for coarse classification. Finally, the refine classification is implemented by "HOG+SVM" method. The experimental results on FHD-175 dataset show that the recall and precision of the proposed algorithm are 96.0% and 99.0% respectively. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm can process the 1920×1080 frame at the speed of 20.73 fps on average, which can satisfy the requirement of real time processing.