Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Power, Dominance, and Constraint: A Note on the Appeal of Different Design Traditions

The recent field-wide emphasis on power has brought the number of participants used in psychological experiments into focus. Social psychology typically follows a tradition in which many participants perform a small number of trials each; in psychophysics, the tradition is to include only a few participants, who perform many trials each; and the tradition in cognitive psychology falls in between, balancing the number of participants and trials. We ask whether it is better to add trials or to add participants if one wishes to increase power. The answer is straightforward—greatest power is achieved by using more people, and the gain from adding people is greater than the gain from adding trials. In light of these results, the design parameters in the social psychology tradition seem ideal. Yet there are conditions in which one may trade people for trials with only a minor decrement in power. Under these conditions, the limiting factor is the trial-to-trial variability rather than the variability across people in the population. These conditions are highly plausible, and we present a theoretical argument as to why. We think that most cognitive effects are characterized by stochastic dominance; that is, everyone’s true effect is in the same direction. For example, it is plausible that when performing the Stroop task, all people truly identify congruent colors faster than incongruent ones. When dominance holds, small mean effects imply a small degree of variability across the population. It is this degree of homogeneity, the consequence of dominance, that licenses the design parameters of the cognitive psychology and psychophysics traditions.
Women, makeup, and authenticity: Negotiating embodiment and discourses of beauty

This essay examines women’s makeup practices and cultural tension between inner and outer constructs of beauty in the United States. Ethnographic research reveals competing discourses of beauty in the embodied experience of women, compared to images of beauty as promoted in advertising by the cosmetic industry. While the discourse of women’s embodied experience emphasizes inner worth and connecting internal and external self, cosmetic advertising focuses on physical appearance and critical gaze of self and others. Women incorporate advertising discourses, not yielding to them or resisting them, but rather transforming them to suit their needs in using makeup products for creating confidence and preparing themselves for engagement in the world. At the same time, paradoxical adherence to advertising discourse indicates that gender inequality remains an ideological force in our society. Processes of ritualization produce and legitimize hierarchies of power in society. In this way, women’s relationships to their bodies, commoditized products, and makeup practices are transformative as they are paradoxical.
Incorporating statistical distribution in loss and gain functions in CVaR robust mean-variance portfolios

A new approach to optimize a portfolio of financial instruments by minimizing conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) incorporating statistical distributions into gain and loss functions is presented. Our proposed model has less number of variables and constraints as well as the ability of covering different ideas about the priorities of optimization, determined as a multiplier of gain in our objective function. Since current conditional value at risk model can be obtained from our model, the new model can be considered as the expansion of previous one. We demonstrate how the portfolios of our model can be considerably more profitable in comparison with current model. To do so, the datasets of three assets from Iranian stock exchange between 22nd December and 4th July are used to find optimum portfolios and the next 90 days for testing the real performances.
A New 3-D Piecewise-Linear System for Chaos Generation

We propose in this paper a new simple continuous-time piecewise-linear three dimensional system for chaos generation. Nonlinearity in this model is introduced by the characteristic function of the Chua’s circuit given in [1]. Simulated results of some chaotic attractors are shown and justified numerically via computing the largest Lyapunov exponent. The possibility and the robustness of the circuitry realization is also given and discussed.
Automatic detection and indexing of video-event shots for surveillance applications

Increased communication capabilities and automatic scene understanding allow human operators to simultaneously monitor multiple environments. Due to the amount of data to be processed in new surveillance systems, the human operator must be helped by automatic processing tools in the work of inspecting video sequences. In this paper, a novel approach allowing layered content-based retrieval of video-event shots referring to potentially interesting situations is presented. Interpretation of events is used for defining new video-event shot detection and indexing criteria. Interesting events refer to potentially dangerous situations: abandoned objects and predefined human events are considered in this paper. Video-event shot detection and indexing capabilities are used for online and offline content-based retrieval of scenes to be detected.
Estimation of direction of arrival using information theory

Estimating the direction of arrival (DOA) of an acoustic source relies on the successful estimation of the relative delay between pairs of microphone signals. Processing is performed at the current time by operating on blocks of recorded data. When these recordings are performed in environments of strong multipath reflections, algorithms often fail to distinguish between the true DOA and that of a dominant reflection. In this letter, we assume Gaussianity of the source signal and use an information-theoretical measure, often met in blind source separation algorithms, to derive a robust DOA estimator, even under significant reverberant conditions. We discuss the most popular algorithm for time delay estimation, namely, the generalized cross-correlation method, and demonstrate under certain conditions its connection to the proposed one. Performance is demonstrated for both algorithms with sets of simulated results as a function of different reverberation times, microphone spacing, and data block size. The results indicate that the examined framework can accurately track the DOA of a typical acoustic source.
Robust H∞ feedback control for uncertain stochastic delayed genetic regulatory networks with additive and multiplicative noise

Noises are ubiquitous in genetic regulatory networks (GRNs). Gene regulation is inherently a stochastic process because of intrinsic and extrinsic noises that cause kinetic parameter variations and basal rate disturbance. Time delays are usually inevitable due to different biochemical reactions in such GRNs. In this paper, a delayed stochastic model with additive and multiplicative noises is utilized to describe stochastic GRNs. A feedback gene controller design scheme is proposed to guarantee that the GRN is mean‐square asymptotically stable with noise attenuation, where the structure of the controllers can be specified according to engineering requirements. By applying control theory and mathematical tools, the analytical solution to the control design problem is given, which helps to provide some insight into synthetic biology and systems biology. The control scheme is employed in a three‐gene network to illustrate the applicability and usefulness of the design. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of Two bZIP Transcription Factors Interacting with the Promoter of Soybean Rubisco Activase Gene (GmRCAα)

Rubisco activase (RCA), a key photosynthetic protein, catalyses the activation of Rubisco and thus plays an important role in photosynthesis. Although the RCA gene has been characterized in a variety of species, the molecular mechanism regulating its transcription remains unclear. Our previous studies on RCA gene expression in soybean suggested that expression of this gene is regulated by trans-acting factors. In the present study, we verified activity of the GmRCAα promoter in both soybean and Arabidopsis and used a yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) system for screening a leaf cDNA expression library to identify transcription factors (TFs) interacting with the GmRCAα promoter. Four basic leucine zipper (bZIP) TFs, GmbZIP04g, GmbZIP07g, GmbZIP1, and GmbZIP71, were isolated, and GmbZIP04g and GmbZIP07g were confirmed as able to bind to a 21-nt G-box-containing sequence. Additionally, the expression patterns of GmbZIP04g, GmbZIp07g, and GmRCAα were analyzed in response to abiotic stresses and during a 24-h period. Our study will help to advance elucidation of the network regulating GmRCAα transcription.
Social Desirability, Approval and Public Good Contribution

Behaviour in public good experiments is usually attributed partly to rational self-interest and partly to social norms and preferences. This paper examines if sensitivity to social desirability affects public good contribution and in what way. A pre-experimental measure of social desirability (SDS17) was used to match partners in a two-person public good game. Half the participants received experimenter approval based upon their investment. Contrary to predictions, the highest public good investment was by low social desirability participants in the approval condition. Social desirability was not positively related to pro-social behaviour. We consider its relation to experimental and social conformity.
Governing the police: experience in six democracies

research underlying it is truly a significant achievement, I felt that it remained something of a patchwork itself – with the multiple authorship no doubt adding to the difficulty of connecting all the dots. The authors of Policing Immigrants are to be commended for tackling a topic of extreme complexity and producing a rich corpus of findings which, in their own words, ‘challenge much of the conventional wisdom regarding immigration policing’ (p. 92). The book works most effectively, in my opinion, as a socio-legal analysis rather than a study of operational policing, and points in an exemplary fashion to the need to avoid subsuming local variations within higher level analyses. For this reason, I believe the work to be ground breaking, as described in my opening comments, and worthy of spawning a body of follow-up research. Since Policing Immigrants was published, immigration policing trailblazer Sheriff Joe Arpaio has been voted out of office in the same election that brought Donald Trump to power, reflecting the authors’ observation about the constantly changing dynamic of local immigration control. At the national level, President Trump has acted quickly on his election promises to extend the wall along the US-Mexico border, bolster border patrols and limit Muslim immigration. At the time of writing we are awaiting action on his commitment to increase deportation. These developments ensure that there will be ongoing interest in immigration enforcement for some time, and possibly heightened concern and debate about the police role in it. This book has built an impressive foundation on which further exploration of these important issues of our age can be explored.
Transcription Factors Bind Thousands of Active and Inactive Regions in the Drosophila Blastoderm

Identifying the genomic regions bound by sequence-specific regulatory factors is central both to deciphering the complex DNA cis-regulatory code that controls transcription in metazoans and to determining the range of genes that shape animal morphogenesis. We used whole-genome tiling arrays to map sequences bound in Drosophila melanogaster embryos by the six maternal and gap transcription factors that initiate anterior–posterior patterning. We find that these sequence-specific DNA binding proteins bind with quantitatively different specificities to highly overlapping sets of several thousand genomic regions in blastoderm embryos. Specific high- and moderate-affinity in vitro recognition sequences for each factor are enriched in bound regions. This enrichment, however, is not sufficient to explain the pattern of binding in vivo and varies in a context-dependent manner, demonstrating that higher-order rules must govern targeting of transcription factors. The more highly bound regions include all of the over 40 well-characterized enhancers known to respond to these factors as well as several hundred putative new cis-regulatory modules clustered near developmental regulators and other genes with patterned expression at this stage of embryogenesis. The new targets include most of the microRNAs (miRNAs) transcribed in the blastoderm, as well as all major zygotically transcribed dorsal–ventral patterning genes, whose expression we show to be quantitatively modulated by anterior–posterior factors. In addition to these highly bound regions, there are several thousand regions that are reproducibly bound at lower levels. However, these poorly bound regions are, collectively, far more distant from genes transcribed in the blastoderm than highly bound regions; are preferentially found in protein-coding sequences; and are less conserved than highly bound regions. Together these observations suggest that many of these poorly bound regions are not involved in early-embryonic transcriptional regulation, and a significant proportion may be nonfunctional. Surprisingly, for five of the six factors, their recognition sites are not unambiguously more constrained evolutionarily than the immediate flanking DNA, even in more highly bound and presumably functional regions, indicating that comparative DNA sequence analysis is limited in its ability to identify functional transcription factor targets.
Workflow management versus case handling: results from a controlled software experiment

Business Process Management (BPM) technology has become an important instrument for improving process performance. When considering its use, however, enterprises typically have to rely on vendor promises or qualitative reports. What is still missing and what is also demanded by IT decision makers are quantitative evaluations based on empirical and experimental research. This paper picks up this demand and illustrates how experimental research can be applied in the BPM field. The conducted experiment compares efforts for implementing a sample business process either based on standard workflow technology or on a case handling system. We motivate and describe the experiment design, discuss threats for the validity of experiment results (as well as risk mitigations), and present experiment results. In general, more experimental research is needed in order to obtain more valid data on the various aspects and effects of BPM technology and tools.
Cross-cultural confusions amongst diverse colleagues: what teachers’ narratives reveal about intergroup communication

ABSTRACT Teacher-led initiatives built upon relationships, moral purpose, and a commitment to act have the potential to bring about change in twenty-first century schools. In order to implement and sustain change, teachers must collaborate with diverse colleagues and members of the school community. Intergroup communication across cultural and linguistic divides, though not impossible, is challenging as the data from this study shows. The purpose of the qualitative study was to explore factors that influenced teachers’ thinking, behavior, and interactions as they designed and implemented a dual language education program for English Language Learners. Narrative inquiry though a heuristic lens allowed for the gathering of stories that illustrate the lived realities of the participants. Teachers’ narratives reveal emergent themes regarding cross-cultural confusions amongst colleagues, warranting further study of intergroup communication in schools.
Diversity Combining for Mobile Communications

The maximal-ratio combining (MRC) scheme is investigated in detail. Other diversity combining schemes, such as selection combining (SC) and equal gain combining (EGC) are outperformed by MRC in the case of coherent communications. First, the case of M independent fading channels is considered. The output signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) expression is derived, and an expression for the bit error rate (BER) is determined. Simulations of the channels are performed and the results are compared to the theoretical BER. Then, the case of M correlated fading channels is considered, and an analysis that is similar to the case of independent fading is performed. We also investigate the effects of varying the separation between antennas at both the mobile and base stations. Finally, a simple space-time coding scheme, known as the Alamouti block scheme, is demonstrated and simulation results are given.
Ethical leadership, but toward whom? How moral identity congruence shapes the ethical treatment of employees

Ethical leadership exerts a powerful influence on employees, and most studies share a basic premise that leaders display the same level of ethical leadership to all subordinates. However, we challenge this assumption and suggest that subordinates’ characteristics and supervisors’ characteristics may jointly influence supervisor ethical leadership behavior. Drawing upon research on person–supervisor fit and moral identity, we explore the questions of whether and how supervisor–subordinate (in)congruence in moral identity affects the emergence of supervisor ethical leadership behavior. Using multi-level and multi-source data, the results of cross-level polynomial regressions revealed that the less aligned a supervisor’s moral identity was with a subordinate’s, the more negative sentiments the supervisor held toward the subordinate, which, in turn, influenced the supervisor’s ethical leadership behavior. We also argue that not all types of congruence are alike. Our results confirmed that supervisor negative sentiments toward subordinates were higher in low–low congruence dyads than in high–high congruence dyads. Results also confirmed that by reducing supervisor negative sentiments toward subordinates, supervisor–subordinate congruence in moral identity had an indirect positive effect on supervisor ethical leadership behavior. Overall, this research highlights the importance of taking both subordinates’ and supervisors’ traits into consideration in understanding the emergence of ethical leadership.
Chebyshev Inequalities for Products of Random Variables

We derive sharp probability bounds on the tails of a product of symmetric nonnegative random variables using only information about their first two moments. If the covariance matrix of the random variables is known exactly, these bounds can be computed numerically using semidefinite programming. If only an upper bound on the covariance matrix is available, the probability bounds on the right tails can be evaluated analytically. The bounds under precise and imprecise covariance information coincide for all left tails as well as for all right tails corresponding to quantiles that are either sufficiently small or sufficiently large. We also prove that all left probability bounds reduce to the trivial bound 1 if the number of random variables in the product exceeds an explicit threshold. Thus, in the worst case, the weak-sense geometric random walk defined through the running product of the random variables is absorbed at 0 with certainty as soon as time exceeds the given threshold. The techniques devised for.
A Semantic Foundation for Organizational Structures: A Multi-level Approach

Conceptualizing the organizational structure domain requires considering multiple levels of classification, with both types and types of types included in the domain of enquiry (e.g., Types of organizational units and particular organizational units). In this paper we propose a semantic foundation for the organizational structure domain that is capable to address the multi-level modeling issues. We present a core organizational structure ontology built with the combination of a foundational ontology (UFO) and a multi-level modeling theory (MLT). This ontology serves to provide semantic foundations for enterprise modeling languages but also as a basis for the development of enterprise-specific ontologies. We discuss our contributions with respect to existing multi-level modeling approaches and with respect to a number of prominent enterprise modeling frameworks, languages and enterprise ontologies.
Research on the Composition and Distribution of Organic Sulfur in Coal

The structure and distribution of organic sulfur in coals of different rank and different sulfur content were studied by combining mild organic solvent extraction with XPS technology. The XPS results have shown that the distribution of organic sulfur in coal is related to the degree of metamorphism of coal. Namely, thiophenic sulfur content is reduced with decreasing metamorphic degree; sulfonic acid content rises with decreasing metamorphic degree; the contents of sulfate sulfur, sulfoxide and sulfone are rarely related with metamorphic degree. The solvent extraction and GC/MS test results have also shown that the composition and structure of free and soluble organic sulfur small molecules in coal is closely related to the metamorphic degree of coal. The free organic sulfur small molecules in coal of low metamorphic degree are mainly composed of aliphatic sulfides, while those in coal of medium and high metamorphic degree are mainly composed of thiophenes. Besides, the degree of aromatization of organic sulfur small molecules rises with increasing degree of coalification.
THERMAL MICROSENSOR FOR APPLICATION IN RADIOMETER

In this paper presents two microsensors structures compatible with microelectronic technologies that are analyzed for application in radiometers. The first structure is formed by one resistor that is made by doping a monocrystalline silicon substrate with boron. The second is a polysilicon resistor doped with phosphorous, over a silicon dioxide (SiO2). The analysis is made by mathematical modeling of these devices, numeric simulation and graphics to obtain the better thermal-electrical characteristic of microsensor material. We choose the best microsensor structure with the increase performance of the system and with time decrease of sensor thermal response in relation the conventional manufacture for application in incident solar radiation measurement.
The MyD88-Dependent, but Not the MyD88-Independent, Pathway of TLR4 Signaling Is Important in Clearing Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae from the Mouse Lung1

TLRs are important for the recognition of conserved motifs expressed by invading bacteria. TLR4 is the signaling receptor for LPS, the major proinflammatory component of the Gram-negative cell wall, whereas CD14 serves as the ligand-binding part of the LPS receptor complex. Triggering of TLR4 results in the activation of two distinct intracellular pathways, one that relies on the common TLR adaptor MyD88 and one that is mediated by Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β (TRIF). Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a common Gram-negative respiratory pathogen that expresses both TLR4 (LPS and lipooligosaccharide) and TLR2 (lipoproteins) ligands. To determine the roles of CD14, TLR4, and TLR2 during NTHi pneumonia, the following studies were performed: 1) Alveolar macrophages from CD14 and TLR4 knockout (KO) mice were virtually unresponsive to NTHi in vitro, whereas TLR2 KO macrophages displayed a reduced NTHi responsiveness. 2) After intranasal infection with NTHi, CD14 and TLR4 KO mice showed an attenuated early inflammatory response in their lungs, which was associated with a strongly reduced clearance of NTHi from the respiratory tract; in contrast, in TLR2 KO mice, lung inflammation was unchanged, and the number of NTHi CFU was only modestly increased at the end of the 10-day observation period. 3) MyD88 KO, but not TRIF mutant mice showed an increased bacterial load in their lungs upon infection with NTHi. These data suggest that the MyD88-dependent pathway of TLR4 is important for an effective innate immune response to respiratory tract infection caused by NTHi.