Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Map Boundary on Estimates of Landscape Resistance to Animal Movement

Background Artificial boundaries on a map occur when the map extent does not cover the entire area of study; edges on the map do not exist on the ground. These artificial boundaries might bias the results of animal dispersal models by creating artificial barriers to movement for model organisms where there are no barriers for real organisms. Here, we characterize the effects of artificial boundaries on calculations of landscape resistance to movement using circuit theory. We then propose and test a solution to artificially inflated resistance values whereby we place a buffer around the artificial boundary as a substitute for the true, but unknown, habitat. Methodology/Principal Findings We randomly assigned landscape resistance values to map cells in the buffer in proportion to their occurrence in the known map area. We used circuit theory to estimate landscape resistance to organism movement and gene flow, and compared the output across several scenarios: a habitat-quality map with artificial boundaries and no buffer, a map with a buffer composed of randomized habitat quality data, and a map with a buffer composed of the true habitat quality data. We tested the sensitivity of the randomized buffer to the possibility that the composition of the real but unknown buffer is biased toward high or low quality. We found that artificial boundaries result in an overestimate of landscape resistance. Conclusions/Significance Artificial map boundaries overestimate resistance values. We recommend the use of a buffer composed of randomized habitat data as a solution to this problem. We found that resistance estimated using the randomized buffer did not differ from estimates using the real data, even when the composition of the real data was varied. Our results may be relevant to those interested in employing Circuitscape software in landscape connectivity and landscape genetics studies.
An Exploratory Look at the Relationship Between Materialistic Values and Goals and Type A Behaviour

Previous research in Australia has inferred that materialism and its possession-defined ‘Success’ subtheme described by Richins and Dawson (1992) has characteristics in common with specific Type A behaviour including competitiveness and aggression. Given that Australian materialists appear to have similar inclinations to their North American counterparts, assumptions by the latter that materialism and Type A behaviour fall under the same cultural value of work and wealth might also be applicable in Australia. Hence, the present study aims to explore the relationship between materialism and Type A behaviour, with psychometric measures of each administered to 193 Australian participants. Scores on Materialism were positively correlated with Type A behaviours, while the Success subscale was only significantly correlated with the second Type A item, assessing competitiveness. However, while materialistic pursuits might provide a culturally sanctioned outlet for competitive behaviours deriving from existing Type A personalities, it could also be argued that contemporary consumer society encourages such behaviours.
Gender Differences in Willingness to Guess

We present the results of an experiment that explores whether women are less willing than men to guess on multiple-choice tests. Our test consists of practice questions from SAT II history tests; we vary whether a penalty is imposed for a wrong answer and the salience of the evaluative nature of the task. We find that when no penalty is assessed for a wrong answer, all test takers answer every question. But, when there is a penalty for wrong answers, women answer significantly fewer questions than men. We see no differences in knowledge of the material or confidence in the test takers, and differences in risk preferences explain less than half of the observed gap. Making the evaluative aspect of the test more salient does not impact the gender gap. We show that, conditional on their knowledge of the material, test takers who skip questions do significantly worse on our test. Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi. org/10.1287/mnsc.2013. 1776 This paper was accepted by Uri Gneezy, behavioral economics.
A Fully Statistical Approach to Natural Language Interfaces

We present a natural language interface system which is based entirely on trained statistical models. The system consists of three stages of processing: parsing, semantic interpretation, and discourse. Each of these stages is modeled as a statistical process. The models are fully integrated, resulting in an end-to-end system that maps input utterances into meaning representation frames.
Mosaicism in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Revealed by Genetic Testing to Enable Living Related Renal Transplantation

Patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) secondary to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) receive fewer living‐related kidney (LRK) transplants than other groups with ESRD. This relates to the difficulties in excluding the disease in potential donors. We report a case which highlights these difficulties and, by discovery of mosaicism for a new mutation, illustrates the role of clinical and molecular genetic resources in assessing young related kidney donors for patients with ADPKD.
CENTRAL RESPIRATORY CIRCUITS THAT CONTROL DIAPHRAGM FUNCTION IN CAT REVEALED BY TRANSNEURONAL TRACING

Previous transneuronal tracing studies in the rat and ferret have identified regions throughout the spinal cord, medulla, and pons that are synaptically linked to the diaphragm muscle; however, the extended circuits that innervate the diaphragm of the cat have not been well defined. The N2C strain of rabies virus has been shown to be an effective transneuronal retrograde tracer of the polysynaptic circuits innervating a single muscle. Rabies was injected throughout the left costal region of the diaphragm in the cat to identify brain regions throughout the neuraxis that influence diaphragm function. Infected neurons were localized throughout the cervical and thoracic spinal cord with a concentration of labeling in the vicinity of the phrenic nucleus where diaphragm motoneurons are known to reside. Infection was also found throughout the medulla and pons particularly around the regions of the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups and the medial and lateral reticular formations but also in several other areas including the caudal raphe nuclei, parabrachial nuclear complex, vestibular nuclei, ventral paratrigeminal area, lateral reticular nucleus, and retrotrapezoid nucleus. Infection was also localized in fastigial and dentate deep cerebellar nuclei. Additionally infected neurons were observed in the midbrain, particularly in the periaqueductal grey matter and mesencephalic reticular nucleus but also in other regions including the pedunculopontine nucleus, cuneiform nucleus, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, nucleus locus coeruleus, and the red nucleus. Diencephalic labeling was most concentrated within the regions of the perifornical area and the medial parvocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus but was also found in several other areas. Infected neurons were also observed in the cruciate sulcus of the cerebral cortex as well as in prefrontal and insular cortices. This data suggests that the central circuits innervating the diaphragm muscle in the cat are highly complex and integrated with the central circuits controlling a variety of other non-respiratory behaviors.
Convection and Easterly Wave Structures Observed in the Eastern Pacific Warm Pool during EPIC-2001

Abstract During September–October 2001, the East Pacific Investigation of Climate Processes in the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere System (EPIC-2001) intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) field campaign focused on studies of deep convection in the warm-pool region of the eastern Pacific. This study combines C-band Doppler radar, sounding, and surface heat flux data collected aboard the R/V Ronald H. Brown during EPIC to describe the kinematic and thermodynamic states of the ITCZ environment, together with tendencies in convective structure, lightning, rainfall, and surface heat fluxes as a function of 3–5-day easterly wave phase. Three easterly waves were observed at the location of the R/V Brown during EPIC-2001. Wind and thermodynamic data reveal that the wave trough axes exhibited positively correlated u and υ winds, a slight westward phase tilt with height, and relatively strong (weak) northeasterly tropospheric shear following the trough (ridge) axis. Temperature and humidity perturbations exhibited mid- to.
Entwicklung eines Fragebogens zur Erfassung von Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörungen (ADHS) bei Vorschulkindern im Eltern- und im Erziehungsurteil

Zusammenfassung. Fragestellung: Zur Erfassung von Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitatsstorungen (ADHS) im Kindergarten- und Vorschulalter wurde die Validitat und Reliabilitat einer altersangepassten Version des Fremdbeurteilungsbogens fur Hyperkinetische Storungen (FBB-HKS), der Fremdbeurteilungsbogen fur Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitatsstorungen im Vorschulalter (FBB-ADHS-V) gepruft. Methodik: Bundesweit nahmen 708 Patienten (2,9 bis 7,3 Jahre) aus 103 Arztpraxen teil, die im Rahmen von kinderarztlichen Vorsorgeuntersuchungen vorgestellt (U8/U9, n = 521) oder vom Arzt als expansiv auffallig eingeschatzt wurden (AUF, n = 187). Eltern- und Erzieherbogen wurden erganzt durch nachgeordnete, eher deskriptive arztliche Beurteilungen. Ergebnisse: Durch konfirmatorische Faktorenanalysen konnte sowohl im Eltern- als auch im Erzieherurteil eine zweifaktorielle Losung analog zu den DSM-IV-Subkategorien fur ADHS (hyperaktiv/impulsiv; unaufmerksam) ermittelt werden. Die internen Konsistenzen aller Skalen li.
Secure information flow and program logics

We present interpretations of type systems for secure information flow in Hoare logic, complementing previous encodings in binary (e.g. relational) program logics. Treating base-line non-interference, multi-level security and flow sensitivity for a while language, we show how typing derivations may be used to automatically generate proofs in the program logic that certify the absence of illicit flows. In addition, we present proof rules for baseline non-interference for object-manipulating instructions, As a consequence, standard verification technology may be used for verifying that a concrete program satisfies the noninterference property. Our development is based on a formalisation of the encodings in Isabelle/HOL.
On the Geolocation Bounds for Round-Trip Time-of-Arrival and All Non-Line-of-Sight Channels

The development of future geolocation systems requires a fundamental understanding of the importance of various system parameters, such as the number of sensors, the SNR, bandwidth, and channel conditions. We consider the bounds on time-based geolocation accuracy when all sensors experience non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions. While location accuracy generally improves with additional bandwidth, we find that NLOS effects place a limit on these gains. Our evaluation focuses on indoor geolocation where Rayleigh fading is present, different average SNR conditions occur on each link, and the sensors may not fully encircle the user. We introduce a new bound for round-trip time-of-arrival (RT-TOA) systems. We find that time-of-arrival (TOA) outperforms time-difference-of-arrival TDOA and RT-TOA, but the relative ordering of the latter two depends on the sensor geometry.
Counteraction of Tetherin Antiviral Activity by Two Closely Related SIVs Differing by the Presence of a Vpu Gene

In different primate lentiviruses, three proteins (Vpu, Env and Nef) have been shown to have anti-tetherin activities. SIVden is a primate lentivirus harbored by a Cercopithecus denti (C. denti) whose genome code for a Vpu gene. We have compared the activity of HIV-1 Vpu and of SIVden Vpu on tetherin proteins from humans, from C. denti and from Cercopithecus neglectus (C. neglectus), a monkey species that is naturally infected by SIVdeb, a virus closely related to SIVden but which does not encode a Vpu protein. Here, we demonstrate that SIVden Vpu, is active against C. denti tetherin, but not against human tetherin. Interestingly, C. neglectus tetherin was more sensitive to SIVden Vpu than to HIV-1 Vpu. We also identify residues in the tetherin transmembrane domains that are responsible for the species-specific Vpu effect. Simultaneous mutation (P40L and T45I) of human tetherin conferred sensitivity to SIVden Vpu, while abolishing its sensitivity to HIV-1 Vpu. We next analyzed the anti-tetherin activity of the Nef proteins from HIV-1, SIVden and SIVdeb. All three Nef proteins were unable to rescue virus release in the presence of human or C. denti tetherin. Conversely, SIVdeb Nef enhanced virus release in the presence of C. neglectus tetherin, suggesting that SIVdeb relies on Nef in its natural host. Finally, while HIV-1 Vpu not only removed human tetherin from the cell surface but also directed it for degradation, SIVden Vpu only induced the redistribution of both C. denti and C. neglectus tetherins, resulting in a predominantly perinuclear localization.
On requirements and challenges of future network nodes

In spite of substantial amount of work on rapid service creation, active networking and modular routers, the convergence of routers and computers has not taken place. Instead, network nodes continue to be built either as routers or as end-systems, with new network services pushed even further out of routers and being offered over application layer overlays between end-systems. We conjecture that the inherent simplicity that end-system based overlays offer the network service creator (programmer) will continue to drive network services to end-systems. Still, end-system based overlays introduce significant management complexity, and fail to exploit underlying (hardware) capabilities, both specific hardware support and increasing agility of the lower layers. In this paper, we describe our work on router architectures and the requirements that we foresee future network nodes must satisfy to provide the simplicity that service programmers desire while effectively exploiting capabilities of the lower layers. The architecture incorporates end-systems, boundary gateways, and routers, however, isolating the details of nodal facilities from application and service programmers. The architecture is designed to self-configure and self-optimize each node, fully exploiting the hardware facilities at each node and across a network of nodes, without explicit instructions from network programmers. We discuss the elements of the architecture, the components we have constructed, and the challenges in realizing the remaining elements and ultimately in assembling them into an integrated networking system
A Case for TCP Vegas and Gateways using Game Theoretic Approach

TCP Vegas has been introduced in an attempt to improve the performance of TCP Reno and reduce the oscillation e ects. TCP Vegas is, however, criticized for penalizing the users using it in the presence of other users using TCP Reno. In this paper, we model the problem of congestion control as both a single shot game and a repeated game, using a game theoretic approach. We rst show that in the single shot game, the unique Nash EquilibriumPoint (NEP) is everyone using TCP Reno, while in the in nitely repeated game there may exist an NEP that supports everyone using TCP Vegas in each period.
Weighted Fusion of Depth and Inertial Data to Improve View Invariance for Human Action Recognition

This paper presents an extension to our previously developed fusion framework [10] involving a depth camera and an inertial sensor in order to improve its view invariance aspect for human action recognition applications. A computationally efficient view estimation based on skeleton joints is considered in order to select the most relevant depth training data when recognizing test samples. Two collaborative representation classifiers, one for depth features and one for inertial features, are appropriately weighted to generate a decision making probability. The experimental results applied to a multi-view human action dataset show that this weighted extension improves the recognition performance by nearly 6% over equally weighted fusion deployed in our previous fusion framework.
A Two-Location Inventory Model with Transshipment and Local Decision Making

In situations where a seller has surplus stock and another seller is stocked out, it may be desirable to transfer surplus stock from the former to the latter. We examine how the possibility of such transshipments between two independent locations affects the optimal inventory orders at each location. If each location aims to maximize its own profits--we call this local decision making--their inventory choices will not, in general, maximize joint profits. We find transshipment prices which induce the locations to choose inventory levels consistent with joint-profit maximization.
Applications of the variational iteration method to fractional diffusion equations: local versus nonlocal ones

The diffusion equations with the local and the nonlocal fractional derivatives have been used to describe the flow through disorder media. Recently, the variational iteration method is successfully developed to find approximate solutions of the two kinds of fractional differential equations. This study reveals the new development of the method and compares the applications in two types of fractional diffusions. Copyright © 2012 Praise Worthy Prize S.r. l. All rights reserved.
Describing place through user generated content

Geographically referenced user generated content provides us with an opportunity to, for the first time, gather perspectives on place over large areas by exploring how very many people describe information. We present a framework for analysing large collections of user generated content. This involves classification of descriptive terms attached by users to photographs into facets of elements, qualities , and activities . We apply this framework to two contrasting photographic archives — Flickr and Geograph, representing weakly and strongly moderated content respectively. We propose a method for removing user-generated bias from such collections though the user of term profiles that can assess the effect of the most and least prolific contributors to a collection. Analysis and visualization of co–occurrence between terms suggests clear differences in the description of place between the two collections, both in terms of the facets used and their geographical footprints. This is attributed to the role of moderation/editorialising of content; to the role tags and free–text has on descriptive behaviour and on the geographic footprint of content supplied to the two collections.
Maximum-Likelihood Nonparametric Estimation of Smooth Spectra From Irregularly Sampled Data

This paper introduces a maximum-likelihood method for the nonparametric estimation of smooth spectra from irregularly sampled observations, which is abbreviated as LIMES (Likelihood-based Method for Estimation of Spectra). As a byproduct, LIMES also provides an estimate of the data covariance matrix that may be of interest in its own right. Spectral estimation from irregularly sampled data is a rather difficult problem and there are only a handful of methods in the literature that can be used for such a task. Of these already existing methods we consider the Daniell method (DAM) for comparison with LIMES. Computationally, LIMES is more complex than DAM. On the other hand, DAM is much less accurate than LIMES in the irregularly sampled data case and for spectra with a relatively large bandwidth. In a nutshell, LIMES should be the method of choice in the unevenly sampled data applications that require high statistical performance and can tolerate an increased computational burden.
Improvement of silver impregnation technique (protargol) to obtain morphological features of protists ciliates, flagellates and opalinates.

The research on ciliates, flagelates and opalinates have been widespread by the utilization of techniques employing silver impregnation (protargol), modified by several authors. However, these are time consuming and its results are variable. The present work is a variant of the technique described by Tuffrau (1964, 1967) showing some adaptations made in our laboratory. The organisms can be preserved by different fixatives (alcoholic Bouin, Stieve's fluid, 2.5% glutaraldehyde and others) and then rinsed in destilled water followed by a fast clarification by 3% sodium hypochloride. If the organism is very sensitive to hypochloride, 4% sodium lauryl sulfate may be used and then washed 3 times in distilled water. The protista can be adhered to the glass slides with Mayer's glycerinated-albumin (1 glycerin vol. to 1 or 2 albumin vol.), diluted in water at a proportion of 1:10 Cv/v. , or with 1% polylysine followed by fast washes with distilled water. After the slide preparation, they were covered with a layer of 0,8% Silver proteinate. Right after that, the slide has to be placed in a glass tray lined with moist tissue and covered to prevent the proteinate to dry. The tray was placed in a incubator at 40 degrees - 50 degrees C for 30 minutes. The slides are rinsed for 1 minute. with warm (35 degrees C) distilled water. The development of the material should be done with 0.4% hydroquinone with a maximum incubation time of 1 minute. It should be developed gradually, controlling the silver impregnation intensity by observation under optical microscope. Next, rinse in distilled water for 1 minute, and then, fix in 2,5% Sodium thiosulfate. Rinse the slide for two minutes before dehydrating it in an alcoholic serial 50-100 degrees. Finally rinse the slides in xylene. Mount the slides with Entellan MerckTM or Canada balsam.
The Art of Coming Out

On April 29, 2013, Jason Collins became the first male to come out as gay as an active member in a professional team sport. This study examines two prongs of the media response to the Collins announcement, analyzing 364 newspaper articles and 7,556 tweets covering the first week of coverage of Collins’ decision to make his sexual orientation public. Results showed an overwhelmingly positive yet bifurcated response between the two media platforms. Comparisons between media platforms and ramifications for theory and the increasingly public role of sexual orientation are offered.
A Tuple-Space Based Middleware for Collaborative Tangible User Interfaces

Several approaches have been made to establish a generic middleware for tangible user interfaces (TUI). They target toward the independence of application domains as well as flexibility in terms of the deployed sensor technology. For collaboration support TUIs have to allow the spatial distribution, asynchronous activities, and the dynamic modification of the TUI infrastructure, to name the most prominent ones. In this paper we present a framework approach based on the LINDA tuple space concept to meet these requirements. The implemented TUIpist framework deploys arbitrary sensor technology for any type of application and actuators in distributed environments. We demonstrate a use case, in order to proof the concept in actual work settings, and to demonstrate the adaptability of the approach.